                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-1026
                            Filed September 10, 2015


IN THE INTEREST OF K.P. AND E.P.,
Minor Children,

P.L., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Mark F. Schlenker,

District Associate Judge.



      A mother appeals from a permanency order to establish a guardianship for

her children with the paternal grandparents. AFFIRMED.



      Gina E. Verdoorn of Sporer & Flanagan, P.L.L.C., Des Moines, for

appellant mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Bruce Kempkes, Assistant Attorney

General, John Criswell, County Attorney, and Tracie L. Sehnert, Assistant

County Attorney, for appellee State.

      Yvonne C. Naanep, Des Moines, for father.

      M. Kathryn Miller of the Polk County Juvenile Public Defender, Des

Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.



      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, J.

       A mother appeals from a permanency order to establish a guardianship for

her children, ages twelve and fourteen, with the paternal grandparents.1 She

contends the juvenile court erred in determining the guardianship was in the

children’s best interests because she is “clearly a minimally adequate parent.” If

the question presented to us were whether the mother is a minimally adequate

parent, we would find in the affirmative.2

       But the issue at this stage in the juvenile proceedings is statutorily set

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104 (2015), and we must determine whether

a return to the mother’s custody is in the children’s best interests. See Iowa

Code § 232.104(6) (stating that following a permanency order a child shall not be

returned to the custody of a parent over a formal objection filed by child’s

attorney or guardian ad litem, unless the court finds by a preponderance of the

evidence that parental custody furthers the child’s best interests); see also In re

A.S.T., 508 N.W.2d 735, 737 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (stating that in reviewing a

permanency order modification, a court looks “solely at children’s best interests”:

“[p]art of that focus may be on parental change, but the overwhelming bulk of the

focus is on the children and their needs”).



1
  The children’s father is not involved in this appeal. The mother and father had been
married for eighteen years but divorced in 2010.
2
  It is presumed the best interests of the child will be served by leaving it with its parents,
but this is not a conclusive presumption. In re T.D.C., 336 N.W.2d 738, 740 (Iowa
1983). The State has a duty to see that every child receives minimally adequate care
and treatment and will intercede when parents abdicate their responsibility. In re
Dameron, 306 N.W.2d 743, 745 (Iowa 1981); see also In re M.H., 367 N.W.2d 275, 278
(Iowa Ct. App. 1985) (“The State has a duty to see that every child receives minimally
adequate care and treatment and will intercede when parents abdicate their
responsibility.”).
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      The children came to the attention of the department of human services

(DHS) in October 2013 as a result of the mother’s methamphetamine use and

involvement in a domestically violent relationship.3 The children then began to

reside with their paternal grandparents, though there is some indication the

grandparents had been providing for the children’s care previously.             On

November 25, 2013, the children were adjudicated children in need of assistance

(CINA) and the juvenile court ordered they remain in their grandparents’ care. A

dispositional order was entered on January 7, 2014.

      On November 10, 2014, a permanency hearing was held and the court

confirmed placement of the children with the grandparents but granted the

mother an additional six months to seek reunification.           See Iowa Code

§ 232.104(2)(b). The court found at that time:

      [T]he facts set forth in the Petitions which gave rise to the
      [adjudication] that each child was a Child in Need of Assistance
      remain unresolved, but the mother, [P.L.], has made improvement
      in her dealings with serious substance abuse issues. In addition,
      she appears to have resolved her involvement in an abusive
      personal relationship. . . . The paternal grandparents are caring for
      the children, but the mother also wishes to maintain her relationship
      with them and needs to re-establish trust with them. The mother
      damaged that relationship by her past conduct. The Court finds
      that in spite of difficulties between the parents and the children in
      the past, an addition six months of services should be provided and
      that termination of parental rights of the parents is not in the best
      interests of the children, due to the existing bond between them.
      The Court finds it is not in their best interests to return them to the
      home of their mother at this time due to the fragile nature of the
      relationship of trust between the children and the mother. That
      relationship needs to be rebuilt before they can be returned to the
      mother.



3
  In 2011, there had been a DHS assessment finding the mother had physically abused
the children.
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The juvenile court ordered the mother be “afforded the opportunity for

unsupervised visits with the children, gradually, with increasing durations over

time before the next hearing on this matter, to help reestablish trust between her

and her children.”

        Unfortunately, the additional time the mother and children spent together

resulted not in an increase of trust between parent and children but in a

deterioration of the children’s emotional conditions.         Moreover, during the

extended period, a report of the mother’s physical abuse to one of the children

was investigated and determined to be founded.

        A permanency review hearing was held on April 9 and 13, and May 6,

2015.    The department was no longer recommending reunification with the

mother and was requesting a guardianship be established.              The children’s

therapist testified it would not be beneficial for the children to live with their

mother. A court appointed special advocate (CASA) testified the children’s dean

of students noted a decline in the girls’ grades and behavior during the period of

time of increased visitation. The dean concluded that the stability of remaining

with the grandparents was necessary for the children’s social, emotional, and

academic health.       The CASA opined the girls should remain with their

grandparents. The children’s guardian ad litem summarized her position in a

written closing argument:

               In conclusion, [the children] again testified to their desire to
        remain with their grandparents, where they are safe and stable and
        to maintain a relationship, including visits, with their mother. The
        overwhelming evidence presented to the court is that this is in the
        children’s best interests and that returning them to their mother’s
        custody would be contrary to their welfare.
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       The juvenile court entered its permanency review order on June 1, 2015.

The court found “that the necessary level of trust between [the mother] and the

two children does not exist to establish the needed level for a safe and nurturing

environment in her home required for a return of the children to her home.” The

court concluded:

              2. Subsequent to the entry of a permanency order, a child
       shall not be returned to the parents’ custody over a formal objection
       filed by the child’s attorney or guardian ad !item, unless the court
       finds by a preponderance of the evidence that returning the child to
       such custody would be in the best interest of the child. Code of
       Iowa Section 232.104(6).
              3. The best interests of the children require continued
       removal of the children from the parent’s home as a return to the
       home of the parents would not be in their best interests as the
       grounds for removal still exist.

The mother appeals.

       We review permanency orders de novo, sorting through both the facts and

law and adjudicating rights anew on the issues properly presented on appeal. In

re A.T., 799 N.W.2d 148, 150–51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). We give weight to the

factual findings of the juvenile court, but are not bound by them. Id.

       Upon our de novo review, we agree with the juvenile court’s finding that

returning the children to the mother would not be in their best interests. See

Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(d)(1), .104(6). It becomes apparent in reviewing the

record that while the children do wish to remain in contact with their mother, they

have endured years of instability due to their mother’s past substance abuse and

involvement with a domestically violent partner, and they do not feel secure in

her care.   We commend the mother for her hard work in addressing her

substance abuse issues. The children have found a safe and stable home with
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their paternal grandparents since at least October 2013 and it is not in their best

interests at this formative time in their lives to disrupt that recently gained

stability.   We therefore affirm the permanency review order to establish a

guardianship with the paternal grandparents.

        AFFIRMED.
