           Case: 18-12171   Date Filed: 08/15/2019   Page: 1 of 12


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 18-12171
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 6:15-cv-02011-JA-DCI



WILLIE PALMER,

                                                         Petitioner - Appellant,

                                  versus

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,

                                                     Respondents - Appellees.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (August 15, 2019)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                Case: 18-12171        Date Filed: 08/15/2019        Page: 2 of 12


       Willie Palmer, a Florida state prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of

his pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 seeking

relief from his conviction for robbery with a deadly weapon.1 Palmer, who is now

represented by counsel, argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

request a special jury instruction on Palmer’s defense that he abandoned the theft

before displaying a weapon. The district court denied Palmer’s petition after

concluding that there was no evidence supporting an abandonment instruction, and

therefore, he failed to show his counsel’s performance was deficient and

prejudiced his defense. We affirm.

                                                I.

       Palmer was charged with robbery with a deadly weapon and grand theft of

more than $300 but less than $20,000. At trial, the state explained in its opening

statement that on November 28, 2011, Palmer entered a Walmart store and began

filling a cart with various household items. After filling the cart, Palmer moved to

leave the store, walking past the checkout stands without paying for the items in

the cart. Mercy Morgan, a Walmart loss prevention officer, called 911, approached


       1
          “‘Robbery’ means the taking of money or other property which may be the subject of
larceny from the person or custody of another, with intent to either permanently or temporarily
deprive the person or the owner of the money or other property, when in the course of the taking
there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.” Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). “If in the
course of committing the robbery the offender carried a firearm or other deadly weapon, then the
robbery is a felony of the first degree, punishable by imprisonment for a term of years not
exceeding life imprisonment or as provided in § 775.082, § 775.083, or § 775.084.” Fla. Stat.
§ 812.13(2)(a).
                                                  2
              Case: 18-12171     Date Filed: 08/15/2019   Page: 3 of 12


Palmer, asked him to come with her, and radioed David Fournier, another Walmart

employee. Palmer did not comply with Morgan’s request to come with her and

“walk[ed] away from the cart,” trying to get out of the store. Fournier then

confronted him. Palmer became “aggressive” and tried to get around Fournier.

Morgan then saw Palmer reach into his pocket and pull out what she believed to be

a small pocketknife. Morgan yelled “knife.” Palmer then told Fournier that he

“better move,” and Fournier backed away to let Palmer pass. Palmer left the store

without the shopping cart or the merchandise inside it.

      Palmer’s counsel stated in his opening statement that “[t]his is not an armed

robbery case or a Robbery with a Deadly Weapon case. This is shoplifting.” He

argued that, once Morgan approached, Palmer “immediately abandoned everything

he [had]” by leaving the shopping cart and attempting to walk away. Counsel

maintained that Palmer had stolen the items in the shopping cart by deception, not

by force. Palmer’s counsel also stated that the Walmart surveillance video would

show that Palmer did not have a knife in his hand, did not make any physical

contact with Morgan or Fournier, and did not make any gestures with his hands.

      Morgan testified that when she approached Palmer, he was “really angry,”

refused to go with her, and tried to side-step her and Fournier. She stated that as

she and Fournier were trying to get Palmer to go back into the main area of the

store, she looked down and saw a black item with silver around it that looked like a


                                          3
              Case: 18-12171       Date Filed: 08/15/2019   Page: 4 of 12


knife in Palmer’s hand. She then told the 911 dispatcher that she thought Palmer

had a knife, and the dispatcher told her to back off. Morgan said that Palmer held

the knife as if to warn them that he had it but that he did not point it at anyone and

the blade of the knife was not out. Morgan and Fournier then stepped out of

Palmer’s way, and he left the store without the cart or any of the items in it. On

cross-examination, Morgan stated that Palmer had not abandoned the merchandise

when she first approached him and still “had a hold of the cart” when Morgan

asked him to come with her. She then said that Palmer abandoned the cart “at one

point” before he left the store.

      Fournier’s testimony generally aligned with Morgan’s. Fournier stated that

he held on to Palmer’s cart and told him to go with Morgan while attempting to

prevent Palmer from leaving. He testified that he heard Morgan shout “knife,”

heard Palmer tell him “you better move,” and saw Palmer holding a black folding

knife. Fournier confirmed it was at that point he let Palmer go and that everything

happened very quickly. During cross-examination, Palmer’s counsel played the

Walmart surveillance video and Fournier indicated the point at which Palmer still

had his hand on the cart and the point at which he had abandoned the cart.

      After the close of evidence, Palmer moved for judgment of acquittal, arguing

that he could not be convicted of robbery because he did not use the knife “in the

course of committing the theft” since he abandoned the property before he showed


                                            4
              Case: 18-12171     Date Filed: 08/15/2019    Page: 5 of 12


the knife. The court denied Palmer’s motion, concluding that the jury could find

that the total incident, which lasted “60 or 90 seconds,” was “one continuous series

of events without any break.” If so, the jury could conclude that he had committed

robbery if the jury determined his flight and showing of the weapon were

“contemporaneous with the act.” The parties discussed with the judge the proposed

jury instructions—which included the elements of robbery but no language on

abandonment—and Palmer’s counsel did not object to the instructions. The jury

found Palmer guilty of robbery with a deadly weapon and theft of at least $300

worth of property. On direct appeal, Florida’s Fifth District Court of Appeal

summarily affirmed.

      Palmer then moved the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit for post-conviction relief

under Rule 3.850 of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, alleging five grounds

for relief. In relevant part, Palmer’s pro se petition argued that his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to request a special jury instruction on abandonment because

his alleged use of force occurred after he abandoned the cart. He also stated that

the video surveillance would show that he did not use the knife and that he

abandoned the shopping cart. The court denied Palmer’s 3.850 motion, finding that

Palmer “passed all points of sale with the shopping cart, then he displayed the

knife, and then he left the store without the merchandise.” Because the evidence

did not support an instruction on abandonment, Palmer did not therefore receive


                                           5
               Case: 18-12171      Date Filed: 08/15/2019      Page: 6 of 12


ineffective assistance of counsel. The Fifth District Court of Appeal summarily

affirmed.

       Palmer then filed a pro se petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the district

court.2 As in his 3.850 motion, Palmer argued that his counsel provided ineffective

assistance by failing to request a jury instruction on abandonment, among other

claims. The § 2254 petition did not, however, make any argument concerning the

evidence on the Walmart surveillance video. The district court denied Palmer’s

§ 2254 petition. In relevant part, the district court explained that the evidence did

not indicate any break in the chain of events because “the theft, threat, and

attempted use of force constituted a continuous series of acts or events.” Palmer’s

counsel thus was not deficient in failing to request an abandonment instruction to

which he was not entitled, and such failure did not result in prejudice. The court

also concluded that the state court’s denial of relief was neither contrary to, nor an

unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. Palmer timely filed an




       2
           Pursuant to § 2254(d), as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), federal courts may grant habeas relief on claims previously adjudicated
in state court only if the adjudication:
         (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
         application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
         Court of the United States; or
         (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
         facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).


                                              6
              Case: 18-12171    Date Filed: 08/15/2019    Page: 7 of 12


appeal, and this Court granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the

following issue:

      Whether the state court’s denial of Palmer’s claim of ineffective
      assistance of trial counsel for failure to request a special jury
      instruction on abandonment was based on an unreasonable
      determination of facts, where the state court determined that counsel’s
      performance was not deficient because the trial evidence did not
      support a special instruction on abandonment.

We then appointed counsel to represent Palmer and brief this appeal.

                                       II.

      When reviewing the district court’s denial of a writ of habeas corpus under

§ 2254, we review mixed questions of law and fact, including claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel, de novo, and review findings of fact for clear error. Pardo v.

Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 587 F.3d 1093, 1098 (11th Cir. 2009).

      The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to the

assistance of counsel. U.S. Const. amend. VI. To succeed on an ineffective

assistance claim, the movant must show: (1) that the attorney made errors so

serious that he ceased to function as the counsel that the Sixth Amendment

guarantees; and (2) that the errors prejudiced the defense. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A court’s review of an attorney’s

performance is highly deferential, and it must employ a “strong presumption that

counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance.” Id. at 689. A habeas petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of
                                             7
              Case: 18-12171     Date Filed: 08/15/2019    Page: 8 of 12


counsel bears the burden of proof and must prove both prongs of the Strickland

test. Johnson v. Alabama, 256 F.3d 1156, 1176 (11th Cir. 2001).

      Under AEDPA, a habeas petitioner raising ineffective assistance of counsel

must establish not only that his counsel was ineffective, but also that the state

court’s application of Strickland in concluding otherwise was unreasonable. See

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011). Our review under § 2254 of a state

court’s decision denying an ineffective assistance claim is thus “doubly”

deferential. Id. This Court will affirm the denial of relief if “there is any reasonable

argument that counsel” acted pursuant to prevailing professional standards. See id.

Only in a “rare case” will an ineffective assistance claim denied on the merits in

state court warrant relief in a federal habeas proceeding. Johnson v. Sec’y, DOC,

643 F.3d 907, 911 (11th Cir. 2011).

                                        III.

      Palmer’s claim concerns his counsel’s failure to request a special jury

instruction. Under Florida law, a defendant is entitled to a special jury instruction if

(1) the instruction is supported by the evidence; (2) the standard instruction does

not adequately cover the theory of defense; and (3) the instruction is a correct

statement of the law and not misleading or confusing. Peterson v. State, 24 So. 3d

686, 689 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2009).




                                           8
                Case: 18-12171        Date Filed: 08/15/2019       Page: 9 of 12


        Florida courts have recognized that providing the jury with an instruction on

abandonment is appropriate in robbery cases when supported by the evidence. See

id. at 690. “Robbery” is defined as taking property with the intent to either

permanently or temporarily derive the owner of the property, when “in the course

of the taking there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.” Fla.

Stat. § 812.13(1). “An act shall be deemed ‘in the course of the taking’ if it occurs

either prior to, contemporaneous with, or subsequent to the taking of the property

and if it and the act of taking constitute a continuous series of acts of events.” Id.

§ 812.13(3)(a), (3)(b). Put simply, a defendant is not guilty of robbery if he

abandoned the stolen property before using force to flee. See Rockmore v. State,

140 So. 3d 979, 982–83 (Fla. 2014). Accordingly, Florida courts have recognized

that a special instruction on abandonment is appropriate in a robbery case only if

there is some evidence that the defendant “abandoned the property and thus broke

the chain between the taking and the use of force.” Id. at 984.3 There must be

“evidence that it was the thief who abandoned the property and thus broke the

chain.” Id.4 However, if the “theft and threatened use of force constituted a




       3
          For example, the instruction the court endorsed in Peterson read, “[i]f it is established
that the property was abandoned prior to the use of force then you must find the Defendant not
guilty of robbery.” 24 So. 3d at 689.
        4
          The state of Florida suggests that Florida courts thus distinguish between voluntary and
involuntary abandonment. Because we find that the state court reasonably determined there was
no evidence of abandonment here, we need not decide this issue.
                                                 9
               Case: 18-12171         Date Filed: 08/15/2019       Page: 10 of 12


continuous series of acts or events under Florida’s robbery statute” as a matter of

fact, the abandonment defense does not apply as a matter of law. Id.

       Our review in a habeas appeal is limited to the issues specified in the COA.

Diaz v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 362 F.3d 698, 702 (11th Cir. 2004). Accordingly,

we only assess whether the state court’s decision to deny Palmer’s petition was

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts: that is, whether the trial

evidence supported, as a matter of fact, the special instruction on abandonment.5

“[A] state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely because the

federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion in the first

instance,” and “evidence that may plausibly be read as inconsistent with the

finding” may still not establish that the finding was unreasonable. Wood v. Allen,

558 U.S. 290, 301, 302–03 (2010).

       The state court denied Palmer’s Rule 3.850 motion after it found that the

trial evidence showed that Palmer “passed all points of sale with the shopping cart,

then he displayed the knife, and then he left the store without the merchandise.”

We conclude that this finding was not an unreasonable determination of the facts,

as it is consistent with the testimony of both Morgan and Fournier. Although


       5
          The Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal summarily affirmed the trial court’s decision
that Palmer was not entitled to post-conviction relief under Rule 3.850. When a state appellate
court does not explain its decision to affirm the trial court, we “look through” that decision to the
last reasoned decision and presume that the unexplained decision adopted the reasoning in the
decision by the lower state court. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018). We thus look
to the reasoning of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit’s opinion.
                                                 10
               Case: 18-12171        Date Filed: 08/15/2019       Page: 11 of 12


Palmer argues that “[Morgan] testified, on one hand, that Mr. Palmer had not

abandoned the merchandise, but, on the other hand she conceded that he had

abandoned the stolen goods prior to fleeing the store,” Morgan’s testimony does

not establish that that Palmer abandoned the merchandise before showing her the

knife. Her testimony that he abandoned the cart “at one point” before leaving the

store, although ambiguous, is reasonably read to mean that he abandoned the cart

shortly before leaving. Further, on cross-examination, Morgan responded “no”

when asked if Palmer had abandoned the merchandise upon her confronting him.

Similarly, Fournier testified that Palmer did not abandon the cart when he initially

approached him and that he saw the knife while he and Morgan were still walking

with Palmer in the store.6 Based on this testimony, the state court’s finding was

reasonable.

       Palmer further argues that the Walmart surveillance video “clearly showed

that [he] abandoned the merchandise before he threatened security personnel.”

Although Palmer raised this argument before the state court, he did not raise it

before the district court, and the district court did not have an opportunity to view

the video and consider this argument. “[I]ssues not raised in the district court in the



       6
          Palmer correctly points out, however, that the state court misstated his argument by
stating that he “claim[ed that] he abandoned the merchandise after he displayed the knife”
because he instead argued that he abandoned the cart immediately after Morgan and Fournier
approached him. But it is clear that the state court did not rely on Palmer’s argument in reaching
its decision; it instead relied on the evidence of Morgan and Fournier’s testimony.
                                                11
               Case: 18-12171       Date Filed: 08/15/2019       Page: 12 of 12


first instance are forfeited.” Reaves v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 872 F.3d 1137,

1150 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting Maradiaga v. United States, 679 F.3d 1286, 1293

(11th Cir. 2012)). Accordingly, Palmer forfeited any argument that the surveillance

video provides evidence of abandonment by not raising that argument before the

district court.7

       In sum, the state court’s decision that Palmer failed to show ineffective

assistance of counsel was not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.

Morgan and Fournier’s testimony do not provide evidence that Palmer abandoned

the shopping cart before displaying a knife such that the chain between the taking

and the use of force was broken. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial

of Palmer’s § 2254 petition for habeas relief.

       AFFIRMED.




       7
         Palmer also argues that his counsel’s actions could not have been the result of
reasonable trial strategy because his counsel argued the defense of abandonment throughout trial.
This argument exceeds the scope of the COA because it concerns whether the state court’s
decision was an unreasonable application of federal law, not whether the state court’s decision
was based on an unreasonable determination of facts. Accordingly, we do not consider it. See
Diaz, 362 F.3d at 702.

                                               12
