                  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE


       SARN ENERGY LLC,                                    )
                                                           )
                     Plaintiff,                            )
                                                           )
                        v.                                 )    C.A. No.: N17C-06-355 EMD CCLD
                                                           )
       TATRA DEFENCE VEHICLE AS,                           )
                                                           )
                     Defendants.                           )
                                                           )
                                          Submitted: July 19, 2018
                                         Decided: November 5, 2018

           Upon SARN Energy LLC’s Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Amended Counterclaim
                           GRANTED in part and DENIED in part

Oderah C. Nwaeze, Esquire, Duane Morris LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Ryan E. Borneman,
Esquire, Duane Morris LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Attorneys for Plaintiff SARN Energy
LLC.

Philip Trainer, Jr., Esquire, Hayley Lenahan, Esquire, Ashby & Geddes, Wilmington, Delaware,
Kenneth J. Pfaehler, Esquire, Dentons US LLP, Washington, D.C. Attorneys for Defendant
Tatra Defence Vehicle, a.s.

DAVIS, J.

                                             I. INTRODUCTION

           This breach of contract action is assigned to the Complex Commercial Litigation

Division of the Court. Tatra Defence Vehicle a.s. (“Tatra”) manufactures armored fighting

vehicles called the Pandur. Tatra hired SARN Energy LLC (“SARN”) to help facilitate sales of

the Pandur to the Slovak Republic or Czech Republic. The parties memorialized the deal in the

Defense Policy Analysis and Advisor Agreement (the “Agreement”) on January 14, 2016. 1 Tatra

sold 20 Pandurs to the Czech Ministry of Defense (the “Ministry”). Tatra made an initial



1
    Counterclaims, Ex. 2. The Defense Policy Analysis and Advisor Agreement will be cited as “Agreement § __.”
payment under the Agreement. SARN demanded full payment under the Agreement. Tatra

refused payment. SARN filed suit for breach of contract. Tatra answer and counterclaimed.

         SARN filed the Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Amended Counterclaim (the “Motion”).

Tatra filed the Opposition of Defendant and Counterclaim Plaintiff Tatra Defence Vehicle, A.S.

to SARN Energy LLC’s Motion to Dismiss the Amended Counterclaim (the “Opposition”).

SARN filed its Reply Brief Supporting its Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s Amended

Counterclaims (the “Reply”). The Court held a hearing (the “Hearing”) on the Motion, the

Opposition and the Reply on July 19, 2018. At the conclusion of the Hearing, the Court took the

Motion under advisement.

         For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the

Motion.

                                          II. RELEVANT FACTS2

         Representatives from Tatra and SARN met in Washington, D.C. between January 10 and

13, 2015.3 There was an additional meeting on January 14, 2016 at the Army and Navy Club in

Washington, D.C.4 Stephen Richards, Armen Agas, and Barton Marcois attended the Army and

Navy Club meeting.5 At that meeting, Mr. Richards stated that he was the chairman of SARN.6

Mr. Agas indicated that he was deputy to the chairman of SARN.7 Mr. Marcois held himself out

at the director of SARN.8


2
  For purposes of the Motion, the Court is utilizing the facts as set forth in SARN’s complaint and Tatra’s answer
and counterclaims. So the facts set forth in this opinion (including adjectives and adverbs) are as plead by the
parties. For purposes of the Motion, the Court must view the alleged facts in a light most favorable to Tatra. See,
e.g., Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011); Doe v.
Cedars Acad., LLC, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 27, 2010).
3
  Countercl. ¶ 4.
4
  Id. ¶ 4.
5
  Id. ¶ 4.
6
  Id. ¶ 4.
7
  Id. ¶ 4.
8
  Id. ¶ 4.

                                                          2
         Jaroslav Strnad and Michal Strnad were also present at the Army and Navy Club

meeting.9 Jaroslav Strnad was a member of the Supervisory Board of Tatra’s parent company,

Czechoslovak Group (“CSG”).10 Michal Strnad was the president of CSG.11 Mr. Richards, Mr.

Agas, and Mr. Marcois represented to the Strnads that they “had connections and contacts with

the U.S. Department of Defense, others in the American government and with the governments

of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, and that they could use those connections and

contacts to assist Tatra in achieving a sale of Pandur fighting vehicles to the Czech and Slovak

Republics.”12 The representatives from Tatra and SARN shook hands and agreed that SARN

would assist Tatra in selling Pandurs.13

         On January 14, 2016 SARN and Tatra entered into the Agreement.14 Although Tatra and

SARN finalized and signed the Agreement on January 29, 2016, the parties dated the Agreement

for the same date—January 14, 2016—as the oral agreement at the Army and Navy Club.15

Tatra retained SARN to provide analysis and advisory services to Tatra concerning geopolitical

policy matters in efforts to enter into a contract with Slovak Republic or the Czech Republic to

sell Pandur armored vehicles.16 Specifically, the Agreement states “[SARN] will exert best

efforts to advise [Tatra] on geopolitical policy matters in the sale of Pandur vehicles to the

Slovak Republic and Czech Republic.”17 Tatra agreed to pay $1 million to SARN to facilitate

the sale of 20 Pandurs.18



9
  Id. ¶ 4.
10
   Id.
11
   Id.
12
   Id.
13
   Id. ¶ 5.
14
   Compl. ¶ 4.
15
   Countercl. ¶ 7.
16
   Compl. ¶ 5.
17
   Agreement § 2.
18
   Compl. ¶ 6.

                                                  3
         On January 30, 2017, Tatra entered into an agreement with the Czech Ministry of

Defense to sell 20 Pandur vehicles for approximately $80 million.19 Tatra received its initial

payment from the Ministry of Defense in June 2017.20

         On March 14, 2017, Tatra paid SARN $40,000 as partial payment for services performed

under the Agreement.21 On April 7, 2017, SARN sent a letter demanding the remaining

$960,000.22 Tatra did not respond to the April 7 Letter.23 On May 4, 2017, SARN’s counsel

again demanded payment from Tatra.24 On May 11, 2017, Tatra responded that it had not yet

received the initial payment from the Ministry.25 On May 17, 2017, Tatra informed SARN that

the Ministry would pay Tatra within one month.26

         On June 4, 2017, SARN sent a final demand for payment.27 On June 16, 2017, Tatra

requested documentation for tax purposes and stated that “Tatra does not dispute its payment

obligations” arising from the Agreement.28 On June 21, 2017, SARN again requested payment

under the Agreement.29 Tatra did not make any further payments under the Agreement.

         On July 19, 2017, Mr. Borneman sent a letter to CSG, Tatra’s parent company, “falsely

alleging that the Strnads were associating with agents of nations hostile to NATO and that they

and CSG had financial associations with hostile nation agents.”30 Mr. Borneman also sent this

letter to the Czech National Security Office.31



19
   Id. ¶ 8.
20
   Id. ¶ 9.
21
   Id. ¶ 11.
22
   Id. ¶ 12.
23
   Id. ¶ 13.
24
   Id. ¶ 14.
25
   Id. ¶ 15.
26
   Id. ¶ 16.
27
   Id. ¶ 18.
28
   Id. ¶ 19; see also Countercl., Ex. 5 (dated June 15, 2017 Prague time).
29
   Compl. ¶ 23.
30
   Id. ¶ 31.
31
   Id.

                                                           4
          On August 9, 2017, Mr. Borneman sent another letter (the “August 9 Letter”) to CSG and

the Czech National Security Office.32 The August 9 Letter stated that CSG “may be subject to a

sanction investigation because of ongoing reports about CSG’s activities with agents and

companies affiliated with the Russian Federation, including media reports of CSG cooperating

on railways projects with Russian entities.”33 “On November 1, 2017, Mr. Borneman admitted

that in fact he has no knowledge of any sanctions investigations of CSG or its affiliates and

subsidiaries.”34 This letter was written on a SARN SD3 LLC (“SD3”) letter head.35

          On November 3, 2017, Mr. Richards sent a letter to CSG claiming that “CSG affiliate

Retia a.s. is reported as transacting with Russian intelligence services in order to offer solutions

to the Russian government.”36 This letter was also written on an SD3 letter head.37

          Tatra alleges that SARN and SD3 are alter-ego companies.38 Tatra contends that SARN

and SD3 share the same directors and phone number.39 Tatra also alleges that SARN and SD3

are “dominated” by Mr. Richards and operated out of his house.40 Finally, Tatra asserts that

neither SARN nor SD3 have any employees.41

          Tatra contends that Mr. Richards and Mr. Marcois solicited and provided information for

articles containing false and defamatory statements about CSG published in: “Real Clear

Defense on July 17, 2017, titled ‘The Czech- Russian Arms Trade Connection;’ The Daily Caller

on November 10, 2017, titled ‘Putin’s War Dogs in Europe;’ and Foreign Policy on March 16,



32
   Id. ¶ 33.
33
   Id.
34
   Id. ¶ 36.
35
   Id. ¶ 43.
36
   Id. ¶ 39.
37
   Id. ¶ 43.
38
   Id.
39
   Id.
40
   Id.
41
   Id.

                                                  5
2018, titled ‘Putin is Poisoning Prague.’”42 Tatra alleges that these articles defamed CSG and

CSG’s family of companies including Tatra.

       On June 28, 2017, SARN filed the Complaint for breach of contract. SARN seeks

$960,000–the remaining balance under the Agreement. On March 23, 2018, Tatra filed its

Answer and Amended Counterclaim (the “Counterclaims”).43 Tatra alleges: (i) breach of

contract—failure to provide tax information; (ii) breach of contract—disclosing confidential

information; (iii) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing; (iv) defamation; and (v) fraud

and misrepresentation. SARN has moved to dismiss the Counterclaims.

       SD3 and CSG have a related litigation pending before this Court.44

       On April 18, 2018, SARN filed the Motion. On May 25, 2018, Tatra filed the

Opposition. On June 11, 2018, SARN filed the Reply.

                                III. PARTIES CONTENTIONS

A.     MOTION

       SARN argues that the Court should dismiss all five of the Counterclaims. First, SARN

contends that the breach of the contracts claims fail because: (1) the Agreement does not prohibit

SARN from requesting payment before Tatra received payment from the Ministry; (2) the

Agreement does not require SARN to produce proof of work; (3) the Complaint does not

reference any confidential information in violation of the Agreement; and (4) the Counterclaim

lacks specific damages.

       Additionally, SARN claims that the Court should dismiss the breach of the duty of good

faith and fair dealing claim and defamation claim because they concern two entities not party to



42
   Countercl. ¶ 44.
43
   The original Answer and Counterclaim was filed on January 16, 2018.
44
   SARN SD3 LLC v. Czechoslavak Group a.s., C.A. No. N17C-12-185 EMD CCLD

                                                 6
this civil litigation—i.e., failure to join an indispensable party. SARN notes that Tatra did not

join those entities to this civil action. Moreover, SARN contends that there are no facts to justify

piercing the corporate veil. Finally, SARN argues the fraud claim fails because: (1) the conduct

of this action is covered by the Agreement; (2) the parol evidence rule bars prior pre-contractual,

oral representations; and (3) the fraud claim is not properly pleaded.

B.      OPPOSITION

        Tatra argues that SARN fails to apply the 12(b)(6) standard in the Motion. Tatra

contends that the Counterclaims are well pleaded and state a claim upon which relief may be

granted.

                                    IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A.      CIVIL RULE 12(B)(6)

        Upon a motion to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), the Court (i) accepts all well-

pleaded factual allegations as true, (ii) accepts even vague allegations as well-pleaded if they

give the opposing party notice of the claim, (iii) draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the

non-moving party, and (iv) only dismisses a case where the plaintiff would not be entitled to

recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.45 However, the Court must

“ignore conclusory allegations that lack specific supporting factual allegations.”46




45
   See Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 227 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011); Doe v.
Cedars Academy, No. 09C-09-136, 2010 WL 5825343, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 27, 2010).
46
   Ramunno v. Crawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998).

                                                       7
                                           V. DISCUSSION

A.      AT THIS STAGE IN THE PROCEEDINGS, TATRA HAS PROPERLY PLEAD CLAIMS FOR
        BREACH OF THE AGREEMENT

        Tatra argues that SARN breached the contract in that: (1) SARN failed to perform under

the Agreement; (2) SARN tried to extort payments under the Agreement; (3) SARN breach

Section 10 of the Agreement; and (4) SARN breached Section 8 of the Agreement. The Court

will not dismiss the breach of contract claims. The Court more fully discussed the breach of

contract disputes between SARN and Tatra in its decision on SARN’s Motion for Judgment on

the Pleadings.47

        At this stage in the proceedings, the Court finds that Tatra has properly plead breach of

contract claims. Accordingly, the Court will not dismiss Tatra’s contact claims. However, the

undisputed facts in this case seem to show: Tatra and SARN entering into the Agreement

regarding that sale of Pandur vehicles; Tatra entering into an agreement with the Czech Ministry

to sell 20 Pandur vehicles; Tatra receiving an initial payment for the Pandur vehicles from the

Czech Ministry in June 2017; Tatra paying SARN $40,000 as partial payment in connection with

the Agreement; and Tatra, through counsel, stating that “Tatra does not dispute its payment

obligations” arising from the Agreement. These facts seem to indicate that Tatra and SARN

entered into the Agreement, that Tatra admitted its liability to SARN and only later disclaimed

the validity of the Agreement. Moreover, the Court has not been shown how the terms of the

Agreement are ambiguous. Given this, the Court is convinced that focused discovery by the

parties should quickly resolve any open issues on the breach of contract.




47
  SARN Energy LLC v. Tatra Defence Vehicle a.s., C.A. No. N17C-06-355 EMD CCLD (Del. Super. Oct. 31,
2018).

                                                    8
B.      THE DEFAMATION AND BREACH OF THE IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND
        FAIR DEALING COUNT FAIL AS A MATTER OF LAW.

        To state a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, a

plaintiff must allege: (1) a specific obligation implied in the contract; (2) a breach of that

obligation; and (3) resulting damages.48

        Defamation consists of the “twin torts” of libel (written defamation) and slander (spoken

defamation).49 “Defamation is generally understood as ‘a false publication calculated to bring

one into disrepute.’”50 To state a claim for defamation, a plaintiff must plead: (1) a defamatory

communication; (2) publication; (3) reference to the plaintiff; (4) the third party's understanding

of the communication's defamatory character; and (5) injury. 51

        In the Motion, SARN does not appear to challenge any pleading deficiency with these

two claims. Rather, SARN argues that: (1) Tatra does not have standing; (2) Tatra failed to

include an indispensable party—CSG; and (3) SD3 is the appropriate defendant and Tatra cannot

pierce the corporate veil.

        i.       Standing

        First, SARN argues that the defamation and fair dealing claims fail because Tatra lacks

standing to bring the claims. Standing refers to the right of a party to invoke the jurisdiction of a

court to enforce a claim or to redress a grievance.52 A plaintiff must show that he or she

sustained an injury-in-fact and that the interests it seeks to protect are truly protected.53 An




48
   Riverside Fund V, L.P. v. Shyamsundar, 2015 WL 5004906, at *3 (Del. Super. Aug. 17, 2015).
49
   Read v. Carpenter, 1995 WL 945544, at *2 (Del. Super. June 8, 1995).
50
   Naples v. New Castle County, 2015 WL 1478206, at *12 (Del. Super. Mar. 30, 2015), aff'd, 127 A.3d 399 (Del.
2015) (quoting Read, 1995 WL 945544, at *2).
51
   See Read, 1995 WL 945544, at *2.
52
   Stuart Kingston, Inc. v. Robinson, 596 A.2d 1378, 1382 (Del. 1991).
53
   Dover Historical Soc. v. City of Dover Plan. Commn., 838 A.2d 1103, 1100 (Del. 2003).

                                                       9
injury-in-fact is “an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and

particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.”54

        However, a party is liable for defaming a corporation when “the matter tends to prejudice

[the corporation] in the conduct of its business or to deter others from dealing with it.”55 “A

defamatory communication is made concerning the person to whom its recipient correctly, or

mistakenly but reasonably, understand that it was intended to refer.”56 Further, “[i]t is not

necessary that the plaintiff be designated by name; it is enough that there is such a description of

or reference to him that those who hear or read reasonably understand the plaintiff to be the

person intended.”57 Although a corporation is not generally defamed by defamatory statements

of its officers, agents, or stockholders, a corporation may be harmed in that situation if the

statements “also reflect discredit upon the method by which the corporation conducts its

business.”58

        It is somewhat unclear whether a subsidiary may sue for defamation when a defamatory

statement targets a parent company and does not mention the subsidiary. Tatra relies upon

Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc. for the proposition that a subsidiary may sue when defamation

against a parent company harms the subsidiary.59 In Perlman, Mr. Perlman was CEO of Artemis

and Rearden.60 Rearden created a subsidiary, OnLive.61 Vox published several allegedly




54
   Kostyshyn v. Commissioners of Town of Bellefonte, 2006 WL 3501874, at *2 (Del. Super. Nov. 30, 2006).
55
   Restatement (Second) of Torts § 561.
56
   Restatement (Second) of Torts § 564.
57
   Restatement (Second) of Torts § 564 cmt. b.
58
   Restatement (Second) of Torts § 561 cmt. b.
59
   2015 WL 5724838, at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2015).
60
   Id.
61
   Id.

                                                      10
defamatory news stories about Mr. Perlman and OnLive.62 Artemis sought damages for

defamation.63

        The Court found that “it is at least reasonably conceivable that Plaintiffs will be able to

prove that the typical reader of the 2014 Article will associate Artemis with Perlman and

Rearden and will understand that they should not invest with Artemis because of Perlman’s

history at OnLive . . . .”64 The Court found that the 2014 later article that referenced Artemis and

related back to the other articles defaming Mr. Perlman.65

        Unlike Perlman, there is no direct connection between Tatra and CSG in the alleged

defamatory statements. The letters specifically referenced CSG and another company. There is

no mention of Tatra in the letters. Moreover, the letters are on SD3 letterhead. Without more,

Tatra’s claims appear to be claims between CSG and SD3 and not Tatra and SARN

        ii.      Indispensable Party

        SARN argues that CSG is an indispensable party to the defamation claim because the

letters talked about CSG and not Tatra. The Court makes a two-part inquiry to determine if a

cause of action should be dismissed for failure to join a necessary and indispensable party under

Superior Court Rule of Civil Procedure 19 (“Rule 19”).66 First, the Court determines whether

the party is necessary.67 If joiner is not possible, the Court must determine whether the party is

indispensable. To determine if a non-party is indispensable, the Court considers:

        First, to what extent a judgment rendered in the person's absence might be
        prejudicial to the person or those already parties; second, the extent to which, by
        protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other measures,
        the prejudice can be lessened or avoided; third, whether a judgment rendered in the

62
   Id.
63
   Id.
64
   Id. at *16.
65
   Id.
66
   Janney Montgomery Scott, Inc. v. Shepard Niles, Inc., 11 F.3d 399, 404 (3d Cir. 1993).
67
   See Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 19(a).

                                                        11
         person's absence will be adequate; fourth, whether the plaintiff will have an
         adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder.68

         SARN argues that CSG is necessary to the defamation and fair dealing claims since the

claims rely upon CSG’s activities. Further, SARN argues that CSG is necessary because CSG

would have been the party harmed in this case. SARN relies upon Graham v. State Farm Mut.

Ins. Co. 69 In Graham, the Court found a third-party necessary because the court’s decision

would be based upon the third-party’s conduct.70

         Tatra appears to have the better argument as to indispensable party. Judgment can be

rendered without CSG. The defamation claim relies upon the statements made about CSG;

however, any damages in this claim will only relate to Tatra. Therefore, CSG will still have its

own cause of action and there is no indication that there will be duplicative damages because

there are separate harms to CSG and Tatra. SARN can still seek discovery from CSG relating to

the defamation and fair dealing claims.

         SARN is correct that this Court likely lacks jurisdiction over CSG in this case.71 CSG is

a foreign corporation. It does not appear that Delaware has jurisdiction over CSG under the

long-arm-statute. As noted earlier, CSG is involved in litigation with SD3 in this Court;

however, that is a separate actions and jurisdiction in that case does not necessarily mean the

Court would have jurisdiction over CSG here. Without more, the Court finds that jurisdiction

over CSG would likely violate due process.




68
   Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 19(b).
69
   2006 WL 1600949, at *1 (Del. Super. June 12, 2006).
70
   Id.
71
   To determine whether Delaware has jurisdiction over a party requires a two-step analysis. First, the Court
determines if there is a statutory basis under the long-arm statute. Next, the Court determines if subjecting the party
to jurisdiction would violate Due Process. See Sprint Nextel Corp. v. iPCS, Inc., 2008 WL 2737409, at *6 (Del. Ch.
July 14, 2008).

                                                          12
          iii.    Piercing the Corporate Veil

          The deciding issue here is alter-ego liability. SARN argues that Tatra’s defamation and

bad faith claims are against the wrong party. SD3 sent the letters, not SARN.72 Therefore,

SARN is not responsible for SD3’s actions. Tatra argues that SARN may be responsible under

an alter-ego theory. Tatra conflates SARN and SD3 by alleging that these two entities are alter

egos.73

          Alter-ego liability is analogous to veil piercing. Therefore, it “requires that the corporate

structure cause fraud or similar injustice.74 The injustice must be more than a breach of contract.

Generally, this requires the plaintiff to show that the defendant is “involved in an elaborate shell

game or [is] otherwise abusing the corporate form to effect a fraud.”75 “Mere dominion and

control of the parent over the subsidiary will not support alter ego liability.”76 Rather, “[t]he

degree of control required is exclusive domination and contract . . . to the point that [the

subsidiary] no longer ha[s] legal or independent significance of [its] own.”77

          Tatra alleges that SARN and SD3 share a business address, phone number, key

principals, and conduct the same type of business. This does not seem to be enough to

successfully prosecute an alter ego claim. Under Civil Rule 12(b) standards, however, the Court

could logically infer from the pleading that there is an alter-ego issue and allow discovery to

confirm or disprove the matter. More importantly, this is the wrong court for such a claim. If


72
   Tatra attempts to work around this fact by contending that Mr. Borneman does not affirmatively state that he is
only writing the letters on behalf of SD3 and not SARN. See, e.g., Countercl. ¶ 43. This is an illogical burden shift.
Moreover, the Court is not aware of any legal principle or requirement that Mr. Borneman has to provide he is only
writing on behalf of SD3 and not any of SD3’s affiliates or subsidiaries in letters sent by SD3.
73
   Tatra does allege that SARN and SD3 colluded, but Tatra does not assert a civil conspiracy claim.
74
   Outokumpu Engr. Enterprises, Inc. v. Kvaerner EnviroPower, Inc., 685 A.2d 724, 729 (Del. Super. 1996).
75
   Id. at 729; see also Mobil Oil Corp. v. Linear Films, Inc., 718 F. Supp. 260, 266 (D. Del. 1989) (“The law
requires that fraud or injustice be found in the defendants’ use of the corporate form.”).
76
   Outokumpu, 685 A.2d at 729 (citing Mobil Oil Corp., 718 F. Supp. at 266.
77
   Outokumpu, 685 A.2d at 729 n. 2 (quoting Hart Holding Co. v. Drexel Burnham Lambert, Inc., 1992 WL 127567
(Del. Ch. May 28, 1992)) (internal quotations omitted).

                                                         13
there is a potential that SARN could be liable for SD3’s conduct under an alter-ego theory, then

Tatra must pursue the claim in the Chancery Court.78

         As plead, the Court finds that the Counterclaims for defamation and fair dealing claims

must be dismissed.79 Tatra seeks relief against the wrong party, SARN and not SD3, and the

Court cannot allow an alter-ego theory to proceed here. The Court will dismiss these claims.

The Court will stay dismissal for 20 days to allow Tetra can seek additional relief as is available

under Delaware law—e.g., transfer of these counterclaims to the Chancery Court.

C.       THE FRAUDULENT INDUCEMENT CLAIM IS DUPLICATIVE OF THE BREACH OF
         CONTRACT CLAIMS AND IS DISMISSED.

         To plead a claim of fraud, plaintiff must show:

         (1) a false representation, usually one of fact . . .; (2) the defendant's knowledge or
         belief that the representation was false, or was made with reckless indifference to

78
   See, e.g., Chaplake Holdings, Ltd. V. Chrysler Corp., 1995 WL 653510, at *4 (Del. Super. Aug. 11,
1995)(Superior Court lacks jurisdiction to apply an alter-ego theory); see also Park Oil, Inc. v. Getty Refining and
Marketing Co., 407 A.2d 533, 535 (Del. 1979).
79
   Tatra could have, but did not seek to have the Court designated to preside in Chancery over the Counterclaims.
See Yu v. GSM Nation, LLC, 2017 WL 2889515 (Del. Ch. July 7, 2017) (alter ego or veil piercing theory is an
equitable claim). Since this is an equitable claim, the parties would need to either file this particular claim in the
Court of Chancery or seek to have this judicial officer designated as a Vice Chancellor.

         Section thirteen of Article IV of the Delaware Constitution provides in pertinent part:

                  The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court . . . shall be administrative head of all the
                  courts in the State, and shall have general administrative and supervisory powers
                  over all the courts. Such powers shall include but shall not be limited to the
                  following:
                                                          ...

                  (2) Upon written request made by the Chancellor . . . to designate one or more of
                  the State Judges (including the Justices of the Supreme Court) to sit in the Court
                  of Chancery . . . and to hear and decide such causes in such Court and for such
                  period of time as shall be designated. It shall be the duty of the State Judge so
                  designated to serve according to such designation as a Judge of the Court
                  designated.

In order for a Superior Court Judge to be designated as a Vice Chancellor, the Chancellor must request such assignment
from the Supreme Court. The practice that has evolved is that the party seeking designation must provide a written
request, usually in the form of a letter, to the Chancellor requesting such designation and explaining why designation
is appropriate. If the Chancellor decides that designation is appropriate, the Chancellor will provide a written request
for designation to the Chief Justice for a final determination. See The Dow Chemical Co. v. Organik Kimya Hldgs.,
C.A. N15C-06-252 EMD (Del. Super. Dec. 10, 2015).

                                                           14
        the truth; (3) an intent to induce the plaintiff to act or to refrain from acting; (4) the
        plaintiff's action or inaction taken in justifiable reliance upon the representation;
        and (5) damage to the plaintiff as a result of such reliance.80

        In Delaware, there are three types of fraud: “(1) false statements represented as truth; (2)

active concealment of facts which prevents the other party from discovering them; and (3)

silence in the face of a duty to speak.”81

        SARN argues that Tatra’s fraudulent inducement claim should be dismissed because: (1)

the fraud claim is duplicative of the contract claim; (2) parol evidence precludes Tatra from

introducing pre-contractual oral representations that are inconsistent with the Agreement; and (3)

Tatra failed to plead fraud with particularity.

        i.       Parol Evidence

        When a written contract is intended to be the final expression of the parties’ agreement,

the parol evidence rule prohibits the introduction of prior or contemporaneous oral

understandings.82

        The parol evidence rule is a principle of substantive law that prevents the use of
        extrinsic evidence of an oral agreement to vary a fully integrated agreement that the
        parties have reduced to writing. Where a written agreement is meant to be final and
        complete, it is a totally integrated contract. If a written agreement is final and
        incomplete, it is a partially integrated contract.... The parol evidence rule prevents
        the consideration of oral evidence that would contradict either total or partial [sic]
        integrated agreements.83

        Therefore, the Court must determine “whether the parties’ written contract was intended

to be the final expression of their agreement, and second whether the alleged oral representations

would contradict with the written terms of the agreement.”84 The Court should consider several


80
   Hauspie v. Stonington Partners, Inc., 945 A.2d 584, 586 (Del. 2008) (quoting Gaffin v. Teledyne, Inc., 611 A.2d
467, 472 (Del.1992)).
81
   DRR, L.L.C. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 949 F. Supp. 1132, 1137 (D. Del. 1996).
82
   Taylor v. Jones, 2002 WL 31926612 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2002).
83
   Carrow v. Arnold, 2006 WL 3289582, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2006), aff'd, 933 A.2d 1249 (Del. 2007) (citing
Taylor v. Jones, 2002 WL 31926612, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2002)).
84
   Carrow v. Arnold, 2006 WL 3289582, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2006).

                                                        15
factors to determine whether the contract was intended as a final expression. Those factors

include:

        the intent of the parties, where such intent is discernible; the language of the
        contract itself and whether it contains an integration clause; whether the instrument
        was carefully and formally drafted; the amount of time the parties had to consider
        the terms of the contract; whether the parties bargained over specific terms; and
        whether the contract addresses questions that naturally arise out of the subject
        matter.85

        The absence of an integration clause “does not necessarily mean that the parties did not

intend the contract to be the final and complete expression of their agreement.”86 Rather, the

Court should consider the factors listed above.

        As plead, the Agreement could be a partially integrated contract. The Agreement is three

pages. Although a short contract may be fully integrated without an integration clause, the

description of SARN’s duties under the Agreement are “[SARN] will exert best efforts to advise

[Tatra] on geopolitical policy matters in the sale of Pandur vehicles to the Slovak Republic and

Czech Republic.”87 The parties did not heavily negotiate this contract. Further, it does not

appear that the parties carefully drafted the section discussing SARN’s duties under the

Agreement.

        However, even if the Agreement was fully integrated, the parol evidence would likely

still be admissible. Parol evidence is permitted in the face of a fully integrated contract to clarify

ambiguous contract language or when the contract is a product of fraud or misrepresentation.88

Parol evidence relating to “using best efforts” may be available to further the breach of contract




85
   Carrow, 2006 WL 3289582, at *4 (citing Taylor v. Jones, 2002 WL 31926612, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2002)).
86
   Id.
87
   Agreement § 2.
88
   Id.

                                                      16
claim. Additionally, it is possible that Tatra can rely on the prior statement to further a fraud

claim.

         Generally, prior oral promises will not suffice to invoke the fraud exception.89 These

types of promises typically deal with future actions. However, misrepresentations about present

facts may end in a different result.90 In Anglin v. Bergold, sellers presented maintenance logs for

an aircraft that misrepresented the maintenance performed on the aircraft. The Court allowed the

evidence of the fraud under the exception to the parol evidence rule because the

misrepresentations were in fact. Rather than some future promise. The same holds true in this

case. SARN’s alleged misrepresentations were in fact. Tatra alleges that SARN used a false

address and lied about having connections within the United States, Czech Republic and Slovak

Republic governments. If SARN’s arguments were solely based on parol evidence or whether

the fraudulent inducement claim was plead with enough particularity, the Court might let Tatra

proceed. The problem here relates to “bootstrapping” contract claims into a fraud claim.

         ii.     Bootstrapping

         “A fraud claim can be based on representations found in a contract, however, ‘where an

action is based entirely on a breach of the terms of a contract between the parties, and not on a

violation of an independent duty imposed by law, a plaintiff must sue in contract and not in

tort.’”91 A plaintiff “cannot bootstrap” a claim for a breach of contract into a claim of fraud

merely by alleging that a contracting party never intended to perform its obligations” or “simply

by adding the term fraudulently induced to a complaint.”92 Essentially, a fraud claim alleged


89
   Id at *9.
90
   See Anglin v. Bergold,
91
   ITW Glob. Investments Inc. v. Am. Indus. Partners Capital Fund IV, L.P., 2015 WL 3970908, at *6 (Del. Super.
June 24, 2015) (citing Ameristar Casinos, Inc. v. Resorts Int’l Hldg., LLC, 2010 WL 1875631, at *11 (Del. Ch. June
24, 2010)).
92
   Furnari, 2014 WL 1678419, at *8 (quoting Narrowstep Inc. v. Onstream Media Corp., 2010 WL 5422405, at *15
(Del. Ch. 2010)).

                                                        17
contemporaneously with a breach of contract claim may survive, so long as the claim is based on

conduct that is separate and distinct from the conduct constituting breach.”93 Allegations that are

focused on inducement to contract are ‘separate and distinct’ conduct.”94

        Tatra’s claim appears to allege that SARN did not have and therefore did not use any

connections with the United States, Czech Republic, or Slovak Republic governments. Further,

Tatra argues that SARN did not perform any benefit to Tatra under the Agreement. These are

allegations that SARN purportedly knew it could not fulfill or perform promises of future

action—classic bootstrapping. If SARN could not perform its obligations due to lack of

connections or did not otherwise meet its performance obligations under the Agreement, Tatra

has breach of contract and not fraudulent inducement claims. Because the Court finds that

Tatra’s fraudulent inducement claim rehashes the same arguments as the breach of contract

claim, the Court will dismiss the fraudulent inducement claim.

                                           VI. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the

Motion. The Court will allow the breach of contract claims to proceed, but dismisses Tatra’s

defamation, good faith and fair dealing, and fraudulent inducement claims.



                                                            /s/ Eric M. Davis
                                                            Eric M. Davis, Judge
cc:     File&ServeXpress




93
  Furnari, 2014 WL 1678419, at *8.
94
  ITW Glob., 2015 WL 3970908, at *6 (quoting Osram Sylvania Inc. v. Townsend Ventures, LLC, 2013 WL
6199554, at *16–17 (Del. Ch.2013)); see also Aviation W. Charters, LLC v. Freer, 2015 WL 5138285, at *6 (Del.
Super. July 2, 2015) (citing Osram Sylvania Inc. v. Townsend Ventures, LLC, 2013 WL 6199554, at *16-17 (Del.
Ch. Nov. 19, 2013)).

                                                      18
