                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-18-00023-CV



              GLYN WEAVER, Appellant

                           V.

              H.E. LACEY, INC., Appellee



        On Appeal from the 159th District Court
               Angelina County, Texas
           Trial Court No. CV-00705-16-10




      Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
            Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
                                               OPINION
        The question presented in this case is whether a tenant may exercise what his or her lease

calls a “first option of refusal” to purchase the leased real estate for a stated purchase price after

the lease agreement has expired. The answer to this question depends on whether the right granted

by the language of the lease agreement is a right of first refusal or an option to purchase, two

different things. A right of first refusal may survive the expiration of a lease agreement. However,

because strict compliance regarding an option to purchase is required, a failure to exercise an

option in a timely manner renders it ineffectual.

        Because we determine that the language used in the lease agreement at issue here

constituted an option to purchase and that the option was not timely exercised, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment declaring that a holdover tenant had no right to possess and no interest in the

leased property.

(1)     Factual and Procedural Background

        Glyn Weaver, as tenant, and H.E. Lacey, Inc., as landlord, entered into a lease agreement

dated February 26, 1998, for the lease of property located at 103 Knollwood, Lufkin, Texas, in

Angelina County. 1 The “one year . . . Lease” contained the provision in dispute here.

        Weaver successfully used the property for his car washing business and decided to remain

there. On December 7, 1998, Lacey and Weaver entered into an earnest money contract for the




1
 Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We follow the
precedent of the Twelfth Court of Appeals in deciding this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.


                                                        2
sale of the property. Because Weaver was unable to tender the full $175,000.00, Lacey agreed to

finance the transaction at eight percent interest per annum, provided that Weaver pay $17,500.00

at closing. The earnest money contract contemplated a March 31, 1999, closing.

        Although Lacy informed Weaver that the property, a former Texaco gas station, contained

underground gas storage tanks and required repairs to the roof, Weaver agreed to purchase the

property “as-is.” 2 Specifically, the earnest money contract stated, “Buyer accepts the Property in

its present ‘as-is’ condition. Buyer shall pay for any repairs required by a lender.” On February

16, 1999, Weaver’s attorney wrote to Lacey informing it that Weaver was ready to close on the

property, but that “an environmental investigator with [TNRCC] contacted Mr. Weaver about

some environmental problems on the land” and asked whether Lacey would be willing to take care

of those issues.

        The summary judgment evidence showed that Lacey made attempts to resolve the

environmental issues raised by the TNRCC. On April 5, 1999, Lacey and Weaver entered into

agreements to extend the closing first to May 31, 1999, and then to September 30, 1999.

Ultimately, Weaver and Lacy entered into a new earnest money contract, containing the same

disclosures and “as-is” provisions as the prior contract, and specifying December 15, 2000, as the

date of closing. However, that closing was cancelled. 3 According to Weaver, the closing did not

occur because he did not agree to the ten percent interest rate provided for in the new earnest



2
The gas storage tanks were permanently removed from service in 1997 and soil samples were sent to the Texas
Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC).
3
 On May 28, 2000, Weaver wrote to Lacey demanding that a general warranty deed and title policy be provided to
him prior to closing.
                                                      3
money contract. On December 14, 2001, the TNRCC informed Lacey that it was unable to concur

with Lacey’s consultant’s opinion that the site was “not a leaking storage tank site.”

       The TNRCC sent a clearance letter on July 15, 2002, demonstrating that the environmental

concerns it had previously raised had been alleviated. Weaver attempted to purchase the property

again. For a third time, the sale was cancelled. Evidence in the court’s file demonstrated that

Weaver was unable to make timely rent payments and, according to Lacey, Weaver could not

secure either the down payment or a loan for the full amount of the purchase price. According to

Weaver, the environmental issues allegedly prevented Lacey from delivering clear title. Even

though a clearance letter was issued by the TNRCC, and Weaver had agreed to purchase the

property as-is, on September 18, 2002, Weaver notified Lacey of improvements he wished to have

made on the property.

       It is undisputed that Weaver never tendered the $17,500.00 and that the transaction never

closed. No further negotiations for the sale of the property occurred between the parties. Although

the parties never entered into another lease agreement, Lacey allowed Weaver to remain on the

property as a holdover tenant in exchange for $600.00 in monthly rent. Weaver made no further

mention of purchasing the property for over thirteen years.

       In 2016, Nirmal Singh offered to purchase the property from Lacey for $225,000.00. On

March 1, 2016, Lacey informed Weaver of the offer and further stated,

       Although you do not have an option to purchase this property, as an offer of
       “Goodwill” we have decided to allow you the opportunity of “First Refusal” to
       purchase said property for the price of $225,000.
              This purchase would have to be paid in cash and would have to be paid
       within seven (7) business days from the date of this letter.

                                                 4
Weaver refused to pay the $225,000.00 purchase price. Instead, on March 7, Lacey received a

letter from Weaver’s counsel, which (1) claimed that Weaver had exercised the first option of

refusal in the lease agreement and (2) argued that Lacey had failed to abide by the terms of the

earnest money contract because it was allegedly unable to turn over title as a result of the TNRCC

issues. On March 15, 2016, Lacey’s attorney sent a notice terminating Weaver’s tenancy.

       Eventually, Lacey brought an action for declaratory judgment against Weaver and,

alternatively, a claim for trespass to try title. Lacey also asserted the affirmative defense of

limitations in response to Weaver’s counterclaims for (1) a declaratory judgment specifying his

rights under the lease agreement, (2) specific performance of the “first option of refusal,” and

(3) unjust enrichment as a result of Lacey’s collection of rent money after its failure to

“consummate the Purchase Option of the Lease Agreement.” According to Weaver, the parties

had agreed to extend the first option of refusal under the lease agreement.

       After ample time for discovery, Lacey filed both a traditional motion for summary

judgment on its claims and a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on Weaver’s claims.

Lacey argued that Weaver never tendered the $175,000.00 as required by the lease agreement to

exercise the first option of refusal. Lacey further argued that, even after Lacey agreed to finance

the transaction, a closing as contemplated by the earnest money contracts never occurred because

Weaver did not make the down payment required and refused to accept the property in an as-is

condition.

       In response to Lacey’s motions for summary judgment, Weaver argued that (1) he

exercised the first option of refusal under the terms of the lease agreement, (2) Lacey ratified the

                                                 5
continuation of the first option of refusal in the lease agreement, and (3) the terms of the lease

agreement, including the first option of refusal, extended to his holdover tenancy.

          After reviewing the summary judgment evidence, the trial court found that Weaver was a

holdover tenant, that “a holding over under a lease without renewing it does not extend a purchase

option beyond the lease term unless a contrary intent appears from the lease as a whole,” and that

the first option of refusal provided for in the Lease Agreement had expired. It granted Lacey’s no-

evidence and traditional motion for summary judgment, declaring that Weaver was not entitled to

possess, and had no interest in, the property. 4 Weaver appeals.

(2)       Standard of Review

          Summary judgments are reviewed de novo. First United Pentecostal Church of Beaumont,

d/b/a/ the Anchor of Beaumont v. Parker, 514 S.W.3d 214, 219 (Tex. 2017) (citing Cantey Hanger,

LLP v. Byrd, 467 S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex. 2015)). In doing that, all evidence opposing the summary

judgment is taken as true, and every reasonable inference is taken, and any doubts resolved, against

the summary judgment. Id. (citing Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.

2005)).




4
 In its original petition, Lacey labeled the right contained in the lease agreement as a “right of first refusal,” a label
which the trial court shared in entering its final judgment. On appeal, Weaver argues that Lacey is estopped from
arguing that the lease agreement presented an option to purchase instead of a right of first refusal. However, Lacey’s
amended petition, and live pleading at the time of the summary judgment, asserted in the alternative that, if Weaver’s
“rights are construed to be an option to purchase the property, Plaintiff would show that Defendant failed to exercise
that right,” and its summary judgment motion argued that “any right of first refusal or option to purchase [had]
terminated.” In any event, because the summary judgment motions presented the crucial question of whether Weaver
possessed any right to or interest in the property, the matter is squarely before us.

                                                            6
       If both traditional and no-evidence summary judgments are before us, we first look at the

no-evidence motion. Id. (citing Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004)).

If the no-evidence motion supports the judgment, we need not address the appeal regarding the

traditional motion. Id. (citing Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013)).

If any claim survives our no-evidence review, we should review it under the standard for traditional

summary judgments. Id. at 219–20.

       A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is defeated by evidence that raises a genuine

issue of material fact as to the challenged elements. Id. at 220 (citing Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at

600). A fact issue exists if the evidence is such that reasonable and fair-minded people could reach

different conclusions on that issue. Id. (citing Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d

706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). If the evidence creates only a mere surmise or suspicion that a particular

fact exists, a fact issue has not been created. Id. (citing Kia Motors Corp. v. Ruiz, 432 S.W.3d 865,

875 (Tex. 2014)).

       One seeking a traditional summary judgment has the burden to establish that there is no

genuine issue of material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

(citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c)).

(3)    Analysis

       Weaver’s appeal is premised on his mistaken belief that the lease agreement gave him a

preemptive right of first refusal. “‘Right of first refusal’ and ‘option’ have distinct meanings.”

Jarvis v. Peltier, 400 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, pet. denied). “A right of first

refusal or preemptive right to purchase requires the owner of the subject property to offer the

                                                 7
property first to the holder of the right on the same terms and conditions offered by or to a bona

fide purchaser.” Id. (citing Tenneco, Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1996);

City of Brownsville v. Golden Spread Elec. Co-op., Inc., 192 S.W.3d 876, 880 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2006, pet. denied)). “An option, on the other hand, is a privilege or right that the owner of the

property gives another to buy certain property at a fixed price within a certain time.” Id. at 650

(citing Casa El Sol-Acapulco, S.A. v. Fontenot, 919 S.W.2d 709, 717 n.9 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1996, writ dism’d)). A party with a right of first refusal cannot compel a sale, but a

purchase optionee may, before the option expires, compel the owner to sell under the terms set out

in the option. Id. (citing Hicks v. Castille, 313 S.W.3d 874, 881 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet.

denied); Fontenot, 919 S.W.2d at 717 n.9)).

         The lease agreement contained an end date of February 28, 1999, and stated, “During the

one-year lease, MR. WEAVER will have first option of refusal for ONE HUNDRED SEVENTY

FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($175,000.00).” 5 The lease gave Weaver a right to purchase the

property at a specified price and specified an expiration date for the exercise of that right; thus, it

was an option to purchase the property, not a right of first refusal. See Jarvis, 400 S.W.3d at 650

(citing Fontenot, 919 S.W.2d at 717 n.9; Riley v. Campeau Homes (Tex.), Inc., 808 S.W.2d 184,

188 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ dism’d)).



5
 “We apply well-established rules of contract interpretation when construing the Lease Agreement.” Luccia v. Ross,
274 S.W.3d 140, 146 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (citing Huntley v. Enon Ltd. P’ship, 197
S.W.3d 844, 849 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.)). “Specifically, when construing a written contract, our
primary concern is to ascertain the true intent of the parties as expressed in the instrument.” Id. “If the written
instrument is so worded that it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then the contract may be construed as
a matter of law.” Id.

                                                          8
        The law requires strict compliance with the terms of an option contract. Besteman v.

Pitcock, 272 S.W.3d 777, 784 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.); see Chambers v. Hunt

Petroleum Corp., 320 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2010, no pet.). “Exercise of an option

must be unqualified and strictly in accordance with the terms of the agreement, unless equity

requires otherwise.” Chambers, 320 S.W.3d at 583. Here, the lease agreement provided Weaver

with an option to purchase the property for $175,000.00.

        On appeal, Lacey concedes, “Weaver exercised the option by tend[er]ing the earnest

money contract and paying earnest money.” Once a tenant exercises an option to purchase

contained in a lease, that act creates a binding bilateral contract to sell and terminates the landlord-

tenant relationship. Rus-Ann Dev., Inc. v. ECGC, Inc., 222 S.W.3d 921, 926 (Tex. App.—Tyler

2007, no pet.) (citing Pitman v. Sanditen, 626 S.W.2d 496, 498 (Tex. 1981)). Then, the optionee,

as the prospective buyer, must fulfill the terms of the purchase contract to complete the transaction.

Faucette v. Chantos, 322 S.W.3d 901, 911 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). Here,

Weaver never tendered the sale price under the lease or the down payment of $17,500.00 as

contemplated by the earnest money contracts, and no closing occurred. 6

        Weaver argues that the terms of the lease, including the option to purchase, survived after

2002, with him as a holdover tenant. Accordingly, Weaver believed he was entitled to exercise

the option to purchase at any time. We disagree.




6
 Even without any stipulation that time is of the essence in an option contract, such a provision is implied. Thermo
Prod. Co. v. Chilton Indep. Sch. Dist., 647 S.W.2d 726, 734 (Tex. App.—Waco 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Wilbanks v.
Selby, 227 S.W. 371 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1921, no writ); see Johnson v. Portwood, 34 S.W. 596 (Tex. 1896).

                                                         9
          A tenant at will remains in possession of the premises with the landlord’s consent, but

there is no fixed term, and the landlord can terminate the possession when his or her will changes.

Coinmach Corp. v. Aspenwood Apartment Corp., 417 S.W.3d 909, 915 (Tex. 2013); Tri-Cty. Elec.

Coop., Inc. v. GTE Sw. Inc., 490 S.W.3d 530, 547 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.). Holding

over in a formerly rented premises, without renewing the lease, does not keep in place a purchase

option that existed during the lease term, unless the lease provides to the contrary. Blaschke v.

Wiede, 649 S.W.2d 749, 750 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see Thermo Prod.

Co., 647 S.W.2d at 734 (citing Kruegel v. Berry, 9 S.W. 863, 865 (Tex. 1888)). Here, the lease

reveals no apparent intent to extend the purchase option beyond the lease term. 7

         The summary judgment evidence established, as a matter of law, that the lease agreement

contained an option to purchase the property, not a right of first refusal. It also established that

Weaver did not comply with the terms of the option to purchase contained in the lease agreement

and that there was never any closing on the earnest money contracts. Therefore, we find that the

trial court correctly determined that Weaver produced no evidence demonstrating that he had any

rights to, or interest in, the property or that he was entitled to specific performance of any option

to purchase. 8 We further find that Lacey established its entitlement to the declaratory relief it

requested as a matter of law.


7
 Weaver also argues that Lacey “ratified the continuation of the preemptive right of first refusal” by, among other
things, offering Weaver a right of first refusal after it received notice of Singh’s offer. We have already determined
that the lease agreement did not contain a right of first refusal. However, out of “Goodwill,” Lacey offered to sell the
property to Weaver for $225,000.00. We find that this constituted a separate offer of sale, which Weaver rejected.

8
 Weaver makes no argument with respect to his unjust enrichment claim, which is resolved by our conclusion that the
lease agreement contained only an option to purchase the property.

                                                          10
      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                              Josh R. Morriss, III
                                              Chief Justice

Date Submitted:      September 4, 2018
Date Decided:        September 26, 2018




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