                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                 EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                 §
 APC HOMEMAKER SERVICES, INC.,                                    No. 08-14-00266-CV
                                                 §
                   Appellant,                                       Appeal from the
                                                 §
 v.                                                            County Court at Law No. 5
                                                 §
 ELVIRA PANDO,                                                  of El Paso County, Texas
                                                 §
                   Appellee.                                     (TC# 2014-DCV-1490)
                                                 §

                                          OPINION

       Appellant APC Homemaker Services, Inc., (APC) seeks reversal of a trial court order

denying a motion to compel arbitration against employee Elvira Pando. We affirm.

                                         BACKGROUND

       In her original complaint, Pando alleged that on July 19, 2012, she sustained an on-the-

job injury when one of her home care patients tripped and fell on her right knee. Pando

underwent knee surgery the following December.           APC alleges that two months after her

surgery, on February 15, 2013, Pando executed an arbitration agreement governing employer-

employee disputes, including personal injury claims. The Arbitration Agreement, in relevant

part, states as follows (bolding and underlining in the original; italics added for emphasis):

              APC HOME HEALTH SERVICE, INC. (‘Company,’ ‘we’ or ‘our’)
       maintains a mandatory binding arbitration policy. It is a condition of your
       employment with us that you and we agree to arbitrate all arbitrable claims arising
from or related to your employment with us (the ‘Claims,’ itemized below), save
and except any benefit claims arising under our Occupational Injury Benefit Plan,
and any claims made not arbitrable by governing statute or rule.

       1. Effective Date: The effective date of this Arbitration Agreement and
          Notice of Arbitration Policy (this ‘Arbitration Agreement’) is
          5/16/2012 (the ‘Effective Date’). If you receive notice of this
          Arbitration Agreement before you begin work for Company, your
          commencement of work for Company will be your acceptance of the
          terms of this Arbitration Agreement. If you are already working for
          Company when you receive notice of this Arbitration Agreement, and
          you continue working for us for more than three more days, you will
          be deemed to have accepted the terms of this Arbitration Agreement on
          the fourth day, and thereafter. In that event, the fourth day is your
          effective date to be governed by this Arbitration Agreement. IF YOU
          CONTINUE TO WORK FOR US AFTER THE EFFECTIVE
          DATE, YOU AND WE WILL HAVE MUTUALLY AGREED TO
          ARBITRATE ALL COVERED CLAIMS BETWEEN US,
          APPLYING THE TERMS OF THIS ARBITRATION
          AGREEMENT.

       2. Arbitration is Mandatory, Binding, and Mutual: All Claims related
          to your employment with us arising in any part after the Effective
          Date, save and except any benefit claims under our Occupational
          Injury Benefit Plan and any claims made not arbitrable by governing
          statute or rule, will be resolved only through mandatory binding
          arbitration. You and we both agree to arbitrate all Claims, and you
          and we both waive all rights to a jury or non-jury trial in state and
          federal court as to the Claims.

                                   .         .         .

       4. The Claims: Claims covered under this Arbitration Agreement
          include, but are not limited to the following: (i) claims arising from
          any injury suffered by an Employee while in the Course and Scope of
          Employment with Company, including but not limited to claims for
          negligence, gross negligence, and all claims for personal injuries,
          physical impairment, disfigurement, pain and suffering, mental
          anguish, wrongful death and survival actions, loss of services and or
          consortium, emotional distress, and exemplary or punitive damages if
          allowed . . . Covered Claims include medical and hospital expenses,
          drugs and durable medical equipment, and medical transportation, to
          the extent those expenses and items are not benefits covered under
          Company’s Occupation Injury Benefit Plan. ‘Course and Scope of
          Employment’ means an activity of any kind that has to do with the
          work, business, trade, or profession of Company and is performed by

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                  you while engaged in or about the furtherance of the affairs or business
                  of Company, whether conducted on Company premises or elsewhere.

                                            .         .         .

              9. One-Year Time Limit on Bringing a Claim: All parties must file a
                 Claim for arbitration within one (1) year after the date of the incident
                 or occurrence giving rise to the Claim. Failure to do so will result in
                 the Claim being barred as at that one-year date.

                                            .         .         .

              13. Severability: If any provision of this Arbitration Agreement is
                  adjudged to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable, in whole or in part,
                  the remaining provisions of this Arbitration Agreement will remain in
                  effect. This Arbitration Agreement has been translated into Spanish.
                  In event of conflict, or apparent conflict between the Spanish version
                  and this version, this version will govern.

       Pando, who has limited ability in reading, writing, or understanding English purportedly

signed a Spanish-language translation of this agreement and continued working for the company.

In her affidavit, Pando denied ever seeing this document before her attorneys showed it to her

and stated that she did not remember ever signing it. However, she did admit that

       From time to time, I was brought in to sign documents. When I was called in to
       sign paperwork, I was required to sign things and I did not know why. I was told
       that the documents were routine paperwork or documents I needed to sign to
       receive benefits for my injury. I was misled into believing that the documents
       were not important and were just routine documents that the company needed to
       complete their paperwork on my employment and/or so I could receive benefits
       for my injury. I did not know that what I was signing was an arbitration
       agreement or anything other than papers required to be signed for my job. I was
       never told that I could be waiving rights that I had or that I could seek the advice
       of an attorney before signing these documents. I was never told the documents
       contained an arbitration agreement. I was never given any time to review the
       documents prior to signing them.

       Pando filed suit on May 13, 2014. APC moved to compel arbitration. Pando resisted,

arguing inter alia that her claim arose before the Arbitration Agreement became effective, and

asserting in the alternative that the arbitration agreement was unconscionable. The trial court



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denied APC’s motion to compel. This appeal followed.

                                                DISCUSSION

        In two issues, APC argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to compel

arbitration because (1) a valid arbitration agreement that covers this dispute exists between the

parties, and (2) Pando cannot establish any legitimate defenses against enforcement, including

unconscionability. We need not reach Issue Two, because APC cannot succeed on Issue One.

        In Issue One, APC contends that Pando’s personal injury claim is subject to arbitration

because even though Pando manifested acceptance of the agreement after her July 2012 injury,

both parties agreed to retroactively set the effective date of the agreement to May 16, 2012,

which would bring her claim within the scope of coverage. Alternatively, APC argues that

“claim” under this agreement essentially means “to make a demand on the company,” and since

Pando indisputably filed a “claim” against the company by bringing a lawsuit in May 2014 after

accepting the Arbitration Agreement, the trial court erred by refusing to compel arbitration.

        Pando counters that specific language at the end of the Effective Date Clause in

Paragraph 11 makes clear that the actual effective date of the agreement as applied to her was

four days after she received it, since the clause set a different effective date for existing

employees who accepted the agreement by continuing to work for the company. She also

dismisses APC’s interpretation of the word “claim” based on a contextual reading of the

agreement as a whole. We agree with Pando on both counts. Her claim falls outside the

temporal scope of the agreement, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying

arbitration.


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  “If you are already working for Company when you receive notice of this Arbitration Agreement, and you continue
working for us for more than three more days, you will be deemed to have accepted the terms of this Arbitration
Agreement on the fourth day, and thereafter. In that event, the fourth day is your effective date to be governed by
this Arbitration Agreement.”

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                                       Standard of Review

       We review the trial court’s arbitration decision for abuse of discretion. Vista Quality

Mkts. v. Lizalde, 438 S.W.3d 114, 117 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.). Whether an arbitration

agreement is enforceable is a question of law we review de novo. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v.

Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003). A trial court abuses its discretion when it refuses to

compel arbitration in the face of a valid arbitration agreement. In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d

566, 573 (Tex. 2002)(orig. proceeding).

       To compel arbitration, the movant must first establish the existence of a valid arbitration

agreement that encompasses the claim at issue. Vista Quality Mkts., 438 S.W.3d at 117. Once

the movant meets its burden, a strong presumption in favor of arbitration attaches. Id. The non-

movant then bears the burden of establish a valid defense against arbitration. In re Odyssey

Healthcare, Inc., 310 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2010)(orig. proceeding).

                                             Analysis

       As a threshold matter, we address APC’s point, filed in a reply brief, that arbitration is

required because notwithstanding Pando’s claim that she never signed the agreement, she

“ratified” the Arbitration Agreement by accepting benefits under it. The briefing on this point is

unclear, but the general thrust of APC’s ratification argument is that Pando’s action conclusively

bound her to the agreement’s terms; thus, arbitration is required. Whether Pando accepted the

Arbitration Agreement or merely ratified it is a distinction without a difference under these facts.

The heart of this dispute concerns the agreement’s scope. Assuming without deciding that Pando

is bound to the agreement one way or another, she is only bound to arbitrate claims that actually

fall within the scope of the Arbitration Agreement. If the agreement does not embrace her claim,

all other issues are irrelevant, and the trial court’s order must be affirmed. Vista Quality Mkts.,



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438 S.W.3d at 117.

       APC advances two alternative readings in support of its assertion that Pando’s personal

injury claim falls within the scope of the Arbitration Agreement. Neither is meritorious.

                                    Backdated Effective Date

       First, APC maintains that the Arbitration Agreement reaches Pando’s personal injury

claim because the parties mutually agreed to backdate the agreement to be effective May 16,

2012, in the first sentence of Paragraph 1. Pando argues that because she was already employed

by APC when she received the Arbitration Agreement, the actual effective date of the agreement

as set by the Effective Date Clause’s third and fourth sentences was in February 2013—four days

after she purportedly accepted the terms, and more than eight months after she was injured. We

agree with Pando.

       We construe arbitration agreements using standard contract principles. Firstlight Fed.

Credit Union v. Loya, No. 08-14-00282-CV, 2015 WL 5841505, at *8 (Tex.App.--El Paso

Oct. 7, 2015, no pet. h.). In interpreting a contract, we “must examine and consider the entire

writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none

will be rendered meaningless.” [Internal citations omitted]. Id.

       Paragraph 1 contains two arguably conflicting effective dates. However, this conflict is

not irreconcilable. Rather, the general vs. specific canon neatly resolves the apparent conflict

between these two effective dates. See NuStar Energy, L.P. v. Diamond Offshore Co., 402

S.W.3d 461, 466 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)(noting that contract parties may

choose to set out a general rule in one provision and exceptions to that rule in other provisions,

and that to the extent provisions conflict, “specific provisions control over more general ones”).

       Paragraph 1 states that although “[t]he effective date of this Arbitration Agreement and



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Notice of Arbitration Policy . . . is 5/16/2012[,] . . . [i]f you are already working for Company

when you receive notice of this Arbitration Agreement, and you continue working for us for

more than three more days, you will be deemed to have accepted the terms of this Arbitration

Agreement on the fourth day, and thereafter. In that event, the fourth day is your effective date

to be governed by this Arbitration Agreement.” [Emphasis added].         The specific italicized

provision that deals with acceptance by existing employees clearly operates as an exception to

the generally applicable effective date set in the first sentence. See NuStar Energy, L.P., 402

S.W.3d at 466. Pando is correct that APC’s proposed reading would render the italicized

sentence superfluous, which we must avoid doing if possible. See Certain Underwriters at

Lloyd’s of London Subscribing to Policy No.: FINFR0901509 v. Cardtronic, Inc., 438 S.W.3d

770, 776 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.)(courts should avoid reading contract

provisions as “meaningless surplusage”).      We believe the correct reading here is that the

effective date of the Arbitration Agreement as applied to already-existing employees like Pando

is four days after notice and not May 16, 2012.

                                  When Does a Claim Arise?

       Second, in the alternative, APC avers that even if the Arbitration Agreement did not

become effective until Pando accepted the agreement through continuing employment in

February 2013, the date Pando’s claim arose under the Arbitration Agreement was the date she

filed suit in this case: May 13, 2014. Since it is undisputed that Pando did not make an actual

“claim” demanding compensation from the company until after the Arbitration Agreement was

already in effect, APC maintains this case clearly falls within the agreement’s ambit and must be

submitted to arbitration. We disagree.

       We read legal texts as a cohesive whole—not piecemeal or in isolated provisions. See



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Clayton Williams Energy, Inc. v. BMT O&G TX, L.P., No. 08-14-00133-CV, 2015 WL 4134577,

at *7 (Tex.App.--El Paso July 8, 2015, pet. filed)(noting that courts should “not cherry-pick

words and read them in a vacuum” when interpreting a legal text). In order to reach its

conclusion that Pando’s lawsuit is the trigger event for determining when a claim “arises” under

the arbitration agreement, APC conflates “claim” the noun (i.e. a cause of action) with “claim”

the verb (i.e., the act of making a demand), and then essentially argues that the “All Claims

related to your employment with us arising in any part after the Effective Date” language in

Paragraph 2 means that any attempt to file for compensation after the effective date of the

agreement triggers a duty to arbitrate.

       Admittedly, the agreement uses the word “claim” both ways at various points, but a

careful reading of the Arbitration Agreement does not support APC’s blanket theory that “claim”

means “making a demand” at every point throughout the agreement and that filing for

compensation is the trigger event for determining when arbitration is required. In the first place,

Paragraph 4 sets out a list of arbitrable “claims” that suggests the parties thought the word

“claim” was akin to a cause of action that arises prior to any litigious action. This understanding

of the word “claim” is bolstered by the Limitations Clause in Paragraph 9, which dispels any

semantic ambiguity and conclusively shows that filing a “claim” against the company cannot be

the trigger event that causes a claim to “arise” under the Arbitration Agreement as a matter of

basic logic. The Limitations Clause states that in the event of a personal injury dispute, an

employee must “file a Claim for arbitration” less than a year after a predicate “incident or

occurrence giving rise to the Claim” transpires. By treating the word “claim” as an action rather

than a cause of action at every point in the agreement, the company bring Pando’s claim within

the temporal scope of the agreement, but only by eviscerating the Limitations Clause and turning



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it into a looping tautology. It makes no sense to set a one-year limitation period to file a “claim,”

and then in the same sentence say that the predicate “incident or occurrence giving rise to the

Claim” is the filing of a Claim. This reading renders the entire Limitations Clause nugatory and

self-defeating. Again, we must avoid a reading that voids an entire section of a contract, if

possible. See Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, 438 S.W.3d at 776.

       Instead, a proper contextual reading of the Arbitration Agreement that gives meaning to

all provisions shows that the parties contemplated that a predicate “incident or occurrence”

would give rise to a “claim” that could then be filed and arbitrated within a year’s time if it was

covered under Paragraph 4. Thus, in determining when a claim arises under this agreement, we

look to the date of the “incident or occurrence” that caused a cause of action to accrue, not the

date the lawsuit was filed. Because Paragraph 2 makes clear that the Arbitration Agreement

reaches only those “Claims related to your employment with us arising in any part after the

Effective Date[,]” [emphasis added] and because Pando’s alleged injury occurred before the

agreement’s effective date, her personal injury claim falls outside the temporal scope of the

agreement and is not arbitrable. The trial court correctly retained jurisdiction over this dispute.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Issue One is overruled. Because APC cannot meet its threshold burden of showing the

agreement encompasses this dispute, we decline to address Issue Two regarding Pando’s

unconscionability defense as unnecessary to the resolution of this appeal. The trial court’s order

is affirmed.



December 16, 2015
                                              YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.

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