                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Petty, Russell and Malveaux
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              MATTHEW BRANT FORD
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1125-16-2                                   JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                                                 FEBRUARY 7, 2017
              ALYSSA ANNE JOHANSEN


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                              Phillip L. Hairston, Judge

                               Jesse Baez (Hairfield Morton Watson Adams PLC, on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Alyssa Anne Johansen, pro se.


                     As a result of a 2014 divorce decree, appellant, Matthew Brant Ford (father), must pay

              monthly child support to appellee, Alyssa Anne Johansen (mother), for the care and support of their

              two minor children. In 2016, father sought a downward modification to the support award and now

              appeals an order of the circuit court denying his motion based upon the circuit court’s finding that

              no material change in circumstances had occurred. He asserts the circuit court erred in failing to

              consider mother’s financial circumstances as they existed prior to the initial child support order,

              failing to conclude that an alleged increase in mother’s income and an alleged decrease in his

              income constituted a material change in circumstance, and in failing to find that the legislative

              changes to the 2014 child support guidelines constituted an exception to the requirement of a

              material change in circumstances. Father also requests attorney’s fees on appeal. For the reasons

              stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                           BACKGROUND

        “On appeal, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to [mother], the prevailing

party below, granting to that evidence all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Wright

v. Wright, 38 Va. App. 394, 398-99, 564 S.E.2d 702, 704 (2002) (citing Donnell v. Donnell, 20

Va. App. 37, 39, 455 S.E.2d 256, 257 (1995)). “That principle requires us to discard the evidence

of the [father] which conflicts, either directly or inferentially, with the evidence presented by the

[mother] at trial.” Petry v. Petry, 41 Va. App. 782, 786, 589 S.E.2d 458, 460 (2003) (citation

omitted). So viewed, the facts relevant to this appeal are as follows.

        Mother and father are the parents of two young children. The parties divorced in April of

2014. The final decree ordered father to pay mother $3,250 per month in child support. The

amount, which was adopted by the circuit court, was determined by agreement of the parties

reached in 2013 and not as a result of a guideline calculation pursuant to Code § 20-108.2.1

        Father filed a motion in the juvenile and domestic relations district court for a reduction in

child support. On February 9, 2016, based upon the parties’ incomes and the child support

guidelines, the juvenile court reduced the amount of child support to $1,344 per month. Mother

appealed that order to the circuit court on February 18, 2016.



        1
          The final decree of divorce does not contain an indication that the circuit court
computed the presumptive amount of support due under the guidelines and does not contain any
explanation of why the circuit court elected to deviate from the presumptive amount and ordered
support consistent with the parties’ agreement. Although a guideline determination and written
explanation of any deviation from the guideline amount is required by Code § 20-108.2, neither
party appealed the final decree when it was entered in 2014, and thus, those issues are not before
us in this appeal. Hiner v. Hadeed, 15 Va. App. 575, 580, 425 S.E.2d 811, 814 (1993).
Although the unappealed error in the 2014 order complicates father’s efforts to establish a
material change in circumstance, he was and remains free to attempt to do so. Id. at 581, 425
S.E.2d at 815 (addressing request for modification but recognizing that, despite lacking a
description of the circumstances that led the circuit court to deviate from the guidelines initially,
the unappealed erroneous support award will be the baseline for an attempt at modification of
child support, making it difficult for a parent to establish a material change from those
unrecorded circumstances so as to justify amending the award).
                                                 -2-
       The circuit court heard evidence on June 8, 2016. Mother was called as an adverse witness.

She testified that the final order entered on April 11, 2014, was based upon circumstances as they

existed on August 16, 2013, and testified that, as of that time, she was employed in an

unspecified position with Restoration Hardware. At that point, mother’s counsel objected to

inquiries about employment and earnings that predated the final decree. The circuit court

sustained the objection to the line of questioning, and father did not proffer what additional

questions he intended to ask about mother’s employment and income in 2013 or what answers he

would have received to those questions if the circuit court would have permitted the line of

questioning.

       Mother then testified regarding her employment and income history since the entry of the

final decree. She testified that she owned and operated an interior design firm. She initially

opened the firm in 2010, but closed it, and then re-opened it in 2014. She testified that her net

taxable income from the business in 2014 was $2,798 and that her net taxable income from the

business in 2015 was $18,189.

       Mother testified regarding a profit and loss statement for her business through May of

2016. Consistent with the entries on the profit and loss statement, mother testified that her

interior design firm had already generated net income in excess of $25,000 in 2016. However,

there was no testimony as to whether those funds would be received by mother as income at the

end of the year or used for some other business purpose. Furthermore, mother testified that the

nature of her business was that revenue was uncertain and subject to fluctuation. She said there

was no guarantee that the net income for the business in the second half of 2016 would match the

first half and no guarantee that she would make either more or less in subsequent time periods.

       Father testified regarding his employment and income. He is the owner of a painting

business that performs “[r]esidential repaints.” He indicated that his business took a “negative

                                                -3-
turn” in the time since the final decree was entered. He testified that his business’ gross receipts

declined by approximately $60,000 from tax year 2014 to tax year 2015. His tax returns

indicated that the business had gross receipts of $229,145 in 2014 and $161,633 in 2015. He

acknowledged on cross-examination (and his tax returns indicated) that the business had gross

receipts of $182,083 in 2013.

       In addition to identifying the gross revenues of his business, the tax returns also indicated

the income father received from the business in the period from 2013 through 2015. According

to the returns, father received $32,361 in income from the business in 2013, $54,245 in 2014 and

$55,011 in 2015.2 Thus, despite the fluctuations in the business’ gross receipts in the three-year

period, father’s income from the business increased in each year and his business income in 2015

represented an almost 70% increase over that income in 2013, the last tax year before the entry

of the final decree.

       The circuit court concluded that, based on the evidence presented, father had failed to

establish that he was entitled to the relief sought. Specifically, the circuit court stated from the

bench that

                       [a]fter careful consideration of the evidence presented
               today, the [c]ourt finds that there has not been a material change in
               circumstances and that the [father] is estopped by his previous
               agreement and by the previous order unless he can show a material
               change in circumstances.

                       And again, the [c]ourt having found that he did not
               demonstrate that there has been a material change in
               circumstances, I order that the original amount in the 2014 decree
               is the amount that he owes at 3,250 dollars a month.


       2
         The tax returns indicated that father had adjusted gross income of $5,576 in 2013 and
$42,303 in 2014. Father’s tax return for 2015 reported adjusted gross income of $87,358;
however, unlike the tax returns for 2013 and 2014, the 2015 return was not an individual return,
but rather, a joint return father filed with his current spouse. He testified that $40,697 of income
reflected on the return was her income. Accordingly, his adjusted gross income for 2015 was
$46,661.
                                                   -4-
          The court memorialized the decision in a written order dated June 9, 2016. Father noted

an appeal, asserting the following assignments of error:

                 1. The [circuit c]ourt erred in failing to consider Mother’s
                 financial circumstances as they existed on August 16, 2013 as the
                 prior child support order was based on circumstances as they
                 existed on that date, in evaluating whether or not a material change
                 of circumstances had occurred.

                 2. The [circuit c]ourt erred in failing to find that Mother’s increase
                 in income from 2014 to 2016 constituted a material change in
                 circumstances.

                 3. The [circuit c]ourt erred in failing to find that Father’s decrease
                 in income from 2014 to 2016 constituted a material change in
                 circumstances.

                 4. The [circuit c]ourt erred in failing to find that the legislative
                 changes to the child support guidelines in 2014 constitutes an
                 exception to the material change in circumstances requirement for
                 modifying child support.

Finally, father requests that we award him the attorney’s fees he has incurred in prosecuting this

appeal.

                                               ANALYSIS

                  I. Mother’s Income History Prior to the Entry of the Final Decree

          In his first assignment of error, father challenges an evidentiary ruling of the circuit court.

Specifically, he argues that “[t]he [circuit c]ourt denied any inquiry to [w]ife’s circumstances” at

the time the parties reached their agreement regarding child support, and thus, prevented him

from demonstrating the necessary material change in circumstances.

          “Generally, the admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and

[the appellate court] will not reject the decision of the trial court unless [the appellate court]

find[s] an abuse of discretion.” Midkiff v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 216, 219, 694 S.E.2d 576,

578 (2010). A “trial judge’s ruling will not be reversed simply because an appellate court

disagrees.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743 (internal
                                                   -5-
quotation marks and citation omitted), adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d

870 (2005). Instead, a reviewing court can only conclude that an abuse of discretion has

occurred in cases where “reasonable jurists could not differ” about the correct result. Id.

       As will be discussed more fully in Section II below, father had the burden of establishing

a material change in circumstances. Often, a litigant will be able to do so by inquiring about

current circumstances and comparing them to the circumstances regarding income and the

reasons for a prior deviation from the child support guidelines reflected in the order containing

the support award; however, as noted above, the 2014 final decree does not contain any of that

information.3 Thus, father’s only avenue for establishing what the parties’ financial

circumstances were at the time of the child support award was to seek the introduction of

evidence regarding those circumstances. The circuit court erred in sustaining mother’s relevance

objection to questions about her income in 2013.

       Our determination that the circuit court erred does not necessarily entitle father to relief.

The only question that father asked regarding mother’s circumstances in 2013 was where she

worked. Prior to the objection, mother answered that she worked at Restoration Hardware. That

answer was not stricken, and therefore, was and is evidence in the case.


       3
        The requirement that, to obtain a modification of a child support award in the future, a
party must establish a material change in circumstances from the existing award

               underscore[s] the reasons why trial judges must adhere to the
               statutory requirements and set support in accordance with the
               guidelines, or explain by written findings the reasons for
               deviating. . . . Trial judges must make the requisite specific written
               findings . . . to enable trial judges in future hearings to decide
               whether and how to increase, decrease, or terminate support.
               Only by having specific written findings will trial judges in
               subsequent proceedings be able to make informed decisions on
               how a change in circumstances may justify modification or may
               justify continued deviation from the guidelines.

Hiner, 15 Va. App. at 582, 425 S.E.2d at 815 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).
                                              -6-
        The effect of the objection was prospective; the circuit court’s ruling made clear that it

would not allow as evidence additional testimony about mother’s employment and income in

2013. Thus, it operated as a rejection of questions before they were asked and answers before

they were given.

        “In Virginia, when testimony is rejected before it is delivered, an appellate court has no

basis for adjudication unless the record reflects a proper proffer.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 55

Va. App. 647, 649, 688 S.E.2d 879, 880 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

For a proffer to be sufficient, it must allow us to examine both the “admissibility of the proposed

testimony,” and whether, even if admissible, its exclusion “prejudiced” the proffering party.

Molina v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 338, 368, 624 S.E.2d 83, 97 (2006) (citations omitted).

“The failure to proffer the expected testimony is fatal to [the] claim on appeal.” Id. at 367-68,

624 S.E.2d at 97.

        Here, father made no proffer of any kind. Thus, we do not know what additional

questions he would have asked or the answers he would have received but for the circuit court’s

ruling on the relevance objection. Absent a proffer, the record is silent about mother’s income

from Restoration Hardware in 2013. It could have been higher, lower, or the same as her income

in 2014, 2015 and the first five months of 2016. If her income in 2013 were equal to or greater

than her income in 2014, 2015 or 2016, that would not represent a material change in

circumstances justifying a downward modification of father’s support obligation. Because we

cannot speculate to fill in the evidentiary gap left by the failure of father to proffer the questions

and answers, we cannot conclude that father was prejudiced by the circuit court’s erroneous

ruling on the relevance objection. Accordingly, despite the error, father is not entitled to the

relief he seeks related to his first assignment of error.




                                                  -7-
                          II. Alleged Material Changes in Circumstances

        “The determination of child support is a matter of discretion for the circuit court, and

therefore we will not disturb its judgment on appeal unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the

evidence.” Oley v. Branch, 63 Va. App. 681, 699, 762 S.E.2d 790, 799 (2014). Child support

decisions, like “[s]pousal support determinations[,] typically involve fact-specific decisions best

left in the ‘sound discretion’ of the trial court.” Brandau v. Brandau, 52 Va. App. 632, 641, 666

S.E.2d 532, 537 (2008) (quoting McKee v. McKee, 52 Va. App. 482, 489, 664 S.E.2d 505, 509

(2008) (en banc)).

        Because child support awards involve not just the interests of the parents, but also the

children who are not parties in the litigation, child support awards require involvement of the

trial court. Although parties are free to propose what they believe is an appropriate amount of

child support given the circumstances, “parents cannot contract away their children’s rights to

support nor can a court be precluded by agreement from exercising its power to decree child

support.” Kelley v. Kelley, 248 Va. 295, 298, 449 S.E.2d 55, 56 (1994). Thus, a child support

award, whether an agreed upon amount proposed by the parties or an amount determined by the

trial court after an adversarial proceeding, is reflected in a court’s final order.

        Unlike most court orders, orders regarding child support remain under the jurisdiction of

the circuit court long after the twenty-one-day period specified in Rule 1:1 has run. Regarding

child support awards, the General Assembly has provided that “[t]he court may . . . revise and

alter such decree . . . as the circumstances of the parents and the benefit of the children may

require.” Code § 20-108. However, a court may exercise the power granted by Code § 20-108

to modify a child support award only if “a material change of circumstance has occurred since

the last award or hearing to modify support . . . .” Hiner, 15 Va. App. at 579, 425 S.E.2d at 814




                                                  -8-
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted).4 Absent a showing of a material change in

circumstances, a circuit court is barred from exercising its authority under Code § 20-108 by the

doctrine of res judicata. Id. at 580, 425 S.E.2d at 814; see also Milam v. Milam, 65 Va. App.

439, 452, 778 S.E.2d 535, 541 (2015).

       Father argues that the circuit court erred in concluding that he had not established a

material change in circumstances that merited reviewing the prior child support award.

Specifically, he argues that both alleged increases in mother’s income in the time since 2013 and

alleged decreases in his income in that time period constituted material changes in

circumstances.

       “Whether a change of circumstances exists is a factual finding that will not be disturbed

on appeal if the finding is supported by credible evidence.” Visikides v. Derr, 3 Va. App. 69, 70,

348 S.E.2d 40, 41 (1986). The party seeking the modification of the prior child support award

“bears the burden of proving a material change of circumstance.” Milam, 65 Va. App. at 452,

778 S.E.2d at 541. Applying these standards, we address each of father’s arguments in turn.

                             A. Alleged Increase in Mother’s Income

       Father argues that alleged increases in mother’s income from 2014 through 2016

constituted a material change in circumstances that required the circuit court to entertain his

request for a downward modification in the support award. Although the evidence does


       4
         The requirement of a material change in circumstances for a trial court to alter a prior
child support award and the ability of the trial court to do so once a material change in
circumstances has been established apply with equal force to child support awards that began as
an agreement of the parents and support awards that were determined by the trial court after an
adversarial proceeding. See, e.g., Goldin v. Goldin, 34 Va. App. 95, 102, 538 S.E.2d 326, 330
(2000) (noting that the “power to modify child support is not affected by the prior act of
affirming, ratifying and incorporating into the divorce decree the child support agreement
between the husband and wife” (emphasis added)); Kaplan v. Kaplan, 21 Va. App. 542, 547, 466
S.E.2d 111, 114 (1996) (holding that “an agreement or decree regarding child support can never
permanently fix the amount of support” and is subject to modification under Code § 20-108
(emphasis added)).
                                                 -9-
demonstrate an increase in income mother received from her business from 2014 to 2015,5 the

circuit court did not err in finding no material change in circumstances related to the alleged

increase in mother’s income.

       As noted above, the material change in circumstances inquiry seeks to determine whether

“a material change of circumstance has occurred since the last award or hearing to modify

support . . . .” Hiner, 15 Va. App. at 579, 425 S.E.2d at 814 (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted) (emphasis added). It is impossible to show such a change without first

establishing the baseline—that is, what mother’s income was in 2013.6 The record is silent as to

mother’s earnings in 2013; thus, it cannot be determined from this record whether her income in

2015 was less than, equal to, or greater than her income in 2013.7 Because the record does not

establish that mother’s income had materially changed from her baseline income in 2013, the

circuit court did not err in concluding that father had failed to establish a material change in

circumstances.8


       5
          The evidence adduced regarding mother’s income in 2016 was limited to the profit and
loss statement for her business. Although the business generated an operating profit of more
than $25,000 in the first five months of 2016, the profit and loss statement did not indicate that
any of those profits had been taken by mother as income. Although one could infer that
eventually she would take the profits as income, other possibilities, such as reinvesting them in
the business, exist. Viewed in the light most favorable to mother, the evidence does not establish
what her income was in 2016.
       6
          2013 is the appropriate baseline for determining the parties’ annual income. As father
argues, the parties reached their agreement in 2013 and 2013 was the last full tax year before the
trial court adopted the parties’ agreement in the April 2014 final decree, and thus, the last annual
income information available at the time of entry of the final decree was 2013.
       7
        That mother’s income increased from 2014 to 2015 is immaterial to the question of
whether her income increased from the 2013 baseline.
       8
         We recognize that father’s efforts to establish mother’s baseline income were frustrated
by the circuit court’s ruling on the relevance objection; however, this simply underscores the
need for father to have proffered the testimony/evidence that was precluded by the circuit court’s
ruling.

                                                - 10 -
                               B. Alleged Decrease in Father’s Income

       Father argues that the reduction in gross receipts of his business in 2015 compared to the

gross receipts of his business in 2014 establishes that his “income has been involuntarily

reduced” and that the circuit court erred in not concluding that this alleged reduction was a

material change in circumstances meriting reopening the prior child support award. Because

father’s argument contains a false premise, the circuit court did not err in concluding that there

was no material change in circumstances regarding father’s income that would support a

downward modification of his child support obligation.

       Specifically, although the evidence may be read to establish that there was a decrease in

the gross receipts of father’s business from 2014 to 2015,9 the evidence did not establish that

there had been a corresponding decrease in father’s income. In fact, the evidence established

that, for the relevant period, the opposite was true—father’s income increased every year. He

received $32,361 in income from the business in 2013, $54,245 in 2014 and $55,011 in 2015.

Thus, despite the fluctuations in the business’ gross receipts in the three-year period, father’s

income from the business increased in each year and was nearly 70% higher in 2015 than in

2013, the last tax year before the entry of the final decree. By definition, the circuit court could

not have erred by “failing to find that [f]ather’s decrease in income . . . constituted a material



       9
           Mother also testified that

                 while we were married, I told him I would not file taxes with him
                 anymore because the amount that he was claiming was so different
                 than what he was actually pulling in and my name was all over his
                 accounting records because I did his payroll. I didn’t want to get
                 in trouble for that. He doesn’t do things on the books.

Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to mother, a rational trier of fact could
conclude that, if anything, the tax returns understated the business’ gross receipts and father’s
income.

                                                - 11 -
change in circumstances” when the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to mother,

established that there was no decrease in father’s income.10

                   III. The 2014 Legislative Amendments to Code § 20-108.2

       Father notes that, in 2014, the General Assembly amended the child support guidelines

found in Code § 20-108.2. He argues that the 2014 amendments create an exception to the

material change in circumstances requirement, and thus, the circuit court was required to review

the prior child support award. We disagree.

       We previously have recognized that changes to the child support guidelines can allow a

circuit court to revisit a previously entered child support award. When the General Assembly

first enacted child support guidelines, we found that a party who was subject to a child support

award made prior to the enactment of the guidelines was entitled to have the child support award

reviewed in light of the guidelines without demonstrating some other change in circumstances.

In essence, the sea change of switching from a system where there were no guidelines governing

child support awards to one in which such guidelines provided the presumptively correct amount

was significant enough for a circuit court to review its prior award. See Milligan v. Milligan, 12

Va. App. 982, 988, 407 S.E.2d 702, 705 (1991); Watkinson v. Henley, 13 Va. App. 151, 157,

409 S.E.2d 470, 473 (1991).

       Although our decisions in Milligan and Watkinson largely were based on the radical

change of switching from a no guideline regime to a guideline regime, we have extended the

principle to cases where substantive changes to the guidelines yield significant differences in

required support. See, e.g., Slonka v. Pennline, 17 Va. App. 662, 664-65, 440 S.E.2d 423, 425


       10
          Furthermore, we note that, even if a party demonstrates a material change in
circumstances, that does not, standing alone, entitle him to a modification of the prior support
award. The change in circumstances also must be of such a character that changing the prior
award is “justified.” Yohay v. Ryan, 4 Va. App. 559, 566, 359 S.E.2d 320, 324 (1987).

                                               - 12 -
(1994). In Slonka, despite sharing custody of the parties’ child, Mr. Slonka was subject to a

child support order under which he was paying $844 per month. Id. at 663, 440 S.E.2d at 424.

After entry of the support award but before father sought a modification of the award, the

General Assembly enacted Code § 20-108.2(G)(3), which altered the manner in which support

was calculated in instances of shared custody.11 Id.

       Mr. Slonka produced evidence in the circuit court that demonstrated that, instead of

paying $844 per month, “if his obligation was calculated under the current shared custody

scheme set forth in Code § 20-108.2(G)(3), the presumptive guideline amount would be $54 per

month.” Id. Based on Mr. Slonka’s evidence, we concluded that the legislative changes to the

guidelines “created a new category for shared custody arrangements, which significantly

changed the earlier guideline considerations and amounts . . . ,” requiring the circuit court to

review the prior support award. Id. at 664-65, 440 S.E.2d at 425.

       Although we have recognized that legislative amendments to the child support guidelines

can require a circuit court to revisit a prior child support award, we have been inconsistent in

describing why. For example, in Cooke v. Cooke, 23 Va. App. 60, 64, 474 S.E.2d 159, 161

(1996), we stated that a significant legislative amendment to the guidelines “constitutes a

material change in circumstances created by the Code itself.” The very next year, in Head v.

Head, 24 Va. App. 166, 176, 480 S.E.2d 780, 785 (1997), we stated that it was “technically

incorrect” that a legislative amendment could be a material change in circumstances. Rather, we

characterized it as an “exception” that allows revisiting a prior child support award when the




       11
         Prior to the 1992 amendments, the child support guidelines recognized two categories
of custody: sole and split. The 1992 amendments created a third category: shared custody.
1992 Va. Acts ch. 860. For those already in shared custody situations, the creation of the new
category was a change on par in significance with the initial creation of the guidelines.

                                               - 13 -
legislative changes “significantly changed the earlier guideline considerations and amounts.” Id.

(quoting Slonka, 17 Va. App. at 664, 440 S.E.2d at 425).

       Regardless of the inconsistent nomenclature we have used, the standard for a legislative

change requiring a circuit court to revisit a prior child support award has remained the same. For

a legislative amendment to the guidelines to require a circuit court to revisit a prior child support

award, the legislative change itself must be substantive and significant. Thus, for cases such as

this one, where the initial award occurred with an applicable guideline regime in place, the

change to the guidelines must render a result that is significantly different from what the prior

version of the guidelines would have yielded.12 Id. (recognizing that revisiting the prior award is

only appropriate “where a legislative amendment to the child support guidelines ‘significantly

changed the earlier guideline considerations and amounts’” (emphasis added) (quoting Slonka,

17 Va. App. at 664, 440 S.E.2d at 425)). Furthermore, the party seeking the modification bears

the burden of establishing that the legislative change is substantive and results in a significant

difference.

       Here, father offered no evidence as to the substance of the legislative change to the

guidelines or what impact the change would have had on a guideline calculation in this case. In

fact, father never even requested that the circuit court review the changed guidelines, simply

asserting that he was entitled to have the support award reviewed because there had been some

unspecified amendment to the guidelines. Accordingly, unlike Mr. Slonka who adduced




       12
         Thus, other changes in the parties’ circumstances do not affect whether the legislative
change requires a trial court to revisit the prior child support award. This does not prevent those
other changes in circumstances, if established by the evidence, from constituting material
changes in circumstances in and of themselves.
                                                 - 14 -
evidence that demonstrated that the change in the guidelines significantly changed the guideline

calculation in his case, father offered nothing to establish that the amendment was either

substantive or significant.13 Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in concluding that father

had failed to establish that the legislative amendments warranted revisiting the prior support

award.

                              IV. Father’s Request for Attorney’s Fees

         Father requests that we award him the attorney’s fees he has incurred in prosecuting this

appeal under “the principals [sic]” of our decision in O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App.

690, 479 S.E.2d 98 (1996). We award appellate fees only in the unusual case where the

arguments on appeal are “not fairly debatable under any reasonable construction of the record or

the governing legal principles.” Brandau, 52 Va. App. at 642, 666 S.E.2d at 538 (citing

O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. at 695, 479 S.E.2d at 100). Having affirmed the final judgment of the

circuit court, we perceive no reason to award father the attorney’s fees incurred in challenging

that judgment. Accordingly, we deny father’s request for attorney’s fees.

                                           CONCLUSION

         For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




         13
          The 2014 legislative amendments were enacted as Chapter 667 of the 2014 Acts of
Assembly. Although in a few instances the presumptive amount of support was lower than in the
prior guidelines, the revised guidelines increased, by nominal amounts, the presumptive amount
of support in the vast majority of cases. For example, for every circumstance applicable to a
family with annual income between $30,000 and $60,000, the presumptive amount of support
increased slightly. 2014 Va. Acts ch. 667. Absent unusual circumstances, it is unlikely that
these slight increases would be considered significant, and certainly they do not justify father’s
motion to decrease the amount of support he has been ordered to pay.
                                               - 15 -
