                                                                           [PUBLISH]

                     IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                             FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________________

                                       No. 97-6910
                                                                             FILED
                            ________________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                 D.C. Docket No. 97-P-1300-S               02/08/99
                                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                            CLERK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,

       versus

PEMCO AEROPLEX, INC., a subsidiary of
Precision Standard Company, a corporation,

                                                    Defendant-Appellee.


       _________________________________________________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Alabama
       _________________________________________________________________

                                       (February 8, 1999)

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, HULL, Circuit Judge, and MOORE*, District Judge.

HATCHETT, Chief Judge:

__________________________________
*
  Honorable William T. Moore, Jr., U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia,
sitting by designation.
       Appellant United States (government) challenges the district court’s dismissal of its False

Claims Act lawsuit and state common law claims against appellee Pemco Aeroplex, Inc.

(Pemco) for failing to state a claim. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Since the 1960s, Pemco and its predecessor, Hayes International Corporation, have

contracted to perform high-level maintenance of C-130 aircraft for the United States Air Force

(Air Force). Pemco’s contracted performance included assembling new model wings and

replacing older model wings on C-130s. As a result of their contract, Pemco had on its premises

both older and newer model wings.

       In 1991 Pemco had on its premises five C-130 wings that belonged to the government

that it did not need to perform its contract. Pemco decided to initiate a “Plant Clearance

Procedure” so that it could receive instructions from the Air Force concerning the disposition of

the five wings. The Federal Acquisition Regulations define the plant clearance procedure as “all

actions relating to the screening, redistribution, and disposal of contractor inventory from a

contractor’s plant or work site.” 48 C.F.R. § 45.601 (1997). Under this procedure, a

government contractor submits a form advising the government that it is holding certain

government property in excess of its government contract. The government may then “exercise

its rights to require delivery of any contractor inventory,” or dispose of the property through: (1)

allowing the contractor to purchase the property at cost; (2) returning the property to the

suppliers; (3) donating the property to “eligible donees”; (4) selling the property, “including

purchase or retention at less than cost by the prime contractor”; (5) donating the property to

public bodies; or (6) abandoning or destroying the property. See 48 C.F.R. 45.603.


                                                   2
       Pursuant to the plant clearance procedure, Pemco submitted a “Standard Form 1428,

Inventory Schedule B” (inventory schedule) on May 28, 1991, that notified the Air Force that it

held five C-130 wings (three right-side wings and two left-side wings), and described the wings,

referencing them with two national stock numbers.1 The government uses national stock

numbers to identify precisely items within its inventory system. Pemco used national stock

numbers that identified older model wings in the inventory schedule it submitted for plant

clearance, and offered to purchase the wings as scrap -- estimating their value as $1,125 for the

three right-side wings and $750 for the two left-side wings.2

       The government agreed to sell the five wings to Pemco for their scrap value of $1,875

listed in the inventory schedule. Pemco, however, had wrongfully identified the wings’ national

stock numbers. The wings it purchased from the government were actually newer-model wings

and worth much more than the scrap value Pemco had listed in the inventory schedule. Shortly

after purchasing the wings from the government, Pemco sold two of the wings for approximately

$1,500,000. The government estimates the total market value of the wings to be at least

$2,071,526.25.

       The government thereafter sued Pemco in the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Alabama, alleging that Pemco had violated the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C.

§§ 3729-3733, and also alleging state common law counts of mistake of fact and unjust



       1
         The Federal Acquisition Regulations require the use of Standard Form 1428, Inventory
Schedule B in 48 C.F.R. section 45.606-5(a)(2).
       2
         The government asserts in its complaint that the type of older wings that Pemco
referenced in its inventory schedule and corresponding national stock number were “routinely
disposed of as scrap.”

                                                 3
enrichment. With regard to the False Claims Act, the government contended that Pemco

“knowingly made, used, or caused to be made or used, false statements or actions for the purpose

of obtaining property from the United States,” “knowingly presented, or caused to be presented,

to an officer or employee of the United States Government a false or fraudulent claim for

approval” and “knowingly made, used, or caused to be made or used, a false record or statement

to conceal, avoid, or decrease an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the

government.” The district court granted Pemco’s motion to dismiss, holding that: (1) the

dismissal was with prejudice as to the government’s claim regarding a false claim under the

False Claims Act because the government did not allege that Pemco submitted documents that

constituted a false “claim”; and (2) the dismissal was without prejudice as to the government’s

ability to refile a False Claims Act complaint that contained the particularity requirement for

intent to defraud under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).

                                            II. ISSUE

       The issue we decide is whether the district court erred in dismissing the government’s

“reverse false claim” under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(7).

                                III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim, and apply the same standard as

did the district court. Harper v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp., 139 F.3d 1385, 1387 (11th

Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 67 U.S.L.W. 3106 (U.S. Nov. 16, 1998) (No. 98-200). We must accept

the allegations set forth in the complaint as true for purposes of a motion to dismiss. See

Gonzalez v. McNary, 980 F.2d 1418, 1419 (11th Cir. 1993). The district courts should grant

motions to dismiss only “when the movant demonstrates ‘beyond doubt that the plaintiff can


                                                 4
prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.’” Harper, 139 F.3d

at 1387 (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). Additionally, because the

district court’s disposition of Pemco’s motion to dismiss involved interpretation of the False

Claims Act, we must review de novo questions of statutory interpretation. Gonzalez, 980 F.2d at

1419.

                                        IV. DISCUSSION

        In this appeal, the government contends that the district court erred in dismissing its

“reverse false claim” under the False Claims Act. 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(7). That provision

provides that any person who “knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false

record or statement to conceal, avoid, or decrease an obligation to pay or transmit money or

property to the Government” is liable to the government “for a civil penalty of not less than

$5,000 and not more than $10,000, plus 3 times the amount of damages which the Government

sustains because of the act of that person . . . .” 31 U.S.C. § 3729. The government argues that

Pemco caused the government to sell the wings at a price below true value because Pemco

knowingly misidentified the wings on the inventory schedule. Thus, the government contends

that Pemco submitted a “reverse false claim” and violated section 3729(a)(7).

        This court has not had the opportunity to construe the reverse false claim provision of the

False Claims Act. The Eighth Circuit in United States v. Q Int’l Courier, Inc. analyzed the

reverse false claim provision of section 3729(a)(7) in the context of an illegal international

“ABA remail” scheme. 131 F.3d 770 (8th Cir. 1997). Essentially, Q International Courier

(Quick) transferred bulk mail from the United States to Barbados for the purposes of remailing

the letters individually back into the United States. The United States Postal Service charged the


                                                  5
Barbadian Postal Service significantly less for the delivery to the United States than it would for

the same delivery within the United States. See Q Int’l Courier, 131 F.3d at 772. The

government contended that Quick violated the reverse false claim provision of section

3729(a)(7), asserting that Quick “owed an obligation to the United States for the full domestic

postage for each letter and that they attempted to reduce this obligation through fraudulent

statements or records.” Q Int’l Courier, 131 F.3d at 772. The Eighth Circuit held that the

government failed to establish that Quick “had some duty to pay money or property that it sought

to evade by using false statements or records” and affirmed the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Quick on the government’s False Claims Act allegations. See Q Int’l

Courier, 131 F.3d at 774.

       We find the Eighth Circuit’s analysis of the reverse false claims provision to be

persuasive. The Q Int’l Courier court construed the plain language of the False Claims Act, as

well as its legislative history, and held that in order to recover under the reverse false claims

provision, the government “must demonstrate that it was owed a specific, legal obligation at the

time that the alleged false record or statement was made, used, or caused to be made or used.” Q

Int’l Courier, 131 F.3d at 773. Further, the Q Int’l Courier court held that this obligation could

not be “merely a potential liability,” but instead

       a defendant must have had a present duty to pay money or property that was
       created by a statute, regulation, contract, judgment, or acknowledgment of
       indebtedness. The duty, in other words, must have been an obligation in the
       nature of those that gave rise to actions of debt at common law for money or
       things owed.

Q Int’l Courier, 131 F.3d at 773; see also United States ex rel. S. Prawer & Co. v. Verrill &

Dana, 946 F. Supp. 87, 94 (D. Me. 1996) (“‘obligation’ in the False Claims Act refers to


                                                     6
something more than potential liability or moral or social duty; a legal obligation seems to be the

touchstone.”).

       The reverse false claim’s legislative history further persuades us of this specific

obligation requirement. As the Q Int’l Courier court noted, the legislative history twice refers to

“money owed” under the false claims provision as the type of duty that the reverse claims

provision addresses. See Q Int’l Courier, 131 F.3d 773. We agree that Congress intended that

the government must premise a reverse false claim upon a specific, legal obligation at the time a

defendant used or caused to be used an alleged false claim. See, e.g., False Claims Amendments

Act of 1986, S. Rep. No. 99-345 at 15, 18, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. (100 Stat. 3153) 5266, 5280, 5283

(“an individual who makes a material misrepresentation to avoid paying money owed the

Government should be equally liable under the Act as if he had submitted a false claim.”).

       We do not find this type of obligation when we analyze the government’s complaint and

Pemco’s filing of an inventory schedule pursuant to the plant clearance procedure. According to

the Federal Acquisition Regulations, Pemco submitted the inventory schedule to the Air Force’s

plant clearance officer, “an authorized representative of the contracting officer assigned

responsibility for plant clearance.” 48 C.F.R. § 45.601; see also 48 C.F.R. § 45.606-1 (“[w]hen

property is no longer needed to perform the contract, the contractor shall prepare inventory

schedules in accordance with the contract and instructions from the plant clearance officer and

shall promptly submit the schedules to the cognizant contract administration office.”). Within 15

days of receiving the inventory schedule, the plant clearance officer reviews the schedule,

determines its acceptability and requests any corrections. See 48 C.F.R. § 45.606-3(a). Then,

the plant clearance officer “shall verify that (1) the inventory is present at the location indicated,


                                                  7
(2) the inventory is allocable to the contract, (3) the quantity and condition are correctly stated,

and (4) the contractor has endeavored to divert items to other work.” 48 C.F.R. § 45.606-3(b).

In dealing with “scrap,” the plant clearance officer “shall review the schedules of property

reported as scrap and, if necessary, physically inspect the property involved. If the plant

clearance officer determines that any of the property is serviceable, usable, or salvable, the

contractor shall resubmit it on appropriate inventory schedules.” 48 C.F.R. § 45.607-1(b).

Property the government had not deemed to be “scrap” “shall be screened for use by

Government agencies before disposition by donation or sale.” 48 C.F.R. § 45.608-1(a). After

these procedures, the plant clearance officer may then decide the proper disposition of the

property, which could include selling it to the contractor or requiring delivery to the government.

See 48 C.F.R. § 45.603.

       Pemco’s filing of the inventory schedule did not create a specific, legal obligation or a

present duty to pay money, and the government’s complaint does not detail any other type of

reverse false claim. Although Pemco listed the scrap estimate of the wings in the “offer” column

of the inventory schedule, the government could not accept this offer – or demand return of the

wings – until it utilized the plant clearance procedure. See 48 C.F.R. §§ 45.600 - 45.615.

Pemco’s submission of the inventory schedule initiated the plant clearance procedure, and did

not create the type of obligation that the reverse false claim provision of the False Claims Act

requires. Additionally, the “offer” that Pemco submitted in its inventory schedule may have

created a future potential liability (an offer to purchase the wings or return them after the

occurrence of the plant clearance procedure), but did not create the specific legal obligation that

the reverse false claim provision requires. Therefore, we hold that the district court did not err in


                                                  8
dismissing the government’s lawsuit under the False Claims Act, including its allegations of

Pemco’s violations of the reverse false claim provision, for failing to state a claim.

                                        V. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the government’s

lawsuit under the False Claims Act for failing to state a claim, and do not reach the government’s

contentions regarding its state common law claims.

                                           AFFIRMED.




                                                  9
HULL, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

       This important case of first impression in this Circuit involves a Rule

12(b)(6) dismissal of the Government’s complaint and not entry of summary

judgment. I dissent because the Government’s complaint clearly states a cause of

action, and the district court erred in dismissing it.

       The majority correctly concludes that Section 3729(a)(7) of the False Claims

Act requires a specific, legal obligation to pay or to transmit money or property, at

the time a false statement is made.3 However, the majority incorrectly finds that

the Government’s complaint fails to allege such an obligation. The specific

allegations of the complaint show why the majority errs.

       The complaint alleges that Pemco performed high-level maintenance of “C-

130” aircraft for the Air Force and that Pemco had on its premises both older

model and newer model “C-130” wings belonging to the Government. Paragraph

8 of the complaint asserts that Pemco possessed five wings belonging to the

Government that “were not needed by Pemco for performance of its contracts with

the United States,” and that thus Pemco initiated the Plant Clearance procedure in

order to have the Government instruct Pemco regarding the return of the wings to



       3
        Section 3729(a)(7) provides for liability if a person “knowingly makes, uses, or causes
to be made or used, a false record or statement to conceal, avoid, or decrease an obligation to
pay or transmit money or property to the Government.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(7) (emphasis
supplied).
the Air Force or other disposal.

      Paragraph 9 of the complaint alleges that “[u]nder the Plant Clearance

procedure, the contractor (in this case Pemco) advises the [G]overnment that the

contractor is holding certain property belonging to the United States in excess to

the needs of its Government contract.” The complaint explains that the contractor

may offer to purchase the property from the Government rather than have it

returned. As alleged in paragraph 10 of the complaint, “Pemco submitted to the

United States a document entitled ‘Inventory Schedule B’ which was part of the

‘Plant Clearance’ procedure mentioned above.”

      The complaint continues that Pemco listed five wings, described those wings

by two national stock numbers, and incorrectly identified the stock numbers.

According to the complaint, Pemco used stock numbers referencing older, obsolete

model wings worth $1,875, or $375 each, when, in fact, the wings Pemco actually

had were newer model wings with a market value of over $2,071,526. The

complaint alleges that Pemco sold just two of the five wings for $1,500,000.

Pemco does not deny these allegations.

      I agree with the majority that Pemco’s inventory schedule alone does not

necessarily create a legal obligation to pay at the time the inventory schedule is

submitted to the Air Force. But the majority errs in considering solely Pemco’s


                                          2
inventory schedule and overlooking Pemco’s contract with the Government that

requires Pemco either to return these wings or to purchase them. The complaint

specifically alleges that Pemco submitted this inventory schedule pursuant to its

contract with the Air Force and that Pemco’s contract required Pemco to advise the

Government about any property belonging to the Government in excess of the

needs of its Government contract. Therefore, Pemco had a contractual obligation

either to return (i.e., “transmit” under § 3729(a)(7)) excess property to the

Government or to purchase (i.e., “pay” for under § 3729(a)(7)) excess property

from the Government.4

       The complaint has sufficient allegations to survive the granting of a motion

to dismiss for failure to state a claim. The complaint alone contains express

references to Pemco’s contract with the Air Force, and alleges that Pemco obtained

the wings “as a result of [those] contracts,” and that the inventory schedule was


       4
         Because the district court disposed of this case on a motion to dismiss, the record below
is extremely bare. Therefore, the text of the dissent discusses only the allegations in the
complaint. However, the Government did attach to its appellate brief the Government property
clause, and portions of Pemco’s contract showing incorporation of that clause in Pemco’s
contract with the Air Force. The contract contained provisions expressly stating (1) that the
Government retained title to all Government-furnished property, (2) that the contractor (Pemco)
was responsible and accountable for all Government property provided under the contract, and
(3) that all such property not consumed in performing the contract was to be returned to the
Government, or disposed of according to its instructions, with proceeds of any such disposal
being credited to the contract price or paid directly to the Government. Add. B at 4b-6b. Since
these documents were not attached to the complaint in the district court, they cannot be
considered on appeal.

                                                3
being filed because these wings exceeded Pemco’s needs under its Government

contract. The complaint expressly references Pemco’s obligations either to return

the wings to the Government or to purchase the wings from the Government and

that the inventory schedule was submitted in connection with those contractual

obligations.

      Pemco argues that it was required to return the wings only at the end of its

Government contract or at an earlier date if required by the Government’s

contracting officer. According to Pemco, because neither of those events had

occurred, Pemco did not have an existing obligation to return or pay for the wings

at the time it submitted the inventory form. In addition, Pemco argues that the

submission of the inventory form was merely an offer to purchase the excess wings

but did not establish either an obligation to purchase or the specific purchase price.

According to Pemco, at best, this offer created only a contingent obligation to

purchase – dependent on the Government’s inspection of the property and

acceptance of Pemco’s offer.

      These arguments ignore the complaint’s allegations that at the time Pemco

submitted the inventory form, the wings were deemed excess. Indeed, Pemco only

submitted the inventory form because the wings were deemed excess and it had a

pre-existing contractual obligation to submit such a form. That Pemco offered to


                                          4
purchase the property and that a specific purchase price had not been agreed upon

at the time Pemco submitted the inventory form are not the touchstone. As alleged

in the complaint, Pemco had a contractual obligation to return excess Government

property or to dispose of it in accordance with the Government’s instructions. This

legal obligation was a specific, ongoing obligation during the life of the contract

and did not begin or end at any one point in time. This is the relevant obligation

and submitting the inventory form was just part of fulfilling this pre-existing

contractual obligation.

      The majority bases its opinion on United States v. Q International Courier,

Inc., 131 F.3d 770 (8th Cir. 1997). I agree with the Eighth Circuit’s reasoning but

Q International Courier is totally different from this case because that decision did

not involve a Government contract. Q International Courier involved a mail

courier firm that transferred bulk mail from the United States to Barbados in order

to remail the letters individually from Barbados to the United States. Id. at 772.

Through this scheme, Q International Courier (“Quick”) was able to take

advantage of the discounted rates the United States Postal Service charged the

Barbadian postal service, achieving significant savings for its customers. Id. In

contrast to this case, Quick was not a Government contractor. Id. at 772-73. Thus,

any “obligation” Quick may have owed to the Government could only have


                                          5
derived from statutes, regulations, judgments – legal sources other than a written

contract.

      The Eighth Circuit in Q International Courier explicitly noted that the

Government did not have a contract with Quick, thereby suggesting that a

contractual duty would qualify as an “obligation” in its opinion. Id. at 773. In

addition, the Eighth Circuit in Q International Courier concluded that no obligation

to pay domestic postage rates could be found in any of the statutes or regulations

cited by the Government. Id. at 773-774.

      In contrast, Pemco had a written contract which expressly obligated Pemco

to be responsible and accountable for the Government property in its possession

and to return that property to the Government or dispose of the property in

accordance with the Government’s instructions. In addition, the Government has

pointed to regulations that obligate Pemco to return Government property not

needed in the performance of the contract. Q International Courier, if anything,

shows why the district court erred in dismissing the Government’s complaint for

failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

      Therefore, I respectfully dissent.




                                           6
