                                                           FILED
                                                           MAR 21 2016
                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION             U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )     BAP Nos.     NV-14-1583-KiDJu
                                   )                  NV-15-1071-KiDJu
 6   PATRICIA ROBERTA LINDSEY,     )                  (Related appeals)
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )     Bk. No.      14-11448-BTB
                                   )
 8                                 )     Adv. No.     14-1116-BTB
     MICHELLE DARLENE WILSON,      )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )     M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     DESERT REALTY, INC.,          )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14                      Submitted Without Oral Argument
                             on February 18, 20162
15
                             Filed - March 21, 2016
16
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
17                       for the District of Nevada
18     Honorable Bruce T. Beesley, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
     Appearances:    Appellant Michelle Darlene Wilson, pro se, on
20                   brief; John T. Wendlend of Weil & Drage APC on
                     brief for appellee Desert Realty, Inc.
21
22   Before:   KIRSCHER, DUNN and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
          1
25          This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
26   have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
          2
27          The Panel entered orders on August 21 and October 14, 2015,
     ordering that these related appeals be submitted without oral
28   argument in accordance with Rule 8019.
 1        Appellant Michelle Darlene Wilson appeals two orders of the
 2   bankruptcy court:   (1) an order dismissing her complaint against
 3   appellee Desert Realty, Inc. ("DRI") for damages concerning DRI's
 4   alleged violation of the codebtor stay under § 1301;3 and (2) an
 5   order awarding DRI its attorney's fees and costs incurred in
 6   defending against Wilson's complaint.    We VACATE the order
 7   dismissing the complaint, VACATE the order awarding attorney's
 8   fees and costs, and REMAND these matters to the bankruptcy court
 9   for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
10              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
11   A.   Events leading to Wilson's complaint
12        On November 15, 2013, Wilson and her sister, debtor Patricia
13   Roberta Lindsey, entered into a lease agreement with DRI for an
14   apartment in Las Vegas.   When Wilson and Lindsey failed to pay
15   rent and additional security deposits due on March 1, 2014, DRI
16   proceeded with eviction proceedings against the sisters.    DRI's
17   efforts were thwarted when Lindsey filed a skeletal chapter 13
18   bankruptcy petition on March 5, 2014 (the "Lindsey bankruptcy").
19        On March 7, 2014, DRI moved for relief from stay in the
20   Lindsey bankruptcy to continue with its eviction proceedings in
21   state court.   Although DRI references Wilson and Lindsey as
22   tenants in its motion, further established by a copy of the lease
23   attached as an exhibit to the motion, it only seeks relief from
24   the automatic stay as to Lindsey.     DRI did not seek relief from
25   the co-debtor stay as to Wilson.    Lindsey then filed her schedules
26
          3
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The
28   Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “Civil Rules.”

                                     -2-
 1   on March 31, 2014.    In her Schedules G and H, Lindsey listed
 2   Wilson as a codebtor on the apartment lease.
 3        Lindsey opposed DRI's motion for relief from stay.    Lindsey
 4   argued that Wilson, as a codebtor on the lease, needed to be named
 5   as a party to the motion and contended that the motion should be
 6   denied because DRI had failed to request relief from the codebtor
 7   stay to proceed with its eviction.
 8        At the hearing on April 15, 2014, conducted by a bankruptcy
 9   judge not assigned to the case, Lindsey again raised the issue of
10   Wilson not being named as a party to the motion as a codebtor on
11   the lease, which the bankruptcy court did not address but appeared
12   to reject.   After further discussion with Lindsey, who said she
13   intended to pay the March lease arrearage though her chapter 13
14   plan and to pay her April and May rents directly to DRI, the
15   bankruptcy court issued a bench order that if Lindsey failed to
16   pay the April 2014 rent to DRI by April 30, 2014, DRI could submit
17   an order terminating the automatic stay.
18        Lindsey's check for the April rent was returned for
19   insufficient funds.   On June 2, 2014, the bankruptcy judge
20   assigned to the Lindsey bankruptcy entered an order, prepared by
21   DRI’s counsel and consistent with the April 15, 2014 bench order,
22   terminating the automatic stay "as to [Lindsey]" and allowing DRI
23   to "go forward with all remedies to which it is entitled, to take
24   possession of [the apartment], using state court proceedings to do
25   so, if necessary."
26        DRI then served Wilson and Lindsey with a 5-day notice to pay
27   rent or quit.   The sisters responded, contending the March rent
28   and partial security deposit were being paid through Lindsey's

                                      -3-
 1   chapter 13 plan.   The sisters further contended that a codebtor
 2   stay still existed for Wilson, which had not been terminated.
 3        The sisters and DRI appeared at the hearing on the eviction
 4   matter in state court on June 19, 2014.   Although the parties
 5   dispute what was said about the status of the Lindsey bankruptcy
 6   and whether or not any codebtor stay as to Wilson remained in
 7   effect, the state court ruled in favor of DRI and entered the
 8   eviction order.
 9        On appeal in state court, Wilson and Lindsey contended the
10   eviction order violated the codebtor stay under § 1301 and was
11   therefore void.    The state court denied the sisters' appeal of the
12   eviction order on July 8, 2014, on the basis that "[n]o valid
13   grounds for an appeal have been presented."
14        Faced with immediate eviction, Wilson then filed her own
15   chapter 13 bankruptcy case on July 8, 2014, Case No. 14-14674.
16   B.   Wilson's adversary proceeding against DRI filed in Lindsey's
          bankruptcy
17
18         Wilson filed a complaint against DRI in connection with
19   Lindsey's bankruptcy, seeking damages under § 362 and § 105 for
20   DRI's alleged willful violation of the codebtor stay under § 1301
21   (Adv. No. 14-1116).4
22
          4
23          Before DRI responded to the complaint, a hearing was held
     in Wilson's bankruptcy case on August 6, 2014, respecting her
24   30-day certification request under § 362(l). There, Wilson raised
     the codebtor stay issue, contending the stay relief order entered
25   on June 2 applied only to Lindsey. After Wilson said she had
     filed two adversary complaints respecting DRI's alleged violation
26   of the codebtor stay with its eviction order (one in the Lindsey
     bankruptcy and the other in her own bankruptcy case, Adv.
27   No. 14-1120), the bankruptcy court reviewed the June 2 order. The
     court noted that the stay had been terminated as to Lindsey on
28                                                        (continued...)

                                      -4-
 1                1.     DRI's motion to dismiss
 2        DRI moved to dismiss Wilson's adversary complaint filed in
 3   the Lindsey bankruptcy under Civil Rule 12(b)(6)("Motion to
 4   Dismiss").        At the start, DRI noted Wilson's many bankruptcy
 5   filings — 12 cases filed in the District of Nevada since 1993.
 6   DRI contended that her complaint, which sought relief not intended
 7   for her protection or benefit, combined with her demonstrated
 8   abuse of the bankruptcy system as a serial filer, illustrated the
 9   complaint's frivolous nature and the bad faith behind filing it.
10        DRI contended that no stay relief was necessary as to Wilson
11   as codebtor in Lindsey's bankruptcy, because the codebtor stay
12   under § 1301 is intended to benefit the debtor, not a non-debtor;
13   any protection of the codebtor is merely incidental.       In any
14   event, the bankruptcy court had already considered Lindsey's
15   codebtor stay argument, rejected it and entered the stay relief
16   order against Lindsey on June 2, which DRI argued terminated the
17   codebtor stay as to Wilson.       DRI contended Wilson could not have
18   any damage claim for a stay violation when DRI had authority to
19   continue with its eviction proceedings; thus, her complaint should
20   be dismissed for failure to state a claim for relief.
21        Alternatively, in the event the bankruptcy court determined
22   the codebtor stay was not terminated in the June 2 order, DRI
23   contended the "balance of the equities" favored retroactive
24
25        4
           (...continued)
     June 2, but when Wilson inquired whether the "stay" had been
26   terminated as to her, the court responded, "[i]t is not currently
     terminated as to you." The court then told Wilson that if she
27   failed to make the rent payments, the automatic stay would
     terminate immediately upon DRI submitting an order stating that
28   the payments were not received.

                                          -5-
 1   annulment of the stay.     DRI contended that even if the codebtor
 2   stay remained in effect at the time it obtained the eviction
 3   order, it was not liable for damages, as DRI had a good faith
 4   belief that the June 2 order terminated all stays and allowed it
 5   to proceed with the eviction.
 6           Finally, DRI contended that even if Wilson's allegations were
 7   true, she could not prove damages.      DRI argued that § 362 is
 8   limited to collection activities against the debtor, not those who
 9   are liable on the debt with the debtor but who have not sought
10   bankruptcy protection.     Therefore, Wilson was not entitled to
11   damages under § 362.     Further, argued DRI, unlike § 362, § 1301
12   contained no provision for awarding damages.
13           The notice DRI filed and served on Wilson on August 27, 2014,
14   for the Motion to Dismiss indicated a hearing was set for
15   October 2, 2014, and that any opposition had to be filed and
16   served not later than fourteen days preceding the hearing per
17   Local Rule 9014(d)(1).     DRI's notice warned that if a written
18   opposition was not timely filed and served, the court could refuse
19   to allow Wilson to speak at the hearing or rule against her
20   without formally calling the matter.
21           2.   Wilson's opposition to the Motion to Dismiss
22           Wilson filed her untimely opposition to DRI's Motion to
23   Dismiss one day before the hearing.     Without addressing the merits
24   of the arguments raised by DRI, Wilson contended the motion should
25   be denied for DRI's alleged violation of a variety of local rules,
26   including 5004(a)(b)(c), 7005(a), 7010(a)(b), 7015(a)(b), 7016,
27   7056 and 9014(b)(1).
28   / / /

                                       -6-
 1        3.   Hearing and ruling on the Motion to Dismiss
 2        Wilson and DRI appeared for the October 2, 2014 hearing on
 3   the Motion to Dismiss.   When the court asked why she had filed her
 4   opposition so late, Wilson responded that it was because she had
 5   received only some of DRI's papers, DRI's statement of
 6   nonopposition contained incorrect dates and DRI had failed to make
 7   its "initial disclosures" required under Local Rule 5004.   Wilson
 8   claimed she had not received DRI's notice of the motion and
 9   hearing filed on August 27, 2014, at her residence of record in
10   Henderson, Nevada.   Wilson did admit, however, that she regularly
11   received mail at the Henderson address.   Counsel for DRI confirmed
12   that the notice was sent to Wilson at the Henderson address based
13   on a conversation with staff and the filed certificate of service.
14   Convinced Wilson received DRI's notice, the bankruptcy court
15   allowed DRI to proceed with its argument.
16        DRI's counsel began by noting that on August 13, 2012, in
17   Wilson's bankruptcy case no. 12-18817, the instant judge had found
18   Wilson to be a serial filer, engaging in efforts to hinder and
19   delay an individual's ability to seek eviction and remedies
20   available in state court.   Counsel then proceeded to reiterate the
21   history of the Lindsey bankruptcy, the stay relief granted on
22   June 2 and the parties' eviction litigation in state court.
23   Counsel contended that based on Lindsey's codebtor argument being
24   raised and rejected at the April 15, 2014 hearing, and the June 2
25   order granting DRI relief from stay, Wilson's adversary complaint
26   should be dismissed; the stay violation issues of which she
27   complained had already been resolved against her.   In addition,
28   counsel argued that Wilson could not prove any damages.

                                     -7-
 1           Finally, DRI’s counsel noted that Wilson would try to argue
 2   the Motion to Dismiss should be treated as one for summary
 3   judgment.    However, counsel contended that because Wilson had
 4   attached over 100 pages of documents to her complaint and
 5   incorporated these documents as part of her factual and legal
 6   averments against DRI, DRI could rely upon those averments to
 7   establish that her claim had no basis and the motion still could
 8   be treated as one under Civil Rule 12(b)(6).
 9           When Wilson tried to speak, the bankruptcy court told her to
10   "close her binder" and informed Wilson that it was not going to
11   consider her argument based on her late-filed opposition and its
12   previous finding in case no. 12-18817 that she had filed documents
13   for the sole purpose of delaying eviction.    The court then gave
14   its oral ruling in favor of DRI.    It found Wilson was engaging in
15   the same delay tactics to prevent DRI from evicting her from the
16   property.    In addition, the court found that it had already ruled
17   on Wilson's codebtor status in the June 2 order, noting that the
18   debtor is the intended beneficiary of the codebtor stay under
19   § 1301, not the codebtor.    However, to the extent it had not ruled
20   on the codebtor stay, in the interest of equity the court was
21   retroactively annulling the stay to the April 15, 2014 hearing in
22   the Lindsey bankruptcy.
23           An order granting DRI's Motion to Dismiss and dismissing
24   Wilson's adversary complaint filed in the Lindsey bankruptcy was
25   entered on December 2, 2014 ("Dismissal Order").    The Dismissal
26   Order did not specify whether it had been decided under Civil
27   Rule 12(b)(6) or 56.    Wilson timely appealed the Dismissal Order.
28   / / /

                                       -8-
 1        4.      DRI's motion for attorney's fees and costs
 2        DRI then moved for attorney's fees and costs incurred in
 3   defending against Wilson's adversary complaint filed in the
 4   Lindsey bankruptcy ("Fee Motion").      DRI contended that because
 5   Wilson's complaint was filed in bad faith, as found by the
 6   bankruptcy court, it was entitled to recover its attorney's fees
 7   and costs under Civil Rule 54 and § 105(a).     DRI argued that the
 8   bankruptcy court could award fees as a sanction under § 105 based
 9   on the court's finding that Wilson is a vexatious litigant and
10   serial filer.     In addition, DRI contended it was entitled to costs
11   under Civil Rule 54 as the prevailing party.
12        As required by Local Rule 54-16, DRI's counsel filed a
13   statement of fees and supporting declaration.     Counsel stated that
14   52.6 hours were expended in defending against Wilson's frivolous
15   complaint.     However, the normal hourly rate billed for attorneys
16   had been reduced from $325 and $295/hour to $170 and $150/hour.
17   DRI requested that it be awarded what it contended were extremely
18   reasonable attorney's fees of $8,529 and $86.35 in costs.     Counsel
19   had deducted an additional 14.4 hours that were spent defending
20   against the adversary complaint Wilson had filed in her own
21   bankruptcy case against DRI (Adv. No. 14-1120).
22        5.      Wilson's opposition to the Fee Motion and DRI's reply
23        Wilson timely opposed the Fee Motion, first contending the
24   bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction to decide the matter due to
25   her appeal of the Dismissal Order.      Wilson further contended that
26   DRI's fee request had already been "asked and answered" at the
27   hearings on October 2, 2014, and October 14, 2014 (an unrelated
28   hearing regarding Wilson's adversary complaint filed in her own

                                       -9-
 1   case).    Wilson contended the bankruptcy court had previously
 2   denied "fees and sanctions" to DRI, "finding that no bad faith
 3   existed" as to her adversary complaint.     Finally, Wilson argued
 4   that DRI had filed the Fee Motion in retaliation for her appeal of
 5   the Dismissal Order.     Wilson did not contest the amount of the
 6   fees requested by DRI or contend they were unreasonable.
 7        DRI disputed Wilson's contention that the bankruptcy court
 8   was divested of jurisdiction over the Fee Motion due to the appeal
 9   of the Dismissal Order.     DRI also disputed Wilson's contention
10   that the issue of DRI's fees and costs had already been decided.
11   No findings were issued at the October 2 hearing or in the
12   Dismissal Order precluding DRI from seeking its attorney's fees
13   and costs.     Finally, DRI contended that Wilson's "retaliation"
14   argument was nothing more than a personal attack against DRI and
15   lacked any evidentiary basis.     DRI argued it was entitled to
16   recover attorney's fees and costs under Civil Rule 54 as the
17   prevailing party and based on its request for sanctions.
18        6.      Hearing and ruling on the Fee Motion
19        On January 21, 2015, the clerk issued a notice to DRI and
20   Wilson that the January 22 hearing for the Fee Motion had been
21   rescheduled for February 3, 2015.
22        The hearing on the Fee Motion proceeded on February 3.       DRI
23   appeared but Wilson did not.     At the start, counsel for DRI
24   expressed concern that Wilson was not at the hearing.    After
25   determining Wilson was served with the clerk's notice of the
26   rescheduled hearing, the court noted for the record that Wilson
27   did receive notice, that she had filed an opposition to the Fee
28   Motion and that she was incorrect in arguing the bankruptcy court

                                       -10-
 1   lacked jurisdiction to award attorney's fees and costs based on
 2   the appeal of the Dismissal Order.      The court agreed with DRI that
 3   it had not previously determined DRI was precluded from recovering
 4   attorney's fees and costs in connection with Wilson's adversary
 5   complaint filed in the Lindsey bankruptcy.     Noting that Wilson had
 6   failed to challenge the reasonableness of DRI's attorney's fees,
 7   the court found the fee request to be "extremely reasonable" and
 8   that DRI's request was "appropriate given the manner in which
 9   Ms. Wilson ha[d] proceeded in the adversary and in other matters
10   in this court."   Hr'g Tr. (Feb. 3, 2015) 11:7-13.    Accordingly,
11   the court granted the Fee Motion and awarded fees and costs in the
12   amount requested.
13        The bankruptcy court entered an order granting the Fee Motion
14   on February 12, 2015 ("Fee Order").     The Fee Order did not
15   articulate under what legal authority the court was awarding DRI
16   its fees and costs.    Wilson timely appealed the Fee Order.
17                              II. JURISDICTION
18        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
19   and 157(b)(2)(G).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(b).
20                                III. ISSUES
21   1.   Did the bankruptcy court err in granting the Motion to
22   Dismiss?
23   2.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in granting the
24   Fee Motion?
25                          IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
26        The bankruptcy court's application of the rules of procedure
27   is reviewed de novo.    Ruvacalba v. Munoz (In re Munoz), 287 B.R.
28   546, 550 (9th Cir. BAP 2002).    Likewise, whether a party's due

                                      -11-
 1   process rights were violated is a question of law we review de
 2   novo.    Miller v. Cardinale (In re Deville), 280 B.R. 483, 492 (9th
 3   Cir. BAP 2002).     We review the bankruptcy court's assessment of
 4   sanctions for an abuse of discretion.     Id.   Accordingly, we
 5   reverse where the bankruptcy court applied an incorrect legal rule
 6   or where its application of the law to the facts was illogical,
 7   implausible or without support in inferences that may be drawn
 8   from the record.     Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc., 624 F.3d
 9   1253, 1258 (9th Cir. 2010)(citing United States v. Hinkson,
10   585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc)).
11                                V. DISCUSSION
12   A.      The bankruptcy court erred in granting the Motion to Dismiss.
13           1.   The motion should have been converted to one for summary
                  judgment.
14
15           Among other arguments, Wilson contends the bankruptcy court
16   committed reversible error when it considered evidence raised by
17   DRI for the first time at the hearing on the Motion to Dismiss and
18   relied on that evidence without giving her an opportunity to
19   dispute it, thereby denying her due process rights.     We agree.
20           DRI requested relief under Civil Rule 12(b)(6), made
21   applicable here by Rule 7012.     In opposition to the Motion to
22   Dismiss, Wilson raised the argument that DRI's motion had failed
23   to comply with summary judgment notice requirements under Local
24   Rule 7056.     Counsel for DRI at the October 2 hearing stated that
25   Wilson's position was that the Motion to Dismiss should be treated
26   as a motion for summary judgment.     However, counsel contended that
27   because Wilson had attached over 100 pages of documents to her
28   complaint and relied on these documents for her claim against DRI,

                                       -12-
 1   he could rely on those same documents to establish that Wilson's
 2   claim had no basis and yet the motion could still be treated as
 3   one under Civil Rule 12(b)(6).
 4        "A federal court must convert a Civil Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
 5   one for summary judgment when the parties submit, and the court
 6   does not reject, material beyond the pleadings."    Fernandez v. GE
 7   Capital Mortg. Servs., Inc. (In re Fernandez), 227 B.R. 174, 179
 8   (9th Cir. BAP 1998)(citing Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 706
 9   n.4 (9th Cir. 1998); Cunningham v. Rothery (In re Rothery),
10   143 F.3d 546 (9th Cir. 1998)); Civil Rule 12(d).5   "Material
11   outside the pleadings includes affidavits, affirmative defenses,
12   and judicial notice of the record or transcripts from prior court
13   proceedings."    Id. at 179-80 (citing Tanner v. Heise, 879 F.2d
14   572, 577 (9th Cir. 1989)(affidavits); United Parcel Serv., Inc. v.
15   Cal. Public Util. Comm'n, 839 F. Supp. 702 (N.D. Cal. 1993), rev'd
16   on other grounds, 77 F.3d 1178 (9th Cir. 1996)(affirmative
17   defense);6 Jacobson v. AEG Capital Corp., 50 F.3d 1493, 1496 (9th
18   Cir. 1995) (judicial notice of defendant's prior bankruptcy
19   case)["In considering AEG's motion to dismiss, the district court
20
21
          5
              Civil Rule 12(d) provides:
22
          If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters outside
23        the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court,
          the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under
24        Rule 56. All parties must be given a reasonable opportunity
          to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.
25
          6
            We note that when an affirmative defense "is obvious on the
26   face of a complaint" the defendant can raise that defense in a
     motion to dismiss without the motion being converted to summary
27   judgment. Rivera v. Peri & Sons Farms, Inc., 735 F.3d 892, 902
     (9th Cir. 2013). However, that rule is generally reserved for
28   defenses such as statute of limitations. Id.

                                      -13-
 1   took judicial notice of the extensive records and transcripts from
 2   the prior bankruptcy proceedings.   We therefore review the
 3   district court's dismissal as an order granting summary
 4   judgment."]).
 5        Although the Dismissal Order, drafted by counsel for DRI and
 6   adopted wholesale by the bankruptcy court, is silent at to what
 7   rule the court relied upon to dismiss Wilson's complaint, it
 8   appears to have done so under Civil Rule 12(b)(6).   This ruling
 9   under Civil Rule 12(b)(6) constituted error.
10        Two factors suggest that conversion to Civil Rule 56,
11   applicable here via Rule 7056, was appropriate in this case.
12   First, affirmative defenses were raised by DRI and relied upon by
13   the bankruptcy court to decide the motion.   DRI argued it had not
14   violated the codebtor stay as to Wilson because that legal issue
15   had already been decided against her in the June 2 stay relief
16   order.   The bankruptcy court agreed and found in the Dismissal
17   Order that the codebtor stay was in fact terminated in the June 2
18   order.   The legal effect of the stay relief order "is a conclusion
19   of law, not fact, and a 12(b)(6) motion does not ask the court to
20   find law, but rather to find if, as a matter of law, 'it appears
21   beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in
22   support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.'"
23   In re Fernandez, 227 B.R. at 179 (citations omitted).
24        Second, the bankruptcy court took judicial notice of the
25   record in one of Wilson's prior bankruptcy cases and relied
26   heavily on a finding made in that case for its decision to
27   dismiss.   In addition to considering the number of bankruptcy
28   cases Wilson has filed, the bankruptcy court took judicial notice

                                     -14-
 1   of an in rem order it had entered in case no. 12-18817, where it
 2   found Wilson to be a serial filer, engaging in efforts to hinder
 3   and delay a former landlord's ability to evict her.
 4        Thus, despite Wilson's many documents attached to her
 5   complaint, which the bankruptcy court could consider without
 6   converting the Motion to Dismiss, the court additionally
 7   considered and relied upon DRI's affirmative defenses and took
 8   judicial notice of matters from prior bankruptcy proceedings,
 9   which should have converted the Motion to Dismiss to one for
10   summary judgment.   Lucas v. Dep't of Corrs., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th
11   Cir. 1995); Gibb v. Scott, 958 F.2d 814, 816-17 (8th Cir. 1992)
12   (if matters outside the complaint are presented, and the court
13   relies on those evidentiary materials to decide the motion, it
14   must resolve the motion according to the summary judgment standard
15   of Civil Rule 56); In re Fernandez, 227 B.R. at 180.7   The
16   consideration of materials beyond the pleadings and reliance on
17   those materials for a decision to dismiss raises the issue of
18   whether Wilson received proper notice under Civil Rule 12(d) of
19   the conversion from a Civil Rule 12(b)(6) motion to a Civil
20   Rule 56 motion.
21        2.   The bankruptcy court failed to provide Wilson with
               proper notice of the conversion or a full and fair
22             opportunity to defend.
23        The Ninth Circuit does not require strict adherence to formal
24
25        7
            Even if the bankruptcy court was not required to convert
     the Motion to Dismiss into one for summary judgment, the scope of
26   its determination was limited to the face of the complaint and the
     attached documents whose authenticity was not in question. It
27   erred by engaging in fact finding and not excluding but, instead,
     weighing evidence extrinsic to the complaint and drawing
28   inferences against Wilson.

                                     -15-
 1   notice requirements when converting a Civil Rule 12(b)(6) motion
 2   into a motion for summary judgment.     In re Rothery, 143 F.3d at
 3   549; In re Fernandez, 227 B.R. at 180.    It will suffice if the
 4   nonmovant "is 'fairly apprised' before the hearing that the court
 5   will look beyond the pleadings."   In re Rothery, 143 F.3d at 549
 6   (citing Mayer v. Wedgewood Neighborhood Coal., 707 F.2d 1020, 1021
 7   (9th Cir. 1983)).    In other words, the court "need only apprise
 8   the parties that it will look beyond the pleadings to extrinsic
 9   evidence and give them an opportunity to supplement the record."
10   San Pedro Hotel Co. v. City of L.A., 159 F.3d 470, 477 (9th Cir.
11   1998).    Additionally, a bankruptcy court may grant summary
12   judgment without advance notice "if the losing party has had a
13   'full and fair opportunity to ventilate the issues involved in the
14   motion.'"   In re Rothery, 143 F.3d at 549 (citing Maitland v.
15   Mitchell (In re Harris Pine Mills), 44 F.3d 1431, 1439 (9th Cir.
16   1995)).
17        The notice requirement that a motion to dismiss is being
18   treated as one for summary judgment, however, is heightened for
19   pro se plaintiffs.   A court "must inform a plaintiff who is
20   proceeding pro se that it is considering more than the pleadings,
21   and must give the plaintiff 'a reasonable opportunity to present
22   all material made pertinent to such a motion by [Civil] Rule 56.'"
23   Allen v. Figueroa, 1995 WL 314704, at *6 (9th Cir. 1995)(quoting
24   Garaux v. Pulley, 739 F.2d 437, 438-39 (9th Cir. 1984)).
25        Here, Wilson was not fairly apprised before the hearing that
26   the bankruptcy court might dispose of her complaint by summary
27   judgment, nor did she have a full and fair opportunity to
28

                                      -16-
 1   ventilate the issues.8   Although DRI raised the issue of Wilson's
 2   many bankruptcy filings in the Motion to Dismiss, it did not raise
 3   the issue of the court's "serial filer" finding made in case
 4   no. 12-18817 until the hearing on October 2.    Because her
 5   opposition had been filed late and because the bankruptcy court
 6   had previously found Wilson to be a serial filer who had engaged
 7   in delay tactics with another landlord trying to evict her, the
 8   court refused to let Wilson speak at the hearing.
 9        We realize that because her opposition to the Motion to
10   Dismiss was filed late, the court was authorized to not consider
11   it and not allow her to speak at the hearing.    However, because
12   DRI had introduced new evidence at the hearing, the bankruptcy
13   court erred by not giving Wilson any opportunity to defend against
14   it before ruling.   The court clearly relied upon this evidence to
15   find that Wilson was engaging in the same delay tactics as she had
16   before, to therefore conclude, in part, that her claims against
17   DRI lacked any merit.    Perhaps Wilson has no defense to the prior
18   order.   Nonetheless, procedural requirements and due process must
19   be observed.
20   B.   The bankruptcy court abused its discretion in granting the
          Fee Motion.
21
22        Wilson raises a variety of arguments for why the bankruptcy
23   court abused its discretion in awarding DRI its attorney's fees
24   and costs, which we address in turn.
25        Wilson is incorrect in arguing the bankruptcy court lacked
26
          8
            We further note that for a summary judgment motion, DRI was
27   required to provide Wilson with 42 days notice prior to the
     hearing. Local Rule 7056(f). Wilson received only 36 days
28   notice.

                                      -17-
 1   jurisdiction to enter the Fee Order in light of her appeal of the
 2   Dismissal Order.    Even when a notice of appeal has been filed, the
 3   trial court retains jurisdiction to rule upon a request for
 4   attorney's fees.    League of Woman Voters of Cal. v. F.C.C.,
 5   751 F.2d 986, 990 (9th Cir. 1985) (citing Masalosalo v. Stonewall
 6   Ins. Co., 718 F.2d 955, 956-57 (9th Cir. 1983)); Hill & Sandford,
 7   LLP v. Mirzai (In re Mirzai), 236 B.R. 8, 10 (9th Cir. BAP 1999)
 8   (despite the filing of a notice of appeal, the bankruptcy court
 9   can "correct clerical errors, take steps to maintain the status
10   quo, take steps that aid in the appeal, award attorney's fees,
11   impose sanctions, and proceed with matters not involved in the
12   appeal").
13        We also reject Wilson's argument that the bankruptcy court
14   abused its discretion in awarding attorney's fees to DRI because
15   it had previously ruled that her complaint was not filed in bad
16   faith and had denied DRI's request for fees and costs.   The
17   "complaint" Wilson is referring to is the one she filed in her own
18   bankruptcy case (Adv. No. 14-1120), and the related hearing where
19   the bankruptcy court made its "no bad faith" finding was held on
20   October 14, 2014.   Neither that complaint nor that hearing is
21   relevant to her complaint at issue in this appeal.   Further, the
22   bankruptcy court stated at the hearing on the Fee Motion and in
23   the Fee Order that it had made no prior ruling denying DRI its
24   fees and costs respecting Wilson's complaint filed in the Lindsey
25   bankruptcy.
26        Wilson next contends the bankruptcy court abused its
27   discretion by holding the Fee Motion hearing on February 3 despite
28   being notified she was ill and unable to attend.   Wilson contends

                                      -18-
 1   she informed the court the morning of the hearing that she was
 2   unable to appear due to illness.    Nothing in the record
 3   corroborates Wilson's story.   Accordingly, she has not established
 4   the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by conducting the
 5   hearing despite her absence.   Wilson fails to note the court did
 6   consider her opposition and addressed her arguments on the record.
 7        Finally, Wilson argues that the award of attorney's fees and
 8   costs are not recoverable as a sanction because the bankruptcy
 9   court did not make any ruling as to her bad faith in the Fee
10   Order.   DRI contends that as the "prevailing party" the bankruptcy
11   court could award fees and costs to it under Rule 7054 or that,
12   alternatively, the court was allowed under Rule 7054 to award fees
13   as a sanction for Wilson's bad faith, and a finding that she is a
14   serial filer falls within that definition.
15        The Fee Order fails to articulate what legal authority the
16   bankruptcy court relied upon for its award of attorney's fees and
17   costs to DRI.   In the Fee Motion, DRI had requested fees and costs
18   under Civil Rule 54, Rule 7054 and § 105(a).    Civil Rule 54 deals
19   with judgments, costs and attorney's fees.    Civil Rule 54(a)-(c)
20   concern the form and content of judgments; Civil Rule 54(d)(1) and
21   (2) concern claims for costs and attorney's fees.    Rule 7054,
22   applicable in adversary proceedings in bankruptcy, provides in
23   section (a) that "[Civil] Rule 54(a)-(c) . . . applies in
24   adversary proceedings."   Rule 7054(b) addresses the allowance of
25   costs in adversary proceedings.
26        DRI is incorrect that the bankruptcy court could award
27   attorney's fees under Civil Rule 54 or Rule 7054 because DRI was
28   the prevailing party or that the court had authority under

                                       -19-
 1   Rule 7054 to award fees as a sanction for Wilson's bad faith.
 2   "[Civil] Rule 54(d)(2) creates a procedure but not a right to
 3   recover attorney's fees . . . .    [T]here must be another source of
 4   authority for such an award."   MRO Commc'ns, Inc. v. Am. Tel. &
 5   Tel. Co., 197 F.3d 1276, 1280-81 (9th Cir. 1999).     "The
 6   requirement under [Civil] Rule 54(d)(2) of an independent source
 7   of authority for an award of attorneys' fees gives effect to the
 8   'American Rule' that each party must bear its own attorneys' fees
 9   in the absence of a rule, statute or contract authorizing such an
10   award."   Id. at 1281 (citation omitted).
11        The only other statutory basis on which the bankruptcy court
12   could have awarded attorney's fees, which DRI raised in its Fee
13   Motion, is § 105(a).    In any event, to award fees the bankruptcy
14   court relied strictly on its finding in the Dismissal Order that
15   Wilson was a serial filer who was again engaging in delay tactics
16   to avoid eviction to support its award for attorney's fees as a
17   sanction against Wilson.   That finding never should have been made
18   for the reasons we discussed above.      Therefore, without this
19   finding to support the fee award to DRI, the Fee Order cannot
20   stand with respect to the award of attorney's fees under § 105(a).
21   The same would be true if the court relied on its inherent power
22   to sanction Wilson.    However, as noted, we cannot determine on
23   what legal basis the bankruptcy court awarded fees as a sanction
24   against Wilson.
25        As for costs, DRI is correct that as the prevailing party it
26   could recover costs under Rule 7054(b).     However, since DRI should
27   not have been the prevailing party for procedural reasons, the
28   cost award cannot stand on that basis either.     To the extent costs

                                       -20-
 1   were awarded under § 105(a), that award also fails because of the
 2   lack of any finding to support it due to our vacatur of the
 3   Dismissal Order.
 4                             VI. CONCLUSION
 5        Because the bankruptcy court did not provide Wilson with any
 6   notice it was converting the Motion to Dismiss to one for summary
 7   judgment or give her any meaningful opportunity to address new
 8   evidence presented by DRI at the hearing before ruling against
 9   her, we VACATE the Dismissal Order.   We also VACATE the Fee Order
10   because the sanction of attorney's fees and costs is not supported
11   due to our vacatur of the Dismissal Order.   We REMAND these
12   matters to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent
13   with this decision.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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