J-S04045-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    ANATOLIY A. VENSKYY                        :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 581 MDA 2018
    APPEAL OF: THEODORA                        :
    COSTOPOLOUS                                :

                  Appeal from the Order Entered March 7, 2018
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-21-CR-0002780-2015


BEFORE:      SHOGAN, J., OTT, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                           FILED APRIL 23, 2019

       Appellant, Theodora Costopolous, a professional and licensed bail

bondsman, appeals from the order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of

Cumberland County denying her Petition to Strike or Set Aside Bail Forfeiture,

pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 536(A)(2)(a).1 We affirm.

       The court below sets forth the pertinent facts and procedural history, as

follows:

       In 2015, the Defendant, Anatoliy Venskyy, a Ukranian national,
       was charged with numerous sex offenses committed against his
       two daughters. After his arrest, cash bail was set at $100,000.

____________________________________________


1 The Rule provides, in relevant part, that “[w]hen a monetary condition of
release has been imposed and the defendant has violated a condition of the
bail bond, the bail authority may order the cash or other security forfeited[.]”
Pa.R.Crim.P. 536(A)(2)(a).


____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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     The Appellant posted bond for the Defendant based upon sureties
     given by members of the Defendant’s family in the form of income
     and real property. She also confiscated the Defendant’s Ukrainian
     passport as a precautionary measure to prevent his flight from the
     United States.

     At the initial trial, the Commonwealth proceeded on nine separate
     charges, with a total of 15 counts. After lengthy deliberations, the
     jury was unable to reach a verdict on a single count and a mistrial
     was declared on May 19, 2016. Due to the Commonwealth’s
     desire to retry the Defendant, he remained out of jail on the
     existing bond posted by the Appellant.

     The Commonwealth pared down the number of counts and
     proceeded to [a second] trial on September 19, 2016. This trial
     culminated on September 21, 2016, with guilty verdicts on nine
     of ten counts: one count of aggravated indecent assault of a child,
     two counts of indecent assault, four counts of corruption of minors
     (two misdemeanor and two felony), and two counts of indecent
     assault. The Defendant was found not guilty of rape of a child.

     In response to the Commonwealth’s request for an increase in or
     the outright denial of Defendant’s bail, [the trial court] included
     the following in [its] Verdict Order:

           The Defendant shall post an additional $200,000.00 in
           bail no later than the close of business on Monday,
           September 26, 2016. Failing to do so, he shall report
           directly to the Cumberland County Prison. We further
           direct that as an ongoing condition of his bail that his
           passport be turned over to the Clerk of Courts.

     Order of Court, dated September 21, 2016.

     In deciding to substantially raise rather than deny bail, [the trial
     court] considered several factors. The seriousness of the prison
     sentence the Defendant was likely to face was significant, as was
     the potential flight risk. However, [the trial court] also considered
     the Defendant’s appearance at all previous court proceedings and
     the fact that his family already had significant assets at stake.
     Notably, the Defendant was willing to return to face a second jury
     trial after his first had resulted in a mistrial. For these reasons
     [the trial court] allowed the Defendant to remain at liberty on


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      existing bail for five days to give him an opportunity to raise
      additional funds to post the prospective increased bail amount.

      Unfortunately, the Defendant absconded, apparently to his home
      country, the Ukraine. Based on his failure to abide by [the trial]
      court’s order of September 21, 2016, [the trial court] entered an
      order revoking his bail and issuing a bench warrant for his arrest
      on September 27, 2016.

      Appellant filed a Petition to Set Aside or Strike Bail Forfeiture,
      arguing that it was inappropriate for [the trial] court to increase
      the amount of bail but then also release the Defendant from
      custody without being required to provide the full amount of
      security for his release. [At the hearing on Appellant’s Petition,]
      Appellant argue[d] that [by] unilaterally requir[ing her] to
      guarantee an extra $200,000 [bail amount] without notice or
      consent, the court created an additional incentive for the
      Defendant to flee, [such that she] should be exonerated from
      forfeiting even the original $100,000 bond.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/18/18, at 12.

      On the question of notice and consent, Appellant testified that Jaime

Keating from the District Attorney’s Office contacted her on September 21,

2016, immediately after Defendant’s bail modification hearing, to ask her if

she still possessed Defendant’s passport. N.T. 3/5/18 at 14, 19. Appellant,

who was on a two-week vacation in Rome, Italy at the time, replied that

Defendant’s passport was in her possession. Id. Appellant, however, denied

that Keating advised her during the phone call about the modification to

Defendant’s bail conditions. Id.

      Appellant maintained that she did not discover the bail forfeiture until

she returned home from Rome on October 3, 2016. In response, she filed the

liens on properties belonging to Defendant’s parents and called the parents to




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explain their obligations under their agreement. Id. at 15. Defendant’s family

denied knowing his whereabouts.

      Appellant testified that she also contacted the Sheriff’s Office and the

United States Marshals, asking what she could to assist locating the

Defendant, but they advised against any action on her part, as they were

tracking him.   Id. at 17.     Eventually, Appellant claimed, she learned the

Defendant   had   apparently    attended    a   family   wedding   in   Baltimore,

accompanied the newlyweds as they drove to Mexico for their honeymoon,

and flew out of Mexico to the Ukraine. Id. at 17.

      For its part, the Commonwealth responded that Appellant had failed to

assert, let alone prove, that either she or her agency had taken any action to

track the Defendant during the post-verdict phase of proceedings. Id. at 6.

Testifying on behalf of the Commonwealth in this regard was Cumberland

County Assistant District Attorney Erin Bloxham.

      According to ADA Bloxham, she contacted Jamie Keating immediately

after the September 21, 2016, Verdict Order to express her concerns

regarding the Defendant’s risk of flight. Id. at 26. She directed Keating to

contact Appellant that day “to let her know what the change in circumstance

was and why we were looking for the Defendant’s passport.                 So that

communication went from myself to Mr. Keating, directly to [Appellant], as

she testified, the day [the bail modification hearing] occurred.” Id.

      Furthermore, ADA Bloxham contacted Appellant again on either

September 26 or 27, 2016, and informed her that Defendant had failed to post

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bail and turn himself in pursuant to the Verdict Order. Id. at 23-24. According

to Bloxham, Appellant advised her that she could do nothing because she was

not in the country. Id. at 24.

      The court entertained oral argument, where counsel for Appellant

conceded that the $100,000 bail would be forfeit under the circumstances had

the court not increased the bail amount. Id. at 29-30. The court’s failure to

give Appellant notice and the opportunity to be heard regarding “the shifted

risk” of flight created by the bail modification, however, should insulate her

from the sanction of bond forfeiture, counsel maintained. Id. at 30-34.

      The court replied that, at the very least, Appellant had notice of the

Defendant’s trial, which itself entailed a “shifted risk” of flight in the event of

a guilty verdict and continued release on bail pending sentencing.            Yet,

Appellant did not arrange for a representative to attend the trial and any post-

verdict bail/release decision that would necessarily follow, the court observed.

Id. at 33-34.

       Moreover, the court credited the Commonwealth’s testimony that it had

informed Appellant of the modification to Defendant’s bail on the day of the

Verdict Order.   Notwithstanding Appellant’s receipt of this information, the

court observed, she neither sought to ascertain the Defendant’s whereabouts

nor petitioned the court to release her from surety duties at any time during

the ensuing two weeks until she returned to the States. Id. at 34.

      In reviewing this matter, the court indicated it would take judicial notice

of Commonwealth v. Hann, 81 A.3d 57 (Pa. 2013), which requires a trial

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court to weigh multiple factors in deciding whether to order the forfeiture of

bail. N.T. at 32-35. It subsequently entered its order of March 7, 2018, which

rejected    Appellant’s    blame-sharing      argument   and,    therefore,   denied

Appellant’s petition for remission of bail forfeiture. Citing Hann as governing

authority   in   its   Order,   the   court   found   “that   [Appellant’s]   or   her

representative’s failure to be present at the time of Defendant’s conviction by

a jury and corresponding pro forma bail review was not a denial of due process

by the court but rather a failure of due diligence on the part of [Appellant].”

Order, 3/7/18, at n.1. This timely appeal follows.

      Appellant presents the following question for our consideration:

      Does the trial court commit an error of law when it releases a
      criminal defendant from custody without requiring that criminal
      defendant to satisfy conditions of release on bail imposed by the
      trial court in a bail determination and the failure of the trial court
      to require the defendant [to] satisfy the terms of those conditions
      precedent to release ultimately contributes to a bail forfeiture?

Appellant’s brief, at 2.

       Our well-established standard of review in bail forfeiture appeals is as

follows:

             “[T]he decision to allow or deny a remission of bail
             forfeiture lies with the sound discretion of the trial
             court.” Commonwealth v. Chopak, 532 Pa. 227,
             615 A.2d 696, 701 (1992).                Trial courts
             unquestionably have the authority to order the
             forfeiture of bail upon the breach or violation of any
             condition of the bail bond. Id. at 701–02. In bond
             forfeiture cases, an abuse of that discretion or
             authority will only be found if the aggrieved party
             demonstrates that the trial court misapplied the law,
             exercised its judgment in a manifestly unreasonable

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            manner, or acted on the basis of bias, partiality, or ill-
            will. [Commonwealth v.] Culver, 46 A.3d [786,]
            790 [(Pa.Super.2012)]. To the extent the aggrieved
            party alleges an error of law, this Court will correct
            that error, and our scope of review in doing so is
            plenary. Id.

      Hann, supra, 81 A.3d at 65.

In re Hann, 111 A.3d 757, 760 (Pa.Super. 2015).

      Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 536 provides two sanctions

when a defendant violates a condition of his bail—revocation of the

defendant's release or forfeiture of the posted bail bond. Pa.R.Crim.P.

536(A)(1)-(2).    Here, there is no dispute that Defendant violated the

conditions of his bail.     Moreover, because Defendant has absconded—

apparently to some undetermined part of the Ukraine—the revocation of his

release is not an available sanction.

      Therefore, the Commonwealth confined its Rule 536(A) petition to

requesting forfeiture of the $100,000 bail bond Appellant posted upon the

Defendant’s pre-trial release. The Rule, however, also provides “[t]he bail

authority may direct that a forfeiture be set aside or remitted if justice does

not require the full enforcement of the forfeiture order.” Pa.R.Crim.P.

536(A)(2)(d) (emphasis supplied). See Id., at 760-61.

      With the aim of guiding the Rule 536(A)(2)(d) determination, we have

observed:

      Our Supreme Court has adopted the following multi-factor test
      “for determining whether justice required full enforcement of a
      forfeiture order”:



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            (1) whether the applicant is a commercial bondsman;
            (2) the extent of the bondsman's supervision of the
            defendant; (3) whether the defendant's breach of the
            recognizance of bail conditions was willful; (4) any
            explanation or mitigating factors presented by the
            defendant; (5) the deterrence value of forfeiture; (6)
            the seriousness of the condition violated; (7) whether
            forfeiture will vindicate the injury to public interest
            suffered as a result of the breach; (8) the
            appropriateness of the amount of the recognizance of
            bail; and (9) the cost, inconvenience, prejudice or
            potential prejudice suffered by the State as a result of
            the breach.

      Hann, supra, 81 A.3d at 67-68. The Court noted the “list is not
      exhaustive, and trial courts may consider other factors as
      interests of justice require.” Id. at 68.

      As this was the Supreme Court's first decision interpreting Rule
      536, the Hann Court also provided guidance concerning the
      burden of proof in forfeiture cases. The Court stated:

            [I]n a case where the Commonwealth has sought
            forfeiture, and the defendant or his surety opposes it,
            a hearing should be held. At that hearing, the
            Commonwealth has the burden of proving the
            conditions to bail forfeiture as aforesaid, upon which
            the burden will shift to the defendant or his surety to
            justify full or partial remission of bail forfeiture.

      Id. at 71–72. Because a forfeiture proceeding is collateral to a
      criminal prosecution and civil in nature, the Court further
      determined the proper burden should be by a preponderance of
      the evidence standard. Id. at 72.

In re Hann, 111 A.3d at 761–62.

      In the present appeal, Appellant contends the trial court misapplied the

law and abused its discretion when it issued a Verdict Order permitting the

release of Defendant prior to his compliance with the new bail conditions that

increased his risk of flight. Our precedential decision in In re Hann, however,


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rejected as irrelevant to the Rule 536 analysis the very kind of blame-sharing

contention Appellant puts forth here:

     The trial court, however, concluded that “neither the Supreme
     Court in Hann nor Pa.R.Crim.P. 536 permit the blame-sharing
     result Weachter [the bondsman] seeks.” Rule 1925 Opinion at 6.
     We agree.

           It is clear the focus of the multi-factor test outlined in Hann
     is on the actions of the defendant and the surety. Although
     [the bondsman] suggests the inaction of the police, the district
     attorney and the magisterial district justice, are relevant
     mitigating factors under the facts of this case, we disagree.
     Indeed, the Supreme Court explained in Hann:

           Instantly, there is little dispute that Hann's breach of
           his bail bond conditions was willful, and that there can
           be no explanation of mitigating factors presented by
           a representative of Hann or [the bondsman]; thus, the
           evidence in this case clearly weighs in favor of
           forfeiture. Indeed, for purposes of the whole of
           Pennsylvania law, these two factors need not be
           extensively examined, as any evidence of willful
           misconduct or mitigation by either a defendant or his
           surety, and whether that evidence militates in favor
           of or against forfeiture, should be self-explanatory.

     Hann, supra, 81 A.3d at 68.

     ...

     There is no support for [the bondsman’s] claim that the
     Commonwealth's failure to file additional charges against a
     defendant, or the court's failure to impose a higher bail, mitigates
     a surety's duty to fully investigate a defendant's background
     before issuing a bail bond.

     Moreover, the Hann Court emphasized the financial aspects of a
     commercial surety's relationship with a defendant:

           Courts have uniformly held that a surety's status as a
           bondsman tends to lean in favor of forfeiture. “The

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            driving force behind a surety's provision of a bond is
            the profit motive.”      In making the business
            decision of whether to take a bail bond, “it is not
            unreasonable to conclude that [a bondsman]
            should have been fully cognizant of his
            responsibilities and the consequences of [a
            defendant's] breach of the conditions of the
            bond.” Indeed, such calculation involves “a known
            business risk ... for economic gain-the premium paid
            for the bond.”

      Id. at 69 (citations omitted and emphasis supplied). Weachter
      [the bondsman], as a commercial surety, took a calculated
      business risk when he agreed to post bail for Hann, who was
      charged with kidnapping his ex-girlfriend and threatening her at
      gunpoint. See Criminal Complaint, 2/18/2011, at 4. Accordingly,
      the fact that the state trooper did not file additional charges
      against Hann, and that the magisterial district justice declined to
      set bail at $500,000 as requested by the trooper, is not relevant
      to the question of whether the trial court should have ordered the
      forfeiture of the $100,000 bond that was posted.

In re Hann, 111 A.3d at 762-63.

      When viewed in light of the above reasoning, the record reveals no

mitigating factors weighing in Appellant’s favor, for she is a commercial surety

who took the $100,000 bail bond with the understanding that Defendant could

suffer a guilty verdict but remain released on bail pending sentencing, given

his strong ties in the community. In this vein, we reject the argument that

the Verdict Order’s increase of the monetary condition of bail heightened

Defendant’s risk of flight by any degree bearing upon the Rule 536 inquiry. If

anything, it was Defendant’s new status as a convicted criminal awaiting a

sentence of incarceration that increased the risk of flight, which the court

reasonably sought to offset by substantially increasing the bail amount. To a




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commercial surety, such a status change is surely within the scope of

foreseeable events requiring a supervisory response.

      As such, Appellant should have been fully cognizant of both her

continued responsibilities of oversight and the consequences of any breach of

the bail bond during the post-verdict/pre-sentencing phase. Therefore, we

conclude the court’s decision to release Defendant on modified bail pending

sentencing did not mitigate Appellant’s continued duty to supervise

Defendant.

      Holding Appellant responsible for Defendant’s bail bond breach in this

way is consistent with precedent affirming forfeiture orders where a

commercial surety makes no attempt to contact a defendant upon his release.

See Id. at 764 (finding no abuse of discretion where trial court based

forfeiture in large part on surety’s lack of attempt to contact defendant after

release).    Here, the record supports the trial court’s finding of fact that

Appellant first learned of Defendant’s post-verdict release within hours of the

Verdict Order, and yet she did not attempt to establish contact with Defendant

during the ensuing twelve days. Nor did Appellant alert the court that she

wished to withdraw as a surety given the change in circumstances. Therefore,

in conducting its Rule 536 analysis, the court properly viewed Appellant’s

failure to monitor Defendant as a factor favoring forfeiture.

      Finally, it is apparent that the trial court reviewed the present matter in

light of the Hann factors before concluding that forfeiture was warranted.

Specifically, the court plainly considered: Appellant is a licensed, commercial

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surety who made a business decision to bond Defendant; she made no

attempt to monitor Defendant’s trial and post-verdict/pre-sentence release

status; despite receiving updates on September 21 and 27, respectively,

regarding the Commonwealth’s concerns over Defendant’s potential for flight,

Appellant waited until October 3 to contact him; Defendant’s actions in

violating the terms of his bond were willful; there was no evidence of

mitigation offered by Appellant; and the bail condition violated is extremely

serious, as the opportunity to incarcerate the Defendant for his serious offense

is now jeopardized.

      For the foregoing reasons, we discern no abuse of discretion in the

court’s Order denying Appellant’s petition, as Appellant failed to meet her

burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that justice demands

setting aside bail forfeiture.   In addition, the record reflects the court’s

appropriate consideration of relevant factors consistent with Hann and its

progeny.

      Order affirmed.


Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/23/2019



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