                                  RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                       Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                               File Name: 08a0115p.06

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                          FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                            _________________


                                                     X
                                                      -
 JULIUS NOE; RAY REYNOLDS; ANNA MAE WILDER;
                                                      -
 RUSSELL BOWMAN; NANCY HOOD; WILLIAM
                                                      -
 DUNCAN,
                             Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                          No. 07-5068

                                                      ,
                                                       >
           v.                                         -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                              Defendant-Appellee. -
 POLYONE CORPORATION,

                                                      -
                                                     N
                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.
                 No. 06-00170—John G. Heyburn II, Chief District Judge.
                                          Argued: September 13, 2007
                                     Decided and Filed: March 19, 2008
         Before: SUTTON and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; FORESTER, District Judge.*
                                               _________________
                                                     COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas J. Schulz, PRIDDY, CUTLER, MILLER & MEADE, Louisville, Kentucky,
for Appellants. Jack F. Fuchs, THOMPSON HINE, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Thomas J. Schulz, Alton D. Priddy, PRIDDY, CUTLER, MILLER & MEADE, Louisville,
Kentucky, for Appellants. Jack F. Fuchs, Eric S. Clark, Stephen L. Richey, THOMPSON HINE,
Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellee.
     McKEAGUE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FORESTER, D. J., joined.
SUTTON, J. (pp. 15-18), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
                                               _________________
                                                   OPINION
                                               _________________
        McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This is a retiree health benefits case, in which the court is
asked to determine whether the parties to various labor agreements intended for retiree health
benefits to vest such that any termination of those benefits constitutes a violation of § 301 of the

         *
         The Honorable Karl S. Forester, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting
by designation.


                                                            1
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                      Page 2


Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”). The district court granted summary judgment for
defendant-employer PolyOne Corp. after concluding that the labor agreements in question were
unambiguous and established no intent to vest retiree health benefits. Having conducted a thorough
review of the record and the applicable law, we arrive at a different conclusion and VACATE the
district court’s judgment.
                                       I. BACKGROUND
        Russell Bowman, William Duncan, Nancy Hood, Julius Noe, Ray Reynolds, and Anna May
Wilder, (“Plaintiffs”) are all retirees or the surviving spouse of a retiree from B.F. Goodrich Co.’s
Geon Vinyl Division (“BFG”), which through a series of transactions became PolyOne Corp., the
defendant in this case (“PolyOne”). Plaintiffs or their deceased spouses all retired between 1979 and
1990 from BFG’s Louisville, Kentucky, facility. While employed with BFG, Plaintiffs were
represented in the collective bargaining process primarily by the Distillery, Rectifying, Wine and
Allied Workers’ International Union of America, Local No. 72 (“Union”). During this time period,
the Union and BFG entered into various collective bargaining agreements, none of which
specifically addressed the issue of health benefits. Also during this period, BFG negotiated a series
of agreements with other unions that represented employees working at facilities outside of
Kentucky. These other agreements, which were entitled “Agreements on Employee Benefit
Programs” (“EBAs”), provided employee and retiree health benefits to the applicable group of
employees. Per the terms of the EBAs, retirees were not required to contribute to their health
insurance premiums, they were reimbursed for Medicare Part B, and they paid $1.00 for each
prescription medication.
        Plaintiffs maintain that the health benefits provided by the EBAs were extended to them via
a Memorandum of Agreement (“MOA”) entered into by Plaintiffs’ union and BFG. Effective in
1988, BFG replaced the EBAs with a Flexible Benefit Program (“Flex Program”). The Flex
Program slightly changed the health care coverage available for active employees and those who
retired after August 1988. It is undisputed that Plaintiffs received the health benefits described in
the EBAs or the Flex Program until March 2006, when PolyOne ceased reimbursing Plaintiffs’
Medicare Part B premiums, began requiring Plaintiffs to contribute towards their insurance
premiums, and instituted much higher prescription drug co-pays. Believing that PolyOne’s conduct
violated the EBAs and the Flex Program, Plaintiffs filed the instant action under § 301 of the
LMRA. Finding that the EBAs and the Flex Program did not manifest an intent to vest retiree health
benefits, the district court granted summary judgment for PolyOne. Plaintiffs timely appealed.
                                         II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
        This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Nichols v. Moore,
477 F.3d 396, 398 (6th Cir. 2007). Likewise, de novo review applies to questions of contract
interpretation. Yolton v. El Paso Tenn. Pipeline Co., 435 F.3d 571, 577 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 127
S.Ct. 554, and, 127 S.Ct. 555 (2006).
        There are two types of employee benefit plans: pension plans and welfare benefit plans. Id.
at 578. While pension plans are subject to mandatory vesting, welfare benefit plans are not. Maurer
v. Joy Technologies., Inc., 212 F.3d 907, 914 (6th Cir. 2000). Retiree health benefit plans, such as
those involved here, are welfare benefit plans; thus, vesting only occurs if the parties so intended
when they executed the applicable labor agreements. Id. A court may find vested rights “under a
CBA even if the intent to vest has not been explicitly set out in the agreement.” Id. at 915. If the
rights to health coverage have vested, then the unilateral termination of the coverage violates § 301
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                       Page 3


of the LMRA. Yolton, 435 F.3d at 578. On the other hand, an employer is free to terminate any
unvested welfare benefits upon the expiration of the relevant CBA. Id.
        The seminal case for determining whether the parties to a CBA intended benefits to vest is
UAW v. Yard-Man, 716 F.2d 1476, 1479 (6th Cir. 1983). Under Yard-Man, basic rules of contract
interpretation apply, meaning that courts must first examine the CBA language for clear
manifestations of an intent to vest. Id. Furthermore, each provision of the CBA is to be construed
consistently with the entire CBA and “the relative positions and purposes of the parties.” Id. The
terms of the CBA should be interpreted so as to avoid illusory promises and superfluous provisions.
Id. at 1480. Our decision in Yard-Man also explained that “retiree benefits are in a sense ‘status’
benefits which, as such, carry with them an inference . . . that the parties likely intended those
benefits to continue as long as the beneficiary remains a retiree.” Id. at 1482. With regard to the
“Yard-Man inference,” later decisions of this court have clarified that Yard-Man does not create a
legal presumption that retiree benefits are interminable. Yolton, 435 F.3d at 579. Rather, Yard-Man
is properly understood as creating an inference only if the context and other available evidence
indicate an intent to vest. Id.
        When an ambiguity exists in the provisions of the CBA, then resort to extrinsic evidence may
be had to ascertain whether the parties intended for the benefits to vest. Int’l Union, United Auto.
Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers of Am. v. BVR Liquidating, Inc., 190 F.3d 768, 774 (6th Cir.
1999). If an examination of the available extrinsic evidence fails to conclusively resolve the issue
and a question of intent remains, then summary judgment is improper. Int’l Union, United Mine
Workers of Am. v. Apogee Coal Co., 330 F.3d 740, 744 (6th Cir. 2003). Having provided the broad
analytical framework, we now turn to the task of parsing the language of the various agreements
involved in this case.
        With the exception of Plaintiff Hood, all of the retirees involved in this case received the
health benefits provided by the various EBAs. Although Plaintiffs retired under several different
EBAs, we refer to the EBAs collectively because each agreement contains the same language
regarding the issues involved in this appeal. As for Plaintiff Hood, the merits of her claim will be
discussed separately because the Flex Program governs her retiree health benefits.
B. Incorporation of the EBAs by the MOA
        As a threshold matter, it is necessary to determine if the MOA incorporates the health
benefits provisions of the EBAs to Plaintiffs. In the absence of incorporation, Plaintiffs’ claim fails
because the collective bargaining agreements negotiated between Plaintiffs and BFG are silent as
to health benefits. The MOA states in pertinent part:
       The following Article is hereby included in the current Collective Bargaining
       Agreement:
               The Pension Plan, including the requirement for compulsory retirement at age
               seventy, the Hospitalization, Surgical and Medical Expense Insurance Program . . .,
               and the Prescription Drug Program presently in effect for the majority of The
               BFGoodrich Company’s production and maintenance employees shall be in effect
               for the life of this Agreement.
JA at 646. According to the district court, while “the MOA is far from clear, the parties appear to
have intended that this general reference incorporate the EBA health benefit provisions.” Noe v.
PolyOne Corp., No. 3:06-CV-170H, 2006 WL 3759601, at *3 (W.D. Ky. Dec. 19, 2006).
Disagreeing with the district court’s determination on this issue, PolyOne argues that Plaintiffs have
failed to offer any evidence—aside from anecdotes and hearsay—showing that the MOA
incorporated the EBAs to Plaintiffs. In response, Plaintiffs argue that the parties’ course of conduct
No. 07-5068                  Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                         Page 4


illustrates that they intended for the MOA to provide employees and retirees of BFG’s Louisville
facility with the health benefits found in the EBAs.
         Based on our review of the MOA and the conduct of the parties, the district court correctly
held that the MOA incorporated the EBAs to Plaintiffs. Because the MOA itself is unclear on this
issue, the district court properly looked to extrinsic evidence and the course of performance between
the parties in determining that the MOA incorporated the EBAs. As the district court recognized,
the most telling of this extrinsic evidence is the fact that “[e]veryone agrees that [Plaintiffs] actually
received the benefits described in the EBAs and continued to receive them after retirement.” Id. at
*2. Although the terms of the MOA undoubtedly could have been more precise, the evidence
establishes that it was intended by the parties to apply the EBAs to Plaintiffs. Therefore, we proceed
to analyze the EBA provisions themselves to determine whether the district court properly found that
Plaintiffs’ retiree health benefits have not vested.
C. The Vesting Determination
        The district court held that the retiree health benefits provisions in the EBAs clearly and
unambiguously established that the parties did not intend for Plaintiffs’ health benefits to vest.
Having examined the language of the MOA and the EBAs, this court finds that the district court
improperly granted summary judgment in favor of PolyOne for numerous reasons. First, PolyOne’s
argument that the MOA’s language indicates that Plaintiffs’ health benefits were not intended to vest
fails. Second, the durational provisions relied on by PolyOne and the district court are general in
nature and do not preclude a finding that the parties intended Plaintiffs’ benefits to vest. Third,
provisions in the EBAs expressly tie eligibility for retiree health benefits to eligibility for a pension,
which we have repeatedly held evinces an intent to vest. Fourth, adopting the interpretation urged
by PolyOne and accepted by the district court would render several promises made in the EBAs
illusory, a result in violation of our precedent. Fifth, the presence of specific vesting language in
the pension benefits portion of the EBAs does not lead to the conclusion that Plaintiffs’ health
benefits have not vested.
        1. The MOA Language does not Preclude a Finding that Plaintiffs’ Health Benefits
          were Intended to Vest
        PolyOne argues that the MOA itself establishes that the parties never intended for Plaintiffs’
health benefits to vest. PolyOne believes that the MOA negates any intent to vest because it limits
benefits to the duration of the agreement and provides that the agreement may be changed by
subsequent negotiations.
        The MOA states in pertinent part:
                The Pension Plan, including the requirement for compulsory
                retirement at age seventy, the Hospitalization, Surgical and Medical
                Expense Insurance Program . . ., and the Prescription Drug Program
                presently in effect for the majority of The BFGoodrich Company’s
                production and maintenance employees shall be in effect for the life
                of this Agreement; provided that if during the term of this Agreement
                the Plan or Programs are changed for such majority, such changes
                shall be made effective on the same date they are made effective for
                the majority of The BFGoodrich production and maintenance
                employees and remain in effect for the life of this Agreement.
JA at 646 (emphasis added). PolyOne first asserts that the italicized phrase “shall be in effect for
the life of this Agreement” is a specific durational clause that precludes a finding that Plaintiffs’
health benefits have vested. Plaintiffs counter by arguing that the provision is a general durational
No. 07-5068                  Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                        Page 5


clause and is insufficient to demonstrate that retiree health benefits have not vested. With regard
to this issue, the district court agreed with Plaintiffs that the MOA’s durational clause was general
in nature. See Noe, 2006 WL 3759601, at *3 n.7.
        As explained in Yolton, “[a]bsent specific durational language referring to retiree benefits
themselves, courts have held that the general durational language says nothing about those retiree
benefits.” Yolton, 435 F.3d at 581. In Yolton, the court concluded that a provision stating that the
“group insurance plan will . . . run concurrently with this Agreement” was a general durational
clause and did not preclude a finding that retiree health benefits had vested. Id. Like the agreement
in Yolton, there is no language in the MOA specifically stating that retiree health benefits expire
upon the termination of the agreement. It speaks generically of all benefits for all employees;
language that does not constitute a specific durational clause under our precedent. See id.; see also
Maurer, 212 F.3d at 917-18 (finding that a CBA termination clause was not a specific durational
clause because it did not specifically reference retiree benefits).
         PolyOne’s reliance on Linville v. Teamsters Misc. & Indus. Workers Union, Local 284, 206
F.3d 648, 650 (6th Cir. 2000), for the proposition that the MOA language is a specific durational
clause is misplaced. In Linville, the clause at issue expressly stated that health insurance under the
company’s plan “ceases when the individual reaches age sixty-five.” Linville, 206 F.3d at 649. No
such language is present in this case, and there is no discussion in Linville regarding whether a
clause such as that contained in the MOA is a general or specific durational provision. Linville is
also distinguishable because the agreement there stated that no individuals were to receive health
benefits after attaining age sixty-five. Id. Instead, as in Yard-Man and Maurer, the opposite is true
in this case; the EBAs actually contain language indicating that certain health benefits start at age
sixty-five and last until death. See § 12.15(h), JA at 185. Because the MOA language is analogous
to that used in Yolton, and Linville does not apply, we reject PolyOne’s argument and find that the
MOA provision is a general durational clause that does not preclude a finding that Plaintiffs’ health
benefits have vested.
       PolyOne next argues that the MOA’s statement that “if during the term of this Agreement
the Plan or Programs are changed for such majority, such changes shall be made effective on the
same date they are made effective for the majority” of BFGoodrich employees at other facilities,
precludes a finding that Plaintiffs’ health benefits have vested. According to PolyOne, this language
authorizes it to alter Plaintiffs’ health benefits at any time; therefore, such benefits have not vested.
       While construing the MOA in this manner has some merit on the surface, a close
examination of the entirety of the MOA highlights the error in such an interpretation. The MOA
provision at issue begins with the words “[t]he Pension Plan, including . . . the Hospitalization,
Surgical and Medical Expense Insurance Program . . ., and the Prescription Drug Program.” JA at
646 (emphasis added). Looking to the specific language relied on by PolyOne, the MOA states
“provided that if during the term of this Agreement the Plan or Programs are changed for such
majority, such changes shall be made effective” for Plaintiffs. It is apparent that the use of the word
“Plan” in the latter sentence refers back to the phrase “Pension Plan” in the former sentence, while
the word “Program” in the latter sentence refers back to the former phrase “Hospitalization, Surgical
and Medical Expense Insurance Program . . . and the Prescription Drug Program.” Adopting
PolyOne’s construction that by permitting the company to make changes to the agreements, the
MOA language negates any intent to vest retiree health benefits, would necessarily lead to the
conclusion that the benefits provided by the pension plan are subject to change and not vested.
        According to Yolton, such an argument fails “because the same language was used regarding
pensions and health benefits . . . [g]iven the defendant’s logic, because its pension plan was
incorporated into the collective bargaining agreement, its obligation to provide pensions ended with
the expiration of the agreement.” Yolton, 435 F.3d at 581 n. 7 (quoting to the district court’s opinion
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                         Page 6


in Golden). As Yolton seems to have implicitly recognized, such a result is forbidden by ERISA,
which requires that pension benefits automatically vest. See Yolton, 435 F.3d at 580-81; see also
Maurer, 212 F.3d at 914 (stating that pension plans are subject to mandatory vesting under ERISA).
Given that pension benefit plans cannot be changed in the manner PolyOne’s interpretation would
suggest, it follows that the MOA language at issue does not establish that Plaintiffs’ health benefits
under the “Program” were not intended to vest.
       2. Sections 12.1 and 16.4 of the EBAs are General Durational Clauses
        Similar to its MOA arguments, PolyOne’s primary assertion as it relates to the EBAs is that
language found in § 12.1 and § 16.4 of the EBAs specifically limits the availability of retiree health
benefits to the duration of the EBAs. Unlike the district court—which adopted this line of
reasoning—we are not persuaded. As previously explained with regard to the MOA durational
clause, “[a]bsent specific durational language referring to retiree benefits themselves” a general
durational clause says nothing about the vesting of retiree benefits. Yolton, 435 F.3d at 581.
According to our opinion in Yolton, such general
       durational language only affects future retirees-that is, someone who retired after the
       expiration of a particular CBA would not be entitled to the previous benefits, but is
       rather entitled only to those benefits newly negotiated under a new CBA. Thus, the
       retirement package available to someone contemplating retirement will change with
       the expiration and adoption of CBAs, but someone already retired under a particular
       CBA continues to receive the benefits provided therein despite the expiration of the
       agreement itself.
Id. at 581; see also Maurer, 212 F.3d at 917-18 (explaining that “general durational provisions . . .
are not clearly meant to include retiree benefits”).
        In an unpublished case involving language virtually identical to that found in § 12.1 of the
EBAs, we concluded that the provision was general in nature and did not preclude a finding that
retiree benefits had vested. See Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agric. Implement Workers
of Am. v. Loral Corp., 107 F.3d 11, 1997 WL 49077, at *3 (6th Cir. 1997) (unpublished table
decision). The CBA at issue in Loral contained an introductory clause in the benefits portion of the
agreement, which stated: “Effective August 12, 1988, and for the duration of this Agreement
thereafter, the Employer will provide the following Program of hospital benefits, hospital-medical
benefits, surgical benefits and prescription drug benefits.” Id. There, as here, the employer argued
that the introductory clause limited its obligation to provide retiree benefits to the duration of the
CBA. Id. And there, as here, we were not persuaded. According to the Loral court, the
introductory clause was a general durational provision that did not limit retiree health benefits to the
duration of the CBA. See id. at *3.
         Similarly, in Weimer v. Kurz-Kasch, Inc., 773 F.2d 669, 675-76 (6th Cir. 1985), this court
analyzed a durational provision stating that “this Agreement and all terms and conditions hereof
shall terminate as of the end of the term.” The Weimer court held that the quoted language
constituted a “general termination clause [that] does not support a finding that retiree benefits ended
when the agreements expired.” Id. at 676; see also BVR Liquidating, Inc., 190 F.3d at 774 (finding
that retiree health benefits vested notwithstanding an introductory clause stating that benefits would
be provided “at no cost to the Employees or retirees for the term of this Agreement”).
        In this case, § 12.1 of the EBAs states: “Effective as of April 21, 1979 and for the duration
of this Agreement, the Company will provide the following plan of hospital expense benefits,
hospital-medical benefits, surgical benefits, prescription drug benefits, dental benefits and major
medical benefits . . . .” JA at 172. According to PolyOne, this language “specifically limit[s] the
No. 07-5068                        Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                                        Page 7


duration of retiree health benefits to the term of the EBAs.” PolyOne’s argument fails, however,
because § 12.1’s language is indistinguishable from the language we held to be a general durational
provision in Loral and is analogous to that involved in Weimer. As with the durational clauses held
to be general in Yolton, Loral, BVR, and Weimer, the language in § 12.1 does not specifically refer
to retiree benefits; rather, it refers generically to the benefits available for all employees as well as
retirees. Hence, the district court incorrectly held that § 12.1 indicates an intent not to vest retiree
health benefits.
        Aside from the language found in § 12.1, PolyOne also asserts that the introductory
statement in Article 2 and the durational language in § 16.4 foreclose Plaintiffs’ claim. For largely
the same reasons as those set forth above, we disagree. Section 16.4 states in pertinent part: “Upon
termination, this Agreement shall terminate in all respects except that the benefits provided by it
shall be extended for ninety (90) days following such termination.” JA at 186. As with § 12.1,
nothing in § 16.4 specifically refers to retiree benefits; instead—like the clauses held to be general
in the cases previously cited—it refers to all benefits available for all employees, active and retired.
Given the lack of any specific reference to “retiree benefits themselves,” Yolton, 435 F.3d at 581,
§ 16.4 is 1a general durational clause and does not support the district court’s finding in favor of
PolyOne. See Maurer, 212 F.3d at 917-18 (finding a CBA clause providing that benefits shall
remain in effect until midnight on the CBA’s expiration date to be a general durational provision
because it was “not clearly meant to include retiree benefits.”); see also United Rubber, Cork,
Linoleum & Plastic Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Pirelli Armstrong Tire Corp., 873 F. Supp. 1093,
1100-01 (M.D. Tenn. 1994) (holding that a clause identical in all respects to § 16.4 was a general
durational provision and did not establish that retiree health benefits terminate ninety-days after the
expiration of the CBA.)
        Looking to the introductory language of Article 2, it is also a general durational clause.
Article 2 states in pertinent part: “This Agreement constitutes a settlement for the duration of this
Agreement of all retirement, pension, insurance, survivor income benefits, supplemental workers’
compensation, drugs and severance pay demands . . . .” JA at 495. This language from Article 2
refers to all benefits; it does not specifically limit the duration of retiree health benefits as required
by Yolton and its progeny. PolyOne’s argument that this general language indicates that Plaintiffs’
health benefits were not intended to vest fails.
        The dissent erroneously suggests that by deeming the durational provisions to be general in
nature, we have in some way turned the Yard-Man inference into a presumption of vesting that may
only be overcome by a “clear statement” that retiree benefits were not intended to vest. Dis. Op. at
15. Such is not the case. The dissent also fails to recognize that requiring specific language

         1
            Furthermore, a close reading of § 16.4 suggests that the purpose of the clause was not to limit the duration of
retiree health benefits; rather, it was to provide active employees with health benefits for a ninety-day period in the event
that the company and the union could not agree to an extension of the agreement. Essentially, § 16.4 continues benefits
for active employees on a temporary basis in the event of a strike or a situation where employees continued to work
without a contract. See United Steel Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Titan Tire Corp., 359 F. Supp.2d 819, 822 (S.D. Iowa
2005). In Titan—pursuant to the same language found in § 16.4—benefits were provided to striking employees for the
specified ninety-day period. Id. at 822. Contrary to the reasoning set forth in the dissent, such a context is clearly the
one in which § 16.4 was meant to apply instead of situations like that involved here. Simply because § 16.4 uses the
word “benefits”—albeit in the most generic sense of the word and in a completely different context—the dissent latches
on to it as support for the proposition that this is a specific durational provision. Dis. Op. at 2. To say that this provision,
which never mentions the word “retirement” or “retiree,” and is not found in the portion of the EBAs addressing retiree
benefits, constitutes a specific durational clause is a stretch of the sort that we are unwilling and unable—as a panel—to
make under our precedent. See Weimer, 773 F.2d at 676 (finding a durational clause that stated “all terms and
conditions” of the agreement expired on the expiration of the CBA to be general because it failed “to specify that retiree
insurance benefits” terminated with the CBA). For an example of a true specific durational clause, see Senn v. United
Dominion Indus., Inc., 951 F.2d 806, 815 (7th Cir. 1992), where the durational clause in question “explicitly provided
that retiree insurance coverage would terminate” upon the expiration of the CBA.
No. 07-5068                         Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                                        Page 8


referring to retiree health benefits in order for a durational clause to be characterized as “specific”
is not the same thing as requiring specific anti-vesting language in a CBA; rather, it simply means
that the entire case cannot be resolved on the basis of a durational clause that fails to reference
retiree health benefits as is required by our case law. See Yolton 435 F.3d at 581. As this court has
held time and time again when confronted with similar provisions, general durational clauses of the
sort found in the EBAs do not resolve the vesting issue, and it is necessary to determine if any
provisions in the agreements shed light on whether the parties intended for Plaintiffs’ health benefits
to vest. See, e.g., Maurer, 212 F.3d at 917-18; Weimer, 783 F.2d at 676; Loral, 1997 WL 49077,
at *3. It is to that question that we now turn our attention.
         3. The EBAs Indicate an Intent to Vest Plaintiffs’ Health Benefits
        Because the durational clauses relied on by PolyOne do not preclude a finding that Plaintiffs’
health benefits have vested, we look to other provisions of the EBAs to determine whether the
parties intended Plaintiffs’ health benefits to vest. Contrary to the district court’s holding, several
provisions in the EBAs and decisions of this court support Plaintiffs’ argument that their health
benefits have vested.
                   a. Tying Eligibility for Retiree Health Benefits to Eligibility for a Pension
        According to this court, language in an agreement that ties eligibility for retiree health
benefits to eligibility for a pension indicates an intent to vest the health benefits. See McCoy v.
Meridian Auto. Sys., Inc., 390 F.3d2417, 422 (6th Cir. 2004); see also Golden v. Kelsey-Hayes Co.,
73 F.3d 648, 656 (6th Cir. 1996). In McCoy, the agreement between the parties stated: “The
Company shall contribute the full premium or subscription charge for Health Care . . . for (i) a
retired employee (including any eligible dependents) provided such retired employee is eligible for
benefits under Article II of the Company’s Hourly-Rate Employees Pension Plan.” McCoy, 390
F.3d at 419. After outlining the applicable law under Yard-Man and its progeny, the McCoy court
held that because the CBA provision “ties eligibility for retirement-health benefits to eligibility for
a pension . . . there is little room for debate that retirees’ health benefits vested upon retirement.”
Id. at 390. Likewise, the Golden court found an intent to vest retiree health benefits because there
were “provisions in each of the CBAs . . . which tie retiree and surviving spouse eligibility for health
insurance coverage to eligibility for vested pension benefits.” Golden, 73 F.3d at 656; see also
Yolton, 435 F.3d at 580 (citing Golden for the proposition that tying eligibility for retiree health
benefits to eligibility for pension benefits indicates an intent to vest).
         Applying the teaching of McCoy and Golden in the present case leads inescapably to the
conclusion that the district court erred in granting summary judgment for PolyOne. Looking to the
EBAs, several provisions tie eligibility for retiree health benefits directly to eligibility for pension
benefits by using language that is indistinguishable from that involved in McCoy. Section 12.14 of
the EBAs provides in pertinent part: “Employees who retire and who are eligible under the 1979
Employee Benefit Agreement for a Pension (other than a Deferred Vested Pension), shall receive the
benefits described in this Article.” JA at 184 (emphasis added). Another section of the EBAs also
ties eligibility for retiree health benefits to eligibility for a pension. In § 12.7(k), the EBAs state:

         2
           The dissent is correct that in both Golden and McCoy this court was reviewing a district court’s preliminary
injunction decision under the abuse of discretion standard. However, given the unequivocal nature of those
decisions—especially McCoy—such a distinction is one without a difference. Undoubtedly, when the McCoy court
stated that by tying “eligibility for retirement-health benefits to eligibility for a pension . . . [the parties left] little room
for debate that the retiree’s health benefits vested upon retirement,” 390 F.3d at 422, it made a broad pronouncement of
law. A pronouncement that we believe applies regardless of whether this type of case reaches us on appeal from a
preliminary injunction decision or from the grant of summary judgment. It is somewhat difficult to see why such tying
language would leave “little room for debate” that retiree benefits were intended to vest in McCoy, yet suddenly be the
source of much debate here simply because we are reviewing a district court’s summary judgment decision.
No. 07-5068                  Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                         Page 9


“Employees who retire and who are eligible under this Agreement for a pension (other than a
Deferred Vested Pension), shall receive the Major Medical Benefits described in this Paragraph
12.7. . . . “ JA at 181 (emphasis added). Lending even more support to the argument that the EBAs
tie retiree health benefits to pension benefits is the fact that a key retiree health provision refers to
retirees covered by the provision as “Pensioners.” See § 12.5(h), JA at 185.
         Without citing any authority, the district court disregarded the significance of this tying
language because it “focuses upon an employee’s eligibility for benefits rather than upon the
duration of those benefits.” Noe, 2006 WL 3759601, at *4. Such a statement contradicts McCoy
and Golden, both of which found vesting based on provisions that used the word “eligibility.” See
McCoy, 390 F.3d at 422 (explaining that there was evidence of an intent to vest “[b]ecause the
Supplemental Agreement ties eligibility for retirement-health benefits to eligibility for a pension.”)
(emphasis added); see also Golden, 73 F.3d at 656 (explaining that “provisions in each of the CBAs
at issue . . . tie retiree and surviving spouse eligibility for health insurance cover to eligibility for
vested pension benefits.”) (emphasis added). It is evident that the district court failed to appreciate
that by tying the eligibility for retiree health benefits to the eligibility for a pension, the EBAs were
actually speaking to the duration of the benefits. As we explained in Golden, “[s]ince retirees are
eligible to receive pension benefits for life,” the act of tying retiree health benefits to pension
eligibility indicates “that the parties intended that the company provide lifetime health benefits as
well.” Golden, 73 F.3d at 656 (explaining why the district court in Golden correctly focused on the
presence of tying language). Here, the EBAs undoubtedly tie eligibility for retiree health coverage
to eligiblity for a pension, which is evidence of an intent to vest.
                b. The EBAs’ Promise of a Lifetime Special Medicare Benefit
        Aside from tying eligibility for retiree health benefits to eligibility for a pension, which in
and of itself suggests an intent to vest, there are other provisions in the EBAs that indicate under our
case law that Plaintiffs’ health benefits were intended to vest. Section 12.15(h) of the EBA states:
        Subject to the provisions of this Paragraph 12.15(h), a Special Medicare Benefit will
        be paid to . . . (ii) a Pensioner who retires on or after April 21, 1979, or (iii) such
        Pensioner’s or Employee’s surviving spouse, if such Employee, Pensioner or
        surviving spouse is covered for Medical Benefits under this Article 12.
               (1) The Special Medicare Benefit will be equal to the standard
               monthly premium for Part B of Medicare . . .
               (2) The Special Medicare Benefit will be payable when an individual
               attains age sixty-five (65) or, for an individual less than age sixty-five
               (65), when he enrolls for Part B of Medicare . . .
               (3) Payment shall commence on the first day of the month following
               (i) the month during which the individual attains age sixty-five (65)
               . . . The payment of such Benefit shall continue until the individual’s
               death . . .
               (5) Upon the death of a Pensioner or Employee, the Special Medicare
               Benefit will be paid to his surviving spouse if such spouse is eligible
               to receive Medical Benefits under this Article 12. Such surviving
               spouse shall continue to receive the Special Medicare Benefit until
               such spouse remarries, dies or is no longer eligible for Part B of
               Medicare.
JA at 185 (emphasis added). As the italicized language makes clear, § 12.15(h) promises that once
a retiree reaches age sixty-five he or she will receive the Special Medicare Benefit until death. And
upon death, the retiree’s surviving spouse will continue to receive the Special Medicare Benefit until
his or her death or remarriage.
No. 07-5068                       Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                                  Page 10


         When confronted with similar language in the past, we have held that it establishes an intent
to vest3retiree health benefits. See Policy v. Powell Pressed Steel Co., 770 F.2d 609, 615 (6th Cir.
1985). In Policy, the CBA provided: “When said Pensioner reaches age 65, the Company will
provide such Pensioner, at the Company’s expense, supplemental medicare and major medical
benefits. The Company will continue to provide at its expense, supplemental medicare and major
medical benefits for Pensioners aged 65 and over.” Id. Reversing the district court’s conclusion that
the retirees’ benefits were not vested, Policy explained that the language of the supplemental
medicare provision “unambiguously confers the stated health insurance benefits for the duration of
the retiree’s life.” Id. (emphasis added). The Policy court’s determination finds support in the
Seventh Circuit’s decision in Bidlack v. Wheelabrator Corp., 993 F.2d 603, 608 (7th Cir. 1993) (en
banc), where Judge Posner, writing for the en banc court, explained that a similar provision could
reasonably “be thought a promise to retired employees that they and their spouses will be covered
for the rest of their lives. For the provision does not say ‘when they die or the collective bargaining
agreement expires, whichever occurs first,’ but simply when they die.”
        As with the provision involved in Policy, § 12.15(h)(3) promises to provide a Special
Medicare Benefit from age sixty-five “until the individual’s death.” We are in agreement with
Policy, that promising to provide a benefit until a person dies undoubtedly means that the benefit
lasts for the person’s life. It is likewise clear to us that § 12.15(h)(5)’s promise to provide the
surviving spouse of a retiree with a Medicare supplement until he or she remarries or “dies” is a
promise that the spouse of a retiree is entitled to lifetime benefits unless he or she remarries. See
generally Loral, 1997 WL 49077, at *3 (concluding that language providing the spouse of a
deceased retiree with benefits “until death or remarriage” indicates that such benefits have vested).
        Furthermore, adopting PolyOne’s argument that Plaintiffs’ retiree benefits have not vested
would render portions of § 12.15(h) nugatory, and the promises contained therein illusory, in
violation of Yard-Man and its progeny. See Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1480 (explaining that courts
must construe CBA provisions “so as to render none nugatory and avoid illusory promises”). With
regard to the analogous provision in Policy, this court explained that to interpret such a benefits
provision as terminating at the end of the relevant CBA would create an illusory promise to those
retirees who would not reach age sixty-five before the CBA’s expiration. Policy, 770 F.2d at 615.
According to Policy, the promise would be illusory because:
         if a sixty-two year old employee with twenty years service retired on January 1,
         1982, eight months before the collective bargaining agreement expired, and if the
         Company were correct in contending that the retiree’s health insurance benefits
         ceased with the August 31, 1982, expiration of such agreement, then the Company’s
         promise to provide supplemental Medicare . . . to the retiree when he reached age
         sixty-five would be of no value.
Id.; see also Bailey v. AK Steel Corp., No. 1:06cv468, 2006 WL 2727732, at *6 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 22,
2006) (examining a similar Medicare supplement provision for retirees and concluding that the
promise establishes an intent to vest because otherwise it would be illusory for many individuals
who retired as young as age fifty-five). The same conclusion was reached in Yard-Man, where the

         3
           PolyOne repeatedly cites Policy v. Powell Pressed Steel Corp., 1984 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18650 (N.D. Ohio
March 14, 1984), in its brief as support for its argument that Plaintiffs’ health benefits have not vested. See Appellee’s
Br. at 39, 41, 42. However, PolyOne neglects to ever mention that the district court’s decision on which it relies so
heavily was actually vacated and remanded by this court on appeal. See Policy, 770 F.2d at 618. Our decision in Policy
specifically rejected the language that PolyOne quotes in bold print at page 42 of its brief as support for the argument
that the provisions in the EBAs promising certain benefits until a deceased retiree’s death or remarriage did not evince
an intent to vest retiree health benefits. See id. at 615 (finding that to construe a provision conferring health insurance
benefits for the duration of the retiree’s life as not providing vested benefits would render the promise “in substantial
part nugatory and illusory”).
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                      Page 11


CBA promised to provide certain benefits to retirees when they reached age sixty-five. Yard-Man,
716 F.2d at 1481 (explaining that if retiree benefits expired at the end of the CBA then the promise
to provide certain benefits at age sixty-five “is completely illusory for many early retirees under age
62”); see also Maurer, 212 F.3d at 918 (explaining that, “[b]ecause the CBAs permit retirement at
age 55 and promise insurance at age 65, the promise is meaningless if it could be terminated in three
years”).
        Similar to the provisions in Policy, Yard-Man, and Maurer, § 12.15(h) promises that upon
the attainment of age sixty-five the company will begin to provide the Special Medicare Benefit to
retirees. However, as in Maurer, employees of BFG could retire as early as age fifty-five under the
company’s early retirement plan. See § 4.2, JA at 194. For such early retirees, the promise of the
Special Medicare Benefit is rendered illusory under the interpretation urged by PolyOne. See JA
at 194, § 4.2. Likewise, § 12.15(h)’s promise to provide the spouse of a deceased retiree with the
Special Medicare Benefit until his or her death or remarriage would be rendered illusory were this
court to agree with the district court and PolyOne. Under PolyOne’s interpretation, the spouse of
an individual who retired early at age fifty-five and passed away at age fifty-seven would never
receive the promised Special Medicare Benefit even though he or she remained alive and never
remarried.
       Looking to another provision of the EBAs, § 12.14 also promises health benefits to the
surviving spouse of a retiree until the spouse’s death or remarriage. According to § 12.14:
       The surviving spouse of an Employee who is retired by the Company on or after the
       effective date of this Agreement shall continue to be eligible to receive such benefits
       to the earlier of the date of death or remarriage, provided such spouse, as of the date
       of death of such retired former Employee, was covered for these benefits as an
       eligible dependent . . . .
JA at 184 (emphasis added). Accepting PolyOne’s interpretation would require this court to rewrite
§ 12.14 to say that the spouse of a deceased retiree “shall continue to be eligible to receive such
benefits to the earlier of the date of death or remarriage, or the expiration of this agreement.” No
such limiting language is found in § 12.14, and courts should not add words to a contract under the
guise of construing it. See Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 31:5 (4th ed. 2007); see also
Bidlack, 993 F.2d at 608 (explaining that such a provision does not say retiree benefits will be
provided to surviving spouses “‘when they die or the collective bargaining agreement expires,
whichever occurs first’ but simply when they die”). As with the promises made in § 12.15(h),
holding that Plaintiffs’ health benefits have not vested would render § 12.14’s promise of health
benefits until death or remarriage illusory for the spouses of deceased retirees in violation of
precedent.
       4. Presence of Specific Vesting Language in Pension Provision
        Next, PolyOne argues that the fact that the EBAs used explicit vesting language with regard
to pension benefits leads to the conclusion that the absence of such explicit vesting language in the
retiree health benefits provisions indicates that they have not vested. The district court was
persuaded by this argument, noting that Article 6 of the EBA “contains strong language stating that
pension payments shall be payable monthly ‘during the life of such Employee, the last payment
thereof being payable for the month in which he dies.’” Noe, 2006 WL 3759601, at *4 (quoting
§ 6.1(a) of the EBA, JA at 197). According to the district court, the absence of such language in the
retiree health benefits portion of the EBAs suggests that the parties did not intend for them to vest.
        However, the district court neglected to notice the similarity between § 6.1(a)’s language and
that found in § 12.15(h), which provides that the Special Medicare Benefit will commence when the
No. 07-5068                        Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                                    Page 12


retiree reaches age sixty-five and “[t]he payment of such Benefit shall continue until the individual’s
death.” JA at 185. In our opinion, § 6.1(a)’s promise to pay a monthly pension “during the life of
such employee” is indistinguishable from § 12.15(h)’s promise to pay the Special Medicare Benefit
“until the individual’s death.” It is axiomatic that promising to provide a benefit for an individual’s
life (§ 6.1(a)) is the functional equivalent of promising to provide a benefit until an individual’s
death (§ 12.15(h)). Any argument to the contrary is mere semantics and defies common sense.
        In the same vein, PolyOne asserts that the presence in § 8.5 of language specifically
indicating that pension benefits survive the expiration of the EBAs, and the absence of such
language with regard to retiree health benefits demonstrates that Plaintiffs’ health benefits have not
vested. Section 8.5 states: “No Pension or other benefit granted prior to the time of such termination
shall be reduced, suspended or discontinued except as specifically provided in this Pension Plan.”
JA at 201. The force of this argument is blunted first by the provisions discussed above that under
our precedent do indicate an intent to vest, and second by the existence of various provisions in the
EBAs that have specific termination language, whereas the retiree health benefits provisions have
none.
         The presence of specific durational language in other provisions and its absence in the retiree
health benefits provisions suggests an intent to vest under our case law. See Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at
1481-82. Here, there are several provisions that contain the specific durational provisions referred
to by Yard-Man. First, § 12.9 explains that in the event of a layoff an employee shall receive health
coverage for three months following the date of lay-off. JA at 220-21. Second, § 12.10 specifies
that an employee who is terminated because of a plant closure is entitled to medical benefits under
the EBAs for a twenty-four month period. Id. Third, § 12.11 states that an employee on an
authorized leave of absence shall receive health coverage for “a period not to exceed three
(3) months.” Id. The inclusion of specific durational language “in other provisions of the current
collective bargaining agreement suggests that retiree benefits, not so specifically limited, were
intended to survive the expiration of successive agreements.” Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1481-82; see
also Yolton, 435 F.3d at 582 (discussing, with approval, the district court’s citation of specific
durational provisions in the CBAs for laid-off employees and those on maternity leave as evidence
that retiree benefits vested under Yard-Man).
         Thus, these arguments, essentially predicated on the expressio unius est exclusio alterius
canon of interpretation, work to the benefit and detriment of each party. Accordingly, the language
in § 8.5 offers little support for PolyOne’s argument that Plaintiffs’ health benefits were not intended
to vest. This is especially true given  the various provisions discussed above that indicate an intent
to vest Plaintiffs’ health benefits.4

         4
            Given our conclusion that the plain language of the EBAs indicates an intent to vest retiree health benefits,
the consideration of extrinsic evidence is unnecessary. However, we pause to note that our interpretation of the EBAs
finds considerable support in the available extrinsic evidence. See, e.g., Affidavit of Anna May Wilder, JA at 104-05
(“When I began receiving the BFGoodrich health insurance benefits after my husband’s death, I was told that it would
be paid ‘like it is’ for my life by the woman who helped me. That person was a representative of BF Goodrich
Company.”); Affidavit of William Duncan, Jr., JA at 113-14 (“When I retired I spoke with Karen Hicks. She told me
at that time that the only loss I would have by retiring would be a partial loss of my life insurance.”); Deposition of
Kimberly K. Reilly, JA at 595 (indicating that while employed in BFG’s human resources department she instructed
retirees consistent with her training that their health benefits would be provided for the rest of their life). This type of
extrinsic evidence was held to be evidence of vesting in Yolton. See Yolton, 435 F.3d at 583. Looking to the extrinsic
evidence relied on by PolyOne, we are unconvinced that the letter of Ms. Allison Beck, Assistant General Counsel to
the Machinist’s Union, casts any doubt on our conclusion that the EBAs indicate an intent to vest. As Plaintiffs point
out, the letter contains a general statement of law that, unlike pension benefits, retiree health benefits may be altered upon
the expiration of the applicable CBA. The letter indicates that Ms. Beck was speaking in generic terms and not on the
basis of the contractual language of the EBAs involved in this case. Ms. Beck is correct that nothing in ERISA prevents
an employer from terminating retiree health benefits at the end of a CBA; however, under our case law termination of
health benefits is forbidden when—as here—the language of the agreements themselves indicates an intent to provide
No. 07-5068                       Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                                  Page 13


         As the foregoing analysis makes clear, there is nothing earth-shattering about our holding
in this case; it is merely the straightforward application of this circuit’s case law.5 The dissent’s
contention that we have turned Yard-Man into some sort of a presumption in favor of vesting is
premised on a misreading of the court’s opinion. One can search this opinion in vain for any
indication—or even a suggestion—that we presume retiree health benefits were intended to vest
absent a clear statement to the contrary. All we have done today is follow the instructions of Yard-
Man and its progeny by examining the provisions of the EBAs and applying traditional principles
of contract interpretation to ascertain whether the parties intended to vest retiree health benefits. See
Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1479-80. While the dissent is correct that—beginning with Yard-Man—this
court has approached the vesting issue differently than have many of our sister circuits, this panel
is not at liberty to cast aside nearly twenty-four years of precedent in order to charter a new course,
no matter how desirable that new course may be.
       Having addressed the EBAs and explained why the district court erred in granting summary
judgment for PolyOne, we proceed now to analyze whether Plaintiff Hood’s health benefits under
the Flex Program have vested.
D. The Flex Program
        Unlike the other Plaintiffs, Plaintiff Hood’s health benefits are governed by the Flex Program
because her now-deceased husband retired from BFG in 1990, two years after the Flex Program
replaced the EBAs. Although it is clear from our review of the record that the provisions of the Flex
Program differ from those in the EBAs, the district court’s opinion failed to address whether
Plaintiff Hood’s benefits have vested under the Flex Program. In all likelihood, the district court’s
failure to address this issue resulted from the parties’ failure to explain to the court how Plaintiff
Hood’s claim differed from that of the other Plaintiffs. Similarly—aside from PolyOne’s brief
mention of a reservation of rights clause found in the Flex Program’s Summary Plan
Description—neither party has provided this court with any analysis of the Flex Program’s language
or argument as to whether it evinces an intent to vest retiree benefits. Accordingly, whether Plaintiff
Hood’s benefits have vested under the Flex Program is an issue that the district court must consider
on remand.
                                               III. CONCLUSION
       We are cognizant of the overall climate in which this case reaches the court; rising healthcare
costs and foreign competition have certainly placed corporations such as PolyOne in a difficult
economic position. However, in the absence of impossibility of performance, it is not the
prerogative of the judiciary to rewrite contracts in order to rescue parties from “their improvident
commitments.” Bidlack, 993 F.2d at 609. Because the district court erred in concluding that the
EBAs do not indicate an intent to vest Plaintiffs’ health benefits, we VACATE the district court’s
decision granting summary judgment for PolyOne and REMAND the matter for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.




such benefits beyond the term of a particular agreement.
         5
           Illustrative of this point is the fact that, of the eleven most pertinent Sixth Circuit cases addressing whether
retiree health benefits have vested, this court found evidence of vesting in ten. See Yard-Man, 716 F.2d at 1478; Policy,
770 F.2d at 611; ABS Indus., Inc., 890 F.2d at 846; Weimer, 773 F.2d at 676; Loral, 1997 WL 49077, at *3; Golden, 73
F.3d at 657; McCoy, 390 F.3d at 422; Maurer, 773 F.3d at 917-18; BVR Liquidating, Inc., 190 F.3d at 775; Yolton, 435
F.3d at 581-85.
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                       Page 14


                    _______________________________________________
                     CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART
                    _______________________________________________
         SUTTON, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. Applying the Yard-Man
line of cases to these agreements, the district court concluded as a matter of law that the claimants’
healthcare benefits do not vest upon retirement. Applying the same cases to these agreements, the
majority concludes as a matter of law that the claimants’ healthcare benefits do vest upon retirement.
They are both partly right, which is why I would not rule as a matter of law for either party and
which is why I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
          My first objection to the majority’s approach is its treatment of the claimants as if the
employee-benefit agreements covered them directly. That is not the case. The agreements bear on
this case only because a separate memorandum of understanding incorporates them. And that
memorandum independently limits any expectations claimants otherwise might have about their
future healthcare benefits. As agreed to by the claimants, the memorandum says that, if certain other
unions representing other BFGoodrich workers change their members’ retiree health benefits—in
negotiations not involving the claimants’ union, no less—those changes immediately will alter the
benefits of the soon-to-be retirees of the claimants’ union. See JA 646 (“[I]f during the term of this
Agreement the Plan or Programs are changed for [the] majority [of BFGoodrich’s other production
and maintenance employees], such changes shall be made effective on the same date they are made
effective for [that] majority . . . and remain in effect for the life of this Agreement.”). That means
that, if these other unions and BFGoodrich amend their plans and eliminate (or curtail) retiree health
benefits, the soon-to-be-retirees of the claimants’ union, even someone who planned to retire the
next day and anticipated receiving health benefits for life, will be stuck with the change—at least
until the next round of negotiations. That is not the kind of provision that naturally inspires a worker
to believe his benefits are fixed for life.
        The durational language in § 16.4 of the employee-benefit agreements likewise undercuts
the claimants’ argument that their benefits are immutable for life as a matter of law. It says that,
“[u]pon termination, this Agreement shall terminate in all respects except that the benefits provided
by it shall be extended for ninety (90) days following such termination.” On its face, the agreement
undermines any expectation that the healthcare benefits a worker happens to receive at retirement
are the benefits he will receive throughout retirement.
        Our cases, it is true, appear not to give any weight to “general” durational clauses in
collective bargaining agreements when those clauses do “not specifically refer to the duration of
benefits.” UAW v. Yard-Man, Inc., 716 F.2d 1476, 1482 (6th Cir. 1983). In Yard-Man, we gave no
weight to a durational clause providing that the CBA should remain in effect until a particular date
because the clause did not “specifically refer to the duration of benefits.” Id. Similarly, in Maurer
v. Joy Technologies, Inc., 212 F.3d 907 (6th Cir. 2000), we concluded that provisions indicating that
the CBA and certain other agreements shall terminate on a particular date were “general in nature”
because they “only refer[red] to agreements between the parties, not to benefits created by the
agreements.” Id. at 918 (emphasis added). But § 16.4 of the agreement does “specifically refer to
the duration of benefits.” Indeed, this language satisfies even the suggestion in Yolton that the
durational clause must refer to the “retiree benefits themselves.” Yolton v. El Paso Tenn. Pipeline
Co., 435 F.3d 571, 581 (6th Cir. 2006). Surely one type of benefits to which the clause could be
referring is retiree benefits. If the majority means to say that a durational clause means nothing
unless it says that “retiree health benefits” terminate (or may be terminated) at a given point, then
it must be saying what our cases (including Yolton itself) have long disclaimed saying—that the
Yard-Man inference creates a presumption in favor of vesting that may be countered only by a clear
statement. See id. at 579. More on that later.
No. 07-5068                  Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                        Page 15


         Nor do I believe that the tying language in § 12.7(k) of the agreement—which says that
“[e]mployees who retire and who are eligible under this Agreement for a pension . . . shall receive
the Major Medical Benefits described in this Paragraph 12.7”—compels the view that claimants
have unalterable benefits for life. McCoy and Golden are not the holy grails claimants say they are
because those cases (like Yolton) reviewed preliminary injunctions granted by the district court, not
a district court’s resolution of summary-judgment motions. See McCoy v. Meridian Auto. Sys., Inc.,
390 F.3d 417, 419 (6th Cir. 2004); Golden v. Kelsey-Hayes Co., 73 F.3d 648, 651 (6th Cir. 1996).
At issue there was the abuse-of-discretion question whether the district court properly assessed
plaintiffs’ likelihood of success and the balancing of equities caused by an immediate termination
of healthcare benefits, not the de-novo question whether the plaintiffs should prevail as a matter of
law. Nor do those cases indicate whether the agreements contained benefits-specific durational
language, as in this case, or whether a memorandum of understanding between the union and
company limited any expectations otherwise created by the agreements. While I agree with the
majority that the district court should not have disregarded the tying language, I respectfully
disagree with the majority that this language “leads inescapably to the conclusion that the district
court erred in granting summary judgment for PolyOne.” No case, to my knowledge, holds that
tying language alone suffices to permit retirees to fend off summary judgment—much less to
mandate that the benefits vested as a matter of law.
         That is particularly so here in view of the conspicuous inclusion of vesting language in the
pension benefits section of the agreement and its conspicuous omission in the healthcare benefits
section of the agreement. The pension section of the agreement says: “No Pension or other benefit
granted prior to the time of [the] termination [of the Pension Plan] shall be reduced, suspended or
discontinued except as specifically provided in this Pension Plan. In the event of termination or
partial termination of this Pension Plan, the rights of the Employees to benefits accrued to the date
of such termination, to the extent then funded, shall be nonforfeitable . . . .” Now that is vesting
language. Yet nothing like it appears in the healthcare benefits section of the agreement. If our
cases are going to rely on similarities between pension benefits and healthcare benefits (such as
similar eligibility dates) in determining what has vested, they should not ignore marked differences
(such as different language about vesting) in making the same inquiry. Either they both are relevant
to the vesting question, or neither is.
        Although §§ 12.15(h) and 12.14 of the agreement provide some support for the retirees’
claim, they too do not establish unalterable benefits for life. Section 12.15(h), as the retirees
emphasize, says that “a Special Medicare Benefit” will be paid to certain employees, pensioners and
surviving spouses. But the retirees overlook the first sentence of that provision, which adds that
those individuals will be provided with “a Special Medicare Benefit” only “if such Employee,
Pensioner or surviving spouse is covered for Medical Benefits under this Article 12.” (emphasis
added). Read together with the introductory language to Article 12—which says that the company
will provide the benefits discussed in Article 12 “for the duration of this Agreement”—this provision
does not unambiguously vest the retirees’ health benefits. The claimants’ reliance on § 12.14 suffers
from a similar problem.
          Even if I were to ignore all of this, I still do not know what has vested as a matter of law.
Is it all retiree health benefits or just certain stated benefits? See Policy v. Powell Pressed Steel Co.,
770 F.2d 609, 615 (6th Cir. 1985) (“The court finds that this section unambiguously confers the
stated health insurance benefits for the duration of the retiree’s life.”) (emphasis added). And if it
is all retiree benefits, are there any limitations? “What if the employer reduces health benefits for
active employees or increases the cost of those benefits to active employees? What if the employer
increases some health benefits for active employees but reduces others? Must the retiree take the
bitter with the sweet? Or is it a ratchet with only the improvements in health benefits available to
the retiree but with no compulsion to take any reduction?” Prater v. Ohio Educ. Ass’n, 505 F.3d
437, 441 (6th Cir. 2007). What happens if the medical insurance provider no longer offers the same
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                       Page 16


medical benefits it offered for the term of the prior collective bargaining agreement? And what if
the company’s business takes a turn for the worse? Must it continue paying the same benefits to
retirees that they received at retirement, even if the cost of those benefits means laying off current
workers (and eliminating their health benefits) and means potentially weakening the income stream
that pays for retiree benefits? How long must this continue? Until all of the values that a company
brings to a community but one—irreversible retiree health benefits—are gone?
        While there is no reason to think the company is heading in this direction, I fail to see how
we can hold that benefits have vested as a matter of law when we do not know what has vested and
on what terms. In a case like this one—where the memorandum of understanding and durational
language point in the company’s direction, the tying language (at least some of it) and §§ 12.14 and
12.15(h) point in the retirees’ direction and the extrinsic evidence points in both directions—I would
prefer to leave these contractual ambiguities for resolution in the forum in which they belong: a
jury.
       One last point. The majority’s conclusion to the contrary suggests that the Yard-Man
inference has become a rebuttable presumption—one that may be overcome only by a clear-
statement reservation of rights. “[A]bsent specific durational language referring to retiree benefits
themselves,” as the majority puts it, healthcare benefits vest as a matter of law.
        The majority disclaims doing any such thing. “Yard-Man,” it says, “does not create a legal
presumption that retiree benefits are interminable” but rather “is properly understood as creating an
inference only if the context and other available evidence indicate an intent to vest.” We have said
the same thing before. See, e.g., Yolton, 435 F.3d at 580 (“[U]nder Yard-Man, there is no legal
presumption that benefits vest and . . . the burden of proof rests on plaintiffs. This Court has never
inferred an intent to vest benefits in the absence of either explicit contractual language or extrinsic
evidence indicating such an intent.”) (internal quotation marks, citations and alterations omitted).
        But other circuits and observers, looking at what we have said and done in applying the
Yard-Man inference have called it a presumption. See, e.g., Rossetto v. Pabst Brewing Co., 217 F.3d
539, 543 (7th Cir. 2000) (“One case [i.e., Yard-Man] holds that benefits are presumed to vest if they
are conferred by a collective bargaining agreement . . . .”) (emphasis added); UAW v. Skinner Engine
Co., 188 F.3d 130, 140 (3d Cir. 1999) (“We cannot agree with Yard-Man and its progeny that there
exists a presumption of lifetime benefits in the context of employee welfare benefits.”) (emphasis
added); Am. Fed’n of Grain Millers v. Int’l Multifoods Corp., 116 F.3d 976, 980 n.3 (2d Cir. 1997)
(citing Yard-Man as a case that “apparently presum[ed] that retiree benefits are vested”) (emphasis
added); Roger C. Siske et al., What’s New in Employee Benefits (ALI-ABA Course of Study, July
1–5, 2002), WL SH011 ALI-ABA 59, 322 (“The Sixth Circuit presumes vesting and requires a clear
statement of termination to prove otherwise.”) (emphasis added).
        I see their point. What started out as a potential inference became an omnipresent
presumption and now appears to have become a clear-statement rule. Unless a company can point
to explicit language in the relevant agreement stating that “retiree benefits” terminate at a particular
date or do not vest, the benefits seem to vest as a matter of law. What we continually disclaim
presuming we continually seem to presume.
        In the majority’s defense, perhaps the problem is the ineffable nature of the inference. If we
were writing on a clean slate, I could imagine three straightforward approaches to the problem. One:
adopt the position of several circuits and create a presumption against vesting because a company’s
unchangeable promise to pay healthcare benefits for life is a significant and unusual
one—particularly when it arises from a three-year contract. See Bidlack v. Wheelabrator Corp., 993
F.2d 603, 606–07 (7th Cir. 1993) (“No doubt a court should cast a cold eye on contentions that a
contract with a fixed term actually created a perpetual obligation, and should, therefore, . . . presume
No. 07-5068                 Noe, et al. v. PolyOne Corp.                                     Page 17


that a collective bargaining agreement ceases to obligate the employer when the agreement’s term
(invariably three years) is up.”); see also Skinner, 188 F.3d at 139 (“[I]t must be remembered that
to vest benefits is to render them forever unalterable. Because vesting of welfare plan benefits
constitutes an extra-ERISA commitment, an employer’s commitment to vest such benefits is not to
be inferred lightly and must be stated in clear and express language.”); Gable v. Sweetheart Cup Co.,
35 F.3d 851, 855 (4th Cir. 1994) (same); cf. Anderson v. Alpha Portland Indus., Inc., 836 F.2d 1512,
1517 (8th Cir. 1988) (“disagree[ing] with Yard-Man to the extent that it recognizes an inference of
an intent to vest” and suggesting that “there must be a specific, if not written, expression of the
employer’s intent to be bound”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        Two: adopt the position no circuit has yet taken that there should be a presumption in favor
of vesting because retirees who lose benefits often are not in a position either to return to work or
to require their union to negotiate new benefits.
        Three: do not adopt any presumption because these contracts should be interpreted no
differently from other collectively bargained contracts. See generally Senior v. NSTAR Elec. & Gas
Corp., 449 F.3d 206, 218 (1st Cir. 2006) (applying the “traditional principles of labor contract
interpretation” because, among other reasons, using a presumption or requiring “certain customary
words” might “interfere with the correct interpretation . . . of the understanding reached by the
parties” and “Congress could easily have created interpretive presumptions by statute” but chose not
to).
        Yard-Man contemplates an in-between inference—not quite a presumption in favor of
vesting but not quite a straight interpretive question either. Yet I wonder whether that slices things
so finely that it places the rule beyond predictable and fair application—a little like adopting a
standard of review between intermediate and strict scrutiny or a level of deference between Chevron
and Skidmore.
        Making this particularly puzzling is that we have adopted the opposite rule—a presumption
against vesting—in the context of employment agreements that are not collectively bargained. See
Sprague v. Gen. Motors Corp., 133 F.3d 388, 400 (6th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (“To vest benefits is to
render them forever unalterable. Because vesting of welfare plan benefits is not required by law,
an employer’s commitment to vest such benefits is not to be inferred lightly; the intent to vest must
be found in the plan documents and must be stated in clear and express language.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted). One might have thought that we would apply the same rule in both
settings or, if we were to put a thumb on just one of the scales, we would do so only where the
employee did not have the benefit of a union negotiating the contract.
        The salient point is that the inference, as this case well shows, has become a presumption.
And we should either say that is what we are doing—and spare future panels, the district courts and
litigants the confusion the inference has created—or abandon the inference altogether.
