                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Beales, Alston and Senior Judge Frank
            Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
PUBLISHED




            DWIGHT DELANO MOORE
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0224-17-1                                  JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                JUNE 5, 2018
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                           FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                          Randall D. Smith, Judge

                           Rachel E. Wentworth, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                           Brittany A. Dunn-Pirio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                           Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   On October 7, 2016, Dwight Moore (“appellant”) entered a conditional guilty plea under

            North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).1 Appellant’s plea agreement preserved his right to

            appeal the denial of his motion to suppress a firearm that police recovered following a traffic

            stop. The Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake accepted appellant’s plea and found him

            guilty of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and appellant then appealed the denial of

            his motion to suppress to this Court.

                                                     I. BACKGROUND

                   During the hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress, Officer Daniel Smith testified that

            he was on duty on November 2, 2014 at 9:51 p.m. At that date and time, Officer Smith and



                   1
                     Alford pleas allow “criminal defendants who wish to avoid the consequences of a trial
            to plead guilty by conceding that the evidence is sufficient to convict them, while maintaining
            that they did not participate in the acts constituting the crimes.” Carroll v. Commonwealth, 280
            Va. 641, 644-45, 701 S.E.2d 414, 415 (2010) (quoting Parson v. Carroll, 272 Va. 560, 636
            S.E.2d 452 (2006)).
Officer Lyle were patrolling and observed a vehicle (later determined to be driven by appellant)

with no lights illuminating its rear license plate. The officers initiated a traffic stop; however, the

vehicle did not pull over. The vehicle continued down the road briefly before appellant jumped

out of the vehicle while it was still in motion, causing it to crash into two parked cars.

       Officers Smith and Lyle pursued appellant on foot while commanding that he stop and

that he was under arrest. Appellant ignored the officers’ commands and continued to flee.

Officer Smith testified that, during the pursuit, he requested assistance from nearby officers.

Eventually, appellant “gave up and fell on the ground,” and was placed under arrest.

       Officer Groome testified that, meanwhile, he had gone to the crash site after receiving

Officer Smith’s call for assistance. Officer Groome also testified that he was the only police

officer on the scene and that a crowd was forming near the crashed vehicle. Groome stated that

there were no officers between the crowd and the crashed vehicle. Groome also stated that the

crashed vehicle was in the middle of the road with its front door open on the driver’s side. From

his vantage point outside of the vehicle, Officer Groome saw an uncovered firearm in plain view

near the gas pedal. He testified, “I noticed a firearm on the floorboard. I did secure the firearm

and put it in the back of my police vehicle for safekeeping since the crowd was forming.”

Officer Groome testified that he did not enter the vehicle until he saw the firearm and that he

unloaded the firearm before securing it. When asked on cross-examination if he received

appellant’s consent to enter the vehicle, Officer Groome answered, “No. I just saw the weapon

and since a crowd was forming, I secured it for safekeeping because I wasn’t sure if I needed to

assist in helping catch Mr. Moore.”

       Subsequently, a police unit with a drug-sniffing dog arrived at the scene. Following an

“open-air sniff” of the vehicle’s exterior, the police dog alerted on the vehicle, indicating the

potential presence of narcotics. However, a search only uncovered “a small, very minute

                                                 -2-
suspected marijuana roach for smoking marijuana . . . with burnt rolling papers” in the vehicle’s

ashtray.2

       In denying appellant’s motion to suppress the firearm, the trial judge stated:

               As far as the vehicle goes, I agree with the Commonwealth and
               probably most obviously exigent circumstances. When the officer
               could, in plain view, see the firearm, even though there was no
               evidence concerning whether it was stolen or it had been used in a
               crime, the mere fact that under all the circumstances of this case,
               that there was a firearm in a floorboard of a vehicle that had
               crashed into cars, the driver had fled, and that there was a crowd of
               people around, justified the officer taking possession of the firearm
               so that it wouldn’t pose a danger to others, as well as the fact that it
               would still be in existence at the time that the circumstances were
               such that the police had gained control of the scene, and for those
               reasons will overrule the defense’s motion to suppress the firearm.

(Emphasis added). Appellant’s lone assignment of error states that “[t]he trial court erred in

denying Moore’s motion to suppress.”

                                            II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. Standard of Review

       “A defendant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment

presents a mixed question of law and fact that [appellate courts] review de novo on appeal.”

Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002). “In reviewing a trial

court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘the burden is upon [the defendant] to show that the

ruling, when the evidence is considered most favorably to the Commonwealth, constituted

reversible error.’” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 197, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997)

(en banc) (alteration in original) (quoting Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265

S.E.2d 729, 731 (1980)). “[A]n appellate court must give deference to the factual findings of the


       2
         On brief, the Commonwealth argues that Officer Groome’s recovery of the gun, which
was the subject of appellant’s motion to suppress, was admissible under the doctrine of
inevitable discovery based upon the probable cause from the police dog’s alert. We need not
address the issue of inevitable discovery, given our holding infra of exigent circumstances.
                                                -3-
circuit court and give due weight to the inferences drawn from those factual findings; however,

the appellate court must determine independently whether the manner in which the evidence was

obtained meets the requirements of the Fourth Amendment.” Commonwealth v. Robertson, 275

Va. 559, 563, 659 S.E.2d 321, 324 (2008).

                              B. Presence of Exigent Circumstances

       The Fourth Amendment protects the people against “unreasonable searches and seizures,” it

does not protect against searches and seizures that are reasonable. U.S. Const. amend. IV (emphasis

added). “Warrantless searches, of course, are per se unreasonable, subject to a few well-defined

exceptions.” Abell v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 607, 612, 272 S.E.2d 204, 207 (1980). These

exceptions include “exigent circumstances,” which arise when the very nature of an event demands

an immediate response from law enforcement. See McCary v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 219, 227,

321 S.E.2d 637, 641 (1984) (“Searches conducted without prior judicial approval are per se

unreasonable . . . subject to exceptions allowed when exigencies require warrantless searches.”).

Exigent circumstances include:

               (1) the degree of urgency involved and the time required to get a
               warrant; (2) the officers’ reasonable belief that contraband is about
               to be removed or destroyed; (3) the possibility of danger to others,
               including police officers left to guard the site; (4) information that
               the possessors of the contraband are aware that the police may be
               on their trail; (5) whether the offense is serious, or involves
               violence; (6) whether officers reasonably believe the suspects are
               armed; (7) whether there is, at the time of entry, a clear showing of
               probable cause; (8) whether the officers have strong reason to
               believe the suspects are actually present in the premises; (9) the
               likelihood of escape if the suspects are not swiftly apprehended;
               and (10) the suspects’ recent entry into the premises after hot
               pursuit.

Verez v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 405, 410-11, 337 S.E.2d 749, 753 (1985). Our Supreme Court

has also recognized that because “[p]olice officers find themselves in a myriad of situations with

varied fact patterns,” no court can provide an “exhaustive enumeration of factors that would

                                                -4-
distinguish circumstances that qualify as exigent from those that would not.” Evans v.

Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 283, 776 S.E.2d 760, 763 (2015). Rather:

               [I]n each case a determination must be made whether the law
               enforcement officers had probable cause at the time of their
               warrantless entry to believe that cognizable exigent circumstances
               were present. The officers are not required to possess either the
               gift of prophecy or the infallible wisdom that comes only with
               hindsight.

Keeter v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 134, 141, 278 S.E.2d 841, 846, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1053

(1981). Therefore, when determining whether exigent circumstances justify a warrantless

intrusion, courts must look at the facts of each case, “as they reasonably appeared to the law

enforcement officers on the scene.” Verez, 230 Va. at 411, 337 S.E.2d at 753.

       As the trial judge noted, the primary factor that contributed to the exigency of the

circumstances in the current case was the unsecured firearm and the potential threat it posed to

the other individuals on the scene. In conducting our de novo review of the trial judge’s ruling,

we examine the threat that such a firearm presented to those individuals – the responding police

officer as well as the gathering crowd.

       This Court has previously upheld the warrantless seizure of firearms in plain view from a

vehicle when those firearms posed a potential threat to officer safety. Taylor v. Commonwealth,

10 Va. App. 260, 391 S.E.2d 592 (1990); see also Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 (1983). In

Taylor, two police officers were patrolling an area where young people were known to consume

alcohol and smoke marijuana. 10 Va. App. at 262, 391 S.E.2d at 593. Seeing two vehicles

parked down a narrow path, the officers chose to investigate and activated their vehicle’s blue

lights. Id. The blue lights prompted four individuals to emerge from the woods; these

individuals provided their identification to the officers. Id. at 263, 391 S.E.2d at 593. One of the

vehicles was a pickup truck. In the bed of that truck, one officer saw a pair of shotguns in plain

view (One shotgun was sawed-off and resulted in the defendant’s conviction). Id. at 263, 391
                                                -5-
S.E.2d at 593-94. Upon seeing the guns, the officer immediately reached into the bed of the

truck, without a warrant, and removed them for his safety and the safety of his fellow officer. Id.

at 263, 391 S.E.2d at 594. In affirming the validity of the officer’s warrantless seizure, this

Court recognized that the “suspects outnumbered the officers by two, creating a risk that the

officers might have been overpowered,” and because of “the ready accessibility of the guns in

the bed of the truck, the officers were exposed to the danger that any one of the individuals at the

scene might harm them with these guns . . . .” Id. at 265, 391 S.E.2d at 595.

       A police officer’s ability to conduct a protective sweep of a vehicle, such as the one that

occurred in Taylor, was established by the United States Supreme Court in Michigan v. Long,

463 U.S. 1032 (1983). The Court’s justification for such a warrantless intrusion was the need to

protect police officers in the course of their duties. Id. at 1049-50. See also, Arizona v. Gant,

556 U.S. 332, 346-47 (2009) (citing with approval Michigan v. Long and stating, “Other

established exceptions to the warrant requirement authorize a vehicle search under additional

circumstances when safety or evidentiary concerns demand. For instance, Michigan v. Long[]

permits an officer to search a vehicle’s passenger compartment when he has reasonable suspicion

that an individual, whether or not the arrestee, is ‘dangerous’ and might access the vehicle to

‘gain immediate control of weapons.’” (quoting Long, 463 U.S. at 1049)).

       In a previous case, Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 443, 447 (1973), the United States

Supreme Court also recognized that an unsecured firearm poses a threat to public safety and

upheld the warrantless search of a vehicle as being a reasonable “caretaking ‘search.’” Similar to

appellant’s case, in Cady, the vehicle in question was involved in a traffic accident. Id. at 435.

The police secured the vehicle and had it towed to a private garage. Id. at 436. Afterwards, the

police gained information that led them to believe that a policeman’s revolver was inside the

vehicle. Id. at 436-37. Without a warrant, a local police officer went to the garage and searched

                                                -6-
the vehicle. Id. at 437. During this search, no gun was recovered; however, the officer

discovered evidence in the vehicle which led to the defendant’s conviction for murder. Id. In

upholding the warrantless search, the United States Supreme Court stated that the “immediate

and constitutionally reasonable” justification for the warrantless search was the “concern for the

safety of the general public who might be endangered if an intruder removed a revolver from the

trunk of the vehicle.” Id. at 447.3 See also United States v. Newbourn, 600 F.2d 452 (4th Cir.

1979) (applying the Court’s reasoning in Cady and holding that a warrantless search of a car’s

trunk, which contained multiple stolen weapons, was reasonable). Likewise, in Newbourn, the

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reasoned, “Unless secured, [the guns]

might fall into the hands of the arrested men, or vandals, or thieves. Thus they posed potential

danger both to law enforcement officials and to members of the general public.” Newbourn, 600

F.2d at 455.

       We recognize that these cases, Taylor and Cady, were decided on different Fourth

Amendment doctrines (i.e. the protective sweep of a vehicle and the community caretaker

doctrine); however, they inform our analysis in the current case because they underscore the

inherent danger that an unsecured and loaded firearm presents to both the police and the general

public. By applying the logic of these cases together, we conclude that the threat that the firearm

presented to others at the crash site (i.e., the police and the gathering crowd) and the fact that a

crime had been committed and appellant was still at large created exigent circumstances that

made the warrantless seizure of the loaded firearm reasonable. As the trial judge stated,


       3
         In comparing the facts of Cady to the case at bar, we note that the firearm in the current
case posed a greater threat to the general public than the mere suspicion of a firearm in Cady.
The vehicle in Cady had already been removed from the scene of the crash and was secured in a
local garage. Id. at 436. In the current case, a firearm was actually present and Officer Groome
could clearly see the loaded gun from his vantage point outside of the vehicle, which had not yet
been secured or removed from the crash site. Therefore, the chance that a member of the general
public could access the firearm was much greater in this case than it was in Cady.
                                                 -7-
“[E]xigent circumstances . . . justified the officer taking possession of the firearm so that it

wouldn’t pose a danger to others, as well as the fact that it would still be in existence at the time

that the circumstances were such that the police had gained control of the scene . . . .” See

Verez, 230 Va. at 410, 337 S.E.2d at 753 (listing “the degree of urgency involved and the time

required to get a warrant . . . [and] the possibility of danger to others, including police officers

left to guard the site,” as factors that can establish exigent circumstances).

       “Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must

since it was the prevailing party in the trial court,” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 330,

601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004), the specific facts of this case lead us to conclude that exigent

circumstances necessitated Officer Groome’s reasonable and prompt seizure of the loaded

firearm. Here, Officers Smith and Lyle were in hot pursuit of appellant who refused to stop his

vehicle, leapt from it while it was still in motion, and caused his vehicle to crash into two other

cars. Clearly, the officers then had probable cause that appellant had committed a hit and run of

two vehicles as he sought to elude police. Chasing appellant on foot, Officer Smith requested

assistance from nearby officers, and Officer Groome went to the scene of the crash. Officer

Groome, who was the lone officer on the scene, observed a crowd forming near the crashed

vehicle. There was no police presence between the crowd and the vehicle. Like the police

officers in Taylor, Officer Groome was outnumbered by the crowd. Also, similar to the facts of

Taylor, the firearm was in plain view – here on the vehicle’s floorboard, and, therefore, it was

also visible to members of the crowd. Believing that he may need to assist Officers Smith and

Lyle in their pursuit of appellant, Officer Groome seized the firearm, unloaded it, and secured it

in his police vehicle. Here, unlike the situation even in Cady, the vehicle had not yet been

secured. Rather, it was in the middle of the road where members of the crowd or appellant, if he

had returned to his vehicle, could immediately have accessed the loaded firearm. In short, as

                                                 -8-
Officer Groome observed the situation, there was not sufficient time to secure a warrant as

numerous people could have potentially obtained the firearm in the interim. Therefore, exigent

circumstances dictated that he seize the gun in order to protect himself and others.

        Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to show how long it would have taken

for the police to obtain a search warrant and that the Commonwealth presented no evidence to

show that the crowd was disruptive or dangerous. Also, appellant argues that no evidence

showed that Officer Groome was aware of criminal charges that appellant faced or if appellant

was a felon at the time that Groome seized the firearm. Appellant’s arguments are not

persuasive. In Taylor, nothing established that the four individuals who emerged from the woods

were an imminent threat. However, this Court concluded that a warrantless seizure of the

firearms in that case was reasonable, given that the officers were outnumbered and could have

been harmed by the firearms. Taylor, 10 Va. App. at 265, 391 S.E.2d at 595. Similarly, in the

current case, it would be unreasonable for us to conclude that the members of the crowd, who

were already standing near the car, needed to present an imminent threat to the officer or others

in the crowd before the officer was permitted to seize the loaded firearm.

                                           III. CONCLUSION

        In short, exigent circumstances were clearly present when Officer Groome, the lone

policeman on the scene at the time, saw the firearm in plain view on the floorboard of the vehicle

from which appellant had just fled, leaving the door open. At the time Officer Groome seized the

gun, appellant was still at large and possibly could have returned to his vehicle at any time to arm

himself. In addition, a crowd had already gathered around the vehicle, which had run into two other

parked cars. Therefore, taking control of the uncovered and loaded firearm was necessary for

officer safety as well as for the safety of the gathered crowd. For all of these reasons, we hold that




                                                 -9-
the circuit court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress, and we affirm his conviction

for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




                                                - 10 -
