     15-158-cr
     United States v. Tuttle

                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                              SUMMARY ORDER
     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
     SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
     BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
     WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
     MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
     NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
     OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1          At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
 2   at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
 3   York, on the 21st day of April, two thousand sixteen.
 4
 5   PRESENT: PIERRE N. LEVAL,
 6                    CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
 7                                    Circuit Judges,
 8                    PAUL A. ENGELMAYER,*
 9                                    Judge. 1
10   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
11   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
12                                    Appellee,
13
14                             v.                                                      No. 15-158-cr
15
16   RONALD TUTTLE,
17                                     Defendant-Appellant.
18   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
19
         FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT:                               JAY S. OVSIOVITCH, (Jeffrey L. Ciccone,
                                                                on the brief) Federal Public Defender’s
                                                                Office, Rochester, NY.

         FOR APPELLEE:                                          JENNIFER M. NOTO, for William J.
                                                                Hochul, Jr. United States Attorney for
                                                                the Western District of New York,
                                                                Rochester, NY.
     *
         Judge Paul A. Engelmayer, of the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

                                                           1
 1         Appeal from the judgment of conviction of the United States District Court for the

 2   Western District of New York (Geraci, J.), entered on January 6, 2015.

 3         UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

 4   AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

 5         Defendant-Appellant Ronald Tuttle appeals from the judgment of the United

 6   States District Court for the Western District of New York (Geraci, J.), convicting and

 7   sentencing him to four concurrent terms of 97 months’ imprisonment and three years of

 8   supervised release for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a substance

 9   containing 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (“MDPV”), a Schedule I controlled

10   substance (Count I), see 21 U.S.C. § 846, conspiracy to import into the United States

11   MDPV (Count II), see 21 U.S.C. § 963, importing into the United States a substance

12   containing MDPV (Count III), see 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960(a), and 960(b)(3), and

13   attempting to possess with intent to distribute a substance containing MDPV (Count IV),

14   see 21 U.S.C. § 846.

15         Tuttle challenges (1) the district court’s jury instructions as to Counts I and II in

16   light of the Supreme Court’s decision in McFadden v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2298

17   (2015), which held that to convict a defendant of distributing an analogue drug, the

18   Government must prove the defendant’s knowledge that the drug was covered under the

19   Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (“Analogue Act”), 21 U.S.C.

20   §§ 802, 813, (2) the district court’s jury instructions as to Counts III and IV, given that


                                                 2
 1   MDPV’s status as a controlled substance was ‘in flux’ during the time period covered by

 2   the evidence, and (3) the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction on Counts

 3   III and IV. In rejecting each of these challenges, we assume the parties’ familiarity with

 4   the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

 5                1. Counts I and II of the Jury Charge

 6           Tuttle argues the district court erred when it failed to charge the jury on the

 7   criminal intent required for the underlying offenses. This Court reviews an unobjected to

 8   jury charge for plain error. United States v. George, 779 F.3d 113, 117 (2d Cir. 2015).2

 9   Plain error exists where (1) there is an error (2) that is clear or obvious, rather than

10   subject to reasonable dispute, and the error (3) affects the appellant’s substantial rights

11   and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

12   proceedings. United States v. Sanchez, 773 F.3d 389, 391 (2d Cir. 2014). A challenged

13   instruction is not viewed in isolation but in context “to determine whether considered as a

14   whole, the instructions adequately communicated the essential ideas to the jury.” United

15   States v. Sabhnani, 599 F.3d 215, 237 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation omitted).

16           Tuttle contends that the district court’s jury instructions did not comply with the

17   Supreme Court’s ruling in McFadden v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2298 (2015), which

18   held that in prosecutions under the Analogue Act the Government must prove a defendant


     2
       Tuttle contends the proper standard of review is modified plain error in light of the Supreme Court’s supervening
     decision in McFadden v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2298 (2015). As discussed infra, McFadden was not a
     supervening decision as it dealt with prosecutions involving a drug analogue whereas Tuttle’s offenses involved a
     scheduled controlled substance. Regardless, even under a modified plain error standard, Tuttle’s arguments fail as
     the district court did not err in its charge to the jury.

                                                              3
 1   knew he was dealing with a substance regulated under the Analogue Act. However,

 2   Tuttle’s conviction was not under the Analogue Act. Tuttle was charged with conspiracy

 3   and substantive offenses related to MDPV, a Schedule I controlled substance as of

 4   October 21, 2011. See Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of

 5   Three Synthetic Cathinones Into Schedule I, 76 Fed. Reg. 65371, 65371 (Oct. 21, 2011)

 6   (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. pt. 1308). All of the charged conspiracy and other unlawful

 7   conduct concerned periods after that date. McFadden is therefore inapposite.

 8          As McFadden is inapposite, Tuttle has failed to demonstrate any error, much less

 9   plain error, with respect to Counts I and II.

10             2. Counts III and IV of the Jury Charge

11          As with Counts I and II, Tuttle made no objections to Counts III and IV at trial

12   and so we review them for plain error. George, 779 F.3d at 117. With respect to Counts

13   III and IV, the substantive counts, Tuttle contends that the jury instructions were

14   erroneous because they failed to instruct in accordance with McFadden when the

15   evidence covered a period before MDPV was listed on Schedule I. He argues, “[t]he

16   court should have required the jury to make a finding that Mr. Tuttle knew the specific

17   drug analogue that he was dealing with.” Appellant Br. 36. This argument has no merit.

18   As we noted above, MDPV was listed on Schedule I during the period covered by

19   Tuttle’s indictment. The Analogue Act was therefore irrelevant to the jury’s

20   deliberations. Tuttle has failed to demonstrate any error in the jury instructions for Counts

21   III and IV, much less plain error.

                                                     4
 1             3. Sufficiency of the Evidence

 2          Tuttle contends that the evidence produced at trial was insufficient to prove

 3   beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly imported MDPV from China and

 4   knowingly attempted to possess with intent to distribute MDPV. This Court reviews de

 5   novo challenges to sufficiency of the evidence. United States v. Rangolan, 464 F.3d 321,

 6   324 (2d Cir. 2006). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the government

 7   and will be affirmed if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

 8   of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Aguilar, 585 F.3d 652, 656 (2d

 9   Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Assessments of witness credibility and

10   choices between competing inferences lie solely within the province of the jury.” United

11   States v. Payne, 591 F.3d 46, 60 (2d Cir. 2010). Where conflicts in the testimony exist,

12   we must defer to the jury’s resolution as to the weight of evidence and credibility of the

13   witnesses. Id.

14          There was more than sufficient evidence for any rational juror to find that Tuttle

15   knowingly imported MDPV from China and attempted to possess with intent to distribute

16   MDPV. The evidence adduced at trial included (1) testimony from a special agent with

17   Homeland Security Investigations (“HSI”) that Tuttle accepted a package for delivery in

18   2013 that had contained MDPV, (2) testimony of Michael Garinger, an inmate at a state

19   correctional facility, that he had purchased MDPV from Tuttle for almost two years prior

20   to February 2013, (3) Tuttle’s own statement made to an HSI agent that he was ordering

21   MDPV from China, (4) emails from Tuttle’s account to various suppliers in China

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 1   explicitly referencing orders of and prices for MDPV, and (5) handwritten notes with

 2   price quotes for various amounts of MDPV found in Tuttle’s home. While Tuttle argues

 3   his own testimony at trial contradicted this evidence, it was within the province of the

 4   jury to disbelieve his testimony and credit competing inferences. Payne, 591 F.3d at 60.

 5   We will not disturb the jury’s reasonable credibility determinations on appeal.

 6          We have considered Tuttle’s remaining arguments and find them to be without

 7   merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

 8

 9                                      FOR THE COURT:
10                                      Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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