[Cite as State v. Keaton, 2017-Ohio-7036.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


State of Ohio,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                                       No. 16AP-716
v.                                                  :               (C.P.C. No. 14CR-1542)

David M. Keaton,                                    :              (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :




                                             D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on August 1, 2017


                 On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Valerie
                 Swanson, for appellee. Argued: Valerie Swanson.

                 On brief: Yeura Venters, Public Defender, and George M.
                 Schumann, for appellant. Argued: George M. Schumann.


                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

KLATT, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, David M. Keaton, appeals from a judgment of
conviction entered by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. For the following
reasons, we affirm that judgment.
I. Factual and Procedural Background

        {¶ 2} On March 25, 2014, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted appellant with
two counts of nonsupport of dependents in violation of R.C. 2919.21.               Both counts
concerned periods of alleged nonsupport of his child between March 2012 and March
2014. On that same day, an arrest warrant was issued for appellant with an address on
Fornoff Road in Columbus, Ohio.
No. 16AP-716                                                                               2

       {¶ 3} Almost two years later, on February 8, 2016, appellant was arrested on
those charges after an unrelated traffic stop. Two days later, he appeared before the trial
court, entered a not guilty plea to the charges and was released on bond.            Shortly
thereafter, appellant filed a change of address form to indicate an address on North Harris
Avenue.
       {¶ 4} On August 2, 2016, appellant filed a motion to dismiss the counts against
him due to the state's failure to timely prosecute him in violation of the speedy trial
protections in both the United States and Ohio Constitutions. The trial court held a
hearing on the motion, at which neither the state nor appellant presented witnesses. At
the end of the hearing, the trial court denied appellant's motion to dismiss. As a result of
the trial court's decision, appellant entered no contest pleas to both of the counts and the
trial court sentenced him accordingly.
II. The Appeal

       {¶ 5} Appellant appeals and assigns the following error:
              The trial court abused its discretion and erred as a matter of
              law by failing to determine any reasons for the state's delay in
              commencing the prosecution against the defendant-appellant
              as set forth in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182,
              33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972).

   A. Standard of Review

       {¶ 6} In his assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in denying
his motion to dismiss. An appellate court's review of a trial court's decision regarding a
motion to dismiss based upon a violation of the right to a speedy trial involves a mixed
question of law and fact. State v. Watson, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-148, 2013-Ohio-5603, ¶ 12,
citing State v. Fultz, 4th Dist. No. 06CA2923, 2007-Ohio-3619, ¶ 8. We must give due
deference to a trial court's findings of fact if supported by competent, credible evidence,
but we must independently review whether the trial court properly applied the law to the
facts of the case. Id., citing Fultz at ¶ 8; State v. Jackson, 1st Dist. No. C-150657, 2016-
Ohio-5196, ¶ 8 (de novo standard of review for legal conclusions).
   B. The Constitutional Right to a Speedy Trial

       {¶ 7} "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have
No. 16AP-716                                                                                3

been committed." Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Sixth Amendment
applies to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution.     Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 515 (1972).         The Ohio
Constitution separately guarantees the right to a speedy trial in Article I, Section 10. State
v. Decola, 11th Dist. No. 2016-A-0037, 2017-Ohio-4232, ¶ 11.
       {¶ 8} In Barker, the United States Supreme Court set forth four factors to
consider when evaluating whether an appellant's right to a speedy trial was violated:
(1) whether the delay before trial was uncommonly long; (2) whether the government or
the criminal defendant is more to blame for the delay; (3) whether in due course, the
defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial; and (4) whether he suffered prejudice as a
result of the delay. These factors are balanced in a totality of the circumstances with no
one factor controlling. Id. The Supreme Court of Ohio has adopted this test to determine
if an individual's constitutional speedy trial rights have been violated. State v. Adams,
144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶ 88, citing State v. Selvage, 80 Ohio St.3d 465, 467
(1997).
       {¶ 9} The first of these factors, the length of the delay, "is to some extent a
triggering mechanism. Until there is some delay which is presumptively prejudicial, there
is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance." Barker at 530;
Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651 (1992). Therefore, the Barker analysis is only
triggered once a "presumptively prejudicial" delay is shown. Id. at 651-52; State v. Yuen,
10th Dist. No. 03AP-513, 2004-Ohio-1276, ¶ 10.           Generally, delay is presumptively
prejudicial as it approaches one year. State v. Miller, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-285, 2005-
Ohio-518, ¶ 12; State v. Loel, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-874, 2014-Ohio-3045, ¶ 15. The state
does not dispute that the 22-month delay between indictment and arrest triggers a full
inquiry into the Barker factors in this case.
   C. The Barker Test

       {¶ 10} Appellant argues that the trial court erred by not conducting a proper
balancing of the Barker factors because it failed to determine or consider the reason for
the delay. To remedy that failure, he argues that we must remand the matter for the trial
court to include that factor as part of a proper Barker analysis. We disagree, because after
this court's independent review of the Barker factors, we conclude that appellant has not
No. 16AP-716                                                                               4

demonstrated a violation of his speedy trial rights. State v. Williams, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-
992, 2014-Ohio-2737, ¶ 22; State v. Quinnie, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-484, 2013-Ohio-1208,
¶ 17.
        1. The Length of the Delay

        {¶ 11} The trial court found the length of the delay to be "troublesome." (Tr. at 6.)
We agree that a 22-month delay in serving an arrest warrant is excessive. The weight of
this factor in favor of appellant, however, is negligible because the record does not reflect
that appellant knew of the indictment before his arrest. Such a delay, therefore, was not
an "infringement on [appellant's] liberty." State v. Triplett, 78 Ohio St.3d 566, 569 (1997)
(weight of 54-month delay in defendant's favor was negligible because the delay did not
result in infringement of defendant's liberty as she was completely unaware of the
charges); State v. Tate, 8th Dist. No. 103446, 2016-Ohio-5622, ¶ 23 (16-month delay
weighed negligibly in defendant's favor where delay occurred before arrest and defendant
was not aware of charges); State v. McClain, 9th Dist. No. 15AP0055, 2016-Ohio-4992,
¶ 14 (18-month delay during which defendant had no idea of pending charges).
        2. The Reason for the Delay

        {¶ 12} This factor, the focus of appellant's argument, looks to the reason for the
delay and whether the government or the defendant is more to blame for the delay.
Quinnie at ¶ 14, citing Doggett at 651; State v. Brown, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-292, 2012-
Ohio-5903, ¶ 19. The inquiry into causation involves a sliding scale. Deliberately dilatory
tactics must be weighed much more heavily against the state than periods of delay
resulting from mere negligence. McClain at ¶ 15, citing Barker at 531. "A more neutral
reason such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily but
nevertheless should be considered since the ultimate responsibility for such
circumstances must rest with the government rather than with the defendant." Id. To the
extent that valid reasons cause the delay, such as missing witnesses, the delay does not
count against the state at all. Id. Delay that is caused by the defendant does not count
against the state. Id., citing Triplett at 570.
        {¶ 13} The record contains no evidence of the steps the state took, if any, to serve
the warrant on appellant. At the hearing, the prosecutor argued that the delay was "not
deliberate," implying that the state could not or had difficulty finding appellant by
No. 16AP-716                                                                                 5

pointing to appellant's motion to dismiss which stated that appellant "did not always live
at that address that he had provided long ago." (Tr. at 4.) Indeed, appellant did not argue
that the state acted deliberately in not serving the arrest warrant in a more timely fashion.
Thus, it appears that the state did not act deliberately but, rather, negligently in failing to
timely arrest appellant. This factor weighs in appellant's favor.
          3. Appellant's Assertion of His Rights

          {¶ 14} The third factor concerns whether appellant asserted his right to a speedy
trial in due course. Appellant did file a motion to dismiss the charges based on his speedy
trial rights; however, he did so six months after his arrest. This factor weighs slightly in
the state's favor.    State v. Walker, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-810, 2007-Ohio-4666, ¶ 31
(defendant's "two-month delay must be weighted, at least to some extent, against
defendant's claim of a serious deprivation of his right to a speedy trial"); State v. Scott,
10th Dist. No. 09AP-611, 2009-Ohio-6785, ¶ 27 (delay of three months from arrest and six
months after indictment); State v. Rice, 1st Dist. No. C-150191, 2015-Ohio-5481, ¶ 27
(four-month delay weighed slightly in favor of the state); McClain at ¶ 17 (three-month
delay).
          4. Prejudice to Appellant

          {¶ 15} The final factor is prejudice. In assessing prejudice in this context, we
consider the specific interests the right to a speedy trial was designed to protect:
oppressive pretrial incarceration, anxiety and concern of the accused, and the possibility
that the defendant's defense will be impaired by dimming memories and loss of
exculpatory evidence. Doggett at 654; Walker at ¶ 32; Brown at ¶ 21. Appellant does not
identify any specific prejudice resulting from the delay, and, upon review of the record, we
find none. Appellant did not spend any time in jail while the felony indictment was
pending, and it appears that he did not even know about the pending charges until his
arrest. McClain at ¶ 19. Additionally, as noted by the prosecutor at the hearing, the case
against appellant was largely based on preserved records such as payment history and tax
forms, which would not be impacted by a delay, and appellant does not point out how the
delay would have impaired his defense. This factor weighs in favor of the state.
No. 16AP-716                                                                                 6

   D. Conclusion

       {¶ 16} After this court's independent review of the Barker factors, we conclude
that the delay in this case did not violate appellant's constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Brown at ¶ 22. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying appellant's motion to
dismiss and we overrule appellant's assignment of error.
III. Conclusion

       {¶ 17} Having overruled appellant's assignment of error, we affirm the judgment of
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                         Judgment affirmed.
                          DORRIAN and BRUNNER, JJ., concur.
