[Cite as Cherryhill Mgt., Inc. v. Branham, 2020-Ohio-596.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 CHERRYHILL MANAGEMENT, INC.                           :
                                                       :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                           :     Appellate Case No. 28438
                                                       :
 v.                                                    :     Trial Court Case No. 2017-CV-925
                                                       :
 BETH ANNE BRANHAM, et al.                             :     (Civil Appeal from
                                                       :     Common Pleas Court)
         Defendants-Appellees                          :
                                                       :

                                              ...........

                                              OPINION

                          Rendered on the 21st day of February, 2020.

                                              ...........

SCOTT R. THOMAS, Atty. Reg. No. 0061040, 250 Grandview Drive, Suite 500, Fort
Mitchell, Kentucky 41017
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

BETH ANNE BRANHAM, 2801 Campus Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45406
     Defendant-Appellee, Pro Se

DAVID C. AHLSTROM, Atty. Reg. No. 0085784, 280 North High Street, Suite 1010,
Columbus, Ohio 43215
     Attorney for Defendants-Appellees, Molly Kefaya and Tareq Kefaya

WILLIAM H. FALIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0038839, 1422 Euclid Avenue, Suite 630, Cleveland,
Ohio 44115
      Attorney for Appellee, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company

                                             .............



DONOVAN, J.
                                                                                           -2-


       {¶ 1} Cherryhill Management, Inc. (“Cherryhill”) appeals from the trial court’s

December 17, 2018 judgment sustaining Tareq Kefaya’s motion for summary judgment

on Cherryhill’s complaint against him for negligent entrustment and respondeat superior

liability. Cherryhill also appeals from a February 12, 2019 judgment of the trial court

sustaining Mollie Kefaya’s motion for summary judgment on Cherryhill’s complaint against

her for negligent entrustment. In addition to challenging these judgments, Cherryhill

challenges the trial court’s refusal to allow Cherryhill to obtain discovery from the Kefayas’

insurer, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company (Nationwide). We hereby affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

       {¶ 2} Cherryhill filed its complaint against Beth Anne Branham and Tareq and

Mollie Kefaya on February 21, 2017. Count 1 asserted a claim against Branham for

negligence, Count 2 asserted a claim against the Kefayas for negligent entrustment, and

Count 3 asserted a claim against the Kefayas for respondeat superior liability. The

complaint alleged that on November 15, 2016, Branham, who did not have a valid driver’s

license, drove a 2012 Honda Accord owned by Tareq and/or Mollie Kefaya into a

stationary truck leased and operated by Cherryhill in Clayton, Ohio.1

       {¶ 3} On March 17, 2017, Cherryhill filed a notice of its intent to take the

depositions of one or more officers of the Kefayas’ insurer, Nationwide and filed a


1 According to a pretrial statement filed by the Kefayas and Tareq Kefaya’s motion for
summary judgment, the Keyafas divorced in 2016, and in the divorce decree, Mollie
Kefaya was awarded the Honda Accord that was being driven by Branham at the time of
the accident. The Kefayas assert that Tareq had no control over the vehicle at the time
of the accident, did not live with Mollie at that time, and had no relationship with Branham.
For purposes of this case, the Kefayas have filed some motions and other documents
jointly, and we refer to them as such. However, where appropriate, we refer to them
separately by their first names.
                                                                                        -3-


subpoena duces tecum pursuant to Civ.R. 30(B)(5) and Civ.R. 45. The subpoena asked

Nationwide to produce policy number 9234N339835 and all documents and

communications relating to it and asked Nationwide to produce documents and

communications related to claim number 164 890 GE or between Nationwide and any

person regarding Mollie Kefaya or Branham.

      {¶ 4} On March 22, 2017, the court issued a notice that Branham had not been

served.   On April 6, 2017, the Kefayas filed an answer and a cross-claim against

Branham for indemnity and/or contribution.

      {¶ 5} On April 19, 2017, Nationwide filed a motion to quash Cherryhill’s subpoena

duces tecum. Nationwide asserted that, while the existence and contents of the Kafayas’

insurance policy was discoverable, and that policy had been produced, other information

sought in Cherryhill’s subpoena, such as documents relating to the insurance policy and

Nationwide’s investigation into the Kefayas’ potential liability for and Nationwide’s

potential duty to cover the loss for which Cherryhill sought recovery were not discoverable

and, in fact, were protected from discovery by attorney-client privilege and/or the work

product doctrine. Nationwide asserted that it had denied coverage under the policy for

Branham’s alleged conduct.

      {¶ 6} Nationwide also asserted that the subpoena should be quashed for lack of

relevance. Nationwide argued that its internal investigation and communications among

its insureds, agents, and adjustors, had “no bearing whatsoever on the merits of the

negligence and agency claims” alleged by Cherryhill. Nationwide further asserted that

the subpoena should be quashed based on applicable privileges, pursuant to Civ.R.

45(C). Nationwide asserted that the documents sought in Cherryhill’s subpoena were
                                                                                        -4-


so clearly protected from discovery by attorney-client privilege and the work product

doctrine that Nationwide should not be put to the undue burden and expense of preparing

a privilege log describing the nature of these documents. Finally, Nationwide argued

that, if the court concluded that there were any legitimate questions as to the

discoverability of the documents at issue, it should be allowed to provide a log and have

the court conduct an evidentiary hearing or in camera review of the protected documents

before ordering that any of them be produced.

      {¶ 7} On May 3, 2017, Cherryhill opposed the motion to quash.              Cherryhill

asserted that Branham spent time at Mollie’s home performing dog-watching services and

as such, was a “regular invitee.”     Cherryhill argued that it was in dispute whether

Branham had Mollie’s express or implied permission to drive the car on the day in

question. Pointing out that the accident was “a two-car collision without injuries, without

any dispute about causation” and that Nationwide issued “an expedited decision * * * that

no coverage existed,” Cherryhill asserted that “Nationwide’s claim of burden rings hollow.”

Cherryhill argued that, if Nationwide had followed Civ.R.45(C)(4), it would have prepared

a privilege log regarding the documents allegedly protected by privilege; “instead,

Nationwide ask[ed] the Court to rule blindly without any evidence from Nationwide

regarding the documents it ha[d] held back.”

      {¶ 8} Cherryhill further asserted that, if Nationwide created a privilege log,

Nationwide and Cherryhill could discuss the merits of Nationwide’s objections to

production. Cherryhill asserted as follows:

             * * * Then Cherryhill can decide whether to explore issues further

      with the Court, e.g., whether good cause exists for the production of witness
                                                                               -5-


statements that cannot be obtained by other means, whether an insurer can

claim a work product privilege for documents created after its decision that

the policy didn’t provide coverage, and whether the documents identified in

the privilege log reflect alternate explanations for why Nationwide deemed

the car to be driven without authority when no one ever reported a stolen

vehicle to law enforcement authorities. Indeed, if Nationwide agrees to

produce any proof of a determination by law enforcement officials that the

Honda was stolen – or even proof merely that the police conducted some

inquiry about whether the car was stolen – Cherryhill will withdraw its

request for additional information and make this motion to quash moot.

      Likewise, the log will disclose whether Nationwide’s arguments are

even relevant. For example, Nationwide cites precedent for the notion that

an insurer’s sending a report to its attorney for preparation of a defense

make the document protected from disclosure. * * * Because Nationwide

hasn’t created a log, however, neither Cherryhill nor the Court knows

whether such a document exists. Cherryhill and the Court are likewise in

the dark about whether there are “statements taken by an insurer from

witnesses,” or “communications between the insurer and its insured,” or

indeed whether there is even a “coverage investigation,” which Cherryhill

very much doubts.

      Nationwide has not given Cherryhill or this Court the information

needed to rule on a motion for protective order. Having failed to carry its

burden, Nationwide’s motion must be denied. The Court should decline
                                                                                         -6-


       Nationwide’s invitation to do the work the rule requires. [Sic.] * * *

(Emphasis sic.)

       {¶ 9} On May 11, 2017, Nationwide filed a reply in support of its motion to quash.

Nationwide pointed out that Cherryhill could not bring a “bad faith” claim against

Nationwide under Ohio law because Cherryhill was not insured by Nationwide, as

required by Ohio’s “direct action” rule. Nationwide also pointed out that Cherryhill’s brief

in opposition did not even attempt to address the irrelevance of the information Cherryhill

sought or the privileged and protected nature of that information. Nationwide argued that

there was “no authority to permit a plaintiff in a negligence action to discover the

defendant’s liability insurer’s claim file before judgment * * *.”

       {¶ 10} Nationwide described Cherryhill’s Civ.R. 45(C)(4) argument as “misplaced,

at best.” Nationwide asserted that under Civ.R. 45(C)(4), the parties are required to

make an effort to resolve disputes related to a subpoena only when the dispute is based

on whether the subpoena creates an undue burden. However, Nationwide did not file its

motion pursuant to Civ.R. 45(C)(3)(d), claiming undue burden; it filed its motion pursuant

to Civ.R. 45(C)(3)(b), referring to the disclosure of privileged or otherwise protected

matter. “[T]here was no rule requiring non-party Nationwide to make pre-motion [to

quash] efforts to try to convince [Cherryhill] that it [was] not entitled to the records it

[sought] because they [were] privileged and protected.”

       {¶ 11} Finally, Nationwide argued that, as a non-party to the action, Civ.R. 45 did

not require it to submit or provide a privilege log; “the privileges and protections

Nationwide has asserted are so clear that going to the burden and expense of preparing

a privilege log that would cover all of the requested records should not be required.”
                                                                                            -7-


Nationwide also noted that it offered to provide a privilege log.

         {¶ 12} On July 19, 2017, Cherryhill filed a motion for default judgment against

Branham for failure to answer or appear.

         {¶ 13} On November 6, 2017, Cherryhill filed subpoena to depose Cargelia

Stanley, an adjuster employed by Nationwide. On November 22, 2017, Stanley moved

to quash the subpoena.

         {¶ 14} On November 30, 2017, the trial court referred the case to a magistrate for

a damages hearing. On December 14, 2017, the court granted Cherryhill’s motion to

enter a default judgment against Branham in the amount of $4,858.99, plus interest and

costs.

         {¶ 15} On December 5, 2017, Cherryhill opposed Stanley’s motion to quash. On

January 10, 2018, Stanley filed a reply.

         {¶ 16} On January 25, 2018, the Kefayas filed a pretrial statement, and on January

29, 2018, Cherryhill and the Kefayas filed a joint pretrial statement.

         {¶ 17} On March 27, 2018, Cherryhill’s attorney, Justin Whittaker, filed an affidavit.

It stated that service on Branham via certified mail had been unsuccessful, and that the

complaint and summons had been delivered via ordinary mail at Branham’s last known

address on March 27, 2017. Whittaker averred that 1) Branham had not answered or

requested an extension of time to do so, 2) Cherryhill’s damages were $4,858.99, and 3)

Cherryhill had incurred court costs of $331.50, deposition transcript fees of $1,684, and

witness appearance fees of $38.80.

         {¶ 18} On July 10, 2018, the court sustained the motions to quash of Nationwide

and Stanley. The court determined in part as follows:
                                                                                   -8-


       It is initially noted that Nationwide has provided to [Cherryhill] a

certified copy of the auto insurance policy issued to Defendants as required

under Ohio Civ.R. 26(B)(2).          [Cherryhill] seeks further disclosure of

documents relating to Nationwide’s investigation of the accident that is the

subject of [Cherryhill’s] lawsuit.

       Nationwide is not a party to this action, and there is no bad faith claim

being asserted. As a result, the Court finds that the information sought by

[Cherryhill] in both subpoenas is not relevant to the instant lawsuit and is

therefore not discoverable and the subpoenas are quashed on that basis.

       Further, Ohio Civ.R. 45(C) protects persons from the disclosure of

privileged or otherwise protected matter. Generally, Ohio courts do not

“impose a duty upon insurers to actively assist plaintiff in civil actions”

against their insureds. In Kraus v. Maurer, 740 [N.E.2d] 7222 (8th Dist.

2004), the Court opined:

              To impose such an obligation would give rise to

       numerous ethical issues. For instance, if a plaintiff ultimately

       obtains a judgment against an insured in an amount greater

       than the insured’s policy limits for which the insured is

       personally responsible and the insurer was instrumental in

       permitting service to be perfected on the insured, has the

       insured breached a fiduciary duty owed to the insured? What

       would be the obligation of the insured if the plaintiff decided

       that in addition to the address of the insured, he also needed
                                                                                       -9-


              additional information from the claims file, such as driving or

              medical histories[?]     In Ohio, courts have traditionally

              permitted discovery of an insurer’s claims files only in

              instances where bad faith is alleged or where a prevailing

              party seeks prejudgment interest.      This court declines to

              expand upon this rule, especially in situations such as in the

              present case where the ends sought to be accomplished by

              the appellee are readily obtainable through other, more

              traditional, means. It is abundantly clear that the claim file

              being sought is protected by both the “attorney-client

              privilege” and the “work product doctrine.” The file is not

              being sought in concert with a bad faith claim and, therefore,

              is not discoverable.

       In the case at bar, both the subpoena duces tecum issued to Nationwide

       and the subpoena duces tecum and for appearance at a deposition issued

       to its claims adjuster, Cargelia Stanley, seek information that is privileged

       and work product.

       {¶ 19} On September 20, 2018, Cherryhill filed a motion for default judgment

against Tareq based upon his failure to appear for deposition due to extended travel to

Israel. The next day, the court issued an order granting default judgment as a sanction

upon Tareq.     On October 1, 2018, the court issued an order vacating the default

judgment against Tareq, noting that the motion for default judgment would be considered

following the briefing permitted by the court.
                                                                                       -10-


       {¶ 20} On September 21, 2018, Tareq filed a motion for summary judgment. Tareq

set forth the following statement of facts:

              ***

              Just prior to [the] collision [at issue], Defendant Branham was in the

       home of Defendant Mollie Kefaya, entered Defendant Kefaya’s private

       bedroom without permission, located Ms. Kefaya’s spare car key within a

       dresser drawer, again without permission, and took her vehicle without Ms.

       Kefaya’s permission. * * * Defendant Branham was then involved in the

       subject matter automobile accident with Plaintiff’s employee, Logan

       Hofferbert. Defendant Branham confirmed to Officer Daniel Hamlin that

       she was using the Kefaya vehicle without permission of Mollie Kefaya. * * *

       Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Tareq Kefaya negligently entrusted his

       vehicle to Defendant Branham.

              Defendant Tareq Kefaya and Mollie Kefaya’s marriage was officially

       dissolved by this very Court effective July 11, 2016. * * * Defendant Tareq

       Kefaya was not the legal owner of the vehicle at the time of the impermissive

       use. * * * Defendant Tareq Kefaya was not present or involved in any way

       with the relationship with Ms. Branham. * * *

Tareq further asserted that Cherryhill could not demonstrate negligent entrustment or any

employer/employee relationship between Tareq and Branham. Attached to his motion

was a copy of a Clayton Police Department accident report, copies of Mollie’s and Officer

Hamlin’s depositions, and a copy of Tareq and Mollie’s final decree of dissolution of

marriage.
                                                                                         -11-


       {¶ 21} On October 5, 2018, Cherryhill filed memorandum in opposition to Tareq’s

motion for summary judgment; in the alternative, Cherryhill also sought summary

judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 56(F). Cherryhill argued that summary judgment was

improper because Tareq had “intentionally and willfully failed to attend his deposition and

fulfill his discovery obligations.”   Cherryhill cited the Kefayas’ cross-claim against

Branham, which asserted that the Kefayas “had nothing to do with that accident or those

injuries apart from being the owners of the vehicle” that Branham took without permission;

according to Cherryhill, the use of the plural “owners” referred to Tareq and Mollie and

constituted a “judicial admission,” which Tareq could not later refute. Cherryhill argued

that Tareq’s motion was “similarly lacking” on the issue of permission, because he relied

on a police report which was not admissible because Officer Hamlin did not observe the

event and was not an accident reconstruction expert. Finally, Cherryhill argued that

Mollie was unreliable, noting that she asserted that she owned the Accord, citing the

divorce decree, but the decree states that the Accord was “ ‘titled in Husband’s name

alone’ and remains so titled until the loan on the vehicle is paid off.” Cherryhill asked for

additional time for discovery, asserting that the court should not rule on Tareq’s motion

for summary judgment until he was deposed, which Cherryhill had neem trying to do for

many months.

       {¶ 22} On October 12, 2018, the Keyafas opposed Cherryhill’s motion for default

judgment against Tareq. They requested 30 days to “attempt to produce [Tareq] for a

video deposition from Palestine” before the Court took “the extreme sanction of default,”

given that Tareq had initially appeared and answered and had otherwise been

represented in all aspects of the case. On October 16, 2018, Cherryhill filed a reply.
                                                                                -12-


{¶ 23} The trial court granted Tareq’s motion for summary judgment. It stated:

       In the case at bar, Tareq Kefaya was on the title of the automobile

that was involved in the accident at the time of the accident. The divorce

settlement between Mr. and Mrs. Kefaya, however, makes it clear that

Mollie Kefaya is the owner of the vehicle. This evidence is persuasive

despite [Cherryhill’s] argument that Tareq’s Kefaya’s pleadings state that

he is an owner of the car involved in the accident. Further, even though

Mr. Kefaya was on the title at the time of the accident, [Cherryhill] has not

produced any evidence that Mr. Kefaya knew Branham or that she had any

access to the vehicle. Thus, there is no evidence sufficient under Ohio

Civ.R. 56(F) to refute the deposition testimony of Mollie Kefaya * * * that

Tareq Kefaya has never met Branham and was not living in the house with

Mollie Kefaya at the time of the accident. * * * There is no evidence before

the Court that Tareq Kefaya knew (i) Branham, (ii) that she may be an

incompetent driver, or (iii) that she had access to the vehicle. Accordingly,

[Cherryhill] has failed to state a prima facie case for negligent entrustment

against Tareq Kefaya because it cannot be shown that Branham operated

the vehicle with Tareq Kefaya’s knowledge and permission. Thus, Tareq

Kefaya is entitled to summary judgment on [Cherryhill’s] negligent

entrustment claim.

       Likewise, [Cherryhill’s] claims fail under a theory of respondeat

superior. This claim is derivative of Branham’s liability.       To prevail,

however, [Cherryhill] must show that an employer/employee type of
                                                                                          -13-


      relationship existed between Tareq Kefaya and Branham.                 No such

      showing has been made. To the contrary, the only evidence related to the

      relationship between Tareq Kefaya and Branham is that the two had never

      met, and that Tareq Kefaya was divorced from Mollie Kefaya and not living

      in the homes that Mollie had allowed Branham to visit. [Cherryhill] has not

      presented evidence to refute this deposition testimony of Mollie Kefaya.

      Accordingly, Tareq Kefaya is entitled to summary judgment on [Cherryhill’s]

      derivative claim under the theory of respondeat superior.

             Based on the foregoing, no genuine issue of material fact exists for

      trial on [Cherryhill’s] claims against Tareq Kefaya, and Tareq Kefaya is

      entitled to summary judgment in his favor and against [Cherryhill].

             Finding no liability on the part of Mr. Kefaya, this Court concludes

      that granting default judgment in favor of [Cherryhill] for his [Tareq’s] failure

      to attend a deposition is not an appropriate remedy. Accordingly,

      [Cherryhill’s] motion for default judgment against Tareq Kefaya is not well-

      taken.2

      {¶ 24} On January 11, 2019, Mollie Kefaya filed a motion for summary judgment.

She noted that the trial court had specifically asked the parties to address whether

hearsay statements made by Branham about her prior use of another vehicle were

admissible as evidence. Mollie asserted that Branham’s hearsay statements to Officer

Hamlin about her prior use of another vehicle were not admissible. First, she argued that


2
 We note that the trial court implicitly overruled Cherryhill’s alternative Civ.R. 56(F)
motion for summary judgment, rather than doing so expressly by separate judgment
entry.
                                                                                        -14-


the statements were not prior statements of a witness under Evid.R. 801(D)(1), because

Branham would not be present as a witness in the proceeding. Second, Mollie asserted

that the statements were not admissions by a party-opponent under Evid.R. 801(D)(2),

because they were not offered against the party making the statements; Cherryhill hoped

to offer Branham’s statements against Mollie.      Mollie also argued that none of the

hearsay exclusions under Evid.R. 803 were applicable to Branham’s statements

regarding her prior use of a vehicle when she provided daycare to Mollie’s children.

Mollie argued Evid.R. 804, which applies when a declarant is unavailable, was

inapplicable because Cherryhill had not proven that Branham was unavailable, and it bore

the burden to do so. According to Mollie, the only “definition that even arguably applies”

to Branham is subsection 5. Mollie argued that it was Cherryhill’s burden to “prove that

this definition applies.” Finally, Mollie asserted that none of the Evid.R. 804(B) hearsay

exceptions applied.     Specifically, she argued that Branham’s statements were not

statements against interest, because it would actually “be in her interest to try to show a

history of driving Kefaya vehicles,” whereas Branham’s statements to Officer Hamlin

about driving without permission would be against her interest because they could subject

her to legal or criminal sanctions.

       {¶ 25} Mollie argued that, without Branham’s hearsay statements, Cherryhill’s

negligent entrustment claim failed; Mollie maintained that Branham did not have

permission to drive the vehicle, and Cherryhill could not otherwise show that Branham

had permission to drive the vehicle. Regarding implied permission, Mollie asserted that

since Branham would not be present to testify or offer evidence that she subjectively

believed that she had implied permission, there was no evidence upon which to conclude
                                                                                          -15-


that Branham had implied permission.         Cherryhill also could not demonstrate that

Branham was incompetent to drive, even if permission to do so were implied. Finally,

Mollie asserted that Cherryhill could not demonstrate any employer/employee

relationship between her and Branham. Attached to the motion were copies of the

Clayton Police Department accident report and of Mollie’s and Officer Hamlin’s

depositions.

       {¶ 26} Cherryhill opposed Mollie’s motion for summary judgment.            Cherryhill

noted in a footnote that it elected not to pursue its theory of respondeat superior liability

against Mollie and so advised her in the joint pretrial statement. According to Cherryhill,

Mollie’s testimony that she did not expressly give Branham permission to use the car was

“fatally undermined by her ulterior motivation * * * to keep [Tareq] at a distance from this

dispute” due to her fear of his reaction. According to Cherryhill, Mollie’s motivation

constituted “a fundamental bias” that undermined her credibility and created “an issue of

credibility to be resolved by the jury.”

       {¶ 27} Citing the parties’ decree of disillusion, Cherryhill asserted that Mollie’s

testimony that Tareq paid to insure the vehicle under the court order was “undermined by

Cherryhill’s compelling impeachment evidence.”

       {¶ 28} Cherryhill asserted that it had “compelling circumstantial evidence” that

Branham had Mollie’s implied permission to drive the vehicle. Cherryhill also argued that

it had circumstantial evidence of Mollie’s actual knowledge that Branham was an

incompetent driver. Cherryhill asserted that Branham’s statements to Officer Hamlin were

admissible, but that that ruling was not dispositive, because other evidence in the case

supported the same inference –that Branham had used the car on prior occasions with
                                                                                        -16-


Mollie’s permission. According to Cherryhill, the fact that Cherryhill obtained a default

judgment against Branham did not change the fact that Branham was a party to the case.

Mollie’s suggestion that the statements were inadmissible because Branham could not

be found, despite due diligence, was flawed and would create the “absurd result” that,

“had Ms. Branham not absconded, the evidence would have probative value against her

but not against [Mollie].” Cherryhill asserted that a “statement that satisfies the rule as

against one party opponent is admissible as against all party opponents.”

       {¶ 29} Finally, Cherryhill asserted:

              [Mollie] wants this Court to rule that she can elicit hearsay from the

       unavailable Ms. Branham but Cherryhill cannot.             [Mollie] argues:

       Defendant Branham also confirmed to Officer Hamlin that she was using

       the Kefaya vehicle without permission of Mollie Kefaya. * * * That is

       admissible as hearsay as a statement against her interest.          [Evid.R.]

       804(B)(3).   This undisputed evidence should nullify [Cherryhill’s] claim

       entirely.” * * * If the court accepts [Mollie’s] reasoning, then the earlier

       statement of Ms. Branham to [Officer] Hamlin is admissible as a prior

       inconsistent statement.

(Emphasis sic.)

       {¶ 30} On February 1, 2019, Mollie filed a reply in support of her motion for

summary judgment asserting that Cherryhill was “not entitled” to a trial on its claim

because it had failed to produce “evidence of actual permission,” and Evid.R. 801(D) and

613(B), by their express terms, “require that the statement be of a party/witness at trial

and be subject to cross or offered against that party.”
                                                                                         -17-


       {¶ 31} Mollie argued that Evid.R. 804(A) required Cherryhill to provide evidence of

a witness’s unavailability. Mollie also argued that Cherryhill had not developed during

discovery any admissible evidence that Branham was an incompetent driver, such that

Mollie could be liable for negligent entrustment, or that Mollie knew of such incompetence.

Mollie argued that even if Cherryhill “can establish potential incompetence through the

use of the alleged pleas, [Cherryhill] has not and cannot show that [Mollie] knew about it.”

Mollie pointed out that she testified in her deposition she (Mollie) did not even learn that

Branham did not have a driver’s license until the time of the accident; it had never come

up because Branham had never asked to use Mollie’s vehicle in the recent years of their

relationship (since 2016). Mollie argued that driving “had only been an issue during 1998

to 2001,” years during which Branham had “actively” cared for Mollie’s then-minor children

“and sometimes needed a car to do so.”

       {¶ 32} Mollie argued that her “kind motive” in refusing to press charges against

Branham should not “magically undermine her defense.”             Mollie pointed out that

Branham “confirmed to Officer Hamlin that ‘she had driven a vehicle’ belonging to” Mollie

in the past, but she did not say what type of vehicle or when or where that occurred.

       {¶ 33} On February 8, 2019, the court issued an amended default judgment entry

against Branham.

       {¶ 34} In its entry granting summary judgment in favor of Mollie, the court did not

address the admissibility of Officer Hamlin’s testimony, although it cited that testimony.

The court noted that Hamlin testified that Branham admitted that she became impatient,

was in a hurry, and tried to go around the truck that she struck. The court noted that

Hamlin was not an accident reconstruction officer and that he concluded that Branham
                                                                                      -18-


was at fault “based upon a consensus of the information” that he received from Branham

and the driver of the truck. The court referenced that Hamlin noted that Branham did not

own the Honda Accord she was driving, and he had the impression that she did not have

permission to drive the vehicle, but had driven the owner’s vehicles in the past.

      {¶ 35} The court determined in part as follows:

             In her motion, [Mollie] Kefaya states: For purposes of this motion

      only, Defendants are not disputing that the accident at issue was caused by

      Defendant Branham. * * * Since Branham is in default to answer, the Court

      will accept that concession as satisfying the requirement of showing that the

      driver of the owner’s vehicle was negligent.        The Court accepts this

      concession as including that some damage was caused to plaintiff’s truck

      by the negligence of Branham.

             ***

             [Mollie] came to the scene of the accident. [Mollie] testified that

      Branham told her the truck backed into her while she was following other

      traffic in going around the stopped truck. Officer Hamlin did not cite the

      driver of the truck. After talking to Officer Hamlin, defendants [Mollie] and

      Branham drove away together in the damaged vehicle. They remained

      friends. [Mollie] offers no testimony that she was upset with Branham for

      driving the Honda Accord the short distance to the McDonald’s and quickly

      returning to the house.

      {¶ 36} The court noted Mollie’s deposition testimony that she did not give Branham

express permission to drive her Accord on the day of the accident. It found that it was
                                                                                         -19-


undisputed that Branham was living with Mollie and taking care of “her’s [sic] and Mollie’s”

children3 and that Branham had driven cars owned by Mollie in the past. The court noted

that “[p]ermissive use of the vehicle must be actual but may be found by the jury as implied

permission even though the owner denies expressly granting permission.”

       {¶ 37} Regarding “implied entrustment” of the vehicle, the court found:

              On November 15, 2016, Branham and her two children spent the

       night at [Mollie’s] house. [Mollie] was planning to work the next morning and

       then they would tear out her bathroom for remodeling. [Mollie] rode with a

       friend to work and took her set of keys. However, she had always kept a

       spare car key in her dresser.      Branham retrieved the key to take her

       children on a short drive to McDonald’s. On the way back from McDonald’s

       the 2012 Accord driven by Branham collided with plaintiff’s truck, about 2

       and ½ blocks from [Mollie’s] house.

              [Cherryhill] has been unable to depose Branham.             Thus, the

       testimony of [Mollie] is all the evidence of the relationship between her and

       Branham prior to the accident on November 15, 2016. * * * [Mollie] testified

       that she had co-signed with Branham for the purchase of a Ford Ranger

       truck during the time that Branham lived with her sometime between 1998

       and 2001. During approximately 2001, Branham had a boyfriend and got

       pregnant; [Mollie] helped her get a job with the State of Ohio and helped her



3
 At some points, the court seems to say that Branham was taking care of both women’s
children; in other places, the court references only Branham’s children. Other filings
suggest that the Kefaya children had been cared for by Branham in the past but were
grown by the time of the accident. See ¶ 80-81, below.
                                                                                   -20-


get the Ford Ranger. But Branham was not responsible about the job or the

payments due on the truck. [Mollie] went and took possession of the truck

and took over the payments. Their friendship ended. There is no evidence

that Branham had been negligent in operating the Ford Ranger.

       The friendship revitalized in 2016 about nine months prior to the

accident. [Mollie] invited Branham back into her home to take care of

[Mollie’s] children. In the earlier period back in 1998 to 2001, Branham,

would cook for the children and run errands and would use [Mollie’s] vehicle.

[Cherryhill] argues that the relationship between [Mollie] and Branham was

such that Branham had implied permission to use [Mollie’s] Honda for short

errands without [Mollie] expressly granting permission at the time. [Mollie]

testified, “I clearly did not give her permission to take the car.” [Mollie] did

not accuse Branham of stealing the Honda. [Mollie] admitted that she kept

the spare key in her dresser as she had done back in 1998-2001. She

acknowledged that there were McDonald’s bags in the Honda when she

arrived at the scene of the accident, only a short distance from her home.

She stated that she didn’t care where Branham was going on the day of the

accident. * * * Such a response could be construed to mean it was not a

concern because it was incidental to her care of the children that such a

short drive would be permitted. On the other hand, it could be construed

to mean she does not remember because it was not important. Of course,

she did not learn that Branham did not have a valid operator’s license until

she found out at the accident scene, presumably from the police officer.
                                                                                                -21-


              [Cherryhill] argues that in the months prior to the accident Branham

       was living in [Mollie’s] house from time to time, implying the same implicit

       permission to use her vehicle for incidental matters as in the time she lived

       with her in 1998-2001. However, [Mollie] testified: “Beth never lived in my

       house from time to time in the last 17 years, never has lived in my home in

       the last 15 years. She has stayed at my house on, for several occasions,

       her or her children, but never in any type of capacity where she had any

       right to view my home as her home.” She further explained that the car

       was not “really technically stolen . . . I still considered her a friend, I still felt

       for her, I still felt bad for her.” * * *

              Construing the evidence in favor of [Cherryhill], Branham knew that

       [Mollie] kept a spare car key in her dresser. Branham retrieved it for a very

       short trip to McDonald’s.          [Mollie] knew or should have known that

       Branham knew about the spare key and did not expressly prohibit Branham

       from driving the vehicle on such a short trip for lunch.

              The Court has construed the evidence in favor of the nonmoving

       party, [Cherryhill], and finds that a reasonable jury could conclude that the

       relationship between [Mollie] and Branham was such that Branham

       impliedly had authority to operate the Honda Accord for a short trip to

       McDonald’s on the date of the accident. For purposes of the motion, the

       Court finds the use of the Honda Accord on November 15, 2016 was

       permitted by the owner [Mollie].

(Citations omitted.)
                                                                                           -22-


       {¶ 38} Regarding Mollie’s knowledge of Branham’s “incompetency” as a driver, the

court concluded as follows:

              Officer Hamlin cited Branham for driving with a suspended operator’s

       license.   As indicated, [Mollie] has not provided appropriate Civ.R. 56

       evidence that Branham pled guilty to that charge. Nevertheless, the only

       evidence about [Mollie’s] knowledge that Branham did not have a valid

       operator’s license was [Mollie’s] own statement. She stated: “I can’t say to

       be honest what I would or wouldn’t have done as far as allowing her to take

       it because that had never been an issue with us before. But I had never –

       it’s not like we had ever discussed it, but I found out at that time [time of the

       accident] she didn’t even have a valid driver’s license.” There is no evidence

       to the contrary. There is no other evidence indicating that Branham was

       an incompetent driver or a reckless or inexperienced driver, much less that

       [Mollie] knew or should have known of that characteristic.

              Accordingly, the Court finds that there is no genuine issue of material

       fact that [Mollie] lacked the requisite knowledge that Branham was an

       incompetent or reckless or inexperienced driver before implicitly allowing

       her to drive the Honda Accord.

(Citations omitted; brackets sic.)

       {¶ 39} Based on these findings, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor

of Mollie.

       {¶ 40} We note that Cherryhill initially filed a notice of appeal on February 28, 2019.

On April 17, 2019, this Court issued a show cause order in which we noted that
                                                                                       -23-


Cherryhill’s respondeat superior claim against Mollie Kefaya, as well as the Kefayas’

cross-claim(s) against Branham for indemnity and/or contribution appeared to be

unresolved. We noted that the cross-claim(s) might be moot if all of Cherryhill’s other

claims had been resolved. On May 24, 2019, we concluded that our show cause order

had not been satisfied and that there was no final appealable order; we returned the

matter to the trial court to enter a final appealable order. See Cherryhill Mgt., Inc. v.

Branham, Montgomery App. No. 28317. On June 7, 2019, Cherryhill filed a motion to

dismiss its respondeat superior claim. On June 11, 2019, the trial court granted the

motion to dismiss and issued a notice of final appealable order to the parties.

       {¶ 41} Cherryhill raises three assignments or error on appeal. Its first assignment

of error is as follows:

               THE TRIAL COURT ERRED UNDER RULE 45 IN REFUSING TO

       PERMIT CHERRYHILL TO OBTAIN DISCOVERY IN THE FORM OF

       DOCUMENT REQUESTS AND DEPOSITION TESTIMONY MERELY

       BECAUSE THE THIRD PARTY WAS AN INSURANCE COMPANY AND

       ITS EMPLOYEE RESPECTIVELY.

       {¶ 42} Cherryhill asserts that Nationwide denied coverage on the basis of its

conclusion that Branham had borrowed Mollie’s Kefaya’s car without permission, and

whether Branham had permission was also at the core of Cherryhill’s case for negligent

entrustment. Thus, Cherryhill asserts that the communications between Nationwide’s

adjuster, Ms. Stanley, and Mollie were “important, relevant, and unobtainable by any other

means regardless of the cost,” and Cherryhill should have been permitted to discover that

information.
                                                                                              -24-


          {¶ 43} As this Court has noted:

                 “Ordinarily, a discovery dispute is reviewed under an abuse-of-

          discretion standard.” (Citation omitted.) Ward v. Summa Health Sys., 126

          Ohio St.3d 212, 2010-Ohio-6275, 943 N.E.2d 514, ¶ 13.                But “if the

          discovery issue involves an alleged privilege, * * * it is a question of law that

          must be reviewed de novo. (Citation omitted.) Ward at ¶ 13.

Harvey v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27470, 2017-Ohio-9226, ¶ 7.

          {¶ 44} Here the trial court determined that the discovery sought was not relevant

and not discoverable, which involved questions of fact, and also that it was privileged and

protected pursuant to Civ.R. 45(C), which was a question of law.

          {¶ 45} Civ.R. 26(B)(1) provides: “Parties may obtain discovery regarding any

matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending

action * * *.” Civ.R. 26(B)(2) provides: “A party may obtain discovery of the existence

and contents of any insurance agreement under which any person carrying on an

insurance business may be liable to satisfy part of all of a judgment which may be entered

in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment.

* * *.”

          {¶ 46} Civ.R. 45(C)(3) states: “On timely motion, the court from which the

subpoena was issued shall quash or modify the subpoena, or order appearance or

production only under specified conditions, if the subpoena does any of the following: * * *

(b) Requires disclosure of privileged or otherwise protected matter and no exception or

waiver applies.”

          {¶ 47} The trial court determined that the discovery sought was “privileged and
                                                                                          -25-


work product.” As noted by the Seventh District:

               The work-product doctrine emanates from the United States

        Supreme Court decision in Hickman v. Taylor (1947), 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct.

        385, 91 L.Ed. 451.        Hickman was concerned that the attorney-client

        privilege was not broad enough to protect the memoranda, briefs, notes,

        and other writings prepared by counsel for his or her own use during the

        course of pursuing a case. Id. at 508 * * *. The court reasoned that if such

        materials did not receive some protection during the discovery phase of

        litigation, much of what is normally put down in writing, such as interviews,

        statements, legal theories, opinions, and mental impressions, would never

        be written down, ultimately causing the interests of the client to suffer. Id.

        at 511 * * *. The Hickman work-product doctrine now protects all materials

        prepared in anticipation of litigation, and gives almost absolute protection to

        the opinions, conclusions, judgments, and legal theories of a client’s

        attorney. Id. at 511 * * *; State v. Hoop (1999), 134 Ohio App.3d 627, 642,

        731 N.E.2d 1177, 1187-1188; Frank v. Schaefer, Inc. v. C. Garfield Mitchell

        Agency, Inc. (1992), 82 Ohio App.3d 322, 329, 612 N.E.2d 442, 446-447.

               Civ.R. 26(B)(3) codifies Ohio’s version of the work-product doctrine

        as it pertains to civil cases:

               “Trial preparation: materials.       Subject to the provisions of

               subdivision (B)(4) of this rule, a party may obtain discovery of

               documents and tangible things prepared in anticipation of litigation4


4
    The rule now references subdivision (B)(5) and specifically includes discovery of
                                                                                       -26-


             or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party’s

             representative (including his attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor,

             insurer, or agent) only upon a showing of good cause therefor. A

             statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously

             given by the party seeking the statement may be obtained without

             showing good cause.       A statement of a party is (a) a written

             statement signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the party, or

             (b) a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, or a

             transcription thereof, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an

             oral statement which was made by the party and contemporaneously

             recorded.” (Emphasis added)

             ***

             * * * The issue in Breech [v. Turner, 127 Ohio App.3d 243, 712 N.E.2d

      776 (4th Dist.1998)] was whether a third party could obtain discovery of

      statements made by an insured to his insurance adjuster regarding an

      automobile accident. Id. at 247 * * *. The third party had sued the insured

      for negligence in allowing his cows to wander on a nearby road, which led

      to the accident. The documents in question allegedly contained evidence

      that the insured told the adjuster that he had seen cows on the road.

             The Breech court held that the trial court was within its discretion to

      deny the plaintiff’s motion to compel discovery of statements made by an

      insured which were recorded by the insured’s liability insurer and that were


electronically stored information, as well as documents and tangible things.
                                                                                       -27-


      then passed on to the lawyer representing the insured pursuant to the

      insurance contract. Id. at 250 * * *[;] see, also, In re Klemann (1936), 132

      Ohio St. 187, 7 O.O. 273, 5 N.E.2d 492, paragraph one of syllabus. The

      rationale for prohibiting discovery of such statements is that the insurance

      company is required to take such statements from its insureds to prepare a

      defense and is normally required to provide defense counsel to the insured

      as part of its coverage. Any statements made by the insured in this context

      are in essence communications intended for defense counsel and therefore

      fall under the protective umbrella of the attorney-client privilege. Breech,

      127 Ohio App.3d at 250 * * *; Klemann at 194 * * *.

Dennis v. State Farm Ins. Co., 143 Ohio App.3d 196, 200-202, 757 N.E.2d 849 (7th

Dist.2001).

      {¶ 48} In Kerner v. Terminix Internatl. Co., LLC, S.D. Ohio No. 2:40-CV-0753, 2008

WL 321267 (Jan. 31, 2008), the Southern District of Ohio noted:

              The Breech court held that the defendant’s statement was protected

      by the attorney client-privilege. The court appeared to conclude that the

      attorney-client relationship which existed between the insured and the

      attorney hired by his insurance company to represent him included, as

      intermediaries, the insurer and the adjuster which it hired to assist in

      defending the claim. Thus, the court characterized the insured’s statement

      as “[a] brief note purportedly summarizing the defendant’s statement [made]

      to the . . . adjuster [which] was then provided to Grange [the insurer], which

      in turn provided the statement to defendant’s counsel in order to prepare a
                                                                                 -28-


defense. . . .” Breech, 127 Ohio St.3d at 250. In other words, the court

held that since any communication made directly from the insured to his

counsel would be privileged, the privilege was not vitiated by the fact that

there were two additional participants in the line of communication, both of

whom were acting as agents of the attorney for purposes of obtaining the

statement from the attorney’s client.

       Breech relied, in turn, on the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in In re

Klemann, 132 Ohio St. 187 (1936). That case also upheld a claim of an

attorney-client privilege for a report transmitted to an attorney retained to

defend the insured. The court held that the privileged character of the

document turned upon whether it was “brought into being primarily as a

communication to the attorney,” id. at 191, as opposed to a document that

had been prepared for some other purpose and subsequently transmitted

to an attorney.   The latter type of document cannot acquire privileged

status simply because it is later transmitted to an attorney, because that

was not the original purpose for which it was created.

       Read broadly, these cases can be cited (and have been cited) for the

proposition that the entire contents of an insurer’s claims file are protected

by the attorney-client privilege.   See, e.g. Kraus v. Maurer, 138 Ohio

App.3d 163, 167 (Cuyahoga Cty.2000). That, however, is clearly not the

law. In Peyko v. Frederick, 25 Ohio St.3d 164 (1986), the case in which

the Ohio Supreme Court held that an insured who makes a bad faith claim

against an insurer may be entitled to access to certain portions of the claims
                                                                                     -29-


file, that court established a procedure by which the trial court in such a

case is to examine the claims filed on an in camera basis to determine

“which portions of the file, if any,” are protected by the attorney-client

privilege and to permit the insured to review the balance of the file. Id. at

167. Certainly, if the entire filed is subject to attorney-client privilege, there

would be no need for such a procedure.            Consequently, the pertinent

question is not whether the statement has become part of the claims file but

whether, in the words of the Klemann court, it was created for the primary

purpose of being transmitted to an attorney retained to defend the insured.

       That interpretation of Klemann is reflected in later decisions. For

example, in Hunter v. Wal-Mart Stores, 2002 WL 1058191 (Clinton Cty.App.

May 28, 2002), the court noted that employee witness statements

concerning a slip-and-fall incident which were procured by the defendant,

while not protected by the work product privilege (because * * * there was

no evidence that litigation was reasonably foreseeable when the statements

were made), were covered by the attorney-client privilege because “the

witness statements were later given by Wal-Mart to its legal counsel for the

purpose of defending against [the plaintiff’s] lawsuit.” Id. at *5. Cases like

Hunter appear to accept the proposition that the purpose for which such

statements are made may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances,

so that the later transmittal of the statement to an attorney is not the key

fact, but simply a confirmation that the statement was, when made, intended

to be a privileged communication. Thus, another Ohio appellate court has
                                                                                        -30-


      noted that “[a]ny statements made by the insured in this context [i.e. to a

      claims adjuster hired by the insurer after a potential claim has arisen] are in

      essence intended for defense counsel and therefor fall under the protective

      umbrella of the attorney-client privilege.” Dennis v. State Farm Ins. Co.,

      143 Ohio App.3d 196, 202 (Mahoning Cty. App.2001). See also Metroflight,

      Inc. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 403 F.Supp. 1195 (N.D. Tex. 1975) (noting that

      limited privilege under Texas law for communications between insurer and

      insured is an outgrowth of the attorney-client privilege and is premised upon

      the understanding that such communications will be shared with counsel for

      purposes of defending the legal interests of the insured).

Kerner at *2-3.

      {¶ 49} Cherryhill sought “any and all documents and communications relating to

Claim No. 164 890 GE,” and all communications between Nationwide and any person

regarding Mollie and Branham. We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in

determining that such documents and communications were not relevant, but that it

correctly determined that the information sought required “disclosure of privileged or

otherwise protected matter and no exception or waiver applies.” Civ.R. 45(C)(3)(b).

This is consistent with the rationale for prohibiting discovery of such information, namely

that the insurance company is required to obtain such information from its insured to

prepare a defense and provide it to defense counsel. The trial court correctly concluded

that the information Cherryhill sought fell under the protective umbrella of the attorney-

client privilege as well as the work product doctrine, as the trial court determined.

Cherryhill had the opportunity to depose Mollie, and the fact that Branham failed to appear
                                                                                          -31-


for a scheduled deposition did not entitle Cherryhill to the documents and communications

it sought.

       {¶ 50} Cherryhill’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 51} We will consider Cherryhill’s second and third assignments of error

together. They are as follows:

              THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING DEFENDANT TAREQ

       KEFAYA’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT UNDER CIV.R. 56.

              THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING DEFENDANT MOLLIE

       KEFAYA’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT UNDER CIV.R. 56.

       {¶ 52} In its second assignment of error, Cherryhill asserts that Tareq is

“estopped” from claiming a lack of ownership of the vehicle, again citing the language of

the Kefayas’ cross-claim. Cherryhill asserts that the trial court allowed Tareq to argue

that Cherryhill was unable to present evidence against him, when “it was his own flouting

of discovery rules that caused the inability.” Cherryhill asserts that Mollie’s “motivation”

to keep Tareq “at a distance from this dispute” demonstrated “fundamental bias” and

undermined her credibility. Cherryhill argues that it was entitled to have the evidence of

bias “weighed by the jury.” Finally, Cherryhill asserts that the trial court erred by denying

Cherryhill the opportunity “to take advantage of [Tareq’s] offer of a deposition conducted

remotely.”

       {¶ 53} In its third assignment of error, Cherryhill asserts that the trial court “erred

by weighing the evidence, ignoring Cherryhill’s circumstantial evidence, and deciding the

issue itself.” According to Cherryhill, after 2001 when Mollie “repossessed the truck she

purchased with Ms. Branham, [Mollie] knew that Ms. Branham didn’t own, and hadn’t
                                                                                       -32-


owned, a car for some fifteen years. * * * Ms. Branham always relied on [Mollie] or others

for transportation.” Cherryhill further asserts:

              In addition, [Mollie] had personal knowledge that Ms. Branham was

       not the kind of person that was going to maintain a driver’s license. Ms.

       Branham is single and then had five children. The father of her children

       provided no support to her, perhaps because of his ten other children. The

       house Ms. Branham had been living in “burned down and she lost

       everything,” forcing her to move to a homeless shelter. Ms. Branham was

       unemployed, struggling to survive on government assistance.

              A person who knew those facts should have known that Ms.

       Branham was not going to have a driver’s license in her purse. A woman

       who has no beds for her children to sleep in is unconcerned with keeping

       things up to date at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles.         This constitutes

       “knowledge implied from known facts and circumstances.” Indeed [Mollie]

       almost connected the dots herself when she testified: “And knowing Ms.

       Branham did not have a car, I assume she did not have car insurance, . . .”

       Cherryhill was entitled to have the jury make the same kind of reasonable

       inference: that a person in Ms. Branham’s position would be unlikely to

       possess a driver’s license.

              The same evidence supports the inference that [Mollie] should have

       known that Ms. Branham was an inexperienced driver.            There is no

       evidence she had done any driving in 15 years. The jury was entitled to

       consider that inference as well.
                                                                                          -33-


(Citations omitted.)

          {¶ 54} According to Cherryhill, Mollie had an interest in the outcome of the case

that affected her credibility. Cherryhill asserts that Mollie testified that Tareq paid the

insurance on the vehicle, but when she produced the divorce decree, it “said the opposite

of what [Mollie] said in her deposition.”       Cherryhill argues that this “contradiction”

supported its position that Mollie’s testimony was unreliable and unworthy of belief, and

whether impeachment evidence renders a witness’s testimony unreliable is a question for

the trier of fact. Finally, Cherryhill asserts that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to Mollie without allowing Cherryhill to obtain discovery from Nationwide.

          {¶ 55} The Kefayas respond that, under the plain language of the separation

agreement, Tareq was not an owner of the Honda Accord, and Cherryhill could not refute

this fact, regardless of any additional time or discovery under Civ.R. 56(F). The Kefayas

assert that Cherryhill seeks “to bootstrap surmise for actual evidence” to attempt to show

Mollie’s knowledge of Branham’s alleged incompetence as a driver where no evidence

exists.

          {¶ 56} The Kefayas further assert that the dissolution decree clearly provides that

the lienholder “would not amend the title until the loan was paid off (an issue typical in

dissolutions),” but that the court could confirm as a matter of law that Tareq did not own

the vehicle at the time of the accident.        Thus, Cherryhill’s claim against Tareq for

negligent entrustment was “fatal” and summary judgment in his favor was appropriate.

The Kefayas also argue that this court, the Second District Court of Appeals, “has never

recognized the liability of a non-owner exercising control for negligent entrustment,” and

other districts have specifically rejected this idea.
                                                                                            -34-


         {¶ 57} The Kefayas assert that there was no legal dispute that Mollie Kefaya was

an owner of the vehicle, but that was not the issue for purpose of the negligent

entrustment claim; they argue that the fact that Branham did not have a vehicle for 15

years did not compel the conclusion that she was unlicensed.                 They argue that

Cherryhill’s reliance on Keely v. Hough, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2004-T-38, 2005-Ohio-

3771, is misplaced because actual driving behaviors that were known to the owners were

at issue in that case; it did not focus predominantly on the lack of a driver’s license.

         {¶ 58} In reply, Cherryhill argues that Tareq’s argument -- that “the lender had

recourse against him as the owner of the Honda but Cherryhill did not” – was without

merit.    Regarding Mollie, Cherryhill asserts that the “very fact that circumstantial

evidence can be interpreted in different ways illustrates why the issue cannot be resolved

on summary judgment.”

         {¶ 59} This Court has previously noted:

                Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is proper when (1)

         there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, (2) the moving party is

         entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds, after

         construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, can

         only conclude adversely to that party. Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc.,

         82 Ohio St.3d 367, 369-370, 696 N.E.2d 201 (1998). The moving party

         carries the initial burden of affirmatively demonstrating that no genuine

         issue of material fact remains to be litigated. Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38 Ohio

         St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798 (1988). To this end, the movant must be

         able to point to evidentiary materials of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C) that a
                                                                                           -35-


          court is to consider in rendering summary judgment. Dresher v. Burt, 75

          Ohio St.3d 280, 292-293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996).

                 Once the moving party satisfies its burden, the nonmoving party may

          not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the party's pleadings.

          Dresher at 293, 662 N.E.2d 264; Civ.R. 56(E). Rather, the burden then

          shifts to the nonmoving party to respond, with affidavits or as otherwise

          permitted by Civ.R. 56, setting forth specific facts that show that there is a

          genuine issue of material fact for trial. Id. The non-moving party has the

          burden “to produce evidence on any issue for which that party bears the

          burden of production at trial” and may not rest upon unsworn or unsupported

          allegations in the pleadings.      Parker v. Bank One, N.A., 2d Dist.

          Montgomery No. 18573, 2001 WL 303284, *3, citing Leibreich v. A.J.

          Refrigeration, Inc., 67 Ohio St.3d 266, 269, 617 N.E.2d 1068 (1993), Wing

          v. Anchor Media, Ltd., 59 Ohio St.3d 108, 111, 570 N.E.2d 1095 (1991),

          and others. Throughout, the evidence must be construed in favor of the

          nonmoving party. Dresher at 293, 662 N.E.2d 264.

Heard v. Dayton View Commons Homes, 2018-Ohio-606, 106 N.E.3d 327, ¶ 7-8 (2d

Dist.).

          {¶ 60} As this Court has further noted:

                 * * * “To sustain an action for negligent entrustment of a vehicle, the

          plaintiff must show that the vehicle was driven with the owner's permission

          and authority, that the person entrusted with the vehicle was an incompetent

          driver, and that the owner knew or should have known that the driver was
                                                                                          -36-


       incompetent when the vehicle was entrusted to him.”             St. Amand v.

       Spurling, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 20904, 20929, 21391, 20931, 2006-

       Ohio-4391, ¶ 9, citing Gulla v. Straus, 154 Ohio St. 193, 198, 93 N.E.2d 662

       (1950). “It is quite generally held that the liability in such cases arises from

       the combined negligence of the owner and the driver; of the former in

       entrusting the machine to an incompetent driver, and of the driver in its

       operation.” Williamson v. Eclipse Motor Lines, 145 Ohio St. 467, 471, 62

       N.E.2d 339 (1945). Accord Smith v. The Buckeye Union Ins. Co., 2d Dist.

       Shelby No. 79-CA-9, 1980 WL 352686, *3 (Apr. 21, 1980), citing

       Williamson.

Hicks v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2017-Ohio-7095, 95 N.E.3d 852, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 61} Regarding Cherryhill’s second assignment of error, we conclude that the

trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Tareq. While Tareq’s name

appeared on the vehicle’s title, the parties’ separation agreement, which was incorporated

into their 2016 final decree of dissolution of marriage, stated:

              The Wife shall retain, free and clear from any claim of the Husband,

       a 2012 Honda Accord, which is encumbered by a loan through PNC Bank

       with a remaining balance of approximately $7,000.00. The loan is titled

       solely in Husband’s name and [the] vehicle [is] titled Husband’s name alone.

       Husband agrees to be solely responsible for said loan. Once loan is paid

       in full, Husband shall sign any paperwork necessary to remove his name

       from said vehicle within thirty days of the final loan payment. After loan is

       paid in full, Wife agrees to hold Husband harmless and blameless thereon
                                                                                         -37-


       for any maintenance, future loans, insurance and/or any other future liability

       of said vehicle.

              Parties agree to independently insure themselves and respective

       motor vehicles.

       {¶ 62} Pursuant to the separation agreement, Tareq had no claim to the 2012

Honda at the time of the accident. Further, in the course of Mollie’s deposition, she

explained that, since the divorce, she and Tareq communicated only through a phone

app, WhatsApp. Tareq had contacted her through the app when he learned about the

lawsuit:

              So he contacted me through [WhatApp]. And the next thing I know

       he’s sending me pictures of the lawsuit with him named on, what is this?

       So I explained to him what it was. He said, does this involve me? I’m like,

       no. Honestly, I don’t feel it does at all. He doesn’t know the woman, he’s

       never met the woman, he wasn’t living in the house at the time. Outside of

       his legal obligation that was ordered through the courts, he wouldn’t even,

       you know, be a part of the vehicle except for that was the divorce decree

       agreement. So I really at that moment and still feel that he has nothing to

       do with this.

       {¶ 63} Mollie’s testimony was consistent with the provision of the separation

agreement that Tareq’s only connection to the 2012 Honda was his court-ordered

obligation to pay off the loan in his name.

       {¶ 64} As noted by the First District, the court in Gulla v. Straus, 154 Ohio St. 193,

93 N.E.2d 662, “did not hold that only the owner of an automobile could be sued for
                                                                                             -38-


negligent entrustment.” Rice v. Kanoza, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110595, 2012-Ohio-

2581, ¶ 7. As the court in Rice further noted:

                 Other districts are split on the issue of whether liability for negligent

       entrustment should be predicated on ownership of the vehicle involved.

       Relying on the Restatement of Torts, the Eighth Appellate District

       determined in dicta that a nonowner could be sued for the negligent

       entrustment of an automobile if the automobile had been under the

       nonowner's control. See Motorists Ins. Co. v. Sokol, 8th Dist. No. 45380,

       1983 Ohio App. LEXIS 12943 (Apr. 7, 1983), relying on Restatement of the

       Law 2d, Torts, Section 308 and 390 (1965).

                 By contrast, the Sixth and Ninth Appellate Districts have interpreted

       Gulla as limiting liability for negligent entrustment to the owner of the

       entrusted vehicle. See Dunne v. Hanson, 6th Dist. No. L-01-1414, 2002-

       Ohio-2267; Gray v. Giacomelli, 9th Dist. No. 94CA005949, 1995 Ohio App.

       LEXIS 2502 (June 7, 1995); DiFilippo v. Hamrlik, 9th Dist. No. 93CA005698,

       1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 6118 (Dec. 30, 1994). * * *

Rice at ¶ 8-9.

       {¶ 65} We need not address whether Tareq, as the individual whose name

appeared on the title, could be liable on the negligent entrustment claim, because the

2012 Honda Accord was not under his control. In other words, Tareq had no access to

the vehicle or any ability to entrust it to Beth. The parties’ marriage was dissolved four

months before the accident, and Mollie testified that Tareq did not reside in Mollie’s home

at the time of the accident or have any access to the vehicle and Tareq had never met
                                                                                           -39-


Branham.

       {¶ 66} Cherryhill’s suggestion that Tareq was disingenuous in acknowledging that

PNC Bank had recourse against him, but Cherryhill did not, lacks merit. That Tareq was

required by court order to pay off the loan on the car did not alter his status as an ex-

husband with no control over the vehicle. Construing the evidence most strongly in favor

of Cherryhill, we see no genuine issue of fact for trial. Tareq was entitled to summary

judgment on Cherryhill’s negligent entrustment claim as a matter of law. Cherryhill’s

second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 67} Regarding Cherryhill’s third assignment of error related to summary

judgment in favor of Mollie, we note the following evidence about Mollie’s relationship with

Branham. Mollie testified that she met Branham around 1998; when Mollie’s regular

babysitter was no longer available, the babysitter recommended Branham to replace her.

At the time, Mollie was single; Branham began watching her children while she worked

and did so for a “couple of years.” Mollie stated that Branham was “probably a 17-year-

old girl when she started watching the kids.”          Mollie testified that Branham would

occasionally run errands in Mollie’s car, “but it wasn’t like it was all the time” because

when Mollie was at work, the car was not accessible to Branham. According to Mollie,

Branham was not allowed to take her car “at will”; she had to have a reason or to ask

permission, “she just couldn’t take it.” Mollie testified that it was understood, “it’s my car,

you can only use it if you have permission.”

       {¶ 68} Mollie testified that Branham lived with her from 1999-2001 because

Branham did not have a place to stay. Mollie helped Branham “get a vehicle,” a Ford

Ranger on which Mollie co-signed, but Branham “wasn’t being responsible with it,” so
                                                                                       -40-


Mollie took it back. At that point, Mollie’s son was turning 16, so she gave him the car

and cut off all communications with Branham.       Mollie testified that she also helped

Branham get the job with the State, but Branham did not show up for work. Mollie also

stated that in 2001, Branham got a boyfriend, got pregnant, moved out, and their

friendship ended.

      {¶ 69} Mollie testified that she and Branham renewed their friendship in 2016, eight

or nine months prior to the accident. At that time, Branham was not employed and had

five kids; her house had burned down and she was in a homeless shelter at some point,

then she obtained “temporary housing in a really super bad neighborhood and she was

waiting to get moved into a nicer home.” Mollie testified that the father of Branham’s

children did not provide support. Mollie testified that she felt badly for Branham and her

kids, who did not have air conditioning or beds in their home, so she let Branham amd

her kids spend the night at her (Mollie’s) home; sometimes the kids spent the night even

if Branham did not. Mollie also helped Branham run errands to the doctor, grocery, or

pharmacy.

      {¶ 70} Mollie testified that Branham occasionally spent the night more than one

night in a row, but not often; sometimes the kids stayed two or three nights, but Branham

wasn’t there that whole time. Branham stayed at the home once when Mollie was out of

town to watch her dog, but Mollie testified that Branham “did not have the authority” to

use Mollie’s vehicle at that time. Branham would sometimes be dropped off at Mollie’s

home by a friend name Lilly, or Mollie or Mollie’s son would pick her up; Branham did not

have a vehicle. When asked how Branham would get into Mollie’s home if Mollie was

not present, Mollie responded, “if she was already there and I had things to do, I would
                                                                                          -41-


just leave and she’d just be there. Usually, that was the arrangement. * * * But my

[youngest] son was there, too, so he could let her in and out if she came for another

reason.”

      {¶ 71} Mollie testified that, on the day of the accident, she was “fairly certain” that

Branham had spent the night before with her two youngest girls. Mollie stated that

Branham “also lived with her mom, so her mom helped take care of some of the kids for

her.” Mollie testified that she had started to remodel her bathroom, and Branham was

helping her with that project. On the day of the accident, Mollie’s co-worker, Brittany,

drove her to work, she worked a half day, and she planned to come home after having

lunch with Brittany to work on the bathroom with Branham. Mollie received a call from

Branham before lunch advising her of the accident.

      {¶ 72} Brittany drove Mollie to the scene of the accident, which was a couple of

blocks from Mollie’s home.      Mollie testified that she did not “make issue” out of

Branham’s use of the vehicle at the time, because she did not think that she would be

held responsible for it in any way, knowing that she had not given her permission to take

the car. She testified that there were McDonald’s bags in the car, and Branham “had

clearly been to McDonalds,” but that “it really didn’t matter” to her where Branham had

gone. The following exchange occurred:

             [Plaintiff’s Counsel] Q. * * * And I imagine, without knowing, that if, if

      Beth had given you the common courtesy of saying, Mollie, do you mind if

      I take the car a couple of blocks up the street to run an errand this morning,

      you would have said okay?

             [Defense Counsel]: Objection to form and foundation. I don’t want
                                                                                   -42-


you to speculate.

       THE WITNESS: Yeah, I was going to say, I can’t say to be honest

what I would or wouldn’t have done as far as allowing her to take it because

that had never been an issue with us before.

       But I had never, it’s not like we had ever discussed it, but I found out

at that time she didn’t even have a valid driver’s license.

       So unless I - - if she would have ever asked me that, that might have

been something that I would have even questioned do you even have a

license or, no, you’re not insured. This isn’t just my insurance, it’s my

husband’s insurance. I mean, ask my younger son how quick I am to give

up the keys to my car, and he’ll tell you, I don’t do it. And to be honest, I’m

a little gun-shy with it.

       [Plaintiff’s Counsel] Q. You wouldn’t let her run up the street for a

couple of blocks?

       A. I - - like I said, it’s speculation at this point because I wasn’t put

in that position and so I can’t say that. Because my son was there, if she

really needed to go that bad she should have just asked my son.

       Q. Your son was present at the - -

       A. Right. * * * He was like in his room * * * playing video games or

whatever, he was like I didn’t even know she took it, Mom.

       * * * I even asked Beth why didn’t you just ask Olyn? Why didn’t you

have Olyn take you? * * *

{¶ 73} Mollie testified that when she left the house for work, she had a car key in
                                                                                             -43-


her purse, and the spare key was in her “top dresser in [her] bedroom,” where she kept

“spare things.” Mollie testified:

                 I’ve always had a junk drawer in my bedroom in my dresser, yeah.

          I don’t want to call it a junk drawer, but I’ve always had a drawer where

          specific things that I would need to get to that I wouldn’t use daily but would

          need to get to quickly or always remember where they’re at, that is the same

          place. * * *

          {¶ 74} Mollie testified that she did not feel she needed to “put [her] car keys under

lock and key with anyone that walk[ed] into [her] home”; she “felt it was clear that at no

time anyone would take my vehicle without specific consent or asking me in the first place

* * *.”

          {¶ 75} The following exchange occurred regarding Mollie’s communication with

her insurance company, Nationwide, about the accident:

[Plaintiff’s Counsel] Q. And what did they tell you with respect to whether a claim should

be submitted or not?

          A. Well, they didn’t tell me specifically. They asked me about the incident,

          the accident, and what had happened, and I told them. And I said * * * I

          don’t want to file a claim because this is on this person, it’s not on me. And

          I don’t pay for the insurance, my ex does, and it’s under a divorce decree,

          and I don’t want my rates to go up * ** at the long run I felt like I was saving

          myself money by just repairing the car myself rather than dealing with them

          * * * hiking up the rates and then my * * * ex-husband calling me and having

          to go back to court over stuff.
                                                                                          -44-


       {¶ 76} Mollie testified that the insurance premiums on the policy were paid on a

six-month basis from June 16 to December 16.             When asked if she shared with

Nationwide that Branham had lived in her home for an extended period of time helping to

take care of her kids, Mollie responded that Branham had stayed at her house “on, for

several occasions, her or her children, but never in any type of capacity where she had

any right to view my home as her home.”

       {¶ 77} Mollie testified as follows regarding entrustment of her vehicle to Branham:

              First of all, verbal consent and understanding, with questions, is

       always going to be first and foremost for someone else driving another

       person’s vehicle.

              And it has to be agreed upon by both parties and then there has to

       be a set standard of what the * * * rules or responsibility would be. And

       since they were never discussed, this is a dead issue concerning Ms.

       Branham taking my car.

       {¶ 78} Mollie testified that she did not generally loan her car out, that Branham had

been the last person to drive it other than Mollie, and that prior to that, her son had driven

it; her son had his own insurance and would have been covered if he had driven her car.

According to Mollie, she would not have entrusted her car to Branham because she knew

Branham did not have a car and therefore would have assumed she did not have car

insurance; “therefore, she would not be someone I would entrust my vehicle to.”

       {¶ 79} Construing the evidence most strongly in favor of Cherryhill, we conclude

that Mollie did not give express permission to Branham to drive the Honda, and that no

genuine issue of material fact remained for trial on the issue of express consent. Mollie
                                                                                          -45-


testified that she did not give Branham permission to take the car and that she only

became aware that Branham had driven the vehicle when she learned of the accident.

       {¶ 80} As to implied consent, there was also no genuine issue of material fact for

trial. We conclude that the trial court mischaracterized Mollie’s testimony when it

determined that it was “undisputed” that Branham “was living with [Mollie] and taking care

of her children, her’s [sic] and Mollie’s” and that Branham “had driven the car or other cars

owned by [Mollie] before.” Mollie testified that Branham or her children occasionally

stayed with her for only a day or two at a time prior to the accident, and that Branham

also lived with her mother, who helped care for Branham’s children. Mollie testified that

Branham was not in her home “the whole time.” Mollie’s youngest son was living with

her at the time of the accident and was able to drive his own car, and the record did not

support a conclusion that Mollie relied upon Branham to watch her “children.”

       {¶ 81} Branham watched Mollie’s children during the 1998-2001 time period, and

Mollie testified that Branham had occasional use of, but limited access to, Mollie’s vehicle

at that time, but that Branham “was not allowed to just take [her] car at will.” Mollie

helped Branham obtain her own vehicle, and their friendship deteriorated in part because

Branham stopped making payments as agreed on the vehicle.

       {¶ 82} Mollie did not testify that Branham drove her vehicle after they rekindled

their friendship in 2016 other than the day of the accident. Mollie testified that she herself

drove Branham to different places and helped her run errands. This testimony was

consistent with Mollie’s testimony that she did not understand why Branham had not just

asked her son, who occasionally drove Branham to Mollie’s house, to drive her that day.

Mollie testified that she would sometimes allow Branham to remain inside her home in
                                                                                          -46-


following morning if she had spent the previous night, or that her son would let Branham

in if she were dropped off, but there was no testimony that Branham had a house key or

the ability to come and go from Mollie’s home as she pleased. Mollie testified that

Branham had not lived in Mollie’s home “in the last 15 years,” but had stayed at her house

on occasion, or her children had, “but never in any type of capacity where she had any

right to view [Mollie’s] home as her home.” Mollie’s testimony about the nature of her

relationship with Branham was unrebutted.

       {¶ 83} Mollie did not leave her spare key in a visible location in a manner

suggesting that the car was available to Branham. On the day of the accident, Mollie

took her regular car key with her, in her purse. She kept the spare key in a designated

drawer in a dresser in her bedroom; Mollie testified that the key was “put up” or put away,

and that she felt “it was clear that at no time anyone would take my vehicle without specific

consent or asking me in the first place.” Branham, a guest and not a cohabitant, entered

Mollie’s bedroom and removed the spare key. In light of all of Mollie’s testimony, the fact

that Branham knew where the spare key was located based upon Mollie’s habit of keeping

items there did not create a genuine issue of material fact as to the issue of implied

consent.

       {¶ 84} Mollie expressed concern about Branham’s transient and unstable lifestyle

and her demonstrated a lack of responsibility. According to Mollie, she would not have

entrusted her car to Branham, knowing that Branham did not have a car and likely did not

have car insurance. As noted above, the trial court concluded that Mollie’s statement

that she did not care where Branham was driving on the date of the accident “could be

construed to mean it was not a concern because it was incidental to her care of the
                                                                                           -47-


children that such a short drive would be permitted. On the other hand, it could be

construed to mean she does not remember because it was not important.” We note that

the statement could further be construed to mean that Mollie did not care where Branham

was going because she did not have Mollie’s express or implied consent to go anywhere

in Mollie’s car.

       {¶ 85} Finally, we have reviewed Officer Hamlin’s brief deposition, wherein the

following exchange occurred:

               [Defense Counsel] Q.      * * * And so was someone cited for the

       accident?

               ***

               [Officer Hamlin] A. Yes. It’s Beth Branham.

               ***

               Q. I issued her three citations, license forfeiture suspension, left of

       center, and a marked lanes of travel violation.

               Q. Do you know what happened, ultimately, with those? Whether

       they were paid or disputed?

               A. I checked online and she pled guilty to all three charges.

               ***

               Q. * * * One of the major disputes in this lawsuit is the nature of * * *

       the permission between Ms. Branham, and * * * [Mollie] Kefaya.

               ***

               Q. * * * And then was there any indication about whether or not the

       vehicle was being driven with permission?
                                                                                   -48-


       A. At the time I did not think, or I did not believe that [Beth] actually

had permission to drive the vehicle. She had stated to me that she had

driven it in the past, but she did not give any specific dates.

       And there was, I don’t want to say a confrontation but there was

some type of disagreement between the two of them and they were talking

about it. I did not overhear it.

       At the time I thought that she did not have permission; however,

[Mollie] was not going to pursue the matter.

       Q. * * * I want to make sure I understand because this makes a

difference. Are you certain that she said she had driven this particular

vehicle before or whether or not she had driven a vehicle before?

       A. She had driven a vehicle. It wasn’t specific, no.

       Q. * * * And you got the impression from your conversations and the

interactions you observed. Did Ms. Kefaya seem to be surprised or not

know that [Branham] was driving the vehicle?

       A. She was agitated. She was agitated, yes. And - -

       [Plaintiff’s Counsel]: Objection.

       THE WITNESS: I don’t think she knew she was driving the vehicle,

but she wasn’t going to pursue the matter with me.

       [Defense Counsel]: Q. And did she give you any indication why that

was or just she left you with the impression she didn’t want to pursue it?

       A. It was my impression, yes. No, she didn’t.

{¶ 86} Hearsay “is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
                                                                                         -49-


testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). We need not determine whether or not Hamlin's deposition

contained hearsay from Branham; there was no express admission by Branham that she

had Mollie’s permission to drive the vehicle that day, nor was there any statement by

Branham that Mollie denied her permission to drive the vehicle that day, contrary to the

parties’ representations. In other words, Branham’s statement to Officer Hamlin that she

had driven an unspecified vehicle belonging to Mollie at an unspecified time was neither

exculpatory nor inculpatory.

       {¶ 87} Based on the evidence in the record, we conclude that no genuine issue

of material fact existed, and Branham did not have Mollie’s permission to drive the 2012

Honda on the date of the accident. In other words, we cannot conclude as a matter of

law that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to both Branham’s negligent driving

and Mollie’s negligence in entrusting a vehicle to Branham. Having concluded that there

was no genuine issue of material fact that Branham drove Mollie’s vehicle without her

permission, we further conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment

in Mollie’s favor. Cherryhill’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 88} All assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the trial court

is affirmed.



                                      .............



TUCKER, P.J., concurs:

       {¶ 89} I concur in the majority opinion. I write separately to note I also agree with
                                                                                            -50-


the trial court’s conclusion that, on this record, there is no genuine factual issue that Mollie

knew or should have known Branham was an incompetent driver.                      Contrary to

Cherryhill’s argument, Branham’s financial status, without more, did not support the

inference that Mollie should have known Branham did not have a license or was otherwise

an incompetent driver.



FROELICH, J., concurs:

       {¶ 90} The Civil Rules and case law shield only trial preparation materials and

other materials created for the primary purpose of being transmitted to an attorney

retained to defend the insured. Not everything an adjuster does or the statements of

everyone he or she speaks with is protected by the work product privilege. However,

given the unique facts of this case, I concur in both the majority and concurring opinions.




Copies sent to:

Scott R. Thomas
Beth Anne Branham
David C. Ahlstrom
William H. Falin
Hon. Barbara P. Gorman
