                                                                                  PUBLISH

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                ________________________
                                                                            FILED
                                                                    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                        No. 98-9233                   ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                   Non-Argument Calendar                   05/25/99
                                 ________________________              THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                            CLERK
                              D.C. Docket No. 4:93-cv-326-HLM
MARVIN KAY,

                                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                             versus

KENNETH S. APFEL, Commissioner of Social Security,

                                                                            Defendant-Appellee.

                              _______________________

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Northern District of Georgia
                                 _______________________
                                       (May 25, 1999)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:

       Dale Buchanan, an attorney, represented plaintiff Marvin Kay on his claim for Social

Security benefits. As a result of Buchanan’s efforts, Kay was awarded over $52,000 in past-due

benefits. Buchanan moved for attorney’s fees, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 406(b). The district court,

applying the “lodestar” method, awarded Buchanan $3,990.13 in attorney’s fees. On appeal, we join

the majority of circuits in holding that reasonable attorney’s fees under § 406(b) should be
calculated using the “lodestar” approach, not the “contingent fee” approach. We conclude that the

district court’s award was not an abuse of discretion.1

                                     I. BACKGROUND

       Buchanan, an attorney with considerable experience in government and private

practice dealing with Social Security claims, began representing Kay on his claim in

1992, when he appeared before an Administrative Law Judge seeking disability

benefits for Kay, who had a claimed disability onset date of March 11, 1991. Kay’s

claim and an administrative appeal were unsuccessful. Buchanan then brought suit

on behalf of Kay in the district court, which remanded Kay’s claim to the

Commissioner for further proceedings and awarded Buchanan attorney’s fees pursuant

to the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d).

       In February 1995, the Administrative Law Judge held an additional hearing and

found that Kay was eligible for benefits, with a disability onset date of February 1994.

Buchanan appealed the finding with respect to the disability onset date. The Appeals

Council denied review, and Buchanan again filed suit in the district court. The district

court again ordered the case remanded to the Commissioner, and on August 30, 1996,

the Administrative Law Judge concluded that Kay’s disability onset date was in

March 1991. Kay was awarded $52,305.00 in past-due benefits, of which 25 percent,


      We agree with the parties that this case is suitable for disposition
       1


without oral argument. See F.R.A.P. 34(a)(2)(C); 11th Cir. R. 34-3(b).
                                                 2
or $13,076.25, were set aside pending determination of Buchanan’s entitlement to

attorney’s fees.

      Buchanan had agreed to represent Kay on a contingency basis. Kay’s contract

with Buchanan states:

      I agree to pay my attorney an amount equivalent to twenty-five percent
      (25%) of the total amount of the past due benefits accrued from the time
      [of] disability or the first entitlement started through the time my benefits
      are received or $1500.00, whichever is greater. I understand that this fee
      includes 25% of ALL my Social Security benefits including those paid
      on my earnings record or on any account for my dependents, and those
      paid in the form of Supplemental Security Income. I understand that the
      minimum fee, should I win will be $1500.00. . . . I understand that Dale
      L. Buchanan and Associates is not going to charge me a fee in advance
      and that they will not charge me any fee at all except the amount for
      expenses unless I win.


Buchanan moved for attorney’s fees under section 206(b) of the Social Security Act,

42 U.S.C. § 406(b). He requested $8,500.00 for 26.6 hours of work performed in

connection with his representation of Kay before the district court. That figure is

about one-third smaller than the 25 percent contingency fee of $13,076.25 which he

might have claimed. But Buchanan’s fee request still relied on his contingency

agreement with Kay, and Buchanan argued that the claimed fee of $8,500.00 must be

reasonable because it was substantially less than the amount he could have requested.

The Commissioner objected to the requested amount, arguing that Buchanan should



                                           3
be compensated for 24.1 hours of court-related work at an hourly rate of $150.00, for

a total of $3,615.00.

      Employing the lodestar method, the magistrate judge recommended that

Buchanan receive $3,990.00, representing 26.6 hours of work at $150.00 per hour.

While noting that “the prevailing market rate for the Rome Division in the Northern

District of Georgia . . . . has never exceeded $95.00 per hour,” the magistrate judge

increased the rate to reflect the contingent nature of Buchanan’s representation, in

light of which he might have recovered no fees at all.

      The district court agreed that the proper method of calculating Buchanan’s fees

was the lodestar method, not the contingent fee approach, but applied an hourly rate

of $95.00 per hour, reasoning that “$95.00 is the amount the Court customarily awards

to attorneys of comparable skills, experience, and reputation for similar services.”

Multiplying this figure by 26.6 hours, the district court arrived at a lodestar amount

of $2,527.00. It concluded that the lodestar amount should be multiplied by an

adjustment figure of 1.579, especially since Buchanan had been acting on a

contingency basis. Applying that adjustment, the court awarded Buchanan $3,990.13

in attorney’s fees. Buchanan filed this appeal, though Kay, as the claimant, is the

named appellant.




                                          4
                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. See, e.g., United

States v. Alborola-Rodriguez, 153 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 1998). We review

awards of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. See American Civil Liberties Union

v. Barnes, 168 F.3d 423, 427 (11th Cir. 1999). We will find that the district court

abused its discretion if it has not applied the proper standard, or has failed to follow

proper procedures in making its determination, or has based its award on findings of

fact that are clearly erroneous. Id.

                                   III. ANALYSIS

A.    THE LODESTAR METHOD IS TO BE APPLIED IN DETERMINING

      ATTORNEY’S FEES UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 406(b)

      As noted above, Buchanan agreed to take Kay’s case on a contingent fee basis.

In the event Kay’s claim succeeded, he would owe Buchanan a minimum of $1,500.00

and a maximum of 25 percent of the past-due benefits awarded. If he lost, he would

owe Buchanan only his expenses. Buchanan argues that the district court erred by

applying the lodestar method to determine his reasonable fees for his work in this

case. He contends that the district court should have employed the contingency fee

method and treated his requested fee as presumptively reasonable.




                                           5
      The Social Security Act provides for the recovery of attorney’s fees in the

following terms:

      Whenever a court renders a judgment favorable to a claimant under this
      subchapter who was represented before the court by an attorney, the
      court may determine and allow as part of its judgment a reasonable fee
      for such representation, not in excess of 25 percent of the total of the
      past-due benefits to which the claimant is entitled by reason of such
      judgment, . . .


42 U.S.C. § 406(b)(1)(A). Beyond this capacious language, however, the Act offers

no further guidance on what amounts to a “reasonable fee” for successful Social

Security claims.

      The circuits have split over the proper method for calculating attorney’s fees

under 42 U.S.C. § 406(b). At least five circuits, which is a majority of those that have

addressed the issue, have adopted the “lodestar” method.2 Under that method, the

court arrives at a lodestar figure by multiplying “the number of hours reasonably

expended by a reasonable hourly rate. The district court may then adjust the resulting


      2
       See, e.g., Hubbard v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 946, 948 (10th Cir. 1993);
Brown v. Sullivan, 917 F.2d 189, 191-93 (5th Cir. 1990); Cotter v. Bowen,
879 F.2d 359, 363 (8th Cir. 1989); Craig v. Secretary of Health and Human
Servs., 864 F.2d 324, 327-28 (4th Cir. 1989); Starr v. Bowen, 831 F.2d 872,
874 (9th Cir. 1987). See also Ramos Colon v. Secretary of Health and
Human Servs., 850 F.2d 24, 26 (1st Cir.1988) (rejecting deference to
contingent fee agreement but not singling out lodestar method as the
appropriate method).
                                           6
‘lodestar’ depending upon a variety of factors.” Andrews v. United States, 122 F.3d

1367, 1375 (11th Cir. 1997) (internal citations omitted) (attorney’s fees claimed under

Equal Access to Justice Act) (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.

Ct. 1933, 1939 (1983)).

      Three circuits, however, have adopted the “contingent fee” method.3 Under that

method, where a Social Security benefit claimant has signed a contingency fee

agreement for an amount falling within the statutory cap of 25 percent of the

claimant’s past-due benefits, the court will defer to the contract amount of fees unless

it is unreasonable. See, e.g., Wells v. Sullivan, 907 F.2d 367, 370 (2d Cir. 1990).

Although each court taking this approach uses slightly different language, all

essentially erect a rebuttable presumption that a contingency fee arrangement of 25

percent or less is a reasonable fee, absent evidence suggesting otherwise. See, e.g.,

id. at 371 (“[T]he district court’s determination of a reasonable fee under § 406(b)

must begin with the [contingency fee] agreement, and the district court may reduce

the amount called for by the contingency agreement only when it finds the amount to

be unreasonable.”); McGuire v. Sullivan, 873 F.2d 974, 981 (7th Cir. 1989) (the court

“should defer to the parties’ intentions where reasonable. . . . [T]he fee agreement


     See, e.g., Wells v. Sullivan, 907 F.2d 367, 370 (2d Cir. 1990);
      3


McGuire v. Sullivan, 873 F.2d 974, 980 (7th Cir. 1989); Rodriquez v.
Bowen, 865 F.2d 739, 746 (6th Cir. 1989) (en banc).
                                           7
entered into by the parties should be the starting place for a court’s review but that

amount may be reduced if appropriate.”); Rodriquez v. Bowen, 865 F.2d 739, 746 (6th

Cir. 1989) (en banc) (“[I]f the agreement states that the attorney will be paid twenty-

five percent of the benefits awarded, it should be given the weight ordinarily accorded

a rebuttable presumption.”). The amount awarded pursuant to a contingency fee

agreement may be reduced where factors such as ineffective counsel or a potential

windfall to the claimant’s attorney are present. See, e.g., Rodriquez, 865 F.2d at 746.

      Until now, we have not taken a position on the matter.4 Upon examination, we

conclude that the majority approach is the right one. Accordingly, we hold that the

lodestar method applies to the determination of

attorney’s fees in Social Security cases under 42 U.S.C. § 406(b), even where counsel

and the claimant contractually agreed to a contingency fee arrangement. As we

discuss below, however, the existence of a contingency agreement may be one factor

that is properly considered in determining whether to increase the lodestar figure.




      4
       District courts in this circuit have divided over the correct approach.
Compare Krig v. Sullivan, 143 F.R.D. 270 (N.D. Fla. 1992) (employing
lodestar method), and Frazier v. Sullivan, 768 F.Supp. 1511 (M.D. Ala.
1991) (same), with Kelly v. Sullivan, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9062 (S.D. Ala.
June 29, 1993) (employing contingent fee method), and Williams v. Sullivan,
494675 (S.D. Ala. Oct. 29, 1991) (same).
                                          8
      Our conclusion that the lodestar method is the appropriate one is compelled by

a number of factors. We begin, as we must, with the statutory text itself. See Lyes

v. City of Riviera Beach, Florida, 166 F.3d 1332, 1337 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc)

(quoting United States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir. 1998) (en banc)).

Although, as we have mentioned, § 406(b) provides little guidance, it does provide

some guidance. It says we may determine and award “a reasonable fee” for an

attorney’s services, and it caps that fee at 25 percent of a claimant’s past-due benefits.

This language indicates courts have an affirmative duty to ensure that a Social

Security claimant’s attorney receives only a “reasonable” fee, regardless of the

contractual arrangements the claimant and his attorney may have reached. See Coup

v. Heckler, 834 F.2d 313, 324 (3d Cir. 1987) (noting that § 406(b) is “a statutory

interference with the attorney client contractual relationship which would otherwise

be determined by the marketplace for legal services.”). So the statutory language

itself, broad though it may be, slightly favors an approach such as the lodestar method

over one which assigns any presumptive reasonableness to the parties’ fee agreement.

      As the text of the statute makes clear, our duty under § 406(b) to scrutinize a

fee claim for reasonableness extends to all fee claims up to and including the 25

percent maximum. It thus makes little sense to argue, as Buchanan does, that any

award under the maximum amount is presumptively reasonable. The statutory


                                            9
maximum is an absolute cap, see Craig v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs., 864

F.2d 324, 327 (4th Cir. 1989), not a “benchmark” by which we assess the

reasonableness of a fee. See Rodriquez, 865 F.2d at 748 (Wellford, J., concurring in

part and dissenting in part).

      Our reading of the statutory language of § 406(b) is also informed by the

interpretation given a similar reasonableness requirement in another class of attorney’s

fees provisions -- the so-called “fee-shifting” provisions. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1988

(allowing courts to award the prevailing party in civil rights cases “a reasonable

attorney’s fee”). Courts interpreting those provisions have concluded that the lodestar

method is better suited to the courts’ independent determination of what constitutes

a “reasonable” fee, and should be applied even where the prevailing party signed a

contingency fee contract. See, e.g., Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 91-96, 109

S. Ct. 939, 943-46 (1989). Although those provisions are not identical to § 406(b),

the appearance of the same term of art -- “reasonable” -- in a similar context makes

it appropriate to apply the same approach when determining what constitutes a

reasonable fee here. See, e.g., Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374,

384, 112 S. Ct. 2031, 2037 (1992) (applying same interpretation to identical words in

similar statutes); see also Frazier v. Sullivan, 768 F.Supp. 1511, 1515 n.13 (M.D. Ala.

1991).


                                          10
      Our preference for the lodestar method also reflects the fact that § 406(b) is

designed to protect a particularly vulnerable class of claimants. Many claimants in

Social Security benefits cases are minors, or incompetent to manage their affairs, or

disadvantaged by lack of education or by physical or mental impairments. See, e.g.,

Cotter v. Bowen, 879 F.2d 359, 360 (8th Cir. 1989) (“Section 406 is a parens patriae

limit on the amount of fees an attorney may receive from a disability claimant, usually

an individual of limited resources, who suffers the additional handicap of a severe

physical or mental disability.”); Rodriquez, 865 F.2d at 748 (Wellford, J., concurring

in part and dissenting in part); Krig v. Sullivan, 143 F.R.D. 270, 276 (N.D. Fla. 1992);

Frazier, 768 F.Supp. at 1516. Congress’s evident concern with the protection of this

special class of claimants is reflected in its decision to interfere with the “attorney

client contractual relationship,” Coup, 834 F.2d at 324. The “relative poverty and ill

health of most social security claimants,” Krig, 143 F.R.D. at 276, reduces the

likelihood that claimants will negotiate fee agreements with “a complete

understanding of the nature of the arrangements or their ability to negotiate the terms

of such contracts.” Frazier, 768 F.Supp. at 1516.

      In addition, unlike attorney’s fees awarded pursuant to fee-shifting statutes, the

fee under § 406(b) is paid from the claimant’s disability award itself. That fee is

drawn from what is sometimes “an already-inadequate stipend for the support and


                                          11
maintenance of the claimant and his dependents,” Allen v. Shalala, 48 F.3d 456, 459

(9th Cir. 1994) (internal quotation and citation omitted). The fact that we are required

to scrutinize the reasonableness of an attorney’s fee drawn from an already limited

fund further militates against treating contingency arrangements in § 406(b) claims

as presumptively reasonable, and points in favor of the lodestar method.

      Although we adopt the lodestar method in determining a “reasonable”

attorney’s fee under § 406(b), the existence of a contingent fee agreement is not

entirely irrelevant. Courts may adjust the lodestar figure upward or downward to

reflect a number of different factors, including the existence of a contingency fee

agreement. In Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir.

1974), we identified twelve factors a court may consider in determining the

reasonableness of an attorney’s fee award in a particular case. They are:

      (1) the time and labor required;

      (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions;

      (3) the skill required to perform the legal service properly;

      (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to the
      acceptance of the case;

      (5) the customary fee;

      (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent;

      (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances;

                                          12
      (8) the amount involved and the results obtained;

      (9) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney;

      (10) the undesirability of the case;

      (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
      and

      (12) awards in similar cases.

Johnson, 488 F.2d at 717-19. Though the lodestar calculation remains the starting

point and “centerpiece of attorney’s fee awards” under § 406(b), the factors identified

in Johnson “may be relevant in adjusting the lodestar amount.” Blanchard, 489 U.S.

at 94, 109 S. Ct. at 945.

      We caution, however, that the “contingency-fee factor is simply that, a factor,”

id. at 93, 109 S. Ct. at 944, and its presence in a given case would not necessarily

require an adjustment in order to produce a reasonable fee; the lodestar amount itself

may suffice. Moreover, “the court must, where a contingent fee agreement is

involved, articulate the weight of contingency” in adjusting the lodestar figure. See,




                                             13
e.g., Brown v. Sullivan, 917 F.2d 189, 193 (5th Cir. 1990); Cotter, 879 F.2d at 363.5



      Thus, although the lodestar figure constitutes the district court’s initial (and

often final) estimate of the reasonable attorney’s fees to be awarded under § 406(b),

a claimant’s attorney may argue that one or more factors support an upward



      5
        In City of Burlington v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 112 S. Ct. 2638 (1992),
the Supreme Court held that a contingency enhancement of an attorney’s fee
award under a typical federal fee-shifting statute is incompatible with the
lodestar method of calculating reasonable attorney’s fees. Dague, 505 U.S. at
562-67, 112 S. Ct. at 2641-44. The Court did not say anything about the
applicability of the contingency fee factor to non-fee-shifting provisions such
as § 406(b). The only circuit to squarely address the relevance of Dague to §
406(b) concluded that “[t]here is nothing inconsistent with the scheme of §
406(b)(1) in allowing the court to consider the existence of a contingency fee
agreement, as long as it balances that factor with the others we have
identified.” Allen, 48 F.3d at 460.
       We agree. Unlike the fee-shifting statutes, which create a market for
attorney’s work on designated issues by guaranteeing a return from the losing
party, § 406(b) “strikes a balance between encouraging lawyers to represent
disability claimants, and protecting the already inadequate stipend most
claimants receive.” Id. We think a lodestar approach to determining
attorney’s fees under § 406(b), combined with a possible enhancement for
contingency agreements, best strikes that balance. Although our approach
here thus differs from the treatment of contingency agreements under the fee-
shifting statutes since Dague, § 406(b) must be interpreted in light of a
different set of “competing equities” than those statutes. See Flight
Attendants v. Zipes, 491 U.S. 754, 761, 109 S. Ct. 2736, 2736 (1989)
(interpreting a fee-shifting statute “in light of the competing equities that
Congress normally takes into account”).
                                         14
adjustment -- just as the Secretary may argue that a downward adjustment is

appropriate. This approach ensures that the court will independently consider the

reasonableness of the claimed fee, while retaining the authority to modify the lodestar

figure to reflect the full measure of effort and risk undertaken by the attorney. That

promotes Congress’s twin goals in enacting § 406(b): to “limit attorney’s fees, . . .

while encourag[ing] effective legal representation by ensuring that attorneys will

receive a fee for their representation.” Shoemaker v. Bowen, 853 F.2d 858, 860 (11th

Cir. 1988) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Watford v. Heckler, 765

F.2d 1562, 1566 (11th Cir. 1985) (citing S.Rep. No. 404, 89th Cong., 1st Sess. 422

(1965), reprinted in 1965 U.S.S.C.A.N. 1943, 2062).

      In sum, we conclude that district courts calculating reasonable attorney’s fees

under 42 U.S.C. § 406(b) should employ the lodestar method, and they may adjust the

lodestar figure to reflect the Johnson factors, though an adjustment will not always be

necessary. The weight of any adjustments for factors such as a contingency fee

agreement should be clearly articulated in the order awarding fees.

B.    APPLICATION OF THE LODESTAR METHOD IN THIS CASE

      The district court in this case correctly chose to employ the lodestar method in

reviewing Buchanan’s claim for attorney’s fees pursuant to § 406(b). We conclude

the district court’s award of $3,990.13 was not an abuse of discretion.


                                          15
      The district court concluded that Buchanan had properly requested

compensation for 26.6 hours for his work before the court. Turning to the reasonable

hourly rate, it correctly stated Buchanan was entitled to “the prevailing market rate in

the relevant legal community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably

comparable skills, experience, and reputation.” American Civil Liberties Union, 168

F.3d at 436 (quoting Norman v. Housing Auth. of Montgomery, 836 F.2d 1292, 1299

(11th Cir. 1988) (citing Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895-96 n.11, 104 S. Ct. 1541,

1547-48 n. 11 (1984))). The district court arrived at a reasonable hourly rate of

$95.00. It justified this amount with the statement that “$95.00 is the amount the

Court customarily awards to attorneys of comparable skills, experience, and reputation

for similar services.” While our concern is with local market rate, not custom, we note

that the magistrate judge specifically stated that “the prevailing market rate for the

Rome Division in the Northern District of Georgia . . . . has never exceeded $95.00

per hour.” A district court is entitled to “‘consider its own knowledge and experience

concerning reasonable and proper fees’” in determining the reasonable hourly rate.

See Norman, 836 F.2d at 1303 (quoting Campbell v. Green, 112 F.2d 143, 144 (5th

Cir. 1940)). We find no abuse of discretion in the determination of the reasonable

hourly rate.




                                          16
      Multiplying 26.6 hours by the reasonable hourly rate of $95.00, the district

court arrived at a lodestar figure of $2.527.00. It concluded, on the basis of the

Johnson factors and with a special emphasis on the contingency fee agreement in this

case, that the lodestar figure should be given an upward adjustment of 1.579, resulting

in an award of $3,990.13. We conclude that the district court applied the correct

method in determining Buchanan’s reasonable fee, and did not abuse its discretion in

arriving at its award.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      AFFIRMED.




                                          17
