                    RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                         Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                               File Name: 12a0199p.06

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                               _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
                   11-5782
                                                  -
                                                  -
 PAUL DANIEL BENNETT, et al.,
                                                  -
                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,            Nos. 11-5782/5918

                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
           v.
                                                  -
 HUNTER DURHAM; DURHAM & ZORNES,                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                   Defendants-Appellees.

                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                   11-5918
                                                  -
                                                  -
 FREDERICK P. CLAYTON, JR., et al.,
                                                  -
                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                  -
           v.                                     -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
 HEARTLAND RESOURCES, INC., et al.

                                                  -
                               Defendants,
                                                  -
                                                  -
 HUNTER DURHAM,
                                                 N
                         Defendant-Appellee.


                    Appeals from the United States District Court
              for the Western District of Kentucky at Bowling Green.
               No. 1:10-cv-147—Thomas B. Russell, District Judge;
          No. 1:08-cv-84—Joseph H. McKinley, Jr., Chief District Judge.
                               Argued: June 5, 2012
                       Decided and Filed: June 28, 2012
           Before: MOORE, SUTTON and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                               _________________

                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Tera Rica Murdock, WALLER, LANSDEN, DORTCH & DAVIS, LLP,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Eugene N. Bulso, Jr., LEADER, BULSO &
NOLAN, PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Tera Rica Murdock,


                                         1
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                Page 2


WALLER, LANSDEN, DORTCH & DAVIS, LLP, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants
in 11-5918. Joseph A. Woodruff, Rebecca Brinkley, WALLER, LANSDEN, DORTCH
& DAVIS, LLP, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants in 11-5782 & 11-5918. Eugene
N. Bulso, Jr., LEADER, BULSO & NOLAN, PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, Timothy L.
Edelen, BELL, ORR, AYERS & MOORE, PSC, for Appellees. Colleen Keefe,
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Amicus Curiae.
                                 _________________

                                       OPINION
                                 _________________

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. The Kentucky Securities Act imposes liability on (1)
anyone who “offers or sells a security” in violation of its terms and (2) any “agent” of
the seller who “materially aids” the sale of securities, defined as someone who “effect[s]
or attempt[s] to effect” the sale. Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 292.480(1), (4); 292.310(1). These
related cases present the same question: Does the Act impose liability on an attorney
who performs traditional legal services for a company offering its securities for sale to
the public? The answer is no.

                                            I.

       Paul Bennett, Frederick Clayton and their co-plaintiffs invested in oil-and-gas-
exploration companies: either Heartland Resources or Mammoth Resource Partners.
When the companies’ wells produced little oil or gas, the investors lost money. They
sued. Claiming Heartland and Mammoth violated state and federal law by selling
unregistered securities and by making other material misrepresentations and omissions,
they filed a complaint against the two companies and their officers. They did not stop
there. They also sued Hunter Durham, the lawyer who represented Heartland and
Mammoth in connection with the issuance and sale of the securities. Durham drafted the
documents necessary for the deals, including joint-venture agreements and private
placement memoranda that provided details about the investment opportunity. He also
told the prospective investors he was available to answer their questions. All the while,
Bennett and Clayton allege, Durham knew the documents contained material
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                   Page 3


misrepresentations and omissions and that the securities were neither registered nor
exempt from registration.

       Durham responded that he merely provided traditional legal services in
connection with the issuance and sale of the securities, work that the offer-and-sale
provisions of the Kentucky securities laws by themselves do not regulate. In Bennett’s
lawsuit, the district court granted Durham’s motion to dismiss the claim under Civil Rule
12(b)(6). In Clayton’s lawsuit, the district court (through a different judge) granted
Durham’s motions for summary judgment under Civil Rule 56.

                                           II.

       Kentucky, like most States, regulates sales and offers of securities through “blue
sky” laws, so named because they initially targeted swindlers so brazen and so shameless
they would peddle shares of anything, including (allegedly) shares of the sky. See
Jonathan R. Macey & Geoffrey P. Miller, Origin of the Blue Sky Laws, 70 Tex. L. Rev.
347, 359–60 & n. 59 (1991). Kentucky’s law says, as relevant here:

       (1) Any person, who offers or sells a security in violation of this chapter
       . . . or offers or sells a security by means of any untrue statement of a
       material fact or any omission to state a material fact . . . , and who does
       not sustain the burden of proof that he did not know and in the exercise
       of reasonable care could not have known of the untruth or omission[,] is
       liable to the person buying the security from him. . . .
       (4) Every person who directly or indirectly controls a seller or purchaser
       liable under subsection (1) or (2) of this section, every partner, officer,
       or director (or other person occupying a similar status or performing
       similar functions) or employee of a seller or purchaser who materially
       aids in the sale or purchase, and every broker-dealer or agent who
       materially aids in the sale or purchase is also liable jointly and severally
       with and to the same extent as the seller or purchaser, unless [he] sustains
       the burden of proof that he did not know, and in the exercise of
       reasonable care could not have known, of the existence of the facts by
       reason of which the liability is alleged to exist.

Ky. Rev. Stat. § 292.480 (emphases added). These provisions, along with the rest of
Kentucky’s blue-sky law, derive from the Uniform Securities Act of 1956, a model law
authored by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, a group
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                   Page 4


of state legislators, judges and legal scholars. Thirty-six other States have adopted the
Act in whole or in part. See Jay H. Knight & Garrett P. Baker, Kentucky Blue Sky Law:
A Practitioner’s Guide to Kentucky’s Registrations and Exemptions, 34 N. Ky. L. Rev.
485, 486 (2007); Joel Seligman, The New Uniform Securities Act, 81 Wash. U. L.Q. 243,
243 (2003). Both provisions, Bennett and Clayton maintain, cover Durham’s conduct.

                                             A.

        Does an attorney who provides legal advice in connection with a securities
transaction “offer[ ] or sell[ ] a security,” as required to impose liability under subsection
(1) of the statute? The customary meaning of the words suggests not, as Durham never
offered to sell or sold shares to anyone. His clients sold the shares, and we do not
attribute the transactions of a client to its attorney. An attorney may draft an offering
memorandum for his client, but that does not mean the attorney, as opposed to the client,
offers to sell the securities. The client and its broker-dealers sell the securities. Durham
no more “offered” or “sold” these securities than the lawyer representing Magic
Johnson’s investment group recently “bought” the Los Angeles Dodgers. See Bill
Shaikin, Sale Stirs Hostility Before OK, L.A. Times, Apr. 14, 2012, at C1.

        Interpretations of the federal Securities Act of 1933 confirm the point. The
federal Act likewise reaches “any person who offers or sells a security” in violation of
its rules. 15 U.S.C. § 77l(a)(1). And the Court likewise has construed it to cover only
“persons who pass title and persons who ‘offer,’ including those who ‘solicit’ offers.”
Pinter v. Dahl, 486 U.S. 622, 650 (1988) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 77b(a)(3)). In rejecting
a more expansive definition, Pinter reasoned that it “might expose securities
professionals, such as accountants and lawyers, whose involvement is only the
performance of their professional services,” to liability, even though “[t]he buyer does
not, in any meaningful sense, purchase the security from such a person.” Id. at 651.
Following Pinter’s lead, our court has taken a similar stance. “A non-owner cannot be
a seller . . . unless he urges a prospective purchaser to buy. . . . It is not enough that the
putative seller stands to benefit if the sale goes through; to be liable under a solicitation
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                Page 5


theory, he must have engaged in actual solicitation.” Smith v. Am. Nat. Bank & Trust
Co., 982 F.2d 936, 941 (6th Cir. 1992).

       All of this matters not just because the Supreme Court and our court have
interpreted “offer” and “sell” to rule out liability for attorneys performing traditional
legal services in connection with a securities offering. What is particularly revealing is
that Kentucky based its blue-sky law on the Uniform Securities Act, which itself “is
borrowed substantially” from the same federal law (the Securities Act of 1933)
construed in Pinter and Smith. Uniform Securities Act of 1956 § 401 cmt. subsec. j; see
also Ashland, Inc. v. Oppenheimer & Co., 648 F.3d 461, 471 (6th Cir. 2011) (noting that
the Kentucky provision “mirror[s]” federal law); compare 15 U.S.C. §§ 77b(a)(3),
77l(a), with Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 292.310(17), 292.480(1). There is no reason to think the
Kentucky courts would construe the words differently. Since Pinter, moreover, other
state courts have construed their own blue-sky laws the same way. See, e.g., Meyers v.
Lott, 993 P.2d 609, 613 (Idaho 2000); Klein v. Oppenheimer & Co., 130 P.3d 569, 582
(Kan. 2006); Wilson v. Misko, 508 N.W.2d 238, 248 (Neb. 1993); Biales v. Young,
432 S.E.2d 482, 484–85 (S.C. 1993); see also Allstate Indus. Loan Plan, Inc. v. Mihalek,
555 S.W.2d 585, 586–87 (Ky. 1977) (relying on precedents from other States in
construing the Kentucky Securities Act).

       That is all well and good, Bennett and Clayton respond, but Durham was not just
a lawyer doing his job. That would be a strong argument—if the facts backed it up.
They do not. Bennett alleges and Clayton has put forth facts showing only that Durham
drafted and distributed investment documents, made himself available to answer
questions from prospective investors and represented clients in an enforcement
proceeding. That is the type of ordinary legal work securities lawyers do every day.

       Bennett and Clayton persist that Durham “went beyond a role of serving as
counsel,” R.37 (No. 11-5782) ¶ 31, and “was not merely an attorney and legal advisor,”
R.112 (No. 11-5918) ¶ 237. But they do not say how or when or otherwise elaborate on
what that means. Even on summary judgment Clayton was able to identify only one
plaintiff who spoke to Durham before investing, and the investor testified that Durham
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                  Page 6


answered his questions, not that Durham solicited or offered to sell any securities. One
can go beyond the role of serving as counsel in all sorts of ways—providing informal
business advice, helping find a printing firm to produce the investment prospectus—that
do not implicate this provision. Such “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause
of action, supported by mere conclusory statements”—in this instance, not even
conclusory statements that create liability—“do not suffice” to survive Durham’s motion
to dismiss. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

       The only other specific factual allegations Bennett and Clayton make—that
Durham served as an attorney to Heartland and Mammoth on many different occasions,
that he knew the securities sales were illegal, and that Heartland’s executives “relied
completely” on his advice (Clayton Br. at 13)—change nothing. A lawyer does not
become something other than a lawyer by serving the same client multiple times. Still
less is that the case because the client follows his advice unquestioningly or because he
knowingly drafts false or misleading documents. Of course, an attorney who knowingly
drafted false or misleading documents would face other problems. He might be liable
for fraud, a claim the district court declined to dismiss in Bennett’s case but that the
parties eventually stipulated to dismiss themselves.         Or he might be liable for
malpractice or face disciplinary proceedings. But none of this transforms the attorney
into someone who “offers or sells a security” for purposes of Ky. Rev. Stat.
§ 292.480(1). Durham is not liable under this provision as a matter of law.

                                            B.

       Does Durham qualify (1) as a “partner, officer, or director (or other person
occupying a similar status or performing similar functions)” or (2) as an “agent who
materially aid[ed] in the sale or purchase” of securities? Ky. Rev. Stat. § 292.480(4).

       The first part of this claim (raised by Clayton, not Bennett) takes little time. That
Durham was a “partner, officer, or director” or occupied a similar status and performed
similar functions fails for the same reason the last claim failed. Clayton offered no facts
on summary judgment from which we could infer that Durham did anything beyond
what would be expected of a securities attorney providing run-of-the-mine legal services.
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                  Page 7


Clayton’s brief on appeal seeks to add more, but this effort is too little and too late. It
is too little because the alleged facts mentioned in the appellate brief—that Heartland’s
officers and directors “relied completely” on Durham’s work and would have “structured
[their] sales operation in any way Mr. Durham advised,” Br. at 32—suggest only that
Heartland’s actual partners, officers and directors relied heavily on their attorney, not
that Durham was the one calling the shots. Cf. Receiver of Assets of Mid-America
Energy, Inc. v. Coffman, 719 F. Supp. 2d 884, 893 & n.4 (M.D. Tenn. 2010). It is too
late because appellate briefs may not supplement the record below. Inland Bulk Transfer
Co. v. Cummins Engine Co., 332 F.3d 1007, 1012 (6th Cir. 2003).

        The second part of the claim is also flawed. The statute defines the key
term—agent—as “any individual other than a broker-dealer who represents a broker-
dealer or issuer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales of securities.” Ky.
Rev. Stat. § 292.310(1) (emphasis added).

        An attorney does not “effect,” as opposed to “affect,” purchases or sales of
securities. “Effect” in this context means “to carry out (a sale, a purchase),” or more
generally “to bring about (an event, a result).” Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed. 2008).
That language covers salesmen or placement agents who identify potential investors on
behalf of the issuer and convince them to buy securities. An attorney performing
ordinary legal work, by contrast, is not hired to “carry out” or “bring about” the sale of
securities; the attorney’s job is to ensure that any such sale, should the client choose to
pursue it, complies with the law. The attorney’s work, it is true, may be a but-for cause
of a later sale of securities, but the statute requires more. It is not enough that the
attorney “represents” the issuer in a matter that culminates in the sale of securities; he
must represent the issuer “in effecting or attempting to effect” the sale, meaning that
carrying out or bringing about the sale must be the job the client hires the attorney to
perform. That is not what securities lawyers generally do, and that was not what
Durham did even under a view of the evidence most favorable to the plaintiffs.

        Case law confirms this reading. In a survey of a half-dozen cases considering the
same question, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals noted that the cases “each have
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                  Page 8


one thing in common: they do not impose liability upon an attorney who merely
provides legal services or prepares documents for his or her client.” Baker, Watts & Co.
v. Miles & Stockbridge, 620 A.2d 356, 368 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1993), superseded on
other grounds by rule, see Benway v. Md. Port Admin., 989 A.2d 1239, 1245 (Md. Ct.
Spec. App. 2010); see also Ackerman v. Schwartz, 733 F. Supp. 1231, 1252 (N.D. Ind.
1989), aff’d in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 947 F.2d 841 (7th Cir. 1991);
Excalibur Oil, Inc. v. Sullivan, 616 F. Supp. 458, 467 (N.D. Ill. 1985); In re N. Am.
Acceptance Corp. Sec. Cases, 513 F. Supp. 608, 623 (N.D. Ga. 1981); Adams v. Am. W.
Sec., Inc., 510 P.2d 838, 844 (Or. 1973); Rendler v. Markos, 453 N.W.2d 202, 206 (Wis.
Ct. App. 1990). To be liable, “the attorney must do something more than act as legal
counsel,” namely “actively assist in offering securities for sale, solicit offers to buy, or
actually perform the sale.” Baker, 620 A.2d at 368. Later cases go the same way. See,
e.g., Klein v. Boyd, 949 F. Supp. 280, 284 (E.D. Pa. 1996); CFT Seaside Investment Ltd.
P’ship v. Hammet, 868 F. Supp. 836, 844 (D.S.C. 1994); Johnson v. Colip, 658 N.E.2d
575, 578 (Ind. 1995); Ward v. Bullis, 748 N.W.2d 397, 405 (N.D. 2008).

        For their part, Bennett and Clayton cite no case holding an attorney liable under
the Uniform Securities Act merely for drafting documents, providing advice and
answering client questions. The cited cases apply a state law that defines agency more
broadly than the Act does, see Felts v. Nat’l Account Sys. Ass’n, 469 F. Supp. 54, 67–68
(N.D. Miss. 1978); see also Powell v. H.E.F. P’ship, 835 F. Supp. 762, 765 (D. Vt.
1993), do not involve attorneys or the agency prong of the Act, see Arthur Young & Co.
v. Reves, 937 F.2d 1310, 1326 (8th Cir. 1991), or involve attorneys who, unlike Durham,
sold securities and operated the company in question, see In re Prof’l Fin. Mgmt., Ltd.,
692 F. Supp. 1057, 1059 & n.2, 1065 (D. Minn. 1988).

        Bennett and Clayton, along with the Kentucky Department of Financial
Institutions as an amicus curiae, also rely on Senior Healthcare Ins. & Fin. Servs. v.
Clementi, No. 2006-CA-001348-MR, 2007 WL 1784158 (Ky. Ct. App. June 8, 2007).
But Clementi is a two-page unpublished intermediate appellate court opinion involving
different facts: a non-lawyer defendant who “introduced [the salesman] to the fraudulent
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                                Page 9


securities and encouraged him to sell them.” Id. at *1. The one shard Bennett and
Clayton extract in isolation from the opinion—that “any person who facilitates another
person’s securities fraud” is liable under Kentucky law, id.—is dicta and, if taken
literally, is at odds with the terms of the statute, which imposes liability not on “any
person” facilitating fraud but only on any “broker-dealer or agent who materially aids
in the sale or purchase” of securities. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 292.480(4) (emphasis added).

       Legal scholars also agree with our approach. Under the Uniform Securities Act’s
definition, they say that “the term ‘agent’ means only individuals who help to sell
securities,” meaning that “professionals such as attorneys and accountants[ ] would not
qualify as agents under this definition unless they became involved in the sales efforts.”
Jennifer J. Johnson, Secondary Liability for Securities Fraud: Gatekeepers in State
Court, 36 Del. J. Corp. L. 463, 482–83 (2011); see also Douglas M. Branson, Chasing
the Rogue Professional After the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,
50 SMU L. Rev. 91, 120 (1996); Seligman, supra, 81 Wash. U. L.Q. at 253 n.21; Marc
I. Steinberg & Chris Claassen, Attorney Liability Under the State Securities Laws:
Landscapes and Minefields, 3 Berkeley Bus. L.J. 1, 23 (2005) (“prevailing view” is that
attorneys are not agents under the Uniform Securities Act because they “do[ ] not
‘effect’ the purchase or sale” of securities).

       An attorney who performs ordinary legal work, such as drafting documents,
giving advice and answering client questions, is not an “agent” under Ky. Rev. Stat.
§ 292.480(4). Even if we accept all of the facts alleged in the complaint, that is all
Durham did.

                                            III.

       Bennett and Clayton alternatively ask us to certify these questions to the
Kentucky Supreme Court. We decline the invitation. Bennett and Clayton filed their
claims in federal court, not state court, and did not seek certification until after the
district court ruled against them. The parties have already endured multiple rounds of
briefing and argument in federal court. And the authorities cited above suffice “to allow
Nos. 11-5782/5918 Bennett, et al. v. Durham, et al.                          Page 10


us to make a clear and principled decision.” Pennington v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co., 553 F.3d 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2009).

                                           IV.

       For these reasons, we affirm.
