                                                       Supreme Court
                                                       No. 2015-304-Appeal.
                                                       (PM 11-5771)




   Tracey Barros                  :

          v.                      :

State of Rhode Island.            :




    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
    publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
    notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250
    Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-
    3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
    corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
                                                                     Supreme Court
                                                                     No. 2015-304-Appeal.
                                                                     (PM 11-5771)


               Tracey Barros                   :

                     v.                        :

           State of Rhode Island.              :


              Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

       Justice Robinson, for the Court. The petitioner, Tracey Barros, appeals from the May

20, 2015 judgment entered in accordance with a May 18, 2015 written decision of a justice1 in

Providence County Superior Court denying his application for postconviction relief.               He

contends on appeal that “indigent funding ought to have been provided, in the post conviction

proceeding, to hire the proposed expert witness to demonstrate the availability of the issue of

false confession and to establish trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to utilize the available

defense at trial.” It is further his contention on appeal that he was denied the effective assistance

of counsel by both his trial counsel and his appellate counsel with respect to his original criminal

case. Lastly, he avers that the justice should have recused himself from hearing the instant

application for postconviction relief.

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.




1
       Since the same justice presided over both of Mr. Barros’s criminal trials and his
application for postconviction relief, we refer to him throughout simply as “the justice.”


                                                -1-
                                                 I

                                       Facts and Travel 2

       On April 27, 2005, the body of Deivy Felipe was discovered on Althea Street in

Providence, the decedent having suffered from multiple gunshot wounds. Later that year, in

December of 2005, Mr. Barros was arrested for possession of a pistol without a license. After

being interrogated by the Providence police and the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms, and Explosives, Mr. Barros ultimately confessed to the murder of Mr. Felipe. Mr.

Barros was indicted by a grand jury on the following offenses: first-degree murder, in violation

of G.L. 1956 §§ 11-23-1 and 11-23-2; conspiracy to commit murder, in violation of G.L. 1956

§§ 11-1-6 and 11-23-1; discharge of a firearm while committing a crime of violence, in violation

of G.L. 1956 § 11-47-3.2(b)(3); and carrying a firearm without a license, in violation of § 11-47-

8(a). Prior to Mr. Barros’s first trial,3 he moved to suppress his confession, and that motion was

denied after a hearing; prior to his second trial, he renewed his previously-made motion to

suppress his confession, and the justice again determined that the confession could be admitted.

On January 18, 2008, Mr. Barros was found guilty by a jury on all four counts charged against

him. This Court affirmed his conviction in State v. Barros, 24 A.3d 1158 (R.I. 2011). We refer

the interested reader to our opinion in that case for a more detailed recitation of the facts

pertaining to Mr. Barros’s criminal case.




2
       Several additional facts will be supplied in the “Analysis” portion of this opinion in order
to provide further context for our discussion of petitioner’s various legal contentions.
3
        A motion for a mistrial was granted in Mr. Barros’s first trial after the jury was unable to
reach a verdict. A second trial was then conducted.



                                               -2-
       As to the postconviction relief action now before us, the docket sheet reflects the fact that

a complaint was filed on October 6, 2011.4 Subsequently, on January 3, 2013, Mr. Barros filed

his first amended petition for postconviction relief.5 He then amended his petition on two more

occasions, ultimately filing a third amended petition for postconviction relief on June 11, 2014.

The third amended petition for postconviction relief contained three counts of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel for: (1) “failure to consider and present expert testimony in the area of

false confessions” at Mr. Barros’s trial; (2) “failure to file a recusal motion” at Mr. Barros’s trial;

and (3) failure to “attempt to elicit information from certain prospective jurors regarding

potential predisposition against Barros as it relates to issues surrounding his alleged confession.”

The third amended petition also contained one count of ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel for “failure to raise the issue of undue limitation of voir dire * * *.”

       Also pertinent to this appeal is the fact that, on May 24, 2012, Mr. Barros’s court-

appointed attorney appeared before the justice and requested “funds to hire an expert on false

confessions.” He argued that he wanted to hire an expert witness “to identify risk factors that

might be involved or presented by Mr. Barros, and then to give * * * an opinion of whether this

-- an expert would have been helpful in this case.” After a hearing was held with respect to that

request, the justice denied the request for funds. Thereafter, on April 2, 2014, Mr. Barros also

made a motion for the justice to recuse himself based on “comments indicating bias against




4
        No such document exists in the record. It appears from the record that counsel was first
appointed for Mr. Barros on October 6, 2011, but there is no initial application for postconviction
relief contained in the record.
5
      The copy of the first amended petition for postconviction relief in the record is not date-
stamped. However, the docket sheet reflects the fact that it was filed on January 3, 2013.



                                                 -3-
Barros, or which created an appearance of bias that would reasonably cause members of the

public or Barros to question the * * * justice’s impartiality.”

       On April 27, 2015, a final hearing was held on Mr. Barros’s application for

postconviction relief. Mr. Barros’s trial counsel testified at the April 27, 2015 hearing, as did

two public defenders who assisted Mr. Barros’s trial counsel at the second trial. On May 18,

2015, the justice issued a written decision denying Mr. Barros’s application for postconviction

relief and declining to recuse himself. Mr. Barros filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                                  II

                                          Issues on Appeal

       Mr. Barros argues on appeal that the justice, in presiding over his application for

postconviction relief, erred in denying his request for funds to hire an expert on false

confessions. He further alleges that trial counsel at his criminal trial was ineffective for failing to

present an expert on false confessions as a witness at his trial. Mr. Barros also posits that his

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion for the recusal of the justice at Mr.

Barros’s second criminal trial and for failing to conduct an adequate voir dire at the second

criminal trial. Additionally, Mr. Barros avers that his appellate counsel was ineffective for

failing to “explore” what Mr. Barros categorizes as the improper limitation on voir dire by the

justice and, consequently, for failing to raise that issue on appeal.

                                                 III

                                        Standard of Review

       The right to seek postconviction relief is a right provided by statute—G.L. 1956 § 10-9.1-

1—and is “available to a convicted defendant who contends that his original conviction or

sentence violated rights afforded to him under the state or federal constitution.” Hazard v. State,




                                                 -4-
968 A.2d 886, 891 (R.I. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Page v. State, 995

A.2d 934, 942 (R.I. 2010). The applicant for postconviction relief “bears the burden of proving,

by a preponderance of the evidence, that such relief is warranted in his or her case.” DeCiantis

v. State, 24 A.3d 557, 569 (R.I. 2011).         When passing on a decision to grant or deny

postconviction relief, “this Court will refrain from disturbing a trial justice’s factual findings

absent a showing that the trial justice overlooked or misconceived material evidence or otherwise

was clearly wrong.” Hazard, 968 A.2d at 891; see also Azevedo v. State, 945 A.2d 335, 337

(R.I. 2008). However, as we have repeatedly stated, “this Court will review de novo any post-

conviction relief decision involving questions of fact or mixed questions of law and fact

pertaining to an alleged violation of an applicant’s constitutional rights.” Hazard, 968 A.2d at

891 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Page, 995 A.2d at 942. That being said, “when

we are called upon to conduct such a de novo review with respect to issues of constitutional

dimension, we still accord great deference to a hearing justice’s findings of historical fact and to

inferences drawn from those facts.”      DeCiantis, 24 A.3d at 569 (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Hazard, 968 A.2d at 891.

                                                IV

                                              Analysis

       As we have frequently indicated, “[t]he law in Rhode Island is well settled that this Court

will pattern its evaluations of the ineffective assistance of counsel claims under the requirements

of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 * * * (1984).” Brennan v. Vose, 764 A.2d 168, 171

(R.I. 2001); see Page, 995 A.2d at 942.        In our review, “the benchmark issue is whether

counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial




                                                -5-
cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Young v. State, 877 A.2d 625, 629 (R.I.

2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        The Strickland standard consists of two prongs. See Ouimette v. State, 785 A.2d 1132,

1139 (R.I. 2001).      “First, an applicant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was

deficient, to the point that the errors were so serious that trial counsel did not function at the level

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.”           Page, 995 A.2d at 942 (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Young, 877 A.2d at 629. In order to be considered ineffective under the first

prong of Strickland, “trial counsel’s performance must have fallen below an objective standard

of reasonableness * * * considering all the circumstances.” Page, 995 A.2d at 942 (internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Brennan, 764 A.2d at 171. We also bear in mind the

principle that “a strong (albeit rebuttable) presumption exists that counsel’s performance was

competent,” Page, 995 A.2d at 942 (internal quotation marks omitted), and that “counsel’s

strategy and tactics fall within the range of reasonable professional assistance.” Knight v.

Spencer, 447 F.3d 6, 15 (1st Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[C]ourts should

avoid second-guessing counsel’s performance with the use of hindsight.” Id.

        The second prong of Strickland requires the applicant to “demonstrate that the deficient

performance was so prejudicial to the defense and the errors were so serious as to amount to a

deprivation of the applicant’s right to a fair trial.” Page, 995 A.2d at 943 (internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Young, 877 A.2d at 629. Satisfying this second prong of Strickland

requires a showing that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Page, 995 A.2d at 943 (emphasis

in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is a “highly demanding and heavy burden.”

Knight, 447 F.3d at 15 (internal quotation marks omitted).




                                                 -6-
       As we have stated, “[u]nless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the

conviction or * * * sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the

result unreliable.” Young, 877 A.2d at 629 (internal quotation marks omitted). As such, “[a]

defendant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland analysis obviates the need for a court to

consider the remaining prong.” Knight, 447 F.3d at 15.

                                                 A

                        Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

                              1. Expert Witness on False Confessions

       In order to address Mr. Barros’s contention that his trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to present an expert on false confessions at his criminal trial and also his contention that

the justice erred in denying his request for funds to hire an expert witness in connection with his

application for postconviction relief, we must discuss in more detail the facts of the instant case.

                                        a. Request for Funds

       On May 24, 2012, a hearing was held, at which Mr. Barros’s counsel requested “funds to

hire an expert on false confessions” in order to advise counsel as to whether or not “an expert

would have been helpful in this case.” An exchange ensued between counsel for both parties and

the justice with respect to what Mr. Barros’s counsel contended would have been testified to by

such an expert at trial and whether or not testimony of such an expert would have been

admissible at the trial. Mr. Barros’s counsel stated:

               “I’m not asking, or I’m not looking for an expert to come in and say
               Mr. Barros was telling the truth or lying when he made the
               confession. What I’m looking for is an expert – and I know those
               experts are out there – that would look and testify, look and testify
               about risk factors. First of all, explain to a juror that sometimes
               people do admit falsely to committing crimes, what are the risk
               factors, are the risk factors present, and then, not necessarily say in
               this case Mr. Barros was telling the truth or not, but give the jury



                                                -7-
               the building blocks, the information they need to make a decision
               on whether a confession possibly was false.”

Ultimately, the justice denied the request for funds. He held that, taking into account that he had

been the trial justice in Mr. Barros’s criminal trial, he would not have permitted expert testimony

on false confessions because “[c]redibility decisions are quintessentially issues for a jury.”

                  b. Final Hearing on the Application for Postconviction Relief

       On April 27, 2015, at the final hearing on the instant application for postconviction relief,

Mr. Barros presented multiple witnesses; we shall briefly address the pertinent portions of their

testimony in turn.

       Mr. Barros’s trial counsel, who was counsel at both of his criminal trials, testified first. It

was his testimony that he never “consider[ed] * * * utilizing an expert in false confession[s]”

despite being “familiar with that area of defense * * *.” On cross-examination, trial counsel

stated that he was aware that the law was different from state to state on the question of whether

an expert would be permitted to give such an opinion in court. However, trial counsel stated that

he “never * * * considered whether or not [he] should hire an expert.” When he was asked the

reason for his never having considered it, he stated:

               “I wondered, as I was reviewing my file in preparation for this
               proceeding, why I didn’t do it and I -- I -- it’s really -- it’s
               extraordinary for me, because we had a false confession seminar in
               our office probably in 2005 or 2006 that I went to and I learned a
               lot from it. And as I reviewed notes from that, from that file that I
               made, I noticed now that there was -- I should have thought about
               it. I should have called an expert witness. That was part of the false
               confession seminar. I didn’t think about it at the time.”

He further stated that he was “embarrassed” by his failure to consider using an expert on false

confessions at Mr. Barros’s trial due to what he characterized as his inability “to prepare in such

a short period of time.”




                                                -8-
       The second attorney to testify at the hearing stated that she was employed by the public

defender’s office and had been involved in representing Mr. Barros in connection with his

second trial for the murder of Mr. Felipe; specifically, it was her testimony that she sat as

“second chair” and that Mr. Barros’s trial counsel was “calling [the] shots.” It was her testimony

that she was aware of the availability of expert witnesses on false confessions at the time of Mr.

Barros’s second trial, but that she had no recollection of having a conversation with trial counsel

about hiring an expert in false confessions to testify. She further stated, on redirect examination,

that she was “not aware of this jurisdiction allowing the defense to call such an expert as of yet.”

       The third attorney to testify at the April 27, 2015 hearing stated that he worked at the

public defender’s office and that he was involved in Mr. Barros’s second trial. It was his

testimony that his primary involvement was with the issue of the recording of confessions; he

stated that he actually attended the trial only “maybe a day or two, perhaps more,” and did not sit

at the counsel table. He stated that he had no recollection of having discussed the possibility of

retaining an expert on false confessions with trial counsel.

                                   c. The Decision of the Justice

       Subsequent to the April 27, 2015 hearing, the justice issued a decision denying Mr.

Barros’s application for postconviction relief.     In that decision, he answered the following

question in the negative: “whether trial counsel’s omission to advance such expert testimony—

when its admissibility was (and still is), at best, questionable—amounted to a constitutionally

deficient misstep.” (Emphasis in original.) He specifically stated that, taking into account that

he had been the trial justice, he would not have allowed the admission of an expert on false

confessions; and he pointed out that Mr. Barros was “not hindered from explaining and

challenging the reliability of his statements” and in fact had done so “through other witnesses on




                                                -9-
direct and cross-examination, but also through his own testimony.” It was further the justice’s

holding that “such an expert’s testimony ineluctably trespasses upon the jury’s quintessential

function of determining the trustworthiness and reliability of the evidence.”           Finally, he

concluded that “it [could] scarcely be said that trial counsel provided defective representation by

not trying to wedge into the jury’s deliberations expert advice on how to evaluate Barros’

confession.”

       Mr. Barros challenges that conclusion on appeal. He further challenges the denial of

funding for the hiring of an expert witness on false confessions. He contends that the justice

should have conducted a hearing pursuant to Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509

U.S. 579 (1993), before determining whether or not to permit funding. He refers specifically to

what he describes as the “growing acceptance of the false confession expert testimony

nationally,” and he states that the denial of funds “deprived the petitioner from developing the

primary issue he had initially identified” for postconviction relief. In summation, Mr. Barros

argues that the justice “ought to have allowed funding and an opportunity to build the

[postconviction relief] case that false confession expert testimony could and should have been

put to the instant jury and the failure to do so violated Strickland and was prejudicial in that it

denied the jury insight into the phenomena which could have better informed their judgment

especially give [sic] the paucity of other evidence of guilt.”

                                             d. Discussion

       In assessing Mr. Barros’s contentions on appeal with respect to expert testimony on false

confessions, we initially deem it important to lay out with absolute clarity what is and what is not

before the Court in the instant case: the truth or falsity of Mr. Barros’s confession, the

voluntariness of his confession, and the justice’s denial of his motion to suppress the confession




                                                - 10 -
are not before this Court. Those issues could have been, and indeed some of them were, raised

by Mr. Barros in his direct appeal. We have already ruled on the issues raised in Mr. Barros’s

direct appeal in Barros, 24 A.3d at 1158, and any issues that were not raised therein but could

have been raised are barred from consideration by the doctrine of res judicata. See § 10-9.1-8

(“Any ground finally adjudicated or not so raised, or knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently

waived in the proceeding that resulted in the conviction or sentence or in any other proceeding

the applicant has taken to secure relief, may not be the basis for a subsequent application, unless

the court finds that in the interest of justice the applicant should be permitted to assert such a

ground for relief.”); Glassie v. Doucette, 159 A.3d 88, 95 (R.I. 2017) (“Res judicata makes a

prior judgment in a civil action between the same parties conclusive with regard to any issues

that were litigated in the prior action, or, that could have been presented and litigated therein.”)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see generally Bossian v. Anderson, 991 A.2d 1025, 1027

(R.I. 2010).

       Accordingly, the only two questions properly before this Court in the instant action as it

relates to expert testimony on false confessions are: (1) whether or not Mr. Barros’s trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to utilize an expert witness on false confessions; and (2) whether or

not the justice erred in refusing funds to hire such an expert in this postconviction relief action.

In order to answer those questions, we need not pass upon whether or not the testimony of an

expert witness on false confessions would have been admissible in Mr. Barros’s criminal trial.

In our opinion, it is clear from the record in this case and from the silence of our jurisprudence

concerning this issue that failure to call such an expert witness on false confessions in Mr.

Barros’s criminal trial was not an error which rendered trial counsel ineffective.




                                               - 11 -
       We reach that conclusion because it is clear that, at the time of trial, courts around the

country were divided on the admissibility of such evidence and remain divided on its

admissibility. See David A. Perez, The (In)Admissibility of False Confession Expert Testimony,

26 Touro L. Rev. 23, 24-25 (2010) (stating that “state and federal courts remain bitterly divided

on the question of admissibility of false confession expert testimony” and citing cases on each

side of the divide); see also Admissibility of Expert Testimony Regarding False Confessions, 11

A.L.R. 7th, Art. 6, §§ 13-27 (2016) (citing numerous cases from various jurisdictions allowing

the admission of expert false confession testimony and numerous cases from other jurisdictions

excluding such testimony). Mr. Barros’s postconviction relief counsel himself conceded, in his

August 27, 2014 “Memorandum in Support of Petitioner’s Motion for Recusal and Third

Amended Petit[io]n for Post-Conviction Relief,” that “the value and relevancy of false

confession experts is an area untested in Rhode Island jurisprudence,” and he further conceded

that “[c]ourts around the country are divided on the value of such evidence.”6 Even on appeal,

Mr. Barros’s counsel refers to the “growing acceptance of the false confession expert testimony

nationally.”   It is also important to bear in mind that this Court has never ruled on the

admissibility vel non of such expert testimony.

       In view of these circumstances, it would strain rationality to rule that an attorney was

constitutionally ineffective for not introducing expert testimony on false confessions. Certainly

under an objective standard of reasonableness, trial counsel need not have produced expert

testimony that this state has never held to be admissible—and when courts around the country

are divided as to its admissibility. See Page, 995 A.2d at 942. As such, Mr. Barros has not met



6
       We do note that postconviction relief counsel also alleged in the memorandum that the
“trend in this area appears to be heading toward admission of expert false confession
testimony * * *.”


                                              - 12 -
his burden of rebutting the “strong * * * presumption * * * that counsel’s performance was

competent” by alleging that counsel should have introduced expert testimony whose

admissibility was questionable at best. Id. at 943.

       We would emphasize that, in evaluating an attorney’s performance under Strickland, our

approach is to look at the legal landscape and what was known to the attorney at the time at

issue. Lynch v. State, 13 A.3d 603, 606 (R.I. 2011) (noting that “[t]he United States Supreme

Court stated in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, * * * that [a] fair assessment of attorney performance

requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct

the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s

perspective at the time”) (internal quotation marks omitted).        However, in this case, even

applying the hindsight available to us in view of the seven years that elapsed between Mr.

Barros’s trial and the Superior Court’s decision on his application for postconviction relief, we

would still be of the decided opinion that Mr. Barros’s trial counsel was not ineffective. It

necessarily follows that, if it would not have been ineffective to fail to introduce expert

testimony on false confessions due to the unsettled state of the law at the time this application for

postconviction relief was denied in Superior Court, then it certainly could not have been

ineffective assistance of counsel to have failed to do so at the time of Mr. Barros’s trial.

Accordingly, we are in agreement with the justice’s determination that Mr. Barros’s trial counsel

was not ineffective and that, therefore, his application for postconviction relief must be denied.

       Additionally, for the just-discussed reasons, we are unable to perceive any error in the

justice’s refusal to approve funding for the hiring of an expert witness on false confessions in this

postconviction relief action. Such an expert simply was not necessary to determine this claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel, and we commend the justice for his conserving of meager state




                                               - 13 -
resources in a situation where the requested expenditure would have been unnecessary. 7 And we

remain unpersuaded by Mr. Barros’s contention that a hearing pursuant to Daubert, 509 U.S. at

579, was necessary in this case.

                                      2. Recusal of the Justice

       On appeal, Mr. Barros contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a

motion to recuse the justice during the trial based on remarks which the justice made in the

course of ruling on Mr. Barros’s motion to suppress his confession prior to his first trial. He

further avers that the justice erred in failing to recuse himself with respect to the postconviction

relief application. Mr. Barros bases his argument for recusal of the justice presiding over the

application for postconviction relief on the same statements the justice made in ruling on the

motion to suppress and statements made in ruling on the motion for a new trial following Mr.

Barros’s second trial, which statements Mr. Barros contends illustrate a continuing bias.

       In order to properly consider Mr. Barros’s contentions we must look, initially, at the

comments by the justice with which Mr. Barros takes issue. Mr. Barros points to the following

exchange during the ruling on the motion to suppress prior to Mr. Barros’s first trial:

                       “THE COURT: * * * We come then to the issue as to
               whether or not the defendant thereafter voluntarily, without police
               coercion, compulsion or overreaching, offered to speak to the
               officers freely and voluntarily. As [trial counsel] indicated
               yesterday, we have a clearly demarcated line.
                       “The officers all testified that at no time did this man speak
               of a lawyer. The defendant testified that he did. But credibility
               decisions have to be made. The defendant offered testimony that I
               find not credible at all.
                       “[TRIAL COUNSEL]: Judge, I hate to interrupt. Am I
               going to be allowed to argue?



7
        We do not mean to suggest that there may not be another case, arising in a different
factual and procedural posture, where providing the funding for such an expert might be
appropriate.


                                               - 14 -
                       “THE COURT: I don’t think I need any argument. You can
               offer comment when I’m done, if I’ve missed anything. If I’ve
               missed a hole that needs to be plugged, you can bring it up.
                       “I’m satisfied from what I’ve heard that the defendant lied
               to me in certain respects, and those lies and mendacious statements
               cast a very dim light on his credibility.”

Mr. Barros further points to comments the justice made in the course of ruling on the motion to

suppress to the effect that Mr. Barros was “Houdini” and a “lip-reader.” The justice stated that

he found a portion of Mr. Barros’s testimony “incomprehensible;” he found another portion of

the testimony to be “flat out prevarication.”      The justice further stated that Mr. Barros’s

testimony at the motion to suppress hearing with respect to the recording of his confession was

“an outrageous and blatant lie.”

       Finally, Mr. Barros directs this Court’s attention to the following statement made by the

justice in ruling on Mr. Barros’s motion for a new trial subsequent to his second trial: “I have

referenced a number of comments that your client made that are absolutely simply disbelief.”

       The justice held, in his written opinion denying Mr. Barros’s application for

postconviction relief, that Mr. Barros had waived his right to seek recusal as to the application

for postconviction relief because it was not until nearly two years after the first amended petition

for postconviction relief was filed in the case that a recusal motion was made. He further held

that, in ruling on Mr. Barros’s motion to suppress, he was “obligated to make definitive factual

and credibility findings” in the “restricted confines of a suppression motion hearing * * *.” It

was his ultimate holding that “[m]aking such determinations on the basis of facts at a pretrial

proceeding does not * * * constitute a valid basis for recusal.” He went on to state:

                       “All that occurred in this case was that the Court presided
               at a suppression hearing, which Barros demanded be convened,
               and offered a ruling on his motion—a ruling which was restricted
               to the evidence at that hearing. The Court did precisely what it was
               expected, nay, mandated to do: Determine who was credible and



                                               - 15 -
               who was not; decide who told the truth and who didn’t. The Court
               made those determinations. Recusal does not thereafter lie when a
               court fulfills its judicial obligation.” (Emphasis in original.)

Finally, the justice held that it was not ineffective assistance of counsel to have failed to move

for recusal during trial because “there were no grounds for trial counsel to have urged this

Court’s recusal;” and he added that Mr. Barros could “demonstrate no prejudice if the case had

proceeded to trial before a different judge.”

       In assessing Mr. Barros’s contentions, we look to our jurisprudence with respect to

recusal. We have stated that “[a] judicial officer must recuse only if he is unable to render a fair

or an impartial decision;” and we have also indicated that “justices have an equally great

obligation not to disqualify themselves when there is no sound reason to do so.” State v.

McWilliams, 47 A.3d 251, 260 (R.I. 2012) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Ryan v. Roman Catholic Bishop of Providence, 941 A.2d 174, 185 (R.I. 2008),

cert. denied, 555 U.S. 955 (2008). The party who seeks to have a justice recuse himself or

herself “bears the burden of establishing that the judicial officer possesses a personal bias or

prejudice by reason of a preconceived or settled opinion of a character calculated to impair his

[or her] impartiality seriously and to sway his [or her] judgment.” McWilliams, 47 A.3d at 260

(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Mattatall v. State, 947 A.2d 896, 902 (R.I. 2008). In

meeting his or her burden, a “defendant’s subjective feelings and unsupported accusations are

not sufficient grounds for recusal.” State v. Sampson, 884 A.2d 399, 405 (R.I. 2005); see also

State v. Clark, 423 A.2d 1151, 1158 (R.I. 1980).

       Additionally, we have stated that “it is essential for us to review the justice’s

comments * * * in the context in which they were spoken.” McWilliams, 47 A.3d at 260; see,

e.g., State v. Howard, 23 A.3d 1133, 1137 (R.I. 2011) (The trial justice’s views, “even though




                                                - 16 -
harshly and caustically expressed, would likely not have warranted the hearing justice’s recusal

had he expressed them after he had fairly conducted the violation hearing and then adjudged

defendant to be a violator of his probation or had he expressed them in the context of

determining how much of defendant’s suspended sentence to remove.”) (emphasis in original).

In making the statements that Mr. Barros points to on appeal, the justice was either:

(1) announcing the credibility determinations which he was required to make before arriving at a

decision on Mr. Barros’s motion to suppress his confession; or (2) was in the process of ruling on

Mr. Barros’s motion for a new trial. As such, the statements made in the instant case, in the

context in which they were made, certainly did not require recusal. In our view, there was no

error in the justice’s ruling with respect to recusal. And we are unable to improve upon that

justice’s pithy statement of principle: “Recusal does not * * * lie when a court fulfills its judicial

obligation.” See McWilliams, 47 A.3d at 261-62 (“[T]hose comments [made by the justice]

were * * * made in strict compliance with the justice’s duties in conducting the hearing. We have

no hesitation in deciding that no reasonable observer would conclude that the trial justice was

unable to render fair treatment in the later trial of this case.”); Mattatall, 947 A.2d at 903 (“We

are in complete agreement with the hearing justice’s statement that ‘[r]ecusal does not thereafter

lie simply because the court has carried out its judicial responsibility of explaining the reasons

for   that   sentence.’   Rather   than    making    biased    or   prejudicial   statements    about

applicant,[ ] * * * the hearing justice, in accordance with what this Court has encouraged judicial

officers to do, was simply articulating his reasons for enhancing applicant’s sentence in

accordance with the habitual offender statute.”). Indeed, it would be virtually antinomian for us

to declare that, every time a trial justice ruled against a defendant with respect to a pretrial




                                                - 17 -
motion or a motion for a new trial, said justice was required to recuse from any further

proceedings involving that defendant. We have ample jurisprudence to the contrary.

       In light of the foregoing considerations, we are unable to countenance Mr. Barros’s

contention that his seasoned trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for recusal after the

justice’s ruling on Mr. Barros’s motion to suppress. Not having done so most certainly did not

fall below an objective standard of reasonableness, nor is there a reasonable probability that the

making of such a motion would have led to a different result. See Page, 995 A.2d at 942.

Furthermore, for all of the above-discussed reasons, the justice certainly need not have recused

himself from presiding over the application for postconviction relief.

                                              3. Voir Dire

       The petitioner alleged in his third amended petition for postconviction relief that his trial

counsel was ineffective because he “failed to attempt to elicit information from certain

prospective jurors regarding potential predisposition against Barros as it relates to issues

surrounding his alleged confession.” On appeal, Mr. Barros presses that argument, averring that,

“[a]lthough courts are reluctant to second-guess the decisions or performance of trial counsel, the

woefully inadequate voir dire of the jury pool on the most critical issue at Barros’ trial was

grossly ineffective.” He also contends that, after the interview of the initial group of prospective

jurors, “out of the nine subsequently called prospective jurors, trial counsel only asked one

person a question on the subject [of false confessions].”

       We turn, therefore, to a review of the voir dire at Mr. Barros’s second criminal trial—

specifically, to the portions of the voir dire pointed to by Mr. Barros. During the course of the

voir dire, the following exchange occurred:

                      “[TRIAL COUNSEL]: * * * There is nothing linking [Mr.
               Barros] to the crime. The only evidence against Mr. Barros is the



                                                - 18 -
               fact that he made a statement admitting to it. Now, [Juror], what do
               you think about that?
                       “A JUROR: Why would he make the statement if he didn’t
               do it?
                       “[TRIAL COUNSEL]: That’s a question that I have. The
               question that many of you I’m sure have.
                       “Now, you’re going to hear from [the trial justice] that you
               have a duty to judge whether or not Tracey Barros has personally
               and voluntarily given up his right to remain silent and make a
               statement in this case, or whether or not it was coerced from him,
               whether or not pressure was put on him in order to have him make
               a statement. Now, [Juror], do you agree with me, sir, that a person
               charged with a criminal offense could have pressure put on him in
               order to force him to make a statement against his own interest?
                       “A JUROR: Some people maybe; but I wouldn’t admit to
               anything I didn’t do.
                       “[TRIAL COUNSEL]: Okay. Anyone else feel like that?
                       8
               Okay.”

Trial counsel then proceeded to relate some of the facts of the interrogation of Mr. Barros by the

police in the instant case. When the just-referenced juror remained “steadfast in [his] belief,”

trial counsel went into more detail with respect to the interrogation. As trial counsel was

pointing to the fact that only the confession was taped and that “[we] don’t actually know what

went on during” the interrogation, the prosecutor objected. The Court ruled as follows:

               “I’m going to sustain the objection. I’m not going to have the case
               played out in a thumbnail fashion of factual renditions during voir
               dire. Set forth in Rule 24, very specific and particular issues are the
               subject of inquiry. This is not one of them.”

After trial counsel resumed and another objection was quickly made and sustained, trial counsel

asked the prospective jurors the following: “Can you all promise Tracey Barros that you will be

able to look at everything that happened prior to him making this statement and how it came to

be that he was interrogated for this charge? Can you all promise me that?”




8
        The juror with whom trial counsel engaged in the above-quoted discussion was ultimately
stricken from the jury panel by the prosecution.


                                               - 19 -
       Trial counsel then asked a prospective juror later in the voir dire: “Do you believe that

there could be pressure brought to bear on someone who makes a confession?” The justice then

immediately stated: “I told you we’re not going to do that. That’s factual in nature. You’re not

going to be heard in a vacuum.” We note additionally that trial counsel was later permitted to

make the following inquiry of a juror:

                       “[Y]ou heard the prosecutor ask you about whether or not a
               confession would be enough, if you believed it, to have you return
               a verdict of guilty. Would you promise the defendant that you
               would look into the circumstances surrounding as well as the
               contents of what the confession says as to whether or not you give
               it any reliability? Could you do that?”

       After reviewing the voir dire transcript, in presiding over the application for

postconviction relief, the justice held that Mr. Barros’s criticisms of his trial counsel with respect

to the voir dire were “wholly misplaced.” The justice specifically stated: “It was the Court, not

Barros’ trial attorney, who refined the voir dire. No error can be assigned to trial counsel under

such circumstances.” He further ruled as follows:

                       “To the extent that this Court placed some restrictions on
               trial counsel’s inquiry, those limitations were entirely consistent
               with [precedent] and the purpose of Rule 24(a) [of the Superior
               Court Rules of Criminal Procedure]. In any event, trial counsel was
               allowed to make a completely fair and reasonable inquiry of the
               jurors regarding Barros’ custodial statements, and he made entirely
               clear to the panel that their assessment of the circumstances
               surrounding those statements would be the centerpiece of his case.
               Further, Barros was not in any way limited from that goal during a
               thorough cross-examination of the State’s witnesses, his own
               testimony, and during counsel’s closing argument.”

       Rule 24(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure governs the examination of

prospective jurors and provides in pertinent part that “[t]he examination of prospective jurors

shall be for the purpose of determining whether a prospective juror is related to a party, or has

any interest in the case, or has expressed or formed an opinion or is sensible of any bias or



                                                - 20 -
prejudice therein.”   We have stated that, “[a]lthough the trial justice may not hinder the

attorneys’ attempts to inquire into the objectivity of the prospective jurors, the scope of

examination of prospective jurors during voir dire is within the sound discretion of the trial

justice.” State v. Lopez, 78 A.3d 773, 780 (R.I. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted); see

also State v. Kaba, 798 A.2d 383, 389 (R.I. 2002). We have similarly made it clear that “[t]he

exercise of [the trial justice’s] discretion does not mean that [the trial justice] must permit every

question * * * that can be devised by an ingenious attorney.” Lopez, 78 A.3d at 780; see also

Kaba, 798 A.2d at 390. Questioning during voir dire should certainly not be “argumentative,

cumulative or tangential.” State v. Johnson, 119 R.I. 749, 759, 383 A.2d 1012, 1018 (1978)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Lopez, 78 A.3d at 780. It is also a basic principle

that it is not the proper role of counsel to “try the case on voir dire, * * * attempt to elicit a

commitment from the jurors about how they would react to hypothetical facts, [or] * * * seek to

predispose any of the jurors to react a certain way to anticipated evidence.” State v. Holmquest,

243 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007); see also People v. Polk, 942 N.E.2d 44, 66 (Ill. App.

Ct. 2010) (“The purpose of voir dire is to select an impartial jury, not to indoctrinate a jury or

choose a jury with a predisposition.”).

       It is incumbent upon us to determine whether or not Mr. Barros’s trial counsel was

ineffective in his conducting of the voir dire at Mr. Barros’s second trial. After a careful review

of the transcript of the voir dire, we can perceive nothing that would indicate that trial counsel

was constitutionally deficient in the manner in which he conducted voir dire. It is true that the

justice did limit some of trial counsel’s attempted questions to prospective jurors. However, in

our view, those limitations were within the justice’s discretion. See Lopez, 78 A.3d at 780;

Kaba, 798 A.2d at 389. Trial counsel’s questions were not limited solely to assessing the




                                               - 21 -
objectivity of the prospective jurors and “[a] * * * court properly refuses questions designed to

educate the jurors on the defendant’s theory of defense and ensure the selected jurors are

receptive to that defense.” Polk, 942 N.E.2d at 66. We simply cannot say that failure to further

contest the justice’s limiting of his questioning fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness. See Page, 995 A.2d at 942. Nor could Mr. Barros possibly show that, but for

trial counsel’s not further contesting the limitation imposed on his questioning of prospective

jurors, the jury would have reached a different verdict. Id. at 943.

       Moreover, we note that trial counsel was able to ask: “Can you all promise Tracey Barros

that you will be able to look at everything that happened prior to him making this statement and

how it came to be that he was interrogated for this charge? Can you all promise me that?” He

also made it clear that the voluntariness of Mr. Barros’s confession would be at issue: “Now,

you’re going to hear from [the trial justice] that you have a duty to judge whether or not Tracey

Barros has personally and voluntarily given up his right to remain silent and make a statement in

this case, or whether or not it was coerced from him, whether or not pressure was put on him in

order to have him make a statement.” We acknowledge that trial counsel did not specifically ask

each replacement juror a question with respect to false confessions. However, his questioning

had been permissibly limited by the justice, and he frequently inquired of the replacement jurors

if they had heard and understood his previous questions to the prospective jurors and whether or

not they had any responses.

       Accordingly, we can perceive no error in the justice’s denial of Mr. Barros’s application

for postconviction relief on the issue of whether or not his trial counsel was ineffective in

conducting the voir dire at the second criminal trial.




                                               - 22 -
                                                  B

                      Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel

       Mr. Barros contends that his appellate counsel, who represented him on his direct appeal

after his second criminal trial, was ineffective because she failed to “explore th[e] improper

limit[ing]” by the justice of trial counsel’s questioning during voir dire. He points to the fact that

she never ordered the transcript of the voir dire in the course of her review of the case.

       At the April 27, 2015 final hearing on his application for postconviction relief, Mr.

Barros’s counsel represented that he had “made the offer of proof” to the effect that he had

discussed the case with Mr. Barros’s appellate counsel and that she represented to him that she

met with trial counsel and “he never indicated to her that there were any issues in the voir dire

that he believed merited explorations and that’s part of the reason she didn’t explore it.”

       We have stated that the Strickland standard for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance

of counsel applies to appellate counsel as well as trial counsel.          Page, 995 A.2d at 943.

Moreover, “for appellate counsel’s performance to pass muster under the Strickland test,

appellate counsel need not (and should not) raise every nonfrivolous claim, but rather may select

from among them in order to maximize the likelihood of success on appeal.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000). Thus, to show

that appellate counsel has been ineffective, “an applicant must demonstrate that the omitted issue

was not only meritorious, but clearly stronger than those issues that actually were raised on

appeal.” Page, 995 A.2d at 944 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In our opinion in Barros, 24 A.3d at 1163-81, this Court wrestled at length with the

question of whether the police were required to record Mr. Barros’s entire interrogation (rather

than recording just his confession itself) and with the issue of the voluntariness of that




                                                - 23 -
confession. It is our considered judgment that the issue of the limits placed on trial counsel’s

questions during voir dire certainly was not clearly stronger than the issues raised on appeal by

appellate counsel.9 Moreover, as discussed above, there was no error in the justice’s limiting of

trial counsel’s voir dire questioning. Accordingly, it is our opinion that the justice did not err in

denying Mr. Barros’s application for postconviction relief based on ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel.

        As such, it is our conclusion that there was no error on the part of the justice in denying

Mr. Barros’s application for postconviction relief, in denying his request for funds, or in refusing

to recuse himself from presiding over the application for postconviction relief.

                                                 V

                                            Conclusion

        For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. We remand

the record to that tribunal.




9
        We note with approval the following quote presented to this Court by the state: “A brief
that raises every colorable issue runs the risk of burying good arguments—those that, in the
words of the great advocate John W. Davis, ‘go for the jugular,’ * * * in a verbal mound made
up of strong and weak contentions.” Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 753 (1983).


                                               - 24 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND                                  PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS



                         SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case                        Tracey Barros v. State of Rhode Island.
                                     No. 2015-304-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (PM 11-5771)
Date Opinion Filed                   April 4, 2018
                                     Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
                                     Indeglia, JJ.
Written By                           Associate Justice William P. Robinson

Source of Appeal                     Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer From Lower Court    Associate Justice Robert D. Krause
                                     For Petitioner:

                                     George J. West, Esq.
Attorney(s) on Appeal                For State of Rhode Island:

                                     Lauren S. Zurier
                                     Department of Attorney General




SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2016)
