                           COURT OF APPEALS
                            SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                 FORT WORTH

                                NO. 02-13-00367-CR


GORDON RAY LEWIS                                                     APPELLANT

                                          V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                         STATE


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              FROM THE 355TH DISTRICT COURT OF HOOD COUNTY
                         TRIAL COURT NO. CR12234

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                           MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                       ----------

          Appellant Gordon Ray Lewis appeals his conviction for capital murder. We

affirm.

                                 Background Facts

       Ormand Gene Sabin owned TJ’s Bar and Grill, a restaurant where

Appellant’s girlfriend, Kimberly Milwicz, had worked until she was fired in late


      1
          See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
December 2012.      Milwicz was angry with Sabin for firing her, and she and

Appellant wanted to rob the bar for revenge. On the night of January 16, 2013,

Appellant offered his acquaintance, Justin Ragan, methamphetamines if he

would go with him to rob Sabin. Witnesses saw Appellant that evening with a

pistol and saw Appellant and Ragan “suiting up” in black clothes and hoodies as

a “disguise.” Appellant and Ragan appeared very high on methamphetamines.

      The manager of a convenience store near TJ’s saw Appellant in her store

buying a fountain drink around 5:15 or 5:20 a.m. Another witness testified that

Ragan’s truck sped past him near TJ’s sometime around 5:00 a.m.             Sabin’s

employee, Brandy Shirley, discovered Sabin lying on the floor when she went in

to help him open the bar. The phone at TJ’s had been ripped from the wall, so

Shirley ran to the convenience store and called 911 at 6:24 a.m. Paramedics

arrived but could not revive Sabin.

      At 6:38 a.m., Ragan called 911 and reported that his truck had been

stolen. At 6:57 a.m., someone called 911 and reported that Ragan’s truck was

abandoned in front of his house with the engine still running. A black bag found

inside the truck contained prescription pill bottles in Appellant’s name and several

unfired nine millimeter bullets. An expert witness testified that the casing found

at the crime scene had been loaded in the same magazine as the unfired

cartridges found in the truck. A straw and lid from a soft drink found on the

passenger-side floorboard contained Appellant’s DNA. Police later found a duffle

bag of money in the abandoned house next to Appellant’s house. Appellant


                                         2
claimed to own the abandoned house and treated it like it was his property.

Appellant was eventually arrested and charged with Sabin’s murder.

      Prior to trial, Appellant’s mother was convicted of retaliation against Judge

Ralph Walton, who was to preside over Appellant’s case.           Appellant filed a

motion to recuse Judge Walton from his case. Judge Walton referred the motion

to Judge Jeff Walker who, after a hearing, denied the motion.

      After a trial, a jury found Appellant guilty of capital murder. The trial court

sentenced Appellant to life imprisonment. Appellant then filed this appeal.

                                    Discussion

I. Sufficiency of the evidence supporting Appellant’s conviction

      In Appellant’s first issue, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to

support his conviction because it amounted to only a “strong suspicion of guilt.”

      A. Capital murder and the standard of review

      In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014).     The standard of review is the same for direct and

circumstantial evidence cases; circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor. Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170; Hooper

v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This standard gives full play


                                         3
to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to

weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to

ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d

at 170.

      The trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the

evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Dobbs, 434

S.W.3d at 170. Thus, when performing an evidentiary sufficiency review, we

may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence and substitute our

judgment for that of the factfinder. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2010). Instead, we determine whether the necessary inferences are

reasonable based upon the cumulative force of the evidence when viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict. Sorrells v. State, 343 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011); see Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013). We must presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences

in favor of the verdict and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99

S. Ct. at 2793; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.

      A person commits capital murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes

the death of an individual and commits the murder in the course of committing

robbery. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2011). Appellant could be

found criminally responsible for a capital murder offense committed by another




                                         4
under two theories. 2 See id. § 7.02 (West 2011). Under subsection (a), a person

is criminally responsible if he, with the intent to promote or assist the commission

of the offense, solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other

person to commit the offense. Id. § 7.02(a)(2). Under subsection (b), he is

responsible if in an attempt to carry out a conspiracy to commit robbery, the

murder was committed by one conspirator in furtherance of the unlawful purpose

and should have been anticipated as a result of carrying out the conspiracy. Id.

§ 7.02(b). “Section 7.02(b) does not require the State to prove that Appellant

actually anticipated the secondary felony, only that the crime is one that should

have been anticipated.” Anderson v. State, 416 S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013). In determining whether one has participated in an offense, the court

may examine the events occurring before, during, and after the commission of

the offense. Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 3–4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Ervin v.

State, 333 S.W.3d 187, 201 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).

      B. The evidence

      Ray Yates testified that one day he, Appellant, and Milwicz were driving to

Fort Worth to buy methamphetamine when Appellant and Milwicz began

discussing “robbing TJ’s so that [Milwicz] could have the money, or someone, to

go back to California or something like that. She was wanting to get out of

Texas. I think she was in trouble already for something.”


      2
       The jury was instructed on both theories.


                                         5
      Rebecca Cleere testified that Ragan was at her house the night before the

murder. While he was visiting, Appellant and Milwicz arrived. Cleere testified

that Milwicz was aggravated and was talking about “wanting [Sabin] to be hurt,

and he needed to get what he had . . . coming to him. She had lost her home,

lost her job, and she blamed it all on him.” Cleere said that Milwicz was trying to

get someone to burglarize TJ’s and if she could not get Appellant to do it, she

would get someone else to do it. Cleere testified that Appellant asked Ragan to

go with him to rob TJ’s. Cleere testified that Ragan “thought it was a stupid idea

to go out there to rob the old man for a few hundred dollars.” Appellant then

offered Ragan methamphetamines if he would go.          Cleere also testified that

another person who was sleeping at her house, Bryce Cobbs, “popped his head

into the room,” and Appellant asked him if he too wanted to go to TJ’s.

      Later that night, Ragan borrowed a car from a woman named Christina

Munoz, who was visiting Michael Eubank’s house down the street from

Appellant’s house. Munoz later decided she wanted her car back. Yates, who

was also at Eubank’s house, walked down the street to see if he could find the

car. He found the car with Ragan and Appellant. He testified that “they looked

pretty high” and were “suiting up for something.” He believed they were suiting

up for a robbery because they were wearing dark clothes and hoodies as a

“disguise.” He testified that he had a conversation with Appellant. He said,

           A. Well, I was trying to tell him that it wasn’t a good idea, it
      was way too late or early, however you want to look at it.



                                        6
               Q. What wasn’t a good idea?

               A. To go rob TJ’s.

               ....

            I mean pretty much anybody knows that the owner of the
      place gets there at four or five o’clock in the morning and—to drink
      coffee and eat breakfast. Some—somebody’s going to be there or
      going to show up.

               Q. And why is that a problem?

               A. Well, if you’re going to rob the place, you don’t want nobody
      there.

               ....

             [I]t ain’t going to go right. Either you’re not going to be able to
      do it or any number of things.

               Q. And how did [Appellant] respond to this?

               A. He said he got it.

               Q. What did that mean to you?

               A. Keep out of his business.

Yates testified that Appellant owned two guns, including a nine-millimeter pistol,

and that he had never seen Ragan with a gun. Yates admitted that the pistol that

he saw could have been a BB gun.

      Richard McClatchy testified that Appellant pulled a pistol or BB gun on him

the evening before the murder.         He testified that Ragan was very high that

evening. McClatchy admitted that he had told police that Appellant was also very

high and that he believed that “the odds of it being the same gun that was used



                                           7
in the murder that was pointed at [him] was a ten on a scale of one to ten.”

McClatchy testified that he saw Ragan’s truck drive by near TJ’s around 5:00

a.m. He previously told the police that he might have seen someone else in the

truck but that it was too dark to tell. Joshua Jenkins also testified that he saw

Appellant and Ragan together that night.

      On the morning of the murder, the manager of the convenience store down

the street from TJ’s saw Appellant enter her store around 5:15 or 5:20 a.m.

Appellant bought cigarettes and a fountain drink.     Justin Pratt testified that

Appellant had told him that when he came out of the store, Ragan was loading a

pistol and said, “Let’s go.”

      Shirley called 911 from the convenience store at 6:24 a.m. Paramedics

arrived at the scene at 6:30 a.m. A paramedic testified that because Sabin’s

body was still warm, he had been dead for less than an hour.

      Eubank testified that he was at the convenience store at the time that

Shirley ran from TJ’s to use the phone. By the time he got back home, he saw

Ragan “running from street to street, and then he came and—it looked like he

was throwing up to me, he was across the street from my house.” Ragan told

him, “I shot him.” Jenkins also testified that Ragan went to Eubank’s house and

that Ragan was “out of breath, sweating, [and] pale.” Yates too testified that he

saw Ragan that morning and that Ragan was “breathing hard, sweating,

breathing hard, and seemed kind of out of it, scared.” Ragan told Yates that he




                                       8
had shot someone. Ragan used Eubank’s phone to report his truck missing at

6:38 a.m.

      Munoz saw Ragan later that morning as she was leaving the

neighborhood. Ragan asked her for a ride. They stopped at a grocery store in

Glen Rose. Ragan had a roll of money that he said he got from the bar. He told

Munoz that he had shot somebody. Munoz later told the police that more money

was hidden across the street from Eubank’s house and “at [Appellant’s] place.”

      Police located money stuffed inside some abandoned chairs across the

street from Eubank’s house. Police also found a duffle bag of money in the

abandoned house next to Appellant’s house. Appellant’s ex-girlfriend testified

that Appellant claimed that the abandoned house next to his mother’s home was

his property and that he kept a lock on the door. She testified that Milwicz lived

with Appellant in the abandoned house for a period of time. Eubank also testified

that Appellant would stay occasionally in the abandoned house. And Jenkins,

who lived down the road from Appellant, testified that he believed that the

abandoned house was “part of the same property” as Appellant’s mother’s

house.

      When police found Ragan’s truck, they discovered a lid and straw on the

passenger-side floorboard among a pile of ice.      The lid and straw contained

Appellant’s DNA. The convenience store manager identified the lid and straw as

the type sold in her store.     Also in the truck was a black bag containing

prescription pill bottles in Appellant’s name, a bag of marijuana, baggies, rolling


                                        9
papers, a radar detector, and several unfired nine-millimeter bullets. An expert

witness testified that the casing found at the crime scene had been loaded in the

same magazine as the unfired cartridges found in the truck.

      Pratt testified that in June 2012, Appellant had admitted to him that he had

been involved with Sabin’s murder. Pratt testified, “He told me that—that he—

that him and Justin Ragan were at a store right by the bar, and that he had gone

in to get something to drink, and he came out and he saw Justin loading a gun,

loading a pistol.” Appellant told Pratt that he and Ragan went to TJ’s but that

Appellant did not go into the bar. Pratt testified that Milwicz went to the bar at the

time of the murder to make sure that Sabin was there and that Appellant was “the

one that made sure they had a gun.”

      In January 2012, a few days before Ragan’s trial for Sabin’s murder,

Appellant made a phone call from Wise County jail in which he instructed a

woman to “plead the Fifth.” He also told the woman,

             If you find somebody out there that you figured out that they’re
      going to try to talk on me, you find out where they’re at and you get
      the number and information to my lawyer. He handles every bit of it.
      And it’s not against the law like that. But if you go fucking with them,
      then it’s tampering with a witness. See what I’m saying?

Cleere testified that Appellant also called her and told her to “plead the Fifth.”

      C. Discussion

      There was evidence that Appellant conspired with Ragan and Milwicz to

rob Sabin. Witnesses testified that Appellant discussed with Milwicz plans to rob

the bar and that Appellant solicited Ragan’s help by offering methamphetamines.


                                          10
Both Appellant and Ragan were seen hours before the murder wearing dark

clothes   and   hoodies    and    appeared      to   be   under   the   influence   of

methamphetamines. A bag with prescription pill bottles in Appellant’s name also

contained unfired cartridges for a nine-millimeter pistol, at least one of which had

been loaded into the same magazine as the fired bullet found at the murder

scene. Appellant’s DNA was found on a straw and lid in Ragan’s truck next to

ice that had not yet melted. Ragan told one witness that money taken from TJ’s

was hidden “at [Appellant’s] place,” and police found a bag of money in a cabinet

in the abandoned house next to Appellant’s home. Three witnesses testified that

Appellant treated the abandoned house like he owned it. See Green v. State,

839 S.W.2d 935, 944 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992, pet. ref’d) (holding that evidence

of conspiracy to rob was sufficient when conspirators “assist[ed] each other in

fleeing the scene and hiding the loot”).

      There was evidence that Ragan shot and killed Sabin during the course

and in furtherance of the robbery. Three witnesses testified that Ragan told them

he had shot someone during the robbery. Appellant was seen brandishing a

nine-millimeter pistol that evening, and there was evidence upon which jurors

could rely to infer that Appellant provided to Ragan the nine-millimeter pistol that

Ragan used to shoot Sabin. One witness testified that Ragan was loading the

pistol while Appellant was inside the convenience store buying a fountain drink.

      There was also evidence that Appellant should have anticipated Sabin’s

murder. Yates testified that it was common knowledge that Sabin would be in


                                           11
the bar at the time of the robbery. See Moore v. State, 24 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d) (“[W]hen an individual decides to steal

property from a private residence, he should anticipate that he might be

confronted and that his conspirators might react violently to that confrontation.”).

When Yates warned Appellant that Sabin’s presence at the bar would “spoil your

robbery,” Appellant told him that “he got it.”      There was also evidence that

Appellant provided the gun and bullets that Ragan used or that he knew that

Ragan was armed. See Nava v. State, 379 S.W.3d 396, 408-09 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2012) (holding that knowledge that co-conspirator was

armed while committing theft supported finding that appellant should have

anticipated a murder during commission of the crime), aff’d, 415 S.W.3d 289

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Davis v. State, 276 S.W.3d 491, 495 (Tex. App.—Waco

2008, pet. ref’d) (“Evidence that a defendant knew his co-conspirators might use

guns in the course of the robbery can be sufficient to demonstrate that the

defendant should have anticipated the possibility of murder occurring during the

course of the robbery.”).

      Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we

hold that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

Appellant was criminally responsible for the murder of Sabin during the robbery

of TJ’s Bar and Grill. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007) (stating that the cumulative effect of all incriminating facts may support a

conviction). We overrule Appellant’s first issue.


                                        12
II. Appellant’s motion for recusal

      In Appellant’s second issue, he argues that Judge Ralph Walton should

have been recused from his case. Appellant’s mother, Karen Adams, had been

convicted of felony retaliation against Judge Walton.          When Appellant was

arrested for Sabin’s murder, Adams had threatened to “take out the whole damn

bunch,” apparently referencing the sheriff, a sheriff’s deputy, and Judge Walton. 3

Appellant filed a motion for recusal, arguing that because Adams was going to

testify as an alibi witness for Appellant in his trial and because Judge Walton was

Adams’s victim and presiding over Appellant’s trial, he should be recused. After

a hearing on the motion, Judge Jeff Walker denied Appellant’s motion. 4

      A. Recusal and the standard of review

      We review the denial of a motion to recuse under an abuse of discretion

standard. Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(j)(1)(A). A trial court abuses its discretion if the

court acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles, that is, if the act is

arbitrary or unreasonable. Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Cire

v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 (Tex. 2004). An appellate court cannot

conclude that a trial court abused its discretion merely because the appellate

      3
       Judge Walton was also assigned to Appellant’s mother’s retaliation case,
but recused himself.
      4
        When a recusal motion is timely filed, rule of civil procedure 18a requires
a trial judge to either recuse himself or refer the motion for another judge to
decide. De Leon v. Aguilar, 127 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see Tex. R.
Civ. P. 18a; see also Arnold v. State, 853 S.W.2d 543, 544 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993) (holding that rule 18a applies in criminal cases).


                                          13
court would have ruled differently in the same circumstances. E.I. du Pont de

Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995); see also Low,

221 S.W.3d at 620. Nor does a mere error in judgment rise to an abuse of

discretion.    Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42

(Tex. 1985).

      We apply a reasonable person standard in determining whether a recusal

motion should have been granted. Duffey v. State, 428 S.W.3d 319, 325 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2014, no pet.) (citing Woodruff v. Wright, 51 S.W.3d 727, 736

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. denied)).           The question is whether a

reasonable member of the public at large, knowing all the facts in the public

domain concerning the judge’s conduct, would have a reasonable doubt that the

judge is actually impartial. Id. (citing Rogers v. Bradley, 909 S.W.2d 872, 881

(Tex. 1995)). Accordingly, the need for recusal is triggered only when a judge

displays an “attitude or state of mind so resistant to fair and dispassionate

inquiry” as to cause a reasonable member of the public to question the objective

nature of the judge’s rulings. Ex parte Ellis, 275 S.W.3d 109, 117 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2008, no pet.) (quoting Liteky v. U.S., 510 U.S. 540, 557–58, 114 S. Ct.

1147, 1158 (1994) (Kennedy, J., concurring)).

      Courts enjoy a “presumption of judicial impartiality” that “is not defeated by

the mere assertion of bias based on a trial judge’s previous judicial relationship

with a defendant.” Abdygapparova v. State, 243 S.W.3d 191, 198 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2007, pet. ref’d) (citing Durrough v. State, 620 S.W.2d 134, 143


                                        14
(Tex. Crim. App. 1981)). The movant bears the burden of proving that recusal is

warranted, and it is a high one. Id. That burden is only satisfied when the

movant provides facts demonstrating the presence of bias or partiality “of such a

nature and extent as to deny the movant due process of law.” Id.

      B. Denial of Appellant’s motion was not an abuse of discretion

      Appellant argues that recusal was required in this case under the

reasoning of Whitehead v. State, 273 S.W.3d 285, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

In that case, Whitehead wrote a letter to his girlfriend threatening his therapist,

his probation officer, and Judge Herod, the judge who presided at the trial

revoking his community supervision. Id. at 286. Whitehead was charged only

with retaliation against his probation officer, and Judge Herod presided at his

retaliation trial. Id. Whitehead was subsequently convicted.

      Whitehead appealed his retaliation conviction on the ground that Judge

Herod was disqualified from presiding at his trial under article 30.01 of the code

of criminal procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 30.01 (West 2006)

(“No judge or justice of the peace shall sit in any case where he may be the party

injured.”). The court of criminal appeals interpreted the phrase “may be the party

injured” to mean that a judge is disqualified “if the evidence shows that he was

among the defendant’s victims in the criminal transaction or episode at issue,

such that a reasonable person would harbor doubts as to the judge’s

impartiality.” Whitehead, 273 S.W.3d at 289.




                                        15
      Appellant acknowledges that Whitehead pertained to disqualification under

article 30.01, not recusal under rule 18b of the rules of civil procedure as was

sought in this case. 5 See Tex. R. Civ. P. 18b(b) (stating that a judge must recuse

in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned). He

argued at the hearing that Judge Walton was “an injured party and he would be a

part of the criminal episode,” but he also admitted that there was no evidence

that Appellant injured Judge Walton. Appellant claimed, but did not explain how,

Judge Walton’s rulings on the admissibility of testimony from an alibi witness who

had previously been convicted of threatening him would create the appearance

of bias.

      Judge Walker’s comments on the record demonstrate that in making his

ruling, he referenced appropriate guiding rules and principles. See Low, 221

S.W.3d at 614. He explained,

             Merely that [Judge Walton] had been an injured party in the
      allegations, not the complaint but the allegations that were made by
      [Appellant]’s mother, allegedly made by his mother, was reason
      enough for him to get out of that case and he did so. It does not
      pour over to this case. There must be independent evidence of any
      bias before he is recused. He is not an injured party in [Appellant’s]
      case. And so your claims that he’s disqualified under Code of
      Criminal Procedure 30.01 [are] not well founded. But you did not
      limit your motion to that particular statute . . . . I’m looking at this as
      the pleadings are applied to Rule 18(a) of the Texas Rules of Civil
      Procedure, which apply in motions to recuse and there is no
      evidence to show that the Judge has a bias against [Appellant].

      5
       Although Appellant cited both article 30.01 and rule 18b in his motion for
recusal, he did not seek disqualification. Even so, Judge Walker addressed both
grounds in the hearing.


                                          16
      Now, when you talk about, all right, well, the judge knows one of the
      witnesses or the Judge knows something bad about one of the
      witnesses, or for that matter the Judge knows something good about
      one of the witnesses, does that disqualify the Judge? No. You have
      to take that in light of how the Judge will rule, as opposed to not the
      witness but to the party who is before the Judge. And there’s no
      evidence to show that the Judge would be biased against [Appellant]
      for any act that his mother may have committed or not committed.
      And for those reasons the motion will be denied.

Judge Walker found that Appellant did not meet his burden to demonstrate that

Judge Walton’s judicial history with one witness in Appellant’s trial made him

“resistant to fair and dispassionate inquiry,” and we cannot disagree.           Cf.

Abdygapparova, 243 S.W.3d at 198–99 (stating that “[b]ias sufficient to warrant

recusal generally stems from an extrajudicial source” and that “information that a

trial judge gained about a defendant’s case from previously trying a co-defendant

is not information gained from an extrajudicial source”) (citing Roman v. State,

145 S.W.3d 316, 321 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d)). Judge

Walker’s ruling was not outside the zone of reasonable disagreement and was

therefore not an abuse of discretion. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.

III. Expert testimony

      In Appellant’s third issue, he argues that the trial court erred by failing to

exclude expert testimony linking a bullet casing found at the crime scene to

ammunition found in the vehicle because it was unreliable.

      A. Standard of review

      We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude scientific expert

testimony under an abuse of discretion standard. See Weatherred v. State, 15


                                        17
S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).            The proponent of the scientific

evidence must demonstrate through clear and convincing evidence that the

evidence is reliable. Id. “‘[R]eliability depends upon whether the evidence has its

basis in sound scientific methodology,’” which “‘demands a certain technical

showing.’” Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (quoting

Jordan v. State, 928 S.W.2d 550, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). The test for

expert reliability requires that (1) the underlying scientific theory be valid, (2) the

technique applying the theory be valid, and (3) the technique have been properly

applied on the occasion in question. Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1992). Factors that could affect a trial court’s determination of expert

reliability include, but are not limited to: (1) the extent to which the underlying

scientific theory and technique are accepted as valid by the relevant scientific

community, if such a community can be ascertained; (2) the qualifications of the

testifying expert; (3) the existence of literature supporting or rejecting the

underlying scientific theory and technique; (4) the potential rate of error of the

technique; (5) the availability of other experts to test and evaluate the technique;

(6) the clarity with which the underlying scientific theory and technique can be

explained to the court; and (7) the experience and skill of the person(s) who

applied the technique on the occasion in question. Id.

      B. The evidence

      James Jeffress is a forensic scientist in the firearm toolmark section of the

Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory in Garland, where he has


                                          18
been employed for over five years. He has a bachelor’s degree in biology from

Texas A&M University and a master’s degree in forensic science from Virginia

Commonwealth University.        Jeffress underwent an eighteen-month training

program on firearm and toolmark identification. His training included “discussion

of machining processes, historical firearm tool development, as well as

performing thousands of microscopic comparisons of toolmarks made by various

tools.” He has been a guest lecturer in forensic courses at the University of

Texas at Dallas and has taught classes in high schools, middle schools, and

local civic groups. Jeffress has published three articles in the Scientific Journal

of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners. Jeffress has testified as

an expert in about eighteen cases in approximately eight different counties.

      Jeffress explained toolmark examination to the court:

            Firearm toolmark examination is based on the premise that no
      two manufactured objects are exactly alike. When you make a tool
      of any sort, whether it’s a set of pliers or the barrel to a firearm,
      these tools are made by a metal-on-metal forming process.
      Essentially, you whittle it down from large blocks of metal.

             And during this formation process, microscopic chips are
      created by the wearing of the tool. So just as if you were whittling a
      block of wood, your knife would get dull, so too do these machining
      processes. These microscopic chips are irregular in nature and
      randomly distributed. These microscopic imperfections are unique
      to that tool and that tool alone, and . . . are then imparted on any
      softer material that that tool touches.

He also explained that toolmark identification “is a subjective determination, but

it’s based on objective criterion. It’s based on the objectivity that is without bias

and based on direct observation.”


                                         19
      Jeffress testified that he conducts toolmark identification tests “daily” and

has done so for over five years, but he does not necessarily do magazine lip

mark analysis daily.     He testified that he has done this specific type of

identification in “at least five cases.” He admitted that he has never testified in

court specifically about magazine lip analysis.

      Jeffress testified that toolmark comparison is

      widely accepted within the forensic science community because we
      had a scientific working group for firearms identification. It is a
      federally funded group sponsored by the National Institute of Justice.
      We also have the Association of Firearm Toolmark Examiners,
      which is an international organization of firearm toolmark examiners.
      It’s been a recognized discipline in the United States since the
      1930s and in the Texas Department of Public Safety since 1935. It’s
      been admitted in U.S. courts.

      Jeffress identified three different journals that publish peer-reviewed

articles on toolmark identification: the Association of Firearm Toolmark Examiner

Journal, Forensic Science International, and the Journal of Forensic Science.

The State presented to the court five articles specific to toolmarks left by gun

magazines.

      Jeffress provided a PowerPoint presentation, which was admitted into

evidence.    The presentation cited a number of studies on “consecutive

manufacture” testing. 6 The studies noted which guns and knives are the most


      6
       Jeffress described consecutive manufacture studies:

            What we do is—the standard in our discipline is to test items
      that have been consecutively manufactured, that is, one right after
      the other right off the assembly line. These tools will have the most

                                        20
difficult for matching toolmarks because of “subclass carryover,” which he

explained occurred when “a tool [makes] some of the same marks from one

piece to the next.   They’re not individual characteristics because they’re not

unique to a specific tool.”   Jeffress’s presentation also discussed “black-box

validation studies,” which he described as “very similar to double-blind studies

conducted for medical trials.”   He listed the error rates associated with each

validation study.

      Jeffress discussed two different tests used to identify the potential rate of

error. The first, called the Brundage study, was started in 1994, and “that test

has been distributed to hundreds of examiners nationally and internationally.” In

the Brundage test, “[p]articipants are given a set of 15 unknown bullets, and with

an error rate of approximately .6 percent, we’ve—other than that, 99.4 percent of

respondents have been able to correctly identify all of those bullets to those

consecutively manufactured barrels.”

      Jeffress also discussed the annual proficiency tests from Collaborative

Testing Services. He testified that there is a 1.4% error rate on that exam, but he


      amount of microscopic agreement that is possible because they
      haven’t been used, they haven’t been abused, and they have the
      most minimum amount of tool wear.

            And what we’ve done, all those studies listed are consecutive
      manufacture studies, that time after time after time again show that
      examiners could differentiate which ones were made with which tool,
      even consecutively manufactured.




                                        21
noted, “These tests may be taken by people that aren’t trained examiners, they

may be taken by trainees. They also may not have a hundred percent response

rate, and also might not be checked as thoroughly as standard case work is,

much like all of ours go through verification.” Jeffress testified,

            [W]e have a wide variety of standards and controls in place in
      our laboratory.    Every microscopic comparison we make is
      independently analyzed by another trained firearms examiner. It’s a
      process we termed “verification.” And all of our work is one hundred
      percent verified.

           So another qualified examiner looks at all of my microscopic
      comparisons, and they must reach the same conclusion that I do.

Jeffress said that his conclusions in this case were verified.

      C. Discussion

      Appellant argues that Jeffress was not a reliable witness because he had

never before testified about toolmarks from magazines. However, he also

testified that he has done this specific type of identification in “at least five cases.”

He has over five years’ experience in toolmark analysis and has three published,

peer-reviewed articles on the subject. His knowledge, skill, experience, training,

and education weigh in favor of reliability. See Sexton v. State, 93 S.W.3d 96,

100 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (weighing the Kelly factors in determining whether

expert testimony was reliable).

      Appellant also argues that Jeffress could not recreate toolmarks with the

actual tool because the gun was never recovered. However, Jeffress testified

that having the murder weapon to use for testing does not result in a better



                                           22
probability that the conclusions from the comparison are correct. He said that

having the actual tool that made the mark is “immaterial if you still have sufficient

agreement of microscopic marks.” He explained, “We frequently get cartridge

cases for which no gun is ever recovered, and we are able to compare and say

that they were fired in a single, yet unknown firearm.” Jeffress discussed the

process by which toolmarks are compared, the error rate in toolmark

identification, and the verification process used to support his conclusions.

These too weigh in favor of reliability.

      Appellant next argues that Jeffress’s procedures were “controlled by the

investigator.” Jeffress testified that the first cartridge he compared to the spent

cartridge found at the crime scene matched, so he called the investigator to let

him know his conclusion. The investigator told him “that one was sufficient.”

There was no evidence that the investigator controlled Jeffress’s methods of

comparison, directed him to which cartridge to test, or influenced Jeffress’s

conclusions or those of the examiner who verified them. Appellant claims that

additional testing would have either strengthened or undercut Jeffress’s opinion.

But testing of the additional cartridges would only have determined whether each

of those cartridges had been cycled through the same magazine as the tested

and spent cartridges; it would not have strengthened or weakened Jeffress’s

conclusion regarding the first tested cartridge.

      Finally, Appellant argues that there is no evidence supporting Jeffress’s

expert opinion because the articles that the State submitted to the trial court were


                                           23
not admitted into evidence and therefore cannot be considered. The Kelly test

requires evidence of “the existence of literature supporting or rejecting the

underlying scientific theory and technique.” Kelly, 824 S.W.2d at 573. Jeffress

testified to the existence of supportive articles, copies of such articles were

provided to the trial court and opposing counsel, and Appellant cross-examined

Jeffress in detail regarding their substance while referring to the article as “what

the State has entered into evidence.” Under the standard of review, we cannot

say that the State’s failure to admit the articles into evidence tips the Kelly

factors, on the whole, away from reliability particularly in light of the testimony

elicited by Appellant concerning the substance of the articles.

      Appellant argues that “this case is a mirror image” of Sexton, 93 S.W.3d at

96. In Sexton, the court of criminal appeals concluded “based on the record

before [it], that the underlying theory of toolmark examination could be reliable in

a given case, but that the State failed to produce evidence of the reliability of the

technique used in [that] case.” Id. at 101. However, there are a number of

differences in the testimony presented in Sexton and that presented in this case.

The testifying expert in Sexton “did not say whether he was familiar with the

manufacturing process of the magazine or magazines that he said left identifiable

marks on the live rounds and cartridge cases.”           Id.   Further, the expert

acknowledged that he had never matched magazine marks in a case before. Id.;

Sexton v. State, 12 S.W.3d 517, 520 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999), rev’d, 93

S.W.3d 96.


                                         24
      In the present case, the trial court conducted a Daubert hearing at which

the State offered both Jeffress’s testimony as well as a PowerPoint presentation

by Jeffress that aided in establishing his knowledge and explanation of the

magazine lip analysis procedure, the scientific method behind it, that method’s

validity and accuracy, and its acceptance in the scientific community. Jeffress

explained in detail and with the aid of pictures how the manufacturing process

creates microscopic imperfections that are unique to a tool or magazine. Jeffress

testified that when looking at these microscopic marks, firearm toolmark experts

look for reproducible patterns that sufficiently “agree[].” He explained, “[W]hen

[we] go through training, we look at thousands and thousands of microscopic

comparisons. It gives us a baseline of what constitutes . . . enough . . . marks for

identification. . . .   [W]e develop this pattern threshold of what a sufficient

agreement consists of.” He defined “sufficient agreement” as the “chance that

another tool could have made those marks is considered a practical

impossibility.”   Through Jeffress’s testimony, the State in this case, unlike in

Sexton, met the required showing of a technical basis for the trial court to find

that the testimony was based in sound science and was reliable.

      In Sexton, the State introduced a treatise that contradicted its own expert’s

testimony that the technique of magazine mark comparison was one hundred

percent accurate. 93 S.W.3d at 101. The court of criminal appeals held that the

expert’s bare assertion, contradicted by available literature, weighed in favor of




                                        25
excluding the testimony. Id. Jeffress, on the other hand, testified that in order to

claim that a method is one hundred percent accurate,

      you must test every firearm or every tool ever made, that ever has
      been made, and ever will be made. So that is when we say
      “practical certainty” or “to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty”
      because that’s what the limits of science provide. We cannot be
      absolutely 100 percent certain of anything.

He explained that the process he employed was much like what a doctor or

radiologist does in diagnosing a disease. He said,

      [I]t is a subjective determination, but it’s based on objective criterion.
      It’s based on the objectivity that is without bias and based on direct
      observation. So based upon looking at these patterns, we look at
      them and we essentially—we made that conclusion that they were,
      in fact, made from the same tool.

He then testified that his opinion was that, within a reasonable degree of

scientific certainty, the toolmarks matched in this case. Jeffress’s testimony does

not mirror the “bare assertions” in Sexton; in fact, his thorough explanation of the

method’s accuracy weighs in favor of allowing the testimony. We therefore do

not find Sexton controlling in this case.

      The deficits present in the expert’s testimony in Sexton were not seen here

in Jeffress’s testimony. The State presented clear and convincing evidence that

the proferred scientific evidence is sufficiently reliable. We therefore overrule

Appellant’s third issue.




                                            26
IV. Exculpatory or impeachment evidence

      In Appellant’s fourth issue, he argues that the State failed to disclose

exculpatory or impeachment evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.

83 (1963).

      After Appellant’s conviction, he filed a motion for new trial, arguing that the

State withheld information that a Texas Ranger had interviewed Bryce Cobbs

about whether Appellant had been at Rebecca Cleere’s house the night of the

murder. See generally Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807–09 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011) (holding defendant preserves Brady error by raising issue in motion for

new trial if nondisclosure not discovered until after jury retires to deliberate).

Appellant discovered that Cobbs had been interviewed when Cobbs sent

Appellant a letter. The letter stated, in pertinent part,

            Hey bro[,] I hope you[‘re] keeping your head up. I heard about
      you getting life in prison. I’m really sorry that happened to you[,] bro.
      A [T]exas [R]anger drove all the way to Oklahoma to question me
      about the murder. He told me [Cleere] told him that I was the[re] the
      night you and [Milwicz] and Ragan were at her house talking about
      what y[’]all were gonna go do. I told him that I didn’t remember
      being the[re]. He wanted me to testify against you but I told him that
      I wouldn’t.

Appellant argues that Cobbs’s testimony would have been favorable to Appellant

and that the letter “undercut[s] Rebecca Cleere’s testimony about what happened

on the night when Milwicz, Lewis[,] and R[a]gan allegedly discussed the robbery.”




                                          27
      A. Brady violations and the standard of review

      We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of

discretion. McQuarrie v. State, 380 S.W.3d 145, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

      The prosecution violates a defendant’s due process rights if it suppresses,

either willfully or inadvertently, exculpatory or impeaching evidence that is

material. Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691, 124 S. Ct. 1256, 1272 (2004);

Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1196–97; Harm v. State, 183 S.W.3d 403, 406

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). However, Brady does not impose a duty on the State to

provide facts known to or discoverable by the defendant. See Havard v. State,

800 S.W.2d 195, 204–05 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); see also Westley v. Johnson,

83 F.3d 714, 726 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that a Brady violation does not arise if

the defendant, using reasonable diligence, could have obtained the information).

      The three-pronged test to establish reversible error for a Brady violation

requires that Appellant prove (1) the State failed to disclose evidence, regardless

of the prosecution’s good or bad faith; (2) the withheld evidence is favorable to

him; and (3) the evidence is material, that is, there is a reasonable probability

that had the evidence been disclosed, the outcome of the trial would have been

different. Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 809, 812. We analyze an alleged Brady violation

“in light of all the other evidence adduced at trial.” Hampton v. State, 86 S.W.3d

603, 612–13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

      Favorable evidence includes evidence that disputes, disparages, denies,

or contradicts other evidence. Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 812. The defendant must


                                        28
show that there is a reasonable probability that had the evidence been disclosed

to the defense, the result would have been different. See id.; Pitman v. State,

372 S.W.3d 261, 271 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. ref’d).

      B. The evidence

      Appellant testified at the hearing on his motion for new trial that he had

tried to find Cobbs prior to his trial because “Cobbs’[s] name was brought up by

the State.” The Texas Ranger who interviewed Cobbs, Danny Briley, testified

that he had located Cobbs through a database to which he had access. Briley

testified that there are similar databases that private individuals can use to locate

people. Briley listened to Cleere’s testimony, and he stated that it was consistent

with what Cobbs had told him. He testified that by the end of the interview,

Cobbs conceded that he must have been at Cleere’s house that night but just

could not remember it. He believed that Cobbs’s statements were favorable to

the State’s case.

      Patrick Berry, the Assistant District Attorney for Hood County, testified that

he had spoken to Appellant’s trial counsel about Cobbs. Berry testified,

      [Appellant’s counsel] asked me if we intended to call Bryce Cobbs,
      and I replied to him that—and this was after I had spoke[n] to Mr.
      Briley about his conversation with Mr. Cobbs—that I did not believe
      we were going to call Cobbs because he didn’t remember anything.

      C. Discussion

      The evidence at the hearing was that not only was Appellant aware that

Briley had found and interviewed Cobbs but that Cobbs’s location was easily



                                         29
discoverable through public databases. Thus, there was no Brady violation in

this case.   See Westley, 83 F.3d at 726; Havard, 800 S.W.2d at 204–05.

Further, even if Cobbs’s information had not been disclosed and could not have

been easily discovered, Appellant has not demonstrated that Cobbs’s testimony

would have been favorable to him and was material. Cobbs’s letter stated that

he did not remember being at Cleere’s house. That is consistent with Briley’s

testimony regarding his interview with Cobbs and Berry’s testimony regarding

why he told Appellant’s counsel that they would not be calling Cobbs to testify.

See Pitman, 372 S.W.3d at 271 (holding that appellant failed to establish

undisclosed notes were favorable when other witnesses’ testimonies were

generally consistent with the undisclosed documents). Cobbs’s testimony that he

could not remember being at Cleere’s house neither bolsters nor undercuts

Cleere’s testimony; it is neutral evidence, not favorable to either side. There is

no requirement under Brady to disclose neutral evidence. See Scaggs v. State,

18 S.W.3d 277, 295 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. ref’d) (citing United States v.

Dillman, 15 F.3d 384, 390 (5th Cir.1994) (“Although exculpatory and

impeachment evidence fall within the purview of Brady, neutral evidence does

not.”)). Accordingly, because the trial court could have reasonably concluded

that the alleged Brady evidence was neither favorable nor material to Appellant’s

defense, we hold that it did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion

for mistrial. See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 809; Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 76–77.

Therefore, we overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.


                                        30
                                Conclusion

      Having overruled Appellant’s four issues on appeal, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment.


                                               /s/ Lee Gabriel

                                               LEE GABRIEL
                                               JUSTICE

PANEL: MCCOY, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: December 18, 2014




                                     31
