                              STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


In re: C.W., A.J., & I.J.
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                November 23, 2015
                                                                                RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
No. 15-0293 (Wood County 14-JA-11, 14-JA-12, & 14-JA-13)                      SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA



                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
       Petitioner Mother A.W., by counsel Jessica E. Myers, appeals the Circuit Court of Wood
County’s February 25, 2015, order terminating her parental rights to C.W., A.J., and I.J. The
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee
Niezgoda, filed its response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem
(“guardian”), Angela Brunicardi-Doss, filed a response on behalf of the children also in support
of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner alleges that the circuit court erred (1) in
adjudicating her as an abusing parent because the DHHR failed to prove abuse or neglect by
clear and convincing evidence; (2) in terminating her parental rights; (3) in amending its
adjudicatory order; and (4) in denying her request for an improvement period.1

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        In February of 2014, the DHHR filed a petition in the circuit court alleging that petitioner
abused and neglected C.W. because of his unexplained injuries and petitioner’s inconsistent
explanations. The petition further alleged that the household was not safe for C.W., A.J., and I.J.
According to the petition, in December of 2013, petitioner and the father M.S. took C.W. to the
local emergency room. Petitioner claimed that C.W. fell from a countertop while under the
supervision of his maternal grandmother. C.W. sustained a skull fracture as a result of the fall.
No other injuries were apparent and C.W. was released from the hospital. The treating physician
advised petitioner and the father to watch for further symptoms or subsequent head injury.
Thereafter, petitioner was incarcerated at the regional jail on unrelated criminal charges. The
father provided care for the all children during petitioner’s absence.



       1
         We note that West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-1 through 49-11-10 were repealed and
recodified during the 2015 Regular Session of the West Virginia Legislature. The new
enactment, West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-101 through 49-7-304, has minor stylistic changes and
became effective ninety days after the February 19, 2015, approval date. In this memorandum
decision, we apply the statutes as they existed during the pendency of the proceedings below.
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         In January of 2014, petitioner was released from the regional jail and returned home.
Sometime after petitioner’s return, C.W. displayed seizure-like symptoms. M.S. initially told
petitioner that C.W. had fallen off the couch but later stated that he fell with C.W. in his arms.
Petitioner’s friend called emergency services and an ambulance arrived shortly thereafter and
transported C.W. to the hospital. Thereafter, Child Protective Services (“CPS”) arrived to
interview the family. Petitioner stated that the father told her that he fell with C.W. in his arms
but only after C.W. displayed seizure-like symptoms. The father stated that he told petitioner that
C.W. had rolled off the couch that morning. CPS interviewed petitioner’s aunt, who stated that
petitioner called her that morning and reported that the father fell with C.W. and that the child
was not “acting right.” Petitioner later admitted that she called her aunt but she stated that she
called her aunt much later in the day than her aunt reported to CPS and that she was unaware of
C.W. having any further accidents or injuries when she was speaking with her aunt. CPS
interviewed petitioner’s older children, A.J. and I.J., and they reported that they saw the father
shake C.W. because he could not wake the child. At the hospital, petitioner told staff that C.W.
fell off the couch. C.W. was originally treated by a pediatric neurologist, Dr. Collins, was later
transported to Ruby Memorial Hospital where neuroradiologist, Dr. Hogg, found multiple
subdural bleeds on C.W.’s brain.

        In April of 2014, the circuit court held an initial adjudicatory hearing and a second
adjudicatory hearing on June 6, 2014. The circuit court adjudicated petitioner of neglecting C.W.
The circuit court found that petitioner failed to seek medical attention for, or notify medical
professionals of, C.W.’s fall. The circuit court further found that petitioner was aware of the fall
and that she was aware of the change in C.W.’s condition, yet she did not seek medical attention
until after C.W. exhibited seizure-like activity. A dispositional hearing was scheduled for
October of 2014.

        In October of 2014, the circuit court held the dispositional hearing and amended its prior
adjudicatory order to reflect a finding of abuse based upon the expert testimony presented. The
circuit court also gave leave to the DHHR to file an amended petition and advised petitioner that
she was entitled to another adjudicatory hearing. In October of 2014, the DHHR filed an
amended petition to reflect that there was expert opinion and testimony that C.W. had suffered
four distinct head injuries in the first six months of his life which would have manifested
symptoms. The amended petition reflected Dr. Hogg’s opinion that C.W.’s injuries were
suspicious for non-accidental trauma based upon the number of injuries and the inconsistencies
in the explanations of those injuries.

        In November of 2014, the circuit court held an additional adjudicatory hearing to give
petitioner another opportunity to present evidence regarding adjudication. Petitioner offered the
testimony of Dr. Collins. The circuit court noted that Dr. Collins’ testimony supported Dr.
Hogg’s testimony that C.W. had an unexplained injury prior to the December of 2013 incident
where petitioner reported that C.W. fell off the kitchen counter. Based on the expert testimony,
the circuit court found that there was an initial undisclosed and unexplained significant non-
accidental head trauma to C.W. The circuit court further found that C.W. suffered prior subdural
bleeds that were the result of non-accidental trauma, and that neither petitioner nor the father
ever reported such prior injuries. The circuit court adopted the findings of the amended
adjudicatory order and made additional findings supported by the expert testimony. Petitioner

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and the father filed motions to strike the amended adjudicatory order and amended petition
which were denied. The final adjudication order was entered on February 4, 2015. Subsequent to
the entry of the final adjudication order, the DHHR filed a motion to terminate petitioner’s
parental rights and petitioner filed a motion for an improvement period.

        In February of 2015, the circuit court held a final dispositional hearing wherein it
addressed the DHHR’s motion to terminate petitioner’s parental rights and the motion for an
improvement period. Petitioner was incarcerated at the time of this hearing and declined
transport to the hearing. Additional evidence was offered that petitioner continued to engage in
criminal activity throughout the pendency of the case, was on probation for the commission of a
felony, and violated probation several times. At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court
found that petitioner was unlikely to fully participate in an improvement period. The circuit court
also found that the multiple, unexplained injuries to C.W. precluded it from granting an
improvement period and supported termination of the parties’ parental rights. Ultimately, the
circuit court terminated petitioner’s parental rights. The final dispositional order was entered on
February 25, 2015. Petitioner now appeals from this order.

        First, petitioner assigns error to the circuit court’s adjudication of petitioner as an abusing
parent. The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

               “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
       facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
       evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
       such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
       reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
       although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
       evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
       committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
       because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
       the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
       viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
       470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). Upon our review, the Court finds
no error in the circuit court’s adjudication of petitioner as an abusing parent, in terminating her
parental rights, in its amendment of the adjudicatory order, or in denying petitioner’s motion for
an improvement period.

       An abused child is one whose “health or welfare is harmed or threatened by [a] parent,
guardian or custodian who knowingly or intentionally inflicts, attempts to inflict or knowingly
allows another person to inflict, physical injury or mental or emotional injury, upon the child or
another child in the home.” W.Va. Code § 49-1-3(1)(A) (2012). We have also explained that

              “W.Va. Code, 49–6–2(c) [1980], requires the [DHHR], in a child abuse or
       neglect case, to prove ‘conditions existing at the time of the filing of the petition .

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       . . by clear and convincing proof.’ The statute, however, does not specify any
       particular manner or mode of testimony or evidence by which the [DHHR] is
       obligated to meet this burden.” Syllabus Point 1, In Interest of S.C., 168 W.Va.
       366, 284 S.E.2d 867 (1981).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Joseph A., 199 W.Va. 438, 485 S.E.2d 176 (1997) (internal citations omitted).
While petitioner claims the DHHR failed to prove abuse or neglect by clear and convincing
evidence, the record on appeal demonstrates that petitioner and M.S. were the primary caregivers
of C.W. when the child’s injuries occurred. Further, expert testimony established that C.W.
suffered four distinct head injuries in the first six months of his life;2 that petitioner and M.S.
were both providing care for C.W. at that time and on a regular basis; and expert testimony
established that such injuries would have manifested symptoms observable to petitioner and M.S.
Based upon the number of injuries and the inconsistencies in the explanations of those injuries,
the experts testified that C.W.’s injuries resulted from non-accidental trauma. Petitioner,
however, reported that C.W. had no injuries or symptoms prior to his December of 2013, skull
fracture, which was inconsistent with the medical testimony.

        Based upon the record, the circuit court found that there was an initial, undisclosed, and
unexplained significant non-accidental head trauma to C.W. and that he suffered prior subdural
bleeds as a result. Further, the circuit court found that the parents made no reports of prior
injuries. Thus, the record on appeal supports the circuit court’s finding that there was clear and
convincing evidence that C.W. suffered extensive physical abuse while in petitioner’s custody,
that petitioner did not report or acknowledge the abuse, and that petitioner took no action to
identify C.W.’s abuser. As such, we find that the circuit court did not err in adjudicating
petitioner as an abusing parent.

        Further, this Court finds that the circuit court properly terminated petitioner’s parental
rights upon a finding that she could not substantially correct the conditions of abuse and neglect
in the home. Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(a)(6), circuit courts are directed to
terminate parental rights upon findings that there is no reasonable likelihood the conditions of
abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected and when necessary for the child’s welfare. We
have held as follows:

              “[p]arental rights may be terminated where there is clear and convincing
       evidence that the infant child has suffered extensive physical abuse while in the
       custody of his or her parents, and there is no reasonable likelihood that the
       conditions of abuse can be substantially corrected because the perpetrator of the
       abuse has not been identified and the parents, even in the face of knowledge of the
       abuse, have taken no action to identify the abuser.”

Syl. Pt. 3 In re: Jeffrey R.L., 190 W.Va. 24, 435 S.E.2d 162 (1993). The circuit court was
presented with evidence that, while in petitioner’s care, C.W. suffered subdural bleeds that were
the result of non-accidental trauma. Petitioner did not report or acknowledge the abuse and took

       2
        Both Dr. Collins and Dr. Hogg ultimately agreed and testified that C.W.’s subdural
bleeds were likely caused by a shaken type of rotational injury to C.W. at three months of age.
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no action to identify C.W.’s abuser. For these reasons, termination of petitioner’s parental rights
was not error.

        Next, petitioner assigns error to the circuit court’s denial of her motion for an
improvement period. We have explained that West Virginia Code § 49-6-12 grants the circuit
courts discretion in determining whether to permit improvement periods in abuse and neglect
proceedings. West Virginia Code § 49-6-12 requires a parent to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that they are likely to fully participate in the same. However, we have been clear that
“[t]ermination . . . may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive alternatives
when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood . . . that conditions of neglect or abuse can
be substantially corrected.” Syl. Pt. 7, in part, In re Katie S., 198 W.Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589
(1996). We have also held that “courts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility
of parental improvement before terminating parental rights where it appears that the welfare of
the child will be seriously threatened . . . .” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In Re: R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266
S.E.2d 114 (1980). Although petitioner argues that the circuit court erred because she was
willing to fully cooperate and comply with an improvement period, the record on appeal supports
the circuit court’s denial of petitioner’s motion for an improvement period. We have previously
held that

               “[f]ailure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e. the truth of the
       basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the perpetrator of
       said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable and in making
       an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.”

W.Va. Dep’t of Health and Human Res. ex rel. Wright v. Doris S., 197 W.Va. 489, 498, 475
S.E2d 865, 874 (1996). Petitioner failed to acknowledge or explain C.W.’s serious head injuries,
other than to give inconsistent accounts of how C.W.’s injuries occurred. By refusing to
acknowledge the abuse, petitioner demonstrated her unwillingness to address the issues that led
to C.W.’s physical abuse, thereby rendering any improvement period meaningless. Petitioner
specifically denied abusing C.W. and denied any knowledge of abuse to C.W.3 Based on the
foregoing evidence, the circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s request for an
improvement period.

        Petitioner’s final assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in amending its
adjudicatory order. Although petitioner argues that Rule 46 of the West Virginia Rules of
Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings governs the circuit court’s actions, this rule
is applicable to modifications that are due to material changes in circumstances and not to the
circuit court’s own correction of a previously entered order. Therefore, petitioner’s improper
application of Rule 46 does not preclude the circuit court’s amendment of its order, sua sponte,
to correct its own findings. The circuit court noted that the change in its order was not based
upon new evidence, but was based upon the circuit court’s clearer understanding of the evidence

       3
        Petitioner failed to appear at the dispositional hearing that addressed her motion for an
improvement period. She was incarcerated at the time of the hearing and refused the available
transport arranged to bring her to said hearing. Petitioner’s counsel proffered evidence on her
behalf.
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after further review. Although the initial petition did not specifically allege that C.W. suffered
subdural brain bleeds, it did make allegations as to C.W.’s unexplained injuries. Moreover, the
circuit court scheduled the matter for subsequent adjudicatory hearings, and petitioner was given
ample opportunity to present any additional evidence she wished to offer. Given the complicated
nature of the medical testimony in this case, the amendment of the circuit court’s order was not
in error.

        Petitioner further argues that the circuit court’s amendment of its adjudicatory order did
not comply with Rule 19 of the West Virginia Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect
Proceedings. Again, we disagree. Rule 19 provides that a petition must be amended prior to the
final adjudicatory hearing. The requirements of Rule 19 were satisfied by the two additional
adjudicatory hearings the circuit court held regarding the amended petition. Thus, petitioner was
granted an additional opportunity to present evidence on the issue of abuse, in compliance with
Rule 19. As such, the amendment of the circuit court’s order was in accordance with Rule 19 and
does not constitute error.

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court and its
February 25, 2015, order is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                        Affirmed.

ISSUED: November 23, 2015

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II




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