Filed 8/5/13 P. v. Whitmire CA1/3
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   A130769

v.                                                                   (Solano County
DIOVANNI JERRELL WHITMIRE,                                           Super. Ct. No. VCR198777)
         Defendant and Appellant.


         Defendant Diovanni Jerrell Whitmire was convicted by a jury of murdering a
convenience store clerk during the course of a robbery. Whitmire‟s sole contention on
appeal is that his conviction should be reversed because it was based on illegally seized
evidence recovered from a vehicle in which he was a passenger. Whitmire does not
challenge the legality of the traffic stop but instead claims the search of the vehicle
premised on the driver‟s probation status was unlawful. Because Whitmire did not have
a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle that was searched, we reject his claim
and consequently affirm the judgment.
                              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                                Procedural History
         The Solano County District Attorney filed an information charging Whitmire with
murder while engaged in a robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 187, 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A)) and
second degree robbery (Pen. Code, § 211). It was further alleged as to the murder count
that Whitmire personally used a firearm during the offense within the meaning of Penal




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Code sections 12022.5, subdivision (a)(1) and 12022.53, subdivisions (b), (c), and (d).
Before trial, the district attorney dismissed the second degree robbery charge.
       Whitmire‟s first trial ended in a mistrial after the jury was unable to agree on a
verdict. Following a second trial, the jury found Whitmire guilty of first degree murder
and found true the special circumstance that the murder was committed during the course
of a robbery. The jury also found true the allegation pursuant to Penal Code section
12022.53, subdivision (d) that Whitmire personally and intentionally discharged a firearm
proximately causing the victim‟s death. Because the murder was committed during the
course of a robbery, the court sentenced Whitmire to prison for life without the
possibility of parole. The court also imposed a consecutive term of 25 years to life for
the firearm use enhancement.
                                            Facts
       At approximately 1:54 a.m. on February 8, 2008, Surinder Kumar, a night clerk at
a 7-Eleven in Vallejo, was shot and killed during the course of a robbery. Video
surveillance of the robbery showed two assailants entering the store. The faces of the
assailants were not visible on the video.
       The first assailant, who was the same height as Whitmire, approached the cash
register and pointed a gun at Kumar. The gun was a distinctive chrome or stainless steel
handgun with a long, narrow barrel, and was clearly visible on the video. The first
assailant, who was not wearing gloves, was holding a plastic grocery bag in his left hand.
He dropped the bag on the floor during the course of the robbery. The first assailant shot
Kumar, who fell to the floor. Kumar was shot twice and died of his injuries. The
assailants took approximately five cartons of Newport cigarettes and $80 in cash from the
store. They left behind the plastic bag the first assailant had dropped on the floor.
       Four days after the murder, a deputy sheriff on patrol in Vallejo stopped a vehicle
that had expired registration tags. Joshua Lewis was driving the vehicle. Whitmire was
sitting in the front passenger seat. After determining that Lewis was on probation, the
deputy conducted a search of the vehicle. The deputy found two loaded handguns and a



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plastic bag containing 65 rounds of .22-caliber ammunition on the floor of the vehicle
under the front passenger seat.
       The deputy arrested Whitmire and Lewis on weapons-related charges and
transported them to jail. They were subsequently released. The deputy booked the guns
into evidence at the sheriff‟s office.
       Months later, in July 2008, one of the primary investigators in the murder case
learned that fingerprints on the plastic bag recovered at the crime scene matched
Whitmire‟s fingerprints. Police arrested Whitmire. Subsequently, in August 2008, the
police were able to match additional fingerprints found on the plastic bag to those of
Jovan Strong, Whitmire‟s codefendant, and Ineisha Elder, Strong‟s girlfriend.
       Following Whitmire‟s arrest for the murder, police searched the apartment of
Whitmire‟s cousin, Tashie Cooper. Whitmire occasionally stayed at Cooper‟s apartment.
The day after the search, Cooper spoke to several officers at the Vallejo Police
Department. In a recorded statement, Cooper told officers that Whitmire had told her
about the 7-Eleven robbery the morning after the incident. Whitmire told Cooper he got
between $50 to $60 and a large quantity of Newport cigarettes. Whitmore also told her,
“ „I popped the dude.‟ ” Police had not publicly disclosed the amount of money stolen or
the fact that cigarettes had been taken during the robbery.
       At trial, Cooper testified that she had lied in her recorded statement to the police.
She claimed she was drunk at the time she gave the statement, had not slept the night
before, and was intimidated because the officers had threatened to have her removed
from Section 8 housing if she failed to cooperate. As a result of her fear of the police and
anger at her cousin for putting her in a difficult position, she told the officers what she
thought they wanted to hear.
       Whitmire‟s arrest for the 7-Eleven shooting prompted one of the primary
investigators to conduct a record check that revealed Whitmire had been involved in a
February 2008 traffic stop in which guns were recovered. The officer retrieved the guns
from the evidence locker and sent to them to the crime lab for testing. One of the guns
appeared to be the same distinctive handgun seen on the surveillance video of the crime.


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Testing revealed that shell casings recovered from the murder scene had been fired from
a .22-caliber semiautomatic pistol recovered from under Whitmire‟s seat during the
February 2008 traffic stop. Whitmire was a match for the only DNA profile found on the
gun.
       On the same night Whitmire was arrested for the 7-Eleven shooting, officers
conducted a probation search at the home of Joshua Lewis, who had been driving the car
on the night he and Whitmire were stopped in February 2008. Officers arrested Lewis.
In a recorded statement at the police station, Lewis told the officers that the guns
recovered in the February 2008 traffic stop did not belong to him. He stated that, as he
and Whitmire were waiting to be transported to jail following the traffic stop, Whitmire
told him, “ „There is a body on the gun.‟ ” Lewis believed Whitmire was referring to the
7-Eleven shooting. Whitmire urged Lewis to say the gun was his and to take a plea deal
in order to avoid a ballistics check and further investigation into the gun. Although
Lewis agreed to talk to the officers, he told them he did not want to testify about what he
had told them in front of a jury, because “ „[t]hat‟s how people get killed.‟ ” At trial,
Lewis claimed he did not recall what he had told the officers that night.
       Ineisha Elder testified at trial that she was living with Whitmire‟s codefendant,
Jovan Strong, as of February 2008. When she was initially interviewed by police, she
told them that Strong came into the bedroom at about 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. on February 8,
2008, carrying a plastic bag containing 30 to 40 packs of Newport cigarettes. At trial,
Elder claimed not to recall what she told the police and said she was scared and felt
threatened by the police during the interview.
                                        DISCUSSION
       Whitmire‟s sole claim of error is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress evidence seized in the February 2008 traffic stop. He contends the search
violated his constitutional rights because the deputy searched the vehicle without
knowing that the driver, Joshua Lewis, was subject to a search and seizure clause as a
condition of his felony probation.



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       Whitmire claims the seized evidence, plus all evidence obtained as a result of the
purportedly unlawful search, should have been excluded at trial. He argues the
exclusionary rule requires suppression of the seized guns and ammunition, evidence that
one of the seized guns fired the bullets found at the crime scene and that Whitmire‟s
DNA was found on the gun, and testimony regarding statements made by Whitmire to
Lewis as they were being transported to jail after the traffic stop. According to Whitmire,
the prosecution‟s case was extremely weak without the gun evidence because the case
would have relied almost entirely on fingerprint evidence taken from the plastic bag
recovered at the scene and the statements of Tashie Cooper, Whitmire‟s cousin.
       As we explain, because Whitmire did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy
in the vehicle that was searched, he cannot challenge the introduction of evidence
obtained in the allegedly unlawful search.
1.     Background
       Whitmire filed a motion to suppress to be heard at the preliminary hearing. He
objected to the February 2008 search of the vehicle driven by Joshua Lewis, arguing that
the stop for expired registration was unlawful because the deputy should have seen
temporary registration documents affixed to the rear window. He also contended the
subsequent probation search was invalid because the deputy was not told that Lewis had a
search and seizure clause as a term of his probation.
       At the preliminary hearing, a deputy sheriff testified that he was patrolling in
Vallejo at about 10:00 p.m. on February 12, 2008. He saw a vehicle with expired
registration tags and asked the dispatcher to confirm whether the registration had expired.
After the dispatcher advised the deputy that the vehicle‟s registration expired in
December 2007, the deputy conducted a traffic stop. As the deputy approached the car
from behind, he did not see any form of temporary registration taped to the window.
According to the deputy, “nothing stood out as registration or a . . . registration place, I
did not see any of that information on the window.”
       Joshua Lewis was in the driver‟s seat and Whitmire was in the front passenger seat
of the vehicle. The deputy asked the dispatcher to run a records check on the driver and


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the passenger. The dispatcher told the deputy that Lewis was on active felony probation
for drug and weapons offenses. Both the dispatcher and the deputy testified that the
dispatcher told the deputy that Lewis had a search and seizure clause as a term of his
probation. The deputy proceeded to search the vehicle. He located two handguns and 65
rounds of ammunition “[o]n the floorboard of the front, right passenger seat.”
       At the prosecutor‟s request, the magistrate took judicial notice of the terms of
Lewis‟s probation, which included a clause for “search and seizure of person, real or
personal property, automobile or any object under his control.”
       Whitmire‟s counsel called the owner of the vehicle to testify on his behalf. The
vehicle‟s owner, who was Lewis‟s girlfriend at the time, testified that her father bought
the car for her on January 30, 2008. She claimed she put a temporary registration slip in
the right rear window of the vehicle at the time she bought it. The dealer who sold her
the car testified that he prepared the temporary registration slip but did not know what the
purchaser did with it.
       The dispatcher brought to the preliminary hearing a tape recording of the
communications between the dispatcher and the sheriff‟s deputy concerning the February
2008 traffic stop. Whitmire‟s counsel asked the magistrate to review the tape recording
and also made available to the magistrate a transcript of the tape recording plus an index
of the communications between the dispatcher and the deputy.1
       The magistrate took a break in the preliminary hearing to listen to the dispatch
recording. Following the break, the magistrate pointed out that it was “somewhat
difficult” to follow the recorded conversation because “it jumps around a little bit.”
Nevertheless, the magistrate noted that while the dispatcher conveyed Lewis‟s probation
status to the deputy, there was no mention of the search and seizure term of Lewis‟s
probation. According to the magistrate, the deputy “operated under the assumption
[Lewis] was on search and seizure,” because shortly after the dispatcher conveyed
Lewis‟s probation status, the deputy said, “ „I‟ll be on search.‟ ”
1
  As far as this court is aware, neither the tape recording, the transcript of the recording,
nor counsel‟s index of the recording is a part of the record on appeal.


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          Whitmire‟s counsel argued that the dispatch tape recording was inconsistent with
the deputy‟s testimony that the dispatcher had informed him that Lewis was subject to a
search and seizure condition as a term of his probation. In response to a question raised
by the magistrate about whether Whitmire could object to a search of a vehicle not owned
by Whitmire or Lewis, defense counsel argued that Whitmire had standing to challenge
an illegal probation search directed at Lewis because passengers in vehicles that are
stopped by the police are considered detained.
          The prosecutor argued that Whitmire lacked standing to object to a probation
search of a vehicle driven by Lewis. According to the prosecutor, the legal authority
relied upon by Whitmire does not afford passengers in vehicles standing to object to a
probation search directed at the vehicle‟s driver. The prosecutor also pointed out that the
deputy had the right to detain Whitmire during the pendency of the traffic stop for officer
safety.
          The magistrate denied the motion to suppress. In ruling on the motion, the
magistrate found “no problem with the traffic stop” based upon the deputy‟s observations
and the dispatcher‟s confirmation of the vehicle‟s registration status. As for whether the
deputy knew about the search and seizure condition before conducting the probation
search, the magistrate agreed with Whitmire‟s counsel about the “exact verbiage that is
on the dispatch tape.” Nevertheless, the magistrate found the deputy to be credible and
did not think he was trying to be deceptive or dishonest. According to the magistrate, the
deputy acted under the assumption that Lewis‟s felony probation included a search and
seizure condition, which was confirmed by the actual terms of his probation. The
magistrate concluded the search was reasonable. The magistrate‟s ruling did not address
whether Whitmire had standing to object to the probation search, or, put another way,
whether he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle that was searched.
          After the magistrate denied the suppression motion, Whitmire moved to renew the
motion before the trial court pursuant to Penal Code section 1538.5, subdivision (i).
Whitmire relied on the preliminary hearing transcript as the factual basis for the renewed
motion to suppress. The trial court denied the motion.


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2.     Standard of Review
       “Where, as here, a motion to suppress is submitted to the superior court on the
preliminary hearing transcript, „the appellate court disregards the findings of the superior
court and reviews the determination of the magistrate who ruled on the motion to
suppress, drawing all presumptions in favor of the factual determinations of the
magistrate, upholding the magistrate‟s express or implied findings if they are supported
by substantial evidence, and measuring the facts as found by the trier against the
constitutional standard of reasonableness.‟ [Citation.] „We exercise our independent
judgment in determining whether, on the facts presented, the search or seizure was
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.‟ ” (People v. Hua (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th
1027, 1033.) “The trial court‟s ruling may be affirmed if it was correct on any theory,
even if we conclude the court was incorrect in its reasoning.” (People v. Durant (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 57, 62.)
3.     Analysis
       The People argue that Whitmire is not entitled to relief because he had no
reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle that was searched. We agree.
       It is well settled that an individual cannot challenge the introduction of evidence
obtained in an allegedly unlawful search unless that individual had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the object seized or the place searched. (Rakas v. Illinois
(1978) 439 U.S. 128, 143, 148 (Rakas); People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 122;
People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 927; People v. Hoag (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th
1198, 1203.) “ „ Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which, like some other
constitutional rights, may not be vicarious asserted.‟ [Citations.] A person who is
aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the introduction of damaging
evidence secured by a search of a third person‟s premises or property has not had any of
his Fourth Amendment rights infringed. [Citation.] And since the exclusionary rule is an
attempt to effectuate the guarantees of the Fourth Amendment, [citation], it is proper to
permit only defendants whose Fourth Amendment rights have been violated to benefit
from the rule‟s protections.” (Rakas, supra, 439 U.S. at pp. 133-134, fn. omitted.)


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       The defendant bears the burden of establishing a legitimate expectation of privacy
in the area searched or the object seized. (Rakas, supra, 439 U.S. at pp. 130-131, fn. 1;
People v. Jenkins, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 972.) The mere fact a person is legitimately
present in a vehicle or on premises that are searched, without more, is insufficient to
establish a reasonable expectation of privacy. (Rakas, supra, 439 U.S. at pp. 143, 148;
People v. Koury (1989) 214 Cal.App.3d 676, 686.)
       In Rakas, the United States Supreme Court held that passengers in a car did not
have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the glove compartment and the area under the
front passenger seat where rifle shells and a sawed-off rifle were found. (Rakas, supra,
439 U.S. at pp. 130, 148.) Similarly, in People v. Valdez, our Supreme Court concluded
that a defendant who could establish no more than that he was a passenger in a vehicle
could not challenge the seizure of a gun found under the driver‟s seat because the
passenger lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched. (People v.
Valdez, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 122.)
       This case is indistinguishable from Rakas and People v. Valdez. The evidence
presented at the preliminary hearing established the vehicle was owned by Lewis‟s
girlfriend, who gave him permission to drive it. As a mere passenger, Whitmire had no
reasonable expectation of privacy in the areas of the vehicle that were searched. Further,
he made no attempt to establish a possessory or other interest in the guns and ammunition
found under his seat sufficient to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the
items that were seized.
       Whitmire‟s claim that the deputy conducted the probation search without
confirming the existence of a search and seizure probation condition is irrelevant to the
question of whether Whitmire had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area
searched. Further, even if the probation search were unlawful for the reason Whitmire
claims, the person whose Fourth Amendment rights were violated as a result of that
unlawful search was the probationer, Lewis. Because Fourth Amendment rights are
personal and may not be vicariously asserted (Rakas, supra, 439 U.S. at pp. 133-134),
Whitmire cannot challenge the validity of a probation search premised on the terms of


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another person‟s probation unless he can establish a violation of his Fourth Amendment
rights.
          Whitmire contends that, by ruling on the merits of the suppression motion, the
magistrate implicitly rejected the argument that he lacked standing to challenge the
search. The record reflects that the magistrate denied the suppression motion on alternate
grounds and did not expressly consider whether Whitmire had a reasonable expectation
of privacy in the searched vehicle. Even if the magistrate implicitly found Whitmire had
a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle, the evidence before the magistrate was
insufficient to support such a conclusion. There was no evidence to indicate Whitmire
was anything other than a passenger in the vehicle. Consequently, we are not bound to
accept an implied factual finding unsupported by the evidence.
          Whitmire‟s reliance on Brendlin v. California (2007) 551 U.S. 249 (Brendlin) is
misplaced. In Brendlin, the United States Supreme Court held that a passenger is seized
within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when an officer stops a vehicle. (Id. at p.
251.) Thus, a passenger in a vehicle is entitled to challenge the constitutionality of the
traffic stop. (Ibid.) However, that is an entirely different inquiry from whether a
passenger can challenge a purportedly unlawful search of a vehicle following a lawful
traffic stop.
          In United States v. Cortez-Galaviz (10th Cir. 2007) 495 F.3d 1203, 1205, fn. 3, the
court “clarified that Brendlin does not mean that passengers have standing to challenge
every search of the vehicle in which they are riding.” (United States v. Martinez (D. Kan.
2008) 537 F.Supp.2d 1153, 1156.) “A passenger‟s standing to object to a search of the
vehicle thus remains subject to the Rakas analysis.” (Ibid.) In Atkins v. Commonwealth
(2010) 57 Va.App. 2 [698 S.E.2d 249], the court considered a defendant‟s argument that
Brendlin afforded him standing as a passenger to object to a search of a vehicle stopped
because a license plate lightbulb was burned out. (Id. at p. 8.) In rejecting the argument,
the court reasoned as follows: “Brendlin does not address a defendant passenger‟s right
to contest the search of the vehicle; Brendlin addresses only a passenger‟s challenge to
the stop itself. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] By its own language, Brendlin does not address whether a


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passenger can challenge the legality of a search of the vehicle in which he is a
passenger.” (Atkins, supra, at p. 8.) The court proceeded to consider the facts under
Rakas and determined the defendant lacked a legitimate expectation of privacy in an area
under the seat where guns were found. (Atkins, supra, at pp. 8-9.)
       In this case, the magistrate concluded the traffic stop was lawful based upon the
evidence presented at the preliminary hearing. Whitmire does not challenge that ruling
on appeal.2 Instead, his sole argument is that the subsequent probation search was
unlawful. Consequently, Brendlin is inapplicable. Although he may have been seized
within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when the vehicle was stopped, that seizure
was lawful. The evidence he seeks to suppress was not the product of an illegal traffic
stop. Rather, the evidence was obtained as the result of a purportedly unlawful probation
search, which is an event distinct from the traffic stop for purposes of a Fourth
Amendment analysis. As we have explained, Whitmire has no standing to challenge the
probation search under Rakas because he lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in
the vehicle that was searched.
       Whitmire next contends he was unlawfully seized during the probation search
because he was ordered out of the vehicle. We disagree. It is well settled that an officer
may order a passenger out of a vehicle during a lawful traffic stop as a precautionary
measure even though the officer may have no reasonable suspicion the passenger poses a
safety risk. (Brendlin, supra, 551 U.S. at p. 258.) Because the traffic stop here was
lawful, Whitmire cannot complain that his removal from the vehicle transformed a lawful
detention into an unreasonable seizure.
       Finally, Whitmire argues that a recent decision of the California Supreme Court,
People v. Schmitz (2012) 55 Cal.4th 909, supports the view that vehicle passengers do not

2
  Even if Whitmire had challenged the lawfulness of the traffic stop on appeal, we would
reject the claim. There was substantial evidence to support the magistrate‟s finding that
the deputy had reasonable cause to stop the vehicle for having expired registration tags.
Although the owner of the vehicle testified that she placed temporary registration
documents in the rear window of the vehicle, the deputy‟s testimony constituted
substantial evidence that no such temporary registration was posted or visible.


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give up all reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle. The case is inapposite.
Schmitz addressed the constitutional limits of a vehicle search based on the passenger‟s
status as a parolee. (Id. at p. 913.) The decision turned in part on whether the driver had
a reduced expectation of privacy in the vehicle in light of the passenger’s status as a
parolee. (Id. at pp. 922-924.) The court concluded a driver has a reduced expectation of
privacy in a vehicle that is further diminished when the driver allows passengers to ride
in the car. (Id. at p. 924.) Insofar as the court observed that a passenger might feel free
to stow personal items in the car (id. at p. 925), the observation related to the permissible
scope of a search premised on the passenger‟s parole status and not to the passenger‟s
reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle. Thus, Schmitz does not aid Whitmire.
       Because Whitmire had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the searched
vehicle or the seized items, we conclude he is not entitled to challenge the purportedly
unlawful probation search of the vehicle. Consequently, there is no need to address
whether the deputy‟s search of the vehicle was objectively reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment based upon what the deputy knew at the time.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                  _________________________
                                                  McGuiness, P. J.


We concur:


_________________________
Pollak, J.


_________________________
Jenkins, J.




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