[Cite as Price v. K.A. Brown Oil and Gas, L.L.C., 2014-Ohio-2298.]
                             STATE OF OHIO, MONROE COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT


TIMOTHY R. PRICE, et al.                           )       CASE NO. 13 MO 13
                                                   )
        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES                       )
                                                   )
VS.                                                )       OPINION
                                                   )
K.A. BROWN OIL AND GAS, LLC,                       )
et al.                                             )
                                                   )
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS                      )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                                  Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                           Pleas of Monroe County, Ohio
                                                           Case No. 2012-265

JUDGMENT:                                                  Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellees:                                  Atty. Matthew W. Warnock
                                                           Atty. Daniel C. Gibson
                                                           Atty. Daniel E. Gerken
                                                           Bricker & Eckler LLP
                                                           100 South Third Street
                                                           Columbus, Ohio 43215-4291

For Defendants-Appellants:                                 Atty. Craig E. Sweeney
                                                           Atty. Richard A. Yoss
                                                           Yoss Law Office
                                                           122 N. Main Street
                                                           Woodsfield, Ohio 43793


JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
                                                           Dated: May 27, 2014
[Cite as Price v. K.A. Brown Oil and Gas, L.L.C., 2014-Ohio-2298.]
WAITE, J.


          {¶1}   Appellant K.A. Brown Oil & Gas, LLC, appeals the summary judgment

of the Monroe County Court of Common Pleas declaring that a 1988 oil and gas

lease had terminated. The purpose of the lease was to develop two wells that had

been drilled pursuant to an earlier lease. The new lease did not require additional

drilling, and required only that the two previous wells become productive. After many

years of receiving no royalties, Appellees Timothy R. and Rhonda Price filed a

declaratory judgment action to have the lease terminated. The trial court determined

that paragraph 14 of the lease required both wells on the property to be productive by

November 1989 or the lease automatically terminated. The second well was not put

into production until 1995, and for this reason the court declared the lease had

terminated.

          {¶2}   Appellant contends that Appellees ratified the lease by accepting

royalty payments and free gas. Appellant's argument is not persuasive. The doctrine

of ratification deals with the binding effect of certain unauthorized contracts on a

corporation and is inapplicable in this case because Appellees are not a corporate

entity.    Appellant also argues that any breach of the lease was waived when

Appellees accepted royalty payments. The only records of any royalty payments

were five de minimus checks from 2004-2005 totaling less than $69.          We have

previously held that acceptance of de minimus royalty payments does not waive

termination rights in an oil and gas lease. Finally, Appellant argues that Appellees

waived their termination rights by accepting free gas from the wells.      The lease

provided that Appellees could have a specified amount of free gas, and the remedy

provided in the lease for any overage was that Appellees would have to pay for the
                                                                                  -2-

excess, not the loss of the right to terminate the lease. Additionally, there is no

evidence that they took more gas than was allowed by the lease. The trial court

judgment is correct and is hereby affirmed.

                                          History

      {¶3}   In 1979, Willard and Eleanor Maienknecht owned 65.441 acres located

in Jackson Township, Monroe County, Ohio. On March 15, 1979, they leased the

property to Pan American Exploration for purposes of oil and gas drilling. In 1981,

two wells were drilled on the property (Well #1 and Well #2). Neither well produced

any oil or gas, and the lease was subsequently released in the fall of 1988 by KDA,

Inc., the successor in interest to Pan American Exploration.

      {¶4}   In November 1988, the Maienknechts entered into a second oil and gas

lease for the same acreage that was the subject of the 1979 lease. The new lessee

was Greg Cappadona, d/b/a Austin Enterprises. The lease had a six-month primary

term. (11/1/88 Lease, ¶4.) The secondary term of the lease continued “as long

thereafter as said premises are operated by lessee in the search for or production of

oil or gas in paying quantities or as long as this lease is extended by any other

provision hereof.” (11/1/88 Lease, ¶4.)

      {¶5}   Paragraph 14 of the lease stated that “[t]he purpose of this lease is so

that the Lessee may put the existing wells into production.” (Emphasis sic.) (11/1/88

Lease, ¶14.) The lessee was required to put the first well into production within six

months, and the second well into production within the following six months. (11/1/88

Lease, ¶14.) The lease stated that “[i]f this schedule is not adhered to, then the

Lessee shall release said lease back to Lessor or begin paying shut-in royalties.”

(Emphasis sic.) (11/1/88 Lease, ¶14.) The lease also allowed Appellees to take
                                                                                    -3-

200,000 cubic feet of free gas for domestic use, at their sole risk and expense. Any

additional amount used must be paid for at a fair domestic rate. (11/1/88 Lease,

¶11.) The first well was put into production in the spring of 1988, but the second well

was not put into production until 1995. There is no evidence that shut-in royalties

were ever paid.

      {¶6}   In January of 1989, Cappadona assigned 50% of his interest in Well #1

to Appellant. In August of 2003, Cappadona assigned his remaining interest in the

lease to Appellant. In 2010, Cappadona again assigned all his remaining interest in

the lease to Appellant.

      {¶7}   On January 11, 1999, Appellees acquired the Maienknechts' real

property located in Monroe County and became the lessors of the 1988 lease.

      {¶8}   On February 29, 2012, Appellees recorded an “Affidavit of Facts

Relating to Title” pursuant to R.C. 5301.252 in the Monroe County Recorder's Office.

      {¶9}   On August 26, 2012, Appellees filed a declaratory judgment action in

the Monroe County Court of Common Pleas. The complaint requested a declaration

that the lease had terminated due to expiration of the primary term, the

nonproduction of the two wells, and the failure of the lessee to pay production or

shut-in royalties. Appellees presented evidence that the second well was not put into

production until 1995, that no production royalties had been paid except for five de

minimus checks in 2004 and 2005 totaling $68.59, that no shut-in royalties had been

paid, and that neither Appellant nor the prior lessees reported any production to the

Ohio Department of Natural Resources until 2008.            Appellant responded by

introducing production records from 2003-2011. Appellant also cited to a deposition

of Mr. Price in which he stated that he had no personal knowledge of events at the
                                                                                    -4-

well from 1988 to 1999, and that he had used some gas for personal use. Appellant

argued that Appellees had ratified the lease by their acceptance of royalties, by

taking gas for personal use, and by failing to take affirmative action to terminate the

lease in a timely manner. The trial court granted summary judgment to Appellees on

the grounds that the lease required both wells to be put into operation by November

1, 1989. If both wells were not put into production by that date, the lease terminated

and the lessee was required to release the lease back to the lessor. The court held

that paragraph 14 of the lease did not require any affirmative action by the lessor to

terminate the lease. The court filed its judgment entry on July 8, 2013 and this timely

appeal followed.

                             ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      The Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment based only on the

      finding that the subject oil and gas lease terminated as a matter of law

      on November 1, 1989.

      {¶10} This appeal involves a challenge to the decision to grant summary

judgment in a matter involving the interpretation of an oil and gas lease. An appellate

court conducts a de novo review of a trial court's decision to grant summary

judgment, using the same standards as the trial court, set forth in Civ.R. 56(C).

Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E. 241 (1996). Before

summary judgment can be granted, the trial court must determine that:            (1) no

genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated, (2) the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law, (3) it appears from the evidence that

reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing the evidence most
                                                                                     -5-

favorably in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is

made, the conclusion is adverse to that party. Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio

St.2d 317, 327, 364, N.E.2d 267 (1977).        When a court considers a motion for

summary judgment, the facts must be taken in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Id.

       {¶11} “[T]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial

court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record which

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the

nonmoving party's claim.” (Emphasis deleted.) Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,

296, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). If the moving party carries its burden, the nonmoving

party has a reciprocal burden of setting forth specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial. Id. at 293. In other words, when presented with a properly

supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must produce some

evidence that suggests that a reasonable factfinder could rule in that party's favor.

Brewer v. Cleveland Bd. of Edn., 122 Ohio App.3d 378, 386, 701 N.E.2d 1023 (8th

Dist.1997).

       {¶12} The parties agree that the 1988 lease governs the dispute in this

appeal.

       {¶13} Appellant presents one argument on appeal, and this was the only

argument made in opposition to summary judgment at the trial court level. Appellant

argues that Appellees ratified the 1988 lease by implication due to certain actions on

their part. Appellant contends that, due to the ratification of the lease, Appellees

cannot now deny that it is still valid.
                                                                                      -6-

       {¶14} The doctrine of ratification does not apply in this case. This doctrine

refers to actions taken by a corporation to validate an unauthorized contract. It is a

basic rule of corporate law that a contract is not authorized by the corporation unless

it is executed or authorized by the board of directors. Kimball v. Kimball Bros., 143

Ohio St. 500, 506, 56 N.E.2d 60 (1944). Ratification refers to whether a corporation

can be bound by an unauthorized contract due to the acts of its agents. Campbell v.

Hospitality Motor Inns, Inc., 24 Ohio St.3d 54, 55, 493 N.E.2d 239 (1986). Implied

ratification occurs when a corporation is held to the terms of an unauthorized contract

even though there was no express action by the board of directors or the officers of

the corporation to ratify the contract. Id. at 57.

       {¶15} Appellees are not a corporate entity. The Campbell case is the primary

case cited by Appellant, and it clearly and unmistakably deals with matters of

corporate law. The dispute in Campbell was whether Harley Hotels, Inc., an Ohio

corporation, was bound by an employment agreement not expressly authorized by

the board of directors. The word “corporation” appears in every holding and every

part of the analysis of the case, over 35 times. “The question presented is whether

the appellee corporation may be bound on a contract neither expressly authorized

nor expressly ratified by its board of directors.” Id. at 55. “Directors and officers are

agents of the corporation and can bind their principal, the corporation, by their acts.”

Id. “[A] corporation * * * may become bound by acquiescing in and ratifying an

unauthorized act done on its behalf by its agent.” Id. “Ratification of an unauthorized

contract by the directors of a corporation need not be express; it may also be implied

by the board's conduct.” Id. at 57.
                                                                                  -7-

      {¶16} In this appeal, there is no dispute between the parties about an

unauthorized contract. Both parties agree that there was a valid lease executed and

recorded in 1988.    They are each seeking to enforce the terms of that lease,

particularly paragraph 14 of the lease. Appellees agree that paragraph 14 is valid.

They contend that the lease has terminated by its own terms due to the operation of

paragraph 14. The doctrine of ratification has no relevance at all to the complaint,

the motion for summary judgment, the trial court's judgment, or to this appeal.

      {¶17} Appellant makes some reference to theories of waiver and estoppel in

its argument on appeal. These issues were not raised to the trial court in summary

judgment, and we need not consider them on appeal. As we have stated in another

recent oil and gas case, “[Appellant] also argues that the doctrine of waiver by

estoppel precludes Appellees from requiring strict compliance with the change in

ownership clause. Appellees correctly counter that this argument was never raised in

the trial court. As this court has explained concerning summary judgment appeals

'[e]ven though this is a de novo review of a summary judgment decision, there is no

“second chance to raise arguments” that should have been raised before the trial

court.' Am. Express Centurian Bank v. Banaie, 7th Dist. No. 10 MA 9, 2010-Ohio-

6503, ¶24. Thus, we will not consider this argument.” Conny Farms, Ltd. v. Ball

Resources, Inc., 7th Dist. No. 12 CO 18, 2013-Ohio-2874, ¶25.

      {¶18} Appellant did mention waiver and estoppel in its answer to the

complaint, and it appears that there may be some confusion in a few oil and gas

cases between the idea of ratifying a lease and waiver of terms in the lease. For

these reasons, we will briefly address these issues. Before reviewing whether a

provision in an oil and gas lease has been waived, we look to the basic nature of a
                                                                                   -8-

lease. An oil and gas lease is a contract, and general contract law applies to the

interpretation of leases: “The rights and remedies of the parties to an oil or gas

lease, must be determined by the terms of the written instrument, and the law

applicable to one form of lease may not be, and generally is not, applicable to

another and different form. Such leases are contracts, and the terms of the contract

with the law applicable to such terms, must govern the rights and remedies of the

parties.” Harris v. The Ohio Oil Co., 57 Ohio St. 118, 129, 48 N.E. 502 (1897).

       {¶19} There does not seem to be any dispute that Well #1 was put into at

least nominal production during the six-month primary term. There is also no dispute

that Well #2 was not put into production prior to 1995. The question here regards the

legal significance of these facts.

       {¶20} Paragraph 4 of the lease required production in paying quantities within

six months in order for the lessee to continue holding the lease. The lease could also

be held if allowed by other provisions in the lease. Paragraph 14 stated that the

purpose of the lease was not to drill new wells, but to put the existing wells into

production. Paragraph 14 required the lessee to put both wells into production by

November 1, 1989. If not, the lessee had one of two options at its disposal: release

the lease or pay shut-in royalties. There is no evidence that shut-in royalties were

ever paid. There is some evidence that Well #2 was eventually put into production,

but the earliest date of production is in 1995. There is no evidence that either well

produced in paying quantities prior to 1995. Appellees presented evidence that there

was never any oil produced, and that no gas was produced from 1993 to 2008 from

either well. (3/29/13 MSJ, Exh. 12, Ohio Well Completion Reports.) Appellees also
                                                                                      -9-

presented evidence of nonproduction by establishing that no gas royalties had been

paid, with the exception of five checks issued in 2004-2005 totaling $68.59.

       {¶21} Appellant presented some evidence of production starting in 2003, but

provided no evidence of production in paying quantities or any other activity in search

of oil and gas before 2003, other than some vague references that Well #1 came

online in 1989 and some records of production from Well #2 in 1995.

       {¶22} Appellant seems to believe that the lease should not have been

declared terminated because the requirement to get the second well into production

was not part of the habendum clause and was not required to be completed within

the primary term of the lease. But whether the requirement to put the second well

into production was a requirement of the primary term or the secondary term of the

lease is not a relevant issue in this appeal.      The second well was not put into

production until 1995, six years after the specific deadline stated in the lease expired.

Since the lease required both wells to be put into production or terminate on or

before November 1, 1989, and the only evidence in the record proved that there was

no production from the second well until at least 1995, it is clear the lease was at an

end unless there is some other lease provision or legal theory that would prevent

termination.

       {¶23} Appellant argues that acceptance of de minimus royalty checks by

Appellees in 2003-2004 constituted a failure to repudiate the lease, thus defeating

their claim that the lease expired. The record contains photocopies of five royalty

checks issued from K.A. Brown Oil & Gas to Tim Price.             We note that it was

Appellees who provided these checks to the trial court in support of their motion for

summary judgment, not Appellant. The checks were provided to demonstrate that
                                                                                     -10-

over the entire course of the lease, only these minimal royalties had been paid.

Check 13 is dated 4/12/04 and is in the amount of $11.76. Check 39 is dated 8/9/04

and is for $24.48. Check 52 is dated 11/10/04, for $1.78. Check 72 is dated 2/1/05

and is for $13.77. Check 113 is dated 5/4/05 and amounts to $16.80. The total of

these five checks is $68.59.       (3/29/13 MSJ, Exh. 8, sub-exhibit E.)         Another

attachment to the same exhibit shows that no royalties were paid between 2007 and

2012. Appellant filed an answer to an interrogatory admitting that it paid no royalties

for the two wells from 2006 through 2011. Thus, the record reveals that $68.59 is the

total amount of royalties paid by Appellant to Appellees.

       {¶24} Appellant cites Litton v. Geisler, 80 Ohio App. 491, 76 N.E.2d 741 (4th

Dist.1945), in support of its theory that Appellees’ acceptance of these royalty checks

waived their right to terminate the lease. Litton held that: “An oil and gas lease for a

period of ten years and ‘so much longer thereafter as oil, gas, or their constituents

are produced in paying quantities thereon’ is producing in paying quantities, within

the terms of the lease, where all parties to the lease are satisfied to let the well stand

until such time as a market can be obtained and where, during the interval, the

lessors are furnished, in lieu of an annual rent of $300 stipulated for in the lease,

sufficient gas to light and heat certain additional residences over and above the one

residence provided for in the lease.” Id. at syllabus. Litton is completely irrelevant to

the matter at bar, because the lease being interpreted was entirely different. The

parties in Litton had agreed that the lessee would pay $300 rent per year in lieu of

actual production during the secondary term of the lease. The lessee paid its rent on

time. The lessor later sued on theory that the wells were not producing in paying

quantities, even though it had been accepting the rent checks in lieu of production.
                                                                                    -11-

Since the rent had been agreed to by both parties and was paid on time, there was

no cause of action to terminate the lease based on whether the wells were

producing.

       {¶25} Regardless, the Fourth District Court of Appeals has recently stepped

away from its holding in Litton. Harding v. Viking Internatl. Resources Co., Inc.,

2013-Ohio-5236, 1 N.E.3d 872 (4th Dist.). In Harding the court noted that: “There

are just as many cases, however, that hold that acceptance of a benefit that a lessor

is entitled to, such as royalty payments from the production of minerals from the

lessor's property, does not result in a landowner being estopped from asserting

breach under a lease.” Id. at ¶18, fn.2.

       {¶26} There is only one case from this Court interpreting Litton. Gedco Oil &

Gas Joint Venture v. Earley, 7th Dist. No. 631, 1988 WL 56488. In Gedco, we

rejected the application of Litton where the lease specified a date certain for a well to

be put into production in paying quantities, and where the lessor accepted a de

minimus royalty check for $7.70. In Gedco, there was a lease signed in 1978. A well

was drilled but there was little production. Only one royalty check (from June 1980

for the sale of 73 barrels of oil) had been paid during the course of the lease. In May

of 1985 the parties signed a supplemental agreement in an attempt to preserve the

1978 lease.    The supplement required the lessee to begin production in paying

quantities by July 15, 1985.     There was no evidence that the well was put into

production by that date, and the only royalty paid on the supplemental agreement

was $7.70, in February of 1986. The trial court held that the lease terminated due to

the failure to put the well into production by July 15, 1985. We agreed and affirmed

the trial court’s judgment.
                                                                                     -12-

       {¶27} In Gedco, we held that Litton did not apply:           “There is a factual

difference between the Litton case and the present case. In the Litton case the court

found that all parties to the lease had let the well in question stand 'until such time as

a market can be obtained.' In the case at hand there was no such an agreement but

rather, to the contrary, there was the supplemental agreement which, very

specifically, set a deadline as to production.     This deadline date was in no way

ambiguous and was binding upon the appellant.” Gedco Oil & Gas Joint Venture v.

Earley, 7th Dist. No. 631, 1988 WL 56488, at *2.

       {¶28} The matter before us bears more similarity to Gedco than Litton,

because in the instant appeal there was no agreement to forgo royalties until a

market could be found, and there was a clear deadline set forth in the lease for

production in paying quantities from both wells. In fact, Gedco is almost identical to

the instant appeal, due to the presence of an earlier lease in which a nonproductive

well was drilled, and then the creation of a subsequent agreement requiring the

existing well to begin producing by a date certain. Both cases also involve a de

minimus royalty check that was cashed after the production date had already expired.

Therefore, even accepting as true that over the 24-year course of Appellee’s 1988

lease Appellant paid $68.59 in royalties, this does not prevent the lease from being

declared terminated due to nonproduction of Well #2 by November 1, 1989, shown

by the lack of production records from 1988-2003. It is also clear that Appellees are

not seeking to terminate the lease simply because of nonpayment of royalties, nor

are they asking for back royalties. The failure to pay royalties simply constitutes

evidence of lack of production in paying quantities. Appellees’ claim that the lease
                                                                                    -13-

automatically terminated due to lack of production in paying quantities, particularly in

Well #2. There is no evidence in this record to contradict their assertions.

       {¶29} Appellant contends that Appellees’ argument here fails because

Appellee Timothy Price stated in a deposition that he had no personal knowledge of

the workings of either well between 1988 and the time he first acquired an interest in

the wells in 1999. (2/20/13 T. Price Depo., p. 7, attachment to Memorandum Contra

Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment.) Appellant fails to recognize that Appellees

do not rely on their personal knowledge to prove Well #2 did not produce in paying

quantities by the date set in the lease. Instead, they relied on extrinsic proof that the

well failed to produce between 1979 and 1988, a fact that no one disputes. They

relied on Greg Cappadona's response to an interrogatory, in which he stated that

Well #2 did not go into production until 1995, as proof. (3/29/13 MSJ, Exh. 11,

Interrogatory 36.) They relied on Ohio Well Completion Reports that showed no

production at all between 1993 and 2004. Guy Brown's own affidavit in opposition to

summary judgment states that K.A. Brown Oil & Gas operated the wells since 1988

and did not submit production reports to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources

until 2008. Appellees also proved nonproduction by the fact that they never received

royalty checks from the wells, except for five de minimus checks sent after the

termination date from 2004 and 2005, totaling $68.59.

       {¶30} Appellant argues that Appellees could not rely on circumstantial

evidence to prove their case and may only rely on direct personal knowledge.

Appellant is mistaken that Appellees are only entitled to rely on their own personal

knowledge to support summary judgment. “Circumstantial evidence is not inherently

less reliable or certain than direct evidence.” Fogle v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 10th Dist.
                                                                                   -14-

No. 90AP-977, 1992 WL 10272 (Jan. 16, 1992).           Both circumstantial and direct

evidence are sufficient to support a verdict, and, in some cases, circumstantial

evidence may be more persuasive than direct evidence.           Michalic v. Cleveland

Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330, 81 S.Ct. 6, 11, 5 L.Ed.2d 20 (1960).

      {¶31} Finally, Appellant believes that Appellees waived the right to enforce

the termination clause because they accepted free gas in excess of the terms of the

lease. Appellant contends that the lease only allowed Appellees to receive gas for

one building, and that Appellees had piped gas to three buildings. We can find no

reference to evidence in the record discussing usage of gas in three buildings. Even

assuming that this is a true statement of fact, paragraph 11 allows for 200,000 cubic

feet of free gas per year and there is no evidence that Appellees exceeded that

amount. In fact, there was no meter at either of the wells. The nearest meter was

located on property not owned by Appellees and it included gas produced from a

third well. More to the point, the remedy provided in paragraph 11 for excess usage

of free gas is that Appellees were to pay a fair domestic gas rate for the excess.

There is nothing in the lease stating that excess usage of free gas under paragraph

11 constitutes a waiver of Appellees' rights under paragraph 14.

      {¶32} Appellant's argument regarding ratification is inapplicable to this appeal,

other arguments have been waived, and any theories of waiver or estoppel are not

supported by the record. Appellant's sole assignment of error is overruled.

                                      Conclusion

      {¶33} The trial court declared that a 1988 oil and gas lease had terminated

due to failure of the lessee to abide by a provision in the lease requiring two wells on

the property to be put into production in paying quantities by November 1, 1989. It is
                                                                                   -15-

undisputed that the second well was not put into production until 1995. Appellant

argues that Appellees ratified the lease, waived its termination provisions, and should

be estopped from terminating the lease because they accepted royalty payments,

took excess free gas, and failed to take affirmative action to terminate the lease prior

to 2012. The doctrine of ratification relates to corporations and does not apply in this

case because the lessor is not a corporation. Appellant's reliance on concepts of

waiver and estoppel also do not apply to this appeal. Although Appellees accepted

$68.59 in royalties, this does not equate to waiver of an express and automatic

termination clause in the lease. The lease did contain a clause discussing free gas

use by Appellees and there is no evidence that Appellees violated the clause. The

judgment of the trial court is correct and is affirmed.


Donofrio, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, P.J., concurs in judgment only.
