                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 05-2803
                                    ___________

Maelynn Tenge,                             *
                                           *
       Plaintiff - Appellant,              *
                                           *
       v.                                  * Appeal from the United States
                                           * District Court for the
Phillips Modern Ag Co; Scott Phillips, * Northern District of Iowa.
Individually and in his official capacity; *
Lori Phillips, Individually,               *
                                           *
       Defendants - Appellees.             *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: March 14, 2006
                                 Filed: April 28, 2006
                                  ___________

Before COLLOTON, JOHN R. GIBSON, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

      Maelynn Tenge appeals from the district court's1 grant of summary judgment
to Phillips Modern Ag Company and Scott Phillips on her claims of sex
discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Iowa
Civil Rights Act, and to Lori Phillips on Tenge's claim of tortious interference with
a business relationship. The district court held that Tenge failed to establish a prima


      1
       The Honorable Edward J. McManus, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.
facie case of sex discrimination and ruled that Tenge had not generated a factual
dispute as to whether Lori Phillips had improperly interfered with Tenge's
employment. We affirm.

                                          I.

       We state the facts in the light most favorable to Tenge. Phillips Modern Ag
Company is owned and operated by Scott Phillips, whose wife Lori is also involved
with the company. Tenge first began working for the company in 1993 as a secretary,
but she gradually assumed more responsibility and eventually became the highest paid
employee. For the entire period of her employment, Tenge was an at-will employee.
As a result of her position in the company, Tenge worked closely with Scott on a
regular basis. Scott said that he was always satisfied with her work performance and
that she never failed to perform an assigned task. However, around 2002, Lori began
to believe that Scott and Tenge were involved in a romantic relationship, and she grew
concerned that Tenge was attempting to seduce Scott.

       When asked during her deposition whether she had engaged in any intimate or
sexual activity with Scott, Tenge admitted to two instances of touching that occurred
in Lori's presence. On one occasion, Tenge and her husband were at a bar with Lori,
Scott, and other co-workers. Tenge admitted that she "pinch[ed] [Scott] in the butt in
fun" and that she did not care whether Lori saw it. On the second occasion, they were
at a concert with their spouses, and Tenge testified that Scott "pinched me in the butt
and grabbed my hand ... and just kind of like flung it, but that was just a quick
instant." A few days later, Scott told Tenge that Lori was upset about them touching
each other. At her deposition, Tenge agreed that this was physical contact that was
suggestive and of a risqué nature, and that Lori could have suspected the two had an
intimate relationship.




                                         -2-
        Tenge also testified that she wrote notes of a sexual or intimate nature to Scott
some five to ten times. She stated that she put these notes in a location where other
people could see them, even though she was not getting along with Lori and she knew
that Lori might have the power to fire her. Indeed, Lori found one of these notes in
the company dumpster, pieced it together, and reacted by terminating Tenge's
employment in November 2002. Tenge admitted that if a person other than she or
Scott had read the note, he or she would conclude that Tenge was interested in
engaging in intimate sexual behavior with Scott. Although Scott reinstated Tenge and
the two agreed that she would continue to work as an at-will employee beyond the end
of the calendar year, he ultimately dismissed her on February 17, 2003. Tenge
testified that Scott told her that Lori was "making me choose between my best
employee or her and the kids."

       Tenge filed charges of employment discrimination on the basis of sex with the
Iowa Civil Rights Commission and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
and she received right to sue letters. She subsequently filed a complaint in the United
States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa against Philips Modern, Scott,
and Lori, alleging, inter alia, employment discrimination on the basis of sex in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Iowa Civil Rights Act,
as well as a state law claim for tortious interference with a business relationship
against Lori.2 The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Phillips
Modern, Scott and Lori on these claims.

      We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo and may
affirm on any basis supported by the record. Kratzer v. Rockwell Collins, Inc., 398
F.3d 1040, 1043 (8th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is proper when, viewing the

      2
        Tenge also brought a claim under the Equal Protection Clause of the federal
constitution and state law claims for defamation and tortious interference with a
business relationship against Scott. These claims were dismissed on her own motion
in the district court.

                                          -3-
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of
material fact for trial, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Fed R. Civ. P. 56(c).

                                           II.

      Tenge argues that she was terminated because she is a woman in violation of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which makes it unlawful for an employer to
discriminate against an employee on account of that individual's sex. 42 U.S.C. §
2000e-2(a)(1).3 An employee's Title VII claim for sex discrimination can survive
summary judgment in one of two ways. First, the employee can produce direct
evidence of discrimination that demonstrates "a specific link between the alleged
discriminatory animus and the challenged decision, sufficient to support a finding by
a reasonable fact finder that an illegitimate criterion actually motivated the adverse
employment action." Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733, 736 (8th Cir.
2004). Alternatively, an employee can use the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
framework to establish an inference of unlawful discrimination. Turner v. Gonzales,
421 F.3d 688, 694 (8th Cir. 2005).

       Tenge first argues that Scott's statement that he had to choose between his best
employee and his marriage is direct evidence of sex discrimination. She claims that
arousing the jealousy of the boss's wife is an illegal criterion for discharge under Title
VII. Tenge admits that she engaged in sexual conduct with Scott that could have led
Lori to suspect an inappropriate relationship. Thus, we are not presented with a
situation where an employee has engaged in no sexually suggestive behavior, but is
terminated simply because an employer or supervisor's spouse perceives the employee

      3
        The Iowa Civil Rights Act, Iowa Code Chapter 216.6(1), has a similar
provision which mirrors federal law, so our discussion of Tenge's Title VII claim
applies equally to her claim under the Iowa Civil Rights Act. Montgomery v. John
Deere & Co., 169 F.3d 556, 558 n.3 (8th Cir. 1999).

                                           -4-
to be a threat. Nor does Tenge claim that the conduct arose in the context of a hostile
work environment or due to unwelcome advances from Scott. As a result, this case
presents the limited question of whether Title VII's prohibition on discrimination on
the basis of "sex" includes a termination on the basis of an employee's admitted,
consensual sexual conduct with a supervisor. Although this circuit has not yet decided
a case presenting this specific legal question, for the reasons stated below, we
conclude that it is not illegal under Title VII for an employer to discharge an employee
on such grounds. Consequently, Scott's stated reason for terminating Tenge cannot
amount to direct evidence of sex discrimination.

       The word "sex" was not added to Title VII until shortly before the bill was
passed, so there is "little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's
prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex'." Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson,
477 U.S. 57, 64 (1986). However, it is clear that in enacting Title VII, Congress
aimed to eliminate the entire spectrum of disparate treatment of men and women in
the workplace. Los Angeles Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702, 707
n.13 (1978). Accordingly, in interpreting the meaning of "sex discrimination," the
Supreme Court has expanded Title VII's reach beyond simply prohibiting employers
from making distinctions between employees based on their gender. Meritor, 477
U.S. at 64-65. Title VII now prohibits both quid pro quo harassment, where an
employee's submission to or rejection of a supervisor's unwelcome sexual advances
is used as the basis for employment decisions, and hostile work environment
harassment, where "the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the
victim's employment and create an abusive working environment." Harris v. Forklift
Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (quotations omitted). As Tenge does not raise either
type of sexual harassment claim, we must consider whether Title VII is implicated
when distinctions are made in the workplace based on an employee's admitted,
consensual sexual conduct with a supervisor in a non-hostile working environment.
There are two lines of cases relevant to this inquiry.

                                            -5-
       First, many appellate courts have addressed cases of "sexual favoritism," where
one employee was treated more favorably than members of the opposite sex because
of a consensual relationship with the boss. Faced with such a scenario, the Second
Circuit rejected a Title VII claim brought by the disadvantaged group, holding that
"[t]he proscribed differentiation under Title VII ... must be a distinction based on a
person’s sex, not on his or her sexual affiliations." DeCinto v. Westchester County
Med. Ctr., 807 F.2d 304, 306 (2d Cir. 1986). The court reasoned that the male
employees "were not prejudiced because of their status as males; rather, they were
discriminated against because [the supervisor] preferred his paramour." Id. at 308.
After this decision, other appellate courts have uniformly followed this reasoning in
similar cases. See, e.g., Schobert v. Illinois Dep't of Transp., 304 F.3d 725, 733 (7th
Cir. 2002) ("Whether the employer grants employment perks to an employee because
she is a protege, an old friend, a close relative or a love interest, that special treatment
is permissible [under Title VII] as long as it is not based on an impermissible
classification"); Womack v. Runyon, 147 F.3d 1298, 1300 (11th Cir. 1998) (per
curiam) ("Title VII does not encompass a claim based on favoritism shown to a
supervisor's paramour"); Taken v. Oklahoma Corp. Comm'n, 125 F.3d 1366, 1369-70
(10th Cir. 1997) (same); Becerra v. Dalton, 94 F.3d 145, 149-50 (4th Cir. 1996)
(same); see generally, Merrick T. Rossein, Romantically Motivated Favoritism,
Employment Discrimination Law and Litigation § 5:45 (2005); Mitchell Poole,
Paramours, Promotions, and Sexual Favoritism: Unfair, but Is There Liability?, 25
Pepp. L. Rev. 819 (1998). In 1990, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
weighed in, concluding that "[a]n isolated instance of favoritism toward a 'paramour'
(or a spouse, or a friend) may be unfair, but it does not discriminate against women
or men in violation of Title VII, since both are disadvantaged for reasons other than
their genders." However, the Commission was careful to distinguish cases of
favoritism to an employee actually involved in a romantic relationship with a
supervisor from favoritism based on coerced sexual conduct, which amounts to quid
pro quo sexual harassment, and from widespread sexual favoritism in the workplace,

                                            -6-
which may establish a hostile work environment claim. EEOC Policy Guidance on
Employer Liability Under Title VII for Sexual Favoritism, EEOC Notice No. 915-048
(Feb. 15, 1990).

       This circuit has not squarely faced the issue of sexual favoritism, but two cases
indicate our general agreement with the above reasoning. In Thomson v. Olson, 56
F.3d 69 (8th Cir. 1995), we summarily affirmed the dismissal of a Title VII action
brought by a male employee based on the preferential treatment a female co-worker
received due to a consensual romantic relationship with her supervisor. In support of
the dismissal, the district court had reasoned that the prohibited differentiation under
Title VII must be "based on a person's sex, not on his or her sexual affiliations."
Thomson v. Olson, 866 F. Supp. 1267, 1271 (D.N.D. 1994). Later, in Miscellaneous
Docket Matter #1 v. Miscellaneous Docket Matter #2, 197 F.3d 922, 926-27 (8th Cir.
1999), we cited DeCinto and Taken with approval in affirming the district court's
holding that a discovery inquiry into the voluntary sexual relationships of the
company president would be irrelevant to a sex discrimination charge brought against
him. Thus, the principle that emerges from the above cases is that absent claims of
coercion or widespread sexual favoritism, where an employee engages in consensual
sexual conduct with a supervisor and an employment decision is based on this
conduct, Title VII is not implicated because any benefits of the relationship are due
to the sexual conduct, rather than the gender, of the employee.

      The second line of cases is more directly analogous to the instant case and
concerns situations where an employee is treated less favorably than employees of the
opposite sex as a result of consensual sexual conduct. For example, in Platner v. Cash
& Thomas Contractors, Inc., 908 F.2d 902, 903 (11th Cir. 1990), the wife of the
business owner's son became "extremely jealous" of one of the female employees,
suspecting that her husband and the female employee, Platner, were having an affair.
The owner of the business became aware of the conflict and terminated Platner
because he "perceived this as a threat to his son's family unit," despite the fact that

                                          -7-
Platner had been an otherwise satisfactory employee. Id. at 903-04. The Eleventh
Circuit affirmed the dismissal of Platner's Title VII claim, emphasizing that "the
ultimate basis for Platner’s dismissal was not gender but simply favoritism for a close
relative." Id. at 905. A number of federal district courts have faced similar cases and
concluded that terminating an employee based on the employee's consensual sexual
conduct does not violate Title VII absent allegations that the conduct stemmed from
unwelcome sexual advances or a hostile work environment. See, e.g., Kahn v.
Objective Solutions, Int'l, 86 F. Supp. 2d 377, 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (employee who
had consensual sexual relationship with her employer was fired at the insistence of his
wife); Campbell v. Masten, 955 F. Supp. 526, 529 (D. Md. 1997) (employee who had
consensual sexual relationship with her supervisor was fired because he saw her as a
threat to his marriage); Freeman v. Continental Technical Serv., Inc., 710 F. Supp.
328, 331 (D. Ga. 1988) (employee who had consensual sexual relationship with her
boss was fired when she became pregnant).

       As with the sexual favoritism scenario, this circuit has not yet addressed
whether Title VII prohibits the termination of an employee based on the employee's
admitted consensual sexual conduct with an employer or supervisor.4 However, in
light of the above authority, we are persuaded that such action does not amount to
discrimination on the basis of the employee's status as a man or a woman; rather, it is
based on the employee's own actions and therefore is permissible under Title VII. The
ultimate basis for Tenge's dismissal was not her sex, it was Scott's desire to allay his
wife's concerns over Tenge's admitted sexual behavior with him. Tenge agreed that

      4
        The only opinion based on somewhat analogous facts did not reach the issue.
In Mercer v. City of Cedar Rapids, 308 F.3d 840 (8th Cir. 2002), a female
probationary police officer was terminated after her romantic involvement with a male
permanent police officer led to problems for the police department. However, Mercer
made no argument that her termination amounted to direct evidence of sex
discrimination, proceeding instead under the McDonnell Douglas framework. Her
claim failed because of the numerous disciplinary grounds for her termination and
because it was clear that she was not similarly situated to the male officer.
                                          -8-
her sexually suggestive notes to Scott and their consensual touching could have led
Lori to honestly believe that they were having an intimate relationship. In addition,
Tenge admitted that her termination occurred "because of the suspicion of misconduct
as opposed to because you are female." In this context, Tenge was terminated due to
the consequences of her own admitted conduct with her employer, not because of her
status as a woman. Thus, Scott's stated reason for Tenge's termination does not
constitute direct evidence of sex discrimination.5

       In addition to her argument that Scott's stated reason for her termination
amounted to direct evidence of sex discrimination, Tenge also contends that she has
made out a prima facie case of disparate treatment on the basis of sex under the
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).
That framework requires a plaintiff to show that (1) she was a member of a protected
group; (2) she was qualified to perform her job; (3) she suffered an adverse
employment action; and (4) she was treated differently from similarly situated males.
Turner, 421 F.3d at 694. If a plaintiff can make out a prima facie case, the employer
must then articulate a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for its actions, and then it
falls to the employee to demonstrate that the reason was simply a pretext for
discrimination. Id.

       While the first three elements of Tenge's prima facie case are not in dispute, the
parties disagree as to the fourth element, which requires evidence that Tenge and male
co-workers were "involved in or accused of the same or similar conduct and [were]
disciplined in different ways." Rodgers v. U.S. Bank, NA, 417 F.3d 845, 852 (8th Cir.
2005) (quoting Wheeler v. Aventis Pharms., 360 F.3d 853, 857 (8th Cir. 2004)).
Tenge argues that she was treated differently from similarly situated male employees
because sexual banter between all the employees was common and no male employee

      5
       The question is not before us of whether it would be sex discrimination if
Tenge had been terminated because Lori perceived her as a threat to her marriage but
there was no evidence that she had engaged in any sexually suggestive conduct.
                                          -9-
was ever terminated due to such behavior.6 However, Tenge has not presented
evidence of any male co-employee who wrote explicit notes to Scott or engaged in
mutual consensual physical contact with Scott in Lori's presence. Simply put, the
touching and notes distinguish Tenge's actions from general sexual banter. In
addition, Tenge did not present evidence of similar sexual conduct between other
employees where a female employee was discharged. As we stated in Mercer, "It may
well be that an employer who always fires the woman when two employees engage
in an office romance would be guilty of gender discrimination." 308 F.3d at 845.
Nonetheless, Tenge does not contend that such a pattern exists, nor has she come
forward with any other evidence of discrimination against female employees in the
workplace. Because she fails to make out a prima facie case of sex discrimination, we
affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment on the sex discrimination claims.

                                         III.

       Tenge also appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of
Lori on her claim for tortious interference with a business relationship. Iowa law
"imposes tort liability on a person who intentionally and improperly interferes with
the performance of a contract between another and a third person." Condon Auto
Sales & Serv., Inc. v. Crick, 604 N.W.2d 587, 601 (Iowa 1999). If the contract at
issue is an at-will contract, Iowa courts require "substantial evidence that the
defendant's predominate or sole motive of the interference was to damage the
plaintiff." Id. Tenge contends that she has met this standard, pointing to Lori's
testimony at her deposition that she wrote an angry letter to Tenge and urged Scott to
fire her because, as Lori said, "I wanted her to feel the way - I wanted her to be able
to sympathize and relate to my feelings of how I was hurt." However, Tenge admitted

      6
         Tenge stated in her deposition, "Jay wasn't fired because he pulled his pants
down in a bin in front of the guys. None of the guys were fired because they went to
strip clubs while they were out on the road. Nobody was fired for the comments that
were made on a continuous basis out there, the banter continuously."
                                         -10-
that Lori's discovery of one of her notes and her own behavior with Scott in Lori's
presence contributed to her termination. Tenge also agreed in her deposition that Lori
may have honestly believed that she and Scott were having an intimate relationship
and that her conduct could have led to that impression. Therefore, even at this stage
in the proceedings, Tenge's own testimony undermines the proposition that Lori's
"predominate or sole motive" in terminating Tenge's employment was to damage
Tenge, rather than to preserve her marriage. Consequently, the district court did not
err in granting summary judgment on this claim.

      For the above reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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