[Cite as State v. Nitsche, 2016-Ohio-3170.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 103174




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                              vs.

                                      LUIS A. NITSCHE
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                               JUDGMENT:
                   AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;
                               REMANDED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-14-581917-A

        BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Jones, A.J. and Laster Mays, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 26, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Brian R. McGraw
55 Public Square, Suite 2100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Christopher D. Schroeder
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Luis Nitsche appeals his convictions and sentences for

aggravated murder, attempted murder, aggravated robbery and associated firearm

specifications in connection with two shootings — the December 23, 2013 shooting of

Berry Dean and the January 17, 2014 shooting of Lawelden McDowell — for which he

was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of life without the possibility of parole plus 20

years. Nitsche argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever the charges

related to the two shootings. He also claims that the witnesses who testified against him

were not credible and that his convictions were, therefore, against the manifest weight of

the evidence. With respect to the sentences he received, Nitsche claims that the trial

court violated his Eighth Amendment rights and abused its discretion in sentencing him to

life without the possibility of parole on the aggravated murder count without taking into

account his “young age” at the time he committed his crimes. Nitsche also contends that

the trial court erred in considering his gang affiliation at sentencing, in imposing

consecutive three-year sentences for the firearm specifications associated with Nitsche’s

convictions for attempted murder and aggravated robbery and in ordering Nitsche to pay

$2,880 in restitution to McDowell’s family for McDowell’s funeral expenses. For the

reasons that follow, we reverse the restitution order, remand for the trial court to consider

Nitsche’s present and future ability to pay restitution and affirm Nitsche’s convictions and

sentences in all other respects.
Factual and Procedural Background

      {¶2} Nitsche’s convictions arose out of two incidents — a December 23, 2013

incident in which Nitsche allegedly shot and paralyzed Berry Dean and a January 17,

2014 incident in which Nitsche allegedly shot and killed Lawelden McDowell. On

January 29, 2014, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted Nitsche on a total of twelve

counts related to the two incidents.     Counts 1 through 5 — aggravated murder in

violation of R.C. 2903.01(A) (Count 1), murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B) (Count

2), felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) (Count 3), discharge of a firearm

on or near prohibited premises (Count 4) and having weapons while under disability

(Count 5) — related to the January 17, 2014 incident involving McDowell. Counts 6

through 12 — attempted murder in violation of R.C. 2923.02 and 2903.02(A) (Count 6),

felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) (Count 7), felonious assault in

violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) (Count 8), aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1) (Count 9), aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) (Count

10), having weapons while under disability (Count 11) and discharge of a firearm on or

near prohibited premises in violation of R.C. 2923.162(A)(3) (Count 12) — related to the

December 23, 2013 incident involving Dean. Counts 1 through 4, Counts 6 through 10

and Count 12 each carried one-year and three-year firearm specifications.

      {¶3} Nitsche pled not guilty. Prior to trial, Nitsche filed a motion to sever the

counts relating to the two incidents from one another. Nitsche argued that he would be

prejudiced if the offenses related to the two incidents were tried together, asserting that
the jury would be unable to sort through the cumulative evidence of both incidents to

render a fair verdict on each count individually and that he would be unable to assert all

of his “best defenses” because they would “conflict with one another.”           The state

opposed the motion and the trial court denied it. On the morning of trial, Nitsche moved

for reconsideration of the trial court’s ruling on his motion to sever. The trial court

denied Nitsche’s motion for reconsideration.

         {¶4} Nitsche waived a jury trial on the having weapons while under disability

charges (Counts 5 and 11), and the remaining counts were tried to a jury. A summary of

the evidence pertinent to the issues raised in Nitsche’s appeal follows.

         {¶5} In late September or early October 2013, Maryann Jackson met Nitsche, also

known as “Yellow,” through a friend, Karen Osborn. By November 2013, Nitsche was

her boyfriend.    Jackson described her relationship with Nitsche as “crazy,” i.e., “one

minute we can be cool and then the next minute we’re not,” “[a]rguing, fighting, stuff like

that.”   Although she and Nitsche were purportedly “exclusive,” while dating Jackson,

she also began seeing and “talking with” McDowell, who was also known as “Woo.”

         {¶6} On the evening of December 22, 2013, Jackson went out drinking with

McDowell.      Jackson testified that Nitsche had apparently been informed that she had

been out with someone else because when she came home, Nitsche called her and said

“b****, come get me right now.” Jackson drove to Clark Avenue in Cleveland to pick

Nitsche up and the couple immediately began arguing.       Jackson stated that Nitsche was

upset because another man had dropped her off and he wanted to know with whom she
had been.   She testified that when they arrived at Jackson’s apartment on Loop Drive in

Cleveland, they continued arguing and that Nitsche was “acting crazy,” knocking over

Jackson’s furniture and other belongings.     Although she initially denied it, Jackson

ultimately admitted to Nitsche that she had been out with someone else.           Jackson

testified that Nitsche demanded that she identify the other man she had been seeing.

When Jackson refused, Nitsche told her to call that man.

      {¶7} Jackson testified that, at first, she refused but Nitsche persisted and told her

she had “better call them.”   Because she did not want to disclose that she had been out

with McDowell, Jackson dialed a “random number” stored in her cell phone contacts list.

 That number was Dean’s.      Jackson and Dean had gone to middle school together and,

more recently, had run into each other at a club on West 6th Street.    Dean testified that

after meeting at the club, he and Jackson had talked on the phone a couple of times but

that, prior to December 23, 2013, he had not heard from Jackson “for a while.”

      {¶8} Jackson testified that after she dialed Dean’s number, she hung up and told

Nitsche that he didn’t answer.   Nitsche told her to call Dean again.    At approximately

2:00 or 3:00 a.m. on December 23, 2013, Jackson called Dean again and he answered.

Following Nitsche’s directive, Jackson told Dean “to come back and come get me.”

Jackson testified, however, that she did not actually want Dean to come over because she

had not been out with Dean; she had been out with McDowell. Jackson stated that

although she had asked Dean to come over, she knew Dean “wasn’t coming to my house

or anything like that” because Dean had never been to her apartment and did not know
her address.     Nevertheless, she told Nitsche that Dean was “on his way.”     Nitsche and

Jackson sat and waited for Dean.

      {¶9} When Dean did not arrive promptly, Nitsche told Jackson to call Dean again.

 Jackson testified, that once again, she followed Nitsche’s directive and called Dean.

Dean answered, but Jackson “acted like he didn’t,” so Nitsche then demanded that she

text Dean.     Jackson texted Dean and Dean replied, but Jackson ignored his response.

Jackson testified that she did what Nitsche told her to do because he was “sitting right

there watching me” and she was “lightweight scared        * * * [b]ecause of what he might

do.” Nitsche then took Jackson’s phone and texted Jackson’s address to Dean himself.

      {¶10} Dean testified that he received numerous texts from Jackson in the early

morning hours of December 23, 2013, asking him to come to her home and provided her

address.     In response to her texts, he left his home in Cleveland Heights and drove to her

apartment.

      {¶11} Jackson testified that after Nitsche texted her address to Dean, she lied and

told Nitsche that Dean was outside and she then ran outside and called Dean.         Jackson

testified that Dean answered and that she told him not to come and that she would see him

the following day. Jackson explained that she told Dean not to come to her apartment

because she was worried that Dean would tell Nitsche that Jackson had not been out with

him and that she would then have to disclose to Nitsche who she had really been seeing,

i.e., McDowell.
       {¶12} Jackson testified that when Dean did not arrive, Nitsche took Jackson’s

phone, called Dean’s number and handed the phone to Jackson. Jackson spoke to Dean

and asked him where he was.      Dean told her that he was on his way and Jackson and

Nitsche then waited outside for him. Dean testified that he spoke with Jackson several

times while he was driving to her apartment but that he did not recall what was said

during those calls.

       {¶13} Dean testified that when he reached Jackson’s apartment, he parked on the

street. He started walking towards the building in which he believed Jackson resided

and saw Jackson appear from the opposite side of the building. He testified that as soon

as he saw Jackson’s face, he knew something was wrong.         He turned around to leave

but, in that “split second,” he was shot.     Dean testified that after he was shot, he

“[i]nstantly * * * went paralyzed from the waist down” and fell to the ground. Dean

stated that the shooter, a male with a light-skinned complexion wearing a hoodie and a

black ski mask, stood over him pointing a gun at his face.     The shooter reached down,

took Dean’s cell phone from his hand and his wallet from his back pocket. The shooter

and Jackson then ran off. Dean testified that he did not know the person who had shot

him.

       {¶14} Jackson testified that, as she approached Dean, he called out her name.

She saw Nitsche come up from behind Dean and shoot him once. Jackson testified that

after he shot Dean, Nitsche told her to get her car and meet him at the “back of the Loop.”

 Jackson did as Nitsche instructed. She testified that she did nothing to help Dean and
did not call the police or EMS “[b]ecause I was with Yellow.”         After the shooting,

Jackson and Nitsche went to Osborn’s apartment and while they were driving to Osborn’s

apartment, Nitsche was talking on his cell phone, cussing and saying, “I just had to shoot

this n**** over her, stuff like that.”   Jackson and Nitsche stayed at Osborn’s apartment

until morning. The next morning, Jackson dropped Nitsche off on Clark Avenue in

Cleveland.

       {¶15} Dean testified that after Jackson and Nitsche ran off, he put his car keys in

his mouth, dragged himself into the street and crawled towards his car using his arms to

pull his body forward.     As he crawled towards his vehicle, a police car approached.

Dean waved down the police car and Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority

(“CMHA”) police officer Demetrius Jackson stopped and provided assistance.        Officer

Jackson testified that he found Dean lying in the street near 2768 Loop Drive, bleeding

and in pain, unable to move the lower half of his body. Dean told Officer Jackson what

had happened, provided a description of the shooter and Officer Jackson called for an

ambulance, talking with Dean until the ambulance arrived.    After Dean was placed in the

ambulance, he passed out.      He awoke at MetroHealth Hospital.   Dean underwent seven

surgeries and was hospitalized for nearly two-and-a-half months.     He is paralyzed and

wheelchair bound as a result of the shooting. The bullet with which Dean was shot

remains lodged in his spine.

       {¶16} CMHA police investigated the shooting of Dean. Detective Robert Weis,

one of the CMHA detectives involved in the investigation, testified that, later that
morning, CMHA officers recovered a spent nine-millimeter shell casing at the Loop

Drive crime scene and obtained a statement from Jackson identifying Nitsche as the

person who had shot Dean. Jackson admitted that she did not immediately tell the police

that Nitsche had shot Dean.    She testified that it was only after the police told her that

they did not believe she had not seen the shooter and read Jackson her Miranda rights that

she identified Nitsche as the person who shot Dean. Weis testified that he investigated

whether there were any working cameras in the area that could have captured the shooting

of Dean but found none. Based on Jackson’s statement, CMHA police undertook efforts

to locate Nitsche and a warrant was issued for his arrest later that day, i.e., on December

23, 2013.

      {¶17}    Jackson testified that although she had ended her relationship with Nitsche

after he shot Dean, she continued seeing McDowell.        At that time, McDowell had a

girlfriend, Brittney Gardner. On the evening of January 16, 2014, Jackson was with

McDowell, Osborn and McDowell’s best friend, Donald Wylie, who was also known as

“Don Don.”     At approximately 8:00 or 9:00 p.m., McDowell and Wylie picked up

Osborn and Jackson at Osborn’s apartment at 8201 Madison Avenue in Cleveland and the

group rode in McDowell’s car, “riding around” with “no particular destination.”

      {¶18} Wylie testified that he had been with McDowell the entire day and

acknowledged that earlier in the day, he and McDowell had been “getting high,” “kicking

back, having a good time.”    He indicated that he and McDowell had smoked “[a]bout

three, four blunts” that day but that they “were done doing what we was doing” when they
were riding around in the car with Jackson and Osborn.             He later admitted, on

cross-examination, that they had been “getting high all night.”       Wylie testified that

McDowell and Jackson were “romantically involved” but that “it wasn’t that serious”

“[b]ecause Woo still had Brittney [sic] and [Jackson] was still talking to Yellow.”

       {¶19} Osborn testified that while the group was “riding around,” she received calls

on her cell phone from Nitsche.      She explained that Nitsche could not reach Jackson

directly because Jackson had left her cell phone at Osborn’s apartment when they went

out.   Osborn stated that she knew the calls were from Nitsche because she recognized his

phone number and that, at first, she simply ignored the calls.

       {¶20}   At some point during the evening however, Osborn answered her phone

when Nitsche called, placing her phone on speaker so that others in the vehicle could hear

their conversation.   Osborn testified that she recognized Nitsche’s voice and that Nitsche

told her Jackson was pregnant with his child. Osborn stated that Nitsche asked Osborn

who Jackson was with and began “mak[ing] threats.” Osborn testified that Nitsche said

he “was going to f*** her up wherever we’re at” and “kept saying” that he was coming

over to Osborn’s apartment.

       {¶21} Osborn testified that McDowell, who had been listening to their

conversation via the speaker phone, asked Nitsche whether he and Jackson were “still

messing around and talking like in a relationship” and that Nitsche replied that they were.

 She indicated that McDowell told Nitsche that he and Jackson had been “talking” as

well and that Nitsche then asked McDowell whether he had a sexual relationship with
Jackson. According to Osborn, McDowell handed the phone to Jackson so that she

could answer Nitsche’s question but she refused.            Osborn testified that Jackson

“wouldn’t say nothing” and kept pushing the phone away.             According to Jackson,

McDowell told Nitsche that he and Jackson had been seeing each other for a couple

months and confirmed that they had a sexual relationship.

       {¶22} Brittney Gardner, McDowell’s girlfriend, also called Osborn’s cell phone

that evening.     Wylie testified that, at some time earlier that evening, Jackson and

McDowell had been arguing and that Jackson went to McDowell’s house to confront

Gardner and inform her that she and McDowell were “messing with each other.”

According to Jackson, she went to Gardner’s house to show Gardner “who Woo was with

that night.”    McDowell, Osborn and Wylie were present and witnessed the argument that

ensued between Gardner and Jackson. Osborn testified that Jackson knocked on the

front door and that when Gardner answered it, the two women began “exchanging

words.”    Before the exchange could became physical, McDowell broke it up and

Gardner went back into her house.

       {¶23} After Gardner went inside, Jackson and Osborn left and drove back to

Osborn’s apartment.      Approximately ten minutes later, Gardner arrived at Osborn’s

apartment with several of her friends.    Once again, Jackson and Gardner were arguing

until McDowell arrived.     Gardner and her friends then got into her car and left.   Osborn

and Jackson got into McDowell’s car and rode around with McDowell and Wylie.
       {¶24} Wylie testified that in response to Jackson’s confrontation with Gardner,

McDowell called Nitsche to “talk it out.”       He indicated that, at first, Nitsche and

McDowell were “mad” and were simply “arguing back and forth.”          By the second call,

however, it appeared to Wylie — based on what he heard from McDowell’s side of the

conversation — that “[t]hey was kind of talking it out for real” and that things no longer

seemed “that serious.”   Wylie testified that after the second call, he believed things had

calmed down and that everything was “okay” between McDowell and Nitsche.

       {¶25} Osborn testified that when Gardner called her, she informed Osborn that she

had thrown out McDowell’s belongings and “f***** up” Jackson’s car. The group then

returned to Osborn’s apartment. Wylie testified that by this time, it was in the early

morning hours of January 17, 2014.           When they arrived, they discovered that

McDowell’s clothing had been cut up, covered in mustard or mayonnaise and scattered

across the yard and street in front of Osborn’s apartment building.

       {¶26}   Jackson testified that she decided to call the police and went inside

Osborn’s apartment to retrieve her cell phone.          Meanwhile, Osborn, Wylie and

McDowell began picking up McDowell’s clothing and placing it in the trunk of his car.

Osborn and Wylie testified that as they were collecting McDowell’s belongings, Nitsche

walked around the corner of the apartment building, slipped and fell, and then got up and

walked toward McDowell.       Wylie testified that when he saw Nitsche, he asked him,

“you ain’t on no bulls***?”    Wylie indicated that Nitsche replied that he “ain’t on no

bull***” and that he just wanted to talk to Jackson. Wylie testified that because he had
known Nitsche “since he was a kid,” i.e., since Nitsche was 11 or 13, he “put [his] guard

down” and continued picking up McDowell’s clothing until he heard a “[p]ow.” Wylie

testified that he heard a single shot. He did not see who fired the shot but stated that

when he looked up, he saw McDowell running past him and Nitsche holding a gun,

pointing the gun in his face, approximately three to four feet away from him.        Wylie

testified that, at the time, he did not realize McDowell had been shot.   Nitsche tried to

squeeze the trigger, but the gun jammed.       Wylie then “took off and ran.”        Wylie

testified that he was running with McDowell until McDowell “just started falling.”

      {¶27} Osborn testified that when Nitsche approached, he told McDowell, “I got to

talk to you. I’m not on no bull s* * *.” When Nitsche was within arm’s length of

McDowell, he pulled out a gun and fired a single shot, striking McDowell.      She stated

that she “seen like little fire came out of the barrel of the gun when he shot [it].”

According to Osborn, McDowell and Wylie ran and Nitsche turned the gun on her. He

told her, “you better not say nothing or I [will] kill you too,” then he ran off through a

nearby field in the direction from which he had originally come.    Osborn screamed for

Jackson.   When Jackson came outside, she and Osborn ran around the corner of the

apartment building and found McDowell who had collapsed face first on the ground.

Osborn testified that she called 911 but that because they were concerned the paramedics

would not arrive in time, she, Jackson and Wylie lifted McDowell up, laid him across the

back seat of his car and drove to MetroHealth Hospital.    Shortly after he arrived at the

emergency room, McDowell was pronounced dead.                Cuyahoga County medical
examiner Dr. Thomas Gilson testified that McDowell died as a result of blood loss from a

gunshot wound to the chest.

      {¶28}    Patrol Officer Mark Maguth with the Cleveland Police Department was

dispatched to MetroHealth Hospital to investigate the shooting. He testified that when he

arrived at the hospital, McDowell was not breathing and doctors were attempting to

resuscitate him. McDowell died before Officer Maguth could speak with him. Osborn

spoke with Officer Maguth at the hospital and told him that Nitsche had shot McDowell.

Later that morning, she gave a written statement to homicide detectives in which she

again identified “Yellow” as the shooter.   Osborn testified that she told the police she

had known “Yellow” for “[a] few years” and that she knew his “real name” as “Nitsche

Luis.” She also identified Nitsche in court as the person who had shot McDowell.

      {¶29} Wylie gave a similar statement to the police, informing them that Nitsche

had shot and killed McDowell, and identified Nitsche in court as the person who shot

McDowell.     Jackson also gave a statement to police.   She testified that she did not see

who shot McDowell.

      {¶30} James Raynard, a crime scene technician and Thomas Armelli, a homicide

detective, both with the Cleveland Police Department, testified that when they went to the

crime scene shortly after McDowell had been shot, they recovered a fired bullet pellet

consistent with 9 mm ammunition. Detective Armelli testified that the police were unable

to determine whether the bullet recovered at the scene of the McDowell shooting was
fired from the same gun as the shell casing recovered at the scene of the Dean shooting.

Nitsche was arrested on January 18, 2014.

        {¶31} Yolanda Goodwin, a “mutual friend” of Jackson, Osborn, Wylie, McDowell

and Nitsche, testified that before McDowell was shot, Nitsche had told her that he and

Jackson were “together” and that Jackson was pregnant.         She testified that she also

spoke with Nitsche “right after the shooting” and that Nitsche then told her that he had

shot McDowell and that he had also tried to shoot Osborn but that the gun jammed.

Goodwin stated that when she first spoke with Nitsche on the morning of January 17,

2014, Nitsche did not know whether McDowell was dead or alive.

        {¶32} Goodwin testified that after she spoke with Nitsche, she spoke with Jackson.

Goodwin testified that Jackson had told her what had happened to McDowell. After

speaking with Jackson, Goodwin called Nitsche and spoke with him a second time about

the killing.     Goodwin gave a written statement to police nine months later, in October

2014.

        {¶33}     No gun was recovered that could be linked to the shootings of McDowell

or Dean.       No hoodie was recovered that matched the description of the one Nitsche was

wearing at the time of the shootings. Lisa Moore, a DNA analyst with the Cuyahoga

County Medical Examiner’s Office and Curtiss Jones, supervisor of its trace evidence

department, testified that human blood was found on the tread of one of the boots Nitsche

was wearing at the time of his arrest.     However, no DNA evidence, gun shot residue,

fingerprint evidence or any other physical evidence was recovered connecting Nitsche to
the crime scenes near 2768 Loop Drive or 8201 Madison Avenue or the shootings of

Dean or McDowell.

       {¶34}   At the close of the state’s case, Nitsche moved for acquittal on all counts

of the indictment pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A), arguing that the state had failed to prove

Nitsche’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as to any of the counts. The trial court

granted the motion as to Counts 4 and 12, discharge of a firearm on or near prohibited

premises, and denied the motion as to the remaining counts.

       {¶35} No witnesses testified for the defense.     After the defense rested, Nitsche

renewed his Crim.R. 29(A) motion as to the remaining counts of the indictment. The

trial court denied the motion and after receiving instructions from the trial court, the jury

began its deliberations.

       {¶36} With respect to the counts related to the shooting of McDowell, the jury

found Nitsche guilty of aggravated murder (Count 1), murder (Count 2) and felonious

assault (Count 3) along with the associated firearm specifications. With respect to the

counts related to the shooting of Dean, the jury found Nitsche guilty of attempted murder

(Count 6), felonious assault (Counts 7 and 8), aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1) (Count 9) and the associated firearm specifications but not guilty of

aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) (Count 10).            The trial court

found Nitsche guilty of the two having weapons while under disability counts (Counts 5

and 11). Following the verdicts, Nitsche renewed his motion for acquittal pursuant to
Crim.R. 29(C). Once again, the trial court denied the motion and immediately proceeded

with sentencing.

       {¶37} Nitsche’s convictions for aggravated murder, murder and felonious assault

merged for sentencing and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the aggravated

murder count. The one-year and three-year firearm specifications associated with each

of the counts merged into a single three-year firearm specification. On the aggravated

murder count, the trial court imposed a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of

parole plus three years for the firearm specification, to be served consecutively.

Nitsche’s convictions for attempted murder and felonious assault merged for sentencing

and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the attempted murder count. The

one-year firearm specifications on the attempted murder and aggravated robbery counts

merged into the three-year firearm specifications for each count.           The trial court

sentenced Nitsche to 11 years on the attempted murder count and three years on the

associated firearm specification, to be served consecutively, three years on the aggravated

robbery count, to be served concurrently with the sentence on the attempted murder count

and another three years on the firearm specification associated with the aggravated

robbery charge, to be served consecutively to the sentences on the remaining counts.

The trial court also sentenced Nitsche to five years mandatory postrelease control. On

each of the having weapons while under disability counts (Counts 5 and 11), the trial

court imposed a sentence of 24 months, to be served concurrently to the sentences on the

other counts.   Thus, Nitsche was sentenced to an aggregate prison sentence of life
without the possibility of parole plus 20 years (11 years on the attempted murder count

plus three consecutive three-year sentences on the three-year firearm specifications).1

       {¶38} The trial court did not impose a fine and waived court costs “based on the

indigency of the defendant.” However, the trial court ordered that Nitsche pay $2,880 in

restitution to McDowell’s family “for the funeral bill.”             Nitsche objected to the

“restitution issue” but did not dispute the amount of the funeral expenses.

       {¶39} This appeal followed. Nitsche has raised the following six assignments of

error for review:

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 1:
       Six years for consecutive firearm specifications for aggravated robbery and
       attempted murder in the shooting [of] Berry Dean is error.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 2:
       The trial court erred in ordering restitution.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 3:
       The court’s failure to consider Nitsche’s young age in imposing a sentence
       of life without parole violates his Eighth Amendment protection against
       cruel and unusual punishment.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 4:
       The court erred in considering Nitsche’s alleged gang affiliation when
       imposing sentence.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 5:
       The manifest weight of the evidence was not established to allow for
       convictions in any of the crimes in either incident.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 6:



       1
        The firearm specifications associated with the having weapons while under disability count
merged with the firearm specifications associated with the aggravated murder count.
      The trial court abused its discretion in joining, in one trial, the Berry Dean

      and Lewaldon [sic] McDowell shooting incidents.

      {¶40} For ease of discussion, we consider Nitsche’s assignments of error out of

order and together where appropriate.

Law and Analysis

      Manifest Weight of the Evidence

      {¶41} We address Nitsche’s fifth assignment of error first.             In his fifth

assignment of error, Nitsche claims that all of his convictions should be overturned

because they were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶42} A manifest weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence

presented and questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion. State v. Whitsett,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,

2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13. When considering an appellant’s claim that a conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court of appeals sits as a “thirteenth

juror” and may disagree “with the factfinder’s resolution of conflicting testimony.”

Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d

652 (1982).   Weight of the evidence involves “the evidence’s effect of inducing belief.”

 State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25, citing at

Thompkins at 386-387.    The reviewing court must examine the entire record, weigh the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the witnesses’ credibility and determine
whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a

new trial ordered.   Thompkins at 387, citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175,

485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). In conducting such a review, this court remains mindful

that the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence are matters primarily for

the trier of fact to assess. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967),

paragraph one of the syllabus. Reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for the

“‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175. This is not that case.

      {¶43} Nitsche does not explain why he contends his convictions are against the

manifest weight of the evidence other than to assert that the “cloudy and shaky testimony”

of the “citizen witness[es]” offered by the state — i.e., Wylie, Jackson, Osborn, Dean and

Goodwin — lacked credibility and should not have been believed by the jury. Nitsche

contends that because the state’s witnesses included “young people with extensive

involvement with drug usage and the criminal justice system,” their testimony “lacked the

credibility that would allow the jury to ‘rely upon it in the most important of your

affairs.’” Nitsche’s conclusory assertions that the witnesses who testified against him

were not credible are insufficient to establish that his convictions were against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶44} Simply because certain witnesses had criminal histories or admitted using

drugs or alcohol or to being “high” on the night of the incidents at issue does not mean
their testimony could not be relied upon to convict Nitsche. See, e.g., State v. Wells, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98388, 2013-Ohio-3722, ¶ 130 (credibility of witnesses in murder

case was left to the jury where witnesses admitted they were high on crack cocaine the

day of the murder and had “extensive criminal histories”); State v. Medezma-Palomo, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88711, 2007-Ohio-5723, ¶ 36-37 (fact that witnesses “were all

consuming crack cocaine and heroin on a daily basis” and that several of the state’s

witnesses had criminal records did not preclude the jury from finding their testimony to

be credible); State v. Petty, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 11AP-716 and 11AP-766,

2012-Ohio-2989, ¶ 41 (fact that witnesses had criminal records and struggled with

substance abuse did not render their testimony unreliable; jury could properly weigh

information regarding witnesses’ criminal histories and drug use in determining how

much credibility to give their testimony).

       {¶45} Likewise, a defendant is not entitled to reversal on manifest weight grounds

merely because certain aspects of a witness’s testimony are not credible or were

inconsistent or contradictory.   See, e.g., State v. Wade, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90029,

2008-Ohio-4574, ¶ 38, citing State v. Asberry, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1113,

2005-Ohio-4547, ¶ 11.       The decision whether, and to what extent, to believe the

testimony of a particular witness is “within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who

has seen and heard the witness.” State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99822,

2014-Ohio-494, ¶ 54.
       {¶46} The witnesses answered questions regarding their criminal histories and

alleged drug or alcohol use during their direct and cross-examinations. The jury heard

Jackson admit that she had been drinking and was intoxicated the night Dean was shot

and heard Wiley admit that he had an extensive criminal record and had been with

McDowell “getting high” most of the day on which McDowell was shot. Defense

counsel brought the inconsistencies in the witnesses’ testimony, any questionable

testimony by the witnesses and any potential biases on the part of witnesses to the jury’s

attention for their consideration.   The jury was able to judge the credibility of the

witnesses for themselves and was “free to believe all, some, or none of the testimony of

each witness appearing before it.” State v. Malone, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101305,

2015-Ohio-2150, ¶ 29, citing State v. Ellis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98538,

2013-Ohio-1184, ¶ 18.

       {¶47} Here, there was eyewitness testimony from persons present at the scene

identifying Nitsche as the shooter in each of the two incidents.       Jackson identified

Nitsche as the person who shot Dean. Wylie and Osborn identified Nitsche as the

person who shot McDowell. These witnesses were not strangers to Nitsche; they all

knew him well. Jackson was Nitsche’s former girlfriend. Osborn testified that she

knew Nitsche “from around Madison [Avenue]” and that he was at one time a friend and

“associate.”   Wylie testified that he had known Nitsche since he was 11 or 13 years old.

In addition, Nitsche’s friend, Goodwin testified that Nitsche admitted to her after the

shooting that he had shot McDowell. All four witnesses also testified as to Nitsche’s
motive for shooting Dean and McDowell — i.e., a jealous boyfriend (or ex-boyfriend)

seeking vengeance against the new man with whom his girlfriend, allegedly pregnant with

his child, had begun a relationship.

        {¶48} After a careful review of the record in its entirety, we cannot say that this is

one of those “exceptional cases” in which the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that Nitsche’s convictions were against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541,

quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. Accordingly, Nitsche’s fifth

assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶49} We now turn to Nitsche’s challenges to the sentences he received.
        Challenge to Imposition of Consecutive Sentences on Firearm Specifications
        Associated with Attempted Murder and Aggravated Robbery Charges

        {¶50} In his first assignment of error, Nitsche contends that the trial court erred in

imposing consecutive three-year sentences on the three-year firearm specifications

associated with Nitsche’s convictions for attempted murder and aggravated robbery in

connection with the shooting of Dean.

        {¶51} Nitsche acknowledges that this court has previously held that R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)(g) “allow[s] for multiple, consecutive firearm specifications to be imposed

for a single incident.” See, e.g., State v. Lawrence, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100371 and

100387, 2014-Ohio-4797, ¶ 12-16.        However, he asks this court to reconsider its prior

decisions and consider “the equities of imposing multiple firearm convictions for a single

act.”   He further argues that “at the very least, a court should be required to undertake
consecutive sentencing analysis and justification” pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C) before

imposing consecutive firearm specifications under R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g). This court

has already considered and rejected these arguments.      Nitsche provides no justification

for revisiting them here.

       {¶52}   Ordinarily, a trial court is prohibited from imposing more than one prison

term for firearm specifications associated with felonies “committed as part of the same

act or transaction.”   R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(b).    However, R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) creates

an exception that mandates the imposition of consecutive prison terms where a defendant

is convicted of multiple firearm specifications under certain circumstances.          State v.

Young,   8th   Dist.   Cuyahoga     No.   102202,    2015-Ohio-2862,      ¶   8-10.      R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)(g) provides:

       If an offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to two or more felonies, if one
       or more of those felonies are aggravated murder, murder, attempted
       aggravated murder, attempted murder, aggravated robbery, felonious
       assault, or rape, and if the offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to a
       specification of the type described under division (B)(1)(a) of this section [a
       specification of the type described in R.C. 2941.141, 2941.144, or
       2941.145], in connection with two or more of the felonies, the sentencing
       court shall impose on the offender the prison term specified under division
       (B)(1)(a) of this section for each of the two most serious specifications of
       which the offender is convicted or to which the offender pleads guilty and,
       in its discretion, also may impose on the offender the prison term specified
       under that division for any or all of the remaining specifications.

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶53} This court has construed R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) to mean that in cases such

as this, where the defendant was found guilty of two or more felonies (one of which was

attempted murder) and those felony counts included firearm specifications — of which
the defendant was also convicted — the trial court is required to impose prison terms for

the two most serious specifications and could also, in its discretion, impose a sentence for

any other specification.        State v. James, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102604,

2015-Ohio-4987, ¶ 41. This court has stated that although the General Assembly did not

use the word “consecutive” in R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g), R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) nevertheless

created an exception to the general rule that a trial court may not impose multiple,

consecutive firearm specifications for crimes committed as part of the same act or

transaction. See Young at ¶ 9, citing State v. Vanderhorst, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97242, 2013-Ohio-1785, ¶ 10. As this court has explained:

        “The mandatory language of the statute (‘the court shall impose’) also
        indicates the General Assembly’s intention that the defendant serve multiple
        sentences for firearm specifications associated with the enumerated crimes,
        such as [attempted murder, aggravated robbery] or felonious assault. Had
        the legislature intended a per se rule that sentences for firearm
        specifications must be served concurrent with one another, it could have
        stated as much. Or, the legislature could have chosen not to codify R.C.
        2929.14(B)(1)(g), which serves as an exception to the rule that multiple
        firearm specifications must be merged for purposes of sentencing when the
        predicate offenses were committed as a single criminal transaction.”

Young at ¶ 9, quoting Vanderhorst at ¶ 10, quoting State v. Isreal, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2011-11-115, 2012-Ohio-4876, ¶ 71; see also Lawrence, 2014-Ohio-4797, at ¶ 14.

        {¶54} In this case Nitsche was convicted of attempted murder, aggravated robbery

and felonious assault— among other offenses — in connection with the shooting of Berry

Dean.    Each of those counts carried a one-year firearm specification pursuant to R.C.

2941.141(A) and a three-year firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145(A), and

upon which the jury convicted.       The trial court was, therefore, mandated by R.C.
2929.14(B)(1)(g) to impose sentences “for each of the two most serious specifications of

which the offender is convicted,” i.e., two of the three-year firearm specifications,

consecutively. Young at ¶ 10; Lawrence at ¶ 14; Vanderhorst at ¶ 10.        Because R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)(g) requires the imposition of consecutive sentences for the firearm

specifications, the trial court was not required to make R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings

before imposing multiple, consecutive three-year sentences on the firearm specifications

associated with Counts 6 and 9. Young at ¶ 10, citing State v. A.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 98622, 2013-Ohio-2525, ¶ 21.     “[T]he mandatory requirement to order consecutive

service of certain specifications under R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) supersedes the findings

required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).”    James at ¶ 46.

       {¶55} Furthermore, R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) “applies to ‘multiple prison terms [that]

are imposed on an offender for convictions of multiple offenses[.]’”                 R.C.

2929.14(C)(4).   A specification is a sentencing enhancement, not a separate criminal

offense.   Thus, “[b]y its own terms, R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) does not apply to penalty

enhancing specifications.” James at ¶ 47.      Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

convicting Nitsche of multiple three-year firearm specifications on the attempted murder

and aggravated robbery counts or in imposing consecutive sentences for those firearm

specification convictions without making R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings. Nitsche’s first

assignment of error is overruled.

       Challenges to Sentence on Aggravated Murder Charge
       {¶56} In his third and fourth assignments of error, Nitsche challenges the prison

sentence of life without parole that the trial court imposed on the aggravated murder

count. In his third assignment of error, Nitsche claims that the trial court violated his

Eighth Amendment rights by sentencing him to life without the possibility of parole “due

to his young age” or “at the very least” by not “acknowledg[ing] that his age was

considered in the analysis of a just sentence.”   In his fourth assignment of error, Nitsche

contends that the trial court erred in considering his alleged gang affiliation in imposing a

life sentence without parole.   Nitsche’s arguments are meritless.

       Whether the Trial Court Violated the Eighth Amendment by Imposing a Life
       Sentence Without Parole Given Nitsche’s “Young Age”

       {¶57} Nitsche’s constitutional challenge to his life sentence without parole on the

aggravated murder count is based on Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S.__, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183

L.Ed.2d 407 (2012), Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1

(2012), and State v. Long, 138 Ohio St.3d 478, 2014-Ohio-849, 8 N.E.2d 890.

       {¶58} In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that a sentencing scheme

that mandates a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a juvenile

homicide offender violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual

punishment.    Miller at 2464. In Roper, the United States Supreme Court held that the

Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments prohibit imposition of the death penalty on offenders

who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed.           Roper at 578. In

Long, the Ohio Supreme Court held that a trial court, in exercising its sentencing

discretion for aggravated murder under R.C. 2929.03(A), “must separately consider the
youth of a juvenile offender as a mitigating factor before imposing a sentence of life

without parole” and that “[t]he record must reflect that the court specifically considered

the juvenile offender’s youth as a mitigating factor at sentencing when a prison term of

life without parole is imposed.’” Long at paragraphs one and two of the syllabus.

       {¶59} Nitsche asserts that the same considerations that led the courts in these cases

to conclude that juveniles “‘are less deserving of the most severe punishments,’” Miller at

2464, quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010),

should be applied to Nitsche, a “young adult * * * ‘raised’ dysfunctionally in America’s

urban cores.”   We disagree.

       {¶60} As the United States Supreme Court explained in Miller, juveniles are
“constitutionally different from adults for purposes of sentencing”:

       First, children have a “‘lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of
       responsibility,’ ” leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless
       risk-taking. Roper, 543 U.S. at 569, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1.
       Second, children “are more vulnerable * * * to negative influences and
       outside pressures,” including from their family and peers; they have limited
       “contro[l] over their own environment” and lack the ability to extricate
       themselves from horrific, crime-producing settings. Ibid. And third, a
       child’s character is not as “well formed” as an adult’s; his traits are “less
       fixed” and his actions less likely to be “evidence of irretrievabl[e]
       deprav[ity].” Id. at 570, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. * * * [T]he
       distinctive attributes of youth diminish the penological justifications for
       imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders, even when they
       commit terrible crimes. * * * [I]n imposing a State’s harshest penalties, a
       sentencer misses too much if he treats every child as an adult. * * *

Miller at 2464-2468. The Ohio Supreme Court relied on Miller in reaching its decision

in Long.   Long at ¶ 1, 11-14.
       {¶61}       Nitsche, however, is not a “juvenile offender.”   He was 23 years of age

and had been an adult for five years at the time he committed the crimes at issue.

Therefore, the considerations identified in Miller (and the other cases cited above) —

which are based on the “significant gaps between juveniles and adults,” Miller at 2464

— do not apply here.

       {¶62}       The Tenth District recently considered a similar argument in State v.

Phipps, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 15AP-524, 2016-Ohio-663. In that case, the defendant

— who was 19 at the time he committed the offenses at issue — pled guilty to 21 counts,

including aggravated robbery and kidnapping, arising out of a series of robberies,

burglaries and home invasions.      Id. at ¶ 3, 35.   He was sentenced to an aggregate prison

term of 150 years. Id. at ¶ 3.        The defendant argued, based on Miller, Graham and

Roper, that the trial court erred in failing to consider his “relative youth” as a relevant

factor under R.C. 2929.12 and that his youth should have been considered during

sentencing because “he lacked * * * maturity and had an underdeveloped sense of

responsibility.” Id. at ¶ 33, 35.     The Tenth District rejected the defendant’s argument,

noting that there was no authority to support the extension of Roper, Graham and Miller

to the defendant, who was not a juvenile at the time he committed the offenses at issue.

Id. at ¶ 37, 39.    As the court explained:

       We are unaware of, and appellant fails to point to, any pertinent legal
       authority to support the extension of Roper, Graham, and Miller to persons
       who were not juveniles at the time of the commission of the offense. * * *
       [I]n Roper, Graham, and Miller, the United States Supreme Court explicitly
       referred to the age of 18 as the divide between juveniles and adults when
       considering developmental differences under the Eighth Amendment. * * *
       The United States Supreme Court explained its use of the age of 18 to
       establish the divide as follows:

       Drawing the line at 18 years of age is subject, of course, to the objections
       always raised against categorical rules. The qualities that distinguish
       juveniles from adults do not disappear when an individual turns 18. By the
       same token, some under 18 have already attained a level of maturity some
       adults will never reach. For the reasons we have discussed, however, a line
       must be drawn. * * * The age of 18 is the point where society draws the line
       for many purposes between childhood and adulthood.
       Roper at 574.

       Following Miller, the Sixth Circuit considered whether to extend Miller to
       persons over the age of 18. United States v. Marshall, 736 F.3d 492 (6th
       Cir.2013). The court found that “[c]onsiderations of efficiency and certainty
       require a bright line separating adults from juveniles” and that “[f]or
       purposes of the Eighth Amendment, an individual’s eighteenth birthday
       marks that bright line.” Id. at 500. * * *

       [O]n the facts of this case, we cannot agree that the trial court erred by
       refusing to consider appellant’s age through extension of the holdings in
       Roper, Graham, and Miller in the determination of his sentence.

Phipps at ¶ 37-40; see also State v. Rolland, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 68,

2013-Ohio-2950, ¶ 15 (“Roper, Graham and Miller are inapplicable” to a defendant who

was not a juvenile at the time of the commission of the offense because the protections at

issue in those cases “apply only to juvenile offenders.”)

       {¶63}   Like the defendant in Phipps, Nitsche “offers no persuasive justification

for the extension of the reasoning” in Roper, Miller and Long to the facts of this case.

Id. at ¶ 39. Although this case involves a sentence of life without the possibility of

parole rather than a lengthy aggregate prison sentence, we believe the same reasoning

applies. Nitsche’s sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole does

not violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
       {¶64}    Furthermore, even if the trial court was constitutionally required to

consider Nitsche’s age prior to sentencing him to life without parole, the transcript from

the sentencing hearing reflects that it did so.   The trial court specifically noted during the

sentencing hearing that “at the defendant’s young age of now 25 he had already several

prior criminal convictions.”      Specifically, the court found that the appellant was

convicted in 2011 for domestic violence and attempted abduction and was sentenced to a

12– month prison term; in 2009 he was sentenced to a two year term of imprisonment for

receiving stolen property of a motor vehicle and failure to comply with an order signal of

a police officer, and in 2008, after violating the terms of probation for a charge of

trafficking controlled substance, he was sentenced to a term of six months. Accordingly,

Nitsche’s third assignment of error is overruled.

       Consideration of Nitsche’s Gang Affiliation During Sentencing

       {¶65} In addition to his constitutional challenge, Nitsche argues that the trial court

erred in considering his “alleged gang affiliation” when sentencing Nitsche on the

aggravated murder count.        Nitsche contends that the trial court made it clear at

sentencing that “the reason” it imposed a sentence of life without parole on the

aggravated murder charge was because Nitsche was a member of the “Heartless Felons”

gang “even though there was no evidence/testimony in the case about that issue.”           He

further asserts that Nitsche’s “conduct in the crimes alleged does not explain the sentence

he received” and that the trial court’s imposition of a sentence of life without parole was
“unsubstantiated, unjustified, and an abuse of discretion.” We have no authority to

review Nitsche’s sentence on this basis.

      {¶66} R.C. 2953.08 governs the review of felony sentences. R.C. 2953.08(D)(3)

provides: “A sentence imposed for aggravated murder or murder pursuant to sections

2929.02 to 2929.06 of the Revised Code is not subject to review under this section.”

Thus, R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) expressly “excludes sentences imposed for aggravated murder

* * * from appellate review.”           State v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101576,

2015-Ohio-2387, ¶ 67-68 (defendant’s claim that sentences imposed on murder and

aggravated murder counts were contrary to law because trial court did not engage in a

proportionality analysis was not subject to appellate review under R.C. 2953.08(D)(3)),

citing State v. Porterfield, 106 Ohio St.3d 5, 2005-Ohio-3095, 829 N.E.2d 690, ¶ 19. As

this court has previously explained, “the general felony sentencing statutes are

inapplicable to aggravated murder because ‘aggravated murder is governed by a special

statutory scheme, carries a mandatory punishment, is not classified by degree of felony,

and is expressly exempted from * * * sentencing requirements inapplicable to felonies of

lesser degrees.’” State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100125, 2014-Ohio-3583, ¶

62, quoting State v. Hollingsworth, 143 Ohio App.3d 562, 567-568, 758 N.E.2d 713 (8th

Dist.2001). Nitsche was sentenced for aggravated murder pursuant to R.C. 2929.02(A)

and 2929.03. Accordingly, R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) applies.2




      2
       Neither Nitsche nor the state addressed the applicability of R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) in their briefs.
       {¶67} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) is

“unambiguous” and “clearly means what it says: such a sentence cannot be reviewed.”

Porterfield at ¶ 17; see also Jackson at ¶ 61-64 (rejecting defendant’s claim that trial

court failed to consider his mental illness as a mitigating factor under R.C. 2929.12,

noting that “evidentiary review of a sentence imposed by a trial court pursuant to R.C.

2929.03(A)(1)(a) is precluded”); State v. Hilliard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102214,

2015-Ohio-3142, ¶ 29-31 (defendant’s claim that he was remorseful and had no prior

criminal record, that his crime “stemmed from a failed relationship that seemed to have

provoked [his] behavior” and that unspecified mitigating factors revealed in his

psychological examination warranted a lesser sentence was not subject to appellate

review under R.C. 2953.08(D)(3)); State v. Hawkins, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 13CA3,

2014-Ohio-1224, ¶ 10, 13-15 (appellate court lacked statutory authority to consider

defendant’s argument that sentence for aggravated murder was “unreasonable” because

he “lived a primarily law-abiding life,” was “a ‘quiet, hard-working, decent person’” and

his actions against victim were “an aberration from his normal, quiet self” under R.C.

2953.08(D)(3)); State v. Jones, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012CA61, 2013-Ohio-4820, ¶ 26

(“Pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) and case law interpreting this statute, this Court is

without statutory authority to review appellant’s sentence on an evidentiary basis.”); State

v. Patterson, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2012CA00098, 2013-Ohio-1647, ¶ 70 (same).

Accordingly, pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(D)(3), we lack statutory authority to review

Nitsche’s sentence for aggravated murder on an evidentiary basis.
       {¶68} Even if R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) were not a bar to review, we would still find no

error in the trial court’s consideration of Nitsche’s gang affiliation here.   Nitsche has not

cited any authority in support of his claim that the trial court erred in considering his ties

to the Heartless Felons gang when sentencing him. Nitsche does not dispute that he is a

member of the Heartless Felons gang and did not object when the trial court referred to

his gang affiliation during sentencing. In fact, the defense filed a motion in time to

prohibit the state from “revealing any information that the defendant is gang affiliated

with a group known as the ‘heartless felons.’” The motion was granted. There was ample

evidence in the record, however regarding Nitsche’s ties to the Heartless Felons gang

from a pretrial hearing that the trial court held on the state’s motion to revoke Nitsche’s

non-attorney phone, visitation and mail privileges while in jail after Nitsche posed for an

illicit in-jail photograph.3

       {¶69} Furthermore, it is clear from the record that Nitsche’s affiliation with the

Heartless Felons gang was only one of many factors the trial court considered in imposing

his sentence. The trial court’s reference to Nitsche’s gang affiliation followed a detailed

discussion of Nitsche’s criminal history, the reprehensibility of his conduct, his lack of

concern for human life, the danger he posed to the public, his failure to take responsibility

for his actions and his lack of remorse. As the trial court explained:



       3
         The photograph — in which Nitsche flashed Heartless Felons gang signs
with his hands — had been posted to social media by a third party with the caption:
“If all my reall 1st n***** out u wouldn’t even be able to brush my shoulders free
yellow he say don’t let them n***** breath out ther.” Sic.
The Court has considered the record, and certainly the record includes the
trial of this matter where the Court had first-hand knowledge of the
testimony and the evidence presented against Mr. Nitsche and upon which
the jury itself found him guilty as previously noted.

The Court has considered the oral statements made here today and the Court
has considered the purposes and principles of sentencing under Revised
Code Section 2929.11 and the seriousness and recidivism factors relevant to
the offense and offender pursuant to Revised Code Section 2929.12, the
need for deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restitution.

To begin with, the Court would like to record the defendant’s criminal
history * * *. So at the defendant’s young age of now 25, he has already
several prior convictions, criminal convictions. * * *

[W]ith regard to the aggravated murder, Count 1, just finding out that Mr.
McDowell was the person who you believed then was actually seeing Mary
Ann Jackson, within a matter of hours, if that, you decided to go and kill
him, walk right up to him in front of his friends and shoot him in the chest.
Then, according to the testimony of the witnesses, Karen and Don Don, you
pointed the gun at them, and but for it jamming, you may have very well
seriously injured or killed those other individuals who were there with him.

Your conduct is reprehensible. It is despicable. You have no concern for
human life. That’s absolutely been shown. Absolutely no concern for
human life. You are a danger to the public, and I have a sworn duty to
protect the public. Again, no remorse. * * *

And even though it did not come out in the trial, you are a Heartless Felon.
You are proud of being a Heartless Felon. You give the signs of being a
Heartless Felon. You are tattooed with it. This is who you are, which is
why I restricted your communications in jail. You take pride in being a
Heartless Felon. And you try to impart fear in others that cross you.

And it’s for that reason that on the count of aggravated murder, the Court is

imposing a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole *

* * *.
       {¶70} Nitsche was convicted of aggravated murder in violation of R.C.

2903.01(A), which carries, in this case, a life sentence. R.C. 2929.02(A). Pursuant to

R.C. 2929.03(A)(1)(a)-(d), the life sentence could be without parole eligibility or with

parole eligibility after serving 20, 25 or 30 years in prison. In this case, Nitsche was

sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Nitsche does not dispute

that his sentence falls within the statutory range for aggravated murder.   Nitsche’s prison

sentence is supported by the record and is not contrary to law.     Accordingly, Nitsche’s

fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       Restitution

       {¶71} In his second assignment of error, Nitsche argues that the trial court erred in

ordering him to pay restitution to McDowell’s family for the costs of his funeral.

       {¶72} As an initial matter, we must first consider whether we have authority to

review the trial court’s restitution order under R.C. 2953.08(D)(3).        As stated above,

R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) provides: “A sentence imposed for aggravated murder or murder

pursuant to sections 2929.02 to 2929.06 of the Revised Code is not subject to review

under this section.”     R.C. 2929.01(FF) defines a “sentence” as “the sanction or

combination of sanctions imposed by the sentencing court on an offender who is

convicted of or pleads guilty to an offense.” A “sanction” is “any penalty imposed upon

an offender who is convicted of or pleads guilty to an offense, as punishment for the

offense” and “includes any sanction imposed pursuant to any provision of sections

2929.14 to 2929.18 * * * of the Revised Code.” R.C. 2929.01(DD). Applying these
definitions, “sentence” as used in R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) encompasses restitution.

Restitution is not, however, part of Nitsche’s sentence imposed “pursuant to sections

2929.02 to 2929.06 of the Revised Code.” Restitution is authorized pursuant to R.C.

2929.18.    Accordingly, we conclude that R.C. 2953.08(D)(3) does not preclude our

review of the trial court’s restitution order in this case.

       {¶73} We review a trial court’s decision to order restitution for abuse of discretion.

 State v. Maurer, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103162, 2016-Ohio-1380, ¶ 12; State v.

McLaurin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103068, 2016-Ohio-933, ¶ 8. 4                         An abuse of

discretion implies that the trial court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or

unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140

(1983).


       4
          In State v. Marcum, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶ 1, the Ohio Supreme Court, in
“address[ing] the standard of review that appellate courts must apply when reviewing felony
sentences,” recently stated that when “[a]pplying the plain language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), * * * an
appellate court may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and
convincing evidence that the record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes
or that the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” The court’s application of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) in
Marcum was limited to sentencing-term challenges. See id. at ¶ 7, 10 (“[W]e hold that appellate
courts may not apply the abuse-of-discretion standard in sentencing-term challenges.”) Prior to
Marcum, this court applied R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) in reviewing sentencing-term challenges and applied
an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing challenges to restitution orders. See, e.g., State v.
Maddox, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99120, 2013-Ohio-3140, ¶ 23, 53; compare State v. Collins,
2015-Ohio-3710, 41 N.E.3d 899, ¶ 31 (12th Dist.) (holding that “R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is the proper
standard of review for all felony sentences” and that, therefore, the “proper standard of review for
analyzing the imposition of restitution as a part of a felony sentence is whether the sentence complies
with R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b)”). Since Marcum was decided, this court has continued to apply an
abuse of discretion standard in reviewing restitution orders. See Maurer at ¶ 12. Accordingly, we
apply an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing Nitsche’s challenge to the restitution order in this
case. Even if, however, the standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) applied, it would not
change the result here.
       {¶74} Pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), a trial court may order an offender to pay

restitution to the victim’s family “in an amount based on the victim’s economic loss” as

part of a felony sentence.   R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) provides, in relevant part:

       Except as otherwise provided in this division and in addition to imposing
       court costs pursuant to section 2947.23 of the Revised Code, the court
       imposing a sentence upon an offender for a felony may sentence the
       offender to any financial sanction or combination of financial sanctions
       authorized under this section * * * Financial sanctions that may be imposed
       pursuant to this section include, but are not limited to, the following:

       (1)   Restitution by the offender to the victim of the offender’s crime or any

       survivor of the victim, in an amount based on the victim’s economic loss. *

       * * If the court imposes restitution, at sentencing, the court shall determine

       the amount of restitution to be made by the offender. If the court imposes

       restitution, the court may base the amount of restitution it orders on an

       amount recommended by the victim, the offender, a presentence

       investigation report, estimates or receipts indicating the cost of repairing or

       replacing property, and other information, provided that the amount the

       court orders as restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic loss

       suffered by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the commission of

       the offense. If the court decides to impose restitution, the court shall hold a

       hearing on restitution if the offender, victim, or survivor disputes the

       amount. * * *

       {¶75} “Economic loss” means “any economic detriment suffered by a victim as a

direct and proximate result of the commission of an offense” and specifically includes
“funeral expense incurred as a result of the commission of the offense.”               R.C.

2929.01(L).

       {¶76} The fact that a defendant is indigent does not preclude a trial court from

imposing financial sanctions, including restitution. See, e.g., State v. Jennings, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 99631, 2013-Ohio-5428, ¶ 43. Likewise, the fact that a defendant is

sentenced to a lengthy prison sentence “does not necessarily preclude the imposition of

financial sanctions.” State v. Western, 2015-Ohio-627, 29 N.E.3d 245, ¶ 57 (2d Dist.);

see also State v. Fischer, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25618, 2013-Ohio-4817, ¶ 21

(affirming restitution order in the amount of $6,025.18, imposed upon a defendant serving

a 50-year prison sentence); State v. Harwell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25852,

2015-Ohio-2966, ¶ 67-71 (trial court did not commit plain error when it ordered

defendant sentenced to 32 years to life in prison to pay restitution in the amount of

$3,891.65). For example, “[t]he possibility of working while in prison is one factor that

a trial court can use in determining an inmate’s ability to pay financial sanctions.”

Western at ¶ 55, quoting State v. Croom, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25094,

2013-Ohio-3377, ¶ 94.

       {¶77} Nitsche concedes that his indigence did not preclude the trial court from

ordering restitution.   However, he argues that the trial court erred in ordering him to pay

$2,880 restitution for McDowell’s funeral expenses because (1) the state offered no

“documentary proof” of McDowell’s funeral bill at sentencing and (2) the trial court
failed to consider his “present or future ability to pay” restitution prior to ordering

restitution.

       {¶78} Prior to ordering restitution, “a sentencing court must engage in a ‘due

process ascertainment that the amount of restitution bears a reasonable relationship to the

loss suffered.’”   McLaurin, 2016-Ohio-933, at ¶ 13, quoting State v. Borders, 12th Dist.

Clermont No. CA2004-12-101, 2005-Ohio-4339, ¶ 36. “The court must determine the

amount of restitution to a reasonable degree of certainty, ensuring that the amount is

supported by competent, credible evidence.” McLaurin at ¶ 13, citing State v. Warner,

55 Ohio St.3d 31, 69, 564 N.E.2d 18 (1990). Pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), if the

court imposes restitution, it

       “may base the amount of restitution it orders on an amount recommended
       by the victim, * * * estimates or receipts indicating the cost of repairing or
       replacing property, and other information, provided that the amount the
       court orders as restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic loss
       suffered by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the commission of
       the offense.” A hearing on the issue of restitution need only be held “if
       the offender, victim, or survivor disputes the amount.”
Id.

       {¶79} In this case, the state submitted a receipt at sentencing evidencing the

amount — $2,880 — McDowell’s family paid for his funeral. It does not appear,

however, that the state asked to have the receipt admitted into evidence as an exhibit at

the sentencing hearing and it is not part of the record on appeal.   Nitsche, however, did

not dispute the amount paid for McDowell’s funeral at the sentencing hearing.

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in ordering that $2,880 be
paid for McDowell’s funeral expenses — notwithstanding that the receipt was not

admitted as an exhibit at the sentencing hearing.

       {¶80}   Nitsche also argues that the restitution order should be vacated because the

only information before the trial court regarding his present or future ability to pay when

it ordered restitution was the fact that he was indigent and had court-appointed counsel.

       {¶81} R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) “‘imposes a duty upon the trial court ‘to consider the

offender’s present or future ability to pay’ before imposing any financial sanctions under

R.C. 2929.18.’” State v. Aniton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102440, 2015-Ohio-4080, ¶ 19,

quoting State v. Tate, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25386, 2013-Ohio-5167, ¶ 52. R.C.

2929.19(B)(5) states: “Before imposing a financial sanction under section 2929.18 of the

Revised Code or a fine under section 2929.32 of the Revised Code, the court shall

consider the offender’s present and future ability to pay the amount of the sanction or

fine.” As this court previously explained, in fulfilling that duty:

       “The statute does not require that the trial court consider any specific
       factors when determining a defendant’s present or future ability to pay
       financial sanctions. Nor does the statute require a hearing on the matter.
       The court is also ‘not required to expressly state that it considered a
       defendant’s ability to pay * * *.’ ‘The record should, however, contain
       “evidence that the trial court considered the offender’s present and future
       ability to pay before imposing the sanction of restitution.’” * * * ‘The
       court’s consideration * * * may [also] be inferred from the record under
       appropriate circumstances.’”

Aniton at ¶ 19, quoting Tate at ¶ 52; see also State v. Betliskey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101330, 2015-Ohio-1821, ¶ 42, 44 (describing what is required in considering ability to

pay as a “low threshold”).    “A trial court need not explicitly state in its judgment entry
that it considered a defendant’s ability to pay a financial sanction. Rather, courts look to

the totality of the record to see if this requirement has been satisfied.” State v. Lewis,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90413, 2008-Ohio-4101, ¶ 12.

       {¶82} At sentencing, defense counsel stated that Nitsche had filed an affidavit of

indigency, “is indigent as this point[,] * * * is unable to pay any fines or costs at this

particular point in time and has been declared indigent by the Court of Common Pleas by

virtue of [the] appointments [of counsel].”   No presentence investigation was conducted.

 There is no information in the record regarding Nitsche’s employment history,

education, skills, assets or present or future income sources and the sentencing entry does

not state that the trial court considered Nitsche’s ability to pay restitution. On the basis

of defense counsel’s statements, the trial judge stated: “I’m not imposing any fine. I’m

waiving court costs based upon the indigency of the defendant. But I am ordering

restitution to the victim’s family for the funeral bill in the amount of $2,880.”

Considering the totality of the record in this case, although there is some indication —

based on the trial court’s reference to Nitsche’s indigency — that the trial court

considered Nitsche’s present ability (or rather, inability) to pay restitution, there is

nothing in the record that indicates whether the trial court considered Nitsche’s future

ability to pay restitution, as required under R.C. 2929.19(B)(5). Given that Nitsche was

sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, we cannot infer that the trial

court considered Nitsche’s future ability to pay when it ordered restitution.      See, e.g.,

State v. Russell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23454, 2010-Ohio-4765, ¶ 62-64 (appellate
court could not infer that the trial court considered defendant’s future ability to pay

restitution of more than $15,000 where defendant was sentenced to 40 and one-half years

to life in prison and would be approximately 70 years old, at least, if he was ever released

from prison); State v. Napper, 4th Dist. Ross No. 06CA2885, 2006-Ohio-6614, ¶ 15-17

(vacating restitution order where it was “unclear” how indigent defendant with no assets

and a prison sentence of 51 years to life would have “the future ability to pay the victim’s

family”); compare Aniton, 2015-Ohio-4080, ¶ 21 (trial court complied with its obligation

to consider defendant’s ability to pay restitution order where it considered presentence

investigation report and noted that defendant, who had been sentenced to 21 years in

prison, would “hav[e] 21 years in prison to pay off those costs”). The trial court,

therefore, abused its discretion in ordering restitution.

       {¶83}    Accordingly, we sustain Nitsche’s second assignment of error, in part, and

overrule it, in part. Since Nitsche did not dispute the amount of restitution ordered at

sentencing, we reverse the restitution order and remand this matter to the trial court for

consideration of Nitsche’s present and future ability to pay the $2,880 in restitution

previously ordered.      See, e.g., State v. Graves, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99141,

2013-Ohio-2911, ¶ 13-15 (where there was no evidence that trial court considered

defendant’s present and future ability to pay prior to imposing $2,000 fine, trial court’s

imposition of fine and case remanded for a determination of defendant’s present and

future ability to pay fine); see also Western, 2015-Ohio-627, 29 N.E.3d 245, at ¶ 57, 59.

       Joinder of Counts Involving the Two Shootings
       {¶84} In his sixth and final assignment of error, Nitsche argues that the trial court

erred in denying his motion to sever the claims related to the shooting of McDowell from

those involving the shooting of Dean.

       {¶85} Under Crim.R. 8(A), two or more offenses may be charged together if the

offenses “are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction,

or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts

of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal conduct.” Ohio law

“‘favors joining multiple offenses in a single trial’” if the requirements for joinder under

Crim.R. 8(A) are met. State v. Dean, Slip Opinion No. 2015-Ohio-4347, ¶ 59, quoting

State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990); State v. Williams, 73 Ohio

St.3d 153, 157, 652 N.E.2d 721 (1995); State v. Ferrell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100659,

2014-Ohio-4377, ¶ 38.      Joinder is “liberally permitted” to preserve the public fisc,

conserve judicial resources, reduce the opportunity for inconsistent results in successive

trials and diminish inconvenience to witnesses. State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 58,

600 N.E.2d 661 (1992); State v. Echols, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102504,

2015-Ohio-5138, ¶ 10.

       {¶86} If, however, it appears that a defendant is prejudiced by a joinder of

offenses, the trial court may grant a severance under Crim.R. 14. Crim.R. 14 provides, in

relevant part: “If it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses *

* *, the court shall order an election or separate trial of counts * * * or provide such other

relief as justice requires.” “Severance may be warranted if the trial court finds a serious
risk that a joint trial would prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt

or innocence.” State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102394, 2015-Ohio-4274, ¶ 12,

citing United States v. Zafiro, 506 U.S. 534, 539, 113 S.Ct. 933, 122 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993).

 A defendant seeking severance must “‘furnish the trial court with sufficient information

so that it can weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant’s right to a

fair trial.’” State v. Hand, 107 Ohio St.3d 166, 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840 N.E.2d 151,

quoting State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981). The defendant

“‘bears the burden of proving prejudice and of proving that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying severance.’” Dean at ¶ 60, quoting State v. Brinkley, 105 Ohio

St.3d 231, 2005-Ohio-1507, 824 N.E.2d 959, ¶ 29.

       {¶87} If a defendant makes a case for prejudicial joinder, “[t]he state may rebut a

defendant’s claim * * * in two ways.” Dean at ¶ 61; Jackson at ¶ 13. First, “if in

separate trials the state could introduce evidence of the joined offenses as ‘other acts’

under Evid.R. 404(B), a defendant cannot claim prejudice from the joinder” — the “other

acts” test. Dean at ¶ 61, citing Lott at 163. Evid.R. 404(B) recognizes that evidence of

other crimes may be admissible for purposes such as “proof of motive, opportunity,

intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” If one

offense could be introduced under Evid.R. 404(B) at the trial of the other offense, had the

offenses been tried separately, “any ‘prejudice that might result from the jury’s hearing

the evidence of the other crime in a joint trial would be no different from that possible in

separate trials,’ and a court need not inquire further.” Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d at 59, 600
N.E.2d 661, quoting Drew v. United States, 331 F.2d 85, 90 (D.C.Cir.1964). Second,

[“the state can refute prejudice by showing that] ‘evidence of each crime joined at trial is

simple and direct’” — the “joinder test.” Dean at ¶ 61, quoting Lott at 163. Where

evidence of the joined offenses is “uncomplicated,” such that the jury is “capable of

segregating the proof” required to prove each offense, a defendant is not prejudiced by

joinder. State v. Lunder, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101223, 2014-Ohio-5341, ¶ 33 (“A

trier of fact is believed capable of segregating the proof on multiple charges when the

evidence as to each of the charges is uncomplicated.”); State v. Ferren, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95094, 2011-Ohio-3382, ¶ 40 (“A trial court does not abuse its discretion

in denying a motion for severance of trials when the state presents evidence that is direct,

uncomplicated, and the jury demonstrates its ability to segregate the proof on each

charge.”)   “‘The object of the simple and distinct test is to prevent the jury from

improperly considering evidence of various crimes as corroborative of each other. The

very essence of the rule is that the evidence be such that the jury is unlikely to be

confused by it or misuse it.’” Echols, 2015-Ohio-5138, at ¶ 16, quoting State v. Echols,

128 Ohio App.3d 677, 694, 716 N.E.2d 728 (1st Dist. 1998).

       {¶88} Evidence of multiple offenses is “simple and direct” where, for example, the

offenses involved different victims, different incidents or different factual scenarios and

different witnesses. See, e.g., State v. Dantzler, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 14AP-907 and

14AP-908, 2015-Ohio-3641, ¶ 23; State v. Morales, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 03AP-318

and 03AP-319, 2004-Ohio-3391, ¶ 21; see also Echols, 2015-Ohio-5138, at ¶ 16 (“‘Ohio
appellate courts routinely find no prejudicial joinder where the evidence is presented in an

orderly fashion as to the separate offenses or victims without significant overlap or

conflation of proof.’”), quoting State v. Lewis, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-09-1224 and

L-09-1225, 2010-Ohio-4202, ¶ 33.

       {¶89} If either the “other acts” test or the “simple and direct” test is met, a

defendant cannot establish prejudice from the joinder. Thus, if the state can meet the

“simple and direct” test, it need not meet the “stricter” “other acts” test.           Echols,

2015-Ohio-5138, at ¶ 11 (a defendant is “not prejudiced by joinder when simple and

direct evidence exists, regardless of the admissibility of evidence of other crimes under

Evid.R. 404(B)”).

       {¶90} This court normally reviews a trial court’s decision on joinder for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Banks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 102360, 102361, 102362, and

102363, 2015-Ohio-5413, ¶ 64, citing State v. Grimes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94827,

2011-Ohio-4406, ¶ 15. However, where a defendant fails to renew a Crim.R. 14 motion

for severance either at the close of the state’s case or the close of all evidence “‘waives all

but plain error on appeal.’”      Lyndhurst v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101019,

2015-Ohio-2512, ¶ 32, quoting State v. Howard, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-50,

2011-Ohio-3524, ¶ 82; see also State v. Ferren, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95094,

2011-Ohio-3382, ¶ 34. The record before us does not indicate that Nitsche renewed his

motion to sever at the close of the state’s case or the close of all evidence. Accordingly,

he has waived all but plain error.
       {¶91} To demonstrate plain error, the defendant must show “an error, i.e., a

deviation from a legal rule” that was “an ‘obvious’ defect in the trial proceedings,” and

that the error “affected a substantial right,” i.e., a “reasonable probability” that the error

resulted in prejudice, affecting the outcome of the trial. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d

385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22; State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759

N.E.2d 1240 (2002). “We recognize plain error ‘with the utmost caution, under

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’”

Lyndhurst, 2015-Ohio-2512, at ¶ 32, quoting State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 110,

559 N.E.2d 710 (1990).

       {¶92} Nitsche does not dispute that joinder was proper under Crim.R. 8(A).

However, he claims that he was prejudiced by the joinder of the offenses related to the

two shootings and that the trial court should have, therefore, granted his motion for

separate trials because the two incidents were “both violent in nature” and “[a] jury

would, by nature, be more inclined to believe” his guilt of the offenses related to the

second incident after hearing evidence of the shooting in the first incident and “vice

versa.” Nitsche’s argument is meritless. In reviewing the evidence in this case, we find

no prejudice to Nitsche as a result of the joinder of the offenses.

       {¶93}    The offenses relating to the shooting of Dean and the shooting of

McDowell were charged together because they were of the “same or similar character”

and part of “a common scheme or plan” or “course of criminal conduct” occurring over a

relatively short period of time. Nitsche shot Dean because he believed (or rather Jackson
led him to believe) that Dean was the “other man” Jackson had been seeing while she was

purportedly in an “exclusive” relationship with Nitsche. Within hours of Jackson’s

identification of Dean, Nitsche lured Dean to Jackson’s apartment and, as soon as Dean

appeared, Nitsche snuck up behind him and shot him at close range in the back with a

single shot. When Nitsche learned that Dean was not, in fact, the man Jackson had been

seeing and that the “other man” was actually McDowell, Nitsche then targeted

McDowell. Within hours after Nitsche learned that McDowell had been seeing Jackson,

Nitsche located McDowell, approached him and shot him at close range in the chest with

a single shot.

       {¶94} The trial court instructed the jury to consider each count separately:

       The charges set forth in each count in the indictment constitute a separate

       and distinct matter. You must consider each count and the evidence

       applicable to each count separately, and you must state your findings as to

       each count uninfluenced by your verdict as to any other count. The

       defendant may be found guilty or not guilty of any one or all of the offenses

       charged.

       {¶95} We presume that the jury followed the court’s instructions.              State v.

Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23 N.E.3d 1096, ¶ 192, citing State v.

Loza, 71 Ohio St.3d 61, 79, 641 N.E.2d 1082 (1994). There is nothing in the record to

suggest that the jury confused the evidence as to the various counts or was improperly

“influenced by the cumulative effect of the joinder.” Banks, 2015-Ohio-5413, at ¶ 66.
To the contrary, the record demonstrates that the jury considered each offense separately,

finding Nitsche not guilty of aggravated robbery in Count 10, while convicting him of the

remaining offenses. See, e.g., id. at ¶ 66-68 (defendant was “unable to show that he was

prejudiced by the trial court’s refusal to sever his offenses” where he was acquitted of

some charges and convicted of a lesser offense in others).

       {¶96} Nitsche offers no evidence or information to support his claim that he was

prejudiced by the jury’s consideration of the offenses relating to McDowell’s murder and

the shooting and paralysis of Dean in a single trial. Nitsche’s bald allegations are

insufficient to establish prejudice. See, e.g., State v. Rosas, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

22424, 2009-Ohio-1404, ¶ 48 (defendant did not meet his burden of establishing

prejudice for purposes of motion to sever where defendant failed to provide “very much

information to the trial court about how he was prejudiced” and nowhere explained how

his rights were allegedly prejudiced but “merely assert[ed] broad general allegations of

prejudice that any defendant could assert”); see also State v. Corker, 10th Dist. Franklin

Nos. 13AP-264, 13AP-265, 13AP-266, 2013-Ohio-5446, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Strobel,

51 Ohio App.3d 31, 32, 554 N.E.2d 916 (3d Dist.1988) (rejecting defendant’s “bare

assertions” of prejudice and noting that “‘there is always the possibility of prejudice in

joining separate instances of any offense in the same indictment’” and that the defendant

bears the burden to “‘either affirmatively demonstrate before trial that his rights would be

prejudiced by the joinder, or to show at the close of the state’s case, or at the conclusion

of all the evidence, that his rights actually had been prejudiced by the joinder’”).
       {¶97} Nitsche allegedly committed both shootings due to jealously relating to his

girlfriend’s relationships with other men, and there were a number of common elements

between the two shootings. As such, evidence relating to both shootings would have

likely been admissible at separate trials to prove Nitsche’s motive or identity by modus

operandi under Evid.R. 404(B). Furthermore, the evidence related to each shooting was

“separate and direct.”    Nitsche shot two different victims, at different locations, on

different dates. Different witnesses witnessed each of the shootings and separate police

officers from separate police departments investigated the two shootings, i.e., CMHA

police investigated the shooting of Dean and Cleveland police investigated the shooting

of McDowell. Although Jackson provided testimony relevant to each of the shootings,

she witnessed only one of the shootings. Likewise, although the same forensic experts

testified regarding the testing of evidence relating to both shootings, the forensic evidence

offered by the state was limited and was not so complicated as to result in confusion over

which evidence related to which offense. Any claim of prejudice allegedly resulting

from joinder of the offenses related to the two shootings was, therefore, rebutted by the

state under the “other acts” or “joinder” tests.

       {¶98}    Further, claims of prejudice are less persuasive where, as here, the

evidence is “‘amply sufficient to sustain each verdict,’” regardless of whether the

offenses were tried together. State v. Sapp, 105 Ohio St.3d 104, 2004-Ohio-7008, 822

N.E.2d 1239, ¶ 73, quoting State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 344, 421 N.E.2d 1288

(1981). The testimony of the eyewitnesses to the shootings — Jackson, Dean, Osborn
and Wylie — combined with Goodwin’s testimony and the other evidence offered by the

state provided strong evidence of Nitsche’s guilt on each of the offenses at issue. The

strength of the state’s evidence “‘establishes that the prosecution did not attempt to prove

one case simply by questionable evidence of other offenses.’” State v. McKnight, 107

Ohio St.3d 101, 2005-Ohio-6046, 837 N.E.2d 315, ¶171-172, quoting State v. Jamison,

49 Ohio St.3d 182, 187, 552 N.E.2d 180 (1990).

       {¶99} We find no error, plain or otherwise, in the trial court’s denial of Nitsche’s

motion to sever. Accordingly, Nitsche’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶100} As set forth above, we reverse the restitution order and remand this matter

to the trial court for consideration of Nitsche’s present and future ability to pay the $2,880

in restitution previously ordered. Nitsche’s convictions and sentences are affirmed in all

other respects.

       {¶101}     Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part; remanded.

       It is ordered that appellee and appellee share the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


______________________________________________
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., A.J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR
