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                  THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                           ___________________________


Carroll
No. 2017-0187


                THE MARIST BROTHERS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

                                         v.

                             TOWN OF EFFINGHAM

                           Argued: January 18, 2018
                      Opinion Issued: September 14, 2018

      Pierce Atwood, LLP, of Portsmouth (Jonathan A. Block and Michele E.
Kenney on the brief, and Mr. Block orally), for the plaintiff.


      Drummond Woodsum & MacMahon, of Manchester (Matthew R. Serge
and Demetrio F. Aspiras on the brief, and Mr. Serge orally), for the defendant.

       HICKS, J. The plaintiff, The Marist Brothers of New Hampshire (MBNH),
appeals the following orders of the Superior Court (Ignatius, J.): (1) a decision,
following a two-day bench trial, upholding the denial by the defendant, Town of
Effingham (Town), of MBNH’s request for a charitable tax exemption, for tax
year 2015, for real property, see RSA 72:23, V (2012) (charitable tax
exemption), :34-a (Supp. 2017) (appeal from refusal to grant exemption,
deferral, or tax credit); and (2) an order granting the Town’s motion in limine to
exclude evidence of the tax treatment of New Hampshire youth camps other
than the camp run by MBNH. We reverse.
       The trial court found the following facts, as recited in its written order.
MBNH is a New Hampshire non-profit corporation affiliated with The Marist
Brothers of the Schools, “an international Catholic teaching Order.” As such,
MBNH is also affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. The Marist Brothers
of the Schools conducts its operations in the United States through its U.S.
Province (U.S. Province). MBNH is tax exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the
federal tax code. See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3) (2012).

       MBNH was established by U.S. Province “in connection with the
acquisition, development and operation of Camp Marist,” a religious,
residential youth summer camp MBNH founded on 159 acres it acquired in the
Town in 1949 (the Property). The Property sits on the shores of Ossipee Lake
and “includes camper cabins, offices, a chapel, religious ‘mound,’ dining hall,
and health facility, as well as a number of recreational facilities, including but
not limited to, an activity pavilion, archery and rifle ranges, an arts and crafts
building, horse stables and athletic fields.” Also on the property is a “Log
Cabin” or “Retreat Center” that can accommodate more than twenty people and
is used “as lodging for Camp staff during the summer camp season and
rent[ed] to third parties during the off season.” (Quotation omitted.)

      MBNH’s Articles of Agreement, as amended in 1990, state:

      The object for which this Corporation is established is to offer
      recreational and educational services to persons of whatever race,
      nationality, ethnic background, state or nation of residence. The
      corporation recognizes and affirms its traditional affiliation and
      faith in the Roman Catholic Church. In furtherance of the object,
      this corporation shall provide opportunities to meet primarily the
      spiritual, cultural and physical needs of youth.

(Quotation omitted.) In addition, its by-laws state:

      The object for which this Corporation is established is to offer
      religious and educational and charitable services to persons of
      whatever race, nationality, ethnic background, state or nation of
      residence. The Corporation recognizes and affirms its traditional
      affiliation with a faith in the Roman Catholic Church. In
      furtherance of the object, this corporation shall provide
      opportunities to meet primarily the spiritual, cultural, and physical
      needs of youth.

(Quotation omitted.)

      Camp Marist is staffed both by Marist Brothers, who receive room and
board but no other compensation, and by “paid staff from the United States
and around the world.” Relatives of staff and of Marist Brothers are allowed to


                                        2
attend Camp Marist “for free without regard to financial need” and “[a]s many
as fifty to sixty relatives attend the Camp for free each year.”

       Camp Marist is co-educational and attracts children from across the
United States and the world. In 2015, 490 children attended Camp Marist,
thirteen of whom hailed from New Hampshire. Camp Marist operates for seven
weeks in the summer, broken down into two two-week sessions and a final
three-week session. Campers may attend one or more sessions at a cost
ranging, at 2016 rates, from $1,900 for the first two-week session to $5,900 for
the full seven weeks. Campers must also pay a non-refundable $175
registration fee, which is not credited against tuition, as well as additional fees
to participate in: (1) “many of the activities offered, such as archery, riflery,
fishing, and horseback riding”; (2) “all of the academic programs offered . . .
[such as] digital photo and media, remedial math, and special tutoring”; and (3)
various day trips, such as deep sea fishing, white water rafting, and indoor
rock climbing. These additional fees range from $50 to $100 per session in the
first two categories and up to $300 per activity in the third.

      With respect to scholarships, the trial court found, in part:

            In 2015, the Camp granted 47 full or partial scholarships to
      campers, totaling $108,739.00. Thus, out of the 490 campers who
      attended the Camp in 2015, fewer than 10% received scholarships.
      The vast majority of campers, therefore, pay to attend. Moreover,
      the Camp is not obligated under its by-laws to provide scholar-
      ships, and does not advertise the availability of scholarships in its
      brochure, although scholarship information is available on its
      website.

(Citations omitted.) In addition, scholarships are available only for the first
camp session.

       When Camp Marist is not in session, MBNH rents the Property. No
restrictions are placed on who is eligible to rent, or how renters use, the
Property. Rental proceeds are allocated to either the “regular Camp fund, the
running of the Camp, or . . . to some of [MBNH’s] scholarships.” (Quotation
and brackets omitted.)

      MBNH’s revenues in 2015 totaled $1,363,200, of which $1,239,565 was
earned from tuition and fees, and $92,854 from rental of the Property. Total
expenses that year were $1,255,313, resulting in net income of $107,907.
According to its bylaws, MBNH is required to pay U.S. Province a yearly
assessment “to provide support to the religious works and health and well-
being of the Marist Brothers.” (Quotation omitted.) The assessment was
$100,000 in 2013 and has increased by $3,000 each year thereafter. Thus, in
2015, MBNH paid U.S. Province $106,000.


                                         3
      MBNH appeals the trial court’s affirmance of the Town’s denial of a
charitable tax exemption. Our standard of review is as follows.

      [W]e uphold the trial court’s factual findings and rulings unless
      they lack evidentiary support or are legally erroneous. We do not
      decide whether we would have ruled differently than the trial court,
      but rather, whether a reasonable person could have reached the
      same decision as the trial court based upon the same evidence.
      Thus, we defer to the trial court’s judgment on such issues as
      resolving conflicts in the testimony, measuring the credibility of
      witnesses, and determining the weight to be given evidence.
      Nevertheless, we review the trial court’s application of the law to
      the facts de novo.

Jesurum v. WBTSCC Ltd. P’ship, 169 N.H. 469, 476 (2016) (quotation and
citations omitted). Resolution of this appeal requires us to interpret and apply
RSA 72:23, V and RSA 72:23-l (2012), which are questions of law that we
review de novo. See ElderTrust of Fla. v. Town of Epsom, 154 N.H. 693, 696
(2007).

      In matters of statutory interpretation, we are the final arbiter of
      legislative intent as expressed in the words of the statute
      considered as a whole. Accordingly, we will overturn the trial
      court’s decision if we find that the court misapprehended or
      misapplied the law. We note that the legislative purpose to
      encourage charitable institutions is not to be thwarted by a
      strained, over-technical and unnecessary construction.

Town of Peterborough v. MacDowell Colony, 157 N.H. 1, 5 (2008) (quotations,
citations, and brackets omitted).

      We first recite the applicable statutory language. RSA 72:23, V exempts
from taxation:

      [t]he buildings, lands and personal property of charitable
      organizations and societies organized, incorporated, or legally
      doing business in this state, owned, used and occupied by them
      directly for the purposes for which they are established, provided
      that none of the income or profits thereof is used for any other
      purpose than the purpose for which they are established.

In turn, “[t]he term ‘charitable’ as used to describe a corporation, society or
other organization within the scope of . . . RSA 72:23,” is defined in RSA 72:23-
l to mean, in relevant part:




                                        4
      a corporation, society or organization established and administered
      for the purpose of performing, and obligated, by its charter or
      otherwise, to perform some service of public good or welfare
      advancing the spiritual, physical, intellectual, social or economic
      well-being of the general public or a substantial and indefinite
      segment of the general public that includes residents of the state of
      New Hampshire, with no pecuniary profit or benefit to its officers
      or members, or any restrictions which confine its benefits or
      services to such officers or members, or those of any related
      organization.

     In evaluating whether an institution should be granted an exemption
under RSA 72:23, V, we apply the four-factor test we articulated in ElderTrust:

      [T]he plain language of RSA 72:23, V and RSA 72:23-l requires the
      institution to satisfy each of the following four factors, namely,
      whether: (1) the institution or organization was established and is
      administered for a charitable purpose; (2) an obligation exists to
      perform the organization’s stated purpose to the public rather than
      simply to members of the organization; (3) the land, in addition to
      being owned by the organization, is occupied by it and used
      directly for the stated charitable purposes; and (4) any of the
      organization’s income or profits are used for any purpose other
      than the purpose for which the organization was established.
      Under the fourth factor, the organization’s officers or members
      may not derive any pecuniary profit or benefit.

ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 697-98. The taxpayer bears the burden of establishing
entitlement to a charitable tax exemption. See RSA 72:23-m (2012).

       MBNH argues that the trial court erred in determining that it met none of
the ElderTrust factors. It first challenges the court’s determination that it
failed to meet the first two ElderTrust factors, which the trial court evaluated
together. To satisfy the first two ElderTrust factors, MBNH must demonstrate
that it “was established and is administered for a charitable purpose” and that
“an obligation exists to perform [its] stated purpose to the public rather than
simply to [its] members.” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 697-98. The trial court
determined that MBNH “primarily benefits a limited class of persons, rather
than the general public or an indefinite segment thereof.”

      MBNH asserts that the charitable purposes for which it was established
and administered are advancing education and aiding religion. The trial court
found “no dispute that MBNH offers religious, educational, and recreational
services to its youth campers” and, while not directly ruling on the issue,
opined that MBNH’s “stated purpose of offering religious, educational, and
recreational services to ‘persons of whatever race, nationality, ethnic


                                       5
background, state or nation of residence’ and the obligation to ‘provide
opportunities to meet primarily the spiritual, cultural and physical needs of
youth’ are arguably public charitable purposes.”

       We confirmed in Granite State Management and Resources v. City of
Concord, 165 N.H. 277 (2013), that advancing education and aiding religion
are recognized categories of charitable purposes. See Granite State Mgmt. &
Res., 165 N.H. at 284; MacDowell Colony, 157 N.H. at 11 (Dalianis, J.,
concurring specially) (noting that we must look, in addition to the definition of
“charitable” in RSA 72:23-l, “to the common law definition of ‘charitable,’ which
is derived from the law of charitable uses and charitable trusts”). Thus, we
conclude that MBNH’s stated purposes of advancing education and aiding
religion are charitable purposes under the first ElderTrust factor.
Furthermore, given that the trial court found “no dispute that MBNH offers
religious, educational, and recreational services to its youth campers,” we
conclude, as a matter of law, that the first ElderTrust factor is satisfied.

       We now turn to the factor the trial court appears to have found more
troubling: whether MBNH is obligated to perform its stated purposes “to the
public rather than simply to [its] members.” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 697-98.
“A taxpayer seeking exemption under RSA 72:23, V bears the burden of proving
that it is obligated to be a public charity, that is, that the general public, or a
substantial portion of it, were the beneficiaries of its uses.” E. Coast Conf. of
the Evangelical Covenant Church of America v. Town of Swanzey, 146 N.H.
658, 662 (2001) (quotation and brackets omitted). “It cannot be considered a
charitable organization if its purposes are confined mostly to benefiting its own
members.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      The trial court concluded:

      In light of the Camp’s significant tuition and fees and the de
      minimis amount of scholarships it granted in 2015, the Court finds
      that MBNH is actually administered so as to benefit a financially
      limited class of youth, rather than youth in general, the general
      public, or “a substantial and indefinite segment of the general
      public that includes residents of the state of New Hampshire.”

MBNH contends this conclusion is erroneous because neither the charging of
tuition nor the alleged negligibility of its scholarship awards disqualifies it from
a charitable tax exemption under RSA 72:23, V. We agree.

      With respect to the first point, we observed long ago that “[t]he charge of
an admission fee, all of the proceeds of which are used to defray operating
expenses, does not alter [an institution’s] standing as a charity.” Portsmouth
Historical Society v. Portsmouth, 89 N.H. 283, 285 (1938) (decided under prior
law). More recently, we “recognized that a corporation does not lose its [tax]


                                         6
exempt status . . . merely because it has a net income or makes a profit or
charges fees for its services. The destination of the income, and not the source
of the income, determines the exemption.” Granite State Mgmt. & Res., 165
N.H. at 292 (quotation omitted); see also ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 701 (noting
that “charging fees to residents of elderly housing does not alone preclude an
organization from obtaining a charitable tax exemption, as long as the fees
directly fulfill the organization’s charitable purpose, or are necessary for the
organization to accomplish its purpose” (quotation omitted)).

       With respect to the second point, MBNH contends that it cannot be
disqualified from obtaining a charitable tax exemption for failing to grant
sufficient scholarships because “an organization does not necessarily have to
serve the poor or the needy in order to qualify for the charitable exemption.”
ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 700 (quotation and brackets omitted). The Town, on
the other hand, asserts that the trial court correctly likened this case to
Western Massachusetts Lifecare v. Board of Assessors, 747 N.E.2d 97 (Mass.
2001).

      Western Massachusetts Lifecare involved a continuing care retirement
community called Reeds Landing. Western Mass. Lifecare, 747 N.E.2d at 100.
The nonprofit corporation operating Reeds Landing appealed the denial of a
charitable tax exemption, under Massachusetts law, for the property on which
Reeds Landing was located. Id. at 102. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court affirmed, noting, in relevant part:

             The benefits of Reeds Landing are limited to those who pass
      its stringent health and financial requirements, requirements that
      make most of the elderly population ineligible for admission. The
      class of elderly persons who can pay an entrance fee of $100,000
      to $300,000 and have, from their remaining assets, monthly
      income of $2,000 to $7,000 is a limited one, not a class that has
      been drawn from a large segment of society or all walks of life.

Id. at 104 (quotation omitted). Here, the Town argues that Camp Marist is like
Reeds Landing because “both organizations charge a significant sum for
services, which necessarily excludes a large segment of the population from
attending.”

      We do not find Camp Marist’s $175 registration fee and tuition rates
ranging from $1,900 to $5,900, depending upon the length and time of stay, to
be comparable to Reeds Landing’s $100,000 to $300,000 entrance fee and
$2,000 to $7,000 monthly income requirements. See id. Rather, we find this
case more analogous to another Massachusetts case, Board of Assessors of
Boston v. Garland School of Home Making, 6 N.E.2d 374 (Mass.1937), in which
the Supreme Judicial Court ordered an abatement of taxes for an institution
claimed by city tax assessors to be “not actually administered for the benefit of


                                       7
an indefinite class of persons” because “its benefits were limited to the rich and
not shared by the poor.” Garland School of Home Making, 6 N.E.2d at 382.
On that point, the court held:

      The assessors’ contention . . . is based on the facts that, so far as
      appears, none of the persons benefited by the taxpayer paid less
      than the full charge for tuition, that the charge in the case of each
      individual was substantial, and that such charges in the aggregate
      resulted in a profit to the taxpayer from the maintenance of the
      school. The requirement of the payment of reasonable fees by
      those who receive the benefits of an institution does not
      necessarily render it noncharitable. Such a requirement does not
      necessarily restrict the class of persons benefited so that it is not
      indefinite. . . . The fact that an educational institution receives
      without charge, or at reduced rates, students unable to pay full
      tuition has some tendency to show that it is charitable in nature,
      but, even if it does not receive students under these conditions,
      such an institution may be a public charity if the class of persons
      benefited by it is indefinite. Though the taxpayer’s charge for
      tuition upon each student was substantial in amount it cannot be
      ruled as [a] matter of law that for this reason the class of persons
      benefited was so restricted as not to be indefinite within the
      meaning of the law of public charities. There well might be a large
      number of persons, many of whom would not ordinarily be
      regarded as rich, who would wish to avail themselves of the
      benefits of the taxpayer’s institution upon the terms prescribed.

Garland School of Home Making, 6 N.E.2d at 382-83; see also New Habitat v.
Tax Collector of Cambridge, 889 N.E.2d 414, 420 (Mass. 2008) (citing Garland
School for proposition that “where an organization’s purposes and methods
[are] traditionally charitable, . . . the organization may charge substantial,
reasonable fees for its services”).

       Here, as in Garland School, “[t]here well might be a large number of
persons, many of whom would not ordinarily be regarded as rich,” Garland
School, 889 N.E.2d at 383, who send their children to Camp Marist
notwithstanding the “significant sum for services” it charges. In addition, as in
New Habitat, there was no evidence that MBNH’s tuition is “unreasonable for
the services provided.” New Habitat, 889 N.E.2d at 420. Indeed, revenue from
tuition and fees alone in 2015 ($1,239,565) would not have covered Camp
Marist’s expenses for that year ($1,255,313). Cf. ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 702
(“Considering that both [of the taxpayer’s] facilities operated at a financial loss,
it is not surprising that we have been directed to no evidence that the charged
fees were equal to, or exceeded, the value or cost of the benefits provided.”).
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s rulings on the



                                         8
second ElderTrust factor “lack evidentiary support” and cannot be upheld.
Jesurum, 169 N.H. at 476.

       We now consider whether the evidence established as a matter of law
that MBNH met the second ElderTrust factor of being “obligat[ed] . . . to
perform [its] stated purpose to the public rather than simply to [its] members.”
ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 697-98. This factor has two components: whether
there is an actual obligation to perform the stated purpose and whether such
performance is to the general public or an indefinite segment of it. Cf.
MacDowell Colony, 157 N.H. at 13 (Dalianis, J., concurring specially).

       With respect to the first component, “[i]n determining whether an
organization has an enforceable obligation to perform a charitable service, we
look to both its charter or organizational statements and its actions taken
pursuant to those statements.” MacDowell Colony, 157 N.H. at 7 (quotation
omitted). MBNH’s Articles of Agreement and by-laws provide that “[t]he object
for which [MBNH] is established is to offer” religious, educational, recreational
and charitable services “to persons of whatever race, nationality, ethnic
background, state or nation of residence.” Both also state that “this
corporation shall provide opportunities to meet primarily the spiritual, cultural
and physical needs of youth.” (Quotations omitted; emphasis added.) Even if
those documents alone did not “sufficiently circumscribe [MBNH’s] discretion
and define an enforceable charitable obligation,” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 700,
we conclude that Camp Marist’s long history of operating in accordance with
its charitable mission does. See Appeal of City of Franklin, 137 N.H. 622, 626
(1993) (decided under prior law) (concluding that the taxpayer evidenced that it
is obligated, by its charter or otherwise to provide low cost care for the elderly
where board of tax and land appeals found taxpayer provided consistent record
of having provided such care for more than fifty years).

       Here, MBNH has operated a summer camp on the Property since its first
season in 1950. Evidence was introduced as to the mission of Camp Marist
and how Marist Brothers’ precepts are implemented at the camp. We note
that, although the trial court questioned the relevance of “the history from 150
years ago at one end . . . [and] the future . . . at the other end,” as MBNH’s
counsel argued at trial, “it’s how they carry on their work[,] [a]nd they’ve
carried it on in the past and they’ll carry it on in the future.” We conclude, as
a matter of law, that MBNH established that it is “obligated, by its charter or
otherwise,” to perform its stated purpose. Appeal of City of Franklin, 137 N.H.
at 624 (quotation omitted).

       We now consider whether MBNH performs its “stated purpose to the
public rather than simply to [its] members.” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 697-98.
“[T]he test of the public character of a charitable institution is not that all of
the public is admitted to its benefits, but that an indefinite number of the
public are so admitted, [and] that its benefits are not restricted to its corporate


                                         9
members . . . .” Sisters of Mercy v. Hooksett, 93 N.H. 301, 309 (1945) (decided
under prior law); see also E. Coast Conf., 146 N.H. at 662 (same). We agree
with the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court that, “although at any given
moment an organization may serve only a relatively small number of persons, if
that membership is fluid and is drawn from a large segment of society or all
walks of life, the organization may qualify as charitable.” New England Legal
Foundation v. Boston, 670 N.E.2d 152, 159 (Mass. 1996) (citations omitted).

      Here, the parties stipulated that Camp Marist draws about 500 children
a year “from the United States, including the State of New Hampshire, and
around the world.” The youth served by MBNH, like the students in Garland
School, “clearly constitute an indefinite class of persons. They would naturally
change from year to year and . . . it could have been inferred [from the age
range of children eligible to attend, that, over time,] they actually did.” Garland
School, 6 N.E.2d at 382. We conclude, as a matter of law, that MBNH satisfied
both components of the second ElderTrust factor.

       MBNH next contends that the trial court misapplied the third ElderTrust
factor, which requires that, “in addition to being owned by the organization,”
the land “is occupied by it and used directly for the stated charitable
purposes.” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 698. The trial court found that this factor
was not satisfied because the testimony did not establish that Camp Marist’s
off-season rentals “directly fulfill MBNH’s charitable purpose, or are reasonably
necessary for MBNH to accomplish its purpose.” (Quotation and brackets
omitted.) MBNH argues that its entitlement to a charitable tax exemption is
not defeated by either its own limited seasonal use of the property, or its off-
season rental of the property to others. See Green Acre Baha’i Institute v.
Town of Eliot, 110 A.2d 581, 583 (Me. 1954) (“Exemption is not defeated by the
fact that the use by the charitable institution for [its] own purposes is
seasonal.”); Senior Citizens Housing Dev. Corp. v. City of Claremont, 122 N.H.
1104, 1107 (1982) (decided under prior law) (observing that “not all types of
rentals preclude a tax exemption”). MBNH also notes that “the lion’s share of
the 2015 off-season rental revenues ($92,854) was attributable to leases with
Catholic educational institutions — organizations that actually do share the
Marist Brothers’s twin charitable missions of ‘advancing education’ and ‘aiding
religion.’” (Footnote omitted.)

       The Town, on the other hand, contends that the evidence at trial
“established that there are no restrictions on who can rent the Camp property,
nor are there any restrictions on how the groups use the Property,” and,
therefore, established that the rentals do not directly fulfill MBNH’s charitable
purpose and are not necessary for MBNH to accomplish that purpose. The
Town cites our decision in Alton Bay Camp Meeting Association v. Alton, 109
N.H. 44 (1968) (decided under prior law), in which we held that certain
property owned by the plaintiff Association, but occupied by owners of cottages
built thereon, would not qualify for a charitable tax exemption where “the


                                        10
cottage owners, by virtue of their lease, are entitled as of right to use and
occupy this land directly for their own purposes.” Alton Bay Camp Meeting
Asso., 109 N.H. at 49-50. This unrestricted right, we concluded, “negatives a
use and occupancy directly for charitable purposes by the association, which
are essential requisites for an exemption.” Id. at 50.

       We need not consider either the lack of restrictions on who may rent the
property at issue, or the allegedly charitable nature of the organizations that
account for the “lion’s share” of actual rentals. “To qualify for an exemption,
[the Property], in addition to being owned by [MBNH], would have to be
occupied by [MBNH] and used directly by [MBNH] for its charitable purposes.”
Id. at 49 (emphasis added). Rental of the property to others will not defeat
entitlement to a charitable exemption so long as “the rentals directly fulfill the
organization’s charitable purpose, or are necessary for the organization to
accomplish its purpose.” Senior Citizens Housing Dev. Corp., 122 N.H. at
1108. On the other hand, “when property is owned and rented commercially
as an adjunct to a charitable purpose, no tax exemption is allowed under RSA
72:23, V.” The Housing Partnership v. Town of Rollinsford, 141 N.H. 239, 243
(1996).

        We will assume, without deciding, that the trial court correctly found
that the evidence failed to show that MBNH’s 2015 off-season rentals directly
fulfilled its charitable purpose, or were necessary for it to accomplish that
purpose. See Senior Citizens Housing Dev. Corp., 122 N.H. at 1108.
Nevertheless, MBNH argues for full tax exemption on grounds that “the
‘dominant’ or ‘primary use’ of the property embracing Camp Marist was
certainly not off-season rentals, but rather the operation of a summer camp
aimed at the educational and spiritual development of youth” and that its off-
season rentals are “an ‘incidental’ use under Kiwanis.” See Appeal of Kiwanis
Club of Hudson, 140 N.H. 92, 95 (1995). In Kiwanis, we noted that, even
“assuming arguendo that Kiwanis’ use of the [property at issue] for its own
fund-raising purposes would not fulfill Kiwanis’ charitable purpose, that use is
incidental to Kiwanis’ primary use of the [property],” which, we had previously
concluded, directly fulfilled Kiwanis’ charitable purpose. Id. “As a result,” we
held, “Kiwanis [was] entitled to a full exemption from property taxes for the
[applicable] tax year.” Id.

       The Town counters that MBNH’s off-season rentals “are not merely an
incidental use of the property.” It asserts that “[i]n 2015, [MBNH] rented its
property to six (6) different organizations for a total of twenty-six (26) days.
This is roughly half of the time when the property is devoted to summer camp
use, which is approximately 49 days (7 weeks).”

     Our cases neither define “incidental use” nor instruct as to what criteria
should be used to determine whether a use is “incidental.” In Kiwanis, the use
we characterized as incidental consisted of fund-raising on the property one


                                        11
night a week, “business meetings twice a month, several special meetings
throughout the year, and a community Christmas party for underprivileged
children once a year.” Kiwanis, 140 N.H. at 93. The primary use took place
four nights a week. Id. We did not, however, explicitly rest our distinction
between primary and incidental uses on a temporal division between them.
See id. at 95. Moreover, for reasons discussed below, we find the
quantification urged by the Town to be particularly inappropriate for the
property at issue here.

      In determining whether a use is “incidental,” we find the Maine Supreme
Judicial Court’s decision in Hebron Academy, Inc. v. Town of Hebron, 60 A.3d
774 (Me. 2013), instructive. There, the court explained:

      Property may be “occupied or used solely for” an organization’s
      own tax-exempt purposes if its use for non-exempt purposes is
      sufficiently “incidental” to the organization’s tax-exempt purposes.
      Our decisions have recognized two types of “incidental use” that
      qualify for this exception.

            ....

             The first type of incidental use relates to institutional
      necessity, and involves property uses that are appurtenant to an
      institution’s major tax-exempt purpose. . . .

            ....

             The second type of incidental use that does not preclude the
      exemption involves de minimis uses of property that do not
      interfere with the institution’s major tax-exempt purpose.

Hebron Academy, Inc., 60 A.3d at 781-82. MBNH asserts the second type of
exception here.

       We begin with the requirement that the asserted incidental use does “not
interfere with the institution’s major tax-exempt purpose,” id. at 782, as it
highlights why the approach we take here is more suited to the property at
issue than is the Town’s approach, i.e., comparing the number of days devoted
to the alleged incidental use to the number of days devoted to the primary use.
As examples of the second exception, the Hebron court cited, first, a case in
which “a non-profit summer camp’s rental of its facilities to organizational
officers was an ‘incidental use’ not precluding exemption where the camp
charged a nominal fee and rented the facilities only when otherwise vacant,” id.
(citing Salvation Army v. Town of Standish, 709 A.2d 727 (Me. 1998)), and,
second, a case affirming a “tax exemption for a non-profit summer camp that
leased its property in the off-season,” id. (citing Episcopal Camp Foundation v.


                                       12
Town of Hope, 666 A.2d 108 (Me. 1995)). The rationale for allowing such off-
season rentals was articulated long ago by the New York Court of Appeals in a
case dealing with off-season leasing of the property of a school:

             We think the plaintiff did not waive or forfeit the [tax]
      exemption . . . by leasing the building and premises during the
      usual vacation period in the summer for a boarding-house. The
      policy of the exemption is the encouragement of learning. This
      policy is not subverted, but on the contrary is promoted by
      permitting the plaintiff to devote the premises to a profitable use
      during the summer months when they are not needed and cannot
      be used for the purposes of a school. If the premises should be left
      wholly vacant during this time, it is not pretended that the
      property could be taxed. By leasing the premises during the
      summer the corporation is enabled to increase its income
      applicable to the purposes of its creation.

Temple Grove Seminary v. Cramer, 98 N.Y. 121, 126 (1885) (citation omitted);
cf. St. Paul’s Church v. Concord, 75 N.H. 420, 426 (1910) (concluding, under
prior law, that “an occasional and temporary occupation by third parties who
pay for the privilege [did not] deprive[] the property of its nontaxable character”
as a house of public worship and that “[i]f there is no substantial abandonment
of the property by the church to uses other than those it was designed to
promote, the receipt of pay for its temporary use, when not needed or desired
for religious services, is merely incidental and subsidiary”).

      Here, Camp Marist is a residential summer camp on Ossipee Lake that
serves children aged six to sixteen. The availability of its school-aged clientele
and, presumably, the occurrence of appropriate weather conditions for running
a lakeside summer camp, limit Camp Marist’s operating season to late June
through mid-August — in other words, during summer vacation for school
children. The use asserted to be incidental is off-season rental of the Property.
Accordingly, it does not interfere with the operation of Camp Marist, the
primary use by which MBNH accomplishes its charitable purposes of
“advancing education and aiding religion.”

       We next consider whether MBNH’s off-season rentals are a “de minimis
use[] of [the] property.” Hebron Academy, 60 A.3d at 782. In Hebron Academy,
the court concluded that the property rentals at issue were de minimis where
“the trial court found that Hebron Academy’s rental activity amounted to
approximately one percent of its operating budget.” Id.; cf. People v. Haring,
170 N.E.2d 677, 678, 681 (N.Y. 1960) (farm property on which a religious
organization produced food to feed “students, teachers, workers and members
of the religious body” did not lose tax exemption due to selling “a small part
(5% to 10%) of the farm produce,” characterized as “incidental and
insubstantial,” as surplus).


                                        13
      The trial court found that MBNH’s total expenses for 2015 were
$1,255,313. Thus, approximating1 the measurement used in Hebron Academy,
MBNH’s off-season rental income of $92,854 that year amounted to
approximately 7% of total expenses. See Hebron Academy, 60 A.3d at 782.
When calculated as a percentage of total revenue for 2015, which the trial
court found was $1,363,200, the figure drops to less than 7%. We conclude
that this use was de minimis. Cf. id.; Haring, 170 N.E.2d at 678. Accordingly,
because off-season rentals did not interfere with MBNH’s primary charitable
purpose and were a de minimis use, we conclude that they were an incidental
use. Hebron Academy, 60 A.3d at 782. Because such incidental use does not
negate entitlement to a full charitable tax exemption, see Appeal of Kiwanis
Club, 140 N.H. at 95, we hold that the trial court erred in concluding that
MBNH’s off-season rentals precluded a tax exemption here.

      We now consider whether MBNH’s primary use of the Property satisfied
the third ElderTrust factor, which “primarily asks whether the charitable
purpose identified under the first factor is being carried out on the particular
parcel of property for which the exemption is being sought.” ElderTrust, 154
N.H. at 700-01. To satisfy this factor, “the occupancy of the property must be
reasonably necessary for the charitable organization to carry out its mission,”
and the use must not be “slight, negligible or insignificant, or not in the
performance of the public purpose.” Id. at 701. For the many reasons
articulated above, we conclude, as a matter of law, that MBNH’s use of the
Property to operate Camp Marist meets these criteria and, accordingly, that
MBNH satisfies the third ElderTrust factor.

       MBNH next argues that the trial court erred in concluding that its
annual contribution to U.S. Province disqualifies it from an exemption under
the fourth ElderTrust factor, which asks whether “any of the organization’s
income or profits are used for any purpose other than the purpose for which
the organization was established” and precludes exemption if “the
organization’s officers or members . . . derive any pecuniary profit or benefit.”
Id. at 698. MBNH contends that the annual contribution is “aimed at
stabilizing (meaning ensuring the survival of) each” U.S. Province ministry,
including Camp Marist, and that the payment reflects: (1) “the value of the
financial stabilization furnished by” U.S. Province; (2) “the uncompensated
service of those who acquired, established, built, and have since directed,
managed and staffed Camp Marist”; and (3) “additional financial benefits” to
MBNH from U.S. Province in the form of health, property and liability, and
motor vehicle insurance as well as accounting services. MBNH asserts that
“the 2015 contribution does not approach the value of the benefits conferred”
on Marist Brothers by U.S. Province and contends that “payment of reasonable

1While Hebron Academy used operating expenses in its calculation, no testimony on operating
expenses was presented in this case. Accordingly, we use the total expenses figure testified to by
Marist Brothers’ chief financial officer.


                                                14
compensation to members for their service,” Young Women’s Christian Ass’n v.
Portsmouth, 89 N.H. 40, 44 (1937), does not disqualify it from a charitable
exemption.

      The Town, on the other hand, argues that the trial court “correctly found
that [MBNH] presented insufficient evidence to support a finding that the
amount of the assessments is related to the value of the benefit [MBNH]
receives from . . . U.S. Province.” (Emphasis added; bolding omitted.) The trial
court found:

       [T]he evidence regarding how the assessment is calculated and
       used was murky at best. Although MBNH offered general
       testimony regarding “stabilization” and the benefits it receives as
       the result of its affiliation with . . . U.S. Province, it does not
       appear that the amount of the assessment is directly tied to the
       value of these benefits, but is instead, according to [MBNH’s chief
       financial officer’s] testimony, . . . determined based upon the
       financial health of MBNH.

(Emphasis added.)

      Both the trial court and the Town misconstrue Marist Brothers’ position
on the assessments to U.S. Province. Marist Brothers does not contend that
the assessment is “related to” or “directly tied to” the value of the benefits it
receives from U.S. Province but, rather, asserts that the latter far exceed the
former. As MBNH explained in its trial memorandum:

       U.S. Province . . . (a) purchased the Lake Ossipee property for the
       non-profit that it established, (b) built the physical plant and
       facilities of Camp Marist, (c) devoted the uncompensated service
       and labor of its Brothers, as builders and summer staff, (d)
       furnished management and professional services, and (e) otherwise
       subsidized its operations in each of the last sixty-six (66) years.

Viewed in the context of MBNH’s assertion that the benefits received from U.S.
Province greatly exceeded the assessment, evidence that the amount of the
assessment is calculated annually “based upon the financial health of MBNH”
is neither inconsistent with that assertion nor a factor disqualifying MBNH
from a tax exemption for the year in question. Instead, the evidence is fully
consistent with MBNH paying all that it can afford2 toward reimbursing U.S.
Province for benefits to MBNH — accrued over the course of its corporate
existence — that exceed its ability to pay.


2As noted previously, MBNH had net income of $107,907 in 2015 and paid an assessment of
$106,000 to U.S. Province that year.


                                            15
       While testimony was not heard on every point, the evidence at trial
generally corroborated MBNH’s assertions regarding the benefits provided by
U.S. Province. For instance, with respect to MBNH’s assertions that U.S.
Province purchased the Property, constructed the facilities on it, and provided
unpaid staffing and labor by its Brothers, the evidence substantiated U.S.
Province’s founding role. The parties stipulated that “U.S. Province . . . has
founded and/or staffed and funded educational ministries, open to youth of all
faiths, throughout the United States.” The trial court found that “U.S. Province
established MBNH in connection with the acquisition, development and
operation of Camp Marist.” MBNH’s chief financial officer (CFO) affirmed Town
counsel’s suggestion that U.S. Province “could have purchased the camp in
New Hampshire under that corporate name . . . [but] at some point . . . a
decision was made to create a New Hampshire entity.” The trial court also
found that “[i]n the early days, [Camp Marist] was staffed almost exclusively by
Marist Brothers who worked without compensation.” Furthermore, while some
staff at present are paid employees, the camp is also still staffed by Marist
Brothers, “who receive no compensation aside from room and board.”

      With respect to MBNH’s assertion that U.S. Province provides it financial
benefits such as insurance, the trial court found that U.S. Province “purchases
group property insurance and auto insurance for its ministries, which the
ministries then pay for, allowing each ministry to pay less for insurance than it
would if it purchased insurance on its own.” The CFO testified that in 2015,
U.S. Province charged MBNH $58,000 for property liability insurance that
would have cost MBNH over $100,000 if it “was a stand-alone.” When asked
how he determined the price charged to MBNH, the CFO responded that when
he “started the job 12 years ago, [U.S. Province was] charging Camp Marist
$58,000, and [he] kept it the same since [he has] been doing the job.” With
respect to motor vehicle insurance, the CFO testified that he “decided just to
charge Camp Marist $300” per vehicle for coverage under a group policy for
which “[t]he actual insurance bill for the Province was $1200 for each car that
we own.” Thus, the testimony indicated that U.S. Province does not just pass
along the savings it obtains by insuring all of its ministries, but actually
subsidizes Camp Marist’s insurance costs.

       With respect to the asserted benefit MBNH characterized as a
“stabilization program” at trial, MBNH’s bylaws obligate it to “make
contributions to [U.S. Province] to provide support to the religious works and
health and well-being of the Marist Brothers who have founded and assisted
[MBNH] in meeting the spiritual, cultural and physical needs of the youth
served.” Each of U.S. Province’s ministries, except a retreat house in New
York, is charged an assessment similar to that charged MBNH. The
assessments are deposited in U.S. Province’s general operating fund and, as
the trial court found, are “used, generally, to support all of the U.S. Marist
ministries when needed.” This “stabilization program” appears to function as a
group self-insurance of sorts. Thus, the trial court noted, and apparently


                                       16
credited, evidence that if Camp Marist “were to have some shortfall, as it did in
2008 when several buildings were destroyed during a snowstorm, . . . U.S.
Province would help the Camp financially.” (Quotation omitted.) According to
the executive director’s testimony, the 2008 financial assistance consisted of
U.S. Province covering the $75,000 insurance deductible for the collapsed
buildings.

      Finally, the court found that U.S. Province uses funds in its general
operating account “to provide health insurance for the Brothers, both active
and retired, and to support the living expenses of retired Brothers.” Thus,
similar to the “stabilization program” described above, this use of assessment
funds appears to operate as a pension of sorts. To the extent that Brothers of
MBNH benefit from that “pension,” as well as from the health insurance,
MBNH’s contribution via the annual assessment is analogous to, as MBNH
contends, “payment of reasonable compensation to members for their service in
the maintenance and conduct of its affairs.” Id. We conclude that this
evidence of benefits provided by U.S. Province compels a finding that MBNH’s
payment of the 2015 annual assessment is not inconsistent with the
requirement that neither any of its officers or members, nor any related
organization, including U.S. Province, “derive any pecuniary profit or benefit,”
ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 698, from its operations.

      We note that courts in other jurisdictions have held that similar
payments for assistance by a parent organization did not preclude a charitable
tax exemption. In Lehighton Area School District v. Carbon County, 708 A.2d
1297 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1998), for instance, the District argued that monies
transferred by the taxpayer (Hospital) to an affiliated entity (Health East) from
1987 to 1991 precluded Hospital from qualifying for a charitable tax
exemption. Lehighton Area Sc. Dist., 708 A.2d at 1306. The court disagreed:

      The record reveals that the Hospital did transfer approximately
      $550,000 to Health East each year in 1989 and 1990 and that the
      Hospital paid that corporation $200,000 for development of a
      computer system. The District, however, ignores the fact that the
      Hospital received substantial services and grants in return for
      those transfers. The Hospital received a package of management
      services, which the Common Pleas Court found could not be
      produced by the Hospital “in-house.” Also, the Hospital received
      $575,000 in grants from Health East and a membership in the
      Voluntary Hospitals of America. The membership saved the
      Hospital between $70,000 and $100,000 each year in purchasing
      discounts. In addition, the Hospital gained access to fifteen
      medical specialists. All the above benefits, in our view, supported
      and increased the efficiency of the Hospital. Because the Hospital
      received substantial benefits in return for the funds transferred to
      Health East, which benefits supported and enhanced the


                                       17
      functioning of the Hospital, we hold that the Hospital qualified for
      a tax exemption under Section 204 of the Law.

Id.; see also Affiliated Medical Transport v. Tax Com’n, 755 S.W.2d 646, 650
(Mo. Ct. App. 1988) (concluding that tax commission’s finding that the taxpayer
“returned a net profit of $32,000.00 from its emergency medical transportation
services fails to consider the [corporate parent’s] costs in acquiring the assets
to be used by [the taxpayer] and the capital expenditures of $300,000.00 by the
[corporate parent]”); Appeal of Community General Hosp., 708 A.2d 124, 130-
31 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1998) (concluding that the taxpayer was entitled to
charitable tax exemption where, “[a]lthough [the taxpayer] pays [its corporate
parent] a hefty fee each year for management services, the consideration that
[the taxpayer] receives from [its parent company] far exceeds the value of that
payment[;] . . . [s]uch a reciprocal arrangement is not the equivalent of
transferring surplus revenues to a related entity that does not operate free of
the profit motive”).

       To the extent the Town argues that MBNH’s allowance of “up to fifty (50)
to sixty (60) children or relatives of camp employees and brothers to attend the
camp for free each summer, some for multiple weeks[,] . . . provides a further
pecuniary benefit to members of the organization,” we disagree. First, there
was no evidence that the lay staff of Camp Marist who are paid for their
services are members of MBNH and, in fact, MBNH’s bylaws would indicate
otherwise. As found by the trial court, the bylaws direct that the corporation’s
members “shall be the Major Superior (Reverend Brother Provincial), and
Provincial Council of the United States Province of the Religious Institute of the
Marist Brothers of the Schools.” (Quotation omitted.) As for the Marist
Brothers, even assuming they could be considered members of MBNH, they
receive no compensation other than room and board. Thus, free camp
attendance for the Brothers’ relatives would constitute nothing more than
“payment of reasonable compensation to members for their service,” Young
Women’s Christian Ass’n, 89 N.H. at 44. For all of the foregoing reasons, we
conclude there was no evidence that MBNH’s “officers or members . . . derive[d]
any pecuniary profit or benefit” from MBNH or Camp Marist. ElderTrust, 154
N.H. at 698.

      The fourth ElderTrust factor also asks whether “any of the organization’s
income or profits are used for any purpose other than the purpose for which
the organization was established.” Id. The trial court stated that it “heard no
testimony that . . . U.S. Province uses the money from the assessment to
advance MBNH’s mission of ‘advancing education’ and ‘aiding religion.’” The
Town similarly argues that if MBNH’s “purpose is to provide opportunities to
meet primarily the spiritual, cultural and physical needs of youth,’ it is difficult
to reconcile how making unrestricted payments to . . . U.S. Province furthers
this purpose in any meaningful way.”



                                        18
         MBNH counters that both the Town and the trial court fail to recognize
that U.S. Province is “entirely aligned with MBNH’s charitable purposes.” We
agree with MBNH, as uncontroverted evidence and the trial court’s own
findings support its position. The trial court found that U.S. Province “operates
a number of ministries throughout the United States, all of which share the
general mission of educating and spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ to
youth.” (Citations omitted; emphasis added.) It further found that “[i]n
addition to Camp Marist, . . . U.S. Province has seven high schools and a
retreat house in Esopus, New York which is used for weekend retreats in the
winter and[, in the summer,] as a camp for children that are deaf, or have
cancer, AIDS, or special needs.” Camp Marist’s Director of Mission testified
that “[t]he education and the religious instruction of youth would be [the
mission of] all Marist Brothers, all Marist ministries.” He also testified that
“[t]he mission of Camp Marist fits into all the ministries of the Marist Brothers.
. . . [T]he mission of all Marist ministries is to work with youth to spread the
gospel message to youth. That’s the purpose of Camp Marist and all of our
Marist schools.”

       The trial court found that each ministry of U.S. Province, except the
retreat house in Esopus, is charged an assessment. As noted above, MBNH
contends, and the evidence generally corroborated, that the assessment is
“aimed at stabilizing (meaning ensuring the survival of) each” U.S. Province
ministry. Thus, the CFO testified that, similarly to subsidizing Camp Marist for
the 2008 building collapse, U.S. Province has subsidized other Marist
ministries. The CFO also testified as to insurance benefits provided to other
Marist ministries, in addition to Camp Marist, through the purchase of group
policies. Finally, as noted above with respect to Camp Marist, provision of
health insurance and an internal pension system for Marist Brothers who work
at U.S. Province’s various ministries is analogous to “payment of reasonable
compensation to members for their service in the maintenance and conduct of
its affairs,” Young Women’s Christian Ass’n, 89 N.H. at 44.

        We see no reason to assume that these payments to or on behalf of other
U.S. Province ministries do not help those ministries further their mission in
the same way that such payments assist Camp Marist. Insuring, financially
stabilizing, and reasonably compensating the staff of these ministries, as
testified to by the CFO, would appear to do nothing more than maintain the
viability and functionality of these missions. No evidence adduced at trial
suggested a contrary purpose or result. And because, as the trial court found,
all of U.S. Province’s ministries “share the general mission of educating and
spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ to youth,” there was no evidence that any
of MBNH’s “income or profits [were] used,” by means of the assessment to U.S.
Province or otherwise, “for any purpose other than the purpose for which
[MBNH] was established.” ElderTrust, 154 N.H. at 698. We conclude for the
foregoing reasons, that the fourth ElderTrust factor was met.



                                       19
      Having concluded that MBNH satisfied all of the ElderTrust factors, we
reverse the trial court’s decision and hold that MBNH is entitled to a charitable
tax exemption under RSA 72:23, V for the 2015 tax year. In light of this
holding, we need not address MBNH’s challenge to the trial court’s ruling on
the motion in limine.

                                                  Reversed.

      LYNN, C.J., and BASSETT and HANTZ MARCONI, JJ., concurred.




                                       20
