         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE


              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. THOMAS DEE HUSKEY

              Extraordinary Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                       No. 51903   Richard M. Baumgartner, Judge



                                No. E2002-00030-CCA-R10-CD
                                       March 26, 2002

The defendant, Thomas Dee Huskey, brings this extraordinary appeal in which he challenges the
order of the Knox County Criminal Court removing his lead counsel of record for his retrial on four
counts of first degree murder. The defendant asserts that the trial court’s action is an infringement
on his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. We conclude that the trial court’s order violated the
defendant’s right to counsel and exceeded its discretion. We vacate the trial court’s order and
remand the case for further proceedings.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 10; Order of the Criminal Court is Vacated; Case Remanded

JOSEPH M. TIPTON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., joined.
GARY R. WADE, P.J., filed a dissenting opinion.

Herbert S. Moncier and Gregory P. Isaacs, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Thomas Dee
Huskey.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Gill Robert Geldreich, Assistant Attorney
General; Randall E. Nichols, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

W. Thomas Dillard, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Martin S. Pinales, Cincinnati, Ohio, for the Amicus
Curiae, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.

Paula R. Voss and Richard L. Gaines, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Amicus Curiae, Tennessee
Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.

Randall E. Reagan, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Amicus Curiae, Knoxville Defense Lawyers
Association.
                                               OPINION

       We granted the defendant's application for an extraordinary appeal pursuant to Rule 10,
T.R.A.P., to consider whether the trial court erred in discharging appointed counsel from further
representation of the defendant based on its finding that counsel’s approach to litigation constituted
“an abuse of the legitimate functioning of the legal system.” The precise issue is a novel one in
Tennessee. However, given the nature of the pending litigation and our view of the nature and
consequences of the trial court’s error, we believe that pretrial review is necessary and will prevent
needless waste of time, costs and resources that would occur with post-trial review.

                            FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        In June 1993, the defendant was indicted in the Knox County Criminal Court in case number
51903 for four counts of first degree murder. The defendant was also indicted and convicted in case
numbers 49828, 49829, 49830, and 50090 (hereinafter, generally referred to as the “Hanshaw” and
the “Consolidated” rape cases) for multiple rapes, robberies, and kidnappings committed against
several victims. Mr. Moncier’s representation of the defendant began with his appointment in these
cases, which are presently pending on appeal. In the murder case, the prosecution filed notice of its
intent to seek the death penalty for each offense. Attorneys Herbert S. Moncier and Gregory P.
Isaacs were appointed to represent the defendant as lead counsel and co-counsel, respectively.

        The murder trial began in January 1999. After deliberating for over four days, the jury was
unable to reach a unanimous decision and was discharged pursuant to a mistrial. At the conclusion
of the proceedings, this court granted the defendant an interlocutory appeal on the question of
whether constitutional protections against double jeopardy prohibited him from being retried on the
capital murder charges. We held that double jeopardy did not bar the defendant’s retrial and
remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings. See State v. Thomas Dee Huskey, No.
E1999-00524-CCA-R9-CD, Knox County (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 13, 2001), app. denied (Tenn.
Dec. 10, 2001) (for publication). Presently, the defendant awaits retrial in Knox County Criminal
Court on the first degree murder charges, and the state has again filed a notice of its intent to seek
the death penalty.

        On January 7, 2002, the trial court, without a hearing, entered sua sponte an order removing
Mr. Moncier from further representation of the defendant on his retrial for capital murder. The trial
court’s order was apparently prompted by the filing of ten separate pretrial motions by Mr. Moncier
on December 21, 2001, the order noting “motions for discovery, motion for Brady disclosures,
renewed motion for a Bill of Particulars, motions to dismiss the Presentment, motions for change
of venue, etc. . . .” A reading of the entire order, however, suggests that the filing of these particular
motions was simply the “straw that broke the camel’s back.”

        In its order, the trial court stated its belief that Mr. Moncier’s “approach to litigation”
constitutes “an abuse of the legitimate functioning of the legal system.” The court considered it had


                                                   -2-
the obligation to end the abuse pursuant to its authority under Rule 13, Tenn. S. Ct. R., to appoint
legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases and to monitor generally and approve the
payment of reasonable fee and expense requests by appointed counsel, subject to final approval by
the supreme court. The court conceded that removing Mr. Moncier due to his abusive approach to
litigation was “wholly distinct” from more common circumstances in which a trial court has
removed counsel from an ongoing case, noting that the removal of counsel is more often prompted
by a defendant’s dissatisfaction with his attorney or counsel’s request to withdraw due to a serious
conflict or disability. The trial court concluded that this case nevertheless presented “compelling
and overwhelming” reasons for removing Mr. Moncier.

         The court cited the “countless motion hearings requiring several hundred hours of courtroom
time” in this case; the nearly 30,000 pages of trial transcript; and the thousands of additional pages
of pleadings, “the overwhelming majority” of which were generated by Mr. Moncier. In addition,
the court found that a review of Mr. Moncier’s appellate practice with respect to the defendant’s
cases “provides further insight.” The court stated that Mr. Moncier had filed “at least 24 separate
appeals” to this court or our supreme court, only two of which were appeals as of right, and noted
that in “each and every one” of the remaining cases where the defendant sought appellate relief, the
applications were dismissed, relief was denied, or there were rulings adverse to the defendant’s
position. The trial court noted it had previously addressed Mr. Moncier’s motion practice, as quoted
in its May 1999 order in which it reviewed and disallowed a portion of Mr. Moncier’s claimed legal
fees following the conclusion of the first murder trial:

                       As has previously been noted by this court, counsel for Mr.
               Huskey have filed an unprecedented number of pleadings in this
               multi-faceted case. The overwhelming majority of the pleadings
               (over ninety-five percent) have been generated by Mr. Moncier. In
               this court’s judgment many of those pleadings were duplicitous,
               repetitive and unnecessary to appropriately represent Mr. Huskey.
               Further, many of the pleadings were unnecessarily lengthy and
               contained needless surplusage. Examples of such pleadings include
               the motions for speedy trial, motions for new trial, motions to recuse
               the court, and motions to recuse the prosecutor, where the original
               motion is amended numerous times with the same or similar issues
               raised in a slightly different light. Other examples include many of
               the pleadings filed on the issue of mental examination of the
               defendant where, faced with definitive rulings by the trial and
               appellate courts, counsel continued to raise previously ruled upon
               issues. Yet other examples include counsel’s repeated request to
               apply a heightened standard of due process or for discovery of
               exculpatory evidence when all of those issues were exhaustively and
               extensively ruled upon by the court.



                                                 -3-
       Upon the filing of the ten aforementioned pretrial motions by Mr. Moncier, the trial court
concluded that “there is no indication that anything has changed.” The trial court observed:

                        This court is of the opinion that there is no rational
               explanation for or reasonable justification of this approach to
               litigation, that is, where the same or substantially identical issues are
               raised in multiple pleadings; or issues for which previous definitive
               rulings already exist are raised again; or where the same relief is
               sought time and again where it has been previously granted. This is
               plainly litigation for the sake of litigation.

                        If counsel were retained instead of appointed, and being paid
               an hourly fee for the representation, no rational client would authorize
               [his or her] lawyer to seek relief that had already been granted, or
               allow [the lawyer] to again raise an issue that has been the subject of
               a clear recent ruling. Further, in reviewing all the other capital cases
               handled by this court since 1992, no other lawyer, which includes the
               very best of those who practice in East Tennessee, has approached
               litigation as Mr. Moncier has in these cases. While many of the same
               issues may be raised in other capital cases, they are raised, litigated,
               and decided on one, rather than multiple occasions.

                       In this case the state and [its] taxpayers [are] obligated to pay
               for the reasonable competent representation of Mr. Huskey. This
               court has absolutely no hesitation in providing Mr. Huskey with the
               best legal services available consistent with the system designed by
               our Supreme Court to provide those services. When that system is
               abused, however, as we believe it has been abused here, so as to
               pervert [its] effective implementation, we believe it is the obligation
               of the court to take appropriate action to eliminate that abuse. In this
               case we believe that appropriate action is to remove Mr. Moncier
               from further representation of Mr. Huskey in the four capital murder
               counts that have been remanded for re-trial.

        As a result, the court appointed Mr. Isaacs as the defendant’s new lead counsel and solicited
suggestions for the appointment of co-counsel. On that same day, the defendant filed an application
for extraordinary appeal seeking review of the order discharging Mr. Moncier as the defendant’s
counsel.

        Concluding that the removal of counsel “so far departed from the accepted and usual course
of judicial proceedings” that immediate review was required, we granted the defendant’s Rule 10
application pursuant to Rule 10, T.R.A.P. In the interest of expediting this matter pursuant to Rules


                                                 -4-
2 and 10(d), T.R.A.P., we resolve the appeal on the basis of the application and response before us,
including the brief of amici curiae, and without further briefing or argument by the parties.

                                     I. RIGHT TO COUNSEL

          We begin with the guarantee of the defendant’s right to counsel, grounded in the Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution and also granted by article I, section 9, of the
Tennessee Constitution. The Sixth Amendment requires that “‘the accused shall enjoy the right
. . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense’” in state criminal prosecutions. Gideon v.
Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 339, 345, 83 S. Ct. 792, 794, 797 (1963) (quoting U.S. Const. amend.
VI). The right to the assistance of counsel at trial, however, does not guarantee that a criminal
defendant will be represented by a particular attorney. While a criminal defendant who desires and
is financially able to retain his own counsel “should be afforded a fair opportunity to secure counsel
of his own choice,” Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53, 53 S. Ct. 55, 58 (1932), an indigent
defendant has no absolute right to counsel of his choice. See United States v. Davis, 604 F.2d 474,
478 (7th Cir. 1978). Moreover, the Sixth Amendment’s protection includes no guarantee of the
right to a meaningful relationship between an accused and his counsel, whether counsel be appointed
or retained. Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 14, 103 S. Ct. 1610, 1617 (1983); State v. Carruthers, 35
S.W.3d 516, 546 (Tenn. 2000). The right to be represented by counsel of one’s choice is qualified
and “must be balanced against the requirements of the fair and proper administration of justice.”
United States v. Micke, 859 F.2d 473, 480 (7th Cir. 1988).

        The trial court’s action in matters regarding the appointment and relief of counsel will not
be set aside on appeal unless an abuse of discretion is shown. State v. Rubio, 746 S.W.2d 732, 737
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). At the same time, in cases “involving the life or liberty of the citizens,
this discretion entrusted to the courts should be carefully and cautiously exercised; and where this
court can see that the rights of a party may have been jeopardized by an improper exercise of this
judicial discretion it will not hesitate to reverse for that cause.” Kizer v. State, 80 Tenn. 564, 567
(1883); see also State v. Freida Kilburn Hayes, No. 3, Obion County, slip op. at 6 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Nov. 9, 1988) (citing Kizer, 80 Tenn. at 567) (“Because this is a right that belongs to the defendant,
any decision by a trial court to restrict the defendant’s choice of counsel should be carefully and
cautiously considered on appeal.”).

        In this case, no dispute exists that the defendant is indigent and was therefore entitled to the
appointment of trial counsel. See Tenn. S. Ct. R. 13, § 3(b) (providing that an indigent defendant
in a capital case is entitled to the appointment of two attorneys, a “lead counsel” and a “co-counsel”
in his defense). The defendant also acknowledges that an accused is not entitled to the appointment
of a particular attorney at the outset of an adversary proceeding. Rather, he urges that once an
attorney-client relationship is established, the trial court cannot arbitrarily interfere with this
relationship. Amici, as well, assert that the right to counsel implicated in this case is the right of the
defendant “to continuity of counsel of his choice.”

                                II. CONTINUITY OF COUNSEL

                                                   -5-
        We are persuaded by the principles relied upon in the following cases that any meaningful
distinction between indigent and non-indigent defendants’ right to representation by counsel ends
once a valid appointment of counsel has been made. In Smith v. Superior Court of Los Angeles
County, 440 P.2d 65 (Cal. 1968), the California Supreme Court acknowledged the general principle
that an indigent accused may not demand the appointment of counsel of his choice. The court
concluded, however, that, in the face of the defendant’s attempt, not to establish or change, but to
preserve the relationship with his counsel, any attempt to distinguish between appointed and retained
counsel was meaningless. The court stated:

               [W]e must consider whether a court-appointed counsel may be
               dismissed, over the defendant’s objection, in circumstances in which
               a retained counsel could not be removed. A superficial response is
               that the defendant does not pay his fee, and hence has no ground to
               complain as long as the attorney currently handling his case is
               competent. But the attorney-client relationship is not that elementary:
               it involves not just the casual assistance of a member of the bar, but
               an intimate process of consultation and planning which culminates in
               a state of trust and confidence between the client and his attorney.
               This is particularly essential, of course, when the attorney is
               defending the client’s life or liberty. Furthermore, the relationship is
               independent of the source of compensation, for an attorney’s
               responsibility is to the person he has undertaken to represent rather
               than to the individual or agency which pays for the service. It follows
               that once counsel is appointed to represent an indigent defendant,
               whether it be the public defender or a volunteer private attorney, the
               parties enter into an attorney-client relationship which is no less
               inviolable than if counsel had been retained. To hold otherwise would
               be to subject that relationship to an unwarranted and invidious
               discrimination arising merely from the poverty of the accused.

Id. at 74 (citations omitted).

        Citing its “complete agreement” with these observations in Smith, the Supreme Court of
Alaska has declared, “Preservation of the right to proceed with one’s chosen counsel is not mere
constitutional formalism.” McKinnon v. State, 526 P.2d 18, 22 (Alaska 1974).

               Once counsel has been appointed, and the defendant has reposed his
               trust and confidence in the attorney assigned to represent him, the
               trial judge may not, consistent with the United States and Alaska
               constitutions, rend that relationship by dismissing the originally
               appointed attorney and then thrusting unfamiliar and unwelcome
               counsel upon the defendant. The attorney-client relationship, once


                                                 -6-
                established, is inviolate, and may not be severed or otherwise
                intruded upon.

Id. at 22-23 (citing Smith, 440 P.2d at 75). As these decisions reflect, “once counsel has been
chosen, whether by the court or the accused, the accused is entitled to the assistance of that counsel
at trial.” English v. State, 259 A.2d 822, 826 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1969) (emphasis in original).

        Thus, we will view the defendant’s right to lead counsel’s continuing representation through
appointment in the same manner as if he were retained by the defendant. With this in mind, we also
do not believe that the existence of co-counsel lessens the defendant’s right to lead counsel’s
assistance.

                                  III. REMOVAL OF COUNSEL

        The issue now relates to whether and under what circumstances the trial court may remove
counsel, over the objection of counsel and the defendant, once adversary proceedings have begun.
The defendant asserts that counsel cannot be discharged based on the trial court’s “predilections,
sensitivities, or displeasure with counsel’s representation of Mr. Huskey unless the Court finds that
counsel is not providing the accused the effective assistance of counsel.” The state agrees that the
relationship may not be arbitrarily ended by the trial court but asserts that the trial court in this case
properly exercised its discretion to remove counsel.

         Some circumstances demand the removal or disqualification of counsel in the interest of
justice, notwithstanding the implication of the defendant’s right to counsel. For example, “an
accused is entitled to zealous representation by an attorney unfettered by a conflicting interest. To
establish a denial of the sixth amendment right to counsel, it is sufficient to show that an actual
conflict existed.” State v. Thompson, 768 S.W.2d 239, 245 (Tenn. 1989) (citing Cuyler v. Sullivan,
446 U.S. 335, 345-50, 100 S. Ct. 1708, 1716-19 (1980)). Also, federal courts “must recognize a
presumption in favor of petitioner’s counsel of choice, but that presumption may be overcome not
only by a demonstration of actual conflict but by a showing of a serious potential for conflict.”
Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 164, 108 S. Ct. 1692, 1700 (1988). Further, “[a]ll will agree
that if the defendant’s attorney exhibits objective evidence of physical incapacity to proceed with
a meaningful defense of his client . . . the court need not sit idly by; it should inquire into the matter
on its own motion, and if necessary relieve the affected counsel and order a substitution.” Smith,
440 P.2d at 73; see also Tenn. S. Ct. R. 8, DR 2-110(B)(3) (providing for the mandatory withdrawal
of an attorney whose “mental or physical condition renders it unreasonably difficult for the lawyer
to carry out the employment effectively”).

       The more difficult question before us is whether the trial court may remove defense counsel
based on its finding that counsel’s approach to litigation is an abuse of the legal system. A review
of decisions from other jurisdictions reflects that, in the context of the right of a defendant to
continued representation by a particular attorney, absent the consent of the defendant or counsel, the
removal of counsel on the trial court’s own motion is allowed on a very limited basis.

                                                   -7-
        In Smith, described by at least one court as the “lead case” on the subject, People v. Johnson,
547 N.W.2d 65, 69 (Mich. Ct. App. 1996), the California Supreme Court decided the “unprecedented
issue of whether a trial judge has or should have the power to remove a court-appointed defense
attorney, over the objections of both the attorney and the defendant, on the ground of the judge’s
subjective opinion that the attorney is ‘incompetent’” to proceed. Smith, 440 P.2d at 66. The court
acknowledged the trial court’s duty to ensure that the defendant is provided the effective assistance
of counsel. “But in discharging that duty the judge must be on his guard neither to infringe upon the
defendant’s right to counsel of his choice, nor to compromise the independence of the bar.” Id. at
72. The court determined that the “inhibition imposed on a defense attorney by [the threat of
removal] constitutes a serious and unwarranted impairment of his client’s right to counsel.” Id. at
74. It stated:

               [T]he constitutional guarantee of the defendant’s right to counsel
               requires that his advocate, whether retained or appointed, be free in
               all cases of the threat that he may be summarily relieved as
               “incompetent” by the very trial judge he is duty-bound to attempt to
               convince of the rightness of his client’s cause. Here . . . “the
               recognition of such an authority would involve the surrender of a
               substantial amount of the independence of the bar, and, in many
               instances would deprive litigants of a fair hearing.”

Id. at 75 (quoting Gallagher v. Municipal Court of Los Angeles, 192 P.2d 905, 914 (Cal. 1948)).
 The court concluded that when removal is permitted at all, it requires objective evidence of
counsel’s physical incapacity to continue or serious misconduct by counsel which cannot be
addressed through other reasonable measures. Id. at 72-74.

        As summarized in an earlier decision, California courts have emphasized that

                the state should keep to a necessary minimum its interference with the
                individual’s desire to defend himself in whatever manner he deems
                best, using any legitimate means within his resources – and that that
                desire can constitutionally be forced to yield only when it will result
                in significant prejudice to the defendant himself or in a disruption of
                the orderly processes of justice unreasonable under the circumstances
                of the particular case.

People v. Crovedi, 417 P.2d 868, 874 (Cal. 1966). In the present case, the state suggests that such
language denotes that California has adopted a “broader standard” than other jurisdictions that have
considered the involuntary removal of counsel. Based on our review of relevant cases, however, we
are not convinced that this is the case. California decisions continue to reflect that the trial court’s
discretion to remove counsel absent the consent of the defendant and his counsel is “severely
limited,” and that “[c]ourts should seek an accommodation reasonable under the facts of the
particular case.” People v. Lucev, 233 Cal. Rptr. 222, 225 (Cal. Ct. App. 1986) (citing People v.

                                                  -8-
Courts, 693 P.2d 778, 790 (Cal. 1985)). Decisions of the California courts as well as those of other
jurisdictions similarly illustrate the balancing of interests that a trial court must undertake when
determining whether the removal of counsel is justified under the circumstances of a particular case
to the end that “a reasonable accommodation of seemingly conflicting values shall thereby be
achieved.” Crovedi, 417 P.2d at 874.

        In Harling v. United States, 387 A.2d 1101 (D.C. 1978), the District of Columbia Court of
Appeals similarly determined that while the right to assistance of chosen counsel is not absolute, a
court may not arbitrarily infringe upon it. The court stated that “[g]ross incompetence or physical
incapacity of counsel, or contumacious conduct that cannot be cured by a citation for contempt may
justify the court’s removal of an attorney, even over the defendant’s objection.” Id. at 1105.
However, “[m]ere disagreement as to the conduct of the defense certainly is not sufficient to permit
the removal of any attorney.” Id.

         Finally, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has rejected the authority of a trial court to
remove counsel based on its apparent dislike for counsel’s conduct of the case. Stearnes v. Clinton,
780 S.W.2d 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). While pointing with approval to the “unquestionable
precedential value” of the decisions in Smith and Harling, among others, the Stearnes court noted,
however, that the case “reveals a more serious misuse of judicial power” than those cited because
the trial court “chose not to remove trial counsel for his incompetence but for his competence.” Id.
at 223.

         Recognizing that the right of a defendant to his chosen counsel is not absolute, courts in other
cases have also held that the trial court’s removal of an appointed counsel from an ongoing
representation of a defendant, over the objection of the defendant and his attorney, was beyond its
discretion. See, e.g., Clements v. State, 817 S.W.2d 194 (Ark. 1991) (holding that the trial court’s
termination of appointed counsel, over the objection of the defendant and counsel, was an arbitrary
action and violated the defendant’s right to counsel when defendant was forced to choose between
accepting new counsel and being granted a continuance to prepare for trial or retaining original
counsel and being forced to proceed immediately to trial while unprepared); Johnson, 547 N.W.2d
at 69 (holding that the trial court improperly relieved appointed counsel based on counsel’s challenge
to the court’s “interim investigation orders” and thereby violated defendant’s Sixth Amendment right
to counsel); Welfare of M.R.S., 400 N.W.2d 147 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987) (holding that the trial court’s
summary dismissal of a juvenile’s appointed counsel during appeal and after counsel had moved the
court to disqualify itself was arbitrary, a clear abuse of discretion and a violation of the juvenile’s
right to counsel); McKinnon v. State, 526 P.2d 18 (Alaska 1974) (holding that the removal of the
defendant’s appointed attorney, over the defendant’s protest, on trial court’s belief that counsel was
inadequately prepared for trial, was not within court’s authority and deprived the defendant of his
right to counsel of his choice); In re Civ. Contempt Proc. Concerning Richard, 373 N.W.2d 429
(S.D. 1985) (granting extraordinary relief and setting aside order of trial court discharging attorney
appointed to represent a grand jury witness after attorney was held in contempt for rejecting an offer
of immunity).


                                                  -9-
            IV. REMOVAL OF COUNSEL AND LESS DRASTIC MEASURES

        Returning to the present case, we consider whether the removal of Mr. Moncier was the
proper response to the trial court’s finding that counsel’s motion practice constituted an abuse of the
system. As we noted, Mr. Moncier has represented the defendant in the capital murder case before,
during, and after the first trial. In each of the thirty-one major felony offenses with which the
defendant was originally charged, the defendant has been represented by Mr. Moncier. In the murder
case alone, counsel has represented the defendant for nearly ten years. In other words, we are
presented with a long-established attorney-client relationship. Moreover, we remain mindful of the
fact, and consider it significant, that Mr. Moncier has seen the defendant’s cases through three trials
with the present trial court presiding. Obviously, the wheels of justice have continued to turn.

        We are reluctant for any court to place limits on an attorney’s ability to conduct his or her
case within the bounds of the obligation to represent the client zealously, but a court may step in
when counsel’s actions become overzealous. In this regard, convinced of its obligation to end what
it viewed as counsel’s continuing abuse of the legal system and faced with an approaching trial, the
trial court in this case decided that the only remedy in this case was to remove Mr. Moncier.
However, we cannot agree. We believe that the trial court improperly chose the most drastic action
available. The Tennessee Court of Appeals has recognized that removal of counsel should only
occur when no other options exist.

               A trial court has a broad range of options available to insure that its
               proceedings are fair both in appearance and in fact. Disqualifying an
               attorney is the most drastic. It invariably causes delay, increases
               costs, and deprives parties of counsel of their choice. Courts should,
               therefore, disqualify counsel with considerable reluctance and only
               when no other practical alternative exists.

In re: Ellis, 822 S.W.2d 602, 605 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (citations omitted). We agree. We conclude
that counsel’s motion practice in this case demanded from the trial court measured responses in an
effort to address perceived problems with counsel before counsel was summarily removed.

        This also means that it was inappropriate for the trial court to remove counsel summarily
without a hearing or prior warning of the court’s concerns. Nothing in the facts suggests it was
necessary for the trial court to proceed sua sponte, without a hearing and without an opportunity for
the defense to be heard concerning the issue of the right to have lead counsel remain in the case.

        We stress, though, that we are not condoning the actions that concerned the trial court. The
motion practice in this case indicates a tendency to rush to filing without due consideration or
attention to detail by counsel, resulting in unnecessary, multiple amendments being filed. Also,
counsel undoubtedly filed numerous motions that, on their face, assert the same claims as other
motions. Our review of the pretrial motions filed by Mr. Moncier on December 21, 2001, which
appear to have precipitated the trial court’s action, reflects that the motions include claims that are

                                                 -10-
being reasserted without apparent justification on their face for such reassertion. For example, every
one of these separate motions asserts, “Because this is a capital murder prosecution, this Court is to
apply a heightened standard of due process of law in its consideration of this issue.” The record
reveals, though, that counsel previously moved the trial court to apply a heightened standard of due
process in the case and the court granted the motion. Nevertheless, counsel now reasserts the claim
in every pretrial pleading he has filed thus far. Likewise, in each motion counsel “continues to move
that [the trial court] disqualify itself prior to any further ruling in this case or on this motion.”
However, in our order denying interlocutory review on the issue of the disqualification of the trial
court, we noted that the trial court reviewed and separately addressed at least eighteen motions in
which counsel alleged over one hundred reasons in support of disqualification. We believe that
absent some new event that has not been yet alleged, these repeated “motions” to disqualify the trial
court reassert a claim upon which the trial court has previously ruled.

        As another example, the defense moved the trial court on December 21 to rule on its pending
“motion to suppress all evidence obtained as a result of the illegal confinement of defendant on a
City of Knoxville municipal offense of soliciting for prostitution.” Again, the trial court has already
ruled on this issue in both the murder case and the rape cases. As counsel is fully aware, the
defendant has challenged the trial court’s ruling in his pending appeals of the rape cases. These are
but a few examples of the types of pleadings filed by counsel that understandably taxed the trial
court’s patience.

         On the other hand, we recognize the sanctity of the position of defense counsel in criminal
cases. It is counsel’s duty “to represent the client zealously within the bounds of the law,” which
encompasses the right to “seek any lawful objective through legally permissible means; and to
present for adjudication any lawful claim, issue, or defense.” See Tenn. S. Ct. R. 8, EC 7-1. As set
forth in the Standards for Criminal Justice of the American Bar Association, the “basic duty defense
counsel owes to the administration of justice and as an officer of the court is to serve as the accused’s
counselor and advocate with courage and devotion and to render effective, quality representation.”
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice Prosecution Function and Defense Function, Std. 4-1.2(b) (3d
ed. 1993). Moreover, because “the death penalty differs from other criminal penalties in its finality,
defense counsel in a capital case should respond to this difference by making extraordinary efforts
on behalf of the accused.” Id. at Std. 4-1.2(c). No one would question the fact that Mr. Moncier’s
efforts on behalf of the defendant have been extraordinary. And the mere fact that his motion filing
is prolific or the fact that he has sought interlocutory review on many occasions does not deserve
remonstration. Yet, zealous advocacy does not justify repetitive or unnecessarily prolix motions.

         While we are not unsympathetic to the challenges that the trial court has faced in presiding
over the defendant’s cases during the past several years, we view its removal of Mr. Moncier as
counsel in response to his motion practice to be unwarranted, because it failed to do the balancing
that a trial court must undertake of its “inherent power to control the exercise of the administration
of justice,” and its obligation to protect the defendant’s right to the effective assistance of his counsel
of choice. United States v. Gallop, 838 F.2d 105, 107 (4th Cir. 1988). Other options than removal
exist. As the Alaska Supreme Court has stated: “The court may censure the obstructive attorney, or

                                                   -11-
request the bar association to take disciplinary action. Or the court may assess a fine or impose a
term of imprisonment under its contempt power.” McKinnon, 526 P.2d at 23. The court believed
that “these methods . . . [are] likely to prove substantially more efficacious than the summary
removal of counsel, which, in the final analysis, only penalizes the defendant.” Id. at 24. These are
not the only options available to the trial court. As the trial court has previously done, it can reject
counsel’s claims for compensation relative to inappropriate time spent – or wasted – on unnecessary
matters. In this respect, co-counsel’s obligations regarding pleadings are the same as lead counsel’s,
and he, too, may be held accountable for his approval of them.

        We also note that motions raising issues upon which the court has already ruled are subject
to summary denial without further hearing. Such is true even though the new motion mentions some
additional nuance or fact, if the trial court concludes that the new allegation is inconsequential.
Moreover, the trial court can require counsel who is filing repetitive motions to provide in the
pleading the factual and legal basis that justify the reassertion of the claim, the date(s) of previous
similar motion(s), and the date(s) and relevant ruling(s) of the court. Such information would permit
the trial court to assess efficiently whether a particular filing should be denied as previously
determined.

        We do not direct the trial court to any particular remedy in this case, but we conclude that
the more reasoned approach is for the trial court to exhaust other possible remedies before resorting
to the removal of counsel. As has been aptly stated, “the involuntary removal of any attorney is a
severe limitation on a defendant’s right to counsel and may be justified, if at all, only in the most
flagrant circumstances of attorney misconduct or incompetence when all other judicial controls have
failed.” Cannon v. Comm’n on Judicial Qualifications, 537 P.2d 898, 911 (Cal. 1975).

                                          CONCLUSION

        Based on all of the foregoing considerations, we hold that the trial court’s removal of lead
counsel in this case based on the court’s finding of an abusive approach to litigation by counsel
exceeded its discretion and violated the defendant’s right to counsel. We vacate the trial court’s
order removing Mr. Moncier as the defendant’s lead counsel in this case and remand the case for
further proceedings.




                                                        JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE




                                                 -12-
