                                                                                                 Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                           October 22, 2019

      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                              No. 51702-7-II

                                Respondent,

         v.

    CHAD MANU ALEXANDER KAAIHUE,                                UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                Appellant.

        MELNICK, J. — Chad Kaaihue appeals from an order modifying his sentence for two counts

of assault in the third degree. He contends that the trial court’s order specifying the individuals

protected by three independent no-contact orders and their durations was outside the trial court’s

authority and not a clerical correction. Kaaihue also contends that the legislature’s 2018 legal

financial obligation (LFO) amendments should apply to his case. Kaaihue also filed a statement

of additional grounds (SAG) relating to his original sentence. We affirm.

                                               FACTS

        In February 2015, Kaaihue threatened three people with a deadly weapon. The State

charged him with three counts of assault in the second degree and two counts of unlawful

possession of a firearm in the first degree. The State informed Kaaihue that, if convicted, he faced

a sentence of total confinement for life without the possibility of release as a persistent offender. 1

Kaaihue plead guilty two counts of assault in the third degree, with the same three named victims

in each count.


1
    RCW 9.94A.570.
51702-7-II


       In his guilty plea, Kaaihue acknowledged that the State would recommend an exceptional

sentence of 60 months on each count to be served consecutively and that he have no contact with

any of the three victims. The parties stipulated to this exceptional sentence and the court imposed

it. The court did not impose any community custody.

       At the sentencing hearing, the court entered three no-contact orders, providing a five-year

term of protection for each of the three victims. Kaaihue signed each no-contact order. The court

also signed Kaaihue’s judgment and sentence, which included a provision that stated, “No contact

w/ victims in [the no-contact orders (NCOs)].” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 30 (section 4.4).

       In March 2018, Kaaihue filed a motion to correct his judgment and sentence. Kaaihue

argued the no-contact provision, as it appeared on his judgment and sentence, was

unconstitutionally vague. He requested the court either strike the no-contact provision from his

judgment and sentence or specify in the judgment and sentence the individuals to whom it applied

and the length of the no-contact order. The trial court ordered the State to respond and show cause

why Kaaihue’s motion should not be granted.

       After a hearing, the State and Kaaihue agreed to an order modifying Kaaihue’s judgment

and sentence. The trial court noted that the judgment and sentence “reflect[ed] no information

about the no contact orders entered [] by the Court” and ordered that Kaaihue have no contact with

any of the three victims for a period of five years.2 CP at 70. It ordered that “all other terms and

conditions,” including the three original NCOs, remain in full force and effect. CP at 71. Kaaihue

appeals from the order correcting his judgment and sentence.




2
  The court also stated that the original judgment and sentence checked a box for domestic
violence, antiharassment, or sexual assault protection orders, which it stated should not have been
checked. It unchecked the box. Kaaihue mentions this change in his brief but does not argue it.


                                                 2
51702-7-II


                                             ANALYSIS

I.      MODIFY JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE

        Kaaihue contends that the trial court, by amending his judgment and sentence, effectively

added no-contact provisions to his judgment and sentence. He argues “the addition constituted an

impermissible sentencing modification.” Br. of Appellant at 4. He claims there was “no evidence”

that the sentencing court intended to include no-contact orders as part of his original sentence, such

that the change did not correct a clerical error. Br. of Appellant at 8. Kaaihue argues the trial court

lacked authority to modify his unconstitutionally vague sentence and should have stricken the no-

contact provision. We disagree.

        A.      CLERICAL SENTENCE AMENDMENT

        “A court has jurisdiction to amend a judgment to correct an erroneous sentence, where

justice requires, under CrR 7.8.” State v. Hardesty, 129 Wn.2d 303, 315, 915 P.2d 1080 (1996).

CrR 7.8(a) permits the trial court to correct “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments . . . at any time of its

own initiative or on the motion of any party.”

        “To determine whether an error is clerical or judicial, we look to ‘whether the judgment,

as amended, embodies the trial court’s intention, as expressed in the record at trial.’” State v.

Snapp, 119 Wn. App. 614, 627, 82 P.3d 252 (2004) (quoting Presidential Estates Apt. Assoc. v.

Barrett, 129 Wn.2d 320, 326, 917 P.2d 100 (1996)). If the error is clerical, “the amended judgment

should either correct the language to reflect the court’s intention or add the language the court

inadvertently omitted,” whereas if it is not clerical, “the error is judicial and the court cannot amend

the judgment and sentence.” Snapp, 119 Wn. App. at 627.

        The original judgment and sentence in this case stated, “No contact w/ victims in NCOs.”

CP at 30. The judgment and sentence did not further identify the specific orders to which it



                                                   3
51702-7-II


referred. However, at the sentencing hearing, the court entered three no-contact orders, one for

each victim of the assaults. Each no-contact order specified the victim’s name and prohibited

Kaaihue from having contact with that person for five years. Kaaihue signed each order.

         The court also listed the conditions of Kaaihue’s sentence on the record at his sentencing

hearing and listed LFOs, restitution, and “no contact with the victims.” Report of Proceedings

(RP) (July 14, 2015) at 6. Kaaihue’s attorney stated, “I have reviewed the no contact orders with

Mr. Kaaihue, and he has signed those in my presence—in fact, he signed them here in open court.”

RP (July 14, 2015) at 6.

         In response to Kaaihue’s motion to correct his judgment and sentence, the trial court

ordered that the judgment and sentence be “corrected” to indicate Kaaihue have no contact with

the three specific victims for five years. CP at 39. The court ordered that all other terms and

conditions of Kaaihue’s sentence remain in full force and effect.

         The trial court’s corrections of Kaaihue’s judgment and sentence simply specified the

individuals and length of the no-contact orders referred to in the original judgment and sentence.

It is clear from the sentencing record and the no-contact orders Kaaihue signed that the NCOs

referenced in the original judgment and sentence intended to reference the five-year no-contact

orders for each of the three victims. Because the changes to Kaaihue’s sentence corrected the

language of the judgment and sentence to reflect the court’s original intention, the changes were

clerical. Additionally, the three NCO’s had independent validity3 and Kaaihue did not challenge

them. We conclude that the trial court did not err by amending Kaaihue’s sentence.

         Kaaihue relies on State v. Brown, 108 Wn. App. 960, 33 P.3d 433 (2001), to argue that trial

courts may not modify sentences to add no-contact orders with additional names. In Brown, the


3
    Chapter 9A.46 RCW.


                                                  4
51702-7-II


trial court modified the defendant’s sentence without authority because the modification had not

fallen within any Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA) provision allowing for modification. 108

Wn. App. at 962. Unlike in Brown, the trial court here corrected a clerical error, as permitted by

CrR 7.8(a).

II.    LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS

       Kaaihue contends that the 2018 legislative amendments to LFOs for indigent defendants

invalidate the mandatory LFOs imposed as a part of his sentence in 2015. He claims that the

amendments apply to his case because it was “pending on appeal and/or initiated after the effective

date” of the amendments. Br. of Appellant at 13. Because Kaaihue’s case was final before the

legislature passed the amendments, we conclude they do not apply to his case.

       Since entry of Kaaihue’s judgment and sentence, the legislature amended the statutory LFO

scheme. These amendments eliminated interest accrual on non-restitution LFOs, made the DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) database fee non-mandatory for offenders whose DNA had already been

collected due to a prior conviction, and prohibited assessment of the $200 filing fee as well as all

discretionary LFOs on indigent defendants. State v. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 747, 426 P.3d 714

(2018); RCW 10.01.160, 10.82.090(1), 36.18.020(2)(h), 43.43.7541. The amendments applied to

cases on appeal when they took effect on June 7, 2018, because those cases were not yet final.

Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d at 747.

       Kaaihue did not file a direct appeal and his case was final before the legislative enactments

on LFOs took effect. Unlike the defendant in Ramirez, his case was not “pending on direct review”

at the time of the amendments. Kaaihue’s case became final when it was filed with the trial court

clerk on July 14, 2015. Kaaihue has not provided any authority suggesting that his filing a motion




                                                 5
51702-7-II


to correct his judgment and sentence affects the finality of the 2015 judgment, and we have found

none. Accordingly, Kaaihue’s arguments on this issue fail.

                          STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS

I.     FINALITY OF JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE

       Kaaihue contends that the June 1, 2018 order modifying his judgment and sentence

“effectively destroyed the finality of [his] judgment and sentence” such that he can challenge other

issues in his case, sidestepping the time bar for collateral attack. SAG at 1. He acknowledges that

“purely ministerial” changes do not affect the finality of the previously entered judgment and

sentence, but claims the changes to his sentence were more than purely ministerial. SAG at 2. We

disagree with Kaaihue.

       “No petition or motion for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a criminal case

may be filed more than one year after the judgment becomes final if the judgment and sentence is

valid on its face and was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction.” RCW 10.73.090(1).

However, “after [a] defendant’s ‘sentence [is] reversed, . . . the finality of the judgment is

destroyed’ and defendant’s ‘prior sentence cease[s] to be a final judgment on the merits.’” In re

Pers. Restraint of Skylstad, 160 Wn.2d 944, 950, 162 P.3d 413 (2007) (quoting State v. Harrison,

148 Wn.2d 550, 561-62, 61 P.3d 1104 (2003)).

       The trial court in this case granted Kaaihue’s CrR 7.8 motion and corrected his sentence to

specifically name the parties protected by the three no-contact orders and specify the length of

those orders. This order did not “reverse” Kaaihue’s sentence, and he has not shown how it gives

rise to any exception to the one year time bar for collateral attack to other provisions of his

sentence. We conclude that attacks to provisions of Kaaihue’s original sentence from June 2015

are barred as untimely.



                                                 6
51702-7-II


        Because we agree that the trial court’s order did not reopen all provisions of Kaaihue’s

original judgment and sentence to collateral attack, we do not reach the other claims in the

statement of additional grounds.

        We affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.




                                                            Melnick, J.

We concur:




        Maxa, C.J.




        Glasgow, J.




                                                7
