                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                 EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      EL PASO, TEXAS


                                                  §
 RAY EDWARD BROOKINS,                                             No. 08-10-00243-CR
                                                  §
                   Appellant,                                        Appeal from the
                                                  §
 v.                                                           143rd Judicial District Court
                                                  §
 THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                             of Ward County, Texas
                                                  §
                   Appellee.                                       (TC# 07-04-04842)
                                                  §

                                                  §

                                           OPINION

       Ray Edward Brookins served as superintendent of the West Texas State School (WTSS),

a facility operated by the Texas Youth Commission (TYC). He was indicted on two counts of

improper relationship between educator and student. The indictment alleged that he engaged in

sexual activity with J.P., who had been committed to the custody of TYC after being adjudicated

delinquent. A jury convicted Brookins on both counts and sentenced him to ten years of

incarceration. On appeal, Brookins asserts that the trial court erred by allowing a witness to

testify that J.P. was being truthful, that the evidence was legally insufficient in two respects, and

that the trial court erred by restricting the scope of cross-examination regarding J.P.’s juvenile

record. We affirm.

                            TESTIMONY REGARDING TRUTHFULNESS

       Brookins’ first issue concerns the testimony of Texas Ranger Brian Burzynski. Burzynski

initiated the investigation that led to Brookins’ indictment after receiving a telephone tip from a
volunteer at WTSS. Expecting to find “nothing,” Burzynski went to WTSS and interviewed J.P.

While the prosecutor was questioning Burzynski about this interview, the following exchange

occurred:

       Q.      [W]hat were your immediate impressions after you took his statement?

       A.      My immediate impression was I was wrong.

       Q.      About what?

       A.      Because I didn’t -- I thought that -- I didn’t think that it was a credible --
               what I was told over the telephone I didn’t -- and why I was going there to
               conduct an investigation I didn’t believe was accurate. I believed it was
               unfounded, but, of course, it needed to be checked out.

       Q.      And when you heard his --

       A.      When I finished interviewing him, I felt that . . . this was a --

At this point, defense counsel interposed an objection on the ground that the witness was about to

give an improper opinion as to whether J.P.’s statement was truthful. The court overruled the

objection, and the questioning resumed as follows:

       Q.      What was it specifically about his statement . . . that made you think I need
               to do more investigation?

       A.      [J.P.] was specific in what he described. And my experience in criminal
               investigations, especially in a sexual assault or those type investigations, is
               that when a victim is very specific about specific things --

       Defense Counsel:        Your Honor, I’m going to renew my
                               objection as improper opinion and a
                               comment on the weight of the evidence.

       The Court:      Overruled.

       Q.      You may answer.

       A.      There were very specific things which were mentioned. It’s normal that


                                                 -2-
                whenever you have -- whenever you’re conducting an investigation and
                you’re interviewing somebody, and let’s just say they’re making it up, I’m
                not saying that it’s truthful, it’s just whether it’s credible, if somebody is
                just giving a bunch of vague -- they can’t give you specifics because it’s
                not real, and so they are always having to think to make the thing up as
                you’re questioning them. They don’t want to be specific because they’ll
                be contradicted, you know, those are things -- so in a case where you have
                somebody who voluntarily is coming out with very specific information,
                knowing that I’m going to check it out or can check it out, that tends to
                give rise to the credibility.

         On appeal, Brookins contends that the trial court erred in allowing Burzynski to testify

that J.P. was being truthful during the interview. We review this issue for abuse of discretion.

Arzaga v. State, 86 S.W.3d 767, 773-74 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2002, no pet.).

         A witness may not give a direct opinion as to the truthfulness of another witness. See

Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 59 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Yount v. State, 872 S.W.2d 706, 711

(Tex.Crim.App. 1993); Arzaga, 86 S.W.3d at 776. However, not all testimony that touches on

another witness’s truthfulness is inadmissible. For example, an expert may testify that a child

sexual assault victim does not exhibit behavior indicating that her claims were the product of

manipulation. See Schutz, 957 S.W.2d at 73. But an expert may not state whether he believes

that the child was in fact manipulated. See id. As these examples illustrate, there is a fine line

between permissible and impermissible testimony that touches on a witness’s credibility. See id.

at 60.

         Burzynski’s testimony is similar to testimony introduced in Sessums v. State, 129 S.W.3d

242, 247-48 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2004, pet. ref’d). In Sessums, an expert described the factors

that he considers to determine whether a child is telling the truth and then he testified that the

victim exhibited those factors. 129 S.W.3d at 247. The Texarkana Court of Appeals held that



                                                  -3-
this testimony was inadmissible. Id. at 248.

        Similarly, we conclude that Burzynski’s testimony crossed the line that separates

permissible and impermissible testimony. In determining where to draw the line, we believe that

context is important. Here, Burzynski began his testimony by indicating that he did not expect to

find any merit to the volunteer’s tip. After taking a statement from J.P., his “immediate

impression was [that he] was wrong.” In explaining why he decided that he had been wrong and

why he decided to investigate further, Burzynski testified that J.P. provided specifics and “in a

case where you have somebody who voluntarily is coming out with very specific information,

knowing that I’m going to check it out or can check it out, that tends to give rise to the

credibility.” Although he did not literally say, “I believed J.P.” or “J.P. was being truthful,” that

was the clear implication of his testimony. See Gonzalez v. State, 301 S.W.3d 393, 398

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2009, pet. ref’d)(holding that testimony was improper because it implicitly

related to the credibility of a party’s written statement).

        The erroneous admission of testimony regarding the truthfulness of a witness is non-

constitutional error, which must be disregarded unless it affected the defendant’s substantial

rights. See Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011); see also TEX.R.APP.P.

44.2(b). We must reverse a conviction for non-constitutional error if we have “grave doubt” that

the result of the trial was free from the substantial effect of the error. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at

94. On the other hand, we will not reverse if, after examining the record as a whole, we have fair

assurance that the error did not influence the jury or influenced the jury only slightly. Id. at 93.

Our focus is not on whether the outcome of the trial was proper despite the error, but whether the

error had a substantial or injurious effect on the jury’s verdict. Id. at 93-4. In assessing the


                                                  -4-
likelihood that the jury’s decision was improperly influenced, we examine everything in the

record, including the prosecution’s theory, the defense’s theory, other testimony and physical

evidence, jury instructions, and closing arguments. Id.

       One of the defensive theories was that J.P. was not credible. Brookins contends that the

prosecution’s closing argument suggested that Burzynski believed J.P. The prosecution began its

closing argument by noting that a “predator’s perfect victim is one he thinks no one will believe.”

Yet J.P. told his story to the jury and “[i]t was that story that led to Brian Burzynski taking this

investigation seriously, the story that led to him searching the defendant’s home and finding all

of those things that corroborated that story . . . .” Although this tended to reinforce the improper

testimony, the jury instructions told the jurors that they were “the exclusive judges of the facts

proved, of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to the testimony.”

       The danger posed by testimony commenting on the victim’s credibility is that the jury

might allow the testimony to supplant its determination as to credibility. Id. at 94. Brookins

argues that “given the official Texas Ranger imprimatur on J.P.’s version of events that only J.P.

and Appellant could know, allowing the opinion of truthfulness clearly harmed Appellant.” We

disagree because there was ample evidence to back up J.P.’s allegations, regardless of whether

Burzynski believed him. See id. at 95 (“Although the court of appeals considered this a ‘she

said, he said’ case turning on the credibility of the principal parties’ testimony, there was

additional evidence and testimony for the jury to consider in reaching its verdict regarding the

credibility of both [the victim] and appellant.”).

       J.P. testified that on “many occasions” he and Brookins watched pornographic DVDs in

Brookins’ office. On some of those occasions, Brookins would play pornographic movies on a


                                                  -5-
portable DVD player, and while the movie was playing, he would perform oral sex on J.P. or

masturbate J.P. using an artificial vagina and lubricant. J.P. recalled the word “Mandingo” on

the cover of one of the DVDs. He testified that Brookins also used a penis pump on him.

Defense counsel did not cross-examine J.P. about any of these details.1

       After interviewing J.P., Burzynski obtained Brookins’ consent to search his office and his

residence, which was located in an employee housing area adjacent to the WTSS campus.

Burzynski indicated that he was looking for items that J.P. had described during his interview,

such as a penis pump, a small DVD player, artificial vaginas, and pornographic DVDs, including

one made by the production company “Mandingo.” He found all of these items in Brookins’

residence. Burzynski found Avon lotions and petroleum jelly--additional items he was looking

for--in Brookins’ office.

       Burzynski also arranged for crime lab technicians to test the seized items, as well as

Brookins’ office, for the presence of semen. DNA testing revealed Brookins’ and J.P.’s semen in

areas of the office and J.P.’s semen inside one of the artificial vaginas.

       Employees of WTSS provided additional corroboration for J.P.’s allegations. Several

employees testified that Brookins would summons J.P. to his office at odd times of the day for

long periods of time, that Brookins and J.P. were frequently together, and that Brookins took an

unusual (and often unfairly critical) interest in J.P.2 One person testified that in his seventeen-


       1
        Although it is not an element of the offense, J.P. made clear that his sexual contact with
Brookins was non-consensual and that he went along with it because he believed that Brookins had
the power to delay his release from WTSS. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.12 (West 2011).
       2
        Some of the employees confronted Brookins about his behavior towards J.P. Brookins
responded with veiled threats. For example, when one employee confronted Brookins, he asked her
whether she was “trying to buy a house” and whether she “[had] bills to pay. When another

                                                 -6-
years of employment at WTSS, he had “never seen an administrator or anybody that interacted

with a student like that ever.” It was “absolutely” “very unusual” for an administrator to spend as

much time with a student as Brookins did with J.P. The State also introduced contemporaneous

“dorm logs” that documented the numerous times that J.P. was with Brookins.

       Brookins did not testify at trial, but the statement that he gave to Burzynski was admitted

into evidence. Brookins denied having any sexual contact with J.P. Burzynski asked Brookins

about specific items that he had seized and about certain information that J.P. had provided in his

statement. Brookins responded by trying to explain why J.P. would have known that he owned

some of the seized items. He stated:

       I remember us talking about when he gets out, him having kids, and I impressed
       upon him the fact that marriage was important and so forth. In talking about that,
       we went to being celibate. In that conversation, I began to tell him about all the
       diseases out there and told him it was better to masturbate than go out there and
       have a bunch of women and end up dead. Then we began talking about
       masturbating with toys and books. I told him about masturbation toys. I told him
       that I did have some. He talked about he wanted a bigger penis and I told him
       about pumps. Then I flung a book at him which was sex materials you could
       order, such as pumps, movies, DVD’s, artificial vaginas. I pointed out all the sex
       toys that I ordered including masturbators which you put over your penis and
       masturbate with. I showed him . . . the different kind of gels that you use . . . . I
       told him that I live by pornographic DVD’s and video tapes. This is my
       explanation for why [J.P.] would know that I have all of these things.

Brookins also stated that J.P. had seen the portable DVD player in his office and that he had told

J.P. about the plots of some of his pornographic DVDs. According to Brookins, this is why J.P.

knew about the DVD player and the movies.

       In addition to asking Brookins about J.P.’s actual allegations, Burzynski asked Brookins



employee confronted him, he reminded the employee that he was the superintendent and that “he
could do whatever he wanted.”

                                                -7-
two control questions. Burzynski pretended that he had some evidence regarding pubic hair and

circumcision to see if Brookins would offer an “explanation” regarding those issues. Indeed,

Brookins did explain why J.P. would have known that he is circumcised and that he cuts his

pubic hair. The jury could have concluded that Brookins’ statement reflected negatively on his

credibility and tended to validate J.P.’s allegations.

       Having considered the record as a whole, including the evidence corroborating J.P.’s

allegations, we have no doubt that the result of the trial was free from the substantial effect of the

error.3 Brookins’ first issue is overruled.

                                  SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       In his second issue, Brookins argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to sustain a

conviction for improper relationship between educator and student. In reviewing the sufficiency

of the evidence, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether a rational jury could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d

560 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). We must defer to the

jury’s credibility and weight-of-the-evidence determinations. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899.

       “An employee of a public . . . secondary school commits an offense if the employee . . .

engages in sexual contact, sexual intercourse, or deviate sexual intercourse with a person who is

enrolled in a public . . . secondary school at which the employee works.” TEX.PENAL CODE ANN.


       3
         During the punishment phase, the State presented evidence that Brookins engaged in
improper sexual activity with other juveniles at WTSS, with an inmate at a prison where he worked,
and with another youth for whom he served as a foster parent. The State also presented evidence that
Brookins violated TYC policies in other ways, such as by leaving juveniles in restraints for extended
periods of time.

                                                  -8-
§ 21.12(a)(1)(West Supp. 2011). Brookins asserts that the evidence is insufficient to establish

that WTSS is a public secondary school. Although he frames this issue as a legal sufficiency

challenge, he argues the issue as one of statutory construction. In essence, Brookins contends

that a juvenile correctional facility cannot be a public secondary school as a matter of law.

       When words are not defined in a statute, they are given their plain meaning unless the

statute clearly shows that they were used in some other sense. Ex parte Morales, 212 S.W.3d

483, 499 (Tex.App.--Austin 2006, pet. ref’d)(discussing this statute). Noting that the statute does

not define what a public secondary school is, Brookins asserts that “one rarely thinks of a secure

juvenile detention facility . . . when discussing your typical high school.” Therefore, he argues,

“the typical high school must have also been what the legislature had in mind.” He also relies on

Black’s Law Dictionary, which defines “public” as “[o]pen or available for all to use.” BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 1348 (9th ed. 2009). WTSS is not open or available for all to use. But, as the

State observes, neither is any other high school. All schools have age and residency

requirements. See TEX.EDUC.CODE ANN. § 25.001(b)(West Supp. 2011).

       Brookins points out that, except for funding purposes, TYC is specifically excluded from

the requirements of the Texas Education Code. See id. at § 1.001(b), § 30.101 (West 2006). He

therefore argues that TYC’s educational programs do not cover substantially the same field as a

typical high school. We disagree.

       A subchapter of the Education Code is devoted to TYC facilities. “The purpose of this

subchapter is to provide the state available school fund apportionment to children committed to

the Texas Youth Commission. To provide the state available school fund apportionment for

educational purposes, the educational programs provided to those children are considered to be


                                                -9-
educational services provided by public schools.” TEX.EDUC.CODE ANN. § 30.101 [Emphasis

added]. Like typical high schools, funding for TYC’s educational programs is based on average

daily attendance. See id. at § 30.102(a). WTSS was listed as its own school district on the Texas

Education Agency’s website. TYC’s teachers, librarians, and counselors are compensated

according to the same schedule that applies to other school districts. See id. at § 30.102(b).

Other school districts are required to grant credits toward high school graduation for courses that

a student successfully completed at TYC. Id. at § 30.104(a). A student may even graduate and

receive a high school diploma from TYC if the student successfully completes the curriculum

requirements identified by the State Board of Education. Id. at § 30.104(b). Thus, TYC

educational programs cover substantially the same field as typical high schools.

       One court has suggested that the Legislature created the offense of improper relationship

between educator and student because “school employees, whether possessing a teaching

certificate or not, are given unique access to students, and are thereby vested with great trust and

confidence by the school, parents, and public,” and that the Legislature “sought to preserve or

strengthen that trust by unequivocally prohibiting school employees from misusing their access

to students as a conduit for sex.” Ex parte Morales, 212 S.W.3d at 496. These rationales apply

just as forcefully to the West Texas State School as they do to a “typical high school.” The fact

that WTSS had elements of a correctional facility does not negate its status as a public secondary

school within the meaning of the applicable penal statute. The Legislature contemplated that

conduct constituting this offense might also constitute another offense and it provided that the

conduct could be prosecuted under both theories. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.12(c)(West




                                                -10-
Supp. 2011); Ex parte Morales, 212 S.W.3d at 487.4

       Turning to the evidence in this case, the WTSS facilities included a school building with

classrooms and a library. There were teachers, a principal, and an assistant principal. In accord

with the statutes discussed above, the State presented testimony that WTSS received funding

based on the number of students enrolled and that students could receive a high school diploma

at WTSS or transfer their credits to another high school. In addition, WTSS students were

required to take the TAKS test. Two witnesses testified directly that WTSS was a public

secondary school.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and in conjunction with

the applicable law, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to establish that WTSS was a

public secondary school.

       Brookins further argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish that J.P.

was enrolled as a student at WTSS. He notes that J.P. obtained a GED before the offenses

occurred, and he contends that J.P.’s subsequent class attendance was merely a condition of

incarceration. J.P.’s caseworker at WTSS testified that juveniles could continue working toward

a high school diploma even if they had obtained a GED. One of J.P.’s progress reports was

admitted into evidence. It showed that after he obtained his GED, J.P. was taking five classes,

including algebra, history, and English, and that he received grades for the classes. J.P. testified

that he was enrolled as a student at WTSS and that he attended classes every weekday. This

evidence was sufficient to establish that J.P. was enrolled as a student. Brookins’ second issue is



       4
       Brookins was also prosecuted for improper sexual activity with a person in custody. See
TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 39.04(a)(2)(West 2011).

                                                -11-
overruled.

                                    JUVENILE ADJUDICATIONS

       In his third issue, Brookins argues that the trial court should have allowed him to cross-

examine J.P. about his juvenile record. Immediately before J.P. testified, the defense argued that

the jury should know that J.P. was at WTSS for an aggravated robbery, that he was there for “a

very, very serious crime,” and that he “was a progressive sanctioned level offender,” who “was

on the far end of the punitive scale.” The defense argued that this information was relevant, in

part, because the prosecution had “witnesses come up and talk about how [J.P.] was just this

lovely child, that he was just a joy to work with.” But in fact, “this was not an individual that

was sent to TYC simply because he had violated some curfew rules . . . .” The defense cited

Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347 (1974), as support for its

argument. The prosecution agreed to have J.P. testify on direct that he had committed an

aggravated robbery, but opposed any cross-examination about his prior juvenile record. The

court ruled in the prosecution’s favor. In accordance with this ruling, J.P. testified that he was

sent to TYC for three years because he committed an aggravated robbery when he was fifteen

years old.

       On appeal, Brookins argues that he should have been allowed to cross-examine J.P.

regarding his previous adjudications of delinquent conduct. We review this issue for abuse of

discretion. See Irby v. State, 327 S.W.3d 138, 154 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010).

       Evidence of juvenile adjudications is generally inadmissible, with two exceptions: in

proceedings conducted pursuant to the Juvenile Justice Code in which the juvenile is a party, and

when required by the state or federal constitution. See TEX.R.EVID. 609(d). Contrary to


                                                -12-
Brookins’ suggestion, the first exception does not apply because his prosecution was not a

juvenile proceeding and J.P. was not a party to the case. Therefore, J.P.’s juvenile record was

inadmissible unless its admission was constitutionally required.

       Relying on Davis v. Alaska, Brookins argues that introduction of evidence about J.P.’s

juvenile record was constitutionally required. In Davis, a juvenile testified that he saw the

defendant standing near a car and holding a crowbar at the place where a stolen, empty safe was

later discovered. 415 U.S. at 309-10, 94 S.Ct. at 1107. When this event occurred, and at the

time of trial, the juvenile was on probation, having been adjudicated delinquent for burglarizing

two cabins. Id. at 310-11, 94 S.Ct. at 1107. The trial court refused to allow the defense to

introduce evidence of the juvenile’s probationary status. Id. at 311, 94 S.Ct. at 1108. Defense

counsel had “made it clear that he would not introduce [the juvenile’s] juvenile adjudication as a

general impeachment of [his] character as a truthful person” or “to call [his] good character into

question,” but to probe for bias and prejudice. Id., 94 S.Ct. at 1108. The Supreme Court held

that the evidence was “admissible to afford a basis for an inference of undue pressure because of

[the juvenile’s] vulnerable status as a probationer, as well as of [the juvenile’s] possible concern

that he might be a suspect in the investigation.” Id. at 317-18, 94 S.Ct. at 1111 (citation and

footnote omitted). Because the evidence was excluded, the defendant’s right to effective cross-

examination was violated. Id. at 318, 94 S.Ct. at 1111.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that Davis does not “require that courts permit

the use of prior juvenile acts of misconduct or adjudications for general impeachment of

credibility.” Irby, 327 S.W.3d at 147. Instead, it “targets only a specific mode of impeachment--

bias and motive--when the cross-examiner can show a logical connection between the evidence


                                                -13-
suggesting bias or motive and the witness’s testimony.” Irby, 327 S.W.3d at 152.

       It is obvious that Brookins wished to use J.P.’s juvenile record for general impeachment

of his credibility, or in his attorney’s words, to show that he was not a “lovely child.” Brookins

has made no effort to demonstrate that J.P.’s juvenile record made him biased against Brookins

or gave him a motive to fabricate his allegations. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by prohibiting the defense from cross-examining J.P. about his juvenile record.5

Brookins’ third issue is overruled.




       5
         We also note that the jury was made aware that J.P. had been on the wrong side of the law
on more than one occasion. In his opening statement, defense counsel told the jury that WTSS was
“where they send the worst of the worst juvenile offenders,” that J.P. “is now a guest of the Texas
adult prison system,” and “[t]hat’s the person . . . you’re going to have to believe beyond a
reasonable doubt.” In addition to hearing evidence that J.P. had been adjudicated delinquent for
aggravated robbery, the jury also heard evidence that he was serving a nine-year prison sentence for
robbery at the time of trial. An employee of WTSS admitted that he had previously stated that J.P.
“was in high need of capital offender treatment.” Finally, J.P. himself testified that at the time he
was interviewed by Burzynski, he “had been dealing with the law . . . since a young age.”

                                                -14-
                                          CONCLUSION

       Having overruled Brookins’ appellate issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court,

with one modification. The judgment does not reflect the date of sentencing. We therefore

modify the judgment to state that Brookins was sentenced on April 23, 2010.



December 14, 2011
                                             CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)




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