                                RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 20a0219p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT




                                                             ┐
 IN RE: FRANKLIN D. HARRIS, JR.; GWENDOLYN G.                │
 HARRIS,                                                     │
                                       Debtors.              │
                                                              >        No. 19-4081
  ___________________________________________                │
                                                             │
 FRANKLIN D. HARRIS, JR.; GWENDOLYN G. HARRIS,               │
                               Plaintiffs-Appellants,        │
                                                             │
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
                                                             │
 DANIEL COOLEY; KAYLAY COOLEY,                               │
                           Defendants-Appellees.             │
                                                             ┘

  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati;
                     1:18-cv-00712—Timothy S. Black, District Judge.

        United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Ohio at Cincinnati;
               Nos. 1:15-bk-12647; 1:17-ap-01041—Jeffery P. Hopkins, Judge.

                               Decided and Filed: July 17, 2020

                Before: COLE, Chief Judge; GUY and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                           LITIGANTS

ON BRIEF: Franklin D. Harris, Jr., Gwendolyn G. Harris, Portsmouth, Ohio, pro se.
 No. 19-4081                               In re Harris                                  Page 2


                                      _________________

                                            ORDER
                                      _________________

       Franklin D. Harris, Jr., and Gwendolyn G. Harris appeal the district court judgment that
affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order dismissing their adversary proceeding. This case has been
referred to a panel of the court that, upon examination, unanimously agrees that oral argument is
not needed. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a).

       On July 7, 2015, the Harrises filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under Chapter 13
of the Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy court issued an automatic stay and a restraining order
that enjoined creditors from commencing a suit against the Harrises or from interfering with the
Harrises’ property. After the bankruptcy court issued the stay, the Harrises’ neighbors, Daniel
and Kaylay Cooley, filed a lawsuit against them, seeking removal of a privacy fence that
allegedly encroached upon the Cooleys’ property. See Cooley v. Harris, No. 17CIH00071
(Scioto Cty. C.P. filed May 24, 2017).

       While the state court case remained pending, the Harrises filed a complaint in the
bankruptcy court for an adversary proceeding against the Cooleys. At its core, the Harrises’
complaint alleged that the Cooleys (1) violated the bankruptcy court order by filing their
complaint in state court and (2) “continue to pursue to take control, take possession of, and to
destroy the Property of the Bankruptcy Estate”—namely, “privacy fences” and “privacy fence
gates”—to which the Harrises are entitled pursuant to the doctrine of adverse possession. They
sought monetary, injunctive, and declaratory relief.

       The bankruptcy court dismissed the Harrises’ adversary proceeding on abstention
grounds, reasoning that it would be more appropriate for the state courts to adjudicate the
Harrises’ claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1). The Harrises appealed to the district court. The
district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation and affirmed the
bankruptcy court’s order. The Harrises now appeal the district court’s judgment.

       We review a bankruptcy court’s decision directly. Mediofactoring v. McDermott (In re
Connolly N. Am., LLC), 802 F.3d 810, 814 (6th Cir. 2015). We review the bankruptcy court’s
 No. 19-4081                                In re Harris                                     Page 3


findings of fact for clear error, and its conclusions of law de novo. Ellmann v. Baker, 791 F.3d
677, 680 (6th Cir. 2015).

       We have never directly addressed the standard of review under which we analyze a
bankruptcy court’s decision to abstain from adjudicating a claim under § 1334(c)(1). That
statute provides:

       Except with respect to a case under chapter 15 of title 11, nothing in this section
       prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with
       State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular
       proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.

       Other circuits to consider § 1334(c)(1) bankruptcy court abstentions have reviewed those
decisions for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., In re Middlesex Power Equipment & Marine, Inc.
v. Town of Tyngsborough, 292 F.3d 61, 69 (1st Cir. 2002); In the Matter of Chicago, Milwaukee,
St. Paul & Pacific R.R. Co., 6 F.3d 1184, 1188 (7th Cir. 1993). We agree that abuse of
discretion is the appropriate standard of review. As a district court in our circuit has observed,
“[t]he decision whether to abstain is within the sound discretion of the bankruptcy judge.”
McDaniel v. ABN Amro Mortg. Grp., 364 B.R. 644, 650 (S.D. Ohio 2007). We therefore review
the bankruptcy court’s decision to abstain under § 1334(c)(1) for an abuse of discretion. Here,
the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion when it abstained from rendering a judgment in
the Harrises’ adversary proceeding with respect to their adverse possession claim.

       The Harrises claim that they acquired the privacy fences and gates between their property
and the Cooleys’ via adverse possession. An adverse possession claim is governed by state law,
and in Ohio, such a claim—which has “stringent” elements—is “disfavored.” Grace v. Koch,
692 N.E.2d 1009, 1011–12 (Ohio 1998). Thus, as the bankruptcy court determined, the Harrises’
adverse possession claim is better resolved in state court. This decision is consistent with §
1334(c)(1)’s provision that a bankruptcy court may abstain from a claim “in the interest of
comity with State courts or respect for State law.” Moreover, the property at issue in the dispute
between the families is not a part of the bankruptcy estate and the disposition of the Harrises’
adverse possession claim will not impact the administration of the bankruptcy proceeding in any
way. The Harrises fail to advance a compelling argument that the bankruptcy court otherwise
abused its discretion when it abstained.
 No. 19-4081                                In re Harris                                   Page 4


       The Harrises alternatively argue that the bankruptcy court erred in abstaining because
their adversary proceeding was a “core” proceeding. But whether it is a core proceeding is of no
moment because a bankruptcy court may abstain in both core and non-core proceedings. See,
e.g., Underwood v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (In re Underwood), 299 B.R. 471, 476
(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2003).

       The Harrises also argue that the Cooleys knowingly violated the bankruptcy court order
when they filed a lawsuit against them in state court on May 24, 2017, after the bankruptcy court
issued a stay. This argument fails for two reasons. First, the Cooleys are not creditors of the
Harrises’ bankruptcy estate. Second, the Harrises do not allege that they were injured by the
Cooleys’ state court action. Thus, whatever actions the Cooleys took after issuance of the
automatic stay are not void.

       As discussed above, the Harrises have failed to allege facts showing that the privacy
fences and gates in dispute in the state court action are part of the bankruptcy estate or that the
Cooleys are creditors in the bankruptcy case. Indeed, nothing in the Harrises’ bankruptcy
records indicate that the disputed property is part of the bankruptcy estate or that the Cooleys are
creditors. The Harrises also do not allege that they were injured by the Cooleys’ alleged
violation of the automatic stay. The relevant automatic stay provision of the Bankruptcy Code
provides that only “an individual injured by any willful violation of a stay” may recover
damages. 11 U.S.C. § 362(k)(1); see also Goodrich v. Union Planters Mortg., 196 F. App’x
586, 587 (9th Cir. 2006) (The creditor’s violation of the automatic stay “is not actionable [in
part] because Debtors suffered no damages.”). Here, the state court docket shows that the state
court case was stayed pending resolution of the Harrises’ bankruptcy case or an order granting
relief from the automatic stay. See Cooley v. Harris, No. 17CIH00071 (Scioto Cty. C.P. dkt.
entry dated Aug. 14, 2018). Thus, the Harrises did not suffer any damages in the form of having
to litigate the state court action at the same time as their bankruptcy proceeding.

       Lastly, the Harrises argue that the bankruptcy court erred by failing to rule on their
motion for default judgment and motion for contempt, both directed at the Cooleys for their
failure to appear and for their alleged violation of the automatic stay. But those motions were
rendered moot when the bankruptcy court entered its order dismissing the proceeding.
No. 19-4081                            In re Harris                          Page 5


     Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all respects.

                                         ENTERED BY ORDER OF THE COURT




                                         Deborah S. Hunt, Clerk
