                                  NO. 12-18-00216-CR

                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

               TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                     TYLER, TEXAS

 TYLER SHANE KENNEDY,                             §       APPEAL FROM THE 114TH
 APPELLANT

 V.                                               §       JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

 THE STATE OF TEXAS,
 APPELLEE                                         §       SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
       Tyler Shane Kennedy appeals his conviction for aggravated assault on a public servant. In
two issues, Appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction and
the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial. We affirm.


                                          BACKGROUND
       On February 5, 2018, Sean McClanahan and Joshua Cox, deputies with the Smith County
Sheriff’s Department, went to Appellant’s home to arrest him for an outstanding warrant. When
the deputies approached the home, they saw Appellant look through a window before stepping
onto the porch. Deputy Cox approached Appellant and told him that Appellant had a warrant out
for his arrest. Appellant shuffled backward and refused to cooperate. A struggle ensued between
Appellant and the deputies. During the struggle, Deputy Cox fell into a window and cut his hand
on the glass. After a third deputy arrived, Appellant was restrained and placed under arrest.
Deputy Cox was transported to a hospital where he had surgery on his hand.
       Appellant was charged by indictment with aggravated assault on a public servant by
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing serious bodily injury to Deputy Cox by struggling
against him. Appellant pleaded “not guilty” and the matter proceeded to a jury trial. Following
evidence and argument, the jury found Appellant “guilty.” At the punishment phase of trial,
Appellant pleaded “not true” to the State’s enhancement paragraph. Following evidence and
argument, the jury found the enhancement paragraph to be “true” and sentenced Appellant to thirty
years imprisonment. This appeal followed.


                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
       In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction.
Specifically, he challenges the jury’s finding that he acted intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.
Standard of Review
       In Texas, the Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard is the only standard that a
reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each
element of a criminal offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks
v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Legal sufficiency is the constitutional
minimum required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to sustain a criminal
conviction. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316–17, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2786–87, 61 L. Ed.
2d 560 (1979). The standard for reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge is whether any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
id., 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789. The evidence is examined in the light most favorable to the
verdict. Id. A successful legal sufficiency challenge will result in rendition of an acquittal by the
reviewing court. See Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41–42, 102 S. Ct. 2211, 2217–18, 72 L. Ed.
2d 652 (1982). This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to
resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from
basic facts to ultimate facts. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789.
       Under this standard, we may not sit as a thirteenth juror and substitute our judgment for
that of the factfinder by reevaluating the weight and credibility of the evidence. See Dewberry v.
State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. Instead,
we defer to the factfinder’s resolution of conflicting evidence unless the resolution is not rational.
See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899–900. When the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume
that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and therefore defer to that
determination. Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Direct and
circumstantial evidence are treated equally. Id. Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct
evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient



                                                  2
to establish guilt. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The duty of a
reviewing court is to ensure that the evidence presented actually supports a conclusion that the
defendant committed the crime charged. See Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
        The sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). Such a charge would include one that “accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.
Applicable Law
        A person commits the first-degree felony offense of aggravated assault on a public servant
if he (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes serious bodily injury, (2) to a person he
knows is a public servant, (3) while the public servant is lawfully discharging an official duty.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), 22.02(a)(1), (b)(2) (West 2019).                  A person acts
intentionally “with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his
conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Id. § 6.03(a) (West
2011). A person acts knowingly “with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances
surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances
exist[,]” or if he “is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” Id. § 6.03(b).
        A person acts recklessly when “with respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or
the result of his conduct when he is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.” Id § 6.03(c). The risk must
be of such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross deviation from an ordinary
person’s standard of care. Id. At the heart of reckless conduct is the conscious disregard of the
risk created by the actor’s conduct. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007). Mere lack of foresight, stupidity, irresponsibility, thoughtlessness, or ordinary carelessness
do not suffice to constitute criminal recklessness. Id. Rather, recklessness requires the defendant
to actually foresee the risk involved and to consciously decide to ignore it. Id. This combination
of an awareness of the magnitude of the risk and the conscious disregard for consequences is
crucial. Id. at 752–53. Whether a defendant’s conduct involves “an extreme degree of risk” must



                                                   3
be determined by the conduct itself and not by the resultant harm. Id. at 753. “Nor can criminal
liability be predicated on every careless act merely because its carelessness results in death or
injury to another.” Id.
        Mental culpability is of such a nature that it generally must be inferred from the
circumstances under which the prohibited act occurred. Dillon v. State, 574 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex.
Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978); Russo v. State, 228 S.W.3d 779, 793 (Tex. App.–Austin 2007, pet.
ref’d). A culpable mental state may be inferred by the trier of fact from the acts, words, and
conduct of the accused. Dues v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982);
Griffith v. State, 315 S.W.3d 648, 651–52 (Tex. App.–Eastland 2010, pet. ref’d). Whether the
actor is aware of the requisite risk is a conclusion to be reached by the trier of fact from all the
evidence and the inferences drawn therefrom. Griffith, 315 S.W.3d at 652. “The issue is not one
of theoretical possibility, but one of whether, given all the circumstances, it is reasonable to infer
that the particular individual on trial was in fact aware of the risk.” Dillon, 574 S.W.2d at 95.
        “A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his
conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause, unless the concurrent cause
was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of the actor clearly insufficient.” TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.04(a) (West 2011). Under Section 6.04(a), a “but for” causal connection
must be established between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting harm. Robbins v. State,
717 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Two possible combinations exist to satisfy the “but
for” requirement: (1) the defendant’s conduct may be sufficient by itself to have caused the harm,
regardless of the existence of a concurrent cause; or (2) the defendant’s conduct and the other
cause together may be sufficient to have caused the harm. Id. If the additional cause, other than
the defendant’s conduct, is clearly sufficient, by itself, to produce the result and the defendant’s
conduct, by itself, is clearly insufficient, then the defendant cannot be convicted. Id.
Analysis
        Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that he took any action to
injure Deputy Cox.1 He claims that, while a struggle occurred, the State failed to prove that an
action taken by Appellant caused Deputy Cox’s injury. As a result, he contends the evidence is




        1
           Appellant does not challenge that Cox was a public servant, that he was lawfully discharging an official
duty, or that Cox suffered serious bodily injury.


                                                        4
insufficient to show that he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused serious bodily injury to
Deputy Cox.
       The indictment alleged that Appellant intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused
serious bodily injury to Cox “by struggling.” At trial, Cox testified that Appellant appeared to be
looking for an attempt to flee the scene when approached by the officers. Deputy Cox further
stated that Appellant was non-compliant and pulled away and tensed up his arms to avoid being
handcuffed. During Cox’s testimony, his body camera video was admitted into evidence and
published to the jury. The video contains footage of the events beginning with Cox’s arrival at
Appellant’s home and ending with Cox in the ambulance before going to the hospital. During the
video, the sound of glass shattering can be heard during the struggle with Appellant. When asked
about the noise, Cox testified:


       A. Well, we were attempting to get Mr. Kennedy’s hands in -- behind his back, attempting to get
       him to comply. He kept backing towards this – backing towards this, I guess, bench, because he was
       asking to sit down. Which, it being a felony warrant, we were attempting to get handcuffs on him
       in order to effectively make the arrest. While I was attempting to -- I had ahold of Kennedy. And
       while he was pulling towards the – the bench, I started to fall. And that was my hand going through
       the window.
       Q. Now, that fall, was that a result of him – his actions?
       A. Yeah, because -- since we were fighting with him, yes.
       Q. I mean, did you -- just walking around, did you slip and fall through that window?
       A. No.
       Q. If he was not fighting you, would you have fallen through that window?
       A. No.
       Q. If he had turned around, put his hands behind his back at the edge of the porch when you contacted
       him, would you have fallen through that window?
       A. No.


While Cox admitted that he could not say definitively whether he was actually pushed into the
window, he stated that his hand went through the window only because Appellant struggled against
him.
       Deputy McClanahan’s testimony supported Cox’s version of the events. However, Deputy
McClanahan testified that he did not see Cox’s injury occur. He looked up and saw that Cox was
bleeding severely after the glass broke. Deputies David Biggs and Jacob Brown, who were called
to assist in serving the warrant, testified that they saw Appellant struggling with McClanahan and
Cox. They also assisted in getting Appellant handcuffed, but they did not see Cox’s injury occur.




                                                        5
        Brittany Dahl, Appellant’s fiancé, testified that Cox “tripped over the box and the bench
and went through the window” when Appellant stood up to turn around to be handcuffed.
Appellant also testified at trial to the following:


        Q. Did you see what caused him to fall?
        A. No, sir.
        Q. Okay. Did you do anything to cause him to fall?
        A. No, sir.
        Q. Were you pulling on him?
        A. No, sir.
        Q. Well, you were sitting there on the bench; he was trying to grab your arm. You didn’t pull him
        and cause him to go through the window?
        A. No, sir.


He further testified that he believed Cox tripped over a box on the porch and fell into the window.
Appellant stated that he neither pushed Cox through the window nor engaged in any other conduct
that “caused him to be launched through” the window.
        Accordingly, the jury heard evidence that Appellant struggled against Cox in an effort to
avoid being handcuffed. The jury also heard that Cox’s hand went through a window during the
struggle. There is no dispute that Cox’s hand was seriously injured as a result of shattering the
window. Cox testified that his hand would not have shattered the window if not for Appellant’s
struggling against him. The jury also watched Cox’s body camera video, which recorded the
struggle. As the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, the jury was entitled to
believe Cox’s testimony and discredit Appellant’s and Dahl’s version of events. See Brooks, 323
S.W.3d at 899.
        In doing so, and based on the evidence presented at trial, the jury could reasonably
determine that Appellant was aware of the substantial and unjustifiable risk that struggling against
Cox could lead to serious bodily injury and consciously disregarded that risk when he refused to
comply with the officers’ attempts to arrest him. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(c). Further,
the jury could reasonably conclude that Cox’s injury would not have occurred but for Appellant’s
conduct in resisting his arrest. See id. § 6.04; State v. Marek, Nos. 13-15-00381-CR, 13-15-00383-
CR, 2016 WL 4578928, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Sept. 2, 2016, pet. ref’d); see also
Robbins, 717 S.W.2d at 351. As a result, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
Appellant committed aggravated assault on a public servant by recklessly causing serious bodily



                                                       6
injury to Cox, a person he knows is a public servant, while Cox was lawfully discharging an official
duty. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.01(a)(1), 22.02(a)(1), (b)(2); see also Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912. Because the evidence is sufficient to support
the jury’s verdict, we overrule Appellant’s first issue.


                                   DENIAL OF MOTION FOR MISTRIAL
       In his second issue, Appellant complains that the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied his motion for mistrial. Specifically, he contends that witnesses’ remarks that Appellant
had been incarcerated destroyed his presumption of innocence and trial by an impartial jury.
Standard of Review
       A trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard. Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Mistrial is the appropriate
remedy when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be futile.
Id. It is a remedy intended for extreme circumstances, when prejudice is incurable and less drastic
alternatives have been explored. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Analysis
       At trial, Deputy McClanahan testified that there was a warrant for Appellant’s arrest.
When asked how the officers searched for Appellant to arrest him, McClanahan responded:


       A. What we did is we started to, kind of, research jail records and just different offenses that he had
       on his record and times that he had been in jail and people he had made contact with, and we found
       that he had –


At this point, Appellant’s counsel interjected and asked to approach the bench. However, the trial
court instructed the jury to disregard McClanahan’s answer before an objection was made. Later
in the trial, Detective McDonald testified, “In this case particularly, I went to the jail to speak with
Mr. Kennedy and -- who I was told was…” Appellant’s counsel again asked to approach the bench
and the following bench conference ensued:


       APPELLANT’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, we would object to the officer’s statements about going
       to the jail. It’s being violative of the motion in limine.
       THE STATE: This interview, I don’t believe, violates the motion in limine. He was in custody --
       THE COURT: I don’t care if it violates the motion in limine. You don’t ever have somebody say,
       “I went to the jail to talk to somebody.” We’re going through a lot of trouble to preserve the
       presumption of innocence. We’ve talked about it since Day One. And then your witness gets up



                                                         7
       here and testifies, “I went to the jail to talk to him,” which -- no.
       THE STATE: Your Honor, it was after the arrest.
       THE COURT: But that’s not clear from the question and the answer.
       THE STATE: I can clear it up, Your Honor.
       THE COURT: No, don’t revisit the jail. You can say, “This was immediately after his arrest,” or
       something like that. But don’t mention “jail.” I don’t want to hear “jail” out of another person’s
       mouth.
       THE STATE: I understand, Your Honor.
       APPELLANT’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, could I get a ruling on my motion?
       THE COURT: The Court sustains your objection.
       APPELLANT’S COUNSEL: In light of the previous -- because of the highly prejudicial nature of
       the statements made, and in light of the previous statements made by the officer earlier this morning,
       we would respectfully move for mistrial.
       THE COURT: You didn’t ask for it, but I’m going to give them an instruction, anyway, and then
       I’ll rule on your motion for mistrial.
       (Open court.)
       THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, please disregard Detective McDonald’s last statement.
       (At the bench, on the record.)
       THE COURT: The Court overrules the motion for mistrial.
       (End of bench conference.)


       A defendant has a right to a presumption of innocence, and, as a general rule, disclosing to
the jury that the defendant is incarcerated violates that right. See Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501,
503-04, 96 S. Ct. 1691, 1692-93, 48 L. Ed. 2d 126 (1976); Randle v. State, 826 S.W.2d 943, 944-
45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Pierce v. State, 234 S.W.3d 265, 268 (Tex. App.–Waco 2007, pet.
ref’d). However, Texas courts have repeatedly held that testimony disclosing that a defendant
is incarcerated can be cured by the less drastic remedy of an instruction to disregard. See, e.g.,
Hollaway v. State, 446 S.W.3d 847, 855-56 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2014, no pet.); Pierce, 234
S.W.3d at 268; Sharper v. State, 22 S.W.3d 557, 558-59 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2000, no pet.);
Bledsoe v. State, 21 S.W.3d 615, 624 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2000, no pet.); see also Butler v. State,
No. 14-11-01001-CR, 2012 WL 4465210, at *2 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 27, 2012,
no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Hamilton v. State, No. 14-08-00175-CR, 2010
WL 307884, at *2-3 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 28, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication); Madden v. State, No. 2-08-007-CR, 2009 WL 2857269, at *3-4 (Tex.
App.–Fort Worth Sept. 3, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Consistent
with this precedent, the trial court here instructed the jury to disregard the question and response
referring to Appellant’s incarceration. And we presume the jury followed the trial court’s
instructions. See Resendiz v. State, 112 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). On this record,
we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied the motion for mistrial
and instead opted for a less drastic alternative that would have cured any error. See Ocon, 284



                                                         8
S.W.3d at 887-88; Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Hollaway, 446
S.W.3d at 856; Pierce, 234 S.W.3d at 268; Sharper, 22 S.W.3d at 558-59; Bledsoe, 21 S.W.3d at
624; see also Stivers v. State, No. 02-14-00060-CR, 2016 WL 1600862, at *10-12 (Tex. App.–
Fort Worth Apr. 21, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Rice v. State, No.
03-07-00446-CR, 2009 WL 790178, at *4-9, (Tex. App.–Austin Mar. 26, 2009, no pet.) (mem.
op., not designated for publication). As a result, we overrule Appellant’s second issue.


                                                   DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s first and second issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                                                 JAMES T. WORTHEN
                                                                    Chief Justice


Opinion delivered August 30, 2019.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.




                                             (DO NOT PUBLISH)




                                                          9
                                   COURT OF APPEALS

      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                           JUDGMENT

                                           AUGUST 30, 2019


                                         NO. 12-18-00216-CR


                                    TYLER SHANE KENNEDY,
                                           Appellant
                                              V.
                                     THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                           Appellee


                                Appeal from the 114th District Court
                         of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 114-0385-18)

                       THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
                       It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court below
for observance.
                    James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.
                    Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
