                                   United States Court of Appeals,

                                          Eleventh Circuit.

                                            No. 96-2256.

                         UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                  v.

 Wayne Thomas Charles VAUTIER, a.k.a. Ian Garfield McKinnon, etc., Defendant-Appellant.

                                           May 11, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 91-68-CR-
FTM-25D), Elizabeth A. Kovachevich, Judge.

Before COX and HULL, Circuit Judges, and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge.

          HULL, Circuit Judge:

          Appellant Wayne Thomas Charles Vautier appeals the district court's denial of his motion

to reduce his sentence filed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). We affirm.

                                              I. FACTS

A. Original Sentence

          Vautier pled guilty to conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to distribute 100

or more marijuana plants in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 846, possession of a firearm during and in

relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and conspiracy to use

intimidation and threats and/or corruptly persuading another person to influence the testimony in

an official proceeding in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1512(b)(1). At sentencing, the district

court found Vautier responsible for 465 marijuana plants and 206 grams of hashish oil. Under the

sentencing guidelines, the marijuana plants and hashish oil were converted into a marijuana

equivalency of 475.10 kilograms, giving Vautier a base offense level of 28. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1

(1992).
       The district court made several adjustments to Vautier's offense level. The district court

adjusted Vautier's offense level upward four levels for his role in the offense and two levels for

obstruction of justice. The district court also adjusted the offense level downward two levels for

acceptance of responsibility, giving Vautier an adjusted offense level of 32. On the Government's

5K2.1 motion, the district court departed upward six levels for Vautier's causing the death of his

brother during the commission of a drug trafficking offense. On the Government's 5K1.1 motion

for substantial assistance, the district court departed downward eight levels, making Vautier's final

total offense level 30.1 The court sentenced Vautier to a total of 120 months.2 Vautier's sentence

was affirmed on direct appeal. United States v. Vautier, 36 F.3d 93 (11th Cir.1994) (table).

B. Amendment 516

       Two years later, the Sentencing Commission adopted Amendment 516, which reduced the

weight equivalent per plant from 1,000 grams to 100 grams of marijuana. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)

(1995). Under Amendment 516, the total weight of marijuana attributable to Vautier for sentencing

purposes would be reduced to 47.8 kilograms, resulting in a base offense level of 20, as opposed to

the base offense level of 28 at sentencing. The Sentencing Commission expressly provided that

Amendment 516 have retroactive effect. See U.S.S.G.App. C, amend. 516.


   1
    At the sentencing hearing, the government moved for a two-level downward departure based
on Vautier's substantial assistance. The district court granted this motion, which should have
resulted in an offense level of 36 and sentencing guideline range of 188 to 235 months.
However, without restating the specific number of levels it intended to depart for substantial
assistance, the court imposed a sentence of 120 months. On appeal, the parties do not address
this discrepancy and assume the court imposed an eight-level downward departure for substantial
assistance. Thus, for purposes of this appeal, we assume that the court granted an eight-level
downward departure for substantial assistance, arriving at a total offense level of 30.
   2
    Since Vautier fell within a criminal history category of I, the applicable sentencing range for
his total offense level of 30 was 97 to 121 months.

                                                 2
        A defendant serving a prison sentence may seek a reduction in his sentence pursuant to 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) if the guideline range applicable to that defendant is lowered as a result of

Amendment 516. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 (1995). Based on Amendment 516, Vautier filed a motion to

reduce his sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2). The district court denied the motion, stating that "in

light of this Court's expressed concern of the defendant's demonstrated violence and factoring all of

the other considerations with went into the establishment of this defendant's sentence, the same

sentence would have been imposed under the current amended guidelines." On appeal, Vautier

argues that the district court erred in denying his § 3582(c)(2) motion to reduce his sentence.3

                                         II. DISCUSSION

       We first review § 3582(c)(2) and Sentencing Guideline 1B1.10, which govern the district

court's consideration of defendant's motion.

A. Section 3582(c)(2)

       Section 3582(c)(2) addresses reductions in sentences when the sentencing range has been

lowered and provides as follows:

       The court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that—

       ...

       (2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on
       a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission
       pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of the defendant or the Director of the Bureau
       of Prisons, or on its own motion, the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after
       considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if
       such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
       Commission.


   3
    We review a district court's decision whether to reduce a sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
3582(c)(2) for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562 (11th
Cir.1997).

                                                 3
18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2). In construing § 3582(c)(2), this court has held that "[w]hen a sentencing

guideline is amended to benefit an offender and retroactive application is authorized, the district

court may reduce the previously imposed sentence "after considering the factors set forth in section

3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with the applicable

policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.' " United States v. Brown, 104 F.3d 1254,

1255 (11th Cir.1997) (quoting in part 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)).

       Section 1B1.10(b) of the Sentencing Guidelines requires the district court to consider what

sentence it would have imposed had the retroactive amendment been in effect at the time the

defendant was sentenced, as follows:

(b) In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in sentence is warranted for a defendant
        eligible for consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the court should consider the
        sentence that it would have imposed had the amendment(s) to the guidelines listed in
        subsection (c) been in effect at the time the defendant was sentenced.




                                                 4
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b).4 The commentary accompanying U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b) instructs the court

that "[i]n determining the amended guideline range under subsection (b), the court shall substitute

only the amendments listed in subsection (c) for the corresponding guideline provisions that were

applied when the defendant was sentenced. All other guideline application decisions remain

unaffected." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. n. 2.

        Thus, reading § 3582(c)(2) and the Sentencing Guidelines together, the district court must

make two distinct determinations before deciding whether to reduce a defendant's sentence under

§ 3582(c)(2). See United States v. Brown, 104 F.3d 1254, 1255 (11th Cir.1997); United States v.

Wyatt, 115 F.3d 606, 608-09 (8th Cir.1997). First, the court must substitute the amended guideline

range for the originally applied guideline range and determine what sentence it would have imposed.

In undertaking this first step, only the amended guideline range is changed. All other guideline

application decisions made during the original sentencing remain intact. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b),


   4
    Section 1B1.10 states in full:

       (a) Where a defendant is serving a term of imprisonment, and the guideline range
             applicable to that defendant has subsequently been lowered as a result of an
             amendment to the Guidelines Manual listed in subsection (c) below, a reduction
             in the defendant's term of imprisonment is authorized under 18 U.S.C. §
             3582(c)(2). If none of the amendments listed in subsection (c) is applicable, a
             reduction in the defendant's term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is
             not consistent with this policy statement and thus is not authorized.

       (b) In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in sentence is warranted for a
               defendant eligible for consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the court
               should consider the sentence that it would have imposed had the amendment(s) to
               the guidelines listed in subsection (c) been in effect at the time the defendant was
               sentenced.

       (c) Amendments covered by this policy statement are listed in Appendix C as follows:
             126, 130, 156, 176, 269, 329, 341, 371, 380, 433, 454, 461, 484, 488, 490, 499,
             505, 506, and 516.

                                                5
comment. n. 2; see also Wyatt, 115 F.3d at 609 (holding that district court must leave intact "all

other previous factual decisions concerning particularized sentencing factors"). Second, in light of

the conclusion reached in the first step, the court must consider the factors listed in § 3553(a) and

determine whether or not to reduce the defendant's original sentence.

B. Vautier's Motion

        Vautier first contends that the district court was required to grant his motion to reduce his

sentence. We disagree. Although the district court must undertake the two-step analysis outlined

above, the district court is not required to reduce the defendant's sentence. See United States v.

Vazquez, 53 F.3d 1216, 1227-28 (11th Cir.1995). Both the language of § 3582(c)(2) and this

circuit's precedent indicate that the sentencing court's power to reduce a sentence is discretionary.

See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) (stating that court "may reduce the term of imprisonment"); United

States v. Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562 (11th Cir.1997) ("A court's power to reduce sentences under

§ 3582(c)(2) is discretionary.").

        In the alternative, Vautier argues that the statutory grant of discretionary authority in §

3582(c) is ambiguous and thus, the rule of lenity should apply. The rule of lenity requires that actual

ambiguities in criminal statutes, including sentencing provisions, be resolved in favor of criminal

defendants. United States v. Lazo-Ortiz, 136 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir.1998). Vautier's contention

on this point also lacks merit. The grant of authority to the district court to reduce a term of

imprisonment is unambiguously discretionary.

        Vautier next argues that the district court was required to apply its previous eight-level

downward departure to the amended guideline when considering what sentence it would have

imposed under the amended guideline. It is clear that the court was required to substitute the


                                                  6
amended guideline range for the originally applied guideline range and consider what sentence it

would have imposed. To date, this court has not addressed whether, as part of this consideration,

the district court must re-apply a downward departure granted at the original sentencing.

       Vautier contends U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 requires the district court to apply the original

adjustments and departures, but this time to a new starting point—the base offense level under the

amended guideline. Thus, according to Vautier, the district court in his case was required to apply

all the adjustments and departures made at his original sentencing, including the eight-level

downward departure, to his new base offense level of 20 under the amended guideline to arrive at

a total offense level of 22 and a sentencing range of 41 to 51 months.5

       This precise issue was addressed correctly by the Eighth Circuit in United States v. Wyatt,

115 F.3d 606, 610 (8th Cir.1997). Wyatt held that the district court is not bound to honor its original

downward departure when considering what sentence it would have imposed had the amended

guideline been in effect at the time of sentencing. In Wyatt, 980 marijuana plants were attributed

to the defendant for sentencing purposes. 115 F.3d at 607. The defendant's sentence was

determined after the district court granted the government's 5K1.1 motion for a downward departure

for substantial assistance. Id. Following the enactment of Amendment 516, the defendant moved

to modify his sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2). Id. at 608. The defendant argued "that applying



   5
    The parties do not dispute that Vautier's base offense level under the amended guideline
would be 20. Applying a four-level upward adjustment for the role in the offense, a two-level
upward adjustment for obstruction of justice, and a two-level downward adjustment for
acceptance of responsibility, Vautier's adjusted offense level would be 24. With a criminal
history category of I, Vautier's amended guideline range would be 51-63 months. Under
Vautier's argument, the court then would be bound to apply the six-level upward departure for
causing his brother's death and the eight-level downward departure for substantial assistance for
a total offense level of 22.

                                                  7
Amendment 516 entitle[d] him to a new point from which departure should occur, and ... that he

[was] entitled to a departure from this new Guideline range ... proportionally equal to the departure

granted at the original sentencing." Id. The Eighth Circuit disagreed, explaining that, although the

commentary to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 states that "all other guideline application decisions remain

unaffected" when the court considers what sentence it would have imposed had the amended

guideline been in effect at the time of the original sentencing, a discretionary decision to permit a

downward departure from the amended guideline range for substantial assistance is not such a

"guideline application decision," as follows:

       The Guidelines instruct that when a district court considers what sentence it would have
       imposed had the amendment been in effect at the time of the original sentencing, the court
       considers the amended Guidelines provision, but "[a]ll other guideline decisions remain
       unaffected." A discretionary decision to depart from the Guidelines range on the basis of
       substantial assistance made at the original time of sentencing is not a "guideline application
       decision" that remains intact when the court considers the new Guideline range. The district
       court's discretionary decision of whether to depart from the new amended Guidelines range
       based upon Wyatt's prior substantial assistance is not dictated or mandated by either its prior
       decision to depart or by the extent of the prior departure, because "the benefit accruing from
       a lowered sentence range is independent of any substantial-assistance considerations." The
       district court retains unfettered discretion to consider anew whether a departure from the new
       sentencing range is now warranted in light of the defendant's prior substantial assistance.

Id. at 610 (citations omitted).

       We find the reasoning of the Eighth Circuit persuasive and hold that a district court, ruling

on a defendant's § 3582(c)(2) motion, has the discretion to decide whether to re-apply a downward

departure for substantial assistance when considering what sentence the court would have imposed

under the amended guideline. This conclusion is supported by the Sentencing Commission's latest

amendment to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, which provides in the commentary, inter alia, that "[w]hen the

original sentence represented a downward departure, a comparable reduction below the amended

guideline range may be appropriate; ..." See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, comment. n. 3. (emphasis supplied).

                                                 8
The negative inference of this permissive language indicates that a downward departure may also

be inappropriate. Thus, whether to consider a downward departure in determining what sentence

the court would have imposed under the amended guideline remains discretionary, and the court is

not bound by its earlier decision at the original sentencing to depart downward from the sentencing

guidelines range.

        The district court also correctly considered the § 3553 factors in ruling on Vautier's motion.6

In support of its decision not to reduce Vautier's sentence, the district court cited "defendant's

demonstrated violence and ... all the other considerations that went into the establishment of this

defendant's sentence." At the original sentencing hearing, the district court's primary considerations

in determining Vautier's sentence included Vautier's psychiatric condition and his need for long-term

psychiatric treatment, his history of substance abuse, and his killing of his brother (who was also

involved in growing the marijuana plants) while under the influence of drugs.

       These considerations are clearly relevant to the first two factors listed in § 3553(a): the

history and characteristics of the defendant and the need for the sentence imposed to protect the

public and provide the defendant with medical (e.g., psychiatric) treatment. See 18 U.S.C. §


   6
     The § 3553(a) factors that must be considered by the district court in ruling on a defendant's
§ 3582(c)(2) motion to reduce his sentence include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the
offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence
imposed to accomplish certain aims, such as reflect the seriousness of the offense, afford
adequate deterrence, protect the public, or the defendant's educational, medical, or correctional
treatment needs; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the applicable sentencing range under
the guidelines; (5) any pertinent Sentencing Commission policy statement; (6) the need to avoid
unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants; and (7) the need to provide restitution to
victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Although the district court must consider these factors, the court
is not required to articulate specifically the applicability, if any, of each factor, as long as the
record as a whole "demonstrates that the pertinent factors were taken into account by the district
court." United States v. Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. -
---, 118 S.Ct. 1204, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (1998).

                                                  9
3553(a)(1) & (2). Considering that the district court's order specifically referenced these earlier

findings, which were relevant to the necessary § 3553(a) inquiry, and that these findings were

supported by the record, the district court gave sufficient reasons for its decision not to reduce

Vautier's sentence. See Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d at 1323 (finding sufficient reasons provided in district

court's short order referencing Government's brief that enumerated specific elements relevant to §

3553(a) inquiry).

        Therefore, although the district court's order ruling on Vautier's motion is brief, a review of

the entire record demonstrates that the district court properly undertook the two-step inquiry in

deciding not to reduce Vautier's sentence. Consequently, we conclude that the district court did not

abuse its discretion in denying Vautier's motion to reduce his sentence.7

       AFFIRMED.



   7
     Likewise, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in considering
evidence from Vautier's original sentencing hearing in ruling on the motion to reduce his
sentence. Vautier's reliance upon United States v. Townsend, 55 F.3d 168 (5th Cir.1995) is
misplaced. Townsend involved a district court's refusal to resentence a defendant based on
testimony given in a hearing involving one of the defendant's co-conspirators. The Fifth Circuit
found this problematic because the defendant was not given advance notice so that he could
contest the testimony. In this case, the district court relied on evidence from Vautier's own
sentencing hearing, which Vautier and his counsel attended and during which Vautier had an
opportunity to, and did in fact, contest many issues and present rebuttal evidence. The concerns
raised in Townsend are not present in this case.

               Furthermore, contrary to Vautier's assertions, " § 3582(c)(2) and related
       sentencing guidelines do not contemplate a full de novo resentencing." See United States
       v. Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562-63 (11th Cir.1997). The commentary to U.S.S.G. §
       1B1.10(b) directs the district court only to substitute the amended guideline for the
       original guideline applied to the defendant and to leave all other guideline applications
       intact. "We think it implicit in this directive that the district court is to leave all of its
       previous factual decisions intact when deciding whether to apply a guideline
       retroactively." Id. at 1563 (quoting United States v. Adams, 104 F.3d 1028, 1030-31 (8th
       Cir.1997)).

                                                 10
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