                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 17a0502n.06

                                         Case No. 16-6811

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                                  Aug 29, 2017
                                                                              DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                             )
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                            )
                                                      )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                    )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                      )       THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
ROGER JONES, JR.,                                     )       TENNESSEE
                                                      )
       Defendant-Appellant.                           )
                                                      )




       BEFORE: SUTTON, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. This case is like so many others: A tip from a confidential

source resulted in a search, an arrest, and a seizure of drugs.

       Sergeant Roy Turner is a veteran with the Brownsville Police Department and works

regularly with confidential sources. One of his trusted sources informed him that Roger Jones,

Jr., had a large amount of cocaine. Turner knew Jones because he was a repeat customer—his

criminal record includes a litany of drug, domestic assault, witness coercion, and firearm

offenses. So when Turner’s source reported that Jones was distributing crack cocaine from a

house on Lark Street, Turner listened. But Turner, like President Reagan, thought one ought to

“trust but verify.” So Turner drove to Lark Street to verify his source’s story. Sure enough:

Jones was standing in the front yard of the last house at the bend in the road.
Case No. 16-6811, United States v. Jones


       Having corroborated a key detail provided by his trusted source, Turner sought a search

warrant. But not just a run-of-the-mill search warrant—a no-knock warrant. Jones had a history

of violence and the source had seen him with a handgun, so Turner suspected that the search

might be dangerous. Turner drafted an affidavit to that effect, describing his observations and

his conversation with the source. There was just one problem: Turner did not know the exact

house number of Jones’ residence. So he turned to Google Earth for an approximation, which

turned out to be incorrect. Turner also downloaded Google-Earth images of the house for good

measure.

       Relying on Turner’s affidavit, a judge approved the no-knock warrant. And a few days

later, Turner and four other police officers entered the Lark Street residence, restrained Jones,

and searched the scene. In a kitchen cabinet, the officers discovered cocaine, crack cocaine, and

a digital scale dusted in white residue.

       Jones moved to suppress evidence obtained during the search, challenging both the

validity of the search warrant and the officers’ conduct during the search. But after a hearing on

Jones’ motion, the district court upheld the search. So Jones pled guilty and reserved his right to

appeal the suppression ruling. He now raises three claims on appeal: (1) the warrant lacked

probable cause; (2) the warrant was invalid because it listed the wrong address; and (3) the

search violated Rule 41 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure.

       When this court reviews a district court’s suppression ruling, we consider legal questions

de novo but factual findings for clear error. United States v. Hudson, 405 F.3d 425, 431 (6th Cir.

2005). And where the district court has denied a motion to suppress, this court construes the

evidence in the government’s favor. United States v. Carter, 378 F.3d 584, 587 (6th Cir. 2004).




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Case No. 16-6811, United States v. Jones


       Probable Cause. Jones claims that the search warrant lacked probable cause because the

police failed to establish the reliability of Turner’s confidential source. The issuing judge

disagreed—a determination we accord “great deference.” United States v. Allen, 211 F.3d 970,

973 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)).

       The question is whether Turner’s affidavit provided a “substantial basis” to support a

finding of probable cause. United States v. Archibald, 685 F.3d 553, 557 (6th Cir. 2012). When

an affidavit is based on the tip of a confidential source, we consider the source’s reliability,

veracity, and basis of knowledge. Gates, 462 U.S. at 230. These elements are considered under

the “totality of the circumstances,” however, not as “entirely separate and independent

requirements to be rigidly exacted in every case.” Id. at 230–31.

       Here, Turner attested to the source’s reliability in his affidavit by noting: (1) that the

source had provided useful tips over the preceding eight months; (2) that the source was

experienced in the illegal drug trade and could reliably identify controlled substances; (3) that the

source had seen large amounts of crack cocaine at Jones’ Lark Street residence less than an hour

before meeting with Turner; and (4) that Turner had corroborated some of this information by

driving by the Lark Street house. United States v. Coffee, 434 F.3d 887, 893–94 (6th Cir. 2006);

Allen, 211 F.3d at 976.

       Jones nevertheless complains that Turner’s affidavit offered no more than a “blanket

statement” to support the source’s reliability. Jones suggests that Turner ought to have specified

the number of times that the source had previously provided reliable information. Moreover,

Jones argues that Turner’s drive-by merely showed that Jones was present at the residence—it

did not corroborate any supposed wrongdoing. Maybe so. But an affidavit is evaluated on the

“adequacy of what it does contain”—not “what a critic might say should have been added.”



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Case No. 16-6811, United States v. Jones


Allen, 211 F.3d at 975 (emphasis added). Here, Turner’s affidavit provided specific details from

a source’s first-hand observations. And the affidavit demonstrates the source’s reliability by

describing the police department’s ongoing relationship with that source. So the issuing judge

had a sufficient basis for finding probable cause.

       Mistaken Address. Jones additionally claims that the mistaken address invalidated the

warrant and thus the subsequent search. We review this question de novo. United States v.

Durk, 149 F.3d 464, 465 (6th Cir. 1998).

       A warrant’s description of the place to be searched need not be “technically accurate in

every detail.” Id. But the description should allow an executing officer to identify the place to

be searched. Id. The description should also reduce any real risk that the officer mistakenly

searches the wrong spot. Id. Accordingly, minor inaccuracies will not necessarily invalidate a

search warrant. United States v. Pelayo-Landero, 285 F.3d 491, 496 (6th Cir. 2002). Courts

“routinely uphold” warrants with partial inaccuracies, so long as the description contains enough

accurate information “to identify the place to be searched with particularity.” Id. at 497. So

even an incorrect address is not fatal if the rest of the description leads the officers in the right

direction.

       No one disputes that the affidavit provided the wrong address. But this mistake must be

weighed against the rest of Turner’s description of the Lark Street residence. Turner provided

ample detail to identify the house: He described a “multi-colored brick sided and partially tan

vinyl sided” single-family house with a “black roof” and “two twin windows with red shutters.”

Turner even attached photographs of the residence to his affidavit. So the executing officers

could easily identify Jones’ residence in spite of the incorrect address.




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Case No. 16-6811, United States v. Jones


       Jones argues that the incorrect address could have led the officers to search the wrong

house. But that is unlikely: The address on the affidavit—594 Lark Street—does not exist in

Brownsville. And as the district court noted, nearby residences are easily distinguishable from

the photographs of Jones’ place: One lacks a carport and another has a blue roof. Searching the

wrong spot was thus unlikely—Turner’s mistake did not invalidate the warrant.

       Tennessee Law. Jones also claims that the search violated Rule 41 of the Tennessee

Rules of Criminal Procedure.      But this is a federal criminal proceeding, not a Tennessee

proceeding. So the validity of the search warrant, even if obtained by local officers, depends on

the requirements of the Fourth Amendment—not state rules of criminal procedure. See United

States v. Beals, 698 F.3d 248, 263–64 (6th Cir. 2012).          Moreover, the exclusionary rule

“emanates from the Fourth Amendment,” so there would be no basis for suppressing evidence in

a federal proceeding, even supposing the violation of state criminal procedure. Id. at 263; see

also United States v. Wright, 16 F.3d 1429, 1434 (6th Cir. 1994). And as discussed above, the

search warrant complied with the Fourth Amendment.

       Jones correctly notes that Tennessee Rule 41 “is intended to conform to Rule 41 of the

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.” Advisory Comm’n Comments, Tenn. R. Crim. P. 41.

The similarity of the Tennessee rule to the federal rule does not change the fact that Tennessee

law does not apply here. And even if we were to construe his argument as an attempt to invoke

Federal Rule 41, the argument still fails. First, Jones argues that the search was based on a

legally insufficient search warrant and supporting affidavit. Id. This claim is identical to Jones’

constitutional claims—it thus fails for the reasons discussed above.

       Second, Jones argues the officers violated Rule 41 by failing to knock prior to entering

the residence. But the Supreme Court has recognized an exception to the general knocking



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Case No. 16-6811, United States v. Jones


requirement where executing officers have a “reasonable suspicion” that knocking would be

dangerous or futile. Richards v. Wisconsin, 520 U.S. 385, 394 (1997). Turner sought and

obtained a no-knock warrant. So the question is whether Turner’s affidavit justified the issuing

court’s grant of no-knock authority. United States v. Johnson, 267 F.3d 498, 500 (6th Cir. 2001).

And Turner’s affidavit offered compelling reasons for a no-knock warrant: Jones allegedly had a

gun and had a “history of violence” and prior arrests, including for firearm possession and

domestic assault.   This court has upheld no-knock warrants issued on the basis of more

speculative risks, such as “lack of knowledge concerning the residence’s occupants, the potential

for destruction of evidence, and the general tendency for firearms to be present where drugs are

sold.” Kelley v. McCafferty, 283 F. App’x 359, 364 (6th Cir. 2008). So the issuing court here

had more than enough reason to suspect that the search could be dangerous and thus to approve a

no-knock warrant.

       Jones nevertheless suggests that there was no exigency justifying a no-knock warrant,

because Turner had previously arrested him without any escalation to violence. But in the

context of this search, Turner had reason to suspect danger: A source had recently seen Jones

with a firearm, and Jones had criminal history that included guns and violence. That was more

than enough to support the “reasonable suspicion” necessary to justify a no-knock warrant.

                                            *    *    *

       For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Jones’ motion to suppress.




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