           In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           19-1774C
                                      Filed: July 13, 2020
                                    NOT FOR PUBLICATION


 CECIL AVERY,

                     Plaintiff,
 v.                                                        Keywords: Pro Se; Motion to
                                                           Dismiss; RCFC 12(b)(1); Non-
 UNITED STATES,                                            Justiciability; Airman’s Medal

                    Defendant.


                                    OPINION AND ORDER

HERTLING, Judge

        On November 14, 2019, Cecil Avery filed this action pro se, challenging the denial by
the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records (“the Board”) of his motion for
reconsideration of his claim for an Airman’s Medal. (See Complaint.) The defendant, the
United States, acting through the Department of the Air Force (the “Air Force”), has moved to
dismiss Mr. Avery’s claim. The Air Force argues both that Mr. Avery has not met his burden to
establish jurisdiction under the Administrative Procedure Act or the Tucker Act, and that his
claim is non-justiciable and time-barred.

        The Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction over the claim, which is non-justiciable, and
grants the motion to dismiss.

I.     BACKGROUND

        Mr. Avery is retired from the Air Force. The plaintiff’s complaint raises only that he
challenges a decision of the Board, without additional facts. The factual background in this case
is derived from the defendant’s motion to dismiss and its supporting exhibits, which include Mr.
Avery’s 2015 application to correct his military records; his 1990 application; the Board’s 1992
record of proceedings; a 1993 letter from the Board declining to hear Mr. Avery’s application
because he had not exhausted administrative remedies; the 2013 second addendum to the
Board’s record of Mr. Avery’s proceedings; and a 2015 letter from the Board declining to
reconsider Mr. Avery’s application. For the purpose of the motion to dismiss, the Court may
consider the factual background provided by the defendant in order to establish whether
jurisdiction over the complaint exists.

       This case concerns a series of actions that Mr. Avery alleges he took in 1990, when he
reported “an escort violation” on base, evacuated a building after “a bomb threat,” and rescued
“a Korean national” from a restaurant. Those actions, he claims, entitled him to an award of the
Airman’s Medal. 1

         Mr. Avery first sought the Airman’s Medal from the Board in October 1991, but the
Board denied his claim in February 1992, finding that it was “not certain what award if any, he
would have been recommended for based on these achievements.” Mr. Avery applied to the
Board for the Airman’s Medal again in March 1993, and on this second occasion the Board
responded with a letter, recommending that he be considered for the Medal. The Board
“approved a waiver to the time limitations established in [Air Force Regulation] 900-48,
paragraph 3-7” and informed Mr. Avery that “[t]he attached recommendation and a copy of this
letter should be entered into official channels[,]” which would require “the recommending
official [to] forward the recommendation to the next level in the chain of command to which you
were assigned at the time of the act.”

        The record does not show that Mr. Avery followed the administrative procedures set forth
in the Board’s 1993 letter. Instead, Mr. Avery reapplied to the Board in April 1994 for the
Airman’s Medal. The Board again denied Mr. Avery’s application in May 1995 on the ground
that Mr. Avery “had not exhausted all administrative remedies available for relief.” Between
1995 and 2013, Mr. Avery made several other applications for the Medal or requests for
reconsideration of his previous applications to the Board, which denied each because it found
that Mr. Avery had not met the criteria for reconsideration. The defendant did not provide those
decisions. In 2013, the Board again rejected Mr. Avery’s application for reconsideration and
noted that its decision was final, and, absent judicial action, it would not reconsider that decision.

        Mr. Avery applied again for relief in 2015, which the Board denied because it was
essentially the same as his 1994 request:

               We have examined your recent application and, inasmuch as it contains
               essentially a similar request which was previously considered and denied
               by the Board and you have provided no new relevant evidence, we find
               that it does not meet the criteria for reconsideration by the Board. Once a
               case has been considered and denied by the Board established by law for
               that purpose, reconsideration is authorized only where newly discovered
               relevant evidence is presented which was not available when the
               application was originally submitted. Additionally, the reiteration of facts
               previously addressed by the Board, uncorroborated personal observations,
               or additional arguments on the evidence of record are also not grounds for
               reopening a case.

        Mr. Avery filed this complaint in November 2019, alleging that the Board’s actions were
arbitrary, capricious and contrary to law.


1
  The Complaint seeks the award of the Airman’s Medal and other unspecified relief requested
from the Board. The Court presumes that that other relief includes the discretionary ten percent
increase in retirement pay that may accompany the award of the Airman’s Medal.


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II.    DISCUSSION

       A.      Standard of Review

       This Court “tests the sufficiency of the complaint as a matter of law, accepting as true all
non-conclusory allegations of fact, construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Samish
Indian Nation v. United States, 419 F.3d 1355, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force
Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988).

        The plaintiff is proceeding pro se, so his pleadings are entitled to a more liberal
construction than the Court would give to pleadings prepared by a lawyer. See Haines v. Kerner,
404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972). Giving a pro se litigant’s pleadings a liberal interpretation and
construction does not divest the pro se plaintiff of the responsibility of having to demonstrate
that he has satisfied the jurisdictional requirements that limit the types of claims the Court of
Federal Claims may entertain. See, e.g., Kelly v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 812 F.2d 1378,
1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987); Hale v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl. 180, 184 (2019).

       B.      Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

       This Court’s jurisdiction is established by the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a), which
provides:

               The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render
               judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the
               Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive
               department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States,
               or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.

         The Supreme Court has interpreted the Tucker Act to waive sovereign immunity to allow
jurisdiction in the Court of Federal Claims if a claim is (1) founded on an express or implied
contract with the United States; (2) seeking a refund of a payment previously made to the United
States; or (3) based on federal constitutional, statutory, or regulatory law mandating
compensation for damages sustained, unless arising from a tort. See United States v. Navajo
Nation, 556 U.S. 287, 289-90 (2009). “Not every claim invoking the Constitution, a federal
statute, or a regulation is cognizable under the Tucker Act. The claim must be one for money
damages against the United States.” United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 216 (1983); see
also United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 588 (1941) (the United States is the only
defendant against which this Court may hear claims). To invoke this Court’s limited jurisdiction,
a plaintiff must rely on a statute or regulation that is money-mandating, meaning the source of
alleged liability “can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation by the Federal
Government.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 400 (1976). Any money-mandating statute
“must grant a right of action with specificity.” Collins v. United States, 67 F.3d 284, 286 (Fed.
Cir. 1995) (citing Testan, 424 U.S. at 400). The plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that
this Court has jurisdiction to entertain the action. Smith v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 241, 243
(2019) (citing Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 747 (Fed. Cir. 1988)).




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        In addition, the Tucker Act includes a statute of limitations, under which a claim in this
Court expires “six years after such claim first accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 2501. “[S]ection 2501 ‘is a
jurisdictional requirement attached by Congress as a condition of the government's waiver of
sovereign immunity and, as such, must be strictly construed.’” Brown Park Estates-Fairfield
Dev. Co. v. United States, 127 F.3d 1449, 1454 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Hopland Band of Pomo
Indians v. United States, 855 F.2d 1573, 1576-77 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). The statute of limitations
begins to run when a claim accrues, which happens “when all the events have occurred that fix
the alleged liability of the government and entitle the claimant to institute an action.” Ingrum v.
United States, 560 F.3d 1311, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

       The starting point for determining whether this Court has jurisdiction is the plaintiff’s
complaint, which the Court interprets liberally. See Holley v. United States, 124 F.3d 1462, 1465
(Fed. Cir. 1997).

       C.      Analysis

        Mr. Avery’s complaint refers to acts that took place in 1990. Mr. Avery alleges these
acts entitle him to an Airman’s Medal. Though not evident from the face of the complaint, the
Court assumes that Mr. Avery also seeks to secure the ten percent increase in retirement pay that
may accompany the award of the Airman’s Medal.

       Mr. Avery’s complaint only raises one timely issue—whether the Board’s refusal to
consider Mr. Avery’s most recent request for reconsideration was arbitrary, capricious, or
contrary to law. Under the six-year statute of limitations applicable to actions before the Court,
none but the most recent of the Board’s decisions in Mr. Avery’s multiple applications to the
Board would be subject to timely review by the Court.

        The Court could review a decision by the Board not to reconsider an application for
reconsideration of a prior decision if the underlying issue were justiciable. See Voge v. United
States, 844 F.2d 776, 780 (Fed. Cir. 1988). The Court may not, however, review the Board’s
most recent denial of Mr. Avery’s application because Mr. Avery’s initial claim is both non-
justiciable and beyond the Court’s jurisdiction.

       Mr. Avery’s initial claim before the Board is outside the Court’s jurisdiction to hear
claims under money-mandating laws and regulations because under the relevant statutory and
regulatory schemes the decision to award the Airman’s Medal is discretionary, not money-
mandating as required for this Court’s jurisdiction under the Tucker Act.

         “[A] statute (or regulation) providing that money ‘may’ be paid is not money mandating
if the statute or regulation only authorizes but does not require the payment of money” unless a
regulation promulgated under that statute requires the payment of money. Roberts v. United
States, 745 F.3d 1158, 1164 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Air Force regulations that set the criteria for an
award of the Airman’s Medal provide that the decisions of whether to award the medal and
whether to grant ten percent additional retirement pay for deeds of extraordinary heroism are
discretionary, not mandatory. See 10 U.S.C. § 9280(a) (“The President may award a decoration
called the ‘Airman’s Medal’ . . . .”) (emphasis added); Air Force Instruction (“AFI”) 36-3203 ¶
7.11 (Airman’s Medal recipients “may be entitled to receive 10 percent additional retired pay”)


                                                 4
(emphasis added); AFI 36.3203 ¶ 7.11.3 (“enlisted members who have been awarded . . . the
Airman’s Medal have been automatically considered for the additional 10 percent retired pay
increase. If they were approved for the additional 10 percent increase in retirement pay, their
special order approving the decoration will include a statement to that fact.”) (emphasis added). 2
The statute and regulations do not require award of the medal or additional retirement pay for a
medal recipient and, therefore, are not money-mandating so as to confer jurisdiction under the
Tucker Act.

       In addition, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has squarely held that courts
cannot “‘finally and effectively decide, under tests and standards [for award of the Airman’s
Medal] which they can soundly administer within their special field of competence,’” whether to
award the Airman’s Medal. Voge, 844 F.2d at 780 (quoting Greene v. McElroy, 254 F.2d 944,
953 (D.C. Cir. 1958), rev’d on other grounds, 360 U.S. 474, (1959)). There are no judicially
enforceable standards for determining whether to award the Airman’s Medal (or its discretionary
retirement-pay increase). The statute only provides that the President may award the Medal for
“heroism” outside of combat. 10 U.S.C. § 9280(a). The regulations implementing that statute
delegate authority to the Secretary of the Air Force to award the Airman’s Medal but provide no
additional standards for that decision. See, e.g., Exec. Order No. 13830, 83 Fed. Reg. 18,191 §
6(a) (Apr. 20, 2018); AFI 36- 3203 ¶ 7.11. The decision to award the Airman’s Medal reflects
“essentially professional military judgment[]” that is non-justiciable. Voge, 844 F.2d at 780.
Given the initial claim to the Board was non-justiciable, a later decision by the Board not to
reconsider the claim is also non-justiciable.

        Because the decisions both to award the Airman’s Medal and to authorize the ten percent
increase in retirement pay are discretionary under the statute and its accompanying regulations,
there is no money-mandating law on which Mr. Avery’s claims rest. Accordingly, this Court
lacks jurisdiction to hear Mr. Avery’s initial claim before the Board, that Mr. Avery deserves an
Airman’s Medal and the discretionary ten percent retirement-pay increase that may accompany
it. In addition, even if jurisdiction existed, Mr. Avery’s claim is not subject to a judicial
resolution.

        The Court notes that if the plaintiff had provided more context for his request, the
complaint could be read as alleging a procedural irregularity in the Board’s review and an
entitlement to consideration for the Airman’s Medal. In certain circumstances, this court has
jurisdiction to review the procedural regularity of otherwise discretionary military-records
decisions, such as promotions. See Miller v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 717, 731 (2015)
(quoting Lindsay v. United States, 295 F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Where, however, a
plaintiff seeks review ‘not of the substance of a military decision, but instead its compliance with

2
  AFI 36-3203 ¶ 7.11.2 provides that recipients of awards for which “extraordinary heroism” is a
criterion, such as the Medal of Honor and the Airman’s Cross, are automatically entitled to the
ten percent increase in retirement pay. For all other Air Force decorations, the Secretary of the
Air Force must find that the airman exhibited “heroism” to entitle him or her to increased
retirement pay. AFI 36-3203 ¶ 7.11.2 (“If heroism is involved in the award of any other medal
to an enlisted member, [the Secretary] will determine, coincident to awarding the medal, whether
or not the additional 10 percent retirement pay will be authorized.”) (emphasis added).


                                                 5
an applicable statute or regulation,’ this court may review a military promotion decision for
procedural error.”). Here, even if Mr. Avery were to have alleged facts that put his claim for the
Airman’s Medal in a similar context—alleging that a previous decision of the Board entitled him
to consideration for the Medal that was later arbitrarily denied—this error would at most support
an action in district court under the Administrative Procedure Act for injunctive relief ordering
the Air Force to consider awarding him the Airman’s Medal. Only if that consideration were to
yield the award of the Medal, and the Air Force were thereafter to fail to consider the question of
additional retirement pay would any potential right to consideration for additional retirement pay
arise.

        Finally, one reading of Mr. Avery’s complaint is that he is seeking money damages for a
violation of his Fifth Amendment due process rights from the Board’s refusal to grant his
application for reconsideration. The plaintiff has only alleged that his due process rights were
violated; he has not alleged that the government took his property for public use. While the Fifth
Amendment contains both the due process right and the takings clause, those clauses are
independent. “A claim of deprivation of property without due process of law cannot be blended
as one and the same with the claim that property has been taken for public use without just
compensation.” Filler v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 123, 131 (2014), aff'd, 602 F. App’x 518
(Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting Kizas v. Webster, 707 F.2d 524, 539 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Thus, there
cannot be a taking when, as here, the complaint does not identify property taken and only alludes
to a due process violation. A claim for a due process violation under the Fifth Amendment falls
outside of this Court’s jurisdiction. Smith v. United States, 709 F.3d 1114, 1116 (Fed. Cir.
2013).

       No reading of the plaintiff’s allegations supports a jurisdictional basis for proceeding in
this Court, and even if the Court had jurisdiction, the complaint raises a non-justiciable issue.
Accordingly, the plaintiff’s complaint is DISMISSED with prejudice pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1)
and 12(h)(3) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims. The Clerk is directed to enter
judgment accordingly. No costs are awarded.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Richard A, Hertling
                                                     RICHARD A. HERTLING
                                                     Judge




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