                                                           F I L E D
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                             Tenth Circuit
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            DEC 18 2000
                        FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                        PATRICK FISHER
                                                                 Clerk

WILLIE HINTON; RASHIMA
HINTON,
                                              No. 00-1142
           Plaintiffs-Appellants,         (D.C. No. 99-K-1561)
                                                (D. Colo.)
TIFFANY MARTIN, a minor child,
Through Guardians WILLIE AND
RASHIMA HINTON,

           Plaintiff,
v.

AMY FRANCK, Boulder Deputy;
DEPUTY AUBRY, Boulder Deputy;
SUE YANKOVICH, Jail Booking
Sgt., Boulder County; MELISSA
ANDREWS, Bond Commission
Agent, Boulder County; ED
TORRES, Lt., Jail Supervisor,
Boulder County; LARRY HANK,
Captain, Jail Administrator;
GEORGE EPPS, Boulder County
Sheriff; GENE MYERS, Emergency
Worker, Boulder DSS; MIKE
RHODES, Supervisor, Boulder DSS;
CHRISTINE HIGHNUM, Director
DSS, Boulder County; JENNIFER
JACKSON, Boulder ADA;
TIMOTHY L. JOHNSON, Boulder
ADA; TIMOTHY TALKINGTON,
Boulder ADA; ALEXANDER
HUNTER, Boulder District Attorney;
ANDREW R. MACDONALD,
Assistant Boulder County Attorney;
JOHN DOE(S), as they become
known, employees of Boulder
County, Colorado; BOULDER
COUNTY DSS; BOULDER
COUNTY SHERIFF’S
DEPARTMENT; BOULDER
COUNTY DA’S OFFICE,

             Defendants-Appellees.



                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT            *




Before BRORBY , KELLY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.




      Plaintiffs-appellants Willie Hinton and Rashima Hinton, proceeding pro se

in the district court and on appeal, challenge the district court’s order granting

dismissal and summary judgment against them on their federal and state law

claims. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.




*
      The case is unanimously ordered submitted without oral argument pursuant
to Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

                                         -2-
                                    Background

      The basic facts are not in dispute. Plaintiffs’ claims arose from an incident

involving them and their granddaughter of whom they had custody. Because of

the granddaughter’s misbehavior, Mr. Hinton called the Boulder Department of

Social Services on the evening of November 3, 1998, to request that the child be

removed from his home. That agency informed him that there was no legal basis

to remove the child, but he could call 911 and request assistance, which Mr.

Hinton did. During the calls, Mr. Hinton made statements indicating he might

physically harm the child. As a result of Mr. Hinton’s calls, two police officers

entered the Hinton home without invitation, questioned Mr. and Mrs. Hinton, as

well as their granddaughter, and arrested Mr. Hinton. After he was transported to

the Boulder County Jail, he was placed in a holding area for five hours after

which it was too late in the evening for him to be considered for bail.

Accordingly, he spent that night in jail, and then one more night because his bail

application was not processed the next day. During his jail stay, he was not given

his prescribed medication until the morning of November 5, 1998. Upon his

release from jail, a “no-contact” order was imposed on Mr. Hinton, requiring him

to stay away from Mrs. Hinton and their granddaughter, and preventing him from

taking “prescribed therapy with his wife in attendance.” Appellants’ Br. at 32.




                                         -3-
         The plaintiffs sued those involved in the incident, all of whom are

governmental agencies or employees. Plaintiff’s federal claims are based on

42 U.S.C. § 1983, and the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments. Their state law claims alleged that defendants committed various

torts.

         On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in dismissing the

following claims: (1) the police officers entry into their home was unjustified;

(2) they were subjected to a custodial in-home interrogation absent the required

Miranda advisement; (3) the delay in processing Mr. Hinton’s request for bail

constituted false imprisonment; and (4) the denial of medical treatment to Mr.

Hinton constituted deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs, both in

the delay in providing him his prescribed medication while he was in jail, and in

enforcing the no-contact order which prevented him from taking therapy attended

by his wife. Even though plaintiffs have not proffered any arguments on their

remaining claims, we have reviewed them. For any claims not addressed

specifically below, the district court’s judgment is affirmed for substantially the

reasons given by that court.




                                            -4-
                                  Standards of Review

       The district court granted defendants’ motions to dismiss and for summary

judgment. We review de novo an order dismissing a complaint for failure to state

a claim for relief under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,

using the same standard applied by the district court.    See Ordinance 59 Ass’n v.

United States Dep’t of Interior Sec’y   , 163 F.3d 1150, 1152 (10th Cir. 1998).

“We accept as true all well-pleaded facts, as distinguished from conclusory

allegations, and view those facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party.” Maher v. Durango Metals, Inc. , 144 F.3d 1302, 1304 (10th Cir. 1998).

Dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) will be upheld only if “it

appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of

his claim which would entitle him to relief.”     Conley v. Gibson , 355 U.S. 41,

45-46 (1957).

       We also review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment,

viewing the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary

judgment. See McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d 1125, 1128

(10th Cir. 1998). Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue

of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).




                                            -5-
Because plaintiffs are appearing pro se, we will liberally construe their pleadings.

Whitney v. N.M. , 113 F.3d 1170, 1173 (10th Cir. 1997).


               District Attorney and Bond Commissioner Defendants

       Because the Boulder District Attorney personnel were prosecutors acting

within the scope of their employment in preparing and filing criminal charges,

they are entitled to absolute immunity.     Kalina v. Fletcher , 522 U.S. 118, 129

(1997) . Even, as plaintiffs claim, were the acts of the prosecutors “criminal,” the

Supreme Court has held that no private cause of action will lie.      Imbler v.

Pachtman , 424 U.S. 409, 427 (1976)       (“To be sure, this immunity does leave the

genuinely wronged defendant without civil redress against a prosecutor whose

malicious or dishonest action deprives him of liberty.”). The Court then

emphasized that other remedies are available to deter and punish prosecutorial

misconduct. Id. at 428-29.

       Defendant Andrews, a bail bond commissioner performing her duties for

the Twentieth Judicial District, is entitled to absolute quasi-judicial immunity,

because she comes under the ambit of “persons other than a judge where

performance of judicial acts or activity as an official aid of the judge is

involved.” Whitesel v. Sengenberger , 222 F.3d 861, 867 (10th Cir. 2000)

(quotation omitted). Those who assist in the decision “whether to order the

pretrial release of a criminal defendant . . . perform critical roles[,] . . . intimately

                                             -6-
associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process, and, therefore, they are

entitled to absolute immunity from civil suit for damages.”    Id. at 867-68

(quotations omitted). Accordingly, dismissal and summary judgment as to

defendants Hunter, Talkington, Johnson, Jackson, and Andrews were proper.


                                  Agency Defendants

      Plaintiffs named three governmental agencies as defendants: Boulder

County Sheriff’s Department, Boulder County District Attorney’s Office, and

Boulder County Department of Social Services. No allegations were made against

these entities, other than that their employees acted unlawfully. “[A] municipality

cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor --or, in other words, a

municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a     respondeat superior theory.”

Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. , 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978). We do not examine

whether these entities are subject to liability under § 1983 because plaintiffs’

pleadings base liability only on respondeat superior which cannot support a claim

against the agencies. Accordingly, the agency-defendants were properly

dismissed.


                          Police Officers and Social Worker

      Defendants Franck and Aubry were the police officers who responded to

plaintiffs’ home pursuant to Mr. Hinton’s telephone calls. Defendant Yankovich


                                           -7-
was the jail supervisor on duty when Mr. Hinton arrived at the jail. Defendant

Myers was the social worker who received Mr. Hinton’s telephone call that

evening. These defendants responded to plaintiffs’ complaint by raising the

defense of qualified immunity.

       “Qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary

functions from individual liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless their conduct

violates ‘clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a

reasonable person would have known.’”         Baptiste v. J.C. Penney Co. , 147 F.3d

1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting      Harlow v. Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982)). Because qualified immunity is asserted, “we apply a heightened pleading

standard, which requires that the complaint contain ‘specific, non-conclusory

allegations of fact sufficient to allow the district court to determine that those

facts, if proved, demonstrate that the actions taken were not objectively

reasonable in light of clearly established law.’”    Dill v. City of Edmond, Okla. ,

155 F.3d 1193, 1204 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting       Breidenbach v. Bolish, 126 F.3d

1288, 1293 (10th Cir. 1997)).

       We conclude that the police officers’ entry into plaintiffs’ home was

objectively reasonable under the circumstances and, therefore, the officers are

entitled to qualified immunity. Colorado statutes require officers to investigate

reports of child abuse.   Colo. Rev. Stat. § 19-3-308. Plaintiffs argue that because


                                             -8-
the officers could see through the doorway that no one had yet been injured, their

entry into the home was unreasonable. This position minimizes Mr. Hinton’s

threats to injure the child and ignores the statute requiring an investigation.

       As for plaintiffs’ claim that they were subjected to custodial interrogation

in their home because they did not feel free to leave, the remedy for any violation

of their Miranda 1 rights is to exclude their statements from the evidence at trial; a

police officer who fails to give a      Miranda warning is not subject to liability under

§ 1983. Bennett v. Passic , 545 F.2d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 1976). Because

neither plaintiff was brought to trial as a result of the incident, no remedy is

necessary.

       We next consider Mr. Hinton’s claim that the delay in setting a bail bond

constituted false imprisonment. To maintain a false imprisonment claim under

§ 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate the elements of a common law claim and

show that his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable search and

seizure has been violated.      See Taylor v. Meacham , 82 F.3d 1556, 1561 (10th Cir.

1996). Under Colorado law, a claim for false imprisonment cannot stand if there

was probable cause to arrest.        Rose v. City & County of Denver   , 990 P.2d 1120,

1123 (Colo. Ct. App. 1999). There was a specific finding of probable cause for




1
       Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

                                              -9-
the arrest of Mr. Hinton, R. Doc. 26, Ex. 11, therefore, this claim was properly

dismissed.

      Plaintiffs also assert that the no-contact order violated their associational

rights. They do not dispute that the order was issued by a judge based on their

statements and actions, and those of their granddaughter. The no-contact order

was vacated at Mrs. Hinton’s request. We determine that defendants’ actions

were objectively reasonable under the circumstances and, therefore, they are

entitled to qualified immunity.

      In order to address Mr. Hinton’s claims that his medical needs were not

met, we first consider his assertion that he was denied medication during the time

he was in jail. As a pretrial detainee, he was protected under the Due Process

Clause against the jailers’ deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs.

Lopez v. LeMaster , 172 F.3d 756, 759 n.2, 764 (10th Cir. 1999). Mr. Hinton

arrived at the jail on the evening of November 3 and he received his medications

on the morning of November 5. In the interim, the necessary documents were

completed and processed. Under the circumstances, we conclude that Mr. Hinton

has not shown that jail personnel were deliberately indifferent to his request for

medication.

      As for Mr. Hinton’s claim that he was denied his right to medical care as a

consequence of the no-contact order, plaintiffs have not demonstrated that Mr.


                                         -10-
Hinton’s need to have Mrs. Hinton present during his prescribed therapy was

“serious.” These vague, conclusory claims cannot withstand summary judgment.

Kidd v. Taos Ski Valley, Inc., 88 F.3d 848, 853 (10th Cir. 1996) (conclusory

allegations not supported by evidence insufficient to resist summary judgment).

The mere fact that a medical treatment is “prescribed” does not automatically

bring it within the purview of the Due Process Clause. Accordingly, Mr. Hinton

has not shown that his constitutional right was violated.


                               Supervisor Defendants

      Plaintiffs alleged that several defendants, serving in their capacities as

supervisors, were liable because they had failed to train and supervise their

employees who were involved in the actions on which this suit is based. The

supervisors proffered a qualified immunity defense. “In order to overcome the

qualified immunity of a supervisor, a plaintiff most show that the

defendant-supervisor took deliberate action in directing the constitutional

violation, or had actual knowledge of the violation and allowed the violation to

continue.” DeAnzona v. City & County of Denver      , 222 F.3d 1229, 1234

(10th Cir. 2000). Plaintiffs’ allegations fall short of such a showing, thus the

district court properly granted dismissal and summary judgment to defendants

Epp, Torres, Hank, Highnam, and Rhodes.



                                         -11-
                                  State Law Claims

      Colorado state law waives sovereign immunity for a public employee’s

willful and wanton conduct. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-118. Plaintiffs alleged that

defendants acted willfully and wantonly, but they offered no facts to support their

claim as required by Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-110(5). In the absence of genuine

issues of fact regarding whether the defendants’ conduct was willful and wanton,

the district court properly determined that the pleadings failed to state a claim of

willful and wanton conduct.   Barham v. Scalia , 928 P.2d 1381, 1385 (Colo. Ct.

App. 1996) (court is to determine whether plaintiff’s pleadings contain sufficient

facts to state claim based upon willful and wanton conduct).

      Sovereign immunity is also waived for the operation of a jail by a public

entity. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-106(1)(b). That section applies to Mr. Hinton’s

medical claim, State v. Nieto , 993 P.2d 493, 507 (Colo. 2000), but not to his

delay-of-bond claim, Howard ex rel. Young v. City & County of Denver       , 837 P.2d

255, 257 (Colo. Ct. App. App. 1992). Even though the jail personnel are not

immune from liability on Mr. Hinton’s medical claim, plaintiffs’ pleadings do not

allege facts to demonstrate that his rights were violated, as discussed above.

Dismissal of plaintiffs’ state law claims was proper, as well.




                                         -12-
                                       Conclusion

       Plaintiffs argue that because their pleadings set forth the constitutional

rights in question and the actions of the defendants that violated those rights, they

are entitled to a jury trial. They have not addressed, however, the law requiring

them to meet the heightened pleading standard set out above. In the qualified

immunity context, they are not allowed to conduct discovery in the hope of

finding evidence to support their claims.     See Breidenbach , 126 F.3d at 1293.

They offer only their belief, no evidence, that defendants willfully and wantonly

violated their rights. Plaintiffs’ claims were properly dismissed because “it

appears beyond doubt that [they] can prove no set of facts in support of [their]

claim[s] which would entitle [them] to relief.”     Conley , 355 U.S. at 45-46.

Therefore, no citation of law could have saved plaintiffs’ claims and they

presented no issue for a jury’s consideration.

       AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.



                                                       Entered for the Court



                                                       Carlos F. Lucero
                                                       Circuit Judge




                                            -13-
