      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

LINDA SELLERS,                                 )
                                               )        Supreme Court No. S-15685
                      Petitioner,              )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 4FA-14-01376 CI
              v.                               )
                                               )        OPINION
STEPHAN KURDILLA and                           )
DANIEL STROUD,                                 )        No. 7116 - August 12, 2016
                                               )

                      Respondents.             )

                                               )


              Petition for Review from the Superior Court of the State of
              Alaska, Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Bethany
              Harbison, Judge, on appeal from the District Court of the
              State of Alaska, Fairbanks, Ben Seekins, Judge.

              Appearances: Sandra K. Wilson, Stepovich & Vacura Law
              Office, Fairbanks, for Petitioner. Reilly Cosgrove and
              Michael C. Kramer, Kramer and Associates, Fairbanks, for
              Respondents.

              Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Fabe, Winfree, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              Several men were in a car that rear-ended the plaintiff’s vehicle. The
plaintiff sued the car’s owner, believing he had been driving. The car’s owner moved
to dismiss the lawsuit on the basis of an affidavit from a second man, who claimed he
was driving at the time of the accident. The plaintiff amended her complaint to name
both men. The second man then moved to dismiss the claim against him, arguing that
under Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) the plaintiff’s amended complaint did not relate back to
the date of her initial filing and the claim was therefore barred by the statute of
limitations. The district court agreed and dismissed the claim. The plaintiff proceeded
to trial against the car’s owner, who defended on grounds that he had not been driving.
The jury found against the plaintiff, who then appealed to the superior court, arguing that
the district court erred when it dismissed her claim against the second man. The superior
court affirmed the district court’s decision.
              We granted review. We conclude that the plaintiff’s amended complaint
met the requirements for relation back under Rule 15(c), and we therefore reverse the
superior court’s decision.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Facts
              Linda Sellers’s car was rear-ended by a Dodge Durango on January 4,
2010. The Durango carried at least three men, including the owner, Stephan Kurdilla,
and Daniel Stroud. Sellers later attested by affidavit that the Durango’s driver
approached her vehicle, identified himself as Stephan Kurdilla, and gave her an
insurance identification card with Kurdilla’s name on it. She attested that she copied
down the information from the card. Her passenger, Bonnie Largen, affirmed in her
affidavit that she saw the Durango’s driver hand Sellers an insurance identification card,
heard Sellers identify the driver as Kurdilla, and saw her copy down the information
from the card. The police did not respond to the scene of the accident but instead had
Sellers file a crash report, in which she identified Kurdilla as the Durango’s driver.



                                            -2-                                      7116

              On January 11, 2010, State Farm mailed a claim acknowledgment notice
which identified “Our Insured” as Daniel Stroud. But in its seven subsequent letters
spanning January to July, State Farm identified “Our Insured” as Stephan Kurdilla.
              In June 2010, attorney Michael Stepovich notified State Farm that he
represented Sellers “in regard to injuries she sustained in a rear-ending by your insured”;
in his letter he named Kurdilla as “Your Insured.” State Farm replied on July 30, this
time identifying “Our Insured” as Stroud. Its next two letters identified Kurdilla as its
insured; its next two named Stroud; and the two after that again named Kurdilla. All in
all, State Farm identified Kurdilla as its insured eleven times and Stroud four times in its
correspondence with Stepovich.
       B.     Proceedings
              On January 4, 2012, the last day before the statute of limitations expired,
Sellers filed a complaint naming Kurdilla as the defendant and alleging that he had been
driving the Durango at the time of the accident.1 Sellers had difficulty locating Kurdilla
for service of process, and State Farm declined to accept service on his behalf. On
April 6, 2012, Sellers filed an affidavit of due diligence and a motion for leave to serve
Kurdilla by publication, which the court granted on April 16. Sellers published the
required notice four times in May and sent a certified copy to Fort Wainwright, where
Kurdilla had been stationed. Eventually Kurdilla was served at Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, on May 11, 2012.
              Michael Kramer, the attorney State Farm retained to represent Kurdilla,
later attested by affidavit that Kurdilla called him on May 16, 2012, and told him that
Stroud was the driver and that he (Kurdilla) had called Stepovich earlier that day with

       1
            See AS 09.10.070 (providing that actions for tort and personal injury must
be brought within two years).
                                            -3-                                       7116
Stroud’s contact information. Stepovich, however, disputes having received such a call
from Kurdilla; he contends that it was not until a few months later, when Kurdilla filed
a motion to dismiss the case, that Sellers first had notice that Stroud claimed to be the
driver.
              Kramer filed his entry of appearance on Kurdilla’s behalf on June 1. On
August 16 Kurdilla filed a motion to dismiss supported by a two-line affidavit from
Stroud asserting that he, Stroud, had been driving at the time of the accident. Sellers
opposed the motion to dismiss and filed an amended complaint that added “and/or Daniel
Stroud” to the allegations of driver negligence. Sellers also moved for a continuance
pursuant to Alaska Civil Rule 56(f) so that she could investigate whether Stroud was
indeed the driver and whether he and Kurdilla had colluded to hide the driver’s identity.
              Stroud, also represented by Kramer, then filed a motion to dismiss the new
claim against him on the grounds that Kurdilla’s phone call to Stepovich, together with
State Farm’s letters, had put Sellers on early notice that Stroud was actually the driver
and that the statute of limitations on a claim against him had now expired. Stroud also
directly disputed Sellers’s description of the relevant events by attesting in a supporting
affidavit that at the time of the collision both he and Kurdilla approached Sellers’s car,
that Kurdilla “gave her his insurance card and clearly identified himself as the owner of
the vehicle, and [that] [Stroud] clearly identified [him]self as the driver of the vehicle.”
              1.     District court proceedings
              The district court denied Kurdilla’s motion to dismiss, finding that there
was a question of material fact as to whether he had been driving the Durango. But the
court granted Stroud’s motion to dismiss the claim against him, finding that State Farm’s
first letter to Sellers in January 2010 — one of the four that identified Stroud as the
company’s insured — should “have put [Sellers] on notice of a duty to investigate as to

                                            -4-                                       7116

a possible second driver, and that would be sufficient for the statute of limitations
argument that’s being made in [this] case.” The court also denied Sellers’s Rule 56(f)
motion seeking a continuance to conduct more discovery.
              The claim against Kurdilla proceeded to trial. Kurdilla presented testimony
— his own, Stroud’s, and that of another passenger in the car — that Stroud, not he, was
driving at the time of the accident, and the jury returned a defense verdict. Sellers
appealed to the superior court, arguing that the district court erred by dismissing her
claim against Stroud and by denying her motion for a Rule 56(f) continuance.
              2.     Superior court appeal
              On appeal, the superior court analyzed Rule 15 and concluded that there
was no identity of interest between Kurdilla and Stroud that would allow Kurdilla’s
knowledge of the lawsuit to extend Sellers’s time for bringing a claim against Stroud.
The court noted that “Stroud and State Farm presumably have an identity of interest,” but
it concluded that Sellers had abandoned any argument based on that relationship. The
superior court also observed that Kurdilla had been served more than 120 days after
Sellers filed her complaint and that the trial court had not found good cause for a lack of
timely service, meaning that Sellers could not meet another requirement of Rule 15(c)
— notice of the lawsuit within the time allowed for service. The superior court affirmed
“[t]he district court’s decisions regarding the relation back and identity of interests
doctrines.”
              The superior court declined to resolve another of Sellers’s arguments —
that the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act tolled the statute of limitations with respect to
Stroud while Kurdilla, a member of the armed services, was deployed overseas —
because the argument was raised for the first time on appeal. But the superior court did
reverse and remand the district court’s denial of Sellers’s Rule 56(f) motion, noting that

                                            -5-                                      7116

Sellers had not been dilatory in her discovery efforts and that there were adequate
reasons to give her more time. Finally, the superior court reversed the district court’s
dismissal of Stroud from the case and remanded to the district court to determine whether
there was a viable claim for fraud against the two men and, if so, when it had accrued.
              3.     Supreme court petition
              Sellers filed a petition asking us to review the district and superior courts’
holdings on the issues of identity of interest and relation back under Civil Rule 15(c).
We granted the petition. Sellers argues: (1) that she made a mistake, not a deliberate
tactical choice, when she identified Kurdilla as the defendant driver, and Rule 15(c)
allows relation back in the event of a mistake; (2) that the service period Rule 15(c)
refers to in which a potential defendant must receive notice of the litigation was extended
beyond 120 days by the district court’s order allowing service by publication; (3) that the
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act tolled the statute of limitations on her claim against
Stroud; and (4) that Stroud shares an identity of interest with State Farm, Kramer, and
Kurdilla which means that any notice of the litigation to those parties may be imputed
to him.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              “We exercise our ‘independent judgment when interpreting the Alaska
Rules of Civil Procedure.’ ”2
              As for the applicable standard of review for decisions whether amendments
relate back under Alaska Civil Rule 15(c), Stroud notes that we review “a trial court’s




       2
              Coleman v. McCullough, 290 P.3d 413, 414 (Alaska 2012) (quoting Joseph
v. State, 26 P.3d 459, 463 (Alaska 2001)).
                                            -6-                                       7116
denial of a motion to amend a complaint under an abuse of discretion standard.”3 This
describes the standard of review for Rule 15(a), which gives trial courts discretion, while
Rule 15(c) does not.4
              In Phillips v. Gieringer the trial court permitted an amendment under Rule
15(a) but denied relation back under Rule 15(c).5 We did not articulate a standard of
review for applications of Rule 15(c), but we reviewed the issue de novo.6 We now hold
that we review de novo whether an amendment satisfies Rule 15(c)’s requirements for
relation back.7
              We review factual findings for clear error.8


       3
            Siemion v. Rumfelt, 825 P.2d 896, 898 n.2 (Alaska 1992) (first citing
Shooshanian v. Wagner, 672 P.2d 455, 458 (Alaska 1983); and then citing Estate of
Thompson v. Mercedes-Benz, Inc., 514 P.2d 1269, 1271 (Alaska 1973)).
       4
               Compare Alaska Civil Rule 15(a) (“Otherwise a party may amend the
party’s pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party . . . .”),
with Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) (“An amendment changing the party against whom a claim
is asserted relates back if . . . .”). Cf. Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p.A., 560 U.S. 538, 553
(2010) (distinguishing Federal Civil Rule 15(a) and holding that Federal Civil Rule 15(c)
“mandates relation back once the Rule’s requirements are satisfied; it does not leave the
decision whether to grant relation back to the district court’s equitable discretion”).
       5
              108 P.3d 889, 891-92 (Alaska 2005).
       6
              Id. at 893; see id. at 893-96.
       7
              See Butler v. Nat’l Cmty. Renaissance of Cal., 766 F.3d 1191, 1194 (9th
Cir. 2014) (“Likewise, we review the district court’s application of the relation-back
doctrine under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) de novo.”); Williams v. Boeing Co.,
517 F.3d 1120, 1132 n.8 (9th Cir. 2008) (distinguishing between standards of review
for denial of a motion to amend and denial of relation back once leave to amend is
granted).
       8
              Hallam v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 91 P.3d 279, 283 (Alaska 2004).
                                               -7-                                      7116

IV.	   DISCUSSION
              The full text of Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) is important to the discussion that
follows. It states:
                     Whenever the claim or defense asserted in the
              amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction or
              occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the
              original pleading, the amendment relates back to the date of
              the original pleading. An amendment changing the party
              against whom a claim is asserted relates back if the foregoing
              provision is satisfied and, within the period provided by Rule
              4(j) for service of the summons and complaint, that party (1)
              has received such notice of the institution of the action that
              the party will not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on
              the merits, and (2) knew or should have known that, but for
              a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party, the
              action would have been brought against the party.
In this opinion we must decide whether the rule (1) permits the relation back of an
amendment that adds — rather than merely substitutes — a defendant; (2) allows a
plaintiff with a mistaken belief about the defendant’s identity to amend her complaint
regardless of whether she was on “inquiry notice” that her initial choice of whom to sue
might be mistaken; (3) allows the period provided “for service of the summons and
complaint” to be expanded by an order allowing service by publication; and (4) allows
“notice of the institution of the action” to be imputed from an insurer to a permissive
driver who is an insured by definition. We also address whether our interpretation of the
rule comports with due process.
       A.	    Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) Permits Relation Back Of An Amendment
              Adding A Defendant.
              The second sentence of Civil Rule 15(c) provides that “[a]n amendment
changing the party against whom a claim is asserted relates back” under stated
conditions. (Emphasis added.) Stroud argues that Sellers cannot take advantage of this

                                           -8-	                                     7116

provision because she did not seek to “change” a party when she revised her complaint
to name “Steph[a]n Kurdilla and/or Daniel Stroud” as the defendants; he argues that
“change” can mean only “substitute,” not “add.” Stroud argues that the provision is
intended only as a “name-correcting device” and cannot be used to add a new party once
the statute of limitations has run.9
              The focus of our past decisions regarding whether an amendment relates
back under Rule 15(c) has been notice and mistake, not whether the plaintiff sought to
add or substitute a defendant.10 But regardless of context, we liberally construe the rules
of pleading “to [e]nsure that no plaintiff is deprived of his day in court solely because of
the intricacies and technical limitations of pleading.”11 We now hold that “changing the




       9
              Sellers argues that Stroud waived this argument by failing to raise it below.
“We will not consider new arguments not raised in the trial court, unless the issues
establish plain error, or the issues (1) do not depend on new facts, (2) are closely related
to other arguments at trial, and (3) could have been gleaned from the pleadings.” State
Farm Auto. Ins. Co. v. Raymer, 977 P.2d 706, 711 (Alaska 1999). Since this question
requires only interpretation of the court rules, since the parties have fully briefed the
issue, and since Rule 15(c) was consistently litigated below, we will resolve it.
       10
             See McCracken v. Davis, 560 P.2d 771, 777 (Alaska 1977) (denying
relation back because defendant was not on notice and reserving whether Rule 15(c)
permits adding defendants); see also Siemion v. Rumfelt, 825 P.2d 896, 901 (Alaska
1992) (holding plaintiff did not make a mistake); McCutcheon v. State, 746 P.2d 461,
469 (Alaska 1987) (holding complaint was barred by statute of limitations); Atkins v.
DeHavilland Aircraft Co. of Canada, Ltd., 699 P.2d 352, 354 (Alaska 1985) (holding
plaintiff made a tactical decision, not a mistake), distinguished on other grounds by
Farmer v. State, 788 P.2d 43 (Alaska 1990); Adkins v. Nabors Alaska Drilling, Inc., 609
P.2d 15, 21 (Alaska 1980) (holding defendant was aware of accident but not of lawsuit),
distinguished on other grounds by Farmer, 788 P.2d at 48-49.
       11
              Farmer, 788 P.2d at 47.
                                            -9-                                       7116

party against whom a claim is asserted” for purposes of relation back under Rule 15(c)
includes both “adding” and “substituting” defendants.
              An important purpose of Rule 15(c) is to ensure that a new party has fair
notice of a cause of action within the time provided by the statute of limitations, “such
that the party’s rights will not be prejudiced.”12 The rule balances the party’s interest in
the protection of the statute of limitations against the idea that a party who was timely
notified of litigation “is entitled to no more protection from [the] statutes of limitations
than” a party who was timely served.13 The additional requirement that the plaintiff have
made a genuine mistake about the proper party’s identity prevents use of the relation-
back doctrine for tactical advantage or to circumvent the rules governing joinder.14
              Requiring a plaintiff to “substitute” rather than “add” a defendant gives the
new party no additional protections;15 it conceivably only benefits the timely-served
defendant, who under Stroud’s interpretation must be dismissed in order for a new
defendant to be named. But Rule 15(c) is not intended to benefit an already-identified
defendant who was timely served. And limiting the rule to substitution could — as in



       12
              Id.
       13
              Id. (quoting 3 JAMES WM. MOORE ET AL., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE
§ 15:15[2], at 15-144 to 15-145 (2d ed. 1985)); Alaska R. Civ. P. 15(c) (requiring that
the party “receive[] such notice of the institution of the action that the party will not be
prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits”).
       14
              See Atkins, 699 P.2d at 354; McCracken, 560 P.2d at 777.
       15
              See Goodman v. Praxair, Inc., 494 F.3d 458, 469 (4th Cir. 2007) (noting
that the Federal Civil Rule 15(c) protections come from its requirements of notice and
mistake, “not from reading the term ‘changes’ narrowly”). Federal Civil Rule 15(c) and
Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) are very similar and “we may look to federal case law
interpreting this rule for guidance in our own application.” Farmer, 788 P.2d at 47.
                                           -10-                                       7116

this case — harm the plaintiff who made an honest mistake. Professors Wright and
Miller write that “there is no justification for a restrictive interpretation of the word
‘changing’ that would require a plaintiff to choose among defendants. Too narrow a
reading of the rule might result in the release of a party who ultimately might have
proven to be liable . . . .”16 Here, Stroud’s assertion that he was the driver directly
contradicted Sellers’s evidence that it was Kurdilla. Sellers could not safely substitute
one name for the other in the face of the conflicting evidence. Pending further discovery,
her only immediate option was to name both men, as she did in her amended complaint,
alleging that either Kurdilla or Stroud was liable as the driver.17
              Considering the policies underlying Rule 15(c), we conclude that adding
a defendant is “changing the party against whom a claim is asserted” and that Sellers’s
claim against Stroud satisfied this aspect of the rule.
       B.	    A Plaintiff On “Inquiry Notice” May Still Make A True Mistake
              About The Identity Of The Proper Party.
              The district court dismissed Sellers’s claim against Stroud as time-barred
after finding that the letters in which State Farm identified Stroud as “Our Insured”
“would have put [Sellers] on notice of a duty to investigate as to a possible second
driver.” The superior court did not address the issue of mistake, resolving Sellers’s
appeal on notice grounds instead; but Stroud argues in his response to Sellers’s petition




       16
          6A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE § 1498.2 (3d ed. 2010).

       17
             Cf. Meredith v. United Air Lines, 41 F.R.D. 34, 39 (S.D. Cal. 1966) (noting
that where “Plaintiff’s counsel could not safely substitute” defendants because either
party might be liable, “[i]t would be unfair indeed to deny Plaintiff the benefits of Rule
15(c)”).
                                           -11-	                                    7116

for review that Sellers made a conscious choice to sue only Kurdilla and that the district
court’s finding of inquiry notice supports this conclusion. We disagree.
              We have interpreted Rule 15(c)(2) to require that “the party seeking to
amend must have made a true mistake concerning the identity or name of the proper
party.”18 Under this interpretation, a complaint’s identification of the right actor by the
wrong name constitutes a mistake,19 but a plaintiff’s “tactical decision, for instance, to
omit a possible defendant,” does not.20 We have not addressed how a plaintiff’s
confusion about the roles of two potential defendants fits within the rule.
              We have held that there was no “true mistake” for purposes of Rule 15(c)
when a plaintiff knew of someone’s identity and role in a possible cause of action but
deliberately chose to omit that person from the complaint. In Siemion v. Rumfelt, a minor
driving his father’s car ran into the plaintiffs’ vehicle.21 The plaintiffs sued the father but
in their complaint correctly identified the son as the driver.22 The superior court denied
the plaintiffs’ later motion to add claims against the son and mother.23 We affirmed,
noting that “[i]t appears that the Siemions neglected to add [the son and mother] as




       18
              Atkins, 699 P.2d at 354; see also Siemion v. Rumfelt, 825 P.2d 896, 901
(Alaska 1992) (noting that plaintiffs must “demonstrate that they were mistaken as to the
identity of the proper parties” to qualify for Rule 15(c)).
       19
              Phillips v. Gieringer, 108 P.3d 889, 891 (Alaska 2005).
       20
              Atkins, 699 P.2d at 354.
       21
              825 P.2d at 897.
       22
              Id. at 897, 901.
       23
              Id. at 897.
                                             -12-                                        7116

defendants although knowing their respective identities” and that the plaintiffs “offered
no evidence that they made a mistake regarding the [new parties’] identities.”24
              In contrast to the plaintiffs’ deliberate choices about whom to sue in
Siemion, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted that a plaintiff “might know that the
prospective defendant exists but nonetheless harbor a misunderstanding about his status
or role in the events” and “mistakenly choose to sue a different defendant based on that
misimpression.”25 The Supreme Court held that such a “deliberate but mistaken choice”
would not necessarily disqualify a plaintiff from satisfying Federal Civil Rule 15(c)’s
requirement that the plaintiff have made a “mistake.”26 The First Circuit reached a
similar conclusion when it held that Federal Civil Rule 15(c) “does not distinguish
among types of mistake concerning identity” and overturned a district court’s
determination that there was no mistake when a plaintiff “through the exercise of
reasonable diligence[] could have known[] the identity of the proper defendant.”27
              The district court in this case found only that Sellers was “on notice of a
duty to investigate as to a possible second driver,”28 not that Sellers knew Stroud was the


       24
             Id. at 901; see also Atkins, 699 P.2d at 354 (denying relation back because
“Atkins offered no evidence that he made a mistake concerning DeHavilland’s identity”).
       25
              Krupski v. Costa Crociere S.p.A., 560 U.S. 538, 549 (2010).
       26
              Id.
       27
              Leonard v. Parry, 219 F.3d 25, 28-29 (1st Cir. 2000).
       28
              Since the district court relied only on the State Farm letters in its finding
that Sellers was on inquiry notice, it did not resolve any factual questions regarding the
phone call Kurdilla said he made on May 16, 2012 identifying Stroud as the driver.
Stroud now argues that this phone call and his two affidavits are also evidence that
Sellers was on notice that he was the driver.
                                                                             (continued...)
                                           -13-                                      7116

driver and named Kurdilla regardless. There was no finding that Sellers was not
“mistaken as to the identity of the proper parties,”29 as she claimed to be. A plaintiff on
inquiry notice can make a mistake; indeed, it is the nature of mistake that a party has
missed a chance to discover the truth.30 “The reasonableness of the mistake is not itself
at issue.”31 Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) protects against a plaintiff who has not made a
mistake, who knows the defendant’s identity and understands the defendant’s role in the




       28
         (...continued)
               But the mistake inquiry under Rule 15(c) asks whether the plaintiff made
a mistake when she filed the original complaint. See, e.g., id. at 29 (“[K]nowledge
acquired by a plaintiff after filing his original complaint is without weight in determining
his state of mind at the time he filed the initial complaint and, thus, in determining
whether a mistake concerning identity occurred.”). Sellers filed her initial complaint on
January 4, 2012; the phone call Kurdilla alleged to have made later and Stroud’s
affidavits filed later are irrelevant for Rule 15(c) purposes.
       29
              Siemion, 825 P.2d at 901.
       30
             See Leonard, 219 F.3d at 29 (“Virtually by definition, every mistake
involves an element of negligence, carelessness, or fault . . . .”).
       31
              Krupski, 560 U.S. at 549; see also id. at 550-51 (noting that Federal Civil
Rule 15(c) arose out of recurring problems with timely Social Security suits that named
the wrong defendant, even though “litigants knew or reasonably should have known” the
proper party’s identity from paperwork and the filing statute’s requirements); Leonard,
219 P.2d at 29 (noting that the language of Rule 15(c) “does not distinguish among types
of mistakes concerning identity”).
                                           -14-                                       7116

events at issue.32 But if the plaintiff has made a true mistake about the defendant’s
identity, Rule 15(c)’s mistake requirement is satisfied.
              In this case, Sellers sued Kurdilla because she believed he was the driver.
She named him as the driver in the crash report and in her complaint. The district court’s
finding that Sellers was on notice to inquire into whether Stroud was the driver instead
does not change the fact that she premised her complaint on a mistake about the driver’s
identity. Because Sellers made a “mistake concerning the identity of the proper party,”
we must resolve whether Rule 15(c)’s other requirements are satisfied.
       C.	    State Farm Knew Of The Litigation Within The Rule 15(c) Notice
              Period.
              Rule 15(c) requires that the notice and mistake elements be satisfied “within
the period provided by Rule 4(j) for service of the summons and complaint.” Rule 4(j),
in turn, provides a 120-day time limit for service; if service has not been completed
within that time, the clerk is required to “send notice to the plaintiff to show good cause
in writing why service . . . is not complete.” “If the court finds good cause why service
has not been made, the court shall establish a new deadline by which plaintiff must file
proof of service or proof that plaintiff has made diligent efforts to serve.”33
              The district court in this case did not decide whether Stroud had imputed
notice of Sellers’s lawsuit within the time allowed by Rule 4(j). The superior court did


       32
             See Siemion, 825 P.2d at 901; Farmer v. State, 788 P.2d 43, 49 (Alaska
1990) (distinguishing a case in which a plaintiff who “knew the defendant’s identity, but
merely neglected to add that defendant to his original complaint,” made no mistake
(emphasis in original) (citing McCutcheon v. State, 746 P.2d 461 (Alaska 1987))); Atkins
v. DeHavilland Aircraft Co. of Canada, Ltd., 699 P.2d 352, 354 (Alaska 1985) (finding
no mistake where a plaintiff made “[a] tactical decision . . . to omit a possible
defendant”).
       33
              Alaska Civil Rule 4(j).
                                           -15-	                                     7116

address the issue, holding that the period for service of the summons and complaint was
120 days because “[t]he trial court in this case did not find good cause” to extend the
Rule 4(j) period; the court further held that since Kurdilla was served more than 120 days
after Sellers filed her complaint, the necessary prerequisites to relation back under Rule
15(c) did not occur within the Rule 4(j) service period and notice could not be imputed
to Stroud. Sellers now argues that the superior court erred in enforcing a 120-day limit
because the Rule 4(j) period may be extended and was in this case.34 Stroud counters
that in West v. Buchanan35 we established a bright-line 120-day rule for notice under
Rule 15(c).
              As explained below, we conclude that Stroud had imputed notice of the
litigation well within 120 days of the filing of the complaint; nonetheless, we first
explain why we disagree with the superior court’s calculation of the applicable period
for service. Contrary to Stroud’s argument on appeal, West no longer defines the notice
period for purposes of Rule 15(c). The rule was amended in 2005, after West was
decided, to provide for notice “within the period provided by Rule 4(j) for service of the
summons and complaint.”36 As noted above, Rule 4(j) establishes a 120-day deadline

      34
              Sellers also argues that the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act tolled the
statute of limitations while Kurdilla was deployed, an argument she raised for the first
time on appeal to the superior court. The superior court held that Sellers waived this
argument when she failed to raise the issue in district court. We find it unnecessary to
address it.
      35
              981 P.2d 1065 (Alaska 1999).
      36
             Alaska Supreme Court Order No. 1571 (Apr. 21, 2005). When West was
decided in 1999, Rule 15(c) provided for notice “within the period provided by law for
commencing the action.” West, 981 P.2d at 1069. We note, however, that we ultimately
held in West that notice must take place within “the reasonable time for service of
process”; we did not require that extensions beyond the standard 120-day service period
                                                                          (continued...)
                                          -16-                                      7116

for service but allows the court to “establish a new deadline” if it “finds good cause why
service has not been made.” The 2005 amendment to Rule 15(c) uses the same language
as its federal counterpart, which allows extensions of the 120-day notice period if the
court so orders.37 Thus, Rule 15(c) contemplates notice within 120 days or a longer
period of time if ordered by the court.
              It is true, as the superior court observed, that the district court in this case
did not make an explicit good cause finding in support of a new deadline under Rule 4(j).
The district court did, however, authorize an extension of the service period. By
authorizing service by publication, the district court required Sellers to publish notice
“four times during four consecutive calendar weeks, once in each week.”38 On April 16,
the date of the court’s order, less than four weeks remained in the original service period;
the effect of the court’s order was to extend that period until service by publication was




       36
        (...continued)
be excluded. Id.
       37
               Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 advisory committee’s note to
1991 amendment (“In allowing a name-correcting amendment within the time allowed
by Rule 4(m), this rule allows not only the 120 days specified in that rule, but also any
additional time resulting from any extension ordered by the court pursuant to that rule
. . . .” (emphasis added)); see also Heiser v. Ass’n of Apartment Owners of Polo Beach
Club, 848 F. Supp. 1482, 1488 (D. Haw. 1993) (holding that amendment adding new
parties related back because a court-granted extension constituted “good cause for the
failure to serve within 120 days” and the parties were thus served “prior to the end of the
Rule 4(j) period for serving the original complaint”).
       38
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 4(e)(2) (2012). Alaska Civil Rule 4(e)(2) was altered and
renumbered as 4(e)(3) in 2014, although its substantive requirements for service by
publication in a newspaper remain the same. Alaska Supreme Court Order No. 1834
(July 9, 2014).
                                            -17-                                        7116

complete.39 We necessarily infer that the district court had good cause to issue its
order.40
             This reading is consistent with West, in which we concluded that Rule
15(c)’s goal was “to liberalize the rules of pleading” to allow amendments otherwise
barred by the statute of limitations as long as defendants were protected against the
prosecution of stale claims.41 In West we concluded that it would be “little more than
senseless formalism” to say that the original defendant “received timely and adequate
notice” but the new defendant did not when both received notice within the period
allowed for service of process.42 It would be equally formalistic to bar Sellers’s
amendment on timeliness grounds because the district court did not explicitly reference
Rule 4(j) in its order granting Sellers permission under Rule 4(e) to publish after the
original 120-day service deadline had passed. The effect of the district court’s order was
to extend the Rule 15(c) notice period through the final publication of service on May 22,
2012. The evidence is undisputed that Kurdilla was served with Sellers’s complaint,
naming him as the driver, on May 11 and that he advised Kramer, his State Farm­


       39
             Sellers filed her complaint on January 4, 2012, and the usual 120-day
service period would have expired on May 3. Sellers promptly published the required
notice on May 1, 8, 15, and 22.
       40
              The court’s authorization of “other service” under Rule 4(e) is premised on
proof “that after diligent inquiry a party cannot be served with process” by more usual
means.
       41
              West, 981 P.2d at 1068; see also Phillips v. Gieringer, 108 P.3d 889, 893
(Alaska 2005) (noting that whether the original pleading gave fair notice to the actual
defendant within the statutory period is the linchpin of the relation back doctrine);
Farmer v. State, 788 P.2d 43, 50 (Alaska 1990) (“Civil Rule 15(c) should not stand as
a technical bar. To construe it so is to put form over substance . . . .”).
       42
             981 P.2d at 1071.
                                          -18-                                      7116

appointed attorney, on May 16 that the complaint was mistaken because Stroud had been
the driver. These events occurred within the time allowed by Rule 4(j) for service.
              In any event, we conclude that service of process on Kurdilla is not
determinative in this case because State Farm, which insured both him and Stroud, had
notice of the suit and of Sellers’s alleged mistake much earlier. Kramer’s affidavit of
April 23, 2013, filed in support of a motion for costs related to a motion to compel,
asserted that he had “been lead attorney in [this case] since its inception [on] January 4,
2012.” An invoice Kramer’s law firm sent State Farm, filed after trial in support of a
motion for attorney’s fees, reflected that on January 26, 2012, one of the firm’s attorneys
received a phone call from a State Farm representative, researched court records, and
reviewed Sellers’s complaint; the next day Kramer also reviewed the complaint,
researched “statute of limitations issues” regarding “[redacted],” and spoke to the State
Farm representative assigned to Sellers’s insurance claim. The records show that over
the next few weeks Kramer received State Farm’s claim file and prepared to defend the
claim. This evidence is more than sufficient for us to conclude that State Farm had
notice of Sellers’s suit and her alleged mistake within the time allowed for service on
Kurdilla.
       D.	    Notice Of The Litigation Is Fairly Imputed From State Farm To
              Stroud Because Of Their Identity Of Interest.
              We next address whether State Farm’s timely notice of the litigation may
be fairly imputed to Stroud. For deciding whether amendments relate back under Rule
15(c) we have adopted the “identity of interest” doctrine, which imputes notice of
litigation to a new defendant through timely notice to an original party.43 We held in
Farmer v. State that “[w]here a new party (1) has constructive notice, imputed through



       43
              Phillips, 108 P.3d at 894-95.
                                           -19-                                      7116
the same attorney retained by existing parties to the action, (2) through no fault of the
plaintiff the defendant’s true identity was unknown at the time of pleading, and (3) the
new party defendant is not prejudiced by the amended complaint, Civil Rule 15(c) should
not stand as a technical bar.”44
              In Phillips v. Gieringer the plaintiff was involved in a car accident with a
driver who was insured under his father’s State Farm policy.45 The plaintiff mistakenly
sued the father “but described the ‘defendant’ in her complaint as the driver of the motor
vehicle and directed all her claims against the driver.”46 We noted that “a ‘business
operation’ or other private relationship may also give rise to an identity of interest” and
reaffirmed that the doctrine’s primary objective was to avoid prejudice to the new party.47
We then determined that State Farm, because of service on the father, had notice of the
litigation and shared an identity of interest with the driver.48 We imputed notice of the
suit to the driver through State Farm because “[i]n routine cases, there will be an identity
of interest between the insurer and the insured because insurance companies are typically
required by contract to represent the interests of the insured.”49 But we allowed that the




       44
              788 P.2d at 49-50.
       45
              108 P.3d at 891.
       46
              Id.
       47
              Id. at 894.
       48
              Id. at 895.
       49
              Id.
                                           -20-                                       7116

presumption of notice “may be rebutted if the insured can show that its interests conflict
with the insurance company.”50
             Sellers argues that the issue of imputed notice in her case is governed by
Phillips because in both cases the original defendant and the actual driver were
represented by the same insurance company.51 Stroud counters that Phillips addresses
co-insureds, not permissive drivers who are insured by definition, and besides that his
interests were adverse to those of both Kurdilla and State Farm. Stroud also relies on the
superior court’s finding that Sellers abandoned on appeal the issue of whether Stroud and
State Farm shared an identity of interest.
             1.	    Sellers did not abandon her claim that Stroud and State Farm
                    share an identity of interest.
             The superior court noted in Sellers’s appeal that an identity of interest
presumably existed between Stroud and State Farm, but that “[o]n appeal, Sellers
abandoned her argument” and “focused entirely on an identity of interest between Stroud
and Kurdilla.” We review de novo whether a party has waived a claim on appeal.52 We
conclude that Sellers did not waive this issue.
             Sellers’s brief on appeal in the superior court argued that her case was
“factually analogous” to Phillips. She explained that Phillips held that notice could be
imputed to the driver “because both parties were represented by the same counsel and
covered by the same insurance carrier.” She then argued that notice could be imputed
in her case because “both Kurdilla and Stroud were covered by State Farm” and were

      50	
             Id.
      51
             See id. at 891 (“Although Carl [Gieringer] was not a minor, he was insured
under the same State Farm auto insurance policy as his father . . . .”).
      52
            State v. Jacob, 214 P.3d 353, 361 (Alaska 2009) (citing Lauth v. State, 12
P.3d 181, 184 (Alaska 2000)).
                                             -21-	                                  7116

represented by the same attorney. We acknowledge that Sellers could have clarified her
argument by stating that notice was imputed through State Farm, but we believe she
adequately briefed her claim by identifying the relevant holding in Phillips and the
corresponding circumstances in her own case. Our conclusion is bolstered by Stroud’s
response to Sellers’s brief, in which he argued that “State Farm never had an identity of
interest with Stroud such that notice of the suit against Kurdilla to State Farm should be
imputed to Stroud.”
              2.      Stroud and State Farm share an identity of interest.
              Sellers’s circumstances are very close to those in Phillips. Her complaint
described the defendant as the driver but named the car owner; both the owner and the
driver were covered by the same insurance policy; and the trial court granted leave to
amend the complaint and add the driver but refused to allow the amendment to relate
back. The only salient difference between the cases is that Stroud was a permissive
driver under Kurdilla’s insurance policy rather than a named insured. Stroud contends
that “the only relationship between State Farm and Stroud is a contractual obligation to
Kurdilla to defend any permissive driver” and that this difference from Phillips is
determinative.
              Stroud understates State Farm’s obligation to him.               Under AS
28.20.440(b)(2), motor vehicle liability insurance must “insure the person named and
every other person using the vehicle with the express or implied permission of the named
insured.” Unnamed but permissive drivers “qualify as additional insureds when involved
in an accident” and are entitled to “coverage . . . against the claims of [an] injured party
as if the permissive user was the named insured.”53 Absent unusual circumstances not




       53
              8 STEVEN PLITT ET AL., COUCH ON INSURANCE § 111:14 (3d ed. 2015).
                                           -22-                                       7116
evident in this record, State Farm owed Stroud the same duties of defense and indemnity
it owed Kurdilla, its named insured.
             Stroud argues that imputing notice to a permissive driver is unfair because
the insurance company does not have the same “contact information and an ongoing
business relationship” with “a random driver,” making it less likely that the insurer’s
actual notice will reach the insured. That consideration does not affect this case, where
State Farm identified Stroud as “Our Insured” on January 11, 2010 — within days of the
accident — and where the attorney State Farm hired spoke to Stroud by phone within the
Rule 15(c) notice period.54
             Stroud next argues that we should not impute notice of the litigation to him
through State Farm because his interests were adverse to the insurer’s.55 According to
Stroud, State Farm’s primary obligation was to represent “its paying customer, Kurdilla.”
Stroud contends that State Farm “had no duty to defend Stroud until after Sellers
attempted to name him as a defendant” and that he “was not being defended by State
Farm” during the statute of limitations or service periods.
             Stroud cites no authority in support of these arguments. As already noted,
an auto insurer is required by statute to “insure the person named [in the policy] and
every other person using the vehicle.”56 A “paying customer” is not entitled to
preferential treatment: An insurer owes all its insureds a duty of good faith and fair



      54
              The attorney’s billing records reflect “Phone call with driver, Daniel
Str[o]ud, regarding [redacted]” on May 18, 2012, following a phone call with Kurdilla.
      55
            See Phillips, 108 P.3d at 895 (holding that the presumption of notice “may
be rebutted if the insured can show that its interests conflict with the insurance
company”).
      56
             AS 28.20.440(b)(2).
                                          -23-                                     7116

dealing, and it cannot defend one at the expense of another.57 Potential conflicts between
insureds are routinely handled by the assignment of different adjusters and different
defense counsel.58 And the insurer’s obligation begins before the insured is named as a
defendant in a lawsuit and even if suit is never filed. The insurer is required to promptly
investigate insurance claims and offer equitable settlements when liability is reasonably
clear.59 These duties, beginning when the insurer first received notice of the claim, were
the same whether Kurdilla or Stroud was the driver.60
              In short, Stroud has not shown that his interests were adverse to those of
State Farm, nor has he rebutted the presumption from Phillips that he and his insurer
share an identity of interest. State Farm’s actual notice of the litigation in January 2012
is therefore imputed to Stroud.61



       57
              See Williams v. GEICO Cas. Co., 301 P.3d 1220, 1226 (Alaska 2013).
       58
              See, e.g., Fed. Ins. Co. v. MBL, Inc., 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d 910, 923-24 (Cal.
App. 2013) (rejecting insured’s claim that it was entitled to independent counsel where
insurer represented multiple defendants, noting that insurer “retained different law firms
to defend MBL and the other insured as well as assigned different claims adjusters” who
“had no access to each others’ files, did not discuss the claims and there is no evidence
that the defense of either insured would have been affected in any way”); United Servs.
Auto. Ass’n v. Bult, 183 S.W.3d 181, 187-88 (Ky. App. 2003) (noting that it would “have
been the better practice for [insurer] to employ two separate adjusters” as representatives
testified “was the company’s normal practice” in cases involving multiple insureds, but
under the circumstances finding no actual prejudice in the insurer’s use of a single
adjuster).
       59
              AS 21.36.125(a)(3), (6).
       60
              See AS 28.20.440(b)(2).
       61
             Since we conclude that State Farm and Stroud share an identity of interest,
we do not resolve Sellers’s arguments that an identity of interest exists between Stroud
and Kramer and between Stroud and Kurdilla.
                                           -24-                                      7116

      E.     Imputing Notice To Stroud Does Not Violate Due Process.
             Finally, Stroud argues that imputing notice to him through State Farm
violates due process under the federal and Alaska constitutions.
             It is true that the failure to provide a new party with adequate, timely notice
of litigation “might raise a question of procedural due process.”62 However, the U.S.
Supreme Court has observed in reference to Federal Civil Rule 15(c) that “[t]he Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure are designed to further the due process of law that the
Constitution guarantees. . . . [A]s long as no undue prejudice is shown, ‘due process
requirements are met if the requirements of Rule 15 are met.’ ”63
             Procedural due process under Alaska’s constitution “ ‘requires notice and
opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.’ Parties must have notice
of the subject of proceedings that concern them ‘so that they will have a reasonable
opportunity to be heard.’ ”64 Alaska Civil Rule 15(c) adopts the same notice and mistake
requirements as Federal Civil Rule 15(c), and both rules define the period for notice as
equal to the period for service of the complaint. As in federal law, we conclude that,



      62
             WRIGHT & MILLER, supra note 16, at § 1498.
      63
              Nelson v. Adams USA, Inc., 529 U.S. 460, 465 (2000) (quoting Ohio
Cellular Prods. Corp. v. Adams USA, Inc., 175 F.3d 1343, 1349 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 1999),
rev’d on other grounds by Nelson, 529 U.S. 460). Professors Wright and Miller argue
that the language of Federal Civil Rule 15(c) protects against the procedural due process
violation Stroud claims by requiring that the new defendant receive such notice that it
“will not be prejudiced in defending on the merits” and know that it would have been
named “but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s identity.” WRIGHT & MILLER,
supra note 62 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C)).
      64
             Price v. Eastham, 75 P.3d 1051, 1056 (Alaska 2003) (first quoting Walker
v. Walker, 960 P.2d 620, 622 (Alaska 1998); and then quoting Potter v. Potter, 55 P.3d
726, 728 (Alaska 2002)).
                                           -25-                                       7116

unless undue prejudice is shown, due process is satisfied if the requirements of Alaska
Civil Rule 15(c) are met.65
              The only prejudice Stroud alleges is that more than two and a half years
passed between the accident and Sellers’s amendment adding him as a defendant. But
we have already concluded that having received the same notice as Kurdilla, who was
timely served, Stroud had fair notice of the litigation such that his rights will not be
prejudiced. We therefore conclude that due process is satisfied.
V.     CONCLUSION
              Sellers’s amended complaint relates back to the date she filed her original
complaint. Accordingly, we REVERSE the dismissal of Sellers’s claim against Stroud
and REMAND to the superior court with instructions to remand to the district court for
further proceedings.66




       65
               See Farmer v. State, 788 P.2d 43, 47 (Alaska 1990) (holding that “the
touchstone of the relation back doctrine is fairness” and a new party must have “fair
notice of the cause of action, within the prescribed statutory period, such that the party’s
rights will not be prejudiced”).
       66
               This holding does not affect the superior court’s reversal and remand of the
district court’s Rule 56(f) ruling.
                                           -26-                                       7116

