MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                                FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this                                Nov 06 2019, 8:59 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
                                                                                CLERK
precedent or cited before any court except for the                          Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                               Court of Appeals
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,                             and Tax Court
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brian A. Karle                                         Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Ball Eggleston, PC                                     Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
                                                       Monika Prekopa Talbot
                                                       Deputy Attorney General
                                                       Indianapolis, Indiana



                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                           November 6, 2019
of the Parent–Child Relationship                           Court of Appeals Case No.
of: L.B. (Minor Child)                                     19A-JT-1270
and                                                        Appeal from the Montgomery
                                                           Superior Court
B.B. (Mother),
                                                           The Hon. Heather L. Barajas,
Appellant-Respondent,                                      Judge
                                                           Trial Court Cause No.
        v.                                                 54D01-1807-JT-215

The Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.



Bradford, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019                    Page 1 of 16
                                               Case Summary
[1]   L.B. (“Child”) was born to B.B. (“Mother”) and L.B. (“Father”)1 (collectively,

      “Parents”)2 in November of 2016 and was removed from Parents’ care when he

      was approximately one month old. The Indiana Department of Child Services

      (“DCS”) removed Child due to concerns about Parents’ drug use and missed

      doctor’s appointments for Child, who was born with a heart defect. Over the

      course of the next two years, Mother did not progress in her court-ordered

      services, obtain stable housing or employment, or demonstrate that she had the

      ability to satisfy Child’s considerable medical needs. In July of 2018, DCS

      petitioned for the termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child (“TPR

      Petition”). In May of 2019, the juvenile court granted DCS’s TPR Petition.

      Mother contends that the juvenile court erred in concluding that there is a

      reasonable probability that the conditions that led to Child’s removal from her

      care will not be remedied. Because we disagree, we affirm.


                                Facts and Procedural History
[2]   Child was born on November 29, 2016, with tetralogy of Fallot, a condition

      involving a hole in his heart that left him susceptible to “tet spell[s,]” during

      which he would pass out, turn blue, and stop breathing, requiring special

      techniques to revive him. Tr. Vol. II p. 159. Having received allegations of




      1
        Father relinquished his parental rights to Child on January 17, 2019, and does not participate in this
      appeal.
      2
          Parents had a second child together on January 2, 2019, who is not involved in this case.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019                   Page 2 of 16
      drug use by Parents, DCS became involved and Family Case Manager

      (“FCM”) Bethany Line spoke with Parents on December 9, 2016. Samples

      were collected, and Mother tested positive for marijuana. Around December

      16, 2016, DCS received a report that Parents had failed to take Child to two

      doctor’s appointments. Meanwhile, drug screens were collected on December

      15 and 21, 2016, and Mother again tested positive for marijuana in both.

[3]   On January 9, 2017, as a result of positive drug screens and missed medical

      appointments, the State alleged Child to be a child in need of services

      (“CHINS”). DCS removed Child from Parents’ care on January 11, 2017, and

      placed him in foster care. In February of 2017, FCM Andrea Long took over

      the case. On February 28, 2017, following a hearing, the juvenile court found

      Child to be a CHINS and issued a dispositional order and a parental-

      participation order (“PPO”) in which Mother was ordered to participate in

      several services. FCM Long later indicated that Mother never made the

      required progress in her services.

[4]   Jane Sue Hortin, a life-skills specialist working for Cummins Behavioral

      Health, supervised Mother’s visits with Child. Initially, Mother had two visits

      per week, which were increased to three when Hortin’s schedule allowed, but

      were eventually decreased to two per week due to Mother’s poor attendance.

      Hortin attempted to help Mother with parenting skills, such as not letting Child

      stand in a rocking chair, pull cords, take big bites, or destroy the property of

      others. As it happened, Mother never had unsupervised visitation with Child

      because she did not make sufficient progress with her parenting skills. Mother


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 3 of 16
      provided inappropriate food for Child at his age and always had to be directed

      on how to feed him. Mother admitted that she had taken McDonald’s food to

      Child several times and had continued to do so even after her home-based

      caseworker had told her that such meals were inappropriate. During the visits,

      Mother was frequently on her mobile telephone even though Hortin had told

      her not to use it. Hortin also attempted to help Mother with basic living skills

      such as hygiene, budgeting, medicine management, emotion regulation, healthy

      relationships, communication skills, coping skills, and relapse prevention.

[5]   Hortin also set some goals for Mother that, if achieved, were intended to

      improve her situation, such as obtaining a driver’s license and a GED. Mother,

      however, did not obtain a driver’s license or even a learner’s permit. Mother

      testified that she had taken the written driver’s test four or five times but had

      not passed even though she had read through the driver’s manual. Mother also

      failed to obtain a GED, even though she knew that not having her GED was a

      violation of her PPO.

[6]   After Child was removed, Mother attempted to make it to most of the doctor’s

      appointments, and her home-based worker provided transportation. However,

      during the appointments, Mother was often on her mobile telephone, even

      while the cardiologist was talking. In the foster mother’s opinion, Mother did

      not fully appreciate, or have the experience and support from family and friends

      to handle, Child’s medical condition.

[7]   As for addressing any of her mental-health issues, Mother began seeing a

      psychiatrist in March of 2017. Mother also began to attend individual therapy

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 4 of 16
      but was discharged because she was unable to “cognitively process for therapy

      purposes.” Tr. Vol. II p. 140. Mother underwent a psychological evaluation in

      February and March of 2018. Mother told the evaluator that she suffered from

      ADHD, PTSD, and severe depression, the latter two as a result of witnessing a

      friend get shot to death, being raped at the age of fifteen, and losing an aunt to

      suicide. According to the evaluation, Mother’s overall cognitive ability falls

      between “well below average” to “low” range of intellectual functioning. Ex.

      Vol. p. 247. Mother was diagnosed with PTSD in partial remission. A letter

      written on January 17, 2019, by a psychologist and a licensed mental-health

      counselor states that Mother participated in therapy sessions on four occasions,

      failed to attend a scheduled session on one occasion, and cancelled her sessions

      on two occasions. The letter also states that Mother did not progress during the

      therapy sessions and that Mother’s IQ was 72, which is in the third percentile.

      Because of Mother’s lack of progress and low IQ, the therapy team decided that

      Mother “was inappropriate for insight based therapy.” Ex. Vol. p. 250.

[8]   Meanwhile, Mother and Father were in an on-and-off relationship during the

      CHINS case. Although Mother told FCM Long that she and Father were just

      friends, in May of 2018 she moved into a residence where Father also resided.

      (Tr. 141). As far as Hortin knew, as of December 20, 2018, Parents were still

      romantically involved, and they had a second child on January 2, 2019. Father

      stayed with Mother and their second child for at least two weeks following the

      birth, during which Mother remained hospitalized. Moreover, both Mother

      and Father threatened FCM Long during the pendency of the case. Mother


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 5 of 16
       said that she was angry with FCM Long and that that “things were going to

       happen to [FCM Long.]” Tr. Vol. II p. 142. Father threatened to kill FCM

       Long, the foster parent, the home-based case manager, the baby, and everyone

       working with Parents on the case.

[9]    Mother’s housing situation was unsettled during the pendency of this case.

       When Mother was pregnant with Child in 2016, she lived in Father’s mother’s

       house. A few months after Child was born, Mother moved in with her own

       mother. Mother’s mother had used illegal drugs for years, and her residence

       was not appropriate for Child. In fact, Mother’s mother was on probation

       during most of the pendency of this case. Although DCS told Mother about

       housing through Pam’s Promise, Mother refused to apply. A couple of days

       before her second child with Father was born on January 2, 2019, Mother

       moved in with her aunt. Mother does not have her own bedroom at her aunt’s

       trailer; she sleeps on the floor or in a rocking chair. Hortin helped Mother fill

       out applications for government-assisted housing, but, although Mother was

       approved, she did not have a job, a down payment, or the money for utilities.

[10]   As for Mother’s employment history, it is sporadic. Mother testified that she

       was employed at Best Western for “[a] month or two” in 2017 and at LSC

       Communications and Taco Bell in 2018, with a three-month gap between those

       two jobs. Tr. Vol. II p. 59. Mother left LSC Communications because she was

       pregnant with her second child and was expected to lift over fifty pounds, which

       she was unable to do. After the three-month gap, Mother only worked at Taco

       Bell for about three weeks before leaving. All of Mother’s jobs have been part-


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 6 of 16
       time jobs, and her wages were $10 per hour at each. Mother told FCM Long

       that her paycheck was $400 per month but provided no verification. Even so,

       Mother’s employment would not have provided for her and Child’s needs. As

       of January 17, 2019, Mother was still hospitalized while recovering from the

       Caesarian-section birth of her second child and not employed, indicating that

       her doctor had told her not to work.

[11]   Mother’s compliance with orders and services intended to address her substance

       abuse was also sporadic but generally positive. Initially, FCM Long

       occasionally had to “chase [Mother] down” to perform a drug screen. Tr. Vol.

       II p. 137. However, after initially denying it, Mother eventually admitted that

       she had indeed used marijuana before Child was removed and that she had

       received it from Father’s friend. Mother underwent drug testing between

       December of 2016 and December of 2018. On several occasions in 2017,

       Mother tested positive for low levels of delta nine tetrahydrocannabinol a/k/a

       “parent THC” and once for methamphetamine. Tr. Vol. II p. 39. Mother had

       no positive drug screens in 2018.

[12]   Meanwhile, on April 24, 2017, Child underwent open-heart surgery to correct

       his heart condition. Hospital personnel told Child’s foster parents that Child

       was not going to have tet spells after the surgery. Child, however, did have a

       seizure one night, and when he was taken to Riley Children’s Hospital in

       Indianapolis, the foster parents learned that he had epilepsy. Child is currently

       on medication for epilepsy, and the dosage will constantly have to be adjusted

       as he grows. Child’s foster mother received training regarding Child’s epilepsy


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 7 of 16
       at Riley, and while Child lived with them, Child’s foster parents were in

       constant communication with a neurologist.

[13]   More recently, Child has moved to his pre-adoptive home. Child’s prospective

       adoptive parents have a three-bedroom house and are a good fit for Child.

       Prospective adoptive mother and Child have developed a bond, and she has

       received training regarding children with seizures. Prospective adoptive parents

       have been married for seven years and wish to adopt Child despite his health

       issues.

[14]   On July 27, 2018, DCS filed the TPR Petition. On October 30, 2018, and

       January 17 and 18, 2019, the juvenile court conducted an evidentiary hearing

       on the TPR Petition, with all of the substantive evidence admitted on January

       17 and 18, 2019. Although Mother testified that she was no longer, and did not

       intend to be, in a relationship with Father, she had said the same thing to an

       FCM before the conception of their second child together. Indeed, Mother

       testified that she had ended her romantic relationship with Father before the

       birth of their second child but also testified that Father was at the hospital with

       her for the two weeks she stayed at the hospital after the birth.

[15]   As for addressing her substance-abuse issues, Mother testified that she had

       attended substance abuse classes for a couple of weeks but stopped going

       because she did not like being around others. Mother testified that she had

       known that pursuant to the PPO she was not to use any illegal substances but

       also testified that she did not know her marijuana consumption would be a

       violation of that order. Mother also testified that when she tested positive for

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 8 of 16
       methamphetamine it was because she had been exposed to Father’s

       methamphetamine use.

[16]   Hortin testified that she did not observe much bonding between Mother and

       Child, Child did not want to take his toys to Mother, and Child became upset

       when Hortin walked him to Mother during visitation. Child, however, would

       take toys to Hortin and Kate Doty, the court appointed special advocate

       (“CASA”). Hortin testified that she had not seen any marked improvements in

       Mother’s parenting skills and was concerned about Mother’s abilities to provide

       care for Child. CASA Doty testified that it was in Child’s best interests for

       Mother’s parental rights to be terminated. In CASA Doty’s opinion, Mother

       had not progressed through services and “there has not been any substantial

       stability obtained for her to be able to care for [Child.]” Tr. Vol. II p. 225.

[17]   On May 20, 2019, the juvenile court granted DCS’s TPR Petition in an order

       that provides, in part, as follows:

                       31. The DCS has proven by clear and convincing
               evidence that the child has been outside of [Parents’] home under
               a dispositional decree for at least six months, and that [Child] has
               been removed from [Parents] and has been under the supervision
               of the DCS for at least 15 months of the most recent 22 months
               after the date of removal.
                      32. The DCS has proven by clear and convincing
               evidence that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions
               that resulted in [Child’s] removal or the reasons for placement
               outside the home of [Parents] will not be remedied. [Child] was
               removed from [Parents] on January 9, 2017. The DCS has
               offered reunification services to [Parents] but neither parent was



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 9 of 16
               able to participate in these services in order to overcome their
               parenting deficits.
                      33. The DCS has proven by clear and convincing
               evidence that there is a reasonable probability that continuation
               of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of
               [Child].
                      34. The DCS has proven by clear and convincing
               evidence that termination is in the best interests of [Child].
               Neither parent is in any better position to provide [Child] with
               appropriate care, supervision or a safe, nurturing and stable
               home than they were at the beginning of DCS’[s] involvement
               with the family. Neither parent can meet [Child’s] needs.
               [Child] needs a stable and nurturing home to meet his many
               needs. In addition, [Child] has specific medical needs that require
               a heightened level of parenting, which Mother cannot provide.
               Both the DCS case manager and the CASA believe that
               termination is in the best interest of [Child].
                     35. The DCS has proven by clear and convincing
               evidence that there is a satisfactory plan for [Child] post-
               termination and that is adoption.
       Order pp. 6–7.


                                  Discussion and Decision
[18]   The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the

       traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. Bester v.

       Lake Cty. Off. of Fam. & Child., 839 N.E.2d 143, 145 (Ind. 2005). Further, we

       acknowledge that the parent–child relationship is “one of the most valued

       relationships of our culture.” Id. However, although parental rights are of a

       constitutional dimension, the law allows for the termination of those rights

       when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their responsibilities as parents.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 10 of 16
       In re T.F., 743 N.E.2d 766, 773 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. Therefore,

       parental rights are not absolute and must be subordinated to the children’s

       interest in determining the appropriate disposition of a petition to terminate the

       parent–child relationship. Id.

[19]   In reviewing termination proceedings on appeal, this court will not reweigh the

       evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses. In re Invol. Term. of Parental

       Rts. of S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We only consider the

       evidence that supports the juvenile court’s decision and reasonable inferences

       drawn therefrom. Id. Where, as here, the juvenile court includes findings of

       fact and conclusions thereon in its order terminating parental rights, our

       standard of review is two-tiered. Id. First, we must determine whether the

       evidence supports the findings, and, second, whether the findings support the

       legal conclusions. Id. In deference to the juvenile court’s unique position to

       assess the evidence, we set aside the juvenile court’s findings and judgment

       terminating a parent–child relationship only if they are clearly erroneous. Id. A

       finding of fact is clearly erroneous when there are no facts or inferences drawn

       therefrom to support it. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous only if the legal

       conclusions made by the juvenile court are not supported by its findings of fact

       or the conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.

[20]   Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b) governs what DCS must allege and establish

       to support a termination of parental rights. Of relevance to this case, DCS was

       required to establish, by clear and convincing evidence,

               (A) that […] the following is true:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 11 of 16
                       (i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least
                       six (6) months under a dispositional decree.
                       [….]
               (B) that one (1) of the following is true:
                       (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                       that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                       placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                       remedied.
                       (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                       of the parent–child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                       being of the child.
                       […]
               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.
       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).


[21]   Mother does not dispute the juvenile court’s findings that Child was removed

       for at least six months pursuant to a dispositional decree, termination is in

       Child’s best interests, or DCS has a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment

       of Child. Mother contends, however, that DCS has failed to establish that there

       is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal

       would not be remedied.

                      Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)
[22]   Mother contends only that the record does not establish that there is a

       reasonable probability that the reasons for Child’s continued removal would not

       be remedied. The juvenile court, however, also found that there is a reasonable


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 12 of 16
       probability that the continuation of the parent–child relationship poses a threat

       to the well-being of Child. Because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is

       written in the disjunctive, DCS need only establish one of these circumstances.

       See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) (providing that DCS must establish that one

       of the following is true: “[t]here is a reasonable probability that the conditions

       that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the

       home of the parents will not be remedied[, t]here is a reasonable probability that

       the continuation of the parent–child relationship poses a threat to the well-being

       of the child[, or t]he child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated

       a child in need of services”). Because Mother does not challenge both of the

       above findings, her argument, even if meritorious, cannot prevail.

[23]   That said, we nonetheless choose to address the merits of Mother’s contention

       that DCS has failed to establish a reasonable probability that the reasons for

       Child’s continued removal would not be remedied. In making such a

       determination, a juvenile court engages in a two-step inquiry. First, the juvenile

       court must “ascertain what conditions led to their placement and retention in

       foster care.” K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1231 (Ind.

       2013). After identifying these initial conditions, the juvenile court must

       determine whether a reasonable probability exists that the conditions justifying

       a child’s continued “placement outside the home will not be remedied.” In re

       D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 266 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (citation omitted). The statute

       focuses not only on the initial reasons for removal “but also those bases

       resulting in continued placement outside the home.” In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798,


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 13 of 16
       806 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. In making this second determination,

       the juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for her child at the time

       of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed

       conditions. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 266. DCS need not rule out all

       possibilities of change; rather, it must establish that there is a reasonable

       probability that the parent’s behavior will not change. In re B.J., 879 N.E.2d 7,

       18–19 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.

[24]   Here, Child was removed because of Parents’ substance abuse and concerns

       about their ability to care for him. Within a month of Child’s birth, Mother had

       tested positive for marijuana three times. Of greater concern, Child was born

       with a congenital heart defect that left him susceptible to tet spells until the

       condition was surgically corrected some months later. Neither Mother nor

       Father demonstrated at the time that they were equipped to address Child’s

       medical needs.

[25]   As for whether the conditions that led to removal are likely to be remedied,

       Child will still need considerable medical care in the years to come, as he has

       now been diagnosed with epilepsy that will require the ability to (1) deal with

       possible seizures and (2) administer medication, the dosage of which will

       frequently have to be adjusted as he grows. In light of this, Mother’s

       demonstrated lack of appreciation of Child’s medical needs is of great concern.

       Mother failed to deliver Child to multiple doctor’s appointments in his first

       month and would look at her mobile telephone during appointments with his

       cardiologist. Even now, Mother does not seem to grasp the seriousness of


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 14 of 16
       Child’s medical condition, has not gone through the specialized training

       required to manage it, and will be therefore unable to help Child when needed.

       Indeed, Mother has not demonstrated that she is even able to appropriately feed

       Child, nor has she obtained her driver’s license.

[26]   As for Mother’s progress in other areas, multiple witnesses testified that she had

       not progressed in her court-ordered services. Although Mother’s recent drug

       screens have been clean, concern over substance abuse has not been completely

       alleviated, because Father is a drug user and Parents’ relationship appears to be

       ongoing. Although Mother has claimed in the past that her romantic

       relationship with Father is over, their second child was born some two weeks

       before the evidentiary hearing, Father spent those two weeks in the hospital

       with Mother and their second child, and there was testimony that they had still

       been together the month before that. Mother has also not resolved her housing

       or employment issues, which relate directly to her ability to care for Child. As

       of the date of the termination hearing, Mother was staying in her aunt’s trailer,

       sleeping on the floor or on a rocking chair in the common area, and was

       unemployed. Although Mother testified that she was under doctor’s orders not

       to work at the time of the evidentiary hearing, her work history in general has

       been sporadic at best. Mother has had several jobs since 2017, seldom staying

       for very long and never making more than $10 per hour. In summary, Mother

       has not demonstrated that she is no longer in her toxic relationship with Father

       or that she has the ability or wherewithal to adequately care for Child. Put




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 15 of 16
       another way, not much has changed in the two years following Child’s removal

       from Mother’s care.

[27]   While we recognize that some of this may be a result of Mother’s low

       intellectual functioning, an inability to adequately care for Child could threaten

       his life, whatever the root cause of that inability. The Indiana Supreme Court

       has made clear that the “purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish

       parents, but to protect the children.” Egly v. Blackford Cty. Dep’t. of Pub. Welfare,

       592 N.E.2d 1232, 1234–35 (Ind. 1992). The Egly Court also explained that

       “[a]1though parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law allows for

       the termination of those rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet

       their responsibilities as parents.” Id. at 1234. Put another way, the goal is to fix

       the problem, not the blame. Under the circumstances, the juvenile court did

       not err in finding that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that

       had led to Child’s removal would not be remedied.

[28]   The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.


       Vaidik, C.J., and Riley, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-1270 | November 6, 2019   Page 16 of 16
