
170 S.E.2d 904 (1969)
TOWN OF HILLSBOROUGH, A Municipal Corporation,
v.
Clarence Dupree SMITH and wife, Mae L. Smith.
No. 17.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
December 10, 1969.
*908 Graham & Cheshire, Hillsborough, for plaintiff appellant.
Alonzo Brown Coleman, Jr., Hillsborough, for defendant appellees.
LAKE, Justice.
The town issued to the male defendant, who then had an option to purchase the land in question, a permit to construct thereon the building which he proposes to construct and to use for a dry cleaning business. Neither such construction nor such use was forbidden by law when the permit was issued. The issuance of the permit did not, of itself, confer upon the defendants a vested property right, of which they could not be deprived by a zoning *909 ordinance subsequently enacted. Warner v. W & O, Inc., 263 N.C. 37, 138 S.E.2d 782. Such permit, though valid when issued, may be revoked by or pursuant to a zoning ordinance, otherwise valid and adopted prior to the taking by the holder of any action in reliance upon the permit. 8 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, §§ 25.156, 25.158. Where, however, in bona fide reliance upon such permit, the holder constructs the building authorized thereby, his right to use it for the intended purpose, not otherwise unlawful, vests and may not be taken from him by a subsequently enacted zoning ordinance. Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra.
In order to acquire a vested right to carry on such nonconforming use of his land, it is not essential that the permit holder complete the construction of the building and actually commence such use of it before the revocation of the permit, whether such revocation be by the enactment of a zoning ordinance or otherwise. To acquire such vested property right it is sufficient that, prior to the revocation of the permit or enactment of the zoning ordinance and with the requisite good faith, he make a substantial beginning of construction and incur therein substantial expense. Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra; In Re Tadlock, 261 N.C. 120, 134 S.E.2d 177.
In this respect, we perceive no basis for distinction between the landowner who, with the requisite good faith and reliance upon the permit, expends money in activity resulting in visible, physical changes in the condition of the land and one who, with like good faith and reliance upon the permit, expends a like amount in the acquisition of construction materials or of equipment to be used in the proposed building. Likewise, we find no basis for a distinction between such a landowner and one who, in like good faith and reliance upon the permit, incurs binding contractual obligations requiring him to make such expenditures for such construction or for the acquisition of such materials or equipment. It is not the giving of notice to the town, through a change in the appearance of the land, which creates the vested property right in the holder of the permit. The basis of his right to build and use his land, in accordance with the permit issued to him, is his change of his own position in bona fide reliance upon the permit.
While one does not acquire a vested right to build, contrary to the provisions of a subsequently enacted zoning ordinance, by the mere purchase of land in good faith with the intent of so building thereon, we find no basis for distinction in this respect between an expenditure for the acquisition of land, pursuant to a previously held option, and expenditures for the acquisition of building materials or services. One who, in good faith and in reliance upon a properly issued building permit, makes substantial expenditures for any of these purposes in reliance upon the permit falls within the reason of the rule stated in Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra. See 58 Am Jur., Zoning, §§ 184, 185.
We, therefore, hold that one who, in good faith and in reliance upon a permit lawfully issued to him, makes expenditures or incurs contractual obligations, substantial in amount, incidental to or as part of the acquisition of the building site or the construction or equipment of the proposed building for the proposed use authorized by the permit, may not be deprived of his right to continue such construction and use by the revocation of such permit, whether the revocation be by the enactment of an otherwise valid zoning ordinance or by other means, and this is true irrespective of the fact that such expenditures and actions by the holder of the permit do not result in any visible change in the condition of the land.
Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra, strongly intimates that had the expenditure there made for an architect's drawings been made in reliance upon the issued permit, rather than prior to its issuance and for the purpose of obtaining it, it would have been *910 proper to consider such expenditure in determining whether the permit holder had acquired a vested right to build in accordance with the permit. In Stowe v. Burke, 255 N.C. 527, 122 S.E.2d 374, this Court cited with approval Winn v. Lamoy Realty Corp., 100 N.H. 280, 124 A.2d 211, in which the incurring of "legal obligations" by the landlowner in bona fide reliance upon the permit was considered sufficient to vest in him the right to complete the construction in accordance with the permit. See also: Willis v. Town of Woodruff, 200 S.C. 266, 20 S.E.2d 699; Deer Park Civic Ass'n v. Chicago, 347 Ill.App. 346, 106 N.E.2d 823; 58 AM.JUR., Zoning, §§ 184, 185; 13 AM. JUR.2d, Buildings, § 10; McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, 3d Ed., § 26.219; Yokley, Municipal Corporations, § 164.
The "good faith" which is requisite under the rule of Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra, is not present when the landowner, with knowledge that the adoption of a zoning ordinance is imminent and that, if adopted, it will forbid his proposed construction and use of the land, hastens, in a race with the town commissioners, to make expenditures or incur obligations before the town can take its contemplated action so as to avoid what would otherwise be the effect of the ordinance upon him. See Stowe v. Burke, supra.
In the present case, there is uncontradicted evidence that, after the issuance of the permit and before both the passage of the zoning ordinance and the revocation of the permit, the defendants exercised the option to purchase the land, paid the contract price and took title and also entered into contracts for the construction of the proposed building and for the purchase of equipment to be used in it. It is not contended that these contracts did not constitute obligations binding upon the defendants. The obligations so assumed are substantial in amount, as was the amount paid for the land. The jury found the defendants incurred "substantial expenses" (not specified, but obviously including the above) "in good faith and without notice of the pending zoning ordinance * * * in reliance upon the building permit." Though there was sharp conflict in the evidence as to the good faith of the defendants, the verdict of the jury is conclusive upon this question and establishes a vested right in the defendants to construct and use the proposed building, irrespective of the subsequently enacted zoning ordinance, unless there was error requiring a new trial or the town is otherwise entitled, upon the record before us, to the injunction prayed for.
The town contends that it is entitled, as a matter of law, to the injunctive relief prayed for on the ground that the defendants, after the adoption of the zoning ordinance and the revocation of the building permit, commenced excavation and land preparation for the contemplated building without obtaining a zoning permit as required by the ordinance. The Court of Appeals held there was no error by the superior court in its denial of the plaintiff's motion for such judgment. We agree.
The defendants had a properly issued building permit which, for the reasons above stated, the town could not revoke so as to deprive the defendants of their right to build the contemplated structure upon their land. By reason of the defendants' vested right to build the structure, the zoning ordinance does not apply to their proposed construction project. Therefore, the provisions of the ordinance, relating to the issuance of a zoning permit prior to construction, do not apply to the proposed activity of the defendants.
Furthermore, the zoning ordinance does not authorize either the Zoning Officer or the Board of Adjustment to issue a zoning permit in the present situation. Section 11.1 of the ordinance defines a "nonconforming building" as one "upon which substantial construction was begun prior to adoption of this ordinance," and which building does not conform to the requirements of the ordinance. It specifically *911 states that no other beginnings of buildings which do not conform to the provisions of the ordinance shall have "nonconforming status" under the provisions of the ordinance. Since no actual construction of the proposed building had begun prior to its adoption, the ordinance confers upon the Zoning Officer no authority to issue a zoning permit for this building. He is required by § 12.2 to enforce the ordinance "exactly as written." The ordinance provides he has no power to interpret it and no power to grant exceptions or variances from it.
Similarly, the Board of Adjustment, though authorized to grant an exceptional use of land "permitted by the ordinance" and to grant a variance from the literal terms of the ordinance, is required by § 13.3.1 to "enforce the meaning and spirit of this ordinance as enacted." By the provisions of § 13.3.3.2, the Board of Adjustment may grant variances only as to "set-back, lot area, yard and other dimensional requirements." These provisions are in accord with the decisions of this Court to the effect that a board of adjustment may not permit construction of a type of building which is prohibited by the ordinance itself since, for it to do so, would be to amend the law, which the board, not being a law-making body, cannot do. Austin v. Brunnemer, 266 N.C. 697, 147 S.E.2d 182; In Re O'Neal, 243 N.C. 714, 92 S.E.2d 189; Lee v. Board of Adjustment, 226 N.C. 107, 37 S.E.2d 128, 168 A.L.R. 1. The defendants do not contend that, by reason of exceptional hardship, the municipal authorities should exercise a discretion granted them by the ordinance. Their contention is that they have a legal right to build, which right the city cannot take from them and for which no permit is authorized by the ordinance. Having this right under the rule of Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra, the law does not require them to make a vain trip to the City Hall before exercising it.
Garner v. Weston, 263 N.C. 487, 139 S.E. 2d 642, is distinguishable from the present case in that there the trial court found, upon sufficient evidence, that the landowner had not acquired a vested right to build contrary to the provisions of the ordinance. In such case, contrary to the present case, his only remedy was an application to the Board of Adjustment for the exercise of its administrative discretion on the basis of hardship. A landowner may not resort to the courts for relief on that basis until he has exhausted his administrative remedy under the ordinance. Similarly, in Austin v. Brunnemer, supra, the landowner conceded that his activities prior to the adoption of the ordinance had not been sufficient to confer upon him a vested right to build contrary to the ordinance and so he instituted the proceeding by application to the board for the granting of a variance, in its administrative discretion, on the basis of hardship. Michael v. Guilford County, 269 N.C. 515, 153 S.E.2d 106, was a suit by the landowner to enjoin enforcement of a zoning ordinance by reason of hardship brought after the board had denied an application for relief by rezoning because of a change in condition after the adoption of the zoning ordinance. The defendants did not initiate this proceeding to obtain judicial relief from an ordinance applicable to them. They have proceeded to exercise a property right to which the ordinance does not apply. They have been sued for an injunction preventing their exercise of this right. Before asserting the inapplicability of the ordinance to their contemplated building project, it is not necessary that they apply to an administrative agency for a permit which that agency is not authorized to issue. For a similar conclusion where the landowner's contention was that the ordinance was unconstitutional as applied to his property, see County of Lake v. MacNeal, 24 Ill.2d 253, 181 N.E.2d 85.
The Court of Appeals ordered a new trial on the ground that there was error in the instruction to the jury quoted in the foregoing statement of facts. The Court of Appeals was of the opinion that this instruction left the jury free to consider *912 expenditures made by the defendants after the enactment of the zoning ordinance. The Court of Appeals was correct in its view that expenditures made after the enactment of the ordinance, which took effect when enacted, could not vest in the defendants a right to build in violation of the ordinance. One does not acquire a right to violate an otherwise valid zoning ordinance, already in existence, by making expenditures or incurring obligations merely because when he made them he did not knew the ordinance had been adopted. To have that effect, the expenditures must have been made "when the act was lawful." Warner v. W & O, Inc., supra; Lansing v. Dawley, 247 Mich. 394, 225 N.W. 500; Annot., 86 A.L.R. 659, 685; 58 Am.Jur., Zoning, § 185.
The issue submitted to the jury was: "Did the defendants, in good faith and without notice of the pending zoning ordinance * * * incur substantial expenses in reliance upon the building permit * * *?" (Emphasis added.) Immediately preceding the portion of the charge to which the town excepts, the court instructed the jury that the permit issued to the defendants vested no right in them, but they must have exercised the privilege of the permit "at a time when it was lawful" in order to acquire a property right which would be protected from the zoning power of the town. It further charged that the construction need not be completed by them "before the adoption of a zoning ordinance." Reference to the portion of the charge to which the town excepts and to the remainder of the sentence discloses that the jury was instructed that the defendants would be "protected" if they made substantial expenditures in good faith, in reliance on the permit and "without notice of the pending ordinance." (Emphasis added.) In the same sentence the jury was told that the defendants would not "have the right to build a dry cleaning plant" if they had knowledge of the "pendency of the zoning ordinance." (Emphasis added.) Later in the charge, the court instructed the jury that they would answer the issue submitted to them, "Yes," if the defendants had satisfied them by the greater weight of the evidence that they did "in good faith and without notice of the pending zoning ordinance" incur substantial expenses in reliance upon the building permit, and otherwise they would answer the issue, "No." (Emphasis added.)
Although the court did not specifically state that the jury was to consider only those expenditures made prior to the adoption of the zoning ordinance, and though the court reviewed all of the evidence, including testimony of the male defendant, admitted without objection, as to payments made by him after the passage of the zoning ordinance, the charge appears to confine the jury to consideration of expenditures made during the pendency of the ordinance.
Assuming, however, that the jury's verdict reflected consideration by it of expenditures, both before and after the adoption of the ordinance, we see no possibility of the town's being prejudiced by this instruction. There is no conflict in the evidence with reference to the time, nature and extent of the expenditures made and obligations incurred by the defendants. The controversy is not as to these matters, but as to the good faith of the defendants, or lack of it, at the time these expenditures were made and these obligations were incurred. The town's only contention in this respect is that all expenditures were made, and all of the obligations were incurred, after the defendants knew the zoning ordinance was under consideration by the town commissioners and knew its provisions. For this reason, the town contends they could not be deemed made or incurred in good faith.
It is inescapably true that, if the later expenditures and contracts were made by the defendants in good faith and without knowledge of the zoning ordinance, the earlier ones were likewise so made. Thus, the jury's verdict inescapably establishes *913 that the expenditures and contracts made by the defendants prior to the adoption of the ordinance were made in good faith, without knowledge of the pending zoning ordinance and in reliance upon the previously issued building permit. Obviously, these expenditures and obligations were "substantial." While the evidence as to the good faith of the defendants throughout this transaction is sharply in conflict and would have supported a verdict in accordance with the town's contention, the jury has determined that matter in favor of the defendants.
Although the defendants have not sought review of and reversal of the order of the Court of Appeals directing a new trial, in our general supervisory power over the decision of the other courts of this State (see: Askew v. Tire Co., 264 N.C. 168, 141 S.E.2d 280; Greene v. Laboratories, 254 N.C. 680, 694, 120 S.E.2d 82; Edwards v. Raleigh, 240 N.C. 137, 81 S.E.2d 273), we find the judgment of the Court of Appeals directing a new trial erroneous and reverse it, thereby affirming the judgment of the superior court
Reversed.
MOORE, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
