                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0630-18T2

JOHN ALDRIDGE,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

BM MOTOR CARS,

          Defendant-Appellant.


                    Submitted October 8, 2019 – Decided November 12, 2019

                    Before Judges Yannotti and Currier.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Union County, Docket No. DC-009011-18.

                    Jardim Meisner & Susser PC, attorneys for appellant
                    (Thomas Christoph Jardim, of counsel and on the
                    briefs; Scott D. Salmon, on the briefs).

                    John Aldridge, respondent pro se (John Aldridge and
                    Paul Nicholas De Petris, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
       Defendant BM Motor Cars appeals from the September 6, 2018 judgment

entered for plaintiff John Aldridge after a bench trial. The trial judge based his

damages award entirely on two estimates for repairs presented by defendant.

Because these documents were hearsay and admitted in error, and plaintiff failed

to provide any other evidence regarding his damages, plaintiff has not supported

his claim. Therefore, we reverse and remand to the trial court to vacate the

judgment award and enter judgment in favor of defendant.

       Prior to purchasing a 2014 Maserati from defendant, plaintiff noted there

were some dents and scratches on the car. Defendant agreed to fix the dents and

scratches and to paint certain portions of the vehicle, which it did over a period

of several weeks.

       Plaintiff claimed that after he picked up the car, the paint began to chip.

He did not return to defendant to discuss the issue, but instead obtained estimates

from two auto body shops for repairs. He thereafter instituted suit, alleging

breach of contract and seeking $9082 in damages. 1

       When the parties appeared for trial in the Special Civil Part, plaintiff

increased his demand for damages to $15,000, now including charges for a rental

car he used while defendant was repairing and painting the Maserati. Defense


1
    The estimates were in the amount of $18,137.81 and $14,882.46.
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                                        2
counsel objected to the admission of the estimates as hearsay. The judge

admitted the estimates into evidence, relying on Rule 1:1-2, and finding it was

in the interest of justice to relax the rules.

      Although plaintiff testified the paint had chipped on the rear doors, front

panels and front bumper, the estimates contained charges for proposed work to

the radiator, windshield, mirrors, headlamps, luggage lid and the removal and

installation of the wheels. Plaintiff conceded many of the listed items of work

in the estimates were unrelated to the re-painting of specific chipped areas.

      Defendant produced its general manager who described the work done on

the vehicle to repair dents and scratches. The witness also informed the court

that plaintiff had rejected his offer to repaint the vehicle free of charge, filing

suit instead. The general manager stated his estimate to repaint the particular

chipped areas would be $500.

      Following the completion of testimony, the judge found that, although

there was no initial obligation for defendant to fix the car, there was an oral

promise made by defendant to repair the dents and scratches, and plaintiff relied

upon that promise in his purchase of the vehicle. The judge stated defendant

assumed the responsibility of repairing the car and failed to perform its part of

the bargain when the newly painted parts began to chip.


                                                                           A-0630-18T2
                                           3
        In addressing damages, the judge determined that plaintiff was entitled to

have the damaged portions of the Maserati repainted. In considering a dollar

figure of damages, the judge acknowledged plaintiff's failure to produce a

witness to testify about the "high-priced" estimates. He also found the estimates

to be unreasonable. Because of these findings, the judge determined plaintiff

was entitled to only half of the lower estimate – $7,441.23 – and six days of

rental car charges – $190.08 – for a total judgment of $7,631.31.2

        On appeal, defendant argues that the judge erred in admitting the damage

estimates as the documents were hearsay, and in fashioning a remedy that bore

no relation to plaintiff’s actual damages.

        Our review of a trial court's findings in a bench trial is limited. We will

not disturb such findings unless "'they are so wholly insupportable as to result

in a denial of justice' . . . ." Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J.

474, 483-84 (1974) (quoting Greenfield v. Dusseault, 60 N.J. Super. 436, 444

(App. Div. 1960)). Such findings "are considered binding on appeal when

supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." Id. at 484 (citing

N.J. Turnpike Auth. v. Sisselman, 106 N.J. Super. 358 (App. Div. 1969)). We

review an evidentiary ruling for an abuse of discretion. Estate of Hanges v.


2
    With the addition of $107 in court costs, the total judgment was $7,738.31.
                                                                            A-0630-18T2
                                         4
Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 382 (2010) (quoting Hisenaj v.

Kuehner, 194 N.J. 6, 12 (2008)).

      Defendant contends the damages estimates were impermissible hearsay.

We agree.

      N.J.R.E. 801(c) defines hearsay as "a statement, other than one made by

the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove

the truth of the matter asserted." Hearsay is inadmissible except as provided by

the evidence rules or by other law. N.J.R.E. 802. Here, since the estimates

plaintiff relied upon were statements made outside of court, offered to prove his

alleged damages, the estimates were inadmissible hearsay.

      When defendant objected to the documents' admission, plaintiff did not

present any hearsay exception for their admissibility. Instead, the trial judge

overruled the objection, finding Rule 1:1-2 permitted him to "relax the rules in

the interests of justice."

      Rule 1:1-2 is a New Jersey Court rule. It sets forth "the guiding principle

for interpretation and application of the court rules" as "the achievement of

procedural due process in the service of substantial justice on the merits."

Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 1 on R. 1:1-2 (2019). It is

not a basis under which the court may dispense with an applicable evidence rule.


                                                                            A-0630-18T2
                                         5
      Here, the trial judge acknowledged the estimates were "high-priced," and

unreasonable because they contained charges for repairs to numerous items

unrelated to the chipped paint and the documents were unsupported by any

testimony. The judge's skepticism of the reasonableness of the estimates was

reflected in his decision to award half of the lesser estimate.

      That award, however, is unsupported by any credible evidence in the

record. Plaintiff was not an auto body expert. The estimates were inadmissible

evidence. Moreover, defendant offered to repaint the car at no cost to plaintiff.

Without any further proofs, plaintiff has not established he suffered any damage.

Therefore, we are constrained to reverse and vacate the judgment.

      Reversed, vacated and remanded to the trial court for the entry of

judgment in favor of defendant.




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