                                    In The
                               Court of Appeals
                      Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
                              ________________________

                                   No. 07-12-00415-CR
                              ________________________

                             JOSEPH TAYLOR, APPELLANT

                                             V.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE



                           On Appeal from the 140th District Court
                                   Lubbock County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 2011-431,936, Honorable Jim B. Darnell, Presiding


                                     August 28, 2013

                                        OPINION
                   Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

       Appellant, Joseph Taylor, pled guilty to possession of marijuana in an amount of

50 pounds or less but more than 5 pounds. 1 Pursuant to a plea agreement, he was

sentenced to five years confinement and placed on community supervision for five

years. On appeal, he asserts the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress


1
 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.121(a) (West 2010). An offense under this section is
punishable as a third degree felony. See Id. at (b)(4).
because (1) the order authorizing the installation of a Global Positioning System (GPS)

tracking device on the vehicle Appellant was driving at the time of his arrest was not

supported by adequate probable cause; (2) the authorization to use the tracking device

was in contravention of state and federal law; and (3) Appellant was illegally stopped

and detained. We affirm.


                                      Background


      In August 2011, an indictment issued alleging that Appellant intentionally or

knowingly possessed a usable quantity of marijuana, in an amount of 50 pounds or less

but more than 5 pounds, on or about July 8, 2011. Subsequent to the indictment,

Appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the allegedly

unlawful traffic stop, search, and seizure of evidence from the vehicle he was driving,

which seizure ultimately resulted in those charges being filed.


      At the suppression hearing, Detective Michael Chavez of the Lubbock Police

Department testified he received information from a confidential informant who was

knowledgeable about a local drug operation that a member of the operation was going

to leave Lubbock, pick up a large quantity of narcotics in Albuquerque, New Mexico,

and return to Lubbock on July 7, 2011. After learning of the upcoming delivery, Chavez

drafted an Application for Order Authorizing Installation and Utilization of a Mobile

Tracking Device pursuant to section 14 of article 18.21 of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure.


      Chavez’s Application sought the installation and use of a GPS unit on a 1998

Toyota Tacoma owned by Taylor Joe Kelly, bearing Colorado Registration 587RZ1, that

                                            2
was currently located in Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas.              The application was

presented to a Lubbock County district judge, in writing and under oath.             In that

application, Chavez represented he had reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal

activity would be, had been, or was in progress and that the use of the GPS unit was

reasonably likely to yield information relevant to his investigation of criminal activity. In

support of the application, he averred as follows:


       Affiant is currently assigned to the Lubbock Police Department Special
       Operations Division as an investigator. A confidential informant who has
       proven credible and reliable advised that a marijuana dealer makes a trip
       to Albuquerque, NM to pick up a large quantity of marijuana. I have
       previously made undercover purchases from this marijuana dealer.
       Through my investigation of this suspect I have obtained the knowledge of
       three additional suspects involved in delivering and transporting marijuana
       from the same source in Albuquerque, NM. I have made four undercover
       purchases of marijuana from two of the suspects in the marijuana
       operation. I have received knowledge from a confidential source that
       Taylor Joe Kelly is a vital participant in the marijuana organization of this
       group. I have received information from this same confidential source that
       one of the participants in this marijuana operation will make a trip to
       Albuquerque, NM to obtain a large quantity of marijuana within the next 72
       hours. I have received information from the confidential source that upon
       return to Lubbock, TX Mr. Kelly will take custody and transport a large
       portion of this marijuana to the Austin area. The affiant has observed
       through surveillance Mr. Kelly have contact with the two suspects the
       affiant has conducted under cover purchases with on previous occasions.
       Affiant did observe Mr. Kelly drive the suspect vehicle. Mr. Kelly is the
       registered owner of the listed vehicle.


       Based on this affidavit, on July 7, 2011, a district judge authorized placement of

the GPS unit in or on the described vehicle. After notifying the judge of its placement,

Chavez activated the unit.      The vehicle left Lubbock and drove to Albuquerque as

predicted by the informant.      Chavez enlisted Officer Scott Weems to intercept the

vehicle on its return and arrest the driver.



                                               3
      Upon its early morning arrival in Lubbock on July 8, Chavez informed Officer

Weems of its location and Weems then intercepted the vehicle on the Clovis Highway.

Based on information received from Chavez, Officer Weems believed he had

reasonable suspicion to believe the vehicle contained drugs purchased in New Mexico.

After he pulled behind the vehicle, he observed a bulb emitting a white light from the

taillight due to a partially broken lens. He also noticed the vehicle’s license plates had

expired a year earlier and there was no valid Texas inspection.            Based on his

observations, he initiated a traffic stop.   He walked to the driver’s side and asked

Appellant for his license and insurance. He noticed that Appellant appeared “very tired”

and his eyes were “bloodshot.” When asked where he was coming from, Appellant

responded he was coming from Durango, Colorado and had driven straight through.

Officer Weems knew he was not telling the truth because the information Chavez

obtained from the GPS unit indicated Appellant was returning from Albuquerque.

Although Appellant indicated he was going to a friend’s house in Lubbock, he could not

recall the address.


      Officer Weems then asked Appellant whether there were any weapons or

anything illegal in the vehicle. Appellant became nervous and responded there were no

weapons. After several attempts, Appellant finally responded there was nothing illegal

in the vehicle. Officer Weems then asked him to step out of the vehicle and asked

whether he would verbally consent to a search of the vehicle.         Appellant refused.

Officer Weems then requested his backup officer, Officer Jeremy Jones of the K-9 Unit,

to perform an open air sniff of the vehicle with his dog. When Officer Jones went to

retrieve his dog, Appellant became even more nervous and began walking towards the


                                             4
driver’s side of the vehicle. Officer Weems told him to return. The dog subsequently

alerted to the backseat area of the vehicle. After placing Appellant in his patrol unit,

Officer Weems discovered a large duffle bag containing several heat-sealed packages

of marijuana beneath the vehicle’s backseat. He also found $2,350 in cash in the

vehicle and an additional $128 in Appellant’s wallet. Appellant was placed under arrest

for possession of marijuana.


       An evidentiary hearing on Appellant’s motion to suppress was held on March 9,

2012. At the conclusion of that hearing, the trial court denied the motion. Thereafter,

on July 26, 2012, Appellant pled guilty pursuant to a plea bargain. He was sentenced to

five years confinement, suspended in favor of community supervision for a term of five

years. This appeal followed.


       Mobile Tracking Devices


       Article 18.21 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure empowers a district judge

to issue an order authorizing the surreptitious installation and use of a mobile tracking

device for the purpose of tracking the movement of a vehicle. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 18.21, § 14(a)(1) (West Supp. 2012). The order must be issued in the same

judicial district as the site of (1) the investigation, or (2) the person, vehicle, container,

item, or object the movement of which is to be tracked by the device. Id. at § 14(a)(1) &

(2). “The order may authorize the use of a mobile tracking device outside the judicial

district but within the state, if the device is installed within the district.” Id. at § 14(b)

(emphasis added).




                                              5
       An order authorizing the use of a mobile tracking device may be issued only on

the application of an authorized peace officer. Id. at § 14(c). That application must be

written, signed, and sworn to before a district judge and it must contain a statement of

facts and circumstances that provide the applicant with “reasonable suspicion” to

believe that (1) criminal activity has been, is, or will be committed; and (2) the

installation and use of the device is likely to produce information that is material to an

ongoing criminal investigation of criminal activity. Id. at § 14(c)(5). Within 72 hours

after the time the mobile tracking device is activated, the applicant shall notify the judge

in writing of the activation. Id. at § 14(d).


       Standard of Review – Motions to Suppress


       We use an abuse of discretion standard to review the trial court’s ruling on a

motion to suppress evidence. Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex.Crim.App.

2002); Hudson v. State, 247 S.W.3d 780, 783 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.). In a

suppression hearing, the trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of

the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d

17, 24-25 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion to

suppress, we do not engage in our own factual review; St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d

720, 725 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007), but view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

trial court’s ruling. State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). We

also review de novo the court’s application of the law of search and seizure to the facts.

State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). As no findings of fact or

conclusions of law were filed here, we will assume that the trial court made implicit

findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are supported by the

                                                6
record. Id. at 855. If the trial court’s decision is correct on any theory of law applicable

to the case, we must affirm that decision. Id. at 855-56.

       Issue No. 1—GPS Monitoring

       By his first issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion

to suppress because the State relied on the standard of proof of “reasonable suspicion”

to obtain court approval to place the mobile tracking device on the vehicle Appellant

was driving at the time of his arrest, whereas the court should have required the higher

standard of “probable cause” mandated by articles 18.01 and 18.02 of the Texas Code

of Criminal Procedure for the issuance of a search warrant. We disagree.


       After the GPS monitoring in this case was concluded, on January 23, 2012, the

United States Supreme Court decided United States v. Jones, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct.

945, 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (2012) resolving a split amongst federal circuit courts of appeals

over whether the warrantless installation and use of a GPS tracking device on a

suspect’s vehicle constitutes a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. In Jones, the

Supreme Court held “the Government’s installation of a GPS device on a target’s

vehicle, and its use of that device to monitor the vehicle’s movements, constitutes a

‘search.’”   Jones, 132 S.Ct. at 949, 181 L.Ed.2d at 918.               Justice Scalia based his

opinion on a property-based or trespass theory, i.e., by placing the GPS unit on the

vehicle, “[t]he Government physically occupied private property for the purpose of

obtaining information.” Jones, 132 S.Ct. at 949-50, 181 L.Ed.2d at 918. 2 Based on

2
 Five members of the Court concluded that Justice Scalia’s trespass theory did not form a sufficiently
comprehensive analysis of the Fourth Amendment implications of GPS monitoring and argued that GPS
monitoring should also (in the case of Justice Sotomayor), or only (in the case of Justice Alito), be
analyzed for the purpose of determining whether it has invaded a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Jones, 132 S.Ct. at 956, 958, 181 L.Ed.2d at 925, 927-28.

                                                  7
Jones, Appellant asserts the GPS unit’s placement and use violated the Fourth

Amendment because Chavez’s Application failed to establish sufficient probable cause

for the issuance of a warrant. 3 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 18.01 and 18.02

(West 2005 and West Supp. 2012).


        At the time Chavez placed the GPS unit on the vehicle in July 2011, several

United States Courts of Appeal, including the Fifth Circuit, had approved warrantless

installation and monitoring of GPS units on vehicles that remained on public roads,

relying on, in part, the United States Supreme Court’s holdings in United States v.

Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 281-82, 103 S.Ct. 1081, 75 L.Ed.2d 55 (1983), and United States

v. Karo, 468 U.S. 705, 712, 104 S.Ct. 3296, 82 L.Ed.2d 530 (1984). 4 See United States

v. Hernandez, 647 F.3d 216, 220-21 (5th Cir. 2011) (use of GPS technology to monitor

a vehicle’s movements not a search governed by the Fourth Amendment). See also

United States v. Garcia, 474 F.3d 994, 996-97 (7th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S.

883, 128 S.Ct. 291, 169 L.Ed.2d 140 (2007) (installation and use of GPS tracker not a

search or seizure under Fourth Amendment); United States v. Marquez, 605 F.3d 604,

610 (8th Cir. 2010) (“when police have reasonable suspicion that a particular vehicle is

transporting drugs, a warrant is not required when, while the vehicle is parked in a

public place, they install a non-invasive GPS tracking device on it for a reasonable
3
 Appellant does not dispute whether Chavez’s Application satisfied the reasonable suspicion requirement
for issuance of a district court order approving the GPS unit’s installation and use. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 18.21, § 14 (West Supp. 2012).
4
 In Knotts, the Supreme Court held that an officer’s use of an electronic beeper, that had been hidden
inside a chemical container prior to coming into the defendant’s possession, to track the defendant’s
movements as he traveled on public roads with the container in his car, did not violate the Fourth
Amendment, as persons traveling in a vehicle on public roads had no reasonable expectation of privacy
in their movements. Knotts, 460 U.S. at 281-82. One year later, the Karo court held that the consensual
installation of an electronic beeper in a can, prior to the can entering into the defendant’s possession, was
not a search, because the installation itself conveyed no information at all. Karo, 468 U.S. at 712.


                                                     8
period of time”); United States v. Pineda-Moreno, 591 F.3d 1212, 1214-15 (9th Cir.

2010) (installation and use of GPS tracker not a search or seizure under Fourth

Amendment); United States v. Smith, No. 09-16168, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 14894, at

*6-7 (11th Cir. July 20, 2010) (per curiam) (“placement of an electronic tracking device

on the exterior of the defendant’s vehicle when it was parked on a public parking lot did

not violate his Fourth Amendment rights”). 5


       In Hernandez, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed its

prior holding in United States v. Michael, 645 F.2d 252, 257-58 (5th Cir. 1981) (en banc)

wherein the court found that law enforcement’s use of GPS technology to monitor a

vehicle’s movements was not a search governed by the Fourth Amendment.

Hernandez, 647 F.3d at 220-21.           In Michael, the Fifth Circuit “relied on the lesser

expectation of privacy that has historically been applied to motor vehicles, the relatively

non-intrusive nature of the device’s installation and use, and the fact that the agents had

reasonable suspicion to believe the suspect was trafficking in illegal drugs.” Hernandez,

647 F.3d at 220.       “The [electronic device], in sum, only aided the agents in the

performance of their lawful surveillance.” Id.


       Based on the state of the law as it existed at the time the mobile tracking device

was installed on the vehicle being driven by Appellant, even assuming without deciding

that a Fourth Amendment violation occurred and that suppression would otherwise be

appropriate, the evidence in this case would not have been subject to the exclusionary

5
 A split among the federal circuit courts of appeal was created when the United States District of
Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals held that the use of a GPS tracking device for 28 days violated a
defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy. United States v. Maynard, 615 F.3d 544, 555-67 (D.C.
Cir. 2010).


                                                9
rule because the officers acted in reasonable reliance on federal precedent in the

majority of the federal circuit courts of appeal, including the Fifth Circuit, that had

considered the issue where the installation of the device otherwise complied with the

“reasonable suspicion” standard in article 18.21, section 14 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1821, § 14 (West Supp.

2012). In a case similar to this case, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals recently stated

as follows:


       “[S]earches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding
       appellant precedent are not subject to the exclusionary rule.” Davis v.
       United States, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2423-24, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011). In
       December 2009, it was objectively reasonable for agents operating within
       the Fifth Circuit to believe that warrantless GPS tracking was permissible
       under circuit precedent. In United States v. Michael, 645 F.2d 252, 257
       (5th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this court held that “reasonable suspicion is
       adequate to support warrantless beeper installation” on a suspect’s
       vehicle parked in a public place. . . . Despite any technological differences
       between a 1981 “beeper” and the GPS device used in this case, the
       functionality is sufficiently similar that the agents’ reliance on Michael to
       install a GPS device on the truck, in light of the reasonable suspicion of
       drug trafficking, was objectively reasonable.


United States v. Andres, 703 F.3d 828, 834-35 (5th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, ___ U.S.

___, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 143 (2013). See United States v. Patel, No. 09-30490,

2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 16899, at *8-38 (5th Cir. Aug. 13, 2012).


       Here, Chavez averred in his Application that he had a reasonable suspicion to

believe that the vehicle in question would be used in drug trafficking and that drugs

would be found in the vehicle on its return trip from New Mexico. The authorizing court

agreed and authorized the GPS unit’s placement and use in compliance with the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure and the existing appellate law in the majority of the federal

                                            10
circuit courts of appeal that had considered the issue at that time. 6 The record does not

suggest, and Appellant does not assert, that Chavez was not acting in good faith or that

his conduct was unlawful.          Nor does he argue that it would have been objectively

unreasonable for Chavez to believe his conduct was lawful. Accordingly, because the

evidence would not have been subject to the exclusionary rule, we find the trial court did

not err in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress. See State v. Elias, No. 08-08-00085-

CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 8094, at *18-19 (Tex.App.—El Paso 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem.

op., not designated for publication) (citing Davis, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 180 L.Ed.2d 285)

(evidence seized by law enforcement officers not subject to the exclusionary rule if

officers conducted search in objective good faith reliance on then-binding appellate

precedent). See also United States v. Sykes, No. 3:11-CR-43, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

38823, at *6-9 (E.D. Va. March 20, 2013) (Jones does not apply retroactively to cases

on collateral review). Appellant’s first issue is overruled.


        Issue No. 2—Article 18.21 Application


        By his second issue, Appellant asserts the district court judge did not have the

legal authority to authorize the GPS unit’s installation and use in this particular case

because Chavez’s Application indicated that he suspected the vehicle would be

traveling out-of-state to New Mexico. Again, we disagree.




6
 We do not hold Jones requires something more than a reasonable suspicion before a court may
authorize the placement and use of a GPS unit by law enforcement. Despite the clear holding in Jones,
the Jones court did not address “whether the government must obtain a warrant to install and use a GPS
tracking device, and if not, what quantum of suspicion is required (e.g., reasonable suspicion or probable
cause).” Patel, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 16899, at *11-12. Accordingly, we specifically do not reach the
question of whether the State must obtain a warrant pursuant to articles 18.01 and 18.02 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure in order to place a mobile tracking device on a suspected vehicle.

                                                   11
       Chavez’s Application does contemplate the vehicle would travel to and from

Albuquerque, New Mexico. The judge’s order, however, “directed [law enforcement] to

monitor said mobile tracking device and to follow said vehicle to any location within the

State of Texas in furtherance of [their] investigation.” Thus, the judge did not exceed his

authority under state law by his conditional approval of Chavez’s Application.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion to

suppress on that basis. 7 Appellant’s second issue is overruled.


       Issue No. 3—Traffic Stop and Detention


       Finally, Appellant asserts he was illegally stopped and detained because a

cracked rear taillight lens emitting a visible white light is not a violation of the law in the

absence of testimony that his taillight failed to emit a red light plainly visible at a

distance of 1,000 feet. See Vicknair v. State, 751 S.W.2d 180, 188-89 (Tex.Crim.App.

1988). For the reasons stated below, we find Appellant was not illegally stopped or

detained.


       Appellant correctly points out that, at the suppression hearing, Officer Weems

testified he stopped Appellant because the vehicle had a “busted” taillight, i.e., he could

see white and red light emitting from the rear taillight’s cracked lens.                  Appellant,

however, does not dispute that Officer Weems stopped him because of two separate

traffic violations: (1) the defective taillight, and (2) operation of a motor vehicle with an

expired Colorado registration or license plate.

7
 Although Chavez’s testimony at the suppression hearing indicated he also monitored the vehicle in New
Mexico to corroborate his informant’s information, the State represented at the hearing that any
information gathered through the GPS unit while the vehicle was in New Mexico would not be used at
trial.

                                                 12
      A law enforcement officer may lawfully stop a motorist who commits a traffic

violation. See Delijevic v. State, 323 S.W.3d 606, 608 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2010, no

pet.). It is a traffic violation in Texas to operate a motor vehicle that has not been

registered as required by law. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 502.407 (West 2013).

See also Nunez v. State, No. 08-09-00047-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 1675, at *8

(Tex.App.—El Paso March 9, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

Here, Appellant was lawfully stopped and detained for investigation of an expired

registration or license plate. See Michalec v. State, No. 03-11-00104-CR, 2013 Tex.

App. LEXIS 6431, at *25 (Tex.App.—Austin May 24, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication); McDuff v. State, No. 08-10-00104-CR, 2011 Tex. App.

LEXIS 3534, at *5-9 (Tex.App.—El Paso May 22, 2011, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

designated for publication).


      When Officer Weems stopped Appellant, he also believed he had a reasonable

suspicion that the vehicle contained drugs purchased in New Mexico. See Hoag v.

State, 728 S.W.2d 375, 380 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987) (the detaining officer need not be

personally aware of every fact that objectively supports a reasonable suspicion to

detain; rather, “the cumulative information known to the cooperating officers at the time

of the stop is to be considered in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists.”)

See also Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771 n.5, 103 S.Ct. 2219, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003

(1983) (“where law enforcement authorities are cooperating in an investigation, the

knowledge of one is presumed shared by all”).


      Here, Officer Weems noticed Appellant appeared “very tired” and his eyes were

“bloodshot.” Appellant lied about his departure point and could not recall the address of

                                           13
the friend he was traveling to visit. When Officer Weems asked Appellant if he had

anything illegal in the vehicle, Appellant answered evasively and ultimately refused to

consent to a search of the vehicle. Officer Weems immediately asked Officer Jones to

retrieve his dog and conduct an open air sniff of the vehicle. Haas v. State, 172 S.W.3d

42, 51 (Tex.App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d) (“Even in the absence of reasonable

suspicion, a sniff of the outside of a vehicle by a trained canine during a routine, valid

traffic stop is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. [Citations

omitted].”) Appellant’s nervousness increased. Once the dog alerted to the vehicle,

Officer Weems had probable cause to search the vehicle without a warrant; id. at 54,

and once he discovered the marijuana beneath the backseat, he had probable cause to

lawfully place Appellant under arrest.     See Graves v. State, 307 S.W.3d 483, 491

(Tex.App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (a peace officer may make a warrantless arrest

for any offense committed in his presence or within the officer’s view). See also TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 14.01 (West 2005). Under the totality of the circumstances,

we find Officer Weems traffic stop and detention of Appellant was reasonable.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying Appellant’s motion. Appellant’s third

issue is overruled.


                                        Conclusion


       The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                  Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                     Justice

Quinn, C.J., joins in the disposition of issue three and concurs in the result.

Publish.

                                             14
