Filed 4/17/13 In re J.V. CA2/4
                    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                          SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                        DIVISION FOUR




In re J.V., a Person Coming Under the                                         B242841
Juvenile Court Law.
___________________________________                                           (Los Angeles County
THE PEOPLE,                                                                   Super. Ct. No. GJ29694)

                         Plaintiff and Respondent,

          v.

J.V.,

             Defendant and Appellant.
___________________________________



          APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Robin Miller Sloan, Judge. Modified and affirmed.
          Gerald Peters, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
          Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Eric E. Reynolds and Rene Judkiewicz, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                         ______________________________
       Minor J.V. appeals from an order sustaining a petition under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 6021 and placing him home on probation. He argues the
juvenile court erred in admitting his statements to police. We find no prejudicial error.
We strike the maximum period of incarceration and affirm the order as modified.


                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       In March 2012, J.V., who was almost 18 years old, was involved in a traffic
accident on Los Robles Avenue in Pasadena. The PT Cruiser belonging to J.V.’s father
struck a parked Honda van. J.V. and his three companions ran from the accident scene.
       The section 602 petition alleged J.V. committed the misdemeanor offenses of
driving under the influence of alcohol and fleeing the scene of an accident (hit and run).
(Veh. Code, §§ 20002, subd. (a), 23152, subd. (a).) At the adjudication hearing, two
police officers and three civilians testified for the prosecution, and one of J.V.’s
companions testified for the defense.
       Prosecution witness Cesar Leon testified he was inside a house, two doors down
on the same street where the accident occurred. After hearing a crash, he went out and
took cell phone pictures of the two cars and of two individuals running away. He
identified J.V. as one of the two individuals, and claimed to have seen him go around the
PT Cruiser and help out a young woman sitting in the front passenger seat. Leon testified
he did not see J.V. exit the PT Cruiser, but saw him fall down two or three times while
trying to go around it.
       Prosecution witness Anthony Villa Gomez was in his car three doors away from
the accident. He heard the crash and saw four individuals get out of the PT Cruiser. Two
of them ran south, and two, including J.V., ran north. Gomez said J.V. staggered and fell
down twice before he ran away. He also testified J.V. got out of the driver’s side of the
PT Cruiser. When asked whether he saw which door J.V. used to exit, Gomez said he


       1
        Subsequent references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, unless otherwise
indicated.

                                              2
“assumed” J.V. “was coming out of the driver’s side, because the passenger on the
driver’s side headed south” along with “the female on the passenger side”; “the other
male . . . on the passenger, in the front side” headed north with J.V.
       Kathryn Uchida, the daughter of the owners of the Honda van, testified she heard
the crash from inside the house, went outside, and saw a male passenger in the front seat
grab a backpack. She went inside the house to call 911 and did not see anything else.
       The police report indicated witnesses had seen individuals running away from the
accident scene. No witness had identified any of the individuals as exiting through the
driver’s door or falling down at the scene of the accident, and no such statements were
included in the police report.
       Officer Ivis Moran, who responded to the accident, testified he saw J.V. walking
on the sidewalk near Los Robles and California Avenues. His clothes were dirty and torn
and his gait was unsteady. Officer Moran suspected J.V. had been involved in the
accident. The officer pulled up next to J.V. and asked him to stop, but J.V. continued
walking. Officer Moran then got out of the car and told J.V. he was not in trouble. The
officer wanted to find out if J.V. was well since he had blood on his forehead. He also
exhibited symptoms of intoxication. J.V. did not respond when officer Moran asked if he
was all right. When asked what his name was, J.V. was able to tell the officer his middle
name. When asked if he had been in a car accident, J.V. said, ‘“Yeah.”’ The officer then
asked if J.V. had been driving, and J.V. again said, ‘“Yeah.”’ J.V. continued walking
after Officer Moran told him they should go back to the accident scene, and he tried to
pull away when the officer took him by the arm. At that point, Officer Moran handcuffed
J.V. and brought him back to the scene of the accident, where he handed him over to
Officer Donald Sevesind.
       Officer Sevesind testified he saw J.V. sitting in Officer Moran’s patrol car with
eyes closed and head tilted back. It took several seconds to rouse him. He was initially
unable to respond to questions, but eventually told the officer his first name. Officer




                                              3
Sevesind read J.V. his Miranda2 rights. During the reading, J.V. kept slowly closing and
opening his eyes, and did not respond when the officer asked him if he understood each
individual right. After reading the Miranda rights, the officer asked J.V. if he understood
the rights he had just read, and J.V. responded he did. In the subsequent interview, J.V.
did not answer some questions and gave incoherent responses to others. He initially
admitted he had been driving, then said he had not been driving. J.V. also said he parked
the car and ran out, and did not know what happened. When asked to submit to a blood
or breath test, J.V. took several seconds to respond, then said he did not need to because
he could ‘“get zeroes.”’ But he admitted drinking seven shots of vodka.
       C.Q., who also was in the PT Cruiser at the time of the accident, testified for the
defense. He said J.V. had given him a ride to school that day, parked the car, and gone to
school, taking the car keys with him. In J.V.’s absence, C.Q. and two others started
drinking vodka in the back seat. J.V. later joined them, getting into the front passenger
seat. C.Q. testified that at some point J.V. gave him the car keys, and C.Q. drove
everyone to a park, then crashed into the Honda van on the way back to the school. C.Q.
stated all occupants of the PT Cruiser ran in the same direction after the accident.
According to C.Q., at the time of the accident, everyone else was in the back seat, with
J.V. sitting directly behind the driver’s seat. But C.Q. admitted he told the investigating
officer he was sitting in the back seat at the time of the accident and did not remember
who was driving.
       Defense counsel objected to the testimony about J.V.’s statements to Officer
Moran on the ground that J.V. had not been read his Miranda rights, and she objected to
both officers’ testimony about J.V.’s statements on the ground that J.V. was physically
incapable of validly waiving his Miranda rights, due to his intoxication. The court
overruled the Miranda objections and denied the motion to dismiss, telling defense
counsel, “I think you have an argument, I will give them their due weight in light of all
the evidence that I have heard.”


       2
           Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda).
                                             4
       The court found credible the testimony of the civilian witnesses “who didn’t really
have an axe to grind, and admittedly did not see who was driving, but were clear about
the positions of the persons in the car.” The court also relied on J.V.’s admission to
Officer Moran that he had been involved in an accident and had been driving. Based on
this evidence, the court found the allegations against J.V. proven beyond a reasonable
doubt and sustained the section 602 petition. The court did not rely on J.V.’s statements
to Officer Sevesind, agreeing with the defense that Officer Sevesind’s reporting was “not
as clear as to the state of the minor.”
       J.V. was placed home on probation for six months, with a maximum term of
confinement of one year, two months. He timely appealed.


                                          DISCUSSION
                                              I
       Before a defendant’s custodial statements may be admitted against him at trial,
they must be shown to have been made voluntarily after he was advised of his rights to
remain silent and to have an attorney present. (Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436, 475.) J.V.
argues his statements to officers Moran and Sevesind were custodial and involuntary due
to his intoxication, and the juvenile court failed to determine his capacity to make
voluntary statements before admitting them into evidence.
       Whether a suspect’s statements were obtained in violation of Miranda, supra,
384 U.S. 436, presents a mixed question of fact and law, which we review independently
while deferring to the lower court’s resolution of disputed facts if supported by
substantial evidence. (People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 918.) We conclude that
J.V.’s statements to Officer Moran were noncustodial and therefore not obtained in
violation of Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436.
       “A suspect is in custody when a reasonable person in the suspect’s position would
feel that his ‘freedom of action is curtailed to a “degree associated with formal arrest.”
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Bejasa (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 26, 35.) Where the
suspect was not formally arrested at the time he made the challenged statements to police,

                                              5
relevant factors include the length of the detention, its location, the number of police
officers involved, and the nature of the questioning. (Id. at p. 36.) The “term ‘custody’
generally does not include ‘a temporary detention for investigation’ where an officer
detains a person to ask a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to
try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer’s suspicions.” (People v.
Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 180.)
       J.V.’s encounter with Officer Moran was brief and took place on a public street.
Officer Moran told J.V. he was not in trouble and the officer was just checking on his
well being. The officer did not physically restrain J.V. until after J.V. admitted he had
been driving. This brief investigative inquiry was not a custodial interrogation even if the
officer subjectively suspected J.V. was involved in the accident and detained him to
obtain information confirming his suspicion. The officer’s ‘“uncommunicated subjective
impressions”’ about J.V.’s custodial status are irrelevant. (People v. Farnam, supra,
28 Cal.4th at pp. 180–181.) Additionally, since J.V. continued walking both after the
officer initially asked him to stop and after the officer told him they should go back to the
accident scene, we cannot conclude that he reasonably believed “his freedom of action
was being curtailed in any significant way.” (Id. at p. 180.)
       J.V. suggests his age is a relevant factor, citing J.D.B. v. North Carolina
(2011) 564 U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2394, 2402–2403. In that case, “a 13-year-old, seventh-
grade student attending class . . . was removed from his classroom by a uniformed police
officer, escorted to a closed-door conference room, and questioned by police for at least
half an hour.” (Id. at p. 2399.) The majority held that “so long as the child’s age was
known to the officer at the time of police questioning, or would have been objectively
apparent to a reasonable officer, its inclusion in the custody analysis is consistent with the
objective nature of that test. This is not to say that a child’s age will be a determinative,
or even a significant, factor in every case.” (Id. at p. 2406, fn. omitted.) The majority
specifically noted that omitting a suspect’s age was not unreasonable when the suspect
‘“was almost 18 years old at the time of his interview.”’ (Ibid., citing Yarborough v.
Alvarado (2004) 541 U.S. 652, 669, O’Connor J., concurring.)

                                              6
       The record does not indicate that when Officer Moran talked to J.V. on the street,
he knew or had reason to know J.V. was a minor. At the adjudication, the officer was
asked only whether J.V. matched the description of “a male Hispanic with some specific
clothing.” The record also indicates that, at the time of the accident, J.V. was six months
short of his eighteenth birthday. J.D.B. v. North Carolina, supra, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct.
2394, does not require that we conclude J.V.’s age is a significant factor under the
circumstances.
       J.V. also argues his statements to Officer Moran were involuntary due to his
intoxication, and the juvenile court violated his right to due process by admitting these
statements without determining whether J.V. had the capacity to make them. We are not
persuaded. The defense objections were that J.V. should have been read his Miranda
rights and that he did not have the capacity to understand or waive them. In ruling on a
Miranda objection, the trial court need not make formal findings so long as its ruling is
reflected in the record with “‘“unmistakable clarity.””’ (People v. Smithson (2000)
79 Cal.App.4th 480, 494.) Here, the juvenile court repeatedly overruled the defense’s
Miranda objections to Officer Moran’s testimony.
       As we have discussed, the protections of Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436, apply
only when a defendant is subjected to custodial interrogation, and J.V. was not in police
custody at the time he made the statements to Officer Moran. Additionally, while a
suspect’s intoxication is a significant factor in determining whether a confession was
involuntary, it is not by itself determinative. (People v. Perdomo (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th
605, 617.) Rather, “[a] finding of coercive police activity is a prerequisite to a finding
that a confession was involuntary under the federal and state Constitutions. [Citations].”
(People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 404; compare Mincey v. Arizona (1978)
437 U.S. 385, 401 [relentless questioning of wounded man going in and out of
consciousness resulted in involuntary statements] with People v. Perdomo, at pp. 617–
618 [statements elicited after 20-minute interview of suspect under influence of pain
medication in hospital were voluntary where officers did not exert psychological or
physical pressure].) Here, although J.V. was apparently intoxicated, there is no evidence

                                              7
that he was going in and out of consciousness at the time of his brief street encounter
with Officer Moran. During this encounter, J.V. was able to walk, albeit unsteadily, and
tell the officer his name. There is no evidence that the officer did anything besides
asking J.V. a few brief questions or that he used any coercive tactics to elicit J.V.’s
responses.
       The court did not err in overruling the Miranda objections to Officer Moran’s
testimony, and J.V.’s statements to that officer were admissible evidence. J.V. does not
contend that his statements to Officer Moran were insufficient to support the
adjudication. Since the juvenile court expressly stated it did not rely on J.V.’s statements
to Officer Sevesind, we need not review their admissibility. We also do not address
J.V.’s contention that the petition could not have been sustained solely on the civil
witnesses’ testimony.
                                               II
       Section 726, subdivision (c), which requires the juvenile court to specify a
maximum term of confinement not exceeding the time of confinement allowable for an
adult convicted of the same offense, does not apply when a minor remains in the physical
custody of his or her parents. (In re Matthew A. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 537, 541; In re
Ali A. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 569, 573–574.) Relying on In re Ali A., respondent argues
that the inclusion of a maximum confinement term in the disposition order has no legal
effect and need not be stricken. (Id. at p. 574, fn. 2.) The better practice is to strike the
unauthorized term to provide J.V. with a legally correct disposition order. (In re
Matthew A., at p. 541.)




                                               8
                                         DISPOSITION
       The maximum confinement term is stricken from the July 17, 2012 order. In all
other respects, the order is affirmed.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                                  EPSTEIN, P. J.
We concur:



       WILLHITE, J.



       SUZUKAWA, J.




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