UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                       Before
                           MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and WOLFE
                              Appellate Military Judges

                           UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                        v.
                         Specialist ROBERT A. LEWIN II
                          United States Army, Appellant

                                   ARMY 20170051

                             Headquarters, Fort Drum
                         S. Charles Neill, Military Judge
             Lieutenant Colonel John J. Merriam, Staff Judge Advocate


For Appellant: Colonel Mary J, Bradley, JA; Major Julie L. Borchers, JA; Captain
Steven J. Dray, JA (on brief).

For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Eric K. Stafford, JA; Captain Austin Fenwick, JA;
Captain KJ Harris, JA (on brief).


                                     30 April 2018
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                               SUMMARY DISPOSITION
                              ----------------------------------

FEBBO, Judge:

       A military judge convicted appellant, pursuant to his pleas, of two
specifications of sexual abuse of a child, and contrary to his pleas, of two
specifications of sexual abuse of a child, in violation of Article 120b, Uniform Code
of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 920b (2012) [UCMJ]. The convening authority
approved the adjudged sentence of a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for thirty-
six months, and reduction to the grade of E-1.

      This case is before us for review pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ. In his sole
assignment of error, appellant asserts that his sentence to confinement is
inappropriately severe when compared to other child sex abuse cases. We disagree,
as we find the cases cited by appellant are not closely related to his case and the
sentences in the cited cases are not highly disparate with appellant’s sentence.
LEWIN—ARMY 20170051

                                  BACKGROUND

        In 2015, appellant was assigned to a Military Police (MP) unit at Fort Drum.
He was twenty-three years old. Appellant met a child online through a medieval
gaming site. The child’s profile stated she was fifteen years old. Appellant and the
child would role play that he was a “knight in shining armor” and she was a “damsel
in distress.” Appellant–identifying himself as “Desert Soldier”–began to send her
electronic messages and told her he was a soldier assigned as an MP at Fort Drum.
Being no knight, appellant’s messages to the child became sexual. He told her he
wanted to “fuck” her, sent her pictures of his erect penis, and received digital photos
of her naked and videos of her masturbating.

       In late 2015, the child informed appellant she was only thirteen years old.
Appellant got upset and feared he would be discharged from the Army. Appellant
stopped communicating with her for several months, but resumed contact in early
2016, when she turned fourteen. Appellant told the child he wanted to “put my
fingers inside of you.” Over approximately the next seven months, appellant
continued to send her pictures of his erect penis and continued to receive naked
digital photos and videos from the child.

       Appellant was close to his ETS date and was seeking a civilian law
enforcement position. During an interview with the Department of Homeland
Security, appellant admitted to the above offenses. At trial, he pleaded guilty to the
sexual abuse after he re-contacted her knowing she was only fourteen years old.
Appellant presented a mistake of fact defense for the charges before the child turned
fourteen. Appellant testified that he did not know she was under eighteen years old
when they initially exchanged naked pictures and communicated sexually.

                              LAW AND DISCUSSION
                              Sentence Appropriateness

       The appellant asserts that the portion of his sentence to thirty-six months
confinement is inappropriately severe and warrants relief under Article 66(c),
UCMJ. In support of his argument, appellant requests the court consider the
sentences in five courts-martial involving servicemembers soliciting sex from
children and/or sending digital images of their penis to children. 1 We disagree that


1
  United States v. Johnston, 75 M.J. 563 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 2016); United States
v. Uriostegui, 75 M.J. 857 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 2016); United States v. Costianes,
ACM 38868, 2016 CCA LEXIS 391 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 June 2016); United
States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017); and United States v.
Rodriguez, ARMY 20130577, 2015 CCA Lexis 551 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 1 Dec.
2015) (mem. op.).


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LEWIN—ARMY 20170051

these cases are closely related, involve highly disparate sentences, or demonstrate
appellant’s sentence is inappropriately severe.

       This court reviews sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Bauerbach, 55 M.J. 501, 504 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2001) (citing United States v.
Cole, 31 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We “may affirm only such findings of
guilty and the sentence or such part or amount of the sentence, as [we find] correct
in law and fact and determine[], on the basis of the entire record, should be
approved.” UMCJ art. 66(c). “When we conduct a sentence appropriateness review,
we review many factors to include: the sentence severity; the entire record of trial;
appellant's character and military service; and the nature, seriousness, facts, and
circumstances of the criminal course of conduct.” United States v. Martinez, 76 M.J.
837, 841-42 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2017). This court has a great deal of discretion
in determining whether a particular sentence is appropriate, but we are not
authorized to engage in exercises of clemency. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138,
146 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
                       Are Cases Cited by Appellant Closely Related?
       As outlined in this court’s opinion in Martinez, we must first determine if
appellant has met his burden that the cases to be compared are closely related. 76
M.J. at 840. Unlike sentence appropriateness, sentence comparison is required only
in “those rare instances in which sentence appropriateness can be fairly determined
only by reference to disparate sentences adjudged in closely related cases.” United
States v. Lacy, 50 M.J. 286, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (quoting United States v. Ballard,
20 M.J. 282, 283 (C.M.A. 1985)). The burden is on appellant seeking relief to show
that his case is “closely related” to the cited cases and that the sentences are “highly
disparate.” Id. Once met, the burden shifts to the government to show a rational
basis for the disparity. Id.

       Appellant contends that other recent courts-martial involving sexually
contacting children though electronic communications and exchanging sexually
explicit images were closely related and had lower sentences to confinement.

       The appellant has not met his burden of showing the cases he cites are closely
related to his own. These cases do not involve “coactors involved in a common
crime, servicemembers involved in a common or parallel scheme, or some other
direct nexus between servicemembers whose sentences are sought to be compared.”
Lacy, 50 M.J. at 288. The cases cited by appellant involve, at a minimum, different
victims and different locations.
                                  Sentence Disparity
       Even if we were to find that the cases were closely related, appellant would
not be entitled to sentence relief unless this court also found that the adjudged
sentences were, in fact, “highly disparate.” United States v. Roach, 69 M.J. 17, 21


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LEWIN—ARMY 20170051

(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Sothen, 54 M.J. 294, 296 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).
Whether a sentence is “highly disparate” is determined by comparison of the
adjudged sentences taking into account “the disparity in relation to the potential
maximum punishment.” Lacy, 50 M.J. at 289; see also Roach, 69 M.J. at 21. But
even in the case of highly disparate sentences, the difference in sentences informs,
but does not determine, our decision. Sentence comparison does not require
equivalent sentences. See United States v. Snelling, 14 M.J. 267, 268-69 (C.M.A.
1982). We are not required to lower a sentence to the lowest common denominator
if the sentence is otherwise correct in law and fact and should be approved.

       At the time of sentencing, appellant faced a maximum punishment of a
dishonorable discharge, confinement for sixty years, total forfeitures, and a reduction
to the grade of E-1. The military judge sentenced appellant to a bad-conduct
discharge, confinement for thirty-six months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The
adjudged sentence was only five percent of the maximum sentence to confinement. As
in Lacy, appellant’s sentence was “relatively short compared to the maximum
confinement.” 50 M.J. at 289. (Court of Criminal Appeals did not abuse its
discretion in finding sentences of eight, fifteen, and eighteen months for three
servicemembers, each facing confinement for twenty-seven years, were not “highly
disparate”).

       We find appellant has not met his burden in showing that the adjudged
sentences are “highly disparate.” See, e.g., United States v. Pleasant, 71 M.J. 709,
716 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2012), pet. denied, 72 M.J. 385 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (Twenty-
four month sentence disparate, but not highly disparate, with an eleven-month
sentence for co-accused). The sentences of eight months, twenty-four months, and
thirty months in the cases cited by appellant were not highly disparate to appellant’s
thirty-sex month sentence to confinement. Unlike two of the other cases appellant
cites as similar to his own, appellant was not sentenced to a dishonorable discharge
for four specifications of sexual abuse of a child.

            We conclude that any disparity between appellant and the other five cases is not
        2
high.
                                       Sentence Appropriateness

       Even if we found appellant's sentence was highly disparate with other closely
related child sex offender cases and lacked cogent reasons for such a disparity,
appellant is not entitled to sentence relief if the sentence is otherwise appropriate.
Martinez, 76 M.J. at 841. If there is a rational basis for the differences among closely
related cases, appellant would not receive “a windfall from an otherwise appropriate

2
 For example, although each case is considered individually and the offenses were
different, in Martinez, this court did not find a nine-year difference between two co-
defendants was highly disparate.


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LEWIN—ARMY 20170051

sentence just because [another accused], who may even be more culpable, received a
more lenient sentence.” Id. at 842.

      Article 66(c), UCMJ, requires us to take into account that the trial court saw
and heard the evidence. The military judge after considering all the evidence
sentenced appellant to punishment that included thirty-six months confinement.
Given the nature and seriousness of the offenses, the adjudged sentence was lenient.
We hold that the approved sentence is not inappropriately severe, and shall be
approved.

                                  CONCLUSION

      Upon consideration of the entire record, the findings of guilty and sentence
are AFFIRMED.

      Senior Judge MULLIGAN and Judge WOLFE concur.


                                       FOR THE
                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                               COURT:




                                       MALCOLM
                                       MALCOLM H.  H. SQUIRES,
                                                      SQUIRES, JR.
                                                               JR.
                                       Clerk of Court
                                       Clerk of Court




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