                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court




                           People v. Hunter, 2012 IL App (1st) 092681




Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
Caption                    DEWAYNE HUNTER, Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.             First District, Sixth Division
                           Docket No. 1-09-2681


Filed                      February 24, 2012


Held                       Where defendant was arrested and charged by information with
(Note: This syllabus       constructive possession of cannabis with intent to deliver, the compulsory
constitutes no part of     joinder statute required that the five additional weapons offenses that
the opinion of the court   arose from defendant’s alleged constructive possession of handguns
but has been prepared      recovered simultaneously with the cannabis be joined with the cannabis
by the Reporter of         charge, and when an indictment charging defendant with cannabis
Decisions for the          possession and the five gun-related offenses was obtained more than 160
convenience of the         days later, the trial court properly held that the new and additional
reader.)
                           weapons charges were filed after the speedy trial term applicable to
                           defendant, who had been released on bond, and dismissed those charges,
                           but since the speedy trial term as to the cannabis charge was tolled, that
                           prosecution could proceed.


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 09-CR-5911; the
Review                     Hon. Joseph M. Claps, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Appeal                     Veronica Calderon Malavia, and Tasha-Marie Kelly, Assistant State’s
                           Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

                           Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Suzan-Amanda Ingram, all
                           of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellee.


Panel                      PRESIDING JUSTICE GARCIA delivered the judgment of the court,
                           with opinion.
                           Justices McBride and R. Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                              OPINION

¶1          The State appeals the circuit court’s dismissal of five of six counts of an indictment filed
        against the out-of-custody defendant Dewayne Hunter. The State originally charged the
        defendant by information with a single count of possession of cannabis with intent to deliver;
        the defendant demanded trial and more than 160 days later, the State obtained an indictment,
        charging the defendant with the cannabis charge and five new, gun-related offenses. The
        circuit court ruled the five added counts were subject to compulsory joinder with the original
        cannabis charge. Premised on this ruling, the court held the new and additional charges that
        were filed after the speedy trial term elapsed were subject to dismissal. However, because
        the defendant tolled the speedy trial term on the original charge of possession of cannabis
        with intent to deliver, the State could proceed with the prosecution of that offense.
¶2          On de novo review, we conclude that the cannabis charge and the new gun-related
        offenses were required to be prosecuted in a single prosecution because the cannabis charge
        and the gun-related charges were based on the same act of constructive possession of the
        cannabis and the handguns, which the police recovered following the defendant’s detention.
        Under the compulsory joinder-speedy trial rule established by this court in People v.
        Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241 (1981), the State had 160 days to file the new and additional,
        gun-related charges against the defendant following his arrest. Once that period elapsed, the
        protection afforded the defendant under the speedy trial provision barred the State from
        prosecuting the later-filed, gun-related charges. We affirm.

¶3                                      BACKGROUND
¶4         On October 5, 2008, police officers observed the defendant conducting an apparent drug
        deal using the vestibule of a building on the 4000 block of West Van Buren Street in
        Chicago. The officers recovered 10.6 grams of cannabis and one loaded handgun from the


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     vestibule near the defendant. The officers also recovered a second loaded handgun from a
     staircase in the vestibule, about five feet from where the cannabis and first handgun were
     recovered. The defendant and two codefendants were arrested and charged with the cannabis
     possession only.
¶5        On the day following his arrest, the defendant appeared in bond court where he entered
     a written demand for trial. The case was continued from October 6 to October 29 for a
     probable cause hearing. On October 29, the case was continued to November 13 on the
     defendant’s motion to retain private counsel.
¶6        On November 13, 2008, the preliminary examination judge found probable cause. The
     defendant was formally charged by information with a single offense of possession of
     cannabis with intent to deliver. The defendant again filed a written demand for trial. The
     matter was placed on the trial call, and various continuances were granted with the
     defendant’s agreement.
¶7        On March 23, 2009, the State announced its intention to indict the defendant on
     additional charges. On March 30, 2009, day 176 following the defendant’s arrest, the grand
     jury returned an indictment charging the defendant with six offenses: the original charge of
     possession of cannabis with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 550/5(c) (West 2008)), four charges
     of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2008)), and a single
     charge of armed habitual criminal (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2008)).
¶8        On April 17, 2009, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the new charges against him,
     arguing that the compulsory joinder statute (720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2006)) required the
     State to charge the defendant with the new and additional gun-related offenses with the
     original cannabis charge. He asserted that the State’s failure to comply with the compulsory
     joinder statute violated his statutory right to a speedy trial under section 103-5 of the Code
     of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/103-5(b) (West 2006)) regarding the new and
     additional charges. In support, his motion quoted People v. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241,
     248-49 (1981): “Where new and additional charges arise from the same facts as did the
     original charges and the State had knowledge of these facts at the commencement of the
     prosecution, the time within which trial is to begin *** is subject to the same statutory
     limitation that is applied to the original charges.” The defendant argued that the speedy trial
     term applicable to the weapon charges commenced with his arrest on the cannabis charge.
     Pursuant to Williams, the tolling of the speedy trial term on the possession of cannabis with
     intent to deliver charge did not toll the speedy trial terms for the new and additional charges.
     “Continuances obtained in connection with the trial of the original charges cannot be
     attributed to defendants with respect to the new and additional charges because these new
     and additional charges were not before the court when those continuances were obtained.”
     Id. Thus, the speedy trial term expired as to the added charges before the return of the new
     indictment on March 30, 2009. However, the speedy trial term did not expire on the charge
     of possession of cannabis with intent to deliver because the term tolled when continuances
     were granted at the defendant’s request or with his agreement while only that charge was
     pending.
¶9        The State countered that it was only required to join charges that stemmed from the same


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       “act” under the compulsory joinder statute. The State argued that it was unreasonable to
       conclude that the act of possessing a handgun was the same act as possessing cannabis.
¶ 10       On April 26, 2010, the circuit court issued its ruling:
                “I’ve read the cases. I wonder if the concept of compulsory joinder could have been
           explained in a more understanding way by the appellate court and the supreme court. It
           still is what it is.
                As far as I can tell, the crimes in addition to the ones filed on 08 CR 21965 [the
           initial cannabis charge] should have been joined at the time the case was originally filed.
           They filed these charges in excess of 160 days which I find were done and the parties
           don’t dispute it.
                It will not be allowed under state law, so the motion to dismiss is granted.”
¶ 11       The circuit court denied the State’s motion to reconsider. The State brought this appeal
       pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (eff. July 1, 2006).

¶ 12                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 13       The parties agree that the only issue before us is whether the defendant’s alleged
       possession of the cannabis and possession of the recovered handguns were “based on the
       same act” under the compulsory joinder statute (720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2008)). As to this
       narrow issue, the defendant argues that possession of the cannabis and the handguns was
       based on the same criminal act because his alleged possession was constructive and
       simultaneous. The State counters that the act of possessing the cannabis and the act of
       possessing the handguns provide the foundation to charge entirely different offenses with
       different elements; therefore the charged offenses involved separate acts. With different acts
       involved, joinder of the offenses was permissive, not compulsory.
¶ 14       We agree with the parties that our review of the circuit court’s dismissal order is de novo.
       The facts are not in dispute; the only question is whether the court correctly applied the
       statute in question. People v. Woodrum, 223 Ill. 2d 286, 300 (2006).
¶ 15       In the instant case, only if the cannabis charge and the gun-related charges, the six counts
       in the March 30, 2009 indictment, were “based on the same act” was the State required to
       prosecute those charges “in a single prosecution” as section 3-3(b) of the Criminal Code of
       1961 directs. 720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2008). If so, the State violated the out-of-custody
       defendant’s speedy trial rights because more than 160 days elapsed before the new and
       additional charges were filed. If the six offenses were not subject to compulsory joinder
       because different acts were involved and the prosecution merely elected to join the
       prosecution of offenses, the Williams rule does not apply. People v. Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d 209,
       222 (2000) (“we hold that where the State chooses to join new charges after the filing of the
       original charges, the Williams rule is inapplicable”).
¶ 16       In Gooden, the defendant was convicted of home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-11 (West
       1996)) and aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-14(a)(1) (West 1996)).
       Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d at 212. Defendant Gooden was originally charged only “with one count
       of home invasion.” Id. The home invasion charge alleged that Gooden “knowingly entered


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       the dwelling of the victim, his ex-wife, without authority and had intentionally caused injury
       to the victim by striking her in the head with a gun.” Id. The defendant was arrested on
       December 21, 1995, and was unable to post bail. At the preliminary hearing, an investigator
       testified to the information the victim conveyed at an interview “shortly after the
       occurrence.” Id. The victim related that her ex-husband was armed with a shotgun when he
       gained entry to her home. Id. The victim and Gooden spent time in the kitchen when the
       defendant asked for something to drink. Id. at 213. They then returned to the dining room
       “and tried to converse once more.” Id. While in the dining room, the defendant placed the
       shotgun on the floor and offered to take the victim to the hospital to receive medical attention
       for the injuries he caused her by striking her with the butt of the shotgun and his hands and
       fists. Id. The defendant changed his mind about taking her to the hospital. Id. Instead, while
       armed with a knife, the defendant forced the victim into the bedroom where he “performed
       an act of intercourse on her.” Id. “According to the investigator, the victim had admitted to
       him that she had sexual relations with another man earlier on the day in question.” Id. The
       bed sheets were sent to the crime laboratory for DNA testing, which was not completed until
       June 1996. Id. at 214-15. On July 26, 1996, more than 120 days after the defendant’s arrest,
       the State filed an amended information, containing “the original home invasion charge as
       well as five additional charges of aggravated criminal sexual assault.” Id. at 214. In response
       to the defendant’s motion to dismiss the criminal sexual assault charges on speedy trial
       grounds, the “State maintained the 120-day period did not apply to the criminal sexual
       assault charges because those charges were based on separate acts from the original home
       invasion charge.” Id. at 214. The circuit court agreed and denied the motion; the appellate
       court affirmed (People v. Gooden, 296 Ill. App. 3d 205 (1998)).
¶ 17        The supreme court concluded that “because the home invasion and the sexual assault
       charges in this case were based on separate acts, the compulsory joinder statute did not
       require the State to prosecute both offenses in the same proceeding.” Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d at
       220. At oral argument, the defendant admitted that the offenses were based on different acts,
       but argued “that a piecemeal prosecution of defendant would have been unfair.” Id. The
       supreme court disagreed: “ ‘[t]here is no fundamental unfairness in prosecuting a defendant
       in separate trials for similar statutory violations based on separate and distinct acts.’ ” Id.
       (quoting People v. Thomann, 197 Ill. App. 3d 516, 521 (1990)). Given that the sexual assault
       charges were not subject to compulsory joinder with the home invasion charge, the
       defendant’s speedy trial rights on those offenses were not violated because defendant “faced
       the prospect of being tried on the sexual assault charges sometime in the future.” Id. at 222.
       The court then issued its holding: “[W]e hold that where the State chooses to join new
       charges after the filing of the original charges, the Williams rule is inapplicable.” Id.
¶ 18        Three justices dissented from this holding. Chief Justice Harrison wrote that “the
       majority’s refusal to apply the Williams rule to cases where compulsory joinder is not
       required is, in reality, a rejection of the decision in Williams.” Id. at 225 (Harrison, C.J.,
       concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Heiple and Rathje, JJ.). The dissent
       observed that “Williams itself is not a case where compulsory joinder was involved.” Id.
       Williams involved defendants that committed, “in sequence, an unlawful restraint, a
       kidnaping, an aggravated battery, a sexual assault, and the further aggravated batteries and

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       sexual assaults against the victim, [which meant] the State was not required to join the
       various offenses because they did not arise from the same act.” Id.
¶ 19       Following the 2000 decision in Gooden, the supreme court made clear in 2003 that the
       compulsory joinder-speedy trial rule from this court’s decision in Williams remained good
       law. People v. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191, 207 (2003). In Williams, the supreme court made
       clear that a defendant’s speedy trial rights are implicated whenever the initial charge and the
       new and additional charges are subject to compulsory joinder. Id. When compulsory joinder
       applies, the State has only the applicable speedy trial term to file new and additional charges.
       The compulsory joinder-speedy trial rule provides that the speedy trial clock runs inexorably
       from the date of arrest on any as-yet uncharged offenses that arise from the same criminal act
       that led to the charge underlying the defendant’s arrest. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 207. If the
       defendant remains in custody, the State has 120 days from the defendant’s arrest to file new
       and additional charges; if the defendant has been released on bail, the State has 160 days.
       Delays occasioned by the defendant in the running of the speedy trial term on the initial and
       pending charge “are not attributable to the defendant on the subsequent charges.” Id. In other
       words, tolling of the speedy trial terms of the new and additional charges can only occur
       when and if the subsequent charges are filed within the speedy trial term. This rule is
       necessary to “close a loophole [that] would [otherwise] allow the State to circumvent a
       statutorily implemented constitutional right [to a speedy trial].” Id.
¶ 20       In its main brief, the State contends that “the new offenses were not based on the same
       ‘act’ as the pending charge.” The State asserts that application of the Williams rule turns on
       the answers to three questions: “(1) were the offenses known to the prosecuting officer at the
       time the prosecution was commenced; (2) are the offenses within the jurisdiction of the
       single court; and (3) are the offenses based on the same act.” The State challenges only the
       circuit court’s affirmative answer to the third question. In support of its position, the State
       relies primarily on its contention that the one case that found simultaneous possession to
       trigger compulsory joinder, People v. Baker, 77 Ill. App. 3d 943 (1979), is distinguishable.
       The State contends that the holding by the Fourth District in Baker should be limited to
       simultaneous possession of narcotics.
¶ 21       In Baker, the defendant was arrested and charged with illegal transportation of liquor and
       unlawful possession of cannabis. Id. The search incident to his arrest resulted in the recovery
       of pills that were later determined to contain a controlled substance. Id. On October 27, 1978,
       approximately three weeks after his arrest, the defendant pleaded guilty and was sentenced
       on the charges of illegal transportation of liquor and possession of cannabis. Id. “On March
       1, 1979, defendant was indicted for unlawful possession of a controlled substance.” Id. The
       defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on a violation of the compulsory joinder statute.
       Id. at 943-44. Following an evidentiary hearing, the circuit court issued a written order,
       granting the defendant’s motion, from which the appellate court quoted: “ ‘This court
       concludes that § 3-3 mandates the filing and prosecution of the illegal transportation of
       liquor, possession of cannabis, and possession of controlled substances charges together in
       a single prosecution because *** all arose from a single, indivisible course of conduct or
       activity ***.’ ” Id. at 944. The State argued that the compulsory joinder statute did not apply
       because “cannabis is not denominated a controlled substance and that this case does not

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       concern the construction of the Controlled Substances Act.” Id. at 944-45. Based on this
       incontestable position, the State dismissed the relevance of the supreme court’s decision in
       People v. Manning, 71 Ill. 2d 132 (1978), which held that “in the absence of a statutory
       provision to the contrary [since enacted], the simultaneous possession of more than one type
       of controlled substance, under the circumstances shown on this record, constituted a single
       offense, and only one sentence should have been imposed.” Id. at 137. In Manning, the
       defendant “was convicted upon separate counts of possession of different controlled
       substances.” Baker, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 944 (citing Manning, 71 Ill. 2d 132). As the Baker
       court explained, Manning concluded that the Controlled Substances Act, as it existed then,
       did not permit separate convictions for the various controlled substances possessed by
       defendant Manning because possession of the various controlled substances constituted but
       a single crime. Baker, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 944 (citing Manning, 71 Ill. 2d at 137). Unlike the
       State, the appellate court found Manning apposite to the issue in Baker: “Implicit in the
       Manning rationale is the determination that the ‘simultaneous possession’ constituted but a
       single act, and as such comes within the statutory mandates of section 3-3(b) of the Criminal
       Code of 1961 [citation] requiring compulsory joinder.” Id. at 945. The court affirmed the
       circuit court’s dismissal of the State’s indictment. Id.
¶ 22       Much as it argued in Baker, the State urges before us “that nothing in Manning indicates
       that its holding was meant to be extended beyond controlled substances.” It argues that the
       constructive possession in the instant case is different because the defendant is charged with
       “possessing two weapons and cannabis.” The State contends that the defendant in Baker was
       committing “merely one offense, possession of a controlled substance.” This argument,
       however, ignores the unassailable fact that Baker involved three distinct offenses of illegal
       transportation of liquor, possession of cannabis, and possession of a controlled substance.
       Id. at 943. The holding in Baker is that the later-filed offense of possession of a controlled
       substance was subject to compulsory joinder with at least the possession of cannabis to
       which the defendant pled guilty approximately three weeks after his arrest. Id. at 945. When
       the State accepted the defendant’s pleas of guilty to the offenses he was charged with at the
       time of his arrest, the State was barred from prosecuting the third offense, which was not
       pending at the time.
¶ 23       Consistent with the holding in Baker, the defendant argues that he engaged in a single
       criminal act that gave rise to all the charges. He “constructively and simultaneously
       possessed cannabis and two guns on October 5, 2008.” He argues that if the same act is not
       involved, then different acts must be present. However, “different acts are those that are
       independent and overt and that occur in series–one after the other,” citing Gooden, 189 Ill.
       2d at 219-20. In other words, the defendant maintains that the undisputed facts do not
       reasonably permit that independent and serial constructive possession of cannabis and the
       two guns occurred. In addition to Baker and Gooden, the defendant relies on People v.
       Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1 (1998), to support his position.
¶ 24       We begin our analysis with the State’s proper concession that it had knowledge of all the
       contraband recovered following the defendant’s arrest. It is reasonable to conclude that the
       new and additional gun-related offenses were reasonably known to the prosecution no later
       than at the time bail was set on the day following the defendant’s arrest, which involved

                                                -7-
       disclosure of his criminal background. As with virtually every case where charges are
       dismissed based on a violation of the speedy trial term, the State offers no explanation in this
       case for its failure to file the gun-related charges within 160 days of the defendant’s arrest.
       See, e.g., Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 249 (“Only the State’s tardiness (for which the State
       has never offered an explanation) in filing the new and additional charges precluded
       commencement of prosecution on these charges within the speedy trial term.”).
¶ 25        Along with the admitted awareness by the State of other charges that could have been
       filed following the recovery of both the cannabis and the handguns, we keep in mind our
       supreme court’s admonishment in Quigley that “the phrase ‘based on the same act’ cannot
       be given a hypertechnical interpretation to create multiple acts based on discrete moments
       in time.” Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 11.
¶ 26        In Quigley, the circuit court ruled the State could proceed with a felony aggravated
       driving under the influence (DUI) charge after the misdemeanor DUI charge had been
       dismissed on speedy trial grounds. The appellate court affirmed. People v. Quigley, No. 2-95-
       1643 (1997) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). Each lower court concluded
       that the aggravated DUI offense involved an additional act that led to the accident, which
       gave rise to the aggravating factor. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 4-5. The supreme court explained
       why this reasoning was wrong. “[T]he appellate court erred in failing to recognize that the
       misdemeanor DUI is a continuing offense that does not just occur when an individual starts
       driving his vehicle.” Id. at 10-11. While commission of a misdemeanor DUI results in a
       Class 4 felony DUI when an aggravating factor is present, “[t]he essential and underlying
       criminal act *** remains the same: driving while under the influence. The physical injury
       caused to others by driving while under the influence produces the felony.” Id. at 10.
¶ 27        In the instant case, the State in effect argues that the defendant engaged in separate and
       distinct acts of constructive possession of the cannabis and the handguns that were
       effectively recovered simultaneously. To accept this contention would require that we create
       multiple acts of constructive possession at discrete moments in time, which the Quigley court
       admonished against. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 11.
¶ 28        Instead, we conclude that constructive possession of the handguns and cannabis is like
       the felony and misdemeanor charges of driving while under the influence charged in Quigley,
       where a “continuous and uninterrupted act” was involved. Id. Just as only one criminal act
       was involved in Quigley, so too the defendant here engaged in a single act of simultaneous,
       constructive possession of the cannabis and the handguns.
¶ 29        The criminal act of the defendant here of constructively possessing both the cannabis and
       the handguns, as the State alleges, cannot be divided into multiple distinct and overt acts. The
       simultaneous, constructive possession of the cannabis and the handguns is analogous to both
       items being present in a single container that the defendant is alleged to have possessed. It
       is the singular act of possessing that container that triggers compulsory joinder under Quigley
       and Baker. From this analogy, it follows that different acts might well be involved had the
       defendant possessed either the cannabis or handguns on his person, while constructively
       possessing the other. See Manning, 71 Ill. 2d at 133 (“the acts of burglary and possession of
       controlled substances were separate acts”).


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¶ 30        Under the limited facts of this case, it is immaterial that the cannabis charge and the gun-
       related charges have different elements. That different charges could flow from the
       defendant’s criminal conduct resulting in his arrest is no basis to conclude that the defendant
       engaged in different acts under the compulsory joinder statute. We are aware of no authority
       for the State’s implicit contention that charging the defendant with different offenses, ipso
       facto, means different acts were involved. As the supreme court noted, a single criminal act
       may violate several different statutes. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 10 (“The ‘same act’ requirement
       applies *** where several different statutes are violated by one act.”). In addition to Baker,
       the supreme court’s case of Williams illustrates this.
¶ 31        In Williams, the defendant was originally charged with only the offense of contributing
       to the criminal delinquency of a juvenile (720 ILCS 5/33D-1 (West 1996)) in connection
       with the murder of an individual named Patterson. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at 196-97. The
       evidence at trial proved the defendant provided a gun to a juvenile that the juvenile used to
       kill Patterson. Id. at 195. The defendant also accompanied the juvenile to the location where
       the murder occurred. Id. at 194. The State charged the defendant with the murder of James
       Patterson “168 days after it charged him with contributing to the criminal delinquency of a
       juvenile in connection with Patterson’s death.” Id. at 197. On appeal, the defendant claimed
       the murder charge involving Patterson violated his statutory right to a speedy trial. Id. at 197.
       In rejecting defendant Williams’s challenge, the appellate court held it was not bound by the
       supreme court’s explicit language regarding the compulsory joinder-speedy trial rule in
       Gooden. The appellate court reasoned: “ ‘ Because the supreme court reversed this court’s
       decision in Gooden on the basis that the charges are not subject to compulsory joinder, any
       further statements by the supreme court regarding delay attributable to the defendant on the
       originally filed charges and the later-filed charges are mere dicta.’ ” Williams, 204 Ill. 2d at
       205 (quoting People v.Williams, No. 5-99-0452 (2000) (unpublished order under Supreme
       Court Rule 23)). The supreme court soundly rejected the appellate court’s conclusion that
       it could ignore “mere dicta” by the supreme court. Id. “[Y]esterday’s dicta have become
       today’s decision.” Id. at 207. The supreme court ruled the appellate court deviated from the
       established rule of law to conclude that “delays attributable to the defendant on the
       contributing charge were similarly attributable to the defendant on the murder charge.” Id.
       at 205. The supreme court held that “the State violated the speedy-trial act on the murder
       charge” when it waited too long to file the murder charge against the in-custody defendant.
       Id. at 208.
¶ 32        Our supreme court’s decision in Williams and the Fourth District’s decision in Baker are
       contrary to the State’s facile claim that compulsory joinder does not apply when a defendant
       is charged with “committing very distinct offenses.” The charges of murder and contributing
       to the criminal delinquency of a juvenile charged in Williams are distinct offenses. So too are
       the offenses involved in Baker of illegal transportation of liquor, possession of cannabis, and
       possession of a controlled substance. Both Williams and Baker demonstrate that distinct
       offenses can arise from the same criminal act to trigger compulsory joinder.
¶ 33        In accordance with the supreme court’s decision in Williams and the Fourth District’s
       decision in Baker, we conclude that the simultaneous, constructive possession of the
       cannabis and the handguns recovered in the instant case gave rise to offenses that the State

                                                 -9-
       was required to prosecute “in a single prosecution” as directed by section 3-3(b) of the
       Criminal Code of 1961. 720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2008). The State fails to persuade us that
       constructive possession should be treated differently than had the cannabis and guns been
       recovered simultaneously from a single container possessed by the defendant or from the
       defendant’s person. See Baker, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 945 (“ ‘simultaneous possession’
       constituted but a single act”). We reject the State’s hypertechnical interpretation of the “same
       act” to create multiple acts based on discrete moments in time in which the defendant
       constructively possessed the cannabis separately from constructively possessing the
       handguns.
¶ 34        Finally, it bears noting that the State could have avoided the outcome in this case by
       filing the gun-related charges that it unquestionably was aware of within 160 days of the
       defendant’s arrest. If there was a need to delay going to trial on the gun-related charges,
       which were subject to compulsory joinder with the cannabis charge, the State could have
       sought a court order to try the charges separately. See 720 ILCS 5/3-3(c) (West 2008) (in the
       interest of justice, a court may order charges be tried separately).
¶ 35        From the legal conclusion that the cannabis charge and the gun-related charges were
       subject to compulsory joinder, it follows that the speedy trial rights of the out-of-custody
       defendant were violated when, more than 160 days after the defendant’s arrest, the State
       lodged a new indictment against the defendant, charging him with five new, gun-related
       offenses.

¶ 36                                      CONCLUSION
¶ 37       At the time of the defendant’s arrest on constructive possession of cannabis, the
       compulsory joinder statute required the State to charge the defendant with the offenses that
       arose from the defendant’s alleged constructive possession of the handguns, which were
       recovered simultaneously with the cannabis. Because the State returned the indictment
       charging the defendant with five new and additional counts of gun-related offenses more than
       160 days after the defendant’s arrest on the cannabis charge, the circuit court properly
       dismissed those five counts pursuant to the statutory speedy trial provision. We affirm the
       circuit court.

¶ 38      Affirmed.




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