[Cite as State v. Scott, 2012-Ohio-3482.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                     RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                  :      JUDGES:
                                               :
                                               :      Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J.
                        Plaintiff-Appellee     :      Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                               :      Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-                                           :
                                               :      Case No. 11CA80
RANDY L. SCOTT                                 :
                                               :
                                               :
                       Defendant-Appellant     :      OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Appeal from the Richland County Court of
                                                   Common Pleas, Case No. 2010 CR 0313H


JUDGMENT:                                          AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN
                                                   PART, AND REMANDED


DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            July 23, 2012



APPEARANCES:

For Appellant:                                        For Appellee:

WILLIAM T. CRAMER                                     JAMES J. MAYER, JR.
470 Olde Worthington Rd., Ste. 200                    RICHLAND COUNTY PROSECUTOR
Westerville, OH 43082
                                                      DANIEL BENOIT
                                                      38 South Park St.
                                                      Mansfield, OH 44902
[Cite as State v. Scott, 2012-Ohio-3482.]


Delaney, J.

        {¶1} Appellant Randy L. Scott appeals from the August 26, 2011 judgment

entry of the Richland County Court of Appeals convicting him of four counts of rape,

four counts of sexual battery, four counts of gross sexual imposition, and one count of

kidnapping with a sexual motivation, and sentencing him to an aggregate prison term

of 26 and a half years. Appellee is the state of Ohio.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        {¶1} The victim in this case is P.E., the minor daughter of appellant. The

victim was born in 1994.               K.S. is appellant’s wife and the victim’s stepmother.

Appellant was the custodial parent of the victim, not having married the victim’s

mother. Appellant and K.S. both worked as corrections officers in Richland County.

        {¶2} The following facts are adduced from the record of appellant’s trial.

        {¶3} This case arose on May 5, 2010, when K.S. called 911 and reported to

the Richland County Sheriff’s Department that appellant had raped the victim.

                                            The History of Abuse

        {¶4} At trial, the victim testified to repeated acts of sexual abuse by appellant

that began when she was 11 years old. The incidents occurred at the family home in

Richland County. The victim stated she didn’t tell anyone because she was afraid

appellant would lose his job and go to jail. She also didn’t want to break up her family.

        {¶5} The victim further testified she was afraid of appellant, in part because

he was bigger than she was, but also because she had been led to believe that

appellant had killed a younger sibling.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       3


       {¶6} The victim further testified didn’t tell anyone about the rapes because

she didn’t want appellant to be arrested and she always considered herself to be

“daddy’s girl.”

       {¶7} The pattern of sexual assaults continued, increasing in frequency as the

victim got older, to the point that she was raped as often as once a week. She would

say no but the assaults continued.        The victim tried to avoid appellant.       Her

stepmother was never home when the assaults occurred.

       {¶8} The assaults occurred in appellant’s bedroom, the victim’s bedroom, and

the laundry room in the basement. The victim was able to time the general history of

the abuse based upon where her family was living at the time. They lived in two

different houses in Mansfield.

                             Indicted Offenses: April 2010

       {¶9} Throughout the month of April, 2010, the rapes occurred once or twice a

week. The incidents occurred in the victim’s bedroom.

                            Indicted Offenses: May 3, 2010

       {¶10} The final act of rape was clear in the victim’s mind because she

disclosed it to her cousin shortly thereafter and appellant was arrested two days later.

       {¶11} On the evening of Monday, May 3, 2010, K.S. was not home from work

yet. The victim was in her bedroom after showering and was raped by appellant. He

ejaculated on her stomach. The victim thereafter wiped herself off with a pink towel.

She then placed the pink towel in her dirty-clothes basket in her closet. The victim

called and texted her cousin to tell him she had been raped again.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                      4


      {¶12} Most of the adult family members closest to the victim, whether by

relationship or proximity, claimed to have no idea the abuse was taking place. The

victim did reach out, however, to her friends and younger family members, who

testified to the disclosures at trial. Ultimately, on May 5, 2010, the incidents were

disclosed to K.S.

      {¶13} K.S. then called 911 to report the rapes. A Richland County Sheriff’s

deputy came to the house and learned the basic details of the allegations from K.S.

The deputy told K.S. to take the victim to the hospital for a rape exam, and contacted

detectives and children’s services.

                                      The SANE Exam

      {¶14} At MedCentral Hospital, the victim met with sexual assault nurse

examiner (SANE) Tammy Lawhorn. Lawhorn’s purpose was to perform a head-to-toe

examination, record the history presented, collect evidence, diagnose and treat

medical conditions, and forward her findings.

      {¶15} K.S. brought the victim to the hospital on May 5, 2010 at 4:55 p.m. A

representative from children’s services was also present.

      {¶16} Lawhorn first obtained a history from her, who told her she was sitting on

her bed when her father came into the room and told her to stand up. She said no,

and he turned the lights off. He pinned her to the floor, licked her vagina, and put his

penis in her vagina. His sperm went all over her stomach, and then he went back

downstairs to watch the Cavs game. The victim further stated this was not the first

rape; the abuse started when she was 11 and had occurred over 30 times. She never
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                        5


told anyone because she was scared; and she had a baby sister who was killed by

appellant.

       {¶17} Lawhorn testified that an exam is “acute” if the sexual assault occurred

within the previous 72 hours. She performed a genital exam with a colposcope, which

magnifies injuries, and noted two “old tears” to the patient’s hymen, multiple blisters on

the lips of the vagina, and a bruised cervix. Although Lawhorn agreed that tears to the

hymen and vaginal blisters could be caused by a number of things other than sexual

assault, the bruise to the cervix was caused by blunt force trauma. These injuries

were consistent with the history related by the victim.

       {¶18} Lawhorn’s exam collected key pieces of evidence including the

underwear the victim wore to the hospital and a rape kit. Lawhorn notified a deputy

that the victim had cleaned herself after the assault with the pink towel, and the deputy

sent K.S. back to the house to retrieve the towel. K.S. later testified she found the

towel in the victim’s dirty-clothes basket, and picked it up by placing a plastic grocery

bag over her hand.       She placed the towel into a separate plastic bag and turned it

over to investigators.

                                  The Physical Evidence

       {¶1} Investigators executed a search warrant upon appellant’s residence and

collected a number of pieces of physical evidence, including cuttings from carpet and

P.’s mattress. Ultimately investigators submitted physical evidence most likely to yield

DNA results, including the rape kit from the hospital, a DNA standard from appellant,

the pink towel found in the victim’s dirty-clothes basket, and a mattress cutting. These

items were submitted to B.C.I. for analysis.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     6


      {¶2} Forensic analysts confirmed the presence of semen on the crotch of the

victim’s underwear and on the pink towel. On the pink towel, the semen appeared in

ten different spots. Two DNA profiles were detected in the cutting from the crotch of

the victim’s underwear:    those of the victim and appellant.   One DNA profile was

extracted from the semen detected on the pink towel: appellant’s.

                           The Death of the Victim’s Sibling

      {¶3} One issue at trial was why the victim didn’t tell anyone, which was

explained in part by her fear of appellant. She testified that appellant never made any

express threat against her, and yet she never fought back or forcefully resisted.

Although she thought about “kicking him in the balls,” she never did so. She thought

appellant would physically hurt her if she told anyone.

      {¶4} The victim testified that her fear of appellant was based in part upon her

belief that he had killed her baby sister. The victim testified she had asked appellant

how the sibling had died and he told her on different occasions that she was sick and

that she was murdered. This topic was explored further with Detective Patrice Smith

on re-cross by the defense. Det. Smith testified she was aware the victim had been

told appellant killed her sister.   Smith stated summarily, in response to defense

questioning, that the allegation was investigated and nothing came of it.        Upon

redirect, when asked how the child died, Smith replied she had head trauma and a

lacerated liver from being punched in the abdomen.

      {¶5} When appellant testified, even more details of the child’s death were

elicited by the defense. Appellant stated the child was 11 months old when she died.

In the 24 hours leading up to her death, the child was with, at different times, her
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       7


mother, appellant, and appellant’s mother. Appellant’s mother called him to say the

child was not responding and they were taking her to the hospital. Upon his arrival,

she had already passed away. Appellant testified that two weeks later he learned the

death was being investigated as a homicide.

      {¶6} Upon cross-examination, appellant stated the child was murdered but not

by him. Prior to her death, the child had a history of unexplained bruises and injuries.

                             Appellant’s Testimony at Trial

      {¶7} Appellant testified on his own behalf at trial.      He denied any type of

sexual contact or conduct with the victim. He had no explanation why the victim would

make up the allegations. He related his version of the events of May 3, 2010.

      {¶8} Appellant had disciplined the victim earlier in the day by taking her cell

phone away because he learned she was sent to in-school suspension for texting at

school.

      {¶9} That evening, K.S. was at work and Appellant had been watching a

basketball game but went upstairs. Appellant heard the shower running and reached

into the room to jokingly turn the light on and off while his daughter was in the shower.

Appellant then went into his bedroom to turn on the basketball game on the television

there. He heard his daughter come out of the bathroom, and go into her bedroom and

close the door.

      {¶10} A few minutes later, the telephone rang and when he answered it, no

one was there, but the caller ID indicated his daughter’s friend had called. He took the

telephone to her room, knocked on her door, and she stuck her head out. Appellant
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       8


told her a friend had called and his daughter took the phone.         After then took a

shower, and he returned to his bedroom and remained there for the rest of the night.

      {¶11} Appellant further testified that he has a problem with “longevity during

sexual intercourse” and therefore masturbates if he expects to later be intimate with

his wife. He claimed he masturbated and cleaned up with the pink towel, which he

placed in his own dirty-clothes basket.

      {¶12} Appellant had no explanation for how his semen turned up in the crotch

of his daughter’s underwear, or how the pink towel containing his semen wound up in

his daughter’s clothes basket.

                   Indictment, Jury Trial, Conviction, and Sentence

      {¶13} Appellant was charged by indictment with three counts of rape occurring

between April 5, 2010 and May 2, 2010 [R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), felonies of the first

degree]; one count of rape occurring on May 3, 2010 [R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), a felony of

the first degree]; three counts of sexual battery occurring between April 5, 2010 and

May 2, 2010 [R.C. 2907.03(A)(5), felonies of the third degree]; one count of sexual

battery occurring on May 3, 2010 [R.C. 2907.03(A)(5), a felony of the third degree];

three counts of gross sexual imposition occurring between April 5, 2010 and May 2,

2010 [R.C. 2907.05(A)(1), felonies of the fourth degree]; one count of gross sexual

imposition occurring on May 3, 2010 [R.C. 2907.05(A)(1), a felony of the fourth

degree]; and one count of kidnapping with a sexual motivation specification occurring

on May 3, 2010 [R.C. 2905.01(A)(4) and 2941.147, a felony of the first degree].
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     9


      {¶14} Appellant entered pleas of not guilty and the case proceeded to jury trial.

Appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal at the close of appellee’s evidence and at

the close of all of the evidence; the motions were overruled.

      {¶15} The jury found appellant guilty as charged, and the trial court sentenced

him to an aggregate prison term of twenty-six and a half years.

      {¶16} Appellant now appeals from the judgment entry of his convictions and

sentence.

      {¶17} Appellant raises six Assignments of Error:

      {¶18} “I.     APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS STATE AND FEDERAL DUE

PROCESS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE JURY WAS EXPOSED TO HIGHLY

PREJUDICIAL CHARACTER EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF EVID.R. 403(A) AND

404(B).”

      {¶19} “II.    APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS STATE AND FEDERAL DUE

PROCESS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL WHEN THE PROSECUTION WAS

IMPROPERLY PERMITTED TO BOLSTER THE VICTIM’S CREDIBILITY WITH

EVIDENCE OF PRIOR CONSISTENT STATEMENTS.”

      {¶20} “III.    APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS STATE AND FEDERAL

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

WHEN COUNSEL FAILED TO OBJECT TO NUMEROUS INADMISSIBLE PIECES

OF EVIDENCE.”

      {¶21} “IV. APPELLANTS (sic) STATE AND FEDERAL DUE PROCESS RIGHT

TO A FAIR TRIAL WAS VIOLATED WHEN THE TRIAL COURT INSTRUCTED THE

JURY TO PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO APPELLANT’S INTEREST IN THE
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                        10


OUTCOME OF THE CASE AND RESULTING BIAS WHEN INSTRUCTING THE

JURY ON HOW TO ASSESS WITNESS CREDIBILITY.”

       {¶22} “V.    APPELLANT WAS DEPRIVED OF HIS STATE AND FEDERAL

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO A FAIR TRIAL AS A RESULT OF THE

CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF THE ERRORS.”

       {¶23} “VI.     APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS STATE AND FEDERAL

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND PROTECTION FROM

DOUBLE JEOPARDY WHEN THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO PROPERLY MERGE

SEVERAL COUNTS INVOLVING ALLIED OFFENSES IN VIOLATION OF R.C.

2941.25.”

                                             I.

       {¶24} In his first assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court erred in

admitting inadmissible character evidence in the form of allegations of repeated abuse

over a period of years and the allegation appellant killed the victim’s baby sister. We

disagree.

       {¶25} Prior to trial appellant moved to exclude evidence of ongoing abuse

from the time his daughter was 11 years old, and evidence of the homicide allegation

involving her younger sibling. The state argued the evidence was admissible to show

the state of mind of the victim, including the delay in reporting the abuse. The trial

court agreed, and ruled the evidence was admissible subject to a limiting instruction.

Appellant renewed objections to the evidence at trial, and the trial court did instruct the

jury at the end of the trial the evidence was not admitted to show the character of

appellant but rather to state of mind of the victim.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                   11


      {¶26} The admission or exclusion of evidence is a matter left to the sound

discretion of the trial court.   Absent an abuse of discretion resulting in material

prejudice to the defendant, a reviewing court should be reluctant to interfere with a

trial court’s decision in this regard. State v. Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128, 224

N.E.2d 126 (1967).

      {¶27} Generally, the prosecution in a criminal trial may not present evidence

that a defendant has committed other crimes or bad acts independent of the crime for

which he is being tried to establish the defendant acted in conformity with his bad

character. Evid.R. 404(B); State v. Hirsch, 129 Ohio App.3d 294, 306, 717 N.E.2d

789 (1st Dist.1998).     Evid.R. 404(B) and R.C. 2945.59 provide that other-acts

evidence is admissible to show “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”

      {¶28} In this case, however, the challenged evidence does not fit squarely

within the 404(B) exceptions, and appellee did not argue it was offered for any of

those purposes. Instead, the evidence was offered to show the victim’s state of mind;

specifically, why she didn’t tell anyone about the abuse and why she was in fear of

appellant. “Other-acts evidence may be admitted for reasons other than those listed

in R.C. 2945.59 or Evid.R. 404(B), provided that the evidence is not offered solely to

show the accused’s propensity to commit the crime in question.” State v. Wright, 4th

Dist. No. 00CA39, 2001-Ohio-2473, appeal not allowed, 101 Ohio St.3d 1490, 2004-

Ohio-1293, 805 N.E.2d 540.

      {¶29} Appellant was charged with multiple counts of forcible rape against his

daughter.   We find, consistent with holdings of other courts in similar cases, the
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       12


challenged other-acts evidence helped demonstrate appellant purposely compelled his

daughter to submit by force or threat of force. See Wright, supra. In a case involving

a minor child and a parent, testimony which tends to establish psychological force is

not improper propensity evidence, but instead tends to show an element of the crime,

force, which is a material issue at trial. See Wright, supra, citing State v. Eskridge, 38

Ohio St.3d 56, 526 N.E.2d 304 (1988) and State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 1992-

Ohio-31, 600 N.E.2d 661.

       {¶30} This holding is consistent with our holding in State v. Doup, 5th Dist. No.

02CA000008, 2002-Ohio-6981, appeal not allowed, 98 Ohio St.3d 1513, 2003-Ohio-

1572, 786 N.E.2d 63, in which we found other-acts evidence “explained the victim’s

acquiescence to the sexual abuse” and “explained the state of the victim’s mind and

the environment wherein the sexual assaults occurred.” Id., at ¶ 48.

       {¶31} The trial court did give a limiting instruction.     As we have frequently

noted, “[a] presumption always exists that the jury has followed the instructions given

to it by the trial court.” State v. Bleigh, 5th Dist. No. 09-CAA-03-0031, 2010-Ohio-

1182, ¶ 134, citing Pang v. Minch, 53 Ohio St.3d 186, 187, 559 N.E.2d 1313 (1990) at

paragraph four of the syllabus. Appellant points to no evidence in the record that the

jury failed to follow the trial court’s limiting instruction.

       {¶32} Accordingly, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the evidence of the unexplained death of the victim’s sibling and the history

of sexual abuse of the victim.

       {¶33} We overrule appellant’s first assignment of error.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     13


                                           II.

      {¶34} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues the state should not

have been permitted to “bolster” the victim’s credibility with evidence of her

disclosures to friends and family. We disagree.

      {¶35} Prior to trial, a hearing was held on a number of motions filed by the

parties. Appellant moved to exclude evidence in the form of statements made by the

victim about the abuse to friends and family members.        At the hearing, the state

asserted that the statements would not be offered for the truth of the matter asserted

but instead to show the effect of the statement on the listener: “In other words, this

child over the years told various people who were not in a position of authority, like a

15-year-old brother, et cetera, people of that nature, about the abuse that was going

on, and it’s offered to show the effect on the listener, because every time she told one

of these people about it she made them promise not to tell anybody. The issue is, the

matter was not reported until May 5, 2010. And these witnesses, I understand, cannot

go into detail about what she said, but I think they can testify they were informed by

her that she was being sexually abused, they were asked not to say anything about it,

and they didn’t tell anybody about it. * * *.”    The trial court pointed out that the

evidence may be inadmissible if it was hearsay, but that if the defense impugned the

victim’s credibility, the statements would become admissible. Ultimately the trial court

determined the ruling would have to be made in the course of the trial.

      {¶36} During the state’s case, younger family relatives and friends testified the

victim told them about ongoing sexual abuse by her father since she was 11 years old.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       14


       {¶37} Appellant argues the testimony of the witnesses is impermissible

hearsay.     Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted. Evid.R. 801(C). The Rule further provides that some statements are not

hearsay. Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(b) states: “A statement is not hearsay if * * * the declarant

testifies at the trial * * * and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement,

and the statement is * * * consistent with declarant’s testimony and is offered to rebut

an express or implied charge against declarant of recent fabrication or improper

influence or motive.”

       {¶38} Appellant’s opening statement at trial presented the theory that the victim

didn’t want to live with appellant anymore because she didn’t want to move to a new

house, didn’t get along with her step-mother, was curious about living with her mother

who was a more permissive parent than appellant. We have previously found that

such implications during opening statements are sufficient to allow the state’s use of

Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(b). State v. Crawford, 5th Dist. No. 07 CA 116, 2008-Ohio-6260,

¶65, appeal not allowed, 121 Ohio St.3d 1442, 2009-Ohio-1638, 903 N.E.2d 1224.

See also, State v. Abdussatar, 8th Dist. No. 86406, 2006-Ohio-803, State v. Johnson,

2nd Dist. No. 15253 (Apr. 26, 1996), State v. Hoskins, 2nd Dist. No. 94-CA-42 (Jun.

28, 1995).

       {¶39} We therefore find the statements made to the victim’s friends and family

members, by the victim, are not impermissible hearsay and the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting them.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     15


       {¶40} For the foregoing reasons, we therefore overrule appellant’s second

assignment of error.

                                           III.

       {¶41} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues he received ineffective

assistance of trial counsel because counsel failed to object to three instances of

improper character evidence. We disagree.

       {¶42} To succeed on a claim of ineffectiveness, a defendant must satisfy a

two-prong test. Initially, a defendant must show that trial counsel acted incompetently.

See, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). In assessing

such claims, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant

must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action

‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Id. at 689, citing Michel v. Louisiana, 350

U.S. 91, 101, 76 S.Ct. 158 (1955).

       {¶43} “There are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given

case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in

the same way.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. The question is whether counsel acted

“outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at 690.

       {¶44} Even if a defendant shows that counsel was incompetent, the defendant

must then satisfy the second prong of the Strickland test. Under this “actual prejudice”

prong, the defendant must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     16


      {¶45} First, we note the record is replete with objections raised by appellant’s

trial counsel to various evidence and arguments presented by the state. Appellant

points, though, to three specific comments by witnesses to which defense trial counsel

raised no objection: the victim’s mother’s references to physical abuse by appellant

and his “nasty dream” about her, and a comment appellant made to the victim’s friend

that he would be “all over her” if he was her age.

      {¶46} In the context of the entire trial, we find defense trial counsel was not

deficient in failing to object to these statements. While these remarks may have been

objectionable, counsel may have deliberately chosen not to object to avoid drawing

the jury’s attention to the comments. Trial strategy and even debatable trial tactics do

not establish ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412,

2006-Ohio-2815, ¶ 101. Strategic choices made after substantial investigation “will

seldom if ever” be found wanting. Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at 681.

      {¶47} Moreover, the failure to object to error, alone, is not enough to sustain a

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Crawford, 5th Dist. No. 07 CA 116,

2008-Ohio-6260, ¶ 72, appeal not allowed, 123 Ohio St.3d 1474, 2009-Ohio-5704,

915 N.E.2d 1255, citing State v. Fears, 86 Ohio St.3d 329, 347, 715 N.E.2d 136

(1999).

      {¶48} In short, we find no reasonable probability the outcome of the trial would

have been different had such objections been raised. See, State v. Graber, 5th Dist.

No. 2002CA00014, 2003-Ohio-137, ¶ 154, appeal not allowed, 101 Ohio St.3d 1466,

2004-Ohio-819, 804 N.E.2d 40.

      {¶49} Appellant’s third assignment of error is therefore overruled.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                            17


                                             IV.

       {¶50} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court erred in

instructing the jury to pay particular attention to appellant’s interest in the outcome of

the case and any bias that interest may engender.

       {¶51} No objection was raised to the jury instructions given by the trial court.

Crim.R. 30(A) states: “On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the

failure to give any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to

consider its verdict, stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the

objection.”

       {¶52} We therefore review this issue for plain error. Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B),

“plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were

not brought to the attention of the court.” The rule places several limitations on a

reviewing court’s determination to correct an error despite the absence of timely

objection at trial: (1) “there must be an error, i.e., a deviation from a legal rule,” (2) “the

error must be plain,” that is, an error that constitutes “an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial

proceedings,” and (3) the error must have affected “substantial rights” such that “the

trial court’s error must have affected the outcome of the trial.” State v. Dunn, 5th Dist.

No. 2008-CA-00137, 2009-Ohio-1688, citing State v. Morales, 10 Dist. Nos. 03-AP-

318, 03-AP-319, 2004-Ohio-3391, at ¶ 19 (citation omitted).

       {¶53} The decision to correct a plain error is discretionary and should be made

“with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a

manifest miscarriage of justice.” Barnes, supra, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d

91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. The Ohio Supreme Court
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       18


has noted “* * * an erroneous jury instruction ‘does not constitute a plain error or

defect under Crim.R. 52(B) unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly

would have been otherwise.” State v. Cooperrider, 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 227, 448 N.E.2d

452 (1983), citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 97, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978).

       {¶54} We have carefully reviewed the record of this case, and find the

evidence of appellant’s guilt to be substantial. We find the trial court’s instruction did

not rise to level of plain error because the outcome of the trial would not have been

otherwise absent the instruction. See, State v. Broucker, 5th Dist. No. 2007CA00315,

2008-Ohio-2946, ¶ 38.

       {¶55} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is therefore overruled.

                                             V.

       {¶56} In his fifth assignment of error, appellant claims cumulative errors in his

trial deprived him of a fair trial. We disagree.

       {¶57} In State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656 N.E.2d 623 (1995), the

Ohio Supreme Court held pursuant to the cumulative error doctrine “a conviction will

be reversed where the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the

constitutional right to a fair trial even though each of numerous instances of trial court

error does not individually constitute cause for reversal.”

       {¶58} In the instant case, we do not find multiple instances of harmless error

triggering the cumulative error doctrine, and appellant’s fifth assignment of error is

therefore overruled.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                      19


                                          VI.

      {¶59} In his sixth and final assignment of error, appellant asserts the trial court

failed to properly merge several counts involving allied offenses in sentencing

appellant. We agree.

      {¶60} Appellant was convicted of four separate incidents of rape, sexual

battery, and gross sexual imposition: three of these incidents occurred in April, 2010,

and the fourth occurred on May 3, 2010.         The May 3 incident included an act of

kidnapping, which the state summarized as appellant’s act of holding P. down by

force. At sentencing, the parties agreed that some counts merged and asked the trial

court for concurrent sentencing (T. 953-954, 957-958). Specifically, the state agreed

that the sexual battery offenses of Counts Five, Six, and Seven merged with the rape

offenses of Counts One, Two, and Three, the April offenses. The state argued a

separate animus existed for the sexual battery offense in Count Eight, the May 3

incident. The trial court agreed (T. 962). The trial court also found a separate animus

existed as to Count 12, the gross sexual imposition offense of May 3.

      {¶61} The trial court noted that the 10-year sentence for the offense of

kidnapping “should run concurrent” on the basis of State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126

(1979) because the restraint and movement of the victim had no significance apart

from facilitating the rape (T. 963). The record of the sentencing hearing does not

indicate the trial court made any other findings regarding allied offenses or merger

beyond references to separate animuses of Counts Eight and Twelve.

      {¶62} The trial court sentenced appellant on all counts. The resulting

sentencing entry also indicates that the terms for Counts One [rape, 10 years], Four
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       20


[rape, 10 years], Eight [sexual battery, 5 years], and Twelve [gross sexual imposition,

18 months] are consecutive to each other, and the remaining counts are concurrent.

Among the remaining counts is Count 13, kidnapping, on which the trial court imposed

a concurrent sentence of 10 years.

      {¶63} R.C. 2941.25 provides:

      (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two

      or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may

      contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only

      one.

      (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of

      dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the

      same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to

      each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses,

      and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.

      With State v. Johnson, the Ohio Supreme Court attempted to clarify whether

offenses are subject to merger. 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d

1061. First, the court must determine whether the offenses are allied and of similar

import. In so doing, the pertinent question is ‘whether it is possible to commit one

offense and commit the other offense with the same conduct, not whether it is possible

to commit one without committing the other.” * * *. Second, “the court must determine

whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct, i.e. ‘a single act,

committed with a single state of mind.’” * * *. If both questions are answered in the
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                        21


affirmative, then the offenses are allied offenses of similar import and will be merged.

Johnson, at ¶ 50, internal citations omitted.

       {¶64} The crimes of rape and sexual battery are generally allied offenses of

similar import and should have been merged, as appellee concedes in terms of

Counts One, Two, and Three [the April rape counts] and Counts Five, Six, and Seven

[the April sexual battery counts]. Instead, appellant received concurrent sentences.

Imposing a concurrent sentence is not the equivalent of merging allied offenses. State

v. Damron, 129 Ohio St.3d 86, 2011-Ohio-2268, 950 N.E.2d 512, ¶ 17.

       {¶65} Appellee urges us to review the merger issues as plain error, stating

“[b]ecause the trial court believed that running the sentences concurrently was

sufficient to merge them as allied offenses, [appellant] would be serving the same

consecutive sentences even if the allied offenses had not been sentenced.” Appellant

urges, too, to avoid remanding the case and to simply resentence him “to reflect an

appropriate merger.” Unfortunately it is not clear from the record that the trial court

found any of the counts to be allied offenses which merged for sentencing. The only

specific reference to merger occurred with respect to Count 13, kidnapping, for which

the trial court imposed a concurrent sentence.

       {¶66} Although the parties urge us to avoid remand and to correct the

sentencing errors pursuant to Section 3(B)(2), Article IV of the Ohio Constitution and

R.C. 2953.07, we are required to follow the instruction of the Ohio Supreme Court in

Whitfield: “If, upon appeal, a court of appeals finds reversible error in the imposition of

multiple punishments for allied offenses, the court must reverse the judgment of

conviction and remand for a new sentencing hearing at which the state must elect
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                     22


which allied offense it will pursue against the defendant.” 124 Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-

Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 182, ¶ 25; see also State v. Bleigh, 5th Dist. No. 09-CAA-03-0031,

2010-Ohio-1182, ¶ 154-155.

      {¶67} In State v. Damron, the Ohio Supreme Court addressed a sentencing

error very much like the one in this case:

      When a defendant has been found guilty of offenses that are allied offenses,

      R.C. 2941.25 prohibits the imposition of multiple sentences. [State v.] Whitfield,

      124 Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d 182, at ¶ 12. Therefore, a trial

      court must merge the crimes into a single conviction and impose a sentence

      that is appropriate for the offense chosen for sentencing. State v. Brown, 119

      Ohio St.3d 447, 2008-Ohio-4569, 895 N.E.2d 149m at ¶ 41-43. In this case,

      the sentencing court found Damron guilty of both offenses and sentenced him

      on both. The imposition of concurrent sentences is not the equivalent of

      merging allied offenses. As we explained in Whitfield, for purposes of R.C.

      2941.25, a “conviction” is the combination of a guilt determination and a

      sentence or penalty. Whitfield at ¶ 12. * * *.

      State v. Damron, supra, 2011-Ohio-2268, ¶ 17.

      {¶68} As the record presently stands, appellant has been convicted and

sentenced on all 13 charged offenses, despite the parties’ acknowledgment, and the

trial court’s apparent agreement, that some of those are allied offenses of similar

import which should merge.      We therefore find the trial court erred in sentencing

appellant on all counts.      Accordingly, appellant’s sixth assignment of error is

sustained.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                             23


      {¶69} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the

Richland County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and

remanded for the trial court to review the issue of merger.

By: Delaney, P.J.

and Wise, J. concur.

Hoffman, J. concurs separately




                                        HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY



                                        HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN



                                        HON. JOHN W. WISE




PAD:kgb
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                          24



Hoffman, J., concurring
      {¶70} I concur in the majority’s analysis and disposition of Appellant’s

Assignments of Error II, IV, V, and VI.

       {¶71} I further concur in the majority’s disposition of Appellant’s Assignment of

Error I. Unlike the majority, I would find the trial court erred in permitting allegations of

the repeated sexual abuse of the victim over a period of years outside the time

parameters of the Indictment. The majority conceded the challenged evidence does

not fit squarely within the 404(B) exceptions. The victim’s state of mind is not one of

the listed exceptions. While the victim’s belief Appellant may have killed her sister was

arguably permissible to explain the victim’s failure to timely report the abuse, I find

evidence of other incidents of abuse violates Evid.R. 404(B). The trial court is vested

with discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence, so long as such discretion

is exercised in line with the rules of procedure and evidence. Rigby v. Lake Cty., 58

Ohio St.3d 269, 271 (1991).

       {¶72} Despite finding error in the admission of the other acts evidence, I concur

in the majority’s decision to overrule this assignment of error in light of the trial court’s

cautionary instruction and the fact the weight of the other admissible evidence renders

the error harmless.
Richland County, Case No. 11CA80                                                       25


      {¶73} Finally, I also concur in the majority’s disposition of Appellant’s

Assignment of Error III. Unlike the majority, I find counsel’s failure to object cannot be

defended as trial strategy or tactics.     However, I do agree with the majority no

reasonable probability exists the outcome of the trial would have been different had

such objections been raised and sustained.



                                                _________________________

                                                HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN
[Cite as State v. Scott, 2012-Ohio-3482.]


              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO

                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                  :
                                               :
                                               :
                        Plaintiff-Appellee     :
                                               :
-vs-                                           :   JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                               :
RANDY L. SCOTT                                 :
                                               :
                                               :   Case No. 11CA80
                       Defendant-Appellant     :




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Opinion on file, the judgment of the

Richland County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and

remanded for further proceedings consistent with our Opinion.           Costs assessed

equally between appellant and appellee.




                                             HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY



                                             HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN



                                             HON. JOHN W. WISE
