                                         United States Court of Appeals,

                                                   Fifth Circuit.

                                                   No. 91–3391.

                               TRIZEC PROPERTIES, INC., Plaintiff–Appellant,

                                                         v.

                UNITED STATES MINERAL PRODUCTS COMPANY, Defendant–Appellee.

                                                   Oct. 8, 1992.

     Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

     Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, SMITH, Circuit Judge, and FITZWATER,** District Judge.

               POLITZ, Chief Judge:

roperties, Inc. appeals a summary judgment in favor of United States Mineral Products Company in an

     action to reco ver asbestos abatement costs. Concluding that Trizec's claim is prescribed, i.e.,

     time-barred, we affirm.



                                                    Background

               In 1965 United States Mineral Products Company (USMPC), a New Jersey corporation with

     its principal place of business in that state, sold asbestos-laden fireproofing material to a

     subcontractor for use in the construct ion of a building in Atlanta, Georgia. Trizec, a Delaware

     corporation with its principal place of business in Michigan, purchased the building in 1975, became

     aware in the early 1980s that the building contained asbestos but did not begin asbestos abatement

     until 1985. In January 1988 Trizec learned that USMPC manufactured the asbestos. Trizec filed the

     instant complaint against USMPC in the federal district court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

     in September 1989. Trizec candidly admits to having filed this action in Louisiana because of a 1985

     Louisiana statute which purportedly provides a prescriptive period1 of five years from the date of


        *
            District Judge of the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
        1
        In the civil law a prescriptive period is the analogue to a common law statute of limitations.
     Any differences between the two legal concepts are not germane to this appeal.
discovery of the identity of the manufacturer.



          USMPC answered Trizec's complaint asserting, inter alia, a limitations defense. USMPC

urged in a summary judgment motion that Louisiana's borrowing statute2 required that the district

court apply the general Georgia limitations statute.3 The district court granted summary judgment

on the basis of the Georgia limitations statute and dismissed Trizec's complaint as time-barred. Trizec

timely appealed.



                                                Analysis

          The standard of review for a summary judgment is well settled: we review the record de novo

to ascertain whether any genuine issue exists as to any material fact and, finding none, ascertain

whether the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. 4 Without weighing the

evidence, assessing its probative value, or resolving any factual disputes, we search the summary

judgment record for resolution-determinative factual disputes.5 Finding none, we may determine

whether the successful party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Because the parties do not

dispute the district court's findings of fact we accept same for purposes of this appeal. Our review

need only resolve whether USMPC is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.



Subject Matter Jurisdiction

           Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, having only the authority endowed by the

Constitution and that conferred by Co ngress. Because we may not proceed without requisite

jurisdiction, it is incumbent upon federal courts, trial and appellate, to examine constantly the basis

   2
   La.Civ.Code art. 15 (1870) was amended and reenacted by 1991 La.Acts No. 923, § 1. The
1870 article is applicable to all actions filed prior to Jan. 1, 1992. 1991 La.Acts No. 923, § 4.
   3
   Ga.Code Ann. § 9–3–30. Neither party urged that the law of New Jersey, Michigan,
Delaware, or Louisiana might apply to the substantive issues.
   4
       Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Miles v. Amer. Tel. & Tel., 703 F.2d 193 (5th Cir.1983).
   5
       Kennett–Murray Corp. v. Bone, 622 F.2d 887 (5th Cir.1980).
of jurisdiction, doing so on our own motion if necessary.6



           In Trust Co. Bank v. United States Gypsum Co.,7 a case factually indistinguishable from the

case at bar, United States Gypsum challenged federal subject matter jurisdiction by invoking the local

action doctrine.8 Relying on circuit precedent we determined that the issue of subject matter

jurisdiction turned on whether the law of the forum state characterized the action as local or

transitory.9 The Trust Co. Bank court noted that in Holmes v. Barclay,10 the Louisiana Supreme

Court rejected the local action doctrine in a case of trespass to property in Illinois. Because the

disposition in Trust Co. Bank turned on Mississippi law, however, the reference to the Holmes

holding was mere dictum. In the case at bar, Louisiana law controls the issue; thus, Holmes

precludes a challenge to federal court subject matter jurisdiction on the grounds of the local action

doctrine.



Choice of Law

          A federal district court applies the choice of law rules of the forum state.11 The Supreme

Court recently reaffirmed the principle that a state may apply its own statutes of limitations to foreign


   6
       Save the Bay, Inc. v. The United States Army, 639 F.2d 1100 (5th Cir.1981).
   7
       950 F.2d 1144 (5th Cir.1992).
   8
    Livingston v. Jefferson, 15 F.Cas. 660 (C.C.D.Va.1811) (No. 8411) as modified by
Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657, 13 S.Ct. 224, 36 L.Ed. 1123 (1892) and followed in this
circuit in Chateau Lafayette Apartments, Inc. v. Meadow Brook National Bank, 416 F.2d 301
(5th Cir.1969), and Hayes v. Gulf Oil Corp., 821 F.2d 285 (5th Cir.1987).
   9
    The application of the law of the forum state to the determination of the issue of federal court
subject matter jurisdiction is contrary to the holding in Livingston. This anomaly has not gone
unnoticed in our cases. See Trust Co. Bank, 950 F.2d at 1149–1150. Nonetheless, we are bound
to prior panel opinions absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary Supreme Court
case, neither of which has occurred on this issue. Trust Co. Bank, 950 F.2d at 1150.
   10
        4 La.Ann. 63 (1849).
   11
     Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938); Klaxon Co. v.
Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941); Kozan v.
Comstock, 270 F.2d 839 (5th Cir.1959); Ardoyno v. Kyzar, 426 F.Supp. 78 (E.D.La.1976).
causes of action brought in its courts.12 Louisiana courts, and this court under Erie acting as a

Louisiana court, have not hesitated to exercise this power.13



          Unlike most other American jurisdictions, Louisiana has always had codified choice of law

rules.14 Civil Code Article 15 (1870), paragraphs 6 and 7, provide the choice of law rule for statutes

of limitations.15 Trizec contends that paragraph 6 provides the correct choice of law rule and that the

rule mandates the application of the Louisiana prescriptive period. Article 15, ¶ 6 provides that:



          The prescription provided by the laws of this state applies to an obligation arising under the
          laws of another jurisdiction which is sought to be enforced in this state.

USMPC, on the other hand, contends that the district court correctly determined that the correct

choice of law rule is paragraph 7 which mandates that the Georgia statute of limitations be applied.

Article 15, ¶ 7 provides that:



          When a contract or obligation has been entered into between persons who reside out of this
          state, which is to be paid or performed out of this state, and such contract or obligation is
          barred by prescription, or the statute of limitations, of the place where it is to be paid or
          performed, it shall be considered and held to be barred by prescription in this state, upon the
          debtor who is thus discharged coming into this state.

As in Kozan, we must first "determin[e] ... the proper Louisiana conflict of laws rule."16



   12
        Sun Oil Co. v. Wortman, 486 U.S. 717, 108 S.Ct. 2117, 100 L.Ed.2d 743 (1988).
   13
    Kozan; Wright v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co., 522 F.2d 1376 (5th Cir.1975); Gierling v.
Garner, 284 So.2d 664 (La.App.1973).
   14
     In 1991 Louisiana enacted a new and more comprehensive set of choice of law rules.
La.Civ.Code arts. 3515–3549 (1991). The new rules are applicable to actions filed after January
1, 1992. See 1991 La.Acts, No. 923, § 4.
   15
      Kozan acknowledged an exception to the Louisiana choice of law rules of Article 15 in that
"[i]f a foreign statute of limitations not only bars the remedy but extinguishes the substantive right
as well, then the forum will apply the limitations period of the foreign jurisdiction." Kozan, 270
F.2d at 839. USMPC makes no claim that section 9–3–30 extinguishes the substantive right; the
exception is inapplicable.
   16
        Kozan, 270 F.2d at 839.
           We agree with the district court's initial conclusion that Trizec's various negligence claims

represent obligations within the meaning of the Civil Code.17 Therefore either paragraph 6 or 7 might

be applicable. The district court then assumed sub silentio that Trizec and USMPC "entered into"

an obligation and shifted its analysis to paragraph 7 without explaining why paragraph 6 was no

longer under consideration. This was an analytical misstep.



          A conventional obligation is "an agreement by two or more parties whereby obligations are

created, modified, or extinguished."18 Contracts are nominate or innominate.19 The nominate

contracts, found in Book III, Titles VI–XX of the Civil Code, are: Matrimonial Regimes, Sale,

Exchange, Lease, Rents and Annuities, Partnership, Loan, Deposit and Sequestration, Aleatory

Contracts, Mandate, Suretyship, Transaction and Compromise, Respite, Arbitration, and Pledge. The

sine qua non of all conventional obligations, i.e. contracts, is the consensual nature of the

engagement.20



          Quasi–Contracts, Offenses, and Quasi–Offenses, acts which give rise to other than

conventional obligations, are found in Book III, Title V, La.Civ.Code art. 1914, comment (c). These

are non-consensual obligations which are implied by law or which arise by operation of law as a result

of an intentional or negligent act.21 Furthermore, the general rules governing contracts, including the

   17
        La.Civ.Code arts. 1756 and 1757 (1984).

                  The parties and the district court implicitly assumed that the 1984 revision to the
          Obligations articles of the Civil Code applies to acts that, in part, occurred prior to the
          Jan. 1, 1985 effective date of the revision. With respect to the district court's reliance on
          La.Civ.Code arts. 1956 and 1957 (1984), we agree with the Louisiana Second Circuit
          which held that where the comments to a revised Code article indicate that the article
          represents no change in the law, it may be applied retroactively. State v. Joint Com'n on
          Accreditation of Hospitals, Inc., 470 So.2d 169 (La.App.1985).
   18
        La.Civ.Code art. 1906.
   19
        La.Civ.Code art. 1914.
   20
        La.Civ.Code art. 1927.
   21
        La.Civ.Code art. 2292.
rules of consent, are inapplicable to obligations arising from quasi-contracts, offenses, or

quasi-offenses.22



          Paragraph 7 of Article 15 by its express terms applies only to contracts or obligations "entered

into"; these are consensual obligations. Perforce we must conclude that paragraph 7 is not applicable

to a non-consensual obligation arising out of a quasi-contract, offense, or quasi-offense. This

conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the parties have not cited, nor has our research revealed, any

case in which paragraph 7 of Article 15 has been applied by any court to a pure tort case.

Furthermore, the conclusion is consistent with the location of Civil Code article 2315, the

fountainhead of Louisiana tort law, in Book III, Title V, Chapter 2, outside of the codical provisions

for contracts. Thus, as an Erie court we conclude that paragraph 6 of Article 15 provides the correct

choice of law rule and that a Louisiana court would apply the applicable Louisiana prescriptive

statutes to the case at bar.23



Selection of the Appropriate Prescriptive Period

          Among the possible Louisiana prescriptive periods from which we must select are: (1) the

general one-year prescriptive period applicable to torts;24 (2) the one-year prescriptive period

applicable to damage to immovable property;25 or, as Trizec insists, (3) the five-year "prescriptive"

period of R.S. 9:5644.26


   22
        La.Civ.Code arts. 1914 and 1915.
   23
     American Waste & Pollution Control Co. v. Browning–Ferris, Inc., 949 F.2d 1384 (5th
Cir.1991).
   24
        La.Civ.Code art. 3492.
   25
        La.Civ.Code art. 3493.
   26
    As an aside we note that in March 1989 the Georgia Supreme Court struck down a statute
remarkably similar to La.R.S. 9:5644, as being violative of the equal protection clause of the 1983
Georgia Constitution. Celotex Corp. v. St. Joseph Hospital, 259 Ga. 108, 376 S.E.2d 880
(1989). O.C.G.A. § 9–3–30.1, effective April 14, 1988, would have revived otherwise
time-barred asbestos abatement actions so as to permit filing of suit no later than July 1, 1990.
           We first conclude that Trizec's contention that R.S. 9:5644(B) creates a prescriptive period

is not persuasive. We find this to be nothing more than a statutory suspension of prescription. 27

Section B provides that:



                  Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, any time limitation or
          prescriptive period which may be applicable to any action to recover for asbestos abatement
          work shall not apply or expire until five years after the date on which the party seeking to
          recover has completed the abatement work or discovered the identity of the manufacturer of
          the materials which require abatement, whichever is later. [Emphasis ours.]

This section provides no express or implied prescriptive period. It merely suspends the running of

"any time limitation or prescriptive period which may be applicable" until five years after the

happening of the later of two events: (1) completion of the asbestos abatement work, or (2)

discovery of the identity of the manufacturer of the materials which require abatement. This section

contains no language of revival of an expired (i.e. prescribed) cause of action. As a suspensive

statute, R.S. 9:5644(B) cannot be applied retroactively to revive an action that prescribed prior to

its effective date.28



           Prior to the effective date of R.S. 9:5644, 29 Article 3492 or 3493 controlled the issue of




   27
        La.Civ.Code arts. 3467 and 3472.
   28
     Louisiana Courts of Appeal are divided over the question whether a suspensive statute may
be applied retroactively so as to revive a cause of action already prescribed. See White v. West
Carroll Hospital, Inc., 598 So.2d 1134 (La.App. 2d Cir.), writ granted, 600 So.2d 672 (La. July
1, 1992) (amendments to suspensive statutes La.R.S. 40:1299.41(G) and 40:1299.47 do not
retroactively revive prescribed action); but see Graham v. St. Charles General Hospital, 590
So.2d 818 (La.App. 4th Cir.1991) (La.R.S. 40:1299.41(G) and 40:1299.47 applied retroactively
to prescribed action). We observe that in the few instances in which the Louisiana Legislature has
intended this two-fold effect of retroactivity and revival, it has expressly stated its intention.
Accord La.R.S. 9:5811, 9:5630, and 9:5625. Compare R.S. 9:5627. There is no express
statement of retroactivity in R.S. 9:5644. We are persuaded the White court has the better
resolution and opt to follow it.
   29
        La.R.S. 9:5644 became effective on Sept. 6, 1985. La. Const. Art. 3, § 19.
prescription.30 Louisiana, unlike Georgia, applies the discovery rule to prescriptive statutes.31 Under

Jordan and its progeny, the prescriptive period on a cause of action begins to run when the person

in whose favor a cause of action exists knows or should have known of the existence of his cause of

action. Undisputed actual notice is generally sufficient to place a reasonable person on notice of the

existence of a cause of action against a specific person and to start the running of the prescriptive

period.



           In order for the prescriptive period of Articles 3492 or 3493 to be tolled by R.S. 9:5644(B),

Trizec had to demonstrate that the one-year period provided by those articles did not accrue before

R.S. 9:5644 became effective on Sept. 6, 1985. The district court made a factual finding that Trizec

had actual knowledge of the existence of the asbestos in the early 1980s as a result of several studies

conducted to determine the presence and effect of asbestos in the building. Under Louisiana law,

when a claim is prescribed on its face the plaintiff bears the burden of proving interruption or

suspension of prescription.32 Trizec's summary judgment proof does not acquit this burden. Trizec

has failed to offer the requisite proof t hat it acquired the relevant knowledge on or after Sept. 6,

1984, within one year prior t o the effective date of La.R.S. 9:5644. Trizec, therefore, has not

established the basis for a suspension of prescription and its cause of action had already expired under

Article 3492 or 3493 when R.S. 9:5644 became law.



          As a consequence, the viability of Trizec's cause of action hinges upon whether it falls within

the purview of the "revival" provision of R.S. 9:5644(C), which provides:



                  Any person who has a cause of action to recover for asbestos abatement work under

   30
    The prescription articles were amended and reenacted in 1983 without any substantive
change in the law. See 1983 La.Acts, No. 173, § 1 and comments (a) to both Articles 3492 and
3493 (1983). See n. 8, supra.
   31
        Jordan v. Employee Transfer Corp., 509 So.2d 420 (La.1987).
   32
        Lima v. Schmidt, 595 So.2d 624 (La.1992).
          the provisions of this Section but whose action is barred by the prescriptive period provided
          in R.S. 9:5644 shall have one year from the effective date of this Act within which to bring
          an action or be forever barred. [Emphasis ours.]

          This subsection is far from a model of clarity. The language "barred by the prescriptive period

provided in R.S. 9:5644" presents no small difficulty of interpretation. If we conclude that the

"prescriptive period provided in R.S. 9:5644" is the five-year period of section B, then we necessarily

trip upon an absurdity—the five-year period could not start until Sept. 6, 1985, the effective date of

R.S. 9:5644; thus no action barred by that five-year period could be brought within one year of the

effective date of the statute. Such a literal interpretation reduces section C to meaningless surplusage.

We may not accept that course. "When a statute is susceptible of two interpretations, a court must

choose the one which affords a reasonable and practical effect to the entire act over one which

renders part of it meaningless or useless."33



          We find the path to the solution to this apparent conundrum clearly blazed by the Civil Code

articles on interpretation of laws.34 Article 9 instructs that "[w]hen a law is clear and unambiguous

and its application does not lead to absurd consequences, the law shall be applied as written...."35

R.S. 9:5644 fails the test of Article 9. The absurd consequences of a literal interpretation may be

avoided by an in pari materia reading of laws on the same subject matter.36 Having determined that

the "prescriptive period provided in R.S. 9:5644" refers to Article 3492 or 3493, we achieve a

reasonable result which gives meaning to the suspension and revival aspects of R.S. 9:5644 and the

relevant prescriptive periods.



          Concluding that Trizec's cause of action was prescribed by applicable Code articles at the time

of the effective date of La.R.S. 9:5644, Trizec had, at the very most, until Sept. 6, 1986 to exercise

   33
        Reed v. Washington Parish Police Jury, 518 So.2d 1044 (La.1988) (citations omitted).
   34
        La.Civ.Code arts. 9–13 (1987).
   35
        Ramirez v. Fair Grounds Corp., 575 So.2d 811 (La.1991).
   36
        La.Civ.Code art. 13.
the revival grant of R.S. 9:5644(C). Trizec filed suit more t han four years later. We therefore

conclude that Trizec's complaint was prescribed when filed and that the revival provision of La.R.S.

9:5644(C), assuming per arguendo its applicability, provides no surcease.37



        The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.




   37
    We note but do not reach the question of whether R.S. 9:5644(C) is peremptive.
La.Civ.Code art. 3458 (1982).
