                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 18-1425
                            Filed November 7, 2018


IN THE INTEREST OF J.H.,
Minor Child,

Z.H., Father,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cedar County, Gary P. Strausser,

District Associate Judge.



       The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child.

AFFIRMED.



       Mark J. Neary of Neary Law Office, Muscatine, for appellant father.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

       Lisa Jones of Norton, Baumann & Surls, PLLC, Lowden, guardian ad litem

for minor child.



       Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Vaitheswaran and McDonald, JJ.
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VOGEL, Presiding Judge.

       The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to J.H., born in May

2016. He argues the State failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that

grounds for termination exist under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h), (n), and (m)

(2018). Because the father severely abused J.H. and was ordered to vacate the

home, we find the statutory grounds under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) were

proved by clear and convincing evidence.

       I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       This family first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human

Services (DHS) on July 24, 2016. At that time, J.H., who was about two and one-

half months old, was transferred to the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics for

multiple injuries associated with Shaken Baby Syndrome and severe physical

abuse, including head injury and multiple fractured ribs at various stages of

healing. The father was caring for J.H. the day J.H. was admitted to the hospital,

and he confessed to throwing J.H. on the bed in frustration. On September 7,

while J.H. was still hospitalized, the juvenile court issued an order for the father to

remove himself from the home. J.H. has remained in his mother’s custody. In

August 2017, the father was convicted of child endangerment, multiple acts

resulting in serious injury, as well as neglect of dependent person, in violation of

Iowa Code sections 726.6A and 726.3 respectively. The court imposed a sentence

not to exceed fifty years of incarceration on the child-endangerment conviction and
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not to exceed ten years on the neglect conviction, imposing the terms to run

consecutively.1

       II.     Standard of Review

       We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re M.W.,

876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile court’s

findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the credibility

of witnesses.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). “We will uphold an

order terminating parental rights if there is clear and convincing evidence of

grounds for termination under Iowa Code section 232.116.” Id.; see Iowa Code

§ 232.117(3) (“If the court concludes that facts sufficient to sustain the petition

have been established by clear and convincing evidence, the court may order

parental rights terminated.”). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means there are no

serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn

from the evidence.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).

       III.    Grounds for Termination

       “When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one

statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any ground we find

supported by the record.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012).2 The


1
  To illustrate the severity of J.H.’s injuries, just prior to the termination hearing in May
2018, the DHS reported to the court:
         There have not been significant improvements regarding [J.H.’s] condition.
         He reportedly is doing as best as can be expected based on the level of
         injuries he has sustained. The prognosis for [J.H.] to gain or learn new
         things is very slim. His brain capacity is not functioning to be able to
         process the concept of learning. Essentially, he potentially will remain at
         the same level of care in the future, as he is now.
2
  The father appeals the grounds for termination under subsections (h), (m), and (n) of
Iowa Code section 232.116(1). We find the State has met its burden under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(h) and decline to discuss the other subsections.
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father argues the district court erroneously found the State proved by clear and

convincing evidence his parental rights should be terminated under Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(h).3 Specifically, he argues section 232.116(1)(h)(3) has not

been proved because J.H. was never removed from the mother’s custody and was

never legally removed from the father’s custody.

       First, the father argues that J.H. must be removed from both parents’

custody in order to satisfy section 232.116(1)(h)(3) because the statute uses the

plural form rather than the singular. In In re N.M., our supreme court found:

               The legislature made its intent clear by providing that chapter
       232 [of the Iowa Code] “shall be liberally construed to the end that
       each child under the jurisdiction of the court shall receive, preferably
       in the child’s own home, the care, guidance, and control that will best
       serve the child’s welfare and the best interest of the child’s welfare
       and the best interest of the State.” . . . .
               ....
               It is not in the child[]’s best interests to interpret the language
       of the subsections to prevent termination of the noncustodial parent’s
       rights when the child[] [is] placed in the separate home of the other
       parent.

491 N.W.2d 153, 155 (Iowa 1992) (citation omitted).4              Moreover, Iowa Code

section 4.1(17) states, “Unless otherwise specifically provided by law the singular


3
  The relevant provision allows the court to terminate when it finds all the following have
occurred:
           (1) The child is three years of age or younger.
           (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance
               pursuant to section 232.96.
           (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the child’s
               parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the
               last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been
               less than thirty days.
           (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be
               returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section
               232.102 at the present time.
Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h).
4
  While the holding in N.M. only referenced section 232.116(1)(d), the supreme court
included a footnote that this analysis would apply to section 232.116(1)(e) and (g) as well.
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includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular.” Therefore, we agree with

the district court that a child’s removal from only one parent satisfies section

232.116(1)(h)(3).

       Second, the father argues the district court ordered him to remove himself

from the family residence but never affirmatively removed J.H. from the father’s

custody.    We find this to be a distinction without a practical difference.            On

September 7, 2016, the court issued an order to remove the father from the

residence pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.82.5

       Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h)(3) requires the State to prove by clear and

convincing evidence “[t]he child has been removed from the physical custody of

the child’s parent[].” “In the statute, the term ‘remove’ and its derivatives—in the

context of physical custody—invariably involves a dynamic change of

circumstance, not stasis.” In re C.F.-H., 889 N.W.2d 201, 206 (Iowa 2016). “By

construing ‘remove from physical custody’ to require a change from physical

custody to lack of physical custody . . . the statute ensures that before termination

occurs . . . a parent has had a chance at physical custody in the past that has been

unsuccessful.” Id. at 207. The State’s application to have the father removed from


491 N.W.2d at 155 n.5. Section 232.116(1)(g) in the 1992 version of the statute is identical
to section 232.116(1)(h) of the 2018 version of the Iowa Code. Compare Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(g) (1992), with Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h) (2018). Therefore, the analysis
in N.M. applies to the relevant language in this case.
5 Iowa Code section 232.82 states:

        [T]he juvenile court may enter an ex parte order requiring the alleged . . .
        physical abuser to vacate the child’s residence upon a showing that
        probable cause exists to believe that the . . . physical abuse has occurred
        and that substantial evidence exists to believe that the presence of the
        alleged . . . physical abuser in the child’s residence presents a danger to
        the child’s life or physical, emotional, or mental health.
In addition, a no-contact order was issued in the criminal case on November 8, 2016, and
was extended on February 8, 2018, to last until October 27, 2022.
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the home stated: “There is substantial evidence to believe that the presence of the

alleged physical abuser in the child’s residence presents a danger to the child’s

life. The child is an infant and unable to self-protect and the severity of the abuse

showed lack of anger control.” By ordering the father to vacate the residence, a

“dynamic change of circumstances” occurred. Id. at 206. Therefore, we find the

father’s assertion J.H. was not “removed” from his physical custody wholly lacking

in merit.

       IV.    Conclusion

       Since the child need not be removed from both parents to satisfy the

grounds and the child was removed from the father’s custody, we conclude the

State proved by clear and convincing evidence the grounds for termination of the

father’s parental rights.6

       AFFIRMED.




6
 The father does not appeal the findings of the district court as to Iowa Code section
232.116(2) or (3).
