[Cite as State v. Hathaway, 2015-Ohio-5488.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      GREENE COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                       :
                                                     :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                          :   C.A. CASE NO. 2014-CA-13
                                                     :
 v.                                                  :   T.C. NO. 13CR285
                                                     :
 JOSEPH L. HATHAWAY                                  :   (Criminal appeal from
                                                     :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                         :
                                                     :

                                                ...........

                                               OPINION

                Rendered on the ___30th___ day of ___December___, 2015.

                                                ...........

ELIZABETH A. ELLIS, Atty, Reg. No. 0074332, Assistant Prosecutor, 61 Greene Street,
Xenia, Ohio 45385
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

THOMAS M. KOLLIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0066964, 2372 Lakeview Drive, Suite H,
Beavercreek, Ohio 45431
     Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                               .............

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Joseph L. Hathaway appeals his conviction and

sentence for one count of trafficking in marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2), a

felony of the second degree; and one count of illegal assembly or possession of chemicals

for the manufacture of drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.041, a felony of the third degree.
                                                                                          -2-


Hathaway filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on April 11, 2014.

       {¶ 2} On June 3, 2013, Hathaway was indicted for one count of complicity in the

commission of tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) and R.C.

2921.12(A)(1); one count of possession of hashish, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A); one

count of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A); one count of trafficking

in marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2); one count of permitting drug abuse, in

violation of R.C. 2925.13(B); one count of illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for

the manufacture of drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.041; and one count of illegal cultivation

of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.04(A), along with a firearm specification.

       {¶ 3} On June 21, 2013, Hathaway pled not guilty, and on August 21, 2013, he

filed a Motion to Suppress. A hearing was held on said motion on October 9, 2013. In

overruling Hathaway’s motion to suppress, the trial court issued a Judgment Entry on

January 13, 2014, which states that it reviewed Joint Exhibit 1, “a search warrant

requesting the use of a thermal imaging device to address heat signatures at 1490 South

Central Drive, Beavercreek, Greene County, Ohio,” and Joint Exhibit 2, which “reflects

the results of the use of the thermal imaging device which requested a search of the

subject residence and the seizure of evidence which is the basis of this case.” The South

Central Drive address is the home of Hathaway and his wife, Jennifer Bradshaw-

Hathaway. The Judgment Entry provides that the “parties agreed that the Court would

decide this case solely upon the warrant and affidavit finding that there was no need for

additional testimony or issues for the Court under the authority of Franks v. Delaware,

438 U.S. 154 (1978).” Ultimately, the trial court found that the search warrant was based

on probable cause and overruled Hathaway’s motion to suppress.
                                                                                          -3-


       {¶ 4} On March 12, 2014, Hathaway pled guilty to trafficking in marijuana, a felony

of the second degree, and illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the

manufacture of drugs, a felony of the third degree.

       {¶ 5} On the same date, the trial court issued an “Entry and Order” which provides

in part that in accepting Hathaway’s pleas, the Court “has complied with Criminal Rule

11.” The March 12, 2014, transcript of the proceedings reflects that Jennifer Bradshaw-

Hathaway was present at the hearing and entered guilty pleas to complicity to tampering

with evidence, a felony of the third degree, and permitting drug abuse, a felony of the fifth

degree. The transcript reflects the following charges were dismissed against Bradshaw-

Hathaway: possession of hashish, possession of marijuana, trafficking in marijuana, and

illegal possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs. She and Hathaway were

both represented by attorney Patrick Mulligan.        After accepting the couple’s pleas,

Hathaway received an agreed sentence of five years.             The trial court postponed

disposition for Bradshaw-Hathaway pending the completion of a pre-sentence

investigation.

       {¶ 6} As previously stated, Hathaway filed a notice of appeal on April 11, 2014.

On July 17, 2014, Hathaway’s appointed counsel filed a brief pursuant to Anders v.

California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967). In the Anders brief,

appointed counsel advanced one potentially meritorious assignment of error, namely

“whether Mr. Hathaway was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance

of counsel when a) a direct conflict of interest existed when trial counsel represented Mr.

Hathaway and his wife in the same case, and b) trial counsel failed to inform Mr.

Hathaway that entering a plea of ‘Guilty’ would preclude appellate review of the Motion to
                                                                                       -4-

Suppress.” We advised Hathaway that an Anders brief had been filed on his behalf and

granted him 60 days to file a pro se brief assigning any errors for our review. Hathaway

did not filed a brief in response, and we note that the State did not file a response to

Hathaway’s Anders brief.

      {¶ 7} Upon review, we issued a decision and entry on January 20, 2015, wherein

we reached the following conclusion:

      *** Regarding counsel for Hathaway’s assertion that he was denied the

      effective assistance of counsel due to defense counsel’s failure to inform

      him that pleading guilty precluded appellate review of his motion to

      suppress, we agree with appellate counsel that this assertion lacks arguable

      merit. However, we conclude that appellate counsel’s argument regarding

      the existence of a potential conflict of interest in Mulligan’s representation

      of Hathaway and Bradshaw-Hathaway has arguable merit. In other words,

      the potential assignment of error is not wholly frivolous. Accordingly, we

      will set aside the Anders brief that was filed by appellate counsel and

      appoint new counsel to represent Hathaway. Counsel is free, of course, to

      raise any other issues that counsel believes have merit.

      {¶ 8} On May 26, 2015, Hathaway’s newly appointed counsel filed a merit brief on

his behalf. The State filed its response on September 18, 2015. Hathaway’s appeal is

now properly before us.

      {¶ 9} Hathaway’s first assignment of error is as follows:

      {¶ 10} “TRIAL COUNSEL WAS CONSTITUTIONALLY INEFFECTIVE IN HIS

REPRESENTATION OF THE APPELLANT BECAUSE HE ALSO REPRESENTED THE
                                                                                              -5-


CO-DEFENDANT AND THERE WAS AN ACTUAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST.”

       {¶ 11} In his first assignment, Hathaway contends that he received ineffective

assistance because his trial counsel represented both him and his wife, Bradshaw-

Hathaway, thus creating a direct conflict of interest. Specifically, Hathaway argues that

an actual conflict existed because trial counsel jointly represented him and his wife for the

same offenses resulting from the same course of conduct.

       {¶ 12} As this Court noted in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), “the proper standard for attorney performance is that of

reasonably effective assistance. * * *.” Id., 466 U.S. at 687. “An error by counsel, even

if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal

proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment. * * *.” Id., at 691. “It is not enough

for the defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of

the proceeding. * * *.” Id., at 693. The Strickland Court further noted, “[o]n the other

hand, we believe that a defendant need not show that counsel's deficient conduct more

likely than not altered the outcome in the case.” Id. “The result of a proceeding can be

rendered    unreliable,   and   hence    the   proceeding     itself   unfair,   even   if   the

errors of counsel cannot be shown by a preponderance of the evidence to have

determined the outcome.” Id., at 694. Finally, the Court in Strickland determined that to

establish ineffective assistance, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Id.

       {¶ 13} Initially, we note that neither Hathaway nor his wife objected to their retained
                                                                                          -6-


counsel’s joint representation at any point during the proceedings before the trial court.

In order to establish a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of

counsel, a defendant who fails to object to joint representation at trial must demonstrate

that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer's performance. Cuyler v.

Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 347, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980); State v. Manross,

40 Ohio St.3d 180, 532 N.E.2d 735 (1988).              An attorney representing multiple

defendants in criminal proceedings is in the best position professionally and ethically to

determine when a conflict of interest exists or will probably develop during the course of

the trial. Cuyler at 347. A reviewing court cannot presume that the mere possibility of a

conflict resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel. Manross at 182. A possible conflict

of interest is inherent in almost all instances of joint or multiple representation. The mere

possibility of a conflict of interest is insufficient to impugn a criminal conviction. Id. An

actual conflict of interest must be shown. State v. Gillard, 78 Ohio St.3d 548, 552, 679

N.E.2d 276 (1997).

       {¶ 14} The term “conflict of interest” involves circumstances in which regard for

one duty tends to lead to disregard of another duty, such as when there is representation

of multiple clients with incompatible interests. Id. at 552-553. A possible conflict of

interest exists where the interests of the defendants may diverge at some point, so as to

place the attorney under inconsistent duties, but an actual conflict of interest is shown

where during the course of the representation the defendants' interests do diverge with

respect to a material factual or legal issue or to a course of action. Id. A lawyer

represents conflicting interests when, on behalf of one client, it is his duty to contend for

that which duty to another client requires him to oppose. Manross, 40 Ohio St.3d at 182,
                                                                                            -7-

532 N.E.2d at 738. In order to demonstrate an actual conflict of interest based upon what

an attorney has failed to do, a defendant must demonstrate that same plausible

alternative defense strategy or tactic that has sufficient substance to be at least viable

might have been pursued but was not undertaken due to the attorney's conflicting loyalties

or interests. Gillard, 78 Ohio St.3d at 553, 679 N.E.2d 276.

       {¶ 15} Hathaway asserts that an actual conflict existed with trial counsel’s joint

representation because “it was in his interest and the interest of his wife/co-defendant to

deny all knowledge and involvement and testify against each other because of the nature

of the charges.” Hathaway also argues that he and his wife “were to be the prosecution’s

primary witnesses against each other.” Lastly, Hathaway argues that his trial counsel

never discussed the issue of spousal privilege with either himself or his wife.

Accordingly, Hathaway asserts that he was placed under the impression by his trial

counsel that he would be obligated to testify against his wife/co-defendant.

       {¶ 16} In support of these arguments, Hathaway cites to information contained in

his petition for post-conviction relief which he filed with the trial court on August 26, 2014.

A hearing was held on Hathaway’s petition on December 17, 2014. The trial court denied

Hathaway’s petition in a decision issued on January 27, 2015. Hathaway appealed.

We recently affirmed the trial court’s decision. See State v. Hathaway, 2d Dist. Greene

No. 2015-CA-11, 2015-Ohio-5299.

       {¶ 17} We encountered a similar factual scenario in State v. Booker, 63 Ohio

App.3d 459, 579 N.E.2d 264 (2d Dist.1989). In Booker, the defendant argued that that

he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel as a result of a conflict of interest

in his trial counsel's joint representation of both him and his common-law wife. Id. at 460.
                                                                                           -8-


Upon review, we concluded that any determination of whether the defendant may have

been prejudiced as a result of joint representation could not be determined on direct

appeal “because those determinations necessarily depend[ed] upon matters outside the

record.”   Specifically, we found that it was not possible to determine whether the

defendant and his wife/co-defendant were actually prejudiced by the adoption of an

unsound trial strategy as a result of conflicts of interest inherent in their joint

representation, without going outside the record. Id. at 465.          Like Hathaway, the

defendant in Booker argued that had he taken the stand, he could have implicated his

wife and maintain his innocence. “This presupposes that [the defendant] could have

testified truthfully to that effect, but that is a determination that cannot be made upon this

record.” Id.

        {¶ 18} In the instant case, all of the arguments made by Hathaway in support of

his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel address matters not appearing in the record.

Issues involving what Hathaway’s trial counsel may or may not have discussed with him

prior to entering his plea and/or what his defense may have been if he had elected to go

to trial would call for speculation on our part. Therefore, the appropriate remedy is

through a petition for post-conviction relief, pursuant to R.C. 2953.21, and not through

direct appeal. Booker at 466. As previously discussed, Hathaway filed a petition for post-

conviction relief with the trial court in which he made the same claims of ineffective

assistance as he did in the instant appeal. The trial court dismissed his petition, and as

noted above, we have affirmed the trial court’s decision. See Hathaway, 2015-Ohio-

5299.

        {¶ 19} We therefore conclude that Booker's claim that the conflict of interest
                                                                                          -9-


inherent in his joint representation, with his wife, by a single trial attorney, deprived him

of his right to effective assistance of counsel cannot be determined in a direct appeal,

because it necessarily involves the consideration of facts that are not in this record.

       {¶ 20} Hathaway’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 21} Hathaway’s second and final assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 22} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ACCEPTING MR. HATHAWAY’S PLEA

OF    GUILTY      WITHOUT        ASCERTAINING         IF   TRIAL     COUNSEL’S        DUAL

REPRESENTATION OF THE CO-DEFENDANT WAS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST.”

       {¶ 23} In his final assignment, Hathaway argues that the trial court erred when it

accepted his guilty plea without first inquiring into whether his trial counsel’s joint

representation resulted in a conflict of interest.

       {¶ 24} Unless the trial court knows or reasonably should know that a particular

conflict of interest exists, or unless the defendant objects to multiple representation, the

trial court need not initiate an inquiry into the propriety of such representation. State v.

Seals, 2d Dist. Clark No. 04CA0063, 2005-Ohio-4837, ¶ 14, citing Manross, 40 Ohio St.3d

at 181. It is not constitutionally mandated that a trial court inquire of co-defendants

whether they wish to have separate counsel. Manross, 40 Ohio St.3d at 181. A trial court

is not obligated to make an inquiry as a matter of course. An attorney representing

multiple defendants in criminal proceedings is in the best position professionally and

ethically to determine when a conflict of interest exists or will probably develop in the

course of the trial. Seals at ¶ 14; citing Manross.           In the absence of special

circumstances, it seems reasonable for the trial court to assume that multiple

representation entails no conflict or that the lawyer and his clients knowingly accepted
                                                                                           -10-

such risk of conflict as may be inherent in such a representation. Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 346–

347.

       {¶ 25} Because neither defendants nor their counsel objected to the joint

representation in this case, the trial court did not err by failing to inquire into that issue.

Seals at ¶ 15. Moreover, there were no special circumstances present in the instant

case that would require the trial court to sua sponte inquire as to whether a conflict existed

with respect to trial counsel’s joint representation of Hathaway and his wife. Neither

Hathaway nor his wife presented a defense in which either or both claimed innocence,

accusing the other of wrongdoing. Instead, Hathaway and his wife pled guilty to separate

charges. Specifically, Bradshaw-Hathaway pled guilty to complicity to tampering with

evidence, a felony of the third degree, and permitting drug abuse, a felony of the fifth

degree. Hathaway pled guilty to trafficking in marijuana, a felony of the second degree,

and illegal assembly or possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs, a felony of

the third degree. While Hathaway and his wife were initially charged with the same

offenses, their joint counsel was able to negotiate a plea whereby Bradshaw-Hathaway

was sentenced to community control and Hathaway was sentenced to an agreed term of

five years in prison.

       {¶ 26} In support of his argument that the trial court erred by failing to inquire

concerning the possibility of a conflict of interest, Hathaway cites State v. Gillard, 64 Ohio

St.3d 304, 595 N.E.2d 878 (1992). In that case, the trial court became aware, during a

trial, that the same attorney was representing both the defendant and a witness called for

the defense. The Ohio Supreme Court held that the trial court was under a duty to

conduct an inquiry to determine whether an actual conflict of interest existed. In the case
                                                                                         -11-


before us, there was nothing before the trial court at the time of the plea proceeding to

suggest that a conflict of interest existed. Both Hathaway and his wife expressed their

satisfaction with trial counsel’s performance at the plea hearing, and there was no

objection raised before the trial court regarding a potential and/or actual conflict based

upon trial counsel’s joint representation of the co-defendants. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err when it accepted Hathaway’s guilty plea without first inquiring into whether his

trial counsel’s joint representation resulted in a conflict of interest.

       {¶ 27} Hathaway’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 28} Both of Hathaway’s assignments of error having been overruled, the

judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                           ..........

FAIN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Elizabeth A. Ellis
Thomas M. Kollin
Hon. Stephen A. Wolaver
