                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



In re Estate of BONNIE J. DECOSTE.


MARK A. DECOSTE, Personal Representative of                      FOR PUBLICATION
the Estate of BONNIE J. DECOSTE,                                 September 20, 2016
                                                                 9:10 a.m.
              Appellant.

                                                                 No. 327990
                                                                 Jackson Probate Court
                                                                 LC No. 13-000321-DE



In re Estate of MICHAEL JOHN FLETCHER.


GLORIA KAY DOTY, Personal Representative of
the Estate of MICHAEL JOHN FLETCHER,

              Appellant.

                                                                 No. 327993
                                                                 Jackson Probate Court
                                                                 LC No. 13-000172-DE



Before: JANSEN, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and O’BRIEN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In these consolidated appeals, appellants appeal as of right the probate court orders
denying waivers of the probate inventory fee imposed under MCL 600.871. We affirm and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                         I. FACTS

      The sole issue presented in these consolidated appeals is whether the probate court must
waive or suspend the inventory fee assessed during probate of an estate when the personal

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representative is indigent or receives public assistance. The inventory for each estate at issue in
this case reflects that the estate contains only one asset—the decedent’s home. Both appellants
requested a waiver or suspension of the inventory fee on the basis that appellants receive public
assistance.

                                     A. DECOSTE ESTATE

        Appellant Mark DeCoste (DeCoste) lived with his mother, Bonnie DeCoste (Bonnie), in
the house that is the sole asset listed on the inventory of the estate. DeCoste inherited the house
when Bonnie died in 2013. He attempted to file an application for informal probate and
appointment of a personal representative after her death, but he could not afford the filing fee.
DeCoste also filed an application for a waiver or suspension of the filing fee. DeCoste’s waiver
of the filing fee was denied, and the word “POLICY” was written next to the denial box on the
form.

        DeCoste moved for reconsideration, asserting that he had no means to pay the fees
involved in the case and the house could not be liquidated until after probate. He argued that
without the means to pay the filing fee and other fees, probate could not commence. The probate
court refused to grant the waiver, stating during the hearing on the motion for reconsideration,
“Mr. DeCoste is indigent. However, the estate itself is not indigent, and I’m unaware of any
statute or any case law that would indicate that if there are assets in the estate that fees should be
waived based on the financial situation of the proposed heir.” The court explained that the estate
contained assets, and DeCoste was the sole heir. The court reasoned:

               So he’s not indigent. He may not have cash available to him, but he’s
       anticipating receipt of a residence that he’s lived in virtually what, the past 10, 12
       years?

                                               * * *

               With no mortgage payment. So I just can’t see that the filing fee rules that
       are in place as they relate to estates are special as they relate to this circumstance
       because there are no liquid assets.

              If I were to follow your thought process, we, for example, could have a
       piece of real estate that is worth a million dollars, but the estate potentially
       wouldn’t be able to be opened if I didn’t waive the filing fee, assuming the heir
       doesn’t have the money to pay the filing fee.

               A lot of our estates could fall under that circumstance, and I don’t believe
       that this is an appropriate application.

The probate court entered an order denying the motion to order the suspension of the filing fee
and closed the case.

        After his motion was denied, DeCoste appealed in this Court. This Court reversed,
stating that the probate court had “impermissibly read an exception into [MCR 2.002(C)].” In re
DeCoste Estate, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 6,
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2014 (Docket No. 316896), p 2. This Court added that the proper procedure would have been to
temporarily suspend the fee, but then require DeCoste to pay the fee when the reason for the
suspension disappeared. Id.

        On remand, the probate court granted DeCoste’s fee waiver because he was receiving
public assistance, and DeCoste was allowed to file the application for informal probate. DeCoste
was appointed as personal representative, and the letters of authority noted, “You are authorized
to perform all acts authorized by law unless exceptions are specified below.” No exceptions
were specified. The letters of authority also listed specific duties of the personal representative,
including the duty to complete the administration of the estate and the duty to file an inventory of
the assets of the estate within 91 days of the date the letters of authority were issued or as
otherwise ordered by the court. DeCoste filed the inventory, which showed a single asset of real
estate valued at $56,200. DeCoste then filed a motion for waiver or suspension of fees and costs.
The probate court denied the motion. The order stated that “[t]he application is denied . . . with
respect to the inventory fee. Adequate funds exist in the estate to pay the fee.”

        The probate court subsequently entered a supplemental order denying the waiver of the
inventory fee, in which the court stated, “Due to questions about this matter raised through the
State Court Administrator’s Office, this Court desires to more fully explain the reasoning for that
denial.” The court noted that under MCL 600.880d, the inventory fee required by MCL 600.871
is waived or suspended “upon presentation of an affidavit of indigency or inability to pay.” The
court then turned to MCR 2.002(C) and reasoned that the inventory fee is not a fee “ ‘as to that
party’ ” as contemplated in MCR 2.002(C) because the inventory fee is not chargeable to any
particular party, but is instead chargeable directly to the estate. The court reasoned that the
inventory fee is an expense of administration of the decedent’s estate and the issue whether a
personal representative is indigent or receiving public assistance is not material to the inventory
fee. The court concluded that because the estate has $56,200 in assets, a waiver of the inventory
fee is not appropriate.

                                     B. FLETCHER ESTATE

         Appellant Gloria Doty (Doty) filed a petition in December 2014, after this Court issued
the opinion in DeCoste, and she attached a fee-waiver request, which the probate court granted.
The decedent died in 1997, and he devised his house to Doty in his will.1 Doty was appointed
personal representative. The letters of authority noted, “You are authorized to perform all acts
authorized by law unless exceptions are specified below,” and no exceptions were specified. The
letters of authority also listed specific duties of the personal representative, including the duty to
complete the administration of the estate and the duty to file an inventory of the assets of the
estate within 91 days of the date the letters of authority were issued or as otherwise ordered by


1
  The decedent appointed his mother as the personal representative of his estate in his will.
However, there is no indication that the named personal representative took any action with
regard to the estate. After Doty initiated probate, all of the interested parties agreed to appoint
her as personal representative.


                                                 -3-
the court. When Doty filed the inventory, which reflected that the only asset in the estate was a
home worth $64,242, she attached another waiver request, but the probate court denied waiver
request. The court stated, “The application is denied . . . with respect to the inventory fee.
Adequate funds exist in the estate to pay the fee.” The probate court issued a supplemental order
nearly identical to the one issued with regard to the DeCoste estate.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “In general, an appeal from a probate court decision is on the record, not de novo.” In re
Nale Estate, 290 Mich App 704, 706; 803 NW2d 907 (2010). However, we review de novo
questions of law, including issues of statutory construction. Id. We similarly review de novo the
lower court’s interpretation and application of a court rule. In re Leete Estate, 290 Mich App
647, 655; 803 NW2d 889 (2010).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

       Appellants contend that the probate court erred when it refused to waive the inventory fee
because appellants receive public benefits. We disagree.

        Resolution of the issue presented in this case requires the interpretation of several
statutes. We consider the plain language of the statute and enforce the clear and unambiguous
language as written. See In re Bradley Estate, 494 Mich 367, 377; 835 NW2d 545 (2013).

       The judiciary’s objective when interpreting a statute is to discern and give effect
       to the intent of the Legislature. First, the court examines the most reliable
       evidence of the Legislature’s intent, the language of the statute itself. When
       construing statutory language, [the court] must read the statute as a whole and in
       its grammatical context, giving each and every word its plain and ordinary
       meaning unless otherwise defined. Effect must be given to every word, phrase,
       and clause in a statute, and the court must avoid a construction that would render
       part of the statute surplusage or nugatory. If the language of a statute is clear and
       unambiguous, the statute must be enforced as written and no further judicial
       construction is permitted. [In re Jajuga Estate, 312 Mich App 706, 712; 881
       NW2d 487 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original).]

        This case also involves the interpretation of MCR 2.002. We analyze court rules using
the same rules of construction that are used to analyze statutes. Leete Estate, 290 Mich App at
655. “Our goal in interpreting the meaning of a court rule is to give effect to the intent of the
drafters.” Id. We first examine the language of the court rule. Id. “The drafters are assumed to
have intended the effect of the language plainly expressed, and we must give every word its plain
and ordinary meaning.” Id. at 655-656. If the language is plain and unambiguous, we apply the
language as it is written in the court rule. Id. at 656. “In such instances, judicial construction is
neither necessary nor permitted.” Id.

        We conclude that waiver or suspension of the inventory fee is inappropriate because each
estate contains sufficient assets to pay the fee. We assume for the purposes of this appeal that
appellants receive public assistance and are indigent. Nevertheless, we conclude that appellants’

                                                -4-
ability to pay the inventory fee is not dispositive on the issue of waiver or suspension of the fee.
The requirement that a personal representative submit an inventory and the payment of the
inventory fee is governed by both statute and court rule. MCL 700.3706 provides:

               (1) Within 91 days after appointment or other time specified by court rule,
       a personal representative, who is not a special personal representative or a
       successor to another representative who has previously discharged this duty, shall
       prepare an inventory of property owned by the decedent at the time of death,
       listing it with reasonable detail, and indicating as to each listed item, its fair
       market value as of the date of the decedent’s death, and the type and amount of an
       encumbrance that may exist with reference to each listed item.

               (2) The personal representative shall send a copy of the inventory to all
       presumptive distributees and to all other interested persons who request it, and
       may also file the original of the inventory with the court. The personal
       representative shall submit to the court on a timely basis information necessary to
       calculate the probate inventory fee.

Similarly, MCR 5.307(A) provides:

                Within 91 days of the date of the letters of authority, the personal
       representative must submit to the court the information necessary for computation
       of the probate inventory fee. The inventory fee must be paid no later than the
       filing of the petition for an order of complete estate settlement under MCL
       700.3952, the petition for settlement order under MCL 700.3953, or the sworn
       statement under MCL 700.3954, or one year after appointment, whichever is
       earlier.

With regard to the calculation of the probate fee, MCL 600.871 provides:

              (1) In all decedents’ estates in which proceedings are instituted for
       probate, the probate court shall charge and collect the following fees as an
       expense of administration on the value of all assets, as of the date of death of the
       decedent, as follows:

             (a) In an estate of value of less than $1,000.00, $5.00 plus 1% of the
       amount over $500.00.

               (b) In an estate of value of $1,000.00 or more, but less than $3,000.00,
       $25.00.

              (c) In an estate of value of $3,000.00 or more but less than $10,000.00,
       $25.00 plus ⅝ of 1% of the amount over $3,000.00.

              (d) In an estate of value of $10,000.00 or more but less than $25,000.00,
       $68.75 plus ½ of 1% of the amount over $10,000.00.



                                                -5-
              (e) In an estate of value of $25,000.00 but less than $50,000.00, $143.75
       plus ⅜ of 1% of the amount over $25,000.00.

              (f) In an estate of value of $50,000.00 but less than $100,000.00, $237.50
       plus ¼ of 1% of the amount over $50,000.00.

              (g) In an estate of value of $100,000.00 to $500,000.00, $362.50 plus ⅛ of
       1% of the amount over $100,000.00.

              (h) For each additional $100,000.00 value, or larger fraction thereof, over
       $500,000.00, $62.50.

              (i) For each additional $100,000.00 value, or larger fraction thereof, over
       $1,000,000.00, $31.25.

               (2) Until December 31, 2017, in calculating a fee under subsection (1), if
       real property that is included in the estate is encumbered by or used as security for
       an indebtedness, the amount of the indebtedness shall be deducted from the value
       of the real property.

               (3) The fees in subsection (1), rounded to the whole dollar, are due and
       payable to the probate court on or before the closing of the estate or within 1 year
       after the commencement of probate proceedings, whichever occurs first. A final
       accounting shall not be accepted by the probate court until the fees are paid in full
       and shown as part of the final accounting. An official receipt shall be issued to
       the payer when the fees are collected.

              (4) By March 31, 2015 and each March 31 until March 31 2018, the
       probate court shall do all of the following:

              (a) Calculate the value of all assets in each estate in the immediately
       preceding calendar year.

              (b) If real property that is included in the estate is encumbered by or used
       as security for an indebtedness, subtract from the result of the calculation in
       subdivision (a) the total amount of the indebtedness.

              (c) Calculate the total amount of all fees collected under subsection (1) in
       the immediately preceding calendar year.

              (d) Submit to the state court administrative office the results under
       subdivisions (a), (b), and (c).

       The probate court correctly concluded that waiver or suspension of the inventory fee was
not appropriate because the estates contain sufficient assets to pay the inventory fee. The
language of the MCL 600.871(1) supports this conclusion. MCL 600.871(1) provides that the
inventory fee is calculated “as an expense of administration on the value of all assets.” Thus, the
inventory fee is considered an expense of administration of the estate, rather than an expense that

                                                -6-
the personal representative is required to pay from his or her own funds. Additionally, the
inventory fee is determined based on the value of the assets in the estate, rather than the ability of
the personal representative to pay the fee. Therefore, the plain language of the statute governing
the inventory fee supports the probate court’s conclusion. See MCL 600.871(1).

         In addition, the reason for the inventory fee indicates that waiver or suspension of the fee
is not warranted in this circumstance. “[T]he ‘services required from a court in probate
proceedings are, in the main, in proportion to the appraised value of the estate; that the more
valuable the estate, the greater the time required of the court in the probate thereof, and
consequently the respective higher statutory fee scheduled.’ ” Wolfe-Haddad Estate v Oakland
Co, 272 Mich App 323, 328; 725 NW2d 80 (2006) (citation omitted). “Thus, the purpose of the
statute is to assess a fee that approximately corresponds to the amount of work that the probate
court will have to perform to administer the estate.” Id. The work that the probate court must
perform to administer the estate is tied to the value of the estate. Therefore, the value of the
estate, rather than the ability of the personal representative to pay the fee from his or her personal
funds, dictates the amount of the inventory fee. The fact that appellants are unable to pay the
inventory fee from their personal funds is irrelevant because the estates contain sufficient assets
to pay the inventory fee. Accordingly, we conclude that the reason for the inventory fee
indicates that the assets in the estate control whether a waiver or suspension is appropriate.

        Appellants contend that MCL 600.880d and MCR 2.002 require the waiver or suspension
of the inventory fee. MCL 600.880d provides, “A judge of probate shall order that the payment
of any fee required under this chapter be waived or suspended, in whole or in part, upon a
showing by affidavit of indigency or inability to pay.” However, MCL 600.880d is not
dispositive in this case because the statute does not specify which person or entity is responsible
for payment of the inventory fee. In this case, both estates were able to pay the inventory fee.
The DeCoste estate contained a home worth $56,200, and the Fletcher estate contained a home
worth $64,242. Thus, both estates contained assets that well exceeded the amount of the
inventory fee, which was calculated based on the assets in the estate. Therefore, because MCL
600.880d is silent regarding which person or entity is liable to pay the inventory fee, the waiver
or suspension of the inventory fee was not required under MCL 600.880d.

        MCR 2.002 also does not require the waiver of the inventory fee. MCR 2.002 governs
the waiver or suspension of fees and costs. MCR 2.002(A)(2) provides, “Except as provided in
subrule (F),[2] for the purpose of this rule ‘fees and costs’ applies only to filing fees required by
law.” (Emphasis added.) MCR 2.002(C) provides, “If a party shows by ex parte affidavit or
otherwise that he or she is receiving any form of public assistance, the payment of fees and costs
as to that party shall be suspended.” (Emphasis added.) Similarly, MCR 2.002(D) provides, “If
a party shows by ex parte affidavit or otherwise that he or she is unable because of indigency to
pay fees and costs, the court shall order those fees and costs either waived or suspended until the
conclusion of the litigation.”



2
    MCR 2.002(F) is not relevant to the issues presented in this case.


                                                  -7-
         The language of MCR 2.002(A)(2) clarifies that the phrase “fees and costs” only applies
to filing fees required by law. Therefore, MCR 2.002 does not apply in this context because the
inventory fee is not a filing fee, but rather, an expense of administration of the estate. See MCL
600.871(1); MCR 5.307(A). Thus, while appellants were entitled to a waiver of the initial filing
fees in this case under MCR 2.002, the estates are not entitled to a waiver or suspension of the
inventory fee under MCR 2.002. Furthermore, as discussed above, both estates contained
sufficient assets to pay the inventory fee. Thus, even assuming the court rule applied, neither
estate was entitled to waiver or suspension under MCR 2.002(C) and (D) because the estates
were not receiving any form of public assistance and were not indigent, which is required for
waiver or suspension under the court rule. See MCR 2.002(C) and (D).

        We also note that the Estates and Protected Individuals Code (EPIC), MCL 700.1101 et
seq., requires appellants to pay the inventory fee as the first claim or allowance from the assets of
the estate. MCL 700.3805(1) governs the priority of claims and allowances and provides, in
part:

              If the applicable estate property is insufficient to pay all claims and
       allowances in full, the personal representative shall make payment in the
       following order of priority:

               (a) Costs and expenses of administration. [Emphasis added.]

MCL 700.3805(1) indicates that the personal representative is the actor making the payment for
the costs and expenses of administration. However, the statute clarifies that the claims are paid
from the estate property, rather than from the personal representative’s property. The statute
further provides that the costs and expenses of administration take first priority with regard to all
claims and allowances. Thus, it is proper to look at the assets in the estate in determining
whether sufficient assets exist to pay the claims and allowances. In this case, there was sufficient
property in the estate to pay the inventory fee, which is considered part of the costs and expenses
of administration. Regardless of whether appellants paid the inventory fee out of pocket and
were later reimbursed, or whether appellants liquidated the assets of the estate and paid the fee
directly from the estate, there was sufficient property in the estate to pay the inventory fee.

        EPIC also clarifies that appellants had the ability to liquidate the assets in the estate in
order to pay the costs and expenses of administration. MCL 700.3701 provides that the personal
representative’s powers and duties to the estate commence when he or she is appointed. The
personal representative has control over the title and possession of the decedent’s property.
MCL 700.3711 clarifies, “Until termination of the appointment, a personal representative has the
same power over the title to estate property that an absolute owner would have, in trust, however,
for the benefit of creditors or others interested in the estate. This power may be exercised
without notice, hearing, or court order.” MCL 700.3709 adds that the personal representative has
the right to take possession or control of the decedent’s property if necessary for the purposes of
administration of the estate. Thus, appellants had the ability to liquidate the property in the
estates in order to pay the inventory fee. Indeed, appellants’ fiduciary duty to the estate required
them to do so. MCL 700.3703(1) provides that



                                                -8-
       [a] personal representative is a fiduciary who shall observe the standard of care
       applicable to a trustee as described by [MCL700.7803]. A personal representative
       is under a duty to settle and distribute the decedent’s estate in accordance with the
       terms of a probated and effective will and this act, and as expeditiously and
       efficiently as is consistent with the best interests of the estate. The personal
       representative shall use the authority conferred by this act, the terms of the will, if
       any, and an order in a proceeding to which the personal representative is party for
       the best interests of claimants whose claims have been allowed and of successors
       to the estate.

Appellants were required to ensure that the inventory fee was paid because appellants had the
duty to settle and distribute the estate in accordance with EPIC, which requires the payment of
the costs and expenses of administration. See MCL 700.3805(1). While appellants, as devisees,
may not have wished to liquidate the assets in the estates, their fiduciary duty as personal
representatives was to pay the costs and expenses of administration. See id. Therefore,
appellants were not entitled to a waiver or suspension of payment of the inventory fee because
each estate contained sufficient assets to pay the fee, and appellants had the ability to liquidate
the assets in order to pay the fee.3

        Affirmed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.


                                                               /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                               /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                               /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien




3
  Appellants rely, in large part, on this Court’s unpublished opinion in O’Brien v O’Brien,
unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued September 11, 2007 (Docket No.
271625). However, O’Brien is distinguishable from the instant case because the issue in O’Brien
involved the costs and fees required to enter a judgment of divorce, as opposed to the inventory
fee assessed to an estate. See id. at 1. In O’Brien, the trial court required the plaintiff to pay fees
and costs as a prerequisite to entry of the judgment of divorce. Id. In contrast, the probate court
required the two estates to pay the inventory fee in these consolidated cases. Thus, O’Brien does
not apply in the context of an inventory fee. Further, O’Brien is an unpublished opinion and,
therefore, is not binding on this Court under the rule of stare decisis. See MCR 7.215(C)(1); In
re Gerald L Pollack Trust, 309 Mich App 125, 142 n 3; 867 NW2d 884 (2015).


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