                         NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 20a0060n.06

                                        Case No. 19-5422

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                             Jan 28, 2020
HOUSING ENTERPRISE INSURANCE                        )                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
COMPANY, INC.,                                      )
                                                    )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                    )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                                  )       THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                    )       TENNESSEE
SOUTH RIDGE HOUSING, LLC,                           )
                                                    )
       Defendant-Appellant.                         )       OPINION
                                                    )


       BEFORE: GILMAN, McKEAGUE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. This case arises from a dispute over the

purported assignment of an insurance policy. Housing Enterprise Insurance Company (HEIC)

provided commercial property-insurance coverage to One South Place, LP (One South), the owner

of a residential apartment complex. The insurance policy was renewed on an annual basis

beginning in 2012.

       When One South sold the apartment complex to South Ridge Housing, LLC (South Ridge)

in 2016, it assigned the insurance policy to South Ridge as part of the sale, but it did so without

the knowledge or consent of HEIC. The apartment complex was subsequently damaged in a fire.

       HEIC filed suit in federal court, seeking a declaratory judgment that the insurance policy

had become void as a result of the assignment made without its consent. The district court granted
Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


HEIC’s motion for summary judgment. South Ridge has appealed, arguing that (1) HEIC has a

good-faith obligation to consider a post-loss request to assign the insurance policy, and (2) the

insurance policy was not void under Tennessee law. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM

the judgment of the district court.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

A.     Factual background

       One South owned a residential apartment complex in Knoxville, Tennessee. Starting on

September 20, 2012, HEIC provided commercial property-insurance coverage to One South. The

apartment complex was the sole property covered by the insurance policy, and One South and

HEIC renewed the policy on an annual basis on September 20 of each subsequent year. Among

the policy’s provisions was an anti-assignment clause, which stipulated that the “policy may not

be assigned without ‘our’ written consent.”

       On September 10, 2015, One South entered into an agreement to sell the property to South

Ridge. There is no common ownership between the two entities. The agreement provided that

One South would transfer its “right, title and interest in and to any and all insurance policies . . .

related to the . . . property.” On September 29, 2016, the sale was closed. The closing documents

confirmed that One South had transferred to South Ridge “[a]ll policies of title insurance, fire or

other hazard insurance, all surety agreements or guaranties, and all rights which have accrued or

may accrue thereunder.”

       Neither One South nor South Ridge sent HEIC a request to assign the insurance policy

before the commencement of this litigation. Nor did either of them notify HEIC of the purported

assignment or provide HEIC with the sale agreements between One South and South Ridge prior




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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


to the loss in question. One South did not own legal title to the property after September 29, 2016,

but it remained the sole named insured under the policy.

       On April 12, 2017, One South provided HEIC with notice of a claim for property damage

caused by a fire two days earlier. HEIC, in investigating this claim, determined that the ownership

of the covered property had been transferred from One South to South Ridge during the relevant

period of coverage. On May 24, 2017, HEIC sent a letter to One South declaring the insurance

policy “void for lack of insurable interest.” HEIC also sent One South a check representing a pro

rata return of One South’s insurance premium.

B.     Procedural background

       In June 2017, HEIC filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Tennessee, seeking declaratory relief against One South, South Ridge, Emerald Housing

Management, LLC (a property-management company), and Berkadia Commercial Mortgage, LLC

(South Ridge’s mortgagee). Specifically, HEIC sought a judgment declaring that (1) the insurance

policy was void effective September 30, 2016, and (2) HEIC had no obligation to defend or

indemnify the named defendants in connection with the April 10, 2017 fire. The district court

granted summary judgment in favor of HEIC. Hous. Enter. Ins. Co. v. One S. Place, LP, No.

3:17-CV-241, 2019 WL 2271762 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2019). This timely appeal followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS
A.     Standard of review

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Keith v. County of

Oakland, 703 F.3d 918, 923 (6th Cir. 2013). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists “if



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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

B.     Tennessee law of contract

       This case is before us based on diversity of citizenship; no federal law is involved. A

federal court sitting in diversity applies the substantive law of the forum state. Erie R. Co. v.

Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). Insurance policies in Tennessee, like other contracts, are

enforced “according to their plain terms,” and “the language used must be taken and understood

in its plain, ordinary and popular sense.” Griffin v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 18 S.W.3d 195, 200

(Tenn. 2000) (quoting Alcazar v. Hayes, 982 S.W.2d 845, 848 (Tenn. 1998)). Because insurance

contracts are drafted by the insurer, however, courts in Tennessee construe any ambiguities in such

contracts in favor of the insured. Id.

C.     Purported assignment of the insurance policy to South Ridge

       South Ridge argues that the 2016 sale of the apartment complex, and the purported

assignment of “[a]ll policies of title insurance, fire or other hazard insurance, all surety agreements

or guaranties, and all rights which have accrued or may accrue thereunder,” gave South Ridge an

incidental right to request HEIC’s consent to the assignment of the insurance policy. But South

Ridge’s logic is circular because South Ridge has no incidental rights pursuant to an insurance

policy that was never validly assigned.

       Tennessee law makes clear that the purported assignment in the 2016 sale of the apartment

complex was invalid without HEIC’s consent.             Anti-assignment clauses in contracts are

enforceable under Tennessee law. Petry v. Cosmopolitan Spa Int’l, Inc., 641 S.W.2d 202, 203

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1982), overruled on other grounds by Copeland v. HealthSouth/Methodist Rehab.

Hosp., LP, 565 S.W.3d 260 (Tenn. 2018) (explaining that an assignment may be prohibited when

“validly precluded by contract”).
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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


       This basic principle of contract law extends to insurance policies. Citizens Tri-County

Bank v. C.A. Ga. Mut. Ins. Co., 11 S.W.3d 120, 125 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (holding that the

purported assignment of an insurance policy without the insurer’s consent was void when the

policy contained an anti-assignment clause); Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London v.

Winestone, 182 S.W.3d 342, 348 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (“An insurance company may refuse to

honor an assignment made without its permission.”). The insurance policy in dispute contained

an anti-assignment clause, and neither One South nor South Ridge requested HEIC’s consent to

the assignment. South Ridge thus acquired no rights to the insurance policy through the 2016 sale

of the apartment complex.

       Indeed, the reasons for enforcing anti-assignment clauses are particularly relevant in the

insurance context. The Tennessee Supreme Court, in Duluth National Bank v. Knoxville Fire

Insurance Co., 1 S.W. 689 (Tenn. 1886), explained that “[i]n case of sale or assignment of the

insured property, the assent of the company is undoubtedly necessary before the benefit of the

insurance can be assigned to the purchaser.” Id. at 691. Insurance policies are personal contracts,

often carefully calibrated based on the risks associated with an insured individual. Melloan v. S.

Fire & Cas. Co., 337 S.W.2d 452, 453 (Tenn. 1960) (“The contract of insurance is purely a

personal contract between the insured and the insurance company.”) (quoting Commercial Cas.

Ins. Co. v. Columbia Cas. Co., 125 S.W.2d 493, 496 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1938)). To validate the

assignment of an insurance policy despite the presence of an anti-assignment clause and without

the consent of the insurer would thus contradict this basic principle.

       South Ridge’s only argument in response appears to be that HEIC should be required to

consider a post-loss request for assignment by South Ridge “in good faith and in a commercially

reasonable manner,” a general standard articulated by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Dick



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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


Broadcasting Co. of Tennessee v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tenn. 2013). But

Dick Broadcasting did not involve a request to retroactively assign an insurance policy; it instead

involved a request to assign a right-of-first-refusal asset-purchase agreement where the rights of

the assignor were still very much in existence. Id. at 659–60.

       In the present case, by contrast, neither One South nor South Ridge maintains any existing

rights to the insurance policy. As discussed below, the insurance policy became void when the

apartment complex was sold and the policy assigned without HEIC’s consent. South Ridge

therefore did not acquire any incidental right to request an assignment. Moreover, South Ridge

has cited no authority showing that an insurer must in good faith consider a retroactive request to

assign a policy. HEIC is thus under no obligation to consider a request for assignment under the

Dick Broadcasting precedent.

D.     Voidness of the insurance policy

       HEIC further contends that the insurance policy became void after One South lost its

insurable interest in the property. Under Tennessee law, “[i]t is . . . essential to the validity of a

contract of insurance that the insured have an ‘insurable interest’ in the property insured;

otherwise, the contract amounts to no more than a wager and is void because of violation of pubilic

[sic] policy.” Duncan v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 587 S.W.2d 375, 376 (Tenn. 1979). The

insurance policy, under HEIC’s theory, became an impermissible “wager” contract once One

South transferred all of its interest in the apartment complex.

       South Ridge, on the other hand, argues that the contract was not void under the rule set

forth in Duncan because One South’s purported assignment effectively extinguished One South’s

interest in the policy. The problem with South Ridge’s argument is that the voiding of One South’s

insurable interest due to the sale of the apartment complex did not automatically transfer ownership



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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


of the policy to South Ridge by means of the purported assignment. And South Ridge’s contention

that One South “sold” the insurance policy to South Ridge fails because Tennessee law voids a

purported assignment made without the insurer’s consent. See Citizens Tri-County Bank v. C.A.

Ga. Mut. Ins. Co., 11 S.W.3d 120, 125 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).

       This case is legally indistinguishable from Estate of Cartwright v. Standard Fire Insurance

Co., No. M2007-02691-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4367573 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2008). In

Estate of Cartwright, a property owner entered into an insurance policy with an insurer. The owner

and his wife then conveyed the property to their daughter. Subsequently, the daughter conveyed

the property to her niece. The insurer was never notified of either change of ownership. A fire

then caused damage to the property, and the niece filed a claim with the insurer. The Tennessee

Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s determinations that “[the new owner] did not have

standing to enforce [the] insurance contract . . . because she was neither a party to nor an intended

beneficiary of the policy,” and that “the [original owner’s estate] could not enforce the policy

because the estate did not have an insurable interest in the property at the time of loss.” Id. at *1.

As a result, the court concluded that the policy was void, id. at *6, and it determined that the

insurance company should return the premiums paid after the date of the sale to the daughter, id.

at *6 n.4. Aside from One South’s purported assignment of the insurance policy, which had no

legal effect, the present case is indistinguishable from Estate of Cartwright.

       One South contends, as a final argument, that the procedures for cancelling an insurance

policy under the Tennessee Cancellation of Commercial Risk Insurance Act do not provide that

insurance may be cancelled due to the purported sale of an insurable interest. See Tenn. Code

Ann. § 56-7-1803. But HEIC did not attempt to unilaterally “cancel” the insurance policy. Rather,

the policy became void as a matter of law, with no further action required on HEIC’s part. The



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Case No. 19-5422, HEIC v. South Ridge Housing


provisions of the Cancellation of Commercial Risk Insurance Act are thus inapplicable to the

present case. In sum, the insurance policy automatically became void after One South sold the

covered property to South Ridge without HEIC’s consent.

                                    III. CONCLUSION
       For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




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