                     COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Benton, Willis and Clements
Argued at Salem, Virginia


TAZEWELL COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
 SOCIAL SERVICES, BOBBY THOMAS WEBB
 AND SANDRA LEA WEBB
                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v.   Record No. 1388-01-3              JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
                                               MARCH 5, 2002
MARY E. BOOTHE


            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF TAZEWELL COUNTY
                    Donald R. Mullins, Judge

          Stephen E. Arey; Kelly C. Necessary, Guardian
          ad litem for the minor children (F. Bradley
          Pyott; Stephen E. Arey, P.C.; Dudley,
          Galumbeck, Necessary & Dennis; Gillespie,
          Hart, Altizer & Whitesell, on brief), for
          appellants.

          No brief or argument for appellee.


     Appellants Tazewell County Department of Social Services

(DSS) and prospective adoptive parents Bobby Thomas Webb and

Sandra Lea Webb appeal the decision of the Circuit Court of

Tazewell County (trial court) invalidating the permanent

entrustment agreements executed by Mary E. Boothe as to her two

minor children and the orders based thereon of the juvenile and

domestic relations district court (juvenile court) terminating

Boothe's residual parental rights.    The trial court concluded


     * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not
designated for publication.
that, although Boothe had not, as she claimed, been coerced by

her attorney or the social worker into executing the permanent

entrustment agreements and had not revoked those agreements or

objected to or appealed from the orders terminating her residual

parental rights, Boothe's feeling "that her consent in signing

the entrustment agreements was not voluntary" constituted a

sufficient basis for rescinding the entrustment agreements and

the juvenile court's orders terminating her parental rights.

Appellants contend the trial court erred in reaching that

conclusion.    We agree and reverse the trial court's judgment.

     As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this

case and because this memorandum opinion carries no precedential

value, this opinion recites only those facts and incidents of the

proceedings as necessary to the parties' understanding of the

disposition of this appeal.

                           I.   BACKGROUND

     The record in this case includes a written statement of

facts in lieu of a transcript.    By order dated October 22, 1998,

the trial court, upon hearing evidence in a custody and visitation

proceeding, placed Boothe's two children, D.A.B. and B.T.B., born

November 8, 1993, and July 13, 1995, respectively, in foster care

with DSS and remanded the matter to the juvenile court for further

proceedings.   By order dated May 25, 2000, the juvenile court

approved, in accordance with the children's best interests, DSS's

foster care plan amending the goal for the children to adoption.

                                 - 2 -
On May 31, 2000, DSS filed a petition with the juvenile court for

termination of Boothe's residual parental rights to her children.

A termination hearing was set for July 13, 2000.

     On July 13, 2000, having been advised by her counsel of the

consequences of signing such documents, Boothe executed

entrustment agreements permanently relinquishing legal custody of

her two children to DSS for the purpose of adoption.   The

agreements executed by Boothe provided that they may be revoked

"until the child is 25 days old and fifteen days have elapsed from

the signing of this Agreement" or "any time prior to the child's

placement in the home of the adoptive parents."    The juvenile

court entered an order on July 13, 2000, noting Boothe's execution

of the permanent entrustment agreements and setting the matter

over to July 28, 2000, to allow Boothe the requisite fifteen days

to revoke the agreements, if she wished.   On July 28, 2000, Boothe

not having revoked the permanent entrustment agreements, the

juvenile court, finding by clear and convincing evidence that it

was in the children's best interests to do so, entered final

orders approving the permanent entrustment agreements and

terminating Boothe's residual parental rights to the two children.

Boothe did not object to the entry of those orders or note an

appeal from them.

     On November 8, 2000, the Webbs filed petitions with the trial

court to adopt D.A.B. and B.T.B.   The trial court entered orders

of reference regarding the two children on November 9, 2000,

                              - 3 -
noting, inter alia, that the children had already been placed in

the Webbs' home.

     In a letter to the juvenile court dated December 18, 2000,

Boothe asked the court to stop the adoption proceedings and to

hold a trial on the termination of her parental rights.    In the

letter, Boothe claimed that her attorney and the DSS social

worker assigned to the case pressured her into signing the

entrustment agreements on July 13, 2000.    She further noted that

she was not in the "right state of mind" when she executed the

agreements because her husband had been sentenced on June 2,

2000, to sixty years in prison.   She also noted that she was

sentenced to three years in prison on August 16, 2000.    In a

subsequent letter to the trial court dated January 2, 2001,

Boothe made the same claims and requests.

     Upon receipt of Boothe's letter, the trial court, sua

sponte, set a hearing for April 11, 2001, to determine whether

Boothe had been coerced into executing the permanent entrustment

agreements.   At that hearing, Boothe testified that she was

"under a great deal of stress" at the time she entered into the

permanent entrustment agreements.   She stated that her husband

had been sentenced to sixty years in prison and she could not

eat, sleep, or hold a job.   She also stated that, on July 13,

2000, before the scheduled termination hearing, both her

attorney and the social worker showed her the entrustment

agreements and told her that, "if she loved her children enough,

                               - 4 -
she would do the right thing."    According to Boothe, the social

worker advised her that the children would stay together if they

were adopted.   Boothe was also advised that DSS would go ahead

with the termination hearing if she did not execute the

entrustment agreements.

     Boothe further testified that she spoke with her attorney

for approximately fifteen minutes after the social worker left

the room.   Boothe recalled that, while her attorney never told

her to sign the agreements, she did tell her that "it was no use

to proceed with the termination hearing."   Ultimately, according

to Boothe, her attorney convinced her that signing the

entrustment agreements "was the right thing to do."   Her

attorney, Boothe further recalled, also advised her that she

would have fifteen days after executing the agreements to revoke

them if she changed her mind.    Thus, according to Boothe,

although she initially wanted to proceed with the termination

hearing, she ended up signing the agreements.

     Boothe further testified that she was not threatened during

this matter and that she did not get angry.   She also stated

that she spoke with the guardian ad litem for the children

during that time, but they did not discuss the entrustment

agreements.

     Social worker Dominica Asbury testified that, prior to the

scheduled termination hearing on July 13, 2000, she discussed

with Boothe, in the presence of Boothe's attorney, the

                                 - 5 -
possibility of executing entrustment agreements in lieu of

proceeding with the termination hearing.   She stated that she

told Boothe that such agreements would be in the best interests

of her children.   Asbury further testified that, following the

discussion, she left Boothe with her attorney.

     Attorney Susan Henderson, who represented Boothe at the

termination proceedings on July 13, 2000, testified that she was

aware at the time of Boothe's pending criminal proceedings and

her husband's recent incarceration.    Henderson further testified

that Boothe did not mention either matter during their

discussions about the entrustment agreements, either in the

presence of the social worker or later when they were alone.

She added that Boothe was not under medical or psychological

treatment at the time she executed the agreements.

     Henderson also testified that, following the social

worker's departure from the room, she advised Boothe that she

was prepared to go forward with the termination hearing.      She

also stated that she advised Boothe that getting the hearing

continued was not likely and that, "based on the facts and the

testimony of the witnesses who were summoned to testify, the

judge would probably enter an order of termination."    She

further testified that Boothe initially wanted to go ahead with

the hearing but ultimately decided to execute the permanent

entrustment agreements.   Henderson recalled that she

specifically advised Boothe that she had fifteen days in which

                               - 6 -
to revoke the entrustment agreements, as did the juvenile court

judge when they informed him that permanent entrustment

agreements had been executed.

     Upon the evidence heard at the April 11, 2001 hearing, the

trial court found, inter alia, (1) that Boothe did not revoke

the entrustment agreements she executed on July 13, 2000, or

object to or appeal from the juvenile court's final orders of

July 28, 2000, approving those agreements and terminating Boothe's

residual parental rights and (2) that Boothe was not coerced by

her attorney, the social worker, or anybody else associated with

the proceedings into executing the permanent entrustment

agreements she entered into on July 13, 2000.   Nevertheless, the

trial court nullified the entrustment agreements and the

juvenile court's orders based on those agreements and remanded

the matter to the juvenile court for a termination hearing

because the trial court was "of the opinion" that Boothe

          felt that her consent in signing the
          entrustment agreements was not voluntary
          because among other reasons, she had entered
          a plea of guilty to certain criminal charges
          in the Circuit Court of Tazewell County,
          Virginia on July 12, 2000 and her husband
          . . . had been sentenced by a jury to sixty
          years in the state penitentiary upon
          conclusion of a trial on June 2, 2000.

This appeal followed.

                          II.   ANALYSIS

     Appellants contend that the trial court erred when it

invalidated the entrustment agreements and the juvenile court's

                                - 7 -
orders terminating Boothe's parental rights on the basis of its

finding that Boothe "felt that her consent in signing the

entrustment agreements was not voluntary."   We agree.

     Code § 63.1-219.30, which sets forth the method by which a

permanent entrustment agreement may be revoked, provides, in

pertinent part, as follows:

               A valid entrustment agreement
          terminating all parental rights and
          responsibilities to the child shall be
          revocable by either of the birth parents
          until (i) the child has reached the age of
          twenty-five days and (ii) fifteen days have
          elapsed from the date of execution of the
          agreement. In addition, a valid entrustment
          agreement shall be revocable by either of
          the birth parents if the child has not been
          placed in the home of adoptive parents at
          the time of such revocation.

     Here, Boothe did not object in any manner to the permanent

entrustment agreements she executed on July 13, 2000, until she

sent a letter dated December 18, 2000, to the juvenile court and

a similar letter dated January 2, 2001, to the trial court,

stating that she was pressured by her attorney and the DSS

social worker into signing the entrustment agreements and that

she was not in the "right state of mind" at the time.    Clearly,

then, the entrustment agreements were not revoked in accordance

with the provisions of Code § 63.1-219.30.   Not only did Boothe

fail to revoke the entrustment agreements within the allowable

fifteen days following their execution, the subject children

were more than twenty-five days old at all times pertinent to


                              - 8 -
these proceedings and the children had been placed in the home of

the adoptive parents well before Boothe manifested her intent to

challenge the entrustment agreements.

     Our analysis, however, does not end there.   Code

§ 63.1-219.28 provides that the parental rights of a birth

parent who has executed a permanent entrustment agreement may be

restored to the birth parent "by circuit court order prior to

the entry of a final order of adoption upon proof of fraud or

duress."   Thus, to set aside the permanent entrustment

agreements executed in the present case by Boothe, the trial

court had to make a finding of fraud or duress.

     Upon our review of the record, we conclude that the trial

court made no such finding.   Indeed, no allegation of fraud was

ever made, and no evidence of any fraud was presented.

Furthermore, the trial court specifically found, upon the

evidence presented at the April 11, 2001 evidentiary hearing,

that Boothe was not coerced by her attorney, the social worker,

or anybody else associated with the proceedings into executing

the permanent entrustment agreements.   Rather, the trial court

invalidated the entrustment agreements solely on the basis of

its finding that Boothe "felt that her consent in signing the

entrustment agreements was not voluntary" due to, "among other

reasons," her continuing criminal proceedings and her husband's

incarceration.   In our view, such a finding does not constitute

a finding of duress.

                               - 9 -
     In considering the issue of whether a parent had entered

into a permanent entrustment agreement under the influence of

duress in Norfolk Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Unknown Father, 2 Va.

App. 420, 345 S.E.2d 533 (1986), we described duress as follows:

                "Duress . . . means that degree of
           constraint or danger, either actually
           inflicted or threatened and impending, which
           is sufficient in severity or in apprehension
           to overcome the mind and will of a person of
           ordinary firmness. . . .

           *      *      *      *      *      *      *

                Duress may exist whether or not the
           threat is sufficient to overcome the mind of
           a man of ordinary courage, it being
           sufficient to constitute duress that one
           party to the transaction is prevented from
           exercising his free will by reason of
           threats made by the other and that the
           contract is obtained by reason of such fact.
           Unless these elements are present, however,
           duress does not exist. . . . Authorities
           are in accord that the threatened act must
           be wrongful to constitute duress."

Id. at 434-35, 345 S.E.2d at 541 (quoting 6B Michie's

Jurisprudence Duress and Undue Influence §§ 2-3 (Repl. Vol.

1985)).   "The general rule is that 'duress must have been

exercised upon him or her who sets it up as a defense, by him

who claims the benefit of the contract, or by someone acting in

his behalf or with his knowledge.'"    Id. (quoting 25 Am. Jur. 2d

Duress and Undue Influence § 21 (1966)).

     Here, the trial court's finding that Boothe "felt that her

consent in signing the entrustment agreements was not voluntary"

was based not on any wrongful threats or coercion exercised upon

                              - 10 -
Boothe by those who had any interest in the entrustment

agreements, or by those acting in their behalf.   Rather, it was

based on unfortunate circumstances in Boothe's life, at least

partly of her own doing, that were beyond the control of DSS and

Boothe's attorney.   Thus, while there can be little doubt that

Boothe's decision to execute the permanent entrustment

agreements was fraught with stress and accompanied by a wide

range of feelings, we conclude that the trial court made no

finding of duress in connection with Boothe's execution of those

agreements.

     We hold, therefore, that, because it had no legal basis for

doing so, the trial court erred in rescinding the permanent

entrustment agreements executed by Boothe and the juvenile

court's orders based thereon terminating Boothe's residual

parental rights.   Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's

judgment and remand for further adoption proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                                         Reversed and remanded.




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