                                                                                     ACCEPTED
                                                                                 13-15-00198-CR
                                                                 THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
                                                                            5/14/2015 8:28:12 AM
                                                                               DORIAN RAMIREZ
                                                                                          CLERK



                      #13-15-00198-CR
                                                        FILED IN
                                                13th COURT OF APPEALS
                                            CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
      Thirteenth Court of Appeals, Corpus        5/14/2015
                                            Christi        8:28:12 AM
                                                    & Edinburg
                                                  DORIAN E. RAMIREZ
                                                         Clerk


                   THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                            Appellant

                               v.

                 ANDREW BERNWANGER,
                            Appellee



 ON STATE’S APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1
          OF NUECES COUNTY, CAUSE #12-CR-0438-1


                     STATE’S BRIEF
                                A. Cliff Gordon
                                Tex. Bar #00793838
                                Asst. Dist. Atty., 105th Dist.
                                Nueces County Courthouse
                                901 Leopard St., Rm. 206
                                Corpus Christi, TX 78401
                                361.888.0410 phone
                                361.888.0399 fax
                                cliff.gordon@nuecesco.com


ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
              IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant:   The State of Texas, District Attorney for the 105th Judicial
             District, represented by

             Appellate counsel:

                   A. Cliff Gordon, Asst. Dist. Atty.
                   Nueces County Courthouse
                   901 Leopard St., Rm. 206
                   Corpus Christi, TX 78401

             Trial and appellate counsel:

                    Mark Skurka, District Attorney
                    Dulce Salazar Valle, Asst. Dist. Atty.
                    Nueces County Courthouse
                    901 Leopard St., Rm. 206
                    Corpus Christi, TX 78401

Appellee:    Andrew Bernwanger, represented by

             Trial and Appellate Counsel:

                    Robert C. Pate Jr.
                    321 Flores
                    San Antonio, TX 784204

             Initial Trial Counsel:

                    Les Cassidy
                    814 Leopard St.
                    Corpus Christi, TX 78401


                                      ii
                                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ........................................................ ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... v
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ............................................................................. vii
ISSUE PRESENTED ............................................................................................ viii
     In connection with the traffic stop leading to his DWI arrest,
        Defendant Bernwanger received two traffic citations. Upon
        acquittal on those traffic violations, Bernwanger moved to
        suppress on the ground that acquittal foreclosed the State
        from "relitigating" reasonable suspicion for the traffic stop.
        Did the trial court properly grant Bernwanger’s motion to
        suppress on the sole ground of collateral estoppel? ......................... viii
STATEMENT OF FACTS .......................................................................................1
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ......................................................................2
ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................4
     The trial court erred when it granted Bernwanger’s motion to
        suppress based on the defensive issue of collateral estoppel ..............4
          A. Legal Standards ....................................................................................4
                1.    Suppression Rulings .....................................................................4
                2. Reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop........................................5
                3. Collateral Estoppel .........................................................................7
          B. Bernwanger did not meet his burden to show that the State
             was collaterally estopped to litigate reasonable suspicion
             to stop him ...........................................................................................10
                1. Bernwanger failed to provide a record of the municipal
                   court trial .......................................................................................10



                                                          iii
                 2. The municipal court proceeding determined different
                    facts and imposed a higher burden of proof on the State
                    than the suppression motion ......................................................11
                 3. Bernwanger failed to show that reasonable suspicion
                    would be lacking absent the traffic infractions ........................11
PRAYER ..................................................................................................................13
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ....................................................................13
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ...............................................................................14




                                                            iv
                                       INDEX OF AUTHORITIES


Cases
Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436 (1970) ..................................................................8

Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984) ...........................................................5

Crittenden v. State, 899 S.W.2d 668 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).............................6

Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .................5, 12

Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990) ....................................... 9, 10, 11

Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d 375 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) ...............................6, 11

Garcia v. State, No. 13-10-00626-CR, 2012 WL 914953 (Tex. App.—
     Corpus Christi Mar. 15, 2012, no pet.) .......................................................7

Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ................................5

Griffin v. State, 765 S.W.2d 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ....................................7

Guajardo v. State, 109 S.W.3d 456 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) .........................8, 10

McVickers v. State, 874 S.W.2d 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) .............................5

Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31 (1979)..........................................................7

Power v. State, No. 13-05-693-CR, 2006 WL 2516525 (Tex. App.—
    Corpus Christi July 27, 2006, no pet.) ........................................................6

Scardino v. State, 294 S.W.3d 401 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, no
     pet.) .................................................................................................................5

State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) ......................................4

State v. Kerwick, 393 S.W.3d 270 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) .................................4

Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Celedon, No. 13-01-557-CV, 2002 WL
     34230967, (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 29, 2002, no pet.) ..............6

                                                             v
Valencia v. State, 820 S.W.2d 397 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
     1991, pet. ref’d) ..............................................................................................6

York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) ........................ 7, 8, 9, 11




                                                         vi
                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the Case         On January 24, 2012, the State, by Information,
                           charged Defendant Bernwanger with Driving
                           While Intoxicated. CR 5.

Course of Proceedings      On February 14, 2014, Bernwanger filed a
                           boilerplate motion to suppress. CR 41. On
                           March 9, 2015, the trial court called the case for
                           a pretrial hearing and stated that it only had
                           time to hear the collateral estoppel issue orally
                           urged by Bernwanger in support of
                           suppression. RR 4-6.

Trial Court’s Disposition On March 9, 2015, the trial court signed Trial
                          Court’s Order Granting the Claim of Collateral
                          Estoppel. CR 70.




                                    vii
                           ISSUE PRESENTED

In connection with the traffic stop leading to his DWI arrest, Defendant
Bernwanger received two traffic citations. Upon acquittal on those traffic
violations, Bernwanger moved to suppress on the ground that acquittal
foreclosed the State from “relitigating” reasonable suspicion for the traffic
stop. Did the trial court properly grant Bernwanger’s motion to suppress
on the sole ground of collateral estoppel?




                                     viii
                            STATEMENT OF FACTS

      On January 24, 2012, the State, by Information, charged Defendant

Bernwanger with Driving While Intoxicated.               CR 5.     The Magistrate’s

Commitment Order shows that, in addition to DWI, Bernwanger was also

arrested for “failure to stop/yield sign” and “drove wrong way.” CR 8.

      On February 14, 2014, Bernwanger filed a boilerplate motion to

suppress, to which the State objected. CR 41, 44. On March 9, 2015, the

trial court called the case for a pretrial hearing and stated that it only had

time to hear the collateral estoppel issue orally urged by Bernwanger in

support of suppression. RR 4-6.

      Specifically, Bernwanger argued that, because he was acquitted of the

traffic offenses1 supporting reasonable suspicion for the traffic stop,

collateral estoppel precluded the State from litigating reasonable suspicion

for the stop. RR 4. While conceding he lacked the record of the traffic trial,

Bernwanger argued that any “bad driving facts” beyond the infractions

1
       Bernwanger did not offer, and the Court did not admit, any municipal court
judgments in evidence. However, the State did not contest in the trial court that
Bernwanger had been acquitted of the traffic offenses relating to the DWI stop. Nor will
the State contest such acquittals on appeal. The acquittals are irrelevant to reasonable
suspicion.
                                           1
charged were discussed at that trial.      RR 9.   The State argued that a

judgment that Bernwanger was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt to

have committed the traffic violations charged did not collaterally estop the

State from showing the lesser standard of reasonable suspicion based on

the totality of the circumstances, which was not limited to the traffic

violations. RR 14-16.

     On March 9, 2015, the trial court signed Trial Court’s Order Granting

the Claim of Collateral Estoppel. CR 70.

                   SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

     Bernwanger introduced no evidence to support of his claim of

collateral estoppel. The only “evidence” before the trial court was the

State’s concession that Bernwanger was acquitted of traffic citations he

received in connection with his DWI arrest.        The trial judge granted

Bernwanger’s motion to suppress upon concluding that those acquittals

collaterally estopped the State from litigating reasonable suspicion to

detain him in this DWI prosecution. This legal conclusion is erroneous,




                                     2
conflicts with decisions of the Court of Criminal Appeals and the United

States Supreme Court, and should be reversed.

     Acquittal establishes only that the State failed to prove, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that the charged violations actually occurred.          No

finding has addressed reasonable suspicion, by a preponderance of the

evidence, of the cited infractions. Of equal import, the traffic citations, by

themselves, represent only the subjective beliefs of the officer, which are

irrelevant to a court’s determination of reasonable suspicion.

     In sum, Bernwanger fail to prove a prior finding that could estop the

State from litigating reasonable suspicion to stop him. He also failed to

prove that the facts determined by acquittal encompassed all of the

articulable facts that could have supported reasonable suspicion for the

traffic stop. The trial court erred when it granted Bernwanger’s motion to

suppress on the sole ground of collateral estoppel.




                                      3
                               ARGUMENT

The trial court erred when it granted Bernwanger’s motion to suppress
based on the defensive issue of collateral estoppel.

A.   Legal Standards

     1.    Suppression Rulings

     In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, appellate

courts employ a bifurcated standard, giving almost total deference to a trial

court’s determination of historic facts and mixed questions of law and fact

that rely upon the credibility of a witness, but applying a de novo standard

of review to pure questions of law and mixed questions that do not depend

on credibility determinations. E.g., State v. Kerwick, 393 S.W.3d 270, 273

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013). When a trial court makes explicit fact findings, the

appellate court determines whether the evidence (viewed in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling) supports these fact findings. State v.

Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “Whether the facts

known to the officer at the time of the detention amount to reasonable

suspicion is a mixed question of law that is reviewed de novo on appeal.”

Kerwick, 393 S.W.3d at 273.
                                      4
      2.     Reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop2

      A police officer has reasonable suspicion for a detention if he has

specific, articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences

from those facts, would lead the officer to reasonably conclude that the

person detained is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.

Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). This

standard is an objective one that disregards the subjective intent of the

arresting officer and looks, instead, to whether there was an objectively

justifiable basis for the detention. Ibid.

      It is generally accepted that law enforcement officers may lawfully

stop a motorist who commits a traffic violation. McVickers v. State, 874

S.W.2d 682, 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), superseded by statute on other

grounds as stated in Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217, 227-30 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002); see also Power v. State, No. 13-05-693-CR, 2006 WL 2516525, at *2 (Tex.



2
        “A warrantless automobile stop is a Fourth Amendment seizure analogous to a
temporary detention, and it must be justified by reasonable suspicion.” Scardino v.
State, 294 S.W.3d 401, 405 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.) (citing Berkemer v.
McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984)).
                                          5
App.—Corpus Christi July 27, 2006, no pet.) (citing McVickers; not

designated for publication).     In stopping vehicles for an investigative

detention based on a traffic violation, the State need not prove that the

detainee actually committed a traffic violation. Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d

375, 377 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). Reasonable suspicion to believe that a

violation occurred or is occurring will suffice. Ibid.; Valencia v. State, 820

S.W.2d 397, 400 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, pet. ref’d); see also

Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Celedon, No. 13-01-557-CV, 2002 WL 34230967,

at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 29, 2002, no pet.) (citing Valencia; not

designated for publication). Reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop may

exist in the absence of a suspected traffic violation. Crittenden v. State, 899

S.W.2d 668, 672 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“An officer with reasonable

suspicion or probable cause to suspect criminal activity is afoot does not

need the additional justification of a traffic violation to make a lawful

investigative detention.”).

      In a motion to suppress setting, the propriety of an arrest or

detention need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The State’s


                                      6
standard of proof in establishing reasonable suspicion is the one that

applies to most constitutional suppression issues: preponderance of the

evidence. York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing

Griffin v. State, 765 S.W.2d 422, 429–30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (applying

preponderance of the evidence standard of proof)); see also Garcia v. State,

No. 13-10-00626-CR, 2012 WL 914953, at *2 n.2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi

Mar. 15, 2012, no pet.) (citing York; not designated for publication).

      Reasonable suspicion to detain or probable cause to arrest for an

offense remains unaffected by a subsequent acquittal on that offense—

      The validity of the arrest does not depend on whether the
      suspect actually committed a crime; the mere fact that the
      suspect is later acquitted of the offense for which he is arrested
      is irrelevant to the validity of the arrest. We have made clear
      that the kinds and degree of proof and the procedural
      requirements necessary for a conviction are not prerequisites to
      a valid arrest.

Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 36 (1979).

      3.    Collateral estoppel

      In the criminal context, collateral estoppel has two potential bases.

The first, so-called constitutional collateral estoppel, applies collateral


                                       7
estoppel to end a prosecution that would subject the accused to Double

Jeopardy.3 Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 446-47 (1970). The second, often

referred to simply as issue preclusion, prevents the relitigation of a finding

previously determined against a party.4

      Collateral estoppel deals only with specific factual determinations,

not legal claims or legal conclusions. Guajardo v. State, 109 S.W.3d 456, 460

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The burden is on the defendant to demonstrate, by

examination of the record of the first proceeding, that the factual issue he

seeks to foreclose was actually decided in the first proceeding.                    Ibid.

Without the record from the first proceeding, a collateral estoppel defense

must fail. See id. at 457 (“Without the complete record, no reviewing court

can determine exactly what specific facts the first factfinder actually found.



3
        Constitutional collateral estoppel is not at issue here, where Bernwanger has
made no such claim, and the suppression matters involve no ultimate issue of fact in
this DWI case. York, 342 S.W.3d at 552 (“[W]here a defendant seeks to bar the
relitigation of suppression issues on the basis of double jeopardy . . . the State is not
barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause from relitigating a suppression issue that was
not an ultimate fact in the first prosecution and was not an ultimate fact in the second
prosecution.”).
4
        In Texas, it is questionable whether collateral estoppel exists outside of the
Double Jeopardy context. York, at 552 n.155. The State did not make that argument
below, and does not make that argument here.
                                           8
Without that complete record, no reviewing court can address whether

collateral estoppel might apply in a particular context . . . .”).

      Collateral estoppel is inapplicable when a proceeding subsequent to

acquittal is governed by a lower standard of proof—

      [W]e have held that an acquittal in a criminal case does not
      preclude the Government from relitigating an issue when it is
      presented in a subsequent action governed by a lower standard
      of proof.

Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 349 (1990).

      In Dowling v. United States, the Supreme Court explained that
      collateral estoppel does not bar relitigation of an issue resolved
      by a prior acquittal when, in the subsequent proceeding, the
      issue is governed by a lower standard of proof. This holding
      defeats any attempt in the present case to use the detention
      issue’s elemental status in the first prosecution as a basis for
      collateral estoppel. The State’s failure to prove the validity of
      appellant’s arrest or detention beyond a reasonable doubt (as
      an element of the failure-to-identify offense) does not result in a
      collateral-estoppel bar to determining the validity of that arrest
      or detention by a preponderance of the evidence in a
      subsequent suppression hearing.

York, 342 S.W.3d at 543-44 (footnotes omitted).




                                        9
B.     Bernwanger did not meet his burden to show that the State was
       collaterally estopped to litigate reasonable suspicion to stop him.

       For three reasons, Bernwanger failed to demonstrate that the factual

issue of reasonable suspicion to stop him was actually decided in the

municipal court.

            1.     Bernwanger failed to provide a record of the municipal
                   court trial.

       Absent a record of the traffic court proceedings, the trial court could

not have determined that the jury found that reasonable suspicion to stop

Bernwanger was lacking. Thus, the trial court had no basis upon which to

determine that collateral estoppel was applicable.5 Guajardo, 109 S.W.3d at

457, 460; see also Dowling, 493 U.S. at 352 (“There are any number of

possible explanations for the jury’s acquittal verdict at Dowling’s first

trial.”).




5
      To be clear, none of the trial court’s findings are supported by any evidence
because Bernwanger introduced none. Again, however, the State concedes that a
municipal court jury acquitted Bernwanger of the traffic citations he received in
connection with his DWI arrest.
                                        10
            2.    The municipal court proceeding determined different
                  facts and imposed a higher burden of proof on the State
                  than the suppression motion.

      Acquittal means, at most, that the State failed to prove that the

defendant actually committed the charged offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. Dowling, 493 U.S. at 349 (“The acquittal did not prove that the

defendant is innocent; it merely proves the existence of a reasonable doubt

as to his guilt . . . .”; quotation omitted). That failure of proof provides no

guidance in a motion to suppress that depends on—not the actual

commission of an offense beyond a reasonable doubt—but reasonable

suspicion of criminal activity by a preponderance of the evidence. Drago,

553 S.W.2d at 377; York, 342 S.W.3d at 543-44. These differences dictate that

Bernwanger’s collateral estoppel claim must fail. Dowling, at 349; York, at

543-44.

            3.    Bernwanger failed to show that reasonable suspicion
                  would be lacking absent the traffic infractions.

      Bernwanger understandably seized upon the traffic citations;

reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop often hinges on poor driving.

However, the violations cited reflect the charging officer’s subjective belief
                                      11
as to what offenses he deems, for whatever reasons, worth filing. The filed

charges shed no light on any other possible violations, suspected or not,

that may give rise to reasonable suspicion to stop.                That is because

reasonable suspicion depends on the facts articulated by the detaining

officers viewed through the objective prism of the reasonable officer.

Derichsweiler, 348 S.W.3d at 914.

      Thus, trying to negate the charged traffic violations was a good place

to start.   However, collateral estoppel is a defensive issue that, when

applicable, may negate specific facts that the State presents to show

reasonable suspicion.       By going forward on his defense of collateral

estoppel without the benefit of the State having presented its case for

reasonable suspicion, Bernwanger had to prove that the facts found by the

first jury included all possible facts that the detaining officer might have

articulated in support of reasonable suspicion.6            It is easy to see why




6
       Bernwanger argued that other “bad driving facts” came up during the municipal
court proceedings but presented no proof to back up that claim, much less that the jury
made relevant findings on those facts. RR 9.
                                          12
Bernwanger failed to meet his burden and, also, why the trial court erred in

granting his motion to suppress.

                                   PRAYER

      For these reasons, the State requests that the Court reverse the trial

court’s order granting Bernwanger’s motion to suppress and grant the

State all other proper relief.

                                      Respectfully Submitted,

                                      /s/ A. Cliff Gordon
                                      A. Cliff Gordon
                                      Tex. Bar #00793838
                                      Asst. Dist. Atty., 105th Dist.
                                      Nueces County Courthouse
                                      901 Leopard St., Rm. 206
                                      Corpus Christi, TX 78401
                                      361.888.0410 phone
                                      361.888.0399 fax
                                      cliff.gordon@nuecesco.com



                     CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

     According to the word count of the computer program used to
prepare this document, it contains 3,222 words.




                                     13
                      CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      On May 14, 2015, a true copy of the foregoing was served via eServe
on the following:

     Mr. RC Pate
     The RC Pate Law Firm
     321 Flores
     San Antonio, TX 784204
     Appellate Counsel for Appellee

                                 /s/ A. Cliff Gordon_______________
                                 A. Cliff Gordon




                                   14
