                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                        PUBLISH                              Tenth Circuit

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    May 15, 2020
                                                                        Christopher M. Wolpert
                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court
                            _________________________________

 In re: SAMUEL JESSE CHRISTIAN
 MORREALE,

        Debtor.

 ------------------------------

 TOM H. CONNOLLY,

        Appellant,

 v.                                                         No. 19-1072

 SAMUEL JESSE CHRISTIAN
 MORREALE,

        Appellee.
                            _________________________________

                        Appeal from the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                   (BAP No. 18-063-CO)
                          _________________________________

Michael J. Pankow of Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP, Denver, Colorado, for
Appellant.

Jordan D. Factor of Allen Vellone Wolf Helfrich & Factor, P.C., Denver, Colorado
(Patrick D. Vellone, Matthew M. Wolf, Vandana S. Koelsch, and Brenton L. Gragg with
him on the brief), for Appellee.
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, PHILLIPS, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

MORITZ, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________
      The Bankruptcy Code permits a bankruptcy court to pay a Chapter 7 trustee

using a formula based “upon all moneys disbursed or turned over in the case by the

trustee to parties in interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 326(a). Appellant Tom Connolly, the

trustee for the Chapter 7 case of Appellee Samuel Morreale, seeks compensation

based upon moneys disbursed not only in Morreale’s Chapter 7 case, but also upon

moneys disbursed in a related Chapter 11 case. The bankruptcy court and the Tenth

Circuit’s bankruptcy appellate panel (the BAP) both rejected Connolly’s request,

concluding that the language of § 326(a) did not support it. For the reasons discussed

below, we agree that the plain language of § 326(a) permits awarding compensation

to a Chapter 7 trustee based only on moneys disbursed in the case in which that

trustee serves, and not on moneys disbursed in a related Chapter 11 case in which the

trustee does not serve. Accordingly, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s order.

                                    Background

      Morreale owned the sole membership interest in Morreale Hotels, LLC (Hotels

LLC), which in turn owned two properties in Denver, Colorado. Morreale also acted

as Hotels LLC’s manager and personally guaranteed certain loans that Hotels LLC

obtained on the properties it owned. In 2012, Hotels LLC filed a petition for Chapter

11 bankruptcy protection (the Chapter 11 Case) and pursued reorganization. In 2013,

Morreale filed his own Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition, which the bankruptcy court

later converted to Chapter 7 (the Chapter 7 Case). The U.S. Trustee appointed

Connolly as the Chapter 7 trustee in the Chapter 7 Case.

      As trustee, Connolly assumed Morreale’s membership interest in Hotels LLC.

                                          2
Exercising that interest, Connolly appointed himself the new manager of Hotels LLC,

thereby replacing Morreale. The bankruptcy court approved this replacement.

Connolly abandoned reorganization of Hotels LLC and decided instead to liquidate

Hotels LLC’s properties.

      Initially, Connolly anticipated that claims in the Chapter 7 Case would not be

paid in full. But as the proceedings progressed, the market for commercial real estate

in Denver “improved.” App. vol. 3, 631. Hotels LLC’s two properties ultimately sold

for far higher prices than their estimated value just a few years earlier. As a result,

the claims in the Chapter 11 Case were paid in full, Morreale’s personal guaranties

on the secured loans were satisfied, surplus funds in the Chapter 11 Case became part

of the estate in the Chapter 7 Case (by virtue of Morreale’s membership interest in

Hotels LLC), and claims in the Chapter 7 Case were also likely to be paid in full. “By

all objective measures, [the Chapter 11 Case] was a resounding success,” according

to the bankruptcy court. Id. at 632.

      Connolly sought payment for his work as the manager of Hotels LLC in two

ways. He first asked to be paid as part of the reorganization plan in the Chapter 11

Case. He withdrew that request after Morreale and the U.S. Trustee objected, and he

ultimately received no payment in the Chapter 11 Case. Second, Connolly filed an

interim compensation application in the Chapter 7 Case. In that application, he

sought $260,000, an amount based on the moneys disbursed in both the Chapter 7

Case and to creditors who also held claims in the Chapter 11 Case.



                                            3
      The bankruptcy court granted Connolly’s request in part. Specifically, it

approved about $81,660 in compensation, an amount based only on moneys

disbursed in the Chapter 7 Case. The bankruptcy court rejected the remainder of

Connolly’s request, concluding that the unambiguous language of “the statute

simpl[y] does not allow the [bankruptcy c]ourt to approve additional compensation

for the Chapter 7 [t]rustee on the basis of disbursements that were made to creditors

in a separate Chapter 11 bankruptcy case.” App. vol. 3, 639. The BAP agreed, finding

that the plain language of the statute “means what it says[:] A Chapter 7 trustee’s

§ 326(a) compensation is limited to that trustee’s services in the case in which he or

she was appointed to serve and must be calculated solely upon the moneys the trustee

disbursed in that case.” Connolly v. Office of the U.S. Tr. (In re Morreale), 595 B.R.

409, 419 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2019).

      Connolly appeals. “[W]e review the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of [a]

statute de novo.” First Nat’l Bank of Durango v. Woods (In re Woods), 743 F.3d 689,

693 (10th Cir. 2014); see also Mathai v. Warren (In re Warren), 512 F.3d 1241, 1248

(10th Cir. 2008) (noting that we review decision of bankruptcy court, not decision of

BAP, “whose rulings are not entitled to any deference (although they certainly may

be persuasive)”).




                                           4
                                         Analysis

       In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding, a bankruptcy court may award a trustee

“reasonable compensation” for the trustee’s services. 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1)(A). 1 A

Chapter 7 trustee’s “reasonable compensation” is a “commission” determined by a

statutory formula. § 330(a)(7). The formula caps the trustee’s compensation:

              [T]he court may allow reasonable compensation under
              [§] 330 of this title of the trustee for the trustee’s services,
              payable after the trustee renders such services, not to exceed
              25[%] on the first $5,000 or less, 10[%] on any amount in
              excess of $5,000 but not in excess of $50,000, 5[%] on any
              amount in excess of $50,000 but not in excess of $1,000,000,
              and reasonable compensation not to exceed 3[%] of such
              moneys in excess of $1,000,000, upon all moneys disbursed
              or turned over in the case by the trustee to parties in interest,
              excluding the debtor, but including holders of secured claims.

§ 326(a) (emphasis added). In other words, compensation for a Chapter 7 trustee is

pinned to certain percentages of what we will call the § 326(a) “base”—the “moneys

disbursed or turned over in the case by the trustee to parties in interest.” 2 Id.

       Applying this formula to Connolly, the bankruptcy court first compensated

Connolly in the amount of $53,250 based on the first $1 million in “moneys” he



       1
         A Chapter 7 trustee may also receive compensation in other ways, such as
from a portion of the debtor’s filing fee. See § 330(b)(1).
       2
         By contrast, in a Chapter 11 case, the court must consider not only the
§ 326(a) formula but also certain factors about the trustee’s work to “determin[e] the
amount of reasonable compensation” for the trustee, such as the time the trustee
devoted to the case and the benefits of the trustee’s work to the case. § 330(a)(3).
And prior to the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protect Act of 2005,
these § 330(a)(3) factors also applied to Chapter 7 trustees. See Pub. L. No. 109-8,
§ 407, 119 Stat. 23, 106 (amending § 330(a)(3) to apply only to “an examiner, trustee
under chapter 11, or professional person” and adding § 330(a)(7)).
                                              5
“disbursed or turned over,” id.: 25% of the first $5,000 he disbursed, or $1,250; 10%

of the next $45,000, or $4,500; and 5% of the next $950,000, or $47,500. The

bankruptcy court further awarded an additional 3% of moneys over $1 million that

Connolly disbursed. See id. And because the bankruptcy court considered only the

$1.947 million in moneys disbursed in the Chapter 7 Case, that additional 3% came

to about $28,410 (3% of $947,000), for a total compensation of about $81,660.

      Of course, Connolly had asked to be compensated based on a combined

$10.379 million: the $1.947 million disbursed in the Chapter 7 Case and the $8.432

million disbursed in the Chapter 11 Case. But the bankruptcy court found that

§ 326(a) precluded Connolly from including moneys disbursed in the Chapter 11

Case in the § 326(a) base for the Chapter 7 Case. Relying on dictionary definitions

and other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, the bankruptcy court found that “the

plain and ordinary meaning of the phrase ‘in the case’ under [§] 326(a) and as

applied in this dispute is simple and clear. ‘In the case’ means in this case: In re

Morreale, Case No. 13-27310 (Bankr. D. Colo.),” that is, the Chapter 7 Case. App.

vol. 3, 636. The bankruptcy court also found that none of the cases Connolly cited

supported his argument to the contrary.

      The BAP affirmed the bankruptcy court’s decision. Relying on principles of

grammar and the context of the Bankruptcy Code, the BAP found that “as trustee in

the Chapter 7 [C]ase, Connolly’s compensation is based upon the amounts he

disbursed or turned over in the Chapter 7 [C]ase.” In re Morreale, 595 B.R. at 417.

Further, the BAP noted that “[n]othing in § 326(a) or § 330(a)(7) speaks to

                                            6
additionally compensating a Chapter 7 trustee who is simultaneously acting as a

manager of a separate or related Chapter 11 debtor under a court order.” Id.

Specifically, because Connolly was the manager of Hotels LLC and neither a trustee

nor a professional person appointed under 11 U.S.C. § 327 in the Chapter 11 Case,

his work in the Chapter 11 Case was “voluntary” and could not form the basis of his

§ 326(a) compensation in the Chapter 7 Case. Id. at 417–18.

      On appeal, Connolly challenges the bankruptcy court’s and the BAP’s

interpretation of § 326(a) on three principal grounds. First, he contends that the word

“in,” which appears in § 326(a)’s description of moneys disbursed “in the case,”

permits a bankruptcy court to include in the § 326(a) base moneys that “relate to” or

“[a]rise from” the trustee’s performance of his Chapter 7 duties. Aplt. Br. 25. Second,

he argues that the bankruptcy court and the BAP misconstrued caselaw that supports

awarding the compensation he seeks here. Third, he asserts that excluding the $8.432

million from the § 326(a) base will create a conflict between § 326(a) and a trustee’s

11 U.S.C. § 704(a)(1) duty to maximize the value of the bankruptcy estate. We

consider each argument in turn.

      We begin our interpretation of § 326(a) of the Bankruptcy Code as we do any

other statute: by considering its plain language in the context of the overall Code. See

In re Woods, 743 F.3d at 693–94. If the Code does not define a word, we give that

word its “ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.” Id. at 698 (quoting Sandifer v.

U.S. Steel Corp., 571 U.S. 220, 227 (2014)).



                                           7
         Section 326(a) provides that a Chapter 7 trustee may receive compensation as

a percentage of “all moneys disbursed or turned over in the case by the trustee to

parties in interest.” (Emphasis added). Although this appeal primarily concerns the

phrase “in the case,” Connolly in fact disputes the bankruptcy court’s and the BAP’s

understanding of only one word within that phrase: the word “in.” As to the

remainder of that phrase, the bankruptcy court and the BAP held, and Connolly

agrees, that “the case” means the Chapter 7 Case. Thus, Connolly only challenges

“what . . . it mean[s] for moneys to be disbursed or turned over ‘in’ the case.” Rep.

Br. 2.

         The Bankruptcy Code does not define “in.” Morreale offers a proposed

definition that tracks the definition adopted by the bankruptcy court, contending that

“in” means “[w]ithin the limits, bounds, or area of.” Aplee. Br. 16 (alteration in

original) (quoting Am. Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 885 (5th ed.

2019)). In reply, Connolly argues that this definition only “works if one is speaking

of a physical place,” which a bankruptcy case is not. Rep. Br. 2. “One wonders what

exactly the ‘limits,’ ‘bounds’ or ‘area’ of a bankruptcy case may be,” Connolly

muses. Id.

         Connolly’s argument is curious, at best, considering that Connolly himself

advocates for a “meaning of ‘in the case’ . . . that would bring [the disbursements]

within the bounds of the Chapter 7 [C]ase.” Aplt. Br. 24 (emphasis added). Further, it

conflicts with our “ordinary, contemporary[, and] common” understanding of what

“in” a bankruptcy case means. In re Woods, 743 F.3d at 698 (quoting Sandifer, 571

                                            8
U.S. at 227). As the bankruptcy court and the BAP explained—and as Connolly does

not dispute—a bankruptcy case is “a single, specific bankruptcy proceeding initiated

under the Bankruptcy Code.” App. vol. 3, 636; accord In re Morreale, 595 B.R. at

417; see also Bankruptcy Case, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). And many

different events or actions can certainly occur “in” a bankruptcy case: one can, orally

or in writing, assert claims in the case; make arguments in the case; move for relief in

the case; and so forth. Those claims, arguments, and motions occur “within the

bounds of . . . a single, specific bankruptcy proceeding.” App. vol. 3, 636.

      Further, the dictionary that Morreale relies on illustrates “in”—in the “[w]ithin

the limits, bounds, or area of” sense—with the example phrase “born in the spring.”

Am. Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 885 (5th ed. 2019). This suggests a

temporal relationship, not a “physical place.” Rep. Br. 2. Other dictionaries agree that

the meaning of “in” is not limited to physical places. See, e.g., in, prep. 1, OED

Online, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/92970 (last visited April 23, 2020)

(explaining that general sense of “in” “express[es] the relation of inclusion, situation,

position, existence, or action, within limits of space, time, condition, circumstances,

etc.”). Thus, we conclude that the meaning of “in” is plain, and interpreting that

meaning to include activities occurring within the boundaries of a bankruptcy case

does not implicate physical boundaries, as Connolly suggests.

      Of course, as Connolly contends, there are “other possible logical relationships

of the disbursements” to the case. Aplt. Br. 24 (emphasis added). There are also

“alternative definitions” of “in.” Rep. Br. 2 (emphasis added). Connolly points

                                            9
specifically to a definition of “in” that would encompass his insistence that

disbursements occur “in” the case if they “[a]rise from” performance of the Chapter 7

trustee’s duties in the case or “relate to property administered” during the

performance of those duties. Aplt. Br. 25. But even if “in” can mean other things, “a

statutory provision whose words might have multiple meanings is not necessarily

ambiguous. ‘Ambiguity is a creature not of definitional possibilities but of statutory

context.’” Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., Local 1592 v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 836

F.3d 1291, 1295 (10th Cir. 2016) (quoting Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 118

(1994)).

      Indeed, as the bankruptcy court and the BAP explained, the context of the

Bankruptcy Code does not support Connolly’s argument that any action by a trustee

of a particular Chapter 7 proceeding that arises from or relates to that proceeding is

“in the case.” Within the statute itself, the phrase “in the case” is followed with the

phrase “by the trustee.” § 326(a). Only one person serves as a trustee in a Chapter 7

bankruptcy case. 11 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1) (explaining that U.S. Trustee “shall appoint

one disinterested person . . . to serve as interim trustee in the case” (emphasis

added)); see also § 701(b), (c); 11 U.S.C. § 702(b), (d). And a court may allow

compensation to that one trustee “for the trustee’s services” based on “‘moneys’ he

or she distributes ‘in the case.’” App. vol. 3, 636 (emphasis added) (quoting

§ 326(a)); accord In re Morreale, 595 B.R. at 417. But Connolly was not the Chapter

7 trustee of the Chapter 11 Case: the U.S. Trustee appointed Connolly as Chapter 7

trustee only in the Chapter 7 Case. By contrast, Connolly’s involvement in the

                                           10
Chapter 11 Case stemmed from his decision to exercise Morreale’s membership

interest in Hotels LLC by appointing himself as manager of Hotels LLC, the Chapter

11 debtor-in-possession. Connolly therefore disbursed the $8.432 million in the

Chapter 11 Case not as the Chapter 7 trustee of the Chapter 7 Case but as the

manager of the Chapter 11 debtor, Hotels LLC. Thus, the $8.432 million was not

disbursed “by the trustee” of the Chapter 7 Case. § 326(a). And § 326(a) permits

compensation only for the “trustee’s services.” Id. (emphasis added).

      In sum, we reject Connolly’s arguments that the plain language of § 326(a)

allows a Chapter 7 trustee to include in his or her § 326(a) base moneys disbursed in

a case other than the case in which he or she serves as trustee.

      Nevertheless, Connolly next argues that caselaw supports his reading of the

statute. As he did below, he primarily relies on In re Macco Properties, Inc., 540

B.R. 793 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2015). While he acknowledges that Macco is not

binding on this court, he argues that it is “closely on point with the issues in the

appeal.” Aplt. Br. 28. We do not find Macco persuasive here. Macco involved the

compensation application of a Chapter 11 trustee for a Chapter 11 debtor that

operated a property-management enterprise. Macco, 540 B.R. at 800–01. The

bankruptcy court allowed the trustee to include in his § 326(a) base the moneys

disbursed by special-purpose entities controlled by the debtor and managed by the

Chapter 11 trustee, some of which were also bankrupt. Id. at 848. Thus, as the BAP

noted, “the fact pattern here is somewhat similar to that in Macco.” In re Morreale,

595 B.R. at 418. But critically, as the BAP also noted, the court in Macco “did not

                                           11
have occasion to analyze in detail § 326(a)’s ‘in the case’ language.” Id. Indeed, the

court in Macco cited no statute or caselaw to support its decision to include those

other entities’ disbursements in the trustee’s § 326(a) base. See Macco, 540 B.R. at

848. Accordingly, Macco does not persuade us to stray from § 326(a)’s plain

language.

      Connolly cites several other cases to support his argument, but none of those

cases consider the meaning of the phrase “in the case” in § 326(a). See In re Schautz,

390 F.2d 797, 798 (2d Cir. 1968) (interpreting statute governing trustee

compensation that predated § 326(a) and did not include phrase “in the case”); In re

Franchi Equip. Co., Inc., 452 B.R. 352, 360 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2011) (concluding that

bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to award compensation under § 326(a) to Chapter 7

trustee with statutory duty to administer debtor’s retirement plan); In re Rybka, 339

B.R. 464, 469–70 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2006) (concluding that proceeds of property sale

disbursed to party in interest counted in § 326(a) base even though proceeds did not

pass through trustee’s bank account, only through account of trustee’s agent).

Further, each of these cases involved situations where assets disbursed by a trustee in

a single bankruptcy case could be included in the compensation base, even if such

assets were not technically part of a debtor’s estate. See In re Schautz, 390 F.2d at

797 (including in compensation base full sale price of real property owned jointly by

estate and individual not in bankruptcy); In re Franchi Equip. Co. Inc., 452 B.R. at

360 (suggesting non-estate pension-plan assets managed by trustee and paid to

beneficiaries could be included in compensation base); In re Rybka, 339 B.R. at 471

                                           12
(including in § 326(a) base money disbursed through account of trustee’s agent). In

contrast, the question here is whether a Chapter 7 trustee may calculate the § 326(a)

base by combining moneys disbursed in the Chapter 7 proceeding where he or she

serves as Chapter 7 trustee with moneys disbursed in a separate Chapter 11

proceeding where he or she does not serve as Chapter 7 trustee. We therefore find

these cases, like Macco, unavailing.

       Connolly next argues that not including the $8.432 million disbursed in the

Chapter 11 Case as part of the compensation calculation in the Chapter 7 Case

“creates a conflict between [§] 326(a) and [§] 704(a)(1).” Aplt. Br. 33. Section 704

directs Chapter 7 trustees to “collect and reduce to money the property of the estate

for which such trustee serves, and close such estate as expeditiously as is compatible

with the best interests of parties in interest.” § 704(a)(1). Connolly contends that

§ 704 imposes a duty on Chapter 7 trustees “to maximize the value of the estate.”

Aplt. Br. 33 (quoting Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Weintraub, 471 U.S.

343, 352 (1985)). And because managing Hotels LLC maximized the value of the

Chapter 7 Case’s estate, he insists that he “ought to be . . . compensate[d] . . . for

performing statutorily mandated duties.” Id.

       Yet despite this general duty to maximize estate value, the Bankruptcy Code

did not specifically impose a duty on Connolly to manage Hotels LLC or even to do

everything he believed was necessary to maximize the estate’s value. For instance,

although trustees possess extensive powers and responsibilities, the Bankruptcy Code

does not give trustees unfettered discretion to take any action whatsoever in the name

                                            13
of maximum estate value. See, e.g., 11 U.S.C. § 365(b)-(d) (limiting trustee’s power

to assume or reject executory contracts and unexpired leases); 11 U.S.C. § 547(c)

(limiting trustee’s power to avoid preferential transfers). Further, § 326(a) caps

Chapter 7 trustees’ compensation by “moneys disbursed,” not efforts expended. See

§ 326(a); compare § 330(a)(3) (mandating consideration of “all relevant factors”

when awarding compensation to Chapter 11 trustees), with § 330(a)(7) (limiting

compensation of Chapter 7 trustees to § 326(a) formula). In fact, by tying

compensation to moneys disbursed to creditors, § 326(a) does not guarantee that

trustees will be paid at all for carrying out their duties; as the bankruptcy court noted,

“[i]f the Chapter 7 liquidation process does not garner sufficient funds for

distributions to creditors,” then no § 326(a) compensation is available. App. vol. 3,

626; see also § 326(a). Further, Connolly acknowledges that nothing required him to

manage Hotels LLC himself: he states that he did so because he “believed” doing so

would maximize the estate’s value, Rep. Br. 14 (emphasis added), and because he

believed other options would have been “less effective,” Aplt. Br. 22. Thus, we

decline to accept Connolly’s implicit argument that § 704(a)(1) required him to

manage Hotels LLC, and we consequently reject his argument that an interpretation

of § 326(a) limiting compensation to a percentage of moneys disbursed in the

Chapter 7 Case somehow undermines a trustee’s duty under § 704(a)(1). 3


      3
        Connolly also disputes the BAP’s characterization of his work in the Chapter
11 Case as “voluntary,” as well as its statement that he could not receive
compensation for his work in the Chapter 11 Case absent his appointment in that case
as a Chapter 11 trustee or professional person under § 327. Aplt. Br. 20 (quoting In
                                           14
      Finally, Connolly argues that as single-member pass-through entities become

more common, our holding will result in increasing underpayment of Chapter 7

trustees. He further cautions that our holding will limit the tools available to trustees

to maximize estate value and will incentivize litigious debtors. But forays into such

“‘practical considerations’ and ‘policy considerations’” are inappropriate for us to

consider where, as here, the language of the Bankruptcy Code is plain. WD Equip.,

LLC v. Cowen (In re Cowen), 849 F.3d 943, 948–49 (10th Cir. 2017) (citation

omitted) (first quoting Weber v. SEFCU (In re Weber), 719 F.3d 72, 80 (2d Cir.

2013), then quoting Thompson v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., LLC, 566 F.3d 699,

703 (7th Cir. 2009)). Accordingly, we decline to consider Connolly’s policy-related

arguments.

                                      Conclusion

      Section 326(a) permits calculating a Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee’s

compensation using only moneys disbursed by the trustee in the case in which the

trustee serves. Finding § 326(a)’s language plain, we affirm the bankruptcy court.




re Morreale, 595 B.R. at 418). We reject these arguments for two reasons. First,
while BAP decisions may be persuasive, we review only the decision of the
bankruptcy court. See In re Warren, 512 F.3d at 1248. So any error the BAP may
have committed by characterizing Connolly as a volunteer is not relevant to our
review of the bankruptcy court’s decision here. Second, § 326(a) permits
compensation only “of the trustee for the trustee’s services.” § 326(a) (emphasis
added). The issue before us is whether Connolly could be compensated in the Chapter
7 Case for his work as the Chapter 7 trustee, not whether or how he may seek
compensation in the Chapter 11 Case for his work in that proceeding.
                                           15
