               U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
              C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                            ________________________

                                 No. ACM 39268
                            ________________________

                               UNITED STATES
                                   Appellee
                                         v.
                          Jarek P. PAULETT
              Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                            ________________________

         Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 14 September 2018
                            ________________________

Military Judge: Andrew Kalavanos.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 3 years and
6 months, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 4 February 2017 by
GCM convened at Hurlburt Field, Florida.
For Appellant: Major Meghan Glines-Barney, USAF.
For Appellee: Colonel Julie L. Pitvorec, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel Jo-
seph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel G. Matt Osborn, USAF; Ma-
jor Tyler B. Musselman, USAF; Captain Michael T. Bunnell, USAF;
Technical Sergeant Jonathan G. Rector, USAF; 1 Mary Ellen Payne, Es-
quire.
Before HARDING, HUYGEN, and POSCH, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge POSCH delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge
HARDING and Judge HUYGEN joined.




1Technical Sergeant Rector is a military paralegal with the Air Force Legal Operations
Agency and was at all times supervised by attorneys admitted to practice before this
court.
                    United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


                             ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                             ________________________

POSCH, Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members found
Appellant guilty, contrary to his pleas, of one charge and two specifications of
sexual assault in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920. Appellant was sentenced to a dishonorable discharge,
confinement for three years and six months, and reduction to the grade of E-1.
Before taking action on the findings and sentence, the convening authority de-
ferred the automatic forfeiture of Appellant’s pay and allowances, and denied
Appellant’s request for deferment of the reduction in grade. At action, the con-
vening authority approved the adjudged sentence; however, he waived auto-
matic forfeitures for a period of six months and directed payment to Appellant’s
spouse for her benefit and the benefit of their unborn child. 2
    Appellant raises two issues on appeal: (1) whether the military judge erred
in denying one of Appellant’s challenges for cause and (2) whether the conven-
ing authority erred in denying Appellant’s request to defer his reduction in
grade. Finding no error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Ap-
pellant, we affirm the findings and sentence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant was assigned to Hurlburt Field, Florida, where he met and be-
came friends with a co-worker, Airman First Class (A1C) SS. In August 2015,
after playing a drinking game with A1C SS in her dorm room, Appellant put
his hand under her shorts and penetrated her vulva with his fingers. Appel-
lant’s conduct was unwelcomed and done without A1C SS’s consent, and with
the intent to gratify Appellant’s sexual desires. Feeling violated and confused,
A1C SS left Appellant alone in her room and went to another Airman’s room
to sleep.
   In October 2015, after an evening of heavy drinking with Appellant and
other friends, A1C SS slept at an off-base apartment on a couch in the living
room near where Appellant had also lain down to sleep. While A1C SS was
“passed out,” Appellant penetrated her vulva with his penis. A1C SS described


2 The convening authority’s action credited Appellant one day for illegal pretrial con-
finement in accordance with a ruling by the military judge.


                                          2
                  United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


not being fully aware of what was happening because she was impaired by the
amount of alcohol she had drunk. When A1C SS awoke in the morning, she
asked Appellant if he had had sex with her. Appellant told her “no” and put
forward that she was probably just dreaming. Appellant suggested that noth-
ing sexual could have happened to A1C SS while she slept because of her sleep-
ing position on the couch. Despite these assurances, A1C SS grew increasingly
concerned that Appellant had sexually assaulted her. Later that afternoon, a
friend drove A1C SS to an emergency room to undergo a sexual assault forensic
examination.
    The examination showed blunt-force penetrating injury to A1C SS’s genital
area. Forensic testing matched Appellant’s DNA profile to seminal fluid col-
lected on swabs taken from outside A1C SS’s vaginal area, from inside the un-
derwear that A1C SS had worn during the assault, and from two stains found
on the couch where she had slept.
    In December 2015, Appellant was interviewed by agents of the Air Force
Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). Appellant initially denied that he or
anyone else had engaged in sexual intercourse with A1C SS while she slept on
the couch. Appellant repeatedly asserted that he could not recall any sexual
activity with A1C SS, even after the agents confronted Appellant with the re-
sults of the DNA testing. Appellant later changed his story and claimed that
A1C SS had asked Appellant if he wanted to have sex with her and that he had
readily agreed, penetrating her one time for ten seconds, or at most, a minute
or two.

                               II. DISCUSSION
A. Denial of Challenge for Cause for Implied Bias
   Appellant elected to be tried by a panel consisting of officer and enlisted
members. Of the 11 members detailed by the convening authority, the Defense
challenged 8 members for cause. The military judge granted five challenges,
four of which were unopposed by trial counsel. The military judge denied the
challenge for cause of Chief Master Sergeant (CMSgt) BB and two others. The
Defense used its peremptory challenge on one of those other two.
    Appellant contends CMSgt BB should have been excused after the Defense
challenged him for cause, specifically, implied bias. The Defense’s three-part
basis for the implied bias challenge included that: (1) CMSgt BB was involved
as an additional duty first sergeant in a sexual assault case at a previous as-
signment about two years prior; (2) CMSgt BB had read an email from the
servicing legal office that said the court members had not found enough evi-
dence to convict the Airman involved in that prior case; and (3) CMSgt BB



                                      3
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


voiced concern during voir dire about the possibility that his service on Appel-
lant’s court-martial panel might be criticized by others. The military judge de-
nied the challenge. Appellant alleges the military judge erred. We are not per-
suaded.
   1. Law
    Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 912(f)(1)(N) provides that a member shall
be excused for cause whenever it appears that the member “[s]hould not sit as
a member in the interest of having the court-martial free from substantial
doubt as to legality, fairness, and impartiality.”
    Implied bias is “viewed through the eyes of the public, focusing on the ap-
pearance of fairness.” United States v. Bagstad, 68 M.J. 460, 462 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (quoting United States v. Clay, 64 M.J. 274, 276 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). There-
fore, appellate courts employ an objective standard when reviewing a military
judge’s decision regarding implied bias. United States v. Strand, 59 M.J. 455,
458 (C.A.A.F. 2004). “The hypothetical ‘public’ is assumed to be familiar with
the military justice system.” Bagstad, 68 M.J. at 462 (citing United States v.
Downing, 56 M.J. 419, 423 (C.A.A.F. 2002)).
    In reviewing challenges for cause under the implied bias standard, military
judges are required to follow the “liberal grant” mandate, which “supports the
UCMJ’s interest in ensuring that members of the military have their guilt or
innocence determined ‘by a jury composed of individuals with a fair and open
mind.’” United States v. James, 61 M.J. 132, 139 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting
United States v. Smart, 21 M.J. 15, 18 (C.M.A. 1985)). “[M]ilitary judges must
follow the liberal-grant mandate in ruling on challenges for cause, but we will
not overturn the military judge’s determination not to grant a challenge except
for a clear abuse of discretion in applying the liberal-grant mandate.” United
States v. White, 36 M.J. 284, 287 (C.M.A. 1993). “[I]n the absence of actual bias,
where a military judge considers a challenge based on implied bias, recognizes
his duty to liberally grant defense challenges, and places his reasoning on the
record, instances in which the military judge’s exercise of discretion will be
reversed will indeed be rare.” Clay, 64 M.J. at 277.
   2. Voir Dire of CMSgt BB
    In response to a trial defense counsel question during group voir dire,
CMSgt BB related he had some involvement in a sexual assault case a little
over two years prior. He was filling in for a first sergeant when a member of
his unit was identified as a subject for questioning by AFOSI. During individ-
ual voir dire, CMSgt BB explained his involvement:
       I was contacted that they needed to see one of my members who
       happened to be on duty that day. So, I went and picked him up,
       brought him down to the [AFOSI] office. I was then released and

                                        4
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


       they were questioning him. And then, I had to come back and
       pick him up. We took him over to the dorms so that they could
       collect evidence, and I stood outside the door with the lead
       [AFOSI] agent while we were waiting for them to do that. And,
       then, I transported him to the hospital off base so that they could
       do a sample kit. And then, once he was completed with the sam-
       ple kit, then I drove him back to the base.
    CMSgt BB explained that the result of the investigation was a court-mar-
tial that ended in a finding of not guilty. He watched the first three days of the
trial until duties called him away. Earlier, during group voir dire, CMSgt BB
expressed no concern that anyone in his chain of command would be disap-
pointed in him if he were to find Appellant not guilty. However, he answered
affirmatively to a question about whether his “service on this panel may be
criticized by others.” Trial defense counsel probed further during individual
voir dire, beginning with a question about the acquittal of the Airman in the
previous case:
       Q [Trial Defense Counsel]. . . . And what were your . . . views on
       the finding of not guilty?
       A [CMSgt BB]. . . . I felt that it made the system show that it
       worked; but, there was an email that had gone out that said that
       there wasn’t enough evidence to be found—to find him guilty.
       . . . But that the system did work in that he went to court, he had
       his day in court, and was able to provide evidence of his inno-
       cence.
       Q. And who is that email coming from?
       A. It went out . . . from the [Judge Advocate General (JAG)] to
       the first sergeants distro list.
       Q. I see. And so . . . the JAG was basically saying that something
       happened, but we just didn’t have enough evidence in this case
       to convict?
       A. Yes, sir, that was what I took from the email.
       Q. Okay. And you indicated that you are concerned that your
       service on this panel might be criticized?
       ....
       A. Just, in anything that goes on in life, things are armchair
       quarterbacked. People who aren’t part of the process, who don’t
       see what happened in this courtroom, once they hear the results,
       they’re just going to criticize anybody who was on there and have


                                        5
                     United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


        their own opinion on how things should have gone, and that’s
        just how I viewed it.
        Q. . . . is part of that based on your experience with that previous
        case?
        A. No, sir, more on just other emergencies like the [ ] Air Show
        crash. As soon as the crash happened, everybody’s . . . basically
        criticizing how the fire department responded, and you get a lot
        of that. You get a lot of false reporting that can make people de-
        cide that they could have done it better, or do it a different way
        than who was actually on the scene.
    Trial defense counsel challenged CMSgt BB’s service on Appellant’s panel
on the basis of implied bias, citing as disqualifying CMSgt BB’s involvement in
the prior sexual assault case, the email he received from the legal office, and
CMSgt BB’s remarks about criticism by others. 3
    3. Ruling by the Military Judge
    Before ruling on the challenge, the military judge addressed CMSgt BB’s
observation about possible criticism by others, concluding that it was not di-
rected at a court-martial’s outcome generally or Appellant’s case specifically:
        [E]ssentially what [CMSgt BB] said was, any decision could be
        quote, criticized. Everyone gets armchair quarterbacked. And,
        when asked why he’s come to that sort of conclusion or world
        view, he talked about a prior case involving an air crash and how
        the response to that air crash was criticized. So, my recollection
        is that he was speaking to armchair quarterbacking, second
        guessing; that, basically, as a leader, any decision you make is
        going to be, on some level criticized. . . . [H]e did not say it with
        any sort of particularity as it relates to sexual assault or this
        case in particular . . . .
   The military judge ruled on this part of the Defense challenge, saying,
“There was no indication of bias or concern or fear that there’d be some sort of
negative repercussion depending on the outcome of this trial.” The military




3 Trial defense counsel also challenged CMSgt BB for actual bias for the same three
reasons and challenged him for both actual and implied bias on an unrelated ground
not before us on appeal. Appellant does not raise the denial of the actual bias challenge
on appeal. We have reviewed the record and find that the military judge did not err in
denying the actual bias challenge.


                                           6
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


judge also addressed the challenge insofar as it concerned CMSgt BB’s involve-
ment in the prior sexual assault case and the email from the legal office that
followed the acquittal:
       [CMSgt BB] also talked about how one of his own unit members
       was questioned by [the AFOSI], how a kit was done, having
       watched his unit member go through the process, the member
       was acquitted as a result of it, he didn’t appear to have any sort
       of emotional or negative response to it. He watched -- I think he
       watched at the trial for about three days. In discussing the case,
       he talked about how alcohol was involved, underage drinking,
       kissing and so forth. But, ultimately, what he said was, and this
       is on an acquittal, his view on the findings showed that the sys-
       tem worked. Now, according to his recollection, an email went
       out from the legal office to the first sergeants to say that even if
       he was acquitted maybe, you know, something had taken place,
       but it certainly wasn’t Chief Master Sergeant [BB’s] explicit
       statements in the courtroom or his non-verbal behavior that,
       yeah, something happened, I guess this guy got away with it.
       There was no indication, whatsoever, of that. In fact, he just kept
       saying that the system worked.
   Ultimately, the military judge denied the Defense challenge and provided
the following explanation of his rationale:
       I find [CMSgt BB’s] responses were very candid. He indicated
       that . . . he would be able and willing to follow the court’s in-
       struction. Again, [CMSgt BB] appeared thoughtful and sincere
       in all of his responses, and he appears to be taking his duties as
       a member of this court very, very seriously. He also appears con-
       fident and not susceptible to improper inference or coercion, and
       that he’ll come to his own decisions based on the evidence that
       he’s presented in this case as well as the law that is instructed
       on -- the law that is given to him. Therefore, I have considered
       the challenge for cause on the basis of both actual and implied
       bias and the mandate to liberally grant defense challenges, and
       the challenge is denied.
   4. Analysis
    The crux of Appellant’s argument on appeal is that the military judge erred
in denying the challenge for implied bias because a member of the public would
conclude that CMSgt BB was vulnerable to concerns about outside criticism,
or in the words of the trial defense counsel, “[CMSgt BB] may be voting a cer-
tain way because he’s sort of scared or not sure about how others will view


                                        7
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


him.” We have examined the entirety of CMSgt BB’s voir dire and the military
judge’s observations of CMSgt BB’s demeanor and find that the military judge
did not err in denying the challenge for implied bias.
    In determining whether the public may question the fairness of the trial
with CMSgt BB serving as a panel member, we begin our analysis with his
affirmative response to the Defense question, “Do you believe that your service
on this panel may be criticized by others?” CMSgt BB’s perception that outsid-
ers might be disposed to examine the panel’s findings and sentence and find
fault is the beginning of a proper line of inquiry to find implied bias, but it is
not the end. What matters is not that a prospective member is aware that oth-
ers who neither examined evidence nor deliberated might criticize a result.
Rather, what matters is whether the concern that others may criticize will in-
fluence a panel member’s decision making, and if the public can be certain that
the member’s judgment was not swayed by consideration of what others might
think. This court does not have those concerns here. It is evident from our re-
view of the record that CMSgt BB’s reference to “armchair quarterback[ing]”
was a criticism of outsiders who judge without having participated firsthand
in the problem solving.
    We next consider the other two bases of the Defense challenge for cause:
CMSgt BB’s involvement in a prior sexual assault case and the email he re-
ceived from the legal office following that Airman’s acquittal. Although the rec-
ord does not reveal the contents of that email other than it stated that there
was insufficient evidence to find the Airman guilty in that prior sexual assault
case, there is no indication that either the email or CMSgt BB’s knowledge of
the prior case would affect whether or how he would exercise his independent
judgment in Appellant’s case. In CMSgt BB’s words, what he learned from the
prior case and had confirmed by the email was that “the system did work in
that [the accused in the other case] went to court, he had his day in court,” and
he was acquitted.
   We conclude that, viewed through the eyes of the public and focusing on
the appearance of fairness, there was no demonstration of implied bias in
CMSgt BB’s responses to voir dire questions. On the contrary, his answers
tended to show his willingness to decide the case based on the evidence at trial
and his belief in the integrity and fairness of the system.
    The military judge did not commit a clear abuse of discretion in denying
the challenge for cause on the basis of implied bias. The military judge, through
the entire voir dire process, frequently referenced the liberal grant mandate in
granting and denying challenges for cause. The military judge specifically cited
the liberal grant mandate as the justification for granting one Defense chal-
lenge for cause. From our review of the record in its entirety, we conclude that
the military judge’s recitation of the liberal grant mandate was not merely a

                                        8
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


perfunctory or talismanic reference and is worthy of some deference. The mil-
itary judge considered the challenge based upon implied bias, recognized his
duty to liberally grant defense challenges, and placed his rationale on the rec-
ord. Under the totality of the circumstances, we find no reason to disturb his
ruling. United States v. Terry, 64 M.J. 295, 302 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (quoting
Strand, 59 M.J. at 456).
B. Denial of Request to Defer Reduction in Grade
    Three days after Appellant’s court-martial ended, trial defense counsel
made a written request of the convening authority to defer both Appellant’s
reduction in grade and automatic forfeiture of pay and allowances until final
action, in accordance with Articles 57(a) and 58b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 857(a),
858b, and R.C.M. 1101(c) and (d). Trial defense counsel noted in his request on
behalf of Appellant that “[b]y deferring the forfeitures you will give [Appel-
lant’s wife] time to get on her feet and smooth her transition to supporting
herself.” Nine days later, on 16 February 2017, the convening authority ap-
proved deferment of automatic forfeitures until action and denied Appellant’s
request to defer the reduction in grade; however, the convening authority did
not articulate any reason for the denial. On 18 February 2017, 14 days after
the date on which Appellant’s sentence was adjudged, the reduction in grade
automatically took effect by operation of Article 57(a)(1)(A), UCMJ.
   In clemency, trial defense counsel asked the convening authority to waive
automatic forfeitures for the benefit of Appellant’s wife and their unborn child,
but did not renew Appellant’s request to defer the reduction in grade or ask
that the reduction be disapproved. The convening authority approved the ad-
judged sentence on 31 May 2017 and granted clemency by waiving the auto-
matic forfeitures for a period of six months from action.
    Responding to a show-cause order of this court, the Government submitted
an affidavit from the convening authority who denied Appellant’s request to
defer the reduction in grade. See United States v. Gentry, No. ACM S31361,
2008 CCA LEXIS 454, at *7–8 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Oct. 2008) (unpub. op.)
(quoting United States v. Blanch, 29 M.J. 672, 673 (A.F.C.M.R. 1989) (permit-
ting the Government to “‘enhance the paper trail’ to clarify post-trial pro-
cessing issues.”)). In his affidavit, the convening authority explains the reasons
for the denial of the deferment:
       [T]he severity of [Appellant’s] crimes warranted immediate re-
       moval of Appellant’s rank to maintain good order and discipline.
       . . . [and] Appellant did not demonstrate that his interests and
       the interests of the community in deferring the reduction in
       grade outweighed the community’s interest in imposing the re-
       duction on its [effective] date.


                                        9
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


    Appellant claims it was error for the convening authority not to give a rea-
son for the denial of Appellant’s request to defer the reduction in grade until
action. Appellant also avers that the denial itself was error and requests that
this court grant relief as the court deems appropriate under our Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c), authority to approve only the sentence, or such part
of the sentence, that we find on the basis of the entire record should be ap-
proved.
    We review the convening authority’s action on a deferment request for an
abuse of discretion. R.C.M. 1101(c)(3). “When a convening authority acts on an
accused’s request for deferment of all or part of an adjudged sentence, the ac-
tion must be in writing . . . and must include the reasons upon which the action
is based.” United States v. Sloan, 35 M.J. 4, 6–7 (C.M.A. 1992) (footnote omit-
ted), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Dinger, 77 M.J. 447 (C.A.A.F.
2018); see also R.C.M. 1101(c)(3), Discussion (“If the request for deferment is
denied, the basis for the denial should be in writing and attached to the record
of trial.”).
    The convening authority failed to identify any reason in the 16 February
2017 written denial of the deferral of Appellant’s reduction in grade. This was
error. However, the convening authority’s omission does not entitle Appellant
to relief unless it materially prejudiced a substantial right. United States v.
Eppes, No. ACM 38881, 2017 CCA LEXIS 152, at *43 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 21
Feb. 2017) (unpub. op.) (citing Article 59(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 859(a)).
“[A]bsent credible evidence that a convening authority denied a request to de-
fer punishment for an unlawful or improper reason, an erroneous omission of
reasons in a convening authority’s denial of a deferment request does not enti-
tle an appellant to relief.” Id. at *43 (citing United States v. Zimmer, 56 M.J.
869, 874 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2002)).
    We have no evidence that Appellant was materially prejudiced by the omit-
ted explanation or that the convening authority’s denial was for an unlawful
or improper reason. While appellate defense counsel avers that Appellant’s
wife received “severely reduced financial support at the time she needed it
most,” the convening authority balanced Appellant’s interests against the se-
verity of Appellant’s crimes and the effect of deferment on good order and dis-
cipline and denied the request. Without the necessary showing of prejudice, we
find the error does not warrant relief. See United States v. Jalos, No. ACM
39138, 2017 CCA LEXIS 607, at *5–6 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 5 Sep. 2017) (unpub.
op.) (“Even when there is error in the convening authority’s action on a defer-
ment request, relief is only warranted if an appellant makes a colorable show-
ing of possible prejudice.”).




                                      10
                   United States v. Paulett, No. ACM 39268


                               III. CONCLUSION
    The finding of guilt and the sentence are correct in law and fact and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court




                                       11
