NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal
revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound
volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical
error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of
Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1
Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA, 02108-1750; (617) 557-
1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us

SJC-11525

                COMMONWEALTH   vs.   VERNON T. CARTER.



         Plymouth.    April 8, 2016. - September 19, 2016.

  Present:   Gants, C.J., Spina, Botsford, Duffly, & Hines, JJ.1


Homicide. Robbery. Firearms. Felony-Murder Rule. Assault and
     Battery. Joint Enterprise. Identification. Evidence,
     Identification, Joint venturer. Intoxication.
     Constitutional Law, Right to bear arms. Practice,
     Criminal, Capital case, Duplicative convictions, Witness,
     Assistance of counsel, Argument by prosecutor, Instructions
     to jury, Conduct of judge.



     Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court
Department on December 30, 2009.

     A pretrial motion to suppress evidence was heard by Thomas
F. McGuire, Jr., J., and the cases were tried before Raymond P.
Veary, Jr., J.


     Russell C. Sobelman for the defendant.
     Gail M. McKenna, Assistant District Attorney, for the
Commonwealth.




     1
       Justices Spina and Duffly participated in the deliberation
on this case prior to their retirements.
                                                                   2


     HINES, J.   In April, 2013, a jury convicted the defendant,

Vernon T. Carter, of murder in the first degree of Scott

Monteiro on a theory of felony-murder, based on the predicate

felony of armed robbery.2   The defendant was also convicted of

armed robbery, assault and battery of Sheldon Santos, possession

of a firearm, and possession of ammunition.3   On appeal, the

defendant asserts error in (1) admission of identifications

obtained through procedures alleged to be suggestive; (2)

testimony from a last-minute Commonwealth witness; (3) the

prosecutor's closing argument; (4) omission of jury instructions

regarding involuntary manslaughter, "humane practice," and

intoxication; (5) judicial bias; and (6) firearms-related

convictions without evidence that he was not licensed.4    The



     2
       The jury did not find the defendant guilty on the theory
of deliberate premeditation.
     3
       The defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment in the
State prison without parole on the murder conviction; to from
nine to twelve years on the armed robbery conviction, to be
served from and after the murder sentence; and to from three to
five years on the firearm conviction, to be served from and
after the armed robbery sentence. He was also sentenced to a
house of correction for two years for unlawfully possessing
ammunition and for two and one-half years for assault and
battery, to run concurrently with the murder sentence.
     4
       The defendant also claims that trial counsel provided
constitutionally ineffective assistance. Because his claim of
ineffective assistance is based on counsel's failure to act
appropriately to prevent some of the errors claimed on appeal or
to preserve the defendant's rights regarding those alleged
                                                                   3


defendant also argues that he is entitled to relief under G. L.

c. 278, § 33E.   We vacate, as duplicative, the defendant's armed

robbery conviction, because it was the predicate felony for his

felony-murder conviction, the only theory on which the jury

found him guilty of murder in the first degree.   See

Commonwealth v. Alcequiecz, 465 Mass. 557, 558 (2013).    We

affirm the defendant's remaining convictions, and we discern no

other basis to exercise our authority pursuant to G. L. c. 278,

§ 33E.

    Background.    We summarize the evidence as the jury could

have found it, reserving certain facts for later discussion.      At

approximately 10 P.M. on Friday, September 4, 2009, a group of

twenty to thirty people, in their late teens or early twenties

and generally from the Wareham area, gathered at a residence in

Wareham for a "house party."   People were socializing and

drinking, "[j]ust teenage and adolescent kids having fun."

Monteiro, who had turned twenty-one years of age approximately

one month before the party, arrived with three of his friends.

Santos was there wearing a gold chain.

    One of the young women at the party had asked the host if

she could invite her friend "Justin."    Between 11:30 P.M. and

midnight, Justin arrived with a group of ten to fifteen people.


errors, we shall address this claim when we address the other
claims.
                                                                    4


They introduced themselves to one or more partygoers as being

from the "United Front" in New Bedford.    The party became more

"tense" after the group's arrival, and someone in the group

started to complain, "This party is whacked. . . .    There's no

bitches."   A short time later, the majority of the New Bedford

group left the house.    Within a few minutes, two to five people

reentered and approached Santos.    Santos had been sitting on a

sofa with his girl friend, and Monteiro was sitting on a nearby

chair.   Santos stood up when approached, and a few people from

the New Bedford group surrounded the sofa area so as to prevent

anyone from leaving.    The defendant pulled a gun out of his

pants, pointed it at Santos's head, and said, "Run your chain."

He reached toward Santos, and Santos dropped to the floor.

Monteiro then stood up, held his hands out with palms facing up,

and calmly said, "Chill, we are all just chilling."   The

defendant fired three shots, and a single bullet hit Monteiro

above his right eye.    At some point during this altercation,

Santos suffered a face injury that required sutures; he also

lost his gold chain.

    One of Monteiro's friends attended to him as the remaining

partygoers dispersed.   The police and emergency medical services

personnel arrived a few minutes after the shooting.    Monteiro

was lying on the floor, breathing but unresponsive.    He was
                                                                   5


transported by ambulance to a nearby hospital.     Monteiro died

from a gunshot wound to the head.

     The police recovered a spent shell casing from the

ambulance and, during Monteiro's autopsy, recovered three

fragments of a shell casing from Monteiro's head.     The shell

casing from the ambulance was from a .22 caliber firearm, and

the fragments were consistent with being from the same firearm.

     The police spoke to witnesses the night of the party, many

of whom gathered outside of the house after the incident.     At

least one of the partygoers knew the defendant by name and

provided that information to police.5    Using that information,

Wareham police compiled two photographic arrays containing the

defendant's photograph.   The following morning, the police

showed the first array containing eight photographs to the

witness who knew the defendant.     The witness did not identify

the defendant's photograph in this array.     Less than one hour

later, the police showed the witness the second array containing

six photographs.   The witness identified the defendant in the

second array, explaining that he recognized the defendant in the

first array but did not identify him because he was "nervous."

     Approximately one and one-half hours after the

identification, Wareham police notified police in New Bedford

     5
       This witness had seen the defendant approximately five
times during the prior three years.
                                                                     6


that the defendant was a suspect in a homicide investigation and

requested that they question him.     Within one hour of the

dispatch, New Bedford police officers observed the defendant

walking and stopped their cruiser to speak to him.     The

defendant stopped and agreed to accompany them to the police

station for questioning.     At the police station, the officers

recorded the interview.     The defendant told them that he had

been at the party but stayed outside the house.     After

questioning the defendant for approximately one hour, the police

released him.

     The following morning, the defendant went to the house of a

woman he had known since he was a child and asked if he could

stay with her because the police were looking for him in

connection with an incident at a party in Wareham.    She said,

"no," because her family was there.     As she hugged him goodbye,

she felt something "heavy" and "hard" in the defendant's waist.

     State police arrested the defendant later that day pursuant

to a warrant.   He was wearing a black hat displaying the word

"Invincible."   The State police interrogated the defendant on

September 6 and 7, 2009.6    The defendant told police that he was

at the party, he did not have a gun, but he knew that at least

     6
       In total, police interviewed the defendant four times
between September 5 and 7, 2009. All four interviews were
recorded. Redacted versions of the first three recordings were
played for the jury.
                                                                     7


four people in his group were carrying firearms.    He said that

Santos and his "squad" had guns and threatened someone in the

New Bedford group.    He said he saw the shooter "cock" the

firearm and "pistol whip" Santos, and that he was about five or

six feet from the shooter when the gun was fired.    The defendant

also told police that one of the people in his group, "Justin,"

hid a gun after the party, and he directed police to the

apartment where the gun could be found.    The police seized a .38

caliber firearm from the apartment, which did not fire the shell

casing obtained from the ambulance and was not consistent with

the firearm used as the murder weapon.7

     Within forty-eight hours of the shooting, four witnesses

identified the defendant as the shooter in photographic

arrays.8,9   They and other witnesses described the shooter as



     7
       A man who lived in the apartment testified that the
defendant had asked him to hide the firearm "one or two days"
before the search on September 7, 2009, and a woman, the man's
wife, testified that the defendant's visit occurred before the
date of the party.
     8
       Sheldon Santos testified that the defendant was at the
party, but "nothing happened" between them. A State police
trooper testified that Santos had previously pointed to the
defendant in a photographic array and said, "he was in the house
acting cool, then he went outside, then he came back in. I
think I might have been fighting him." Santos, however, became
uncooperative after police asked him to circle the defendant on
the array for identification, and he refused to speak further
with the police.
                                                                      8


between five feet, five inches and five feet, nine inches tall,

skinny, "light skinned," and wearing a black hat.     One of the

witnesses testified that the shooter was wearing a hat

displaying the word "Invincible."    The police showed the

witnesses an additional photographic array containing other

people mentioned by the defendant as being at the party.     Except

for one witness who identified a photograph of Justin as being

at the party, no other potential suspects were identified.

     Discussion.   The defendant challenges a number of issues at

trial, framing them as errors by the judge, the prosecutor,

defense counsel, or some combination thereof.    We consider each

claim to determine "whether there was an error in the course of

the trial (by defense counsel, the prosecutor, or the judge)

and, if there was, whether that error was likely to have

influenced the jury's conclusion."    Commonwealth v. Wright, 411

Mass. 678, 682 (1992), S.C., 469 Mass. 447 (2014).

     1.   Identification evidence.   The defendant filed a motion

to suppress the four eyewitness identifications of him as the

shooter, claiming that the photographic arrays were

unnecessarily suggestive and tainted the remaining

identifications because the witnesses discussed the incident in


     9
       One witness identified a photograph as someone who was at
the party, but the identified photograph depicted someone who
was incarcerated at the time of the party.
                                                                      9


person and through social media.     Two witnesses failed to

identify the defendant in an initial photographic array

containing eight photographs, but subsequently identified the

defendant when shown the second array containing six

photographs.   The defendant was the only person depicted in both

arrays.   The defendant also argued that the following procedures

caused the arrays to be unduly suggestive:     the photographs were

not presented sequentially, the arrays were not blindly

administered, and all arrays should have contained at least

eight photographs.

    At the evidentiary hearing, the defendant focused on the

two identifications that were obtained through repetitive

arrays.   The judge concluded that the repeat arrays were not

unnecessarily suggestive.     First, the photographs in each array

were similar to the defendant's photographs.     Next, the second

array contained a more recent photograph of the defendant with

shorter hair, which was more similar to his appearance at the

party, and both witnesses told police that the shooter had

shorter hair than the individuals depicted in the photographs in

the first array.     Moreover, the judge found that the witness who

knew the defendant before the party was not swayed by the

presence of his photograph in repeat arrays, crediting the

witness's testimony that he did not identify the defendant in

the first array out of fear.
                                                                     10


     On appeal, the defendant does not claim error in the denial

of the motion to suppress, but argues that the prejudicial

effect of the photographic array procedure; the conflicting

witness testimony; the consumption of alcohol and marijuana by

eyewitnesses; and a "rumor mill"10 created through witness

discussion of the incident prior to the identifications, social

media, and media coverage caused a substantial likelihood of a

miscarriage of justice.   The defendant's argument lacks merit.

     The defendant "has a due process right to identification

procedures meeting a certain basic standard of fairness."

Commonwealth v. Silva-Santiago, 453 Mass. 782, 794 (2009),

quoting Commonwealth v. Dougan, 377 Mass. 303, 316 (1979).      We

discourage the use of repeated arrays containing a suspect's

photograph, see Commonwealth v. Scott, 408 Mass. 811, 826

(1990), and the use of repeated arrays could make identification

procedures unnecessarily suggestive if the police do not have

good cause for the use of such procedure.   In this case, the

judge implicitly found good cause because the second array was

given to both eyewitnesses after each commented that the


     10
       The partygoers gathered outside of the house after the
shooting for fifteen to twenty minutes without being separated
and discussed the incident through social media and other
interactions before being individually questioned by police.
The defendant claims that these conditions created a "rumor
mill" that caused the identifications to be based on
speculation.
                                                                    11


perpetrator's hair was shorter than was depicted in the

photographs used in the first array.    Moreover, we recognize

that police did not follow procedures that we have previously

recommended:   "double-blind procedure" and "sequential method."

See Silva-Santiago, supra at 797-800.   However, the absence of

the recommended procedures goes only to the weight of the

identifications, not admissibility.11   Id. at 797-799.

     Our conclusion that the identifications were not

"unnecessarily suggestive" does not end the inquiry.      Even if

otherwise admissible, a judge may suppress identification

evidence if "its probative value is substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice."   Commonwealth v. Johnson, 473

Mass. 594, 599 (2016), quoting Commonwealth v. Crayton, 470

Mass. 228, 249 n.27 (2014).   Mass. G. Evid. § 403 (2016).     In

     11
       We also note that a State police trooper administering
each of the repeat arrays to one witness told the witness during
her first array, after she failed to make an identification,
"just to think about it and it's important if she did see
somebody in there that, you know, she does the right thing, as
we would expect other people to do so." Before each of the two
arrays shown to this witness, the trooper properly notified her
that the alleged wrongdoer may or may not be in the photographs
depicted in the array, as required by Commonwealth v. Silva-
Santiago, 453 Mass. 782, 798 (2009). This comment, however,
detracted from the substance of that notification. Where the
officer properly followed the notification protocol expressed in
Silva-Santiago, we do not conclude that the officer's statement
caused the identification that the witness made during the
second array to be inadmissible. We, again, strongly recommend
that photographic arrays be performed by law enforcement
officers who do not know the identity of the suspect in order to
protect against similar statements being inadvertently made.
                                                                   12


this analysis, the "probative value of the identification

depends on the strength of its source independent of the

suggestive circumstances of the identification."   Johnson, supra

at 601.   Relevant factors include "the witness's opportunity to

observe the offender at the time of the crime, the amount of

time between the crime and the identification, whether the

witness's earlier description of the perpetrator matches the

defendant, . . . whether the witness earlier identified another

person as the perpetrator or failed to identify the defendant as

the perpetrator," and "the witness's prior familiarity with the

person identified."   Id.

     The record reflects, however, that the defendant would not

have been able to meet his burden to establish that the

prejudice resulting from the admission of the identifications

outweighed their probative value.12   The four eyewitness

identifications were made within forty-eight hours of the

shooting, the witnesses observed the shooter from nearby

locations -- one witness being "a foot away" from the gunman at

the time -- and their ability to observe and report the incident

was not impaired by alcohol or drugs.


     12
       A "defendant must timely file [such a] motion before
trial, . . . and bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of
the evidence" (citation omitted). Commonwealth v. Johnson, 473
Mass. 594, 599 (2016). The defendant did not file such a
motion, but we consider this argument under G. L. c. 278, § 33E.
                                                                   13


    2.   Last-minute witness.    The defendant claims that he was

unfairly surprised by the testimony of a witness not listed on

the pretrial witness list and that trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to object to this testimony.    The Commonwealth has

an affirmative duty to timely disclose proposed witnesses.     See

Mass. R. Crim. P. 14 (a) (1) (A) (iv), (v), as amended, 444

Mass. 1501 (2005).    A judge has "significant discretion in

deciding whether late-discovered or late-disclosed witnesses

should be excluded from testifying" as a remedy for the late

disclosure.   Commonwealth v. Nolin, 448 Mass. 207, 225 (2007),

quoting Commonwealth v. Trapp, 423 Mass. 356, 363-364, cert.

denied, 519 U.S. 1045 (1996).    The relevant inquiry is whether

the defendant has sufficient time to investigate the proposed

testimony.    Commonwealth v. Lopez, 433 Mass. 406, 413 (2001).

In that regard, "it is the consequences of the delay that

matter, not the likely impact of the nondisclosed evidence."

See Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 385 Mass. 165, 175 (1982), quoting

Commonwealth v. Wilson, 381 Mass. 90, 114 (1980).

    Here, the prosecutor told the judge on the fifth day of

trial that he had mistakenly omitted a witness from the list.

He asked that the witness, a Wareham police officer, be

permitted to testify and asserted that defense counsel had

agreed to such the prior day.   The judge granted the request.

The officer, who was the first at the scene of the shooting,
                                                                     14


testified that he saw a shell casing from a small caliber

firearm on the floor near Monteiro's body when he approached to

provide care.   Police did not find that shell casing or any

other ballistics evidence at the house.

     The defendant has not shown any prejudice from the

testimony or demonstrated that he could have benefited if

defense counsel had objected.     The record reflects that defense

counsel agreed to the prosecutor's request, suggesting that he

had an adequate opportunity to prepare for the testimony.

Moreover, he thoroughly cross-examined the witness on matters

relating to the central issue in the trial -- the credibility of

the eyewitness identifications.     The officer testified after the

five eyewitnesses, all of whom had been shown photographic

arrays.    Defense counsel's cross-examination focused on

differences between recommended procedures for arrays and those

used during this investigation.     Defense counsel may have

strategically decided not to object to this witness so that he

could challenge the identification techniques at this stage of

trial.13


     13
       The defendant raised this and other claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel for the first time on appeal, leaving us
to consider the issues based only on the trial record. Relief
on a claim of ineffective assistance based on the trial record
is the weakest form of such a claim because it is "bereft of any
explanation by trial counsel for his actions and suggestive of
strategy contrived by a defendant viewing the case with
                                                                 15


    3.   Prosecutor's closing argument.   The defendant

challenges the following two portions of the prosecutor's

closing argument:

         "In counsel's closing, experienced and skilled
    counsel, . . . he hit on a number of points. The problem
    is with his arguments regarding for example social media.
    You heard a lot of questions about it. There's one problem
    with that argument. There was no testimony to back up the
    fact that anyone was influenced in their identification by
    social media, by popular media, TV, newspaper.

         ". . .

         "Did you see anything in these young people . . . that
    would convince you that they would come in here and as the
    argument was made hold someone accountable; that was the
    name that they knew so they want to say that. They want
    someone to be held accountable for this and so they just
    went with this, this guy over there. I'll say it was him.
    Do you believe that they would come in and do that? Did
    you hear anything about those individuals, did you see
    anything in them as you sized them up that would convince
    you that they would come in and do that because someone's
    got to pay. It might as well be that guy over there. It's
    ridiculous. There's no reason to believe that and you
    shouldn't believe that."

"Remarks made during closing arguments are considered in context

of the whole argument, the evidence admitted at trial, and the

judge's instructions to the jury."   Commonwealth v. Andrade, 468




hindsight." Commonwealth v. Gorham, 472 Mass. 112, 116 n.4
(2015), quoting Commonwealth v. Peloquin, 437 Mass. 204, 210 n.5
(2002). "[T]he factual basis of the claim [must] appear[]
indisputably on the trial record." Commonwealth v. Zinser, 446
Mass. 807, 811 (2006), quoting Commonwealth v. Adamides, 37
Mass. App. Ct. 339, 344 (1994). The defendant's claim here does
not appear indisputably on the trial record where defense
counsel's lack of objection may have been a strategic decision.
                                                                    16


Mass. 543, 552 (2014), quoting Commonwealth v. Whitman, 453

Mass. 331, 343 (2009).

    Specifically, the defendant argues that the prosecutor's

statement regarding social media was not a fair inference from

the evidence.   See Commonwealth v. Guy, 441 Mass. 96, 110

(2004), citing Commonwealth v. Stote, 433 Mass. 19, 28 (2000)

("Prosecutors must limit the scope of their closing arguments to

facts in evidence and the fair inferences that may be drawn

therefrom").    We disagree.   Although there was evidence that the

partygoers discussed the shooting, the eyewitnesses testified

that they were not influenced by outside sources in making their

identifications.    Moreover, the only witness who testified that

she had used social media in an attempt to "look[] for anybody

else that [she] may have seen at the party" identified an

individual who was incarcerated at the time, not the defendant.

    The defendant also argues that the prosecutor's discussion

of the eyewitness testimony improperly vouched for credibility.

"While a prosecutor may not vouch for the truthfulness of a

witness's testimony, . . . we consistently have held that, where

the credibility of a witness is an issue, counsel may 'argue

from the evidence why a witness should be believed'" (citations

omitted).   Commonwealth v. Brewer, 472 Mass. 307, 315 (2015).

During the defendant's closing, counsel challenged the

credibility of the first identifying witness when he argued that
                                                                       17


the "police [were] signaling to [him] . . . who they want him to

pick up, and there's no love lost at this point between [that

witness] and anybody from New Bedford who was at that party this

evening."    The prosecutor properly responded by arguing that the

jury could reject that suggestion by recalling the

characteristics of the witnesses' testimony.

     Because the prosecutor's statements were not improper,

trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object.        Even

if there had been an appearance of impropriety in the

statements, the judge carefully and clearly instructed the jury

that closing arguments are not evidence and that they alone were

tasked with determining credibility.     These instructions offset

any prejudice.14    See Brewer, supra.

     4.     Jury instructions.   The defendant challenges the

omission of three jury instructions:     (a) involuntary

manslaughter; (b) humane practice; and (c) intoxication.        He

argues that these omissions created a substantial likelihood of

a miscarriage of justice and that trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to object.




     14
       Because the defendant did not object, we would review any
errors to determine whether they created a substantial
likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. Commonwealth v.
Cassidy, 470 Mass. 201, 225-226 (2014), citing Commonwealth v.
Francis, 450 Mass. 132, 140 (2007).
                                                                     18


    a.   Involuntary manslaughter.     As here, "where a defendant

is charged with murder, an instruction on involuntary

manslaughter is appropriate if any 'reasonable view of the

evidence would [permit] the jury to find 'wanton [or] reckless'

conduct rather than actions from which a 'plain and strong

likelihood' of death would follow.'"     Commonwealth v. Tavares,

471 Mass. 430, 438 (2015).     After the last witness testified,

but before the Commonwealth rested, the judge advised the

parties that the evidence so far did not warrant an instruction

on "either species of manslaughter."    Trial counsel said that he

"would ask for [a manslaughter instruction]," but that he was

"not going to argue" with that ruling.

    The judge did not err in concluding that the evidence did

not support such an instruction.     In Commonwealth v. Braley, 449

Mass. 316 (2007), we concluded that "intentionally discharging a

firearm in the direction of another person creates a plain and

strong likelihood of death."     Id. at 332, quoting Commonwealth

v. Mack, 423 Mass. 288, 290 (1996).     Here, witnesses testified

that the defendant pointed a gun at Santos's head, the gun made

a sound as if it was being cocked, the defendant fired three

shots in quick succession, and Monteiro was shot from a distance

of no more than two feet.    Because a manslaughter instruction

was not warranted, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing

to object.
                                                                     19


    In any event, the jury convicted the defendant of felony-

murder, but they did not find him guilty of deliberate

premeditation.   "Where the felony-murder rule applies, generally

the defendant is not entitled to an instruction on

manslaughter."   Commonwealth v. Evans, 390 Mass. 144, 151

(1983), citing Commonwealth v. LePage, 352 Mass. 403, 419

(1967).   Because the killing occurred during the commission or

attempted commission of an armed robbery, the instruction was

not warranted.   See Commonwealth v. Neves, 474 Mass. 355, 370-

371 (2016).

    b.    Humane practice.   A "humane practice" instruction is

required where a defendant's statements are offered in evidence

and the voluntariness of those statements is "a live issue at

trial."   Commonwealth v. Tavares, 385 Mass. 140, 150, cert.

denied, 457 U.S. 1137 (1982), quoting Commonwealth v. Alicea,

376 Mass. 506, 523 (1978).     The defendant argues that the judge

erred in failing to give a humane practice instruction and trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to request it because

evidence suggested that the defendant had been intoxicated and

consumed marijuana the night of the party and that he had a

"terrible headache" and was "emotionally upset" during the

interview the following day.

    Counsel did not challenge the voluntariness of any

statements through pretrial motions or at trial on these
                                                                     20


grounds.15   Additionally, counsel specifically declined to have a

humane practice instruction read to the jury.    The defendant's

theory at trial was mistaken identity -- that he was at the

party but not involved in the altercation.     The statements that

the defendant gave to police align with that theory and, where

the defendant did not testify, produced the only evidence in

support of his claim.     It "would be anomalous to require the

judge to inquire into the issue 'where it might be contrary to

the theory and strategy of the defendant.'"     Commonwealth v.

Benoit, 410 Mass. 506, 513 (1991), quoting Commonwealth v.

Pratt, 360 Mass. 708, 714 (1972).     There was no error.

     c.   Intoxication.    "A jury instruction on voluntary

intoxication is required only where there is evidence of

'debilitating intoxication' that could support a reasonable

doubt as to the defendant's ability to form the requisite

criminal intent."   Commonwealth v. Lennon, 463 Mass. 520, 523

(2012).   The defendant argues that the judge erred in failing to

give an intoxication instruction and trial counsel was

     15
       Trial counsel challenged the admission of the first
interview conducted by the New Bedford police, arguing that the
defendant was illegally stopped and seized prior to the
interview, that the statement was not voluntary because the
police impermissibly gave him the impression that he could only
leave if he cooperated, that the police used trickery, and that
the interview was recorded without the defendant's consent. The
judge denied the defendant's motion to suppress. During
pretrial motions and at trial, the defendant only challenged
specific portions of the interviews.
                                                                     21


ineffective for failing to request it because there was evidence

supporting the defendant's intoxication.16

     There was no evidence that the defendant's condition at the

time of the shooting approached the level of "debilitating

intoxication" required for the instruction.     Lennon, supra.   One

witness testified that people in the group from New Bedford were

drinking liquor, but she did not remember everyone in the group

drinking.      Although the defendant told police during the

interrogation that he was "drunk out of [his] mind" and "high"

at the party, these self-serving statements are insufficient to

warrant an intoxication instruction where there was nothing to

support the inference that intoxication impaired the defendant's

ability to form the requisite criminal intent at the time of the

altercation.     Commonwealth v. Moses, 436 Mass. 598, 603 (2002).

Cf. Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, 469 Mass. 410, 412-413, 422 (2014)

(error to omit intoxication instruction where evidence showed

defendant had spent evening drinking, was intoxicated two hours

before murder, and had "'red, glassy eyes' and smelled of

alcohol" when police arrived shortly after murder).




     16
       The judge asked the defendant if he would be requesting
an intoxication or manslaughter instruction, and counsel
responded that he "believe[d]" he would be asking for a
manslaughter instruction. He did not request an intoxication
instruction.
                                                                     22


       5.   Judicial bias.   The defendant argues that the judge

prejudiced his case by demonstrating partiality toward the

Commonwealth.    Specifically, the defendant claims that the judge

engaged in the following conduct suggestive of such a bias:        (a)

allowing the prosecutors to ask leading questions of their

witnesses; (b) allowing the prosecutor to introduce statements

during trial after asserting pretrial that he did not intend to

admit them; (c) asking questions of a witness; (d) instructing

the jury that their memory controlled after counsel conducted

what the defendant describes as a "very effective cross-

examination" regarding prior testimony;17 and (e) assisting the

prosecutor to introduce evidence against the defendant.

       "The role of the trial judge is that of an impartial

arbiter and not that of a prosecutor."      Commonwealth v. Sneed,

376 Mass. 867, 870 (1978).      A judge "is there to see that

justice is done, or at least to see that the jury have a fair

chance to do justice . . . a first-rate trial judge will find

and tread the narrow path that lies between meddlesomeness on

17
     The judge instructed the jury as follows:

            "Jurors, I think it is perhaps an appropriate time,
       because both sides have referred to what may have been said
       by a witness while on this stand, and perhaps other
       witnesses as well, I am not going to comment upon the
       testimony of any witness in this case, but I do want you to
       remember something that I told you right at the outset. It
       is your memory of the testimony, your memory of the
       evidence, that controls this case. No one else's."
                                                                  23


the one hand and ineffectiveness and impotence on the other."

Commonwealth v. Brown, 462 Mass. 620, 632 (2012), quoting

Commonwealth v. Haley, 363 Mass. 513, 519 (1973).     Here, the

judge performed commendably during this lengthy trial.

    The judge sustained defense objections to leading questions

by the prosecutor, and the defendant did not object to other

leading questions that are now challenged.     Sua sponte, the

judge alerted the prosecutor to his leading questions before the

defendant objected.     These actions conform with the judge's task

to "see that justice is done."    Brown, 462 Mass. at 632.

    Although the judge allowed the Commonwealth to play three

of the defendant's four recorded statements during trial when it

originally intended to play only the first recording, the

defendant was aware of the remaining recordings and had

submitted his proposed redactions to the judge before trial.

The judge resolved any issues with redactions in favor of the

defendant for the remaining recordings when he ruled that the

Commonwealth would not be allowed to play those interviews

unless the prosecutor obtained the defendant's agreement

regarding redactions.
                                                                   24


    The judge did not err in questioning a witness.18   A judge

may properly question a witness, even where to do so may

"reinforce the Commonwealth's case, so long as the examination

is not partisan in nature, biased, or a display of belief in the

defendant's guilt."   Commonwealth v. Festa, 369 Mass. 419, 422

(1976), and cases cited.   Although defense counsel requested

that the judge refrain from any further questioning, he stated

that he did not "have a problem with that question[ing]," and

that he "was just raising [his] concerns."   We discern no error

where the defendant has failed to establish that the judge's

questions were inappropriate on any of these grounds.

    Additionally, the judge did not err in instructing the jury

that their memory controls.   This is a proper statement of the

law, and a judge has discretion as to the timing of

instructions.   See Mass. R. Crim. P. 24 (b), 378 Mass. 895

(1979) (no limitation on timing of instructions).

    The judge did not impermissibly assist the prosecutor.      The

defendant challenges a number of rulings and comments made by

the judge, none of which falls outside a judge's permissible

    18
       The defendant argues that the judge demonstrated
partiality by asking questions of a witness. One such example
is the judge's questioning of one of the partygoers during
direct examination to identify on the diagram of the house
locations where the shooting occurred, the "front door," the
"back door," the table where the witness was seated, and the
locations that the witness described as "lit well" and "not lit
very well and dark."
                                                                    25


discretion to control court proceedings.     A judge must be "the

directing and controlling mind at the trial, and not a mere

functionary to preserve order and lend ceremonial dignity to the

proceedings."   Wilson, 381 Mass. at 118, quoting Commonwealth v.

Lewis, 346 Mass. 373, 379 (1963), cert. denied, 376 U.S. 933

(1964).

    Our conclusion that the judge did not exceed his authority

is supported by his instructions to the jury, wherein he

informed them that if he "somehow conveyed to [them] an

impression of some opinion [he] may have as to the outcome of

this trial, [they] should disregard it."     Commonwealth v.

Keniston, 423 Mass. 304, 311 (1996).

    6.     Firearms convictions.   The defendant claims that his

rights under the Second and Fourteenth Amendments to the United

States Constitution were violated where he was convicted of

possessing a firearm without a firearm identification card and

the Commonwealth produced no evidence that he lacked a firearms

license.    The defendant properly concedes that we have rejected

this claim in previous cases, see, e.g., Commonwealth v. Powell,

459 Mass. 572, 582 (2011), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 1739 (2012),

because the defendant bears the burden to come forward with
                                                                     26


evidence demonstrating that he was licensed to carry a firearm.

We discern no reason to revisit this conclusion.19

     7.   Relief pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E.    In accordance

with our review pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, we vacate the

defendant's armed robbery conviction.    Although we discern no

other basis on which to grant the defendant relief, we have

considered in our § 33E review whether the lack of congruence

between the jury's verdict finding the defendant guilty of

felony-murder "by means of being in joint venture with the

person who performed the acts which caused the death of . . .

Monteiro" and the evidence that the defendant alone shot the

Monteiro was error.   We conclude that it was not.

     The Commonwealth proceeded at trial on the theories of

deliberate premeditation and felony-murder, with the underlying

felony being the armed robbery of Santos.    The felony-murder

theory was supported by evidence that the defendant pointed a

gun at Santos, robbed Santos of his gold chain, and then shot

Monteiro when he intervened.   The Commonwealth alleged a joint

venture with other members of the New Bedford group and

requested a joint venture instruction.    The judge acquiesced and

instructed the jury on joint venture during the final

     19
       The defendant also waived the defense of license by
failing to file a pretrial notice as required by Mass. R. Crim.
P. 14 (b) (3), as appearing in 442 Mass. 1518 (2004). See
Commonwealth v. Humphries, 465 Mass. 762, 771 (2013).
                                                                      27


instructions as he had done in the preliminary instructions to

the jury.    Trial counsel did not object to the joint venture

instruction when it was requested or after the conclusion of the

jury instructions.        The judge, with the parties' agreement,

prepared a special verdict slip with the following options:

    "[1.]    Not Guilty

    "[2.]    Guilty of First-Degree Murder

            "[a.]    By Deliberate Premeditation

                    "and/or

            "[b.]    Felony Murder

                    "[i.] By means of performing the acts which
                    caused the death of Scott Monteiro while in the
                    commission or attempted commission of a life
                    felony [i.e. armed robbery]

                          "or

                    "[ii.] By means of being in joint venture with
                    the person who performed the acts which caused
                    the death of Scott Monteiro while in the
                    commission or attempted commission of a life
                    felony [i.e. armed robbery].

    "[3.]    Guilty [of] Second-Degree Murder

            "[a.] By means of performing the acts which caused
            the death of Scott Monteiro

                    "or

            "[b.] By felony murder [i.e. performing the acts
            which caused the death of Scott Monteiro while being
            in unlawful possession of a firearm in violation of
            G. L. c. 269, (§) 10 (a)]."
                                                                    28


The parties agreed to this verdict slip notwithstanding the lack

of evidence that anyone other than the defendant shot Monteiro.

The jury found the defendant guilty of felony-murder under the

second option:   that the defendant was in a "joint venture with

the person who performed the acts which caused the death" of

Monteiro.

    Although the jury's verdict slip answer does not mesh

precisely with the evidence that the defendant alone was the

shooter, the lack of consistency does not vitiate the guilty

finding.    Where, as here, the verdict is based on joint venture,

the question we ask is whether the defendant engaged in conduct

sufficiently culpable to establish his participation in the

crime as a joint venturer.    Commonwealth v. Zanetti, 454 Mass.

449, 467-468 (2009).    As long as there is "sufficient evidence

of the defendant's active participation in the crime and that he

had or shared the necessary intent," it is not necessary that

the jury "determine specifically whether the defendant

participated as an accomplice or as a principal."    Commonwealth

v. Rosa, 468 Mass. 231, 246 (2014).    In this case, where the

underlying felony was armed robbery, the Commonwealth was also

required to establish that the defendant knew that at least one

of the participants possessed a weapon.    Commonwealth v. Garcia,

470 Mass. 24, 31 (2014).
                                                                  29


    In any event, the evidence was more than sufficient to

establish that the defendant was an "active [participant] in the

crime" and "shared the necessary intent" to carry out the crime,

Rosa, supra, and that he knew at least one other participant in

the crime was armed, Garcia, supra.    The defendant admitted

through his statements, presented during the Commonwealth's

case, that he was at the party, that he knew that at least four

people in his group were carrying firearms, that he understood

that people in his group "probably were planning on robbing"

Santos, that he saw the shooter "cock" the firearm and "pistol

whip" Santos, and that he was about five or six feet from the

shooter when the gun was fired.   Thus, even if the jury, or at

least one juror, discredited the Commonwealth's evidence that

the defendant was the shooter, the jury were warranted in

finding the defendant guilty of felony-murder as a joint

venturer on this alternative theory.

                                   So ordered.
