                                                                      FILED
                                                                   MARCH 15, 2018
                                                             In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                            WA State Court of Appeals, Division III




           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION THREE

DEBORAH BURKSFIELD, a single                    )
individual; and AIRBORNE STABLES,               )    No. 34772-9-III
LLC, a Washington Limited Liability             )
Company,                                        )
                                                )
                    Appellants,                 )    UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                )
      v.                                        )
                                                )
LSL PROPERTIES, LLC, a Washington               )
Limited Liability Company, and others           )
determined culpable from discovery              )
before trial; LARRY SALI, an individual;        )
STEVE SALI, an individual,                      )
                                                )
                    Respondents.                )

      SIDDOWAY, J. — Deborah Burksfield appeals after the trial court not only

dismissed all of her and her assignee’s claims on summary judgment and granted

summary judgment against her, but also imposed over $60,000 in attorney fees under

RCW 4.84.185. While we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that a number of Ms.

Burksfield’s claims fail as a matter of law, summary judgment was improper as to others

and the claims as a whole were not frivolous.

      We reverse in part and remand for further proceedings.
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Deborah Burksfield, her daughter, and two of her brothers, Larry and Steve Sali,

are the member managers of LSL Properties, LLC (LSL), which owns gravel pits in

Yakima County. Larry and Steve Sali formed the limited liability company (LLC) with

their brother Leonard in 1998. Following Leonard’s sale of his interest to Larry and

Steve in 2007 Larry and Steve each owned 41 percent of the membership interests. Ms.

Burksfield had obtained an 18 percent interest through transfers from her brothers in

1999 and 2000. She eventually transferred a 1 percent interest to her daughter.

      Larry and Steve Sali owned corporations that leased LSL’s properties and by

2011, Ms. Burksfield had become convinced that their actions on behalf of LSL were

favoring two other corporations they controlled—Columbia Ready-Mix, Inc. and

Columbia Asphalt & Gravel, Inc.—to the detriment of LSL. She sued her brothers, their

marital communities, the two corporations, and others, bringing claims derivatively on

behalf of LSL. Among other claims, she alleged a breach by Larry and Steve (hereafter

“the Salis”) of LSL’s operating agreement, the leases, and their fiduciary duties owed as

managers of LSL. That lawsuit is described in more detail in this court’s unpublished

decision in Burksfield v. Sali, No. 33037-1-III (Wash. Ct. App. July 7, 2016)

(unpublished) (Burksfield I), https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/330371.unp.pdf.

      Ms. Burksfield was originally represented in that prior litigation by Seattle lawyers

Robert Gould and Brian Krikorian, who took her case on a contingent fee basis. They

                                            2
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


withdrew before trial, but not before Ms. Burksfield had made payments to Mr. Gould for

costs advanced. When Gould and Krikorian withdrew, attorney David Trujillo entered

into an hourly fee agreement with Ms. Burksfield. Although some of Ms. Burksfield’s

claims had been dismissed on summary judgment before trial and another was dismissed

at the close of her case, she and LSL prevailed on the remaining claims and the jury

awarded LSL damages in the principal amount of $535,674.62.

       A posttrial hearing was held on LSL’s entitlement to prejudgment interest and on

requests for attorney fees that were made by all parties. Ms. Burksfield requested an

award of fees under former RCW 25.15.385 (2010), which provided that “[i]f a derivative

action is successful, in whole or in part . . . the court may award the plaintiff reasonable

expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, from any recovery in any such action or

from a limited liability company.” Her proposed judgment identified RCW 4.84.330 as

another basis for a fee award.1 Both sides sought an award of fees and costs under an

indemnification provision included at paragraph 3.2 of the parties’ LLC agreement, as

fees and costs to which they were entitled by contract. The Salis and Columbia Asphalt

& Gravel also suggested that fees could be awarded to them under RCW 4.84.185, the

frivolous claim statute.



       1
         RCW 4.84.330 provides for an award of fees to a prevailing party any time a
contract or lease makes them available to either party in an action to enforce contract
terms.

                                              3
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


      During the course of the hearing, the trial court, the Hon. Michael G. McCarthy,2

questioned both sides’ lawyers about whether their request for indemnification under

section 3.2 of the LLC agreement was required to be presented first to LSL. The

following exchange occurred between Judge McCarthy and Mr. Trujillo:

              THE COURT: Are you asking for your fees under the derivative
      action statute or are you asking for fees under the LLC Agreement?
              MR. TRUJILLO: We—we asked for fees under the LSL Agreement
      for bringing the derivative action, and we—
              THE COURT: Doesn’t she have to—doesn’t your client have to
      present a bill to the LSL for that—for those costs? Isn’t that a separate
      issue as to whether they’re liable?
              MR. TRUJILLO: No, it’s—I—we take the position it should be
      done in court. And if there’s any
              THE COURT: Well, I think it should be done in court, but it might
      have to be done in a different action if—
              MR. TRUJILLO: Yeah, I mean, we served it on them. We’re doing
      it here. We’re effectively doing it right—
              THE COURT: Yeah, but you’re asking for fees from your—your
      co-Plaintiff.
              MR. TRUJILLO: Yes, but I think it’s the court’s position to make
      that ruling. The majority shareholders are never gonna allow that.
              THE COURT: Well, I don’t know that.
              MR. TRUJILLO: Well, the—and certainly the law would not
      require a useless act. I mean, I—if I thought that would have helped, and
      believe me we did file the motion for fees and—but anyway, we think it’s
      properly brought here. I guess the court is free to make a ruling that we
      failed to exhaust our remedy through LSL, but I would take the position
      that that would just be—I mean it would be a—a useless act. I mean,
      they’re gonna just say no, go take a hike, we’ll see you in court, which is
      essentially how this whole case has been.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 161-62.


      2
          To avoid confusion, we identify the judges that were involved by name.

                                             4
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       When it was attorney John Maxwell’s turn to argue for an award of some of the

defendants’ fees under section 3.2 of the LLC agreement, Judge McCarthy expressed the

same skepticism:

              THE COURT: I guess my—my question to you on that though is
       very similar to the question I posed to Mr. Trujillo. Isn’t that maybe an
       issue for a different day or a different lawsuit or claim or whatever as to
       whether I can—I can order the—the LLC to reimburse your clients for
       their—
              MR. MAXWELL: Yeah. I—I think that—
              THE COURT: I mean, don’t you have to under the—remembering
       the clause is that—and I don’t have it in front of me, but basically is, you
       know, I think it’d be read to say why you’d need to make—a make a claim
       or submit the bill to the LLC and see if they pay it before there’s a—
              MR. MAXWELL: Well I mean, I think that’s one way. I—I agree
       that would be one way to address that issue. The other way would be and I
       have to raise it at this point—
              THE COURT: Right.
              MR. MAXWELL: —at least and raise it because they’ve raised it as
       a contract issue. And say, “Well, we’re entitled to fees under a contract and
       we’re responding to that.”

CP at 184.

       Mr. Maxwell went on to argue his alternative theory for fee recovery—that several

of Ms. Burksfield’s theories were frivolous—and then returned to the section 3.2

entitlement, telling the court, “You know, if the court feels that the—the indemnity

related claims are something that needs to be dealt with first at the LSL level before it

comes back to court, so be it.” CP at 191. Turning to Ms. Burksfield’s request for

attorney fees under the statutes dealing with derivative claims, he argued that in

considering “the discretionary award of attorney’s fees under the derivative claims

                                              5
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


statute” the court should consider whether claims like Ms. Burksfield’s should be

encouraged. CP at 191-92.

       After hearing the arguments of counsel, Judge McCarthy announced his decision

on the several issues that had been argued. He awarded some of the fees and costs

requested by Ms. Burksfield, referring only to his discretion under the statutes dealing

with derivative claims, stating:

               RCW 25.15.385 gives the court authority to award fees and costs to
       the successful plaintiff in a derivative action . . . and doesn’t really provide
       any direction in regard to what factors the court’s supposed to look at in
       making a determination as to when and how much. It seems to be a pretty
       broad grant of authority, but I will take it as being a—a indication from the
       legislature that they think it’s . . . an appropriate device for the court to have
       at its disposal. And so I do think that fees and costs are appropriate under
       these circumstances.

CP at 199. He then proceeded to explain which of the fees and costs requested by Ms.

Burksfield he would award.

       Apparently referring to fees or costs recoverable under the LLC agreement, Judge

McCarthy said:

       I think that’s a separate issue that perhaps needs—would be litigated in a
       separate dispute. I think that the —the LLC Agreement does provide for
       reimbursement for costs and fees associated with, you know, defending
       actions taken on behalf or in furtherance of the business of the LLC, and
       I’m not in a position at this time to make a judgment as to whether any of
       the parties were acting in that regard in this particular litigation, except as
       to it was a derivative action I guess as to Ms. Burksfield.

CP at 202.


                                               6
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       When the court turned to the defendants’ request for fees, the only basis on which

Judge McCarthy awarded fees was RCW 4.84.185 and its finding that the claim against

Columbia Asphalt & Gravel (and only that claim) was frivolous.

       After Judge McCarthy announced his decisions on attorney fees, Mr. Trujillo

asked whether the court would prepare the judgment and Judge McCarthy responded,

“You’re drafting it.” CP at 211. Mr. Trujillo asked the trial court to give the lawyers “a

few minutes . . . [and] we should have something ready for you.” CP at 214. About a

half hour later, Judge McCarthy and the lawyers reconvened to review what Mr. Trujillo

described as his proposed judgment that he had “doctor[ed] up . . . to what I believed

reflected your rulings.” CP at 215. Although several aspects of the judgment were

discussed by Judge McCarthy and the lawyers thereafter, there was no further discussion

of the basis for the court’s fee award to Ms. Burksfield or Columbia Asphalt & Gravel.

In particular, there was no discussion of language in Mr. Trujillo’s revised proposed

judgment stating that the fee and cost award to Ms. Burksfield was “all consistent with

paragraph 3.2 of the parties’ LLC contract . . . and RCW 4.84.330, and also all the laws

and standards for recovery of attorney’s fees where derivative actions benefit the

company and create a common fund.” CP at 748.

       Ms. Burksfield appealed, assigning error to Judge McCarthy’s denial of

prejudgment interest and his award of costs against her for her unsuccessful claim against

Columbia Asphalt & Gravel. The Salis and Columbia Ready-Mix cross appealed,

                                             7
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


arguing that Judge McCarthy should have dismissed Ms. Burksfield’s derivative claim.

They contended that his refusal to do so

       resulted in a judgment in favor of the Plaintiffs that included an award of
       reasonable expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, pursuant to
       RCW 25.15.385. The Defendants seek to reverse the judgment because
       there was insufficient evidence presented to support the Plaintiffs’
       derivative claim.

Defs.’/Resp’ts’ Notice of Appeal, No. 33037-1-III (Wash. Ct. App. Jan. 5, 2015); see

also Resp’t/Cross-Appellants’ Joint Opening Br., No. 33037-1-III, at 2, 48 (Wash. Ct.

App. Sept. 10, 2015) (The court erred “[i]n allowing the [derivative] claim, and awarding

fees under the claim” and “the trial court should not have allowed the derivative

claim . . . . Accordingly, the trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs under RCW

25.15.385 should be reversed and vacated.”).

                Additional background and procedure in the action below

       With the appeal pending, a meeting of the member managers of LSL was held on

March 18, 2015, at which Ms. Burksfield and the Salis addressed their respective

demands to have their legal expenses reimbursed by LSL based on section 3.2 of the LLC

agreement. Ms. Burksfield had submitted a request for reimbursement of $126,727,

representing that the amount was for filing fees, service of process, reasonable expenses,

costs of reports admitted and expenses for impeachment. The Salis requested

reimbursement of a total of $144,136 in attorney fees and costs, which they and their



                                             8
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


lawyers contend was the amount of fees the Salis incurred in defending against Ms.

Burksfield’s unsuccessful personal and derivative claims.

       Votes were taken. Ms. Burksfield’s request for indemnification was denied, while

the Salis’ was granted. The Salis cast the deciding votes in favor of denying Ms.

Burksfield’s request and granting their own. The minutes of the meeting do not reflect

the rationale for denying and granting the requests.

       In June 2015, Ms. Burksfield, acting pro se, and Airborne Stables LLC, from

whom she had borrowed money to finance her prior lawsuit, sued the Salis and LSL.

Airborne sued as an assignee of a portion of Ms. Burksfield’s indemnification claim. A

couple of months later, Ms. Burksfield retained Mr. Krikorian to represent her and he

filed a first amended complaint. Ms. Burksfield later moved the court for summary

judgment or partial summary judgment.

       Nine days before the date set for hearing Ms. Burksfield’s summary judgment

motion, the Salis filed a response and a cross motion for summary judgment in which

they argued that Ms. Burksfield’s claims were “either devoid of merit, barred by the

statute of limitations, or constitute the frivolous assertion of claims that have already

[been] decided in prior litigation.” CP at 409. The Salis also contended that Airborne

lacked standing. The Salis’ cross motion was supported by a declaration of Larry Sali

and a sworn statement of Steve Sali. The latter statement was on the pleading paper of

LSL’s counsel’s law firm.

                                              9
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       Ms. Burksfield’s reply brief not only disputed the contention that she was

relitigating claims that had already been decided, but objected to the Salis’ cross motion

as untimely under CR 56(c) and as “unfairly and improperly depriv[ing] plaintiffs of time

to prepare an actual response.” CP at 442.

       On the date set for hearing Ms. Burksfield’s motion, the trial court, the Hon. Susan

L. Hahn, discussed with counsel whether she should hear the cross motion. Over Ms.

Burksfield’s objection she determined that she would, concluding that the cross motion

dealt strictly with issues of law. Also over Ms. Burksfield’s objection, Judge Hahn

allowed LSL’s lawyer to argue in favor of the cross motion even though LSL had neither

moved for summary judgment nor filed a joinder in the Salis’ motion. LSL’s lawyer

explained that he had prepared the Steve Sali sworn statement and had spoken with the

Salis’ counsel about joining the motion, but got busy with a federal appeal and it “slipped

. . . [his] mind.” Report of Proceedings (RP) at 9.

       Judge Hahn issued a written decision granting the Salis’ cross motion and what

she treated as LSL’s oral joinder at the hearing. On the issue of whether Judge McCarthy

had denied Ms. Burksfield’s request for indemnification (as the Salis had contended) or

reserved it for later resolution, Judge Hahn attached importance to a reference to section

3.2 of the LLC agreement that had been included in Mr. Trujillo’s proposed judgment

and was not stricken when that judgment was marked up by the lawyers and signed and

entered by Judge McCarthy.

                                             10
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       Because of the significance attached to the judgment’s reference to section 3.2,

Ms. Burksfield moved for reconsideration, supported by a declaration from Mr. Trujillo.

Mr. Trujillo testified that he drafted the proposed order before Judge McCarthy’s oral

ruling, so it was based on what Ms. Burksfield had been asking for. Judge Hahn denied

the motion for reconsideration, found Ms. Burksfield’s first amended complaint to be

frivolous, and awarded a total of $64,159.38 in attorney fees and costs against her.

       Ms. Burksfield appeals.

                                       ANALYSIS

       Ms. Burksfield assigns error on appeal to Judge Hahn’s (1) rulings on LSL’s

indemnification determinations, including its determination that Ms. Burkfield’s claim

for indemnification is barred by the judgment and appellate decision in Burksfield I, (2)

order granting a cross motion by the Salis that did not comply with CR 56(c) and

affirmative relief to LSL who filed no cross motion at all, and (3) awarding fees under

RCW 4.84.185. Br. of Appellant at 1-2.3 Late in her opening brief, she also argues that

Judge Hahn erred by dismissing her claims for post-Burksfield I violations of the LLC

agreement and ruling that Airborne lacked standing to sue. Id. at 32-35. We first address




       3
        Ms. Burksfield also assigns error to denial of her motion for reconsideration, but
given our disposition of other issues, we need not address that decision.

                                            11
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


Ms. Burksfield’s challenge to the summary judgment procedure and then turn to the

merits and the fee award.4

                     Timeliness of the Salis’ and LSL’s cross motions

       Under CR 56(c), a motion for summary judgment “shall be filed and served not

later than 28 calendar days before the hearing.” It is not uncommon for a party to file a

cross motion that it hopes to be heard at the same time, particularly where it agrees that

an issue of law is dispositive. The court does not abuse its discretion by hearing the cross

motion on shortened time if there is ample notice and time to prepare. Hood Canal Sand

& Gravel, LLC v. Goldmark, 195 Wn. App. 284, 295, 381 P.3d 95 (2016) (citing State ex

rel. Citizens Against Tolls (CAT ) v. Murphy, 151 Wn.2d 226, 236, 88 P.3d 375 (2004)).

       Deviations from CR 56 timing are reviewed for manifest abuse of discretion.

CAT, 151 Wn.2d at 236. In order to succeed on appeal for a deviation from the 28 days’

notice provided by CR 56, the appellant must show it was prejudiced by the ruling. CAT,

151 Wn.2d at 236. “To establish prejudice, the party making the challenge to an order

shortening time must show a lack of actual notice, a lack of time to prepare for the



       4
        Respondents ask us to strike Ms. Burksfield’s opening brief for its failure to
comply with RAP 10.3(a)(5), which requires a reference to the record for every factual
statement. While the brief is seriously noncompliant with that rule, another rule provides
that we endeavor to decide appeals on their merits and will not decide them on the basis
of compliance or noncompliance with the rules except in compelling circumstances
where justice demands. See RAP 1.2(a). We decline to strike the brief but impose a
sanction of $425 on Mr. Krikorian.

                                             12
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


motion, and no opportunity to submit case authority or provide countervailing oral

argument.” Id. at 236-37.

       At the time of the hearing, Judge Hahn questioned the Salis’ lawyer about whether

his clients’ motion for summary judgment was essentially the flip side of Ms.

Burksfield’s motion for summary judgment against his clients. Satisfied that it was, the

court entertained his argument. Mr. Krikorian did not argue at the hearing that he was

prejudiced by the timing of the Salis’ cross motion, and he was able to file Ms.

Burksfield’s reply brief four days after he received the response. We find no abuse of

discretion by Judge Hahn in hearing the Salis’ cross motion.

       Allowing LSL to make and argue an oral cross motion on the day of the hearing is

a very different matter. Mr. Krikorian did identify prejudice—he told the court that he

“didn’t address [the cross motion] as to LSL. I addressed it as to the Salis.” RP at 47.

When given a chance to respond to LSL’s argument he renewed his objection, stating,

“I don’t want to beat a dead horse, but I just want to make my records clear that I don’t

think it’s appropriate that LSL did not oppose this motion. The brothers opposed this

motion individually. And there is no record of even a joinder.” RP at 57. His arguments

are consistent with his reply brief for Ms. Burksfield, which also served as his opposition

to the Salis’ cross motion. He observed in that brief that LSL had not filed a response to

the motion.



                                            13
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       There can be no clearer demonstration of prejudice in the form of “a lack of actual

notice, a lack of time to prepare for the motion, and no opportunity to submit case

authority or provide countervailing oral argument” than for a party to make an oral cross

motion on the date set for hearing of the original motion—especially where, as here, a

plaintiff’s claims include allegations that she was deprived of information by LSL. While

LSL’s filing of the sworn statement of Steve Sali was a reasonable basis on which to

allow LSL to argue in opposition to Ms. Burksfield’s motion, it was not a reasonable

basis on which to allow it to seek affirmative relief with no notice at all.5 The trial court

erred in granting affirmative summary judgment relief to LSL.

           Summary judgment determinations on whether LSL breached the LLC
                  agreement in granting and denying indemnification

       We first address Judge Hahn’s summary judgment rulings in favor of the Salis’

claim that LSL properly agreed to indemnify them and properly denied Ms. Burksfield’s

request.

       When reviewing grants of summary judgment, our review is de novo and we

perform the same inquiry as the trial court. Volk v. DeMeerleer, 187 Wn.2d 241, 254,


       5
         The fact that the Salis’ cross motion addressed all of the same affirmative relief
that LSL wanted does not matter. There could be differences in the strength of certain
claims against LSL that would have motivated Ms. Burksfield to defend more
aggressively or seek a continuance, and there could be different relevant evidence and
arguments. To the extent that there are no differences, then it is LSL that is not
prejudiced by our ruling. As to such matters, it should be able to make a simple motion
of its own following issuance of the mandate.

                                              14
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


386 P.3d 254 (2016). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is “no genuine issue

as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” CR 56(c). We construe all facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party. Volk, 187 Wn.2d at 254.

      WAS MS. BURKSFIELD’S RIGHT TO INDEMNIFICATION DECIDED OR RESERVED?

         Ms. Burksfield assigns error to the trial court’s ruling that res judicata, in the form

of the final judgment and appellate decision in Burksfield I, bars her indemnification

claim.

         We begin with this court’s decision in Burksfield I, which was a decision of the

same three judges hearing this appeal. That decision does not compel the conclusion that

Judge McCarthy decided the issue of Ms. Burksfield’s entitlement under section 3.2 of

the LLC agreement. Indeed, the Salis and Columbia Ready-Mix (CRM) contended in

Burksfield I that the fees were awarded under former RCW 25.15.385 and, on that basis,

argued that we could reverse the fee award if we determined that Ms. Burksfield had

failed to prove a derivative claim. We had the following to say about that argument:

                 CRM argues that the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the
         derivative claims brought by Deborah Burksfield on behalf of LSL. Thus,
         CRM asks this court to vacate the trial court’s award of attorney fees under
         [former] RCW 25.15.385. Burksfield argues that she met the requirements
         for a shareholder derivative claim. We conclude that Burksfield properly
         brought a derivative claim on behalf of LSL.
                 . . . Thus, the trial court correctly ruled that Burksfield’s claims fall
         within the derivative claim statute.


                                                15
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


Burksfield I, No. 33037-1-III, slip op. at 9-10. We went on to observe that “[r]egardless

of whether Deborah Burksfield complied with the statute authorizing derivative suits, the

trial court could have granted reasonable attorney fees and costs to Deborah Burksfield

. . . on other grounds,” including, though not limited to, the LLC agreement. Id.

       In the fact section, we did refer to Mr. Trujillo’s judgment language citing the

several legal bases with which the fee award was consistent, inferring the trial court’s

reliance. The inference is dictum. More compelling is the language in our law and

analysis section recognizing that the fees were awarded under former RCW 25.15.385.

       We do conclude that any claim by Ms. Burksfield for indemnification of her fees

on appeal in Burksfield I is barred by res judicata, but not for the reasons relied upon by

Judge Hahn. A claim for those fees is barred because section 3.2 was identified as a basis

for Ms. Burksfield’s request for fees on appeal. She provided almost no argument about

her indemnification right. Whether or not we would have awarded fees under section 3.2

or not, we would at least have distinguished it from her statutory rights if our record had

been more complete and the issue being raised now had been raised then (it was not).

The fact remains that we denied the fee request and the denial was not appealed.

       We turn to the judgment entered by Judge McCarthy. Review of the entire

transcript of the fee hearing leaves us with a firm conviction that Judge McCarthy

believed that any member seeking indemnification under section 3.2 of the LLC

agreement should first present it to LSL, and if there was a dispute it would be resolved

                                             16
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


through other litigation. The language of the judgment that Judge Hahn deemed

important does not give us pause, for three reasons. First, it is apparent from the

transcript that the final judgment was a proposed judgment that was marked up by the

lawyers during a recess; it was not prepared by Judge McCarthy. Second, the language

does not state that the attorney fees are being awarded under section 3.2 but only that

they are “consistent with” that and the other bases for a fee award argued by Mr. Trujillo.

CP at 95. If Judge McCarthy read the language, he might not have thought it was

inconsistent with his decision that a claim under section 3.2 was premature. Third, even

the Salis and CRM contended on appeal in Burksfield I that the fees had been awarded

under former RCW 25.15.385.

       “Res judicata bars relitigation when an issue has been definitively adjudicated; it

does not apply where a plaintiff’s right to recover damages is ‘plainly reserved from

adjudication.’” Cummings v. Guardianship Servs. of Seattle, 128 Wn. App. 742, 754,

110 P.3d 796 (2005) (quoting Case v. Knight, 129 Wash. 570, 574, 225 P. 645 (1924));

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 26 (1980). As observed in comment d to

Restatement § 26, where a court determines that the plaintiff cannot enforce a given claim

in that action but must enforce it, if at all, in a second action, the judgment does not

operate as a bar even if it later appears that the determination made in the first action was

erroneous.



                                              17
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       As in Cummings, the indemnification provision was brought to the attention of

Judge McCarthy, but based on his belief that a claim under the provision must first be

presented to LSL, he reserved the issue.

            DOES THE STANDARD FOR INDEMNIFICATION UNDER SECTION 3.2
          TURN ON SUCCESS ON PARTICULAR ISSUES, AND DO DECISIONS ON MS.
          BURKSFIELD’S RIGHT TO REASONABLE FEES AND COSTS UNDER RCW
             28.15.385 RESOLVE HER ENTITLEMENT TO INDEMNIFICATION?

       The scope of Ms. Burksfield’s entitlement under section 3.2 of the LLC agreement

will not necessarily be limited to her entitlement to reasonable fees under former RCW

25.15.385. The statute requires that the derivative action be successful, in whole or in

part. It authorizes the court to award “reasonable expenses, including reasonable

attorneys’ fees.” Id. Where a fee shifting statute does not specify how fees are to be

calculated, the lodestar method may be used. In re Disciplinary Proc. Against Dynan,

152 Wn.2d 601, 617, 98 P.3d 444 (2004) (citing representative cases). To calculate a

lodestar amount, a court multiplies the number of hours reasonably expended by the

reasonable hourly rate and should discount hours spent on unsuccessful claims. Bowers

v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co., 100 Wn.2d 581, 597, 675 P.2d 193 (1983).

       By contrast, rights to indemnification against liability and expense can apply even

where a party does not prevail—it depends on the language of the statute or contract.

And section 3.2 of the LLC agreement does not include a requirement that a party

succeed, or prevail, or that it be indemnified only against “reasonable” expenses.


                                            18
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


Whether success is a factor, and what other factors are relevant, must be determined

under the LLC agreement.

       As with the governing documents of a corporation, which are interpreted in

accordance with accepted rules of contract interpretation, we will apply contract

interpretation principles to the operating agreement of the LLC. See Roats v. Blakely

Island Maint. Comm’n, Inc., 169 Wn. App. 263, 273-74, 279 P.3d 943 (2012) (governing

documents of a corporation). In Washington, the primary goal in interpreting a contract

term is to ascertain the parties’ intent at the time they executed the contract. Paradise

Orchards Gen. P’ship v. Fearing, 122 Wn. App. 507, 516, 94 P.3d 372 (2004). And

Washington cases hold that the intent of the parties to a particular agreement

       may be discovered not only from the actual language of the agreement, but
       also from “viewing the contract as a whole, the subject matter and objective
       of the contract, all the circumstances surrounding the making of the
       contract, the subsequent acts and conduct of the parties to the contract, and
       the reasonableness of respective interpretations advocated by the parties.”

Scott Galvanizing, Inc. v. Nw. EnviroServices, Inc., 120 Wn.2d 573, 580-81, 844 P.2d

428 (1993) (quoting Berg v. Hudesman, 115 Wn.2d 657, 667, 801 P.2d 222 (1990)).

       We find the subject matter and objective of indemnification, the statutory

indemnification provision of chapter 25.15 RCW, and the reasonableness of the

respective interpretations advocated by the parties to be the most important guides to

the meaning of section 3.2. In considering the subject matter and objective of

indemnification, we look to the thorough regime for indemnification of corporate

                                             19
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


directors and officers that has developed and presently exists under the Washington

business corporation act, Title 23B RCW.

       Under that act, permissive indemnification of directors can extend to expense and

liability incurred unsuccessfully in proceedings—it can extend even to judgments entered

against the director and the cost of an unsuccessful criminal defense, as long as the

indemnified director’s actions resulting in the expense or liability meet a minimum

standard of conduct. See RCW 23B.08.510. Unless the shareholders have committed in

advance through the articles of incorporation or bylaws to indemnify directors, RCW

23B.08.550 dictates who will make the decision whether a director is indemnified in a

particular case. And see RCW 23B.08.560 (shareholder authorized indemnification). If a

director is statutorily ineligible but indemnification is approved, litigation might ensue.6

But if the director is statutorily eligible, whether to indemnify is a business decision.

       Mandatory indemnification also exists under the business corporation act, unless

limited by a corporation’s articles of incorporation, and a party’s right to it can be

enforced in court. RCW 23B.08.520, .540. It is not a business decision. But it is

available only where the director is “wholly successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the

defense of any proceeding” to which he or she was a party because of being a director.

RCW 23B.08.520.


       6
         RCW 23B.08.550 seeks to ensure that the decision whether to indemnify is made
by disinterested parties, making improper approval unlikely.

                                              20
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       Washington statutes dealing with LLCs provide for permissive indemnification for

members or managers. RCW 25.15.0417 permits an LLC to indemnify a member or

manager from and against judgments, settlements, penalties, and fines “incurred in a

proceeding to which a person is a party because such person is, or was, a member or

manager,” provided that “no such indemnity shall indemnify a member or a manager

from or on account of acts or omissions of the member or manager finally adjudged to be

intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law by the member or manager, or

conduct of the member or manager adjudged to be in violation of RCW 25.15.231.”8 But

there is no Washington statute that provides for mandatory indemnification for members

or managers of an LLC.

       We interpret section 3.2 as designed to address the situations where mandatory

indemnification is appropriate, similar to the business corporation act indemnification

regime. Section 3.2 is mandatory. The LLC agreement states that the LLC “shall

indemnify and hold harmless” its members against certain liabilities, losses, damages,

costs, or expenses they incur. CP at 753 (emphasis added). As a result, while the




       7
         RCW 25.15.041 was amended by the 2015 legislature, and did not become
effective until January 1, 2016.
       8
         RCW 25.15.231 deals with distributions in violation of LLC agreements.



                                            21
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


member managers can vote on a request for indemnification under the provision, their

vote is not the definitive answer on what the contract requires. A member or manager

who is improperly denied indemnification under section 3.2 will be able to sue.

       The language of section 3.2 is strikingly different from the business corporation

act’s “wholly successful” standard, and the language used must be respected as reflecting

the members’ intent. But because it is mandatory, it is reasonable to infer that the

indemnification provided by section 3.2 should be limited to situations, consistent with its

language, in which almost every LLC would conclude that the expense should, in

fairness, be borne by the entity—just as the scope of mandatory indemnity under Title

23B RCW is limited in that way. The mandatory indemnification provided by section 3.2

is reasonably read as limited to liability, loss, damage, cost or expense that directly and

actually benefits the company in the ways identified in section 3.2. In other words, good

intentions and hoped-for results are not enough. The test is objective, not subjective.

       We hold that the liability, loss, damage, cost or expense a member or manager

incurs has been incurred “on behalf of the company” within the meaning of section 3.2 if

it discharges a bona fide liability or obligation that would otherwise be that of the LLC or

if it procures an actual, direct benefit for the LLC. The liability, loss, damage, cost or

expense a member or manager incurs has been incurred by them “in furtherance of the

Company’s interests” if the LLC’s interests are thereby directly and actually improved.



                                             22
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


CP at 753. In every case, the value to the LLC is measured from the perspective of the

LLC.

          With section 3.2 thus interpreted, neither Ms. Burksfield nor the Salis is entitled to

summary judgment on any members’ rights under section 3.2 based on the present

record. We have too little evidence of the amounts requested and no analysis by the

parties under the interpretation we announce. Ms. Burksfield tended to look at the issue

subjectively, and under an arguably lower standard. The Salis tended to look at it as a

“fee-shifting/prevailing party” issue, which is not what it says. And given that the

standard is not bright line, it might turn out to be a disputed issue that will have to be

tried.9

          The trial court erred in granting summary judgment that LSL correctly applied

section 3.2 when it granted the Salis’ request for indemnification and denied Ms.

Burksfield’s request.

                       Post-Burksfield I violations of the LLC agreement

          Ms. Burksfield’s first amended complaint includes many too-conclusory

allegations of failures of LSL and the Salis to account and abide by terms of the LLC

agreement. The particulars that Ms. Burksfield provides through her declarations do not

salvage the situation, because almost every act or omission she complains of is time


        If trial is required, the jury can be instructed on this court’s interpretation of the
          9

provision.

                                                23
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


barred under the six-year limitations period that applies to written contracts under RCW

4.16.040(1). Judge Hahn did not suggest, as Ms. Burksfield contends (and as would

clearly be wrong) that no member has any remedy under the operating agreement after

the final judgment in Burksfield I. She concluded, instead, that Ms. Burksfield did not

present evidence of a sufficiently recent violation of the LLC agreement giving rise to a

remedy. We agree that most of Ms. Burksfield’s claims of violation of the LLC

agreement by the Salis do not survive summary judgment.

       One violation cited by Ms. Burksfield is her brother Leonard’s sale and transfer of

his interest in LSL to Larry and Steve in 2007 without complying with the provisions for

member rights of first refusal in schedule 4 of the LLC agreement. We do not agree with

the Salis’ characterization of schedule 4, since section 4.1 prohibits any sale that is not

“specifically provided [for] herein,” CP at 774, and we question (without deciding)

whether sales by one member to another member are “specifically provided for”

anywhere in schedule 4.10 We agree with the Salis, however, that the statute of

limitations bars Ms. Burksfield’s claim. If it did not, her admission in now-final

Burksfield I that she, Larry, and Steve held interests of 18, 41, and 41 percent

respectively would bar her claim.



       10
          The Salis argue that sales between members are addressed by negative
implication in section 4.3, but we question whether a negative implication qualifies as
a “specific provision.”

                                              24
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       Ms. Burksfield fails to state a viable claim for an accounting. The LLC agreement

and chapter 25.15 RCW entitle her to inspect the LLC’s records, see LLC agreement at

section 4.6 and RCW 25.15.136; oblige the LLC to maintain separate capital accounts for

members, see LLC agreement at section 6.4; and identify the many categories of records

that an LLC must maintain and make available to members, see RCW 25.15.136. They

do not impose a duty to prepare an accounting.

       A party asserting an equitable claim for an accounting must show (1) a fiduciary

relation existed between the parties, or that the account is so complicated that it cannot be

conveniently taken in an action at law, and (2) that the plaintiff has demanded an

accounting from the defendant and the defendant has refused to render it. State v. Taylor,

58 Wn.2d 252, 262, 362 P.2d 247 (1961) (quoting Seattle Nat’l Bank v. Sch. Dist. No. 40,

20 Wash. 368, 373-74, 55 P. 317 (1898)). In Ms. Burksfield’s case, we would expect her

to show, e.g., that financial statements have not been prepared as required or that the

capital account maintained for her is irreconcilable with the company’s financial

statements and schedule 3 to the LLC agreement. She has come nowhere near to making

such a showing.

       Finally, she shows no basis on which to compel the court to expel the Salis as

members of LSL. She cites to RCW 25.15.140 and .170 and to section 4.8 of the LLC

agreement. The statutory provisions merely provide that a limited liability company

agreement “may” provide that a member or manager, respectively, will be subject to

                                             25
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


penalties or consequences upon the happening of certain events, one example being a

failure to abide by the LLC agreement. Section 4.8 is such a provision. It gives the

managers a right to expel a member or, if the company operates without managers, gives

that right to a two-thirds majority of the members. Section 4.8 does not grant expulsion

authority to anyone else. It is not a basis for court-ordered relief.

                                     Airborne’s standing

       The trial court erred in dismissing Airborne’s claim based on lack of standing.

       Washington court rules require that “[e]very action shall be prosecuted in the

name of the real party in interest.” CR 17(a). Subject to certain exceptions, “the real

party in interest is ‘the person who, if successful, will be entitled to the fruits of the

action.’” Nw. Indep. Forest Mfrs. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 78 Wn. App. 707, 716,

899 P.2d 6 (1995) (quoting 3A LEWIS H. ORLAND & KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON

PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE, CR 17 author’s cmt. 1, at 420 (4th ed. 1992)). It is well

settled Washington law that the assignee of a contract right is a real party in interest and

can bring an action directly. E.g., Bench v. State Auto. & Cas. Underwriters, Inc.,

67 Wn.2d 999, 408 P.2d 899 (1965) (per curiam).

       “The traditional test for assignability of a cause of action in Washington is this:

‘Does the cause of action survive to the personal representative of the assignor? If it

does, the cause of action is assignable.’” Kommavongsa v. Haskell, 149 Wn.2d 288, 295,

67 P.3d 1068 (2003) (quoting Cooper v. Runnels, 48 Wn.2d 108, 110, 291 P.2d 657

                                               26
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


(1955)). “The legislature has provided for the survival of all causes of action in

Washington, subject to certain limitations upon who may recover for ‘damages for pain

and suffering, anxiety, emotional distress, or humiliation personal to and suffered by a

deceased . . . .’ RCW 4.20.046(1).” Id. Ms. Burksfield’s claim for indemnification

would survive to her personal representative under RCW 4.20.046(1) and is therefore

assignable.

       The Salis point to several provisions of the LLC agreement that they argue prevent

assignment or enforcement, however. The simplest answer to that argument is that it is

beyond the statutory authority of the LLC to prevent the assignment and enforcement of a

contract right unrelated to ownership or control.

       Under RCW 25.15.018(1), the LLC agreement governs at most (because there are

exceptions) “[r]elations among the members as members and between the members and

the limited liability company; and . . . [t]he rights and duties under this chapter of a

person in the capacity of manager.” The agreement may not “[v]ary a limited liability

company’s power under RCW 25.15.031[11] . . . to . . . be sued” or “[r]estrict the rights

under this chapter of a person other than a member, a transferee,[12] or a manager.” RCW

25.15.018(3)(a), (o). In short, LSL has no more power to prevent Ms. Burksfield’s


       11
          RCW 25.15.031 provides in relevant part that an LLC generally “has the same
powers as an individual to do all things necessary or convenient to carry on its activities.”
       12
          A “transferee,” a defined term, is one who holds the transferor’s “right to
receive distributions of the limited liability company’s assets.” RCW 25.15.006(19)-(20).

                                              27
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


assignment of her right to reimbursement from LSL than Larry or Steve Sali would have

to prevent one of their creditors from assigning its claim against them.13

       But reasonably read, the provisions of the LLC agreement on which the Salis

rely—article 10, schedule 4, and sections 4.2 and 13.11—do not exceed LSL’s statutory

authority, because they neither prevent Ms. Burksfield from assigning a portion of her

right to indemnification nor do they prevent Airborne from enforcing its assignment.

       Article 10 of the LLC agreement is entitled “Restrictions on Transferability” and

incorporates schedule 4 to the agreement. Schedule 4 provides in relevant part that no

member has a right, except as specifically permitted, to “assign . . . all or any part of any

interest in the Company.” CP at 774 (Sched. 4, § 4.1) (emphasis added).

       “Interest” is not a defined term in the LLC agreement, but it has a meaning that is

consistent throughout the agreement: it refers to the interest that a member or an

economic interest owner has in the LLC’s profits or losses and capital. One of the

accepted meanings of “interest” is:

       1 a : right, title, or legal share in something <what exactly is your [interest]
       in this affair> : participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility <half
       [interest] in a hardware business> <offered to buy out his [interest] in the
       company> : STAKE, CLAIM b : something in which one has a share of
       ownership or control : BUSINESS <has [interest]s all over the world>.


       13
         Airborne could even recover the amount owed it by Ms. Burksfield by charging
her membership interest if it took the steps required by RCW 25.15.256. Chapter 25.15
RCW imposes no limitations on a party’s ability to enforce an assignment that will result
in a simple money judgment.

                                              28
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


WEBSTER’S THIRD INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1178 (1993). This meaning is also

consistent with Chapter 25.15 RCW’s definition of “transferrable interest” as meaning “a

member’s or transferee’s right to receive distributions of the limited liability company’s

assets.” RCW 25.15.006(19).

       A different meaning of “interest” is “the state of being concerned or affected

esp[ecially] with respect to advantage or well-being : GOOD, BENEFIT, PROFIT

<engaged a lawyer to look after his [interest]s>.” WEBSTER’S, supra, 1178 (some

emphasis added). The Salis must rely on this more general meaning to see Ms.

Burksfield’s indemnification claim as an “interest in the company.” CP at 774. But

nowhere in the LLC agreement is the word “interest” used in that broad sense. Section

4.1 of schedule 4 does not limit a member’s right to assign a simple monetary claim

against LSL.

       The Salis also point to sections 4.2 and 13.11 of the LLC agreement. Section 4.2

provides generally that members shall not be personally liable for debts of the LLC. If

Ms. Burksfield proves to be entitled to indemnification, the assignment will require LSL,

not its members, to pay a portion of the indemnification liability to Airborne. Section 4.2

has no application.

       Section 13.11 provides that none of the provisions of the LLC agreement shall be

for the benefit of or enforceable by any creditor of the LLC. Airborne is a creditor of Ms.

Burksfield, not the LLC. As an assignee, its relation to LSL is analogous to that of a

                                            29
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


personal representative or bankruptcy trustee asserting a member’s right to

indemnification; it is not a creditor. Indeed, if it were a creditor of the LLC—a person to

whom money is owed—then any member seeking indemnification from the LLC is a

creditor, too, and according to that reading of section 13.11 would not be able to enforce

a right to indemnification. Obviously, such a reading would be absurd.

       It was error to dismiss Airborne’s claim as an assignee.

                                        Attorney fees

       Finally, Ms. Burksfield argues the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded

attorney fees to the Salis and LSL under RCW 4.84.185.

       RCW 4.84.185 applies to “actions, which, as a whole, [are] spite, nuisance or

harassment suits.” Biggs v. Vail, 119 Wn.2d 129, 135, 830 P.2d 350 (1992). “The

lawsuit, as a whole, that is[,] in its entirety, must be determined to be frivolous and to

have been advanced without reasonable cause before an award of attorneys’ fees may be

made under the statute.” Id. at 137. Thus, in Biggs, because only three of four claims

advanced were frivolous, the Supreme Court reversed the fee award.

       We review the trial court’s award of fees under RCW 4.84.185 for abuse of

discretion. Eller v. E. Sprague Motors & R.V.’s, Inc., 159 Wn. App. 180, 189, 244 P.3d

447 (2010). Discretion is abused when it is exercised on untenable grounds or for

untenable reasons. Id. The trial court believed that all of Ms. Burksfield’s claims were



                                              30
No. 34772-9-III
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


frivolous, but on appeal, that belief proves to have been untenable. We reverse the award

of fees and costs.

       LSL and the Salis request fees in this appeal under RCW 4.84.185. The appeal

was not frivolous, so the request is denied.

       In conclusion:

       We affirm the trial court’s denial of Ms. Burksfield’s motion for summary

judgment.

       We reverse the trial court’s summary judgment decision in favor of LSL,

including its award of attorney fees and costs against Ms. Burksfield.

       We reverse the trial court’s summary judgment decision in favor of the Salis on

only the following issues (we point out that there are some claims against the Salis to

which Ms. Burksfield did not assign error which, as to the Salis, are law of the case):

       We reverse the summary judgment in favor of the Salis as to their entitlement to

       indemnification under section 3.2,

       We reverse the summary judgment in favor of the Salis as to Ms. Burksfield’s

       nonentitlement to indemnification under section 3.2,

       We reverse the summary judgment that Airborne lacked standing to assert its

       assigned claim.

       We reverse its award of fees and costs against Ms. Burksfield.



                                               31
No. 34772-9-111
Burksfield v. LSL Properties, LLC


       We impose sanctions on Mr. Krikorian of $425 for noncompliance with

RAP I0.3(a)(5).

       We remand for proceedings consistent with this decision.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in

the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.




WE CONCUR:




                                            32
