                                        No. 119,834

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                      RICHARD L. HANSON, CIRCLE H FARMS LLC,
                    ROME FARMS LLC, STEGMAN FARMS PARTNERSHIP,
                                     Appellees,

                                             v.

                           KANSAS CORPORATION COMMISSION,
                                     Respondent,

                                             and

                          TEXAS-KANSAS-OKLAHOMA GAS, LLC,
                                     Appellant.


                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
         In an appeal from an administrative decision under the Kansas Judicial Review
Act, appellate courts exercise the same statutorily limited review of the agency action as
the trial court—as though the appeal had been made directly to the appellate court. The
burden of proving the agency's decision was erroneous lies with the party asserting the
error.


2.
         Kansas law gives the Kansas Corporation Commission full power, authority, and
jurisdiction to supervise and control natural gas public utilities in this state, empowering
the Commission to do all things necessary to carry out this responsibility.




                                              1
3.
       Although the Kansas Corporation Commission is charged with interpreting and
applying the statutes governing its authority, Kansas courts give no deference to agencies'
interpretation of statutory language. Instead, statutory interpretation is a quintessentially
legal question over which appellate courts' review is unlimited. A claim under K.S.A. 77-
621(c)(4) that an agency erroneously interpreted and applied the law is reviewed de novo.


4.
       The primary aim of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the legislature's
intent, expressed through the plain language of a statute. Courts therefore do not add or
ignore statutory text, and courts give ordinary words their ordinary meanings.


5.
       K.S.A. 66-1,205(a) defines the circumstances under which the Kansas Corporation
Commission may review a complaint involving a natural gas public utility's rates, rules,
regulations, practices, or acts. The text of K.S.A. 66-1,205(a) does not limit the
Commission's regulatory authority to a rate-reviewing function. Instead, it provides the
Commission broad authority to determine whether any rule and regulation, practice, or
act whatsoever is in any respect unreasonable, unfair, or unjust.


6.
       Kansas statutes direct the Kansas Corporation Commission not merely to review
the rates charged by natural gas public utilities in this state, but also to oversee the
utilities' practices to ensure they are not in any respect unreasonable, unjust, or unfair. If
the Commission finds any practice deficient, it may correct the utility's error as it
determines to be just, reasonable, and necessary. This authority should be liberally
construed so the Commission can carry out its statutory charge.




                                               2
7.
        K.S.A. 66-1,206 vests the Kansas Corporation Commission with authority to craft
a remedy when a natural gas public utility's rates or practices are found to be
unreasonable, unjust, or unfair. This allows the Commission to investigate potential
courses of action—whether some form of refund, rate adjustment, penalty, or other
remedy—and determine which is in the best interest of the complainants and the public.


        Appeal from Stevens District Court; BRADLEY E. AMBROSIER, judge. Opinion filed April 10,
2020. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the Kansas Corporation Commission with
directions.


        Jeremy L. Graber, C. Edward Watson II, and Daniel J. Buller, of Foulston Siefkin LLP, of
Topeka, for appellant Texas-Kansas-Oklahoma Gas, LLC.


        Lee Thompson, of Thompson Law Firm, LLC, of Wichita, for appellees.


Before WARNER, P.J., POWELL, J., and LAHEY, S.J.


        WARNER, J.: Kansas statutes direct the Kansas Corporation Commission to
regulate and oversee natural gas public utilities in this state. This oversight includes
setting and approving the rates utilities charge their customers. But Kansas law also
directs the Commission to investigate other practices or acts by regulated utilities that are
unfair, unjust, or unreasonable—regardless of the rate charged. And the law vests the
Commission with discretion to craft appropriate remedies when faced with a utility's
unfair practices.


        Here, various customers filed a complaint with the Commission, alleging their
natural gas company had been consistently miscalculating the amount of gas it was
providing them and then overbilling them by 9.5%. The Commission recognized the
company had engaged in this practice but nevertheless declined to take meaningful


                                                  3
remedial action because the rates the company charged were reasonable. The district
court reversed, finding the company's billing error was unfair, unjust, and unreasonable.


       We find the Commission's order conflated its rate-making duties with its other
regulatory responsibilities. Because the Commission failed to take action when a
company had consistently and continuously overcharged its customers for the natural gas
they received, we affirm the district court's reversal of the Commission's order regarding
the company's unfair practices. But Kansas law vests the agency—not the district court—
with the responsibility to investigate and craft a remedy that balances the interests of the
customers and the public generally. Accordingly, we reverse the district court's
dispositional order and remand the case to the Commission to determine the appropriate
remedy.


                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


       Texas-Kansas-Oklahoma Gas, LLC (TKO) is a Texas-based limited liability
company that has operated a natural gas system in Texas for over 20 years. More
recently, TKO has maintained a limited service for customers in Oklahoma and Kansas.
In Kansas, TKO operates as a middleman, buying gas from other natural gas suppliers
and reselling that gas to its customers. TKO does not operate a natural gas gathering
system in this state.


       TKO began selling natural gas in Kansas in August 2007, when it purchased the
right to sell gas to 182 residential and nonresidential customers from Anadarko Gas
Gathering Company. After buying the contract rights to Anadarko's customers, TKO filed
an application with the Commission for certification as a Kansas natural gas public
utility. TKO began providing gas to its Kansas customers while its application was
pending, operating without a certificate from August 2007 until April 2010.



                                              4
       TKO's application requested a customer-specific certificate, which would permit it
to sell gas on a customer-by-customer basis to Anadarko's previous customers and
negotiate new contracts with nonresidential natural gas customers. TKO's rates for its
limited residential customers were frozen and could not be changed without Commission
approval. Because TKO merely sought authority to assume Anadarko's existing contracts,
its certification process did not require a formal public rate-setting process or necessitate
a formal tariff like other Kansas public utilities.


       In 2010, the Commission granted TKO's application, permitting TKO to become a
public utility but limiting its service to "a defined list of customers under individual gas
purchase contracts." To date, TKO remains unique among natural gas public utilities in
Kansas since its business consists solely of customer-specific certificates. To receive its
permanent certification—granted in March 2012—TKO was required to meet several
additional conditions. One required TKO to file all customer contracts with the
Commission so it could evaluate the contracts' price consistency and terms. Another
required TKO to file any new or renegotiated contracts and an annual report of its
operations with the Commission.


       In December 2014, one of TKO's residential customers (Richard Hanson) and
several of TKO's nonresidential customers (collectively discussed here as "the Irrigators")
filed a complaint with the Commission under K.S.A. 66-1,205. The complaint alleged
TKO had engaged in an unfair, unjust, and discriminatory billing practice since 2007.
Hanson's claim against TKO was successful and is not at issue in this appeal; TKO
admitted to charging him a rate well above what the Commission approved.


       The Irrigators' complaint alleged that TKO had improperly calculated the heat
content of the gas it sold to its customers and thus consistently overcharged by 9.5%. The
complaint alleged that TKO had measured the volume of the gas sold to its customers at a
different pressure than the pressure used to calculate its heat content; this practice


                                               5
misrepresented the amount of gas sold. The Irrigators claimed this practice caused them
to be overbilled $100,982.32 from 2007 to 2015 or, alternatively, $72,411.63 from 2010
to 2015.


       TKO's Billing Practices—Calculating the Heat Content of Natural Gas


       Before further discussing the procedural history in this case, we must examine
how natural gas is measured and billed. Natural gas is a mixture of different naturally
occurring alkanes such as methane, ethane, and propane, and sometimes a small
percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. Together, these
components constitute the gas stream. The heat energy of natural gas is based, in part, on
its chemical composition, determined using a gas chromatograph to estimate the molar
composition of each component in the gas stream.


       Once the molar composition is known, the heat content of a given volume of gas
can be calculated using the respective ideal gas values for each component. The heat
content—or energy—of natural gas is measured in MMBTU (million British Thermal
Units). And many natural gas companies, including TKO, sell gas to customers at a given
price per MMBTU ($/MMBTU).


       According to Leo Haynos, the Commission's Chief Engineer who authored two
staff reports in this case, there is no way to consistently measure the heat content of the
natural gas a company sells. The actual heat content of the gas in a pipeline is
infrequently measured—perhaps only once per year. Instead, Haynos explained chemical
engineers "measure volume, and we convert it to energy. . . . [T]he only thing they really
are measuring on site is the volume. And then they relate that back through a calculation
to the amount of energy that was sold." Put more simply, because MMBTU is a measure
of heat, not volume, it cannot be measured with a displacement meter. Instead, the gas



                                              6
company uses a formula to calculate the MMBTU sold from the volume of gas (measured
in Mcf, or thousand cubic feet) provided to a customer in a billing cycle.


       To convert the volume of gas sold in Mcf into MMBTU (its heat content), the gas
company uses a formula incorporating the gas' temperature, pressure, and chemical
composition. In particular, as a report by Commission staff observed, "the reference
temperature and pressure of the BTU calculation are critical to creating a fungible unit of
measurement." The sticking point in this case is the reference pressure—or the pressure
base—used by TKO in that calculation. The pressure base (measured in pounds per
square inch absolute or psia) is essentially the average pressure the natural gas is under
when its heating value and volume are measured.


       The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Thus, when other
factors such as temperature and the number of molecules of a gas remain constant, higher
pressure compresses the gas, while lower pressure allows the gas molecules to expand
into a greater volume. Hanson, the sole residential customer complainant and a consulting
engineer called by the Irrigators, explained the importance of using the same pressure
base when calculating volume and heat content:


               "A Mcf is a measure of volume, and an MMBTU is a measure of heating value.
       Because natural gas is sold by its heating value, sales must be converted to reflect the
       volume based on the heating value—i.e. BTU content. Thus it is also necessary to
       measure both the Mcf and the BTU content at a given pressure. The pressure used to
       measure both volume (Mcf) and heating value (BTU) is known as a pressure base.
       Because both BTU/cu ft. and volume (Mcf) vary with pressure, the same pressure
       (commonly referred to as the pressure base) must be used to calculate both the BTU/cu ft.
       value and the Mcf Volume. If pressure of a fixed quantity of gas increases, the volume
       decreases, and vice versa, but the total MMBTU of that fixed quantity of gas remains the
       same." (Emphasis added.)




                                                    7
       A staff report compiled by Haynos explained that if the pressure base used for
measuring heat content is lower than the pressure base used for measuring the volume,
then the heat content per cubic foot of gas would be lower (because fewer molecules
would be contained per cubic foot) and vice versa. Both Hanson and Haynos testified the
specific pressure base a gas company uses does not matter so long as it remains constant
for calculating both the volume and heat content of the gas sold.


       TKO purchases natural gas from Anadarko and its other suppliers using an
industry-standard pressure base of 14.65 or 14.73 psia. This means that when TKO pays
Anadarko a certain $/MMBTU, the total MMBTU purchased is calculated from the
volume of gas sold to TKO using a pressure base of 14.65 or 14.73 psia.


       TKO's contracts with its customers, and its customers' account summaries and
invoices, are priced per MMBTU sold. These contracts did not specify a pressure base.
When TKO assumed the contracts from Anadarko's customers in 2007, it determined for
economic reasons—presumably, to make it feasible to provide natural gas at the locked-
in contract rate—to deliver gas to those customers using a pressure of 13.45 psia. It has
continued to use a 13.45-psia pressure when measuring the volume of gas sent to its
customers for the entire time it has done business in Kansas.


       In their second report to the agency, Commission staff described TKO's practice of
using a different pressure when delivering gas to its customers than that used to calculate
the gas' heat content:


               "After purchasing the gas, TKO unilaterally defined the volume of gas to be sold
       as a cubic foot at 60°F and 13.45 psia. . . . By reducing the reference pressure of the cubic
       foot held for sale, TKO reduced the amount of gas and the thermal content that could be
       contained in the cubic foot held for sale. TKO then applied the unadjusted heat content
       value it had received from Anadarko when the gas was purchased."




                                                    8
Staff concluded that TKO's "manipulation of the gas volume sold without performing a
corresponding modification of the BTU [heat] content for that volume overstates the
BTU value of the gas sold by approximately 9.5%." Because TKO sells gas to customers
at a certain price per MMBTU, "overstating the amount of BTUs purchased results in
overcharging the customer by 9.5%."


       Proceedings before the Commission


       In its response to the Irrigators' complaint, TKO did not address the Irrigators'
contention that it used a different pressure to measure the volume of gas provided to its
customers than Anadarko used in calculating the heat content of that gas. Instead, TKO
claimed it was standard industry practice for a natural gas seller to establish the pressure
base for its gas sales contracts and billing calculations. TKO also noted the terms of the
contracts were agreed to by the Irrigators and approved by the Commission.


       Commission staff began an investigation and compiled an initial report, finding
TKO had overstated the BTU value of the gas it was selling and thereby overcharged its
customers. The first staff report recommended that the Commission assess a $7,100 civil
penalty for a variety of compliance issues; require TKO to file a rate case to set
appropriate rates, gas tariffs, and service requirements; require TKO to amend all of its
contracts to account for the appropriate pressure base; and order TKO to refund its
customers 9.5% for the cost of the overcharge going back to 2012.


       To prepare for the agency's evidentiary hearing, Commission staff compiled a
second report based on its continued investigations and the evidence produced by the
parties during discovery. Although the second staff report contained the same four
recommendations as the first, it included three additional observations:




                                              9
    First, contrary to the Irrigators' assertion that TKO had intentionally manipulated
       the pressure base to increase its revenue, staff categorized TKO's miscalculation as
       a "billing error"—noting "the BTU value stated on the customer's bill and used in
       calculating the customer's monthly charging is incorrect."


    Second, the report noted that TKO's gas prices were low enough compared with
       others in the industry that, even with TKO's overstatement of the BTU value of
       gas it was selling, its rates ($/MMBTU) were still potentially reasonable. To this
       end, the report compiled data on the rates charged by TKO's competitors and
       suppliers and found TKO's rates, despite the billing error, were among the
       cheapest in the region.


    Third, the report noted that TKO's financial condition was potentially too
       precarious for a refund to be in the public interest. The report cautioned that if a
       refund were ordered, it should "be structured in such a manner that [its] financial
       viability . . . is not jeopardized." This recommendation was based on staff's
       concern over TKO's significant financial losses in recent years and the possibility
       that TKO could go bankrupt if ordered to refund the Irrigators.


Even so, the second report maintained that it would be equitable for the Commission to
require TKO to provide refunds to its customers for the overbilled amounts—so long as
payments could be structured in a manner to protect TKO's financial viability.


       After a two-day evidentiary hearing, the Commission denied the Irrigators their
requested relief. At the hearing, TKO admitted the staff report was correct regarding the
billing error, conceding it had provided gas to its customers at a different pressure than
what was used to calculate heat content, thereby inflating its customers' bills by 9.5%.
But instead of scrutinizing TKO's billing practices, the Commission focused on the rates



                                             10
TKO ultimately charged its customers, finding the ultimate cost of the natural gas to be
reasonable—no harm, no foul.


       In reaching its decision, the Commission focused on TKO's private-rate contracts
and their presumption of validity. The Commission found that the Irrigators were
required to overcome that presumption but failed to do so. In particular, the Commission
concluded TKO's error in its billing practice did not render its rates per se unreasonable
or unjust—at least not standing alone. While the Commission agreed public utilities
cannot manipulate their billing parameters to increase revenues and must comply with the
Commission's rules and approved rates, TKO's contracts did not require the company to
use a certain pressure base for its calculations. And the Commission noted there was no
evidence TKO had changed its billing practices since the Commission originally
approved its contracts with the Irrigators. Finally, the Commission found the fact that
TKO's rates remained cheaper than most gas companies in southwest Kansas—despite
the 9.5% overbilling—undermined the Irrigators' claims.


       Reversal by the District Court


       After the Commission denied their motion for reconsideration, the Irrigators
petitioned for district court review under the Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA). The
Irrigators presented their KJRA petition on two fronts, arguing the Commission's order
failed to resolve issues requiring resolution under K.S.A. 77-621(c)(3) and erroneously
interpreted and applied the law under K.S.A. 77-621(c)(4). Although framed differently,
both arguments centered on the same allegation—the Commission erroneously focused
on the reasonableness of the rates set by their private contracts with TKO instead of
TKO's practice of overbilling customers.


       The district court reversed the Commission's final order, ruling it was "factually,
logically and legally erroneous, not supported by the record or the evidence and arbitrary


                                            11
and capricious." The court concluded that the Commission's rationale focused exclusively
on "rate making principles based on contract terms" and ignored "the uncontroverted
evidence that TKO's billing practices unfairly inflated billings of MMBTU's by 9.5%
from the first date it began operating in Kansas." The district court ordered the
Commission to calculate the exact amount TKO had overbilled its customers since 2007
and directed the agency to order TKO to refund those amounts.


       TKO appeals, asking this court to reinstate the Commission's order.


                                        DISCUSSION


   1. The Commission incorrectly applied K.S.A. 66-1,205 and K.S.A. 66-1,206 when
       it focused on the rate charged by TKO instead of TKO's unfair billing practices.

       In an appeal from an administrative decision under the KJRA, we "exercise the
same statutorily limited review of the agency action as" the district court, deciding the
case "as though the appeal had been made directly to the appellate court." Romkes v.
University of Kansas, 49 Kan. App. 2d 871, 880, 317 P.3d 124 (2014); see also Bd. of
Cherokee County Comm'rs v. Kansas Racing & Gaming Comm'n, 306 Kan. 298, 318,
393 P.3d 601 (2017) (finding the scope of review is the same whether a KJRA action is
before a district court or the Kansas Supreme Court). This means that even though TKO
has appealed the district court's reversal to this court, the burden of proving the
Commission's decision was erroneous lies with the Irrigators. K.S.A. 77-621(a)(1).


       As a starting point, there is no question TKO is a "natural gas public utility" under
K.S.A. 66-1,200 et seq. Kansas law therefore gives the Commission "full power,
authority and jurisdiction to supervise and control" TKO and "empower[s]" the
Commission "to do all things necessary" to carry out this responsibility. See K.S.A. 66-
1,201. This case turns on the Commission's exercise of this charge—most notably, its


                                             12
interpretation of K.S.A. 66-1,205 and K.S.A. 66-1,206 and its application of these
statutes to the Irrigators' complaint.


       Although the Commission is charged with interpreting and applying the statutes
governing its authority, Kansas courts give no deference to agencies' interpretation of
statutory language. See Douglas v. Ad Astra Information Systems, 296 Kan. 552, 559,
293 P.3d 723 (2013) (no deference given to agencies' interpretation of statutes). Instead,
statutory interpretation is a quintessentially legal question over which appellate courts'
review is unlimited. In re Tax Appeals of Genesis Health Clubs, 42 Kan. App. 2d 239,
242, 210 P.3d 663 (2009), rev. denied 290 Kan. 1094 (2010). A claim under K.S.A. 77-
621(c)(4) that an agency erroneously interpreted and applied the law is likewise reviewed
de novo. Midwest Crane & Rigging, LLC v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 306 Kan. 845,
848, 397 P.3d 1205 (2017).


       The primary aim of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the legislature's
intent, expressed through the plain language of a statute. State v. Spencer Gifts, 304 Kan.
755, Syl. ¶ 2, 374 P.3d 680 (2016). We therefore do not add or ignore statutory text, and
we give ordinary words their ordinary meanings. See 304 Kan. 755, Syl. ¶ 3; Director of
Taxation v. Kansas Krude Oil Reclaiming Co., 236 Kan. 450, 455, 691 P.2d 1303 (1984).


       K.S.A. 66-1,205(a) defines the circumstances under which the Commission may
review a complaint—such as that brought by the Irrigators here—involving a natural gas
public utility's rates, rules, regulations, practices, or acts:


               "Upon a complaint in writing made against any natural gas public utility
       governed by this act that any rates or rules and regulations of such natural gas public
       utility are in any respect unreasonable, unfair, unjust, unjustly discriminatory or unduly
       preferential, or both, or that any rule and regulation, practice or act whatsoever affecting
       or relating to any service performed or to be performed by such natural gas public utility
       for the public, is in any respect unreasonable, unfair, unjust, unreasonably inefficient or


                                                   13
       insufficient, unjustly discriminatory or unduly preferential, or that any service performed
       or to be performed by such natural gas public utility for the public is unreasonably
       inadequate, inefficient, unduly insufficient or cannot be obtained, the commission may
       proceed, with or without notice, to make such investigation as it deems necessary."
       (Emphases added.)


       To date, Kansas cases interpreting this statute have focused primarily on the
Commission's rate-making authority—that is, whether a natural gas utility's rates "are in
any respect unreasonable, unfair, [or] unjust" under K.S.A. 66-1,205(a). See Kansas Gas
& Electric Co. v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 239 Kan. 483, 490, 720 P.2d 1063
(1986); Western Resources, Inc. v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 30 Kan. App. 2d 348,
357, 42 P.3d 162 (2002). Because natural gas rates are a product of notice-and-comment
rulemaking—with time for extensive agency investigation and public feedback—or
private contracts, Kansas courts give significant deference to the rates set or approved by
the Commission. See Kansas Gas & Electric Co., 239 Kan. at 498-516 (analyzing the
reasonableness of the "overall result" of the Commission's public rate-making decision);
Kansas Power & Light Co. v. Mobil Oil Co., 198 Kan. 556, 561, 426 P.2d 60 (1967)
(upholding private rate contracts unless the rates set are inherently unreasonable). Under
these auspices, the Commission declined to take action against TKO—even though TKO
admitted its billing error led to overcharging its customers—because the ultimate rates
were reasonable.


       But the text of K.S.A. 66-1,205(a) does not limit the Commission's regulatory
authority to a rate-reviewing function. Instead, it provides the Commission broad
authority to determine whether "any rule and regulation, practice or act whatsoever . . . is
in any respect unreasonable, unfair, [or] unjust." K.S.A. 66-1,205(a). K.S.A. 66-1,206(a),
which authorizes the Commission's authority upon concluding its investigation, similarly
empowers the agency in cases involving not only rates but also other regulations,
practices, and acts:



                                                   14
               "If after investigation and hearing the rates or rules and regulations of any natural
       gas public utility governed by this act are found unjust, unreasonable, unfair, unjustly
       discriminatory or unduly preferential, or in any way in violation of the provisions of this
       act, or of any of the laws of the state of Kansas, the commission shall have the power to
       establish, and to order substituted therefor, such rates or rules and regulations as the
       commission determines to be just, reasonable and necessary. If it is found that any
       regulation, practice or act, relating to any service performed or to be performed by such
       natural gas public utility for the public is in any respect unreasonable, unjust, unfair,
       unreasonably inefficient or insufficient, unjustly discriminatory or unduly preferential, or
       otherwise in violation of any of the provisions of this act or of any of the laws of the state
       of Kansas, the commission may substitute therefor such other regulations, practice,
       service or act as it determines to be just, reasonable and necessary." (Emphases added.)


       Kansas statutes therefore direct the Commission not merely to review the rates
charged by natural gas public utilities in this state, but also to oversee the utilities'
practices to ensure they are not "in any respect unreasonable, unjust, [or] unfair." K.S.A.
66-1,206(a). If the agency finds any practice deficient, it may correct the utility's error "as
it determines to be just, reasonable[,] and necessary." K.S.A. 66-1,206(a). This authority
is "liberally construed" so the Commission can carry out its charge. K.S.A. 66-1,207.


       Here, the Commission recognized that the "crux" of the Irrigators' argument was
that "TKO employed an invalid methodology for calculating the BTU of the natural gas it
sold to Complainants and therefore overcharged them by 9.5%." But instead of
considering whether this practice was unreasonable or unfair under K.S.A. 66-1,206(a),
the Commission sought to determine whether this "practice results in unjust or
unreasonable rates." The Commission answered this question in the negative, finding
TKO's billing methodology did not render its rates unreasonable.


       There are multiple problems with this approach. First, the rates included in TKO's
contracts—that is, the $/MMBTU—were not the focus of the Irrigators' argument.
Instead, the complaint alleged that because TKO measured MMBTU and meted out


                                                    15
volume at different reference pressures, the company was consistently providing roughly
10% fewer MMBTU than the Irrigators believed they were paying for, regardless of the
rate charged. The question posed to the Commission was whether this billing practice—
which TKO admitted to have employed—was "in any respect unreasonable, unjust, [or]
unfair." K.S.A. 66-1,206(a).


       Likewise, the Commission's construction of the Irrigators' complaint as a
challenge to TKO's rates is not supported by the record. Our review of the Irrigators'
complaint reveals that although the complaint occasionally referenced TKO's unfair
"rates," it used this term broadly and synonymously with TKO's billing "charges." For
example, in their prayer for relief, the Irrigators asked the Commission to "investigate
and compute the amount of charges or rates which have been overbilled and with respect
to past sales made under such unfair and discriminatory terms or rates." (Emphases
added.) These references to "rates" do not imply the contractual rate of $/MMBTU was
unfair, but that TKO's invoices overstated the amount of gas provided to its customers.


       And to the extent the Commission considered the merits of the Irrigators'
allegations relating to TKO's billing methods, its analysis focused not on whether TKO's
practice was unreasonable, but on whether TKO was legally obligated to use a specific
pressure base for calculating volume and heat content. The agency's discussion thus
failed to grasp the nature of the misconduct alleged—that by using different pressures to
calculate volume and heat content, regardless of what those pressures were, TKO
misrepresented the amount of gas the Irrigators were receiving and consistently
overcharged them by almost 10%.


       Although the parties dispute TKO's motivation for using the different pressures in
its calculations, no one contests that the company engaged in this erroneous practice. The
Commission's authority to take action under Kansas law does not turn on whether the
billing error arose from a particular intent, but whether the "practice or act . . . is in any


                                               16
respect unreasonable, unjust, [or] unfair." K.S.A. 66-1,206(a). A panel of this court
recently examined these terms— unreasonable, unjust, and unfair—and noted their
expansive grant of authority to the Commission:


       "As such words are left undefined by the Legislature, we look to their common and
       ordinary meaning. 'Unfair' has been defined as '[n]ot honest, impartial or candid; unjust.'
       Black's Law Dictionary 1760 (10th ed. 2014). 'Unjust' has been defined as '[c]ontrary to
       justice; not fair or reasonable.' Black's Law Dictionary 1771 (10th ed. 2014). Likewise,
       'unreasonable' is defined as '[n]ot guided by reason; irrational or capricious.' Black's Law
       Dictionary 1772 (10th ed. 2014)." SWKI-Seward West Central, Inc. v. Kansas
       Corporation Comm'n, No. 116,795, 2018 WL 385692, at *8 (Kan. App. 2018)
       (unpublished opinion).


       Regardless of the rates included in TKO's contracts, the company's billing practice
meets these definitions. TKO's calculations caused the company to inform its customers
they were using—and to charge them for—9.5% more MMBTUs of gas than they
actually received. This practice was neither honest nor fair.


       In ignoring its statutory charge in K.S.A. 66-1,205 and K.S.A. 66-1,206—focusing
on the rates in TKO's customer contracts to the exclusion of TKO's other regulations,
practices, and acts—the Commission committed an error of law. And the agency
similarly erred in concluding TKO's contractual rates somehow shielded the company
from liability for an unreasonable and unfair billing practice. We agree with the district
court that the Commission's order erroneously applied the law and, in so doing, failed to
decide the central issue in the Irrigators' complaint. See K.S.A. 77-621(c)(3), (4). The
district court correctly reversed the agency's order on the merits of the Irrigators' claim.




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   2. We remand the case to the Commission to balance the various available remedies
       with the public interest, and thereby determine the best course of action going
       forward.


       K.S.A. 66-1,206(a) vests the Commission with authority to craft a remedy when a
natural gas public utility's rates or practices are found to be "unreasonable, unjust, [or]
unfair." Because the Commission found TKO's rates and practices were not unreasonable,
it never reached the question of what remedy would be appropriate. The district court—
having identified TKO's billing error and concluded it was unfair and unreasonable—
"remanded [the case] to the Commission to calculate and order that TKO make refunds to
its irrigation customers based on the 9.5% overbilling from the date TKO first began
operations in Kansas in 2007 to the present."


       TKO argues that the district court's refund order exceeded the court's authority in
two respects. First, TKO asserts Kansas law vests the Commission—not the district
court—with discretion to order an appropriate remedy, and the appropriate course was
therefore to remand the case to the agency. Second, TKO argues that in ordering a refund
of all overcharges since 2007, the district court ignored the Commission's jurisdictional
finding that it only could regulate TKO's conduct from when it was provisionally
certified in 2010. The company asserts that the Irrigators failed to seek the Commission's
reconsideration of this jurisdictional finding, a step required before it can seek judicial
review under the KJRA. See K.S.A. 66-118b ("No cause of action arising out of any
order or decision of the commission shall accrue in any court to any party unless such
party shall petition for reconsideration in accordance with the provisions of K.S.A. 77-
529."); K.S.A. 77-612 (KJRA's exhaustion-of-administrative-remedies requirement).


       We agree with TKO's first point: K.S.A. 66-1,206 charges the Commission with
the task of crafting an appropriate remedy when faced with an unfair practice. This
allows the agency to investigate the ramifications of various courses of action—whether


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some form of refund, rate adjustment, penalty, or other remedy—and determine which is
in the best interest of the complainants and the public. This balancing is particularly
important here, when the Commission and its staff expressed concerns about TKO's
financial solvency if an immediate refund were ordered. Indeed, the second staff report
observed that "a refund that results in bankruptcy of a public utility is clearly not in the
public interest," and any potential refund must be structured in a way to protect the public
from this possibility.


       We understand the district court's frustration with the Commission's order in this
case. And a district court generally enters judgment for a party's full liability, as the
district court did here. But this case originated before the Commission, not the courts. By
ordering the refund without first allowing the agency the opportunity to craft a workable
remedy, the district court overstepped its authority. See K.S.A. 66-1,206(a); see also
K.S.A. 77-621(c) (limiting courts' review of agency actions); Genstar Chemical Ltd. v.
I.C.C., 665 F.2d 1304, 1309 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (recognizing Commission has broad
authority "to fashion an appropriate remedy"). We therefore reverse the district court's
refund order and remand the case to the Commission to determine the appropriate remedy
for TKO's unfair billing practices. Because we are reversing the court's refund order, we
need not decide whether the timeframe of the previously ordered refunds—from 2007,
not 2010—was also erroneous. Accord State ex rel. Schmidt v. City of Wichita, 303 Kan.
650, 659, 367 P.3d 282 (2016) ("Kansas courts do not issue advisory opinions.").


       The decision of the district court reversing the Commission's final order is
affirmed in part and reversed in part. The Commission's order is reversed. And the case is
remanded to the agency with directions to consider the appropriate steps to remedy
TKO's consistent overcharging of its customers.




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