[Cite as State v. Brandenburg, 2012-Ohio-4926.]


                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               ROSS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                 :
                               :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,       : Case No. 11CA3252
                               :
     vs.                       : Released: October 16, 2012
                               :
WILLIAM J. BRANDENBURG,        : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                               : ENTRY
    Defendant-Appellant.       :
_____________________________________________________________
                         APPEARANCES:

Chase B. Bunstine, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellant.

Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Richard W.
Clagg, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.:

        {¶1} Appellant, William J. Brandenburg, appeals the judgment of the

Ross County Court of Common Pleas. Appellant pled no contest to three

counts of aggravated trafficking. Appellant contends the trial court erred in

denying his motion to suppress in that there was no probable cause to stop

the vehicle in which Appellant was traveling as a passenger. The vehicle in

question was stopped because Deputy Williamson observed a “fog line”

violation. Upon review, we agree with the trial court that Deputy Williamson

had a reasonable articulable suspicion that a traffic violation had occurred.
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                         2


Further, we believe that the traffic stop was justified and the suppression

motion properly denied. As such, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                   FACTS

        {¶2} On August 6, 2010, Appellant was indicted on three counts of

aggravated trafficking, in violation of R.C. 2925.03. On October 15, 2010,

Appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of a traffic

stop which occurred on March 14, 2010 in Ross County. Appellant was

traveling as a passenger in the vehicle which was detained and searched.

The motion to suppress hearing took place on January 4, 2011.

        {¶3} At the suppression hearing, Deputy Brad Williamson, Deputy

Brad Parrett, and Deputy Twila Goble testified on behalf of the State of

Ohio.

        {¶4} Deputy Williamson testified that he has worked as a road patrol

deputy for the Ross County Sheriff’s Office for approximately 8 years. He

was on duty on the night in question when Deputy Twila Goble informed

him that persons were traveling from Florida, possibly transporting illegal

prescription medication. He was given a description of the vehicle to be

looking for, a red Pontiac. When Deputy Williamson observed the vehicle,

traveling northbound on U.S. Route 35, he observed the Pontiac drive over

the fog line on the right side. After he noticed this violation, he checked the
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                           3


registration and the license tags did not match the vehicle listed. At this

point, Deputy Williamson initiated the traffic stop. The driver of the vehicle

was Angela Dozer. Upon contact with Ms. Dozer, she provided her vehicle

title which confirmed that she had recently purchased the vehicle. At the

point that Deputy Williamson was checking the vehicle title and registration,

Deputy Goble arrived at the scene. Deputy Williamson requested assistance

from the K-9 unit. After Deputy Brad Parrett arrived with “Bach” and the

dog alerted to possible drugs in the car, the occupants were removed from

the vehicle and searched.

      {¶5} Deputy Goble also testified she has been employed by the Ross

County Sheriff’s Department since 2004. On March 14, 2010, Deputy

Goble received information from a dispatcher about the red Pontiac possibly

transporting prescription drugs from Florida to the Chillicothe area. Deputy

Goble gave that information to other officers working the same shift. The

dispatcher apparently received the information from an anonymous caller.

      {¶6} Finally, Deputy Brad Parrett testified that he was called to the

scene to do a K-9 sniff of the vehicle. He testified to his employment with

the Ross County Sheriff’s Department for over 7 years. He has been

employed as part of the K-9 unit since 2007. He and Bach made two trips

around the vehicle when the dog gave a positive alert on the driver’s side.
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                           4


Deputy Parrett also testified as to his extensive training, certification, and re-

certification.

       {¶7} All evidence regarding the traffic violation was testimonial. The

violation was not captured on camera.

       {¶8} On April 18, 2011, the trial court overruled the motion to

suppress, finding that Deputy Williamson did have probable cause to stop

the Dozer vehicle for crossing the fog line and that he also had a reasonable

basis to stop the vehicle as the license and registration did not match

initially.

       {¶9} Appellant subsequently entered a plea of no contest to all three

counts of the indictment. He was sentenced on July 26, 2011. This appeal

followed.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

I.     “THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT SUBMITS THAT THE TRIAL
       COURT WAS IN ERROR IN FINDING THAT DEPUTY BRAD
       WILLIAMSON HAD PROBABLE CAUSE TO PULL THE
       VEHICLE OVER IN WHICH DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS A
       PASSENGER. THE TRIAL COURT CONCLUDED THAT A FOG
       LINE VIOLATION WAS ENOUGH FOR THE DEPUTY TO PULL
       OVER THE VEHICLE.”




                             LEGAL ANALYSIS
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                            5


      {¶10} In his sole assignment of error, Appellant specifically contends

that the trial court erred in concluding that a fog line violation gave rise to

probable cause for Deputy Williamson to pull over the vehicle in which

Appellant traveled as a passenger.

      {¶11} Our review of a decision on a motion to suppress “presents

mixed question of law and fact.” State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706,

710, 707 N.E.2d 539, (4th Dist.1997) citing United States v. Martinez (C.A.

11, 1992), 49 F.2d 1117, 1119. At a suppression hearing, the trial court is

in the best position to evaluate witness credibility. State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio

St.3d 308, 314, 1995-Ohio-243, 652 N.E.2d 988 (1995). Accordingly, we

must uphold the trial court’s findings of fact if competent, credible evidence

in the record supports them. Id. We then conduct a de novo review of the

trial court’s application of the law to the facts. State v. Anderson, 100 Ohio

App.3d 688, 691, 654 N.E.2d 1034 (4th Dist.1995); State v. Fields (Nov.

29, 1999) 4th Dist. No. 99CA11.

      R.C. 4511.33(A)(1), driving in marked lanes, is at issue in this

      matter. The statute provides as follows:

      (A) Whenever any roadway has been divide into two or more
      clearly marked lanes for traffic, or wherever within municipal
      corporations traffic is lawfully moving in two or more
      substantially continuous lines in the same direction, the
      following rules apply: (1) A vehicle or trackless trolley shall be
      driven, as nearly as practicable, entirely within a single lane or
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                           6


      line of traffic and shall not be moved from such lane or line
      until the driver has first ascertained that such movement can be
      made with safety.


      {¶12} Although probable cause “is certainly a complete justification

for a traffic stop,” it is not required. State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406,

2008-Ohio-4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, at ¶23. So long as “an officer’s decision

to stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is

prompted by a reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the

circumstances, then the stop is constitutionally valid.” Id. at ¶8. Reasonable

and articulable suspicious is obviously a lower standard than probable cause.

See Id. at ¶23. To conduct an investigatory stop, the officer must be able to

point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational

inferences derived from those facts, give rise to a reasonable suspicion that

the individual is engaged or about to be engaged in criminal activity. See

State v. Williams, 51 Ohio St.3d 58, 60-61, 554 N.E.2d 108 (1990) (per

curiam).” The propriety of an investigative stop by a police officer must be

viewed in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v.

Freeman, 64 Ohio St.2d 291, 414 N.E.2d 1044, at paragraph one of the

syllabus (1990).

      {¶13} Appellant’s challenge of the basis for the traffic stop, is

identical to that raised in Mays, supra, and our analysis of the “fog-line”
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                         7


cases remains the same. The Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution guarantee the

right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. State v. Orr

(2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 389, 391, 745 N.E.2d 1036. The United States

Supreme Court has stated that a traffic stop is constitutionally valid if an

officer has a reasonable and articulable suspicion that a motorist has

committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Delaware v.

Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648, 663, 99 S.Ct. 1391, quoting United States v.

Brignoni-Ponce (1975), 422 U.S. 873, 881, 95 S.Ct. 2574. If an officer’s

decision to stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic

violation, is prompted by reasonable and articulable suspicion considering

all the circumstances, then the stop is constitutionally valid. Mays at ¶8.

      {¶14} “The Fourth Amendment imposes a reasonableness standard

upon the exercise of discretion by government officials. **1208 Delaware v.

Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648, 653-654, 99 S.Ct. 1391. ‘Thus, the

permissibility of a particular law enforcement practice is judged by

balancing its intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests

against its promotion of legitimate governmental interests.’ Id. at 654, 99

S.Ct. 1391. To justify a *409 particular intrusion, the officer must

demonstrate ‘specific and articulable facts which, taken together with
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                          8


rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.’ Terry

v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1898.” State v. Batchili, 113 Ohio

St.3d 403, 2007-Ohio-2204, 865 N.E.2 1282,¶11. “The ‘reasonable and

articulable suspicion’ analysis is based on the collection of factors, not on

the individual facts themselves.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. At ¶19.

      {¶15} Appellant contends that there was no traffic violation because

the statute provides that crossing the fog line does not mean a violation of

the statute has occurred if “such movement can be made with safety.”

Appellant points out that S.R. 35 is a highway which consists of both sharp

and gradual curves and that it is likely that every vehicle traveling on U.S.

35 for even a short period of time would likely cross the fog line, whether

traffic is congested or light. Appellant notes that there was nothing in

Deputy Williamson’s testimony that would give the impression that the

Dozer vehicle was not being operated in a safe manner. Appellant also

asserts that the intent of the lawmakers was not that any given crossing of

the fog line be an automatic violation, but that a violation which did not

demonstrate safe maneuvering would comport with the intent of the

lawmakers.

      {¶16} In this matter, Deputy Williamson needed only a reasonable

articulable suspicion that a traffic violation had been committed or was
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                           9


about to be committed. Reasonable suspicion was demonstrated at the

suppression hearing when Deputy Williamson articulated his observation of

the red Pontiac, the Dozer vehicle, crossing the fog line on the right side.

Before initiating a stop at this point, Deputy Williamson ran the tags and

registration and discovered that they did not match. This is when he decided

to initiate the traffic stop. The trial court found that probable cause existed to

initiate the traffic stop and while that is a stricter standard and a complete

justification for the stop, it is not required. See Mays, at ¶23, and Evans,

supra. See also State v. Lewis, 4th Dist No. 08CA3226, 2008-Ohio-6691,

¶17.

       {¶17} Appellant’s arguments must fail, as in Mays, because the

Supreme Court was clear when it stated:

       “ R.C. 4511.33 requires a driver to drive a vehicle entirely
       within a single lane of traffic…R.C. 4533.11 does provide for
       certain circumstances in which a driver can cross a lane line
       without violating the statute. However, the question of whether
       appellant might have a possible defense to a charge of violating
       R.C. 4511.33 is irrelevant in our analysis of whether an officer
       has a reasonable and articulable suspicion to initiate a traffic
       stop. An officer is not required to determine whether someone
       who has been observed committing a crime might have a legal
       defense to the charge.

               R.C. 4511.33(A)(1) provides that a driver must remain
       within the lane markings ‘as nearly as practicable’ and ***1209
       that a driver shall not move from a lane ‘until the driver has
       first ascertained that such moment can be made with safety.’
       The phrase ‘as nearly as practicable’ does not give the driver
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                        10


      the option to remain within the lane markings rather, the phrase
      requires the driver to remain within the lane markings unless
      the driver cannot reasonably avoid straying.”

      The Mays court further explained:

      “We agree with the Seventh District Court of Appeals’
      explanation of R.C. 4511.33 in State v. Hodge, 147 Ohio
      App.3d 550, 2002-Ohio-3053, 771 N.E.2d 331. The Hodge
      court stated: ‘the legislature did not intend for a motorist to be
      punished when road debris or a parked vehicle makes it
      necessary to travel outside the lane. Nor, we are quite certain,
      did the legislature intend this statute to punish motorists for
      traveling outside their lane to avoid striking a child or animal.
      We are equally certain the legislature did not intend the statute
      to give motorists the option of staying within the lane of their
      choosing. Common sense dictates that the statute is designed
      to keep travelers, both in vehicles and pedestrians, safe. The
      logical conclusion is that the legislature intended only special
      circumstances to be valid reasons to leave a lane, not mere
      inattentiveness or carelessness. To believe that the statute was
      intended to allow motorists the option of when they will or will
      not abide by the lane requirement is simply not reasonable.”
      (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶43.


      {¶18} We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the stop of the

Dozer vehicle was justified under both the standard for probable cause and

that of reasonable articulable suspicion. Deputy Williamson observed (1) a

traffic violation and (2) a discrepancy in vehicle registration, a factor which

Appellant ignores. These circumstances were observed before Deputy

Williamson initiated the traffic stop and were clearly articulated in his

testimony at the suppression hearing. Although Appellant argues that there is
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                        11


no evidence that Dozer was operating her vehicle in an unsafe manner, this

fact is irrelevant. A violation of the statute was observed and another

possible violation with regard to the license plates and registration gave rise

to the stop. In the Mays’ court’s full discussion of R.C. 4511.33, including

the legislative intent with regard to safety, the court noted that the abiding by

the lane requirement was not optional. Based on the foregoing, Appellant’s

sole assignment of error is overruled and the trial court’s ruling on the

motion to suppress is affirmed.


                                               JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Ross App. No. 11CA3252                                                        12


                           JUDGMENT ENTRY

     It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that the
Appellee recover of Appellant costs herein taxed.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Exceptions.

Abele, P.J. and Harsha, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

                          For the Court,

                          BY: _________________________
                              Matthew W. McFarland, Judge

                          NOTICE TO COUNSEL

      Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.
