        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs October 9, 2012

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOHN BEASLEY SEAY

                   Appeal from the Criminal Court for Wilson County
                     No. 10-CR-544 John D. Wootten, Jr., Judge



                   No. M2011-02769-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 16, 2013


Appellant, Joseph Beasley Seay, was indicted by the Wilson County Grand Jury for one
count of possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine; one count of driving on a canceled,
suspended, or revoked license; and one count of driving on a canceled, suspended, or
revoked license, second offense. Appellant filed a motion to suppress the cocaine discovered
during the search of a pill fob on his key ring. He subsequently pled guilty to one count of
possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine and reserved a certified question for appeal.
The remaining counts were dismissed. Pursuant to the plea agreement, Appellant was
sentenced to eight years as a Range I, standard offender. After a review of the record on
appeal, we have concluded that the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to
suppress. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court is Affirmed.

J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS
and N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, JJ., joined.

Adam W. Parrish, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellant, Joseph Beasley Seay.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant Attorney
General; Tom P. Thompson, District Attorney General, and Linda Walls, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                                   Factual Background

      On March 11, 2010, Officer Erick Brockman, with the Lebanon Police Department,
was on patrol. While on patrol, he saw an older Chevrolet Impala parked on the roadway.
He could not tell if the car engine was running. Officer Brockman drove around the block
twice. He decided to run the tag on the Chevrolet Impala. The results were that the tag
belonged to a 1990’s model Pontiac. Officer Brockman ran the tags twice and the results
were the same both times.

       Officer Brockman decided to investigate. The Appellant was in the driver’s seat and
a female standing outside next to the car on the driver’s side. He turned on his blue lights,
got out of his patrol car, and approached the car in question. Appellant exited the vehicle and
met Officer Brockman between his car and the patrol car.

       As Appellant walked to meet Officer Brockman, he was carrying his keys, and he
placed them on the trunk of the Impala. Officer Brockman asked Appellant for his license.
Appellant replied that he did not have his license at that time. He stated that he had an ID
and that he was in the process of getting his license back. Appellant told Officer Brockman
that the tag on the Impala belonged to his Pontiac. He stated that he switched the tags
because the Impala had an antique tag and that tag only allowed the Impala to be driven at
certain times. Appellant admitted to Officer Brockman that he was driving the Impala when
it was prohibited under the laws governing the use of antique tags.

        Officer Brockman placed Appellant under arrest based upon the fact that Appellant
did not have a valid driver’s license. Officer Brockman placed Appellant in the patrol car
and retrieved Appellant’s car keys. When Officer Brockman looked at the car keys, he
noticed a pill fob on the keyring. He opened it and discovered that it contained cocaine.
Officer Brockman called a tow truck to tow the car because the tags on the car were issued
for a different car.

        Officer Brockman stated that it would have been necessary to search Appellant’s
keychain because the keys would have been given to the tow truck driver. Officer Brockman
also stated that he would not have given the fob to the driver because the driver did not need
to be responsible for an illegal substance. He stated that he would have inventoried the pill
fob on the key ring because of either Appellant’s arrest or the inventory of the vehicle.
Officer Brockman conceded that Appellant did not consent to the search of either his vehicle
or the pill fob on the key ring.

      On October 12, 2010, the Wilson County Grand Jury indicted Appellant for one count
of possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine; one count of driving on a canceled,
suspended, or revoked license; and one count of driving on a canceled, suspended, or
revoked license, second offense. On November 30, 2011, Appellant filed a motion to
suppress all evidence seized during the stop conducted by Officer Brockman. The motion



                                              -2-
was heard on December 6, 2011. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied
Appellant’s motion to suppress.

        On December 16, 2011, Appellant entered a guilty plea to one count of possession of
.5 grams or more of cocaine. Pursuant to the plea, Appellant was sentenced to eight years
as a Range I, standard offender. The other two counts were dismissed. With consent of the
both the State and trial court, Appellant purported to reserve a certified question of law which
is the basis of this appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Appellant entered a guilty plea and attempted to reserve a certified question of law for
appeal pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2)(A) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. In
pertinent part, Rule 37(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:


       The defendant or the state may appeal any order or judgment in a criminal
       proceeding when the law provides for such appeal. The defendant may appeal
       from any judgment of conviction:

       (1) on a plea of not guilty; or

       (2) on a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, if:

       (A) the defendant entered into a plea agreement under Rule 11(a)(3) but
       explicitly reserved – with the consent of the state and of the court—the right
       to appeal a certified question of law that is dispositive of the case, and the
       following requirements are met:

       (I) the judgment of conviction or other document to which such judgment
       refers that is filed before the notice of appeal, contains a statement of the
       certified question of law that the defendant reserved for appellate review;

       (ii) the question of law is stated in the judgment or document so as to identify
       clearly the scope and limits of the legal issue reserved;

       (iii) the judgment or document reflects that the certified question was expressly
       reserved with the consent of the state and the trial court; and




                                              -3-
       (iv) the judgment or document reflects that the defendant, the state, and the
       trial court are of the opinion that the certified question is dispositive of the
       case; . . . .


       Appellant’s certified question of law is as follows:


       Whether the word “drive” in T.C.A. § 55-50-504, for the purposes of
       determining whether a misdemeanor was committed in the presence of a law
       enforcement officer, would include those situations in which the officer sees
       an individual in the driver sea[t] of the vehicle (actual control) on a public
       highway as defined within the statute with keys in his possession as he exits
       the vehicle as he is seized for the investigation of a registration violation
       (wrong tag on vehicle) but the law enforcement officer admittedly does not
       witness the vehicle in motion on that public highway, and if it does, whether
       a search of the keys and containers thereon is a lawful search incident to arrest
       under Article I, Section seven of the Tennessee Constitution and the Fourth
       Amendment of the United States Constitution when the defendant is within
       reach of those keys and the contents of the containers thereon at the time of
       arrest, or if the word “drive” in T.C.A. § 55-50-504 excludes such a situation,
       whether an inventory search conducted before the towing of the vehicle for the
       registration violation includes keys and containers thereon that have been
       placed on the trunk lid by the defendant is a lawful search or would result in
       inevitable discovery under Article I, Section Seven of the Tennessee
       Constitution and the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution?


        Appellant’s certified question is essentially a two-part question. He argues that his
arrest was unlawful because there was no direct proof that he was driving the car and that the
subsequent search of the pill fob on the key ring was an illegal search.

        The State initially argues that Appellant has not met the requirements under Rule
27(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure because he failed to include a Statement
of the Issues, a Table of Authorities, and a Table of Contents in his brief. We acknowledge
the State’s argument that failure to comport with Rule 27 of Tennessee Rules of Appellate
Procedure is sufficient for us to strike his brief. Nonetheless, we have decided to address
Appellant’s substantive issues.




                                              -4-
        “This Court will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise.” State v. Hayes, 188 S.W.3d 505, 510 (Tenn. 2006)
(citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). On appeal, “[t]he prevailing party
in the trial court is afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable
and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16
S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)).
“Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and
resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of
fact.” Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23. Our review of a trial court’s application of law to the facts
is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn.
2001) (citing State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Yeargan, 958
S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). When the trial court’s findings of fact are based entirely on
evidence that does not involve issues of witness credibility, however, appellate courts are as
capable as trial courts of reviewing the evidence and drawing conclusions, and the trial
court’s findings of fact are subject to de novo review. State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217
(Tenn. 2000).

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section
7 of the Tennessee Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable searches and
seizures by government agents. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, §7. ‘“These
constitutional provisions are designed to “‘safeguard the privacy and security of individuals
against arbitrary invasions of government officials.’”’ State v. James David Moats, No.
E2010-02013-SC-R11-CD, 2013 WL 1181967, ___ S.W.3d ___, at *4 (Tenn. Mar. 22,
2013)((quoting State v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d 330, 334 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting Camara v.
Mun. Ct., 387 U.S. 523, 528, 87(1967))). The Tennessee Supreme Court has noted
previously that “[a]rticle I, [section] 7 [of the Tennessee Constitution] is identical in intent
and purpose with the Fourth Amendment [of the United States Constitution],” and that
federal cases applying the Fourth Amendment should be regarded as “particularly
persuasive.” Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d 857, 860 (Tenn. 1968).

       Under both constitutions, “a warrantless search or seizure is presumed unreasonable,
and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression unless the State
demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the narrowly
defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629
(Tenn. 1997) (citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971)); see also
State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2003).

       One of these narrow exceptions occurs when a law enforcement officer stops an
automobile based on probable cause or reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation has
occurred. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996); State v. Randolph, 74 S.W.3d

                                              -5-
330, 334 (Tenn. 2002); State v. Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d 730, 734 (Tenn. 1997). If the officer
has probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred, any seizure will be upheld
even if the stop is a pretext for the officer’s subjective motivations in making the stop. See
Whren, 517 U.S. at 813-15; Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d at 734-35. Another such exception occurs
when a law enforcement officer initiates an investigatory stop based upon specific and
articulable facts that the defendant has either committed a criminal offense or is about to
commit a criminal offense. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-21(1968); State v. Binette, 33
S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tenn. 2000). This narrow exception has been extended to the investigatory
stop of vehicles. See United States v. Brignoni–Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 881 (1975); State v.
Watkins, 827 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1992). In evaluating whether the law enforcement
officer had reasonable suspicion to justify an investigatory stop, this Court must consider the
totality of the circumstances, which includes the personal observations and rational
inferences and deductions of the trained law enforcement officer making the stop. See Terry,
392 U.S. at 21; Binette, 33 S.W.3d at 218; Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294. Objective standards
apply, rather than the subjective beliefs of the officer making the stop. State v. Day, 263
S.W.3d 891, 903 (Tenn. 2008); State v. Norword, 938 S.W.2d 23, 25 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1996). “An officer making an investigatory stop must be able to articulate something more
than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch.’” Day, 263 S.W.3d at 902
(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). This includes, but is not limited to, objective observations,
information obtained from other police officers or agencies, information obtained from
citizens, and the pattern of operation of certain offenders. Id.; Watkins, 827 S.W.2d at 294
(citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 (1981)). A court must also consider the rational
inferences and deductions that a trained police officer may draw from the facts and
circumstances known to him. Terry, 392 U.S. at 21.

        In the case herein, it is clear that Appellant was “seized” within the meaning of the
state and federal Constitutions. Officer Brockman testified that he initiated a traffic stop of
Appellant’s car when he activated his blue lights and pulled up behind Appellant’s car.
Thus, in order for the stop to be constitutionally valid, Officer Brockman must have at least
had a reasonable suspicion, supported by articulable facts, that Appellant had committed, or
was about to commit an offense.

       Officer Brockman testified that on the date in question he was working in the Inman
Court area which is considered a high crime area with regard to drugs and guns. The officer
was circling the block when he noticed Appellant sitting in the driver seat and an unidentified
female standing next to the car talking to Appellant. Officer Brockman ran the tags of the
car and was told by the dispatcher that the tag belonged to a Pontiac, but the car being driven
by Appellant was a Chevrolet Impala.




                                              -6-
       This Court has previously held that an officer’s discovery from a law enforcement
agency that the tags on a vehicle are not registered to the vehicle in question is sufficient
reasonable suspicion to support an investigatory stop. See State v. Rhymer, 915 S.W.2d 465,
467-68 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. David M. Whitman, No. M2004-03063-CCA-R3-
CD, 2005 WL 3299817, at *5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Dec 5, 2005), perm. app.
denied, (Tenn. May 1, 2006); State v. Johnny Darryl Williams-Bey, No. M2002-00950-CCA-
R3-CD, 2003 WL 21997741, at * 5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Aug. 21, 2003), perm.
app. denied, (Tenn. Dec. 22, 2003). Therefore, Officer Brockman had sufficient reasonable
suspicion to support an investigatory stop.

                                      Driving the Car

      We now turn to the question of Appellant’s arrest for driving on a canceled,
suspended, or revoked license. Appellant argues that Officer Brockman did not see
Appellant in the car while the car was in motion on a public street as set out in the statute.

      Officer Brockman testified that when he pulled up behind Appellant’s car, Appellant
was sitting in the driver’s seat. A female was standing outside of the car talking to
Appellant. Appellant got out of the car and walked to meet Officer Brockman. Appellant
was carrying the keys to the car as he walked.

        Appellant is correct that according to Officer Brockman’s testimony he never saw the
car in motion. However, an officer does not need to see a vehicle in motion for the facts to
support a conviction for driving on a canceled, revoked or suspended license. This Court has
determined that circumstantial evidence that a defendant was driving on a public highway
is sufficient to support a conviction for driving on a canceled, suspended, or revoked license.
See State v. Raymond Carroll, No. 02C01-9308-CC-00179, 1995 WL 568474, at *2-3 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Jackson, Sept. 27, 1995); State v. Michael Davidson, No. 03C01-9306-CR-
00198, 1994 WL 615738, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Nov. 7, 1994).

        Therefore, Appellant’s contention that Officer Brockman was required to see the
vehicle in motion on a public highway to support the conviction cannot stand. Furthermore,
the evidence is sufficient to support the conclusion that Appellant was driving. He was
parked on the actual roadway, not in a designated parking area. Officer Brockman saw
Appellant sitting in the driver’s seat behind the steering wheel of the car and speaking to a
female who was standing outside of the car on the driver’s side. Additionally, when
Appellant got out of the car to walk towards Officer Brockman’s car, Appellant was carrying
his car keys.




                                              -7-
                                      Search of Pill Fob

       Under both the state and federal constitutions, “a warrantless search or seizure is
presumed unreasonable, and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression
unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the
narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d at 629; see
also Garcia, 123 S.W.3d at 343. However, an inventory search is permissible. An
“inventory search . . . is ostensibly to protect the occupant of the vehicle against loss of his
property or the law enforcement agency against the occupant’s claim for failure to guard
against such loss.” State v. Donald Curtis Reid, No. M1999-00058-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL
502678, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Apr. 28, 2000) (quoting State v. Gaut, 357
So.2d 513, 516 (La. 1978)). Further, our supreme court in Drinkard v. State, 584 S.W.2d 650
(Tenn. 1979), established the following guideline:


       [I]f the circumstances that bring the automobile to the attention of the police
       in the first place are such that the driver, even though arrested, is able to make
       his or her own arrangements for the custody of the vehicle, or if the vehicle
       can be parked and locked without obstructing traffic or endangering the public,
       the police should permit the action to be taken rather than impound the car
       against the will of the driver and then search it. Just cause to search the driver
       is not alone, enough; there must also be reasonable cause to take his vehicle
       into custody.


Id. at 653. In other words, the burden is on the State to show that an impoundment was
necessary, i.e., that there were reasonable grounds for the impoundment. Id. at 654. In
Drinkard, there was a passenger who was available to take charge of the vehicle. Id. This
Court has also held that it is appropriate to impound a vehicle despite the failure of an officer
to ask Appellant about an alternative solution when there is no reasonable or plausible
alternative such as a passenger at the scene to take possession of the car immeditely. See
State v. Jeffrey L. Hammons, No. M1999-00756-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 924633, at *3-4
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, June 30, 2000), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Feb. 20, 2001).
State v. William David Harmon, No. 46, 1990 WL 149, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville,
Jan. 4, 1990), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Mar. 5, 1990).

      Before an inventory search, the officer must advise the defendant that the car will be
impounded unless he can provide a reasonable alternative. State v. Lunsford, 655 S.W.2d
921 (Tenn. 1983). The extent of the consultation with the defendant is a factor to determine
whether an impoundment is reasonable and necessary. Id. Moreover, an inventory search

                                               -8-
must not be pretextual. State v. Glenn, 649 S.W.2d 584, 587-88 (Tenn. 1983). The
guidelines of Drinkard “must be considered by law enforcement officers on the scene.”
Lunsford, 655 S.W.2d at 923. However, there is no “mandate” that an “arrestee must be
advised of all available options to impoundment” as this would create a “per se rule
[rendered] . . . unworkable because of changing conditions and circumstances.” Id. (quoting
Sanders v. State, 403 So.2d 973, 974 (Fla. 1981)).

       In the case of State v. Roberge, 642 S.W.2d 716 (Tenn. 1982), our supreme held that
when the circumstances justified an impoundment, the inventory search would include the
opening of unlocked containers, such as a duffle bag in that instance. 642 S.W.2d at720.
“The police may search an automobile and the containers within it where they have probable
cause to believe contraband or evidence is contained” therein. California v. Acevedo, 500
U.S. 565, 580 (1991).

        In the case at hand, there was no passenger with Appellant to drive his car.
Furthermore, Officer Brockman had been informed that the tags on the car belonged to a
different car. Appellant himself told Officer Brockman that he had switched the tags because
the Impala had an antique tag and was only allowed to be driven at certain times. Therefore,
if Officer Brockman had allowed someone else to drive the car, he would have been allowing
someone else to break the law. There is ample support for the towing of Appellant’s car.
Because there was a valid reason to tow Appellant’s car, Officer Brockman’s inventory
search correctly included the pill fob on the key ring. Officer Brockman saw the pill fob on
the key ring in Appellant’s possession, and the search of the container was necessary before
the keys were given to the tow truck driver.

      The evidence does not preponderate against the denial of the motion to suppress the
evidence. Appellant is not entitled to relief on issues contained in his certified question of
law.

                                      CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.


                                           ___________________________________
                                           JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE




                                             -9-
