                            STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


In re: A.M., T.M., and J.M.-2                                                     FILED
                                                                               June 16, 2017
No. 16-0788 (Taylor County 13-JA-19, 13-JA-20, & 15-JA-9)                      RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                                                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioner Father J.M.-1, by counsel Jason T. Gains and Ryan C. Shreve, appeals the
Circuit Court of Taylor County’s July 21, 2016, order terminating his parental rights to then
four-year-old A.M., five-year-old T.M., and one-year-old J.M.-2.1 The West Virginia
Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee Niezgoda, filed a
response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem (“guardian”), Mary S.
Nelson, filed a response on behalf of the children in support of the circuit court’s order.
Petitioner filed a reply. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court (1) violated his
constitutional and statutory rights; (2) erred in terminating his parental rights to the children
based on erroneous findings of abuse and neglect; (3) plainly erred in terminating his parental
rights to the youngest child, J.M., when the DHHR presented no evidence that J.M. was abused
or neglected and the circuit court made no finding that J.M. was abuse or neglected; and (4)
erroneously entered restraining orders prohibiting him from contacting J.M. or J.M.’s mother.2

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       1
         Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W.Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W.Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183
W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Further, because petitioner and one of the children share the
same initials, we include numbers (J.M.-1 and J.M.-2) to distinguish them in this memorandum
decision.
       2
         We note that West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-1 through 49-11-10 were repealed and
recodified during the 2015 Regular Session of the West Virginia Legislature. The new
enactment, West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-101 through 49-7-304, has minor stylistic changes and
became effective on May 20, 2015. In this memorandum decision, we apply the statutes as they
existed during the pendency of the proceedings below. It is important to note, however, that the
abuse and neglect statutes underwent only minor stylistic revisions and those revisions have no
impact on the Court’s decision herein.
                                                1

        In September of 2013, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition (“first petition”)
against the mother of A.M. and T.M. following her arrest for felony child abuse and neglect. In
the petition, the DHHR alleged that the arrest was based on the children’s unsafe and unsanitary
living conditions. No allegations against petitioner were made in the first petition. Upon their
mother’s arrest, A.M. and T.M. were placed in the care, custody, and control of petitioner.

        On June 23, 2014, the DHHR filed an amended abuse and neglect petition (“second
petition”) alleging that petitioner failed to protect his children from abuse and neglect because he
knew or should have known that it occurred. On the same day, the circuit court held a status
hearing. Petitioner was present, but not represented by counsel as there were no allegations
against him in the first petition. At the outset of that hearing, the circuit court informed petitioner
of the second petition’s filing; appointed him counsel; and directed him to remain in the
courtroom to be served with the second petition.

        Also at the hearing, the guardian raised concerns that petitioner may have abused
controlled substances or alcohol while the children were in his custody, based on observations
that petitioner appeared disoriented and was often late to and confused about visits between the
children and their mother. The guardian requested that the circuit court order petitioner to submit
to a drug and alcohol screen. The circuit court asked petitioner whether he had taken any
medications or controlled substances for which he had no prescription. Without objection to the
question by petitioner or his counsel, petitioner answered, “No.” Petitioner further answered that
he would not test positive for drugs, if tested. The circuit court adjourned the hearing for
petitioner to submit to a drug screen. He tested positive for marijuana. Petitioner explained that
he had inhaled second-hand marijuana smoke, but he stated that he had not directly used drugs.
He further indicated that he left the children with their grandparents, with whom he and the
children reside, when he was around the marijuana smoke. Based on the evidence, the circuit
court permitted the children to remain in petitioner’s physical custody provided that he submit to
drug screens.

        On July 8, 2014, the DHHR filed another amended petition (“third petition”) alleging that
petitioner had abused and/or neglected his children due to his drug use, as evidenced by his
positive drug screen for marijuana on June 23, 2014, in addition to the previous allegations
contained in the second petition. Thereafter, petitioner submitted to additional drug screens.
While the details of his drug screens are unclear, the record indicates that on several occasions
petitioner tested positive for controlled substances and provided diluted samples.

        On July 15, 2014, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing on the allegations in the
third petition. At that hearing, petitioner, with advice of counsel, stipulated that he “abused
and/or neglected his infant child(ren) through his failure to protect and ensure for their wellbeing
and through his resistance to services offered by the [DHHR] meant to remediate the pending
issues . . . [and] . . . through his substance abuse, as evidence [sic] by multiple positive and/or
dilute[d] drug screens.” Petitioner stated that his stipulation was knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary. After accepting the stipulation, the circuit court granted petitioner a six-month, post­
adjudicatory improvement period.



                                                  2

       In September of 2014, the circuit court held a review hearing on petitioner’s post­
adjudicatory improvement period. Petitioner did not appear in person, but he was represented by
counsel, who indicated that she had difficulty communicating with petitioner. It was also
reported that petitioner failed to appear for drug screens on three occasions; provided diluted
samples on one occasion; and tested positive for marijuana on another occasion. At the
conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court ordered that petitioner could no longer reside with the
children at their grandparents’ home.

        In December of 2014, at the request of the children’s grandparents, the DHHR removed
the children from the grandparents and placed them in foster care. Later that month, at a status
hearing, the circuit court granted the DHHR’s motion to add petitioner’s newly born child, J.M.­
2, to the on-going abuse and neglect proceedings. Petitioner did not object to the motion or ruling
regarding J.M.-2

        In February of 2015, the circuit court entered an order on its ruling from the hearing in
December of 2014 that the “petition [was] ordered amended to reflect [the] birth of [J.M.-2]” and
to include J.M.-2’s non-offending mother in the proceedings (“fourth petition”). At a status
hearing held in March of 2015, it was again reported that petitioner failed to fully submit to drug
screens as directed.

        In June of 2015, the circuit court held a hearing at which it found that petitioner abused
and neglected J.M.-2 The circuit court ruled that it could take judicial notice of petitioner’s prior
adjudication as to A.M. and T.M., which would include petitioner’s admissions and stipulations
related to those children, and petitioner’s failures during his prior improvement period, which
would include his failed drug screens. Petitioner presented no evidence or argument at the
hearing, and at no time did petitioner object to the circuit court’s rulings. It was further reported
at the hearing that petitioner continued to fail to appear for drug screens; to give diluted samples;
and to test positive for marijuana.

        In July of 2015, at the first dispositional hearing, the circuit court granted petitioner a
dispositional improvement period. At a status hearing several months later, the circuit court
noted that petitioner continued to fail to comply with drug screens as directed.

        In February of 2016, the circuit court held a second dispositional hearing. At that hearing,
several service providers testified that petitioner failed to substantially comply with the terms
and conditions of his improvement period. Petitioner only sporadically attended and participated
in parenting and adult-life skills classes, and he had not attended any such classes since
November of 2015. It was also noted that in June of 2015 petitioner attempted suicide and was
hospitalized for mental health concerns. A mental health provider testified that petitioner initially
sought treatment at a mental health clinic after his hospitalization, but he was discharged for non­
compliance after only two therapy sessions. Further, the DHHR caseworker testified regarding
petitioner’s continued failures with positive, diluted, or missed drug screens.3 Petitioner testified

       3
       Following the second dispositional hearing, due to a computer print-out error, the DHHR
caseworker submitted a corrected statement of petitioner’s missed drug screens. While she
                                                                             (continued . . .)
                                                 3

that his failure to comply with drug screens, therapy, and other services was due to a lack of
transportation. Following the hearing, by order entered on July 21, 2016, the circuit court
terminated petitioner’s parental rights to the children.4 The circuit court also granted, without
objection, the DHHR’s motion to restrain petitioner’s contact with J.M.-2 and J.M.-2’s mother.
This appeal followed.

       The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

               “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
       facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
       evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
       such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
       reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
       although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
       evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
       committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
       because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
       the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
       viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
       470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). Upon our review, we find no
error in the circuit court’s order terminating petitioner’s parental rights to the children.

        On appeal, petitioner first argues that the circuit court violated his constitutional and
statutory rights when it proceeded on the first and second petitions without appointing him an
attorney and without providing him proper notice. Notwithstanding petitioner’s arguments,
which the DHHR and guardian contest, it is undisputed that a third petition was filed after the
first and second petitions. The third petition contained allegations of petitioner’s drug use and
failure to protect the children. Petitioner does not assign error to the appointment of an attorney
or notice related to the filing of the third petition. Given the filing of the third petition without
issue, we find that petitioner’s claims regarding the first and second petitions were rendered
moot. “Courts will not ordinarily decide a moot question.” Syl. Pt. 1, Tynes v. Shore, 117 W.Va.
355, 185 S.E. 845 (1936). “Moot questions or abstract propositions, the decisions of which
would avail nothing in the determination of controverted rights of persons or of property, are not


testified that petitioner completed only twenty-eight of his fifty-one scheduled drug screens, the
corrected account provided that petitioner completed forty of his fifty-one scheduled drug
screens. The circuit court noted this correction in its final order.
       4
        Petitioner’s parental rights were terminated below. According to the DHHR and
guardian ad litem, all three children are placed with their respective mothers where they will
remain. The mother of A.M. and T.M. appears to have successfully completed an improvement
period, and her children were returned to her in April of 2016. The mother of J.M. is non-
offending, and J.M. has been in her care, custody, and control since his birth.
                                                 4

properly cognizable by a court.” Syl. Pt. 5, W.Va. Educ. Ass’n v. Consol. Pub. Ret. Bd., 194
W.Va. 501, 460 S.E.2d 747 (1995) (internal citation omitted).

        Petitioner further argues that the circuit court erred in questioning him at the June 23,
2014, hearing about his drug use and in ordering him to submit to a drug screen at that time.
Petitioner claims that these errors formed the basis of allegations later made in amended petitions
and upon which his parental rights were ultimately terminated. However, we find that petitioner
forfeited this argument below by failing to object to the circuit court’s questioning or to the drug
screen.5 The record on appeal contains no objection by petitioner or his counsel (who was
appointed and represented petitioner prior to any discussion of drug use at the June 23, 2014,
hearing) to either the circuit court’s questions about drug use or the subsequent drug screen at the
June 23, 2014, hearing, which are raised as error for the first time on appeal.6 We have explained
that a party has a duty to raise an objection below or risk forfeiting the claim on appeal to this
Court. “Our general rule is that nonjurisdictional questions . . . raised for the first time on appeal,
will not be considered.” Noble v. W.Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 223 W.Va. 818, 821, 679
S.E.2d 650, 653 (2009) (internal citation omitted). As petitioner did not object below, we will not
review these grounds for the first time on appeal.

        In his second and third assignments of error, petitioner argues that the circuit court
erroneously adjudicated him as an abusing parent of all three children when (1) the evidence was
insufficient to support a finding of abuse or neglect as to A.M. and T.M. and (2) there was no
evidence of abuse or neglect of J.M.-2, who was also not found to be an abused child. Due to his
failure to object to, or contest, his adjudications below, petitioner asks that we review these
claims under the plain-error doctrine. We have explained that “[t]o trigger application of the
‘plain[-]error’ doctrine, there must be (1) an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial
rights; and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Miller, 194 W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995). We have further
explained that the plain-error doctrine is “to be used sparingly and only in those circumstances
where substantial rights are affected, or the truth-finding process is substantially impaired, or a
miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” Syl. Pt. 4, in part, State v. England, 180 W.Va.
342, 376 S.E.2d 548 (1988) (internal citation omitted). In response, the DHHR argues that
petitioner’s stipulations and failure to object to, or contest, the adjudications constitutes invited
error, and, thus, is not reviewable on appeal. We agree.

        We have previously held that “‘[a] litigant may not silently acquiesce to an alleged error,
or actively contribute to such error, and then raise that error as a reason for reversal on appeal.’
Syllabus Point 1, Maples v. West Virginia Dep’t of Commerce, 197 W.Va. 318, 475 S.E.2d 410
       5
         Unlike petitioner’s second and third assignments of error (discussed below), petitioner
does not seek plain-error review of any portion of his first assignment of error. Therefore, the
finding that petitioner failed to object on these grounds ends our analysis.
       6
         The only questions the circuit court asked petitioner at the June 23, 2014, hearing prior
to his appointment of counsel were about his relationship with a woman (determined to be his
girlfriend) who wished to remain in the courtroom for the hearing. Notably, petitioner initiated
this conversation with the circuit court; petitioner interjected in a discussion between the circuit
court and the bailiff about the girlfriend.
                                                  5

(1996).” Syl. Pt. 2, Hopkins v. DC Chapman Ventures, Inc., 228 W.Va. 213, 719 S.E.2d 381
(2011). Further,

               “[a] judgment will not be reversed for any error in the record introduced
       by or invited by the party seeking reversal.” Syllabus Point 21, State v. Riley, 151
       W.Va. 364, 151 S.E.2d 308 (1966), overruled on other grounds by Proudfoot v.
       Dan’s Marine Service, Inc., 210 W.Va. 498, 558 S.E.2d 298 (2001).

Hopkins, 228 W.Va. at 215, 719 S.E.2d at 383, Syl. Pt. 3. As a branch of the waiver doctrine,
invited error generally prevents this Court from finding a deviation of the rule of law. See Syl. Pt.
8, in part, State v. Miller, 194 W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995) (holding that “[a] deviation from
a rule of law is error unless there is a waiver.”). “[W]hen there has been such a knowing waiver,
there is no error and the inquiry as to the effect of the deviation from a rule of law [or violation
of a right] need not be determined.” Miller, 194 W.Va. at 18, 459 S.E.2d at 129. “When a right is
waived, it is not reviewable even for plain error.” State v. Crabtree, 198 W.Va. 620, 631, 482
S.E.2d 605, 616 (1996).

        Having reviewed the parties’ arguments and the record on appeal related to petitioner’s
second and third assignments of error, the Court finds that petitioner waived his claims regarding
the adjudications underlying his termination of parental rights by stipulating and silently
acquiescing to the same. Petitioner voluntarily stipulated to his adjudication as an abusing parent
to A.M. and T.M., thus inviting the circuit court to adjudge him as an abusing parent to those
children. Further, petitioner made no objection or challenge when the DHHR sought to have
J.M.-2 adjudicated for abuse and neglect or when the circuit court adjudicated J.M.-2.7 Simply
put, petitioner admitted to the sufficiency of the allegations and evidence against him by
stipulating his adjudication as an abusing parent of A.M. and T.M. in July of 2014 and by
silently acquiescing to the adjudication of J.M.-2 in June of 2015. Petitioner raised no objection
to either adjudication, nor did he challenge (or make his stipulation conditional upon a challenge
to) the sufficiency of the allegations against him. Thus, petitioner’s waiver prevents a finding of
a deviation of the rule of law and prevents a finding of plain error. For those reasons, this Court
finds no plain error in the circuit court’s adjudications of the children as alleged in petitioner’s
second and third assignments of error.

       7
         Petitioner argues that no written order was entered adjudicating J.M.-2 as an abused or
neglected child, and, therefore, terminating petitioner’s parental rights to J.M.-2 was reversible
error. We disagree. In addition to the uncontested adjudication made on the record at the hearing
in June of 2015, the circuit court’s July 21, 2016, written order references its findings of abuse
and neglect as to J.M.-2. Further, according to the docketing sheet, an order was entered on July
28, 2015, reflecting the circuit court’s rulings at the hearing in June of 2015 wherein it
adjudicated J.M.-2. However, petitioner failed to include the July 28, 2015, order in the appendix
record, which renders the contents of that written order unknown to this Court. “Error will not be
presumed, all presumptions being in favor of the correctness of the judgment.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part,
W.Va. Dept. of Health & Human Res. Emps. Fed. Credit Union v. Tennant, 215 W.Va. 387, 599
S.E.2d 810 (2004) (quoting Syl. Pt. 5, Morgan v. Price, 151 W.Va. 158, 150 S.E.2d 897 (1966));
see also State v. Browning, 199 W.Va. 417, 485 S.E.2d 1 (1997) (“This Court will not consider
an error which is not properly preserved in the record nor apparent on the face of the record.”).
                                                 6

        Petitioner’s final assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by restraining
petitioner’s contact with J.M.-2 and J.M.-2’s mother. Petitioner acknowledges that Rule 36 of the
West Virginia Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings provides that “[t]he
court also may include in the disposition order the following information: . . . restraining orders
controlling the conduct of any party who is likely to frustrate the disposition order.” However,
petitioner argues that the circuit court’s restraining order was unconstitutional and improper. The
DHHR responds that the circuit court was within its discretion to enter the restraining order
because petitioner and J.M.-2’s mother had previously circumvented the circuit court’s order
regarding supervised visitation. Having reviewed the record on appeal, we find that petitioner
failed to object at the final dispositional hearing to the DHHR’s motion for a restraining order
and to the circuit court’s granting of the same. As noted above, we will not address a
nonjurisdictional issue for the first time on appeal.

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
July 21, 2016, order is hereby affirmed.


                                                                                        Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 16, 2017


CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker




                                                7

