         If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
              revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                        STATE OF MICHIGAN

                         COURT OF APPEALS



MICHAEL WENNERS, DAVID CROSS, and                              UNPUBLISHED
SALLY CROSS,                                                   December 5, 2019

           Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                              No. 345830
                                                               Washtenaw Circuit Court
MATTHEW D. CHISHOLM, AMY C. VOGEL,                             LC No. 12-001197-CH
also known as AMY C. CHISHOLM,

           Defendants,
and

MICHELE SHAUGHNESSY,

           Defendant-Appellant.


MICHELE SHAUGHNESSY,

           Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                              No. 345831
                                                               Washtenaw Circuit Court
UNKNOWN OWNERS OF PROPERTY                                     LC No. 16-000519-CH
EXISTING BETWEEN WASHTENAW
COUNTY PARCEL NOS D-04-01-470-001, and
D-04-01-484-009

           Defendant,
and

MICHAEL WENNERS, DAVID CROSS, and
SALLY CROSS,

           Intervening Defendants-Appellees.



                                           -1-
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, Michele Shaughnessy appeals as of right the trial court’s
entry of final judgment following a bench trial. We affirm.

         Michael Wenners and David and Sally Cross own properties on Portage Lake. Michele
Shaughnessy owns a “back lot” by the lake, as do Mathew and Amy Chisolm. These matters
involve the rights of the back lot owners over a strip of land located between the Wenners’ and
Cross’ properties. The procedural history of these cases is somewhat tortuous and, ultimately,
the trial court combined two separate cases into a single, combined bench trial. Recognizing that
the two cases overlap to some degree in time and subject matter, we address each case in turn.

                                       Case No. 12-001197-CH

        This case commenced when Wenners/Cross filed a complaint seeking declaratory relief
asserting that backlot property owners Matthew D. Chisholm, Amy C. Chisholm, Claudia M.
Webb, and Mary J. Poirer “do not have the right to access Portage Lake passing over the parcel
of land” between the Wenners/Cross properties, and that (1) the backlot property owners and
subsequent owners do not have riparian rights in Portage Lake, (2) the backlot property owners
and subsequent owners do not have the right to place a dock in the waters of Portage Lake, and
(3) that the backlot property owners and subsequent owners do not have the right to moor a boat
unattended in the waters of Portage Lake. The Chisholm defendants filed a motion for summary
disposition and the trial court denied the motion.

        After the filing of the complaint, Shaughnessy purchased the Webber/Poirer property.
Wenners/Cross filed a First Amended Complaint for Declaratory Relief, reflecting the property
transfer and substituting Shaughnessy as a named defendant. Shaughnessy filed a motion for
summary disposition, and Wenners/Cross also filed a motion for summary disposition.

        Meanwhile, the Chisholm defendants appealed the trial court’s previous order denying
their motion for summary disposition. On March 24, 2015, we dismissed the Chisholm appeal as
moot1 because those defendants, in a separate action, had obtained a default judgment against the
actual, but unknown, owner or owners of the disputed strip of land. See Wenners v Chisolm,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 24, 2015 (Docket No.
314938). We found that the issue was moot because the



1
 We originally denied leave to appeal. See Wenners v Chisolm, unpublished order of the Court
of Appeals, entered November 27, 2013 (Docket No. 314938). Our Supreme Court issued an
order directing us to consider the appeal as on leave granted. See Wenners v Chisolm, 496 Mich
854; 847 NW2d 245 (2014).


                                               -2-
       first amended complaint asked the court to declare that [the Chisholm defendants]
       did not have the right to use the [disputed strip], did not have riparian rights, and
       did not have the right to place a dock in the water or to moor boats unattended.
       The default judgment confirmed [the] prescriptive easement to riparian and water-
       access rights, thus resolving in [the Chisholm defendants’] favor the issues for
       which [plaintiffs] had sought declaratory relief. [Id. at 2.]

       Evidently, Wenners/Cross were unaware that the Chisholm defendants had instituted the
separate action against the unknown owners of the disputed property. Accordingly, they filed a
complaint seeking relief from the default judgment in the separate action. Eventually, the
Chisholm defendants and Wenners/Cross entered into a consent judgment that allowed the
Chisholm defendants’ rights of ingress and egress and the right to a seasonal dock.

        After our decision, Shaughnessy renewed her motion for summary disposition. The trial
court granted summary disposition in favor of Shaughnessy after concluding that Wenners/Cross
lacked standing. We reversed, concluding that Wenners/Cross did in fact have standing to
pursue their action for declaratory relief against Shaughnessy concerning Shaughnessy’s use of
the disputed property. See Wenners v Chisolm, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of
Appeals, entered July 20, 2017 (Docket No. 332654) (“Wenners I”). We determined that,
because Shaughnessy was not a party to the default judgment obtained by the Chisholm
defendants against the unknown owner or owners of the disputed property, our March 24, 2015
decision did not preclude any determination whether Wenners/Cross had standing to proceed
against Shaughnessy. Id. at 2. As to standing, we further found:

               [P]laintiffs’ interest in the issues presented in this lawsuit is sufficient to
       ensure sincere and vigorous advocacy, and that a declaratory judgment is
       necessary to guide the parties’ future conduct in order to preserve legal rights.
       The parties’ dispute has been ongoing for multiple years, and presents more than a
       merely hypothetical question. These parties have demonstrated an adverse
       interest necessitating the sharpening of the issues raised. Plaintiffs raise
       significant questions regarding what riparian rights defendant may exercise, and
       whether defendant’s exercise of such riparian rights interfere with plaintiffs’ own
       riparian rights. Because plaintiffs have a sufficient personal stake in the outcome
       of this litigation that differs from that of the general public, plaintiffs have
       standing to maintain this suit for declaratory judgment against defendant. The
       trial court erred in granting the motion for summary disposition based on a
       perceived lack of standing. [Id. at 4.]

We remanded for further proceedings consistent with our opinion. Id.

                                         Case No. 16-000519-CH

         While the declaratory action was pending on appeal, Shaughnessy filed a complaint
against the unknown owners of the disputed property, mimicking the legal strategy successfully
pursued by the Chisholm defendants by seeking a prescriptive easement, including riparian
rights, ingress and egress rights, and rights to install and remove a seasonal dock. The unknown


                                                -3-
owners of the property defaulted.      Wenners/Cross sought to intervene and the trial court
permitted them to intervene.

        Shaughnessy filed a motion for summary disposition against Wenners/Cross, arguing that
the “unknown owners” had defaulted and that an immediate judgment should enter.
Shaughnessy asserted that Wenners/Cross lacked capacity to sue, had not stated a claim on
which relief could be granted, and had no valid defense to the action. The trial court eventually
entered a default judgment against the unknown defendants. However, Wenners/Cross moved to
vacate the default judgment, alleging fraud on account of Shaughnessy’s intent “to use a Default
Judgment against unnamed parties to prevent the Intervenors from even having their day in
court.” The trial court vacated the default judgment against the unknown owners and scheduled
a combined trial with the related declaratory action.

        At the conclusion of the May 4, 2018 bench trial, the trial court determined that this
Court’s July 20, 2017 decision in Wenners I held that Wenners/Cross had standing to challenge
the alleged misuse of a neighboring property. The trial court further held that a 1992 affidavit
(signed by Wenners and acknowledging that the previous owner of the Shaughnessy property
had used the disputed strip for ingress and egress to the lake continuously over a period in excess
of 30 years), combined with the testimony of Shaughnessy and Wenners, was sufficient to
establish a prescriptive right of ingress and egress to the lake, but did not establish any
prescriptive riparian right to construct a dock. Plaintiffs filed a proposed final judgment that
provided that the Shaughnessy property “shall have the benefit of a prescriptive easement” over
the disputed property, but also that

       [n]either Shaughnessy nor her successors in title at the Shaughnessy Property
       have acquired riparian rights as part of the right of ingress and egress and they are
       therefore enjoined from placing a dock extending from the end of the 18-foot
       strip, from permanently mooring any watercraft in Portage Lake in front of the
       18-foot strip, and from using the 18-foot strip for any purpose other than ingress
       and egress to Portage Lake.

Shaughnessy objected to this proposed final judgment, arguing that the trial court “did NOT
enjoin Shaughnessy from any activities on the strip which would be proper, permissible and
within the rights of the owner of the strip, including Shaughnessy’s exercise of riparian rights”
and that the Wenners/Cross proposed final judgment was in bad faith and wrongfully expanded
the trial court’s judgment to include a permanent injunction prohibiting her use of riparian rights,
which had no effect on either of the Wenners/Cross properties. Shaughnessy further argued that
there was no legal basis for injunctive relief. Shaughnessy maintained that plaintiffs “do not
have the legal right to control permissible uses of the neighboring property which would be legal,
proper and acceptable if practiced by the Unknown Owners.” At the hearing on Shaughnessy’s
objections to the proposed judgment, the trial court explained that its original ruling “didn’t
address future conduct” and that it was correct that the original decision “did not order that
[Shaughnessy] not be able to put a dock out.” However, the trial court held “[t]o the extent” that
its “prior ruling did not address all the issues between the parties,” that

       the Court of Appeals decision telling [the trial court] that Wenners and Cross have
       standing to complain about [Shaughnessy’s] use of the property and not, not only

                                                -4-
       beyond a context of nuisance but even where nuisance wasn’t plead [sic] in the
       case, [the trial court] has to assume that the Court of Appeals knew what it was
       looking at when there was no nuisance plead [sic]. And the Court of Appeals
       analyzed the law and told [the trial court] that, told all of us that Wenners and
       Cross have standing to bring their lawsuit as it is styled and plead to enjoin Ms.
       Shaughnessy from placing a dock in the water and exercising riparian rights.
       Given that context, [the trial court does not] think [it has] any choice but to grant
       the injunctive relief requested by Wenners and Cross and, and to order that Ms.
       Shaughnessy not place a dock.

Over Shaughnessy’s objection, the trial court incorporated the proposed language establishing
that Shaughnessy did not acquire riparian rights and enjoining her from placing a dock,
permanently mooring watercraft, or from using the 18-foot strip for any purpose other than
ingress or egress to Portage Lake. The trial court denied Shaughnessy’s motion for
reconsideration and denied a stay pending appeal. Shaughnessy now appeals.

                                            Analysis

        Shaughnessy first argues that the trial court could not grant prescriptive rights to
waterfront property without also granting the prescriptive holder riparian rights. “Claims of
riparian rights are common-law claims and they are, accordingly, reviewed de novo by our
Court.” Holton v Ward, 303 Mich App 718, 725; 847 NW2d 1 (2014).

        “An easement by prescription is based upon the legal fiction of a lost grant, and results
from action or inaction leading to a presumption that the ‘true owner’ of the land, by his
acquiescence, has granted the interest adversely held.” Slatterly v Madiol, 257 Mich App 242,
260; 668 NW2d 154 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “An easement by
prescription results from use of another’s property that is open, notorious, adverse, and
continuous for a period of fifteen years.” Mulcahy v Verhines, 276 Mich App 693, 699; 742
NW2d 393 (2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The burden is on the party claiming
a prescriptive easement to show by satisfactory proof that the use of the defendant’s property
was of such a character and continued for such a length of time that it ripened into a prescriptive
easement.” Id. A prescriptive easement “cannot be acquired to pass over a tract of land
generally.” Manchester v Blaess, 258 Mich 652, 655; 242 NW 798 (1932). Rather, the
prescriptive right inures only to the actual portion of the property that the claimant adversely
used for the statutory period and does not extend to additional property not used. See Engel v
Gildner, 248 Mich 95, 99-100; 226 NW 849 (1929).

        Shaughnessy’s argument hinges on several cherry-picked excerpts from two Supreme
Court decisions. In Thies v Howland, 424 Mich 282, 288; 380 NW2d 463 (1985), our Supreme
Court stated that “[p]ersons who own an estate or have a possessory interest in riparian land
enjoy certain exclusive rights” including “the right to erect and maintain docks along the owner’s
shore, and the right to anchor boats permanently off the owner’s shore.” In Thompson v Enz, 379
Mich 667, 686; 154 NW2d 473 (1967), our Supreme Court held that “riparian rights are not
alienable, severable, divisible or assignable apart from the land which includes therein or is
bounded by a natural watercourse,” but that “easements, licenses and the like for a right of way
for access to a watercourse do exist and ofttimes are granted to nonriparian owners.” Notably,

                                                -5-
Thies and Thompson both concern real estate development planning. Neither case implicates
prescriptive easements. Moreover, we emphasize that nothing about the trial court’s decision in
this case actually alienated riparian rights from the abutting land, even though the ownership of
that riparian land remains unknown. Because Shaughnessy concedes that she did not adversely
use riparian rights associated with the land for the statutory period, the trial court correctly held
that her prescriptive easement did not extend to that use. See Engel, 248 Mich at 99.

       Next, Shaughnessy maintains that Wenners/Cross cannot challenge her conduct on the
disputed property because that right belongs exclusively to the unknown owner(s). “Whether a
party has standing presents a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” Trademark Props
of Mich, LLC v Fed Nat’l Mtg Ass’n, 308 Mich App 132, 136; 863 NW2d 344 (2014). In our
previous decision, we already decided that Wenners/Cross had standing to challenge
Shaughnessy’s rights in the disputed land between the Wenners/Cross properties. Accordingly,
the law-of-the-case doctrine requires that we once again conclude that Wenners/Cross may
challenge Shaughnessy’s conduct on and use of the disputed property.2 See Loutts v Loutts, 309
Mich App 203, 209-210; 871 NW2d 298 (2015).

        Even assuming that our previous decision did not require this outcome, we would still
hold that Wenners/Cross had a legal right to object to Shaughnessy’s use of the disputed property
and obtain injunctive relief. In Morse v Colitti, 317 Mich App 526, 536-537; 896 NW2d 15
(2016), we held that the possessor of an easement for purposes of ingress and egress on a
particular piece of waterfront property “has a substantial interest in determining what rights . . .
others had in building a dock and mooring a boat at the shore” of that waterfront property
because that possessor “would be detrimentally affected in a manner different than the citizenry
at large” and, as a result, had standing to challenge another person’s erection of a dock. In this
case, the record reflects that Wenners/Cross were more than adjacent property owners because
each property benefits from a grant of ingress and egress on the disputed property as means for
accessing each respective property. Accordingly, Wenners/Cross have standing to challenge
Shaughnessy’s use of riparian rights on that same property. See id.

        Although not directly related to standing, Shaughnessy also argues at length that
Wenners/Cross did not seek injunctive relief in their 2012 declaratory action and that their rights
as neighboring property owners are limited to pursuing an action for nuisance. Despite
Shaughnessy’s attempts to recharacterize it, the trial court appropriately recognized that the 2012
declaratory action did not sound in nuisance and that Wenners/Cross had a legitimate legal basis
for objecting to Shaughnessy’s use of the disputed property without respect to whether that use
constituted a nuisance. Moreover, the First Amended Complaint included not only a request for
declaratory relief declaring that Shaughnessy did not possess riparian rights, but also sought
“such other relief as the court shall deem equitable and just” under the circumstances. MCR
2.605(F), relating to declaratory judgments, provides that “[f]urther necessary or proper relief
based on a declaratory judgment may be granted, after reasonable notice and hearing, against a



2
  Related to our previous decision, we note also that there is no merit to Shaughnessy’s
contention that the trial court misinterpreted our remand instructions.


                                                -6-
party whose rights have been determined by the declaratory judgment.” The parties had ample
notice and opportunity to fully litigate whether an injunction was necessary and proper to support
the trial court’s declaratory relief and we will not disturb the trial court’s conclusion that
injunctive relief should issue. See Bauerle v Bd of Rd Comm’rs for Charlevoix Co, 34 Mich App
475, 481; 191 NW2d 509 (1971) (recognizing that “rights relating to water may be protected by
means of injunction”).

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                            /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                            /s/ Deborah A. Servitto




                                               -7-
