               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                      Docket No. 46238

In the Matter of: JOHN DOE, A Child            )
Under Eighteen (18) Years of Age.              )
                                               )
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH                     )    Filed: October 30, 2018
AND WELFARE,                                   )
                                               )    Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
       Petitioner-Respondent,                  )
                                               )    THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
v.                                             )    OPINION AND SHALL NOT
                                               )    BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
JANE DOE,                                      )
                                               )
       Respondent-Appellant.                   )
                                               )

       Appeal from the Magistrate Division of the District Court of the Fourth Judicial
       District, State of Idaho, Ada County. Hon. Andrew Ellis, Magistrate.

       Judgment terminating parental rights, affirmed.

       Anthony R. Geddes, Ada County Public Defender; Karen L. Jennings, Deputy
       Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Daphne Huang, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

LORELLO, Judge
       Jane Doe appeals from a judgment terminating her parental rights. For the reasons set
forth below, we affirm.
                                               I.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The minor child of Jane Doe was born in March 2017. In April 2017, law enforcement
conducted an investigation after reports that Jane and the child tested positive for
methamphetamine at the time of the child’s birth. The child was declared in imminent danger



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and placed in the care of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare.            In May 2017, the
magistrate awarded legal custody of the child to the Department and approved a case plan for
Jane. The case plan provided that Jane would complete a substance abuse assessment and follow
all recommendations, complete a mental health assessment and maintain treatment with her
current mental health providers, complete a parenting course, maintain drug-free housing, and
attend all visits with the child and all appointments with the child’s service providers. Also in
May 2017, the magistrate granted a motion allowing Jane to have an extended home visit with
the child. In July 2017, law enforcement responded to reports that the child had been crying for
hours. The extended home visit was terminated when law enforcement determined it was
necessary to remove the child from Jane’s care.
       While the child was in the custody of the Department, Jane’s involvement with the child
was minimal and Jane failed to complete the case plan. Although Jane completed substance
abuse and mental health assessments, she failed to consistently engage in treatment, tested
positive for controlled substances, missed drug tests, and failed to utilize recommended
psychotropic medications.     Jane failed to complete a parenting course because she felt it
interfered with her ability to visit her child and failed to maintain appropriate housing for the
child. Jane exercised visitation with the child but missed approximately 15 to 20 percent of the
scheduled visits. Of the visits that did occur, Jane spent little time talking to the child and the
child did not appear to bond with Jane. In the early stages, Jane spent much of her visits on her
cell phone and not interacting with the child. The child showed little interest in Jane and did not
engage in age-appropriate displays of affection with Jane.
       In March 2018, the Department filed a petition to terminate Jane’s parental rights. Jane
failed to appear and the trial proceeded in her absence with her counsel representing Jane’s
interests. Following the trial, the magistrate terminated Jane’s parental rights after finding clear
and convincing evidence that Jane had neglected her child and termination was in the child’s best
interests. Jane appeals.
                                                II.
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
       On appeal from a decision terminating parental rights, this Court examines whether the
decision is supported by substantial and competent evidence, which means such evidence as a


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reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Doe v. Doe, 148 Idaho 243,
245-46, 220 P.3d 1062, 1064-65 (2009). In a termination proceeding, due process and the
substantial evidence test requires the trial court’s findings be supported by clear and convincing
evidence. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982); Doe v. Doe, 143 Idaho 343, 346, 144
P.3d 597, 600 (2006); State v. Doe, 143 Idaho 383, 386, 146 P.3d 649, 652 (2006). Clear and
convincing evidence is generally understood to be evidence indicating that the thing to be proved
is highly probable or reasonably certain. In re Doe, 143 Idaho 188, 191, 141 P.3d 1057, 1060
(2006). Further, the magistrate’s decision must be supported by objectively supportable grounds.
Doe, 143 Idaho at 346, 144 P.3d at 600.          The appellate court will indulge all reasonable
inferences in support of the trial court’s judgment when reviewing an order terminating parental
rights. Doe, 148 Idaho at 245-46, 220 P.3d at 1064-65.
                                                 III.
                                            ANALYSIS
       A parent has a fundamental liberty interest in maintaining a relationship with his or her
child. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Doe v. State, 137 Idaho 758, 760, 53 P.3d
341, 343 (2002). This interest is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. State v. Doe, 144 Idaho 839, 842, 172 P.3d 1114, 1117 (2007). Implicit in the
Termination of Parent and Child Relationship Act is the philosophy that, wherever possible,
family life should be strengthened and preserved.              I.C. § 16-2001(2).       Idaho Code
Section 16-2005 permits a party to petition the court for termination of the parent-child
relationship when it is in the child’s best interests and any one of the following five factors exist:
(a) abandonment; (b) neglect or abuse; (c) lack of a biological relationship between the child and
a presumptive parent; (d) the parent is unable to discharge parental responsibilities for a
prolonged period and the inability to do so will be injurious to the health, morals, or well-being
of the child; or (e) the parent is incarcerated and will remain incarcerated for a substantial period
of time. Each statutory ground is an independent basis for termination. Doe, 144 Idaho at 842,
172 P.3d at 1117.
       Jane argues that the magistrate erred in concluding that she neglected her child and in
concluding that termination is in the child’s best interests. We hold that Jane has failed to
establish the magistrate erred.


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          Idaho Code Section 16-2002(3) defines “neglect” as any conduct included in I.C.
§ 16-1602(31). Neglect also includes situations where the parent has failed to comply with the
court’s orders or the case plan in a child protection case, the Department has had temporary or
legal custody of the child for fifteen of the most recent twenty-two months, and reunification has
not been accomplished by the last day of the fifteenth month in which the child has been in the
temporary or legal custody of the Department. Section 16-1602(31)(a) provides that a child is
neglected when the child is without proper parental care and control, or subsistence, medical or
other care or control necessary for the child’s well-being because of the conduct or omission of
his or her parents, or their neglect or refusal to provide them. Section 16-1602(31)(b) provides
that a child is neglected when the parents are unable to discharge their responsibilities to and for
the child, and as a result of such inability, the child lacks the parental care necessary for his or
her health, safety, or well-being.
          The magistrate found that Jane neglected her child because, over the sixteen months the
child was in the Department’s legal custody (fourteen of which the child spent in foster care),
Jane neglected the child. In finding that Jane neglected the child, the magistrate cited Jane’s
failure to demonstrate the ability to maintain safe and appropriate housing; her inability to
provide for the educational, emotional, and other daily needs of the child as evidenced by Jane
missing 15 to 20 percent of her scheduled visits with the child; her failure to take advantage of
parenting education; and her observable deficits in understanding age-appropriate interactions
with the child.     The magistrate also found that Jane’s ongoing and untreated substance abuse
and mental health concerns profoundly impacted Jane’s ability to be a stable and consistent
parent.     Based on the foregoing evidence, the magistrate found, by clear and convincing
evidence, that Jane neglected the child.
          Once a statutory ground for termination has been established, the trial court must next
determine whether it is in the best interests of the child to terminate the parent-child relationship.
In re Aragon, 120 Idaho 606, 611, 818 P.2d 310, 315 (1991). When determining whether
termination is in the child’s best interests, the trial court may consider the parent’s history with
substance abuse, the stability and permanency of the home, the unemployment of the parent, the
financial contribution of the parent to the child’s care after the child is placed in protective
custody, the improvement of the child while in foster care, the parent’s efforts to improve his or


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her situation, and the parent’s continuing problems with the law. In re Doe, 159 Idaho 192, 198,
358 P.3d 77, 83 (2015); In re Doe, 156 Idaho 103, 111, 320 P.3d 1262, 1270 (2014). A finding
that it is in the best interests of the child to terminate parental rights must still be made upon
objective grounds. In re Doe, 152 Idaho 953, 956-57, 277 P.3d 400, 403-04 (Ct. App. 2012).
          The magistrate found it is in the best interests of the child to terminate the parent-child
relationship, citing the same evidence that supported its determination of neglect. In further
support of its best interests determination, the magistrate found that Jane has failed to show she
has the capacity to afford the child stability and certainty and that the child does not display age-
appropriate interaction or affection toward Jane.        Based on these findings, the magistrate
concluded there was clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best
interests.
          Jane argues there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to support the magistrate’s
findings because “little testimony elicited in support of the Department’s Petition was actually
based on personal knowledge of the witness.” According to Jane, because the evidence admitted
was “largely based on hearsay and lacked sufficient foundation,” it did not qualify as the
substantial and competent evidence necessary to terminate her parental rights. Although Jane
notes certain evidence that was admitted despite her objections, she fails to provide any cogent
argument or authority explaining why the magistrate erred in its evidentiary rulings. Therefore,
to the extent Jane is claiming evidentiary error, we decline to address her arguments. A party
waives an issue on appeal if either argument or authority is lacking. Powell v. Sellers, 130 Idaho
122, 128, 937 P.2d 434, 440 (Ct. App. 1997).
          Our review in this case is limited to whether the evidence admitted was sufficient to
support the magistrate’s determination. We hold that there was clear and convincing evidence,
as outlined above, that Jane neglected her child and that termination is in the child’s best
interests. Jane has failed to show error in the magistrate’s decision to terminate Jane’s parental
rights.




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                                              IV.
                                        CONCLUSION
       There was clear and convincing evidence that Jane neglected the child and that it is in the
best interests of the child for Jane’s parental rights to be terminated.        Accordingly, the
magistrate’s judgment terminating Doe’s parental rights is affirmed.
       Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge HUSKEY, CONCUR.




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