                                                                     FIFTH DIVISION
                                                                     June 23, 2006


No. 1-03-2485

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                          )      Appeal from the
                                                              )      Circuit Court of
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    )      Cook County.
                                                              )
v.                                                            )      No. 01 CR 25349
                                                              )
DAVID GARIANO,                                                )      Honorable
                                                              )      Kenneth J. Wadas,
       Defendant-Appellant.                                   )      Judge Presiding.


       JUSTICE O'BRIEN delivered the opinion of the court:

       Defendant, David Gariano, appeals his bench trial conviction on five counts of indecent

solicitation of a child to commit aggravated criminal sexual abuse and his sentence of two years of

felony probation, sex offender counseling, DNA testing, HIV testing, and sex offender registration.

Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress instant messages

intercepted and transcribed by the police without his consent or a court order and admitting them

into evidence with a statement made to an assistant State's Attorney. We affirm.

       At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Investigator Daniel K. Everett of the Chicago

police department testified that in September 2001 he was assigned to the special investigations unit

of the Youth Division (Unit) where he investigated crimes against children committed over the

Internet. He created a "profile," a personal history associated with an AOL screen name that

includes information such as gender, marital status, hobbies, and location, and used the "screen

name" BrianNl18. Nothing in Everett's "profile" indicated BrianN118's age. Everett testified that

he was posing as an underage teenage boy under the screen name BrianN118.

        Everett testified he monitored AOL chat rooms daily, entered the chat room to see who else
No. 1-03-2485

was in the chat room, and waited to see if he was contacted by anyone using AOL's instant

messaging

        The Unit supplied Everett with "power tools," a computer software program that enabled

him to record, save, and print verbatim the words transmitted by defendant to Everett while using

AOL's instant messaging. Everett testified that power tools transcribed instant messages on an

immediate basis, similar to a court reporter.

        AOL instant messaging is a private, one-on-one, in-time, electronic conversation between the

sender and receiver, like a telephone call. Only the sender and receiver have access to instant

messages.

        On September 5, 2001, and September 6, 11, 17, 18, 19 and 21, 2001, Everett corresponded

with defendant using instant messages. Everett activated the power tools program to automatically

transcribe all of their messages.       Defendant's AOL screen names were "Clncutexec" and

"Ddgariano." Everett testified that he did not obtain defendant's consent to transcribe the instant

messages. Everett used power tools to transcribe 23 pages of instant message conversations he had

with defendant during these seven days.

        On cross-examination, Everett testified that he never intended that his instant message

communications with defendant would be private.

        Defendant next called Jerry Saperstein, an expert in computer forensics and AOL protocols,

as his witness. Saperstein testified, inter alia, to the four different methods of communication on

AOL and testified that only a third party, like a hacker, deliberately attempting to intercept an instant

message would be privy to the text in instant messages.



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No. 1-03-2485

       Saperstein concluded his testimony by testifying that instant messaging is one-on-one, real-

time, private communication across a network. Instant messaging is a specific protocol that can only

involve two people.

       The trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress.

       At the bench trial, the State called two witnesses.

       The first witness, Assistant State's Attorney Carol Rogala (ASA Rogala), testified that on

September 24, 2001, prior to interviewing defendant, she discussed the case with Everett and

reviewed the instant message transcripts. ASA Rogala then read defendant his Miranda rights,

which defendant waived. Defendant told ASA Rogala his age and home address. Defendant also

told ASA Rogala that he had been communicating online with BrianN118, whom he believed to be a

15-year-old boy, since September 5, 2001. Defendant told ASA Rogala that he used two screen

names, Clncutexec and Ddgariano, during his instant message communications with BrianN118.

ASA Rogala testified that defendant told her that he instant messaged BrianN118 about having sex

with males and that they exchanged digital photos of themselves

       ASA Rogala testified that she showed defendant the transcripts of the instant messages with

BrainN118. According to ASA Rogala, defendant reviewed the transcripts and told her that the

transcripts were accurate logs of the instant messages. ASA Rogala showed defendant the

September 5, 2001, transcripts where defendant used explicit terms and defendant explained their

sexual meaning. Defendant explained that he and BrianN118 discussed sex, meeting each other, and

going to defendant's apartment to have sex. On September 21, 2001, defendant and BrianN118

confirmed that they would meet on September 24. Defendant told ASA Rogala that before noon on



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No. 1-03-2485

September 24, 2001, he and BrianN118 spoke by phone and confirmed that they would meet at a bus

stop at Illinois and State Streets, and they discussed the clothing that each man would be wearing.

         ASA Rogala testified that defendant told her that he planned to have lunch with BrianN118

and then they planned to go to defendant's apartment to have sex as they had previously discussed.

Defendant told ASA Rogala that on September 24, 2001, at approximately 2:15 p.m., he went to the

designated bus stop to meet BrianN118 and was arrested.

         Defendant declined to sign the statement at the end of the interview.

         The second trial witness, Everett, testified to substantially the same facts that he provided at

the suppression hearing. He explained that he was online in his official undercover capacity,

monitoring chat rooms on AOL in search of child predators and child pornography offenders. Using

his screen name, BrianN118, Everett posed as a 15-year-old boy. Everett used both AOL and power

tools.

         On September 5, 2001, while on the internet in an AOL chat room as BrianN118, Everett

was contacted through instant messaging, by defendant, under defendant's screen name, Clncutexec.

         Thereafter, on September 6, 11, 17, 18, 19 and 21, 2001, Everett, as BrianN118, had several

instant message conversations with defendant, under either his Clncutexec or Ddgariano screen

names. The parties discussed sex during the instant message conversations, and Everett retained all

of defendant's instant messages by activating his power tools software. Everett testified that

defendant did not consent to this procedure, and Everett never obtained a search warrant to

transcribe the instant messages. The parties also exchanged digital pictures of each other -- Everett

transmitted an image of another Chicago police officer when he was much younger.



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No. 1-03-2485

        Everett testified that on September 21, 2001, he and defendant agreed by instant message to

meet at the corner of Illinois and State Streets on September 24, 2001, and to go to defendant's

apartment to engage in sex. Defendant gave BrianN118 his telephone number, and on September

24, 2001, one of Everett's fellow officers spoke with defendant by phone, and the parties made the

final meeting arrangements and discussed the clothing that each man would be wearing. Police

officers observed defendant waiting at the prearranged meeting location, wearing the clothing he

described on the telephone, and arrested him.

       The instant message transcripts were read into the record, and the State rested.

       The trial court found defendant guilty of all five counts of indecent solicitation of a child to

commit aggravated criminal sexual abuse. The trial court sentenced defendant to two years' felony

probation, sex offender counseling, DNA testing, HIV testing, and sex offender registration.

       Defendant contends the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress the

transcriptions of the instant messages, which were transcribed without his consent or a court order.

       As the relevant facts are not in dispute, our review is de novo. People v. Parker, 354 Ill. App.

3d 40, 44 (2004).

       First, defendant contends that the action of Everett violated both the fourth amendment of

the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend IV) and article 1, section 6, of the Illinois

Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, ' 6) and cites Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 19 L. Ed. 2d

576, 88 S. Ct. 507 (1967), in support.

       A more recent Supreme Court case, United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 28 L. Ed. 2d 453,

91 S. Ct. 1122 (1971, is dispositive. In White, the United States Supreme Court held:



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No. 1-03-2485

                A[A] police agent who conceals his police connections may write down for official

       use his conversations with a defendant and testify concerning them, without a warrant

       authorizing his encounters with the defendant and without otherwise violating the latter=s

       Fourth Amendment rights. [Citation.] For constitutional purposes, no different result is

       required if the agent instead of immediately reporting and transcribing his conversations with

       defendant, either (1) simultaneously records them with electronic equipment which he is

       carrying on his person [citation]; (2) or carries radio equipment which simultaneously

       transmits the conversations either to recording equipment located elsewhere or to other

       agents monitoring the transmitting frequency. [Citation.] If the conduct and revelations of an

       agent operating without electronic equipment do not invade the defendant=s constitutionally

       justifiable expectations of privacy, neither does a simultaneous recording of the same

       conversations made by the agent or by others from transmissions received from the agent to

       whom the defendant is talking and whose trustworthiness the defendant necessarily risks."

       United States v. White, 401 U.S. at 751, 28 L. Ed. 2d at 458, 91 S. Ct. at 1125-26.

       Our Illinois Supreme Court has held that AState and Federal constitutional protections against

the invasion of privacy are not offended where one party to a conversation allows another party to

listen.@ People v. Shinkle, 128 Ill. 2d. 480, 486 (1989).

       Thus, defendant=s claims of error as to the United States Constitution and the Illinois

Constitution are without merit.

        Next, defendant contends that the instant message transcriptions were obtained in violation

of the Illinois Criminal Code of 1961 (the eavesdropping statute) as amended on January 1, 2000.



                                                -6-
No. 1-03-2485

       Section 14-2(a) (1) of the eavesdropping statute states:

                "(a) A person commits eavesdropping when he:

                       (1) Knowingly and intentionally uses an eavesdropping device for the

                purpose

                of hearing or recording all or any part of any conversation or intercepts, retains,

                or transcribes electronic communication unless he does so (A) with the consent

                of all of the parties to such conversation or electronic communication or (B) in

                accordance with Article 108A or Article 108B of the 'Code of Criminal Procedure

                of 1963', approved August 14, 1963, as amended[.]" (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS

                5/14-2(a)(1) (West 2000).

       Section 14-1(e) of the eavesdropping statute defines "electronic communication" as follows:

                A[T]he term electronic communication means any transfer of signs, signals, writing,

       images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or part by a wire,

       radio, pager, computer, electromagnetic, photo electronic or photo optical system, where the

       sending and receiving parties intend the electronic communication to be private and the

       interception, recording, or transcription of the electronic communication is accomplished by

       a device in a surreptitious manner contrary to the provisions of this Article.@ (Emphasis

       added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000).

       Defendant contends that Everett was an eavesdropper according to the statute, that he used

an eavesdropping device, and that his instant messages to Everett are electronic communications.

The State argues that Everett did not intend that his communications with defendant would remain



                                                -7-
No. 1-03-2485

private and, therefore, there was no electronic communication as defined by the statute and thus, no

violation of the eavesdropping statute. The State is correct.

         The primary objective of statutory interpretation is to determine and give effect to the

legislature's intent. People v. Hanna, 207 Ill. 2d 486, 497 (2003). This inquiry properly begins by

examining the language in the statute at issue. People v. Phelps, 211 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (2004). The

statute should be interpreted according to the plain and ordinary meaning of the language. Paris v.

Feder, 179 Ill. 2d 173, 177 (1997).

         The General Assembly chose its terms and definitions. Here, an electronic communication is

defined as a communication "where the sending and receiving parties intend the electronic

communication to be private." (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000). Everett

testified that he had no intention of keeping the conversations private; thus, the conversations were

not electronic communications according to the statute, notwithstanding our cultural use of such

term. Because they were not electronic communications, the claim of error of defendant is without

merit.

         Defendant claims that the transcriptions and his statement to ASA Rogala should be

suppressed as "the fruit of the poisonous tree." Because of our findings supra, that claim of error is

without merit.

         Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying defendant=s motion to suppress.

         Affirmed.

         O'MARA FROSSARD, J., concurs. NEVILLE, J., dissents.




                                                 -8-
No. 1-03-2485




       JUSTICE NEVILLE, dissenting:

       I respectfully dissent because I do not believe that the Illinois eavesdropping statute

authorizes police officers to use eavesdropping devices to intercept electronic communications

without a court order. See 720 ILCS 5/14-1 et seq. (West 2000). The majority does not reach this

issue in its opinion. Instead, the majority explains the reasons for its decision as follows:

                    "The General Assembly chose its terms and definitions. Here, an

            electronic communication is defined as a communication where the sending

            and receiving parties intend the electronic communication to be private.

            (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000). Everett testified that

            he had no intention of keeping the conversations private; thus, the

            conversations were not electronic communications according to the statute,

            notwithstanding our cultural use of such term. Because they were not

            electronic communications, the claim of error of defendant is without merit.

                Defendant claims that the transcriptions and his statement to ASA

            Rogala should be suppressed as >the fruit of the poisonous tree.= Because of

            our finding supra, that claim of error is without merit.@ Slip op. at 8.

       The eavesdropping statute provides that a person commits eavesdropping when he:

            "Knowingly and intentionally uses an eavesdropping device for the purpose

            of hearing or recording all or any part of any conversation or intercepts,



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            No. 1-03-2485

            retains, or transcribes electronic communication unless he does so (A) with

            the consent of all the parties to such conversation or electronic

            communication or (B) in accordance with Article 108A or Article 108B of

            the 'Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963[.]' " (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS

            5/14-2(a) (West 2000).

The majority's opinion fails to discuss the definition for an eavesdropping device and fails to

determine whether Investigator Everett=s computer, which had Power Tools software installed on its

hard drive, was an eavesdropping device. See 720 ILCS 5/14-1(a) (West 2000). In addition, the

majority's opinion fails to discuss the definition for eavesdropper to determine whether police

officers conducting undercover investigations, like Investigator Everett, can be eavesdroppers. See

720 ILCS 5/14-1(b) (West 2000). Finally, and most importantly, the majority fails to discuss

whether Investigator Everett=s Power Tools programmed computer, which downloaded Gariano=s

instant messages, was an eavesdropping device used in accordance with Article 108A or Article

108B of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963. In my opinion, it cannot be determined whether

the trial court erred when it denied Gariano=s motion to suppress without considering the

aforementioned definitions and the ultimate question of whether an eavesdropping device was used

by Investigator Everett contrary to the provisions of Illinois law.

                            The Definition for Eavesdropping Device

       The facts establish that Investigator Everett's police unit supplied him with Power Tools, a

software program. The facts also establish that Investigator Everett downloaded the Power Tools

program to the hard drive on his computer so he could record, save, and print verbatim the words or



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No. 1-03-2485

instant messages that Gariano transmitted to him. The majority's opinion failed to address the

question of whether the police department=s Power Tools programmed computer that Investigator

Everett used to intercept, retain and transcribe Gariano's instant messages was an eavesdropping

device. An eavesdropping device is defined as follows:

                       "any device capable of being used to hear or record oral

                conversation or intercept, retain, or transcribe electronic

                communications     whether    such    conversation    or   electronic

                communication is conducted in person, by telephone, or by any other

                means; Provided, however, that this definition shall not include

                devices used for the restoration of the deaf or hard-of-hearing to

                normal or partial hearing." (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-1(a)

                (West 2000).

The definition for eavesdropping device requires an answer to two questions: (1) whether

Investigator Everett's Power Tools programmed computer was a device, and (2) if the Power Tools

programmed computer was a device, whether the computer with the Power Tools program installed

on its hard drive was capable of being used to intercept, retain, or transcribe Gariano's instant

messages. See 720 ILCS 5/14-1(a) (West 2000).

       The facts establish (1) that Investigator Everett's unit supplied the officer with the Power

Tools program which was installed on his computer, and (2) that the Power Tools program was not

equipment or software that was an integral part of Investigator Everett's computer but was a software

program that was added or installed on Investigator Everett's computer to enable him to record, save



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No. 1-03-2485

and transcribe Gariano's AOL instant messages. 1 Therefore, I believe that Investigator Everett=s

police department computer became a device once the Power Tools program was installed on the

computer.

        Next, it must be determined whether Investigator Everett's computer with the Power Tools

program installed on its hard drive was used to intercept, retain, and transcribe Gariano's instant

messages. Investigator Everett testified that he used the Power Tools program to record, save, and

print the instant messages that Gariano transmitted to him. More importantly, the State introduced

Investigator Everett's logs from Gariano=s instant messages into evidence. Therefore, given the

aforementioned facts, I believe that this court would have to find that Investigator Everett's Power

Tools programed computer was used to intercept, retain, and transcribe Gariano's instant messages.

Finally, the facts establish that Investigator Everett and Gariano did not conduct their conversations


        1
        Compare Deal v. Spears, 980 F.2d 1153, 1157-58 (8th Cir. 1992) (finding that the recording device
was purchased from a store, it was not part of the telephone because it was not provided by the telephone
company) with James v. Newspaper Agency Corp., 591 F. 2d 579, 581 (10th Cir. 1979) (the telephone
monitoring system was provided by the telephone company at the request of the company for business
purposes); see also I. David, Privacy Concerns Regarding the Monitoring of Instant Messaging in the
Workplace: Is It Big Brother or Just Business?, 5 Nev. L.J. 319, 342 (2004).




                                                 -12-
No. 1-03-2485

in person or by telephone, but by other means, in this case by computer-generated instant messages.

Consequently, I believe that Investigator Everett=s computer became an eavesdropping device once

the Power Tools program was installed on the computer.

                                The Definition for Eavesdropper

       Next, in order to answer the question presented in this case, I believe it must be determined

whether Investigator Everett was an eavesdropper. Section 14-1(b) of the eavesdropping statute

defines an eavesdropper as follows:

       "An eavesdropper is any person, including law enforcement officers, *** who operates or

       participates in the operation of any eavesdropping device contrary to the provisions of this

       Article." (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-1(b) (West 2000).

The eavesdropping statute clearly provides that any person, including law enforcement officers like

Investigator Everett, may be an eavesdropper. However, the definition requires this court to

determine whether Investigator Everett (1) operated an eavesdropping device, and (2) whether the

eavesdropping device was operated contrary to the provisions of the eavesdropping statute. See 720

ILCS 5/14-1(b) (West 2000). Investigator Everett testified and admitted that he used his Power

Tools programmed computer to intercept, retain, and transcribe Gariano's instant messages;

therefore, since Investigator Everett=s Power Tools programmed computer qualifies as an

eavesdropping device, Investigator Everett can be considered a person who operated an

eavesdropping device.

       However, before Investigator Everett can be classified as an eavesdropper, it must be

determined whether the officer's investigation, which was conducted with an eavesdropping device,



                                               -13-
No. 1-03-2485

was contrary to the provisions of the eavesdropping statute: (1) Was the eavesdropping device used

with Gariano's consent (720 ILCS 5/14-2(a)(1)(West 2000))?; or (2) Was the eavesdropping device

used in accordance with Article 108A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which requires a court

order authorizing the use of an eavesdropping device (725 ILCS 5/108A-1 (West 2000))? In this

case, Investigator Everett testified that he did not obtain Gariano's consent to transcribe their instant

messages. Therefore, the "consent of all parties" exception in section 14-2(a) of the eavesdropping

statute does not apply in this case. See 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2000).

        Second, it must be determined whether the court-order exception codified in Articles 108A

and 108B of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies in this case. 725 ILCS 5/108A-1 et seq., 108B-

1 et seq. (West 2000). Section 108A-1, the section which prescribes the procedure for obtaining

authorization to use eavesdropping devices, provides that the State=s Attorney may authorize an

application to be submitted to a circuit judge for an order authorizing the use of an eavesdropping

device by a law enforcement officer having the responsibility for the investigation of any felony

under Illinois law where any one party to a conversation to be monitored has consented to such

monitoring. 725 ILCS 5/108A-1 (West 2000). There is no evidence in the record that the State=s

Attorney of Cook County or one of his assistants authorized an application to be filed with a circuit

judge. More importantly, no order was found in the record where a circuit court judge authorized

Investigator Everett, a law enforcement officer who consented to his instant messages being

intercepted, to use an eavesdropping device, in this case a Power Tools programmed computer, to

conduct his undercover investigation of Gariano. It should also be noted that according to sections

108A-1 and 108A-3, a court order is still required to be obtained by a police officer even where one



                                                 -14-
No. 1-03-2485

party to the conversation to be monitored has consented to the use of an eavesdropping device. 725

ILCS 5/108A-1, 108A-3(a)(West 2000). Therefore, according to sections 108A-1 and 108A-3,

Investigator Everett=s consent to have an eavesdropping device used to download his instant message

communications with Gariano did not exempt him from obtaining judicial authorization in the form

of a court order to intercept, retain and transcribe Gariano=s instant messages. 725 ILCS 5/108A-1,

108A-3 (West 2000).



                           The Definition for Electronic Communication

       The majority holds that because Investigator Everett had no intention of keeping his

conversations with Gariano private, the conversations were not electronic communications and,

thus, there was no violation of the eavesdropping statute. I disagree with the majority=s holding that

Investigator Everett did not violate the eavesdropping statute when he intercepted Gariano's instant

messages with his Power Tools programmed computer because "he had no intention of keeping their

conversations private." The eavesdropping statute defines an electronic communication as follows:

                       "any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data,

                or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or part by a wire,

                radio, pager, computer, electromagnetic, photo electronic or photo

                optical system, where the sending and receiving parties intend the

                electronic communication to be private and the interception,

                recording, or transcription of the electronic communication is

                accomplished by a device in a surreptitious manner contrary to the



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No. 1-03-2485

                provisions of this Article." 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000).

While the definition for electronic communication has four elements (1) a transfer of writings,

images, or data, (2) a transfer by wire or computer, (3) the interception or transcription of the

electronic communication is done in a surreptitious manner, and (4) the sending and receiving

parties intend for the electronic communication to be private (see 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000)),

the majority only considered one element:            whether Investigator Everett intended for his

communications with Gariano to be private. My examination of the elements in the definition for

electronic communication reveals that Gariano=s instant messages were electronic communications.

        First, there was a transfer of writings or data because the instant messages 2 that Gariano

transmitted to Investigator Everett were the writings and data transcribed in the logs that were

admitted into evidence. Second, there was a transfer by wire or computer based upon Investigator

Everett's testimony that he and Gariano communicated, in whole or in part, by instant messaging,

i.e., by computer and by wire. See 720 ILCS 5/14-1(e) (West 2000). Third, the interception or

transcription of Gariano=s messages was done in a surreptitious manner for four reasons: (1)

Investigator Everett testified that while online he was in his official, undercover capacity; (2)

Investigator Everett also testified that he posed as a 15-year-old boy and used the screen name

BrianN118; (3) Investigator Everett further testified that the parties exchanged digital pictures and,


        2
           Saperstein defined instant messaging as follows: (1) a private, one-on-one means of electronic
communication; (2) between a maximum of two people acting alternately as sender and receiver; (3) where
the electronic communications are not automatically saved to the user's computer hard drive; and (4) where
the electronic communications are not retained without deliberate user intervention or by the use of third-
party software, like Power Tools. A Nevada law review article confirms Saperstein's testimony that instant
messaging is a relatively new form of electronic communications, conceptually falling between the postal
service nature of e-mail and the conversational characterization of a phone call. 5 Nev. L.J. at 321.


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No. 1-03-2485

rather than transmitting a picture of himself, Investigator Everett transmitted a picture of another

Chicago police officer who was much younger; and (4) Gariano asked Investigator Everett if he was

a police officer and Investigator Everett denied being a policeman, and in fact stated that he was

only 15 years old and that he "hated f[---]ing cops." Therefore, by conducting his investigation in an

undercover capacity, posing as a 15-year-old boy, using another officer's picture and a fictitious

name, BrianN118, I think that the evidence establishes that Investigator Everett's internet

investigation was conducted in a surreptitious manner without a court order.

       Finally, using the language in the definition for electronic communication, the majority holds

that Investigator Everett's intent not to keep his conversations with Gariano private means that there

was no electronic communication and, thus, no violation of the eavesdropping statute. I think that

the majority's construction of the intent language in the definition for electronic communication is

wrong because the majority's construction of the intent language is inconsistent with and contrary to

the legislative history for the eavesdropping statute. People v. Whitney, 188 Ill. 2d 91, 97-98 (1999)

(where statutory language is ambiguous, courts may consider extrinsic aids for construction,

including legislative history, to resolve ambiguity and determine legislative intent); also see Antunes

v. Sookhakitch, 146 Ill. 2d 477, 484 (1992).        In 1999, the legislature directly addressed and

discussed the intent language in section 14-1(e) of the eavesdropping statute. Representative

Fritchey made the following statement:

                "The only change that we made from the time this Bill flew out of the House

       was there was intent language that was put in which was lacking before. And at the

       request of the State Police the *** what they tried to do was avoid intentional over



                                                -17-
No. 1-03-2485

        hears to make it that it was the interception of an electronic communication that is

        prohibited." 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, May 19, 1999, at 21

        (statements of Representative Fritchey).

Representative Fritchey makes it clear that the intent language was intended to avoid "intentional

over hears." I interpret Representative Fritchey to be saying that the intent language removes a

police officer from the purview of the eavesdropping statute when he overhears a conversation

without the use of an eavesdropping device. Representative Fritchey goes on to say that it was the

interception of the electronic communication that is prohibited. By using the word "interception", it

is clear that Representative Fritchey was saying that it is still a violation of the eavesdropping statute

for a police officer to use an eavesdropping device to intercept an electronic communication. Finally,

by separating "intentional over hears" from "interception of an electronic communication"

Representative Fritchey makes it clear that an officer's "intent" does not determine whether or not

you have an "electronic communication."

        I believe that section 14-2(a) of the eavesdropping statute and sections 108A-1 and 108A-3

of the Code of Criminal Procedure, when coupled with the legislative history, make it clear that the

legislature intended for police officers to obtain a court order, even when they consent to the use of

eavesdropping devices to record their conversations. 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2000); 725 ILCS

5/108A-1, 108A-3 (West 2000). I also believe that section 14-2(a) of the eavesdropping statute and

sections 108A-1 and 108A-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, when coupled with the legislative

history, make it clear that a police officer is not excused from obtaining a court order when using an

eavesdropping device because he does not intend for his communications with a criminal suspect to



                                                  -18-
No. 1-03-2485

remain private. 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2000);725 ILCS 5/108A-1, 108A-3 (West 2000). The

legislature could have provided an affirmative defense or an exemption for law enforcement officers,

like Investigator Everett, investigating child solicitation on the Internet, but the legislature elected

not to codify an affirmative defense or exemption in the eavesdropping statute for officers using

eavesdropping devices to intercept electronic communications. 3 Finally, I believe that section 14-

2(a) of the eavesdropping statute and Articles 108A-1 and 108A-3 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure when coupled with the legislative history make it clear that a warrantless interception of

an electronic communication with an eavesdropping device without a court order violates the

eavesdropping statute. 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2000); 725 ILCS 5/108A-1, 108A-3 (West 2000).



                                 The Rules of Statutory Construction

        Case law is clear that doubt as to the construction to be given a legislative enactment must be

resolved in favor of an interpretation which supports the statute's validity because statutes are

construed to avoid an unconstitutional result. In re Application for Judgment & Sale of Delinquent

        3
           One commentator has concluded that police officers, like Investigator Everett, violate the
eavesdropping statute when they pose as unwary 13-year-olds to catch pedophiles who trawl the internet for
such victims. H. Gunnarsson, No Police "Eaveasdropping" on sexual predators - even in cyberspace?, 92 Ill.
B.J. 238 (2004).




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Properties for the Tax Year 1989, 167 Ill. 2d 161, 168 (1995). A statute capable of two

interpretations should be given the interpretation that is reasonable and that will not produce absurd,

unjust, unreasonable or inconvenient results that the legislature could not have intended. Collins v.

Board of Trustees of the Firemen's Annuity & Benefit Fund of Chicago, 155 Ill. 2d 103, 110 (1993).

An interpretation that renders a statute valid is always presumed to have been intended by the

legislature, and a court is obliged to construe a statute to affirm its constitutionality. Collins, 155 Ill.

2d at 110; see also 2A Sutherland and Statutory Construction '45:11 at 70-71 (6th ed. 2000) ("If the

law is reasonably open to two constructions, one that renders it unconstitutional and one that does

not, the court must adopt the interpretation that upholds the law's constitutionality").

        Applying the aforementioned rules of statutory construction, I reach a different result from

the majority. The majority's interpretation of the intent language is that there was not an electronic

communication in this case because Investigator Everett did not intend for his electronic

communications with Gariano to be private. Given the majority's interpretation, there will never be

an electronic communication because police officers will always take the position that their instant

messages or electronic communications with criminals were not intended to remain private. Without

an electronic communication, the police never violate the eavesdropping statute. The majority's

construction of the language in the definition for electronic communication destroys harmony with

other statutes, like section 108A-1, referenced in the eavesdropping statute and defeats a major

purpose of the legislation. Finally, the majority's construction of the eavesdropping statute permits

the language, "where the sending and receiving parties intend the electronic communication to be

private," in the definition for electronic communication, to make that part of the eavesdropping



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statute which addresses electronic communications a nullity, and I do not think that is what the

legislature intended.

                                     The Supporting Authorities

        The majority relies upon United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 28 L. Ed. 2d 453, 91 S. Ct.

1122 (1971), a federal case, to support its position. The majority's reliance on White is misplaced

because that case did not involve an eavesdropping statute that only authorized the use of an

eavesdropping device when (1) all parties consented or (2) there was a court order. In light of the

fact this case involves an Illinois eavesdropping statute, I do not think that it is necessary for this

court to consider a federal case or the United States Constitution to interpret an Illinois statute. See

People v. Youngerman, 342 Ill. App. 3d 518, 528 (2003) (courts should avoid addressing

constitutional questions if they are unnecessary to the resolution of the case); see also In re

Detention of Traynoff, 338 Ill. App. 3d 949, 957 (2003).

        The majority also relies upon People v. Shinkle, 128 Ill. 2d 480 (1989), an Illinois case, to

support its position. Shinkle is a case where the Illinois Supreme Court interpreted the

eavesdropping statute and construed the term "eavesdropping device" to determine whether an

extension telephone is an eavesdropping device. Shinkle, 128 Ill. 2d at 485. The majority's reliance

on Shinkle is misplaced because (1) that decision predates the amendment to the eavesdropping

statute which took effect in 2000 and added the definition for electronic communications, and (2)

that decision involved an oral communication overheard on an extension telephone rather than an

instant message. Instant messaging and other forms of electronic communications should not be

blindly analogized to oral conversations because they occur in different mediums and Shinkle did



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No. 1-03-2485

not consider that distinction. 4 Consequently, I think the majority's reliance on Shinkle is misplaced

because it predates the amendment to the eavesdropping statute, it involved an oral communication,

it did not analyze electronic communications, and it did not consider instant messaging, which was

nonexistent technology at the time of that decision.



                                               Conclusion

        In conclusion, I would hold that the trial court erred when it denied Gariano's motion to

suppress because Investigator Everett was an eavesdropper who violated the eavesdropping statute

when he used a Power Tools programmed computer to intercept, retain and transcribe Gariano's

instant messages. 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2000). I would direct the trial court to suppress

Investigator Everett's instant message logs because section 14-5 of the eavesdropping statute


        4
           "Using the Internet can involve reading web pages, e-mailing, joining online chat rooms, and
instant messaging, to give just a few examples. These activities can be classified and compared based on a
number of characteristics such as the spontaneity, exclusivity, and interactivity of the communication. ***
The genus of electronic communication may not break down so easily into a series of categories that
analogize neatly to preexisting communications media." C. Crump, Data Retention: Privacy, Anonymity, and
Accountability Online, 56 Stan. L. Rev. 191, 206-07 (2003).




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provides that any evidence obtained in violation of the eavesdropping statute is not admissible in any

civil or criminal proceeding. 720 ILCS 5/14-5 (West 2000). I would also suppress Gariano's

statement. Section 108A-9 of the Code of Criminal Procedure permits an aggrieved person, like

Gariano, to suppress evidence, herein his statement to ASA Rogala, that was derived from the illegal

interception of his instant messages. 725 ILCS 5/108A-9 (West 2000). While I do not think that

Illinois law permits the warrantless interception of electronic messages without a court order, I do

believe the eavesdropping statute permits police officers to testify about information that was

obtained without using an eavesdropping device. Therefore, I would hold that Investigator Everett,

as a party to Gariano's instant message communications, is permitted to testify, from memory, about

his communications with Gariano because the officer is not prohibited by the eavesdropping statute

from testifying about his firsthand knowledge of the contents of the instant messages he exchanged

with Gariano. Finally, I think this case should have been reversed and remanded with directions to

the trial court for a new trial.




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