                               SECOND DIVISION
                                ANDREWS, P. J.,
                            MILLER and BRANCH, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                  November 20, 2015




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A1192. DORITY v. THE STATE.

      BRANCH, Judge.

      Demarkius Dority appeals his conviction and sentence on counts of aggravated

sodomy, aggravated child molestation, and child molestation and on three counts of

enticing a child for indecent purposes in a case involving two victims. Dority was

sentenced to 45 years with 35 to serve. On appeal, he contends the trial court erred

by admitting certain evidence over objection; he also contends his trial counsel was

ineffective for several reasons, including his failure to obtain and review the victims’

DFCS and juvenile court records, therapy records, school records, and pediatric

records and his failure to seek funds to obtain expert witnesses. Finally, Dority has

moved to remand the case and order the trial court to review those records and for
funds to obtain an expert to review them. For the reasons that follow, we affirm

Dority’s conviction and deny the motion to remand.

      When the appellate courts review the sufficiency of the evidence, they do not

“re-weigh the evidence” or resolve conflicts in the testimony; instead they defer “to

the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of the evidence.” Greeson v. State,

287 Ga. 764, 765 (700 SE2d 344) (2010) (citations omitted). See also Glaze v. State,

317 Ga. App. 679, 680-681 (1) (732 SE2d 771) (2012) (footnote omitted). Appellate

courts determine whether “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III)

(B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979) (citations omitted).

      As for the first victim, the evidence presented at trial showed that when Dority

was married to Erlande (a/k/a Minnie) Dority, who had two daughters from a prior

relationship, Dority approached M. D. — Erlande’s then nine-year-old daughter —

as she was drying her hair after taking a shower; he put a towel over her face, led her

to a bedroom, and had anal intercourse with her when no one else was at home.1 The


      1
        At the time, M. D. lived in Dority’s home with her mother, her sister T., and
her stepsister K. D.

                                          2
child testified that Dority performed this act with her on multiple occasions in

different rooms; she gave a detailed description of these assaults, including that

Dority would make her take off her clothes before the incidents; and she testified that

his actions hurt her and made her feel bad emotionally. She added that Dority would

sometimes use a lotion that had a name beginning with an “A” as a lubricant; that he

sometimes put his green and blue bathrobe over her head instead of a towel; and that

he would wash her afterwards with wipes. She also gave testimony to the effect that

he forced her to give him oral sex on at least one occasion. On cross examination,2

Dority’s public defender established that M. D. first made an outcry as she was about

to get a spanking and that she did not tell anyone other than her mother and

grandmother about the alleged abuse during the following ten days while she was in

Florida with her mother and sister.

      Erlande testified that on or about September 19, 2011, as she was about to give

a spanking to M. D. for riding the bus to a neighbor’s house without permission and

as Dority urged Erlande not to spank the child, M. D. started to try to tell her mother

about Dority’s actions. Erlande testified that the child was not clear and she therefore

      2
       Because Dority has several claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we
have included the highlights of trial counsel’s cross examination of the State’s
witnesses.

                                           3
proceeded with the spanking, after which the child made clear that Dority had

touched her in a bad way. Erlande took M. D. and her sister for a ride in a car and

parked; Erlande testified that at that point, the child reported that on more than one

occasion over the previous two weeks Dority had put a towel over her head, led her

to her stepsister’s room, and put something in her butt that felt like it was in her

stomach, that hurt, and that made her cry. Erlande drove home, had the girls pack

some belongings, and drove them all to meet with Joyce Drayton, Dority’s mother,

with whom Erlande was friends; M. D. told Drayton that Dority would put a towel

over her head and give her a “checkup” on the bed. Erlande and her two daughters

stayed at a hotel that night. Erlande testified that she had planned to fly to her best

friend’s wedding in Florida the next day without her daughters, but instead she

skipped the flight and drove to Florida with her daughters and attended the wedding.

As she was returning from Florida 10 days later, Erlande sent a text message to Dority

that stated “I am relocating out of state and I wish you the best. Wish it ended in other

ways and when you requested the divorce, we should have signed it. Too late now.”

When she and the girls got back from Florida, Erlande took the girls to a hotel, and

the next morning Erlande went to work and the girls went to school. That day,



                                           4
September 29, 2011, Erlande left work early to intercept the girls coming home from

school, took them to the motel, and later called the police.

      Trial counsel cross-examined Erlande primarily on the fact that there were

some discrepancies in the evidence regarding in which room the child said the

incidents occurred; the fact that M. D.’s sister T. D. had once sent pictures of herself

to a 17-year-old male and that she was viewing pornography on a computer; the fact

that Erlande did not call the police for 10 days after

the child’s initial outcry and went to Florida during that time; and on the fact that she

sent the girls to school after returning from Florida before calling the police.

      After Erlande made a report, Detective Christopher Bertera met with her and

then contacted a children’s hospital to set up a forensic interview for M. D., which

occurred on October 7, 2011. Bertera observed that interview on closed circuit

television. A redacted form of that interview was authenticated by Bertera, admitted

into evidence, and played for the jury, but the interviewer did not testify. In the

interview, the child gave very similar testimony about Dority’s actions as she did at

trial, including significant detail about exactly what happened. The video reflects that

the interviewer asked open-ended and non-leading questions throughout.



                                           5
      Bertera then interviewed Dority and later searched his house pursuant to a

warrant. A redacted video recording of the Dority interview was played for the jury.

The detective also testified that he tried to set up an additional meeting with Dority

but that Dority cancelled, saying that his wife had been in a bad accident and was

being rushed to the hospital. At a subsequent meeting with Dority, and after reading

Dority his Miranda rights, the detective confronted Dority about his excuse for

cancelling the second meeting and accused him of lying. Dority responded that his

wife had chosen not to go the hospital and that, instead, he had to handle some related

insurance matters.

      When officers searched Dority’s home they recovered a bottle of almond oil

from a kitchen table, a container of Vaseline cocoa butter lotion, and a blue and green

striped bathrobe from the master bedroom; the officers also took a photograph of a

box of baby wipes. Dority was arrested and placed in jail on November 18, 2011.

Trial counsel cross-examined Bertera about how Bertera did not run any forensic

testing on Dority’s cell phone; how he did not take fingerprints from the bottle of

almond oil; how Erlande and M. D. were in Florida for ten days between the outcry

and calling the police; how there was evidence that M. D.’s sister had been texting

an older boy and looking at pornography; how there was an error in Bertera’s report

                                          6
regarding the room in which the incidents occurred; how Dority was under no legal

obligation to appear at the second scheduled meeting with Bertera; and how Dority

cooperated with the investigation.

      Kelley Gaskin, a pediatric nurse practitioner with significant experience in

evaluating and treating children suspected of being victims of sexual and physical

abuse, was qualified at trial as an expert in child sexual abuse. She testified that on

October 7, 2011, after M. D.’s forensic interview, she gave M. D. a medical exam in

connection with the allegations against Dority. Gaskin reported that the child

complained of pain and bleeding following bowel movements, but the physical exam

did not show any injuries related to the allegations against Dority; Gaskin noted,

however, that most such injuries would heal within 72 hours. Trial counsel cross-

examined Gaskin on how a person who had not suffered the alleged crimes would

also present with a normal exam.

      The second victim, C. S., is the child of Chad Spriggs and Loria Rogers.

Spriggs was married to Tressa Spriggs, and, at the time of the allegations described

below, the Spriggs and Rogers families were in a custody dispute regarding C. S. that

concerned whether Rogers could properly care for the child given her job as a truck



                                          7
driver. Rogers, who previously had been in a relationship with Dority, had a child

with Dority named S. D. Thus, C. S. and S. D. were half sisters.

      C. S., age six at the time of the incidents, testified that she and her half-sister

S. D. frequently went to Dority’s house3 to play. C. S. testified that on occasion,

Dority showed pornographic movies in his bedroom with the child in the bed with

him and that, during the movie, Dority touched her privates under her underwear with

his hand and it made her “feel like hell.” At times, Dority would also join the child

in the shower and bathe her, including her privates. Trial counsel cross examined C.

S. on whether anyone else ever gave her a bath at Dority’s house and on how C. S.

did not like living with her mother, i.e., Rogers.

       Tressa Spriggs testified that on September 23, 2012, C. S. made an outcry to

her; Dority had been in jail for over 10 months at this time based on the charges

related to M. D. In this outcry, C. S. told her stepmother that her half-sister S. D. had

been “messing with her and touching her” and that Dority had touched her as well;

that Dority showed her pornography and told her that, like the girls in the video, she

should like it too; and that when asked where she had been touched, C. S. pointed to

her privates. On cross examination, Tressa admitted that C. S. had also accused a

      3
          This was apparently the same house where M. D. lived.

                                           8
different man, “Uncle D,” of showing her movies and touching her at some time in

the past and that she had never recanted those allegations. On redirect, Tressa testified

for the State that she never coached C. S. on what to say. Trial counsel did not

directly rebut this testimony about coaching C. S., but he raised an implication that

she had by getting Tressa to admit that Rogers and the Spriggs family were involved

a custody dispute over C. S.

      Chad Spriggs testified that on several occasions in late 2010 and 2011, he

noticed that C. S. was troubled about something and would cry and say that someone

had touched her but little else. After the child’s statement to his wife, Spriggs

contacted DFCS, but DFCS took no action. On cross examination, Spriggs admitted

that he and Rogers were in a custody dispute about C. S. at the time of the outcry; that

C. S. would sometimes make similar allegations then back off and say that the

incident did not happen; and that C. S. had made unrecanted allegations that Uncle

D. had touched her improperly.

      On December 4, 2012, more than two months after C. S. made the outcry to

Tressa, Chad Spriggs took C. S. to the Douglas County Sheriff’s Office. The child

then reported essentially the same incidents described above during a forensic

interview by Investigator Cindy West; a redacted portion of the video of the interview

                                           9
was played for the jury. West testified about the proper techniques of forensic

interviewing of a child victim. Trial counsel cross-examined West and established

that West did not interview M. D., S. D., or Tressa Spriggs; that C. S. reported that

she had never seen Dority naked; that C. S. was reporting about incidents that had

occurred over a year before her outcry when she was only six years old; and that the

child’s mother and father were in a custody dispute at the time of the outcry.

      The State also presented the testimony of L. D., who the defendant adopted

when he married L. D.’s mother when L. D. was a young girl, to testify regarding a

similar transaction. L. D., age 28 at the time of trial, testified that on two or three

occasions when she was about 10 years old, Dority would call her into the bathroom,

have her take off her clothes, and check her private area to see if she had cleaned

herself correctly. He would make her sit on the counter facing the mirror and use her

hands to show him inside her vagina. On the last occasion, he asked if she felt

uncomfortable and whether she “felt like he would molest” her; L. D. responded,

“yes,” and Dority did not repeat the behavior thereafter. Trial counsel cross-examined

L. D. on how she had a good relationship with her father otherwise; on how Dority

never touched her improperly; and on how she never saw him improperly touch any

other children and how no other child ever said he had done so.

                                          10
      With regard to M. D., Dority was indicted on counts of aggravated sodomy and

aggravated child molestation and on two counts of enticing a child for indecent

purposes. With regard to C. S., he was indicted on counts of child molestation and

enticing a child for indecent purposes. Following a trial by jury in June 2013, in

which Dority did not testify and presented no witnesses or other evidence, Dority was

convicted on all counts.

      Post Trial Motions

      Dority filed a motion for new trial, and upon obtaining appellate counsel, filed

amended motions for new trial, sought a continuance of the hearing on the motion for

new trial, and filed motions requesting that the court issue a subpoena or court order

directing the production of the victims’ DFCS and juvenile court records, therapy

records, school records, and pediatric records for an in camera review by the court.

Dority sought a court order based on the belief that if he were to serve subpoenas for

the records himself, the record holders would file motions to quash, thus ultimately

necessitating a court order. Dority sought the records in connection with his assertion

that trial counsel “was ineffective for not requesting record access for the two alleged

victims to promote defense case theories and challenge witness credibility.” Dority

stated that he sought the records for the purpose of “substantive use by counsel and

                                          11
defense experts, and for purposes of impeaching the alleged victims’ credibility” so

that he could prove the prejudice prong of his claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel. Dority also moved for county funds to retain an expert medical practitioner

and an expert child psychologist to review any records of the victims that he might

obtain via court order and to give testimony at the hearing on the motion for new trial.

      The court held two hearings regarding Dority’s discovery motions during

which trial counsel testified about his decisions not to seek discovery of the records

at issue and not to seek funds for expert witnesses. At the close of the second hearing,

Dority’s appellate counsel argued to the court,

      [T]here’s no question that when we’re trying to get these records, it is
      speculative to a certain extent. I don’t know what is going to be in these
      records, but the law is crystal clear under OCGA § 49-5-41, [that] the
      Court will perform an in camera inspection upon request for an issue
      that may . . . be determinative of the issue before the Court.


Later, having no decision from the court on the discovery motions or on a pending

motion for a continuance, Dority’s appellate counsel served subpoenas on the targets

of his discovery requests and demanded that the records be produced and the relevant

witnesses appear at the upcoming hearing on the motion for new trial. Meanwhile, on

June 12 and 13, 2014, the court denied Dority’s motions for the court to issue post-

                                          12
trial subpoenas and for post-verdict expert witness funds. At the beginning of the

hearing on the motion for new trial, the court refused to allow Dority to use or file

documents that had been produced in response to Dority’s own subpoenas on the

ground that the court had already ruled on Dority’s discovery motions.

      Hearing on the Motion for New Trial

      The court then held a two-day hearing on the motion for new trial. At the

hearing on the motion for new trial, Dority presented the additional evidence

described below, including three witnesses, evidence regarding a recording of C. S.’s

initial outcry, a forensic report regarding C. S., and other evidence.

      Loria Rogers, C. S.’s mother, testified that she had a conversation with C. S.

in which the child denied that Dority touched her but said he was “about to” or

“almost did,” and that “Teresa” (apparently meaning Tressa Spriggs) told her that

other girls had been touched, which conversation Rogers audio taped; that Tressa

hated Rogers and had a motive to obtain custody of C. S.; that the child loved Dority

and called him “Dad”; that the DFCS investigations triggered by the Spriggses

yielded no results; that C. S. enjoyed Dority’s company and never claimed Dority

touched her prior to the time that Rogers lost custody to the Spriggses; and that the

child had not seen Dority for almost two years before the outcry.

                                          13
       Joyce Drayton testified that when Erlande brought M. D. to her home following

the child’s initial outcry, Erlande seemed more concerned with her trip to Florida than

the child’s allegations and that when the child spoke to Drayton, she would not look

Drayton in the eye. But she also testified that the child told her that Dority had

touched her inappropriately and that he had had sex with her. Drayton told Erlande

to do what was right for the child and to take her to the doctor to have her examined.

       L. D., who was present at Dority’s first appearance hearing on November 21,

2011, testified that Erlande Dority told the magistrate at that hearing that M. D. had

made up the allegations because she wanted to go on the trip to Florida with her

mother and that the allegations were not true. A newspaper article from the following

day appears to corroborate that retraction. But neither L. D. nor any other witness

testified at trial to this recantation by Erlande. L. D. testified that trial counsel never

questioned her prior to the trial about her knowledge of the case; they exchanged only

pleasantries.

       Although at trial, the Spriggses testified about how C. S. made an outcry to

them and mentioned that they recorded the outcry, the recording was not introduced

into evidence. Trial counsel testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial that

he received the audio from the State on the Friday before the Monday trial, that he

                                            14
reviewed it, and that he decided to try to keep it out of the evidence because, although

some portions of the audio might have been helpful to his case, overall the audio was

very prejudicial to the defense. At trial, trial counsel objected on the grounds of the

late production and the prejudicial effect and stated that he hadn’t had enough time

to review it; the audio was not admitted but the Spriggses were allowed to testify

about the child’s outcry. Trial counsel testified that the audio also revealed that the

Spriggs did most of the talking, that the Spriggs’ questioning of C. S. was very

suggestive and leading, and that Tressa, not C. S., first mentioned the possibility that

Dority had touched C. S.

      In January 2013, Julie C. Medlin, a licensed psychologist, evaluated C. S. and

prepared a report entitled Forensic Sexual Trauma Evaluation (the “Medlin Report”)

at the request of Chad Spriggs’s attorney. Some time before trial, an unknown person

left a copy of the report in trial counsel’s office. Trial counsel, however, was not sure

he was supposed to have the report; he thought that it might be protected by a

privilege, and he did not present a copy to the State or reveal that he had it. He

testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial that he did use information he

learned from reading the report to ask several cross examination questions of various

witnesses. Trial counsel admitted that he could have raised with the court whether the

                                           15
report was privileged but that he “didn’t want to have to, quite frankly, get into all

that.”

         Finally, Dority presented other testimony about other aspects of the trial that

will be discussed below. Following the hearing on the motion for new trial, the court

denied the motion in a detailed order, and Dority filed the present appeal.

         1. Dority does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. But the State

presented evidence that Dority molested three young girls, the two victims and L. D.,

each of whom was at the time of the incidents the young daughter of a woman with

whom Dority was or had been involved in a romantic relationship. And the victims

themselves testified to the particulars of each of the relevant crimes. Our review

shows that with regard to M. D., the evidence was sufficient to support the

convictions of aggravated sodomy, aggravated child molestation, and enticing a child

for indecent purposes. With regard to C. S., the evidence was sufficient to support the

convictions of child molestation and enticing a child for indecent purposes.

         2. Dority contends the trial court erred by admitting an unredacted portion of

Berterra’s interrogation interview of Dority over trial counsel’s objection. Bertera

arrested and interviewed Dority, and the interview was played to the jury during the

trial. Trial counsel objected to certain portions of the interview being played for the

                                           16
jury on the grounds that Bertera commented on the credibility of the victim, gave his

opinion that M. D. had not been coached, made comments that invaded the province

of the jury, and gave his opinion that something definitely happened to the child. Trial

counsel added that Bertera was not an expert witness yet during the interrogation he

professed his experience and status as a police officer. Finally, trial counsel cited

OCGA § 24-6-620 in support of his argument and argued that the jury would be

overly influenced by Bertera’s comments. The trial court denied the objection on the

ground that under OCGA § 24-7-704, “testimony in the form of an opinion or

inference otherwise admissible shall not be objectionable because it embraces an

ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact” and on the ground that the detective

was simply confronting Dority about the allegations against him. The court allowed

the relevant portions of the interview to be played without redacting Bertera’s

comments to which the defense objected.

      Specifically, trial counsel objected to the following portions of the interview,

during which Bertera questioned and confronted Dority about the allegations by M.

D.:

      The description that she was giving was not of somebody that had been
      coached, it was that of somebody that had experienced it. Okay? Some


                                          17
         of the things that she talked about you can tell weren’t coached, weren’t
         told to her, because she used words in a child’s version of how to
         describe things. For example, in her description of when something was
         being inserted into her. . . she described as . . . “it felt like a ball.” That’s
         her imagination processing what she’s feeling, not being able to see it.
         Something’s happened to this little girl. And so getting down to the truth
         is protecting that girl. I’m going to tell you, if she doesn’t have some
         closure she’s going to have to deal with this the rest of her life.


After these words, Bertera announced that he was going to leave the room. Dority

then stated that he was being totally honest and denied that he had done anything to

M. D. Bertera then left the room. After more than 15 minutes, Bertera returned for

further questioning, and made the following comments.

         Without a doubt something happened to this little girl. Was she
         molested? Without a doubt in my mind she experienced what she was
         talking about. In my experience and my training and that of the forensic
         examiner, and she has done hundreds and thousands of these interviews.
         She was concerned with the details. You can coach a child but you can’t
         coach a child in terms of 9-year-old’s talk; you know what I’m saying,
         something happened to this girl.


Dority replied that he was willing to believe that something had happened to his

child.



                                                18
      “[A] sworn witness, generally speaking, should not be permitted to opine from

the stand about whether another witness is truthful.” Roberts v. State, 313 Ga. App.

849, 850-851 (2) (723 SE2d 73) (2012) (citations omitted); see also OCGA § 24-6-

620 (“The credibility of a witness shall be a matter to be determined by the trier of

fact[.]”). This rule, however, is inapplicable here because “[c]omments made [during

a law enforcement interrogation] and designed to elicit a response from a suspect do

not amount to opinion testimony, even when a recording of the comments is admitted

at trial.” Roberts, 313 Ga. App. at 851 (2) (citations omitted). “[L]aw enforcement

interrogations are, by their very nature, attempts to determine the ultimate issue and

the credibility of witnesses.” Collum v. State, 281 Ga. 719, 723 (3) (642 SE2d 640)

(2007). But, “[l]ike any other evidence, testimony reflecting comments made by an

officer in the course of an interview ought not be admitted if the probative value of

the testimony is substantially outweighed by its tendency to unduly arouse emotions

of prejudice, hostility, or sympathy.” Butler v. State, 292 Ga. 400, 406 (3) (a) (738

SE2d 74) (2013) (citation and footnote omitted); see also Roberts, 313 Ga. App. at

851 (2); OCGA § 24-4-403 (“Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice . . . .”). “The

standard of review of the trial court’s ruling on a challenge to evidence on the ground

                                          19
that its probative value is outweighed by its tendency to unduly prejudice the jury is

an abuse of discretion standard.” Holland v. State, 221 Ga. App. 821, 825 (3) (472

SE2d 711) (1996) (citation omitted). As explained below, we find no breach of

discretion.

       As for the first paragraph quoted above, pretermitting whether the comments

had any probative value, we find that they had little if any prejudicial effect. First, the

comments are not a direct comment on the child’s credibility; they only go to whether

the child’s statements revealed evidence of coaching. And “this Court has repeatedly

held that a witness does not improperly bolster a victim’s credibility by testifying that

the witness saw no evidence of coaching.” Conley v. State, 329 Ga. App. 96, 102 (a)

(763 SE2d 881) (2014), citing McCowan v. State, 302 Ga. App. 555, 557 (1) (691

SE2d 360) (2010) (victim’s mother’s and nurse’s statements that the victim’s

responses did not appear rehearsed did not bolster the victim’s credibility). Thus the

comments did not impermissibly bolster the victim’s testimony or invade the province

of the jury. Anthony v. State, 282 Ga. App. 457, 459 (2) (638 SE2d 877) (2006)

(officer’s testimony that victim exhibited no signs of deception during interview did

not constitute bolstering); Stillwell v. State, 294 Ga. App. 805, 806-807 (2) (a) (670

SE2d 452) (2008) (lawyer’s statement that he did not see any evidence that child had

                                            20
been coached did not impermissibly address the ultimate issue before the jury or

bolster the child’s credibility). Further, the State presented other evidence from which

the jury could assess M. D.’s credibility, including the consistency of her trial

testimony, her forensic interview, and the testimony of the outcry witnesses, as well

as Dority’s reactions during his interrogation and items found in Dority’s house that

the child mentioned in her testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that Dority has not

shown that the probative value of the first paragraph of the officer’s comments is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, and, therefore, the trial

court did not breach its discretion by denying Dority’s request to redact those

comments.

      To the extent Bertera commented on coaching in the second paragraph quoted

above, the same analysis just given applies. In the remainder of the second paragraph,

Bertera stated that based on his experience as an officer and relying on expertise of

the forensic examiner as well, something definitely happened to M. D. But this

comment had some probative value given that it was followed by Dority stating that

he was willing to believe that something happened to M. D. See, e.g., Roberts, 313

Ga. App. at 851-852 (2) (interrogation comments had probative value where they

were part of a confrontational technique that yielded an admission from the

                                          21
defendant); Butler, 292 Ga. at 406 (3) (a) (challenged interrogation statements were

followed shortly by defendant’s admission that he hit the victim). The comments at

issue here may have had some prejudicial effect given that there was no physical

evidence of the crime. But a reasonable juror would understand that the only reason

an officer was interrogating the suspect was that the officer believed the account of

the victim and thought the defendant was a suspect. Roberts, 313 Ga. App. at 851 (2).

Given these factors and the totality of the State’s evidence, we cannot say that the

trial court abused its discretion by determining that the probative value of the

questioning exceeded any possible prejudicial effect. Id.; Dubose v. State, 294 Ga.

579, 587-588 (6) (b) (755 SE2d 174) (2014) (interrogation questions produced

probative information regarding changes in defendant’s story, and, under the

circumstances, any reasonable juror would have expected that interrogator did not

believe defendant’s first story); Butler, 292 Ga. at 406-407 (3) (a) (probative value

of interrogation comments which led to defendant changing his story exceeded

possible prejudicial effect); compare Axelburg v. State, 294 Ga. App. 612, 618 (2)

(669 SE2d 439) (2008) (where “officer expressed a professedly expert opinion on the

defendant’s sleepwalking defense and general credibility in a case in which the

sleepwalking issue played a central role[, t]he officer’s statements impermissibly

                                         22
bolstered other testimony on this issue, which was the subject of significant dispute

between the parties’ expert witnesses at trial”).

         3. Dority contends the trial court erred by allowing the similar transaction

involving L. D.4 He claims the State failed to establish that Dority’s activities with

L. D. constituted child molestation, as the trial court held. We agree with the trial

court.

         “We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings under an abuse of discretion

standard of review. However, we accept a trial court’s factual findings unless they are

clearly erroneous.” McCoy v. State, 332 Ga. App. 626, 628 (774 SE2d 179) (2015)

(citations omitted).

         OCGA § 24-4-413 (a) provides:

         In a criminal proceeding in which the accused is accused of an offense
         of sexual assault, evidence of the accused’s commission of another
         offense of sexual assault shall be admissible and may be considered for
         its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.




         4
         Dority couches this argument both as an error of the trial court and as
ineffective assistance of counsel on the ground that trial counsel failed to properly
object to the evidence of the similar transaction. Our review shows that trial counsel
did object, and therefore we review this enumeration only for error by the trial court
in admitting the evidence.

                                            23
And OCGA § 24-4-414 (a) provides:

      In a criminal proceeding in which the accused is accused of an offense
      of child molestation, evidence of the accused’s commission of another
      offense of child molestation shall be admissible and may be considered
      for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.


“The child molestation statute [OCGA § 16-6-4 (a)5] . . . requires only that the

defendant have acted with the intent to arouse his sexual desires. [And t]he question

of intent is peculiarly a question of fact for determination by the jury[.]” Brown v.

State, 324 Ga. App. 718, 720-721 (1) (751 SE2d 517) (2013) (citations and

punctuation omitted). A jury could determine that Dority took the actions with regard

to L. D. with the intent to arouse his sexual desires, especially given that Dority asked

L. D. if she felt like he would molest her. See, e.g., Cavender v. State, 329 Ga. App.

845, 849 (3) (b) (766 SE2d 196) (2014) (evidence that defendant lifted victim’s

bedcovers to stare at her buttocks while she was sleeping was sufficient to support a

conviction of child molestation).




      5
         OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) provides that “[a] person commits the offense of child
molestation when such person: (1) Does any immoral or indecent act to or in the
presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or
satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person.”

                                           24
      Dority also contends the incident involving L. D. was not admissible under

OCGA § 24-4-404 (b).6 But OCGA § 24-4-414 (a) is the more specific statute

regarding admission of prior acts of child molestation and is therefore controlling

over OCGA § 24-4-404 (b). See Vines v. State, 269 Ga. 438, 440 (499 SE2d 630)

(1998) (“For purposes of statutory interpretation, a specific statute will prevail over

a general statute, absent any indication of a contrary legislative intent.”) (citation

omitted); see also United States v. Brimm, 608 F. Appx. 795, 798 (I) (B) (11th Cir.

2015) (“[FRCP] Rules 413 and 414 permit the introduction of propensity evidence

and thus contain exceptions to Rule 404 (b)’s general ban on propensity evidence in

“sexual assault” and “child molestation” cases.”) (citations omitted).

      4. Dority claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in nine ways. Under

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674)

(1984), the appellant “must prove both that his trial counsel’s performance was



      6
       OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) provides as follows:
      Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to
      prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
      therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including,
      but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
      knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.

                                          25
deficient and that there is a reasonable probability that the trial result would have

been different if not for the deficient performance. [Cit.]” White v. State, 283 Ga. 566,

569 (4) (662 SE2d 131) (2008). “If an appellant fails to meet his or her burden of

proving either prong of the Strickland test, the reviewing court does not have to

examine the other prong.” Rector v. State, 285 Ga. 714, 716, 717 (6) (681 SE2d 157)

(2009) (citations omitted). On claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, Georgia

appellate courts will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly

erroneous but review legal conclusions de novo. Hunter v. State, 281 Ga. 526, 528

(2) (a) (640 SE2d 271) (2007); Cherry v. State, 283 Ga. App. 700 (1) (642 SE2d 369)

(2007).

      In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we remember that

“[t]here is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the range of sound

trial strategy and reasonable professional judgment.” Newkirk v. State, 290 Ga. 581,

582 (2) (722 SE2d 760) (2012) (citation omitted).

      [A]nd the defendant bears the burden of overcoming this presumption.
      To carry that burden, the defendant must show that no reasonable lawyer
      would have done what his lawyer did, or would have failed to do what
      his lawyer did not, or put another way, that his lawyer made errors so
      serious that he was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed the
      defendant by the Sixth Amendment.

                                           26
State v. Worsley, 293 Ga. 315, 323-324 (3) (745 SE2d 617) (2013) (citations and

punctuation omitted). Further, as the trial court noted during the hearing on

ineffectiveness in this case, “hindsight has no place in an assessment of the

performance of trial counsel, and a lawyer second-guessing his own performance with

the benefit of hindsight has no significance for an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim.” Shaw v. State, 292 Ga. 871, 876 (3) (a), n. 9 (742 SE2d 707) (2013) (citation

omitted).

      For background, we note that trial counsel testified that his trial strategy with

regard to M. D. was to assert that Erlande and Dority were hostile to each other, that

Erlande had made up the allegations, and that M. D. had been coached during the ten-

day trip to Florida on what to say to the police. His strategy with regard to C. S. was

to assert that the C. S. allegations were a ploy by the Spriggses to gain advantage in

a custody dispute with Rogers.

      (a) Dority first contends that trial counsel failed to properly object when

Detective Bertera commented on Dority missing a meeting with Bertera during the

investigation, thereby violating the “bright-line rule in Georgia that the State may not

comment on either a defendant’s silence prior to arrest or failure to come forward



                                          27
voluntarily.” Sanders v. State, 290 Ga. 637, 640-641 (4) (723 SE2d 436) (2012)

(citations omitted).

      The evidence showed that Dority voluntarily met with Bertera a first time,

waived his Miranda rights, was interviewed and was asked to meet again; a second

meeting was scheduled. Bertera testified that Dority later cancelled the second

meeting, saying that his wife had been in a bad accident and was being rushed to the

hospital. Bertera testified that he learned from another source that Dority was lying

about his reason for cancelling and that when the second meeting eventually occurred

and after rereading Dority his Miranda rights, he confronted Dority about lying about

his excuse for cancelling the second meeting. Trial counsel objected to this testimony

on the ground of hearsay and that the questions called for speculation. Dority

contends that counsel was ineffective for not objecting on the ground that the

testimony infringed on Dority’s right to remain silent and against self-incrimination.

See Wallace v. State, 272 Ga. 501, 503 (2) (530 SE2d 721) (2000) (failure to object

at trial to testimony on the ground that it improperly reflected on the defendant’s right

to remain silent, waived that issue on appeal). Trial counsel offered no tactical reason

for failing to object on these grounds.



                                           28
      We find no ineffective assistance because the proposed objection would not

have been meritorious. See Young v. State, 328 Ga. App. 857, 859 (1) (763 SE2d 137)

(2014) (“Failure to make a meritless or futile objection or motion cannot be evidence

of ineffective assistance.”) (citation omitted). Dority did not fail to come forward or

assert his right to remain silent; rather, he made arrangements to come forward,

cancelled the arrangements, eventually came forward, and then waived his right to

remain silent and spoke to Bertera. Thus, ultimately, Dority did not exercise his right

to remain silent, he chose to talk to the police, and no deficiency on the part of trial

counsel has been shown. See Shaburov v. State, 324 Ga. App. 743, 747 (1) (751 SE2d

540) (2013); Fleming v. State, 324 Ga. App. 481, 487 (3) (a) (749 SE2d 54) (2013).

      (b) Dority contends that trial counsel failed to redact a 30-second portion of M.

D.’s forensic interview and that as a consequence, the jury heard M. D. state that

Dority had molested his younger daughter A. D. Dority points to the segment running

from 1:21:20 to 1:21:50 on the interview; the record reflects that this time period was

not redacted. But appellate counsel admitted at the motion for new trial hearing that

the clip did not contain a direct allegation that Dority had molested this child. And

our own review of the recording shows that the child begins by saying that nothing

happened to A. D., and the remaining seconds of the clip are so difficult to understand

                                          29
that the likelihood of a different trial outcome would have resulted if the information

had been redacted is not substantial. Hill v. State, 291 Ga. 160, 164 (4) (728 SE2d

225) (2012) (“The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just

conceivable.”) (citation omitted.) Accordingly, we find no ineffective assistance of

counsel on this point.

      (c) Dority contends trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to request

a hearing to determine whether the circumstances surrounding C. S.’s and M. D.’s

outcry statements to Erlande Dority and to the Spriggses, respectively, had sufficient

indicia of reliability to be admitted into evidence as hearsay by those witnesses. See

Gregg v. State, 201 Ga. App. 238 (3) (411 SE2d 65) (1991). At the hearing on the

motion for new trial, trial counsel testified that he did not request such a hearing

because he thought a child’s hearsay statements were automatically admissible if the

children testified. In the ruling on the motion for new trial, the trial court found that

a hearing was not necessary and that the evidence against Dority was “extremely

strong,” that both victims were “very credible,” and that “the other evidence of other

statements the children made was reliable.”

      Under the law in effect at the time of trial, statements by children under age 14

describing any act of sexual contact on or with the child were admissible by the

                                           30
testimony of the person to whom made if the child was available to testify and the

court found that sufficient indicia of reliability were present. See former OCGA § 24-

8-820.7 Thus, trial counsel erred by concluding that the availability of the children to

testify at trial was the only relevant factor necessary at the time to allow the child

hearsay evidence. Nevertheless, a hearing to determine the indicia of reliability of

such statements was not a strict condition precedent to the admissibility of the

statements. Gregg, 201 Ga. App. at 239 (3) (a); Reynolds v. State, 257 Ga. 725, 726

(2) (363 SE2d 249) (1988). “[T]his statutory requirement is met if after both parties

have rested, the record contains evidence which would support . . . a finding [of

indicia of reliability].” Gregg, 201 Ga. App. at 239 (3) (a). “[A]s long as sufficient


      7
       From Jan. 1, 2013 to July 1, 2013, OCGA § 24-8-820 provided as follows:
      A statement made by a child under the age of 14 years describing any act
      of sexual contact or physical abuse performed with or on the child by
      another shall be admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person
      to whom made if the child is available to testify in the proceedings and
      the court finds that the circumstances of the statement provide sufficient
      indicia of reliability.


See 2011 Ga. Laws, p. 99, Act 52, § 2 (effective January 1, 2013); 2013 Ga. Laws,
Act 84 § 13 (effective July 1, 2013). For trials occurring after July 1, 2013, a showing
of indicia of reliability is no longer a requirement for allowing child hearsay
evidence. See OCGA § 24-8-820 (also changing age to 16).

                                          31
evidence of indicia of reliability appears in the record either before or after the

introduction of the child’s out-of-court statements, the fair trial rights of the defendant

are adequately protected.” Id. at 240 (a). Even so, “it may be advisable in some

situations to hold such a hearing outside the presence of the jury,” Reynolds, 257 Ga.

at 726 (2), and this Court has held that under certain circumstances, a pretrial hearing

outside the presence of the jury can be necessary to prevent harm to the defendant

from the admission of unreliable child hearsay statements. Ferreri v. State, 267 Ga.

App. 811, 814-815 (600 SE2d 793) (2004); see also Roberson v. State, 241 Ga. App.

226, 227 (1) (526 SE2d 428) (1999) (“Cases decided by the appellate courts of this

state make clear, however, that when evidentiary rules conflict with the provisions of

the child hearsay statute, a separate hearing may be necessary to avoid the

presentation of inadmissible matter to the jury.”). But see Whorton v. State, 321 Ga.

App. 335, 340 (741 SE2d 653) (2013) (“to the extent that our decision in Ferreri can

possibly be read as requiring a pre-trial Gregg hearing in “some situations,” that case

is of no precedential utility for such a proposition”) (footnote omitted).8


       8
       It must be noted that Whorton did not overrule the opinion in Ferreri. See
Ware County. v. Medlock, 192 Ga. App. 542, 543 (385 SE2d 429) (1989) (majority
of whole court required to overrule prior precedent of this Court).


                                            32
      On appeal, Dority argues that the evidence failed to show indicia of reliability

because the audio recording made by the Spriggses of C. S.’s initial outcry, which

trial counsel received on the eve of trial and successfully kept out of the evidence,

shows that the outcry was unreliable because of the way the Spriggses questioned the

child. He also argues that the Medlin report shows that C. S. made accusations

involving other people, recanted some of those accusations, and made contradictory

accusations and that the report raised suspicions about Tressa Spriggs’s credibility.

He further argues that the outcry statement by M. D. to Erlande raised reliability

concerns, such as that the outcry came before a spanking, ten days elapsed between

the outcry and the report to police thereby allowing Erlande to coach the child, the

mother retracted the child’s outcry at the first appearance hearing (about which trial

counsel had no knowledge at the time of trial), and contradictions existed regarding

the details of the assaults given by the child.

      Although it may have been preferable to have had a hearing on the victims’

statements’ indicia of reliability outside of the presence of the jury given that trial

counsel did not want to admit the Spriggs-C. S. outcry audio and the Medlin report

into evidence, we find no possible harm. The trial court was able to review both items

at or before the hearing on the motion for new trial (Dority submitted them as a part

                                          33
of the post-trial proceedings), and the trial court ultimately found the victims’

statements to be reliable. Thus, because “the trial court ultimately found the

statements reliable [based on all the evidence] and admitted them and obviously

would have done the same following a separate hearing,” we find no error. Reynolds,

257 Ga. at 726 (2). Accordingly, we find no ineffective assistance of counsel on this

point.

         (d) Dority contends that trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to call

three witnesses in Dority’s defense: C. S.’s mother, Loria Rogers; Dority’s mother,

Joyce Drayton; and the appellant’s adopted daughter, L. D. “A decision as to which

defense witnesses to call is a matter of counsel’s trial strategy and tactics and will not

support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel unless it is so unreasonable that

no competent attorney would have made the decision under the circumstances.”

Shockley v. State, 297 Ga. 661, 666 (3) (777 SE2d 245) (2015) (citation omitted). The

trial court found that the offered testimony was not “particularly helpful to the

defendant.”

         (i) Trial counsel testified that his strategy with regard to victim C. S. was to

show that C. S.’s allegations were the result of a custody dispute between Rogers and

the Spriggses. Yet when asked if he interviewed Rogers prior to trial, he twice

                                            34
testified, “I don’t believe I did,” although he also testified, “There’s a possibility I

did, but I can’t remember off the top of my head.” He also testified that he had no

tactical reason for not calling her as a witness. Assuming for the moment that trial

counsel failed to interview Rogers, we conclude that no reasonable defense attorney

would have failed to interview, or at least attempt to interview, the mother of the

victim, with whom the child lived during the time the incidents allegedly occurred,

to see what she knew about her daughter’s allegations against Dority. Had trial

counsel done so, he would have gained valuable testimony to the effect that the child

never made an outcry to her mother at the time of the alleged events; that she loved

Dority, was comfortable around him, and called him “Dad”; that Tressa Spriggs hated

Rogers and was motivated to gain C. S. in the custody dispute; that C. S. had not seen

Dority for more than a year before the outcry; and that, months after the outcry to

Tressa Spriggs, C. S. denied being improperly touched by Dority.

       Nevertheless, had trial counsel interviewed Rogers he also would have

discovered that C. S. told Rogers that Dority may have taken little girls into his room

one at a time, specifically, that when Dority “almost” touched her, “we were standing

in a line and he had us all lined up, and I was at the back of the line and it was getting

late and we had to go to bed. . . and he just told us all to go to bed.” Trial counsel also

                                            35
would have learned that Rogers admitted that Dority was always very concerned with

his children’s cleanliness and once cleaned another young girl’s anus with a Q-tip

after she used the bathroom, and that Rogers herself had credibility issues in that she

spoke to C. S. about wishing Dority was back in her life to prove something to the

courts, in that she had lost custody of C. S. due to her own behavior, and in that she

did not tell anyone, including Dority whose trial was pending, after purportedly

hearing C. S. say that Dority never touched her. “A reasonable lawyer might . . . have

been reasonably concerned about harmful cross-examination.” Worsley, 293 Ga. at

327 (4). Thus, when considering this allegation of ineffective assistance alone, we

cannot conclude that the trial result would have been different if not for the deficient

performance.

      (ii) Dority contends that trial counsel should have called Dority’s mother, Joyce

Drayton, to testify that M. D. had never before reported any inappropriate touching

by Dority prior to the outcry; that the child appeared to refer to only one incident

during her outcry to Drayton; that M. D. had dubious credibility and looked down

while speaking to Drayton; that Erlande appeared to be more concerned about her trip

to Florida than M. D.; and that Drayton told Erlande that she should take the child to

the doctor and have her examined but that Erlande went to Florida anyway. Trial

                                          36
counsel testified at the hearing that he chose not to call Drayton because he spoke to

her and he did not want another outcry witness on the stand to buttress the child’s

story. Such a decision is strategic, and therefore we find no error. See Phillips v.

State, 277 Ga. 161, 163-164 (b) (587 SE2d 45) (2003) (“Informed strategic decisions

do not constitute ineffective legal assistance.”) (citation omitted).

      (iii) Before trial, trial counsel spoke to L. D., the similar transaction witness;

trial counsel remembers that L. D. was supportive of Dority but that she did not really

want to be involved in the trial. During that conversation, L. D. never told trial

counsel about Erlande’s retraction of M. D.’s claims against Dority, which occurred

at Dority’s first appearance hearing,9 and which L. D. apparently witnessed, and

therefore he did not cross examine Erlande on this point. If he had known of the

retraction, trial counsel could have cross examined Erlande about it. Trial counsel

testified, “[T]rust me, I could have used that.” Although the trial court found this

evidence of no serious consequence, a retraction by M. D.’s mother, the first witness

to her outcry, would have been a valuable piece of evidence for the defense.


      9
        Although trial counsel testified that someone from the public defender’s
office normally would have been at the first appearance hearing and would have taken
notes, Dority has not established that any such person was present or that the public
defender’s office was negligent in not conveying any information to trial counsel.

                                          37
      Nevertheless, trial counsel cannot be faulted for not interviewing L. D.

sufficiently to uncover this uncommon piece of knowledge from this hostile and

reticent witness. L. D. was called to trial to testify about events involving her that

occurred approximately 18 years prior to trial. Trial counsel cross-examined her

regarding logically related topics, such as whether her father ever touched her and

whether they got along in the ensuing years. Whether this witness attended an early

hearing in Dority’s criminal prosecution regarding a different victim is not directly

related to why the State called L. D. to testify. Thus, trial counsel had little reason to

suspect that L. D. would have such knowledge and therefore little reason to pursue

such a line of questioning. In sum, recognizing that counsel should be “strongly

presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in

the exercise of reasonable professional judgment,” Strickland, 466 U. S. at 690, we

cannot conclude that Dority has overcome the presumption that trial counsel

sufficiently interviewed L. D. prior to trial.

      (e) Dority contends trial counsel failed to exploit the Medlin Report and the C.

S./Spriggs outcry audio as means for attacking the credibility of C. S. and the Spriggs.

“The manner in which an attorney attacks the credibility of a witness falls within the

ambit of trial tactics. [And t]he scope of cross-examination is grounded in trial tactics

                                           38
and strategy, and will rarely constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” Smith v.

State, 304 Ga. App. 846, 848 (698 SE2d 355) (2010) (citations and punctuation

omitted).

      (i) Trial counsel testified that he did not attempt to introduce the Medlin

Report, which he had for one or two months prior to trial, because he was not sure

whether he should have the report in the first place because the report might be

protected by a privilege. But trial counsel also testified that he used some of the

information in the Medlin report to successfully cross-examine Chad Spriggs,

including to get an admission that C. S. had accused another person of touching her

and had not recanted. According to trial counsel, “They answered the question the

way I wanted them to answer.” In its order denying Dority’s motion for new trial, the

trial court found that the Medlin Report was consistent with C. S.’s trial testimony;

that C. S. reported that Dority had touched her four times; that C. S. reported that

Dority had touched other girls; that the interview and diagnostic tests showed that C.

S. had flashbacks of the abuse, was scared of men, was afraid that someone would kill

her, and did not trust people because they might want sex; and that C. S. was

experiencing emotional and behavioral difficulties and sexualized behaviors that

likely stemmed from the reported history of neglect and abuse. After reviewing the

                                         39
report, the court understood why trial counsel “had reservations” about using it at

trial. We agree and find no possible harm even if trial counsel erred by assuming that

he was not authorized to use the report. See Sullivan v. Kemp, 293 Ga. 770, 774 (2)

(749 SE2d 721) (2013) (where defense counsel’s choice “was based upon his lack of

understanding of or familiarity with the relevant law” it is not strategic and can

constitute deficient performance) (citations omitted).

      (ii) Trial counsel testified that on the Friday before trial, the State gave him an

audio recording of C. S.’s initial outcry to Tressa Spriggs, in which, trial counsel

admitted, Tressa used suggestive questioning techniques that might have influenced

the child’s report. Thus, the audio gave trial counsel an opportunity to further his trial

strategy of showing that the C. S. allegations were a ploy by the Spriggses to gain

custody of C. S. Trial counsel testified, however, that he listened to the recording

several times and concluded that although some elements might have been helpful to

Dority’s case (e.g., pointing out the suggestiveness of the questions and how the

Spriggses could be accused of coaching the child), the audio was prejudicial because

it revealed that the child was emotional and crying when answering questions about

the alleged incidents. Trial counsel concluded, “strategically, I don’t want that girl

crying . . . on the stand” especially through the testimony of the last witness of the

                                           40
State’s case. Because we cannot conclude that no reasonable counsel would have

made the same choice, we find no ineffective assistance on this point.

      (f) Dority contends trial counsel failed to exploit Erlande’s comments from

Dority’s first appearance hearing and other contradictions in the evidence as means

for attacking the credibility of M. D. and Erlande Dority. As shown above, we agree

that Dority should have interviewed L. D., which may have revealed Erlande’s

retraction in open court, and that no reasonable attorney would omit using that

information to attack the claims against Dority.

      As for other contradictions in the evidence not already addressed in other

divisions in this opinion, Dority points to the fact that some evidence not admitted at

trial would have shown that M. D. gave varying accounts to different people of which

room the abuse occurred in, how long the abuse had occurred, and what position she

was in during the abuse. But trial counsel testified that he did not want to “beat up”

on the child too much in the witness stand and that he was trying to minimize

testimony about sexual activity as much as possible. Trial counsel did cross examine

M. D. on her outcry to her mother when she was about to be spanked and her failure

to tell anyone about the alleged abuse while she was in Florida for ten days with her

mother and sister. Although trial counsel could, perhaps, have done more, we

                                          41
conclude that with regard to the alleged failure to attack other inconsistencies in the

testimony, Dority has failed to overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s

conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct.

      (g) Dority contends the trial court erred by giving an overly broad jury charge

on Count 5; Dority also apparently asserts that trial counsel was ineffective by failing

to object to the trial court’s charge on Count 5 as given. In that count, Dority was

charged with child molestation for placing his hand on C. S.’s genital area, but the

court charged the jury with the statutory definition of child molestation, which

provides that a person commits the offense by doing “any immoral or indecent act”

to or in the presence of the child with a sexual intent. OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1). Thus,

Dority argues, the jury could have convicted him of molesting C. S. for other

behavior reported at trial, including that Dority showed pornographic movies to C.

S., washed her and others, and touched the child in other ways. Trial counsel testified

that objecting to the jury charge didn’t “enter his mind.” The trial court held that the

jury charge did not improperly expand the indictment.

      Because trial counsel did not object, we review the trial court’s decision to give

the instruction for plain error. See OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) (providing that the failure to

object regarding a jury instruction at trial precludes appellate review unless “the jury

                                          42
charge constitutes plain error which affects substantial rights of the parties” (citation

omitted)); Thomas v. State, __ Ga. __ (2) (Case No. S15A0796, decided Oct. 5,

2015). Plain error requires a showing that “the instruction was erroneous, the error

was obvious, the instruction likely affected the outcome of the proceedings, and the

error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” Lake v. State, 293 Ga. 56, 59 (5) (743 SE2d 414) (2013) (citations and

punctuation omitted.). We find no plain error because the trial court read the

indictment to the jury and charged the jury that the State must “prove every material

allegation in the indictment,” that the indictment “states the exact offense,” and that

the jury was to “read [the indictment] carefully.” Schneider v. State, 312 Ga. App.

504, 507-508 (2) (718 SE2d 833) (2011) (reversal not mandated where “charge as a

whole limits the jury’s consideration to the specific manner of committing the crime

alleged in the indictment.”) (citation omitted). There being no plain error in the

complete charge as given by the court, Dority can show no ineffective assistance of

counsel for failure to object to the charge as given. See Thomas, __ Ga. at __ (5);

Hughley v. State, 330 Ga. App. 786, 794 (4) (c) (769 SE2d 537) (2015).

      (h) Dority contends trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request funding

for an expert to respond to the State’s expert medical testimony, to criticize the

                                           43
State’s forensic interview evidence, and to attack the credibility of the victim’s outcry

evidence.

      The State called a hospital nurse practitioner to explain that although M. D.’s

medical exam was normal, any physical injury resulting from the alleged abuse could

have healed before the child was seen by a doctor. At a hearing on the motion for new

trial, trial counsel testified that he did not consider getting an expert to rebut that

testimony because, given that the State’s medical witness testified that the child had

no indication of an injury, on cross examination he could show, and did show, that

the nurse’s testimony was consistent with his client’s innocence. Trial counsel

testified, “[T]hat was a fact to our advantage and I was happy with that.” Thus, the

decision was strategic and cannot be seen as ineffective assistance of counsel.

Compare Ottley v. State, 325 Ga. App. 15, 19-20 (2) (752 SE2d 92) (2013) (in a case

where the State’s expert gave strong evidence to support the State’s allegations of

sexual abuse of child, trial counsel’s performance was deficient where, based in part

on a misunderstanding of the law, he failed to investigate the State’s expert’s

credentials, to interview State’s experts prior to trial, to research the relevant medical

issues, to cross examine and refute the State’s experts, and to consult or call any



                                           44
medical expert to support the defense theory that the child fabricated the story and the

allegations could not have happened).

      The State introduced forensic interviews of the child victims: an interview of

M. D. made at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; and an interview of C. S. by

Detective West. With regard to the M. D. interview, trial counsel thought that the

interview techniques were not suggestive. He testified that “Scottish Rite asks . . .

open-ended questions.” In his opinion, he did not feel it was appropriate to get an

expert on the matter. Thus, the decision was strategic. With regard to C. S., trial

counsel did not believe that the West interview came off as suggestive. He testified

that he cross-examined West on the issues he saw and did not feel like he needed an

expert to assist him. Again, trial counsel’s decision was strategic, and we therefore

find no deficient performance. See, e.g., Keith v. State, 279 Ga. App. 819, 825 (6) (a)

(632 SE2d 669) (2006) (where trial counsel reviewed victim’s video statement, “did

not believe that [victim] had been coached by the interviewer and therefore did not

think it was necessary to hire an expert to review the videotape[,] . . .[his] decisions

were all strategic”); Gawlak v. State, 310 Ga. App. 757, 759-760 (2) (a) (714 SE2d

354) (2011) (where trial attorney chose to cross examine victim’s interviewer about



                                          45
interviewing techniques and did so, there was no ineffective assistance of counsel for

failing to call an expert to attack the interviewing techniques).

      Dority also argues that trial counsel should have sought an expert to comment

on factors that may have affected the credibility of the two victims’ initial outcries,

such as the delay in reporting each incident to the authorities, whether the child had

contact with other individuals in the interim, Erlande’s retraction of M. D.’s

assertions, and various contradictions in the evidence regarding the children’s

assertions. Trial counsel did not think that he needed an expert to explain the impact

of the delay between an outcry and a report to police. Compare Darst v. State, 323

Ga. App. 614, 623 (2) (ii) (746 SE2d 865) (2013) (trial counsel had not made a

conscious strategic decision about whether to use an expert regarding behavioral

patterns of sexually abused children) (physical precedent only). And, generally,

expert opinion testimony that directly addresses the credibility of the victim is

forbidden. Odom v. State, 243 Ga. App. 227, 228 (1) (531 SE2d 207) (2000); see also

OCGA § 24-6-620 (“The credibility of a witness shall be a matter to be determined

by the trier of fact”); Handley v. State, 289 Ga. 786, 786 (1) (716 SE2d 176) (2011)

(“the credibility of eyewitness testimony is within the exclusive province of the jury”)

(citations omitted). We conclude that Dority has failed to overcome the strong

                                          46
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable

professional conduct.

      (i) Finally, Dority contends trial counsel was deficient in that he failed to seek

the victims’ DFCS and juvenile court records, therapy records, school records, and

pediatric records during his investigation of the case.

      At the hearing on Dority’s request that the trial court order the production of

the above described documents for an in camera review, trial counsel testified about

his decision regarding whether to seek the victims’s records in his defense of Dority.

Almost uniformly with regard to both victims and each category of documents, trial

counsel testified that he never had any indication that any such documents would

have assisted him in defending Dority, and that he thought his resources were better

spent focusing on other matters, such as that the State initially intended to present

four similar transaction witnesses; He also testified that he knew the victims had only

entered therapy after their outcries; that he received some DFCS records and would

have to “guess” that additional DFCS records could have been beneficial; and that

even though M. D. asserted that the incidents started three years earlier, he did not

seek medical records for the same reason he did not seek a medical expert: the State’s

evidence was consistent with innocence and therefore worked to Dority’s advantage.

                                          47
      In its order denying the motion for post-trial subpoenas, the trial court held that

Dority’s appellate counsel presented no factual support for a “fishing expedition” into

these records. The trial court noted that Darst, 323 Ga. App. 614, upon which Dority

relied regarding the request for subpoenas, was physical precedent only and was

based on dissimilar facts. And the trial court concluded that Dority had not shown a

prima facie need for the documents as required by case law to overcome applicable

privileges. Thus, the court concluded that trial counsel had not been ineffective in

failing to seek the documents listed above. On appeal, Dority argues that aspects of

the evidence, including the delayed outcries, the motives of the parental figures, the

delayed reporting to authorities, and the inconsistencies in the victims’ stories, cast

doubt on the reliability of the victims’ outcries and testimony and should have

prompted trial counsel to seek the records. He continues that, as the sought-after

records could shed further light on the victims’ reliability, they are “potentially

exculpatory,”

      Remembering that there is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

within the range of sound trial strategy and reasonable professional judgment and that

the appellant bears the burden of overcoming this presumption by showing that no

reasonable lawyer would have made the same decision, Newkirk, 290 Ga. at 582 (2),

                                          48
we conclude that Dority has not overcome this presumption. Here, trial counsel

offered a reason for his decision not to seek additional records. Trial counsel in Darst

offered no strategic reason for failing to seek similar records prior to trial. Darst, 323

Ga. App. at 619-620 (2) (i) (trial counsel decided “he would just ‘let it go’ and try to

use the absence of the records to Darst’s advantage at trial”). Moreover, Darst is

physical precedent only, and it is based on more general case law about trial counsel’s

failure to investigate a case based on inattentiveness and to further investigate where

there was evidence that would have caused a reasonably competent counsel to take

additional steps, Id. at 621 (2) (i), neither of which is the case here. The simple fact

that additional documents might have been helpful is not enough. Cf. Sims v. State,

251 Ga. 877, 880 (4) (c) (311 SE2d 161) (1984) (“It is not enough to assert that

expert analysis might produce evidence helpful to the defense, i.e., to embark on a

“fishing expedition.”).

      When considering the prejudice prong for multiple claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel, we look to whether “the cumulative effect of counsel’s alleged

errors,” leads to “a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have

been different.” Schofield v. Holsey, 281 Ga. 809, 812 (II), n. 1 (642 SE2d 56) (2007).

Here, we have concluded that trial counsel was deficient in only one manner—failing

                                           49
to interview and call Loria Rogers—but that Dority has not shown the harm prong of

the Strickland analysis with regard to Rogers’s testimony. Accordingly, Dority’s

claims of ineffective assistance fail. As stated by the Supreme Court in Strickland,

“The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s

conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial

cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. 668 at 686

(II). For all of the above reasons, we conclude that Dority has not shown that trial

counsel failed according to this benchmark.

      5. Finally, Dority has moved this Court to remand the case and order the trial

court to obtain the victims’ DFCS and juvenile court records, therapy records, school

records, and pediatric records so that appellate counsel can attempt to determine

whether Dority was harmed by trial counsel’s failure to seek these same records; he

argues that the trial court was required to have an in camera inspection of the records.

Appellate counsel admits that he does not know what the sought after documents

would show. He also contends the trial court erred by denying his request for funds

to hire an expert to review the documents to assess their importance. Because, as we

have already found, trial counsel was not deficient in not seeking the above-listed

documents, we need not address any potential associated harm. We conclude that the

                                          50
trial court did not err by denying Dority’s request to obtain these documents for the

purpose of his appeal or to obtain funds to hire an expert, and we therefore deny the

motion to remand.

      Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P. J., and Miller, J., concur.




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