Filed 8/29/16 Hanson v. LeClerc CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Butte)
                                                            ----


WILLIAM HANSON,                                                                              C077860

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                                        (Super. Ct. No. 156254)

         v.

RAOUL LECLERC, as Special Administrator, etc.,

                   Defendant and Respondent.




         Defendant George Martin ran a red light while driving his van and struck the left
fender of plaintiff William Hanson’s car. A jury found Martin’s negligence was not a
substantial factor in causing Hanson’s alleged injuries. Hanson filed a motion for a new
trial, which the trial court denied. On appeal, Hanson contends insufficient evidence
supports the jury’s verdict and the court erred in denying his motion for a new trial. We
shall affirm the judgment.
                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Following the accident, Hanson filed a complaint for negligence against Martin.
During the course of the litigation, Martin died. Raoul LeClerc, as special administrator



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for the estate of George Martin, was substituted in his stead. The parties disagreed as to
whether all of the medical treatment claimed by plaintiff was related to the accident but
stipulated that the reasonable and necessary medical charge for the treatment claimed was
$107,111.33.
       The following evidence was introduced at the jury trial.
The Accident
       On March 21, 2010, Hanson was driving about two miles per hour in the process
of making a left turn. Martin, driving a van, was going about 15 to 20 miles per hour
when the van struck Hanson’s car.
       The only damage to Hanson’s car was that the plastic bumper cover came off.
Hanson’s car suffered no damage to the subframe or to the bumper itself. Photos taken
after the accident show no other damage to Hanson’s car. No one was reported injured
and the police did not come to the accident scene. After the accident, Hanson drove to
Redding, approximately an hour and a half away.
       Nine days after the accident, Hanson gave a statement in which he described the
accident as his car having been “clipped” and that it was a “glancing blow.” Four years
later, prior to trial, Hanson’s girlfriend and her son, who had been in the car at the time of
the accident, stated that Hanson’s car turned 90 or 80 degrees when struck. At trial,
Hanson stated his car was knocked 90 degrees in the accident.
Hanson’s Injuries
       Hanson testified he felt pain the day after the accident and went to the emergency
room at Shasta Regional Medical Center. Hanson returned to work after missing three
days. He worked at his job, which included raking, mowing, and trimming trees, for the
following five months without any special accommodations.
       Although Shasta Regional Medical Center instructed him to follow up in five days
at Shasta Community Health Center, Hanson did not do so. Instead, a week later, he
went to Mercy Hospital.

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       A few weeks later, Hanson’s attorney referred him to Dr. Julian Fuentes.
Dr. Fuentes ordered X-rays and prescribed physical therapy and pain medications.
Dr. Fuentes prescribed medications including Norco, oxycodone, and methadone.
Hanson took the medications for four years; prior to trial Dr. Fuentes put Hanson on
Subutex to wean him off opiates. The X-rays revealed disk degeneration at L5-S1, the
lower lumbosacral spine. Subsequently, Dr. Fuentes increased Hanson’s pain medication
and referred him to an orthopedic surgeon. Hanson never contacted any orthopedic
doctor in the area.
       Hanson’s attorney referred Hanson to the SpineCare Medical Group in Daly City.
Dr. Goldthwaite at the SpineCare Medical Group referred him to Dr. Hansen in Redding,
who performed facet blocks, a radiofrequency ablation, and finally an epidural in
May 2011.
       After the epidural was administered, Hanson felt better and asked Dr. Fuentes to
release him back to work. A week after he returned to work, Hanson bent over to pick up
a rake and his “back popped out again.” He never returned to work. In June 2013
defendant had spinal surgery, performed by Dr. Paul Slosar in San Francisco.
       Seven weeks prior to trial, Hanson’s attorney sent him to Dr. Jeffrey Grolig.
Dr. Grolig testified Hanson tore a disk in the car accident, an injury that required surgery.
Dr. Grolig reviewed a medical summary sent to him by Hanson’s counsel, not Hanson’s
medical records. He did not review Hanson’s MRI pictures or photos of the car accident.
Hanson’s Health History Pre- and Postaccident
       In 2006 Hanson injured his lower back while working as an in-home caregiver.
Dr. Clayton Reinhardt treated Hanson, who complained of severe pain, a level 9.5 out of
10. Dr. Reinhardt found narrowing of the L5-S1 disk space and diagnosed Hanson as
suffering from lumbar strain or sprain, muscle spasm, and intervertebral disk disorder at
the L5-S1 disks. Dr. Reinhardt testified the disk disorder could be a source of future back
discomfort.

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       Although Dr. Reinhardt advised Hanson to get an MRI in 2006, Hanson did not do
so. Hanson was off work for six months and never returned to the caregiving job. On his
last day of physical therapy, Hanson sneezed, causing his knee to “[go] out” and
continuing numbness in his leg.
       In 2008 Hanson was attacked while walking home from a casino. His assailant hit
him with a stick or bat, resulting in hospitalization. Hanson suffered injuries to his face
and head and complained of back pain. At trial, Hanson denied any injury to his lower
back resulting from the attack and testified his back had not been injured in the three
years prior to the 2010 accident. He was taking daily aspirin for aches and pains at the
time of the 2010 accident.
       After the accident, Hanson tripped a couple of times and experienced flare-ups of
his back problem. He slipped on water at home and had to go to the emergency room.
On one of these occasions he had to call an ambulance. Hanson also tripped over a flip-
flop in August 2013, resulting in an emergency room visit and increased pain.
       Hanson had smoked one to one-and-a-half packs of cigarettes a day for the past
35 years. Hanson’s doctors testified that smoking contributed to his chronic pain and
inflammation by producing a chronic inflammatory state. Smoking also contributes to
loss of water in the disks and is a substantial contributor to degenerative disk disease.
       In early 2012 Dr. Slosar told Hanson to quit smoking because of the impact on his
health and in order to prepare for back surgery. All of Hanson’s doctors advised him to
quit smoking. In October 2013 Dr. Hansen told Hanson his prognosis was up to him and
depended upon his taking action to improve his condition.
       Hanson also suffers from diabetes and high blood pressure. When Dr. Grolig
treated Hanson in March 2014 Hanson had a diabetic ulcer.




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Expert Testimony
       Hanson’s Experts
       Hanson offered testimony by Dean Tuft, Ph.D., an accident reconstruction analyst.
Dr. Tuft performed calculations to determine if there would be enough force from the
accident to cause Hanson’s injury. He estimated Hanson’s speed at three miles per hour;
Hanson testified he was going two miles per hour. In developing his analysis, Dr. Tuft
used a speed of 30 miles per hour for Martin’s van. Prior to his death, Martin stated the
van was traveling at 15 to 20 miles per hour. Dr. Tuft did not have this estimate when
doing his calculations.
       In addition, Dr. Tuft relied upon statements from Hanson’s girlfriend and her son,
taken four years after the accident, that Hanson’s car rotated 80 to 90 degrees. Dr. Tuft
stated it was up to the jury to determine the accuracy of the rotation degree estimates.
       Dr. Tuft postulated a “delta-v” of 9.1 to 13.1 miles per hour for Hanson’s vehicle.1
Based on his calculations, if the van was traveling 20 miles per hour, the delta-v would be
9.1. If the van was traveling 30 miles per hour, the delta-v would be 13.1.
       Dr. Jesse Wobrock testified for Hanson as a biomechanical expert, retained to
determine whether Hanson’s injuries were consistent with the circumstances surrounding
the accident. He relied, in part, on Dr. Tuft’s delta-v calculations for his opinion.
       According to Dr. Wobrock, the normal delta-v necessary to cause injuries in a
healthy individual is 10 miles per hour, a delta-v of 10. Using Dr. Tuft’s calculation of a
delta-v of 9.1 to 13.1, and Hanson’s preexisting degenerative condition in his spine,
Dr. Wobrock testified Hanson’s spinal injuries were consistent with the accident. He
testified he was not determining whether, in fact, Hanson suffered any injuries as a result
of the accident, but only that the injuries he had were consistent with the accident forces



1 “Delta-v” refers to the change in velocity of the vehicle upon impact. Delta-v provides
a means for assessing damage and injuries.

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based on Dr. Tuft’s calculations. If the delta-v were below 9.1 it would potentially
change his analysis.
       Martin’s Experts
       Martin offered testimony by Robert Snook, an accident reconstructionist. Snook,
a 30-year California Highway Patrol employee, has significant experience with the
Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Team, performing accident reconstructions and
investigations.
       Snook’s calculations estimated the delta-v of the accident to be between 0.8 and
1.1. If Martin’s van was traveling 30 miles per hour, then the delta-v would be 0.8; if the
van was traveling 20 miles per hour, the delta-v would be 1.1. In making these
calculations, Snook relied upon Hanson’s statement, made nine days after the accident;
his deposition testimony that his car was going 2 miles per hour; and Martin’s statement
that he was traveling 15 to 20 miles per hour.
       Snook testified the photographs taken after the accident revealed no damage to
Hanson’s car other than the bumper fascia being pulled off. Snook believed this was
crucial because if Dr. Tuft’s delta-v calculation was correct, it “physically . . . could not
happen based on [the] photos” of the vehicles and the lack of damage. Under Dr. Tuft’s
scenario, there would have been damage to the headlight and leading edge of the hood of
Hanson’s car.
       Martin also offered testimony by Dr. Sean Shimada, a biomechanical engineering
expert. Dr. Shimada reviewed photos of the cars and the accident scene, the parties’
responses to interrogatories, recorded statements, deposition testimony, trial testimony,
and medical records. He used the delta-v calculations postulated by Snook.
       Dr. Shimada testified the likely accident force was 27 pounds, insufficient to cause
injury. A lumbar strain injury would require 155 to 188 pounds of force; ligament
damage, 225 to 272 pounds of force; and a ligament tear would require 485 to 587



                                               6
pounds of force to the low back. An acute disk injury would require more than
587 pounds of force.
Verdict
       The court instructed with CACI No. 424: “William Hanson claims that he was
harmed by George Martin’s negligence. George Martin agrees that he was negligent, but
denies that the negligence caused the full extent of the harm claimed by William Hanson.
       “To establish his claim against George Martin, William Hanson must prove both
of the following:
       “1. That William Hanson was harmed; and
       “2. That George Martin’s negligence was a substantial factor in causing William
Hanson’s harm.”
       The court used the special verdict form proposed by Martin. The jury found:
“Question No.1: Was the defendant George Martin negligent?
       “Answer: Yes.
       “Question No. 2: Was George Martin’s negligence a substantial factor in causing
harm to William Hanson?
       “Answer: No.”
       The jury found in Martin’s favor and did not address Hanson’s damage claims.
Motion for a New Trial
       Hanson filed a motion for a new trial. As on appeal, Hanson argued insufficient
evidence supported the jury’s verdict. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the
motion. The trial court entered judgment on the special verdict in favor of Martin and
awarded Martin costs and expert witness fees. Hanson filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                     DISCUSSION
                        SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
       Hanson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in support of the jury’s verdict.
He contends Martin’s counsel and experts conceded the accident caused his injuries.

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Standard of Review
       When a party challenges the trial court’s factual finding on the ground there is no
substantial evidence to support it, our power begins and ends with the determination as to
whether, on the entire record, there is substantial evidence, contradicted or
uncontradicted, that will support the finding. If we find such evidence, it is of no
consequence that the trial court, believing other evidence or drawing other reasonable
inferences, might have reached a contrary conclusion. (Jameson v. Five Feet Restaurant,
Inc. (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 138, 143.)
       Substantial evidence is evidence of ponderable legal significance, evidence that is
reasonable, credible, and of solid value. The ultimate determination is whether a
reasonable trier of fact could have found evidence favorable to the judgment based on the
whole record. Substantial evidence may consist of inferences, but inferences that are the
result of speculation or conjecture cannot support a finding. (Kuhn v. Department of
General Services (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1627, 1633.)
       Discussion
       Hanson contends that “all of the expert medical evidence in this case and
defendant’s judicial admissions establish that Mr. Hanson suffered at least some injury,
although the nature and extent of that injury was heavily disputed.” In effect, Hanson
challenges the evidence to support the jury’s finding that although Martin was negligent,
his negligence was not a substantial factor in causing Hanson’s injuries.
Instructions on Causation
       The court instructed the jury on causation and substantial factor with CACI
No. 430: “A substantial factor in causing harm is a factor that a reasonable person would
consider to have contributed to the harm. It must be more than a remote or trivial factor.
It does not have to be the only cause of the harm.
       “Conduct is not a substantial factor in causing harm if the same harm would have
occurred without that conduct.” The court also instructed on multiple causes with CACI

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No. 431: “A person’s negligence may combine with another factor to cause harm. If you
find that George Martin’s negligence was a substantial factor in causing William
Hanson’s harm, then George Martin is responsible for the harm. George Martin cannot
avoid responsibility just because some other person, condition, or event was also a
substantial factor in causing William Hanson’s harm.”
       In addition, the court instructed with CACI No. 3927 on the aggravation of a
preexisting condition or disability: “William Hanson is not entitled to damages for any
physical or emotional condition that he had before George Martin’s conduct occurred.
However, if William Hanson had a physical or emotional condition that was made worse
by George Martin’s wrongful conduct, you must award damages that will reasonably and
fairly compensate him for the effect on that condition.” The court further instructed with
CACI No. 3928 on an unusually susceptible plaintiff: “You must decide the full amount
of money that will reasonably and fairly compensate William Hanson for all damages
caused by the wrongful conduct of George Martin, even if William Hanson was more
susceptible to injury than a normally healthy person would have been, and even if a
normally healthy person would not have suffered similar injury.”
       According to Hanson, “anything that causes or contributes to an injury is a
‘substantial factor,’ and causation is established.” Hanson misreads the law on causation.
       Whether a defendant’s conduct actually caused an injury is ordinarily a question of
fact for the jury. Causation of fact is ultimately a matter of probability and common
sense. The substantial factor standard is relatively broad, requiring only that the
contribution of the individual cause be more than negligible or theoretical. Even a very
minor force that causes harm is considered a cause in fact of the injury. However, a force
that plays only an infinitesimal or theoretical part in bringing about the injury is not a
substantial factor. (Uriell v. Regents of University of California (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th
735, 744.)



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       In denying the motion for a new trial, the trial court noted: “There was testimony
that the collision impact was slight, and the jury reasonably could have reached the
conclusion there was no injury to plaintiff resulting from the accident. The admission of
liability was not an admission as to medical causation or medical injury, but only a
statement that fault for the accident was not disputed.” Substantial evidence supports
both the jury’s verdict and the trial court’s gloss on that verdict.
       Hanson disagrees and argues Martin’s counsel made a judicial admission in
closing argument that Hanson suffered some injury. However, as the court instructed the
jury: “What the attorneys say during the trial is not evidence. In their opening
statements and closing arguments, the attorneys talk to you about the law and the
evidence. What the lawyers say may help you understand the law and the evidence, but
their statements and arguments are not evidence. . . .” The court further instructed: “The
arguments of the attorneys are not evidence of damages. Your award must be based on
your reasoned judgment applied to the testimony of the witnesses and the other evidence
that has been admitted during trial.”
       Hanson points to statements by Martin’s counsel that following the accident
Hanson suffered from back strain. He argues these statements constitute admissions that
the accident “caused at least some injury, thus establishing causation.” However, as
noted, “some injury” is not the standard for finding a defendant’s negligence was a
substantial factor in causing a plaintiff’s injury. Moreover, the jury was instructed that
counsel’s statements were not evidence.
       In addition, Hanson argues Martin’s medical experts conceded that the accident
caused injury. Hanson contends Martin’s reliance on his accident reconstructionist and
biomechanist “do not change these essential admissions of medical causation.”
       At trial, both Hanson and Martin presented testimony by experts as to whether the
accident forces were sufficient to result in physical injury. Both parties also presented



                                              10
testimony by experts as to what medical treatment Hanson received, both before and after
the accident.
       The court instructed the jury with CACI No. 219: “During the trial you heard
testimony from expert witnesses. The law allows an expert to state opinions about
matters in his or her field of expertise even if he or she has not witnessed any of the
events involved in the trial.
       “You do not have to accept an expert’s opinion. As with any other witness, it is
up to you to decide whether you believe the expert’s testimony and choose to use it as a
basis for your decision. You may believe all, part, or none of an expert’s testimony. In
deciding whether to believe an expert’s testimony, you should consider:
       “a. The expert’s training and experience;
       “b. The facts the expert relied on; and
       “c. The reasons for the expert’s opinion.” The court also instructed with CACI
No. 221: “If the expert witnesses disagreed with one another, you should weigh each
opinion against the others. You should examine the reasons given for each opinion and
the facts or other matters that each witness relied on. You may also compare the expert’s
qualifications.”
       In order to recover on his negligence claim, Hanson had to present evidence that
the accident forces were sufficient to cause physical injury. Once Hanson established the
accident caused the injury, he was required to present medical testimony that the injuries
he was treated for were, in fact, caused by the accident.
       Here, the expert testimony on the force involved in the accident did not convince
the jury that the impact of the accident was strong enough to cause Hanson injury. The
jury was free to find Martin’s accident experts more convincing than those offered by
Hanson. Martin’s experts testified that based on the relative speeds of the vehicles and
the photos of Hanson’s vehicle after the accident, which showed almost no damage, there
was insufficient force to cause Hanson injury. We defer to the jury, which was in the

                                             11
best position to evaluate the evidence before it, and find sufficient evidence to support its
verdict.
                             MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL
       Hanson asserts the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial because
the court failed to review the entire record. We disagree.
Background
       Following a hearing, the court ruled: “1. Plaintiff’s motion for new trial is denied.
The court had a good recollection of [the] case. There was evidence and testimony that
the forces of the accident were insufficient to cause injury. Based on the preponderance
of the evidence in the case there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find there was no
causation of injury and no liability for injury. Plaintiff has failed to show that the jury
clearly should have reached a different verdict.
       “2. Defendant’s admission of liability was not an admission as to medical
causation or medical injury, but only a statement that fault for the accident was not
disputed.
       “3. Defendant’s objection to new evidence submitted on reply is sustained.”
Discussion
       The trial court possesses wide discretion in ruling on a motion for a new trial, and
we give its determination great deference on appeal. We review all the rulings and
proceedings involving the merits or affecting the judgment. In reviewing an order
denying a new trial, we review the entire record so as to make an independent
determination as to whether there is any prejudicial error. We possess no discretion to
grant a new trial for harmless error. (Nazari v. Ayrapetyan (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 690,
693-694.)
       On appeal, Hanson reiterates his belief that the trial court’s conclusion that he was
not “entitled to recover for those damages in which negligence was conceded and
causation established by unanimous medical testimony is incomprehensible and contrary

                                              12
to law, constituting an abuse of discretion per se.” We have addressed Hanson’s
argument and found sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding in Martin’s favor on
the issue of causation.
       Finally, Hanson contends it was error for the trial court to exclude excerpts from
the record submitted in reply to the motion for a new trial. Hanson sought to introduce
portions of the trial testimony of Drs. Shimada and Tuft. Martin objected to the exhibits
on the ground the evidence was submitted for the first time in reply. The trial court
sustained the objections.
       The trial court stated it “had a good recollection of [the] case.” During the hearing
on the motion the court observed: “I remember this trial well. It was a low impact
accident, did not seem to have the forces necessary to me as a trier of fact as an
independent review. . . . [T]he preponderance of the evidence shows that the injury could
have been caused and likely was caused by something unrelated to the accident.” The
court’s decision not to separately consider the trial testimony of two experts, which was
simply a repetition of what was presented at trial, does not amount to error.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Martin shall recover costs on appeal.



                                                            RAYE                , P. J.



We concur:



         BLEASE             , J.



         MAURO              , J.

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