                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         APR 26 2018
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.    16-10094

                Plaintiff-Appellee,              D.C. No.
                                                 2:12-cr-00324-JAM-1
 v.

PHILLIP DALE SELFA,                              MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of California
                     John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 16, 2018**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: BEA and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,*** District Judge.

      In May 2011, a joint state-federal taskforce apprehended appellant Philip

Selfa for a string of bank robberies. In state court, Selfa successfully challenged a



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
three-strikes designation, reducing his sentencing exposure from a minimum

sentence of twenty-five years to a maximum sentence of ten years. Weeks later, the

United States brought federal charges and the state charges were dismissed. Selfa

pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 188 months in prison. He filed this appeal

challenging the validity of his convictions on the ground of vindictive prosecution,

alleging that the federal charges against him were brought in retaliation for the

successful challenge of his three-strikes designation in state court.

      The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court’s factual findings

for clear error and its application of the law de novo. United States v. Kent, 649

F.3d 906, 912 (9th Cir. 2011).1

      Due process prohibits prosecutors from punishing a person solely for

exercising a statutory or constitutional right. Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S.

357, 363 (1978). In the absence of direct evidence, a court may presume

vindictiveness if the circumstances show a “reasonable likelihood” it existed.


1
  The government asserts that Selfa waived this issue by entering a guilty plea
without conditioning it on his right to raise vindictive prosecution on appeal.
Before pleading guilty, Selfa unsuccessfully moved to dismiss his charges on
vindictiveness grounds and sought interlocutory appeal of the district court’s
denial. He again raised the issue in this appeal the day after his sentencing hearing.
Given those facts and our previous explanation that “the merits of a vindictive
prosecution claim are reviewable even after entry of an unconditional plea,” United
States v. Brown, 875 F.3d 1235, 1238 (9th Cir. 2017), we find no reason to refuse
to consider Selfa’s argument on waiver grounds.

                                           2
United States v. Goodwin, 457 U.S. 368, 373 (1982).

      Circumstances establishing a presumption of vindictiveness generally

involve multiple opportunities for punishment before the same judge, prosecutor,

or sovereign. See id. at 383 (citing examples of a judge or prosecutor’s “personal

stake” in avoiding retrial, institutional bias against “retrial of a decided question,”

and efforts to deter defendants from exercising a right). In cases involving separate

sovereigns,2 we have expressed doubt whether one sovereign’s prosecution can be

vindictive when it is alleged to have punished a defendant for rights he asserted

against a different sovereign. United States v. Robison, 644 F.2d 1270, 1273 (9th

Cir. 1981). We have not ruled out vindictive prosecution claims in separate-

sovereign cases, but we have held “that the involvement of separate sovereigns

tends to negate a vindictive prosecution claim.” Id.

      We have also held that harsher federal penalties constitute a legitimate

reason for bringing federal charges. United States v. Nance, 962 F.2d 860, 865 (9th

Cir. 1992). “Unless a defendant can prove that the decision to initiate federal

prosecution is arbitrary, capricious, or based on race, religion, gender, or similar

suspect characteristics, there are no grounds for finding a due process violation,

even when the motive for federal prosecution is that harsher sentences are


2
 Apart from the vindictiveness context, successive prosecutions for the same
conduct by separate sovereigns is an otherwise constitutional exercise of sovereign
power. Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82, 87 (1985).

                                           3
possible.” Id. (citation omitted).

      Here, the district court did not err in denying Selfa’s motion to dismiss. Selfa

cites no direct evidence of vindictiveness, and the circumstances do not suggest a

reasonable likelihood it existed. There was no retrial to impact federal prosecutors’

personal stake or trigger institutional bias against repeated proceedings.

Additionally, it makes little sense that federal prosecutors would try to deter

Selfa’s challenge to his recidivist designation. Indeed, a future defendant in his

situation would have no reason to be deterred because the challenge actually

resulted in a less harsh sentencing exposure.

      Selfa argues the timing of the federal charges indicates the United States

only charged him because he prevailed in his state-court challenge. Before the

district court, the United States asserted that the state proceedings did not impact

the decision to bring federal charges, and there is no evidence that the federal

charges were motivated by anything other than vindicating federal interests. In any

event, case law suggests there would be no basis for a vindictive prosecution claim

even were Selfa’s reduced sentencing exposure a factor. See id.

      AFFIRMED.




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