                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-3455-16T1

HIGHLAND PARK BOARD OF
EDUCATION and PISCATAWAY
TOWNSHIP BOARD OF EDUCATION,

          Petitioners-Appellants,

v.

KIMBERLY HARRINGTON,
ACTING COMMISSIONER OF
EDUCATION, NEW JERSEY
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION,
and HATIKVAH INTERNATIONAL
ACADEMY CHARTER SCHOOL,

     Respondents-Respondents.
___________________________________

                    Argued May 30, 2019 – Decided June 7, 2019

                    Before Judges Haas, Sumners and Mitterhoff.

                    On appeal from the New Jersey Department of
                    Education.

                    David B. Rubin argued the cause for appellants (David
                    B. Rubin, PC, and The Busch Law Group, LLC,
                    attorneys; David B. Rubin and Douglas M. Silvestro,
                    on the brief).
            Thomas O. Johnston argued the cause for respondent
            Hatikvah International Academy Charter School
            (Johnston Law Firm, LLC, attorneys; Thomas O.
            Johnston, of counsel and on the brief; Rula Alzadon
            Moor, on the brief).

            Geoffrey N. Stark, Deputy Attorney General, argued
            the cause for respondents Kimberly Harrington, Acting
            Commissioner of Education and State Board of
            Education (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General,
            attorney; Melissa Dutton Schaffer, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Donna Arons and Jennifer J.
            McGruther, Deputy Attorneys General, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Appellants Highland Park Board of Education (Highland Park) and

Piscataway Township Board of Education (Piscataway) (collectively appellants)

appeal from the February 28, 2017 final decision of the Commissioner of

Education (Commissioner), approving an application by Hatikvah International

Academy Charter School (Hatikvah) to increase its enrollment from fifty to

seventy-five students in kindergarten and first grade, and to implement a

weighted enrollment lottery affording preference to economically disadvantaged

students. We affirm. 1


1
  This case was calendared back-to-back with three other appeals, and we heard
oral argument on all four matters on the same day. In re Approval of Charter
Amendment of Cent. Jersey Coll. Prep (Central Jersey), No. A-3074-16, North
Brunswick Twp. Bd. of Educ. v. Harrington (North Brunswick), No. A-3415-


                                                                       A-3455-16T1
                                      2
                                        I.

      We begin by reciting the essential background facts and procedural history

of this matter. In March 2009, Hatikvah submitted a charter school application

to the New Jersey Department of Education (Department or NJDOE), seeking

to serve students in East Brunswick Township, Middlesex County—its "district

of residence."2   During its initial four-year charter period, it planned to serve

students in kindergarten through fifth grade, with a projected maximum

enrollment of 240 students. The goal was to eventually "expand grade levels

through eighth grade, completing growth with a maximum of 396 students with

44 students per grade." It sought to build on the "multicultural strength" of the

district through an International Baccalaureate (IB) program, which included a

partial-immersion Hebrew language program. In compliance with the Charter

School Program Act of 1995, N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-1 to -18 (Charter School Act or




16, and Bd. of Educ. of Twp. of Piscataway v. N.J. Dep't of Educ. (Piscataway),
No. A-5427-16. Because some of the issues in these appeals overlap, the reader
is encouraged to review all four of our opinions in these cases, which are being
released simultaneously.
2
   The term "district of residence" is defined as "the school district in which a
charter school facility is physically located; if a charter school is approved with
a region of residence comprised of contiguous school districts, that region is the
charter school's district of residence." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-1.2.


                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                        3
CSPA), East Brunswick students were given preference for enrollment.

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a).

      On May 14, 2009, the East Brunswick Board of Education (East

Brunswick) adopted a resolution recommending that the Commissioner deny

Hatikvah's application. See In re Approval of Hatikvah Int'l Academy Charter

Sch., No. A-5977-09 (App. Div. Dec. 21, 2011) (slip op. at 5), certif. denied,

210 N.J. 28 (2012). East Brunswick alleged that Hatikvah's application

            interfered with the separation of church and state, had
            a negative economic impact on the district's taxpayers,
            and did not comport with the requirements for charter
            schools as codified in N.J.A.C. 6A:11 because it did not
            include an educator from East Brunswick. [It] . . .
            further asserted Hatikvah's single-cultural, single-
            emersion Hebrew language charter school would be at
            odds with and would not serve the multi-cultural
            community; it would unfairly compete with the
            Solomon Schechter Day School in East Brunswick; its
            proposed full day kindergarten would result in a lack of
            educational equity and access for East Brunswick
            residents; the petition did not accurately demonstrate
            East Brunswick's community interest in the charter
            school; and its needs analysis was flawed, inaccurate
            and did not document a need for the charter school.

            [Ibid.]

      On July 6, 2010, the Commissioner granted final approval of Hatikvah's

charter, effective from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2014, to operate a school for

grades kindergarten through fifth, with a maximum of fifty students per grade

                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                       4
for a total of 300 students, for an initial four-year period. East Brunswick

appealed, arguing that Hatikvah failed to present evidence of sufficient

enrollment under N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(i)(14), because as a "district of residence"

charter school it could not include non-district students in the count. Id. at 13.

This court affirmed the Commissioner's decision, finding that "[t]he record

reflect[ed] that Hatikvah cooperated with the Department in diligently providing

requested information and documentation pertaining to a variety of matters,

including student enrollment, by emails, faxes, and site visits." Id. at 19. The

Supreme Court denied certification. Hatikvah, 210 N.J. at 28.

      In 2013, Hatikvah submitted an application to the Department for a charter

renewal and for an expansion to add grades sixth through eighth.              The

Commissioner granted the renewal, effective through June 2019, but denied the

expansion "due to a decline in the school's academic performance in the 2012-

13 school year."

      In November 2014, Hatikvah filed another application for an amendment,

seeking again to add grades sixth through eighth and to increase enrollment in

its existing grades. See Highland Park Bd. of Educ. v. Hespe (Highland Park I),

No. A-3890-14 (App. Div. Jan. 24, 2018) (slip op. at 3), certif. denied, 233 N.J.




                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                        5
485 (2018). East Brunswick, Highland Park, and the South River Board of

Education (South River) opposed the application. Id. at 4.

      On March 19, 2015, the Commissioner issued a final decision granting

Hatikvah's request to expand into the middle school grades, at the same fifty-

student maximum enrollment, but denied the request to expand the enrollment

in kindergarten through fifth grade. Id. at 7. The Commissioner found that

Hatikvah's academic performance had improved from the 2012-2013 school

year, placing its students "in the ninety-sixth percentile in language arts literacy

and eighty-seventh percentile in mathematics, in comparison to other schools

across the State." Id. at 8.

      Highland Park appealed, arguing that it was not required to fund its

students' attendance at Hatikvah, a charter school located outside its school

district. Id. at 8-19. We granted East Brunswick's motion to intervene, and

granted Manalapan-Englishtown Board of Education's (Manalapan) and the

New Jersey Charter School Association's (NJCSA) motions to participate as

amici curiae. Ibid.

      This court affirmed, finding that the record was sufficient to support the

Commissioner's decision, and we rejected Highland's contention "that only the

charter school's 'district of residence' is obligated to pay for its students to attend


                                                                               A-3455-16T1
                                          6
the school." Id. at 19-21. The court also rejected, because it had not been raised

below, East Brunswick and Manalapan's argument that Hatikvah was operating

in violation of its charter by enrolling out-of-district students, stating that:

             If East Brunswick and Manalapan-Englishtown wish to
             pursue this issue, the districts may submit a complaint
             to the Hatikvah board of trustees asserting that the
             school is not being operated in accordance with its
             charter and, if the complaint is not "adequately
             addressed," the districts may present the complaint to
             the Commissioner pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-15.
             We express no opinion on the merits of such a
             complaint, if filed.

             [Id. at 14.]

The Supreme Court denied certification. Highland Park I, 233 N.J. at 485.

      In November 2015, Hatikvah filed a third application to amend its charter,

seeking to expand its enrollment from fifty to seventy-five students per grade

by the 2024 school year. On February 29, 2016, the Commissioner issued a final

decision denying that request.

                                         II.

      We now turn to the application that is at the center of the current appeal.

On November 10, 2016, Hatikvah filed a fourth application with the

Commissioner to expand its charter, again seeking to increase enrollment from

fifty to seventy-five students per grade, and, conditioned upon that approval, to


                                                                             A-3455-16T1
                                          7
implement a weighted enrollment lottery for economically disadvantaged

students. In support of that application, Hatikvah submitted board resolutions

and rationale statements.

      In its "Resolution One," Hatikvah sought an amendment to its charter to

progressively increase the maximum approved number of students per grade

from fifty to seventy-five, starting with kindergarten for the 2017-2018 school

year and ending with eighth grade for the 2025-2026 school year. In the

alternative, in "Resolution Two," Hatikvah sought to amend its charter to

increase enrollment from fifty to seventy-five students, starting with

kindergarten, first, and second grade for the 2017-2018 school year, and ending

with eighth grade for the 2023-2024 school year.

      With respect to the request for expanded enrollment, Hatikvah represented

that there was "excess demand in the community by parents/guardians to enroll

their children at the School."      It claimed that the number of applicants

outnumbered the available seats in every grade, and that as of June 30, 2016,

there were 214 students on the waitlist for kindergarten through second grade,

as follows:

District                  Grade K          Grade 1          Grade 2
East Brunswick            11               6                8
Non-East Brunswick        76               56               57
Total       (waitlisted   87               62               65
students)

                                                                       A-3455-16T1
                                       8
Additionally, for the 2016-2017 school year, twenty-four of the available fifty

kindergarten seats went to siblings of students thereby "greatly limiting access

to the school for new families."

        Hatikvah maintained that expanded enrollment would allow it to

"implement an even more robust instructional staffing model" and "enhance the

extracurricular programs that it can offer to middle school students."          It

represented that "the unique educational approaches of the School have resulted

in strong academic performance and year-to-year growth on the NJ PARCC

State tests."   For example, in 2016, its third through sixth grade students

significantly outperformed their peers:

 Subject Hatikvah     Weighted Average of All NJ State           NJ Charters
                      Sending Districts
 ELA       67.8%      64.8%                   51.6%              47.9%
 Math      67.2%      62.7%                   47.2%              41.0%



        With regard to the weighted lottery system, Hatikvah sought to amend its

charter to "allow economically disadvantaged students to have an increased

priority for admission using a 2:1 margin." At the time of the application,

Hatikvah operated a random blind lottery under the supervision of an

independent official, where each child was assigned a number and each grade

level was "divided into three groups drawn in order of the preferences afforded



                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                          9
to the groups as delineated in its charter: Siblings, East Brunswick residents and

non-East Brunswick residents." It "targeted recruitment efforts in areas within

five miles of its location in East Brunswick, including most importantly, Section

8 housing in East Brunswick," utilizing direct mailers, flyers, and television

advertisements in English and Spanish. Under that system, Hatikvah asserted it

had been "extremely successful in creating a diverse school community."

Indeed, many of its students were first-generation Americans whose parents

came from about thirty different countries and spoke a variety of languages.

      Hatikvah represented that increasing the economic diversity of its student

body through the weighted lottery system would "further social cohesion across

a broader spectrum of students." It posited that charter schools "are uniquely

positioned to create economically diverse student bodies where economically

disadvantaged students can thrive," because

            [u]nlike traditional public schools whose seats are
            limited to students who live within their local
            geographical boundaries, charter schools can draw
            students from its resident and neighboring districts.
            Thus charter schools' student bodies do not reflect
            residential segregation patterns driven by local
            geography, be they economic, racial or ethnic. Charter
            schools have means to intentionally create
            economically diverse student bodies. . . .




                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       10
      As for the fiscal impact of its application, Hatikvah stated that increasing

enrollment would have a "very limited financial impact on taxpayers in East

Brunswick" because the majority of the waitlisted students come from districts

other than East Brunswick, and thus those districts would be required to pay fo r

the added students. Increased enrollment would thus have a "negligible and

immaterial fiscal impact" on both "Hatikvah's resident district East Brunswick

as well as non-resident sending districts." Hatikvah calculated that under its

Resolution One, the impact on the sending districts' budgets ranged from .077%

to .011%, based on enrollment of the waitlisted students:

Sending District   2015-2016      2016-2017           Projected    Fiscal    Impact
                   Total          Waitlisted          Costs     to (Projected Costs
                   District       Applicants Who      Sending      as a Percent of
                   Revenue ($)    Would be Able       Districts    Total     District
                                  to Enroll to Fill                Revenue)
                                  New Capacity
East Brunswick      149,628,859                  9        114,833              .077%
South River          32,316,812                  2         15,203              .047%
Highland Park        32,655,815                  1         14,571              .045%
North Brunswick      89,484,289                  3         25,020              .028%
Old Bridge          141,098,853                  3         31,607              .022%
Sayreville           85,365,388                  2         15,145              .018%
Edison              235,500,869                  3         35,553              .015%
South Plainfield     57,169,108                  1         10,000              .017%
East Windsor         85,800,550                  1           9752              .011%
Total Waitlisted                                25

      Under its Resolution Two, Hatikvah calculated that the impact on sending

districts' budgets ranged from .196% to .004%, as follows:



                                                                              A-3455-16T1
                                        11
 Sending District   2015-2016      2016-2017        Projected      Fiscal    Impact
                    Total District Waitlisted       Costs     to   (Projected Costs
                    Revenue ($)    Applicants       Sending        as a Percent of
                                   Who Would be     Districts      Total     District
                                   Able to Enroll                  Revenue)
                                   to Fill New
                                   Capacity
 East Brunswick     149,628,859    23               293,457        .196%
 North Brunswick    89,484,289     13               108,420        .121%
 South River        32,316,812     5                38,005         .118%
 Highland Park      32,655,815     2                29,142         .089%
 Milltown           16,216,247     1                10,694         .066%
 Sayreville         85,365,388     7                53,011         ..062%
 Edison             235,500,869    9                106,659        .045%
 East Windsor       85,800,550     3                29,256         .034%
 Old Bridge         141,098,853    4                42,144         .030%
 Marlboro           86,394,503     2                22,363         .026%
 South Plainfield   57,169,108     1                10,000         .017%
 Manalapan          82,300,339     1                12,542         .015%
 Franklin Park      156,416,249    1                13,266         .008%
 Piscataway         111,295,663    1                8400           .006%
 New Brunswick      180,444,475    1                10,973         .006%
 Perth Amboy        233,538,204    1                9648           .004%
 Total Waitlisted                  75

      Further, Hatikvah estimated that under both its Resolution One and Two,

the cost for appellants to send their students to Hatikvah would be less than the

projected costs if the students remained in appellants' districts:

Resolution One
 District        Projected Costs to Sending Districts Projected Costs to Sending
                 of Students Who Transfer to Districts of Students Who
                 Hatikvah                             Remain in District
 Highland Park                               $14,571                     $15,789




                                                                             A-3455-16T1
                                       12
Resolution Two
    District        Projected Costs to Sending Projected Costs to Sending
                    Districts of Students Who Transfer Districts of Students Who
                    to Hatikvah                        Remain in District
    Highland Park                              $29,142                     $31,578
    Piscataway                                   $8400                     $13,289

         In response to Hatikvah's application, appellants Highland Park and

Piscataway submitted almost identical resolutions calling for a moratorium on

new charter school seats in Middlesex and Somerset Counties.3 They raised

general objections asserting that payments to the charter schools drained funds

from, and diminished money available to serve students in, the traditional public

schools.       Appellants represented that for the 2016-2017 school year, 2316

students attended the five existing charter schools in Middlesex and Somerset

Counties (including Hatikvah), and that if the applications for expansions were

approved for these schools, and a sixth charter school was added, the number of

charter school seats would increase by 128% to 5283.

         Appellants alleged there was already a lack of demand for the existing

charter schools located in Middlesex and Somerset counties, and that the

expansion of these schools would exacerbate that issue. They also argued that


3
  Similar resolutions were submitted by North Plainfield Board of Education,
Educational Services Commission of New Jersey, Monroe Township Board of
Education, South River Board of Education, South Brunswick Board of
Education, Middlesex Borough Board of Education, New Brunswick Board of
Education, and South Amboy Board of Education.
                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                         13
many charter schools, "in direct contradiction to the letter and spirit of the "

CSPA, were seeking to "expand in order to enroll additional students from

districts outside of the charter schools' approved districts or regions of residence

due to a lack of interest from students who live in the very communities for

which the charters were created to serve."

      Appellants took no position on Hatikvah's weighted lottery system, and

instead represented that only 48% of the students enrolled in Hatikvah resided

in the school's district of residence.       However, they also alleged, without

providing any statistics, that Hatikvah and another charter school, Thomas

Edison EnergySmart Charter School (TEECS), enrolled "a significantly more

segregated student body than any of the resident or non-resident sending districts

with respect to race, socioeconomic status, and need for special education."

      East Brunswick, Hatikvah's district of residence, also opposed Hatikvah's

application. It argued that the Commissioner should not approve Hatikvah's

fourth request to increase its enrollment because "[t]he conditions that existed

at the time of each of the Commissioner's denials have only negatively

escalated." It alleged that enrollment of East Brunswick students in Hatikvah,




                                                                            A-3455-16T1
                                        14
which had not been approved as a regional charter school, 4 had dropped from

50% in 2015-16 to 45% in 2016-17, and thus there was no community need for

increased enrollment. It represented that enrollment totaled:

    Grade       Approved Enrollment          East Brunswick Actual Enrollment
                     2016-2017                          2016-2017
      K                  50                                 23
      1                  50                                 23
      2                  50                                 23
      3                  50                                 33
      4                  50                                 24
      5                  50                                 21
      6                  50                                 18
      7                  50                                 16
     Total              400                                181

Therefore, East Brunswick maintained that:

              The supposed need for increasing enrollment from 50
              to 75 students per grade is based on a "reported" wait
              list of non-resident students from 24 communities
              scattered across multiple counties. Wait lists reported
              by the Charter School for non-East Brunswick residents
              should not be considered in reviewing the Charter
              School's application. Clearly there is more than enough
              room for any East Brunswick residents if they choose
              to attend the Charter School.

         East Brunswick also alleged that the "financial impact of the expansion

combined with ongoing costs to support the Charter School would increase to




4
  A regional charter school serves a region or collection of districts, as opposed
to a single district. In re Charter Sch. Appeal of Greater Brunswick Charter
Sch., 332 N.J. Super. 409, 423-24 (App. Div. 1999).
                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       15
107% of the amount of the State's imposed budget cap" and that the "estimate

of the cost of their proposed expansion to East Brunswick Public Schools in

2016-2017 is an additional $114,833-$293,457. The additional cost of the grade

expansion would escalate to over $1 million per year over the next five years."

Further, in order to meet the required financial support of the Charter School,

East Brunswick asserted that in 2011, it cut opportunities for traditional public

school students, including the elimination of the World Language Program and

summer academy, and the reduction in teaching staff.5

      On February 28, 2017, the Commissioner, based on the Department's

recommendation and her review of the record, issued a one-page final decision

approving Hatikvah's application to amend its charter to increase enrollment and

to implement a weighted lottery. The Commissioner stated that the Department

had "completed a comprehensive review, including, but not limited to, student

performance on statewide assessments, operational stability, fiscal viability,

public comment, fiscal impact on sending districts, and other information in

order to make a decision regarding the school's amendment request."



5
   Three New Jersey legislators also wrote to the Commissioner opposing
Hatikvah's application. The Commissioner also considered a petition submitted
on behalf of more than 1400 individuals urging denial of the application, and
approximately 300 other public comments.
                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                      16
      The Commissioner approved the expansion for kindergarten and first

grade only, and confirmed the school's maximum approved enrollment through

June 2019, the end of the charter renewal period, as follows:

       Grade             2016-2017           2017-2018          2018-2019
         K                  50                  75                 75
         1                  50                  50                 75
         2                  50                  50                 50
         3                  50                  50                 50
         4                  50                  50                 50
         5                  50                  50                 50
         6                  50                  50                 50
         7                  50                  50                 50
         8                                      50                 50
       Total                400                 475                500

This appeal followed.

      On appeal, appellants raise the following contentions:

            POINT I

            The Commissioner Failed To Analyze Hatikvah's
            Application Or To Disclose The Basis For Her
            Approval.

            POINT II

            The Commissioner Failed To Consider The Segregative
            Impact Of Hatikvah's Charter Amendment.

            POINT III

            Other Significant Deficiencies [I]n Hatikvah's
            Application Render The Commissioner's Approval
            Arbitrary, Capricious and Unreasonable.


                                                                       A-3455-16T1
                                      17
            POINT IV

            There Is No Authority To Compel Highland Park [A]nd
            Piscataway To Fund Students' Attendance [A]t
            Hatikvah.

                                       III.

      In Point I of their brief, appellants argue that the Commissioner's decision

approving the amendment was arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable because she

failed to analyze Hatikvah's application or to provide any discernable reason for

the approval. We disagree.

      By way of background, charter schools are public schools that operate

under a charter granted by the Commissioner, operate independently of a local

board of education, and are managed by a board of trustees. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-

3(a). In the CSPA, the Legislature found and declared that

            the establishment of charter schools as part of this
            State’s program of public education can assist in
            promoting comprehensive educational reform by
            providing a mechanism for the implementation of a
            variety of educational approaches which may not be
            available in the traditional public school classroom.
            Specifically, charter schools offer the potential to
            improve pupil learning; increase for students and
            parents the educational choices available when
            selecting the learning environment which they feel may
            be the most appropriate; encourage the use of different
            and innovative learning methods; establish a new form
            of accountability for schools; require the measurement
            of learning outcomes; make the school the unit for

                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                      18
            educational improvement; and establish               new
            professional opportunities for teachers.

               The Legislature further finds that the establishment
            of a charter school program is in the best interests of
            the students of this State and it is therefore the public
            policy of the State to encourage and facilitate the
            development of charter schools.

            [N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-2.]

      Charter schools are "open to all students on a space available basis. . . ."

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7. A charter school may not discriminate in its admissions

policies and practices, but "may limit admission to a particular grade level or to

areas of concentration of the school, such as mathematics, science, or the arts."

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7. Enrollment in a charter school is voluntary, and a student

may withdraw from a charter school at any time. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-9.

      Preference for enrollment must be given to students who reside in the

school district in which the charter school is located, and the school cannot

charge those resident students tuition. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a). "If there are

more applications to enroll in the charter school than there are spaces available,

the charter school shall select students to attend using a random selection

process." N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a). "If available space permits, a charter school

may enroll non-resident students. The terms and condition of the enrollment

shall be outlined in the school’s charter and approved by the commissioner."

                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       19
N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(d). A charter school shall maintain a waiting list of grade-

eligible students, divided into two groups, students from the district or region of

residence and students from non-resident districts. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-4.6(a)(2).

      Funding for charter schools comes from the local school district, but is

not equivalent to the per pupil funding that a traditional public school receives.

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b). The CSPA funding provision provides in part that "the

school district of residence shall pay directly to the charter school for each

student enrolled in the charter school who resides in the district an amount equal

to 90%" of certain per pupil state aid and any federal funds "attributable to the

student." N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b).

      Applications to establish a charter school are governed by N.J.S.A.

18A:36A-4 to -5, and the implementing regulation, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1. The

Commissioner has final authority to grant or reject a charter. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-

4(c). "The notification to eligible applicants not approved as charter schools

shall include reasons for the denials." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(f) (emphasis added).

An initial charter is for a term of four years and may be renewed for a five -year

period. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17.

      After approval, the Commissioner annually assesses whether the charter

school is meeting the goals of its charter.        N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16.        The


                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       20
Commissioner also annually assesses "the student composition of a charter

school and the segregative effect that the loss of the students may have on its

district of residence." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2(c). To facilitate that review, charter

schools must submit an annual report to the Commissioner, local board of

education, and the county superintendent of schools. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16(b);

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2(a). The Commissioner may revoke a charter at any time if

the school has not fulfilled or has violated any of the conditions of its charter.

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17.

      Applications to renew a charter are governed by N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17,

and the implementing regulation, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3. The Commissioner shall

grant or deny the renewal of a charter based upon a comprehensive review of

the school, including, among other things, the annual reports, recommendation

of the district board of education or school superintendent, and student

performance on statewide tests. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b). "The notification to a

charter school that is not granted a renewal shall include reasons for the denial."

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(d) (emphasis added).

      As in this case, a charter school may also apply to the Commissioner for

an amendment to its charter, including for an expansion of enrollment and the

establishment of a weighted lottery. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a)(1)(i), (v). In support


                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       21
of that application, the board of trustees of a charter school shall submit the

request in the form of a board resolution. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6. Similar to the

initial approval process, boards of education in the district of residence can

submit comments in response to the application. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(c). The

Department "shall determine whether the amendments are eligible for approval

and shall evaluate the amendments based on" the Charter School Act and

implementing regulations, and the "Commissioner shall review a charter

school's performance data in assessing the need for a possible charter

amendment." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(b). "The Commissioner may approve or deny

amendment requests of charter schools and shall notify charter schools of

decisions." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(d).

      With this essential regulatory background in mind, and before moving to

a consideration of appellants' contentions concerning the sufficiency of the

Commissioner's decision, we will briefly address Hatikvah's argument that

appellants lack standing to challenge the Commissioner's decision because the

CSPA does not specifically permit an appeal from a decision approving an

amendment to a charter.

      As we recently stated in In re Renewal Application of TEAM Acad.

Charter Sch., ___ N.J. Super. ___, ___ (App. Div. 2019) (slip op. at 8-9):


                                                                        A-3455-16T1
                                      22
                   "Standing 'refers to the plaintiff's ability or
            entitlement to maintain an action before the court.'" In
            re Adoption of Baby T, 160 N.J. 332, 340 (1999)
            (quoting N.J. Citizen Action v. Riveria Motel Corp.,
            296 N.J. Super. 402, 409 (App. Div. 1997)). Standing
            is a threshold issue that "neither depends on nor
            determines the merits of a plaintiff's claim." Watkins
            v. Resorts Int'l Hotel & Casino, 124 N.J. 398, 417
            (1991). "Unlike the Federal Constitution, there is no
            express language in New Jersey's Constitution which
            confines the exercise of our judicial power to actual
            cases and controversies. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; N.J.
            Const. art. VI, § 1." Crescent Park Tenants Ass'n v.
            Realty Equities Corp., 58 N.J. 98, 107 (1971).

                   Our [c]ourts do not, however, render advisory
            opinions, function in the abstract, or consider actions
            brought by plaintiffs who are "merely interlopers or
            strangers to the dispute." Ibid. (citation omitted). "To
            possess standing in a case, a party must present a
            sufficient stake in the outcome of the litigation, a real
            adverseness with respect to the subject matter, and a
            substantial likelihood that the party will suffer harm in
            the event of an unfavorable decision." In re Camden
            Cty., 170 N.J. 439, 449 (2002) (citation omitted).

      Hatikvah correctly points out that there are no provisions in the CSPA or

the implementing regulations providing for an appeal from the Commissioner's

decision approving an amendment to a charter, nor is there any provision

permitting an appeal of any decision by a non-district of residence. In this

regard, N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(d), which governs the establishment of charter

schools, provides only that "[t]he local board of education or a charter school


                                                                        A-3455-16T1
                                      23
applicant may appeal the decision of the commissioner to the Appellate Division

of the Superior Court." Similarly, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.5, which controls the

"charter appeal process," provides that "[a]n eligible applicant for a charter

school, a charter school, or a district board of education or State district

superintendent of the district of residence of a charter school may file an appeal

according to N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9.1."

       However, in "New Jersey, courts take 'a liberal approach to standing to

seek review of administrative actions.'"       In re Grant of Charter to Merit

Preparatory Charter Sch. of Newark, 435 N.J. Super. 273, 279 (App. Div. 2014)

(quoting In re Camden Cty., 170 N.J. at 448). In Merit Preparatory, the New

Jersey Education Association (NJEA) appealed from the Commissioner's

decision granting charters to two "blended" charter schools, where students were

instructed both in person and online. Id. at 276-77. In addressing standing, we

concluded that although it was not clear that NJEA's members would be

"adversely affected" by approval of the charter schools, the NJEA had

nevertheless "demonstrated a slight private interest that, together with the

substantial public interest, affords it standing to pursue this appeal." Id. at 280.6


6
  We have also entertained challenges by boards of education to renewals and
amendments of charters in other cases, including In re Red Bank Charter Sch.,


                                                                             A-3455-16T1
                                        24
      We are satisfied that a similar conclusion is appropriate here. The record

indicates that appellants will be directly affected by the Commissioner's decision

that they are required to fund their students' attendance at Hatikvah, and they

have a private interest in addressing the application to expand enrollment, which

will potentially open more seats for students from their districts. Moreover, the

issues raised in this appeal, notably the effect of an increase in enrollment on

the sending districts and the interpretation of the funding provision, are of "great

public interest" and thus, even if appellants had demonstrated only a "slight

additional private interest," they should be afforded standing.               Merit

Preparatory, 435 N.J. Super. at 279 (quoting Salorio v. Glaser, 82 N.J. 482, 491

(1980)). Therefore, we reject Hatikvah's contention on this point.

      Turning to the merits of appellants' arguments under Point I, we note that

the scope of judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner on a charter

school application is limited. In re Proposed Quest Acad. Charter Sch. of

Montclair Founders Grp., 216 N.J. 370, 385 (2013). We may reverse only if the

Commissioner's decision is "arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable." Ibid. In

making that determination, our review is generally restricted to three inquiries:



367 N.J. Super. 462, 467 (App. Div. 2004) (Red Bank Board of Education
opposed renewal and expansion of a charter school) and Highland Park I, No.
A-3890-14 (appeal from amendment).
                                                                            A-3455-16T1
                                        25
            (1) whether the agency's action violates express or
            implied legislative policies, that is, did the agency
            follow the law; (2) whether the record contains
            substantial evidence to support the findings on which
            the agency based its action; and (3) whether in applying
            the legislative policies to the facts, the agency clearly
            erred in reaching a conclusion that could not reasonably
            have been made on a showing of the relevant factors.

            [Id. at 385-86 (quoting Mazza v. Bd. of Trs., 143 N.J.
            22, 25 (1995)).]

      "When an agency's decision meets those criteria, then a court owes

substantial deference to the agency's expertise and superior knowledge of a

particular field." In re Herrmann, 192 N.J. 19, 28 (2007). The court "may not

substitute its own judgment for the agency's even though the court might have

reached a different result. . . ." In re Carter, 191 N.J. 474, 483 (2007) (quoting

Greenwood v. State Police Training Ctr., 127 N.J. 500, 513 (1992)).

      "[T]he arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable standard . . . subsumes the

need to find sufficient support in the record to sustain the decision reached by

the Commissioner." Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 386. "[A] failure to consider all

the evidence in a record would perforce lead to arbitrary decision making." Ibid.

However, in cases where "the Commissioner is not acting in a quasi-judicial

capacity," and is instead acting in [her] legislative capacity, as [s]he was doing

here, [s]he "need not provide the kind of formalized findings and conclusions


                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       26
necessary in the traditional contested case." TEAM Acad., ___ N.J. Super. ___

(slip op. at 30) (quoting In re Grant of Charter Sch. Application of Englewood

on the Palisades Charter Sch., 320 N.J. Super. 174, 217 (App. Div. 1999), aff'd

as modified, 164 N.J. 316 (2000)).

      Thus, although the arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable standard

demands "that the reasons for the decision be discernible, the reasons need not

be as detailed or formalized as an agency adjudication of disputed facts; they

need only be inferable from the record considered by the agency." Englewood,

320 N.J. Super. at 217. See Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super. at 476 ("[T]he reasons

for the decision need not be detailed or formalized, but must be discernible from

the record."); Bd. of Educ. of E. Windsor Reg'l Sch. Dist. v. State Bd. of Educ.,

172 N.J. Super. 547, 552 (App. Div. 1980) (detailed findings of fact not required

by Commissioner in reducing amount local school board sought to increase its

budget).

      Furthermore, there is no statutory or regulatory provision requiring the

Commissioner to include reasons for granting an application to amend. The

regulations provide only that the notification shall include reasons for the denial

of an initial charter school application, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(f), and an

application for renewal, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(d).        The Commissioner is not


                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       27
required to include reasons for granting an initial charter or a renewal, nor is he

or she required to include reasons for granting or denying an application to

amend.

      To that end, Quest Academy, 216 N.J. at 390, as cited by appellants, is

distinguishable. In that case, the operator of a proposed charter school appealed

from the Commissioner's decision denying the charter.           Id. at 373.    The

Commissioner's initial decision was "short on detail with respect to th e

application's deficiencies."   Ibid. However, after the appeal was filed, the

Commissioner submitted a written amplification of his reasons for denying the

application. Id. at 374. The Court affirmed, finding in relevant part that:

            Although the letter of denial did not detail the
            deficiencies found in the application, it offered instead
            a face-to-face meeting to review in detail the
            shortcomings in the application that Quest Academy
            submitted. According to the Commissioner, the large
            number of applicants (forty-five) who were reviewed in
            the batch with Quest Academy rendered lengthy written
            responses difficult and taxing of precious departmental
            resources. While it would be naturally preferable from
            the applicant's perspective to receive initially more than
            a generic form letter denying an application, here Quest
            Academy received a bit more than that. Some
            information about the application's shortcomings was
            provided in the denial letter, and the subsequent
            amplification fully detailed those issues. In reviewing
            as complex a proposal as that required for a newly
            proposed charter school, there is a benefit to offering a
            discussion, instead of a written cataloguing, of mistakes

                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       28
            or deficiencies in the application that has been rejected.
            We do not fault the Commissioner for choosing a
            dialogue involving constructive criticism as her
            preferred approach for producing approvable
            applications when resubmitted.

            [Id. at 390.]

      Quest Academy is distinguishable from the present case because there is

no requirement that the Commissioner detail her findings in approving an

amendment. Although it would have been helpful for the Commissioner to make

some findings in support of her decision, particularly since she had denied an

identical request one year earlier, she was not required to do so. TEAM Acad.,

___ N.J. Super. ___ (slip op. at 40). Instead, the focus on review is whether the

reasons for the Commissioner's decision are discernible from the record. Red

Bank, 367 N.J. Super. at 476. As explained below, they clearly are.

      Here, the Commissioner's decision approving Hatikvah's request to amend

its charter to increase enrollment in kindergarten and first grade by fifty students

is supported by the record and achieves the legislative policy of promoting

charter schools. Most notably, it is undisputed that Hatikvah's performance data,

a significant factor in assessing a request to amend a charter, N.J.A.C. 6A:11 -

2.6(b), was, as represented by its students' PARCC scores, significantly highe r

than the State average. Further, the approval was in conformance with the


                                                                            A-3455-16T1
                                        29
legislative policy of encouraging innovative approaches by charter schools, in

that, Hatikvah had implemented a partial English/Hebrew language immersion

program, which is not widely available in the traditional public schools in the

State. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-2.

      The record also demonstrates that there was a need for the increase in

enrollment for kindergarten and first grade because there was a waiting list of

eighty-seven students for kindergarten and sixty-two students for first grade.

Expansion of enrollment will allow Hatikvah to meet that need, strengthen its

academic program, and enhance its extracurricular program.

      Further, the record shows that Hatikvah, which had been submitting

detailed annual reports to the Commissioner since it was approved to operate in

2010, and had submitted a financial audit prior to having its charter renewed in

2014, was organizationally sound and fiscally viable. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16(b);

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2. Hatikvah represented that it had a stable and qualified

board of directors, and a "finding-free audit for the three years prior to the

amendment request."       Moreover, Hatikvah presented evidence that the

expansion would have little fiscal impact on East Brunswick, its district of

residence, and the other sending districts. Lastly, appellants do not dispute that

the weighted lottery will foster expanded enrollment of economically


                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       30
disadvantaged students.

      Because the Commissioner's decision was amply supported by the record

and achieves the legislative goals of the CSPA, we reject appellants' contentions

on this point.

                                       IV.

      In Point II, appellants argue that the Commissioner's decision was

arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable because she failed to consider the alleged

segregative impact of Hatikvah's charter amendment on the district. However,

appellants failed to provide sufficient evidence of a segregative effect to warrant

either more detailed scrutiny or the denial of the application and, therefore, we

conclude that this argument also lacks merit.

      In its resolution in support of its application for an amendment to its

charter, Hatikvah asserted that it had "been extremely successful in creating a

diverse school community," and that it sought to "increase the diversity of its

student body by including more students at risk of academic failure and greater

demographic diversity."

      In opposition to the amendment, appellants asserted without any statistical

evidence, that Hatikvah and TEECS enrolled "a significantly more segregated

student body than any of the resident or non-resident sending districts with


                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       31
respect to race, socioeconomic status, and need for special education." They

also asserted that it was "unclear whether the NJDOE gives due consideration to

the increased segregation of students caused by expanding charter schools ."

         On appeal, appellants submitted additional enrollment data, which they

contend demonstrated that Hatikvah had become "an enclave for white students

that does not even remotely reflect the demographics of the local community it

purports to serve." They compared Hatikvah's enrollment with the local public

school's enrollment for the 2016-2017 school year, as follows: 7

    Ethnic/Racial   Hatikvah           East Brunswick Highland Park Piscataway
    Group           Students           Students       Students       Students
    White                      69.7%            53.7%          37.5%       15.7%
    Asian                      13.0%            33.5%          24.0%       33.6%
    Hispanic                    8.2%             6.5%          22.4%       19.0%
    Black                       6.4%             4.7%          10.8%       28.8%

Appellants also asserted that for the 2016-2017 school year, only 5.1% of

Hatikvah students qualified for free or reduced lunches, in contrast to 15.7% in

East Brunswick, 36.9% in Highland Park, and 32% in Piscataway. They argue

that these statistics are prima facie proof that Hatikvah does not reflect a "cross

section of the community's school age population including racial and academic

factors." N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(e).

         In response, Hatikvah cited to the 2010 census data, which indicated that


7
     Available at https://rc.doe.state.nj.us/PerformanceReports.aspx
                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                          32
the racial/ethnic breakdown of the school age population in East Brunswick

(including both public and private school students) was: 60% white; 5% black

or African American; 27% Asian; and 8% Hispanic. Hatikvah maintained that

that data was similar to its students' racial/ethnic breakdown, which was as

follows:

Hatikvah's        White            Black           Asian            Hispanic
School Year
2014-2015              69.5%            5.4%            16.1%             7.4%
2015-2016              70.1%            6.6%             13%              8.5%

Further, Hatikvah represented that for the 2016-2017 school year, 5% of its

students qualified for free or reduced lunch, 13% had disabilities, and 3% were

English language learners (ELL).

      It is well established that, "[r]ooted in our Constitution, New Jersey's

public policy prohibits segregation in our public schools. . . ." Englewood, 164

N.J. at 324. Segregation is also "specifically prohibited in charter schools."

TEAM Acad., ___ N.J. Super. ___ (slip op. at 37) (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7).

Thus, the CSPA provides that "[t]he admission policy of the charter school shall,

to the maximum extent practicable, seek the enrollment of a cross section of the

community’s school age population including racial and academic factors."

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(e). Further, N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7 states that:

              A charter school shall be open to all students on a space

                                                                            A-3455-16T1
                                        33
            available basis and shall not discriminate in its
            admission policies or practices on the basis of
            intellectual or athletic ability, measures of achievement
            or aptitude, status as a person with a disability,
            proficiency in the English language, or any other basis
            that would be illegal if used by a school district;
            however, a charter school may limit admission to a
            particular grade level or to areas of concentration of the
            school, such as mathematics, science, or the arts. A
            charter school may establish reasonable criteria to
            evaluate prospective students which shall be outlined in
            the school’s charter.

      Our Supreme Court has held that the "form and structure" of the

segregative analysis is up to the Commissioner and the Department to determine.

Englewood, 164 N.J. at 329. "The Commissioner must consider the impact that

the movement of pupils to a charter school would have on the district of

residence" and "be prepared to act if the de facto effect of a charter school were

to affect a racial balance precariously maintained in a charter school's district of

residence." Id. at 328. "The Commissioner must vigilantly seek to protect a

district's racial/ethnic balance during the charter school's initial application,

continued operation, and charter renewal application." Red Bank, 367 N.J.

Super. at 472.

            [S]egregation, however caused, must be addressed. To
            be timely addressed, assessment cannot wait until after
            a charter school has been approved for operation and is
            already taking pupils from the public schools of a
            district of residence. The Commissioner must assess

                                                                            A-3455-16T1
                                        34
            whether approval of a charter school will have a
            segregative effect on the district of residence of the
            charter school. Once a charter school is operating, the
            Commissioner must also assess whether there is a
            segregative effect in any other district sending pupils to
            the approved charter school.

            [Englewood, 164 N.J. at 330.]

      In response to the Court's decision in Englewood, and to the companion

case, In re Greater Brunswick Charter School, 164 N.J. 314, 315 (2000), the

Board adopted regulations requiring the Commissioner, prior to approval of a

charter, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(j), and on an annual basis thereafter, N.J.A.C.

6A:11-2.2(c), to "assess the student composition of a charter school and the

segregative effect that the loss of the students may have on its district of

residence." The assessment shall be based on the enrollment from the initial

recruitment period pursuant to N.J.A.C. 6A:11-4.4(a) and (b).            32 N.J.R.

3560(a), 3561 (Oct. 2, 2000). N.J.A.C. 6A:11-4.4(a) provides that "a charter

school shall submit to the Commissioner the number of students by grade level,

gender and race/ethnicity from each district selected for enrollment from its

initial recruitment period for the following school year."

      Appellants argue that the Commissioner's decision granting the expansion

of enrollment is arbitrary and capricious because "there is nothing discernable"

in either her decision or the record to suggest that she considered its assertions

                                                                           A-3455-16T1
                                       35
that Hatikvah enrolled a significantly more segregated student body than any of

the resident or non-resident school districts. However, as set forth above, the

Commissioner was not required to include reasons for granting the application

to amend the charter. See Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super. at 476 (Commissioner did

not specifically address the segregation argument in his letter approving the

charter school's renewal and expansion). Nor did appellants present to the

Commissioner sufficient evidence of a segregative effect to warrant more in-

depth scrutiny. Id. at 472-85.

      Further, appellants' unsubstantiated generalized protests did not provide a

basis to deny the application. Ibid. It is undisputed that Hatikvah did not

discriminate in its admission policies or practices. Hatikvah operated a random

race-blind lottery under the supervision of an independent official. It does not

interview or otherwise pre-screen applicants based on intellectual ability, race,

or ethnicity. It recruited from a cross-section of the school age population, in

accordance with its charter agreement, targeting recruitment within a five-mile

radius of the school, most notably in Section 8 housing complexes, using direct

mailings, face-to-face solicitations, flyers, and television ads in English and

Spanish.   It also sought to increase its diverse student population through

implementation of a weighted lottery system affording preference to


                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                      36
economically disadvantaged students.

      Additionally, even if appellants had presented the information about

student enrollment data to the Commissioner that they now present for the first

time in their appellate brief, it would not have provided a basis to reject the

application.   The data provided by appellants on appeal shows a disparity

between the enrollment of minority students in Hatikvah and students in the

public schools in East Brunswick, Highland Park, and Piscataway. However,

the census data provided by Hatikvah, which includes both public and private

school-aged children in East Brunswick (its district of residence, where the

majority of students reside), is much closer to the racial/ethnic breakdown of

Hatikvah. In any event, appellants do not argue that the school districts are

becoming more segregated, or that Hatikvah's existence has worsened the

existing racial imbalance. See Bd. of Educ. of Hoboken v. N.J. State Dep't of

Educ., No. A-3690-14 (App. Div. June 29, 2017) (slip op. at 15) (affirmed

charter renewal where there were no allegations that the charter school's

practices after the enrollment of students by an impartial lottery exacerbated the

racial or ethnic balance); see also TEAM Acad., ___ N.J. Super. ___ (slip op. at

14) (stating that "[t]he mere fact that the demographics of the charter schools do

not mirror the demographics of the [d]istrict does not alone establish a


                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       37
segregative effect").

      In that regard, this case is distinguishable from Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super.

at 462.   In that case, the Board of Education (Board) appealed from the

Commissioner's decision approving an application by a charter school to renew

its charter. Id. at 467. The Board opposed the application on the basis that the

school's operation had worsened the racial/ethnic imbalance, citing to data

showing that since the charter school opened, the percentage of non-minority

students in the traditional public schools had decreased from 32% to 18%, and

a disproportionate number of non-minority students were enrolled in the charter

school. Id. at 469. The Board also alleged that prior to standardized testing, the

charter school frequently returned enrolled minority students with poor

academic records to the traditional public schools. Id. at 479.

      The Commissioner in Red Bank did not specifically address the

segregation argument in the final decision. Id. at 476. However, this court

discerned from the entire record, including the Commissioner's brief on appeal,

that the Commissioner had concluded there was "no evidence in the record to

suggest that the charter school has promoted racial segregation among the

district's school-age children," and "there is no requirement that the two schools

have exactly the same minority/non-minority enrollment figures."             Ibid.


                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       38
(internal quotation marks omitted). We held that "the Commissioner is to assess

whether or not the charter school is seeking 'a cross section of the community's

school age population.'" Ibid. (quoting N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(e)).

      Despite the disparity in the enrollment, we affirmed the Commissioner's

decision, finding that:

            The Charter School should not be faulted for
            developing an attractive educational program.
            Assuming the school's enrollment practices remain
            color blind, random, and open to all students in the
            community, the parents of age eligible students will
            decide whether or not to attempt to enroll their child in
            the Charter School and any racial/ethnic imbalance
            cannot be attributed solely to the school. To close this
            school would undermine the Legislature's policy of
            "promoting comprehensive educational reform" by
            fostering the development of charter schools. N.J.S.A.
            18A:36A-2.

            [Id. at 478.]

      Nonetheless, this court found that the school's post-enrollment practices

were "disturbing and difficult to dismiss on this record." Id. at 480. "While the

Charter School's enrollment practices might not be the sole cause of existing

racial/ethnic imbalance, the manner of operation of the school after its color -

blind lottery, warrants closer scrutiny to determine whether some of the school's

practices may be worsening the existing racial/ethnic imbalance in the district

schools." Ibid. Thus, we remanded the matter to the Commissioner to determine

                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                      39
"whether remedial action is warranted." Ibid.

      Here, and unlike in Red Bank, there are no allegations that Hatikvah's

practices, after the enrollment of students by an impartial lottery, exacerbated

the racial, ethnic, or economically disadvantaged population balance in its

district of residence. Instead, appellants simply claimed, in the most general of

terms, that Hatikvah was more segregated than the districts—a bald claim

insufficient to warrant further review on an application to amend.

      It is also undisputed that the Commissioner considered the segregative

effect of the charter school in approving the school in 2010, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-

2.1(j), in renewing Hatikvah's application in 2013 and 2018, N.J.A.C. 6A:11 -

2.3(b)(8), and on an annual basis, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2(c). There is no indication

in this record that there was any challenge based on the segregative effect either

before this application to amend, or after (during the second renewal). See

Hatikvah, No. A-5977-09; Highland Park I, No. A-3890-14. Nor is there any

indication in this record that the Commissioner found a segregative effect during

the annual review. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2(c).

      Accordingly, we are satisfied that the Commissioner's decision approving

the expansion was not arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable because appellants

did not provide sufficient evidence of a segregative effect to warrant either more


                                                                          A-3455-16T1
                                       40
detailed scrutiny or the denial of the application.        Therefore, we reject

appellants' contention on this point.

                                        V.

      In Point III, appellants argue that the Commissioner's decision approving

Hatikvah's application to amend its charter was arbitrary, capricious, and

unreasonable because she failed to consider "significant deficiencies" in

Hatikvah's application, namely, the financial burden of the expansion on the

sending districts and the lack of demand for the increased enrollment. Again,

we disagree.

      Before the Commissioner, appellants raised only general objections in

opposition to Hatikvah's application to amend its charter, calling for a

moratorium on new charter seats in Middlesex and Somerset Counties because

of the alleged financial impact on the sending districts. Appellants did not

submit any specific financial data to support those assertions.

      East Brunswick, the district of residence, alleged, more specifically, that

the "financial impact" of Hatikvah's "expansion combined with ongoing costs to

support the Charter School would increase to 107% of the amount of the State's

imposed budget cap" and estimated that the cost to East Brunswick Public

Schools in 2016-2017 was an additional $114,833 to $293,457, or "over $1


                                                                         A-3455-16T1
                                        41
million per year over the next five years." East Brunswick also alleged that in

order "to meet the required financial support of the Charter School," it had, in

2011, cut educational opportunities for its public school students. Specifically,

it: eliminated the World Language program for 2000 public school students

(which it partially restored by the 2016-2017 school year); eliminated the

Summer Academy serving over 2000 students with remedial needs; and reduced

its elementary teaching staff thereby raising class size.

      The Commissioner relied on the Department's comprehensive review of

the "fiscal impact on sending districts" in approving the amendment.

      The Education Clause of the New Jersey Constitution imposes an

obligation on the State Legislature to "provide for the maintenance and support

of a thorough and efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of

all the children in the State between the ages of five and eighteen years." N.J.

Const. art. 8, § 4, ¶ 1. Funding for charter schools is provided by "the school

district of residence," which is required to pay directly to the charter school 90%

of its program budget per pupil for each of its resident students enrolled in the

school. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b). Case law requires that

            if the local school district "demonstrates with some
            specificity that the constitutional requirements of a
            thorough and efficient education would be jeopardized
            by [the district's] loss" of the funds to be allocated to a

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            charter school, "the Commissioner is obligated to
            evaluate carefully the impact that loss of funds would
            have on the ability of the district of residence to deliver
            a thorough and efficient education."

            [Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 377-78 (quoting Englewood,
            164 N.J. at 334-35).]

      The district must, however, "be able to support its assertions."

Englewood, 164 N.J. at 336. The Commissioner does not have "the burden of

canvassing the financial condition of the district of residence in order to

determine its ability to adjust to the per-pupil loss upon approval of the charter

school based on unsubstantiated, generalized protests."             Ibid.    "[T]he

Commissioner is entitled to rely on the district of residence to come forward

with a preliminary showing that the requirements of a thorough and efficient

education cannot be met." Id. at 334. The Court held that "[t]he legislative will

to allow charter schools and to advance their goals suggests our approach which

favors the charter school unless reliable information is put forward to

demonstrate that a constitutional violation may occur." Id. at 336.

      For example, in Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super. at 467, the Board argued that

the Commissioner erred in granting the renewal without adequately considering

the detrimental impact on its ability to provide a thorough and efficient

education. Id. at 482. It claimed that the expansion would cause reduction in


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the District's budget of $720,000, requiring the elimination of four teaching

positions resulting in bigger classes, the elimination of courtesy busing, and the

reduction of hall monitors, instructional assistants, and cafeteria monitors. Ibid.

      On appeal, we affirmed the Commissioner's decision, finding that "[t]he

paucity of specificity in the Board's charges is fatal." Id. at 483. Notably, the

Board had failed to reference the regulations adopted to measure a thorough and

efficient education. Ibid. (citing N.J.A.C. 6:8-1.1 to 4.2 (subsequently repealed,

now N.J.A.C. 6A:8-1.1 to 5.3)).       Further, a reduction in force would "be

expected given that there will be fewer students to educate by the Board after

they move to the expanded charter school." Ibid. Moreover, while "courtesy

busing" might be important for Red Bank, it was not mandated or necessary for

a thorough and efficient education. Ibid. Nor did the Board demonstrate how

the elimination of monitors and other assistants would impair its thorough and

efficient education efforts. Ibid.

      Similarly, here, appellants presented only unsubstantiated generalized

protests against the entire charter school scheme and thus did not make a

preliminary showing on which the Commissioner could rely. Englewood, 164

N.J. at 334.

      Further, East Brunswick's allegations of financial impact were less


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specific than in Red Bank, and it failed to demonstrate that the requirements of

a thorough and efficient education could not be met as a result of the expansion.

As was the case in Red Bank, East Brunswick did not refer to the regulations

establishing standards for the provision of a thorough and efficient education.

N.J.A.C. 6A:8-1.1 to -5.3.         Although the "New Jersey Student Learning

Standards" (NJSLS) include a world language requirement, N.J.A.C. 6A:8-1.3,

it is not clear from East Brunswick's submission why the program was

eliminated in 2011, and more significantly, how it was partially reinstated after

the approval of Hatikvah's expansion in 2014.

      Moreover, East Brunswick did not account for the fact that although it has

to pay the charter school 90% of certain student funding categories, it retains

10%—an amount designed to respond to concerns about the loss of funding to

the District. Englewood, 164 N.J. at 333; N.J.S.A. 18:36A-12(b). Nor does it

account for the fact that the CSPA funding formula, as amended by the School

Funding Reform Act of 2008 (SFRA), N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-43 to -63, was

specifically designed to fund students at the constitutionally required level.

Abbott v. Burke (Abbott XX), 199 N.J. 140, 147 (2009). Therefore, appellants'

claim on this point lacks merit.

      Appellants also argue that the Commissioner failed to consider the lack of


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demand for the increased enrollment, as allegedly demonstrated by the fact that

only 48% of Hatikvah's students reside in East Brunswick. This contention must

also be rejected.

      Preference for enrollment in a charter school is given to students who

reside in the district where the charter school is located. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-

8(a). A charter school may, however, enroll non-resident students, if available

space permits. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(d). As in this case, a charter school may

apply to the Commissioner for an amendment to its charter to expand its

enrollment. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a)(1)(i). There is no statutory or regulatory

provision limiting the requested amount of an expanded enrollment, or limiting

the expansion to in-district students. The Commissioner evaluates whether

amendments are eligible for approval under the CSPA and the implementing

regulation, N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(b), under which a charter school must include

information showing a "[d]emonstration of need" in its initial application.

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(b)(2)(vi).

      Here, Hatikvah demonstrated that need. As of June 2016, there were 149

students, from both East Brunswick and non-resident districts, on the waiting

list for kindergarten through second grade. Additionally, for the 2016-2017

school year, twenty-four of the available fifty kindergarten seats went to siblings


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of students thereby, according to Hatikvah, "greatly limiting access to the school

for new families." Thus, the record fully supported the Commissioner's decision

approving an increase in enrollment from fifty to seventy-five students in

kindergarten and first grade and, therefore, we discern no basis for disturbing it.

                                        VI.

      Appellants argue in Point IV that there is no statutory authority under the

CSPA to obligate them to fund their students' attendance at Hatikvah and,

therefore,   the Commissioner's decision         was   arbitrary, capricious, or

unreasonable because it violated express or implied legislative policies. They

contend, as other appellants do in two of the companion cases, Piscataway, and

North Brunswick, that N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b) explicitly limits financial

responsibility for students' attendance at charter schools to the "school district

of residence," which they interpret to mean the district where the charter school

is located, or at most, the contiguous districts identified in the school's approved

"region of residence." Thus, appellants argue that since the Commissioner's

approval of the expansion was based on the presumed ongoing flow of revenue

from appellants, non-resident school districts, it was inherently arbitrary and

should be vacated. For the reasons that follow, however, we conclude that the

Commissioner's interpretation of the funding provisions was entirely consistent


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with the Act and the policies expressed by the Legislature.

      In their resolutions calling for a moratorium on all new charter school

seats in Middlesex and Somerset Counties, appellants only generally claimed

that the Department had interpreted the CSPA "to require all public school

districts statewide to pay charter schools for students enrolled in those schools

regardless as to whether the charter serves the district's community as part of the

charter's approved district or region of residence."

      The scope of judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner is

limited. Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 385. Although the Appellate Division is not

bound by an agency's determination on a question of law, Hargrove v. Sleepy's,

LLC, 220 N.J. 289, 301 (2015), "[c]ourts afford an agency 'great deference' in

reviewing its 'interpretation of statutes within its scope of authority and its

adoption of rules implementing' the laws for which it is responsible." N.J. Ass'n

of Sch. Adm'rs v. Schundler, 211 N.J. 535, 549 (2012) (quoting N.J. Soc'y for

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v. N.J. Dep't of Agric., 196 N.J. 366, 385

(2008)).

       "[T]he goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the

Legislature's intent." Cashin v. Bello, 223 N.J. 328, 335 (2015). "[T]he best

indicator of that intent is the statutory language." DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J.


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477, 492 (2005).       "Accordingly, '[t]he starting point of all statutory

interpretation must be the language used in the enactment.'" Spade v. Select

Comfort Corp., 232 N.J. 504, 515 (2018) (quoting N.J. Div. of Child Prot. &

Permanency v. Y.N., 220 N.J. 165, 178 (2014)).

      Courts "construe the words of a statute 'in context with related provisions

so as to give sense to the legislation as a whole.'" Spade, 232 N.J. at 515

(quoting N. Jersey Media Grp., Inc. v. Twp. of Lyndhurst, 229 N.J. 541, 570

(2017)). If the plain language leads to a clear and unambiguous result, then the

court's "interpretative process is over." Johnson v. Roselle EZ Quick LLC, 226

N.J. 370, 386 (2016). Courts "turn to extrinsic tools to discern legislative intent

. . . only when the statute is ambiguous, the plain language leads to a result

inconsistent with any legitimate public policy objective, or it is at odds with a

general statutory scheme." Shelton v. Restaurant.com, Inc., 214 N.J. 419, 429

(2013).

      At issue here, N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b) provides that:

            The school district of residence shall pay directly to the
            charter school for each student enrolled in the charter
            school who resides in the district an amount equal to
            90% of the sum of the budget year equalization aid per
            pupil, the prebudget year general fund tax levy per
            pupil inflated by the CPI rate most recent to the
            calculation, and the employer payroll tax per pupil that
            is transferred to the school district pursuant to

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            subsection d. of section 1 of P.L.2018, c.68. In
            addition, the school district of residence shall pay
            directly to the charter school the security categorical
            aid attributable to the student and a percentage of the
            district’s special education categorical aid equal to the
            percentage of the district’s special education students
            enrolled in the charter school and, if applicable, 100%
            of preschool education aid. The district of residence
            shall also pay directly to the charter school any federal
            funds attributable to the student.

            [(Emphasis added).]

      The term "school district of residence" is not defined in the CSPA or the

implementing regulations. The term "district of residence" is defined in the

regulations as "the school district in which a charter school facility is physically

located; if a charter school is approved with a region of residence comprised of

contiguous school districts, that region is the charter school's district of

residence." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-1.2; N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.1.8 A school district does

not, however, reside in a district; instead, it is located in a district. Moreover,

the district of residence where the charter school is located does not receive



8
  A "region of residence" is defined as the "contiguous school districts in which
a charter school operates and is the charter school's district of residence."
N.J.A.C. 6A:11-1.2. See Greater Brunswick Charter Sch., 332 N.J. Super. at
424 ("[R]egulations allowing regional charter schools are a legitimate means of
effectuating the Act's purpose of encouraging the establishment of charter
schools."). A non-resident school district is defined as "a school district outside
the district of residence of the charter school." N.J.A.C. 6A:11-1.2.
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equalization aid, security categorical aid, or federal funds "attributable" to a

charter student who is not a resident of that district. See N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-43 to

-63 (SFRA). Thus, it would make no sense to interpret "school district of

residence" to mean the "district of residence." N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b).

      In fact, the State Board of Education promulgated N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.2

and -15.3, which as discussed in more detail in our decision today in Piscataway,

require both a "district of residence" and a "non-resident district" to fund its

students' attendance at a charter school. However, appellants argue that under

N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.2 and -15.3, a "non-resident district" should be interpreted

to mean only those "non-resident districts" that are within a charter school's

region of residence, because those districts would be entitled to the same

opportunity for input as the district where the charter school is located. N.J.A.C.

6A:11-2.1; N.J.A.C. 6A:11.2.6(a)(2).        They contend that the Department's

interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b) to require all non-resident districts to

fund their students' attendance at charter schools is inconsistent with the Act,

because non-resident districts located outside the approved region of residence

are not entitled to receive notice or input as to the approval or amendment

process.

      Significantly, after the parties filed briefs in this case, we rejected this


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identical argument in Highland Park I.9 In that case, Highland Park (one of the

appellants in this case), appealed from the Commissioner's March 19, 2015 final

decision approving Hatikvah's second application to amend its charter to expand

its grades. Highland Park I, (slip op. at 2).

      In Highland Park I, this court initially noted that Highland Park had not

raised this issue in March 2014 when Hatikvah sought to renew its charter, or in

November 2014 when Hatikvah sought to expand its enrollment. Id. at 14.

Highland Park had never challenged the regulations requiring resident and non -

resident school districts to fund their students' attendance at a charter school,

and had "paid tuition for its students to attend the school for at least six years."

Id. at 15. Nonetheless, because it involved "an issue of law," the court decided

to exercise its discretion and address the argument even though it was raised for

the first time on appeal. Ibid.

      Turning to the merits, the court found that the plain language of N.J.S.A.

18A:36A-12(b) "expressly provides that the 'school district of residence' must

pay the charter school for 'each student' enrolled in the school." Id. at 16. Thus,



9
  Although the case is unpublished, it involved most of the same parties and the
identical issue raised here, and thus even if not binding under the doctrine of
collateral estoppel, the legal analysis is persuasive and properly constitutes
secondary authority in connection with the present appeals. R. 1:36-3.
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                                        52
the court held that "as used in N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b), the term 'school district

of residence' refers to the district where the student resides, not the district where

the charter school is located." Ibid. The court further found that the CSPA

             expressly envisions that students may enroll in a charter
             school, even though they reside in a district other than
             the district where the charter school is located. See
             N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a) (requiring charter schools to
             give preference for enrollment to students who reside
             "in the school district in which the charter school is
             located"). There is nothing in the Act that would allow
             these students to attend a charter school without a
             financial contribution from the school districts in which
             they reside. Thus, under N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b),
             obligation of a school district to attend a charter school
             is not limited to the charter school's "district of
             residence."

             [Id. at 16-17.]

      Further, we found that the regulations adopted pursuant to the CSPA were

"consistent with this interpretation of N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b). Indeed, the

regulations expressly provide that both a charter school's 'district of residence'

and the 'non-resident school districts' must pay for their students to attend a

charter school. N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.3(g)(2), (3)." Id. at 17. See also N.J.A.C.

6A:23A-15.2 (resident and non-resident school districts shall use projected

charter school aid).

      The court in Highland Park I also found support for this interpretation in


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the legislative history, explaining that in its fiscal estimate for S. 1796 (1995),

which, combined with A. 592 (1995), became the CSPA, the Office of

Legislative Services (OLS), included the following statement:

             In regard to the funding of charter schools, the bill
             provides that the school district of residence would pay
             directly to the charter school for each student enrolled
             who resides in the district an amount equal to the local
             levy budget per pupil in the district for the specific
             grade level. . . . The cost for out of district pupils would
             be paid by the district of residence of the pupil. . . .

             [Id. at 17-18 (quoting Legislative Fiscal Estimate to S.
             1796 1 (Sept. 14, 1995) (emphasis added)).]

That statement "makes clear that all school districts of residence must pay for

students to attend a charter school, and the financial obligation is not limited to

the charter school's 'district of residence.'" Id. at 18.

      In so ruling, we found unpersuasive Highland Park's citation to other

provisions of the Charter School Act that pertain to a charter school's "district

of residence." Id. at 18. For example, the court found that

             Highland Park cites N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(c), which
             requires a proposed charter school to provide a copy of
             its application to the "local board of education."
             However, the statute does not support Highland Park's
             argument. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(c) also requires the
             Commissioner to provide notice to "members of the
             State Legislature, school superintendents, and mayors
             and governing bodies of all legislative districts, school
             districts, or municipalities in which there are students

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                                         54
            who will be eligible for enrollment in the charter
            school."

                Highland Park also cites N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-14(b), a
            statute that limits a charter school's salaries to the
            salaries of the highest step in the district where the
            school is located; and N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16(b), which
            requires a charter school to serve a copy of its annual
            report on the local board of education in the district
            where the school is located. However, these statutes
            have no direct bearing on whether a student's "school
            district of residence" must pay for students from that
            district to attend at a charter school.

            [Id. at 18-19.]

      Thus, we concluded that

            under N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b), the term "school
            district of residence" means the school district where
            the student resides, and each "school district of
            residence" must pay the charter school for its student to
            attend the school, in the amounts required by the Act
            and the regulations. We therefore reject Highland
            Park's contention that only the charter school's "district
            of residence" is obligated to pay for its students to
            attend the school.

            [Id. at 19.]

      Similarly, as addressed in Piscataway, the Commissioner issued a final

decision in which she interpreted the CSPA and the regulatory provisions,

N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.1 to -15.4, to require school districts to "provide funding

for its students enrolled in charter schools located in other school districts." Bd.


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                                        55
of Educ. of Twp. of Piscataway v. NJ Dep't of Educ., EDU 10995-16, final

decision, (July 27, 2017) (the Piscataway Board of Education was obligated to

pay for its resident students to attend a number of out-of-district charter schools,

including Hatikvah).

      Appellants argue that under that interpretation, non-resident school

districts will be deprived of due process because non-resident districts are not

entitled to receive formal notice of a charter school's application to amend its

charter, or input into the amendment process. See N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a)(b).

They argue that "the net effect of these regulations as applied by the Department

is to render every New Jersey district the 'district of residence' of every ch arter

school in the state."

      However, because preference for enrollment in a charter school is given

to students who reside in the school district in which the charter school is

located, N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a), it is likely that the majority of students will

reside in that district, and thus it makes sense that the district of residence should

receive formal notice and an opportunity for input. Moreover, it was undisputed

that appellants in this case, and in the back-to-back companion appeals, were

aware of the amendment and had an opportunity to submit comments on the

amendment requests involved in these cases.            In fact, the Commissioner


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                                         56
received, and considered, comments from several school districts, individuals,

an educational service commission, and even several legislators. Thus, the

notice provisions simply do not relieve non-resident districts from bearing

financial responsibility for their students' attendance at charter schools.

      We are persuaded by the reasoning expressed in Highland Park I, and by

the Commissioner in her final decision in Piscataway. The plain language of

the statute requires each student's district of residence to pay for the student to

attend a charter school. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b). That interpretation is entirely

consistent with the Act and the policy expressed by the Legislature. Charter

schools are open to all students, both resident and non-resident students, and

there is no indication in the Act that the Legislature intended to exclude non -

resident districts from funding their students' attendance at a charter school. It

is also consistent with the legislative history and the implementing regulations,

which require a non-resident district to fund its students' attendance at a charter

school. N.J.A.C. 6A:23A-15.2 and -15.3. Thus, appellants are obligated to

provide funding for their students enrolled in Hatikvah.

                                       VII.

      In sum, we affirm the Commissioner's decision approving Hatikvah's

application to amend its charter, and compelling appellants to fund their


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                                       57
students' attendance at that school. The decision was not arbitrary, capricious,

or unreasonable, promoted the legislative policy of the CSPA, and was fully

supported by the record.

      Affirmed.




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