                                       IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                       FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

STATE OF FLORIDA,                      NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAY                  FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
SAFETY AND MOTOR                       DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
VEHICLES,
                                       CASE NO. 1D13-2471
      Petitioner,

v.

JOSEPH P. WIGGINS,

      Respondent.

_____________________________/

Opinion filed September 4, 2014.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari—Original Jurisdiction.

Kimberly A. Gibbs, Orlando, for Petitioner.

David M. Robbins and Susan Z. Cohen, Jacksonville, for Respondent.


MAKAR, J.

      The Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles seeks review of a

circuit court order overturning a hearing officer’s administrative order, which had

upheld the suspension of Joseph P. Wiggins’s driver’s license. The narrow but

important issue presented is whether the circuit court, acting in its appellate

capacity, erred by concluding that its independent review and assessment of events
on a video of the traffic stop trumped the hearing officer’s factual findings, which

were based on the arresting officer’s testimony and report. We hold that it did and

grant the petition for certiorari.

                                          I.
       In August 2011, Deputy J.C. Saunders initiated a traffic stop of Mr.

Wiggins, who was driving his pickup truck down Blanding Boulevard, a main

thoroughfare in Clay County, Florida. A camera mounted on the dashboard of the

deputy’s vehicle recorded the movement of Mr. Wiggins’s vehicle from the time

the deputy first observed it, while Mr. Wiggins pulled into a gas station parking lot,

and for approximately twelve minutes thereafter.

       During the stop, Deputy Saunders requested that Mr. Wiggins perform a

field sobriety test, but he declined. Deputy Saunders then arrested Mr. Wiggins for

DUI and transported him to the county jail where, again, Mr. Wiggins declined to

submit to a sobriety test. Due to these refusals, the Department placed an

administrative suspension on Mr. Wiggins’s driver’s license.

       Mr. Wiggins requested a formal review hearing to demonstrate that probable

cause did not exist for the stop of his vehicle. Deputy Saunders and Robert Burch,

the breath test operator, testified at the hearing and the arrest and booking report

was admitted in evidence. The video of the stop was entered in evidence and was a

focus of a portion of the proceeding, which consisted primarily of Mr. Wiggins’s


                                          2
attorney examining Deputy Saunders. Throughout the examination, Deputy

Sanders testified while referring to the video. The hearing officer controlled and

played the DVD player, starting and stopping the video player as necessary to view

the portions related to the deputy’s testimony. During this examination, counsel for

Mr. Wiggins only once specifically asked Deputy Saunders whether his written

report was consistent with what appeared on the video. The deputy confirmed that

his entire report as written was supported by the video, pointing out where the

vehicle’s movement and pattern corresponded to what he said in his report with a

few limited exceptions. One was that when he first saw Mr. Wiggins’s vehicle and

became suspicious about its driving pattern, the vehicle was within his eyesight but

beyond the capabilities of the camera to capture (“the video doesn’t always show

everything I can see as far as at a distance”). Another was when Deputy Saunders

voluntarily pointed out (before counsel asked him to do so) that his report erred in

one respect by saying that his police cruiser at one point changed lanes first when it

was Mr. Wiggins’s vehicle that did so. The final was when Deputy Saunders

thought Mr. Wiggins put his hands on his truck as he exited to maintain balance,

which Mr. Wiggins’s counsel noted did not actually happen.

      Based upon the testimony and evidentiary record that included the video, the

hearing officer made the following findings of fact:

      On August 19, 2011, at approximately 2:10 a.m. Deputy J. C.
      Saunders of the Clay County Sheriff’s Office observed a vehicle
                                          3
      swerving within the lane, almost striking the right side curb on
      several occasions, and then braking erratically for no apparent
      reason. He also paced the vehicle and determined that it was
      traveling 30 MPH in a 45-MPH zone. Suspecting that the driver
      might be impaired, Deputy Saunders conducted a traffic stop.
      Deputy Saunders observed the driver, Mr. Joseph Bryant Wiggins,
      Sr., to have an extremely strong odor of an alcoholic beverage
      coming from his breath, bloodshot, glassy eyes, a flushed face, and
      his movements were slow and deliberate. Mr. Wiggins admitted to
      consuming a few drinks when asked about his alcohol consumption.
      Mr. Wiggins refused to submit to field sobriety exercises and was
      placed under arrest for DUI. Based on the foregoing, I find that the
      petitioner was placed under lawful arrest for DUI. At the Clay
      County Jail, the implied consent warning was read and Mr. Wiggins
      refused to submit to the breath test.

Based on these factual findings, the hearing officer held that probable cause existed

to believe that Mr. Wiggins was driving under the influence; that Mr. Wiggins

refused to submit to a urine, blood, or breath-alcohol test after being requested to

do so; and that Mr. Wiggins was told that his refusal to submit to a sobriety test

would result in suspension of his license. The administrative order thereby

affirmed the suspension of Mr. Wiggins’s driver’s license.

      Mr. Wiggins then filed a petition for certiorari in circuit court, seeking

review of the hearing officer’s order, claiming it departed from the essential

requirements of law and was not supported by competent substantial evidence.

Specifically, he argued that the arrest and booking report statements directly

conflicted with events on the video of the traffic stop. The circuit court, after




                                         4
independently reviewing the video, held that the administrative order was flawed

because the video contradicted portions of the officer’s testimony and report.

      In reaching this conclusion, the trial court compared and contrasted some—

but not all—of the information in the arrest/booking report with events on the

video. For example, the report stated that “the vehicle was drifting and weaving in

its own lane traveling at 30 mph in a 45 mph zone, the passenger side tires crossed

over the fog line and nearly struck the raised curb before swerving back into the

lane.” The court disagreed with this characterization, finding that the “video clearly

refutes this evidence; in the video the vehicle does not drift and weave within its

own lane. Furthermore, the passenger side tires do no not cross over the fog line

nor do they come close to striking the raised curb.” The report also claimed that

“after coming to flashing yellow lights at the intersection . . . [Mr. Wiggins] braked

for no reason and then accelerate [sic].” Contrarily, the trial court found that the

video showed Mr. Wiggins “did brake slightly when coming to the flashing yellow

lights” but that he slowly accelerated after passing the lights, compared to the

report, which stated he “braked for no reason and then accelerated.” The court

acknowledged that Mr. Wiggins momentarily braked, but disagreed that Mr.

Wiggins swerved to the right and almost hit the curb as he passed through an

intersection. Finally, the report claimed that Mr. Wiggins “drifted into a turn lane”

and “[w]hile making a wide left turn he had to realign his truck as he straightened

                                          5
out.” Disagreeing once again, the trial court reviewed the video and concluded that

Mr. Wiggins deliberately changed lanes and the turn into the intersection was

normal.

      The trial court conceded that Deputy Saunders’s testimony coupled with the

report supported the factual findings of the hearing officer. Nonetheless, it held

that “this testimonial evidence is flatly contradict [sic] by the objective evidence on

the videotape.” It concluded that in “[v]iewing the entire record evidence, neither

the testimony of Deputy Saunders nor the arrest and booking report constitutes

competent substantial evidence on which the hearing officer could rely.”

Acknowledging that it could not reweigh the evidence or substitute its judgment

for that of the hearing officer, it supported its approach by relying on Julian v.

Julian, 188 So. 2d 896 (Fla. 2d DCA 1966), for the proposition that “where the

evidence is objective and there is not a determination of credibility, the reviewing

court is in the exact same position as the hearing officer.” Apparently believing it

was “in the exact same position as the hearing officer” as to the evidence, the trial

court concluded that it “was unreasonable as a matter of law for the hearing officer

to accept Deputy Saunders [sic] report and testimony after this evidence was

shown to be erroneous and flatly contradicted by the objective images of the

videotape.” As a result, the trial court’s order overturned the hearing officer’s order

and the administrative suspension of Mr. Wiggins’s driver’s license, as well.

                                          6
                                         II.

      Review of the circuit court’s order entails second tier certiorari review, by

which two limited questions are posed: whether the circuit court afforded

procedural due process and applied the correct law. Haines City Cmty. Dev. v.

Heggs, 658 So. 2d 523, 530 (Fla. 1995); Dep’t of High. Saf. & Motor Veh. v.

Trimble, 821 So. 2d 1084, 1086 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). This level of review is

narrower than a circuit court’s first tier certiorari review, which reviews an

administrative agency’s decision for three components: (1) whether procedural due

process was accorded, (2) whether the essential requirements of law were

observed, and (3) whether the factual findings are supported by competent

substantial evidence. Educ. Dev. Ctr, Inc. v. City of W. Palm Beach Zoning Bd. of

Appeals, 541 So. 2d 106, 108 (Fla. 1989).

      At issue in this case is only whether the circuit court applied the correct law.

The Department argues it did not, pointing out that the trial court’s only job was to

determine whether the hearing officer’s findings of fact were supported by

competent substantial evidence as announced in Dusseau Metropolitan Dade

County Board of County Commissioner, 794 So. 2d 1270, 1275-76 (Fla. 2001) and

prior similar precedents. By conducting what amounted to a de novo review of the

evidence and impermissibly reweighing of it, the circuit court departed from the

well-established legal principle that it was without authority to do so. Mr. Wiggins

                                          7
counters that the deputy’s testimony and report upon which the hearing officer

relied was not competent substantial evidence in light of the video. He argues that

the trial court was entitled to conclude that the video objectively demonstrated that

the report and the deputy’s testimony were erroneous and thereby not competent

substantial evidence; he asserts the trial court’s methodology was not prohibited

under any clearly established caselaw, including Dusseau, to which we now turn.

                       A. Dusseau as Clearly Established Law

      Whether Dusseau is clearly established law applicable in this case requires

an examination of what rule of law our supreme court established or reaffirmed. 1

In Dusseau, a Baptist congregation owned acreage in Miami-Dade County upon

which it sought to build a large church. Over the objections of a nearby

homeowner, the county commission approved the application after holding an

evidentiary hearing on the matter at which evidence from both sides of the disputed

matter was presented. 794 So. 2d at 1272. In its appellate capacity, the circuit

court—after reviewing all the evidence submitted by both sides—reversed, finding

no competent substantial evidence that the proposed church construction met the

requisite criteria for a special exception; to the contrary, the circuit court held that



1
  See Dep’t of High. Saf. & Motor Veh. v. Edenfield, 58 So. 3d 904, 906 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2011) (“Clearly established law can be derived not only from case law
dealing with the same issue of law, but also from an interpretation or application of
a statute, a procedural rule, or a constitution provision.”).
                                             8
competent substantial evidence existed showing the church did not meet requisite

criteria. Id.

       On second tier certiorari review, the Third District made two rulings. First, it

held that the “circuit court departed from the essential requirements of law when it

reweighed evidence and completely ignored evidence that supports the

Commission's ruling.” Id. at 1275. Second, it said that its own “review of the

evidence clearly demonstrates that the Commission’s ruling was supported by

competent substantial evidence[.]” Id.

       The supreme court, after reviewing principles of first and second tier

certiorari, upheld the district court’s first ruling but reversed its second (the latter

because it is not a district court’s job to review the record and make its own merits

ruling). As to the first ruling, the supreme court affirmed as “proper” the district

court’s conclusion that the trial court “departed from the essential requirements of

law when it reweighed evidence and completely ignored evidence” supporting the

Commission’s ruling. Id. Setting the tone that nomenclature does not matter, it

began by noting that “[a]lthough the circuit court phrased its reversal in terms of

‘competent substantial evidence,’ the plain language of its order shows that the

court in fact reweighed the evidence, at length.” Id. It is not the label a circuit court

uses to describe its analysis that matters; instead, it is whether the circuit court

applied the established and limited methodology of looking only for whether

                                           9
competent substantial evidence existed in support of the challenged administrative

decision. The supreme court described the circuit court’s erroneous approach as

follows:

      Instead of simply reviewing the Commission’s decision to determine
      whether it was supported by competent substantial evidence, the court
      also reviewed the decision to determine whether it was opposed by
      competent substantial evidence. The circuit court then substituted its
      judgment for that of the Commission as to the relative weight of the
      conflicting evidence. The circuit court thus usurped the fact-finding
      authority of the agency.

Id. Given the circuit court’s improper approach to evaluating the record evidence,

the supreme court sided with the district court, holding that it was a departure from

the essential requirements of law—and an application of the “wrong law”—for the

circuit court to review and reweigh the evidence, essentially deciding “anew the

merits” of the case. Id. As the supreme court explained, the circuit court applied

the “wrong law” by engaging in the type of evidence review/fact-finding that is to

be done by an agency or administrative hearing officer (the so-called Irvine2

standard); instead, the circuit court was to engage in the far more limited approach

on first tier review, which is a search of the record for the existence of competent

substantial evidence in support of the decision.



2
 See Dusseau, 794 So. 2d at 1273 (discussing Irvine v. Duval Cnty. Planning
Comm’n, 495 So. 2d 167 (Fla. 1986)).

                                         10
      This clearly established legal principle in Dusseau—that a circuit court

applies the “wrong” or “incorrect” law when it reweighs or reevaluates conflicting

evidence and decides the merits of the underlying dispute anew—was previously

well-established. As the supreme court pointed out in Dusseau, its previous

precedents had announced such a rule. See 794 So. 2d at 1273-75 (discussing

Florida Power & Light Co. v. City of Dania, 761 So. 2d 1089 (Fla. 2000) and City

of Deerfield Beach v. Vaillant, 419 So. 2d 624 (Fla. 1982)). Indeed, the court

explained as follows:

      Under Vaillant, the district court was required to determine whether
      the circuit court applied the correct law. As noted above, according to
      the plain language of its order, the circuit court reweighed the
      evidence and decided anew the merits of the special exception
      application. The circuit court thus applied the wrong law (i.e., instead
      of applying the Vaillant standard of review, the court reapplied the
      Irvine standard of proof), and this is tantamount to departing from the
      essential requirements of law (as the district court ruled).

794 So. 2d at 1275 (quoting Florida Power & Light, 761 So. 2d at 1093) (emphasis

added)). In light of the many commanding precedents on this point of law, this

Court cited Dusseau for the following statement:

       [O]ne ‘clearly established principle of law’ is that, on first-tier
      certiorari review, a circuit court is limited to determining whether the
      administrative findings and judgment are supported by competent
      substantial evidence. Whether the record also contains competent
      substantial evidence that would support some other result is irrelevant.




                                        11
Clay Cnty. v. Kendale Land Dev., Inc., 969 So. 2d 1177, 1181 (Fla. 1st DCA

2007). We now turn to whether the circuit court’s approach in this case conformed

to these clearly-established principles in Dusseau and like precedents.

                        B. Applying Dusseau to This Case

      As Dusseau explained, a circuit court is only permitted to determine whether

an agency’s decision was supported by competent substantial evidence. 794 So. 2d

at 1275 (“the court should review the record to determine simply whether the

Commission's decision is supported by competent substantial evidence.”). Stated

differently, this limited review boils down to a single-focused inquiry:

      The sole issue before the court on first-tier certiorari review is
      whether the agency’s decision is lawful. The court’s task vis-a-vis the
      third prong of Vaillant is simple: The court must review the record to
      assess the evidentiary support for the agency’s decision. Evidence
      contrary to the agency’s decision is outside the scope of the inquiry at
      this point, for the reviewing court above all cannot reweigh the “pros
      and cons” of conflicting evidence. While contrary evidence may be
      relevant to the wisdom of the decision, it is irrelevant to the
      lawfulness of the decision. As long as the record contains competent
      substantial evidence to support the agency’s decision, the decision is
      presumed lawful and the court’s job is ended.

Id. at 1276 (emphasis added). The emphasized language—as applied to this case—

shows how the circuit court went beyond the specific analytical parameters of

Dusseau and its progeny, thereby applying the incorrect law.

      The circuit court—in reaching its ultimate legal judgment—focused

exclusively on the video, which both Wiggins and the court deemed to be

                                         12
“evidence contrary to the agency’s decision.” That was error. The sole starting

(and ending) point is a search of the record for competent substantial evidence

supporting the decision. The proper approach is narrow here, focusing on whether

the officer’s testimony, the arresting/booking report, or the video—or portions

thereof—support the hearing officer’s factual findings. See City of Jacksonville

Beach v. Car Spa, Inc., 772 So. 2d 630, 631-32 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (“[I]t is clear

that . . . rather than reviewing the entire record to determine whether the Planning

Commission's decision was supported by competent substantial evidence, the

circuit court considered only portions of the record, and reweighed the evidence,

substituting its judgment for that of the Planning Commission as to the relative

weight of that evidence.”). The existence of inconsistencies or contradictions in the

overall evidentiary record does not negate a hearing officer’s findings; an

evidentiary record need not have one-sided purity to prevail. Id. Besides that,

putting contrary evidence on the judicial scales is “outside the scope of the

inquiry” at the circuit court level and amounts to a pros/cons approach that

Dusseau prohibits.

      Within its analysis, the trial court tacitly conducted the type of review

envisioned by Dusseau because it explicitly said that “[s]tanding alone, the arrest

and booking report and the testimony by Deputy Sander would support the

findings of the hearing officer.” Its inquiry at that point—as explained in

                                         13
Dusseau—was thereby “ended.” 794 So. 2d at 1276. Whatever misgivings it may

have had about possible conflicts between the video and the officer’s

testimony/report were “outside the scope of the inquiry” as Dusseau holds. If

portions of the report, or portions of the officer’s testimony, or portions of the

video, or some combination of the three, provided evidentiary support for the

hearing officer’s findings, judicial labor was at its end.

      Beyond the clarity of Dusseau and its progeny on this legal point, good

policy reasons support the narrowing of the scope of certiorari review of

administrative factual findings. One is that appellate litigants are not entitled to

duplicative plenary review of factual findings as the appellate ladder is traversed.

Instead, litigants get one opportunity to make an evidentiary record and to persuade

the fact-finder to one of their competing views of the evidence; they cannot appeal

to a circuit court and obtain such detailed review again. In this regard, it is

noteworthy that the circuit court conducted—in large part—essentially the same

type of review done by the hearing officer (with several important limitations

discussed below). By comparing the video to the officer’s report, and making

judgments about whether they were sufficiently in lockstep with each other, the

circuit court repeated almost the exact same exercise that the hearing officer had

already performed in the hearing room. But circuit courts are not to do so; doing so




                                          14
would impermissibly provide the “second bite at the apple” that first tier certiorari

review precludes.

      A second policy point is one of deference to the administrative hearing

officer, who heard the live testimony, saw the video firsthand interactively with the

officer’s testimony, and is experienced on licensure suspension matters. The

supreme court made this point in Dusseau, reiterating that “the ‘competent

substantial evidence’ standard cannot be used by a reviewing court as a mechanism

for exerting covert control over the policy determinations and factual findings of

the local agency.” Dusseau, 794 So. 2d at 1275-76 (emphasis added). Instead, the

“standard requires the reviewing court to defer to the agency’s superior technical

expertise and special vantage point in such matters.” Id. at 1276 (emphasis added).

The two highlighted passages underscore that a primary principle of Dusseau is

first tier deference to (rather than “control over”) administrative factual findings

because of the hearing officer’s “special vantage point” in the process; Dusseau

cannot be dismissed as merely an “agency expertise” case.

      For like reasons, important limitations undercut the circuit court’s re-review

of the evidentiary record. As just mentioned, the hearing officer heard firsthand

from the officer, who was questioned about and explained alleged inconsistencies

between the video and the report; the circuit court had no contextual explanation

upon which to rely other than the transcript of the officer’s testimony, which

                                         15
concededly supports the hearing officer’s findings. Unlike the circuit court, the

hearing officer could evaluate the credibility of the officer and make a

determination, for example, that he was truthful in his explanation of what he saw,

and what his report said, regarding the vehicle’s driving pattern. 3 While the video

alone might appear as thin evidence for the stop, when viewed in conjunction with

the officer’s testimony, if believed, the evidence as a whole explains why the

officer was led to believe the vehicle’s driver might be impaired (impairment being

a multi-factored judgment call). For this reason, the circuit court’s belief that the

“hearing officer was in no better position to evaluate the probative value of [the

video] than is this Court” was mistaken; the hearing officer was in a far better

position to evaluate the overall evidence, the “special vantage point” emphasized

in Dusseau.

      Another limitation is that the circuit court concluded that the video nullified

the officer’s testimony and the report in their entirety. This too was mistaken. By

concluding it “was unreasonable as a matter of law for the hearing officer to accept

Deputy Sanders report and testimony” in their entirety, the circuit court failed to

follow Dusseau, which requires culling through the record for whatever bits and

3
  An example is that the circuit court erroneously relied upon a portion of the
report dealing with a lane change that the officer on his own accord had voluntarily
admitted was an error. The hearing officer—who actually heard the officer make
this correction—was in the superior position to pass judgment on this factual point;
indeed, it made no finding of fact on the lane change issue, it playing no role in the
hearing officer’s order.
                                         16
pieces of evidence that support an administrative order’s factual findings. Here,

that meant separating out those portions of the officer’s testimony, his report and

the video itself that are supportive of the hearing officer’s findings, leaving

contrary or inconsistent evidence on the cutting room floor. Viewed in this light,

the video—consistent with relevant portions of the testimony and report—shows

the vehicle appeared to weave somewhat, slowed to 30 mph in a 45 mph zone, and

braked within an intersection for no apparent reason—all at 2:10 am. The officer

also testified that his initial observation of the vehicle’s driving pattern, from a

distance the video was unable to capture fully, caught his attention by appearing to

swerve and flash its taillights in an odd way. This evidence, which the circuit court

otherwise deemed competent and substantial, cannot be ignored simply because the

circuit court disagreed with portions of testimony and report that it deemed

conflicted with the video.

      A final, but related, policy point is that circuit courts are required to put

aside their factual correctness meters, as difficult as that may be. As the supreme

court in Dusseau said, the issue to be decided “is not whether the agency’s decision

is the ‘best’ decision or the ‘right’ decision or even a ‘wise’ decision” under the

circumstances. Id. at 1276. It can be a difficult task to review a factually-close case

and yield to a deferential appellate standard of review, particularly where a video

exists that may paint a visually divergent picture from the report or memory of a

                                          17
testifying official. Judges reviewing the video, along with the report and the

hearing transcript, are likely to make differing judgments; just as hearing officers

seeing the video, reading the report, and hearing the testimony of the actual officer

might come away with different conclusions in this case. The legal point is that in

factually-close cases, such as this one, the judicial thinking cap must be switched

from “What do I believe is true?” to “What evidence supports what the hearing

officer believes is true?”

      Appellate second-guessing of the fact-finder’s judgment goes against the

legally-required deference that promotes judicial economy and finality, which are

lost if circuit courts can utilize videos as a means to negate all other record

evidence. As the United States Supreme Court has noted, the “[d]uplication of the

trial judge’s efforts in the court of appeals would very likely contribute only

negligibly to the accuracy of fact determination at a huge cost in diversion of

judicial resources.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574-

75 (1985) (“[T]he parties to a case on appeal have already been forced to

concentrate their energies and resources on persuading the trial judge that their

account of the facts is the correct one; requiring them to persuade three more

judges at the appellate level is requiring too much.”).

      Of course, instances may exist where video evidence can operate to

contradict all other evidence on a discrete factual point (versus an overall

                                          18
assessment of the evidence). A video that unmistakably shows a vehicle running a

red light can nullify testimony and reports to the contrary. But the quality and

context of a video, like that in this case, may not capture or explain the finer

nuances that the human eye of a trained (though here relatively inexperienced)

DUI officer may perceive. Which explains why the officer said he picked up on

some unusual movement of the vehicle or its taillights at a distance (“a good ways

back at that point”) that the camera could not fully capture because the “video isn’t

always the best.” What the officer believed he saw, unless entirely inconsistent

with the video, is to be credited. The officer’s eyes were multi-tasking: watching

the road to safely operate the patrol car while intermittently observing the vehicle’s

driving pattern. He may have believed the vehicle hit the fog line at the time, but

upon review of the video the vehicle did not drift quite that far—but it drifted

nonetheless. These types of contextual inconsistencies between the video and the

officer’s testimony/report are lost by crediting the video to the exclusion of the

record as a whole.

      Yet videos are increasingly becoming a part of the appellate record, raising

issues about the degree of deference to be given factual findings in different

contexts. Some commentators argue for less deference—and greater appellate

authority to rely on video evidence—where the interest at stake, such as a criminal

sentence of death or life imprisonment, hangs in the balance.

                                         19
      In most garden-variety appeals . . . deference by a reviewing court to
      trial court determinations may be justified by policy values other than
      necessity, such as finality and judicial economy. No technological
      advance is likely to endanger traditional standards of review in that
      context. In less than routine cases, however, such as when a
      defendant’s life is at stake, videotaped records may provide some
      opportunity for much-needed improvement in appellate oversight of
      state court proceedings.

Robert C. Owen & Melissa Mather, Thawing Out the “Cold Record”: Some

Thoughts on How Videotaped Records May Affect Traditional Standards of

Deference on Direct and Collateral Review, 2 J. App. Prac. & Process 411, 433

(2000). Others pragmatically urge for incremental change, allowing broader

appellate reliance on videos establishing insular facts that need little contextual

explanation, but generally defaulting to existing standards of review because many

facts—such as a person’s mental state—require more complex initial assessments

of evidence.

      Discrete questions of fact, often binary in nature, are usually simple
      and rarely conflict with an explicit finding of the trial judge; they are
      thus proper candidates for video review. Questions requiring
      behavioral interpretation are marked by the interpretation of behavior
      in the courtroom; the category includes credibility but extends also to
      situations that similarly implicate the interests of deference, finality,
      efficiency, and the superiority of actual courtroom presence. Such
      complex questions should remain outside the purview of appellate
      review. The video record may “speak for itself,” but it does not and
      cannot speak for the visual input a judge observes and interprets that
      falls outside the scope of the camera, nor does it filter events and
      behavior through his or her experience and expertise. This
      fundamental reasoning behind deference should form the backbone of
      a theoretical framework for integrating the video record into
      American jurisprudence.
                                         20
Bernadette Mary Donovan, Deference in A Digital Age: The Video Record and

Appellate Review, 96 Va. L. Rev. 643, 676 (2010). We need not resolve the extent

to which an appellate court may point to video evidence in overturning a lower

tribunal’s factual findings. In the context of this case, we need only conclude that

the trial court applied the “wrong law” by not sifting through the record for

evidence supporting the administrative order’s factual findings.

                             C. Trimble is Inapplicable

      Our review is not complete without consideration of this Court’s decision in

Trimble, which Mr. Wiggins says allowed the circuit court to reject entirely the

officer’s testimony and report. His theory is that the circuit court at worst

misapplied Trimble, a case he claims is “correct law” in the context of this case.

See Edenfield, 58 So. 3d at 906 (“[A] misapplication or an erroneous interpretation

of the correct law does not rise to the level of a violation of a clearly established

principle of law.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

      The trial court, however, did not rely upon or even mention Trimble.

Instead, it anchored its legal ruling—that an appellate court is in the “exact same

position” as a hearing officer in reviewing “objective” evidence involving no

credibility determinations—on the Second District’s fifty-year-old decision in

Julian v. Julian, 188 So. 2d 896 (Fla. 2d DCA 1966). But the context and holding

of Julian are of no relevance here. Julian was a child custody case in which the trial

                                          21
court was presented with only a paper record consisting of pleadings, transcripts,

and exhibits; no live witnesses testified and no video evidence was offered. In that

evidentiary context, the Second District said:

       It is our view that, as the case comes here, there is no presumption, or
       at best, only a slight presumption, in favor of the correctness of the
       custody provision. Where a trial Judge bases his Final Decree upon
       the written pleadings and transcribed testimony and exhibits, the
       Appellate Court is in the same position in examining the record as is
       the Trial Judge, and a presumption as to determination of evidentiary
       matters in not as strong as when the Judge, as the trier of the facts,
       personally hears the witnesses.

Id. at 898 (emphasis supplied). The italicized portions demonstrate how far afield

Julian is from this case. First, the hearing officer in Mr. Wiggins’s case did not

base her findings on an entirely paper record, as occurred in Julian; she heard live

testimony and was in a position to make credibility determinations; and no video

was involved in Julian. Second, the court in Julian abandoned the notion that an

appellate court is “in the same position” as the trial court in situations where that

court “personally hears the witnesses.” Whatever presumption of correctness

applied to trial courts’ rulings on paper-only records was deemed “not as strong”

when a trial court “personally hears the witnesses.” On its face, Julian simply has

no application here. It follows that the application of an irrelevant case, such as

Julian, is the application of the “wrong law”—not a misapplication of the correct

law.


                                         22
      Because the trial court applied the “wrong law” in making its ruling, no need

exists to delve further into the metaphysical question of what law it might have

applied. Dusseau, 794 So. 2d at 1276 (“As long as the record contains competent

substantial evidence to support the agency’s decision, the decision is presumed

lawful and the court’s job is ended.”). Nonetheless, we address Trimble to point

out that its context and narrow holding likewise make it an inapplicable precedent.

One year after Dusseau was decided, this Court in Trimble reviewed the

Department’s administrative suspension of Ms. Trimble’s Florida driver’s license

for refusing to submit to a sobriety test. 821 So. 2d at 1085. A formal

administrative hearing was held, her suspension was upheld, and she petitioned the

circuit court, which set aside the suspension. The circuit court found no competent

substantial evidence that Ms. Trimble was given an implied consent warning prior

to her refusal because the Department’s documents 4 “were hopelessly in conflict

and the discrepancies on the critical facts went unexplained.” Id. at 1086. As in

Julian, the contested factual issue was based solely on a paper-only record.

      The Department sought second tier review, arguing the circuit court

reweighed the evidence. Id. at 1085. This Court affirmed, holding that the circuit


4
 The Department submitted an affidavit stating that Trimble was arrested at 11:40
p.m. but inconsistently stating that a request and warning was given to Trimble at
12:45 a.m.; a printout from the Breathalyzer that reflected a refusal occurred at
12:47 a.m.; and an officer’s report said a warning was given at 12:50 a.m. 821 So.
2d at 1086.
                                          23
court did not reweigh the evidence; instead, it applied well-established law on what

constitutes competent substantial evidence, stating the “hearing officer’s finding

that Trimble was given a consent warning before her refusal could have rested as

much on the flip of a coin as on the documentary evidence submitted.” Id. The

petition was denied on that limited basis.

      If this case involved a wholly paper record, consisting of a handful of

documents that were “hopelessly” conflicting on a single discrete fact—with no

other evidence supportive of the hearing officer’s order—then Trimble could

apply. It does not, however. Unlike the paper-only coin-flipping conundrum in

Trimble, 5 the evidentiary profile in Mr. Wiggins’s case is entirely different—live

testimony of the arresting officer, an arrest/booking report, and the video—making

Trimble inapplicable. No commonality or parallelism exists. Like Julian, Trimble

falls in “wrong law” category.

      What underlies much of the confusion is differentiating between a

misapplication of the “correct law” and the application of the “wrong law.” As two

commentators have noted, “in many cases only a Zen master could distinguish

between a misapplication of the law and an application of the wrong law,” making

5
  See also Dep’t of High. Saf. & Motor Veh. v. Colling, 39 Fla. L. Weekly D1195
(Fla. 5th DCA June 6, 2014) (hearing officer’s decision between two documents
with inconsistent blood alcohol readings “amounted to nothing more than a ‘flip of
a coin’ under the most favorable interpretation of the record” rendering it an
“arbitrary choice of one document over another [that] does not meet the
substantial, competent evidence test.”) (citing Trimble).
                                         24
the task much like telling identical twins apart. Chris W. Altenbernd & Jamie

Marcario, Certiorari Review of Nonfinal Orders: Does One Size Really Fit All?

Part I, Fla. B.J., Feb. 2012, at 23. In a universal sense, any case could be dubbed

the “correct law” so long as it has not been overturned. But to be considered

“correct law” for purposes of certiorari review, a precedent must be “relevant law”

in the sense that it directly pertains to some issue in the case at hand. If not, a

circuit court could simply apply an irrelevant case and thereby immunize its ruling

from review as a “misapplication” of a “correct law.” For this reason, the “correct

law” for purposes of second tier certiorari review must, at a minimum, at least have

a direct and relevant application to the issue at hand. Viewed in this way, even if

the trial court had cited to Trimble and attempted to apply it as a basis for its

ruling, doing so would not insulate its ruling from certiorari review as a

“misapplication of correct law.”

                            D. “Miscarriage of Justice”

      Not applying the correct law must also result in a “miscarriage of justice” as

the supreme court has explained.

      In granting writs of common-law certiorari, the district courts of
      appeal should not be as concerned with the mere existence of legal
      error as much as with the seriousness of the error. Since it is
      impossible to list all possible legal errors serious enough to constitute
      a departure from the essential requirements of law, the district courts
      must be allowed a large degree of discretion so that they may judge
      each case individually. The district courts should exercise this

                                         25
      discretion only when there has been a violation of a clearly
      established principle of law resulting in a miscarriage of justice.

Combs v. State, 436 So. 2d 93, 95-96 (Fla. 1983). Expanding upon Combs, the

court noted that the standard of second tier certiorari “while narrow, also contains a

degree of flexibility and discretion. For example, a reviewing court is drawing new

lines and setting judicial policy as it individually determines those errors

sufficiently egregious or fundamental to merit the extra review and safeguard

provided by certiorari. This may not always be easy since the errors in question

must be viewed in the context of the individual case.” Haines City Cmty. Dev., 658

So. 2d at 530-31 (footnote omitted).

      Based upon these principles, which require not only a “sufficiently egregious

error or fundamental” error but also a restrained exercise of judicial discretion, we

conclude that the context of this case warrants relief. Failing to apply the

applicable standard of certiorari review, while perhaps understandable in light of

the circuit court’s view of the primacy of the video, meets this standard. See Clay

County, 969 So. 2d at 1181. And although this case involves only Mr. Wiggins’s

suspension, the Department says that many similar cases currently exist; and if the

circuit court’s method of review is permitted, that the proverbial floodgates will

open by giving the green light to circuit courts to independently review and

second-guess the evidentiary weight to be placed on video evidence. Under these


                                         26
circumstances, where no relief is otherwise available to the Department to curtail

this practice, the context of this case warrants relief.

                                           III.

      The circuit court did not comply with Dusseau, which sets out the clearly-

established manner in which first tier certiorari review is conducted in determining

whether competent substantial evidence exists in support of an administrative fact-

finding. In light of the circuit court’s order, which says the officer’s testimony and

arrest/booking report by themselves would support the hearing officer’s factual

findings, it might seem that a reversal is in order. But Dusseau says that a district

court should not independently review the record and pass upon whether

competent substantial evidence exists in support of a challenged administrative

order; that is for the circuit court to do. As such, we grant the petition, quash the

circuit court’s order, and remand with directions to apply the correct law. Because

the issue presented arises more frequently due to the ubiquity of video evidence,

we certify the following question of great public importance for possible review:

      WHETHER A CIRCUIT COURT FAILS TO APPLY THE
      CORRECT LAW BY REJECTING AS NON-CREDIBLE THE
      ENTIRETY OF AN ARRESTING OFFICER’S TESTIMONY AND
      REPORT CONCERNING A TRAFFIC STOP, UPON WHICH THE
      HEARING OFFICER’S FACTUAL FINDINGS RELIED, BASED
      SOLELY ON THE CIRCUIT COURT’S OWN INDEPENDENT
      REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF EVENTS ON THE VIDEO OF
      A TRAFFIC STOP?

PETITION GRANTED.
                                           27
LEWIS, C.J., CONCURS. VAN NORTWICK, J., DISSENTS.

VAN NORTWICK, J., dissenting.

         It is clear from this record that the circuit court’s order did not improperly

reweigh the record evidence but, rather, it ruled on the credibility of the evidence

in the record in determining whether the hearing officer relied on competent

substantial evidence. Thus, the circuit court did not apply the incorrect law. 6 As a

result, I would deny the petition and respectfully dissent. I concur in the certified

question.

                          Factual and Procedural Background

         As described by the majority, Wiggins was arrested for DUI and refused the

arresting law enforcement officer’s request to submit to breath-alcohol testing.

After the placement of an administrative refusal suspension on Wiggins’ driver’s

license, Wiggins requested and was granted a formal administrative suspension

review hearing. At the hearing, Wiggins placed into evidence a DVD recording

which was viewed at the hearing and showed the entire period from when he was

first observed by Deputy Saunders through the arrest. At the conclusion of the

evidentiary portion of the review hearing, Wiggins’ counsel argued that both the

stop of the vehicle and the DUI arrest were unlawful.           Based on the record

documents and the testimony offered in the review hearing, the hearing officer


6
    There is no argument that the circuit court denied procedural due process.
                                            28
made certain factual findings, and based on these factual findings, the hearing

officer determined that a preponderance of the record evidence supported an

affirmance of the administrative suspension pursuant to section 322.2615(8)(a),

Florida Statutes.     Wiggins’ motions to invalidate the administrative suspension

were denied.

      Wiggins then filed a petition for writ of certiorari in the circuit court of the

Fourth Judicial Circuit.      In the petition, Wiggins argued, as he had at the

administrative review hearing, that the stop and arrest were unlawful and that there

was no competent substantial evidence to support the hearing officer’s findings

that the stop and arrest were lawful. The Department asserted, in response, that

there was competent substantial evidence in the record to support the hearing

officer’s findings as made in the order and that, pursuant to section 322.2615(13),

the circuit court was not permitted to conduct a de novo review of the issues from

the administrative hearing. The circuit court granted Wiggins’ petition and found

that the record failed to contain competent substantial evidence to support the

lawfulness of the stop. The circuit court explained its ruling, as follows:

               According to the arrest and booking report “the vehicle
               was drifting and weaving in its own lane traveling at 30
               mph in a 45 mph zone, the passenger side tires crossed
               over the fog line and nearly struck the raised curb before
               swerving back into the lane.” The video clearly refutes
               this evidence; in the video the vehicle does not drift and
               weave within its own lane. Furthermore, the passenger

                                          29
side tires do not cross over the fog line nor do they come
close to striking the raised curb.

The arrest and booking report further states “after coming
to the flashing yellow lights at the intersection of Long
Bag Road and Blanding Boulevard, the Petitioner braked
for no reason and then accelerate. (sic)” The Petitioner
did brake slightly when coming to the flashing yellow
lights and subsequent to passing the flashing yellow
lights slowly accelerated. The arrest and booking report
then describes the vehicle as “braking hard again and
swerved right as he entered the intersection with Everett
Avenue.” The Petitioner did slightly apply the brakes
momentarily. However Petitioner did not swerve to the
right and almost hit the curb as he was passing through
the intersection with Everett Avenue.

The arrest and booking report further describes the
driving pattern as “continued south on Blanding
Boulevard toward County Road 218 and drifted into the
turn lane. While making a wide left turn he had to
realign his truck as he straightened out.” This evidence is
refuted by the video that shows that the petitioner (sic)
did continue driving southbound on Blanding Boulevard.
However, the Petitioner deliberately switched lanes into
the left turn lane as opposed to drifting. The turn upon
leaving the intersection was normal and did not result in
the Petitioner having to straighten out the vehicle to
complete the turn.

Standing alone, the arrest and booking report and
testimony by Deputy Saunders would support the
findings of the hearing officer. However, this testimonial
evidence is flatly contradicted by the objective evidence
on the videotape. The images on the videotape are clear
and contain adequate lighting. The hearing officer was in
no better position to evaluate the probative value of this
objective evidence than is this court. Viewing the entire
record evidence, neither the testimony of Deputy
Saunders nor the arrest and booking report constitutes
                            30
             competent substantial evidence on which the hearing
             officer could rely. In De Groot v. Sheffield, 95 So. 2d
             912, 916 (Fla. 1957), the court described competent
             substantial evidence as that “sufficiently relevant and
             material that a reasonable mind would accept it as
             adequate to support the conclusion reached. To this
             extent the ‘substantial’ evidence should also be
             ‘competent.’”

             It was unreasonable as a matter of law for the hearing
             officer to accept Deputy Saunders report and testimony
             after this evidence was shown to be erroneous and flatly
             contradicted by the objective images of the videotape.

      Accordingly, the circuit court granted the petition for a writ of certiorari and

quashed the Department’s order. The Department seeks review of this order by

petition for writ of certiorari. As noted, I would deny the petition.

                                 Standard of Review

      In considering a petition for writ of certiorari on second-tier review of a

circuit court’s order reviewing an administrative order, the various standards of

review are a necessary starting point in the analysis. In certiorari proceedings

concerning an administrative action, the circuit court is required to apply a three-

pronged analysis and determine (1) whether procedural due process was accorded,

(2) whether the essential requirements of law have been observed, and (3) whether

the administrative findings and judgment are supported by competent substantial

evidence. Haines City Cmty Dev. v. Heggs, 658 So. 2d 523, 530 (Fla. 1995);

Educ. Dev. Ctr., Inc. v. City of W. Palm Beach Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 541 So. 2d

                                          31
106, 108 (Fla. 1989). When exercising its certiorari review power, the circuit court

is not permitted to reweigh the evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the

agency. Educ. Dev. Ctr., 541 So. 2d at 108.

      The standard of review applicable to the district court of appeal reviewing

the circuit court’s order is more restricted. While engaged in a so-called second-

tier review, the appellate court is limited to a two-pronged analysis determining (1)

whether the circuit court afforded procedural due process, and (2) whether the

circuit court applied the correct law. Heggs, 658 So. 2d at 530 (holding that the

administrative phrase “applied the correct law” is synonymous with the civil and

criminal phrase “observing the essential requirements of law” and, therefore, there

is “no justifiable reason for adopting different standards for district court review in

such cases”); Educ. Dev. Ctr., 541 So. 2d at 108; Dep’t of Highway Safety &

Motor Vehicles v. Edenfield, 58 So. 3d 904, 906 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011). Pursuant to

Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.030(b)(2)(B), this second-tier review is

necessarily narrower than the circuit court’s review. Educ. Dev. Ctr., 541 So. 2d at

108. This court, unlike the circuit court, may not review the record to determine

whether the Department’s decision was supported by competent substantial

evidence, see Dusseau v. Metropolitan Dade County Board of County

Commissioners, 794 So. 2d 1270, 1274 (Fla. 2001), because second-tier certiorari

is not a means of granting a second appeal. Further, the district court cannot grant

                                          32
certiorari relief simply because it disagrees with the outcome of the circuit court’s

decision. Nader v. Fla. Dep’t of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles, 87 So. 3d

712, 726 (Fla. 2012). As will be seen from the discussion which follows, the

majority misunderstands this court’s responsibility in determining whether the

circuit court “applied the correct law.”

      With respect to determining whether the circuit court applied the correct

law, the district court should grant second-tier certiorari relief “only when there has

been a violation of a clearly established principle of law resulting in a miscarriage

of justice.” Custer Med. Ctr. v. United Auto. Ins. Co., 62 So. 3d 1086, 1092 (Fla.

2010) (emphasis added). This court has emphasized the limited nature of this

review:

             Clearly established law can be derived not only from case
             law dealing with the same issue of law, but also from an
             interpretation or application of a statute, a procedural
             rule, or a constitution provision. When the established
             law provides no controlling precedent, however,
             certiorari relief cannot be granted because without such
             controlling precedent, a district court cannot conclude
             that a circuit court violated a clearly establish principle of
             law. Further, a misapplication or an erroneous
             interpretation of the correct law does not rise to the level
             of a violation of a clearly established principle of law.

Dep’t of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles v. Edenfield, 58 So. 3d at 906 (internal

citations and quotations omitted).


                              Application of the Correct Law
                                           33
      Relying on Dusseau, the Department argues and the majority agrees that the

circuit court did not apply the correct law because it reweighed the evidence and

substituted its judgment for that of the hearing officer’s. In Dusseau, the Florida

Supreme Court discussed the applicable case law which governs first- and second-

tier reviews. The Supreme Court differentiated between a “competent substantial

evidence” standard of proof, which is applied by the government agency in the first

instance, and a “competent substantial evidence” standard of review, which is

applied by the circuit court upon its first-tier review. 794 So. 2d at 1274. The

Dusseau court explained that, when the circuit court reweighs the evidence and

decides the merits of an agency order, the circuit court applies the wrong law

because it applies the competent substantial evidence standard of proof rather than

the competent substantial evidence standard of review. Id. at 1275 (citing Florida

Power & Light Co. v. City of Dania, 761 So. 2d 1089 (Fla. 2000)). The court

further explained in Dusseau that


            [t]he sole issue before the court on first-tier certiorari
            review is whether the agency’s decision is lawful. The
            court’s task vis-à-vis the third prong of [City of Deerfield
            Beach v. Vaillant, 419 So. 2d 624 (Fla. 1982)] is simple:
            The court must review the record to assess the
            evidentiary support for the agency’s decision. Evidence
            contrary to the agency’s decision is outside the scope of
            the inquiry at this point, for the reviewing court above all
            cannot reweigh the “pros and cons” of conflicting
            evidence. While contrary evidence may be relevant to
            the wisdom of the decision, it is irrelevant to the
                                        34
               lawfulness of the decision.

Id. at 1276.


       Dusseau did not put forth a new understanding of the competent substantial

evidence standard of review.      That is, in describing first-tier review, the Dusseau

court does not require, as the majority states, that reviewing the record in support

of the findings of fact involves “culling through the record for whatever bits and

pieces of evidence that support an administrative order’s factual findings” while

“separating out those portions [of a matter of record] that are supportive of the

hearing officer’s findings, leaving contrary or inconsistent evidence on the cutting

room floor.” Majority op. at 16-17. Instead, an item of evidence can be rejected as

a whole by the circuit court on first-tier review because it is not legally competent

evidence, even though a sentence or phrase within that item might support a

finding of fact. Courts employing a competent substantial evidence standard of

review, as this court routinely does, are not obliged to disassemble or deconstruct

matters submitted into evidence.        To so construe the competent substantial

evidence standard would essentially render it a meaningless standard, for certainly

there is almost always some passing phrase or minor reference in the record

evidence which could be seen as support for a finding of fact, even when an item

of evidence, when viewed in context as a whole, plainly does not support a finding

of fact.

                                             35
      For instance, Dusseau nowhere requires a circuit court on first-tier review to

find support for a finding of fact on a single sentence in a document when that

document as a whole plainly does not support the finding. To my mind, that is

what the majority is here insisting upon: that a circuit court accept parts of a

discrete item of record while ignoring that item as a whole. Indeed, the majority

says as much when it holds that the circuit court must have found support for a

finding of fact made by the hearing officer if “portions of the report, or portions of

the officer’s testimony, or portions of the video, or some combination of the three,

provided evidentiary support for the hearing officer’s findings. . . .” Majority op. at

14. Dusseau says no such thing. To mandate a Chinese menu approach to the

competent substantial evidence determination in first-tier review will lead to

absurd results. Therefore, in my view, the majority reads Dusseau too broadly.


      It is certainly true that a reviewing court on first-tier review may not reweigh

the competent evidence already weighed by the finder of fact. Dusseau, 794 So. 2d

at 1273-74.    However, as noted, a court on first-tier review is charged with

determining whether findings of fact and the resulting judgment are supported by

competent substantial evidence, which means the court of first-tier review is to

determine whether there is “legally sufficient evidence.” Id. at 1274 (citing Florida

Power & Light, 761 So. 2d at 1092).



                                          36
      I do not agree with the Department that, contrary to the requirements of

Dusseau, the circuit court here engaged in a reweighing of the record evidence. As

I read the circuit court’s order, the circuit court properly reviewed the record

evidence to determine whether the evidence on which the hearing officer relied

was sufficiently credible to constitute competent substantial evidence. As noted,

the trial court concluded that the arrest and booking report as well as the testimony

of Deputy Sanders “were flatly contradicted by objective evidence on the

videotape.”   That is, the trial court concluded that the arrest and booking report,

as well as the trial testimony of the officer, were not sufficiently credible to

constitute competent substantial evidence.


      In the seminal case of De Groot v. Sheffield, 95 So. 2d 912, 916 (Fla. 1957),

the term competent substantial evidence is defined:


                Substantial evidence has been described as such
                evidence as will establish a substantial basis of
                fact from which the fact at issue can be
                reasonably inferred. We have stated it to be such
                relevant evidence as a reasonable mind would
                accept as adequate to support a conclusion. In
                employing the adjective “competent” to modify
                the word “substantial,” we are aware of the
                familiar rule that in administrative proceedings
                the formalities in the introduction of testimony
                common to the courts of justice are not strictly
                employed. We are of the view, however, that the
                evidence relied upon to sustain the ultimate
                finding should be sufficiently relevant and

                                         37
                 material that a reasonable mind would accept it as
                 adequate to support the conclusion reached. To
                 this extent the “substantial” evidence should also
                 be “competent.”

After the De Groot decision, the Florida Supreme Court further refined the

definition of competent substantial evidence by explaining:


                 Although the terms “substantial evidence” or
                 “competent substantial evidence” have been
                 variously defined, past judicial interpretation
                 indicates that an order which bases an essential
                 finding or conclusion solely on unreliable
                 evidence should be held insufficient.

Fla. Rate Conference v. Fla. R.R. & Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 108 So. 2d 601, 607 (Fla.

1959) (emphasis added). In short, evidence which is incredible or unreliable is not

competent substantial evidence.


      A determination that evidence is not competent substantial evidence does

not involve a reweighing of the evidence. As the Florida Supreme Court explained

in Tibbs v. State, 397 So. 2d 1120, 1123 (Fla. 1981), the “weight and the

sufficiency of evidence are, in theory, two distinct concepts. . . .” As the Supreme

Court explained further, “[s]ufficiency is a test of adequacy. Sufficient evidence is

‘such evidence, in character, weight, or amount, as will legally justify the judicial

or official action demanded.’” Id. at 1123 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1285

(5th ed. 1979)). In Florida Power & Light, the Florida Supreme Court reiterated


                                         38
that the consideration as to whether a finding is supported by competent substantial

evidence necessarily entails a consideration of whether evidence is “legally

sufficient.” 761 So. 2d at 1092; see Dusseau, 794 So. 2d at 1273-74. In contrast,

the “weight of the evidence” is the “balance or preponderance of evidence.” Tibbs,

397 So. 2d at 1123 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1429 (5th ed. 1979)). That is,

it is “a determination of the trier of fact that a greater amount of credible evidence

supports one side of an issue or cause than the other.” Id. (Emphasis added).

Here, the circuit court concluded that the “testimonial evidence” of the officer was

not credible, and thus, that testimonial evidence was properly rejected. The trial

court did not engage in a weighing of credible evidence against other credible

evidence. Accordingly, the trial court did not exceed its proper scope of first-tier

review.


      This understanding of first-tier review was reaffirmed by this court in

Department of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles v. Trimble, 821 So. 2d 1084

(Fla. 1st DCA 2002). 7 In Trimble, the circuit court set aside a driver’s license

suspension order based upon its determination that no competent substantial

evidence supported the hearing officer’s decision that Trimble had been given an


7
 On appeal, the Department argues that Trimble conflicts with Dusseau and that
Trimble was wrongly decided. I disagree. As explained in the text, Trimble does
not conflict with Dusseau. Further, I do not agree that Trimble was wrongly
decided.
                                     39
implied consent warning of her right to refuse a breath, urine or blood test before

she declined to take the test. Id. at 1085. On second-tier review, this court

concluded that the circuit court had not misapplied the law. We explained that


             [i]n the case before us, the circuit court concluded that
             the documentary evidence presented by the Department,
             which was the only evidence submitted to prove its case,
             was legally insufficient to constitute CSE on the
             warning issue, because the documents were hopelessly in
             conflict and the discrepancies on the critical facts went
             unexplained.

Id. at 1086 (emphasis added). This court described the dispositive issue before it:


             The question before us is whether the circuit court’s
             ruling constitutes impermissible reweighing of
             conflicting evidence, and thus is a misapplication of the
             law, or whether it is a proper application of the law. The
             resolution of this issue turns on the meaning and force
             of the inference derived from the evidence submitted.

Id. (emphasis added). This court concluded in Trimble that the circuit court did

not engage in a reweighing of evidence, which it was not permitted to do, when it

rejected incredible evidence, which it was permitted to do. As we explained,

Florida courts have long required that findings must be based “on evidence in the

record that supports a reasonable foundation for the conclusion reached.” 821 So.

2d at 1087. Put another way, findings must be based on evidence “having fitness

to induce conviction.” Id. (quoting Fla. Rate Conference v. Fla. R.R. & Pub. Utils.

Comm’n, 108 So. 2d 601, 607 (Fla. 1959)).

                                         40
      The majority argues Trimble is not applicable as the evidence submitted in

that case consisted only of “paper,” whereas Deputy Wiggins gave live testimony

before the hearing officer. This distinction is of no consequence. The recognition

by this court in Trimble that the evidence relied upon by the hearing officer gave

equal support to inconsistent inferences had nothing to do with the documentary

character of the evidence. This court’s refusal in Trimble to grant certiorari relief

instead was solely dependent on the evidence being so inclusive as to amount to a

“flip of a coin,” 821 So. 2d at 1087, as the circuit court therein had properly

concluded.


      In conclusion, while the majority asserts that the circuit court applied the

“wrong law,” I must disagree. The circuit court’s consideration of whether the

hearing officer relied on competent substantial evidence is an inquiry compelled by

Dusseau and Trimble. Accordingly, the circuit court applied the correct law in

determining whether the administrative findings and judgment were supported by

competent substantial evidence. See Haines City Cmty. Dev., 658 So. 2d at 530,

and Educ. Dev. Ctr., 541 So. 2d at 108. Even the majority recognizes that Dusseau

requires a circuit court, on first-tier review, to determine whether a hearing

officer’s finding is supported by “competent substantial evidence.” Majority op. at

7. That is all the circuit court did here. Respectfully, it seems to me that the

majority here simply disagrees with the circuit court that the testimony of and
                                         41
report from Deputy Saunders were not competent evidence. That is not, however,

the issue before us on second-tier review.8 In fact, by rejecting the circuit court’s

conclusion that the hearing officer’s findings were not based on competent

substantial evidence, it is the majority which is applying the incorrect law.


Accordingly, I would deny the petition for writ




8
  As noted, this court, unlike the circuit court, may not review the record on
second-tier review to determine whether the Department’s decision was supported
by competent substantial evidence. Dusseau, 794 So. 2d at 1274 (Fla. 2001).
Further, this court cannot grant second-tier certiorari review simply “because it
disagrees with the outcome of the circuit court’s decision.” Nader, 87 So. 3d at
726.
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