                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 18-1518
                               Filed March 4, 2020


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

ALEXANDER DOUGLAS BLAESS,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Howard County, John J.

Bauercamper, Judge.



      The defendant appeals the denial of his motion to suppress. AFFIRMED.



      Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.



      Considered by Bower, C.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
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GREER, Judge.

       Police officers executed a search warrant on Alexander Blaess’s home and

recovered methamphetamine that Blaess ultimately admitted was his. But Blaess

moved to suppress, arguing the search warrant was unsupported by probable

cause, which the district court denied. Afterward, Blaess agreed to a bench trial

on a stipulated record. He was convicted of possession of a controlled substance

(methamphetamine). See Iowa Code § 124.401(5) (2017).

       On appeal, Blaess challenges the denial of his motion to suppress,

reiterating his argument the search warrant was unsupported by probable cause.

See U.S. Const. amend. IV (“[N]o Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”); Iowa Const. art. I, § 8 (“[N]o

warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,

particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to be

seized.”).

       The path to obtaining a search warrant follows long-standing case law. “Our

review of challenges to a ruling on the merits of a motion to suppress is de novo

because such claims implicate constitutional issues.” State v. Baker, 925 N.W.2d

602, 609 (Iowa 2019).     “We use the totality-of-the-circumstances standard to

determine whether officers established probable cause for issuance of a search

warrant.” Id. at 613. “We do not, however, make an independent determination of

probable cause; we merely decide whether the issuing judge had a substantial

basis for concluding probable cause existed.” State v. Gogg, 561 N.W.2d 360,

363 (Iowa 1997). “We draw all reasonable inferences to support the judge’s finding
                                          3


of probable cause and decide close cases in favor of upholding the validity of the

warrant.” Baker, 925 N.W.2d at 614. We take this deferential stance because

“[w]e have . . . generally endorsed the warrant-preference requirement.” See State

v. McNeal, 867 N.W.2d 91, 100 (Iowa 2015) (quoting State v. Ochoa, 792 N.W.2d

260, 285 (Iowa 2010)).

       The test for whether probable cause exists to issue a search warrant is:

       “whether a person of reasonable prudence would believe a crime
       was committed on the premises to be searched or evidence of a
       crime could be located there.” Probable cause to search requires a
       probability determination that “(1) the items sought are connected to
       criminal activity and (2) the items sought will be found in the place to
       be searched.”

State v. Shanahan, 712 N.W.2d 121, 131–32 (Iowa 2006) (citations omitted). “In

determining whether a substantial basis existed for a finding of probable cause,

we are ‘limited to consideration of only that information, reduced to writing, which

was actually presented to the [judge] at the time the application for warrant was

made.’”   Gogg, 561 N.W.2d at 363 (alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Godbersen, 493 N.W.2d 852, 855 (Iowa 1992)).             “In reviewing the warrant

application, we interpret the affidavit of probable cause in a common sense, rather

than in a highly technical manner.” Baker, 925 N.W.2d at 614. We recognize “[t]he

issuing court must make a probability determination that the items sought are

connected to criminal activity and the items will be found in the place to be

searched.” Id. at 613.

       The question Blaess asks is whether there is sufficient evidence in the

warrant application to establish probable cause of his possession of controlled

substances, drug paraphernalia, or evidence of drug trafficking in his home when
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the officers applied for the search warrant. To support his contention there was

not, Blaess argues (1) the informant relied upon by police, Daniel Andersen,1

lacked credibility and reliability, (2) the information provided established “mere

suspicion” of a crime rather than probable cause, and (3) there was an insufficient

nexus between the information given to support an underlying crime and the

location searched—Blaess’s home.

       According to the warrant application, Police Officer Shannon Cox came

across Andersen in the lobby area of the law center. At the time, Cox saw

Andersen “getting confrontational with” Blaess, who was known by the officer.

Officer Cox asked to speak with Andersen on another issue. Based on the officer’s

observations, it appeared clear that Andersen was under the influence of a

controlled substance. Andersen then admitted use of methamphetamine several

times since his release from police custody less than one week before. He told

the officer that one of the times he used the drug, it was with Blaess. According to

Andersen, Blaess came into the residence Andersen was at “with possession of

methamphetamine and they used that narcotic via a syringe.”              With these



1
  In his appellate brief, Blaess claims another witness, Travis Klimesh, lacked
credibility and reliability. This specific issue was not both raised to and decided by
the district court, so we do not consider it on appeal. See Taft v. Iowa Dist. Ct.,
828 N.W.2d 309, 322 (Iowa 2013) (“Even issues implicating constitutional rights
must be presented to and ruled upon by the district court in order to preserve error
for appeal.”). Because Blaess asks us to consider anything we find unpreserved
under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel framework, we preserve this claim for
possible postconviction relief. See State v. Biddle, 652 N.W.2d 191, 203 (Iowa
2002) (“Generally, we do not resolve claims of ineffective assistance of counsel on
direct appeal. Rather, we preserve such claims for postconviction relief
proceedings, where an adequate record of the claim can be developed and the
attorney charged with providing ineffective assistance may have an opportunity to
respond to defendant’s claims.” (citation omitted)).
                                          5


admissions and observations, Officer Cox placed Andersen under arrest. Officers

interviewed Andersen again the next day, and he reaffirmed the same information

about drugs and Blaess. Providing the officers details, Andersen included several

names and the various apartment units within a single building of those using

methamphetamine.       “The names and locations given to the Cresco Police

Department [were] ones that are familiar with being involved in the illegal narcotics

activity.”

        To bolster his first claim, Blaess maintains the application is silent on the

credibility and reliability of Andersen and so urges us to consider the warrant

application without Andersen’s statements.       Even so, naming Andersen in the

warrant (as opposed to “anonymous”) tends to enhance his credibility. See State

v. Niehaus, 452 N.W.2d 184, 190 (Iowa 1990).           There is also the allegation

Andersen directly witnessed Blaess in possession of methamphetamine. See id.

And Andersen directly incriminated himself in the information he gave police. See

State v. Weir, 414 N.W.2d 327, 332 (Iowa 1987) (considering “whether the

information furnished was against the informant’s penal interest”). While Andersen

was under the influence of a controlled substance when he first shared the

information with the police, he shared the same information the next day, after

being held in police custody overnight. And Andersen’s information included other

individuals’ names and their corresponding home addresses, which the police

knew to be correct information. See id. (noting courts consider the specificity of

the facts detailed by the informant); see also Niehaus, 452 N.W.2d at 191 (noting

the corroboration of details of the informant’s information, even when not

inculpatory details, supports the reliability of the information).    Thus there is
                                        6


sufficient information within the warrant application for the issuing judge to find

Andersen credible and to rely on his statements.

       Next when considering Andersen’s statements, in relation to the other

information provided in the warrant application, we have little trouble finding the

issuing judge had a substantial basis for concluding probable cause existed.

Andersen witnessed Blaess commit a crime; Blaess brought methamphetamine to

a residence and shared it with others. Blaess argues the “highly consumable

nature of drugs,” combined with Andersen’s belief that the drugs Blaess possessed

were already gone, means there was not probable cause there were other drugs,

drug paraphernalia, or evidence of drug trafficking could be found. We disagree.

First, even if the entirety of the drugs in Blaess’s possession were consumed, it

does not necessarily follow that one would dispose of the corresponding drug

paraphernalia. Plus, other information in the warrant application supported the

inference that Blaess’s involvement with or use of methamphetamine was ongoing.

       Other support exists for the warrant. About five weeks before the warrant

application was filed, Officer Cox witnessed a vehicle linked to Blaess parked

outside the apartment building where Andersen described several individuals had

used methamphetamine. Officer Cox initiated a stop of the vehicle. The driver

reported he lived with Blaess and had dropped him off at a friend’s house. The

driver said Blaess told him he would be a while so the driver could leave. Officer

Cox observed the driver leave, go to his and Blaess’s residence, switch vehicles,

and then return to the apartment building. Blaess exited the apartment building a

short time later.
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       Similarly, less than two weeks before the warrant application was filed,

Officer Cox was dispatched to the apartment building for a noise complaint.

Blaess’s fiancée was in a car parked in the alley outside the building. She told the

officer she had dropped Blaess off and was just waiting for him to come back out.

When the officer went to the apartment—the same apartment involved in the noise

complaint—the residents denied that Blaess was inside. Officer Cox reported this

to the fiancée, who tried to call Blaess without success. It was after these two

documented instances of Blaess being in the apartment building that Blaess and

Andersen ingested Blaess’s methamphetamine together.

       In the end, Blaess’s continued visits to a home with known drug users and

known drug activity, combined with an informant who saw Blaess arrive with and

consume methampethamine in that home, is sufficient to establish probable cause

of Blaess’ possession of drugs, drug paraphernalia, or other evidence of drug

trafficking.

       Finally, Blaess maintains even if probable cause were established that he

had involvement with illegal drugs, nothing linked those actions to his home. But

it is not necessary that an individual observe drugs or other evidence in a

defendant’s home to make the necessary connection between the illegal activity

and the location to be searched. See State v. Hoskins, 711 N.W.2d 720, 728 (Iowa

2006) (noting that while there must be a nexus between the placed to be searched

and the items to be seized, “direct observation is not required to establish the

nexus, as it ‘can be found by considering the type of crime, the nature of the items

involved, the extent of the defendant’s opportunity for concealment, and the normal

inferences as to where the defendant would be likely to conceal the items’” (citation
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omitted)). “It is reasonable to assume that persons involved with drug trafficking

would keep evidence—drugs, weighing and measuring devices, packaging

materials and profits—at their residences.” Godbersen, 493 N.W.2d at 855.

      In summary, we find a substantial basis existed for concluding drugs, drug

paraphernalia, or evidence of drug trafficking would be found in Blaess’s home at

the time warrant was issued. Thus, we affirm the denial of Blaess’s motion to

suppress.

      AFFIRMED.
