                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 12-3359
                        ___________________________

                                 Shaun M. Roberts

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                           v.

            Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General of the United States

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: October 23, 2013
                              Filed: March 20, 2014
                                   [Published]
                                  ____________

Before BYE, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Petitioner Shaun Roberts seeks review of a decision of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the decision of an immigration judge (IJ)
ordering Roberts's removal. The IJ found Roberts statutorily ineligible for
cancellation of removal, because he concluded that Roberts's prior conviction for
aiding and abetting third-degree assault was an "aggravated felony." Conviction for
an "aggravated felony" renders him ineligible for cancellation of removal or waiver
of inadmissibility pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h) . Roberts challenges that finding on
two grounds. First, he argues that his prior conviction is not an "aggravated felony."
Second, he contends that even if his conviction is an "aggravated felony," the
ineligibility provisions of § 1182(h) do not apply to him, because he is seeking an
adjustment of status, rather than admission. For the reasons stated below, we deny the
petition for review.

                                    I. Background
       Shaun Roberts is a native and citizen of the Bahamas. At the age of nine, he
entered the United States as a non-immigrant visitor. Two years later, he adjusted his
status to Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR). Now age 42, Roberts resides in
Minnesota and has not left the United States since his entry.

       Roberts has two criminal convictions relevant to this appeal. In 1989, he was
convicted of second-degree burglary, in violation of Minnesota Statutes Annotated
§ 605.582. In 2000, he pleaded guilty to third-degree assault, on an aiding and
abetting theory, in violation of Minnesota Statutes Annotated § 605.223
subdivision 1.

      In 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) served Roberts with a
Notice to Appear in immigration court. DHS charged Roberts with removability on
two bases. First, he was charged as removable for having committed two post-
admission crimes involving moral turpitude, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii).
Second, he was charged as removable for having committed a post-admission
"aggravated felony, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). In response, Roberts
applied for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a), adjustment of status
under 8 U.S.C. § 1255, and a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h).




                                         -2-
       The IJ found Roberts removable as charged and ordered his removal. The IJ
concluded that third-degree assault, as defined by Minnesota law, is an "aggravated
felony." Specifically, the IJ found that third-degree assault is a categorical "crime of
violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). That conviction rendered Roberts ineligible for
both cancellation of removal and a § 1182(h) waiver of inadmissibility. Roberts
appealed to the BIA. The BIA affirmed the IJ, concluding that third-degree assault
is a categorical "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b). Roberts petitioned for
review.

                                     II. Discussion
      We lack jurisdiction to review any final order of removability against an alien
convicted of, inter alia, an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); Olmsted
v. Holder, 588 F.3d 556, 558 (8th Cir. 2009). "We retain jurisdiction, however, to
review constitutional claims or questions of law, such as whether a crime is an
aggravated felony." Olmstead, 588 F.3d at 558. (quotations and citations omitted).
"We review the BIA's legal determinations de novo, according substantial deference
to the BIA's interpretation of the statutes and regulations it administers." Id.
(quotation, alteration, and citation omitted)

                 A. Third-Degree Assault as an Aggravated Felony
       The immigration statutes provide that the Attorney General "may cancel
removal" of an alien who meets certain residency requirements and "has not been
convicted of any aggravated felony." 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). For immigration and
naturalization purposes, "aggravated felony" includes "a crime of violence (as defined
in section 16 of Title 18, but not including a purely political offense) for which the
term of imprisonment [is] at least one year." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43(F).




                                          -3-
      Section 16 of Title 18 defines "crime of violence" as

      (a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or
      threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
      another, or

      (b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a
      substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of
      another may be used in the course of committing the offense.

      The IJ found that third-degree assault constitutes a crime of violence under
§ 16(a). The IJ found that by virtue of resulting in "substantial bodily harm," third-
degree assault involves the use or attempted use of physical force against another.

       We have held that the term "crime of violence" found in § 4B1.2(a) of the
United States Sentencing Guidelines is interchangeable with the term "violent felony"
found in the Armed Career Criminals Act ("ACCA"), in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
United States v. Williams, 537 F.3d 969, 971 (8th Cir. 2008) ("The present case
involves the term 'crime of violence' whereas the Supreme Court in Begay [v. United
States, 553 U.S. 137 (2008),] interpreted the term 'violent felony.' We have never
recognized a distinction between the two."). Both terms are virtually identical to §
16.1


      1
          Section 4B1.2(a) of the Guidelines provides:

      (a) The term 'crime of violence' means any offense under federal or state
      law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that—

               (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
               physical force against the person of another, or

               (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of
               explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious

                                           -4-
        Under Minnesota law, third-degree assault consists of two elements: (1) an
"assault" of another, (2) that inflicts "substantial bodily harm." Minn. Stat. 609.223
subd. 1. "Assault" is defined as "(1) an act done with intent to cause fear in another
of immediate bodily harm or death; or (2) the intentional infliction of or attempt to
inflict bodily harm upon another." Minn. Stat. § 609.02 subd. 10.

       Our decision in United States v. Salean, 583 F.3d 1059 (8th Cir. 2009) is
instructive. In Salean, we held that fourth-degree assault under Minnesota law "falls
squarely within the first clause of [18 U.S.C.] § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)," which is the ACCA
counterpart to § 16(a). Id. at 1060. The fourth-degree assault we considered in Salean
required (1) an assault, (2) a correctional facility employee engaged in the
performance of a duty as the victim of the assault, and (3) the infliction of
"demonstrable bodily harm." Id. (citing Minn. Stat. § 609.2231 subd. 3 (1994)). We
held that because fourth-degree assault requires not merely "assault," but rather an
"assault" that inflicts "demonstrable bodily harm," "the 'ordinary case' violation of
this statute involve[s] the intentional use of physical force against another." Id.



             potential risk of physical injury to another."

      Section 924(e)(2)(B) of 18 U.S.C. defines "violent felony" as

      any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,
      or any act of juvenile delinquency involving the use or carrying of a
      firearm, knife, or destructive device that would be punishable by
      imprisonment for such term if committed by an adult, that—

             (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
             physical force against the person of another; or

             (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or
             otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
             of physical injury to another. . . .

                                          -5-
       Third-degree assault requires an even higher showing of harm than fourth-
degree. See State v. Backus, 358 N.W.2d 93, 95 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984) ("Assault in
the fourth degree requires a quantum of proof of harm between 'bodily harm' (assault
in the fifth degree) and 'substantial bodily harm' (assault in the third degree)."). Thus
if the "ordinary case" of fourth-degree assault "involve[s] the intentional use of
physical force against another," Salean, 583 F.3d at 1060, because of the harm
element, so too must third-degree assault.2

       We conclude that Roberts's third-degree assault conviction in Minnesota
constitutes an aggravated felony, because, under Minnesota law, it "has as an element
the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force" against another, and is
therefore categorically a "crime of violence" under 8 U.S.C. § 16(a). As an aggravated
felon, Roberts is statutorily ineligible for cancellation of removal, under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(a)(3).3

           B. Adjustment of Status and § 1182(h) Waiver of Inadmissibility
       In connection with his removal proceedings, Roberts petitioned for adjustment
of status to that of LPR. As the BIA noted, Roberts must receive a § 1182(h) waiver
of his aggravated felony conviction before he may adjust his status. The question


      2
        As we noted in Salean, it is irrelevant that Roberts's conviction was for aiding
and abetting third-degree assault. 583 F.3d at 1060 n.2. See also Gonzalez v. Duenas-
Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 189–90 (2007) (holding that an alien convicted as an "aider
and abettor" to theft is removable, as every United States jurisdiction has abrogated
the distinction between principals and aiders and abettors).
      3
        The BIA found that third-degree assault constitutes a crime of violence under
§ 16(b), reasoning that an action done with either intent to cause fear of harm or
intent to cause harm, which actually results in harm, necessarily involves a substantial
risk that physical force may be used in committing the offense. We need not consider
whether Roberts's conviction falls under § 16(b) because of our holding that it falls
under § 16(a).

                                          -6-
before the court is not whether Roberts is entitled to the waiver (that is a matter of the
Attorney General's discretion), but whether he is eligible for it in the first place.

          Section 1182(h)(2) of Title 8 provides in relevant part: "No waiver shall be
granted under this subsection in the case of an alien who has previously been
admitted to the United States as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence
if . . . since the date of such admission the alien has been convicted of an aggravated
felony . . . ."

       "Admitted" and "admission" are defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(A): "The
terms 'admission' and 'admitted' mean, with respect to an alien, the lawful entry of the
alien into the United States after inspection and authorization by an immigration
officer."

      As noted above, Roberts was admitted as a non-immigrant visitor. Post-
admission, he adjusted to LPR status. Roberts contends that the aggravated felony bar
in § 1182(h) does not apply to him, because he was never "admitted" as an LPR.
Roberts contends that the aggravated felony bar does not apply to those aliens who
only attained LPR status post-admission.

       Four of our sister circuits have adopted Roberts's reading of the statute. See
Bracamontes v. Holder, 675 F.3d 380 (4th Cir. 2012); Lanier v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 631
F.3d 1363 (11th Cir. 2011); Martinez v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 532 (5th Cir. 2008); see
also Hanif v. Attorney General of U.S., 694 F.3d 479 (3d Cir. 2012) (reaching the
same conclusion as applied to § 1182(h)'s residency requirement). These courts hold
that the unambiguous language of the statute "provides that a person must have
physically entered the United States, after inspection, as a lawful permanent resident"
in order for the aggravated felony bar to apply. Lanier, 631 F.3d at 1366–67. See also
Bracamontes, 675 F.3d at 385–86; Martinez, 519 F.3d at 544.



                                           -7-
       The BIA has taken a different view. According to the BIA, § 1182(h) relief is
unavailable "for any alien who has been convicted of an aggravated felony after
acquiring lawful permanent resident status, without regard to the manner in which
such status was acquired." Matter of Rodriguez, 25 I. & N. Dec. 784, 789 (BIA 2012).

       We respectfully disagree with our sister circuits. Reading the immigration
statutes as a whole, we hold that § 1182(h) is ambiguous as to the meaning of
"previously been admitted as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence."
Consequently, we defer to the BIA's reasonable construction of the statute. See I.N.S.
v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424–25 (applying Chevron deference to BIA
construction of immigration statutes). We need not settle the meaning of the text, nor
conclude that the BIA was correct in its construction of the statute. We need only
hold that the text is ambiguous and that the BIA's construction is reasonable. See
Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs, 545 U.S. 967, 980 (2005)
("If a statute is ambiguous, and if the implementing agency's construction is
reasonable, Chevron requires a federal court to accept the agency's construction of the
statute, even if the agency's reading differs from what the court believes is the best
statutory interpretation.") (citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council,
Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843–44 (1984)).

       The immigration statutes use the words "admitted" and "admission"
inconsistently. Whereas § 1101(a)(13)(A) refers to port-of-entry inspection, in other
sections relevant to Roberts's petition, "admitted" is not so limited. For the sake of
clarity, we lay out the relevant statutory provisions here.

         We begin with 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a), concerning the adjustment of status to LPR.
Section 1255(a) grants the Attorney General the discretion to adjust the status of,
inter alia, "an alien who was inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States
. . . to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence." To be eligible for
adjustment of status, the alien must, among other things, be "eligible to receive an

                                          -8-
immigrant visa and [be] admissible to the United States for permanent residence." 8
U.S.C. § 1255(a).

       Because § 1255(a) requires that any alien petitioning for adjustment of status
be eligible to receive a visa and be admissible, we turn now to 8 U.S.C. § 1182, which
describes which aliens "are inadmissible," and are therefore "ineligible to receive
visas and ineligible to be admitted to the United States." Among inadmissible aliens
are those "convicted of . . . acts which constitute the essential elements of a crime
involving moral turpitude." 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A). Roberts is therefore an
inadmissible alien, seeking adjustment of status.

      Section 1182(h) grants the Attorney General the discretion to "waive the
application of subparagraphs (A)(i)(I), (B), (D), and (E) of subsection (a)(2)." Roberts
seeks this waiver. Section 1182(h) further provides "[n]o waiver shall be granted
under this subsection in the case of an alien who has previously been admitted to the
United States as an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence if . . . since the
date of such admission the alien has been convicted of an aggravated felony."

      Section 1255(b) provides that once an alien has adjusted to LPR status under
1255(a), "the Attorney General shall record the alien's lawful admission for
permanent residence as of the date the order of the Attorney General approving the
application for the adjustment of status is made," and the Secretary of State shall
reduce the number of available immigrant visas accordingly. (Emphasis added.).

       Reading § 1182(h) in isolation, one might conclude, as our sister circuits have,
that the meaning of "admitted" is clear. One might then apply the aggravated felony
bar only to those who obtained LPR status at the port of entry to the United States.
However, the immigration statutes as a whole—particularly those relevant to
Roberts's petition—do not treat the words "admitted" and "admission" consistently.
Section 1255(b) treats adjustment itself as an "admission" by directing the Attorney

                                          -9-
General to record "admission" as the date the alien adjusts his status. The immigration
statutes may be fairly read as treating post-entry adjustment as a substitute for port-of-
entry inspection. See Matter of Koljenovic, 25 I. & N. Dec. 219, 221 (BIA 2010)
("Adjustment of status is essentially a proxy for inspection and permission to enter
at the border, which is given as a matter of administrative grace.") aff'd in Matter of
E.W. Rodriguez, 25 I. & N. Dec. 784 (BIA 2012). Having held that § 1182(h) is
susceptible to multiple interpretations, we are obliged to defer to the BIA's reasonable
construction.

        Roberts also raises an equal protection challenge to the BIA's construction of
§ 1182(h). He argues that the BIA's decision to apply the construction of the statute
adopted by the Fourth, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits in proceedings arising in the
jurisdiction of those courts—as it must—and applying its own, differing construction
in all other jurisdictions violates the Equal Protection Clause. Disagreements among
the courts of appeal, or between an agency and one or more of the courts of appeal,
will not by itself create an equal protection violation. See Habibi v. Holder, 673 F.3d
1082, 1088 (9th Cir. 2011) ("No court has ever held that the mere existence of a
circuit split on an issue of statutory interpretation violates due process or equal
protection . . . ."). Like the Ninth Circuit, we decline the invitation to be the first to
find one.

                                  III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, the petition for review is denied.
                      ______________________________




                                          -10-
