                                                     [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                        DEC 13, 2006
                               No. 05-13368           THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar          CLERK
                         ________________________

                  D. C. Docket No. 04-00483-CR-T-24-TGW

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

EDUARDO ARIAS,
a.k.a. Edmundo Howard-Arias,
a.k.a. Eduardo Robinson-Newball,

                                                     Defendant-Appellant.


                         ________________________

                               No. 05-14987
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                         ________________________

                  D. C. Docket No. 04-00483-CR-T-24-TGW

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                        versus

NARSILO LOPEZ-MORENO,

                                                                 Defendant-Appellant.



                             ______________________

                    Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Florida
                              ____________________

                                (December 13, 2006)

Before ANDERSON, BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Eduardo Arias and Narsilo Lopez-Moreno (the “defendants”), in a

consolidated appeal, appeal their sentences for conspiracy to possess and

possession with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine while on

board a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, in violation of 46

App. U.S.C. § 1903 and 21 U.S.C. § 960. On appeal, the defendants argue that the

district court erred in denying their motion to dismiss the indictment for lack of

jurisdiction, under 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903, and their motion for a continuance.

Lopez-Moreno also argues that the district court erred in refusing to grant him a

mitigating-role reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, for his limited role in the

                                           2
offense. Furthermore, Arias argues that the district court erred by imposing an

unreasonable sentence, in violation of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125

S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and by denying him a two-level acceptance-of-

responsibility reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). Finally, Arias argues

that the government abused its discretion in filing an information alleging a prior

felony conviction, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, and that the court erred in

believing that prior conviction precluded it from using its post-Booker discretion to

sentence Arias to a term of imprisonment below the 20-year statutory minimum

sentence.

I. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction under 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903

      “A defendant’s unconditional plea of guilty, made knowingly, voluntarily,

and with the benefit of competent counsel, waives all non-jurisdictional defects in

that defendant’s court proceedings.” United States v. Pierre, 120 F.3d 1153, 1155

(11th Cir. 1997) (involving a defendant’s right to a speedy trial) (quotation and

alteration omitted). We have concluded that the jurisdictional requirement of the

Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (“MDLEA”), under 46 App. U.S.C. §

1903(a), is an issue that goes to the subject-matter jurisdiction of the federal courts.

United States v. Tinoco, 304 F.3d 1088, 1112 (11th Cir. 2002) (quotation and

citation omitted).



                                           3
      Under the MDLEA, the government bears the burden of establishing that the

statutory requirements of subject-matter jurisdiction have been met. Id. “We

review de novo a district court’s interpretation and application of statutory

provisions that go to whether the court has subject-matter jurisdiction. The district

court’s factual findings with respect to jurisdiction, however, are reviewed for clear

error.” Id. at 1114 (quotation and citation omitted).

      Under the MDLEA, “[i]t is unlawful for any person on board a vessel of the

United States, or on board a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, .

. . to knowingly or intentionally manufacture or distribute, or to possess with intent

to manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance.” 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(a).

A vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States includes a vessel without

nationality. 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(c)(1)(A). A vessel without nationality

includes:

      (B) any vessel aboard which the master or person in charge fails, upon
      request of an officer of the United States empowered to enforce
      applicable provisions of United States law, to make a claim of
      nationality or registry for that vessel; and

      (C) a vessel aboard which the master or person in charge makes a
      claim of registry and the claimed nation of registry does not
      affirmatively and unequivocally assert that the vessel is of its
      nationality.

46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(c)(2). “A claim of nationality or registry means flying its



                                           4
nation’s flag, possessing and producing documents evidencing the vessel’s

registry, or a verbal claim of nationality by the master or person in charge of the

vessel.” United States v. De La Cruz, 443 F.3d 830, 832 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing

46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(c)(3)). We have held that a vessel was one without

nationality so that it was subject to United States jurisdiction under § 1903 where

the vessel in question flew no flag, carried no registration paperwork, bore no

markings indicating its nationality, the crew made no claims about the boat’s

nationality or registry upon questioning, and the captain hid among the crew and

failed to identify himself. Id.

       Because we have held that the jurisdictional requirement of the MDLEA is

an issue that goes to the subject-matter jurisdiction of the federal courts, the

defendants did not waive this issue by entering into unconditional guilty pleas.

Tinoco, 304 F.3d at 1112, 1114; Tomeny, 144 F.3d at 751. Nevertheless, the court

did not err in finding jurisdiction because the government’s factual proffer at the

plea hearing, to which the defendants did not object, was sufficient to establish

jurisdiction, pursuant to 46 App. U.S.C. § 1903(c)(2)(B). Accordingly, we affirm

as to this issue.

II. Denial of a continuance

       As discussed above, “[a] defendant’s unconditional plea of guilty, made



                                           5
knowingly, voluntarily, and with the benefit of competent counsel, waives all

non-jurisdictional defects in that defendant’s court proceedings.” Pierre, 120 F.3d

at 1155 (quotation and alteration omitted). A defendant may enter a conditional

plea of guilty or nolo contendere, reserving in writing the right to have an

appellate court review an adverse determination of a specified pretrial motion

only with the consent of the court and the government. Fed.R.Crim.P 11(a)(2).

We have held that an unconditional guilty waives non-jurisdictional defects such

as the right to a speedy trial, the right to inspect grand jury minutes, and the right

to challenge the composition of the grand and petit juries. See Pierre, 120 F.3d at

1155-56; United States v. Tallant, 547 F.2d 1291, 1294 n.4, 1295 (5th Cir. 1977);

Winters v. Cook, 466 F.2d 1393, 1394-95 (5th Cir. 1972). Moreover, the Tenth

Circuit, in addressing this issue, held that in the absence of a conditional plea, a

guilty plea waives an appellant’s right to challenge a district court’s denial of a

request for a continuance. United States v. Lora-Solano, 330 F.3d 1288, 1295

(10th Cir. 2003).

      A denial of a continuance is not an issue that brings into question our

jurisdiction to review this appeal. Because the defendants entered unconditional

pleas, as opposed to conditional pleas, they have waived their right to challenge

this non-jurisdictional issue on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.



                                           6
III. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 mitigating-role reduction (Lopez-Moreno only)

      “This Court has long and repeatedly held that a district court’s

determination of a defendant’s role in the offense is a finding of fact to be

reviewed only for clear error.” United States v. De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 937

(11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). The proponent of the downward adjustment always

bears the burden of proving the mitigating role in the offense by a preponderance

of the evidence. Id. at 939. “In making the ultimate determination of the

defendant’s role in the offense, the sentencing judge has no duty to make any

specific subsidiary factual findings.” Id. In determining the defendant’s role in

the offense, the “decision falls within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Id.

at 945. “So long as the basis of the trial court’s decision is supported by the

record and does not involve a misapplication of a rule of law, . . . it will be rare

for an appellate court to conclude that the sentencing court’s determination is

clearly erroneous.” Id.

      The Sentencing Guidelines permit a court to decrease a defendant’s offense

level by four points if it finds that the defendant was a “minimal participant” in

the criminal activity. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a). A defendant is a minimal participant

if he is “plainly among the least culpable of those involved in the conduct of a

group.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, comment. (n.4). The Sentencing Guidelines also



                                           7
permit a court to decrease a defendant’s offense level by two points if it finds that

the defendant was a “minor participant” in the criminal activity. U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2(b). A defendant is a minor participant if he is “less culpable than most

other participants, but [his] role could not be described as minimal.” U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2, comment. (n.5).

      In determining whether a mitigating-role reduction is warranted, a district

court “should be informed by two principles discerned from the Guidelines: first,

the defendant’s role in the relevant conduct for which [he] has been held

accountable at sentencing, and, second, [his] role as compared to that of other

participants in [his] relevant conduct.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 940. Regarding the

first prong, we have stated that “the district court must measure the defendant’s

role against the relevant conduct for which she has been held accountable.” Id.

(emphasis added). “In other words, the district court must assess whether the

defendant is a minor or minimal participant in relation to the relevant conduct

attributed to the defendant in calculating [his] base offense level.” Id. at 941. As

for the relevant facts to be taken into consideration under the first prong of the De

Varon test, we have noted that:

      [i]n the drug courier context, examples of some relevant factual
      considerations include: amount of drugs, fair market value of drugs,
      amount of money to be paid to the courier, equity interest in the drugs,
      role in planning the criminal scheme, and role in the distribution. This

                                           8
       is not an exhaustive list, nor does it suggest that any one factor is
       more important than another.

Id. at 945. Nonetheless, we have noted that “because the amount of drugs in a

courier’s possession – whether very large or very small – may be the best

indication of the magnitude of the courier’s participation in the criminal enterprise,

[it does] not foreclose the possibility that amount of drugs may be dispositive – in

and of itself – in the extreme case.” Id. at 943.

       Regarding De Varon’s second prong, we stated that “the district court may

also measure the defendant’s culpability in comparison to that of other participants

in the relevant conduct.” Id. at 944 (emphasis added). If the district court chooses

to assess the defendant’s relevant culpability versus that of his fellow co-

conspirators, it may only do so within certain parameters. We have proscribed the

district court’s discretion, stating that:

              [f]irst, the district court should look to other participants
              only to the extent that they are identifiable or discernable
              from the evidence. This is a fact-intensive inquiry.
              Second, the district court may consider only those
              participants who were involved in the relevant conduct
              attributed to the defendant. The conduct of participants
              in any larger criminal conspiracy is irrelevant. . . . Simply
              put, a defendant is not automatically entitled to a minor
              role adjustment merely because [he] was somewhat less
              culpable than the other discernable participants. Rather,
              the district court must determine that the defendant was
              less culpable than most other participants in [his] relevant
              conduct.


                                             9
Id.

      The district court did not clearly err in denying Lopez-Moreno a role

reduction because (1) he was only held accountable for the quantity of drugs

related to his role in the offense, (2) the quantity of drugs involved supported the

court’s finding that he was not a minor participant, and (3) he failed to produce any

evidence in support of his mitigating role. See De Varon, 175 F.3d at 939, 941,

943. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

IV. Booker Reasonableness (Arias only)

      We review sentences imposed under the post-Booker advisory Guideline

scheme for reasonableness. United States v. Winingear, 422 F.3d 1241, 1244

(11th Cir. 2005); Booker, 543 U.S. at 260-63, 125 S.Ct. at 765-66 (holding that

appellate court review sentences for unreasonableness in light of the § 3553(a)

factors). Following the Booker decision, we have held that the district court must

first correctly calculate the defendant’s advisory Guideline range, and then, using

the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, the court can impose a more severe or

more lenient sentence as long as it is reasonable. United States v. Crawford, 407

F.3d 1174, 1179 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Moreover, our review for reasonableness is deferential. United States v.

Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005). We have stated that we “must



                                          10
evaluate whether the sentence imposed by the district court fails to achieve the

purposes of sentencing as stated in section 3553(a),” and that in evaluating a

sentence for reasonableness, we recognize that “there is a range of reasonable

sentences from which the district court may choose . . . .” Id. The § 3553(a)

factors include:

      (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
      characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness
      of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just
      punishment for the offense; (3) the need for deterrence; (4) the need to
      protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
      educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of
      sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent
      policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to
      avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide
      restitution to victims.

Id. at 786; 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

      In United States v. Scott, we held that a district court’s statement that it had

considered the § 3553(a) factors alone is sufficient in post-Booker sentences to

indicate that it considered the factors. 426 F.3d 1324, 1329-30 (11th Cir. 2005).

We held “that nothing in Booker or elsewhere requires the district court to state on

the record that it has explicitly considered each of the § 3553(a) factors or to

discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors.” Id. at 1329.

      In the instant case, the district court imposed a sentence that was reasonable.

First, as discussed in Issue V, the district court correctly calculated the range. See

                                           11
Crawford, 407 F.3d at 1178. Second, the district court’s Guideline sentence of 300

months’ imprisonment was within the Guideline range and did not exceed the

statutory maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Third, the record reveals that

the district court, in imposing the sentence, took into consideration the statutory

factors such as Arias’s history and characteristics, the seriousness of the offense,

and the need for adequate deterrence. Although the district court did not explicitly

discuss each statutory factor, it was not required to do so. See Scott, 426 F.3d at

1329. Fourth, the district court applied the Guidelines in an advisory manner.

Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

V. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 acceptance-of-responsibility reduction (Arias only)

      “This Court reviews the district court’s determination of acceptance of

responsibility only for clear error.” United States v. Dodd, 111 F.3d 867, 870

(11th Cir. 1997). “A district court occupies the unique position to evaluate

whether a defendant has accepted responsibility for his acts; its determination is

entitled to great deference on appeal.” United States v. Hromada, 49 F.3d 685, 689

(11th Cir. 1995).

      Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), defendant who clearly demonstrates

acceptance of responsibility for his offense receives a two-level decrease in his

offense level. In the determining whether the defendant has accepted



                                           12
responsibility, the commentary to § 3E1.1 states in pertinent part that the court

should look to several considerations, including the following:

      (a) truthfully admitting the conduct comprising the offense(s) of
      conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any
      additional relevant conduct for which the defendant is accountable
      under § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct). Note that a defendant is not
      required to volunteer, or affirmatively admit, relevant conduct beyond
      the offense of conviction in order to obtain a reduction under
      subsection (a). A defendant may remain silent in respect to relevant
      conduct beyond the offense of conviction without affecting his ability
      to obtain a reduction under this subsection. However, a defendant who
      falsely denies, or frivolously contests, relevant conduct that the court
      determines to be true has acted in a manner inconsistent with
      acceptance of responsibility; . . .

      (h) the timeliness of the defendant’s conduct in manifesting the
      acceptance of responsibility.

U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, comment. (n.1). We have noted that a court can consider a wide

range of evidence in deciding whether an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction is

appropriate such as “the offender’s recognition of the wrongfulness of his conduct,

his remorse for the harmful consequences of that conduct, and his willingness to

turn away from that conduct in the future.” United States v. Scroggins, 880 F.2d

1204, 1215 (11th Cir. 1989).

      The district court did not clearly err in finding that Arias had not met his

burden of clearly demonstrating his acceptance of responsibility. The record

supports the court’s denial on the basis that Arias’s plea was untimely. Arias only



                                          13
agreed to plea after a jury had been selected and the government had expended

considerable resources in preparing for trial, in part due to counsel’s representation

that Arias was proceeding to trial. More importantly, Arias, other than agreeing to

the factual basis of the plea, did not put forth any evidence or testimony clearly

demonstrating his acceptance-of-responsibility.

VI. 21 U.S.C. § 851 prior-conviction enhancement (Arias only)

      The interpretation of a statute is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.

See United States v. Gray, 260 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir. 2001). Under 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b), a person who has a prior conviction for a felony drug offense “shall be

sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 20 years and not

more than life imprisonment” upon being convicted of a subsequent felony drug

offense. In seeking an enhanced penalty based on a prior conviction, the

government must file an information listing the conviction before trial or the entry

of a guilty plea. 21 U.S.C. § 851(a).

      The government’s decision to provide notice under § 851(a)(1) to one

defendant, but not to another is “similar to the discretion a prosecutor exercises

when he decides what, if any, charges to bring against a criminal suspect. Such

discretion is an integral feature of the criminal justice system, and is appropriate,

so long as it is not based upon improper factors.” United States v. LeBonte, 520



                                           14
U.S. 751, 761-62, 117 S.Ct. 1673, 1679, 137 L.Ed.2d 1001 (1997) (rejecting an

argument that prosecutorial discretion under § 851 leads to unwanted sentencing

disparity). We have noted that “under § 851 . . . prosecutors may file for enhanced

sentences only in a limited and explicitly defined category of cases.” United States

v. Cespedes, 151 F.3d 1329, 1334 (11th Cir. 1998). Furthermore, we have

concluded “that a defendant has no constitutional right to avoid the statutory

enhancement, and therefore has no grounds upon which to challenge the delegation

of discretion over when the government may seek the enhancement as long as the

exercise of that discretion does not offend some other constitutional provision.”

Id. Finally, we have stated that post-Booker district court are still bound by the

statutory minimum sentences. United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1333 n.10

(11th Cir. 2005).

      First, there is no allegation or evidence that the government’s filing of an

§ 851 information was based on any improper factor. Second, Arias’s due process

argument was foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s LeBonte decision. 520 U.S. at

761-62, 117 S.Ct. at 1679. Lastly, Arias’s argument that the district court post-

Booker is not bound by the statutory minimum sentence was foreclosed by our

decision in Shelton. 400 F.3d at 1333 n.10.

Conclusion



                                          15
      Upon review of the parties’ briefs and the record, we discern no reversible

error. Accordingly, we affirm Arias’s and Lopez-Moreno’s convictions and

sentences.


      AFFIRMED.1




      1
          Appellants’ requests for oral argument are denied.

                                               16
