                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-15-00067-CR



       BRENDAN XAVIER DOUGLAS, Appellant

                           V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



        On Appeal from the 124th District Court
                Gregg County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 41,780-B




      Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
              Opinion by Justice Moseley
                                               OPINION
           A Gregg County jury found Brendan Xavier Douglas guilty of the May 15, 2012, capital

murder of Deandre Rossum, and the trial court sentenced him to the mandatory punishment of life

imprisonment without parole.1 In his appeal to this Court, Douglas asserts that there was legally

insufficient evidence to convict him of capital murder and that the trial court erred (1) in failing to

suppress his out-of-court statement to Detective David Cheatham, (2) in admitting his out-of-court

statements made to three other officers, (3) in admitting his out-of-court statement made to his

former girlfriend, and (4) in failing to suppress evidence obtained from the search of his cell phone.

We find that there was sufficient evidence to convict Douglas of capital murder and that Douglas

failed to preserve his asserted errors complaining of the admission of evidence obtained from a

search of data on his cell phone and of his statement to Detective Chris Taylor. We also find that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the statements made by Douglas to his

former girlfriend, to Cheatham, and to two other officers. Since we find no error, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

I.         The Evidence at Trial

           On the day of the shooting, Rossum used his girlfriend’s orange and black, two-door

Mitsubishi to drive his friend, Robert Don Perry, to look for a job, to see his uncle, and then to a

McDonald’s restaurant in Longview. Perry testified that Rossum picked up a third man, Elgin

Jackson (nicknamed “L.J.,”) before going to McDonald’s and that Jackson joined them. After

eating, Rossum made a telephone call, and a fourth man, Douglas, joined them. They began talking


1
    See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 12.31(a)(2), 19.03(a)(2), (b) (West Supp. 2015).

                                                          2
about drugs, and Douglas asked if he could go get a blunt2 at Signal Hill Apartments. After going

to Signal Hill, the four men drove to several places in Shreveport, Louisiana, in an unsuccessful

attempt to purchase some “hard” or “butter.”3 After this failure and after having stopped over at a

restaurant, the four returned to Longview. Perry testified that during this time, Douglas was

texting, smiling, and laughing. Although they were supposed to be dropping Douglas off at a

Burger King, Douglas said he wanted to return to Signal Hill, where he had gotten the blunt.

            Perry testified that when they went to Signal Hill, Rossum got out of the car to allow

Douglas to exit from the rear seat. Douglas then went up to the apartments and when he came

back out, two men came from behind the building. Perry stated that Douglas and the two men

came to the car, Douglas shook or bumped their hands, then took off running. The two men looked

in the car, then guns started going off, and he saw Rossum fall down. The two men went through

Rossum’s pockets, after which one of them looked at Perry and said, “[G]et that nigger, get that

nigger.” Needing no further impetus, Perry exited the car and fled to a nearby E-Z Mart

convenience store, where he called the police. After the police arrived on the scene, Perry returned

and gave them a statement wherein he recounted his experience.

            Jackson confirmed Perry’s testimony regarding the events leading up to the shooting. He

also testified that while they were waiting at Signal Hill Apartments for Douglas to return to the

car, two men wearing hoodies and shorts approached the driver’s side of the car. After they talked

briefly with Rossum, Jackson heard a gunshot. The gunshot prompted Jackson to run away toward


2
    A “blunt” is a marihuana cigar, or a cigar packed with marihuana.
3
    “Hard” and “butter” are terms for crack cocaine.
                                                            3
the back of the car. Another shot struck Jackson in the back, and he fell to the ground where he

was then shot several more times. Although Jackson could not see who shot him, he did hear

Douglas say to one of the two shooters in a surprised manner, “Man, you shot me.” Then he heard

Douglas direct someone to “[s]earch his pockets,” this instruction being followed by someone’s

hand going through Jackson’s pockets and removing money as he laid on the ground, feigning

death. When Jackson opened his eyes, he saw a light-colored Lincoln and heard it “burn out”

(leave rapidly). A minute or so later, Jackson rose and saw Rossum leaning against the car, dead.

Eventually, the police and an ambulance arrived on the scene, and Jackson (who had been shot in

his back, side, thigh, and ankle) was taken to Good Shepherd Hospital where he spent almost two

weeks recuperating. Jackson testified that Douglas often used his cell phone to text while they

were in the car. On cross-examination, Jackson testified that he saw Douglas neither after he went

up to the apartments nor when the shots were fired, but that he did hear him talking while giving

directions.

       Gabrina Ward (also known as Sabrina) testified that in 2012, she owned a cream-colored

Lincoln and that she had given police permission to search it while it was at Good Shepherd

Hospital. She testified that although she did not know her car had been taken, she did realize her

keys were gone. She called Douglas to check on her car since he was a friend of her friend,

Korvarsia Skinner, who had been at her apartment earlier that day. She said that she called Douglas

about the missing car because, “that was the only person that I thought could have got it.”

       Officer Suzanne Hardee of the Longview Police Department testified that she was

dispatched to Good Shepherd around 10:00 p.m. on the night of the shooting. At the hospital, she

                                                4
found two shooting victims, Douglas and Jackson. She testified that it is important to speak to

shooting victims as soon as possible since their wounds may be life-threatening. When she spoke

with Douglas, she had no idea of his involvement as a participant in the shooting. Hardee testified

that even though she was then dressed in her police uniform (and, therefore, obviously with law

enforcement), Douglas spoke to her willingly and that she did nothing to coerce or threaten him

and did not offer him anything in return for his statement. She said that at the time she spoke with

Douglas, he was not handcuffed or in custody and that although he was then being treated for

gunshot wounds, he did not appear to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs and was able to

give coherent answers to her questions. Hardee also testified that Douglas told her that he,

Rossum, and two other black males had gone to Signal Hill Apartments to buy a blunt, that he had

gone to an apartment, and that when he came back to the car, two black males approached. He

continued his story by stating that as he was getting into the car, he heard shots being fired, and

Rossum fell. He described the two men as thin, tall, and wearing dark-colored hoodies that covered

their faces. He did not indicate that he knew the two men.

       Detective Jimmie Redmon of the Longview Police Department described the physical

evidence collected at the scene, including .380 and 9 mm cartridge casings, three cell phones,

fingerprints, and blood evidence. In addition, he testified that buccal, or mouth, swabs from Deion

Reed (Deion), Torry Reed (Torry), and Douglas were collected and sent to the Texas Department

of Public Safety (TDPS) for DNA analysis.

       Dr. John Anthony Stash performed the autopsy on Rossum. He testified that Rossum

suffered two gunshot wounds to the face and head. One of the gunshots injured the skin, muscle,

                                                 5
and soft tissue inside the mouth, teeth, and tongue. The second gunshot injured the skin, muscle,

soft tissue, and mandible, fractured two cervical vertebrae, and damaged the cervical spinal cord.

Stash testified that the cause of death was two gunshots to the head and neck, although neither

struck a major blood vessel. According to Stash, the bullet that hit the cervical spinal cord would

have been rapidly fatal, possibly instantaneously. He also testified that he was able to recover both

bullets from Rossum’s body. On cross-examination, Stash testified that there was no gunshot

residue or tattooing4 on Rossum’s body. He also testified that for there to be residue, the firearm

would have to have been no more than six inches away from Rossum when it was discharged and

that for tattooing to occur, the gun would have to have been no more than eighteen inches away.

            Taylor testified that he was providing security for Good Shepherd Hospital on the night of

the shooting. He recalled that one of the gunshot victims arrived by private vehicle and came

through the front door, while the other was delivered by ambulance to the emergency room. As

part of his job at the hospital, he talked with Douglas to determine where the shooting happened.

Taylor testified that he did not place Douglas in custody or put handcuffs on him and that he neither

photographed nor fingerprinted him, pointing out that he had no information at the time that

Douglas was a suspect in the shooting. According to Taylor, Douglas was able to answer his

questions coherently and did not seem intoxicated or under the influence of pain medications or

other drugs. Taylor testified that Douglas told him that the shooting occurred at the E-Z Mart, but

that he was not able to say which one. When he asked him who shot him, Douglas refused to

answer and would not answer any more questions. On cross-examination, Taylor testified that he


4
    “Tattooing” is caused by unburned pieces of gunpowder striking the skin.
                                                           6
did not know if Douglas had been given pain medications when he talked with him and that the

nursing staff was in the room while he questioned Douglas.

           After Douglas refused to answer more questions, Taylor notified the central police

dispatcher to send someone to assist him at the scene, and he located the vehicle that had brought

Douglas to the hospital. Taylor testified that the vehicle was a Lincoln Town Car owned by Ward

and that a bloody rag was lying next to it. He stated that before searching the vehicle, Ward’s

consent was obtained. The search of the vehicle revealed blood stains from the back seat, from

the back of the driver’s seat, from the dash near the front passenger seat, and from the front

passenger seat. Taylor also testified that he collected evidence from the Mitsubishi driven by

Rossum (the automobile in which Rossum and others were riding when they entered the grounds

of the apartment complex where the shooting occurred). Among the evidence collected from the

Mitsubishi were an iPhone and charger and the fingerprints of Jackson, Rossum, and Douglas.

           Detective Kevin Freeman with the Longview Police Department assisted Cheatham at the

crime scene and was assigned to go to the hospital to contact Douglas. Freeman testified that he

made an audio statement of Douglas at the hospital as he was receiving treatment; at the time

Douglas gave the statement to Freemen, he was in custody. Freeman testified that before taking

Douglas’ statement, he gave Douglas his Miranda5 warnings and the warnings required by Article

38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,6 after which he freely, knowingly, and

intelligently waived his rights. Douglas did not appear to Freeman to be intoxicated, seemed to


5
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
6
    See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2 (West Supp. 2015).
                                                         7
understand Freeman’s questions, and answered them accordingly. Further, Freeman related that

Douglas was neither threatened, nor coerced, nor promised anything to induce him to make a

statement. On cross-examination, Freeman acknowledged that Douglas was in a trauma room

when he interviewed him, but he did not remember if Douglas was attached to an IV or any monitor

at that time. He also stated that he did not know whether Douglas had taken any pain medications.

He said that the officer at the door did not come in during the interview and that Douglas seemed

comfortable talking with him.

       The audio recording of Douglas’ statement given to Freeman was played for the jury. In

it, Douglas repeats the story he had previously given to Hardee, but he provided additional detail.

In addition to the statement given to Hardee, Douglas expanded by stating that after he was shot,

he ran to the street in front of the feed store, flagged down a car, and told the occupant that he had

been shot. He then stated that the driver took him to the hospital. He said there was only one

person in this car and denied knowing the identity of the driver. In addition, he denied being

involved in any way in the shooting, knowing the identity of the shooters, having said anything at

the time the shooting occurred other than to express that he had been shot, having a gun, or taking

a gun with him the night of the shooting.

       Trisha Kacer, a DNA analyst at the TDPS Crime Laboratory testified that the DNA profiles

from the buccal swab of Douglas were consistent with those of the blood stains on the shirt found

in the hospital parking lot and the blood stains found on the back seat and on the back of the

driver’s seat of Ward’s Lincoln. In addition, Kacer testified that the DNA profile of the blood

stain found in the front seat of the Lincoln was consistent with a mixture of Douglas’ blood and at

                                                  8
least one other contributor. She also testified that the DNA profile from the swabbing of the front

pocket of Rossum’s pants was consistent with a mixture from Rossum, Torry, and at least one

other contributor.

            Dan Reigstad, formerly a detective with the Longview Police Department, assisted in

searching a house at 104 Vesta Street in Longview.7 Reigstad testified that they found a loaded

semi-automatic AMT .380/9mm Kurz pistol (the AMT pistol) in a couch. They also found a

number of cell phones, including one found on the same couch as the AMT pistol.

            Wade Davidson Thomas, II, a forensic scientist with the TDPS Regional Crime Laboratory,

testified that the bullet recovered from Rossum’s spine was fired by the AMT pistol, as was a

bullet removed from Douglas’ body. In addition, based on his forensic examination of cartridges

and cartridge casings recovered in the investigation, he opined that three firearms were involved

in the shooting.

            Cheatham led the murder investigation for the Longview Police Department. He testified

that on the night of the shooting, he talked with Perry, Jackson, Douglas, and others. He also

interviewed Douglas at the hospital on the morning of May 17, 2012. At that time, Douglas was

in a private room, awake, clearheaded, and talking. Cheatham testified that Douglas did not appear

to be under the influence of any drug and that he was able to answer questions in a coherent

manner. He denied threatening or coercing him or promising him anything in order to get him to

talk with him about the shooting. Before interviewing him, he provided Douglas with his Miranda

and Article 38.22 warnings, which appeared on the audio recording of the interview. Cheatham


7
    This was reportedly the residence of the Reed brothers.
                                                              9
testified that Douglas seemed to understand the Miranda warnings that had been provided and that

he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily agreed to waive his rights and speak with him. He

also testified that Douglas was not forced, coerced, or enticed in any way. On cross-examination,

Cheatham did not recall if he had told Douglas that he was recording his statement, but that the

recorder was hanging around his neck and that a red light on it would be lit when it was recording.

He also testified that he did not know what kind of medications Douglas had taken and that he had

not spoken with a nurse or doctor prior to speaking with Douglas.

       After the audio recording of the interview was played for the jury, Cheatham testified that

Douglas said that he met Rossum and the other two men at the McDonald’s on Estes around 3:00

or 4:00 in the afternoon. According to Cheatham, Douglas also said that it was Perry’s idea to go

to some apartments across the street from Signal Hill, but that Douglas directed them to Signal

Hill. Douglas also stated that Perry was texting the whole time. In addition, Cheatham testified

that Douglas confirmed that one of the cell phones recovered at the scene of the shooting belonged

to him. Douglas once again stated that a person whom he did not know and who was riding alone

in a car picked him up after the shooting and took him to the hospital. During the interview,

Cheatham showed him a photograph of Skinner, and Douglas still denied that he was the person

who picked him up and denied that Dashun Taylor (Dashun) was in the car.                Cheatham

acknowledged that during the interview, Douglas was on a blood pressure monitor and that a nurse

came in at one point to check on him, apparently determined that Douglas was fine, and left.

       Cheatham testified that at the time of the interview, he thought that Skinner was one of the

shooters and Cheatham knew that there were two kinds of shell casings found at the scene. He

                                                10
said that since that time he had interviewed Skinner, Dashun, Leonard Mitchell (another passenger

in the Lincoln), and Ward. Based on these interviews, he obtained a search warrant for 104 Vesta

and was present when it was executed. He testified that Deion and Torry were present at the house

with their mother, grandmother, and two sisters when the search was conducted. In addition, he

subpoenaed the phone records of the cell phone that Douglas identified as belonging to him. He

explained that although Douglas purportedly gave him the pattern that would unlock the phone,

when he tried to do so, the phone did not unlock.

            Skinner testified that Ward was a friend of his and that she frequently allowed him to

borrow her Lincoln. He said that around 3:00 p.m. on the day of the shooting, he, Douglas, Deion,

Mitchell, and Ward were at Ward’s apartment. While at the apartment, he overheard Douglas and

Deion talking about hitting a lick.8 He testified that he, Douglas, Deion, and Mitchell took Ward’s

Lincoln to Douglas’ house, then they dropped Douglas off at the McDonald’s. Douglas told them

that he would be going to Signal Hill, so they went over there to wait on him, but he did not arrive

at that time. They then went to Deion’s house, where they picked up Torry. After it had grown

dark, they picked up Dashun at a house on Johnson Street, and Torry tapped him on the shoulder

and said that Douglas wanted them to pick him up behind the E-Z Mart. Torry was the only person

in the car who had a telephone. Skinner testified that when they got to the E-Z Mart, Douglas was

not there, so they parked next door at the feed store. After about thirty minutes, they drove to the

Signal Hill Apartment Complex and parked behind it, where Torry and Deion got out of the car.

Skinner said that Torry and Deion walked to a stairwell and that Torry used his cell phone. When


8
    “[H]itting a lick” means committing a theft or robbery.
                                                              11
Torry finished his conversation, he and Deion walked around the building. Skinner testified that

after about a minute or two, he heard six or seven gunshots and drove the car around to see what

was taking place. He stopped, saw Douglas running towards the car away from the orange and

black Mitsubishi, and saw that he was shot. Douglas got in the Lincoln and told Skinner to take

him to the hospital. As he was pulling away, Torry and Deion got in the car. Skinner testified that

Douglas got in the front seat and that Torry and Deion got in the back seat. On the way to the

hospital, Douglas told him to stop and let Torry and Deion out, which he did. Skinner said that

when he pulled over to let them out, Douglas passed a black gun to them. He also testified that he

had seen Deion with a .380 pistol earlier that day. He then took Douglas to the hospital, dropped

him off at the entrance, and parked the car. On cross-examination, he testified that Torry and

Deion wore gray hoodies that day.

       Katrina Robertson testified that Douglas is the father of her three-year-old child, but that

they have never lived together. She testified that Douglas and Skinner are friends and that she has

seen them hang around together. She also testified that Douglas had asked her to talk with his

former girlfriend and ask her to say in court that he neither knew the Reed brothers nor owned a

gun.

       Taylor was recalled and testified about the information obtained from a search of Douglas’

cell phone, including the contact list, a log of the incoming and outgoing calls, and the incoming

and outgoing text messages in the two hours before the shooting. He specifically testified about

text messages sent between 7:59 p.m. and 9:49 p.m. on the night of the shooting between Douglas’

cell phone and a phone number shown on the contact list of Douglas’ cell phone as “reed.” These

                                                12
text messages revealed the details of a plan between the communicants to rob and kill Skinner and

one of his passengers. They include instructions sent from Douglas’ cell phone to “reed” directing

him to be behind the E-Z Mart at a certain time, another which instructed “reed” to “pop” the driver

of the auto in which he was riding as Douglas handled the passenger, another which instructed

“reed” to “pop” the driver as soon as he gets out, and another which directed “reed” to “put dat

[sic] bitch smooth to his head n [sic] pop his ass.” This exchange also included a question from

“reed” as to whether to park at Signal Hill or the feed store, another which asked, “How much he

got” (with a reply of “$1000”), another sent from “reed” asking, “So when I hit the driver you

hittin the passenger?” (with a reply of “yea”).

II.         Sufficient Evidence Supports Douglas’ Conviction for Capital Murder

            In his first and second points of error, Douglas asserts that there is insufficient evidence to

support his conviction because (1) there is no evidence that he shot Rossum and (2) since the law

of party culpability was not addressed in the application portion of the jury charge, neither the jury

nor this Court can consider the evidence supporting a conviction under the law of parties.9 Since

his conviction may be upheld if there is sufficient evidence of guilt that he committed the murder

as either the primary actor or as a party, we will treat these as one point of error.

            Initially, we note that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has previously stated that even

in the absence of an instruction on the law of parties in the application portion of the jury charge,

a law of parties instruction in the abstract portion of the charge may be considered in a sufficiency

review. See Yzaguirre v. State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 528–29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In Yzaguirre,


9
    Douglas does not assert jury charge error. Rather, he only argues sufficiency of the evidence.
                                                            13
the court pointed out that it had previously discussed the Fifth Circuit case of Brown v. Collins10

in Malik v. State.11 Yzaguirre, 394 S.W.3d at 528–29. As here, the issue in Brown was sufficiency

of the evidence. Id. at 529 (citing Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 238 (discussing Brown)). As in this case,

the law of parties was contained in the abstract, but not in the application portion of the charge.

Id. at 528–29 (citing Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 238). Although the evidence at trial was sufficient to

establish Brown’s guilt as a party, it was not sufficient to establish it as the primary actor. Id. at

529 (citing Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 238). Since a general instruction on the law of parties was

contained in the charge, the Fifth Circuit rejected the appellant’s argument that it could not be

considered in a sufficiency of the evidence review. Id. (citing Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 238 n.3;

Brown, 937 F.2d at 182). The Court of Criminal Appeals noted that Brown and the law of parties

were two motivating factors in its formulating the “hypothetically correct jury charge” standard.

Id. (citing Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 237–40). It then explained that “[t]he clear import of our

discussion in Malik is that Brown correctly decided that the inclusion of the law of parties in the

abstract portion of the jury charge was enough for the law of parties to be taken into account in a

sufficiency review.” Id.

            In this case, Douglas concedes that the court charged the jury on the law of parties in the

abstract portion of the charge and does not complain of any errors in that instruction. Therefore,

we may take the law of parties into account in our sufficiency review. Id. Further, although not




10
     937 F.2d 175, 182 (5th Cir.), en banc reh’g denied, 945 F.2d 403 (1991).
11
     953 S.W.2d 234, 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
                                                           14
addressed in the court’s discussion in Yzaguirre, if we are able to consider the law of parties in our

sufficiency review of the jury’s verdict, the jury could also consider this evidence.

        A.      Standard of Review

        In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the trier of fact’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found

the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,

912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v.

State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Clayton v. State, 235

S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of

the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the trier of fact “to fairly resolve

conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts

to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443

U.S. at 318–19).

        Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by

a measure the courts call a “hypothetically correct jury charge.” Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234,

240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized

by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily

restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which

the defendant was tried.” Id.

        “A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by

his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.”

                                                  15
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(a) (West 2011). “A person is criminally responsible for an offense

committed by the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or assist the commission

of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit

the offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011); In re State ex rel. Weeks, 391

S.W.3d 117, 124 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In determining whether an appellant is a party to an

offense, we may consider “events before, during, and after the commission of the offense.” Gross

v. State, 380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Wygal v. State, 555 S.W.2d 465,

468–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). We may consider circumstantial evidence and look to the actions

of the defendant showing an understanding and common design to commit the offense. Ransom

v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (op. on reh’g) (citing Cordova v. State, 698

S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)).

       In this case, the indictment charged Douglas with intentionally causing the death of

Rossum by shooting him with a firearm while Douglas was in the course of robbing or attempting

to rob Rossum. Therefore, under a hypothetically correct jury charge, the State had to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) Douglas or a person for whom he was criminally responsible

(2) intentionally (3) caused the death of Rossum (4) by shooting him with a firearm (5) in the

course of robbing or attempting to rob Rossum. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(2). On

appeal, Douglas only challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that he (or a person for whom he

was criminally responsible) caused the death of Rossum.

       As seen above, the evidence showed that the bullet that caused the death of Rossum was

fired from the AMT pistol that was recovered in the search of the house occupied by Deion and

                                                 16
Torry. Skinner testified that Deion owned a gun and that he had overheard Douglas and Deion

talking about hitting a lick earlier in the day. Skinner also testified that Torry and Deion rode with

him in the Lincoln to the area where the shooting occurred, exited the Lincoln, approached the

Signal Hill Apartments from the rear, and then went around the side of the apartment building. A

short while later, Skinner heard six or seven gunshots, and when he drove around the building,

Douglas, Deion, and Torry all got into the car together. As he drove to the hospital, Douglas

directed him to let Deion and Torry out of the car. Perry testified that the two men in gray hoodies

involved in the shooting came from behind the apartment building and that Douglas shook or

bumped their hands. Jackson testified that after he was shot, he heard Douglas direct the men in

the hoodies to search his pockets and felt someone do so. He also testified that after Douglas was

shot, he exclaimed, “Man, you shot me,” in a surprised tone of voice. Both Perry and Jackson

testified that it was Douglas who requested Rossum to take him back to the Signal Hill Apartments

after they returned from Shreveport. In addition, the text messages between Douglas and his

contact, “reed,” in the two hours before the shooting showed that Douglas and “reed” planned to

not only rob Rossum and Jackson, but to shoot them as well. Finally, Douglas’ text instruction to

“reed” to put the pistol against Rossum’s head and “pop his ass” shows that the perpetrators

intended to cause Rossum’s death.

       Under this evidence, we find that a rational jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that

a person for whom Douglas was criminally responsible intentionally caused the death of Rossum

by shooting him with a firearm. Since we have found that the evidence is sufficient to support the



                                                 17
jury’s verdict under the law of parties, we need not consider Douglas’ argument that the evidence

was insufficient to convict him as a primary actor. We overrule this point of error.

III.   No Abuse of Discretion in Admitting the Testimony of Douglas’ Former Girlfriend

       In his fifth point of error, Douglas asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the

testimony of Robertson, his former girlfriend. Douglas argues that the admission of the testimony

violated Rules 403 and 504 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 403, 504. The

contested testimony concerned Robertson’s testimony that Douglas had asked her to talk with his

then-girlfriend to persuade her to say in court that he did not know the Reed brothers and that he

did not own a gun. The trial court found that there was no privilege under Rule 504 since

Robertson was not the spouse of Douglas, that the testimony was relevant, and that it should not

be excluded under Rule 403 for unfair prejudice.

       A.      Standard of Review

       A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse-of-

discretion standard. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Flowers v.

State, 438 S.W.3d 96, 103 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d). The trial court abuses its

discretion only if the decision is “so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone within which

reasonable people might disagree.” Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008);

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g); Flowers, 438

S.W.3d at 103. An evidentiary ruling will be upheld if it was correct on any theory of law

applicable to the case. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Flowers,

438 S.W.3d at 103.

                                                18
           An objection under Rule 40312 requires the trial court to balance the probative value of the

evidence against its potentially prejudicial effect. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 388–90. In

reviewing the trial court’s balancing determination, we will reverse its judgment “rarely and only

after a clear abuse of discretion.” Id. at 392 (quoting United States v. Maggitt, 784 F.2d 590, 597

(5th Cir. 1986)). Further, in our analysis, we are guided by what are known as the Montgomery

factors:

           (1) how compellingly the evidence serves to make a fact of consequence more or
           less probable . . . ; (2) the potential the evidence has to impress the jury in some
           irrational but nevertheless indelible way; (3) the time the proponent will need to
           develop the evidence [(during which, the jury will be distracted from consideration
           of the indicted offense)]; and (4) the force of the proponent’s need for this evidence
           to prove a fact of consequence [(that is, does the proponent have other probative
           evidence available to him to help establish this fact, and is this fact related to an
           issue in dispute?)].

Taylor v. State, 93 S.W.3d 487, 506 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d); Montgomery, 810

S.W.2d at 389–90; see Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Hartsfield

v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 873 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d).

           B.     Analysis

           In his statements to several police officers, Douglas repeatedly denied knowing the identity

of Rossum’s attackers, knowing Deion and Torry, or owning a gun. Skinner testified that Douglas

knew Deion and Torry and that Douglas had a gun. Robertson’s testimony that Douglas sought to

have his then-girlfriend lie about these matters in court was strong evidence making these




 Rule 403 provides that a trial court “may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
12

by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 403.
                                                         19
contested facts (i.e., his knowing the other attackers and his possession of a gun) more probable.

In addition, since these issues were in dispute, the State needed Robertson’s testimony to prove

these consequential facts. We find the first and fourth factors support the probative value of the

evidence and weigh heavily in favor of admissibility.

       We also find that there is little potential that this evidence would impress the jury in an

irrational manner. Rather, the evidence would be valuable to the jury in judging the credibility of

the witnesses. We find this factor does not tend to show the danger of unfair prejudice and weighs

in favor of admissibility. In addition, Robertson’s entire testimony comprises slightly over ten

pages out of a testimonial record that is over seven hundred pages. We find that there was little

danger that the jury would be distracted from considering the indicted offense on this record.

Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Robertson’s

testimony under Rule 403.

       In addition, Douglas contends that he had an expectation of privacy in his conversation

with Robertson, who was the mother of his child, based on Rule 504. Rule 504 concerns

confidential communications “made to the person’s spouse while they were married.” TEX. R.

EVID. 504(a)(2). Rule 504 grants a privilege to a spouse “not to be called to testify for the state”

in a criminal case. TEX. R. EVID. 504(b)(1). The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the

“privilege does not extend to matters occurring prior to the marriage.” Colburn v. State, 966

S.W.2d 511, 514 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). If a couple is not ceremonially married, then the accused

must prove that a common law marriage existed at the time of the communication. Id. In this

case, Douglas neither contended nor provided any evidence that he and Robertson were married

                                                20
at the time of the communication. Although Robertson testified that Douglas is the father of her

child, she indicated that she and Douglas had never lived in the same household together. The

mantle of marriage confidentiality does not cover those who simply engage in sex with each other.

Under these facts, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that no privilege

existed and in admitting Robertson’s testimony.13 See id. at 515. We overrule this point of error.

IV.      Douglas Failed to Preserve His Point of Error Regarding the Text Messages

         In his sixth point of error, Douglas asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the text

messages from his cell phone. The text messages were obtained pursuant to a search warrant

authorizing the search of his cell phone. On appeal, Douglas asserts that the search was illegal

since the affidavit supporting the search warrant states, “Affiant is aware that previous attempts

have been made to search for the requested information from this cell phone but that previous

attempts were not successful due in large part to the fact that the cell phone was and remains

password protected.”14 He argues that this shows that the warrant was issued based upon evidence



13
  Douglas also asserts in his brief that denial of this privilege to persons who were sexually intimate with a defendant
and who have children from the relationship may be a denial of due process and equal protection. However, no
objection based on due process or equal protection was made at trial. On appeal, the point of error “must correspond
or comport with the objection made at trial.” Wright v. State, 154 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet.
ref’d) (citing Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986)). Under Rule 33.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, an issue is not preserved on appeal
unless the record shows that it was presented to the trial court “by a timely request, objection or motion” that “stated
the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the
trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.” TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1(a)(1)(A); Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312
(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Since the objection at trial does not correspond with the constitutional issue Douglas asserts
on appeal, to the extent this point of error asserts these constitutional violations, nothing is preserved for our review.
See Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); In re S.A.G., 403 S.W.3d 907, 913 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2013, pet. denied).

14
 It was previously noted that Douglas had purported to give police officers permission to look at the contents of his
cell phone, and he purported to give them the password that would enable them to do so. However, they were unable
                                                           21
gained from an unlawful warrantless search, in violation of the Fourth Amendment and the Texas

Constitution. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV; TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 9. We find that this point of error

was not preserved.

         “Preservation of error is a systemic requirement on appeal. If an issue has not been

preserved for appeal, neither the court of appeals nor [the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals] should

address the merits of that issue. Ordinarily, a court of appeals should review preservation of error

on its own motion.” Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532–33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citations

omitted). A motion to suppress evidence is a specialized objection to the admissibility of evidence.

Galitz v. State, 617 S.W.2d 949, 952 n.10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). As such, a motion to suppress

is required to meet the requirements of an objection. Carroll v. State, 911 S.W.2d 210, 218 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1995, no pet.); Mayfield v. State, 800 S.W.2d 932, 935 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1990, no pet.). To preserve an issue involving the admission of evidence for appellate review, the

objection is required to inform the trial court why, or on what basis, the evidence should be

excluded. Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 533 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Cohn v. State, 849

S.W.2d 817, 821 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (Campell, J., concurring)).15 In order to preserve a

complaint on appeal, “all a party has to do . . . is to let the trial judge know what he wants [and]

why he thinks himself entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at




to get to the content of the cell phone using that information. It is likely that it was this attempt to which the affidavit
made reference, not to some clandestine previous look at the data.
15
  See also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (error is preserved only when record shows that “complaint was made to the
trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that . . . stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party
sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific
grounds were apparent from the context”).
                                                            22
a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something about it.” Lankston v. State, 827

S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). However, the objection must be sufficiently clear so

that opposing counsel and the trial court have an opportunity to address or correct the purported

deficiency. Ford, 305 S.W.3d at 533. For this reason, “shotgun objections” citing many grounds

for the objection without argument will not preserve points on appeal based on authority that is

only mentioned in the trial court without argument. Johnson v. State, 263 S.W.3d 287, 290 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d, untimely filed); Webb v. State, 899 S.W.2d 814, 818

(Tex. App.—Waco 1995, pet. ref’d). Likewise, a form motion to suppress asserting multiple

grounds that are not subsequently asserted with argument at the suppression hearing will not

preserve those grounds on appeal. See Johnson, 263 S.W.3d at 289–90; Morgan v. State, No. 05-

94-01135-CR, 1996 WL 223551, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 30, 1996, pet. ref’d) (not

designated for publication).16 Also, an issue on appeal that does not comport with the objection

made at trial presents nothing for appellate review. Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 197; Wright, 154 S.W.3d

at 241.

          At the trial court, Douglas filed a generic motion to suppress alleging, in pertinent part,

                                                 II.
                  The law enforcement officers unlawfully entered and intruded upon the
          privacy of this Defendant without lawful authority, without probable cause[,] and
          without a valid search warrant. The trespass and intrusion were followed by the
          search of a cell phone, above, and seizure of evidence without consent or lawful
          authority and without lawful search warrant or probable cause.




16
  Although unpublished cases have no precedential value, we may take guidance from them “as an aid in developing
reasoning that may be employed.” Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d).
                                                      23
                                                 III.
                That the search of his cell phone was therefore illegal[,] and all the fruits of
        the search must be suppressed.

                                                   IV.
                That if such search was upon a search warrant, the affidavit therefore did
        not allege sufficient facts to establish probable cause.

At the evidentiary hearing, Douglas offered no testimony or other evidence in support of these

allegations. Further, the only objections Douglas asserted at trial were that there was insufficient

probable cause for the issuance of the warrant, that the text messages were hearsay, and that the

probative value of the texts was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. At no

time during the hearing did Douglas contend that there had been a prior unlawful warrantless

search of the cell phone or that the affidavit was based on information from a prior warrantless

search. Since his issue on appeal does not comport with his objections made at trial, Douglas has

presented nothing for our review. We overrule this point of error.

V.      There Was No Abuse of Discretion in Admitting Douglas’ Out-of-Court Statements

        In his third point of error, Douglas asserts that the trial court erred in admitting his out-of-

court statement given to Cheatham. Douglas argues that the statement was the result of coercion,

in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.17 See U.S. CONST.

amends. V, XIV, § 1. In his fourth point of error, Douglas asserts that the trial court erred in

admitting his out-of-court statements given to Hardee, Taylor, and Freeman, all law enforcement

officers. Douglas argues that the statements were taken in violation of his Fifth Amendment right



17
 Douglas does not challenge the voluntariness of this statement under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure.
                                                       24
to due process since he was not given his Miranda warning18 and that the statements were

involuntary.

         A.       Standard of Review

         At a suppression hearing, “the trial court is the ‘sole and exclusive trier of fact and judge

of the credibility of the witness’ and the evidence presented.” Delao v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235,

238 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996));

Simpson v. State, 67 S.W.3d 327, 331 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.). We view the record

and all reasonable inferences drawn from it in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.


18
  Douglas did not preserve his due process issue. At the suppression hearing on his statement given to Hardee, Douglas
pointed out that at the time of the statement, he had been shot and was in pain, and he argued that Hardee should have
read him his rights since he could have made incriminating statements. The trial court overruled this objection, finding
that he was not in custody, that it was not a custodial interrogation, and that, therefore, there was no requirement to
advise him of his rights under Article 38 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. At no time did Douglas argue that
the failure to advise him of his rights was a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In a
suppression hearing, a general objection that could be founded on more than one legal argument will not preserve all
the potential arguments on appeal. See Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 314–16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “[W]hen
the context shows that a party failed to effectively communicate his argument, the error will be deemed forfeited on
appeal.” Id. at 313. A defendant may claim his statement is not voluntary under three possible theories: (1) Article
38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure; (2) Miranda; and (3) the Due Process Clause. Oursbourn v. State,
259 S.W.3d 159, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Further, Article 38.22, Sections 2 and 3, expand the rights recognized
in Miranda. Id.; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, §§ 2–3 (West Supp. 2015). Therefore, an objection
that an officer should have read the accused his rights could be made under Miranda, Article 38.22, or both. Here,
the trial court interpreted his objection as one lodged under Article 38.22.
           At the suppression hearing regarding his statement given to Freeman, Douglas contended that his statement
was not admissible under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure since he was not read his
rights. He also objected that he was in the hospital to be treated, that he could have made incriminatory statements,
and that he did not know what he was saying. However, Douglas did not argue that the failure to advise him of his
rights was a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Since Douglas’ issue on appeal does not
comport with the objections he made at trial to the statements given to Hardee and Freeman, he did not preserve any
error related to any violation of his due process rights under the Fifth Amendment for our review. See Ibarra, 11
S.W.3d at 197; Wright, 154 S.W.3d at 241. He did, however, preserve error regarding the voluntariness of his
statements to Hardee and Freeman under Articles 38.21 and 38.22.
           At the suppression hearing regarding his statement given to Taylor, Douglas contended that his statement
was not admissible under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure since he was not read his
rights, and he also made objections under Rules 402 and 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. He did not argue that
the failure to advise him of his rights was a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Nor did he
make any objection that his statement was not voluntary. Since his issues on appeal do not comport with the objections
he made at trial to his statement given to Taylor, he did not preserve any error for our review.
                                                          25
Simpson, 67 S.W.3d at 331 (citing Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App.

1996). We give the trial court great deference in its decision to admit or exclude evidence and will

not overturn its decision absent a flagrant abuse of discretion. Delao, 235 S.W.3d at 238 (citing

Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). If the trial court did not make

findings of fact, we will assume the trial court made implicit findings that support its ruling, as

long as they are supported by the record. Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005).

         “A statement of an accused may be used in evidence against him if it appears that the same

was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 38.21 (West 2005); Simpson, 67 S.W.3d at 332. When the defendant challenges the

voluntariness of his statement, “the trial court must make an independent determination in the

absence of the jury as to whether the statement was voluntarily made.” Simpson, 67 S.W.3d at

332 (citing Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 380 (1964)); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art

38.22, § 6 (West Supp. 2015). Under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, it is the State’s burden

to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the statement was voluntary. Id. (citing Lego v.

Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 489 (1972); Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 211 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995)). However, this burden does not arise unless the defendant offers evidence raising a

voluntariness question. Id. (citing State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).

         A statement is considered involuntary under the Due Process Clause “only if there was

official, coercive conduct of such a nature that any statement obtained thereby was unlikely to

have been the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice.” Alvarado, 912 S.W.2d at

                                                 26
211 (citing Alvarado v. State, 853 S.W.2d 19 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)); Simpson, 67 S.W.3d at

332. Due process claims of involuntariness involve “an objective assessment of police behavior.”

Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 171. If the voluntariness claim is based on the defendant’s state of

mind, that is left to state law requirements. Id.

       In Texas, Articles 38.21 and 38.22 govern the voluntariness inquiry. Id. at 172. Article

38.21, requires that any statement (whether custodial and non-custodial) be “freely and voluntarily

made without compulsion or persuasion.”             TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21; see

Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172. In addition, for custodial statements, Article 38.22 requires that

the suspect’s rights be “knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily” waived. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 38.22, § 2(b); Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172. Under Articles 38.21 and 38.22, “[a]

confession given under the duress of hallucinations, illness, medications, or even a private threat,

. . . could be involuntary.” Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172 (citation omitted). However, while

these factors are relevant, they do not make the statement involuntary unless they “rendered [the

maker] incapable of making an independent, informed decision to confess.” Jones v. State, 944

S.W.2d 642, 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Nichols v. State, 754 S.W.2d 185, 190 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1988), overruled on other grounds by Harris v. State, 784 S.W.2d 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989));

Simpson, 67 S.W.3d at 332. We evaluate whether the statement was voluntary by examining the

totality of the circumstances. Delao, 235 S.W.3d at 239 (citing Creager v. State, 952 S.W.2d 852,

855 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).




                                                    27
       A.      Douglas’ Out-of-Court Statement to Cheatham

       At the suppression hearing on Douglas’ statement given to Cheatham, the policeman

testified that he took Douglas’ recorded statement on May 17, 2012, at approximately 10:00 a.m.

in a hospital room. He testified that before taking the statement, he read Douglas the warnings

required under Miranda and Article 38.22 and that Douglas voluntarily and knowingly waived his

rights. Cheatham testified that Douglas did not request an attorney until the end of the interview,

at which time it ended. He also testified that Douglas was coherent, was able to ask and answer

questions in a coherent fashion, and that he did not appear to be under the influence of any drugs

or alcohol. On cross-examination, Cheatham acknowledged that it was possible Douglas had an

IV attached, but he did not recall one. Cheatham also did not recall inquiring whether Douglas

was taking pain medication, despite the fact that he was aware that Douglas had suffered a gunshot

wound and that such injuries can be painful. He stated that he did not confer with medical

personnel regarding Douglas’ capability to then understand a conversation. Cheatham testified

that at one point in the interview, he offered Douglas a drink of water, which he accepted. He also

acknowledged that Douglas was in bed. Cheatham admitted that at the time of the interview, he

thought that Douglas was one of the perpetrators of the crime and that he was looking for evidence

to be used against him. He acknowledged that at one point in the interview, Douglas began yelling

and cursing, that he became aggravated as they talked, and that Cheatham continued talking to

Douglas even after Douglas exhibited his aggravation. He also testified that a nurse came in at




                                                28
one point to check on Douglas and commented that he was experiencing tachycardia (which is a

faster than normal heart rate), but that she did not stay very long.19

         After listening to the recording of the interview, the trial court noted that although Douglas

was in the hospital, there was no evidence that he was under the influence of any medications that

would render his statement involuntary and that he had knowingly and intelligently waived his

rights. These findings are supported by Cheatham’s testimony and the recording admitted into

evidence. Although Douglas argues that Cheatham engaged in a form of torture by provoking him

so that his blood pressure went up to a dangerous point, this is not supported by the record. 20 On

this record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Douglas’ statement

given to Cheatham. We overrule Douglas’ third point of error.

         B.       Douglas’ Out-of-Court Statements to Hardee and Freeman

         In support of his fourth point of error, Douglas argues that his statements to Hardee and

Freeman were involuntary because they were given after he had been shot and while he was

confined to a bed under a doctor’s care. In addition, he faults the officers for failing to take steps

to determine whether he was under the influence of any sort of pain killers or other drugs and for



19
  On the recording of the interview, a nurse is heard coming in and checking Douglas approximately twenty-seven
minutes into the interview. She stays only a matter of seconds and does not return during the remainder of the forty-
four-minute interview.
20
  Douglas contends that the Supreme Court condemned the use of torture in Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936).
We agree. However, in Brown, a group of men, accompanied by a deputy, repeatedly hanged and severely whipped
the defendant until he confessed. Id. at 281–82. Nothing in this record approaches the use of similar extremely brutal
measures. Douglas also cites Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 307–08 (1963), in which the Supreme Court held that
a statement obtained after the defendant was administered a combination of drugs that acted as a “truth serum” was
“not the product of a free intellect” and was inadmissible. Id. at 308. However, in that case, it was undisputed that
the defendant was administered the drugs, and there was expert testimony regarding the effects of the drugs. Id. at
298–99, 301–02. In this case, there was no evidence that drugs of any kind had been administered to Douglas.
                                                         29
failing to obtain the approval of any of his medical providers before talking to him. As previously

noted, at trial, Douglas either made specific objections under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 of the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure, or the trial court interpreted his objection as being based on these

statutes.21 Therefore, we interpret Douglas’ claim on appeal to be that his statements were

involuntary because the law enforcement officers supposedly did not follow the obligations

imposed by these statutes.

            Hardee testified that when she took his statement, Douglas was not in custody and that he

was not restrained in any way. She also testified that she did not threaten or coerce him in any

way. She said that if he had said he did not want to talk with her, or if he had tried to leave, she

would not have restrained him. Hardee also testified that at the time she talked with him, she did

not know whether he was a victim, an offender, or a simple bystander and that there was no

evidence indicating he might be a suspect. She stated that the purpose of talking with him was to

discover how he got shot. At the time she spoke with him, she believed him to be no more than a

shooting victim. She stated that he did not appear to be under the influence of narcotics and that

he was willing and able to communicate comfortably. On cross-examination, she acknowledged

that he was in a trauma room and that medical personnel had been treating him. In its ruling that

the statement was admissible, the trial court found that Douglas was not in custody, but made no

findings related to the voluntariness of the statement.

            Freeman testified that when he arrived at the hospital, Douglas had been placed in custody

on an unrelated warrant. He testified that he audiotaped the interview and that prior to asking any


21
     See supra note 16.
                                                   30
questions, he read Douglas his Miranda warnings, which was recorded. Freeman testified that

Douglas seemed to understand each of the warnings and that he voluntarily spoke with him. He

also testified that Douglas did not seem to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol and that he

was able to answer his questions coherently. Freeman testified that he did not threaten or coerce

Douglas or promise him anything to induce him to give the statement. On cross-examination,

Freeman testified that the interview took place in the trauma room with hospital personnel around

them. He did not recall if Douglas was hooked up to an IV, and he did not know if Douglas was

under any kind of pain medication. He also testified that he talked with a nurse or doctor to receive

permission from them to interview him. Freeman testified that he did not look at Douglas’ wounds

and that Douglas was able to turn his head to look at him. The recorded statement shows that

Douglas was advised of his rights and waived them. It also supports Freeman’s testimony that

Douglas was able to give coherent answers to his questions. In relevant part, the trial court found

that there was no evidence that Douglas was under any narcotic or pain medication and that he was

coherent in his answers.

       Both Hardee and Freeman interviewed Douglas within hours of his arrival at the hospital.

Although he had been treated for his gunshot wounds, there is no evidence that he was under the

influence of any medication, alcohol, or other drug that would have rendered him incapable of

making an independent, informed decision to give his statements. In addition, there is no

indication in the record that Douglas was in extreme pain or that he was coerced or threatened in

any way. Therefore, the record supports the express and implied findings of the trial court that



                                                 31
these statements were voluntary.22 On this record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting Douglas’ statements given to Hardee and Freeman. We overrule Douglas’

fourth point of error.

         We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                          Bailey C. Moseley
                                                          Justice

Date Submitted:              April 20, 2016
Date Decided:                May 6, 2016

Publish




22
  While acknowledging there is no Texas authority, Douglas cites two cases from other jurisdictions that he asserts
hold that an interrogation under hospital conditions can lead to the conclusion that the statement was involuntary. See
Commonwealth v. Perry, 379 A.2d 545 (Pa. 1977); Vandegriff v. State, 409 S.W.2d 370 (Tenn. 1966), overruled on
other grounds by State v. Anderson, 937 S.W.2d 851 (Tenn. 1996) However, in Perry the evidence showed that the
defendant, who had been injured by a self-inflicted gunshot, had been given Demerol, a pain-killing drug and
complained of pain and discomfort throughout the interview. Perry, 379 A.2d at 546–47. Further, the Pennsylvania
court relied heavily on a state civil statute that prohibited the use of oral or written statements taken in a hospital within
fifteen days of the injury. Id. at 547. The court reasoned that this evidenced the Legislature’s “recognition that
decisions made by injured persons in a hospital setting must be considered extremely suspect.” Id. In Vandegriff, the
defendant’s statement was taken shortly after he arrived at the emergency room. Vandegriff, 409 S.W.2d at 372. The
defendant had been in a severe automobile accident, and his treating physician testified that when he arrived at the
emergency room, he appeared sleepy and groggy. He also testified that the defendant had a line fracture of his skull
and other head injuries, as well as a concussion. Id. In addition, there was evidence that he was under the influence
of alcohol when the statement was taken. Id. at 373. Under these circumstances, the Tennessee court held that the
statement was involuntary. Id. In this case, there is no evidence that Douglas was in pain, that he suffered any brain
injury, that he had been given any pain-killing medication, or that he was under the influence of alcohol. Further, we
do not have a comparable statute barring the use of statements taken in hospitals.
                                                             32
