        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT JACKSON
                  Assigned on Briefs December 3, 2013

               STATE OF TENNESSEE V. ERNEST JACKSON

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                        No. 12-292    Donald H. Allen, Judge


                No. W2013-00348-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 9, 2014


Ernest Jackson (“the Defendant”) was convicted by a jury of sale and delivery of less than
0.5 grams of cocaine and possession of drug paraphernalia. Following a sentencing hearing,
the trial court merged the Defendant’s conviction for delivery of cocaine into his conviction
for sale of cocaine and sentenced the Defendant to an effective sentence of fifteen years’
incarceration. On appeal, the Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his convictions for sale and delivery of cocaine. After a thorough review of the
record and the applicable law, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments
                             of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and
J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

Gregory D. Gookin, Assistant Public Defender, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Ernest
Jackson.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Senior Counsel;
James G. Woodall, District Attorney General; and Shaun A. Brown, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                          OPINION

                           Factual and Procedural Background

       A Madison County Grand Jury indicted the Defendant on one count each for sale of
0.5 grams or more of cocaine, delivery of 0.5 grams or more of cocaine, and possession of
drug paraphernalia. The Defendant proceeded to a jury trial on September 25, 2012.

        Sergeant Phillip Kemper with the Jackson Police Department (“JPD”) testified that,
at the time of trial, he had been assigned to the Gang Enforcement Team (“the Team”) for
seven years. The Team served to “investigate narcotics and firearm cases in high crime areas
where gang activity is present.” On November 9, 2011, he was working undercover with
Lieutenant Paul Thomas to purchase “street level narcotics in different areas of Jackson.”

        On that evening, Sergeant Kemper and Lieutenant Thomas were sitting in a white
Dodge truck at the corner of Preston Street and Preston Alley. Sergeant Kemper was sitting
in the driver’s seat. An individual (not the Defendant) had told Sergeant Kemper that he
could set up a cocaine purchase for Sergeant Kemper at this location. Sergeant Kemper
identified this area as “a high drug trafficking area for street level narcotics.” Shortly after
8:00 p.m., the Defendant, identified by Sergeant Kemper at trial, approached the driver’s side
window and handed Sergeant Kemper “two small rocks” of what Sergeant Kemper believed
to be crack cocaine in exchange for four, ten dollar bills. Although other officers were not
in sight at the time of the purchase, Sergeant Kemper notified officers as they drove away
regarding the Defendant’s description, and other officers immediately arrived and took the
Defendant into custody. Sergeant Kemper agreed that he and Lieutenant Thomas did not
participate in the Defendant’s arrest.

       Sergeant Kemper confirmed that, although he and the Defendant did not discuss the
amount of cocaine he was purchasing, he received the amount of crack cocaine that he
believed he would receive based on payment of $40. He identified a picture of the Defendant
taken on the night of this purchase.

      Sergeant Kemper stated that the money he used to purchase the crack cocaine was
from a drug fund through the JPD. In order to track the cash, the officers customarily
photocopied the dollar bills, as they did in this case. Sergeant Kemper identified at trial
photographs of the money he used in his transaction with the Defendant and stated that he
reacquired possession of that money later that evening. Sergeant Kemper relinquished the
purchased material to Investigator Anderson. He noted that the “two rocks” were not in any
packaging. At the time he relinquished the purported crack cocaine, he retrieved the cash he
had used in the purchase.


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       Sergeant Kemper confirmed that he employed a surveillance video and audio
recording during the transaction with the Defendant. He explained that the video was
completely dark because of the location and the lack of lighting but that it recorded all of the
audio. He stated that no one was with the Defendant when he provided the purported crack
cocaine to the officers.

      On cross-examination, Sergeant Kemper confirmed that, on some occasions, the Team
purchased narcotics from “individual targets” but that the Defendant was not one such target.
He agreed that he never had seen the Defendant prior to the evening of this incident.

       Lieutenant Paul Thomas with the Milan Police Department (“MPD”) testified that he
was a special agent with the West Tennessee Drug Task Force. On November 9, 2011, he
was assisting the Team with the JPD. He stated that he was present in the passenger’s seat
when the Defendant sold Sergeant Kemper drugs that evening. He confirmed that the area
in which this transaction occurred was a “high drug transaction area.” He also confirmed that
he and Sergeant Kemper were wearing street clothes and driving an undercover vehicle.

       Lieutenant Thomas described the transaction as a “brief encounter” in which the
Defendant handed “something” to Sergeant Kemper through the driver’s side window and
Sergeant Kemper gave the Defendant $40. He described the Defendant on that night as
wearing a Tennessee Titans jacket and a hat. According to Lieutenant Thomas, no one else
was present with the Defendant or with he and Sergeant Kemper at the time of the
transaction.

       On cross-examination, Lieutenant Thomas confirmed that the Defendant was not a
specific target for a narcotics sale that evening. He also confirmed that he knew what a
“Brillo” was and explained that it is “used as a screen or filter in a crack pipe,” which is used
to smoke crack cocaine.

       Investigator Rodney Anderson with the JPD testified that he investigated crimes
involving “gangs, drugs, violent crimes, [and] fugitives.” On November 9, 2011, he was
working with Sergeant Kemper and Lieutenant Thomas in undercover drug operations.
Investigator Anderson’s role was to conduct the arrest of the seller following each drug
transaction conducted that evening. Investigator Anderson confirmed that he and another
officer arrested the Defendant that evening. Although he was not present when the
transaction occurred, he drove to the location immediately following the transaction and
arrested the individual who matched the description given by Sergeant Kemper and
Lieutenant Thomas. He identified the photograph of the Defendant also identified by
Sergeant Kemper and Lieutenant Thomas as a photograph of the Defendant taken that
evening.


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         After arresting the Defendant and searching him for weapons, they transported him
to another location and searched him further. At that time, Investigator Anderson found “a
little piece of Brillo pad and a crack pipe” in the Defendant’s pocket. He explained that these
items are used to smoke crack cocaine. He stated, “They use the Brillo pad to put inside the
glass tube and then they light it up and they smoke it and it’s used as a type of filter during
the smoking process.” Investigator Anderson identified at trial an evidence bag containing
the Brillo pad and crack pipe that he found on the Defendant’s person that evening. He also
identified at trial an evidence bag containing the crack cocaine that he received from
Sergeant Kemper.

       Investigator Anderson stated that they retrieved the money used in the drug transaction
beside the wall where they arrested the Defendant. They had returned to that location after
searching the Defendant. Investigator Anderson surmised that the Defendant must have
dropped the money. He compared the money found to the money used in the transaction by
Sergeant Kemper and confirmed that it matched.

        On cross-examination, Investigator Anderson acknowledged that he did not find on
the Defendant’s person any money, additional crack cocaine, scales, or plastic bags. He
stated that, during the drug transaction, he estimated that he was parked less than half of a
mile away. He confirmed that he had arrested other individuals in the past who had pipes
and Brillo pads on their persons.

      The State recalled Sergeant Kemper, who identified an additional photograph as a
photograph of the Defendant in the hat that he wore during the drug transaction.

         Brenda McNeil testified that she was the evidence technician for the Jackson Madison
County Metro Narcotics Unit. She explained, “I receive the drug evidence from the arresting
officers and keep it in our drug vault. I take it for testing and I bring it to court.” She and
her boss were the only individuals who had access to the drug vault. She identified an item
at trial as an item she placed into the drug vault and then took to Memphis for testing. This
item previously was identified by Investigator Anderson as the purported crack cocaine he
received from Sergeant Kemper. According to McNeil, she dropped off the item on
December 20, 2011, for testing and retrieved it on May 11, 2012. She believed that the item
was sent to Nashville at some point. She also identified an item previously identified by
Investigator Anderson as the bag containing the crack pipe and Brillo pad, which she also
kept in the drug vault and brought to trial.

       Special Agent Jennifer Sullivan, a forensic scientist with the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (“TBI”) Crime Laboratory in Nashville, testified as an expert in controlled
substance identification. She stated that she weighed the material obtained in this case and


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determined that it weighed 0.28 grams. Special Agent Sullivan confirmed, after testing the
substance, that it tested positive for cocaine base, which commonly is known as crack
cocaine. She explained that the reason she received this material at the Nashville laboratory
was because sometimes her office helped the Memphis laboratory when the Memphis
laboratory had a backlog. She received the material in this case on December 20, 2011.

       At the conclusion of the State’s proof, the defense moved for judgment of acquittal,
which the trial court denied. The Defendant chose not to testify and presented no proof.
Following deliberations, the jury found the Defendant guilty of sale and delivery of less than
0.5 grams of cocaine and possession of drug paraphernalia and fined the Defendant a total
of $11,000. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court merged the Defendant’s conviction for
delivery of cocaine into his conviction for sale of cocaine. The trial court sentenced the
Defendant as a Range III, persistent offender, to fifteen years for his conviction of sale of
cocaine and eleven months, twenty-nine days for his conviction of possession of drug
paraphernalia. The court ordered that the sentences run concurrently, for a total effective
sentence of fifteen years’ incarceration. Because the trial court merged the convictions for
delivery and sale of cocaine, the trial court reduced the Defendant’s imposed fine to $6,000.
The Defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court subsequently denied. He
timely appealed, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions for
sale and delivery of cocaine.

                                           Analysis

                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Our standard of review regarding sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). After a jury finds a
defendant guilty, the presumption of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption
of guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Consequently, the defendant
has the burden on appeal of demonstrating why the evidence was insufficient to support the
jury’s verdict. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

       The appellate court does not weigh the evidence anew. Rather, “a jury verdict,
approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves
all conflicts” in the testimony and all reasonably drawn inferences in favor of the State. State
v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, “the State is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable or legitimate inferences which may be
drawn therefrom.” Id. (citation omitted). This standard of review applies to guilty verdicts


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based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn.
2011) (citing State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). In Dorantes, our supreme
court adopted the United States Supreme Court standard that “direct and circumstantial
evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of such evidence.” Id.
at 381. Accordingly, the evidence need not exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except
that of the defendant’s guilt, provided the defendant’s guilt is established beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id.

       The weight and credibility given to the testimony of witnesses, and the reconciliation
of conflicts in that testimony, are questions of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659
(Tenn. 1997). Furthermore, it is not the role of this Court to reevaluate the evidence or
substitute its own inferences for those drawn by the jury. State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641,
655 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (citations omitted).

        Although the trial court merged the Defendant’s convictions for sale and delivery of
cocaine, we will consider the sufficiency of the evidence as to both convictions in order to
facilitate further potential appellate review. In Tennessee, “[i]t is an offense for a defendant
to knowingly . . . [d]eliver a controlled substance[] [or] [s]ell a controlled substance.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(2),(3) (2010). Tennessee statute defines “deliver” as “the actual,
constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance,
whether or not there is an agency relationship.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-402(6) (2010).
Cocaine is classified as a Schedule II drug, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-408(b)(4) (2010),
and sale or delivery of less than 0.5 grams of cocaine is a Class C felony. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-17-417(c)(2)(A).

       The State presented ample evidence for the jury to convict the Defendant of both sale
and delivery of cocaine. The testimony at trial established that on November 9, 2011,
Sergeant Kemper and Lieutenant Thomas had arranged with an individual to buy cocaine
from someone at the corner of Preston Street and Preston Alley. Upon their arrival, the
Defendant approached their vehicle and handed Sergeant Kemper “two small rocks” in
exchange for $40 cash from Sergeant Kemper. Sergeant Kemper confirmed at trial that he
received the amount of purported crack cocaine that he would expect to receive for $40.
Additionally, Sergeant Kemper identified the money found near the Defendant as the money
he gave the Defendant in exchange for the “two small rocks.” Special Agent Sullivan with
the TBI confirmed, after testing this substance, that it was 0.28 grams of crack cocaine.

       The Defendant argues that he should have been convicted of the lesser-included
offense of simple possession or casual exchange of cocaine. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-
418(a) (2010) (“It is an offense for a person to knowingly possess or casually exchange a
controlled substance.”). He cites to State v. Copeland, 983 S.W.2d 703, 708 (Tenn. Crim.


                                              -6-
App. 1998), in which this Court stated, “A ‘casual exchange’ contemplates a spontaneous
passing of a small amount of drugs, for instance, at a party. Money may or may not be
involved.”

       Here, both Sergeant Kemper and Lieutenant Thomas testified that they never had seen
the Defendant prior to their transaction with him. Moreover, as stated previously, they
specifically set up this cocaine purchase through another individual. Therefore, viewing the
evidence with the strongest legitimate view in favor of the State, see Harris, 839 S.W.2d at
75, we conclude that the State introduced sufficient evidence for a jury to convict the
Defendant of sale and delivery of less than 0.5 grams of cocaine. Accordingly, the
Defendant is entitled to no relief on this issue.

                                     CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.



                                          _________________________________
                                          JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE




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