           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                               AT KNOXVILLE           FILED
                            JANUARY 1999 SESSION
                                                         May 5, 1999

                                                      Cecil Crowson, Jr.
                                                      Appellate C ourt Clerk

STATE OF TENNESSEE,                  )   C.C.A. NO. 03C01-9802-CC-00080
                                     )
      Appellee                       )   RHEA CIRCUIT
                                     )
v.                                   )   HON. BUDDY D. PERRY,
                                     )   JUDGE
JOHN A. CHAPMAN,                     )
                                     )   (First Degree Murder, Aggravated
      Defendant/Appellant            )    Rape, Aggravated Robbery)




FOR THE APPELLANT                        FOR THE APPELLEE

Howell G. Clements                       John Knox Walkup
Spears, Moore, Rebman & Williams, P.C.   Attorney General & Reporter
P.O. Box 1759
Chattanooga, TN 37401                    Erik W. Daab
                                         Assistant Attorney General
Jane M. Stahl                            Criminal Justice Division
Shumacker & Thompson, P.C.               425 Fifth Avenue North
701 Market Street, Suite 500             Nashville, TN 37243
Chattanooga, TN 37402




OPINION FILED



AFFIRMED

JOHN K. BYERS
SENIOR JUDGE
                                      OPINION

       On October 16, 1997, the defendant was found guilty in a jury trial of first

degree murder, aggravated rape, and aggravated robbery. He was sentenced to

serve life imprisonment for first degree murder to run concurrently with fifteen years

for aggravated rape and twelve years for aggravated robbery. These sentences

were ordered to be served consecutively to sentences the defendant had previously

received for first degree murder, aggravated sexual battery, and aggravated

kidnapping. 1

       The defendant raises the following issues on appeal:

       I.       Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the convictions of first
                degree murder, aggravated rape, and aggravated robbery.

       II.      Whether the trial court erred when it granted eight (8) peremptory
                challenges to the State when the Tennessee Rules of Criminal
                Procedure in effect at the time of the indictment permitted only four (4)
                peremptory challenges to the State.

       III.     Whether the trial court erred in allowing the admission of unreliable
                DNA evidence and gruesome photographs of the crime scene and in
                refusing to allow the defendant to introduce polygraph results that
                tended to inculpate another individual who was a suspect of the
                investigation.

       IV.      Whether the trial court erred in ordering the sentences imposed in
                this case to run consecutively to the sentences imposed for the
                defendant’s previous convictions.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                     BACKGROUND

       On June 7, 1992, Vickie Sue Metzger, the victim in this case, began driving

her white, Chevrolet car from her home in Jeffersonville, Indiana to Atlanta, Georgia.

She planned to attend a conference and intended to arrive in Atlanta before 5:00

p.m. The victim was a 41 year old woman who worked as a financial manager and

had been a Benedictine nun for 22 years. Ruth Metzger, the victim’s mother,



       1
       For the facts surrounding these convictions, see State v. John Allen
Chapman, No. 01C01-9604-CC-00137, Grundy County (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 30,
1997).

                                            -2-
testified that she received a call the next morning inquiring about her daughter’s

whereabouts because she did not appear at the conference.

       In the early morning hours of June 11, 1992, the victim’s locked car was

found parked at the east bound rest area in Monteagle, Tennessee off Interstate

24.2 A few hours later, Roy Sain, a criminal investigator for the Grundy County

Sheriff’s Department, discovered the victim’s body in the woods approximately 1100

feet from where her car was parked. Mr. Sain testified that the body was covered

with leaves and branches and was clothed with a bra, pants, and panties. Mr. Sain

also testified that this particular rest area is heavily trafficked, especially by trucks,

and that this traffic creates so much noise that it is difficult to hear at the rest area.

       Immediate searches of the surrounding area failed to recover the victim’s

blouse, shoes, purse, credit cards, or car keys. Ricky Harrison testified that in

December 1996 he was hunting in the area when he found the victim’s credit cards

and compact or pill container behind a fence 3 in the woods. A further search behind

the fence located the victim’s traveler’s checks, change, business card holder,

business cards, pocket knife, car keys, and makeup.

       During the investigation of the victim’s death, Larry Davis, a special agent

with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, learned that John A. Chapman, the

defendant, had been working at the east bound rest area in Monteagle on June 7,

1992. On July 13, 1992, the defendant gave a sworn statement to Mr. Davis and

voluntarily submitted a blood sample. On the same day, Mr. Davis also obtained a

sworn statement and voluntary blood sample from Johnny Hood, who worked at the

west bound rest area in Monteagle on June 7, 1992. Mr. Davis testified that he

delivered both of the blood samples to the TBI crime lab.

       Johnny Butner, the supervisor of the rest area, testified that the defendant’s

job as a janitor required him to keep the rest rooms and parking lot clean and to

       2
         It was stipulated that the victim used her BP credit card to purchase $13.85
in gas in Manchester, Tennessee at 2:49 p.m. on June 7, 1992. Mr. Sain testified
that the distance from the BP station in Manchester to the rest area in Monteagle is
23 ½ miles.
       3
        An eight foot chain link fence surrounded the rest area. The victim’s body
was found approximately 230 feet from one side of the fence and her personal
possessions were found approximately 104 feet across another side of the fence.

                                            -3-
keep the grass mowed. Mr. Butner testified that the defendant worked alone at the

east bound rest area from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on June 7, 1992. The defendant

then worked from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on June 8, 1992 and next worked June 13,

1992. Mr. Butner explained that the defendant’s employment application stated that

he had undergone back surgery and could not lift more than 50 pounds.

       Mr. Butner further testified that Johnny Hood, a part time janitor, worked at

the west bound rest area from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on June 7, 1992 and that he

did not work again until June 13, 1992. Mr. Butner stated that he fussed at Mr.

Hood for being at the east bound rest area on June 13, 1992, explaining that he was

not supposed to be at the east bound rest area while he was on duty at the west

bound rest area.

       Mr. Hood testified that he knew the defendant from work and that they would

carpool to and from work. Mr. Hood stated that he would walk over to the east

bound rest area about everyday, explaining that the job was boring so he would go

over to talk. He also testified that on June 7, 1992 he went over to the east bound

rest area at 11:00 a.m. and again at 3:00 p.m. Mr. Hood stated that on June 7,

1992 he picked the defendant up for work and took him home. He further testified

that on the way home from work he did not notice anything unusual about the

defendant, did not notice whether the defendant was muddy or scratched, and did

not notice the defendant with a purse or jewelry.

       The victim’s body was sent to Nashville for an autopsy. Dr. Gretel Harlan, a

forensic pathologist, performed the autopsy on June 12, 1992. It was stipulated that

the body was positively identified as Vickie Sue Metzger. Dr. Harlan testified that

she obtained vaginal and anal swab samples from the victim in order to test for the

presence of semen.

       The blood samples from the defendant and Mr. Hood and the samples from

the victim’s body were initially analyzed by Shelly Betts, a forensic scientist with the

TBI.4 Ms. Betts testified that at the time she worked on this case her speciality was


       4
        Ms. Betts also examined the victim’s car, her clothes, her fingernail
scrapings, and her hair samples, as well as coveralls and tree limb cutters, but she
was not able to obtain useful evidence from any of these items.

                                           -4-
in the field of forensic serology. The vaginal swab sample from the victim consisted

of vaginal and seminal fluids. Ms. Betts explained that ABO blood typing can be

determined from such bodily fluids if a person is a “secretor.”5 She further explained

that 80 percent of the population are secretors, meaning that they have chemicals in

their bodily fluids, such as saliva or semen, which indicate their blood type.

       Ms. Betts determined that the defendant’s blood type was B and that he was

a secretor. She also determined that Mr. Hood’s blood type was O and that he was

a secretor. It was stipulated that the victim’s blood type was A, but Ms. Betts did not

know whether the victim was a secretor. Ms. Betts testified that her testing of the

fluids from the vaginal swab sample revealed the presence of A and H antigens.

       Based on all of these tests, Ms. Betts testified that there was no evidence in

the fluids from the vaginal swab sample that B antigens were present in the victim’s

vagina, concluding that this result would not have been consistent with the

defendant being the depositor of the semen. However, she explained that the

presence of A and H antigens could have come from the victim since she had a

blood type of A. Based on several scientific publications, Ms. Betts also explained

that a false reading could have occurred from the presence of bacteria, which can

produce human antigen types. 6 Finally, she stated that she was not aware that the

victim was clothed from the waist down.

       Next, Dr. Harold A. Deadman, a former agent in the DNA Analysis Unit with

the Federal Bureau of Investigation, performed the DNA analysis in this case.7 He

stated that the purpose of DNA analysis is to exclude individuals as being potential



       5
           Dr. Harlan testified that if a person is a secretor:
                a person with an O blood type will secrete H antigen;
                a person with an A blood type will secrete A or H antigens;
                a person with a B blood type will secrete B or H antigens; and
                a person with an AB blood type will secrete A, B, or rarely H antigens.
       6
         Testifying for the defense, Dr. Jay F. Lewis explained that in order to draw
an antigen type from bacteria a complex extraction method, which includes adding
chemicals to the sample, must be used. Therefore, Dr. Lewis stated that Ms. Betts’
routine serological tests could not have resulted in a false antigen type reading.
       7
        The complexities of DNA structure and DNA analysis are well explained by
Judge Hayes in State v. John Allen Chapman, No. 01C01-9604-CC-00137, Grundy
County (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 30, 1997). See also McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc.,
955 S.W.2d 257 (Tenn. 1997).

                                           -5-
contributors of an unknown sample of evidence. Dr. Deadman explained that a

DNA “match” is a statement of consistency and not an absolute identification,

meaning that a particular person could not be excluded as the contributor of the

DNA. After a match is found, he explained that a statistical analysis is performed to

estimate the frequency of other individuals in the general population having

matching DNA.

       In performing the DNA analysis in this case, Dr. Deadman explained that he

conducted six different tests to compare the DNA in the known blood samples of the

victim, the defendant, and Mr. Hood with the DNA in the unknown samples of sperm

from the victim’s body.8 In two of these tests, he found that the defendant’s blood

DNA matched the sperm DNA and therefore concluded that the defendant was a

potential contributor or, in other words, could not be excluded as contributing the

sperm DNA. He also determined that Mr. Hood was excluded as being the

contributor of the sperm DNA. Although the other four test results were too weak to

measure and therefore inconclusive for matching purposes, Dr. Deadman testified

that the defendant was still not excluded as being the contributor of the sperm DNA

based on his review of the tests.

       Based on a combination of the two positive test results, Dr. Deadman

testified that the statistical probability that the defendant contributed the sperm DNA

was 1/5000, meaning that 99.98 percent of the Caucasian population could be

excluded as contributing the sperm DNA. He further explained that this probability

was twice as small because the contributor of the sperm had to be a male.




                         SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his

convictions of first degree murder, aggravated rape, and aggravated robbery. He

contends that the scientific evidence absolutely excluded him as the perpetrator of




      8
        Dr. Deadman explained that he separated the sperm DNA from the victim’s
DNA in the unknown sample from the victim’s body.

                                          -6-
these crimes. The State maintains that the scientific evidence, specifically the DNA

evidence, supported all three of his convictions beyond a reasonable doubt.

       When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, the standard of review is

whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any

rational trier of fact could find the accused guilty of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt. State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S.

1031 (1986). Furthermore, “a jury verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the

testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the

State’s theory.” State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied,

465 U.S. 1073 (1984); State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).

       On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom. State v.

Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Moreover, this Court may not

reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. Id.

       A finding of guilt against the defendant removes the presumption of

innocence and raises a presumption of guilt on appeal. Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.

It is the defendant who must overcome this presumption of guilt and carry the

burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. Williams, 657 S.W.2d at

410.

       Convictions may be based solely on circumstantial evidence. State v.

Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 253 (Tenn. 1993) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 510

U.S. 1215 (1994). In this case, the State’s case rested entirely on circumstantial

evidence. However, before an accused may be convicted on circumstantial

evidence alone, the facts must be “so clearly interwoven and connected that the

finger of guilt is pointed unerringly at the defendant and the defendant alone.” Id.

       The jury found the defendant guilty of first degree murder pursuant to Tenn.

Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (1991). At the time of the offense, “an intentional,

premeditated and deliberate killing of another” constituted first degree murder.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (1991). The criminal code defined a deliberate

act as “one performed with a cool purpose” and a premeditated act as “one done


                                          -7-
after the exercise of reflection and judgment.” Tenn. Code. Ann. §§ 39-13-

201(b)(1), (2) (1991).

       Next, the jury convicted the defendant of aggravated rape pursuant to Tenn.

Code Ann. § 39-13-502(a) (1991). At the time of the offense, aggravated rape was

defined in relevant part as the “unlawful sexual penetration of a victim by the

defendant . . . accompanied by [either] of the following circumstances: (1) [f]orce or

coercion is used to accomplish the act and the defendant is armed with a weapon or

any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the victim reasonably to believe it

to be a weapon; [or] (2) [t]he defendant causes bodily injury to the victim.” Tenn.

Code Ann. § 39-13-502(a) (1991). Coercion is defined in relevant part as the “threat

of kidnapping, extortion, force or violence to be performed immediately or in the

future . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-501(1) (1991). Sexual penetration, of

course, includes “sexual intercourse.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-501(7) (1991).

Finally, bodily injury means “a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or disfigurement; physical

pain or temporary illness or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or

mental faculty.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(2) (1991).

       Finally, the jury found the defendant guilty of aggravated robbery pursuant to

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a) (1991). At the time of the offense, aggravated

robbery was defined as “the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person

of another by violence or putting the person in fear” and “(1) [a]ccomplished with a

deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to

reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon; or (2) [w]here the victim suffers serious

bodily injury.” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401(a), 39-13-402(a) (1991).

       Based upon the facts set out above, both circumstantial and scientific, we

find the evidence supports the verdict of the jury in finding the defendant guilty of

these offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.

       A rational trier of fact could have concluded that the defendant had the

opportunity to commit and the means to cover up the crimes based on his presence

at the rest area on June 7 and 8, 1992. In addition, a rational trier of fact could have

concluded that he was the perpetrator of the crimes based on the sperm DNA from



                                           -8-
the victim’s vagina matching the DNA from his blood sample. More than 99.98

percent of the Caucasian population, including Mr. Hood, was excluded as being

potential contributors of the semen found in the victim’s vagina. The difference in

the testimony among the expert witnesses concerning the antigens found in the

victim’s vagina and the effect thereof was for the jury to determine from all of the

evidence. Their verdict resolves this in favor of the State, and the evidence is

sufficient to support their conclusion.

       We find that the proof in the record points the finger of guilt unerringly at the

defendant and the defendant alone. Further, the defendant did not carry the burden

of proving that this evidence was insufficient.

                            ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE

                                     DNA Evidence

       Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion in limine asking the trial court to

exclude the DNA analysis results in this case. During a lengthy hearing on the

subject, the trial court considered the testimony of Dr. Deadman, which was similar

to the testimony at trial set out above. The trial court ruled that the expert testimony

concerning the DNA analysis was admissible.

       On appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court did not properly apply

Rules 702, 703, and 403 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence in allowing the State

to introduce the expert testimony on the DNA analysis. Specifically, the defendant

argues that Dr. Deadman’s testimony regarding the statistical ratios on the two

matching test results were too low to be scientifically reliable and that his testimony

regarding the other four immeasurable test results was unduly prejudicial.

       Before expert testimony regarding DNA analysis may be admitted into

evidence, it must meet the standards set forth in Rules 702 and 703 of the

Tennessee Rules of Evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-7-117(b)(1) (Supp.

1991); State v. Begley, 956 S.W.2d 471, 476 (Tenn. 1997). Rule 702 states:

       If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist
       the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
       witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
       education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.




                                               -9-
Rule 703 adds that: “[t]he court shall disallow testimony in the form of an opinion or

inference if the underlying facts or data indicate a lack of trustworthiness.”

          The requisite foundations which must be established prior to the admission of

expert testimony are that (1) the facts underlying the testimony must be reasonably

relied upon by experts in the particular field and (2) the facts must be trustworthy.

Tenn. R. Evid. 703, Advisory Commission Comments. Pursuant to Tenn. Code

Ann. § 24-7-117(b)(1) (Supp. 1991), DNA evidence is statutorily regarded as reliable

and trustworthy. State v. Begley, 956 S.W.2d at 477. Further, determinations

regarding qualifications, admissibility, relevancy, and competency of expert

testimony rest within the sound discretion of the trial court and will only be disturbed

upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 562

(Tenn. 1993).

          We conclude that the trial court properly followed the Tennessee Rules of

Evidence and did not abuse its discretion in allowing the State to introduce the

expert testimony regarding the DNA analysis. In addition, the probative value of this

evidence outweighed any prejudicial effect.

                                       Photographs

          Through a motion in limine prior to trial, the defendant sought to exclude the

photographs of the victim’s body. The trial court decided to rule on this issue at trial.

At trial, the trial court overruled the defendant’s objection to the photographs and

determined that the probative value of the photographs outweighed any prejudicial

effect.

          On appeal, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting the

photographs because the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed their

limited probative value according to Rule 403 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence.

Specifically, the defendant argues that the photographs of the badly decomposed

body were gruesome, shocking, and horrifying.

          The decision of whether to admit a photograph into evidence “lies within the

discretion of the trial court whose ruling in this respect will not be overturned on

appeal except upon a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.” State v. Banks, 564



                                            -10-
S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978) (citations omitted). Further, photographs of the

victim in a murder case are admissible “if they are relevant to the issues on trial,

notwithstanding their gruesome and horrifying character.” Id. at 951.

       We agree with the trial court that the probative value of the photographs

outweighed any prejudicial effect. In this case, the photographs illustrated the

location, covering, and dress of the victim’s body and corroborated the State’s

theory that she was murdered, raped, and robbed. Furthermore, the defendant has

failed to demonstrate any abuse of discretion by the trial court in admitting the

photographs.

                                   Polygraph Results

       The defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his request to

cross examine Larry Davis, the TBI agent, about the inconclusive results of a

polygraph test taken by Johnny Hood, the janitor who worked at the west bound rest

area on June 7, 1992. The defendant further contends that this denial deprived him

of his constitutional right to confront witnesses under the 14th Amendment of the

U.S. Constitution.

       In Irick v. State, 973 S.W.2d 643, 652 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citations

omitted), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 219 (1998), this Court stated that “[i]t has long been

established in Tennessee that the results of a polygraph examination are not

admissible as evidence in a criminal prosecution.” This Court further commented

that “[t]he courts of this state have consistently held that the results of such tests are

‘inherently unreliable’.” Id. at 653.

       In keeping with the holdings of Tennessee courts regarding the inadmissibility

of polygraph results, we conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant’s

request to cross examine Mr. Davis about the polygraph results of Mr. Hood.

                            PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES

       The defendant contends that at the time of the offense the rule in effect only

gave the State four peremptory challenges compared to the defendant’s eight

peremptory challenges. See Rule 24(d), Tenn. R. Crim. P. (1992). By the time of

trial, however, the rule had been changed to allow the State eight peremptory



                                          -11-
challenges. See Rule 24(d), Tenn. R. Crim. P. (1997). We find that the trial court

properly permitted the State eight peremptory challenges because it was applying a

procedural rule that had been amended after the commission of the crimes in this

case. See State v. Pike, 978 S.W.2d 904, 926 (Tenn. 1998).

       In addition, the defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s

evidentiary errors regarding the DNA evidence, photographs, and polygraph results.

However, the defendant has failed to demonstrate how the trial court’s evidentiary

rulings, all of which we have upheld, prejudiced him in relation to the State’s use of

additional peremptory challenges. There is no evidence to indicate that an impartial

jury rendered an unfair verdict as a result of the application of the amended

procedural rule. See State v. Wingard, 480 S.W.2d 915, 918 (Tenn. 1972).

                                    SENTENCING

       The defendant contends that the trial court erred in sentencing him to the

maximum of twelve years for aggravated robbery. In addition, the defendant alleges

that the trial court improperly found him to be a dangerous offender and therefore

erred in ordering his sentences in the present case to run consecutively to his

previous convictions.

                          Aggravated Robbery Sentence

      Normally, this Court is required to review the length, range, or manner of

service of a sentence de novo on the record, accompanied by a presumption that

the determinations of the trial court are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d)

(1997). However, where the trial court failed to state the mitigating and

enhancement factors relied upon, there is no presumption of correctness on appeal

and review is de novo upon the record. State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tenn.

1994); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(f) (1997).

      In this case, the trial judge did not set forth the enhancement and mitigating

factors that he relied upon to sentence the defendant to the maximum of twelve

years for aggravated robbery. Therefore, we must conduct a de novo review of the

defendant’s sentence upon the entire record. Id. In making our review, we must

consider the following:


                                         -12-
       (1) The evidence, if any, received at trial and the sentencing hearing;

       (2) The presentence report;

       (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives;

       (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

       (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the enhancement and
       mitigating factors in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114; and

       (6) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own
       behalf about sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b) (1997).

       Regarding the maximum sentence of twelve years for aggravated robbery,

the defendant points out that the presumptive sentence for aggravated robbery,

which is a Class B felony, “shall be the minimum sentence in the range if there are

no enhancement or mitigating factors.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c) (1997).

The burden is on the defendant, the appealing party, to show that the sentence is

improper. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (1997), Sentencing Commission

Comments.

       At the time of the offense in this case, aggravated robbery was defined as

“the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence

or putting the person in fear” and “(1) [a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon or by

display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to

be a deadly weapon; or (2) [w]here the victim suffers serious bodily injury.” Tenn.

Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401(a), 39-13-402(a) (1991). As a Class B felony, aggravated

robbery carries a sentence in the range of “not less than eight (8) nor more than

twelve (12) years.” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-402(b) (1991), 40-35-112(2) (1990).

Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(e) (1990), “[s]hould there be

enhancement and mitigating factors, the court must start at the minimum sentence

in the range, enhance the sentence within the range as appropriate for the

enhancement factors, and then reduce the sentence within the range as appropriate

for the mitigating factors.”

       At the sentencing hearing, the defendant’s prior convictions for first degree

murder, aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated sexual battery were introduced into



                                          -13-
evidence. Also, the defendant’s presentence report listed numerous prior

convictions for weapons offenses, drug offenses, and serious driving offenses.

Therefore, we find that the following enhancement factors, listed in Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 40-35-114 (1990), apply to the defendant’s aggravated robbery conviction:

       (1) The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal
       behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range;

       (5) The defendant treated or allowed a victim to be treated with exceptional
       cruelty during the commission of the offense;

       (8) The defendant has a previous history of unwillingness to comply with the
       conditions of a sentence involving release in the community;

       (10) The defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when the risk
       to human life was high.

       As mitigation evidence at the sentencing hearing, the defendant called two

witnesses who essentially testified that the defendant had always been a nice and

helpful person to others and had always supported and cared for his young son.

Pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13) (1990), the defendant also filed a

notice of the following mitigating factors: (1) “[t]he defendant served in the National

Guard” and (2) “[t]here was no significant criminal history or criminal convictions at

the time of the alleged defense [sic].”

       The defendant’s assertion that he had no significant criminal history or

criminal convictions at the time of the alleged offense is clearly refuted by the

evidence introduced regarding the defendant’s numerous and serious prior

convictions. We give little weight to the mitigating factor that the defendant served

in the National Guard. Further, any mitigating evidence that the defendant

supported and cared for his young son is inapplicable.9

       There is no question that the enhancement factors outweigh the single

mitigating factor offered by the defendant. Further, the defendant has failed to carry

his burden that the maximum twelve year sentence for aggravated robbery is




       9
         In State v. John Allen Chapman, No. 01C01-9604-CC-00137, Grundy
County (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 30, 1997), this Court found the same mitigating
evidence to be inapplicable because it is not consistent with the purpose of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13) (1990), and because support of a dependent is an
obligation and a duty by law, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 34-11-102(a) (1996).

                                          -14-
improper. Therefore, we find that the sentence imposed by the trial court for the

aggravated robbery stands.

                               Consecutive Sentencing

       Our review is again de novo on the record without a presumption of

correctness on appeal. See State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116,123 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1992). In this instance, the trial court did not state the specific findings of fact

that he used to order consecutive sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-

209(c), 40-35-210(f) (1990).

       In arguing that the defendant’s sentences in the present case should run

consecutive to his sentences for previous convictions, the State asserted that Tenn.

Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4) (1990) was applicable. This section provided that the

trial court may order consecutive sentencing if it is determined that “[t]he defendant

is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life,

and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4) (1990).

       In Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1976), the Supreme Court held

that “[a] defendant may be classified as a dangerous offender if the crimes for which

he is convicted indicate that he has little or no regard for human life, and no

hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” We

conclude that the defendant should be classified as a dangerous offender based on

the dangerous nature of the instant offenses, as well as the dangerous nature of his

previous offenses. Without question, the crimes of murder and rape indicate little or

no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime where the risk

to human life is high. Moreover, we determine that in this case “the terms imposed

are reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed and are necessary

in order to protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender.” State v.

Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995).

                                     CONCLUSION

       We find that there are no reversible errors and conclude that the defendant’s

convictions and sentences are affirmed.


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                                  John K. Byers, Senior Judge



CONCUR:




James Curwood W itt, Jr., Judge




Norma McGee Ogle, Judge




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