                   By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect
                       of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to
                   6th Cir. BAP LBR 8024-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8014-1(c).

                                        File Name: 18b0005n.06

                     BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                                    OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 IN RE: OWEN CARL BELL,                                      ┐
                                       Debtor.               │
                                                             │
  ___________________________________________
                                                             │
 N5ZX AVIATION, INC.,                                        │
                                                              >        No. 18-8021
                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,     │
                                                             │
                                                             │
        v.
                                                             │
                                                             │
 OWEN CARL BELL,                                             │
                                 Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                             ┘


                     On Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                      for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                No. 16-02966; Adv. No. 16-90215—Charles M. Walker, Judge.

                            Decided and Filed: December 13, 2018

    Before: BUCHANAN, DALES and HUMPHREY, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Gene Humphreys, BASS, BERRY & SIMS, PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for
Appellee. Owen Bell, Whites Creek, Tennessee, pro se.
                                       _________________

                                             OPINION
                                       _________________

       GUY R. HUMPHREY, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. Judgment creditor N5ZX
Aviation, Inc. (“Aviation”) brought an adversary proceeding against chapter 7 debtor Owen Bell
 No. 18-8021                                In re Bell                                      Page 2


(“Bell”) seeking a determination that its claim is non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2).
Aviation moved and was granted summary judgment by the bankruptcy court on the basis of
issue preclusion. Bell timely appealed that decision.

                                     ISSUES ON APPEAL

       Bell raises 17 issues on appeal in his notice of appeal, and more issues in his briefs, but
only one has any relation to the judgment currently on appeal. Did the bankruptcy court err by
holding a jury finding of fraud preclusive as to dischargeability? It did not, and so we affirm the
bankruptcy court.

                      JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this
appeal. The United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee has authorized
appeals to the Panel, and no party has timely filed to have this appeal heard by the district court.
28 U.S.C. §§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of
right. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For the purpose of an appeal, a final order is one that “ends the
litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.”
Midland Asphalt Corp. v. U.S., 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989).
A determination of dischargeability is a final order. Trudel v. United States Dep’t of Educ. (In re
Trudel), 514 B.R. 219, 222 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).

       “Dischargeability determinations . . . are conclusions of law reviewed de novo.” Id.
(citing Cheesman v. Tenn. Student Assistance Corp. (In re Cheesman), 25 F.3d 356, 359 (6th
Cir.1994).   “Under a de novo standard of review, the reviewing court decides an issue
independently of, and without deference to, the trial court’s determination.” Menninger v.
Accredited Home Lenders (In re Morgeson), 371 B.R. 798, 800 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2007) (citation
omitted).

                                             FACTS

       Bell is in the airplane business. His company sells, repairs, maintains, and modifies
airplanes. In 2009 Bell modified and sold to Aviation a plane bearing tail number N5ZX.
 No. 18-8021                                        In re Bell                                              Page 3


(“N5ZX”). The deadly crash of another Bell-modified plane prompted all planes with similar
modifications by Bell, including N5ZX, to be grounded by the FAA until their airworthiness
could be restored. Aviation sued Bell in the United States District Court for the Middle District
of Tennessee for compensatory and punitive damages on several theories, including
misrepresentation or fraud relating to the modification, sale, and subsequent grounding of N5ZX.
See N5ZX Aviation, Inc. v. Bell, No. 11-00674 (M.D. Tenn. 2014) (the “District Court trial”).

         The District Court trial took place over ten days in March 2014. Both parties were
represented by counsel who actively litigated the case before a jury.                         Aviation presented
testimony to establish that Bell used N5ZX as a test bed for his modifications, drilling holes into
the structure of the wings, which he knew would make the plane unsafe to fly. Aviation’s
witnesses testified that Bell made numerous misrepresentations regarding the plane’s
airworthiness and his standing with the FAA to induce Aviation to purchase N5ZX.

         As Aviation presented its evidence, Bell noted what he considered to be “28+++
Intentional Fabricated Falsifications” made by Aviation’s attorney during opening statements,
and also by its owner and manager as they testified. (Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 8, ECF No. 21-
1).1 Bell shared these concerns with his attorney during the trial. Bell argues that Aviation’s
witnesses’ fabrications went unchallenged during cross-examinations because his attorney was
suffering from “head & chest congestion” (Appellant’s Br. 7), and that his attorney did not re-
call these witnesses because they had already returned to Texas before he presented his case.2

         The jury in the District Court trial returned a verdict finding that Aviation proved its
claim against Bell for intentional misrepresentation or fraud and awarded Aviation $226,000 in




         1Unlessotherwise noted, all record cites are located in the electronic docket of N5ZX Aviation, Inc. v. Bell,
16-90215, (Bankr. M.D. Tenn.).
         2While  in bankruptcy, Bell filed a series of lawsuits in federal district court against Aviation’s owner,
attorneys, expert witnesses, the chapter 7 trustee, and an attorney representing one of Aviation’s attorneys. Bell
brought these suits to expose “28+++ Intentional Fabricated Falsifications” that he failed to raise at the District
Court trial. These cases have all either been dismissed or become inactive.
 No. 18-8021                                        In re Bell                                               Page 4


compensatory damages and $774,000 in punitive damages.3 Bell initially appealed the judgment
resulting from the verdict, but then voluntarily dismissed the appeal.

         In April 2016 Bell filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition. Aviation then filed an adversary
proceeding to determine that the fraud award was non-dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)
and moved for summary judgment based on issue preclusion. Aviation argued that summary
judgment was appropriate because Tennessee’s fraud cause of action as articulated in the jury
charge was virtually identical to fraud as required by § 523(a)(2). Bell’s counsel submitted a
two-page response mentioning, though not arguing in favor of, his client’s two objections to the
motion for summary judgment. Bell’s first objection was that the fraud award was inappropriate
because he felt it was based on the numerous lies made by Aviation’s attorney during the District
Court trial. Bell’s second objection was that the compensatory damages should be dischargeable
because, “[a]s Mr. Bell reads the jury verdict, the jury found him negligent and also in breach of
his warranty which resulted in an awarded [sic] of compensatory damages in the amount of
$226,000.00.        The jury went beyond that and punished Mr. Bell for his intentional
misrepresentations and fraud in the amount of $774,000.00.” (Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 2).

         In January 2017 the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motion for summary
judgment and entered a partial summary judgment against Bell without specific findings and
conclusions.4 Aviation filed an unopposed motion to amend the partial judgment resulting in a
final judgment,5 from which Bell timely appealed.                    While Bell is still represented in the
bankruptcy case, he is unrepresented in this appeal.


         3On April 4, 2016 the District Court awarded an additional $412,894.78 in attorney fees, bringing the total
award against Bell to $1,412,894.78.
         4Under  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a), the bankruptcy court “was not required . . . to enter findings
of fact and conclusions of law upon entry of a summary judgment,” although “such findings and conclusions are
helpful to appellate review.” Farbwerke Hoeschst A.G. v. M/V “Don Nicky”, 589 F.2d 795, 798 (5th Cir. 1979)
(reversing the District Court for the District of the Canal Zone, holding that, while not mandatory, “an outline of the
court’s underlying reasoning could have prevented the necessity for reversal.”). Unlike Don Nicky, the law which
the bankruptcy court applied is clear and the relevant facts are undisputed.
         5The  partial judgment determined that the jury’s fraud finding had preclusive effect and therefore the
$1 million damages portion of the fraud award was non-dischargeable, but left open the question of whether the
award of attorney fees would be excepted from the discharge and requested the parties to notify the court if a further
hearing was needed on that issue. Bell appealed the partial judgment, but the parties stipulated that the partial
judgment was not final, and to dismiss the appeal so the bankruptcy court could decide whether the attorney fees
 No. 18-8021                                      In re Bell                                           Page 5


                                               DISCUSSION

        Bell appeals the final judgment—which determined that the jury award was excepted
from discharge under § 523(a)(2)(A) based on issue preclusion—but barely addresses the only
relevant issue: whether issue preclusion should apply to the dischargeability determination.
Bell’s appeal ignores the question of issue preclusion, dismissing it as “a smoke screen”
distracting from “[t]he main real issue in this case . . . the deceit, fraud which was perpetrated on
the jury and the court” by Aviation’s counsel in the District Court trial. (Reply Br. 1–2). But
issue preclusion is no mere smoke screen. The Supreme Court addressed the purpose of this rule
over a century ago, explaining that the rule’s “enforcement is essential to the maintenance of
social order,” because “the aid of judicial tribunals would not be invoked for the vindication of
rights of person and property if” the judgments of those tribunals were not final as to “all matters
properly put in issue, and actually determined by them.” S. Pac. R. Co. v. United States,
168 U.S. 1, 49, 18 S. Ct. 18, 27 (1897). Simply put, courts cannot succeed in their mission to
resolve disputes between parties if the losing party can simply re-litigate the dispute before a
new court.

        Issue preclusion, also called collateral estoppel, applies in dischargeability proceedings
when facts or legal issues determined in prior litigation are relevant to the elements of a
creditor’s § 523 claim. Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284 n.11, 111 S. Ct. 654, 658 (1991).
Because Aviation seeks to give preclusive effect to a federal district court decision, federal
preclusion law applies. Trost v. Trost (In re Trost), 735 F. App’x 875, 877 (6th Cir. 2018).
Federal preclusion law bars a party from relitigating an issue when:

        (1) the issue in the subsequent litigation is identical to that resolved in the earlier
        litigation, (2) the issue was actually litigated and decided in the prior action,
        (3) the resolution of the issue was necessary and essential to a judgment on the
        merits in the prior litigation, (4) the party to be estopped was a party to the prior
        litigation (or in privity with such a party), and (5) the party to be estopped had a
        full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue.

Id. at 878 (quoting Wolfe v. Perry, 412 F.3d 707, 716 (6th Cir. 2005)).

were dischargeable. A year then passed without any filings in the case before the court held a status conference.
The final judgment dismissed with prejudice the dischargeability claim on the attorney fees, made the partial
judgment final, and acknowledged Bell’s right to appeal.
 No. 18-8021                                 In re Bell                                       Page 6


       Bell has not denied the first four factors of this test on summary judgment or appeal.
Bell’s briefs, at most, argue that the jury verdict should not be preclusive because he was not
given a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue of fraud. But this argument fails.

       During the District Court trial, Bell informed his counsel of what he perceived to be false
statements by Aviation’s counsel and witnesses. Those perceived falsehoods were not raised at
trial, were not raised through a post-trial motion, and were not raised on appeal of the jury
verdict. Bell’s opportunity to litigate Aviation’s fraud claim against him was during the District
Court trial—not in his suits against Aviation’s counsel and witnesses, not in the dischargeability
proceeding, and not in this appeal. A party may not collaterally attack a judgment obtained in
another court based upon an asserted error in that other proceeding. The appropriate avenue to
pursue that asserted error is by way of appeal of the judgment in the prior proceeding. Federated
Dep’t Stores v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 398–99, 101 S. Ct. 2424, 2428 (1981); Silcox v. United
Trucking Serv., Inc., 687 F.2d 848, 852 (6th Cir. 1982) (party could not re-litigate the merits of
an attorney fee award and the prior court’s ancillary jurisdiction because “he did not take full
advantage of his opportunity to litigate it” in the prior proceeding.).

       While Bell did initially appeal the District Court’s judgment, he voluntarily dismissed
that appeal, thereby forfeiting his right to further pursue any claimed errors in the District Court
trial. His assertion in this appeal that he did not receive a full and fair opportunity to litigate his
positions in the District Court is a collateral attack on that judgment which does not prevent the
application of issue preclusion to the District Court’s judgment. Bell is simply attempting to re-
litigate the issues adjudicated in the District Court trial. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did
not err in applying issue preclusion to District Court’s fraud judgment, resulting in its
determination that the debt owed to Aviation is non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM.
