                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   March 24, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 319254
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
CHARLES ANTHONY JACKSON, JR.,                                      LC No. 12-008428-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAWYER and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of felony murder, MCL
750.316(1)(b), armed robbery, MCL 750.529, and conspiracy to commit unarmed robbery, MCL
750.157a. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the felony-murder conviction, 250 to 500
months’ imprisonment for the armed robbery conviction, and one to five years’ imprisonment for
the conspiracy to commit unarmed robbery conviction, to be served concurrently. We affirm.

        First, defendant argues that he was denied his right to a fair trial by the trial court’s
refusal to instruct the jury on the defense of others defense. We disagree.

        This Court reviews “a trial court’s determination whether a jury instruction is applicable
to the facts of a case for an abuse of discretion.” People v Guajardo, 300 Mich App 26, 34; 832
NW2d 409 (2013). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the court chooses an outcome that falls
outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id., quoting People v Unger, 278
Mich App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). Questions of law, including the interpretation and
application of relevant statutes, are reviewed de novo. Id.

       The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant the right to
present a defense. US Const, Ams VI, XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 13. This right entitles the
defendant to a properly instructed jury. People v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 326-327; 654 NW2d
651 (2002); see also Guajardo, 300 Mich App at 34. “The trial court’s role is to clearly present
the case to the jury and to instruct it on the applicable law.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58,
82; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). “A defendant asserting an affirmative defense must produce some
evidence on all elements of the defense before the trial court is required to instruct the jury
regarding the affirmative defense.” Guajardo, 300 Mich App at 34-35.



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        In the instant case, defendant asked the trial court to instruct the jury on the defense of
others. The self-defense act (SDA), MCL 780.971 et seq., “codified the circumstances in which
a person may use deadly force in self-defense or in defense of another person without having the
duty to retreat.” People v Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 708; 788 NW2d 399 (2010). The SDA, MCL
780.972(1), provides:

       An individual who has not or is not engaged in the commission of a crime at the
       time he or she uses deadly force may use deadly force against another individual
       anywhere he or she has the legal right to be with no duty to retreat if either of the
       following applies:

       (a) The individual honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is
       necessary to prevent the imminent death of or imminent great bodily harm to
       himself or herself or to another individual.

       (b) The individual honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is
       necessary to prevent the imminent sexual assault of himself or herself or of
       another individual.

        The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on the defense of
others because defendant failed to present evidence on all the elements of the defense. See
Guajardo, 300 Mich App at 34-35. An individual asserting a defense of others defense must
show that he is somewhere he has a legal right to be and is not engaged in the commission of a
crime. See MCL 780.972(1). Defendant, Zelda Taylor, Iashia Knox, and Kristan Holmes were
clearly engaged in the commission of a crime when defendant used deadly force against Hassan
Jaber. All of these individuals testified that they planned to rob Jaber. Although their accounts
varied in some respects regarding the specifics of the robbery, it was undisputed that they drove
to Jaber’s house with the intent to rob him. Knox and Taylor were engaged in a threesome with
Jaber to distract him while Holmes or defendant entered Jaber’s home to search for money.
Similarly, defendant did not have a legal right to be in Jaber’s house and bedroom. Defendant
entered Jaber’s home without his permission or an invitation.

        In addition, to use deadly force against an individual, a defendant must also “honestly and
reasonably believe[] that the use of deadly force is necessary . . . .” MCL 780.972(1). Defendant
appears to claim that the use of deadly force was necessary to prevent the imminent sexual
assault of Taylor. However, defendant testified that he hit Jaber on the head with the tree branch
three times. The first time he hit Jaber, Jaber fell. Taylor and Knox then ran from the room. At
this point, the use of deadly force was no longer necessary to prevent the imminent sexual assault
of Taylor or Knox. Nonetheless, defendant hit Jaber on the head with the tree branch two more
times. Thus, defendant’s own testimony does not support a defense of others defense.

        Second, defendant claims that he was denied his right of confrontation when the trial
court allowed Heather Vitta to testify and admitted Jennifer Jones’s report on her DNA analysis.
We agree that admitting Jones’s report was a violation of the Confrontation Clause, disagree that
Vitta’s testimony violated the Confrontation Clause, and find that regardless, defendant cannot
show plain error affecting his substantial rights.


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        To preserve a claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation, a
defendant must object at trial on this ground. People v McPherson, 263 Mich App 124, 137; 687
NW2d 370 (2004). An objection that the evidence is hearsay does not preserve the constitutional
issue for appellate review. People v Coy, 258 Mich App 1, 12; 669 NW2d 831 (2003). When
the prosecutor asked Vitta about the DNA testing results, defense counsel objected and argued
that such testimony was hearsay because the testing was not conducted by Vitta, but by Jones,
who did not testify. Defense counsel did not object on confrontation grounds. Therefore,
defendant’s claim that his right of confrontation was violated is unpreserved. See McPherson,
263 Mich App at 137; Coy, 258 Mich App at 12.

        Generally, this Court reviews de novo a defendant’s claim that he was denied his
constitutional right of confrontation or his right to present a defense. See People v Nunley, 491
Mich 686, 697; 821 NW2d 642 (2012); Unger, 278 Mich App at 247. However, “[a]ppellate
review of unpreserved constitutional claims is for plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial
rights.” People v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012). Defendant must show
that the plain error affected the outcome of the proceedings. Id. at 473. “[R]eversal is warranted
only if the error resulted in the conviction of an innocent defendant or seriously affected the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings regardless of the guilt or
innocence of the accused.” Id.

        Under the Confrontation Clause, a defendant has the right “to be confronted with the
witnesses against him.” US Const, Am VI; see also Const 1963, art 1, § 20. “[T]he right to
confront and cross-examine witnesses is aimed at truth-seeking and promoting reliability in
criminal trials.” Nunley, 491 Mich at 697. An out-of-court testimonial statement is inadmissible
under the Confrontation Clause “unless the declarant appears at trial or the defendant has had a
previous opportunity to cross-examine the declarant.” Id. at 698; see also US Const, Am VI.
The United States Supreme Court has not specifically defined a “testimonial statement,” but has
recognized that testimony is typically “a solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose
of establishing or proving some fact.” Crawford v Washington, 541 US 36, 51; 124 S Ct 1354;
158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004) (citations and quotation marks omitted). The Confrontation Clause only
applies “to statements used as substantive evidence.” People v Fackelman, 489 Mich 515, 528;
802 NW2d 552 (2011).

         Jones’s report was testimonial in nature. Because she did not testify and defendant did
not have a previous opportunity to cross-examine her, the admission of the report into evidence
violated the Confrontation Clause. See Nunley, 491 Mich at 697; see also US Const, Am VI. It
appears that Jones took steps similar to Vitta in that she compared the DNA collected with the
DNA from the reference samples and made conclusions regarding whether they were a match.
This information was then contained in her report. Jones’s report reflects what she would have
testified to if she had appeared in court. The conclusion that blood from the crime scene matches
the DNA from defendant or Jaber would be presented at trial “for the purpose of establishing or
proving some fact”—defendant’s guilt and role in the crime. See Crawford, 541 US at 51.
Consequently, the report is testimonial in nature.




                                                -3-
       With respect to Vitta’s testimony, a plurality of justices of the United States Supreme
Court in Williams v Illinois, __ US __, __; 132 S Ct 2221, 2228; 183 L Ed 2d 89 (2012),1 a case
with very similar facts to the instant case, concluded:

       Out-of-court statements that are related by the expert solely for the purpose of
       explaining the assumptions on which that opinion rests are not offered for their
       truth and thus fall outside the scope of the Confrontation Clause.

We agree with the reasoning provided in Williams. Because the DNA profiles obtained by Jones
were the assumptions on which Vitta’s opinion rested, Vitta’s testimony did not run afoul of the
Confrontation Clause. See Williams, __ US at __; 132 S Ct at 2228.

        Furthermore, the admission of Vitta’s testimony and Jones’s report was not plain error
affecting defendant’s substantial rights. See King, 297 Mich App at 472-473. Defendant
admitted that he hit Jaber three times on the head with a tree branch. He admitted to being in
Jaber’s house, which would explain how his blood came to be on the interior front door trim of
Jaber’s house. Defendant also testified that he injured his hand that day at work, so it was
bleeding, which further explains why his blood was in the house and on the tree branch.

        Defendant claims that his decision to testify was affected by the court’s erroneous
decisions to allow Vitta to testify and to admit Jones’s report. Even if this is true, the testimony
from Taylor, Knox, and Holmes was enough for a reasonable jury to conclude that defendant
committed felony murder. Taylor testified that she and Knox were kissing in Jaber’s bedroom
when Jaber fell. She then saw defendant in the bedroom. Taylor also testified that in the car
defendant said, “I don’t know what you’re upset for, I have blood on my hands.” Knox testified
that she saw defendant come in the bedroom and swing a stick. Holmes testified that she saw
defendant take a tree branch with him when he went inside Jaber’s house. After they left,
defendant said they needed to go back. He went inside and came out with the same tree branch
that defendant took in with him. Holmes also saw defendant dispose of the branch near
defendant and Taylor’s house, which is where it was found. Finally, Holmes testified that when
they were back at defendant and Taylor’s house, defendant said, “I think I hurt him; I didn’t
mean to hurt him.” Defendant also said something about “enjoying hitting [Jaber] that way.”
Given all of the evidence implicating him in Jaber’s murder, defendant cannot show that any
error in the admission of Vitta’s testimony or Jones’s report was outcome determinative.

        Finally, in his standard 4 brief, defendant claims that his right to a fair trial was violated
by the admission of irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial photographs of Jaber. We disagree.

       “A decision whether to admit photographs is within the sound discretion of the trial court
and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” People v Gayheart, 285 Mich
App 202, 227; 776 NW2d 330 (2009). “If the court’s evidentiary error is nonconstitutional and
preserved, then it is presumed not to be a ground for reversal unless it affirmatively appears that,


1
 We note that this Court is not bound by Williams because Williams was a plurality decision.
See People v Beasley, 239 Mich App 548, 559; 609 NW2d 581 (2000).


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more probably than not, it was outcome determinative – i.e., that it undermined the reliability of
the verdict.” People v Douglas, 496 Mich 557, 565-566; 852 NW2d 587 (2014) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).

       Generally, photographic evidence is admissible as long as it is relevant under MRE 401
and not unduly prejudicial under MRE 403. Gayheart, 285 Mich App at 227. Evidence is
relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” MRE 401. Even if evidence is relevant, it may be excluded “if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading
the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of
cumulative evidence.” MRE 403.

       “‘Photographs may be used to corroborate a witness’ testimony,’ and ‘gruesomeness
alone need not cause exclusion.’” Gayheart, 285 Mich App at 227, quoting People v Mills, 450
Mich 61, 76; 537 NW2d 909 (1995), mod 450 Mich 1212 (1995). In addition,

       Photographs may properly be used to corroborate other evidence and are not
       excludable simply because they are cumulative of a witness’s oral testimony. The
       jury is not required to depend solely on the testimony of experts, but is entitled to
       view the severity and vastness of the injuries for itself. [Id. (citations and
       quotation marks omitted).]

Photographs showing the nature and extent of a victim’s injuries can also be helpful in proving a
defendant’s intent to kill. Id. In addition, photographs can explain and corroborate witness
testimony regarding cause of death. Id.

       On the other hand, some photographs are irrelevant or substantially more prejudicial than
probative, and thus should be excluded:

       Photographs that are merely calculated to arouse the sympathies or prejudices of
       the jury are properly excluded, particularly if they are not substantially necessary
       or instructive to show material facts or conditions. If photographs which disclose
       the gruesome aspects of an accident or a crime are not pertinent, relevant,
       competent, or material on any issue in the case and serve the purpose solely of
       inflaming the minds of the jurors and prejudicing them against the accused, they
       should not be admitted in evidence. [Mills, 450 Mich at 76-77.]

“However, if photographs are otherwise admissible for a proper purpose, they are not rendered
inadmissible merely because they bring vividly to the jurors the details of a gruesome or
shocking accident or crime, even though they may tend to arouse the passion or prejudice of the
jurors.” Id. at 77.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographs at issue. First, the
photographs were relevant. Defendant’s intent was at issue because it is an essential element of
felony murder. People v Seals, 285 Mich App 1, 12; 776 NW2d 314 (2009). The first and third
photographs, taken of Jaber’s face and the back of his head during his autopsy, were relevant in
proving defendant’s intent “to kill, to do great bodily harm, or to create a high risk of death or
                                                -5-
great bodily harm with knowledge that death or great bodily harm was the probable result,”
because the photographs depict the nature and extent of Jaber’s injuries. See Gayheart, 285
Mich App at 227; Seals, 285 Mich App at 12. The jury is not required to rely solely on the
testimony of experts—in this case, the medical examiner—and “is entitled to view the severity
and vastness of the injuries for itself.” Gayheart, 285 Mich App at 227. The photographs also
corroborated the testimony of Dr. Ayleesh Gupta, the medical examiner, regarding Jaber’s cause
of death. In addition, the photographs corroborated Taylor’s and Knox’s testimony that
defendant hit Jaber in the back of the head, or was in the room right after Jaber fell. The second
photograph, which showed the positioning of Jaber’s body when he was found at the scene, was
also relevant in corroborating or disproving the witnesses’ accounts of the events. Jaber’s
position each time defendant hit him with the tree branch is particularly relevant, given
defendant’s claim that he was defending Taylor or thought that she was in danger.

        Second, the photographs were not substantially more prejudicial than probative. As
discussed above, the first and third photographs were highly probative in determining
defendant’s intent. The second photograph was probative in providing context to the witnesses’
accounts, which varied, and helping the jury determine whose version of the events was accurate.
The photographs at issue serve a purpose other than “inflaming the minds of the jurors and
prejudicing them against the accused.” See Mills, 450 Mich at 77. In addition, gruesomeness
alone is not cause for exclusion, nor is the fact that photographs are cumulative of a witness’s
testimony. Gayheart, 285 Mich App at 227; see also Mills, 450 Mich at 76; Unger, 278 Mich
App at 257. MRE 403 seeks to avoid the danger of unfair prejudice, “not prejudice that stems
only from the abhorrent nature of the crime itself.” People v Starr, 457 Mich 490, 500; 577
NW2d 673 (1998). Finally, “Rule 403 determinations are best left to a contemporaneous
assessment of the presentation, credibility, and effect of testimony by the trial judge.” People v
Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462; 751 NW2d 408 (2008).

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                            /s/ Peter D. O’Connell




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