                                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                      No. 19-2992
                                   ________________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                 DOUGLAS DEHAVEN,
                                             Appellant
                                  ________________
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Criminal Action No. 3-18-cr-00168-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable James M. Munley
                                   ________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    May 26, 2020

            Before: AMBRO, HARDIMAN, and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: May 27, 2020)


                                   ________________

                                       OPINION *
                                   ________________

AMBRO, Circuit Judge



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Douglas Dehaven asks us to vacate the judgment against him and remand for

resentencing, arguing that the District Court clearly erred in sentencing him when it

determined that he was not entitled to a mitigated-role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.

We disagree and thus affirm.

       In March 2018, federal agents began investigating Dehaven after learning he had

purchased a substantial number of firearms in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. In an

interview with the agents, Dehaven admitted to making 14 firearm purchases for a Pedro

Quinones (called straw purchases) between January 5, 2018 and February 11, 2018.

Quinones would give Dehaven, who had no criminal record and thus could lawfully

purchase guns, money, which Dehaven would then use to purchase the firearms. After

each purchase, Dehaven and Quinones would travel to Newark, New Jersey, where

Quinones would trade the firearms to an individual in exchange for personal-use

quantities of heroin for him and Dehaven.

       Dehaven pled guilty to making false statements in connection with the acquisition

of firearms from a federally licensed firearms dealer, and aiding and abetting that crime,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 2. The Probation Office determined that

Dehaven had a Total Offense Level of 19 and a Criminal History Category of I, resulting

in an advisory Guidelines range of 30 to 37 months’ imprisonment. At the sentencing

hearing, the District Court granted Dehaven a four-level downward departure under the

Guidelines, resulting in a range of 18 to 24 months’ imprisonment. Dehaven sought a

further adjustment for a mitigated role in the offense and a downward variance from the



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Guidelines range, both of which the Court denied. It ultimately imposed a sentence of 18

months’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

       The United States Sentencing Guidelines provide a four-level offense reduction

“[i]f the defendant was a minimal participant in any criminal activity,” U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2(a), and a two-level reduction “[i]f the defendant was a minor participant in any

criminal activity,” id. § 3B1.2(b). A three-level reduction is appropriate for “cases falling

between (a) and (b).” Id. § 3B1.2. “Minimal [p]articipant[s]” are “plainly among the

least culpable of those involved in the conduct of a group,” id. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.4, and a

“[m]inor [p]articipant” is “a defendant . . . who is less culpable than most other

participants in the criminal activity, but whose role could not be described as minimal,”

id. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.5. “Reduction is available for a defendant whose role in the offense

makes [him] substantially less culpable than the average participant.” United States v.

Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 819 (3d Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).

       District courts “are allowed broad discretion in applying this section, and their

rulings are left largely undisturbed by the courts of appeal.” United States v. Isaza-

Zapata, 148 F.3d 236, 238 (3d Cir. 1998). In determining whether a role adjustment is

warranted, courts should consider, among other factors, “(1) the defendant’s awareness of

the nature and scope of the criminal enterprise; (2) the nature of the defendant’s

relationship to the other participants; and (3) the importance of the defendant’s actions to

the success of the venture.” Brown, 250 F.3d at 819 (citations omitted). See also

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3(C) (setting forth other factors).



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       Dehaven contends that the downward-role adjustment was warranted because he

played at most a minor role in the offense. He argues that he was merely a “functionary,”

as he exercised no control or decisionmaking authority, nor did he understand the scope

of the conspiracy; rather, Quinones planned, directed, and benefitted from the scheme.

App. 84; accord Dehaven Br. 12–13. According to Dehaven, he was “simply being

paid” to purchase guns, Dehaven Br. 13 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.3), and he was

involved only because of his opioid addiction.

       As Dehaven challenges only the District Court’s factual determinations regarding

his role adjustment, we review for clear error. United States v. Richards, 674 F.3d 215,

222 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Carr, 25 F.3d 1194, 1207 (3d Cir. 1994)).

After hearing arguments from both sides, the District Court here determined that

Dehaven’s role in the conspiracy was neither “minimal” nor “minor,” but rather that he

played “an integral part in the conduct of the crimes,” App. 85. The Court determined

that the scheme put the public at risk by placing fourteen guns on the street (and noting

that only four had since been recovered), and it found that “[Dehaven] was in that . . .

[he] w[as] dealing with the guns with Quinones . . . for [his] own personal use. [He]

w[as] getting heroin out of the deal.” App. 89–90. Accordingly, it determined that a

downward adjustment for a mitigating role was not warranted.

       The record supports the District Court’s finding. Dehaven was aware of the nature

of the activity—indeed, he purchased the fourteen firearms himself and then

accompanied Quinones to Newark where they traded the guns to drug dealers for heroin.

He worked closely with Quinones, taking money from him to purchase the firearms on

                                             4
his behalf (and again, going with him to Newark to trade the firearms). Finally,

Dehaven’s participation was critical to the success of the venture. Quinones was barred

from purchasing firearms and thus relied on Dehaven as part of this scheme to make the

purchases on his behalf. Moreover, Dehaven benefited from the scheme by receiving

heroin. In light of the Brown factors, his role in the straw-firearm purchases cannot be

described as “minimal” or “minor.” Accordingly, the District Court did not clearly err in

overruling Dehaven’s request to reduce his offense level as a minimal/minor participant,

and we affirm his sentence.




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