                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-1783
                         ___________________________

                    American Automobile Insurance Company

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

                                   Omega Flex, Inc.

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: January 15, 2015
                               Filed: April 15, 2015
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, MELLOY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       A fire destroyed the home of Fred and Adrienne Kostecki in High Ridge,
Missouri. Their insurer, American Automobile Insurance Company (“AAIC”),
reimbursed the Kosteckis for their loss, received an assignment of their rights, and
filed this diversity products liability action against Omega Flex, Inc. (“Omega”), the
manufacturer of TracPipe, a product made of corrugated stainless steel tubing
(“CSST”) that brought propane gas from an underground storage tank into the
Kosteckis’ home. After a four-day trial and three and one-half hours deliberating, a
jury returned a verdict for Omega, finding that it did not fail to use ordinary care in
designing the product or sell the product in an unreasonably dangerous and defective
condition. The district court1 denied AAIC’s motion for a new trial. AAIC appeals,
arguing the court abused its discretion when it excluded the opinion of AAIC’s
metallurgical expert, Dr. Thomas Eagar, that the product was defectively designed,
and admitted testimony by a defense expert, Dr. Harri Kytomaa, criticizing Dr.
Eagar’s fire causation theory. Reviewing these evidentiary rulings for clear and
prejudicial abuse of discretion, we affirm. See Boehm v. Eli Lilly & Co., 747 F.3d
501, 507 (8th Cir. 2014) (standard of review).

                                           I.

        Prior to trial, the district court granted Omega summary judgment on AAIC’s
claims of breach of warranty and failure to warn. The case proceeded to trial on
claims of negligent design and strict liability for an unreasonably dangerous product.
At trial, the cause of the fire was a major contested issue. All experts agreed that the
fire started when lightning struck a tree near the underground propane tank, causing
electric energy to enter the Kostecki home and ignite combustible materials in the
space between the basement and the first floor. The fire investigators found two
holes in the TracPipe running through that space. Dr. Eagar and AAIC’s other
experts opined that lightning traveled along the TracPipe, caused the two holes by
melting the CSST, and ignited escaping propane, starting the fire. Dr. Kytomaa
opined that the lightning strike generated insufficient energy either to create holes in
the TracPipe or to ignite propane escaping from the TracPipe. He theorized that the
fire started when lightning entered the home and ignited other combustibles in the
space between two floors. The fire then energized a nearby aluminum feeder wire,


      1
       The Honorable Audrey G. Fleissig, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.

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which arced to the TracPipe, creating the holes in its CSST. Another significant issue
at trial was whether the TracPipe was adequately bonded (grounded) inside the home.

       Prior to trial, after the parties exchanged expert reports, Omega moved to
exclude Dr. Eagar’s opinion testimony, and AAIC moved to exclude Dr. Kytomaa’s
opinion testimony. Both motions invoked the court’s gate-keeping function to
ensure that an expert’s opinion is “supported by the kind of scientific theory, practical
knowledge and experience, or empirical research and testing that permit assessment
‘of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically
valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the
facts in issue.’” Robertson v. Norton Co., 148 F.3d 905, 907 (8th Cir. 1998), quoting
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592-93 (1993).

       The district court granted in part Omega’s motion to exclude Dr. Eagar’s
testimony and denied AAIC’s motion to exclude Dr. Kytomaa’s testimony. AAIC
appeals both rulings. The objective of the Daubert inquiry “is to make certain that an
expert, whether basing testimony upon professional studies or personal experience,
employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the
practice of an expert in the relevant field.” Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526
U.S. 137, 152 (1999). As the district court recognized, this is a flexible, case-specific
inquiry. “The trial court ha[s] to decide whether this particular expert had sufficient
specialized knowledge to assist the jurors in deciding the particular issues in the
case.” Id. at 156 (quotation omitted); see Fed. R. Evid. 702 and Advisory Committee
Notes. Thus, although the two Daubert motions were simultaneously filed, we must
separately analyze the court’s ruling on each.

                        A. Dr. Eagar’s Opinion Testimony.

      Dr. Eagar is a professor of materials engineering and engineering systems at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During a thirty-year academic career, he

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has published hundreds of articles on metallurgy and arc physics; his expertise in
those fields is undisputed. In its motion to exclude, Omega argued that this expertise
did not make Dr. Eagar qualified to opine that TracPipe caused the fire in the
Kosteckis’ home, or that the product was defectively designed. In its Memorandum
opposing Omega’s motion, AAIC advised that Dr. Eagar has “four sets” of opinions:

      (1)    Metal conductors, such as CSST, can be damaged in one of two
             ways: resistive heating and arcing. From a design perspective,
             CSST is vulnerable to perforation caused by both resistive heating
             and arcing;

      (2)    Metallurgical review of the Kostecki CSST holes confirm they
             were caused by an arcing event generated by lightning between
             the CSST and an aluminum object;

      (3)    When there is an arcing event and the thin wall of the CSST is
             compromised, gas will escape and can be ignited by the arcing
             event . . .;

      (4)    Bonding will not protect CSST from lightning induced failure as
             is suggested by Omega Flex.

       The district court ruled that Dr. Eagar may testify as to the matters within his
areas of expertise -- metallurgy and arc physics; it therefore denied Omega’s motion
to exclude opinion testimony as to fire causation and the efficacy of bonding. The
court granted the motion to exclude opinion testimony regarding “product design and
warnings” because “Eagar has specifically disavowed such expertise and his areas of
expertise bear no more than a remote relationship to product design and warnings.”
The ruling as to product warnings is not at issue on appeal.

      At trial, Dr. Eagar testified at length. Based on our review, that testimony
included all four of the above-quoted “sets” of opinions. Dr. Eagar testified that
TracPipe is “too thin” -- “almost exactly 10 percent of the thickness of [traditional]

                                         -4-
black iron pipe” -- and therefore vulnerable to perforation by arcing because the
energy required to melt metal is proportional to the metal’s thickness. Based on his
examination of the TracPipe in the Kostecki home, Dr. Eagar opined that the two
holes in the TracPipe were caused by lightning-generated arcing; that the fire started
when lightning ignited propane gas escaping from the holes; and that the bonding
recommended by Omega will not protect CSST from such lightning-induced failures.

      1. On appeal, AAIC argues the district court nonetheless committed clear and
prejudicial abuse of discretion by barring Dr. Eagar “from offering at trial his expert
opinions concerning material selection and the design of . . . TracPipe.” In response,
Omega notes that “AAIC never identifies for this Court precisely what opinions Dr.
Eagar was allegedly erroneously precluded from offering at trial.” We agree.

       To preserve a claim that the district court erred in excluding evidence, “a party
informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance was
apparent from the context.” Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). If the court “rules definitively”
before trial, “a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim
of error for appeal.” Rule 103(b). Here, the district court’s only “definitive” pretrial
ruling was that Dr. Eagar may not offer opinion testimony “relating to product
design.” As we have noted, he did offer such an opinion, testifying to the thickness
of the CSST in TracPipe and opining that it was “too thin.” So what was excluded?

       When Omega raised this issue at the hearing on AAIC’s motion for new trial,
counsel admitted that, during trial, AAIC waived an offer of proof on the issue of
“black iron pipe compared to the CSST,” but argued it preserved the claim of error
in excluding “No. 6, that’s Dr. Eagar’s testimony referring to a defect in the CSST.”
That reference was sufficient for the district court to deny AAIC’s motion on the
merits. But on appeal, AAIC neither identified nor explained “No. 6” to this court.
Indeed, AAIC made no attempt to explain what opinion testimony was excluded until
pages 5-6 of its Reply Brief, where counsel articulated what Dr. Eagar would have

                                          -5-
opined, without citation to the trial or appellate record. For this reason alone, the
district court’s evidentiary ruling must be affirmed. As in Potts v. Benjamin, 882
F.2d 1320, 1325 (8th Cir. 1989), where the district court also allowed an expert to
testify on a number of topics, “[w]e have no basis upon which to conclude that the
District Court’s ruling affected a substantial right . . . because [AAIC] made no offer
of proof at trial, nor is it contextually apparent, what [its] expert’s testimony would
have been . . . had he been permitted to testify on the [excluded] subject.” Accord
Cavataio v. City of Bella Villa, 570 F.3d 1015, 1021 (8th Cir. 2009) (“This failure to
make an offer of proof constitutes a failure to preserve the issue for our review.”).

       2. Despite this failure to preserve, we have combed AAIC’s 1124-page
Appendix looking for excluded opinions by Dr. Eagar “relating to product design.”
The nearest we found was in the Conclusion to his lengthy supplemental report to
AAIC counsel: “In my opinion, CSST is so thin that it is unreasonably dangerous
unless all joints contain electrical jumpers and the CSST is grounded every few feet
to a suitable lightning ground strap.” Even if properly preserved, we conclude the
district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this conclusory opinion. First,
in deposition testimony, Dr. Eagar denied expertise in the design and installation of
CSST systems. As the district court noted, we have repeatedly upheld the exclusion
or reversed the admission of expert design testimony that went beyond the expert’s
expertise. See Weisgram v. Marley Co., 169 F.3d 514, 520-21 (8th Cir. 1999)
(affirming the exclusion of a metallurgist’s design defect opinion because he had no
personal experience and “no metallurgic reason for his conclusion”), aff’d, 528 U.S.
440 (2000);2 accord Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Corp. v. Beelman River Terminals,
Inc., 254 F.3d 706, 715 (8th Cir. 2001); Khoury v. Philips Med. Sys., 614 F.3d 888,
893 (8th Cir. 2010); Anderson v. Raymond Corp., 340 F.3d 520, 523 (8th Cir. 2003);


      2
       Our ruling on this Daubert issue was among the questions presented for
review, but the Supreme Court granted certiorari only on a procedural issue. See
Joint Pet. Writ Cert., 1999 WL 33611408 (U.S. Jul. 23, 1999); 527 U.S. 1069 (1999).

                                          -6-
Dancy v. Hyster Co., 127 F.3d 649, 651-52 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S.
1004 (1998); Krueger v. Johnson & Johnson Prof., Inc., 66 F. App’x 661, 662 (8th
Cir. 2003); see also Smith v. Rasmussen, 249 F.3d 755, 758-59 (8th Cir. 2001).

       Second, Dr. Eagar opines that TracPipe is unreasonably dangerous unless
grounded differently. This opinion does not address the product’s design. Rather,
it squarely addresses the ultimate issue of whether TracPipe was an unreasonably
dangerous product. While such expert testimony is permissible, see Fed. R. Evid.
704(a), “courts must guard against invading the province of the jury on a question
which the jury was entirely capable of answering without the benefit of expert
opinion.” Robertson,148 F.3d at 908 (quotation omitted). The district court
concluded that, in the absence of specific design expertise, Dr. Eagar’s conclusory
opinion “will provide little assistance to the jury,” as Rule 702(a) requires, and “may
run afoul” of Rule 403 if the jury affords it more weight than warranted because of
Dr. Eagar’s expertise in other areas.3

       Third, in light of the detailed scientific and causation opinions that Dr. Eagar
did express to the jury, including that CSST is “too thin” to resist indirect lightning
strikes, the exclusion of his ultimate opinion was not a prejudicial abuse of discretion.
See Shelton v. Kennedy Funding, Inc., 622 F.3d 943, 959 (8th Cir. 2010). AAIC no
doubt wanted the prestigious Dr. Eagar to opine that TracPipe was unreasonably
dangerous because his scientific testimony based on metallurgy and arc physics
established it was too thin. But any equally prestigious academic “expert” provided


      3
        However, despite excluding Dr. Eagar’s ultimate opinion on defective design,
the district court denied Omega summary judgment and judgment as a matter of law,
because Dr. Eagar’s testimony as to causation based on the vulnerability of thin CSST
to lightning, combined with the testimony of other experts regarding the cause of the
fire, provided “evidence from which the jury could have determined that the product
design was defective.” Thus, AAIC was able to submit its design defect and
unreasonably dangerous claims to the jury.

                                          -7-
with Dr. Eagar’s scientific testimony could have expressed the same ultimate opinion.
“[N]othing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court
to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of
the expert.” Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997). The district court’s
careful parsing of the expert opinions that Dr. Eagar could reliably provide for the
jury was a proper exercise of its gate-keeping function “to ensure the reliability and
relevancy of expert testimony.” Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152.

                      B. Dr. Kytomaa’s Opinion Testimony.

       Dr. Kytomaa is a Vice President and Director of the Thermal Sciences practice
at Exponent, an engineering and scientific consultant firm. He has held academic and
research positions at various universities, has published many articles on topics such
as fire origins and liquified natural gas transportation, and has been involved in
hundreds of fire investigations. He is a Certified Fire Investigator and a Certified Fire
and Explosion Investigator but has not published on CSST and could not recall
working on any fires that involved lightning. He is not a metallurgist but has studied
the strength of materials and the characteristics of metals. The district court qualified
Kytomaa as an expert in materials, mechanical engineering, fire, cause and origin,
code reviews, and electrical causation.

       Dr. Kytomaa’s testimony primarily addressed fire causation, disagreeing with
Dr. Eagar and AAIC’s other experts as to the cause of the fire. In developing his
opinion, Dr. Kytomaa reviewed the depositions of expert and fact witnesses and the
photographs taken of the Kostecki home, and he personally inspected the “subject
TracPipe, the CSST in this matter.” He also conducted some general scientific tests
that he used to challenge Dr. Eagar’s opinions that arcing from the indirect lightning
could have caused the holes in the TracPipe and ignited escaping propane. The
district court denied AAIC’s motion to exclude Dr. Kytomaa’s opinion testimony,



                                          -8-
concluding that he had sufficient expertise in fire causation and that his opinions were
sufficiently grounded in scientific literature and testing.

        On appeal, AAIC primarily argues that the district court unevenly applied the
law when it excluded part of Dr. Eagar’s testimony yet allowed Dr. Kytomaa’s
testimony. We disagree. The district court’s careful opinions properly applied
Daubert’s flexible standard to the distinct issues on which each expert would opine.
Dr. Eagar testified at length regarding black iron pipe; Dr. Kytomaa did not. Neither
testified on the ultimate issue of product defect. AAIC essentially argues that Dr.
Eagar had more qualifications and therefore Dr. Kytomaa should not have been
allowed to refute Dr. Eagar’s opinions. But that contention is inconsistent with
Daubert, which requires a “flexible” inquiry that “grants a district court the same
broad latitude when it decides how to determine reliability as it enjoys in respect to
its ultimate reliability determination.” Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 141-42.

       We have consistently upheld the admission of expert testimony as to the cause
of a fire when the expert applied specialized knowledge to observations of a fire
scene that had record support. See Shuck v. CNH Am., LLC, 498 F.3d 868, 875 (8th
Cir. 2007); Hickerson v. Pride Mobility Prods. Corp., 470 F.3d 1252, 1256-57 (8th
Cir. 2006). Dr. Kytomaa’s extensive credentials qualified him as an expert in fire
causation. He based his opinions on that experience and his examination of the fire
scene and the TracPipe involved. While Dr. Kytomaa was not a metallurgist or
lightning expert, his testimony only touched upon those fields as relevant to the
subject of fire causation, his area of expertise. “Gaps in an expert witness’s
qualifications or knowledge generally go to the weight of the witness’s testimony, not
its admissibility.” Robinson v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 447 F.3d 1096, 1100 (8th Cir.
2006) (quotation omitted).

      After careful review of the district court’s rulings and Dr. Kytomaa’s trial
testimony, we conclude that, as in Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Bluewood, Inc., 560 F.3d

                                          -9-
798, 808 (8th Cir. 2009), AAIC “has failed to identify any deficiency in either the
district court’s application of Rule 702 or its discharge of the ‘gatekeeping function’
under Daubert and Kumho Tire.” The district court committed no clear and
prejudicial abuse of discretion in permitting the jury to consider testimony from well-
qualified experts who presented conflicting theories as to the cause of the unusual and
unfortunate fire that destroyed the Kosteckis’ home.

                                          II.

       Finally, AAIC argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying
AAIC’s motion for a new trial, because Dr. Eagar’s design opinion was critical to the
jury’s ability to evaluate the complex testimony and therefore crucial to the outcome
of the case. Like the district court, we conclude the largely unarticulated design
defect opinions were not improperly excluded and were not necessary to assist the
jury in evaluating AAIC’s claims. As this alleged evidentiary error does not require
reversal, a new trial is not warranted. See WWP, Inc. v. Wounded Warriors Family
Support, Inc., 628 F.3d 1032, 1043 (8th Cir. 2011).
                         ______________________________




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