                                       Slip Op. 13-126

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE


 DEACERO S.A. DE C.V. and DEACERO
 USA, INC.,
                         Plaintiffs,                  Before: Richard W. Goldberg, Senior Judge
                                                      Court No. 12-00345
 v.
                                                      PUBLIC VERSION
 UNITED STATES,
                              Defendant,

 and

 ARCELORMITTAL USA LLC, GERDAU
 AMERISTEEL U.S. INC., EVRAZ ROCKY
 MOUNTAIN STEEL, and NUCOR
 CORPORATION,

                       Defendant-Intervenors.



                                  OPINION AND ORDER

[The court remands the Department of Commerce’s final affirmative determination of
circumvention of the antidumping duty order on certain wire rod from Mexico.]

                                                                    Dated: September 30, 2013

David E. Bond and Jay C. Campbell, White & Case LLP, of Washington, DC, for plaintiffs.

Jane C. Dempsey, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S.
Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant. With her on the brief were Stuart F.
Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T.
Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Mykhaylo Grylov, Office of the
Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.

Paul C. Rosenthal and David C. Smith, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, of Washington, DC, for
defendant-intervenors ArcelorMittal USA LLC, Gerdau Ameristeel U.S. Inc., and Evraz Rocky
Mountain Steel.

Daniel B. Pickard, Maureen E. Thorson, and Derick G. Holt, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington,
DC, for defendant-intervenor Nucor Corporation.
Court No. 12-00345                                                         Page 2



       Goldberg, Senior Judge: Plaintiffs Deacero S.A. de C.V. and Deacero USA, Inc.

(collectively, “Deacero”) contest the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or the

“Department”) affirmative final determination of circumvention of the antidumping duty order

on certain wire rod from Mexico. See Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from Mexico,

77 Fed. Reg. 59,892 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 1, 2012) (affirmative final determination of

circumvention) (“Final Determination”). In that determination, Commerce found that wire rod

with an actual diameter of 4.75 millimeter (“mm”) to 5.00 mm constituted a minor alteration of

subject merchandise under 19 U.S.C. § 1677j(c) (2006), and that it was, accordingly, subject to

the antidumping duty order. 77 Fed. Reg. at 59,893.

       In the instant action, Deacero contends, inter alia, that 4.75 mm steel wire rod was not a

circumventing minor alteration of subject merchandise because it was both in existence during

the original investigation and specifically excluded from the scope of the subject merchandise as

defined during the investigation. For the following reasons, the court agrees and remands to

Commerce for reconsideration of its affirmative circumvention finding.

                                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       On August 31, 2001, U.S. wire rod producers petitioned for the imposition of

antidumping duties on carbon and certain steel wire rod from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico,

Moldova, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ukraine at less than fair value. Admin. R. Pub. (“P.R.”) Pt.

1, Doc. 10, Ex. 2; Admin. R. Conf. (“C.R.”) Pt. 3, Doc. 4, Ex. 2. Following the International

Trade Commission’s (“ITC”) and Commerce’s investigations, Commerce published notice of an

antidumping duty order on October 29, 2002 (the “Order”). Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel

Wire Rod from Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ukraine, 67 Fed.
Court No. 12-00345                                                                    Page 3

Reg. 65,945 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 29, 2002) (notice of antidumping duty orders). Adopting

petitioners’ scope recommendation, Commerce defined the Order’s scope as follows:

        The merchandise subject to these orders is certain hot-rolled products of carbon
        steel and alloy steel, in coils, of approximately round cross section, 5.00 mm or
        more, but less than 19.00 mm, in solid cross-sectional diameter.

        Specifically excluded are steel products possessing the above-noted physical
        characteristics and meeting the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States
        (HTSUS) definitions for (a) stainless steel; (b) tool steel; (c) high nickel steel; (d)
        ball bearing steel; and (e) concrete reinforcing bars and rods. Also excluded are
        (f) free machining steel products (i.e., products that contain by weight one or
        more of the following elements: 0.03 percent or more of lead, 0.05 percent or
        more of bismuth, 0.08 percent or more of sulfur, more than 0.04 percent of
        phosphorus, more than 0.05 percent of selenium, or more than 0.01 percent of
        tellurium).

        Also excluded from the scope are 1080 grade tire cord quality wire rod and 1080
        grade tire bead quality wire rod. . . . All products meeting the physical description
        of subject merchandise that are not specifically excluded are included in this
        scope.

Id. at 65,946. The ITC found a single like product “consisting of all carbon and certain alloy

steel wire rod included within Commerce’s scope, and including the grade 1080 tire bead and tire

cord quality wire rod that has been excluded from Commerce’s scope.” P.R. Pt. 2, Doc. 14,

Attach. at 7; C.R. Pt. 4, Doc. 15, Attach. at 7.

        Several years later, Deacero—a Mexican steel wire rod manufacturer—began producing

and selling 4.75 mm wire rod. On February 11, 2011, U.S. wire rod producers requested that the

Department initiate either a scope inquiry or an anti-circumvention inquiry1 to determine whether

imports of Deacero’s 4.75 mm wire rod should be subject to antidumping duties. P.R. Pt. 1,

Docs. 1–2; C.R. Pt. 3, Docs. 1–2.

        Commerce declined to initiate a scope inquiry, finding that the Order referred to actual

diameter and that wire rod with an actual diameter of less than 5.00 mm was outside the scope of

        1
         The court uses the phrases “anti-circumvention inquiry” and “circumvention inquiry” interchangeably
throughout this opinion.
Court No. 12-00345                                                          Page 4

the Order. P.R. Pt. 1, Doc. 24 at 13; C.R. Pt. 3, Doc. 7 at 13. Moreover, as Commerce found

that wire rod less than 5.00 mm in diameter was commercially available prior to issuance of the

Order, Commerce did not initiate a later-developed product inquiry. Id. at 14. Commerce did,

however, initiate a minor alteration inquiry to determine whether wire rod between 4.75 mm and

5.00 mm was “altered in form or appearance in minor respects,” and includable within the scope

of the Order. See Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel Wire Rod from Mexico, 76 Fed. Reg. 33,218,

33,219 (Dep’t Commerce June 8, 2011) (initiation of anti-circumvention inquiry).

       Throughout the proceeding, Deacero argued that 4.75 mm wire rod was not a minor

alteration of subject merchandise. In support, Deacero noted that 4.75 mm wire rod existed

before the wire rod investigation, and petitioners chose to exclude it from the Order’s scope.

See, e.g., P.R. Pt. 2, Doc. 27 at 7–8; C.R. Pt. 4, Doc. 22 at 7–8. Commerce rejected Deacero’s

argument, finding that a product’s existence before the investigation does not “preclude[] the

Department from conducting a minor alterations analysis.” P.R. Pt. 2, Doc. 47 at 4; C.R. Pt. 4,

Doc. 26 at 4. As a result, Commerce proceeded with an analysis of the five analytical factors

found in the legislative history accompanying the circumvention statute. Id. (citing S. Rep. No.

100-71, at 100 (1987)). The Department issued its final affirmative determination of

circumvention on October 1, 2012. Final Determination, 77 Fed. Reg. at 59,893.

          SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) and must sustain Commerce’s

final affirmative circumvention determination unless it is unsupported by substantial record

evidence or otherwise not in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion.” Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477 (1951). The Court
Court No. 12-00345                                                              Page 5

reviews the substantiality of the evidence “by considering the record as a whole, including

evidence that supports as well as evidence that ‘fairly detracts from the substantiality of the

evidence.’” Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir.

2003) (quoting Atl. Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984)).

        The Court undertakes a two-part inquiry to assess whether Commerce’s statutory

interpretation is in accordance with law. See Chevron, U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,

467 U.S. 837, 842–43 (1984). First, the Court asks whether Congress has directly spoken to the

question at issue. Id. at 842. If it has, this Court must defer to Congress’s unambiguously

expressed intent. Id. at 843. To ascertain congressional intent, the Court “employ[s] the

traditional tools of statutory construction.” Timex V.I., Inc. v. United States, 157 F.3d 879, 882

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the authoritative statement is the

statute’s text, resort to “the statute’s structure, canons of statutory construction, and legislative

history” is appropriate if necessary. Id.

        If, after consideration of the traditional tools of statutory interpretation, a statute remains

“silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the

agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at

843. In deciding whether to defer to Commerce’s statutory interpretation, this Court will not

“substitut[e] its own construction of a statutory provision for” Commerce’s own reasonable

interpretation. IPSCO, Inc. v. United States, 965 F.2d 1056, 1061 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc., 556 U.S. 208, 218 (2009)

(providing that the agency’s “view governs if it is a reasonable interpretation of the statute—not

necessarily the only possible interpretation, nor even the interpretation deemed most reasonable

by the courts”).
Court No. 12-00345                                                           Page 6


                                          DISCUSSION

   I.      Legal framework for anti-circumvention inquiries

        The language of an antidumping duty order conclusively determines its scope. Polites v.

United States, 465 F. App’x 962, 965 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Accordingly, Commerce may not

“impermissibly expand[]” an order by “chang[ing] the scope of that order” or by “interpret[ing]

an order in a manner contrary to its terms.” Eckstrom Indus., Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d

1068, 1072 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Nonetheless, when questions arise regarding an order’s scope,

Commerce may conduct a scope determination that clarifies or reasonably interprets an order.

See Ericsson GE Mobile Commc’ns, Inc. v. United States, 60 F.3d 778, 782 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

        A scope determination can take two forms. When Commerce initiates a scope inquiry

under 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k) (2012), it assesses “whether a particular product is included within

the scope of an order.” When Commerce initiates a circumvention inquiry pursuant to 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.225(g)–(j), however, it asks whether a product outside an order’s literal scope should

nonetheless be included within the scope as part of the class or kind of merchandise subject to

the antidumping duty order. Circumvention inquiries cover four types of products, including

products “altered in form or appearance in minor respects . . . whether or not included in the

same tariff classification.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677j(c).

        Section 1677j(c) is silent regarding procedure for minor alteration inquiries, but

legislative history offers general insight into what factors Congress expected Commerce to

consider. Specifically, Commerce examines “such criteria as the overall characteristics of the

merchandise, the expectations of ultimate users, the use of the merchandise, the channels of

marketing[,] and the cost of any modification relative to the total value of the imported product.”

S. Rep. No. 100-71, at 100. Commerce has also previously considered other factors like the
Court No. 12-00345                                                                       Page 7

“commercial availability of the product at issue prior to the issuance of the order as well as the

circumstances under which the products at issue entered the United States, the timing and

quantity of said entries during the circumvention review period, and the input of consumers in

the design phase of the product at issue.” P.R. Pt. 1, Doc. 24 at 14; C.R. Pt. 3, Doc. 7 at 14.

          Unless Commerce determines that it would be “unnecessary,” Commerce will include

within an order’s scope circumventing merchandise that is “so insignificantly” changed from

covered merchandise that it should be included in the order. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677j(c);

Wheatland Tube Co. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1365, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Unlike other

circumvention proceedings, Commerce need not consult with the ITC regarding injury prior to

reaching an affirmative minor alteration circumvention determination.2

    II.       U.S. law does not preclude conducting a minor alteration inquiry when the
              allegedly circumventing merchandise existed during the investigation

          Deacero avers as a threshold legal matter that § 1677j(c) cannot reach 4.75 mm wire rod

based on the unambiguous meaning of that statutory provision. Pl.’s Mot. for J. on Agency R.

(“Deacero Br.”), ECF No. 50, at 12. Specifically, Deacero maintains that because § 1677j(c)

applies on its face to subject merchandise “altered” in minor respects to make it non-subject, it

“cannot apply to pre-existing products that were excluded by [Commerce] and the petitioners

from the scope of the original investigation and resulting order.” Id. at 14. To assess Deacero’s

argument, the court applies the Chevron framework outlined above.




          2
           In the other circumvention proceedings, Commerce must notify the ITC of its intention to include
circumventing merchandise within the scope of an order. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677j(e). This requirement permits the
ITC to evaluate whether inclusion of the circumventing merchandise would conflict with the ITC’s affirmative
injury determination. See id. Because the minor alteration provision only covers insignificant changes to subject
merchandise, Congress apparently did not anticipate a conflict with an ITC injury determination in that limited
scenario. Wheatland Tube Co. v. United States, 21 CIT 808, 826, 973 F. Supp. 149, 163 (1997). Nonetheless,
“Congress did not approve, through the minor alterations provision, wholesale changes to the scope of orders.” Id.
Court No. 12-00345                                                            Page 8


       A. Application of traditional tools of statutory interpretation does not
          unambiguously reveal Congress’s intent

       The circumvention statute does not define the word “alter”; consequently, the court

assumes that Congress intended to “incorporate the established meaning of the[] term[].” NSK

Ltd. v. United States, 115 F.3d 965, 974 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The court may consult dictionaries to

ascertain established meaning. Pesquera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States, 266 F.3d 1372,

1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Dictionaries define the verb “alter” in the following ways: (1) “[t]o make

(a thing) otherwise or different in some respect,” Oxford English Dictionary 365 (2d ed. 1989);

(2) “to make some change in character, shape, condition, position, quantity, value, etc. without

changing the thing itself for another,” id.; (3) “[t]o change or make different; modify,” Am.

Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 53 (4th ed. 2000). Although Deacero argues

otherwise, these definitions focus on the modification of an existing item and do not clearly

require that the modification result in something entirely novel.

       The structure of 19 U.S.C. § 1677j further undermines Deacero’s position. The

subsection pertaining to later-developed products, § 1677j(d), immediately follows the

subsection governing minor alterations. In referring to “later-developed” products, § 1677j(d)

expressly requires that Commerce determine when an allegedly circumventing product was

developed. By comparison, the neighboring § 1677j(c) imposes no such temporal requirement.

       It is a canon of statutory interpretation that the court generally cannot read restrictions

into a statute that the legislature has not clearly expressed. See Bilski v. Kappos, 130 S. Ct. 3218,

3221 (2010) (articulating this principle in the context of patent law). That principle is

particularly relevant in this case, where Congress imposed a time-based limitation in one

subsection of the circumvention statute (§ 1677j(d)) and not in another (§ 1677j(c)).
Court No. 12-00345                                                           Page 9

Accordingly, the court declines to accept Deacero’s proposed interpretation as the unambiguous

will of Congress when it enacted the circumvention statute.

       This finding is consistent with the sparse legislative history of the minor alteration

provision, which fails to confirm Deacero’s proffered interpretation. See Deacero Br. at 14

(citing S. Rep. No. 100-71, at 100; H.R. Rep. No. 100-40, at 135 (1987); H.R. Rep. No. 100-576

(1988) (Conf. Rep.), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547, 1633).

       For example, Senate Report Number 100-71, at 101, reads in pertinent part:

       An important purpose of this provision is to avoid results such as the one reached
       by the Commerce Department in a case involving portable electric typewriters
       from Japan, where a minor alteration resulted in portable typewriters with
       calculator or memory features being excluded from the scope of an existing
       antidumping order on portable typewriters. The Committee intends this provision
       to prevent foreign products from circumventing existing findings or orders
       through the sale of later developed products or of products with minor alterations
       that contain features or technologies not in use in the class or kind of merchandise
       imported into the United States at the time of the original investigation. . . .

Initially, that language describes a previous version of the anti-circumvention provision that

collapsed later-developed and minor alteration inquiries into a single provision; it does not

directly address the version of the statute presently before the court. Moreover, the report does

not unambiguously preclude application of the minor alteration provision to pre-existing

merchandise. Instead, by using the phrase “such as” with respect to Japanese typewriters, the

report provides but one example of the type of behavior Congress intended the anti-

circumvention statute to reach (while not necessarily foreclosing a different type of application).

       The language of House Report Number 100-40 is similarly open-ended. That report

reiterates that the purpose of a minor alteration inquiry is to “prevent the practice whereby a

foreign producer alters the merchandise in minor respects in form or appearance to circumvent

an outstanding order.” Id. at 135. The report then offers examples of when a minor alteration
Court No. 12-00345                                                          Page 10

inquiry “might apply,” like “when steel sheet is temper rolled prior to importation into the United

States or when a fire resistance coating is applied to cookware prior to importation.” Id. The

court reads that language as merely exemplary of the statute’s possible applicability and, in any

event, the examples do not clearly impose a temporal limitation.

       B. Commerce’s interpretation was based on a permissible construction of § 1677j(c)

       In sum, the minor alteration statute does not unambiguously impose an implicit temporal

limitation on Commerce when conducting a minor alteration inquiry. Because § 1677j(c) neither

mandates nor forbids a temporal inquiry, the court next asks whether Commerce’s interpretation

was reasonable. The court “may look to ‘the express terms of the provisions at issue, the

objectives of those provisions, and the objectives of the antidumping scheme as a whole’” to

make this determination. Wheatland Tube Co. v. United States, 495 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed. Cir.

2007) (quoting NSK Ltd. v. United States, 26 CIT 650, 654, 217 F. Supp. 2d 1291, 1297 (2002)).

       Commerce’s refusal to read an implicit limitation into the statute was reasonable when

viewed in light of the structure of the circumvention statute detailed above. Commerce’s

interpretation is also consistent with the overall objective behind circumvention inquiries.

Congress enacted the anti-circumvention statute because the existence of various legal

“loopholes” was “seriously undermin[ing] the effectiveness of the remedies provided by the

antidumping and countervailing duty proceedings, and frustrat[ing] the purposes for which these

laws were enacted.” S. Rep. No. 100-71, at 101. To thwart increasing circumvention, Congress

sought Commerce’s “aggressive implementation” of the statute. Id.

       Congress obviously intended for Commerce to have wide latitude to aggressively apply

the circumvention statute. But under Deacero’s logic, a product’s mere existence during the

investigation—regardless of when or where it existed, and even if no one actually knew it
Court No. 12-00345                                                             Page 11

existed—would foreclose a minor alteration circumvention inquiry if the pre-existing product

were outside the literal scope of the resulting order. Imposing this rigid requirement would

weaken the wide discretionary authority that Congress granted Commerce under the

circumvention statute.

       Commerce’s interpretation likewise comports with case law interpreting the minor

alteration provision. In Wheatland, 161 F.3d at 1366, a domestic pipe producer appealed from

Commerce’s final negative scope determination. The scope of the order in Wheatland expressly

excluded “[s]tandard pipe . . . that enters the U.S. as line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas

pipelines.” Id. at 1367. When exporters began selling expressly excluded non-subject line pipe

and using it in standard pipe applications, Commerce initiated a scope determination and

ultimately found that the merchandise in question was outside the order’s scope. Id. at 1368.

The domestic pipe producers argued on appeal that Commerce erred in conducting a scope

determination instead of a minor alteration inquiry. Id. at 1369.

       The court upheld Commerce’s decision not to conduct a minor alteration inquiry because

it would have forced Commerce to interpret the order to both include and exclude the same

merchandise. Id. at 1370. The inquiry was, “therefore, unnecessary because it [could] lead only

to an absurd result” and would frustrate the purpose of antidumping laws by allowing the

assessment of duties “on products intentionally omitted from the ITC’s injury investigation.” Id.

at 1371. In reaching this determination, the Federal Circuit noted that “[s]ection 1677j(c) does

not apply to products unequivocally excluded from the order in the first place.” Id.

       The Federal Circuit later clarified its Wheatland ruling in Nippon Steel Corp. v. United

States, 219 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2000). The scope of the carbon steel order in Nippon excluded

“other alloy steel,” and “other alloy steel” in turn included steel with 0.0008 percent or more of
Court No. 12-00345                                                                         Page 12

boron. Id. at 1350. After the order went into effect, exporters began adding boron in amounts

exceeding 0.0008 to take their product outside the order’s scope. Id. Commerce initiated a

minor alteration inquiry, but this court enjoined the inquiry on the basis of the holding in

Wheatland. Id. at 1356. In reversing, the Federal Circuit distinguished the broad language from

Wheatland. First, Wheatland only found that Commerce’s decision not to conduct a minor

alteration inquiry was reasonable, but it “did not hold that Commerce had no authority to

conduct a minor alterations inquiry.” Id. (emphasis added). Furthermore, Wheatland involved

“two different products, both of which were well known when the order was issued,” in contrast

to the steel product in Nippon. Id.

    III.       Nonetheless, based on the facts of this case, an affirmative circumvention
               determination was an unreasonable expansion of the Order’s scope

           Concluding that the minor alteration provision could plausibly reach pre-existing

merchandise does not end the court’s inquiry. Congress intended § 1677j(c) to apply to products

“so insignificantly changed from a covered product that they should be considered within the

scope of the order even though the alterations remove them from the order’s literal scope.”

Wheatland, 161 F.3d at 1371. Section 1677j(c) “does not, however, abrogate the cases

prohibiting changing or interpreting orders contrary to their terms” or to the domestic like

product definition. Id. Thus, Commerce errs when it changes an order to cover more than

“insignificantly changed” merchandise. Commerce appears to have done just that in this case.

           Commerce found on the record that small diameter wire rod “was commercially available

prior to the issuance of the Wire Rod Order.” P.R. Pt. 1, Doc. 24 at 14; C.R. Pt. 3, Doc. 7 at 14.3


           3
            Specifically, Commerce based its determination on a technical report from Kawasaki Steel “indicat[ing]
that the firm developed a four-roll mill capable of producing wire rod with . . . diameters as narrow as 4.2 mm in the
1990s and that such small diameter wire rod was put into commercial operation in 1998.” P.R. Pt. 1, Doc. 24 at 14;
C.R. Pt. 3, Doc. 7 at 14. Although Commerce reached its commercial availability conclusion in deciding not to
initiate a later-developed product inquiry, that factual finding is on the record in this action. Petitioners have not
Court No. 12-00345                                                                           Page 13

Commercial availability means that a product is “present in the commercial market or fully

developed, i.e., tested and ready for commercial production, but not yet in the commercial

market.” Target Corp. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Because small

diameter wire rod was commercially available prior to the Order’s issuance, petitioners could

have included it in the Order’s scope. Instead, using diameter as the defining characteristic,

petitioners settled on a range between 5.00 mm and less than 19.00 mm. 4.75 mm wire rod is

unequivocally outside of this carefully pre-determined range.

         Essentially, then, Commerce determined that 4.75 mm wire rod was a circumventing

“minor alteration” of subject merchandise even though (1) it was commercially available before

the Order was issued, (2) diameter was the essential characteristic defining the Order’s scope,4

and (3) wire rod with an actual diameter of 4.75 mm unambiguously fell outside the Order.

Commerce’s determination was not supported by substantial record evidence. There is nothing

minor or insignificant about producing 4.75 mm wire rod when diameter is the fundamental

focus of the Order and the Order intentionally excludes wire rod less than 5.00 mm in diameter.

         Commerce’s justification of this illogical conclusion is unpersuasive. Specifically,

Commerce rationalized in its initiation memorandum:

         In Nippon Steel the CAFC found that the Department may be precluded from
         conducting a minor alteration inquiry in instances in which the product is well-
         known prior to the order and was specifically excluded from the investigation.
         The Wire Rod O[r]der does not specifically exclude wire rod with an actual


instituted litigation to challenge that finding, so it is now “final and conclusive.” See Target Corp. v. United States,
609 F.3d 1352, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Defendant-Intervenors aver in briefing in this action that 4.75 mm wire rod
was not commercially available, but the court “may not entertain a collateral attack” at this juncture. See id.
         4
           Commerce concluded below that 4.75 mm wire rod differed from subject wire rod only in diameter, and
that 4.75 mm wire rod was otherwise “indistinguishable in any meaningful sense.” Carbon and Certain Alloy Steel
Wire Rod from Mexico, 76 Fed. Reg. 78,882, 78,884 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 20, 2011) (affirmative prelim.
determination); P.R. Pt. 2, Doc. 47 at 10; C.R. Pt. 4, Doc. 26 at 10. But this analysis ignores that diameter is the
most fundamental physical characteristic under the Order. Section 1677j(c) is intended to reach products that are
changed in insignificant ways to remove them from an order’s literal scope. See Wheatland, 161 F.3d at 1371.
There is nothing “insignificant” about diameter here as it is the central focus of the Order.
Court No. 12-00345                                                                     Page 14

        diameter between 4.75 mm and 5.00 mm and, thus, the conditions necessary for
        the Department to be precluded from conducting a minor alteration inquiry are not
        present.

See P.R. Pt. 1, Doc. 24 at 15; C.R. Pt. 3, Doc. 7 at 15 (internal citation omitted).

        Commerce’s summary analysis is flawed. While there may be some circumstances where

it would be appropriate to apply the minor alteration provision to pre-existing merchandise,

Commerce incorrectly assumed that it is always appropriate unless the product was well-known

prior to the order and was specifically excluded from the investigation. This interpretation

conflicts with Commerce’s own admission that circumvention inquiries are inherently fact-

specific. See id. at 14 (“Each case is highly dependent on the facts on the record, and must be

analyzed in light of those specific facts.”).

        Moreover, Commerce’s analysis of whether the Order specifically excludes 4.75 mm

wire rod is conclusory and unsupported. Commerce apparently believes that 4.75 mm wire rod

is not specifically excluded from the Order because there is no clause expressly excluding wire

rod with diameters between 4.75 mm and 5.00 mm. However, 4.75 mm wire rod is unlike the

other “specific exclusions” in the Order, which refer to articles otherwise falling within the

specified diameter range. If 4.75 mm wire rod was a commercially available product before the

investigation, setting the diameter range of subject merchandise from 5.00 mm to less than 19.00

mm could not be anything less than the specific exclusion of 4.75 mm wire rod. Commerce’s

contrary conclusion relies too heavily on whether Commerce actually used the phrase

“specifically excluded” to refer to 4.75 mm wire rod.5


        5
           Citing Federal Circuit case law, three Defendant-Intervenors argue that 4.75 mm is only impliedly
excluded, and that implied exclusions are not specific exclusions. See Arcelormittal USA LLC, Gerdau Ameristeel
U.S. Inc., and Evraz Rocky Mountain Steel Resp. to Deacero’s Rule 56.2 Mem. of Points & Authorities, ECF No.
61, at 7. However, the cases Defendant-Intervenors cite are readily distinguishable. In Target Corp., 609 F.3d at
1363, the disputed scope language referred to certain “petroleum wax candles from petroleum wax and having fiber
or paper-color wicks.” The Federal Circuit found that the language did not clearly and unambiguously exclude
mixed-wax candles containing only some petroleum wax. Id. Here, a range from 5.00 to less than 19.00 mm
Court No. 12-00345                                                                        Page 15

         In sum, it seems that Commerce has impermissibly interpreted the Order contrary to its

carefully crafted terms. Commerce included 4.75 mm wire rod within the Order’s scope even

though it was commercially available before the investigation and petitioners consciously chose

to limit the Order’s reach to certain steel products “5.00 mm or more, but less than 19.00 mm, in

solid cross-sectional diameter.” See 67 Fed. Reg. at 65,946. Rather than address these important

facts, Commerce simply asserted that its determination was reasonable because 4.75 mm wire

rod was not specifically excluded from the Order and application of the five factors from the

legislative history signaled that the two products were similar. By taking this rigid, and

ultimately flawed, approach, Commerce issued a determination that was unsupported by

substantial evidence and not in accordance with law.

         In reality, petitioners want to rewrite the Order so it says what they wish it had said at its

inception. This belated attempt (that Commerce sanctioned) was unfair to Deacero, which

invested substantial amounts of money in manufacturing what it reasonably considered non-

subject merchandise. If petitioners believe they are being injured by imports of 4.75 mm wire

rod at less than fair value, they should petition for the imposition of antidumping duties on small

diameter wire rod. Based on the court’s present understanding, a circumvention inquiry was not

the proper avenue for petitioners in this case.6


“clearly and unambiguously” excludes diameters outside that range. Similarly, in King Supply Co. v. United States,
674 F.3d 1343, 1346–47 (Fed. Cir. 2012), the scope language referred to certain pipe fittings and explained that such
fittings “are used to join sections in piping systems.” The Federal Circuit agreed with Commerce that the “are used”
language was exemplary and was not an end-use exclusion absent “clear exclusionary language.” Id. at 1349. This
case does not involve an end-use provision, and the diameter range here cannot reasonably be considered exemplary.
         6
           Were the court to conclude otherwise, it might “frustrate the purpose of the antidumping laws” by
“allow[ing] Commerce to assess antidumping duties on products intentionally omitted from the ITC’s injury
investigation.” Wheatland, 161 F.3d at 1371. This court would also indirectly encourage manipulation of the
antidumping duty process. When defining the class of merchandise subject to an investigation, petitioners normally
avoid over-broad product descriptions lest they risk a negative ITC injury determination. If the court extended the
minor alteration provision beyond truly insignificant changes to subject merchandise, petitioners would have an
incentive to narrowly define subject merchandise and later broaden an order’s reach through use of a minor
alteration inquiry. Congress could not have intended this result.
Court No. 12-00345                                                                       Page 16


                                      CONCLUSION AND ORDER

        For the foregoing reasons, Commerce is instructed to reconsider its finding that 4.75 mm

wire rod is circumventing the Order. If Commerce continues to conclude on remand that 4.75

mm wire rod is a circumventing minor alteration of subject merchandise, Commerce must

thoroughly explain how the record and relevant law supports that determination in light of the

preceding discussion.7

        Accordingly, upon consideration of all papers and proceedings in this case and upon due

deliberation, it is hereby

       ORDERED that the Final Determination is remanded to Commerce for reconsideration
and redetermination in accordance with this Opinion and Order;

        ORDERED that Commerce shall file its remand redetermination within ninety (90) days
of the date of this Opinion and Order, that Deacero and Defendant-Intervenors shall have thirty
(30) days from the filing of the remand redetermination in which to file with the court comments
on the remand redetermination, and that the Government shall have fifteen (15) days from the
date of the last filing of such comments in which to file with the court any responses to other
parties’ comments.


                                                                                      /s/ Richard W. Goldberg
                                                                                      Richard W. Goldberg
                                                                                      Senior Judge

Dated: September 30, 2013
       New York, New York




        7
           Deacero also argues that Commerce’s affirmative finding of circumvention was unsupported by
substantial evidence given Deacero’s legitimate commercial reasons for offering wire rod of that size. The court has
not addressed that secondary argument in this opinion, but will consider it after remand if appropriate.
