UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

NICOLE L. BETTERTON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                     No. 98-2751
Defendant-Appellee,

and

ARNELL C. MILLER,
Defendant & Third Party Plaintiff.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Danville.
Norman K. Moon, District Judge.
(CA-97-66, CA-97-68)

Submitted: July 20, 1999

Decided: August 17, 1999

Before ERVIN, HAMILTON, and MOTZ,
Circuit Judges.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

Glenn L. Berger, BERGER & THORNHILL, Altavista, Virginia, for
Appellant. David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Rob-
ert P. Crouch, Jr., United States Attorney, Robert S. Greenspan,
August E. Flentje, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Nicole L. Betterton appeals from the district court's order granting
summary judgment in favor of the United States in Betterton's action
brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C.§§ 2671-2680
(1994) ("FTCA"). Because we find that the district court properly
determined as a matter of law that the United States was not negligent
with respect to clearing the Gretna, Virginia, Post Office parking lot
of snow and ice, we affirm.

On Monday morning, January 8, 1996, following a heavy weekend
snowfall, Paul Lewis, Sr., Paul Lewis, Jr., and Carl Shelton used a
front-end loader to remove accumulated snow from the Post Office
parking lot. They pushed the snow to the lower end of the lot so that
melting snow would not flow onto the parking lot. Lynwood Keatts,
a postal employee, testified that postal employees shoveled the loose
snow that the front-end loader could not get. No more precipitation
fell after the lot was cleared on January 8, 1996. Because the parking
lot was in excellent shape, Keatts stated that no additional work was
done to clear the lot after Monday.

At about 2:00 p.m., on Wednesday, January 10, 1996, Betterton
exited the Post Office and was walking on the sidewalk along the
front of the building when she was struck by an automobile driven by
Arnell Miller. Miller was attempting to straighten her car in a parking
space in front of the Post Office. She backed up, then before moving
forward into the parking space, her "wheels started spinning on the
ice . . . . As I tried to stop it, it just lurched forward spinning on the

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ice." The car rolled over the curb, onto the sidewalk at about ten miles
per hour and pinned Betterton between the car and the building,
breaking both her legs.

Betterton subsequently brought this action under the FTCA, alleg-
ing that the United States' negligence in failing to remove snow and
ice from the parking lot resulted in her injuries.* The district court
granted summary judgment in favor of the United States finding, as
a matter of law, that the government adequately removed the snow
from the parking lot and that any failure to do so did not cause Better-
ton's injuries.

Under the FTCA, the United States would be liable for Betterton's
injuries only if a private person operating a business would be liable
for the accident under Virginia law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2674; Pendley
v. United States, 856 F.2d 699, 702 (4th Cir. 1988). To constitute
actionable negligence under Virginia law, there must be a legal duty,
a breach thereof, and a consequent injury. See Bartlett v. Roberts
Recapping, Inc., 153 S.E.2d 193, 196 (Va. 1967). In this case, Better-
ton was an invitee on the premises of the United States Post Office.
Therefore, the United States owed her the duty of using ordinary care
to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition and to warn
her of any hidden dangers. See Wynne v. Spainhour, 205 S.E.2d 634,
635 (Va. 1974). Notice is not required where the danger is open and
obvious to a person exercising reasonable care for his own safety. See
Acme Mkts., Inc. v. Remschel, 24 S.E.2d 430, 433 (Va. 1943). And
a landowner is not an insurer of the invitee's safety. See Langhorne
Rd. Apartments v. Bisson, 150 S.E.2d 540, 542 (Va. 1966); Nolan v.
United States, 186 F.2d 578, 579 (4th Cir. 1951) (applying Virginia
law).

In the case of snow removal, the Virginia Supreme Court has
defined the standard of care, requiring the business owner to "use rea-
sonable care to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice from
walkways reserved for the common use . . . within a reasonable time
after the storm ceased." Id. However, there is no duty to insure that
all snow and ice is removed, so long as a systematic effort is
_________________________________________________________________

*Betterton settled her claims against Miller.

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undertaken. See Wynne, 205 S.E.2d at 635; Walker v. Memorial
Hosp., 45 S.E.2d 898, 902 (Va. 1948).

Here, the United States, under a prior agreement with Paul Lewis,
Sr., had the lot cleared the Monday following the snowstorm. The
snow was pushed to the lower end of the lot so that melting snow
would not flow onto the parking lot. Although Betterton contends that
shovels were not used to remove any remaining snow or ice and that
chemicals were not applied to the parking lot, the record shows other-
wise. While the Postmistress and several other employees did not
recall whether these measures were taken, Lynwood Keatts, a postal
employee, specifically recalled that he and several other postal
employees shoveled the loose snow that the front-end loader could
not get. Although there remained some patches of ice, a number of
people testified that the lot was in "excellent shape," "very good
shape," and "as clean as you could ordinarily have it after snow."

Given the facts that the United States had the lot cleared, postal
employees used shovels to remove the loose snow, no further precipi-
tation fell between the clearing of the lot and the accident, and the
temperatures on January 9 and January 10 were warm (fifty-one
degrees on Tuesday, and forty-six on Wednesday), we find that even
if some ice and snow remained, the United States fulfilled its duty to
exercise ordinary care to maintain the parking lot in a reasonably safe
condition. See Wynne, 205 S.E.2d at 635 (no duty to insure all snow
and ice removed). Any "remaining icy spots in the lot were open and
obvious, and [the United States] was not required to warn of their
presence." Kings Mkts. Inc. v. Yeatts, 307 S.E.2d 249, 253 (Va. 1983)
(citing Wynne, 250 S.E.2d at 635). We find that the district court
properly determined that the Post Office had no duty to insure that the
parking lot was totally free of ice and snow and thus properly granted
summary judgment in favor of the United States.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court's order granting summary
judgment in favor of the United States. We dispense with oral argu-
ment because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented
in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the deci-
sional process.

AFFIRMED

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