    Case: 17-11201    Document: 00514695327     Page: 1   Date Filed: 10/24/2018




         IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                 No. 17-11201
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Fifth Circuit

                                                                    FILED
                                                             October 24, 2018
                                                               Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                    Clerk
JOSE LUIS HERNANDEZ,

                  Plaintiff–Appellant,

versus

RESULTS STAFFING, INCORPORATED,

                  Defendant–Appellee.




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Texas




Before SMITH, CLEMENT, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

      “If this case is an example, the term ‘civil procedure’ is an oxymoron.”
Green v. GTE Cal., Inc., 34 Cal. Rptr. 2d 517, 518 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994). It comes
before us for a second time, more than five years after Results Staffing,
Incorporated (“RSI”), fired Jose Hernandez for failing to report to work. Her-
nandez appeals the interlocutory order granting RSI’s Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 60(b) motion for relief from our prior judgment. See Hernandez v.
    Case: 17-11201    Document: 00514695327     Page: 2   Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                 No. 17-11201
Results Staffing, Inc., 677 F. App’x 902 (5th Cir. 2017). We affirm.

                                       I.
      RSI, which provides unskilled day laborers to third parties, employed
Hernandez, an Army reservist, beginning in early 2013. After attending a
weekend military training session July 12–14, 2013, Hernandez failed to
appear for work on Monday, July 15, and instead visited a local emergency
room complaining of a headache and lower back pain. RSI fired Hernandez for
violating the company’s “no call/no show” policy, which “requires employees to
call in four hours before a scheduled start time if they are unable to report to
work.” Hernandez sued in 2014, alleging that RSI had violated his rights
under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of
1994 (“USERRA”).

      RSI served Hernandez with two requests for production concerning med-
ical records from his July 15 visit to the emergency room. The first request
(“No. 12”) sought “[a]ll documents related to any visits [Hernandez] had with
civilian medical personnel in July 2013, including all documents related to
[Hernandez’s] visit to the hospital on July 15, 2013, as alleged in [his] [p]eti-
tion.” The second request (“No. 19”) sought “[a]ll documents relating to any
medical treatment that [Hernandez] underwent for the injury alleged in [his]
[p]etition.”

      Hernandez objected to these requests but nonetheless produced a one-
page doctor’s note in which the attending physician wrote that Hernandez was
under his care on July 15, 2013, and would be able to work the next day. Nei-
ther Hernandez nor his counsel gave any indication that additional medical
records existed.   RSI later provided Hernandez with an authorization for
release of protected health information, which Hernandez signed on March 12,
2015. RSI did not make use of the signed authorization to obtain the relevant
                                       2
     Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327          Page: 3     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
medical records.

       Hernandez’s counsel received copies of Hernandez’s medical records
from July 15 on (in his words) “either Friday, May 15th or Monday, May 18th
[2015],” shortly before trial. 1 Hernandez’s lawyer claims that he then “at-
tempted to fax them to [RSI’s] counsel, even though [RSI’s] counsel already
had an authorization to obtain the records from the hospital.” The fax allegedly
failed to transmit. 2

       Following a non-jury trial in May 2015, the district court denied Hernan-
dez any relief. We reversed, rendering “judgment in favor of Hernandez” and
remanding “the case to the district court to determine [his] damages.” Id.
at 908.

       On remand, RSI discovered that “[Hernandez] and his wife had given
false testimony at trial concerning [his] service-related back condition and his
reason for going to the emergency room.” Additionally, as the district court
explained, RSI also found that “[Hernandez] and his counsel had in their
possession in advance of the trial hospital records, which should have been,
but were not, disclosed to [RSI] before the trial that showed the true reason for
[Hernandez’s] trip to the emergency room [on] the morning of July 15, 2013.”

       After that discovery, RSI filed a Rule 60(b) motion for relief from
judgment, attaching Hernandez’s July 15 emergency room records, which



       1As the district court highlighted in its order granting RSI’s Rule 60(b) motion, “[Her-
nandez] generally represented in his response document that ‘documents responsive to this
request in the possession, custody and control of the Plaintiff are attached as Exhibits in
response to the Defendant’s written discovery requests . . . .’”
       2 At the hearing on the Rule 60(b) motion, the district court examined Hernandez’s
attorney, Ryan Ray, concerning his claim of a failed fax transmission. The court noted that
the failed fax containing the medical records was allegedly sent at 11:24 pm, well outside of
normal business hours, and that Ray discovered the failed fax attempt just days before the
Rule 60(b) motion hearing (in 2017).
                                              3
     Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327         Page: 4    Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                      No. 17-11201
demonstrated that the primary reason for Hernandez’s visit was a headache
(not a back injury, aggravated by his weekend military service, as he had
claimed). 3 In opposition, Hernandez contended that, inter alia, the district
court lacked jurisdiction to consider the motion for relief from judgment, the
records “confirm that [Hernandez] was treated for a back injury,” RSI had
failed to exercise diligence in obtaining the records, and counsel’s “failure to
disclose was inadvertent.”

       The district court granted the Rule 60(b) motion, finding that
       [Hernandez’s] visit to the emergency room [on] the morning of July
       15, 2013, was not for care or treatment of an aggravation of a back
       condition he suffered while on military duty over the preceding
       weekend but, instead, was for treatment of a severe headache,
       probably a migraine in character, that had its onset after he ar-
       rived home the morning of July 15, 2013, and that the low back
       pain he mentioned upon his hospital admission as an associated
       symptom was not the cause of his visit to the hospital but was a
       non-disabling chronic back pain that [Hernandez] had been suf-
       fering for years.
The court also determined that Hernandez and his wife gave intentionally false
testimony “in order to disadvantage and mislead [RSI] in its trial preparation
and presentation, and that [this testimony] ultimately misled [the Fifth Cir-
cuit] in [Hernandez’s initial] appeal.” Furthermore, the district court found
that Hernandez’s lawyer failed to “take appropriate steps to supplement an
incomplete and misleading response [Hernandez] had made to [RSI’s] previ-
ously served discovery request . . . seeking production of all documents related
to [Hernandez’s] visit to the emergency room.” The court determined that
Hernandez’s purpose in doing so was to “mislead[] [RSI] and its counsel into
believing that [Hernandez’s] July 15, 2013 visit to the emergency room was for


       3  At trial, Hernandez had testified to the following: “I woke up, and I was in severe
pain. My left leg was locked at a 90-degree angle. I had a stabbing sensation in the lower
left side of my back. I was crying. I was wincing. At times, it was difficult to breathe.”
                                             4
     Case: 17-11201        Document: 00514695327           Page: 5     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                        No. 17-11201
care and treatment of an aggravation of a back condition that he suffered over
the weekend [of July 12–14, 2013] while performing military duties.”

       In granting the Rule 60(b) motion, the district court ultimately con-
cluded, inter alia, that Hernandez’s actions placed “[RSI] at an unfair disad-
vantage in defending itself at the trial” and “put the Fifth Circuit at an unfair
disadvantage in evaluating . . . the true facts [of this case].” The court also
determined, however, that there was “substantial ground for difference of opin-
ion” concerning whether providing a signed authorization for release of pro-
tected health information is sufficient to satisfy the signing party’s ongoing
discovery obligations under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 34, 26(b), and
26(e). Consequently, the court certified that question for interlocutory review
under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). We granted Hernandez’s unopposed motion for
leave to appeal the interlocutory order.

                                               II.
       Hernandez contends that the district court lacked jurisdiction to grant
relief per Rule 60(b)(3) because it effectively set aside the judgment of this
court. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we disagree. 4

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) provides grounds by which a “court
may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or
proceeding,” including in cases involving fraud, misconduct, or misrepresen-
tation by an adverse party. 5 In Standard Oil Co. of California v. United States,



       4 This court reviews de novo an interpretation of a federal rule of civil procedure. See
Lowry Dev., L.L.C. v. Groves & Assocs. Ins., Inc., 690 F.3d 382, 385 (5th Cir. 2012). Accord-
ingly, this jurisdictional question is reviewed de novo. See id.; see also Frazar v. Ladd,
457 F.3d 432, 435 (5th Cir. 2006) (“We review de novo . . . any questions of law underlying
the district court’s decision.”).
       5  FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(3). The rules also contain a “catch-all” provision that allows for
relief from a judgment, order, or proceeding for “any other reason that justifies relief.” FED.
                                                5
     Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327          Page: 6     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
429 U.S. 17, 17 (1976) (per curiam), the Court held that a district court may
entertain a Rule 60(b) motion without first obtaining leave of the appellate
court. 6 The Court found “the arguments in favor of requiring appellate leave
. . . unpersuasive,” noting that such a requirement “adds to the delay and
expense of litigation and . . . burdens the increasingly scarce time of the federal
appellate courts.” Id. at 18.

       Because Standard Oil did not explicitly state whether its ruling was lim-
ited to cases in which the court of appeals affirms, Hernandez asserts that
where the appellate court reverses, the district court is not permitted to enter-
tain a Rule 60(b) motion unless “the court of appeals recalls its mandate.”
Hernandez cites a previous line of precedent in which the Supreme Court
appeared to require the moving party to obtain leave of the higher court before
a lower court could disturb its judgment. 7

       Hernandez’s theory fails for two reasons. First, Standard Oil overruled
Hazel-Atlas. See McClure v. F.D.I.C, No. 93-8216, 1994 WL 14096, at *2 n.5
(5th Cir. Jan. 4, 1994). Second, this court has not—at least since Standard
Oil—required a party to obtain its leave before a district court may entertain
a Rule 60(b) motion. In United States v. Warden, for example, we declined to
hear a Rule 60(b) motion for relief, noting that “[a]pplication for relief under



R. CIV. P. 60(b)(6).
       6 Before Standard Oil, the Supreme Court and numerous courts of appeals had
“required appellate leave before the District Court could reopen a case which had been
reviewed on appeal.” Standard Oil, 429 U.S. at 18.
       7  In Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248 (1944), the Court
noted that a judgment that had been reviewed on appeal “was not subject to impeachment
. . . because a trial court lacks the power to deviate from the mandate of an appellate court.”
See also In re Potts, 166 U.S. 263, 267 (1897) (contending that a once a higher court has
decided a case on appeal, the lower court “has no authority, without express leave of [the
higher] court, to grant a new trial, a rehearing, or a review, or to permit new defenses on the
merits to be introduced by amendment of the answer”).
                                              6
     Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327          Page: 7     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
such rule is to be made . . . to the district court which rendered the judgment.” 8

       At least one other circuit has squarely addressed this question. In De-
Weerth v. Baldinger, 38 F.3d 1266, 1270−71 (2d Cir. 1994), the court held that
a district court retains jurisdiction to review a Rule 60(b) motion for relief even
after a reversal. 9 The court also found, id., that its refusal to recall a mandate
had no bearing on the district court’s jurisdiction over a Rule 60(b) motion.

       Accordingly, under Standard Oil the district court had jurisdiction to
consider RSI’s motion for relief under Rule 60. “[T]he appellate mandate
relates to the record and issues then before the court, and does not purport to



       8  Nos. 94-20438, 94-20641, 1995 WL 413034, at *3 (5th Cir. June 22, 1995) (per cur-
iam); see also Lindy Invs. III v. Shakertown 1992 Inc., 360 F. App’x 510, 512 (5th Cir. 2010)
(per curiam) (remarking that “in light of changed circumstances” the lower court “did not
‘flout[] the mandate by acting on the motion’” (quoting Lindy Invs. III v. Shakertown 1992
Inc., 631 F. Supp. 2d 815, 819 n.6 (E.D. La. 2008))); Logan v. Burgers Ozark Country Cured
Hams Inc., No. 02-30325, 2003 WL 1524574, at *3 (5th Cir. Mar. 12, 2003) (per curiam) (high-
lighting that “the appellate mandate relates [only] to the record and issues then before the
court, and does not purport to deal with possible later events” (quoting Standard Oil, 429 U.S.
at 18)); LSLJ P’ship v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 920 F.2d 476, 478 (7th Cir. 1990) (“[A] district court
may reopen a case which had been reviewed on appeal without leave from the court of
appeals.”).
       9 DeWeerth involved a suit between two parties over a painting by French impression-
ist Claude Monet that was allegedly stolen from a castle in southern Germany during the
waning days of the Second World War. See DeWeerth v. Baldinger, 658 F. Supp. 688, 690
(S.D.N.Y. 1987). After a bench trial, the court awarded the painting to DeWeerth based, at
least in part, on a finding that the applicable New York statute of limitations had not yet
run. Id. at 693–96. The Second Circuit reversed, contending that the applicable New York
statute of limitations had, in fact, run. See DeWeerth v. Baldinger, 836 F.2d 103, 109–10 (2d
Cir. 1987). In 1991, the New York Court of Appeals interpreted the state’s statute of limita-
tions in a manner consistent with the district court’s original ruling. See Solomon R. Gug-
genheim Found. v. Lubell, 569 N.E.2d 426, 430–31 (N.Y. 1991). Noting that the state court’s
ruling was sufficient to constitute a “material change in circumstances,” the district court
granted the plaintiff’s Rule 60 motion. DeWeerth v. Baldinger, 804 F. Supp. 539, 541
(S.D.N.Y. 1992). In doing so, the district court noted that the Second Circuit had declined to
alter its mandate in the wake of Guggenheim, which it suggested “may have been because
the district court rather than the appellate court is the appropriate initial forum for seeking
redress due to post-decisional changes in law or facts.” Id. The Second Circuit reversed the
ruling on the Rule 60(b) motion but noted that the district court did have jurisdiction to
review the motion for relief. See DeWeerth 38 F.3d at 1270–71.
                                              7
    Case: 17-11201     Document: 00514695327      Page: 8   Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                  No. 17-11201
deal with possible later events.” Standard Oil, 429 U.S. at 18. The district
court determined that Hernandez and his counsel had made numerous mis-
representations to both this court and the district court that were discovered
after we ruled. Those misrepresentations were “possible later events,” refer-
enced in Standard Oil, sufficient to warrant action by the district court. Id.
That the Rule 60(b) motion came on the heels of a reversal, rather than an
affirmance, of the initial ruling is an insufficient basis for stripping a district
court of its jurisdiction to hear Rule 60(b) motions without leave. Such a stan-
dard would be inconsistent with the rationale behind Standard Oil. See id.
at 18–19.

                                       III.
      Hernandez asserts that a party who signs an authorization for release of
protected health information is completely discharged from the obligation of
producing records controlled by healthcare providers. Again, we disagree.

      The production of documents, including medical records, is governed by
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(a): “A party may serve on any other party
a request within the scope of Rule 26(b) . . . to produce and permit the request-
ing party or its representative to inspect, copy, test, or sample [any designated
documents] in the responding party’s possession, custody, or control.”           A
request within the scope of Rule 26(b) includes “any nonprivileged matter that
is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the
case.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b). In addition, a party making a disclosure under,
inter alia, a request for production, “must supplement or correct its disclosure
or response . . . in a timely manner if the party learns that in some way the
disclosure or response is incomplete or incorrect, and if the additional or cor-
rective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties
during the discovery process or in writing.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(e).

                                        8
     Case: 17-11201         Document: 00514695327        Page: 9     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                         No. 17-11201
       Hernandez maintains that, once signed, the records authorization re-
lieved him from any further discovery obligation with respect to the medical
records. He cites Jackson v. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc., 278 F.R.D.
586, 593 (D. Nev. 2011), holding that the plaintiff did not violate the discovery
rules by voluntarily providing a signed medical authorization for a defendant
to “obtain the plaintiff’s medical records . . . directly from the providers.” 10 Her-
nandez cites additional caselaw, including Clark v. Vega Wholesale, Inc. 11 and
Neal v. Boulder, 12 for the proposition that a party’s medical records are not in
his possession, custody, or control. 13 Under Hernandez’s theory, he had no
further obligation to produce or permit inspection of his medical records
because they were in the hands of a third party.

       RSI responds that “providing a medical records authorization does not
relieve Hernandez of the duty to produce documents in his actual possession,
particularly where . . . such documents contradicted key elements of his prior
testimony.” RSI relies on Frieman v. USAir Group, Inc., for the proposition
that a defendant’s “ability to obtain the documents from alternate sources does
not excuse the plaintiffs from their obligation to produce the documents.” 14


       10The Jackson court further asserted that “Rule 34 does not require the responding
party to provide copies of documents” but only permits “inspection and copying by the
requesting party.” 278 F.R.D. at 593.
       11   181 F.R.D. 470, 472 (D. Nev. 1998).
       12   142 F.R.D. 325, 327 (D. Colo. 1992).
       13 Clark and Neal were cases in which the requesting party was seeking a court order
to compel a responding party to provide a signed medical release form. See 181 F.R.D. at
471; 142 F.R.D. at 326. Here, the requested medical authorization form was provided volun-
tarily. Additionally, it is undisputed that Hernandez’s counsel had Hernandez’s relevant
medical records in his physical possession on or about May 15, 2015, more than a week and
a half before trial began.
       14  Civ. A. No. 93-3142, 1994 WL 675221, at *4 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 23, 1994); see also Doe v.
District of Columbia, 231 F.R.D. 27, 35 (D.D.C. 2005) (finding that medical records are in a
plaintiff’s control and requiring either an authorization for their release or production of the
records “if [the plaintiff] has a copy”); Orleman v. Jumpking, Inc., No. CIV. A. 99-2522-CM,
                                                   9
    Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327          Page: 10     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
       We do not need to reach the more difficult question whether the signing
of an authorization for release of protected health information is sufficiently
responsive to a Rule 34 request for production, because once Hernandez’s coun-
sel obtained physical possession of the records, he had a continuing obligation
under Rule 26(e) to disclose them to RSI. By declining to do that, Hernandez
failed to meet his obligations under the federal rules, which include a duty to
supplement prior disclosures “in a timely manner” if they are incomplete and
“if the additional . . . information has not otherwise been made known to the
other parties during the discovery process or in writing.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(e).

       Hernandez’s disclosure of the initial one-page letter was an incomplete
response to at least two of RSI’s requests for production of the July 15 records.
Neither Hernandez nor his counsel gave any further indication that additional
medical records from that day existed.             Additionally, Hernandez failed to
provide RSI with an authorization for release of protected health information
as part of his discovery response. RSI got that authorization only when it
approached Hernandez to sign a release. As the district court highlighted,
Hernandez’s “discovery response, in effect, told defense counsel that the doc-
tor’s letter constituted the only emergency record [Hernandez] had the ability
to obtain from the hospital.” “Our system of discovery was designed to increase
the likelihood that justice will be served in each case, not to promote principles
of gamesmanship and deception in which the person who hides the ball most
effectively wins the case.” Abrahamsen v. Trans-State Express, Inc., 92 F.3d



2000 WL 1114849, at *5 (D. Kan. July 11, 2000) (“[W]here responsive information is in [the
defendant’s] possession, [the defendant] is obligated to produce the information, whether or
not [the] plaintiff has obtained the information from an alternate source. The rules of dis-
covery do not permit parties to withhold material because the opponent . . . could discover it
on their own.”); Bowman v. Consol. Rail Corp., 110 F.R.D. 525, 527 (N.D. Ind. 1986) (deter-
mining that a party with a legal right to obtain information related to his unemployment
benefits was required to provide that information on a Rule 34(a) discovery request).
                                             10
    Case: 17-11201        Document: 00514695327          Page: 11     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
425, 428−29 (6th Cir. 1996).

                                              IV.
       Hernandez posits that RSI was not prevented from fully and fairly pre-
senting its case, as contemplated by Rule 60. Additionally, in his reply brief,
he contends that “review of discretionary decisions,” such as the district court’s
decision to grant RSI relief from this court’s judgment, “is unavailable on an
interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).” 15

                                              A.
       Section 1292(b) provides, in relevant part, as follows:
       When a district judge, in making in a civil action an order not oth-
       erwise appealable under this section, shall be of the opinion that
       such order involves a controlling question of law as to which there
       is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an imme-
       diate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate
       termination of the litigation, he shall so state in writing in such
       order.
Although “the Court of Appeals’ jurisdiction is not confined to the precise ques-
tion certified by the lower court (because the statute brings the ‘order,’ [and]
not the question, before the court),” our jurisdiction is nonetheless “confined to
the particular order appealed from.” United States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669,
677 (1987).     “[W]hile we may not reach beyond the [district court’s] order to
address other orders in the case, we are free to address ‘questions that are
material to the lower court’s certified order’” as part of an interlocutory




       15 Hernandez cites Simon v. G.D. Searle & Co., 816 F.2d 397 (8th Cir. 1987), which
addressed the appropriate standard of review for the interlocutory appeal and found that
although “the questions of law certified by the district court” are reviewed de novo, the courts
of appeals “remain free to consider ‘such questions as are basic to and underlie’ the questions
certified by the district court.” Id. at 400 (quoting Helene Curtis Indus., Inc. v. Church &
Dwight Co., 560 F.2d 1325, 1335 (7th Cir. 1977)).
                                              11
    Case: 17-11201        Document: 00514695327          Page: 12      Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                        No. 17-11201
appeal. 16

       Accordingly, we have discretion to reach the third issue briefed by the
parties if it is material to the certified order. 17 We review for abuse of discre-
tion the district court’s decision to grant Rule 60(b) relief. 18

       The district court based its decision on a finding that RSI was prevented
from fully and fairly litigating its case. That finding was material to the certi-
fied order because the order itself pertained exclusively to the motion for relief
from judgment. The district court premised its grant of the motion on a belief
that Hernandez had violated the federal discovery rules by failing to turn over
relevant medical records and that that failure constituted misconduct as con-
templated by Rule 60(b). 19 Accordingly, we next review, for abuse of discretion,
the grant of the Rule 60(b) motion.

                                               B.
       Rule 60(b)(3) permits a court to grant relief from a final judgment or


       16Spong v. Fid. Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 787 F.3d 296, 304 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting
Castellanos-Contreras v. Decatur Hotels, LLC, 622 F.3d 393, 398 (5th Cir. 2010)).
       17 See, e.g., Moorman v. UnumProvident Corp., 464 F.3d 1260, 1264 (11th Cir. 2006)
(reviewing for abuse of discretion, as part of an interlocutory appeal, the denial of a discovery
order). “[R]eview by appellate courts of noncertified questions is also discretionary,” so long
as the noncertified question is materially related to the order. Id. at 1272.
       18   See, e.g., United States v. Sealed Juvenile 1, 151 F. App’x 336, 336 (5th Cir. 2005)
(per curiam) (“Before the court is an interlocutory appeal of an order . . . transferring appel-
lant . . . for prosecution as an adult. Appellant argues that the district court abused its dis-
cretion in granting the Government’s motion to transfer proceedings . . . to an adult criminal
prosecution. We have reviewed the record . . . and find no abuse of discretion.”); see also
United States v. NCR Corp., 688 F.3d 833, 837 (7th Cir. 2012) (stating that a preliminary
injunction is reviewed using an abuse-of-discretion standard); Mercantile Tr. Co. Nat’l Ass’n
v. Inland Marine Prods. Corp., 542 F.2d 1010, 1012 (8th Cir. 1976) (finding, on an interlocu-
tory appeal, that “[t]he proper test in reviewing an order denying leave to amend under [Fed-
eral Rule of Civil Procedure] 15(a) is whether the District Court has abused its discretion.”).
       19 Judicial efficiency weighs in favor of deciding all three issues presented here as part
of this interlocutory appeal instead of waiting for an appeal of the third issue after judgment.
Cf. Moorman, 464 F.3d at 1272.
                                              12
    Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327         Page: 13     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                      No. 17-11201
order for “fraud . . . , misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party.”
To prevail on a Rule 60(b)(3) motion, a party must establish, by clear and con-
vincing evidence, see Rozier v. Ford Motor Co., 573 F.2d 1332, 1339 (5th Cir.
1978), “(1) that the adverse party engaged in fraud or other misconduct, and
(2) that this misconduct prevented the moving party from fully and fairly pre-
senting his case.” 20

                                             1.
       The district court made extensive findings that “[Hernandez], often
through his attorney, engaged in fraud, misrepresentation, and misconduct in
[his] presentations, verbally and in writing, to the court in pretrial matters,
during the trial, and in his presentations to the Fifth Circuit in support of his
appeal from [the district] court’s dismissal of his claims,” sufficient to satisfy
Rozier’s first requirement. Following an exhaustive review of the record, the
district court concluded that Hernandez’s written submissions “were designed
to lead the reader to think that [Hernandez’s] sole reason for going to the
emergency room on the morning of July 15, 2013, was to obtain care and treat-
ment for a back injury he aggravated while serving a military tour of duty the
preceding weekend.” The written representations were supported by Her-
nandez’s and his wife’s in-court testimony, and at no point did Hernandez “dis-
close that his reason for going to the emergency room [on] the morning of
July 15, 2013, was for treatment of a headache he developed that morning
while at home.”

       In addition to the falsifications made to the district court, Hernandez


       20Hesling v. CSX Transp., Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 641 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Gov’t Fin.
Servs. One Ltd. P’ship v. Peyton Place, 62 F.3d 767, 772 (5th Cir. 1995)). Ultimately, “[t]he
purpose of [Rule 60(b)(3)] is to afford parties relief from judgments which are unfairly
obtained, not those which may be factually incorrect.” Diaz v. Methodist Hosp., 46 F.3d 492,
496 (5th Cir. 1995).
                                             13
    Case: 17-11201    Document: 00514695327       Page: 14   Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                  No. 17-11201
made similar misrepresentations to this court and failed to tender, as part of
RSI’s request for production, all medical records related to his visit to the emer-
gency room. The district court found that the “record was false in that it failed
to disclose [Hernandez’s] true reasons for his visit to the hospital emergency
room,” which affected both the trial and appellate proceedings.

                                         2.
      The district court also found, by clear and convincing evidence, that the
misconduct prevented RSI from having a full and fair opportunity to present
its case. The court posited that had “the truth concerning [Hernandez’s] reason
for admission to the hospital . . . been disclosed during or before the trial, [RSI]
would have been in a position to effectively argue,” inter alia, “that [Hernan-
dez’s] failure to be at work [on] the morning of July 15, 2013, was not the result
of any military-related injury, or aggravation of an injury, and that during the
day of July 15, 2013, [Hernandez] was not convalescing from such an injury or
aggravation.”

      The court also found that the misrepresentations to it, as well as the
failure to disclose Hernandez’s medical records, affected RSI’s initial appeal to
this court. Specifically, the district court highlighted an exchange at this
court’s oral argument between one of the judges and counsel for RSI in which
the judge asked counsel whether there was any evidence that rebutted Hernan-
dez’s assertion that an aggravation of a preexisting back injury was the basis
for his visit to the emergency room. Ultimately, the district court’s findings in
its order are sufficient to satisfy Rozier’s second requirement that the alleged
misconduct must have prevented RSI from fully and fairly litigating its case.

                                         3.
      In Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc., 862 F.2d 910, 925 (1st Cir. 1988), the court

                                        14
    Case: 17-11201     Document: 00514695327     Page: 15   Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                  No. 17-11201
maintained that “where discovery material is deliberately suppressed, its
absence can be presumed to have inhibited the unearthing of further admissi-
ble evidence adverse to the withholder, that is, to have substantially interfered
with the aggrieved party’s trial preparation.” Although Anderson is not bind-
ing on this court, its holding is instructive. Here, the misrepresentations by
Hernandez, his wife, and his counsel, as well as the failure to disclose medical
records responsive to RSI’s discovery requests, presumably “inhibited the
unearthing” of evidence adverse to Hernandez and “substantially interfered”
with defense counsel’s preparation.

      In this sense, the grant of RSI’s motion for relief from our prior judgment
was not an abuse of discretion because it was not based on a “clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence.” Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx, 496 U.S. 384, 405
(1990).   The district court correctly applied our two-pronged test for Rule
60(b)(3) motions, finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that Hernandez
engaged in fraud or other misconduct that prevented RSI from fully and fairly
litigating its case.

      Hernandez contends that Diaz bars relief. There, we affirmed the denial
of a plaintiff’s Rule 60(b)(3) motion for relief that was based on a post-trial
allegation of perjury. Diaz, 46 F.3d at 496–97. Finding that the plaintiff failed
to show by clear and convincing evidence that perjury had occurred and “that
any perjured testimony prevented her from fully and fairly presenting her
case,” we declined to reverse. Id. at 497.

      Diaz is distinguishable on its facts. “If unequivocal evidence establishes
that a party willfully perjured himself, and thereby prevented the opposition
from fully and fairly presenting its case, use of Rule 60(b)(3) to grant the inno-
cent party a new trial would be a proper response.” Id. (emphasis added). The
Diaz plaintiff’s failure to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the

                                       15
    Case: 17-11201       Document: 00514695327          Page: 16     Date Filed: 10/24/2018



                                       No. 17-11201
defendant’s actions prevented her from fully and fairly litigating her case did
not change our Rozier standard with respect to Rule 60(b)(3) motions.

       In sum, the district court found that RSI established, by clear and con-
vincing evidence, that Hernandez’s misconduct prevented it from a full and fair
hearing of its case. Thus, the court did not abuse its discretion when it granted
relief from judgment. 21

       The order granting relief under Rule 60(b)(3) is AFFIRMED.




       21  In the alternative, the district court asserted that RSI “would be entitled to the
relief it seeks pursuant to the authority of Rule 60(b)(6)” if not Rule 60(b)(3). Rule 60(b)(6)
permits a court to grant relief from a judgment or order for “any other reason that justifies
relief.” Because RSI was entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(3) and because the district court
did not abuse its discretion in granting such relief, we do not reach the question whether Rule
60(b)(6) provides alternative grounds.
                                             16
