                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0473n.06
                              Filed: July 6, 2006

                                           No. 05-3682

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LIRI JAUPI,                                           )
                                                      )
       Petitioners-Appellants,                        )
                                                      )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                    )   BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                      )   APPEALS
ALBERTO R. GONZALES,                                  )
                                                      )
       Respondent-Appellee.                           )
                                                      )

BEFORE: KEITH, BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges and ALDRICH*, District Judge.

       PER CURIAM. Petitioner-Appellant Liri Jaupi (“Jaupi”) petitions this Court for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ”)

denial of her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”). For the following reasons, this Court DENIES her petition for review.

I.     BACKGROUND

       Jaupi is a 62 year old female, native and citizen of Albania. On May 30, 2001, Jaupi entered

the United States on a non-immigrant visa for pleasure. Her visa authorized her to remain in the

United States until May 29, 2002.

       On May 30, 2002, a year after Jaupi arrived in the United States, she filed an application for

asylum. For unknown reasons, her initial application was rejected. Subsequently, she filed another



       *
         The Honorable Ann Aldrich, United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
Jaupi v. Gonzales
Case Nos. 05-3682
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application on September 30, 2002. In her application, she alleged that she was persecuted because

of her political beliefs. Jaupi admitted that she was not politically active in Albania. Instead, her

derivative claim for asylum was based upon the Albanian government’s persecution of her son,

Artan Jaupi (“Artan”). Artan fled Albania on December 28, 1998, and filed an application for

political asylum in the United States on May 24, 2000. Artan was granted asylum and currently

resides in Michigan with his wife and children. Jaupi claims that Artan’s political opinions and

actions were imputed to her and if she were to return to Albania, she would be “eliminated.”

       On November 13, 2002, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”)1 issued a Notice

to Appear charging Jaupi with removability pursuant to sections 237(a)(1)(A) and 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I)

of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(1)(A) and

1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) (2000). The notice alleged that Jaupi overstayed her visa. On March 25, 2003,

Jaupi conceded removability and requested relief of asylum, withholding of removal, and relief

under CAT.

       On March 25, 2003, at her asylum hearing, Jaupi testified that she sought political asylum

based on the Albanian secret police’s continual harassment. Jaupi testified regarding three main



       1
         On March 1, 2003, the functions of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service were
transferred from the Department of Justice to three agencies (United States Immigration and
Customs Enforcement, United States Customs and Border Protection, and United States Citizenship
and Immigration Services) to the newly formed Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”). See
Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (Nov. 25, 2002). In addition,
Title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations was reorganized and amended to reflect the resulting
division of jurisdiction between DHS and the Executive Office for Immigration Review, which
includes the immigration courts and the BIA, and which remained an agency within the Department
of Justice under the direction of the Attorney General. See 68 Fed. Reg. 10349 (March 5, 2003)
(available at 2003 WL 724287).
Jaupi v. Gonzales
Case Nos. 05-3682
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incidents of persecution. On September 19, 1998, the Albanian secret police came to her home

while they detained Artan. She alleges that the police “roughed her up” and attempted to sexually

assault Artan’s wife. After this incident, on November 19, 1998, the police returned to her home

to harass her and Artan’s wife.

       After Artan left the country on December 18, 1998, Jaupi alleges that she began to receive

calls from the secret police asking where Artan was and threatening that she would never see him

again. On December 30, 1998, at 1:30 a.m. the secret police arrived at her house, searched through

the entire house for Artan, and questioned her about his activities until 6:30 a.m.

       Between June and July 1999, the police stopped bothering her until Artan published an

article criticizing the Albanian government. After the article, Jaupi alleges that the police began to

harass her again. She alleges that her house was searched on a daily basis, and that the police both

physically and verbally abused her. In telephone conversations with Artan in America, Jaupi never

mentioned the confrontations with the police. Further, in September and October 1999, Jaupi went

to Macedonia and applied for a visa at the United States Embassy and never mentioned the

confrontations with the police.

       On February 26, 2004, based on Jaupi’s testimony, the IJ found that Jaupi failed to establish

past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on any of the statutorily enumerated

grounds. The IJ found that Jaupi was not credible. Specifically, the IJ found that Jaupi’s testimony

was inconsistent with her own asylum application, her son’s asylum application, and the current

country conditions. The IJ noted four occasions where Jaupi could have notified authorities that she

was being politically persecuted: (1) in September and October of 1999 when she visited the U.S.
Jaupi v. Gonzales
Case Nos. 05-3682
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embassy in Macedonia to apply for a visa; (2) on her way to the United States when the Swiss

authorities stopped her; (3) when she arrived in Chicago; and (4) when she asked for an extension

on her visa in September 2002. In addition, the IJ found that Jaupi testified inconsistently with her

application for asylum.

       The IJ also found that, even if Jaupi was credible, she did not show the existence of country

conditions that would warrant a well-founded fear of future persecution. The IJ based its findings

on the Albanian country reports, which indicated that the country conditions had changed since

Jaupi left. The IJ denied her relief for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under CAT.

       On February 25, 2005, Jaupi appealed to the BIA. On May 10, 2005, the BIA summarily

affirmed the IJ. On June 7, 2005, Jaupi petitioned this Court to review the BIA’s order.

II.    ANALYSIS

       This Court reviews the decision of the IJ directly when the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision

without an opinion. Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 2005); Hasan v. Ashcroft, 397

F.3d 417 (6th Cir. 2005). This Court reviews the IJ’s finding that Jaupi failed to establish her

eligibility for asylum for substantial evidence. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478 (1992). This

Court must affirm the IJ if the IJ’s decision was supported by “reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. at 481; see also Ouda v. INS, 324 F.3d 445, 451

(6th Cir. 2003) (stating that “the petitioner must show that the evidence presented was so compelling

that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite persecution or fear of persecution.”).

       This Court may not reverse the IJ’s decision merely because it would have decided the case

differently. Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing Klawitter v. INS, 970
Jaupi v. Gonzales
Case Nos. 05-3682
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F.2d 149, 151-152 (6th Cir. 1992)). Instead, this Court must find that the evidence not only supports

a finding of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution, but compels it. Elias-Zacarias, 502

U.S. at 481 n.1. The substantial evidence standard also applies to an agency’s credibility findings.

Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 703 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that “[c]redibility determinations are

findings of fact” which a court should reverse “only if any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary”). As long as the IJ offers specific and cogent reasons for his

adverse credibility finding, this Court must accord substantial deference to that finding. Vasha v.

Gonzales, 410 F.3d 863, 869 (6th Cir. 2005). An adverse credibility finding must be based on issues

that go to the heart of the applicant’s claim, not irrelevant inconsistencies. Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d

924, 926 (6th Cir. 2004).

       A.      Petition for Asylum

       The disposition of an application for asylum involves a two-step inquiry: (1) whether the

applicant qualifies as a refugee within the meaning of the INA, and (2) whether the applicant merits

a favorable exercise of discretion by the Attorney General. INA, § 101(a)(42)(A), as amended, 8

U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see also, INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 n.5 (1987).

       An alien who seeks asylum must establish that she is a “refugee.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)

(2003). Section 101(a)(42)(A) of the INA defines a “refugee” as a person unable to return to her

country “because of persecution or well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”            8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A). Persecution is an “extreme concept” that has been defined as “the infliction of
Jaupi v. Gonzales
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suffering or harm” upon those who differ (in race, religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded

as offensive. Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 410 (6th Cir. 2004).

               1.      Past Persecution and Credibility Determination

        Jaupi had the burden to show that her fear of persecution was genuine by providing evidence

that would support a reasonable fear that of persecution. Molina-Estrada v. INS, 293 F.3d 1089 (9th

Cir.2002).

        The IJ found that Jaupi failed to provide credible, persuasive, and corroborated testimony

in support of her claim of past persecution. Specifically, the IJ noted that Jaupi’s asylum application

omitted critical facts such as the police grabbing her hair and placing her arms behind her back.

Further, her asylum application omitted the November 19, 1999, incident where the police came to

her house, forced her to sit down and grasped her mouth. The IJ also noted that it was strange that

Jaupi never told her son about the police abusing her during their phone calls or in letters.

        The main inconsistency was that Jaupi failed to notify the American embassy that she was

being persecuted. The IJ noted four occasions where Jaupi could have claimed that she was

persecuted: (1) in September and October of 1999 when she visited the U.S. Embassy in Macedonia

to apply for passports; (2) on her way to the United States when the Swiss authorities stopped her;

(3) when she arrived in Chicago; and (4) when she asked for an extension on her visa in September

2002.

        Given the numerous inconsistences and Jaupi’s failure to provide corroborating evidence,

this Court finds that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Jaupi failed to present

credible evidence to support her claim of past persecution.
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               2.      Future Persecution

       Absent a showing of past persecution, an applicant does not obtain the benefit of the

presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution and must demonstrate a “reasonable

possibility” of suffering future persecution. See Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390; 8 C.F.R. §

1208.13(b)(1)(i). An applicant must demonstrate that she will suffer persecution “on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group, or political opinion” upon removal

to her native country, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.12(b)(2)(i)(A), and that “she is unable or unwilling to return.

. . [to that country] because of such fear.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208(b)(2)(i)(C).

       Jaupi argues that the “[BIA] failed to recognize that she had been persecuted in Albania

because of her political beliefs and practices” . . . and that “she had been singled out for disparate

treatment on account of her political beliefs and practices.” Petitioner’s Br. at 11. Jaupi admitted

that she was never politically active. Her claim of persecution is based on her son’s political beliefs

and practices that were allegedly imputed to her.

       This Court has acknowledged that an applicant for asylum might support her fear of future

persecution based upon the alleged persecution of family members.” See generally, Akhtar v.

Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 405-406 (6th Cir. 2005). In Akhtar, the IJ had found that the son of a

murdered political activist, who was apolitical, could not establish that he would be persecuted

because of his political affiliation or as a member of his own immediate family. See id. at 403. The

Court stated that “[a]lthough acts of violence against an alien’s family members may demonstrate

a well-founded fear of persecution, absent a pattern of persecution tied to the asylum applicant

himself or herself, acts of violence against family members do not necessarily demonstrate a well-
Jaupi v. Gonzales
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founded fear of persecution.” Id. at 404 (quoting Gebremaria v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 734, 739 (8th

Cir.2004)). Although relevant, familial status alone cannot support a claim for persecution.

       Similarly, the IJ summarily denied Jaupi’s derivative claim:

       there was no pattern or practice in Albania of persecution of person similarly
              situated to [Jaupi]. . . of people whose sons have come to the United States
              and obtained asylum based upon their affiliation with the Democratic Party
              of Albania or anyone else that is not politically active in Albania, but might
              be somehow affiliated with or associated with the Democratic Party.

(J.A. 40). The relevant inquiry is not whether there is a pattern or practice of persecuting mothers

       of political asylees. The relevant inquiry is whether Jaupi’s son’s political activities were

       imputed to her such that the government subjected her to persecution. As indicated in

       Akhtar, Jaupi cannot maintain a claim of asylum based on her son’s political affiliation

       alone. She must connect her son’s persecution to her own persecution. She was not able to

       establish a connection between Artan’s political activities and her own alleged persecution.

       Further, the IJ rejected Jaupi’s asylum claim based on the Albanian country reports. The

country reports indicated that there were no confirmed cases of political killings by the government,

no reports of politically motivated disappearances, no cases of detainees being held for strictly

political reasons, and no evidence that individuals are targeted for mistreatment on political grounds.

Thus, this Court affirms the IJ’s denial of Jaupi’s asylum claim.

       B.      Withholding of Removal and Convention Against Torture

       A request for asylum in removal proceedings automatically includes a request for

withholding of removal. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.3(b). To establish entitlement to withholding of

removal under section 241(b)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), Jaupi was required to show a
Jaupi v. Gonzales
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clear probability of persecution through presentation of evidence establishing that it is more likely

than not that she would be subject to persecution if forced to return to her native land. See Gumbol

v. INS, 815 F.2d 406, 411 (6th Cir. 1987); Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir.

2003). The clear probability standard is more stringent, and thus harder for the alien to meet, than

the well-founded fear of persecution standard used in asylum cases.

       In addition, to qualify for protection under the CAT, Jaupi had the burden to show that it is

“more likely than not that . . . she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of

removal.” Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d 591, 596 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). In

making this assessment, evidence to be considered includes evidence of past torture inflicted upon

the applicant, evidence of gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights within the country of

removal, and other relevant information regarding conditions in the country of removal. 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.16(c)(3)(i) -(iv).

       Since Jaupi could not establish political asylum, she cannot meet the burdens for withholding

of removal and relief under CAT. See Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 391. She did not show that she

was subjected to past torture, she did not come forward with any evidence to dispute the current

Albanian country reports, nor do the current country conditions indicate a widespread problem with

political persecution. Thus, this Court affirms the IJ’s determination that Jaupi was not eligible for

relief of withholding of removal or relief under the CAT.

III.   CONCLUSION

       Based on the above analysis, this Court DENIES Jaupi’s petition for review.
