                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 17 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: NATIONAL COLLEGIATE                      No.    18-15054
ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION ATHLETIC
GRANT-IN-AID CAP ANTITRUST                      D.C. No. 4:14-md-02541-CW
LITIGATION
(This document relates to ALL ACTIONS
except Jenkins v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic     MEMORANDUM*
Ass’n, N.D. Cal. No. 14-cv-278-CW),
______________________________

SHAWNE ALSTON; et al.,

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

DARRIN DUNCAN,

                Objector-Appellant,

 v.

NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC
ASSOCIATION, The NCAA; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of California
                    Claudia Wilken, District Judge, Presiding




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                               Submitted April 16, 2019**
                                San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, M. SMITH, Circuit Judge, and VRATIL,***
District Judge.

      In the underlying class action, student athletes who attended Division I

schools challenge a National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) bylaw that

capped the maximum grant-in-aid at less than the full cost of attendance at those

schools. In January of 2015, after plaintiffs filed suit, the NCAA amended its bylaws

to allow member schools to provide up to the full cost of attendance in athletic aid.

As to plaintiffs’ damage claims, the parties reached a settlement that requires

defendants to pay $208,664,445.00 to some 53,000 class members.1 After deducting

attorneys’ fees and expenses, the average recovery for class members who played

sports for four years is approximately $6,000.00. The district court approved the

settlement of plaintiffs’ damage claims and awarded $41,732,889.00 in attorneys’

fees and $3,184,274.38 in expenses. Class member Darrin Duncan objected to the

fee award and now appeals the district court’s approval of the settlement and fee




      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Kathryn H. Vratil, United States District Judge for the
District of Kansas, sitting by designation.
      1
             Plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief remain pending.


                                               2                              18-15054
award. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

      1.     Duncan’s objections relate to the district court’s approval of attorneys’

fees, not the settlement itself. Duncan first argues that the district court erred by

approving a fee award of 20 percent of the settlement fund. We review the district

court’s “‘award of fees and costs to class counsel, as well as its method of

calculation,’ for abuse of discretion.” In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779

F.3d 934, 942 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting In re Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig.,

654 F.3d 935, 940 (9th Cir. 2011)). The district court has broad authority to award

reasonable attorneys’ fees and nontaxable costs that are authorized by law or the

parties’ agreement. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). “To calculate the fee in a common-fund

case, the district court ‘has discretion to apply either the lodestar method or the

percentage-of-the-fund method in calculating a fee award.’” Stetson v. Grissom,

821 F.3d 1157, 1165 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Fischel v. Equitable Life Assurance

Soc’y, 307 F.3d 997, 1006 (9th Cir. 2002)). Here, the district court used the

percentage-of-the-fund method. Duncan does not challenge the district court’s

choice of methodology, but rather its application.

      We have permitted awards of attorneys’ fees ranging from 20 to 30 percent of

settlement funds, with 25 percent as the benchmark award. See, e.g., Vizcaino v.

Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1047 (9th Cir. 2002); Paul, Johnson, Alston & Hunt

v. Graulty, 886 F.2d 268, 272 (9th Cir. 1989). “The question is not whether the


                                          3                                   18-15054
district court should have applied some other percentage, but whether in arriving at

its percentage it considered all the circumstances of the case and reached a

reasonable percentage.” Vizcaino, 290 F.3d at 1048. Here, the district court found

that an award of 20 percent was reasonable because (1) the fee request was well

below the benchmark of 25 percent, (2) counsel achieved exceptional results,

(3) counsel bore significant risk in this complex case, (4) the nature of the

representation and the efforts and costs expended by plaintiffs’ counsel were all

contingent, (5) such an award is consistent with fee awards in analogous cases, and

(6) such an award does not constitute a windfall for counsel. The district court also

found that using a lodestar crosscheck with a multiplier of 3.66, the fee award of

20 percent was reasonable.

      Duncan argues that a fee award of 20 percent and a 3.66 multiplier of the

lodestar is excessive because this is a “mega-fund” case with a settlement of more

than $200 million. The district court rejected Duncan’s objection based on the large

size of the recovery because (1) an award of 20 percent was less than the percentage

awarded in the comparably sized cases that we cited in Vizcaino and (2) counsel’s

efforts led to the “exceptional, mega-fund results.” The district court did not abuse

its discretion in finding that the large size of the settlement fund did not warrant a

reduction of the 20 percent fee award.

      2.     Duncan next argues that the district court abused its discretion when it


                                          4                                    18-15054
did not include litigation expenses in calculating the percentage award. Duncan

waived this argument because he did not raise it in the district court, and at any rate,

the objection lacks merit. We allow a district court to calculate the percentage of

attorney fees based on either the gross or net fund. See In re Online DVD-Rental,

779 F.3d at 953 (“The district court did not abuse its discretion in calculating the fee

award as a percentage of the total settlement fund, including notice and

administrative costs, and litigation expenses.”); Powers v. Eichen, 229 F.3d 1249,

1258 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he reasonableness of attorneys’ fees is not measured by

the choice of the denominator.”). Accordingly, we conclude that the district court

did not abuse its discretion when it calculated the percentage without including

expenses in the numerator.2

       3.      Finally, Duncan argues that the district court abused its discretion in

using the percentage-of-the-fund method because it failed to properly perform a

lodestar crosscheck. In particular, Duncan objects to the district court’s reliance on

summary billing of counsel’s fees and its failure to request background information

that would have, he contends, revealed that the lodestar was inflated.

       The district court must gather sufficient information so that the lodestar is a

meaningful crosscheck of the percentage-of-the-fund method. Even so, the district


       2
              Plaintiffs note that Duncan’s preferred calculation would make little difference, as
it would only raise the percentage from 20.31 percent to 21.53 percent, still well below the
25 percent benchmark.

                                                5                                        18-15054
court may rely on attorney fee summaries rather than actual billing records. See In

re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 F.3d 294, 306–07 (3d Cir. 2005) (noting that “[t]he

lodestar cross-check calculation need entail neither mathematical precision nor

bean-counting” and that “[t]he district courts may rely on summaries submitted by

the attorneys and need not review actual billing records”). Here, after reviewing

class counsel’s initial declarations that summarized the lodestar calculation, the

district court ordered counsel to provide more detailed information including a

summary of the hours spent on various categories of activities, such as motions,

depositions, document review, and court appearances. In addition, because the

settlement only resolved plaintiffs’ claims for damages, the district court ordered

counsel who had not already done so to specify whether their activities billed related

only to such claims. Based on the initial and supplemental declarations, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in calculating a lodestar of $11,398.158.30 for

purposes of a crosscheck on the reasonableness of the 20 percent fee award.3

       4.     As noted, Duncan appealed the district court’s approval of the

settlement. His briefs, however, do not challenge the settlement generally, but

instead concern only the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees. Plaintiffs ask us



       3
                Duncan’s arguments, which largely nitpick the fee award, would be more
compelling if he had attended the hearing and actually produced evidence of contractual attorney
rates, customary fee rates, etc., or shown how different numbers would have impacted the lodestar
analysis. Instead, in the district court, Duncan advocated for the percentage of the fund method
because it did not involve a prolonged lodestar calculation.

                                               6                                         18-15054
to impose sanctions on that basis, arguing that the appeal of the settlement approval

has not actually been prosecuted and is delaying the distribution of funds to class

members. But to address this concern, plaintiffs could have moved the district court

to require Duncan to post an appeal bond. See Fed. R. App. P. 7. Moreover,

although plaintiffs contend that Duncan’s appeal is unrelated to the district court’s

settlement approval, we have held that “[a]ttorneys’ fees provisions included in

proposed class action settlement agreements are, like every other aspect of such

agreements, subject to the determination whether the settlement is ‘fundamentally

fair, adequate, and reasonable,’” Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 963 (9th Cir.

2003) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)), and so the reasonableness of the settlement is

not wholly distinct from the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees, as plaintiffs suggest.

We therefore disagree that Duncan’s appeal of the approval settlement was purely

vexatious, and so deny the motion for sanctions.

       AFFIRMED.




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