[Cite as Ohio Am. Health Care, Inc. v. Ohio Bd. of Nursing, 2014-Ohio-2422.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Ohio American Health Care, Inc.,                    :
Practical Nursing Program,
                                                    :
                Appellant-Appellant/
                Cross-Appellee,                     :
                                                                           No. 13AP-1020
v.                                                  :                  (C.P.C. No. 12CVF-9723)

Ohio Board of Nursing,                              :                (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                Appellee-Appellee/                  :
                Cross-Appellant.
                                                    :
Ohio American Health Care, Inc.,
Registered Nursing Program,                         :

                Appellant-Appellant/                :
                Cross-Appellee,                                            No. 13AP-1021
                                                    :                  (C.P.C. No. 12CVF-9722)
v.
                                                    :                (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Ohio Board of Nursing,
                                                    :
                Appellee-Appellee/
                Cross-Appellant.                    :


                                           D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on June 5, 2014



                Ronald B. Noga, for appellant/cross-appellee.

                Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Henry G. Appel, for
                appellee/cross-appellant.

                 APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                            2


LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
       {¶ 1} Appellant-appellant/cross-appellee, Ohio American Health Care, Inc.,
Practical Nursing Program, and Registered Nursing Program ("the School"), appeals from
a judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas affirming two orders of
appellee-appellee/cross-appellant, Ohio Board of Nursing ("the Board"), withdrawing
conditional approval and denying full approval of the School's status to operate nurse
education programs. The Board cross-appeals from the court's modification of its orders
removing the permanency of the imposed sanctions. Because the trial court did not err
either in affirming the Board's orders or in removing the permanent condition from the
sanctions, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
       {¶ 2} In October 2009, the School applied to the Board for approval of a new
nursing education program and included a detailed plan for how it proposed to conduct
its program and a proposed organizational structure. The School sought to operate both a
registered nurse ("RN") program and a licensed practical nurse ("PN") program. The
Board issued conditional approval of both the RN and PN programs in January 2010. On
May 17, 2010 the School admitted its first cohort of students.
       {¶ 3} On March 22, 2011, the Board conducted an unannounced survey visit to
the School in response to complaints the Board had received from students, former
employees, and clinical agencies regarding both the RN and PN programs. Following the
initial unannounced survey visit, the Board conducted further survey visits announced in
advance: the RN survey visit occurred May 25, 2011 while the PN survey visits occurred
June 22, September 8, and October 12, 2011.            These visits revealed administrative
compliance violations and discrepancies in the tuition and fee amounts in the students'
enrollment agreements as compared to the School's proposal for its nursing program
presented to the Board. The two education regulatory surveyors who conducted the
survey visits generated reports detailing the findings of their visits and subsequently sent
the survey visit reports to the School for response.
       {¶ 4} After reviewing the survey visit reports and the School's responses, the
Board issued a July 28, 2011 notice of opportunity for hearing to the School related to the
RN program, charging it with numerous violations of the rules governing nurse education
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           3


programs. As the investigation into the School proceeded, the Board issued a second and
third notice of opportunity for hearing alleging additional violations.     Similarly, on
November 18, 2011, the Board issued a notice of opportunity for hearing to the School
related to alleged violations found in the PN program followed by a second notice of
opportunity for hearing related to additional violations in the PN program. The School
timely requested hearings for all notices received by both programs. The Board assigned
a single hearing examiner to both cases.
       {¶ 5} The School moved for consolidation of the three RN program notices into a
single hearing, and the hearing examiner approved the consolidation.         The hearing
examiner also granted two continuances to the School.          Several weeks before the
scheduled start of the consolidated hearing, the School moved for another continuance on
the grounds that the School's program administrator had suddenly resigned and that the
School had retained new counsel. The hearing examiner denied the School's third request
for a continuance, and the hearing occurred from April 30 to May 4, 2012. Both the
School and the Board presented witness testimony and documentary evidence and had
the opportunity to cross-examine each other's witnesses.
       {¶ 6} Similarly, the School moved for consolidation of both PN notices into a
single hearing and the hearing examiner conducted the consolidated hearing on May 29
and 30, 2012. Again, both the School and the Board presented witness testimony and
documentary evidence and had the opportunity to cross-examine each other's witnesses.
The parties also agreed to incorporate the record of the RN hearing into the record of the
PN hearing as many of the issues in the cases were interrelated.
       {¶ 7} Following the hearings, the hearing examiner issued lengthy decisions in
the RN case on June 13, 2012 and the PN case on June 25, 2012. In each decision, the
hearing examiner determined there was ample reliable and probative evidence to support
the violations charged against the School, and the hearing examiner recommended
permanent withdrawal of the School's conditional approval to operate a nurse education
program.
       {¶ 8} The School timely objected to the hearing examiner's two decisions, and the
Board conducted a consolidated hearing as to both the RN and PN programs on July 27,
2012. That same day, the Board issued adjudication orders in both cases adopting the
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                             4


hearing examiner's report and recommendation from each case in full.               The Board
imposed a penalty of permanent withdrawal of the School's conditional approval status
and permanent denial of full approval status.
      {¶ 9} Pursuant to R.C. Chapter 119, the School timely appealed to the common
pleas court. In reviewing the entire record, the common pleas court determined there was
reliable, probative, and substantial evidence to support each of the charged violations
against the School. However, the common pleas court determined the Board lacked
statutory authority to permanently withdraw conditional approval and permanently deny
full approval to the school. To that extent, the common pleas court modified the Board's
adjudication orders to remove the permanent nature of the penalties imposed. The
School and the Board both timely appeal.
II. Assignments of Error
      {¶ 10} The School assigns the following three assignments of error for our review:

             [1.] The trial court erred as a matter of law in failing to reverse
             the Adjudication Order pertaining to the RN Program on the
             ground that the Order is based entirely on patently irrelevant,
             inadmissible and prejudicial evidence.

             [2.] The trial court erred as a matter of law in failing to reverse
             the Adjudication Order pertaining to the PN Program on the
             ground that the Order is based entirely on patently, irrelevant,
             inadmissible and prejudicial evidence.

             [3.] The statutory scheme governing the regulation of
             prelicensure nursing schools is violative of Due Process in that
             the basis for withdrawal of approval is unconstitutionally
             vague [and] results in an arbitrary and unreasonable Order
             withdrawing [the School's] approval to operate a prelicensure
             nursing school.

      {¶ 11} The Board assigns the following cross-assignment of error for our review:

             1. The [trial court] improperly concluded that the Ohio Board
             of Nursing lacks power to permanently withdraw approval to
             nursing programs under R.C. 4723.28(K).
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                              5


III. Standard of Review
       {¶ 12} In reviewing an order of an administrative agency under R.C. 119.12, a
common pleas court must consider the entire record to determine whether reliable,
probative, and substantial evidence supports the agency's order and whether the order is
in accordance with law. Univ. of Cincinnati v. Conrad, 63 Ohio St.2d 108, 110-11 (1980).
The common pleas court's "review of the administrative record is neither a trial de novo
nor an appeal on questions of law only, but a hybrid review in which the court 'must
appraise all the evidence as to the credibility of the witnesses, the probative character of
the evidence, and the weight thereof.' " Lies v. Veterinary Med. Bd., 2 Ohio App.3d 204,
207 (1st Dist.1981), quoting Andrews v. Bd. of Liquor Control, 164 Ohio St. 275, 280
(1955). The common pleas court must give due deference to the administrative agency's
resolution of evidentiary conflicts, but "the findings of the agency are by no means
conclusive." Conrad at 111. On questions of law, the common pleas court conducts a de
novo review, exercising its independent judgment in determining whether the
administrative order is "in accordance with law." Ohio Historical Soc. v. State Emp.
Relations Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 466, 471 (1993).
       {¶ 13} An appellate court's review of an administrative decision is more limited.
Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993). The appellate court is to
determine only whether the common pleas court abused its discretion. Id.; Blakemore v.
Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 218 (1983). On review of purely legal questions, however,
an appellate court has de novo review. Big Bob's, Inc. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 151
Ohio App.3d 498, 2003-Ohio-418, ¶ 15 (10th Dist.).
IV. Appellant's First Assignment of Error – Evidence Supporting RN
    Program Violations
       {¶ 14} In its first assignment of error, the School argues the common pleas court
erred in affirming the violations in the Board's adjudication order for the RN program.
       {¶ 15} In its adjudication order, the Board adopted the hearing examiner's findings
of fact which found 16 separate proven violations of the Board's rules. These violations
were wide ranging. The hearing examiner found, with respect to the RN program, that
the School: (1) did not implement an orientation policy for faculty members in violation of
Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-09(B)(4); (2) did not implement student policies as they were
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           6


written in the School's proposal for its program in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-12;
(3) did not implement its curriculum as written at the time of the first notice, including
having students watch a movie instead of teaching a psychology course and failing to
provide clinical experience to the students in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-13;
(4) had no systematic plan of evaluation it could use to evaluate and improve the program
in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-15; (5) did not provide students with a syllabus for
each course in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-19(A); (6) did not provide the ten
weeks of clinical experience with appropriate supervision that students were supposed to
have received in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-20; (7) did not maintain required
faculty records and retained unqualified instructors in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-
5-21; (8) submitted false progress reports to the Board in violation of Ohio Adm.Code
4723-5-25; (9) charged students a total of $18,520 in tuition when the School's written
policies for student fees indicated it would charge students $14,048, in violation of Ohio
Adm.Code 4723-5-12(A)(6); (10) allowed unqualified individuals other than the program
administrator to have authority over aspects of the program in violation of Ohio
Adm.Code 4723-5-09(B); (11) at the time of the third notice, had faculty members who
were not qualified for their positions in violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-10; (12) at the
time of the third notice, continued to fail to provide adequate documentation of student
admission prerequisites, allowed students to progress from one course to the next without
completing the first course, and certified completion of courses for two students who
never completed the necessary lab and clinical experience of the course, in violation of
Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-12(A); (13) failed to provide the 16 clinical hours for the
medical/surgical course the School had stated in its curriculum plan it would provide, and
failed to provided clinical evaluations for all 6 students in the gerontology course in
violation of Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-13; (14) at the time of the third notice, still did not
have a systematic plan of evaluation to evaluate and improve the program in violation of
Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-15; (15) at the time of the third notice, continued to fail to provide
appropriate clinical experience for students, including completely failing to provide
clinical evaluations to some students and inadequately providing clinical experience to
other students by providing clinical experience that was not connected to the course the
students were taking and using unqualified instructors as supervisors in violation of Ohio
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                            7


Adm.Code 4723-5-20; and (16) failed to implement a records retention plan for student
and faculty records, including the complete failure to document that 15 students had met
admission requirements, no record of clinical experience evaluations for 4 students, no
academic transcripts for instructors, and certification that 2 students had completed the
program but their files had no transcripts of coursework, in violation of Ohio Adm.Code
4723-5-21. (RN Program Report and Recommendation, 80-83.)
       {¶ 16} Despite the long and detailed list of violations, the School on appeal does
not challenge the bulk of these violations with any specificity. Rather, the School asserts
the hearing examiner made an erroneous and unfounded finding of "blatant corruption
and dishonesty," and because of that, the entire proceedings were tainted. (RN Program
Report and Recommendation, 85.)         Specifically, the School asserts three evidentiary
errors were so significant as to warrant reversal of the Board's order.
       A. Witness Credibility
       {¶ 17} The School argues the hearing examiner erroneously concluded that Julia
Wilson gave credible testimony that Dr. Yemi Oladimeji, the owner of the School,
instructed her to change students' grades so they would pass a test or a course. According
to the School, Wilson was not a credible witness and her testimony contained internal
inconsistencies. Both the hearing examiner and the Board found Wilson's testimony to be
credible.   The common pleas court engaged in its own consideration of Wilson's
credibility and similarly found Wilson's "testimony to be credible."       (Nov. 5, 2013
Judgment Entry, 8.) To the extent the School suggests we reweigh the credibility of the
witnesses, "such an exercise is not appropriate for this court's role in reviewing the
common pleas court's decision." Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr. v. Price, 10th Dist. No.
10AP-260, 2010-Ohio-5629, ¶ 21.
       B. Reasonable Inferences
       {¶ 18} The School asserts the hearing examiner, in support of her finding that the
school wrongfully and willfully certified completion of the program for two students,
completely fabricated her conclusion that Susan Walker Thomas was fired as program
administrator because she refused to sign certificates of completion for the two students
and that the newly hired program administrator "promptly signed the certificates" after
Thomas was fired. (RN Program Report and Recommendation, 85.) The School argues
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                             8


there was no direct testimony that Thomas was fired for her refusal to falsely certify
completion of clinical experience. Specifically, the School argues the hearing officer's
conclusion was a fabrication because Thomas testified she intended to resign to pursue
other employment before her termination while Dr. Oladimeji denied Thomas' refusal to
sign the certificates was the basis for Thomas' dismissal from the School.
       {¶ 19} Given the timing of Thomas' termination, it was a reasonable inference that
her termination was related to her refusal to comply with the falsification of records.
State ex rel. Supreme Bumpers, Inc. v. Indus. Comm., 98 Ohio St.3d 134, 2002-Ohio-
7089, ¶ 69 (stating "any factfinder in any administrative, civil, or criminal proceeding,
may draw reasonable inferences and rely on his or her own common sense in evaluating
the evidence"). The common pleas court also noted how quickly the newly-hired program
administrator certified completion for these students. Further, the trial court reviewed all
the evidence and did not find Dr. Oladimeji to be credible on this matter, so the trial court
was free to discount his testimony, and we will not engage in a reweighing of the witness'
credibility. Price at ¶ 21. Thus, the common pleas court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding from this evidence that the School wrongfully and willfully certified
completion of the program for two students.
       C. Prejudicial Evidence
       {¶ 20} Lastly under this assignment of error, the School asserts the hearing
examiner erroneously determined that the involvement of Reverend Harold John, a
member of the School's board, contributed to the presence of fraud and corruption at the
School. The hearing examiner noted John had recently pled guilty to conspiracy to
commit bank fraud and wire fraud. John then served as the School's "Interim Strategic
and Financial Officer," although the evidence indicated that John was functionally in
control of the entire program for a period of time.
       {¶ 21} The School argues the evidence of John's criminal convictions was
irrelevant and blatantly prejudicial, and the hearing examiner, the Board, and the
common pleas court all erred in relying on it. As a general rule, "administrative agencies
are not bound by the strict rules of evidence applied in courts." Buckles v. Franklin Cty.
Bd. of Revision, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-932, 2008-Ohio-1728, ¶ 23, citing Haley v. Ohio
State Dental Bd., 7 Ohio App.3d 1, 6 (2d Dist.1982).
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           9


       {¶ 22} As the common pleas court noted, "the Board's adjudication order made no
reference to Rev. John's conviction – or even his participation in the [S]chool's
management on any level." (Nov. 5, 2013 Judgment Entry, 10.) Although the School
argues the Board was prejudiced by the Board's attorney projecting information regarding
John's conviction on a large screen as part of a slide presentation at the hearing, the
common pleas court noted only one slide of the presentation related to John's criminal
background.     Further, the common pleas court explained that even if the hearing
examiner should not have admitted the evidence of John's criminal convictions, the other
evidence in the record "was so overwhelming" as to render the error harmless. (Nov. 5,
2013 Judgment Entry, 11.) See Abunku v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
906, 2012-Ohio-2734, ¶ 20 (it is not an abuse of discretion for trial court to affirm an
order of the state medical board where, even if the hearing examiner inappropriately
admitted some evidence, the appellant "was not prejudiced because other reliable,
probative, and substantial evidence in the record" proved the violations). Additionally, as
the common pleas court noted, the issues with John's presence at the school were not
limited to his criminal background but also the fact that he essentially served as the
School's program administrator even though he did not have a nursing license and was
therefore unqualified for that position.
       {¶ 23} As the Board notes, the School does not challenge most of the allegations
against it.   The trial court reviewed the extensive record and carefully weighed the
evidence before concluding the hearing examiner and the Board had reliable, probative,
and substantial evidence to find the many violations. Based on the record before us, we
find the common pleas court did not abuse its discretion in finding that reliable,
probative, and substantial evidence supports the Board's order.        Thus, we refuse to
substitute our judgment for that of the Board or the common pleas court.
       {¶ 24} Accordingly, we overrule the School's first assignment of error.
V. Appellant's Second Assignment of Error – Evidence Supporting PN
   Program Violations

       {¶ 25} In its second assignment of error, the School argues the common pleas
court erred by affirming the violations in the Board's adjudication order for the PN
program. More specifically, the School argues the common pleas court erred by relying
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                          10


on unduly prejudicial evidence by not considering that the Board's decision making
process inherently lends itself to unreliable outcomes, and by imposing a penalty that was
too severe for the nature of the offenses.
         A. Prejudicial Evidence
         {¶ 26} The School notes that the parties agreed that the testimony from the RN
program hearing would be incorporated into the PN program hearing. The School argues
that because the hearing examiner duplicated the errors she committed in the RN
program case when she considered the evidence again in the PN program case, the
common pleas court thus erred in relying on what the School deems "clearly inadmissible,
prejudicial evidence." (The School's Brief, 21.)
         {¶ 27} The School reiterates in this argument its position that the evidence
regarding the criminal background of John was so highly prejudicial to have tainted the
entirety of the proceedings at every level. Having addressed and rejected this same
argument in our resolution of the School's first assignment of error, we similarly dispose
of this same argument here. The School's argument as to prejudicial evidence is not well-
taken.
         B. Impartial Tribunal
         {¶ 28} The School next argues that because there is no requirement that any
member of the Board have any legal or judicial training, the Board members are
completely dependent on the representations of the Board's counsel. Unlike in a civil or
criminal trial where lay jurors have an impartial judge to give instructions on matters of
law, the Board members in an administrative adjudication hearing rely on the same
attorney that represents the Board to explain the legal issues. According to the School,
this renders the process unfair as the Board members are unlikely to ignore the
instructions and characterization of the evidence of the very attorney it has retained to
represent the Board's interests.
         {¶ 29} An individual in an administrative proceeding is entitled to a fair hearing
before an impartial tribunal. Serednesky v. Ohio State Bd. of Psychology, 10th Dist. No.
05AP-633, 2006-Ohio-3146, ¶ 21, citing In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955). An
administrative agency's determination carries a presumption of validity, and the burden is
on the appellant to establish bias. Id., citing Smith v. State Med. Bd., 10th Dist. No.
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                             11


00AP-1301 (July 19, 2001). This burden requires that the School prove, beyond merely
stating that bias and prejudice exist, that the Board's members are "biased, partial or
prejudiced to such a degree that [their] presence adversely affected" the Board's decision.
West Virginia v. Hazardous Waste Facility Approval Bd., 28 Ohio St.3d 83, 86 (1986).
       {¶ 30} The School did not raise its argument regarding the perceived undue
influence that an attorney can have in an administrative hearing either in its hearing
before the Board or at the common pleas court and, thus, that argument is waived for
purposes of appeal. ETB Corp. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 10th Dist. No. 02AP-738,
2003-Ohio-589, ¶ 22.
       C. Nature of the Offenses and Penalty
       {¶ 31} The School also argues that even if the evidence at the hearing supported a
finding of the many violations, these violations were not so serious as to warrant the
penalty of withdrawal of conditional approval and denial of full approval to operate its
nursing education program.
       {¶ 32} The Board agreed in its adjudication order with the hearing examiner's
findings of fact that the School was not in compliance with the following rules as they
related to the PN program: Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-09(B)(4); 4723-5-12(A)(1); 4723-5-
12(A)(4); 4723-5-12(A)(6); 4723-5-14; 4723-5-15; 4723-5-19(A); 4723-5-05(B) and (C);
4723-5-09(B); 4723-5-11; 4723-5-12(A)(6); 4723-5-14(E)(12); 4723-5-14(F); 4723-5-15;
4723-5-20(C)(6); and 4723-5-21. (PN Program Report and Recommendation, 56-59.)
Many of these violations were substantially similar to the violations found in the RN
program, including but not limited to failing to provide and evaluate clinical experience,
using unqualified administrators and faculty members, charging inconsistent fee and
tuition amounts, and failing to maintain a systematic plan of evaluation to evaluate and
improve the program. Rather than challenge the merits of these violations, the School
instead argues that although it did not necessarily refute these deficiencies, they "resulted
primarily from the incompetence and negligence of the initial Program Administrator,"
Rosanna Bumgardner. (The School's Brief, 25-26.) The School characterizes many of
these violations as mere paperwork errors and suggests the penalty of withdrawal of
conditional approval and denial of full approval was too harsh of a penalty for the
violations involved.
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                          12


          {¶ 33} The School's attempt to shift the blame of the violations to Bumgardner
does not mean that the violations did not occur; indeed, the School seems to admit as
much. As the common pleas court noted, "to blame Dr. Bumgardner ignores the fact that
the School and its board of governors hired her – even if she was not up to the task, those
parties bear some responsibility for not recognizing that sooner and taking appropriate
action." (Nov. 5, 2013 Judgment Entry, 21.)
          {¶ 34} Further, we do not agree with the School that these violations were of an
administrative, recordkeeping nature. The evidence at the hearing that the trial court
found credible included testimony that PN students had 0 clinical hours in the
medical/surgical nursing and IV therapy course while they were supposed to receive 72
hours of clinical training in those areas. Similarly, one cohort of students completed only
16 of the 40 clinical hours for the maternal and child health nursing course, and the
School's proposal initially called for 72 hours of clinical training for that course.
Additional testimony showed only one student had the opportunity to insert an IV in a
clinical setting. Despite the lack of required clinical hours, the School would still send
students on to more advanced courses. These violations go beyond mere paperwork
errors.
          {¶ 35} Regardless of the School's characterization of the seriousness of these
offenses, withdrawal of conditional approval and denial of full approval are undoubtedly
penalties within the range of penalties allowed by the Board's rules and the Board has the
discretion to impose those penalties. R.C. 4723.06; Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-04(B). The
School argues it should have been offered a consent agreement as contemplated in Ohio
Adm.Code 4723-5-04(B)(5) rather than the withdrawal of conditional approval and denial
of full approval. Setting aside the permanency of the penalty, which we will address in our
resolution of the Board's cross-assignment of error, the Board's decision as to penalty
cannot be disturbed on appeal if it is supported by reliable, probative, and substantial
evidence. Little v. State Med. Bd. of Ohio, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-220, 2010-Ohio-5627,
¶ 14, citing Miller v. Columbus City Pub. Schools, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-1082, 2009-Ohio-
2756, ¶ 11, citing State ex rel. Ogan v. Teater, 54 Ohio St.2d 235, 246-47 (1978). Because
reliable, probative, and substantial evidence supports the Board's order finding 16
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                               13


separate violations for the PN program, neither the common pleas court nor this court can
modify the statutorily authorized penalty the Board imposed.
       {¶ 36} The School's second assignment of error is overruled.
VI. Appellant's Third Assignment of Error – Constitutional Challenges
       {¶ 37} The School argues in its third and final assignment of error that the
statutory scheme "is violative of Due Process in that the basis for withdrawal of approval
is unconstitutionally vague [and] results in arbitrary and unreasonable Order
withdrawing [the School's] approval. " (The School's Brief, ii.)
       A. Waiver
       {¶ 38} The Board asserts the School did not raise its void-for-vagueness argument
in the common pleas court. An administrative appellant who fails to raise the issue of the
constitutionality of a statute or its application, which is apparent at the time of trial,
waives those arguments for purposes of appeal. Bailey v. Ohio State Dept. of Transp.,
10th Dist. No. 07AP-849, 2008-Ohio-1513, ¶ 15, citing State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120
(1986), syllabus (stating the "[f]ailure to raise at the trial court level the issue of the
constitutionality of a statute or its application, which issue is apparent at the time of trial,
constitutes a waiver of such issue and a deviation from this state's orderly procedure, and
therefore need not be heard for the first time on appeal"). Thus, the Board argues that
because the School failed to raise its constitutional challenge to the administrative scheme
at the trial court level, it has waived that argument and we need not address it.
       {¶ 39} While the Board is correct that the School did not explicitly raise a void-for-
vagueness argument in the common pleas court, the School raised various, generalized
arguments containing constitutional issues. As relevant here, the School stated in its
notice of appeal to the common pleas court that "[t]he statutory scheme for regulating
nursing schools * * * is unconstitutional as there are no statutory or other standards
establishing the circumstances under which conditional approval should be withdrawn
rendering the action of [the] Board arbitrary, unreasonable and contrary to law." (Aug. 1,
2012 Notice of Appeal, 2.) Although the School did not use the exact phrase "void for
vagueness" to describe its argument, this language approximates the language of a typical
vagueness challenge.
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                          14


      {¶ 40} Still, the School did not elaborate on the substance of this objection in its
briefing to the common pleas court, and the common pleas court did not address whether
the statutory scheme was unconstitutionally vague in its judgment entry. The Board asks
us to find waiver on this basis. See Williams v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 3d
Dist. No. 8-11-18, 2012-Ohio-4659, ¶ 41 (noting an administrative appellant arguably
waives constitutional challenge based on equal protection grounds where the appellant
failed to include any authority in support of that argument in her merit brief to the trial
court); Davis v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. No. 99187, 2013-Ohio-2914, ¶ 16 (an appellate court
could find an appellant has waived an argument on appeal where, although appellant
made reference to an argument in her complaint with the trial court, she did not develop
the argument in her brief submitted before the trial court). While we agree with the
Board that the School did not fully develop the vagueness argument in the common pleas
court, the School throughout the proceedings has consistently advanced some version of
its argument that the consent agreements offered to other nursing education programs
demonstrate there is no objective standard as to when the Board will impose a certain
penalty for a given violation. Though it is unclear whether the School fully argued its
constitutional claims in the common pleas court, this does not present a case of clear
waiver of a constitutional argument, regardless, an appellate court has discretion to
consider constitutional challenges to the application of statutes even where the waiver is
clear. In re M.D., 38 Ohio St.3d 149 (1988), syllabus. Thus, we will address the merits of
the School's vagueness argument.
      B. Constitutionality of Statutory and Regulatory Scheme
      {¶ 41} Even though we conclude the School did not waive this issue, the School's
void-for-vagueness argument lacks merit. The "[v]agueness doctrine is an outgrowth not
of the First Amendment, but of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment." United
States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 304 (2008). "Due process demands that the law give
sufficient warning of what conduct is proscribed so that people may conduct themselves
so as to avoid that which is forbidden." Columbus v. Bahgat, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-943,
2011-Ohio-3315, ¶ 20, citing Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48, 50 (1975). When a party
challenges a statute or rule under the void-for-vagueness doctrine, "the court must
determine whether the enactment (1) provides sufficient notice of its proscriptions to
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           15


facilitate compliance by persons of ordinary intelligence and (2) is specific enough to
prevent official arbitrariness or discrimination in its enforcement." Norwood v. Horney,
110 Ohio St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-3799, ¶ 84, citing Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357
(1983).
       {¶ 42} "The void-for-vagueness doctrine 'does not require statutes to be drafted
with scientific precision.' " Buckley v. Wilkins, 105 Ohio St.3d 350, 2005-Ohio-2166, ¶ 19,
quoting Perez v. Cleveland, 78 Ohio St.3d 376, 378 (1997). Courts should indulge every
reasonable interpretation in favor of finding the statute constitutional. Perez at 378-79.
"A civil statute that does not implicate the First Amendment is unconstitutionally vague
only if it is so vague and indefinite that it sets forth no standard or rule or if it is
substantially incomprehensible." Columbia Gas Transm. Corp. v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d
122, 2008-Ohio-511, ¶ 46. Administrative regulations similarly do not require the same
degree of specificity as criminal statutes. Serednesky at ¶ 16.
       {¶ 43} R.C. 4723.06 governs the powers of the Board in approving and supervising
the operation of nursing education programs. In turn, R.C. 4723.07(B) grants the Board
the authority to adopt rules that establish the "[m]inimum standards for nursing
education programs that prepare graduates to be licensed under this chapter and
procedures for granting, renewing, and withdrawing approval of those programs."
Pursuant to its rulemaking authority, the Board has promulgated various rules to aid in it
supervision of nursing education programs.
       {¶ 44} Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-02 provides in part:

              (A) A program must meet and maintain the requirements set
              forth in this chapter in order to maintain approval by the
              board.

              (B) The board shall evaluate whether a program is meeting
              and maintaining the requirements of this chapter, and shall
              determine a program's approval status in accordance with this
              chapter. The board shall have the authority to review all
              documents retained by the program that are required by this
              chapter.

              (C) Failure to meet and maintain a requirement of this
              chapter shall be considered noncompliance and may affect a
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                  16


            program's approval status, upon action by the board in
            accordance with rule 4723-5-04 of the Administrative Code.

      {¶ 45} Further, Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-04 states in pertinent part:

            (A) The board shall grant full approval status to programs
            holding:

            (1) Full approval, if a program demonstrates to the board that
            it continues to meet and maintain the requirements of this
            chapter;

            (2) Conditional approval, at the first board meeting following
            completion of the survey process required by division (A)(5)
            of section 4723.06 of the Revised Code, provided the program
            demonstrates to the board that it meets and maintains the
            requirements of this chapter;

            (3) Provisional approval, if the program demonstrates to the
            board that it meets and maintains the requirements of this
            chapter.

            (B) The following procedures shall be followed by the board
            when a program does not meet and maintain the
            requirements of this chapter:

            (1) For a program with conditional approval, the board shall
            propose to withdraw conditional approval pursuant to an
            adjudication under Chapter 119. of the Revised Code. The
            adjudication may result in the continuance of conditional
            approval, continuance of conditional approval based on
            compliance with the terms and conditions of a board order or
            consent agreement, or withdrawal of conditional approval;

            (2) For a program with full approval, the board shall place the
            program on provisional approval in accordance with this
            chapter. When a program is placed on provisional approval,
            the board shall specify the requirements the program has not
            met and maintained and shall establish the time period
            during which the program will be on provisional approval.
            The board shall reconsider the program's approval status
            when the program demonstrates to the board that it meets
            and maintains the requirements of this chapter;

            (3) If a program on provisional approval continues to fail to
            meet and maintain the requirements of this chapter at the end
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           17


              of the time period established for provisional approval, the
              board may propose to continue provisional approval for a
              period of time specified by the board or may propose to
              withdraw approval pursuant to an adjudication under Chapter
              119. of the Revised Code. The adjudication may result in the
              continuance of provisional approval, withdrawal of approval,
              or granting of full approval;

              (4) If a program on provisional approval in accordance with
              this chapter demonstrates that an additional requirement is
              not being met and maintained, the board shall propose to
              withdraw approval pursuant to an adjudication under Chapter
              119. of the Revised Code. The adjudication may result in the
              continuance of provisional approval, withdrawal of approval,
              or granting of full approval;

              (5) The board may enter into a consent agreement in lieu of
              conducting an adjudication under this rule that addresses the
              requirements of this chapter not met and maintained.

       {¶ 46} The School asserts that, based on the plain language of the statutes and
accompanying rules, the Board does not have specific criteria for when it will impose
which sanction. Because the sanctions vary in their severity, the School argues the lack of
guidelines as to when each sanction is appropriate renders the statutory and regulatory
scheme unconstitutionally vague.
       {¶ 47} A party "who engages in some conduct that is clearly proscribed cannot
complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to the conduct of others." Village of
Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 495 (1982). See also
State v. Ferguson, 57 Ohio St.3d 176, 177 (1991). Here, the School does not argue that it
did not violate certain provisions of Chapter 4723-5 of the Ohio Administrative Code, nor
does it argue that it did not know certain conduct was prohibited; rather, the School
disagrees with the amount of discretion afforded the Board to impose the penalty of
withdrawal of conditional approval under Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-04(B).
       {¶ 48} The School argues that because there is not an articulable standard as to
when the Board will impose the more severe penalty of withdrawal of approval versus the
less severe approach of entering into a consent agreement, the rule results in ad-hoc and
arbitrary enforcement and is, thus, unconstitutionally vague. In support of its argument,
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                             18


the School points to consent agreements between the Board and other nursing programs
found to be in violation of some of the same rules as the School here.
       {¶ 49} What the School ignores in its argument is that the consent agreements
between the Board and the other nursing education programs do not indicate the Board is
arbitrarily enforcing the statute and rule; rather, they indicate that the Board consistently
takes some disciplinary action against nursing education programs found to be in
violation of the Board's rules. As we noted in our resolution of the School's second
assignment of error, the Board has available to it a wide range of possible penalties to
impose, including entering into a consent agreement or withdrawal of conditional
approval and denial of full approval. The School does not assert that the Board was
without authority to impose any one of these penalties; it just disagrees with the precise
sanction the Board chose.
       {¶ 50} Moreover, the School's argument ignores the important role the Board must
play in considering the specific factual circumstances of each case before selecting the
appropriate penalty. By way of analogy, we look to the discretion given to trial court
judges in criminal sentencing. "[I]n imposing sentence, the assessment of and weight
given to mitigating evidence are within the trial court's discretion." State v. Powell, 132
Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, ¶ 230, citing State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 171 (1990).
" '[T]he weight, if any, to assign a given factor is a matter for the discretion of the
individual decisionmaker.' " Id., quoting State v. Fox, 69 Ohio St.3d 183, 193 (1994).
       {¶ 51} Here, there is little dispute as to whether the School committed these
violations, and the School does not argue the Board lacked the authority to impose the
sanctions of withdrawal of conditional approval or denial of full approval.
       {¶ 52} Although the School argues the Board treated it differently from other
nursing education programs found to have violated the same administrative code
provisions by offering consent agreements to those programs rather than withdrawal of
approval to operate, the School does not suggest those violations included the same
flagrant conduct at issue here. The factual findings of the hearing examiner, as affirmed
by the Board and the common pleas court, show the sometimes egregious conduct on the
part of the School and an inability to improve the situation throughout the numerous
survey visits. The fact that other nursing education programs received different penalties
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           19


than the School does not render the statutory and regulatory scheme vague where the
factual record is distinct for each nursing education program. The School points to no
authority to suggest it received constitutionally intolerable treatment from the Board
when the Board withdrew the School's conditional approval and denied the School's full
approval as authorized by R.C. 4723.06 and Ohio Adm.Code 4723-5-04.
       {¶ 53} Generally, where the sanction imposed by an administrative agency is
within the range of permissible sanctions provided by law, we are without authority to
modify that sanction. Little at ¶ 23. Even where an administrative appellant alleges some
sort of disparate treatment and produces evidence of other cases where the party received
a less serious penalty for a more serious offense, the trial court does not err in affirming
the penalty imposed by the agency so long as the agency's findings merit the imposed
penalty. Graor v. State Med. Bd., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-72, 2004-Ohio-6529, ¶ 34-36,
discussing Urban v. State Med. Bd., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-426, 2004-Ohio-104, ¶ 22.
       {¶ 54} The statute and rules governing the Board appropriately accord discretion
to the Board in determining various penalties. That scheme is not unconstitutionally
vague, nor does it suffer any other less-specific constitutional infirmity the School may
allege. The possible penalties of withdrawal of conditional approval and denial of full
approval are clearly stated in the statute and accompanying rule, and, as stated above,
were warranted here. Thus, we overrule the School's third assignment of error.
VII. Appellee's Cross-Assignment of Error – Permanency of Sanction
       {¶ 55} In its sole cross-assignment of error, the Board argues the common pleas
court erred in modifying its imposed penalties to remove the permanent nature of the
penalties.
       {¶ 56} As a preliminary matter, the Board asserts the School did not specifically
object to the permanent nature of the penalty imposed by the Board. Because the School
did not object, the Board argues the school waived any error with regard to permanency of
penalty and the trial court erred in sua sponte modifying the penalty. In reviewing an
administrative order under R.C. Chapter 119, the common pleas court is charged with
ensuring the administrative order is in accordance with law. Conrad at 110-11.
       {¶ 57} The common pleas court reviewed the Board's orders and considered
whether the Board had the statutory authority to impose a permanent penalty. Thus, we
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                               20


do not agree with the Board that the School waived this issue, nor do we agree that the
trial court erred in addressing whether the Board had the statutory authority to impose its
chosen sanction.
       {¶ 58} Moving to the merits of the cross-appeal, the Board argues it had authority
under R.C. 4723.28(K) to specify that its penalty was permanent. The Board has only
those powers explicitly delegated by statute and must operate within the limitations
contained within its enabling statutes. Shell v. Ohio Veterinary Med. Licensing Bd., 105
Ohio St.3d 420, 2005-Ohio-2423, ¶ 32, citing Johnson's Mkts., Inc. v. New Carlisle Dept.
of Health, 58 Ohio St.3d 28, 36 (1991). Further, if the Board imposes a sanction that is
within its statutory authority, courts have no authority to reverse or modify it. ATS Inst.
of Technology v. Ohio Bd. of Nursing, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-385, 2012-Ohio-6030, ¶ 41,
citing Roy v. State Med. Bd., 80 Ohio App.3d 675, 683 (10th Dist.1992).
       {¶ 59} R.C. 4723.28(K) states: "When the [B]oard refuses to grant a license or
certificate to an applicant, revokes a license or certificate, or refuses to reinstate a license
or certificate, the [B]oard may specify that its action is permanent. An individual subject
to permanent action taken by the [B]oard is forever ineligible to hold a license or
certificate of the type that was refused or revoked and the [B]oard shall not accept from
the individual an application for reinstatement of the license or certificate or for a new
license or certificate." The Board argues that although R.C. 4723.06(A) does not use the
term "license" to describe the authority of a nursing education program to operate, a
"license" is clearly what the statute contemplates.
       {¶ 60} In concluding the Board lacked the authority to make its sanction
permanent, the trial court relied on this court's decision in ATS Inst. of Technology. In
that case, we concluded that while R.C. 4723.06(A) permits the Board to continue
provisional approval, withdraw provisional approval, or grant full approval of a nursing
education program, that statute does not "provide the [B]oard with authority to establish
a period of time during which appellant can be barred from re-applying for approval of
its" program. ATS Inst. of Technology at ¶ 42.
       {¶ 61} In ATS Inst. of Technology, the Board withdrew provisional approval and
denied full approval and further imposed a two-year time limit before the nursing
education program could reapply for approval. This court determined R.C. 4723.06(A)
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                           21


does not confer actual authority for a time limit, nor does it confer the implied authority
to impose a time limit on when the nursing education program could reapply for
approval. Id. at ¶ 43.
       {¶ 62} Here, the Board argues reliance on ATS Inst. of Technology is misplaced
because that case did not contemplate the effect of R.C. 4723.28(K). The trial court
concluded, however, that R.C. 4723.28(K) is inapplicable, and we agree. By its express
terms, R.C. 4723.28(K) applies to individuals. It makes no mention of nursing education
programs.    Though the Board urges us to construe a nursing education program's
authority to operate as an implicit license, the plain language of the governing statutes do
not support such a conclusion. R.C. 4723.06 grants the Board the authority to regulate
and grant approval to what it describes as "prelicensure nursing education programs"
which "include, but are not limited to, diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree,
master's degree, and doctor of nursing programs leading to initial licensure to practice
nursing as a registered nurse and practical nurse programs leading to initial licensure to
practice nursing as a licensed practical nurse." (Emphasis added.) R.C. 4723.06(A)(5).
Further, R.C. 4723.07(B) grants the Board the authority to adopt rules that establish
"[m]inimum standards for nursing education programs that prepare graduates to be
licensed under this chapter." (Emphasis added.) Taken together, it is clear from the
statutory scheme that individuals apply for nursing licenses after completing education at
a prelicensure nursing education program. All other references to a "license," "licenses"
or "certificates" refer to individuals as well. R.C. 4723.06(A)(2) and (3).
       {¶ 63} The Board nonetheless argues the School must have had a "license" because
if it did not, then R.C. 119.06 would not provide the School with a right to a hearing.
However, R.C. 4723.06(A)(6) expressly provides that if a nursing education program has
conditional approval but does not receive full approval from the Board, then "the board
shall hold an adjudication under Chapter 119. of the Revised Code." Thus, the Board's
argument that the School had a "license" as that term is used in Chapter 119 of the Ohio
Revised Code is unpersuasive.
       {¶ 64} Because the plain language of both R.C. 4723.06 and 4723.28(K) provides
that the Board's authority to make a penalty permanent applies only to individuals and
not to nursing education programs, the trial court did not err in concluding the Board
Nos. 13AP-1020 and 13AP-1021                                                         22


lacked the authority to make its penalty permanent.        We do not read the statutes
governing nursing education programs as granting an implied "license" or "certificate" of
operation to prelicensure nursing education programs subject to permanent revocation
under R.C. 4723.28(K). To the extent the Board argues that if ever there was a case
supporting permanent withdrawal of conditional approval and permanent denial of full
approval it is this case, we note that unless and until the General Assembly grants the
Board such authority, we are bound by our previous holding in ATS Inst. of Technology.
Accordingly, we overrule the Board's sole cross-assignment of error.
VIII. Disposition
      {¶ 65} Based on the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in affirming the
Board's orders as to the violations and in modifying the penalties to remove the
permanency condition. Having overruled the School's three assignments of error and the
Board's sole cross-assignment of error, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                       Judgment affirmed.


                           KLATT and CONNOR, JJ., concur.
