PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

MARGARET LYNN HARTSELL,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
                                                                      No. 97-1114
DUPLEX PRODUCTS, INCORPORATED;
RICK GREBNER; JOHN HARRIS; DENNIS
HARDIN,
Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Graham C. Mullen, District Judge.
(CA-93-414-3-MU)

Argued: July 8, 1997

Decided: August 25, 1997

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and WILKINS and
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Williams wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Judge Wilkins joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Kevin Van Parsons, BLAKENEY & ALEXANDER,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Mark P. Henriques, WOM-
BLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C., Charlotte, North
Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: David L. Terry, BLAKENEY
& ALEXANDER, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Jim D.
Cooley, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C.,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:

Margaret Lynn Hartsell appeals from the grant of summary judg-
ment against her claim under Title VII for sexual harassment, see 42
U.S.C.A. § 2000e-1 to -17 (West 1994 & Supp. 1997), and her claims
under North Carolina law for intentional infliction of emotional dis-
tress and for negligent retention or supervision. She also appeals from
the jury verdict against her claim under Title VII for retaliatory dis-
charge, in which the jury found that Hartsell voluntarily quit her job
and therefore could not recover. She claims that she was continuously
harassed during her three-month tenure as an employee of Duplex
Products, Inc., particularly at the hands of Rick Grebner, John Harris,
and Dennis Hardin (together with Duplex, Defendants).1 On appeal,
Hartsell claims that the district court's partial grant of summary judg-
ment was improper because she presented sufficient evidence to
create a genuine issue of material fact on her sexual harassment claim
and her two state-law claims. She further claims that the jury verdict
should be set aside because the district court erred in failing to charge
the jury that former employees are protected by Title VII, see
Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 117 S. Ct. 843 (1997), and in failing to
charge the jury that even if Hartsell voluntarily quit her job, she nev-
ertheless might have remained an "employee" at the time of the
alleged retaliation. Finding no error, we affirm.

I.

Hartsell was employed by Duplex as a sales assistant in its Char-
_________________________________________________________________
1 Only Duplex and Grebner are defendants on the claim for negligent
retention or supervision, and only Duplex is a defendant on the retalia-
tory discharge claim. Nevertheless, for ease of reference we use the term
"Defendants" to include Duplex, Grebner, Harris, and Hardin.

                     2
lotte, North Carolina, office from September 23, 1992, until mid-
December, 1992. During Hartsell's tenure, the office personnel in
Charlotte consisted of an area manager, Grebner; three male sales rep-
resentatives, Harris, Hardin, and Greg Schneider; a female sales rep-
resentative, Pam Myers; and two female sales assistants, Hartsell and
her sister, Marie Wade. Hartsell was responsible for providing sup-
port to the four salespeople -- Myers, Hardin, Harris, and Schneider.
Her primary responsibility, however, was to support Myers, the only
female salesperson in the office. Hartsell claims that she was sub-
jected to a pattern of harassing behavior during her short tenure with
Duplex. Because the district court resolved much of Hartsell's claim
at the summary judgment stage, we catalog the alleged instances of
harassment and the supporting evidence in the light most favorable to
Hartsell, the nonmoving party. See Yarnevic v. Brink's, Inc., 102 F.3d
753, 756 (4th Cir. 1996). We note, however, that there is little, if any,
evidence that Hartsell's complaints were made contemporaneously to
Duplex or to Grebner.

Within two weeks of the beginning of Hartsell's employment,
Hardin told Hartsell, "We've made every female in this office cry like
a baby. We will do the same to you. Just give us time. We will find
your weakness." (J.A. at 397.) Harris was present when the comment
was made; both he and Hardin laughed. Hartsell smiled in response,
and retorted to Hardin and Harris "that they would never see [her] cry
in this office." (J.A. at 398.)

The salespeople at Duplex referred to the sales assistants as "the lit-
tle people." At one point, Hardin drew a chart indicating that Wade
and Hartsell were "little people," but that Hardin and Myers were "im-
portant people playing in the big leagues." (J.A. at 94-96.) Hardin told
Hartsell, in case she "didn't understand" (J.A. at 393), that she was
"not in [the salespeople's] league" (J.A. at 115). He added, "Take a
look at the organizational chart." (J.A. at 115.) Hartsell testified that
she did not think that Hardin was joking, and that she was offended.

In addition, at one point, Schneider -- who is not a defendant in
this action -- referred to former sales assistant Peggy Trapp as his
"slave." Schneider told Hartsell that she too"would become the
slave." (J.A. at 402.) Hartsell testified that this comment offended her.

                     3
She "made it clear [to Schneider] that[she] didn't respect what he had
just said to [her]." (J.A. at 403.)

Hartsell further claims that Hardin, upon seeing in the company
magazine a woman who "was rather buxom and was wearing a low-
cut T-shirt," asked in Hartsell's presence, "[W]hy don't we have sales
assistants that look like that[?]" (J.A. at 1063-64.) Grebner, who was
also present, answered, "[Y]eah, really." (J.A. at 1064.) Hartsell testi-
fied that she and Wade, who was also present, were"embarrassed and
infuriated" by the comment. (J.A. at 1064.) Nevertheless, she did not
complain at the time.

Hartsell also claims that, on another occasion, Grebner asked
Myers if after the birth of her child she would be a"mini-van driving
mommy" or "be a salesperson and play with the big boys." (J.A. at
396.) Hartsell responded, from the background, that Myers could be
both. In addition, the male salespeople referred to Myers' husband, a
stay-at-home father, as Myers' "wife." Although neither of these com-
ments were directed at Hartsell, she testified that she was offended
and insulted by them.

Then, sometime in late November, Hartsell was working on a com-
puter graphics program at her desk. Harris and Hardin, who wanted
to play a golf game on her computer, began kicking and pushing Hart-
sell's chair. They told her that she did not know what she was doing.
When Hartsell stood to answer the telephone, Harris took her seat and
tried to exit the program that Hartsell was using. Hartsell protested,
and Harris responded, "[W]hy don't you go home and fetch your hus-
band's slippers like a good little wife, that's exactly what my wife is
going to do for me." (J.A. at 419.) Hartsell then told Harris, who was
single, "Good luck in finding someone who will marry you." (J.A. at
126.) Meanwhile, Grebner overheard the exchange and told Harris
and Hardin to stop bothering Hartsell. Hartsell testified that she told
Grebner "at that time that he didn't need to defend me to these boys,
that they wouldn't make me get off of that computer that day." (J.A.
at 420.) She added, "I don't care if they go home and play with them-
selves instead of golf, they won't force me off of this computer
today!" (J.A. at 51.)

During this series of events, Hartsell never complained to Grebner
about the conduct of her co-workers. In fact, on at least one occasion,

                     4
Grebner asked her whether she was encountering any difficulty with
the office environment. Hartsell assured Grebner that she was doing
well. Moreover, there is evidence in the record that the atmosphere at
Duplex was relaxed and informal, and that Hartsell participated in the
office banter. For example, Hartsell and Myers compiled a list of
"dumb blonde" jokes. Similarly, Hartsell joked about her husband's
bad habits and her co-workers' personal details. At one point, Hartsell
boasted to Grebner that she "could drink him under the table any-
time." (J.A. at 102-03.) On another occasion, Hartsell played a joke
on Hardin by replacing his phone cord with a defective one. More-
over, Hartsell's husband testified that Hartsell never complained or
seemed emotionally upset about her job during her tenure as a Duplex
employee.

Events came to a head on December 9, 1992, when Myers -- the
sole female salesperson, and not a defendant to this action -- asked
Hartsell to screen all of her calls. Hartsell resisted, and Myers became
"stern." The next day, Hartsell went into Myers' office to discuss the
call screening. The two became angry with each other. Hartsell
described the ensuing events: "At that point, I had papers in my hand
and I just dropped them on her desk. And I said,`I quit this.' I walked
out of her office. I called her an insecure b----, and she responded
by calling me one also." (J.A. at 384.)2 Hartsell then walked out of
the office. Hardin heard Hartsell say that she quit. According to
Hardin, "I got up out of my chair and I followed Lynn out the door,
asking her what was wrong, don't do this, let's talk it over, let's work
it out, what can we do. She wouldn't talk to me, she wouldn't look
at me." (J.A. at 246.)

At 11:15 a.m. that day, Wade called Grebner, who was temporarily
at Duplex's office in Columbia, South Carolina, to tell him that Hart-
sell had quit. Grebner then spoke to Myers. Myers told Grebner that
_________________________________________________________________
2 Elsewhere, Hartsell offers a slightly different retelling: "The stress
was so great that I dropped the papers I was holding on her desk and
said[,] `I quit.'" (J.A. at 59.) Unlike the parties, we find no substantive
distinction between Hartsell's saying "I quit," and "I quit this." In any
event, Hartsell removes all doubt from the issue by explaining, "I'm not
sure whether I meant I quit this job or I quit trying -- they meant the
same to me at this point." (J.A. at 59.)

                    5
Hartsell "tossed the papers she was holding on[Myers'] desk and said
she was leaving." (J.A. at 302.) Myers added that"on [Hartsell's] way
out, [Hartsell] told [Myers] that she didn't have to take this and every-
one had warned her about what a b---- [Myers] was." (J.A. at 302.)
Hartsell did not come to work the next day, but she did place a tele-
phone call to Grebner, her supervisor. At his request, she came to the
office to meet with him. During the two-hour meeting, Hartsell for the
first time claimed that she had been harassed by Myers, Hardin, and
Harris. Grebner acknowledged the problems and told Hartsell that he
would look into them. Hartsell claims that she offered to resign, but
that Grebner, at that time, refused her resignation. She also told Greb-
ner that she wanted to file harassment charges against the salespeople
who allegedly harassed her. Grebner discouraged her from doing so.
That afternoon, Grebner met with the salespeople and discussed Hart-
sell's claims. During the meeting, Grebner said,"I see a supportable
case of relentless sexual harassment, not sex, but directed at women."
(J.A. at 632.) Grebner later explained that he did not "necessarily"
believe that there was such a supportable case, but that he "was shak-
ing the tree." (J.A. at 269.)

On Saturday, December 12, 1992, Myers visited Grebner at home.
Myers told Grebner that she thought Hartsell should not come back
to Duplex. According to Myers, "I felt like [Hartsell] had grown
beyond the job and would not be happy; that she was pursuing some
other graphics interests and may not stay on a long-term basis any-
way." (J.A. at 219.)

Then, on Sunday, December 13, 1992, Hartsell called Grebner at
home. Grebner told her that she should not return to work, "that he
felt that [Hartsell] had some personal issues that [she] needed to work
out, [and] that he felt that because [she] would be working with Pam
Myers so closely, [they] would have trouble in the future working
together." (J.A. at 1093.) Hartsell said that she was not quitting. That
night, Grebner called her back and told her that he was "accepting
[her] resignation." (J.A. at 1095.)

On Monday, December 14, Hartsell came to work anyway, and
began opening the mail. Grebner became angry and asked her what
she was doing at work. Hartsell responded, "I have never resigned
from Duplex Products and you never terminated me from Duplex

                     6
Products, so I am here showing up at work as scheduled." (J.A. at
1099.) Grebner told her to get out of the office. She did so.

That same day, Grebner filled out a termination form indicating
that Hartsell's employment had ended because she was dissatisfied.
The termination form indicated that Hartsell had"walked off the job
saying she quit." (J.A. at 664.) The form further indicated that Hart-
sell "was doing very good work but had the feeling she was being
harassed by at least three people in the office[. She] requested her job
back, and I said no." (J.A. at 664.) Finally, although the performance
rating assigned to Hartsell on the form indicated that she was eligible
for rehire, Grebner specifically noted that he would not rehire her
because she was "too unstable." Later, the form was altered -- the
term "harassed" was changed to read "put upon," and the words "at
least three" were eliminated.

On December 22, 1993, Hartsell filed suit against Duplex in the
United States District Court for the Western District of North Caro-
lina. She also named as individual defendants Grebner, Harris, and
Hardin. She advanced claims under Title VII for sexual harassment
and for retaliatory discharge, as well as claims under North Carolina
state law for intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent
retention or supervision.

In an order dated September 5, 1995, the district court granted
summary judgment against Hartsell on all claims except for her Title
VII retaliation claim. The Title VII retaliation claim was tried before
a jury during the week of September 3, 1996. On September 6, 1996,
the jury returned a verdict in favor of Duplex. Hartsell filed a motion
for a new trial on November 12, 1996, which the court denied. Hart-
sell filed a timely notice of appeal on January 14, 1997.

On appeal, Hartsell challenges the district court's partial grant of
summary judgment and its instructions to the jury at trial. She argues
that the district court erred in concluding that the harassment she suf-
fered was insufficiently severe and pervasive to make out a sexual
harassment claim under Title VII or to sustain a state-law cause of
action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. She further
argues that Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 117 S. Ct. 843, 849 (1997),
which held that post-employment discrimination is actionable under

                     7
Title VII, renders the district court's jury charge erroneous. Finally,
she claims that even under pre-Robinson law, the district court erred
by failing to instruct the jury that Hartsell may have remained an "em-
ployee" for purposes of Title VII after she voluntarily quit. We con-
sider these arguments in turn.

II.

Hartsell first argues that the district court erred in granting sum-
mary judgment against her on her Title VII claim for sexual harass-
ment, her state-law claim for intentional infliction of emotional
distress, and her state-law claim for negligent retention or supervi-
sion. Defendants argue at some length that Hartsell cannot make this
argument because her notice of appeal did not specifically refer to the
order granting summary judgment. (Appellee's Br. at 1-5.) Instead,
Hartsell's notice of appeal specified only "the Final Judgment and
Order denying Plaintiff's Motion for a New Trial and Judgment Not-
withstanding the Verdict entered in this action on October 29, 1996
and December 16, 1996." (J.A. at 1596.) Rule 3(c) of the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure requires that "[a] notice of appeal . . .
must designate the judgment, order, or part thereof appealed from,
and must name the court to which the appeal is taken." Fed. R. App.
P. 3(c). Because Rule 3 is jurisdictional, see Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S.
244, 248 (1992), Defendants argue that we are without jurisdiction to
hear Hartsell's appeal from the partial grant of summary judgment
filed on September 5, 1995.

We disagree with Defendants' argument. We have held"that an
error in designating the issue appealed will not result in a loss of
appeal as long as the intent to appeal a specific judgment can be fairly
inferred and the appellee is not prejudiced by the mistake." Canady
v. Crestar Mortgage Corp., 109 F.3d 969, 974 (4th Cir. 1997) (quota-
tion omitted). We further explained that the question is to be
answered by determining whether the appellee had notice of the
appeal and an opportunity fully to brief the issue. Id. Here, both
criteria are satisfied. Defendants were given adequate notice of the
nature of Hartsell's appeal by her brief, which Canady recognizes as
sufficient. Id. (agreeing with "[c]ourts [that] have held that when the
appellant addresses the merits of a particular issue in her opening
brief, this is enough to demonstrate that the appellee had notice of the

                    8
issue and did not suffer prejudice" (quotation omitted)). Moreover,
Defendants fully responded in their brief to Hartsell's appeal from the
summary judgment order and make no other claim of prejudice.
Therefore, we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.A.§ 1291 (West
1993), to consider Hartsell's appeal from the order granting summary
judgment.

We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, using the same
standards as applied by the district court. Roe v. Doe, 28 F.3d 404,
406 (4th Cir. 1994). We next consider each of the three claims
resolved on summary judgment -- for sexual harassment,3 for inten-
tional infliction of emotional distress, and for negligent retention or
supervision.

A.

Title VII makes it an "unlawful employment practice for an
employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge . . . or otherwise
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such indi-
vidual's sex." 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-2(a)(1) (West 1994). Because the
workplace environment is one of the "terms, conditions, or privileges
of employment," see Meritor Savs. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64-
67 (1986), Title VII creates a cause of action in favor of persons
forced to work in a hostile workplace, see id. at 66 (establishing "that
a plaintiff may establish a violation of Title VII by proving that dis-
crimination based on sex has created a hostile or abusive work envi-
_________________________________________________________________
3 We have made clear that

          [t]wo forms of workplace sexual harassment have been held to
          constitute discrimination "because of" one's sex, hence to offend
          [Title VII]: (1) quid pro quo harassment, in which an employer
          requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for the bene-
          fits of employment, and (2) sexually-oriented harassment by
          one's fellow-employees sufficiently egregious to create a "hos-
          tile workplace environment" that is knowingly tolerated by the
          employer.

McWilliams v. Fairfax County Bd. of Supervisors, 72 F.3d 1191, 1195
(4th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 72 (1996). Hartsell's claim is exclu-
sively of the second category.

                     9
ronment"). To make out a hostile work environment claim, the
claimant "must prove: (1) that [s]he was harassed `because of' [her]
`sex;' (2) that the harassment was unwelcome; (3) that the harassment
was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create an abusive working
environment; and (4) that some basis exists for imputing liability to
the employer." Wrightson v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc., 99 F.3d 138,
142 (4th Cir. 1996); see also Swentek v. USAir, Inc., 830 F.2d 552,
557 (4th Cir. 1987). Here, the district court concluded persuasively
that Hartsell failed the third element because "the conduct Hartsell
complains of consists of no more than mildly offensive (and unaction-
able) utterances." (J.A. at 699-700.) We agree.

First, several of the allegedly offensive comments catalogued by
Hartsell are not even related to her gender. For example, the descrip-
tion of Hartsell and Wade as "the little people," as well as the refer-
ence to Trapp as a "slave,"4 are dependent on status within the
workplace rather than gender. We have made clear that only harass-
ment that occurs because of the victim's gender is actionable. See
Wrightson, 99 F.3d at 142 (noting that Title VII prohibits employers
from discriminating against employees "on the basis of the latter's
`sex,' or gender"); Hopkins v. Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co., 77 F.3d
745, 751 (4th Cir.) (explaining "that in prohibiting sex discrimination
solely on the basis of whether the employee is a man or a woman,
Title VII does not reach discrimination based on other reasons, such
as the employee's sexual behavior, prudery, or vulnerability"), cert.
denied, 117 S. Ct. 70 (1996); McWilliams v. Fairfax County Bd. of
Supervisors, 72 F.3d 1191, 1196 (4th Cir.) (refusing to recognize a
Title VII hostile work environment claim for discrimination "`because
of' [the harasser's] vulgarity and insensitivity and meanness of
spirit"), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 72 (1996). We have further explained
that "[a]n employee is harassed or otherwise discriminated against
`because of' his or her sex if, `but-for' the employee's sex, he or she
would not have been the victim of the discrimination." Wrightson, 99
_________________________________________________________________
4 Schneider is not a defendant to this action, and there is no evidence
that Hartsell ever complained to Grebner or to Duplex about Schneider's
behavior. Therefore, his behavior is likely not properly before us. We
need not address this question, however, for even if Schneider's state-
ment were in issue, it was clearly not made "because of" Hartsell's gen-
der.

                   10
F.3d at 142. Hartsell simply cannot show that "but for" her gender,
she would not have been described as one of the"little people" or as
a "slave." Rather, these comments depended on her status in the work-
place. An insulting or demeaning remark does not create a federal
cause of action for sexual harassment merely because the "victim" of
the remark happens to belong to a class protected by Title VII.

Second, the remaining allegations fail, as a matter of law, at the
third step. The events catalogued by Hartsell, even assuming them all
to be true, are simply insufficient to satisfy the requirement "that the
harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create an abusive
working environment." Id. On the contrary, Hartsell's allegations
demonstrate only that the salespeople were unpleasant and sometimes
cruel. We explained in Hopkins that

          [n]ot all sexual harassment that is directed at an individual
          because of his or her sex is actionable. Title VII does not
          attempt "to purge the workplace of vulgarity." Baskerville v.
          Culligan Int'l Co., 50 F.3d 428, 430 (7th Cir. 1995). As the
          Supreme Court recognized in Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc.,
          114 S. Ct. 367, 370 (1993), "Conduct that is not severe or
          pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive
          work environment -- an environment that a reasonable per-
          son would find hostile or abusive -- is beyond Title VII's
          purview." See also Meritor, 477 U.S. at 67 (recognizing that
          conduct amounts to actionable sexual harassment only when
          it is "sufficiently severe or pervasive `to alter the conditions
          of [the victim's] employment and create an abusive working
          environment'" (alteration in original) (citation omitted)).

77 F.3d at 752 (parallel citations omitted). We therefore concluded in
that case that the conduct at issue failed to amount to a violation of
Title VII. "While we do not approve of [the employer's] apparent
willingness to offend and provoke employees with his ambiguously
sexual innuendos, Title VII was not designed to create a federal rem-
edy for all offensive language and conduct in the workplace." Id. at
754; see also Baskerville v. Culligan Int'l Co. , 50 F.3d 428, 430 (7th
Cir. 1995) ("The concept of sexual harassment is designed to protect
working women from the kind of male attentions that can make the

                    11
workplace hellish for women . . . . It is not designed to purge the
workplace of vulgarity.").

The only alleged instances of harassment logically attributable to
Hartsell's gender are Hardin's statement, "We've made every female
in this office cry like a baby"; Hardin's comment upon seeing a
buxom woman in the company magazine; Grebner's question to
Myers as to whether she would be a "mini van driving mommy" or
"be a salesperson and play with the big boys"; 5 and Harris's statement
that Hartsell should "go home and fetch [her] husband's slippers like
a good little wife." There is no allegation that Hartsell was inappropri-
ately touched, propositioned, flirted with, taunted, or even ogled. See
Baskerville, 50 F.3d at 431 ("[Defendant] never touched the plaintiff.
He did not invite her, explicitly or by implication, to have sex with
him, or to go out on a date with him. He made no threats. He did not
expose himself, or show her dirty pictures."). None of the alleged
comments were even vulgar, much less obscene. In fact, the only vul-
garities documented in the record -- a reference to masturbation and
profane name-calling -- were uttered by Hartsell herself. Under these
circumstances, allowing Hartsell's claim to go to trial would counte-
nance a federal cause of action for mere unpleasantness. Title VII is
not a federal guarantee of refinement and sophistication in the work-
place -- in this context, it prohibits only harassing behavior that is so
severe or pervasive as to render the workplace objectively hostile or
abusive. See Hopkins, 77 F.3d at 753 (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys.,
Inc., 114 S. Ct. 367, 370 (1993)). The behavior here falls well short
of that mark.

Hartsell's only remaining objection to the grant of summary judg-
ment against her hostile work environment claim is that, in the Fourth
Circuit, the question of whether "harassment was sufficiently severe
or pervasive is quintessentially a question of fact." Paroline v. Unisys
_________________________________________________________________
5 We need not decide whether Grebner's statement, which was not
directed at Hartsell, is cognizable in this action because even if Hartsell
were permitted to maintain an action for an insulting comment directed
at a co-worker, Grebner's comment clearly fails at the third step of the
test. Hartsell simply cannot prove "that the harassment was sufficiently
severe or pervasive to create a hostile working environment." Wrightson
v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc., 99 F.3d 138, 142 (4th Cir. 1996).

                    12
Corp., 879 F.2d 100, 105 (4th Cir. 1989), vacated in part on other
grounds, 900 F.2d 27 (4th Cir, 1990) (en banc). But the claims pro-
pounded by Hartsell -- even assuming them all to be true -- are so
trivial, so isolated, and so far from the paradigmatic case of sexual
harassment, that summary judgment was clearly appropriate. Hartsell
has produced evidence that the salespeople at Duplex-- one of whom
was female -- were at times difficult to work with, insensitive, imma-
ture, and even insulting. Even assuming the truth of this evidence, and
viewing the inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to Hart-
sell, she is not entitled to try her case.6 Title VII does not guarantee
a happy workplace, only one free from unlawful discrimination.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judg-
ment against Hartsell on her hostile work environment claim.7

B.

Hartsell next argues that the district court erred in granting sum-
mary judgment against her claim under North Carolina law for inten-
tional infliction of emotional distress. The district court reasoned that,
_________________________________________________________________
6 Hartsell's theory would preclude the entry of summary judgment in
any sexual harassment case. Here, there are no questions of fact -- we
reject her claim despite our assumption that her allegations are true.
7 We hasten to add that Hartsell's Title VII claim may be flawed in
other respects, which were not addressed by the district court, as well.
First, because Hartsell never complained to her husband or to the alleged
harassers until after her confrontation with Myers, she cannot prove "that
the harassment was unwelcome." Wrightson v. Pizza Hut of America,
Inc., 99 F.3d 138, 142 (4th Cir. 1996). To the contrary, the record clearly
suggests that Hartsell fully participated in, and even enjoyed, the office
banter until her run-in with Myers. She cannot now cry "foul" for con-
duct that was, at the time, not "unwelcome." Second, because Hartsell
never notified her employer or followed the internal grievance procedure,
she cannot prove "that some basis exists for imputing liability to the
employer." Id.; see also Andrade v. Mayfair Management, Inc., 88 F.3d
258, 261 (4th Cir. 1996) (explaining that an employer is liable for imper-
missibly harassing behavior only if it had actual or constructive knowl-
edge of the illegal conduct and took no prompt, adequate remedial
action). Because the district court granted summary judgment on the
basis that the conduct was insufficiently severe or pervasive, we affirm
on that ground without relying on these other bases.

                    13
because "the conduct Hartsell complains of is[at most] inconsiderate
and insulting" (J.A. at 704), the conduct was insufficiently extreme
and outrageous to sustain a cause of action for intentional infliction
of emotional distress. We agree.

Under North Carolina law, a plaintiff alleging intentional infliction
of emotional distress must prove "(1) extreme and outrageous con-
duct, (2) which is intended to cause and does cause (3) severe emo-
tional distress." Hogan v. Forsyth Country Club Co., 340 S.E.2d 116,
119 (N.C. 1986). The conduct at issue falls far short of that required
to make out a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Moreover, we have held that "when the district court has already
determined . . . that the conduct complained of, in a full contextual
analysis, was not sufficiently egregious to create an `abusive' or `hos-
tile' environment," then we cannot sustain a state-law cause of action
for intentional infliction of emotional distress. See Dwyer v. Smith,
867 F.2d 184, 194,95 (4th Cir. 1989) (applying Virginia law).
Accordingly, we affirm, on the reasoning of the district court, the
order granting summary judgment against Hartsell on her claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress.

C.

Hartsell next argues that the district court erred in granting sum-
mary judgment against her on her claim under North Carolina law for
negligent supervision or retention. North Carolina law requires, as
"[a]n essential element of a claim for negligent retention," that an
employee of the employer "committed a tortious act resulting in
plaintiffs' injuries." Waddle v. Sparks, 414 S.E.2d 22, 29 (N.C. 1992).
In other words, North Carolina courts will not hold an employer
vicariously liable unless an employee has committed a cognizable
wrong against the plaintiff. Recognizing this fact, the district court
held that "[s]ince Hartsell cannot establish the first element of negli-
gent retention and supervision [i.e., that there be an underlying tort],
summary judgment must be granted in Duplex's and Grebner's favor
for her claims based on this tort." (J.A. at 705-06.) On appeal, Hartsell
argues that a violation of Title VII satisfies the underlying tort
requirement. Because we find neither an underlying tort nor a viola-
tion of Title VII, we need not address the question. Accordingly, we
affirm, on the reasoning of the district court, the grant of summary

                    14
judgment against Hartsell on her claim for negligent supervision or
retention.

III.

Hartsell also claims that the district court erred by failing to
instruct the jury that post-employment retaliation is actionable under
Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 117 S. Ct. 843, 849 (1997). At the time of
the trial, the controlling Fourth Circuit authority was Robinson v.
Shell Oil Co., 70 F.3d 325 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc), rev'd, 117 S. Ct.
843, in which this court held "that the meaning of the term `employ-
ees' in Title VII's anti-retaliation provision does not include former
employees," id. at 330. Since the trial, however, the Supreme Court
has recognized that Title VII prohibits employers from retaliating
against former employees, as well as current employees, for engaging
in rights protected by Title VII. Robinson, 117 S. Ct. at 849, rev'g 70
F.3d 325. Accordingly, Hartsell argues that the district court necessar-
ily erred by instructing the jury under the former Fourth Circuit rule.

The district court instructed the jury that "[i]n order for the plaintiff
to prevail in this action, she must prove . . . that she was involuntarily
discharged." (J.A. at 986, 1520.) The district court also instructed the
jury that "[t]o prevail in this case . . . the plaintiff must also prove that
she . . . was involuntarily discharged by the defendant. If you find that
the plaintiff voluntarily quit her job with Duplex, then you must
return a verdict in favor of the defendant Duplex." (J.A. at 1520-21.)
Thereafter, the jury, in a special verdict, expressly found that Hartsell
was not involuntarily discharged by Duplex, thereby also necessarily
finding by implication that Hartsell voluntarily quit. (J.A. at 1543.)
According to Hartsell, the district court's "instruction totally pre-
cluded any possibility that the jury could find[that] Ms. Hartsell suf-
fered post-employment retaliation." (Appellant's Br. at 24.)

We must determine whether the district court's instructions, con-
strued as a whole, properly informed the jury of the controlling legal
principles without misleading or confusing the jury to Hartsell's prej-
udice. See Spell v. McDaniel, 824 F.2d 1380, 1395 (4th Cir. 1987).
"A judgment will be reversed for error in jury instructions `only if the
error is determined to have been prejudicial, based on a review of the
record as a whole.'" Sturges v. Matthews, 53 F.3d 659, 661 (4th Cir.

                      15
1995) (quoting Wellington v. Daniels, 717 F.2d 932, 938 (4th Cir.
1983)). Under this standard, we reject Hartsell's attack on the jury
charge. The district court simply did not invoke the former Fourth
Circuit rule. Instead, it instructed the jury that there had to be some
adverse employment action taken against Hartsell for her to maintain
an action for retaliatory discharge. This is a correct statement of cur-
rent law. See, e.g., Hopkins v. Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co., 77 F.3d
745, 754 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 70 (1996). Moreover, the
district court's charge was consistent with Fourth Circuit law that
when an employee voluntarily quits under circumstances insufficient
to amount to a constructive discharge, there has been no "adverse
employment action." See Shealy v. Winston, 929 F.2d 1009, 1012-13
(4th Cir. 1991); see also Evans v. Davie Truckers, Inc., 769 F.2d
1012, 1014 (4th Cir. 1985) (upholding a ruling that because the "evi-
dence clearly established that [the employee] voluntarily resigned his
employment with the defendant, [he] suffered no adverse employment
action at the hand of the defendant" (internal quotation marks omit-
ted)). Therefore, the district court's charge did not even implicate
Robinson.8

Moreover, to the extent that Hartsell now seeks to advance a "fail-
ure to rehire" argument, we reject this argument as a matter of law.
Hartsell failed to report to work, refused to follow orders, called her
immediate supervisor an "insecure b----," and experienced continuing
difficulty with co-workers. Moreover, the termination form completed
by Grebner indicated that he would not rehire Hartsell because she
was "too unstable." It seems hardly remarkable that an employer
would "refuse to rehire" an employee who declined to perform a
required task, insulted an immediate supervisor in profane terms, and
_________________________________________________________________
8 The weakness of Hartsell's argument is underscored by the fact that
even before Robinson, Title VII prevented discrimination against job
applicants. See, e.g., Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 70 F.3d 325, 330 (4th
Cir. 1995) (en banc) (noting that Title VII applies to job applicants),
rev'd on other grounds, 117 S. Ct. 843 (1997). Had Hartsell wanted to
claim that Duplex took "adverse employment action" against her by
refusing to rehire her after she voluntarily quit, she could have done so.
Instead, Hartsell chose to characterize the event as though she had been
involuntarily terminated. She lost that gambit and now seeks to reverse
course.

                    16
walked out of the office in the middle of the work day. Therefore,
even if Duplex did "fail to rehire" Hartsell-- a version of events that
is not supported by the record -- it did so for valid, nondiscriminatory
reasons. The district court's jury charge therefore was not erroneous,
and we affirm the resulting jury verdict.

IV.

In her final argument, Hartsell claims that the jury charge was
defective even under pre-Robinson law. She claims that the jury's
determination that she voluntarily quit (which she necessarily relies
on in making her first challenge to the jury instruction) was erroneous
because the district court did not instruct the jury that she could have
remained an "employee" even after she quit on Friday, December 11:

           The jury was never instructed to consider the intention of
          Duplex in determining when Ms. Hartsell's employment
          ended. If it had been so instructed, it surely would have con-
          sidered the following evidence. Grebner testified that say-
          ing, "I quit, I can't take this anymore" was not an
          irrevocable thing. Grebner also met with Ms. Hartsell on
          Friday as though she were an employee. Ms. Hartsell testi-
          fied Grebner left the decision about whether she would
          return to work with her. Additionally, both the original, and
          the altered golden rods [termination explanations] indicated
          Ms. Hartsell was paid through December 15, 1992, (which
          is also indicated as the day of termination) and one of them
          indicated she was discharged for cause on that day. . . .
          Since the jury was not instructed to consider such factors as
          the time during which Ms. Hartsell was paid, and other cir-
          cumstances concerning the intention of the parties, it could
          not have made the finding necessary under Title VII; that is,
          whether she was an employee at the time of the retaliation.

(Appellant's Br. at 31-32.) According to Hartsell, this evidence was
critical because "the issue under Title VII was not how Ms. Hartsell
was terminated (i.e. whether or not she was involuntarily terminated)
but rather whether she was an employee at the time of the retaliation."
(Appellant's Br. at 30.)

                    17
We will "reverse a jury instruction error only if it [was] prejudicial,
based on a review of the record as a whole." Ross v. Saint Augustine's
College, 103 F.3d 338, 344 (4th Cir. 1996). 9 Under this standard,
Hartsell's challenge to the adequacy of the jury charge fails. The jury
considered all the evidence described above, and nevertheless con-
cluded that Hartsell voluntarily quit her job at Duplex. Accordingly,
we reject Hartsell's second challenge to the jury verdict.

V.

In short, we affirm the grant of summary judgment against Hartsell
on her claims for sexual harassment, for intentional infliction of emo-
tional distress, and for negligent supervision or retention. We also
conclude that the district court did not err in instructing the jury.
Accordingly, the jury verdict was not flawed. The final order of the
district court is therefore affirmed in all respects.

AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________________
9 Duplex claims that Hartsell did not object to the proposed charge on
the stated grounds. If Hartsell did not object, we would apply an even
more stringent standard of review. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 51; Spell v.
McDaniel, 824 F.2d 1380, 1398-99 (4th Cir. 1987). Because we reject
Hartsell's challenge under even the more relaxed standard, it is not nec-
essary to determine whether she properly objected to the charge.

                    18
