                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ______________

                                       No. 18-3832
                                     ______________

                 WARNKULA SOORIYA AUGUSTINE FERNANDO,
                                              Petitioner

                                             v.

              ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                               Respondent
                            ______________

                          On Petition for Review of an Order of
                           The Board of Immigration Appeals
                              (Agency No. A070-650-606)
                          Immigration Judge: Eugene Pugliese
                                    ______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   October 3, 2019
                                  ______________

             Before: SHWARTZ, SCIRICA, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

                                 (Filed: October 8, 2019)

                                     ______________

                                        OPINION
                                     ______________

SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.



       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
       Warnkula Sooriya Augustine Fernando petitions for review of an order from the

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying his motion to reopen. Because the BIA

did not abuse its discretion, we will deny the petition.

                                              I

       Fernando is a native and citizen of Sri Lanka who entered the United States

without valid entry documents in 1990. He requested asylum, claiming that he was “an

active member” of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam who feared being “arrested or

killed” by the Sri Lankan government. AR 1140. Fernando’s application was denied and

referred to an immigration judge (“IJ”).

       The Immigration and Naturalization Service charged Fernando with removability,

which he conceded. During his 1998 removal proceedings, Fernando sought asylum and

withholding of removal and claimed that, as “a Tamil male from Sri Lanka, [he]

belong[ed] to a minority ethnic group that has been discriminated against by the Sri

Lankan government since 1948.” AR 1120. Unlike his first asylum application, his

second did not assert membership in the Liberation Tigers. The IJ denied his application,

citing “credibility problems,” including his conflicting asylum applications. AR 842.

Fernando appealed, challenging the IJ’s credibility determination, and the BIA dismissed

the appeal. We denied his petition for review, concluding, among other things, that there

was substantial evidence to support the adverse credibility determination. Fernando v.

Att’y Gen., 181 F. App’x 196, 198 (3d Cir. 2006).

       Fernando then filed motions to reopen in 2006, 2007, 2017, and 2018, each of

which the BIA denied. In his latest motion, Fernando claimed that there were two

                                              2
“material change[s] in country conditions” warranting reopening of his immigration

proceedings: (1) failed asylum seekers would now be “subjected to torture” upon return

to Sri Lanka and (2) Tamils would now suffer persecution “on account of their ethnicity

alone.” AR 25-26. The BIA denied the motion because Fernando’s supporting

documents did not reflect the two alleged changes. Fernando petitions for review.

                                            II1

       Generally, an alien may file only one motion to reopen “within 90 days of the date

of entry of a final administrative order of removal.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229a(c)(7); 8 C.F.R. §

1003.2(c)(2). An alien can file an otherwise time- or number-barred motion if he

demonstrates “changed circumstances arising in the country of nationality” from the time

of his merits hearing to the time of his latest reopening hearing. 8 C.F.R. §

1003.2(c)(3)(ii); Liem v. Att’y Gen., 921 F.3d 388, 395 (3d Cir. 2019). The evidence of

changed country conditions must be “material” and unavailable at the original merits

hearing. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii).

       Fernando’s argument that the BIA overlooked documents showing changed

country conditions in Sri Lanka affecting failed asylum seekers and Tamils lacks merit.




       1
         The BIA had jurisdiction under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c). We have jurisdiction
under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). “We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse
of discretion . . . and review its underlying factual findings related to the motion for
substantial evidence.” Filja v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 241, 251 (3d Cir. 2006). Under the
“substantial evidence standard,” we will uphold a factual finding “unless the evidence not
only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477,
483-84 (3d Cir. 2001).
                                             3
       First, Fernando failed to show any changes in country conditions for failed asylum

seekers between 1998, the year of his merits hearing, and 2018, the year of his fourth

motion to reopen. For instance, Fernando points to two newspaper articles reporting that

failed asylum seekers face danger in Sri Lanka, but both articles were published in 2010

and do not address country conditions in 2018. Likewise, Fernando cites an opinion by

an expert whose “most recent fact-finding visit to Sri Lanka was in May 2005.” AR 271.

In addition, an article submitted during Fernando’s merits hearing in 1998 stated that a

“Tamil refugee . . . was reportedly arrested by police in Sri Lanka as soon as he arrived at

the airport.” AR 1062. Lastly, Fernando included in his fourth motion to reopen a

newspaper article from early 2017 reporting that “failed asylum seekers” who “returned

to Sri Lanka . . . were tortured.” AR 238. That same article, however, observed that

failed asylum seekers “still risk torture on return to Sri Lanka,” AR 236 (capitalizations

omitted), and that human rights abuses are “ongoing,” AR 237. Thus, substantial

evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that this article “do[es] not show changed

country conditions or intensified mistreatment of returned asylum seekers.”2 AR 4; see

Perera v. Holder, 750 F.3d 25, 29 (1st Cir. 2014) (observing that “evidence of Sri Lanka’s




       2
        Fernando erroneously contends that the BIA failed to review an article describing
Sri Lankan security forces seeking to interrogate Tamils when they returned home from
abroad. The BIA discussed this article in its opinion denying Fernando’s third motion to
reopen and noted in its fourth denial that “[o]ther documents submitted in support of the
returned asylum seeker claim . . . were considered and addressed in the [BIA’s] prior
decision.” AR 5. In any event, the article addresses country conditions from 2009 to
2015, not those in 2018.
                                             4
history of torturing returned asylum seekers . . . is, sadly, an old condition that has

continued, which also makes [the petitioner’s] reopen motion a nonstarter”).

       Second, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that the treatment of

Tamils in Sri Lanka did not materially change between 1998 and 2018. Fernando argues

that, while being Tamil contributed to a person’s persecution in 1998, since 2018, being

Tamil is a dispositive “factor” resulting in persecution in Sri Lanka. Pet’r’s Br. at 15.

Unfortunately, as the BIA correctly recognized, Fernando’s evidence showed that

“ethnicity has long been a factor in mistreatment of Tamils . . . by the Sri Lankan

government.” AR 5-6. For example, one document titled “Sri Lanka’s Genocide Against

Tamils” provided that “Sri Lanka’s historic violations include over 60 years of state-

sponsored anti-Tamil pogroms, massacres, sexual violence, and acts of cultural and

linguistic destruction perpetrated by the state.” AR 375. A 1997 Department of State

country conditions report about Sri Lanka also noted that Sri Lankan security forces

“conduct[ed] mass arrests of young Tamils.” AR 1126. In short, Fernando’s evidence

shows the continued mistreatment of Tamils in Sri Lanka and the absence of a material

change in country conditions.

       Accordingly, because Fernando’s motion is time- and number-barred and he has

not presented a basis to overcome this limitation, we cannot say the BIA abused its

discretion in denying Fernando’s fourth motion to reopen.3



       3
        Because a change in country conditions is a “threshold question” before a motion
to reopen may “be brought,” and substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that
Fernando failed to show material changes in country conditions, we need not address the
                                              5
                                           III

      For the foregoing reasons, we will deny Fernando’s petition for review.




merits of whether he has “ma[d]e out a prima facie case for asylum” or withholding of
removal. Shardar v. Att’y Gen., 503 F.3d 308, 312 (3d Cir. 2007).
                                           6
