                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ______________

                                       No. 18-2298
                                     ______________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                             v.

                             GREGORY JOHN SCHAFFER,

                                           Appellant
                                     ______________

             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                    FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                        (D.C. No. 2:13-cr-00183-001)
                      District Judge: Hon. Jose L. Linares
                                ______________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    March 12, 2019
                                   ______________

                 Before: MCKEE, PORTER, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed: June 24, 2019)

                                     ______________

                                        OPINION*
                                     ______________

ROTH, Circuit Judge



       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
       Gregory John Schaffer appeals his conviction for producing and possessing child

pornography. Schaffer sexually abused two minor children in locations including his

house, his office, and hotel rooms. He took pictures and appeared in videos of the

assaults found on his laptop and external hard drive.1 Schaffer was charged with and

convicted of two counts of production of child pornography2 and one count of possession

of child pornography.3 He was sentenced to 480 months’ imprisonment.4

                                            I5

       On appeal, Schaffer argues that the District Court erred in denying his motion to

suppress images retrieved from his computer and external hard drive (collectively, the

computer evidence). He also argues that the District Court erred in denying his motion

for a judgment of acquittal under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(a).

                               A. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

       Schaffer argues that the computer evidence should have been excluded because

the government inexplicably lost his laptop, and that this loss was compounded by

technical irregularities regarding the Government’s forensic examination. He claims that

the inability of Schaffer’s expert to examine the laptop abridged Schaffer’s Constitutional


       1
         The computer and hard drive contained at least five sexually explicit videos of
Schaffer’s victims, nude photographs of one victim, and at least 85 other videos of
underage boys and girls engaged in sexual activity. The government states that the 85
videos were the equivalent of 6,375 images of child sexual exploitation.
       2
         18 U.S.C. § 2251(a).
       3
         18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B).
       4
         This sentence was within the Guidelines range of 960 months. Schaffer does not
contest his sentence on appeal.
       5
         The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231.
This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                            2
rights to due process of law, confrontation, and the opportunity to present a meaningful

defense.

       We disagree. First, the computer evidence was preserved by an “exact copy,” a

forensic image prepared by a federal digital forensics expert before the expert’s

examination of the computer’s contents. Second, even assuming that the forensic image

did not afford Schaffer the equivalent level of information that the actual hard drive

would have provided, Schaffer’s due process claim still fails. Although loss or

destruction of evidence may constitute a due process violation,6 “[a] defendant who

claims destroyed evidence might have proved exculpatory . . . has to show the

[government’s] bad faith in ordering or permitting its destruction. Without a showing of

bad faith, failure to preserve evidence that might be of use to a criminal defendant . . . is

not a denial of due process.”7 To prove bad faith, there must be a “showing that the

Government intentionally [acted] to gain some tactical advantage over [the defendant] . . .

.”8 We review for clear error the District Court’s finding that the government did not act

in bad faith.9




       6
         California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 489 (1984) (“[E]vidence must both
possess an exculpatory value that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and be
of such a nature that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by
other reasonably available means.”).
       7
         United States v. Deaner, 1 F.3d 192, 200 (3d Cir. 1993) (citing Arizona v.
Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1988)).
       8
         Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57 (quoting United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 325
(1971)).
       9
         United States v. Zaragoza-Moreira, 780 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 2015).
                                              3
       Schaffer fails to demonstrate that the government acted in bad faith. The

unfortunate misplacement of Schaffer’s laptop does not constitute an intentional act to

gain a tactical advantage over Schaffer. Indeed, Schaffer himself told the District Court

he “d[id] not question the veracity of the[] [government’s sworn] statements” about the

loss of the laptop, and that “it is clear that the government did not act in ‘bad faith’ when

it lost the laptop.”10

       This concession by Schaffer is supported by the government’s three sworn

statements from the principal individuals who handled Schaffer’s laptop between the time

it was examined and his trial. Neither the agents who investigated Schaffer nor the

Assistant U.S. Attorneys in New Jersey who prosecuted him had control over the laptop

when it disappeared. There was no animus toward Schafer. Furthermore, it was “highly

likely that all relevant evidence was preserved in the forensic images of the hard

drive[].”11 The government gained no tactical advantage by losing a laptop that had no

exculpatory value. The District Court therefore did not err in denying Schaffer’s motion

to suppress the computer evidence.

                               B. MOTION FOR ACQUITTAL

       Schaffer next contends that the District Court erred by denying his motion for a

judgment of acquittal related to the production charges because there was no evidence he

transferred images from a recording device to the computer or hard drive. We exercise




       10
            Supp. App. 102.
       11
            United States v. McNealy, 625 F.3d 858, 870 (5th Cir. 2010).
                                              4
plenary review over an appeal for a grant of a judgment of acquittal.12 The dispositive

question for any claim regarding the sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”13

         When ruling on the motion, the District Court identified five pieces of evidence

that the government could present to lead a reasonable jury to conclude Schaffer created

the videos and images and then placed them on his laptop and hard drive. That evidence

was that (1) the sexually explicit videos of his victims were found on Schaffer’s laptop,

(2) Schaffer’s laptop contained copies of the sexually explicit videos of one of his victims

that also existed on Schaffer’s desktop computer, (3) the sexually explicit photographs

that Schaffer took of one of his victims were found on Schaffer’s laptop, (4) Schaffer’s

hard drive contained the sexually explicit videos of his victims, along with the sexually

explicit photographs of one of his victims, and (5) a federal investigator testified that the

sexually explicit videos of both victims, along with the sexually explicit photographs of

one victim, among other files, were backed up from Schaffer’s laptop to Schaffer’s hard

drive in May 2012, before investigators seized the laptop and desktop.

         Schaffer concedes that he took the images and participated in the inappropriate

encounters with his victims but argues that the evidence detailed by the trial court did not




         12
              United States v. Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d 418, 424 (3d Cir. 2013) (en
banc).
         13
        Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also United States v.
Johnson, 302 F.3d 139, 149 (3d Cir. 2002).
                                                5
provide any direct link to suggest that he himself transferred recorded images to the

laptop or the external hard drive.

       Schaffer’s argument that circumstantial evidence cannot prove his guilt is

unpersuasive. The government can meet its burden of proof by presenting circumstantial

evidence as long as inferences drawn from that evidence “bear a ‘logical or convincing

connection to established fact.’”14 The government has done so here. Schaffer had

exclusive control over the computer evidence. That computer evidence contained child

pornography created by Schaffer. The jury could reasonably have inferred that Schaffer

loaded the pornographic images of his victims onto his laptop and hard drive. We

therefore reject Schaffer’s claim.

                                            III

       For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




       14
         Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d at 425 (quoting United States v. Cartwright, 359
F.3d 281, 291 (3d Cir. 2004)).
                                             6
