                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 31 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GERALD WESLEY MILLER,                           No.    16-35587

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No. 3:96-cv-00114-CL

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
GEORGE BALDWIN,

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Oregon
                     Ann L. Aiken, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted November 9, 2017
                                Portland, Oregon

Before:      TASHIMA and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,**
             District Judge.

      We write primarily for the parties who are familiar with the facts. Appellant

Gerald Miller was convicted of murdering his two wives after they both

disappeared five years apart under similarly suspicious circumstances. His federal



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
habeas petition chiefly challenged the trial court’s ruling that evidence of each

wife’s disappearance was relevant and cross-admissible in the case of the other’s

murder, and that the two murder charges should be joined in one trial. The district

court denied relief,1 and granted a certificate of appealability. Mr. Miller appealed.2

      We review a district court’s denial of habeas relief de novo, and we may

affirm on any ground supported by the record. Washington v. Lampert, 422 F.3d

864, 869 (9th Cir. 2005). Mr. Miller’s claims pre-date the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act. We review de novo state courts’ conclusions of

federal law and mixed questions of law and fact, Burton v. Davis, 816 F.3d 1132,

1140 (9th Cir. 2016), but we are bound by state courts’ determinations of state law,

Peltier v. Wright, 15 F.3d 860, 862 (9th Cir. 1994).

      Mr. Miller’s challenges relate to root claims that: (1) the cross-admission of

evidence deprived him of a fair trial; (2) joinder of the murder charges deprived

him of a fair trial; (3) there was insufficient evidence supporting his convictions;

(4) trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for mentioning but never calling



      1
             The district court held that four of Mr. Miller’s claims were
procedurally defaulted, which depends on the peculiar timing of his trial, appeal,
and significant decisions in Oregon’s appellate courts. Given that idiosyncrasy and
our conclusion that the claims fail regardless, we will not address the issue of
procedural default. See Franklin v. Johnson, 290 F.3d 1223, 1232 (9th Cir. 2002).
      2
             The district court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and we
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253.

                                          2
an expert witness; and (5) the trial court violated his right to counsel by admitting

certain statements he made to law enforcement.

      Mr. Miller also appeals the denial of derivative claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel. Those claims require showing that counsel’s performance

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984), and “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” id.

at 694.

      1.     Mr. Miller raises several challenges related to the cross-admission of

each wife’s disappearance as evidence in the case of the other wife’s murder.3

Admitting otherwise inadmissible evidence violates due process “only if there are

no permissible inferences the jury may draw from the evidence,” McKinney v.

Rees, 993 F.2d 1378, 1384 (9th Cir. 1993), as amended (Jun. 10, 1993) (citation

omitted), and if “the erroneously admitted evidence was of such quality as

necessarily prevents a fair trial,” id. (citation omitted) (emphasis in original).




      3
              This group of challenges covers claims that: the trial court deprived
him of a fair trial by admitting the evidence, and that his various attorneys were
ineffective for failing to adequately challenge that ruling; he was deprived of a fair
trial by the prosecution relying on a “theory of probabilities”; his various attorneys
were ineffective for failing to challenge comments by the prosecutor during closing
arguments; and his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to adequately challenge
the trial court’s answer to a question the jury asked during deliberations.

                                           3
      It is a permissible inference, referred to as the “doctrine of chances,” to

consider two otherwise independent events that, taken together, are unlikely to be

coincidental. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 69 (1991). That differs from the

inference covered by the character evidence rule, which prohibits inferring a

defendant’s guilt based on an evil character trait. See Michelson v. United States,

335 U.S. 469, 475–76 (1948). The Supreme Court has referred to the former

inference in the context of admitting a deceased child’s previous injuries as

evidence the death was not accidental. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 68–69 (explaining

the evidence “demonstrated that [the victim’s] death was the result of an

intentional act by someone, and not an accident”); see also Lisenba v. California,

314 U.S. 219, 227–28 (1941) (affirming constitutionality of testimony about first

wife’s death as evidence in trial for second wife’s murder). Circuit courts of

appeal4 and state appellate courts5 have relied on these inferences as well.




      4
               See, e.g., United States v. Henthorn, 864 F.3d 1241, 1252 n.8 (10th
Cir. 2017) (“[T]he doctrine of chances is merely one name to call a common sense
observation that a string of improbable incidents is unlikely to be the result of
chance . . . .” (internal marks omitted)), cert. denied, No. 17-7008 (Jan. 8, 2018).
      5
             See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Hicks, 156 A.3d 1114, 1132 (Pa. 2017)
(“[M]ost jurisdictions recognize the ‘doctrine of chances’ . . . as a theory of logical
relevance that does not depend on an impermissible inference of bad character, and
which is most greatly suited to disproof of accident or mistake.”).

                                           4
      Here, the trial judge found the evidence was admissible to show “the deaths

were not accidental or from natural causes or that the disappearances were not a

coincidence.” That was a permissible inference relevant to an essential element of

the crime charged. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 69; McKinney, 993 F.2d at 1384.

Contrary to Mr. Miller’s assertions, the jury could have permissibly inferred that

the disappearances resulted from “intentional act[s] by someone, and not [by]

accident.” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 69. It did not require a character-based inference to

reach that conclusion or the conclusion that the “someone” was Mr. Miller.

      Because each disappearance was admitted for a permissible purpose in the

case of the other murder, the district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claim

that admitting the evidence violated due process, or his derivative claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. For the same

reason, the district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claim that he was

deprived of a fair trial by the prosecution relying on a “theory of probabilities.”

      The district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claims related to the

prosecutor’s comments in closing arguments. The prosecutor stated the jury could

consider evidence of one wife’s disappearance in the other’s murder case, and

referenced a phrase from the defense closing that “lightning doesn’t strike twice.”

Mr. Miller asserted trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to

adequately challenge those comments. Given our evidentiary conclusion above,


                                           5
Mr. Miller makes no showing of a different outcome had trial or appellate counsel

challenged the comments. See id.

      Finally, the district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claim that trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the answer to the jury’s question.

The judge had instructed not to infer guilt for one murder “because the defendant

ha[d] been charged with the [other] murder.” The jury asked if that meant “charged

only.” The judge responded “the instruction means exactly what it says.” As noted,

the jury could permissibly consider each disappearance as evidence of the other

murder. Mr. Miller cannot show deficient performance or prejudice. See id.

      2.     Mr. Miller appeals the district court’s denial of his claims related to

the joinder of his murder charges.6 For joinder to be constitutionally impermissible,

“[t]he simultaneous trial of more than one offense must actually render [the] state

trial fundamentally unfair.” Bean v. Calderon, 163 F.3d 1073, 1084 (9th Cir. 1998)

(citation omitted). “[P]rejudice is shown if the impermissible joinder had a

substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”

Sandoval v. Calderon, 241 F.3d 765, 772 (9th Cir. 2005). It risks undue prejudice

when joinder allows the introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence, or when

a strong evidentiary case is joined with a weak one. Id.



      6
             These claims asserted that joinder deprived him of a fair trial, and that
various attorneys were all ineffective for failing to properly challenge it.

                                          6
      Here, Mr. Miller was not unduly prejudiced. We are bound by the Oregon

courts’ rulings that the evidence for his two charges was cross-admissible on state

grounds, compare Bean, 163 F.3d at 1083, and, as noted, those rulings do not

contravene due process. Further, other than characterizations in Mr. Miller’s briefs,

nothing in the record indicates an evidentiary disparity between the two cases.

      Mr. Miller asserts he suffered prejudice to his rights to testify and to remain

silent, because he wished to testify in one wife’s case and remain silent in the

other’s. We have required a stronger showing than Mr. Miller’s for such arguments

in the context of misjoinder claims under Federal Criminal Rule 8. See, e.g.,

United States v. Nolan, 700 F.2d 479, 483 (9th Cir. 1983). In addition, the trial

court ruled he could testify regarding one wife and avoid cross-examination on

other. The circumstances did not “render [the] . . . trial fundamentally unfair,”

Bean, 163 F.3d at 1084, or “ha[ve] a substantial and injurious effect or influence

[on] . . . the jury’s verdict,” Sandoval, 241 F.3d at 772. The district court did not

err in denying Mr. Miller’s claims related to misjoinder.

      3.     The district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claims based on

the sufficiency of the evidence.7 In evaluating sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims,




      7
              This group of claims asserted the trial court violated due process when
it denied his motion for judgment of acquittal, and that trial and appellate counsel
were ineffective for failing to challenge that ruling on federal grounds.

                                           7
“the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original). Mr. Miller’s trial lasted more than

one month, and included many witnesses and exhibits. Having reviewed the

evidence included in the record, there was sufficient evidence for a rational juror to

find Mr. Miller guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The district court properly

denied relief on Mr. Miller’s claims related to the sufficiency of the evidence.

      4.     The district court did not err in rejecting Mr. Miller’s claims related to

his trial counsel’s decision to mention an expert witness during opening statements

who the defense ultimately never called. Mr. Miller asserted that trial counsel was

ineffective for not calling the expert, and for failing to object when the state

emphasized the expert’s absence in closing. Mr. Miller’s attorney later explained

that the testimony was no longer needed, because the state’s expert had adjusted

his theory. Counsel’s decision did not fall outside an objectively reasonable range

of representation, see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, and Mr. Miller does not show a

reasonable probability that calling the expert would have changed the trial’s

outcome, see id. at 694.

      5.     The district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claim that the

trial court violated his right to counsel by admitting statements he made to a


                                           8
detective without knowing he had been indicted. A defendant can waive his Sixth

Amendment right to counsel if the waiver is “knowing and intelligent.” Patterson

v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285, 292 (1988). A valid Miranda warning8 will generally

“sufficiently apprise[] [a defendant] of the nature of his Sixth Amendment rights,

and of the consequences of abandoning [them].” Id. at 296. If a defendant has been

indicted, we have disavowed a categorical rule requiring he be notified of the

indictment. Norman v. Ducharme, 871 F.2d 1483, 1487 (9th Cir. 1989). Instead,

the inquiry is contextual and a waiver is valid if the circumstances indicate the

defendant was apprised of his rights, the criminal liability he potentially faced, and

the gravity of his situation. Id.

       When Mr. Miller made the statements in question, he was fully apprised of

his right to consult counsel and signed a valid Miranda form indicating he

understood that right. He also chose to answer some questions and wait for legal

counsel to answer others. The context and circumstances indicate that Mr. Miller’s

waiver was knowing and voluntary, that he appreciated the gravity of the legal

situation he faced, and that he understood the implications of talking to law

enforcement. The district court did not err in denying Mr. Miller’s claim.

       AFFIRMED.



       8
             Miranda is a Fifth Amendment case that applies regardless of whether
the suspect has been charged.

                                          9
