                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               JUNE 7, 2007
                             No. 06-16055                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                       ________________________

                          BIA No. A97-193-666

ELBA CORINA MORA LANCHEROS,

                                                   Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                   Respondent.


                       ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________


                              (June 7, 2007)

Before WILSON, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Elba Corina Mora Lancheros1, a native and citizen of Venezuela, petitions

for review of the final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which

(1) affirmed the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision denying her applications for

asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act

(INA), and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other

Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158,

1231; 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c); and (2) denied her motion for remand. Mora asserts

that the BIA’s adverse credibility determination is not supported by substantial

evidence because it was based upon the IJ’s mischaracterization of her claims and

incorrect analysis of her testimony. She further contends that the BIA erred in

failing to remand her case to the IJ because she provided sufficient evidence that

her counsel had been ineffective during her initial proceedings. For the reasons set

forth more fully below, we deny her petition for review.

                                       I. Background

       Mora entered the United States as a non-immigrant visitor and remained

beyond her date of authorization. In January 2004, Mora filed a timely application

for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief. In support of her application,

Mora submitted a three-page letter that she wrote, including both her Spanish

       1
         Throughout the proceedings before the IJ and BIA, and in the parties’ briefs on appeal,
the petitioner is referred to as Ms. Mora. Therefore, we use “Mora” when referring to the
petitioner.
                                                 2
version and the English translation, which was certified by a translator. According

to the letter, Mora began participating in political and social activity in 1993, as a

“social volunteer” in the political organization Copei, where she did “social work

in the poor neighborhoods in the city.” During college, Mora continued working in

the poor areas of her country, but she became hated by members of other political

groups who believed that her activity harmed them. After college, Mora worked at

her father’s publicity company and, after attempting to refrain from political

activities, she again began her social and political activity once Chavez became the

president of Venezuela. Clients of Mora’s father’s company began to demand that

she leave the company and, in an attempt to save the company from harm, Mora

quit her job and “dedicate[d] [herself] to private activities.” Nonetheless, Mora’s

father’s company had to end its commercial activities in order “to evade bad

actions happening to the employees and installations.” Mora received “anonymous

faxes and telephone calls, cellular messages [that] turned into daily stalking.”

      Mora further indicated in her letter that the Venezuelan government formed

“Bolivarian Circles,” which she described as “groups of people, the majority with

no education that support the government using violence, and all people that are

not with them are an enemy in strength.” The stalking, persecution, and personal

threats that Mora had experienced intensified, requiring her to hide in houses of her

family and friends. Mora complained and petitioned for help, but her claims were
                                            3
never investigated and she never received any help. Mora transferred to

Barquisimeto Lara State and took a new job at a San Rio “Hello Kitty” franchise.

However, she again received hostility and threats of kidnapping, which were more

direct and specific, and included the names and addresses of her family members.

On December 2, Mora’s company participated in the National Stop, which was an

employment strike. The threats intensified because of her company’s participation

in the National Stop and there was a cellular phone call in which someone told

Mora’s company to open its store or “they would sack it.” Mora finally stated in

her letter that all of those incidences “made a huge psychological pressure” on her

that caused her to flee to the United States during a company sales convention held

in Miami, Florida.

      At her removal hearing, Mora testified that, on January 31, 2003, two

members of the Bolivarian Circle approached her outside of a mall and told her

that they would kill her if she did not stop collecting signatures in support of the

recall of the Venezuelan president. The two people detained her for 10 or 15

minutes and they also pushed her, but the people did not have any weapons. Mora

ran inside the mall, informed the authorities inside, called her sister and girlfriends,

and decided to go immediately home. Mora also testified that she received six

pamphlets over a two-week period at her business and her house that directly

threatened her and the Copei group.
                                            4
      The IJ denied Mora’s applications based upon its adverse credibility finding,

and Mora appealed to the BIA. While her appeal was pending, Mora filed a

motion to remand, arguing that her counsel was ineffective for failing to elicit

testimony at the removal hearing regarding the fact that the two people who

approached her on January 31, 2003 also stabbed her with a screwdriver.

      The BIA dismissed Mora’s appeal and denied her motion to remand. In so

doing, the BIA explained that the most notable discrepancies between Mora’s

written statement and testimony were her failure to mention in her written

application: (1) her January 31, 2003 encounter with members of the Bolivarian

Circles; (2) her activity of collecting signatures; and (3) her receipt of threatening

pamphlets. The BIA noted that Mora’s only explanation for her omissions was that

she believed her written statement had to be general, but that reason did not explain

her inclusion in her written statement of many other less important details.

      With regard to Mora’s motion to remand, the BIA found that, based upon

Mora’s hearing counsel’s letter and Mora’s affidavit, she had never revealed to her

counsel that she had been stabbed. The BIA therefore concluded that the omission

of the stabbing incident during the hearing was not the result of ineffective

assistance of her counsel. The BIA lastly found that Dr. Coe’s letter, which Mora

submitted in support of her motion to remand and which detailed Mora’s stab

wounds and scars, did not alone warrant a remand and, moreover, that evidence
                                           5
was not previously unavailable.

          II. Substantial Evidence Supports the BIA’s Determination

      Mora contends that the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not supported by

substantial evidence because it was based upon the IJ’s mischaracterization of her

claims as presented in her application and incorrect analysis of her testimony. She

asserts that the BIA’s decision also is erroneous because the omissions that it cited

did not support an adverse credibility finding where there were no contradictions

between her written statement and her testimony. She argues that her application

was merely a generalized account in which omissions may be expected and that,

absent any inconsistencies between her application and her testimony, the omission

of specific incidents should not have supported the IJ’s and BIA’s adverse

credibility determination.

      The BIA in this case did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, and, thus, we

review only the BIA’s decision. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001) (noting that this Court reviews the BIA’s decision; but “[i]insofar

as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will review the IJ’s decision as well”).

We review de novo the legal determinations of the BIA. Id. Factual

determinations are reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and we “affirm the

. . . decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on

the record considered as a whole.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282,
                                           6
1286 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). Therefore, we will reverse a finding of

fact “only when the record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the record may

support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal . . . .” Adefemi v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). “A credibility

determination, like any fact finding, may not be overturned unless the record

compels it.” Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287 (quotations omitted).

       The testimony of an applicant, if found credible, is alone sufficient to

establish eligibility for asylum. Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201

(11th Cir. 2005). “Indications of reliable testimony include consistency on direct

examination, consistency with the written application, and the absence of

embellishments.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006).

“[T]he IJ must offer specific, cogent reasons for an adverse credibility finding.”

Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287. “[A]n adverse credibility determination alone may be

sufficient to support the denial of an asylum application.” Id. However, an

adverse credibility determination does not alleviate the IJ’s duty to consider other

evidence produced by the asylum applicant. Id.

      Although we have not directly addressed the issue, the Third Circuit and

Ninth Circuit have held that minor inconsistencies will not support an adverse

credibility finding, but rather, only inconsistencies that go “to the heart of [the]

asylum claim” are sufficient to support such a finding. See e.g., Gao v. Ashcroft,
                                            7
299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002); Chebchoub v. I.N.S., 257 F.3d 1038, 1043 (9th

Cir. 2001).2 However, neither of these circuits cite any statute or regulation for this

demarcation in credibility determinations. Nonetheless, we need not resolve this

issue here because the omissions cited by the BIA do indeed relate to Mora’s fear

of persecution, and, thus, go to the heart of her asylum claim.

       Upon review of the record, we conclude that the BIA gave specific, cogent

reasons for its credibility determination, and those findings are supported by

substantial evidence. The BIA’s adverse credibility finding was primarily based on

the following omissions from Mora’s written statement: (1) that she was

approached and threatened by members of the Bolivarian Circles on January 31,

2003; (2) that she had been collecting signatures to recall the Venezuelan president

and that the activity resulted in threats to her safety; and (3) that she had received

pamphlet threats warning her to stop her political activity. Mora does not contest

the BIA’s findings that she omitted the above-mentioned incidents from her written

application. Rather, Mora argues that her omissions were a result of her

generalized written statement and were not an indication of her credibility because


       2
        In the REAL ID Act of 2005, Congress amended the law regarding credibility
determinations to permit an adverse credibility finding based on the totality of the circumstances,
which may include inaccuracies or falsehoods that do not go to the “heart of the applicant’s
claim.” See Pub. L. No. 109-13, § 101(a)(3), 119 Stat. 230, 303 (codified at 8 U.S.C. §
1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). Because Mora filed her application before May 11, 2005, the date the REAL
ID Act was enacted, however, these new provisions do not apply to her claim. Id. § 101(h)(2),
119 Stat. 230, 305.
                                                 8
there existed no contradictions between her written statement and her testimony.

However, Mora’s explanation that she merely provided a “generalized” written

statement and more specific testimony, does not compel the reversal of the BIA’s

credibility finding. As Mora testified at her removal hearing, the event on January

31, 2003, where she was approached, threatened, and pushed by members of the

Bolivarian Circles, combined with the threatening pamphlets she received during a

two-week period that instructed her to stop collecting signatures, was what

prompted her to ultimately flee to the United States. As such, those events were

material and went to the heart of Mora’s asylum claim. The record therefore

evidences Mora’s embellishment of her material claims, thereby further supporting

the BIA’s adverse credibility determination. See Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255.

      As to Mora’s argument that the BIA’s decision is erroneous because it is

based upon the IJ’s credibility determination that mistakenly characterized Mora’s

written statement, that argument is without merit. As the government concedes,

the IJ over-broadly construed Mora’s written statement to be solely about the

persecution she suffered as a result of her work at her father’s company. A careful

review of Mora’s written statement indicates that she stated that she began

receiving threats while she worked at her father’s company and that those threats

continued and worsened when she took her job in San Rio. Despite the IJ’s

mischaracterization, the IJ’s decision is not wholly tainted, as Mora argues on
                                          9
appeal. Rather, as discussed above, the IJ’s specific findings regarding the

omissions that supported its credibility determination are supported by substantial

evidence in the record. Thus, to the extent that the BIA relied upon the IJ’s factual

findings, the BIA’s determination that Mora’s three material omissions called into

question her credibility was not affected by the IJ’s interpretation of the focus of

Mora’s written statement.

                          III. Mora’s Motion to Remand

      Mora also argues that the BIA erred in denying her motion to remand her

case to the BIA on the grounds that her counsel was ineffective for failing to

properly examine her, investigate her claim, and present evidence to the IJ that she

had been stabbed with a screwdriver on January 31, 2003 during her encounter

with the two Bolivarian Circle members. Mora asserts that, had her counsel more

fully investigated and developed her claim, there was a reasonable probability that

the outcome of her hearing would have been different.

      Initially, we address the government’s assertion that Mora’s motion for

remand should be treated as a motion to reopen. The government correctly notes

that this Court, as well as the BIA, treats motions to remand as either part of the

appeal or as motions to reopen. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1301. “[I]f a motion to

remand seeks to introduce evidence that has not previously been presented, it is

generally treated as a motion to reopen under” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c). Id. Mora’s
                                          10
motion sought to introduce evidence of the stabbing that she did not previously

present before the IJ, and, thus, we will treat her motion to remand as a motion to

reopen.

      “We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of

discretion.” Abdi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 430 F.3d 1148, 1149 (11th Cir. 2005). “Our

review is limited to determining whether there has been an exercise of

administrative discretion and whether the matter of exercise has been arbitrary or

capricious.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1), “[a] motion to reopen proceedings shall

state the new facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is

granted and shall be supported by affidavits or other evidentiary material.” “A

motion to reopen proceedings shall not be granted unless it appears to the Board

that evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and could not

have been discovered or presented at the former hearing . . . .” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.2(c)(1).

      We have determined that, in removal proceedings, an alien may raise a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel in a motion to reopen. Dakane v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 399 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2005). “In order to establish the ineffective

assistance of counsel in the context of a deportation hearing, an alien must

establish that his or her counsel’s performance was deficient to the point that it
                                           11
impinged upon the fundamental fairness of the hearing such that the alien was

unable to reasonably present his or her case.” Id. at 1273-74 (quotation omitted).

An alien must also establish that she suffered prejudice as a result of her counsel’s

deficient performance. Id. at 1274.

       Here, Mora has failed to established that her counsel’s performance was

deficient. Mora claimed before the BIA that her counsel should have elicited

testimony during her direct examination regarding her allegation that she was

stabbed by Bolivarian Circle members on January 31, 2003. In support of her

claim, Mora submitted her affidavit, in which she did not claim that she informed

her counsel of the stabbing incident; rather, she indicated that she mistakenly failed

to correct the omission in her written statement because she “thought it preferable

to continue with the story that had already been prepared.” Mora also submitted a

letter from her counsel, in which her counsel indicated that Mora did not tell him

about the stabbing incident. Given the record evidence, and Mora’s admission on

appeal that her counsel “did not violate his ethical or legal responsibilities,” the

BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Mora’s motion to reopen on the

grounds that her counsel’s performance was not deficient.3


       3
         Even if we conclude that Mora’s counsel was ineffective in failing to interview Mora
further to determine her entire claim, as she now alleges, the record indicates that counsel’s
failure to do so did not prejudice Mora where she had multiple opportunities during her direct
examination to further elaborate on the events of January 31, 2003. Specifically, during Mora’s
testimony at the removal hearing, her counsel asked her several open-ended questions about
                                                12
       Furthermore, the BIA also did not abuse its discretion in denying Mora’s

motion to reopen on the grounds that the evidence she sought to present upon

reopening could not have previously been discovered or presented to the IJ. Mora

explicitly indicates that the stabbing incident occurred on January 31, 2003. She

filed her asylum application in January 2004 and her removal hearing was held on

May 3, 2005. As such, Mora had more than ample time to obtain the letters and

doctors’ evaluations that she submitted with her motion to reopen. Accordingly,

Mora failed to comply with 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1)’s requirement that the

“evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and could not have

been discovered or presented at the former hearing . . . .” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1).

                                     IV. Conclusion

       The BIA provided specific, cogent reasons for its adverse credibility

determination that were supported by substantial evidence, and, as such, the BIA

did not err in affirming the IJ’s denial of Mora’s applications for asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT relief. Additionally, the BIA did not abuse its

discretion in denying Mora’s motion to reopen because she received effective

assistance of counsel and she failed to present evidence that was previously

unavailable. In light of the foregoing, Mora’s petition for review is DENIED.



what the two Bolivarian Circle members did to her and whether she experienced “anything else”
in Venezuela.
                                              13
