                                       UNPUBLISHED

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                          No. 19-2130


In re: CIGAR ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA; CIGAR RIGHTS OF AMERICA;
PREMIUM CIGAR ASSOCIATION, f/k/a International Premium Cigar and Pipe
Retailers Association,

                        Appellants.

------------------------------

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; MARYLAND CHAPTER-
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
CANCER ACTION NETWORK; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION; CAMPAIGN FOR TOBACCO-FREE
KIDS; TRUTH INITIATIVE; DR. LEAH BRASCH, MD; DR. CYNTHIA
FISHMAN, MD; DR. LINDA GOLDSTEIN, MD; DR. STEVEN HIRSCH, MD;
DR. DAVID MYLES, MD,

                        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                v.

UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NORMAN E.
SHARPLESS, in his official capacity as Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs;
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
ALEX M. AZAR, II, in his Official capacity as Secretary of Health and Human
Services,

                        Defendants.

------------------------------

STATE OF MARYLAND; MARYLAND ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY
HEALTH OFFICERS,

                        Amicus Supporting Appellees.
                                     No. 19-2132


AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; MARYLAND CHAPTER-
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
CANCER ACTION NETWORK; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION; CAMPAIGN FOR TOBACCO-FREE
KIDS; TRUTH INITIATIVE; DR. LEAH BRASCH, MD; DR. CYNTHIA
FISHMAN, MD; DR. LINDA GOLDSTEIN, MD; DR. STEVEN HIRSCH, MD;
DR. DAVID MYLES, MD,

                   Plaintiffs - Appellees,

             v.

AMERICAN E-LIQUID MANUFACTURING STANDARDS ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN VAPING ASSOCIATION; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES
TRADE ASSOCIATION- CALIFORNIA; ARIZONA SMOKE FREE BUSINESS
ALLIANCE; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION-
CONNECTICUT; INDIANA SMOKE FREE ASSOCIATION; SMOKE-FREE
ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION- HAWAII; IOWANS FOR
ALTERNATIVE TO SMOKING AND TOBACCO; SMOKE-FREE
ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION- LOUISIANA; KENTUCKY
SMOKE FREE ASSOCIATION; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE
ASSOCIATION- RHODE ISLAND; MARYLAND VAPOR ALLIANCE;
SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION- TEXAS; NEW
YORK STATE VAPOR ASSOCIATION; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES
TRADE   ASSOCIATION-    WISCONSIN;   OHIO  VAPOR    TRADE
ASSOCIATION; RIGHT TO BE SMOKE-FREE COALITION; SMOKE FREE
ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION; TENNESSEE SMOKE FREE
ASSOCIATION; TEXAS VAPOR COALITION,

                   Intervenors - Appellants,

            and

UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NORMAN E.
SHARPLESS, in his official capacity as Acting Commissioner of Food and Drugs;
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
ALEX M. AZAR, II, in his Official capacity as Secretary of Health and Human
Services,

                                             2
                          Defendants,
------------------------------

WASHINGTON LEGAL FOUNDATION; CONSUMER ADVOCATES FOR
SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES ASSOCIATION; MICHAEL SIEGEL,

                         Amici Supporting Appellants.

STATE OF MARYLAND,

                        Amicus Supporting Appellees.



                                          No. 19-2198


AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
CANCER ACTION NETWORK; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION; LEAH BRASCH, MD; CAMPAIGN FOR
TOBACCO-FREE KIDS; CYNTHIA FISHMAN, MD; LINDA GOLDSTEIN,
MD; STEVEN HIRSCH, MD; DAVID MYLES, MD; TRUTH INITIATIVE;
MARYLAND CHAPTER- AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS,

                        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                v.

UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NORMAN E.
SHARPLESS, in his Official capacity as Commissioner of Food and Drugs;
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;
ALEX M. AZAR, II, in his Official capacity as Secretary of Health and Human
Services,

                        Defendants - Appellants.

------------------------------

STATE OF MARYLAND; MARYLAND ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY
HEALTH OFFICERS,


                                                  3
                        Amici Supporting Appellees.



                                          No. 19-2242


In re:   AMERICAN E-LIQUID MANUFACTURING STANDARDS
ASSOCIATION; AMERICAN VAPING ASSOCIATION; ARIZONA SMOKE
FREE BUSINESS ALLIANCE; INDIANA SMOKE FREE ASSOCIATION;
IOWANS FOR ALTERNATIVE TO SMOKING AND TOBACCO; KENTUCKY
SMOKE FREE ASSOCIATION; MARYLAND VAPOR ALLIANCE; NEW
YORK STATE VAPOR ASSOCIATION; OHIO VAPOR TRADE
ASSOCIATION; RIGHT TO BE SMOKE-FREE COALITION; SMOKE FREE
ALTERNATIVES TRADE ASSOCIATION; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES
TRADE ASSOCIATION- CALIFORNIA; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES
TRADE ASSOCIATION- CONNECTICUT; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES
TRADE ASSOCIATION- HAWAII; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE
ASSOCIATION- LOUISIANA; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE
ASSOCIATION- RHODE ISLAND; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE
ASSOCIATION- TEXAS; SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES TRADE
ASSOCIATION- WISCONSIN; TENNESSEE SMOKE FREE ASSOCIATION;
TEXAS VAPOR COALITION,

                        Appellants.

------------------------------

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY
CANCER ACTION NETWORK; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION;
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION; LEAH BRASCH; CAMPAIGN FOR
TOBACCO-FREE KIDS; CYNTHIA FISHMAN; LINDA GOLDSTEIN;
STEVEN HIRSCH; DAVID MYLES; MARYLAND CHAPTER- AMERICAN
ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS; TRUTH INITIATIVE,

                        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                v.

UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; SCOTT
GOTTLIEB, in his Official capacity as Commissioner of Food and Drugs;
NORMAN E. SHARPLESS, in his Official capacity as Commissioner of Food and
Drugs; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN

                                                  4
SERVICES; ALEX M. AZAR, II, in his Official capacity as Secretary of Health
and Human Services; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESPIRATORY CARE,

                         Defendants.

------------------------------

WASHINGTON LEGAL FOUNDATION; CONSUMER ADVOCATES FOR
SMOKE-FREE ALTERNATIVES; MICHAEL SIEGEL,

                        Amici Supporting Appellants.

STATE OF MARYLAND; MARYLAND ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY
HEALTH OFFICERS,

                        Amici Supporting Appellees.


Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Paul W. Grimm, District Judge. (8:18-cv-00883-PWG)


Argued: March 18, 2020                                            Decided: May 4, 2020


Before AGEE, THACKER, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed in part, dismissed in part by unpublished per curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Eric P. Gotting, KELLER AND HECKMAN LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Intervenor-Appellants. Mark S. Raffman, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP, Washington, D.C,
for Appellants. Joshua Revesz, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant United States Food and Drug Administration. Jeffrey B.
Dubner, DEMOCRACY FORWARD FOUNDATION, Washington, D.C., for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Mark B. Stern, Lindsey Powell,
Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.;
Robert P. Charrow, General Counsel, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES, Washington, D.C.; Stacy Cline Amin, Chief Counsel,
Annamarie Kempic, Deputy Chief Counsel for Litigation, Wendy S. Vicente, Senior
Counsel, Peter G. Dickos, Associate Chief Counsel, UNITED STATES FOOD AND
DRUG ADMINISTRATION, Rockville, Maryland, for Appellants. Andrew Kim,

                                             5
Benjamin Hayes, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant Cigar
Association of America. Azim Chowdhury, KELLER AND HECKMAN LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Intervenor-Appellants. Michael J. Edney, STEPTOE & JOHNSON
LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellants Premium Cigar Association and Cigar Rights of
America. Dennis A. Henigan, Swati Rawani, CAMPAIGN FOR TOBACCO-FREE
KIDS, Washington, D.C.; Mark E. Greenwold, Washington, D.C.; Sean A. Lev, Nitin
Shah, DEMOCRACY FORWARD FOUNDATION, Washington, D.C.; Eve L. Hill,
BROWN GOLDSTEIN & LEVY, LLP, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees. Corbin K.
Barthold, Cory L. Andrews, WASHINGTON LEGAL FOUNDATION, Washington,
D.C., for Amicus Washington Legal Foundation. Keith D. Price, Andrew D. Ryan,
Timothy C. Sansone, Zachary S. Merkle, SANDBERG PHOENIX & VON GONTARD,
P.C., St. Louis, Missouri, for Amici Consumer Advocates for Smoke-Free Alternatives
Association and Michael Siegel, M.D., M.P.H. Kathleen Hoke, UNIVERSITY OF
MARYLAND SCHOOL OF LAW, Baltimore, Maryland, for Amicus Maryland
Association of County Health Officers. Brian E. Frosh, Attorney General, Steven M.
Sullivan, Solicitor General, John M. Leovy, Assistant Attorney General, Sarah W. Rice,
Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF
MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Amicus State of Maryland. Rachel S.
Bloomekatz, Columbus, Ohio, for Amici Public Health Law Center; Action on Smoking
and Health; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College
of Chest Physicians; American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine;
Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights; American Medical Association; American Public
Health Association; American Thoracic Society; NAATPN, Inc.; National Association for
the Medical Direction of Respiratory Care; and National Medical Association.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.




                                            6
PER CURIAM:

       This case involves a challenge to an August 2017 Guidance issued by the Food and

Drug Administration (“FDA”) which set a compliance deadline for certain newly deemed

tobacco products. That Guidance was superseded by another Guidance issued by the FDA

in January 2020. Industry groups representing e-cigarettes and other vapor products (the

“Vapor Appellants”) and cigars (the “Cigar Appellants”), along with the FDA, challenge

the district court’s determination that the August 2017 Guidance was unlawful, as well as

the district court’s decision to set its own replacement compliance deadline for the August

2017 Guidance rather than remand for the FDA to issue a new Guidance.

       As to the Cigar Appellants, we affirm the district court’s denial of their motion to

intervene. As to the Vapor Appellants, the 2020 Guidance moots the merits of their appeal.

And, because the FDA asks us to dismiss its appeal if we reach the foregoing conclusions,

we dismiss the remainder of the appeal.

                                            I.

                                           A.

                                  Relevant Background

       In 2009, Congress enacted the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control

Act (the “TCA”), which aims, in part, to reduce the use of tobacco products by children

and adolescents. See 21 U.S.C. § 387 note. The TCA authorizes the FDA to regulate

tobacco products, including “cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, and

smokeless tobacco,” as well as “any other tobacco products that the Secretary by regulation

deems to be subject” to the TCA. Id. § 387a(b). Relevant here, the TCA requires

                                             7
manufacturers of new tobacco products 1 to submit a Premarket Tobacco Application

(“PMTA”) and receive authorization from the FDA prior to marketing these products.

       The PMTA must contain information about the product’s health risks, a statement

of the product’s ingredients, specified manufacturing information, samples of the product,

and the product’s proposed labeling. Id. § 387j(b)(1). A manufacturer of a new tobacco

product may only avoid filing a PMTA if the product “is substantially equivalent to a

tobacco product commercially marketed (other than for test marketing) in the United States

as of February 15, 2007.” Id. § 382j(a)(2)(A)(i)(I).

       In accordance with its authority to “deem” new products subject to the TCA, the

FDA issued a final “Deeming Rule” in May 2016 which deemed products such as cigars,

pipe tobacco, and electronic nicotine delivery systems 2 (“vapor products”) to be subject to

the TCA. 81 Fed. Reg. 28974, 28982. Recognizing that the Deeming Rule meant that the

newly deemed products may already be on the market without having submitted a PMTA,

the Deeming Rule included a provision giving manufacturers of the newly deemed

products time to come into compliance. Relevant here, the Deeming Rule included

“staggered” twelve to twenty-four month compliance periods for manufacturers of newly

deemed products already on the market. Id. at 29010. The Deeming Rule also specified


       1
        “New tobacco products” are “product[s] (including those products in test markets)
that w[ere] not commercially marketed in the United States as of February 15, 2007,” or
tobacco products that were modified after that date. 21 U.S.C. § 387j(a)(1).
       2
        Electronic nicotine delivery systems are often referred to as “vaping” devices,
including e-cigars, e-hookah, vape pens, personal vaporizers, and electronic pipes. See 81
Fed. Reg. at 29028. We refer to these products collectively as “vapor products.”

                                             8
that the FDA would continue to exercise “enforcement discretion” for an additional one-

year period while it processed PMTAs. Id. at 29014. The FDA explained that, during that

time, it did not intend to seek to administratively or judicially enforce the statutory

premarket review requirements for products with submitted PMTAs during the initial

compliance period.      Id.   Together, these two periods, that is, the initial staggered

compliance periods combined with the additional one year of enforcement discretion,

meant that the FDA did not intend to enforce the TCA’s PMTA requirements for most

deemed tobacco products until 2018.

       However, in May 2017, the FDA issued guidance that it would not prioritize

enforcement of PMTA requirements for an additional three months beyond the initial

staggered compliance dates set forth in the Deeming Rule. Then, in August 2017, the FDA

again switched course. It issued a new Guidance (the August 2017 Guidance) extending

the compliance period for combustible products like cigars until August 2021, and until

August 2022 for noncombustible products, including most vapor products. Further, the

August 2017 Guidance indicated that the FDA did not intend to prioritize enforcement of

the PMTA requirements “until the agency renders a decision on [the manufacturer’s]

application . . . or the application is withdrawn.” J.A. 143. 3

       This case arises out of a challenge to the FDA’s August 2017 Guidance, which the

FDA issued without any notice and comment period or other opportunity for public input.



          3
              Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this
appeal.

                                               9
                                            B.

                                    Procedural History

       On March 27, 2018, Appellees, six public-health organizations and five

pediatricians, filed their complaint in the district court alleging the August 2017 Guidance

violated the TCA and the Take Care Clause, U.S. Const. art. II, § 3, should have been

issued through the Administrative Procedure Act’s (“APA”) notice and comment

procedures, and was, therefore, arbitrary and capricious. In September 2018, during the

course of litigation, the FDA announced it was considering whether to revisit the

enforcement priorities set forth in the August 2017 Guidance. And in March 2019, the

FDA published a draft superseding guidance in the Federal Register and initiated a notice

and comment period. See 84 FR 9345.

       In May 2019, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees,

holding the August 2017 Guidance was unlawful because it was inconsistent with the

TCA’s mandatory language, and because it was “a legislative, rather than interpretive, rule”

that required notice and comment. J.A. 86–97. However, because the original Deeming

Rule compliance deadline of 2018 had passed during the pendency of litigation, the district

court asked the parties to separately brief the question of an appropriate remedy. While

the supplemental briefs were pending, numerous interest groups, including the Vapor




                                            10
Appellants (but not the Cigar Appellants) moved to intervene. Those motions were

denied. 4

       In July 2019, the district court entered its “Remedy Order” which directed the FDA

to require all PMTAs to be filed by May 12, 2020, consistent with one of the FDA’s

requests in its briefing. Less than one month later, the Vapor Appellants again moved to

intervene -- this time, for purposes of appeal. Two months after the Remedy Order issued,

the Cigar Appellants filed a motion to intervene. The district granted the Vapor Appellants’

motion but denied the Cigar Appellants’ motion as untimely.

       The FDA and the Vapor Appellants appealed from the district court’s Summary

Judgment and Remedy Orders. Appellees and the FDA argue that the Vapor Appellants’

appeal is moot. The Cigar Appellants appeal the district court’s denial of their motion to

intervene and, should they be successful, raise merits issues for consideration on appeal.

       On January 2, 2020, while these appeals were pending, the FDA finalized its new

Guidance after receiving over 15,000 comments during the comment period (the “2020

Guidance”). The 2020 Guidance replaced the August 2017 Guidance and set the PMTA

compliance deadline as May 12, 2020.




       4
         The Vapor Appellants appealed the district court’s denial of their first motion to
intervene in Case No. 19-2242. However, they did not include any argument for reversing
that decision in their opening brief. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial. See,
e.g., IGEN Int’l, Inc. v. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 335 F.3d 303, 308 (4th Cir. 2003)
(“Failure to present or argue assignments of error in opening appellate briefs constitutes a
waiver of those issues.”).

                                            11
                                              II.

         This Court considers questions of jurisdiction de novo. Lee Graham Shopping Ctr.,

LLC v. Estate of Kirsch, 777 F.3d 678, 680 (4th Cir. 2015). We review the denial of a

motion to intervene for abuse of discretion. Stuart v. Huff, 706 F.3d 345, 349 (4th Cir.

2013).

                                             III.

                                           Mootness

                                             A.

         Before considering the merits of this appeal, we must first consider whether the

Vapor Appellants’ appeal is moot now that the FDA has replaced the challenged August

2017 Guidance.

         “[T]he parties’ stake in the outcome of the case must exist not only at the case’s

inception, but for the entire duration of the proceedings.” CVLR Performance Horses, Inc.

v. Wynne, 792 F.3d 469, 474 (4th Cir. 2015). Thus, “[l]itigation may become moot during

the pendency of an appeal when an intervening event makes it impossible for the court to

grant effective relief to the prevailing party.” Id. And “‘[i]f an event occurs while a case

is pending on appeal that makes it impossible for the court to grant any effectual relief

whatever to a prevailing party, the appeal must be dismissed.’” Incumaa v. Ozmint, 507

F.3d 281, 286 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 506

U.S. 9, 12 (1992)) (alteration omitted).

         In similar cases, when statutes or regulatory rules have changed during the course

of litigation, courts have found the changes may render the initial suit moot. See, e.g.,

                                              12
Valero Terrestrial Corp. v. Paige, 211 F.3d 112, 116 (4th Cir. 2000); Esposito v. S.C.

Coastal Council, 939 F.2d 165, 171 (4th Cir. 1991); Disabled in Action of Baltimore v.

Bridwell, 820 F.2d 1219, at *4 (4th Cir. 1987) (unpublished); see also Ctr. for Sci. in the

Pub. Interest v. Regan (“CSPI”), 727 F.2d 1161, 1167 (D.C. Cir. 1984). In Valero, the

appellants initially sued in the district court challenging the constitutionality of several

provisions of West Virginia law related to waste disposal. See Valero, 211 F.3d at 115.

The district court initially agreed that the provisions were unconstitutional and entered an

injunction prohibiting their enforcement. See id. While the case was still pending in the

district court on several motions to reconsider, the West Virginia legislature revised the

implicated provisions of West Virginia law. See id. The appellees moved the district court

to dismiss the complaint as moot in light of the revisions, and the district court did so. See

id. We affirmed on appeal because “[t]he amendments repealed the former requirement[s]”

that were the subject of the lawsuit. Id. at 116. Further, we determined that the revisions

did not preclude a mootness finding on the grounds of voluntary cessation by the State.

See id. That doctrine, we held, “is generally limited to the circumstance . . . in which a

defendant openly announces its intention to reenact ‘precisely the same provision’ held

unconstitutional below.” Id. (citing City of Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S.

283, 289 & n.11 (1982)).

        Considering a similar case involving a change in an agency rule, the D.C. Circuit

held that an intervening change moots a challenge to the prior rule. See CSPI, 727 F.2d at

1167.    Importantly, the D.C. Circuit recognized that the agency in that case “was

legitimately empowered to initiate further rulemaking to correct the deficiencies that the

                                             13
district court found in [the prior rule].” Id. at 1164–65. Because the prior rule, which was

the alleged source of the plaintiffs’ harm, had been superseded, the D.C. Circuit determined

“[a]ny appellate pronouncement on the validity of that rule would be meaningless” and

dismissed the appeal. Id. at 1165. Relevant here, the D.C. Circuit also explained that any

challenges to the amended rule “present[ed] a new case” and that any attacks on the new

rule should be “by a separate action.” Id. at 1166.

       The FDA and Appellees argue the 2020 Guidance issued by the FDA moots the

Vapor Appellants’ appeal because it expressly replaces the August 2017 Guidance. As

they see it, any relief this court might grant in relation to the August 2017 Guidance would

be useless as that Guidance no longer exists. Specifically, in the 2020 Guidance, the FDA

explains that it is “prioritizing enforcement of premarket review requirements for [vapor]

products, as described in this section, and is doing so independently of the [district] court

order” regarding the August 2017 Guidance. J.A. 215. Interestingly, the Vapor Appellants

do not dispute that the 2020 Guidance supersedes the August 2017 Guidance. Instead, they

argue that the 2020 Guidance was enacted without proper APA notice and comment, in

violation of the district court’s order. Because, in their view, the 2020 Guidance repeats

the same notice and comment error as the August 2017 Guidance, the Vapor Appellants

argue it does not moot this appeal. The FDA counters, arguing that the 2020 Guidance is

procedurally sound and that, in any event, a challenge to the 2020 Guidance must be made

in a separate action.




                                             14
                                           B.

       We hold that the 2020 Guidance moots the Vapor Appellants’ appeal because it

supersedes the August 2017 Guidance, leaving no possible meaningful relief that this court

could grant. In other words, any ruling by this court as to the procedural or substantive

reasonableness of the August 2017 Guidance would amount to nothing more than an

advisory opinion.

       “Under any conceivable disposition of the [Vapor Appellants’ appeal], it is clear

that an ultimate determination of the rights and obligations of the parties concerning” the

2020 Guidance’s procedural adequacy “can emerge only upon consideration of the validity

of” that policy. CSPI, 727 F.2d at 1164. “That is unquestionably a matter for the district

court initially, because a determination of the validity of [the 2020 Guidance] necessarily

requires review of the new administrative record.” Id. As the FDA has represented, the

August 2017 Guidance “is a dead letter, and cannot be revived in favor of intervenors. Any

appellate pronouncement on the validity of that rule would be meaningless.” Id. at 1165.

Because this court can offer no relief to the Vapor Appellants in the context of this

litigation, their appeal has become moot. See Lamprecht v. F.C.C., 958 F.2d 382, 389

(D.C. Cir. 1992).

    Accordingly, we hold the Vapor Appellants’ appeal is moot and dismiss it. 5




       5
         Of course, the Vapor Appellants may challenge the 2020 Guidance, if they so
choose, in a separate action brought in the appropriate district court.

                                            15
                                              IV.

                                      Motion to Intervene

                                               A.

       Next, we consider whether the district court abused its discretion when it denied the

Cigar Appellants’ motion to intervene. We hold it did not.

       Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2), intervention as of right is only

appropriate when “[o]n timely motion” an intervenor “claims an interest relating to the

property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of

the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its

interest unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2).

“Thus, in addition to timeliness, intervention of right is dependent on the moving party’s

fulfillment of three requirements: interest, impairment of interest and inadequate

representation.” Gould v. Alleco, Inc., 883 F.2d 281, 284 (4th Cir. 1989) (emphasis

supplied).

       “[T]imeliness is a ‘cardinal consideration’ of whether to permit intervention.”

Houston Gen. Ins. Co. v. Moore, 193 F.3d 838, 839 (4th Cir. 1999); see also id. (“The

determination of timeliness is committed to the discretion of the district court and will not

be disturbed on appeal except for an abuse of that discretion.”). The purpose of the

timeliness exception is to “prevent a tardy intervenor from derailing a lawsuit within sight

of the terminal.” Alt v. U.S. EPA, 758 F.3d 588, 591 (4th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).

       Thus, a movant’s failure to seek intervention in a timely manner is sufficient to

justify denial of a motion to intervene. See Gould v. Alleco, Inc., 883 F.2d 281, 286 (4th

                                              16
Cir. 1989). When assessing the timeliness of a motion to intervene in a civil action, “a trial

court in this Circuit is obliged to assess three factors: first, how far the underlying suit has

progressed; second, the prejudice any resulting delay might cause the other parties; and

third, why the movant was tardy in filing its motion.” Alt, 758 F.3d at 591. And in

considering these three Alt factors, we have stressed that courts should be reluctant to stall

“the momentum of [a] lawsuit” that is in the advanced stages of litigation. Id.

                                              B.

       The district court recognized that the Cigar Appellants sought to intervene because

this case “potentially could disrupt the long-settled course of proceedings” in Cigar

Association of America v. FDA, No. 16-1460, in the United States District Court for the

District of Columbia, “an ongoing case in which they filed a challenge to the Deeming

Rule in 2016.” J.A. 122. The district court determined the motion was untimely:

              The litigation in the District of Columbia preceded this case
              and they could have sought to intervene months earlier. And,
              unlike the Vapor Associations that could not previously show
              harm to their interests, the Cigar Associations have been aware
              for months that this litigation challenged the deadlines that they
              believed they had negotiated to extend. Yet they chose not to
              seek leave to intervene previously, waiting instead to see if the
              case would survive Defendants’ motion to dismiss and, when
              it did, to see what the remedy would be. “Such deliberate
              forbearance understandably engenders little sympathy.”

Id. at 123 (quoting Alt, 758 F.3d at 591). Indeed, unlike the Vapor Appellants and other

interested groups, the Cigar Appellants did not move to intervene at any point during the

pendency of the district court litigation. Instead, their motion was not filed until September

4, 2019 -- nearly 18 months after the complaint was filed, four months after the district


                                              17
court granted summary judgment on May 15, 2019, and two months after the district court

entered its remedy order on July 12, 2019.

       As to the first Alt factor, the underlying suit had progressed literally to its end. See,

e.g., Houston Gen. Ins. Co., 193 F.3d at 840 (affirming denial of motion to intervene filed

more than two months after the district court entered its final order of judgment). Though

a party may intervene for purposes of appeal, Marino v. Ortiz, 484 U.S. 301, 304 (1988),

none of the parties here raised the Cigar Appellants’ idiosyncratic interest in preserving the

deadlines in the D.C. case during the course of the underlying litigation. That further

undercuts the appropriateness of intervention at such a late stage of the present litigation.

See Alt, 758 F.3d at 591 (“In such circumstances, the court was reasonably reluctant to

arrest the momentum of the lawsuit so near its final resolution.”).

       As to the second factor, the district court noted that the parties had not argued or

briefed any of the issues raised by the Cigar Appellants throughout the course of the

litigation and “the delay that litigating new issues theoretically would cause after the

issuance of a final judgment is not outweighed by the Cigar Associations’ potential success

on appeal.” J.A. 123. The district court did not abuse its discretion in reaching this

conclusion. Indeed, we have previously found that the expenditure of “extra effort[s]” on

the part of the parties could amount to prejudice on which a district court may base its

denial of a motion to intervene. See Alt, 758 F.3d at 591 (“Affording the court its proper

deference, we are in no position to disagree.”). The same is true here.

       And as to the third Alt factor, the district court held “[t]he Cigar Associations have

not provided any justification for their delay in raising their issues in this litigation.” Id.

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Though the Cigar Appellants argue they had no opportunity to move to intervene earlier

because the district court had already denied the Vapor Appellants’ motion to intervene,

this argument fails to recognize that the Cigar Appellants were seeking to intervene for

different reasons. Indeed, the Cigar Appellants were on notice that the FDA was seeking

to alter the PMTA compliance deadlines at least as early as March 2019, when the FDA

published its draft superseding guidance. J.A. 182 (noting that the FDA was “reconsidering

the compliance policy with respect to other deemed tobacco products,” including “flavored

cigars”). Yet, the Cigar Appellants did not move to intervene for another six months.

Instead, they filed a motion in the pending District of Columbia case seeking a declaration

from that court that the deadlines put in place by the district court here did not apply to

cigar products. See Cigar Ass’n of Am. v. FDA, Mem. in Supp. of Pls.’ Motion for a Decl.,

No. 16-1460, ECF No. 136-1. The District of Columbia court rightly rejected the Cigar

Appellants’ attempted maneuvering. See Cig Ass’n of Am. v. FDA, 411 F. Supp. 3d 1, 4

(D.D.C. 2019). Therefore, against this backdrop, it appears the Cigar Appellants “gambled

and lost in the execution of [their] litigation strategy,” which “engenders little sympathy.”

Alt, 758 F.3d at 591. We thus decline to disturb the district court’s ruling, which was well

within its discretion.

       Accordingly, we affirm the district court and hold that that it did not abuse its

discretion when it denied the motion to intervene.

                                             V.

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s denial of the Cigar Appellants’ Motion

to Intervene is affirmed. And because the 2020 Guidance moots the merits of the Vapor

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Appellants’ appeal, it is dismissed. The FDA has requested its appeal be dismissed if we

reach the foregoing conclusions about the Appellants’ arguments; therefore, we dismiss

the remainder of this appeal.

                                           AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART




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