
231 S.E.2d 896 (1977)
292 N.C. 44
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Harold LEGETTE, also known as Kenny Brown, and Forrest Lee Wilson, also known as James Lee Wilson.
No. 99.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
February 8, 1977.
*899 Rufus L. Edmisten, Atty. Gen., William B. Ray, Asst. Atty. Gen., William W. Melvin, Deputy Atty. Gen., Raleigh, for the State of North Carolina.
Henry L. Kitchin, of Leath, Bynum, Kitchin & Neal, Rockingham, for defendant-appellant Legette.
Charles B. Deane, Jr., of Jones & Deane, Rockingham, for defendant-appellant Wilson.
HUSKINS, Justice:
Defendants' first assignment of error is based on the dual contention that (1) their in-court identification by the witness Braswell was tainted by pretrial photographic identification and (2) the court erred in denying defendants the opportunity to view the photographs in question. Defendants argue that the findings and conclusions to the contrary are erroneous and that their motion to suppress the in-court identification should have been allowed.
The evidence developed on voir dire tends to show that four or five hours after the *900 robbery Deputy Sheriff Grant took about a dozen photographs of black males to the Braswell store. These photographs were given to Mr. Braswell in random order, and he was requested to select the pictures of the two men who robbed him. He had already been told that suspects had been apprehended. Mr. Braswell recognized defendant Legette the first time he saw his picture and selected defendant Wilson's picture on the third viewing of the photographs. The hesitancy with respect to Wilson apparently resulted from the fact that Wilson was wearing glasses in the photograph which he had not been wearing at the time of the robbery. Mr. Braswell stated: "There is no doubt in my mind that the two defendants present in the court are the same two that I observed in the store on that occasion. No one suggested that I should pick out these two defendants as being the ones that robbed me. I am basing my identification of the defendants, Legette and Wilson, today on how they appeared at the time they committed the robbery. My identification is not influenced or affected by having seen the photographs of them." Mrs. Braswell separately identified the picture of Legette but asked the police to show her a picture of Wilson without the glasses. When this was done she identified Wilson as the second robber. Defendants offered no evidence on voir dire.
At this point in the voir dire defendants moved that the photographs be produced for their inspection. The district attorney replied, "If I decide to try to introduce the photographs, I'd be happy to let them see them at that time." The trial judge made no formal ruling on the motion but stated he would examine the photographs in camera and if he found anything improper, he would turn them over to defense counsel for examination. The photographs were never offered in evidence, either on voir dire or before the jury, and consequently were never shown to defense counsel.
The trial judge made findings of fact substantially in accord with Mr. Braswell's testimony, there being no evidence offered to the contrary. Based on these findings the court made two conclusions of law, to wit: (1) The photographic evidence was not improperly suggestive and (2) the in-court identification of defendants by the witness Braswell was independent in origin and based on observation of defendants at the time of the robbery. The motion to suppress the in-court identifications was thereupon denied and the evidence was admitted for consideration by the jury.
Defendants protest the court's refusal to permit them to view the photographs and contend such action infringed upon their right of confrontation and denied them due process of law in violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States and Article I, sections 19 and 23 of the Constitution of North Carolina.
In Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968), identification by photograph was expressly approved and the Court held that "each case must be considered on its own facts, and that convictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." The Simmons test has been applied by this Court in many cases, including State v. Henderson, 285 N.C. 1, 203 S.E.2d 10 (1974); State v. Morris, 279 N.C. 477, 183 S.E.2d 634 (1971); State v. McVay and Simmons, 277 N.C. 410, 177 S.E.2d 874 (1970); State v. Hatcher, 277 N.C. 380, 177 S.E.2d 892 (1970); State v. Jacobs, 277 N.C. 151, 176 S.E.2d 744 (1970); State v. Accor and Moore, 277 N.C. 65, 175 S.E.2d 583 (1970).
Factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of mistaken identification include (1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, (2) the witness' degree of attention, (3) the accuracy of the witness' prior description of the criminal, (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and (5) the length of time between the *901 crime and the confrontation. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972); State v. Hunt, 287 N.C. 360, 215 S.E.2d 40 (1975); State v. Henderson, supra.
Here, the trial judge found that the witness Braswell had ample opportunity to view defendants at the time of the crime. The robbery occurred during "broad daylight" in a building well lighted with fluorescent lights. Mr. Braswell was only eight feet from Legette and engaged in a conversation with him. He observed defendant Wilson from a distance of two to three feet. Both defendants were in Braswell's presence for five to seven minutes. All these findings are supported by clear, competent and convincing evidence and therefore are conclusive and binding on appellate courts in this State. State v. Hunt, supra; State v. Tuggle, 284 N.C. 515, 201 S.E.2d 884 (1974); State v. Morris, supra. The findings in turn support the conclusion that Braswell had ample opportunity to view the defendants. See Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970), where the United States Supreme Court held that a fleeting but "real good look" at a defendant, illuminated by car headlights, was sufficient.
There is no contention that Braswell failed to give the defendants close scrutiny while they were in his presence, and defendants concede the accuracy of Braswell's initial description of them. Moreover, both Braswell and his wife showed a high level of certainty in making a final photographic identification of defendants. Even though both expressed some initial uncertainty as to defendant Wilson because he was wearing glasses in the picture but wearing none during the robbery, this indecision was followed by positive identification after viewing a picture of Wilson with the glasses removed. Finally, Mr. Braswell's identification at trial was clear and unequivocal. The time span involved in the identification was very shortfour to five hours between the crime and the photographic identification and less than two months from the date of the crime to date of trial.
When the Simmons test and the factors enumerated in Neil v. Biggers, supra, are applied to the facts in this case, there is small chance indeed that the photographs viewed by the witness Braswell led to misidentification of defendants. We hold that defendants' motion to suppress the in-court identification was properly denied and the evidence properly admitted.
The only remaining question under defendants' first assignment is whether defendants were denied due process and confrontation rights with respect to the in-court identification by the refusal of the trial judge to permit them to examine the photographs. For the reasons which follow, we hold that they were not.
The right to confront and cross-examine one's accusers is central to an effective defense and a fair trial. Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, 79 S.Ct. 1400, 3 L.Ed.2d 1377 (1959). Under the Fourteenth Amendment those Sixth Amendment rights are applicable to the states. Roberts v. Russell, 392 U.S. 293, 88 S.Ct. 1921, 20 L.Ed.2d 1100 (1968). It has been held to be "an abuse of discretion and a violation of constitutional rights to deny to a defendant the right to cross-examine a witness at all on `a subject matter relevant to the witness' credibility.'" Snyder v. Coiner, 510 F.2d 224 (4th Cir. 1975). Even a partial restraint of such right may, in some circumstances, effectively deny the right altogether. United States v. Norman, 402 F.2d 73 (9th Cir. 1968). Moreover, where "the in-court identification is deemed admissible, defense counsel must be afforded the opportunity to cross-examine the prosecutrix upon any and all pretrial confrontations." United States ex rel. Regazzini v. Brierley, 321 F.Supp. 440 (W.D.Pa.1970). Even so on the facts in this case, we hold that defendants have not been denied the opportunity to cross-examine the witness Braswell. True, defense counsel were denied some assistance which the photographs used in the out-of-court identification might have provided. While the better practice dictates that those photographs should have been made available to the defense, failure to do so did not deny *902 defendants the right to effective cross-examination. This conclusion is supported by the following language, dealing with a fact situation strikingly similar to the facts here, found in Simmons v. United States, supra:
"Although the pictures might have been of some assistance to the defense, and although it doubtless would have been preferable for the Government to have labeled the pictures shown to each witness and kept them available for trial, we hold that in the circumstances the refusal of the District Court to order their production did not amount to an abuse of discretion . . .."
Accord, United States v. Zurita, 369 F.2d 474 (7th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1023, 87 S.Ct. 1379, 18 L.Ed.2d 462 (1967); Ahlstedt v. United States, 325 F.2d 257 (5th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 968, 84 S.Ct. 1650, 12 L.Ed.2d 738 (1964). We find this reasoning persuasive on the issue presented here.
Moreover, even assuming that the action of the trial judge was erroneous, we hold that where, as here, the identification of an accused is positive and certain and all other evidence points overwhelmingly to his guilt, such error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 92 S.Ct. 1056, 31 L.Ed.2d 340 (1972); Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967). We see no reasonable possibility that defendants' lack of opportunity to examine the photographs might have contributed to their conviction. Nor does it appear that a different result likely would have ensued had the trial court, as it should have done, permitted defense counsel to examine the photographs in question. Where no prejudice results the event is considered harmless. State v. Taylor, 280 N.C. 273, 185 S.E.2d 677 (1972); State v. Barbour, 278 N.C. 449, 180 S.E.2d 115 (1971); State v. Williams, 275 N.C. 77, 165 S.E.2d 481 (1969). Defendants' first assignment is overruled.
Defendants contend the trial judge erred in failing to suppress items of evidence seized from the defendants' green Plymouth at the time of their arrest. Their second assignment of error is based on this contention.
The court conducted a voir dire on the motion to suppress. Evidence on the voir dire reveals the following sequence of events relative to the challenged search and seizure. On the day of the robbery Deputy Sheriff Grant received a report of it over his radio. That report contained a description of the two suspects, a description of the car and its Pennsylvania license number. The report informed Deputy Grant that the suspects were armed with a revolver. Around 3 or 4 p. m. Deputy Grant spotted the suspects in the described car, radioed for assistance and, with the aid of another deputy's car, forced the suspects to stop. Defendants immediately got out of their car, whereupon, with drawn guns, Deputy Grant and Deputy Norton advised defendants they were under arrest. Defendant Legette submitted peacefully, while defendant Wilson struggled briefly with Deputy Norton. Meanwhile, Detective Sam Jarrell of the Rockingham City Police Department, having heard the report of the robbery, arrived on the scene. He saw the butt of a pistol handle sticking out of a paper bag in defendants' car and seized it. Inside the Plymouth in plain view, scattered about the floorboard and seat of the car, was a lot of loose change which Deputy Grant began to pick up. In the course of that activity he found in the console of the Plymouth a key and a bill for some tires purchased in Georgia. It was later determined that the key fit and unlocked a lock on an icebox in Mr. Braswell's store.
Since the officers had no search warrant and defendants at no time consented to the search, defendants say the search was unlawful and the gun, the key and the bill inadmissible in evidence.
The Constitution prohibits only unreasonable searches and seizures. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925); Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 80 S.Ct. 1437, 4 L.Ed.2d 1669 (1960). Under circumstances requiring no search because the contraband *903 subject matter is in plain view, the constitutional immunity never arises. State v. Virgil, 276 N.C. 217, 172 S.E.2d 28 (1970); State v. Colson, 274 N.C. 295, 163 S.E.2d 376 (1968). If the item is in plain view of an officer who is at a place where he has a legal right to be, he may seize it without a warrant and the item is properly admissible. Harris v. United States, 390 U.S. 234, 88 S.Ct. 992, 19 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1968); Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1963); State v. Rigsbee, 285 N.C. 708, 208 S.E.2d 656 (1974); State v. Allen, 282 N.C. 503, 194 S.E.2d 9 (1973). Here, there is ample evidence that the butt end of the pistol was readily visible to Officer Jarrell as he stood outside the Plymouth. The "plain view" doctrine has been applied by this Court in two recent cases with fact patterns nearly identical. See State v. Smith, 289 N.C. 143, 221 S.E.2d 247 (1976), and State v. Dobbins, 277 N.C. 484, 178 S.E.2d 449 (1971). Based on these authorities, we hold the pistol was lawfully seized and properly admitted into evidence.
Admission of the key and the bill for tires presents a different question because there is no evidence that these items were in plain view. Rather, testimony on voir dire indicates they were not and, in fact, were found during a general search of the car. Nevertheless, for reasons which follow, we hold those items were properly admitted.
The general rule is that, absent consent, a search warrant must accompany every search or seizure. Even so, an exception to the warrant requirement has evolved in a tortuous line of decisions by the United States Supreme Court whereby a warrantless search of a vehicle capable of movement may be made by officers when they have probable cause to search and exigent circumstances make it impractical to secure a search warrant. See generally Comment, Warrantless Searches and Seizures of Automobiles and the Supreme Court from Carroll to Cardwell: Inconsistently Through the Seamless Web, 53 N.C.L.Rev. 722, 726-747 (1975).
In Carroll v. United States, supra, the Court held a search to be valid where, although defendants were not arrested, probable cause existed to believe that the car contained contraband liquor and it was "not practicable to secure a warrant because the vehicle can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought."
Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970), involved a situation where, following a robbery, the police were given descriptions of four suspects and the car in which they fled. Shortly thereafter the suspects and the car were spotted and the suspects arrested. Police drove the car to the station and there, without obtaining a warrant, searched it. This search was upheld under the motor vehicle exception enunciated in Carroll. The Court said the police had probable cause to arrest the suspects and to search the car for guns and stolen money, stating that the car "could have been searched on the spot when it was stopped since there was probable cause to search and it was a fleeting target for a search." The Court held that this exigent circumstance existed even after the car had been driven to the police station.
On the facts before us in this case, we hold there was probable cause to arrest defendants and to search the car. Defendants and the car had been adequately described to the officers and they had reason to believe that, since the robbery had recently occurred, the robbers would still be in possession of the gun and the stolen money. The car certainly presented a "fleeting target" for a search. The fruits of the search were properly admitted into evidence.
Defendants' third assignment of error is grounded on the contention that the prosecution was permitted to establish essential elements of the crime by the use of leading questions. Only two questions are challenged. They are so innocuous that discussion of them is not required. This assignment is overruled.
*904 Defendants except to the denial of their motions for judgment as of nonsuit and to set the verdicts aside. Their fourth and fifth assignments of error are grounded on these exceptions.
These motions are predicated on exclusion of the in-court identification and suppression of the items seized at the time of the arrest. Since the in-court identification was properly allowed and suppression of the items seized was properly denied, these motions must fail because they have no foundation to support them.
Defendants also object to a portion of the charge recapitulating the evidence with respect to the key and the tire bill. This alleged error was not brought to the attention of the trial judge before the jury retired and thus is deemed waived. State v. Thomas, 284 N.C. 212, 200 S.E.2d 3 (1973); State v. Tart, 280 N.C. 172, 184 S.E.2d 842 (1971).
Defendants' final assignment of error is grounded on the contention that a sentence of forty years to life imprisonment for armed robbery is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by both state and federal constitutions.
G.S. 14-87(a) provides that any person who is convicted of robbery with a firearm or other dangerous weapon "shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than five years nor more than life imprisonment in the State's prison." Subsection (b) of this statute provides that any person who has been previously convicted of robbery with a firearm or other dangerous weapon, either in this State or in any other state or the District of Columbia, "upon conviction for a second or subsequent violation of G.S. 14-87(a), shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished without benefit of parole, probation, suspended sentence, or any other judicial or administrative procedure except such time as may be allowed as a result of good behavior . . .."
We have consistently held that a sentence which is within the maximum authorized by statute is not cruel and unusual in a constitutional sense, unless the punishment provisions of the statute itself are unconstitutional. State v. Cradle, 281 N.C. 198, 188 S.E.2d 296 (1972); State v. Rogers, 275 N.C. 411, 168 S.E.2d 345 (1969); State v. Robinson, 271 N.C. 448, 156 S.E.2d 854 (1967); State v. Greer, 270 N.C. 143, 153 S.E.2d 849 (1967); State v. Bruce, 268 N.C. 174, 150 S.E.2d 216 (1966). So long as a sentence is within statutory limits the punishment actually imposed by a trial judge is a discretionary matter. State v. Slade, 291 N.C. 275, 229 S.E.2d 921 (1976); State v. Garris, 265 N.C. 711, 144 S.E.2d 901 (1965).
It is within the province of the General Assembly to prescribe maximum punishments which may be imposed upon those convicted of crime. It is not for us to say that the policy judgment of the General Assembly with respect to punishment for armed robbery is wrong. Armed robbery is a crime of violence and those who take the risk must assume the consequences involved. We hold the punishment provisions of G.S. 14-87 are constitutionally valid. The discretionary sentences imposed by the trial court will not be disturbed.
Prejudicial error has not been shown. The verdicts and judgments must therefore be upheld.
NO ERROR.
