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                           APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                     SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                     APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                     DOCKET NO. A-2460-16T3

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

        Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

G.M. and D.M.,

        Defendants,

and

M.S.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________________

IN THE MATTER OF M.M. and S.S.,

     Minors.
_______________________________

                Submitted September 18, 2018 – Decided February 11, 2019

                Before Judges Ostrer and Mayer.
             On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
             Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
             Docket No. FN-02-0170-16.

             Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
             appellant (Beth A. Hahn, Designated Counsel, on the
             briefs).

             Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
             respondent (Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney
             General, of counsel; David G. Futterman, Deputy
             Attorney General, on the brief).

             Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
             attorney for minors (Christopher A. Huling, Designated
             Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

       Defendant M.S. (Martin) 1 appeals from the Family Part's July 28, 2016

fact-finding order, finding that he abused or neglected his then nine-year-old

stepdaughter, M.M. (Maria).      The judge concluded that Martin physically

abused Maria by committing an act of excessive corporal punishment under

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4). Maria locked her younger sister, S.S. (Sarina), in the

bathroom while preparing for school.       Martin asked Maria to apologize to

Sarina. When Maria refused to do so to Martin's satisfaction, he grabbed Maria's




1
    For the reader's convenience, we use pseudonyms for the named parties.
                                                                        A-2460-16T3
                                       2
hand out of frustration and slammed it down on a table.           Maria received

treatment for her injured finger at a hospital.

      Defendant contends the court misapplied governing law and reached

unsupported findings of fact. The Law Guardian supports the Division of Child

Protection and Permanency (Division) in opposing the appeal. We conclude that

the trial court reached fact findings supported by the record and considered

relevant facts in its analysis of the totality of circumstances. Any fact-finding

errors were harmless. We therefore affirm.

                                         I.

      The sole witness at the fact-finding hearing was Luis Bustamante, the

Division worker who investigated the matter and interviewed, or observed

interviews of, defendant, his daughters and wife. The Division introduced into

evidence the screening and investigation summaries, but the court excluded

"embedded hearsay." The Division also introduced a photograph of Maria with

her fingers and wrist bandaged. We discern the following facts from this record.

      Martin and G.M. (Graciela) had been married for two years and lived

together with Maria and Sarina as a family. Maria's father, D.M., lived out of

town and was no longer substantially involved in Maria's life. Sarina, Martin

and Graciela's biological daughter, was four-years old at the time of the incident.


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                                         3
Both parents were employed. Martin worked thirteen-hour days, six days a

week, including a morning shift at one restaurant, and a night shift at another.

Graciela was a school bus driver and left for work before Martin, who helped

prepare the kids for school each morning.

      On December 23, 2015, the children were in the bathroom getting ready

for school. As Maria left the bathroom, she shut the door on Sarina. The

bathroom door was difficult to open. Sarina could not get out and she cried.

Martin yelled at Maria and helped Sarina out of the bathroom. The three went

to the kitchen table to eat breakfast together. Sarina asked Maria for an apology,

which did not come. Martin seconded Sarina's request. Maria did not apologize

and Martin became frustrated with her.

      Martin grabbed Maria's left hand and pulled it down on the table with

force, injuring Maria's pinky. Maria called her mom to report the incident.

Maria complained that her hand hurt and that she did not want to go to school.

Maria called her mom a second time and told her that Martin hurt her hand.

Graciela convinced Maria to go to school.

      At school, Maria told her teacher. The school nurse looked at Maria's

hand and taped her pinky and ring fingers together. Graciela picked Maria up

from school before starting her bus route. After Graciela finished the route, she


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                                         4
showed Maria's hand to her boss. The boss said that they would need to report

the incident.

      On December 23, 2015, the Division received a referral from an Emerso n

police lieutenant, who was called by Maria's school. In the meantime, Graciela

took Maria to the hospital. As depicted in a photograph, Maria returned from

the hospital with two fingers wrapped together under a bandage, her wrist

wrapped in an elastic bandage, and her arm in a sling. Bustamante called the

bandage on her wrist a "cast." The trial court sustained an objection when

Bustamante was asked to describe Maria's diagnosis, as found in the hospital

discharge papers.

      According to the police officer, as reported in the screening summary,

Maria said Martin "pulled her hands down on the table." In her later interview

with Bustamante, Maria gave another version. She said "she was holding her

milk and cereal bowl on the table when [Martin] grabbed her hand, slammed it

on the table, and then smashed it with his fist."

      Asked about any past abuse, Maria said that once, while she was in

kindergarten, Martin held her upside down. She said that this almost pulled her

head off. In the mornings, she said Martin would often lose his temper and press

her cheeks. Maria was afraid Martin might retaliate, although it was not clear


                                                                        A-2460-16T3
                                        5
what he would be retaliating for.       Bustamante testified that there was no

indication that Martin was physical before and that this appeared to be an

isolated incident.

      Graciela said in an interview that Maria had attention deficit disorder

(ADD) and was easily distracted. Maria did not take any medications but

received accommodations at her school. Graciela said that Martin seemed to

favor Sarina over Maria. Martin spoiled Sarina and was harder on Maria,

occasionally being verbally rough. She said that she was the disciplinarian of

the home. When asked about domestic violence, Graciela said that she was once

shoved when they argued a few months ago. But generally, Graciela was not

afraid of Martin. Graciela told investigators that she had called her sister-in-law

after the hospital visit and told her that Maria's finger was broken. 2

      A short interview with Sarina was conducted. She confirmed the day's

incident. She also said that she was not afraid of her parents.

      Martin acknowledged the incident in his interview. He said he was trying

to get Maria to apologize to Sarina in a respectful manner. She refused to



2
  As discussed below, the court relied on Graciela's hearsay statement that
Maria's finger was broken, despite the court's exclusion of embedded hearsay.
Graciela's statement presumably was based upon the hospital diagnosis, which
was not admitted into evidence through a hearsay exception.
                                                                           A-2460-16T3
                                         6
respond to him. When he asked why she did not answer him, she said she had

food in her mouth. "He stated that 'you can talk to me with your mouth full to

tell me that, but you can't answer me?'" Frustrated, he said he slapped Maria's

shoulder a couple times. He said that Maria put up her hand to block when the

injury occurred. He said that "he heard a noise of a possible 'dislocation' of

[Maria's] finger." He saw her finger swell.

      He said he immediately apologized to Maria and promised he would never

hit her again, and asked her to remind him if he got mad in the future. He said

they hugged.    Martin admitted that he sometimes got stressed by Maria's

behavior. He said that when he got frustrated, he sometimes grabbed Maria's

cheeks or hands tightly.     Bustamante testified that Martin appeared very

remorseful.

      The interviewing police officer told Martin that his story was consistent

with Maria's, except on how the injury occurred.         Responding that it all

happened so fast, Martin altered his story to better match Maria's, admitting that

"it appeared that I did slam her hand on the table."

      The Division filed a complaint and an order to show cause seeking care

and supervision with restraints. The prosecutor's office also charged Martin

with second-degree endangering the welfare of a child and second-degree


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                                        7
aggravated assault. He was arrested and ordered to have no contact with Maria

and to stay away from the family home. He was detained by Immigration and

Customs Enforcement; but he eventually entered the pretrial intervention

program and was released from ICE custody. 3

      In its oral decision, the court reviewed Bustamante's testimony, which it

found credible. The court also summarized aspects of the documentary record.

The court made the following findings:

             [T]he uncontroverted evidence as reported by the child
             and corroborated by the resulting injury, as well as the
             admissions of the defendant reflect that the defendant
             . . . grabbed [Maria's] hand and slammed [it] against the
             table injuring her pinky finger. The defendant . . .
             admitted that the child's finger was injured during an
             altercation[,] that he heard a noise that sounded like a
             dislocation, and he observed the child's finger swelling.
             However, he did not administer any first aid.

The court also noted earlier that Martin's initial version of events did not

coincide with Maria's (and Graciela's, who relied on Maria).             The court

concluded that after Martin was confronted with the discrepancy, "he did not

revise his narrative."




3
   The investigation summary stated incongruously that defendant was an
"undocumented citizen." The record includes no competent and reliable
evidence of defendant's immigration status.
                                                                           A-2460-16T3
                                        8
      The court noted that Maria received medical attention, recounting the

mother's report of the diagnosis:

            The defendant mother said that the child's hand was
            sprained and that her finger was broken.         Mr.
            Bustamante testified that as a result of the injury,
            [Maria] required medical attention. She went to the
            hospital where a hand was wrapped in a cast, and her
            arm was in a sling.

The court concluded:

            I find that while [defendant's] actions do not indicate a
            pattern of abuse, he noted and admitted that the child's
            finger was injured during an altercation that he (sic) had
            with him. Although, [defendant] also indicated that he
            was remorseful for his actions, and that [Maria's]
            behavior can be challenging, there is no question that
            [defendant] intentionally caused injury to [Maria's]
            hand, which was severe enough that it required that she
            receive attention at a hospital. And [Graciela] also
            indicated that [Maria's] finger was, in fact, broken. For
            these reasons, I find that the Division has proven by a
            preponderance of the evidence that [defendant] placed
            [Maria] at substantial risk of physical injury and/or
            environment injurious to her health and welfare, and
            that [defendant] did physically abuse [Maria] by
            committing an act of excessive corporal punishment
            against her pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4).

      The judge entered a child protection order. Martin could visit the children

out of the home, if supervised by Graciela.        Martin was scheduled for a

psychological evaluation and the court said that he could return home, in a

supervised manner, if the evaluation went well. Martin also needed to attend

                                                                         A-2460-16T3
                                        9
therapy in order to deal with anger management issues. After two compliance

hearings, the family was reunited and the litigation was dismissed in January

2017.

                                       II.

        Defendant appeals from the court's finding that he failed to exercise a

minimum degree of care by engaging in an act of excessive corporal punishment.

Title 9 provides that an "[a]bused or neglected child" includes:

             a child whose physical, mental, or emotional condition
             has been impaired or is in imminent danger of
             becoming impaired as the result of the failure of his
             parent or guardian . . . to exercise a minimum degree of
             care . . . (b) in providing the child with proper
             supervision or guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting
             or allowing to be inflicted harm, or substantial risk
             thereof, including the infliction of excessive corporal
             punishment . . . .

             [N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).]

        The law does not prohibit the general use of corporal punishment – a

"parent [or guardian] may inflict moderate correction such as is reasonable under

the circumstances of a case." Dep't of Children & Families, Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. K.A, 413 N.J. Super. 504, 510 (App. Div. 2010) (quoting State

v. T.C., 347 N.J. Super. 219, 239-40 (App. Div. 2002)). A fact-sensitive inquiry




                                                                         A-2460-16T3
                                       10
is needed to determine whether excessive corporal punishment occurred. See

N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J. 17, 33 (2011).

      Our review of the court's fact finding is limited. N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. S.H. & M.H., 439 N.J. Super. 137, 144 (App. Div. 2015). We

defer to the Family Court's fact finding because of the court's "special expertise"

in family matters and the court's "superior ability to gauge the credibility of the

witnesses who testify before it[.]" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M.,

211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012). Although we will not disturb a trial court's fact

finding "when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence[,]" Cesare

v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998), we scrutinize more closely a "'trial judge's

evaluation of the underlying facts and the implications to be drawn therefrom

. . . .'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007)

(quoting In re Guardianship of S.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 189 (App. Div. 1993)).

We review issues of law de novo. Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm. of

Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).

      The court's determination must be focused on the harm caused to the child,

not the parent or guardian's intent. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.C.

III, 201 N.J. 328, 344 (2010). Some foreseeable injuries might be sufficiently

egregious to warrant a per se finding of excessive corporal punishment. See


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                                       11
K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 511-12. These injuries typically require "medical

intervention," such as "fractured limbs, or a serious laceration." Ibid. If no per

se injury is present, the fact finder must closely scrutinize the surrounding

circumstances. See P.W.R., 205 N.J. at 33. Careful consideration must be given

to the "nature and extent of the injuries" and the "instrumentalities used to inflict

them." S.H. & M.H., 439 N.J. Super. at 146.

      Additionally, courts should consider factors such as "(1) the reasons

underlying [defendant's] action; (2) the isolation of the incident; and (3) the

trying circumstances which [defendant] was undergoing . . . ." K.A., 413 N.J.

Super. at 512. The age of the child is an important factor. "[F]or example, one

ought not assume that what may be 'excessive' corporal punishment for a

younger child must also constitute unreasonable infliction of harm, or excessive

corporal punishment in another setting involving an older child." P.W.R., 205

N.J. at 33. Our courts have also considered whether the defendant recognized

his or her error, was remorseful, and open to receiving help. See S.H. & M.H.,

439 N.J. Super. at 147-48. The objective is to consider the "totality of the

circumstances." Id. at 150.

      Defendant argues that the courts in this State have inconsistently applied

the excessive corporal punishment standard. We recognize that predictability


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                                        12
may be difficult, because the determination is a fact-sensitive one, made on a

case-by-case evaluation of numerous factors. However, we shall not disturb a

trial court order that is grounded in fact findings that are adequately supported

by substantial credible evidence in the record, after due consideration of relevant

factors under applicable legal principles.

      Defendant argues that Maria did not suffer a serious injury. According to

defendant, he did not strike a vulnerable part of the body with an instrumentality

and there was nothing inherently risky about slamming Maria's hand on the

table. Furthermore, defendant notes that the court excluded medical evidence

of Maria's diagnosis and the precise nature of Maria's injury was unknown.

      We are troubled by several of the court's fact findings, but we conclude

that the court's errors are harmless. As an initial matter, we reject the contention

that hands are not vulnerable.      Hands can be fragile and it was entirely

foreseeable that Maria's hand might be seriously injured when slammed against

a table with force. However, the court's specific finding about the "nature and

extent" of the child's injuries – that she suffered a broken finger – was

unsupported by admissible evidence.

      In its opinion, the court also twice referred to the mother's statement that

Maria's finger was broken. The court did so notwithstanding that it had twice


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                                        13
sustained hearsay objections when the Division and the Law Guardian sought to

elicit the diagnosis through Bustamante's testimony, and the court admitted the

investigation report and screening summary with the proviso that embedded

hearsay would be excluded. The child's diagnosis was embedded hearsay. The

court also found that Maria suffered an injury "severe enough" to "require"

hospital treatment. The fact that the mother chose to take the child to the

hospital is not evidence that hospital treatment was required.

      However, we conclude the court's error is inconsequential, because the

admissible evidence demonstrated that Maria suffered an injury significant

enough to warrant medical treatment. Although the court's finding of a broken

finger was unsupported, the level of bandaging is circumstantial evidence that

the injury required medical treatment. It matters not where Maria received the

treatment, or whether the injury was a sprain, strain, dislocation or fracture.

Defendant himself admitted the finger immediately swelled after the incident,

and Maria reported pain significant enough that she wished to stay home from

school.

      The court also exaggerated defendant's lack of candor. As noted, the court

stated that Martin "did not revise his narrative as to how the injury took place"

when told it was at odds with Maria's and his wife's version. However, Martin


                                                                         A-2460-16T3
                                      14
did change his story. As the investigative summary stated, defendant admitted,

"'I think I grabbed her hand,' 'everything happened so fast.'        He stated 'it

appeared that I did slam her hand on the table.'" Although the court erred, the

key point is not whether the defendant admitted the truth once confronted, but

that defendant initially attempted to offer a false version of the events.

      Defendant contends the trial court gave insufficient weight to the finding

that defendant was remorseful, the incident was isolated, Martin was in a trying

situation because Maria had ADD, and that he cooperated with counseling.

Defendant contrasts his case with others involving unrepentant and

uncooperative parents who were found to use excessive corporal punishment.

We are satisfied that the judge in this case considered these factors in the

analysis and understood that they were not determinative on the matter. Martin

acted intentionally in grabbing Maria's hand and slamming it on the table. Even

if he did not intend to injure Maria, he did cause an injury severe enough to

require medical attention. Martin also did not immediately administer first aid

although he heard a finger pop and saw it swell. We thus distinguish this case

from K.A., in which we found that the mother promptly acknowledged her error;

and the child did not suffer an injury that required medical attention. 413 N.J.

Super. at 512-13.


                                                                             A-2460-16T3
                                       15
      Defendant also argues that the court should have considered his socio-

economic status as a mitigating circumstance. Defendant claims that individuals

with higher socio-economic status are routinely treated more leniently than

individuals from a lower status. We acknowledge that financial pressures or

other stressors may affect a parent's ability to apply child discipline with

patience and appropriate restraint. However, there is no evidence that Martin

lacked assistance or support. Unlike the parent in K.A., Martin was not a single

parent who lacked the helping hand of other family members. In any event, we

are satisfied that the court considered Martin's busy schedule and the impact of

his modest, two-worker household, as part of its evaluation of the totality of the

circumstances before concluding that Martin used excessive corporal

punishment against Maria.

      Affirmed.




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                                       16
