
(2007)
MARIA QUARESMA, an individual and Successor in Interest of LEONEL DAROSA, a deceased individual, and MARSHAL S. FLAM, M.D., an individual, Plaintiffs,
v.
BC LIFE & HEALTH INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation, and DOES 1 through 10, inclusive, Defendants.
No. CV-F-07-323 OWW/NEW.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
October 26, 2007.

MEMORANDUM DECISION DENYING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION TO REMAND. (Doc. 15) AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO. DISMISS FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT AND DIRECTING PLAINTIFFS TO FILE SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT (Doc. 12)
OLIVER W. WANGER, District Judge

Before the Court are Plaintiffs' motion to remand and Defendant's motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint.

A. BACKGROUND.
On January 30, 2007, Plaintiffs Maria Quaresma, an individual and successor in interest of Leonel DaRosa, a deceased individual, and Marshal S. Flam, M.D., filed a Complaint in the Fresno County Superior Court. Defendants are BC Life & Health Insurance Company and Does 1-10. The Complaint alleged seventeen causes of action.[1] In pertinent part, the Complaint alleged:
IV. STATE COURT HAS `CONCURRENT' JURISDICTION
28. Section 1132(a)(1)(B) of Title 29, U.S. Code, Labor, read, `(a) A civil action may be brought  (1) by a participant or beneficiary  (B) to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of his plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan ...' In this regard, subsection (e) of section 1132 of Title 29, U.S. Code, Labor, adds, `State courts of competent jurisdiction and district courts of the United States shall have concurrent jurisdiction of actions under paragraphs (1)(B) and (7) of subsection (a) of this section (1132).' [emphasis added.]
29. As such, because participant DaRosa's successor-in-interest Maria Quaresma and third-party beneficiary Dr. Flam bring the present civil action in order to recover benefits due them under the terms of DaRosa's plan with BC Life and/or to enforce their rights under the terms of DaRosa's insurance policy with BC Life, the Superior Court of California, County of Fresno, has concurrent jurisdiction over this action.
V. FEDERAL LAW CLAIMS UNDER THE EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT (ERISA)
FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
......
31. As alleged above, DaRosa and BC Life entered into a contract of insurance, whereby BC Life agreed to provide DaRosa with health insurance in consideration for DaRosa paying premiums.
32. Throughout the period of said insurance policy, DaRosa regularly paid premiums when due and performed each act, obligation and/or condition on his part to be performed under the parties' agreements and policy of insurance to keep the policy in full force and effect. DaRosa intended and expected thereby to receive the health insurance he had contracted to receive. Notwithstanding BC Life's obligation to do so, BC Life has failed and refused, and continues to fail and refuse, to perform its obligations as agreed and as set forth in the policy of insurance. Despite DaRosa's demands, BC Life has failed and refused to approve coverage for treatment, which is part of the health insurance policy. Such failure and refusal constitutes a material breach of the contract requested by the insurance policy as well as the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied into the insurance contract by law.
33. Also, implied within the above-described contract (insurance policy) entered into with DaRosa, BC Life further agreed (as a matter of implication by law) to act in good faith and to deal fairly with DaRosa in carrying out its responsibilities under the agreement and policy of insurance. Upon entering into the agreement and policy of insurance, and accepting premiums from DaRosa, BC Life agreed to provide DaRosa with health insurance. Implicit in BC Life's obligations to act fairly and in good faith toward DaRosa was its duty to timely and properly reconsider its denial of DaRosa's claim upon receiving DaRosa's valid appeal with supporting documents and/or consulting with DaRosa's physicians.
34. BC Life breached its express obligations under the policy and breached its implied obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith toward DaRosa by failing to timely and properly reconsider its denial of DaRosa's claim upon receiving DaRosa's valid appeal with supporting documents and/or failing to consult DaRosa's physicians.
35. BC Life also breached its duties in light of the fact that California law is clear that an insurance company cannot deny the use of a particular drug treatment when the following criteria are satisfied: (a) the drug is approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration ('FDA'); (b) the drug is prescribed by a participating licensed health care professional for the treatment of a life-threatening condition; and (c) the drug has been recognized for treatment of that condition by two articles from major peer reviewed medical journals that present data supporting the proposed off-label use or uses as generally safe and effective unless there is clear and convincing contradictory evidence presented in a major peer reviewed medical journal. (See, Cal. Health & Safety Code § 1367.21; and Cal. Ins. Code § 10123.195.) Here, Alimta has been approved by the FDA, Alimta was prescribed by Dr. Flam (a participating licensed health care professional), Alimta was prescribed for DaRosa's life-threatening cancer condition, Alimta has been recognized for treatment of medical conditions such as DaRosa's by at least two articles from major peer reviewed medical journals that present data supporting the proposed off-label use of Alimta as generally safe and effective, and there is no clear and convincing contradictory evidence presented in a major reviewed [sic] medical journal regarding the fact that Alimta should not be used to treat medical conditions such as DaRosa's.
[Emphasis deleted].
36. Applicable federal law, namely the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (hereinafter `ERISA') provides that this civil action may be brought against these defendants. (See, ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B); Title 29 U.S. Code § 1132(a)(1)(B).) Said provision provides in pertinent part as follows; [sic] `... (a) A civil action may be brought  (1) by a participant of [sic] beneficiary  (B) to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of his plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan ...'
37. As a direct and proximate result of BC Life's breach of its express and implied contractual duties and obligations, DaRosa was deprived of the benefits of the insurance coverage for which he paid substantial premiums, and suffered damages that exceed the jurisdictional minimum of the Superior Court, in an amount that will be determined at trial. DaRosa's damages include attorneys' fees and costs necessarily incurred in bringing the instant lawsuit to require BC Life to perform its obligations under the contract of insurance at issue.
Applicable federal law specifically allows for the award of attorneys' fees under subsection (g) of section 1132 of Title 29, U.S. Code (ERISA): ['(1) In any action under this subchapter ... by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary, the court in its discretion may allow a reasonable attorney's fee and costs of action to either party.']. On February 27, 2007, Blue Cross of California, contending that it was erroneously sued as BC Life & Health Insurance Company, removed the Complaint to this Court. The Notice of Removal asserts in pertinent part:
5. The District Court of the United States, Eastern District of California has original jurisdiction under 29 U.S.C. Section 1132(e)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and the Action is one that may be removed to this Court by Defendant pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1441(a)(b) and (c), for the following reasons:
(a) Plaintiffs allege that in or about November 2005, Blue Cross denied payment for the use of Alimta to treat decedent Leonel DaRosa's ('Decedent') cancer, and, in or about August 2006, denied payment for the use of Avastin to treat Decedent's cancer, contending that both treatments were investigational and, therefore, excluded from coverage by the health plan issued by Blue Cross.
(b) The health plan issued to Decedent on which plaintiff's [sic] claim is based was a group health policy issued to the Decedent's employer, Contente Dairy, and constitutes an employee welfare benefit plan within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. Section 1332(e)(1). The enforcement of rights under the plan is governed exclusively by federal law under ERISA. Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41 (1987). Removal of such cases to federal court is proper. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58 ... (1987).
6. This Court has original jurisdiction over ERISA claims under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. Section 1331. Thus, this Action may be removed to this Court by Defendant pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. Section 1441(a) as an action arising under the Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States.
On March 2, 2007, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint. Plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint (FAC) on March 23, 2007. (Doc.10). Defendant's motion to dismiss the Complaint was denied as moot by Order filed on March 30, 2007. (Doc. 11).
The FAC still names the Defendant as BC Life & Health Insurance Company. The FAC alleges twenty-three causes of action, grouped as follows:
A. Decedent DaRosa's Contract Claims Which Have Been Assigned to Dr. Flam
1. Breach of Written Contract by Assignee Dr. Flam
2. Breach of Oral Contract and/or Promissory Estoppel by Assignee Dr. Flam
3. Declaratory Relief by Assignee Dr. Flam
B. Dr. Flam's State Law Contract or Quasi Contract Claims
4. Breach of Oral Contract and/or Breach of Promissory Estoppel Contract By Dr. Flam
5. Declaratory Relief By Dr. Flam
6. Breach of Quasi-Contract (Common Count of Quantum Meriut) By Dr. Flam
C. Dr. Flam's State Law Torts Based on Defendant's Pre-Approval
7. Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
8. Negligence
9. Fraud/Deceit
10. Negligent Misrepresentation
11. Fraud  False Promise
12. Violation of California Unfair Business Practices Act
D. Decedent DaRosa's Non-Assigned State Law Tort Claims Based On Various State Code Violations
13. Breach of Implied Covenant Of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
14. Tortious Bad Faith Breach Of The Duty Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing
15. Negligence
16. Fraud/Deceit
17. Negligent Misrepresentation
18. Fraud  False Promise
19. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Against All Defendants
20. Violation of California Unfair Business Practices Act
21. Equitable Relief Of Reformation Based On Fraud
22. Ambiguity, Mutual Mistake, or Unconscionability Equitable Relief of Rescission and Restitution
23. Unjust Enrichment Against All Defendants.
Except as alleged below, all references to ERISA have been deleted in the FAC. Paragraph 1 of the FAC alleges:
Prior to the filing of this First Amended Complaint, Maria Quaresma, as the sole heir and Successor In Interest of Leonel DaRosa, assigned to Dr. Flam Decedent DaRosa's claim for insurance benefits against Defendants as herein set forth, and Dr. Flam is now the legal owner and holder thereof. In addition, the FAC alleges in pertinent part:
IV. AS AN ASSIGNEE OF DECEDENT DAROSA'S STATE CONTRACT CLAIM, DR. FLAM HAS STANDING TO SUE FOR CONTRACT BENEFITS AND, FURTHERMORE, THIS ACTION IS NOT SUBJECT TO REMOVAL TO FEDERAL COURT.
29. A healthcare provider's suit against an ERISA plan for payment is generally not subject to removal because the provider is neither an ERISA `beneficiary'nor a `participant.' (Hermann Hospital v. MEBA Medical & Benefits Plan(5th Cir.1988) 845 F.2d 1286, 1288-1289; and Blue Cross of California v. Anesthesia Assocs. Med. Group, Inc. (9th Cir.1999) 187 F.3d 1045, 1053 [providers' claims did not affect relationship between Plaintiff and its beneficiaries].) Moreover, the law is clear that ERISA does not cover such non-enumerated parties as assignees and thus there can be no complete preemption and no removal jurisdiction. (See, All State Insurance Company v. 65 Security Plan(3 rdCir.1989) 879 F.2d 90, 94 ['Congress simply made no provision in 1132(a)(1)(B) for persons other than participants and beneficiaries to sue, including persons purporting to sue on their behalf ... We also observed that a prior precedent of this court "implicitly adopted the view that § 1132 must be read narrowly and literally" ... Moreover, turning to the second prerequisite for "complete preemption," our attention has not been directed to any evidence of an intent of the part of Congress to permit removal of the type of state-law claims made by Allstate [the assignee/subrogee] in cases where the plaintiff exclusively relies on state law.'] Harris v. Provident Life and; see also Accident Ins. Co. (9th Cir.1994) 26 F.3d 930, 934 ['ERISA pre-emption, without more, does not convert a state claim into an action arising under federal law ... ERISA carefully enumerates the parties entitled to seek relief under ERISA's civil enforcement provisions [29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)]; it does not provide anyone other than participants, beneficiaries, or fiduciaries with an express cause of action for a declaratory judgment on the issues in this case. A suit for similar relief by some other party does not "arise under" that provision.']; citing, Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor (1987) 481 U.S. 58, 64 ....
30. Here, because Dr. Flam is an assignee of Decedent DaRosa's claims under Decedent DaRosa's insurance contract with BC Life, and because Dr. Flam's own non-assigned causes of action against BC Life include only California state law causes of action which are independent of the insurance contract (i.e., causes of action based on violations of Cal. Ins. Code, Health & Safety Code, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code, and/or common law duties), there is no Federal Court jurisdiction of this matter.
On April 4, 2007, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint, (Doc. 12), which motion Plaintiffs oppose. However, on April 20, 2007, Plaintiffs filed a motion to remand the First Amended Complaint to the Fresno County Superior Court. (Doc. 15).

B. MOTION TO REMAND.
Plaintiffs move to remand the action to the Fresno County Superior Court on the ground that "no federal question exists (since all of the causes of action in the [FAC] are state laws) so that there is no federal subject matter jurisdiction." Plaintiffs assert that BC Life improperly removed the Complaint to this Court:
As further clarified by the Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint filed herein, the Plaintiffs' lawsuit against Defendant Blue Cross does not contain any causes of action arising under any federal statute, and certainly not arising under ERISA, as was wrongly claimed by Defendant Blue Cross in its Removal. 28 U.S.C. § 1441 provides in pertinent part:
(a) Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or defendants, to the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending ....
(b) Any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States shall be removable without regard to the citizenship of the parties ....
(c) Whenever a separate and independent claim or cause of action with the jurisdiction conferred by section 1331 [federal question] of this title is joined with one or more otherwise non-removable claims or causes of action, the entire case may be removed and the district court may determine all issues therein, or, in its discretion, may remand all matters in which State law predominates.
The removal statute is strictly construed against removal and federal jurisdiction must be rejected if there is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance. Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir.1992). The burden of establishing federal jurisdiction falls on the party invoking removal. Harris v. Provident Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 26 F.3d 930, 932 (9th Cir.1994).
In determining the existence of removal jurisdiction, the Court ordinarily looks to the complaint as originally filed, and not as amended. Id. "[J]urisdiction must be analyzed on the basis of the pleadings filed at the time of removal without reference to subsequent amendments ... Because of this rule, a plaintiff may not compel remand by amending a complaint to eliminate the federal question upon which removal was based." Sparta Surgical Corp. v. National Ass'n of Securities Dealers, Inc., 159 F.3d 1209, 1213 (9th Cir.1998). Given that the Complaint alleged a cause of action under ERISA and sought relief under ERISA, Plaintiffs' contention that the Complaint was improperly removed on the basis of ERISA preemption is totally unfounded. Plaintiffs filed the FAC to compel remand by eliminating the ERISA cause of action. In Barraclough v. ADP Automotive Claims Services, 818 F.Supp. 1310, 1311-1312 (N.D.Cal.1993), the plaintiff filed a complaint in state court asserting a claim under the Americans with Disabilities Act. After defendant removed the action, the plaintiff moved to remand on the ground that the District Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. The District Court held:
Barraclough contends that this court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over her claim against ADP because her only federal claim lacks merit. The date upon which Barraclough bases her cause of action for wrongful termination is September 30, 1991. The ADA did not become effective until July 26, 1992 ... Since the wrongful termination occurred before the effective date of the ADA, Barraclough's claim under the ADA is meritless. Therefore, with her only federal claim devoid of any merit, Barraclough argues that the court has no basis for federal jurisdiction and should remand the matter to state court.
The law is clear, however, that a plaintiff should not be permitted to `effectuate remand by pointing out the flaws in her own complaint, in effect arguing for dismissal of that claim ***.' Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 611 F.Supp. 781, 784 (D.C.Wyo.1985). Similarly, the court in Sarmiento v. Texas Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, 939 F.2d 1242, 1245 (5th Cir.1991), held that the fact that a federal claim lacks merit does not deprive the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. In the present case, Barraclough argues for remand on just that ground.
Because plaintiff is asserting a federal claim (whether or not meritorious), defendant has a right to a federal forum. As stated in Austwick v. Board of Education, 555 F.Supp. 840, 842 (N.D.Ill.1983), `A federal forum for federal claims is certainly defendant's right.' Even if plaintiff's federal claim is meritless, as plaintiff now claims, defendant is entitled to have the court so determine. Only when the merits of the ADA have been decided and the claim dismissed will remand be proper.
To the extent that Plaintiffs seek remand on the ground that the removal of the Complaint was improper, Plaintiffs' motion to remand is DENIED.

C. MOTION TO DISMISS.
Defendant moves to dismiss the state law contract and tort claims alleged in the FAC pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on the ground that these claims are preempted by ERISA. Defendant also contends that Dr. Flam has no standing to pursue an ERISA claim as an assignee of health care benefits because of the anti-assignment provision in the health care plan, nor as a third party beneficiary of the health care plan.[2]

1. GOVERNING STANDARDS.
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of the complaint. Novarro v. Black, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001). Dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957). Dismissal is warranted under Rule 12(b)(6) where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or where the complaint presents a cognizable legal theory yet fails to plead essential facts under that theory. Robertson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 749 F.2d 530, 534 (9th Cir.1984). In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must assume the truth of all factual allegations and must construe all inferences from them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir.2002). However, legal conclusions need not be taken as true merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations. Ileto v. Glock, Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir.2003). Immunities and other affirmative defenses may be upheld on a motion to dismiss only when they are established on the face of the complaint. See Morley v. Walker, 175 F.3d 756, 759 (9th Cir.1999); Jablon v. Dean Witter & Co., 614 F.2d 677, 682 (9th Cir. 1980) When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint, documents relied upon but not attached to the complaint when authenticity is not contested, and matters of which the court takes judicial notice. Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705-706 (9th Cir.1988).[3]

2. ERISA PREEMPTION.
In contending that ERISA preempts the state law tort and contract claims alleged in the FAC, Defendant submits the Declaration of Susan L. Horthy, employed as a Legal Assistant in Defendant's Legal Department. Attached to Ms. Horthy's Declaration is a copy of Leonel DaRosa's "2-50 Small Group Employee Application', showing that Mr. DaRosa was employed by Contente Dairy. Mr. DaRosa selected medical coverage "Premier
PPO $20 Copay" and "authorize[d] my employer to deduct from my earnings the contribution (if any) required to apply toward the cost of this plan." Also attached is a copy of Contente Dairy's "2-50 Small Group Employer Application". Under the provision for "Employer Medical Contribution Option", Contente Dairy selected "Traditional Contribution" with the employee to contribute 90% per month.
The parties do not dispute that the insurance policy at issue is an ERISA plan within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1). 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) provides in pertinent part:
Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, the provisions of this subchapter and subchapter III of this chapter shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan described in section 1003(a) of this title and not exempt under Section 1003(b) of this title .... Section 1144(b)(2)(A) provides in pertinent part: "[N]othing in this subchapter shall be construed to exempt or relieve any person from any law of any State which regulates insurance ...."
The starting point for determining whether ERISA preempts a state law is Section 1144(a). The Supreme Court has emphasized the broad effect of Section 1144(a). See California Division of Labor Standards v. Dillingham, 519 U.S. 316, 324 (1997)(quoting prior cases using the phrases "clearly expansive", "broad scope", "expansive sweep", "broadly worded", "deliberately expansive", and "conspicuous for its breadth".). The Supreme Court has stated that "[a] law `relates to' an employee benefit plan, in the normal sense of the phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan." Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133, 139 (1990). "Where a State's law acts immediately and exclusively upon ERISA plans ... or where the existence of ERISA plans is essential to the law's operation ... that `reference' will result in preemption." Dillingham, 519 U.S. at 325. With regard to the phrase "connection with", the Supreme Court holds: "[T]o determine whether a state law has the forbidden connection, we look both to `the objectives of the ERISA statute as a guide to the scope of the state law that Congress understood would survive,' as well as to the nature of the effect of the state law on ERISA plans." Dillingham, id. In analyzing these objectives "[t]he basic thrust of the pre-emption clause [is] to avoid a multiplicity of regulation in order to permit the nationally uniform administration of employee benefit plans." New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 657 (1995). The Supreme Court has also emphasized that "[t]he principal object of the [ERISA] statute is to protect plan participants and beneficiaries." Boggs v. Boggs, 520 U.S. 833, 845 (1997). However, the Supreme Court "has established a presumption that Congress did not intend ERISA to preempt areas of `traditional state regulation' that are "quite remote from the areas with which ERISA is expressly concerned  `reporting, disclosure, fiduciary responsibility, and the like.'" Rutledge v. Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson, 201 F.3d 1212, 1217, amended, 208 F.3d 1170 (9th Cir.), cert. denied 531 U.S. 992 (2000), citing Dillingham, 519 U.S. at 330.

a. DR. FLAM'S FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD CAUSES OF ACTION.
Paragraph 1 of the FAC alleges that "[p]rior to the filing of this First Amended Complaint, Maria Quaresma, as the sole heir and Successor In Interest of Leonel DaRosa, assigned to Dr. Flam Decedent DaRosa's claim for insurance benefits against Defendants as herein set forth and Dr. Flam is now the legal owner and holder thereof."
Plaintiffs' contend that Dr. Flam's First, Second and Third Causes of Action are not preempted by ERISA because these causes of action are based on a valid assignment of payment by Mr. DaRosa to Dr. Flam. Plaintiffs assert that, therefore, Dr. Flan is a "non-ERISA entity" whose claims against Defendant in these causes of action cannot be preempted.
Plaintiffs cite General American Life Ins. Co. v. Castonguay, 984 F.2d 1518 (9th Cir.1993). In Castonguay, an insurer, General, brought an action against an ERISA trust and its trustee, alleging breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation. The ERISA trust provided health and other benefits to participating car dealers and their employees. The ERISA trust bought an insurance policy from General, under which General was to pay part of the claims made the trust's plan members. The trust was to pay the remainder, but if it could not, General would protect the plan members by paying on their behalf and then seeking reimbursement from the trust. In order to protect itself in the event of the trust's insolvency, General drafted an agreement to permit either party to cancel the policy on a month's notice, to permit General to periodically demand audited financial statements, and to permit General to cancel cancel the policy immediately if the trust did not provide audited financial statements. By the end of 1987, the trust was in the red, but General did not look at any financial statements when it renewed the insurance policy in 1988. Instead, General relied on representations of the trust's agent in the renewal negotiations that the trust was solvent but that no financial statements were available, and in a document provided by the trust's agent listing the trust's assets but not its liabilities. When General finally realized that the trust was insolvent, General canceled the insurance policy and brought suit. At issue on appeal was the personal liability of the trustees for the $3 million shortfall. Noting that questions concerning a trustee's liability for a trust's debts are normally determined by state law, the Ninth Circuit held:
But this is no ordinary trust. It's an employee benefit plan trust, and under ERISA `any and all State laws' are preempted `insofar as they ... relate to any employee benefit plan.' ... ERISA's preemption clause is one of the broadest ever enacted by Congress ... and it preempts even generally applicable laws, not just laws aimed exclusively at employee benefit plans .... The difficulty is that ERISA doesn't preempt all generally applicable laws whenever they happen to affect an employee benefit plan. The Supreme Court has explained that much of state tort law and contract law isn't preempted. See Mackey v. Lanier Collection Agency & Serv., Inc., 486 U.S. 825, 832-33... (1988). Likewise, state law isn't preempted when an employee benefit plan acts as employer ..., or as stockholder ... It's far easier to make `I know it when I see it' decisions in this field than to come up with a general rule, but we must try. The key to distinguishing between what ERISA preempts and what it does not lies, we believe, in recognizing that the statute comprehensively regulates certain relationships: for instance, the relationship between plan and plan member, between plan and employer, between employer and employee (to the extent an employee benefit plan is involved), and between plan and trustee ... Because of ERISA's explicit language ... and because state laws regulating these relationships (or the obligations flowing from these relationships) are particularly likely to interfere with ERISA's scheme, these laws are presumptively preempted. But ERISA doesn't purport to regulate those relationships where a plan operates just like any other commercial entity  for instance, the relationship between the plan and its own employees, or the plan and the landlord from whom it leases office space. State law is allowed to govern these relationships, because it's much less likely to disrupt the ERISA scheme than in other situations.
Moreover, if these relationships were governed by federal law, federal courts would have to invent a federal common law of contracts, torts, property, corporations  something that would run against the grain of our federal system ....
To determine a state law is preempted we must look at whether is encroaches on the relationships regulated by ERISA. State tort and contract causes of action, for instance, don't apply to transactions between plans and their participants ..., because the relationship between a plan and participant is, under ERISA, a matter of exclusively federal concern ... Wrongful discharge laws don't apply to employee terminations carried out to avoid benefit payments, because the employer-employee relationship is  insofar as it deals with benefit plans  also an exclusively federal matter ... State law can, however, apply to transactions between plans and their creditors or their landlords or their own employees, because those relationships are outside ERISA's purview. Under this approach, the first question we ask is whether the state law reaches a relationship that is already regulated by ERISA. It doesn't matter whether the state law regulates the relationship directly (by telling the parties what they can or cannot do) or indirectly (by imposing on the parties extra duties that flow from their conduct in the relationship). Any regulation of the relationship is basis enough for preemption. Here, the state law subjects trustees to personal liability on account of things they do in discharging their responsibility to the trust. ERISA already regulates the trust-trustee relationship: For instance, it gives the trustees the authority to control and manage the plan, 29 U.S.C. § 1102, imposes on them a fiduciary duty to the plan's beneficiaries, 29 U.S.C. § 1104, demands that they avoid certain conflicts of interest, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1106-1107, and makes them personally liable to the plan for breach of fiduciary duty, 29 U.S.C. § 1109. And Cal.Prob.Code § 18000 certainly regulates this relationship, because it imposes an extra burden on trustees by virtue of their part in the relationship. This burden affects the trustees' conduct just as surely as direct regulation would; a trustee exposed to additional personal liability for his acts as trustee may act much more timidly than one who's immunized from such liability. Moreover, adding to the trustees' personal obligations can make it harder for plans to find qualified trustees, who may be frightened away by the specter of personal liability ....
Because the state law here regulates one of the relationships regulated by ERISA, we must give effect to ERISA's broad preemption clause. The liability of the trustees in this case must be governed by federal, not California, law.
984 F.2d at 1521-1522.
Plaintiffs also contend that "state law claims by a healthcare provider such as Plaintiff Dr. Flam against a medical insurance company such as Blue Cross for benefit payment (such as Plaintiff Dr. Flam's individual claims in light of the pre-approval, and assigned claims against Defendant Blue Cross) are generally not subject to removal to federal courts because the physician/provider is neither an ERISA plan `beneficiary' nor a `participant.'".
Plaintiffs cite Blue Cross of California v. Anesthesia Assocs. Med. Group, Inc., 187 F.3d 1045, 1053 (9th Cir.1999), as authority that a physician provider's claims do not affect the relationship between the insurance company and the beneficiaries.[4]
In Anesthesia Assocs., Blue Cross brought actions to compel arbitration of medical providers' claims for breach of provider agreements. The litigation arose from a fee dispute between four medical providers who participated in the Prudent Buyer Plan, a medical care plan offered by Blue Cross. As part of the Prudent Buyer Plan, Blue Cross entered into a standardized contract, the Participating Physician Agreement (the provider agreement), with physicians. Under the provider agreements, Blue Cross agreed to identify the participating physicians in the information materials distributed to members of the Prudent Buyer Plan and to direct its subscribers to these physicians. In turn, the physicians agreed to accept payment from Blue Cross for services rendered to Prudent Buyer Plan subscribers according to specified fee schedules. In the provider agreements, the physician agreed to "seek, accept and maintain evidence of assignment for the payment of Medical Services provided to Members by PHYSICIAN under the applicable Prudent Buyer Benefit Agreement", that "PHYSICIAN shall seek payment only from BLUE CROSS for the provision of Medical Services," except pursuant to specified exceptions", that "PHYSICIAN agrees to accept the fee schedule as provided in Exhibit B, attached and made part of this Agreement, or PHYSICIAN's covered billed charges, whichever is less, as payment in full for all Medical Services provided to Members." The provider agreements provided for review of new fee schedules by the Blue Cross Physician Advisory/Relations Committee prior to adoption. The provider agreements included arbitration provisions in which the parties agreed to submit disputes concerning the terms of the provider agreements to arbitration pursuant to California law. Each of the medical providers had some patients who were enrolled in the Prudent Buyer Plan as part of a health benefit plan covered by ERISA. The dispute between the medical providers and Blue Cross related to changes in the fee schedules that Blue Cross allegedly made in 1993-1995. 187 F.3d at 1048-1049. The District Court rejected Blue Cross' argument that the medical providers' claims related to an ERISA-covered plan under 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). On appeal, the Ninth Circuit ruled that the medical providers claims were not preempted by ERISA's civil enforcement provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a), or ERISA's express preemption provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). With regard to Section 1132(a), the Ninth Circuit held:
Under ERISA § 502(a), a civil action may be brought by an ERISA plan participant or beneficiary seeking to `recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.' 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Blue Cross contends that our decision in Misic v. Building Serv. Employees Health & Welfare Trust, 789 F.2d 1374 (9th Cir.1986), is dispositive of our analysis under § 502(a). We disagree. In Misic, a dentist rendered dental services to beneficiaries of an ERISA plan that provided dental benefits of 80 percent of the cost of their dental care. See id. at 1376. The beneficiaries assigned their rights to reimbursement to the dentist who in turn billed the plan directly. When the plan did not pay 80 percent of the dentist's bill, the dentist sued to recover the deficiencies in payment. See id. The court held that unlike pension benefits, which may not be assigned to others, see ERISA § 206(d), 29 U.S.C. § 1056(d), ERISA does not prohibit the assignment by a beneficiary of his or her right to reimbursement under a health care plan to the health care provider. See id . at 1377. The Misiccourt further held that because a health care provider-assignee stands in the shoes of the beneficiary, such a provider has standing to sue under § 502(a)(1)(B) to recover benefits due under the plan. Accordingly, as we later commented, Misic `affirmed the principle that ERISA preempts the state law claims of a provider suing as an assignee of a beneficiary's right to benefits under an ERISA plan.' The Meadows v. Employers Health Ins., 47 F.3d 1006, 1008 (9th Cir.1995). Misic does not address, much less control, the circumstances presented here. In Misic, the provider had no contractual agreement with his patient's health benefit plan, such as a provider agreement, specifying his fee entitlements. It is clear in Misic that the provider sought, as an assignee, to recover reimbursement due to his assignors under the terms of the benefit plan; indeed, the terms of the benefit plan were the provider's only basis for his reimbursement claim. Here, in contrast, the Providers and Blue Cross have executed provider agreements, and it is the terms of the provider agreements that Providers contend Blue Cross has breached. Indeed, the Providers are asserting contractual breaches, and related violations of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, that their patient-assignors could not assert: the patients simply are not parties to the provider agreements between the Providers and Blue Cross. The dispute here is not over the right to payment, which might be said to depend on the patients' assignments to the Providers, but the amount, or level, of payment, which depends on the terms of the provider agreements. Blue Cross also argues that the reference in the provider agreements to `PHYSICIAN's covered billed charges' shows that the Providers' claims depend on the interpretation of the terms of the plan. As noted above, this phrase appears in version B of the provider agreements:
PHYSICIAN agrees to accept the fee schedule as provided in Exhibit B, attached to and made part of this Agreement, or PHYSICIAN's covered billing charges, whichever is less, as payment in full for all Medical Services provided to members. ... But the Providers' claims arise from Blue Cross' alleged breach of the provider agreements' provisions regarding fee schedules, and the procedure for setting them, not what charges are `covered' under the Prudent Buyer Plan. The Providers' claims, therefore, do not rest upon this term of the Prudent Buyer Plan. Where the meaning of a term in the Plan is not subject to dispute, the bare fact that the Plan may be consulted in the course of litigating a state-law claim does not require that the claim be extinguished by ERISA's enforcement provision. See Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512 U.S. 107, 123-25 ... (1994)(stating rule that need to refer to collective bargaining agreement did not bring claims within § 301, the enforcement provision of the Labor-Management Relations Act ....
In view of the fact that, although beneficiaries of ERISA-covered plans have assigned their rights to reimbursement to the Providers, the Providers are asserting state law claims arising out of separate agreements for the provision of goods and services, we find no basis to conclude that the mere fact of assignment converts the Providers' claims into claims to recover benefits under the terms of an ERISA plan ....
Id., at 1050-1052. With regard to Blue Cross' argument that ERISA's express preemption provision applied to the medical providers' claims on the grounds that the claims will impose economic burdens on ERISA plans and their beneficiaries and will implicate relationships regulated by ERISA, the Ninth Circuit, relying on New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655 (1995), and De Buono v. NYSA ILA Med. and Clinical Servs. Fund, 520 U.S. 806 (1997), ruled that the economic effects that the medical providers' claims might have on ERISA plans are not sufficient for preemption to occur. Id. at 1052-1054.
Plaintiffs further assert that "the law is clear that claims under ERISA do not cover such non-enumerated parties as assignees", citing Allstate Insurance Company v. 65 Security Plan, 879 F.2d 90, 94 (3rd Cir.1989) and Harris v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co., 26 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir.1994). In 65 Security Plan, Allstate brought suit in state court against a beneficiary and an ERISA employee benefit plan providing medical insurance, to determine whether the insurer's medical coverage or that of the ERISA plan's was primary. At the time Michael Lindemuth was involved in an automobile accident, he was covered as a dependent under Allstate's no-fault automobile insurance policy issued to his father, and also covered as a dependent under a medical insurance program provided by the ERISA plan. Following the accident, claims for no-fault insurance benefits were presented to Allstate, which paid the claims. Allstate thereafter contended that its insurance policy only provided "excess" coverage and that the ERISA plan must both reimburse Allstate for its payments to Lindemuth and assume responsibility for all such future payments. The ERISA plan, citing its own "escape" and "excess" clauses, contended that it was not the primary insurer and refused to reimburse Allstate. 879 F.2d at 92. Allstate's complaint sought an order that (1) Lindemuth's medical expenses are included within the coverage of the Plan and that Allstate is only secondarily liable for them; and ( the Plan for Lindemuth's medical expenses paid to date. The Third Circuit held that ERISA's civil enforcement provision, Section 1132 pre-empted Allstate's claims:
... ERISA nowhere provides an express cause of action in favor of a non-ERISA insurance company for contribution or indemnity from an ERISA plan. In this respect, the case before us is much like the situation before the court in Franchise Tax Board v. Construction Laborers Vacation Trust, 463 U.S. 1 ... (1983). There, a state tax authority filed suit in state court in an attempt to levy on funds held in trust by an ERISA plan and the plan removed the case to a federal district court. The Supreme Court held that there was no removal jurisdiction because Section 502(a) [Section 1132(a)] did not create a `cause of action in favor of state governments, to enforce tax levies or for any other purpose.' Id. at 25 ....
Appellees argue, however, that Allstate's complaint does state a cause of action explicitly recognized under ERISA in that Allstate is in some manner subrogated to beneficiary Lindemuth's claim against the Plan under section 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), the statutory provision that authorizes a beneficiary's suit to recover benefits from an ERISA plan. We have recently considered and rejected a similar argument, however. In Northeast Department, ILGWU v. Teamsters Local Un. No. 229, 764 F.2d 147 (3rdCir.1985), one ERISA plan sued another claiming contribution and indemnity in connection with benefits it had paid to a participant of both plans. This court held `that the express jurisdictional provisions of ERISA, found in 29 U.S.C. § 1132, do not authorize federal jurisdiction over a suit... brought by a pension fund and its trustee against another pension fund.' 764 F.2d at 154. In rejecting the genre of subrogation analysis urged by appellees as a basis for jurisdiction under section 502(a)(1)(B), this court reasoned that `Congress simply made no provision in 1132(a)(1)(B) for persons other than participants or beneficiaries to sue, including persons purporting to sue on their behalf.' Northeast Dept., 764 F.2d at 154 n.6. We also observed that a prior precedent of this court `implicitly adopted the view that § 1132 must be read narrowly and literally' and that such `a reading precludes the interpretation that a pension fund or a trustee (fiduciary) of a fund can sue under § 1132(a)(1)(B) on behalf of participants or beneficiaries.' Id. at 153.
Moreover, turning to the second prong for `complete preemption,' our attention has not been directed to any evidence of an intent on the part of Congress to permit removal of the type of state-law claims made by Allstate in cases where the plaintiff relies exclusively on state law.
Id. at 94.
In Harris v. Provident Life, a former employee brought an action alleging state law causes of action for misrepresentation and breach of contract with respect to coverage under the employer's health care plan, and alleging a claim under ERISA for breach of fiduciary duty. The Ninth Circuit ruled in pertinent part:
... Whether a person is a plan participant must be decided as of the time of the filing of the lawsuit ... At the time of filing suit, Lawrence Harris was a former employee of Lincoln. A former employee is a plan participant only if he has `a reasonable expectation of returning to covered employment or [has] a colorable claim to vested benefits.' Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 117 ... (1989)... The Harrises have not established that Lawrence Harris has either. As such, Lawrence Harris is not a plan participant and therefore we have no jurisdiction to hear the Harrises' ERISA claim for breach of fiduciary duty ....
Id. at 933. The Ninth Circuit further held that, because Harris was not a plan participant, their state law claims were not within the scope of Section 1132(a) and therefore not completely preempted. Id. at 934.
Plaintiffs' contention that the First, Second, and Third Causes of Action brought by Dr. Flam as the assignee of Mr. Da Rosa's claims against BC Life are not subject to ERISA preemption is not supported by the cases upon which Plaintiffs rely and is not supported by Ninth Circuit precedent, precedent not cited or distinguished by Plaintiffs. As Defendant contends, the controlling Ninth Circuit case is Misic v. Building Serv. Employees Health & Welfare Trust, supra, 789 F.2d 1374 (9th Cir.1986), the case distinguished by the Ninth Circuit in Blue Cross of California v. Anesthesia Assocs. Med. Group, Inc., supra, 187 F.3d 1045.
In Misic, a dentist rendered dental services to beneficiaries of an ERISA plan that provided dental benefits of 80 percent of the cost of their dental care. 789 F.2d at 1376. The beneficiaries assigned their rights to reimbursement to the dentist who in turn billed the plan directly. When the plan did not pay 80 percent of the dentist's bill, the dentist sued to recover the deficiencies in payment. See id. The Ninth Circuit rejected the argument that, because only the parties named in Section 1132 have standing to sue under ERISA, and assignees are not named, Dr. Misic did not have standing to sue under ERISA:
These arguments mistakenly treat Dr. Misic as a suitor in his own right. Dr. Misic sues derivatively, as assignee of beneficiaries.
As paragraph 12 of the complaint alleges, Dr. Misic `stands in the shoes of the [b]eneficiaries;' and Dr. Misic's assignors, beneficiaries under the Act, are expressly authorized by section 1132(a)(1)(B) to sue to recover benefits due under a plan....
We conclude Dr. Misic, as assignee of beneficiaries pursuant to assignments valid under ERISA, has standing to assert the claims of his assignors.
Id. at 1378-1379.
Plaintiffs' failure to discuss Misic and their reliance on cases distinguishable from the allegations in the FAC, compel the conclusion that the First, Second and Third Causes of Action, brought by Dr. Flam as the assignee of Mr. DaRosa's claims against Defendant under the ERISA plan are governed and pre-empted by ERISA because, as discussed infra, the claims assigned to Dr. Flam by Mr. DaRosa are pre-empted by ERISA. Defendant contends that Dr. Flam's causes of action based on the assignment to him by Mr. DaRosa must be dismissed because Part XI, General Provisions, of the Blue Cross Policy, attached to the FAC as Exhibit 2a-c, provides:
Benefits Not Transferable: You and your eligible Family Members are the only persons entitled to receive benefits under this Combined Evidence of Coverage and Disclosure Form. The right to benefits cannot be transferred. FRAUDULENT USE OF SUCH BENEFITS WILL RESULT IN CANCELLATION OF THIS COMBINED EVIDENCE OF COVERAGE AND DISCLOSURE FORM AND APPROPRIATE LEGAL ACTION WILL BE TAKEN.
Relying on this policy provision, Defendant suggests that Dr. Flam does not have standing to sue for the recovery of Mr. DaRosa's ERISA benefits. Defendant cites Davidowitz v. Delta Dental Plan of California, Inc., 946 F.2d 1476 (9th Cir.1991). In Davidowitz, Delta Dental Plan provided dental benefits to employees under a welfare benefit plans governed by ERISA. Under the plans, Delta agreed to pay 70% of the beneficiary's dental bill and the beneficiary paid the co-payment balance. Some of the dental service providers participated, while others did not. A beneficiary was free to go to either a participating or a non-participating dentist; in either case, Delta paid the same percentage of the bill. However, Delta paid participating dentists directly, while non-participating dentists must collect from the beneficiary. In consideration for direct Delta payment, participating dentists agreed to bill and attempt to collect the co-payment from beneficiaries, and to meet Delta quality standards. Neither obligation applied to non-participating dentists. To circumvent non-direct payment, some non-participating dentists asked beneficiaries to assign their rights to receive Delta's checks to the dentists in exchange for a waiver of the co-payment. Delta's plans provided: "Payment for services provided by a dentist who is not a Participating Dentist shall be made to an Eligible Person, and shall not be assignable." Appellees, a group of non-participating dentists, sought a preliminary injunction ordering Delta to honor beneficiary assignments. The District Court granted the preliminary injunction and the Ninth Circuit reversed, concluding that "ERISA welfare plan payments are not assignable in the face of an express non-assignment clause in the plan." 946 F.2d at 1481.
Plaintiffs respond that Blue Cross' contention "is based solely on the misinterpretation of a vague and ambiguous clause in the insurance contract which prohibits the transfer of the health care policy itself." Plaintiffs assert that the above-quoted language in the policy "is a prohibition only to the transfer of the health care policy itself, and not the accounts receivable from Plaintiff Decedent DaRosa and Plaintiff Dr. Flam." Comparing the "Benefits Not Transferable" provision in the Blue Cross policy to the anti-assignment provision in the Delta Dental plans at issue in Davidowitz, Plaintiffs argue that the Blue Cross provision "is far less expressive about the prohibition of assignment of payment for services" and that "[o]n its face, the language is clearly the prohibition of the transfer of the health care policy [sic]." Plaintiffs cite Royal Indem. Co. v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., 516 F.2d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir.1975):
It is well settled that when a contract of insurance is drafted by the insurer, any ambiguity, uncertainty, or doubt is to be resolved by a construction favoring the insured.
Plaintiffs also refer to Feit v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 209 Cal.App.2d Supp. 825, 828 (1962):
It is a generally accepted rule of construction that ambiguities in a contract of insurance are to be resolved against the insurer who drafted the same and in favor of the insured ... Furthermore, policies of insurance are to be given a reasonable construction, and not one that leads to an absurd result.
Relying on these cases, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant's attempt to construe the "Benefits Not Transferable" provision to prohibit the assignment of accounts receivable to Dr. Flam leads to an absurd result:
[I]t would indeed be absurd to construe the language of a clause which limits the transfer of a health insurance policy to include the assignment of payments. If such an agreement were contemplated, surely it would have been made in express, specific, and unambiguous terms.
Plaintiffs' argument that the "Benefits Not Transferable" provision only prohibits transfer of the policy is belied by the terms of the provision itself. There is no language in that provision from which such a construction can be inferred. The provision very clearly states that the right to benefits cannot be transferred.
Defendant's motion to dismiss the First, Second and Third Causes of Action of the Amended Complaint asserted by Dr. Flam as assignee of Decadent DaRosa's claims is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND on the basis of ERISA preemption, see discussion infra, and because of Dr. Flam's lack of standing to assert these claims.

b. Dr. Flam's Fourth through Twelfth Causes of Action.
Defendant further argues that Dr. Flam's state law contract or quasi-contract causes of action (B 4-6) and his state law tort claims based on Defendant's preapproval (C 7-12) are preempted by ERISA. The Fourth Cause of Action is for breach of contract and/or promissory estoppel and alleges that Dr. Flam and Defendant entered into an oral agreement whereby Defendant agreed to provide health insurance to Decedent DaRosa "so as to pay the bills of Decedent DaRosa's treating physician (Dr. Flam) as to the aforementioned Alimta treatments; that Defendant breached its oral agreement by failing to provide health insurance for the Alimta treatments for which Dr. Flam obtained pre-approval from Defendant and by failing to timely reconsider its denial of Decedent DaRosa's claim upon receiving Decedent DaRosa's/Dr. Flam's valid appeal with supporting documents and/or by failing to consult with Dr. Flam.
The Fifth Cause of Action is for declaratory relief and alleges:
53. A controversy has arisen and exists between Dr. Flam and the Defendants concerning their respective rights and duties as to the parties' agreements and the provisions of the policies (and the above-described promissory estoppel pre-approval) at issue regarding BC Life's obligations to properly reconsider Decedent DaRosa's/Dr. Flam's request with respect to the denial of health insurance coverage by BC Life to Decedent DaRosa for payment to Dr. Flam. Dr. Flam seeks a declaration of his rights and the Defendants' duties under the parties' agreements and policies (and under promissory estoppel pre-approval, including a determination that Decedent DaRosa is entitled to the health insurance benefits, and that Dr. Flam is thus entitled to payment by BC Life for the medical treatment he provided to Decedent DaRosa (after pre-approval from BC Life.
The Sixth Cause of Action is captioned "Breach of Quasi-Contract (Common Count of Quantum Meriut)" and alleges that "[b]etween May 2005 and October 2006, on BC Life's promise to pay the reasonable value of the Alimta treatments provided by Dr. Flam to Decedent DaRosa, Dr. Flam provided Decedent DaRosa with Alimta for the purpose of treating Decedent DaRosa's cancer" and that BC Life has wrongfully refused to pay for the Alimta treatments despite its pre-approval, and that "[a]s a result of BC Life's breach of the oral pre-approval agreement and unjustifiable refusal to pay Dr. Flam for the Alimta treatments, Dr. Flam has sustained substantial damages."
The Seventh Cause of Action is for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The Seventh Cause of Action alleges that Dr. Flam obtained pre-approval from BC Life and rendered treatment to Decedent DaRosa in reliance of BC Life's pre-approval promise of payment; that implied within the pre-approval was BC Life's agreement to act in good faith and deal fairly with Dr. Flam in carrying out its responsibilities under the pre-approval promise; and that BC Life failed in these obligations. The Seventh Cause of Action further alleges:
62. Implicit in BC Life's obligations to act fairly and in good faith toward Dr. Flam (in light of its pre-approval for Alimta treatment) was its duty to timely reconsider its denial of the claim for payment upon receiving a valid appeal with supporting documents and/or to consult with Decedent DaRosa's physicians.
63. BC Life breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith toward Dr. Flam by failing to uphold its obligations as to its pre-approval of the Alimta treatment as well as to timely reconsider its denial of the claim upon receiving a valid appeal with supporting documents and/or failing to consult with Decedent DaRosa's physicians. BC Life further breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith towards Dr. Flam by:
(a) Failing to acknowledge and promptly respond to Decedent DaRosa/Dr. Flam's tender for insurance benefits as required under California Insurance Code §§ 790.03(h)(2)(3) [sic];
(b) Failing to acknowledge receipt of the claim and/or to begin any necessary investigation of the claim within fifteen (15) days of receipt of the claim as mandated by 10 California Code of Regulations § 2695.2(e); and,
(c) Failing to accept or deny a claim for insurance benefits within forty (40) days of notification of the insured's claim as required under 10 California Code of Regulations § 2695.7(b)(d) [sic].
64. BC Life also breached its duties in light of the fact that California law is clear that an insurance company cannot deny the use of a particular drug treatment when the following criteria are satisfied: (a) the drug is approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration ...; (b) the drug is prescribed by a participating licensed health care professional for the treatment of a life-threatening condition; and (c) the drug has been recognized for treatment of that condition by two articles from major peer reviewed medical journals that present data supporting the proposed off-label use or uses as generally safe and effective unless this is [sic] clear and convincing contradictory evidence presented in a major peer reviewed medical journal. (See Cal.Health & Safety Code § 1367.21; and Cal.Ins. Code § 10123.195.) Here, Alimta has been approved by the FDA, Alimta was prescribed by Dr. Flam (a participating licensed health care professional), Alimta was prescribed for Decedent DaRosa's life-threatening cancer condition, Alimta has been recognized for treatment of medical conditions such as Decedent DaRosa's by at least two articles from major peer reviewed medical journals that present data supporting the proposed off-label use of Alimta as generally safe and effective, and this is [sic] no clear and convincing contradictory evidence presented in a major reviewed [sic] medical journal regarding the fact that Alimta should not be used to treat medical conditions such as Decedent DaRosa's. [underlining omitted].
The Eighth Cause of Action is for negligence. The Eighth Cause of Action alleges that prior to entering into the above-mentioned agreement to pay Dr. Flam, BC Life, through its authorized representatives, represented that Decedent DaRosa would be entitled to health insurance benefits for payment to Dr. Flam; that the policy of insurance clearly provides for the treatment sought by DaRosa and recommended by his doctors; and that, prior to rendering the treatment, Dr. Flam obtained pre-approval for BC Life and rendered the treatment in reliance on BC Life's pre-approval promise of payment. The Eighth Cause of Action further alleges:
68. At all times herein relevant, the conduct of BC Life was negligent and constituted a breach of its duties, including, but not limited to, statutory duties, common law duties, and other duties mandated by law. BC Life and its agents represented that they were experts and held themselves out as having superior training, education, and knowledge in the insurance industry. By reason of such expertise and/or of its representations of possessing such expertise, BC Life is held to a higher standard of care. In view of the relationship between the parties and the representations of BC Life and its agents, Dr. Flam relied completely on BC Life to timely, fairly, and adequately provide treatment payments to Dr. Flam without appeal and/or to promptly reconsider its denial of Dr. Flam's claim upon receiving a valid appeal with supporting documents, as well as to consult with ... Dr. Flam ... Further, as a BC Life approved treating physician, Dr. Flam reasonably expected BC Life to pay for services rendered to Decedent DaRosa, especially since BC Life pre-approved the treatment before it was rendered. Further, BC Life breached its duty of care to Dr. Flam by failing to timely and reasonably reconsider its post-treatment refusal to pay after BC Life had provided pre-approval for the treatment.
69. BC Life failed to conduct and complete its reconsideration in a proper and timely manner, it failed to consult with Decedent DaRosa's physicians, and BC Life wrongfully asserts that Decedent DaRosa is not entitled to the insurance benefits for payment to Dr. Flam for which Decedent DaRosa has paid substantial premiums, and for which Dr. Flam relied on to his extreme financial detriment.
70. BC Life has, and had, a duty to Dr. Flam, to act at all times with due and reasonable care for the interests of the insured's pre-approved physician; yet BC Life failed to do so.
The Eighth Cause of Action also claims that BC Life breached its duty "by acting or failing to act in a manner consistent with the reasonable standard of care required by applicable case law, California statutory law, California regulations, and other similar standards, in its conduct of failing and refusing to timely reconsider a valid appeal with supporting documents relating to the health insurance provided by BC Life to Decedent DaRosa and/or failing to consult with ... Dr. Flam ..." and that "BC Life breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith towards Dr. Flam" by failing to act with regard to the California Insurance Code provisions and regulations quoted above in Paragraphs 63-64 of the FAC.
The Ninth Cause of Action is for fraud and deceit. The Ninth Cause of Action alleges that, prior to entering into the above-mentioned agreement to pay Dr. Flam, BC Life, through its authorized representatives, represented that Decedent DaRosa would be entitled to health insurance benefits for payment to Dr. Flam; that the policy of insurance clearly provides for the treatment sought by DaRosa and recommended by his doctors; and that, prior to rendering the treatment, Dr. Flam obtained pre-approval for BC Life and rendered the treatment in reliance on BC Life's pre-approval promise of payment. The Ninth Cause of Action further alleges:
77. Dr. Flam is informed, believe [sic], and allege [sic] that the above-mentioned representations and pre-approval by BC Life, through its agents, were in fact false and fraudulent when made. The true facts were that BC Life did not intend to provide Decedent DaRosa with health insurance benefits so as not to pay Dr. Flam after he provided treatment. Instead, BC Life intended to deal with Dr. Flam in bad faith and with the intention of using any method at its disposal to avoid legitimate payment under the insurance policy.
78. When BC Life, through its agents, made its representations, BC Life knew them to be false. BC Life made the statements with the intent to defraud and deceive Dr. Flam in inducing Dr. Flam to provide unreimbursed treatment to Decedent DaRosa.
79. Dr. Flam ... was ignorant of the falsity of these representations and believed them to be true. In reliance on the ... representations, Dr. Flam was induced to buy the medications and administer treatment to Decedent DaRosa all to Dr. Flam's extreme financial detriment. Had Dr. Flam/DaRosa known the true facts, Dr. Flam would not have provided the treatment to Decedent DaRosa.
80. Dr. Flam reasonably and justifiably relied on said representations in view of the superior knowledge of BC Life's agents and the quasi-fiduciary relationship between an insurer and its insured....
82. BC Life pursued said course of conduct intentionally, maliciously, oppressively, fraudulently, deceitfully, with a conscious disregard, and/or with reckless disregard of the likelihood of causing financial injury to Dr. Flam. BC Life made these false and deceitful representations with the sole purpose of furthering its own economic interest at the expense of Dr. Flam's economic interest. BC Life further breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith towards Dr. Flam by [by failing to act with regard to the California Insurance Code provisions and regulations quoted above in Paragraphs 63-64 of the FAC.]...
84. Dr. Flam is informed, believe, and allege [sic] that all the alleged acts described herein were performed or ratified by BC Life's managerial employees with malicious and fraudulent intent who acted with actual knowledge that BC Life's conduct would cause Dr. Flam harm, and Dr. Flam is therefore entitled to recover punitive and/or exemplary damages .... The Tenth Cause of Action is for negligent misrepresentation. The Tenth Cause of Action is based on the same misrepresentations described in the Ninth Cause of Action and alleges that "BC Life made the representations without reasonable grounds for believing them to be true."
The Eleventh Cause of Action is for fraud  false promise.
The Eleventh Cause of Action is based on the same misrepresentations described in the Ninth Cause of Action. The Eleventh Cause of Action further alleges that Dr. Flam "was ignorant of BC Life's secret intention not to perform and Dr. Flam, could not, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, have discovered BC Life's secret intention not to perform"; that BC Life failed to abide by its promises; that the conduct of BC Life "was an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment of a material fact known to BC Life with the intention on the part of BC Life of thereby fraudulently depriving Dr. Flam of legal rights or otherwise causing injury and was despicable conduct that subjected Dr. Flam to cruel and unjust hardships in conscious disregard of Dr. Flam's rights, so as to justify an award of exemplary and punitive damages." The Eleventh Cause of Action further alleges that "BC Life breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith towards Dr. Flam" by failing to act with regard to the California Insurance Code provisions and regulations quoted above in Paragraphs 63-64 of the FAC. The Eleventh Cause of Action alleges:
99. The acts of Defendants and each of them (including but not limited to the Doe Defendants), as alleged herein, constitutes wrongful conduct performed with oppression, fraud or malice, so that Dr. Flam (in addition to actual damages) is entitled to an award of exemplary and punitive damages under California Civil Code § 3294. BC Life's conduct constitutes malice under CCC § 3294 because its conduct was either intended to cause injury to Dr. Flam or was despicable conduct which was carried on by BC Life in willful and conscious disregard (i.e., wanton) of the rights and safety to others. Alternatively, BC Life's conduct constitutes fraud under CCC § 3294 because its conduct was either an intentional misrepresentation, or deceit, or a concealment of a material fact known to BC Life, thereby depriving Dr. Flam of a property or legal right or otherwise causing injury. Further, BC Life's conduct constituted oppression under CCC § 3294 because its conduct was despicable conduct that subjected Dr. Flam to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard to Dr. Flam's rights.
The Twelfth Cause of Action is for violation of the California Unfair Business Practices Act, Business & Professions Code §§ 17200 et seq. The Twelfth Cause of Action alleges that Defendant engaged in unfair competition and unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business practices "as alleged in this Complaint [sic], including failing to properly reconsider its denial of Dr. Flam's claim upon receiving Dr. Flam's appeal with supporting documents and/or failing to consult with Decedent DaRosa's physicians." The Twelfth Cause of Action alleges that Defendant "further breached its obligations and duties to act fairly and in good faith" towards Dr. Flam by [by failing to act with regard to the California Insurance Code provisions and regulations quoted above in Paragraphs 63-64 of the FAC.] The Twelfth Cause of Action alleges that Defendant has been "unjustly enriched and should be required to disgorge the funds paid to it and be restrained and enjoined from engaging in such acts in the future" and that:
105. Dr. Flam's success in this action will enforce important rights affecting the public interest; namely, the rights of every insured in California (and that insured's BC Life approved physician) who contracts with BC Life for health insurance and who properly and fully pays the premiums on their BC Life health insurance policy in order to be covered when the need for medical treatment arises; as well as the myriad physicians who obtained pre-approval from BC Life for a specific treatment and then administered the treatment at their own cost to their extreme financial detriment. Dr. Flam herein takes upon himself to enforce these insurance contracts and lawful claims. This is a financial burden incurred in pursuing this action and it would be against the interests of justice to penalize Dr. Flam by forcing him to pay attorneys' fees from the recovery in this action. Therefore, an award of reasonable attorneys' fees is appropriate pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure § 1021.5.
Plaintiffs argue that these twelve causes of action are not preempted by ERISA because Dr. Flam is a "non-ERISA entity" and cannot have his individual claims preempted, citing Allstate Ins. Co. v. 65 Security Plan, supra, 879 F.2d 90 and Harris v. Provident Life and Accident Insurance Co., supra, 26 F.3d 930. In The Meadows v. Employers Health Ins., 47 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir.1995), a third-party health care provider brought an action against a health insurer for state law claims arising out of the insurer's alleged misrepresentation concerning whether patients were covered by the policy. In pertinent part the Ninth Circuit ruled: We hold that the district court correctly concluded that the independent state law claims of the The Meadows, a third-party provider, lie outside the bounds of the ERISA `relates to' standard because neither The Meadows nor the Friedels had any existing ties to the ERISA plan in 1990.
A recent decision of our Court supports this conclusion. In Harris v. Provident Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 26 F.3d 930 (9th Cir.1994), an employee decided not to purchase ERISA benefits because he relied on certain misrepresentations of the ERISA agent. He then sued the ERISA plan for fraud under ERISA and applicable state statutes. We held that because the employee never became a plan beneficiary, he lacked standing to claim an injury under ERISA. Id. at 933. However, we went on to hold that the employee's `remaining state claims are not within the scope of § 1132(a) and therefore not completely preempted.' Id. at 934 ....
Other courts have adopted similar rationales for allowing independent state claims to proceed despite ERISA. In Memorial Hospital System v. Northbrook Life Ins. Co., 904 F.2d 236, 245 (5th Cir.1990), the Fifth Circuit noted that courts have found preemption if (1) the state law claims address areas of exclusive federal concern, such as the right to receive benefits under an ERISA plan; and (2) the claims directly affect the relationship among the traditional ERISA entities (the employer, the plan and its fiduciaries, and the participants and beneficiaries). See also Hook v. Morrison Mining Co., 38 F.3d 776, 781 (5th Cir.1994). The Fifth Circuit held that a third-party's independent claims for damages for misrepresentation of coverage against an ERISA plan do not fall within the scope of these two factors. Memorial Hospital, 904 F.2d at 245. First, the court pointed out that Congress enacted ERISA to protect the interests of employees and their beneficiaries under employee benefit plans. A third-party provider's claims for unfair and deceptive trade practices against a plan does not infringe upon an area which Congress sought to regulate exclusively under ERISA. Id.at 247. See also Weaver v. Employers Underwriters, Inc., 13 F.3d 172, 176-77 (5th Cir.1994)(state law claims by independent contractor, who was not a participant or beneficiary, did not affect the relationship between the traditional ERISA entities; therefore claims were not preempted); Fugarino v. Hartford Life and Acc. Ins. Co.th, 969 F.2d 178, 186 (6 Cir.1992)('if the plaintiff is not a "participant" or "beneficiary," he may sue under and seek the broader relief provided by state tort law'), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 113 S.Ct. 1401... (1993); Hospice of Metro Denver, Inc. v. Group Health Ins., 944 F.2d 752, 756 (10th Cir.1991)(declining to find preemption because hospice's estoppel claim against insurance provider did not involve the administration of the ERISA plan, the processing of a covered claim, nor the rights of an ERISA participant or beneficiary); Hoag Memorial Hospital v. Managed Care Administrators, 820 F.Supp. 1232, 1235 (C.D.Cal.1993)(ERISA does not preempt hospital's state law claims for misrepresentation of coverage because suit did not involve the administration of the ERISA plan); Martin v. Pate, 749 F.Supp. 242, 246 (S.D.Ala.1990)(employee may maintain state action for fraud because misrepresentations occurred before employee became a beneficiary under ERISA plan.), aff'd, 934 F.2d 1265 (11th Cir.1991). Second, the Fifth Circuit explained that if a patient was not covered under the ERISA plan, despite the Plan's assurances to the contrary, a provider's subsequent civil recovery against the insurer in no way expands the rights of the patient to receive benefits under the terms of the plan. 904 F.2d at 246.
In short, as the above discussion demonstrates, courts have held that ERISA does not preempt a third-party provider's independent state law claims against a plan precisely because those claims do not `relate to' the administration of an ERISA plan. In the instant case, that the Friedels were not beneficiaries of any plan at the time Employers Health misrepresented the existing coverage is further reason to conclude that The Meadows' claim does not `relate to' the provisions of the ERISA plan.
47 F.3d at 1009-1010.
In Cedars-Sinai Medical Center v. National League of Postmasters of the United States, 497 F.3d 972 (9th Cir.2007), Cedars-Sinai, a health services provider brought a state court action against the administrator of an ERISA plan, PBP Health, alleging, inter alia, breach of contract and negligent misrepresentation in connection with partial reimbursement of claims for treatment of an employee/plan enrollee. The Ninth Circuit agreed with Cedars-Sinai that its independent, non-derivative claims for breach of contract and negligent misrepresentation were not preempted by ERISA, relying on The Meadows, supra, and Memorial Hospital System, supra. These Ninth Circuit decisions support denial of the motion to dismiss to the extent Dr. Flam's causes of action are based on allegations of breach of contract and misrepresentation based on allegations that Defendants promised or pre-approved reimbursement for the cancer treatment at issue.
However, the Fourth through Twelfth Causes of Action include allegations that Defendant failed to process Decedent DaRosa's claim within time limits set forth in California Insurance Code § 790.03(h) and 10 California Code of Regulations §§ 2695.2 and 2695.7, and denied Dr. Flam's claim for reimbursement in violation of California Health & Safety Code § 1367.21 and California Insurance Code § 10123.195. These allegations "relate to" the ERISA plan because these state laws encroach on a relationship regulated by ERISA, i.e., between the ERISA plan and the beneficiary, Decedent DaRosa.
Defendant's motion to dismiss the Fourth through Twelfth Causes of Action is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.

c. Decedent DaRosa's State Law Causes of Action. The Thirteenth through Twenty-Third Causes of Action are brought by Decedent DaRosa. As noted above, these causes of action are as follows:
13. Breach of Implied Covenant Of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
14. Tortious Bad Faith Breach Of The Duty Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing
15. Negligence
16. Fraud/Deceit
17. Negligent Misrepresentation
18. Fraud  False Promise
19. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Against All Defendants
20. Violation of California Unfair Business Practices Act
21. Equitable Relief Of Reformation Based On Fraud
22. Ambiguity, Mutual Mistake, or Unconscionability Equitable Relief of Rescission and Restitution
23. Unjust Enrichment Against All Defendants.
All of these causes of action as well as the First, Second and Third Causes of Action, contain essentially the same allegations as set forth above in connection with Dr. Flam's state law causes of action.
Defendant moves to dismiss these causes of action on the ground of ERISA preemption.
In Pilot Life Insurance Company v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41 (1987), the Supreme Court addressed whether ERISA preempts state common law tort and contract actions asserting improper processing of a claim for benefits under an ERISA plan. The Supreme Court held:
There is no dispute that the common law causes of action asserted in Dedeaux's complaint `relate to' an employee benefit plan and therefore fall under ERISA's express pre-emption clause, § 514(a). In both Metropolitan Life, supra Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., supra, and, 463 U.S., at 96-100 ..., we noted the expansive sweep of the pre-emption clause. In both cases, `[t]he phrase "relate to" was given its broad common-sense meaning, such that a state law "relate[s] to" a benefit plan "in the normal sense of the phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan."' Metropolitan Life, supra, 471 U.S., at 739 ..., quoting Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, supra, 463 U.S., at
97. In particular we have emphasized that the pre-emption clause is not limited to `state laws specifically designed to affect employee benefit plans.' Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, supra, at 98 ... The common law causes of action raised in Dedeaux's complaint, each based on alleged improper processing of a claim for benefits under an employee benefit plan, undoubtedly meet the criteria for pre-emption under § 514(a).
481 U.S. at 47-48.
In Cleghorn v. Blue Shield of California, 408 F.3d 1222 (9th Cir.2005), Cleghorn, a health plan participant sued the insurer in state court, alleging on behalf of himself, all others similarly situated, and the general public, claims under the California Unfair Competition Law and California Consumer Legal Remedies Act. Cleghorn's complaint requested general damages, injunctive relief, disgorgement of illegally-gained profits, and punitive damages. The action was removed on the ground of ERISA preemption. Cleghorn then amended his complaint to delete his individual claims. The District Court denied Cleghorn's motion to remand and, after Cleghorn declined to amend the complaint to include claims under ERISA's civil enforcement scheme, dismissed the action. The Ninth Circuit, relying primarily on Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200 (2004), held in pertinent part:
... ERISA section 502(a) contains a comprehensive scheme of remedies to enforce ERISA's provisions. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a). A state cause of action that would fall within the scope of this scheme of remedies is preempted as conflicting with the intended exclusivity of the ERISA remedial scheme, even if those causes of action would not necessarily be preempted by section 514(a) [29 U.S.C. § 1144(a)]. See Davila, 124 S.Ct. at 2498 n.4. It is this second strand of ERISA's preemptive force that precludes Cleghorn's action.
Section 502(a) of ERISA provides, among other things, that `[a] civil action may be brought... by a participant or beneficiary ... to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan ....' 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a). When Cleghorn sought benefits under the plan and did not receive them, he did not pursue his ERISA remedy but instead brought the present state-law claims. These are precisely the kind of claims that the Supreme Court in Davila held to be pre-empted. In Davila, the plaintiffs were denied coverage or reimbursement for certain medical services by their ERISA plan administrators. They similarly declined to pursue their ERISA remedies and instead brought state tort claims to enforce duties of care imposed by state statutes. See Davila, 124 S.Ct. at 2499. The Supreme Court held that the state causes of action were preempted even though:
(1) they were tort claims (unlike ERISA claims), (2) they were based on an external state statutory duty, and (3) they did not duplicate ERISA remedies. See id. at 2498-2499. As the Court summarized: `Congress' intent to make the ERISA civil enforcement mechanism exclusive would be undermined if state causes of action that supplement the ERISA § 502(a) remedies were permitted, even if the elements of the state cause of action did not precisely duplicate the elements of an ERISA claim.' Id. at 2499-2500; see also Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41,
54 ... (1987)(noting that the `policy choices reflected in the inclusion of certain remedies and the exclusion of others under the federal scheme would be completely undermined if ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries were free to obtain remedies under state law that Congress rejected in ERISA.'); Elliott v. Fortis Benefits Ins. Co., 337 F.3d 1138, 1147 (9th Cir.2003) (holding that an action `which seeks non-ERISA damages for what are essentially claim processing causes of action[] clearly falls under the § 1132 preemption exemplified by Pilot Life.'); Dishman v. UNUM Life Ins. Co., 269 F.3d 974, 983 (9th Cir.2001)(ruling that `[c]laimants simply cannot obtain relief by dressing up an ERISA benefits claim in the garb of a state law tort.').
Cleghorn argues that his claims no longer implicate ERISA because he amended his complaint to delete his individual claim. Artful pleading does not alter the potential for this suit to frustrate the objectives of ERISA. The only factual basis for relief pleaded in Cleghorn's complaint is the refusal of Blue Shield to reimburse him for the emergency medical care he received. Any duty or liability that Blue Shield had to reimburse him `would only here only because of [Blue Shield's] administration of ERISA-regulated benefit plans.' Davila, 124 S.Ct. at 2498. Even the class claim does not aid Cleghorn, for he is a participant in an ERISA plan and brings his action on behalf of others similarly situated. Cleghorn's claim therefore cannot be regarded as independent of ERISA.
408 F.3d at 1225-1226.
In Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 437 U.S. 134, 148 (1985), the Supreme Court held:
[T]he relevant text of ERISA, the structure of the entire statute, and its legislative history all support the conclusion that in § 409(a) Congress did not provide, and did not intend the judiciary to imply, a cause of action for extra-contractual damages caused by improper or untimely processing of benefit claims.
Governing case law cited above establishes that the First, Second and Third Causes of Action assigned to Dr. Flam by Decedent DaRosa and Decedent DaRosa's causes of action alleged in the Thirteenth through Twenty-Third Causes of Action are preempted by ERISA. The motion to dismiss the First, Second, Third and Thirteenth through Twenty-Third Causes of Action is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND to seek civil enforcement of ERISA benefits pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a).

d. ERISA "SAVINGS CLAUSE".
Plaintiffs argue that all of the causes of action alleged in the Amended Complaint are not preempted because of 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A): "[N]othing in this subchapter shall be construed to exempt or relieve any person from any law of any State which regulates insurance ...."
Plaintiffs assert that the "gravamen of every one of the Plaintiffs' causes of action is based on the alleged violation of the California Insurance Code, California Health & Safety Code, California Business & Professions Code, and/or other California common law duties; all of which reflect a clear State policy of regulating insurance by prohibiting the bad faith failure by insurers such as Defendant Blue Cross to promptly pay the rightful claims of an insured such as Plaintiff Decedent DaRosa and/or his assignee Plaintiff Dr. Flam."
Plaintiffs cite Lewis v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 78 F.Supp.2d 1202 (N.D.Okla.1999).
In Lewis, following payment of the insurance proceeds, the beneficiary of a decedent's life insurance policy issued as part of an employee benefit plan sued the insurance company in state court, alleging breach of contract and bad faith based on undue delay in payment, and seeking compensatory and punitive damages. The District Court, discussing the cause of action for tortious breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing recognized in Oklahoma by Christian v. American Home Assurance Co., 577 P.2d 899 (Okla.1977), ruled that the cause of action constitutes a state law that regulates insurance under 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). 78 F.Supp.2d at 1212-1214.
Plaintiffs do not point out that this holding in Lewis is not followed by the Tenth Circuit or by the Supreme Court of Oklahoma. See Conover v. Aetna US Healthcare, Inc., 167 F.Supp.2d 1317, 1319-1322 (N.D.Okla.2001), aff'd, 320 F.3d 1076 (10th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 936 (2004); Holloway v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of America, 89 P.3d 1022 (Okla.2003). Plaintiffs also cite Hood v. Prudential Insurance Company of America, 460 So.2d 1227 (Ala.1984).
In Hood, a discharged employee, Hood, brought suit against the insurer, Prudential, and an ERISA plan for bad-faith refusal to pay a claim under a group disability policy. The Supreme Court of Alabama agreed with Hood that, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A), Alabama law governs and regulates insurance companies:
It is evident that through federal legislation Congress sought to protect ERISA styled pension plans from the intrusion of state regulation. See Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, 451 U.S. 504 ... (1981). Nevertheless, as evidenced by the saving clause, Congress intended for the regulation of the insurance industry to remain within the province of state law. (There is no federal regulation of that industry.) Prudential relies heavily upon Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan ... to support its argument that a state claim for bad faith refusal to pay is preempted by federal law. In Alessi, the Supreme Court held that a New Jersey statute concerning workmen's compensation disability benefits `related to' ERISA pension plans and was therefore preempted by federal law insofar as the statute eliminated one method for calculating pension benefits under ERISA pension plans. Id., 451 U.S. at 524 ... The New Jersey statute purported to prohibit offsetting workmen's compensation disability benefits against employees' retirement pension benefits or payments. In application, this statute effectually eliminated one method of calculating pension benefits specifically provide for under ERISA. In contrast to the situation in Alessi, a bad faith refusal to pay action brought against Prudential, an insurance company, neither directly nor indirectly affects the terms or conditions of employee benefit plans governed by ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1144(c)(2). Title 29 U.S.C., § 1144(b)(2)(B), restricts the application of the saving clause in § 1144(b)(2)(A) for the purpose of directly or indirectly regulating ERISA pension plans. It reads in part:
'(B) Neither an employee benefit plan described in section 1003(a) of this title, ... nor any trust established under such a plan, shall be deemed to be an insurance company or other insurer, bank, trust company, or investment company or to be engaged in the business of insurance or banking for purposes of any law of any State purporting to regulate insurance companies, insurance contracts, banks, trust companies, or investment companies.' This provision further prohibits the state regulation of ERISA plans, under the authority of the saving clause, simply because the plan may act as self-insurer on all of its benefits. Wadsworth v. Whaland, 562 F.2d 70 (1stCir.1977); see also Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Barnes, 425 F.Supp. 1294 (N.D.Cal.1977). However, in the instant case, the plan is not acting as a self-insurer, but rather has obtained a group benefit policy from Prudential. Clearly, Prudential is the insurer and the plan is the insured. Accordingly, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(B) in nowise prohibits the regulation of Prudential merely because the plan is one of the policyholders. Wayne Chemical, Inc. v. Columbus Agency Service Corporation, 567 F.2d 692 (7 thCir.1977); Cate v. Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Alabama, 434 F.Supp. 1187 (E.D.Tenn.1977).
Based on the foregoing, we must conclude that Hood's bad faith refusal to pay claim against Prudential does not affect the terms and conditions of ERISA pension plans and is authorized by 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). We hold that Hood's claim against Prudential does not `relate to' ERISA pension plans as contemplated by 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) and therefor is not preempted by federal law.
460 So.2d at 1230-1231. But see Simmons v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 641 F.Supp. 675, 678 (D.Colo.1986)("In face of over-whelming opinion to the contrary ... [t]he case of Hood v. Prudential Ins. Co., seems to be the aberration, not the rule.") Plaintiffs do not cite any Ninth Circuit or Supreme Court authority in support of their position.
Defendant cites Kanne v. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co., 867 F.2d 489, 493-494 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 906 (1988). In Kanne the Ninth Circuit held that California Insurance Code § 790.03(h) is preempted by ERISA. The Ninth Circuit assumed, without deciding, that Section 790.03(h) is a law regulating insurance under the savings clause, but concluded:
The Kannes' argument asks us to limit Pilot Life's preemption holding to only those state law which do not fall within the savings clause. To accept this argument, however, we would have to ignore the second half of Pilot Life, 107 S.Ct. at 1555-58, in which the Court made abundantly clear that its preemption holding was equally based on its acceptance of the Solicitor General's view that `Congress clearly expressed an intent that the civil enforcement provisions of ERISA § 502(a) be the exclusive vehicle for actions by ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries asserting improper processing of a claim for benefits.' Id. at 1555. The Court stated:
In sum, the detailed provisions of § 502(a) set forth a comprehensive civil enforcement scheme that represents a careful balancing of the need for prompt and fair claims settlement procedures against the public interest in encouraging the formation of employee benefit plans. The policy choices reflected in the inclusion of certain remedies and the exclusion of others under the federal scheme would be completely undermined if ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries were free to obtain remedies under state law that Congress had rejected in ERISA.
Id. at 1556. We do not find it possible to read this language in a way that permits a state statute like § 790.03(h) to supplement the ERISA civil enforcement provisions available to remedy improper claims processing. Accordingly, the Kannes' state statutory cause of action for mishandling of their insurance claim is also preempted.
In McBride v. PLM International, Inc., 179 F.3d 737, 744-745 (9th Cir.1998), the Ninth Circuit held that a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing was preempted by ERISA. See also Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 703-704 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1001 (1998):
Parrino's causes of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and for civil conspiracy are both predicated upon alleged defects in FHP's procedures for processing health insurance claims. These causes of action therefore fall within the scope of Section 502(a)(1)(B), which embraces claims by ERISA plan participants `asserting improper processing of [insurance claims],' Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 56 ... (1987), and are completely preempted by ERISA. In Kentucky Ass'n of Health Plans, Inc. v. Miller, 538 U.S. 329 (2003), the Supreme Court ruled:
Today we make a clean break from the McCarran-Ferguson factors and hold that for a state law to be deemed a `law ... which regulates insurance' under § 1144(b)(2)(A), it must satisfy two requirements. First, the state law must be specifically directed toward entities engaged in insurance. See Pilot Life, supra, at 50; UNUM, supra, at 368; Rush Prudential, supra, at 366. Second,... the state law must substantially affect the risk pooling arrangement between the insurer and the insured. Id. at 341-342. Prior to this holding, the Supreme Court utilized the test first articulated in Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 740 (1985), and described in UNUM Life Insurance Co. of America v. Ward, 526 U.S. 358 (1999) as follows:
Our precedent provides a framework for resolving whether a state law `regulates insurance' within the meaning of the saving clause. First, we ask whether, from a `common-sense view of the matter,' the contested prescription regulates insurance. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts Pilot Life, 471 U.S. 724, 740 (1985); see, 481 U.S. at 48. Second, we consider three factors employed to determine whether the regulation fits within the `business of insurance' as that phrase is used in the McCarran-Ferguson Act ..., 15 U.S.C. § 1011 et seq.: `first, whether the practice has the effect of transferring or spreading a policyholder's risk; second, whether the practice is an integral part of the policy relationship between the insurer and the insured; and third, whether the practice is limited to entities within the insurance industry.' Metropolitan Life, 471 U.S., at
473 ...; see also Pilot Life, 481 U.S., at 48-49. A recent Ninth Circuit decision of assistance in resolving this issue is Elliot v. Fortis Benefits Ins. Co., 337 F.3d 1138 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1090 (2003). In Elliot, an insured sued a long-term disability benefits insurer, asserting claims under ERISA for the policy benefits, and under Montana's Unfair Trade Practices Act for non-ERISA compensatory and punitive damages. The district court granted the insurer's motion for judgment on the pleadings, basing its finding of preemption of two separate ERISA provisions:
First, the district court held that the express preemption of ERISA § 514, 29 U.S.C. § 1144, which contains both a preemption and a saving clause, defeated Elliott's state law claims. Second, the district court noted that even if it were to find the substantive provisions of the UTPA not preempted, ERISA § 502(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a), would preempt the enforcement of the UTPA which allows her to enforce the state law rights.
337 F.3d at 1141-1142. The Ninth Circuit discussed the various Supreme Court decisions addressing the application of Section 1144(b)(2)(A), including UNUM Life Insurance Co. of America v. Ward, id. at 1142-1146. The Ninth Circuit stated:
... Following [UNUM] ..., we might well find that the UTPA to be specifically directed toward entities engaged in insurance, and it is certainly possible that we would find the UTPA to substantially affect the risk pooling arrangement between the insurer and the insured ... As things stand, however, we do not have to reach these issues because Pilot Life's theory of § 1132 preemption has been narrowly but sufficiently re-affirmed by the Supreme Court subsequent to UNUM's footnote seven and the question it might raise.
The level of preemptive force of § 1132 was clarified in Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, 536 U.S. 355 ... (2002). In considering an Illinois law that provided a right to independent medical review of certain denials of benefits, the Supreme Court concluded that, while the independent review may resemble a separate arbitration proceeding going beyond ERISA's enforcement provisions, the independent review was not precluded by the preemptive principle of Pilot Life. Rush Prudential, 536 U.S. AT 380-81. In reaching this conclusion, Rush Prudential removed much of the precedential force of this aspect of Pilot Life, calling Pilot Life'sdictum discussion of preemption by § 1132 `dictum.' Id.at 377 ... The Rush Prudential court explained the genesis of Pilot Life's invocation of § 1132, and recharacterized Pilot Life's holding to mean only that `ERISA would not tolerate a diversity action seeking monetary damages for breach generally and for consequential emotional distress, neither of which Congress had authorized in § 1132(a).' Id . at 378 ... The Rush Prudential Pilot Lifecourt noted that only once since, in Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133 ... (1990), had it re-affirmed the Pilot Life conclusion that § 1132 might preempt a state remedy. Rush Prudential, 536 U.S. at 379 ... According to the Court in Rush Prudential Ingersoll-Rand, the problem in was that a `state law duplicated the elements of a claim available under ERISA' while converting the remedy `from an equitable one under § 1132(a)(3) ... into a legal one for money damages.' Id. The Court explained, thus narrowly reaffirming Pilot Life, that preemption by § 1132 constitutes `a limited exception from the saving clause' for causes of action and remedies alternative to ERISA. Id. at 381... While the Court described this exception to the saving clause as quite limited, the exception does include state causes of action that would `significantly expand[] the potential scope of ultimate liability imposed upon employers' by ERISA, and such claims are preempted. Id. at 379 ... In other words, § 1132's preemptive effect depends on the nature of the state remedy, including the availability of non-ERISA compensatory and punitive damages. Thus, the availability of such non-ERISA damages is a strong indicator that a state cause of action may be preempted.
Applying Rush Prudential as controlling here would dictate preemption. But there are two possible distinctions between Rush Prudential and the instant case. First, Montana's UTPA arguably does not fall squarely under Rush RandPrudential's characterization of Ingersoll. According to Rush Prudential, the problem with the state law cause of action in Ingersoll-Rand was that it `duplicated the elements of a claim available under ERISA, [but] converted the remedy. Rush Prudential, 536 U.S. at 379 ... In contrast, here the UTPA may instead provide rights in addition to those provided by ERISA by, for example `obligating insurers to make advance payments before the duty to indemnify under the policy is triggered.' Ridley, 951 P.2d at 992. We do not, however, read Rush Prudential's re-affirmation of Pilot Life as limited narrowly to the precise circumstances of Ingersoll-Rand. See Rush Prudential, 536 U.S. at 380... (citing Pilot Life, Ingersoll-Rand and Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134 ... (1985), as examples of the types of cases invoking § 1132 preemption). The instant action, which seeks non-ERISA damages for what are essentially claim processing causes of action, clearly falls under the § 1132 preemption exemplified by Pilot Life Rush . Also, Elliot asks us to distinguish Prudential on the ground that its main concern was the potential liability imposed upon employers, whereas the present action is against an insurance company rather than an employer. While this may be true, the nature of the defendant alone does not suffice to save a claim which conflicts with ERISA'S enforcement scheme. Cf. Bast, 150 F.3d at 1008 (noting that for questions of ERISA preemption, `[t]he key issue is whether the parties' relationships are ERISA-governed relationships' and not the precise roles played by the parties). Section 1132, as construed by Rush Prudential, thus preempts Elliot's claims. Unlike the notice-prejudice rule involved in UNUM, which only provided a `relevant rule of decision' for a suit brought under § 1132, UNUM, 526 U.S. at 366 ..., Elliot's claim relies in the first instance on Montana's UTPA's civil enforcement provision, Mont.Code Ann. § 33-18-242. Unlike the not preempted independent review mechanism of Rush Prudential, Mont.Code Ann. § 33-18-242 provides damages above and beyond those provided in ERISA, including punitive damages. Because the present case `involve[s] the sort of additional claim or remedy exemplified in Pilot Life,' Rush Prudential, 536 U.S at 380, it falls within § 1132 preemption. Accord Fink v. Dakotacare, 324 F.3d 685, 689 (8th Rush Prudential Cir.2003)(applying and declaring a state claims processing law preempted); Conover v. Aetna U.S. Health Care, Inc., 320 F.3d 1076, 1079-80 (10th Cir.2003)(same); Caffey v. UNUM Life Ins. Co., 302 F.3d 576, 582 (6th Cir.2002)(same); Emil v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., ... 2003 WL 256781 (M.D.Pa.Feb.5,2003)(same).
337 F.3d at 1146-1148.
Subsequent to Elliot, the Supreme Court in Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 216-217 (2004) held in pertinent part: Respondents ... argue ... that the THCLA is a law that regulates insurance and hence that ERISA § 514(b)(2)(A) [29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A)] saves their causes of action from pre-emption (and thereby complete pre-emption). This argument is unavailing. The existence of a comprehensive remedial scheme can demonstrate an `over-powering federal policy' that determines the interpretation of a statutory provision designed to save state law from being pre-empted. Rush Prudential, 536 U.S. at 375. ERISA's civil enforcement provision is one such example. See ibid. As this Court stated in Pilot Life, `our understanding of [§514(b)(2)(A)] must be informed by the legislative intent concerning the civil enforcement provisions provided by ERISA §502(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a).' 481 U.S., at 52. The Court concluded that `[t]he policy choices reflected in the inclusion of certain remedies and the exclusion of others under the federal scheme would be completely undermined if ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries were free to obtain remedies under state law that Congress rejected in ERISA.' Id., at 54. The Court then held, based on
`the common-sense understanding of the saving clause, the McCarran-Ferguson Act factors defining the business of insurance, and most importantly, the clear expression of congressional intent that ERISA's civil enforcement scheme be exclusive, ... that [the plaintiff's] state law suit asserting improper processing of a claim for benefits under an ERISA-regulated plan is not saved by §514(b)(2)(A).' Id., at 57 (emphasis added). Pilot Life's reasoning applies here with full force. Allowing respondents to proceed with their state-law suits would `pose an obstacle to the purposes and objectives of Congress.' Id., at 52. As this Court has recognized in both Rush Prudential and Pilot Life, ERISA §514(b)(2)(A) must be interpreted in light of the congressional intent to create an exclusive federal remedy in ERISA §502(a). Under ordinary principles of conflict pre-emption, then, even a state law that can arguably be characterized as `regulating insurance' will be pre-empted if it provides a separate vehicle to assert a claim for benefits outside of, or in addition to, ERISA's remedial scheme.
542 U.S. at 216-218. As noted supra, the Ninth Circuit applied Davila in Cleghorn v. Blue Shield of California, supra, 408 F.3d at 1225-1226. Plaintiffs total failure to cite Supreme Court or Ninth Circuit authority and the force of the decisions quoted are persuasive that Plaintiffs' assertion that the causes of action alleged in the Amended Complaint are not preempted because of the saving clause of Section 1144(b)(2)(A) are unfounded.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above consistent with this Memorandum Decision and the rulings in open court:
1. Plaintiffs' motion to remand is DENIED;
2. Defendant's motion to dismiss is GRANTED IN PART AND
DENIED IN PART WITH LEAVE TO AMEND:
a. The First, Second, Third and Thirteenth through Twenty-Third Causes of Action are dismissed with leave to amend to allow Decedent DaRosa to seek civil enforcement of ERISA benefits pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a).
b. The Fourth through Twelfth Causes of Action are dismissed with leave to amend to allege claims by Dr. Flam for breach of contract and misrepresentation based on allegations that Defendants promised or pre-approved reimbursement for the cancer treatment at issue. The Fourth through Twelfth Causes of Action are dismissed without leave to amend based on ERISA pre-emption to the extent these causes of action include allegations that Defendant failed to process Decedent DaRosa's claim within the time limits set forth in California Insurance Code § 790.03(h) and 10 California Code of Regulations §§ 2695.2 and 2695.7, and denied the claim for reimbursement in violation of California Health & Safety Code § 1367.21 and California Insurance Code § 10123.195.
3. Counsel for Defendant shall prepare and lodge a form of Order within 5 days of the filing date of this Memorandum Decision;
3. Plaintiffs shall file a Second Amended Complaint in compliance with the rulings herein within 30 days of the filing date of the Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Plaintiffs' Complaint and Amended Complaint are replete with underlined, bolded and/or italicized passages. This format makes the pleadings extremely difficult to read and serves no valid purpose. Plaintiffs are ordered to refrain from this format in future filings in this Court.
[2]  Plaintiffs' brief in opposition to the motion to dismiss is confusingly worded because it keeps referring to removal as being improper. As ruled above, the removal was proper. References to Plaintiffs' arguments using the terms "remove" or removal" in discussing ERISA preemption are because of Plaintiffs' briefs and not because removal remains an issue in resolving the motion to dismiss.
[3]  In an extremely confusing argument, Plaintiffs contend that Defendant's "affirmative defense" of ERISA preemption cannot establish federal subject matter jurisdiction. In so arguing, Plaintiffs cite cases holding that an action may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a federal defense. This argument is without merit. The action was removed because Plaintiff's Complaint alleged an ERISA claim. Because an ERISA claim was alleged in the Complaint, a federal court had and has subject matter jurisdiction. In a footnote, Plaintiffs assert:

[T]he same jurisdictional arguments are pertinent to defeat the instant Motion to Dismiss Because Defendant Blue Cross Relies Solely on its affirmative defense of ERISA preemption [sic].
Plaintiffs cite no authority in support of this contention. In In Estes v. Federal Express Corp., 417 F.3d 870, 872-873 (8th Cir.2005), the Eighth Circuit held:
Estes also argues that the district court erred by prematurely deciding the defendants' affirmative defense of preemption. However, in their notice of removal, the defendants raised the doctrine of complete preemption, contending all of Estes' state law claims `fall within ERISA's civil enforcement scheme', 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).' Estes was unmistakenably placed on notice of the defendants' ERISA preemption contention.
[4]  Plaintiffs also cite Herman Hospital v. MEBA Medical & Benefits Plan, 845 F.2d 1286, 1288-1289 (5th Cir.1988). However, Herman Hospital followed Second Circuit authority and declined to follow Ninth Circuit authority. This Court is bound by Ninth Circuit precedent. Therefore, Herman Hospital is not discussed further.
