                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


 BRENDA JOHNSON, for and on
 behalf of herself and all persons
 similarly situated,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.                                                No. 01-4028

 JESSE L. RIDDLE; et al.,

          Defendants-Appellees.


                                        ORDER
                                 Filed September 5, 2002


Before EBEL, and PORFILIO, Circuit Judges, and SHADUR, District Judge. *


      This matter is before the court on appellees’ petition for rehearing filed on

July 11, 2002. The petition for rehearing is granted. Therefore, the court’s

opinion filed June 27, 2002 is vacated and a revised opinion is attached.

                                         Entered for the Court
                                         PATRICK FISHER, Clerk of Court


                                         by:
                                               Amy Frazier
                                               Deputy Clerk


      *
       The Honorable Milton I. Shadur, Senior United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation .
                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                                     PUBLISH
                                                                         SEP 5 2002
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk
                               TENTH CIRCUIT



 BRENDA JOHNSON, for and on
 behalf of herself and all persons
 similarly situated,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.
                                                       No. 01-4028
 JESSE L. RIDDLE; RIDDLE &
 ASSOCIATES, P.C.; JOHN DOE
 OWNERS 1-10; JOHN DOE
 COLLECTORS 1-10,

       Defendants-Appellees.


                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Utah
                           (D.C. No. 98-CV-599-C)


Lester A. Perry of Kesler & Rust, Salt Lake City, UT, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Keith A. Kelly of Ray, Quinney & Nebeker (Joni A. Jones with him on the brief),
Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellees.


Before EBEL and PORFILIO, Circuit Judges, and SHADUR, District Judge. **


EBEL, Circuit Judge.


      **
        The Honorable Milton I. Shadur, Senior United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
      Under Utah statutory law, the holder of a dishonored check may collect

from the person who wrote the check its face amount and “a service charge that

may not exceed $15.” Utah Code § 7-15-1 (1997). 1 The defendants in this suit

attempted to collect a statutory shoplifting fee of $250 on a dishonored check.

The central question presented by this case is whether the defendants are liable

under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq.,

which establishes civil liability for debt collectors who attempt to collect amounts

not “permitted by law,” id. § 1692f(1). The district court held that the

defendants’ actions were “permitted by law” because unpublished default

judgments issued by state trial courts in earlier collection actions on dishonored



      1
         In amendments effective May 5, 1997, the Utah legislature raised this
limit to $20, and in amendments effective May 3, 1999, it re-wrote the section to
establish different limits depending upon the stage of collection. See § 7-15-1
and amendment notes (2001 Supp.). Neither party argues that the dollar limits
imposed by the 1997 or 1999 amendments apply here.
       The 1999 amendments also added the following sentence: “This section
may not be construed to prohibit the holder of the check from seeking relief
under any other applicable statute or cause of action.” § 7-15-1(8). Riddle
argues that collection of a shoplifting penalty from the one who passed a
dishonored check amounts to “seeking relief under any other applicable statute or
cause of action.” Assuming for the sake of argument that this amendment is
merely a clarification of prior law that Utah courts would apply retroactively, see
Kilpatrick v. Wiley, Rein, & Fielding, 37 P.3d 1130, 1142 (Utah 2001), we
conclude for the reasons given in part III, infra, that Utah Code § 78-11-15, the
provision governing the civil liability of shoplifters, is not an “applicable statute
or cause of action.” § 7-15-1(8) (emphasis added).

                                          2
checks had awarded shoplifting fees irrespective of the $15 maximum service

charge. Johnson v. Riddle, No. 2:98CV599C, slip op. at 12 (D. Utah Dec. 20,

2000). We conclude that the district court misconstrued the term “permitted by

law.” We hold that, under a correct application of that standard, Riddle’s attempt

to collect a shoplifting penalty from Johnson was not permitted by law. However,

because it remains necessary to determine whether Riddle may avoid liability

because his error was bona fide in statutory terms, we reverse and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.



                               I. BACKGROUND

      Defendant-appellee Jesse L. Riddle is a Utah attorney whose law firm,

defendant-appellee Riddle & Associates, specializes in collecting unpaid

dishonored checks. In this opinion, the defendant-appellees are referred to

collectively as “Riddle.” Riddle receives between 700,000 and 1.2 million unpaid

dishonored checks per year, and his clients include large corporations such as K-

Mart, Circle K, and 7-Eleven (the Southland Corporation). Riddle’s debt

collection practice spans multiple states, including Utah.

      Like many states, Utah has enacted statutory provisions that allow a debt

collector to collect, not merely the amount of the debt, but also a service charge.

Under Utah’s dishonored check statute, Utah Code § 7-15-1 (1997), the holder of


                                        -3-
a dishonored check is permitted to impose a “service charge that may not exceed

$15,” in addition to collecting the face amount of the check. A separate Utah

statute, the shoplifting statute, Utah Code § 78-11-15, governs the civil liability

of shoplifters. The shoplifting statute provides:

             An adult who wrongfully takes merchandise by any means,
             including but not limited to, concealment or attempted
             concealment in any manner, either on or off the premises of
             the merchant, with a purpose to deprive a merchant of
             merchandise or to avoid payment for merchandise, or both, is
             liable in a civil action, in addition to actual damages, for a
             penalty to the merchant in the amount of the retail price of the
             merchandise not to exceed $1,000, plus an additional penalty
             as determined by the court not less than $100 nor more than
             $500, plus court costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees.

§ 78-11-15. “Wrongful taking of merchandise,” as used in the shoplifting statute,

is defined as “the taking of merchandise that has not been purchased from a

merchant’s premises without the permission of the merchant or one of his

employees, servants or agents.” Utah Code § 78-11-14(5).

      The facts relevant to this case are undisputed. Based upon his own reading

of the Utah statutes, Riddle concluded that the shoplifting statute applied to

persons who passed checks which later were dishonored, and thus that he could

seek penalties of up to $500 against them, rather than being limited to the $15

limit on service charges set by the dishonored check statute. In 1995, Riddle

filed a complaint in Utah state district court seeking a shoplifting penalty on a

dishonored check. Circle K v. Coles, No. 96-0000392CV (Sept. 23, 1996). When

                                         -4-
the defendant in the case failed to appear in court, the presiding judge and Riddle

spent thirty to forty minutes discussing the applicability of the shoplifting statute

to a person who passed a check that was dishonored. The court issued a default

judgment awarding “Statutory penalties” of $354.82. Default judgments

involving dishonored checks awarding statutory penalties in excess of $15 were

also issued in several other state court cases during this time. See Johnson, No.

2:98CV599C, slip op. at 10 (citing three unpublished decisions). None of these

default judgments were appealed. At some later date, several Utah state trial

judges began to develop misgivings about allowing shoplifting penalties in

dishonored check cases, and some began limiting fee awards in default judgment

cases to $15.

      We turn now to the specific facts of this case. In September 1996, Brenda

Johnson made a purchase at a 7-Eleven and paid with a check for $2.64. The

check bounced, and the matter was referred to Riddle. Riddle sent Johnson a

letter in January 1997, demanding payment of the face amount of the check plus a

statutory penalty of $69. A week later Riddle sent Johnson a second letter, now

demanding a penalty of $200. On August 14, 1997, Riddle filed a complaint in

Utah state district court seeking a $250 penalty. Johnson was served with the

complaint and summons in this suit on August 24, 1997. Johnson paid Riddle

$17.64 (i.e. the face amount of the check plus the $15 service charge permitted


                                         -5-
under the dishonored checks statute), and Riddle dropped his suit against Johnson.

      On August 24, 1998, Johnson filed the instant suit in federal district court

for the District of Utah against Riddle, alleging that he violated the FDCPA and

various state statutes by attempting to collect a shoplifting penalty in excess of

the service charge permitted by the dishonored check statute. Johnson filed the

suit as a class action on behalf of all persons who wrote a subsequently

dishonored check from whom Riddle sought to collect a fee or penalty of more

than $15. 2 Riddle moved to dismiss the suit on statute of limitations grounds, and

the district court denied the motion. Riddle and Johnson then filed cross-motions

for summary judgment. By written order, the district court granted summary

judgment in favor of Riddle on the FDCPA claim, reasoning that Riddle’s suit

seeking the shoplifting penalty was “permitted by law” because of the earlier

unpublished state trial court default judgments. The district court declined to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Johnson’s remaining state law claims.

Johnson timely appealed.




      2
        In granting Riddle’s motion for summary judgment, the district court did
not reach the class certification issue.

                                         -6-
                            II. THRESHOLD ISSUES

      Before reaching the substantive issues of this case, it first is necessary to

consider two arguments made by Riddle as alternative grounds for affirming the

district court’s summary judgment. Riddle argues that Johnson’s FDCPA claim is

barred by the applicable statute of limitations and by the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine. The district court was not persuaded by either argument, and neither are

we.



      A. Statute of limitations

      The statute of limitations for FDCPA claims is found in 15 U.S.C.

§ 1692k(d). The heading for this subsection is “Jurisdiction.” It states, in its

entirety: “An action to enforce any liability created by [the FDCPA] may be

brought in any appropriate United States district court without regard to the

amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one

year from the date on which the violation occurs.”

      Here, Riddle sent letters demanding penalties of $69 and $200 on January

17 and January 24, 1997, respectively. Riddle filed the collection suit against

Johnson in Utah state court seeking a $250 penalty on August 14, 1997. Johnson

was served with the complaint and summons in the collection suit on August 24,

1997. Johnson filed the instant action against Riddle in Utah federal court on


                                        -7-
August 24, 1998. In other words, the present suit was filed on the one-year

anniversary of the date on which Riddle served Johnson in the collection suit, and

more than one year after Riddle sent the demand letters and filed the collection

suit. Johnson does not challenge the district court’s conclusion that her personal

FDCPA claims arising from Riddle’s demand letters are untimely. Johnson, No.

2:98CV599C, slip op. at 5-6. Thus, the only statute of limitations issue is

whether the district court correctly held that Johnson’s FDCPA claim arising from

the collection suit Riddle brought against her was timely.

      Riddle offers two alternative arguments for why Johnson’s FDCPA claim is

time-barred. He argues that Johnson’s FDCPA claim was untimely because “the

date on which the violation occurr[ed],” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d), was the date when

Riddle filed the collection suit against her, not the date when Johnson was served.

Alternatively, he argues that, even if the violation occurred when Johnson was

served, her suit is still untimely because, by filing suit on the one-year

anniversary of service, she failed to file “within one year,” id.   Neither argument

is persuasive.

      We reject Riddle’s argument that the violation occurred upon filing rather

than upon service. We hold that, where the plaintiff’s FDCPA claim arises from

the instigation of a debt collection suit, the plaintiff does not have a “complete

and present cause of action,” Bay Area Laundry & Dry Cleaning Pension Trust


                                         -8-
Fund v. Ferbar Corp., 522 U.S. 192, 201 (1997), and thus no violation occurs

within the meaning of § 1692k(d), until the plaintiff has been served. 3 If the debt

collector files suit against the FDCPA plaintiff but then elects to call off the

process server and abandon the collection suit before the plaintiff has been

served, it cannot be said that the abandoned lawsuit constitutes an “attempt to

collect” on the debt within the meaning of the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692f. Riddle

concedes it is “theoretically true,” but argues it is “unlikely,” that a creditor

would choose to file a suit and subsequently decide against serving the debtor. Of

course, the fact that a party that has committed half an actionable wrong is likely

to commit the other half cannot suffice to create a complete and present cause of

action. 4

       3
          Johnson asserts an alternative reason for concluding that her claim
accrued upon service rather than filing. The Tenth Circuit adheres to the
traditional discovery rule in determining when a federal statute of limitations
begins to run. Indus. Constructors Corp. v. United States Bureau of Reclamation,
15 F.3d 963, 969 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding that federal statute of limitations does
not begin to run until plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the existence and
cause of his injury). However, the continuing scope of the traditional federal
discovery rule, at least in the kind of claim asserted here, has been rendered
uncertain by dicta in TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 122 S. Ct. 441, 446-47 (2001); see
also id. at 451-53 (Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment). Given our disposition
of this issue, it is unnecessary for us to consider whether a discovery rule applies
to the FDCPA statute of limitations.
       4
        We note that the same conclusion would follow under the analysis
followed in at least one circuit in FDCPA cases where the alleged violation is the
mailing of a demand letter. The Eighth Circuit based its holding that the FDCPA
cause of action accrues upon mailing the demand letter on two considerations: the
                                                                     (continued...)

                                         -9-
      Furthermore, if the limitations clock began to run with service of process

rather than with filing suit, somebody in Riddle’s position could effectively block

any action under the federal statute by filing suit and then delaying service. In

fact, a delay of service for an entire year (so that the debtor remained unaware of

the lawsuit during that time) could cause the limitations period to run out before

there was any opportunity for the debtor to bring suit under the FDCPA.

      We are equally unpersuaded by Riddle’s argument that Johnson’s FDCPA

suit, filed on the one-year anniversary of the violation, is not “within one year” of


      4
        (...continued)
mailing of the letter is the creditor’s last opportunity to comply with the FDCPA,
and the date of mailing is easy to determine, ascertainable by each party, and
easily applied. Mattson v. U.S. W. Communications, Inc., 967 F.2d 259, 261 (8th
Cir. 1992). Here, the decision of whether to serve the debtor is the creditor’s last
opportunity to comply with the FDCPA. Further, as Riddle does not dispute, the
date of service is easily ascertainable by each party, because Utah Rule of Civil
Procedure 4(h) obliges parties to file a proof of service which includes the date of
service with the court within 10 days of service.
       Riddle relies upon dicta in Naas v. Stolman, 130 F.3d 892 (9th Cir. 1997),
for his argument that the cause of action accrues upon filing where the FDCPA
violation alleged is the initiation of a collection suit. However, the choice
between accrual upon filing and accrual upon service was not before the court in
Naas. The Naas plaintiff did not argue that the limitations period began at filing,
because if he had his claim still would have been time-barred. Id. at 893.
Instead, he argued that the limitations period did not run until the collection suit
judgment was upheld by the appeals court. Id. Not surprisingly, the court never
discussed, and apparently never considered, the possibility that the claim accrued
upon service. Indeed, it appears likely that, had the Naas court confronted the
issue, it would have concluded that the cause of action accrues upon service.
Naas applied Mattson’s two-part test for determining when an FDCPA cause of
action accrues. As explained above, it is clear that the Mattson test militates in
favor of the conclusion that the claim accrues upon service rather than filing.

                                        - 10 -
the violation. See Maloy v. Phillips, 64 F.3d 607, 608 (11th Cir. 1995); Clark v.

Bonded Adjustment Co., 176 F. Supp.2d 1062, 1065-68 (E.D. Wash. 2001).

Riddle does not dispute that, under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a suit

filed on the one-year anniversary of accrual of the claim is filed “within” one

year, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a) (“In computing any period of time prescribed or

allowed . . . by any applicable statute, the day of the act . . . from which the

designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the

period so computed shall be included . . . .”), but he argues that Rule 6(a) does

not apply. Riddle’s argument is that the FDCPA statute of limitations is

jurisdictional and that, absent Rule 6(a), a suit filed on the one-year anniversary

would fall outside the one-year statute of limitations. Thus, he argues, Rule 6(a)

does not apply because the federal rules “shall not be construed to extend . . . the

jurisdiction of the United States district courts.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 82.

      We do not need to decide whether this statute of limitations is jurisdictional

or not, nor do we need to decide whether Rule 6(a) is applicable. Under the plain

meaning of 15 U.S.C. § 1692(k)(d), whether jurisdictional or not, the suit was

timely because the day of the violation is not counted in calculating the running

of the statute of limitations. See Sheets v. Selden’s Lessee, 69 U.S. 177, 190

(1864) (stating as a general rule of statutory construction that a cause of action

measured “from . . . a date named” excludes the day thus designated); Rush v.


                                         - 11 -
United States, 256 F.2d 862, 865 (10th Cir. 1958) (treating the 6(a) Rule as “the

general rule for computation of time”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 Advisory Committee

Note to subdivision (a) (“These are amplifications along lines common in state

practices . . . .”); see also Fogel v. Comm’r, 203 F.2d 347, 349 (5th Cir. 1953)

(“In computing a period of time . . . the general rule is that the . . . day of the

event[] is to be excluded, while the last day of the period is to be included.”));

United States v. Cia Luz Stearica, 181 F.2d 695, 696 (9th Cir. 1950) (stating that

FRCP 6 “merely declares a rule of statutory construction having widespread

judicial sanction, federal as well as state”). All of this is consistent with common

usage. Whenever one speaks of something occurring “within a day,” of an event,

everyone would understand that to mean the next day after the event, not solely on

the same day as the event. Similarly, requiring suit “within one year” of an event

means that the suit must be filed on or before the anniversary date of the event,

not the day before the anniversary. Thus, applying general principles of statutory

construction, the calculation of the one year limitations period begins with August

25, 1997 (the day after Riddle served Johnson in the collection action), and

Johnson’s suit filed on August 24, 1998 was timely.

      The single case relied upon by Riddle for the proposition that suits filed on

the anniversary of the violation are not filed within one year is Mattson v. U.S.

W. Communications, 967 F.2d 259 (8th Cir. 1992). Mattson is dubious authority


                                          - 12 -
for several reasons. Mattson relied for its conclusion that claims must be filed

before the anniversary on a single case. Id. at 262. That case, Rust v. Quality

Car Corral, Inc., 614 F.2d 1118 (6th Cir. 1980) has since been overruled – on

precisely the point relied upon by Mattson – by the Sixth Circuit sitting en banc.

Bartlik v. United States Dept. of Labor, 62 F.3d 163, 166 (6th Cir. 1995).

Apparently, every other circuit to have weighed in on the issue has rejected the

position adopted by Mattson; indeed, two circuits termed the position later

adopted by Mattson “frivolous.” United Mine Workers v. Dole, 870 F.2d 662,

665 (D.C. Cir. 1989); Frey, 748 F.2d at 175; see also Maahs v. United States, 840

F.2d 863, 866-67 (11th Cir. 1988); Wirtz v. Peninsula Shipbuilders Ass’n, 382

F.2d 237, 239-40 (4th Cir. 1967); Fogel, 203 F.2d at 349; Cia Luz Stearica, 181

F.2d at 696; cf. Union Nat’l Bank v. Lamb, 337 U.S. 38, 40-41 (1949) (“Since

[Rule 6(a)] had the concurrence of Congress, and since no contrary policy is

expressed in the statute governing this review, we think the considerations of

liberality and leniency which find expression in Rule 6(a) are equally applicable

to [the federal statute at issue].”). 5


       5
         Indeed, the Eighth Circuit’s own continuing fidelity to Mattson is not
free from doubt:
             Rule 6(a) provides a reasonable basis for determining the
             appropriate ending date of the [AEDPA] grace period. See
             Mattson, 967 F.2d at 262 (McMillian, J., dissenting) (noting
             the wide acceptance of the ‘modern doctrine’ under which
                                                                      (continued...)

                                          - 13 -
      Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Johnson’s FDCPA claim

was timely filed.



B. Rooker-Feldman

      Riddle’s Rooker-Feldman argument is also meritless. The Rooker-Feldman

doctrine 6 “bars a party losing in state court from seeking what in substance would

be appellate review of the state judgment in a United States district court, based

on the losing party’s claim that the state judgment itself violates the loser’s

federal rights.” Kiowa Indian Tribe v. Hoover, 150 F.3d 1163, 1169 (10th Cir.

1998) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). Thus, Rooker-Feldman bars

cases in federal court that are “inextricably intertwined” with a prior state court

judgment. Id. Here, Riddle argues that Johnson’s suit would in substance

constitute appellate review of the state court default judgments entered in favor of

Riddle’s clients prior to Riddle’s filing of suit against Johnson.

      5
          (...continued)
                federal statutes of limitations are calculated pursuant to Rule
                6(a)); McDuffee v. United States, 769 F.2d 492, 494 (8th Cir.
                1985) (citing with approval other courts that have applied Rule
                6(a) to federal statutes of limitations).

Moore v. United States, 173 F.3d 1131, 1135 (8th Cir. 1999).

      6
        The doctrine’s name is derived from the two Supreme Court cases out of
which it arose, Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923), and Dist. of
Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).

                                         - 14 -
      However, it is well settled that Rooker-Feldman applies only when the

party against whom the doctrine is invoked was a party to the state court

proceeding which the federal court is being asked in substance to review.

Johnson v. Rodrigues, 226 F.3d 1103, 1109 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he Rooker-

Feldman doctrine should not be applied against non-parties.”). Here, the state

court judgments that Riddle relies upon as the triggers for Rooker-Feldman are

the state court default judgments. Johnson, quite plainly, was not a party to any

relevant state court default judgment, because the state collection action against

her was dismissed before it proceeded to judgment. 7 Therefore, Riddle’s Rooker-

Feldman argument fails. Riddle acknowledges that Rooker-Feldman does not

apply against non-parties. He offers the frivolous argument that, because Johnson

was a party to his lawsuit against her, therefore the prior party requirement is met.

He fails to explain how it is that Johnson’s present suit against him would be in

substance appellate review of his suit against her, a suit which Riddle dismissed



      7
         Riddle argues that the prior party requirement is met because “potential
class members . . . include those who had state default judgments entered against
them.” Because the issue of class certification remains unresolved, we express
no opinion on the merits of this argument or its consequences upon the scope of
any class ultimately certified. Further, we note uncertainty regarding whether
Riddle, as distinct from the clients he represented, was a party to each of the
relevant default judgment actions.
      Even if the parties were the same, Riddle would have to establish that the
federal action constitutes a challenge to a relevant state court judgment. We
express no opinion in this appeal as to whether that is the case.

                                        - 15 -
with prejudice when she paid him $17.64.



                           III. PERMITTED BY LAW

      We now turn to the central question in the appeal: whether Riddle is

insulated from liability under the FDCPA for seeking shoplifting penalties against

persons who passed dishonored checks because various Utah trial courts had

issued unpublished default judgments awarding such relief. This is an issue of

statutory interpretation, and we turn first to the text of the FDCPA.

      In passing the FDCPA, Congress found “abundant evidence of the use of

abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection practices.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692(a);

see also S. Rep. 95-382, at 2 (1977), reprinted in 1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1695, 1696

(“The committee has found that debt collection abuse by third party debt

collectors is a widespread and serious national problem.”). The express purpose

of passing the FDCPA was “to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt

collectors, to insure that those debt collectors who refrain from using abusive debt

collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged, and to promote

consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses.”

§ 1692(e). Attorneys engaged in the collection of debts are debt collectors

subject to liability under the FDCPA. Heintz v. Jenkins, 514 U.S. 291, 299

(1995). Attempting to collect upon a dishonored check constitutes debt collection


                                       - 16 -
within the scope of the FDCPA. Snow v. Jesse L. Riddle, P.C., 143 F.3d 1350,

1353 (10th Cir. 1998). Because the FDCPA, like the Truth in Lending Act

(TILA), 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq., is a remedial statute, it should be construed

liberally in favor of the consumer. See, e.g., Pfennig v. Household Credit Servs.,

Inc., 286 F.3d 340, 344 (6th Cir. 2002) (TILA); Rossman v. Fleet Bank Nat’l

Assoc., 280 F.3d 384, 390 (3d Cir. 2002) (TILA); Ellis v. General Motors

Acceptance Corp., 160 F.3d 703, 707 (11th Cir. 1998) (TILA); Plummer v.

Gordon, 193 F. Supp.2d 460, 463 (D. Conn. 2002) (FDCPA); Ross v. Commercial

Fin. Servs., 31 F. Supp.2d 1077, 1079 (N.D. Ill. 1999) (FDCPA); Harrison v.

NBD, Inc., 968 F. Supp. 837, 844 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) (FDCPA).

      The substantive heart of the FDCPA lies in three broad prohibitions. First,

a “debt collector may not engage in any conduct the natural consequence of which

is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a

debt.” § 1692d. Second, a “debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or

misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.”

§ 1692e. Third, a “debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to

collect or attempt to collect any debt.” § 1692f. 8 Violation of these standards

subjects debt collectors to civil liability, § 1692k, or administrative enforcement


      8
         The FDCPA also establishes specific duties and prohibitions governing
debt collectors’ communication with third parties, § 1692b, and communication
with the debtor, §§ 1692c, 1692g, 1692j.

                                        - 17 -
by the Federal Trade Commission, § 1692l.

      Only the third substantive standard – use of unfair or unconscionable means

to collect a debt – is at issue in this case. To illustrate the meaning of this

standard, the FDCPA expressly defines as a violation of that provision “[t]he

collection of any amount . . . unless such amount is expressly authorized by the

agreement creating the debt or permitted by law.” § 1692f(1). Here, Riddle does

not argue that Johnson expressly authorized collection of a shoplifting penalty

against her for her dishonored check. Accordingly, the existence of an FDCPA

violation turns upon whether Riddle’s collection suit constituted an attempt to

collect an “amount . . . permitted by law.”

      To evaluate whether Riddle’s suit was “permitted by law,” it is necessary to

determine which “law” the suit must be “permitted by.” There are several facets

to this determination. At the most basic level, this is an issue of Utah law rather

than federal law. See, e.g., Freyermuth v. Credit Bureau Servs., 248 F.3d 767,

770 (8th Cir. 2001); Pollice v. Nat’l Tax Funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 407 (3d

Cir. 2000). Neither party disputes the district court’s conclusion that, in

interpreting the phrase permitted by law, “‘a general statutory authorization’

satisfies the FDCPA; that is, rather than pointing to a state statute that expressly

permits a particular imposition of fee, one need only identify some state statute

which ‘authorizes or allows, in however general a fashion, the fees or charges in


                                         - 18 -
question.’”

      The district court looked to Utah’s dishonored check statute, § 7-15-1, and

Utah’s shoplifting statute, § 78-11-15, for general statutory authorization. On

appeal, Riddle argues for a more lenient standard. Riddle argues that the general

statute that regulates which suits a lawyer may file is Rule 11 of the Utah Rules of

Civil Procedure. Under this standard, he argues, his suit was permitted by law so

long as it asserted claims that were “warranted by existing law or by a

nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law

or the establishment of new law.” Utah R. Civ. P. 11. 9 Riddle cites no authority,

binding or otherwise, in support of his assertion that a suit is one for an “amount

. . . permitted by law” under the FDCPA so long as the lawyer who brought it is

not subject to Rule 11 sanctions for having done so. To the contrary, every

circuit court decision that has applied the “permitted by law” standard has asked

simply whether state substantive law permitted the FDCPA defendant to collect

the money that it demanded. E.g., Freyermuth, 248 F.3d at 770; Duffy v.

Landberg, 215 F.3d 871, 873-75 (8th Cir. 2000); Pollice, 225 F.3d at 407; Tuttle

v. Equifax Check, 190 F.3d 9, 13-15 (2d Cir. 1999).

      Further, Riddle’s argument is contrary to the plain text of the statute. The



      9
         This language is identical to that found in Rule 11 of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure.

                                        - 19 -
statute does not ask whether Riddle’s actions were permitted by law (or at least

non-sanctionable), it asks whether the amount he sought to collect was permitted

by law. § 1692f(1) (“The collection of any amount . . . unless such amount is . . .

permitted by law.”). Accordingly, we agree with the district court that the

“permitted by law” inquiry demands application of state substantive law, not Rule

11.

      In determining whether Riddle had attempted to collect an amount

permitted by law, the district court regarded itself as bound by unpublished state

trial court decisions granting default judgments for amounts in excess of the

statutory fee for dishonored checks. This was error. When the federal courts are

called upon to interpret state law, the federal court must look to the rulings of the

highest state court, and, if no such rulings exist, must endeavor to predict how

that high court would rule. See, e.g., Comm’r v. Bosch’s Estate, 387 U.S. 456,

464-66 (1967)); Stuart v. Colo. Interstate Gas Co., 271 F.3d 1221, 1228 (10th Cir.

2001); Commerce Bank, N.A. v. Chrysler Realty Corp., 244 F.3d 777, 780 (10th

Cir. 2001). As the Supreme Court explained in Bosch’s Estate:

             [W]hen the application of a federal statute is involved, the
             decision of a state trial court as to an underlying issue of state
             law should a fortiori not be controlling. This is but an
             application of the rule of Erie . . . where state law as
             announced by the highest court of the State is to be followed.
             This is not a diversity case but the same principle may be
             applied for the same reasons, viz., the underlying substantive
             rule involved is based on state law and the State’s highest

                                         - 20 -
             court is the best authority on its own law. If there be no
             decision by that court then federal authorities must apply what
             they find to be the state law after giving “proper regard” to
             relevant rulings of other courts of the State.


387 U.S. at 465 (citation omitted); see also Delcostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,

462 U.S. 151, 159 n.13 (1983) (“[W]here Congress directly or impliedly directs

the courts to look to state law to fill in details of federal law, Erie will ordinarily

provide the framework for doing so. ”)

      The district court here eschewed any effort to determine whether “the Utah

Supreme Court would allow or [would] not allow use of the shoplifting statute in

debt collecting actions.” Rather, the district court determined that it was

sufficient to establish the use of the shoplifting penalties for dishonored checks

was “permitted by law” simply to determine that that practice was permitted by

several Utah district courts. In this regard, the district court erred.

      We hold that an amount is “permitted by law” within the meaning of the

FDCPA if state supreme court holdings establish that collection of the amount is

lawful. Absent state supreme court holdings on point, we follow our familiar Erie

analysis by predicting what the state supreme court would hold, or, in the

appropriate case, certifying the issue to the state supreme court. 10 In that analysis,


      10
         The sparse case law applying the “permitted by law” provision supports
our conclusion. In Watkins v. Peterson Enters., Inc., 57 F. Supp.2d 1102 (E.D.
                                                                     (continued...)

                                          - 21 -
lower state court decisions may be helpful, but they are not dispositive of a

prediction of how the highest court in the state might rule on the issue. 11

      Turning to the application of this standard to the facts of this case, we hold

that the shoplifting penalty Riddle endeavored to collect was not an amount

permitted by law for what was in essence merely a dishonored check claim. The

Utah Supreme Court never has addressed the applicability of the shoplifting

statute to writers of dishonored checks. Significantly, however, the state supreme

court has held that specific statutes (such as the dishonored check statute, which

very specifically and precisely applies to suits to recover on dishonored checks)

trump general statutes (such as the shoplifting statute as interpreted by Riddle,

which can be applied to the situation of dishonored checks only by giving it a


      10
         (...continued)
Wash. 1999), for example, the defendant debt collector argued that its collection
procedure was permitted by law because that procedure had been ordered by the
state district courts. Unable to determine whether state law authorized the use of
the challenged procedure, the district court certified the question to the
Washington Supreme Court, which held that pay orders could not be used.
Watkins v. Peterson Enters., Inc., 973 P.2d 1037, 1049 (Wash. 1999). In light of
the Washington Supreme Court’s answers to the certified questions, the Watkins
court held that the use of the pay orders was not permitted by state law, even
though state trial courts had permitted – indeed, required – the defendant to use
them. 57 F. Supp.2d at 1106. Watkins ultimately ruled in favor of the debt
collector on the basis of the bona fide error defense, id. at 1107-08, an issue we
take up below in part IV.
      11
        In this regard, we observe that trial court default judgments generally are
among the least persuasive evidence available as to how a state supreme court
would resolve an issue.

                                         - 22 -
very broad and general meaning). Carlie v. Morgan, 922 P.2d 1, 6 (Utah 1996).

We find it unmistakably clear from the text of Utah statutory law that shoplifting

penalties are unavailable in the collection of dishonored checks. The applicable

Utah statute unambiguously states that the holder of a dishonored check is

permitted to collect “a service charge that may not exceed $15.” § 7-15-1

(emphasis added). The shoplifting statute applies only to “the taking of

merchandise that has not been purchased from a merchant’s premises without the

permission of the merchant.” § 78-11-14(5) (emphasis added). Riddle’s

collection suit complaint against Johnson included a cursory allegation that

Johnson took merchandise “without consent of” the merchant. 12     We do not,

however, need to decide in this case whether Riddle can satisfy the “without the

permission of” requirement because, in any event, Riddle’s collection suit

complaint plainly makes no allegation, and there is no evidence, that Johnson took

“merchandise that ha[d] not been purchased.” To the contrary, the complaint

concedes that the transaction “was facilitated by Defendant’s tender of his/her



      12
          In Riddle’s Petition for Panel Rehearing, he explained that the basis for
his allegation that Johnson took merchandise without the merchant’s consent is,
“in part, . . . the legal proposition that the victim of a fraud or illegal conduct
does not knowingly consent to such conduct in absence of knowledge of the
fraud.” Riddle does not assert that the merchant was unaware that Johnson took
the merchandise or that the merchant was opposed to such taking, and in fact his
collection suit complaint stated that the transaction “was facilitated by
Defendant’s tender of his/her check.”

                                       - 23 -
check.” Even before this court, Riddle makes no attempt to argue that Johnson

had not “purchased” the merchandise. Indeed, Utah law appears to foreclose any

such argument. See Utah Code 70A-2-403 (identifying as a “purchaser” one who

acquires merchandise by means of a check which is later dishonored); see also id.

§ 70A-1-201(32) (defining “purchase” for purposes of Utah’s Uniform

Commercial Code as “taking by sale . . . or any other voluntary transaction

creating an interest in property”). Accordingly, this transaction, like all typical

transactions involving dishonored checks, does not involve “the taking of

merchandise that has not been purchased from a merchant’s premises without the

permission of the merchant.” § 78-11-14(5). By seeking to collect a shoplifting

penalty where no shoplifting (as the term is defined by Utah statute) occurred,

Riddle sought to collect an amount not permitted by law in violation of the

FDCPA.

      Although not dispositive, we note that our interpretation of Utah law to the

effect that shoplifting penalties are not applicable to dishonored checks is

consistent with the most recent decision by a Utah District Court opinion in a

contested case. In Riddle v. Perry, No. 970907851, slip op. at 9-12 (Utah Dist.

Ct. Aug. 22, 2001), the Utah District Court for the Third Judicial District in Salt

Lake County, Utah, held under Utah law, “that the plaintiff’s practice of seeking

penalties under the civil shoplifting penalties from the drawers of dishonored


                                         - 24 -
instruments was in violation of the FDCPA.” Our ruling also is consistent with

that reached in other recent federal district court decisions applying the law of

Utah and other states. Scott v. Riddle, No. 2:99-CV-00042, slip op. at 2 (D. Utah

Dec. 1, 2000) (upholding FDCPA claim for wrongful collection of shoplifting

fees from writers of dishonored checks because the “Washington state shoplifting

statute . . . does not apply to a buyer who writes a check to a merchant and takes

merchandise from the store with the merchant’s knowledge and permission”);

Irwin v. Mascott, 112 F. Supp.2d 937, 948 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (holding that

collecting shoplifting charges against writers of dishonored checks violates the

FDCPA because “[California] Penal Code § 490.5 does not apply to a buyer who

writes a check to a merchant and takes merchandise from the store with the

merchant’s knowledge and permission. . . . The failure of the buyer’s check to

clear does not make the buyer a shoplifter”); Ditty v. Checkrite, Ltd., 973 F.

Supp. 1320, 1328 (D. Utah 1997) (holding that defendant violated FDCPA by

attempting to collect an amount in excess of Utah’s $15 dishonored check fee,

because to allow collection of a higher fee under the shoplifting statute “would

undermine the effectiveness of the statute and would be inconsistent with Utah’s

Legislature’s intention that dishonored checks be governed by the specific

procedures outlined in the statute”).

      We conclude that the Utah Supreme Court would not allow a holder of a


                                        - 25 -
dishonored check to collect a shoplifting penalty. Accordingly, we hold that

Riddle violated the FDCPA because he attempted to collect an amount not

permitted by law.




                      IV. BONA FIDE ERROR DEFENSE

      Our conclusion that Riddle attempted to collect an amount not “permitted

by law” does not end the FDCPA inquiry. Under the FDCPA, an affirmative

defense exists to insulate debt collectors from liability even where they have

violated the FDCPA:

            A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought
            under this subchapter if the debt collector shows by a
            preponderance of the evidence that the violation was not
            intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding
            the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any
            such error.


15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c). Thus, an FDCPA defendant seeking the protection of the

bona fide error defense carries the burden of proving that the violation was (1)

unintentional, (2) a bona fide error, and (3) made despite “the maintenance of

procedures reasonably adapted to avoid” the violation.

      Because the district court concluded that Riddle’s actions were permitted




                                       - 26 -
by law, it did not address the applicability of the bona fide error defense here. 13

Johnson argues that the bona fide error defense does not apply here because a

debt collector’s mistake of law cannot be a bona fide error. We disagree for the

reasons below, and accordingly we remand for the district court to consider in the

first instance whether Riddle is entitled to the defense.

      This circuit has never addressed whether the FDCPA bona fide error

defense can apply to a mistake of law which resulted in an attempt to collect

amounts not permitted by law. Two district court opinions in this circuit have

addressed this issue, each concluding that the bona fide error defense is limited to

clerical errors. Scott, No. 2:99-CV-00042, slip op. at 3; Martinez v. Albuquerque

Collection Servs., 867 F. Supp. 1495, 1502-03 (D.N.M. 1994). Outside this

circuit, federal courts have split on the issue, with a majority concluding that the

defense is limited to clerical errors and cannot protect mistakes of law, but a

growing minority of courts reaching the contrary conclusion. 14 Many other


      13
         It is unclear from the record whether Riddle waived the affirmative
defense of bona fide error by failing properly to raise it in district court. We
assume, for purposes of this appeal only, that Riddle has not waived the defense.
      14
          Compare Picht v. Jon R. Hawks, Ltd., 236 F.3d 446, 451 (8th Cir. 2001)
(stating that bona fide error defense does not apply to mistakes of law) (citing
Hulshizer v. Global Credit Servs., Inc., 728 F.2d 1037, 1038 (8th Cir. 1984) (per
curiam)); Pipiles v. Credit Bureau of Lockport, Inc., 886 F.2d 22, 27 (2d Cir.
1989) (same); Baker v. G.C. Servs. Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 779 (9th Cir. 1982)
(mistake of law “insufficient by itself to support the bona fide error defense”);
                                                                        (continued...)

                                         - 27 -
courts, although not squarely addressing the clerical/legal mistake issue, have

stated that the FDCPA is a strict liability statute. 15

       14
         (...continued)
Hartman v. Meridian Fin. Servs., Inc., 191 F. Supp.2d 1031, 1045-46 (W.D. Wis.
2002) (does not apply to mistakes of law and generally is limited to clerical
mistakes); Arroyo v. Solomon & Solomon, P.C., No. 99-CV-8302, 2001 WL
984940, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. July 19, 2001) (does not apply to mistakes of law, and
collecting cases); Wilkerson v. Bowman, 200 F.R.D. 605, 608-09 (N.D. Ill. 2001)
(does not apply to mistaken view of the obligations imposed by the FDCPA);
Edwards v. McCormick, 136 F. Supp.2d 795, 800 (S.D. Ohio 2001) (limited to
clerical errors); Spencer v. Henderson-Webb, Inc., 81 F. Supp.2d 582, 591 (D.
Md. 1999) (does not apply to mistakes of law and generally is limited to clerical
mistakes); Booth v. Collection Experts, Inc., 969 F. Supp. 1161, 1165 (E.D. Wis.
1997) (same) with Jenkins v. Heintz, 124 F.3d 824, 832 & n.7, 833 (7th Cir.
1997) (stating that bona fide error defense not limited to clerical errors and can
apply to mistakes of law); Frye v. Bowman, Heintz, Boscia & Vician, 193 F.
Supp.2d 1070, 1085-86 (S.D. Ind. 2002) (same); Filsinger v. Upton, Cohen, &
Slamowitz, No. 99-CV-1393, 2000 WL 198223, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2000)
(not limited to clerical errors); Taylor v. Luper, Sheriff & Niedenthal Co., 74 F.
Supp.2d 761, 765 (S.D. Ohio 1999) (not limited to clerical errors and can apply to
mistakes of law); Watkins v. Peterson Enters., Inc., 57 F. Supp.2d 1102, 1107-08
(E.D. Wash. 1999) (can apply to mistakes of law where the mistake stemmed from
an official interpretation of the law); Aronson v. Commercial Fin. Servs, Inc., No.
Civ.A. 96-2113, 1997 WL 1038818, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Dec. 22, 1997) (not limited
to clerical errors and can apply to mistakes of law). See also 17 Am. Jur. 2d
Consumer and Borrower Protection § 224 (2002) (“[A] mistake of law is not
included in the intentional and bona fide error defense of [the FDCPA].” (citation
omitted)); Janet Flaccus, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act: Lawyers and the
Bona Fide Error Defense, 2001 Ark. L. Notes 95, 96 & passim (2001) (noting that
cases applying the bona fide error defense to attorney mistakes of law “seem in
disarray,” but arguing that results may be harmonized because courts generally
have rejected the defense where the violation was reasonably clear from the
controlling law and allowed the defense where violation was not at all clear).
       15
          E.g., Russell v. Equifax A.R.S., 74 F.3d 30, 33 (2d Cir. 1996); Ferguson
v. Credit Mgmt. Control, Inc., 140 F. Supp.2d 1293, 1297 (M.D. Fla. 2001);
Skerry v. Mass. Higher Educ. Assistance Corp., 73 F. Supp.2d 47, 51 (D. Mass
                                                                      (continued...)

                                          - 28 -
      Of the cases which hold that the defense does not apply to mistakes of law,

almost all dispense with the issue by citing earlier cases back to the Ninth

Circuit’s decision in Baker v. G.C. Servs. Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 779 (9th Cir.

1982). Baker rested its holding entirely upon the similarity of the FDCPA bona

fide error defense to the “nearly identical” bona fide error defense provided in the

Truth in Lending Act (TILA), 15 U.S.C. § 1640, a provision uniformly interpreted

to apply only to clerical errors and not to legal errors. Baker, 677 F.2d at 779.

However, the TILA analogy is faulty, as the Seventh Circuit has explained:

                 [The plaintiff] also analogizes the provision to a similar
             section in [TILA], 15 U.S.C. § 1640(c), which is limited to
             clerical mistakes and which does not include errors of
             judgment or law. But . . . the TILA bona fide error provision
             expressly defined bona fide errors as [including, but not
             limited to,] “clerical, calculation, computer malfunction and
             programming, and printing errors, except that an error of legal
             judgment with respect to a person’s obligations under this
             subchapter is not a bona fide error.” 15 U.S.C. § 1640(c). The
             FDCPA provision does no such thing. This, along with the
             statutes’ different purposes, distinguishes the two.

Jenkins v Heintz, 124 F.3d 824, 832 n.7 (7th Cir. 1997). Unlike TILA, the plain

language of the FDCPA suggests no intent to limit the bona fide error defense to



      15
         (...continued)
1999); Raimondi v. McAllister & Assocs., Inc., 50 F. Supp.2d 825, 829 (N.D. Ill.
1999); Macarz v. Transworld Sys., Inc., 26 F. Supp.2d 368, 373 (D. Conn. 1998);
O’Connor v. Check Rite, Ltd., 973 F. Supp. 1010, 1020 (D. Colo. 1997); Pittman
v. J.J. Mac Intyre Co., 969 F. Supp. 609, 613 (D. Nev. 1997); Bitah v. Global
Collections Servs., Inc., 968 F. Supp. 618, 623 (D.N.M. 1997).

                                        - 29 -
clerical errors. To the contrary, § 1692k(c) refers by its terms to any “error” that

is “bona fide.” We find no indication in the legislative history that Congress

intended this broad language to mean anything other than what it says. Indeed, to

the extent that the legislative history speaks to this issue, it suggests that the

narrow reading advocated by Johnson is incorrect. In describing the bona fide

error exception, the Senate Report stated: “A debt collector has no liability,

however, if he violates the act in any manner, including with regard to the act’s

coverage, when such violation is unintentional and occurred despite procedures

designed to avoid such violations.” S. Rep. No. 95-382, at 5.

      Our conclusion is bolstered by the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Heintz.

514 U.S. at 295. Prior to Heintz, the Sixth Circuit had held (incorrectly, in light

of Heintz) that lawyers are not debt collectors for FDCPA purposes. Green v.

Hocking, 9 F.3d 18, 21 (6th Cir. 1993). The Sixth Circuit’s holding was based in

part on its view that any other rule “automatically would make liable any

litigating lawyer who brought, and then lost, a claim against a debtor.” Heintz,

514 U.S. at 295 (citing Green 9 F.3d at 21); see also Taylor v. Luper, Sheriff &

Niedenthal Co., 74 F. Supp.2d 761, 764 (S.D. Ohio 1999) (noting that, if mistakes

of law were not protected by the bona fide error defense, state ethical duty of

zealous advocacy could require debt collecting lawyer to assert claims that would

expose her to FDCPA liability); Janet Flaccus, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act:


                                          - 30 -
Lawyers and the Bona Fide Error Defense, 2001 Ark. L. Notes 95, 97 (2001)

(“Limiting the bona fide error defense to clerical errors would place lawyers

between the proverbial rock and hard place.”). Heintz accepted for argument’s

sake the Sixth Circuit’s view that any debt collection lawyer whose claim fails

necessarily violates the FDCPA. Id. However, the Court concluded that such a

premise did not produce absurd results, because of the existence of the bona fide

error defense rule. Id. In other words, the Court apparently believed that the

bona fide error defense would apply in at least a portion of the cases where the

lawyer brought suit to collect an amount beyond that legally owed by the debtor.

This reasoning at least suggests that the defense is available for mistakes of law,

because presumably mistake of law may contribute to the reasons why some of the

underlying debt collection procedures are lost.

      Johnson argues that the statute’s reference to “maintenance of procedures

reasonably adapted to avoid any such error,” § 1692k(c), implies a congressional

intent to limit the bona fide error defense to clerical errors. We acknowledge that

it is more common to speak of procedures adapted to avoid clerical errors than to

speak of procedures adopted to avoid mistakes of law. However, absent a clearer

indication that Congress meant to limit the defense to clerical errors, we instead

adhere to the unambiguous language of the statute as supported by the available

legislative history. Several courts that have applied the bona fide error defense to


                                        - 31 -
mistakes of law also have discussed the application the “procedures” element to

such claims. Jenkins, 124 F.3d at 834; Frye, 193 F. Supp.2d at 1088-89; Taylor,

74 F. Supp.2d at 766; Aronson, 1997 WL 1038818 at *5; cf. Watkins, 57 F.

Supp.2d at 1107-08. We leave for the district court to determine in the first

instance what “procedures” Riddle employed and whether such procedures were

“reasonably adapted to avoid” the legal error here. 16 It is enough to conclude that

this requirement is not incompatible with application of the bona fide error

defense to mistakes of law.

      Accordingly, we remand to the district court to determine whether Riddle is

entitled to the bona fide error defense. As noted previously, the issue of class

certification has not yet been ruled upon, so that issue remains open for further

consideration upon remand.



                           V. STATE LAW CLAIMS

      Having dismissed Johnson’s federal claim, the district court declined to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her remaining state law claims under

§ 1367(c)(3). Because we conclude that dismissal of the FDCPA claim was

erroneous, we reverse this decision as well.



      16
         Of course, Riddle also must prove that the error was unintentional and
bona fide.

                                        - 32 -
                                VI. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court

and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 17




      17
           We deny the Appellant’s Bill of Costs as untimely.

                                       - 33 -
