VIRGINIA:
       In the Supreme Court of Virginia held at the Supreme Court Building in the
City of Richmond on Thursday the 27th day of June, 2019.


Present: All the Justices


William D. Sroufe,                                                                        Appellant,

  against       Record No. 181014
                Circuit Court No. CL15000126-00

Muriel Tamera Waldron,                                                                     Appellee.


                                                                   Upon an appeal from a judgment
                                                        rendered by the Circuit Court of Patrick
                                                        County.


        Upon consideration of the record, briefs, and argument of counsel, the Court is of opinion
that there is reversible error in the judgment of the circuit court.
        William D. Sroufe, Ed.D., is the division superintendent for Patrick County Public
Schools. Prior to the events that gave rise to the proceedings below, Muriel Tamera Waldron
was principal of Stuart Elementary School in Patrick County.
        At a meeting in April 2015, Dr. Sroufe removed Waldron as principal and ordered her not
to return to the school. He told her that he was transferring her to the central office and would
recommend that the school board reassign her to a teaching position the following school year.
He provided her with a letter to that effect. The letter included the following statement (“the
Statement”), which, together with others in the letter, purported to justify Dr. Sroufe’s actions:
        You failed to ensure that the [Individualized Education Program (“IEP”)] Teams
        understand the [Virginia Alternative Assessment Program (“VAAP”)]
        participation criteria and apply them appropriately when considering students
        with disabilities for the VAAP. Your actions will result in students being required
        to take [Standards of Learning (“SOL”)] assessments who, under a correct
        interpretation of the criteria, should not have been required to do so. 1

        1
          An IEP is a personalized set of educational goals for each student with special
instructional needs. Teachers tailor instruction to a student’s IEP, so the student may not be
       The letter eventually came into the possession of the local news media. Waldron
subsequently filed a fourth amended complaint alleging, as relevant to this appeal, that the
Statement was defamatory. The matter proceeded to trial by jury.
       After Waldron rested her case-in-chief, Dr. Sroufe moved to strike her evidence, arguing
that the Statement either (1) was opinion, (2) was true, or (3) lacked defamatory sting. The
circuit court denied the motion. After the conclusion of all the evidence, Dr. Sroufe again moved
to strike. The court again denied the motion. The jury thereafter returned a verdict for Waldron
and awarded her $500,000 in compensatory damages.
       Dr. Sroufe then moved to set aside the verdict on the same grounds as his motions to
strike. The circuit court denied the motion for reasons set forth in a letter opinion, which was
incorporated into an order entering judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict. Dr. Sroufe
appeals.
       “Where the trial court has declined to strike the plaintiff’s evidence or to set aside a jury
verdict, the standard of appellate review in Virginia requires this Court to consider whether the
evidence presented, taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, was sufficient to support the
jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff.” Bitar v. Rahman, 272 Va. 130, 141 (2006) (alteration
omitted). The Court “will not set aside a trial court’s judgment sustaining a jury verdict unless it
is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Parson v. Miller, 296 Va. 509, 524 (2018)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
       However, “[e]nsuring that defamation suits proceed only upon statements which actually
may defame a plaintiff, rather than those which merely may inflame a jury to an award of
damages, is an essential gatekeeping function of the court.” Webb v. Virginian-Pilot Media Cos.,
287 Va. 84, 90 (2014). Expressions of opinion are not actionable as defamation. Lewis v. Kei,



taught according to grade-level SOL but instead to Aligned Standards of Learning (“ASOL”)
consistent with his or her individual needs. In such situations, students in appropriate grade
levels may be assessed under the VAAP instead of the standardized SOL assessment tests on
which school, educator, and student performance is evaluated. Participation in the VAAP is
based on five criteria: whether the student has an IEP, or one is being developed for him or her;
whether the student has “significant cognitive disabilities”; whether the student’s performance
indicates the need for “extensive, direct instruction” or an ASOL-based curriculum; whether the
student requires “intensive, frequent, and individualized instruction” in diverse settings; and the
type of diploma the student is working toward.


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281 Va. 715, 725 (2011). Whether a statement is an expression of opinion is a question of law,
which this Court reviews de novo. Cashion v. Smith, 286 Va. 327, 336 (2013). In reviewing
whether a statement is an expression of opinion, the Court considers the statement as a whole.
Hyland v. Raytheon Tech. Servs. Co., 277 Va. 40, 47 (2009). “When a statement is relative in
nature and depends largely on a speaker’s viewpoint, that statement is an expression of opinion.”
Id.
       Evaluated in light of these principles, the Statement was an expression of Dr. Sroufe’s
opinion. Waldron’s own testimony emphasizes this conclusion. When she was questioned
during cross-examination in her case-in-chief about whether she believed that anyone who
disagreed with her assessment that certain students did not qualify under the VAAP criteria must
be wrong, she answered, “Not necessarily. Opinions differ.” Cross-examination then proceeded
as follows:
       Q: Isn’t that one of the things about VAAP that makes it sometimes difficult, that
       reasonable people can disagree over whether or not it applies to a particular
       student?
       A: Reasonable people can disagree.
       Q: I might look at it and say, “Gee, I think maybe that VAAP would be
       appropriate,” and you might look at it and say, “No, VAAP is not appropriate”?
       A: When you’re applying criteria and you’re using all of the information that you
       share in an IEP team meeting, based on the criteria, all of [the relevant students],
       with the exception of one, would not qualify for the VAAP.
       Q: In your opinion?
       A: In my opinion and in the team’s opinion.

       When later asked whether there had ever been a dissent within an IEP team as to a
student’s eligibility for participation in the VAAP, Waldron testified that the meetings were
collaborative, but that parents, for example, might disagree with an outcome and admitted that
“it’s possible to have a dissent.”
       Just as a student’s parents may disagree with an IEP team’s assessment of their child or
an IEP team member may dissent from the majority of the team’s conclusion whether a student is
eligible for participation in the VAAP, Dr. Sroufe was able to reach an independent conclusion
about Waldron’s IEP teams’ application of the VAAP participation criteria. And, as Waldron’s
supervisor rather than subordinate, Dr. Sroufe’s divergent opinion had greater weight and came
with substantial consequences. But it remained opinion because it was relative in nature and




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depended largely on his own, independent viewpoint. The Statement therefore was not
actionable as defamation, and the claim should not have been submitted to the jury.
        The circuit court correctly determined that the Statement was opinion when Dr. Sroufe
moved to strike the evidence when Waldron rested her case-in-chief. It specifically referred to
Waldron’s testimony that reasonable people could disagree. Nevertheless, the court denied the
motion, stating “I’m interested to see what will happen,” and “I want to see what a jury will do.”
It opined that “[i]f the [j]ury comes back and gives her two million dollars, I will be the villain
and most likely will set it aside.”
        Dr. Sroufe renewed his motion to strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, and the
circuit court again denied it. After the jury returned its verdict and award, he moved to set them
aside. Contrary to the court’s earlier prediction when it denied Dr. Sroufe’s first motion to
strike, it denied this motion, too. It stated its reasoning in an amended letter opinion, which
merits special scrutiny. 2
        First, the court ruled that “[t]he statement for the jury in this case fails to be actionable for
three reasons. First, according to the plaintiff’s own evidence, the statement at issue in this case
is simply opinion.” Again noting Waldron’s testimony in her case-in-chief, the court went on to
note additional evidence from both parties’ witnesses that the VAAP participation criteria are
inherently subjective. It reiterated that “[l]egally speaking, Dr. Sroufe’s statement is an opinion
and not actionable.” It then articulated alternative rulings that if the Statement was not opinion,
it was true, and that if neither opinion nor true, it lacked “the requisite defamatory ‘sting.’” 3
(Internal quotation marks omitted.)
        Second, in its conclusion, it again held that Dr. Sroufe’s “statement is not, as a matter of
law, defamatory, and it will not support a verdict in Ms. Waldron’s favor.” It continued:
                 My legal conclusion in this matter comes as no surprise to the plaintiff; the
        record reveals I stated throughout the trial that I thought the statement in this case
        was not actionable as a matter of law. It is opinion; if it is not opinion, it is true;
        and if it is factual and false, it is too mild to be defamatory. However, as I
        mentioned to [Waldron’s counsel], I have always felt this is a message case, and
        for that reason—and to provide an alpha-to-omega appeal record—I allowed the
        plaintiff to have her full day in court.

        2
         The letter opinion is extraordinary in several troubling respects but the Court limits its
review in this order to those within the scope of this appeal.
       3
         Because this Court agrees with the circuit court’s ruling that the Statement is opinion
and therefore not actionable, it does not reach these alternative bases.


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                                                 ....
               While I am virtually certain that this verdict is legally flawed and will not
       survive [appellate] scrutiny, I am also aware that seven objective citizens spoke in
       very loud and very clear terms, and I feel that their verdict is being utterly ignored
       by the audience that should be the most attentive. More to the point, I am
       convinced that if I simply set aside this verdict, then there will be a return to
       business as usual, and that variety of business is the very mischief that prompted
       the biggest jury verdict in the history of this county. While I understand that the
       school board has no financial exposure and is operating under the assumption
       (most likely correct) that this verdict is not legally sound and will be set aside—
       and therefore is not inclined to address the issue at the heart of this lawsuit—I
       would hope that my ruling below will give them a chance to explore precisely
       what went wrong with their system, perhaps via another mediation or a review
       with a qualified neutral.
               This jury indicated it was mad as heck. [It] didn’t quite direct its anger in
       the right way and at the right time legally, but its voice needs to be heard a little
       bit longer. My hope is that this verdict will be taken seriously and productively
       addressed in the months ahead while this case is on appeal.
                                                 ....
               Accordingly, and in light of the foregoing, and with the full expectation
       that I will be reversed by a unanimous Supreme Court of Virginia, I hereby affirm
       the verdict.

       In a footnote, the trial judge further acknowledged that Sroufe

       will suffer a short-term penalty in this matter. Still, this case, no matter what my
       ruling, is headed to the Supreme Court, and the only difference is that the
       defendant will be the petitioner and not the respondent. The issues, briefs and
       costs for each side will be essentially the same.

       As noted above, “[e]nsuring that defamation suits proceed only upon statements which
actually may defame a plaintiff, rather than those which merely may inflame a jury to an award
of damages, is an essential gatekeeping function of the court.” Webb, 287 Va. at 90. In this
case, the trial judge ignored that function by consciously disregarding the law and permitting the
jury to return a verdict and award damages on a statement that he knew was not actionable as
defamation as a matter of law. The case should have been dismissed on Dr. Sroufe’s first motion
to strike, and the court erred by failing to do so. It compounded this error by failing to do so on
his second motion to strike, and compounded it yet again by failing to set aside the jury’s
erroneous verdict after the trial ended.
       The attitude expressed in the letter opinion is deeply troubling. It displays a profound
misapprehension of the proper role and responsibilities of a judge. There is a difference between



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self-deprecating acknowledgement of the hierarchy within the judicial branch, and the possibility
that one’s ruling is erroneous on one hand, and recognition to the point of near-certainty what the
correct legal ruling should be but consciously choosing to rule the opposite way—especially to
“send a message” to one of the parties—on the other. The first simply expresses an appreciation
of human fallibility. The second is an abdication of the duty of a judge—to the parties, who
bring their claims to the court for adjudication at great expense; to the attorneys, whose time and
efforts are paid for and expended to present those claims competently and professionally; to the
jurors, whose daily lives have been disrupted to aid the court in rendering judgment; and to the
people of the Commonwealth, who entrust their judges to correctly apply their legal training,
experience, and expertise when resolving the questions put to them for decision.
        As this Court recently observed, the power to render judgment includes the power to
render an erroneous one. Commonwealth v. Watson, 297 Va. ___, ___ (2019). But that
observation presumes the best efforts, reasoned judgment, and good faith of the judge. A court’s
power to render an erroneous judgment is not an invitation to judges to render one in knowing
and conscious disregard for the law, with the assumption that someone else higher in the judicial
hierarchy will correct it later. The trial judge’s misinterpretation and misuse of judicial power in
this case unnecessarily prolonged trial and led to this full appellate review on the merits, which,
despite his assertion to the contrary, has not only delayed the just adjudication the parties were
entitled to but also imposed very real financial burdens on them. This Court must and does
reprove it.
        For these reasons, the Court reverses the judgment of the circuit court and enters final
judgment for Dr. Sroufe. This order shall be published in the Virginia Reports and certified to
the Circuit Court of Patrick County.



                                             A Copy,

                                               Teste:


                                                        Douglas B. Robelen, Clerk




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