                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-3030
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                              Keashia Latriese Davis

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
                                 ____________

                         Submitted: September 25, 2018
                            Filed: December 3, 2018
                                 [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, KELLY, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Keashia Latriese Davis pleaded guilty to seventeen counts of wire fraud in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 and 3237. Over the course of thirteen months, Davis
fraudulently obtained $262,691 in benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Programs (SNAP) in various states. The district court1 sentenced Davis
to 120 months’ imprisonment. We affirm.

       Between April 2015 and May 2016, Davis used a combination of other
individuals’ identification information and false identification information to apply
for SNAP benefits in Utah, Texas, and Louisiana. State agencies overseeing SNAP
approved Davis’s fraudulent applications and sent her electronic benefit transfer
(EBT) cards loaded with an approved amount of funds. The agencies reloaded these
cards monthly. Davis used the cards to pay for personal expenses and also sold some
to various buyers in exchange for cash. After state agencies reloaded the cards each
month, the card buyers would pay Davis a portion of the reloaded amount. Davis
maintained notebooks filled with the information she used to apply for benefits,
including social security numbers, dates of birth, primary applicants’ names, and
names of children. Davis also kept lists of the EBT cards she obtained, as well as of
their reload schedules. A search of her home revealed fake social security and
identification cards, and copies of letters submitted to support her applications. After
she was arrested, Davis telephoned her daughter and directed her to collect the
monthly payments from the individuals who had purchased EBT cards from Davis.

       At sentencing, the district court determined that Davis’s base offense level
under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) was 7 and then increased her
offense level by 12 for the amount of loss, by 2 for the number of victims, by 2 for the
unauthorized use of identification, and by 2 for her aggravating role. The court
overruled Davis’s objection to the number-of-victims enhancement. After reducing
her offense level by 3 for acceptance of responsibility, the court determined that her
total offense level was 22, her criminal history category was IV, and her advisory
Guidelines sentencing range was 84 to 105 months’ imprisonment. Davis moved for


      1
       The Honorable D.P. Marshall Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

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a downward variance, pointing to her troubled mental health history, her non-violent
criminal history, and the recovery of $17,565 in stolen funds. The government sought
an above-Guidelines sentence because of the sophisticated nature of the fraud and the
likelihood that Davis would return to criminal activity after her incarceration. The
district court varied upward and sentenced Davis to 120 months’ imprisonment.

       Davis first argues that the district court procedurally erred by applying a 2-level
enhancement for the aggravating role she played in the offense. She contends that
she was the sole participant in the crime and that the district court erred by accepting
the presentence report’s (PSR) recommendation without determining whether Davis’s
crime involved any other participants. Under Guidelines § 3B1.1, a 2-level
enhancement applies if the defendant organized, led, managed, or supervised at least
one other participant. The Guidelines define “participant” to include any “person
who is criminally responsible for the commission of the offense, but need not have
been convicted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1.

       Because Davis failed to object to this enhancement at sentencing, we review
only for plain error and find none. See United States v. Godfrey, 863 F.3d 1088,
1095 (8th Cir. 2017) (standard of review). The PSR states that Davis sold
fraudulently obtained EBT cards to buyers at discounted cash amounts. Davis had
an ongoing relationship with at least some buyers, who sent her monthly payments
when the EBT cards were reloaded. We find no plain error in the conclusion that
evidence of the sales and ongoing relationships was sufficient to establish that the
buyers were participants in Davis’s scheme. See United States v. Garcia, 703 F.3d
471, 475 (8th Cir. 2013) (finding no clear error in the district court’s determination
that an individual who bought small amounts of methamphetamine from the
defendant on at least four occasions met the Guidelines definition of participant);
United States v. Butler, 646 F.3d 1038, 1042 (8th Cir. 2011) (finding no clear error
in the district court’s determination that individuals who cashed checks that were



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fraudulent—a fact the buyers either knew or ignored—were participants under the
Guidelines).

      Davis argues that the district court abused its discretion and imposed a
substantively unreasonable sentence when it varied upward from the advisory
Guidelines sentencing range. See United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th
Cir. 2009) (en banc) (standard of review). In determining whether a sentence is
substantively unreasonable, we consider the totality of the circumstances, and though
“we may consider the extent of the district court’s variance, we give due deference
to the court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors . . . justify the extent of the
variance.” United States v. David, 682 F.3d 1074, 1077 (8th Cir. 2012).

       Davis claims that the district court relied on an improper factor when it varied
upward based on the amount she fraudulently obtained, which was already accounted
for in a 12-level enhancement in her offense level. She further contends that the
district court gave insufficient weight to her cooperation, her troubled personal
history, and her helpfulness in teaching parenting and life skill classes while
incarcerated. We disagree. When deciding to vary from a Guidelines-range sentence,
a district court may rely on factors that have already been taken into account in
calculating the advisory Guidelines range. See id. Moreover, the district court
properly considered Davis’s personal characteristics and specifically mentioned that
it forewent a greater upward variance in light of her mental health history. In light
of the seriousness of the fraud, its complex nature, and the fact that the funds
swindled were intended for a vulnerable population, the district court did not abuse
its discretion in sentencing Davis as it did.

      The sentence is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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