              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                       NO. 2006-CA-00185-SCT

MICHAEL CRAWFORD

v.

MORRIS TRANSPORTATION, INC., ALEX
JORDAN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT
DRIVER OF MORRIS TRANSPORTATION, INC.,
AND CUSTOM SIGN COMPANY a/k/a CUSTOM
SIGN COMPANY OF BATESVILLE, INC. f/k/a
CUSTOM SIGN COMPANY OF GRENADA, INC.


DATE OF JUDGMENT:              01/04/2006
TRIAL JUDGE:                   HON. ALBERT B. SMITH, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:     COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:        DEREK D. HOPSON, SR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:       CHARLES S. HEWINS
                               R. BRITTAIN VIRDEN
                               GERALD H. JACKS
                               KATHY R. CLARK
NATURE OF THE CASE:            CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                   AFFIRMED - 09/04/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


                      CONSOLIDATED WITH

                       NO. 2007-CA-00322-SCT

MICHAEL CRAWFORD

v.

MORRIS TRANSPORTATION, INC. AND
CUSTOM SIGN COMPANY a/k/a CUSTOM SIGN
COMPANY OF BATESVILLE, INC. f/k/a CUSTOM
SIGN COMPANY OF GRENADA, INC.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:              01/04/2006
TRIAL JUDGE:                   HON. ALBERT B. SMITH, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                    DEREK D. HOPSON, SR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                   CHARLES S. HEWINS
                                           R. BRITTAIN VIRDEN
                                           GERALD H. JACKS
                                           KATHY R. CLARK
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                               REVERSED AND REMANDED - 09/04/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:




       BEFORE WALLER, P.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.

       WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Michael Crawford filed a petition to perpetuate testimony in the Circuit Court of

Coahoma County, Mississippi. The matter was removed to federal court, and Crawford

sought dismissal, alternatively remand, on the basis that removal was premature because no

complaint had been filed. Before the federal court dismissed the matter, Crawford filed a

complaint in the circuit court. Following dismissal, and after the statute of limitations had

expired, Crawford attempted further prosecution of his pre-dismissal complaint.

Additionally, Crawford filed a separate complaint post-dismissal, raising the same claims

against the same parties. The circuit court eventually dismissed both complaints.

¶2.    The question before this Court is whether the circuit court erred in dismissing both

complaints. Applying the one-year savings provision of Mississippi Code Annotated Section

15-1-69 (Rev. 2003), we find that the circuit court erred in dismissing Crawford’s post-

dismissal complaint, which was timely filed within one year of the federal court’s dismissal.

                                          FACTS



                                             2
¶3.    This case arises out of an automobile accident which occurred in Clarksdale,

Mississippi, on July 14, 2001. Michael Crawford, a Mississippi resident, drove into the back

of an eighteen-wheeler tractor-trailer driven by Alex Jordan, an Arkansas resident. Jordan

had stopped his semi truck on South State Street because he was unsure whether his vehicle

would clear the underpass. At the time of the accident, Jordan was employed by Morris

Transportation, Inc., a corporation existing under the laws of Arkansas, with its principal

place of business in Arkansas.

¶4.    In anticipation of a suit against Morris Transportation and Jordan, Crawford filed a

petition to perpetuate testimony 1 in the Circuit Court of Coahoma County, Mississippi.

Crawford sought to depose both Jordan and a designee of Morris Transportation in order to

obtain the identity, address, and other information regarding a potential, unknown, local

defendant.2 The circuit court entered an order authorizing Crawford to take the depositions.


       1
           Rule 27(a) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure states, in pertinent part, that:

       (a) Before action.

       (1) Petition. A person who desires to perpetuate his own testimony or that of
       another person regarding any matter that may be cognizable in any court of
       this state may file a verified petition in the circuit or chancery court in the
       county of the residence of any expected adverse party. . . .

Miss. R. Civ. P. 27(a).
       2
         At the time he filed his petition to perpetuate testimony, Crawford alleged that he
did not know whether Jordan had collided with a sign attached to the underpass, or whether
the sign had simply caused Jordan to stop in the lane of traffic. In either case, Crawford
asserted that the party responsible for the sign, whose identity was unknown at the time,
should have known of and warned about the danger posed.

                                                 3
¶5.    On August 12, 2003, following their depositions, Morris Transportation and Jordan

filed a notice of removal to the United States District Court for the Northern District of

Mississippi. Morris Transportation and Jordan asserted that their depositions had precluded

any potential cause of action against any unknown, local defendant(s); and therefore, removal

was proper pursuant to Title 28 of the United States Code, Sections 1332 and 1441.3

¶6.    On September 5, 2003, Crawford filed in federal district court a motion to dismiss

without prejudice, alternatively to remand. Crawford moved for dismissal on the basis that

Morris Transportation and Jordan had “prematurely and improperly” removed the action

amidst ongoing, pre-suit discovery, and before an actual complaint had been filed.

Alternatively, Crawford petitioned for remand, arguing a civil action had not yet

“commenced” due to the absence of a complaint.4 On September 18, 2003, the federal court

entered a stay of the proceedings, pending a ruling on Crawford’s motion to dismiss.

¶7.    On October 22, 2003, Crawford filed in federal district court a motion for leave to file

a complaint, alternatively to add additional defendants. Crawford asserted that he was




       3
          Section 1332 confers on federal district courts jurisdiction over civil actions
between citizens of different states where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28
U.S.C. § 1332. Section 1441 permits the removal of “any civil action brought in a State court
of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. §
1441(a). Where removal is based upon diversity of citizenship, the action is removable only
if none of the defendants are citizens of the state in which the action is brought. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1441(b).
       4
          Crawford further stated that “upon information and belief” he would show that no
complete diversity existed due to the prospective joinder of a non-diverse defendant. This
assertion, however, did not factor into the federal court’s ruling on the motion.

                                              4
prepared to file a complaint against Morris Transportation, Jordan, and Custom Sign Co.5

(hereinafter collectively referred to as “Defendants”). Crawford requested leave to file a

complaint in the Circuit Court of Coahoma County, and to have the circuit court clerk

forward a copy of his complaint, stamped “filed,” to the federal court for inclusion in the

removed action. Alternatively, Crawford requested that he be allowed to file his complaint

in federal court.

¶8.    On November 13, 2003, federal Magistrate Judge S. Allan Alexander granted

Crawford’s Motion for Leave to File Complaint, Alternatively to Add Additional Defendants.

Judge Alexander deemed the complaint “hereby filed,” in the form as attached to the motion,6

and ordered Crawford to file a signed, original complaint in the “clerk’s office” within five

days as a substitute for the unsigned copy. A signed copy of Crawford’s complaint7 was

stamped “received” in the federal court on November 24, 2003. Custom Sign was served

process, while Morris Transportation and Jordan waived service of process. Custom Sign

responded with a separate answer from Morris Transportation and Jordan.




       5
         Custom Sign Co. a/k/a Custom Sign Co. of Batesville, Inc. f/k/a Custom Sign Co.
of Grenada, Inc., was the previously unknown defendant. Custom Sign is a Mississippi
corporation.
       6
     Notably, the caption on the attached, unsigned complaint stated “IN THE CIRCUIT
COURT OF COAHOMA COUNTY MISSISSIPPI.”
       7
         As to Morris Transportation and Jordan, Crawford asserted claims of negligence,
negligence per se, strict liability, and products liability. As to Custom Sign, Crawford
alleged negligence, strict liability, and products liability. Crawford requested general and
punitive damages as to all Defendants.

                                             5
¶9.    On December 10, 2003, approximately one month after being granted leave to file his

complaint, Crawford filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Coahoma County (hereinafter

the “2003 complaint”).8 Crawford filed the 2003 complaint under the same cause number

originally assigned to his petition to perpetuate testimony. This complaint was an exact copy

of the complaint he had filed earlier in federal court.9 Service of process was not issued for

the 2003 complaint.10

¶10.   On August 27, 2004, federal district court Judge W. Allen Pepper, Jr., granted

Crawford’s Motion to Dismiss Without Prejudice, Alternatively, to Remand. The order

granting dismissal stated, in pertinent part, that:

       [W]hen [Crawford] filed his Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 27 Petition
       to Perpetuate Testimony in the Circuit Court of Coahoma County, Mississippi,
       there was as yet no ‘civil action’ to be removed to federal court. . . . Rule 27
       petitions are not currently ‘actions’ as in ‘civil actions.’ Only when
       [Crawford] actually files a civil action (i.e., files a complaint, not a petition to
       perpetuate testimony) will the ‘action’ become removable to a federal court.
       The defendants prematurely removed this action; thus, all events occurring on
       this case’s docket are moot. IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED AND
       ADJUDGED that: (1) [Crawford’s] Motion to Dismiss Without Prejudice [4-
       1] is hereby GRANTED; accordingly, (2) The current action is hereby
       DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE; and (3) This case is CLOSED.



       8
         Crawford claims that the federal court authorized him to file this state court
complaint.
       9
         The first page of Crawford’s 2003 complaint shows that it was stamped “received”
in federal court on November 24, 2003. Along with the 2003 complaint, Crawford filed a
copy of Judge Alexander’s order granting his motion for leave to file complaint.
       10
          In his brief, Crawford submits that prior service of process in the federal court was
sufficient for the 2003 complaint. Alternatively, he argues that he had “good cause” as to
why service of process was not made.

                                                6
¶11.   The post-dismissal actions are discussed separately below.

       The 2003 Complaint

¶12.   As previously noted, Crawford’s 2003 complaint was filed after removal and while

federal court proceedings were pending. On July 14, 2005, nearly eleven months after the

federal court’s dismissal, Crawford filed a first amended complaint in the circuit court, which

related back to his 2003 complaint. Crawford filed the amended complaint pursuant to

Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003), which, if applicable, allowed him

to re-file suit before August 27, 2005.11

¶13.   The Defendants sought dismissal of both the 2003 complaint and the amended

complaint.12     The    Defendants    argued       that   the   federal   court   dismissed—not

remanded—Crawford’s case, and therefore, the circuit court could not proceed any further




       11
          As a negligence-based claim, Crawford’s suit was subject to the general three-year
statute of limitations of Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-49 (Rev. 2003), that had
expired on July 14, 2004. However, where a “duly commenced” action is abated, or
otherwise defeated, by the death of a party or “for any matter of form,” Section 15-1-69
authorizes a plaintiff to file suit “within one year after the abatement or other determination
of the original suit, or after reversal of the judgment therein.” Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69
(Rev. 2003). Assuming that Crawford’s suit was dismissed as a “matter of form,” Section
15-1-69 allowed Crawford one year from August 27, 2004, to initiate a new suit.
       12
          On August 18, 2005, Morris Transportation and Jordan filed a motion to strike first
amended complaint, alternatively to dismiss and close proceeding. On August 19, 2005,
Custom Sign filed a motion to dismiss complaint and first amended complaint for lack of
jurisdiction, alternatively motion to strike complaint and first amended complaint,
alternatively motion to quash process, alternatively motion to dismiss complaint for failure
to timely serve process, alternatively motion to dismiss first amended complaint for
expiration of the statute of limitations.

                                               7
on the suit.13 Thus, Crawford’s 2003 complaint, the amended complaint, and his efforts to

now effect service were moot.14 Alternatively, the Defendants submitted that dismissal was

appropriate because Crawford failed to issue timely service on the 2003 complaint.15 Finally,

the Defendants contended that the amended complaint was filed outside the three-year statute

of limitations, which had expired on July 14, 2004.

¶14.   Following a hearing on November 14, 2005, the circuit court entered an order of

dismissal and final judgment dismissing Crawford’s 2003 complaint and amended complaint

with prejudice. In a separate order, the circuit court also struck Crawford’s Motion to

Consolidate 16 and Motion for Enlargement of Time to Serve Complaint.

       The 2005 Complaint


       13
            Title 28, United States Code, Section 1446(d) states that:

       Promptly after the filing of such notice of removal of a civil action the
       defendant or defendants shall give written notice thereof to all adverse parties
       and shall file a copy of the notice with the clerk of such State court, which
       shall effect removal and the State court shall proceed no further unless and
       until the case is remanded.

28 U.S.C. § 1446(d) (emphasis added).
       14
         After filing the amended complaint, Crawford sought simultaneously to serve his
2003 state court complaint along with the amended complaint.
       15
          Rule 4(h) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure require that a summons and
complaint be served within 120 days after the filing of the complaint. Miss. R. Civ. P. 4(h).
The 2003 state-court complaint was filed on December 10, 2003, but summons was not
issued on Morris Transportation and Jordan until July 25, 2005, and on Custom Sign until
July 18, 2005.
       16
          Crawford filed a motion to consolidate his 2003 complaint and/or amended
complaint with his 2005 complaint, discussed infra.

                                               8
¶15.   On July 14, 2005, Crawford filed an additional complaint in the circuit court which

was styled and numbered as a separate cause of action (hereinafter the “2005 complaint”).

Crawford filed this separate complaint “out of an abundance of caution” in case a new

complaint became necessary to invoke the protections of the one-year savings statute of

Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003).

¶16.   The Defendants sought dismissal or, alternatively, summary judgment on grounds that

the three-year statute of limitations had expired.17 More specifically, Morris Transportation

and Jordan argued that Section 15-1-69 applies only to an “action” which is avoided or

defeated for “any matter of form.” Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003). Because the

federal court had dismissed only a discovery device and not an “action,” the provisions of

Section 15-1-69 should not apply.

¶17.   Following a hearing on November 14, 2005, the circuit court entered an order of

dismissal and final judgment dismissing Crawford’s 2005 complaint with prejudice.

¶18.   Crawford now appeals the circuit court’s dismissals of the 2003 and 2005 complaints,

as well as all orders in favor of the Defendants.18

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW




       17
         Morris Transportation and Jordan filed their motion to dismiss Crawford’s 2005
complaint on August 18, 2005. Custom Sign filed a motion to dismiss, alternatively, a
motion for summary judgment on August 19, 2005.
       18
          While not raised as a specific assignment of error, the briefs of both parties address
the issue of judicial estoppel. Because we find that the circuit court erred in dismissing the
2005 complaint, we do not address judicial estoppel.

                                               9
¶19.   Jurisdictional and statute-of-limitation issues are subject to a de novo review. Rayner

v. Raytheon Co., 858 So. 2d 132, 133 (Miss. 2003) (citing Sorrells v. R & R Custom Coach

Works, Inc., 636 So. 2d 668, 670 (Miss. 1994)); Stephens v. Equitable Life Assurance

Soc’y of the United States, 850 So. 2d 78, 82 (Miss. 2003) (quoting ABC Mfg. Corp. v.

Doyle, 749 So. 2d 43, 45 (Miss. 1999)).

                                       DISCUSSION

I.     Whether the circuit court erred in dismissing Crawford’s 2003 complaint.

¶20.   Crawford asserts that he filed the 2003 complaint with the permission of the federal

court. He maintains that he moved the federal court to allow him to file a complaint in state

court and that the federal court granted him such leave. He was, however, not granted leave

to serve process, and therefore, had no choice but to proceed as if the federal court would be

the forum in which the case would be tried.

¶21.   While we find nothing in the record to support that Crawford had permission to file

the 2003 complaint,19 the complaint is null regardless. Title 28 of the United States Code,



       19
          In granting Crawford’s motion for leave, the federal court stated that the complaint,
as attached to the motion, “is hereby deemed filed; counsel for plaintiff shall, within five
days submit to the clerk’s office for filing a signed original of this document for substitution
for the unsigned copy.” No reference was made authorizing any state-court filing. An
unsigned copy of Crawford’s complaint was stamped “filed” by the federal court’s clerk on
November 13, 2003, with an attached note which read “Plaintiff’s attorney to submit signed
amended complaint within 5 days.” A signed complaint was stamped “received” by the
federal court on November 24, 2003. This complaint was signed by Crawford’s counsel on
November 20, 2003—the fifth day, excluding Saturday and Sunday, from the federal court’s
November 13, 2003, order. Crawford’s 2003 state-court complaint, on the other hand, was
not filed until December 10, 2003.

                                              10
Section 1446(d), provides that after filing a notice of removal, “the defendant or defendants

shall give written notice thereof to all adverse parties and shall file a copy of the notice with

the clerk of such State court, which shall effect the removal and the State court shall proceed

no further unless and until the case is remanded.” 28 U.S.C. §1446(d) (emphasis added).

Any action taken in state court following a written notice of removal, but before remand, is

of no force or effect. Rayner, 858 So. 2d at 133-34 (quoting Miss. Power Co. v. Luter, 336

So. 2d 753, 755 (Miss. 1976)). Accordingly, the 2003 complaint was a nullity because the

matter was never remanded.

¶22.   Because we find that the 2003 complaint was properly dismissed, we do not address

the issues regarding service of process.

II.    Whether the circuit court erred in dismissing Crawford’s 2005 complaint.

       A.     Priority jurisdiction.

¶23.   Crawford first argues that the federal court exercised priority jurisdiction over the

matter until it was dismissed on August 27, 2004. He submits that the 2003 complaint

created a second cause of action which abated the federal court complaint he had filed one

month earlier. Under Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003), the 2005

complaint was properly brought within one year of the federal or “priority court’s” dismissal.

¶24.   The Defendants counter that priority jurisdiction is inapplicable, because Crawford’s

federal complaint and his 2003 complaint were not separate causes of action. Crawford filed

the 2003 complaint under the same cause number that had been assigned to his initial petition

to perpetuate testimony.

                                               11
¶25.   “The principal of priority jurisdiction is that where two suits between the same parties

over the same controversy are brought in courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the court which

first acquires jurisdiction retains jurisdiction over the whole controversy to the exclusion or

abatement of the second suit.” Huffman v. Griffin, 337 So. 2d 715, 719 (Miss. 1976) (citing

Lee v. Lee, 232 So. 2d 370, 373 (Miss. 1970)). For priority jurisdiction to apply, the second

action “should be between the same parties, seeking on the one hand, and opposing on the

other, the same remedy, and should relate to the same questions.” Scruggs, Millette,

Bozeman & Dent, P.A. v. Merkel & Cocke, P.A., 804 So. 2d 1000, 1006 (Miss. 2001)

(quoting In re Petition of Beggiani, 519 So. 2d 1208, 1210 (Miss. 1988)). A s a general

rule, the principle of priority jurisdiction does not apply where like suits are pending in both

state and federal courts. Streckfus Steamers, Inc. v. Kiersky, 174 Miss. 125, 140-41, 163

So. 830, 835 (1935). Because federal and state courts are separate jurisdictional sovereigns,

“the pendency of an action in a federal court is not ground for abatement of a like suit in a

state court.” Id. at 141; 1 Am Jur. 2d Abatement, Survival, and Revival §19 (2005).

¶26.   We find the principle of priority jurisdiction inapplicable to this case. Aside from the

fact that this principle generally does not apply to such circumstances, Crawford’s federal

court complaint and his 2003 complaint were not separate causes of action. Crawford’s

Petition to Perpetuate Testimony was assigned cause number 14-CI-03-0017 in the circuit

court. After cause number 14-CI-03-0017 had been removed to federal court, Crawford filed

the 2003 complaint in circuit court under this same cause number. Thus, no “second,

independent action” was brought while the federal court complaint was pending. Lee v. Lee,

                                              12
232 So. 2d 370, 373 (Miss. 1970) (quoting 1 Am. Jur. 2d Abatement, Survival, and Revival

§ 5 (1962)).

       B.      Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003).

¶27.   Crawford argues that Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003)

allowed him to re-file suit within one year after the federal court’s dismissal.20 The “savings

statute” of Section 15-1-69 states, in pertinent part, that:

       If in any action, duly commenced within the time allowed, the writ shall be
       abated, or the action otherwise avoided or defeated, by the death of any party
       thereto, or for any matter of form, . . . the plaintiff may commence a new
       action for the same cause, at any time within one year after the abatement or
       other determination of the original suit, . . . .

Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003) (emphasis added).

¶28.   Crawford maintains that his suit meets all the requirements for application of the

savings statute: (1) his federal court complaint was “duly commenced” within the three-year

statute of limitations; (2) he exercised good faith in filing his complaint in federal court; (3)

the suit was dismissed as a matter of form without an adjudication on the merits; and (4) he

filed the 2005 complaint within one year after dismissal of the federal suit.

¶29.   Even though the federal court ultimately dismissed the matter, Crawford’s federal

court complaint was nevertheless “duly commenced” as defined under Section 15-1-69.

Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003); see Hawkins v. Scottish Union & Nat’l Ins. Co.,


       20
         Crawford asserts that Mississippi Code Annotate Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003)
extended the statute of limitations until September 27, 2005. However, the federal court
dismissed the case on August 27, 2004, and no post-trial motions or appeal were taken.
Accordingly, Section 15-1-69 would extend the time for filing only to August 27, 2005.

                                               13
110 Miss. 23, 29, 69 So. 710, 712 (1915) (“duly commenced” does not require that the action

be commenced in a court having subject matter jurisdiction). Crawford also exercised good

faith in filing the federal-court complaint. He involuntarily found himself in federal court

and sought some way to get a complaint on the record. Additionally, Crawford filed the

2005 complaint on July 14, 2005, within one year of the federal court’s dismissal of the

“original suit.” The dispositive issue then becomes whether the matter was dismissed as a

“matter of form.” Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003).

¶30.   This Court and the Mississippi Court of Appeals have held that voluntary dismissals

are not dismissals as a “matter of form,” and therefore, are not afforded the protections of the

savings statute. See W. T. Raleigh Co. v. Barnes, 143 Miss. 597, 601, 109 So. 8, 9 (1926)

(counsel agreed to voluntary nonsuit); Marshall v. Kan. City S. Rys. Co., 2007 Miss. App.

LEXIS 752, 9-13 (Miss. Ct. App. November 6, 2007) (savings statute did not apply to a

voluntary dismissal without prejudice under Rule 41(a)(2) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil

Procedure). On the other hand, dismissals for lack of subject matter jurisdiction are

considered dismissals as a “matter of form.” Frederick Smith Enter. Co. v. Lucas, 36 So.

2d 812, 814 (Miss. 1948) (citing Hawkins, 110 Miss. 23).

¶31.   In its order of dismissal, the federal court stated that “the motion to voluntarily dismiss

without prejudice should be granted.” The federal court found that the petition to perpetuate

testimony was not removable because no “civil action” 21 existed due to the absence of a


       21
       28 U.S.C. § 1441 authorizes the removal of “civil actions.” A “civil action” is
commenced with the filing of a complaint under both the Mississippi and Federal Rules of

                                               14
complaint in state court. Finding removal premature, the federal court declared “all events

occurring on this cases’s (sic) docket are moot.” Thus, the action was dismissed without

prejudice and ordered closed.

¶32.   Crawford submits that his motion to dismiss cannot be construed as an attempt to

voluntarily dismiss his federal court complaint. The only pleading before the federal court

at the time Crawford filed his motion to dismiss was the petition to perpetuate testimony.22

Therefore, Crawford asserts that the motion to dismiss applied only to his petition to

perpetuate testimony, and not to the subsequent federal court complaint. Furthermore,

Crawford characterizes the federal court’s dismissal as being based upon a lack of

jurisdiction. Specifically, he contends that the federal court determined that it lacked

jurisdiction because removal had been premature and because the added presence of Custom

Sign, as a non-diverse defendant, destroyed complete diversity.23

¶33.   Defendants counter that the matter was dismissed pursuant to Crawford’s voluntary

motion to dismiss, which does not constitute a dismissal as a “matter of form.” The order

granting dismissal expressly granted Crawford’s “motion to voluntarily dismiss,” in which

Crawford had requested dismissal of the entire “action.” “Action” encompasses all formal

proceedings, including the complaint. According to Defendants, Crawford’s remedy was to


Civil Procedure. 28 U.S.C. § 1441; Fed. R. Civ. P. 3; Miss. R. Civ. P. 3.
       22
        Crawford filed his motion to dismiss without prejudice, alternatively to remand, on
September 5, 2003. He did not file the federal court complaint until November 13, 2003.
       23
         The lack of complete diversity is not referenced in the federal court’s order granting
dismissal.

                                              15
have either (1) withdrawn the motion to dismiss and sought remand after he had filed the

federal court complaint, or (2) requested modification that the order granting dismissal not

extend to his federal court complaint. Having failed to pursue either remedy, Crawford is

now barred from contesting the issue.

¶34.   Defendants further point out that if dismissal had hinged upon a lack of subject matter

jurisdiction, the federal court would have been required to remand. Section 1447 states that

“[i]f . . . it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be

remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447 (emphasis added). The federal court instead chose to dismiss

rather than remand the action.

¶35.   As previously noted, the general rule is that a party who files a voluntary motion for

dismissal may not subsequently invoke the protections of the savings statute. Barnes, 143

Miss. at 601; Marshall, 2007 Miss. App. LEXIS at 9-13; Gray v. Mariner Health Cent.,

Inc., 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 65725 at 4-5 (N. Dist. Miss. Sept. 12, 2006); see also Smith v.

Copiah County, 100 So. 2d 614, 615-16 (Miss. 1958). But we look to the content or

substance of a pleading over its form. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. v. Booth, 830 So. 2d 1205,

1214 (Miss. 2002) (quoting Arnona v. Smith, 749 So. 2d 63, 66 (Miss. 1999)).

¶36.   Crawford’s motion to dismiss explained that no complaint had been filed in the matter.

Accordingly, he moved “to dismiss this action without prejudice in order that [he could] file

his action in a proper Mississippi Court,” and alternatively requested that the action be

remanded.



                                                16
¶37.    At no point did Crawford evince an intent to abandon his claim. It appears that

Crawford even tried to frame his motion as being involuntary and based upon one of the

defenses enumerated under Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ.

P. 12(b). He moved for dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b) and Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure. Fed. R. Civ.P. 12(b), 41(b). However, Rule 12(b) was inapplicable

because Crawford was not asserting a defense to a claim for relief, but attempting to defeat

premature removal. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b). Additionally, he failed to specify which of

the seven available 12(b) defenses he was asserting.24 Rule 41(b) also was inapplicable to

Crawford because that rule is available only to defendants where the plaintiff failed to

prosecute or comply with the rules or court order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). While his

invocation of Rule 12(b) and 41(b) was of no effect, it sheds some light upon Crawford’s

intent.25




        24
          Presumably, Crawford was invoking a Rule 12(b)(1) defense for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b).
        25
          Crawford’s motion to dismiss is best characterized as being brought pursuant to
Rule 41(a)(2). Rule 41(a)(2) provides: “. . . an action shall not be dismissed at the plaintiff’s
instance save upon order of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems
proper. . . . Unless otherwise specified in the order, a dismissal under this paragraph is
without prejudice.”
       The decision of whether to grant a Rule 41(a)(2) motion to dismiss requires weighing
any potential prejudice to the defendant. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Costa Lines
Cargo Servs., 903 F.2d 352, 360 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing 9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal
Practice and Procedure § 2364 (1971 & Supp. 1990)). Yet there is no indication of any such
consideration in the federal court’s dismissal.

                                               17
¶38.   Crawford’s intent to continue to pursuit his claim also is apparent in his motion for

leave to file his complaint. In that motion, Crawford requested that he be allowed leave to

file his complaint in the state court and to have the state court forward a copy of the

complaint to the federal court for inclusion in the removed action. Thus, he sought to remedy

the procedural conundrum and protect his claim.

¶39.   Aside from a lack of intent to abandon his claim, Crawford based his motion to

dismiss on the absence of a complaint. He sought dismissal, and alternatively remand, on

the basis that a petition to perpetuate testimony—alone, without any complaint on

record—did not constitute a civil action, and therefore, was not removable.26

¶40.   A complaint goes to the heart of whether a civil action exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 3

(“[a] civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court”); e.g., Nat’l Union Fire

Ins. Co. v. Willis, 296 F.3d 336, 341-42 (5th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted) (a complaint




       26
           We note that whether a petition to perpetuate testimony constitutes a removable
action is not clear. See Davidson v. Southern Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co., 2006 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 40654, 5-6 (S.D. Tex. June 19, 2006) (citing Texas v. Real Parties in Interest, 259
F.3d 387, 395 n.14 (5th Cir. 2001)) (the Fifth Circuit has not addressed whether a petition
for discovery under Texas law constitutes a “civil action” for removal purposes); In re The
State of Texas, 110 F. Supp. 2d 514, 522-23 (E.D. Tex. 2000), reversed on other grounds
(a petition to take a pre-suit deposition deemed a civil action); Malave v. Costco Wholesale
Corp., 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16879 3-5 (S.D. N.Y. September 5, 2002) (pre-complaint
discovery is removable); but see Shotlander v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
37758 (S.D. Miss. May 21, 2007) (complaint for discovery is not a removable action);
Mayfield-George v. Tex. Rehab. Comm’n, 197 F.R.D. 280, 282-83 (N.D. Tex. Nov. 6,
2000); In re Hinote, 179 F.R.D. 335, 336 (S.D. Ala. 1998) (pre-trial discovery petition not
removable).

                                             18
commences a civil proceeding).          Its absence relates directly to a court’s exercise of

jurisdiction.

¶41.   Because the absence of a complaint is a jurisdictional issue, we construe Crawford’s

motion to dismiss as being based upon the federal court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

See Weichman v. Northeast Inns of Meridian, Inc., 125 F.R.D. 139, 141 (S.D. Miss. 1989)

(“[A]lthough plaintiff in her motion purports to seek dismissal pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2), that

is, a voluntary dismissal, the basis for that motion is a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. .

. .”). We further find that the federal court based its dismissal on lack of jurisdiction. The

federal court’s order stated that no “civil action” yet existed. The federal court implied that

the absence of a pre-removal complaint had deprived it of jurisdiction. Cf. Stewart v. U.S.

Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 762 F.2d 193, 198-99 (2d Cir. 1985) (Preliminary

injunctive relief can be obtained only after an action has commenced. The district court

“lacked jurisdiction” over the plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunctive relief because the

plaintiff had not filed a complaint.); In re Warrant Authorizing Interception of Oral

Commc’ns, etc., 673 F.2d 5, 6-7 (1st Cir. 1982) (A court has authority to issue injunctions

based on its inherent authority to provide appropriate remedies in actions over which it has

jurisdiction. Because no complaint had been filed, “the court did not have jurisdiction over

any ordinary civil action.”).

¶42.   The Defendants, nevertheless, submit that if the federal court had dismissed the matter

for lack of jurisdiction, remand would have been required under Section 1447(c), which

states that “[i]f . . . it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case

                                                 19
shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) (emphasis added). This point is well taken. In

fact, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted that the literal words of 1447(c) provide no discretion

to dismiss rather than remand. Int’l Primate Prot. League v. Adm’rs of Tulane Educ. Fund,

500 U.S. 72, 89, 111 S. Ct. 1700, 1710, 114 L. Ed. 2d 134 (1991) (quoting Maine Ass’n of

Interdependent Neighborhoods v. Comm’r, Maine Dept. of Human Servs, 876 F.2d 1051,

1054 (1st Cir. 1989)). But whether the federal court dismissed or remanded is not dispositive

for our purposes. We are concerned only with the basis of Crawford’s motion to dismiss, and

the federal court’s apparent basis for granting such motion—both of which implicate a lack

of jurisdiction.27

¶43.   This Court has framed the “true meaning” of the savings statute as follows: “Where

the plaintiff has been defeated by some matter not affecting the merits, some defect or

informality, which he can remedy or avoid by a new process, the statute shall not prevent him

from doing so, provided he follows it promptly, by suit within a year.” Hawkins, 110 Miss.

at 30 (quoting Coffin v. Cottle, 33 Mass. (16 Pick.) 383, 386, 1835 Mass. LEXIS 19 (1835)).


       27
          Even if Crawford had sought remand, it is not clear that this course of action would
have cured the statute of limitations problems in this case. In its order granting dismissal,
the federal court declared that “all events occurring on this case’s docket are moot,” which
included Crawford’s federal court complaint. When a remand to a state court is based on
lack of jurisdiction, it is for the state court to determine what effect, if any, will be given to
the federal court pleadings. Ayres v. Wiswall, 112 U.S. 187, 28 L. Ed. 693, 5 S. Ct. 90
(1884). We find no authority under Mississippi law as to what effect Crawford’s federal
court complaint would have been given in the state court following remand. The modern
trend is to give effect to pleadings filed in federal court upon remand. Laguna Vill. v.
Laborers' Int'l Union of N. Am., 35 Cal. 3d 174, 180, 672 P.2d 882, 885 (1983) (citing e.g.,
Shelton v. Bowman Transp., Inc., 230 S.E.2d 762, 764 (Ga. Ct. App. 1976); Armentor v.
General Motors Corp., 399 So. 2d 811, 812 (La. Ct. App. 1981)).

                                               20
The statute is highly remedial and should be liberally construed to accomplish its purpose.

Id. at 29 (quoting Tompkins v. Pacific Ins. Co., 53 W. Va. 479, 484, 44 S.E. 439, 441 (Miss.

1903)). Good faith in the institution of the dismissed action is one consideration for invoking

the statute. Hawkins, 110 Miss. 29.

¶44.   While the savings statute did not apply to a voluntary dismissal in Barnes, we noted

that nothing in the record showed that dismissal had been a “mere abatement” of the action

or that the dismissal was for any matter of form. Barnes, 143 Miss. at 600. This Court only

had before it that “in an agreement of counsel, the dismissal [was] referred to as a nonsuit.”

Id. Unlike Barnes, the record in this case supports that dismissal was based upon a “matter

of form” not affecting the merits—namely, a lack of jurisdiction due to the absence of a

complaint. Crawford inadvertently found himself in a procedural quagmire and made a

good-faith effort to preserve his claim.

¶45.   We find that application of the savings statue to Crawford’s 2005 complaint is

appropriate and consistent with the purposes of the statute. Crawford filed his 2005

complaint on July 14, 2005, within one year of the federal court’s dismissal. As a result, we

find that the circuit court erred in dismissing the 2005 complaint. Because the application

of the savings statute is dispositive, we do not address Crawford’s remaining arguments.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶46.   Because Crawford’s 2003 complaint was of no effect, we affirm the circuit court’s

dismissal of that complaint. However, we find that the one-year savings provision of

Mississippi Code Annotated Section 15-1-69 (Rev. 2003) applies to Crawford’s 2005

                                              21
complaint, so that the complaint was timely filed. Therefore, we reverse the circuit court’s

dismissal of the 2005 complaint and remand this case for further proceedings.

¶47. AS TO CASE NO. 2006-CA-00185-SCT: AFFIRMED. AS TO CASE NO. 2007-
CA-00322-SCT: REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      DIAZ, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, DICKINSON, RANDOLPH AND LAMAR,
JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY. SMITH, C.J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.




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