                                                                                          December 20 2011


                                          DA 11-0290

               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                          2011 MT 315



GARY L. FRONK, AND CRYSTAL J. FRONK,

              Plaintiffs and Appellees,

         v.

DAVID W. COLLINS, DIANNE J. COLLINS,
73 RANCH, 73 RANCH LLC, et al.

              Defendants and Appellants.


APPEAL FROM:          District Court of the Tenth Judicial District,
                      In and For the County of Petroleum, Cause No. DV 07-08
                      Honorable E. Wayne Phillips, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

               For Appellants:

                      Allen Beck; Attorney at Law; Lewistown, Montana

               For Appellees:

                      Page C. Dringman; Dringman Law Firm, PLLC; Big Timber, Montana



                                                  Submitted on Briefs: October 19, 2011

                                                             Decided: December 20, 2011


Filed:

                      __________________________________________
                                        Clerk
Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.



¶1     The Tenth Judicial District Court, Petroleum County, granted summary judgment

to Plaintiffs Gary and Crystal Fronk (Fronks) enforcing an agreement entered with

Defendants David and Dianne Collins (Collins), 73 Ranch, and 73 Ranch LLC.

Defendants appeal. We affirm.

¶2     Did the District Court err by granting summary judgment to Fronks?

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3     According to affidavits, exhibits, and other documents filed with the District

Court, Fronks and Collins met in 2001 through mutual friends. Fronks, residents of

Pennsylvania, were interested in purchasing property in Montana and acquiring horses.

In 2002, Fronks purchased two pieces of Petroleum County property, the Fox and Dunn

Ridge properties, from Collins for $95,000. Fronks and Collins entered into an oral

agreement whereby Collins would acquire horses on behalf of Fronks, and Collins would

be entitled to keep the first foal from each mare as payment for their services. The horses

were to be run on 73 Ranch property. Fronks thereafter transferred around $215,000 to

Collins for the acquisition of horses.

¶4     In 2004, Collins informed Fronks that they and 73 Ranch were having financial

difficulties and needed additional resources to complete a cattle deal. Collins asked

Fronks to deed back the two Petroleum County properties for use as collateral for the




                                         2
cattle deal, and assured Fronks the properties would not be at risk. Fronks deeded the

properties to Collins, with the understanding that Collins would reconvey the land, free of

encumbrances, back to Fronks within five years.

¶5     Subsequently, Fronks discovered unauthorized sales and trades allegedly made by

Collins, leading to dissension between the parties. From December 2005 to April of

2006, Fronks exchanged correspondence directly with Collins in an effort to resolve the

dispute. The parties did not come to an agreement, so Fronks and Collins retained

counsel. In early 2007, Fronks’ counsel sent a letter to Collins’ then-counsel indicating

they needed to meet to settle the matter, or Fronks would pursue a civil action and ask the

county to pursue criminal charges against Collins.

¶6     On February 22, 2007, the parties met in the office of Collins’ counsel for the

purpose of attempting to settle their dispute, with Fronks participating via conference

call. All parties were represented by counsel, and signed a handwritten “Memorandum of

Agreement,” (Agreement) which resulted from their discussions.            The Agreement

addressed several key issues, including the ownership and transfer of the Fox and Dunn

Ridge properties. At the time of the meeting, Collins had sold the Dunn Ridge property

to a third party, so the parties agreed that Collins owed Fronks $65,000 for this property.

Regarding the Fox property, the Agreement noted that the property would serve as

collateral on Collins’ cattle deal for three more years and Collins would thus execute a

second mortgage on the property to Fronks for the property’s full value. Upon repayment




                                         3
of Collins’ debt, Collins was to transfer the Fox property by warranty deed back to

Fronks. The Agreement noted that Fronks were to be reimbursed $215,000 for the

money they had transferred to Collins for purchase of horses. The Agreement also

indicated that the total sum owed for the Dunn Ridge land and horses was $280,000,

which would accrue 10% interest until paid in full. The Agreement concluded: “The

parties agree to diligently execute a final agreement encompassing this handwritten

agreement, security interests, mortgage and other required documentation to effectuate

their settlement. . . . Fronks and Collins agree that this Agreement and related documents

resolves [sic] the disputes between them.”

¶7    When Collins did not comply with the Agreement, Fronks brought an action in

December 2007 for breach of contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, and misrepresentation. They sought, inter alia, to enforce the Agreement and

recover damages, obtain ownership of the real property, and recover attorney fees.

Fronks filed a lis pendens on the Fox property. In February of 2008, Fronks moved for

summary judgment on the enforceability of the Agreement.          When Collins did not

respond, the District Court granted Fronks’ motion, but thereafter Collins moved for

relief from the judgment, which the District Court granted. Fronks then discovered that

Collins had quitclaimed the Fox property to their newly formed 73 Ranch LLC, and later,

to a third party referenced generally in the Agreement. Consequently, Fronks amended

their complaint, naming the LLC as a party. Fronks filed a renewed motion for summary




                                        4
judgment in October, 2010. After briefing and a hearing, the District Court determined

that the Agreement was a valid, enforceable contract and granted summary judgment to

Fronks.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶8     “We review appeals from summary judgment de novo, and determine whether

there is an absence of genuine issues of material fact and whether the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Bar OK Ranch, Co. v. Ehlert, 2002 MT 12,

¶ 31, 308 Mont. 140, 40 P.3d 378 (citation omitted). If the moving party satisfies its

burden of proof in demonstrating an absence of genuine issues of material fact and its

entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, then the non-moving party must provide

substantial and material evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. See Hiebert v.

Cascade Co., 2002 MT 233, ¶¶ 20-21, 311 Mont. 471, 56 P.3d 848 (citation omitted).

                                     DISCUSSION

¶9     Did the District Court err by granting summary judgment to Fronks?

¶10    In the summary of argument section of their brief, Collins offer a statement to the

effect that the Agreement was only a “roadmap for further negotiations” instead of an

enforceable contract. However, Collins fail to further argue this point or to cite to any

supporting authority.   M. R. App. P. 12(1)(f) requires a party to cite to relevant

authorities and statutes in support of an argument on appeal. State v. Cybulski, 2009 MT

70, ¶ 13, 349 Mont. 429, 204 P.3d 7. “We have repeatedly held that it is not this Court’s




                                         5
obligation to conduct legal research on behalf of a party or to develop legal analysis that

might support a party’s position.” State v. Gunderson, 2010 MT 166, ¶ 12, 357 Mont.

142, 237 P.3d 74 (citing Cybulski, ¶ 13).         Consequently, because no argument is

developed for this issue, we decline to consider it further.

¶11    Collins also argue they were “induced to execute the [Agreement] because of the

unlawful threat of criminal prosecution,” which invalidated the Agreement due to an

absence of valid consent.

¶12    A contract needs four elements for its existence: identifiable parties capable of

contracting, the parties’ consent, a lawful object, and sufficient cause or consideration.

Section 28-2-102, MCA; AAA Constr. of Missoula, LLC v. Choice Land Corp., 2011 MT

262, ¶ 19, 362 Mont. 264, ___ P.3d ___ (citation omitted). The issue in this appeal

pertains to consent. The parties’ consent must be free, mutual, and communicated by

each to the other. Section 28-2-301, MCA; In re Estate of Kindsfather, 2005 MT 51,

¶ 31, 326 Mont. 192, 108 P.3d 487. A party’s apparent consent is not free or real if

obtained through, inter alia, duress or menace. Section 28-2-401(1)(a)-(b), MCA; see

also § 28-2-1711(1), MCA (2005) (“A party to a contract may rescind the same . . . if the

consent of the party rescinding or of any party jointly contracting with him was . . .

obtained through duress, menace . . . .”). Duress consists of:

       (1) unlawful confinement of the person of the party . . .;
       (2) unlawful detention of the property of any such person; or
       (3) confinement of such person, lawful in form but fraudulently obtained or
       fraudulently made unjustly harassing or oppressive.


                                          6
Section 28-2-402, MCA; Matthews v. Berryman, 196 Mont. 49, 52-53, 637 P.2d 822, 824

(1981). Menace consists of “a threat of: (1) such duress as is specified in subsections

(1) and (3) of 28-2-402; . . . (3) injury to the character of any such person.” Section 28-2-

403(1), (3), MCA.

¶13    Collins’ argument relies on two Montana cases. In Clifford v. Great Falls Gas

Co., 68 Mont. 300, 216 P. 1114 (1923), the plaintiff appealed the district court’s

judgment in favor of defendant’s motion for nonsuit. Plaintiff inserted a make-shift

device to use defendant’s gas without allowing the gas to pass through the meter.

Clifford, 68 Mont. at 304, 216 P. at 1114-15. Subsequently, the building caught on fire

and upon review of the matter, the manager of defendant gas company told the plaintiff,

“‘You are stealing gas. I will send you over the road to the penitentiary.”’ Clifford, 68

Mont. at 304, 216 P. at 1115. The manager wanted $200 for the gas consumed, although

the plaintiff indicated that he could not have used more than $10 worth of gas. Clifford,

68 Mont. at 304, 216 P. at 1115. Plaintiff testified that he was scared and that he paid the

defendant “‘for the purpose of avoiding prosecution or being sent to the penitentiary or

jail.”’ Clifford, 68 Mont. at 305, 216 P. at 1115. Considering whether the defendant’s

actions constituted menace, this Court noted that a jury could have come to the

conclusion that the “defendant’s threats to prosecute and imprison the plaintiff . . . were

made solely to compel the payment of a debt alleged to be due to the defendant from the

plaintiff,” and reversed the district court. Clifford, 68 Mont. at 306, 309, 216 P. at


                                          7
1115-16. This Court examined a number of authorities and concluded “[t]he foregoing

authorities fully sustain the proposition that even a lawful imprisonment for an unlawful

purpose will constitute duress, and therefore the threat of imprisonment for such purpose

constitutes menace . . . .” Clifford, 68 Mont. at 306-08, 216 P. at 1116.

¶14    Collins also cites Averill Machinery Co. v. Taylor, 70 Mont. 70, 223 P. 918

(1924).   There the plaintiff company sued to enforce payment of promissory notes

executed by mother and son defendants and to foreclose a real estate mortgage executed

by the mother. Averill, 70 Mont. at 75-76, 223 P. at 919-20. Defendants defended by

claiming that plaintiff’s agent represented that the son had committed a crime punishable

by imprisonment, and that unless he executed and delivered to plaintiff the notes and had

his mother secure the payment of the notes by the mortgage, “plaintiff would prosecute

him, cause him to be arrested and sent to the penitentiary.” Averill, 70 Mont. at 76-77,

223 P. at 919-20. It was alleged that the son was unfamiliar with business and was not

given any opportunity to seek or obtain counsel, and that the notes and mortgage were

executed solely by reason of fear produced by such threats. Averill, 70 Mont. at 76-77,

223 P. at 920. This Court affirmed judgment in favor of the defendants and reasoned that

“[i]f the threats of prosecution actually excited in the mind of each of these defendants a

fear of imminent arrest and punishment of [the son], and impelled by that fear alone the

notes and mortgage were executed, it was wholly immaterial whether he was guilty or




                                          8
innocent, for there is absent the indispensable element—consent freely given.” Averill,

70 Mont. at 78, 83, 223 P. at 920, 922 (citations omitted).1,2

¶15    The facts here require a different conclusion than reached in those cases. The

communication in question was by letter, sent from Fronks’ counsel. This letter stated:

       We are extending one more opportunity to meet and try to resolve this in an
       amicable fashion. If I either get no response, or your clients do not wish to
       resolve this, Fronks will be turning over all original bills of sale . . . and
       asking the County to pursue felony criminal charges against Collins. In
       addition, my clients will bring a civil action.
              Please be advised that I have left a message at your office trying to
       set up a meeting. . . . Your clients must attend this meeting so we have
       some chance of resolving these issues short of litigation. Time is
       absolutely of the essence.

Unlike the facts in the cases cited by defendants, Collins were represented by legal

counsel, and the communication was made between the parties’ attorneys, not to the

parties.   The letter did not threaten or mention imprisonment to compel payment.

Instead, criminal remedies were mentioned along with civil remedies in an effort to

prompt Collins to avail themselves of “one more opportunity to meet and try to resolve

this.” Collins were represented by counsel at the later meeting, which was conducted at

their own counsel’s office. They were free to abandon negotiations at any time. See

1
  Valley Bank of Ronan v. Hughes, 2006 MT 285, ¶ 37, 334 Mont. 335, 147 P.3d 185 recently
relied upon Averill for its discussion of ratification of a contract. Valley Bank cited to Averill’s
ratification discussion to negate the defendant’s claim of the invalidity of a promissory note due
to alleged menace. Valley Bank, ¶ 37 (citing Averill, 70 Mont. at 79-80, 223 P. at 921).
2
  The District Court mistakenly quoted from the counsel’s argument section of the Averill case,
instead of the majority opinion. However, “[w]e will not reverse a district court where it reached
the right result, although for the wrong reason.” Ronning v. Yellowstone Co., 2011 MT 79, ¶ 8,
360 Mont. 108, 253 P.3d 818 (citations omitted).


                                             9
Degenhardt v. Dillon Co., 669 A.2d 946, 951 (Pa. 1996) (citation omitted) (“In short,

there can be no duress where the contracting party is free to come and go and to consult

with counsel before assuming new contractual obligations.”). Further, there was no

evidence of “unlawful confinement” of Collins, nor of lawful confinement “fraudulently

obtained or fraudulently made unjustly harassing or oppressive.” Section 28-2-402(1),

(3), MCA. See Matthews, 196 Mont. at 52-53, 637 P.2d at 824 (because there was “no

evidence of confinement or detention,” the appellants’ consent in signing a security

agreement and quitclaim deed for payment of legal fees was not obtained through

duress).

¶16    We concur with the District Court that the Agreement did not suffer from a lack of

consent by virtue of duress or menace.

¶17    Affirmed.

¶18

                                               /S/ JIM RICE


We concur:


/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT




                                         10
