J-A04018-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

CENTENNIAL LENDING GROUP, LLC                       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                          PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

SECKEL CAPITAL, LLC

                            Appellant                    No. 822 EDA 2016


               Appeal from the Order Entered February 12, 2016
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Civil Division at No(s): October Term, 2015 No. 01023

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., SOLANO, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                             FILED OCTOBER 26, 2017

        Appellant, Seckel Capital, LLC, appeals from the order granting a

preliminary injunction in favor of Appellee Centennial Lending Group, LLC on

its claim of unfair competition.        We conclude the record supports the trial

court’s issuance of a preliminary injunction; but because the trial court failed

to order the filing of a bond, we are constrained to vacate the order and

remand with instructions to reissue the preliminary injunction with a bond

requirement.

        In October 2015, Centennial sued Seckel, presenting claims for

misappropriation of trade secrets under the Pennsylvania Uniform Trade

Secrets Act (“PUTSA”),1 conversion, tortious interference with contract,

____________________________________________
*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1   See 12 Pa.C.S. §§ 5301-5308.
J-A04018-17


aiding and abetting breach of a fiduciary duty, unfair competition, and

tortious interference with business relations.         Centennial also moved for a

preliminary injunction.       Centennial requested an order mandating (1) the

return and destruction of confidential information of Centennial that was in

the possession of Seckel, (2) that Seckel be enjoined from acquiring more of

Centennial’s confidential information, and (3) that Seckel be prohibited from

soliciting Centennial’s employees for employment. Trial Ct. Op. at 2.

       The court held a two-day evidentiary hearing on the motion on

February 3-4, 2016, at which the following was established.

       Susan Meitner is the           president and chief executive officer of

Centennial, a residential mortgage broker whose potential customers include

potential borrowers and referral sources — that is, prior customers and real

estate agents acting to buy or sell a home. N.T., 2/4/16, at 9, 65-66. When

Centennial first began operations, it did not have its employees sign any

agreements addressing confidentiality.           Id. at 79. Subsequently, in 2013,

Centennial asked some of its then-current employees, including Celeste

Spadaccini,2 one of Centennial’s loan officers, to acknowledge receipt of a

handbook with a confidentiality provision and to sign a document with a

confidentiality clause. Id. at 80; R.R. at 28a-29a.3

____________________________________________
2 Her last name is spelled differently throughout the record; we use the
spelling reflected in her affidavit. R.R. at 196a.
3  Seckel describes this document as an unenforceable employment
agreement, Seckel’s Brief at 21; Centennial calls it an “Origination Plan” that
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                           -2-
J-A04018-17


      John Seckel is the president of Seckel Capital, another mortgage

broker.     During the summer and fall of 2015, Centennial had twenty-two

loan officers. N.T., 2/3/16, at 45; R.R. at 913a. That summer, Seckel hired

six of Centennial’s loan officers and one of its loan processors. N.T., 2/4/16,

at 26, 131. Mr. Seckel personally recruited two of those loan officers and

reached out to others at Centennial.           Id. at 125-26. The six loan officers

hired by Seckel comprised almost 30% of Centennial’s loan officers.

Additionally, after Centennial “let go” two other loan officers, Seckel hired

them. Id. at 49, 131. Mr. Seckel also interviewed three other Centennial

employees, including a loan officer, but decided not to hire them.           Id. at

138-39.     As discussed in further detail below, Mr. Seckel also interviewed

and offered a job to Spadaccini, who declined the offer. Centennial contends

that it lost $500,000 in the fourth quarter of 2015, after $70 million of its

business went to Seckel as a result of Seckel’s hiring of its employees. Id.

at 58-59.

      Ed Walsh, a Seckel vice president and branch manager, is one of the

six former Centennial loan officers who was hired by Seckel. Shortly after

midnight on February 4, 2016, the second day of the hearing, Walsh e-

mailed Meitner and Steven Winokur, another Centennial employee, from his

non-work account.       N.T., 2/4/16, at 64-65, 68.       The e-mail stated that if



(Footnote Continued) _______________________
it uses “for the purpose of providing meaning and market competitive
financial rewards” for its loan officers. R.R. at 28a.

                                          -3-
J-A04018-17


Centennial did not pay Walsh compensation to which he claimed to be

entitled, Walsh would destroy Centennial:

       The clock is ticking. You have 3 days to pay me in full or i will
       unleash the wolves. My money is too long for you. Time is to
       short I will destroy your company....Period pay what you owe or
       its game over. I have more in cash in my fucking safe, then
       your entire family has all in. Wrong man to play games with.
       Pay what you owe or it game over.             Final warning I’m
       undefeated in court!!!!

Centennial’s Ex. 59; R.R. at 964a (punctuation and spelling as in original). 4

       That same morning of February 4, 2016, Walsh also posted on his

Facebook5 page: “FYI, if you burn me, I will destroy you, period. Money is

long. Time is short, and it did say CLG [Centennial] tick-tock to [sic].” N.T.,

2/4/16, at 70.6 Meitner is not a Facebook “friend” with Walsh, but Meitner’s



____________________________________________
4 Later that day, at the preliminary injunction hearing, Meitner read a
sanitized version of the e-mail into the record. N.T., 2/4/16, at 67-68. We
note that none of the exhibits introduced at the hearing were transmitted to
this Court as part of the certified electronic record. However, the exhibits
were made part of the reproduced record and no party has challenged their
authenticity.
5 Facebook is a social networking website on which “[u]sers of that Web site
may post items on their Facebook page that are accessible to other users,
including Facebook ‘friends’ who are notified when new content is posted.”
Elonis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2004 (2015). A
user may make a posted item viewable by any user of Facebook or only to
such selected users as their Facebook “friends.” A user may also edit an
item after posting it. See Daison v. Loudoun Cty. Bd. of Supervisors,
___ F. Supp. 3d ___, 2017 WL 3158389, *2 (E.D. Va. 2017); Facebook,
“How do I edit a post that I've shared from my Page?,” https://www
.facebook.com/help/1376303972644600 (as accessed on Oct. 25, 2017).
6 It appears that Walsh later edited the Facebook post to remove the
reference to Centennial (“CLG”), as a printout of the post states, “Just a FYI!
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                           -4-
J-A04018-17


assistant viewed the post and notified her of its content. N.T., 2/4/16, at

70.7

       A portion of the hearing was devoted to Seckel’s attempt to hire

Spadaccini and to gain access to Centennial information on Spadaccini’s

laptop computer.        Centennial typically issued laptops to its mortgage

brokers.     N.T., 2/4/16, at 114.         A broker could electronically store a

summary of a customer’s personal and financial information for networking

and potential future business purposes in a customized database accessible

on the laptop through software named “Encompass”.             Id. at 104; N.T.,

2/3/16, at 72-73; R.R. at 27a, 196a, 215a. The laptop also could be used to

access Centennial’s customer relationship management software, called

“Mortgage Returns,” in which a broker could enter customer names and

other personal information, such as birthdays, for marketing purposes. N.T.,

2/3/16, at 21, 86; N.T. 2/4/16, at 112; R.R. at 321a-22a.         The programs

appear to be integrated with each other, and information is easily shared

between the two.       Ex. 1, Suppl. Decl. of Meitner, at ¶ 11, 11/13/15, to




(Footnote Continued) _______________________
If you burn me, I will destroy you! Period! Money is long, time is short!!!
Tick tock.” Centennial’s Ex. 60; R.R. at 966a.
7 After the hearing, the record reflects that Walsh, on February 9, 2016, e-
mailed Meitner and Winokur an apology for his “unprofessional email” and
disclaiming any intent to destroy Centennial. R.R. at 985a. The e-mail also
asserted that “John Seckel had no idea I wrote that e-mail and it is by no
means a representation of Seckel Capital.” Id.


                                          -5-
J-A04018-17


Centennial’s Reply Brief in Further Supp. of Centennial’s Pet. for a Special

and/or Prelim. Inj., 11/19/15, R.R. at 322a.

      In late August and early September of 2015, Seckel contacted

Spadaccini and extended a job offer to her, which Spadaccini initially

accepted (though she later changed her mind and rejected the offer). N.T.,

2/4/16, at 98-99, 101.    Spadaccini met with Mr. Seckel and Nabil Farhat,

Seckel’s chief financial officer.   At that meeting, Spadaccini expressed

concern that she would be unable to start working for Seckel immediately

“because it would be very labor-intensive to extrapolate four years of

business. I had four of my best years at Centennial Lending. I closed $125

million of business.   To pull all of that documentation out, I was a little

concerned that I wouldn’t be able to do it.”   Id. at 103.   Spadaccini was

referring to the customer relationship information that she accumulated at

Centennial. Id. at 104. According to Spadaccini, Farhat suggested that if

she brought her laptop, Seckel would be able to extract the information from

Encompass. Id. at 103, 106.

      A few days later, Spadaccini again met with Farhat, and she brought

her laptop with her.   N.T., 2/4/16, at 106; R.R. at 286a.   At that second

meeting, Spadaccini used her password to sign into Encompass, and Farhat

used the laptop to “create those reports,” N.T., 2/4/16, at 106, that is, the

spreadsheets containing the customer information. Spadaccini’s laptop was

used to e-mail the spreadsheet reports from Spadaccini’s personal e-mail

account to Mr. Seckel. Id. at 107; see Exs. 4 & 5 to Centennial Ex. 44, R.R.
                                    -6-
J-A04018-17


at 930a-50a (copies of the e-mails and spreadsheet reports at issue).8

Spadaccini denies personally sending those e-mails, however. N.T., 2/4/16,

at 120.      Mr. Seckel testified that the reports he received contained

Spadaccini’s customer list.         Id. at 144.9   Mr. Seckel also testified that

although he deleted the e-mails upon receiving them, he was able later to

recover the deleted e-mails. Id. at 155; R.R. at 917a-18a.

       On February 12, 2016, the trial court issued an injunction that

included the following terms:

       1. Seckel shall not solicit employees of Centennial, until the
       conclusion of this action.

       2. This Order does not prevent employees of Centennial from
       applying for employment at Seckel.

       3. If such an employee is hired, Seckel shall contact counsel for
       both parties immediately upon the acceptance of an offer of
       employment, so that both parties can manage the transition of
       the employee and of any information.




____________________________________________
8 The reports were also downloaded to Spadaccini’s computer, her personal
cloud storage, or both (the record is imprecise). See N.T., 2/4/16, at 105,
156; R.R. at 917a. “Cloud storage is a method of storing electronic data on
remote servers — in addition to or in lieu of the device itself. Data stored in
the cloud can be accessed by an electronic device connected to the
Internet.” Wertz v. State, 41 N.E.3d 276, 285 n.8 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).

9 Centennial has not moved to seal Spadaccini’s customer list, which is
present in the filed hardcopy of the reproduced record and the electronic
record transmitted to this Court.


                                           -7-
J-A04018-17


Order, 2/12/16.       The order did not restore Centennial’s control over its

confidential    business     records,    including   Spadaccini’s   customer   list.10

However, Seckel’s counsel agreed to return that list to Centennial.            N.T.,

2/3/16, at 17-18.

       Seckel timely appealed.        The trial court filed an opinion on June 30,

2016, that briefly explained its rationale for granting injunctive relief. The

court stated that the “injunction is designed to prevent disclosure of

confidential records belonging to Centennial until the conclusion of a law

case now at the pleading stage.” Trial Ct. Op. at 1. It continued:

          Testimony at the preliminary injunction hearing made clear
       that Centennial has a likely chance of success at trial and that
       some of the actions Seckel has undertaken are manifestations of
       bad motive to permanently harm, if not destroy, Centennial’s
       business. These actions included soliciting Centennial employees
       to divulge confidential information directly from computer hard
       drives and systematic solicitation of Centennial employees to
       leave [C]entennial, work for Seckel and then divulge their old
       company’s confidential work product.
          ...

       [T]he harm taking place is both immediate and irreparable. This
       injury cannot be compensated fully by monetary damages.
          ...

       If followed, the order properly restores Centennial to its former
       control over its own confidential business records.[11]
          ...

____________________________________________
10 Centennial has not filed a cross-appeal to challenge the court’s injunctive
relief as insufficiently tailored to restore the status quo.
11 As noted above, the order did not contain provisions for restoration of
such control to Centennial.

                                           -8-
J-A04018-17


         Centennial is entitled to equitable protection and the
      transcript record reveals worrisome animus by some Seckel
      personnel against Centennial’s president.

Trial Ct. Op. at 2-3.

      After Seckel appealed, Centennial filed an unopposed motion to set

bond for the preliminary injunction. Seckel apparently agreed that the court

must impose a bond.     Centennial’s Mot. to Set Bond for Preliminary Inj.,

11/16/16, at 3 (“Counsel for Centennial has conferred with counsel for

Seckel, who agrees that the Court must impose a bond requirement”). The

court scheduled argument for June 19, 2017.            After argument, without

explaining its decision, the court denied the motion to set bond, without

prejudice. Order, 6/22/17.

      On appeal, Seckel raises the following issues:

      1. Whether the trial court properly entered a preliminary
      injunction when Centennial . . . failed to present concrete
      evidence supporting that it would suffer irreparable harm if
      solicitation was not prohibited?

      2. Whether the trial court proper[l]y entered a preliminary
      injunction when Centennial failed to establish that it had a
      likelihood o[f] . . . success o[n] the merits of its unfair
      competition claim?

      3. Whether the trial court properly entered a preliminary
      injunction without requiring Centennial to post a bond?

Seckel’s Brief at 3.

      Our standard of review follows:

      Our review of a trial court’s order granting or denying
      preliminary injunctive relief is highly deferential. . . . [We]
      examine the record to determine if there were any apparently
      reasonable grounds for the action of the court below.
                                    -9-
J-A04018-17



WMI Grp., Inc. v. Fox, 109 A.3d 740, 747-48 (Pa. Super. 2015).12 More

specifically:

        A trial court has apparently reasonable grounds for granting the
        extraordinary remedy of preliminary injunctive relief if it properly
        finds that all of the essential prerequisites are satisfied.

           There are six essential prerequisites that a party must
           establish prior to obtaining preliminary injunctive relief.
           The party must show: 1) that the injunction is necessary
           to prevent immediate and irreparable harm that cannot be
           adequately compensated by damages; 2) that greater
           injury would result from refusing an injunction than from
           granting it, and, concomitantly, that issuance of an
           injunction will not substantially harm other interested
           parties in the proceedings; 3) that a preliminary injunction
           will properly restore the parties to their status as it existed
           immediately prior to the alleged wrongful conduct; 4) that
           the activity it seeks to restrain is actionable, that its right
           to relief is clear, and that the wrong is manifest, or, in
           other words, must show that it is likely to prevail on the
           merits; 5) that the injunction it seeks is reasonably suited
           to abate the offending activity; and, 6) that a preliminary
           injunction will not adversely affect the public interest. The
           burden is on the party who requested preliminary
           injunctive relief.




____________________________________________
12   We have explained:
        It is somewhat embarrassing to an appellate court to discuss the
        reasons for or against a preliminary decree, because generally in
        such an issue we are not in full possession of the case either as
        to the law or testimony — hence our almost invariable rule is
        to simply affirm the decree, or if we reverse it to give only a
        brief outline of our reasons, reserving further discussion until
        appeal, should there be one, from final judgment or decree in
        law or equity.

WMI Grp., 109 A.3d at 743 n.2 (citation omitted and emphasis in original).

                                          - 10 -
J-A04018-17


      . . . Simply, the moving party must establish a prima facie right
      to relief. If the moving party’s right to relief is unclear, then a
      preliminary injunction should not issue.

Synthes USA Sales, LLC v. Harrison, 83 A.3d 242, 249-50 (Pa. Super.

2013) (citations, quotation marks, and footnote omitted).      Seckel’s issues

contest only the first and fourth prerequisites.

                              Irreparable Harm

      In justifying the injunction, the trial court inferred irreparable harm

from Seckel’s past actions, which “included soliciting Centennial employees

to divulge confidential information directly from computer hard drives and

systematic solicitation of Centennial employees to leave [C]entennial, work

for Seckel and then divulge their old company’s confidential work product.”

Trial Ct. Op. at 2. In evaluating the trial court’s assessment of irreparable

harm, we apply the aforementioned deferential standard of review.           WMI

Grp., 109 A.3d at 747-48; accord, Summit Towne Centre, Inc. v. Shoe

Show of Rocky Mount, Inc., 828 A.2d 995, 1000-01 (Pa. 2003).

      In challenging Centennial’s showing of irreparable harm, Seckel begins

with the premise that a preliminary injunction should issue only if the

“threatened monetary loss is so great as to threaten the existence of the

business.”   Seckel’s Brief at 12 (quoting Three County Servs., Inc. v.

Phila. Inquirer, 486 A.2d 997, 1001 (Pa. Super. 1985)). Seckel points out

that the court’s order did not instruct Seckel to return or destroy any

allegedly misappropriated Centennial documents. Id. The order also did not

prohibit Seckel from using such documents. Id. Thus, according to Seckel,
                                   - 11 -
J-A04018-17


the trial court’s opinion “suggests that [it] found that irreparable harm would

be caused by the hiring of additional employees of Centennial who were not

restricted from taking unspecified documents from Centennial.” Id. at 13.

       Building on that suggestion, Seckel contends that Centennial failed to

adduce sufficient evidence of monetary loss from Seckel’s past hiring of 30%

of Centennial’s loan officers.          Seckel’s Brief at 13.   In Seckel’s view,

Centennial’s contention that it lost $500,000 in the fourth quarter of 2015,

after $70 million of business went to Seckel, is in tension with Centennial’s

assertion, in one of its pleadings, that Centennial was one of the “fastest

growing private companies in America.” Id. at 14 (citing R.R. at 376a).

       Seckel then shifts to whether irreparable harm could flow from any use

of Spadaccini’s customer list.13         Seckel’s argument necessarily presumes

that the customer list is a trade secret, though Seckel does not concede that

point. Seckel argues:

       If before a trial on the merits, Seckel makes a mortgage loan to
       any person listed on a customer list that is determined to be
       improper, then Centennial can easily prove that Seckel made a
       loan to such customer and calculate the lost revenues from any
       such loan. Given that most customers do not come back for a
       new mortgage loan for five to ten years, it is unlikely that there
       could be a large quantity of loans that Seckel could make using
       any allegedly improperly obtained customer list. Thus, the use
       of Ms. Spadaccini’s customer list until that case goes to trial,
       could not cause Centennial to go out of business . . . .

____________________________________________
13For ease of discussion, we refer to the customer list as “Spadaccini’s” list.
At trial, the parties may resolve whether the information in that list qualifies
as a Centennial trade secret or belongs to Spadaccini.


                                          - 12 -
J-A04018-17


Seckel’s Brief at 14.       Therefore, according to Seckel, “the alleged harm

Centennial would suffer if Seckel solicited its employees or hired its

employees without restricting what documents the employees could take,

can be adequately compensated by money damages,” and no preliminary

injunction should have issued. Id. at 15.

       Centennial counters that it introduced evidence that Seckel actively

recruited almost 30% of its sales force, which directly resulted in reduced

revenue.     Centennial’s Brief at 14.         Centennial emphasizes that Seckel’s

chief financial officer obtained confidential information from Spadaccini’s

laptop. Id. at 14-15. Thus, Centennial reasons that because its loss is more

than solely a monetary loss, Seckel’s reliance on Three County Servs., is

misplaced. Id. at 16. Centennial posits that the facts of this case are more

akin to Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944 (Pa. Super. 2004), in which we

recognized that under existing case law, “the impending loss of a business

opportunity or market advantage may aptly be characterized as an

‘irreparable injury’ for . . . the purpose of a preliminary injunction.”       Id.

(quoting Kessler, 851 A.2d at 951).14 Centennial also points out that even

____________________________________________
14  In Kessler, a dispute arose between the majority and minority
shareholders of corporations that reviewed magnetic resonance images
(“MRIs”). Kessler, 851 A.2d at 945 & n.4, 948. MRI images need to be
reviewed by radiologists, and, under an oral agreement, the majority
shareholders were supposed to allocate about one-third of the MRI reviews
to the minority shareholder. Id. at 945, 948. Because the majority
shareholders failed to adhere to the allocation agreement, the trial court
issued a mandatory preliminary injunction directing them to comply. Id. at
945. In doing so, the court rejected a defense argument that the plaintiffs
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 13 -
J-A04018-17


if the monetary loss is small, it “foreshadows the disruption of established

business relations which would result in incalculable damage should the

competition continue . . . .” Id. at 17 (quoting West Penn Specialty MSO,

Inc. v. Nolan, 737 A.2d 295, 299 (Pa. Super. 1999)).

      In Nolan, this Court observed that “the purpose sought to be achieved

by the issuance of a preliminary injunction is the avoidance of irreparable

injury or gross injustice until the legality of the challenged action can be

determined.”      Nolan, 737 A.2d at 299 (quotation marks and citation

omitted).    The Court affirmed the issuance of preliminary injunctive relief

because, among other reasons, the defendant’s departure from the plaintiff

to work for a competitor damaged the plaintiff’s existing customer

relationships and substantially undercut the plaintiff’s competitiveness. Id.

We agreed that even if a monetary loss is small or unascertainable,

irreparable injury nevertheless may result from the disruption of established

customer relationships, as well as a potential loss of a business opportunity

or market advantage. Id.

      Here, as in Nolan, Seckel’s contention that the monetary loss is

relatively minimal or unascertainable does not negate the irreparable harm

caused by its conduct.       The harm flows from the disruption of established

(Footnote Continued) _______________________
failed to establish irreparable harm because their loss of revenue was “fully
compensable by money damages,” reasoning that the plaintiffs were entitled
to an injunction because they were being inhibited from competing in the
marketplace. Id. at 951-52. On appeal, we agreed with the trial court’s
reasoning in justifying injunctive relief. Id. at 953.

                                         - 14 -
J-A04018-17


customer relationships and loss of potential business opportunities should

improper competition continue.            The record set forth above supports a

conclusion that Seckel’s hiring of almost one-third of Centennial’s loan

officers resulted in an immeasurable loss of business opportunities and

market advantage.

       We also note that irreparable harm will have resulted if Spadaccini’s

customer list is ultimately determined to be Centennial’s trade secret. 15

Under the PUTSA, a “trade secret” is defined to include a “customer list,”

provided it is subject to, among other conditions, efforts to “maintain its

secrecy.” 12 Pa.C.S. § 5302. Injunctive relief may issue if there is an actual

or threatened misappropriation of such a trade secret.           Id. § 5303(a).

“Misappropriation” is defined as either “acquisition of a trade secret of

another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret

was acquired by improper means,” or “disclosure or use of a trade secret of

another without express or implied consent . . . .” Id. Notably, “use” is not

a required element of either definition. See id.; Synthes, Inc. v. Emerge

Med., Inc., 25 F. Supp. 3d 617, 712 (E.D. Pa. 2014). 16            The PUTSA’s

protection of trade secrets is a statutory mandate, and the Supreme Court


____________________________________________
15The trial court has not yet decided whether the list is a protected trade
secret and we therefore do not address that issue.
16“Although the decisions of federal courts are not binding on this Court, we
may rely on them for guidance.” Cresci Const. Servs., Inc. v. Martin, 64
A.3d 254, 258 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).


                                          - 15 -
J-A04018-17


has held “that where the offending conduct sought to be restrained through

a preliminary injunction violates a statutory mandate, irreparable injury will

have been established.”         SEIU Healthcare Pa. v. Commonwealth, 104

A.3d 495, 508 (Pa. 2014) (collecting cases).17

       Our review of the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that

Seckel solicited Spadaccini, accessed her Centennial laptop to retrieve her

customer list, and e-mailed the list to Mr. Seckel.   N.T., 2/4/16, at 120.18

Therefore, if Centennial can prove that Seckel’s acquisition of Spadaccini’s

customer list violates the PUTSA, the requirement of irreparable injury
____________________________________________
17  In support of this holding, the Supreme Court cited the following
authorities in SEIU:

       Commonwealth v. Coward, 489 Pa. 327, 414 A.2d 91, 98–99
       (1980) (holding that where a statute prescribes certain activity,
       the court need only make a finding that the illegal activity
       occurred to conclude that there was irreparable injury for
       purposes of issuing a preliminary injunction); Pennsylvania
       Public Utility Commission v. Israel, 356 Pa. 400, 52 A.2d
       317, 321 (1947) (holding that when the Legislature declares
       certain conduct to be unlawful, it is tantamount to calling it
       injurious to the public, and to continue such unlawful conduct
       constitutes irreparable injury for purposes of seeking injunctive
       relief); Commonwealth ex rel. Corbett v. Snyder, 977 A.2d
       28 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009) (affirming issuance of a preliminary
       injunction and finding that irreparable harm was presumed
       where there was a credible violation of the state consumer
       protection statute).

SEIU Healthcare Pa., 104 A.3d at 508.

18 We note a significant distinction between retrieving and saving the
customer list for Spadaccini’s own use and what was done here: e-mailing
the customer list to Mr. Seckel, who presumably had no prior knowledge of
Spadaccini’s customers.


                                          - 16 -
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automatically will have been satisfied. SEIU Healthcare Pa., 104 A.3d at

594-95.

   Likelihood of Success on Centennial’s Unfair Competition Claim

      Seckel’s initial premise is that Centennial failed to establish that

Spadaccini’s customer list was confidential or a trade secret. Seckel’s Brief

at 17, 21.      Furthermore, Seckel argues, Centennial had no enforceable

confidentiality agreement with its employees.          Seckel concedes that

Spadaccini signed a confidentiality agreement over a year after Centennial

hired her, but insists that a lack of consideration renders that agreement

unenforceable. Id. at 21. Thus, it appears Seckel is arguing that no unfair

competition claim could lie when the information at issue is not protected by

a contract or other source of legal redress.       Id. at 17, 20-21.     Seckel

bolsters its argument by summarizing the trial court’s oral findings that it

was unclear to the court whether the information at issue was confidential.

Id. at 23-24.

      Seckel argues that Centennial failed to demonstrate that it offered

Spadaccini a job solely for the purpose of obtaining Centennial’s customer

list. Seckel references Spadaccini’s own testimony that she — not Seckel —

wanted to bring the customer list and that Seckel did not hire her for the list.

Seckel’s Brief at 24-25.    Spadaccini was not aware, according to Seckel,

whether she was subject to a confidentiality provision. Id. at 25.       Seckel

argues that the record was unrebutted that it never asked any Centennial

employee that Seckel hired to take away Centennial documents and bring
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them to Seckel. Id. Seckel reiterates that Centennial has not established

that Seckel (1) was aware of any alleged wrongdoing by any Centennial

employee; (2) possessed or used any of Centennial’s allegedly confidential

information; and (3) hired Centennial’s employees for the purpose of

harming Centennial. Id. at 26. With respect to the last point, Seckel notes

that it had interviewed but declined to hire three of Centennial’s employees.

Id.19

        In response, Centennial notes that it presented six claims against

Seckel, but that Seckel has limited its challenge to only the unfair

competition claim.      Centennial’s Brief at 18.   In Centennial’s view, Seckel

waived “[a]ny challenge to Centennial’s likelihood of success on any [of] the

five other claims that independently support the trial court’s injunction.”

Id.20 Further, Centennial maintains that the record established that Seckel

“[s]ystematically induced” 30% of Centennial’s employees to leave with the

____________________________________________
19 Seckel acknowledges that one of its ex-Centennial employees, Walsh,
exhibited hostility to Centennial over a pay dispute. But, citing to mid-trial
commentary by the trial court (see N.T., 2/4/16, at 165-66), Seckel asserts
that the trial court found that Walsh was arguing about a “personal matter”
between Centennial and Walsh and that it would be a “stretch” to impute
Walsh’s actions to Seckel. Seckel’s Brief at 26-27. We note that we are
bound by the trial court’s order and decision setting forth its reasoning, but
not by commentary made before the parties completed and rested their
cases.
20 In reply, Seckel contends that the trial court’s opinion “does not explicitly
state to which causes of action the court’s order was directed.” Seckel’s
Reply Brief at 1. Seckel maintains that after a review of the transcript, “it is
apparent” that the “court’s finding of likelihood of success” was limited only
to Centennial’s unfair competition claim. Id. at 2.

                                          - 18 -
J-A04018-17


purpose of crippling or destroying Centennial.         Id. at 18-19.    Centennial

highlights Seckel’s improper pursuit of Spadaccini and access of her

Centennial laptop to obtain information that Centennial insists qualifies for

trade secret status. Id. at 19, 22.

          As set forth above, a court should issue a preliminary injunction only if

the moving party has established, among other things, a prima facie right to

relief.     Synthes USA Sales, 83 A.3d at 249-50.          The Court in Synthes

explained:

          To establish a reasonable probability of success on the merits,
          the moving party must produce sufficient evidence to satisfy the
          essential elements of the underlying cause of action. Whether
          success is likely requires examination of legal principles
          controlling the claim and potential defenses available to the
          opposing party. The mere possibility that the claim might be
          defeated does not preclude a finding of probable success if the
          evidence clearly satisfies the essential prerequisites of the cause
          of action.

Id. at 250 n.4 (citation omitted).

          Initially, we note that a common law unfair competition claim is

relatively broad in scope and is not limited to the misappropriation of trade

secrets. Pennsylvania State Univ. v. Univ. Orthopedics, Ltd., 706 A.2d

863, 867 (Pa. Super. 1998) (“A claim of unfair competition encompasses

trademark infringement, but also includes a broader range of unfair

practices, which may generally be described as a misappropriation of the

skill, expenditures and labor of another” (citation omitted)).         In Reading

Radio, Inc. v. Fink, 833 A.2d 199 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal denied, 847

A.2d 1287 (Pa. 2004), this Court explained:
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J-A04018-17


      Offering employment to another company’s at-will employee is
      not actionable in and of itself. However, systematically inducing
      employees to leave their present employment is actionable when
      the purpose of such enticement is to cripple and destroy an
      integral part of a competitive business organization rather than
      to obtain the services of particularly gifted or skilled employees.
      Further, when the inducement is made for the purpose of having
      the employees commit wrongs, such as disclosing their former
      employer’s trade secrets or enticing away his customers, the
      injured employer is entitled to protection.

Id. at 212 (citations and quotation marks omitted) (affirming jury verdict

finding defendant liable for, among other claims, unfair competition).

“[W]hen a company hires essentially all of the sales/marketing staff of one

agency, the purpose in doing so is to induce the clients of that agency to

move their business with that sales force.”     B.G. Balmer & Co. v. Frank

Crystal & Co., Inc., 148 A.3d 454, 466, 472 (Pa. Super. 2016) (affirming

award of punitive damages following plaintiff’s successful verdict on, among

other claims, unfair competition), appeal denied, 2017 WL 1015542 (Pa.

Mar. 4, 2017).

      Seckel’s first argument — that the contested information is not a

protectable trade secret — assumes that an unfair competition claim is

limited in scope. But to succeed on an unfair competition claim, Centennial

was not limited to demonstrating that Spadaccini’s customer list was

confidential or a trade secret.     See Reading Radio, 833 A.2d at 212.

Similarly, it was unnecessary for Centennial to establish that Seckel had the

intent of hiring Spadaccini for the customer list.     See id.   Centennial, as

Seckel recognized in its brief, Seckel’s Brief at 26, could succeed in its unfair

                                     - 20 -
J-A04018-17


competition claim by establishing that Seckel hired Centennial’s employees

with the intent of harming Centennial.

      Recognizing our highly deferential standard of review, WMI Grp., 109

A.3d at 747-48, the record supports the trial court’s issuance of a

preliminary injunction. As noted above, Seckel acknowledged hiring one of

Centennial’s loan processors and six out of Centennial’s twenty-two loan

officers, or almost 30%. N.T, 2/4/16, at 26, 131. Of those six, Mr. Seckel

personally recruited two, and he reached out to other Centennial employees.

Id. at 125-26. Seckel also hired two former Centennial loan officers after

they were “let go.” Id. at 49, 131.

      The record also reflects that Walsh, formerly a Centennial loan officer

and now a vice-president at Seckel, e-mailed threats to the president of

Centennial from his personal account.        N.T., 2/4/16, at 64-65, 68. Walsh

said he would destroy Centennial unless he was paid what he believed he

was owed. Centennial’s Ex. 59; R.R. at 964a. Walsh also posted a similar

threat on his Facebook page. Centennial’s Ex. 60; R.R. at 966a. Although

the court had questioned whether Walsh’s actions could be imputed to

Seckel, N.T., 2/4/16, at 166, its opinion cited the personal threat as a basis

for injunctive relief. Trial Ct. Op. at 2.

      Taking all of this evidence together, the record substantiates the trial

court’s   determination    that   injunctive   relief   was   warranted   because

Centennial demonstrated a likelihood of success on its unfair competition

claim.    Although Seckel did not hire three of Centennial’s employees, its
                                   - 21 -
J-A04018-17


hiring of almost 30% of Centennial’s loan officers, in conjunction with the

threat to destroy Centennial, is sufficient to establish that a purpose of hiring

Centennial’s employees was to cripple and destroy Centennial. See Reading

Radio, 833 A.2d at 212.21 Because Centennial has established a likelihood

of success on this claim, we need not examine whether Centennial could

similarly succeed at trial on the other five claims.

          The Trial Court’s Failure To Require an Injunction Bond

       Although our review of an order granting preliminary injunctive relief is

highly deferential, WMI Grp., 109 A.3d at 747-48, the trial court must still

comply with the applicable rules of law in entering the injunction. Whether

the trial court properly complied with a Rule of Civil Procedure is a question

of law.    See Sahutsky v. H.H. Knoebel Sons, 782 A.2d 996, 998 (Pa.

2001).

       For its last issue, Seckel asserts that Pennsylvania Rule of Civil

Procedure 1531(b) required that Centennial post a bond before an injunction

could be entered. Seckel notes that the trial court’s order failed to provide

for the posting of security and argues that “an appellate court must

invalidate a preliminary injunction if a bond is not filed by the plaintiff.”

Seckel’s Brief at 27 (citing Berger v. W. Jefferson Hill Sch. Dist., 669

A.2d 1084, 1086 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (citing Christo v. Tuscany Inc., 454


____________________________________________
21Of course, the fact-finder may reach different conclusions following a final
hearing.

                                          - 22 -
J-A04018-17


A.2d 1042, 1044 (Pa. Super. 1982)), appeal denied, 677 A.2d 840 (Pa.

1996)).

     Centennial concedes that a bond was not posted, but asserts that the

bond’s absence does not require this Court to vacate the injunction.

Centennial’s Brief at 23.     Centennial posits that when issuance of an

injunction is proper, an appropriate remedy is to remand for the sole

purpose of setting a bond.    Id. at 24 (citing Walter v. Stacy, 837 A.2d

1205, 1210 (Pa. Super. 2003)).      Centennial does not object to posting a

reasonable bond but suggests the issue would be moot if it again filed, and

the court now granted, a motion to set bond. As the trial court did not order

a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, the court did not address the issue of the

bond in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

     As a prefatory matter, because Centennial filed, but the court denied

without prejudice, a motion to set a bond, Order, 6/22/17, this issue is not

moot and is properly before us for disposition.       The applicable rule is

Pa.R.C.P. 1531(b), which provides that —

     [A] preliminary or special injunction shall be granted only if

          (1) the plaintiff files a bond in an amount fixed and with
          security approved by the court, naming the Commonwealth
          as obligee, conditioned that if the injunction is dissolved
          because improperly granted or for failure to hold a hearing,
          the plaintiff shall pay to any person injured all damages
          sustained by reason of granting the injunction and all legally
          taxable costs and fees[.]

Pa.R.C.P. 1531(b)(1) (emphasis added).


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J-A04018-17


      In Walter, the trial court issued a preliminary injunction but refused

to order a bond. Walter, 837 A.2d at 1208. This Court held that —

      The bond “requirement is mandatory and an appellate court
      must invalidate a preliminary injunction if a bond is not filed by
      the plaintiff.” Soja v. Factoryville Sportsmen’s Club, 361 Pa.
      Super. 473, 522 A.2d 1129, 1131 (1987) (emphasis supplied).
      “Even if the trial court’s order was otherwise proper, its failure to
      require the posting of a bond mandate[s] our reversal of its
      decision.” Id.

Id. The Court concluded —

      [W]e have no choice but to vacate the order of the trial court
      due to its failure to require a bond. We note however, that
      although the court’s failure in this regard renders the injunction
      null, the error may be cured by the re-issuance of the
      preliminary injunction if the order includes the requirement of a
      bond.

Id. (footnote omitted). Similarly, in Christo, because the trial court erred

in not imposing a bond, we vacated the injunction and remanded to have the

court and plaintiffs comply with Rule 1531(b). Christo, 454 A.2d at 1044.

      Here, notwithstanding both parties’ agreement that the trial court

must require a bond, the trial court declined to impose that requirement.

The court did not explain its reasoning, but its decision was erroneous. See

Pa.R.C.P. 1531(b); Walter, 837 A.2d at 1208; Christo, 454 A.2d at 1044.

The trial court failed to comply with the plain language of 1531(b), which

mandates a bond.     See Sahutsky, 782 A.2d at 998.          Therefore, we are

constrained to vacate the injunctive order and remand with instructions to

reissue the injunction with a bond.




                                      - 24 -
J-A04018-17


      Order vacated.      Matter remanded with instructions.   Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 10/26/2017




                                   - 25 -
