        Third District Court of Appeal
                                State of Florida

                           Opinion filed August 23, 2017.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                                ________________

                                 No. 3D17-1421
                           Lower Tribunal No. 15-15825
                               ________________


        Law Offices of Herssein and Herssein, P.A., etc., et al.,
                                    Petitioners,

                                         vs.

                 United Services Automobile Association,
                                    Respondent.


      A Case of Original Jurisdiction – Prohibition.

      Herssein Law Group, and Reuven Herssein, for petitioners.

      Shutts & Bowen LLP, and Frank A. Zacherl and Patrick G. Brugger, for
respondent.


Before FERNANDEZ, LOGUE, and SCALES, JJ.

      LOGUE, J.

      The Law offices of Herssein and Herssein, P.A. (Herssein Firm) and Reuven

Herssein, petition this court for a writ of prohibition to disqualify the trial court
judge below. We deny the petition. Although Petitioners raise three grounds, we

write only to address the petitioners’ argument that the trial court judge should be

disqualified because the judge is a Facebook “friend” with a lawyer representing a

potential witness and potential party in the pending litigation.

      The Herssein Firm sued its former client, United Services Automobile

Association (USAA), for breach of contract and fraud.              In the course of the

litigation, Herssein accused one of USAA’s executives of witness tampering and

has indicated that the executive is a potential witness and a potential defendant. In

response, USAA hired Israel Reyes, an ex-circuit court judge, to represent the

executive.

      On June 8, 2017, the Herssein Firm filed a motion to disqualify the trial

judge. The motion is based in part on the fact that Reyes is listed as a “friend” on

the trial judge’s personal Facebook page. In support of the motion, Iris J. Herssein

and Reuven Herssein, president and vice president of the Herssein Firm, signed

affidavits in which they swore, “[b]ecause [the trial judge] is Facebook friends

with Reyes, [the executive’s] personal attorney, I have a well-grounded fear of not

receiving a fair and impartial trial. Further, based on [the trial judge] being

Facebook friends with Reyes, I . . . believe that Reyes, [the executive’s] lawyer has

influenced [the trial judge].” The trial court denied the disqualification motion,

and the Herssein Firm filed this petition for writ of prohibition.



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      The test for determining the legal sufficiency of a motion for disqualification

is whether “the facts alleged (which must be taken as true) would prompt a

reasonably prudent person to fear that he could not get a fair and impartial trial.”

Molina v. Perez, 187 So. 3d 909, 909 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (quoting Brofman v.

Fla. Hearing Care Ctr., Inc., 703 So. 2d 1191, 1192 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)). Our

review of the facts focuses on “the reasonable effect on the party seeking

disqualification, not the subjective intent of the judge.” Haas v. Davis, 37 So. 3d

983, 983 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (quoting Vivas v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 789 So. 2d

1252, 1253 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001)).

      The issue in this case is therefore whether a reasonably prudent person

would fear that he or she could not get a fair and impartial trial because the judge

is a Facebook friend with a lawyer who represents a potential witness and party to

the lawsuit. At the outset, we note as a general matter, that “allegations of mere

‘friendship’ with an attorney or an interested party have been deemed insufficient

to disqualify a judge.” Smith v. Santa Rosa Island Auth., 729 So. 2d 944, 946 (Fla.

1st DCA 1998). Indeed, the Florida Supreme Court has noted:

            There are countless factors which may cause some
            members of the community to think that a judge would
            be biased in favor of a litigant or counsel for a litigant,
            e.g., friendship, member of the same church or religious
            congregation, neighbors, former classmates or fraternity
            brothers. However, such allegations have been found
            legally insufficient when asserted in a motion for
            disqualification.


                                         3
MacKenzie v. Super Kids Bargain Store, Inc., 565 So. 2d 1332, 1338 (Fla. 1990).

And as Justice Overton explained in denying a request for recusal, “[i]f friendship

alone with a lawyer or member of a firm is a basis for disqualification, then most

judges in rural and semi-rural areas and many in metropolitan areas would be

subject to disqualification in a large number of cases.” Hayes v. Rogers, 378 So. 2d

1212, 1220 (Fla. 1979).

      Nevertheless, this authority does not foreclose the possibility that a

relationship between a judge and a lawyer may, under certain circumstances,

warrant disqualification. Indeed, in Domville v. State, 103 So. 3d 184 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2012), the Fourth District held that recusal was required when a judge was a

Facebook “friend” with the prosecutor. The Fourth District based its holding on a

2009 Judicial Ethics Advisory Committee Opinion. Fla. JEAC Op. 2009-20 (Nov.

17, 2009). In its Opinion, the Committee advised that judges were prohibited from

adding lawyers who appear before them as “friends” on their Facebook page or

from allowing lawyers who appear before them to add them as “friends” on the

lawyers’ Facebook pages. The Committee focused on the fact that a judge on

Facebook has an active role in accepting or rejecting potential “friends” or in

inviting another to accept them as “friends.” Id. “It is this selection and

communication process,” the Committee advised, “that violates Cannon 2B,




                                         4
because the judge, by so doing, conveys or permits others to convey the impression

that they are in a special position to influence the judge.” Id.

      A minority of the Committee disagreed. The minority believed that “the

listing of lawyers who may appear before the judge as ‘friends’ on a judge’s social

networking page does not reasonably convey to others the impression that these

lawyers are in a special position to influence the judge.” Id. They reasoned “the

term ‘friend’ on social networking sites merely conveys the message that a person

so identified is a contact or acquaintance; and that such an identification does not

convey that a person is a ‘friend’ in the traditional sense, i.e., a person attached to

another person by feelings of affection or personal regard.” Id.

      In 2010, the Committee advised that candidates for judicial office may add

lawyers as “friends” on a social networking site even if those lawyers would later

appear before them should the candidate be elected. Fla. JEAC Op. 2010-05

(March 19, 2010). It also reaffirmed, however, the advice in its 2009 advisory

opinion that a judge may not be Facebook “friends” with a lawyer who appears

before her, although a minority believed the committee should recede from its

2009 opinion. See Fla. JEAC Op. 2010-06 (March 26, 2010).

      More recently, the Fifth District signaled disagreement with the Fourth

District’s Domville decision. In Chace v. Loisel, 170 So. 3d 802, 803-04 (Fla. 5th

DCA 2014), the Fifth District held that, in a dissolution of marriage case, a judge



                                           5
who sent the wife a Facebook friend request during the proceedings, which the

wife rejected, made an ex-parte communication and was required to recuse

himself.   In so ruling, however, the Fifth District noted, “[w]e have serious

reservations about the court’s rationale in Domville.” Id.       Defining the word

“friend” on Facebook as a “term of art,” the Fifth District explained:

      A number of words or phrases could more aptly describe the concept,
      including acquaintance and, sometimes, virtual stranger. A Facebook
      friendship does not necessarily signify the existence of a close
      relationship. Other than the public nature of the internet, there is no
      difference between a Facebook “friend” and any other friendship a
      judge might have. Domville’s logic would require disqualification in
      cases involving an acquaintance of a judge. Particularly in smaller
      counties, where everyone in the legal community knows each other,
      this requirement is unworkable and unnecessary. Requiring
      disqualification in such cases does not reflect the true nature of a
      Facebook friendship and casts a large net in an effort to catch a
      minnow.

Id.

      We agree with the Fifth District that “[a] Facebook friendship does not

necessarily signify the existence of a close relationship.” We do so for three

reasons.   First, as the Kentucky Supreme Court noted, “some people have

thousands of Facebook ‘friends.’ ” Sluss v. Commonwealth, 381 S.W.3d 215, 222

(Ky. 2012). In Sluss, the Kentucky Supreme Court held the fact that a juror who

was a Facebook “friend” with a family member of a victim, standing alone, was

not enough evidence to presume juror bias sufficient to require a new trial. In

Sluss, the juror in question had nearly two thousand Facebook “friends.” Id. at 223.


                                          6
Another recent out-of-state case involved a trial judge with over fifteen hundred

Facebook “friends” who was allegedly a Facebook friend with a potential witness,

a local university basketball coach, who himself had more than forty-nine hundred

Facebook “friends.” State v. Madden, No. M2012-02473-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL

931031, at *1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 11, 2014) (holding trial judge did not

abuse his discretion under Tennessee law in refusing to recuse himself because he

was allegedly Facebook “friends” with potential witness).1

      Second, Facebook members often cannot recall every person they have

accepted as “friends” or who have accepted them as “friends.” In a recent case, a

student, who had over one thousand Facebook “friends,” did not know he was a

Facebook “friend” with another student he was accused of assaulting. Furey v.

Temple Univ., 884 F. Supp. 2d 223, 241 (E.D. Pa. 2012). In another case, a juror

did not recognize a victim’s name even though a member of the victim’s family

was one of her over-a-thousand Facebook “friends.” Slaybaugh v. State, 47 N.E.3d

607, 608 (Ind. 2016) (affirming trial court’s denial of mistrial when “juror testified

she was a realtor, had more than 1000 ‘friends’ on Facebook—most of whom she

had ‘friended’ for networking purposes—but she had not recognized the victim’s

1 See, e.g., Mocombe v. Russell Life Skills & Reading Found., Inc., No. 12-
60659-CIV, 2014 WL 11531914, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 31, 2014) (noting “Plaintiff
had more than 5,000 Facebook friends.”); Banken v. Banken, No. A11-2156, 2013
WL 490677, at *9 (Minn. Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2013) (noting a party had “more than
1000 friends” on Facebook).


                                          7
name during voir dire, did not recognize the victim when she testified, and did not

know the victim or her family”).2

      Third, many Facebook “friends” are selected based upon Facebook’s data-

mining technology rather than personal interactions. Facebook data-mines its

members’ current list of “friends,” uploaded contact lists from smart phones and

computers, emails, names tagged in uploaded photographs, internet groups,

networks such as schools and employers, and other publicly or privately available

information. This information is analyzed by proprietary algorithms that predict

associations. Facebook then suggests these “People You May Know” as potential

“friends.”3

      The use of data mining and networking algorithms, which are also

revolutionizing modern marketing and national security systems, reflects an


2 Because Facebook members sometimes cannot be expected to know everyone
they have accepted as “friends” or who have accepted them as “friends,” the
American Bar Association, when advising judges that they should disclose
Facebook friendships when appropriate, expressly advised that a judge need not
review his or her list of “friends” when doing so. American Bar Association,
Judge’s Use of Electronic Social Networking Media, Formal Opinion 462 (Feb. 21,
2013) (“[N]othing requires a judge to search all of the judge’s ESM [electronic
social media] connections if a judge does not have specific knowledge of an ESM
connection that rises to the level of an actual or perceived problematic relationship
with any individual.”).
3  Facebook, Where do People You May Know suggestions come from?
https://www.facebook.com/help/163810437015615?helpref=search&sr=1&query=
how%20does%20facebook%20come%20up%20with%20friend%20suggestions
(visited August 2, 2017).

                                         8
astounding development in applied mathematics; it constitutes a powerful tool to

build personal and professional networks; and it has nothing to do with close or

intimate friendships of the sort that would require recusal. This common method of

selecting Facebook “friends” undermines the rationale of Domville and the 2009

Ethics Opinion that a judge’s selection of Facebook “friends” necessarily “conveys

or permits others to convey the impression that they are in a special position to

influence the judge.”

      To be sure, some of a member’s Facebook “friends” are undoubtedly friends

in the classic sense of person for whom the member feels particular affection and

loyalty. The point is, however, many are not. A random name drawn from a list of

Facebook “friends” probably belongs to casual friend; an acquaintance; an old

classmate; a person with whom the member shares a common hobby; a “friend of a

friend;” or even a local celebrity like a coach. An assumption that all Facebook

“friends” rise to the level of a close relationship that warrants disqualification

simply does not reflect the current nature of this type of electronic social

networking.

      In fairness to the Fourth District’s decision in Domville and the Judicial

Ethics Advisory Committee’s 2009 opinion, electronic social media is evolving at

an exponential rate. Acceptance as a Facebook “friend” may well once have given

the impression of close friendship and affiliation. Currently, however, the degree



                                        9
of intimacy among Facebook “friends” varies greatly. The designation of a person

as a “friend” on Facebook does not differentiate between a close friend and a

distant acquaintance. Because a “friend” on a social networking website is not

necessarily a friend in the traditional sense of the word, we hold that the mere fact

that a judge is a Facebook “friend” with a lawyer for a potential party or witness,

without more, does not provide a basis for a well-grounded fear that the judge

cannot be impartial or that the judge is under the influence of the Facebook

“friend.” On this point we respectfully acknowledge we are in conflict with the

opinion of our sister court in Domville.

      Petition denied.




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