                                                                                            10/05/2017
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                February 14, 2017 Session

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DAVID ROGER PETTY

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for DeKalb County
                     No. 2015-CR-12 Gary McKenzie, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                            No. M2016-01036-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

Defendant, David Roger Petty, was indicted for aggravated burglary and theft of property
valued at $1,000 or more, but less than $10,000. Following a jury trial, Defendant was
convicted as charged. The trial court ordered concurrent sentencing for an effective
sentence of 15 years in confinement. In this appeal as of right, Defendant contends that:
1) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions; 2) the trial court erred in
sentencing him; 3) the trial court erred by allowing a State’s witness to testify last despite
having been present during the testimony of the two preceding witnesses; and 4) the trial
court erred by allowing the State to use evidence of Defendant’s prior theft convictions
for impeachment purposes. Having reviewed the entire record and the briefs of the
parties, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Craig P. Fickling, District Public Defender; and Allison R. West, Assistant Public
Defender (on appeal) and Michael Auffinger, Smithville, Tennessee (at trial) for the
appellant, David Roger Petty.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel;
Bryant C. Dunaway, District Attorney General; and Stephanie Johnson, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                       OPINION

Facts

       On July 8, 2014, Jonathan Walls left his house about 11:30 a.m. and returned
approximately one hour later. When he returned home, he found that a door had been
kicked in and his wife’s jewelry box was missing. Mr. Walls called the police to report
the incident. Mr. Walls did not see the perpetrator at the residence.

       Tracy Ann Walls, Mr. Walls’ wife, returned home from work after Mr. Walls
called her and told her about the break-in. She saw that the side door was “smashed in.”
She observed that her jewelry box had been taken from their bedroom. She testified that
her jewelry box contained approximately eight to ten necklaces, valued at approximately
$1,000; a wedding ring set, valued at approximately $800; a diamond pendant, valued at
approximately $250; “numerous silver earrings,” valued at approximately $300; an
amethyst bracelet, valued at approximately $75; and “numerous silver rings,” valued at
approximately $60. The value of these items was $2,485. Ms. Walls estimated that the
total value of all the stolen jewelry was over $3,000. After the burglary, Mr. and Ms.
Walls looked for her jewelry in local pawn shops. They found some of Ms. Walls’
jewelry at a pawn shop in McMinnville and reported it to the lead detective in the case.

       Detective Robert Patrick, of the DeKalb County Sheriff’s Office, investigated the
burglary of the Walls’ residence. Detective Patrick testified that Ms. Walls identified
some of the items of jewelry stolen from her home at First Choice Pawn Shop. Some of
Ms. Walls’ jewelry was recovered from the pawn shop. Detective Patrick also
discovered that Defendant sold some of Ms. Walls’ jewelry to Granny’s Gold Mine, a
jewelry store in DeKalb County. When Detective Patrick questioned Defendant,
Defendant denied that he stole jewelry from Ms. Walls’ home. Defendant stated that his
co-defendant, Anthony Colwell, stole the jewelry. Defendant stated that he pawned the
jewelry because his co-defendant did not have identification. Detective Patrick testified,
“that’s ironically the same thing the co-defendant said.” There was no further testimony
about what “the co-defendant said,” thus it is not clear whether the co-defendant admitted
to committing the burglary and taking the jewelry by himself, or whether the co-
defendant was denying his own involvement in the burglary and taking of the jewelry.
Defendant also stated that he stole some of the items of jewelry from his co-defendant
and sold them by himself “to make him a little extra money.”

       Lori Doublestein testified that she had been the manager at First Choice Pawn and
Jewelry for five years. She testified that she knew Defendant and that he was “one of
[her] customers.” On July 8, 2014, the same day the Walls’ home was burglarized,
Defendant and another man entered the store. Ms. Doublestein testified that Defendant
                                          -2-
brought in “quite a bit of jewelry.” The jewelry included a necklace with a mariner’s
cross, which Ms. Walls identified as one of the necklaces missing from her home. Ms.
Doublestein testified that Defendant told her not to “be loud” when she gave him the total
payment for the jewelry, because he did not want the man who was with him to hear her.
Ms. Doublestein made a copy of Defendant’s driver’s license and paid him for the
jewelry. Ms. Doublestein testified that Defendant had been in the store again the week
prior to trial, and he asked if she remembered how much she had paid him “because he
wanted to make things right.” Ms. Doublestein did not accept any money from
Defendant.

      Sandra Kay Petty, Defendant’s wife, testified that Anthony Colwell, the co-
defendant, came to her house on July 8, 2014, and Defendant left with him.

      Defendant did not testify or present any other evidence at trial.

Sentencing hearing

        Bradley Gabbert, an employee of the Tennessee Department of Correction
(TDOC), testified that he prepared the presentence report. Mr. Gabbert testified that
Defendant had “a very extensive criminal history.” He testified that Defendant’s prior
convictions included shoplifting, misdemeanor theft, DUI, disorderly conduct, assault
with intent to commit a felony, kidnapping, sale of marijuana, and burglary. Defendant
had previously violated parole twice, and he violated probation five times. Mr. Gabbert
testified that Defendant had 11 prior convictions, including six prior felonies.

       Megan Stone, another TDOC employee, met with Defendant during the
preparation of the presentence report. Ms. Stone testified that Defendant stated that he
had been using drugs for “about 30 years.” Ms. Stone asked Defendant to submit to a
drug screen, and Defendant initially refused, stating that he was not on probation or
parole. Ms. Stone explained that the trial court had ordered a drug screen, and Defendant
submitted to the drug screen. Defendant tested positive for marijuana, benzodiazepines,
and multiple opiates. Defendant stated that he did not have any prescriptions and that he
bought pills from friends.

       Detective Patrick testified that he recovered some of Ms. Walls’ jewelry at a pawn
shop in Warren County. He testified that the pawn shop had paid “roughly” $175 for the
jewelry. He testified that he recovered more of Ms. Walls’ jewelry at Granny’s Gold
Mine, and he was “not quite sure on the amount of restitution owed to Granny’s Gold
Mine.” He testified that the value of the property taken from Mr. and Mrs. Walls was
$2,000.

                                           -3-
        Defendant testified that he fully cooperated with the investigation. Defendant
testified that Colwell asked him to go with him to sell some jewelry. He stated that
Colwell did not tell him where he got the jewelry. Defendant added that he had been to
the emergency room the week prior to sentencing and was diagnosed with pancreatitis.
He testified that his “aorta needs cleaned out, and they took [his] gallbladder.” Defendant
claimed that he had “four holes in [his] stomach.” He was scheduled to return to the
hospital the following week. He said that if doctors did not clean out his aorta, it was
going to kill him.

       Defendant testified that he received food stamps and that he had no other source of
income. He said that he had “filed for disability two or three times in the past” and that
he had been “waiting on a decision for four years now.” He testified that he had been
living with his sister “[o]n and off” since 2003.

       On cross-examination, Defendant acknowledged that he had an extensive criminal
history. He also acknowledged that his drug use “probably caused some of” his health
conditions. Defendant testified that he believed the jewelry Colwell asked him to pawn
came from Colwell’s girlfriend.

        At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it had
considered the evidence at trial, the presentence report, the principles of sentencing and
argument as to sentencing alternatives, the nature of the criminal conduct, and the
statutory mitigating and enhancement factors. The trial court found that Defendant had
seven prior felony convictions and classified Defendant as a career offender. The trial
court considered Defendant’s extensive criminal history as an enhancement factor, but
noted “I don’t think it really matters, because I’ve classified him as career. . . . But I do,
just for the record, say the prior criminal history and the multiple convictions certainly
weigh strong for the state.” The trial court gave little weight to the mitigating factor that
Defendant’s conduct did not cause serious bodily injury. The trial court noted, “[w]hen
you commit that type of behavior, you are opening yourself up to a confrontation in an
individual’s home, which could lead to violence.” The trial court also considered the
mitigating factor that Defendant was motivated by a desire to provide necessities for
himself or his family and that Defendant “did attempt to, I guess, make good on the
debt . . . but that did occur after detection.” The trial court determined that those factors
were not entitled to much weight. The trial court found that confinement was necessary
to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense and to protect society from a criminal
with a long criminal history. The court concluded that measures less restrictive than
confinement had frequently been applied unsuccessfully.

      The trial court sentenced Defendant to serve 15 years for aggravated burglary and
12 years for theft, to be served concurrently, which the court noted was the “maximum
                                            -4-
sentence allowable by law,” because the two convictions “will merge.” The merger
analysis was misplaced. During the sentencing hearing, the trial court, with the explicit
approval of and agreement by the prosecutor, concluded that theft is a lesser included
offense of aggravated burglary, based on the reasoning that theft is a lesser included
offense of robbery. “Robbery is the intentional or knowing theft of property from the
person of another by violence or putting the person in fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401(a).
Robbery cannot be committed unless a theft is committed. Thus, theft is a lesser included
offense of robbery. As charged in the indictment in this case, aggravated burglary is the
entering of a habitation, without the effective consent of the owner, with the intent to
commit theft. No theft is necessary to prove aggravated burglary. The State was only
required to prove the intent to commit a theft. T.C.A. §§ 39-14-402, -403. In any event,
judgments were properly entered without merger of the theft conviction with the
aggravated burglary conviction. The trial court ultimately sentenced Defendant as a
Range III persistent offender pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-35-107(a)(1) for each conviction.
(“A persistent offender is a defendant who has received: [a]ny combination of five (5) or
more prior felony convictions within the conviction class or higher or within the next two
(2) lower felony classes, where applicable;”).

       Analysis

Sufficiency of the evidence

     Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions.
We conclude that the proof was sufficient to support Defendant’s convictions.

       “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn.
1992)). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of
review applied by this court is “whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Parker, 350
S.W.3d 883, 903 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979));
see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). When this court evaluates the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal, the State is entitled to the “strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as all
reasonable . . . inferences . . . [that may be drawn from that evidence].” State v. Davis,
354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)).

      Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686,
                                            -5-
691 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998). The standard of
review for sufficiency of the evidence “‘is the same whether the conviction is based upon
direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting Hanson, 279 S.W.3d at 275). The jury as the trier of fact must evaluate the
credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to witnesses’ testimony, and
reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn.
2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978)). Moreover,
the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence and the inferences
to be drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent
with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions primarily for the jury. Dorantes,
331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)). When
considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court shall not substitute its inferences
for those drawn by the trier of fact. Id.

       Defendant contends that the State failed to establish that Defendant entered the
victims’ home and that the State failed to establish the value of the stolen property. The
State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support Defendant’s convictions for
aggravated burglary and theft under a theory of criminal responsibility. As pertinent to
this case, a person commits aggravated burglary when he or she, without the effective
consent of the owner, enters a habitation with intent to commit a theft. T.C.A. §§ 39-14-
402(a)(1), -403(a). Aggravated burglary is a Class C felony. T.C.A. § 39-14-403(b). “A
person commits theft of property if, with intent to deprive the owner of property, the
person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the property without the owner’s
effective consent.” T.C.A. § 39-14-103(a). Theft of property is a Class D felony if the
value of the property is $1,000 or more but less than $10,000. T.C.A. § 39-14-105(a)(3).

       Criminal responsibility can justify Defendant’s conviction of theft, but the theory
of criminal responsibility is not the more appropriate basis to support Defendant’s
conviction for aggravated burglary. A person is criminally responsible for an offense
committed by the conduct of another, if “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the
person solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense.”
T.C.A. § 39-11-402(2). Criminal responsibility is not a distinct crime but “a theory by
which the state may prove the defendant’s guilt based on another person’s conduct.”
State v. Osborne, 251 S.W.3d 1, 16 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2007) (citing State v. Mickens,
123 S.W.3d 355, 389-90 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003)). In the theory of criminal
responsibility, “an individual’s presence and companionship with the perpetrator of a
felony before and after the commission of an offense are circumstances from which his or
her participation in the crime can be inferred.” State v. Watson, 227 S.W.3d 622, 639
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2006) (citing State v. Ball, 973 S.W.2d 288, 293 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1998)). In such situation, “[n]o particular act need be shown, and the defendant need not
                                           -6-
have taken a physical part in the crime to be held criminally responsible.” Id. (citing
Ball, 973 S.W.2d at 293).

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence presented at trial
showed that on July 8, 2014, Mr. Walls returned home to find that someone had kicked in
a door and entered his home. He discovered that a jewelry box containing Ms. Walls’
jewelry was missing. On the same day as the aggravated burglary, Defendant sold “quite
a bit” of Ms. Walls’ jewelry at a local pawn shop. Defendant asked the clerk who
handled the transaction not to announce the total payment for the jewelry too loudly so
that the man who accompanied him to the pawn shop could not hear her. Defendant
admitted to Detective Patrick that he sold the jewelry and claimed that his co-defendant
entered the Walls’ home and stole it. Defendant also admitted that he sold some pieces
of jewelry to other pawn shops and did not share the proceeds with his co-defendant. The
evidence showed that Defendant benefitted from the proceeds of the offense of theft and
aided his co-defendant in the commission of the offense of theft. Furthermore, it is the
law in Tennessee that possession of recently stolen property, unless it is satisfactorily
explained, creates a permissible inference that the person who possessed the stolen
property gained possession through theft. See State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 450
(Tenn. 2010). “‘[T]heft of property’ [is] defined in terms of knowingly obtaining or
exercising control over property without the owner’s consent and with the intent to
deprive the owner of the property.” Id. (citing T.C.A. § 39-14-103) (emphasis added).

       Also, as to possession of recently stolen property allowing an inference that the
person possessing the property also committed an aggravated burglary, the Supreme
Court in James held,

        A careful review . . . leads us to the conclusion that the better rule is to
        permit [an inference of] a burglary from possession of recently stolen
        property only when there exists a rational connection between possession
        and participation, when guilt [of burglary] more likely than not flows
        from possession, and, importantly, when there is some other evidence
        corroborating the burglary that warrants the inference.

James, 315 S.W.3d at 452 (citing 13 Am. Jur. 2d Burglary § 48 (2009) (emphasis added).

       The commission of the burglary on July 8, 2014, was overwhelmingly
corroborated by the testimony of Mr. and Mrs. Walls. Defendant’s sale of property
stolen during that burglary, on the very same day as the aggravated burglary, is a rational
connection between Defendant’s possession of the stolen property and his participation in
the aggravated burglary. Thus, Defendant’s guilt of aggravated burglary more likely than
not flows from his possession and prompt sale of items stolen during the aggravated
                                           -7-
burglary. Whether Defendant’s explanation for his possession of the recently stolen
property was satisfactory to rebut the inference was a question for the jury, and the jury
obviously rejected Defendant’s explanation. Id. at 453.

       Defendant also argues that the evidence does not establish that the jewelry was
worth more than $1,000 because Ms. Walls did not provide receipts or an appraisal. “A
witness may testify to the value of the witness’s own property or services.” Tenn. R.
Evid. 701(b). “Owners are competent by fact of ownership to testify to the value of the
property stolen.” State v. Jonathan Thornton, No. E2001-02491-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL
31174211, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Sept. 30, 2002), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 10,
2003). Ms. Walls testified that the value of the items of jewelry stolen from her home
was approximately $3,000. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to establish that the
value of the stolen property was more than $1,000. Defendant is not entitled to relief on
his challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions.

Sentencing

        Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing him
because it did not give sufficient weight to mitigating factors, it miscalculated the number
of Defendant’s prior convictions, and it entered a corrected judgment reflecting
Defendant’s sentencing range without conducting a new sentencing hearing. The State
responds that the trial court acted within its discretion, and that there was no error by
filing the corrected judgments without having a new sentencing hearing.

       Appellate review of sentencing is under the abuse of discretion standard with a
presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (2012); see also State
v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012). A finding of an abuse of discretion
“‘reflects that the trial court’s logic and reasoning was improper when viewed in light of
the factual circumstances and relevant legal principles involved in a particular case.’”
State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d
235, 242 (Tenn. 1999)). To find an abuse of discretion, the record must be void of any
substantial evidence that would support the trial court’s decision. Id.; State v. Grear, 568
S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978); State v. Delp, 614 S.W.2d 395, 398 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1980). In the context of sentencing, as long as the trial court places the sentence within
the appropriate range and properly applies the purposes and principles of the Sentencing
Act, this court must presume the sentence to be reasonable. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 704-07.
As the Bise court stated, “[a] sentence should be upheld so long as it is within the
appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 708. The defendant
bears “the burden of showing that the sentence is improper.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d
166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
                                           -8-
       It is clear that the trial court considered the sentencing law and principles. The
record reflects that the trial court considered and weighed enhancement and mitigating
factors in arriving at its decision and recited the relevant factors to its decision.
Accordingly, the trial court’s decision is entitled to a presumption of reasonableness. In
determining a specific sentence within a range of punishment, the trial court should
consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory guidelines:

        (1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the
        sentence that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the
        minimum length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative
        seriousness of each criminal offense in the felony classifications; and

        (2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as
        appropriate, by the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement
        factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c).

        Although the trial court should consider enhancement and mitigating factors, the
statutory enhancement and mitigating factors are advisory only. See T.C.A. § 40-35-113,
-114; see also Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 699 n.33, 704; State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343
(Tenn. 2008). “[A] trial court’s weighing of various mitigating and enhancement factors
[is] left to the trial court’s sound discretion.” Id. at 345. In other words, “the trial court
is free to select any sentence within the applicable range so long as the length of the
sentence is ‘consistent with the purposes and principles of [the Sentencing Act].’” Id. at
343. “[Appellate courts are] bound by a trial court’s decision as to the length of the
sentence imposed so long as it is imposed in a manner consistent with the purposes and
principles set out in sections -102 and -103 of the Sentencing Act.” Id. at 346.

        Based upon his prior convictions, the trial court initially determined that
Defendant should be sentenced as a career offender for each conviction. A Range III
sentence for the Class C felony of aggravated burglary is between 10 and 15 years, and
for the Class D felony of theft, between 8 and 12 years. T.C.A. § 40-35-112(c)(3), (4).

       The trial court properly considered the evidence offered by the parties and stated
on the record what enhancement and mitigating factors were considered and how much
weight they were afforded. The court also complied with the purposes and principles of
sentencing and imposed a within range sentence. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in enhancing Defendant’s sentence and sentencing him to the maximum
sentence of 15 years as a Range III offender for the Class C felony aggravated burglary
                                            -9-
and to a concurrent maximum sentence of 12 years as a Range III offender for the Class
D felony offense of theft of property valued at $1,000 or more but less than $10,000.
Defendant is not entitled to relief as to his challenge to the length of the sentences.

        Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by entering corrected judgments
modifying his offender status from career offender to persistent offender without
conducting a new sentencing hearing. As stated above, the original judgment forms
indicate that Defendant was sentenced as a career offender with a 60 percent release
eligibility for both offenses. In his amended motion for new trial, Defendant asserted that
“[t]he trial court erred when it found the Defendant to be a career offender.” Defendant
argued that the trial court miscalculated the number of Defendant’s prior convictions and
that “[a]t most, the Defendant is a Range III Persistent Offender.” At the outset of the
hearing on Defendant’s motion for new trial, as amended, the trial court ordered that
although the sentence length for each conviction would remain the same, the sentencing
status for each conviction would be changed to Range III persistent offender, with a 45
percent release eligibility.

        Eight convictions were submitted by the State in support of its assertion that
Defendant should be sentenced as a Range III career offender. Judgments of the
convictions were admitted as evidence. None of the judgments indicate the date of the
criminal offense. The Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole Investigation Report,
commonly referred to as the pre-sentence report, was also submitted as an exhibit by the
State. It was prepared by Mr. Gabbert, who testified for the State at the sentencing
hearing. In the “prior record” section of the presentence report, the date of the jury
verdict or the date of the guilty plea was listed as both the “offense date” and the
“disposition date.” Obviously, that information cannot be accurate, and since it happened
in the listing of eight separate convictions, they are likely not the result of typographical
errors. It is puzzling why the designation of “offense date” could not be labeled as
“unknown” if in fact the preparer cannot find the date of the offense in an arrest warrant,
indictment, or other document in the possession of the applicable trial court clerk. The
eight convictions are as follows:

                                                         Felony Class per         Date of
Conviction Offense           County & Docket #           T.C.A. 40-35-118        Judgment

Kidnapping                  Overton County, #1229               C                 7/19/84

Assault with Intent to Overton County, #1229                    D                 7/19/84
Commit Robbery without
a Deadly Weapon

                                           - 10 -
Kidnapping                 DeKalb County,                     C                 8/12/83
                           #6765F, Count 4

Kidnapping                 DeKalb County,                     C                 8/12/83
                           #6765F, Count 3

Grand Larceny              DeKalb County,                     D                 8/12/83
                           #6765F, Count 2

Sale of Marijuana          DeKalb County, #6499F              E                 1/23/81

Sale of Marijuana          DeKalb County, #6505F              E                 1/23/81

First Degree Burglary      DeKalb County, #6510F              C                 1/23/81

       Aggravated burglary is a Class C felony. T.C.A. § 39-14-403(b). Theft of
property valued at $1,000 or more, but less than $10,000 is a Class D felony. T.C.A. §
39-14-105(a)(3).

       If a defendant’s conviction for which he is being sentenced is a Class C felony, in
order to be sentenced as a Range III career offender, the defendant must have any
combination of six or more prior Class A, B, or C felony convictions. As noted from the
above chart, Defendant has only four Class C felony convictions and no convictions for
Class A or B felonies. Therefore, he could not be sentenced as a Range III career
offender for aggravated burglary. As applicable to Defendant’s sentencing as a Range III
persistent offender for aggravated burglary, he must have five or more prior felony
convictions that are Class A, B, C, D, or E felonies. T.C.A. § 40-35-107.

        From a review of the sentencing hearing, it appears that the trial court concluded
that the two sales of marijuana offenses and the first degree burglary offense which led to
convictions in DeKalb County on January 23, 1981, all occurred within a 24-hour period.
This is important because in both the statute defining a persistent offender, T.C.A. § 40-
35-107, and the statute defining a career offender, T.C.A. § 40-35-108, the following
language is included:

              (4) Except for convictions for which the statutory elements include
        serious bodily injury, bodily injury, threatened serious bodily injury or
        threatened bodily injury to the victim or victims or convictions for the
        offense of aggravated burglary under § 39-14-403, convictions for
        multiple felonies committed within the same twenty-four-hour period

                                          - 11 -
        constitute (1) conviction for the purpose of determining prior
        convictions.

T.C.A. §§ 40-35-107(a)(4), -108(a)(4).

        There is nothing in the record to conclusively show that the two offenses in
Overton County case number 1229 were committed within a 24-hour period, so the trial
court’s counting these convictions as two convictions, even though they were charged in
the same indictment, is not error. The same is true for the convictions in DeKalb County
case number 6765F. However, we note that the trial court and the State, in order to show
an element of “threatened bodily injury,” erroneously relied upon the current statutory
definition of kidnapping found in T.C.A. § 39-13-303(a): “Kidnapping is false
imprisonment as defined in § 39-13-302, under circumstances exposing the other person
to substantial risk of bodily injury.” T.C.A. § 39-13-302(a) defines false imprisonment
as: “A person commits the offense of false imprisonment who knowingly removes or
confines another unlawfully so as to interfere substantially with the other’s liberty.”
Defendant made the same error and argued that the current statute did not contain an
element threatening bodily injury, but instead contained an element “exposing” a risk of
bodily injury.

        Defendant was convicted of kidnappings in 1983 and 1984, and the elements of
the offense at the time he committed them is controlling. At the time of the convictions,
as to the offense of kidnapping, the statute provided,

        Any person who forcibly or unlawfully confines, inveigles, or entices
        away another, with the intent to cause him to be secretly confined, or
        imprisoned against his will, or to be sent out of the state against his will,
        must, on conviction, be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less than
        two (2) years nor more than (10) years.

T.C.A. § 39-2-302 (1982 Rplc.).

       We have found no cases that define “forcibly” as it would apply to Defendant’s
kidnapping convictions. However, since there is nothing in the record to indicate that the
offenses in Overton County case number 1229 and DeKalb County case number 6765F
occurred within a 24-hour period, consideration of the elements of the offenses is not
necessary.

       In order to be sentenced as a persistent Range III offender for the Class C felony
of aggravated burglary, Defendant must have at least five prior felony convictions of any
class. T.C.A. § 40-35-107(a)(1). The trial court concluded that Defendant had 3 prior
                                           - 12 -
kidnapping convictions, and the assault with intent to commit robbery conviction, plus a
“stand alone” grand larceny conviction in 1983, and one prior conviction for two sales of
marijuana convictions and the first degree burglary conviction that the trial court
determined occurred within a 24-hour period, for a total of six convictions. Defendant
only contested the trial court’s refusal to treat the kidnapping convictions as only one
prior conviction. Defendant has at least five prior felony convictions, and thus was
properly sentenced as a persistent offender for aggravated burglary.

        From reading the State’s brief, it appears the State thought the two convictions on
appeal were actually merged by the trial court and that Defendant only stands convicted
of one count of aggravated burglary. However, as noted above, the two judgments reflect
a conviction of aggravated burglary and a conviction of Class D felony theft, also
sentenced as a Range III persistent offender to 12 years. The trial court’s calculation of
Defendant’s prior felonies could have justified sentencing as a career offender for the
Class D felony theft, but the State did not acknowledge the separate theft conviction,
much less argue error by the trial court in setting Defendant’s sentencing status as a
persistent offender rather than a career offender. That issue is waived by the State.
Furthermore the transcript indicates the trial court declined to order consecutive
sentencing based upon the erroneous conclusion, also made by the State in the trial court,
that theft is a lesser included offense of aggravated burglary. The State did not argue that
the trial court should have ordered consecutive sentencing, and thus any relief to the State
on the sentencing issues is waived. We decline to exercise our discretion to review the
issues for plain error.

       We disagree with Defendant’s argument on appeal that he should have received a
new sentencing hearing. At the hearing on Defendant’s motion for new trial, the trial
court stated:

        [I]n looking at the enhancement factors, and considering . . . the
        evidence at trial, and the presentence report, and the principles of
        sentencing, and arguments, and the nature[ ] and the characteristics of
        this criminal conduct, mitigating and statutory enhancement factors, and
        any . . . statement from the defense on his part, and the potential
        rehabilitation and treatment, I considered all of those things and looked
        through those. And, so certainly from an enhancement standpoint, the
        prior criminal history is something that weighs against [Defendant].

       The court placed “great weight” on Defendant’s extensive criminal history and
that his criminal history “outweighs the mitigating factors.” The court concluded, “I’m
going to reduce it down to a persistent, but based on those enhancement factors, and the
mitigating factors getting so little weight, I am going to give you 15 years. The 15-year
                                           - 13 -
sentence is not going to change, but what is going to change is, your classification is
going to be a 45 percent, not a 60 percent.” Of course, even though the trial court
erroneously concluded in court that the two convictions had to merge, they were
ultimately not merged in the judgments and Defendant was also sentenced to 12 years as
a Range III persistent offender for his theft conviction.

       Having already concluded that the trial court properly considered the purposes and
principles of sentencing and imposed a within-range sentence, we conclude that the trial
court did not err by not conducting a new sentencing hearing before entering a corrected
judgment reflecting the appropriate offender status. In effect, the trial court at the
sentencing hearing conducted an analysis of the sentences as if Defendant was correctly
being sentenced as a persistent offender, but then erroneously concluded that Defendant
was a career offender. Defendant is not entitled to relief on his issue pertaining to his
sentencing.

Defendant’s objection to the order of State’s witnesses

       Defendant contends that the trial court erred by overruling his objection to the
order of the State’s witness. Specifically, Defendant contends that allowing Detective
Patrick to testify after hearing the testimony of other State’s witnesses violated the rule of
sequestration of witnesses.

       At trial, the State called as its first witness Jon Walls. Defense counsel objected
“to the order of the witnesses.” The trial court responded, “[a]nd the objection is, I guess,
based on the fact that you have a prosecutor that’s been designated as a witness?”
Defense counsel replied, “[t]hat’s correct, Judge.” The trial court ruled, “I’ll note the
objection, but I overrule it.”

       We conclude that there was no violation of the sequestration rule because the State
had the right under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 615 to designate Detective Patrick, as an
investigating officer, exempt from sequestration. As such, Detective Patrick was allowed
to remain in the courtroom during the testimony of other witnesses, unless there was a
compelling reason for the trial court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, to exclude
him. Tenn. R. Evid. 615; State v. Jordan, 325 S.W.3d 1, 40 (Tenn. 2010).

       Rule 615 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence governs the exclusion of witnesses
during a trial or hearing:

        At the request of a party the court shall order witnesses, including
        rebuttal witnesses, excluded at trial or other adjudicatory hearing. In the
        court’s discretion, the requested sequestration may be effective before
                                            - 14 -
        voir dire, but in any event shall be effective before opening statements.
        The court shall order all persons not to disclose by any means to
        excluded witnesses any live trial testimony or exhibits created in the
        courtroom by a witness. This rule does not authorize exclusion of (1) a
        party who is a natural person, or (2) a person designated by counsel for a
        party that is not a natural person, or (3) a person whose presence is
        shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of the party’s cause.
        This rule does not forbid testimony of a witness called at the rebuttal
        stage of a hearing if, in the court’s discretion, counsel is genuinely
        surprised and demonstrates a need for rebuttal testimony from an
        unsequestered witness.

Tenn. R. Evid. 615.

       Recently, a panel of this court clarified the case law surrounding the issue of
sequestration of prosecuting witnesses and held, based on Jordan, that “Rule 615, as
amended in 1997, supplanted the condition from Mothershed v. State, 578 S.W.2d 96
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1978), and Smartt v. State, 112 Tenn. 539, 80 S.W. 586 (1904), that
the prosecutor should be required to testify first or to be sequestered.” State v. Randall T.
Beaty, No. M2014-00130-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3752968, at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
July 8, 2016). Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

Impeachment by prior convictions

      Defendant contends that the trial court erred by ruling that the State would be
allowed to impeach him using prior convictions if Defendant testified.

        Tennessee Rule of Evidence 609(a) provides that a witness may be impeached by
evidence of a prior conviction. However, the prior conviction must be a felony
conviction or a conviction of an offense involving dishonesty or a false statement. Tenn.
R. Evid. 609(a)(2). Upon request, the trial court must determine that the conviction’s
probative value on credibility outweighs its unfair prejudicial effect on the substantive
issues. Id. The rule also mandates that the State give reasonable written notice prior to
trial of the particular convictions it intends to use to impeach the accused. Tenn. R. Evid.
609(a)(3). The Tennessee Supreme Court has noted that the following two criteria are
especially relevant in balancing a prior conviction’s probative value and unfair
prejudicial effect: (1) the impeaching conviction’s relevance as to credibility; and (2) the
impeaching conviction’s similarity to the charged offense. State v. Waller, 118 S.W.3d
368, 371 (Tenn. 2003).



                                           - 15 -
       When an impeaching conviction is substantially similar to the charged offense, a
danger exists that jurors will improperly consider the impeaching conviction as evidence
of the propensity of the defendant to commit the crime. Id. Accordingly, the unfair
prejudicial effect of an impeaching conviction on the substantive issues greatly increases
if the conviction is substantially similar to the charged offense. Id. Under these
circumstances, a trial court should carefully balance the impeaching conviction’s
relevance with regard to credibility against its unfair prejudicial effect on substantive
issues. Id.

       Evidence of a prior conviction that is substantially similar to the charged offense is
not, however, per se inadmissible for impeachment purposes. Id. “The standard is not
whether there is any prejudice by allowing the State to use the prior conviction for
impeachment, but whether the possible prejudice is outweighed by the probative value of
the evidence as to the defendant’s credibility as a witness.” State v. Roberts, 943 S.W.2d
403, 408 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by State v. Ralph, 6
S.W.3d 251 (Tenn. 1999). The courts of this State have repeatedly held that robbery and
theft are crimes of dishonesty, “thus lending greater weight to their probative value
regarding credibility.” State v. Lamario Sumner, No. W2005-00122-CCA-R3-CD, 2006
WL 44377, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jan. 6, 2006) perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 30,
2006) (quoting State v. Blevins, 968 S.W.2d 888, 893 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)).

       On appellate review, the trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of prior
convictions for impeachment purposes are subject to reversal only for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Thompson, 36 S.W.3d 102, 110 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). A trial
court abuses its discretion when it applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a
decision which stands against logic or reasoning that causes an injustice to the
complaining party. Waller, 118 S.W.3d at 371.

        In the present case, the State properly filed written notice before the trial of its
intent to use two prior theft convictions from 2008 and 2012 for impeachment purposes.
At trial, Defendant objected to the State’s use of the prior convictions for impeachment
purposes on the basis that “it’s unfair and overly prejudicial to introduce proof of prior
theft convictions.” The trial court ruled that the two prior theft convictions were “highly
probative [of] credibility.” The trial court further stated, “I think we all agree that it is,
that any[ ]time there’s a crime of dishonesty, such as theft, probably, in this Court’s
opinion, I don’t know what other crime is more probative to truthfulness, other than
maybe a perjury crime. So, it is highly probative.” The trial court recognized that the
prior convictions were similar in nature to the offenses for which Defendant was on trial,
but the trial court concluded that the probative value was not outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice.

                                            - 16 -
        We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ruling that
Defendant’s prior convictions were admissible. The trial court determined, and we agree,
that Defendant’s credibility was at issue and that Defendant’s prior convictions were
highly probative as to Defendant’s credibility. We also agree with the trial court that the
probative value of the convictions was not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in concluding that the State could
impeach the Defendant with prior crimes of dishonesty. Accordingly, the Defendant is
entitled to not relief on this issue.

                                     CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.


                                  ________________________________________
                                  THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE




                                          - 17 -
