                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                             File Name: 14a0288p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                        ┐
                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,     │
                                                                  │
                                                                  │         No. 13-4386
            v.                                                    │
                                                                   >
                                                                  │
 RAYMOND M. WELCH II,                                             │
                                      Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                                  ┘
                              Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                          No. 1:13-cr-00057-1—Dan A. Polster, District Judge.
                                          Argued: October 8, 2014
                                  Decided and Filed: December 5, 2014

                 Before: BOGGS and COOK, Circuit Judges; and QUIST, District Judge.*

                                             _________________

                                                  COUNSEL

ARGUED: Gregory Geist, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Toledo, Ohio,
for Appellant. Carmen E. Brown, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Gregory Geist, Melissa M. Salinas, OFFICE OF THE
FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant. Kelly L. Galvin, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.




        *
         The Honorable Gordon J. Quist, United States District Judge for the Western District of Michigan, sitting
by designation.




                                                         1
No. 13-4386                         United States v. Welch                      Page 2

                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

         QUIST, District Judge. Raymond Welch pled guilty to one count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Welch appeals the district court’s
sentence, which included an enhancement pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA),
18 U.S.C. § 924(e). The district court held that Welch’s previous Ohio conviction for attempted
failure to comply with order or signal of police officer qualified as a “violent felony” under the
ACCA, and sentenced Welch to the ACCA’s 15-year mandatory minimum prison term. For the
following reasons, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

         Welch was indicted for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), and entered into a plea agreement with the Government.              The Government
subsequently withdrew the plea agreement upon receipt of the presentence report, which
recommended that Welch be sentenced as an armed career criminal because he had three
convictions for a “violent felony,” as defined by the ACCA. Following briefing from the parties,
the district court issued a written opinion concluding that Welch’s conviction in Ohio state court
for attempted failure to comply with order or signal of police officer constituted a violent felony
for purposes of the ACCA, and that Welch therefore had three convictions for a violent felony.
The other two qualifying convictions were uncontested. Welch subsequently entered a plea of
guilty but preserved his right to appeal his sentence. At sentencing, the district court overruled
Welch’s objection to sentencing him as an armed career criminal and sentenced Welch to the
ACCA mandatory minimum of 180 months imprisonment.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This court reviews de novo the legal question of whether a prior conviction constitutes a
violent felony under the ACCA. United States v. Hockenberry, 730 F.3d 645, 663 (6th Cir.
2013).
No. 13-4386                         United States v. Welch                        Page 3

                                        III. DISCUSSION

        Under the ACCA, an individual who violates § 922(g)(1) and has three previous
convictions for a violent felony is subject to a mandatory minimum penalty of 15 years
imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The statute defines a violent felony as follows:

        (B) the term “violent felony” means any crime punishable by imprisonment for a
        term exceeding one year . . . that –
               (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical
               force against the person of another; or
               (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or
               otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of
               physical injury to another . . . .

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The italicized portion of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) is known as the residual
clause. Welch’s prior conviction for attempted failure to comply does not have as an element the
use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force, nor is it burglary, arson, extortion, or a
crime involving the use of explosives. Thus, the issue is whether Welch’s conviction falls under
the residual clause.

        To determine whether an offense is a violent felony, we employ the “categorical
approach” and “consider whether the elements of the offense are of the type that would justify its
inclusion within the residual provision, without inquiring into the specific conduct of this
particular offender.” James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 202 (2007) (emphasis in original).
This requires consideration of how the offense would be committed in the “ordinary case,” rather
than how it might be committed in an unusual case. Id. at 208. An attempt offense, like a
completed offense, constitutes a violent felony if it “presents a serious potential risk of physical
injury” that “is comparable to that posed by its closest analog among the enumerated offenses.”
Id. at 203.

        Welch pled guilty to attempted failure to comply with order or signal of police officer, a
fourth-degree felony. The relevant statute makes it unlawful to “operate a motor vehicle so as
willfully to elude or flee a police officer after receiving a visible or audible signal from a police
officer to bring the person’s motor vehicle to a stop.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.331(B). A
violation of the statute is a felony of the fourth degree if “in committing the offense, the offender
No. 13-4386                         United States v. Welch                         Page 4

was fleeing immediately after the commission of a felony.” Id. § 2921.331(C)(4). It is a felony
of the third degree if the operation of the motor vehicle “was a proximate cause of serious
physical harm to persons or property” or “caused a substantial risk of serious physical harm to
persons or property.” Id. § 2921.331(C)(5)(a).

        Under Ohio law, a person is guilty of attempt if he “engage[s] in conduct that, if
successful, would constitute or result in the offense.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.02(A). An
attempt to commit an offense “is an offense of the next lesser degree than the offense attempted.”
Id. § 2923.02(E)(1). Thus, Welch apparently pled guilty to attempt to commit the third-degree
felony of failure to comply, which was thus reduced to a fourth-degree felony based on the
attempt statute.

        This court has previously held that a felony conviction under Ohio’s failure-to-comply
statute constitutes a predicate offense under the ACCA. Hockenberry, 730 F.3d at 671; United
States v. Yates, 501 F. App’x 505, 514-15 (6th Cir. 2012).            Welch argues, however, that
attempted failure to comply does not constitute a violent felony because it requires only that an
individual attempt to operate a motor vehicle. Welch asserts that the conduct associated with an
attempt could be as minimal as sitting in a car with the key in the ignition and the engine off.

        Welch’s interpretation of the statute is inconsistent with its text. The statute requires that
an individual elude or flee an officer after receiving a signal from the officer “to bring the
person’s motor vehicle to a stop.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.331(B). Because an individual may
violate the statute only if he receives a signal to stop his motor vehicle, it necessarily follows that
the motor vehicle must have been in motion. This is true for an attempt as well as the completed
offense. Even if the offender engaged in conduct that was unsuccessful and thus reduced the
offense to an attempt, the offender still must have received a signal to bring his motor vehicle to
a stop. An individual would not, in the ordinary case, receive and fail to obey a signal to “bring
[his] motor vehicle to a stop” if he were simply sitting in it with the engine off and the key in the
ignition.

        In Sykes v. United States, -- U.S. --, 131 S. Ct. 2267 (2011), the Supreme Court held that
a conviction under an Indiana statute prohibiting vehicle flight (even without any proof of harm
to anyone or anything) constituted a violent felony, reasoning that “[s]erious and substantial risks
No. 13-4386                         United States v. Welch                         Page 5

are an inherent part of vehicular flight.” Id. at 2276. This court subsequently held that a
conviction under Tennessee’s vehicular-flight statute constituted a violent felony because
“potential risks to officers always are present in vehicular-flight cases, even if actual risk of harm
to third parties is not, as officers must eventually confront those who have already once
intentionally disregarded their lawful authority.” United States v. Doyle, 678 F.3d 429, 436 (6th
Cir. 2012). Attempted failure to comply carries those same risks because it requires that an
individual attempt to flout an officer’s signal to stop a moving vehicle, thus creating a likelihood
of confrontation between the offender and the officer.

       Furthermore, the risks inherent in the offense to which Welch pled guilty are even greater
than those involved in simple vehicular flight. Third-degree failure to comply requires that the
offender’s actions proximately caused serious physical harm to persons or property or caused a
substantial risk of such harm. By pleading guilty to attempt to commit that offense, Welch
admitted that his conduct—even were it insufficient to satisfy the completed offense—
constituted a substantial step toward committing the offense in a way that caused serious harm or
risk of such harm. Thus, the risks involved in this case are as great or greater than those
discussed in Sykes and Doyle.

       Finally, this court discussed the potential risks of physical injury inherent in a violation of
Ohio’s failure-to-comply statute in Hockenberry, 730 F.3d at 670-71, and Yates, 501 F. App’x at
512-15. Although those cases specifically addressed the fourth-degree felony, which requires
vehicular flight after the commission of a felony, their reasoning is applicable here. An attempt
to commit third-degree felony failure to comply, as a categorical matter, presents a serious
potential risk of physical injury that is comparable to that involved in arson and burglary. The
district court did not err in concluding that Welch’s conviction for attempted failure to comply
constitutes a violent felony under the ACCA, and thus properly sentenced Welch as an armed
career criminal.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
