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                                                                       'DYLGVRQ VWDWHG WKDW KH UHVLGHG LQ $SDUWPHQW   +H
  )LQDOO\ WKH SDQHO KDV FRQVLGHUHG WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V           FODLPHGWKDW+HUQDQGH]ZDVD³IULHQG´IURP7H[DVDOWKRXJK
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district court’s decision to depart downward from the                H[SHULHQFHG GLIILFXOW\ SURQRXQFLQJ LW  'DYLGVRQ IDOVHO\
Sentencing Guidelines range is reviewed for an abuse of              GHQLHGKLVHDUOLHUYLVLWWRKLVPRWKHU¶VKRPH+HDOVRDOOHJHG
discretion. See Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 96-100           WKDWKHKDGQHYHUEHIRUHPHW6DXFHGRDQGGLGQRWNQRZKRZ
(1996).                                                              +HUQDQGH] WUDYHOHG  IURP WKH DLUSRUW WR KLV 'DYLGVRQ¶V
                                                                     GRPLFLOH FRQWUDU\ WR +RLQJ¶V H\HZLWQHVV DWWHVWDWLRQV WKDW
   A court’s discretion to depart downwards is governed by           'DYLGVRQKDGSHUVRQDOO\DFFRPSDQLHG+HUQDQGH]IURPWKH
statute:                                                             DLUSRUWDQGKDGGULYHQKLPWRDSDUNHGDXWRPRELOHRSHUDWHG
                                                                     E\6DXFHGR
  The Court shall impose a sentence of the kind, and within
  the range [determined by the guidelines] unless the Court             6DXFHGR LQIRUPHG LQWHUURJDWLQJ GHWHFWLYHV WKDW KH KDG
  finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating               OHDVHG WKH 0HUFXU\ LQ 6DQ $QWRQLR 7H[DV WR GULYH WR
  circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately             0HPSKLVWR³KDQJRXW´ZLWK+HUQDQGH]+RZHYHUZKHQ
  taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission              TXHVWLRQHG6DXFHGRNQHZWKHIXOOQDPHRIQHLWKHU+HUQDQGH]
  in formulating the guidelines that should result in a              QRU'DYLGVRQ6DXFHGRGLVFORVHGWKDWKHKDGVWD\HGDWWKH
  sentence different from that described.                            +LOWRQ +RWHO ZKLOH LQ 0HPSKLV  $ FRQVHQW VHDUFK RI WKH
                                                                     0HUFXU\GLVFORVHGWKDWLWVEDFNVHDWKDGEHHQXQEROWHGLQWKH
18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) (emphasis added).                                VWDQGDUGIDVKLRQRIDFRXULHUYHKLFOHHQDEOLQJWKHFODQGHVWLQH
                                                                     VWRUDJHRIQDUFRWLFVRUEDQNQRWHVLQWKHDUHDEHQHDWKWKHVHDW
  The guidelines applicable at the time of Key’s sentencing          $ WUDLQHG QDUFRWLFV GHWHFWLRQ FDQLQH ZDV XVHG WR DOHUW WKH
mentioned the statutorily-created possibility for downward           RIILFHUVWRWKH0HUFXU\¶VUHDUVHDW
departure in the comment to § 5K2.0, wherein:
                                                                       8SRQLQTXLU\+HUQDQGH]LQLWLDOO\DGYLVHGWKHRIILFHUVWKDW
  The Commission does not foreclose the possibility of an            KHKDGIORZQWR0HPSKLVWRSD\DSHUVRQDOYLVLWWRKLVIULHQG
  extraordinary case that, because of a combination of               ³7KRPDV´ 'DYLGVRQ DOWKRXJK KH GLG QRW NQRZ WKH ODVW
  such characteristics [those not normally relevant to a             QDPHRIKLVSXUSRUWHGVRFLDOKRVW+RZHYHUKHXOWLPDWHO\
  departure from the guidelines] or circumstances, differs
  significantly from the "heartland" cases covered by the                
  guidelines in a way that is important to the statutory                  7KH GRJ 0DMLN KDG EHHQ VFKRROHG LQ WKH ROIDFWRU\ GHWHFWLRQ RI
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   Further investigation disclosed that Hernandez and Saucedo             TXHVWLRQLQJ6HH8QLWHG6WDWHVY+LOO)G
had supplied cocaine to Davidson on at least four other                   WK &LU  FHUW GHQLHG  6 &W  
occasions and that Key distributed the cocaine for Davidson               +HUQDQGH]¶V)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWULJKWVDVH[SOLFDWHGLQ7HUU\
once the drug arrived in Memphis. The first of these                      DQG LWV SURJHQ\ ZHUH QRW LPSLQJHG E\ WKH IDXOWHG VWRS
transactions occurred during January of 1998, when Davidson               TXHVWLRQLQJ DQGRU FRQVHQVXDO UHPRYDO RI FDVK IURP  KLV
agreed to purchase one kilogram of cocaine at the cost of                 FORWKLQJ
$22,000, apparently on consignment. Approximately two
weeks later, Hernandez returned to Memphis, in connection                    ,Q WKH DOWHUQDWLYH +HUQDQGH] KDV SURWHVWHG IRU WKH ILUVW
with the second known transaction. Davidson at that time                  WLPH RQ DSSHDO WKDW WKH DXWKRULWLHV LQLWLDOO\ WDUJHWHG KLP
paid for the first kilogram of cocaine, and Hernandez gave                VROHO\ E\ UHDVRQ RI KLV +LVSDQLF KHULWDJH LQ DIIURQW WR KLV
Davidson two more kilograms. The third known transaction                  )RXUWHHQWK $PHQGPHQW HTXDO SURWHFWLRQ JXDUDQWHHV  6HH
occurred on March 8, 1998, when Davidson and Key traveled                 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y $YHU\  )G  WK &LU 
to Houston with $40,000. They met with Hernandez and                      +RZHYHU+HUQDQGH]KDVIDLOHGWRSURYHE\UHTXLVLWHGLUHFW
returned to Memphis with three kilograms of cocaine.                      FLUFXPVWDQWLDORUVWDWLVWLFDOHYLGHQFHWKDWKHZDVDWDUJHWRI
                                                                          UDFLDO SURILOLQJ  ,G DW   ,QVWHDG +HUQDQGH] KDV
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8QLWHG6WDWHVY&RUWH]867KHWZR          Finally, in the fourth known transaction, Hernandez and
SDUW 7HUU\ ³REMHFWLYH UHDVRQDEOHQHVV´ SDUDGLJP LQTXLUHV          Saucedo delivered two kilograms of cocaine to Davidson and
ZKHWKHUWKHRIILFHU
VDFWLRQZDVMXVWLILHGDWLWVLQFHSWLRQDQG     Key in Memphis, Tennessee, between March 12 and 14,
ZKHWKHU LW ZDV UHDVRQDEO\ UHODWHG LQ VFRSH WR WKH             1998. 
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   On February 25, 1999, the district court presided over a                     VWDQGDUGWKDQSUREDEOHFDXVHDQGUHTXLUHVDVKRZLQJ
sentencing hearing for Key. The Presentence Investigation                       FRQVLGHUDEO\OHVVWKDQSUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFHWKH
Report concerning Key contained a base offense level of 32                      )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWUHTXLUHVDWOHDVWDPLQLPDOOHYHORI
pursuant to USCG § 2D1.1, together with a two-level                             REMHFWLYHMXVWLILFDWLRQIRUPDNLQJWKHVWRS8QLWHG6WDWHV
enhancement for the presence of a firearm, producing an                         Y6RNRORZ867KHRIILFHUPXVWEH
adjusted offense level of 34. Key received a two-level                          DEOH WR DUWLFXODWH PRUH WKDQ DQ ³LQFKRDWH DQG
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, leaving a total                     XQSDUWLFXODUL]HG  VXVSLFLRQ RU µKXQFK¶´ RI FULPLQDO
offense level of 32. During the sentencing hearing, because                     DFWLYLW\
the defendant had no criminal history, the government agreed
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§ 2D1.1(b)(6), resulting in 30 points and a guideline range of
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departure: that pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1A, note 4(d), his                     ³UHDVRQDEOHQHVV´GHWHUPLQDWLRQKLQJHVXSRQREMHFWLYHIDFWRUV
behavior constituted "aberrant behavior"; that he "triggered"                 QRWWKHDFWXDOVXEMHFWLYHPRWLYDWLRQRIWKHRIILFHUVLQYROYHG
the other defendants to change their pleas when he changed                    %RQGY8QLWHG6WDWHV6&W	Q
his plea to guilty, thereby creating a mitigating circumstance                :KUHQ Y 8QLWHG 6WDWHV  86     7KH
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pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0; and that a physical disability,                 ZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHWRWDOLW\RIWKHUHOHYDQWFLUFXPVWDQFHV
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removed after a bullet injury, made him subject to abuse in a                     
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