In the Supreme Court of Georgia



                                                      Decided:      July 05, 2016


                          S16A0314. JONES v. THE STATE.


       THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

       Appellant Quinton Jones was found guilty of malice murder, felony

murder, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, criminal attempt to commit

armed robbery, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession of

a firearm during commission of a felony in connection with the shooting death

of Lamaurice Westbrook.1 Appellant appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the



       1
          The crimes occurred on June 13, 2011. Appellant was indicted by a Fulton County grand
jury on July 13, 2012, on charges of malice murder, felony murder (4 counts), aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon, conspiracy to commit a crime, criminal attempt to commit armed robbery,
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession of a firearm during commission of a
felony. Subsequently, the conspiracy to commit a crime count and the corresponding felony murder
count were dead docketed. Following a jury trial from March 25-28, 2013, appellant was found
guilty on the remaining eight counts. Upon receipt of the jury’s verdict, the trial court sentenced
appellant to life without the possibility of parole on the malice murder count and an additional five
years consecutive for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. As further
discussed in Division 2, infra, the trial court determined that each of the three remaining felony
counts merged into the remaining felony murder counts, which then merged into the malice murder
count for sentencing purposes. Appellant filed a motion for new trial on April 2, 2013, which he
amended on May 19, 2014. The trial court heard argument on appellant’s motion on August 6, 2014
and denied it by order entered August 11, 2014. Appellant filed a notice of appeal on August 19,
2014 and the appeal was docketed in this Court for the January 2016 term and submitted for a
decision on the briefs.
evidence and asserting that the State failed to prove venue, the trial court erred

in admitting similar transaction evidence, and his trial counsel was ineffective.

Finding no error, we affirm appellant’s conviction for malice murder and

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Due to a sentencing

error, however, we vacate a portion of the sentencing order and remand this case

to the trial court for resentencing.

      1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence

at trial showed that on June 13, 2011, the victim and his girlfriend picked up

Tony Goolsby and some marijuana and went to a Shell gas station on Lakewood

Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia, to meet with a buyer as part of a pre-arranged drug

deal. Both the victim’s girlfriend and Goolsby testified that the victim was not

carrying a gun. While they waited for the buyer to appear, Goolsby, who had the

marijuana stashed in his pants, got nervous and left, walking from the Shell

station to a Marathon gas station five blocks away. Thereafter, an unidentified

man driving a silver Pontiac pulled into the Shell station’s parking lot.

Appellant, who was a passenger in the Pontiac, exited the vehicle and

approached the victim. Following a discussion, the victim got in the front

passenger seat of the Pontiac with appellant taking the back seat directly behind

                                        2
him. The group in the Pontiac then traveled to the Marathon gas station to pick

up Goolsby, who got in the back seat behind the driver.

       According to Goolsby, when he got in the back seat of the car next to

appellant, he recognized appellant as someone he previously had been locked

up with in the Fulton County jail.2 Goolsby testified that after picking him up,

the men left the Marathon gas station in the Pontiac and rode around the block.

When the victim told Goolsby he had received payment for the drugs, Goolsby

retrieved the marijuana from inside his pants and gave it to appellant.

Thereafter, as the car circled past a post office near the intersection of Lakewood

Avenue and Jonesboro Road, appellant pulled out a handgun, pointed it at

Goolsby and stated: “You know what it is, get out.” Goolsby immediately

exited the car and, after taking two steps, heard gunshots. Looking back, he saw

the victim’s body slump over the front seat. The victim, who was shot several

times, died as the result of a close-range gunshot wound to the head.

       A second witness also testified to hearing the shots, and stated that

immediately thereafter she noticed a silver car pull into the parking lot of a mini

       2
           The victim’s girlfriend also testified that when appellant first approached her car at the
Shell station to talk to the victim, she recognized him as a person from her old neighborhood named
“Quinton.”

                                                 3
mart store and saw the victim’s body thrown from the passenger’s side of the

vehicle before the car drove away. The police, who arrived quickly at the scene,

found no guns, drugs or money on or near the victim’s body. One of the

responding officers testified that the mini mart store where the victim’s body

was found was located on Lakewood Avenue in Fulton County.

      Appellant, who testified at trial on his own behalf, denied knowing the

victim or Goolsby, claimed he was the one selling the drugs, and asserted it was

the victim who pulled a gun on the driver of the Pontiac and that the gun went

off during a struggle between the victim and the driver.

      (a) Appellant argues that the evidence presented was insufficient to

support his conviction under the federal due process standard. See Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). We disagree.

      It is a function of the jury, not the reviewing court, to resolve conflicts in

the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from

the evidence. See id. at 319. “As long as there is some competent evidence,

even though contradicted, to support each fact necessary to make out the State’s

case, the jury’s verdict will be upheld.” Williams v. State, 287 Ga. 199, 200

(695 SE2d 246) (2010) (quoting Miller v. State, 273 Ga. 831, 832 (546 SE2d

                                         4
524) (2001)). Here, when construed most strongly in support of the verdict, the

evidence was sufficient to enable a rational trier of fact to find appellant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted. See

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. at 319.

      (b) Appellant nonetheless characterizes the State’s evidence against him

as circumstantial and insufficient to support his convictions for the crimes

charged under Georgia law because it fails to exclude every other reasonable

hypothesis save that of his guilt. See OCGA § 24-14-6.3 The record, however,

reveals that at appellant’s trial the State presented a mixture of direct and

circumstantial evidence against him with respect to the various counts on which

he was convicted. Among the direct evidence is Goolsby’s testimony that he

was in the car with appellant, the victim and the driver; that he gave the

marijuana to appellant in exchange for money provided to the victim; that

appellant pointed a gun at him; that he exited the car at appellant’s command;

that as he exited the car, he saw the victim turn around and face appellant; and


      3
          OCGA § 24-14-6 provides:

      To warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the proved facts shall not only
      be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, but shall exclude every other reasonable
      hypothesis save that of the guilt of the accused.

                                               5
that after hearing three to five shots as he ran away, he looked back toward the

car and saw the victim fall limp over the back of the front seat. See Harper v.

State, 298 Ga. 158, 161 (780 SE2d 308) (2015); Evans v. State, 288 Ga. 571,

575-576 (707 SE2d 353) (2011).

      Even assuming, arguendo, that the evidence against appellant with respect

to the murder charges was entirely circumstantial because no witness testified

to actually seeing him shoot the victim, we conclude that the circumstantial

evidence presented was sufficient for the jury to reject as unreasonable any other

theory save that of appellant’s guilt with respect to these charges. See Clark v.

State, 296 Ga. 543, 546 (769 SE2d 376) (2015). The jury was not required to

believe appellant’s testimony that the victim was the one who pulled a gun on

the driver of the Pontiac or that the gun went off during a struggle between the

victim and the driver. See Warbington v. State, 281 Ga. 464, 465 (640 SE2d 11)

(2007) (“[T]he jury is the arbiter of a witness’ credibility.”). Nor was the jury

obligated to accept as reasonable appellant’s hypothesis that any of the

individuals in the Pontiac at the time of the shooting could have fired the fatal

shot, including the victim himself. Id. (explaining that the jury “decides the

reasonableness of hypotheses”). Accord Clark, 296 Ga. at 546. This is

                                        6
especially true in light of evidence introduced at trial which showed the victim

sustained no fewer than three gunshot wounds and died from a close-range

gunshot wound to the head.

      The jury in this case was properly instructed on direct and circumstantial

evidence, as well as on the requirements of OCGA § 24-14-6. Given the

evidence presented, the jury was authorized to exclude every reasonable

explanation save that of appellant’s guilt, and its findings will not be disturbed

by this Court. See Clark, 296 Ga. at 546. See also Merritt v. State, 285 Ga. 778,

779 (683 SE2d 855) (2009) (“[The circumstantial evidence] need not exclude

every conceivable inference or hypothesis – only those that are reasonable.”).

      2. Although not raised by the State on appeal, we find that the trial court

erred in merging appellant’s convictions on certain counts of the indictment for

judgment and sentencing. See Brannon v. State, 298 Ga. 601, 603 (2) (783

SE2d 642) (2016) (holding that in a direct appeal, this Court may resolve

sentencing errors based on merger issues even where such errors have not been

raised on appeal); Hulett v. State, 296 Ga. 49, 53 (766 SE2d 1) (2014). In this

case, appellant was charged with malice murder (Count 1), felony murder based

on aggravated assault with a handgun (Count 2), aggravated assault with a

                                        7
deadly weapon (Count 3), felony murder based on conspiracy to commit the

crime of purchasing marijuana (Count 4), conspiracy to commit the crime of

purchasing marijuana (Count 5), felony murder based on criminal attempt to

commit armed robbery (Count 6), criminal attempt to commit armed robbery

(Count 7), felony murder based on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon

(Count 8), possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 9), and

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 10). Counts

4 and 5 were dead docketed by the State and a jury convicted appellant on the

remaining counts. After correctly sentencing appellant on the malice murder

conviction, see Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 372 (4) (434 SE2d 479) (1993),

the trial court failed to recognize that the felony murder counts thereafter were

vacated. See Hulett, 296 Ga. at 54. Because the felony murder counts no longer

existed, the trial court erred in merging Counts 3, 7, and 9 into their

corresponding felony murder counts and then merging all the felony murder

counts into the malice murder count. Id. Instead, the trial court was required to

determine whether each of the underlying felonies merged, as a matter of fact,

into the malice murder count. Id.

      We find that appellant’s conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly

                                        8
weapon (Count 3) merges as a matter of fact into appellant’s conviction for

malice murder (Count 1) as there was no evidence presented which authorized

the jury to find that the aggravated assault with a firearm committed on the

victim was not followed almost immediately by the fatal shooting. See

Brannon, 298 Ga. at 603 (2). See also Solomon v. State, 293 Ga. 605, 606 (1)

(748 SE2d 865) (2013). On the other hand, malice murder requires proof of an

element (death of the victim) that criminal attempt to commit armed robbery

(Count 7) and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 9) do not, and

as each of these crimes require proof of elements not included in malice murder,

i.e., the taking of property, a previous felony conviction, and possession of a

gun, we find appellant’s convictions for criminal attempt to commit armed

robbery (Count 7) and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Count 9)

did not merge as a matter of fact with his murder conviction. The trial court,

therefore, should have sentenced appellant for Counts 7 and 9, in addition to the

sentences it imposed on Count 1 and Count 10. Accordingly, we vacate that

portion of the sentencing order in which the trial court “merged” Count 3 into

Count 2, Count 7 into Count 6, Count 9 into Count 8, and Counts 2, 6 and 8 into

Count 1, and remand this case to the trial court for re-sentencing on Counts 7

                                        9
and 9.

      3. Appellant argues the State failed to prove venue beyond a reasonable

doubt asserting that the murder which formed the basis for the charges against

him took place in a moving car and claiming the State failed to provide

sufficient evidence of the car’s location at the time the victim was killed. Venue

is a jurisdictional fact that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt in every

criminal trial. See Crawford v. State, 297 Ga. 680, 682 (777 SE2d 463) (2015).

While the burden of proving venue rests with the State, “the determination

whether venue has been established is an issue soundly within the province of

the jury.” Id. (quoting Rouse v. State, 296 Ga. 213, 215 (765 SE2d 879)

(2014)).

      At trial, the State provided evidence that the mini mart parking lot where

the victim’s body was dumped was in Fulton County. The evidence shows that

the victim was shot in a car which immediately thereafter pulled into the mini

mart parking lot and dumped his body. A woman who testified to witnessing

the victim’s body being “thrown out the car” stated that she heard the gun shots

and saw the car pull up “real fast” into the parking lot. When asked how long

it was from the time she heard the shots to the time she saw the car pull up and

                                       10
dump the victim, the witness responded, “[I]t was close. It was real close.”

        To meet its burden of establishing venue, the State may use both direct

and circumstantial evidence. See Lindsey v. State, 295 Ga. 343, 345 (760 SE2d

170) (2014). Viewed as a whole, we find the evidence in this case was

sufficient to prove venue in Fulton County beyond a reasonable doubt.

        4. Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence of

appellant’s guilty pleas to two prior armed robberies for the purpose of showing

motive and intent.4 Although the trial court’s initial hearing on the State’s intent

to present other acts evidence in this case and its ruling thereon occurred prior

to the effective date of Georgia’s new Evidence Code, because the new Code

went into effect prior to trial, the trial court revisited this issue following voir

dire. Having previously ruled this evidence admissible to show course of

conduct, intent, and motive, the trial court properly found course of conduct was

no longer an appropriate ground, but concluded that the evidence, which showed

appellant used a handgun in each of the prior incidents to rob a victim with


        4
          Given the trial court’s definitive ruling prior to trial that evidence of appellant’s two prior
guilty pleas would be admissible, appellant was not required to renew his objection or offer of proof
in order to preserve this claim of error for appeal. See Anthony v. State, __ Ga. __ , ___(785 SE2d
277, 283) (S16A0059, April 4, 2016). Accordingly, we reject the State’s argument that this puported
error should be reviewed by this Court only as plain error.

                                                   11
whom he was familiar, remained admissible for the proper purpose of showing

motive and intent.5 See OCGA § 24-4-404 (b).

        In deciding the admissibility of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts

committed by a defendant, this Court has determined that Rule 404 (b) of

Georgia’s new Evidence Code, “requires that the admitting court find (1) the

evidence is relevant to an issue in the case other than the defendant’s character,

(2) the probative value is not substantially outweighed by undue prejudice, and

(3) there is sufficient proof for a jury to find by a preponderance of the evidence

that the defendant committed the prior act.” Brannon, 298 Ga. at 606. Here, the

other acts evidence sought to be admitted involved crimes to which appellant

had entered guilty pleas, thus the evidence that appellant committed the prior

acts was sufficient. Further, appellant’s entry of a not guilty plea in the instant

case put the State to its burden of proving every element of the crimes charged,

including intent. See Olds v. State, ___ Ga. ___ , ___ (___SE2d ___) 2016 WL

2946361 (S15G1610, May 23, 2016); Bradshaw v. State, 296 Ga. 650, 656-657


       5
          Although appellant was initially charged with armed robbery in the prior incidents, he
entered a negotiated plea in each to aggravated assault. The evidence as admitted establishes that
in one case appellant robbed a victim he met through the victim’s cousin under the pretext of selling
the victim a car, and in the other case, appellant used a gun to rob two women - at least one of whom
appellant knew - while they sat in a car.

                                                 12
(769 SE2d 892) (2015). As appellant’s participation in the earlier crimes

required the same intent as the charged attempted robbery, the evidence of these

other acts was relevant. See Olds, ___ Ga. at ___, 2016 WL 2946361, * 6

(observing that “evidence of other acts that tends to make the requisite intent

more or less probable to any extent is relevant”). See also Hood v. State, ___

Ga. ___, ___ (___ SE2d ___) 2016 WL 2946398 (May 23, 2016).

      Although relevant evidence may be excluded where its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, see OCGA § 24-4-

403, a trial court’s decision to exclude or admit other acts evidence will be

overturned only where there is a clear abuse of discretion. See Bradshaw, 296

Ga. at 656. Given appellant’s testimony at trial that it was the victim who pulled

out the gun in an attempt to rob appellant and the driver of the car following the

drug deal, and that the victim was shot as he tussled with the driver over

possession of the gun, intent was a challenged element.               Under the

circumstances presented, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in finding that the probative value of the evidence of appellant’s prior crimes

was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect and in admitting the



                                       13
evidence of appellant’s two prior guilty pleas to show intent.6 See Bradshaw,

296 Ga. at 656-658; Logan-Goodlaw v. State, 331 Ga. App. 671, 675 (770

SE2d 899) (2015) (where defendant denied participating in armed robbery but

admitted being present, probative value of evidence of a prior armed robbery

committed by the defendant was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial

effect).

       5. Finally, appellant asserts the trial court erred in refusing to grant his

motion for new trial based on his claim that he received ineffective assistance

of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffectiveness, appellant must show both

that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance was

prejudicial to his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (104 SC

2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Smith v. Francis, 253 Ga. 782, 783 (325 SE2d 362)

(1985). Appellant contends his attorney performed deficiently by failing to

object at trial to the trial court’s admission of the other acts evidence and by not

challenging the State’s failure to prove venue. He argues that, considered

together, these deficiencies greatly prejudiced his defense. We find no merit to



       6
         Because the evidence was admissible as to intent, we need not determine whether it was
also admissible to show motive. See Bradshaw, 286 Ga. at 657, n.5.

                                              14
this claim.

      As previously found by this Court in Division 4, supra, the trial court

properly admitted the evidence of appellant’s prior guilty pleas; thus, appellant

cannot show a reasonable probability exists that, had trial counsel objected to

the admission of this evidence when it was introduced by the State at trial, such

objection would have been sustained or, given the abundant evidence in the

record of appellant’s guilt, would have changed the outcome of his trial. See

Porter v. State, 292 Ga. 292, 294 (736 SE2d 409) (2013) (observing that the

failure to make a meritless objection cannot constitute evidence of ineffective

assistance).

      Likewise, given the evidence presented at trial, appellant cannot show his

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge venue. See Division 3

supra. As a result, appellant cannot meet his burden under Strickland to

demonstrate that his trial counsel performed deficiently and that such

deficiencies prejudiced his defense. 466 U.S. at 686.

      Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part and case remanded for

sentencing. All the Justices concur.



                                       15
                      S16A0314. JONES v. THE STATE.


      NAHMIAS, Justice, concurring.

I join the Court’s opinion in full, including its holding in Division 3 that the jury

could find proper venue for the murder in Fulton County based on the

testimony that the fatal shooting occurred in a moving car that was close to – but

not already in – the parking lot in Fulton County where the victim’s body was

dumped. The Court does not explain how it reconciles that conclusion with

Jones v. State, 272 Ga. 900 (537 SE2d 80) (2000) – the case on which appellant

relies – in which the majority opinion held that venue was not established by

evidence that the murder occurred directly across the street from a house in

Fulton County because “[i]t is entirely possible that the . . . house is located in

one county, while the houses located across the street are sited in an adjoining

county.” Id. at 903-904. I do not mind ignoring Jones, because as I have

explained elsewhere, its holding does not accord with common sense,

particularly given the geographic realities of our state. See O’Donnell v. Smith,

294 Ga. 307, 313-314 (751 SE2d 324) (2013) (Nahmias, J., concurring). See

also Probst v. State, Case No. S16A0275 (decided July 5, 2016) (Nahmias, J.,
concurring). But rather than continuing to disregard or work around Jones’s

illogical holding, the Court should simply go ahead and formally disapprove it.




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