                                                                                                        07/17/2020
         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                       Assigned on Briefs May 19, 2020 at Knoxville

                 STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BILLY MACK JONES

                      Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dyer County
                       No. 18-CR-164A R. Lee Moore, Jr., Judge


                                 No. W2019-01759-CCA-R3-CD


The defendant, Billy Mack Jones, appeals his Dyer County Circuit Court jury conviction
of facilitating the sale of a Schedule II substance, arguing that the evidence was insufficient
to establish his identity as the perpetrator. Because the record is insufficient to facilitate
our review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

               Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN, and J. Ross Dyer, JJ., joined.

Noel H. Riley, II, Dyersburg, Tennessee, for the appellant, Billy Mack Jones.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General; and Justin C. Walling, District Attorney General pro tempore, for the
appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                              OPINION

              The Dyer County Grand Jury charged the defendant and his wife, Amanda
E. Jones, with one count of selling a Schedule II controlled substance.1 The defendant and
co-defendant were tried together.

             At the March 2019 jury trial, Dyersburg police officer Chris Pursell testified
that on November 5, 2014, he learned that a confidential informant, Mike Cole, believed
he could buy 10 Adderall pills from the defendant and co-defendant for six dollars per pill.
Officer Pursell explained that Adderall is “an amphetamine and a Schedule II drug.”
Officer Pursell and his partner Detective Mike Leggett prepared Mr. Cole to make the
1
        The indictment before us is a superseding indictment, and the original is not included included in
the record.
purchase; they searched him for drugs and cash, gave him $60, equipped him with a
listening device, and had him call the defendant to arrange the sale. The audio recording
of that call was played for the jury. The officers then followed Mr. Cole to the Short Stop
Market driving a separate unmarked car. After a short wait, Mr. Cole received a telephone
call from the defendant, who was nearby with the co-defendant in a black van. Officer
Pursell stated that the defendant and co-defendant “drove by us,” but he could not “recall
if I could look into [the van] and see who was in it.” Mr. Cole followed the van “around
the corner” to a side road, and the officers listened in on the interaction between him and
the defendant. After the drug buy was complete, the officers retrieved from Mr. Cole 10
orange pills with the marking “M-amphet salts, 20 mgs” and wrapped in what appeared to
be cellophane from a cigarette package. Officer Pursell identified the pills as Adderall,
and the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation laboratory confirmed that the pills contained
amphetamine.

               During cross-examination, Officer Pursell stated that he had conducted
approximately 80 controlled buys with Mr. Cole and that Mr. Cole was paid an average of
$100 per transaction. He acknowledged that he did not video record or use a drug dog
when searching Mr. Cole prior to the controlled buy. Officer Pursell could not recall
specifically whether he checked the registration of the black van, stating, “If we were able
to get a tag or vin number we would have.” Because he did not have any notes in his file
about the van, he assumed that they could not view the license plate. He acknowledged
that he did not attempt to identify any fingerprints from the cellophane wrapper.

              During the controlled buy, the officers were parked across the street,
approximately 450 feet away from the Short Stop Market. Their vehicle had heavily tinted
windows, and from his location across the street, Officer Pursell could not identify who
was in the black van. The officers could not follow the van around the corner of the market
without raising suspicion. Officer Pursell acknowledged that the audio recording of the
telephone call between the defendant and the informant did not include any mention of
drugs or money.

              Detective Mike Leggett testified that on November 5, 2014, he and Officer
Pursell arranged a controlled drug buy from the defendant and co-defendant through Mr.
Cole, who had worked with Detective Leggett as a confidential informant “at least a
hundred” times prior. In preparation for the buy, Detective Leggett searched Mr. Cole and
his vehicle and installed a camera in Mr. Cole’s vehicle. During a recorded telephone call,
Mr. Cole arranged to purchase the drugs at the Short Stop Market “at the corner [of] Lake
and Tucker.” The officers followed Mr. Cole to that location and parked at a nearby
location that “sits up high on the hill. And then we will park and we’ll kind of blend in
with the cars and we can videotape out the window with a handheld video recorder.”
Although they were unable to video record the transaction in this case because the
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defendant drove around the corner of the market, the officers could hear audio of the
transaction. Detective Leggett acknowledged that he was unable to see the occupants of
the black van, but the camera installed in Mr. Cole’s vehicle captured the transaction, and
the recording was played for the jury. Still photographs extracted from the video recording
were also shown to the jury.

              During cross-examination, Detective Leggett testified that Mr. Cole had
made the arrangement to purchase the drugs from the defendant and co-defendant. He
estimated that Mr. Cole had made $10,000 in cash from participating in approximately 100
controlled buys with Detective Leggett. He could see Mr. Cole at the market before the
defendant arrived, and Mr. Cole did not exit his vehicle before following the defendant
around the corner. On the video recording taken from the camera installed in Mr. Cole’s
vehicle, Mr. Cole can be seen rolling down his window and speaking with someone outside
of the vehicle, but Detective Leggett did not know with whom Mr. Cole spoke. Detective
Leggett acknowledged that when he searched Mr. Cole before the controlled buy, he did
not search under the hat that Mr. Cole was wearing.

              Because the officers recorded the serial numbers of the bills used for the
controlled buy, Detective Leggett searched Mr. Cole before the buy to ensure that he did
not have other cash that could be used in the purchase. He also searched him for drugs to
ensure that the drugs returned to the officers after the purchase were the full quantity
obtained during the controlled buy. The search of Mr. Cole was a pat-down search, which
included searching “[j]ust pockets, waistbands, [and] tops of his shoes.” Detective Leggett
acknowledged that Mr. Cole would not have been paid for his cooperation if the controlled
buy had not been successful.

                Mike Cole testified that he worked as a confidential informant with officers
Pursell and Leggett. He stated that he knew the defendant and the co-defendant from
previous interactions. In this case, the defendant initiated contact with Mr. Cole regarding
his purchasing Adderall pills. Mr. Cole stated that he did not have any drugs on him when
he met the officers for the controlled buy. He identified his and the defendant’s as the
voices on the audio recorded telephone conversation arranging the drug purchase. He
agreed to meet the defendant behind the Short Stop Market, and the defendant and co-
defendant arrived at that location in a black van. Mr. Cole identified the defendant as the
driver of the van and the co-defendant as a passenger. At some point while waiting at the
Short Stop Market, Mr. Cole spoke with the defendant on the telephone, which
conversation was recorded by the camera in Mr. Cole’s vehicle. Mr. Cole identified the
co-defendant from the video recording and stated that she was the one who “handed me
ten Adderall capsules and I gave her sixty dollars.” After the purchase, someone “flagged
[Mr. Cole] down needing a ride,” and Mr. Cole rolled his window down to talk to him. He
testified that the man did not give him anything, and he did not have any physical contact
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with him.

              On cross-examination, Mr. Cole acknowledged that he was paid for his
participation in controlled buys and that he did not pay income tax on the money he
received as an informant. He acknowledged that at one point, his driver’s license had been
suspended, but it was not suspended when he drove to the Short Stop Market in this case.
He denied having a criminal record or drug addiction. Prior to the controlled buy, Detective
Leggett searched him “[t]op to bottom.” Mr. Cole stated that he first met the defendant
and co-defendant at their junk store.

             During redirect examination, Mr. Cole stated that he could not specifically
recall whether he saw the defendant driving the black van, but he was certain that it was
the defendant with whom he spoke on the telephone.

              The State rested.

               The co-defendant testified in her own defense that she and her husband, the
defendant, co-owned a junk shop on Cedar Street where they “bought, sold[,] and traded”
various used items. Mr. Cole was a customer at the shop, and he also helped with moving
items on occasion. The co-defendant stated that in November 2014, Mr. Cole owed her
approximately $120. The co-defendant testified that she had taken Adderall for ADHD
since she was 12 years old. Two days prior to the incident in this case, Mr. Cole was at the
junk shop, and the co-defendant “saw him over there in my bag” at her desk. When she
confronted him, Mr. Cole set her bag down and “walk[ed] off.” She did not think much of
the incident at that time, but later that evening she discovered that almost all of her Adderall
pills were missing. She reported the incident to her doctor, and she told Mr. Cole, “‘Don’t
you ever bring your tail back to my shop. You owe me money.’” She explained that she
had given Mr. Cole some collector’s coins from her shop that he had not yet paid for.

                The co-defendant acknowledged that she was the one seen on the video
recording taken from Mr. Cole’s vehicle, and she described the events: “I walked there and
. . . . [t]here was sixty dollars laying on the seat, of my money. . . . [H]e pulled up beside
me so I knew he saw me walking down the street. So, when I opened the door I just grabbed
it and said ‘Thanks[,]’ . . . shut the door and kept going.” She denied having anything in
her hand before picking up the money from the seat, but when pressed, she stated that if
there was something in her hand it was tissue because “I do have tissue in my hand all the
time. . . . It’s a habit.” She stated that no one was in the black van when she was there.
She denied selling Adderall to Mr. Cole, explaining that she had “lost a lot of people” to
addiction. She added that, because she required Adderall to be able to go about her daily
life, “that’s not something I am going to get rid of.”

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               During cross-examination, the co-defendant testified that it was November
3, 2014, when she caught Mr. Cole “in my purse. Standing behind my desk.” She
acknowledged that she did not report the Adderall theft to the police because “I couldn’t
tell you specifically -- Like, I am not going to tell you he took it and, you know, I don’t --
I see you back there, but I can’t specifically say it’s you.” She stated that the bottle in her
purse was a new prescription and that almost all of the pills were missing.

              On the date of the incident, the co-defendant was staying with a friend, Lisa
Campbell, who lived next door to Mr. Cole on Tucker Street in Dyersburg because she and
the defendant were separated. That morning, the co-defendant spoke to Mr. Cole at his
house and told him, “‘I need my money.’” At the time of the incident, the co-defendant
walked from Ms. Campbell’s house to meet someone about renting an apartment when she
saw Mr. Cole drive up near the Short Stop Market. She approached Mr. Cole’s vehicle and
reached into his car to get the money. She denied getting out of the black van and stated
that she did not see anyone in the van. She reiterated that the defendant was not present at
that time.

              The co-defendant acknowledged that she had been convicted of theft over
$500 in 2010, stating, “It’s a mistake that I made.” When confronted with a second
conviction of theft over $500, the co-defendant stated that it was her understanding that “it
was all supposed to be rolled into one” conviction.

              On redirect examination, the co-defendant explained that the apartments she
was looking at were “[w]ithin walking distance” to Tucker Street. She clarified that the
two theft charges on her criminal record “were all put together” and disposed of at the same
court proceeding on September 19, 2012.

                After a Momon colloquy, the defendant elected not to testify and did not put
on any proof.

               The jury accredited the State’s evidence and found the defendant guilty of
the lesser included offence of facilitation of the sale of a Schedule II controlled substance.
The trial court sentenced the defendant as a career offender and imposed an effective
sentence of 12 years’ incarceration. Following a timely but unsuccessful motion for a new
trial, the defendant filed this timely appeal, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to
support his conviction.

               Specifically, the defendant contends that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence to establish that he was present at the time of the sale of the drugs. The State
asserts that the defendant has waived our review of the issue by failing to conform his brief
to the requirements set forth in Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(7) and by failing to
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provide an adequate record on appeal. In the alternative, the State argues that the evidence
is sufficient to support the conviction.

                We agree with the State that the defendant has failed to provide an adequate
record for our review. The appellant bears the burden of preparing an adequate record on
appeal, see State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560 (Tenn. 1993), which record “shall consist
of . . . the original of any exhibits filed in the trial court,” Tenn. R. App. P. 24(a). If the
appellant fails to file an adequate record, this court must presume the trial court’s ruling
was correct. See State v. Richardson, 875 S.W.2d 671, 674 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

               At trial, the jury heard an audio recording of Mr. Cole’s arranging to purchase
the Adderall pills, and they viewed a video recording of the controlled buy. None of the
trial exhibits, including the audio and video recordings, were included in the record on
appeal. This court cannot adequately review the sufficiency of the evidence absent a full
record of the evidence, and, consequently, we must presume the trial court’s ruling to be
correct. See id.

               We also note that the defendant was convicted of the offense of facilitation
of the sale of a controlled substance, which conviction does not require proof that the
defendant was present during the sale of the drug as the defendant asserts. See T.C.A. §
39-11-403(a) (“A person is criminally responsible for the facilitation of a felony, if,
knowing that another intends to commit a specific felony, . . . knowingly furnishes
substantial assistance in the commission of the felony.”). Additionally, the defendant
invites this court to employ an outdated legal standard to evaluate the sufficiency of
circumstantial evidence, relying on State v. Crawford to argue that when a conviction is
based on circumstantial evidence alone, “the facts and circumstances of the offense ‘must
be so strong and cogent as to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of
the defendant, and that beyond a reasonable doubt.’” See State v. Crawford, 470 S.W.2d
610, 612 (Tenn. 1971), overruled by State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).
Our supreme court, however, explicitly overruled Crawford as the standard for evaluating
convictions premised on circumstantial evidence and adopted the federal standard “that
direct and circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when weighing the
sufficiency of such evidence.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 381; see also State v. Hall, 461
S.W.3d 469, 501 (Tenn. 2015) (acknowledging the departure from the Crawford standard
and the adoption of the federal standard); State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d 641, 662 (Tenn.
2015) (“In Dorantes, this Court abolished any distinction between the standard of proof
required at trial in cases based solely upon circumstantial evidence and that in cases where
direct evidence of guilt is presented by the State.”).

              Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

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       _________________________________
      JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




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