
264 U.S. 403 (1924)
DAVIS, AS AGENT, ETC.
v.
PORTLAND SEED COMPANY.
SAN FRANCISCO & PORTLAND STEAMSHIP COMPANY
v.
PARRINGTON.
DAVIS, AGENT UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION,
v.
PARRINGTON.
GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY
v.
McCAULL-DINSMORE COMPANY.
Nos. 114, 122, 123, 209.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued February 20, 1924.
Decided April 7, 1924.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT. ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT. CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA.
*405 Mr. John F. Finerty and Mr. Arthur C. Spencer, with whom Mr. Henry W. Clark, Mr. C.E. Cochran and Mr. John F. Reilly were on the briefs, for petitioner in No. 114 and plaintiffs in error in Nos. 122 and 123. See post, p. 601.
Mr. F.G. Dorety, with whom Mr. R.J. Hagman was on the brief, for petitioner in No. 209.
Mr. James G. Wilson for respondent in No. 114 and defendant in error in Nos. 122 and 123.
Mr. Frederick M. Miner, Mr. John P. Devaney, Mr. Dewitt Clinton Edwards and Mr. Walter W. Patterson filed a brief on behalf of the respondent in No. 209, resisting the petition for a writ of certiorari.
Mr. Frank R. Wehe and Mr. Alfred J. Harwood, by leave of Court, filed a brief as amici curiae in Nos. 122 and 123.
Mr. John F. Finerty, by leave of Court, filed a brief as amicus curiae, on behalf of the Director General of Railroads, in No. 209.
*413 MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The courts below affirmed judgments for the plaintiffs in four separate actions brought to recover alleged overcharges on freight said to have been demanded by the respective carriers in violation of the long and short haul clause, Fourth Section, Interstate Commerce Act, c. 104, 24 Stat. 379, 380; c. 309, 36 Stat. 539, 547; c. 91, 41 Stat. 456, 480, which declares 
"That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier subject to the provisions of this Act to charge or receive any greater compensation in the aggregate for the transportation of passengers, or of like kind of property, for a shorter than for a longer distance over the same line or route in the same direction, the shorter being included within the longer distance, or to charge any greater compensation *414 as a through rate than the aggregate of the intermediate rates subject to the provisions of this Act, but this shall not be construed as authorizing any common carrier within the terms of this Act to charge or receive as great compensation for a shorter as for a longer distance: Provided, That upon application to the Commission such common carrier may in special cases, after investigation, be authorized by the Commission to charge less for longer than for shorter distances for the transportation of passengers or property; and the Commission may from time to time prescribe the extent to which such designated common carrier may be relieved from the operation of this section; [The Transportation Act, 1920, added] but in exercising the authority conferred upon it in this proviso the Commission shall not permit the establishment of any charge to or from the more distant point that is not reasonably compensatory for the service performed. .. ."
All the cases involve the same fundamental question of law. The essential charge is that the carrier demanded and received greater compensation for transporting freight for a shorter distance than its published rate for transporting like property for a longer distance over the same route and in the same direction.
It will suffice to state the salient facts and issues disclosed by record No. 114  Davis, Agent, v. Portland Seed Company. They are typical.
Pecos is in Western Texas, 160 miles south of Roswell, N.M. A line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway system joins these points and extends northward to Denver, Colorado, where it connects with the Union Pacific System which leads into the Northwest. January 4, 1919, the carrier received a car of alfalfa seed at Roswell for transportation to Walla Walla, Washington, by way of Denver. Three weeks later respondent Portland Seed Company received this car at destination and paid *415 freight charges reckoned at $2.44 per hundred pounds  the scheduled rate from Roswell. During all of January, 1919, the initial carrier's published schedule specified $1.515 per hundred pounds as the rate for transporting alfalfa seed from Pecos to Walla Walla through Roswell and Denver; and no application had been made to the Interstate Commerce Commission for permission to charge less for the longer than for the shorter haul. The Seed Company demanded judgment for the excess above the Pecos rate, as an overcharge illegally exacted and recoverable as money had and received.
The insistence is that under the long and short haul clause the lower published rate from Pecos became the maximum which the carrier could charge for the shipment from Roswell, notwithstanding the higher published rate therefor; that the sum charged above the Pecos rate amounted to an illegal exaction, recoverable without other proof of actual damage and without regard to the intrinsic reasonableness of either rate.
Relying on Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. International Coal Co., 230 U.S. 184, the Interstate Commerce Commission has definitely rejected respondent's theory by many opinions, and holds that while a charge prohibited by the long and short haul clause, § 4, may subject the carrier to prosecution by the Government it does not afford adequate basis for reparation where there is no other proof of pecuniary damage. Nix & Co. v. Southern Ry. Co. (1914), 31 I.C.C. 145; S.J. Greenbaum Co. v. Southern Ry. Co., 38 I.C.C. 715; Chattanooga Implement & Mfg. Co. v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 40 I.C.C. 146; LaCrosse Shippers' Assn. v. C.I. & L. Ry. Co., 43 I.C.C. 520; Oregon Fruit Co. v. Southern Pacific Co., 50 I.C.C. 719; Iten Biscuit Co. v. C.B. & Q.R.R. Co., 53 I.C.C. 729; Illinois Brick Co. v. Director General (1920), 57 I.C.C. 320, 323.
Counsel insist that under § 4 it was unlawful to charge compensation above the published Pecos rate for the *416 transportation from Roswell to Walla Walla. Therefore, the published Roswell rate being unlawful, non-existent indeed, the Pecos rate became the only one in force. United States v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., 235 U.S. 314, 322, 323, is relied upon; and it is said that the opinion there interprets the long and short haul clause as "absolutely prohibiting the existence" of higher rates for shorter hauls unless approved by the Commission. Read with the real issue in mind, the opinion gives no support to respondent's argument. The Interstate Commerce Commission held that certain reshipping privileges granted to Nashville but refused to Atlanta amounted to unreasonable preference under § 3 and ordered the carrier to discontinue them. The Commerce Court restrained the enforcement of this order. This Court declared that the challenged privileges were prohibited by the long and short haul clause; that § 4 controlled the right to grant them; that they had not been authorized by the Commission; and therefore it would be unlawful to continue them. Accordingly, the order to desist was approved and the decree of the Commerce Court reversed. No disagreement with Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. International Coal Co. was suggested. The Court said 
(322-3) "The express or implied statutory recognition of the authority on the part of carriers to primarily determine for themselves the existence of substantially similar circumstances and conditions as a basis of charging a higher rate for a shorter than for a longer distance within the purview of § 4 of the Act to Regulate Commerce and the right to make a rate accordingly to continue in force until on complaint it was corrected in the manner pointed out by statute, ceased to exist after the adoption of the amendment to § 4 by the Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, 36 Stat. 539, 547. This results from the fact that by the amendment in question the original power to determine *417 the existence of the conditions justifying the greater charge for a shorter than was exacted for a longer distance, was taken from the carriers and primarily vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission, and for the purpose of making the prohibition efficacious it was enacted that after a time fixed no existing rate of the character provided for should continue in force unless the application to sanction it had been made and granted. Intermountain Rate Cases, 234 U.S. 476. If then it be that the rebilling privilege which is here in question, disregarding immaterial considerations of form and looking at the substance of things, was, when originally established, an exertion of the authority conferred or recognized by § 4 of the act, as there is no pretense that permission for its continuance had been applied for as required by the amendment and the statutory period for which it could be lawfully continued without such permission had expired, it follows that its continued operation was manifestly unlawful and error was committed in permitting its continuance under the shelter of the injunction awarded by the court below."
The opinion does not discuss the carrier's liability to shippers who had paid higher rates for the shorter hauls. No doubt similar relief would have been granted by the Commission if the situation here revealed had been brought before it.
Respondent has not asked an injunction against illegal rates. It seeks to secure something for itself without proof of pecuniary loss consequent upon the unlawful act. A similar effort failed in Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. International Coal Co., supra. The International Company shipped 40,000 tons of coal from the Clearfield district, paying full schedule rates. The carrier had allowed other shippers from and to the same places at the same time rebates ranging from five to thirty-five cents per ton. Without alleging or proving pecuniary injury resulting *418 to itself from this unlawful action, the Company sought to recover like concessions upon all its shipments. Through Mr. Justice Lamar, this Court said 
(196-7) "The published tariffs made no distinction between contract coal and free coal, but named one rate for all alike. That being true, only that single rate could be charged. When collected, it was unlawful, under any pretense or for any cause, however equitable or liberal, to pay a part back to one shipper or to every shipper. The statute required the carrier to abide absolutely by the tariff. It did not permit the Company to decide that it had charged too much and then make a corresponding rebate; nor could it claim that it had charged too little and insist upon a larger sum being paid by the shipper. . . . The tariff, so long as it was of force, was, in this respect, to be treated as though it had been a statute, binding as such upon Railroad and shipper alike. If, as a fact, the rates were unreasonable the shipper was nevertheless bound to pay and the carrier to retain what had been paid, leaving, however, to the former the right to apply to the Commission for reparation."
(200) "Though the Act has been held to be in many respects highly penal, yet there was no fixed measure of damage in favor of the plaintiff. But, as said in Parsons v. Chicago & N.W. Railway, 167 U.S. 447, 460, construing this section (8), `before any party can recover under the Act he must show not merely the wrong of the carrier, but that that wrong has in fact operated to his injury.' Congress had not then and has not since given any indication of an intent that persons not injured might, nevertheless, recover what though called damages would really be a penalty, in addition to the penalty payable to the Government. On the contrary, and in answer to the argument that damages might be a cover for rebates, the Act of June 18, 1910 (36 Stat. 539, c. 309), *419 provided that where a carrier misquotes a rate it should pay a penalty of $250, not to the shipper, but to the Government, recoverable by a civil action brought by the United States. 35 Stat. 166. Congressional Record (1910), 7569. The danger that payment of damages for violations of the law might be used as a means of paying rebates under the name of damages is also pointed out by the Commission in 12 I.C.C. 418-421, 423; 14 I.C.C. 82."
(200) "It is said, however, that it is impossible to prove the damages occasioned one shipper by the payment of rebates to another; and that if the plaintiff is not entitled to recover as damages the same drawback that was paid to its competitor, the statute not only gives no remedy but deprives the plaintiff of a right it had at common law to recover this difference between the lawful and the unlawful rate."
(200-1) "We are cited to no authority which shows that there was any such ancient measure of damages, and no case has been found in which damages were awarded for such discrimination. Indeed, it is exceedingly doubtful whether there was at common law any right of action for any sort of damages in a case like this, while this statute does give a clear, definite and positive right to recover for unjust discrimination."
(201-2) "Union Pacific R.R. v. Goodridge, 149 U.S. 680, 709, involved the construction of the Colorado statute, which did not, as does the Commerce Act, compel the carrier to adhere to published rates, but required the railroad to make the same concessions and drawbacks to all persons alike, and for a failure to do so made the carrier liable for three times the actual damage sustained or overcharges paid by the party aggrieved. This distinction is also to be noted in the English cases cited. The Act of Parliament did not require the carrier to maintain its published tariff but made the lowest rate the lawful rate. *420 Anything in excess of such lowest rate was extortion and might be recovered in an action at law as for an overcharge. Denaby v. Manchester Ry., L.R. 11 App. Cases, 97, 116. But the English courts make a clear distinction between overcharge and damages, and the same is true under the Commerce Act. For if the plaintiff here had been required to pay more than the tariff rate it could have recovered the excess, not as damages but as overcharge, and while one count of the complaint asserted a claim of this nature, the proof did not justify a verdict thereon, for the plaintiff admitted that it had only paid the lawful rates named in the tariff. Of course, no part of such payment of lawful rates can be treated as an overcharge or as an extortion."
(202-3) "Having paid only the lawful rate plaintiff was not overcharged, though the favored shipper was illegally undercharged. For that violation of law, the carrier was subject to the payment of a fine to the Government and, in addition, was liable for all damages it thereby occasioned, the plaintiff or any other shipper. But, under § 8, it was only liable for damages. Making an illegal undercharge to one shipper did not license the carrier to make a similar undercharge to other shippers, and if having paid a rebate of 25 cents a ton to one customer, the carrier in order to escape this suit had made a similar undercharge or rebate to the plaintiff, it would have been criminally liable, even though it may have been done in order to equalize the two companies. For, under the statute, it was not liable to the plaintiff for the amount of the rebate paid on contract coal, but only for the damages such illegal payment caused the plaintiff. The measure of damages was the pecuniary loss inflicted on the plaintiff as the result of the rebate paid. Those damages might be the same as the rebate, or less than the rebate, or many times greater than the rebate; but unless they were proved they could not be recovered. *421 Whatever they were they could be recovered, because § 8 expressly declares that wherever the carrier did an act prohibited or failed to do any act required, it should be `liable to the person injured thereby for the full amount of damages sustained in consequence of such violation, . . . together with reasonable attorney's fee.'"
(206) "To adopt such a rule and arbitrarily measure damages by rebates would create a legalized, but endless, chain of departures from the tariff; would extend the effect of the original crime, would destroy the equality and certainty of rates, and, contrary to the statute, would make the carrier liable for damages beyond those inflicted and to persons not injured. The limitation of liability to the persons damaged and to an amount equal to the injury suffered is not out of consideration for the carrier who has violated the statute. On the contrary, the act imposes heavy penalties, independent of the amount of rebate paid, and as each shipment constitutes a separate offense, the law in its measure of fine and punishment is a terror to evil doers. But for the public wrong and for the interference with the equal current of commerce these penalties or fines were made payable to the Government. If by the same act a private injury was inflicted a private right of action was given. But the public wrong did not necessarily cause private damage, and when it did, the pecuniary loss varied with the character of the property, the circumstances of the shipment and the state of the market, so that instead of giving the shipper the right to recover a penalty fixed in amount or measure, the statute made the guilty carrier liable for the full amount of damages sustained,  whatever they might be and whether greater or less than the rate of rebate paid."
Southern Pacific Co. v. Darnell-Taenzer Co., 245 U.S. 531, presents no conflict with Pennsylvania R.R. v. International Coal Co. There the shipper paid a published rate which the Commission afterwards found to be unreasonable. *422 This Court held he could recover, as the proximate damage of the unlawful demand, the excess above the rate which the Commission had declared to be reasonable. The opinion went no further. Certainly it did not suggest that the unreasonable rate was non-existent for any purpose because forbidden by law.
Section 6 of the Commerce Act directs 
"(1) That every common carrier subject to the provisions of this act shall file with the Commission created by this act and print and keep open to public inspection schedules showing all the rates, fares, and charges for transportation between different points on its own route and between points on its own route and points on the route of any other carrier by railroad, by pipe line, or by water when a through route and joint rate have been established. . . . (3) No change shall be made in the rates, fares, and charges or joint rates, fares and charges which have been filed and published by any common carrier in compliance with the requirements of this section, except after thirty days' notice to the Commission. . . . Provided, That the Commission may, in its discretion and for good cause shown, allow changes upon less than the notice herein specified. . . . (7) No carrier, unless otherwise provided by this Act, shall engage or participate in the transportation of passengers or property, as defined in this Act, unless the rates, fares, and charges upon which the same are transported by said carrier have been filed and published in accordance with the provisions of this Act; nor shall any carrier charge or demand or collect or receive a greater or less or different compensation for such transportation of passengers or property, or for any service in connection therewith, between the points named in such tariffs than the rates, fares, and charges which are specified in the tariff filed and in effect at the time; nor shall any carrier refund or remit in any manner or by any device any portion *423 of the rates, fares, and charges so specified, nor extend to any shipper or person any privileges or facilities in the transportation of passengers or property, except such as are specified in such tariffs."
"Sec. 8. That in case any common carrier subject to the provisions of this Act shall do, cause to be done, or permit to be done any act, matter, or thing in this Act prohibited or declared to be unlawful, or shall omit to do any act, matter, or thing in this Act required to be done, such common carrier shall be liable to the person or persons injured thereby for the full amount of damages sustained in consequence of any such violation of the provisions of this Act, together with a reasonable counsel or attorney's fee, to be fixed by the court in every case of recovery, which attorney's fee shall be taxed and collected as part of the costs in the case."
"Sec. 10 (1). That any common carrier subject to the provisions of this Act, or, whenever such common carrier is a corporation, any director or officer thereof, or any receiver, trustee, lessee, agent, or person acting for or employed by such corporation, who, alone or with any other corporation, company, person, or party, shall willfully do or cause to be done, or shall willingly suffer or permit to be done, any act, matter, or thing in this Act prohibited or declared to be unlawful, or who shall aid or abet therein, or shall willfully omit or fail to do any act, matter, or thing in this Act required to be done, or shall cause or willingly suffer or permit any act, matter, or thing so directed or required by this Act to be done or not to be so done, or shall aid or abet any such omission or failure, or shall be guilty of any infraction of this Act for which no penalty is otherwise provided, or who shall aid or abet therein, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction thereof in any district court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which such offense was committed, be subject to a fine of not to *424 exceed five thousand dollars for each offense: Provided, That if the offense for which any person shall be convicted as aforesaid shall be an unlawful discrimination in rates, fares, or charges for the transportation of passengers or property, such person shall, in addition to the fine hereinbefore provided for, be liable to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of not exceeding two years, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court."
What liability did the carrier incur by publishing a rate from Pecos lower than the scheduled one from Roswell without the Commission's permission, and thereafter imposing and collecting the higher rate upon the shipment to Walla Walla?
Construing the words of § 4 literally, it is argued that unless some property moved over the longer distance at the lower rate before greater compensation was charged for transporting like property over a shorter one, there was no violation of law. We cannot accept this view. It does not accord proper weight to imperative requirements concerning publication of rates and subsequent observance of them. The Commission holds, for example, that although the schedule contains a plain clerical error, nevertheless no other charge may be demanded and the shipper may recover any excess. Lamb-Fish Lumber Co. v. Y. & M.V.R.R. Co., 42 I.C.C. 470.
The record shows, we think, that the carrier violated the statute by publishing the lower rate for the longer haul without permission and, prima facie at least, incurred the penalties of § 10. Also, it became "liable to the person or persons injured thereby for the full amount of damages sustained in consequence of . . . such violation," together with reasonable counsel fees, as provided by § 8. But mere publication of the forbidden lower rate did not wholly efface the higher intermediate one from the schedule and substitute for all purposes the *425 lower one, as a supplement might have done, without regard to the reasonableness or unreasonableness of either.
With special knowledge of rate schedules and relying on Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v. International Coal Co., the Interstate Commerce Commission for ten years has required proof of financial loss as a prerequisite to reparation for infractions of the Fourth Section. The rule is firmly established. Congress has not shown disapproval. The Transportation Act, 1920, with evident purpose to conserve the carriers' revenues, added the following to the proviso which gives power to exempt from the long and short haul clause: "But in exercising the authority conferred upon it in this proviso the Commission shall not permit the establishment of any charge to or from the more distant point that is not reasonably compensatory for the service performed." The rule adopted by the Commission follows the logic of the opinion relied upon and can be readily applied. The contrary view would not harmonize with other provisions of the act; and, put into practice, would produce unfortunate consequences.
The statute requires rigid observance of the tariff, without regard to the inherent lawfulness of the rates specified. It commanded adherence to the published rate from Roswell; § 6 forbade any other charge. Observance of the lower rate from Pecos, put in without authorization, might have been forbidden, as pointed out in United States v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co., supra; but it would be going too far to hold, as respondent insists, that the unauthorized publication established the lower rate as the maximum permissible charge from the intermediate point  the only rate therefrom which could be demanded.
If a lower rate published without authority becomes the maximum which may be charged from any intermediate *426 point, mistakes in schedules (and they are inevitable) may become disastrous. Suppose the rate from an obscure point in Maine to San Francisco via Boston, New York and Chicago should be printed at $15.00, instead of $150, and the error remain undiscovered for many months, could all who had paid more than $15.00 for passage along that route recover the excess without proof of pecuniary loss?
After the challenged judgments were entered, Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Wolf, 261 U.S. 133, was decided. We adhere to the ruling there announced, and in view of it defenses in these causes based upon prescribed limitations must be determined.
The judgments below are reversed. The causes will be remanded with appropriate instructions for further proceedings.
Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS dissents.
