          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 12-2444

                     EMMANUEL MITATI KINISU,

                           Petitioner,

                                v.

                       ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.,
                         Attorney General,

                           Respondent.



                 PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER
               OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS



                              Before

                       Lynch, Chief Judge,
              Torruella and Howard, Circuit Judges.



     Kevin R. Murphy on brief for petitioner.
     Thankful T. Vanderstar, Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Stuart F. Delery, Principal
Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and James E. Grimes, Senior
Litigation Counsel, on brief for respondent.



                          August 1, 2013
             LYNCH, Chief Judge.     Emmanuel Kinisu, a native and

citizen of Kenya, petitions for review of an order of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the ruling of an Immigration

Judge (IJ).    The IJ ruled that Kinisu had not met the standard for

waiver of the usual requirement of filing a joint petition with a

spouse in order to remove the conditions from his conditional

permanent residency.      Before the IJ, Kinisu, who did not file

jointly with his ex-wife, had argued that he was entitled to

removal of the conditions based on his marriage to an American

citizen, despite the fact that the marriage had ended in divorce.

This argument required proof that the marriage had been entered

into in good faith, a burden that the IJ found Kinisu failed to

meet.   Accordingly, the IJ determined that his resident status had

been terminated and ordered his removal from the United States,

subject to voluntary departure.     The BIA adopted and affirmed the

IJ's decision.

             In his petition to this court, Kinisu argues that the IJ

evaluated his request for removal of conditions under an erroneous

legal standard and that the IJ gave insufficient weight to Kinisu's

testimony.     The first argument was not raised before the BIA, and

so we have no jurisdiction to address it.        The second argument

fails on its merits.     We deny the petition.




                                   -2-
                                 I.

           We begin by briefly reviewing the immigration statute's

scheme governing marriage between an alien and a citizen. An alien

who has been married to a U.S. citizen for fewer than 24 months may

obtain an adjustment of his immigration status to that of a

"conditional" permanent resident.       See 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(a)(1),

(h)(1).   Generally, in order to remove the conditional status from

the alien spouse's residency, the spouses must jointly submit a

Form I-751 petition for removal of conditions and then participate

in a joint personal interview.         See id. § 1186a(c)(1).         The

petition must be filed within the 90-day period preceding the

second anniversary of the status adjustment.       Id. § 1186a(d)(2).

           However, if the alien spouse is unable to meet the joint

petition and interview requirements -- for instance, because the

marriage has ended in divorce -- then he may apply for a waiver of

those requirements. Id. § 1186a(c)(4)(B). In order to qualify for

a waiver, the alien spouse must show that, inter alia, "the

qualifying marriage was entered into in good faith by the alien

spouse, but the qualifying marriage has been terminated (other than

through the death of the spouse) and the alien was not at fault in

failing to meet the [joint filing] requirements."             Id.; see 8

C.F.R. §§ 216.4(a)(1), 216.5(a).

           Applicable   regulations    provide   that   all   Form   I-751

petitions "shall be accompanied by evidence that the marriage was


                                 -3-
not entered into for the purpose of evading the immigration laws of

the United States."            8 C.F.R. § 216.4(a)(5).            This evidence "may

include":

               (I) Documentation showing joint ownership of
               property;
               (ii) Lease showing joint tenancy of a common
               residence;
               (iii) Documentation showing commingling of
               financial resources;
               (iv) Birth certificates of children born to
               the marriage;
               (v) Affidavits of third parties having
               knowledge of the bona fides of the marital
               relationship, or
               (vi) Other documentation establishing that the
               marriage was not entered into in order to
               evade the immigration laws of the United
               States.

Id.;     see    also    8     C.F.R.    §    216.5(e)(2)      (providing      that,       in

considering       an    application         for    waiver    of   the    joint      filing

requirements, the agency "shall consider evidence relating to the

amount of commitment by both parties to the marital relationship").

                                             II.

               Kinisu came to the United States in May 1992 on a B-1

visa.     According to his testimony before the IJ, he met Theresa

Johnson, a United States citizen, in 2000, and they dated for

approximately two years.               On October 9, 2002, Kinisu and Johnson

were married.          Approximately a year later, on October 23, 2003,

Kinisu    obtained       an    adjustment         of   his   status     to   that    of   a

conditional permanent resident. The couple remained together until

October 2005, when, according to Kinisu, Johnson left the marital


                                             -4-
home.   They obtained a final judgment of divorce on December 28,

2006.

             In June 2008, Kinisu filed a Form I-751 petition to

remove the conditions on his residency, which included a request

for waiver of the requirement that the petition be filed jointly

with his spouse.     The United States Citizenship and Immigration

Services (USCIS) conducted an interview with Kinisu on May 12,

2009, at which Kinisu gave testimony and submitted documents to

support his claim that he had entered into his marriage with

Johnson in good faith. At the interview, Kinisu provided a tenancy

at will agreement purporting to show his cohabitation with Johnson,

a letter from his property manager to the same effect, three bank

statements    from   a   joint   checking   account,   various    tax   and

employment-related documents, and photographs of the wedding.

             On August 6, 2010, USCIS denied Kinisu's petition.         The

agency found that the documents Kinisu had provided did not support

his claim that the marriage had been in good faith.              It noted,

among other things, multiple discrepancies in Johnson's listed

addresses on her W-2s; inconsistencies in the property manager's

letter; the absence of tax transcripts to show that purported

"married filing jointly" returns had actually been filed with the

IRS; the absence of evidence of significantly commingled funds or

joint assets; and the absence of photographs post-dating the

wedding.   The agency also commented on Kinisu's failure to provide


                                    -5-
any documentary evidence to show that he and Johnson participated

in their local community as a married couple or that they "were

creating a social or family relationship."

           As a result of these findings, USCIS denied Kinisu's

petition   to    remove   the   conditions   on   his   residency   and,

accordingly, deemed his permanent resident status terminated as of

July 28, 2006.    The decision was not appealable, but the decision

letter explained that Kinisu could request a review of the decision

in removal proceedings.     See 8 C.F.R. § 216.5(f).

           On the same day that USCIS issued its decision letter,

Immigration and Customs Enforcement issued a Notice to Appear to

Kinisu, charging him with being removable from the United States as

an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence whose status had

been terminated.     In his responsive pleading, Kinisu conceded

removability but requested relief in the form of a review of his

petition for removal of conditions.          In the alternative, he

requested voluntary departure.

           On June 13, 2011, the IJ held a hearing, at which Kinisu

was the only witness.      The IJ also reviewed the documents that

Kinisu had submitted to USCIS.       Kinisu testified at the hearing

that, in July 2002, Johnson had moved into the apartment he rented,

and they lived there together until their separation.          However,

Kinisu did not produce any leases from 2002, 2003, or 2004 showing

that Johnson was a tenant at the apartment, allegedly because the


                                   -6-
building was changing hands and the landlords did not want to give

leases.    Kinisu's only direct evidence of cohabitation was the

tenancy at will agreement, dated May 1, 2005, which listed Kinisu

as the tenant on the first page and only included Johnson's name on

the last page, handwritten, with the notation "tenant."                He also

pointed to the unsworn letter from the property manager stating

that Kinisu lived with Johnson at the apartment from July 2002

through October 2006.       But Kinisu admitted on cross-examination

that the letter was incorrect in at least one respect: Johnson had

moved out of the apartment in October 2005, a year earlier than the

ending date in the letter.

            Kinisu testified that he and Johnson maintained separate

bank accounts during the marriage but also opened a joint checking

account.    He claimed that he stopped putting money into the joint

account    when   he   realized   how   fast   Johnson   spent   the    money.

Although Kinisu stated that the account was open from June 2002

through October 2006, he provided only three account statements --

from March, June, and July 2005 -- each of which showed minimal

account activity.        The couple had no other joint assets and

maintained separate auto and health insurance policies.

            Kinisu stated that he and Johnson began having problems

in their marriage in 2003, primarily because Johnson was spending

much of her time caring for her mother, who had cancer.           Johnson's




                                    -7-
mother died in April 2004, approximately a year and a half before

the couple separated.

             After hearing Kinisu's testimony and reviewing the USCIS

documentary record and decision letter, the IJ issued an oral

decision in which she found that Kinisu had failed to meet his

burden of showing that his marriage had been in good faith.              The IJ

first noted that Kinisu had failed to provide any affidavits from

third parties who could vouch for the bona fides of the marriage,

see 8 C.F.R. § 216.4(a)(5)(v), including from Kinisu's own brother,

who had lived in the United States during the marriage and knew

Johnson.     She then described the deficiencies in the documentary

evidence that Kinisu had produced, including the limited bank

account statements and the absence of joint leases for the alleged

marital residence.         Finally, the IJ questioned Kinisu's statement

that   the   marriage      deteriorated    because   of   Johnson's   mother's

illness,     since   the    mother   had    died   long   before   the   couple

separated.    Given these facts, the IJ concluded that Kinisu's Form

I-751 petition had to be denied; she did, however, grant Kinisu

voluntary departure.

             Kinisu appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA.               In his

brief in support of the appeal, Kinisu argued that the IJ had given

insufficient weight to his testimony and too much weight to the

lack of documentary evidence.              The BIA issued its decision on

November 6, 2012, "adopt[ing] and affirm[ing]" the IJ's decision


                                      -8-
"for the reasons set forth" therein.               The BIA did not perform its

own analysis separate from reciting the IJ's findings.

                                         III.

            This court has jurisdiction to review a final order of

removal    only   if    "the    alien    has    exhausted     all   administrative

remedies    available      to    the    alien     as   of    right."     8   U.S.C.

§ 1252(d)(1).     Where we have jurisdiction, we generally review the

decision of the BIA, but when the BIA adopts the decision of the

IJ, we review the IJ's decision directly.                   Chhay v. Mukasey, 540

F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2008); Albathani v. INS, 318 F.3d 365, 373 (1st

Cir. 2003).

            We    review       the     IJ's     factual     findings   using    the

"substantial evidence" standard, Yatskin v. INS, 255 F.3d 5, 9 (1st

Cir. 2001), a "quite deferential" standard of review under which we

will treat the IJ's findings as "conclusive if 'supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record

considered as a whole.'"             Mediouni v. INS, 314 F.3d 24, 27 (1st

Cir. 2002) (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481

(1992)).     The credibility of a witness is a factual question.

McKenzie-Francisco v. Holder, 662 F.3d 584, 586 (1st Cir. 2011).

We will not reverse an IJ's findings of fact unless the record

evidence would "compel a reasonable factfinder to reach a contrary

determination."        Chhay, 540 F.3d at 5.




                                         -9-
             It was Kinisu's burden to prove that his marriage had

been entered into in good faith.             McKenzie-Francisco, 662 F.3d at

586-87.     Kinisu's first argument to this court is that the IJ

applied an erroneous legal standard in determining whether he met

this burden.       Specifically, he argues that the IJ treated third-

party affidavits attesting to the bona fides of the marriage as

required under the applicable regulation, whereas in fact such

affidavits are one among a variety of documents that may be used to

prove the good faith of the marriage.

             This argument was not raised before the BIA.             The law of

this circuit is clear that, if a petitioner fails to press an

argument before the BIA, "the petitioner has not exhausted [his]

administrative       remedies"     as   to   that   issue,   which,   "in    turn,

forecloses    this    court   from      exercising   jurisdiction     over    [the

issue]."     Chhay, 540 F.3d at 5-6 (citing Sunoto v. Gonzales, 504

F.3d 56, 59 (1st Cir. 2007); Makhoul v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 75, 80

(1st Cir. 2004)). We thus have no jurisdiction to address Kinisu's

first argument.

             Kinisu also renews the argument that he did make before

the BIA: that the IJ did not give sufficient weight to his

testimony    and    gave   undue    weight     to   the   deficiencies   in    the

documentary record.1       We have no trouble concluding that the IJ's


     1
      The government contends that Kinisu has waived this claim by
failing to develop his argument and failing to provide relevant
citations to the record. Because Kinisu's claim is easily resolved

                                        -10-
decision was supported by substantial evidence on the record as a

whole. First, Kinisu himself admits in his brief before this court

that "[t]he [IJ]'s focus on the lack of documentation is warranted

by the record in this case."    Indeed, Kinisu produced very few

documents in support of his claims about the marriage, and the IJ

determined that the ones he did produce showed either dubious

support for those claims or no support at all.            See, e.g.,

McKenzie-Francisco, 662 F.3d at 587 (finding substantial evidence

to support determination of lack of good faith where the record was

"lacking the type of memorabilia that marriages typically produce,"

including absence of "evidence that [the spouses'] finances were

commingled" other than two joint tax returns). Evidence supporting

the good faith of the marriage -- often in the form of documentary

evidence -- is a required factor in an application for removal of

conditions.   See 8 C.F.R. § 216.4(a)(5).

          Second, the IJ did consider Kinisu's testimony in her

decision, just not in a way that was ultimately favorable to him.

The IJ reasonably questioned Kinisu's failure to produce any

affidavits discussing the marital relationship in light of Kinisu's

admission that his brother had known the couple and would have been

able to provide an affidavit if Kinisu had asked for one.     Kinisu

also testified that he had not asked his ex-wife for an affidavit

even though they were on cordial terms.     He further testified that


on its merits, we do not address the waiver question.

                               -11-
he had not asked any friends for affidavits because he thought

people in this country stay out of other people's business. The IJ

did not find these explanations convincing, nor did she find

Kinisu's explanation for the failure of his marriage convincing,

given the discrepancy between the dates when he claimed that

Johnson was caring for her ailing mother and the date of the

alleged breakdown of the marriage.

            "Even if the explanation for an inconsistency is on its

face reasonable and consistent, that does not mean the explanation

is true or that the IJ must accept it.      It also does not mean that

an IJ cannot evaluate a superficially reasonable explanation by

weighing its plausibility or assessing an applicant's credibility."

Weng v. Holder, 593 F.3d 66, 72 (1st Cir. 2010).             Here, after

considering Kinisu's testimony and the documents (and lack of

documents) allegedly supporting it, the IJ determined that Kinisu's

explanations    for   the   shortcomings   in   his   documentation   were

unreasonable.   It is clear that the IJ weighed the totality of the

evidence in determining that Kinisu did not meet his burden of

proving that he had entered into his marriage in good faith.          The

many gaps in the documentary record, along with Kinisu's weak

explanations for them, provide substantial evidence supporting this

decision.    See Pan v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 80, 87 (1st Cir. 2007)

("So long as the IJ has given reasoned consideration to the




                                  -12-
evidence as a whole, made supportable findings, and adequately

explained her reasoning, no more is exigible.").

          The petition for review is denied.




                              -13-
