264 F.3d 126 (1st Cir. 2001)
BERNARD DREIBLATT, ET AL., TRUSTEES OF THE SHIPWAY PLACE CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, Plaintiffs, Appellants,v.ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE CO., Defendant, Appellee.
No. 01-1037
United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
Heard Aug. 3, 2001Decided September 10, 2001

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Judge]
Dana A. Curhan, with whom William T. Kennedy and Robert A. Koditek were on brief for appellants.
Susan J. Condon, with whom Clausen Miller P.C. was on brief for  appellee.
Before Boudin, Chief Judge, Gibson,* Senior Circuit Judge, and Torruella, Circuit Judge.
TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.


1
The Shipway Place Condominium  ("Shipway") suffered extensive roof damage which appellants1 attribute  to a particularly heavy snowstorm that fell in the Boston area on  April 1, 1997.  Appellee St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company  (St. Paul) denied coverage after concluding that: (i) no "collapse" had  occurred, as required by the insurance policy; and (ii) any collapse  that did occur was not caused by the heavy snow, but resulted from  corrosion damage explicitly excluded by the policy.  Appellants brought  suit for breach of contract.  The district court granted summary  judgment to St. Paul.  Dreiblatt v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.,  No. 99-11334-DPW, at 27 (D. Mass. Dec. 7, 2000).  This appeal followed. We agree with the district court's determination that no "collapse"  occurred under Massachusetts law, and affirm on that basis.

BACKGROUND

2
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, with the facts  taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.  Coyne v. Taber Partners I, 53 F.3d 454, 457 (1st Cir. 1995).  The material  facts, which we review here, are essentially undisputed.2


3
Shipway Place is a nine building condominium complex in  Charlestown, Massachusetts.  The roofs of all nine buildings are flat,  with a structure consisting of wood trusses supported by wood and metal  webs and covered with plywood sheathing.  The roof exterior is covered  with a rubber membrane weighed down by stones for ballast.  The ceiling  of the top unit in each apartment building is made of plaster attached  directly to the roof structure.


4
Shipway's insurance policy is provided by St. Paul.  The policy insures "against the risk of direct physical loss or damage  involving collapse of a building or any part of a building" due to  causes including the "weight of ice and snow or sleet."  The policy  does not define the term "collapse," but provides that "[c]ollapse  doesn't include settling, cracking, bulging, shrinking, or expansion." The policy also specifically denies coverage for loss "caused or made  worse" by "wear and tear" or "deterioration, mold, wet or dry rot, rust  or corrosion."


5
On April 1, 1997, a heavy snow fell on Boston.  Following the  storm, the owners of Shipway Unit 33 returned to their condominium to  discover that their living room ceiling was "hanging down a couple of  inches."  The ceiling was repaired in September 1997 and St. Paul paid  for the damage.3


6
During the course of repairing the roof to Unit 33, Shipway  discovered extensive damage to its internal support structure.  The  engineering firm of Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger (SGH) was hired to  investigate the problem further.  In the course of its investigation,  SGH found that several of the metal trusses in the roof to Unit 33 were  "failed and severely corroded," and that the problem extended to roof  supports in many of the other units.  In a November 18, 1997 report,  SGH warned that "a collapse of the roof structure is possible."  Based  on further study, in July 1998, Shipway gave notice to St. Paul that it  sought to claim damage to all nine buildings based on the April 1997  snowstorm.  St. Paul denied the claim.


7
Four other entities evaluated Shipway's roof damage after  SGH.  In November 1998, city inspector Jay Duca evaluated the ceilings  of Units 32 and 34.  He concluded that at least some parts of the roof  system had rusted and deteriorated, and issued a citation warning the  unit owners that the ceilings needed to be repaired.  In deposition  testimony, Duca indicated that he did not feel that a collapse had  occurred prior to his visit; however, he testified that he had warned  owners that "there was a danger of a collapse of the roof."  He also  noted that "it looked like there was some deflection [in the roof], but  [that the deflection] could have been normal."


8
Also in November 1998, Shipway hired engineering firm C.I.D.  Associates (CID) to provide a second opinion.  A CID report indicated  findings of deterioration, collapse, flaking and de-lamination of metal  webbing, sagging or failure of the plywood roof deck, and collapse of  the ceiling onto the floor in various units.4  The report's author, Paul  O'Connor, testified only that he observed puddles of water on some of  the roofs, and that such "ponding" may suggest a sagging roof  structure.


9
In January 1999, Medeiros Property Management Consulting  conducted "deflection readings" on all of the Shipway units.5  A number  of the deflections measured exceeded that allowable under the  Massachusetts Building Code (3/16 of an inch) but none of the  measurements showed deflection of greater than one inch.  Based on  these deflection readings, expert Rene Mugnier testified that one could  conclude from the deflection readings that there had been a complete  collapse of the plywood deck resulting from the snowstorm.  Mugnier did  not base his deduction on any legal definition of the word "collapse."


10
Lastly, Wiss, Janney and Elster Associates (WJE), an  engineering firm retained by St. Paul, examined the roof systems in  1999 while they were being repaired.  In a May 14, 1999 report  evaluating three of the units, WJE determined that although there had  been differing amounts of corrosion within the roof, and "some  deflection of the roof system" due to load redistribution, the "load  redistribution and the associated deflections do not constitute a  collapse."  In later reports, WJE indicated that its evaluation of the  remaining units was "generally consistent" with this conclusion.


11
The district court, relying on Clendenning v. Worcester Ins.  Co., 700 N.E.2d 846 (Mass. App. Ct. 1998), concluded that there had  been no collapse under Massachusetts law.  Dreiblatt, No. 99-11334-DPW,  at 17.  The court held that a collapse "must include a sudden and  completed event that results in a noticeably altered appearance."  Id. at 16.  In other words, under Massachusetts law, a collapse has three  elements: suddenness, a perceptible change in appearance, and  completeness.  The court also held that evidence of internal  deterioration within the roof structure was insufficient under Clendenning, given that the roof still performed its basic functions:


12
[A collapse] must result in some significant  primary . . . element of the structure becoming  disengaged or falling down so that it no longer  is performing its characteristic function in the  building.  The requirements of a "collapse"  cannot be satisfied by mere "flaking" or  "bending," nor may it be satisfied by  compression, shifting, sagging, or "deflection"  of a few inches.  The breakdown of subsidiary  elements such as several metal webs is not in  itself sufficient to constitute a collapse. Id. at 16-17; see also id. at 12 ("[T]he Clendenning opinion . . . cannot support the proposition that an arguably sagging  roof, or deteriorating support system that had become structurally  unsound but had not fallen in or become detached from the pertinent  structures, is a 'collapse.'").


13
The court also determined that St. Paul had not abandoned the  policy's definition of "collapse" by either evidentiary admission or  estoppel, id. at 17-21,6 and that even if there had been a collapse, it  resulted not from the heavy snowstorm but from long-term wear and tear  (corrosion) explicitly excluded by the St. Paul policy, id. at 27.7

DISCUSSION

14
Appellants do not challenge the facts recited by the district  court in making its determination, nor do they argue with the district  court's use of Clendenning as the source of the Massachusetts law of  collapse.  Instead, they make a two-prong argument.  First, they  suggest that the district court's refusal to consider an unseen failure  of structural elements within an enclosed roof system to be a potential  "collapse" was erroneous.  Appellants argue that "a loss of structural  integrity coupled with some movement or alteration of the appearance of  a portion of the building" could indeed be a collapse under  Massachusetts law.  Second, they argue that under this revised  definition, they introduced sufficient facts to survive summary  judgment: (i) that structural elements within the Shipway roof failed  and in some instances became detached; (ii) that ceilings sagged  perceptibly; (iii) that there were measurable deflection readings; and  (iv) that there was "ponding" on roof surfaces.


15
We are not persuaded.  Appellants do not challenge the  district court's requirement that the collapse result in a "noticeably  altered physical appearance."  Id. at 16; see also Clendenning, 700  N.E.2d at 660 (requiring "a visual element of altered appearance that  comprises a structural collapse, distinct from the degenerative process  causing the collapse").  In fact, appellants' own definition  contemplates that there be "some movement or alteration of the appearance of a portion of the building" (emphasis added).  Moreover,  in support of their position, they claim that there was "a clear visual  element of altered appearance."  The district court found that  appellants had adduced no evidence of externally observable changes in  the roof's appearance, and our review of the record confirms this  determination.


16
First, there is no evidence that any roof (other than that  of Unit 33) sagged perceptibly to the naked eye.  Not only have  appellants not pointed us towards any testimony of perceptible sagging  in their appellate brief, but our careful review of the various  engineering reports in the record has not discerned any such testimony. As the district court pointed out, with the exception of Unit 33,  "there is no evidence that any resident complained of, or even noticed,  any damage to a ceiling."  Second, although the roof deflection was  measurable using a specialized apparatus called a "story pole," and was  significant enough in some cases to violate the Massachusetts building  code, appellants have not suggested that a deflection of less than one  inch can be perceived without engineering knowledge and equipment.  We  agree with the district court that, as a matter of law, a deflection of  less than one inch is insufficient to create a "noticeably altered  physical appearance" in the building.  The policy's exclusion of  "settling, cracking, bulging, shrinking or expansion" from the  definition of a collapse further supports the determination that deminimus deflection does not meet the legal definition of collapse. Third, although there may have been observable post-snowstorm "ponding"  on the Shipway roofs, appellants have introduced no evidence that the  "ponding" is a post-collapse phenomenon.  A collapse requires that  there have been a change in appearance; lacking any evidence that the  "ponding" observed in 1999 had not always occurred on the allegedly  "previously flat" roofs, this evidentiary requirement is not met.


17
Appellants also argue that under Clendenning, the relevant  changes to the roof's appearance may occur within the space between the  ceiling and the outer roof.  To this end, appellants point to evidence  of observable damage to the roof's internal support structure not  revealed until workers entered that space to make repairs.  We can  posit a situation in which the elements of Clendenning are satisfied,  but no damage is visible either from within the apartment itself or  from outside the building: for example, if many of the metal pieces  comprising the roof's internal support structure detached from one  another, yet somehow the outer roof and ceiling remained intact as an  apparently unchanged "shell" with no ability to support any weight. Such was not the case here.  At best, appellants introduced evidence  that several of the metal supports had become detached, and that others  were corroded, but that most remained in place.  Moreover, the  evidence, even when viewed in the most favorable light to the  appellant, indicates that the outer roof and ceiling were more than a  "shell," and were in fact capable of supporting normal roof loads. Even if Clendenning allows hidden changes such as these as sufficient  visual evidence of a collapse, it requires a more complete  deterioration than is revealed in the evidence submitted here.  Id. at  661 ("The hidden destructive process must run its full course to be  insurable. . . .  There are no degrees of collapse.").


18
This concludes our analysis.  Even if the district court  offered a narrower definition of collapse than that provided for by  Massachusetts law in Clendenning, appellants have not introduced  sufficient evidence to satisfy that aspect of the definition with which  they agree, nor have they placed any material facts sufficiently at  issue to require a jury trial.  Summary judgment was therefore  appropriate.


19
Affirmed.



Notes:


*
   Of the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.


1
   Appellants are individual trustees of the Shipway Place Condominium  Association.  Throughout the opinion, we refer interchangeably to the  condominium and the appellants as "Shipway."


2
   In their brief to this Court, appellants rely on the facts as set  forth by the district court in its memorandum and order.


3
   There is some dispute over whether this payment was to cover damages  caused by the April snowstorm.  Dreiblatt, No. 99-11334-DPW, at 2-3. The district court assumed that it was for purposes of summary  judgment, id. at 3, and we do the same.


4
   Appellants have submitted no other evidence indicating that any  ceilings had collapsed to the floor.  The district court held that, to  the extent the CID report was offered to support factual allegations  about the physical state of the building, it was inadmissible hearsay. Dreiblatt, No. 99-11334-DPW, at 5.  Appellants have not challenged this  conclusion, and do not rely on the report in their appeal.


5
   A "deflection reading" indicates the amount of sag in a roof  structure.


6
   Appellants do not challenge this holding on appeal.


7
   Appellants also challenge this aspect of the district court's  holding.  We affirm without having to reach the question of causation.


