                                          COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Chafin, O’Brien and Russell
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Salem, Virginia


            JAMES LEE FRANGO
                                                                                 OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 1195-15-3                                  JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                                              FEBRUARY 23, 2016
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                  FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CRAIG COUNTY
                                           Malfourd W. Trumbo, Judge

                           Seth C. Weston (Gilbert, Bird & Weston, P.C., on briefs), for
                           appellant.

                           Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                           Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   James Lee Frango, appellant, was convicted of grand larceny of timber in violation of Code

            § 55-334.1 and, for unrelated conduct, second offense misdemeanor petit larceny. On appeal, he

            argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction for violation of Code § 55-334.1

            because the Commonwealth failed to prove that the timber had any value, let alone that the timber

            was worth $200. He also contends the trial court erred in sentencing him to two years’ incarceration

            on the second offense petit larceny conviction. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand

            both convictions for further proceedings.

                                                        BACKGROUND

                   Ricky Smith, appellant’s next-door neighbor, testified that, sometime after March 8, 2015,

            he noticed several trees had been cut from his property. He prepared a list of the missing trees,

            fifteen oaks and three pines, and the Commonwealth submitted the list as Exhibit One at trial.

            Smith testified that a certified forester from Arrow Forestry came to his property to prepare a
valuation report of the missing trees. The prosecutor asked that a copy of the report be submitted to

the court, stating, “I’m going to submit [the report] to the Court upside down and not to be read into

evidence at this point [and] only if there’s a determination of guilt or innocence will I, will I ask the

Court to review this.” Smith detailed his reasoning as to why appellant was the person who had

taken the trees, including prior contacts with appellant and that the trees would have been removed

from the site through appellant’s property as opposed to through Smith’s.

        Deputy Paris Parson testified that he spoke with appellant by telephone. Appellant denied

cutting the live trees on Smith’s property, although he did admit to cutting some “dead snags” off

Smith’s land.

        Appellant testified and denied cutting anything except “dead snags” from Smith’s property

at or near the time in question. After suggesting others who may have taken the trees, he noted that

he believed that approximately eight oak trees had been removed from Smith’s property. He

estimated that the trees were thirty-feet tall. He said he could see the stand of trees from his house,

but did not see anyone cut down the trees, cut them up or remove them.

        He also testified that, on a prior occasion, he did cut and remove an oak tree from the stand

of oak trees in question. He said it had fallen on a power line and that he had cut it into sections and

used it as firewood.

        At the close of the evidence, the court continued the matter, indicating the court would hear

from any additional defense witnesses when the court reconvened. Upon return, and at the

conclusion of additional testimony, appellant moved the court to strike the Commonwealth’s

evidence, arguing that the Commonwealth never offered the forester’s report into evidence, and

therefore, failed to prove value. Based on the court’s own notes and the number of trees removed,

the court overruled the motion and found appellant guilty of grand larceny, sentencing him to two




                                                  -2-
years of incarceration on the charge.1 Appellant filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that the

Commonwealth failed to prove value. Upon further argument of counsel and review of transcripts,

the trial court denied the motion, explaining:

                 [I]n fact what would happen then is if there was sufficient evidence
                 to convict of a larceny without having any value then it was agreed
                 upon by the parties that in fact if there was sufficient evidence to
                 convict as larceny then the Court would review the report of the
                 person, the forestry person who did the evaluation, match it up
                 with Exhibit One with the number of trees to place a value on it.
                 And that being the case then that would be the determination of
                 whether or not it would be petit larceny or grand larceny because
                 in fact the number of trees, the description of the trees had already
                 been introduced into evidence, it was only the function of whether
                 or not, as agreed upon by the parties, it would be petit or grand
                 larceny.

        In a separate matter, the court convicted appellant of second offense petit larceny. The court

sentenced appellant to a term of incarceration of two years for this offense. Appellant did not object

to his sentence at that time.

        This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                         I. Larceny of Timber

        On appeal, appellant does not contest the trial court’s conclusion that he was the person who

cut down and took the trees from Smith’s property. Rather, he challenges his conviction for larceny

of timber by arguing that the Commonwealth failed to prove a value of the trees sufficient to

establish that he committed grand larceny.

        Because appellant’s appeal is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the

judgment below “with the highest degree of appellate deference.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 48

Va. App. 605, 608, 633 S.E.2d 229, 231 (2006). “An appellate court does not ‘ask itself whether


        1
            The trial court ultimately suspended the sentence upon terms and conditions.

                                                 -3-
it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Williams

v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193, 677 S.E.2d 280, 282 (2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). Instead, the only “relevant question is, after reviewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Sullivan v.

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63 (2010) (emphasis added).

        This deferential appellate standard “applies not only to the historical facts themselves, but

the inferences from those facts as well.” Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 566, 673

S.E.2d 904, 907 (2009) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, a factfinder may

‘draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts,’” Tizon v. Commonwealth, 60

Va. App. 1, 10, 723 S.E.2d 260, 264 (2012) (quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1,

10, 602 S.E.2d 402, 406 (2004)), “unless doing so would push ‘into the realm of non sequitur,’”

id. (quoting Thomas, 48 Va. App. at 608, 633 S.E.2d at 231).

                                    A. Grand Larceny of Timber

       The Commonwealth has conceded that “the trial record fails to demonstrate sufficient

evidence to establish the timber’s value met the necessary threshold to support his conviction

for” grand larceny.2 It is important to recognize that the Commonwealth did not concede that the

trees were not worth the $200 statutory threshold, but rather, only conceded that the evidence

was insufficient to establish that fact. Thus, the concession is one of law, not fact. See Womack

v. Circle, 70 Va. (29 Gratt.) 192, 203 (1877) (“The existence of the facts and circumstances is a

question of fact for the jury; their sufficiency, a question of law for the court.”).



        2
         As relevant here, Code § 18.2-95 defines grand larceny as “simple larceny not from the
person of another of goods and chattels of the value of $200 or more . . . .” Significantly, Code
§ 18.2-95 does not, in and of itself, state a prohibition, but rather, defines the level of a larceny,
whether that larceny is common law larceny or larceny as specified in a statute.
                                                  -4-
       Although we are not bound by a party’s concession of law, Epps v. Commonwealth, 47

Va. App. 687, 703, 626 S.E.2d 912, 919 (2006) (en banc), aff’d on other grounds, 273 Va. 410,

641 S.E.2d 77 (2007), we believe that the Commonwealth was correct in making this concession.

       Contrary to the recollection of the trial court, the record demonstrates that the valuation

report was neither offered nor received in evidence in a manner that would allow it to be used to

establish that appellant was guilty of grand larceny. To convict a defendant of grand larceny, the

Commonwealth “must prove beyond a reasonable doubt not the exact value of stolen property,

but only that its value exceeded the statutory minimum.” Walker v. Commonwealth, 281 Va.

227, 230, 704 S.E.2d 124, 126 (2011). Because the Commonwealth specifically limited the

admission of the valuation report to a sentencing proceeding and expressly stated that it would

not be utilized during the guilt phase of trial, the valuation report was not competent evidence

from which the trial court could conclude that appellant was guilty of grand larceny.

       Thus, the question is whether the remaining evidence would allow a reasonable trier of

fact to conclude that the trees taken were worth $200 or more. Viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth as the party that prevailed below, Smallwood v.

Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 629, 688 S.E.2d 154, 156 (2009) (citing Bolden v.

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)), appellant stole eighteen trees,

fifteen oaks and three pines, from Smith. Although it is a certainty that some collections of

eighteen trees are worth $200 or more, there was insufficient evidence at trial regarding these

specific trees to allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that these

trees were worth $200 or more. Accordingly, we find that the evidence was insufficient to

support appellant’s conviction for grand larceny of timber, and thus, reverse that conviction.




                                               -5-
                                   B. Petit Larceny of Timber

       Appellant also contends that he is entitled to a dismissal of the charge because the

evidence was insufficient to convict him of the lesser-included offense of petit larceny.3

Specifically, appellant argues that because the Commonwealth offered no evidence of the

monetary value of the trees taken, the evidence does not support a conviction for petit larceny.

We disagree.

       In most instances, “[i]n Virginia, larceny is a common law crime.” Hunt v.

Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 25, 29, 614 S.E.2d 668, 670 (2005) (quoting Bryant v.

Commonwealth, 248 Va. 179, 183, 445 S.E.2d 667, 670 (1994)). “An indictment that

charges . . . larceny in violation of only Code § 18.2-95 [or Code § 18.2-96] alleges the common

law crime.” Id. at 30, 614 S.E.2d 670 (citation omitted). “Thus, unless violation of a specific

statute other than Code § 18.2-95 [or Code § 18.2-96] is charged, a larceny indictment charges

the common law offense.” Id.

       Appellant, however, was not charged with and convicted of common law larceny; rather,

he was charged with and convicted of a violation of Code § 55-334.1. Code § 55-334.1(A)

provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person who knowingly and willfully takes, steals, and

removes from the lands of another any timber growing, standing or lying on the lands shall be

guilty of larceny.” (Emphasis added). Through the statute’s express terms, the General

Assembly set out the elements necessary to sustain a conviction for larceny of timber; notably,

value of the timber is not one of those elements.4


       3
         As relevant here, Code § 18.2-96 defines petit larceny as “simple larceny not from the
person of another of goods and chattels of the value of less than $200 . . . .” Like Code
§ 18.2-95, Code § 18.2-96 does not proscribe conduct; it defines the grade of various larcenies,
whether common law or statutory.
       4
        The fact that the General Assembly did not include a value element in Code § 55-334.1
may be an indication that the General Assembly views trees as having inherent value.
                                             -6-
       Appellant does not contend on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate

that he knowingly and willfully took, stole, and removed timber from Smith’s property. As such,

he has conceded that the evidence was sufficient to support each of the statutory elements.

Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to prove he was guilty of statutory larceny as defined

by Code § 55-334.1. Because, as noted above, the evidence was insufficient to establish that the

timber was worth $200 or more, the larceny was, by definition, petit larceny. Code § 18.2-96.

       Appellant asserts that, despite the clear statutory text, Code § 55-334.1 implicitly

incorporates the element of value from common law larceny. Specifically, citing Wright v.

Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 139, 82 S.E.2d 603, 607 (1954), he argues that, to support a

conviction for petit larceny, there must be “‘[p]roof that an article has some value . . . .”’ He

reasons that the Commonwealth’s failure to introduce any evidence regarding the monetary value

of the trees taken means that there was no evidence of value, and therefore, the evidence was

insufficient to even prove a case of petit larceny.

       Even if appellant’s assertion, that Code § 55-334.1 somehow incorporates proof of value

as an element of the offense, were correct, it is clear that the evidence proves that the trees had

sufficient value to support a conviction for petit larceny.

       Although common law larceny does require that the item stolen have “some value,” there

is no requirement that the evidence demonstrate a specific monetary value. As the Virginia

Supreme Court long has recognized,

               [a]t the common law, an article to be the subject of larceny must be
               of some value. It is sufficient, however, it is said, if it be worth less
               than the smallest coin known to the law. . . . The indictment
               charges, that the lock was of the value of thirty cents. It is
               assigned that there was no proof of the value. It is true there was
               no distinct proof of a specific value, nor was such proof necessary.
               But the evidence, nevertheless, shows that it was of some value. It
               was used for fastening the door on which it was hanging.



                                                 -7-
Wolverton v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. 909, 913 (1881) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). See

also Evans v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 292, 297, 308 S.E.2d 126, 129 (1983) (noting that,

consistent with Code § 18.2-96, “petit larceny . . . does not require proof of any minimum

value”). Thus, if a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the trees had value, even less than a

penny, the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for petit larceny.

       Much like the lock in Wolverton, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the trees

had inherent value.5 The trees in this case clearly had value to the owner. The fact that he

brought a complaint was sufficient to demonstrate that they had value to him where they stood.

Furthermore, it is incredible to believe that appellant would have invested the significant time

and effort necessary to cut down, transport, and steal eighteen trees if they were of no value.

       Finally, appellant’s own testimony established an additional basis for a factfinder to

conclude that the stolen trees had value. He testified that, on a prior occasion, he had cut an oak

tree that had fallen on a power line from the same stand of oak trees and used it for firewood.

This provided a more than sufficient basis for the factfinder to conclude that the stolen oaks

could be used for firewood.6 Accordingly, the evidence was more than sufficient to prove the

trees had “some value.”


       5
          Although individuals may value trees differently, it is indisputable that people enjoy
trees for a multitude of reasons. Trees provide shade, habitats for animals, and convert carbon
dioxide into oxygen. Some people simply enjoy looking at trees. Trees and their wood are used
for many purposes. The beauty and uses of trees have inspired works of literature. See e.g.,
Joyce Kilmer, “Trees,” (1913) reprinted in Trees and Other Poems 19 (George H. Doran Co.
1914) (extolling the beauty and virtues of trees); Shel Silverstein, The Giving Tree (Harper &
Row 1964) (cataloguing the many uses of a tree and its products).
       6
          During argument, appellant conceded that there was sufficient evidence in the record to
allow the factfinder to conclude that the trees were alive when they were cut down and that the
stolen oak trees could have been used as firewood. Despite the conceded potential use of the oak
trees as firewood, a commodity with a known market, appellant asserts that a factfinder could not
conclude that the trees had at least “some value.” Appellant offers no support for this assertion,
which fails because commodities with known markets definitionally have “some value.”

                                                -8-
             C. Remedy Regarding Felony Conviction for Violation of Code § 55-334.1

       As noted above, we must reverse appellant’s conviction for grand larceny of timber;

however, our conclusion that the evidence supports a conviction for the lesser-included offense

of petit larceny requires that we reject appellant’s request that the case be dismissed with

prejudice.

       Given our conclusions, the logical result would be for us to remand to the trial court for

sentencing on petit larceny for violation of Code § 55-334.1. Appellant has not consented to

such a result, and therefore, the Virginia Supreme Court’s decision in Britt v. Commonwealth,

276 Va. 569, 576, 667 S.E.2d 763, 766-67 (2008), precludes such a resolution.7 Accordingly,

consistent with Britt, we remand the matter to the trial court for a new trial on the lesser-included

offense of petit larceny for violation of Code § 55-334.1 if the Commonwealth be so advised.

                           II. Sentence for Second Offense Petit Larceny

       As noted above, appellant also was convicted of an unrelated petit larceny. The

Commonwealth alleged and proved that it was appellant’s second larceny conviction, implicating

Code § 18.2-104, which provides that

                [w]hen a person is convicted of an offense of larceny or any
                offense deemed to be or punished as larceny under any provision
                of the Code, and it is alleged in the warrant, indictment or
                information on which he is convicted, and admitted, or found by

       7
         In Britt, the Supreme Court set aside a conviction for grand larceny after finding that the
evidence did not establish that the value of the goods stolen met the $200 statutory threshold. In
overturning the conviction, the Court directed

                that the case be remanded to the circuit court for a new trial on a
                charge of petit larceny if the Commonwealth be so advised. We do
                not remand solely for imposition of a new sentence on the lesser
                offense as we did in Commonwealth v. South, 272 Va. 1, 630
                S.E.2d 318 (2006), because here, unlike in South, both parties have
                not consented to that relief.

Britt, 276 Va. at 576, 667 S.E.2d at 766-67.

                                                -9-
                the jury or judge before whom he is tried, that he has been before
                convicted in the Commonwealth of Virginia or in another
                jurisdiction for any offense of larceny or any offense deemed or
                punishable as larceny, or of any substantially similar offense in any
                other jurisdiction, regardless of whether the prior convictions were
                misdemeanors, felonies or a combination thereof, he shall be
                confined in jail not less than thirty days nor more than twelve
                months; and for a third, or any subsequent offense, he shall be
                guilty of a Class 6 felony.

(Emphasis added). Having found appellant guilty of second offense petit larceny, the trial court

sentenced appellant to a term of incarceration of two years. Appellant did not object to his sentence

at that time.

        On appeal, appellant does not challenge that he was guilty of second offense petit larceny.

Rather, appellant argues that the two-year prison sentence was improper because Code § 18.2-104

provides that the maximum sentence he could receive for the offense was twelve months in jail.

Appellant contends that, because the sentence exceeded the statutory maximum, it was void ab intio

and must be set aside.

        Appellant, however, failed to object to the trial court’s sentencing order in the proceedings

below. He asks this Court to consider his argument that the trial court erred by sentencing him to a

period of incarceration exceeding the statutory maximum under the “ends of justice” exception to

Rule 5A:18.

        “The Court of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to

the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998)

(citing Jacques v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 591, 593, 405 S.E.2d 630, 631 (1991)). Rule

5A:18, however, provides for consideration of a ruling by the trial court that was not objected to at

trial “to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” “The ends of justice exception is

narrow and is to be used” when an error at trial is “clear, substantial and material.” Redman v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220-21, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (quoting Brown v.


                                                 - 10 -
Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 132, 380 S.E.2d 8, 10-11 (1989)). “In order to avail oneself of the

exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a

miscarriage might have occurred.” Id. at 221, 487 S.E.2d at 272 (citing Mounce v. Commonwealth,

4 Va. App. 433, 436, 357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987)).

       “[A] sentence imposed in violation of a prescribed statutory range of punishment is void ab

initio because ‘the character of the judgment was not such as the [C]ourt had the power to render.’”

Rawls v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 213, 221, 683 S.E.2d 544, 549 (2008) (quoting Anthony v.

Kasey, 83 Va. 338, 340, 5 S.E. 176, 177 (1887)). “Denying [a defendant] his liberty on the basis of

a void sentence would impose a grave injustice upon him[, and t]he application of the ends of

justice exception is, therefore, fully justified . . . .” Gordon v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 682,

685, 739 S.E.2d 276, 278 (2013) (quoting Charles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 14, 20, 613 S.E.2d

432, 435 (2005)). Accordingly, pursuant to Rule 5A:18’s ends of justice exception, we reach the

merits of appellant’s argument.8

       It is clear that the trial court erred in imposing a two-year prison sentence. Code § 18.2-104

provides that the maximum sentence that may be imposed for second offense petit larceny is twelve

months in jail. The sentence imposed exceeds the statutory maximum, and therefore, is void. As a

result, appellant “is entitled to a new sentencing hearing.” Rawls, 278 Va. at 221, 683 S.E.2d at

549. Accordingly, we vacate the two-year prison sentence that the trial court imposed for the




       8
         See also Amin v. County of Henrico, 286 Va. 231, 235-36, 749 S.E.2d 169, 171 (2013)
(holding that “an order that is void ab initio may be impeached directly or collaterally by all
persons, anywhere, at any time, or in any manner. . . . The reason for that remedy is that an order
which is void ab initio is a ‘nullity,’ and is without effect from the moment it comes into
existence. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals may not use a rule of court to supersede this
principle of law that implicates constitutional principles of due process.” (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted)).
                                                  - 11 -
second offense petit larceny and remand for a new sentencing hearing consistent with Code

§ 18.2-104.9

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we reverse appellant’s conviction for grand larceny for

violation of Code § 55-334.1 and remand to the trial court for a new trial on the lesser-included

offense of petit larceny if the Commonwealth be so advised. Furthermore, we vacate the

sentence the trial court imposed for the unrelated second offense petit larceny and remand for a

new sentencing hearing consistent with Code § 18.2-104 for that offense.

                                                                           Reversed and remanded.




       9
          We note the Commonwealth conceded both that the sentence exceeded the statutory
maximum and that, consistent with prior decisions of this Court and the Virginia Supreme Court,
the issue falls squarely within Rule 5A:18’s ends of justice exception. We commend the
Commonwealth for its candor.
                                              - 12 -
