                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-2130
                        ___________________________

                                   Jeremy Heuton

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                               Ford Motor Company

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                 ____________

                             Submitted: April 16, 2019
                               Filed: July 23, 2019
                                  ____________

Before SHEPHERD, MELLOY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

      Jeremy Heuton appeals the district court’s1 adverse grant of summary judgment
in favor of Ford Motor Company on his claims of disability discrimination and



      1
       The Honorable Howard F. Sachs, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
retaliation under the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA), Mo. Rev. Stat.
§§ 213.010-.137. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                          I.

       Heuton was born without a left forearm and hand. But his left arm extends
approximately three to four inches below his left elbow, so he has adapted to using
that portion of his left arm to perform some of the functions of his missing left hand.
He applied for an entry-level assembler position at Ford’s Kansas City Assembly
Plant (KCAP), where Ford makes vehicles on a moving assembly line. There are over
700 such positions at KCAP.

       After Heuton disclosed to Ford that he was born with one hand, Barbara Patton,
a nurse at Ford’s medical department, instructed Heuton to provide a doctor’s note
stating that he was unable to grip anything with his left hand. Heuton told Patton he
“[did not] have a left hand” but obtained the note anyway because Patton told him
that, if he provided the note, Ford was “going to give [him] a [chance.]”
Subsequently, Heuton submitted two doctors’ notes to Ford. The first note provided
that Heuton was “cleared to work” and that he was “unable to grip” with his left hand.
The second note was from Dr. Stephanie Davis, which provided that Heuton “has a
congenital defect of his left upper extremity[,]” that “[h]is only limitation is an
inability to grip with his left upper extremity[,]” and that “[h]e has an impressive
ability to adapt and performs many tasks, jobs etc without difficulty.”

       After receiving these notes, Ford’s medical department listed Heuton’s
restrictions as “Left hand: No gripping” on his Medical Examination Request Form.
Dr. Kyla Kutch, the head of the medical department, then forwarded the Form to the
labor relations department, headed by Ashlie O’Reilly. Eventually, Ford decided not
to hire Heuton. O’Reilly noted on Heuton’s Medical Examination Form that “[m]ost
jobs @ KCAP require the use of both hands/arms (hand-start bolts, grab stock,

                                         -2-
position job elements, etc.)” and that KCAP was “unable to accommodate a one-hand
restriction @ this time.”

       Heuton sued Ford for disability discrimination and retaliation under the MHRA
in Missouri state court. The matter was removed to federal district court on the basis
of diversity jurisdiction. Both parties moved for summary judgment. After the
summary judgment briefing had completed, the district court requested supplemental
briefing over whether the 2008 amendments to the Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) affected the relevant standards under the MHRA, and the court subsequently
concluded that they did not. The court then scheduled oral argument on whether
Heuton had shown that Ford regarded Heuton as significantly restricted from
performing either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes.

       After oral argument, the district court entered summary judgment in favor of
Ford. Heuton v. Ford Motor Co., 309 F. Supp. 3d 714, 719 (W.D. Mo. 2018). On
Heuton’s disability-discrimination claim, the court determined that Heuton, despite
having a “full opportunity” to do so, failed to show Ford, “at the time of his rejection,
had an opinion that he was unemployable elsewhere at a broad range of jobs.” Id. at
715-18. On Heuton’s retaliation claim, the court found that Heuton “barely [went]
through the motions to save this count of his petition” but determined that he failed
to show “an adverse action taken because of [his] opposition to a prohibited
activity[,]” and found no evidence that Ford’s failure to hire him was in any way
retaliatory. Id. at 718. The court concluded that Ford’s request for a doctor’s note
was neither an adverse employment action nor evidence of hostility. Id. Heuton
appeals.

                                           II.

      “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo[,] . . . viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party

                                          -3-
and giving that party the benefit of all inferences that may reasonably be drawn.”
Epps v. City of Pine Lawn, 353 F.3d 588, 591 (8th Cir. 2003). The “moving party is
entitled to summary judgment if . . . there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                           A.

      We begin with Heuton’s disability-discrimination claim under the MHRA. See
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.055.1(1)(a) (prohibiting an employer from refusing to hire or
discriminating against an individual on the basis of disability). We primarily apply
Missouri law but may also apply federal employment discrimination law to the extent
federal law is “applicable and authoritative under the MHRA.” Gipson v. KAS
Snacktime Co., 171 F.3d 574, 578 (8th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Missouri courts follow federal law so long as it is “consistent with Missouri law.”
Daugherty v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3d 814, 818 (Mo. 2007), abrogated
on other grounds by Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.101.4.

       A disability-discrimination claim under the MHRA requires Heuton to show
that (1) he has a disability, (2) Ford “took an adverse action against him,” and (3) “his
disability was a factor in the adverse action.” Markham v. Wertin, 861 F.3d 748, 756
(8th Cir. 2017). Thus, as a threshold matter, we must determine whether Heuton has
a disability.

        Under the MHRA, a disability is defined, in relevant part, as “a
physical . . . impairment which substantially limits one or more of a person’s major
life activities,” and this definition includes “being regarded as having such an
i mp a i r me n t[.]”    Daug h erty, 2 3 1 S.W.3 d at 8 2 1 ( e mp h a s i s




                                          -4-
omitted) (quoting Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.010(4)).2 Heuton does not contend that he has
a physical impairment that substantially limits one or more of his major life activities.
Instead, he alleges that he was not hired because Ford regarded him as having such
an impairment. Under such a theory, Heuton “must prove that [Ford] either: (1)
wrongly believed that he had an impairment that substantially limited one or more
major life activities or (2) wrongly believed that an actual, non-limiting impairment
substantially limited one or more major life activities.” Id. (citing Mo. Code
Regs. Ann. tit. 8, § 60-3.060(1)(E)).

       Heuton is considered “substantially limited in performing a major life activity
for purposes of the MHRA if he [is] unable to perform or significantly restricted as
to the condition, manner or duration under which he could perform a particular major
life activity.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “Employment is a ‘major life
activity[.]’” Id. at 821 n.9 (citing Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 8, § 60-3.060(1)(C)).
Heuton’s “inability to perform a single, particular job does not constitute a substantial
limitation on the major life activity of working.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Rather, a “substantial limitation on the major life activity of working means
that an individual must be significantly restricted in the ability to perform either a
class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes.” Id. at 821-22 (emphasis
added) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           1.

      Heuton argues that the district court erred in using the broad-range-of-jobs
standard discussed in Daugherty because the district court, sua sponte, addressed his


      2
       At the time Daugherty was decided, the definition of “disability” appeared
at Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.010(4).             The definition now appears at
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.010(5). See S.B. 43, 99th Gen. Assemb., 1st Reg. Sess. (Mo.
2017).

                                          -5-
disability-discrimination claim as “an impairment from working or gripping” and not
as an “actual impairment of an anatomical loss of his left forearm and hand, affecting
his musculoskeletal functions.” Appellant’s Br. 36. Citing State ex rel. Sir v.
Gateway Taxi Management Co., 400 S.W.3d 478 (Mo. Ct. App. 2013), Heuton argues
that “when the claim is that the applicant’s impairment, other than working, affects
employability, the MHRA does not require the applicant to provide evidence of the
employer’s perception that the applicant is restricted from performing a class of jobs
or a broad range of jobs in various classes.” Appellant’s Br. 30 (emphasis added).

       Heuton’s reliance on Sir is misplaced. The court in Sir explained that
“‘working’ or ‘employment’ are not the only major life activities that affect
employability” because “‘ambulation’” is also a major life activity under the MHRA.
400 S.W.3d at 490. The court concluded that “evidence that complainant’s stroke had
impeded his ability to ambulate was sufficient evidence that complainant was
substantially limited in performing the major life activity of ambulation and was
sufficient standing alone to support the finding that complainant was statutorily
disabled.” Id. However, Heuton does not allege that he is substantially limited in
performing the major life activity of ambulation. Nor does he identify a major life
activity other than working or employment that would be sufficient, standing alone,
to support his claim that he is statutorily disabled under the MHRA. Based on the
applicable regulation, the most applicable major life activity in this case is
employment. See Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 8, § 60-3.060(1)(C) (“Major life activities
means those life activities which affect employability such as communication,
ambulation, self-care, socialization, education, vocational training, employment and
transportation[.]”).

      While the ADA protects the loss of the operation of musculoskeletal functions
for purposes of a major life activity, see 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(B); 29
C.F.R. § 1630.2(i)(1)(ii), the MHRA does not. Under the ADA, an individual is
considered disabled under a regarded-as-having-an-impairment theory “if the

                                         -6-
individual establishes that he or she has been subjected to an action prohibited under
th[e ADA] because of an actual or perceived physical . . . impairment whether or not
the impairment limits or is perceived to limit a major life activity.” 42
U.S.C. § 12102(1)(C), (3)(A) (emphasis added). However, because Heuton sought
relief under the MHRA, it is that statute, not the ADA, that governs this case. Thus,
under Heuton’s chosen theory of liability, even if Heuton has shown that he has a
physical impairment, see Mo. Code Regs. Ann. tit. 8, § 60-3.060(1)(A)(1) (defining
physical impairment to include anatomical loss affecting musculoskeletal body
system), he must nonetheless show that Ford wrongly believed that physical
impairment substantially limited a major life activity. See Daugherty, 231 S.W.3d at
821. In other words, under the MHRA, “the finding of an impairment [is] only the
first step in finding a disability.” Morris v. VCW, Inc., No. 95-0737-CV-W-3-6, 1996
WL 429014, at *2 (W.D. Mo. July 24, 1996). Because this case only involves the
major life activity of working or employment, the broad-range-of-jobs standard
applies and, therefore, the district court did not err in using that standard.

                                          2.

       Next, Heuton argues that the district court erred in concluding that he had not
satisfied the broad-range-of-jobs standard because “Ford considered [him]
permanently restricted from all 700 assembly line jobs at [KCAP.]” Appellant’s Br.
56.

        Heuton points to the deposition testimony of Wesley Edwards, KCAP’s Senior
Labor Representative, who testified that, if an employee receives a “no gripping”
restriction, the employee is placed on medical, “no work available” status until such
restrictions are removed because the employee cannot do the work. However, we fail
to see the relevance, if any, of Edwards’s statement to the central question of whether
Ford regarded Heuton as significantly restricted from performing either a class of jobs
or a broad range of jobs in various classes. Moreover, Heuton does not point us to

                                         -7-
any evidence that Edwards, who answered to O’Reilly, was personally involved in the
decision not to hire him.

       Heuton also points to O’Reilly’s notation on his Medical Examination Form,
which provided that “[m]ost jobs @ KCAP require the use of both hands/arms
(hand-start bolts, grab stock, position job elements, etc.)” and that KCAP was “unable
to accommodate a one-hand restriction @ this time.” O’Reilly’s notation is evidence
that Ford regarded Heuton as unable to perform the single, particular job he applied
for: an entry-level assembler on a moving line. But this does not constitute
evidence that Ford regarded him as significantly restricted from performing either a
class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes.

      We have been mindful of the danger that an inability to perform a
      specific job always can be recast as an inability to perform a class of
      tasks associated with that specific job. Our court thus has emphasized
      that a person’s inability to perform one particular job is not a substantial
      limitation on the major life activity of working, and that working does
      not mean working at a particular job of the person’s choice.

Knutson v. Ag Processing, Inc., 394 F.3d 1047, 1051 (8th Cir. 2005) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).

       O’Reilly made no judgment about Heuton’s ability to perform other kinds of
assembly-line work. She simply believed Heuton could not perform the particular
demands of the particular job for which he submitted an application.
Compare Daugherty, 231 S.W.3d at 822 (concluding that the plaintiff’s evidence
demonstrated that “the City believed he was incapable of performing an entire class
of jobs—uniformed officer positions of any rank” and not merely “the particular job
of police captain”), with Murphy v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 527 U.S. 516,
524 (1999) (concluding that the evidence, “[a]t most,” demonstrated that the plaintiff
was “unable to perform the job of mechanic only when that job requires driving a

                                          -8-
commercial motor vehicle” and stating that the plaintiff had “put forward no evidence
that he is regarded as unable to perform any mechanic job that does not call for
driving a commercial motor vehicle”).

                                          3.

       Additionally, Heuton argues that he provided direct evidence of discrimination,
which is sufficient to survive summary judgment. “Direct evidence is that which
shows a specific link between the alleged discriminatory animus and the challenged
decision, sufficient to support a finding that an illegitimate criterion actually
motivated the employment decision.” Id. at 818 n.4. Heuton points to the deposition
testimony and certain actions of Kutch, the head of the medical department.
However, he neither referenced nor asserted in his summary judgment briefing that
anything Kutch said or did was direct evidence of discrimination, as he does now on
appeal. See Platte Valley Bank v. Tetra Fin. Grp., LLC, 682 F.3d 1078, 1086 (8th
Cir. 2012) (concluding that the appellant waived argument because it was not raised
in summary judgment briefing). “Absent exceptional circumstances, not present here,
we cannot consider issues not raised in the district court.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). Accordingly, this argument has been waived.

                                          4.

       Heuton further argues that Ford should be precluded from relitigating the issue
of whether Ford regarded Heuton as significantly restricted from performing either
a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes because this issue has been
fully and adversely determined against Ford in Peterson v. Ford Motor
Co., Civ. No. 03-5027 (DWF/AJB), 2006 WL 2375653 (D. Minn. Aug. 15, 2006).

     Heuton invokes the doctrine of offensive collateral estoppel, which “applies
when a plaintiff is attempting to prevent a defendant from pursuing an issue that the

                                         -9-
defendant previously litigated and lost to a different plaintiff.” Kent v. United of
Omaha Life Ins. Co., 484 F.3d 988, 994 (8th Cir. 2007). “The application of
collateral estoppel is a question of law that we . . . review de novo.” Robinette v.
Jones, 476 F.3d 585, 588 (8th Cir. 2007).

        Heuton, however, has waived this argument because he did not raise it before
the district court. Accord Ga. Pac. Consumer Prods., LP v. Von Drehle Corp., 710
F.3d 527, 533 (4th Cir. 2013) (explaining that a party waives a preclusion defense “by
waiting too long to assert the defense after it becomes available”). “Collateral
estoppel may be raised at any stage of the proceedings, so long as it is raised at the
first reasonable opportunity after the rendering of the decision having the preclusive
effect.” Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 968 F.2d 707, 711 (8th
Cir. 1992). In support of its holding, this Court in Aetna cited the Eleventh Circuit’s
decision in Cotton States Mutual Insurance Co. v. Anderson, 749 F.2d 663 (11th Cir.
1984). In Cotton, the court concluded that the appellee had not waived the use of
offensive collateral estoppel despite the failure to raise the argument before the
district court because briefing had been completed before the issuance of a state court
decision that was adverse to the appellant. Id. at 665-66.

      Here, unlike in Cotton, Peterson was available to Heuton at the outset of the
case; it was decided in 2006, well before the commencement of this litigation
in federal court in 2016. Unlike the appellee in Cotton, Heuton had ample
opportunity to raise the use of offensive collateral estoppel before the district court
but did not. See Von Drehle, 710 F.3d at 533-34.

       Heuton argues that he did not waive the use of offensive collateral estoppel
because “Ford did not assert that Heuton’s regarded as disability claims are regarded
as disability from working claims” and, therefore, “[t]his issue was not raised by any
pleading or motion, and was only addressed by the [district court] after the parties[’]
briefing on the 2008 amendments issue.” Appellant’s Reply Br. 12-13. However, as

                                         -10-
explained above, Heuton’s disability-discrimination claim cannot be anything other
than a “disability from working claim[]” because Heuton fails to identify a cognizable
major life activity other than working or employment under Missouri law.

        Moreover, the district court scheduled oral argument on whether Heuton had
shown that Ford regarded him as having an impairment under the broad-range-of-jobs
standard and instructed the parties to “file a list of cases they anticipate will be
discussed by them in argument, if previously uncited cases will be discussed.” Order
4, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 112; see also Order 1, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 113 (“Counsel are reminded to
file a list of relied upon cases not previously cited, at least two days before the date
of argument.”). Notably absent from Heuton’s list of cases was citation to Peterson,
see Pl.’s Statement Add’l Supp. 1-2, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 115, which Heuton now claims
adversely determined against Ford the very issue the district court scheduled for oral
argument. Nor did Heuton raise at the oral argument the use of Peterson for purposes
of collateral estoppel or use of the doctrine generally. See Oral Arg. Tr., Dist. Ct.
Dkt. 129. Heuton does not argue that the avenues the district court provided were
unreasonable opportunities to raise the potential offensive collateral estoppel effect
of Peterson. See Aetna, 968 F.2d at 711. Accordingly, Heuton has waived the use
of offensive collateral estoppel.

       Because Heuton has failed to show that Ford regarded him as having a
disability, his claim of discrimination under the MHRA fails.

                                          B.

       Finally, Heuton argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment to Ford on his retaliation claim. An employer cannot “retaliate or
discriminate in any manner against any other person because such person has opposed
any practice prohibited by th[e MHRA.]” Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.070.1(2). A
retaliation claim under the MHRA requires Heuton to show that (1) he “complained

                                         -11-
of an MHRA-prohibited activity,” (2) Ford “took an adverse employment action,”
and (3) “a causal connection exists between the complaint and adverse action.”
Shirrell v. St. Francis Med. Ctr., 793 F.3d 881, 886 (8th Cir. 2015) (citing McCrainey
v. Kan. City Mo. Sch. Dist., 337 S.W.3d 746, 753 (Mo. Ct. App. 2011)).

      Heuton, however, provides neither meaningful argument nor Missouri
precedent supporting any variation of his retaliation claim. “Allegations of error not
accompanied by convincing argument and citation to authority need not be addressed
on appeal” and “we regularly decline to consider cursory or summary arguments that
are unsupported by citations to legal authorities.” Watson v. O’Neill, 365 F.3d 609,
615 (8th Cir. 2004). Heuton’s opening brief merely recites the applicable legal
standard for a retaliation claim under the MHRA and, in a one sentence footnote,
makes passing reference to Hill v. Ford Motor Co., 277 S.W.3d 659 (Mo. 2009).
But see Ritchie Capital Mgmt., L.L.C. v. Jeffries, 653 F.3d 755, 763 n.4 (8th Cir.
2011) (refusing to address argument on the merits that was “mentioned in the[] brief
only by way of a footnote”). By Fed. R. App. P. 28(j) letter, Heuton directs us to
the Missouri Court of Appeals’ decision in Li Lin v. Ellis, No. ED 105886, 2018 WL
5915533 (Mo. Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2018). However, the Supreme Court of
Missouri granted transfer in Li Lin, see Li Lin v. Ellis, No. SC97641 (Mo. Apr. 2,
2019), which means that the Missouri Court of Appeals’ decision was “necessarily
vacated and set aside[.]” State v. Norman, 380 S.W.2d 406, 407 (Mo. 1964).
Accordingly, we decline to consider Heuton’s retaliation claim on appeal.

                                         III.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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