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                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        305 Nebraska Reports
                                                 STATE v. GRUTELL
                                                 Cite as 305 Neb. 843




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                         Louis R. Grutell, appellant.
                                                   ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed May 22, 2020.     No. S-18-352.

                 1. Appeal and Error. An appellate court may find plain error on appeal
                    when an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly evident
                    from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s substantial right and,
                    if uncorrected, would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, and
                    fairness of the judicial process.
                 2. Statutes. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law.
                 3. Criminal Law: Statutes. To determine the elements of a crime, courts
                    look to the text of the enacting statute.
                 4. Drunk Driving: Proof. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,196 (Reissue
                    2010), a driving under the influence violation is a single offense that can
                    be proved in more than one way.
                 5. Drunk Driving: Evidence: Proof. To prove a violation of Neb. Rev.
                    Stat. § 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010), the essential elements the State must
                    prove beyond a reasonable doubt are (1) that the defendant was operat-
                    ing or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle and (2) that at
                    the time the defendant did so, he or she was either (a) under the influ-
                    ence of alcoholic liquor or of any drug, or (b) had a concentration of .08
                    of 1 gram or more by weight of alcohol per 100 milliliters of his or her
                    blood, or (c) had a concentration of .08 of 1 gram or more by weight of
                    alcohol per 210 liters of his or her breath.
                 6. Drunk Driving: Proof. When the State has charged an aggravated
                    offense of driving under the influence, alleging as part of the offense
                    that the defendant also had a breath alcohol concentration of .15 or
                    more, that allegation is considered an essential element the State must
                    prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
                 7. Drunk Driving. The plain language of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,108(1)
                    (Reissue 2010) shows the driving under the influence statutes apply not
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            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     305 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. GRUTELL
                              Cite as 305 Neb. 843

      just on Nebraska’s highways as that term is defined, but everywhere in
      Nebraska except private property not open to public access. Stated dif-
      ferently, the only place in Nebraska where the driving under the influ-
      ence statutes do not apply to the operation or control of a motor vehicle
      is on private property which is not open to public access.
 8.   Indictments and Informations: Complaints. In Nebraska, a criminal
      complaint or information does not need to affirmatively negate any
      statutory exceptions which are not descriptive of the offense.
 9.   Indictments and Informations: Statutes. It is well-established that an
      information is sufficient if it alleges the crime in the language of the
      enacting statute.
10.   Drunk Driving. The exception in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,108(1) (Reissue
      2010) for private property not open to public access is not a material
      element of the offense of driving under the influence. Instead, the excep-
      tion in § 60-6,108(1) creates an affirmative defense to the crime of driv-
      ing under the influence.
11.   Criminal Law: Trial: Evidence: Proof. In the absence of a statute
      placing the burden of proving an affirmative defense on the defendant
      in a criminal case, the nature of an affirmative defense is such that
      the defendant has the initial burden of going forward with evidence of
      the defense, and once the defendant has produced sufficient evidence
      to raise the defense, the issue becomes one which the State must
      disprove.
12.   ____: ____: ____: ____. In a criminal case, the evidence necessary to
      raise an affirmative defense may be adduced either by the defendant’s
      witnesses or in the State’s case in chief without the necessity of the
      defendant’s presenting evidence. A defendant need only adduce a slight
      amount of evidence to satisfy this initial burden of raising an affirma-
      tive defense.

   Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Moore, Chief Judge, and Riedmann and Bishop, Judges, on
appeal thereto from the District Court for Stanton County,
Mark A. Johnson, Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals
affirmed.
   Nathan S. Lab and James K. McGough, of McGough Law,
P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, Nathan A. Liss, and,
on brief, Joe Meyer, for appellee.
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            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     305 Nebraska Reports
                           STATE v. GRUTELL
                           Cite as 305 Neb. 843

  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Papik,
and Freudenberg, JJ.
   Stacy, J.
   Following a jury trial in district court, Louis R. Grutell was
convicted and sentenced for driving under the influence of
alcohol (DUI), fourth offense, with a concentration of more
than .15 of 1 gram of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. 1 He
appealed his conviction, assigning plain error to the district
court’s failure to address the provisions of Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 60-6,108(1) (Reissue 2010). Section 60-6,108(1) provides, in
relevant part, that Nebraska’s DUI statutes “shall apply upon
highways and anywhere throughout the state except private
property which is not open to public access.” Grutell had not
requested any rulings or instructions based on § 60-6,108(1),
but on direct appeal, he argued it was plain error for the district
court not to address the statute.
   In a memorandum opinion, the Nebraska Court of Appeals
found no plain error and affirmed. 2 We granted Grutell’s
petition for further review. For the reasons set out below,
we affirm.
                        BACKGROUND
   In May 2017, the State filed an information in the district
court for Stanton County charging Grutell with DUI, fourth
offense, with a concentration of more than .15 of 1 gram of
alcohol per 2l0 liters of breath, a Class IIA felony. 3 The infor-
mation did not reference § 60-6,108 and did not affirmatively
allege that Grutell was operating a motor vehicle on a high-
way or on private property open to public access. Grutell pled
not guilty, and a jury trial was held.
1
    See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010) and 60-6,197.02 and
    60-6,197.03(8) (Cum. Supp. 2018).
2
    State v. Grutell, No. A-18-352, 2019 WL 3425909 (Neb. App. July 30,
    2019) (selected for posting to court website).
3
    See §§ 60-6,196, 60-6,197.02(1)(a)(i)(A), and 60-6,197.03(8).
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. GRUTELL
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 843

                             TRIAL
                      Opening Statements
   During opening statements, Grutell’s counsel suggested the
evidence would show that Grutell did not consume alcohol
until after his vehicle got stuck in a roadside ditch. Counsel
remarked this would present a “problem” for the State because
the State would not be able to show that Grutell “actually
operated that motor vehicle on a public road or highway while
under the influence.” The State objected to these remarks,
arguing it did not have to show Grutell was operating a vehicle
on a public road or highway. The district court initially over-
ruled the State’s objection, but a few hours later it reversed its
ruling. Outside the presence of the jury, the court explained
that after conducting some research, it concluded the State was
not required to prove the offense of DUI occurred on a public
street or highway. The court went on to add that “if the defend­
ant argues that this [DUI] was required to be on a street or
highway, then upon objection, the Court will instruct the jury
that it is not required.”

                     Deputy’s Testimony
   The arresting deputy sheriff testified that at approximately
8 p.m. on February 17, 2017, he was patrolling Highway 24
when he observed a vehicle stranded in the ditch alongside a
gravel road that intersected the highway. The vehicle’s head-
lights were on, and the vehicle appeared to be rocking back
and forth in the ditch. The deputy saw tire tracks on the trav-
eled surface of the gravel road that led directly to the vehicle
in the ditch.
   The vehicle was registered to Grutell, who was the only
occupant. The deputy found Grutell in the driver’s seat of the
vehicle with the engine running. When Grutell was asked to
step out of the vehicle, he staggered and swayed as he walked.
Grutell smelled strongly of alcohol, had slurred speech, and
had glassy, bloodshot eyes. Grutell told the deputy he had
come from a bar and restaurant in Norfolk, Nebraska, and was
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. GRUTELL
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 843

on his way to visit his ex-wife at a different bar, where she
worked as a bartender. The deputy asked Grutell whether he
had consumed any alcohol that day, and Grutell said he “had
a few at home” and then had “a couple more” at the bar in
Norfolk. Grutell later told the officer that if he was charged
with DUI, he would say he had not been driving the vehicle at
all and was just “check[ing] on the vehicle in the ditch.”
   The deputy administered field sobriety tests. Grutell was
unable to complete one of the tests and showed signs of
impairment on all the others. Grutell was arrested for DUI and
was transported to the Norfolk police station where a breath
test was conducted. Grutell had a breath alcohol concentration
of .176. On appeal, he does not challenge either the breath test-
ing process or the test result.
                Motion for Directed Verdict
   At the close of the State’s case, Grutell moved for a directed
verdict arguing the State had failed to prove he was in “actual
physical control” of a motor vehicle while intoxicated. As best
we can determine from the record, Grutell’s theory was that
even if he was intoxicated while sitting behind the wheel of
a running vehicle, the vehicle was stuck in the ditch at the
time so he could not have exercised actual physical control
over anything that would have caused the vehicle to move.
The district court overruled the motion, reasoning that there
was evidence the vehicle was rocking in the ditch when it was
first observed by the deputy and that there was also evidence
Grutell had operated the vehicle on the gravel roadway imme-
diately before getting stuck in the ditch.
                  Grutell’s Testimony and
                     Closing Arguments
  Grutell testified in his own defense. He testified that he
was driving to visit his ex-wife at the bar where she worked
when he missed his turn. While attempting to make a two-
point turn on the gravel road, his vehicle fell into the ditch
and became stuck. Grutell testified he did not have a cell
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         Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                  305 Nebraska Reports
                        STATE v. GRUTELL
                        Cite as 305 Neb. 843

phone with him and decided not to walk for help; instead, he
remained inside the vehicle and began drinking a bottle of
rum he had purchased earlier that afternoon. Grutell denied
having consumed alcohol earlier in the day, and he denied
having told the deputy any such thing. Grutell testified that by
the time the deputy arrived on the scene a few hours later, he
had consumed half the bottle of rum. He acknowledged that
no bottle of rum was found during the inventory search of his
vehicle, but testified that was because he had thrown it out of
the vehicle. Grutell agreed that the deputy found him sitting
behind the wheel of his vehicle with the engine running and
the headlights on, but he said that he kept the headlights on so
someone might see him and that he kept the engine running to
stay warm while he waited.
   At the close of all the evidence, Grutell renewed his motion
for directed verdict without further argument. The State resisted
the motion, and the district court overruled it.
   In his closing argument, Grutell’s counsel asked the jury to
return a verdict of not guilty if it believed Grutell’s testimony
that he had not consumed any alcohol until after his vehicle
became stuck in the ditch. Similar to the argument presented
in support of the motion for directed verdict, defense counsel
argued during closing:
      It’s true that you can be in the ditch, you can be there
      with a vehicle, and you can be charged with a DUI and
      be guilty. But it’s also true that you can be in the ditch,
      you can be under the influence of alcohol, and if you did
      it at the time when that car is not movable anymore, that
      is not a DUI.
The State did not object to this argument.

                Jury Verdict, Enhancement,
                        and Sentence
  After deliberating for more than an hour, the jury returned a
unanimous verdict finding Grutell guilty of DUI with an alco-
hol concentration greater than .15. A presentence investigation
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            Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                     305 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. GRUTELL
                             Cite as 305 Neb. 843

was ordered, and the matter was set for an enhancement and
sentencing hearing.
   At that hearing, the court received evidence of Grutell’s
prior DUI convictions and found him guilty of DUI, fourth
offense, with a breath alcohol concentration of more than .15.
Grutell was sentenced to a term of imprisonment for a period
of 18 to 36 months, and his operator’s license was revoked for
a period of 15 years. He filed a timely appeal, represented by
new counsel.

                     COURT OF APPEALS
   One of Grutell’s assignments of error to the Court of Appeals
focused on § 60-6,108(1). That statute provides in relevant part
that Nebraska’s DUI statutes “shall apply upon highways and
anywhere throughout the state except private property which is
not open to public access.” 4 In describing the practical effect
of § 60-6,108(1), we have said it means that “Nebraska’s DUI
statutes do not apply to operation or control of a vehicle on
private property that is not open to public access.” 5
   It is undisputed that while Grutell’s case was before the
district court, he did not reference § 60-6,108(1), did not file
a motion or submit a proposed jury instruction premised on
§ 60-6,108(1), and did not at any point contend the ditch where
he was arrested was private property not open to public access.
But on appeal, he argued the district court committed plain
error in not addressing § 60-6,108(1).
   As relevant to the issue on further review, Grutell argued
the trial court plainly erred by “fail[ing] to rule on the issue
of § 60-6,108 and its application to the case at hand” 6 and
by failing to dismiss the case “pursuant to §60-6,108” 7 in
response to Grutell’s motions for directed verdict. Grutell also
4
    § 60-6,108(1).
5
    State v. Matit, 288 Neb. 163, 168, 846 N.W.2d 232, 237 (2014).
6
    Brief for appellant at 12.
7
    Id.
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              Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                       305 Nebraska Reports
                               STATE v. GRUTELL
                               Cite as 305 Neb. 843

suggested that the reason his trial counsel did not expressly
raise § 60-6,108(1) was because of the court’s “admonition” 8
early in the trial that the State did not have to prove the DUI
occurred on a public highway. Finally, Grutell argued the evi-
dence at trial was insufficient to sustain his DUI conviction
“because there was no evidence that [Grutell’s] operation or
actual physical control of the vehicle occurred on a public
roadway or private property with public access, as required by
. . . §60-6,108.” 9
    The Court of Appeals considered each of these arguments
and, in a memorandum opinion, found none had merit. 10 It
reasoned that under § 60-6,108(1), Nebraska’s DUI statutes do
not apply just on highways, but instead apply everywhere in
Nebraska except on private property not open to public access.
It rejected Grutell’s suggestion that the trial court had pre-
cluded him from raising § 60-6,108(1), and instead, it found
that because Grutell had not offered evidence or argument that
the DUI statutes did not apply to the ditch where he was found,
there was no need for the district court to make a finding, or to
instruct the jury, on the requirements of § 60-6,108(1). In its
analysis, the Court of Appeals also remarked that the require-
ments of § 60-6,108(1) are “not an essential element of [DUI]
under § 60-6,196(1).” 11
    Grutell petitioned this court for further review, arguing
primarily that the Court of Appeals’ analysis had the effect
of improperly shifting the burden of proof on a material ele-
ment of the crime of DUI from the State to the defendant. We
granted further review to address Grutell’s argument that the
provisions of § 60-6,108(1) are a material element of the crime
of DUI.
 8
     Id.
 9
     Reply brief for appellant at 2.
10
     Grutell, supra note 2.
11
     Id. at *7, citing State v. Armagost, 291 Neb. 117, 864 N.W.2d 417 (2015)
     (holding when instructing jury it is proper for court to describe offense in
     language of statute).
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      305 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. GRUTELL
                             Cite as 305 Neb. 843

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Grutell assigns, restated, that the Court of Appeals erred in
its plain error review by (1) rejecting his claim that the district
court precluded him from challenging the status of the ditch
under § 60-6,108(1), (2) shifting the burden of proof to Grutell
to show he was on private property that was not open to public
access, and (3) failing to determine as a matter of law whether
a ditch adjacent to a gravel road satisfies the requirements of
§ 60-6,108(1).

                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] An appellate court may find plain error on appeal when
an error unasserted or uncomplained of at trial, but plainly
evident from the record, prejudicially affects a litigant’s sub-
stantial right and, if uncorrected, would result in damage to the
integrity, reputation, and fairness of the judicial process. 12
   [2] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law. 13

                           ANALYSIS
   [3] All of Grutell’s assignments of error turn on the central
premise that the provisions of § 60-6,108(1) are an essential
element of the crime of DUI which the State must, in every
case, prove beyond a reasonable doubt. To determine the ele-
ments of a crime, we look to the text of the enacting statute. 14

                   Material Elements of DUI
   The crime of DUI is defined in § 60-6,196, one of many
statutes in the Nebraska Rules of the Road. That statute
provides:
         (1) It shall be unlawful for any person to operate or be
      in the actual physical control of any motor vehicle:
         (a) While under the influence of alcoholic liquor or of
      any drug;
12
     State v. Munoz, 303 Neb. 69, 927 N.W.2d 25 (2019).
13
     State v. Brye, 304 Neb. 498, 935 N.W.2d 438 (2019).
14
     State v. Mann, 302 Neb. 804, 925 N.W.2d 324 (2019).
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      305 Nebraska Reports
                             STATE v. GRUTELL
                             Cite as 305 Neb. 843

          (b) When such person has a concentration of eight-
       hundredths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per
       one hundred milliliters of his or her blood; or
          (c) When such person has a concentration of eight-
       hundredths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per
       two hundred ten liters of his or her breath. 15
    [4-6] We have explained that under § 60-6,196, a DUI
violation is a single offense that can be proved in more than
one way. 16 Based on the text of § 60-6,196, the essential ele-
ments the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt are
(1) that the defendant was operating or was in actual physi-
cal control of a motor vehicle and (2) that at the time the
defendant did so, he or she was either (a) under the influence
of alcoholic liquor or of any drug, or (b) had a concentration
of .08 of 1 gram or more by weight of alcohol per 100 mil-
liliters of his or her blood, or (c) had a concentration of .08
of 1 gram or more by weight of alcohol per 210 liters of his
or her breath. 17 And where, as here, the State has charged an
aggravated offense, 18 alleging as part of the DUI offense that
the defendant also had a breath alcohol concentration of .15
or more, that allegation is also considered an essential ele-
ment the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt. 19 But
none of the statutes defining the offense of DUI, or establish-
ing the penalties for DUI, contain any geographic limitations
or exceptions.
    It is another statute contained within the Nebraska Rules of
the Road, § 60-6,108(1), that limits the applicability of the DUI
statutes by providing in relevant part:
          (1) The provisions of the Nebraska Rules of the Road
       relating to operation of vehicles refer exclusively to
15
     § 60-6,196.
16
     State v. Kuhl, 276 Neb. 497, 755 N.W.2d 389 (2008).
17
     See id.
18
     See § 60-6,197.03.
19
     See State v. Dinslage, 280 Neb. 659, 789 N.W.2d 29 (2010).
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      305 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. GRUTELL
                              Cite as 305 Neb. 843

      operation of vehicles upon highways except where a
      different place is specifically referred to in a given sec-
      tion, but sections 60-6,196 [(defining crime of DUI)],
      60-6,197 [(addressing chemical tests for DUI)], [and]
      60-6,197.04 [(addressing preliminary breath test for
      DUI)] shall apply upon highways and anywhere through-
      out the state except private property which is not open to
      public access.
(Emphasis supplied.)
   [7] The plain language of § 60-6,108(1) shows the Legislature
intends the DUI statutes to apply not just on Nebraska’s high-
ways as that term is defined, 20 but everywhere in Nebraska
except private property not open to public access. Stated dif-
ferently, the only place in Nebraska where the DUI statutes do
not apply to the operation or control of a motor vehicle is on
private property which is not open to public access. 21 As such,
the provisions of § 60-6,108(1) are best understood as creating
a geographical exception to the DUI statutes for private prop-
erty not open to public access.

                 Is Exception in § 60-6,108(1)
                  Material Element of DUI?
   The central question presented in this appeal is whether
the exception set out in § 60-6,108(1) is a material element
of the crime of DUI, such that the State must always dis-
prove the exception in order to prove the crime of DUI. It
is significant to our analysis that the exception at issue does
not appear in the statute defining the crime, but, rather, in a
separate statute.
   Sometimes, when enacting a separate statutory exception to
a criminal offense, the Legislature has been clear that the State
is not required to negate the exception to prove the offense and
the burden of proving the exception is on the person claiming
20
     See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-624 (Reissue 2010).
21
     Matit, supra note 5.
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             Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                      305 Nebraska Reports
                              STATE v. GRUTELL
                              Cite as 305 Neb. 843

its benefit. 22 The exception found in § 60-6,108(1) contains no
such language. But that does not mean the State is required, in
every DUI case, to negate the exception in § 60-6,108(1).
   As a general rule, most jurisdictions hold that when a statu-
tory exception appears in the statute defining the crime, the
prosecution is required to plead and prove the defendant does
not fall within the exception, but when the exception appears in
a separate statute, it is considered a matter of defense. 23 Cases
in Nebraska have followed this general rule. 24
   [8] In Nebraska, a criminal complaint or information does
not need to affirmatively negate any statutory exceptions which
are not descriptive of the offense. 25 Thirty years ago, in State v.
Golgert, 26 we applied this rule in DUI cases.
   [9] In Golgert, we considered whether an earlier codification
of § 60-6,108(1) 27 required the State to affirmatively allege in
the complaint that the crime of DUI occurred on a “highway.”
At the time, the earlier codification of § 60-6,108(1) pro-
vided that the statutes related to the crimes of careless driving
22
     See, e.g., Neb. Rev. Stat. § 8-1121 (Reissue 2012) (“[i]n any proceeding
     under the Securities Act of Nebraska, the burden of proving an exemption
     or an exception from a definition shall be upon the person claiming
     it”); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-432(1) (Reissue 2016) (State need not negate
     exemptions or exceptions set out in Uniform Controlled Substances Act;
     burden of proving exemption or exception shall be upon person claiming
     its benefit).
23
     See Annot., 153 A.L.R. 1218 (1944) (cases cited therein).
24
     Compare, e.g., Mann, supra note 14 (exception appearing in statute
     defining offense is material element State must prove); State v. Hind,
     143 Neb. 479, 10 N.W.2d 258 (1943) (State required to plead and prove
     exception contained within statute defining crime); Roberts v. State,
     110 Neb. 759, 195 N.W. 114 (1923) (exception not contained in statute
     defining offense is matter of defense); Holmes v. State, 82 Neb. 406, 118
     N.W. 99 (1908) (State required to plead and prove exception contained
     within statute defining crime).
25
     See Jacox v. State, 154 Neb. 416, 48 N.W.2d 390 (1951).
26
     State v. Golgert, 223 Neb. 950, 395 N.W.2d 520 (1986).
27
     See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 39-603(1) (Reissue 1984).
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              Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                       305 Nebraska Reports
                                STATE v. GRUTELL
                                Cite as 305 Neb. 843

and reckless driving applied “upon highways and anywhere
throughout the state,” but that another series of statutes in
the Nebraska Rules of the Road, including the DUI statutes,
applied only on “highways” as that term was then defined. 28
Golgert noted the well-established rule that an information is
sufficient if it alleges the crime in the language of the enacting
statute, and it observed that the text of the statute defining DUI
did not address highways. Because the DUI enacting statute
did not include the limitation that the offense must occur on a
highway, we held that being on a highway was “not an element
of the crime which must be alleged in the complaint.” 29
   We pause to acknowledge that even after Golgert, it is a
relatively common practice for prosecutors, when charging
DUI, to include allegations in the complaint or information
that at the time the defendant was operating or in actual
physical control of a motor vehicle, he or she was not on
private property not open to public access. Similarly, the DUI
records we see on appeal show it is a common practice, in
DUI trials, for courts to routinely instruct the jury on the
requirements of § 60-6,108(1), either through the elements
instruction or through definitional instructions. While the
better practice may be to routinely instruct the jury on the
requirements of § 60-6,108(1), the question here is whether it
was plain error for the trial court to not address the exception
at all. Like the Court of Appeals, we can find no plain error
in that regard.
   [10] We agree with the Court of Appeals that the excep-
tion in § 60-6,108(1) is not a material element of the offense
of DUI which the State must plead and prove in every case. 30
28
     See id.
29
     Golgert, supra note 26, 223 Neb. at 955, 395 N.W.2d at 523. Accord
     State v. Wagner, 295 Neb. 132, 888 N.W.2d 357 (2016) (information
     charging refusal of chemical test is sufficient if it alleges facts or elements
     necessary to constitute offense described in statute and intended to be
     punished).
30
     See Golgert, supra note 26.
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              Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                       305 Nebraska Reports
                               STATE v. GRUTELL
                               Cite as 305 Neb. 843

Instead, the exception in § 60-6,108(1) creates an affirmative
defense to the crime of DUI, and that important distinction
impacts the burden of proof.
               § 60-6,108(1) and Burden of Proof
   [11,12] In State v. Edwards, 31 we recognized that courts
in some jurisdictions require criminal defendants to bear the
burden of proving an affirmative defense. But in Nebraska, we
have adopted the rule that in the absence of a statute placing
the burden of proving an affirmative defense on the defendant
in a criminal case, 32 the nature of an affirmative defense is
such that the defendant has the initial burden of going forward
with evidence of the defense, and once the defendant has
produced sufficient evidence to raise the defense, the issue
becomes one which the State must disprove. 33 The evidence
necessary to raise an affirmative defense may be adduced
either by the defendant’s witnesses or in the State’s case
in chief without the necessity of the defendant’s presenting
evidence. 34 A defendant need only adduce a slight amount of
evidence to satisfy this initial burden of raising an affirma-
tive defense. 35
   As several of our prior cases addressing § 60-6,108(1) dem-
onstrate, it is common for a defendant to raise the applicability
of § 60-6,108(1) in pretrial motions and during trial. 36 When
31
     State v. Edwards, 286 Neb. 404, 837 N.W.2d 81 (2013).
32
     See, e.g., Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 28-202 and 29-2203 (Reissue 2016).
33
     Edwards, supra note 31; State v. Kinser, 252 Neb. 600, 567 N.W.2d 287
     (1997).
34
     See Kinser, supra note 33.
35
     Id.
36
     See, e.g., State v. Pester, 294 Neb. 995, 885 N.W.2d 713 (2016)
     (§ 60-6,108(1) raised in motion to quash, motion to suppress, and motion
     for directed verdict); Matit, supra note 5 (§ 60-6,108(1) raised in motion to
     suppress and at trial); State v. Garcia, 281 Neb. 1, 792 N.W.2d 882 (2011)
     (raising § 60-6,108(1) in motion to suppress, at trial, and at enhancement
     hearing); State v. Prater, 268 Neb. 655, 686 N.W.2d 896 (2004) (raising
     § 60-6,108(1) at trial).
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cases have presented a question whether a vehicle was on pri-
vate property not open to public access, it has generally been
treated as a fact question for the fact finder to determine. 37 And
our prior cases show that when § 60-6,108(1) was raised in
a case involving a jury, the jury was instructed in a way that
required the State to disprove the applicability of the defense. 38
As such, while our prior cases did not expressly characterize
the exception in § 60-6,108(1) as an affirmative defense, we
have consistently treated it as such.
   With this framework in mind, we address Grutell’s assign-
ments of error on further review.

                       No Plain Error
   In his brief on further review, Grutell first argues that the
Court of Appeals erred in rejecting his claim that the district
court prevented him from raising § 60-6,108(1). This argument
focuses on the trial court’s remark, made outside the presence
of the jury, that the State was not required to prove that the
DUI offense occurred on a public highway. The trial court’s
remark was a correct statement of the law, and we agree with
the Court of Appeals that this remark did not preclude Grutell
from raising the defense that his vehicle was on private prop-
erty not open to public access.
   Next, Grutell argues the Court of Appeals erred when it
found that his failure to invoke § 60-6,108(1) prevented a
finding of plain error by the trial court in not addressing that
statute. Grutell argues that the Court of Appeals’ analysis
improperly shifted the burden of proof on § 60-6,108(1) from
the State to the defense. We disagree.
37
     See, Hoppens v. Nebraska Dept. of Motor Vehicles, 288 Neb. 857, 852
     N.W.2d 331 (2014); Matit, supra note 5; Prater, supra note 36. But
     see State v. McCave, 282 Neb. 500, 805 N.W.2d 290 (2011) (whether
     residential driveway was private property not open to public access was
     question of statutory interpretation and thus matter of law, since Legislature
     defined “[p]rivate road or driveway” in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-649 (Reissue
     2010)).
38
     See, e.g., Pester, supra note 36; Matit, supra note 5.
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                              STATE v. GRUTELL
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   As we have already explained, the exception in § 60-6,108(1)
is not a material element of DUI. Rather, it is a separate statu-
tory exception to the criminal offense of DUI, and as such, it
is a matter to be raised initially as an affirmative defense. The
Court of Appeals correctly observed that in this court’s prior
opinions addressing § 60-6,108(1), the issue of whether the
defendant was on private property not open to public access
was raised by the defense through pretrial motions and through
the introduction of evidence at trial. 39 Because Grutell never
raised the affirmative defense of § 60-6,108(1), the Court of
Appeals correctly rejected his claim that the trial court plainly
erred in not addressing it.
   Finally, Grutell argues the Court of Appeals erred in failing
to address, as a matter of law, whether § 60-6,108(1) applies to
a ditch next to a gravel road. Again we disagree.
   As stated earlier, the issue of whether a vehicle was being
operated or controlled on private property not open to public
access is ordinarily a fact question to be determined by the
fact finder, and not an issue to be determined as a matter of
law. For the sake of completeness, we note that in State v.
Thelen, 40 we recently held as a matter of statutory interpreta-
tion that the ditch area within the county’s right-of-way is part
of the “public road” for purposes of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 39-301
(Reissue 2016). We express no opinion regarding the appli-
cability, if any, of the holding in Thelen to questions under
§ 60-6,108(1). Instead, we emphasize that, on this record, it
was not necessary for either the trial court or the Court of
Appeals to address whether § 60-6,108(1) applies to a roadside
ditch, because Grutell did not raise that affirmative defense in
the trial court.
   Instead, Grutell pursued an entirely different defense the-
ory. Based on his testimony that he had not become intoxi-
cated until after his vehicle got stuck in the ditch, he argued
39
     See, e.g., cases cited supra note 36.
40
     State v. Thelen, ante p. 334, 940 N.W.2d 259 (2020).
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the State could not show he had actual physical control over
a “movable” vehicle while intoxicated. The jury rejected
this theory.
   On this record, Grutell did nothing to invoke the provisions
of § 60-6,108(1) and there was no evidence adduced at trial
by either party to create a fact issue regarding the applicabil-
ity of § 60-6,108(1). The Court of Appeals correctly rejected
Grutell’s claims of plain error.
                        CONCLUSION
  Finding no plain error in how either the trial court or the
Court of Appeals addressed § 60-6,108(1), we affirm.
                                                  Affirmed.
  Funke, J., participating on briefs.
