            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



In re JP.


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                   September 24, 2019
               Petitioner-Appellee,                                9:00 a.m.

v                                                                  No. 344812
                                                                   Gogebic Circuit Court
JP,                                                                Family Division
                                                                   LC No. 2017-000048-DL
               Respondent-Appellant.


Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and GLEICHER and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

GLEICHER, J.

        Young teenagers sometimes make poor judgments born of impetuosity, immaturity, and
an inability to foresee the painful consequences of their actions. Here, four teenaged girls
decided they did not like a 13-year-old boy, and fantasized via group text messages about killing
him, his dog, and even his goldfish. The texts are not pretty or clever. They also were not sent
to the boy. He learned the content of the hateful messages from his mother, and never actually
read them.

        The prosecutor charged one of the girls, respondent JP, with a violation of MCL
750.540e(1), which subjects those who send text messages intended to “terrorize, frighten,
intimidate, threaten, harass, molest or annoy” another person to criminal punishment. Despite
that no evidence supported that respondent intended that the boy would ever see the text
messages, a jury adjudicated her as responsible for the violation and the trial court entered a
dispositional order. Because no evidence or reasonable inference suggests that the teenagers
intended to terrorize, frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest or annoy the teenaged boy
discussed in their texts, we vacate the orders of adjudication and disposition.




                                               -1-
                                                 I

        The four involved girls formed a “Snapchat” group. Snapchat is an application for
mobile phones used to share text messages, photographs, and other images among a defined
group of “real friends.” See <https://www.youtube.com/user/OfficialSnapchat/about>. One
feature of the application vaporizes the messages after a few seconds unless a recipient
deliberately saves them. Even then, the messages remain accessible for only 24 hours unless a
participant captures a “screen shot.” In other words, the messages are usually temporary and
ephemeral, by design. See State v Bariteau, 884 NW2d 169, 172 n 1; 2016 SD 57 (2016)
(“Snapchat is an image messaging mobile phone application in which a user can send a
photograph or text message with a set time to expire. The receiving user can only view the text
message or photograph for one to ten seconds before the image or text message expires and is
automatically deleted from the mobile phone.”).

        Each of the girls in the Snapchat group used a personally selected moniker rather than
their real names. Respondent was 7Up. The other girls were Lady Gaga, Dream Ruiner, and
Me. All were in sixth or seventh grade. The boy involved, S, was a seventh grader. The girls
assigned a name to their Snapchat: “R.I.P. [S] (& Goldfish);” R.I.P., of course, means “rest in
peace.”

       The girls did not like S. He pushed the books off Lady Gaga’s desk and called her “fat
and gay.” S also “shoved” the books off respondent’s desk. S denied the allegations. 1 Based on
the perceptions of at least some of the girls that S had transgressed the norms of middle school
decorum, the girls fantasized about killing S, his goldfish, and his dog (if he had one). Here is a
sample of their creative work:

               7UP [respondent]: I WILL MARGARITA SQUARE UP LIKE [S]’S
       HEAD

               LADY GAGA: HAHAHAHAHHAHAHAGA [sic]

               7UP: LETS GOOOOO



               LADY GAGA: WE SHOULD STAB HIM


1
  Outside the jury’s presence, the judge twice observed that he found S’s protestations of
innocence unconvincing. After the verdict was rendered, the judge commented, “Oh, and the last
thing I was going to say is, you know, even though I do believe he pushed your books, I do
believe he was a bug on a lot of this stuff; I think he was doing it to get your attention.” At the
dispositional hearing, the judge reiterated, “I said on the record I do believe he was annoying but
I also feel that part of the reason he is annoying is because he is a challenged young man and he
was trying to get your attention. He was trying to get you girls to like him in a completely, not a
good strategy type of way.”


                                                -2-
              DREAM RUINER:

              7UP: YES

                                              * * *

              7UP: MURDER HIM
                   LET’S DO IT

              LADY GAGA: AND HIS FAMILY
                         AND HIS DOG

              7UP: YEEEESSS

              DREAM RUINER: MURDER HIM

              LADY GAGA: AND HIS GOLD FISH

              DREAM RUINER: XD[2]

              ME: What if he doesn’t have a dog!!

              7UP: WE WILL DRUG HIM THEN STAB HIM TO DEATH

              LADY GAGA: And rip his skin off
                         And fee[d] it to his dog

              7UP: Yes

               LADY GAGA: [cartoon bitmoji of a woman captioned “wow, such amaze,
       very story, :O, many interest, so care”]

              7UP: YES TO ALL O IT

                                              * * *

              LADY GAGA:[3]




2
  “XD” in electronic communications represents an “emoticon” for “laughing out loud.” The
letter “X” represents “the eyes all scrunched up” and the letter “D” “represents a really big
mouth that is laughing.”       See What Does “XD” Mean in Chatting?, available at
<https://www.reference.com/technology/xd-mean-chatting-1723977c2976c9e3>           (accessed
September 17, 2019).


                                             -3-
              7UP: AWEEEEEE

              LADY GAGA: @[S]’s gold fish

              7UP: WHO ELSE HATES [S] IN HERE

              LADY GAGA: ME

                                              * * *

              7UP: PATRICIA WILL KIL [sic] HIM ONE DAY

              LADY GAGA: Yee

                                              * * *

              DREAM RUINER: His head will turn to a fucking rectangle

              LADY GAGA: A CIRCLE
                         YES

                                              * * *

              ME: Or a triangle??!?!!?

              LADY GAGA: Yes then I’ll play volleyball with it
                         ILLUMANATI CONFIRMED




3
  Lady Gaga found a clean version of this photograph for the Snapchat thread. The image has
since been licensed on the Internet and that version is included in this opinion.


                                            -4-
              DREAM RUINER:

                                                * * *

              7UP: [triangle graphics]
                    @me shipping myself to china after killing [S]

              ME: HAHAHHAHAHAHA

              DREAM RUINER: I WILL PAY FOR SHIPPING

                                                * * *

           7UP: ILL BE THROWN AWAY IN THE TRASH ALONG WITH [S’]S
       REMAINS

              DREAM RUINER: You will be shipped on a luxury cruise ship
                              XD
                              XDD

        It is reasonable for a school to condemn and punish (by suspension, for example) the
girls’ misuse of social media and the potential for cyberbullying it represents.4 Children should
be strongly encouraged to use digital media responsibly, to consider all the potential
consequences of their words, and to refrain from any aggressive, inflammatory, or hurtful
commentary. But school rules are not criminal laws. The relevant facts in this criminal case
include that none of the girls took any action intended to communicate the threats to S. S was
not invited to the Snapchat, and according to his testimony, he never actually read the texts.5
The messages came to light only after someone mentioned their existence to S, who asked Me
about it. S’s mother informed the school principal of the existence of the Snapchat. The


4
  The Michigan Legislature recently enacted a statute making cyberbullying a misdemeanor.
MCL 750.411x, enacted by 2019 PA 47, effective March 27, 2019. Notably, the statute contains
two intent requirements consistent with our analysis:
       “Cyberbully” includes posting a message or statement in a public media forum
       about any other person if both of the following apply:

       (i) The message or statement is intended to place a person in fear of bodily harm
       or death and expresses an intent to commit violence against the person.

       (ii) The message or statement is posted with the intent to communicate a threat or
       with knowledge that it will be viewed as a threat. [MCL 750.411x(6)(a).]
5
  While using Snapchat, the participants can tell if someone is added to their assembled
collection of chatters. They agreed that S was never added to the group.


                                               -5-
principal brought the girls into his office, seized their phones, and contacted law enforcement.
Respondent was charged with a violation of MCL 750.540e(1)(a):

        (1) A person is guilty of a misdemeanor who maliciously uses any service
       provided by a telecommunications service provider with intent to terrorize,
       frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, or annoy another person, or to
       disturb the peace and quiet of another person by any of the following:

       (a) Threatening physical harm or damage to any person or property in the course
       of a conversation or message through the use of a telecommunications service or
       device.

       We turn to a detailed review of the evidence relevant to respondent’s intent.

        Lady Gaga testified that she never told S about the Snapchat and was “surprised” that he
found out about it. She explained, “[H]e like wasn’t added into the group chat and nobody else
that was really friends with him or close to him was added into the group chat and so I really
didn’t think he was going to know about it.” The texts were “just a way of kind of venting I
guess, in some twisted way.” Lady Gaga testified that she deleted the screenshot texts regarding
S from her phone. On cross-examination she agreed that she “never thought any of this would
get back to S.”

      Me testified that S was her friend, and still is. S found out about the Snapchat from
someone else, and asked her about it:

               Q. So from what you recall [S] had some kind of idea that this Snapchat
       existed and he asked you if it existed or not?

               A. Yes.

               Q. What’d you tell him?

               A. I told him it did and he asked me to show him and I showed him.

             Q. So, when you say he asked me to show him, you showed him these
       messages?

               A. Yes.

Me conceded that “[i]t was never meant for it to be sent to [S].”

        Dream Ruiner, a sixth grader, testified that she did not “really” know S, but understood
“that he’d given some of the other girls in the group a hard time.” She, too, believed that the
Snapchat was “private” while the girls were engaged in it, although she saved the messages on
her phone. Dream Ruiner suspected that Me had started the Snapchat group.

       During his testimony, S contradicted Me’s testimony regarding his view of the Snapchat.
He recalled that Me exposed the name of the Snapchat, but not the messages themselves:

                                                -6-
               Q. How did you find out that the group existed?

               A. [Me] came to me and showed me it.

               Q. And when you say she showed it to you, what did she show you?

               A. She just showed me the group chat name.

               Q. The group chat name?

               A. Yeah.

               Q. And what was the group chat name?

               A. R.I.P. [S] and his goldfish.

               Q. At the time that she showed that to you, what did she show it to you
       with?

               A. She just showed me it out of the blue.

               Q. I mean, like, was it a piece of paper, was it a computer?

               A. No, it was on her phone.

                                                 * * *

             Q. Did [Me] show you the messages in addition to the name of the
       Snapchat group?

               A. She didn’t show me the messages.

               Q. Okay, so just the name?

               A. Yes.

               Q. Have you ever personally read the messages?

               A. No.

             Q. Did you ever talk to [Me] about it after that first time when she
       showed you the name of the group?

               A. No.

S’s mother informed him of the content of the texts, which “kind of made me feel worse,” S
admitted. On cross-examination, S agreed that respondent had never said anything to him that he
viewed as harassing or annoying, and had never communicated with him at all by using a phone,
a computer, or a tablet.

                                                  -7-
        Respondent was in the 8th grade at the time of the adjudication trial. She testified that
she believed the Snapchat conversation was “just private.” “I had no clue people were saving it,”
she explained, and never intended that the communications would be shown to S. And,
consistent with S’s testimony, respondent agreed that she had never communicated with him in
any fashion.

         Thus, no direct evidence supported that respondent intended that her threats would be
communicated to S. The girls agreed that they did not intend for S to see their messages. S
testified that he did not learn the content of the messages until his mother told him about them.
No evidence was presented warranting even an inference that JP did, in fact, anticipate, expect,
plan or desire that S would learn of the texts.

        From the onset of the case, respondent’s counsel insisted that respondent lacked an intent
to threaten or harass S, and that such intent was fundamental to a finding of responsibility for
having violated MCL 750.540e(1)(a). The prosecutor acknowledged that S had not been
included in the Snapchat, but focused on the girls’ awareness that “[t]here’s no such thing as
privacy on the internet.” The girls should have known, the prosecutor maintained, that S likely
would find out about their “malicious” threats.

       Regarding the offense, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:

       The juvenile is charged with a crime of malicious [use] of a telecommunications
       device. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following all
       beyond a reasonable doubt. First that the use of telephone line or any electronic
       medium of communication, the internet, a computer, a computer program, a
       computer system, a computer network, or any electronic medium of
       telecommunication [sic]. It does not matter whether the communication was
       actually sent or received. It was pretty much acknowledged that the medium here
       was a cell phone and a Snapchat. 2. Second, that the juvenile did this
       maliciously. This means the juvenile did the act with intent to terrorize, frighten,
       intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, annoy, or disturb the peace and quiet. It’s an
       either/or again as I pointed out to you; it does not have to be all of them. Third,
       the communication threatened physical harm or damage to any person or property
       through the use of the device. [Emphasis added.]

        The jury found respondent responsible. Her counsel brought a motion for a directed
verdict or a new trial, arguing that there was no evidence that respondent (or the other girls)
intended to threaten or disturb S in any manner. The prosecutor rested her response on the
content of the girls’ statements, contending that they “could certainly be viewed as intending to
terrorize, frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, annoy or disturb the peace and quiet of
someone else[.]” The trial court concluded that because “in the end” S was intimidated and felt
threatened, the jury’s verdict would stand.

       Respondent now appeals.




                                                -8-
                                                 II

        Respondent contends that the jury’s verdict is against the great weight of the evidence.
Because the girls did not intend that S would see their texts, respondent argues, she cannot be
adjudicated responsible based on the threatening or offensive language they employed.
Respondent is correct. The statute underlying the jury’s verdict requires proof of specific intent
“to terrorize, frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, or annoy another person, or to disturb
the peace and quiet of another person[.]” MCL 750.540e (emphasis added). No evidence
supports that respondent specifically intended that S would ever read or learn of the text
messages. Accordingly, the jury’s verdict contravened the great weight of the evidence, and the
orders of adjudication and disposition must be vacated.

        A verdict is against the great weight of the evidence when “the evidence preponderates so
heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand.”
People v Lacalamita, 286 Mich App 467, 469; 780 NW2d 311 (2009). We review for an abuse
of discretion a trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial grounded in a great weight of the
evidence claim. People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 232; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). A “court
necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.” People v Franklin, 500 Mich
92, 100; 894 NW2d 561 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). An abuse of discretion
may also occur when a trial court “operates within an incorrect legal framework.” People v
Hine, 467 Mich 242, 250-251; 650 NW2d 659 (2002). We review de novo whether conduct falls
within the scope of a criminal law. People v Cassadime, 258 Mich App 395, 398; 671 NW2d
559 (2003).

       We begin our analysis by repeating the language of the statute at the center of this case:

         (1) A person is guilty of a misdemeanor who maliciously uses any service
       provided by a telecommunications service provider with intent to terrorize,
       frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, or annoy another person, or to
       disturb the peace and quiet of another person by any of the following:

       (a) Threatening physical harm or damage to any person or property in the course
       of a conversation or message through the use of a telecommunications service or
       device. [MCL 750.540e(1)(a).]

In construing this statute, our goal is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent.
People v Morey, 461 Mich 325, 330; 603 NW2d 250 (1999). The language of this statute is
unambiguous, and so we presume that the Legislature intended the meaning conveyed. Id.

       In People v Taravella, 133 Mich App 515, 523; 350 NW2d 780 (1984), this Court held
that MCL 750.540e is a specific intent crime, and we reaffirm that holding.6 To be convicted
under the statute, a defendant must specifically intend to annoy, terrorize, or disturb the peace of


6
  Cases decided before November 1, 1990 can be considered persuasive authority, although they
are not binding precedent. MCR 7.215(J)(1).


                                                -9-
another person, and must use a telecommunications device to do so. Id. The listener’s
perception of the nature of the call does not determine a defendant’s liability, this Court
emphasized in Taravella, as “[t]he statute clearly provides that the focus is on the caller; it is the
malicious intent with which the transmission is made that establishes the criminality of the
conduct.” Id. at 521. In other words, the statute criminalizes the use of a telephonic device when
the defendant harbors the specific intent to harass, terrorize, annoy, or otherwise interfere with
the peace and quiet of another person.

        No evidence supports that respondent intended to harass, terrorize, annoy, or otherwise
interfere with S’s peace and quiet. Rather, the great weight of the evidence demonstrates
precisely the opposite: none of the Snapchat participants intended that S would ever read or see
the texts, or would ever feel threatened by their existence. In Taravella, this Court highlighted
that even if a recipient does receive a telephonic communication, the “listener’s subjective
perceptions, without the necessary intent on the part of the caller” do not make out the crime. Id.
The focus remains on the intent of the sender.

        The prosecution asserts that respondent’s “[m]alice is apparent from the graphic nature of
the threats and the attempt to build consensus on hating [S] with whoever else was in the group
chat.” This argument disregards the language of the statute, which requires that the maker of a
threat intend that the threat disturb or otherwise negatively affect “another person.” The nature
of the language, standing alone, does not make out the crime, nor does the fact that violence was
discussed.7 Rather, Taravella instructs that MCL 750.540e survives constitutional scrutiny
precisely because it pairs speech with a speaker’s malicious intent that the content of the speech
be communicated to a listener, and some form of follow-through on that intent.8




7
  Although not raised as an issue on appeal, we note that the jury instruction regarding the
offense inaccurately posited that “[i]t does not matter whether the communication was actually
sent or received.” The failure to actually send a communication bears on a defendant’s intent to
annoy or harass the recipient, and thus matters. Although the record is vague regarding the
source of the jury instruction, the court appears to have obtained the “does not matter” language
from M Crim JI 35.1, which relates to an entirely different crime (interfering with an electronic
communication). Moreover, the instruction omitted a critical part of the statutory language—that
the defendant intended “to terrorize, frighten, intimidate, threaten, harass, molest, or annoy
another person.” The statute’s intent requirement mandates that speech be deliberately aimed at
“another person.” By omitting those words, the court inaccurately conveyed the statute’s reach.
Our holding does not rest on these grounds, however.
8
  In this case, the prosecution alleged that respondent “threatened physical harm or damage” to a
person, which is outlawed under subsection (1)(a). The statute also criminalizes six other acts,
including “falsely and deliberately reporting by message . . . that a person has been injured, has
suddenly taken ill, has suffered death, or has been the victim of a crime or an accident,” MCL
750.540e(1)(b), and “[d]eliberately engaging or causing to engage the use of a
telecommunications service or device of another person in a repetitive manner that causes


                                                -10-
        In Taravella, the defendant was charged under MCL 750.540e with having made obscene
or harassing telephone calls. He brought a motion to quash, contending that the statute was
unconstitutionally overbroad because it allowed for punishment of constitutionally protected
speech. Id. at 517-519. This Court acknowledged that the First Amendment limits “the extent to
which states may punish or criminalize the use of words or language.” Id. at 519. Therefore, a
statute regulating speech “must be narrowly drawn so as not to infringe on constitutionally
protected speech.” Id. We upheld the statute’s constitutionality by construing it as requiring
both a malicious intent to annoy or terrorize or disturb the peace and quiet of another, and
evidence that the defendant “further does one of the activities listed” in the statute’s subsections.
Id. at 523 (emphasis in original). Under subsection (a), a defendant must “[t]hreaten physical
harm or damage to any person in the course of a conversation or message[.]” MCL
750.540e(1)(a) (emphasis added.)

        Respondent did not undertake any acts consistent with threatening S, and no evidence
substantiates that she intended to do so. Under MCL 750.450e, respondent’s speech alone was
not enough to establish criminal conduct. See also People v Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 45;
104 NE3d 341 (2017) (in which the Illinois Supreme Court found unconstitutional a statute
criminalizing communications “to or about a person” without requiring “any relationship—
integral or otherwise—to unlawful conduct”).

        The prosecution asserts that respondent should have anticipated that the chat would be
leaked to S, and that her responsibility may be inferred by her failure to understand that the
Internet is not a secure place. It is true that respondent’s texts were unwise in light of the risk
that they would be seen by people outside the chat, but that does not suffice to prove the intent
required by the statute, or to transform digital stupidity into criminal activity.

        Here, and in the trial court, the prosecution propounds an argument premised on
respondent’s negligence rather than her specific intent to threaten S. Although it addresses an
entirely different statute, we find analogous and helpful the United States Supreme Court’s
opinion in Elonis v United States, ___ US ___; 135 S Ct 2001; 192 L Ed 2d 1 (2015). The
federal statute at issue in Elonis made “it a crime to transmit in interstate commerce ‘any
communication containing any threat . . . to injure the person of another.’ ” Id. at 2004 (citation
omitted, alteration in original). Elonis posted “graphically violent language” on Facebook which
included his wish to hurt his soon-to-be ex-wife and one of his coworkers. The subjects of the
defendant’s Facebook postings read his words and became fearful. Id. at 2005-2006. At trial,
Elonis requested an instruction that “the government must prove that he intended to
communicate a true threat.” Id. at 2007 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The district
court denied this request and instead informed the jury that

       A statement is a true threat when a defendant intentionally makes a statement in a
       context or under such circumstances wherein a reasonable person would foresee
       that the statement would be interpreted by those to whom the maker


interruption in telecommunications service or prevents the person from utilizing his or her
telecommunications service or device.” MCL 750.540e(1)(g).


                                                -11-
       communicates the statement as a serious expression of an intention to inflict
       bodily injury or take the life of an individual. [Id. (quotation marks and citation
       omitted).]

        Pertinent here, the government contended that Elonis could be convicted “if he himself
knew the contents and context of his posts, and a reasonable person would have recognized that
the posts would be read as genuine threats.” Id. at 2011. The Supreme Court soundly rejected
the government’s argument, characterizing it as erecting “a negligence standard” inconsistent
with the mental state required under the statute. Id. “[W]rongdoing must be conscious to be
criminal,” the Supreme Court reminded. Id. at 2009, citing Morissette v United States, 342 US
246, 252; 72 S Ct 240; 96 L Ed 288 (1952) (JACKSON, J.). “The ‘central thought’ ” expressed in
Morissette, the Elonis Court highlighted, “is that a defendant must be ‘blameworthy in mind’
before he can be found guilty, a concept courts have expressed over time through various terms
such as mens rea, scienter, malice aforethought, guilty knowledge, and the like.” Elonis, 135 S
Ct at 2009.

        Respondent may not be punished because she negligently overlooked the possibility that
someone else would show S the Snapchat contents. MCL 750.540e(1)(a) applies to respondent
only if she meant to communicate her threats to S and actually threatened him. No evidence of
record supports that she intended or carried out a threat, and we are unable to infer intent or an
act from any of the testimony. The evidence that respondent lacked an intent to threaten S
preponderates so heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow it to
stand.

       We vacate the orders of adjudication and disposition.



                                                              /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                              /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




                                                -12-
