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                                                         ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                                        May 1, 2017

                                        2017 CO 38

No. 15SC513, McShane v. Stirling Ranch Property Owners Association, Inc.—
Exemption from Liability—Exculpatory Contracts— Corporation as Distinct Entity—
Corporate Actions through Agents—Vicarious Liability.

       The supreme court addresses whether a homeowners association may benefit

from exculpatory clauses in the community’s declaration and bylaws when those

clauses do not name the association as a protected party. Because the plain language of

the exculpatory clauses at issue in this case does not limit the association’s liability, and

the association, as an entity distinct from internal boards acting as its agents, cannot

benefit from exculpatory clauses protecting those agents, the supreme court concludes

the petitioners may bring their claims against the association.
                    The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                      2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203


                                      2017 CO 38

                         Supreme Court Case No. 15SC513
                       Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
                         Court of Appeals Case No. 14CA248

                                      Petitioners:
                            Mac McShane and Cynthia Calvin,
                                           v.
                                     Respondent:
                    Stirling Ranch Property Owners Association, Inc.

                                  Judgment Reversed
                                       en banc
                                      May 1, 2017

Attorneys for Petitioners:
Neiley Law Firm, LLC
Richard Y. Neiley, Jr.
Richard Y. Neiley, III
 Glenwood Springs, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Hall & Evans, L.L.C.
Alan Epstein
Lance G. Eberhart
Timothy M. Murphy
 Denver, Colorado




JUSTICE HOOD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE EID dissents, and JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ joins in the dissent.
¶1    Petitioners Mac McShane and Cynthia Calvin had once hoped to build a

multistory home overlooking the Roaring Fork Valley near Carbondale. After belatedly

discovering their design for that home exceeded Garfield County height regulations,

however, they ended up with something less: a one-story home and an attached “pod.”

Making the required changes proved costly.

¶2    Today, we decide whether McShane and Calvin can seek to assign any of those

costs to the Stirling Ranch Property Owners Association (“POA”), which they allege

improperly approved the faulty architectural plans and then later improperly denied

approval of revised plans as well. Because the plain language of the declaration and

design guidelines governing Stirling Ranch properties does not limit the POA’s liability,

and the POA cannot benefit from exculpatory clauses protecting its boards and agents,

we conclude McShane and Calvin may bring their claims.

                          I. Facts and Procedural History

¶3    Mac McShane and his wife Cynthia Calvin (collectively, “the Owners”)

purchased a lot in Stirling Ranch, a planned unit development in Garfield County,

seeking to build a home atop a bluff surveying the Roaring Fork Valley.

¶4    Their conflict with the POA concerns the rules and regulations governing

properties in that community, including the Second Amended and Restated Declaration

of Covenants, Conditions, Restrictions and Easements for Stirling Ranch, P.U.D.

(“Declaration”). The Owners’ lot is subject to the Declaration. The Declaration created

the POA. Each lot owner within Stirling Ranch is a member of the POA. The POA is in




                                           2
turn governed by the Executive Board, which appoints the Design Review Board

(“DRB”).

¶5     The DRB promulgated and enforced the Stirling Ranch Design Guidelines

(“Design Guidelines”) intended to preserve “the Ranch’s unique character, . . . natural

beauty and . . . the quality of open space.” Under those guidelines, all improvements

require DRB approval to proceed. And to win DRB approval, the improvements must

comply with both the Design Guidelines and Garfield County height restrictions.

¶6     After first submitting plans to the DRB in 2010, the Owners sought approval of

them in earnest in 2011. Their architect drafted a cover sheet to accompany those plans,

and in it he averred that the house would comply with Garfield County height

restrictions. “This,” the trial court noted, “later proved to be incorrect.”

¶7     Relying in part on the representation in the cover sheet, the DRB granted final

design approval for the multistory home, and the Owners began building.

Construction proceeded without issue until December 2011, at which point the

neighboring lot owners returned from a vacation to find the Owners’ partly finished

garage spoiling their view. As members of both the Executive Board and the DRB were

working to resolve that issue, Garfield County learned the house would exceed its

height restrictions and issued a stop-work order. Work stopped.

¶8     In the months that followed, the Owners secured a new architect who revised the

design but retained a second story. Garfield County approved those plans, but the DRB

and Executive Board did not. After another round of redesigns, in which the multistory




                                              3
proposal became a single-story design with an attached “pod,” the DRB approved the

plans, and the Owners built the home as designed.

¶9    Because the Owners blamed the POA for the costs associated with the single-

story conversion, they filed suit. The Owners pursued declaratory judgment/equitable

estoppel and negligence claims against the POA, alleging more than $260,000 in

damages. Pointing to two exculpatory clauses, one in the Declaration and another in

the Design Guidelines, the POA argued those claims were barred.

¶10   The clause in the Declaration provided as follows:

      The Design Review Board will use reasonable judgment in accepting or
      disapproving all plans and specifications submitted to it. Neither the
      Design Review Board nor any individual Design Review Board member
      will be liable to any person for any official act of the Design Review Board
      in connection with submitted plans and specifications, except to the extent
      the Design Review Board or any individual Design Review Board member
      acted with malice or intentional wrongful acts. Approval by the Design
      Review Board does not necessarily assure approval by the appropriate
      governmental body or Garfield County. Notwithstanding that the Design
      Review Board has approved plans and specifications, neither the Design
      Review Board nor any of its members will be responsible or liable to any
      Owner, developer or contractor with respect to any loss, liability, claim or
      expense which may arise by reason of such approval of the construction of
      the improvements. Neither the Executive Board, the Design Review
      Board, nor any agent thereof, nor Declarant, nor any of its partners,
      employees, agents or consultants will be responsible in any way for any
      defects in any plans or specifications submitted, revised or approved in
      accordance with the provisions of the Association Documents, nor for any
      structural or other defects in any work done according to such plans and
      specifications. In all events the Design Review Board will be defended
      and indemnified by the Association in any such suit or proceeding, which
      may arise by reason of the Design Review Board’s decisions.




                                           4
¶11   Section II.D of the Design Guidelines1 contained the following exculpatory

provision:

             Neither the DRB nor any member of the DRB will be liable to the
      POA, any owner or any other person for any damage, loss or prejudice
      suffered or claimed on account of:

      1. Approving or disapproving any plans, specifications and other
         materials, whether or not defective;
      2. Constructing or performing any work, whether or not pursuant to
         approved plans, specifications and other materials;
      3. The development or manner of development of any land within
         Stirling Ranch;
      4. Executing and recording a form of approval or disapproval, whether
         or not the facts stated therein are correct; and
      5. Performing any other function pursuant to the provisions of these
         Guidelines or the Declaration.

¶12   Reviewing those provisions, both the trial court and the court of appeals

concluded the exculpatory clauses, while not specifically naming the POA, barred the

Owners’ declaratory judgment/equitable estoppel and negligence claims.

¶13   The trial court concluded that the exculpatory clauses were valid and protected

the POA. The court first considered the four factors we articulated to analyze an

exculpatory agreement’s validity in Jones v. Dressel, 623 P.2d 370, 376 (Colo. 1981):

(1) the existence of a duty to the public; (2) the nature of the service performed;

(3) whether the contract was fairly entered into; and (4) whether the intention of the



1The appellate record contains two versions of the Design Guidelines, one dated June 9,
2011, and another, amended version dated November 28, 2011. We review the
November 28 version the trial court quoted in the order now at issue. We recognize,
however, that the November 28 version replaced a reference to the “Master
Association” in section II.D with “POA,” but because, read in context, “Master
Association” could only have referred to the POA, that change is not material to our
analysis.


                                          5
parties is expressed in clear and unambiguous language. Applying those factors, the

trial court concluded the clauses were valid. It then went on to reason that the clauses

protected the POA under these circumstances because the Owners based their claims

against the POA on the actions of the protected boards.

¶14      The court of appeals adopted a similar position and affirmed the trial court’s

decision. The division below first concluded that the POA and its boards were a single

legal entity and thus appears to have assumed that if the exculpatory clauses were valid

as to the boards, they would protect the POA as well. The division then addressed each

of the Jones factors, finding that (1) design approval under the Design Guidelines was

not a matter of public concern; (2) design approval was not an unavoidable practical

necessity; (3) the exculpatory agreements were not unfairly agreed upon; and (4) the

clauses’ plain language released the boards from liability, so the parties’ intent was

clear. Thus, the division ultimately concluded that the clauses validly exculpated the

boards and therefore exculpated the POA as well.

¶15      We granted the Owners’ petition asking us to review the judgment of the court

of appeals.2


2   We granted certiorari to review the following issues:
      1. Whether the court of appeals’ decision in this case is in accord with the supreme
         court’s holding in Jones v. Dressel, 623 P.2d 370, 376 (Colo. 1981) and its progeny
         when the court of appeals expanded limitation of liability protection to a party
         not expressly named in the exculpatory language.
      2. Whether the court of appeals erred in holding that there is no distinction in law
         between the corporate entity of the Property Owners Association and its
         Executive Board and Design Review Board, thereby extending the protections of
         the exculpatory language to the Property Owners Association.


                                              6
                II. Standard of Review and Rules of Declaration and
                                 Bylaw Construction

¶16      We review the interpretation of covenants and other recorded instruments de

novo, as we would a contract. Pulte Home Corp. v. Countryside Cmty. Ass’n, 2016 CO

64, ¶ 23, 382 P.3d 821, 826. In doing so, we look first to the documents’ plain language,

giving words and phrases their common meanings.              Id.   We will enforce such

documents as written if their meaning is clear. Id. Similarly, we hold no authority to

rewrite contracts and must enforce unambiguous documents in accordance with their

terms. Radiology Prof’l Corp. v. Trinidad Area Health Ass’n, 577 P.2d 748, 751 (Colo.

1978).

¶17      In assessing the effect of those terms, we consider the law existing at the time a

contract was executed as a part of the document itself. See Cocquyt v. Shower, 189 P.

606, 607 (Colo. 1920) (holding parties presumed to know the law and could not have

contemplated contractual silence would produce a result contrary to law); Shaw v.

Sargent Sch. Dist. No. RE-33-J ex rel. Bd. of Educ., 21 P.3d 446, 450 (Colo. App. 2001)

(“[C]ontractual language must be interpreted in light of existing law, the provisions of

which are regarded as implied terms of the contract, regardless of whether the

agreement refers to the governing law.” (quoting 11 Williston on Contracts § 30:19 (4th

ed. 1999))).

¶18      Exculpatory clauses require an additional consideration. Because our law has

long disfavored such agreements, they must be strictly construed against the party




                                              7
seeking to limit its liability. See Heil Valley Ranch, Inc. v. Simkin, 784 P.2d 781, 783–84

(Colo. 1989).

                                      III. Analysis

¶19    The parties debate whether we should invalidate the exculpatory clauses or

overrule our precedent regarding principal/agent liability. We take a simpler path,

however. At the outset, we conclude the clauses’ plain language does not name, and

therefore does not exculpate, the POA. We then consider and reject two contentions

that the plain language might exculpate the POA by other means. First, because our

case law and the documents at issue recognize that a corporation is an entity distinct

from its agents, we conclude the clauses do not exculpate the POA simply by virtue of

exculpating its boards. Second, we decline to overrule our precedent holding that the

release of an agent does not automatically release the principal, and we further observe

that even if we were to do so, the POA would not benefit. Thus, we conclude that the

exculpatory clauses do not bar the Owners’ claims against the POA.

                                  A. Plain Language

¶20    Exculpatory agreements, which attempt to insulate parties from their own

negligence, deserve close scrutiny, and thus we consider first whether such agreements

are valid and enforceable. Jones, 623 P.2d at 376. To do so, we analyze four factors:

(1) the existence of a duty to the public; (2) the nature of the service performed;

(3) whether the contract was fairly entered into; and (4) whether the intention of the

parties is expressed in clear and unambiguous language. Id. Under no circumstances




                                            8
will an exculpatory agreement be permitted to shield against a claim of willful and

wanton negligence. Id.

¶21    Here, we need not address the more involved analysis Jones requires because

even assuming the exculpatory clauses are valid, they do not exculpate the POA. We

look first to the clauses’ plain language to determine their effect. Pulte, ¶ 23, 382 P.3d at

826.   That language limits liability for a wide range of entities—the DRB and the

Executive Board among them—but does not mention the POA. The Design Guidelines,

moreover, discuss the POA in relation to liability, and even contemplate that the POA

might seek to hold the DRB liable, yet they do not exculpate the POA itself. In short,

the documents’ drafters could have exculpated the POA but did not. Recognizing again

that we must strictly construe such clauses against the party seeking to limit its liability,

Heil Valley Ranch, 784 P.2d at 784, we cannot now rewrite the language at issue to

protect a party not named originally.

                     B. Corporation’s Status as a Separate Entity

¶22    Might the exculpatory clauses still protect the POA by some other means,

though? The court of appeals and trial court thought so, concluding that the POA, DRB,

and Executive Board were a single entity, and that by exculpating the boards, the

clauses at issue necessarily exculpated the POA.          That characterization, however,

conflicts with both Colorado law and the clauses’ plain language. To be sure, we have

consistently held that a corporation acts only through its agents. E.g., Dallas Creek

Water Co. v. Huey, 933 P.2d 27, 41 (Colo. 1997). But this does not mean they are one

and the same. Instead, we recognize that while those agents act on behalf of the


                                             9
corporation, the corporation itself is “always a separate entity.”3 Leonard v. McMorris,

63 P.3d 323, 330 (Colo. 2003). We see no reason to depart from these settled principles

today.

¶23      The exculpatory clauses’ plain language also indicates that the POA is an entity

distinct from the boards.      First, the Declaration requires the POA to defend and

indemnify the DRB, an unnecessary measure if the two were one and the same. Second,

section II.D of the Design Guidelines prevents the POA from holding the DRB liable

under certain circumstances. If the two were a single entity, however, the POA would

never have cause to hold the DRB liable—its claim would be against itself.

¶24      Applying both our law and the understanding evinced in the Declaration and the

Design Guidelines, we conclude the POA, like any other corporation, acts through its

boards and other agents but remains a separate entity. The division below therefore

erred in concluding the exculpatory clauses limited the POA’s liability simply because

they exculpated the boards.

                        C. Legal Effect of Exculpating an Agent

¶25      The POA suggests an alternative understanding and asks us to give new legal

effect to the plain language.      By exculpating the boards, the POA contends, the

Declaration and Design Guidelines necessarily exculpated the POA because its liability

as a principal could derive only from the negligence of its exculpated agents. See City

of Aurora ex rel. Util. Enter. v. Colo. State Eng’r, 105 P.3d 595, 622 (Colo. 2005)

3 We state this as a general proposition of law and do not announce an alternative
framework for analyzing whether a party’s actions may allow a litigant to pierce the
corporate veil—a body of law not implicated here.


                                            10
(describing respondeat superior liability).      Yet that position conflicts with our

conclusion in Dworak v. Olson Constr. Co., 551 P.2d 198 (Colo. 1976). There, we held

that a party may sue a principal on a theory of respondeat superior even if he executes a

covenant not to sue the agent and that covenant does not expressly reserve the right to

sue the principal. Id. at 200.

¶26    We decline this invitation to overrule our decision in Dworak. The principle of

stare decisis, which “promotes uniformity, certainty, and stability of the law,” People v.

LaRosa, 2013 CO 2, ¶ 28, 293 P.3d 567, 574, requires us to follow a preexisting rule of

law unless we are “clearly convinced that the rule was originally erroneous or is no

longer sound because of changing conditions and that more good than harm will come

from departing from precedent,” People v. Blehm, 983 P.2d 779, 788 (Colo. 1999). We

are not so convinced and do not reject Dworak’s rule now.

¶27    Even if we were to overturn our rule in Dworak, moreover, it would not benefit

the POA. Because our initial task is to interpret and give effect to the language in the

Declaration and Design Guidelines, see Pulte, ¶ 23, 382 P.3d at 826, we must decide

what meaning to afford the documents’ silence regarding the POA’s liability. To do so,

we look to the legal effect of that silence at the time the Declaration and Design

Guidelines were executed as indicative of its intended meaning. See Cocquyt, 189 P. at

607. Thus, even if we were to adopt a new rule now, it would not shed light on the

clauses’ intended meaning at the time of execution.

¶28    Here, the documents at issue post-date Dworak, and Dworak therefore supplied

the legal effect of silence regarding the POA’s liability. See Chadwick v. Colt Ross


                                           11
Outfitters, Inc., 100 P.3d 465, 468–69 (Colo. 2004) (treating an exculpatory agreement

and a release of liability as interchangeable). Under Dworak, 551 P.2d at 200, in the

absence of a specific provision exculpating the POA, the POA remained open to suit,

even though the clauses limited the liability of the POA’s agents. At all relevant times,

then, the legal effect of silence regarding the POA’s liability was such that the POA

could not benefit from protections the exculpatory clauses afforded its agents.

¶29    We cannot now construe the documents’ silence to give it a meaning it could not

have enjoyed at the time the Declaration and Design Guidelines were executed. See

Cocquyt, 189 P. at 607. Indeed, if the clauses’ drafters had intended a result other than

the one required by our case law, we would expect them to have included language to

that effect. They didn’t, and we have no authority to rewrite the clauses to produce that

result today.

                                   IV. Conclusion

¶30    Because the plain language of the Declaration and Design Guidelines governing

Stirling Ranch properties does not limit the POA’s liability, and the POA cannot benefit

from exculpatory clauses protecting its boards and agents, we conclude McShane and

Calvin may bring their claims against the POA. We therefore reverse the decision of the

court of appeals and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.




                                           12
JUSTICE EID, dissenting.

¶31    Today, the majority concludes that the Owners may pursue their suit against the

Stirling Ranch Property Owners Association (“POA”), because, although relevant

documents release the Design Review Board (“DRB”) from liability for design decisions,

there is no mention of a release of the POA. I would not permit the Owners to make

such an end-run around the release. As the trial court concluded, the Owners’ entire

case is premised on the POA’s alleged liability for the acts of the DRB. See Am. Compl.

¶ 3 (“The POA, acting through its Design Review Board (‘DRB’), exercises architectural

review and approval authority for all residential construction within Stirling Ranch.”).

If the DRB’s actions are immune, there are no negligent acts to impute to the POA.

Accordingly, I would affirm the court of appeals on this ground, and I respectfully

dissent from the majority’s opinion.

¶32    The Declaration specifies that neither the DRB nor any of its members will be

liable to any owner for “any official act” or for “any loss, liability, claim or expense

which may arise by reason of such approval” of design plans, and that the DRB will not

be responsible “in any way for any defects in any plans or specifications submitted,

revised or approved.” Maj. op. ¶ 10. The Design Guidelines emphasize further that the

DRB will not be liable to any owner for “[a]pproving or disapproving any plans,

specifications and other materials, whether or not defective.” Id. at ¶ 11. No one

disputes that the language of the Declaration and the Design Guidelines expressly

shields the acts of the DRB from liability.




                                              1
¶33   The Owners argue, and the majority agrees, that although the relevant language

precludes them from holding the DRB liable for its allegedly negligent acts with regard

to the design of their home, it does not preclude them from suing the POA. This

conclusion, although perhaps technically correct, does not address the trial court’s

ultimate disposition of the case. The trial court concluded that the entirety of the

Owners’ lawsuit against the POA is based on an imputation theory—specifically, that

the alleged negligent acts of the DRB should be imputed to the POA. Indeed, the

entirety of the Owners’ complaint is founded on the allegation in paragraph 3, namely,

that the “POA, acting through its Design Review Board (‘DRB’), exercises architectural

review and approval authority for all residential construction within Stirling Ranch.”

See also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 42–47 (allegations preceded by “The POA, acting through the

DRB . . .”). The Owners do not suggest that the POA somehow acted independently or

in a fashion distinct from the DRB.4

¶34   The trial court thus properly concluded that “Plaintiffs[’] entire case involved

alleged actions or inactions of the DRB which caused them damages.” From this, the

trial court reasoned, again properly in my view, that if the actions of the DRB are

immune, there is simply nothing to impute to the POA “since the basis for all acts of

negligence were acts of the DRB.” In other words, the release of the DRB extinguishes

the foundation upon which to base any claim against the POA.               Cf. Ferrer v.



4Although the Amended Complaint alleged that the POA had a duty to supervise the
DRB, the Owners did not ultimately pursue this theory of liability before the trial court.




                                            2
Okbamicael, 2017 CO 14M, ¶ 28, 390 P.3d 836, 844 (where employer has conceded

vicarious liability for acts of employee, direct negligence action against the employer

falls away, given that “[d]irect negligence claims effectively impute the employee’s

liability for his negligent conduct to the employer”).

¶35    The majority never addresses the basis of the trial court’s ruling. Instead, it holds

that “the POA cannot benefit” from the release language, and that therefore the Owners

may proceed with their claims. Maj. op. ¶¶ 2, 30. The majority thus suggests that the

Owners may proceed in making an end-run around the release. But this is simply not

the case. On remand, the trial court should apply its previous conclusion—undisturbed

on appeal—that because the Owners’ complaint is premised entirely on the theory that

the negligent acts of the DRB should be imputed to the POA, and because there are no

negligent acts to impute, the Owners’ claims are barred, and judgment should be

entered in favor of the POA. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority

opinion.

       I am authorized to state that JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ joins in this dissent.




                                             3
