        In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 17-129C

                                (Filed Under Seal: April 19, 2017)

                           (Reissued for Publication: April 27, 2017)1

*************************************
                                       *
THE CONCOURSE GROUP, LLC,              *
                                       *
                 Plaintiff,            *
                                       *                    Post-Award      Bid      Protest;
v.                                     *                    Standard    of     Review    for
                                       *                    Agency’s Technical Evaluation
THE UNITED STATES,                     *                    of      Proposals;      Unstated
                                       *                    Evaluation Criteria; Formal
                 Defendant.            *                    Requirements in a FAR Subpart
                                       *                    8.4 Procurement.
and                                    *
                                       *
RER SOLUTIONS, INC.,                   *
                                       *
                 Defendant-Intervenor. *
*************************************

Robert Nichols, Nichols Liu LLP, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff.

Anthony F. Schiavetti, with whom were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director,
Christopher J. Carney, Senior Litigation Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, U.S. Department of Justice, as well as Scott N. Flesch, Chief, Bid Protests, and
Major Stephen P. Smith, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.,
for Defendant.


1
  The Court issued this decision under seal on April 19, 2017, and invited the parties to submit proposed
redactions of any proprietary, confidential, or other protected information on or before April 27, 2017.
None of the parties proposed any redactions. Thus, the Court reissues the opinion in full.
Keir X. Bancroft, with whom were Christopher G. Griesedieck and J. Scott Hommer, III,
Venable, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Intervenor.

                                  OPINION AND ORDER

WHEELER, Judge.

        The parties in this post-award bid protest have filed cross-motions for judgment on
the administrative record pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”).
Plaintiff Concourse Group, LLC, the losing bidder on a military housing privatization
initiative (“MHPI”) contract, alleges primarily that the Government applied an unstated
criterion while evaluating bids: namely, that the bidder must have experience specifically
with the Army’s MHPI program. The Defendant-Intervenor and contract awardee, RER
Solutions, LLC, has such experience by virtue of its relationship with Jones Lang LaSalle
(“JLL”), the incumbent contractor. Concourse does not.

       If there were evidence that the Army implicitly required Army-specific MHPI
experience, then the bidding process would have been unfairly skewed in favor of RER.
After considering the parties’ arguments and the administrative record, the Court has found
no such evidence. Accordingly, the Government’s and RER’s cross-motions for judgment
on the administrative record are GRANTED, and Concourse’s motion is DENIED.

                                         Background

       A.     The Army Begins the Solicitation

       On July 20, 2015, the United States Army Mission and Installation Contracting
Command (“Army”) began the solicitation at issue in this case by issuing Request for
Quotations Number W9124J-15-R-0064. AR Tab 3. The solicitation sought various
financial, real estate, and consulting support services in connection with the Army’s MHPI
program. Id. at 11. In the solicitation, the Army announced that it would award a firm
fixed-price contract to the bidder who submitted the lowest-priced technically acceptable
proposal. Id. at 76.

        The Army intended to evaluate proposals on three factors: technical capability, past
performance, and price. Id. at 76–77. The technical capability factor in turn had four
subfactors: (1) corporate experience; (2) understanding of the Army MHPI program; (3)
staffing plan/qualifications of key personnel; and (4) quality control approach. Id. at 77–
80. These subfactors unfolded into several “elements.” Id. The Army would assign a
technical acceptability rating to each respective layer of the solicitation’s Russian doll. The
solicitation explicitly stated that “[t]o receive a rating of Acceptable, ALL Elements of the
Subfactors must receive a rating of Acceptable. An unacceptable rating in any element,
subfactor or factor will result in an overall rating of unacceptable.” Id. at 80.

                                              2
       The solicitation also set out a tiered approach that the Army would use in evaluating
bids (pursuant to Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS)
§ 215.203-70). Id. at 76. The tiered approach would favor small businesses over large
ones. Id. JLL, the incumbent contractor, is not a small business, and it filed three protests
with the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) that challenged several aspects of
the solicitation, including the tiered approach. See AR Tabs 8, 27, 32. The Army took
corrective action in response to the first protest, and the GAO dismissed the second and
supplemental protests. See AR Tabs 17, 19, 20.

       B.     Concourse, RER, and JLL Submit Proposals

       Concourse, JLL, and RER submitted initial proposals in response to the solicitation.
AR Tabs 9 (Concourse), 10 (JLL), 11 (RER). The Army rated Concourse’s technical
proposal unacceptable overall, as well as unacceptable for subfactors 1, 2, and 3; for two
of the ten elements of subfactor 1 (corporate experience); for fourteen of the twenty-one
elements of subfactor 2 (understanding of the MHPI program); and for three of the four
elements of subfactor 3, staffing plan and key personnel. See AR Tab 13. The Army rated
RER’s technical proposal acceptable in its entirety (and for all subfactors and elements).
See AR Tab 15.

       The three bidders submitted revised proposals in response to solicitation
amendments on November 18, 2015. AR Tabs 23 (Concourse), 24 (RER), 25 (JLL). The
Army again rated Concourse’s technical proposal unacceptable overall, as well as for
subfactors 1, 2, and 3; for two of the ten elements of subfactor 1; for fourteen of the twenty-
one elements of subfactor 2; and for three of the four elements of subfactor 3. See AR Tab
28. The Army again rated RER’s technical proposal acceptable in its entirety. See AR
Tab 29.

        After these first two proposal rounds, the Army began discussions with both parties.
It issued evaluation notices (“ENs”) to Concourse and RER. AR Tabs 37, 38. Concourse
received twenty-one ENs, and RER received one. AR Tabs 37, 38. Both parties responded,
and the Army evaluated the EN responses. AR Tabs 40, 41, 41a. The Army then submitted
a second round of ENs that incorporated the Army’s position with respect to each EN. AR
Tabs 42, 43. Again, both parties responded to the ENs, and the Army evaluated the
responses. AR Tab 44.

       On June 29, 2016, the Army issued Amendment 0007 to the solicitation, thereby
allowing the bidders to submit final proposal revisions (FPR). AR Tab 46. The Army also
notified Concourse by letter that its proposal remained unacceptable, and included a
consolidated copy of the Army’s technical evaluations of Concourse’s EN responses. Id.



                                              3
        Concourse filed a pre-award bid protest with the GAO on July 8, 2016, alleging
primarily that the Army was requiring Army-specific MHPI experience in the solicitation.
AR Tab 47. The Army decided to take corrective action on July 19, 2016 by clarifying
solicitation language, and the GAO dismissed the protest as moot. AR Tabs 48, 50. The
amended solicitation made clear that non-Army-specific MHPI experience would be
sufficient. Still, it included language in factor 2, subfactor 1 that required offerors to
“provide a comprehensive narrative which explains how [non-Army MHPI] experience on
similar projects relate[s] and ties back to the Army’s MHPI program for the subfactor 1
elements listed below[.]” AR Tab 51 at 3558.50. For subfactor 2, the amended solicitation
required that, “[w]hen using Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps MHPI equivalents while
addressing the subfactor elements below[,] offerors are required to relate their
understanding of those programs to the Army’s MHPI program and explain how it is
applicable to their ability to successfully support the Army’s MHPI program.” Id. at
3558.51.

       C.     The Army Selects RER’s Proposal, and Concourse Protests at the GAO

       Concourse submitted its FPR on August 12, 2016. AR Tab 53. RER confirmed that
its previously submitted FPR remained valid. Tabs 54-54f. The Army finished its final
technical evaluations of the FPRs on August 19, 2016. AR Tab 60 at 4432. Concourse’s
evaluation improved in several areas, and the Army rated elements of subfactors 1 and 2
acceptable that it had previously rated unacceptable. AR Tab 60 at 4440–42. Still,
subfactors 1 and 2 of Concourse’s FPR remained unacceptable, so the Army rated
Concourse’s FPR unacceptable. AR Tab 55. Specifically, the Army rated one element of
subfactor 1 and twelve elements of subfactor 2 unacceptable. Id. at 4134.1–5.

       With Concourse’s proposal rated unacceptable, RER was the only tier-one bidder
with an acceptable proposal. Therefore, the Army awarded Task Order Number W9124J-
16-F-0049 to RER on September 15, 2016. AR Tab 60 at 4455–56.

       At Concourse’s request, the Army provided a post-award debriefing on September
24, 2017. AR Tab 64. After the debriefing, Concourse filed a post-award protest at the
GAO on September 30, 2016. See AR Tab 65. Concourse’s post-award protest again
alleged that the Army applied an unstated evaluation criterion that required Army MHPI
experience. Id. at 4552. It also included three more grounds: (1) that the Army’s evaluation
of Concourse under subfactors 1 and 2 was unreasonable; (2) that the Army treated
Concourse disparately compared to RER; and (3) that the Army’s discussions with
Concourse were inadequate. Id. The GAO found against Concourse on all of the protest
grounds, and therefore denied the protest. See Tab 68.




                                             4
        D.      Procedural History

        After its GAO protest was unsuccessful, Concourse filed a post-award bid protest
in this Court on January 30, 2017. Concourse’s protest grounds were nearly the same as
those it advanced in the GAO protest, with one exception: Count 1 of Concourse’s
complaint alleged that an organizational conflict of interest (OCI) had marred the
solicitation. See Compl., Dkt. No. 1, at 20–21. Counts 2 through 4 were essentially
identical to the GAO protest grounds. Count 2 alleged that the Army had evaluated the
proposals “arbitrarily, irrationally, and disparately.” Id. at 21–22. In Count 3, Concourse
alleged that “the Army engaged Concourse in inadequate and misleading discussions.” Id.
at 22–23. Finally, in Count 4, Concourse alleged that the Army treated Concourse
disparately.

       On March 3, 2017, the Court dismissed Concourse’s OCI claims. See Concourse
Grp., LLC v. United States, — Fed Cl. —, 2017 WL 961812, at *4. The Court found that
Concourse had waived these claims by failing to raise them prior to the close of the bidding
process. Id. at *3–4. Therefore, the parties briefed only Counts 2 through 4 in their
respective cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record.2 Concourse filed its
motion on March 3, 2017. See Dkt. No. 32. The Government and RER filed their cross-
motions on March 17, 2017. See Dkt. Nos. 39, 40. The Court held oral argument on the
cross-motions on April 5, 2017.

                                              Discussion

        A.      Standard of Review

       The Tucker Act grants this Court subject matter jurisdiction over bid protests. 28
U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) (2012). In a bid protest, the Court reviews an agency’s decision
pursuant to the standards set out in the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(4) (2012); 5 U.S.C. § 706 (2012). Under the APA, this Court shall set aside an
agency action if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2012); see Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v.
United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1350–51 (Fed. Cir. 2004). An agency’s decision does not
violate the APA if the agency “provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its
exercise of discretion.” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States,
238 F.3d 1324, 1332–33 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Further, an agency must articulate a “rational
connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of
U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (citation omitted).
The Court’s review is “highly deferential” to the agency as long as the agency has rationally

2
  Concourse has cited no separate evidence to support its disparate treatment count (Count 4). If anything,
Concourse appears to fold Count 4 into its main argument that the Army required Army-specific MHPI
experience.
                                                    5
explained its award decision. Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 160, 169–70
(2009).

       Even if the agency acted without a rational basis, the Court cannot grant relief unless
the agency’s action prejudiced the protestor. Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346,
1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Erroneous agency action prejudices a protestor if, but for the
agency’s error, there was a “substantial chance” that the agency would have awarded the
contract to the protestor. Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367
(Fed. Cir. 1999) (internal citation omitted); see also Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1353.

       Therefore, to prevail, Concourse must show (1) that the Army engaged in arbitrary
and capricious conduct; and (2) that there was a substantial chance that Concourse would
have received the contract but for the Army’s conduct. Concourse argues that the Army
acted arbitrarily and capriciously by evaluating bidders based on an unstated criterion:
whether the bidder had Army MHPI experience. It also argues that the Army’s discussions
with Concourse were not meaningful, and that the Army failed to consider documents
Concourse provided over the course of these discussions. In the absence of these errors,
Concourse argues, there was a substantial chance it would have received the contract. The
Court will consider each of these arguments in turn.

       B.     Concourse has not Shown That the Army’s Technical Evaluation Lacked a
              Rational Basis

        The highly deferential standard of review in bid protests described above places a
heavy burden on a protestor that challenges an agency’s technical evaluation of proposals.
Indeed, “the evaluation of proposals for their technical excellence or quality is a process
that often requires the special expertise of procurement officials, and thus reviewing courts
give the greatest deference possible to these determinations.” Beta Analytics Int’l, Inc. v.
United States, 67 Fed. Cl. 384, 395 (2005). This level of deference certainly applies in this
case, as the Court is not the Army, and is therefore ill-equipped to substitute its own
opinions on military housing adequacy for the Army’s. Therefore, the protestor must show,
by a preponderance of the evidence, that there was no rational basis for the agency’s
technical evaluation. Id.

        Concourse first alleges that the Army applied the unstated criterion in its evaluation
under factor 1 (technical capability) that the bidder must have Army-specific MHPI
experience. An unstated criterion would certainly constitute irrational conduct. See Acra,
Inc. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 288, 293 (1999). In its argument, Concourse first points
to the solicitation requirements for subfactors 1 (Corporate Experience) and 2
(Understanding the Department of Defense (DOD) MHPI Program (Army, Air Force,
Navy, and Marine Corps MHPI Equivalent)). Both subfactors permit bidders to
demonstrate their experience by showing Army or equivalent DOD MHPI experience. AR
Tab 3 at 77–78. Concourse then looks to the Army’s technical evaluation of Concourse’s

                                              6
proposal, which frequently faults Concourse for failing sufficiently to explain how its non-
Army MHPI experience relates to various aspects of the Army’s MHPI program.
Concourse cites the following examples (among others):

           “The Navy has not privatized lodging.” AR Tab 55 at 4134.1.

           “On page 8, [Concourse] states they demonstrate experience and
            understanding for this subfactor for their RESS with the Air Force. However,
            the Army lodging privatization is not a EUL.” Id.

           “The Army’s major decision process is a unique [sic] to the Army’s
            privatization projects. The Offeror list[s] experience with deal structures and
            restructuring but fails to relate that experience to how it could be used to
            support the Army’s program.” Id. at 4134.4.

           “[Concourse] was found to be technically unacceptable because they [sic]
            failed to relate their expereinces [sic] with lodging EUL to the Army’s PAL
            program. The Army is the only service to privatize lodging the MHPI
            Program.” Id.

           “Each of the Services have [sic] privatized their housing differently under
            the same MHPI authority which means the impact of the security markets,
            interest rates, and underwriting will be different.” Id. at 4134.5

           “The Army has a large number of historic properties in the inventory with
            programmatic agreements for management of the historic properties.” Id.

See Pl. Mot. at 16, Dkt. No. 32.

       Still, even a cursory glance at the Army’s technical evaluation shows that the Army
did not reject Concourse outright because it lacked Army experience; rather, it rejected
Concourse because Concourse failed to explain in sufficient detail how its non-Army
experience made it a good match for the Army’s MHPI program. The evaluation factors
explicitly required Concourse to provide such an explanation. For example, the evaluation
factors for subfactor 1 required offerors to “provide a comprehensive narrative which
explains how [their] experience on similar projects relate[s] and ties back to the Army’s
MHPI program for the subfactor 1 elements. . . .” AR Tab 52 at 3560.50. The evaluation
factors for subfactor 2 similarly cautioned:

              NOTE: When using Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps MHPI
              equivalents while addressing the subfactor elements below
              offerors are required to relate their understanding of those

                                             7
              programs to the Army’s MHPI program and explain how it is
              applicable to their ability to successfully support the Army’s
              MHPI program.

Id. at 3560.51. In sum, the terms of the solicitation permit bidders to use non-Army MHPI
experience to satisfy subfactors 1 and 2 of factor 1, but they require bidders to explain in
detail how their experience “relates” and “ties back” to the Army’s program.

       The Army plainly believed Concourse did not “tie back” its non-Army experience
to the Army’s MHPI program. For example, the technical evaluation for element 1(d),
from which Concourse picks the first two statements above, shows that Concourse did not
sufficiently explain how its experience was relevant for this element (the statements
Concourse cites are italicized):

              [Concourse] states their skills sets are directly transferable to
              each of the Services whose programs are based on the same
              authorities. It is not sufficient to state the Services follow the
              same authority; they need to tie their experience with the Navy
              to the Army. PAL is mentioned in the opening sentence but
              Offeror AA does not provide any description of the MHPI asset
              manager responsibilities for the Navy and Marine Corps in this
              section. The Navy has not privatized lodging. On page 8,
              [Concourse] states they demonstrate experience and
              understanding for this subfactor for their RESS with the Air
              Force. However, the Army lodging privatization is not a EUL.
              [Concourse] experience described for the Air Force mentions
              lodging privatization and describes the privatization of one
              location on building a privately financed hotel on AF owned
              land. However, there are no details outside this one aspect of
              privatized lodging that relates to the Army’s privatized lodging
              program. The other bases mentioned are through EUL which
              is completely different than the PAL program. The Army’s
              PAL program is past the initial concept and funds distribution
              which is where [Concourse’s] experience as it relates to PAL
              stops.

Id. at 4134.1. In this representative response, the Army acknowledges Concourse’s attempt
at “tie back,” but rationally explains that this attempt is too threadbare to be acceptable.
However, it does not fault Concourse for failing to have Army experience.




                                              8
       The rest of the administrative record likewise shows no ironclad preference for
Army experience. The GAO’s opinion on these same issues is instructive here.3 For
example, it noted that, in response to the twenty-one elements of subfactor 2, Concourse
relied primarily on a table that included cross-references to a second table it had prepared
to address subfactor 1 (corporate experience). See AR Tab 68 at 7384 (GAO Opinion);
AR Tab 53 at 3561.191–215 (subfactor 1 table); 3561.272–75 (subfactor 2 table).
However, “many of the evaluation criteria references in [the subfactor 2 table] point to
corporate experience entries or management plan sections that provide only cursory
discussion of the subfactor [2] elements or no discussion at all, and fail to relate
Concourse’s non-Army experience to the Army’s unique MHPI programs.” Id. The Court
has reviewed these same materials, and has come to the same conclusion. As the GAO
noted, many of the cross-references in the subfactor 2 chart point to areas of the subfactor
1 chart that simply recount Concourse’s past engagements without discussing the subfactor
2 elements in much detail. As a result, the Court believes that the Army’s technical
evaluation responded to Concourse’s failure to relate its non-Army experience to the
Army’s MHPI program. The evaluation does not show bias against non-Army MHPI
experience.4

        C.       Concourse has not Shown That the Army’s Discussions were Unfair

        The Army conducted its solicitation under the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS),
which is governed by FAR Subpart 8.4. See AR Tab 52 at 3560.38. However, Concourse
appears to argue that the Army was required to hold “meaningful” discussions as required
under FAR Part 15. See Pl. Mot. at 19, Dkt. No. 32. Courts have regularly recognized that
“procurements conducted under [FAR] Subpart 8.4 are different from those conducted
under Part 15, even if some procedures also present in Part 15 are utilized.” Allied Tech.
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 16, 44 (2010), aff’d, 649 F.3d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2011)
(citations and internal punctuation omitted). Part 15’s “more formal and rigorous”
requirements do not apply to a FAR Subpart 8.4 procurement. Id. (citations omitted).
Therefore, the Court does not look to a “meaningful discussions” standard, as Concourse
suggests; rather, the protestor “must demonstrate that the agency’s procedures were
arbitrary and capricious.” Id. (citation omitted). As such, “[a]lthough FAR Part 15 does
not apply, the Court will review [an agency’s] actions” in conducting discussions “to
ensure they comply with FAR’s requirement of fundamental fairness in the procurement


3
  While this Court is not obliged to follow the GAO’s ruling, the Court typically “gives due weight and
deference to GAO recommendations given the GAO’s long experience and special expertise in such bid
protest matters.” CMS Contract Mgmt. Servs. v. Massachusetts Hous. Fin. Agency, 745 F.3d 1379, 1384
(Fed. Cir. 2014) (citation and internal punctuation omitted).
4
   Furthermore, the Army changed Concourse’s technical acceptability rating from unacceptable to
acceptable in subfactor elements (1)(a), (2)(l), and 2(n) in its final evaluation, as well as in subfactor 3. See
GAO Op., Tab 68 at 7388. This change also belies the notion that the Army was evaluating subfactor
elements on a binary Army/non-Army scale.
                                                       9
process.” Distributed Sols., Inc. v. United States, 106 Fed. Cl. 1, 16 n.9 (2012), aff’d, 500
F. App’x 955 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).

        The Court finds that the Army’s discussions were fair. First, as the Government
notes, the discussions could only have benefited Concourse. See Def. Mot. at 25, Dkt. No.
40. The Army had rated RER’s proposal acceptable in its entirety, see AR Tab 38 at 2991,
so discussions could only have helped Concourse improve its proposal.

       Second, the Army did not submit “generic” Evaluation Notices (“ENs”) to
Concourse. Rather, the administrative record shows that the Army gave Concourse
detailed suggestions as to how Concourse might improve its proposal. For example, the
Army’s recommendation in subfactor element 2(a) states:

              The SSEB found that [Concourse’s] proposal lacks sufficient
              information to demonstrate how the contractor shows
              experience with Projects under Army MHPI Authority in
              dealing with the ability to respond to changes in the Basic
              allowance for housing, stationing, Army resizing, etc. to
              analyze the results as they affect Army projects. These
              requirements include assisting and advising Government in
              developing a position when meeting with and negotiating with
              Wall Street investment bankers, rating agencies, insurance and
              surety providers, bond holders representatives and other
              relevant private sector parties in order to mitigate (or take
              advantage of) exigencies associated with these externally
              driven events for Army privatized housing and privatized
              lodging.”

AR Tab 42 at 3028. Just this statement gave Concourse notice of avenues it could take to
address the Army’s concerns (for example, providing information that related to the
“requirements” referenced in the EN). The ENs are filled with such recommendations.
See generally AR Tab 42.

        Third, Concourse fails to recognize that it revised its proposal in response to the
Army’s ENs, which caused the Army to change its evaluation of six different elements
from unacceptable to acceptable. See AR Tab 60 at 4440–42. This fact alone shows that
the Army conducted fair discussions. If the discussions were unfair and the Army’s
responses were generic, then it would follow that Concourse’s evaluation would not change
after the discussion rounds.

       Finally, the thrust of Concourse’s argument appears to be that any discussions would
have been meaningless because the Army was always going to award the contract to the
bidder with Army MHPI experience (RER). If this were the case, then a lack of meaningful

                                             10
discussions would not have prejudiced Concourse, as any improvement in Concourse’s
proposal would have been for naught. Because Concourse’s “meaningful discussions”
argument is therefore intertwined with its “unstated criterion” argument, Concourse cannot
demonstrate any prejudice that a lack of meaningful discussions could have created. See
JWK Int’l Corp. v. United States, 279 F.3d 985, 988 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (noting that a
protestor must demonstrate a “substantial chance” it would have received an award had the
agency not erred). 5 Therefore, the Court finds that Concourse has not shown any
unfairness or prejudice in the Army’s discussion process.

                                               Conclusion

       In sum, the Court finds that Concourse has not shown that the Army’s technical
evaluation lacked a rational basis, or that the Army conducted unfair discussions.
Concourse’s motion for judgment on the administrative record is therefore DENIED.
Similarly, Concourse’s request for a permanent injunction is also DENIED. The
Government’s and RER’s motions for judgment on the administrative record are
GRANTED. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment for the Government and RER, and to
dismiss this case. Pursuant to RCFC 54(d), the Court awards reasonable costs to the
Government and RER.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                          s/Thomas C. Wheeler
                                                          THOMAS C. WHEELER
                                                          Judge




5
   Concourse also argues that the Army “overlooked” its EN responses in evaluating its final proposal. See
Pl. Mot. at 22, Dkt. No. 32. This argument is meritless. The solicitation set out terms and page limits for
proposals, see AR Tab 52 at 3560.40–41, and those limits did not allow Concourse to incorporate hundreds
of pages of EN responses by reference. Furthermore, Concourse waived this argument by first raising it in
its motion, rather than in its complaint. See McVey Co. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 399 n.10 (2013).
                                                    11
