                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   August 11, 2016
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 326778
                                                                   Oakland Circuit Court
DAVID KENNETH RENTSCH,                                             LC No. 2014-249056-FC

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant, David Kenneth Rentsch, appeals by right his jury conviction of armed
robbery. MCL 750.529. The trial court sentenced Rentsch as a fourth-offense habitual offender,
see MCL 769.12, to serve 25 to 50 years in prison. For the reasons explained below, we affirm
Rentsch’s conviction, but order a Crosby remand.1

                                        I. BASIC FACTS

        Testimony and evidence established that Rentsch participated in three robberies between
the evening of March 15, 2013, and the morning of March 18, 2013. The first robbery occurred
on March 15 at a 7-Eleven in Green Oaks Township. The second robbery occurred at night on
March 17 at a Mobil gas station in Novi. The third robbery occurred the next morning at a BP
gas station in Brighton. The trial at issue was for the robbery of the Mobil gas station.

        The primary issue at trial involved Rentsch’s identity as the robber depicted in the video
from the Mobil robbery. The still photographs from the video were not of high quality and the
clerk working at the Mobil station, Brian Singer, was not able to identify Rentsch as the robber.
However, the prosecution introduced evidence from the 7-Eleven and BP robberies. The victims
from those robberies testified and the trial court allowed the admission of video evidence from
those robberies.




1
    See United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005).


                                               -1-
        Tessandra Velentzas testified concerning the 7-Eleven robbery and stated that Rentsch
could have been the robber involved there, but she was unsure. Lorin Olsztyn identified Rentsch
as the robber involved in the BP robbery. Additionally, the prosecution offered evidence tending
to establish Rentsch’s location from just before the 7-Eleven robbery until his arrest following
the BP robbery. The prosecution relied on the victims’ testimony, testimony from Trina Sevelis,
who was with Rentsch throughout the morning of March 18, testimony from investigating
officers, and testimony from Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Special Agent
Stan Brue, who analyzed when and where Rentsch’s cell phone was used. Finally, the
prosecution presented evidence that police officers recovered clothing from Rentsch’s truck that
matched clothing worn by the person involved in each robbery.

                                  II. OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE

        Rentsch argues that the trial court erred when it allowed the prosecution to introduce
evidence concerning the 7-Eleven and BP robberies. The trial court allowed the prosecution to
introduce evidence concerning the 7-Eleven and BP robberies because the evidence was
necessary to show scheme or intent, and to establish Rentsch’s identity as the robber. The trial
court also concluded that the evidence would be more probative than prejudicial. We review a
trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v Sabin (After
Remand), 463 Mich 43, 55; 614 NW2d 888 (2000).

        “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a
person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” MRE 404(b)(1). Evidence of other acts
may properly be admitted, however, under certain circumstances, notwithstanding the fact that
the evidence might implicate character. See People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 60-64, 74; 508
NW2d 114 (1993). First, the evidence must be offered for a permissible, non-propensity
purpose. Id. at 74; People v Knox, 469 Mich 502, 511; 674 NW2d 366 (2004). MRE 404(b)
provides a non-exhaustive list of examples, two of which are relevant here: a scheme, plan, or
system of doing an act, and identity.

        The second consideration is that the evidence must be relevant, VanderVliet, 444 Mich at
74; MRE 401, whereas the third consideration is whether the evidence should be excluded under
MRE 403 as substantially more prejudicial than probative. Id. at 71-72, 74. “[M]ost evidence
presented against a criminal defendant” is “damaging and prejudicial,” People v Railer, 288
Mich App 213, 220-221; 792 NW2d 776 (2010), but is not necessarily substantially more
prejudicial than probative. When weighing “probative value against prejudicial effect,” we
“balanc[e] several factors, including” “whether the evidence is needlessly cumulative, how
directly the evidence tends to prove [a] fact . . . , how essential the fact . . . is to the case, the
potential for confusing or misleading the jury, and whether the fact can be proved in another
manner without as many harmful collateral effects.” People v Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462;
751 NW2d 408 (2008). Finally, “ ‘the trial court shall, upon request, instruct the jury that the
similar acts evidence is to be considered only for the proper purpose for which it was
admitted,’ ” VanderVliet, 444 Mich at 74, quoting Huddleston v United States, 485 US 681, 691-
692; 108 S Ct 1496; 99 L Ed 2d 771 (1988), which can “minimize[] the prejudicial effect of the
bad-acts evidence,” People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 612; 806 NW2d 371 (2011).



                                                 -2-
        When considering whether other act evidence was offered to prove a common scheme,
plan, or system, we consider whether “ ‘the uncharged misconduct and the charged offense are
sufficiently similar.’ ” People v Steele, 283 Mich App 472, 479; 769 NW2d 256 (2009), quoting
Sabin, 463 Mich at 63. “There must be such a concurrence of common features that the charged
acts and the other acts are logically seen as part of a general plan, scheme, or design.” Id.
(emphasis in original). But “a high degree of similarity is not required, nor are distinctive or
unusual features required to be present in both the charged and the uncharged acts.” Id. at 480.
When compared to the typical method of offering other acts evidence to prove identity, “the
necessary degree of similarity is . . . less than that needed to prove identity.” Sabin, 463 Mich at
65.

       Other acts evidence can also be offered “ ‘to show identification through modus
operandi.’ ” People v Smith, 243 Mich App 657, 671; 625 NW2d 46 (2000), quoting People v
Ho, 231 Mich App 178, 186; 585 NW2d 357 (1998). The like act may not “simply [be] another
crime of the same general category or even of the same specific character.” People v
Golochowicz, 413 Mich 298, 311; 319 NW2d 518 (1982). Rather, the charged act and other acts
offered must be “so nearly identical in method as to earmark the charged offense as the
handiwork of the accused,” and “be so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature.” Id. at
310-311 (internal quotations and alterations omitted).

        The evidence from the 7-Eleven and BP robberies was offered for a proper, non-
propensity purpose. There was significant evidence that the person who committed the three
robberies at issue used a common scheme, plan, or system in committing the robberies. The
robberies occurred over a three day period at businesses that each sold gas. The robberies all
occurred near I-96 and involved the robber placing a gun on the counter and requesting money.
The robber was also quite calm during each robbery and wore jeans, gloves, and a head covering.
In addition, there was evidence that, shortly after each robbery, Rentsch called Deshawn Hugle
and drove toward Detroit. Accordingly, the three robberies were sufficiently similar to support
an inference that they were part of a common plan, scheme, or system. Sabin, 463 Mich at 63.

        We acknowledge that the robberies had differences. They did not all occur at the same
time of day, occur in the same town, or involve the robber wearing the same exact clothing. The
robber asked for a particular brand of cigarettes in some robberies, but not others. Additionally,
what was presumably Rentsch’s red truck was only seen in the BP robbery. However, the acts
contain many similarities as in Ho, 231 Mich App at 186-187, where the Court upheld the
admission of other acts to prove identity. Moreover, to the extent this might be viewed as “a
close evidentiary question,” a “trial court’s decision on a close evidentiary question . . . cannot be
an abuse of discretion,” Sabin, 463 Mich at 67. Further, the evidence shows identity through
other evidence.

       First, Brue’s tracking of Rentsch’s cell phone over the three day time period is consistent
with Rentsch being at the Mobil robbery. Additionally, this tracking shows a pattern of travel
back and forth between Brighton and Detroit over the three days in which the robberies were
committed.




                                                 -3-
        Second, while the robber was not wearing the same clothes in all three robberies, officers
arrested Rentsch near a truck containing clothing that was consistent with that worn during the
robberies. The clothing included: a hat, jeans, a North Face coat similar to the one worn by the
robber of the 7-Eleven, gloves that were similar to those worn by the robber of the 7-Eleven, a
white shirt, sweatshirt, ski mask, and gloves similar to that worn by the robber of the Mobil gas
station, and “black cotton or knit gloves” and “[b]rown work boots” “similar to [those] worn by”
the robber of the BP gas station. This specific collection of otherwise innocuous clothing
suggests that one person committed each of the robberies and, because there was strong evidence
that Rentsch committed the 7-Eleven and BP robberies, a reasonable jury could conclude that he
was also the person who robbed the Mobil gas station. Accordingly, the evidence from the other
robberies was probative to prove identity. MRE 401.

        Evidence of the other robberies was no doubt “damaging and prejudicial.” Railer, 288
Mich App at 220-221. But the evidence was highly probative of the disputed issue of identity.
Blackston, 481 Mich at 462. Evidence of the other robberies was also not “needlessly
cumulative” of evidence of identity associated with the robbery at the Mobil gas station. Id.
And, as Singer could not identify the robber of the Mobil gas station and the photos of the
robbery provided to us do not provide a clear picture of the robber, it does not appear that there
was other evidence with less “harmful collateral effects” that could have been offered to
establish identity. Id. Therefore, the evidence was not substantially more prejudicial than
probative. Further, the trial court also properly instructed the jury to consider the evidence only
for a proper purpose. Cameron, 291 Mich App at 612.

                                   III. SENTENCING ISSUES

                                             A. OV 19

       Rentsch next argues that the trial court erred in scoring Offense Variable (OV) 19, which
addresses a “threat to the security of a penal institution or court or interference with the
administration of justice or the rendering of emergency services.” MCL 777.49. “ ‘[T]he plain
and ordinary meaning of “interfere with the administration of justice” . . . is to oppose so as to
hamper, hinder, or obstruct the act or process of administering judgment of individuals or causes
by judicial process.’ ” People v Sours, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2016), slip op at 2,
quoting People v Hershey, 303 Mich App 330, 343; 844 NW2d 127 (2013), quoting MCL
777.49(c) (altered here). The variable “is generally scored for conduct that constitutes an attempt
to avoid being caught and held accountable for the sentencing offense.” Id.

        A trial court must assign 25 points to OV 19 when the defendant “threatened the security
of a penal institution or court.” MCL 777.49(a). When the defendant “used force or the threat of
force against another person or the property of another to interfere with, attempt to interfere with,
or that results in the interference with the administration of justice or the rendering of emergency
services,” the trial court must assign 15 points. MCL 777.49(b). The trial court must assign 10
points when the defendant “otherwise interfered with or attempted to interfere with the
administration of justice.” MCL 777.49(c). “The phrase ‘interfered with or attempted to
interfere with the administration of justice’ is broad.” Steele, 283 Mich App at 492, quoting
People v Barbee, 470 Mich 283, 286; 681 NW2d 348 (2004). Ten points can be assigned when a
victim is told not to speak to the police, id. at 492-493, when a victim or witness is threatened,

                                                -4-
Hershey, 303 Mich App at 343-344, when a victim is impliedly threatened, People v McDonald,
293 Mich App 292, 299-300; 811 NW2d 507 (2011), or when a defendant otherwise “attempt[s]
to deceive the police during [an] investigation,” Hershey, 303 Mich App at 343-344.

        In this case, the trial court assigned 10 points to OV 19 because Rentsch attempted “to
interfere with . . . the administration of justice by encouraging his family members to
contact . . .the . . . victims and or witnesses” without using “force or threats.” During phone calls
that Rentsch had while incarcerated, he discussed not wanting Sevelis to disclose his conduct to
the court, talked to his mother and friend about not wanting her to come to court, and explained
how one could be prevented from coming to court. Additionally, he made at least implied threats
against Sevelis, McDonald, 293 Mich App at 299-300, in agreeing with his friend that he wanted
her to “disappear.”2 In addition, Rentsch obtained the names of the victims, gave the names to
his mother, and discussed wanting to contact them. This conduct was sufficient to support the
trial court’s score. Consequently, the trial court did not err.

                                     B. CROSBY REMAND

        Rentsch also argues that he is entitled to a Crosby remand because the trial court used
judge-found facts to increase the floor of his guideline minimum sentencing range in violation of
his Sixth Amendment rights. Rentsch did not preserve this issue for appeal. We review
unpreserved challenges for plain error. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 364; 870 NW2d 502
(2015).

        In Lockridge, 498 Mich at 364, our Supreme Court held that Michigan’s sentencing
guidelines are “constitutionally deficient” to “the extent [that they] require judicial fact-finding
beyond the facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury to score offense variables (OVs)
that mandatorily increase the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence range . . . .” (Emphasis
in original.) Such a scheme “violates the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 373. Instead, “[a]ny fact
that, by law, increases the penalty for a crime is an “element” that must be submitted to the jury
and found beyond a reasonable doubt.” Alleyne v United States, 570 US ___; 133 S Ct 2151,
2155; 186 L Ed 2d 314 (2013). If such a violation occurs, “the case should be remanded to the
trial court to determine whether that court would have imposed a materially different sentence
but for the constitutional error” using a procedure known as a Crosby remand. Lockridge, 498
Mich at 397.

        In this case, the facts necessary to score OVs 4 and 19 were not found by a jury. The trial
court assigned 10 points to OV 4. OV 4 governs “psychological injury to a victim.” MCL
777.34(1). Ten points are assigned when there was “[s]erious psychological injury requiring
professional treatment occurred to a victim.” MCL 777.34(1)(a). This issue was not submitted
to or determined by the jury and Rentsch did not concede that the victim suffered such an injury.


2
  We note that this Court affirmed the same score for OV 19 involving Rentsch’s other
convictions on the basis of similar conduct. See People v Rentsch, unpublished opinion per
curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 22, 2015 (Docket No. 321934).


                                                -5-
The same is true of the evidence that the trial court relied on in scoring OV 19. When the 20
points assigned to OV 4 and OV 19 are subtracted from the total score, the applicable sentencing
category goes from F-III to F-II. MCL 777.62. Accordingly, Rentsch’s guideline minimum
sentencing range, as a fourth habitual offender, goes from 135 to 450 months to 126 to 420
months. MCL 777.62. As such, he is entitled to a Crosby remand.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       There were no errors warranting a new trial. However, because the trial court sentenced
Rentsch using facts not found by a jury, we order a Crosby remand.

        Affirmed in part, but remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We
do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                           /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                           /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




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