                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-3608
                        ___________________________

                                Johnnie Rochell, Jr.

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

  City of Springdale Police Department; City of Fayetteville Police Department;
  Officer Sutley, Fayetteville; Officer Hunter Carnahan, Fayetteville; Detective
 Anthony Smith; Officer Motsinger, #3096 Springdale; A. Reznicek, Fayetteville

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants

              Detective Cody Ross, Springdale, Individual Capacity

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

Officer Chris Denton, #253 Fayetteville; Officer Jill Chalfant; Corporal Kim Allen
 Adee, #106 Fayetteville; Detective Frank Gamble, Springdale; Officer Unknown
 Badge, #318 Springdale; Det. David Williams, #198 Fayetteville; Officer Daniel
  L. Robbins, #245 Fayetteville; Justin Ingram, #358 Springdale; Officer Knotts,
     #205 Fayetteville; Kimberly Shepherd, Fayetteville; Officer David Baker,
 Springdale; L. Rota, Fayetteville; Officer Derek Hudson, Springdale; Marion J.
  McCandless, named changed from M. Candless; City of Springdale, Arkansas

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants
                                    ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville
                                 ____________
                           Submitted: November 6, 2018
                              Filed: April 25, 2019
                                  [Unpublished]
                                  ____________

Before COLLOTON, BOWMAN, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                        ____________

PER CURIAM.

      In this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, City of Springdale Detective Cody Ross
appeals the district court’s1 interlocutory orders denying him qualified and statutory
immunity on excessive-force and false-imprisonment claims asserted against him by
Johnnie Rochell, Jr. We affirm.

       In an appeal from an interlocutory order denying qualified immunity, this court
has jurisdiction to review abstract issues of law, but may not review the district
court’s determination that the evidence was sufficient to permit a particular finding
of fact. See Shannon v. Koehler, 616 F.3d 855, 860–61 (8th Cir. 2010). We conclude
that the facts the district court found sufficiently supported at summary judgment
gave rise to a Fourth Amendment violation because a police officer uses excessive
force by pointing his service weapon at the head of a suspect who has dropped his
weapon, has submitted to arrest, and no longer poses an immediate threat to the safety
of officers or others. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394–96 (1989) (when
determining whether force was excessive, relevant considerations include severity of
crime, threat suspect posed to officers or others, and whether suspect resisted arrest
or attempted to flee); Wilson v. Lamp, 901 F.3d 981, 989–90 (8th Cir. 2018) (officers
may reasonably brandish weapons when confronted with serious danger in course of
investigative stops, but they are not permitted to ignore changing circumstances and

      1
      The Honorable Timothy L. Brooks, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Arkansas.

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new information that emerges; although officers were initially justified in
approaching vehicle with service weapons drawn, continued pointing of weapons
became unreasonable once they realized driver and passenger did not pose threat).
We further conclude that this right was clearly established in February 2016, when
the incident underlying Rochell’s claims occurred. See Thompson v. City of
Monticello, 894 F.3d 993, 999 (8th Cir. 2018) (“A clearly established right is one that
is sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have understood that what
he is doing violates that right. While clearly established law should not be defined
at a high level of generality it is not necessary, of course, that the very action in
question has previously been held unlawful.” (cleaned up)); see also Wilson, 901 F.3d
at 990–91 (plaintiffs’ right to be free from excessive force, i.e., not having officers’
service weapons continuously drawn and pointed at them after officers realized they
posed no threat, was well-established in September 2014).

       We decline to address Ross’s remaining arguments on the excessive-force
claim because they impermissibly construe disputed facts in his favor and contradict
facts the district court found sufficiently supported at summary judgment. See
Thompson, 894 F.3d at 999 (on interlocutory appeal from denial of qualified
immunity, appellant who construes disputed facts in his own favor effectively asks
this court to review matter over which it lacks jurisdiction, i.e., which facts plaintiff
may, or may not, be able to prove at trial); Shannon, 616 F.3d at 860–61 (on
interlocutory appeal from denial of qualified immunity, this court may not review
district court’s determination that evidence was sufficient to permit particular finding
of fact).

      On the false-imprisonment claim, Ross argues only that the district court erred
in denying him statutory immunity.2 We conclude that this issue is not properly



      2
          To the extent that Rochell stated a false-imprisonment claim under the Fourth

                                           -3-
before us because Ross first sought summary judgment on that basis in a motion for
reconsideration of the denial of qualified immunity, and he did not file a new or
amended notice of appeal after the district court denied that motion. See Fed. R. App.
P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii) (in a civil case, a party intending to challenge an order disposing of
a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59 or 60 must file a notice of appeal or amended notice
of appeal within prescribed time frame); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a) (no appeal shall
bring any order entered in civil action before court of appeals for review unless notice
of appeal is filed within 30 days after entry of such order); Hamer v. Neighborhood
Hous. Servs. of Chi., 138 S. Ct. 13, 16–17, 21 (2017) (compliance with § 2107’s
requirements is jurisdictional).

      Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of qualified immunity.

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       In qualified immunity cases like this one, the plaintiff must establish that
defendant’s alleged conduct violated a clearly established right, and “the clearly
established right must be defined with specificity.” City of Escondido v. Emmons,
139 S. Ct. 500, 503 (2019). “Use of excessive force is an area of the law in which the
result depends very much on the facts of each case, and thus police officers are
entitled to qualified immunity unless existing precedent squarely governs the specific
facts at issue.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148 (2018) (per curiam) (internal
quotations committed). On plaintiff Rochell’s excessive force claim against
defendant Ross, the district court acknowledged that there was no case in this circuit
with the fact pattern alleged here, but nonetheless denied qualified immunity. Ross




Amendment, the district court denied Ross qualified immunity on that claim. Ross
has not appealed that determination, and we decline to opine on the propriety of the
district court’s analysis.

                                          -4-
understandably objects on appeal that the district court failed to conduct its analysis
at the proper level of specificity.

       After the briefs were filed in this case, however, a panel of this court decided
Wilson v. Lamp, 901 F.3d 981 (8th Cir. 2018). Wilson held not only that pointing a
firearm at a compliant suspect was unreasonable, but that the unreasonableness of that
conduct was clearly established as of September 2014—more than a year before the
incident in this case. The Wilson decision is debatable. Despite the Supreme Court’s
admonition to ask whether “existing precedent squarely governs the specific facts at
issue,” Wilson relied on cases involving the use of physical force or violence against
compliant subjects to conclude that the unreasonableness of pointing a gun was
clearly established. Id. at 990-91.

       But given Wilson’s definition of what was clearly established law in 2014, I
agree that the district court’s order denying qualified immunity on the excessive force
claim must be affirmed. Under the alleged facts, after all, Ross did not merely point
a gun at a compliant Rochell; the claim is that he pressed his firearm behind Rochell’s
ear and said, “I’ll blow your f*****g brains out if you ever approach me like that
again.” If it violated clearly established law for a defendant in Wilson simply to keep
his gun pointed at a compliant subject, then it follows a fortiori that Ross’s alleged
action did too.

       The district court also denied Ross qualified immunity on Rochell’s Fourth
Amendment claim for false imprisonment, but Ross did not appeal that issue, and this
court therefore does not resolve it. Because Ross’s stated reason for arresting Rochell
was his alleged unlawful possession of a firearm, the district court seemed to believe
that Ross could not rely on Rochell’s undisputed commission of a disorderly conduct
offense to justify arresting and detaining him. R. Doc. 69, at 21-22. Under the Fourth
Amendment, however, “an arresting officer’s state of mind (except for the facts that
he knows) is irrelevant to the existence of probable cause.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543

                                         -5-
U.S. 146, 153 (2004); see Carpenter v. Gage, 686 F.3d 644, 649 (8th Cir. 2012)
(“That the deputies’ subjective reason for arresting Carpenter may have been different
does not invalidate the arrest.”). This proposition may be considered further as the
case proceeds.
                        ______________________________




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