                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-3991
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                 Lewis Pate, True Name Lewis Antwhane Pate, III

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: October 17, 2016
                               Filed: April 14, 2017
                                  ____________

Before RILEY,1 Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

       In 2012, a jury found Lewis Pate guilty of being a felon in possession of a
firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); United States v. Pate, 754 F.3d 550, 553 (8th Cir.


      1
       The Honorable William Jay Riley stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on March 10,
2017. He has been succeeded by the Honorable Lavenski R. Smith.
2014). Based on its designation of Pate as an armed career criminal, the district
court2 sentenced Pate to 200 months imprisonment. See Pate, 754 F.3d at 553. After
the United States Supreme Court invalidated the residual clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act (ACCA), see Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct.
2551, 2563 (2015), the district court vacated Pate’s original sentence and imposed a
120-month sentence. Pate appeals his revised sentence, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291
(appellate jurisdiction), challenging the district court’s application of a four-level
sentencing enhancement and classification of one of his previous convictions for
burglary as a crime of violence. See United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.
or Guidelines) §§ 2K2.1(a)(2), (b)(6)(B), 4B1.2(a)(1). We affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       Pate was arrested on March 20, 2012, after police officers in St. Paul,
Minnesota, responded to a report of gunfire exchanged between two men wearing
black hooded sweatshirts and a third man. See Pate, 754 F.3d at 552. Responding
officers learned one of the shooters had fled to a nearby residence. See id. As the
officers prepared to enter the residence, Pate, who was inside, came toward the
officers, stating, “‘I’m the one that was being shot at.’” Id. Officers executed a
search warrant and discovered a .38 caliber revolver hidden in a laundry hamper and
a black hooded sweatshirt in the living room behind a couch. See id. Pate later
admitted the gun found in the hamper was his, but “insisted he was not carrying the
firearm at the time of the shooting.” Id. We concluded Pate’s version of the events
“was inconsistent with eyewitness testimony and physical evidence” and affirmed his
conviction Id. at 553.

       In June 2015, Pate moved under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate his sentence. The
district court granted his petition to the extent it “challenge[d] his designation as an


      2
       The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                          -2-
Armed Career Criminal” under the ACCA. The United States Probation Office
prepared a revised presentence investigation report (PSR). The PSR found Pate had
two prior felony convictions for crimes of violence, aggravated robbery and third-
degree burglary, and calculated his base offense level as 24. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(a)(2). The PSR recommended a 4-level enhancement pursuant to
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for use or possession of “any firearm . . . with another felony
offense,” or possession of “any firearm . . . with knowledge, intent, or reason to
believe that it would be used in connection with another felony offense.”
Specifically, the PSR found that witnesses at trial had “observed [Pate] holding and
firing a weapon at others.” With a total offense level of 28 and category VI criminal
history, Pate’s advisory Guidelines sentencing range was 140-175 months. Because
that range exceeded the statutory maximum of ten years, the PSR recommended a
120-month sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2); U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a). Over Pate’s
objections, the district court adopted the PSR’s recommendation and sentenced Pate
to 120 months imprisonment.

II.    DISCUSSION
       “‘We review the district court’s interpretation of the guidelines de novo, and
its factual findings . . . for clear error.’” United States v. Ewert, 828 F.3d 694, 697
(8th Cir. 2016) (omission in original) (quoting United States v. Howard, 759 F.3d
886, 889 (8th Cir. 2014)). Pate first challenges the district court’s application of the
4-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) states
that a defendant’s offense level is increased by four levels if the defendant “[u]sed or
possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense; or
possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason
to believe that it would be used or possessed in connection with another felony
offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). “Another felony offense” is defined as “any
Federal, state, or local offense . . . punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding
one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge was brought, or a conviction
obtained.” Id. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(C). When § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) is applied and “‘the

                                          -3-
defendant has not been convicted of another state or federal felony offense,’” as is the
case here, “‘the district court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that
another felony offense was committed, and that use or possession of the firearm
“facilitated” that other felony.’” United States v. Holm, 745 F.3d 938, 940 (8th Cir.
2014) (quoting United States v. Littrell, 557 F.3d 616, 617 (8th Cir. 2009)).

       At the resentencing hearing, Pate argued, because no one was injured and no
charges were brought in relation to the shooting, his conduct could, at most, qualify
as a gross misdemeanor—but not a felony. While the district court never explicitly
addressed this argument, in response to Pate’s argument, the district court did explain
the trial record supported the application of the enhancement. The district court
reasoned, “even without strong proof that Mr. Pate was the shooter on the night in
question, . . . there is a sufficient basis to find that he possessed the firearm in
connection with another felony offense or possessed the firearm with knowledge,
intent or reason to believe it would be used in connection with another felony
offense.”3 The district court noted that, even if the four-level enhancement did not
apply, and the total offense level moved down to 24, resulting in an advisory
Guidelines sentencing range of 100-120 months, it would “still think that the 120
months’ sentence would be appropriate under the circumstances.”




      3
        The four-level enhancement was also applied in Pate’s original sentence. The
district court made a more thorough factual finding in imposing the enhancement
then, stating:

      Although the shooting of the firearm was not an element to be
      considered by the jury, there was the testimony adduced surrounding the
      incident which convinces me by the preponderance of the evidence . . .
      that the firearm was possessed in connection with the crime of violence
      and that the defendant shot the firearm during the course of the earlier
      part of the offense prior to the retrieval of the gun from the bathroom.

                                          -4-
       Pate complains the government never proved—nor attempted to prove—he was
present during the shooting. Pate points out the lack of physical evidence connecting
Pate and the gun found in the laundry hamper, as well as the fact that the shell casings
discovered at the shooting location did not match that gun. Although during closing
arguments the government remarked it did not “have to prove” that Pate possessed
the gun during the shooting or shot anyone with it, the government cast doubt on
Pate’s version of events, which we determined was inconsistent with testimony at
trial. See Pate, 754 F.3d at 553. A government witness observed the shooting and
described two men wearing black hooded sweatshirts shooting at a third man who
returned their fire. The witness could not state with certainty which men were
shooting, but he stated the shooting went on for a minute or less before the shooters
fled. And when officers arrived at the residence where Pate was found, Pate appeared
at the front door with his hands up and announced “‘I’m the one that was being shot
at.’” In addition, although the casings found at the scene of the shooting did not
match the gun determined to be in Pate’s possession, Pate’s gun was a revolver and
would not have expelled cartridges like a semiautomatic or automatic weapon would
have. It also had two rounds missing from its six-shot cylinder.

       Pate also argues the evidence was insufficient to support the enhancement
because “neither the PSR nor the Court determined that there was in fact a felony
offense committed by anyone that day.” True, neither the government nor the district
court identified an underlying state or federal statute Pate could have been charged
with violating. But the unopposed PSR clearly indicated the relevant conduct
supporting the enhancement was “firing a weapon at others,” and the government
argued at sentencing that the trial evidence “proved there was a shootout on the street
and Mr. Pate was part of it by his own admission.” The government witness stated
the men were shooting guns at each other—not merely discharging their firearms in




                                          -5-
a fashion that would have supported only a misdemeanor charge.4 Even if the
government found the underlying conduct—which it describes as the “gun battle” in
its brief—obviously felonious, without a specific identification of the felony we are
forced to work backward from the district court’s findings, which here is no easy task.
During the resentencing hearing, the district court merely concluded that Pate
“possessed the firearm in connection with another felony.” We decline to find clear
error on the part of the district court, given that (1) the district court concluded Pate
“shot the firearm” at the initial sentencing; (2) Pate’s statement that he was “‘the one
. . . being shot at’” supports the conclusion he was present during the shootout; and
(3) the evidence is consistent with the eyewitness’s testimony at trial. See United
States v. Battle, 774 F.3d 504, 516 (8th Cir. 2014) (determining the district court did
not clearly err where it “conduct[ed] its own fact-finding for the purposes of applying
the [§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)] enhancement” and found by a preponderance of the evidence
the defendant had committed a shooting); United States v. Walker, 771 F.3d 449, 452
(8th Cir. 2014) (deciding the omission of a reference to the underlying offense was
“harmless”—“if an error at all”—“because the facts as found by the court obviously
supported a charge that Walker had violated [the state statute at issue]”).

         Pate next argues the district court erred when it concluded his prior conviction
for third-degree non-residential burglary under Minnesota law was a crime of
violence. See U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(2), 4B1.2(a)(2). In June 2016, we vacated our
judgment in United States v. Benedict, where we held “[c]ommercial burglary should
. . . properly be classified as an enumerated crime of violence under the guidelines.”
United States v. Benedict, 815 F.3d 377, 385 (8th Cir. 2016); see also United States
v. Stymiest, 581 F.3d 759, 768 (8th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e have repeatedly held that any

      4
        Minn. Stat. § 609.66, subdiv. 1a(a)(2), (b)(1) states whoever “intentionally
discharges a firearm under circumstances that endanger the safety of another” may
be sentenced “to imprisonment for not more than five years.” Reckless discharge of
a firearm within a municipality carries a sentence of up to two years. See id. subdiv.
1a(a)(3), (b)(2).

                                          -6-
generic burglary is a crime of violence under the ‘otherwise involves’ residual
provision in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).”). Had Pate’s prior conviction for third-degree
burglary not been considered a crime of violence under the Guidelines, his base
offense level would have been four levels lower. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). As
a result, Pate’s total offense level would have been 24 (including the
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement) as opposed to 28, and his advisory Guidelines
sentencing range would have been 100 to 120 months—instead of 140 to 175. Yet
here, the district court plainly stated that “were the case law to develop such that the
appropriate level would move the defendant from 28 down to 24 points, the sentence
that this Court would impose would still be 120 months, which would be within the
applicable range.”5 “‘When the guidelines are incorrectly applied, we remand for
resentencing unless the error was harmless, such as when the district court would
have imposed the same sentence absent the error.’” Ewert, 828 F.3d at 697 (emphasis
added) (quoting United States v. Idriss, 436 F.3d 946, 951 (8th Cir. 2006)). Any error
in the classification of this prior conviction was harmless because the district court
expressly determined it would have imposed the same sentence.

III.   CONCLUSION
       We affirm Pate’s sentence.
                      ______________________________




       5
       The government posits the district court’s discussion of a different offense
level was in regard to the application of § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B), not the definition of “crime
of violence” under the Guidelines. Even if existing precedent were to change and
Pate’s base offense level should have been four levels lower, because we affirm the
application of the four-level enhancement, his total offense level would still be 24.
Furthermore, the sentence was not based solely on the district court’s application of
the Guidelines. At resentencing, the district court discussed Pate’s ongoing
rehabilitation and described “other incidents of [Pate’s] assaultive behavior within
prison [as] worrisome.”

                                          -7-
