  IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MANTI HOLDINGS, LLC, MALONE       )
MITCHELL, WINN INTERESTS, LTD.,   )
EQUINOX I. A TX, GREG PIPKIN,     )
CRAIG JOHNSTONE, TRI-C            )
AUTHENTIX LTD., DAVID MOXAM,      )
LAL PEARCE, and JIM RITTENBURG,   )
                                  )
               Petitioners,       )
                                  )
     v.                           ) C.A. No. 2017-0887-SG
                                  )
AUTHENTIX ACQUISITION             )
COMPANY, INC.,                    )
                                  )
               Respondent.        )
                                  )
AUTHENTIX ACQUISITION             )
COMPANY, INC.,                    )
                                  )
         Counterclaim Plaintiff,  )
                                  )
     v.                           )
                                  )
MANTI HOLDINGS, LLC, MALONE       )
MITCHELL, WINN INTERESTS, LTD., )
EQUINOX I. A TX, GREG PIPKIN,     )
CRAIG JOHNSTONE, TRI-C            )
AUTHENTIX LTD., DAVID MOXAM, )
LAL PEARCE, and JIM RITTENBURG, )
                                  )
         Counterclaim Defendants. )

                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

                   Date Submitted: May 14, 2020
                   Date Decided: August 11, 2020
John L. Reed, Peter H. Kyle, and Kelly L. Freund, of DLA PIPER LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware, Attorneys for Petitioners/Counterclaim Defendants.

Samuel A. Nolen, of RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington,
Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Andrew Hammond and Michelle Letourneau-Belock, of
WHITE & CASE LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Respondent/
Counterclaim Plaintiff.




GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
       This litigation involves the Petitioners’ demand for appraisal, and the

Respondent’s enforcement of a stockholders’ agreement. The Petitioners are former

stockholders in the target of an acquisition, the consummation of which triggered

purported rights and responsibilities under the stockholders’ agreement in question.

The Petitioners sought appraisal of their stock. The Respondent, obviously, is the

corporation in which they had held stock; the Respondent argued via defense and

counterclaim that the Petitioners had forgone the right to appraisal via the

stockholders’ agreement.        I agreed, in two opinions, with the Respondent.1

Remaining are two issues.            Does a loser-pays fee-shifting provision in the

stockholders’ agreement apply to the Petitioners in this post-merger action? And

can the surviving corporation—a party to the stockholders’ agreement—enforce that

right against a stockholder? The parties have filed cross-motions on these issues. I

answer    these    questions    in     the   affirmative,   and   also    find   that   the

stockholders/Petitioners are entitled to prejudgment interest on the merger

consideration.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment are limited in scope to the

Respondent’s request for attorneys’ fees and the Petitioners’ request for interest on


1
  Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., 2018 WL 4698255 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018),
reargument denied 2019 WL 3814453 (Del. Ch. Aug. 14, 2019); Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix
Acquisition Co., Inc., 2019 WL 3814453 (Del. Ch. Aug. 14, 2019).
the merger consideration. This factual recitation is likewise limited to those facts

necessary for resolution of these issues.

          Respondent Authentix Acquisition Company, Inc. (“Authentix” or the

“Company”) is a private Delaware corporation.2 The Petitioners were stockholders

of Authentix.3 This matter relates to the sale via merger of Authentix to a third-party

entity in 2017.

          In 2008, the Petitioners had all held stock in a prior entity, Authentix, Inc.4

That year, Authentix, Inc. merged into Authentix, with two new shareholders—The

Carlyle Group and J.H. Whitney & Co. (collectively, “Carlyle”)—as the new

majority owners.5        In order to achieve the merger, the Petitioners, the new

stockholders, and Authentix negotiated a stockholders’ agreement, the Stockholders

Agreement of Authentix Acquisition Company, Inc. (the “Stockholders

Agreement”), consummation of which was a condition to the merger. 6 Also as a

condition of the 2008 merger, the Petitioners agreed to roll over their interest in


2
 Verified Pet. For Appraisal Pursuant to Section 262 of the Delaware General Corporation Law,
D.I. 1 (“Pet.”), ¶ 1.
3
    Id. ¶ 3.
4
  Joint Stip. of Fact, D.I. 65 (“Joint Stip.”), at ¶ 2. I note here that in my August 15, 2019
Memorandum Opinion, I stated, “the Petitioners were the sole owners of Authentix, Inc.,” which
Authentix pointed out is incorrect, though it does not change any outcome. According to the Joint
Stipulation, “the Petitioners all held stock in Authentix, Inc.,” and “Manti Holdings, LLC and
Manti Resources, Inc. held a majority of the outstanding shares of Authentix, Inc.” Id.
5
    Id. ¶ 3.
6
    Id. ¶¶ 3–4.

                                               2
Authentix, Inc. into Authentix.7 Along with the Petitioners, Authentix was itself a

party to the Stockholders Agreement.8

          Several provisions of the Stockholders Agreement are pertinent here.

          First, under § 3(e) of the Stockholders Agreement, the Petitioners agreed that

“[i]n the event that . . . a Company Sale is approved by the Board” they would

“consent to and raise no objections against such transaction . . . and . . . refrain from

the exercise of appraisal rights with respect to such transaction.” 9 Second, under §

12, the parties agreed that “[t]his Agreement, and the respective rights and

obligations of the Parties, shall terminate upon the . . . consummation of a Company

Sale . . .”10 Third, under § 13(i), a so-called “loser pays” provision, the parties

allocated fees in the case of litigation:

          In the event of any litigation or other legal proceeding involving the
          interpretation of this [Stockholders] Agreement or enforcement of the
          rights or obligations of the Parties, the prevailing Party or Parties shall
          be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses in
          addition to any other available remedy. 11


7
    Id. ¶ 3.
8
  Pet’rs’/Countercl.-Defs.’ (1) Answering Br. in Opp’n to Resp’t/Countercl.-Pl.’s Mot. for Summ.
J. on Count III of Its Countercls. and (2) Pet’rs’ Opening Br. in Support of Their Cross-Mot. for
Summ. J., D.I. 81 (“Pet’rs’ Opening Br.”), Ex. A, Stockholders Agreement of Authentix
Acquisition Company, Inc. (“Stockholders Agreement”) (“This Stockholders Agreement . . . dated
as of April 18, 2008, is entered into by and among Authentix Acquisition Company, Inc.” and
other signatories).
9
    Id. § 3(e).
10
     Id. § 12.
11
     Id. § 13(i).

                                               3
           On September 12, 2017, the Authentix board of directors approved a merger

agreement (the “2017 Merger”) to a third party. 12 The next day, September 13, 2017,

Authentix sent its stockholders, including the Petitioners, a Confidential Information

Statement and Notice of Action by Written Consent and Approval of Merger (the

“Information Statement”). 13 The Information Statement included the following

request:

           The Company’s Board of Directors . . . requests that you execute the
           Written Consent to waive any appraisal rights that you may have under
           Section 262 of the DGCL pursuant to your obligations set forth in the
           Company’s Stockholders Agreement to which you are a party and to
           which you are bound.14

The Information Statement also directly addressed appraisal rights:

           The Company’s stockholders who do not consent in writing to the
           Merger may be entitled to certain appraisal rights under Section 262 of
           the DGCL in connection with the Merger as described below.
           Stockholders who perfect their appraisal rights by following the
           procedures prescribed by Section 262 of the DGCL and who do not
           thereafter withdraw their demand for appraisal of such shares or
           otherwise lose their appraisal rights, in each case in accordance with
           the DGCL, will be entitled to receive the “fair value” of their shares,
           together with interest, if any, to be paid upon the amount determined by
           the Delaware Court of Chancery to be “fair value.” Stockholders who
           executed and delivered a written consent of stockholders to consent
           to the adoption of the Merger Agreement will not be entitled to
12
  Aff. of Sarah A. Galetta, Esq. in Support of Resp’t-Countercl. Pl.’s Br. in Support of Its Mot.
for Determination of Entitlement to Appraisal and Partial Summ. J. on Entitlement Issues, D.I. 19
(“Galetta Aff.”), Ex. 4, Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of September 13, 2017 (“Merger
Agreement”), Recitals.
13
  Galetta Aff., Ex. 5, Confidential Information Statement and Notice of Action by Written Consent
and Approval of Merger (“Information Statement”).
14
     Id. at 1.

                                               4
          these rights. You are reminded that you have contractually agreed
          to refrain from exercising any appraisal rights pursuant to the
          Company Stockholders Agreement to which you are bound.15

The holder of a majority of Authentix stock—namely, Carlyle—provided approval

by written consent.16 Authentix was the surviving corporation in the 2017 Merger.17

          Toward the end of September and beginning of October 2017, the Petitioners

sent appraisal demands to Authentix. 18 Authentix wrote to the Petitioners requesting

the demands be withdrawn and their shares submitted for payment. 19 The Petitioners

then filed this action, seeking statutory appraisal under Section 262 of the Delaware

General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). 20 Authentix filed counterclaims and

moved for summary judgment on the Petitioners’ entitlement to appraisal, and the

Petitioners moved to dismiss Authentix’s counterclaims. 21


15
     Id. at 11 (emphasis in original).
16
  Galetta Aff., Ex. 1, Written Consent in Lieu of a Special Meeting of the Stockholders of
Authentix Acquisition Company, Inc. (“Written Consent”), at 1, 4–5.
17
    Merger Agreement, § 2.1(a)-(b) (“Upon consummation of the Merger, the separate corporate
existence of Merger Sub shall cease and the Company, as the surviving corporation of the Merger
. . . shall continue its corporate existence under the Delaware General Corporation Law . . . as a
wholly owned subsidiary of Buyer.”); Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 9 (“the Company [was] the
‘surviving corporation’”); Res’p/Countercl. Pl.’s Opening Br. in Support of Its Mot. for Entry of
Final Judgment Including Summ. J. on Count III of Its Verified Countercls., D.I. 78 (“Res’p’s
Opening Br.”), at 25 (“The same Authentix Acquisition Company, Inc. that signed the
Stockholders Agreement as a party was the surviving corporation of the Merger, and is the
Respondent here.”).
18
     Galetta Aff., Ex. 6.
19
     Galetta Aff., Ex. 8.
20
     See Compl.; 8 Del. C. § 262.
21
  Mot. for Determination of Entitlement to Appraisal and Partial Summ. J. on Entitlement Issues,
D.I. 9; Pet’rs’ Mot. to Dismiss Resp’t’s Verified Countercls., D.I. 7.

                                                5
           On October 1, 2018, I issued a Letter Opinion (the “2018 Opinion”), granting

Authentix’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and denying the Petitioners’

motion to dismiss.22 In the 2018 Opinion, I found that even though the Stockholders

Agreement by its terms terminated as of the 2017 Merger, the Petitioners’

obligations under § 3(e) of that contract—to refrain from exercising their appraisal

rights—vested and survived the termination of the Stockholders Agreement.23 I

found that a Company Sale had occurred, and that as a result, “the Petitioners were

bound contractually to consent and not object to the sale, which general duty

includes a duty [to] refrain from exercise of appraisal rights.”24 Finally, I held that

Authentix was permitted to enforce the vested, surviving rights in the Stockholders

Agreement against the Petitioners, and that such enforcement did not conflict with

the DGCL. 25        I held that the Petitioners, as signatories to the Stockholders

Agreement, “agreed to forbear from exercising [their appraisal] right” as a matter of

contract interpretation. 26




22
  Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., 2018 WL 4698255, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1,
2018), reargument denied 2019 WL 3814453 (Del. Ch. Aug. 14, 2019).
23
     Id. at *2–3.
24
   Id. at *4 (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties agreed that a Company Sale occurred.
See id. at *2 (“the [Stockholders Agreement] provides certain contractual rights and duties arising
in the context of a ‘Company Sale’—a defined term that all parties agree occurred here.”).
25
     Id. at *4.
26
     Id.

                                                6
          The Petitioners moved for reargument, contending that stockholders cannot,

via contract, validly waive their statutory appraisal rights.27 That issue, I found, had

not been waived, although it had not been a focus of the parties’ Summary Judgment

argument. I denied the reargument motion in a Memorandum Opinion on August

15, 2019 (the “2019 Opinion”). 28 In that 2019 Opinion, I framed the issue thus:

“Does the DGCL forbid the sophisticated owners of a corporation from negotiating

a term as part of a merger agreement that binds them to a future sale and waives

statutory appraisal rights? I conclude that it does not.” 29 My analysis, among other

case law, was informed by In re Appraisal of Ford Holdings, Inc. Preferred Stock.30

There, this Court held that in the case of preferred stock, “properly expressed terms

. . . may establish the consideration to which holders of the stock will be entitled in

the event of a merger and, when the documents creating the security do so, that the

amount so fixed or determined constitutes the ‘fair value’ of the stock for the

purposes of the dissenters’ rights under Section 262 of the [DGCL].” 31 Establishing

such consideration, according to Ford Holdings, “effectively waived” the



27
  Pet’rs Countercl.-Defs.’ Mot. For Reargument of the Court’s Letter Op. Dated October 1, 2018,
D.I. 39.
28
  Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., Inc., 2019 WL 3814453, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug.
14, 2019).
29
     Id. at *2.
30
     698 A.2d 973 (Del. Ch. 1997).
31
     Id. at 974.

                                              7
“statutorily conferred right” because it did so “quite clearly,” and “statutory rights

should ordinarily be waived only by clear affirmative words or actions.” 32 Based on

this reasoning, as well as other case law permitting the waiver of statutory rights, I

found that “waiver of appraisal rights is permitted under Delaware law, as long as

the relevant contractual provisions are clear and unambiguous.” 33 Applying this to

the motion for reargument, I found that “[t]he [Stockholders Agreement] clearly and

unambiguously waives appraisal rights; therefore, it should be enforced,” and that

“such modification or waiver serves to supplement the DGCL, and is not

inconsistent with, nor contrary to, the DGCL” as it pertained to the issue there, which

was limited to the waiver of the statutory right of appraisal.34

           Following resolution of the Motion for Reargument, the parties disputed a

final order implementing my decisions. They disagree whether Authentix is entitled

to attorneys’ fees under the Stockholders Agreement, as well as whether the

Petitioners are entitled to interest on the merger consideration for their shares.

Ultimately, Authentix filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on Count III of its

counterclaims, under which it seeks attorneys’ fees. 35 The Petitioners filed a cross-




32
     Id. at 977, 979.
33
     Manti, 2019 WL 3814453, at *4.
34
     Id.
35
     Resp’t-Countercl. Pl.’s Mot. for Entry of Final J. Including Summ. J. on Countercl. III, D.I. 77.

                                                   8
motion for summary judgment seeking the denial of those fees. 36 I heard argument

on these cross-motions on May 14, 2020 and considered the matter fully submitted

at that time.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

          Summary judgment may be granted if there is “no genuine issue as to any

material fact” and the moving party is “entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”37

The Court must not weigh evidence and instead must “determine whether or not

there is any evidence supporting a favorable conclusion to the nonmoving party.” 38

Where parties file cross-motions for summary judgment and “have not presented

argument to the Court that there is an issue of fact material to the disposition of either

motion, the Court shall deem the motions to be the equivalent of a stipulation for

decision on the merits based on the record submitted with the motions.”39 Contract

interpretation is often amenable to summary judgment because “the interpretation of

a contract is a question of law.” 40 Generally, only in ambiguous contracts where the

contractual language is “fairly susceptible [to] different interpretation[s]” is


36
  Pet’rs-Countercl.-Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. on Count III of Resp’t-Countercl.-Pl.’s
Countercls., D.I. 81.
37
     Ct. Ch. R. 56(c).
38
  Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2017 WL 3168966, at
*2 (Del. Ch. July 26, 2017) (quoting In re El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. Derivative Litig., 2014
WL 2768782, at *8 (Del. Ch. June 12, 2014)).
39
     Ct. Ch. R. 56(h).
40
     Deloitte LLP v. Glanagan, 2009 WL 5200657, at *5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 29, 2009).

                                                9
summary judgment improper. 41 However, “the intent of the parties as to [the

contract’s] scope and effect are controlling, and the court will attempt to ascertain

their intent from the overall language of the document.”42

          A. Attorneys’ Fees

          Delaware operates by the American Rule, under which “litigants are expected

to bear their own costs of litigation.” 43 Though this is the default, there are

exceptions. “An exception to the American Rule is found in contract litigation that

involves a fee shifting provision. In these cases a trial judge may award the

prevailing party all the costs it incurred during litigation.” 44 A fee-shifting provision

in an enforceable contract provides a clear exception to the default American Rule.

          In this case, I am asked to enforce such a contractual right under a so-called

“loser pays” provision.          The parties agreed to be bound by the Stockholders

Agreement, which, as described, contains a fee-shifting provision in § 13(i):

          In the event of any litigation or other legal proceeding involving the
          interpretation of this [Stockholders] Agreement or enforcement of the
          rights or obligations of the Parties, the prevailing Party or Parties shall




41
  ITW Glob. Invs. Inc. v. Am. Indus. Partners Capital Fund IV, L.P., 2017 WL 1040711, at *6
(Del. Super. Mar. 6, 2017) (quoting GMG Capital Invs., LLC v. Athenian Venture Partners I, L.P.,
36 A.3d 776, 780 (Del. 2012)).
42
     Id. (quoting Riverbend Cmty., LLC v. Green Stone Eng’g, LLC, 55 A.3d 330, 336 (Del. 2012)).
43
     Beck v. Atl. Coast PLC, 868 A.2d 840, 850 (Del. Ch. 2005).
44
  Sternberg v. Nanticoke Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 62 A.3d 1212, 1218 (Del. 2013) (alterations omitted)
(quoting Mahani v. EDIX Media Group, Inc., 935 A.2d 242, 245 (Del. 2007)).

                                                10
         be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses in
         addition to any other available remedy. 45

As this Court has recognized, “freedom of contract is the rule and restraints on this

freedom the exception. . .” 46 I note that the underlying action here is also a matter

of contract: Authentix has sought, at each stage, to interpret and enforce various

provisions of the Stockholders Agreement.

         The Petitioners do not contest that the Stockholders Agreement provides a

clear contractual obligation for the losing party to pay fees incurred by the prevailing

party to enforce the contract against them. Instead, they argue that this contractual

fee-shifting provision is unenforceable against them, for reasons having to do with

statutory precedence, public policy, and equity. They believe the default American

Rule should apply instead. After examining their arguments, I find that the parties’

contractual choices regarding the shifting of fees should be enforced and the

contractual rights for which the parties bargained in the Stockholders Agreement

upheld.




45
     Stockholders Agreement, § 13(i).
46
  Libeau v. Fox, 880 A.2d 1049, 1057 (Del. Ch. 2005) aff’d in pertinent part, 892 A.2d 1068 (Del.
2006) (quoting State v. Tabasso Homes, 28 A.2d 248, 252 (Del. Gen. Sess. 1942)).

                                               11
               1. Authentix is Not Foreclosed from Enforcing § 13(i) of the
               Stockholders Agreement

       The Petitioners do not dispute that the fee-shifting provision in § 13(i) of the

Stockholders Agreement survived the termination of the Stockholders Agreement.47

The parties’ rights and responsibilities under the Stockholders Agreement

terminated, per the Agreement, with a change of control. I previously found that the

right to enforce the waiver of appraisal vested and continued beyond the merger;

logically, the associated right to fees for such enforcement similarly survived. 48 The

right that § 13(i) bestows—to reclaim fees expended enforcing other contractual

rights—would be ineffective if it did not continue with other rights and obligations

that survived termination.49           In other words, the Petitioners contested the

enforceability of the provision waiving appraisal that they agreed to in the

Stockholders Agreement. They lost. They concede that, as part of that Stockholders

Agreement from which they accepted the benefits, they agreed to the shifting of fees

from the prevailing party onto the loser. Nonetheless, the Petitioners argue that


47
   Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 2 (“The issue here is not whether a fee-shifting provision, like an
arbitration provision, survives termination of an agreement for disputes related to the agreement
that are filed subsequent to its termination. The law is that both types of provisions generally do
survive termination. . .”).
48
   Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., 2018 WL 4698255, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. Oct.
1, 2018).
49
  See Medicalgorithmics S.A. v. AMI Monitoring, Inc., 2016 WL 4401038, at *29 (Del. Ch. Aug.
18, 2016) (enforcing indemnification provision in terminated agreement post-termination because
“[r]efusing to indemnify expenses for a suit that was filed in response to a material breach . . .
would render the indemnification provision ineffective. . .”).

                                                12
Authentix cannot enforce this provision, or, alternatively, that such a provision is

statutorily prohibited.

          The Petitioners first argue that they never contracted with Authentix “in the

hands of a buyer.” 50 Thus, the Petitioners argue, “the Company in that state”—i.e.,

post-merger—was never an intended beneficiary of the Stockholders Agreement and

so cannot enforce it.51 This issue has already been litigated in way of the waiver

provision, and decided contrary to the Petitioners’ position; I will not repeat the

analysis here. Briefly, I held previously that “[Authentix] has the authority to

enforce the [Stockholders Agreement],” 52 and that “[Authentix], in seeking to

enforce the [Stockholders Agreement], is not in contravention of the DGCL or public

policy under these facts.”53 Such enforcement, I noted, with regard to waiver of

appraisal rights, could only occur post-termination.54 The same rationale applies

here to the right to compensation for the successful enforcement of the contractual

condition, and my earlier determinations are law of the case.




50
     Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 13–14.
51
     Id. at 2 (emphasis added).
52
  Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., Inc., 2019 WL 3814453, at *2 (Del. Ch. Aug.
14, 2019).
53
     Manti, 2018 WL 4698255, at *4.
54
  As I found in my 2018 Opinion, “the exercise to be refrained from [i.e., appraisal] could only be
consummated in the post-sale period.” Id. at *3.

                                               13
          The Petitioners also argue that Authentix has no legal right to enforce the

Stockholders Agreement because corporations are not proper parties to stockholder

agreements under the DGCL. 55 This argument, too, rises and falls with my prior

rulings: I found, in both prior opinions, that Authentix is a party to the Stockholders

Agreement and is permitted to enforce it.56 To the extent the Petitioners argue here

that statutory provisions 57 make the Stockholders Agreement void or unenforceable

ab initio, those arguments have either been made and rejected, with the rejection as

law of the case, or forgone in the prior argument over the enforceability of the

appraisal provision, and thus waived. 58

          In sum, the fee-shifting provision in § 13(i) survived termination, and the

parties agree that Authentix is the prevailing party in this Action, as required to

enforce that provision. 59

          The remaining issue has not yet been presented in this Action. Namely, can

a Delaware corporation enforce a contractual provision to shift litigation fees onto



55
     Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 15–22.
56
     Manti, 2018 WL 4698255, at *4; Manti, 2019 WL 3814453, at *2.
57
  The Petitioners argue that the Stockholders Agreement is incompatible with Sections 151(a) and
218 of the DGCL.
58
  See Manti, 2018 WL 4698255, at *4 (rejecting Petitioners’ argument that Stockholders
Agreement was contrary to 8 Del. C. § 151(a)).
59
   Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 37 (“Petitioners do not dispute that, thus far, Respondent has been the
prevailing party for purposes of Section 13(i) (if enforceable), because it predominated on the core
issues resolved by the Court thus far.”).

                                                14
its stockholders, or former stockholders? In ATP Tour, Inc. v. Deutscher Tennis

Bund, 60 our Supreme Court reaffirmed that fee-shifting by contract, in exception to

the American Rule, under which each litigant bears her own legal fees, was

enforceable self-ordering by contractual parties.61 It also addressed whether such

fee shifting could be adopted in a corporate by-law to shift fees in intra-corporate

litigation:

                  A fee-shifting bylaw . . . is facially valid. Neither the DGCL nor
          any other Delaware statute forbids the enactment of fee-shifting
          bylaws. A bylaw that allocates risk among parties in intra-corporate
          litigation would also appear to satisfy the DGCL’s requirement that
          bylaws must relate to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its
          affairs, and its rights or powers or the rights or powers of its
          stockholders, directors, officers or employees. The corporate charter
          could permit fee-shifting provisions, either explicitly or implicitly by
          silence. Moreover, no principle of common law prohibits directors
          from enacting fee-shifting bylaws. 62
                  Delaware follows the American Rule, under which parties to
          litigation generally must pay their own attorneys’ fees and costs. But
          it is settled that contracting parties may agree to modify the American
          Rule and obligate the losing party to pay the prevailing party’s fees.
          Because corporate bylaws are contracts among a corporation’s
          shareholders, a fee-shifting provision contained in a nonstock
          corporation’s validly-enacted bylaw would fall within the contractual




60
     91 A.3d 554 (Del. 2014).
61
     Id. at 558–60.
62
  The Court noted that fiduciary duties would apply to the adoption or enforcement of such by-
laws. See id., at 558–59 (describing cases in which “[b]ylaws that may otherwise be facially valid
[were not] enforced if adopted or used for an inequitable purpose.”).

                                               15
          exception to the American Rule. Therefore, a fee-shifting bylaw would
          not be prohibited under Delaware common law. 63

          In reaction to ATP, the Delaware legislature enacted §§ 102(f) and 109(b) of

the DGCL, which proscribe fee-shifting provisions in corporate charters and bylaws

with respect to intra-corporate litigation, in recognition of the chilling effect such

loser-pays provisions could have on the enforcement by stockholders of fiduciary

duties.64 The Petitioners argue that by extension or analogy, §§ 102(f) and 109(b)

prohibit the contractual fee-shifting that the Respondent seeks to employ here.

          The Petitioners note that our law observes a hierarchy of authority for

documents concerning shareholder rights: the DGCL comes first, then the charter,

then the bylaws, then contracts.65 Provisions in lower-order documents cannot

trump those in higher-order documents.66 The Petitioners point to the fee shifting

prohibitions of §§ 102(f) and 109(b), and argue based on these sections that


63
     Id. at 558 (internal quotations, alterations, and citations omitted).
64
   See Del. S.B. 75, 140th Gen. Assem. (2015) (synopsis) (included as Exhibit B to Resp’t-
Countercl. Pl.’s Reply Br., D.I. 85) (“In combination with the amendments to Section[] 109(b) . .
. new subsection [102](f) does not disturb [the ATP] ruling in relation to nonstock corporations.
In order to preserve the efficacy of the enforcement of fiduciary duties in stock corporations . . .
new subsection [102](f) would invalidate a provision in the certificate of incorporation of a stock
corporation that purports to impose liability upon a stockholder for the attorneys’ fees or expenses
of the corporation. . . Like the concurrent amendment to Section 102, the new last sentence of
subsection [109](b) would invalidate a provision in the bylaws of a stock corporation that purports
to impose liability upon a stockholder for the attorneys’ fees or expenses of the corporation. . .”
(emphasis added)).
65
   Sinchareonkul v. Fahnemann, 2015 WL 292314, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan. 22, 2015); Quadrant
Structured Prod. Co., Ltd. v. Vertin, 2014 WL 5465535, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2014).
66
     Sinchareonkul, 2015 WL 292314, at *6.

                                                    16
enforcing a “loser pays” provision in a contract between a corporation and

stockholders violates the hierarchy described above and is thus unenforceable. I find

this unpersuasive, in the context of the matter before me, for several reasons.

          First, nothing in the plain language of §§ 102(f) or 109(b) prohibits the fee-

shifting at issue here. 8 Del. C. § 102(f) prohibits corporations from putting fee-

shifting provisions in the corporate charter: “The certificate of incorporation may

not contain any provision that would impose liability on a stockholder for the

attorneys’ fees or expenses of the corporation or any other party in connection with

an internal corporate claim, as defined in § 115 of this title.”67 Similarly, 8 Del. C.

§ 109(b) prohibits fee-shifting provisions in bylaws: “The bylaws may not contain

any provision that would impose liability on a stockholder for the attorneys’ fees or

expenses of the corporation or any other party in connection with an internal

corporate claim, as defined in § 115 of this title.” 68 Neither expressly prohibits fee-

shifting provisions in contracts such as stockholder agreements.

          Second, the expressed legislative intent shows that stockholder agreements

were specifically carved out from these statutory prohibitions. “In the construction

of a statute, this Court has established as its standard the search for legislative




67
     8 Del. C. § 102(f).
68
     8 Del. C. § 109(b).

                                            17
intent.”69 “The synopsis of the Bill [is] a proper source from which to glean

legislative intent.”70 The synopsis provided for § 102(f) and § 109(b) of the DGCL

states that those statutes are “not intended, however, to prevent the application of

such [fee-shifting] provisions pursuant to a stockholders agreement or other writing

signed by the stockholder against whom the provision is to be enforced.” 71 The

Petitioners’ argument here is that this litigation—concerning the enforceability of a

contractual waiver of a statutory right to appraisal—is “an internal corporate claim”

for which fee shifting via charter or bylaw is forbidden, and thus, the Petitioners

reason, it must be forbidden by contract as well. Even assuming (without deciding)

that an “internal corporate claim” is at issue here, the Petitioners’ argument runs

afoul of the clearly stated legislative intent that the statutory prohibition on fee-

shifting not apply to stockholder agreements.

          Thus, fee-shifting in the Stockholders Agreement does not violate the

Delaware hierarchy described above. The legislature’s carve-out makes sense:

charters and bylaws, to the extent contractual, are analogous to contracts of adhesion.

The legislature has provided, by statute, that those documents cannot prescribe fee

shifting ex ante. Not so with stockholder agreements “signed by the stockholder


69
     Zambrana v. State, 118 A.3d 773, 775 (Del. 2015).
70
  Id. at 778 n.28 (quoting Carper v. New Castle Cnty. Bd. of Ed., 432 A.2d 1202, 1205 (Del.
1981)).
71
     Del. S.B. 75, 140th Gen. Assem. (2015) (synopsis).

                                                18
against whom the agreement is to be enforced,” which the legislature provided

would be treated otherwise.72 It is the mechanism for the shifting of fees, not fee-

shifting itself, that animates the statutory revisions.                  Here, the fee shifting

mechanism was adopted by sophisticated parties—including the Petitioners—in a

negotiated transaction. Because, as the legislature noted in the synopsis, stockholder

agreements are of a different character than charters and bylaws, the prohibition is

inapplicable, and there is no subversion of the hierarchy.

          Third, the context of the fee-shifting here—litigation over stockholders’

contractual agreement to waive appraisal rights—was not, I perceive, the

legislature’s animating concern.            The matter before me does not involve an

underlying allegation of breach of fiduciary duty, which was, I perceive, the

legislature’s focus in prohibiting fee-shifting in charters and bylaws. 73 A contractual

fee-shifting provision for a losing allegation of breach of duty could have a perverse

chilling effect on the exercise of stockholders’ common law rights to the loyalty and



72
     Del. S.B. 75, 140th Gen. Assem. (2015) (synopsis).
73
  See Solak v. Sarowitz, 153 A.3d 729, 734 (Del. Ch. 2016) (noting the Corporation Law Council
of the Delaware State Bar Association’s comment that it proposed the amendments to § 102 and §
109 because “[p]ermitting fee shifting as a limitation on stockholder litigation would be
functionally equivalent to permitting corporate charter or bylaw provisions limiting or eliminating
the fiduciary duties of officers and directors,” and noting the Council had “steadfastly declined to
permit” such limitations); Del. S.B. 75, 140th Gen. Assem. (2015) (synopsis) (“In order to preserve
the efficacy of the enforcement of fiduciary duties in stock corporations . . . new subsection [102](f)
would invalidate a provision in the certificate of incorporation of a stock corporation that purports
to impose liability upon a stockholder for the attorneys’ fees or expenses of the corporation. . .”
(emphasis added)).

                                                 19
care of corporate fiduciaries.74 But the question that an attempt to enforce such a

provision would pose—whether stockholders may agree by contract to fee-shifting

provisions for litigation over alleged breaches of fiduciary duty—is not before me.

The subject of fee-shifting at issue here is quite different: litigation over an

agreement by stockholders to refrain from the exercise of a statutory appraisal

right.75

          Having found that the fee-shifting provision is not prohibited by the DGCL,

the remaining question, according to the Petitioners, “is whether a corporation (in

contrast to a fellow stockholder)” can enforce such a provision contained in a private

agreement.76 I have already found, as explained above, that Authentix was made a

party to the Stockholders Agreement and had a right to enforce it consistent with the

contractual intent, which finding is law of the case.




74
  See Solak, 153 A.3d at 738 (“[F]ew stockholders will rationally be able to accept the risk of
exposure to millions of dollars in attorneys’ fees to attempt to rectify a perceived corporate wrong,
no matter how egregious.”).
75
   See Longoria v. Somers, 2019 WL 2270017, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 28, 2019) (“Although the
Delaware General Assembly subsequently adopted legislation foreclosing Delaware corporations
from adopting fee-shifting provisions in their constitutive documents . . the reasoning of ATP
demonstrates that . . . when a stockholder chooses to litigate, the stockholder can be held liable as
a litigant for expenses associated with the proceeding, even if those expenses otherwise would be
debts of the corporation.”). To the extent, if any, that the Stockholders Agreement purports to
waive breaches of the controlling stockholders’ fiduciary duties, and to the extent the Stockholders
Agreement purports to bind purchasers or assignees of the stock of its signatories, the issue of the
enforceability of such provisions is not before me and has not been litigated here.
76
     Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 23 (emphasis in original).

                                                  20
                     2. The Information Statement was Not Confusing

          The Petitioners also argue that even if § 13(i) is enforceable by Authentix, the

Information Statement sent to the Petitioners was unclear because it suggested

appraisal rights might be possible. 77 Thus, the Petitioners argue, Authentix should

be denied any fee shifting because it created the conditions under which the

Petitioners reasonably decided to contest the appraisal waiver, a kind of “attractive

nuisance” equitable defense to fee shifting. It is difficult to understand how such

equitable considerations apply in this contractual context. In any event, I do not find

the premise persuasive. In my 2018 Opinion, I held that the Stockholders Agreement

was unambiguous, and that the Petitioners were unambiguously aware of their

obligations:

          [T]he [Stockholders Agreement] is clear. No contracting party . . .
          would consider itself free to exercise appraisal rights in light of Board
          approval of a contractually compliant Company Sale. In that case, the
          contracting parties were bound to ‘assent to’ and to ‘raise no objections
          against’ the sale, and specifically to refrain from exercise of appraisal
          rights.78

The parties agree the 2017 Merger was a defined Company Sale. Thus, these

obligations would have been clear to the Petitioners when they received the

Information Statement. The Information Statement restated these obligations:



77
     Id. at 36–37.
78
  Manti Holdings, LLC v. Authentix Acquisition Co., 2018 WL 4698255, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1,
2018).

                                              21
          The Company’s stockholders who do not consent in writing to the
          Merger may be entitled to certain appraisal rights under Section 262 of
          the DGCL in connection with the Merger as described below.
          Stockholders who perfect their appraisal rights by following the
          procedures prescribed by Section 262 of the DGCL and who do not
          thereafter withdraw their demand for appraisal of such shares or
          otherwise lose their appraisal rights, in each case in accordance with
          the DGCL, will be entitled to receive the “fair value” of their shares,
          together with interest, if any, to be paid upon the amount determined by
          the Delaware Court of Chancery to be “fair value.” Stockholders who
          executed and delivered a written consent of stockholders to consent
          to the adoption of the Merger Agreement will not be entitled to
          [appraisal] rights. You are reminded that you have contractually
          agreed to refrain from exercising any appraisal rights pursuant to
          the Company Stockholders Agreement to which you are bound. 79

The Petitioners argue the Information Statement is confusing because it seeks an

express written waiver and also sets out the statutory right; it states that non-

assenting stockholders would have appraisal rights and could seek “fair value” in

court. But, again, having signed the Stockholders Agreement, the Petitioners

understood their unambiguous contractual obligations to assent and to “forbear from

exercising that [appraisal] right.” 80

                 3. The Fees Were Reasonably Supported

          Finally, the Petitioners argue that even if § 13(i) is enforceable, it only allows

recovery for “reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses,” and that the fees requested



79
     Stockholders Agreement, at 11 (emphasis in original).
80
  Manti, 2018 WL 4698255, at *4. In any event, the Petitioners were reminded of their contractual
obligation by Authentix, but nonetheless pursued this litgation. They were not lured into this
action like twelve-year-old boys tempted to swim in an abandoned quarry.

                                                 22
by Authentix are excessive. 81 The Petitioners’ argument is chiefly sticker shock.82

They point to their own considerably lower hours for the same litigation. In

response, Authentix has described in detail the source of its attorneys’ fees over the

course of this prolonged litigation.83 The parties’ dispute does not, to my mind,

create a dispute of material fact that would preclude summary judgment as to

whether these fees are reasonable. I do not find them, as the Petitioners do, excessive

on their face. The litigation was long, hard-fought on both sides, and expensive.

The fees were incurred at reasonable rates. The Respondent points out that it paid

for this litigation under a fee agreement, and the fees sought here have all been billed

to the client. I do not find the fees unreasonable in this context.




81
     Pet’rs’ Opening Br., at 37–39.
82
   The Petitioners also argue that they did not “lose” on all points; they point out that in its
counterclaims, Authentix sought an order “requiring Petitioners to execute written consents
approving the Merger.” Answer to Verified Pet. For Appraisal and Verified Countercl., D.I. 5, at
13. The Petitioners responded to this request in their opening brief for their motion to dismiss.
Pet’rs’ Opening Br. In Support Of Their Mot. To Dismiss Resp’t Authentix Acquisition Company,
Inc.’s Verified Countercls., D.I. 20. Although I ultimately denied the motion to dismiss, the parties
agreed to a procedure that mooted the request for written consents. This does not seem, to me, to
change Respondent’s “prevailing party” status, nor do the Petitioners suggest how the ambiguous
outcome of this lone issue ought to affect the award.
83
  See Salomon v. Kroenke Sports & Entertainment, LLC, 2020 WL 3001540, at *1 (Del. Ch. June
03, 2020) (“Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) are generally reasonable if they were ‘actually
paid or incurred[, and] . . . were . . . thought prudent and appropriate in the good faith professional
judgment of competent counsel’” (quoting Delphi Easter Partners Ltd. P‘ship v. Spectacular
Partners, Inc., 1993 WL 328079, at *9 (Del. Ch. Aug. 6, 1993))).

                                                 23
        B. Interest

        The parties also dispute whether the Petitioners are entitled to interest on the

merger consideration, which, having petitioned for appraisal, they have not yet

received. 84 The parties contest whether this matter is properly described as an

appraisal proceeding, in which case the Petitioners would be entitled to interest

under 8 Del. C. § 262(h), or whether appraisal rights were waived ex ante such that

it is not properly an appraisal action at all. To my mind, this misses the mark. The

Petitioners were stockholders in an entity. Through the 2017 Merger, the merger

consideration became available to the Petitioners. Nonetheless, they had significant

questions regarding their contractual and statutory rights, and in good faith tested

those rights by filing an appraisal petition. The litigation required the resolution of

several novel issues at the intersection of contract and corporate law, and has been

lengthy. The equities of the situation are this: the Petitioners were stripped of their

stock and entitled to consideration therefore from the time of the 2017 Merger.

These funds of the Petitioners have been held by the Respondent for the duration of

this now-lengthy action. It would, to my mind, be inequitable not to award interest

on that amount. It is within this Court’s discretion to award such interest.85


84
  Although not formally raised in the cross-motions for summary judgment, the parties raised the
dispute over the right to interest in letters to the Court as well as at two separate oral arguments,
and I consider it properly before the Court for resolution.
85
   Boush v. Hodges, 705 A.2d 243 (Del. 1998) (“In short, the law is that where a court of equity in
its sound discretion finds that justice requires interest, it is the duty of that court to allow interest.”
                                                   24
Therefore, and regardless of whether 8 Del. C. § 262(h) applies, I find that interest

at the legal rate applies to the 2017 merger consideration from the date of the merger.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       The Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count III of Its Verified

Counterclaims is granted, and the Petitioners’ Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment

is denied. The Petitioners are entitled to interest at the legal rate on the merger

consideration due to them under the 2017 merger agreement. The parties should

confer and submit a form of final order and judgment consistent with the 2018

Opinion, the 2019 Opinion, and this Memorandum Opinion.




(quoting Hayward v. Green, 88 A.2d 806, 810 (Del. 1952))); ReCor Med., Inc. v. Warnking, 2015
WL 535626, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015) (“The Court ‘has broad discretion, subject to principles
of fairness’ in awarding interest.” (quoting Valeant Pharm. Int’l v. Jerney, 921 A.2d 732, 756 (Del.
Ch. 2007))).

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