                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 14-4781
                                       ___________

                                   GEORGE K. BELL,
                                              Petitioner

                                             v.

              ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                         Respondent
                   ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A041 454 503)
                     Immigration Judge: Honorable Walter Durling
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   August 3, 2015

          Before: FISHER, KRAUSE and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: August 11, 2015)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________




PER CURIAM


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       George Bell, proceeding pro se, petitions for review of a decision of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal of an Immigration Judge’s denial of

his application for relief from removal. For the reasons that follow, we will deny the

petition for review.

       Bell, a native and citizen of Jamaica, was admitted to the United States as a lawful

permanent resident in 1988. In 2002, a notice to appear was issued alleging that Bell had

two convictions in New York state court for petty larceny and convictions for attempted

sale of drugs and drug possession. The notice charged that Bell was subject to removal

from the United States because he was convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude

and an aggravated felony. Bell did not appear for his hearing. An Immigration Judge

found him removable as charged and ordered his removal in absentia. Bell was removed

from the United States in 2007, but he re-entered in 2009. Bell pleaded guilty in federal

court to criminal charges related to the illegal reentry. The Department of Homeland

Security reinstated his removal order.

       Bell’s case was referred to an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) because Bell asserted that

he feared he would be harmed if removed to Jamaica. The IJ questioned Bell, who

proceeded pro se at his hearing, about the written statement he had submitted in support

of his application for relief from removal. Bell confirmed that, before he came to the

United States in 1988, he lived in a neighborhood where two gangs operated, the

Spanglers and the Zebra Force. Bell stated that he did not belong to either gang but

people assumed that he did based on where he lived. When he was about twelve years
                                             2
old, the police took him into custody for two weeks and accused him of belonging to the

Spangler gang and breaking into a store. While detained, the police hit him on the head

with a gun. When Bell was a teenager, Spangler gang members shot at him on one

occasion and assaulted him with a machete on another. Bell came to the United States

when he was seventeen years old and lived here for close to twenty years.

       Bell testified that, after he was removed in 2007, he lived with a cousin named

Jamie Fisher in a different area of Jamaica than he had lived before. Bell thought he

would be safe from the people who knew him in his former neighborhood. In 2008, the

police approached him and his cousin on the street with their guns drawn while

investigating a shooting. In his written statement, Bell stated that the police searched

them for weapons and said that they had heard that he was a gang member. An officer

choked Bell and accused him of knowing about the shooting. Bell also stated that the

police asked him where he was from and found his identification from New York. When

Bell told them he was deported, the police wanted him to go with them, but Bell refused.

The police beat him with their guns. The police stopped when people began to gather.

The police threatened to kill him and Fisher.

       Bell moved to another area in Jamaica that he believed was a safer place to live.

He lived there for over a year. Bell stated that he primarily stayed inside. He then

illegally entered the United States. In 2010, the police shot and killed Fisher. According

to one report, two police officers had been killed in the area and police were then

engaged in a shootout with Fisher and others. Bell also stated that gang members had
                                             3
killed his cousin in 1999, his half-brother in 2001, and another cousin in 2003, and that

the police had killed a cousin they believed to be a gang member in 2006. Bell testified

that he feared that, if he returned to Jamaica, the police might harm him because he is a

criminal deportee, or that Spangler gang members might harm him in the same way they

hurt his family members.

       The IJ determined that Bell was only eligible for relief from removal under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) due to his drug trafficking conviction. The IJ

found Bell credible but concluded that his claim that the Spangler gang or the police

would target him was speculative. The BIA dismissed Bell’s appeal of the denial of CAT

relief. The BIA agreed with the IJ that Bell’s fear was speculative and rejected Bell’s

claim that the IJ did not act as a neutral fact-finder. The BIA, however, remanded the

matter for further fact-finding on Bell’s eligibility for withholding of removal. The BIA

noted Bell’s pro se status and found it unclear from the record whether Bell’s criminal

offense constituted a “particularly serious crime” precluding this form of relief. The BIA

stated that the IJ could also alternatively decide the merits of Bell’s application regardless

of his eligibility.

       On remand, the IJ held a hearing and afforded the Government time to submit

evidence of Bell’s prior convictions. The Government submitted evidence and, before

the next scheduled hearing, the IJ issued a decision denying Bell’s application for

withholding of removal on the merits. The IJ stated that it would not be difficult to find a

“particularly serious crime” in Bell’s past that would bar his eligibility, but ruled that he
                                              4
would consider his withholding of removal claim because he had not questioned Bell

about his criminal record. The IJ decided that Bell did not meet his burden of proof for

withholding of removal by showing a clear probability of future persecution on account

of a statutorily-protected ground.

       The IJ explained that the single encounter with police in 2008 did not rise to the

level of persecution and was a random encounter during a police investigation of a

shooting. The IJ stated that Bell did not show that he was targeted on account of a

protected ground and rejected his suggestion that he was targeted as a criminal deportee.

The IJ also found that Bell had not shown that the deaths of his relatives while he lived in

the United States had any connection to him or that Fisher’s death was connected to the

earlier police encounter. The IJ recognized evidence of police brutality and killings in

Jamaica, but found that this evidence did not suggest that Bell was wanted by police or

show a clear probability of future persecution.

       The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision that Bell did not show that he would be

persecuted on account of a statutorily-protected ground. The BIA stated that the evidence

did not establish that Bell’s or Bell’s family members’ experiences with the police and

gangs had the required nexus to a protected ground. The BIA stated that Bell’s claim that

his past experiences were based on his criminal deportee status or his connection to his

family, and his claim that he faces a clear probability of persecution on account of a

protected ground, were speculative. The BIA also rejected Bell’s claim that he was

denied due process. This petition for review followed.
                                             5
       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Our jurisdiction is limited

to constitutional claims and questions of law because Bell was found removable for

having committed an aggravated felony. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C),(D). See also Debeato

v. Att’y Gen., 505 F.3d 231, 235 (3d Cir. 2007) (holding Court has jurisdiction over legal

and constitutional challenges by criminal aliens to final removal orders, including those

that the Attorney General has reinstated). We review constitutional and legal questions

de novo. Debeato, 505 F.3d at 235.

       Bell contends that the IJ violated his due process rights by issuing a decision on

his withholding of removal claim before the hearing that had been scheduled to determine

his eligibility for this form of relief. We agree with the BIA that the record does not

reflect a due process violation. The BIA stated in its remand order that the IJ could make

an alternative determination on the merits of Bell’s application regardless of his

eligibility. By electing not to decide whether he had been convicted of a “particularly

serious crime,” the IJ treated Bell as eligible for withholding of removal and reached the

merits of his claim.1

       Bell asserts that he did not have an opportunity to present evidence, but he had a

full hearing on his application for relief from removal before the remand and he has not




1
       The Government argues that Bell did not exhaust a claim that the IJ acted outside
the scope of the BIA’s remand order, but the administrative record reflects that Bell
raised this argument in his brief to the BIA. See A.R. at 9-11.

                                             6
identified any evidence that he was precluded from presenting. To the extent Bell

contends that the Government delayed sending him evidence of his convictions, as

recognized by the BIA, the IJ did not rely on this evidence because he decided his claim

on the merits. See also Leslie v. Att’y Gen., 611 F.3d 171, 175 (3d Cir. 2010) (an alleged

due process violation ordinarily requires a showing of prejudice).2 Finally, we also agree

with the BIA that the record does not support Bell’s allegations that the IJ was biased.

       Bell also argues that his credible testimony and documentary evidence was

sufficient to meet his burden of proof for withholding of removal. To the extent Bell

challenges the BIA’s application of the law to the undisputed facts, we have jurisdiction

to consider his argument. Toussaint v. Att’y Gen., 455 F.3d 409, 412 n.3 (3d Cir. 2006).

To be afforded withholding of removal, Bell was required to show that it is more likely

than not that his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Id. at 413.

       As noted above, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal on the

ground that Bell did not establish the requisite nexus to a statutorily-protected ground.

The administrative record supports this conclusion. Bell’s detention by police as a child

appears to have been motivated by a theft in the area and his encounter with police after

his removal was during an investigation of a shooting. We recognize that Bell had two



2
        It appears that the IJ merely misstated in his decision the date that the Government
served its evidence. The IJ stated that Bell was served on July 14, 2014, but the record
reflects that service was made on July 18, 2014.
                                               7
encounters with Spangler gang members when he was a teenager, but the first was

motivated by the death of the gang member’s brother, and the second, which occurred

more than a year later, was unrelated and appears to have been an isolated incident.

       Bell contends that his family members’ deaths support his claim of future

persecution on account of a protected ground. The circumstances of the killings of Bell’s

half-brother and four of his cousins from 1999 to 2010, however, are for the most part not

known. The country reports reflect that gangs and the police engage in violence in

Jamaica. As recognized by the BIA, conditions of lawlessness and ordinary criminal

activity do not constitute persecution on account of a protected ground. Abdille v.

Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 494-95 (3d Cir. 2001).3

       Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review.




3
        Because Bell has not shown the requisite nexus, we have not considered whether
he is a member of a particular social group. Bell asserts in his brief that he will be
targeted because his family members are police informants. Bell stated in the
administrative proceedings that several family members were labeled police informants,
but we agree with the Government that he did not claim that he would be targeted on this
basis. We do not consider this claim. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d) (requiring exhaustion of
administrative remedies). We disagree, however, with the Government that Bell has
waived his claim that he fears persecution on account of suspected gang membership by
failing to raise it in his brief. See Pet’r’s Brief at 3-5, 15. We have thus considered this
claim.
                                                 8
