                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                        No. COA19-633

                                       Filed: 2 June 2020

Buncombe County, No. 17 CVS 500

NANCY KELLER, by and through her attorney-in-fact, LESLIE ANN KELLER,
Plaintiff,

               v.

DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RETIREMENT COMMUNITY, INC. and JEFFREY
TODD EARWOOD, Defendants.1


       Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 17 August 2018 by Judge Marvin P.

Pope, Jr., in Buncombe County Superior Court, and from judgment entered 6

November 2018 by Judge Thomas H. Lock in Buncombe County Superior Court.

Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 February 2020.


       Law Office of David Pishko, P.A., by David Pishko, for plaintiff-appellant.

       Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, by John H. Beyer and Katherine H.
       Graham, for defendant-appellee Deerfield Episcopal Retirement Community,
       Inc.

       Dickie, McCamey & Chilcote, PC, by Joseph L. Nelson, for defendant-appellee
       Jeffrey Todd Earwood.


       ZACHARY, Judge.


       Plaintiff Nancy Keller, by and through her attorney-in-fact, Leslie Ann Keller,

appeals from (1) an order granting summary judgment and dismissing Keller’s claims




       1Defendant Earwood’s first name is spelled inconsistently throughout the record. Accordingly,
we adopt the spelling found in the order and judgment from which Plaintiff appeals.
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



against Defendant Deerfield Episcopal Retirement Community, Inc.; and (2) a

judgment entered upon a jury’s verdict finding in favor of Defendant Jeffrey Todd

Earwood on Keller’s claim of battery. After careful review, we affirm.

                                   Background

      In April 2013, Plaintiff Nancy Keller (“Keller”) joined Defendant Deerfield

Episcopal Retirement Community, Inc. (“Deerfield”), as an independent living

resident.   In December 2014, Keller moved to Deerfield’s assisted living section

because “she was consistently forgetting to do things” and required supervision. Soon

thereafter, on 11 March 2015, Keller moved to Deerfield’s skilled nursing section, due

to her advanced dementia.

      Defendant Jeffrey Todd Earwood (“Earwood”), was employed as a certified

nursing assistant at Deerfield. On 30 March 2015, Earwood was assisting Deerfield

residents returning to their rooms after lunch when he noticed Keller walking down

the hallway, “heading in the wrong direction” and “looking confused.” Earwood

offered to help her back to her room, which was a usual task after lunch. While

Earwood was helping Keller, another Deerfield staff member asked for Earwood’s

help with a dressing change for a patient in the neighboring room.

      Earwood led Keller into her room, closing the bottom half of the Dutch door

behind them, but leaving the top half open. When Keller asked Earwood where she

should sit, he reminded her that this was her room, and she could sit anywhere she



                                         -2-
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



wanted. Keller sat on her bed, and Earwood asked her if he could get her anything.

Keller replied that she did not “know if [she] c[ould] trust [him,]” so Earwood sat

down beside her on the edge of the bed, getting “eye level”—as he was trained to do—

and jokingly asked Keller, “[I]s this not a face you can trust?” Keller responded,

“[T]he rest is up to you.” Earwood then stood up and told Keller that he would “prove

[him]self” in order to earn her trust. He patted Keller on the shoulder, and Earwood

left to help with another patient’s dressing change. Earwood was in Keller’s room

“for approximately one minute.”

      Soon thereafter, Keller’s personal aide, Iris Hinze, arrived. Keller told her aide

that “someone had exposed himself to her and had put her hand on his private parts.”

Hinze then stepped in the hallway, and asked Earwood if “it was him who had walked

[Keller] back to her room[.]” Earwood confirmed and inquired whether “everything

was okay,” and then left to finish his shift.

      Upon Keller’s request, Hinze called Keller’s daughter, Leslie Ann Keller, and

Keller informed her of the alleged incident.           Leslie arrived at Deerfield soon

thereafter, and she took Keller and Hinze to meet with the facility’s social worker.

Keller shared with the social worker that “a man had come into her room and exposed

himself to her.” She also told the social worker that the man had “placed her hand

on his private parts and . . . fondled himself” in front of her.




                                           -3-
                    KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      The acting director of nursing was immediately notified of the incident, and

Earwood was questioned about the alleged sexual battery during a phone call with

Deerfield’s director of quality assurance and the unit coordinator. Earwood was

suspended, pending Deerfield’s internal investigation of the sexual battery

allegation.

      On 31 March 2015, Deerfield submitted the required 24-Hour Initial Report to

the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care

Personnel Registry.      Deerfield timely submitted the requisite “5-Working Day

Report” on 6 April 2015. Deerfield concluded its internal investigation that day,

determining that it was “unable to substantiate allegations” due to the absence of

direct witnesses, Keller’s clinical diagnosis of dementia, and a physician’s

determination that she lacked capacity. After 31 March 2015, Keller never raised the

allegation again.

      On 7 April 2015, Earwood was reinstated and permitted to return to work.

Upon his return, Earwood was assigned to work on a different hall where he did not

have direct contact with Keller, and where he received more supervision.

      By mid-June 2015, the Healthcare Personnel Registry; Buncombe County

Department of Social Services, Adult Protective Services Unit (“DSS”); and the North

Carolina Division of Health Service Regulation had received reports about the alleged

assault.      The three agencies independently concluded that the allegation was



                                          -4-
                   KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



unsubstantiated. However, Leslie did not agree with these conclusions, and thus, as

attorney-in-fact for her mother, on 30 January 2017, Leslie filed a complaint

asserting claims against Earwood and Deerfield. Specifically, the complaint asserted

claims for assault and battery against Earwood. The complaint also asserted claims

against Deerfield for ratification of Earwood’s assault and battery under the theory

of respondeat superior, and for negligent supervision and retention of Earwood. She

also sought to recover punitive damages from Deerfield.

      On 9 March 2017, Earwood filed a motion to dismiss, answer, and affirmative

defenses. On 6 June 2018, Deerfield moved for summary judgment and attorney’s

fees. Earwood also moved for summary judgment on 23 July 2018.

      Defendants’ motions for summary judgment came on for hearing before the

Honorable Marvin P. Pope, Jr., in Buncombe County Superior Court on 13 August

2018. On 17 August 2018, Judge Pope entered orders denying Earwood’s motion for

summary judgment, granting Deerfield’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing

Keller’s claims against Deerfield with prejudice, and denying Deerfield’s motion for

attorney’s fees.

      On 24 September 2018, Keller’s claims against Earwood came on for trial by

jury in Buncombe County Superior Court, the Honorable Thomas H. Lock presiding.

On 28 September 2018, Judge Lock granted Earwood’s motion for directed verdict on

the claim of assault. On 1 October 2018, the jury unanimously found that Earwood



                                         -5-
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



did not commit a battery upon Keller, and on 6 November 2018, Judge Lock entered

judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict.

      Keller filed timely notice of appeal to this Court from the order granting

summary judgment in favor of Deerfield, and the trial court’s final judgment

reflecting the jury’s verdict in favor of Earwood.

                                     Discussion

      Keller sets forth four arguments on appeal: (i) the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of Deerfield on the claim that Deerfield ratified

Earwood’s sexual battery; (ii) the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of Deerfield on the claim for negligent retention and supervision of Earwood;

(iii) the trial court erred by overruling her objection to the admission of opinion

testimony by James Parsons, M.D.; and (iv) the trial court erred by excluding

evidence of an alleged prior assault by Earwood against a Deerfield resident.

                                I. Summary Judgment

      Keller first challenges the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

Deerfield as to her claims for (i) ratification of Earwood’s sexual battery; and (ii)

negligent retention and supervision of Earwood.

   A. Standard of Review

      Summary judgment is proper only if: “(1) the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that



                                          -6-
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



there is no genuine issue as to any material fact; and (2) the moving party is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Honeycutt v. Honeycutt, 208 N.C. App. 70, 77, 701

S.E.2d 689, 694 (2010) (citation omitted).

      In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the

evidence “in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” RME Mgmt., LLC v.

Chapel H.O.M. Assocs., LLC, 251 N.C. App. 562, 566, 795 S.E.2d 641, 644 (citation

omitted), disc. review denied, 370 N.C. 213, 804 S.E.2d 546 (2017). Furthermore, it

is well established that

             [t]he party moving for summary judgment bears the
             burden of establishing that there is no triable issue of
             material fact. This burden may be met by proving that an
             essential element of the opposing party’s claim is
             nonexistent, or by showing through discovery that the
             opposing party cannot produce evidence to support an
             essential element of h[er] claim or cannot surmount an
             affirmative defense which would bar the claim.

Badin Shores Resort Owners Ass’n v. Handy Sanitary Dist., 257 N.C. App. 542, 549,

811 S.E.2d 198, 204 (2018) (citation omitted).

      “Once the party seeking summary judgment makes the required showing, the

burden shifts to the non-moving party to produce a forecast of evidence

demonstrating specific facts, as opposed to allegations, showing that [s]he can at least

establish a prima facie case at trial.” Id. at 550, 811 S.E.2d at 204 (citation omitted).

“[T]he non-moving party must forecast sufficient evidence to show the existence of a




                                          -7-
                     KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



genuine issue of material fact in order to preclude an award of summary judgment.”

Id. (citation omitted).

      “Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such

judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that there is no genuine issue

as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of

law.” In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, “if a grant of summary judgment can be

sustained on any grounds, it should be affirmed on appeal.” RME Mgmt., LLC, 251

N.C. App. at 567, 795 S.E.2d at 645 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

   B. Analysis

   1. Ratification

      Keller first argues that the trial court “erroneously concluded that no

reasonable jury could find that [her] forecast of evidence was sufficient to establish

that Deerfield ratified Earwood’s conduct toward her, making Deerfield liable for the

emotional distress she suffered as a result[.]” Specifically, Keller contends that

Deerfield ratified Earwood’s sexual battery “by conducting an inadequate, skewed

investigation and preventing other more objective agencies from investigating the

alleged crime.” We disagree.

      To establish that an employer ratified the wrongful act of an employee, the

plaintiff must show either (1) that “the employer had knowledge of all material facts



                                           -8-
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



and circumstances relative to the wrongful act, and that the employer, by words or

conduct, show[ed] an intention to ratify the act[,]” Brown v. Burlington Industr., Inc.,

93 N.C. App. 431, 437, 378 S.E.2d 232, 236 (1989) (citation omitted), disc. review

improvidently allowed, 326 N.C. 356, 388 S.E.2d 769 (1990), or (2) “had knowledge of

facts which would lead a person of ordinary prudence to investigate further[,]”

Guthrie v. Conroy, 152 N.C. App. 15, 27, 567 S.E.2d 403, 412 (2002) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Ratification may be evidenced by “any course of

conduct on the part of the principal which reasonably tends to show an intention on

his part to ratify the agent’s unauthorized acts.” Brown, 93 N.C. App at 437, 378

S.E.2d at 236 (citation omitted). Such course of conduct may involve a failure to act.

See id.

      Here, Keller contends that a reasonable jury could find that her forecast of

evidence was sufficient to establish that Deerfield ratified Earwood’s alleged sexual

battery, thus rendering Deerfield liable for Keller’s resulting emotional distress.

Keller contends that the following demonstrates Deerfield’s intention to ratify

Earwood’s conduct:

             a) Deerfield did not notify any law enforcement agency of
             [Keller’s] allegation against Earwood. The sexual assault
             certainly would constitute a crime, but Deerfield officials
             chose to conduct an investigation in house, rather than call
             in objective investigators with special skills in interviewing
             criminal suspects and victims.




                                          -9-
    KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                     Opinion of the Court



b) Despite their knowledge of [Keller’s] memory issues,
Deerfield’s officers did not seek the assistance of anyone
trained in interviewing persons with dementia and chose
not to videotape [Keller’s] account of what occurred so that
a person with training could assess her credibility.

c) Deerfield employees did not interview Earwood in
person and thus had no opportunity to assess his
credibility.     Parris, Deerfield’s Director of Quality
Assurance, was placed in charge of the investigation. He
elected to interview Earwood over the telephone and then
asked Earwood to submit a written statement. Further, no
one confronted Earwood about the significant
inconsistency in his two accounts of what occurred in
[Keller’s] room – whether he sat beside her on the bed or in
front of her in a chair, or about the discrepancy between his
description of his conduct after the alleged assault and the
description provided by Nurse Ouellette.

d) Deerfield omitted the significant fact in its reports to
the Health Care Personnel Registry that [Keller] alleged
that Earwood not only exposed his “private parts” but
forced her to fondle his penis. Deerfield also stated in its
first report, before any type of investigation, that there was
no reasonable suspicion of a crime. Within less than 24
hours, Deerfield officials decided to totally discount
[Keller’s] account.

e) Deerfield submitted inaccurate and misleading reports
to the Health Care Personnel Registry – describing a less
severe “exposure” incident – arguably to encourage the
state agency to forego any investigation.

f) No Deerfield employee interviewed or assessed [Keller]
after 31 March 2015 – one day after the alleged assault.
Yet, Deerfield reported to the State that [Keller] did not
have mental anguish lasting five days or more and also
maintained that [Keller] “totally forgot” the assault after
one day.



                            - 10 -
                 KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



             g) Deerfield officials rejected the recommendation of its
             Director of Nursing and Director of Quality Assurance that
             Earwood’s employment be terminated.                  These
             recommendations were based in part on the fact that
             Earwood had “a couple of other disciplinary issues” and the
             fact that [Keller] had never made any sort of similar
             allegation during her time at Deerfield. . . .

             h) Deerfield’s President and CEO expressed a concern
             that, if [Keller’s] allegation was believed, a similar
             complaint could be lodged against him.

             i) After [Keller’s] report of abuse, Deerfield did not monitor
             Earwood’s interaction with other residents.            Rather,
             Deerfield’s nursing staff was instructed to institute
             behavioral monitoring of [Keller], specifically documenting
             her interaction with male residents. Nothing uncovered in
             Deerfield’s sham investigation suggested that [Keller]
             initiated or encouraged Earwood’s sexual advance. The
             decision to monitor her could be reasonably interpreted as
             a form of punishment for her report against Earwood.

      Keller’s allegations lack merit.       The acting director of nursing “was

immediately notified of the incident[,]” and Earwood was questioned about the

alleged sexual battery the same day that the allegation was made. Additionally,

Earwood was suspended at once pending Deerfield’s internal investigation of the

sexual battery allegation, and he was permitted to return to work only after Deerfield

determined that Keller’s allegation could not be substantiated. Upon his return,

Earwood was assigned to work on a different hall where he did not have direct contact

with Keller, and where he received a higher level of supervision.




                                         - 11 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Furthermore, Deerfield fully cooperated with all third-party investigations.

Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 131E-256(a), the North Carolina Department of Health and

Human Services must

             establish and maintain a health care personnel registry
             containing the names of all health care personnel working
             in health care facilities in North Carolina who have:

                (1) Been subject to findings by the Department [of
                Health and Human Services] of:

                    a. Neglect or abuse of a resident in a health care
                    facility or a person to whom home care services as
                    defined by [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 131E-136 or hospice
                    services as defined by [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 131E-201
                    are being provided.

                    ....

                (2) Been accused of any of the acts listed in subdivision
                (1) of this subsection, but only after the Department [of
                Health and Human Services] has screened the
                allegation and determined that an investigation is
                required.

             The Health Care Personnel Registry shall also contain
             findings by the Department [of Health and Human
             Services] of neglect of a resident in a nursing facility or
             abuse of a resident in a nursing facility or misappropriation
             of the property of a resident in a nursing facility by a nurse
             aide that are contained in the nurse aide registry under
             [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 131E-255.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 131E-256(a) (2019); see also id. § 131E-1(1).

      To facilitate this process, health care facilities must submit certain reports

when residents allege abuse against health care personnel at the facilities, which the


                                         - 12 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



Department then screens to determine whether an investigation is required. On 31

March 2015, Deerfield submitted to the Health Care Personnel Registry the required

24-Hour Initial Report, followed by the requisite 5-Working Day Report on 6 April

2015. See id. § 131E-256(g) (“The results of all investigations must be reported to the

Department [of Health and Human Services] within five working days of the initial

notification to the Department.”); see also id. § 131E-1(1).

      On 8 April 2015, the Health Care Personnel Registry wrote to Deerfield, noting

that it had “carefully review[ed] the reported allegation,” and “determined that an

investigation w[ould] not be conducted in this case.” Then, between 15 and 18 June

2015, personnel from the North Carolina Division of Health Services Regulation

conducted an on-site investigation at Deerfield, and determined that “[b]ased on

observations, record review, staff, resident, and family interviews this allegation

could not be substantiated at the time of the investigation.” Thereafter, during June

and July 2015, DSS Adult Protective Services agents conducted an on-site

investigation. Noting that there was “no evidence” that Keller was abused, DSS

determined that the allegation was unsubstantiated, and concluded that Keller did

not need protective services.

      Moreover, contrary to Keller’s assertions on appeal, Keller did not forecast

“evidence demonstrating specific facts” in support of her allegations that she suffered

emotional distress as a result of the alleged battery, or that Deerfield forced her to



                                          - 13 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



relocate to another facility. Badin Shores Resort Owners Ass’n, 257 N.C. App. at 550,

811 S.E.2d at 204. In fact, at her 14 July 2017 deposition, Leslie testified that, since

March 2015, no mental health professional had diagnosed Keller with “any mental or

emotional condition related to” the alleged events; Keller had not been “prescribed

any kind of antidepressant or antianxiety medication for anything” related to the

alleged events; no healthcare professional had diagnosed Keller as suffering from any

kind of mental anguish; and Keller had not been seen by any “therapist, counselor,

[or] mental health professional, for . . . anything relating to” the alleged event.

      “As discussed above, [Keller], as the non-movant, must come forward with facts

to counter a proper motion for summary judgment. The official record contains no

factual evidence showing” that Deerfield ratified Earwood’s conduct. Graham v.

Hardee’s Food Sys., 121 N.C. App. 382, 387, 465 S.E.2d 558, 561 (1996).

      Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of

Deerfield as to Keller’s claim of ratification.

   2. Negligent Supervision and Retention

      “North Carolina recognizes a cause of action for negligent supervision and

retention as an independent tort based on the employer’s liability to third parties.”

Smith v. Privette, 128 N.C. App. 490, 494, 495 S.E.2d 395, 398 (1998) (citation

omitted). “This basis for imposing liability upon the [employer] for an assault by his

employee is . . . the negligence of the [employer], himself, in the selection or



                                           - 14 -
                    KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                     Opinion of the Court



supervision of his employee.” Wegner v. Delly-Land Delicatessen, Inc., 270 N.C. 62,

65, 153 S.E.2d 804, 807 (1967).

         “A presumption exists that an employer has used due care in hiring his

employees.” Stanley v. Brooks, 112 N.C. App. 609, 612, 436 S.E.2d 272, 274 (1993)

(citation omitted), disc. review denied, 335 N.C. 772, 442 S.E.2d 521 (1994). To

overcome this presumption, “[t]he burden rests with the plaintiff to show that [s]he

has been injured as a result of the employer’s negligent hiring if the employer had

actual or constructive knowledge of the employee’s incompetency.”                Id. (citation

omitted).

         To succeed on a claim for negligent supervision or retention, the plaintiff must

prove:

               (1) the specific negligent act on which the action is
               founded[;] (2) incompetency, by inherent unfitness or
               previous specific acts of negligence, from which
               incompetency may be inferred; . . . (3) either actual notice to
               the master of such unfitness or bad habits, or constructive
               notice, by showing that the master could have known the
               facts had he used ordinary care in oversight and
               supervision[;] and (4) that the injury complained of resulted
               from the incompetency proved.

Medlin v. Bass, 327 N.C. 587, 591, 398 S.E.2d 460, 462 (1990) (first emphasis added)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

         Accordingly,

               employers of certain establishments can be held liable to
               an invitee therein assaulted by an employee of the place of


                                            - 15 -
                   KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



               business whom the employer knew, or in the exercise of
               reasonable care in the selection and supervision of his
               employees should have known, to be likely, by reason of
               past conduct, bad temper or otherwise, to commit an
               assault, even though the particular assault was not
               committed within the scope of the employment.

Stanley, 112 N.C. App. at 611, 436 S.E.2d at 273 (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted).

      On appeal, Keller argues that she presented evidence from which a reasonable

jury could have concluded that Deerfield should have known that Earwood was

dangerous to residents and unfit for his job. In particular, Keller submits that she

forecast sufficient evidence to establish that Deerfield was aware that Earwood posed

a threat to its residents, yet continued to allow Earwood to interact with vulnerable

individuals.

      Keller, “as the non-movant, must come forward with facts to counter a proper

motion for summary judgment. The official record contains no factual evidence

showing” that Deerfield had knowledge of Earwood’s alleged proclivity for sexual

misconduct. Graham, 121 N.C. App. at 387, 465 S.E.2d at 561. In fact, the record is

replete with evidence demonstrating that Deerfield did not have such notice.

      Prior to hiring Earwood, Deerfield “completed a background check, and

fingerprints had gone to the SBI and FBI.         All checks had come back with no

violations of any kind. The Health Registry check had come back with no violations.”

Additionally, Earwood was suspended pending Deerfield’s investigation and was


                                         - 16 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



permitted to return to work only after Deerfield determined that Keller’s allegation

could not be substantiated. Thus, it cannot be said that prior to the alleged act,

Deerfield knew or had reason to know of Earwood’s alleged potential for battery. See

id. at 385, 465 S.E.2d at 560.

      Finally, we note that following a jury trial, Earwood was unanimously found

not to have sexually battered Keller, and Judge Lock entered a judgment reflecting

the verdict on 6 November 2018. “[W]here the agent has no liability, there is nothing

from which to derive the principal’s liability[.]” Cameron Hospitality, Inc. v. Cline

Design Assocs., 223 N.C. App. 223, 226, 735 S.E.2d 348, 351 (2012) (citation omitted),

disc. review denied, 366 N.C. 564, 738 S.E.2d 370 (2013). Keller’s claims against

Deerfield are dependent upon the alleged tortious conduct of Earwood. “The only

tortious conduct by an employee of [Deerfield’s] that [Keller] has alleged is the acts

of [Earwood,] which were the basis of her claims against him.” Graham, 121 N.C.

App. at 385, 465 S.E.2d at 560. “[I]t has been judicially determined that” Earwood

“is not liable for any tortious conduct[,]” and Keller “has not shown that an employee

of [Deerfield] committed a tortious act”; thus, “this cause of action fails.” Id.

      Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment in favor

of Deerfield on Keller’s claim for negligent supervision and retention.

                              II. Dr. Parsons’s Testimony




                                          - 17 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      Keller next argues that the trial court committed reversible error by overruling

her objections to opinion testimony by Dr. James Parsons. Specifically, Keller argues

that Dr. Parsons’s testimony “was entirely speculative and highly prejudicial”

because his testimony that Keller’s “medication may have caused her to ‘hallucinate’

” was an improper opinion, in that it was formed “without ever even meeting [Keller]

in person.” We disagree.

   A. Standard of Review

      As a general matter, “evidentiary errors are considered harmless unless a

different result would have been reached at trial.” Union Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Union

Cty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 240 N.C. App. 274, 283, 771 S.E.2d 590, 596 (2015) (citation

omitted). “[O]n appeal . . . the burden is on the appellant to not only show error, but

also to show that [s]he was prejudiced and a different result would have likely ensued

had the error not occurred.” Outlaw v. Johnson, 190 N.C. App. 233, 247, 660 S.E.2d

550, 561 (2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      “We . . . review a trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of expert

testimony for abuse of discretion.” N.C. Dep’t of Transp. v. Mission Battleground

Park, DST, 370 N.C. 477, 480, 810 S.E.2d 217, 220 (2018) (citation omitted). “A trial

court abuses its discretion if its decision is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so

arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Pope v. Bridge




                                          - 18 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



Broom, Inc., 240 N.C. App. 365, 369, 770 S.E.2d 702, 707 (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted), disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 284, 775 S.E.2d 861 (2015).

   B. Analysis

      Expert-witness testimony is governed by Rule 702 of the North Carolina Rules

of Evidence. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 702. Subsection (a) of Rule 702

provides:

             If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will
             assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
             determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert
             by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may
             testify thereto in the form of an opinion, or otherwise, if all
             of the following apply:

                    (1) The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or
                    data.
                    (2)   The testimony is the product of reliable
                    principles and methods.
                    (3) The witness has applied the principles and
                    methods reliably to the facts of the case.

Id. § 8C-1, Rule 702(a).

      Expert “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference is not objectionable

because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” Id. § 8C-1,

Rule 704. Moreover,

             [t]he facts or data in the particular case upon which an
             expert bases an opinion or inference may be those
             perceived by or made known to him at or before the
             hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in
             the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon



                                          - 19 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in
             evidence.

Id. § 8C-1, Rule 703.

      The “facts or data upon which an expert bases an opinion may be derived from

three possible sources[,]” including “the personal observation of the witness[,]”

“presentation at trial by a hypothetical question or by having the expert attend the

trial and hear the testimony establishing the facts[,]” and “presentation of data to the

expert outside of court.” Id. cmt. Indeed, “an expert may testify as to the facts upon

which his opinion is based, even though the facts would not be admissible as

substantive evidence.” Id. cmt.

      On appeal, Keller argues that Earwood’s expert witness, Dr. Parsons, “based

his testimony entirely on the medical records of [Keller’s] primary care physician and

the depositions taken in this case[,]” rendering it “entirely speculative and highly

prejudicial.” This argument ignores the plain language of Rule 703, as well as our

robust body of case law construing it.

      Rule 703 explicitly permits an expert witness to base his opinion on records

and deposition testimony. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 703 (providing that the

“facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or

inference may be those perceived by or made known to him at or before the hearing”

(emphasis added)). Moreover, “[i]t is well settled that an expert witness need not

testify from firsthand personal knowledge, so long as the basis for the expert’s opinion


                                          - 20 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



is available in the record or on demand.” Martishius v. Carolco Studios, Inc., 142

N.C. App. 216, 222, 542 S.E.2d 303, 307 (2001) (citation omitted), aff’d, 355 N.C. 465,

562 S.E.2d 887 (2002).

      Here, there is no question that Keller had full access to the materials from

which Dr. Parsons formed his opinion, all of which are available in the record.

      Moreover, Keller incorrectly states that Dr. Parsons “never expressed his

opinions to a reasonable degree of medical certainty or probability.” During voir dire,

Dr. Parsons testified that he based his opinion on Keller’s medical records and Leslie’s

perceptions of Keller:

             [DR. PARSONS:] I think there’s enough documentation in
             [Keller’s physician’s] records that this lady – well, not only
             in his records per his perception, but also the daughter’s
             perception that [Keller’s] dementia was getting worse, that
             there was certainly evidence of her having some delusions,
             if not hallucinations, and that more . . . likely than not this
             was a manifestation of her dementia and unlikely that it
             would be an actual event.

             [DEFENSE COUNSEL:] And that’s an opinion you hold to
             a reasonable degree of medical certainty?

             [DR. PARSONS:] I think the medical records justify that,
             yes.

(Emphases added).

      Dr. Parsons then explained that he formed his opinion from facts gleaned upon

review of Keller’s medical records. Dr. Parsons stated, in relevant part:




                                          - 21 -
                 KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



            [DR. PARSONS:] I think one of the earliest things that
            impressed me was this note from [Keller’s physician] in
            January of 2012 in which it says that [another physician]
            [in] December of 2011 prescribed Aricept. And it says
            [Keller] only took Aricept for about six days, but then she
            stopped it due to side effect concerns. It has been some
            possible delusional paranoid behavior as she accused her
            daughter-in-law of stealing some jewelry that cannot be
            located.

                   So I mean, that impressed me that there was a
            medication that induced a sudden worsening which comes
            into play prior to this incident [o]n March 30th because she
            was started on sort of a similar medication, Namenda, just
            a few weeks before that. But through this record it talks
            about, you know, the signs and symptoms of worsening
            dementia.

                   ....

            [DEFENSE COUNSEL:] . . . [Y]ou mentioned a moment
            ago that [Keller] had been put on some medications a few
            weeks before the allegations in this case.

            [DR. PARSONS:] Yes.

                   ....

            Q. And the last time she was placed on a medication like
            Namenda, the Aricept, [Keller] exhibited some delusional
            paranoid behaviors?

            A. Yes.

      After the trial court noted that “Rule 704 . . . allows an expert to testify in the

form of an opinion, even though the opinion may embrace the ultimate issue to be




                                         - 22 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



decided by the trier of fact[,]” Keller’s counsel explained the basis of Keller’s objection

to Dr. Parsons’s testimony:

             Really, the basis was the way the question was worded,
             that he asked do you have opinions about her allegation?
             And then he added and whether or not – or its relationship
             to her dementia. I’m objecting to the – I don’t think he can
             testify I don’t believe her. You know, I think he did testify
             as he’s described here, that I’m a medical doctor, I’ve seen
             this, I’ve read her records, this is my medical opinion. I
             don’t believe he can testify about whether or not he believes
             her. He can testify he thinks this is probably a delusion.

In denying Keller’s motion to strike Dr. Parsons’s testimony, the trial court stated

that “during the voir dire . . . held outside the jury’s presence, he did express his

opinions to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” (Emphasis added).

      In addition, a second expert witness, Dr. Andrew Farah, later testified “[t]o a

reasonable degree of medical certainty” that he “couldn’t disagree” with Dr. Parsons’s

opinion that Keller’s “medication changes could be related to an increase in delusions”

and that he thought that Dr. Parsons was “spot on” regarding the likelihood that

Keller’s medication may have caused her to hallucinate:

             [DR. FARAH:] I couldn’t argue with [Dr. Parsons’s]
             premise that [Aricept and Namenda] can cause delusional
             thinking. They can. I mean, that’s a known side effect. I
             think in my experience sometimes I don’t know if it’s the
             drug or just the disease progression or some combination
             of both that’s causing the delusion.

             [DEFENSE COUNSEL:] All right. We saw when [Keller]
             tried the trial of Aricept back in 2012 there were some
             delusional paranoid behavior[s]. Do you recall seeing that?


                                           - 23 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court




             A. Correct.

             Q. Would the potential side effects of Namenda when it
             was tried in the spring of 2015 be similar to the side effects
             of Aricept?

             A. Yes. I mean, a textbook answer, yes. I think there’s a
             tremendous variability from patient to patient and some
             may tolerate one and not the other, but in general they are
             similar. You would expect it to cross over in those side
             effects.

      Keller’s counsel also elicited testimony from Dr. Farah about the possibility of

medication-induced delusions. Moreover, like Dr. Parsons, Dr. Farah formed his

expert opinion based on a review of Keller’s medical records and without meeting

with her personally.

      The trial court did not err by overruling Keller’s objection to Dr. Parsons’s

opinion testimony. But even if the trial court erred by permitting Dr. Parsons to base

his expert opinion testimony entirely on Keller’s medical records and the depositions

taken in this case, such error would have been harmless, given Dr. Farah’s similar

testimony to which Keller did not object, and a portion of which she actually elicited.

See Union Cty. Bd. of Educ., 240 N.C. App. at 283, 771 S.E.2d at 596; see also Frugard

v. Pritchard, 338 N.C. 508, 512, 450 S.E.2d 744, 746 (1994) (“A party may not

complain of action which he induced.” (citations omitted)).

                  III. Exclusion of Earwood’s Alleged Prior Assault




                                         - 24 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Finally, Keller argues that the trial court erred by excluding evidence of an

alleged prior assault by Earwood against another Deerfield resident. Specifically,

Keller argues that the trial court’s finding—that the prior incident during which

Earwood allegedly choked another resident was not substantially similar to Keller’s

allegation of sexual assault—was not supported by the evidence. We disagree.

   A. Standard of Review

      “We review de novo the legal conclusion that the evidence is, or is not, within

the coverage of Rule 404(b). We then review the trial court’s Rule 403 determination

for abuse of discretion.” State v. Schmieder, __ N.C. App. __, __, 827 S.E.2d 322, 326

(citation omitted), disc. review denied, 372 N.C. 711, 830 S.E.2d 832 (2019).

      Again, “evidentiary errors are considered harmless unless a different result

would have been reached at trial.” Union Cty. Bd. of Educ., 240 N.C. App. at 283,

771 S.E.2d at 596 (citation omitted). “[T]he burden is on the appellant to not only

show error, but also to show that he was prejudiced and a different result would have

likely ensued had the error not occurred.” Outlaw, 190 N.C. App. at 247, 660 S.E.2d

at 561 (citation omitted).

   B. Analysis

       Rule 404(b) permits the admission of “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or

acts” for purposes other than to show that the defendant “acted in conformity

therewith.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b). Rule 404(b)



                                         - 25 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             is a general rule of inclusion of relevant evidence of other
             crimes, wrongs or acts by a defendant, subject to but one
             exception requiring its exclusion if its only probative value
             is to show that the defendant has the propensity or
             disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the crime
             charged.

Schmieder, __ N.C. App. at __, 827 S.E.2d at 326 (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). “Such evidence may be admitted under this rule as proof of motive,

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake,

entrapment or accident.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      At trial, Keller sought to introduce evidence of an alleged prior assault by

Earwood against another Deerfield resident. Keller’s counsel explained the basis for

introducing evidence of the alleged prior assault, noting that a jury could find that

the alleged prior assault was “an incident similar enough to what happened here to

give some indication as to [Earwood’s] propensity to engage in that kind of conduct[,]”

and could determine that Earwood is a “dangerous person.” (Emphasis added).

      Even assuming, arguendo, that the alleged acts were substantially similar,

Keller’s sole purpose in proffering evidence of an alleged prior assault was to establish

Earwood’s “propensity to engage in that kind of conduct.” Rule 404(b) explicitly

requires the exclusion of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under these

circumstances. Keller sought to admit evidence of Earwood’s alleged prior assault

only to “prove character as a basis for suggesting the inference that conduct on a

particular occasion was in conformity with it.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404 cmt.


                                          - 26 -
                  KELLER V. DEERFIELD EPISCOPAL RET. CMTY., INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of an alleged

prior assault by Earwood.

                                     Conclusion

      For the reasons stated herein, we hold that the trial court did not err by (i)

granting summary judgment in favor of Deerfield; (ii) admitting Dr. Parsons’s expert

opinion testimony; or (iii) excluding evidence of a prior alleged assault offered solely

for the improper purpose of demonstrating Earwood’s propensity to commit similar

acts against Keller. Accordingly, we affirm.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges MURPHY and ARROWOOD concur.




                                          - 27 -
