          Supreme Court of Florida
                                  ____________

                                  No. SC11-1017
                                  ____________

                              DARIOUS WILCOX,
                                  Appellant,

                                        vs.

                             STATE OF FLORIDA,
                                  Appellee.

                                [May 8, 2014]
                           (CORRECTED OPINION)

PER CURIAM.

      Darious Wilcox appeals the judgment of his convictions of one count of

first-degree murder, four counts of armed kidnapping, and one count of armed

robbery, as well as a sentence of death. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, §

3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the convictions and the

death sentence.

                         FACTS AND BACKGROUND

      Approximately one week before the murder, which is the subject of the case,

occurred, Wilcox called his cousin Richaunda Curry and asked if he could stay at

her townhome. Richaunda reluctantly agreed, but told her brother, Terrell Collier,
that she had a bad feeling about Wilcox. She also told Collier not to answer the

phone if Wilcox called or provide Wilcox with their address. At the time,

Richaunda, Collier, their sister Shaquira Curry, and Richaunda’s ex-boyfriend,

Willie Ward, were living together in a townhome next door to the victim, Nimoy

Johnson, in a Lauderhill housing complex located in Broward County, Florida. As

neighbors, Richaunda and Johnson had an amicable relationship. Johnson had

previously provided Shaquira with money to pay for diapers and food for her child,

and had given or sold marijuana to Richaunda and Collier.

      On Sunday, January 27, 2008, Wilcox arrived at the townhome complex to

stay with Richaunda and Collier. When Richaunda exited her home to leave for

work the next day, she witnessed Johnson angrily approach Ward and Ward’s

friend and shout, “You broke into my fucking house. You drinking champagne.

I’m gonna kill all you . . . .” When Richaunda returned home from work later that

day, she walked next door to Johnson’s townhome to speak with him about his

earlier behavior. Johnson told Richaunda that someone had burglarized his

townhome on Sunday, January 27. He explained that someone had consumed his

champagne and ransacked his house. Marijuana, cash, and a PSP1 were also

stolen. Johnson suspected that someone from Richaunda’s townhome had



        1. A PSP, or Play Station Portable, is a handheld gaming console. Collier
testified that he saw Wilcox with a PSP after the burglary.


                                       -2-
burglarized his house because he discovered a footprint near a wall that separates

the two townhome doors. Richaunda told Johnson that she did not know who

committed the crime, but no one living in her house had burglarized his home. She

assured Johnson they were friends and that he was a good neighbor. Johnson

agreed, apologized, and told Richaunda that he no longer suspected her family

members of the crime.

      On the evening of Saturday, February 2, 2008, Wilcox, Richaunda, Collier,

Shaquira, Ward, and Ward’s sister, Jaquinda Wright, were at Richaunda’s

townhome. Wilcox informed Wright he was considering committing a robbery in

Franklin, an area known for drugs and crime. Three or four times during this

conversation, Wilcox walked to the back door and looked out onto the balcony.

Later in the evening, Collier saw Wilcox leave the townhome around 10 p.m.

      The same evening, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Stephanie Hankerson

received a phone call from Johnson requesting that she come to his house.

Hankerson, who was busy at the time, declined the invitation but agreed to speak

with Johnson later in the evening. At 2 a.m. on the morning of February 3,

Hankerson received a second call from Johnson, again requesting that she come to

his house. Hankerson agreed to visit Johnson and told him she would bring her

friends Veronica McMorris and Taneshia Arnold.




                                        -3-
        At approximately 4 a.m., Hankerson, McMorris, and Arnold arrived at

Johnson’s townhome in Hankerson’s white Chevrolet Tahoe. Hankerson called

Johnson from the parking lot and he told her to come inside. The three women, led

by McMorris, exited the car and walked toward the townhome. The door to the

townhome opened, but the townhome was dark and the women could not see

inside. As McMorris crossed the threshold, she was surprised and frightened by

the presence of a dark shadowy figure inside the front door. McMorris screamed

and ran back to the car, yelling at Hankerson and Arnold to follow her. All three

women rushed back to the Tahoe and drove away. However, before they left the

housing complex, Hankerson received another phone call from Johnson. He told

her that the dark figure was a friend of his and that they should return to his

townhome. Hankerson turned the car around, drove back to Johnson’s townhome,

and called Johnson to tell him that the group was outside. The front door again

opened; however, this time only Hankerson exited the car and walked inside. Once

Hankerson entered the townhome, she saw a man holding a gun wearing a baseball

cap, a black leather jacket, a black shirt, black pants, and a bandana covering his

face.

        From the car, McMorris observed that Hankerson’s facial expression

changed as she entered the townhome. Worried and afraid for Hankerson’s safety,

McMorris picked up Hankerson’s cell phone, which had been left in the car, and


                                         -4-
called the last number dialed. Hankerson answered and told her that the man in the

house was Johnson’s friend and that she and Arnold should return to Johnson’s

townhome. After several minutes, the two women exited the Tahoe and entered

the townhome. Initially, when McMorris entered the townhome she could see only

Johnson and Hankerson. Suddenly the door shut behind her, and the gunman, who

was hiding behind the door, screamed and cursed at them for running away and

demanded to know if they had any money. The gunman then ordered everyone

upstairs to Johnson’s bedroom.

      Upstairs, the gunman smoked a marijuana cigarette, exited and entered the

bedroom several times while he spoke on the phone, and then demanded the keys

to the Tahoe because he needed the car to escape. Upon securing the keys, the

gunman directed Johnson to bind the hands and feet of the women. The gunman

then checked the strength and security of the ligatures, and told them not to attempt

to escape. During this process, the gunman covered his hand with a shirt and

wiped down places he had touched. He told the women that he knew not to leave

fingerprints because he watched the television show “The First 48.”2 The gunman



       2. “The First 48” is a non-fiction investigative television series that “takes
viewers behind the scenes of real-life investigations as it follows homicide
detectives in the critical first 48 hours of murder investigations, giving viewers
unprecedented access to crime scenes, interrogations and forensic processing.”
A&E Network, “The First 48,” a&etv.com, http://www.aetv.com/the-first-48 (last
visited on April 24, 2014).


                                         -5-
then ordered Johnson back downstairs. The television in Johnson’s bedroom was

turned on and the volume was elevated to the extent that the women upstairs could

only hear faint sounds from downstairs.

      Between the hours of 4:30 and 5 a.m., Richaunda, who was sleeping in her

bedroom next door, was awakened by a phone call from Wilcox. Wilcox directed

Richaunda to give the phone to Collier because he was not answering his cell

phone. Richaunda woke Collier and told him that Wilcox wanted to speak with

him. Collier looked at his cell phone and realized that he had missed several calls

from Wilcox placed at around 4:45 a.m. Collier called Wilcox, who instructed him

to bring Wilcox’s belongings outside. Collier retrieved Wilcox’s bag, walked

outside, and called Wilcox to inform him that he was outside. Almost

simultaneously, Collier heard the door of Johnson’s townhome unlock and he saw

Wilcox exit Johnson’s townhome wearing all black clothing, including a black

leather jacket and a garment covering his mouth. Collier was able to recognize

Wilcox as Wilcox removed the material which had covered his mouth. Collier also

saw that Wilcox was holding a gun. Wilcox took the bag and unlocked the doors

to a white Chevrolet Tahoe with a keyless remote.3 Wilcox placed his bag in the




     3. Collier testified during trial that he had never seen Wilcox with a white
Tahoe before and that Wilcox was not driving a vehicle when he arrived at
Richaunda and Collier’s townhome.


                                        -6-
Tahoe, started the ignition, walked back towards Johnson’s house, and told Collier

to return inside. As Collier walked upstairs to his room, he heard a single gunshot.

      Minutes before the gunshot, Arnold, who was still bound and in the upstairs

bedroom of Johnson’s residence, heard the front door open and close twice.

Immediately thereafter, all three women—Hankerson, McMorris, and Arnold—

heard a single gunshot followed by the sound of the front door of the townhome

opening and closing a third time, along with that which sounded like a car leaving

the parking lot. Hankerson untied herself, called the police to notify them that she

suspected a murder had occurred, untied McMorris and Arnold, and then exited the

bedroom alone to see what had occurred downstairs. Halfway down the stairs

Hankerson saw Johnson lying face down on the ground, bound at the wrists and

ankles, with a gunshot wound to the back of his head.

      Approximately three hours later, at 8 a.m. on Sunday morning, Wilcox

called Collier. Wilcox advised Collier that everything would be fine because he

had killed Johnson to protect Collier and the rest of his family. Wilcox explained

that he killed Johnson because he did not know how Johnson would react “after the

burglary” or to the fact that Wilcox was living in Collier and Richaunda’s home.

      The following Saturday, February 9, 2008, Cleveland Aguilar saw Wilcox at

a night club and asked him for a ride home. The two men, along with Wilcox’s

cousin James Duran, left the club in a white Chevrolet Tahoe with temporary tags.


                                        -7-
Aguilar asked Wilcox why he was driving the Tahoe, and Wilcox responded that a

girl had purchased the car for him. The three men left the club, drove to Aguilar’s

apartment, then to a second club, and finally to a gas station. While at the gas

station, Aguilar noticed several police cars in the parking lot.4 Aguilar refused to

return to the Tahoe because he knew that there were several handguns in the

vehicle, including Wilcox’s 9 millimeter, which Aguilar had seen Wilcox carrying

earlier that morning. Aguilar advised Wilcox and Duran that they should leave on

foot and not return to the Tahoe, but the two men ignored Aguilar’s warning and

instead ran to the truck and drove away.

      Shortly thereafter, officers located the white Tahoe abandoned in the parking

lot of an apartment complex. The officers received information that Wilcox was

hiding inside one of the apartments. When they approached, Wilcox exited the

residence and was taken into custody. Inside the abandoned Tahoe, officers

discovered a temporary vehicle registration and two firearms, one of which was a 9

millimeter weapon. Law enforcement officers also found near the Tahoe a black

jacket, a black bandana, and forty-nine rounds of 9 millimeter ammunition.

      During trial, the medical examiner testified that Johnson died from a single

gunshot wound to the head. The bullet entered high through the back left portion



       4. Law enforcement officers discovered Wilcox’s location by tracking the
cell phone he used to call Collier on the morning after the murder.


                                         -8-
of Johnson’s skull and penetrated through the brain, exited the skull, and was

extracted from the soft tissue of Johnson’s neck. The medical examiner concluded

that the manner of death was homicide. A firearms expert compared the 9

millimeter handgun recovered from the Tahoe and the projectile discovered by the

medical examiner inside Johnson’s neck and determined that the projectile that

fatally wounded Johnson matched the 9 millimeter. A latent fingerprint expert

testified that fingerprints lifted from the temporary registration paperwork

discovered inside the Tahoe matched the known fingerprints of Wilcox. Finally,

two DNA experts testified that the DNA recovered from a cigarette butt found on

the living room table inside Johnson’s townhome contained a mixture of at least

two profiles. One profile matched the known profile of Johnson. The other profile

produced minor alleles which contained a genetic structure similar to the known

DNA profile of Wilcox. This minor profile which Wilcox possesses is rare,

present in roughly two percent of the population.

      Wilcox represented himself during the guilt phase of trial and presented

three witnesses. Wilcox’s girlfriend testified that she owned the cell phone that

Wilcox used to contact Collier on the night of the murder. She testified that she

did not give Wilcox her phone, and that he did not own a cell phone. She also

testified that Wilcox was a drug dealer who would primarily walk or ride his

bicycle around town to sell drugs. Wilcox’s cousin testified that she saw Wilcox in


                                        -9-
the white Tahoe approximately three or four days after Johnson was murdered and

did not see Wilcox with either drugs or a cell phone. Finally, the mother of

Wilcox’s son testified that the last time she saw Wilcox was the Wednesday after

Johnson was killed.

      Wilcox, who testified in his defense, stated that he had never been to

Broward County where the murder occurred and that during the weekend in

question he was in Miami. He testified that he received the Tahoe from Collier on

February 6 (three days after the murder), but he did not own the bullets or the

bandana discovered near the Tahoe at the time of his arrest. Wilcox further

testified that on February 5 (two days after the murder) he received the phone that

was used to call Collier on the morning of the murder. He stated that he fled from

the gas station on the day that he was arrested because he was a drug dealer and he

knew the vehicle was stolen.

      The jury convicted Wilcox of one count of first-degree murder, four counts

of armed kidnapping, and one count of armed robbery.

      During the penalty phase, the State presented the victim impact statement of

Johnson’s mother and the testimony of a detective concerning the facts of the

homicide. Wilcox, who was represented by counsel during the penalty phase,

presented the testimony of his mother, Lawanda Wilcox. Lawanda testified that

Wilcox was the oldest of her four children. She began using drugs at the age of


                                       - 10 -
ten, but stopped during her pregnancy with Wilcox.5 She gave birth to Wilcox

when she was fifteen years old, and Wilcox’s father was not a part of his life.

      Lawanda, who was one of seven children, grew up in an area known for

violence and drugs. She had low self-esteem and resorted to dating men for money

to pay for food, drugs, and diapers. When that money was insufficient, she would

either use government assistance or sell Wilcox’s toys and clothes to fund her

addiction. As a young child, Wilcox watched her abuse drugs and was forced to

find makeshift drug paraphernalia, such as soda cans, on the street so his mother

could take drugs. Lawanda, who was incarcerated on drug-related charges during

Wilcox’s penalty phase, testified that she had been arrested approximately forty

times and that Wilcox had previously witnessed her being arrested.

      Lawanda testified that she was not a good parent and did not enjoy being a

mother. Her depression and addiction to heroin and cocaine prevented her from

providing Wilcox with mental and emotional support. She knew Wilcox had

problems, but she could not overcome her own problems to help him. She would

not visit Wilcox at school because she was ashamed and embarrassed that her drug

addiction affected her appearance and controlled her behavior. She noted that

Wilcox was a slow learner, earned mediocre grades in school, and would often act

      5. While Lawanda was drug free during her pregnancy with Wilcox, she
was not drug free during all of her pregnancies. Hospital officials did not permit
Lawanda to bring her youngest son home from the hospital because she was
addicted to crack cocaine during the pregnancy.

                                       - 11 -
out. When he acted out, she would punish him by spanking him and locking him

in the bathroom. Eventually, Wilcox was removed from public school and placed

into a reform school.

      Despite his mother’s instability, Wilcox’s grandmother was a stable and

positive influence during his childhood. Prior to the age of eleven, Wilcox would

fluctuate between living with his mother and his grandmother. However, when he

turned eleven, Wilcox’s mother could no longer provide for him and he moved in

permanently with his grandmother. At the age of fourteen, Wilcox was arrested on

charges of second-degree murder, armed robbery, and grand theft.6 While he was

in jail, his grandmother died and he was unable to grieve with the family.

      After the defense rested, the trial court specifically inquired whether Wilcox

intended to present mental health mitigation. Wilcox’s counsel indicated that both

he and Wilcox made a strategic decision not to present mental health mitigation.7

The jury recommended a death sentence by a vote of seven to five.




      6. Wilcox pled no contest to these crimes and was sentenced to concurrent
sentences of ten years’ imprisonment for the second-degree murder and armed
robbery convictions, and to five years’ imprisonment for the grand theft
conviction.

      7. The prosecutor stated for the record that Wilcox had been evaluated and
diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.


                                       - 12 -
      During the Spencer8 hearing, the defense presented Dr. Christopher Fichera,

who determined that Wilcox was exposed to several risk factors that resulted in a

predisposition for violent criminal behavior. Dr. Fichera concluded that this

predisposition was developed when Wilcox was a child and formed from

circumstances that were beyond his control. Further, he opined that Wilcox was

psychologically damaged as a child, and that psychological damage was the reason

Wilcox murdered Johnson. During cross-examination, Dr. Fichera testified that

Wilcox exhibited symptoms of antisocial personality disorder; however, he

concluded that some of the behavior considered to be antisocial was actually a

coping mechanism that Wilcox developed to survive in his home environment.

      On May 16, 2011, the trial court sentenced Wilcox to death for the murder

of Nimoy Johnson. In pronouncing Wilcox’s sentence, the trial court found that

the State had proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of four statutory

aggravating circumstances and afforded each great weight: (1) Wilcox had been

previously convicted of the prior violent felonies of second-degree murder and

armed robbery; (2) the murder was cold, calculated, and premeditated without any

pretense of moral or legal justification (CCP); (3) the murder was committed for

the purpose of avoiding lawful arrest; and (4) the murder was committed while




      8. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993).


                                       - 13 -
Wilcox was engaged in the commission of an armed robbery and an armed

kidnapping. See §§ 921.141(5)(b), (d), (e), (i), Fla. Stat. (2008).

      The trial court concluded that no statutory mitigating circumstances had

been established, as Wilcox did not present, nor was the jury instructed regarding,

evidence of statutory mitigation. The trial court found seven nonstatutory

mitigating circumstances and afforded each little weight: (1) Wilcox grew up in a

difficult home environment and was not properly nurtured by his crack and heroin

addicted mother; (2) Wilcox lacked stability in his home environment while

growing up; (3) the conduct that resulted in these convictions was a direct product

of Wilcox’s abusive and dysfunctional childhood and adolescent period; (4)

circumstances beyond Wilcox’s control affected his development and led him to

have a psychologically damaged childhood and adolescence; (5) Wilcox exhibited

signs of childhood depression around the age of twelve or thirteen which were

untreated; (6) Wilcox will spend the rest of his life in prison; and (7) Wilcox

exhibited good behavior during court proceedings.9




       9. Wilcox also asserted as mitigation that the seven-to-five jury
recommendation was reached too quickly by a group of jurors who were
inadequately qualified. The court determined that Wilcox exercised his right of
self-representation when he selected the jury, and that any conclusion with regard
to the advisory sentence based on the speed of the penalty phase deliberation was
speculative. Accordingly, the court found that this asserted mitigating
circumstance had not been established.


                                        - 14 -
      The trial court concluded that the aggravating circumstances substantially

outweighed the mitigating circumstances and noted that its finding “would not

change even if the Court were to exclude the aggravating factors of avoiding or

preventing lawful arrest and that the capital felony was committed in a cold,

calculated and premeditated manner.” In addition to the death sentence, the trial

court imposed sentences of life in prison for each of the four counts of armed

kidnapping and the single count of armed robbery. This appeal followed.

                                   ANALYSIS

                               Guilt Phase Claims

                   Impeachment with Prior Criminal Record

      During trial, Wilcox testified in his defense regarding his whereabouts at the

time of the murder, how he gained possession of the cell phone that was used to

call Collier minutes before the murder, and why he was driving Hankerson’s white

Tahoe shortly before he was apprehended. The State then commenced cross-

examination with the following exchange:

      STATE: Mr. Wilcox, have you been previously convicted of a felony
      or crime involving dishonesty?

      WILCOX: I wouldn’t say dishonesty.

      STATE: The answer is yes or no?

      WILCOX: No.

      STATE: May I approach the clerk, Your Honor?

                                       - 15 -
      COURT: Why don’t you ask the question again.

      STATE: Mr. Wilcox, have you ever been convicted of a felony or a
      crime of dishonesty?

      WILCOX: I been convicted of a crime; but, yes, I have been
      convicted of a crime.

      STATE: Have you ever been convicted of a felony or a crime
      involving dishonesty?

      WILCOX: Got to make me understand. As far as dishonesty is
      concerned, I don’t see where I lied about anything.

      STATE: Not my job to make you understand but to ask you a
      question and ask you to answer it. Have you ever been convicted of a
      crime, a felony crime, or a crime involving dishonesty?

      WILCOX: I got to say no.

At that time, the State entered Wilcox’s prior criminal record into evidence. The

prosecutor then continued:

      STATE: Mr. Wilcox, in case number 92-12728-C, were you
      convicted of second degree murder, armed robbery and grand theft
      motor vehicle, yes or no?

      WILCOX: As an accomplice, yes, sir.

      STATE: Stealing a vehicle is not a crime of dishonesty, stealing?
      You don’t consider that to be a crime of dishonesty?

      WILCOX: I don’t see why –

      STATE: If you were to steal from somebody, do you consider that
      not to be a crime of dishonesty?




                                       - 16 -
      WILCOX: I was convicted. I ain’t see where dishonesty, if I was
      convicted for that.

      STATE: Robbery, armed robbery, taking something by use of some
      weapon, you don’t consider that to be dishonest?

      WILCOX: Didn’t have a weapon in the offense.

      STATE: Second degree murder, you don’t consider to be a crime of
      dishonesty?

      WILCOX: It is a crime, but like I wasn’t dishonest in the case.

      Wilcox contends that the State exploited his obvious confusion about

whether he had been convicted of a “felony or a crime of dishonesty” to

improperly introduce his prior criminal record. He contends that this record—

which includes convictions for grand theft, armed robbery, and second-degree

murder—materially affected the verdict and, therefore, a new trial should be

granted. In response, the State contends that Wilcox failed to preserve the issue for

appeal, and that even if Wilcox’s prior criminal record was entered into evidence

improperly, the admission of that record does not constitute fundamental error.

The State also contends that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing

Wilcox to be impeached with his prior record because Wilcox was “cagey” and

unwilling to answer the prosecutor’s questions about his prior convictions.

                                     Preservation

      We have previously stated that to preserve an error for review on appeal, a

contemporaneous objection must be made at the trial level at the time the alleged

                                        - 17 -
error occurred. F.B v. State, 852 So. 2d 226, 229 (Fla. 2003); J.B. v. State, 705 So.

2d 1376, 1378 (Fla. 1998). Furthermore, for a challenge to be cognizable on

appeal, it must be the specific contention asserted as a legal basis for the objection

below. Steinhorst v. State, 412 So. 2d 332, 338 (Fla. 1982). In the absence of a

proper objection, a trial court cannot be held in error for failing to follow a

principle of law never voiced. See Castor v. State, 365 So. 2d 701 (Fla. 1978).

      Here, Wilcox did not articulate a specific and contemporaneous objection to

the introduction of his prior criminal record. However, the pro se Wilcox did

appear to be genuinely confused by at least a portion of the prosecutor’s question

about whether he had committed a “felony or a crime of dishonesty,” as reflected

by his answer to the question when it was asked for a third time: “Got to make me

understand.” He may also have been confused with regard to the manner in which

an objection should be presented during cross-examination while he was on the

stand. It also appears that the trial court was aware Wilcox was confused by the

question because it asked the prosecutor to repeat the question. Moreover, it does

not appear that Wilcox allowed this alleged error to go unchallenged during trial

for purposes of securing a tactical advantage. See F.B., 852 So. 2d at 229 (“The

requirement of contemporaneous objection . . . prevents counsel from allowing

errors in the proceedings to go unchallenged and later using the error to a client’s

tactical advantage.”). Given the leniency courts generally afford to pro se litigants


                                         - 18 -
in technical matters, see Barrett v. City of Margate, 743 So. 2d 1160, 1161 (Fla.

4th DCA 1999), we conclude that Wilcox did enough, although it was not very

much, to indicate his objection to the line of questioning, and, therefore,

sufficiently preserved the issue for appeal as a pro se litigant.

                                        Merits

      This issue concerns whether the trial court properly admitted Wilcox’s prior

criminal record as a form of impeachment. Pursuant to section 90.610, Florida

Statutes (2008), the State may attack the credibility of a witness, including the

accused, by introducing evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime if

(1) the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or

(2) the crime was a misdemeanor that involved dishonesty or a false statement.

This inquiry is generally restricted to the existence and number of prior

convictions, unless the witness answers untruthfully. Jackson v. State, 25 So. 3d

518, 526 (Fla. 2009). When a criminal defendant who has chosen to testify

attempts to mislead or delude the jury about his or her prior convictions, the

prosecution is entitled to further question the defendant concerning the convictions

to negate any false impression given. Fotopoulos v. State, 608 So. 2d 784, 791

(Fla. 1992). Further, a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence will be

upheld absent an abuse of discretion. See Williams v. State, 967 So. 2d 735, 747-

48 (Fla. 2007); see also Alston v. State, 723 So. 2d 148, 156 (Fla. 1998).


                                         - 19 -
Discretion is abused only when no reasonable person would take the view adopted

by the trial court. Huff v. State, 569 So. 2d 1247, 1249 (Fla. 1990).

      This claim involves two issues. First, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by allowing the State to introduce Wilcox’s prior criminal

record. Wilcox elected to represent himself and to testify in his defense. During

the above exchange, the court provided Wilcox with four opportunities to seek

clarification or request assistance from his standby counsel. Although Wilcox

appeared to be confused by the dishonesty portion of the question, he neglected to

utilize the resources available to him and elected to answer the question vaguely—

that he had been convicted of a “crime”—once and untruthfully twice. These

statements conveyed to the jury the false impression that Wilcox, who had four

prior felony convictions—including convictions for grand theft, armed robbery,

and second-degree murder—had not been convicted of a felony or a crime

involving dishonesty. A reasonable person could conclude that Wilcox was being,

as the State contends, “cagey” with his responses to the prosecutor’s questions. As

such, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the

State to impeach Wilcox’s statements with his prior criminal record and question

Wilcox about the nature of his previous convictions. See Fotopoulos, 608 So. 2d at

791 (finding that the trial court properly permitted the State to impeach the




                                        - 20 -
defendant with his prior criminal record when the defendant provided misleading

answers about his prior convictions).

      Wilcox next contends that after his prior criminal record was introduced into

evidence, the prosecutor asked improper questions as to whether Wilcox’s prior

felony convictions were crimes of dishonesty. The State concedes that the

prosecutor’s questions were inartful, but contends that any error associated with

these questions was harmless.

      It appears from the line of questioning that the State sought to establish

Wilcox had been convicted of several felonies that were also crimes of dishonesty,

thereby demonstrating to the jury that Wilcox was a dishonest felon whose

testimony should not be believed. However, when a witness has been convicted of

a felony, the State may not inquire further into whether the felony involved

dishonesty or a false statement because the intent of subsection 90.610(1) is to

allow impeachment for all felonies, regardless of whether they involve dishonesty

or a false statement, but to limit impeachment concerning misdemeanors to only

those that involve dishonesty or a false statement. Bobb v. State, 647 So. 2d 881,

884 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), rev. denied 659 So. 2d 270 (Fla. 1995). Under similar

circumstances, the Fourth District in Bobb concluded that:

      allowing further inquiry into whether the felony involved dishonesty
      or false statement would have the impermissible and unintended effect
      of elevating certain felonies over others. In essence, we would be
      approving a more extensive cross-examination of one who has been

                                        - 21 -
      convicted of grand theft, a felony involving dishonesty, than one
      convicted of murder, a felony not involving dishonesty or false
      statement.

Id. We agree with the Fourth District’s holding and conclude that the prosecutor’s

method of impeachment after Wilcox’s prior conviction record was entered into

evidence was improper. See id.; see also Atis v. State, 32 So. 3d 81, 84 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2009) (holding that “when a witness has been convicted of a felony, the other

party may not inquire further into whether the felony involved dishonesty or false

statement”). Thus, when a witness’s prior conviction record is entered into

evidence, the prosecutor may inquire into the number and nature of the witness’s

felonies. However, the prosecution may not then continue to question the witness

regarding whether his or her prior felony convictions are also crimes of dishonesty.

                                    Harmless Error

      The harmless error test places the burden on the State, as the beneficiary of

the error, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not

contribute to the verdict or, alternatively stated, that there is no reasonable

possibility that the error contributed to the conviction. Davis v. State, 121 So. 3d

462, 491 (Fla. 2013) (citing State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 1135 (Fla. 1986)).

      As noted above, the trial court properly allowed the State to introduce

Wilcox’s prior criminal record. As a result, the jury was already aware that

Wilcox had previously been convicted of grand theft, armed robbery, and second-


                                         - 22 -
degree murder before the prosecutor asked the improper questions. Thus, the jury

knew the severity of Wilcox’s prior convictions, and any questions about whether

those crimes included dishonesty or a false statement would have had little to no

impact on the jury’s view of Wilcox’s criminal record. Further, the jury heard

substantial and detailed testimony from several witnesses, including Wilcox’s

family members, that directly contradicted his testimony regarding his

whereabouts and involvement in the murder. The use of Wilcox’s prior criminal

record as a method of impeaching his veracity was of less value than the testimony

of witnesses that established Wilcox murdered Johnson. There is no reasonable

possibility that any error relating to the prosecutor’s questions contributed to the

verdict, and we deny relief on this claim.

                                Discovery Violation

      Shortly after Johnson’s murder was reported to the police, Detective Hardy

met with Richaunda, Shaquira, Ward, and Collier at the Lauderhill Police

Department. Based on the statements of the four witnesses, Detective Hardy wrote

in an arrest affidavit that “all four stated they did not know what happened inside

their neighbor’s residence and denied any knowledge or involvement with the

burglary of their neighbor’s residence a week prior to the murder.” Four days




                                        - 23 -
later, Detective Hardy interviewed Richaunda a second time, and that interview

was recorded on DVD.10

      During trial, Richaunda testified that she witnessed Johnson threaten Ward

outside of her home, and that she later spoke with Johnson about his disturbing

behavior and the circumstances of the burglary. Wilcox questioned Richaunda

during cross-examination about whether she disclosed her knowledge of the

burglary to Detective Hardy during the first interview. Richaunda responded that

she told Detective Hardy that she knew Johnson had been “robbed,” but that she

did not know who had committed the crime. Richaunda also testified that she told

Detective Hardy she believed that whoever robbed Johnson also killed him.

Wilcox then attempted to impeach Richaunda’s testimony with the sworn

statements contained in Hardy’s arrest affidavit. The State objected, and the trial

court sustained the objection, informing Wilcox that while he could impeach

Richaunda’s trial testimony with her own prior statements, he was prohibited from

using the sworn statements of another witness to impeach Richaunda. Wilcox

contended that he had been effectively denied access to Richaunda’s prior recorded

statement because that statement was accessible only on DVD, a medium that

Wilcox could not access while incarcerated, and the State refused to transcribe it.



        10. The recorded witness statements were not entered into evidence during
trial and were not included in the record on appeal.


                                        - 24 -
The court responded by stating, “[t]his is one of the reasons I told you [] the perils

of self representation on a case of this nature, the access that you have to various

things and your ability to do things. . . . There is no transcript; therefore, you are

not entitled to a transcript.” Wilcox did not request a Richardson11 hearing during

or after trial.

       At issue is whether the State’s refusal to transcribe Richaunda Curry’s

recorded statement for Wilcox constituted a violation of Florida’s discovery rules

and, if so, whether the violation materially hindered Wilcox’s trial preparation or

strategy. See Scipio v. State, 928 So. 2d 1138, 1150 (Fla. 2006). This Court has

repeatedly recognized that Florida’s criminal discovery rules are designed to

facilitate a truthful fact-finding process and to prevent surprise and trial by

ambush. See Binger v. King Pest Control, 401 So. 2d 1310, 1314 (Fla. 1981);

Kilpatrick v. State, 376 So. 2d 386, 388 (Fla. 1979). To ensure full and fair

discovery, parties must both comply with the technical provisions of the discovery

rules and adhere to the purpose and spirit of those rules in the criminal and civil

contexts. Scipio, 928 So. 2d at 1144; see also Binger, 401 So. 2d at 1314. Further,

this Court emphasized in Binger that the “search for truth and justice can be

accomplished only when all relevant facts are before the judicial tribunal. Those

relevant facts should be the determining factor rather than gamesmanship, surprise,

       11. Richardson v. State, 246 So. 2d 771 (Fla. 1971).


                                         - 25 -
or superior trial tactics.” 401 So. 2d at 1313 (quoting Dodson v. Persell, 390 So.

2d 704, 707 (Fla. 1980)).

      Under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.220(b)(1)(a), the prosecutor has

an obligation to disclose to the defendant and to provide the defendant with an

opportunity to “inspect, copy, test, and photograph” the statements of “all persons

known to the prosecutor to have information that may be relevant to any offense

charged or any defense thereto.” A “statement” is defined by rule 3.220(b)(1)(b) to

include “any statement of any kind or manner made by the person and written or

recorded or summarized in any writing or recording.” (emphasis supplied).

Wilcox does not allege that the State failed to provide him with a copy of

Richaunda’s recorded statement on DVD, but instead contends that the State failed

to provide Richaunda’s statement in a medium that he, as an incarcerated pro se

defendant, could properly examine.

      We conclude that the State did not violate either the spirit or the technical

requirements of the criminal discovery rules. The rules do not require the State to

produce and disclose information which is not within the State’s actual or

constructive possession. Sinclair v. State, 657 So. 2d 1138, 1141 (Fla. 1995).

Here, Wilcox knew that the prosecution was in possession of, and prepared to




                                        - 26 -
provide him with, a copy of Richaunda’s recorded statement on DVD.12 He was

also aware that the State did not intend to transcribe Richaunda’s statement (or the

statements of Ward, Shaquira, or Collier) because of the “extensive cost”

associated with transcribing those statements. Wilcox knew that, due to his

incarceration, he would not be able to access the DVD copy of Richaunda’s

statement, which is why he repeatedly and unsuccessfully demanded that the trial

court order the State to transcribe the statement for him. The trial court also, on

several occasions, warned Wilcox of the perils of self-representation specifically in

relation to discovery, and offered to appoint counsel and delay trial until Wilcox

had an opportunity to examine the disclosed discovery materials. During the

Faretta13 hearing, Wilcox indicated that he understood he would be limited to the

legal resources available to him in custody, and that he would not receive special

treatment from the prosecution. During another pretrial discovery hearing, the trial

court informed Wilcox:

      COURT: I told you there are a lot of pitfalls to representing yourself
      in a capital homicide. You are starting to find out how limited you
      are. . . . You want to act as your own lawyer. I told you I didn’t think
      it was in your best interest. . . . You’re subject to the fact that your


      12. Although the State attempted to provide Wilcox with a DVD copy of
Richaunda’s statement, Wilcox’s counsel informed the trial court that the Broward
Sheriff’s Office prohibited Wilcox from possessing or viewing DVDs while in
custody.
      13. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).


                                        - 27 -
      ability to do the types of things that a lawyer can do is extremely
      limited because, as you said, you’re incarcerated. You don’t have
      access to these matters. The State does not have to provide you with a
      transcript. You’re only entitled to what they have. You will get the
      DVDs. . . . You still want to represent yourself?

      WILCOX: Yes.

Despite the trial court’s repeated warnings, Wilcox refused to delay trial or accept

appointment of counsel.14

      These record facts demonstrate that Wilcox: (1) was aware of Richaunda’s

recorded statement, which the State was prepared to provide to him in DVD

format; (2) believed that Richaunda’s recorded statement was important to his

defense; and (3) knew that he was unable to view the statement in its only available

format while incarcerated. As a result, any surprise, lack of preparation, or

improper reliance by Wilcox on Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit is attributable

only to Wilcox’s conscious decision as an incarcerated capital defendant to

represent himself, and not to a failure of the State to disclose available information.

See Behr v. Bell, 665 So. 2d 1055, 1056-57 (Fla. 1996) (“a defendant who

represents himself has the entire responsibility for his own defense”). Thus, we




      14. In addition to his demands for a transcribed copy of Richaunda’s
recorded statement, Wilcox made multiple demands for a speedy trial. During
several pretrial hearings, Wilcox indicated that he filed the demands solely because
he was tired of waiting and wanted to proceed to trial as quickly as possible.


                                        - 28 -
conclude that no discovery violation occurred, and the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it refused to order the State to transcribe the recorded statement.

                              Recollection Refreshed

      During trial, the prosecution asked Richaunda Curry what questions the

interviewing detectives asked during her second interview, to which she responded

that she was asked if she knew anyone with gold teeth. Richaunda further testified

that, until that point in the investigation, she had not fully disclosed her knowledge

of the burglary of Johnson’s townhome because she did not want to inform police

that she believed her cousin Wilcox may have been involved in both the burglary

and the murder. However, once she discovered the police were investigating

suspects with gold teeth, she felt more comfortable telling the detectives that

Wilcox was the only person she knew with gold teeth. During cross-examination,

Wilcox asked Richaunda which individual confronted by Johnson the morning

after the burglary, Ward or Ward’s friend, had gold teeth. Richaunda responded:

      RICHAUNDA: Nobody else. That’s what had me like giving up the
      information because nobody else had gold teeth. Before then, you
      was blending in with everybody else, the description. When he said
      gold teeth, you’re the only one that got gold teeth, that I know of.

      WILCOX: That you knew of?

      RICHAUNDA: Yes.
          ....

      WILCOX: Can I refresh your memory, please?


                                        - 29 -
The State objected to the question and contended that Wilcox had failed to lay the

proper foundation to refresh the witness’s recollection. The court directed Wilcox

to rephrase the question, and the following exchange occurred:

      WILCOX: Okay, do you think any document . . . would refresh your
      memory as to who all had gold that was at your respective apartment?

      RICHAUNDA: Probably.

      STATE: I’m going to object. That’s not the right foundation.

      COURT: I know. But I’m going to let him ask it.
          ....

      RICHAUNDA: I probably would be able to recall who all got gold
      teeth.

      Wilcox then attempted to refresh Richaunda’s recollection with the

statement of Louvens Jean, which was summarized in, and attached to, the arrest

affidavit. Jean testified during a deposition that Johnson had contacted Jean a

week before the murder and told Jean that his house had been burglarized. Jean

stated that Johnson confronted two individuals about the burglaries, a heavy set

individual and another with gold teeth, and accused them of burglarizing his home.

The individual with gold teeth indicated that he was not afraid of Johnson, and

Johnson responded that he would shoot them. The State objected to the use of

Jean’s statement and the arrest affidavit to refresh Richaunda’s recollection.15 The


      15. Earlier during trial, Wilcox attempted to impeach Detective Hardy’s
testimony with Jean’s statement. The State objected to the introduction of the

                                       - 30 -
court agreed, and refused to permit Wilcox to impeach Richaunda with either

document.

                                       Analysis

      As a preliminary matter, we conclude that Wilcox sufficiently established a

foundation to attempt to refresh Richaunda’s recollection concerning whether there

was more than one person with gold teeth around her residence near the time of the

murder. Richaunda testified during trial that Wilcox was the only person she knew

with gold teeth who was around her townhome before the murder. When Wilcox

attempted to refresh her recollection with Jean’s statement, the State repeatedly

objected, specifically alleging that he had not established the proper foundation.

The trial court initially sustained the objection but then instructed the prosecutor to

tell Wilcox the questions he must ask to lay the proper foundation for refreshing

recollection. Wilcox did not ask Richaunda those precise questions, but instead

stated “do you think any document . . . would refresh your memory as to who all

had gold that was at your respective apartment?” The State objected, contending

that it still was an improper foundation. The trial court acknowledged that Wilcox

had failed to lay the proper foundation, but overruled the objection and permitted

Wilcox to attempt to refresh Richaunda’s recollection. We conclude that because



statement as hearsay, but offered to stipulate to the introduction of Jean’s statement
into evidence. However, Wilcox never moved to enter the statement into evidence.


                                         - 31 -
Wilcox’s questions were similar to the appropriate foundational question, he

established a sufficient foundation to attempt to refresh Richaunda’s recollection.

      However, we conclude that the trial court erred when it prevented Wilcox

from attempting to refresh Richaunda’s recollection with either the summary of

Jean’s statement contained in the arrest affidavit or Jean’s actual statement. When

a witness testifies that he or she has no present recollection or memory of a fact, a

party may show the witness a writing or other object to attempt to refresh the

witness’s recollection. K.E.A. v. State, 802 So. 2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001).

When a writing is used only to revive present recollection of a fact, it is not

required that the writing be written by the witness. Garrett v. Morris Kirschman &

Co., Inc., 336 So. 2d 566, 569 (Fla. 1976). In fact, if the witness’s memory is

jogged and the subsequent testimony is based upon an independent

present recollection of the fact, that which prompted the witness’s memory is

immaterial. See Volusia Cnty. Bank v. Bigelow, 33 So. 704, 706 (Fla. 1903) (“[I]t

is immaterial what constitutes the spur to memory, as the testimony, when given,

rests solely upon the independent recollection of the witness.”). Furthermore,

writings or objects used to refresh the memory of a witness need not be admissible

evidence. See Garrett, 336 So. 2d at 569 (“As a corollary to the rules allowing

such wide latitude in the choice of writings as mnemonic aids, the writings used to

prompt recollection are not necessarily admissible in evidence themselves.”).


                                        - 32 -
Here, the trial court prohibited Wilcox from refreshing Richaunda’s recollection

with Jean’s statement because:

      This is not a statement directly attributed to this witness that can
      refresh her recollection as to what she knew and what she said. This
      is based on somebody else’s police reports and arrest affidavits, are
      not admissible evidence. You can use [] it to refresh the recollection
      of officers who wrote it to determine whether or not there were other
      matters they have missed. This witness cannot be refreshed or
      impeached based upon a statement that she did not make. That clearly
      refers to Mr. Jean. Not Ms. Curry.

(Emphasis supplied.) Thus, the trial court prohibited Wilcox from attempting to

refresh Richaunda’s recollection solely because the evidence was the statement of

another individual and was not itself admissible evidence. This was error. See

Garrett, 336 So. 2d at 569.16

      Nonetheless, we conclude that any error by the trial court was harmless

because there is no reasonable probability that the error contributed to Wilcox’s

guilty verdict. There was no evidence presented during trial that demonstrates the

individual with gold teeth mentioned in Jean’s statement had any connection to

Johnson’s murder. Thus, the evidence presented, which demonstrated Wilcox

       16. The State contends the trial court’s ruling was supported on other
grounds because Wilcox attempted to use Jean’s statement to confuse Richaunda
or mislead the jury about how many individuals had gold teeth. Although a trial
court’s ruling on an evidentiary matter will be affirmed even if the trial court ruled
for the wrong reasons where an alternative theory supports the ruling, see
Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 2d 343, 359 (Fla. 2001), we conclude, based on our
review of the record, that there is insufficient evidence here to support the
alternative basis presented by the State to affirm the trial court’s ruling.


                                        - 33 -
kidnapped and bound four individuals, murdered Johnson execution style, and then

escaped in Hankerson’s white Tahoe, remains undisturbed, and we deny relief on

this claim.

                       The Right to Compulsory Process17

      Throughout the trial level proceedings, Wilcox was impatient and

continually expressed a desire to quickly proceed to trial. He filed multiple

motions demanding a speedy trial and sought to discharge his trial counsel solely

because he wanted to prevent counsel from seeking a continuance to complete

discovery and depose witnesses.18 During the Faretta hearing, Wilcox indicated


        17. The State contends that Wilcox has failed to preserve this issue for
review. However, Wilcox made several specific demands both before and during
trial to secure the attendance of witnesses. There is no evidence that Wilcox, by
failing to make a contemporaneous objection, intended to secure a tactical
advantage. Further, both the trial court and the State were well aware of this issue
and had several opportunities to address the merits and logistics of the claim with
Wilcox. See F.B., 852 So. 2d at 229. Accordingly, we hold that this issue was
preserved.

      18. The exchange between the court and Wilcox regarding this issue
occurred as follows:

      COURT: What I heard you say earlier to me is you were happy with
      the services being provided and the advice you’re now getting [from
      counsel], as opposed [to] anyone in the past; but you have been sitting
      in jail almost 12 months, and you want out, right?
      WILCOX: Yes, sir.

      COURT: It’s not the lawyer you’re upset with. It’s the time frame?
      WILCOX: Correct. The time frame.


                                       - 34 -
that he understood he would not receive special treatment from the trial court or

the State. After the court discharged counsel, Wilcox filed a motion to subpoena

the State’s witnesses. At the hearing on Wilcox’s motion, the State indicated that

it had subpoenaed all of the witnesses contained in the motion, and that “if I know

I have witnesses on [Wilcox’s] list I’m not calling or I don’t have service on, I

[will] bring it to the attention of the Court.” Neither the court nor Wilcox

responded to this statement.

      During opening statements, Wilcox attempted to read from his motion for

judgment of acquittal. The State objected, and during the discussion that ensued,

both the State and the court explained to Wilcox that the purpose of an opening

statement was to present what he believed the evidence would show through

witness testimony. Wilcox responded by asserting that he had previously

submitted a motion requesting to subpoena adverse witnesses. He then continued:




Wilcox’s counsel then informed the trial court that he was not prepared to proceed
to trial because he had several depositions scheduled and other discovery issues to
resolve. The trial court then told Wilcox:
      COURT: Mr. Wilcox, you’re indicating to me you don’t want to wait
      a few months, do you?

      WILCOX: No, sir.

      COURT: You understand it is in your best interest to do that?
      WILCOX: I understand that, [judge].


                                        - 35 -
      WILCOX: I’m not asking [the prosecution] to subpoena [the
      witnesses], I’m asking the Court. You have [to] submit it to the judge,
      courts and the State. . . . I asked the prosecution specifically what
      respective witnesses are expected to be used at trial. I didn’t get a
      response. That prompted me to file the motion in reference to
      subpoenaing.
            ....

      COURT: I’ll remind you what I told you when you filed your
      demand for a speedy trial. Demand for a speedy trial means that
      within five days of the date you filed it, you would be ready to go to
      trial.

      STATE: I can also say there is a lot of witnesses we can’t find. . . .
          ....

      WILCOX: We had a hearing on this. I asked specifically what
      witnesses will be called at trial.

      COURT: That they don’t have to tell you.

      WILCOX: That’s what prompted me to submit this, not to [the
      prosecution], but to Your Honor.

      COURT: I don’t subpoena witnesses.

      WILCOX: Clerk of the Courts, I asked to subpoena.

      COURT: Again, that’s what a lawyer would do.

      On two additional occasions during trial, the court provided detailed

warnings and instructions to Wilcox with regard to the specific problems

associated with subpoenaing witnesses as a pro se incarcerated defendant. In the

first exchange, Wilcox indicated that he had listed several witnesses that he wanted




                                        - 36 -
to present during trial. The Court told Wilcox to “get on the phone and call them,”

and later told Wilcox:

      COURT: That’s why I told you, you should be represented by a
      lawyer who can do this stuff for you. It’s not the obligation of
      standby counsel, prosecution, nor the Court. That’s one of the cracks
      I told you that you would fall into in terms of your ability to do things,
      access things and be able to properly prepare. Again, this was your
      choice.

Several days later, the court again, immediately before Wilcox presented his first

witness, had the following discussion with Wilcox:

      WILCOX: If you would, Your Honor, for the record, explain to me
      the meaning of and/or purpose of a motion to subpoena adverse
      witnesses?

      STATE: I don’t think the Court can give him any legal advice.

      COURT: I can’t give you any legal advice.

      STATE: There is an attorney he can ask a question of.

      WILCOX: Okay . . . I submitted a motion for adverse witnesses, am I
      correct? . . . I was trying to see, like, what was your ruling on the
      motion?

      COURT: There is no ruling. The subpoenaing of witnesses is your
      responsibility. It is not mine. . . . You have had the ability to
      communicate with standby counsel, when you talked about all of this
      last Tuesday and Wednesday and Thursday and Friday. I have
      indicated to you that you have had a family member sitting in this
      courtroom the entire time. I suggested that you give him the entire list
      of the 33 people . . . in an effort to start getting these people in here.
      That individual could have gone down to the clerk’s office and gotten
      subpoenas and had them served as well. That’s not my job. That’s
      why I told you last week and before that and before that and every


                                        - 37 -
       status [conference] that representing yourself is a very bad idea and
       every single aspect of it has legal pitfalls. You just found one.

Wilcox now contends that his right to compulsory process was violated for two

primary reasons: (1) the court erroneously informed Wilcox that he needed a

family member or an attorney to subpoena witnesses; and (2) the State

affirmatively stated it would notify the court of witnesses from Wilcox’s witness

list that it did not intend to present during trial.

       The right of an accused in a criminal case to compulsory process for

attendance of witnesses on his or her behalf stems from the express terms of the

Florida Constitution. See Trafficante v. State, 92 So. 2d 811, 815 (Fla. 1957).

This provision was inserted because of the fundamental unfairness which results

when a defendant is charged with a crime but is denied the means to compel the

attendance of witnesses. Id. However, the United States Supreme Court has made

clear that:

               There is a significant difference between the Compulsory
       Process Clause weapon and other rights that are protected by the Sixth
       Amendment—its availability is dependent entirely on the defendant’s
       initiative. Most other Sixth Amendment rights arise automatically on
       the initiation of the adversary process and no action by the defendant
       is necessary to make them active in his or her case. While those rights
       shield the defendant from potential prosecutorial abuses, the right to
       compel the presence and present the testimony of witnesses provides
       the defendant with a sword that may be employed to rebut the
       prosecution’s case. The decision whether to employ it in a particular
       case rests solely with the defendant. The very nature of the right
       requires that its effective use be preceded by deliberate planning and
       affirmative conduct.

                                           - 38 -
Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 410 (1988) (footnote omitted; emphasis supplied).

      Resolution of this issue centers primarily on Wilcox’s decision to represent

himself. Before that decision was made, appointed counsel was in the process of

deposing several witnesses. During the Faretta hearing, counsel explained to the

trial court that he could not, in good faith, proceed to trial without completing more

discovery. Wilcox, however, was impatient and decided that proceeding to trial

was more important than completing discovery. When Wilcox dismissed his

counsel, the burden of subpoenaing witnesses shifted to him. See Behr, 665 So. 2d

at 1056-57 (“a defendant who represents himself has the entire responsibility for

his own defense”). Likely due to his limited legal knowledge and access to the

necessary resources, Wilcox failed to comply with the procedural requirements of

Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.361(a) which provides that “[s]ubpoenas for

testimony before the court and subpoenas for production of tangible evidence

before the court may be issued by the clerk of the court or by any attorney of

record in an action.” (Emphasis supplied.)

      Despite repeated warnings from the trial court that it was exclusively

Wilcox’s responsibility to secure the attendance of witnesses he intended to present

during trial, Wilcox mistakenly believed that the trial court would issue an order

securing the presence of his witnesses, and that the State had an affirmative

obligation to notify him as to which witnesses it intended to present during trial. In


                                        - 39 -
addition, there is no evidence in the record indicating that the court prevented

Wilcox from securing the attendance of any witnesses. To the contrary, the court

on multiple occasions attempted to assist Wilcox by advising him that an attorney

or a family member could help him subpoena witnesses.19 Accordingly, we

conclude that the trial court did not deny Wilcox the right to compulsory process

simply because it refused to subpoena Wilcox’s witnesses for him.

      Further, Wilcox’s right to compulsory process was not violated when the

State failed to inform him which witnesses it intended to present during trial.

Under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.220(b)(1)(a), the State is obligated to

list “the names and addresses of all persons known to the prosecutor to have

information that may be relevant to any offense charged or any defense thereto, or

to any similar fact evidence to be presented at trial under section 90.404(2), Florida

Statutes.” However, the rule does not require the State to disclose to the defense

which witnesses it finds not to be sufficiently important to present during trial.

       19. Wilcox contends that the trial court committed an error of law by
mistakenly advising him that he needed a “family member or a lawyer” to secure
the attendance of witnesses, when rule 3.361(a) states that subpoenas may be
issued only by the “clerk of the court or by any attorney of record in an action.”
This hyper-technical claim of error lacks merit primarily because the trial court had
no obligation to assist Wilcox in securing the attendance of witnesses. The court
recognized that Wilcox did not know how to properly subpoena witnesses and
simply offered suggestions to help him secure the attendance of witnesses. By no
means was the court advising Wilcox on the exact technical requirements of rule
3.361(a). In any event, Wilcox did not rely upon the court’s advice, no witnesses
were subpoenaed, and no error occurred.


                                        - 40 -
Rather, whether a party elects to present a witness during trial is a matter of trial

strategy. See Mendoza v. State, 81 So. 3d 579, 581 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012). Because

the prosecution had no affirmative obligation to provide Wilcox with a revised

witness list containing only the individuals the State specifically intended to

present during trial, its failure to provide Wilcox with this additional assistance did

not constitute a discovery or a constitutional violation, even though it stated it

would do so. Wilcox was not denied his right to compel the attendance of any

witnesses, and the State did not present any witnesses who were not disclosed on

the witness list.

       Wilcox additionally relies upon Trafficante to contend that he was denied

the right to compulsory process. In Trafficante, the defendants sought to secure a

transcript of a State witness’s statement. 92 So. 2d at 814. Prior to the trial, the

defendants presented a motion in accordance with section 905.27, Florida Statutes,

for production of the transcript, but that motion was denied by the trial court. Id.

In contrast, Wilcox did not follow the proper procedural rules necessary to secure

the attendance of witnesses and he did not identify specific witnesses from the

State’s list that he sought to subpoena. Because Wilcox failed to comply with the

procedural rules, the trial court was not similarly situated to the trial court in

Trafficante, and was not required to rule on his motion to subpoena witnesses.




                                         - 41 -
Therefore, Trafficante is distinguishable and Wilcox’s reliance on the case is

misplaced.

      Because the right to compulsory process is entirely dependent on the

initiative, planning, and affirmative conduct of the defendant, and not on opposing

counsel or the trial court, we conclude that Wilcox’s inability to effectively secure

the attendance of witnesses was directly attributable to his ill-advised decision to

represent himself. See Taylor, 484 U.S. at 410. We deny relief on this claim.

                           Prior Inconsistent Statement

      During trial, Richaunda provided a detailed explanation of her interaction

with Johnson the day after the burglary. Wilcox questioned Richaunda on cross-

examination with regard to whether she had denied knowledge of the burglary in

her first statement to Detective Hardy. She replied that she “always told [Hardy]

that [Johnson] was robbed. I told [Hardy] that, but I just never told who it was. I

just always told him that [Johnson] was robbed a week before that; and I believed

whoever robbed him, killed him.” Wilcox then attempted to impeach Richaunda’s

statement with Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit, which stated that Richaunda and

the other individuals interviewed “denied any knowledge or involvement with the

burglary of their neighbor’s residence a week prior to the murder.” The State

objected and asserted that Richaunda could not be impeached with the arrest

affidavit because it was not her statement. The trial court sustained the objection.


                                        - 42 -
      To impeach a witness by use of a prior inconsistent statement pursuant to

section 90.608, Florida Statutes (2008), the prior statement must be both (1)

inconsistent with the witness’s in-court testimony, and (2) the statement of the

witness. See Claussen v. Fla. Dept. of Transp., 750 So. 2d 79, 81-82 (Fla. 2d DCA

1999). To be inconsistent, a prior statement must either directly contradict or

materially differ from the testimony presented during trial. State v. Smith, 573 So.

2d 306, 313 (Fla. 1990). Here, the portion of the arrest affidavit with which

Wilcox attempted to impeach Richaunda was a one-sentence segment that

summarized the statements of four witnesses concerning the burglary, one of

whom was Richaunda. This portion of the arrest affidavit does not isolate any of

the witnesses’ individualized testimony or include what the witnesses actually

stated to the detective. Instead, the affidavit only includes a summation by the

detective of their statements and briefly states that the four witnesses “denied any

knowledge or involvement” in the burglary. Thus, the statements contained in

Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit were not “statements of the witness” as

contemplated by section 90.608, and therefore could not be used to impeach

Richaunda’s trial testimony as argued by Wilcox.

      In addition, Richaunda admitted during cross-examination that she was not

completely truthful to police in her initial statement, and testified that she provided

a second sworn statement in which she discussed her knowledge of the burglary.


                                        - 43 -
The State attempted to provide that recorded statement to Wilcox during discovery

in DVD format, but the Broward Sheriff’s Office prevented Wilcox from

possessing or viewing the DVD while in custody. Despite knowing that his status

as an incarcerated pro se defendant prevented him from accessing discovery

information that could have been used to impeach Richaunda’s trial testimony,

Wilcox elected to continue to represent himself during trial. Thus, not only were

the statements contained within Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit not those of

Richaunda, but Richaunda’s actual statements were available to Wilcox. We

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it prevented Wilcox

from impeaching Richaunda with Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit.

      Furthermore, contrary to Wilcox’s contention, this case is factually

distinguishable from MBL Life Assurance Corp. v. Suarez, 768 So. 2d 1129, 1136

(Fla. 3d DCA 2000). In Suarez, the Third District held that the trial court erred

when it prevented a party from impeaching a witness with her prior inconsistent

statement contained within a summary created by a Coast Guard officer. Id.

Unlike Detective Hardy’s arrest affidavit, the statements contained within the

officer’s summary in Suarez were those of only one witness and the summary

contained a detailed description of that witness’s statement. Id. at 1132-33. Thus,

the prior inconsistent statement in Suarez is materially distinguishable from the




                                       - 44 -
statement here, and Wilcox’s reliance on this case is misplaced. Accordingly, we

deny relief on this claim.

                               Penalty Phase Claims

                    Avoid Arrest Aggravating Circumstance

      Wilcox contends that the trial court erred in finding the avoid arrest

aggravating circumstance. We agree. In reviewing a trial court’s finding of an

aggravating circumstance, it is not this Court’s function to reweigh the evidence to

determine whether the State has established each aggravating circumstance beyond

a reasonable doubt. Aguirre-Jarquin v. State, 9 So. 3d 593, 608 (Fla. 2009)

(quoting Willacy v. State, 696 So. 2d 693, 695 (Fla. 1997)). Instead, we review the

record to determine whether the trial court applied the correct rule of law for each

aggravating circumstance and, if so, whether competent, substantial evidence

supports its finding. Id.; see also Guardado v. State, 965 So. 2d 108, 115 (Fla.

2007) (“The standard of review this Court applies to a claim regarding the

sufficiency of the evidence to support an aggravating circumstance is that of

competent, substantial evidence.”).

      This Court has held that to establish the avoid arrest aggravating

circumstance where the victim is not a law enforcement officer, the State must

demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that the sole or dominant motive for the

murder was witness elimination. Hernandez v. State, 4 So. 3d 642, 667 (Fla.


                                        - 45 -
2009); see also Connor v. State, 803 So. 2d 598, 610 (Fla. 2001). In such cases,

proof of the intent to avoid arrest or detection must be very strong, and mere

speculation on behalf of the State that witness elimination was the dominant

motive is insufficient to support the aggravating circumstance. Id.; see also Riley

v. State, 366 So. 2d 19, 22 (Fla. 1978). However, it is not necessary for the State

to present direct statements by the defendant to establish a motive of witness

elimination. Rather, even without direct evidence of the offender’s thought

processes, the aggravating factor can be supported by circumstantial evidence

through inference from the facts shown. Swafford v. State, 533 So. 2d 270, 276

n.6 (Fla. 1988).

      In finding that this aggravating circumstance had been proven beyond a

reasonable doubt, the trial court here explained, in relevant part:

              During the early morning hours of February 3rd, 2008, the
      Defendant, wearing a bandana mask, held Nimoy Johnson and three
      women against their will in Johnson’s townhouse. The three women
      never saw the Defendant’s face without the mask covering it. They
      could not identify the Defendant’s face. Stephanie Hankerson
      testified that Nimoy Johnson seemed to know who the masked
      gunman was. The four victims were bound and unarmed. The three
      women were not physically harmed. Nimoy Johnson was executed.
      Terrell Collier testified that he brought down the defendant’s
      belongings and saw the defendant standing outside of Nimoy
      Johnson’s townhouse wearing a mask and holding a gun. When he
      asked the Defendant what he was doing, the defendant told him to
      return home. Shortly after he heard the single gunshot, Terrill Collier
      received a telephone call from the Defendant. Collier asked the
      defendant what he did to Johnson. The Defendant replied that


                                        - 46 -
      Johnson won’t be harassing you anymore and that “he was never
      going to let the rip go,[”] referring to the prior burglary.
             Any threat posed by Nimoy Johnson was removed when his
      hands and feet were bound behind his back. Based upon the totality
      of the circumstances, including the execution style nature of the
      murder, the ability of Nimoy Johnson to identify the perpetrator and
      the fact that the victim posed no immediate threat, the State has
      established avoiding or preventing arrest was the sole or dominant
      motive for the murder.[20]

      The only evidence adduced during trial relevant to Wilcox’s motive for

killing Johnson was derived from Collier’s phone call with Wilcox shortly after the

murder. During trial, the State questioned Collier about this conversation:

      STATE: Did you ask [Wilcox] anything about what had happened?

      COLLIER: No, [he] just told me.

      STATE: What did he say?

      COLLIER: He asked me was everything good there because he was
      like he the one that shot the man. He just say he shot the man, but he
      didn’t tell me how.

      STATE: Did you ask him why?

      COLLIER: Yes, he said for our safety because he didn’t know how
      would the man react.

        20. Wilcox contends that the trial court erred when it instructed the jury on
the avoid arrest aggravating circumstance. However, a judge may give an
instruction on a statutory aggravating circumstance if the circumstance is
supported by credible and competent evidence. See Hunter v. State, 660 So. 2d
244, 252 (Fla. 1995). As the trial court’s sentencing order highlights, there was
credible and competent evidence to support the instruction, and we conclude the
trial court properly instructed the jury on the avoid arrest aggravating
circumstance.


                                        - 47 -
      STATE: How would the man react to what?

      COLLIER: React to the way how he had been robbed or with him
      knowing [Wilcox was] related to us and [that Wilcox was] in our
      apartment.

      STATE: He was relating that to the rip off of your neighbor?

      COLLIER: Yes.

      STATE: You understood it to mean [Wilcox] thought he was
      protecting you by taking away any threat of your neighbor might have
      been because of the rip off?

      COLLIER: Yes.

(Emphasis supplied.) While this conversation between Collier and Wilcox clearly

indicates Wilcox intended to eliminate Johnson, there is no evidence that Wilcox

intended to murder Johnson to eliminate him as a witness to the prior burglary.

Rather, the testimony supports the theory that Wilcox murdered Johnson to protect

his family. In fact, the trial testimony indicates Wilcox’s fears that Johnson

intended to retaliate after the burglary may have been well founded. Richaunda

testified that Johnson had suspected someone from her townhome had burglarized

his home, and after the burglary, Johnson threatened Ward and Ward’s friend,

stating that he would kill everyone in Richaunda’s townhome if he found out they

had committed the burglary. Further, a week had passed between the murder and

the burglary, and nothing in the record indicated that Wilcox was concerned that

Johnson might report the burglary to law enforcement. In addition, it was unlikely

                                        - 48 -
that Johnson, who sold drugs from his house, would welcome officers into his

home to investigate a burglary.

      Finally, the cases referenced by the State in support of the application of this

aggravating circumstance are materially distinguishable. All three cases involve an

affirmative statement by the defendant demonstrating his intent to eliminate

witnesses. See Reynolds v. State, 934 So. 2d 1128, 1157-58 (Fla. 2006), Trease v.

State, 768 So. 2d 1050, 1056 (Fla. 2000), and Walls v. State, 641 So. 2d 381, 390

(Fla. 1994). In Reynolds, this Court found the avoid arrest aggravating

circumstance to be appropriate where the defendant confessed to killing the two

victims and stated, “look, with my record, I can’t leave any witnesses. . . . [B]ut I

do regret doing the little girl.” 934 So. 2d at 1158. Similarly in Trease, this Court

stated,

      [T]he finding of the aggravator is supported by [witness] testimony
      that Trease told her that the victim had to be killed because he could
      identify them, in addition to evidence that the victim would have been
      able to identify Trease if he had lived because he and Trease were
      acquaintances. The above evidence strongly shows that Trease’s
      intention in killing the victim was solely or dominantly to avoid arrest
      via witness elimination.

768 So. 2d at 1056. Finally, in Walls, this Court found the aggravating

circumstance to be appropriate because the defendant confessed that he killed the

victim because he wanted no witnesses. 641 So. 2d at 390. Here, there is no

affirmative statement from Wilcox that his sole or dominant motive for the murder


                                        - 49 -
was to eliminate Johnson as a witness to the earlier burglary. There is, however,

an affirmative statement from Wilcox that his sole and dominant motive in

murdering Johnson was to protect his family. Thus, we conclude that the trial

court erred in finding the avoid arrest aggravating circumstance.

                                   Harmless Error

      We nonetheless conclude that this error with regard to the avoid arrest

aggravating factor is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt for two primary reasons.

First, there are three remaining aggravating circumstances for which the trial court

assigned great weight: (1) CCP; (2) prior violent felony; and (3) the murder was

committed during the course of an armed robbery and kidnapping, all of which we

consider to be among the most serious aggravating circumstances. See

Chamberlain v. State, 881 So. 2d 1087, 1109 (Fla. 2004); Walker v. State, 957 So.

2d 560, 585 (Fla. 2007). Further, there were no statutory mitigating circumstances

found and the trial court gave the established nonstatutory mitigating

circumstances little weight.

      Second, the trial court in the sentencing order explicitly stated that “this

finding, that the aggravating factors far outweigh the mitigating factors, would not

change, even if the Court were to exclude the aggravating factors of avoiding or

preventing lawful arrest and that the capital felony was committed in a cold,

calculated and premeditated manner.” (Emphasis supplied.) As a result, striking


                                        - 50 -
the avoid arrest aggravating factor would not have impacted the trial court’s

decision to sentence Wilcox to death. See Ferguson v. Singletary, 632 So. 2d 53,

57 (Fla. 1993) (noting that this Court has “made it clear that a death sentence may

be affirmed where an aggravating circumstance is stricken as long as the Court is

convinced that the error was harmless”). Thus, while we strike the avoid arrest

aggravating circumstance, we deny relief on this claim.

                                          CCP

      For a trial court’s CCP finding to be considered legally sufficient, the

evidence must satisfy a four-part test:

      (1) [T]he killing must have been the product of cool and calm
      reflection and not an act prompted by emotional frenzy, panic, or a fit
      of rage (cold); and (2) the defendant must have had a careful plan or
      prearranged design to commit murder before the fatal incident
      (calculated); and (3) the defendant must have exhibited heightened
      premeditation (premeditated); and (4) there must have been no
      pretense of moral or legal justification.

Lynch v. State, 841 So. 2d 362, 371 (Fla. 2003) (citing Evans v. State, 800 So. 2d

182, 192 (Fla. 2001)). This aggravating circumstance pertains specifically to the

state of mind, intent, and motivation of the defendant, and involves a much higher

degree of premeditation than is required to prove first-degree murder. Wright v.

State, 19 So. 3d 277, 298 (Fla. 2009); Deparvine v. State, 995 So. 2d 351, 381-82

(Fla. 2008). In other words, for the CCP aggravator to apply, the defendant must

have committed the murder in a deliberate, professional, and coldly calculating


                                          - 51 -
manner. Williams v. State, 37 So. 3d 187, 197 (Fla. 2010). The CCP aggravating

factor can be supported by circumstances demonstrating advance procurement of a

weapon, lack of resistance or provocation, and the appearance of a killing carried

out as a matter of course. Franklin v. State, 965 So. 2d 79, 98 (Fla. 2007).

      Here, the evidence presented during trial clearly supports a finding of CCP.

Johnson was murdered with a single bullet from point-blank range that penetrated

through the back left portion of his skull. Johnson, who was held hostage for over

forty-five minutes, was bound with his hands and feet behind his back and

exhibited no defensive wounds or signs of resistance. Further, based on the

positioning of the entrance wound, Johnson was likely kneeling at the time he was

shot. This Court has held that execution-style killings are, by their very nature, a

“cold” crime. See Lynch, 841 So. 2d at 372; Walls, 641 So. 2d at 388. Thus, the

“cold” element has clearly been established.

      The “calculated” element is supported where a defendant arms himself in

advance, kills execution-style, and has time to coldly and calmly decide to kill.

See Hertz v. State, 803 So. 2d 629, 650 (Fla. 2001); Knight v. State, 746 So. 2d

423, 436 (Fla. 1998). Here, Wilcox was cool, calm, and collected in the decisions

he made while in Johnson’s home. After the women entered the townhome,

Wilcox, who was wearing all black and had a bandana covering his face, directed

the women upstairs. Wilcox instructed Johnson to bind the women and told


                                        - 52 -
Hankerson that he needed the keys to her vehicle so he could escape. After Wilcox

checked the security of the women’s ligatures, he wiped down the surfaces he had

touched and told the women he knew not to leave fingerprints because he watched

“The First 48.” Wilcox then led Johnson downstairs and bound his arms and legs.

Wilcox called his cousin Terrell Collier and told Collier to bring his belongings

outside. Wilcox then unlocked Hankerson’s white Chevrolet Tahoe and placed his

belongings inside. He then started the ignition, returned to Johnson’s townhome to

commit the murder, and immediately fled the scene. Shortly after the murder,

Wilcox called Collier and told him that everything would be fine because he had

murdered Johnson for their protection.

      This evidence demonstrates that Wilcox carefully planned and orchestrated a

plan to enter Johnson’s home with the sole intent to murder Johnson,

surreptitiously escape, and, in Wilcox’s mind, prevent Johnson from harming his

family members. He planned this murder over an extended time frame and

strategically directed Johnson to entice the women to drive to his townhome and

come inside, knowing that they could provide him with the means to quickly

escape after he killed his intended target. Wilcox’s other crimes associated with

this criminal episode—armed robbery and four armed kidnappings—were simply

necessary steps in Wilcox’s plan to execute Johnson. Further, there is no evidence

to demonstrate that at any point during this time the murder was unexpectedly


                                         - 53 -
provoked or resulted from an emotional frenzy, panic, or rage. Cf. Maulden v.

State, 617 So. 2d 298, 303 (Fla. 1993) (“The murders in the instant case were not

the product of a deliberate plan formed through calm and cool reflection. They

were ‘mad acts prompted by wild emotion.’ ”). Thus, we conclude that Wilcox

murdered Johnson in a “calculated” manner.

      Finally, the record reflects that Wilcox possessed heightened premeditation

when he developed and executed a prearranged plan to murder Johnson. See

Thompson v. State, 565 So. 2d 1311, 1318 (Fla. 1990) (holding that to support a

finding of CCP “the evidence must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant planned or prearranged to commit murder before the crime began”). Not

only was the plan prearranged, but it was carried out in a deliberate, professional,

and coldly calculating manner, during which Wilcox concealed his identity,

kidnapped Johnson and three women at gunpoint for an extended period of time,

stole the vehicle of one of the victims, bound all four victims at their hands and

feet, and murdered Johnson execution style. Thus, Wilcox exhibited the

heightened premeditation necessary to support a finding of CCP. See Williams, 37

So. 3d at 197.

      Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court’s finding of this

aggravator was supported by competent, substantial evidence.

                               Weighing Mitigation


                                        - 54 -
      Although Wilcox contends that the trial court erred in assigning “little

weight” to significant uncontroverted mitigation, he fails to specifically designate

which evidence the trial court improperly weighed. Further, he does not assert that

the trial court improperly rejected any mitigating circumstance, only that the

mitigating circumstances found were improperly weighed. Accordingly, we

conclude that this issue is insufficiently presented. See Doorbal v. State, 983 So.

2d 464, 482 (Fla. 2008) (holding that “vague and conclusory allegations on appeal

are insufficient to warrant relief”).

      However, even if we were to address this issue on the merits we would deny

relief. The weight assigned to a mitigating circumstance is within the trial court’s

discretion and is subject to the abuse of discretion standard. Coday v. State, 946

So. 2d 988, 1000 (Fla. 2006). Discretion is abused “only when the judicial action

is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, which is another way of saying that

discretion is abused only where no reasonable person would take the view adopted

by the trial court.” Green v. State, 907 So. 2d 489, 496 (Fla. 2005) (quoting White

v. State, 817 So. 2d 799, 806 (Fla. 2002)). Here, the trial court found seven

nonstatutory mitigating circumstances and assigned each “little weight.” For each

of the seven mitigating circumstances, the trial court provided both detailed factual

findings explaining why the mitigating circumstance was applicable and an

explanation as to why “little weight” was assigned. Accordingly, because the trial


                                        - 55 -
court’s assignments of weight are supported by competent, substantial evidence

and are not arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, we conclude that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion.

                       Seven-to-Five Jury Recommendation
      Wilcox next contends that his death sentence is unconstitutionally unreliable

because it was based on a seven-to-five recommendation by the jury. Recently, in

Robards v. State, 112 So. 3d 1256, 1267 (Fla. 2013), we denied a similar claim

based on the following analysis:

             This Court has recently affirmed death sentences in [] cases
      involving a seven-to-five jury recommendation of death. See Peterson
      v. State, 94 So. 3d 514, 537 (Fla. 2012). . . .
             Moreover, we have also rejected the argument that seven-to-
      five jury recommendations are inherently unconstitutional. See Davis
      v. State, 859 So. 2d 465, 479 (Fla. 2003) (“This Court has repeatedly
      rejected Davis’s argument and held that a capital jury may
      recommend a death sentence by a majority vote.”); Thompson v.
      State, 648 So. 2d 692, 698 (Fla. 1994) (“The sixth and final penalty
      phase issue raised by Thompson is whether it is unconstitutional for a
      jury to be allowed to recommend death on a simple majority vote.
      Thompson admits that this issue has already been decided by this
      Court contrary to his position.”).
             Because we have consistently affirmed other death sentences
      where the jury’s recommendation was based on a seven-to-five vote
      and because we have rejected arguments against the constitutionality
      of such jury recommendations, we also conclude here that Robards’
      claim is without merit.

For the reasons stated in Robards, we reject Wilcox’s claim as without merit.

                                   Ring Challenge




                                        - 56 -
      Wilcox contends that Florida’s death penalty statute violates Ring v.

Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002). We deny relief on this claim for a number of

reasons. First, this Court has repeatedly held that Florida’s capital sentencing

scheme does not violate the United States Constitution under Ring. See, e.g.,

Abdool v. State, 53 So. 3d 208, 228 (Fla. 2010) (“This Court has also rejected [the]

argument that this Court should revisit its opinions in Bottoson v. Moore, 833 So.

2d 693 (Fla. 2002), and King v. Moore, 831 So. 2d 143 (Fla. 2002).”). Second,

this Court has repeatedly held that Ring does not apply to cases when the prior

violent felony aggravating factor is applicable. Hodges v. State, 55 So. 3d 515,

540 (Fla. 2010). The prior violent felony aggravating circumstance has been held

to include contemporaneous felonies. See McWatters v. State, 36 So. 3d 613, 642

(Fla. 2010); Davis v. State, 2 So. 3d 952, 966 (Fla. 2008). Before Wilcox

murdered Johnson, he had multiple prior violent felony convictions for armed

robbery and second-degree murder. He also was contemporaneously convicted of

one count of armed robbery and four counts of armed kidnapping. Therefore, Ring

does not apply, and we deny relief on this claim.

                                  Proportionality

      This Court comprehensively reviews each death sentence to determine

whether the crime falls within the category of both the most aggravated and the

least mitigated of murders, thereby assuring uniformity in the application of the


                                        - 57 -
sentence. See Anderson v. State, 841 So. 2d 390, 407-08 (Fla. 2003); see also

Hilton v. State, 117 So. 3d 742, 755 (Fla.), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 686 (2013).

The proportionality analysis does not involve a quantitative comparison between

the number of aggravating and mitigating circumstances, but rather entails

a qualitative review of the totality of the circumstances and the underlying basis

supporting the application of each aggravating and mitigating circumstance. See

Simpson v. State, 3 So. 3d 1135, 1148 (Fla. 2009); Sexton v. State, 775 So. 2d 923,

935 (Fla. 2000).

      In this case, the evidence adduced during trial demonstrated that Wilcox

formulated a deliberate plan to murder Johnson and to surreptitiously escape. To

facilitate his plan, Wilcox concealed his identity, kidnapped Johnson and three

women, and stole the vehicle of one of the victims. He bound all four victims at

their hands and feet and murdered Johnson execution style. The trial court found

the jury recommendation of death to be appropriate after weighing the statutory

aggravating circumstances against the nonstatutory mitigating circumstances

established. In imposing the death penalty, the trial court found four statutory

aggravating circumstances to be established beyond a reasonable doubt and gave

each great weight: (1) CCP; (2) avoid arrest; (3) prior violent felony; and (4) the

murder was committed during the course of an armed robbery and kidnapping.




                                        - 58 -
The trial court found no statutory mitigating circumstances and seven nonstatutory

mitigating circumstances, each of which was given little weight.

      Although we strike the avoid arrest aggravating circumstance, we conclude

that based on the totality of the circumstances and prior precedent affirming the

sentence of death in other similar execution-style killings, this death sentence is

proportionate. See Hudson v. State, 992 So. 2d 96, 119 (Fla. 2008) (finding the

death sentence proportionate in an execution-style murder where the victim was

bound and the trial court found four aggravating circumstances: (1) prior violent

felony; (2) contemporaneous conviction of a violent felony (a contemporaneous

armed kidnapping); (3) HAC; and (4) CCP, along with no statutory mitigating

circumstances, and twelve nonstatutory mitigating circumstances which were

accorded little weight); Walker v. State, 957 So. 2d 560, 585 (Fla. 2007) (finding

death sentence proportionate where the case involved an execution-style murder

and a kidnapping, findings of HAC and CCP, and four nonstatutory mitigating

factors to which the trial court assigned little to moderate weight); Floyd v. State,

913 So. 2d 564, 578 (Fla. 2005) (finding the death sentence proportionate where

the defendant committed an execution-style murder and the trial court found three

aggravating circumstances: (1) the murder was committed while the defendant was

under sentence of imprisonment, (2) prior violent felony, and (3) the murder was




                                        - 59 -
committed in the course of a kidnapping, as well as one statutory and several

nonstatutory mitigating circumstances).

      Further, the death sentence in this case is proportionate in relation to other

cases with similar aggravating and mitigating circumstances. See, e.g., Delgado v.

State, 948 So. 2d 681, 691 (Fla. 2006) (affirming the death sentences where the

three aggravating factors were present: (1) HAC; (2) CCP; and (3) prior violent

felony, and those factors outweighed the four established nonstatutory mitigating

circumstances); Johnston v. State, 863 So. 2d 271, 286 (Fla. 2003) (affirming death

sentence where two aggravating circumstances, prior violent felony conviction and

HAC, outweighed the established statutory mitigating circumstance and twenty-six

nonstatutory mitigating factors). Accordingly, we conclude that Wilcox’s death

sentence is proportionate.

                             Sufficiency of the Evidence

      This Court also has a mandatory obligation to independently review the

sufficiency of the evidence in every case in which a sentence of death has been

imposed. See Blake v. State, 972 So. 2d 839, 850 (Fla. 2007); Fla. R. App. P.

9.142(a)(5). In assessing sufficiency, the question is whether, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could have

found the existence of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.




                                         - 60 -
Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732, 738 (Fla. 2001) (citing Banks v. State, 732 So. 2d

1065, 1068 n.5 (Fla. 1999)).

      The record in this case contains sufficient evidence to support Wilcox’s

convictions of first-degree murder, four counts of armed kidnapping, and armed

robbery. The record reflects that an armed Wilcox, who was wearing all black

with a bandana covering his face, held Johnson and three women—Stephanie

Hankerson, Veronica McMorris, and Taneshia Arnold—against their will inside

Johnson’s townhome around 4 a.m. on February 3, 2008. Wilcox demanded that

Hankerson provide him with the keys to her vehicle because he needed a means to

escape. Wilcox ordered Johnson to bind the women’s hands and feet. Wilcox then

escorted Johnson downstairs.

      At approximately 4:45 a.m., Wilcox spoke with his cousin Terrell Collier on

the phone and told him to meet him outside with Wilcox’s belongings. Wilcox

exited Johnson’s townhome, approached Collier, and pulled down the bandana

covering his face and revealed his identity. Wilcox opened the door to

Hankerson’s vehicle, started the engine, left his belongings inside, and reentered

Johnson’s townhome. Moments later, Collier heard a single gunshot.

      Approximately three hours later, Wilcox called Collier and told him that

everything would be fine because he had killed Johnson to protect his family.

Several days later, Wilcox was arrested near Hankerson’s vehicle with the cell


                                       - 61 -
phone used to call Collier in his possession. Expert testimony established that the

9 millimeter handgun discovered inside Hankerson’s stolen vehicle matched the

projectile that fatally wounded Johnson. Based on this evidence, a rational trier of

fact could have found the existence of the elements of the crimes beyond a

reasonable doubt, and we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support

Wilcox’s convictions. See Simmons v. State, 934 So. 2d 1100, 1111 (Fla. 2006).

                                       Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing, we affirm Wilcox’s convictions and sentences.

      It is so ordered.

POLSTON, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, LABARGA, and PERRY,
JJ., concur.
CANADY, J., concurs in result.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.


An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Broward County,
     Paul Lawrence Backman, Judge - Case No. 08-003736CF10A

Carol Stafford Haughwout, Public Defender, and Gary Lee Caldwell, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, Florida,

      for Appellant

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Lisa-Marie Krause
Lerner, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, Florida,

      for Appellee




                                       - 62 -
