[Cite as State v. Shoulders, 2014-Ohio-435.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               HANCOCK COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 5-13-12

        v.

EMANUEL L. SHOULDERS,                                      OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.


STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 5-13-20

        v.

EMANUEL L. SHOULDERS,                                      OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.


                Appeals from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. 2013 CR 11

                                      Judgments Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: February 10, 2014


APPEARANCES:

        Scott B. Johnson for Appellant

        Elizabeth H. Smith for Appellee
Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


PRESTON, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Emanuel L. Shoulders (“Shoulders”), appeals the

Hancock County Court of Common Pleas’ judgment entry of conviction and

sentence and judgment entry denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       {¶2} On January 8, 2013, the Hancock County Grand Jury indicted

Shoulders on one count of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1),

a first-degree felony. (Doc. No. 1).

       {¶3} The trial court held an arraignment hearing on January 16, 2013. (Jan.

16, 2013 Tr. at 3); (Doc. No. 9). Miller appeared with counsel from the Hancock

County Public Defender’s Office and entered a plea of not guilty. (Id.); (Id.).

       {¶4} On January 17, 2013, the trial court overruled various motions filed by

Shoulders, pro se, requesting that his case be sent back to the Findlay Municipal

Court and that the trial court “stop this sham legal process.” (Doc. No. 13). In its

entry, the trial court ordered that any future filings be made through Shoulders’

counsel. (Id.).

       {¶5} At a pretrial conference on January 31, 2013, the trial court relieved

counsel from the Hancock County Public Defender’s Office from representation of

Shoulders. (Jan. 31, 2013 Tr. at 7); (Doc. No. 24). On February 4, 2013, the trial

court appointed Shoulders new counsel, notwithstanding Shoulders’ statement at


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the January 31, 2013 pretrial conference that he would like to represent himself.

(Doc. No. 20); (Jan. 31, 2013 Tr. at 9).

         {¶6} At a pretrial conference on February 14, 2013, the trial court

scheduled a jury trial for March 26, 2013. (Feb. 14, 2013 Tr. at 7); (Doc. No. 29).

         {¶7} On March 20, 2013, Shoulders and plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio,

entered into a plea agreement under which Shoulders agreed to plead guilty, to

proceed straight to sentencing, and to jointly recommend with the State a sentence

of five years in prison. (Doc. No. 42); (Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 4-8). The trial court

held a change-of-plea hearing on March 20, 2013. (Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 3). At

the hearing, Shoulders signed the plea agreement and requested that he be allowed

to withdraw his guilty plea and plead guilty. (Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 41-42); (Doc.

No. 45). The trial court found Shoulders guilty and proceeded to sentence him to

the jointly recommended sentence of five years imprisonment. (Id. at 42, 45);

(Id.).

         {¶8} Two days after the change-of-plea hearing, the trial court filed its

judgment entry of conviction and sentence. (Doc. No. 45).

         {¶9} On March 28, 2013, Shoulders, acting pro se even though he was

represented by counsel, filed two motions. One was a “motion to withdraw guilty

plea,” in which Shoulders argued that he should be allowed to withdraw his guilty

plea because he was under the influence of medications that affected his judgment


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at the March 20, 2013 change-of-plea hearing. (Doc. No. 49). His second motion

was a “motion to hold or stay excution [sic] of sentence pending investigation of

the withdrawl [sic] of guilty plea by the defendant.” (Doc. No. 50). Underneath

his signature on both of his motions filed on March 28, 2013, Shoulders wrote “3-

20-13.” (Doc. Nos. 49, 50). Also on March 28, 2013, Shoulders filed a letter

from him to the trial court judge dated “3-26-13.” (Doc. No. 51).

         {¶10} On April 4, 2013, Shoulders, this time through counsel, filed a

second “motion to withdraw guilty plea,” arguing that he “was so medicated that

his plea was not knowingly, and intelligently offered.”1 (Doc. No. 53).

         {¶11} On April 19, 2013, Shoulders filed a notice of appeal of the trial

court’s March 22, 2013 judgment entry of conviction and sentence. (Doc. No. 60).

That appeal was assigned appellate case number 5-13-12; however, we stayed that

appeal and granted Shoulders’ motion to remand the matter to the trial court for

the trial court’s ruling on Shoulders’ pending motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

(See Doc. No. 95). Also on April 19, 2013, Shoulders requested that the trial court

appoint him appellate counsel. (Doc. No. 63).

         {¶12} On April 25, 2013, the trial court appointed Shoulders new counsel

for purposes of appeal and his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. (Doc. No. 87).



1
 Although Shoulders filed two motions to withdraw his guilty plea—one pro se and one through counsel—
we will refer to them collectively as a single motion to withdraw his guilty plea, as the parties do in their
briefs, unless otherwise noted.

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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       {¶13} On June 7, 2013, the State filed its memorandum in opposition to

Shoulders’ motion to withdraw his guilty plea. (Doc. No. 92).

       {¶14} On June 13, 2013, the trial court held a hearing on Shoulders’ motion

to withdraw his guilty plea. (June 13, 2013 Tr. at 4); (Doc. No. 95).

       {¶15} On August 9, 2013, the trial court issued its judgment entry denying

Shoulders’ motion to withdraw his guilty plea. (Doc. No. 95).

       {¶16} On August 23, 2013, Shoulders filed his notice of appeal of the trial

court’s August 9, 2013 judgment entry. (Doc. No. 96). That appeal was assigned

appellate case number 5-13-20, and we consolidated it with appellate case number

5-13-12.

       {¶17} On August 29, 2013, Shoulders’ counsel—whom the trial court

appointed on April 25, 2013—moved to withdraw as counsel. (Doc. No. 103).

The trial court granted that motion on September 6, 2013 and appointed Shoulders

new appellate counsel on September 13, 2013. (Doc. Nos. 104, 105).

       {¶18} Shoulders raises two assignments of error for our review.         To

facilitate our analysis, we review both assignments of error together.

                            Assignment of Error No. I

       The trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to withdraw
       his guilty plea in that his plea was not voluntary or knowingly
       [sic] because he was on medication and was not in his right
       mind.



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                              Assignment of Error No. II

          The counsel for the defendant provided ineffective assistance of
          counsel.

          {¶19} In his first assignment of error, Shoulders argues that the trial court

erred when it denied his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Specifically, he

argues that the trial court should have treated his motion as a presentence motion

rather than a postsentence motion because his pro se motion was dated March 20,

2013, and the trial court did not file its judgment entry of conviction and sentence

until March 22, 2013. Shoulders also argues that, even treating his motion as

postsentence, it was a manifest injustice for the trial court to not allow him to

withdraw his guilty plea because he “was medicated and not in his right mind” at

the change-of-plea hearing, he was misled and pressured by his attorney and

received ineffective assistance of counsel, he drafted his pro se motion to

withdraw his guilty plea the same day as the change-of-plea hearing, and he

asserted at the hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea that he was not

guilty.

          {¶20} In his second assignment of error, Shoulders argues that he was

denied effective assistance of counsel relating to his change of plea. Specifically,

he argues that his counsel misled him into believing that he had no defenses and

pressured him into changing his plea, even though Shoulders was under the

influence of medication. Shoulders also argues in his second assignment of error

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that his counsel was ineffective at the hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty

plea. Specifically, he argues that his counsel was unprepared, failed to offer

expert testimony concerning the physiological and psychological effects of the

medication Shoulders was taking at the time of the change-of-plea hearing, and

failed to elicit testimony from Shoulders concerning his alleged innocence.

      {¶21} Crim.R. 32.1 provides: “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no

contest may be made only before sentence is imposed; but to correct manifest

injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and

permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.” Although a defendant does not

maintain an absolute right to withdraw his or her plea prior to sentencing, the

general rule is that a trial court should freely grant a presentence motion to

withdraw a guilty plea. State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 526 (1992). However, a

defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty plea after sentence has the burden of

demonstrating a “manifest injustice.” State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261 (1977),

paragraph one of the syllabus. Accordingly, before reviewing the trial court’s

decision, we must determine whether Shoulders’ motion was a presentence motion

or a postsentence motion.

      {¶22} The trial court sentenced Shoulders at the March 20, 2013 hearing,

and it filed its judgment entry of conviction and sentence, dated March 20, 2013,

on March 22, 2013. (Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 45); (Doc. No. 45). Shoulders filed his


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pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea, dated March 20, 2013, on March 28,

2013. (Doc. No. 49). Shoulders argues that the judgment entry of conviction and

sentence was not effective until it was filed on March 22, 2013, which was after

March 20, 2013—the date Shoulders wrote on his motion to withdraw his guilty

plea. However, even assuming the trial court’s judgment entry of conviction and

sentence was not effective until March 22, 2013, Shoulders’ motion was filed six

days after it and, therefore, was a postsentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

See Crim.R. 12(B) (“The filing of documents with the court, as required by these

rules, shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court * * *.”).

       {¶23} As we stated above, a defendant seeking to withdraw a guilty plea

after sentence has been imposed must demonstrate a “manifest injustice.” Smith,

49 Ohio St.2d 261, paragraph one of the syllabus. This Court has previously

defined a “manifest injustice” as a “clear or openly unjust act.” State v. Walling,

3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-04-12, 2005-Ohio-428, ¶ 6.           Notably, a postsentence

withdrawal of a guilty plea is available only in “extraordinary cases.” Smith, 49

Ohio St.2d at 264. As Shoulders acknowledges, the manifest-injustice standard is

“a relatively high hurdle to clear.” (Appellant’s Brief at 16).

       {¶24} A trial court maintains discretion in determining whether a defendant

established a “manifest injustice.” Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261, paragraph two of the

syllabus. As such, this Court will not reverse a trial court’s decision absent an


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abuse of discretion. State v. Nathan, 99 Ohio App.3d 722, 725 (3d Dist.1995). An

abuse of discretion is more than a mere error in judgment; it suggests that a

decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio

St.2d 151, 157-158 (1980).

       {¶25} We first address Shoulders’ argument that he did not make his plea

knowingly, voluntarily, or intelligently because he was under the influence of

medications at the time he entered his plea.       “Before accepting a guilty plea,

Crim.R. 11 requires the trial court to personally address a defendant to determine

if the plea is voluntary, and that the defendant understands both the plea itself as

well as the rights waived by pleading guilty.” State v. Spencer, 3d Dist. Hardin

Nos. 6-12-15 and 6-12-16, 2013-Ohio-137, ¶ 13, citing Crim.R. 11(C)(2).

       {¶26} In this case, the trial court conducted a thorough colloquy with

Shoulders at the change-of-plea hearing, which demonstrated that Shoulders was

lucid at the time he entered his guilty plea and that he entered it knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily, notwithstanding his being on medications:

       [Trial Court]:   Okay.    You ever been treated for any mental

                        illness? To your knowledge do you now suffer

                        from any mental or emotional disability that would

                        effect   [sic]   your    understanding    of   these

                        proceedings right here, right now in the courtroom?


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


      [Shoulders]:     Yes, I do suffer from mental illness and disabilities.

                       Yes, I do suffer from some situations. At this time,

                       Your Honor, I am under some medications that are

                       suppose [sic] to help me. Due to the nature of this

                       crime, and to the seriousness of the situation here,

                       Your Honor, I am moving forward with this matter.

      [Trial Court]:   You’re what?

      [Shoulders]:     I am moving forward with this matter, Your Honor.

      [Trial Counsel]: What do you mean by moving forward?

      [Shoulders]:     I’m ready to proceed.

      [Trial Counsel]: Ready to proceed with the plea, okay.

      [Trial Court]:   So the medications, the emotional, whatever, are

                       not effecting [sic] your ability to understand what

                       we’re doing today and to make decisions about

                       what we’re doing today, is that correct?

      [Shoulders]:     No, Your Honor.         It’s not effecting [sic] my

                       decision making. Though I must concur that I am a

                       little at ease about some things because I haven’t

                       really had a chance to talk with my family. That

                       was a concern I did tell my lawyer. So I’m a little


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


                       nervous about this situation I’m doing right now.

                       But I’m being told that this is to my best interest to

                       enter this plea today.

                       I wish, however, that I could have a little time to

                       talk to my family, but I’m told if I don’t that my

                       plea agreement may be tooken [sic] away. And I

                       don’t want to waste the Court time, nor mines [sic],

                       so I’m proceeding, Your Honor.

      [Trial Court]:   Okay. You understand we have a trial date of next

                       Tuesday if you want to take advantage of that?

                       We’ve got a jury summoned, they’re coming in.

      [Shoulders]:     I don’t want to go to a jury trial, Your Honor. I

                       understand that. I want to do what I have to do to

                       get this plea that has been offered to me today.

      [Trial Court]:   Okay. And I want to do what I have to do, which is

                       make the record here.

      [Shoulders]:     Yes, sir.

      [Trial Court]:   Which is what I’m trying to do, okay.

      [Shoulders]:     Yes, sir.




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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


      [Trial Court]:   Now the emotional difficulties, the mental health

                       issues are not of such a nature that they’re effecting

                       [sic] your understanding of what we’re doing, is

                       that correct?

      [Shoulders]:     That’s right.

      [Trial Court]:   Okay. Now, have you had sufficient time to think

                       about and discuss with your attorney * * * the

                       agreement previously referred to and the plea that

                       you’re about to enter?

      [Shoulders]:     Yes, sir.

      [Trial Court]:   Are you currently under the influence of any

                       intoxicants, any drugs or medication that would

                       effect [sic] your understanding?

      [Shoulders]:     I am under the influence of medication. Other than

                       my psych meds, that’s it.      But no drugs, Your

                       Honor.

      [Trial Court]:   Is the medication that you’re taking effecting [sic]

                       your ability to make decisions?

      [Shoulders]:     No, Your Honor.




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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       [Trial Court]:    Okay. Do you understand that a plea of guilty is a

                         complete admission of your guilt? In other words,

                         you’re telling me, Judge, I did exactly what I’m

                         charged with here in this one count indictment. Do

                         you understand?

       [Shoulders]:      Yes, Your Honor.

       ***

       [Trial Court]:    It’s my understanding you’re pleading guilty to the

                         charge, is that correct, Mr. Shoulders?

       [Shoulders]:      Yes, sir, Your Honor.

       [Trial Court]:    We are immediately proceeding with sentencing, is

                         that your understanding?

       [Shoulders]:      Yes, Your Honor.

(Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 16-19, 21).

       {¶27} The trial court thoroughly explained to Shoulders the rights he was

waiving by pleading guilty, including his rights to a jury or bench trial, to publicly

testify about the facts of the case, to confrontation, to compulsory process, to

require the State to prove the indicted count beyond a reasonable doubt, and

against compulsory self-incrimination. (Id. at 25-28). Shoulders indicated that he

understood he was waiving these rights by pleading guilty. (Id.).


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       {¶28} At the June 13, 2013 hearing on Shoulders’ motion to withdraw his

guilty plea, he testified that the medications he had taken before the change-of-

plea hearing—Vistaril, Celexa, and a blood pressure pill—make him “drowsy and

sleepy and tired at times.” (June 13, 2013 Tr. at 21). He said the medications

were given to him to “slow [him] down from acting out” and “[f]rom basically

losing control of [his] mind all the time.” (Id. at 22). Shoulders also testified that

at the change-of-plea hearing, he “kind of went into a shell shock situation where

[he] was just going with the flow.” (Id. at 30). He testified that he was “just

answering” questions at the change-of-plea hearing. (Id.).

       {¶29} The record belies Shoulders’ arguments.         At the June 13, 2013

hearing, he testified that he “recall[ed] very clearly that [he] made it aware to the

Court that [he] had just tooken [sic] medications.” (Emphasis added.) (Id.). In

other words, Shoulders’ clarity of mind at the change-of-plea hearing was such

that he was able to “very clearly” recall twelve weeks later that he informed the

trial court that he had just taken his medications.

       {¶30} Nor was Shoulders simply “going with the flow” or “answering

questions” at the change-of-plea hearing. Rather, Shoulders was engaged in the

colloquy. For example, when the trial court asked Shoulders whether he had any

questions concerning the written plea form, he articulated a concern regarding

judicial release:


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       I was a little concerned about the plea agreement about not being

       able to file any judicial releases.      I was [sic] wanted to add, if

       possible, could I have that stipulation took out of my plea agreement.

       That’s one thing that kind of shook me that I kind of wasn’t too sure

       of. Though I don’t know my chances of getting it granted, however

       that case may be, but I do not want to give up that right.

(Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 12-13). At that point—and at no fewer than five other points

during the change-of-plea hearing—the trial court allowed Shoulders to confer

with his counsel. (Id. at 13, 14, 31, 35, 40, 41).

       {¶31} As excerpted above, Shoulders engaged in a thorough discussion

with the trial court concerning his medications. (Id. at 16-19). He informed the

trial court that he was “on probation with the Federal Government at this time.”

(Id. at 15). When asked by the trial court whether he had any questions about

what they discussed in the colloquy, Shoulders was able to articulate a question

concerning court costs. (Id. at 29-30). In fact, he stated to the trial court, “I’m

requesting at this time that my record be checked. It will show that I’m indigent.

And I want that on record that I’m an indigent Defendant.” (Id. at 30).

       {¶32} Shoulders said he regretted his involvement in the crime for which he

was charged. (Id. at 39). When invited by the trial court to make a statement

before sentencing, Shoulders had the wherewithal to describe as “a terrible


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


situation” the events leading to the aggravated robbery count, to express remorse

and say he wished he “had the knowledge to deal with that day better,” to ask for

forgiveness, and to say he has tried to learn from his mistakes, including the one at

issue in this case. (Id. at 44-45).

       {¶33} Based on our review of the transcripts of the change-of-plea hearing

and the June 13, 2013 hearing, we reject Shoulders’ argument that his being under

the influence of medications at the time he changed his plea to guilty created a

manifest injustice. See State v. Taylor, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2002-L-005, 2003-

Ohio-6670, ¶ 46 (affirming the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to

withdraw his guilty pleas, notwithstanding his argument that he was under the

influence of several medications at the time he entered his pleas, because the

record reflected that the defendant “was lucid at the time he entered his pleas”).

       {¶34} We next turn to Shoulders’ argument that a manifest injustice was

created because he was misled and pressured by, and received ineffective

assistance of counsel from his attorney at the change-of-plea hearing. “Under

Ohio law, ‘[i]neffective assistance of counsel can constitute manifest injustice

sufficient to allow the post-sentence withdrawal of a guilty plea.’”         State v.

Miranda, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-271, 2013-Ohio-5109, ¶ 12, quoting State

v. Dalton, 153 Ohio App.3d 286, 2003-Ohio-3813, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.). See also

State v. Williamson, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-11, 2010-Ohio-5060, ¶ 16.


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


      {¶35} “When an alleged error underlying a motion to withdraw a guilty

plea is the ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show (1) that his

counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pled guilty.” Williamson at ¶ 16,

citing Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d at 524 and Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104

S.Ct. 2052 (1984).    “When a defendant pleads guilty, a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel may be grounds for vacating his plea only to the extent that

counsel’s ineffectiveness makes the plea less than knowing and voluntary.” State

v. Milbrandt, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2007-CA-3, 2008-Ohio-761, ¶ 9.

      {¶36} In order to show counsel’s conduct was deficient or unreasonable,

the defendant must overcome the presumption that counsel provided competent

representation and must show that counsel’s actions were not trial strategies

prompted by reasonable professional judgment. Strickland at 687. Counsel is

entitled to a strong presumption that all decisions fall within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675 (1998).

Tactical or strategic trial decisions, even if unsuccessful, do not generally

constitute ineffective assistance. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 558 (1995).

Rather, the errors complained of must amount to a substantial violation of

counsel’s essential duties to his client. See State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136,

141-142 (1989), quoting State v. Lytle, 48 Ohio St.2d 391, 396 (1976).


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         {¶37} We first address Shoulders’ argument that his counsel was

ineffective because he misled him by allegedly telling him that he had no defenses.

The decision whether to raise a defense is a tactical or strategic decision. See State

v. Collins, 6th Dist. Huron Nos. H-09-001 and H-09-005, 2009-Ohio-6346, ¶ 44

(concluding that counsel was not ineffective for not discussing the defense of

entrapment with the defendant before he entered his guilty plea).

         {¶38} At the June 13, 2013 hearing, Shoulders testified that his counsel did

not discuss potential defenses with him. (June 13, 2013 Tr. at 35-37). That

testimony contradicts his statements to the trial court at the change-of-plea

hearing. At that time, Shoulders informed the trial court that he and his counsel

discussed the indictment, the things the State would need to prove at trial to

sustain a conviction against Shoulders, Shoulders’ potential defenses, and what

was going on in his life on January 4, 2013 in relation to the charge. (Mar. 20,

2013 Tr. at 20-21). Specifically regarding potential defenses, this exchange took

place:

         [Trial Court]: Have the two of you talked about potential defenses

                        to the charge?

         [Shoulders]:   Yes, Your Honor.

(Id. at 21).      In addition to Shoulders’ conflicting testimony, he has not

demonstrated that his counsel’s treatment of potential defenses was deficient or


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anything less than a trial strategy prompted by reasonable professional judgment.

For those reasons, we reject Shoulders’ arguments concerning potential defenses.

      {¶39} Next, we address Shoulders’ argument that his counsel was

ineffective by allegedly pressuring him into accepting the plea agreement and

changing his plea. “The decision to plead guilty in order to avoid a jury trial is

a tactical strategy to which we afford counsel deference.” State v. Smith, 3d Dist.

Hancock No. 5-06-30, 2007-Ohio-1626, ¶ 14, citing State v. Ketterer, 111 Ohio

St.3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5283, ¶ 85 and Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.

      {¶40} At the June 13, 2013 hearing, Shoulders testified that his counsel

pressured him into accepting the plea agreement and pleading guilty. (June 13,

2013 Tr. at 28-32).       However, at the change-of-plea hearing, Shoulders

demonstrated an understanding that the decision to plead guilty was his alone:

      [Trial Court]: Mr. Shoulders, I trust you understand that the

                      decision to plead guilty today is one that you and you

                      alone have to make.       You can rely upon [your

                      counsel] by virtue of his education, his training, his

                      experience. Bottom line whether or not you plead

                      guilty, what you plead guilty to is entirely up to you.

                      Do you understand?

      [Shoulders]:    Yes, Your Honor.


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(Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 34).

       {¶41} Second, at the change-of-plea hearing, Shoulders informed the trial

court that he was “very satisfied” with his counsel:

       [Trial Court]:   Mr. Shoulders, you satisfied with the services of

                        [your counsel] as your attorney of record in this

                        case?

       [Shoulders]:     Yes, Your Honor. I just have –

                        WHEREUPON, Defense counsel confers with the

                        Defendant off the record.

       [Trial Counsel]: Yes. He just had a question of what I’m going to

                        address that court cost issue, Judge. I would just

                        note, I think Mr. Shoulders, we met at least ten

                        times, maybe fifteen times?

       [Shoulders]:     Yeah. I’m very satisfied with you.

       ***

       [Trial Court]:   So Mr. Shoulders, you’re satisfied with [your

                        counsel’s] services, is that correct?

       [Shoulders]:     Yes, Your Honor.

(Id. at 40-41).




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       {¶42} Finally, the witness offered by Shoulders at the June 13, 2013

hearing—the social worker at the Hancock County Justice Center where Shoulders

was incarcerated on the day of his change-of-plea hearing—testified that

Shoulders told her later that day that “he felt that he made the wrong decision,”

that “he felt pressured,” and that he “regret[ted] the choice that he made.”

(Emphasis added.) (June 13, 2013 Tr. at 14).

       {¶43} Therefore, the record reflects that Shoulders knew the decision to

plead guilty was his, and he has failed to demonstrate that his counsel’s actions

relative to the plea agreement were deficient. We conclude that Shoulders did not

receive ineffective assistance of counsel relative to his change of plea, and we

reject his argument that a manifest injustice occurred based on ineffective

assistance of counsel.

       {¶44} We next turn to Shoulders’ arguments that a manifest injustice

occurred because he began drafting his pro se motion to withdraw his guilty plea

the same day as the change-of-plea hearing, and because he asserted at the hearing

on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea that he was not guilty. The timing of a

motion to withdraw a guilty plea and a defendant’s potential innocence are but two

of the factors appellate courts consider when reviewing a trial court’s decision

concerning a presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea. See State v. Lane, 3d

Dist. Van Wert No. 15-12-13, 2013-Ohio-1497, ¶ 19, citing State v. Fish, 104


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Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


Ohio App.3d 236, 240 (1st Dist.1995) and State v. Lefler, 3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-

07-22, 2008-Ohio-3057, ¶ 11. Here, Shoulders’ was a postsentence motion to

withdraw his guilty plea, which, unlike presentence motions, is subject to the more

stringent manifest-injustice standard. Moreover, even if we were to consider the

factors applied to presentence motions, no one factor is dispositive. See State v.

Fairrow, 4th Dist. Ross No. 05CA2856, 2006-Ohio-503, ¶ 18. We reject these

arguments that Shoulders bases on the presentence-motion factors.

       {¶45} We conclude that Shoulders failed to demonstrate a manifest

injustice and, therefore, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

       {¶46} Finally, we turn to Shoulders’ argument that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel at the hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. We

recited above the standard that applies to claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel with respect to the withdrawal of a guilty plea. The general standard

applicable to ineffective-assistance claims is essentially the same. A defendant

asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must establish: (1) the

counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable under the circumstances; and

(2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. State v. Kole, 92 Ohio

St.3d 303, 306 (2001), citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. For the reasons below,




                                          -22-
Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


Shoulders has failed to demonstrate that his counsel’s performance was deficient

or unreasonable under the circumstances.

       {¶47} Shoulders argues that his counsel at the June 13, 2013 hearing was

ineffective because he failed to offer expert testimony concerning the effects of

Shoulders’ medications. “[T]he decision whether to call a witness is ‘within the

rubric of trial strategy and will not be second-guessed by a reviewing court.’”

State v. Rust, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-49, 2013-Ohio-2151, ¶ 26, quoting State v.

Stiles, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-08-12, 2009-Ohio-89, ¶ 58.

       {¶48} Shoulders testified at the June 13, 2013 hearing that he was on three

medications—Vistaril, Celexa, and a blood pressure pill—that made him “drowsy

and sleepy and tired at times.” (June 13, 2013 Tr. at 21). The Hancock County

Justice Center’s social worker, who Shoulders’ counsel called at that hearing,

testified that while she did not have expertise concerning side effects of

medications, in her experience, most of her clients on Celexa “have minimal side

effects.” (Id. at 13). Shoulders’ counsel may very well have been satisfied with

the testimony of Shoulders and the social worker concerning side effects, and he

may have decided not to call an expert witness for any number of reasons—for

example, so as not to risk contradicting his client’s testimony.          Therefore,

Shoulders’ counsel’s decision fell within the rubric of trial strategy.




                                         -23-
Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       {¶49} Shoulders’ also argues that his counsel at the June 13, 2013 hearing

was ineffective because he failed to elicit testimony from Shoulders concerning

Shoulders’ alleged innocence.           “The scope and nuances of how a

particular witness is questioned fall within the ambit of trial strategy, and even

debatable tactical decisions do not demonstrate ineffectiveness.”           State v.

Barnhart, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-10-005, 2011-Ohio-2693, ¶ 44, citing State v.

Reeves, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-158, 2005-Ohio-5838, ¶ 26.

       {¶50} We first note that Shoulders overemphasizes the significance of his

alleged innocence, which, as we stated above, is but one of the nine nondispositive

factors an appellate court considers when reviewing a trial court’s decision

concerning a presentence, not postsentence, motion to withdraw a guilty plea. See

Lane, 2013-Ohio-1497, at ¶ 19. Second, as a matter of trial strategy, Shoulders’

counsel may have wished to avoid the issue of Shoulders’ culpability to avoid

contradicting Shoulders’ statements to the trial court at the change-of-plea hearing,

in which Shoulders admitted his involvement in the events leading to the

aggravated robbery charge. (Mar. 20, 2013 Tr. at 35-39, 44-45). Once again,

Shoulders’ counsel’s decision fell within the ambit of trial strategy.

       {¶51} Finally, Shoulders argues that his counsel was unprepared for the

June 13, 2013 hearing, as evidenced by his citing only one case during the

hearing—State v. Prince, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-12-07, 2012-Ohio-4111—which


                                         -24-
Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


Shoulders points out involved a presentence, not postsentence, motion to withdraw

a guilty plea. Shoulders also points to his counsel mentioning in closing argument

the number of days between sentencing and the April 4, 2013 motion to withdraw

his guilty plea filed by counsel, rather than Shoulders’ pro se motion filed on

March 28, 2013. Neither of these demonstrates unpreparedness.

       {¶52} First, in his brief, Shoulders relies on case law concerning

presentence motions to withdraw guilty pleas, so his counsel’s reliance on a

presentence case at the hearing could not have been as unreasonable as he claims.

Second, his counsel mentioning the April 4, 2013 motion to withdraw Shoulders’

guilty plea, rather than the March 28, 2013 pro se motion, does not rise to the level

of ineffective assistance. As we established above, using either filing date—

March 28, 2013 or April 4, 2013—Shoulders’ request to withdraw his guilty plea

was postsentence, and the difference of seven days between the motions is not

legally significant.

       {¶53} In short, the record reflects that Shoulders’ counsel was prepared for

the June 13, 2013 hearing. He offered the testimony of two witnesses, including

Shoulders, and a closing argument. (See June 13, 2013 Tr. at 6, 18, 47-48).

Throughout the hearing, and particularly while questioning his witnesses,

Shoulders’ counsel demonstrated an understanding of the case and of Shoulders’

bases for his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.


                                        -25-
Case Nos. 5-13-12, 5-13-20


       {¶54} For these reasons, Shoulders was not denied effective assistance of

counsel at the June 13, 2013 hearing.

       {¶55} Shoulders’ first and second assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶56} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                               Judgments Affirmed

ROGERS and SHAW, J.J., concur.

/jlr




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