           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
        ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2000 FED App. 0083P (6th Cir.)
                    File Name: 00a0083p.06


UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                    _________________


                                  ;
                                   
 MCMAHAN & COMPANY,
                                   
        Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                   
                                   
                                       No. 99-5012
            v.
                                   
                                    >
 PO FOLKS, INC.,                   
           Defendant-Appellee, 
                                   
                                   
                                   
 TRADITIONAL BANK,
                                   
 INCORPORATED f/k/a
 MONTGOMERY TRADERS                
                                   
           Garnishee-Appellee. 
 BANK & TRUST COMPANY,

                                   
                                  1
      Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
     No. 95-00342—Karl S. Forester, District Judge.
                   Argued: January 28, 2000
               Decided and Filed: March 8, 2000
Before: SUHRHEINRICH and GILMAN,    Circuit Judges;
             COHN, District Judge.*

    *
     The Honorable Avern Cohn, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.

                                1
2    McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.     No. 99-5012

                    _________________
                         COUNSEL
ARGUED: Leigh R. Isaacs, ISAACS & EVANS, New York,
New York, for Appellant. Alan B. Peck, WHITE, PECK,
CARRINGTON, WILLIAMS & NEAL, Mt. Sterling,
Kentucky, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Leigh R. Isaacs,
ISAACS & EVANS, New York, New York, Denise H.
McClelland, FROST & JACOBS, Lexington, Kentucky, for
Appellant. Alan B. Peck, WHITE, PECK, CARRINGTON,
WILLIAMS & NEAL, Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, for Appellees.
                    _________________
                        OPINION
                    _________________
    COHN, District Judge.
                  I. Introduction and Facts
  This is an action to enforce a judgment. Plaintiff-Appellant
McMahan & Co. (McMahan) appeals the district court’s grant
of summary judgment for Defendant-Appellees Po Folks, Inc.
(Po Folks) and Montgomery Traders Bank & Trust Co., now
known as Traditional Bank, Inc. (Bank).
                              A.
   On February 28, 1995, McMahan obtained a default
judgment in the United States District Court of Delaware
against Po Folks for failure to pay on a promissory note given
to McMahan. The judgment, in the amount of $288,763.14
(including interest), was registered in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky on April 3,
1995. McMahan thereafter attempted to enforce its judgment
through more than twenty garnishment orders issued to the
Bank, at which Po Folks maintained accounts. However,
McMahan's efforts were largely unsuccessful, with less than
$12,000 being remitted to McMahan by the Bank.
No. 99-5012        McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 3

   McMahan therefore moved for a writ of execution,
attachment and/or sequestration against Po Folks' property
held by the Bank, as is the standard procedure to challenge a
bank's garnishment disclosure in Kentucky. See KY. REV.
STAT. ANN. § 425.526; see also FED. R. CIV. P. 69 (a) (federal
garnishments are to proceed according to the laws of the state
in which the federal court sits). The district court denied
McMahan's motion, finding that the Bank did not possess any
Po Folks property on 1the date and the time the garnishment
orders were received. On appeal, we reversed the district
court's decision and ordered that discovery be conducted.
McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc. 1997 WL 78497 (6th Cir.
Feb. 24, 1997).
   On remand, discovery revealed that the reason the Bank did
not satisfy the garnishment orders served by McMahan was
because of the internal procedures of the Bank, and the
structure of Po Folks' accounts. Po Folks had several
accounts with the Bank, specifically, a general account and 5
independent, named accounts. The named accounts were
“zero balance” accounts, which meant that at the close of
business every day, the account funds would be “swept” into
the general account, leaving a zero balance. Po Folks paid the
Bank a monthly fee to allow2 Po Folks to significantly
overdraw on its general account. When a garnishment order
was served, the Bank's policy was to check the balance of the
account by computer, which only reflected the account
balances as of the close of business the previous day and did
not show any deposits or withdrawals made during the day the
garnishment orders were served. Thus, since all of Po Folks'
accounts were either “zero balance” accounts, or overdrawn
as of the close of business the preceding day, whenever a
garnishment order was served the Bank would respond that no

    1
      As the losing party, the district court held McMahan responsible for
paying the fees of an independent expert appointed by the district court
to conduct an independent review of the accounts in question.
    2
      The propriety of such practice is not explained in the record. The
effect of such procedure appears to be no more than a demand obligation.
4   McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.      No. 99-5012      No. 99-5012    McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 13

monies were in Po Folks' account, even if deposits had been       consistent with this opinion, including a determination and
made the day that the garnishment order was served, and           order regarding the amount of prejudgment interest and
particularly that part of the day preceding the exact time the    attorney's fees.
garnishment order was served.
                              B.
  Following the completion of discovery, McMahan again
moved for writs of execution, attachment and/or sequestration
against Po Folks' property, an order of contempt against the
Bank, and summary judgment. The district court found that
due to the Bank's procedures and the structure of Po Folks'
accounts, the Bank did not hold property belonging to Po
Folks as of the dates and times the garnishment orders were
served, and further, that the Bank did not intentionally
manipulate the account balances in order to assist Po Folks in
defeating garnishment orders. The district court additionally
held that it would be too burdensome on Kentucky banks to
take steps “outside of the ordinary course of business” to
facilitate the determination of whether they are in possession
of garnished property as of the dates and times the
garnishment orders were served. Accordingly, it denied
McMahan's motion for a writ of execution and, in turn, denied
“as moot” both parties' summary judgment motions.
                 II. Summary of Arguments
  This is a case of first impression under Kentucy law.
McMahan argues on appeal that the Bank had an obligation
to determine whether it was in possession of Po Folks'
property as of the date and time of service of a garnishment
order and since it failed to do so, it violated the garnishment
orders and as such, is liable to McMahan. McMahan says that
the Bank cannot aggregate the balances of all of Po Folks'
accounts for purposes of determining its obligations on the
garnishment orders because the district court found that the
named accounts were not sub-accounts of the general account.
   The Bank responds that the district court correctly found
that the Bank did not violate the garnishment orders by stating
it owed no money and correctly refused to require the Bank to
12 McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.        No. 99-5012      No. 99-5012      McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 5

   V. Prejudgment Interest and Award of Attorney Fees              determine account balances outside of the normal course of
                                                                   business, i.e. except as of the close of business the day before
                              A.                                   the garnishment orders were served.
   McMahan also asserts that it is entitled to prejudgment            For the reasons that follow, the decision of the district court
interest. Under Kentucky law, prejudgment interest follows         is REVERSED.
a liquidated claim even if the refusal to pay is based upon
“good faith denial of liability.” Hale v. Life Ins. Co. of North               III. Violation of Garnishment Orders
America, 795 F.2d 22, 24 (6th Cir. 1986). A claim is
liquidated if the amount has been agreed to by the parties or        At the heart of this dispute is the issue of whether the Bank
is fixed by operation of law. See id. at 24. Here, McMahan's       possessed any property belonging to Po Folks on the dates
claim is liquidated since the amount of the judgment and each      and times the garnishment orders were served. The district
garnishment order was a fixed sum. Accordingly, McMahan            court answered in the negative, and all of its subsequent
is entitled to prejudgment interest.                               holdings flow from this holding. Thus, we must address this
                                                                   threshold issue with great care. We review de novo the
                              B.                                   district court's denial of summary judgment. See FED. R. CIV.
                                                                   P. 56, Smith v. Ameritech, 129 F.3d 857 (6th Cir. 1997).
  Additionally, under FED. R. CIV. P. 70, a party may be held
in civil contempt for violating a garnishment order. The                                          A.
primary purpose of a civil contempt order is to “compel
obedience to a court order and compensate for injuries caused        The district court found that the Bank did not “hold
by non-compliance.” TWM Manuf. Co. v. Dura Corp., 722              property belonging to, nor was it indebted to, Po Folks” on
F.2d 1261 (6th Cir. 1983). We have previously recognized           the dates and times the garnishment orders were served.
that an award of attorney's fees is appropriate for civil          Opinion and Order filed December 9, 1998 (Opinion and
contempt in situations where court orders have been violated.      Order) at 6. It noted that the Bank's policy for processing a
See Redken Lab., Inc. v. Levin, 843 F.2d 226 (6th Cir. 1987).      garnishment order solely utilized the Bank's computers to
Here, an award of attorney's fees is warranted because             determine if a customer had funds subject to the garnishment
McMahan was forced to expend a significant amount of               order. Although it recognized that the Bank's computers at all
money in attorney's fees to recover monies clearly owed to it;     times reflected only the account balance from the close of
an undertaking that was made arduous solely through the            business the previous day, the district court decided that
conduct of Po Folks' and the Bank.                                 requiring the Bank to do anything else beyond a computer
                                                                   check would require the Bank to go “outside the ordinary
  Furthermore, as the unsuccessful parties, the Bank and Po        course of business” and it was unwilling “to impose such a
Folks are also responsible for the court appointed expert's fees   burden.” Opinion and Order at 6. We disagree.
and McMahan is entitled to reimbursement in the amount of
$6,783.82.                                                                                        1.
                       VI. Conclusion                                The Kentucky garnishment statute, KY. REV. STAT. ANN.
                                                                   § 425.501(5) provides that “[i]f the court finds the garnishee
  For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the district            was, at the time of the service of the order upon him,
court's decision and REMAND for further proceedings                possessed of any property of the judgment debtor, . . . the
6   McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.            No. 99-5012       No. 99-5012      McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 11

court shall order the property or the proceeds of the debt               581-2. Second, the Bank delayed paying the first two
applied upon the judgment.” In our prior opinion, we                     garnishment orders for two years.
characterized the Kentucky statute as effecting a “snapshot”
rule, operating only on property that the garnishee possessed              Although, as noted by the district court, none of this
at the time the garnishment order was served and does not                evidence conclusively establishes that “the Bank intentionally
operate in the future.                                                   manipulated Po Folks' accounts in order to defeat
                                                                         garnishment,” the Bank had an independent duty to refrain
   The district court's opinion focused on the fact that the             from conduct that would obstruct enforcement of the
Bank, in following their ordinary garnishment procedures,                judgment. See Board of Regents v. Harriman, 857 S.W. 2d
could not have discovered property belonging to Po Folks,                445 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993). As the court in Harriman stated:
absent “manually processing all items on hand at that
particular moment.” The district court therefore concluded                 It is the duty of a garnishee to stand neutral in the
that since the Bank could not locate Po Folks' property in the             litigation over the fund in his hands, to disclose all the
“ordinary course of business,” it did not possess any of Po                information it has concerning the fund to the court, and
Folks' property. Nowhere in the statute does it say that                   to hold the fund in readiness to abide by the decision of
locating garnished property is required  only if it can be done            the court. When he follows this course, he is entitled to
in the “ordinary course of business”3 or without being unduly              the fullest protection; but when the garnishee . . .
burdensome.                                                                abandons his position as stakeholder and takes up the
                                                                           role of a litigant . . . he must be content to accept the
                                 2.                                        outcome of the battle fought out on the field he has
                                                                           chosen.
   Moreover, even assuming that such a requirement exists,
the record reflects that the Bank had the ability to locate              Id. at 451 (citing Potter v. Whitten, 155 S.W. 80, 88 (Mo. Ct.
property belonging to Po Folks in the “ordinary course of                App. 1913); Restatement (Second) of Judgments §§ 63
business.” Although the Bank was unable to view a current                comment a (1982)).
daily account balance from the computer terminals since the
computer always had a one day lag, several Bank employees                   Thus, in light of the Bank's conduct in changing the non-
testified that it was common practice, in a number of                    “zero balance” account with the knowledge of Po Folks'
situations including garnishments, for the Bank to place a               motivation, coupled with the Bank's own garnishment
“hold” on an account for up to 14 days. See JA pp. 354-5,                procedures, and the fact that Po Folks was the Bank's largest
360-362. A “hold” prevents any withdrawals or deposits from              customer, we believe that a genuine issue of material fact
the account until it is lifted. If the Bank had placed a “hold”          exists as to whether the Bank breached its duty to remain
                                                                         neutral and actively assisted Po Folks in evading garnishment
                                                                         of its property. However, having already found that the Bank
                                                                         is liable for the full amounts of the garnishment orders, supra,
    3
      The district court relied too heavily on dicta found in the        this issue is of no practical significance.
concurrence to our previous decision which states that “if during the
business day on which a garnishment was served the customer's accounts
would have shown a net positive balance in the ordinary course of
business, then the plaintiff should have been entitled to recover that
balance.” McMahan, 1997 WL 78497 at *5. Not only was this language
dicta, but the Bank has proffered no authority for such a proposition.
10 McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.        No. 99-5012      No. 99-5012      McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 7

exact time the deposits or debits occurred does not relieve the    on any of Po Folks' accounts for even 24 hours, which the
Bank of liability. In fact, the general rule is that “[w]here      Bank was able to do, the Bank would have been able to
relevant information . . . is in the possession of one party and   process the deposits and debits received prior to the hold in its
not provided, then an adverse inference may be drawn that          normal procedure, and ascertained if there was any surplusage
such information would be harmful to the party who fails to        the next day.
provide it.” Weeks v. ARA Serv., 869 F. Supp. 194, 195
(S.D.N.Y. 1994). In Wilton Enterprise v. Cook's Pantry, 552           In Fast Food Sys., Inc. v. Ducotey, 837 P.2d 910 (Okla.
A.2d 1031 (N.J. 1988), the garnishee bank claimed that it did      1992), the Oklahoma Supreme Court was also faced with a
not know the time a certain check was paid on the date a           “snapshot” statute and a garnishee bank whose computers did
garnishment order was served. The court held that “absent          not instantly reflect credits and debits. A bank customer
any specific proof of the exact time of payment of the check       deposited a check for over $8,000.00, and less than two hours
by the bank, a permissible inference can and shall be drawn        later, a garnishment order was served on the customer's
that final payment of the check occurred after the levy was        account. See id. at 911. Because the computer did not yet
served. . . .” Id. at 1034. We agree and find this situation       reflect the check, the bank denied that it had any of the
analogous. Thus, we hold that the Bank is liable to McMahan        customer's monies. See id. The court ruled against the bank,
for the entire amount of the judgment.                             holding that “a bank customer has sufficient property right in
                                                                   any check the customer deposits to his bank account to
         IV. Intentional Manipulation of Accounts                  require the bank to account for it in its answer to a garnishee
                                                                   summons. This is so even if the bank's computer records do
  McMahan next argues that the district court erred in             not reflect the deposit when the bank receives the garnishment
dismissing its claim that the Bank intentionally manipulated       summons.” Id. at 913. The court in Fast Food noted that the
Po Folks' accounts to avoid garnishment. We agree.                 bank would routinely suspend processing on accounts subject
                                                                   to garnishments for 24 hours to allow time to identify
                              A.                                   transactions that may have occurred previously. See id. This
                                                                   allowed the bank to learn the exact balance of the account at
   In dismissing McMahan's claim for intentional                   the moment the bank was served with a garnishee summons.
manipulation, the district court noted that the “zero balance”
structure of Po Folks' accounts had been in place for                                             3.
approximately one year before any of the garnishment orders
were served, and concluded that this precluded any                    We agree with the reasoning of the Oklahoma Supreme
manipulation on the part of the Bank to help Po Folks' avoid       Court and hold that the Bank had an obligation to determine
garnishment. However, there is additional evidence that bears      whether on the date and time a garnishment order was served
on this determination as well. First, although most of Po          it possessed any property belonging to Po Folks. See KY.
Folks' accounts were structured as “zero-balance” prior to any     REV. STAT. ANN. § 425.501(5). Merely checking a computer
garnishment orders were served, immediately after the receipt      record, known to reflect only the balance from the end of
of the first two garnishment orders, the Bank acquiesced to Po     business the previous day, is insufficient under the “snapshot”
Folks' request that the Bank change its only non-“zero             requirement of the Kentucky statute which mandates that
balance” account to a “zero balance” account, with the             property be identified as of the moment that the garnishment
understanding that such a change was being made to prevent         order is presented, not merely as of close of business the
any further garnishment orders from being honored. See JA          previous day. See id. (“If the court finds that the garnishee
8   McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al.             No. 99-5012        No. 99-5012        McMahan & Co. v. Po Folks, Inc., et al. 9

was, at the time of service of the order upon him, possessed                                                  B.
of any property. . . .”)
                                                                             In light of the above, we conclude that the Bank violated
   If this means that banks must all implement time-stamping               the garnishment orders if they were returned unsatisfied when
into their business procedures, or freeze an account subject to            any of Po Folks' accounts  showed a positive net balance at the
a garnishment order to meet this requirement, then so it does.             time of service.6 Under Kentucky law, a violation of a
A holding any other way would create an exception to KY.                   garnishment order imposes liability in the amount of the
REV. STAT. ANN. § 425.501(5) allowing a garnishee to avoid                 judgment. See Holbrook v. Fyffe, 175 S.W. 977 (Ky. 1915).
the operation of a garnishment order by mirroring the account
structure created for Po Folks and reward sloppy accounting                                                   1.
and garnishment procedures.
                                                                             With respect to the Credit Card account, the Bank admitted
   Additionally, from a policy standpoint, the rule is sound.              that deposits were made every morning before the bank
As this case illustrates, much can occur in one day and to                 opened. See JA at 534. Credits in the form of credit card
allow banks to rely solely on information from the close of                payments, and debits in the form of checks were
business the previous day can lead to misleading inaccuracies.             electronically transmitted to the Bank and processed between
Furthermore, by structuring its accounts in this fashion,                  9:00-10:00 a.m. every morning. See JA at 534. The Bank's
although perhaps       completely legal from a banking                     employee, Mr. Baker, testified that on the dates of 17
standpoint,4 Po Folks took advantage of the Bank's internal                garnishment orders, the Credit Card account, after7subtracting
procedures  to effectively evade virtually all garnishment of its          the debits, yielded a surplusage of $114,830.16. This fact
property,5 yet still maintain all of the benefits of the deposits.         effectively eliminates the Bank's argument that it did not
Fundamental fairness does not permit such a result.                        possess any property of Po Folks' prior to the dates and times
                                                                           the garnishment orders were served since the garnishments
  Moreover, what the statute requires is not an unreasonable               were obviously not served until the bank opened and by then,
burden on the Bank because, as was testified to by an                      the electronic transfer amounts were already sitting in the
employee of the Bank, the Bank generally receives only                     Credit Card account.
approximately 6 garnishment orders a month, and putting a
“hold” on an account is routinely done in numerous contexts.                                                  2.
                                                                             As to Po Folks' other accounts, the Bank admits that it has
                                                                           no way of determining at what time the deposits or debits
                                                                           occurred because it did not time-stamp any of them. Contrary
                                                                           to the Bank's argument, the absence of specific proof of the

    4
      We express no comment on the legality of an account structure such       6
as here.                                                                         The court appointed expert's report did not indicate whether at the
                                                                           time the garnishment orders were served, any of Po Folks' accounts may
    5                                                                      have had a positive balance.
      For example, although McMahan successfully garnished $5,660.37
on April 4-5, 1995 from Po Folks' MTS-01 account, immediately after the        7
garnishment Po Folks changed the MTS-01 account to a “zero balance”             Prior to being “swept” into the general account, as per the “zero”
account.                                                                   account structure.
