









In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


______________________________

No. 06-01-00175-CV
______________________________


GARY LANDRUM, Appellant

V.

COMMERCIAL MONEY CENTER, INC., Appellee



On Appeal from the 76th Judicial District Court
Titus County, Texas
Trial Court No. 29,199





Before Cornelius, C.J., Grant and Ross, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Ross

O P I N I O N

	Gary Landrum appeals the trial court's judgment in favor of Commercial Money
Center, Inc. in its suit alleging Landrum converted its property.  The trial court signed the
judgment on September 19, 2001.  On October 18, 2001, Landrum filed a timely motion
for new trial and request for findings of fact and conclusions of law.  Landrum's notice of
appeal was therefore due to be filed on or before December 18, 2001.  See Tex. R. App.
P. 26.1(a).  The record indicates the notice of appeal was filed on December 20, 2001. 
There is nothing in the record showing the mailbox rule applies to make the notice of
appeal timely.  See Tex. R. App. P. 9.2(b).  Rather, the certificate of service indicates
service on opposing counsel was made by mail on December 20, 2001.  Therefore, the
notice of appeal is untimely, and this Court is without jurisdiction to consider this appeal. 
	The appeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

							Donald R. Ross
							Justice

Date Submitted:	January 4, 2002
Date Decided:	January 4, 2002

Do Not Publish

 we  conclude  (1)  the  evidence  did  not  raise  the  issue  of  self-defense, (2)
and (2) no harm resulted from any error, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
	Appellate review of error in a jury charge involves a two-step process.  Abdnor v. State, 871
S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).  Initially, we must determine whether error occurred.  If
so, we must then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.  Id. at
731-32.
(1)	The Evidence Did Not Raise the Issue of Self-Defense
	A person commits a felony offense if he or she knowingly discharges a firearm at or in the
direction of a habitation, building, or vehicle and is reckless as to whether the habitation, building,
or vehicle is occupied.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.05(b)(2), (e).  Under subparagraph (b)(2), two
culpable mental states must be shown:  the actor must knowingly discharge a firearm at or in the
direction of a building and be reckless as to whether the building is occupied.  See Yandell v. State,
46 S.W.3d 357, 361 (Tex. App.--Austin 2001, pet. ref'd).  It is undisputed that Beard's shooting the
gun was deadly force.
	Special rules govern the use of deadly force in self-defense.  "Deadly force" is force that is
intended or known by the actor to cause death or serious bodily injury, or force that is capable of
causing death or serious bodily injury in the manner of its use or intended use.  Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 9.01(3) (Vernon Supp. 2008).  "Serious bodily injury" is bodily injury that creates a
substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(46)
(Vernon Supp. 2008).
	Beard would have been justified in using deadly force in self-defense if:  (1) under Section
9.31, self-defense is justified, (3) (2) a reasonable person in Beard's situation would not have retreated, (4)
and (3) Beard reasonably believed the use of deadly force was immediately necessary to protect him
against Renaldo's use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 9.32(a).
	Beard bears the burden of producing some evidence that would support the defense.  See
Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910,
913-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Tidmore v. State, 976 S.W.2d 724, 729 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1998,
pet. ref'd).  In order to be entitled to an instruction on the use of deadly force in self-defense, then,
Beard was required to produce some evidence on each of the above three elements of Section 9.32
of the Texas Penal Code.  See Werner v. State, 711 S.W.2d 639, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986);
Holmes v. State, 830 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1992, no pet.).  That said, we turn
our attention to Section 9.32's element of retreat, noting that Beard had to produce some evidence
to show that a reasonable person in his position would not have retreated.  See Halbert v. State, 881
S.W.2d 121, 125 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd).
	An accused is entitled to an instruction on any defensive issue raised by the evidence,
whether that evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless of what the
trial court may think about the credibility of the evidence.  Granger v. State, 3 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999).  An instruction on self-defense is not required, however, if the evidence, viewed
in a light favorable to the defendant, does not raise the issue of self-defense.  Muniz v. State, 851
S.W.2d 238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).  In the context of self-defense by deadly force, some
evidence of  the inability to retreat is all that is necessary.  Guilbeau v. State, 193 S.W.3d 156, 161
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd); Halbert, 881 S.W.2d at 125.  The evidence does
not raise self-defense when it depicts circumstances in which a reasonable person would have
retreated and establishes that the defendant did not attempt to retreat.  See Riddle v. State, 888
S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Coble v. State, 871 S.W.2d 192, 202 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993);
Martinez v. State, 775 S.W.2d 645, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); Ceasar v. State, 939 S.W.2d 778,
781 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd).
	With those guideposts in mind, we examine the evidence.
	Hendrix testified that she was inside her house with her grandson October 25, 2006.  From
her kitchen window, she saw Beard drive fast down County Road 3104.  Approximately three
minutes later, Hendrix was looking out the front door of her house when Beard came back up the
road, still driving fast.  Beard then hit his brakes, rolled down his window, and began shooting in the
direction of her house.  She recalled him shooting five or six shots.  Her grandson was about an arm's
length behind her at the time playing video games.  One bullet came through the kitchen window at
which Hendrix had been standing minutes earlier.  Another bullet broke through her bedroom
window and hit the headboard of her bed.  She knew Beard and recognized him as the driver of the
car and the shooter.  
	At the time of the shooting, Renaldo and Hendrix's daughter, Shanaldo Frazier, had just
arrived at the house and were visiting in the front yard.  Describing the shooting, Hendrix testified
that Beard came to a complete stop before firing the gun, drove away slowly, and then turned right
onto another street.  She also testified that Renaldo was not armed and had not fired at Beard either
time Beard had driven by the house.  
	Shanaldo testified similarly that she and her brother had just arrived at their mother's house
and were talking by two vehicles parked just in front of the residence.  Shanaldo also knew and
clearly recognized Beard as the shooter.  According to Shanaldo, Beard lowered his window as he
slowed to a slow roll and started firing.  
	Kayneisha King, Beard's girlfriend and mother of two of his children, testified at trial.   King
was driving around with Beard October 25, 2006, when she and Beard first went by the Hendrix
house on the way to her mother's house where she and Beard also lived.  King testified that, when
she and Beard first drove by the Hendrix house, Renaldo and Shanaldo were in front of the house
and Renaldo began running toward their car and fired two or three shots at them.   Importantly, King
never saw Renaldo shooting during the first trip past the Hendrix house; she only heard the second
and third shots.  Although the State questioned King about how she would otherwise know about
a first shot if she did not hear or see it, she never clarified how she knew of the first shot.  
	When asked why she or Beard did not report the incident, King insists that she went to the
sheriff's office but that no one at the office took a report because she got sick, being pregnant and
upset by the incident.  Although she conceded that there was a telephone at her mother's residence
and although she may have had a cell phone, no one attempted to phone in a report that Renaldo had
shot at them during their first trip by the Hendrix house.  Later in her testimony, King does claim that
she called about Renaldo shooting at them and that police failed to show up.  The State pointed out
to her that the call logs from the Morris County dispatch do not show such a call from King or Beard,
but did show a call from the Hendrix house presumably reporting that Beard shot at the Hendrix
house.  King also admitted that she and Beard had been looking for Renaldo that day.  
	According to King, she and Beard arrived at the King residence after having first driven by
the Hendrix house.  While at the King residence, Beard retrieved a gun from somewhere in or near
the King residence.  King did not know where the gun came from.  Beard left the house by himself
to drive back by the Hendrix home.  Although she was standing outside after being dropped off at
her mother's residence, which is approximately 200 yards away from the Hendrix house, she testified
that she did not hear any of the shots fired after Beard left to go back by the Hendrix house. 	Beard testified that King was driving when Renaldo began firing at them when they first
drove by the Hendrix house.  The two had seen both Renaldo and Shanaldo earlier that day.  He
explained that he retrieved his gun from the woods behind King's mother's house and decided to
leave and go "chill" with his family, suggesting that he wanted to leave the area without further
incident.  Beard also testified that, after he had retrieved his gun, various people at the King
residence tried to calm him down and urged him not to do "nothing stupid." Saying that he was
fearful of staying at the King residence at that time, he resolved to drive to the other location and be
with some relatives.  To get to his family's house, though, he had to go back by the Hendrix house
where Renaldo was.  Beard testified that, as he drove by slowly, he was "minding [his] own
business" and "driving slow 'cause [he] ain't paying no attention."  He was playing loud music on his
sound system and had all his car windows rolled down.  He noted several times that he had his gun
in the passenger seat but only "for [his] safety."  As he drove back by the Hendrix house, Beard
explained, Renaldo again fired a gun in his direction, prompting Beard to stop his car and shoot
back, as he explains, "for [his] safety."  When asked why he denied having fired any shots when
interviewed by police, he explained that he wanted to see the evidence against him, that he was still
mad, and that the officers were not listening to his side of the story.
	In the instant case, we note that, although Beard claims Renaldo shot at him only minutes
earlier, Beard retrieved his own gun and, by his own account, slowly drove back by the Hendrix
house playing loud music with all of his car windows down.  He explained that Renaldo again shot
at him.  The evidence indicates that Renaldo stood near the front of the house, which sat as much
as eighty-two yards (5) from the road, demonstrating that Beard could have attempted "retreat"--simply
driven away--rather than stopping and shooting.  Indeed, a reasonable person not spoiling for a fight
would have used his or her superior mobility to drive away from danger, in the second instance in
which Beard claims Renaldo shot at him.  The evidence establishes, though, that Beard instead
brought his car to "a complete stop," as Beard testified, and then shot several rounds in the direction
of the Hendrix house in the second instance.  Indeed, Beard had driven away in the first instance,
when he had no gun.
	So, assuming, arguendo, that Renaldo had shot at Beard when he drove by, a reasonable
person in Beard's situation would have retreated rather than coming to a complete stop and firing a
gun four to seven times. (6)  The record here contains no evidence suggesting that a reasonable person
in Beard's position would not have retreated.  No evidence, for example, suggests that Beard was in
any way trapped into a confrontation or that, rather than retreating, he was essentially forced to shoot
four or more shots to protect himself.  That said, the evidence fails to raise the issue of self-defense
by deadly force.
(2)	No Harm Resulted from any Error
	Even if the evidence had been sufficient to raise the issue of self-defense using deadly force,
and the trial court, thus, erred in not instructing the jury on self-defense, we conclude that any such
error would have been harmless.
	Where a trial court's charge to the jury contains error, we should analyze the error for harm
under the standard of Article 36.19 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.  See Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006).  We are not to reverse a conviction or sentence on the basis
of jury charge error "unless the error appearing from the record was calculated to injure the rights
of the defendant, or unless it appears that the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial."  Id. 
This language created two separate harm-analysis standards:  the first to be used when a timely
objection is made to the charge; the second to be used when no such objection appears in the record. 
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh'g).  The first standard
dictates that reversal should occur if the defendant made a timely objection and if there is some harm
to the defendant from the error.  Id.  Properly preserved jury-charge error requires reversal unless it
is harmless. 
	Here, Beard timely sought a self-defense instruction; thus, if failure to give the self-defense
instruction was error, the error would have been reversible if Beard could show any degree of harm
from not receiving the instruction.  We assess the degree of harm "in light of the entire jury charge,
the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the
argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a
whole."  Id.; see Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 786 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).  Beard has the burden
to persuade us that he suffered some actual harm as a consequence of a charge error; otherwise we
would affirm.  See Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732.  "[T]he presence of any harm, regardless of degree,
which results from preserved charging error, is sufficient to require a reversal of the conviction. 
Cases involving preserved charging error will be affirmed only if no harm has occurred."  Arline v.
State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (no harm where no definition of reasonable
belief); see also Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (failure to instruct
jury on accomplice-witness rule harmless error where sufficient evidence to convict defendant as
principle).
	On the other hand, the appellant must demonstrate actual, as opposed to possible, harm. 
Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).  Significant evidence militating against a
defense-requested instruction or finding can render an error harmless.  Id. at 642-43.
	We find significant evidence here militating against a self-defense instruction.  Beard was
in a motor vehicle which was moving under power on a public street.  Just minutes before, he had
been driving down the same road and was shot at.  Immediately after that, he drove away only to
retrieve his gun, put it on the seat beside him, and return to the scene of the initial shooting.  As
might be expected, Renaldo, on foot, heard and saw Beard's vehicle once again driving by and fired
at him from his position in the yard, some eighty-two yards away from Beard's vehicle.  None would
conclude that Beard was in any way surprised to be shot at this time or that he was not ready and able
to speed his car away to avoid trouble should he have wanted to do so rather than take the
opportunity to shoot multiple shots in the direction of Renaldo and the residence.  No reasonable jury
would have found that Beard acted in self-defense.  Even if there were error in failing to submit the
issue of self-defense, there was no harm.
	We overrule Beard's sole point of error and affirm the trial court's judgment.


							Josh R. Morriss, III
							Chief Justice

Date Submitted:	February 19, 2008
Date Decided:		September 5, 2008

Do Not Publish
1. Beard testified that he shot "about four times," which was all the bullets he had in his gun. 
2. The State argues that a self-defense instruction is either precluded or limited on these facts
because Beard was convicted of deadly conduct by firing at a habitation.  We do not reach the issues
relating to the interaction between the elements of Section 22.05(b)(2) and self-defense as it relates
to another person.  Here, we conclude the evidence does not raise self-defense.  Any discussion
regarding the application of law of self-defense to this situation in which the target is a human and
the charged conduct deals with discharging a firearm in the direction of a habitation is beyond the
scope of this appeal.
3. A person is justified, under Section 9.31, in using force against another when and to the
degree he or she reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect himself or herself
against the other's use or attempted use of unlawful force.  Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 9.31(a)
(Vernon Supp. 2008).
4. At the time Beard committed this offense--in October 2006--a defendant who used deadly
force was required to establish that "a reasonable person in the actor's situation would not have
retreated." Act of May 16, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 235, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2141, 2141-42
(amended 2007) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 9.32 (Vernon Supp. 2008)).  In 2007,
the Texas Legislature amended Section 9.32 to remove the requirement that "a reasonable person in
the actor's situation would not have retreated."  See Act of May 16, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 235,
§ 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2141, 2141-42, amended by Act of March 20, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch.
1, § 3, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 1-2.  Since this offense was committed in 2006, we will analyze
Beard's contention under the prior version of Section 9.32.  See Act of March 20, 2007, 80th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 1, § 3, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 1-2 (offense committed before Act's effective date 
governed by sections in effect when offense committed).
5. Other evidence suggested the distance from road to residence was thirty to forty yards, but
that evidence was portrayed as an estimate, while the distance of eighty-two yards had been paced
off by an officer. 
6. Even if a shot or two could be seen as a reasonable defensive measure as Beard was driving
off, that is, retreating, spraying the residence with four to seven shots could not be seen as such,
especially considering the relative mobility of Beard and Renaldo and the distance between them.
