Filed 1/6/15 Marriage of Krog and Cobert CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


In re the Marriage of TIFFANY KROG                                   B246762
and RON COBERT.
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. LD051625)

TIFFANY KROG,

         Respondent,

         v.

RON COBERT,

         Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Michael
J. Convey, Judge. Affirmed.
         Linda N. Wisotsky for Appellant.
         Tiffany Krog, in pro. per., for Respondent.


                       _____________________________________________
       Ron Cobert (Ron) appeals from a judgment entered after trial on the reserved issue
of attorney fees in a marital dissolution proceeding with his former spouse, Tiffany Krog
(Tiffany).1 In the judgment on reserved issues, the trial court ordered Ron to pay to
Tiffany a total of $20,000 in attorney fees, consisting of $10,000 under Family Code
sections 2030 and 2032 and $10,000 in sanctions under section 271.2 The trial court
ordered Tiffany to pay a total of $12,500 in attorney fees to Ron, consisting of $5,000
under sections 2030 and 2032 and $7,500 in sanctions under section 271.3 The judgment
resulted in a net award to Tiffany of $7,500.
       Ron contends that the trial court erroneously awarded attorney fees against him for
seeking discovery necessitated by Tiffany’s concealment of assets, particularly real
property, and sanctioned him for not settling and continuing to litigate the attorney fees
issue when that continued litigation was the product of Tiffany’s bad faith and not any on
his part.
       Because we conclude that the acrimonious and wasteful conduct of the parties and
their counsel support the trial court’s attorney fee and sanctions award, and that the trial
court applied the appropriate statutory criteria, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in making the award at issue here. We thus affirm.
                                       BACKGROUND
I. The Petition and Dissolution Judgment
       After being in a nonmarital relationship for several years, Ron and Tiffany married
on June 30, 2007. The couple separated four months later, on October 31, 2007. There
were no children in the marriage.




       1We refer to the parties by their first names for ease of reference and not out of
disrespect.
       2    Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.
       3    Tiffany has not appealed this ruling.

                                                2
       On December 10, 2007, Tiffany, who is an attorney, filed her petition in propria
persona for nullity of marriage on the ground of fraud (§ 2210, subd. (d)). Tiffany
alleged there were no assets or debts subject to the court’s disposition.
       On June 10, 2008, Ron filed a response requesting dissolution of the marriage.
Ron alleged that there may be community assets and debts that were unknown to him,
and that he would amend his response if he ascertained that community assets or debts
existed.
       On October 28, 2009, the trial court entered a stipulated judgment of dissolution of
marriage (status only), in which the parties agreed that Ron would prepare a further
judgment on reserved issues except as to attorney fees, and submit it to the parties for
their approval, and then to the trial court.4 The trial court reserved jurisdiction over the
“contested issue of attorney fees and costs.” The judgment of dissolution also recited that
the “parties each served their preliminary and final declarations of disclosure.”
       On November 13, 2009, the trial court entered a judgment ordering that there
would be no spousal support, and that jurisdiction over that issue was terminated. The
judgment recited that the “parties have complied with the requirement of service of a
preliminary and final declaration of disclosure.” The judgment identified and confirmed
as his or her sole separate property various personalty and realty. Identified as Tiffany’s
separate property was, among other items, a residence purchased by Tiffany during the
first quarter of 2009, and located on Loleta Avenue in Los Angeles, California (Loleta
property). The judgment also confirmed ownership to Ron of, among other items, real
property on Murietta Avenue in Sherman Oaks, California, which had been owned by
Tiffany prior to the marriage, but for which she had executed a quitclaim deed during the
proceedings. The further judgment again reserved jurisdiction over the contested issue of
attorney fees and costs.




       4 Two different judges handled the pretrial and trial proceedings in this case. For
ease of reference we use the term “trial court” to refer to both judges.

                                              3
II. Evidence in the Trial on Attorney Fees and Costs
       A. The Exhibits5
       Trial on the reserved issue of attorney fees and costs occurred over six days
between February and June 2012. Tiffany’s evidence centered on her theory that Ron
caused unnecessary litigation by refusing settlement offers and unduly prolonging the
dissolution proceeding through overly aggressive litigation. Ron’s theory was that
Tiffany had unreasonably requested a “nullity” as a disposition and had been
uncooperative in disclosing community assets, including the purchase of the Loleta
property.
       At trial, the parties introduced approximately 120 exhibits, most of which were
correspondence between the parties. The correspondence bear witness to the acrimonious
history of this case. We now recount highlights of that history below.
       The initial correspondence was, in the words of the trial court, “courteous and
professional exchanges within the context of adversarial litigation.” In a letter dated
May 29, 2008, from Tiffany to Ron’s attorney, Linda N. Wisotsky (Ms. Wisotsky),
Tiffany discussed a quitclaim deed and requested that the matter be settled. On June 10,
2008, Ms. Wisotsky wrote a letter to Tiffany advising her that disclosures were required
before a settlement could be reached. Tiffany responded on August 11, 2008, by stating
the “dissolution proceeding has now lasted longer than the subject four month marriage.”
       The trial court observed that commencing with a September 30, 2008 letter from
Tiffany’s attorney, “inappropriate invective” started appearing in the parties’
correspondence. In that letter, Tiffany’s attorney, Robert Sainburg (Mr. Sainburg), sent a
proposed judgment for nullity to Ms. Wisotsky and threatened to seek attorney fees for


       5 At trial, both sides submitted separate trial books without allocating exhibit
numbers, resulting in the trial court’s review of duplicate exhibits and each side’s using
the same exhibit numbers. Thus, the trial court had to designate exhibits bearing the
same exhibit number with the proposing party’s first name initial preceding the number
of the exhibit. The trial court blamed Ron’s attorney for failing to meet and confer,
which would have enabled the parties to submit one set of exhibits in chronological
order.

                                             4
Ron’s “charades and delays.” On October 23, 2008, Mr. Sainburg sent a proposed
judgment for dissolution. In his October 31, 2008 letter, Mr. Sainburg threatened that if
he did not hear from Ms. Wisotsky, he would proceed with his nullity theory and to
“prove up the repeated, violent, and injurious conduct by [Ron] against [Tiffany], and
request that this marriage be deemed the sham that it was.” The trial court described
Tiffany’s nullity theory as “unnecessary and unreasonable” and not a proper
“negotiating ‘tool.’”
       Ms. Wisotsky sent letters to Mr. Sainburg on November 26, 2008, December 15,
2008, and January 20, 2009, rejecting the proposed October 2008 judgment because it
failed to list assets to be confirmed to each party. Ms. Wisotsky sent Ron’s proposed
judgment to Mr. Sainburg on November 26, 2008. The cover letter questioned the
completeness of Tiffany’s disclosure of items taken from the family home.
       On December 8, 2008, Mr. Sainburg sent a letter that stated in part: “There will
be no more disclosure nonsense on this side. There will be a request for annulment, a
deposition, possibly an Unruh Civil Rights action to the extent not barred by the
applicable statute of limitations (which it might be), and if [Ron] continues to make
harassing calls to [Tiffany’s] aging parents, a civil harassment restraining order. [¶] If
you cannot exercise client control, or if you are at fault for these charades, perhaps your
client would be better served by an attorney who knows how to settle a case on a four
month, no asset marriage.”
       By letter dated December 15, 2008, Mr. Sainburg rejected Ron’s attorney’s
proposed judgment. The letter stated in part: “Due to your delays and antics, we are now
forced to prepare this case for an annulment/dissolution trial. The case has been set for a
trial setting conference, as well as the hearing on our motion to amend our client’s
petition. Upon receipt of our client’s signed version of the judgment, we will forward to
our client’s signatures [sic] for you to go ex parte to the Court, if you wish, to have it
entered by the end of the year.” On January 26, 2009, at a hearing on Tiffany’s motion to
amend the petition, the trial court indicated that Tiffany appeared to be “playing games”
in pursuing her nullity theory.

                                              5
       On March 13, 2009, Mr. Sainburg sent a letter to Ms. Wisotsky with a proposed
judgment. The letter stated that it included all of Ms. Wisotsky’s proposed changes. On
March 17, 2009, Ms. Wisotsky rejected that proposed judgment due to pleading paper
errors, unattached property inventories, and “warranties and clauses that are untrue.” She
described the judgment as “shabbily prepared.”
       In a March 31, 2009 letter, Ms. Wisotsky stated that settlement appeared
impossible unless Ron signed Tiffany’s proposed judgment, and re-sent interrogatories
that Mr. Sainburg denied having received earlier. The trial court referred to this letter as
“re-engaging the litigation in an effort to gain the advantage of trying to get the other
side to agree to their terms.”
       On April 15, 2009, Mr. Sainburg sent a letter to Ms. Wisotsky that enclosed
Ron’s version of a dissolution judgment signed by Tiffany and her counsel. This was
subsequent to an April 3, 2009 letter from Mr. Sainburg to Ms. Wisotosky, in which Mr.
Sainburg indicated his client’s willingness to sign a settlement agreement “in whatever
form you request so that we may sign and return [it] to your office for processing.” The
trial court observed that “it would appear that as of this date, TIFFANY abandoned the
legal theory of nullity in favor of dissolution.” Although it was Ron’s proposed
judgment, Ron did not sign it.
       By e-mail dated April 24, 2009, Tiffany advised Ron that Mr. Sainburg was no
longer representing her and that Ron’s attorney was not responding to her. Tiffany
reminded Ron that she had signed his proposed judgment and recounted her efforts to
settle the case and his complete lack of responsiveness. On April 28, 2009, Ms. Wisotsky
referenced the interrogatories, threatened to seek attorney fees, and reminded Tiffany not
to e-mail Ron.
       In a June 19, 2009 letter, Tiffany attached her “further” responses to Ron’s first set
of interrogatories, in which she disclosed the address of the Loleta property and argued
that no additional responses regarding her income were required. She again inquired into
why Ron had not signed the very judgment he had proposed, and stated that in an effort
to settle the case, she had quitclaimed the Murietta property to Ron, given him her

                                              6
wedding band, and let him keep her dog. She repeated that she wanted to settle the case,
called the litigation “frivolous,” and recited, “This FOUR MONTH marriage
dissolution appears to be yet another case in the court system that is being churned
by a patently unreasonable party.” Significantly, the trial court observed that this
“should--at the very [least]--be the place where this litigation ended, as RON now had
the required, supplemental information and full disclosure from TIFFANY . . . . A civil
letter or two at this stage from Ms. Wisotosky, simply identifying the required court forms
for a [j]udgment . . . would surely have ended the case in June 2009.” But that was not to
be.
       The trial court reiterated this observation in describing a July 2, 2009 letter from
Ms. Wisotsky to Tiffany, which the trial court described as Ms. Wisotsky’s engaging
Tiffany “in a dialogue that only raises the ‘temperature’ of the parties.” The trial court
described Tiffany’s July 2, 2009 letter to Ms.Wisotsky as “needlessly personal and
vitriolic,” and “not tolerable in civil, professional litigation, but it is too common in this
litigation.”
       As previously noted, the trial court subsequently entered a stipulated judgment of
dissolution of marriage as to status only on October 29, 2009, and a further judgment in
November 2009, reserving the issue of attorney fees and costs.
       B. Tiffany’s Declarations
       On July 12, 2011, Tiffany filed a declaration in propria persona in which she
requested attorney fees under section 271. Tiffany declared that four months into the
marriage, she informed Ron that she would seek a dissolution of the marriage because of
his ongoing verbal and physical abuse.
       Tiffany tried to facilitate an expedient termination of the marriage by executing a
quitclaim deed to the family home, giving Ron her wedding band, moving out of the
residence with her personal property, and giving him a pet dog that she had owned for
seven years prior to the marriage. Tiffany asserted in the declaration that Ron
“intentionally frustrated settlement and increased litigation costs” by rejecting her four


                                               7
“‘walk away’” settlement offers, propounding duplicative discovery requests, and falsely
accusing her of failing fully to respond to discovery requests and hiding assets.
       Tiffany initially was self-represented. According to Tiffany, Ron chose to punish
her for leaving him and “maliciously dragged out the dissolution of the four month
marriage for over three years by hiring an aggressive, $400 an hour” attorney. In August
2008, Tiffany retained Robert Sainburg to represent her and assist her in resolving the
matter. Mr. Sainburg charged Tiffany an hourly rate of $390. Tiffany declared that Ron
and his attorney “continued to delay and obfuscate the dissolution.” By April 2009, she
had incurred $10,539.06 in attorney fees but could not afford additional fees, so she
“substituted back in as a pro per.” She further declared that she incurred attorney fees for
27.56 hours of Mr. Sainburg’s time between August 2008 and April 2009. Tiffany
attached copies of billing statements to her declaration, reflecting Mr. Sainburg’s work
from August 2008 through April 2009.
       Mr. Sainburg filed a declaration on August 20, 2011, in which he stated that
Tiffany re-engaged him in July 2009. By the time of the trial in August 2011, he had
billed $13,145.73, of which of $12,818.81 had not yet been paid. When he initially
received the case in August 2008, he determined that it was a domestic violence and
annulment case because third party witnesses described repeated physical attacks on
Tiffany by Ron, which led her to end the marriage after four months. This conduct
included: violently throwing objects in the presence of Tiffany and her mother; shouting
obscenities, demeaning words, and names to Tiffany; bashing doors; and maintaining
guns, shotguns and knives.
       Mr. Sainburg decided that the fastest way to end the proceeding was to file an
amended petition for dissolution based only on irreconcilable differences. Because Ron’s
counsel, Ms. Wisotsky, would not stipulate to the amended petition, Tiffany had to file a
motion to amend the petition.
       Mr. Sainburg described the “‘walk-away’” agreement he attempted to negotiate,
including giving Ron Tiffany’s home, dog, and wedding band. Mr. Sainburg declared
that Tiffany “wanted nothing but to be free of what had now become clear to me to be an

                                             8
obsessive and stalking personality and an attorney that was fueling, rather than diffusing,
the matter.”
         Mr. Sainburg indicated that discovery had been conducted “ad nauseum” and that
disclosures were made in order to get to the “‘finish line.’” He declared that he
repeatedly complied with “outrageous demands for supplemental discovery responses
and disclosures.” Ron’s counsel continued to make baseless accusations against
Mr. Sainburg and Tiffany. In his opinion, the divorce could have been completed
without attorneys and needless attorney fees and costs, which were incurred over four
years.
         In a supplemental declaration filed on February 24, 2012, Mr. Sainburg attached
billing statements showing 51.36 hours billed through February 24, 2012, and unpaid fees
of $19,468.95. Mr. Sainburg opined that but for Ron and his attorney’s conduct, the case
would not have generated more than $2,000 in fees. By June 2012, Mr. Sainburg stated
that Tiffany’s unpaid fees were $25,146.33 and she had incurred a total of $30,482 in fees
through June 8, 2012, of which she had paid only $5,355.67. He estimated that she
would incur a total of $35,552 through the trial and requested that Ron pay $19,733.
         C. Ron’s Declarations
         On July 11, 2011, Ms. Wisotsky submitted a declaration and attached billing
statements showing that she had charged Ron for 83.40 hours from December 27, 2007,
through July 11, 2011, for a total of $30,397.50, of which Ron had paid only $4,000.
         In a supplemental declaration filed on October 17, 2011, Ms. Wisotsky stated that
the case should have been concluded in about 15 hours and Ron’s fees should have been
no more than $6,000. According to Ms. Wisotsky, the problem was with Tiffany and her
attorney because they refused to cooperate with disclosure rules by fully and completely
disclosing assets. This included disclosing inconsequential items and failing to disclose
substantial items of property. Instead, they avoided Ms. Wisotsky’s requests and were
insulting in their correspondence.
         Ms. Wisotsky further declared that initially Tiffany pursued a nullity theory based
on fraud. When Ron would not agree to a nullity judgment, Tiffany’s attorney sought the

                                              9
court’s intervention to establish a new ground for nullity under section 720 when the only
applicable law was section 2210. Tiffany and her counsel also maintained that domestic
violence could be a ground for nullity and threatened to have a trial on that issue.
Ms. Wisotsky cited as an example the October 31, 2008 letter from Mr. Sainburg noted
above in which he threatened to proceed with his request for nullity, to prove up Ron’s
repeated acts of violence, and to have the marriage deemed a sham. Ms. Wisotsky
thought that Tiffany’s nullity theory caused Ron to incur an additional $5,000 in attorney
fees.
        On November 26, 2008, Ms. Wisotsky sent a letter with a proposed judgment,
which Mr. Sainburg rejected. Thereafter, the parties became embroiled in a discovery
dispute about interrogatory responses, specifically about typographical errors and
documents lost in the mail. Although Ms. Wisotsky admitted that Mr. Sainburg signed
Ron’s proposed judgment on April 14, 2009, Ms. Wisotsky then “insisted on the answers
to the interrogatories” because she believed that “they were hiding something”; she
wanted the time to do due diligence “and find out why all the game-playing.”
        After Mr. Sainburg substituted out of the case in April 2009, Ron discovered that
Tiffany had begun purchasing a home in January 2009. Ms. Wisotsky pointed out that
there were several opportunities to disclose the purchase during the proceedings. Tiffany
did not disclose the Loleta property until June 2009.
        D. Trial Testimony
        Tiffany testified that she was an attorney, but when she filed the petition, she had
never practiced family law. She filed the nullity petition without benefit of counsel; she
retracted the nullity request early in 2008.
        Tiffany described Ron’s acts of domestic violence before their marriage. His
conduct included kicking down a door, threatening to throw a blender, threatening her
with a knife, throwing her against a wall, and breaking a window by angrily tapping on it.
Ron promised her that the conduct would cease after their marriage, but it did not stop.
Tiffany could not understand why he did not want an annulment.


                                               10
       Tiffany testified that Ms. Wisotsky had conditioned settlement upon Tiffany’s
providing a disclosure of assets. Tiffany provided the requested disclosure to Ron’s
counsel in July 2008, but did not receive a settlement proposal or judgment. She
submitted her final declaration of disclosure in September 2008. Tiffany purchased a
home after serving the final declaration of disclosure. She did not use community funds
or assets to purchase the property because there was no “community money.” She was
willing to end the marriage by dissolution in October 2008 and was no longer seeking a
nullity.
       The trial court noted that Tiffany’s demeanor during the trial was angry and
“‘short’” with opposing counsel, and reflective of trying to deflect responsibility for the
length and expense of litigation entirely to RON, without recognizing her conduct as a
contributing factor.” She “often acted out in an unprofessional manner in court.” The
court had to admonish her when she started to walk out of the courtroom. The court
observed that these actions “reflected poorly” on her credibility and that the court had
weighed her declarations and testimony “in this light.” In contrast, the trial court found
Tiffany’s testimony about Ron’s domestic violence to be “persuasive.” In balance,
however, her credibility was “adversely affected by her behavior in court, even when the
evidence (especially on alleged domestic violence and RON’s protracted refusal to close
out this case after April 2009) was in her favor.”
       Ron testified that he worked in the entertainment industry as a producer, writer,
editor, and director of photography. Ron was surprised when Tiffany initially indicated
she wanted to nullify the marriage on the ground of fraud in 2007. She first proposed
dissolution of marriage only in October 2008. Ron denied committing any acts of
domestic violence; according to Ron, Tiffany was the aggressive one. The trial court
found that Ron was “too quick to blame everything on Tiffany.” The trial court found his
“affect . . . calm and measured, but too contrived in the Court’s assessment.” The trial
court also found Ron “to be poor in credibility and his testimony and declarations were
weighed accordingly.”


                                             11
       Ms. Wisotsky testified that in 2007 she received a call from Ron informing her
that Tiffany was moving things out of their home before he had a chance to inventory the
personal property, and that when she asked Tiffany to wait until he had a chance to do so,
Tiffany refused. She then recounted a conversation with Mr. Sainburg in March 2008, in
which Mr. Sainburg asked about how to move the case along, to which Ms. Wisotsky
suggested that Tiffany prepare a list of property that she had taken. Ms. Wisotsky then
described a mailing mishap regarding interrogatories she had propounded to Tiffany. She
testified that Tiffany had the mistaken belief that Tiffany did not have to disclose real
estate she had purchased after submitting her final disclosure. This “‘hiding the ball’”
coupled with advocating an unfounded nullity theory caused unnecessary delay. She
called Tiffany’s disclosure in July 2008 “completely inadequate” and explained that she
“was fought tooth and nail.” The court found her credible and on balance, “persuasive,”
although she “veered slightly toward showing inappropriate embroilment in this case.”
III. The Trial Court’s Ruling and Judgment
       The trial court issued a 37-page “Final Statement of Decision” on the reserved
issue of attorney fees and costs. The trial court found that sanctions were warranted
against both sides because Ron, Tiffany, and their attorneys had engaged in “bad faith
and delaying conduct.”
       In ordering Tiffany to pay a total of $12,500 in attorney fees to Ron, the trial court
found that Tiffany had engaged in two outbursts in court despite being a litigation
attorney: one during the trial and one at a pretrial hearing in June 2009. Tiffany pursued
a nullity theory after it was clear that theory was not supported by fact or law. Tiffany’s
attorney used the nullity theory as a “‘veiled threat’” in exchange for an agreement to
settle the case as a dissolution matter.
       Although Tiffany and her counsel had provided the required final disclosure forms
by June 2009, Tiffany and her counsel continued to argue the point. Tiffany
“unreasonably” insisted that items of property and other “‘salacious details’” about the
parties’ private matters be kept out of the public record. The trial court determined that
Tiffany and her attorney “used aggressive, disrespectful and unnecessarily forceful

                                             12
language in correspondence” on several occasions even after they relented on the nullity
theory.
         The trial court ordered Tiffany to pay Ron $5,000 in fees incurred prior to April
2009 — when she abandoned her nullity theory — as a contributive share of his attorney
fees and costs pursuant to sections 2030 and 2032. The trial court concluded that Ron
would not have had to incur $5,000 in attorney fees prior to April 2009 if Tiffany had not
maintained her nullity theory. The trial court further ordered Tiffany to pay Ron $7,500
for monetary sanctions pursuant to section 271 because her conduct prior to April 2009
“was unreasonable, in bad faith and caused this case to fail to settle early” and would not
impose “an unreasonable burden on her.”
         The trial court determined that Ron’s attorney had engaged in bad faith and
dilatory conduct by using “aggressive, disrespectful and unnecessarily forceful language
in correspondence” to Tiffany and her attorney. Even after Tiffany abandoned her
“unreasonable” nullity theory, Ron’s attorney continued an aggressive tone and approach
throughout the proceedings, refused a “reasonable, cost-saving offer to settle this case on
a ‘walkway’ basis” over a year earlier, and instead demanded $15,000 to settle the matter
without explanation or justification. The trial court further determined that Ron’s
attorney more so than Tiffany’s attorney “acted unreasonably and in bad faith” and took
an “aggressive, non-responsive and uncooperative approach . . . from start to finish in this
case.”
         The trial court determined that Ron’s attorney increased litigation costs by failing
to engage in a meaningful meet and confer to resolve evidentiary issues, for example, as
to the exhibit notebooks referred to in footnote 5, ante. The trial court found that “Ron
engaged in unnecessary, time-consuming discovery” with Tiffany after her attorney
substituted out of the case, which had “no usable purpose” at the trial on reserved issues.
This was because “once the updated, completed disclosures were received in September
2008, there did not need to be any more discovery conducted.”
         The trial court then concluded that the matter could and should have ended in
April 2009 at the latest, but more reasonably should have ended in October or November

                                              13
2008. The trial court reasoned that Ron “worked this case as if he had vastly superior
financial resources” to Tiffany’s means. The trial court concluded that neither Ron nor
Tiffany had the financial wherewithal to litigate the matter, which consumed over four
years of court time and almost $90,000 in total fees for a marriage that lasted only four
months. The court noted that the parties had no significant community assets or debts, no
children, and no spousal support obligations. Instead, Ron’s “relentless conduct, more so
than Tiffany’s relentless conduct, served more to anger and to frustrate Tiffany, and to
aggravate Tiffany and her attorney, causing fees and costs to be spent needlessly.”
(Capitalization omitted.)
       The trial court found that, after April 2009, Ron incurred $39,475 in fees and
costs, and Tiffany incurred $19,080.55 in fees. The trial court ordered Ron to pay a total
of $10,000 in attorney fees to Tiffany for a contributive share of post-April 2009 attorney
fees and costs pursuant to sections 2030 and 2031.
       When the trial court ordered Ron to pay Tiffany $10,000 in sanctions for post-
April 2009 conduct pursuant to section 271, it concluded that his conduct in the
protracted litigation and his settlement position after the main issue of nullity was
resolved was in bad faith, prevented settlement, and increased the cost of litigation. The
court acknowledged that the fee award and sanction might cause Ron financial hardship
or adversely affect his finances. The trial court gave consideration to the fact that, “‘on
paper,’” Ron appeared to have an inferior ability compared to Tiffany to pay need-based
fees. The trial court observed that Ron “may need to further encumber or sell his house
or other assets to pay his share of legal expenses and the sanctions in the case.” As a
countervailing consideration, the trial court found that Ron had relied on Tiffany’s
superior finances unreasonably to drag out the case after Tiffany assumed a more
reasonable litigation and settlement posture.
       After rejecting Ron’s objections to the final statement of decision, the trial court
entered judgment on the reserved issue and ordered Ron to pay Tiffany a net award of
$7,500. Ron filed a timely notice of appeal from the judgment.


                                             14
                                        DISCUSSION
I. Applicable statutes regarding attorney fees and sanctions
       As previously noted, the trial court ordered both parties to pay attorney fees under
sections 2030 and 2032 and sanctions under section 271.
       Section 2030 provides in pertinent part: “(a)(1) In a proceeding for dissolution of
marriage, nullity of marriage, or legal separation of the parties, and in any proceeding
subsequent to entry of a related judgment, the court shall ensure that each party has
access to legal representation, including access early in the proceedings, to preserve each
party’s rights by ordering, if necessary based on the income and needs assessments, one
party, except a governmental entity, to pay to the other party, or to the other party’s
attorney, whatever amount is reasonably necessary for attorney’s fees and for the cost of
maintaining or defending the proceeding during the pendency of the proceeding. [¶]
(2) When a request for attorney’s fees and costs is made, the court shall make findings on
whether an award of attorney’s fees and costs under this section is appropriate, whether
there is a disparity in access to funds to retain counsel, and whether one party is able to
pay for legal representation of both parties. If the findings demonstrate disparity in
access and ability to pay, the court shall make an order awarding attorney’s fees and
costs. A party who lacks the financial ability to hire an attorney may request, as an in pro
per litigant, that the court order the other party, if that other party has the financial ability,
to pay a reasonable amount to allow the unrepresented party to retain an attorney in a
timely manner before proceedings in the matter go forward. . . .”
       Section 2032 sets forth the criteria for an attorney fee award: “(a) The court may
make an award of attorney’s fees and costs under Section 2030 or 2031 where the making
of the award, and the amount of the award, are just and reasonable under the relative
circumstances of the respective parties. [¶] (b) In determining what is just and
reasonable under the relative circumstances, the court shall take into consideration the
need for the award to enable each party, to the extent practical, to have sufficient
financial resources to present the party's case adequately, taking into consideration, to the
extent relevant, the circumstances of the respective parties described in Section 4320.

                                               15
The fact that the party requesting an award of attorney’s fees and costs has resources
from which the party could pay the party’s own attorney’s fees and costs is not itself a
bar to an order that the other party pay part or all of the fees and costs requested.
Financial resources are only one factor for the court to consider in determining how to
apportion the overall cost of the litigation equitably between the parties under their
relative circumstances. . . .”
       Section 271 permits a trial court to impose sanctions against parties who frustrate
the purposes of settlement and reduction of litigation costs. Section 271 provides in
pertinent part: “(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, the court may base
an award of attorney’s fees and costs on the extent to which the conduct of each party or
attorney furthers or frustrates the policy of the law to promote settlement of litigation
and, where possible, to reduce the cost of litigation by encouraging cooperation between
the parties and attorneys. An award of attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to this section is
in the nature of a sanction. In making an award pursuant to this section, the court shall
take into consideration all evidence concerning the parties’ incomes, assets, and
liabilities. The court shall not impose a sanction pursuant to this section that imposes an
unreasonable financial burden on the party against whom the sanction is imposed. In
order to obtain an award under this section, the party requesting an award of attorney’s
fees and costs is not required to demonstrate any financial need for the award. . . .”
II. The appropriate standard of review is the abuse of discretion standard and not
de novo review
       Ron asserts that the trial court’s determinations are subject to de novo review
because the trial court erred in refusing to apply section 2100 to Tiffany’s conduct for
intentionally withholding disclosure of the Loleta Avenue property, which she purchased
after serving her final declaration of disclosure. Ron also asserts that the trial court then
improperly sanctioned him pursuant to sections 2030, 2032, and 271 for conducting
discovery even though it resulted in Tiffany’s disclosure of that property while the matter
was in litigation. We disagree with both assertions.


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       The applicable standard of review for an award of attorney fees and costs under
sections 2030 and 2032 is abuse of discretion, and not de novo. Attorney fees are
awarded in a marital dissolution proceeding to provide a party with adequate funds
properly to litigate the proceeding. (In re Marriage of Sullivan (1984) 37 Cal.3d 762,
768.) In making that determination, the trial court considers the respective needs and
incomes of the parties, but is not restricted to salary alone and may consider all the
evidence including assets and liabilities. (Ibid.) “[A] motion for attorney fees and costs
in a dissolution proceeding is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. [Citations.] In
the absence of a clear showing of abuse, its determination will not be disturbed on appeal.
[Citations.] ‘[T]he trial court’s order will be overturned only if, considering all the
evidence viewed most favorably in support of its order, no judge could reasonably make
the order made. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 768–769; see also In re Marriage of
Bendetti (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 863, 868–869; In re Marriage of Cryer (2011) 198
Cal.App.4th 1039, 1054–1055.)
       Similarly, abuse of discretion is the standard of review for an award of a section
271 sanction. “We review an award of attorney fees and costs under section 271 for
abuse of discretion. [Citation.] ‘Accordingly, we will overturn such an order only if,
considering all of the evidence viewed most favorably in its support and indulging all
reasonable inferences in its favor, no judge could reasonably make the order.
[Citations.]’ We review any factual findings made in connection with the award under
the substantial evidence standard. [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Fong (2011) 193
Cal.App.4th 278, 291.)
       Ron argues that the trial court did not properly consider section 21006 in awarding
the fees and costs under sections 2030 and 2032 and in awarding sanctions. The record


       6   Section 2100 provides: “The Legislature finds and declares the following: [¶]
(a) It is the policy of the State of California (1) to marshal, preserve, and protect
community and quasi-community assets and liabilities that exist at the date of separation
so as to avoid dissipation of the community estate before distribution, (2) to ensure fair
and sufficient child and spousal support awards, and (3) to achieve a division of
community and quasi-community assets and liabilities on the dissolution or nullity of
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reveals that the trial court did engage in the evaluation required by section 2100. As
illustrative only of that evaluation, the trial court observed that Tiffany had initially been
less than forthcoming in her disclosure as to the Loleta property, but faulted Ron
regarding his “relentless” pursuit of discovery as to the Loleta property for many months
even after the existence of that property had been fully disclosed. “Ron engaged in
unnecessary, time-consuming discovery” with Tiffany after her attorney substituted out
of the case, which had “no usable purpose” at the trial on reserved issues. This was
because “once the updated, completed disclosures were received in September 2008,
there did not need to be any more discovery conducted.”
       The trial court then concluded that the matter could and should have ended in
April 2009 at the latest, but more reasonably in October or November 2008. The trial
court determined that neither Ron nor Tiffany had financial resources to litigate the
matter, which consumed over four years of court time and almost $90,000 in total fees,
for a marriage that lasted only four months. The court noted that the parties had no
significant community assets or debts, children, or spousal support obligations, and that
Ron’s “relentless conduct” generated needless attorney fees and costs more than did
Tiffany’s “relentless conduct.”
       Under the applicable standards of review, we cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion in awarding the attorney fees under sections 2030 and 2031. The


marriage or legal separation of the parties as provided under California law. [¶]
(b) Sound public policy further favors the reduction of the adversarial nature of marital
dissolution and the attendant costs by fostering full disclosure and cooperative discovery.
[¶] (c) In order to promote this public policy, a full and accurate disclosure of all assets
and liabilities in which one or both parties have or may have an interest must be made in
the early stages of a proceeding for dissolution of marriage or legal separation of the
parties, regardless of the characterization as community or separate, together with a
disclosure of all income and expenses of the parties. Moreover, each party has a
continuing duty to immediately, fully, and accurately update and augment that disclosure
to the extent there have been any material changes so that at the time the parties enter into
an agreement for the resolution of any of these issues, or at the time of trial on these
issues, each party will have a full and complete knowledge of the relevant underlying
facts.”

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record reveals that after a six-day trial with numerous exhibits, declarations, and
testimony from the parties and counsel, the trial court issued a voluminous opinion,
which exhaustively documented the protracted litigation history. The trial court
concluded that the award of attorney fees was warranted because the parties’
unprofessional, uncivil, and aggressive conduct generated fees far out of proportion to the
four-month marriage that was before the court, especially when there were no community
assets, children, or spousal support. There was no abuse of discretion regarding the
attorney fee award under sections 2030 and 2032. Likewise, Ron has not demonstrated
that the trial court abused its discretion in sanctioning him under section 271. (In re
Marriage of Corona (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1225 [trial court may award attorney
fees and costs as a sanction under section 271 when the parties fail to cooperate or
frustrate settlement efforts, which lack of cooperation results in increased litigation
costs].)
       Ron claims he should not have been sanctioned because he refused to walk away
from his day in court. In determining the attorney fee issue against Ron, the trial court
found that Ron and his attorney had engaged in bad faith and dilatory conduct by using
“aggressive, disrespectful and unnecessarily forceful language in correspondence” to
Tiffany and her attorney. The award covered post-April 2009 conduct, including
continuing to take an aggressive tone after Tiffany abandoned the nullity theory, refusing
to settle the case on a “walkway” basis over a year before the trial, and refusing to sign
his own proposed judgment in April 2009. The court also found that Tiffany disclosed
the Loleta property in June 2009. The record simply does not support Ron’s theory that
he was sanctioned for exercising his right to have a trial on the reserved issue of attorney
fees. Rather, the record supports the sanction award because of his bad faith conduct.
III. The trial court did not award fees to Tiffany while she was self-represented
       There is no merit to Ron’s claim that de novo review is required because the trial
court awarded Tiffany fees for self-representation. There is nothing in the record to
suggest that the trial court awarded fees to Tiffany for the time she represented herself in


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this litigation. Instead, Mr. Sainburg filed two declarations with billing statements
showing the amount of fees that Tiffany was charged by his firm.
IV. The trial court properly evaluated the applicable statutory factors as to the fee
amounts
         Ron also incorrectly claims that the trial court did not properly evaluate the factors
under sections 2030 and 2032 as to the amount of the fees awarded. The trial court
considered: whether an award was appropriate based on the statutory factors (finding
Ron was living above his means and his post-April 2009 conduct needlessly prolonged
the litigation relative to Tiffany’s conduct); whether there was a disparity in access to
funds to retain counsel (noting that, on paper, Tiffany had greater assets but that Ron
“was somehow paying a mortgage of almost $4,300—about 2/3 of his income” and after
Tiffany dropped the nullity theory, he continued to litigate the matter “as if the stakes
were high”); whether one party was able to pay for legal representation of both parties
(finding Tiffany had greater resources but that she could not pay for both sides); and
considering the circumstances of the respective parties described in section 4320, the
hardships favored Tiffany (considering the short term marriage, no dependent children,
income, assets and debts, the parties’ claims of domestic violence and abusive behavior,
and Tiffany’s reasonable litigation posture after April 2009). We conclude that the trial
court well considered the statutory factors in determining the amount of the attorney fee
award.
         In sum, the trial court was thorough and gave thoughtful consideration to the
evidence and the law. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
making the award of attorney fees and sanctions in this case.




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                                    DISPOSITION
      The judgment on the reserved issue of attorney fees and costs is affirmed. Tiffany
Krog is awarded her costs on appeal.
      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.


                                                BENDIX, J.*
We concur:


      ROTHSCHILD, P. J.


      JOHNSON, J.




      *   Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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