                  NOTICE                          NO. 5-04-0548
 Decision filed 03/06/06. The text of
 this decision may be changed or                     IN THE
 corrected prior to the filing of a
 Petition   for    Rehearing   or   the   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
 disposition of the same.
                              FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________
LORRAINE TURNER,                        ) Appeal from the
                                        ) Circuit Court of
   Plaintiff-Appellee,                  ) Madison County.
                                        )
v.                                      ) No. 02-L-357
                                        )
FIRSTAR BANK, N.A.,                     )
                                        )
   Defendant-Appellant,                 )
                                        )
and                                     )
                                        )
SHAMROCK RECOVERY SERVICE, INC., ) Honorable
                                        ) Ralph J. Mendelsohn,
   Defendant.                           ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________

            PRESIDING JUSTICE SPOMER delivered the opinion of the court:

            The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution

prohibits the imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor. State

Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585,

600, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 1519-20 (2003). This is because elementary notions of fairness
enshrined in our nation's constitutional jurisprudence dictate that a person or corporation

receive fair notice not only of the conduct that will subject that person or corporation to
punishment but also of the severity of the penalty that may be imposed. Campbell, 538 U.S.
at 417, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 600, 123 S. Ct. at 1520.

            In the case at bar, defendant Firstar Bank, N.A. (the defendant), appeals an order of
the circuit court of Madison County entering a judgment on a jury verdict against the

defendant in the amount of $500,000 in punitive damages. For the reasons that follow, we

                                                       1
affirm the circuit court's judgment as modified, and we remand for a remittitur to reduce the
judgment to $225,000 or for a new trial on the issue of the amount of punitive damages.

       In 1994, the defendant's predecessor, Central Bank, extended a car loan to the
plaintiff. Central Bank was acquired by Mercantile Bank, which was in turn acquired by the
defendant. Soon after these mergers, a dispute arose between the plaintiff and the defendant

concerning the currency of the loan and the balance remaining on it. Details of the dispute,
and the attempts made to resolve it, will be discussed below. On March 1, 2000, the plaintiff
received the title to her car, along with written confirmation that her loan was paid in full.

On Saturday, March 11, 2000, the plaintiff planned to take photographs at an extracurricular

event sponsored by the school district by which she was employed. Upon exiting her home,
the plaintiff discovered that her car was missing. She immediately contacted local police

officials to report the theft of her car. After a brief investigation, the police informed the

plaintiff that her car had been seized by Shamrock Recovery Service, Inc. (Shamrock), a

defendant below but not a party to this appeal, acting upon orders of the defendant.
Shamrock advised the police that the repossession had resulted from the plaintiff's default

upon her loan. The plaintiff showed the police her original vehicle title, which recited that

the defendant's security interest had been "released and discharged," as well as a letter from
the defendant confirming the "paid in full" status of her loan. Although the police conveyed

this documentation to Shamrock on Sunday, March 12, 2000, Shamrock refused to release
the car, and the police declined further involvement in the matter, advising the plaintiff to
contact an attorney to resolve the matter.

       On Monday, March 13, 2000, the first day following the repossession during which
the defendant could be contacted, the plaintiff took a personal day off from her job, borrowed
her elderly mother's car, and drove to the local branch of the defendant. She had not yet

contacted an attorney, believing at the time that it would not be necessary to do so. At the

                                              2
branch, she again displayed the documentation confirming the payment of her loan and the
release of the defendant's lien, and she renewed her request for her car. The branch manager

checked his computer records, made some phone calls, and then declined to intervene,
claiming that according to the defendant the plaintiff still owed approximately $300 on the
loan.

        Later on the afternoon of March 13, 2000, the plaintiff enlisted the aid of attorney
Leonard Berg to help her recover her car. Berg spent three hours speaking to representatives
of the defendant in three different states and ultimately succeeded in convincing the

defendant to release the plaintiff's car. However, the defendant was unwilling to deliver the

car back to the plaintiff. The plaintiff was required to retrieve the car herself from an
impound lot in a neighboring town. In a memorandum to Shamrock, the defendant

confirmed that the plaintiff's loan had been paid off before the repossession, and it instructed

Shamrock to release the car to the plaintiff. The plaintiff's elderly mother drove her to the

impound lot to pick up her car. When the plaintiff looked in her car, she saw that personal
belongings she had left in the car were missing. Although some of the belongings had been

stuffed in a box and placed in the trunk of the car, the plaintiff's laptop computer, several

discs containing computer software, and a digital camera belonging to the plaintiff's
employerBto be used by the plaintiff to take photographs at the event she was going to when

she discovered that her car had been takenBwere missing. The individual at the impound lot
denied knowledge of the missing items.
        After making sure her mother returned home safely from the impound lot, the plaintiff

went to the local police to report as stolen the missing contents of her car. The police again
declined involvement, and the plaintiff turned to attorney Berg to help her try to recover the
missing items. For the next two years, prior to the plaintiff's filing suit in this case, Berg

attempted to secure the return of the items, making repeated phone calls to the defendant and

                                               3
sending six letters to it. The defendant made no substantive response to the plaintiff's
inquiries and demands.

       The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant and Shamrock approximately two years
after the repossession, seeking compensatory and punitive damages from both defendants for
the conversion of her car and the personal belongings. On May 9, 2002, the plaintiff

obtained a default against both defendants. After a prove-up, the trial court assessed $25,000
in compensatory damages and $25,000 in punitive damages. The court entered a judgment in
favor of the plaintiff and against both defendants "jointly and severally" and ordered that

enforcement could issue. The defendant subsequently filed a motion to vacate the judgment

against it, which was granted. The plaintiff executed on the judgment against Shamrock and
filed citations to discover its assets. By January 15, 2005, Shamrock had paid the judgment

entered against it, and the plaintiff signed a satisfaction of judgment. Meanwhile, the

plaintiff proceeded to a trial to seek an award of punitive damages against the defendant.

       Testimony began on April 6, 2004. The first witness to testify in the plaintiff's case in
chief was Michael Haywood, a former employee of the defendant. Haywood had worked in

the loan operation department doing collections, dispute resolution, foreclosures, and

repossessions, and he had personally handled the plaintiff's account for the defendant.
Haywood testified that he was present under subpoena. With regard to the payment dispute

between the plaintiff and the defendant, Haywood testified to a payment-processing-and-
collection system that was, at best, imprecise. Haywood testified that none of the collection
notices he sent to the plaintiff could be reconciled with one another and that, based upon one

of them, the plaintiff had actually overpaid the loan. He attributed the errors in the notices to
unreliable data in the computer system, which in turn was attributable, inter alia, to a
processing system wherein bank personnel consistently failed to retrieve payments from

facilities where customers had sent the payments and wherein those facilities were sometimes

                                               4
closed without informing customers and notifying them where to send future payments.
       Haywood also testified that computer system coding problems prevented tellers from

identifying the correct account to which a payment should be applied and that payments were
sometimes lost and never credited to any account. According to Haywood, given the sheer
number of accounts he was assigned to handle, he could not verify the accuracy of debts

before proceeding with collection; only when a customer called in to dispute a debt was he
allowed to go back and try to piece together what had happened to the customer's account.
Haywood testified that employees like himself in the collections department were also not

told when payment facilities were closed and that "[i]t was only through trial and error" that

collections department employees discovered that payments had been made but not
accurately applied to customer accounts. Haywood testified that management was aware of

the ongoing problems. He testified that when a wrongful repossession occurred, if customers

were able to bring in documentation to prove that the defendant had erred, the wrongfully

repossessed vehicles were then returned to the customers. Although Haywood could not
testify to a precise number, he did testify that multiple wrongful repossessions had occurred

during the year preceding the wrongful repossession of the plaintiff's car.

       Based on the foregoing system-wide problems, Haywood testified that there was only
a 50% probability that the data he relied upon concerning the plaintiff's account was accurate.

Nevertheless, although Haywood knew that the plaintiff disputed she owed a debt on her
account and although he knew that his data was unreliable, Haywood proceeded with the
repossession against the plaintiff without first attempting to verify the data he had received

from his computer system. On cross-examination, Haywood denied that he had been laid off
by the defendant, testifying instead that he had "quit." On redirect examination, Haywood
testified that members of management called his attention to system problems, rather than

vice versa, and that his supervisor had reviewed the figures regarding the plaintiff's account

                                              5
with him and had also signed off on the repossession. On re-cross-examination, Haywood
testified that his supervisor's manager had also signed off on the repossession. No evidence

was offered by the defendant to contradict Haywood's depiction of the events in question or
of the workloads, operating procedures, or management practices of the defendant's
organization.

       The next witness to testify in the plaintiff's case in chief was Gene Tudor, an
employee of the defendant who was present as the corporate representative of the defendant
and who managed the defendant's repossession department. Tudor was called by the plaintiff

as an adverse witness under section 2-1102 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-

1102 (West 2004)).       Tudor testified that the plaintiff's car never should have been
repossessed on March 11, 2000, that the defendant had no right to repossess the plaintiff's car

on that date, and that, in fact, the repossession was illegal. He also testified that he had no

reason to dispute the plaintiff's claim against the defendant. Tudor read an excerpt from the

defendant's promissory note with the plaintiff that stated that if the defendant repossessed the
collateral under the note, the defendant would make "reasonable efforts" to return any

contents found in the collateral to the plaintiff. When asked what efforts the defendant had

made to return the items missing from the plaintiff's car to her, Tudor testified that to the best
of his knowledge, the plaintiff had been "directed directly to the recovery place." Tudor

reiterated testimony given in an earlier deposition that the missing items were "irrelevant to
the bank" because the bank had a hold-harmless agreement with the repossession companies
that acted on the defendant's behalf. Tudor insisted that all liability for the missing items lay

with the repossession company, even though, in Tudor's own words, "[t]hey were an agent of
the bank" and "[t]hey are told to do what is legally in the best interest of the bank." Tudor
later conceded that the defendant "should have" contacted the repossession company and

attempted to find out what had happened to the plaintiff's items but that in the four years

                                                6
between the wrongful repossession and the trial, the defendant had never made contact with
the repossession company regarding the issue.

       When asked if the wrongful repossession could have been avoided had anyone in the
defendant's organization verified where the plaintiff's title was on March 11, 2000, Tudor
first testified that "[w]ith [his] workload that would have been impossible" and then conceded

that such a check would have prevented the wrongful repossession. Tudor also conceded that
the defendant had reported the plaintiff's loan to each of the three major credit bureaus as a
bad debt after telling her that her loan was paid in full and that in fact the defendant had

continued to report the plaintiff that way for more than 32 years after the wrongful

repossession. In addition, Tudor testified that there was a four-year gap in the defendant's
payment history for the plaintiff's loan but that he continued to "believe there [was] a balance

remaining" on the loan. He conceded that he had no payment records on which to base his

"belief" and that in the four months he had been dealing with the plaintiff's account, he had

never verified that money remained due on the loan.
       The next witness to testify in the plaintiff's case in chief was attorney Leonard Berg,

who testified to the steps he took on behalf of the plaintiff, described in detail above. He also

testified that he had attempted to obtain information from the defendant about why the
wrongful repossession had occurred, that he received a "partial payment history" that did not

include any information regarding the first four years of the term of the loan, and that he
"never" received any response from the defendant regarding the items missing from the
plaintiff's car. On cross-examination, Berg testified that in May 2001, one year prior to filing

suit and three full years prior to the trial, he had made a demand of $5,000 from the
defendant. On redirect examination, Berg testified that he never received a response from the
defendant to his demand letter.

       Following Berg's testimony, the plaintiff testified. In addition to the details of the

                                               7
events of March 11, 2000, and the days immediately thereafter, described above, she testified
to the details of her payment dispute with the defendant. She testified that prior to the

merger, she had no problems with her account. After the merger, she received calls from the
defendant claiming she was past due on her loan payments. She disputed this and requested a
payment history from the defendant. The document sent to the plaintiff in response to her

request was incomplete and did not coincide with her records of payments made. Unable to
resolve the problem with the defendant's representatives, she reverted to using her payment
booklet, as she had done prior to the dispute. She testified that she made her final payment

on the loan in late 1999. She subsequently received a phone call from Haywood, who

informed her that she still owed the defendant money. The plaintiff and Haywood agreed
that the plaintiff would take proof of her final payment to her local branch, which the plaintiff

did. She testified that she had believed the matter was then resolved. She had no further

contact from the defendant until she received her title and release letter in the mail. She

testified that subsequent to the wrongful repossession and the return of the car to her, she had
received no demands for the payment of any balance due from the defendant and that until

this incident with the defendant, she had never hired or even consulted with an attorney.

       On April 7, 2004, the trial continued. Gene Tudor testified again, this time as the first
witness in the defendant's case in chief. Tudor testified to a number of attempts by the

defendant to contact the plaintiff in the weeks prior to the repossession, and he testified the
attempts were made because the plaintiff still owed a past-due balance of $314.96. Tudor
authenticated documents from the defendant showing a past-due balance of $314.96, testified

that a charge-off of that balance had occurred, and further testified that due to the
inadequacies of the defendant's computer system, a charge-off would show up as a zero
balance account and could lead to the generation of a paid-in-full letter and to the release of

the lien and the title. On cross-examination, Tudor conceded that he never checked to see if

                                               8
the individual who actually sent the paid-in-full letter had done so mistakenly, and he
conceded that the document of the defendant's that showed a charge-off had been prepared

six months after the plaintiff filed suit, rather than at the time of the alleged charge-off.
Tudor further conceded that despite the purported attempts to contact the plaintiff, the last
actual contact with her had been when Haywood told her to go to the branch to resolve the

situation. Tudor also acknowledged that Haywood knew that the plaintiff disputed any
balance due, and Tudor conceded that the document upon which he based his opinion that
money was still owedBthe defendant's document prepared six months after the plaintiff filed

suitBwas inaccurate regarding the maturity date of the loan, could not be reconciled with the

actual repossession order, contained incorrectly posted payment information for an eight-
month period during the life of the loan, and included late charges he could not verify were

correct. No redirect examination was conducted, and the defendant rested.

       The jury returned with a verdict against the defendant, assessing punitive damages in

the amount of $500,000. Following a hearing on the defendant's posttrial motions, the
defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

       On appeal, the defendant raises a number of issues. Additional facts necessary to the

resolution of this appeal shall be provided where appropriate throughout this disposition.
The defendant first argues that a reversal is required because the plaintiff may not recover

twice for a single injury. In support of this argument, the defendant cites Saichek v. Lupa,
204 Ill. 2d 127, 141 (2003), wherein the Illinois Supreme Court held that, with regard to
compensatory damages, a plaintiff who sues two defendants for a single, indivisible set of

injuries arising from concurrent but independent acts cannot prosecute a claim against one
defendant after the plaintiff has received payment in full of a default judgment from the other
defendant. The plaintiff counters that there would be no double recovery in this case,

because even though the plaintiff was fully compensated by Shamrock for her compensatory

                                              9
damages and even though Shamrock satisfied the punitive damages award entered against
Shamrock, the defendant is still liable for punitive damages. We agree with the plaintiff.

The single-injury rule applied by the Saichek court dealt only with compensatory damages.
To extend the rule to cases involving punitive damages would be to fundamentally
misapprehend the difference between the purpose of compensatory damages and the purpose

of punitive damages. As the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals held in Bosco v. Serhant, 836
F.2d 271, 281 (7th Cir. 1987), once a plaintiff has been fully compensated for the plaintiff's
injuries by one or more of multiple tortfeasors, the plaintiff is precluded from recovering

further compensatory damages from any of the remaining tortfeasors. However, as Judge

Posner explained in Bosco, because punitive damages do not measure the plaintiff's loss,
"piling them on top of compensatory damages is permissible." Bosco, 836 F.2d at 281.

       Judge Posner's ruling reflects the reality, ignored in this case by the defendant but long

recognized by the Illinois Supreme Court, that "[c]ompensatory damages are designed to

make amends for the injuries suffered by the plaintiff, whereas punitive damages are
intended to punish the wrongdoer and serve as a deterrent to antisocial behavior in the

future." Ziarko v. Soo Line R.R. Co., 161 Ill. 2d 267, 276 (1994). In Illinois, an award of

punitive damages is not subject to contribution (Ziarko, 161 Ill. 2d at 277), and as Judge
Posner recognized, with regard to the single-injury rule, "punitive damages should be

assessed separately." Bosco, 836 F.2d at 281. We conclude that because Saichek dealt only
with compensatory damages, it is inapposite to the case at bar. We further conclude that in
the case at bar the punitive damages assessed against the defendant by the jury do not

duplicate the punitive or compensatory damages paid by Shamrock, and no issue of double
recovery exists. Because we conclude that the assessment of punitive damages against the
defendant will not lead to a double recovery, we reject the defendant's related argument that

the case is now moot because Shamrock satisfied the judgment against Shamrock.

                                              10
       The defendant next argues that the trial court erred when it did not enter a judgment
notwithstanding the verdict because, the defendant asserts, the plaintiff failed to prove her

conversion claim. In support of its position, the defendant argues that because the plaintiff
admitted at the trial that she had in the past made late payments on her account, she failed to
establish that she had a right to possession of the property in question at the time the property

was converted, an essential element of a conversion claim. As this court has held, a court
should enter a judgment notwithstanding the verdict only when the evidence, viewed in the
light most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favored the movant that no contrary

verdict could possibly stand. Cruthis v. Firstar Bank, N.A., 354 Ill. App. 3d 1122, 1130

(2004). A judgment notwithstanding the verdict is inappropriate where " 'reasonable minds
might differ as to inferences or conclusions to be drawn from the facts presented.' " Cruthis,

354 Ill. App. 3d at 1130 (quoting Pasquale v. Speed Products Engineering, 166 Ill. 2d 337,

351 (1995)). This court reviews de novo a trial court's judgment notwithstanding the verdict

on the issue of punitive damages. Cruthis, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 1130. Although the defendant
acknowledges the foregoing Cruthis principles, the defendant completely ignores them when

applying its analysis. There is no doubt that in this case the evidenceBwhich is described in

detail above and which included an admission from the corporate representative of the
defendant that the plaintiff's car never should have been repossessed, that the defendant had

no right to repossess the plaintiff's car, and that, in fact, the repossession was illegalBviewed
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, does not so overwhelmingly favor the defendant
with regard to whether the plaintiff had a right to the possession of the property in question

that no contrary verdict could possibly stand. The trial court did not err when it declined to
enter a judgment notwithstanding the verdict in this case.
       The defendant next argues that punitive damages are improper in this case under

Illinois law. The defendant first contends that punitive damages are impermissible because

                                               11
there were no compensatory damages in this case. This argument is belied by the facts found
in the record on appeal. The trial court clearly and unequivocally found that the plaintiff in

this case was entitled to compensatory damages in the amount of $25,000 for the actions of
the defendant and Shamrock. The fact that these compensatory damages were satisfied by
Shamrock prior to the trial against the defendant does not negate the existence of the award

of damages or of the injuries from which that award flowed.
       The defendant's second explanation for why punitive damages were improper in this
case is its assertion that the defendant's conduct in this case did not give rise to punitive

damages. We begin by noting that it is undisputed that in Illinois the tort of conversion may

under proper circumstances support an award of punitive damages. Cirrincione v. Johnson,
184 Ill. 2d 109, 114 (1998). Although the question of whether punitive damages can be

awarded for a particular cause of action is a matter of law, the question of whether a

defendant's conduct was sufficiently willful or wanton to justify the imposition of punitive

damages is for the jury to decide. Cirrincione, 184 Ill. 2d at 116. This factual finding is
reviewed under a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard. Cirrincione, 184 Ill. 2d at 116.

Punitive damages for the tort of conversion properly lie where, inter alia, the defendant acts

willfully or with such gross negligence to indicate a wanton disregard of the rights of others.
Cirrincione, 184 Ill. 2d at 115-16. In the case at bar, the jury's conclusion that the conduct of

the defendant in this case warrants punitive damages is not against the manifest weight of the
evidence. To the contrary, the evidence properly before the jury included, inter alia,
uncontradicted testimony from a former employee of the defendant that the defendant

operated a payment-processing-and-collection system wherein (1) bank personnel
consistently failed to retrieve payments from facilities where customers had sent the
payments, (2) those facilities were sometimes closed without informing customers and

notifying them where to send future payments, (3) as a result of the foregoing inadequacies,

                                               12
payments were sometimes lost and never credited to any account, (4) computer system
coding problems prevented tellers from identifying the correct account to which a payment

should be applied, (5) all of the foregoing problems led to unreliable computer data that in
turn led to collection notices that were inconsistent and internally irreconcilable, (6)
collection agents such as the witness proceeded with collections, because of the large number

of accounts they were assigned to handle, even though they knew that the system had
problems and they could not verify the accuracy of debt information they were receiving, and
(7) there was only a 50% probability that the data the witness relied upon before ordering the

repossession of the plaintiff's car was accurate. The witness also testified that members of

the defendant's management were aware of the foregoing problems with their payment-
processing-and-collection system and that prior to ordering the repossession of the plaintiff's

car, the witness was aware the plaintiff disputed the claim that she still owed money to the

defendant. Ample evidence, described immediately above and elsewhere in this disposition,

was available to support the conclusion that the defendant had acted willfully or with such
gross negligence to indicate a wanton disregard of the rights of others, and the jury's

determination that the conduct of the defendant warrants punitive damages is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence.



       The defendant next takes issue with the amount of damages assessed against it. The
defendant raises two arguments regarding the amount of damages awarded: a common law
argument that the amount is grossly excessive and an argument that the award is

unconstitutional. The defendant seeks a new trial or a remittitur. With regard to the first
argument, to determine whether an award is excessive in a given case, Illinois courts look to
a fact-specific set of relevant circumstances, including the following: (1) the nature and

enormity of the wrong, (2) the financial status of the defendant, and (3) the potential liability

                                               13
of the defendant. Franz v. Calaco Development Corp., 352 Ill. App. 3d 1129, 1143 (2004).
The highly factual nature of the assessment of punitive damages dictates that a great amount

of deference should be afforded the determination made at the trial court level, and to reflect
that deference and the highly factual nature of the determination, we review the assessment
of punitive damages on a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard. Franz, 352 Ill. App. 3d

at 1144-45. A jury's assessment of punitive damages will not be reversed unless the manifest
weight of the evidence shows that the assessment was so excessive that it demonstrated
passion, partiality, or corruption on the part of the jury. Franz, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1145. In

the case at bar, the defendant argues that the jury's verdict was the result of "passion and

prejudice" inflamed by the plaintiff's references to the fact that the defendant had reported the
plaintiff to each of the three major credit bureaus as a bad debt after telling her that her loan

was paid in full and had continued to report the plaintiff as such for more than 32 years after

the wrongful repossession. The defendant claims as follows in its brief on appeal: "[T]he

sole evidence in this record on reports to the credit bureaus was Gene Tudor[,] who, when the
plaintiff asked, said that there was 'a report', not over 100 reports to three different credit

bureaus for over 40 months, as plaintiff argued." In fact, when asked by the plaintiff if the

defendant had made a bad report to each of the three credit bureaus about the plaintiff every
month for more than 32 years after the wrongful repossession, Tudor answered "Yes." The

defendant's efforts to distort the record notwithstanding, the fact is that the credit reports
made up a very small part of the plaintiff's case. As the defendant concedes, the plaintiff
sued for conversion, not for misrepresentation or for false credit reports, and a thorough

review of the record on appeal reflects that the plaintiff's case was premised on the acts of
conversion, with the false credit reporting used merely as evidence of the insouciance and
intransigence of the defendant. The fact that the jury considered the false credit reporting a

factor in its overall assessment of the defendant's conductBas evidenced by a question the

                                               14
jury sent to the judge: "Can the jury make [the defendant] clear credit reports as part of the
judgment?"Bhardly means that the verdict of the jury was based upon "passion and

prejudice." The plentiful evidence of the defendant's transgressions is discussed at length in
other parts of this disposition. The defendant is not entitled to a new trial or a remittitur on
the basis of its common law claim.

       With regard to the defendant's second argument concerning the amount of damages
assessed against it, we review de novo whether a punitive damages award is constitutional.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 418, 155 L. Ed. 2d

585, 601, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 1520 (2003). We consider three guideposts as we review awards

of punitive damages: (1) the degree of the reprehensibility of the defendant's misconduct, (2)
the disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive

damages award, and (3) the difference between the punitive damages awarded by the jury

and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. Campbell, 538 U.S. at

418, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 601, 123 S. Ct. at 1520. The Campbell decision and previous decisions
of the United States Supreme Court counsel that the most important of these guideposts is the

reprehensibility of the defendant's misconduct. Campbell, 538 U.S. at 419, 155 L. Ed. 2d at

602, 123 S. Ct. at 1521. To determine reprehensibility, reviewing courts consider the
following factors: (1) whether the harm caused was physical as opposed to economic, (2)

whether the tortious conduct evinced an indifference to or a reckless disregard of the health
or safety of others, (3) whether the target of the conduct had financial vulnerability, (4)
whether the conduct involved repeated actions or was an isolated incident, and (5) whether

the harm was the result of intentional malice, trickery, deceit, or mere accident. Campbell,
538 U.S. at 419, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 602, 123 S. Ct. at 1521.
       In the case at bar, the harm caused was economic rather than physical. Although we

agree with the plaintiff that the potential for physical harm exists anytime a vehicle is

                                              15
wrongfully repossessed, no evidence of physical harm was presented in this case. Likewise,
although the tortious conduct in this case evinced an indifference to and reckless disregard of

the property rights of the plaintiff, as well as extremely poor organization and judgment on
the part of the defendant, it did not evince an indifference to or a reckless disregard of the
health or safety of the plaintiff. With regard to the financial vulnerability of the target, there

is no doubt that no later than October 10, 2000, long before the present suit was filed, the
defendant was on notice that the plaintiff was a single, black female, a factor the plaintiff
alleges proves her financial vulnerability. However, no evidence was presented that the

defendant was aware of this particular plaintiff's financial vulnerability at the time the

conversions occurred, nor, in fact, was evidence presented that she was any more financially
vulnerable than any other consumer seeking redress from a major corporation. With regard

to whether the conduct involved repeated actions or was an isolated incident, the plaintiff

presented evidence that the defendant had committed wrongful repossessions "more than one

time," although the witness for the plaintiff could not specify the number of occasions. With
regard to whether the harm resulted from intentional malice, trickery, deceit, or mere

accident, we note that although there was no evidence of intentional malice, trickery, or

deceit on the part of the defendant, there was ample evidenceBincluding uncontradicted
testimony that the management of the defendant was aware of the defendant's system's many,

many inadequaciesBthat the harm to the plaintiff was no "mere accident." Accordingly,
although there is no doubt that the defendant's misconduct in this case was reprehensible, we
conclude that it was quantitatively different from the misconduct found in Mathias v. Accor

Economy Lodging, Inc., 347 F.3d 672 (7th Cir. 2003), and we cannot conclude on the basis
of Campbell and other United States Supreme Court precedent that the misconduct in this
case supports punitive damages in the amount of $500,000.

       The second Campbell guidepost is the disparity between the actual or potential harm

                                               16
suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award, also commonly referred to as
proportionality. The United States Supreme Court has repeatedly declined to impose upon

the states a bright-line ratio that a punitive damages award cannot exceed. Campbell, 538
U.S. at 425, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 605, 123 S. Ct. at 1524. Nevertheless, the Court has suggested
that, in practice, "few awards exceeding a single-digit ratio between punitive and

compensatory damages, to a significant degree, will satisfy due process." Campbell, 538
U.S. at 425, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 605-06, 123 S. Ct. at 1524. On the other hand, the Court
acknowledged that ratios greater than those the Court had previously upheld may comport

with due process if a particularly egregious act has resulted in only a small amount of

economic damages (Campbell, 538 U.S. at 425, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 606, 123 S. Ct. at 1524), a
circumstance readily apparent in the case at bar. Although the plaintiff relies on Mathias v.

Accor Economy Lodging, Inc., 347 F.3d 672, 677 (7th Cir. 2003), in which the court affirmed

a 37-to-1 punitive-damages-to-compensatory-damages ratio, and argues, "When a defendant

with massive financial resources targets a vulnerable victim whose economic loss is modest,
the due process clause justifies a high ratio of punitive damages," we are mindful of the

United States Supreme Court's admonition, in Campbell, that "[t]he wealth of a defendant

cannot justify an otherwise unconstitutional punitive damages award." Campbell, 538 U.S. at
427, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 607, 123 S. Ct. at 1525. In the case at bar, following a prove-up,

compensatory damages were adjudged to be $25,000. The punitive damages award was
$500,000, an amount 20 times larger than the amount of compensatory damages.
       The final Campbell guidepost is the difference between the punitive damages awarded

by the jury and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. In the case at
bar, this guidepost favors neither party. Neither party has presented any cases or statutes
regarding this factor that are comparable in a meaningful sense to this case, nor is this court

aware of any such cases or statutes. Accordingly, this guidepost is of minimal value in our

                                              17
assessment, as indeed it was to the United States Supreme Court in Campbell. See Campbell,
538 U.S. at 428, 155 L. Ed. 2d at 607-08, 123 S. Ct. at 1526.

       Applying the principles set forth in Campbell and other United States Supreme Court
precedent, we conclude that the misconduct in this case does not support punitive damages in
the amount of $500,000. The ordering of a remittitur in lieu of wholly setting aside an

excessive jury verdict, the affirmance of which would be erroneous, has consistently been
acknowledged to promote the ends of justice and the termination of litigation. Haid v.
Tingle, 219 Ill. App. 3d 406, 412 (1991). The practice of ordering a remittitur of excessive

damages has long been recognized and accepted as a part of Illinois law. Best v. Taylor

Machine Works, 179 Ill. 2d 367, 412 (1997). Supreme Court Rule 366(a)(5) (155 Ill. 2d R.
366(a)(5)) specifically provides that a reviewing court has the power to grant any relief,

including the entry of a remittitur. See Luye v. Schopper, 348 Ill. App. 3d 767, 779 (2004).

An appellate court may modify a trial court's order to reflect the proper amount of damages.

Luye, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 779. A remittitur is an agreement by the plaintiff to relinquish, or
remit, to the defendant that portion of the jury's verdict which constitutes excessive damages

and to accept the sum which has been judicially determined to be properly recoverable.

Luye, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 779. The only alternative to a remittitur in a case where the verdict
exceeds the properly recoverable damages is for the trial judge to order a new trial. Luye,

348 Ill. App. 3d at 779. Nevertheless, a court does not have the authority to reduce the
damages by the entry of a remittitur if the plaintiff objects or does not consent. Luye, 348 Ill.
App. 3d at 779. The trial court must afford the plaintiff the choice of agreeing or refusing to

the entry of a remittitur, with the proviso that the plaintiff's refusal to agree to the entry of a
remittitur will result in the ordering of a new trial. Luye, 348 Ill. App. 3d at 779. After a
careful consideration of the evidence detailed elsewhere in this disposition in light of the

foregoing United States Supreme Court principles regarding the constitutionality of punitive

                                                18
damages awards, we conclude that an award of punitive damages against the defendant in the
amount of $225,000 would be both constitutional and appropriate, and we note that such an

award would be less than the double-digit ratio between punitive and compensatory damages
against which the Campbell Court cautioned. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.
v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 425, 155 L. Ed. 2d 585, 605-06, 123 S. Ct. 1513, 1524 (2003).

Accordingly, we hereby modify the circuit court's judgment, and we remand for a remittitur
in the punitive damages judgment against the defendant to the amount of $225,000. See
Lowe Excavating Co. v. International Union of Operating Engineers Local No. 150, 358 Ill.

App. 3d 1034, 1046 (2005). The remittitur is conditioned upon the plaintiff's consent. If the

plaintiff does not consent, within a reasonable time period as set by the trial court, then a new
trial between the plaintiff and the defendant on the issue of the amount of punitive damages

is proper.

       Pursuant to the authority of Supreme Court Rule 366(a)(5), we affirm as modified the

judgment of the circuit court, and we remand for further proceedings. The modified
judgment is as follows: If the plaintiff consents to a remittitur, a judgment shall be entered in

favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant in the reduced amount of $225,000. If the

plaintiff does not consent, within a reasonable time period as set by the trial court, to the
entry of the remittitur, then the trial court shall order a new trial between the plaintiff and the

defendant on the issue of the amount of punitive damages.


       Affirmed as modified; cause remanded.



       HOPKINS and CHAPMAN, JJ., concur.




                                                19
                                         NO. 5-04-0548
                                            IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
      LORRAINE TURNER,                      ) Appeal from the
                                            ) Circuit Court of
         Plaintiff-Appellee,                ) Madison County.
                                            )
      v.                                    ) No. 02-L-357
                                            )
      FIRSTAR BANK, N.A.,                   )
                                            )
         Defendant-Appellant,               )
                                            )
      and                                   )
                                            )
      SHAMROCK RECOVERY SERVICE, INC., ) Honorable
                                            ) Ralph J. Mendelsohn,
         Defendant.                         ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed:   March 6, 2006
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:          Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, P.J.
                 Honorable Terrence J. Hopkins, J., and
                 Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.,
                 Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Stephen R. Swofford, James E. Claybourne, Nancy G. Lischer, Madelyn J. Lamb,
for              Hinshaw & Culbertson, LLP, 222 North LaSalle Street, Suite 300, Chicago, IL
Appellant        60601-1081
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorney         David L. Antognoli, 2227 South State Route 157, P.O. Box 959, Edwardsville, IL
for              62025
Appellee
___________________________________________________________________________________
