         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                               Assigned on Briefs May 3, 2005

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DANIEL CLEVELAND and
                         MATTHEW HARVILLE

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                  Nos. P-28621 and P-28626    James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge



                      No. W2004-02892-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 21, 2005


This is a direct appeal as of right by the State from a denial of its petitions to have Defendants Daniel
Cleveland and Matthew Harville declared habitual offenders pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Habitual
Offender (MVHO) statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-601 et seq. On appeal, the State argues
that the language of section 603(2)(A) of the MVHO statute contains an error, and therefore
legislative intent and the “entire scheme” of the statute require this Court to interpret the provision
in question by changing its conjunctive construction to disjunctive. We disagree, and we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

DAVID H. WELLES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J., and JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Theresa McCusker, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

Robert Wilson Jones, District Public Defender, and Phyllis Aluko, Assistant Public Defender,
Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Daniel Cleveland and Matthew Harville.

                                              OPINION


                                                FACTS

       In July of 2004, the State filed petitions to have Defendants Daniel Cleveland and Matthew
Harville declared motor vehicle habitual offenders based on their records of three driving offense
convictions within five years. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603(2)(A). Mr. Cleveland has two
DUI convictions and one conviction for reckless driving. Mr. Harville has a conviction for leaving
the scene of an accident and two separate reckless driving convictions. The same public defender
was assigned to represent both Defendants, and the two matters were consolidated for a hearing.

        The trial court conducted a hearing in November of 2004, during which the Defendants
resisted the State’s petitions to declare them motor vehicle habitual offenders. The Defendants both
admitted they had three driving offense convictions, at least one of which was for the offense of
reckless driving, but argued that the MVHO statute required that an offender must also have an adult
driving while impaired (DWI) conviction paired with a reckless driving conviction in order to be
found a habitual offender. The Defendants pointed to the language of the statute itself, which linked
adult DWI with reckless driving by the conjunction “and.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-
603(2)(A)(x) and (xi).

        The trial court agreed with the Defendants that the language of the MVHO statute
“seemingly” required an adult DWI conviction to be paired with a reckless driving conviction before
either offense could be used in a habitual offender determination. The trial court concluded: “It
would appear to me [from] a reading of [the statute] that the Legislature obviously intended, at least
by the way it is drafted, to want (x) [Driving while impaired] and (xi) [reckless driving] to go
together and (xii) and (xiii) to go together. I don’t really know any other way to interpret that other
than a literal reading of it.”1 The trial court issued an order denying the State’s petition to declare
the Defendants motor vehicle habitual offenders. The State timely filed notices of appeal. The State
subsequently filed a motion to consolidate the two Defendants’ cases for purposes of appellate
review. This Court granted the motion for consolidation, and the issue is now before us as to both
Defendants.

                                             ANALYSIS
         The State asserts that the trial court erred in denying its petitions seeking to declare the
Defendants habitual motor vehicle offenders. In support of this claim, the State argues that the
statute in question contains a clear technical error in its use of the conjunctive “and” linking reckless
driving with the now repealed offense of adult DWI.2 The State argues that interpreting the MVHO
statute to require convictions of both offenses is contrary to the “entire statutory scheme,” which is
designed to provide stricter punishment for anyone with three or more convictions of any of the
listed driving offenses. The State asserts the legislature’s true intention was to simply list all the
offenses and not link any together. The State also argues that Tennessee courts “frequently”
interchange “and” and “or” in ambiguous statutes in order to carry out statutory intent. Thus, the
State argues, this Court should interchange the conjunctive language in the MVHO statute with a
disjunctive construction.


         1
          Two other driving offenses in the MVHO statute offense list are also linked with the conjunctive conjunction
“and”: drag racing and evading an arrest in a motor vehicle. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603(2)(A)(xii) and (xiii).

         2
          Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-603(2)(A)(x) lists “[a] violation of § 55-10-418, relative to adult
driving while impaired” as a qualifying offense under the MVHO statute. However, adult driving while impaired was
repealed as of July 2003. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-418.

                                                         -2-
I. Standard of Review
        We begin by noting that when examining a legal issue, such as statutory construction,
Tennessee appellate courts adhere to a de novo standard with no presumption of correctness as to
the lower court’s conclusions of law. See State v. Owens, 20 S.W.3d 634, 637 (Tenn. 2000); State
v. Alford, 970 S.W.2d 944, 945 (Tenn. 1998) (“Construction of a statute is a question of law which
we review de novo, with no presumption of correctness.”).

II. Statutory History of the MVHO Statute
         The Tennessee Motor Vehicle Habitual Offender statute was designed to “[p]rovide
maximum safety” for all who travel the public highways of Tennessee by denying the “privilege”
of operating a motor vehicle to those “who by their conduct and record have demonstrated their
indifference to the safety and welfare of others.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-602. The act was also
crafted to “[d]iscourage repetition of unlawful acts” by imposing the “deprivation of the privilege
of operating a motor vehicle” on those considered habitual motor vehicle offenders. Id. The section
of the statute at issue in this case, appropriately titled “Definitions,” contains three main parts, which
respectively define “conviction,” “habitual offender,” and “Tennessee court” for the purposes of the
statute. The precise issue in this case arises out of the interpretation of the language in part (2) of
the section, which defines habitual offender as follows:

        (2) “Habitual offender” means:

                (A)     Any person who, during a three-year period, is convicted in a
                        Tennessee court or courts of three (3) or more of the following
                        offenses; any person who, during a five-year period, is convicted in
                        a Tennessee court or courts of three (3) or more of the following
                        offenses; or any person who, during a ten-year period, is convicted in
                        a Tennessee court or courts of five (5) or more of the following
                        offenses; provided, that if the five- or ten-year period is used, one (1)
                        of such offenses occurred after July 1, 1991:
                         (i)   Voluntary manslaughter resulting from the operation of a
                               motor vehicle;
                         (ii) Vehicular homicide as defined in § 39-13-213;
                         (iii) Involuntary manslaughter resulting from the operation of a
                               motor vehicle;
                         (iv) Vehicular assault as defined in § 39-13-106;
                         (v) A violation of § 55-8-151(a), relating to meeting or
                               overtaking school buses;
                         (vi) A violation of § 55-10-101(a), relating to the duty to stop at
                               the scene of an accident resulting in injury or death;
                         (vii) A violation of § 55-10-102, relating to the duty to stop at the
                               scene of an accident resulting only in damage to a vehicle
                               driven or attended by any person;



                                                   -3-
                             (viii) A violation of § 55-10-401, prohibiting intoxicated or
                                    drugged persons from driving;
                             (ix) A violation of § 39-13-218, relative to aggravated vehicular
                                    homicide; or
                             (x) A violation of § 55-10-418, relative to adult driving while
                                    impaired; and
                             (xi) A violation of § 55-10-205, relative to reckless driving; or
                             (xii) A violation of § 55-10-502, relative to drag racing; and
                             (xiii) A violation of § 39-16-603(b), relating to evading arrest in a
                                    motor vehicle;
                             (xiv) A violation of § 39-13-103, relating to reckless endangerment
                                    by use of a motor vehicle; or
                             (xv) A violation of § 55-50-504, relating to driving on a cancelled,
                                    suspended or revoked license if the underlying offense
                                    resulting in such cancellation, suspension or revocation is an
                                    offense enumerated in subdivision (2)(A)(i)-(2)(A)(xiv).
                  (B)       The violation of an ordinance of any political subdivision of this state
                            shall be equivalent to the violation of state statutes if the elements of
                            the offense covered by the ordinance are the same as the elements of
                            the offense covered by the comparable state statute[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603(2) (emphasis added).

         The MVHO definitions section was amended in 2000, resulting in its current wording as
stated above. Prior to the 2000 amendment, section (2)(A) of the MVHO statute definition section
listed twelve motor vehicle offenses, labeled by small Roman numerals and separated by semi-
colons. The disjunctive conjunction “or” was placed prior to the last offense listed. A semi-colon
followed by the conjunctive conjunction “and” was placed at the end of section (2)(A), which linked
it to section (2)(B). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603 (1999).

         It is a well established rule of construction that when the disjunctive conjunction “or” is used
in a statute, the various elements are to be treated separately, with any one element sufficient to meet
the objectives outlined in the statute.3 Conversely, when the conjunctive conjunction “and” is used,
each element so linked in the statute must be considered jointly to obtain the objectives of the
statute.4 Therefore, under the old version of the MVHO statute, it was quite clear that to obtain the
full definition of a “habitual offender” both section (2)(A) “and” section (2)(B) needed to be
considered. Likewise, any of the twelve motor vehicle offenses listed in section (2)(A) could

         3
          The following legal maxim succinctly describes this principle, which has been followed for many years: In
disjunctivis alteram partem esse veram. In disjunctive constructions, it is sufficient if either part is true. Black’s Law
Dictionary 1723 (8 th ed. 2004), Appendix B.

         4
         In conjunctivis oportet utramque partem esse veram. In conjunctive constructions, each part must be true.
Black’s Law Dictionary 1723 (8 th ed. 2004), Appendix B.

                                                           -4-
individually be used to meet the offense requirements, as indicated by the disjunctive “or” placed
immediately before the last offense listed. However, subsequent amendments to this section have
made the once clear statutory language quite cloudy.

        The MVHO definitions section was amended by two separate public acts in 2000. In April
of 2000, pursuant to Chapter 682 of the 2000 Tennessee Public Acts, the offenses of driving while
unlicensed and driving with a cancelled license in subsections (2)(A)(ix) and (x) of Tennessee Code
Annotated section 55-10-603 were deleted and replaced with the offenses of aggravated vehicular
homicide and adult driving while impaired. This same act then added back the offense of driving
with a cancelled licence, slightly re-worded, at the end of the list, designated subsection (xiii). A
month later in May of 2000, the legislature again amended the same section with Chapter 848 of the
2000 Tennessee Public Acts. This time the legislature added two new driving offense violations,
designated subsections (xiii), (xiv), again re-worded the driving with a cancelled license offense,
moved it to the end of the list, and designated it subsection (xv).

         This amendment process resulted in the addition of several conjunctive and disjunctive
conjunctions without the deletion of the original conjunctions that appeared in the statute prior to
the 2000 amendments. Thus, the disjunctive “or” immediately preceding subsection (xii), which was
the last in the list of offenses prior to the 2000 amendments, was left between subsections (xi) and
(xii) even though three more offenses were added. Moreover, the “and” at the end of subsection (xii)
was also left in, but because subsection (xii) was no longer the end of section (2)(A), the conjunction
“and” no longer links section (2)(A) to (2)(B), but rather now appears to link the driving offenses
listed in subsections (xii) and (xiii) within section (2)(A). Furthermore, while not in the General
Assembly’s act that added the language comprising the last three driving offenses, the Code
Commission apparently added their own disjunctive conjunction “or” immediately preceding the last
offense in the list, subsection (xv). Additionally, section (2)(A) now ends with a period, and is
therefore no longer linked to (2)(B) by the conjunction “and” as it was in the statute prior to the 2000
amendments.

        While the “or” following subsection (xi) and the “and” following subsection (xii) may
possibly be superfluous conjunctions overlooked by the Code Commission as they attempted to
merge the amending acts with the existing statute, the disjunctive “or” following subsection (ix) and
the conjunctive “and” following subsection (x) appear to be the deliberate actions of the legislature.
The General Assembly expressly deleted the old subsections (ix) and (x), both of which had ended
only with a semicolon, and replaced them with the following language: “[ix] A violation of Section
39-13-218, relative to aggravated vehicular homicide; or [x] A violation of Section 55-10-418,
relative to adult driving while impaired; and [.]” 2000 Tenn. Pub. Acts 682 (emphasis added).
While the purpose of this textual choice is not explained, the language used in the amending act
seems to indicate the legislature’s express desire to link its newly added offense of adult DWI in
subsection (x) with the existing offense of reckless driving in subsection (xi).




                                                  -5-
III. State’s Arguments Against a Plain Meaning Construction
        The State apparently agrees that a literal interpretation of the statute as it is now written
would suggest that the offenses of reckless driving and adult DWI must be linked before they can
qualify a person for motor vehicle habitual offender status. Additionally, because neither Defendant
in this case has a prior conviction for adult DWI, the State apparently concedes that if a literal
construction of the provision in question is adopted, neither Defendant is subject to classification as
a habitual offender. However, the State asserts that the entire statutory scheme of the MVHO statute
suggests that the “and” linking reckless driving with adult DWI was merely a legislative oversight.
The State argues that this Court should substitute a disjunctive construction of the provision in
question for the conjunctive language actually used. The State argues, “[c]learly the legislature
intended” this construction.

        The Tennessee Supreme Court has stated that “[t]he most basic principle of statutory
construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent without unduly restricting or
expanding a statute’s coverage beyond its intended scope.” Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926
(Tenn. 1995); see also Browder v. Morris, 975 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tenn. 1998) (“The cardinal rule
of statutory construction is to effectuate the legislative intent, with all rules of construction being
aides to that end.”).

         The first step in determining legislative intent is to determine whether the statutory language
itself is ambiguous. If it is not, we are limited to the plain meaning of the statutory language. We
are instructed by our highest court to “initially look to the language of the statute itself in
determining the intent of the legislature. Courts are restricted to the natural and ordinary meaning
of the language used by the legislature in the statute, unless an ambiguity requires resort elsewhere
to ascertain legislative intent.” Browder, 975 S.W.2d at 311 (citing Austin v. Memphis Pub. Co.,
655 S.W.2d 146, 148 (Tenn. 1983)). Additionally, appellate courts must “assume that the
legislature used each word in the statute purposely, and that the use of these words conveys some
intent and has a meaning and purpose.” Browder, 975 S.W.2d at 311 (citing Locust v. State, 912
S.W.2d 716, 718 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)). Thus, “[w]here the words of the statute are clear and plain
and fully express the legislature’s intent, there is no room to resort to auxiliary rules of construction,
and we need only enforce that statute as written.” Id. (citing Roberson v. University of Tennessee,
912 S.W.2d 746, 747 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995), and In re Conservatorship of Clayton, 914 S.W.2d 84,
90 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)).

        As stated above, only if an ambiguity in the statutory language is found will this Court resort
to auxiliary rules of statutory construction. A statute is ambiguous “if it is capable of conveying
more than one meaning.” Id. (citing Clayton, 914 S.W.2d at 90). Even then, an appellate court will
ascertain the legislative intent of a statute “from the natural and ordinary meaning of the statutory
language within the context of the entire statute without any forced or subtle construction that would
extend or limit the statute’s meaning.” State v. Flemming, 19 S.W.3d 195, 197 (Tenn. 2000).
Furthermore, courts are not to “apply a particular interpretation to a statute if that interpretation
would yield an absurd result.” Id.



                                                   -6-
        The State first argues that the “entire statutory scheme” of the MVHO statute suggests the
legislature intended a habitual offender to be any person convicted of the requisite number of any
of the driving offenses listed in the statute. The State points to the first part of the section in
question, which states a habitual offender is a person convicted of “three (3) or more of the following
offenses.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603(2)(A). Therefore, the State concludes, the legislature’s
intent was for the fifteen driving offenses in the current statute to be “read as individual items,
despite the mixed use of conjunctive and disjunctive conjunctions within the list.” The State also
notes that even after the 2000 amendments, the semi-colons were “retained . . . after each element”
and therefore “each remained an independent clause in the enumeration.” The State argues this use
of punctuation suggests the words “and” and “or” are merely “coordinate conjunctions, connecting
elements of equal importance[,] [t]hus, they are essentially interchangeable.” Finally, the State also
argues that Tennessee courts have “frequently interchanged the words ‘and’ and ‘or’ in the
construction of statute when necessary to carry out the legislative intent.”

        The State’s arguments notwithstanding, we are unpersuaded that the language of the statutory
provision in question, although in-artfully worded, is ambiguous. Absent ambiguity, we are bound
to the natural and ordinary meaning of the text itself, and must assume the legislature had purpose
in expressly linking adult DWI with reckless driving through the use of the conjunctive word “and.”
The clear distinction between a conjunctive and a disjunctive construction, as well as the significance
this particular distinction plays in statutory interpretation, cannot be ignored.

          We find a plain meaning interpretation does not clearly contradict the general scheme or
purpose of the MVHO statute in its entirety. To the contrary, it is plausible to assume the legislature
desired to amend the MVHO statute to link offenses it may have considered insufficiently serious
enough individually to warrant inclusion in the process for declaring a person a habitual offender.
Indeed, the general tenor of both of the 2000 legislative amendments to the MVHO statute could be
characterized as a deliberate attempt to elevate the requirements necessary for a person to qualify as
a habitual offender. The two amending acts first deleted the relatively minor offenses of driving
while unlicensed and driving with a cancelled license, and replaced them with the significantly more
serious offenses of vehicular homicide and adult DWI. Compare Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-
603(2)(A)(ix) and (x) (1999) with Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-10-603(2)(A)(ix) and (x) (2005).
Additionally, when the offense of driving with a cancelled license was added back to the end of the
list, it was re-worded to require the license be cancelled, suspended or revoked as a result of one of
the prior fourteen offenses listed in the MVHO statute before it could count as a requisite offense.
Thus, the amended language of the current offense (xv) clearly links driving with a cancelled license
to the other driving offenses listed in the MVHO statute.

       Additionally, a review of the legislative history of the statutory provision in question
confirms that the legislature was attempting to eliminate less serious offenses from consideration in




                                                 -7-
habitual offender determinations.5 To this end, the legislature completely eliminated driving while
unlicensed and initially eliminated the offense of driving with a cancelled, suspended or revoked
license. However, the latter offense was subsequently retained, but modified to count toward
determination of habitual offender status only if it was linked to one of the serious offenses
enumerated in the MVHO statute. Therefore it is certainly not unreasonable to assume the
legislature likewise desired to link the offenses of adult DWI and reckless driving in order for the
combined offenses to be serious enough to warrant loss of driving privileges under the MVHO
statute.

        Furthermore, nothing in the existing statutory text, public acts amending the statute, or
legislative history indicates that the Tennessee General Assembly did not mean what it wrote. The
Defendants have noted in their appellate brief that the State’s primary argument in this case is not
that the statutory provision as written is unclear, but rather that it is not as efficient in carrying out
the objectives of the statute as it could be if a disjunctive construction was substituted for the
existing language. The Defendants’ point is well taken. Indeed, the statute as it now reads is
cumbersome. A plain meaning interpretation of the current statutory language links offenses in a
manner in which a person could escape habitual offender status after receiving multiple convictions
for reckless driving as long as they were not also convicted of adult DWI.6 However, this Court
should not substitute its own interpretation for that of the ordinary meaning of statutory text.

        The State also asserts that Tennessee appellate courts have “frequently interchanged the
words ‘and’ and ‘or’ in the construction of statutes.” While courts have in the past substituted a
disjunctive for a conjunctive construction in ambiguous statutes, such interchanges are far from
frequent.7 Indeed, such interpretations of statutory language are reserved for those rare instances in
which the statute was ambiguous and such a change was clearly “necessary to further the intent of
the legislature.” Stewart v. State, 33 S.W.3d 785, 792 (Tenn. 2000). In the case at hand, we are
unable to conclude that the intent of the legislature was not exactly what it wrote.

       In the statutory provision at issue, the legislature linked the offense of adult DWI with the
offense of reckless driving through the use of the conjunctive conjunction “and.” This specific
language remained consistent from its initial introduction as an amendment to the original bill in the
House Transportation Committee, throughout the entire legislative process, in the public act itself,
and throughout the codification process. It appears that the use of the word “and” in the statutory

         5
         See H.B. 1542, 101 st Gen. Assem., 2 nd Sess. (Tenn. May 3, 1999); S.B. 1468, 101 st Gen. Assem., 2 nd Sess.
(Tenn. May 19, 1999), Tennessee State Library and Archives.

         6
          W e also note that because the offense of adult driving while impaired has been repealed, its paired offense of
reckless driving will also soon be unavailable for the purposes of qualifying a person as a motor vehicle habitual
offender. The MVHO statute looks back in time only three, five or ten years, and it has already been approximately two
years since adult driving while impaired was taken off the books.

         7
           W e are aware that in 1936 our supreme court stated: “The word ‘and’ is frequently construed as meaning ‘or.’”
City of Knoxville v. Gervin, 89 S.W.2d 348, 352 (1936). However, our review of more recent case authority controlling
statutory interpretation has led us to conclude that such judicial conjunction substitution is infrequent.

                                                          -8-
provision now under scrutiny was not a scrivener’s error, but was rather expressly selected by the
legislature.

        Furthermore, we simply cannot conclude that a judicial substitution of disjunctive
construction for that of the existing conjunctive language in the statute is “necessary to further the
intent of the legislature.” Stewart, 33 S.W.3d at 792. It is unquestioned that “statutory phrases
separated by the word ‘and’ are usually interpreted in the conjunctive.” Id. Admittedly, it is not
outside the realm of possibility that the legislature actually intended to have the list of offenses
contained in the MVHO statute read in the disjunctive and simply made a mistake in using the word
“and” when it should have used “or” as the State suggests. However, this Court is not persuaded that
the legislature erred in crafting this law. To the contrary, we are bound to “assume that the
legislature used each word in the statute purposely, and that the use of these words conveys some
intent and has a meaning and purpose.” Browder, 975 S.W.2d at 311.

        Finding no ambiguity, we interpret the provision in question according to the “natural and
ordinary meaning of the language used by the legislature in the statute.” Id. Tennessee Code
Annotated section 55-10-603(2)(A)(ix) and (x) clearly mandates that the offense of reckless driving
be linked to the offense of adult DWI through the use of the conjunctive word “and.” Accordingly,
we conclude that the MVHO statute, in its current form, requires that a person have both an adult
DWI conviction and a reckless driving conviction before either offense can be used in a
determination of habitual offender status.

                                          CONCLUSION
       Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the judgment of the trial court
denying the State’s petitions to declare the Defendants motor vehicle habitual offenders.



                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE




                                                 -9-
