                                                                         FILED
                                                                     FEBRUARY 7, 2017
                                                                  In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                WA State Court of Appeals, Division III



           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION THREE

In the Matter of the Parental Rights to       )
                                              )         No. 34312-0-111
A.M.S.                                        )
                                              )
                                              )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                              )

       SIDDOWAY, J. -After a 33-month dependency and 4 days provided for trial, the

trial court entered an order terminating the appellant mother's parental rights to her

daughter, A.M.S. The mother appeals the order, arguing the record does not support a

number of the court's findings. The record does support the findings and we affirm.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       At issue are the appellant mother's parental rights to her third child, a daughter

born in February 2012. The Department of Social and Health Services (Department)

became involved with the mother and the father of her two youngest children after

receiving a referral that the couple was using methamphetamine heavily and the mother's

two older children often missed school and were made to lie to their teacher about the

reasons why. 1 When the mother was interviewed by a responding social worker and


       1
         By the time of trial, the mother's two older children lived with their biological
father and paternal grandfather. The father of A.M.S. (and of the mother's fourth child,
A.M.S.'s younger brother) does not appeal the termination of his parental rights.
A.M.S.'s younger brother is the subject of a different dependency.
No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


police officer on March 20, 2013, she admitted to drug use and that she and A.M.S.'s

father regularly fought. Interviewed at school the same day, the mother's two older

children confirmed that they witnessed fighting in the home.

       The next day, family members participated in a department-convened team

decision meeting to determine if the mother's case would be voluntary or a dependency.

The mother admitted that violence occurred in front of the children and she claimed to be

afraid of the father. She agreed at the meeting to obtain a restraining order against him

and to participate in substance abuse treatment.

       Despite her agreement, she was seen in a car with A.M.S.'s father only five days

later by a social worker familiar with the case. The social worker confronted them and

demanded that they go to department offices immediately. There, the mother admitted

she had dropped the restraining order against A.M. S. 's father the day before. In light of

the mother's intentional violation of the agreed safety plan, the Department filed a

petition for dependency. On June 7, 2013, the court found A.M.S. dependent. She was

placed in foster care. The mother was ordered to complete a chemical dependency

assessment, complete a domestic violence assessment, follow all treatment

recommendations, provide random urinalysis (UAs ), and participate in individual

parenting instruction.

       A chemical dependency assessment of the mother performed by Serenity Point

Counseling Services (Serenity Point) resulted in an initial recommendation of inpatient

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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


treatment, but she would have to wait for a bed to become available. Upon learning that

the mother was several months pregnant, Serenity Point changed its recommendation to

intensive outpatient treatment, which began in mid-May 2013. Because she was

compliant and according to Patrick Flores, Serenity Point's program manager, did "very

well," the provider revised its re.commendation and kept her in outpatient treatment.

Report of Proceedings (RP) at 105. She completed intensive outpatient treatment on July

23, 2013, and completed continuing care on December 30, 2013. Of 27 urine drug

screens the mother provided through the end of May 2015, only one came back positive.

          The dependency order's requirement for a domestic violence assessment

contemplated it would be performed by Woody Koenig, but as of June 2013, Mr. Koenig

was no longer under contract to provide services for the Department. According to the

originally-assigned social worker, Loni Conklin, "we were kind of in limbo at that time

for a couple of months." RP at 190. Nancy Riggle began providing the parents with in-

home parenting skills instruction in June 2013 and Ms. Conklin asked Ms. Riggle to

incorporate anger management and domestic violence treatment until the Department

found a new domestic violence treatment provider. The mother began counseling with

Regina Eilertson in July 2013, identifying her objective for counseling as learning to

manage her emotional volatility and improve her relationships with A.M.S.'s father and

others.




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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       Then, in August 2013, the couple met the criteria for participating in a new family

treatment court program offered in Walla Walla County. Oversight of a dependency

accepted in the program is transferred from a department social worker to a family

treatment court team, with the objective of more closely overseeing the parents' treatment

and compliance, and thereby expediting reunification with their children. The mother

began meeting weekly with treatment coordinator Jon Cassetto and approximately every

two weeks with Megan Millar, who served as her primary social worker. The original

service plan remained in place but Ms. Millar arranged additional services.

       By October 2013, the Department had contracted with Stan Woody, a certified

domestic violence treatment counselor located in the Tri-Cities, and both parents

completed domestic violence evaluations with him. The mother was determined to be

both a victim and a perpetrator of domestic violence. Mr. Woody recommended in

October and November that both parents participate in a 52-week perpetrator treatment

program in the Tri-Cities but it proved not to be feasible. The father had by then been

admitted to a full-time GED 2 program and the mother was 7 months pregnant. Moreover,

because the couple had been making progress, A.M.S. and the mother's two older

children were returned to her home in mid-November. Between caring for the children

and all the other services the couple was engaged in, it was not possible for them to have



       2
           General education diploma.

                                            4
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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


twice a week treatment in the Tri-Cities, an hour's drive from their home in College

Place.

         Instead, Ms. Millar asked Ms. Riggle and Ms. Eilertson to continue addressing

domestic violence issues in their work with the mother. In November 2013 the

Department also engaged Kip Reese, a mental health counselor, to provide couples'

counseling and de-escalation skills training, as well as to be on call for crisis

management.

         Ms. Riggle continued providing services until December 10, 2013, at which point

services were terminated because she did not believe the couple was making progress.

The mother gave birth to A.M.S.'s younger brother in late December 2013.

         Mr. Reese continued to provide couples' counseling until February 2014 and

regarded his efforts as largely unsuccessful. He described the "overall trend" of the

course of treatment as being that the fighting did not stop, and when it happened it was

intense. RP at 163. He described the parents as making only "baby steps." Id.

         In February 2014, the family treatment court team learned that law enforcement

had responded to a report of yelling at the family home. The team required the parents to

write about what they wished to happen if the children were removed again, as a way of

driving home the importance of ending the pattern of domestic violence.

         Another police report of domestic violence in the household was made in May

2014, leading to a decision-making meeting with the family treatment court team.

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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


During the course of the meeting, the couple argued intensely, with A.M.S. present,

ending only when the father stormed out. The team concluded the mother needed to

separate from the father not only to protect the children from exposure to such violence

but also because the father had stopped participating in drug treatment at Serenity Point

and tested positive for meth. The mother was believed to be in recovery, and the father's

use was putting her recovery at risk.

       The father was terminated from family treatment court in or about June 2014.

When the mother refused to abide by the recommendation that she stay away from him,

she was terminated from family treatment court at the end of July 2014. At the time, she

was still receiving counseling from Ms. Eilertson.

       On September 15, 2014, Ms. Millar learned from the father that A.M.S. had been

slightly injured the day before when, during a fight between the parents, the father

inadvertently kicked or pushed a highchair, which struck A.M.S. in the foot. He also

reported that the mother was drinking again, their fighting had increased, and sometime

in the prior month, A.M.S.'s younger brother had been slightly injured when the mother

opened a door, hitting the infant's head. At that point, Ms. Millar checked with the

College Place Police Department, which reported having been called out to the home

three other times within the preceding months: on July 2, July 28, and on August 29, the

day A.M.S. 's younger brother was hurt.




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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       After receiving this information, the Department removed all of the mother's

children from her home a second time. According to Ms. Millar, on a "risk of lethality"

scale, the couple exhibited four of six indicators of risk for a lethal injury: obsessive

jealousy and control, escalating violence, unemployment, and lack of consequences for

continued domestic violence. RP at 224. The children were returned to the foster family

with whom A.M.S. had lived before. The foster mother had maintained a relationship

with the birth mother, babysitting A.M.S. and her brother occasionally at the mother's

request.

       Following removal of the children, the mother admitted to one department

employee that she had begun using meth again in February, after her son was born, and

admitted to another that she had been using again since at least April. She said her use

had not been detected through UAs because she "was able to time it so she didn't get

caught." RP at 3 5 0.

       At a dependency review hearing held on October 13, 2014, the mother was found

for the first time to be out of compliance with the dependency order and as failing to

make progress toward the problems that necessitated A.M.S.'s placement outside the

home. She was ordered to continue counseling, demonstrate a recovery lifestyle, refrain

from contacting the father, and complete the recommended perpetrator's treatment with

Mr. Woody. Her referral to Ms. Eilertson for counseling had expired and she began

seeing a new counselor, Elisa Richards. Although the mother initially attended

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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


counseling with Ms. Richards twice a month, she began to attend less regularly in March

2015.

         The mother returned to Serenity Point for intensive outpatient_treatment in

October 2014. She also obtained a restraining order against the father, but she dropped it

in late October, informing department personnel that she and the father intended to stay

together. Both parents began the domestic violence perpetrator's treatment with Mr.

Woody in November 2014. By early 2015, the father had stopped attending.

         In early November 2014, the mother's case was transferred from Ms. Millar back

to Janel Torrescano, to whom it had initially been assigned.

         In January 2015, Ms. Torrescano received a letter from Serenity Point saying that

the mother's progress for December had been minimal. And in March 2015, A.M.S.'s

pediatrician, who had also provided care to the mother as a child, wrote to Ms.

Torrescano to strongly urge her to move forward to terminate the mother's parental rights

so that A.M.S. could be adopted by her foster parents. The letter expressed the doctor's

opinion that it was "cruel and detrimental to [A.M.S.'s] mental health to wait two years in

limbo without a permanent home" and that A.M.S. "is cleaner, calmer, happier and

healthier when I see her with her foster parent than when I see her with her birth mother."

Ex. 1.




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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       At the dependency review hearings that took place on March 16, 2015 and August

31, 2015, the mother was found to be in partial compliance with the court's orders, but

was again found to be failing to make progress correcting her parenting problems.

       The mother stopped attending group meetings at Serenity Point in June 2015 and

was discharged on July 31, 2015, for aborting treatment. Ms. Torrescano learned of the

mother's failure to attend in July and also learned that unbeknownst to the Department,

the mother had stopped calling in for random UAs in February. The mother submitted to

her last drug screen on July 15, which tested positive for hydrocodone. 3

       On July 16, 2015, the Department petitioned for termination of the mother's

parental rights to A.M.S.

      Although the mother had stopped attending treatment at Serenity Point, the

Department's required random UAs were still to be provided through that location. The

mother began calling in as required for random UAs in August but soon quit. Her last

appearance for a urine screen was on September 3, 2015.

      Although Ms. Richards reported to the Department that the mother presented as

depressed much of the time, the mother's counseling attendance was irregular in 2015

and her last reported session with Ms. Richards was in November 2015.



      3
        The mother provided Serenity Point with an undated prescription for
hydrocodone. Lacking a date, Mr. Flores testified that he had no way of knowing
whether her use ofhydrocodone in July was prescribed.

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No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       The mother last attended perpetrator treatment with Stan Woody in mid-November

2015. During the year she participated in the treatment, her attendance was very

sporadic; according to Mr. Woody's records, she attended 30 groups but had 20 absences.

                                     Termination trial

       The termination of parental rights trial began with the testimony of a single

witness on October 23, 2015, and was then recessed due to a conflict between the mother

and her lawyer. The mother participated in almost no visitation with A.M.S. in

December 2015 or January and February 2016, despite Ms. Torrescano's attempts to

arrange visitation.

       The termination trial continued for three days in late February 2016. By that time,

A.M.S., then four years old, had lived with her foster family for almost two years. The

service providers testified consistently that the mother still needed chemical dependency

treatment, more counseling and domestic violence treatment.

       Mr. Woody testified that the mother had missed core assignments and would have

to start domestic violence treatment over again. He believed she could complete the

treatment in another 26 weeks, but only if she was consistent, which she had not been in

the past.

       Ms. Eilertson estimated the mother needed another six months' worth of

counseling with someone with whom she had an established relationship.




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No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


          Ms. Torrescano testified that in her own interactions with the mother, she had not

seen progress during the dependency. She lacked confidence that the mother was then

capable of being in a healthy relationship with anyone. Before she would feel confident

recommending a return of A.M.S. to the mother, Ms. Torrescano testified she would need

to see completion of an inpatient treatment plan of at least six months to a year and

another six months of stability thereafter-meaning no domestic violence or high conflict

relationships, an ability to cope with her emotions, and consistency participating in

services and visitation.

          Ms. Millar testified that at the time she left the case, she would have wanted to see

the mother complete the 52 weeks of perpetrator's treatment, 6 months to a year of

inpatient chemical dependency treatment, and another 6 months of stability before

A.M.S. was returned to her mother's home.

          Margaret Buchan, who had served as A.M.S.'s court appointed special advocate

(CASA) since the inception of the dependency and was later appointed as CASA for

A.M.S.'s younger brother, testified to her opinion that it was in A.M.S.'s best interest for

the mother's parental rights to be terminated and for her to be adopted by her foster

family.

          The mother contested termination, testifying that she had ended her relationship

with A.M.S.'s father a year before (although acknowledging that she had seen him again

in July 2015 and they had fought). She testified that car trouble, depression and difficulty

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No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


getting gas vouchers from Ms. Torrescano had caused her to miss a number of

appointments with Mr. Woody but she "plan[ned] to go back" and thought she could

finish his treatment program in two months. RP at 452. She testified she now believed

she had always needed inpatient treatment for her alcohol and methamphetamine abuse

and was "looking into a women's/child program" that involved a 30-day assessment. RP

at 463. She admitted that she had not been seeing Ms. Richards as regularly as ordered

by the Department but claimed that Ms. Richards shared responsibility for cancellations.

She said she planned to "keep [on] working" with Ms. Richards. RP at 465. She

admitted that she had not been doing random UAs because Ms. Torrescano was skeptical

about their reliability and "I don't see the point." RP at 512. She admitted she had not

contacted Ms. Torrescano for two months because she felt that she was not supportive.

       At the conclusion of the evidence and argument, the trial court announced from

the bench that it was making the statutory findings required to terminate the mother's

parental rights. A written order terminating her parental rights was entered on March 28,

2016. The mother appeals.

                                       ANALYSIS

      "The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and

management of their child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model

parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the State." Santosky v. Kramer,

455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982). Because parents have a

                                            12
No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


fundamental liberty interest in the custody and care of their children, the State may

terminate parental rights "' only for the most powerful [of] reasons.'" In re Welfare of

S.J, 162 Wn. App. 873, 880, 256 P.3d 470 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting In re

Welfare ofA.J.R., 78 Wn. App. 222, 229, 896 P.2d 1298 (1995)).

       Washington statutes respond to this constitutional command by providing a two-

step process before a court may terminate parental rights. The first step requires that the

State prove six statutory elements, the first three of which are procedural and are seldom

in dispute. 4 Where a termination decision is appealed, it is the State's proof of the

remaining elements that are most often challenged-those being its burden of proving

       [t]hat the services ordered [to be provided to the parent] have been
       expressly and understandably offered or provided and all necessary
       services, reasonably available, capable of correcting the parental
       deficiencies within the foreseeable future have been expressly and
       understandably offered or provided[,]

RCW 13.34.180(d);

       [t]hat there is little likelihood that conditions will be remedied so that the
       child can be returned to the parent in the near future[,]



       4
           The three rarely disputed elements appear at RCW 13.34.180(l)(a)-(c) and
provide:
       (a) That the child has been found to be a dependent child;
       (b) That the court has entered a dispositional order pursuant to RCW
       13.34.130;
       (c) That the child has been removed or will, at the time of the hearing, have
       been removed from the custody of the parent for a period of at least six
       months pursuant to a finding of dependency.

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No. 34312-0-111
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RCW 13.34.180(l)(e); and

       [t]hat continuation of the parent and child relationship clearly diminishes
       the child's prospects for early integration into a stable and permanent home.

RCW 13.34.180(1)(f).

       This first step "focuses on the adequacy of the parents and must be proved by

clear, cogent, and convincing evidence." In re Welfare ofA.B., 168 Wn.2d 908,911,232

P.3d 1104 (2010) (footnote omitted). "Clear, cogent and convincing evidence exists

when the evidence shows the ultimate fact at issue to be highly probable." In re

Dependency ofK.S.C., 137 Wn.2d 918,925,976 P.2d 113 (1999). In addition to finding

the six statutory elements, due process requires that a court make a finding of current

parental unfitness before parental rights can be terminated. In re Dependency of K.R.,

128 Wn.2d 129, 142, 904 P.2d 1132 (1995) (citing Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747-48). This

finding need not be made explicitly and satisfying all six of the statutory elements raises

an implied finding of parental unfitness. In re Parental Rights to K.MM, 186 Wn.2d

466,479, 379 P.3d 75 (2016).

      The second step is for the court to ascertain the best interests of the child. RCW

13.34.190(l)(b). "Because the parent's rights will already have been observed in the first

step, this second step need be proved by only a preponderance of the evidence." A.B.,

168 Wn.2d at 912.




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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       In this case, the mother argues that the Department did not provide her with all

necessary services; it failed to prove that reunification with A.M.S. could not happen in

the near future, and the trial court erred when it found her currently unfit to parent A.M.S.

and that termination of the mother's parental rights was in A.M.S. 's best interest.

       In reviewing a trial court's decision to terminate parental rights, we will uphold its

factual findings "if supported by substantial evidence from which a rational trier of fact

could find the necessary facts by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence." K.S.C., 137

Wn.2d at 925. "Because of the highly fact-specific nature of termination proceedings,

deference to the trial court is 'particularly important.'" K.MM, 186 Wn.2d at 4 77

(quoting In re Welfare of Hall, 99 Wn.2d 842, 849, 664 P.2d 1245 (1983)). We defer to

the trial court's determinations of witness credibility and the persuasiveness of the

evidence. Id. We review de novo whether the trial court's findings of fact support its

conclusions of law. Id.

       We address the mother's challenges in tum.

            I.   Sufficiency of the evidence to demonstrate the State's offer or
                              provision of necessary services

       The State's burden of proving it offered "all necessary services, reasonably

available, capable of correcting the parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future"

requires proof that it offered services "tailored to each individual's needs." In re

Dependency ofT.R., 108 Wn. App. 149, 161, 29 P.3d 1275 (2001). While the legislature



                                             15
No. 34312-0-III
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


has not defined "necessary services," case law has defined the term to mean "those

services 'needed to address a condition that precludes reunification of the parent and

child."' K.MM, 186 Wn.2d at 480 (quoting In re Dependency ofA.MM, 182 Wn. App.

776, 793, 332 P.3d 500 (2014)).

       The mother argues that the Department failed to provide all necessary services

because it did not offer inpatient substance abuse treatment or provide domestic violence

treatment in a timely manner.

                           Inpatient substance abuse treatment

       The dependency order required the mother to "[ c]omplete a chemical dependency

assessment and successfully complete all recommendations by Serenity Point or other

approved provider." Ex. 2 at 11. The court-ordered assessment was performed at the

outset of the dependency. While Serenity Point originally recommended inpatient

treatment, it revised its recommendation because there would be a waiting period; the

mother's pregnancy presented some urgency; and later, because its personnel believed

she was doing very well with outpatient treatment.

      As the mother herself testified, it was "Serenity Point" who "made the decision for

[her] not to go to inpatient treatment." RP at 467. In questioning by her lawyer, she

elaborated:

      Q So there was never, to your knowledge, any recommendation for
        inpatient?
      A Through them? Yes, there was.

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       Q     When did that happen?
       A     Two different assessments that has happened.
       Q     Okay.
       A     The first assessment when [A.M.S.] was taken in 2013. And because I
             was pregnant with [my son], I couldn't go. They said we have to get
             you in IOP right away. There is a liability issue to wait around for
             inpatient.
       Q     So to clarify, you are saying there was a recommendation for inpatient,
             but the recommendation was overridden-
      A      Correct.
      Q      -based on the situation?
      A      Yes.
      Q      And you went along with it-
      A      Yeah.
      Q      -because you are an addict?
      A      No. Not just that reason. I mean--Okay. I mean, they are going to let
             me do treatment here.
      Q      Seemed like a reasonable solution to you?
      A      Right. Especially with that one. I mean, both of them. I don't know,
             really. I was so willing and honest in 2014, as well with my assessment
             that I thought that IOP services could help.

RP at 467-68.

      Even after she relapsed and returned for more treatment, she testified that it was

Serenity Point that again offered intensive outpatient treatment as an option. As she

explained:

      Every time I have had intake appointments with them, they sit down with
      me and they give me the option for IOP, even this last time. And I have
      talked to Pat when I tested positive for the prescription drug, and told him I
      was getting a job at Sykes and all that and what the recommendation was.
      He had a phone conversation with me and he told me they were willing to
      work with me and they will do IOP again.

RP at 467.


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       Now, having failed to recover with outpatient treatment, she contends that

inpatient treatment must have been the necessary service. But as she herself testified, it is

the Serenity Point personnel who "are the provider":

       They are the ones that are educated in this. And they never just said, no,
       you are not going to have an option for IOP. You need to go.
              And, of course, an addict doesn't necessarily always want to go to
       inpatient. It's scary. It's hard. It's all those things, I mean. And they
       always gave me the option to stay and so I did. And I can see my kids.
       And it's just that is how it worked out every time.

RP at 465-66. Asked if the family treatment court team was involved in the decision to

substitute outpatient care, she testified that it was never a team decision; rather, "I have

always talked with Andrea Dressler about that." RP at 466. Ms. Dressler is Serenity

Point's inpatient case manager. See Ex. 6 at 2.

       Ms. Torrescano testified that she did not know why Serenity Point gave the mother

the option of doing intensive outpatient, but that they, not her, were the certified chemical

dependency experts and she would expect the court to go along with their

recommendation. She was also aware from conversations with the mother that the

mother preferred outpatient treatment so that she could "stay in the community,"

"continue frequent visits with her kids and remain in her home." RP at 351. The mother

does not assign error to the trial court's finding that "[t]he mother insisted on doing

outpatient treatment, rather than the inpatient program Serenity Point initially screened

her in for." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 92-93.


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       The trial court found that the Department "offered the following services clearly

and understandably ... [p ]articipate in drug and alcohol treatment assessments and any

recommended treatment." CP at 86-87. Substantial evidence supports the finding that

the Department offered the assessments and honored Serenity Point's recommendations.

There is no evidence that department personnel overrode treatment recommendations, as

the mother implies.

                                Domestic violence treatment

       RCW 13 .34.180( d) does not literally require the Department to "timely" offer

necessary services. But it does limit necessary services to those "capable of correcting

the parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future." And RCW 13 .34.180( 1)( e)

authorizes the termination of parental rights where "there is little likelihood that

conditions will be remedied so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near

future." So timeliness matters where it can be shown that early services could have

corrected parental deficiencies or remedied conditions in time for the child to be returned,

but the Department offered services too late for the parent to demonstrate correction and

remediation at the termination trial.

       Timeliness did not make that difference here. Assessment was delayed for a few

months because no qualified provider was under contract. Treatment by a fully qualified

provider was delayed for a year because it was not feasible in November 2013 for the

mother-with three children in the home, another on the way, and other service

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No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


commitments-to travel two hours to the Tri-Cities for weekly treatment. But by

November 2014, with no children at home, it was feasible for her to begin a 52-week

treatment program, which could have been completed before the termination trial. The

treatment was not completed because the mother was inconsistent in her participation-

so inconsistent that Mr. Woody testified she would have to start over.

       It is well settled that the statutory requirement to offer or provide corrective

services does not contemplate an entirely one-way process, and "a parent's unwillingness

or inability to make use of the services provided excuses the State from offering extra

services that might have been helpful." In re Dependency ofRamquist, 52 Wn. App. 854,

861, 765 P.2d 30 (1988) (citing In re Welfare of Ferguson, 41 Wn. App. 1, 6, 701 P.2d

513 (1985)).

          II. Sufficiency of evidence to support the court's finding that there is
             little likelihood that conditions will be remedied in the near future

      "While RCW 13.34.180(1)(d) looks specifically at a parent's deficiencies, RCW

13.34.180(1)(e) more broadly requires '[t]hat there is little likelihood that conditions will

be remedied so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near future."' K.MM,

186 Wn.2d at 490 (alteration in original). "A determination of what constitutes the near

future depends on the age of the child and the circumstances of the placement." In re

Dependency ofT.L.G., 126 Wn. App. 181, 204, 108 P.3d 156 (2005). The younger the

child, the shorter the "foreseeable future" will be. Hall, 99 Wn.2d at 850-51 (8 months


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In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


was not in the foreseeable future of a 4-year-old); In re A. W., 53 Wn. App. 22, 31-33, 765

P .2d 307 ( 1988) ( 1 year was not in the foreseeable future of a 3-year-old); In re

Dependency of P.D., 58 Wn. App. 18, 27, 792 P.2d 159 (1990) (6 months was not in the

foreseeable future of a 15-month-old).

       If the State offers or provides all necessary services reasonably capable of

correcting parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future and the parent does not

substantially improve within a year of the dependency order, a presumption arises that the

State has demonstrated RCW 13.34.180(l)(e)'s requirement that there is little likelihood

conditions will be remedied so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near

future. In re Welfare ofT.B., 150 Wn. App. 599,608,209 P.3d 497 (2009). "A parent's

unwillingness to avail herself of remedial services within a reasonable period is highly

relevant to a trial court's determination as to whether the [Department] has satisfied

RCW 13.34.180(l)(e)." Id.

       The presumption applies here, because the Department offered all necessary

services and the mother did not correct her deficiencies in the 33 months following entry

of the dependency order. Yet she argues that the presumption was rebutted because she

ended her relationship with A.M.S.'s father, A.M.S. would not have been harmed by

remaining in foster care for the six months it would take for the mother to complete

inpatient drug treatment, and any required domestic violence treatment could be

completed after reunification.

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                                                                                              I
No. 34312-0-III
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       The trial court did not accept the mother's "best case" prognosis for when A.M.S.

could be returned to her care. It found that the mother would need "at least an additional

one to one-and-a-half years of perfect compliance with the current service plan, in

addition to demonstrating actual progress and lifestyle changes" before she could be

considered a fit parent. CP at 93. The time frame found by the court falls within the

range testified to by providers. Given the mother's failure to remedy conditions for

almost three years with and without her children at home, the trial court's finding is

tenable and entitled to deference.

                                     III Current unfitness

       "[A] parent has a due process right not to have the State terminate his or her

relationship with a natural child in the absence of an express or implied finding that he or

she, at the time of trial, is currently unfit to parent the child." A.B., 168 Wn.2d at 918.

As earlier noted, proof of the six statutory elements by clear, cogent and convincing

evidence satisfies the requirement of due process that a parent be found currently unfit

before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re Dependency of K.N.J., 171 Wn.2d

568, 576-77, 257 P.3d 522 (2011).

       Nonetheless, citing cases from other jurisdictions, the mother argues that drug

abuse alone is an insufficient basis for finding a parent unfit; there must be some nexus

between the drug use and harm to the child. She also characterizes the evidence of her

domestic violence as limited to her relationship with A.M.S.'s father and argues that any

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No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


unfitness attributable to domestic violence terminated when that relationship terminated.

While couched in "current unfitness" terms, these arguments are implicitly a second

attack on the finding, required by RCW i3.34.180(l)(e), that A.M.S. cannot be returned

to the mother in the near future.

       Both arguments minimize the magnitude of the State's evidence of the mother's

problems with substance abuse and domestic violence.

       The trial court was presented with evidence that the mother's emotional volatility

has a long history-one that is not confined to her relationship with A.M.S.'s father. The

initial referral of the parents to the Department was based on concerns about the mother's

older children raised by personnel at their school, and characterized the mother as being

"verbally aggressive with [school] staff over the phone." CP at 2. The referent was

worried that the mother "was so belligerent with staff." Id. When social worker

Veronica Sandau went to the mother's home in March 2013 (with law enforcement

backup) to deliver A.M.S. to foster care, both the mother and the maternal grandmother

screamed and yelled; the maternal grandmother even called Ms. Sandau a "spic." RP at

154. Ms. Eilertson testified that the mother wanted to work on managing her emotions

and improving her "relationships" (plural), explaining that the mother would have fights

and arguments, and "[a]t times the people that she was engaging with would have to

leave the home or she would have to leave the home to cool off." RP at 66.




                                            23
No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


       Dr. Alison Kirby, who had been the family physician when the mother was a teen,

testified that she saw "warning signs" in the mother then: "She was struggling. She was

angry. She was running away from home. She attempted suicide. She was using meth.

She was having high risk behaviors." RP at 41. She saw the mother as "feeling so

abandoned when [she was] young and so angry and so frightened and jealous." Id. Dr.

Kirby recalled that the mother had been charged with assaulting A.M.S.'s father's ex-

wife in a bar, an incident that the father also mentioned to police investigating a domestic

violence call in 2012. Among exhibits admitted at trial was a collection of police reports

of domestic violence calls that included 13 involving the mother between May 2012 and

January 2015. One involved her getting drunk and breaking a television set that A.M.S.'s

father had just retrieved from pawn. Six of the calls had taken place during the period of

the dependency.

       The trial court found that even as recently as November 2015, the mother had been

"explosive, and apparently unable to control her emotions" in an altercation with a

visitation supervisor, "demonstrating that, despite nearly three years of services designed

to address these issues, the mother still had made little to no progress addressing her

emotional volatility and control." CP at 92.

       Perhaps the trial court was skeptical about whether the mother had permanently

ended the relationship with A.M.S.'s father, since she had claimed she was ending it,

only to revive it, many times before. As she points out, however, the trial court made no

                                               24
No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


finding that the couple was still together. Even if that relationship was over, however, the

mother's problems with emotional volatility and control affected her dealings with other

people and remained untreated.

       As for substance abuse, the mother was not a person who merely silently struggled

with drug addiction; by her own admission, "drug abuse is why there was domestic

violence." RP at 451. She testified that it was because of drug abuse that the domestic

violence "became so volatile, so to speak, which it was." Id.

       Dr. Kirby and Mr. Reese both testified that exposure to domestic violence has

severe and long-term consequences for children's development. The evidence supports

the trial court's finding of current unfitness. 5



       5 In addressing the issue of unfitness, the mother challenges two of the trial court's
findings of specific facts as unsupported by the evidence: its finding that law enforcement
was called to the home in February 2014 due to domestic violence and its finding that in
November 2014 the parents continued to engage in heated arguments in front of the
children. Br. of Appellant at 1 (citing Findings of Fact 2.3(e)(41) and 2.3(e)(52)). The
mother argues that the first finding was based on hearsay from Ms. Millar, but no
objection was raised to the testimony, which arose in the context of explaining the
parents' eventual termination from family treatment court. She argues that the second
finding misstates Ms. Torrescano's testimony that she arranged for the parents' separate
visitation with A.M.S. because of arguments that had taken place in front of the children
before November 2014. As the State points out, there is evidence of the mother fighting
in front of the children with a visitation supervisor, if not with the father, after November
2014.
        The substance of both findings has some support in the record. Considering the
trial court's findings as a whole, neither is important.



                                               25
No. 34312-0-111
In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


                                 IV. Best interest of the child

        Finally, the mother challenges the trial court's finding, as the second step in its

decision, that terminating her rights is in the best interest of A.M.S. As earlier observed,

the State is required to prove the best interest of the child only by a preponderance of the

evidence. The mother argues that even if the Department established all six statutory

factors, termination was not in A.M.S. 's best interest because she and A.M.S. still love

each other and the benefit of termination does not outweigh the harm of severing their

bond.

        Whether termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child is a fact

specific inquiry. In re Aschauer, 93 Wn.2d 689,695,611 P.2d 1245 (1980). "Where a

parent has been unable to rehabilitate over a lengthy dependency period, a court is 'fully

justified' in finding termination in the child's best interests rather than 'leaving [the

child] in the limbo of foster care for an indefinite period while [the parent] sought to

rehabilitate himself."' T.R., 108 Wn. App. at 167 (alterations in original) (quotingA.W,

53 Wn. App. at 33).

        Dr. Kirby was sufficiently concerned about A.M.S. 's need for permanence with

her foster family to write an unsolicited letter to the Department, urging it to "choose

permanent placement for [A.M.S.] as soon as possible." Ex. 1. Ms. Buchan, who as the

CASA visited A.M.S. every month during the 33-month dependency, testified that

A.M.S. and her little brother are loving siblings, that it was in their best interest to stay

                                              26
 No. 34312-0-111
· In re Parental Rights to A.MS.


 together, and that they were in a good and loving foster home that they had lived in for

 much of their lives-for A.M.S.'s little brother, for most of his life. She testified, as did

 A.M.S.'s foster mother, that with the passage of time, A.M.S. began to resist visitation

 with her mother. It could be difficult to get her into the car for visitation, and A.M.S.

 exhibited anxiety before and after the visits.

        The evidence established that the mother essentially stopped participating in

 visitation after November 2015 and the foster mother testified that thereafter, A.M.S.

 relaxed and exhibited less anxiety. All of this is substantial evidence supporting the

 finding that termination of the mother's parental rights was in A.M.S. 's best interest.

        Affirmed.

        A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

 Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

 2.06.040.




                                                      :izdhw~
                                                      doway,J.
                                                                                  1   S=·
 WE CONCUR:




                                                   Pennell, J.



                                              27
