                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



APEX BEHAVIORAL HEALTH WESTERN                                    UNPUBLISHED
WAYNE, PLLC and APEX DOWN RIVER                                   November 13, 2014
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH LLC,

              Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                                 No. 317490
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
AHMAD KHAN and YAR, INC,                                          LC No. 13-005567-CZ

              Defendants-Appellees.


Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and SAAD and TALBOT, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Apex Behavioral Health Western Wayne, PLLC (“Apex Western Wayne”) and Apex
Down River Behavioral Health LLC (“Apex Down River”) appeal as of right from the circuit
court’s order denying their motion for a preliminary injunction, setting aside their temporary
restraining order, and dismissing their complaint in its entirety. We vacate the circuit court’s
order dismissing Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River’s claims and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

         This case arose after Ahmad Khan and Yar, Inc. attempted to execute a March 1, 2013
judgment against Apex Behavioral Health, PLLC (“Apex”) entered by the 18th District Court
against Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River. As background, Apex once consisted of
ten psychiatrists, but after dissension, the psychiatrists formed three other separate limited
liability companies, which included Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River. On March 1,
2013, the district court entered a default judgment in favor of Khan and Yar, Inc. against Apex
for $25,635.29. At the time the judgment was entered, Apex and Apex Western Wayne both
listed the same address as their registered office with the Michigan Department of Licensing and
Regulatory Affairs. On April 23, 2013, bailiffs went to the address for Apex and Apex Western




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Wayne and attempted to collect on the judgment. Apex Western Wayne paid $15,846 to prevent
the bailiffs from taking property and closing the business.1

        In response to Khan and Yar, Inc.’s collection efforts, Apex Western Wayne filed a
verified complaint for unjust enrichment, a temporary restraining order, a show cause order, and
a preliminary injunction on April 29, 2013, in the circuit court. That same date, Apex Western
Wayne also filed a motion for a temporary restraining order, a show cause order, and a
preliminary injunction. On April 30, 2013, the court entered a temporary restraining order and
also set a show cause hearing regarding why a preliminary injunction should not be ordered for
May 10, 2013. On May 7, 2013, Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River filed a verified
amended complaint for unjust enrichment, a temporary restraining order, a show cause order, and
a preliminary injunction, arguing that Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River were
separate and distinct legal entities from Apex, and, therefore, were not liable for Apex’s
judgment obligations. The court subsequently determined that Apex Western Wayne and Apex
Down River were liable for Apex’s debts because, in the court’s words, “[j]ust changing the last
name doesn’t — won’t enable Apex from avoiding the debt.” Accordingly, on July 18, 2013, the
court entered an order denying Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River’s request for a
preliminary injunction, setting aside the temporary restraining order, and dismissing the amended
complaint.

        Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River first argue that the circuit court improperly
dismissed their case because it wrongly concluded that they were liable on Apex’s debt
obligations. Specifically, Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River contend that the circuit
court erred when it acted on its own initiative, failed to articulate specific reasons for the
dismissal, and failed to give them an opportunity to brief and argue their position. We agree that
the circuit court erred. We review for clear error a trial court’s factual findings supporting its
decision to involuntarily dismiss a plaintiff’s claims, and review de novo a trial court’s ultimate
decision to involuntarily dismiss a case.2 A finding is clearly erroneous if, after reviewing the
entire record, this Court “is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
made.”3

       Under MCR 2.504(B)(2),4 in a hearing without a jury, a trial court may dismiss a case on
its own initiative if it determines on the facts and the law that the plaintiffs are not entitled to


1
  Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River allege that on May 2, 2013, bailiffs also appeared
at Apex Down River and attempted to collect the outstanding debt owed under the judgment.
Khan and Yar, Inc., however, deny this allegation.
2
    Samuel D Begola Servs, Inc v Wild Bros, 210 Mich App 636, 639; 534 NW2d 217 (1995).
3
    Peters v Gunnell, Inc, 253 Mich App 211, 221; 655 NW2d 582 (2002).
4
    MCR 2.504(B)(2) provides as follows:
                 In [a] . . . hearing tried without a jury, after the presentation of the
         plaintiff’s evidence, the court, on its own initiative, may dismiss, or the defendant,
         without waiving the defendant’s right to offer evidence if the motion is not


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relief. Thus, the mere fact that the court dismissed the case sua sponte is not grounds for
reversal.

        MCR 2.504(B)(2), however, also provides that if a court chooses to render judgment on
the merits against a plaintiff, the court must make findings as provided by MCR 2.517. MCR
2.517(A)(1) requires that, in actions tried without a jury, that the court “find the facts specially,
state separately its conclusions of law, and direct entry of the appropriate judgment.”
Nonetheless, when a trial court makes no independent findings, but merely enters judgment in
favor of a party, the court’s conclusions and factual findings are sufficient if “it appears that the
trial court was aware of the issues in the case and correctly applied the law, and where appellate
review would not be facilitated by requiring further explanation.”5 Here, the circuit court’s
factual findings and conclusions of law were not sufficient and further proceedings are
necessitated.

        The circuit court’s conclusion that Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River were
liable on Apex’s debt obligations was predicated on the flawed assumption that Apex Western
Wayne and Apex Down River were legally associated with Apex, but had merely changed their
names. The court’s statement that “[j]ust changing the last name . . . won’t enable Apex from
avoiding the debt” reveals a misunderstanding of the facts of this case.

         Under Article 2 of the Michigan Limited Liability Company Act,6 a limited liability
company exists as an independent legal entity beginning “on the effective date of the articles of
organization” and “[f]iling is conclusive evidence that all conditions precedent required to be
performed under this act are fulfilled and that the company is formed . . . .”7 Once a limited
liability company is formed, it exists as an independent legal entity, which can own assets, enter
into contracts, is liable for its own debts, and cannot be held automatically liable for the debts of
another separate legal entity.8

        The court below considered (1) that Apex Western Wayne and Apex shared a registered
office address, (2) that Apex Western Wayne’s registered agent wrote a letter using Apex
letterhead, and (3) that counsel for Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River stated, “They’re
part of the PLLC,” to conclude that Apex Western Wayne and Apex were the same company
with a different last part of the name. However, Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River

         granted, may move for dismissal on the ground that, on the facts and the law, the
         plaintiff has no right to relief. The court may then determine the facts and render
         judgment against the plaintiff, or may decline to render judgment until the close
         of all the evidence. If the court renders judgment on the merits against the
         plaintiff, the court shall make findings as provided in MCR 2.517.
5
  Triple E Produce Corp v Mastronardi Produce, Ltd, 209 Mich App 165, 176; 530 NW2d 772
(1995).
6
    MCL 450.4101 et seq.
7
    MCL 450.4202(2).
8
    See MCL 450.4210.


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were each registered as independent limited liability companies as early as 2011. Two
companies sharing the same registered office address, or a member of a limited liability company
writing on the letterhead of another company, does not transform the two companies into the
same legal entity. Further, the statement made by counsel for Apex Western Wayne and Apex
Down River that “they” were “part of the PLLC,” in response to the court’s question regarding
whether Apex Western Wayne and Apex Downriver were part of Apex, is devoid of sufficient
context to determine what in fact counsel meant by her statement. Because Apex Western
Wayne and Apex Down River are separately established independent limited liability companies
under Michigan law, the circuit court clearly erred in determining that Apex, Apex Western
Wayne, and Apex Down River were all the same company liable under the district court’s
judgment.

        The question remains, however, whether the circuit court properly dismissed Apex
Western Wayne and Apex Down River’s claims because Khan and Yar, Inc. had a right to
collect the assets located at the registered office of both Apex and Apex Western Wayne and to
keep the $15,846 given by Apex Western Wayne to Khan and Yar, Inc.’s bailiffs. At the time
the district court entered its judgment against Apex on March 1, 2013, Apex still existed. Thus,
Khan and Yar, Inc. were required to execute their judgment collection efforts against Apex, and
not Apex Western Wayne. The problem, then, turns on the fact that Apex Western Wayne and
Apex shared the same registered office and the record does not indicate whether the assets
sought by Khan and Yar, Inc.’s bailiffs were the property of Apex or of Apex Western Wayne.
Accordingly, further proceedings are necessary to determine who owned the assets sought by
Khan and Yar, Inc. Discovery is also required to determine whether the funds given to Khan and
Yar, Inc.’s bailiffs by Apex Western Wayne actually belonged to Apex Western Wayne, or
whether they came out of the assets of Apex. If the $15,846 was distributed from the separate
and individual funds of Apex Western Wayne, Khan and Yar, Inc. are not entitled to keep those
funds.

        Lastly, Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River argue that the circuit court abused
its discretion in refusing to grant their motion for a preliminary injunction. We find that a
reassessment of whether to grant Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River’s request for a
preliminary injunction is warranted. “The grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is within
the sound discretion of the trial court, and this Court will not reverse that decision absent an
abuse of that discretion.”9 An abuse of discretion occurs when “the trial court’s decision falls
outside the range of principled outcomes.”10

       When a court decides whether to grant or deny a motion for a preliminary injunction, the
court must




9
    Davis v City of Detroit Fin Review Team, 296 Mich App 568, 612; 821 NW2d 896 (2012).
10
  Detroit Fire Fighters Ass’n, IAFF Local 344 v Detroit, 482 Mich 18, 28; 753 NW2d 579
(2008).


                                              -4-
          evaluate whether (1) the moving party made the required demonstration of
          irreparable harm, (2) the harm to the applicant absent such an injunction
          outweighs the harm it would cause to the adverse party, (3) the moving party
          showed that it is likely to prevail on the merits, and (4) there will be harm to the
          public interest if an injunction is issued.[11]

The moving party “bears the burden of proving that the traditional four elements favor the
issuance of a preliminary injunction.”12 “[I]njunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy that
issues only when justice requires, there is no adequate remedy at law, and there exists a real and
imminent danger of irreparable injury.”13

        Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River contend that the circuit court improperly
denied their request for a preliminary injunction because it failed to specifically articulate its
reasoning under the four-factor test. Although nothing in the court rules specifically requires the
trial court to articulate every reason for denial of a preliminary injunction under the traditional
four-factor test, precedent from the Michigan Supreme Court indicates that the four factors must
be considered by the court.14

        Here, the lower court implicitly addressed both the irreparable harm factor and the
likelihood to prevail on the merits factor by finding that Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down
River were the same legal entity as Apex, only with a different last name, and, therefore, were
properly liable for Apex’s debts. The lower court’s findings, however, were clearly erroneous
and the propriety of the court’s legal conclusions cannot be discerned without further
proceedings to determine the ownership of the assets sought by and given to Khan and Yar, Inc.
If the assets belonged to Apex Western Wayne in its capacity as an independent limited liability
company, refusal to grant a preliminary injunction could perhaps cause irreparable harm, Apex
Western Wayne and Apex Down River would likely succeed on the merits, the balance of harms
would weigh in favor of Apex Western Wayne and Apex Down River, and there would be no
risk of harm to the public by granting the injunction.




11
     Id. at 34.
12
     Id.; see also MCR 3.310(A)(4).
13
     Davis, 296 Mich App at 613-614 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
14
  Detroit Fire Fighters, 482 Mich at 34 (explaining that the trial court “must evaluate” the four
factors in determining whether to grant or deny a motion for a preliminary injunction).


                                                  -5-
       Accordingly, we vacate the circuit court’s order dismissing Apex Western Wayne and
Apex Down River’s claims, and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                        /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                        /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                        /s/ Michael J. Talbot




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