                 FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ABDUL R. ALMAGHZAR,                     No. 04-35863
            Petitioner-Appellant,          D.C. No.
              v.                        CV-04-01888-PA
ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney             ORDER
General,                                 AMENDING
            Respondent-Appellee.        OPINION AND
                                          AMENDED
                                          OPINION

       Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the District of Oregon
        Owen M. Panner, Senior Judge, Presiding

                Argued and Submitted
         September 12, 2005—Portland, Oregon

                  Filed June 8, 2006
                Amended August 3, 2006

    Before: Raymond C. Fisher, Ronald M. Gould, and
              Carlos T. Bea, Circuit Judges.

                 Opinion by Judge Gould;
  Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge Fisher




                           8855
                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                 8859


                         COUNSEL

Philip James Smith, Portland, Oregon, for petitioner-appellant
Abdul R. Almaghzar.

Kenneth C. Bauman, Assistant United States Attorney, Port-
land, Oregon, for respondent-appellee Alberto Gonzales,
Attorney General.
8860               ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
                          ORDER

  Respondent’s Unopposed Request for Modification of the
Decision is GRANTED. The opinion filed on June 8, 2006,
and published at 450 F.3d 415 (9th Cir. 2006), is AMENDED
as follows.

  On page 422 of the opinion, the first paragraph under the
subheading “B. The Merits of Almaghzar’s CAT Claim”
begins as follows:

       To receive the protection of the CAT, an alien
    must prove that it is more likely than not that the
    alien would be tortured if removed. 8 C.F.R.
    § 208.16(c)(2). An alien must establish that he or she
    would be tortured on account of a particular belief or
    immutable characteristic. Kamalthas, 251 F.3d at
    1283. Because this a factual determination, the sub-
    stantial evidence test governs our review. Monjaraz-
    Munoz, 327 F.3d at 895.

The second sentence of that paragraph is deleted, and the cita-
tion to Kamalthas is moved to follow the citation to 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(c)(2), so that the final paragraph now begins as fol-
lows:

       To receive the protection of the CAT, an alien
    must prove that it is more likely than not that the
    alien would be tortured if removed. 8 C.F.R.
    § 208.16(c)(2); Kamalthas, 251 F.3d at 1283.
    Because this is a factual determination, the substan-
    tial evidence test governs our review. Monjaraz-
    Munoz, 327 F.3d at 895.

  IT IS SO ORDERED.
                         ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                            8861
                                OPINION

GOULD, Circuit Judge:

   Petitioner-Appellant Abdul Almaghzar (Almaghzar), a
native and citizen of Yemen, appeals the district court’s denial
of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We construe his
petition as a timely filed petition for review of a decision of
the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA).1 In his petition
Almaghzar contends (1) that the frivolous asylum application
bar was erroneously applied to his asylum application, (2) that
the Immigration Judge (IJ) incorrectly disregarded testimony
that explained discrepancies in Almaghzar’s testimony, (3)
that Almaghzar was not allowed to present a claim under the
Convention Against Torture (CAT),2 (4) that Almaghzar’s
hearing violated his right to due process under the Fifth Amend-
ment,3 and (5) that the IJ erred in concluding that Almagh-
  1
     After Almaghzar filed his habeas petition in the district court, and after
the district court denied Almaghzar’s petition, Congress enacted the
REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231. Section 106(a)
of that Act makes “the circuit courts the ‘sole’ judicial body able to review
challenges to final orders of deportation, exclusion, or removal.” Alvarez-
Barajas v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2005). The REAL ID
Act eliminates habeas jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 over final
orders of deportation, exclusion, and removal. Alvarez-Barajas, 418 F.3d
at 1052. The Act requires that all habeas petitions pending before the dis-
trict courts at the time of enactment be transferred to the circuit courts, but
it is silent about how habeas petitions then pending on appeal before the
circuit courts should be treated. Id. at 1053. In Alvarez-Barajas we held
that any such petition “should be construed as if it were a timely filed peti-
tion for review with this court.” Id. Applying this precedent, we conclude
that the substantive and procedural provisions of the REAL ID Act govern
Almaghzar’s claims.
   2
     Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20
(1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85.
   3
     The Fifth Amendment reads, in relevant part, “No person shall . . . be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law . . . .” U.S.
Const. amend. V.
8862                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
zar’s two prior criminal convictions were particularly serious
crimes. In its reasoned opinion the BIA rejected these argu-
ments, and we affirm.

                                    I

   Almaghzar arrived in the United States from Yemen in
November of 1992. Almaghzar filed a Request for Asylum
dated December 9, 1992, in which he gave an Anaheim, Cali-
fornia, address. In his asylum application, Almaghzar stated
that if forced to return to Yemen he feared persecution from
pro-Communist forces there. The Immigration and Natural-
ization Service (INS) denied Almaghzar’s application in
March of 1994. Thereafter Almaghzar retained counsel, and
his case was reopened and remained pending until 1998.
Sometime between 1994 and 1998 Almaghzar moved to Ore-
gon.4 In April of 1997 he married a U.S. citizen and filed an
adjustment application. Before Almaghzar’s application could
be processed the marriage dissolved, and in 1998 the INS ini-
tiated removal proceedings against Almaghzar in Portland. At
a hearing before the IJ on September 13, 1998, Almaghzar
agreed to submit his original asylum application, which was
then still pending in California, to the Immigration Court in
Oregon. The parties disagree whether this submission was a
new application for asylum, or was a transfer of Almaghzar’s
then-pending application.

   On November 13, 1998, the IJ denied Almaghzar’s applica-
tion for asylum and withholding of removal because the IJ
found that Almaghzar was not credible, and the IJ ordered
Almaghzar removed to Yemen. Further, the IJ found that
Almaghzar had filed a frivolous asylum application and that,
  4
    The record does not indicate when Almaghzar moved to Oregon. His
1992 Request for Asylum listed an Anaheim, California address, the
adjustment application that Almaghzar filed after he married a U.S. citizen
is not in the record, and the record does not tell us where Almaghzar lived
between 1994 and 1998.
                        ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                          8863
as a result, he was “permanently ineligible for any benefits”
under the Immigration and Nationality Act. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(6). The IJ found that Almaghzar was not credible,
in part because Almaghzar had told two different tales about
his treatment in Yemen.5 At the time of the IJ’s decision,
relief under the CAT was not available because Congress had
not yet implemented the provisions of the CAT prohibiting
the return of aliens to countries where they would be in dan-
ger of suffering torture.6

   Almaghzar appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, but while
his case was pending on that appeal he was charged by the
United States with one count of fraudulently trading food
stamps for methamphetamine in violation of 7 U.S.C.
§ 2024(b) and with one count of knowingly and intentionally
distributing methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1).7 He pled guilty to both charges on July 27, 2000,
  5
     The discrepancies between his stories need not be recounted, because
Almaghzar does not argue that the IJ erred in determining that the stories
were inconsistent to the point that they were not credible. Nor does he
contend that translation errors caused the inconsistencies. Although
Almaghzar testified at his second hearing and claimed before the BIA that
his affidavit and the transcript of his first hearing contained translation
errors, he does not press this claim on appeal. Rather, he argues that testi-
mony at a later hearing by Dr. Givi, a licensed clinical psychologist,
explains the inconsistencies.
   6
     The United States ratified the CAT in 1994. Congress implemented
Article 3 of the CAT on October 21, 1998, with the Foreign Affairs
Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998. Pub. L. No. 105-277, § 2242, 112
Stat. 2681-822 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1231 note).
   7
     The indictment, filed March 1, 2000, charged Almaghzar with three
counts of using “a food benefit authorization card in a manner not autho-
rized by law” and three counts of “unlawfully and intentionally distribut[-
ing] methamphetamine, a schedule II controlled substance, in violation of
Title 21, United States Code, Section 841(a)(1).” In a superseding infor-
mation filed on June 29, 2000, the U.S. Attorney charged Almaghzar with
one count of using a food benefit authorization card in connection with the
delivery of methamphetamine in violation of 7 U.S.C. § 2023(b), and with
one count of distributing methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1).
8864                    ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
and on October 2, 2000, Almaghzar was sentenced to thirty-
seven months in federal prison. After serving his sentence he
was released into the custody of the INS and detained pursu-
ant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(B).8 The INS notified the BIA
that Almaghzar had been convicted of distribution of metham-
phetamine, and the BIA construed this notice as a request for
remand to the IJ, which the BIA granted.

   The IJ, who had last conducted proceedings in this case in
November 1998, then held another hearing on June 30, 2003.
Almaghzar called as a witness Dr. Givi, a licensed clinical
psychologist, in an effort to rehabilitate Almaghzar’s earlier
testimony that had been discredited by the IJ. Dr. Givi
explained that as the basis for his testimony he had inter-
viewed and observed Almaghzar, conducted “a large number
of assessments,” and reviewed documents from Almaghzar’s
attorney, including Almaghzar’s pre-hearing statement, his
Request for Asylum, his affidavit, the oral decision of the IJ,
and Almaghzar’s brief on appeal to the BIA.

   Dr. Givi testified that Almaghzar suffered from post-
traumatic stress disorder stemming from imprisonment and
torture in Yemen and from sexual abuse suffered at a young
age. Dr. Givi also testified that post-traumatic stress disorder
often impairs memory and the ability to concentrate, and that
these symptoms explained the inconsistencies in Almaghzar’s
prior testimony. Although Dr. Givi was aware of Almaghzar’s
conviction for distributing methamphetamine, Dr. Givi was
not aware of Almaghzar’s conviction for food stamp fraud.
For this reason, the IJ disregarded Dr. Givi’s testimony, con-
cluding that Almaghzar’s fraud conviction for his role in a
complex criminal enterprise in which he had sold metham-
phetamine for food stamps was inconsistent with Dr. Givi’s
  8
    This statute provides, in relevant part, “The Attorney General shall take
into custody any alien who . . . is deportable by reason of having commit-
ted any offense covered in section 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), (A)(iii), (B), (C), or
(D).” 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1)(B).
                    ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                  8865
opinion that Almaghzar was incapable of complex, non-linear
thinking.

   At the same hearing Almaghzar offered evidence in support
of his CAT claim, including reports detailing that torture does
occur in Yemen. Almaghzar also testified at the hearing,
offering an account of his activities in Yemen that differed
from both Almaghzar’s affidavit and his testimony at his first
hearing. The IJ denied Almaghzar’s request for asylum and
for withholding of removal, found that Almaghzar had filed
a frivolous application for asylum, found that Almaghzar had
no valid claim under the CAT, and ordered Almaghzar
removed to Yemen. Almaghzar appealed to the BIA, which
affirmed the IJ’s decision.

                               II

   On a petition for review, the BIA’s decisions regarding
purely legal questions are reviewed de novo, “giving defer-
ence to the BIA’s interpretation unless that interpretation is
contrary to the plain and sensible meaning of the statute.”
Simeonov v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 532, 535 (9th Cir. 2004). BIA
decisions regarding whether an alien is eligible for asylum
must be affirmed if supported by substantial evidence.
Karouni v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1163, 1170 (9th Cir. 2005).
“We review the BIA’s findings of fact, including credibility
findings, for substantial evidence and must uphold the BIA’s
finding unless the evidence compels a contrary result.”
Monjaraz-Munoz v. INS, 327 F.3d 892, 895 (9th Cir. 2003).
Congress has codified this deferential standard of review. See
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (“[T]he administrative findings of
fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would
be compelled to conclude the contrary.”).

                              III

  We first address Almaghzar’s challenge to the IJ’s determi-
nation that the frivolous asylum application bar applied in this
8866                  ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
case. The frivolous asylum application bar, id. § 1158(d)(6),
renders an alien permanently ineligible for immigration bene-
fits if his or her asylum application is found to be knowingly
frivolous. The statute requires that an asylum applicant
receive notice of the consequences of filing a frivolous appli-
cation. Id. § 1158(d)(4)(A).9 Under the regulations imple-
menting the frivolous asylum application bar, an application
is frivolous “if any of its material elements is deliberately fab-
ricated.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20. The regulations require that a
finding of frivolousness “only be made if the immigration
judge or the Board is satisfied that the applicant, during the
course of the proceedings, has had sufficient opportunity to
account for any discrepancies or implausible aspects of the
claim.” Id. The frivolous asylum application bar applies to
asylum applications filed on or after April 1, 1997. Id.
Almaghzar does not challenge the substantive determination
that his asylum application was frivolous. Rather, he argues
that, because he filed his application in 1992, the frivolous
asylum application bar does not apply to him. The parties dis-
pute whether, in submitting his application to the Immigration
Court in Oregon in 1998, Almaghzar filed a new application
or instead transferred his application that was then pending in
California.

   [1] Aliens seeking judicial review of a final order of
removal must first exhaust all available administrative reme-
dies. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). While before the IJ, Almaghzar
never claimed to have filed his asylum application before the
frivolous asylum application bar took effect—not even when
the IJ warned him about the frivolous asylum application
bar’s potential applicability and asked whether, notwithstand-
ing that risk, he wanted to proceed with his application. Nor
did Almaghzar raise the timing issue when he challenged the
IJ’s application of the bar before the BIA. Accordingly, we
  9
   Almaghzar does not dispute that he received notice of the conse-
quences of filing a frivolous asylum application as required by 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(4)(A).
                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                 8867
hold that Almaghzar has not exhausted his claim that he filed
his application before the frivolous asylum application bar
took effect, and we decline to review this claim.

                             IV

   We do not address whether the frivolous asylum applica-
tion bar precludes a claim under the CAT because that was
not the basis upon which the IJ and the BIA denied relief on
Almaghzar’s CAT claim. See SEC v. Chenery Corp. (Chenery
II), 332 U.S. 194, 199 (1947) (“[A] reviewing court, in deal-
ing with a determination or judgment which an administrative
agency alone is authorized to make, must judge the propriety
of such action solely by the grounds invoked by the agency.”).
Instead, we review the BIA’s determination that Almaghzar
did, in fact, have an opportunity to present a CAT claim, and
its determination that Almaghzar’s CAT claim lacked merit.
Almaghzar contends that both of these conclusions are in
error, arguing that his second hearing was plagued by due
process violations and that the substantive determination that
he was not entitled to CAT relief is incorrect. We address
these arguments in turn.

A.   Almaghzar’s Due Process Claims

  Almaghzar claims that he suffered various violations of his
due process rights during his second hearing before the IJ. We
address each of Almaghzar’s contentions below.

   [2] First, Almaghzar asserts that the IJ prevented Almagh-
zar from presenting evidence to support his claim under the
CAT. However, the transcript of the hearing shows that
Almaghzar was allowed to present evidence in support of his
CAT claim. Dr. Givi testified about his psychological evalua-
tion of Almaghzar, Almaghzar presented several reports
describing torture in Yemen, and Almaghzar testified at
length about the inconsistencies in his prior testimony, his
activities in Yemen, and his asylum application. Because
8868               ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
Almaghzar was allowed to present evidence regarding his
CAT claim, and because Almaghzar’s presentation was not
limited in any meaningful respect, we reject Almaghzar’s due
process claim.

   [3] Almaghzar’s second claim is that his right to due pro-
cess was violated when the IJ allowed the adverse credibility
determination to dictate the outcome of the CAT claim. Under
Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279 (9th Cir. 2001), claims
under the CAT are analytically separate from an application
for asylum. Id. at 1283. The Kamalthas court held that the
BIA abused its discretion when it refused to reopen
Kamalthas’s case, which presented a new CAT claim, when
Kamalthas’s asylum application had previously been denied
because Kamalthas was found not credible. Id. at 1280.
Because the elements of a CAT claim are different from a
claim for asylum, the Kamalthas court held that the BIA erred
in relying on its previous adverse credibility determination
and in refusing to consider documentary evidence of torture
in Kamalthas’s native Sri Lanka, thus denying Kamalthas the
opportunity to make a prima facie case. Id. at 1284.

   [4] Here, there was no denial of consideration of the docu-
mentary evidence. Almaghzar presented additional informa-
tion supporting his CAT claim, including reports detailing
human rights abuses in Yemen. Kamalthas requires that an
applicant be given the opportunity to make a claim under the
CAT by introducing documentary evidence of torture, but nei-
ther Kamalthas nor due process requires an IJ to rely on that
evidence to grant relief when the applicant is not credible.
Further, the IJ specifically said that “[t]he Court has consid-
ered all of the evidence, documentary and testimonial,
whether or not I specifically mention it here,” and the IJ con-
cluded that there was “no basis to find a Convention Against
Torture claim.” We do not interpret or extend Kamalthas to
require more.

  [5] Third, Almaghzar challenges the determination that Dr.
Givi was not credible. This factual determination may be
                    ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                   8869
overturned only if the evidence compels a contrary result.
Monjaraz-Munoz, 327 F.3d at 895. The IJ discounted Dr.
Givi’s testimony after discovering that Dr. Givi did not know
of Almaghzar’s conviction for a scheme in which Almaghzar
had distributed methamphetamine for food stamps; the IJ con-
cluded that Almaghzar’s conviction was inconsistent with Dr.
Givi’s contention that Almaghzar was incapable of “function-
ing in a linear fashion.” The evidence does not compel the
conclusion that Dr. Givi’s testimony was credible, and we
therefore will not reverse the IJ’s negative credibility determi-
nation.

   [6] Fourth, Almaghzar claims that the IJ did not consider
the documentary evidence of torture in Yemen. The IJ did not
specifically discuss the documentary evidence in his oral deci-
sion, apart from his general statement that he had considered
all documentary and testimonial evidence, whether or not dis-
cussed. Almaghzar attacks this as “boilerplate” language,
arguing that the evidence should have received “individual-
ized consideration” as required by 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3).
That regulation, however, does not require an IJ’s decision to
discuss every piece of evidence; it requires only that the IJ
consider all evidence. Id. § 1208.16(c)(3). Because there is no
evidence that the IJ failed to consider Almaghzar’s documen-
tary evidence, we accept the IJ’s general statement that he
considered all the evidence before him.

   [7] Finally, Almaghzar claims that the IJ conducted the sec-
ond hearing in a partisan matter. He compares the IJ’s con-
duct during the hearing to that of the IJ in Colmenar v. INS,
210 F.3d 967 (9th Cir. 2000), who refused to let Colmenar
testify about certain critical aspects of his claims. Id. at 972.
Even though Almaghzar’s IJ expressed skepticism about how
Dr. Givi’s testimony could provide insight on the credibility
determination, the IJ allowed Dr. Givi to testify. This distin-
guishes Almaghzar’s claim from that presented in Colmenar.
Although the IJ showed impatience at times, Almaghzar had
ample opportunity to present his case, and the record as a
8870                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
whole does not suggest that the IJ did not conduct the hearing
with an open mind.

   [8] In sum, the IJ did not violate Almaghzar’s due process
rights during the second hearing.

B.     The Merits of Almaghzar’s CAT Claim

   [9] To receive the protection of the CAT, an alien must
prove that it is more likely than not that the alien would be
tortured if removed. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); Kamalthas, 251
F.3d at 1283. Because this is a factual determination, the sub-
stantial evidence test governs our review. Monjaraz-Munoz,
327 F.3d at 895. The evidence supporting Almaghzar’s claim
is his discredited testimony and general reports indicating that
torture occurs in Yemen. Because Almaghzar’s testimony was
found not credible, to reverse the BIA’s decision we would
have to find that the reports alone compelled the conclusion
that Almaghzar is more likely than not to be tortured.10
Although the reports confirm that torture takes place in
Yemen, they do not compel the conclusion that Almaghzar
would be tortured if returned. Therefore, we defer to the IJ
and BIA’s determination that relief under the CAT is unavail-
able.11
  10
      Jon E. Mandaville, a professor in the History Department and Middle
East Studies Center at Portland State University, testified before the dis-
trict court that Almaghzar was likely to be tortured upon his return to
Yemen. Because we now review the BIA decision, rather than the district
court decision, it is questionable whether this testimony is properly before
us. However, assuming without deciding that this testimony is before us,
we find it unhelpful. Professor Mandaville explicitly conditioned his con-
clusion that Almaghzar is likely to be tortured upon his return on the
assumption that Almaghzar’s testimony was truthful, which the IJ found
not to be the case.
   11
      The dissent argues that we should remand Almaghzar’s CAT claim to
the BIA under INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12 (2002) (per curiam), and Gon-
zales v. Thomas, 126 S. Ct. 1613 (2006) (per curiam), because the dissent
claims that we are deciding Almaghzar’s CAT claim in the first instance.
                      ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                        8871
                                   V

   [10] We are without jurisdiction to review Almaghzar’s
claim that the IJ erred in concluding that Almaghzar’s felony
convictions constituted particularly serious crimes that bar
him from withholding of removal. “[N]o court shall have
jurisdiction to review any final order of removal against an
alien who is removable by reason of having committed a
criminal offense covered in section 1182(a)(2) . . . .” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(C).

   [11] Nevertheless, we may review claims that an appli-
cant’s constitutional rights were violated. Id. § 1252(a)(2)(D).
Almaghzar argues that his Fifth Amendment right to due pro-
cess was violated when the IJ disregarded Dr. Givi’s testi-
mony, did not permit Almaghzar to testify about the
circumstances surrounding his criminal conviction, and con-
ducted the hearing in a partisan, adversarial manner. As dis-
cussed in the previous section, Almaghzar was allowed to
present the testimony of Dr. Givi, Almaghzar’s ability to pre-
sent evidence was not impaired in any way, and the IJ con-
ducted the hearing in a fair manner. We reject Almaghzar’s
due process challenge to the IJ’s determination that Almagh-
zar’s crimes were particularly serious.

                                  VI

   [12] Almaghzar fails to present this court with evidence
that compels the conclusion that the IJ and BIA erred in find-
ing that Almaghzar and Dr. Givi were not credible. Further-

Ventura and Thomas require that we remand when the agency has not yet
considered the issue. See Thomas, 126 S. Ct. at 1615; Ventura, 534 U.S.
at 17. But we here hold that the IJ and BIA decided the merits of Almagh-
zar’s CAT claim, with the benefit of the country condition reports
Almaghzar introduced into evidence, and the IJ generally said that he had
considered all evidence. Neither Ventura nor Thomas require us to remand
an issue to the agency when the agency has already considered the issue.
8872                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
more, Almaghzar’s due process claims are without merit, as
it is clear on the record that he had ample opportunity to pres-
ent his CAT and asylum claims, and that the IJ was not
biased. Accordingly, treating Almaghzar’s habeas petition in
the district court as a petition for review of the BIA decision,
we agree with the denial of relief by the BIA, and the petition
for review is hereby denied.

   PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.



FISHER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in
part:

   Both the immigration judge (IJ) and the Board of Immigra-
tion Appeals (BIA) completely ignored our standards for
adjudicating Convention Against Torture (CAT) claims as
explicated in Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279 (9th Cir.
2001). The IJ committed two interrelated errors, neither of
which the BIA corrected. First, the IJ uncritically imported
the adverse credibility determination from the asylum context
into the CAT context. Second, the IJ failed to articulate with
any specificity why the country conditions evidence of torture
in Yemen, along with the other evidence in the record, did not
suffice to establish Almaghzar’s CAT claim. Accordingly,
although I concur in most of the other aspects of the majori-
ty’s opinion,1 I respectfully dissent from the majority’s hold-
  1
    Although I ultimately concur in the majority’s result with respect to
Almaghzar’s allegations of a denial of due process because of the IJ’s par-
tiality during the 2003 hearing, I do not endorse the IJ’s hostility, espe-
cially as directed towards Almaghzar’s expert witness, Dr. Givi. The IJ
made a snide comment about Dr. Givi being an expert in lying, blew up
at Dr. Givi and badgered him on the stand without permitting him to
answer the IJ’s questions and implied that Dr. Givi was testifying on
behalf of Almaghzar because of their shared Middle Eastern ethnicity.
This behavior constituted more than mere “impatience,” (op. at 8869); it
was abusive and unprofessional.
                       ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                         8873
ings regarding Almaghzar’s CAT claim and would remand
that claim to the BIA for reevaluation in light of Yemeni
country conditions evidence.

   Two years before Almaghzar’s 2003 hearing, Kamalthas
held that “a claim under the Convention [Against Torture] is
not merely a subset of claims for either asylum or withholding
of removal,” but rather is an “analytically separate” claim.
251 F.3d at 1283. In a passage particularly relevant to the IJ’s
treatment of Almaghzar’s CAT claim, Kamalthas stated that
“[w]e are not comfortable with allowing a negative credibility
determination in the asylum context to wash over the torture
claim . . . .” Id. at 1284 (quoting Mansour v. INS, 230 F.3d
902, 908 (7th Cir. 2000)). Kamalthas further held that the
BIA’s failure to consider country reports attesting to the like-
lihood that the petitioner would be tortured if removed to Sri
Lanka was reversible error and vacated the BIA’s denial of a
motion to reopen the petitioner’s case. See id. “[T]he Board
abuse[s] its discretion in failing to recognize that country con-
ditions alone can play a decisive role in granting relief under
the Convention.” Id. at 1280 (emphasis added).

   The similarities between this case and Kamalthas are strik-
ing. As the majority acknowledges, “[t]he IJ did not specifi-
cally discuss the documentary evidence [of torture in Yemen]
in his oral decision.” (Op. at 8869.) Neither did the BIA;
indeed, the BIA did nothing more than note that Almaghzar
had appealed the IJ’s CAT ruling and then went on to summa-
rily deny that portion of his appeal.2 Further, just as in
  2
    As in Kamalthas, the BIA did not just affirm the IJ, but wrote an opin-
ion. Accordingly, we are bound to review the BIA’s opinion in the first
instance rather than the IJ’s ruling. See Albathani v. INS, 318 F.3d 365,
373 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Ordinarily, Courts of Appeals review decisions of
the [BIA], and not those of an IJ.”) (quoting Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d
266, 271 (3d Cir. 2002)). However, in this case, the BIA’s utter lack of
analysis on the CAT issue leaves us no choice but to consider the IJ’s rea-
soning with respect to the CAT claim in order to understand the BIA’s
8874                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
Kamalthas, the IJ in this case “plainly overrelied on [his]
prior adverse credibility finding.” 251 F.3d at 1284. The IJ’s
only discussion of Almaghzar’s CAT claim was a reiteration
of all of the reasons he found Almaghzar not to be credible
on his asylum claim:

     I also find that there’s no basis to consider a claim
     under the Convention Against Torture because
     frankly, with the variety of stories that the Respon-
     dent has told, the misleading nature of his presenta-
     tion about himself to the psychologist taken together
     with the fraud conviction that he has as well as the
     distribution of methamphetamine which was part and
     parcel to those fraud operations, that the Court does
     not place any credibility on any of the claims what-
     soever. So there would be no basis to find a Conven-
     tion Against Torture claim.

   Kamalthas explicitly held that the BIA cannot deny relief
“without recognizing the proper standard for establishing a
prima facie case and giving weight to relevant country condi-
tions,” id.; and it abuses its discretion “when it fail[s] to state
its reasons and show proper consideration of all factors when
weighing equities and denying relief,” id. (quoting Arrozal v.
INS, 159 F.3d 429, 432 (9th Cir. 1998)). Both the IJ and the
BIA failed to recognize and apply the appropriate and distinct
CAT standard, to consider relevant country conditions and to
state their reasons why those conditions did not support
Alamghzar’s claim that he could be tortured if returned to

reasons for affirming. Cf. Avetova-Elisseva v. INS, 213 F.3d 1192, 1197
(9th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he BIA’s . . . phrasing seems in part to suggest that
it did conduct an independent review of the record. . . . But the lack of
analysis that the BIA opinion devoted to the issue at hand — its simple
statement of a conclusion — also suggests that the BIA gave significant
weight to the IJ’s findings. In light of that ambiguity, we will also look
to the IJ’s oral decision as a guide to what lay behind the BIA’s conclu-
sion.”) (internal citation omitted).
                    ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                  8875
Yemen. Instead, both the IJ’s and the BIA’s rejections of
Almaghzar’s CAT claim were based solely on the IJ’s asylum
credibility findings. The majority errs in affirming these clear
failures to abide by Kamalthas’ mandates.

   Almaghzar’s credibility is highly suspect — like that of
young Mr. Kamalthas — and he may not be entitled to CAT
relief on the merits even if Yemeni country reports and Dr.
Givi’s testimony regarding post-traumatic stress disorder are
credited. Nonetheless, notwithstanding “the high bar to
obtaining relief under the Convention on the merits,”
Kamalthas refused to rely on a CAT petitioner’s weighty bur-
den of proof to justify a harmless error approach to the BIA’s
lack of consideration of country conditions evidence. See id.
“Indeed, proper attention to relevant country conditions might
lend credence to [petitioner’s] assertions of torture and cause
the BIA to view them in a different light.” Id.

   Given that the Yemeni country conditions evidence in the
record paints a bleak picture, the BIA’s assessment of
Almaghzar’s CAT claim might well be similarly influenced
here. The 2002 Human Rights Watch country report on
Yemen states that “[t]he security forces continued to exercise
wide powers and to commit abuses, including arbitrary arrest,
torture, and killings of civilians with virtual impunity.” The
2002 Amnesty International country report states that
“[t]orture and a death in custody were reported.” And the
2002 United States State Department country report states that
“[m]embers of the security forces tortured and otherwise
abused persons, and continued to arrest and detain citizens
arbitrarily.”

   In any event, because neither the IJ nor the BIA addressed
Yemen’s country conditions, we have no idea how either the
IJ or the BIA evaluated those conditions as applied to
Almaghzar; all we know is that they thought him to be not
credible based on his asylum-related testimony. That is not
enough, per Kamalthas.
8876                   ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
   The majority reasons that “[b]ecause Almaghzar was
allowed to present evidence regarding his CAT claim, and
because Almaghzar’s presentation was not limited in any
meaningful respect, we reject Almaghzar’s due process
claim.” (Op. at 8867-68.) But there is a difference between
merely allowing evidence to be presented and actually consid-
ering it. This distinction animates the rationale for reviewing
an IJ’s decision when the BIA affirms without opinion —
there is no BIA reasoning for us to review in such cases. Cf.
Garrovillas v. INS, 156 F.3d 1010, 1013 (9th Cir. 1998) (“The
BIA’s opinion, however, cannot be mere boilerplate, and must
describe with sufficient particularity and clarity the reasons
for denial of asylum.”) (internal quotations omitted). Indeed
in this case, there is no BIA reasoning for us to review on
Amaghzar’s CAT claim, and the IJ’s reasoning on CAT con-
sists solely of the conclusion that Almaghzar is not eligible for
relief. It is hard to see how we can exercise our duty to per-
form any sort of meaningful review of the BIA’s or the IJ’s
decisions if they simply assure us that they considered every-
thing they were legally obligated to consider.3

   Next, the majority rejects Almaghzar’s argument regarding
the IJ’s use of boilerplate language because “8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c)(3) . . . does not require an IJ’s decision to dis-
cuss every piece of evidence; it requires only that the IJ con-
sider all evidence.” (Op. at 8869.) I find this argument
unpersuasive and inconsistent with our case law. In the asy-
lum context, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13 plays a role analogous to that
of 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c) in the CAT context; both elaborate
procedures for the respective claims for relief. And just like
§ 1208.16(c), § 1208.13 by its terms does not require that “an
  3
    In other contexts, we have been quite clear that there is a distinction
between considering something and merely stating a conclusion. See, e.g.,
United States v. Howell, 231 F.3d 615, 621, 622 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[I]n
making a decision on whether to consider newly offered evidence, the dis-
trict court must actually exercise its discretion, rather than summarily
accepting or denying the motion.”).
                        ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                          8877
IJ’s decision . . . discuss every piece of evidence.”4 (Op. at
8869.) Yet this court has repeatedly held that in the asylum
context,

      [t]he BIA must have a legitimate articulable basis to
      question the petitioner’s credibility, and must offer a
      specific, cogent reason for any stated disbelief. Fur-
      thermore, any such reasons must be substantial and
      bear a legitimate nexus to the finding. Generalized
      statements that do not identify specific examples of
      evasiveness or contradiction in the petitioner’s testi-
      mony prevent us from conducting a proper review.

Garrovillas, 156 F.3d at 1013 (internal citations and quota-
tions omitted); see also Zahedi v. INS, 222 F.3d 1157, 1163
(9th Cir. 2000); Lopez-Galarza v. INS, 99 F.3d 954, 963 (9th
Cir. 1996) (“We note that at a minimum, the BIA must pro-
vide an explanation sufficient to enable us as a reviewing
court to see that the Board has heard, considered, and decid-
ed.”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The
majority gives no reasons why a CAT claim denial should be
treated with so much deference — taking the IJ at his word
that he considered all the evidence — while the denial of an
asylum claim is scrutinized for specific, cogent reasons. The
text of the respective regulations does not justify this diver-
gent result.

   The majority also states that “[b]ecause there is no evi-
dence that the IJ failed to consider Almaghzar’s documentary
evidence, we accept the IJ’s general statement that he consid-
ered all the evidence before him.” (Op. at 8869.) But even if
  4
    In fact, § 1208.13 does not appear to include an analogue to
§ 1208.16(c)(3)’s directive that “all evidence relevant to the possibility of
future torture shall be considered.” However, the REAL ID Act’s revision
of 8 U.S.C § 1158(b)(1) now instructs the trier of fact in asylum proceed-
ings to “consider[ ] the totality of the circumstances” when making a cred-
ibility determination. 8 U.S.C § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (2006).
8878               ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
we credit the IJ’s cursory statement that he had “considered
all of the evidence, documentary and testimonial, whether or
not . . . specifically mention[ed]” in his opinion, that state-
ment does not satisfy the standard of review for CAT claims
established in Kamalthas. Boilerplate rejections of CAT
claims are not legally sufficient.

   Kamalthas explicitly imported the abuse of discretion stan-
dard from the deportation (now removal) context into consid-
erations of CAT claims: “we vacate the Board’s decision on
the ground that ‘the BIA abuse[d] its discretion when it failed
to state its reasons and show proper consideration of all fac-
tors when weighing equities and denying relief,’ and remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.” 251 F.3d
at 1284 (quoting Arrozal, 159 F.3d at 432). Boilerplate state-
ments by the BIA (or presumably the IJ) are by definition an
abuse of discretion in the deportation context:

    The BIA abuses its discretion when it fails to state
    its reasons and show proper consideration of all fac-
    tors when weighing equities and denying relief. . . .
    Moreover, the BIA must indicate how it weighed
    these factors and indicate with specificity that it
    heard and considered petitioner’s claims. A conclu-
    sory statement by the BIA concerning favorable fac-
    tors is insufficient.

Arrozal, 159 F.3d at 432-33 (internal citations and quotations
omitted) (emphasis in original). This is no longer an issue of
first impression, and the majority errs by ignoring the CAT
standard of review established by Kamalthas.

  The majority concludes that “neither Kamalthas nor due
process requires an IJ to rely on that evidence to grant relief
when the applicant is not credible,” (op. at 8868), and
“[b]ecause Almaghzar’s testimony was found not credible, to
reverse the BIA’s decision we would have to find that the
reports alone compelled the conclusion that Almaghzar is
                    ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES                  8879
more likely than not to be tortured” (op. at 8870). Such con-
clusions miss the point of Kamalthas. Under Kamalthas, we
must inquire whether the BIA treated a CAT claim as a subset
of an asylum claim and permitted the adverse credibility find-
ing in the asylum claim to “wash over” the CAT claim, or
whether the BIA treated CAT as a separate legal basis for
relief and reevaluated evidence that may have also been rele-
vant in the asylum context, including an applicant’s credibil-
ity, in light of the distinct standard for relief mandated by
CAT. See 251 F.3d at 1283-84. The majority commits the
same error the BIA committed in Kamalthas — it fails to rec-
ognize that there is not a single, general purpose adverse cred-
ibility determination applicable to both asylum and CAT
claims. Rather, Kamalthas’s holding necessarily establishes
the possibility that an applicant could be found to be not cred-
ible with respect to asylum, but credible with respect to CAT.

   Lastly, the majority treads on dangerous ground by decid-
ing the CAT issue in the first instance without being informed
by an intervening BIA decision on the matter. Cf. INS v. Ven-
tura, 537 U.S. 12 (2002) (per curiam) (holding that the BIA
should be given the opportunity to exercise its expertise in the
first instance on an issue it had not addressed); Gonzales v.
Thomas, 126 S. Ct. 1613 (2006) (per curiam) (same). We do
not know how the BIA would treat the country conditions evi-
dence of torture in this case, and we do not know whether (or
how) the BIA would reevaluate Almaghzar’s adverse credibil-
ity determination in the asylum context in light of the evi-
dence of torture in Yemen. Therefore, under Kamalthas and
pursuant to the direction given to this court in particular by
the Supreme Court in Ventura and Thomas, the prudent
course would be for us to remand the CAT claim to the BIA
so that it can make a reasoned ruling in the first instance. On
remand, the BIA should be instructed not to import the
adverse credibility determination from the asylum context to
Almaghzar’s CAT claim and to consider Yemeni country con-
ditions explicitly and “with specificity.” Arrozal, 159 F.3d at
433.
8880               ALMAGHZAR v. GONZALES
  I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision
with respect to Almaghzar’s claim for relief under CAT.
