                                                                                            ACCEPTED
                                                                                       03-14-00198-CV
                                                                                              4437853
                                                                             THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                        AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                                 3/10/2015 12:18:32 PM
                                                                                      JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                                                CLERK
                               No. 03-14-00198-CV
                          In the Third Court of Appeals
                                  Austin, Texas                     RECEIVED IN
                                                              3rd COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   AUSTIN, TEXAS
               CITY OF NEW BRAUNFELS, TEXAS -                 3/10/2015 12:18:32 PM
                                                          Appellant
                                                                  JEFFREY D. KYLE
                                                                       Clerk
                                        v.

    STOP THE ORDINANCES PLEASE, W.W. GAF, INC., D/B/A ROCKIN “R”
    RIVER RIDES, TEXAS TUBES, TOURIST ASSOCIATED BUSINESSES OF
      COMAL COUNTY; UNION RIVER LLC D/B/A LANDA RIVER TRIPS;
       CHUCK’S TUBES; WATERPARK MANAGEMENT, INC.; TRI-CITY
      DISTRIBUTORS, LP AND STONE RANDALL WILLIAMS - Appellees


        Appeal from the 207th Judicial District Court, Comal County, Texas
                             Cause No. C2007-387B


    BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE CITY OF AUSTIN, THE TEXAS MUNICIPAL
       LEAGUE, AND THE TEXAS CITY ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION
     IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANT, CITY OF NEW BRAUNFELS, TEXAS


                                 KAREN M. KENNARD, City Attorney
                                 MEGHAN L. RILEY, Chief, Litigation Division
                                 MEITRA FARHADI, Assistant City Attorney
                                 State Bar No. 24036547
                                 City of Austin Law Department
                                 P. O. Box 1546
                                 Austin, Texas 78767-1546
                                 Telephone: (512) 974-2310
                                 Facsimile: (512) 974-1311
                                 meitra.farhadi@austintexas.gov

     COUNSEL FOR AMICI CURIAE CITY OF AUSTIN, TEXAS MUNICIPAL
         LEAGUE, AND TEXAS CITY ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION



                                          
 
                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES............................................................................... iii, iv
IDENTITY AND INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................................1
SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ......................................2
ISSUES PRESENTED...............................................................................................2
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .................................................................................2
ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................3
         I.       Municipal Ordinances are Presumed Valid...........................................3

         II.      The Solid Waste Disposal Act Does Not Preempt Municipal
                  Ordinances Regulating Disposable Containers. ....................................6
 

                  A.        Municipal Ordinances Regulating Disposable Containers are
                            a Valid Exercise of Police Power. ..............................................6
 

                  B.        Municipal Ordinances Regulating Disposable Containers are
                            Consistent with State Law. .........................................................7
 

                  C.        Section 361.0961 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act Lacks the
                            Unmistakable Clarity Required to Preempt a Municipal
                            Ordinance. ...................................................................................8
 

PRAYER ..................................................................................................................10
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ......................................................................... 11, 12
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .......................................................................13
 

 




                                                            ii
 
                                     INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Glyn Jones,
  878 S.W.2d 132 (Tex. 1994) ..................................................................................4

City of Brookside Village v. Comeau,
  633 S.W.2d 790 (Tex. 1982) ..................................................................................3

City of College Station v. Turtle Rock Corp.,
  680 S.W.2d 802 (Tex. 1984) ..................................................................................7

City of Richardson v. Responsible Dog Owners of Texas,
  794 S.W.2d 17 (Tex. 1990) ................................................................................6, 8

Dallas Merchant’s and Concessionaire’s Ass’n v. City of Dallas,
  852 S.W.2d 489 (Tex. 1993) ..................................................................... 3, 5, 8, 9

Gonzalez v. Gainan’s Chevrolet City, Inc.,
  690 S.W.2d 885 (Tex. 1985) ..................................................................................7

Johnson v. City of Fort Worth,
  774 S.W.2d 653 (Tex. 1989) ..................................................................................4

Jones v. Fowler,
  969 S.W.2d 429 (Tex. 1998) ..................................................................................4

Lombardo v. City of Dallas,
  73 S.W.2d 475 (Tex. 1934) ................................................................................6, 7

Lower Colorado River Auth. v. City of San Marcos,
  523 S.W.2d 641 (Tex. 1975) ..................................................................................5

Meno v. Kitchens,
 873 S.W.2d 789 (Tex. App. – Austin 1994, writ denied) ......................................4

Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City,
  438 U.S. 104 (1978) ...............................................................................................6


                                                         iii
 
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon,
  260 U.S. 393 (1922) ...............................................................................................6

RCI Entm't, Inc. v. City of San Antonio,
  373 S.W.3d 589 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012, no pet.) ...............................3, 8

In re Sanchez,
   81 S.W.3d 794 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) .............................3, 9

Sorokolit v. Rhodes,
  889 S.W.2d 239 (Tex. 1994) ..................................................................................4

State v. Chacon,
  273 S.W.3d 375 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2008, no pet.) ....................................3

Thompson v. City of Palestine,
  510 S.W.2d 579 (Tex. 1974) .................................................................................. 3
 
Waxahachie v. Watkins,
 275 S.W.2d 477 (Tex. 1955) ...................................................................................3

Statutes

TEX. CONST. art. XI, § 5 .............................................................................................3

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 361.022(a) .........................................................7, 8

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 361.022(b) .............................................................8

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 361.0961 ................................... ii, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE § 54.004 ...............................................................................6

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE §551.002 ..............................................................................7




                                                          iv
 
               IDENTITY AND INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE

      The City of Austin (“Austin”), a home-rule municipality in the State of

Texas like the Appellant, has a substantial interest in the outcome of this case.

Austin believes that the issues before this Court are of great significance to all

Texas cities which have authority to enact and enforce ordinances pursuant to their

police power. The specific issues presented in this case are of critical interest to

the City of Austin because Austin enacted an ordinance regulating the distribution

of single-use carryout bags in 2012, and to other municipalities throughout the

state because it directly effects their ability to enact ordinances regulating

containers. The Texas Municipal League (TML) is a non-profit association of over

1,100 incorporated cities.    TML provides legislative, legal, and educational

services to its members.     The Texas City Attorneys Association (TCAA), an

affiliate of TML, is an organization of over 400 attorneys who represent Texas

cities and city officials in the performance of their duties. TML and TCAA, along

with the City of Austin (collectively “Amici”), have a strong interest in opposing

the erosion of municipal authority.

      The author of this brief is a salaried assistant city attorney for the City of

Austin. Other than normal salary, no fee has been paid or will be paid for the

preparation of this brief.




                                         1
 
           SUPPLEMENTAL LIST OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

AMICI CURIAE:                                  COUNSEL:

City of Austin                                 Meitra Farhadi
                                               Assistant City Attorney
Texas Municipal League                         State Bar No. 24036547
                                               City of Austin-Law Department
Texas City Attorneys Association               Post Office Box 1546
                                               Austin, Texas 78767-1546
                                               Telephone: (512) 974-2310
                                               Facsimile: (512) 974-1311
                                               meitra.farhadi@austintexas.gov

                             ISSUES PRESENTED

      Amici strongly support the legal arguments and explanation of public policy

presented by Appellant City of New Braunfels.

      Amici raise the following points:

      1.    The Solid Waste Disposal Act Does Not Preempt Municipalities from

Regulating the Distribution or Use of Certain Containers.

                         SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

      Amici respectfully submit this amicus curiae brief pursuant to Texas Rule of

Appellate Procedure 11 in support of Appellant, City of New Braunfels, Texas

(“New Braunfels”), and urges this Court to reverse the trial court’s order denying

New Braunfels’ summary judgment, granting Appellees’ motion for summary

judgment, and issuance of an injunction preventing New Braunfels from enforcing

two valid ordinances (the “Ordinances”).


                                           2
 
                                 ARGUMENT

I.    Municipal Ordinances are Presumed Valid.

      When reviewing the validity of a municipal ordinance, we begin with the

presumption that the ordinance is valid. City of Brookside Village v. Comeau, 633

S.W.2d 790, 792 (Tex. 1982); RCI Entm't, Inc. v. City of San Antonio, 373 S.W.3d

589, 595 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012, no pet.). Home-rule cities, such as New

Braunfels, have full power of self-government and authority to do anything the

Legislature could have authorized them to do.       TEX. CONST. art. XI, § 5.

Therefore, courts now determine whether the Legislature has limited the power of

a home-rule city, not whether it has made specific grants of authority. In re

Sanchez, 81 S.W.3d 794, 796 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); see also

Dallas Merchant's & Concessionaire's Ass'n v. City of Dallas, 852 S.W.2d 489,

490–91 (Tex. 1993); State v. Chacon, 273 S.W.3d 375, 378 (Tex. App. – San

Antonio 2008, no pet.); RCI Entm't, Inc. v. City of San Antonio, 373 S.W.3d 589,

595 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012, no pet.). The party challenging the ordinance

bears the “extraordinary burden” of establishing that the municipality abused its

discretion in enacting the ordinance.   Comeau, 633 S.W.2d at 792–93 (citing

Thompson, 510 S.W.2d 579 (Tex. 1974); Waxahachie v. Watkins, 275 S.W.2d 477

(Tex. 1955)).




                                        3
 
      This dispute – which centers on the question of whether the City of New

Braunfels Ordinances violate the Solid Waste Disposal Act (Chapter 361 of the

Texas Health & Safety Code) – is one of statutory construction.          Matters of

statutory construction are questions of law for the court to decide, and the rules of

statutory construction are well settled. Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d

653, 656 (Tex. 1989). First and foremost, courts must follow the plain meaning of

the statute. Meno v. Kitchens, 873 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex. App. – Austin 1994,

writ denied). If the language of the statute is unambiguous, then courts must infer

the legislative intent from the plain meaning of the terms and words used in the

statute. Sorokolit v. Rhodes, 889 S.W.2d 239, 241 (Tex. 1994). In examining the

plain and ordinary meaning of the words and terms used in the statute, courts may

not enlarge the meaning of any word or term beyond its common or ordinary

meaning. Id. at 241. However, language should be reviewed in context, not in

isolation.   Jones v. Fowler, 969 S.W.2d 429, 432 (Tex. 1998); see also

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Glyn Jones, 878 S.W.2d 132, 133 (Tex. 1994)

(“Only in the context of the remainder of the statute can the true meaning of a

single provision be made clear.”). Thus, when attempting to ascertain legislative

intent, a court may consider the objective of the law, its history, and the

consequences of a particular construction. Sorokolit, 889 S.W.2d at 432.




                                         4
 
      At least one additional rule of statutory construction applies in this case.

Courts construing state statutes that are allegedly in conflict with municipal

ordinances passed by home-rule cities should attempt to reconcile the state statute

and the ordinance if any fair and reasonable construction of the apparently

conflicting enactments exists. Dallas Merchant’s and Concessionaire’s Ass’n v.

City of Dallas, 852 S.W.2d 489, 491 (Tex. 1993). Thus, unless there is a clear

conflict between the statute and the municipal ordinance in question, the court

interpreting the two laws should endeavor to leave them both intact.

      In this case, Appellees contend that the Ordinances conflict with section

361.0961 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act.        There are no cases that directly

interpret the language of section 361.0961. Thus, the meaning of the statute must

be determined based on its plain language, context, and the other applicable rules

of statutory construction. Going back to first principle, the Texas Constitution

grants home rule municipalities the “full power of self-government, that is full

authority to do anything the legislature could therefore have authorized them to

do.” Lower Colorado River Auth. v. City of San Marcos, 523 S.W.2d 641 (Tex.

1975). Therefore courts must look to the acts of the legislature “not for grants of

power to such cities but only for limitations on their powers.” Id. Consequently,

unless the Ordinances directly conflict with the Solid Waste Disposal Act, the

Ordinances should remain intact.


                                         5
 
II.   The Solid Waste Disposal Act Does Not Preempt Municipal Ordinances
      Regulating Disposable Containers.

      “[T]he mere fact that the legislature has enacted a law addressing a subject

does not mean that the subject matter is completely preempted.”             City of

Richardson v. Responsible Dog Owners of Texas, 794 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. 1990).

      A.    Municipal Ordinances Regulating Disposable Containers are a
            Valid Exercise of Police Power.

      A city may enact reasonable regulations to promote the health, safety and

general welfare of its citizens as a valid exercise of its police power. See TEX.

LOC. GOV’T CODE § 54.004. Courts generally uphold governmental action that

promotes health, safety, morals or general welfare even if such action were to

destroy or adversely affect recognized real property interests. See Penn Central

Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978) (As a general rule, the

government is not required to pay for the incidental effects of its laws and

regulations); Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 413 (1922)

(“Government hardly could go on if to some extent values incident to property

could not be diminished without paying for every such change in the general

law.”); Lombardo v. City of Dallas, 73 S.W.2d 475, 478 (Tex. 1934) (“All property

is held subject to the valid exercise of the police power; nor are regulations

unconstitutional merely because they operate as a restraint upon private rights of

person or property or will result in loss to individuals.”). This presumption favors


                                         6
 
the reasonableness and validity of a city ordinance, and an “extraordinary burden”

rests on one attacking a city ordinance. City of College Station v. Turtle Rock

Corp., 680 S.W.2d 802, 804 (Tex. 1984).

      Police powers extend so far as is reasonably necessary to achieve the

objectives of the regulation. Lombardo, 73 S.W.2d at 479. Regulating disposable

containers on certain waterways within New Braunfels is a proper exercise of

police powers because it is substantially related to New Braunfels’ goal to protect

the health, safety and welfare of the citizens of New Braunfels, and to minimize

interference with the public’s enjoyment of parks, waterways and public spaces,

and to preserve the pristine nature of the waterways. See TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE

§551.002; CR:541-543, 551-554.

      B.     Municipal Ordinances Regulating Disposable Containers are
             Consistent with State Law.

      Courts are tasked with construing laws “in a manner that comports with

legislative intent and furthers the purposes of the statute.” Gonzalez v. Gainan’s

Chevrolet City, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 885, 887 (Tex. 1985) (internal quotations

omitted). Since its adoption, the Solid Waste Disposal Act (“Act”) has reflected

legislative intent to reduce municipal waste as its top priority. The Act provides

that “. . . it is the state’s goal, through source reduction, to eliminate the generation

of municipal solid waste . . . to the maximum extent . . . feasible.” TEX. HEALTH



                                           7
 
& SAFETY CODE § 361.022(a). To accomplish the state’s goal, the Act prioritizes

the methods of eliminating municipal solid waste in the following order:

      For municipal solid waste . . . the following methods are preferred, in
      the order listed:
          (1) source reduction and waste minimization;
          (2) reuse or recycling of waste;
          (3) treatment to destroy or reprocess waste to recover energy . . . ;
              or
          (4) land disposal.

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 361.022(b). Municipal ordinances that regulate

the distribution or use of disposable containers, therefore, clearly do not conflict

with the legislature’s stated objectives in the regulation of solid waste. To the

contrary, such ordinances serve the state’s first priority – source reduction.

      C.     Section 361.0961 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act Lacks the
             Unmistakable Clarity Required to Preempt a Municipal
             Ordinance.

      When there is no conflict between a state law and a city ordinance, the

ordinance is not void. Responsible Dog Owners, 794 S.W.2d at 19; RCI Entm't,

Inc. v. City of San Antonio, 373 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012,

no pet.).   However, an ordinance that attempts to regulate a subject matter

preempted by a state statute is unenforceable to the extent it conflicts with a state

statute. Dallas Merchant's, 852 S.W.2d at 490–91 (emphasis added); RCI Entm't,

373 S.W.3d at 595. Nevertheless, if the Legislature decides to preempt a subject

matter normally within a home-rule city's broad powers, it must do so with


                                           8
 
“unmistakable clarity.” In re Sanchez, 81 S.W.3d 794, 796 (Tex. 2002); citing

Dallas Merchant's, 852 S.W.2d at 491.

      The Legislature did not preempt the regulation of disposable containers by

municipalities with the required unmistakable clarity when it enacted section

361.0961 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. Because the legislation is located in the

Solid Waste Disposal Act, and because throughout the Act “container” is referred

to as a vessel of some sort intended to hold waste – it is a reasonable interpretation

that the regulation of containers not intended for waste is not covered by the Act.

However, even if the Court were to agree with appellees, and find that the Act

preempts a municipality from regulating any container with the goal of source

reduction or waste minimization, the Court still must endeavor to leave the

Ordinances intact so long as there is any possible way to do so.               Dallas

Merchant’s, 852 S.W.2d at 491 (“A general law and a city ordinance will not be

held repugnant to each other if any other reasonable construction leaving both in

effect can be reached.”); In re Sanchez, 81 S.W.3d at 796 (Courts will not hold an

ordinance and a state statute “repugnant to each other if they can reach a

reasonable construction leaving both in effect.”). Because the Act is not clear as to

what is prohibited or intended in regard to the term “container”, and because there

are multiple fair and reasonable constructions that would leave both the Ordinances

and the Act in effect, the Ordinances are not preempted by the Act.


                                          9
 
                                     PRAYER

      For these reasons, the City of Austin respectfully requests that the Court

reverse the trial court’s order, and render judgment on behalf of appellant.

                              RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED,
                              KAREN M. KENNARD, CITY ATTORNEY
                              MEGHAN L. RILEY, CHIEF, LITIGATION

                              /s/ Meitra Farhadi
                              MEITRA FARHADI
                              Assistant City Attorney
                              State Bar No. 24036547
                              City of Austin-Law Department
                              Post Office Box 1546
                              Austin, Texas 78767-1546
                              Telephone: (512) 974-2310
                              Facsimile: (512) 974-1311
                              meitra.farhadi@austintexas.gov

                              COUNSEL FOR AMICI CURIAE
                              CITY OF AUSTIN
                              TEXAS MUNICIPAL LEAGUE
                              TEXAS CITY ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION




                                         10
 
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This is to certify that I have served a copy of the foregoing on all parties, or
their attorneys of record, in compliance with the Appellate Rules of Civil
Procedure, on this 10th day of March, 2015, as follows:

Via the CM/ECF System to:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES:
Jim Ewbank
State Bar No. 06343030
Cokinos, Bosien & Young
1210 Nueces Street
Austin, Texas 78701
Telephone: (512) 476-1080
Facsimile: (512) 476-7770
jewbank@cbylaw.com

Jonathan Hull
State Bar No. 00798950
Reagan Burrus, PLLC
401 Main Plaza, Suite 200
New Braunfels, Texas 78130
Telephone: (830) 358-7499
Facsimile: (830) 625-4433
jhull@reaganburrus.com

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
William M. McKamie
State Bar No. 13686800
Adolfo Ruiz
State Bar No. 17385600
McKamie Krueger, LLP
941 Proton Road
San Antonio, Texas 78258
Telephone : (210) 546-2122
Facsimile : (210) 546-2130
mick@mckamiekrueger.com
adolfo@mckamiekrueger.com


                                         11
 
Bradford E. Bullock
State Bar No. 00793423
Knight & Partners
223 W. Anderson Lane, Suite A-105
Austin, Texas 78752
Telephone : (512) 323-5778
Facsimile : (512) 323-5773
bradford@cityattorneytexas.com

Valerie M. Acevedo, City Attorney
State Bar No. 00798020
J. Frank Onion III, Assistant City Attorney
State Bar No. 15289500
City of New Braunfels
P.O. Box 31747
New Braunfels, Texas 78131
Telephone: (830) 221-4280
Facsimile: (830) 626-5578
vacevedo@nbtexas.org
fonion@nbtexas.org

                             /s/ Meitra Farhadi
                             MEITRA FARHADI




                                        12
 
                      CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This brief complies with the type-volume limitations of Tex. R. App. P.

9.4(i)(2)(B) because this brief contains 2079 words, excluding the parts of the brief

exempted by Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(1).

                                /s/ Meitra Farhadi
                                MEITRA FARHADI




                                         13
 
