                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-4456
                                       ___________

                                    JAMES MURRAY
                                    a/k/a James Hines,
                                                  Appellant

                                             v.

                            WARDEN LEWISBURG USP
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 3-14-cv-02013)
                     District Judge: Honorable Richard P. Conaboy
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   February 2, 2016

          Before: JORDAN, BARRY and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: February 3, 2016)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.

                                             1
       Pro se appellant James Murray, a prisoner confined in the United States

Penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, appeals the District Court’s order dismissing his

petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Murray’s appeal requires a

certificate of appealablity (COA) to proceed. Because he does not meet the standard for

issuing one, we decline to do so and will dismiss the appeal.

       According to his habeas petition, Murray is currently serving a sentence imposed

by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. After he had begun serving that

sentence, he was convicted in Massachusetts state court of armed robbery, and sentenced

to a consecutive term of 11 to 14 years’ imprisonment. See Murray v. D.C., 826 F. Supp.

4, 7 (D.D.C. 1993) (detailing Murray’s criminal history). The Commonwealth of

Massachusetts has lodged a detainer to ensure that, when Murray is released from his

D.C. sentence, he will be transferred to the custody of Massachusetts to begin serving his

sentence for armed robbery.

       In 2014, Murray filed a § 2241 petition in the District Court. He claimed that

forcing him to serve a consecutive sentence after he has completed his lengthy D.C.

sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

Thus, he asked the District Court to set aside his Massachusetts conviction and the

associated detainer. The District Court concluded that such a challenge must be filed “in

the jurisdiction in which the state official lodging the detainer is located” — that is, in

Massachusetts. Op. at 4. The Court therefore dismissed the § 2241 petition without


                                               2
prejudice to Murray’s re-filing in the District of Massachusetts. Murray filed a timely

notice of appeal to this Court.

       While the District Court treated Murray’s petition as arising under § 2241, the

Government argues that it is properly treated as a § 2254 petition. We need not resolve

this issue because under either section, Murray must obtain a COA to proceed with this

appeal. See Coady v. Vaughn, 251 F.3d 480, 486 (3d Cir. 2001); United States v.

Cepero, 224 F.3d 256, 264 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc), overruled on other grounds by

Gonzalez v. Thaler, 132 S. Ct. 641, 647 n.1 (2012); see also Montez v. McKinna, 208

F.3d 862, 868 n.6 (10th Cir. 2000). To obtain a COA, Murray must show that “jurists of

reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a

constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district

court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).

Murray must satisfy both the procedural and the constitutional components of this test,

and we may “proceed[] first to resolve the issue whose answer is more apparent from the

record and arguments.” Id. at 485.

       Here, we conclude that jurists of reason would agree that Murray has not presented

a valid Eighth Amendment challenge to his Massachusetts sentence. To make out an

Eighth Amendment violation, Murray must show that his sentence is grossly

disproportionate to his crime. Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010). It is “difficult

for the challenger to establish a lack of proportionality.” Id. The Supreme Court has

previously rejected Eighth Amendment challenges to a sentence of 25 years to life for
                                              3
felony grand theft of three golf clubs under a three-strikes law, see Ewing v. California,

538 U.S. 11, 19-20 (2003), and consecutive 20-year sentences for possession with intent

to distribute and distribution of marijuana, see Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 370-72

(1982) (per curiam).

       Reasonable jurists would agree that Murray’s sentence for armed robbery is not

constitutionally disproportionate to his crime. His sentence — 11 to 14 years in prison —

is well below the statutory maximum of life imprisonment. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch.

265, § 17; see also United States v. Burnett, 773 F.3d 122, 137 (3d Cir. 2014) (“a court

grants substantial deference to legislative decisions regarding punishments for crimes”).

It is also far shorter than the sentences that the Supreme Court has previously concluded

withstood attack under the Eighth Amendment. Moreover, Murray has identified no

specific characteristics of his crime that suggest he should have received an especially

light sentence.

       Indeed, Murray does not argue in any meaningful way that the armed-robbery

sentence is, in itself, excessive. Rather, he contends that it is excessive because it runs

consecutively to his D.C. sentence. However, as relevant here, “[t]he Eighth Amendment

analysis focuses on the sentence imposed for each specific crime, not on the cumulative

sentence for multiple crimes.” Hawkins v. Hargett, 200 F.3d 1279, 1285 n.5 (10th Cir.

1999); see also United States v. Rosenberg, 806 F.2d 1169, 1175 (3d Cir. 1986).

Reasonable jurists would therefore agree that Murray’s constitutional claim lacks merit.

See United States v. Walker, 473 F.3d 71, 83 (3d Cir. 2007) (rejecting Eighth
                                              4
Amendment challenge to 55-year consecutive sentence for three convictions under 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), two of which occurred during armed robberies).

       Therefore, we decline to issue a COA. And, because a COA is a jurisdictional

prerequisite to maintaining an appeal on the merits, see United States v. Doe, -- F.3d ---,

No. 13-4274, 2015 WL 8287858, at *6 (3d Cir. Dec. 9, 2015), we will dismiss the matter

for lack of jurisdiction. We deny Murray’s numerous pending motions.




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