                              NUMBER 13-05-371-CR

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                     CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


ESTEBAN TREVINO VILLEGAS,                                                    Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                          Appellee.


     On appeal from the 92nd District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Vela
                 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza

       A jury convicted appellant, Esteban Trevino Villegas, of capital murder of a child.

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003), § 19.03 (Vernon Supp. 2007). The

trial court assessed an automatic life sentence. Id. § 12.31(b). On appeal, appellant raises

eleven issues, which, for purposes of organization, will be reordered, addressed as five,

and referred to numerically as follows: (1) the evidence was legally insufficient to support
a capital murder conviction; (2) the evidence was factually insufficient to support a capital

murder conviction; (3) the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion for new trial based

on newly discovered evidence and “in the interest of justice;” (4) the trial court abused its

discretion in denying a new trial based upon the State’s alleged withholding of material,

exculpatory evidence; and (5) the State made inappropriate comments during closing

arguments that improperly shifted the burden of proof to appellant, which constituted

reversible error. We affirm.

                        I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On November 12, 2003, appellant’s ten-week-old son, Alexander Noah Villegas

(“Alex”) stopped breathing while he was in appellant’s sole care. Appellant reported that

he had fed Alex at 11:00 a.m., Alex’s usual meal time. Subsequently, appellant put Alex

down for a nap and then discovered that Alex had stopped breathing at about 1:00 p.m.

Alex was rushed to McAllen Medical Center, where doctors discovered that he had a large

skull fracture and intracranial bleeding that had caused massive brain swelling. In addition,

doctors found that Alex had twelve fractured ribs in various stages of healing, a fractured

right arm bone, and fractures to both of his thigh bones.

       Doctors conducted CT scans of Alex and found that he was brain dead.

Furthermore, doctors reviewed the CT scans, other medical records, and appellant’s

statement that Alex was normal when he fed Alex at 11:00 a.m. and determined that the

cause of Alex’s injuries was child abuse, specifically shaken baby syndrome (“SBS”) or

shaken impact syndrome (“SIS”).

       In light of this information, appellant and his wife demanded a second opinion from

Driscoll Children’s Hospital (“Driscoll”) in Corpus Christi. Doctors at Driscoll came to the
                                               2
same conclusion that Alex had been abused and that the abuse was the cause of his

injuries. On November 15, 2003, Alex was pronounced dead. The Nueces County

medical examiner concluded that Alex’s cause of death was homicide by SBS or SIS.

       On March 4, 2004, appellant was charged by indictment with one count of capital

murder stemming from the death of his infant son, Alex. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §

19.02(b)(1), § 19.03(a)(8). On October 4, 2004, appellant filed a “MOTION TO PRODUCE

EXCULPATORY AND MITIGATING EVIDENCE” pursuant to Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.

83 (1963). Subsequently, appellant pleaded not guilty to the crime alleged and proceeded

to trial by jury in the 92nd District Court of Hidalgo County.

       Trial commenced on January 17, 2005. At trial, the State’s evidence demonstrated

that Alex was normal and healthy until appellant was forced to miss his college classes for

a fourth day in a row to babysit Alex on November 12, 2003. The State presented expert

testimony from Alex’s pediatrician—Jorge Kutagata, M.D., the obstetrician who delivered

Alex—Mitchell Hughston, M.D., two pediatric intensive care physicians—Krishna Turlipati,

M.D. and Karl Serrao, M.D., a pediatric resident—Beth Treviño, M.D., a pediatric

neurologist—Wilson Sy, M.D., and the Nueces County medical examiner—Ray Fernandez,

M.D., demonstrating that Alex’s injuries could have only been caused by vigorous shaking

and blunt force trauma to his head when left alone with appellant. Appellant presented two

expert witnesses, his wife’s current obstetrician/gynecologist—Ruben Martinez, M.D.—and

an internist—Jerry Bush, M.D. Appellant also presented the testimony of Alex’s mother,

Ana Moya. All of appellant’s witnesses testified that Alex’s injuries were due to “acute

infantile scurvy” or vitamin C deficiency.

       The jury found appellant guilty of capital murder; however, the State did not seek
                                              3
the death penalty. On February 9, 2005, appellant received the automatic sentence of life

imprisonment. Subsequently, on March 10, 2005, appellant filed a motion for new trial with

the trial court based upon newly discovered evidence regarding Dr. Cesar Costa-Luna’s

expert opinion that the date of occurrence of Alex’s linear skull fracture cannot be

determined unless a microscopic slide examination is performed. Appellant’s motion also

complained of the failure of the State to disclose exculpatory evidence pertaining to

statements made by Anastasio Farias, an employee of Pro Medic EMS and a prosecution

witness, that were allegedly favorable to appellant.

         On March 11, 2005, appellant filed an amended motion for new trial reasserting the

contentions he raised in his original motion for new trial and alleging that the jury’s verdict

does not comply with rule 21.3(c) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.1 See TEX .

R. APP. P. 21.3(c) (requiring the trial court to grant a defendant a new trial “when the verdict

has been decided by lot or in any manner other than a fair expression of the juror’s

opinion”). On April 21, 2005, the State filed a motion to strike the juror affidavits appellant

relied upon in his amended motion for new trial. The trial court subsequently granted the

State’s motion to strike.2 After a hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s original and



         1
            Appellant presented the affidavits of Thelm a Quintanilla and Eduardo Perez to establish his
contention that the jury verdict was unreliable. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 21.3(c). The affidavit from juror Quintanilla
stated that she felt pressured by other jurors to change her vote to guilty and that it is likely that two other
jurors who originally were undecided were pressured to change their votes to guilty. Appellant asserts that
Quintanilla’s guilty vote is not a fair expression of her opinion. Appellant also asserted that the affidavit of
Eduardo Perez established that the jury relied upon the unreliable testim ony of the State’s expert witnesses
as it pertained to identity and the date of Alex’s skull fractures. Appellant therefore contends that Perez’s
affidavit also establishes that the jury’s verdict is unreliable. See id.

         2
          There is neither a date included in the trial court’s order granting the State’s m otion to strike
appellant’s juror affidavits nor a file stam p by the trial court; however, the order is signed by the trial judge and
has been m ade part of the record.



                                                          4
amended motions for new trial on April 25, 2005.3 This appeal ensued.

                                                  II. ANALYSIS

1. Legal Sufficiency of Appellant’s Capital Murder Conviction

        By his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence supporting his capital murder

conviction is neither legally nor factually sufficient. In support of this contention, appellant

argues that: (1) the fact that the evidence tended to show that appellant was the last

person to be seen with the child is insufficient to sustain the conviction and (2) newly

discovered expert, Dr. Costa-Luna, opined that the fracture Alex sustained could not be

dated without a microscopic examination, and testimony from other physicians regarding

the fracture is mere speculation and therefore unreliable. Conversely, the State contends

that: (1) appellant has provided “numerous highly improbable explanations of his son’s

injuries;” (2) appellant waived any objection to the reliability of the State’s expert witnesses;

and (3) the State was not required to perform any particular scientific test to properly

establish causation.

        a. Standard of Review

        In a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

318-19 (1979); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The trier

of fact is the sole judge of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight given

        3
          Specifically, in denying appellant’s am ended m otion for new trial, the trial court noted that “the Court
is of the opinion that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict. The Court declines to acquit
ESTEBAN VILLEGAS.”



                                                         5
to testimony. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979); Jackson, 443

U.S. at 318-39; Beckham v. State, 29 S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]

2000, pet. ref'd). We do not reevaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence, whether

circumstantial or direct, nor do we substitute our own judgment for that of the trier of fact.

Mosley v. State, 141 S.W.3d 816, 821 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2004, pet. ref'd); Beckham,

29 S.W.3d at 151. Instead, we consider whether the jury reached a rational decision.

Beckham, 29 S.W.3d at 151.

       In legal sufficiency review, each fact need not point directly and independently to the

guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances

is sufficient to support the conviction. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007) (citing Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Barnes v.

State, 876 S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Alexander v. State, 740 S.W.2d 749,

758 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)). Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence

in establishing the guilt of an actor; circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to

establish guilt. Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). On appeal,

both circumstantial and direct evidence cases are examined using the same standard of

review. Id.

       We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as

defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Adi v. State, 94 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002,

pet. ref'd). "Such a charge would accurately set out the law, would be authorized by the

indictment, and would not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof.” Malik, 953



                                              6
S.W.2d at 240. The elements of the charged offense in this case are: (1) appellant

intentionally or knowingly caused the death of an individual; and (2) the individual was

under six years of age. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(b)(1), § 19.03(a)(8). A

successful legal sufficiency challenge will result in the rendition of an acquittal by the

reviewing court. Adi, 94 S.W.3d at 128 (citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41-42 (1982)).

        b. Discussion

        In his first sub-issue, appellant argues that the State’s evidence was legally

insufficient as to identity. In support of his contention, appellant cites to a litany of cases

and compares the strength of evidence and the outcomes in those cases with the evidence

presented at trial and offers alternative explanations for Alex’s cause of death.4
        4
           Specifically, appellant notes that: (1) “[t]here was nothing in [this case] like Nathan’s [Nathan v.
State, 611 S.W .2d 69 (Tex. Crim . App. 1981)] saying he had gotten rid of a person”; (2) unlike Skelton v.
State, 795 S.W .2d 162 (Tex. Crim . App. 1990), “[t]here is no evidence here that the father threatened his own
child”; (3) unlike Powell v. State, 822 S.W .2d 231 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1991, no pet.), “[t]here was no
statem ent by the defendant that he had striken [sic] the child”; (4) “[t]here was no evidence . . . of a note
asking for forgiveness . . . [appellant] did not say that he struck the child. Nor was there any physical evidence
in [this case] like the sim ilar knots in Camacho,” see Camacho v. State, 765 S.W .2d 431 (Tex. Crim . App.
1989); (5) “In [this case] the evidence shows that the father was the last person seen with the child. The
evidence is no stronger in [this case] than it was in King,” see King v. State, 638 S.W .2d 903 (Tex. Crim . App.
1982); and (6) “In [this case] there is no im probable explanation by [appellant]. The State had a stronger case
in W right than it does in [this case]. But W right was acquitted, on stronger evidence than that presented
against [appellant],” see W right v. State, 603 S.W .2d 838 (Tex. Crim . App. 1980).

          It is clear to this Court that the court of crim inal appeals determ ined the above cited cases upon which
appellant relies using the old legal sufficiency standard which required the State to exclude all other
reasonable hypotheses. See, e.g., King, 638 S.W .2d at 904 (“A conviction based on circum stantial evidence
cannot be sustained if the circum stances do not exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except that of the
guilt of the defendant; proof am ounting only to a strong suspicion or m ere probability is insufficient.”); Nathan,
611 S.W .2d at 75 (sam e); Skelton, 795 S.W .2d at 167-69 (sam e); Powell, 822 S.W .2d at 234 (sam e); W right,
603 S.W .2d at 840 (sam e). The court of crim inal appeals, in Geesa v. State, overruled the “reasonable
hypothesis” construct for legal sufficiency review. 820 S.W .2d 154, 156-161 (“[T]here is but one standard of
proof for crim inal convictions and where the jury is properly instructed on that standard, a charge on
circum stantial evidence is valueless and invites confusion. . . . Rather than aiding jurors in applying the
reasonable doubt standard, an additional charge on circum stantial evidence focusing on the “reasonable
hypothesis” theory serves only to distract jurors from exam ining the proper standard of proof as the prim ary
focus of their deliberations.”).

       Appellant further notes that the dissent in Geesa dem onstrated how the “Court of Crim inal Appeals
has used both the Jackson standard and the “exclude every other reasonable hypothesis” construct to reach



                                                         7
        Appellant testified at trial and noted on several occasions that Alex was fine at 11:00

a.m. It is undisputed that Alex was unconscious and not breathing at 1:00 p.m. the same

day. The evidence demonstrated that appellant was the only person with Alex from the

time period of 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on November 12, 2003. Since Alex’s death,

appellant has claimed he did not hurt Alex and offered a myriad of explanations for Alex’s

injuries: that four nurses pushed on his wife’s stomach during Alex’s birth; that his wife

was denied a C-section; that his wife’s friend had a baby who had stopped breathing in the

care of the same obstetrician; and that his wife was told that she could not have children

because “they would not live.” Then, at trial, appellant contended that Alex, who weighed

over 11 pounds at ten weeks of age and who was fed vitamin-C-enriched infant formula,

had a vitamin C deficiency that caused him to sustain a fatal massive skull fracture and

brain bleeding, as well as fifteen different bone fractures.5 At no time did appellant claim

that another person was present and could have caused the injuries Alex sustained or that

he was not entrusted with babysitting Alex on November 12, 2003. The jury, being the sole

judge of credibility of the witnesses, was free to accept or reject the evidence before it, and

in doing so, concluded that it was appellant who intentionally murdered Alex. See Trevino


the sam e result.” 820 S.W .2d at 169 n.8 (Clinton, J., dissenting). Appellant then argues that either test would
yield the sam e result: that the evidence was legally insufficient. However, we find the dissent in Geesa to be
unpersuasive in light of the Court of Crim inal Appeals’ m ore recent determ ination that reviewing courts are
to exam ine circum stantial and direct evidence cases using the sam e legal sufficiency standard: the Jackson
standard. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W .3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim . App. 2004).

        5
            Dr. Beth Treviño testified that appellant provided num erous “blam e alternatives” and tried to
m inim ize the severity of Alex’s fractured bones by stating “they’re already healing.” Dr. Treviño also noted that
appellant showed little concern for how Alex got the fractures in the first place. Christine Ketchum , a social
worker at Driscoll who interviewed appellant, Alex, and Ana Moya, Alex’s m other, testified that Moya adm itted
that she was unsure what happened the day Alex died. In addition, Ketchum noted that “[p]atient appears to
have been physically assaulted as per the injury patient shows as highly suspicious of child abuse. The fam ily
appears to give no explanation of how patient cam e to injuries.” Ketchum further testified that Alex exhibited
signs of past abuse, which neither Moya nor appellant could explain.



                                                        8
v. State, 228 S.W.3d 729, 738 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Earls v.

State, 707 S.W.2d 82, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). Considering appellant was the only

person with Alex during the relevant time period, we conclude that the evidence is legally

sufficient as to the issue of identity. See Earls, 707 S.W.2d at 85 (“Evidence as to the

identity of the perpetrator of an offense can be proved by direct or circumstantial

evidence.”). We further conclude that it was not incumbent upon the State to exclude all

other reasonable hypotheses. See Guevara, 152 S.W.3d at 49 (applying the same

standard of review for direct and circumstantial evidence cases).

       In his second sub-issue, appellant contends that the testimony from the State’s

expert witnesses regarding the dating of Alex’s skull fracture is mere speculation and

therefore unreliable in light of Dr. Costa-Luna’s affidavit testimony. Specifically, appellant

notes that “[t]he testimony of Doctors Turlipati, Serrao, Sy, and Fernandez amounts to

mere speculation about the date and time of the [skull] fracture, since none of them did a

microscopic examination of the fracture and none of them did a microscopic examination

of the skull.” Appellant also argues that the State’s evidence was “scientifically unreliable.”

We construe this sub-issue as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the State’s evidence

on causation.

       The admission of expert testimony lies within the sound discretion of the trial court

and will not be set aside absent a showing of an abuse of that discretion. Joiner v. State,

825 S.W.2d 701, 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence

governs the admission of all expert testimony. See TEX . R. EVID . 702; see also Kelly v.

State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Rule 702 provides:



                                              9
       If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of
       fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness
       qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
       may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

TEX . R. EVID . 702.

       The trial court, before admitting expert testimony, must be satisfied that three

conditions are met: (1) that the witness qualifies as an expert by reason of his knowledge,

skill, experience, training, or education; (2) that the subject matter of the testimony is an

appropriate one for expert testimony; and (3) that admitting the expert testimony will

actually assist the fact-finder in deciding the case. Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199,

215-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). However, the “threshold determination” for a trial court to

make regarding the admission of expert testimony is whether the testimony will help the

jury understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue. See Kelly, 824 S.W.2d at 572.

“Unreliable . . . scientific evidence simply will not assist the [jury] to understand the

evidence or accurately determine a fact in issue; such evidence obfuscates rather than

leads to an intelligent evaluation of the facts.” Id. (quoting K. Kreiling, Scientific Evidence:

Toward Providing the Lay Trier With the Comprehensible and Reliable Evidence

Necessary to Meet the Goals of the Rules of Evidence, 32 ARIZ. L. REV. 915, 941-42

(1990)).6
       6
           In Kelly v. State, the court of crim inal appeals noted:

       Factors that could affect a trial court’s determ ination of reliability include, but are not lim ited
       to, the following: (1) the extent to which the underlying scientific theory and technique are
       accepted as valid by the relevant scientific com m unity, if such a com m unity can be
       ascertained; (2) the qualifications of the experts testifying; (3) the existence of literature
       supporting or rejecting the underlying scientific theory and technique; (4) the potential rate
       of error of the technique; (5) the availability of other experts to test and evaluate the
       technique; (6) the clarity with which the underlying scientific theory and technique can be
       explained to the court; and (7) the experience and skill of the person(s) who applied the
       technique on the occasion in question.



                                                        10
        However, in the instant case, appellant’s unreliability argument is entirely premised

on his assertion that the State’s medical experts did not conduct a microscopic examination

of Alex’s skull and of the fracture itself. To the contrary, the record contains findings filed

by Dr. Fernandez which indicate that a microscopic examination of Alex’s skull and Alex’s

skull fracture was conducted on November 17, 2003. Dr. Fernandez noted the following

with respect to the microscopic examination of Alex’s skull and skull fracture:

“[e]xtravasated fresh blood.” In an affidavit filed April 19, 2005, Dr. Fernandez stated:

“The skeletal trauma of the skull fracture was examined by x-rays, gross autopsy and by

microscopic exam. The skull fracture is recent and minutes to hours old.” Therefore, it is

clear from the evidence adduced at trial that a microscopic examination of Alex’s skull and

skull fracture was conducted.          Based in part on Dr. Fernandez’s findings from the

microscopic examination of Alex’s skull and skull fracture, the jury was free to conclude

that appellant, being the only person with Alex during the relevant time period, caused the

injuries Alex sustained.

        On appeal, appellant has not attacked the method by which Dr. Fernandez

conducted the microscopic examination nor argued to the trial court that alternative

methods for conducting microscopic examinations exist or that an additional microscopic

examination would yield a different result. Instead, appellant steadfastly contends that no

microscopic examination was conducted and that because of this, the testimony of the

State’s medical experts as to the date of the skull fracture was mere speculation and




824 S.W .2d 568, 573 (Tex. Crim . App. 1992).




                                                11
therefore unreliable expert testimony.7 Because the record reflects that a microscopic

examination was conducted, Dr. Fernandez’s findings helped establish the date of the

injury, and appellant did not dispute the method by which Dr. Fernandez conducted the

microscopic examination, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient as to the issue

of causation.8

        Because we have concluded that (1) the evidence was legally sufficient as to identity

and the State was not required to exclude all reasonable hypotheses and (2) the evidence

is legally sufficient as to the issue of causation, we overrule appellant’s first issue.

2. Factual Sufficiency

        In his second issue, appellant asserts that the evidence is factually insufficient to

sustain his conviction. Specifically, appellant notes “[i]n [this case] the evidence is factually

insufficient because the testimony of Doctors Turlipati, Sy, Fernandez, and Serrao is

unscientific for failure to follow professional norms . . . . It is overcome by the testimony

of Drs. Bush and Costa-Luna and the professional literature and the complete failure of the

[S]tate to prove any motive for a father to kill his own son.” Conversely, the State contends

that (1) it was not required to prove motive, (2) appellant’s own expert witness testified that

        7
           On appeal, appellant appears to argue that the State’s expert witnesses did not adhere to
professional norm s in deriving their findings and subsequent testim ony. However, appellant has not provided
this Court with an explanation as to how the State’s expert witness did not adhere to professional norm s. As
such, we find that this contention has been inadequately briefed. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h).

        8
            Although it appears to be good practice to conduct a m icroscopic exam ination to date bone
fractures, appellant has not cited to nor are we aware of any authority that requires the State to conduct a
m icroscopic exam ination, m uch less any other tests, to date a bone fracture during the course of a crim inal
investigation. Moreover, appellant has not provided expert testim ony disputing the m ethods used by Dr.
Fernandez in conducting the m icroscopic exam ination or his subsequent findings. Appellant m erely argues
on appeal that a m icroscopic exam ination was not conducted and that Dr. Costa-Luna’s testim ony proves that
a skull fracture cannot be “accurately tim ed or dated without m icroscopic exam ination of both the fracture and
the skull.”



                                                      12
Alex’s injuries could not have been sustained during birth, (3) the jury is permitted to make

reasonable inferences and to “stack” inferences, and (4) despite some conflicting evidence

in the record, the jury’s verdict is not against the “great weight and preponderance of the

evidence.”

a. Standard of Review

       In a factual sufficiency review, we review the evidence in a neutral light to determine

whether the evidence is so weak that the jury's verdict seems clearly wrong and manifestly

unjust. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15. After considering all of the evidence in the record

related to appellant's sufficiency challenge, we compare the evidence weighed by the jury

that tends to prove the elemental fact in dispute with the evidence that tends to disprove

it. Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 164 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). This Court

will not reverse the jury's verdict unless we can say with some objective basis in the record

that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the verdict. Watson,

204 S.W.3d at 415.

b. Discussion

       We begin this section by addressing appellant’s contention that the evidence was

factually insufficient to support his conviction because the State failed to prove motive

beyond a reasonable doubt. However, the court of criminal appeals has held that proof of

motive is not required to sustain a conviction for capital murder. See Vuong v. State, 830

S.W.2d 929, 934 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“Finally, we note that it is not required that the

State show a motive in order to sustain a conviction of capital murder.”) (citing Garcia v.

State, 495 S.W.2d 257, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973)). Therefore, appellant’s contention


                                             13
that the State failed to prove motive beyond a reasonable doubt does not render the

evidence factually insufficient to sustain his conviction.

        Appellant also argues that the State’s “proof is stacked inferences and

unreasonable inferences: ‘The dad was the last one seen with the child, the child had

some fractures that could have been from birth trauma or could have been from vitamin

deficiency, the bleeding could have been from the vitamin deficiency, but the mom and dad

were apart and perhaps estranged, so the dad must have killed the baby.’”9

        We will first address appellant’s contention that the jury impermissibly “stacked

inferences.” The court of criminal appeals has recently opined on the issue of “stacked

inferences,” but in the context of legal sufficiency review. In Hooper v. State, the court

noted that:

                 In the context of modern criminal law, a rule against inference
        stacking is unnecessary. . . . [W]e permit juries to draw multiple reasonable
        inferences as long as each inference is supported by the evidence presented
        at trial. However, juries are not permitted to come to conclusions based on
        mere speculation or factually unsupported inferences or presumptions. . . .
        A presumption is a legal reference that a fact exists if the facts giving rise to
        the presumption are proven beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . A jury may find
        that the element of the offense sought to be presumed exists, but it is not
        bound to find so. In contrast, an inference is a conclusion reached by
        considering other facts and deducing a logical consequence from them.
        Speculation is mere theorizing or guessing about the possible meaning of
        facts and evidence presented. A conclusion reached by speculation may not
        be completely unreasonable, but it is not sufficiently based on facts or
        evidence to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt.
                 As stated above, juries are permitted to draw multiple reasonable

        9
           In closing argum ents, appellant first speculated about appellant and Moya being apart or perhaps
estranged and that stress resulted in appellant’s frustration. Specifically, appellant’s trial counsel argued “I
guess Mr. Alm aguer, through his exam ination of Ms. Moya in asking her about not being able to sleep with
Ms. Moya [sic] [appellant] at night is an indication of som e kind of a sexual frustration. I don’t know what he
was driving at.” Regardless, as later explained, the rem aining evidence contained in the record is factually
sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.



                                                      14
       inferences from the evidence (direct or circumstantial), but they are not
       permitted to draw conclusions based on speculation.

214 S.W.3d 9, 15-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citations omitted). Based on our review of

Texas case law, the court of criminal appeals has not applied the Hooper reasoning

pertaining to “stacked inferences” to factual sufficiency review. However, we need not

“stack” inferences in the instant case to conclude that the evidence is factually sufficient

to support the jury’s verdict.

       i. Appellant’s Witnesses

       The record contains testimony from appellant’s own expert witness, Dr. Martinez,

that Alex’s injuries were not caused by a difficult delivery. Specifically, Dr. Martinez noted:

       Q:     Doctor, if you would—did you see the records of—the delivery
              records?

       A:     Yes, I reviewed them front to back.

       Q:     Okay. Did you see the records of Baby Alex?

       A:     The baby was born perfectly fine. He had excellent Apgars. His pH,
              that is when we measure acidity in the blood in [sic] the newborn, was
              normal. The baby had—it was a difficult delivery, but the baby came
              out fine.

              ....

       Q:     So we can eliminate birth trauma?

       A:     Absolutely, and I eliminated it.

The State’s expert witnesses agreed with Dr. Martinez’s assessment that Alex did not




                                              15
sustain injuries during delivery.10 Dr. Martinez further noted that he believed Alex died from

acute neonatal vitamin C deficiency secondary to vaccination.11

        Dr. Bush testified that Alex’s injuries were probably caused by a vitamin C

deficiency. However, Dr. Bush admitted that he had only been involved with one shaken

baby syndrome case during his rotations in the mid-1980's and testified that a vitamin C

deficiency does not result in a skull fracture. Dr. Bush also recognized that although he

believes that Alex’s injuries were caused by a vitamin C deficiency, there could be “other

possibilities” as to the cause of those injuries. In addition, Dr. Bush testified that it takes

six to twenty-four months for chronic infantile scurvy (Barlow’s disease) to develop even

though Alex was only ten weeks old at the time of his death. On the other hand, Dr. Bush

noted that acute infantile scurvy can occur in infants much younger than six months.12 Dr.

Bush further testified that the bones of children diagnosed with vitamin C deficiency are

thin. Dr. Bush admitted that he did not personally examine the bones of Alex to determine

if Alex’s bones were thin.

        Moya, appellant’s wife, also testified on behalf of appellant. Moya noted that Alex

did not like the Infamil formula that he was being fed and that he was fussy and colicky

about 50% to 75% of the time. Moya offered numerous explanations and excuses for

Alex’s injuries, including a difficult delivery where four nurses pushed on her stomach and

         10
            Dr. Mitchell Hughston, the obstetrician who delivered Alex, also concluded that Alex was healthy
at birth and that there were no injuries to Alex’s head at the tim e of birth.

        11
           The record does not contain any scientific literature or evidence supporting Dr. Martinez’s theories
on Alex’s death. Dr. Martinez admitted at trial that his theory was based on his own notes, which were not
adm itted into evidence.

        12
           Dr. Bush notes that infantile scurvy is also known as Barlow’s disease and that “acute infantile
scurvy” m erely refers to the sudden onset of infantile scurvy.



                                                     16
Dr. Hughston denied her a C-section, Dr. Kutagata allegedly lied about appellant stating

that Alex suffered a bruised eye because he hit his head on the table, Alex had problems

since birth that Dr. Kutagata did not document, Dr. Kutagata allegedly did not do his job

well, and Dr. Serrao did not do all the tests she requested. Moya further testified that

appellant attended college classes on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and for two

hours on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Moya noted that her mother usually watched Alex

while appellant was in school and she was at work.13

        ii. The State’s Witnesses

        Dr. Fernandez testified that Alex’s bones were not thin and were not vitamin C

deficient based upon the results of his autopsy of Alex’s body. Dr. Fernandez also testified

that Alex weighed ten pounds at the time of the autopsy, which represented an increase

in Alex’s weight from 6.6 pounds when Dr. Serrao examined Alex at Driscoll. Dr. Kutagata,

Alex’s pediatrician, testified that the symptoms of juvenile scurvy are bleeding, swelling, a

purplish color, fragility, pain mainly in the legs, lack of healing, and lesions and fractures;

mainly in the long bones and wrists, but skull fractures are rarely seen. Dr. Kutagata also

testified that very few American children have Barlow’s disease because most infant

formulas contain vitamin C. Dr. Kutagata further testified that vaccines do not cause

vitamin C deficiency and that Alex’s injuries are not consistent with vitamin C deficiency

because vitamin C is needed for healing and Alex had many rib fractures in different

stages of healing. Dr. Kutagata noted that Alex was not vitamin K deficient because he

        13
           Moya testified that she worked from 6:30 a.m . to about 6:00 p.m . The record also contains the
testim ony of Maria Elena Moya, Ana’s m other and Alex’s grandm other, who testified that she was unable to
care for Alex on Novem ber 12, 2003, because she had been ill with the flu for several days and that appellant
asked for perm ission to care for Alex on those days.



                                                     17
received a vitamin K shot just after birth and had not bled profusely when he was

circumcised. Finally, Dr. Kutagata recalled an instance on November 4, 2003, when Alex’s

grandparents brought Alex in complaining that he was fussy, irritable, had a runny nose,

a loss of appetite, and was vomiting. Dr. Kutagata noticed a thin bruise under Alex’s left

eye and asked how it happened. Dr. Kutagata testified that Alex’s grandmother replied that

she did not know how it happened but “it’s not what you’re thinking.” Appellant called later

to explain that Alex had “bobbed” and hit his eye on the table.

       Dr. Treviño testified that she had interviewed appellant and that he disclosed to her

that Alex fed well and was on Infamil formula, which contained all the necessary vitamins,

including vitamin C. Dr. Treviño’s testimony revealed that “[t]he recommended daily

allowance for vitamin C in infants zero to six months is anywhere from the 38 to 48

milligrams per day. And this child was receiving the proper amount of vitamin C daily.” Dr.

Treviño noted earlier that Alex was being fed two to three ounces of Infamil every three

hours and Infamil has “2.4 milligrams of vitamin C per ounce.”

       Dr. Turlipati, the pediatric intensive care doctor who treated Alex at McAllen Medical

Center, testified that he also interviewed appellant who disclosed to him that Alex was

feeding well about two hours prior to his death. Dr. Turlipati also testified as to SBS/SIS.

Dr. Turlipati noted that there was bleeding that was very recent around the skull fracture

Alex sustained. He also testified that Alex exhibited numerous other physical indications

of SBS/SIS, including blood along the tentorium of the cerebellum and the interhemispheric

fissure, a subdural hematoma, and flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages. Based on his

experience, Dr. Turlipati testified that SBS/SIS usually occurs when a care giver becomes



                                             18
frustrated with a baby who will not stop crying.14 Dr. Turlipati also commented on Alex’s

rib fractures, noting that some of the fractures were at least two weeks old, which indicated

to him that Alex had been abused in the past. Dr. Turlipati testified that someone had

squeezed Alex and fractured his ribs, which would have caused him to be cranky, to vomit,

and to have bowel movement problems because he was in pain. Dr. Turlipati also testified

that Alex was fed baby formula and that vitamin C deficiency was not the cause of Alex’s

injuries. Finally, Dr. Turlipati stressed the importance of the child’s history in establishing

child abuse. Dr. Turlipati noted that the family never made a report of an accidental fall

and the family had no explanation for Alex’s injuries at the time he examined Alex.

        Dr. Sy, the pediatric neurologist who also treated Alex at McAllen Medical Center

testified that he conducted tests on Alex when he was in a deep coma and very close to

brain dead. Dr. Sy testified that Alex’s injuries were very severe and required “a lot of

force, a lot of shaking.” Dr. Sy noted that the bleeding in Alex’s brain was consistent with

SBS/SIS and that child abuse was very high on his list of possibilities.

        Dr. Serrao, the pediatric intensive care doctor who treated Alex at Driscoll, testified

that based on his examination of Alex, it was clear to him that Alex’s head hit a blunt object

like a wall or mattress. Dr. Serrao further testified that Alex suffered a closed head injury

due to non-accidental trauma. Dr. Serrao concluded that Alex died of SBS/SIS and the

shaking occurred on November 12th. Finally, Dr. Serrao noted that Alex’s fractures could

not have been caused by his delivery, CPR, someone running with him, or a vitamin C


        14
           It is this testim ony upon which the State based its theory regarding Alex’s death: appellant becam e
frustrated that Alex continually cried and that he had to m iss his college classes for a fourth day in a row;
therefore, appellant shook Alex and threw him back into his crib.



                                                      19
deficiency; he was murdered.

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that no “stacked inferences” were necessary

to support appellant’s conviction. It was undisputed at trial that appellant was the sole care

giver of Alex during the relevant time. Furthermore, the evidence demonstrates that Alex’s

injuries were not from birth trauma and most likely not the result of a vitamin C or K

deficiency. In fact, Dr. Kutagata, Dr. Turlipati, Dr. Serrao, Dr. Sy, and Dr. Fernandez all

testified that Alex’s injuries were not caused by a vitamin C deficiency, but by intentional

child abuse. It is clear from our review of the record that the jury was reasonable in

concluding that Alex’s injuries were the result of SBS/SIS, especially in light of the State’s

expert witnesses. See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15 (noting that we only reverse a jury’s

verdict if the verdict is manifestly unjust or clearly wrong). Therefore, the jury needed only

to infer that appellant must have killed Alex given the fact that he was the sole care giver

of Alex during the relevant time period and that Alex’s injuries were most likely caused by

SBS/SIS while appellant served as Alex’s sole care giver. As such, only one inference was

needed. We further conclude that the evidence adduced at trial was factually sufficient to

support the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s second issue.

3. Motion for New Trial Based on Newly Discovered Evidence and “In the Interest of
Justice”

       In his third issue, appellant asserts that he is entitled to a new trial because he has

discovered Dr. Costa-Luna who will testify that the date of occurrence of the linear fracture

on Alex’s skull cannot be determined unless a microscopic slide examination is performed.

Appellant further asserts that no microscopic slide examination was conducted and that




                                             20
the State’s expert witnesses merely speculated on the date of the occurrence of the skull

fracture, which resulted in an unreliable jury verdict. Appellant also contends that certain

jurors were pressured by other jurors to return a guilty verdict, thus also resulting in an

unreliable jury verdict. The State counters by arguing that appellant has not presented an

issue for appeal with respect to this issue. The State further argues that Dr. Costa-Luna’s

testimony was adduced at the motion for new trial hearing and that his testimony is merely

collateral of impeaching evidence and would not yield a different result in another trial.

With respect to appellant’s contention that the trial court should have granted his motion

for new trial “in the interest of justice,” the State contends that the issue has not been

preserved for appeal and that appellant has failed to demonstrate that the jury’s verdict

was unreliable.

       a. Applicable Law

       Article 40.001 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides “[a] new trial shall

be granted an accused where material evidence favorable to the accused has been

discovered since trial.” TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 40.001 (Vernon 2006). However,

a trial court has discretion to decide whether to grant a new trial based upon newly

discovered evidence, and its ruling will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. See

Keeter v. State, 74 S.W.3d 31, 37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We do not substitute our

judgment for that of the trial court, but rather decide whether the trial court’s decision was

arbitrary or unreasonable. See Lewis v. State, 911 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

A party seeking a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence must show (1) the

newly discovered evidence was unknown or unavailable to the movant at the time of his



                                             21
trial, (2) the movant’s failure to discover or obtain the evidence was not due to a lack of

diligence, (3) the new evidence is admissible and is not merely cumulative, corroborative,

collateral, or impeaching, and (4) the new evidence is probably true and will probably bring

about a different result on another trial. Keeter, 74 S.W.3d at 36-37.

       b. Discussion

       In his original and amended motions for new trial, appellant included an affidavit of

Dr. Costa-Luna detailing his opinions on the medical testimony and analysis provided by

Drs. Turlipati, Serrao, Sy, and Fernandez. In his affidavit, Dr. Costa-Luna provides:

               In this case, no tests were conducted by any of the doctors to date the
       skull fracture from a few minutes to two hours.

               I have been involved in many cases involving child abuse, allegations
       of shaken baby and shaken impact syndrome, and cases involving linear
       skull fractures. Without detailed medical microscopic examinations of the
       fracture and the skull it is not possible with reasonable medical probability to
       date a linear skull fracture. To date the linear skull fracture without the
       microscopic examination of the fracture and the skull by the pathologist
       would involve nothing more than speculation as to when the fracture
       occurred.

               In a case like the one involving Baby Alex Villegas, the only way to
       accurately date the linear skull fracture is to exhume the body and have a
       pathologist use microscopic slides of the fractured skull to be able to date the
       linear skull fracture.

In his amended motion for new trial, appellant states that “[he] used due diligence in

preparing for this trial but was unable to discover the existence of this expert.” Appellant

also contended that “[t]he materiality of this evidence is such as would probably bring about

a different result in another trial” and that “[s]uch evidence is admissible and not

cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or impeaching.”



                                             22
       However, in its response to appellant’s amended motion for new trial, the State

reintroduced the investigative report and autopsy findings filed by Dr. Fernandez

demonstrating that a microscopic examination was conducted on Alex’s skull fracture. In

his report, Dr. Fernandez made the following notes: “[e]xtravasted fresh blood.” Dr.

Fernandez also conducted microscopic examinations of Alex’s brain, bones, lungs, and

gastrointestinal tract. The State also provided an affidavit from Dr. Fernandez that stated

the following:

             It is my opinion that Alexander N. Villegas died from Shaken Impact
       Syndrome. The conclusion is based on the Medical [sic] records and
       autopsy findings.

             The skeletal trauma of the skull fracture was examined by x-rays,
       gross autopsy and by microscopic exam. The skull fracture is recent and
       minutes to hours old.

The record also contains Dr. Turlipati’s testimony in which he notes the following:

       Q:        This skull fracture, is it an old skull fracture or a new—a fresh one?

       A:        It had to have occurred—if I’m just looking at the skull fracture and
                 nothing—not involving other findings in the scan, it could be a week
                 or two.

       Q:        Now, when you look at all the findings—

       A:        It’s recent.

       Q:        And how recent?

       A:        It could have been within hours to a day.

       Q:        Within one hour?

       A:        Yes.



                                               23
       Q:     Or a what?

       A:     Or a day.

       Additionally, the State directs us to the following testimony of Dr. Serrao to support

its contention that Alex’s skull fracture occurred on November 12th:

       Q:     (By Mr. Almaguer) Okay. Doctor, can you tell us whether this fracture
              [the skull fracture] was a fresh fracture or an old fracture?

       A:     It was relatively recent, yes.

       Q:     Okay. And what do you mean by recent, Doctor, can you tell us a
              little bit about the timing of the fracture in relation to the day of the
              incident, 11/12?

       A:     . . . [B]ecause I saw him on the 15th and he presented on the 12th,
              then that fracture was anywhere between three to seven days old,
              based on just radiologically, just talking about the fracture by itself
              without looking at all the other circumstances.

       Q:     Now, when you look at all the other circumstances, tell us a little bit
              about the timing.

       A:     This baby received major injuries—his major injuries on the morning
              of the 12th, November 12th, 2003.

       It is clear from our review of the record that appellant has failed to establish the first

two prongs of the relevant inquiry: (1) that the newly discovered evidence was unknown

or unavailable to appellant at the time of his trial and (2) that appellant’s failure to discover

or obtain the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence. See Keeter, 74 S.W.3d at 36-37.

In fact, appellant has merely made bald assertions in his amended motion for new trial that

the information was unknown to him prior to trial and that the failure to discover the

evidence was not due to a lack of due diligence. We have not found anything in the




                                               24
record supporting appellant’s assertions. In any event, Dr. Costa-Luna’s affidavits are

impeaching of the prior testimony of Dr. Turlipati and Dr. Serrao and the affidavit and

investigative reports compiled by Dr. Fernandez. As a result of the impeaching nature of

Dr. Costa-Luna’s affidavits, we conclude that appellant has failed to establish that this

newly discovered evidence would result in a different outcome; thus, appellant would not

be entitled to a new trial based on the testimony of Dr. Costa-Luna.

        Appellant has also taken issue with the reliability of the jury verdict as it relates to

the alleged pressuring of certain jurors to return guilty verdicts. See TEX . R. APP. P. 21.3(c).

In his original motion for new trial, appellant attached an affidavit from Thelma Quintanilla

who alleged that she was pressured to change her vote to guilty and that two other

undecided jurors were pressured to change their votes to guilty. Quintanilla further alleged

that “I believe that if I had continued with my not guilty verdict, they also would have

continued with their undecided verdict.”15 We construe this as a complaint pertaining to

juror misconduct.

        Rule 21.3(c) provides that:

        The defendant must be granted a new trial, or a new trial on punishment, for
        any of the following reasons:

                ....

                (c) when the verdict has been decided by lot or in any manner other
                than a fair expression of the juror’s opinion;

TEX . R. APP. P. 21.3(c). However, the testimony of jurors is limited by rule 606 of the Texas

        15
           Quintanilla, in her affidavit, also stated that the jurors voted “‘guilty’ because of the m edical
testim ony as to the age of the baby’s skull fracture and the presence only of Esteban Villegas when the
doctors said the fracture to the skull occurred.”



                                                    25
Rules of Evidence. See TEX . R. EVID . 606(b). Specifically, rule 606(b) provides:

        (b) Inquiry Into Validity of Verdict or Indictment. Upon an inquiry into the
        validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or
        statement occurring during the jury’s deliberations, or to the effect of
        anything on any juror’s mind or emotions or mental processes, as influencing
        any juror’s assent to or dissent from the verdict or indictment. Nor may a
        juror’s affidavit or any statement by a juror concerning any matter about
        which the juror would be precluded from testifying be admitted in evidence
        for any of these purposes. However, a juror may testify: (1) whether any
        outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror; or (2) to
        rebut a claim that the juror was not qualified to serve.

Id.16 To further examine appellant’s allegation, we must briefly delve into the history of rule

606 of the rules of evidence.

        In 1998, rule 606 of the Texas Rules of Evidence was amended when the civil and

criminal rules of evidence were consolidated. Glover v. State, 110 S.W.3d 549, 551 (Tex.

App.–Waco 2003, pet. ref’d) (citing Sanders v. State, 1 S.W.3d 885, 887 (Tex. App.–Austin
        16
          Though addressing article 36.22 of the Code of Crim inal Procedure, the court of crim inal appeals
has noted:

        The rule [that a juror cannot im peach his own verdict] is based upon controlling
        considerations of public policy which in these cases chooses the lesser of two evils. W hen
        the affidavit of a juror, as to the m isconduct of him self or the other m em bers of the jury, is
        m ade the basis of a m otion for a new trial, the court m ust choose between redressing the
        injury of the private litigant and inflicting the public injury which would result if jurors were
        perm itted to testify as to what happened in the jury room .

                 . . . If the facts were as stated in the affidavit, the jury adopted an arbitrary and unjust
        m ethod in arriving at their verdict, and the defendant ought to have had relief, if the facts
        could have been proved by witnesses who were com petent to testify in a proceeding to set
        aside the verdict. But let it once be established that verdicts solem nly m ade and publicly
        returned into court can be attacked and set aside on the testim ony of those who took part in
        their publication and all verdicts could be, and m any would be, followed by an inquiry in the
        hope of discovering som ething which m ight invalidate the finding. Jurors would be harassed
        and beset by the defeated party in an effort to secure from them evidence of facts which
        m ight establish m isconduct sufficient to set aside a verdict. If evidence thus secured could
        be thus used, the result w ould be to make w hat w as intended to be a private
        deliberation, the constant subject of public investigation; to the destruction of all
        frankness and freedom of discussion and conference.

State ex rel. Rosenthal v. Poe, 98 S.W .3d 194, 202 n.12 (Tex. Crim . App. 2003) (quoting McDonald v. Pless,
238 U.S. 264, 266-68 (1915)) (em phasis in original).



                                                        26
1999, no pet.); see TEX . R. EVID . 606. The amended version of rule 606 deleted the part

of the old criminal rule which allowed jurors to testify about anything relevant to the validity

of the verdict or indictment. Sanders, 1 S.W.3d at 887; see TEX . R. EVID . 606. The

purpose of the amended version of rule 606 was to preserve the confidentiality of jury

deliberations to ensure that no outside influence and pressure is brought to bear on the

jury so that deliberations may be free, independent, and frank.17 See State ex rel.

Rosenthal v. Poe, 98 S.W.3d 194, 201-02 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); see also TEX . R. EVID .

606.

         Quintanilla’s affidavit fails to establish (1) that an outside influence was improperly

brought to bear upon any juror or (2) that a juror was not qualified to serve. See TEX . R.

EVID . 606(b). As such, rule 606(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence bars Quintanilla from

testifying about what happened during jury deliberations. See id.18 We therefore conclude

         17
              The Texas Suprem e Court has also weighed in on juror m isconduct stating that public policy
dem ands that jury deliberations be kept private because: “(1) jurors m ust be encouraged to candidly discuss
the case during deliberations; (2) jurors m ust be protected from post-trial harassm ent and tam pering; (3)
disgruntled jurors m ust be denied an avenue for overturing the verdict; and (4) there is a need for finality in
litigation.” Glover v. State, 110 S.W .3d 549, 551 (Tex. App.–W aco 2003, pet. ref’d) (addressing also rule
606(b)’s com panion, rule 327(b) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure) (citing Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v.
Jackson, 24 S.W .3d 362, 367 (Tex. 2000). The suprem e court also noted that neither rule 606(b) of the rules
of evidence nor rule 327(b) of the rules of civil procedure prohibits a non-juror from testifying about alleged
m isconduct during deliberations. See Golden Eagle Archery, 24 S.W .3d at 369; see also T EX . R. E VID . 606(b);
T EX . R. C IV . P. 327(b).

         18
           Appellant also included an affidavit from Eduardo Perez in his original m otion for new trial. Perez
alleges in his affidavit that the jury “voted ‘guilty’ because of the m edical testim ony as to the age of the baby’s
skull fracture and the presence only of Esteban Villegas when the doctors said the fracture to the skull
occurred.” Perez does not m ake any allegations giving rise to any suspicion of juror m isconduct (i.e. being
pressured to change a verdict). Appellant alleges that Perez’s affidavit dem onstrates that the jury erroneously
relied on the State’s characterization of the facts given that the State allegedly failed to prove identity and its
expert witnesses were allegedly unreliable. Appellant therefore asserts that, in light of the statem ents m ade
by Perez in his affidavit, the jury verdict was unreliable and that he is entitled to a new trial “in the interest of
justice.” However, it is clear that Perez would be barred from testifying as to what happened during jury
deliberations because his affidavit does not establish (1) that an outside influence was im properly brought to
bear upon any juror or (2) that a juror was not qualified to serve. See T EX . R. E VID . 606(b). The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in granting the State’s m otion to strike Perez’s affidavit.



                                                        27
that the trial court did not err in granting the State’s motion to strike appellant’s juror

affidavits in support of his amended motion for new trial. Because appellant has not

provided testimony from a non-juror to establish the unreliability of the jury’s verdict and

possible juror misconduct, we further conclude that appellant is not entitled to a new trial

“in the interest of justice.” Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s third issue.

4. Exculpatory Evidence

       In his fourth issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in

overruling his motion for new trial on the basis of the State’s alleged failure to disclose

exculpatory evidence. Specifically, appellant argues that the State “failed to disclose that

Mr. Anastasio Farias, the Pro Medic EMS prosecution witness had provided statement [sic]

to him that were favorable to the Defendant.” Appellant notes that “[t]he jury should have

heard from a medical professional that the dad [appellant] was in shock when the medic

arrived shortly after the baby’s death. The medic could have explained what shock is and

the lawyer could have then argued that one in shock could not have killed his own son.”

The State counters by arguing that such information was fully accessible to appellant from

other sources. The State further argues that the trial court implicitly found that the State

did not suppress this evidence, the evidence was not favorable to appellant, and the

evidence was not material. In addition, the State asserts that Farias’ subjective opinions

were inadmissible at trial, the same evidence was introduced at trial through Farias and

other witnesses, and the alleged withheld evidence is very weak when balanced against

the evidence supporting the conviction.




                                             28
       a. Applicable Law

       Again, the granting or denying of a motion for new trial lies within the discretion of

the trial court. See Lewis v. State, 911 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). We do not

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, but rather decide whether the trial court’s

decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. See id.

       In accordance with the United States Supreme Court’s holding in Brady, the State

is required to provide potentially exculpatory information to the defense. 373 U.S. at 87;

see Thomas v. State, 841 S.W.2d 399, 402 & n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see also Sierra

v. State, No. 13-05-769-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 6303, at **18-20 (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi Aug. 9, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution is violated when

the State fails to disclose evidence which is favorable to the accused and that creates a

probability sufficient to undermine the confidence in the outcome of the proceedings. See

Thomas, 841 S.W.2d at 404; State v. Blanco, 953 S.W.2d 799, 802 (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi 1997, pet. ref’d) (“A defendant’s due process right to a fair trial is violated when the

State withholds evidence that is both material and favorable to the accused irrespective of

the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution”); see also U.S. CONST . amend. XIV.

Impeachment evidence, as well as exculpatory evidence, is included within the scope of

the Brady rule. See Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing U.S.

v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985)). Further, the information must be disclosed to the

accused in time to put it to effective use at trial. See Palmer v. State, 902 S.W.2d 561, 563

(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no pet.). This includes disclosure of any favorable


                                              29
information in the possession of police agencies or other parts of the “prosecutorial team.”

Ex parte Mitchell, 977 S.W.2d 575, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (citing Kyles v. Whitley, 514

U.S. 419, 435 (1995)). A reasonable probability of a different result is shown when the

government’s evidentiary suppression undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.

Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435.

       In addition, “[t]he mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have

helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish

‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.” Hampton v. State, 86 S.W.3d 603, 612 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002) (quoting United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 109-10 (1976)). Rather, the

inquiry is whether the failure of the State to disclose the evidence undermines the

confidence in the jury’s verdict. See Lempar v. State, 191 S.W.3d 230, 241 (Tex.

App.–San Antonio 2005, pet ref’d) (citing Ex parte Richardson, 70 S.W.3d 865, 870 n.22

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); see also Thomas, 841 S.W.2d at 404 (“The evidence is material

only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the

defense, the result of the proceeding, would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’

is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”).

       b. Discussion

       Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for

new trial based upon his contention that the State failed to disclose exculpatory evidence,

specifically the affidavit of Farias, in violation of Brady. Appellant attached Farias’s affidavit

to his amended motion for new trial. The affidavit provides, in relevant part:

               6. Upon arriving at the scene, I noticed a young man there. He was


                                               30
        in total shock. I attended to the baby and he could not answer any of my
        questions. I later found out that he was the father of the child and that his
        name was Esteban Villegas.

                7. When we transported the child to McAllen Medical Center, Mr.
        Villegas rode in the ambulance with me. I asked him questions about the
        child but he would not answer. He continued in total shock as if having been
        hit with a sledgehammer.

              8. I have attended many situations where serious injuries have
        occurred to people and I have always noticed that the perpetrators are
        paranoid or very nervous.

               9. When I spoke to Mr. Andrew Almaguer about this situation, I told
        him that it was clear that Esteban Villegas was in total shock and that it was
        clear he could not have been the perpetrator of this crime. I told the
        prosecutor that Mr. Villegas’ behavior was inconsistent with that of a guilty
        person.

Appellant contends that Farias’s affidavit testimony was both material and favorable to his

case.

        At the hearing on his motions for new trial, appellant presented testimony from trial

counsel, Fernando Mancias, to establish that the State withheld the alleged material and

favorable evidence in violation of Brady. In his testimony, Mancias noted the following:

        Q:     Did they follow that in this case?

        A:     I got a chance to look at the entire file—the entire file that they had on
               Esteban Villegas. And I saw it two or three different times.

        Q:     Okay. Did you look for exculpatory evidence?

        A:     I did.

        Q:     Did you ask for evidence which might lead to exculpatory evidence?

        A:     We filed a motion to that effect.



                                              31
                ....

         Q:     All right. Did Mr. Almaguer [the prosecutor] give you any evidence
                which he said was exculpatory?

         A:     He gave me the entire file. And he said that’s all that we have is the
                entire file.

         Q:     Did he point out any evidence that he said was exculpatory?

         A:     No, sir.

         Q:     Did anyone else in the prosecutor’s office give you any evidence
                which the person said was exculpatory?

         A:     No, sir.

                ....

         Q:     When did you learn of the testimony of Anastacio Farias?

         A:     We learned about his testimony more or less about March 7th right
                before the deadline to file the Motion for New Trial, March 5th and
                maybe March 7th in that area.

         Q:     Of this year?

         A:     Of this year. Yes, sir. 2005.

         However, Farias, a designated witness for the State, testified to the following at

trial:

         Q:     Do you recall this man right here in the blue?

         A:     Yes, sir.

                ....

         Q:     Do you recall how—what was his demeanor like?



                                                32
       A:     Quiet. I believe he went with us in the ambulance to the hospital. I
              remember trying to find out a medical history, medication or allergy,
              and I don’t remember receiving an answer for any of those.

              ....

       Q:     Was he crying?

       A:     No, sir.

On cross examination, Farias further testified that:

       Q:     And you’re not saying that Mr. Villegas was unconcerned about his
              baby’s condition, are you?

       A:     No, sir.

       Q:     He could have been in shock?

       A:     He could have been, yes, sir.

       It is clear to us that Farias’s testimony regarding appellant’s demeanor at the scene

of Alex’s death would probably not undermine the jury’s verdict. See Lempar, 191 S.W.3d

at 241. At best, Farias’s affidavit would serve to impeach prior testimony that suggested

that appellant’s refusal to answer questions about Alex’s medical history, allergies, and

various other medical issues demonstrated that appellant did not care about the well-being

of his child. However, while it is conceivable that Farias’s testimony would possibly help

the defense, appellant has failed to demonstrate that this testimony would probably lead

to a different outcome. See Wyatt, 23 S.W.3d at 27. As a result, Farias’s affidavit would

not be material. See id. Moreover, this evidence would not be exculpatory because it does

not tend to clear the defendant from alleged fault or guilt. See Ex parte Mitchell, 853

S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Thomas, 841 S.W.2d at 404 (“Exculpatory testimony


                                              33
is ‘[testimony]’ or other evidence which tends to justify, excuse or clear the defendant from

alleged fault or guilt.’”) (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 566 (5th ed. 1990)). The

information contained within Farias’s affidavit is materially the same as the testimony

Farias provided at trial.

        Additionally, the record reflects that Farias was made available to appellant for

cross-examination at the original trial. In fact, appellant’s trial counsel specifically asked

Farias about appellant’s demeanor at the scene of Alex’s death, which makes it clear to

this Court that the jury was given an opportunity to consider Farias’s contention that

appellant was in a state of shock during the trip to the hospital and when the ambulance

first arrived. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (noting that the

jury, as the trier of fact, is the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight

to be afforded their testimony). Therefore, Farias’s affidavit would be cumulative of other

evidence in the record. See TEX . R. EVID . 403 (“Although relevant, evidence may be

excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”) (emphasis added).19

        Finally, appellant is required to prove that the evidence allegedly withheld or not

disclosed in accordance with Brady resulted in harmful error to be entitled to a new trial.

See Harm v. State, 183 S.W.3d 403, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also Hampton v.

State, 86 S.W.3d 603, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Wyatt, 23 S.W.3d at 27. Appellant has

        19
           The State correctly notes that (1) Dr. Turlipati testified that appellant could have been in shock; Dr.
Treviño testified that appellant could have been “stressed out”; and (3) Moya, appellant’s wife, testified that
appellant was in shock. Therefore, it is clear that the jury was presented with evidence of appellant’s shocked
nature at the scene of Alex’s death.



                                                       34
failed to demonstrate that the alleged nondisclosure of Farias’s affidavit constituted harmful

error, entitling him to relief. See Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 636 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006) (holding that the presentation of evidence claimed to be exculpatory can make a

Brady violation harmless, unless the defendant shows a reasonable probability that an

earlier disclosure would have made the outcome of the proceeding different); see also

Lowry v. State, No. 13-03-00081-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 935, at *30 (Tex.

App.–Corpus Christi Feb. 7, 2008, no pet. h.).

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the harm appellant complains of is

harmless and did not result in an improper outcome. We therefore further conclude that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion for new trial based

on his Brady contention. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

5. Prosecutor’s Comments During Closing Arguments

       In his fifth issue, appellant asserts that the prosecutor, in his closing argument,

made an inappropriate comment that “the Defense should have exhumed Baby Alex’s

body.” Appellant contends that this comment improperly shifts the burden of proof from

the State to the defendant and amounts to reversible error. On the other hand, the State

argues that appellant has not preserved this issue for appellate review. The State further

argues that the prosecutor’s argument was neither “fundamental error” nor improper or

harmful because the comment was made in response to appellant’s argument that Alex’s

vitamin C deficiency caused some or all of his injuries.

       a. Applicable Law

       An assertion of improper jury argument requires us to review the record in its


                                             35
entirety to determine whether any erroneous statements were made, and if so, whether

they were so prejudicial as to deprive appellant of a fair and impartial trial. See Willis v.

State, 785 S.W.2d 378, 385 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); see also Cavazos v. State, No. 13-04-

00325-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 7174, at **23-26 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Aug. 30,

2007, pet. ref’d). There are four permissible areas of jury argument: (1) summation of the

evidence; (2) reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) answer to argument of opposing

counsel; and (4) plea for law enforcement. Wilson v. State, 938 S.W.2d 57, 59 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1988); Chavero v. State, 36 S.W.3d 688, 699 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2001, no

pet.). An argument which exceeds these bounds is error, but only becomes subject to

reversal if, in light of the record as a whole, the argument is extreme or manifestly

improper, violative of a mandatory statute, or injects new facts harmful to the accused into

the trial. Felder v. State, 848 S.W.2d 85, 94-95 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Everett v. State,

707 S.W.2d 638, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). To determine if the prosecutor made an

improper jury argument, the reviewing court must consider the entire argument in

context—not merely isolated instances. See Rodriguez v. State, 90 S.W.3d 340, 364 (Tex.

App.–El Paso 2001, pet. ref’d).

       b. Discussion

       Appellant takes issue with the following exchange:

       [MR. ALMAGUER]: As far as infantile scurvy test, they could have done the
                       test. They have that technology nowadays. Well, as
                       they testified, Baby Alex’s—we haven’t had closure,
                       then why don’t they exhume the body? Why don’t they
                       do the test? Because we know this is child abuse.

       MR. MANCIAS:         Judge, I’m going to object to this, Judge. He’s trying to


                                             36
                             shift the burden of proof from the State where it belongs
                             to Esteban Villegas.

       THE COURT:            Sustained.

       To preserve error, a defendant’s complaints may take three forms: “(1) a timely,

specific objection, (2) a request for an instruction to disregard, and (3) a motion for a

mistrial.” Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In Young, the court

of criminal appeals noted:

       Because the objection, the request for an instruction to the jury, and the
       motion for mistrial seek judicial remedies of decreasing desirability for events
       of decreasing frequency, the traditional and preferred procedure for a party
       to voice its complaint has been to seek them in sequence—that is, (1) to
       object when it is possible, (2) to request an instruction to disregard if the
       prejudicial event has occurred, and (3) to move for a mistrial if the party
       thinks an instruction to disregard was not sufficient. However, this sequence
       is not essential to preserve complaints for appellate review. The essential
       requirement is a timely, specific request that the trial court refuses.

Id. at 69-70 (citations omitted); see Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d 918, 927 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002); Holberg v. State, 38 S.W.3d 137, 141 n.18 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). As such, we

conclude that appellant has preserved this issue for appeal.

       The prosecutor’s comments appear to be an answer to opposing counsel’s

argument. Throughout the trial, appellant advanced the theory that Alex died from a

vitamin C deficiency. However, it was established that skull fractures are not typically

associated with a vitamin C deficiency. Therefore, the timing of Alex’s skull fracture was

put at issue. Appellant offered expert testimony that suggested that the skull fracture

existed prior to the day of Alex’s death and provided a whole host of potential causes for

the skull fracture, including Moya’s theory that the skull fracture was a result of a difficult



                                              37
child birthing procedure. It was established at trial that a microscopic examination was

necessary to date Alex’s skull fracture.               The record reflected that one microscopic

examination had already been done by Dr. Fernandez. However, in order to conduct

another microscopic examination in an attempt to refute Dr. Fernandez’s findings, Alex’s

body needed to be exhumed. It is clear that the prosecutor was simply referencing this fact

in response to appellant’s argument that the skull fracture did not recently occur.20

Therefore, in reviewing the record in its entirety, we do not find this comment to be

manifestly improper.

        Moreover, the trial court sustained appellant’s objection to the prosecutor’s

comments pertaining to the exhumation of Alex’s body. Though not required to preserve

error, it was incumbent on appellant to ask that the jury be instructed to disregard the

comments as prejudicial and to seek a mistrial to ensure that the jury did not improperly

consider the prosecutor’s comments. Young, 137 S.W.3d at 69. The record reflects that

appellant took neither of these remedial steps. We therefore conclude that the State’s

closing argument was not “extreme or manifestly improper” and did not constitute

reversible error. See Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)

(noting, “the jury argument must be extreme or manifestly improper, or inject new and

harmful facts into evidence to constitute reversible error.”). Accordingly, we overrule

appellant’s fifth issue.




        20
           “Counsel is allowed wide latitude without lim itation in drawing inferences from the evidence so long
as the inferences drawn are reasonable, fair, legitim ate, and offered in good faith.” Gaddis v. State, 753
S.W .2d 396, 398 (Tex. Crim . App. 1988).



                                                      38
                                     III. CONCLUSION

      Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.



                                                 _______________________
                                                 DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
                                                 Justice

Do not publish.
TEX .R.APP.P. 47.2(b)
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 13th day of March, 2008.




                                            39
