                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 7 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOSE RIERA; et al.,                             No.    18-56470

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cv-06686-RGK-PJW
 v.

SOMATICS, LLC,                                  MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted April 2, 2020**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: BEA and BADE, Circuit Judges, and DRAIN,*** District Judge.

      Plaintiffs Michelle Himes, Diane Scurrah, Marcia Benjamin, and Daniel

Benjamin (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s dismissal of their



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Gershwin A. Drain, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”) against Somatics, LLC under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) on statute of limitations grounds. The district court had

diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.        “A federal court sitting in diversity applies

the substantive law of the state, including the state’s statute of limitations.” Albano

v. Shea Homes Ltd. P’ship, 634 F.3d 524, 530 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). We

review de novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).

Skilstaf, Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 669 F.3d 1005, 1014 (9th Cir. 2012). We

reverse and remand to the district court for further proceedings.

      1.     To the extent the district court erred by failing to construe Somatics’s

Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss as a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the

pleadings, the error is harmless because the same standard applies to Rule 12(b)(6)

and Rule 12(c) motions. See United States ex. rel. Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4

Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011).

      2.     The district court erred by dismissing Plaintiffs’ TAC on statute of

limitations grounds. Under California law, the district court could dismiss Plaintiffs’

TAC on statute of limitations grounds only if the TAC stated dates that “clearly and

affirmatively appear on the face of the complaint; it is not enough that the complaint

shows that the action may be barred.” Geneva Towers Ltd. P’Ship v. City of San

Francisco, 60 P.3d 692, 700 (Cal. 2003) (citation omitted). “Where a complaint


                                          2
does not reveal on its face that it is barred by the statute of limitations, a plaintiff has

no obligation to plead around the defense.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Ward,

245 Cal. Rptr. 3d 303, 312 (Ct. App. 2019) (citations omitted).

       The TAC alleges the dates of Plaintiffs’ final electroconvulsive therapy

(“ECT”) treatments but does not allege when Plaintiffs became injured. The district

court improperly inferred that Plaintiffs were injured, and Plaintiffs’ causes of action

accrued, on the date of their final ECT treatments. Because the TAC alleges the

dates of Plaintiffs’ final ECT treatments and not the dates of Plaintiffs’ injuries, the

TAC “does not reveal on its face” that Plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the statute

of limitations.1 Id. The district court therefore erred by dismissing Plaintiffs’ TAC

as time barred.

REVERSED and REMANDED.




1
       Plaintiffs argued that the statute of limitations does not apply because “their
claims were not time-barred on the face of the complaint” for the first time on appeal.
Although we generally do not consider arguments that are raised for the first time
on appeal, see In re Mercury Interactive Corp. Sec. Litig., 618 F.3d 988, 992 (9th
Cir. 2010), Somatics waived any argument regarding Plaintiffs’ waiver by failing to
assert it in its answering brief, see Norwood v. Vance, 591 F.3d 1062, 1068 (9th Cir.
2010).

                                             3
