[Cite as Kumpf v. Miami Univ., 2011-Ohio-3860.]



                                     Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                         The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                 65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                            Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                  614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                             www.cco.state.oh.us




DAVID KUMPF, et al.

       Plaintiffs

       V.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY

       Defendant


        Case No. 2010-12125-AD


Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert

MEMORANDUM DECISION

        {¶ 1} Plaintiffs, Seth Kumpf, who was visiting a student attending Miami
University (MU), and his father, David Kumpf, filed this action against defendant
contending Seth suffered injury on February 21, 2009, as a proximate cause of
negligence on the part of MU personnel in maintaining a hazardous condition on the
premises of the Miami campus. Specifically, plaintiffs asserted Seth broke his elbow
when he slipped and fell on ice on a section of the walkway outside of Emerson Hall on
defendant’s premises.         Plaintiffs submitted photographs depicting the sidewalk area
where Seth slipped and fell. After reviewing the photographs, the trier of fact finds the
site depicted a long span of sidewalk area with a highly visible natural accumulation of
snow and ice remaining on the middle portion of the length of sidewalk leading up to a
brick building.     In their complaint, plaintiffs requested damages in the amount of
$675.19, the cost of medical treatment expenses plaintiff David Kumpf incurred as a
result of the slip and fall injury that occurred on February 21, 2009, at approximately
7:00 p.m. The $25.00 filing fee was paid.
      {¶ 2} Defendant contested this matter arguing “the presence of ice or slush was
an open and obvious danger which reasonably should have been seen by the plaintiff
Seth Kumpf to allow him to take appropriate measures to protect himself.” Defendant
implied it had no duty to protect plaintiffs from dangers associated with the natural
accumulation of ice and snow.
      {¶ 3} To establish a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must show the
existence of a duty, breach of that duty, and an injury proximately caused by the breach.
Texler v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt Laundry Co., 81 Ohio St. 3d 677, 680, 1998-
Ohio-602, 693 N.E. 2d 271. Generally, in the area of premises liability, the status of a
person who enters upon the land of another determines the scope of the duty the
premises owner owes the entrant. Shump v. First Continental-Robinwood Assoc., 71
Ohio St. 3d 414, 417, 1994-Ohio-427, 644 N.E. 2d 291. Under the facts of the instant
claim, Seth’s status was that of an invitee. See Baldauf v. Kent State Univ. (1998), 49
Ohio App. 3d 46, 550 N.E. 2d 517; Shimer v. Bowling Green State Univ. (1999), 96
Ohio Misc. 2d 12, 16, 708 N.E. 2d 305.
      {¶ 4} “[T]he possessor of premises owes a duty to an invitee to exercise ordinary
or reasonable care for his or her safety and protection. This duty includes maintaining
the premises in a reasonably safe condition and warning an invitee of latent or
concealed defects of which the possessor has or should have knowledge.” Baldauf, at
47, 48 citing Scheibel v. Lipton (1985), 156 Ohio St. 308, 46 O.O. 177, 102 N.E. 2d 453.
“However, it is also well-established that balanced against this duty, the owner of
premises is not to be held as an insurer against all forms of risk.” Baldauf, at 48, citing
S.S. Kresge Co. v. Fader (1927), 116 Ohio St. 718, 158 N.E. 174. Although the owner
of premises generally owes a duty of ordinary care “the liability of an owner or occupant
to an invitee for negligence in failing to render the premises reasonably safe for the
invitee, or in failing to warn him of dangers thereon, must be predicated upon a superior
knowledge concerning the dangers of the premises to persons going thereon.”             38
American Jurisprudence, 757, Negligence, Section 97, as cited in Debie v. Cochran
Pharmacy Berwick, Inc. (1967), 11 Ohio St. 2d 38, 40, 40 O.O. 2d 52, 227 N.E. 2d 603.
      {¶ 5} There is no duty on the part of a premises owner to warn or protect an
invitee of a hazardous condition, where the condition is so obvious and apparent that
the invitee should reasonably be expected to discover the danger and protect himself
from it. Parsons v. Larson Co. (1989), 57 Ohio App. 3d 49, 566 N.E. 2d 698; Blair v.
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (1989), 61 Ohio Misc. 2d 649, 582
N.E. 2d 673. This rationale is based on principles that an open and obvious danger is
itself a warning and the premises owner may expect persons entering the premises to
notice the danger and take precautions to protect themselves from such dangers.
Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co. (1992), 64 Ohio St. 3d 642, 1992-Ohio-42, 597 N.E. 2d
504.   The open and obvious doctrine is determinative of the threshold issue, the
landowner’s duty. Armstrong v. Best Buy Company, Inc., 99 Ohio St. 3d 79, 2003-Ohio-
2573, at ¶13. If an alleged hazard is open and obvious, whether plaintiff can prove the
elements of negligence other than duty is superfluous. Horner v. Jiffy Lube Internatl.,
Inc., Franklin App. No. 01AP-1054, 2002-Ohio-2880, at ¶17.
       {¶ 6} Furthermore, a landowner ordinarily owes no duty to an invitee, such as
plaintiff, to remove accumulations of ice and snow on the premises or to warn the
invitees of dangers associated with these natural accumulations.         See Brinkman v.
Ross, 68 Ohio St. 3d 82, 1993-Ohio-72, 623 N.E. 2d 1175. Everyone is assumed to
appreciate the risks presented by such snow and ice accumulations and consequently,
everyone is expected to bear responsibility for protecting himself from such risks
presented by natural accumulations of ice and snow. Brinkman.
       {¶ 7} “In a climate where the winter brings frequently recurring storms of snow
and rain and sudden and extreme changes in temperature, these dangerous conditions
appear with a frequency and suddenness which defy prevention and, usually,
correction. Ordinarily they would disappear before correction would be practicable . . .
To hold that a liability results from these actions of the elements would be the
affirmance of a duty which it would often be impossibile, and ordinarily impracticable . . .
to perform.” Norwalk v. Tuttle (1906), 73 Ohio St. 242, 245, 76 N.E. 617, as quoted in
Sidle v. Humphrey (1968), 13 Ohio St. 2d 45, 42 O.O. 2d 96, 233 N.E. 2d 589.
       {¶ 8} In his response, David Kumpf argues the area was dark and poorly-lighted
such that the danger was not open and obvious. Nonetheless, the court finds that
"‘[d]arkness' is always a warning of danger, and for one's own protection it may not be
disregarded." Jeswald v. Hutt (1968), 15 Ohio St. 2d 224, 44 O.O. 2d 196, 239 N.E. 2d
37, at paragraph three of the syllabus.        Indeed, the darkness Seth encountered
increased rather than reduced the degree of care he should have exercised for his own
safety. In the present claim, plaintiffs have failed to produce sufficient evidence to
establish the icy sidewalk condition was not open, obvious, and readily discernible.
Consequently, plaintiffs cannot recover damages from defendant based on any failure
to remove natural accumulations of ice and snow. Therefore, plaintiffs’ claim is denied.
                                 Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                          The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                  65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                             Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                   614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                              www.cco.state.oh.us




DAVID KUMPF, et al.

        Plaintiffs

        v.

MIAMI UNIVERSITY

        Defendant

         Case No. 2010-12125-AD

Deputy Clerk Daniel R. Borchert


ENTRY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATION

         Having considered all the evidence in the claim file and, for the reasons set forth
in the memorandum decision filed concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor
of defendant. Court costs are assessed against plaintiffs.



                                                  ________________________________
                                                  DANIEL R. BORCHERT
                                                  Deputy Clerk

Entry cc:

David Kumpf                                       Paul S. Allen
Seth Kumpf                                        Miami University
6626 Forestwood Street N.W.                       Roudebush Hall Room 14
Canton, Ohio 44718                                Oxford, Ohio 45056
SJM/laa
3/30
Filed 4/21/11
Sent to S.C. reporter 8/5/11
