
131 S.E.2d 329 (1963)
259 N.C. 566
In the Matter of Sadie H. MARKHAM, Petitioner.
No. 676.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
June 14, 1963.
*332 Blackwell M. Brogden, Durham, and Charles B. Markham, New York City, for petitioner.
Claude V. Jones, Durham, for respondents.
BOBBITT, Justice.
The question presented by respondents' appeal, as stated in the briefs, is this: "May a decision of the Durham City Council, reached after public hearing in accordance with the zoning ordinances and statutes, not to amend its existing zoning ordinance so as to change certain property located in Residence and Apartment Residence Zones to a Commercial Business Zone, be reviewed directly by the Superior Court by means of Certiorari directed to the City Council, in the absence of statutory provision for such procedure?"
"At common law and under the practice in most jurisdictions, the writ of certiorari will lie to review only those acts which are judicial or quasi judicial in their nature. It does not lie to review or annul any judgment or proceeding which is legislative, executive, or ministerial rather than judicial. The writ does not lie to review the action of an inferior tribunal or board in the exercise of purely legislative functions." 10 Am.Jur., Certiorari § 10; 14 C.J.S. Certiorari § 18b.
The writ of certiorari issues only to review the judicial or quasi-judicial action of an inferior tribunal, commission or officer. Pue v. Hood, Comr. of Banks, 222 N.C. 310, 312, 22 S.E.2d 896; Belk's Department Store, Inc. v. Guilford County, 222 N.C. 441, 23 S.E.2d 897; State v. Simmington, 235 N.C. 612, 613, 70 S.E.2d 842; Wilson Realty Co. v. City & County Planning Board, 243 N.C. 648, 655-656, 92 S.E. 2d 82.
The General Assembly has delegated to "the legislative body" of cities and incorporated towns the power to adopt zoning regulations and, from time to time, to amend or repeal such regulations. G.S. § 160-172 et seq.; Marren v. Gamble, 237 N.C. 680, 75 S.E.2d 880; In re O'Neal, 243 N.C. 714, 92 S.E.2d 189.
The "legislative body" of the City of Durham is its City Council. "Municipal ordinances are ordained for local purposes in the exercise of a delegated legislative function * * *." State v. Freshwater, 183 N.C. 762, 111 S.E. 161. "In enacting a zoning ordinance a municipality is engaged in legislating * * *." Marren v. Gamble, supra. It may amend or repeal such ordinance only by acting legislatively. Paliotto v. Harwood, Sup., 217 N.Y.S.2d 864. When acting upon a request for amendment of its zoning ordinance, the City Council of Durham acts in its legislative capacity and not in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity.
In Rheinhardt v. Yancey, 241 N.C. 184, 84 S.E.2d 655, the plaintiffs sought to restrain the members of the City Council of Gastonia from passing an ordinance relating to annexation. This Court, in ordering the temporary restraining order dissolved, said: "Ordinarily, equity deals with conduct, actual or threatened, not with how the members of legislative bodies vote. In reaching the conclusion stated, we are mindful of the importance of keeping in proper relation and in careful balance the power and authority vested in our distinct, coordinate departments of government, legislative, executive and judicial; for, whatever may be the merits of plaintiffs' cause, a contrary rule would open the door to suits to restrain the adoption of ordinances to such extent as to interfere seriously with the proper functioning of the legislative body. Too, a contrary rule, if carried to its logical conclusion, would warrant, if sufficient facts were alleged, judicial restraint of members of the General Assembly from the passage of legislation alleged to be in conflict with provisions of our organic law. This cannot be done." It was held in State ex rel. Pleasant v. Hardy (La.App.), 157 So. 130, the court had no jurisdiction to hear a suit to restrain a city council from passing an amendment to its zoning ordinance reclassifying certain property in such *333 manner as to permit its use for commercial purposes.
The legal principles stated in the quotation from Rheinhardt apply equally where the plaintiff seeks by mandamus or mandatory injunction to compel a municipal "legislative body" to enact, amend or repeal an ordinance relating to zoning. Northwood Properties Co. v. Perkins, 325 Mich. 419, 39 N.W.2d 25; Paliotto v. Harwood, supra. In Northwood, the action was for a writ of mandamus directing the defendant city inspector to issue to the plaintiff a building permit for the erection of multiple dwellings on certain property owned by the plaintiff and directing the defendant city, mayor, and city commissioners to amend the city zoning ordinance by changing said property from a residence "A" classification, in which single residences only were permitted, to a residence "B" classification where the erection of multiple dwellings was permitted. On the defendants' appeal, the judgment of the lower court ordering issuance of such writ was reversed. The court, in opinion by Dethmers, J., said: "While it is within the province of the courts to pass upon the validity of statutes and ordinances, courts may not legislate nor undertake to compel legislative bodies to do so one way or another. (Citations) The court erred in seeking to compel the defendant mayor and city commission members to amend the ordinance."
"The courts may not interfere with or control a municipality's zoning power or direct zoning ordinances to be repealed, enacted, or amended." 101 C.J.S. Zoning § 323, pp. 1115-1116; Randall v. Township Board of Meridian Township, 342 Mich. 605, 70 N.W.2d 728; Northwood Properties Co. v. Perkins, supra; Paliotto v. Harwood, supra; Schoenith v. City of South Miami (Fla.App.), 121 So.2d 810; State ex rel. Pleasant v. Hardy (La.App.), 157 So. 130, supra; People ex rel. Danielson v. City of Rockford, 338 Ill.App. 347, 87 N. E.2d 660; Dunbar v. City of Spartanburg, 226 S.C. 360, 85 S.E.2d 281; Lang v. Town Council, 82 R.I. 361, 108 A.2d 166; Beauregard v. Town Council, 82 R.I. 244, 107 A.2d 283, 108 A.2d 253; Herzog v. City of Pocatello, 83 Idaho 365, 363 P.2d 188; Edward H. Snow Const. Co. v. City of Albuquerque, 65 N.M. 133, 333 P.2d 877; State ex rel. Croy v. City of Raytown (Mo. App.), 289 S.W.2d 153. In Herzog, after the Board of Commissioners had denied the owner's request that his property be rezoned, the owner (plaintiff) instituted "this action seeking to compel appellant city to permit respondents to use their said property for the purpose of constructing and maintaining an automobile service station thereon."
"In the absence of statutory authority therefor, certiorari usually is not a proper remedy to test the legislative action of a municipality as to zoning." 101 C.J.S. Zoning § 335, p. 1153. Specifically, it has been held that the refusal by a city council to amend the zoning ordinance to change the classification of specific property in accordance with the request of the owner was an exercise of its legislative function and not subject to judicial review on certiorari. Dunbar v. City of Spartanburg, supra; Lang v. Town Council, supra; Beauregard v. Town Council, supra. Upon like ground, it has been held that the enactment by a municipal legislative body of an ordinance rezoning property is not subject to judicial review on certiorari. Edward H. Snow Const. Co. v. City of Albuquerque, supra; State ex rel. Croy v. City of Raytown, supra.
We are advertent to decisions in New Jersey in which it is held that certiorari is the appropriate remedy to test the reasonableness of a zoning ordinance. Brown v. Terhune, 125 N.J.L. 618, 18 A.2d 73. The New Jersey procedure as set forth in Payne v. Borough of Sea Bright, 14 N.J.Misc. 756, 187 A. 627, is approved in Eastern Boulevard Corporation v. Board of Com'rs of Town of West New York, 124 N.J.L. 345, 11 A.2d 832. See also Cliffside Park Realty Co. v. Borough of Cliffside Park, 96 N.J.L. 278, 114 A. 797. It would serve no useful purpose to discuss the distinctive features of the New Jersey procedure.
*334 We have considered the decisions referred to in the excellent briefs filed in behalf of petitioner. However, we find no decision in New Jersey or elsewhere in which the failure of a city council to enact a proposed amendment to a zoning ordinance has been successfully challenged by certiorari or otherwise.
The Planning and Zoning Commission (G.S. § 160-22 et seq. and G.S. § 160-177) had no legislative, judicial or quasijudicial power. Its report (recommendation) did not restrict or otherwise affect the legislative power of the City Council. The hearings before the Planning and Zoning Commission as well as the hearings before the City Council (G.S. § 160-177 and G.S. § 160-175) are required in order to afford "parties in interest and citizens" an opportunity to be heard with reference to proposed legislation. Whether the zoning ordinance should be amended as requested by petitioner was for determination by the City Council in the exercise of its purely legislative function.
The Planning and Zoning Commission is separate and distinct from the Board of Adjustment appointed in accordance with G.S. § 160-178. The Board of Adjustment "is clothed, if not with judicial, at least with quasi-judicial power, it being its duty to investigate facts and from its investigation to draw conclusions as a basis of official action and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature." Harden v. Raleigh, 192 N.C. 395, 135 S.E. 151; Lee v. Board of Adjustment, 226 N.C. 107, 37 S.E.2d 128, 168 A.L.R. 1. Even so, it "is not a lawmaking body" and may not disregard zoning regulations adopted by the "legislative body," to wit, the City Council "It can merely `vary' them to prevent injustice when the strict letter of the provisions would work `unnecessary hardship.'" Lee v. Board of Adjustment, supra. "Every decision of such board shall, however, be subject to review by proceedings in the nature of certiorari." G.S. § 160-178; In re Pine Hill Cemeteries, Inc., 219 N.C. 735, 15 S.E. 2d 1; Lee v. Board of Adjustment, supra; Chambers v. Board of Adjustment, 250 N.C. 194, 198, 108 S.E.2d 211, 74 A.L.R.2d 412; Jarrell v. Board of Adjustment, 258 N.C. 476, 480, 128 S.E.2d 879.
The statute (G.S. Chapter 160, Article 14) contains no provision for judicial review by certiorari or otherwise of the action of the "legislative body" of cities and towns with reference to the enactment, amendment or repeal of zoning regulations.
We have not overlooked Bryan v. Sanford, 244 N.C. 30, 92 S.E.2d 420, where this Court, as stated correctly in the third headnote in our Reports, held: "Mandamus will lie to compel a municipality to zone one of four corners at an intersection in the same manner as it had zoned two other corners at the intersection, such action being a ministerial duty of the city under G.S. 160-173." In the specific factual situation described therein, G.S. § 160-173 expressly deprives a city council of its legislative discretion and authority.
Pursuant to petitioner's request, hearings were held in accordance with statutory procedure. No action was instituted by petitioner against the City of Durham or against its Mayor or against the members of its City Council. Until the City Council refused to enact the (specific) ordinance submitted by petitioner, relating solely to petitioner's said property, petitioner sought to invoke the legislative powers of the City Council. Neither the City of Durham nor its Mayor nor the members of its City Council were in the position of adverse litigant. They were cast in this new role when the motion (under special appearance) to dismiss the writ of certiorari was overruled and they were required to answer the allegations of the petition for certiorari.
For the reasons stated, we are of opinion, and so decide, that the court had no jurisdiction to review on certiorari or otherwise the City Council's failure to amend the zoning ordinance as requested by petitioner. The said motion of "respondents" should have been allowed. The court was in error *335 in undertaking to pass upon the "merits" of petitioner's asserted grievance. Hence, the judgment affirming the action (in refusing to enact the requested ordinance) of the City Council is vacated; and the proceeding is remanded to the superior court for entry of an order dismissing the writ of certiorari and the petition therefor.
The real controversy would seem to be whether the zoning ordinance now in effect is invalid as to petitioner's property. Appropriate procedures are available for a judicial determination thereof. Clinard v. Winston-Salem, 217 N.C. 119, 6 S.E.2d 867, 126 A.L.R. 634; Raleigh v. Morand, 247 N.C. 363, 100 S.E.2d 870; Penny v. Durham, 249 N.C. 596, 107 S.E.2d 72; Helms v. Charlotte, 255 N.C. 647, 122 S.E. 2d 817.
Error and remanded.
