                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_______________________________________
                                        )
 HENRY SEARCY, JR.,                     )
                                        )
                  Plaintiff,            )
                                        )
      v.                               )     Civil Action No. 19-921 (RBW)
                                       )
DEMAURICE F. SMITH, et al.,             )
                                        )
                                       )
                  Defendants.          )
_______________________________________)

                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The pro se plaintiff, Henry Searcy, Jr., brings this civil action against the National

Football League Players Association (“NFLPA”); DeMaurice F. Smith, the Executive Director

of the NFLPA; Prometric LLC (“Prometric”); and Michael P. Sawicki, the Vice President and

General Counsel of Prometric (collectively, the “defendants”), alleging violations of the Federal

Arbitration Act (the “Act”), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1–307 (2018), and District of Columbia common law.

See Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 15–59. Currently pending before the Court are (1)

Defendant National Football League Players Association’s Motion to Dismiss (“NFLPA’s

Mot.”), (2) Defendant DeMaurice F. Smith’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended

Complaint (“Smith’s Mot.”), (3) Defendant Prometric LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s

Amended Complaint (“Prometric’s Mot.”), and (4) Defendant Michael P. Sawicki’s Motion to

Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Sawicki’s Mot.”), all of which are opposed by the

plaintiff. Upon careful consideration of the parties’ submissions, 1 the Court concludes for the


1
 In addition to the filings already identified, other than the plaintiff’s oppositions, the Court considered the
following submissions in rendering its decision: (1) the Complaint (“Compl.”); (2) the Declaration of Michael P.
Sawicki (“Sawicki Decl.”); (3) the Declaration of Heather McPhee (“McPhee Decl.”); (4) the Memorandum in
                                                                                                           (continued . . .)
following reasons that it must grant the NFLPA and Smith’s motions to dismiss pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and that it must grant Prometric and Sawicki’s motions

to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).

                                         I.       BACKGROUND

        The following facts are taken from the Amended Complaint, unless otherwise specified.

Under Section 9(a) of the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”), the NFLPA “is the exclusive

collective bargaining representative of all present and future [National Football League (‘NFL’)]

players.” NFLPA’s Mem. at 2. Smith, as noted earlier, is the Executive Director of the NFLPA.

See Smith’s Mem. at 1.

        The NFLPA “delegate[s] portions of its exclusive bargaining authority to Contract

Advisors for purposes of negotiating individual player contracts with NFL Clubs[.]” NFLPA’s

Mem. at 2–3. In order to negotiate player contracts with NFL organizations, Contract Advisors

must meet the requirements for certification set forth in regulations promulgated by the



(. . . continued)
Support of Defendant Michael P. Sawicki’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Sawicki’s Mem.”);
(5) the Statement of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant DeMaurice F. Smith’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint (“Smith’s Mem.”); (6) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s Opposition to [Sawicki’s]
Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n to Sawicki’s Mot.”); (7) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s Opposition to [Smith’s]
Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n to Smith’s Mot.”); (8) the Memorandum in Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to
Defendant Michael P. Sawicki’s Motion to Dismiss (“Sawicki’s Reply”); (9) the Statement of Points and Authorities
in Further Support of Defendant DeMaurice F. Smith’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint
(“Smith’s Reply”); (10) the Memorandum in Support of Defendant Prometric LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint (“Prometric’s Mem.”); (11) the Statement of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant
National Football League Players Association’s Motion to Dismiss (“NFLPA’s Mem.”); (12) [Sawicki’s] Line
Partially Withdrawing Motion to Dismiss Argument for Insufficient Service of Process (“Sawicki’s Supp.”);
(13) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s Opposition to [NFLPA’s] Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot.”);
(14) the National Football League Players Association’s Reply Memorandum in Further Support of its Motion to
Dismiss (“NFLPA’s Reply”); (15) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s [Second] Opposition to [NFLPA’s] Motion to
Dismiss (“Pl.’s 2d Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot.”); (16) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s Opposition to [Prometric’s] Motion
to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n to Prometric’s Mot.”); (17) Plaintiff Henry Searcy, Jr.’s [Second] Opposition to
[Sawicki’s] Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s 2d Opp’n to Sawicki’s Mot.”); (18) Defendant DeMaurice F. Smith’s Notice
of Response to Plaintiff’s Second Opposition to Motion to Dismiss (“Smith’s Resp. to Pl.’s 2d Opp’n to NFLPA’s
Mot.”); (19) Defendant Michael P. Sawicki’s [Second] Reply in Support of His Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint (“Sawicki’s 2d Reply”); and (20) Defendant Prometric LLC’s Reply in Support of Its Motion
to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Prometric’s Reply”).



                                                       2
NFLPA—the NFLPA Regulations Governing Contract Advisors (the “Agent Regulations”)—

and otherwise comply with these regulations. Id. Pursuant to the Agent Regulations, in order to

be eligible for certification, a prospective NFLPA Contract Advisor “must file a verified

Application for Certification,” as well as “attend[] the NFLPA seminar for new Contract

Advisors” and “pass[] a written examination.” Id. at 4 (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Am. Compl., Exhibit (“Ex.”) 3 (Agent Regulations) at § 2(A), at 13–14). 2

         In 2014, the plaintiff, a resident of Maryland, see Am. Compl. at 1, completed an

application for certification as a NFLPA Contract Advisor, see Am. Compl. ¶ 2. In a letter dated

June 12, 2014, the plaintiff was informed by NFLPA that he was deemed eligible for

certification, subject to him (1) attending an NFLPA Contract Advisor Seminar and (2) receiving

a satisfactory score on the NFLPA Contract Advisor examination (the “examination”), which

would be given at the seminar. See id. The letter explained that the examination “would consist

of [sixty] multiple-choice questions,” and that “[a]pplicants must receive a scaled score of at

least [seventy] on the examination to become certified by the NFLPA.” NFLPA’s Mem. at 5

(emphasis in original) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Am. Compl., Ex. B (Letter from the

NFLPA to Applicants (June 12, 2014)) at 3–4); see Am Compl. ¶ 3. The NFLPA Contract

Advisor examination is developed and provided by Prometric, see Prometric’s Mem. at 1, a

company based in Maryland, see Sawicki Decl. ¶ 5. Sawicki, as noted earlier, is the Vice

President and General Counsel of Prometric, see Sawicki’s Mem. at 4, and a resident of

Maryland, see Sawicki Decl. ¶ 4.




2
  Because the plaintiff did not insert page numbers on several filings he submitted in this case, the page numbers
cited by the Court when referring to the plaintiff’s filings are the automatically generated page numbers assigned to
the plaintiff’s filings by the Court’s ECF system.



                                                          3
       In connection with the plaintiff’s application for certification, he signed an

Acknowledgement Form pursuant to which he “agree[d] to comply with and be bound by the[]

[Agent] Regulations,” and further “agree[d] that if [he] [is] denied Certification . . . the exclusive

method for challenging any such action is through the arbitration procedure set forth in the

[Agent] Regulations.” NFLPA’s Mem. at 4 (alterations in original) (emphasis in original)

(internal quotations omitted) (quoting Am. Compl., Ex. 3 (Agent Regulation, Appendix A) at

29–30). The Agent Regulations specify that appeal “hearing[s] [are] conducted in accordance

with the Voluntary Labor Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.” Id. at 5

(alterations in original) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Am. Compl, Ex. 3 (Agent

Regulations) at § 5(E), at 24).

       The plaintiff took the examination on July 25, 2014. See Sawicki’s Mem. at 2. In a letter

dated September 8, 2014, the plaintiff was advised by the NFLPA that he did not pass the 2014

examination. See Am. Compl. ¶ 3; NFLPA’s Mem. at 5. The letter explained that “[a] scaled

score of [seventy] or better is considered a passing grade. The scaled score is NOT a percentage

of the total number of questions answered correctly[;] however you needed to answer at least

[f]orty-one [ ] correct items to achieve a passing scaled score.” NFLPA’s Mem. at 6 (alterations

in original) (quoting Am. Compl., Ex. 2 (Letter from the NFLPA to Searcy (Sept. 8, 2014)) at 4);

see Am. Compl. ¶ 3.

       The plaintiff took the examination a second time on July 24, 2015. See Am. Compl.

¶¶ 5–6; Sawicki’s Mem. at 2. In a letter dated September 22, 2015, the plaintiff was again

advised by the NFLPA that he did not pass the 2015 examination. See NFLPA’s Mem. at 6.

The letter explained that “[a] scaled score of [seventy] or better is considered a passing grade[,]”

but that this time, “you needed to answer at least [f]orty-seven [ ] correct items to achieve a




                                                  4
passing scaled score.” Sawicki’s Mem. at 2 (alternations in original) (quoting Am. Compl., Ex.

7 (Letter from NFLPA to Searcy (Sept. 22, 2015)) at 55); see Am. Compl. ¶ 6. Therefore, while

“the passing grade for the 2015 exam[ination] was the same as the 2014 exam[ination]—i.e., a

scaled score of [seventy] or better[,]” “to achieve a scaled score of [seventy] in 2015, an

[a]pplicant was required to obtain a raw score of at least [forty-seven], as opposed to [forty-one]

in 2014.” NFLPA’s Mot. at 5–6; see Am. Compl. ¶ 7.

         Following his receipt of the September 25, 2015 letter, the plaintiff filed an appeal with

the NFLPA, asserting that (1) he had answered forty-six correct items on the 2015 examination,

and had thus passed the exam based upon the 2014 “Exam Scoring Process[,]” see Am. Compl.

¶¶ 6–7, and (2) the NFLPA arbitrarily changed the “Exam Scoring Process” to require

forty-seven correct items on the 2015 examination, see id. ¶ 7. The plaintiff’s appeal proceeded

to arbitration and, in a decision dated April 3, 2016, the arbitrator issued a decision upholding the

NFLPA’s decision to deny Contract Advisor certification to the plaintiff (the “Arbitration

Award”). See NFLPA’s Mem. at 8; Am. Compl. ¶ 11.

         Nearly three years after the Arbitration Award was issued, on April 2, 2019, the plaintiff

filed his Complaint against Smith and Sawicki in this Court. See Compl. at 1. Then, on

May 29, 2019, the plaintiff amended his Complaint to include the NFLPA and Prometric as

additional defendants. See Am. Compl. at 1. In the Amended Complaint, the plaintiff seeks to

vacate the Arbitration Award pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (the “Act”) 3 “[a]s a result


3
  As explained in Part III.C of this Memorandum Opinion, “the Arbitration Act as a whole does not vest independent
jurisdiction in a [f]ederal [d]istrict [c]ourt.” Bangor & Aroostock R.R. v. Maine Cent. R.R., 359 F. Supp. 261, 262
(D.D.C. 1973). The Court must therefore determine whether it “already [has] jurisdiction over the subject matter
through another source such as diversity of citizenship or federal question.” Warren Bros. Co. v. Cmty. Bldg. Corp.
of Atlanta, 386 F. Supp. 656, 659 (M.D.N.C. 1974). Accordingly, the Court concludes that it has diversity
jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims against the NFLPA, because the NFLPA is based in the District of Columbia,
see McPhee Decl., Ex. 1 (Service of Process Transmittal) (listing a District of Columbia address for the NFLPA),
while the plaintiff resides in Maryland, see Am. Compl. at 1 (listing a Maryland address for the plaintiff), and the
                                                                                                       (continued . . .)


                                                           5
of the [a]rbitrator’s partiality” 4 (Count VI). Id. ¶ 52. Additionally, the plaintiff asserts the

following District of Columbia common law claims against the NFLPA and Prometric: 5

(1) breach of contract against the NFLPA (Count I); (2) tortious interference with contractual

relations against Prometric (Count II); (3) negligent misrepresentation against the NFLPA

(Count IV); (4) negligence against the NFLPA (Count V); and (5) intentional infliction of

emotional distress by the NFLPA (Count VII). 6 See id. ¶¶ 15–59. The defendants thereafter

filed their motions to dismiss, see generally NFLPA’s Mot.; Smith’s Mot.; Prometric’s Mot.;

Sawicki’s Mot., which are the subjects of this Memorandum Opinion.

                                       II.      STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A.         Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss

           Rule 12(b)(1) governs motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

A motion pursuant to this Rule “presents a threshold challenge to the [C]ourt’s jurisdiction . . . .”

Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see Grand Lodge Fraternal Order of

Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2001) (noting that “a Rule 12(b)(1) motion

imposes on the [C]ourt an affirmative obligation to ensure that it is acting within the scope of its

jurisdictional authority”). Accordingly, the Court must dismiss a claim if it “lack[s] . . . subject



(. . . continued)
amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, see Am. Compl. at 38 (alleging damages in excess of $75,000). However,
the plaintiff has failed to establish any independent basis for this Court to exercise federal subject matter jurisdiction
over his claims against Prometric and Sawicki. As explained in Part III.C, the plaintiff alleges no basis for either
diversity or federal question jurisdiction as to his claims against these defendants. See discussion infra Part III.C.
4
    The arbitrator is not a party to this action. See Am. Compl. at 1.
5
 Although the plaintiff has included Smith and Sawicki as defendants, he does not reference them in any “counts”
of the Amended Complaint. Instead, the plaintiff only references Smith and Sawicki briefly in the Amended
Complaint, identifying them as “the appropriate person[s] of authority” for the NFLPA and Prometric, respectively.
See Am. Compl. ¶ 12.
6
 Although the plaintiff also asserts “counts” for “specific performance” (Count III) and “punitive damages”
(Count VIII), both are remedies, not causes of action.



                                                             6
matter jurisdiction[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Under Rule 12(b)(1), “it is to be presumed that a

cause lies outside [ ] [the Court’s] limited jurisdiction,” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994), and the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the Court’s

jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, see, e.g., Moore v. Bush, 535 F. Supp. 2d 46, 47

(D.D.C. 2008). In deciding a motion to dismiss based upon lack of subject matter jurisdiction,

the Court is not limited to the allegations set forth in the complaint, but “may consider materials

outside the pleadings[.]” Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249,

1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Because the Court must ensure its jurisdictional authority, “the

[p]laintiff’s factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a

12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Grand Lodge of

Fraternal Order of Police, 185 F. Supp. 2d at 13–14 (alteration in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

B.      Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

        Rule 12(b)(6) governs motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim. A complaint must

provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, to survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for “failure to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the “complaint must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face[,]’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content

that allows the [C]ourt to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556); see Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns

Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (noting that a plaintiff is entitled to “the benefit of all




                                                    7
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged”). Although the Court must accept the facts

pleaded as true, legal allegations devoid of factual support are not entitled to this presumption.

See, e.g., Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1276. Along with the allegations made within the four corners of

the complaint, the Court may also consider “any documents either attached to or incorporated in

the complaint and matters of which [it] may take judicial notice.” Equal Emp’t Opportunity

Comm’n v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

                                                 III.      ANALYSIS

         The NFLPA and Smith contend that the plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(6), while Prometric and Sawicki contend that the plaintiff’s claims should be

dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). 7 The Court will separately address each of the defendants’

motions.

A.       The NFLPA’s Motion to Dismiss

         The NFLPA moves to dismiss the plaintiff’s Amended Complaint pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6) on the ground that all of the plaintiff’s claims against the NFLPA are barred by the

Act. 8 See NFLPA’s Mem. at 10. Specifically, the NFLPA argues that the Act bars the


7
 Although Smith, Prometric, and Sawicki have also moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s Complaint on other grounds,
see Smith’s Mot. at 1 (seeking dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), (5), and (6)); Prometric’s Mot. at 1 (seeking
dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and (6)); Sawicki’s Mot. at 1 (seeking dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) and
(6)), because Smith’s Rule 12(b)(6) arguments and Prometric’s and Sawicki’s Rule 12(b)(1) arguments are
dispositive, see discussion infra Part III.B and Part III.C, the Court need not address the other grounds for dismissal
asserted by Smith, Prometric, and Sawicki, and the Court will deny their motions as moot to the extent that they seek
dismissal on these other grounds.
8
  The Court notes that the Act governs the Arbitration Award at issue, as the plaintiff signed a contract with the
NFLPA—the Acknowledgment Form—which clearly states that the plaintiff is bound to arbitrate any challenges to
his denial of certification as a NFLPA Contract Advisor. See Am. Compl., Ex. 3 (Agent Regulation, Appendix A) at
29–30; see also 9 U.S.C. § 2 (“A written provision in any . . . contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce
to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . . or the refusal to perform the whole or
any part thereof, . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity
for the revocation of any contract.”). Although the plaintiff cites the District of Columbia arbitration statute in his
opposition to the NFLPA’s motion to dismiss, see Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot. at 36 (citing D.C. Code Ann. § 16-
4423), in his Amended Complaint, the plaintiff seeks to vacate the Arbitration Award pursuant to the Act, not the
District of Columbia arbitration statute, see Am. Compl. ¶ 52; see also Pl.’s Opp. to NFLPA’s Mot. at 36
                                                                                                             (continued . . .)


                                                              8
plaintiff’s claims because (1) the plaintiff’s attempt to vacate the Arbitration Award (the “vacatur

claim”) is barred by the Act’s statute of limitations, and (2) the plaintiff’s remaining common

law claims against the NFLPA under the Act constitute an impermissible collateral attack on the

Arbitration Award. See id. at 10–11. The plaintiff responds that his claims are timely because

the Arbitration Award “was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means[,]” and

therefore the statute of limitations did not begin to run until he first learned of the purported

misconduct that tainted the Arbitration Award, Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot. at 39, but he fails

to respond to the NFLPA’s second argument. The Court will address the NFLPA’s two

arguments in turn.

         1.       Whether the Plaintiff’s Vacatur Claim is Barred by the Act’s Statute of
                  Limitations

         The NFLPA first argues that the plaintiff’s vacatur claim is barred by the Act’s statute of

limitations. See NFLPA’s Mem. at 10. The plaintiff responds that the “[A]ward was procured

by corruption, fraud, or other undue means” and that, since he first learned that “his appeal

hearing did not use [American Arbitration Association] rules [i]n March of 2019,” the statute of

limitations did not begin to run until that time. Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot. at 36.

         The Act provides that “a motion to vacate, modify, or correct an award must be served

upon the adverse party or his attorney within three months after the award is filed or delivered.”

9 U.S.C. § 12 (emphasis added); see Thermal Dynamic Int’l, Inc. v. Safe Haven Enters., LLC,

Civ. Action No. 13-00721 (CKK), 2016 WL 3023983, at *8 (D.D.C. May 25, 2016) (“Section 12

of the . . . [Act] governs motions to vacate, modify, or correct arbitration awards.”). “[C]ourts

(. . . continued)
(“Paragraph 52 of the [p]laintiff’s compla[in]t mentions the vacatur of the arbitration award according to Section
10(a) of the . . . Act.”), and“[t]o the extent there are conflicts between state arbitration law and the [Act] that would
contravene the pro-arbitration policies embodied in the [Act], the [Act] applies and preempts such state laws[,]”
Haire v. Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP, 925 F. Supp. 2d 126, 130 (D.D.C. 2013). Accordingly, the Act, rather than
the District of Columbia arbitration statute, governs the plaintiff’s claims.



                                                            9
have consistently interpreted the [Act’s] notice provision to create a strict deadline.” Argentine

Republic v. Nat’l Grid Plc, 637 F.3d 365, 368 (D.C. Cir. 2011); see Dalal v. Goldman Sachs &

Co., 541 F. Supp. 2d 72, 76 (D.D.C. 2008) (“There is no statutory or common law exception to

this time limitation.”), aff’d, 575 F.3d 725 (D.C. Cir. 2009); see also Piccolo v. Dain, Kalman &

Quail, Inc., 641 F.2d 598, 600 (8th Cir. 1981) (“A party to an arbitration award who fails to

comply with the statutory precondition . . . forfeits the right to judicial review of the award.”).

        Here, the plaintiff filed his initial Complaint nearly three years after the Arbitration

Award was rendered—far beyond the scope of the Act’s three-month statute of limitations

period. Compare Am. Compl. ¶ 11 (alleging that the Arbitration Award was issued on

April 3, 2016), with Compl. at 1 (initiating this civil action on April 2, 2019). The plaintiff’s

claim is therefore time-barred under the Act. See Thermal Dynamic, 2016 WL 3023983, at *8

(holding that the motion to vacate award was untimely because the party “chose to wait [eleven]

months after delivery of the [a]rbitration [a]ward”); Dalal, 541 F. Supp. 2d at 76 (holding that a

motion to vacate award was untimely where the plaintiff filed his complaint six months after

receiving the award).

        The plaintiff’s counterargument is unavailing. Although, as the plaintiff correctly notes,

see Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot. at 39, under the Act, the Court may vacate an award where the

award was “procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means,” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(1), the Court

may only do so within the Act’s statute of limitations period, as “[t]here is no statutory or

common law exception to this time limitation[,]” Dalal, 541 F. Supp. 2d at 76. Because the

plaintiff initiated this civil action outside of the statute of limitations period, his assertion of

corruption, fraud, or undue means is therefore time-barred.




                                                   10
       Moreover, even if the plaintiff’s vacatur claim was not time-barred, it would still fail. As

a preliminary matter, a “party seeking vacatur [on the grounds of corruption, fraud, or other

undue means] must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that its opponent actually

engaged in fraudulent conduct or used undue means during the course of the arbitration.”

ARMA, S.R.O. v. BAE Sys. Overseas, Inc., 961 F. Supp. 2d 245, 254 (D.D.C. 2013) (emphasis

added). Here, the plaintiff alleges that the arbitrator who issued the Arbitration Award—not the

NFLPA—“procured the [Arbitration] Award through deception as the [a]rbitrator pretended to

conduct the [p]laintiff’s hearing according to . . . the [American Arbitration Association rules].”

Am. Compl. ¶ 51. Additionally, a party seeking vacatur “must show that the fraud could not

have been discovered before or during the arbitration through the exercise of reasonable

diligence.” ARMA, S.R.O., 961 F. Supp. 2d at 254. Here, however, the plaintiff alleges that he

was aware that his “appeal hearing was not conducted according to the [American Arbitration

Association rules]” in June 2016, and not in March 2019, as the plaintiff now asserts in his

opposition. Am. Compl. ¶ 12 (alleging that the plaintiff “contacted the [American Arbitration

Association] to file a complaint against the [a]rbitrator” in June 2016, and after a call with an

American Arbitration Association representative, he learned that his “appeal hearing was not

conducted according to the [American Arbitration Association rules]”); see Pl.’s Opp’n to

NFLPA’s Mot. at 39.

       Accordingly, the Court concludes that the plaintiff’s vacatur claim against the NFLPA is

time-barred under the Act, and that even if the plaintiff’s claim was not time-barred, the plaintiff

has failed to state a cognizable claim against the NFLPA.

       2.      Whether the Plaintiff’s Common Law Claims Constitute a Collateral Attack
               on the Arbitration Award




                                                 11
       The NFLPA next argues that the plaintiff’s remaining common law claims against the

NFLPA must be dismissed under the Act because these claims constitute an impermissible

collateral attack on the Arbitration Award. See NFLPA’s Mem. at 11. The plaintiff fails to

respond to the NFLPA’s arguments on this point. See generally Pl.’s Opp’n to NFLPA’s Mot.

       It is well-established that “[t]he [Act] provides the exclusive remedy for challenging

conduct that taints an arbitration award within the Act’s coverage.” Pisciotta v. Shearson

Lehman Bros., 629 A.2d 520, 523 (D.C. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, where

a party who participated in an arbitration brings claims in federal court seeking damages for

alleged wrongdoings that “compromised the arbitration award” and caused the party injury, such

claims are “no more, in substance, than an impermissible collateral attack on the award itself”

and must be dismissed in accordance with the Act. Corey v. N.Y. Stock Exch., 691 F.2d 1205,

1211–12 (6th Cir. 1982) (concluding that the plaintiff’s attempt to sue the New York Stock

Exchange for the arbitrator’s actions constituted an “impermissible collateral attack on the award

itself[,]” where the plaintiff’s complaint had “no purpose other than to challenge the very wrongs

affecting the award[,]” and noting that the Act provides the “exclusive remedy for challenging

acts that taint an arbitration award”); see also Gulf Petro Trading Co. v. Nigerian Nat’l

Petroleum Corp., 512 F.3d 742, 750 (5th Cir. 2008) (explaining that “[t]hough cloaked in a

variety of federal and state law claims[,]” the relief sought by plaintiff “show[ed] that its true

objective in this suit [was] to rectify the harm it suffered in receiving the unfavorable [award]”);

Decker v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 205 F.3d 906, 910 (6th Cir. 2000)

(holding that “[b]ecause [the plaintiff] chose to attack collaterally the arbitration award in

violation of the [Act], she fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted[,]” and noting




                                                  12
that in order to properly challenge the award, the plaintiff “should have filed a motion to vacate

the arbitration award under the [Act]”).

       Here, the “ultimate objective” of the plaintiff’s lawsuit against the NFLPA “is to rectify

the alleged harm” he suffered from the adverse Arbitration Award that affirmed the NFLPA’s

denial of his Application for Certification as a Contract Advisor. Decker, 205 F.3d at 910. And,

the plaintiff’s common law claims against the NFLPA directly challenge the arbitration process

and the final Arbitration Award itself. See, e.g., Am Compl. ¶ 17 (“[T]he NFLPA breached the

contract with the [p]laintiff by not conducting the [p]laintiff’s [arbitration] hearing according to

the ‘Voluntary Labor Arbitration Rules’ of the [American Arbitration Association].”); id. ¶ 18

(“[T]he NFLPA breached the contract with the [p]laintiff when the [a]rbitrator did not render a

decision at the close of the hearing or within thirty [ ] days after the hearing.”); id. ¶ 19 (“[T]he

NFLPA breached the contract with the [p]laintiff when the [a]rbitrator extended the timeframe to

provide a written decision without written agreement from the [p]laintiff.”); id. ¶ 54 (“[T]he

extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the NFLPA . . . [resulted from] having [the]

[p]laintiff participate in an appeal hearing not governed by the [American Arbitration

Association rules] . . . [and] violat[ing] the [Agent] Regulations and the [Act] in order to secure

an adverse ruling.”).

       Each of the plaintiff’s common law claims against the NFLPA seek damages for alleged

wrongdoings on the part of the arbitrator and the NFLPA that, in the plaintiff’s view,

“compromised the [ ] [A]ward[,]” Corey, 691 F.2d at 1211, resulting in the adverse ruling.

However, in order to properly challenge the Arbitration Award, the plaintiff should have filed a

timely motion to vacate the Arbitration Award pursuant to the Act. See Decker, 205 F.3d at 910.

Now that the Act’s statute of limitations period has expired, see discussion supra Part III.A.1, the




                                                  13
plaintiff’s common law claims against the NFLPA constitute an impermissible collateral attack

on the Arbitration Award. See Corey, 691 F.2d at 1213 (“The three month notice requirement in

section 12 [of the Act] is meaningless if a party to the arbitration proceedings may bring an

independent direct action asserting such claims outside of the statutory time period provided for

in section 12.”).

       Accordingly, because all of the plaintiff’s claims against the NFLPA are either

time-barred by the Act or constitute an impermissible collateral attack on the Arbitration Award,

the Court must grant the NFLPA’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s claims against the NFLPA

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.

B.     Smith’s Motion to Dismiss

       DeMaurice Smith moves to dismiss the Amended Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)

on the grounds that this “action is time-barred” because the plaintiff “seeks to vacate . . .[the]

[Arbitration] Award that was issued in April 2016—i.e., more than three years ago”—in

violation of the Act’s statute of limitations, Smith’s Mem. at 2, and the Amended Complaint

“asserts no claim against Smith at all” because the Amended Complaint’s “only references to

Smith are allegations that he is a ‘person of authority’ at the NFLPA and that [the plaintiff]

allegedly ‘blind carbon copied’ him on a letter to another NFLPA employee three years ago

complaining about what he believed to be an ‘unfair appeal process’ that affirmed the denial of

his Application for Certification as an NFLPA Contract Advisor[,]” id. at 5. The plaintiff

responds by asserting that corporate officials may be held “liable for torts which they commit,

participate in, or inspire.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Smith’s Mot. at 12–13.

       Here, the Amended Complaint fails to assert a claim against Smith. None of the

plaintiff’s counts even mention Smith, let alone allege that he committed any wrongdoing




                                                  14
sufficient to impose liability. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15–59. Rather, the plaintiff’s claims allege

wrongdoing by the NFLPA and Prometric. See id. Because an officer’s liability “must be

premised upon a corporate officer’s meaningful participation in the wrongful acts[,]” Carty v.

CVS Pharmacy, LLC, 264 F. Supp. 3d 190, 195 (D.D.C. 2017), rather than “the officer’s

position in the corporation,” Partridge v. Am. Hosp. Mgmt. Co., 289 F. Supp. 3d 1, 15 (D.D.C.

2017), the plaintiff’s allegation that Smith is a “person of authority” at the NFLPA, Am. Compl.

¶ 12, without more, is insufficient to create personal liability. And, even if the plaintiff had

asserted claims against Smith, such claims would warrant dismissal for the same reasons that the

plaintiff’s claims against the NFLPA must be dismissed, i.e., because the plaintiff’s attempt to

vacate the Arbitration Award is barred by the Act’s statute of limitations, and the plaintiff’s

common law claims constitute an impermissible collateral attack on the Arbitration Award. See

discussion supra Part III.A. Accordingly, because the plaintiff does not properly assert any

claims against Smith, and—even if he did, such claims would be time-barred—the Court must

grant Smith’s motion to dismiss to the extent that it seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims

against Smith pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).

C.     Prometric and Sawicki’s Motions to Dismiss

       Prometric and Michael Sawicki move to dismiss the Amended Complaint pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(1) on the ground that there is no diversity or federal question jurisdiction that

provides a basis for this Court to have jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims against them. See

Prometric’s Mem. at 5–6; Sawicki’s Mem. at 8–9. The plaintiff responds that Court has federal

question jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claim for violating the Act, and that in any event the

Court should exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims against Smith and




                                                 15
Prometric because they “are so related that they form part of the same ‘case or controversy[.]’”

Pl.’s Opp’n to Sawicki’s Mot. at 5; see Pl.’s Opp’n to Prometric’s Mot. at 8.

       First, there is no diversity jurisdiction as to the plaintiff’s claims against Prometric and

Sawicki. For the Court to exercise diversity jurisdiction, (1) the amount in controversy must

exceed $75,000, and (2) there must be complete diversity among the litigants. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332 (2018); Busby v. Capital One, N.A., 932 F. Supp. 2d 114, 129–30 (D.D.C. 2013).

Complete diversity requires that “no plaintiff may have the same citizenship of any defendant.”

Busby, 932 F. Supp. 2d at 130. Here, the plaintiff is a resident of the state of Maryland, see Am.

Compl. at 1 (listing a Maryland address for the plaintiff), as are both Prometric and Sawicki, see

Sawicki Decl. ¶ 3 (representing that Sawicki resides in Maryland); id. ¶ 5 (representing that

Prometric’s principal place of business is in Maryland). Accordingly, the plaintiff alleges no

basis for diversity jurisdiction as to these defendants.

       Second, there is also no federal question jurisdiction as to the plaintiff’s claims against

Prometric and Sawicki because the action does not arise under the “Constitution, laws, or treaties

of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. The plaintiff fails to allege any question arising under

federal law, aside from Count VI, which is styled as “Violation of the Federal Arbitration Act.”

See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 46–52. However, the plaintiff does not allege that Prometric or Sawicki

committed any violations of the Act in Count VI. See id. Instead, he only alleges in Count II

that Prometric committed the wrong of tortious interference with contractual relations, and the

plaintiff fails to mention Sawicki in any of the counts. See id. ¶¶ 23–25. In any event, even if

the Amended Complaint alleged that Prometric and Sawicki committed violations of the Act,

“[t]he clear weight of authority holds that the [Act] as a whole does not vest independent

jurisdiction in a [f]ederal [d]istrict [c]ourt.” Bangor & Aroostock R.R. v. Maine Cent. R.R., 359




                                                  16
F. Supp. 261, 262 (D.D.C. 1973); see Warren Bros. Co. v. Cmty. Bldg. Corp. of Atlanta, 386 F.

Supp. 656, 658 (M.D.N.C. 1974) (“The . . . Act does not provide an independent basis for federal

jurisdiction since it does not confer federal question jurisdiction upon federal courts.”). Thus,

the Act “requir[es] . . . an independent jurisdictional basis over the parties’ dispute” for a party to

gain access to a federal forum, Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 59 (2009) (first alteration

in original) (internal quotation marks omitted), and “before a federal court can apply the Act, it

must already have jurisdiction over the subject matter through another source such as diversity of

citizenship or federal question[,]” Warren Bros. Co., 386 F. Supp. at 659. The Court has already

concluded that the plaintiff has failed to establish any independent basis for this Court to exercise

federal subject matter jurisdiction over his claims against Prometric and Sawicki. Moreover,

despite the plaintiff’s arguments to the contrary, the Court cannot exercise supplemental

jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims against Prometric and Sawicki because “incomplete

diversity destroys original jurisdiction with respect to all claims, leaving nothing to which

supplemental claims can adhere.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546,

546 (2005).

       Accordingly, because the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the

plaintiff’s claims against Prometric and Sawicki, it must grant their motions to dismiss to the

extent that they seek dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims against Prometric and Sawicki pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(1).

                                      IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that it must grant the NFLPA’s motion to

dismiss. The Court also concludes that it must grant in part and deny as moot in part Smith’s,

Prometric’s, and Sawicki’s motions to dismiss. Specifically, the Court will (1) grant Smith’s




                                                  17
motion to the extent that it seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims against Smith pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(6); (2) grant Prometric’s motion to the extent that it seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s

claims against Prometric pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1); (3) grant Sawicki’s motion to the extent that

it seeks dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims against Sawicki pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1); and (4)

deny as moot those motions in all other respects.

           SO ORDERED this 6th day of May, 2020. 9


                                                                     REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                     United States District Judge




9
    The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.



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