                                                                       Digitally signed by
                       Illinois Official Reports                       Reporter of Decisions
                                                                       Reason: I attest to the
                                                                       accuracy and integrity of
                                                                       this document
                               Appellate Court                         Date: 2016.01.27
                                                                       11:22:24 -06'00'




                  DiCosola v. Ryan, 2015 IL App (1st) 150007



Appellate Court   MICHELE DiCOSOLA, Individually and on Behalf of the Business
Caption           Venture Known as Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot,
                  Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JANE RYAN, Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.    First District, Sixth Division
                  Docket No. 1-15-0007



Filed             November 6, 2015



Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-L-000366; the
Review            Hon. Brigid Mary McGrath, Judge, presiding.



Judgment          Affirmed.



Counsel on        Christopher S. Carroll, of Aurora, for appellant.
Appeal
                  Richard J. Nogal and Sara L. Spitler, both of Goldstine, Skrodzki,
                  Russian, Nemec & Hoff, Ltd., of Burr Ridge, for appellee.



Panel             JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Rochford and Justice Delort concurred in the
                  judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       The plaintiff, Michele DiCosola, appeals from an order of the circuit court dismissing his
     action against the defendant, Jane Ryan, with prejudice. For the reasons that follow, we affirm
     the judgment of the circuit court.
¶2       The plaintiff filed a two-count complaint against the defendant, seeking damages for
     breach of contract in count I and specific performance of that same contract in count II. The
     complaint alleged, in relevant part, that the plaintiff and an individual named Shawn Mahoney
     desired to open a used car dealership. Lacking funds to begin the venture, the plaintiff and
     Mahoney entered into discussions with the defendant “whose value would be to provide
     financing.” According to the complaint, the plaintiff, Mahoney and the defendant decided to
     enter into a letter of intent which was executed on September 19, 2013. A copy of the “Letter of
     Intent” is attached as an exhibit to the plaintiff’s complaint and provides, in haec verba, as
     follows:
                                                     “Letter of Intent
                  This letter of intent is a meeting of the minds from the founders of Auto
             Consignment and Exchange Depot, an automotive dealership company. The intent of
             this letter is the following:
                  1. A Private Placement Offering (hereinafter “PPO”) will be created by a Securities
             Law firm on behalf of Michele (A.K.A. Mike) Di Cosola, Shawn Mahoney, and Jane
             Ryan;
                  2. Michele Di Cosola will be the General Manager of the dealership and Shawn
             Mahoney will be the General Sales Manager.
                  3. Michele Di Cosola and Shawn Mahoney will be in charge of all business
             decisions and will have exclusive voting rights.
                  4. Michele Di Cosola will own 45% common shares and Shawn Mahoney will have
             45% shares.
                  5. Jane Ryan will create a Solo 401k Roll over (name TBA) for self directing the
             Solo 401k founding shares and with an ownership of 10% of non voting shares.
                  6. The amount that will be used as start up costs for Auto Consignment and
             Exchange Depot will be $1,000,000.00, which will be transferred from Jane Ryan’s
             Solo 401k to the Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot in order to have 10% shares
             as stated above.
                  7. Jane Ryan will pay for the attorney fees and additional start up costs prior to the
             $1,000,000.00 being deposited into Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot in order to
             help the structural process go under way. This will be subtracted from the
             $1,000,000.00 when the money has been transferred so as to refund her loan to the
             company.
                  8. The law firm will represent Mike, Shawn, Jane and Auto Consignment and
             Exchange Depot.
                  9. Funds will be provided to the new business as soon as legally able to be due.
                  10. All parties agree to these terms and any additional terms will be equally agreed
             to and protected against all parties when and if the law firm advises so.”


                                                  -2-
     Attached to the “Letter of Intent” is a one-page, handwritten addendum which states: “Should
     Jane Ryan’s solo 401K choose to sell its shares, at the exclusive determination of Mike and
     Shawn, they will collectively decide to purchase such shares in whole or in part at 3Xs the
     initial investment.”
¶3        The complaint alleges that the defendant issued a check in the sum of $5,500 payable to
     Centarus Legal Group on September 19, 2013, as a retainer for the preparation of a private
     placement offering and related documents. However, on September 24, 2013, the defendant’s
     counsel sent a letter to Centarus Legal Group, informing it that: the defendant was not
     engaging that law firm; she was not going to involve herself in any business relationship or
     investment with the plaintiff or Mahoney, including Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot;
     and requesting that the plaintiff and Mahoney cease any contact or communication with the
     defendant.
¶4        The complaint asserts that “[t]he Letter of Intent forms a valid contract between [the]
     [p]laintiff, Mahoney and [the] [d]efendant.” The complaint goes on to allege that the plaintiff
     performed his obligations under “the Contract” prior to the defendant’s initial payment, but
     that the defendant breached the contract by failing to pay the $1 million resulting in the
     proposed corporation, Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot, never being “formed.”
¶5        After being served with a summons and a copy of the complaint, the defendant filed an
     appearance and jury demand. As her responsive pleading, the defendant filed a combined
     motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735
     ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2014)). As grounds for dismissal pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code
     (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)), the defendant alleged that: (1) the complaint fails to include
     a necessary party, namely Mahoney; (2) both counts fail to plead the essential elements of a
     cause of action for breach of contract; and (3) count II fails to allege either the existence of an
     enforceable contract or a proper basis for the remedy of specific performance. In support of a
     dismissal pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2014)), the
     defendant asserted that: (1) the plaintiff lacks standing to file suit on behalf of a nonexistent
     entity; (2) the plaintiff cannot bring a derivative action on behalf of a nonexistent corporation;
     (3) both counts of the complaint are based upon an unenforceable document, referencing future
     action and undefined terms; (4) the “Letter of Intent” lacks consideration; (5) count II of the
     complaint seeks specific performance of the payment of money by the defendant from funds
     which are exempt from judgment, attachment or seizure for the satisfaction of debts pursuant
     to section 12-1006(a) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/12-1006(a) (West 2014)); and (6) the scheme
     described in the Letter of Intent violates federal and state securities laws and is unenforceable.
¶6        The plaintiff filed a written response to the motion, and, thereafter, the defendant filed her
     reply in support. Following argument by counsel for both parties, the circuit court entered an
     order granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss on section 2-615 grounds, without prejudice,
     and granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss on section 2-619 grounds, with prejudice. In
     support of its dismissal pursuant to section 2-619, the court specifically found that “no
     enforceable contract was formed,” the plaintiff lacked standing to bring the action “because the
     funds were to be paid to a corporation that was not formed,” and “no consideration existed.”
     Thereafter, the plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.
¶7        The defendant’s motions to dismiss were brought pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code
     which permits a party to move for dismissal under both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code.
     735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2014). A section 2-615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal

                                                  -3-
       sufficiency of a complaint. Lutkauskas v. Ricker, 2015 IL 117090, ¶ 29. A motion brought
       pursuant to section 2-619 admits the sufficiency of the complaint, but asserts affirmative
       matter that avoids or defeats the claim. Id. We review a dismissal under either section 2-615 or
       section 2-619 de novo. Id.
¶8         Although the circuit court found in support of its dismissal under section 2-619 of the Code
       both that no enforceable contract was formed by the “Letter of Intent” and that no
       consideration existed, these findings go to the legal sufficiency of the allegations in the
       plaintiff’s complaint; a section 2-615 inquiry. As we may affirm the circuit court on any
       grounds supported by the record, regardless of whether the circuit court relied on those
       grounds or whether the circuit court’s reasoning was correct (Suchy v. City of Geneva, 2014 IL
       App (2d) 130367, ¶ 19), we will address the merits of the circuit court’s findings as we can
       discern no prejudice to the plaintiff in our doing so (see Wallace v. Smyth, 203 Ill. 2d 441, 447
       (2002)).
¶9         The question of whether a complaint sets forth the essential elements of a cause of action
       addresses its legal sufficiency. In resolving the issue, we accept all well-pleaded facts in the
       complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences from those facts which are favorable to
       the plaintiff. Patrick Engineering, Inc. v. City of Naperville, 2012 IL 113148, ¶ 31. However,
       we do not accept as true legal or factual conclusions which are not supported by specific
       allegations of fact upon which those conclusions rest. Id.
¶ 10       In this case, our analysis has been made extremely difficult by the wording of the “Letter of
       Intent” itself. The plaintiff characterizes the wording of the document as “in artful.” The
       description is an understatement. The document is a drafting nightmare which is, in a number
       of paragraphs, barely understandable.
¶ 11       In determining whether the complaint set forth a cause of action for breach of contract, we
       must determine whether the wording of the “Letter of Intent” coupled with the allegations of
       the complaint satisfy the elements of offer, acceptance, consideration, definite and certain
       terms, performance by the plaintiff, breach by the defendant, and damages resulting from the
       breach. CNA International, Inc. v. Baer, 2012 IL App (1st) 112174, ¶ 45.
¶ 12       According to the “Letter of Intent,” a private placement offering for Auto Consignment
       and Exchange Depot was to be created by an unnamed law firm on behalf of the plaintiff,
       Mahoney, and the defendant. The plaintiff was to own 45% of the common shares and act as
       the general manager of the entity. Mahoney was to own 45% of the common shares and act as
       the general sales manager. Together, the plaintiff and Mahoney were to be in charge of all
       business decisions and have exclusive voting rights. The defendant was to create a “Solo 401k
       Roll over” (presumptively a 401k rollover retirement account) that was to acquire 10% of the
       shares of the corporation in exchange for the payment of $1 million. The defendant’s shares
       were to be nonvoting. The $1 million to be paid from the defendant’s 401k account in
       exchange for 10% of the stock of Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot was to be used for
       “start up costs.” Additionally, the defendant was to pay any attorney fees and “additional start
       up costs,” prior to the $1 million payment, which sums were to be subtracted from the $1
       million when that sum was transferred to the company. The complaint alleges that the
       defendant breached her obligations under the “Letter of Intent” by failing to pay the $1 million.
¶ 13       In his brief before this court, the plaintiff asserts that the “Letter of Intent” is a valid
       contract and that it “created reciprocal rights and duties benefiting both parties.” The plaintiff
       argues that, since the “Letter of Intent” is a contract between “co-promoters” of a corporation

                                                   -4-
       to be formed, it may be enforced, each promoter against the other. In contrast, the defendant
       argues that, even assuming that the plaintiff, Mahoney, and the defendant were copromoters of
       a corporation, the “Letter of Intent” imposed no duties or obligations on the part of the plaintiff
       or Mahoney and, therefore, lacked consideration.
¶ 14       “A promoter of a corporation is one who actively assists in creating, projecting and
       organizing a corporation.” Tin Cup Pass Ltd. Partnership v. Daniels, 195 Ill. App. 3d 847, 850
       (1990). It is true, as the plaintiff asserts, when there is a contract between copromoters of a
       corporation it may be enforced, each promoter against the other. Geving v. Fitzpatrick, 56 Ill.
       App. 3d 206, 210 (1978). However, the mere fact that one is a promoter of a corporation does
       not, of itself, make her personally liable to her copromoters. Id.
¶ 15       Whether the “Letter of Intent” in this case is, as the plaintiff argues, a valid contract is, in
       part, dependent upon whether it is supported by consideration. Consideration is an essential
       element to any contract. Carter v. SSC Odin Operating Co., 2012 IL 113204, ¶ 21 (quoting
       Armstrong Paint & Varnish Works v. Continental Can Co., 301 Ill. 102, 108 (1921)).
       Consequently, a complaint failing to allege consideration fails to allege an enforceable contract
       and, therefore, fails to allege facts sufficient to support either a claim for breach of contract or
       an action for specific performance.
¶ 16       “ ‘Consideration’ is the ‘bargained-for exchange of promises or performances, and may
       consist of a promise, an act or a forbearance.’ [Citation.]” Id. ¶ 23. It is “some right, interest,
       profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss of responsibility
       given, suffered or undertaken by the other.” Lindy Lu LLC v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 2013 IL
       App (3d) 120337, ¶ 22.
¶ 17       Absent from the facts pled in the plaintiff’s complaint is any specific allegation of
       consideration. The issue then becomes whether the provisions of the “Letter of Intent” satisfy
       the requirement of consideration necessary to the formation of a valid and enforceable
       contract.
¶ 18       The “Letter of Intent” states that the defendant was to: (1) create a 401k account; (2) cause
       the 401k account to acquire 10% of the stock of Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot for
       the sum of $1 million; and (3) advance attorney fees and costs “in order to help the structural
       process go underway.” According to the “Letter of Intent,” the plaintiff was to act as general
       manager of the dealership, and Mahoney was to act as its general sales manager. However,
       there is no durational term for their services set forth in the document or otherwise alleged in
       the complaint. Other than the provision providing that the plaintiff and Mahoney “will be” the
       general manager and the general sales manager, respectively, there are no other obligations
       imposed on either set forth in the “Letter of Intent” or alleged in the complaint.
¶ 19       When, as in this case, there is no other consideration for an agreement, the mutual promises
       of the parties must satisfy the consideration requirement for contract formation, and these
       promises must be binding on both parties or the contract fails for want of consideration. Carter,
       2012 IL 113204, ¶ 21. That is to say, either both parties to the agreement are bound or neither is
       bound.
¶ 20       An illusory promise appears to be a promise, but in actuality the promisor has not agreed to
       do anything. W.E. Erickson Construction, Inc. v. Chicago Title Insurance Co., 266 Ill. App. 3d
       905, 909 (1994). It is also defined as a promise for which performance is optional. Id. We
       believe that is the case in this instance.


                                                    -5-
¶ 21       To the extent that the provision in the “Letter of Intent” which provides that the plaintiff
       “will be the General Manager of the dealership and Shawn Mahoney will be the General Sales
       Manager” might be construed as their undertakings to perform in those capacities, their
       undertakings are illusory. Absent a fixed time or duration of their services set forth in the
       “Letter of Intent” or otherwise alleged in the complaint, the undertaking that either the plaintiff
       or Mahoney would act in their respective capacity is presumed to be terminable at will. See
       Duldulao v. Saint Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center, 115 Ill. 2d 482, 489 (1987). Being
       terminable at will, performance on their part is entirely optional.
¶ 22       The illusory undertakings of the plaintiff and Mahoney to act as general manager and
       general sales manager of Auto Consignment and Exchange Depot are not sufficient
       consideration to support a contract. W.E. Erickson Construction, Inc., 266 Ill. App. 3d at 909.
       Therefore, in the absence of any other undertaking on the part of the plaintiff, we conclude that
       the “Letter of Intent” fails as an enforceable contract for want of consideration.
¶ 23       Having found that the “Letter of Intent,” lacking in consideration, is not a valid and
       enforceable contract, we need not address any of the defendant’s other arguments in support of
       the circuit court’s order dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint. And for the reasons stated, we
       affirm the order of the circuit court dismissing both counts of the plaintiff’s complaint, with
       prejudice.

¶ 24      Affirmed.




                                                    -6-
