                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 06-2289
                                     ___________

Amy Samons,                             *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                *   District Court for the
                                        *   Eastern District of Arkansas.
Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of     *
the Social Security Administration,    *
                                       *
             Appellee.                 *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: November 16, 2006
                                  Filed: August 13, 2007
                                  ___________

Before MURPHY, ARNOLD, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

      Amy Samons filed a claim for disability benefits and supplemental security
income. She appeals the judgment of the district court1 upholding the decision of the
Social Security Administration denying her claim. We affirm.




      1
        The Honorable J. Thomas Ray, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas, sitting by consent of the parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); see also
Fed.R.Civ.P. 73.
       After the Social Security Administration denied Ms. Samons benefits initially,
an administrative law judge conducted a hearing. The ALJ then concluded that
Ms. Samons was able to perform her past relevant work and denied her claims. The
Appeals Council denied review after considering additional medical evidence that Ms.
Samons had submitted, and the ALJ's decision thus became the final decision of the
SSA. Ms. Samons unsuccessfully challenged that decision in the district court. On
appeal, she contends that the ALJ erred in three respects: by failing to give adequate
weight to her treating physician's opinion, by improperly assessing her credibility, and
by failing to consider the duties of her past relevant work before deciding that she
could do it.

                                          I.
      We review the district court's decision de novo, see Pettit v. Apfel, 218 F.3d
901, 902 (8th Cir.2000), to determine whether the ALJ's decision is supported by
substantial evidence on the record as a whole and whether it complies with the
relevant legal requirements. See id.; see also 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). "Substantial
evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to
support the Commissioner's decision." Young v. Apfel, 221 F.3d 1065, 1068 (8th Cir.
2000). In determining whether the decision is adequately supported, we consider
evidence that detracts from that decision, as well as the evidence supporting it. Id.

      Following the SSA's five-step process, see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520, the ALJ first
determined that Ms. Samons had not been engaged in "substantial gainful activity"
since February, 2002. He then decided that she had a severe impairment (an
impairment or combination of impairments that "significantly limit[ed]" her ability "to
do basic work activities," see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520); the ALJ described Ms. Samons
as having i.e., a "severe history of chronic back pain, a history of seizure activity,"
asthma, "a hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, headaches, and intermittent
depression." At step three, the ALJ concluded that Ms. Samons's impairments did not
meet or equal any of the listings that create a presumption of disability. See 20 C.F.R.

                                          -2-
§ 404.1520(d). He denied Ms. Samons's claim at step four, after concluding that she
was not disabled because she could perform her "past relevant work as a cook, baby
sitter, house keeper, and cashier." See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520 (f).

                                           II.
       Ms. Samons first maintains that the ALJ failed to give sufficient weight to the
opinion of her treating doctor that she was unable to work because of her seizures. Dr.
Ronald Hollis, Ms. Samons's family physician, treated her in 2000; she was then
treated by another physician until 2002, when she returned to Dr. Hollis's care.
Ms. Samons was continuing treatment with Dr. Hollis at the time of the hearing in
2004.

       Dr. Hollis diagnosed Ms. Samons with epilepsy (a seizure disorder), a diagnosis
supported by her abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) results in 1994 and 2002.
In Ms. Samons's medical chart, Dr. Hollis stated that she had both grand mal and petit
mal seizures. A grand mal seizure — also known as a tonic-clonic seizure —
"features uncontrolled muscle spasms involving the entire body, and loss of
consciousness. ... the person may clench the teeth, bite the tongue, and lose bladder
control. After the seizure passes, the person may fall into a deep sleep for an hour or
more. Usually, there is no recall of the seizure on waking up." The Signet Mosby
Medical Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996) at pp. 293-94. According to testimony at her
hearing, Ms. Samons's grand mal seizures lasted about five or six minutes and
afterward she was tired, disoriented, and had muscle pain; it took her about two hours
to recover.

      Petit mal seizures (or absence seizures) "consist[] of a momentary break in
consciousness of thought or activity, often accompanied by automatisms or clonic
movements, especially of the eyelids." Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary at
1502, as quoted in Flanery v. Chater, 112 F.3d 346, 348 n.7 (8th Cir. 1997). Ms.
Samons's mother testified that numerous times she had observed her daughter stare for

                                         -3-
a minute or two and then continue what she had been doing, sometimes seeming as
if she was unaware that anything had happened. Dr. Hollis called these petit mal
seizures, although Ms. Samons's neurologist, Dr. Demetrius Spanos, used the term
"partial complex" seizures for what she described to him as "blank staring spells" that
lasted "minutes."

        Dr. Hollis wrote two opinion letters. On November 4, 2002, he wrote a letter
"[t]o whom it may concern" stating that although Ms. Samons's seizures were "better
controlled, she still has frequent daily episodes of staring and decreased awareness of
her surroundings" and had been "instructed not to drive." He concluded that
Ms. Samons was unable "to hold down any type of job secondary to seizures." In
April, 2004, after Ms. Samons's hearing but before the ALJ's decision, Dr. Hollis
wrote another letter. The beginning of second letter was virtually identical to the first,
but this time he concluded by stating that Ms. Samons "should not work a full-time
job schedule, as being over-stressed or over-tired may result in an increase of further
symptoms or activity." The ALJ did not consider the second letter since Ms. Samons
first submitted it to the Appeals Council after the ALJ denied her claim.

                                           A.
       We address first Ms. Samons's contention that the ALJ failed to give the first
letter adequate weight. A treating physician's opinion "regarding an applicant's
impairment will be granted controlling weight, provided the opinion is well-supported
by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not
inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the record." Even if the opinion is
not entitled to controlling weight, it "should not ordinarily be disregarded and is
entitled to substantial weight." Singh v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir. 2000); see
also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527, 416.927. But the ALJ may give a treating doctor's
opinion limited weight if it provides conclusory statements only, see Chamberlain v.
Shalala, 47 F.3d 1489, 1494 (8th Cir.1995), or is inconsistent with the record, see Cox
v. Barnhart, 471 F.3d 902, 907 (8th Cir. 2006).

                                           -4-
       The ALJ acknowledged the weight generally accorded a treating doctor's
opinion, but he concluded for several reasons that Dr. Hollis's opinion was not entitled
to such deference. He first stated that Dr. Hollis's opinion was "not consistent with
the clinical and laboratory findings" and that there were "too many inconsistencies in
this case."

       Although the ALJ did not dispute that Ms. Samons had epilepsy, he questioned
the frequency of her seizures. Dr. Hollis, in his somewhat cryptic letter, appeared to
rely on his finding that Ms. Samons had "frequent daily episodes of staring and
decreased awareness of her surroundings" (petit mal or partial complex seizures) to
conclude that she could not work. The ALJ stated, in contrast, that Ms. Samons had
said in February, 2003, that she had not had a seizure in four months, and that she had
reported in January, 2001, that her last seizure was in 1999. Although we think that
the ALJ used the term "seizure" here to mean grand mal seizures only, we note that
Ms. Samons told Dr. Spanos that she had only two or three petit mal seizures and no
grand mal seizures in the four months before February, 2003, and we cannot
determine whether she had petit mal seizures between January, 2001, and 1999.

       Ms. Hollis's medical records also included other statements regarding the
frequency of her seizures that support the ALJ's finding of "inconsistencies" and his
refusal to give substantial weight to Dr. Hollis's opinion. In 2000, Dr. Hollis said that
Ms. Samons was stable on Tegretol," an anti-seizure medication. Although in June,
2002, he notes an increase in Ms. Samons's seizures in the "last month," she was out
of Tegretol; he refilled her prescription and noted two weeks later that she was having
"no more seizures." About a month later, she reported having had two or three petit
mal seizures since her last visit, and on August 12, 2002, Ms. Samons told Dr. Hollis
that she had had a seizure every day for two weeks. Dr. Hollis referred her to a
neurologist, Dr. Spanos, who saw her for the first time in October. Not long after that,
Dr. Hollis wrote the letter stating that Ms. Samons could not work.



                                          -5-
      But according to the record, Ms. Samons's seizures decreased the same month
that Dr. Hollis wrote the letter. On her first visit to Dr. Spanos, he changed her
medication, prescribing Topamax because her"partial complex seizures" seemed to be
her primary problem; he continued her on Tegretol but stopped another seizure
medication. As we have said, when Ms. Samons returned to see Dr. Spanos four
months later, in February, 2003, she reported having had only two or three staring
seizures and no grand mal seizures in the interim. The doctor increased her Topamax,
hoping to decrease her staring seizures even further.

       During the ten months between February and December, 2003, there are few
references to Ms. Samons having seizures, except for a visit to the emergency room
in April, when she reported difficulty breathing and seizure activity when she arrived
at a hospital emergency room. The record shows that Dr. Spanos thought that an
asthma attack caused the seizure activity; he did not think that Ms. Samons's medicine
should be changed because of how well she had been doing and because a blood test
showed that her Tegretol level was good. In mid-December, 2003, shortly before the
hearing, Ms. Samons reported to Dr. Hollis that her seizures were increasing due to
stress. At her hearing in January, 2004, Ms. Samons testified that she had two or three
petit mal seizures per day and one or two grand mal seizures per week. We conclude
that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's determination that Dr. Hollis's opinion
was inconsistent with the record.

       The ALJ also refused to give Dr. Hollis's opinion significant weight because
his statement that Ms. Samons could not work was a conclusory opinion on the
ultimate determination of disability, which is a question for the SSA, not a physician.
Ellis v. Barnhart, 392 F.3d 988, 994-95 (8th Cir. 2005). Though a treating doctor's
opinion that the claimant cannot return to work, combined with other medical
information, may assist an ALJ determining whether a claimant is disabled, see, e.g.,
Bergmann v. Apfel, 207 F.3d 1065, 1070-71 (8th Cir. 2000), such an opinion cannot
resolve the issue, see Chamberlain, 47 F.3d at 1494. Here Dr. Hollis's opinion was

                                         -6-
conclusory. He said that Ms. Hollis could not do any job, but he failed to explain how
her seizures interfered with the performance of any job-related functions. Also, in
November, 2002, Dr. Hollis's records already showed that Ms. Samons had significant
periods without "daily frequent" petit mal seizures, but he did not mention that in his
letter or explain how that related to his opinion that she could not work.

       Finally, the ALJ stated that to require the SSA to accept the opinion of a
treating doctor in all instances would be contrary to public policy because treating
doctors sometimes allow their personal relationship with a claimant to affect that
opinion. Though the ALJ did not specifically say so, he seemed to question
Dr. Hollis's objectivity.

       Because of conflicts in the evidence and medical records reflecting long periods
during which Ms. Samons had few, if any, seizures, as well as the conclusory nature
of the opinion, we conclude that the ALJ did not err by refusing to give significant
weight to Dr. Hollis's opinion that Ms. Samons could not work.

                                           B.
       Ms. Samons maintains, in the alternative, that if Dr. Hollis's opinion was
inadequate, the ALJ had a duty to contact him for an explanation. As the ALJ
recognized, the SSA does sometimes have a duty to develop the record, Cunningham
v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 496, 502 (8th Cir. 2000), and "[t]hat duty may include seeking
clarification from treating physicians if a crucial issue is undeveloped or
underdeveloped." Smith v. Barnhart, 435 F.3d 926, 930 (8th Cir. 2006). But once an
ALJ concludes, based on sufficient evidence, that the treating doctor's opinion is
"inherently contradictory or unreliable," he or she is not generally required to seek
more information from that doctor. See Hacker v. Barnhart, 459 F.3d 934, 938 (8th
Cir. 2006). Because we have already upheld the ALJ's decision not to give substantial
weight to Dr. Hollis's opinion, we do not think that the ALJ had a duty to contact him.



                                         -7-
       We also note that the question of how frequently Ms. Samons had seizures was
one of fact, and information regarding this issue was readily available to the ALJ from
the records of Ms. Samons's treating doctors. These records record many of
Ms. Samons's own reports of the number of seizures she was having. The ALJ relied
on this information, as well as the opinions of two medical consultants, in determining
the degree to which Ms. Samons's seizures affected her ability to perform work
functions (RFC). Each of the consulting physicians completed a "Physical Residual
Functional Capacity Assessment" for Ms. Samons. One of the doctors concluded in
June, 2002, that Ms. Samons had only one limitation: she should "avoid even
moderate exposure" to "Hazards (machinery, heights, etc.)" because of her seizures.
Four months later, the other doctor determined her RFC, and his assessment differed
only by concluding that Ms. Samons should "avoid all exposure" to the hazards, rather
than avoiding "even moderate" exposure.

                                           C.
       Finally, we reject Ms. Samons's contention that Dr. Hollis's second letter
requires us to vacate the decision denying her claim. Because Dr. Hollis's April, 2004,
letter was considered by the Appeals Council before it declined review, that letter is
part of the record that we review to determine whether the ALJ's decision is supported
by substantial evidence. Kitts v. Apfel, 204 F.3d 785, 786 (8th Cir.2000); see also 20
C.F.R. § 404.970(b).

        Despite the medical records that we have recited indicating that Ms. Samons
had had significant periods with few or no seizures since Dr. Hollis wrote his first
letter in November, 2002, he begins his April, 2004, letter with the same statement:
Although Ms. Samons's seizures were "better controlled, she still has frequent daily
episodes of staring and decreased awareness of her surroundings" and had been
"instructed not to drive." We thus conclude that the ALJ's determination that the first
letter was inconsistent with the record applies with at least as much force to the second
letter. And we believe that the inconsistency detracts from the weight of the doctor's


                                          -8-
conclusion that stress and fatigue caused by full time work "may" cause her seizures
to increase. Although this time Dr. Hollis's conclusion is a medical one, it is again
cursory. Having carefully reviewed the record, including evidence submitted for the
first time to the ALJ, we conclude that the ALJ's decision regarding the degree to
which Ms. Samons was affected by her seizure disorder was supported by substantial
evidence on the record as a whole.

                                           III.
       Ms. Samons contends that the ALJ erred in finding that her testimony was not
credible without considering the "factors" outlined in Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d
1320, 1322 (8th Cir.1984). Under Polaski, id., a claimant's subjective complaints may
not be rejected based solely on the lack of an "objective medical basis" for them. The
ALJ must also examine "the claimant's prior work record and observations of third
parties and physicians relating to: (1) the claimant's daily activities; (2) the duration,
frequency and intensity of the pain; (3) precipitating and aggravating factors; (4)
dosage, effectiveness and side effects of medication; and (5) functional restrictions."
Schultz v. Astrue, 479 F.3d 979, 983 (8th Cir. 2007). These considerations should be
taken into account, although we have not required the ALJ's decision to include a
discussion of how every Polaski "factor" relates to the claimant's credibility. See
Tucker v. Barnhart, 363 F.3d 781, 783 (8th Cir.2004).

       Here the ALJ mentioned the Polaski requirements, and he noted Ms. Samons's
daily activities, including the seven hours per week that she worked as a housekeeper
at a nursing home. He also stated that she had no side effects from her medications,
which is supported by her testimony, and that despite her testimony regarding the
limitations caused by her back pain, her physicians had not mentioned any functional
limitations. The ALJ also noted contradictions between her hearing testimony and her
statements as recorded in her medical records. The ALJ noted too an inconsistency
about whether she was permitted to drive; although Dr. Hollis's records reflect that he
told her not to drive, she testified at the hearing that she drove and had not been told


                                           -9-
not to. Ms. Samons testified at her hearing that she had two or three petit mal seizures
each day, and about one or two grand mal seizures each week. As the ALJ noted,
these statements conflicted with her own statements in her medical records, as well
as some statements on her social security forms.

       We find no merit to Ms. Samons's contention because we conclude that the ALJ
sufficiently addressed the Polaski considerations and provided good reasons supported
by substantial evidence for not fully accepting her subjective complaints, see Pirtle
v. Astrue, 479 F.3d 931, 935 (8th Cir. 2007).

                                          IV.
       Finally, Ms. Samons maintains that the ALJ did not adequately examine the
duties of her past relevant employment as a cook, babysitter, housekeeper, and cashier
before concluding that she was able to do that work based on her RFC. We agree that
the ALJ failed to fulfill his duty to make "explicit findings" as to the demands of her
past relevant work and to compare those to her RFC to determine whether she could
do her previous work. See Lowe v. Apfel, 226 F.3d 969, 972 (8th Cir. 2000). But after
carefully reviewing the record, we cannot see how a remand to require the ALJ to
perform these duties would be of assistance in this case. We do not believe that Ms.
Samons has shown that any prejudice could have resulted from this error.

       The ALJ determined that Ms. Samons retained the RFC to perform a full range
of light work, so long as she was not subjected to hazardous conditions or to more
than moderate exposure to certain environmental conditions, including noise,
humidity, dust, fumes, and temperature extremes. Ms. Samons had the burden of
proving that she was unable to return to her past relevant work; if she was capable of
performing any of her past relevant jobs, she was not disabled.

       We believe that the ALJ's determination that Ms. Samons can return to her job
as a cashier at a fast food restaurant is supported by substantial evidence. An ALJ


                                         -10-
may find the claimant able to perform past relevant work if the claimant retains the
ability to perform the functional requirements of the job as she actually performed it
or as generally required by employers in the national economy. See Martin v.
Sullivan, 901 F.2d 650, 653 (8th Cir.1990). The regulations refer to The Dictionary
of Occupational Titles as a resource in determining the duties of a claimant's past
relevant work. Section 211 of the DOT refers to several cashier positions, all of which
it classifies as light work. See also Draper v. Barnhart, 425 F.3d 1127, 1130 (8th Cir.
2005). And in § 311.472–010, the DOT specifically addresses "Fast Foods Worker"
or "Cashier, Fast Foods Restaurant" and classifies the position, which is the position
that Ms. Samons reported having held, as "Light Work." The description also states
that the worker is exposed to no more than a moderate level of noise and to none of
the other environmental conditions mentioned in Ms. Samons's RFC.

       We need not determine whether Ms. Samons was able to return to her other past
relevant work since we have concluded that nothing in her RFC affects her ability to
perform the work of a cashier. Although the ALJ erred in failing to address this
question sufficiently, we cannot see how this failure prejudiced Ms. Samons, and we
will not remand "[a]bsent unfairness or prejudice." Phelan v. Bowen, 846 F.2d 478,
481 (8th Cir. 1988); see also Onstad v. Shalala, 999 F.2d 1232, 1234 (8th Cir. 1993).

                                        V.
      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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