                                         In The

                                  Court of Appeals

                      Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                                 __________________

                                 NO. 09-19-00051-CV
                                 __________________

                         STEPHEN HARTMAN, Appellant

                                           V.

              THE ESTATE OF JOE ALFORD, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________

                On Appeal from the 58th District Court
                       Jefferson County, Texas
                      Trial Cause No. A-198,246
__________________________________________________________________

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Stephen Hartman (Hartman) appeals the trial court’s order granting The Estate

of Joe Alford’s (Alford) plea to the jurisdiction and motion for traditional summary

judgment. 1 In six issues before the Court, Hartman argues that the trial court erred

when it found that Alford had absolute prosecutorial immunity and therefore, could




   1
       Joe Alford died during the underlying litigation.
                                           1
not be held liable for Hartman’s claims of malicious prosecution and conspiracy. We

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                   I. Background

      In a prior opinion, we provided a detailed background of this case. See Walker

v. Hartman, 516 S.W.3d 71, 75–78 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2017, pet. denied).

Accordingly, we only discuss the background facts necessary for the resolution of

this case. In May 2013, Hartman attempted to serve Judge Layne Walker of the

252nd Jefferson County District Court with process papers for a federal lawsuit.

According to Hartman, he had sought to serve Walker at his residence, but Walker

and Walker’s son threatened him. Hartman then tried to serve Walker at his place of

employment.

      Hartman arrived at Walker’s courtroom to serve the process papers. Walker

was on the bench, working the district court’s docket for that morning. According to

Hartman, he sat in the gallery of the courtroom and quietly approached the court’s

bailiff about serving Walker. Hartman asserts he never crossed the bar of the

courtroom or attempted to serve Walker during a judicial proceeding and did not

disrupt the judicial proceedings. Another bailiff told Hartman to leave, but he

refused. Hartman was arrested and held all day in a holding cell behind the

courtroom. Hartman’s personal belongings were confiscated, including a camera pen

                                          2
that recorded a video of Hartman’s arrest. Hartman alleged the bailiffs, Walker, and

Walker’s staff later illegally accessed the pen’s recordings. While detained in the

holding cell, Hartman was allowed to serve Walker in the court’s jury room.

Hartman stated that only after he was transferred to the Jefferson County Jail that

evening did they inform him of the charges against him.

       The Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department charged Hartman with Interfering

with Public Duties and Disrupting a Public Meeting. Several lawyers and witnesses

signed affidavits about Hartman’s behavior and his arrest that day in the courtroom. 2

Jefferson County Court at Law Judge Lupe Flores appointed Attorney Joe Alford to

act as District Attorney Pro Tem (DAPT) and transferred the case to Orange County.

Alford, acting as a DAPT, prosecuted the case against Hartman in Orange County

and charged Hartman with a “Class B misdemeanor of Hindering a Proceeding by

Disorderly Conduct.” See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.13 (West 2016). Ultimately,

the charges were dismissed.

       Hartman filed federal and state lawsuits against Walker, the bailiffs, sheriff’s

department employees, and the individuals who signed affidavits about Hartman’s



   2
     Hartman argues that the affidavits are false and contends Walker and Jefferson
County Sherriff’s Department employees instructed the witnesses “to provide
perjured affidavits and one false witness statement, to support Hartman’s arrest and
prosecution[.]” Hartman also sued the witnesses who signed statements.
                                          3
conduct. His federal lawsuit was dismissed. In his state lawsuit against Alford,

Hartman alleges, among other things, that Alford “was [an] illegal DAPT

prosecutor” acting on Walker’s, the District Attorney’s, and Judge Flores’s orders

and “undertook tortious misconduct[.]” Hartman argues this conduct constituted a

“conspiracy” orchestrated by Walker, the Jefferson County District Attorney, and

Flores to have Alford “maliciously prosecute Hartman” based on perjured affidavits.

According to Hartman, Alford had no legal authority to prosecute him, and Alford

knew from the beginning of his investigation that he was engaging in a “malicious

and illegal prosecution.” Hartman asserts that because Alford was a private attorney

and not a government employee, he is not entitled to prosecutorial immunity, and

thus does not have a defense under the Texas Torts Claims Act (TTCA). In Alford’s

fifth amended plea to the jurisdiction and motion for traditional summary judgment,

he argues that he is entitled to “absolute prosecutorial immunity” against Hartman’s

state tort law causes of action.

      After a hearing, the trial court granted Alford’s plea to the jurisdiction.

Hartman timely filed this interlocutory appeal.




                                         4
                              II. Standard of Review

      Section 51.014 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code gives us

jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s granting of Alford’s

plea to the jurisdiction. See Tex. Civ. Prac & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(8) (West

Supp. 2018).

      “Absolute prosecutorial immunity is properly asserted in a plea to the

jurisdiction because it deprives the court of all subject matter jurisdiction over the

case.” Hays v. Campos, No. 13-15-00216-CV, 2015 WL 5135946, at *2 n.3 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 31, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citations omitted). A plea

to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea typically used to defeat a plaintiff’s cause of

action regardless of whether the claims have merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue,

34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). We review a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the

jurisdiction based on immunity from suit under a de novo standard. Tex. Dep’t of

Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). When doing so,

we examine the factual allegations in the pleadings and relevant jurisdictional

evidence. See City of Elsa v. Gonzalez, 325 S.W.3d 622, 625–26 (Tex. 2010); Bland,

34 S.W.3d at 555. When pleadings are challenged by a plea to the jurisdiction, a

court must determine whether the pleader has alleged facts affirmatively

demonstrating the court’s jurisdiction, and the court must liberally construe the

                                          5
pleadings. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226 (citing Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control

Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993)). “However, if a plea to the jurisdiction

challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence

submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised,

as the trial court is required to do.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227 (citing Bland, 34

S.W.3d at 555). In that situation, our review of a plea to the jurisdiction is much like

a traditional motion for summary judgment. See id. at 228.

                                     III. Analysis

A. Prosecutorial Immunity

       Hartman contends that Alford is not entitled to prosecutorial immunity

because “Alford was an illegal prosecutor who knowingly joined an extra-judicial

conspiracy to fabricate false criminal charges against [him].” 3 Prosecutors enjoy


   3
     We note that Hartman cites to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 2.07
to support his allegation that Alford is an illegal prosecutor and not entitled to
prosecutorial immunity. Tex. Code of Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.07 (West 2005). We
are unpersuaded by this argument. According to Hartman, Alford acted as an illegal
DAPT under article 2.07, because he did not file his oath of office with the clerk of
the court. Id. Hartman objected to Alford’s authority before the trial court and
Hartman’s criminal charges were dismissed based on Alford’s failure to file an oath
of office as required by article 2.07. See State v. Newton, 158 S.W.3d 582, 588–89
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, pet. denied) (holding an objection to a DAPT’s
authority is not properly preserved for appellate review unless objected to in the trial
court); see also Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.07.
   Although Alford did not file his oath of the office with the trial court, we focus
on “the conduct for which immunity is claimed, not on the harm that the conduct
                                           6
absolute immunity under common law. Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427

(1976). “Texas courts have followed federal courts and consistently held as a matter

of law that absolute immunity extends to quasi-judicial officers, including

prosecutors performing such typical prosecutorial functions as initiating criminal

prosecution and presenting the State’s case.” Brown v. Lubbock Cty. Comm. Court,

185 S.W.3d 499, 505 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.) (citing Oden v. Reader,

935 S.W.2d 470, 474–75 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, no pet.)). “Activities intimately

associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process, such as initiating a

prosecution and presenting the State’s case, are functions to which absolute

immunity applies with full force.” Lesher v. Coyel, 435 S.W.3d 423, 430 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (citing Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430).

       Prosecutorial immunity has also been applied to bad acts performed by the

prosecutor. See Imbler, 424 U.S. at 427 (explaining that absolute immunity applies



may have caused or the question whether it was lawful.” Buckley v. Fitzsimmons,
509 U.S. 259, 271 (1993); see Charleston v. Pate, 194 S.W.3d 89, 91 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2006, no pet.) (holding that “[i]t is the nature of one’s activity, not one’s
title or qualifications, that gives rise to the prosecutorial immunity.” An argument
that a prosecutor was not properly appointed and failed to take the oath of office is
baseless when the attorney “actively assisted the district attorney in filing and
prosecuting [the case,]” making her “de facto assistant district attorney, and her
authority cannot be attacked in a collateral proceeding”) see also Tex. Code of Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 2.07. Thus, in determining whether Alford acted as a prosecutor, we
examine not his title but whether his actions entitled him to prosecutorial immunity.
                                             7
to a prosecutor who engages in “malicious or dishonest action”); see also Burns v.

Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 489–90 (1991) (noting that “prosecutors and other lawyers were

absolutely immune from damages liability at common law for making false or

defamatory statements in judicial proceedings . . . and also for eliciting false and

defamatory testimony from witnesses”); Lesher, 435 S.W.3d at 430–431 (applying

absolute immunity to a prosecutor accused of withholding grand jury book from

grand jury); Clawson v. Wharton Cty., 941 S.W.2d 267, 272 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 1996, pet. denied) (reasoning a prosecutor accused of taking bribes still

enjoys absolute immunity because “[a]bsolute immunity will shelter a prosecutor

even should he act maliciously, wantonly, or negligently”) (citation omitted).

      This absolute immunity is effective against all civil lawsuits whether the

lawsuit originates in federal court or state court and whether the allegations are

lodged against the individual in his personal or official capacity. Clawson, 941

S.W.2d at 273; see also Lesher, 435 S.W.3d at 430; Brown, 185 S.W.3d at 505.

Prosecutors are entitled to absolute immunity for exercising their judgment in

presenting evidence and in conducting trials in criminal cases. Imbler, 424 U.S. at

427. Allowing anything less than absolute immunity would result in an “adverse

effect upon the criminal justice system” and “better to leave unredressed the wrongs

done by dishonest officers than to subject those who try to do their duty to the

                                         8
constant dread of retaliation.” See id. at 426, 428 (citations omitted). “[T]he

alternative of qualifying a prosecutor’s immunity would disserve the broader public

interest. It would prevent the vigorous and fearless performance of the prosecutor’s

duty that is essential to the proper functioning of the criminal justice system.” Id. at

427–428.

      Hartman alleges that because Walker and his deputies had the witnesses

submit false affidavits, Alford engaged in an “extra-judicial conspiracy” by

knowingly using the false affidavits to prosecute him. According to Hartman, the

video recording of his arrest shows the witnesses’ affidavits are false.

      Assuming without deciding that the affidavits contained false information,

Alford is still entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity for his actions. As we have

noted, the United States Supreme Court has held that we examine the actions of a

prosecutor to determine if he is entitled to absolute immunity. See Buckley v.

Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 269 (1993) (noting that courts “look[] to ‘the nature of

the function performed, not the identity of the actor who performed it’”) (quoting

Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 229 (1988)). If an individual’s actions are

“intimately associated” with his job responsibilities as a prosecutor, he enjoys

absolute immunity no matter if he acted maliciously, in bad faith, or with ulterior

motives. Charleston v. Pate, 194 S.W.3d 89, 90–91 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006,

                                           9
no pet.) (noting prosecutorial functions include acts representing the government in

filing and prosecuting criminal cases) (citations omitted).

      [W]e modify our extension to the present case of the San Filippo holding that
      absolute immunity does not apply to conspiracies to present false testimony
      at trial. The holding in San Filippo is based on the crucial distinction between
      the presentation of perjurious testimony and a conspiracy to present perjurious
      testimony. With regard to witnesses, the distinction is important because
      witnesses enjoy immunity only for their actions in testifying and are not
      immune for extra-judicial actions such as an alleged conspiracy to present
      false testimony. The distinction is immaterial, however, with regard to
      prosecutors, who enjoy immunity not just for the presentation of testimony
      but, as discussed above, for all actions relating to their advocacy.

Dory v. Ryan, 25 F.3d 81, 83 (2d Cir. 1994) (citing San Filippo v. United States

Trust Co., 737 F.2d 246 (2d Cir. 1984)). Hartman’s classification of Alford’s actions

as an “extra judicial conspiracy” does not change Alford’s entitlement to absolute

prosecutorial immunity for conduct intimately associated with his actions as a

prosecutor.

      Alford’s review of Hartman’s case and decision to file criminal charges are

actions intimately related to the prosecutorial function, and Hartman is not allowed

redress under civil law. See Imbler, 424 U.S. at 427. Alford asserts in his affidavit

that he was not present in the courtroom when Hartman was arrested, nor did he

participate in any investigation. He states he filed his information based on the file

presented to him by the Jefferson County District Attorney’s Office. His actions,

even if premised on perjured or misleading information, are cloaked with absolute
                                       10
privilege. “Those acts must include the professional evaluation of the evidence

assembled by the police and appropriate preparation for its presentation at trial or

before a grand jury after a decision to seek an indictment has been made.” Buckley,

509 U.S. at 273; see also Bradt v. West, 892 S.W.2d 56, 70–71 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1994, pet. denied) (explaining that absolute immunity is “strong

medicine” but necessary, among other reasons, to protect a prosecutor in altering his

judicial judgment based on “personal ramifications of his decision rather than rest

that decision purely on appropriate concerns”) (citations omitted); Oden, 935

S.W.2d at 474–475 (noting that “absolute immunity extends to quasi-judicial

officers, such as a county attorney acting in his official capacity as prosecutor and

performing such typical prosecutorial functions as initiating criminal prosecution

and presenting the State’s case”) (citations omitted). Alford is entitled to absolute

prosecutorial immunity.

B. Immunity and TTCA

      In his original petition, Hartman asserts malicious torts against Alford that

come within the Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

§ 101.106(e) (West 2019). “[A]ll tort theories alleged against a governmental unit,

whether it is sued alone or together with its employees, are assumed to be ‘under



                                         11
[the Tort Claims Act]’ for purposes of section 101.106.” Mission Consol. Indep. Sch.

Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex. 2008).

       Government officials are entitled to immunity against state tort claims while

working in their official capacity. Hillman v. Nueces Cty., No. 17-0588, 2019 WL

1231341, at *1, 8 (Tex. Mar. 15, 2019); see also Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch v.

Hohman, 6 S.W.3d 767, 779 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. dism’d

w.o.j.). According to section 101.106(f),

       [i]f a suit is filed against an employee of a governmental unit based on
       conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment and
       if it could have been brought under this chapter against the
       governmental unit, the suit is considered to be against the employee in
       the employee’s official capacity only.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(f) (West 2019).

       While a government employee cannot be sued in his official capacity, a

government employee maybe be individually liable if the employee commits a tort,

even in the scope of their employment. Franka v. Valesquez, 332 S.W.3d 367, 383

(Tex. 2011). 4 “Accordingly, the applicability of subsection (a) to the underlying suit


   4
     There is extensive discussion in both Hartman and Alford’s briefs about election
of remedies under section 101.106. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106
(West 2019). Section 101.106 forces a plaintiff to make an election whether to sue a
person in their individual capacity or the government unit. See Laverie v. Wetherbe,
517 S.W.3d 748, 752 (Tex. 2017) (citations omitted) (“The Tort Claims Act provides
a limited waiver of governmental immunity . . . and contains an election-of-remedies
provision intended to ‘force a plaintiff to decide at the outset whether an employee
                                          12
turns on whether the suit is considered to be against the [defendants] in their

individual or official capacities.” Alexander v. Walker, 435 S.W.3d 789, 791 (Tex.

2014). If the suit is against a person in an individual capacity, it “requires us to make

a determination as to (1) whether the alleged conduct was within or without the scope

of the [defendants’] employment, and (2) whether [the Plaintiff’s] suit could have

been brought under the TTCA against the [defendants’] governmental employer.”

Id. at 791–92 (citing Tex. Civ. P. Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(f)).




acted independently and is thus solely liable, or acted within the general scope of his
or her employment such that the governmental unit is vicariously liable’”) (internal
citations omitted). This election of remedies bars the plaintiff “immediately and
forever” from filing litigation against the other based on the same situation. See
Molina v. Alvarado, 463 S.W.3d 867, 870 (Tex. 2015). In a limited situation, under
subsection (b), if a plaintiff sues an employee in their official capacity, the statute
allows for the plaintiff to amend their pleadings to sue the government unit instead.
See id.; Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(b). Hartman admits in his brief
that he sued Alford in his individual capacity and not in an official capacity. Our
review focuses on whether Alford was working in his individual capacity, as alleged
by Hartman, or whether Alford was a government employee acting “within the scope
of his employment” to qualify for immunity under section 101.106(f). See Tex.
Adjutant General’s Office v. Ngakoue, 408 S.W.3d 350, 357 (Tex. 2013) (citations
omitted) (“enacting subsection (f), the Legislature ‘foreclose[d] suit [under the
TTCA] against a government employee in his individual capacity if he was acting
within the scope of employment. This furthers one of the primary purposes of both
the TTCA generally and section 101.106 in particular—to protect governmental
employees acting in the scope of employment”) (internal citations omitted).
                                          13
      1. Scope of Employment

      The Tort Claims Act defines “[s]cope of employment]” as “the performance

for a governmental unit of the duties of an employee’s office or employment and

includes being in or about the performance of a task lawfully assigned to an

employee by competent authority.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.001(5)

(West 2019). Officials act within the scope of employment if their acts fall within

the duties generally assigned to them. Ollie v. Plano Indep. Sch. Dist., 383 S.W.3d

783, 791 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, pet. denied) (citations omitted).

      The scope-of-employment analysis, therefore, remains fundamentally
      objective: Is there a connection between the employee’s job duties and the
      alleged tortious conduct? The answer may be yes even if the employee
      performs negligently or is motivated by ulterior motives or personal animus
      so long as the conduct itself was pursuant to her job responsibilities.

Laverie v. Wetherbe, 517 S.W.3d 748, 753 (Tex. 2017) (citation omitted). Thus, even

if acting to serve the purpose of a third person, as long as their conduct “falls within

the duties assigned,” the conduct is within the government employee’s scope of

employment. Anderson v. Bessman, 365 S.W.3d 119, 125–126 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (citations omitted).

      According to the affidavit of Alford, Judge Flores contacted him to act as

DAPT, did not give any “significant detail” about the case, and told Alford to do



                                          14
“what you think is right.” Alford cites to several situations that he was not present

or personally involved:

      (1) he was not present in the courtroom on May 28, 2013, for Hartman’s arrest,
      (2) did not participate in any searches of Hartman’s property,
      (3) did not attend any meetings in Walker’s chambers after Hartman’s arrest,
      (4) was not a part of any attempts by outside parties to get public information
      requests from the Jefferson County District Attorney’s office,
      (5) was not involved with any attempts to revoke Hartman’s professional
      licenses,
      (6) did not participate in any “pre-charge investigations, nor investigations per
      se, nor any direct investigations . . . nor give instruction with respect to, any
      witness statements, affidavits, or probable cause affidavits,”
      (7) and was not involved in any decisions regarding what was in the district
      attorney’s file.

      Alford states he only reviewed the file Jefferson County District Attorney’s

office presented to him and made the “prosecutorial decision” to charge Hartman.

He believed that Hartman’s actions warranted the charges, but he “did not meet with,

and conspire with, anybody to maliciously prosecute this case against Hartman[.]”

      The decision to prosecute is an act intimately associated and integral to the

judicial phase of the criminal process. Clawson, 941 S.W.2d at 272. This is a

quintessential function of a prosecutor. Id.; see also Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430–31 (held

initiating and presenting the State’s case is an act intimately associated with

prosecutor’s judicial processes); Brown, 185 S.W.3d at 505; McCoy v. Watkins, No.

05-14-00844-CV, 2015 WL 6751023, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 5, 2015, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (citations omitted) (“There is no dispute that the initiation of the
                                         15
case against appellant, the prosecution of that case, and appellant’s conviction were

all either judicial acts or acts ‘intimately associated with the judicial phase of the

criminal process.’”).

      Hartman seeks to analogize this Court’s prior ruling to the facts here. Hartman

argues in his brief that because this Court held before that Walker was not acting

within the course and scope of his employment as a district judge when he ordered

Hartman arrested, “it necessarily follows all other participants in this conspiracy who

were government employees, could not have been acting within the normal course

and scope of their employment, within the meaning of TTCA §§ 101.001(5) . . . and

101.106(f).” We disagree. In Walker v. Hartman, this Court explained that “[a] judge

has immunity when acting in the course of a judicial proceeding over which he has

jurisdiction.” 516 S.W.3d at 82 (citation omitted). We determined that when Walker

arrested Hartman for disrupting his courtroom, his actions were covered by judicial

immunity. See id. The actions he took after arresting Hartman, however, were not

covered. See id. All of Alford’s actions on this case occurred in the course and scope

of his employment, and while Hartman alleges that Alford participated in an “extra




                                          16
judicial conspiracy,” Alford’s actions, even if malicious or directed by ulterior

motives, fall within the course and scope of his employment. 5

       2. Government Employer

       After determining whether Alford’s actions fall within the “scope of

employment” as required by section 101.106(f), we examine whether Hartman’s

claims “could have been brought under the [TTCA].” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code. Ann. § 101.106(f); Alexander, 435 S.W.3d at 792. Hartman argues that Alford

engaged in malicious prosecution. Claims of malicious prosecution are claims that

could have been brought against a government unit under the TTCA. See Alexander,

435 S.W.3d at 792 (holding that the plaintiff’s claims about police officer’s

malicious prosecution could have been brought under TTCA against the county); see

also McFadden v. Olesky, 517 S.W.3d 287, 297–98 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017, pet.

denied) (stating that a malicious prosecution claim could have been brought against


   5
     Because Alford is entitled to absolute immunity, we need not address whether
qualified immunity applies. See Bradt v. West, 892 S.W.2d 56, 71 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. denied). Qualified immunity applies to acts performed
by a prosecutor when a prosecutor “‘functions as an administrator rather than as an
officer of the court’ he is entitled only to qualified immunity.” Buckley, 509 U.S. at
273 (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 431 n.33 (1976)). This includes
giving advice to the police, (see Font v. Carr, 867 S.W.2d 873, 882 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. denied)); making a statement to the press, (see Oden
v. Reader, 935 S.W.2d 470, 476 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, no writ)), and in
performing discretionary functions (see Putthoff v. Ancrum, 934 S.W.2d 164, 168
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ. denied)).
                                            17
the government employer as well as the employee under the TTCA); City of Laredo

v. Reyna, No. 04-15-00147-CV, 2015 WL 4479834, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio July 22, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that malicious prosecution is an

intentional tort that falls under the TTCA). Therefore, we hold that Alford is entitled

to immunity from civil liability under the TTCA.

C. Motion for Continuance

      Hartman contends that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for

continuance to allow for discovery based on Alford’s plea to the jurisdiction. He

argues that “[t]his case has been pending for six (6) years, and [he] has still been

precluded from taking any depositions.” Hartman states that Alford’s plea to the

jurisdiction contains facts “outside [of] the record and not supported by the

evidence[.]”

      “The trial court may order a continuance of a summary judgment hearing if it

appears ‘from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that he cannot for reasons

stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition.’” Joe v. Two Thirty

Nine J.V., 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex. 2004) (quoting Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(g)). “‘The

granting or denial of a motion for continuance is within the trial court’s sound

discretion.’” Gen. Motors Corp. v. Gayle, 951 S.W.2d 469, 476 (Tex. 1997) (quoting

Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986)). A trial court’s ruling on a

                                           18
motion for continuance, therefore, will not be disturbed on appeal unless the record

reflects a clear abuse of discretion. State v. Wood Oil Dist., Inc., 751 S.W.2d 863,

865 (Tex. 1988). In making this determination, we must examine the entire record

and not just the sworn allegations in the motion for continuance. See Gregg v. Cecil,

844 S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1992, no writ) (citation omitted).

      In deciding whether a trial court abused its discretion in denying a
      motion for continuance seeking additional time to conduct discovery,
      we consider factors such as the length of time the case has been on file,
      the materiality and purpose of the discovery sought, and whether the
      party seeking the continuance has exercised due diligence to obtain the
      discovery sought.

D.R. Horton-Tex., Ltd. v. Savannah Props. Assocs., L.P., 416 S.W.3d 217, 223 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.) (citation omitted). An abuse of discretion will be

found only if it “clearly appear[s] from the record that the trial court has disregarded

the party’s rights” and that “the trial court’s decision was arbitrary and

unreasonable.” MKC Energy Invs., Inc. v. Sheldon, 182 S.W.3d 372, 378 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.) (citations omitted).

      Hartman alleges Alford pleaded new facts in his fifth amended plea to the

jurisdiction that warranted discovery and that he had not been able to conduct

discovery for six years during this case. Specifically, Hartman asserted discovery

was necessary because Alford denied that he was involved in a conspiracy to


                                          19
prosecute Hartman. Alford, though, asserted prosecutorial immunity in Alford’s first

pleading.

      As we have stated before, Alford is cloaked with absolute prosecutorial

immunity for actions involved in initiating and prosecuting Hartman. See Buckley,

509 U.S. at 273; Oden, 935 S.W.2d at 474–475. The evidence showed that Alford

denied being in Walker’s courtroom the day Hartman was arrested, he did not

communicate with District Attorney’s office during its investigative phase, and he

only reviewed the file presented to him to make a determination on whether to

prosecute Hartman. See Quested v. City of Hous., 440 S.W.3d 275, 282 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (concluding a trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it granted the city’s plea to the jurisdiction and denied plaintiff’s

motion for continuance because it determined the police officer acted “within the

scope of his employment” when he collided with a car on his way from his home to

a hostage standoff and granted the city’s plea to the jurisdiction because the officer’s

affidavit consistently stated the police officer was “on his way to an emergency

standoff” when the collision occurred). Any purported discovery of Alford’s

involvement in a conspiracy would not negate his prosecutorial immunity.

      The only legal issue is whether Alford acted within the scope of his

prosecutorial duties by engaging in activities intimately associated with the judicial

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process. Hartman’s subjective belief or the subjective belief of other witnesses that

Alford engaged in an extra-judicial conspiracy does not change the fact that Alford’s

activities entitled him to absolute prosecutorial immunity. Hartman failed to

articulate how discovery could reasonably lead to evidence raising a fact issue

material to the trial court’s determination of Alford’s plea to the jurisdiction. See

Joe, 145 S.W.35 at 162–63 (holding that additional discovery would not raise a fact

issue on official immunity when the activities described fall within the “scope of his

authority as a city councilperson”); see also Klumb v. Hous. Mun. Emps. Pension

Sys., 405 S.W.3d 204, 227–28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013), aff’d, 458

S.W.3d 1 (Tex. 2015) (plaintiff’s argument that they needed additional discovery

was without merit because “subjective views of [witnesses] were not material to the

legal determination” of the case); Quested, 440 S.W.3d at 282 (stating that a trial

court did not abuse its discretion when it denied a plaintiff’s motion for continuance

because the officer’s subjective beliefs were “irrelevant to [the] underlying legal

issue”).

      In addition, Hartman’s case had been on file since 2016. Alford, in his first

response to Hartman’s petition, asserted his plea to the jurisdiction alleging

prosecutorial immunity and disputing Hartman’s claims of “an illegal conspiracy.”

He denied ever engaging in a judicial conspiracy and asserts that he is entitled to

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absolute prosecutorial immunity. No hearing on Alford’s plea to the jurisdiction and

motion for summary judgment was held until January 2019. Although Hartman

alleges that the appeals delayed him, the appeal pertained to Hartman’s claims

against other individuals, not Alford. Hartman has failed to show how he was

prevented from engaging in discovery of Alford’s claims. In reviewing the

complexity of the issues presented and the length of time the case had been on file,

we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining there had been

adequate time for discovery. See Cypress Creek EMS v. Dolcefino, 548 S.W.3d 673,

689 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied). We hold that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion when it denied Hartman’s motion for continuance.

                                  IV. Conclusion

       Given our resolution of this case, we need not reach any additional issues

Hartman raises on appeal. 6 We affirm the judgment of the trial court.


   6
     Alford, in his 5th amended plea to the jurisdiction, pleads both a plea to the
jurisdiction and a motion for traditional summary judgment. In both his plea to the
jurisdiction and motion for summary judgment, Alford asserts jurisdictional
arguments that he is entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity for his actions.
Because we find that the trial court did not err when it determined that it lacked
jurisdiction over Hartman’s claims, we do not have to address Alford’s motion for
summary judgment. See Baylor College of Med. v. Hernandez, 208 S.W.3d 4, 9 n.4
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (stating that jurisdiction can be
raised both in a plea to the jurisdiction and a motion for summary judgment, and if
jurisdiction is argued in both motions, the Court’s conclusion regarding a lack of
jurisdiction applies to both pleadings).
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      AFFIRMED.



                                                 _________________________
                                                      CHARLES KREGER
                                                           Justice

Submitted on June 10, 2019
Opinion Delivered September 19, 2019

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.




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