                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _____________

                                    No. 14-4002
                                   _____________

                             BRENDA ANN SCHWARTZ;
                             PAUL GRANT SCHWARTZ,
                                              Appellants

                                          v.

                           ACCURATUS CORPORATION,
                   In Its Own Right And As Successor In Interest to
                           Accuratus Ceramic Corporation;
                             MATERION BRUSH INC.,
                             C/O CT Corporation System
                                 _______________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                 (D.C. No. 12-cv-6189)
                       District Judge: Hon. Jeffrey L. Schmehl
                                  _______________

                                       Argued
                                    April 22, 2015

            Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and BARRY, Circuit Judges.

                                 (Filed July 22, 2016)


Ruben Honik, Esq. (Argued)
Golomb & Honik
1515 Market Street
Suite 1100
Philadelphia, PA 19107

Attorney for Appellants
A. Wesley Bridges, Esq.
Joseph G. Harraka, Jr., Esq. (Argued)
Becker Meisel
220 Lake Drive East
Woodland Falls Corporate Center, Suite 102
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002

Attorneys for Appellee

                                     _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________



JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       On June 22, 2015, a panel of this Court submitted a Petition for Certification of

Question of State Law to the New Jersey Supreme Court, asking that Court to accept for

certification the following question of law: “Does the premises liability rule set forth in

Olivo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 895 A.2d 1143 (N.J. 2006), extend beyond providing a duty

of care to the spouse of a person exposed to toxic substances on the landowner’s

premises, and, if so, what are the limits on that liability rule and the associated scope of

duty?” On July 30, 2015, the New Jersey Supreme Court graciously agreed to consider

the certified question, and, on July 6, 2016, rendered its unanimous decision. See

Schwartz v. Accuratus Corp., 2016 WL 3606026, -- A.3d -- (N.J. July 6, 2016).

       The opinion of the New Jersey Supreme Court observed, among other things, that

“Olivo does not suggest that the duty recognized must remain static for all future cases …

       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
                                              2
and that take-home toxic-tort liability must remain limited to a spouse handling take-

home toxins.” (Slip Op. at 14 (original emphasis).) The Court further recognized that

“Olivo does not state, explicitly or implicitly, that a duty of care for take-home toxic-tort

liability cannot extend beyond a spouse. Nor does it base liability on some definition of

‘household’ member, or even on the basis of biological or familial relationships.” (Id. at

15 (original emphasis).) The Court emphasized that “a duty was found to exist in Olivo

based on the foreseeability of regular and close contact with the contaminated material

(the dangerous condition) over an extended period of time,” and not based only upon

one’s role as a spouse or family member. (Id. at 11.) In that Court’s view, the scope of

any duty of care in take-home toxic-tort liability cases instead turns on “a refined analysis

for particularized risk, foreseeability, and fairness,” staying cognizant of the “paramount

importance of foreseeability.” (Id. at 16.)

       Because “[t]ort law is built on case-by-case development based on the facts

presented by individual cases,” (id. at 13), and “because of the idiosyncratic nature of

most … interactions with a take-home toxin,” (id. at 15), the Court held that it could not

“define the contours of the duty owed to others in a take-home toxic-tort action through a

certified question of law,” (id. at 16). Instead, it set forth “[c]ertain factors [that] will be

important as such cases present themselves.” (Id. at 17.) Those include (1) “the

relationship of the parties,” including “an assessment not only of the relationship between

a defendant’s employee and the person who is exposed to the take-home toxin, but also

the relationship between the defendant itself and the injured person”; (2) “the opportunity

for exposure to the dangerous substance and the nature of the exposure that causes the

                                                3
risk of injury”; and (3) “the employer’s knowledge of the dangerousness of exposure,

assessed at the time when the exposure to the individual occurred and not later, when

greater information may become available.” (Id.) The Court also noted that, “[i]n a non-

strict-liability negligence action, the dangerousness of the toxin, how it causes injury, and

the reasonable precautions to protect against a particular toxin are relevant in identifying

a foreseeable duty by a landowner for off-premises exposure of dangerous toxins.” (Id. at

17-18.)

       The New Jersey Supreme Court determined that it could not “create an abstract

bright-line rule ... as to ‘who’s in and who’s out’ on a negligence-based take-home toxic-

tort cause of action based on Olivo or any previous decision[,]” and thus it held that its

response to our question would “have to be limited to clarifying that the duty of care

recognized in Olivo may extend, in appropriate circumstances, to a plaintiff who is not a

spouse.” (Id. at 18.) It further instructed that the assessment of whether the duty should

extend in any particular case “should take into account a weighing of the factors” it had

identified, “to determine whether the foreseeability, fairness, and predictability concerns”

that were earlier described in Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 625 A.2d 1110 (N.J.

1993), “should lead to the conclusion that a duty of care should be recognized under

common law.” (Slip Op. at 18.)

       Given that helpful direction, we will vacate in part the decision of the District

Court (as to the issue appealed) and will remand this matter to the District Court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion and the opinion of the New Jersey

Supreme Court in response to our Petition for Certification.

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