                                    FILED
                                November 30, 1999

                                Cecil Crowson, Jr.
                               Appellate Court Clerk
                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT NASHVILLE



RICHARD L. JOHNSON and                )
JENNIFER JOHNSON                      )
                                      )
       Plaintiffs                     )     Davidson Circuit No. 95C-1573
                                      )
v.                                    )
                                      )
STONEY HUNTER, ET AL,           )     Appeal No. M1998-00314-COA-R3-CV
                                      )
       Defendants.                    )
                                      )
IN THE MATTER OF DENTY                )
CHEATHAM’S FEE                  )
                                      )
PATRICK ARDIS,                        )
                                      )
       Appellant,                     )
                                      )
vs.                                   )
                                      )
DENTY CHEATHAM,                       )
                                      )
       Appellee.                      )


               APPEAL FROM THE DAVIDSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                           AT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE


                     THE HONORABLE THOMAS W. BROTHERS, JUDGE



For the Appellant:                    For the Appellee:

Glenn G. Reid, Jr.                     David B. Lyons
Memphis, Tennessee             Nashville, Tennessee




                                                                            Page 1
Robert J. Walker
Nashville, Tennessee



                                                  REVERSED AND REMANDED


                                                  HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.



CONCURS:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.

DAVID R. FARMER, J.
                                                 OPINION

        This appeal is a dispute between two attorneys over attorney’s fees incurred in a contingency fee

personal injury and product liability lawsuit. The plaintiff attorney associated the defendant attorney for

the product liability aspect of the lawsuit. The plaintiff attorney withdrew before the conclusion of the

case and sought half of the attorney’s fees. Finding that the attorneys had entered into a joint venture,

the trial court awarded the plaintiff attorney one-third of the contingency fee. The defendant attorney

appeals. We find that the law of joint venture is inapplicable because the contract between the attorneys

is unenforceable for lack of agreement on an essential term, and reverse and remand for an award of

attorney’s fees based on the theory of quantum meruit.

        In September 1994, Richard Johnson was severely injured in an automobile accident. The

driver of the other car, Stoney Hunter, was driving a Camaro with a T-top roof at the time of the

accident. In the accident, one of the T-tops dislodged, traveled through the open window of Johnson’s

truck, and pierced the left side of his skull.

        Richard Johnson’s wife, Jennifer Johnson, worked as a bookkeeper for the Nashville law firm of

Cheatham and Palermo. The Johnsons asked one of the partners in the firm, plaintiff attorney Denty

Cheatham (“Cheatham”) to represent Richard Johnson (“Johnson”). Cheatham filed suit against Stoney

Hunter (“Hunter”). In the course of discovery, Cheatham investigated the policy limits of Hunter’s




                                                                                                              Page 2
insurance carrier. Cheatham found that the policy had a liability limit of only $50,000. Consequently,

Cheatham filed a product liability action against General Motors, the maker of Hunter’s Camaro; Libbey

Owen’s Ford, the manufacturer of the T-top glass panels; and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Industries, the

manufacturer of the rear window glass. Cheatham had had limited previous experience with product

liability cases, so he contacted defendant attorney Patrick M. Ardis (“Ardis”) of the Wolff Ardis law firm

in Memphis. Ardis’ law firm specialized in automobile glass cases.

        Ardis and Cheatham agreed to associate under a contingency fee contract. The Johnsons

agreed to this arrangement. The contract among the Johnsons, Cheatham, and Ardis provided that the

attorneys would receive a 33 a % contingency fee if the case were settled before trial, and a 35%

contingency fee if the case went to trial. The division of fees between the two attorneys was left as “a

matter to be agreed between WOLFF ARDIS and CHEATHAM & PALERMO.” Ardis testified that

he and Cheatham agreed on a 50/50/50 split: each party would do 50% of the work, they would split

the expenses 50%, and split the fee 50%. Cheatham denied any agreement to pay 50% of the

expenses, and testified that the parties agreed only to a 50/50 split: the parties would split the work

50% and split the fees 50%. Ardis and Cheatham agreed that Cheatham would handle the medical and

damages aspects of the case and ready the case for trial, and Ardis would handle the product liability

aspect of the case.

        Relations between the attorneys began to disintegrate in early 1997. On February 7, 1997

Ardis wrote Cheatham a letter asking Cheatham to pay one-half of the outstanding expenses. On April

1, 1997, Ardis sent Cheatham another letter requesting that Cheatham pay one-half of the expenses,

which by this time totaled approximately $100,000. A third letter dated July 7, 1997 requested more

money for expenses from Cheatham. Cheatham responded by letter on July 10, 1997. In this letter,

Cheatham denied agreeing to share the expenses incurred by Ardis’ firm. He explained that in the

twenty-four year history of his law firm, the firm had never advanced expenses more than $10,000 in

any one case. Cheatham indicated his belief that the Johnsons would contribute $45,000 toward

expenses from the settlement with Hunter’s insurance company. Cheatham also felt that the Johnsons


                                                                                                             Page 3
would pay some additional expenses as they arose because Richard Johnson was still receiving a salary

despite his disability. In the letter, Cheatham also explained that when he associated the law firm of

Wolff Ardis, a law firm that specialized in glass litigation, he believed that much of their previous work

would be relevant to the case:

          I thought there would be some carry-over from the other cases, and “the wheel” would not need
to be completely reinvented. Also, I thought that I was associating with a firm that was used to dealing
with the large advances of expenses which might be necessary in a product liability case. I think I made
it clear that our firm was not accustomed to dealing with such situations. I thought your firm was in a
position to advance all or most of these expenses . . . . I also thought that you would do a lot of this
work “in house,” and this expense would not need to be reimbursed until the conclusion of the lawsuit. I
do not recall ever having a discussion with you, until recent months, about any of the expenses your firm
expected to incur during the course of this litigation, in terms of amount, or any discussion about our firm
advancing a portion of that expense.

Cheatham also complained that “the large volume” of paperwork and bills Ardis sent were “complex

and confusing.” Cheatham questioned some of the expenses, asserting that some charges benefitted

more than one of Ardis’ automobile glass cases, and thus should not have been billed entirely to the

Johnsons. Cheatham wrote that, unlike the Wolff Ardis firm, his firm did not charge clients for




                                                                                                               Page 4
overhead items such as phone calls, faxes, and copies in a contingency fee case, and that it was

therefore not equitable for him to have to reimburse Ardis for such overhead expenses.

        Several other letters were exchanged between Ardis and Cheatham with increasing hostility.

Cheatham eventually agreed to accept less than 50% of the fee since he was not willing to advance

expenses. However, he viewed Ardis’ offer of 7 ½% as an insult. Cheatham complained that Ardis’

position on the fees “creates the appearance that as this case approaches a conclusion which may result

in a big settlement or judgment, you want to bite the hand that fed you, by squeezing out the lawyer who

associated you in the case, in order to reap more than 90 percent of the fees.” Ardis responded that

Cheatham’s request for 50% of the fee without advancing 50% of the expenses or doing 50% of the

work was “unethical” and proposed a meeting with a member of the Board of Professional

Responsibility. (August 26, 1997 fax)

        Ultimately, Cheatham concluded that the fee dispute had escalated to a point at which it was not

in the client’s best interests for him to remain in the case. On September 26, 1997, Cheatham filed a

motion with the trial court to which Johnson’s lawsuit was assigned, asking for permission to withdraw

and for a lien to be placed on the cause of action to protect his fee. The Johnsons agreed to Cheatham’s

withdrawal. On January 9, 1998, the trial court entered an order permitting Cheatham to withdraw from

the case. The trial court also approved a lien for attorney’s fees and reserved the issue of the division of

fees to be resolved at the conclusion of the case.

        After Cheatham withdrew, Ardis associated Robert Walker with the Nashville law firm Bass,

Berry & Sims, for 7 ½% of the contingency fee collected by Ardis. Under the agreement between

Bass, Berry & Sims and the Ardis firm, Bass, Berry & Sims was not expected to advance expenses.

Bass, Berry & Sims spent approximately 850 hours on the case.

        Ardis eventually obtained a settlement on behalf of Richard Johnson totaling $4,332,500. The

expenses involved in the case totaled over $800,000. Cheatham sought attorney’s fees from the

settlement. A hearing was held on September 14 and 15, 1999, before the trial judge who handled the

underlying lawsuit and who was familiar with the attorneys’ contributions.


                                                                                                               Page 5
        At the hearing, the parties stipulated that Cheatham enjoys a reputation for truthfulness in the

Nashville legal community and a reputation as a skilled and experienced trial lawyer. Richard Johnson

testified that Cheatham did a good job representing him. Rose Palermo, Cheatham’s law partner and

wife, testified that Cheatham worked on the case more than any other case he had handled in the

twenty-six years of their joint practice.

        Cheatham testified about his contributions to the case, such as: obtaining and examining accident

reports and hospital records, contacting an accident reconstructionist, collecting and saving glass

samples from the accident, correcting and amending the complaint, responding to requests for

admissions and discovery, preparing the Johnsons for depositions, acting as sole attorney in a dozen

depositions of key witnesses and emergency personnel, attending the settlement conference, obtaining

and preparing documents for the mediation, attending the mediation, and investigating a prior workers’

compensation claim filed by Johnson.

        Cheatham was the sole attorney on the case from August 1995 to December 1995. Throughout

the summer of 1997, while Cheatham was disputing the fee agreement with Ardis, Cheatham continued

to be involved in the case. Cheatham denied any agreement about the division of expenses on the case.

However, he acknowledged that he paid for some of the expenses, including costs for some of the

depositions and medical records. He also pointed out that he had contributed half the funds needed to

purchase Hunter’s Camaro, while the Johnsons paid the other half. Cheatham testified that he did not

keep time records for his work in the case because it was a contingency fee case, but he estimated that

he spent approximately 1500 hours on it. Cheatham’s secretary, Jane Wheeler, also testified that

Cheatham spent a considerable amount of time on the case and that Cheatham installed a modem in

order to communicate with Ardis.

        At the hearing, Ardis testified that the “50/50 division of the fee was altered on day two of the

agreement when the work started being done more by Wolff Ardis than Mr. Cheatham.” Ardis

admitted that he owned 99% of one company, Strategic Intelligence Group, which billed the Johnsons

for $145,000 of expenses, and that he owned 100% of another company, Legal Vision, which billed the


                                                                                                            Page 6
Johnsons for approximately $15,000 of expenses. Ardis contended that Cheatham agreed to pay

one-half of the expenses owed to third parties. In support of this assertion, Ardis offered into evidence

a letter dated July 7, 1997, reflecting that the Ardis firm had deducted internal expenses from those that

Cheatham owed. Ardis conceded, however, that he had no letter from Cheatham agreeing to this. Bob

Walker, the attorney from Bass, Berry & Sims, testified that

        it was the tenacity and the diligence that Mr. Ardis put on General Motors, particularly in fighting

their usual discovery tactics, that I felt like ultimately brought General Motors around to the settlement

that was achieved. . . . . [A]nd I have never seen [a firm] in a product case or any trust case or any so

called big case where I thought more intense work and quality work was done . . .

        After the hearing, the trial court found that the parties had initially agreed to split the fee equally

and that the agreement could be modified if the work was disproportionate, but that they never agreed

on how the fee agreement would be modified. The trial court also found that there never was a written

agreement to share expenses, and noted that, absent an agreement, a lawyer is not obligated to advance

expenses to a client. As a result, the trial court concluded that the parties had entered into a joint

venture, under which profits are presumptively split equally. However, the trial court found that special

circumstances required that Cheatham be awarded less than half of the contingency fee. The trial court

found that Cheatham’s withdrawal before the conclusion of the case was a special circumstance. It

found that his withdrawal was for good cause, noting that, had the withdrawal not been for good cause,

Cheatham would be entitled to no recovery. Disciplinary Rule 2-107 of the Rules of Professional

Responsibility, which requires fee sharing agreements to compensate the attorneys in proportion to their

work, was found to be another special circumstance. 1 The trial court did not consider this case to be a

mere fee referral, however:

         In this case we have a contingency fee where a lawyer who did work, who worked for some
period of time, laid the groundwork . . . He stabilized the situation at the outset, . . . he essentially
negotiated the settlement so that it held up with Mr. Hunter. And he then went about to find the best
specialist in the field to help his client . . . . [T]he value conferred upon his clients by Mr. Cheatham’s
diligent research and efforts in finding out who was the right person is something that’s hard to put a
dollar figure to. There is no mathematical formula that can be applied here.
         And in addition to the hours of work that he expended representing his clients before and after


                                                                                                                  Page 7
Mr. Ardis came on, he also gave his clients the benefit of wise counsel and advice.




                                                                                      Page 8
The trial court also found that Ardis “performed significantly more work in this case than Mr. Cheatham.”

The trial court explained:

         I find that Mr. Cheatham is entitled to compensation in accordance to the benefits he conferred
upon his clients under the guidelines of DR 2-107, and there just is no way for me to take hours and
take that and add it up. That isn’t a fair mixture of it. More work was done by Ardis, but valuable,
significant work was done by Mr. Cheatham.

Based on all of these findings, the trial court awarded Cheatham $480,426.50 in attorney’s fees,

one-third of the total contingency fee. From this order, Ardis now appeals.

        On appeal, Ardis argues that the trial court erred in basing its award on joint venture law rather

than quantum meruit. Ardis contends that the trial court erred in its factual findings that Cheatham was

justified in withdrawing from the case and that Cheatham expended 1500 hours on the case. Ardis

asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that a lawyer is not obligated to advance expenses absent a

written agreement. Finally, Ardis argues that the trial court’s award was excessive, unreasonable, and

inequitable.

        Our review of this case is governed by Rule 13(d) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate

Procedure, which provides that review of findings of fact by the trial court shall be de novo upon the

record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of correctness of the findings of fact, unless the

evidence preponderates otherwise. Our review of all findings of law will be de novo, with no

presumption of correctness. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston,

854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993).

        Ardis first argues that the law of joint venture does not apply under these circumstances. Ardis

asserts that the presumption under joint venture law that profits are split equally is contrary to

Disciplinary Rule 2-107 of Tennessee Code of Professional Responsibility, which provides that attorney’

s fees in Tennessee are to be allocated in proportion to the services performed. Ardis contends that

there could not have been a joint venture because the parties did not share control of the case or share

the risk. He argues that there was no contract between Ardis and Cheatham because they failed to

agree on essential terms, namely, the division of advanced expenses and fees. Consequently, Ardis




                                                                                                               Page 9
maintains that Cheatham is limited to recovery under the theory of quantum meruit.




                                                                                     Page 10
        Cheatham argues for the application of joint venture law and the presumption that profits are to

be split equally. He asserts that Disciplinary Rule 2-107 is not violated where both attorneys perform

substantial services and that the rule does not require a pro-rata division of fees based upon hours alone.

He maintains that the contract between Ardis and Cheatham is enforceable.

        We first address the trial court’s factual finding that the parties had an agreement which

amounted to a joint venture. “A joint venture is an association of persons with intent, by way of

contract, express or implied, to engage in and carry out a single business adventure for joint profit.”

Fain v. O’Connell, 909 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tenn. 1995)(quoting Spencer Kellog & Sons, Inc. v.

Lobban, 315 S.W.2d 514, 520 (Tenn. 1958)). For a joint venture to exist, there must be a contract of

some sort between the parties regarding their intent to enter together into a business venture for profit.

See Dewberry v. Maddox, 755 S.W.2d 50, 56 (Tenn. App. 1988)(citing Cecil v. Hardin, 575

S.W.2d 268, 271 (Tenn. 1978) (a joint venture requires “some manner of agreement” among parties to

joint venture). Since a joint venture is defined as “an association of persons with intent, by way of

contract, express or implied,” Fain, 909 S.W.2d at 793, joint venture cannot be found to exist where

the parties do not have a valid contract. See Spencer Kellog, 315 S.W.2d at 520.

        In order for a valid and enforceable contract to be formed, there must be a meeting of the minds

as to the essential terms of the contract. See Roy McAmis Disposal Service, Inc. v. Hiwassee Sys.,

Inc., 613 S.W.2d 226, 229 (Tenn. App. 1979). Failure to agree on an essential matter can prevent the

formation of a valid contract. “‘[O]ne of the elements essential to the formation of a contract is a

manifestation of agreement or mutual assent by the parties to its terms, and the failure of the parties to

agree upon or even discuss an essential term of a contract may indicate that the mutual assent required to

make or modify a contract is lacking.’” Jamestown On Signal, Inc. v. First Federal Sav. & Loan

Ass’n, 807 S.W.2d 559, 566 (Tenn. App. 1990)(quoting The Delcon Group, Inc., et al. v.

Northern Trust Corp., et al., 543 N.E.2d 595, 600 (1989)).

        Moreover, the parties must agree as to the essential terms with sufficient specificity that a court

can determine if a breach has occurred, and how to remedy it. Id. at 564. “Oral contracts are


                                                                                                              Page 11
enforceable, but persons seeking to enforce them must prove mutual assent to the terms of the

agreement, and must also demonstrate that the terms of the contract are sufficiently definite to be

enforceable.” Castelli v. Lien, 910 S.W.2d 420, 427 (Tenn. App. 1995).“Indefiniteness as to any

essential element of an agreement may prevent the creation of an enforceable contract.” Peoples Bank

of Elk Valley v. ConAgra Poultry Co., 832 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tenn. App. 1991).

        In Castelli, a husband and wife contracted with an interior designer to renovate and redecorate

their newly purchased home. The designer and the wife entered into an oral agreement under which the

designer would collect his fee by charging the husband and wife the “retail price” for the furnishings and

materials used in their home. Id. at 423. The parties had no agreement, however, about how the

designer would determine the amount of the “retail price.” Id. In addition, the parties had no

understanding about the total cost for the project. Id. at 424. The wife testified that she discussed her

ideas for renovation and decoration with the designer and asked if the project could be completed for

$60,000, and that the designer replied “very likely.” The designer testified that there had never been any

understanding that the couple’s budget was limited to $60,000. He asserted that the wife changed her

selection of materials during the course of the project, and that she continued to choose the most

expensive materials, despite his warnings that she was selecting “very costly products.” Id.

        Before the work was completed, the husband became concerned about the cost and asked for

a detailed accounting of expenses. The designer presented the couple with a statement showing the

entire project’s costs at $103,503.45, which included a $47,807.60 design fee. The couple became

upset and fired the designer, refusing to pay him the $35,000 balance he claimed was due. The designer

then sued on the contract. Id.

        The trial court ruled that the method by which the designer calculated the retail price charged

was an essential term to the contract, and because the parties had not come to any agreement about it, a

valid and enforceable contract never existed. The appellate court agreed that there was never a contract

“whose terms [were] sufficiently definite to be enforced”, and held that the designer’s remedy was

limited to quantum meruit. Id. at 427.


                                                                                                             Page 12
        In this case, Cheatham testified that he never agreed to pay half the expenses. He asserted that

he and Ardis never even discussed the payment of expenses at the time that they entered into their

agreement, and that Ardis never gave him any indication of what the expenses might total. Cheatham

testified that he knew that expenses could mount up in a product liability case, and, for that reason, that it

was important to have substantial potential damages to make it worthwhile to file suit. In this case, he

said, it was obvious there were considerable damages, since Richard Johnson had sustained a serious

brain injury. Cheatham stated that he had no way of knowing what expenses might run in this case, but

thought that the Johnsons could use the $45,000 they received in settlement from Hunter’s insurance

carrier to pay initial expenses, and could pay other expenses, as they became due out of their income.

In his July 10, 1997 letter to Ardis, Cheatham said that one reason he had associated the Ardis law firm

was because he thought that they would be able to “control and handle” the expenses involved since

Wolf Ardis had had considerable experience with automobile glass cases.

        Ardis’ testimony was in stark contrast to Cheatham’s. Ardis testified that he and Cheatham had

discussed expenses from the beginning, and that Cheatham had agreed to be responsible for half of all

expenses in the case. Ardis also said that he told Cheatham that he estimated that each of them could

expect to pay $200,000 in expenses. Ardis said that he first became aware that Cheatham denied

responsibility for half the expenses in July 1997. Until that point, he said, he thought that Cheatham

would honor their agreement to split the expenses 50/50. Ardis testified that, at a meeting in Nashville in

the summer of 1997, Cheatham admitted to him that Cheatham was responsible for half the third party

expenses.

        The trial court noted that there was no written agreement on the payment of expenses, and made

no finding as to any oral agreement between Cheatham and Ardis on the expenses. From the record, it

is clear that both Cheatham and Ardis understood that the expenses in the product liability portion of the

case would be substantial. Ardis testified that he told Cheatham that both of them could expect to

advance at least $200,000 in expenses. Cheatham denied this, but acknowledged that he knew that the

expenses in a lawsuit of this type made it imperative to have a large amount of potential damages in


                                                                                                                 Page 13
order to make the lawsuit worthwhile. He testified that he assumed that the Johnsons would pay initial

expenses with the $45,000 settlement they received from Hunter’s insurance carrier. The actual

expenses totaled over $800,000. Advancing expenses of this magnitude in a contingency fee case is

clearly an important part of the risk the lawyer assumes in agreeing to take such a case. Agreement on

who would advance these expenses must be deemed an essential term of the contract between

Cheatham and Ardis. Without a meeting of the minds on this term, the agreement is too vague and

indefinite to be enforced. See ConAgra Poultry Co., 832 S.W.2d at 554. Without a valid contract,

there can be no joint venture. See Spencer Kellogg, 315 S.W.2d at 520.

        Absent an enforceable contract, the attorney’s fees must be allocated under the theory of

quantum meruit, which is an equitable substitute for a contract claim. See Castelli, 910 S.W.2d at

427. “A party who had a contract at one time may pursue a quantum meruit recovery if the contract is

no longer enforceable.” Id. A party can recover pursuant to quantum meruit under the following

circumstances:

        (1) there must be no existing, enforceable contract between the parties covering the same
subject matter,
        (2) the party seeking recovery must prove that it provided valuable goods and services,
        (3) the party to be charged must have received the goods and services,
        (4) the circumstances must indicate that the parties involved in the transaction should have
reasonably understood that the person providing the goods or services expected to be compensated,
and
        (5) the circumstances must also demonstrate that it would be unjust for the party benefitting from
the goods or services to retain them without paying for them.

Id. (citations omitted).

        As noted above, there was no enforceable contract between Cheatham and Ardis. The record

reflects, and the trial court found, that Cheatham provided valuable services. Although the parties did

not agree on the amount of the fees to which Cheatham was entitled, they clearly agreed that he would

be compensated for the work he performed. There is no dispute that Ardis benefitted from the services

provided by Cheatham. The Tennessee Supreme Court has approved of recovery under quantum

meruit in a situation in which the attorney’s fee contract is unenforceable:

        We agree that attorneys should not be penalized for innocent snafus, such as an oversight in


                                                                                                             Page 14
drafting that might render their fee contracts unenforceable. To do so would be unfair to the lawyer who
had otherwise diligently pursued the client’s interests, and it would result in a windfall to the client who
had benefitted from these services. Thus, a recovery under a theory of quantum meruit is warranted in
these situations.

White v. McBride, 937 S.W.2d 796, 803 (Tenn. 1996). Under these circumstances, we find that

Cheatham’s attorney’s fee should be determined based on the theory of quantum meruit.

        Recovery under the theory of quantum meruit is limited to the actual value of services

rendered. See Castelli, 910 S.W.2d at 428. Cheatham testified that he did not keep hourly billing




                                                                                                               Page 15
records for his time spent on the case because it was a contingency fee case. DR 2-106 lists factors on

which a reasonable fee can be based:

(1)      The time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
requisite to perform the legal service properly.
(2)      The likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will
preclude other employment by the lawyer.
(3)      The fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services.
(4)      The amount involved and the results obtained.
(5)      The time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances.
(6)      The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client.
(7)      The experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services.
(8)      Whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

Sup. Ct. Rule, Code of Prof. Resp. DR 2-106; see also Connors v. Connors, 594 S.W.2d 672,

676-77 (Tenn. 1980) (citing DR 2-106). We find that these factors are applicable to the determination

of Cheatham’s attorney’s fees under the theory of quantum meruit.

        At the September hearing on attorney’s fees, the trial court considered several factors that are

included in DR-2-106. The trial court discussed Cheatham’s significant contributions to the case,

including the fact that he laid the groundwork on the case, the time that he spent working on the case,

and the expenses that he paid. The trial court also noted that at the time of Cheatham’s withdrawal from

the case, the highest settlement offer that had been proposed was $300,000. However, because the

trial court utilized a joint venture analysis rather than determining the fee based on quantum meruit,

findings were not made regarding several factors listed under DR 2-106. For example, the trial court

made no findings as to the skill involved in the work Cheatham performed, the extent to which Cheatham

’s work for the Johnsons precluded him from working on other cases, the fee customarily charged in

Nashville for similar legal services, or the nature and length of Cheatham’s professional relationship with

the Johnsons. Therefore, the factual findings by the trial court are not sufficient for this Court to

determine the amount of a reasonable attorney’s fee pursuant to DR 2-106. Consequently, we must

remand this case to the trial court for a reasonable division of the contingency fee in accordance with the

factors listed in DR 2-106. On remand, the trial court should take into consideration the fact that




                                                                                                              Page 16
Cheatham did not participate in the majority of the preparation for trial in this case.




                                                                                          Page 17
        Ardis raises additional issues on appeal, such as whether the application of joint venture law is

inconsistent with Disciplinary Rule 2-107 of the Tennessee Code of Professional Responsibility. All

remaining issues are pretermitted by our holding, and it is unnecessary to address them.           In sum,

the record indicates that Cheatham and Ardis had no meeting of the minds on the advancement of

expenses, which was an essential term of their agreement. The failure to agree on this essential term

causes the parties’ contract to be unenforceable. Therefore, the law of joint venture is inapplicable and

Cheatham’s attorney’s fees must be based on the value of the services rendered under the theory of

quantum meruit. The trial court’s award to Cheatham of one-third of the contingency fee is reversed.

This case is remanded for the trial court to make a reasonable division of the contingency fee under the

theory of quantum meruit and based on the factors listed in DR 2-106.

        The decision of the trial court is reversed and remanded as set forth above. Costs are taxed to

Appellee, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                         HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.

CONCUR:



W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P. J., W.S.



DAVID R. FARMER, J.




                                                                                                             Page 18
