[Cite as State v. Farrar, 2013-Ohio-1002.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                               ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                  :       OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,           :
                                                        CASE NO. 2012-P-0101
        - vs -                                  :

JASON R. FARRAR,                                :

                 Defendant-Appellee.            :


Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, Case No.
R 2012 TRC 3026.

Judgment: Reversed and remanded.


Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Pamela J. Holder, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).

Brian L. Coffman, 159 South Main Street, Suite 808, Akron, OH               44308 (For
Defendant-Appellee).



TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, the state of Ohio, appeals the judgment of the Portage County

Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, granting the motion to suppress the results of the

Intoxilyzer 8000 breath test of appellee, Jason R. Farrar. At issue is whether the state

has the burden at a suppression hearing to establish the general scientific reliability of

the breath test machine absent any specific challenge to the conduct of the subject test.
For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand

the matter for further proceedings.

       {¶2}   Appellee was stopped on State Route 422 for excessive speed, in

violation of R.C. 4511.21(C). During the stop, the trooper noticed appellee’s speech

was slow and slurred. At the police station, the trooper administered a breath test

utilizing the Intoxilyzer 8000. The result of the breath test revealed that appellee’s blood

alcohol concentration was .117. As a result, appellee was cited for operating a vehicle

under the influence of alcohol and driving with a prohibited blood alcohol content, in

violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and R.C. (A)(1)(d). Appellee pled not guilty to the

charges.

       {¶3}   After appellee entered a not guilty plea, he filed a motion to suppress the

results of the Intoxilyzer test, which was captioned “motion in limine.”         The matter

proceeded to a hearing. The trial court, relying upon its decision in State v. Johnson,

held: “The results of the breath test from the Intoxilyzer 8000 are not admissible at the

trial of the Defendant.       The remaining charges alleging a violation of ORC

4511.19(A)(1)(a), 4511.21(D)(1) shall be set for trial on the Court’s docket.”

       {¶4}   The state timely appealed and presents a single assignment of error for

our review:

       {¶5}   “[The] Portage County Municipal Court erred in permitting a general attack

on the scientific reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 contrary to Ohio statutes and well-

established case law.”

       {¶6}   As a preliminary matter, we must first address appellee’s contention that

the trial court’s ruling on the “motion in limine” is not a final, appealable order because it




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did not determine the ultimate admissibility of evidence but rather was a preliminary

evidentiary ruling. However, “[a]ny motion, however labeled, which, if granted, restricts

the state in the presentation of certain evidence and, thereby, renders the state’s proof

with respect to the pending charge so weak in its entirety that any reasonable possibility

of effective prosecution has been destroyed, is, in effect, a motion to suppress.” State

v. Davidson, 17 Ohio St.3d 132 (1985), syllabus.

       {¶7}   In State v. Carter, 2012-P-0027, 2012-Ohio-5583, this court addressed the

identical issue. There, relying on Davidson, supra, we concluded: “[R]egardless of the

label of Carter’s motion, it was a motion to suppress since it resulted in the exclusion of

evidence that was essential to prove the per se OVI charge. We therefore hold that the

court’s ruling granting the motion was a final, appealable order.” Id. at ¶11. We then

concluded that, as the trial court did not treat its ruling “as anything other than a final

order,” the discussion was moot. Id. See also State v. Rouse, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-

0030, 2012-Ohio-5584, ¶8-11.

       {¶8}   Similarly here, pursuant to the state’s Crim.R. 12(K) certification, the

suppression of the BAC results rendered the state’s proof with respect to the pending

charge so weak in its entirety that any reasonable possibility of effective prosecution

has been destroyed. Additionally, although the motion is captioned “motion in limine,” it

is clear the motion requested suppression or exclusion of the state’s evidence. The trial

court acknowledged the motion “moved the court to exclude evidence at trial regarding

Defendant’s BAC results”; the trial court essentially treated the matter as a suppression

motion.   We therefore reject appellee’s contention that this court does not have

jurisdiction to proceed.




                                            3
       {¶9}   As an additional preliminary matter, we note the state did not provide this

court with a transcript of the hearing on appellee’s motion to suppress. However, from

the trial court’s judgment entry, it is evident the state did not present any evidence at the

hearing. In its entry, the trial court noted that it limited its review of appellee’s motion

“solely to the admissibility of a BAC test from the Intoxilyzer 8000.” Therefore, the trial

court made a legal determination that the state was required to produce evidence

regarding the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000.

       {¶10} Turning to the substance of this appeal, the state contends it is not

required to produce expert witnesses to convince the municipal court of the general

scientific reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 as a threshold matter before offering into

evidence the breath test results. The state maintains the legislature has chosen to

delegate this determination to the Ohio Director of Health, and this delegation has been

upheld by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185 (1984).

Although the state argues a defendant cannot launch a general attack on the

breathalyzer machine, it concedes that a defendant may attack his specific breath test

results. In response, appellee argues there is a requirement that scientific evidence

meet threshold standards of reliability before its admittance. Appellee maintains the trial

court was required to make a threshold determination regarding the admissibility of the

scientific results produced by the Intoxilyzer 8000, and as the state failed to present any

evidence to satisfy this evidentiary threshold, the trial court properly excluded appellee’s

breath test results.

       {¶11} Both below and on appeal, the state relies upon the Ohio Supreme Court’s

holding in Vega, supra, to support its argument that it does not have an obligation to




                                               4
meet the threshold requirement to present evidence of the reliability of the Intoxilyzer

8000 before the introduction of breath tests results. An appellate court reviews the trial

court’s legal determinations at a suppression hearing de novo. State v. Djisheff, 11th

Dist. No. 2005-T-0001, 2006-Ohio-6201, ¶19.

       {¶12} The issue raised in this appeal is identical to the issue raised in State v.

Johnson, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0008, 2013-Ohio-440; State v. Rouse, 2012-Ohio-5584;

and State v. Carter, 2012-Ohio-5583.

       {¶13} In these decisions, we recognized the Ohio General Assembly has given

the Director of Health the authority to determine techniques for chemically analyzing a

person’s breath in order to ascertain the amount of alcohol contained in the person’s

breath. R.C. 3701.143. R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) requires breath samples be analyzed for

alcohol content “in accordance with methods approved by the director pursuant to R.C.

3701.143.” The director has approved the Intoxilyzer 8000 as an evidential breath

testing instrument. OAC 3701-53-02(A)(3).

       {¶14} In these decisions, we followed Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185.          The issue

before the Vega Court was whether the defendant may use expert testimony to attack

the general reliability of intoxilyzers in light of R.C. 4511.19, which provided for the

admission of the test results if the tests are analyzed according to methods approved by

the director. The Vega Court held that “an accused is not denied his constitutional right

to present a defense nor is the state relieved of its burden of proving guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt where a trial judge does not permit expert testimony to attack the

reliability of intoxilyzers in general.” Id. at 186.




                                                5
      {¶15} Applying Vega, we held that while a general attack on the reliability of the

Intoxilyzer is prohibited, the presumption of reliability is nonetheless rebuttable. See

Johnson at ¶32; Rouse at ¶36.

      {¶16} A defendant is therefore entitled to challenge the specific breath

             test results based on specific alleged deficiencies in the testing

             equipment; the burden, however, is on the defendant to come

             forward with evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption

             afforded to the Director of the Ohio Department of Health as

             determined by the Ohio Supreme Court in Vega. Rouse at ¶39. In

             light of the evidence produced at the hearing, the trial court may

             then determine whether to admit the breath test device. Johnson at

             ¶32.

      {¶17} In Johnson, we expressed the reservations that neither R.C. 3701.143 nor

the administrative code sets forth an objective standard enabling a defendant or the

courts to understand the criteria used by the director, if any, in approving the selected

breath test instruments.    Id. at 26.   Based on Vega, however, we nevertheless

determined that the director’s placement of the breath testing instrument on the

approved list creates a presumption of its general reliability. Id. at 27. This, however,

does not resolve the issue of admissibility. After the presumption attaches, a defendant

may make specific challenges to the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000. And, in light of

the evidence adduced at the hearing, a court may determine whether to admit the

breath test evidence pursuant to its gatekeeping function. See Rouse, supra, passim.

      {¶18} Accordingly, the state’s sole assignment of error is with merit.




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       {¶19} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Portage County Municipal

Court, Ravenna Division, is reversed, and the matter is remanded for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.



DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs in judgment only with a Concurring Opinion,

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.


                                ____________________


DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., concurs in judgment only, with a Concurring Opinion.

       {¶20} I concur in the judgment of this court, that, pursuant to R.C.

4511.19(D)(1)(b) and R.C. 3701.143, as interpreted by State v. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d

185, 465 N.E.2d 1303 (1984), a defendant may not challenge the general reliability of

the Intoxilyzer 8000 as a testing instrument approved by the Ohio director of health.

       {¶21} I cannot, however, agree with this court’s comments regarding the burden

shifting to the defendant at the suppression hearing when challenging the Intoxilyzer

8000’s test results.

       {¶22} In a pretrial motion to suppress evidence, the movant bears the burden of

“stat[ing] with particularity the grounds upon which it is made.” Crim.R. 47. This burden

is distinct from the burden to produce evidence, which the writing judge places upon

defendants when challenging the reliability of the machine, and which the State typically

bears in a pretrial motion to suppress. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-

Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 24 (“[a]fter a defendant challenges the validity of test

results in a pretrial motion, the state has the burden to show that the test was




                                            7
administered in substantial compliance with the regulations prescribed by the Director of

Health”).   This court’s decision creates a potentially confusing situation where the

parties will have to determine who bears the burden of production on which issues,

depending on how the arguments are characterized.

       {¶23} In Vega, the Ohio Supreme Court envisioned the criminal trial as the

appropriate forum for the defense to introduce expert testimony challenging his or her

breath test results with such testimony going to the weight rather than the admissibility

of the evidence. 12 Ohio St.3d at 189, 465 N.E.2d 1303. At trial, such testimony could

be presented to impeach the State’s witnesses or as part of the defense case. State v.

Mongeau, 3rd Dist. No. 13-12-21, 2012-Ohio-5230, ¶ 23 (“[a]t trial, defense expert

testimony is permissible if the testimony addresses weight rather than admissibility”).

This does not foreclose a defendant, however, from presenting challenges to the

Intoxilyzer at a suppression hearing, in the form of either a specific challenge to the

machine’s reliability or to the individual’s test results.

       {¶24} Moreover, I do not share the writing judge’s concerns that the delegation

of responsibility for approving testing devices to the director of health impinges on a trial

court’s authority to regulate the admission of evidence. With respect to the Intoxilyzer

8000, as well as other approved devices for determining the amount of alcohol in bodily

substances, the results of such tests are admissible if performed “in accordance with

methods approved by the director of health” and “by an individual possessing a valid

permit.” R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b).

       {¶25} In an analogous situation, the Ohio Supreme Court has considered the

constitutionality of the General Assembly defining the standards for the admissibility of




                                                8
field sobriety tests and found no encroachment on the judiciary’s rule-making authority.

State v. Boczar, 113 Ohio St.3d 148, 2007-Ohio-1251, 863 N.E.2d 155, ¶ 22.

Accordingly, I find nothing constitutionally problematical about the Vega decision.

       {¶26} With these reservations, I concur in the judgment of this court.


                                 ____________________


THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with Dissenting Opinion.

       {¶27} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) does not mandate admissibility of breath test

results derived from the Intoxilyzer 8000.       Rather, that statute which, by its plain

language controls the issue in this case, vests the trial court with discretion regarding

admissibility despite approval from the director. I, therefore, respectfully dissent.

       {¶28} R.C. 3701.143 empowers the director to approve breath testing devices,

and R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) grants trial courts the discretion to admit the results from

approved devices without further proof of reliability when circumstances warrant.

Although some claim the contrary, nobody is correct all the time. In recognizing human

fallibility, the legislature had the wisdom to vest within the trial court the discretion per

R.C.4511.19(D)(1)(b) to conduct further inquiry when there is an issue as to the

reliability of an approved breath testing device before admitting the results.

       {¶29} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) states that “[i]n any criminal prosecution or juvenile

court proceeding for a violation of division (A) or (B) of this section or for an equivalent

offense that is vehicle-related, the court may admit evidence on the concentration of

alcohol, drugs of abuse, controlled substances, metabolites of a controlled substance,

or a combination of them in the defendant’s whole blood, blood serum or plasma,




                                             9
breath, urine, or other bodily substance at the time of the alleged violation as shown by

chemical analysis of the substance withdrawn within three hours of the time of the

alleged violation[,]” and “[t]he bodily substance withdrawn under division (D)(1)(b) of this

section shall be analyzed in accordance with methods approved by the director of

health by an individual possessing a valid permit issued by the director pursuant to

section 3701.143 of the Revised Code.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶30} The statute does not use the word “shall,” which would mandate

admission regardless of the circumstances. Rather, the statute uses the word “may.”

For purposes of statutory construction, “use of the word ‘may’ is generally construed to

make the provision in which it is contained optional, permissive, or discretionary * * *.”

Dorrian v. Scioto Conservancy Dist., 27 Ohio St.2d 102, 107 (1971); State v. Suchevits,

138 Ohio App.3d 99, 102 (11th Dist. 1999).

       {¶31} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion not to admit the breath

test absent proof from the state that the Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable, a decision

consistent with the discretion it possesses under R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b). As reliability

presents a threshold admissibility issue, reliability, as opposed to the weight to be

afforded any admitted evidence, is one for the trial court. Knott v Revolution Software

Inc., 181 Ohio App.3d 519, 2009-Ohio-1191, ¶45 (5th Dist.); State v. Riley, 6th Dist. No.

WD-03-076, 2007-Ohio-879, ¶27 (expert testimony must be deemed reliable before it is

deemed admissible); Saad v. Shimano American Corp., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10974,

*7 (N.D. Ill. 2000)(The Supreme Court has made it clear that the courts must allow into

evidence only expert testimony that meets certain threshold standards of reliability and

usefulness).




                                            10
       {¶32} Moreover, the determination of evidential reliability necessarily implicates

the defendant’s substantive due process rights.

       {¶33} “Substantive due process, [although an] ephemeral concept, protects

specific fundamental rights of individual freedom and liberty from deprivation at the

hands of arbitrary and capricious government action. The fundamental rights protected

by substantive due process arise from the Constitution itself and have been defined as

those rights which are ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.’ (* * *) While this is

admittedly a somewhat vague definition, it is generally held that an interest in liberty or

property must be impaired before the protections of substantive due process become

available.” State v. Small, 162 Ohio App.3d 375, 2005-Ohio-3813, ¶11 (10th Dist.),

quoting Gutzwiller v. Fenik, 860 F. 2d. 1317, 1328 (6th Cir. 1989).

       {¶34} However vague the conceptual parameters of one’s substantive due

process guarantees may be, the following principle is clear; “[substantive] * * * due

process is violated by the introduction of seemingly conclusive, but actually unreliable

evidence.” Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 931, fn. 10 (1983).

       {¶35} The trial court was aware that other courts had deemed the Intoxilyzer

8000 unreliable even though it was approved. Against this backdrop, the court ordered

the state to establish the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 before admitting the

results. Given the constitutional gravity of admitting unreliable results, however, and its

statutory authority to act as gatekeeper regarding breath test results, the lower court’s

decision to require the state to produce evidence of the machines reliability was an

eminently reasonable and sound legal decision. “[A]n abuse of discretion is the trial

court’s ‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision-making.’” State v.




                                            11
Beechler, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶62, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary

(8 Ed.Rev.2004) 11.

       {¶36} Rather than present evidence of the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer

8000, the state took the position that the trial court could not require it to do so pursuant

to Vega and its progeny. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185 (1984). I do not read Vega as

holding that under no circumstances can a trial court exercise its discretion to require

evidence of general reliability of an approved breath testing device as a condition to

admissibility.

       {¶37} In Vega, the court held “* * * an accused is not denied his constitutional

right to present a defense nor is the state relieved of its burden of proving guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt where a trial judge does not permit expert testimony to attack the

reliability of intoxilyzers in general.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 186.

       {¶38} Threshold admissibility was not at issue in Vega. That is, the defendant

made no challenge to the trial court’s admission of his breath test result. Instead, after

the state presented its case and rested, the defendant attempted to present a

“reliability” defense by attacking intoxilyzers in general. See also State v. Vega, 5th

Dist. No. CA-1766, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 14350, *16 (Nov. 22, 1983)(Hoffman, J.,

dissenting). Unlike Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185, threshold admissibility is the issue in the

case before us.      Moreover, unlike Vega, our case is not about the reliability of

intoxilyzers in general. Our case is limited to whether the Intoxilyzer 8000 is reliable. In

short, the circumstances at issue in Vega were fundamentally distinguishable from

those in our case.




                                             12
       {¶39} Additionally, the rule in Vega does not contemplate a situation where, as

here, an approved device’s general reliability has been assessed by other courts for

both use in and out of this state and the device’s reliability has been found suspect.

See State v. Johnson, Portage County Municipal Court, January 6, 2012.               Vega

expressly states that its holding does not involve a situation where the defense asserts

that there was an abuse of discretion by the director in approving the breath testing

device at issue. Vega at 187, fn. 2. Obviously, in our case, if the Intoxilyzer 8000 is

unreliable, approval would amount to an abuse of discretion and admission of the test

results a violation of substantive due process.

       {¶40} Breath tests are “‘* * * generally recognized as being reasonably reliable

on the issue of intoxication when conducted with proper equipment and by competent

operators.’” (Emphasis added.) Vega at 186, quoting Westerville v. Cunningham, 15

Ohio St.2d 121, 128 (1968). Thus, the central issue as presented in the case before us,

does the Intoxilyzer 8000 qualify as “proper equipment”? The answer is “yes” if it is

generally reliable and “no” if it is not. This is a query, however, that, under Ohio law, a

trial court is entitled to resolve pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b).

       {¶41} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion to safeguard the

defendant’s right to substantive due process by merely requiring the state to show the

Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable. Under the circumstances, this decision was sound

and reasonable. This is particularly true in light of the fact that a trial court is vested

with broad discretion in the admission or exclusion of evidence and in recognition that it

has inherent power to exclude or strike evidence on its own motion. Caroll v. Caroll, 7th

Dist. No. 89-C-1, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1339, *8 (April 5, 1990); Neil v. Hamilton




                                             13
County, 87 Ohio App.3d 670; Oakbrook Realty Corp. v. Blout, 48 Ohio App.3d 69, 70

(10th Dist. 1988).

       {¶42} Given the foregoing point, there is no reason to remand this case to the

trial court based upon perceived inadequacies in the motion to suppress. The trial court

made it abundantly clear that it would not admit the test results absent proof of reliability

of the Intoxilyzer 8000. Requiring the proponent to establish the reliability of scientific

evidence is something that a trial court may require as previously discussed. The state

was well aware of what the trial court required when it ordered the state to produce

evidence of the Intoxilyzer 8000’s reliability, independent and irrespective of the

contents of the motion to suppress. Accordingly, there is no procedural due process

violation of the state’s right to notice and an opportunity to be heard. The trial court’s

order was unambiguous and an exercise of the sound discretion as the gatekeeper of

breath test result admissibility.

       {¶43} When an appellate court is reviewing a pure issue of law, “the mere fact

that the reviewing court would decide the issue differently is enough to find error (of

course, not all errors are reversible. Some are harmless; others are not preserved for

appellate review). By contrast, where the issue on review has been confined to the

discretion of the trial court, the mere fact that the reviewing court would have reached a

different result is not enough, without more, to find error.” Sertz v. Sertz, 11th Dist. No.

2011-L-063, quoting Beechler, 2010-Ohio-1900 at ¶67.

       {¶44} This appeal is centered around a discretionary decision made by the trial

court. As I find the court’s decision not only reasonable, but constitutionally astute, I




                                             14
would affirm the trial court’s exclusion of the breath test in light of the state’s refusal to

present evidence on the issue.




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