        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                August 12, 2014 Session

           STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GREGORY LAMONT HALL

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                     No. 2012-A-59     Mark Fishburn, Judge


                No. M2013-02841-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 3, 2014


The Defendant, Gregory Lamont Hall, was indicted for one count of manufacturing .5 grams
or more of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school, a Class B felony; one count of possession
with intent to sell 26 grams or more of cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school, a Class B
felony; one count of possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the
commission of a dangerous felony, a Class D felony; and tampering with evidence, a Class
C felony. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-16-503, -17-417, -17-1324(a). The Defendant filed
a suppression motion which the trial court denied. The Defendant subsequently entered into
a plea agreement with the State and reserved a certified question of law for appellate review
pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 37(b)(2). The Defendant pled guilty to
one count of possession with intent to sell 26 grams or more of cocaine within 1,000 feet of
a school and received a ten-year sentence to be served consecutively to a prior sentence. The
remaining charges were dismissed. In this appeal, the Defendant contends that there was not
sufficient probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant to search the residence in
question. Following our review, we reverse, vacate the judgment of the trial court, and
dismiss the charge.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Reversed
                               and Case Dismissed

D. K ELLY T HOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J AMES C URWOOD
W ITT, J R., and N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, JJ., joined.

Joshua L. Brand, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gregory Lamont Hall.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin Smith, Assistant Attorney
General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Robert Elliot McGuire and Janice
Norman, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                         OPINION

                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      The only evidence adduced in this case resulted from a search warrant issued on
August 18, 2011. The “affidavit in support of [a] search warrant” stated the following:

             This affidavit is made by Detective Ronald L. Kumrow who has been
      a sworn police officer since 2002, now testifies herein which is based upon
      your affiant’s personal knowledge, upon information received from other law
      enforcement officers, or upon information obtained from other sources as
      noted, which your Affiant believes to be true, and is as follows. Your Affiant
      received information that illegal narcotics were being sold at 1614 17th Ave
      North. Apt. A Nashville . . . . Within the last 72 hours, your Affiant met with
      a Confidential Informant, (hereafter referred to as CI). Said CI was searched
      for contraband and stripped of all personal money and property. Said CI was
      wired for surveillance purposes. CI was then given previously photocopied
      buy money and instructed to purchase a quantity of cocaine from 1614 17th
      Ave North. Apt. A[,] . . . which the CI did. The said CI was observed walking
      up to the target location and entered the target door. Said CI then entered
      inside the residence, and momentarily exit [sic] the same door. The CI then
      returned to me, where the CI turned over a quantity of a white rock substance.
      The white rock substance field-tested positive for cocaine base. The CI was
      then searched and no other contraband was found. Said CI is familiar with
      crack cocaine from past exposure and experience and has given information
      that has led to the lawful recovery of illegal narcotics. Affiant will disclose the
      CI’s name to the Judge signing the warrant only. The CI wishes to remain
      anonymous for fear of reprisal.

             Your affiant wishes to search each person(s) on the above premises;
      From the Affiant’s training and experience, he has learned that most persons
      present at premises where controlled substances are sold, bought, and/or used,
      have controlled substances, paraphernalia, weapons or other evidence of
      criminal conduct secreted on their person.

The last page of the affidavit listed Det. Kumrow’s “experience and basis of knowledge”
regarding “the habits, characteristics, and practices of drug traffickers.”

       The trial court denied the Defendant’s suppression motion, concluding that, in
addition to the controlled buy, the affidavit demonstrated that there was ongoing criminal

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activity occurring at the target residence based, “at least in part, on [Det. Kumrow’s] and
other police [officers’] investigation.” The trial court further concluded that the probable
cause for the search warrant was not stale even though the controlled buy had occurred
within the past seventy-two hours because Det. Kumrow’s information “relating to drug sales
at that location” was sufficient to “establish an ongoing nexus that the items contained in the
search warrant would be found at the location specified.”

       At the Defendant’s guilty plea submission hearing, the State summarized the evidence
against him. On August 19, 2011, the Defendant was inside the target residence, which was
within 1,000 feet of a school, when the search warrant was executed. The Defendant was
seen standing next to a toilet, attempting to flush a plastic bag containing what was ultimately
determined to be cocaine. In total, the cocaine weighed 29.4 grams. The Defendant did not
dispute these facts. Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 37(b)(2), this appeal
followed.

                                         ANALYSIS

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his suppression motion.
The Defendant argues that a single controlled buy performed within seventy-two hours of the
warrant application was stale and could not support a finding of probable cause. The
Defendant further argues that there was nothing in Det. Kumrow’s affidavit to support a
finding of “ongoing criminal activity” at the target residence The State responds that the
controlled buy coupled with Det. Kumrow’s statement that he was informed that illegal
narcotics were being sold at the target residence were sufficient to establish probable cause
for a search warrant.

        On appellate review of suppression issues, the prevailing party “is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all
reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Talley,
307 S.W.3d 723, 729 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn.
1996)). Questions about “the assessment of witness credibility, the weight and value of
evidence, and the resolution of evidentiary conflicts are entrusted to the trial court” as the
trier of fact. State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 722 (Tenn. 2008). A trial court’s conclusions
of law along with its application of the law to the facts are reviewed de novo without any
presumption of correctness. Id.

       Both the federal and state constitutions offer protection from unreasonable searches
and seizures and require a finding of probable cause prior to the issuance of a search warrant.
State v. Archibald, 334 S.W.3d 212, 214 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting U.S. Const.
amend. IV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7). “As a general rule, a search warrant shall be issued only

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on the basis of an affidavit, sworn before a ‘neutral and detached’ magistrate, which
establishes probable cause for its issuance.” State v. Stevens, 989 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tenn.
1999). Probable cause generally requires “a reasonable ground for suspicion, supported by
circumstances indicative of an illegal act.” State v. Johnson, 854 S.W.2d 897, 899 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1993). To make a sufficient showing of probable cause, an affidavit “must set
forth facts from which a reasonable conclusion might be drawn that the evidence is in the
place to be searched.” State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561, 572 (Tenn. 1993).

        In reviewing a probable cause determination, we look solely to the affidavit itself and
not “to other evidence provided to or known by the issuing magistrate or possessed by the
affiant.” State v. Sales, 393 S.W.3d 236, 240 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting State v.
Moon, 841 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)). Great deference is given to a finding
of probable cause made by the issuing magistrate. State v. Yeomans, 10 S.W.3d 293, 296
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). We review a probable cause determination for “whether, in light
of all the evidence available, the magistrate had a substantial basis for finding probable
cause.” State v. Meeks, 876 S.W.2d 121, 124 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

        The facts of this case align closely with the facts in Archibald, 334 S.W.3d at 212.
At issue in Archibald was “whether an affidavit alleging only that drugs were bought in a
particular apartment up to seventy-two hours beforehand can support a warrant for the search
of that appartment and its occupants.” Id. at 215. The affidavit described a controlled buy
at the target location but contained no information regarding “a quantity of drugs received;
the identity of the seller; the identity of the apartment’s resident or residents; or the presence
of any other persons or things inside the apartment.” Id. Nor was there anything in the
affidavit to “allege that the seller resided at the apartment.” Id.

       A panel of this court concluded that while “the affidavit . . . contained information
establishing a nexus between the [d]efendant’s apartment and criminal activity, it contained
no information tending to establish how long the nexus would persist.” Archibald, 334
S.W.3d at 215. Because the affidavit did not “contain any facts supporting an inference that
the person who sold the drugs to the CI was more than a one-time visitor to the apartment”
or “that the CI observed any drugs other than the drugs he bought,” the court concluded that
“the information in the affidavit became stale as soon as enough time had passed for such a
one-time seller to leave the apartment.” Id. at 215-16. The court did acknowledge that the
affidavit “would have been sufficient had it contained information reliably establishing
ongoing criminal activity.” Id. at 216.

       As in Archibald, the affidavit at issue here only described the CI entering the
apartment and then “momentarily” exiting the apartment after making a controlled buy. The
affidavit did not reveal the quantity of drugs received, the identity of the seller, the identity

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of the target location’s residents, or whether the seller was a resident of the target location.
Likewise, the affidavit did not establish that the seller “was more than a one-time visitor to
the apartment” or that the CI observed other drugs inside the residence. Archibald, 334
S.W.3d at 215. In this respect, the facts of this case are directly on point with the facts in
Archibald.

       The State argues that, unlike the affidavit in Archibald, the affidavit at issue here
contained information reliably establishing ongoing criminal activity in the target residence.
The State points to the boilerplate language at the beginning of the affidavit stating that the
affidavit was based upon either the “affiant’s personal knowledge, upon information received
from other law enforcement officers, or upon information obtained from other sources as
noted” and Det. Kumrow’s statement that he had “received information that illegal narcotics
were being sold at” the target residence.

        Generally, the reliability of an investigating officer may be presumed by a magistrate,
as well as “the reliability of other investigating officers upon whom the affiant relies.”
Moon, 841 S.W.2d at 338 n.1. However, a finding of probable cause requires the affidavit
to contain “more than mere conclusory allegations by the affiant.” Stevens, 989 S.W.2d at
293. Here, the affidavit “failed to provide the source of [the] information, the point in time
when [the] information was received by the detective, or any specific details regarding the
target residence or the illegal narcotics activity.” State v. Michael D. Boone, No. M2011-
02435-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 2639145, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 10, 2013) (McMullen,
J. concurring), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Nov. 13, 2013).

        Because there was nothing in the affidavit to support Det. Kumrow’s statement that
he had received information that illegal narcotics were being sold at the target residence, it
was a mere conclusory allegation and could not reliably establish ongoing criminal activity
at the target residence. Accordingly, we conclude that there was insufficient probable cause
to justify the issuance of a search warrant and that the trial court erred in denying the
Defendant’s suppression motion.

                                       CONCLUSION

       In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we conclude that the trial
court erred in denying the Defendant’s suppression motion, and we reverse, vacate the
judgment of the trial court, and dismiss the charge.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE



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