                                                  Supreme Court

                                                  No. 2013-346-C.A.
                                                  (P2/11-2516B)

     State                     :

       v.                      :

George L. Ditren               :




 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
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 notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
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                                                                   Supreme Court

                                                                   No. 2013-346-C.A.
                                                                   (P2/11-2516B)

                   State                       :

                     v.                        :

             George L. Ditren                  :


               Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

       Justice Indeglia, for the Court. The defendant, George L. Ditren (Ditren or defendant),

appeals from a finding that he violated his probation. This matter came before the Supreme

Court on September 29, 2015, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause

why the issues raised should not be summarily decided. After hearing the arguments of counsel

and reviewing the memoranda submitted on behalf of the parties, we are satisfied that cause has

not been shown. Accordingly, we shall decide the matter at this time without further briefing or

argument. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                                    I

                                        Facts and Travel

       On June 19, 2013, at approximately 9:08 p.m., Providence Patrolman Michael Clary

(Officer Clary) stopped a vehicle driven by Michael Clemente (Clemente) for failing to obey a

yield sign while coming onto the Point Street Bridge and for crossing the center line of the road. 1

The defendant was a passenger in the vehicle, which belonged to Clemente’s girlfriend. Officer



1
 Officer Clary also testified that the vehicle was traveling “at a high rate of speed” and “well
over” the twenty-five-mile-per-hour speed limit.
                                                   -1-
Clary testified that as he approached the vehicle, he noticed defendant was “moving around a

lot” and, more specifically, that defendant “made a movement towards the rear driver’s side

towards the leg compartment” of the vehicle. Concerned for his safety, Officer Clary called for

backup, to which Officer Robert Kells (Officer Kells) responded.

           Upon Officer Kells’s arrival, the two patrolmen approached the vehicle – Officer Clary

approached Clemente on the driver’s side and Officer Kells approached defendant on the

passenger’s side. Officer Clary testified that Clemente appeared nervous, was sweating, and

avoided eye contact, while Officer Kells testified that defendant also appeared to be nervous and

sweating, and his “non-verbal body language” indicated that he was “hiding something.” When

Officer Kells asked where they were coming from, defendant said that they were coming from

his cousin’s house on Public Street; but, as Officer Kells noted, the vehicle was traveling in the

“totally opposite direction” of Public Street.

           Both men were ordered out of the vehicle and were subjected to a Terry 2 pat-down. 3 No

weapons were found on either Clemente or defendant. The two were then placed in the back

seats of separate patrol cars. Although they were not handcuffed, Officer Clary did testify that

the back doors of the patrol cars were locked such that they could not be opened from the inside,

so defendant and Clemente were, in effect, unable to get out of the cars. Officer Clary testified

that neither Clemente nor defendant was under arrest at this time. A search of the rear driver’s

side area of the vehicle – the area that Officer Clary observed defendant reaching into – revealed

an Apple MacBook laptop and a Sony PlayStation 3 video game console. Officer Kells also

observed a maroon pillowcase located underneath the front passenger seat where defendant was

sitting.

2
    Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
3
    By this time, three more officers had arrived on scene to provide additional backup.
                                                 -2-
       When asked, Clemente said that the laptop belonged to his cousin, Bernardino, and, at

Officer Clary’s request, he turned it on. Saved on the desktop of the computer was a résumé

with the last name “Calcagni.” Officer Kells called the phone number listed on the résumé and

spoke to a man who identified himself as Anthony Calcagni, a recent graduate of Brown

University. Calcagni verified that he owned the type of laptop and video game console that were

found in the vehicle. The officers agreed to meet Calcagni, who had left home sometime around

8:20 that evening, at his apartment on Power Street.

       Upon arriving home, Calcagni and the officers noticed that the air-conditioning unit in

the bay window of his apartment was pushed inward from the window and onto the floor,

presumably from someone breaking in. Officer Clary showed Calcagni the items found in the

vehicle, which Calcagni identified as his. Notably, the laptop was inscribed with the last six

digits of Calcagni’s Brown University student identification number, and he was indeed missing

a maroon pillowcase from his bedroom. Clemente and defendant were ultimately transported to

the Providence police station.

       Detective Charles Boranian (Det. Boranian), who had also responded to the scene earlier,

testified that he read defendant his Miranda rights at the police station. Detective Boranian

further testified that, while defendant was cooperative at first, he became increasingly less

obliging, especially when Det. Boranian asked for his girlfriend’s contact information to verify

his assertion that he was with her earlier in the evening before “a friend” called him to “go for a

ride.” A criminal complaint was filed against defendant charging him with burglary.

       A combined bail and violation hearing was held in Providence County Superior Court on

September 6, 9, and 10, 2013. The hearing justice found that the stop was legal and that

defendant lacked standing to challenge the search of the vehicle because he was merely a



                                               -3-
passenger in it, neither he nor Clemente owned the vehicle, and he had never driven it or kept

any personal property in it. Furthermore, the hearing justice found that, even if defendant did

have standing to challenge the search, it was “certainly * * * justified” based on defendant’s “so-

called furtive movements” and his reaching toward the area behind the driver’s seat and under

the passenger compartment. This, the hearing justice stated, was “enough to raise a reasonable

and articulable suspicion in [Officer] Clary’s mind that there may be [weapons] or contraband or

evidence of a crime being hidden under the driver’s seat and/or under the passenger seat by * * *

defendant.” This reasonable and articulable suspicion was then “further * * * solidified” by the

nervous demeanor and evasiveness exhibited by both Clemente and defendant.

       The hearing justice went on to hold that, based on the evidence presented, the items

seized from the vehicle were “obvious[ly]” stolen from Calcagni’s apartment and that defendant

was at the very least in constructive possession of those items. The hearing justice inferred that,

based on defendant’s furtive movements in the vehicle – specifically those in which he reached

toward the rear driver’s-side leg compartment and underneath his seat – defendant was

“attempting to hide * * * the computer and the PlayStation under the driver’s seat and the

pillowcase under the front passenger seat.”    In light of this evidence, the hearing justice was

“reasonably satisfied that * * * defendant failed to * * * be of good behavior” and concluded that

defendant violated the terms of his probation. The hearing justice removed the suspension from

defendant’s sentence and ordered him to serve five years in prison. Bail was also set on the

burglary complaint. 4

       On September 12, 2013, defendant filed a timely appeal to this Court.




4
 To date, no indictment or information charging defendant with burglary or any other crime has
been filed.
                                                -4-
                                                II

                                      Standard of Review

       “The sole issue for a hearing justice to consider at a probation violation hearing is

whether or not the defendant has breached a condition of his or her probation by failing to keep

the peace or remain on good behavior.” State v. Delarosa, 39 A.3d 1043, 1049 (R.I. 2012)

(quoting State v. English, 21 A.3d 403, 406 (R.I. 2011)). “[T]he state need only show that

‘reasonably satisfactory’ evidence supports a finding that the defendant has violated his or her

probation.” Id. (quoting State v. Bouffard, 945 A.2d 305, 310 (R.I. 2008)). “Consequently, the

‘reasonably satisfied standard * * * should be applied to whether [the] defendant maintained the

conditions of his probation’ and not to the issue of the defendant’s guilt with respect to the new

charges.” State v. Pona, 13 A.3d 642, 647 (R.I. 2011) (quoting State v. Sylvia, 871 A.2d 954,

957 (R.I. 2005)); see State v. Santiago, 799 A.2d 285, 288 (R.I. 2002).

       “In determining whether or not a defendant has committed a probation violation, the

hearing justice is charged with weighing the evidence and assessing the credibility of the

witnesses.” Pona, 13 A.3d at 647 (quoting State v. Tetreault, 973 A.2d 489, 492 (R.I. 2009)).

We “will not ‘second-guess’ supportable credibility assessments of a hearing justice in a

probation-revocation hearing.” Id. (quoting State v. Jones, 969 A.2d 676, 679 (R.I. 2009)).

Thus, “[o]n appeal from a finding of a probation violation, this Court’s review is limited to

‘whether the hearing justice acted arbitrarily or capriciously in assessing the credibility of the

witnesses or in finding such a violation.’”      Tetreault, 973 A.2d at 492 (quoting State v.

Christodal, 946 A.2d 811, 816 (R.I. 2008)).




                                               -5-
                                                III

                                           Discussion

                                                A

                 Defendant’s Standing to Challenge the Search and Seizure

       The defendant argues that evidence of the laptop, PlayStation, and maroon pillowcase

should have been suppressed because they were obtained from an illegal search and seizure. 5

“[I]n order to successfully invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment, as a threshold

matter, a ‘defendant bears the burden of establishing the requisite standing to challenge the

legality of the search.’” State v. Patino, 93 A.3d 40, 52 (R.I. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 947

(2015) (quoting State v. Quinlan, 921 A.2d 96, 109 (R.I. 2007)). “A party has standing [to

challenge the legality of a search] when he or she is found to have a reasonable expectation of

privacy in the area searched or the thing seized.” Id. (quoting Quinlan, 921 A.2d at 109).

       “The determination of whether there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, and thus

standing, is a two-tiered analysis: (1) the defendant must have a ‘subjective expectation of

privacy,’ and (2) the expectation must also be ‘one that society accepts as objectively

reasonable.’” Quinlan, 921 A.2d at 109 (quoting State v. Bertram, 591 A.2d 14, 19 (R.I. 1991)).

We look at several factors, such as “whether the suspect possessed or owned the area searched or

the property seized; his or her prior use of the area searched or the property seized; the person’s

ability to control or exclude others’ use of the property; and the person’s legitimate presence in

the area searched.” State v. Casas, 900 A.2d 1120, 1130 (R.I. 2006) (quoting State v. Linde, 876

A.2d 1115, 1127 (R.I. 2005)).




5
 As the hearing justice noted, defendant did not contest the legality of the stop below, nor does
he contest it on appeal.
                                                -6-
       In our opinion, defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in Clemente’s

girlfriend’s vehicle or in any of the property seized from it. While he was a legitimate guest in

the vehicle, he had no ownership or possessory interest in it, nor does he assert any prior use of

the vehicle, nor could he control or exclude others from its use. The same reasoning applies to

the items seized from the vehicle – defendant asserts no ownership or lawful possessory interest

in any of the property seized, nor does he assert any prior use of the property, nor could he

rightfully control or exclude others’ use of any of the property. 6 In Quinlan, 921 A.2d at 110,

we recognized that the defendant “certainly had no expectation of privacy that society would

recognize as objectively reasonable” in a vehicle that he was merely a passenger in, had never

driven, or kept any personal property in. Neither does defendant here. As such, he lacks

standing to contest the legality of the search of the vehicle.

       While we may be able to resolve this matter based on defendant’s lack of standing alone,

we nevertheless address his remaining arguments on appeal. The defendant challenges the

“prolonged and unjustified seizure of his person” and argues that the fruits of such an unjustified

seizure should be suppressed. He argues that the seizure continued long after the purpose of the

traffic stop had come to a close, which, according to defendant, is when the investigation should

have ended. Although defendant was not under arrest, he was clearly seized when he was

removed from the vehicle, told not to leave, and was put in the back seat of Officer Kells’s police

car. While he was not handcuffed, the police car did not have door handles on the inside, so, in

effect, defendant was not free to leave the vehicle. See State v. Foster, 842 A.2d 1047, 1050

(R.I. 2004) (“A police officer has ‘seized’ a person, within the meaning of the Fourth

6
  The defendant himself undermines his own standing by asserting that “none of the items
[seized] were in the immediate physical possession of [defendant]: it was not his vehicle, he was
not driving, it was unknown how long he had been riding in the car, the objects were not on his
person, and there was nothing about the objects that connected them to him.”
                                                 -7-
Amendment, when he restrains that person's freedom to walk away.”) (citing State v. Bennett,

430 A.2d 424, 427 (R.I. 1981)).

       Indeed, by the time defendant was removed from the vehicle, the investigation into the

traffic violations had come to a close. However, the seizure of defendant and Clemente beyond

this point was nonetheless warranted “based on a reasonable suspicion that resulted from the

events that [Officers Clary and Kells] observed [during and] after a routine traffic stop.” Foster,

842 A.2d at 1052. “[T]he Supreme Court held that in evaluating the constitutionality of a stop,

the totality of the circumstances must be taken into account.” Id. at 1050-51 (citing United

States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). “Additionally, this Court has enumerated factors

that contribute to a finding of reasonable suspicion, including ‘the location in which the conduct

occurred, the time at which the incident occurred, the suspicious conduct or unusual appearance

of the suspect, and the personal knowledge and experience of the police officer.’” Id. at 1051

(quoting State v. Keohane, 814 A.2d 327, 330 (R.I. 2003)).

       Here, in view of the totality of the circumstances surrounding defendant’s detention, as

well as the factors we have explicitly enumerated, Officers Clary and Kells, who were both

veteran police officers, had “an articulable basis for suspecting criminal activity and * * * the

isolation and detention of * * * defendant [was] reasonable under the circumstances” while they

continued their investigation.    See Foster, 842 A.2d at 1052.       Furthermore, we note that

defendant and Clemente were only detained for approximately one hour, and there is no

indication that they were mistreated by the police or subjected to improper questioning. See id.

at 1051.




                                                -8-
                                                B

          The Exclusionary Rule Does Not Apply to Probation Violation Hearings

       Even assuming the police illegally obtained the evidence, the exclusionary rule offers

defendant no relief. The exclusionary rule, when applicable, bars the introduction of evidence

obtained from illegal searches and seizures. See, e.g., State v. Jennings, 461 A.2d 361, 368 (R.I.

1983). However, “the law is well settled that the exclusionary rule does not apply to probation-

violation hearings.” State v. Campbell, 833 A.2d 1228, 1232 (R.I. 2003) (citing State v. Spratt,

120 R.I. 192, 194, 386 A.2d 1094, 1095-96 (1978)).

       Because a violation hearing is civil in nature, “the defendant is not entitled to ‘the full

panoply of rights’ inherent in a criminal trial.” Campbell, 833 A.2d at 1233 (quoting State v.

Mendez, 788 A.2d 1145, 1147-48 (R.I. 2002)).            This “panoply of rights” includes the

exclusionary rule. Indeed, “[i]n Spratt, we held that ‘the potential benefit to society from

refusing to extend the exclusionary rule to revocation hearings outweighs any harm resulting

from that refusal.’” State v. Texter, 896 A.2d 40, 43 (R.I. 2006) (quoting Spratt, 120 R.I. at 195,

386 A.2d at 1095-96).

       The defendant argues that the exclusionary rule should have been applied to his probation

revocation hearing because his prolonged seizure is sufficient to “shock the conscience of the

Court.” The defendant cites this language from our decision in Spratt, where we left for a later

day the question of whether the exclusionary rule would apply at a probation revocation hearing

to evidence derived from “searches which are consciously directed toward or intended to harass

probationers * * * or which shock the conscience of the court * * *.” Spratt, 120 R.I. at 195 n.2,

386 A.2d at 1095 n.2 (citing United States v. Winsett, 518 F.2d 51, 54 (9th Cir. 1975); People v.

Atencio, 525 P.2d 461, 463 (Colo. 1974)). Because there is nothing in the record to suggest that



                                                -9-
the officers’ conduct shocks the conscience, we see no need to address the question left

unanswered in Spratt at this time. Here, Officers Clary and Kells had every reason and duty to

investigate the situation beyond the traffic violations and continue to detain defendant (and

Clemente) during that time. We are satisfied that their conduct in doing so was proper.

                                                 C

                                    Constructive Possession

       Lastly, defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence presented to the hearing

justice to satisfy even the lowered “reasonable satisfaction” standard with respect to the finding

that he was in possession of the stolen property found in the vehicle. The hearing justice found

that defendant was at least in constructive possession of the laptop, PlayStation, and maroon

pillowcase. “To find that a defendant constructively possessed illegal contraband, two elements

must be satisfied.” Santiago, 799 A.2d at 287 (citing In re Vannarith, 731 A.2d 685, 689 (R.I.

1999)). “First, the defendant must have had knowledge of the presence of the contraband and,

second, the defendant must have intended to exercise control over the item[s].” Id. “Both of

these factors ‘can be inferred from a totality of the circumstances.’” Id. (quoting In re Vannarith,

731 A.2d at 689).     Specifically, and most relevant to the instant case, we have said that

“knowledge of the existence and location of the contraband can be inferred from [the]

defendant’s conduct in reaching toward the area where the contraband was located.” Id. at 288.

       At the probation revocation hearing, the hearing justice “weigh[ed] the evidence and

assess[ed] the credibility of the witnesses,” including Officers Clary and Kells. Based on that

testimony and the totality of the circumstances – including the defendant’s furtive movements

and noticeably nervous demeanor – the hearing justice could have easily inferred that the

defendant had “knowledge of the presence of the contraband” and “intended to exercise control”



                                               -10-
over the contraband by moving it, presumably out of the view of the approaching officers.

Accordingly, there was more than enough evidence to meet the lowered “reasonably satisfied

standard” with respect to the hearing justice’s finding that the defendant, at the very least,

constructively possessed the stolen property found in the vehicle. Thus, it cannot be said that the

hearing justice acted arbitrarily or capriciously in finding that the defendant violated his

probation.

                                                IV

                                           Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

The record in this case may be returned to that tribunal.




                                               -11-
                            RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:        State v. George L. Ditren

CASE NO:              No. 2013-346-C.A.
                      (P2/11-2516B)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: November 2, 2015

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice Gilbert V. Indeglia

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Stephen P. Nugent

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For State: Lauren S. Zurier
                                 Department of Attorney General

                      For Defendant: Kara J. Maguire
                                     Office of the Public Defender
