                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


Richard Pauley, Petitioner Below,

Petitioner                                                               FILED

                                                                     November 5, 2015
                                                                        released at 3:00 p.m.
vs)    No. 14-0933 (Kanawha County 78-977)                              RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                                                                      SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

Connie Jean Walker and West Virginia Dept. of Health
and Human Resources, Bureau of Child Support
Enforcement, Respondents Below,
Respondents


                              MEMORANDUM DECISION

       Petitioner Richard Pauley, appearing pro se, appeals an order from the Circuit Court
of Kanawha County, West Virginia, entered on August 18, 2014, that affirmed an August 13,
2013, order of the Family Court of Kanawha County. In its order, the family court granted
a decretal judgment of $47,462.63 for past due child support, plus interest, and directed
petitioner to make arrearage payments of $150 per month. Respondent Connie Walker,1
appearing pro se, filed a response. Respondent BCSE, by counsel Dee-Ann Burdette, filed
a response. Petitioner filed a reply.

       On appeal, petitioner raises eleven assignments of error.2 We address the errors as

       1
        Connie Walker was formerly known as Connie Jean Pauley. She changed her name
shortly after filing her request for services with the West Virginia Department of Health and
Human Resources, Bureau of Child Support Enforcement (“the BCSE”). She will be
referred to as Ms. Walker throughout this opinion.
       2
         The pro se petitioner’s assigned errors are redundant and, at times, difficult to
understand. We, therefore, address the main grounds, combining those that are duplicative,
that petitioner reiterates throughout his brief as supporting his request for a reversal of the
circuit court. See generally Tudor’s Biscuit World of Am. v. Critchley, 229 W. Va. 396, 402,
729 S.E.2d 231, 237 (2012) (stating that “the assignments of error will be consolidated and
discussed accordingly.”); see also Franklin v. Pence, 128 W. Va. 353, 356, 36 S.E.2d 505,
508 (1945) (recognizing that the assignments of error were general in nature making it
“difficult to determine the exact points relied upon for reversal[,]” and causing the Court to
                                                                                 (continued...)

                                              1

follows: 1) whether the BCSE is representing Ms. Walker in contravention of West Virginia
Code § 48-18-110(b) (2014), which provides, in pertinent part, that the counsel for the BCSE
represents the State’s interest or the BCSE’s interest and “not the interest of any other
party[;]” 2) whether the testimony of Ms. Walker was sufficient to support the original
decretal judgment entered on March 11, 2005; 3) whether the circuit court erred in
determining that the mailing of the notice for the March 1, 2005, hearing to petitioner at his
last known address in Florida constituted “good service;” 4) whether petitioner is precluded
from arguing that the statute of limitations barred Ms. Walker from obtaining the first
decretal judgment on March 11, 2005; 5) whether the family court erred in not ruling on a
September 2, 2010, motion for a continuance of a September 14, 2010, hearing because the
motion, while not filed until September 30, 2010, was received by the BCSE the day before
the hearing; and 6) whether petitioner’s retained counsel was ineffective at the July 23, 2013,
hearing.

       After carefully reviewing the record provided, the briefs and oral arguments of the
parties, and taking into consideration the relevant standard of review, the Court determines
that the circuit court committed no error. Based on our decision that this case does not
present a new question of law, a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        By order entered on July 6, 1978, petitioner and Ms. Walker were divorced and Ms.
Walker was awarded custody of their two children.3 In the divorce order, the circuit court
set petitioner’s child support obligation at $160 per month.4 According to the BCSE’s brief,

       2
         (...continued)
rely upon “statements in the brief” that were “considered as indicating the main grounds of
attack upon the judgment”); State ex rel. Dillon v. Egnor, 188 W. Va. 221, 227, 423 S.E.2d
624, 630 (1992) (recognizing that “‘[w]hen a litigant chooses to represent himself, it is the
duty of the trial court [and this Court] to insure fairness, allowing reasonable
accommodations for the pro se litigant so long as no harm is done an adverse party . . . .’”)
(citation omitted).
       3
       Ms. Walker indicated in her response and during oral argument that she never
received any support from petitioner. Petitioner never spoke with his children on the
telephone, never sent them Christmas or birthday cards and did not come to, or contribute any
money towards, one of his son’s funeral.
       4
       According to the record, Petitioner’s child support was reduced to $80 per month
when his oldest child turned eighteen years old. The parties’ youngest child attained the age
                                                                               (continued...)

                                              2

“as the state agency responsible for establishing and enforcing support obligations, [the
BCSE] was established in 1986, and began assisting Connie Jean Walker at that time.”5 See
W. Va. Code § 48A-2-1 (1996) (establishing West Virginia Child Advocate Office for
purpose of enforcing child support orders) (repealed) and W. Va. Code §§ 48-18-101 (2014)
(establishing Bureau for Child Support Enforcement in 1995).

        On July 21, 2004, the BCSE filed a motion in family court to determine petitioner’s
arrearage and a motion for a decretal judgment. On January 7, 2005, the BCSE mailed
petitioner a notice of a hearing that was set for March 1, 2005, regarding the BCSE’s
motions. The notice was mailed to petitioner’s last known address, which was 2416 S.W.
5th Terrace Apartment 2, Cape Coral, Florida,6 both by certified mail and first class mail. The
certified mail was subsequently returned and was marked “unclaimed.” The first class mail,
however, was not returned. Ms. Walker and the BCSE appeared at the March 1, 2005,
hearing; however, petitioner did not. The BCSE presented the 1978 order and other records
from the BCSE showing the arrearage amounts owed by petitioner in support of its motion.
The family court also heard testimony from Ms. Walker and, based upon all the evidence,
awarded her a decretal judgment of $35,445.86 for past due child support plus interest. In
its March 11, 2005, order, the family court did not set a monthly arrearage payment, but
authorized wage withholding to begin.

        According to petitioner, he did not learn of the March 11, 2005, judgment until 2008
when wage withholding began. In 2008, petitioner retained an attorney, who filed a Petition
to Determine Support Owed, Demand for Accord and Satisfaction and Removal of Arrears.
Petitioner and the BCSE appeared for a hearing on that petition on April 14, 2009.
Following the hearing, by order entered April 29, 2009, the family court denied the petition.
In its order, the family court: 1) rejected petitioner’s argument that a 1979 order from the
Circuit Court of Marion County that indicated the child support was modified to $50 per
month controlled the amount of arrearage; 2) rejected petitioner’s argument that he did not
receive notice of the March 1, 2005, hearing that led to the decretal judgment; 3) rejected
petitioner’s argument that the statute of limitations barred the 2005 judgment; and 4) found

       4
       (...continued)
of majority on December 18, 1994.
       5
       The BCSE represented to the circuit court and the circuit court found in its August
18, 2014, order that Ms. Pauley had completed an application for services with the
Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”). See West Virginia Code §§ 9-3-1 to
-5 (2012) (establishing application for and granting of assistance with the DHHS).
       6
           Petitioner admitted in oral argument that this last known address was correct.

                                                3

that res judicata applied, which precluded the family court from setting aside the March 11,
2005, order.

       Petitioner appealed the family court’s April 29, 2009, order denying him relief from
the March 11, 2005, decretal judgment to the circuit court. By order entered on July 14,
2009, the circuit court denied petitioner’s appeal of the family court’s April 29, 2009, order.
 Significantly, petitioner did not seek review of the circuit court’s denial of the appeal in this
Court. Petitioner, however, did file separate motions for reconsideration in the circuit court
and in the family court on August 21, 2009. The circuit court denied the motion on
September 29, 2009, and the family court denied the motion on October 1, 2009. Petitioner
did not appeal either of these denials.

        On December 21, 2009, petitioner, by counsel, filed a motion to dismiss in family
court.7 Petitioner took no action on his motion for nine months. On August 24, 2010, the
BCSE filed a notice of a status hearing that was scheduled for September 14, 2010.
Petitioner wrote the family court a letter dated September 2, 2010, requesting a continuance
of the status hearing; however, the letter was not filed with the court until September 30,
2010. The family court held the September 14, 2010, status hearing, and on September 21,
2010, entered an order that noted petitioner’s non-appearance at the hearing and ruled that
all prior orders of the court remained in full force and effect.8

       On January 3, 2011, the family court granted a motion by the BCSE for Regions Bank
to disburse to it $291.43 that petitioner had in his bank account. On January 25, 2011,
petitioner filed a motion requesting that the BCSE cease and desist its collection efforts.

      The case laid dormant for over two years. On May 17, 2013, the family court
scheduled a status hearing for July 23, 2013. Petitioner retained a new attorney and appeared

       7
        On September 8, 2010, petitioner’s attorney filed a motion to withdraw, which the
family court granted.
       8
        Petitioner complains that the family court never ruled on his motion to continue the
September 14, 2010, hearing, stating that the motion, while not filed with the family court
until September 30, 2010, was received by the BCSE one day prior to that hearing. We find
petitioner’s argument is without merit. It is of no consequence that the BCSE received
petitioner’s letter a day before the hearing as the decision to grant a continuance lies with the
court. Further, Rule 19 of the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family
Court requires a motion to continue be filed with the court “not less than seven days before
the hearing.” That did not occur in this case as the record shows that the motion was not
filed with the family court until after the hearing occurred.

                                                4

for the July 23, 2013, hearing, while Ms. Walker appeared pro se. By order entered on
August 8, 2013, the family court awarded Ms. Walker a judgment of $47,462.63 for past due
child support, plus interest, and directed petitioner to make payments towards his arrearage
in the amount of $150 per month.

       Petitioner appealed the family court’s August 8, 2013, order. On September 12, 2013,
the circuit court refused the appeal as untimely filed. On October 11, 2013, petitioner
appealed to this Court. On April 22, 2014, we entered an order that found that the appeal
was timely and, therefore, remanded the case to the circuit court with directions to consider
the appeal.

       On June 19, 2014, the circuit court, upon remand, held the matter in abeyance so that
the parties could attempt to reach a settlement of the issues. No settlement was reached and
on July 16, 2014, the circuit court scheduled a hearing in which the BCSE appeared by
counsel, petitioner appeared pro se and Ms. Walker appeared pro se.

        By order entered August 18, 2014, the circuit court affirmed the family court’s August
8, 2013, order. The circuit court found that: 1) the BCSE was authorized to appear and
collect petitioner’s arrearage payments because Ms. Walker submitted “[an] application for
services;” 2) the mailing of the notice for the March 1, 2005, hearing to the petitioner’s last
known address “constituted good service,” pursuant to West Virginia Code § 48-18-122
(2014) and West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 5; 3) petitioner failed to appear at the
March 1, 2005, hearing and a decretal judgment in the amount of $35,445.86 was entered
against him on March 11, 2005; and 4) petitioner failed to appeal the July 14, 2009, and
September 30, 2009, orders of the circuit court, which denied petitioner’s appeal of family
court orders refusing to set aside the March 11, 2005.9 The circuit court determined that it
was “bound by the doctrine of res judicata as the matters at issue were fully litigated in the
[Family] Court below and the Circuit Court and an appeal was not timely taken.”

       Petitioner now appeals the circuit court’s August 18, 2014, order affirming the family
court’s August 13, 2013, order. We review the matter under the following standard:

                     In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge
              upon a review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a
              family court judge, we review the findings of fact made by the


       9
       The family court again rejected petitioner’s argument that the statute of limitation
precluded the entry of the 2005 decretal judgment and refused petitioner’s argument that the
1979 Marion County order controlled.

                                              5

              family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and the
              application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
              standard. We review questions of law de novo.

Syllabus, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004).

        Petitioner first argues that the BCSE is representing Ms. Walker in contravention of
West Virginia Code § 48-18-110(b), which provides, in pertinent part, that counsel for the
BCSE represents the State’s interest or the BCSE’s interest, “and not the interest of any other
party.” The BCSE counters that while it represents only the State, it may appear and collect
petitioner’s arrearage payments because Ms. Walker applied for such services as provided
by law. See W. Va. Code § 9-3-5; 45 C.F.R. § 302.33(a)(1)(i). Petitioner, however, contends
that the application proving that Ms. Walker sought the BCSE’s services is not found in the
record. Based on our review of the July 16, 2014, hearing transcript, we find that the BCSE’s
counsel made a proffer to the circuit court that Ms. Walker had submitted an application for
services. Petitioner did not object to the proffer or request that the application be introduced
into evidence at the time the proffer was made. Because petitioner neither objected to the
proffer nor requested that the application be made part of the record below, petitioner is
precluded from now arguing for the first time on appeal that the absence of an application
proves that the BCSE may not appear in this case. See Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Cooper v.
Caperton, 196 W. Va. 208, 470 S.E.2d 162 (1996) (“To preserve an issue for appellate
review, a party must articulate it with such sufficient distinctiveness to alert a circuit court
to the nature of the claimed defect.”). Further, the record demonstrates that the BCSE was
not representing Ms. Walker at any of the proceedings below; rather, the record indicates that
Ms. Walker was pro se. Therefore, we find that the circuit court did not err in determining
that the BCSE had authority to act on behalf of the State based upon Ms. Walker’s
application for services.

       Second, petitioner challenges the sufficiency of the evidence introduced before the
family court at the March 1, 2005, hearing, which resulted in the March 11, 2005, decretal
judgment against him.10 Petitioner contends that the family court improperly used the 1978


       10
        Petitioner also complains that there was no proof submitted by the BCSE of any
arrearage amount to support the judgment against him. The record indicates otherwise. The
1978 Kanawha County order was presented to the family court in support of the child support
judgment entered against petitioner in 2005. The BCSE also proffered to the court the
amount of arrears petitioner owed. Ms. Walker, as the obligee, also confirmed through her
sworn testimony the arrearage amount petitioner owed. Thus, we find no merit to petitioner’s
                                                                             (continued...)

                                               6

divorce decree instead of a 1979 Marion County order modifying the amount petitioner was
to pay in child support. According to petitioner, due to an order entered in 1979 by the
Circuit Court of Marion County, his child support obligation was reduced to $50 per month.11
The case was apparently transferred to the Circuit Court of Marion County pursuant to the
then Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (“Act”),12 which is no longer
in effect,13 for the purpose of enforcing the March 17, 1978, order of the Circuit Court of
Kanawha County setting child support at $160 per month. Petitioner cites to no provision
of the repealed Act that allowed the responding court (Marion County) to modify the order
of the transferring court (Kanawha County). We, therefore, disregard petitioner’s argument
that the Marion County order was the controlling order at the time the 2005 judgment was
entered. See State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 302, 470 S.E.2d 613, 621 (1996) (providing
that arguments without appropriate citation to pertinent authority are not considered).
Moreover, petitioner does not dispute that the Marion County order was not made part of the
record in the instant Kanawha County case until 2009 when his attorney filed it as part of the
petitioner’s arguments that the March 11, 2005, judgment should be vacated. In 2009, the
family and circuit courts rejected petitioner’s argument that the 1979 order was controlling
and there was no appeal from those 2009 orders to this Court. Consequently, we find no
error in the circuit court’s application of the doctrine of res judicata as a basis for denying
the petitioner’s appeal.

        Petitioner also challenges the circuit court’s determination that the mailing of the
notice for the March 1, 2005, hearing to petitioner’s last known address of 2416 S.W. 5th
Terrace Apartment 2, Cape Coral, Florida, “constituted good service.” The BCSE counters
that the circuit court correctly found that petitioner was properly served with the notice of the
hearing, at which the first decretal judgment was entered, pursuant to both state statute and
this Court’s rules. See W. Va. Code § 48-18-122(c) (upon a showing by BCSE that diligent
effort was made to “ascertain the location of a party by delivery of written notice by certified
mail, return receipt requested” to party’s most recent residential mailing address creates


       10
       (...continued)
argument on this issue.
       11
            Ms. Walker indicated that she had no knowledge of the 1979 proceeding in Marion
County.
       12
         See W. Va. Code §§ 48-9-1 to -42 (1972) (setting forth West Virginia’s Revised
Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act in effect at the time the case was
transferred to Marion County from Kanawha County).
       13
            This Act was repealed by the Legislature in 1986.

                                               7

presumption that requirements for notice have been met); W. Va. R. Civ. P. 5(b) (providing
for service of written notice of hearing by mailing to party at party’s last known address).
Petitioner acknowledges that notice of the March 1, 2005, hearing was delivered to the above
address and does not dispute that the address above was his last known address at the time.
Nevertheless, petitioner claims that he did not get notice of the hearing. We find petitioner’s
position untenable. We, therefore, conclude that the circuit court correctly determined that
the manner in which the BCSE served petitioner with notice of the March 1, 2005, hearing
constituted “good service.”

        Petitioner next argues that the statute of limitations14 barred Ms. Walker from
obtaining the first decretal judgment on March 11, 2005, because that judgment was based
on an order from 1978.15 The BCSE counters that because petitioner did not appeal to this
Court either the March 11, 2005, judgment or the adverse lower court rulings from the 2009
proceeding, during which he raised the statute of limitations, he may not argue it now. We
agree with the BCSE. As we have previously stated, “[i]ssues not raised on appeal or merely
mentioned in passing are deemed waived.” See Tiernan v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc.,
203 W. Va. 135, 140 n.10, 506 S.E.2d 578, 583 n.10 (1998). Moreover, “[r]es judicata or
claim preclusion ‘generally applies when there is a final judgment on the merits which
precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating the issues that were decided or the
issues that could have been decided in the earlier action.’” Beahm v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 223 W.
Va. 269, 272-73, 672 S.E.2d 598, 601-02 (2008) (quoting, in part, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va.
3, 9, 459 S.E.2d 114, 120 (1995)). Therefore, petitioner may not now argue that West
Virginia Code § 38-3-18 barred the entry of the decretal judgment in 2005. We conclude that
the circuit court did not err in affirming the family court’s August 13, 2013, order wherein
the family court refused to revisit the March 11, 2005, judgment.16

       14
         The applicable statute of limitations governing the enforcement of judgments is ten
years as set forth in West Virginia Code § 38-3-18 (1923). In 2008, the Legislature amended
West Virginia Code § 38-3-18 (2011) to add a specific subsection pertaining to child support
orders; however, because the decretal judgment in this case was entered on March 11, 2005,
the pre-2008 version of West Virginia Code § 38-3-18 controls.
       15
         See Hedrick (Taylor) v. Hedrick, 218 W. Va. 116, 119, 624 S.E.2d 463, 466-67
(2005) (allowing statute of limitations to be raised informally rather than pleaded as an
affirmative defense); Shaffer v. Stanley, 215 W. Va. 58, 66-67, 593 S.E.2d 629, 637 (2003)
(allowing statute of limitations to be raised in hearing).
       16
         Petitioner raises for the first time on appeal, that there was a “lack of representation,
as well as inaccurate and harmful statements given as truths by . . . [his] counsel at . . . [the]
                                                                                     (continued...)

                                                8

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the Circuit Court of
Kanawha County and affirm its August 18, 2014, order affirming the August 13, 2013, order
of the Family Court of Kanawha County in which the family court awarded an updated
judgment of $47,462.63 for past due child support, plus interest, and directed petitioner to
make arrearage payments of $150 per month.

                                                                                    Affirmed.
ISSUED: November 5, 2015

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II




       16
          (...continued)
July 23, 2013,” hearing before the family court. Petitioner offers that he felt compelled to
“alert this Court” of certain alleged factual inaccuracies in the record below. Petitioner does
not request relief from this Court for the alleged ineffectiveness of his counsel. Further,
assuming, arguendo, that petitioner is seeking relief from the alleged “lack of
representation,” he offers no authority as support for the relief he seeks. We find that this
argument is not adequately supported and, accordingly, decline to address it. See W. Va. R.
App. P. 10.

                                              9
