                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


3-24-2009

Toll Bros Inc v. Century Surety Co
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 08-1985




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                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 08-1985


                               TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,

                                             Appellant

                                             v.

                            CENTURY SURETY CO., et al.




            On Appeal from the Judgment of the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                            (D.C. Civil Action No. 07-1296)
                     District Judge: Honorable Petrese B. Tucker


                                Argued February 3, 2009

 Before: McKEE, STAPLETON, Circuit Judges, and IRENAS,* Senior District Judge.

                                (Filed: March 24, 2009 )




   *
   Honorable Joseph E. Irenas, Senior United States District Judge for the District of
New Jersey, sitting by designation.
James A. Kozachek (Argued)
Flaster/Greenberg, P.C.
200 American Metro Boulevard, Suite 126
Trenton, NJ 08619
 Attorneys for Appellant

George T. McCool, Jr. (Argued)
Wright & O’Donnell, P.C.
15 East Ridge Pike, Suite 570
Conshohocken, PA 19428
 Attorneys for Appellees


                                        OPINION


IRENAS, Senior United States District Judge.

       Appellant Toll Brothers, Inc. (“Toll”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor Appellee Essex Insurance Company (“Essex”) on Toll’s claims that

Essex breached an insurance contract by failing to defend or indemnify Toll from a series

of claims for damages. See Toll Bros., Inc. v. Century Sur. Co., No. 07-1296, 2008 WL

638232 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 6, 2008). For the reasons that follow, we will reverse the grant of

summary judgment and remand this matter for further proceedings.1

                                            I.

       Toll is a homebuilder whose operations have included new home construction in

Philadelphia-area communities. (Toll Br. 5.) In April, 1999, Toll subcontracted with

H.A.S. Protection, Inc. (“H.A.S.”) to install fire suppression systems in homes under

   1
    The district court had subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Our
appellate jurisdiction is authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                             2
construction. (Id.) By contract, H.A.S. was obligated to indemnify and defend Toll from

any claims relating to H.A.S.’s performance. (App. 34.) To ensure H.A.S. had the means

to satisfy its obligations, H.A.S. was required to obtain a $1,000,000 general liability

insurance policy and name Toll as an additional insured on that policy. (Id.) H.A.S.

agreed to procure the general liability insurance policy before beginning any work under

its contract with Toll. (Id.) H.A.S. obtained the necessary general liability coverage from

Essex for the period spanning from June 26, 2003, to June 26, 2005.2 (See App. 63, 65.)

       In June, 2003, homeowners began informing Toll that their fire suppression

systems were malfunctioning and causing damage. (Toll Br. 6.) The homeowners sought

coverage under their warranties as well as reimbursement. (Id.)

       Various lawsuits ensued. First, homeowners filed suits in Pennsylvania state court




   2
     According to Essex, Toll was covered as an additional insured only for the period
from October 30, 2003, to June 26, 2004. (Essex Br. 4.) Toll does not admit any such
time limitation and generally asserts that it was an additional insured under the policies
issued by Essex to H.A.S.; as noted above, those policies covered the period from June
26, 2003, to June 26, 2005. (Toll Br. 6.) In the proceedings below, one of Essex’s
arguments in favor of summary judgment was that the claims for damages against Toll
pertained to events which did not occur during the period when the Essex insurance
policy was in force. (App. 605-06 (Essex Dist. Ct. Br. 3-4.)) The district court did not
reach this issue in its opinion, nor does this Court. See Toll Bros., Inc. v. Century Sur.
Co., No. 07-1296, 2008 WL 638232, at *3 n.4 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 6, 2008).

       Transportation Insurance Company (“Transportation”) provided the required
general liability coverage to H.A.S. for the period of October 29, 1998, to October 29,
1999. (App. 53.) Century Surety Company (“Century”) provided the coverage for the
period of June 8, 2001, to July 25, 2003. (App. 55-61.) Transportation and Century were
named by Toll as defendants in this matter but are not parties to the current appeal.

                                              3
naming Toll and H.A.S. as defendants.3 (Toll Br. 6.) Those actions alleged that

malfunctioning fire suppression equipment caused property damage. (Id.; see App. 887-

905, 913-24, 928-38.) Toll, as an additional insured, demanded that Essex defend and

indemnify Toll in the state court actions, but Essex refused to do so. (Toll Br. 6-7.)

       Second, Essex initiated a declaratory judgment action against H.A.S. before Judge

Petrese B. Tucker in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania. Essex Ins. Co. v. H.A.S. Prot., Inc., No. 06-5076 (E.D. Pa. filed Nov. 16,

2006). Essex alleged that H.A.S. applied for insurance coverage knowing that it was

facing significant legal exposure stemming from H.A.S.’s installation of defective

“Senju”-brand sprinkler heads, but failed to disclose that potential liability in its insurance

application. (App. 154, 156-59.) Essex sought the rescission and nullification of its

insurance contract with H.A.S., as well as a declaration that Essex had no duty to defend

or indemnify H.A.S. against any claim involving defective sprinkler heads. (App. 168-

69.) H.A.S. never entered an appearance in the district court case. (App. 336-37.) On

May 7, 2007, the district court granted Essex’s unopposed motion for summary judgment.

(App. 337, 585-86.) Judge Tucker awarded rescission of the insurance contract and all




   3
     Toll identifies three cases as relevant to the instant case: (1) Ort v. Harvel Plastics,
Inc., No. 05-05604 (Court of Common Pleas, Chester County, Pa.); (2) Hoffman v. Toll
Bros., Inc., No. 06-05899 (Court of Common Pleas, Chester County, Pa.); and (3)
Schwaninger, Jr. v. Toll Bros., Inc., No. 06-05900 (Court of Common Pleas, Chester
County, Pa.). (Toll Br. 6.)

                                               4
desired declaratory relief to Essex.4 (App. 585-86.)

       Third, unaware of the pendency of the Essex v. H.A.S. Protection proceeding

before Judge Tucker, Toll instituted this action against Essex and two other insurers in

state court. Toll Bros., Inc. v. Century Sur. Co., No. 07-01458 (Court of Common Pleas,

Chester County, Pa. filed Feb. 15, 2007). Toll sought to compel Essex to defend and

indemnify it from the pending state court actions by the plaintiff-homeowners.

       The case was removed to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and assigned to

Judge Tucker. Essex moved for summary judgment, which was granted for two reasons.

Toll Bros., Inc., 2008 WL 638232, at *1, *3. First, Judge Tucker held that the decision in

Essex v. H.A.S. Protection had claim preclusive effect on the instant case. Id. at *3-*4.

Second, the court determined that Toll had no rights as an additional insured under the

Essex insurance policy that survived the termination of the policy as to the named

insured, H.A.S. Id. at *4. This appeal followed.

                                            II.

       This Court exercises plenary review of the district court’s decision granting

summary judgment, and applies the same test that was applicable below. Doe v. C.A.R.S.

Prot. Plus, Inc., 527 F.3d 358, 362 (3d Cir. 2008). Under Rule 56(c), “summary




   4
    Toll filed a Motion to Intervene in the district court action between Essex and H.A.S.
(App. 337, 587-88.) Judge Tucker dismissed Toll’s Motion to Intervene as moot because
summary judgment had already been entered in favor of Essex and the matter had been
closed. (App. 337, 598.)

                                             5
judgment is appropriate ‘if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file,

and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Startzell v. City of Phila., 533 F.3d

183, 192 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).

       “The preclusive effect of a federal-court judgment is determined by federal

common law.” Taylor v. Sturgell, 128 S.Ct. 2161, 2171 (2008) (citing Semtek Int’l Inc. v.

Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 507-508 (2001)). In general, “[f]or judgments in

diversity cases, federal law incorporates the rules of preclusion applied by the State in

which the rendering court sits.” Taylor, 128 S.Ct. at 2171 n.4 (citing Semtek, 531 U.S. at

508).5 Federal reliance on state law yields in diversity cases “in situations in which the

state law is incompatible with federal interests.” Semtek, 531 U.S. at 509.

       Here, the rendering court was a federal court sitting in Pennsylvania and exercising

diversity jurisdiction. Application of Pennsylvania preclusion law to this case is not

incompatible with federal interests. Thus, Pennsylvania preclusion law will dictate

whether Toll’s claims are barred.

                                             III.

                                             A.

       The court below determined that the decision in Essex v. H.A.S. Protection was a

   5
     The preclusive effect of a judgment in a federal-question case is governed by
“‘uniform federal rule[s]’ of res judicata, which [the Supreme] Court has ultimate
authority to determine and declare.” Taylor, 128 S.Ct. at 2171 (quoting Semtek, 531 U.S.
at 508) (first alteration in original).

                                              6
final judgment, on the merits, involving Toll’s privy, H.A.S. Toll Bros., Inc., 2008 WL

638232, at *4. According to Judge Tucker, Toll and H.A.S. were in privity because “as

contractor-subcontractor and named insured-additional insured, the two shared a

concurrent interest in coverage under the Essex insurance policy . . . .” 6 Id. at *3 n.5.

In addition, Judge Tucker held that the instant suit involved the same causes of action as

the prior suit. Id. at *4. Hence, the district court found that the grant of summary

judgment in favor of Essex in the Essex v. H.A.S. Protection matter had claim preclusive

effect upon the current proceeding. Id.

       Under Pennsylvania law, “[a]ny final, valid judgment on the merits by a court of

competent jurisdiction precludes any future suit between the parties or their privies on the

same cause of action.” Balent v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 669 A.2d 309, 313 (Pa. 1995).

“For the doctrine of res judicata to prevail, Pennsylvania courts require that the two

actions share the following four conditions: (1) the thing sued upon or for; (2) the cause

of action; (3) the persons and parties to the action; and (4) the capacity of the parties to




   6
     The court below viewed the question of privity as undisputed by Toll. However, this
conclusion misapprehends Toll’s position. In the portion of its brief discussing res
judicata, Toll argued that the causes of action differed, hence it was unnecessary to
consider the other elements of the claim preclusion standard. (App. 611-13 (Toll Dist. Ct.
Br. 3-5.)) However, in the context of its issue preclusion argument, Toll argued that
H.A.S. was not its privy. (App. 614-16 (Toll Dist. Ct. Br. 6-8.)) Toll also contended that
the criteria to determine the presence or absence of privity are the same whether the issue
is one of claim preclusion or issue preclusion. (App. 614 (Toll Dist. Ct. Br. 6.))

                                               7
sue or be sued.” 7 Turner v. Crawford Square Apartments III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 548 (3d

Cir. 2006) (citing Bearoff v. Bearoff Bros., Inc., 327 A.2d 72, 74 (Pa. 1974)).

       Although Pennsylvania requires an “identity of persons and parties” for claim

preclusion to apply, that concept includes a party’s privies. Id. at 548 n.11 (citing

Stevenson v. Silverman, 208 A.2d 786, 788 (Pa. 1965)). In recent years, Pennsylvania

courts have favored the definition of privity articulated in Black’s Law Dictionary: “‘[i]n

its broadest sense, “privity” is defined as mutual or successive relationships to the same

right of property, or such an identification of interest of one person with another as to

represent the same legal right.’” Ammon v. McCloskey, 655 A.2d 549, 554 (Pa. Super.

1995) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979)); Bergdoll v. Commonwealth, 858

A.2d 185, 197 n.4 (Pa. Commw. 2004).

       In a related context, Pennsylvania law generally holds that an insurer is in privity

with its insured when applying issue preclusion principles. Greenway Ctr., Inc. v. Essex

Ins. Co., 475 F.3d 139, 149 (3d Cir. 2007). However, Greenway Center also creates an

exception to that principle: there is no privity between an insurer and its insured when

their interests are in conflict. Id.

       In Greenway Center, Winco Acquisitions, Inc. (“Winco”) operated a substance

abuse detoxification center (“Center”). Id. at 142. In June, 1997, Winco filed for



   7
    This opinion treats the term “res judicata” as synonymous with “claim preclusion.”
See Turner v. Crawford Square Apartments III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 548 n.10 (3d Cir.
2006).

                                              8
bankruptcy. Id. Shortly thereafter, Mark Willet died while being treated at the Center.

Id. At the time of Willet’s death, Winco was covered by a general liability insurance

policy issued by Essex Insurance Company, id. at 143, coincidentally, the appellee in the

instant case. As a result of the bankruptcy process, an entity known as GCI began

operating the Center in January, 2002. Id.

       In June, 1999, Willet’s estate initiated a wrongful death action against GCI in

Pennsylvania state court, before Judge Peter O’Brien. Id. at 143-44. The estate did not

name Winco as a defendant in that action, and the statute of limitations to assert a claim

against Winco expired. Id. at 143. The estate then filed a motion seeking to amend the

caption to include Winco. Id. Essex retained legal representation on behalf of Winco;

that attorney filed a Motion to Intervene on behalf of Winco in order to oppose the

estate’s motion to amend. Id. at 144. Judge O’Brien determined that GCI was the

“successor in interest” to Winco, and granted the estate’s motion “to the extent of

amending the caption in the state court action to rename the defendant as ‘[GCI] as

successor in interest to Winco Acquisitions, Inc.’” Id. at 144-45. Winco’s Motion to

Intervene was dismissed as moot. Id. at 148.

       GCI then initiated a state court declaratory judgment action, seeking a declaration

that “because GCI is named in the state court action as a ‘successor to Winco

Acquisition[s], Inc.,’ Essex has an obligation to defend and indemnify it in [the estate’s]

state court wrongful death action[,]” since Essex was Winco’s insurer at the time of



                                             9
Willet’s death. Id. at 145. After the case was removed to federal court, it proceeded to a

bench trial before Judge James Munley. During the trial, GCI argued that Judge

O’Brien’s finding that it was a successor in interest to Winco had issue preclusive effect

upon the proceedings before Judge Munley. Id. at 145-46. Judge Munley agreed that

issue preclusion applied because “Essex, by virtue of its retention of counsel on behalf of

Winco, was in privity with a party to the state court action[.]” Id.

       This Court reversed. The panel noted that Winco was never a party to the state

court litigation because its Motion to Intervene was dismissed. Id. at 148. The panel

emphasized, however, that “even if Winco had been a party, Essex could not, and would

not, be deemed in privity with Winco, despite their insurer-insured relationship, since

Winco and Essex had conflicting interests in the outcome of [the motion to amend the

caption].” Id. (emphasis added).

       As this Court explained, the estate’s motion “sought to amend the caption to name

as defendant either ‘Winco Acquisition[s], Inc. d/b/a Greenway Center’ or ‘[GCI] as

successor in interest to Winco Acquisition[s], Inc.’” Id. at 150. Winco only had an

interest in opposing the first of those two alternatives, lest it be subjected to potential

liability. Id. However, Winco had “at best, no interest at all in whether the caption was

changed to ‘[GCI] as successor in interest to Winco Acquisition, Inc’ inasmuch as such

an amendment would have no bearing on Winco’s liability.” Id. at 150-51.

       By contrast, Essex had a “strong interest in opposing both of the proposed



                                              10
amendments, for Essex would be liable to defend and indemnify Winco or its successor

regardless of whether Winco itself was the named defendant or whether GCI was

determined to be Winco’s successor in interest for the purpose of assuming Winco’s

liabilities.” Id. at 151. Because Winco and Essex had differing interests, this Court

declined to apply Pennsylvania’s general rule that privity existed between an insurer and

its insured. Id. at 149, 151; cf. Radakovich v. Radakovich, 846 A.2d 709, 715 n.7 (Pa.

Super. 2004) (finding no privity between a father and his son in light of their conflicting

interests as to ownership of a brokerage account).

       The rationale of Greenway Center applies persuasively to the instant case. By its

default in Essex v. H.A.S. Protection H.A.S. was clearly indifferent to a decision

rescinding its Essex insurance policy.8 Toll, however, had a strong interest in opposing

the rescission of the Essex insurance policy. Toll is a viable entity whose resources are

threatened by verdicts in favor of the plaintiff-homeowners, particularly if it is not insured

against such losses by Essex. Toll anticipated the possibility of liability arising from

H.A.S.’s performance as a subcontractor, specifically requiring H.A.S. to obtain general

liability coverage to protect Toll’s interests.

       We hold that there was no privity between H.A.S. and Toll for purposes of

determining the preclusive effect vis a vis Toll of Essex’s default summary judgment



   8
    The record does not make clear whether H.A.S. was a going concern when Essex v.
H.A.S. Protection was decided. According to Toll, Essex knew that H.A.S. was defunct
when Essex commenced the declaratory judgment action against H.A.S. (Toll Br. 21.)

                                                  11
against H.A.S. In the absence of such privity, the “persons and parties” to Essex v. H.A.S.

Protection differ from those in the instant case. Hence, we will reverse the district court’s

holding that the doctrine of claim preclusion bars Toll’s current action against Essex.9

       Our decision is in accord with the approach recommended by the Restatement

(Second) of Judgments (“Restatement”), an authority that Pennsylvania courts have relied

upon when resolving preclusion issues. Turner, 449 F.3d at 550 (citing McArdle v.

Tronetti, 627 A.2d 1219, 1223 (Pa. Super. 1993)) (“[W]e are acting consistently with the

approach of the Pennsylvania courts in adhering to the Restatement (Second) of

Judgments in analyzing res judicata issues.”). Pursuant to section 56 of the Restatement,

“[a] judgment for or against the promisee in an action between him and the promisor does

not preclude an action by the beneficiary on the obligation to him unless at the time the

judgment was rendered the promisee had power to discharge the obligation.”

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 56(1) (1982). A promisee’s power to discharge an

obligation otherwise due to a beneficiary terminates when “the beneficiary changes his

position in reliance on the promise, assents to it, or brings an action on it.” Restatement



   9
     Essex dedicates a significant portion of its response brief to refuting the notion that
Toll was a necessary or indispensable party to the Essex v. H.A.S. Protection proceeding.
Essex also argues that Toll had ample opportunities to join that case as an intervenor, but
failed to do so in a timely fashion. These points do little to inform our resolution of the
dispositive question–namely, whether Toll was a party to Essex v. H.A.S. Protection, or in
privity with a party to that action. There is no dispute that Toll was not a party to the
action; its motion to intervene was denied as moot. Nor is there a question as to what
entities were parties–only Essex and H.A.S. And finally, for the reasons stated above,
Toll was not in privity with H.A.S.

                                             12
(Second) of Judgments § 56, cmt. a (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts §§ 305,

311(3)).

       Here, H.A.S. entered into an insurance agreement with Essex for the benefit of

Toll. The contract between Toll and H.A.S. expressly required H.A.S. to procure such a

policy, and forbid H.A.S. from beginning work until the policy was in place. Toll relied

upon the protection afforded by the Essex insurance policy when it permitted H.A.S. to

install fire suppression systems in homes under construction. Therefore, H.A.S. had no

power to terminate Essex’s obligation in favor of Toll by the time Essex v. H.A.S.

Protection was decided. As a result, the Restatement would allow Toll to proceed with

an action against Essex on the obligation allegedly due under the insurance contract. We

will do the same.

                                            B.

       Our reversal on the claim preclusive effect of Essex v. H.A.S. Protection will

permit Toll to contest whether H.A.S. in fact perpetrated a fraud entitling Essex to void

its H.A.S. policy. Judge Tucker also determined below that since in her view the Essex

policy was void; “there exists no coverage for the additional insured, Toll Bros., pursuant

to the terms of the Additional Insured Endorsement.” Toll Bros., Inc., 2008 WL 638232,

at *4. Toll, however, made several arguments below that the policy might permit

coverage for an additional insured notwithstanding a rescission of H.A.S.’s coverage. As

those arguments were never considered by Judge Tucker, we likewise reverse the grant of



                                            13
summary judgment on this issue.

                                           IV.

      For the reasons set forth above, the district court’s judgment in favor of Essex will

be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                           14
