[Cite as Grove City v. Sample, 2018-Ohio-4619.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



City of Grove City,                               :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,               :
                                                               No. 18AP-30
v.                                                :        (M.C. No. 17CRB-12663)

Mark K. Sample,                                   :      (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                Defendant-Appellant.              :



                                         D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on November 15, 2018


                On brief: Frost Brown Todd LLC, Stephen J. Smith,
                Thaddeus M. Boggs, and Michelle Y. Harrison, for appellee.
                Argued: Thaddeus M. Boggs.

                On brief: Parks and Meade, LLC, and Darren L. Meade, for
                appellant.

                       APPEAL from the Franklin County Municipal Court
SADLER, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Mark K. Sample, appeals from the judgment entry of
the Franklin County Municipal Court finding appellant guilty of assault. For the following
reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court regarding appellant's guilty plea, reverse
the decision of the trial court regarding the amount of restitution imposed, and remand the
matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} Appellant was charged with assault pursuant to Grove City Code 537.03(A),
a first-degree misdemeanor, following an April 2017 incident in which appellant punched
another person in the head with his fist. The case was transferred from Grove City Mayor's
No. 18AP-30                                                                                2


Court to Franklin County Municipal Court in June 2017 pursuant to R.C. 1905.032.
Appellant initially entered a plea of not guilty and was appointed counsel.
       {¶ 3} On October 30, 2017, plaintiff-appellee, City of Grove City, filed a plea offer
form whereby appellant would agree to a plea of guilty or no contest to one count of assault
with the condition that he would stay away from the victim. The plea offer form notes
appellant's prior record. The form states "[t]here are no other verbal or side agreements
between the Plaintiff and the Defendant in this case." (Emphasis omitted.) (Oct. 30, 2017
Plea Offer Form at 1.) No box is checked to indicate appellant accepted the plea offer, and
appellant's signature is not on the plea offer form.
       {¶ 4} That same day, the trial court held a hearing, and appellant stated he
intended to enter a guilty plea. The trial court handed him a document entitled Advice of
Rights and Waiver of Trial by Jury ("Advice of Rights Form"). Appellant indicated he had
an opportunity to review the Advice of Rights Form with his counsel and had enough time
to review it so that he could "proceed knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily." (Oct. 30,
2017 Tr. at 3.) Appellant told the trial court that he read and understood the Advice of
Rights Form prior to signing it and that he did not need more time. Appellant's counsel
likewise indicated that she believed her client proceeded knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily. The trial court then accepted appellant's guilty plea to the stated charge.
       {¶ 5} After accepting the plea, the trial court allowed counsel for both parties to
speak. Counsel for appellant stated that appellant regrets the way he handled the conflict,
that there were injuries, and the victim was "so upset and so disturbed" by the incident.
(Oct. 30, 2017 Tr. at 4.) Counsel for appellee stated the victim was present at the hearing
and would like to address the court. Counsel for both parties then discussed the possibility
of scheduling an additional hearing for sentencing. Specifically, appellee's counsel stated
"[w]e were requesting a sentencing date to address restitution." (Oct. 30, 2017 Tr. at 5.)
Appellant's counsel added "[i]t is my understating that we needed to get more information
about restitution," to which appellee's counsel replied "[w]ell, I mean, I have a restitution
amount today, but it was my understanding from defense [counsel] that it wasn't
sufficient." (Oct. 30, 2017 Tr. at 5.) Appellant's counsel responded "I was just given a
number and no breakdown of what that number covered." (Oct. 30, 2017 Tr. at 5.)
No. 18AP-30                                                                                 3


       {¶ 6} The trial court requested counsel for both parties approach the bench, and a
discussion was held off the record. The trial court resumed the proceeding stating "it's come
to the Court's notice that defense counsel would like to set this over for sentencing," but
since the prosecuting witness was present, he would be permitted to speak. (Oct. 30, 2017
Tr. at 5.) The victim briefly spoke, noting, in pertinent part, that after appellant assaulted
him, he "had gotten dizzy and thrown up" so he went to Grant Hospital. (Oct. 30, 2017 Tr.
at 6.) There, he received a CT scan and an MRI scan, which showed he had a slight
concussion. The trial court stated it would take the victim's statement into consideration
for sentencing and closed the hearing. The sentence entry filed by the trial court that day
(October 30, 2017) indicates appellant entered a plea of guilty to the stated charge of
assault, the trial court accepted the plea, and a hearing on sentencing would occur at a later
specified date.
       {¶ 7} On December 11, 2017, appellee filed another plea offer form stating
"[appellant] already pled" guilty and under the section for conditions/terms, "$3255.00
restitution to [the victim at the victim's address]." (Dec. 11, 2017 Plea Offer Form at 1.) No
box is checked to indicate appellant accepted the plea offer, and appellant's signature is not
on the plea offer form.
       {¶ 8} The trial court held a sentencing hearing that day. The trial court noted
appellant entered a guilty plea on October 30, 2017. The following discussion, in pertinent
part, then took place:
              [APPELLANT'S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, it's my understating
              no ongoing medical treatment was required. The reason the
              medical bills were so expensive is they did lots of test. There
              was no injury, no follow-up treatment required, just so the
              Court is aware.

              THE COURT: Okay. Are you able to pay or do you want to do
              community service? I think that would probably be better,
              since you are saying – your counsel has indicated that you are
              not able to – it's difficult for you to get a job right now.

              [APPELLANT]: I mean, as soon as I get a job, I'm able to make
              payments if that's what the Court would have me do.

              THE COURT: All right.

              ***
No. 18AP-30                                                                                  4


               [APPELLANT'S COUNSEL]: We would love the community
               service.

               ***

               THE COURT: Okay. Court is going to impose 180 days in the
               Franklin County Correctional Center, suspend 180 for two
               years of community control, order restitution in the amount of
               $3,255. That will be payable to [the victim].

               ***

               [APPELLANT'S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, can the Court
               clarify – It was my understanding that the [community service]
               was as an alternative because he doesn't have employment.

               ***

               THE COURT: He has to pay $3,255, so I would rather him pay
               that money and I'm going to waive the fines and court costs and
               he's going to do the [community service] for the Court. Okay?
               Or I can give him fines and court costs and community service
               of 60 hours.

               [APPELLANT'S COUNSEL]: I would not like him to have the
               fines and court costs.

               ***

               THE COURT: Anything else, Counsel?

               [APPELLANT'S COUNSEL]: No, Your Honor.

(Dec. 11, 2017 Tr. at 4-7.)
       {¶ 9} In the sentencing entry dated December 11, 2017, the trial court indicated that
appellant, represented by counsel, entered a plea of guilty to the charge of assault. The trial
court imposed 180 days, all suspended, and 2 years community control with conditions
including staying away from the victim, no further acts of violence or similar offenses, and
60 hours of community service. The trial court further ordered restitution to the victim in
the amount of $3,255 and waived fees and court costs.
       {¶ 10} Appellant filed a timely appeal.
No. 18AP-30                                                                                   5


II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
           {¶ 11} Appellant assigns the following as trial court error:1
                   [1.] The Appellant's guilty plea was not knowingly, voluntarily
                   made since the Appellant based his plea on the reasonable
                   belief that he would be sentenced to community service in lieu
                   of restitution.

                   [2.] The trial court erred by ordering restitution when the
                   record did not contain competent, credible evidence
                   establishing the amount of loss sustained by the victim.

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
           A. Appellant's First Assignment of Error
           {¶ 12} In his first assignment of error, appellant contends his guilty plea was not
knowingly and voluntarily entered because "he reasonably believed that he would receive
sixty (60) hours of community service in lieu of paying restitution due to his counsel's
conversations with the judge prior to and at sentencing." (Appellant's Brief at 8.) Appellant
does not assert the trial court did not fully comply with the mandates of Crim.R. 11(D).
           {¶ 13} " 'When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea must be made
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Failure on any of those points renders
enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the United States Constitution and the
Ohio Constitution.' " State v. Veney, 120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, ¶ 7, quoting
State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527 (1996). To be voluntary, a guilty plea must be the
expression of the defendant's own free will and must not be induced by threats,
misrepresentations, or improper promises. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 755
(1970).
           {¶ 14} A defendant who challenges his or her guilty plea on the basis that it was not
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made must demonstrate prejudice in order to
invalidate the plea. Veney at ¶ 15; State v. Young, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-292, 2010-Ohio-
5873, ¶ 9. "The test for prejudice is 'whether the plea would have otherwise been made.' "
State v. Williams, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1135, 2011-Ohio-6231, ¶ 36, quoting State v. Nero,
56 Ohio St.3d 106, 108 (1990). "A determination of whether a plea was knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily entered is based upon a review of the record." Young at ¶ 6,

1   Appellant switched the order and numbering of the assignments of error in the analysis.
No. 18AP-30                                                                                 6


citing State v. Vinson, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-903, 2009-Ohio-3240, ¶ 7, citing State v.
Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d 269, 272 (1992).
       {¶ 15} As a preliminary issue, appellant has not provided this court with any legal
authority pertinent to how the expectation of a certain sentence affects a guilty plea. As
such, appellant has not met his burden in demonstrating error on appeal in this regard.
App.R. 16(A)(7); State v. Sims, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1025, 2016-Ohio-4763, ¶ 11 (stating
general rule that an appellant bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating error on
appeal); State v. Smith, 9th Dist. No. 15AP0001n, 2017-Ohio-359,¶ 22 (noting that it is not
the duty of an appellate court to create an argument on an appellant's behalf).
       {¶ 16} Furthermore, the record does not support appellant's argument. First, to the
extent appellant points to conversations with the judge prior to the sentencing hearing, he
relies on information outside the record. As such, those alleged conversations do not
support reversal on appeal. State v. Leeper, 5th Dist. No. 2004CAA07054, 2005-Ohio-
1957, ¶ 41 ("In a direct appeal, a reviewing court may only consider what is contained in the
trial court record."); Young at ¶ 6, 26; State v. Smith, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-636, 2018-Ohio-
2271, ¶ 14, 20; State v. Armstrong, 8th Dist. No. 101961, 2015-Ohio-3343, ¶ 20. Second,
the record shows appellant agreed to plead guilty to the stated charge on October 30, 2017,
when restitution was clearly a possibility that would be resolved at a later date. Even at the
December 11, 2017 sentencing hearing, appellant deferred to the judge's preference
regarding restitution and told the judge that he would be able to make payments as soon as
he got a job. When restitution was imposed, appellant did not move to withdraw his guilty
plea or otherwise indicate his guilty plea was based on his expectation of community service
in place of restitution. Overall, appellant's contention that he entered a guilty plea based
on his understanding the trial court would order community service in place of restitution
is not supported by the record. Young at ¶ 6. Therefore, we find appellant's assignment of
error to lack merit.
       {¶ 17} Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
No. 18AP-30                                                                                                7


        B. Appellant's Second Assignment of Error
        {¶ 18} In his second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court abused
its discretion by ordering restitution when the record did not contain competent, credible
evidence establishing the amount of loss sustained by the victim.2
        {¶ 19} As a preliminary issue, appellee suggests, without providing this court with
legal authority, that appellant waived his right to appeal this issue altogether by executing
a waiver of trial by jury (as a part of entering a guilty plea) and neither questioning the
amount of restitution or objecting to restitution. Our review of the Advice of Rights Form
executed by appellant and the hearing transcript show appellant did not expressly waive
his right to appeal his sentence. Furthermore, our review of case law shows a direct appeal
of the amount of restitution ordered by the trial court is permissible following an offender's
guilty plea. See, e.g., State v. Strickland, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-164, 2008-Ohio-5968, ¶ 9;
State v. Becraft, 2d Dist. No. 2016-CA-9, 2017-Ohio-1464, ¶ 17; State v. Welch, 8th Dist.
No. 105158, 2017-Ohio-7887, ¶ 30; State v. Savage, 4th Dist. No. 15CA2, 2015-Ohio-4205,
¶ 24-26; Leeper at ¶ 18, 39-47. See also State v. Lalain, 136 Ohio St.3d 248, 2013-Ohio-
3093, ¶ 15. However, an offender's alleged failure to dispute or object to the amount of
restitution may affect the standard of review of this court as provided below.
        {¶ 20} In Ohio, trial courts are permitted to impose restitution by statute. A trial
court may, in its discretion, order an offender who committed a misdemeanor to pay
restitution to the victim of his or her crime "in an amount based on the victim's economic
loss." R.C. 2929.28(A)(1).3
        {¶ 21} "Economic loss" is defined as "any economic detriment suffered by a victim
as a direct and proximate result of the commission of an offense and includes any loss of
income due to lost time at work because of any injury caused to the victim, and any property
loss, medical cost, or funeral expense incurred as a result of the commission of the offense."
R.C. 2929.01(L). If the court imposes restitution:
                [T]he court may base the amount of restitution it orders on an
                amount recommended by the victim, the offender, a
                presentence investigation report, estimates or receipts

2 Appellant makes no argument regarding the procedure utilized by the trial court, his own ability to pay, or
the imposition of restitution generally outside of the argument specific to the amount of restitution being
unsupported by evidence in the record.
3 The statute governing imposition of restitution in felony cases, R.C. 2929.18, contains identical language.
No. 18AP-30                                                                                 8


              indicating the cost of repairing or replacing property, and other
              information, provided that the amount the court orders as
              restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic loss
              suffered by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the
              commission of the offense.

R.C. 2929.28(A)(1). If the offender, victim, or survivor disputes the amount of restitution
imposed by the trial court, "the court shall hold an evidentiary hearing on restitution." R.C.
2929.28(A)(1). At the hearing on restitution, the victim or survivor has the burden to prove
by a preponderance of the evidence the amount of restitution sought from the offender.
R.C. 2929.28(A)(1).
       {¶ 22} The record must contain competent, credible evidence from which the court
can discern the amount to a reasonable degree of certainty. State v. Simmons, 10th Dist.
No. 15AP-708, 2017-Ohio-1348, ¶ 46; State v. Thompson, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1004, 2011-
Ohio-5169, ¶ 20. The evidence supporting a restitution order can be either documentary or
testimonial evidence. Simmons. See, e.g., State v. Jackson, 4th Dist. No. 11CA3263, 2012-
Ohio-4235, ¶ 8-11 (finding trial court's restitution order amount, which was based solely on
information contained in the pre-sentence investigation derived from the prosecutor's file,
which the trial court noted is not considered evidence, to be contrary to law).
       {¶ 23} In general, a trial court has discretion to order restitution. Simmons at ¶ 45;
Thompson at ¶ 25. An abuse of discretion requires more than an error of law or judgment;
it connotes that the court's attitude is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.
Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). However, in the present case,
appellant did not contest or object to the specific amount of restitution imposed by the trial
court during the sentencing hearing. As such, he has waived all but plain error review.
Thompson at ¶ 24-25; State v. Hughes, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-196 (Dec. 27, 2001); State v.
Belbachir, 7th Dist. No. 08 BE 24, 2009-Ohio-1511, ¶ 10; Crim.R. 52(B). "Plain error exists
when there is an error that is plain or obvious and that affects a substantial right."
Thompson at ¶ 22.
       {¶ 24} A trial court commits plain error in awarding restitution that is not supported
by competent, credible evidence. State v. Policaro, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-913, 2007-Ohio-
1469, ¶ 8-9 (finding no plain error where victim's testimony supported amount of
restitution ordered by the trial court); State v. Norton, 8th Dist. No. 102017, 2015-Ohio-
No. 18AP-30                                                                                   9


2516, ¶ 44 (finding restitution award exceeding evidence presented at trial to constitute
plain error); State v. Alcala, 6th Dist. No. S-11-026, 2012-Ohio-4318, ¶ 29-30. See also
State v. Waiters, 191 Ohio App.3d 720, 2010-Ohio-5764, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.) (finding that
regardless of an offender's failure to object, the trial court is required to abide by statutory
restitution requirements); Thompson at ¶ 25 (noting, regardless of whether an objection is
lodged, "restitution is limited to the actual loss caused by the offense of which the defendant
is convicted").
       {¶ 25} In Hughes, this court evaluated whether the trial court committed plain error
in ordering restitution based on an amount represented by the prosecutor to the trial court.
According to the prosecutor, the victim was hospitalized as a result of the felonious assault,
"had to undergo two surgeries, follow-up visits for the sutures to be removed from his neck.
And the total medical bills for eighteen thousand two-hundred dollars which are still
outstanding. He did not have any medical insurance at that point." Id. We found that
while the amount of restitution ordinarily must be demonstrated by the victim, the
prosecution's presentation of the amount of the victim's past medical bills arising from the
assault, coupled with the absence of an objection from defendant and with payment directly
to the provider, the record failed to support defendant's contention that the amount of
restitution was arbitrarily determined or unrelated to the loss the victim suffered.
Therefore, we declined to find plain error.
       {¶ 26} Here, unlike Hughes, the record of the case is devoid of competent and
credible evidence to support the amount of restitution imposed by the trial court under R.C.
2929.28(A)(1). The victim testified on October 30, 2017 that he was taken to Grant Hospital
following the incident, a CT scan and an MRI scan were performed, and he was diagnosed
with a slight concussion. Neither the victim nor the prosecuting attorney identified or
discussed the actual amount of his economic loss at the October 30, 2017 hearing.
Apparently, both parties were discussing some amount, but the amount was in dispute at
that point, triggering the separate sentencing hearing to discuss restitution.          At the
December hearing on restitution, neither party addressed the amount of restitution. The
solitary reference in the record to $3,255 as to the amount of restitution (aside from the
judgment entry) is the plea offer form filed by appellee the same day as the December
hearing. On this sparse record, we decline to assume the amount indicated on the plea offer
No. 18AP-30                                                                              10


form was recommended by the victim or was based on medical records or receipts. Sitting
alone, the plea offer form is essentially derived from the prosecutor, which, as noted in
Jackson, is not "evidence" to support the restitution award. Id. at ¶ 8-11. The December
11, 2017 plea offer form also does not include appellant's acceptance of the plea offer or
appellant's signature, and we find no other indication that appellant agreed to $3,255 as a
part of the plea or otherwise stipulated to that amount.
       {¶ 27} Considering all the above, we find the amount of restitution ordered by the
trial court is not supported by competent, credible evidence in the record. As a result, the
trial court order is contrary to R.C. 2929.28 and constitutes plain error. Simmons. The
matter is remanded to the trial court to determine the amount of restitution in accordance
with the law.
       {¶ 28} Accordingly, appellant's second assignment of error is sustained.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 29} Having overruled appellant's first assignment of error and sustained
appellant's second assignment of error, we affirm as to appellant's guilty plea, reverse the
trial court's order as to the amount of restitution, and remand the matter to the Franklin
County Municipal Court for further action consistent with this decision.
                                            Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part;
                                                                       cause remanded.
                             TYACK and KLATT, JJ., concur.
                                    _____________
