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                                                                        2013 OCT 28 AH 3=20




      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

RAYMOND GROVE,
                                                 DIVISION ONE
              Appellant,
                                                 No. 69556-8-1
         v.



PEACEHEALTH ST. JOSEPH
HOSPITAL,                                        PUBLISHED OPINION


              Respondent.

ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL
FOUNDATION, DR. SARA MOSTAD
and DR. DAG JENSEN,

              Defendants.                         FILED: October 28, 2013


       Dwyer, J. — In the state of Washington, medical malpractice is a statutory

cause of action, which requires that the plaintiff prove the standard of care to be

exercised by a health care provider within the profession or class to which he or

she belongs. This is no less the case when a hospital opts to provide medical

care to its patients by using a "team approach." Here, Raymond Grove filed a

lawsuit against PeaceHealth St. Joseph Medical Center (PeaceHealth), alleging
medical malpractice for failure to timely diagnose compartment syndrome in his

left leg. Grove sought damages against PeaceHealth under a theory of vicarious

liability for negligence committed by its medical team or, alternatively, by Dr.
Richard Leone as the leader of the team. The jury found in Grove's favor and
No. 69556-8-1 / 2



awarded Grove $583,000 in damages. The trial court overturned the verdict on a

motion for judgment as a matter of law, finding that no legal basis existed for

holding PeaceHealth vicariously liable, given that Grove had not proved that any

specific employee had acted negligently. Because Grove failed to prove the

applicable standard of care as required by statute, we affirm.

                                               I


       On December 21, 2006, Grove underwent aortic root and valve

replacement surgery at PeaceHealth in Bellingham. After the surgery was

successfully completed, Grove was placed in the intensive care unit, as is

standard hospital practice following heart surgery. Dr. Leone, Grove's attending

physician during the surgery, acted as primary physician until December 25. On

that date, Dr. Leone traveled to New Jersey for Christmas, and Dr. Edward Zech,

the surgeon on call, assumed the role of primary physician. Similarly, Dr. James

Douglas assumed the role of primary physician from Dr. Zech on December 29.

Dr. Leone remained the surgeon of record until Grove was released from the

hospital.

       Grove developed a number of complications after his surgery.

Significantly, he was having trouble breathing, and was thus intubated from
December 23 through December 26, during which time he was sedated.1 Grove
also developed pneumonia and bacteria in his blood, for which Dr. Sara Mostad,

an infectious disease specialist, was called in. Dr. Zech was especially


        1Intubated patients, despite being under sedation, are awakened periodically and are
typically able to communicate.

                                             -2-
No. 69556-8-1 / 3



concerned about the possibility of infection, because an infection in Grove's heart

would have almost certainly been fatal. On December 29, Shane Spears, a

physician assistant (PA), noted that Grove's left calf was exhibiting "edematous,

tenderness to palpitation, warm with erythema on the anterior aspect.[2] Two to
five centimeters larger than the right." PA Spears also noted that Grove had

"weakness in flexion"3 in both ankles, "but it was worse on the left." Dr. Douglas

and Dr. Mostad suspected, based on these symptoms, that Grove may have had

cellulitis, a bacterial infection typically treated with antibiotics. Grove was already

on antibiotics at the time these symptoms developed. Grove's condition

appeared to improve on December 30, but by December 31, Grove's symptoms

had spread down to his foot.

       On December 31, Dr. Mostad noticed that Grove was unable to fully

dorsiflex4 his foot and that he was dragging his left toe when he walked. Dr.

Mostad suspected at that time that Grove had compartment syndrome. Dr.

James Miller5 conducted a compartment pressure test and found that the

pressure in Grove's left leg was over three times the normal average, indicating

that Grove was suffering from compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome

is a known, albeit rare, complication from a long surgery, such as the heart

surgery Grove underwent.6 Symptoms of compartment syndrome typically


        2In laymen's terms: swelling, pain to the touch, and redness on the front of the leg.
        3Ability to bend a joint.
        4 Bend towards the shin.
        5 Dr. Miller was not implicated in this lawsuit, as he was not alleged to have been part of
the "team."
        6Grove's surgery lasted upwards of six hours.

                                               -3-
No. 69556-8-1/4



include hardness, swelling, numbness, tingling, pallor, loss of neurological

function, lack of pulse, and excruciating pain. As far as the witnesses could

recall or as Grove's medical records indicated, at no time did Grove ever

complain of excruciating pain, the most notable symptom of compartment

syndrome. If detected early, compartment syndrome is "completely reversible"; if

not, the damage is irreversible and can be so severe as to necessitate limb loss.

Grove underwent surgery to relieve his compartment syndrome but, by that time,

his compartment syndrome had advanced to the point of necrosis,7 resulting in
permanent injury to his left leg.8
       A jury trial began on June 13, 2012. Witnesses for both parties testified

that Grove was treated and attended to using a "team" approach. Dr. Douglas

explained how the "team" approach operated, stating that the "team," consisting

of "the surgeons and the physician assistants," made rounds together twice per

day. He further stated, "In our situation our patients are seen by both surgeons

or all three surgeons depending on the circumstance regardless of who is

primarily in charge. So at any time a patient needs assistance that physician is

well-aware of what's going on. So we basically assume everybody is our

patient." Dr. Douglas testified that the "team" "evaluate[s] patients in such a way

that everybody gets a chance to have input."

       Dr. Leone testified that the "team" made rounds more than once a day and

that the "team" may also include students, nurses, and other "ancillary staff." Dr.


       7 Muscle death.
       8 During the surgery, it was also discovered that Grove did not have cellulitis.

                                               -4-
No. 69556-8-1 / 5



Zech testified that the method of treatment used was "very much a team

approach," designed to keep all staff informed. Dr. Zech further testified that the

team consisted of surgeons, physician assistants, and intensivists. PA Spears

testified that the physicians might not do a physical examination of the patient

during rounds, instead relying on the physician assistant's findings, if there was

not a concern with the patient. However, PA Spears also testified that he always

discussed the plan of care with the surgeons before he implemented it.

        Dr. Sean Ghidella, an orthopedic surgeon and expert witness for Grove,

testified that the care of Grove fell below the standard of care because of a lack

of proper monitoring and a failure to rule out a known possible complication after

surgery.9 When asked who he was criticizing, Dr. Ghidella testified as follows:

       A: I identified Dr. Leone.
        Q: And why did you identify Dr. Leone as opposed to someone
       else?
       A: I was aware that there were multiple providers involved, that
       there was a team approach. At the time I was asked, I was not
       certain entirely as to who was to blame, but I do know that one
        person that at least shared in the responsibility would be the
        surgeon of record. He is ultimately responsible for that admission
        and the patient's care under that admission.
        Q: So based on -
        A: So for the lack of anyone else with certainty, I knew that at least I
        could include him in that discussion, but I don't know that I
        committed anyone else for the lack of clarity in terms of what was
        going on in the complexity of the situation, the type of
        documentation that I had available to try to define who said what
        when and who did what when.
        Q: Your understanding is that this was a team approach that was
        dealing with Mr. Grove?
        A: Yes.
        Q: As far as you're concerned, who would be responsible for the

        9 Dr. Ghidella was deposed in anticipation of his unavailability for trial; the transcript of his
deposition was read to the jury.

                                                 -5-
No. 69556-8-1/6



      team at any particular time?
      A: I know in my patients, I do. I feel responsible. I imagine he
      would, too. I understand that's probably how the law sees it.

      Since my discovery deposition, I have clarified this was a team
      approach, and Dr. Leone wasn't necessarily in charge of this
      patient at the time that the diagnosis was made.
      Q: But in terms of your opinion, he was ultimately responsible as
      being the doctor in charge at the outset?
      A: That would be correct, yes, sir.

      Dr. Ghidella testified that "unrecognized compartment syndrome" was

below the standard of care because "[w]ith proper monitoring, this should have

been an earlier recognized complication." Proper monitoring, according to Dr.

Ghidella, would have consisted of interviewing Grove when he was alert and

squeezing his leg to test for firmness, with increased physical monitoring while

Grove was intubated. Dr. Ghidella would have recommended that Grove's leg be

examined on every round. Dr. Ghidella testified that he was "not sure that any

[monitoring] was done during critical parts of [Grove's] management, or at least
appropriate monitoring." It was Dr. Ghidella's opinion, to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty, that Grove would have had "no permanent deficits or at least a

better outcome" had the standard of care been met. Dr. Ghidella was also of the

belief that had the standard of care been met, he could have determined when

Grove's compartment syndrome developed. Dr. Ghidella testified that the

damage sustained by Grove was "clearly" a result of the late diagnosis.
       Dr. Carl Adams, a cardiovascular surgeon and Grove's other expert

witness, testified that he was familiar with "the standard of care for every

cardiovascular surgeon practicing across the United States." Dr. Adams testified


                                        -6-
No. 69556-8-1 / 7



that itwas his expert opinion that "the cardiovascular surgeon who is in charge of

the patient's care failed to meet the standard of care that one would expect." Dr.

Adams also testified that Dr. Leone was responsible for the "team," as team

members report to the team leader. When asked, "So if the PAs make a

mistake, it's the head of the ship's mistake?" Dr. Adams answered, "Correct."

        Dr. Adams testified that the standard of care was breached because

"knowing that this patient had a very complex surgical procedure," the "team"
should have checked for compartment syndrome, as it is a known complication of

a long surgery. In Dr. Adams's opinion, it was "below the standard ofcare not to
have diagnosed" compartment syndrome based on Grove's symptoms of
"erythema,"10 "edema,"11 and "induration,"12 while he was on antibiotics.13 Dr.
Adams also cited a lack of communication as a breach of the standard of care.

Dr. Adams further testified that the failure to properly monitor for compartment

syndrome began with Dr. Leone "and just continued." Had the "team" not
breached of the standard of care, in Dr. Adams's opinion to a reasonable degree

of medical certainty, Grove would have had a better chance ofsuffering no injury
or a less severe injury to his leg.

         When questioning both experts about the standard ofcare, counsel for
Grove framed the inquiry as follows: Have you developed an opinion to a


         10 Redness.
         11 Swelling.
         12 Hardening.
         13 Dr. Adams testified that while these are symptoms of cellulitis, antibiotics treat cellulitis,
 and these symptoms should not have continued to appear while Grove was on antibiotics had
 cellulitis been the problem.

                                                  -7-
No. 69556-8-1/8



reasonable degree of medical certainty, "concerning whether or not the medical

treatment provided to Raymond Grove met the standard of care in the state of

Washington for patients under the same or similar circumstances . .. ?"

PeaceHealth did not object to the form of the question on any occasion.

       The trial court instructed the jury with regard to the standard of care and

vicarious liability as follows:

              A physician, surgeon or health care provider owes to the
       patient a duty to comply with the standard of care for one of the
       profession or class to which he or she belongs.

              A physician, surgeon or health care provider has a duty to
       exercise the degree of skill, care, and learning expected of a
       reasonably prudent physician, surgeon or health care provider in
       the state of Washington acting in the same or similar circumstances
       at the time of the care or treatment in question.

             Failure to exercise such skill, care, and learning constitutes a
       breach of the standard of care and is negligence.

Jury Instruction 3.

               The defendant PeaceHealth is a non-profit corporation. A
       corporation can act only through its officers, employees, and
       agents, including the employed physicians and physicians'
       assistants in this case. Any act or omission of an employee is the
       act or omission of the hospital corporation.

              A hospital's employees must exercise the degree of skill,
       care, and learning expected of reasonably prudent employees of
       hospitals in the State of Washington acting in the same or similar
       circumstances at the time of the care or treatment in question.
       Failure to exercise such skill, care, and learning is negligence.

Jury Instruction 5.

        The jury returned a special verdict in favor of Grove, finding that

PeaceHealth was negligent and that such negligence was a proximate cause of


                                         -8-
No. 69556-8-1 / 9



Grove's injury.14 The jury awarded damages in the amount of $583,000.
Thereafter, PeaceHealth moved for judgment as a matter of law. The trial court

granted PeaceHealth's motion, ruling that "there was no evidence sufficient to

support the verdict under CR 59(b)."15 In so ruling, the trial court stated:
              This court is of the opinion that the law in this state requires
       proof of an independent health care provider's failure with some
       exceptions. ... A hospital which operates with team treatment
       provided only by hospital employees, which is what we have here
       pretty much, and the hospital is the only defendant, so where a
       hospital operates with team treatment provided only by the hospital
       employees will always be liable under respondeat superior where
       an employee is negligent within the scope of their employment. But
       a plaintiff is stiil required to prove negligence on the part of the
       particular employee. Were that not the case, then every bad
       outcome in a team setting would result in liability.

(Emphasis added.) The trial courtexplained that a team is not negligent, but
rather that "[t]here has to be a negligent player on the team." The trial court

concluded:

        [Therefore somebody must, for the plaintiff to prevail, be charged
        with the responsibility of monitoring close enough that it can be
        identified, i.e., through the twice-a-day pressure testing, or 24/7
        monitoring, whatever your theory is. But to prevail on either of those
        theories that has to be the standard of care and there wasn't
        evidence of that.

Grove appeals from the trial court's ruling.


        14 QUESTION 1: Was the defendant negligent?
        ANSWER: Yes.
        QUESTION 2: Was the negligence a proximate cause of injury to the plaintiff Mr.
        Grove?
        ANSWER: Yes.
       15 CR 59(a) states: "On the motion of the party aggrieved, a verdict may be
vacated .... Such motion may be granted for any one of the following causes materially
affecting the substantial rights ofsuch parties:... (7) That there is no evidence or reasonable
inference from the evidence tojustify the verdict or the decision, or that it is contrary to law." CR
59(b) delineates the procedure for filing such a motion.

                                                 -9-
No. 69556-8-1/10




        Grove asserts that he presented evidence sufficient to prove that the

"team" which treated him was negligent and, therefore, that the jury's verdict

should be reinstated. This is so, he asserts, because it is unnecessary to

implicate a particular individual when the team as a whole did not adhere to the

standard of care. We disagree. Grove did not prove the relevant standard of

care.


        This court reviews de novo a decision to grant or deny a motion for

judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Schmidt v. Cooqan, 162 Wn.2d 488, 491,

173 P.3d 273 (2007); Winkler v. Giddinqs. 146 Wn. App. 387, 394, 190 P.3d 117

(2008). Motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict were renamed

"'motions for judgment as a matter of law'" in 1993. Guiiosa v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 144Wn.2d 907,915, 32 P.3d 250 (2001) (quoting Litho Color. Inc. v. Pac.

Emp'rs. Ins. Co.. 98 Wn. App. 286, 298 n. 1,991 P.2d 638 (1999)). Granting

judgment as a matter of law is not appropriate where substantial evidence exists
to sustain a verdict for the nonmoving party. Schmidt. 162 Wn.2d at 491 (citing

Hizev v. Carpenter. 119 Wn.2d 251, 271-72, 830 P.2d 646 (1992)); see also

Indus. Indem. Co. of the Nw.. Inc. v. Kalleviq. 114 Wn.2d 907, 915-16, 792 P.2d

520 (1990). Indeed, "[a]n order granting judgment as a matter of law should be
limited to circumstances in which there is no doubt as to the proper verdict."

Schmidt. 162 Wn.2d at 493. Hence, a directed verdict should be granted only

where no evidence or reasonable inferences from the evidence could support a



                                        -10-
No. 69556-8-1/11



verdict for the nonmoving party. Winkler. 146 Wn. App. at 394 (citing Bertsch v.

Brewer. 97 Wn.2d 83, 90, 640 P.2d 711 (1982)).

       PeaceHealth is liable, if at all, under the doctrine of vicarious liability.

Vicarious liability is liability for the negligence of an actor under the defendant's

control. Van Hook v.Anderson. 64 Wn. App. 353, 363, 824 P.2d 509 (1992). An

employer cannot be vicariously liable if its employees are not negligent.

Doremus v. Root. 23 Wash. 710, 716, 63 P. 572 (1901); Orwick v. Fox. 65 Wn.

App. 71, 88, 828P.2d 12(1992). The parties do not dispute that all members of
the "team" were employees of PeaceHealth and that PeaceHealth is liable for the

negligent acts ofthe members ofthe "team." At issue is whether, based on the
evidence presented, PeaceHealth can be held vicariously liable for the

negligence ofthe "team" as a unit or whether Grove needed to implicate a

specific individual.

       In Washington, medical malpractice is a statutory cause ofaction. Ch.
7.70 RCW. A plaintiff who alleges malpractice on the part of a health care

professional must prove that

               (1) The health care provider failed to exercise that degree of
       care, skill, and learning expected of a reasonably prudent health
       care provider at that time in the profession or class to which he or
       she belongs, in the state of Washington, acting in the same or
        similar circumstances;

               (2) Such failure was a proximate cause of the injury
        complained of.




                                          -11 -
No. 69556-8-1/12



RCW 7.70.040. The plaintiff must prove the relevant standard of care through

the presentation of expert testimony, unless a limited exception applies.16 Harris
v. Robert C. Groth. M.D.. Inc., P.S.. 99 Wn.2d 438, 449, 663 P.2d 113 (1983)

(citing Douglas v. Bussabarqer. 73 Wn.2d 476, 479, 438 P.2d 829 (1968)). None

of the limited exceptions apply in this case.

       RCW 7.70.040(1) can be parsed into six elements that the plaintiff must

prove in order to prevail on a claim of medical malpractice: (1) "The health care

provider" (2) "failed to exercise" (3) "that degree of care, skill, and learning
expected of a reasonably prudent health care provider at that time" (4) "in the
profession or class to which he or she belongs," (5) "in the state ofWashington,"
(6) "acting in the same or similar circumstances." The problem with Grove's
"team" theory is that it fails to include elements (1) and (4).
        By not implicating a particular individual, Grove failed to prove the
standard of care for the relevant "health care provider." Grove's experts did not

state as to whom the standard of care applied, as they framed their testimony in

terms of the standard of care that a patient should receive and not the standard

ofcare that a health care professional should provide. A team is not in and of
        16 One such exception is the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor.
        Res ipsa loquitur applies when
             "(1) the accident or occurrence producing the injury is ofa kind which
             ordinarily does not happen in the absence of someone's negligence,
             (2) the injuries are caused by an agency or instrumentality within the
             exclusive control of the defendant, and (3) the injury-causing accident
             or occurrence is not due to any voluntary action or contribution on the
             part of the plaintiff."
Rjplev v. Lanzer, 152 Wn. App. 296, 307, 215 P.3d 1020 (2009) (quoting Pacheco v. Ames, 149
Wn.2d 431, 436, 69 P.3d 324 (2003)). Grove does not allege that permanent damage resulting
from compartment syndrome does not ordinarily happen in the absence of negligence. In fact,
 Groveconcedes that compartment syndrome is a known complication from a long surgery.
 Accordingly, res ipsa loquitor is inapplicable here.

                                               -12-
No. 69556-8-1/13



itself a health care provider. Rather, a team is a compilation of its members; in

this case, a compilation of health care providers. Chapter 7.70 RCW does not

contemplate liability for groups of providers. See RCW 7.70.040 {"The health

care provider. . ." (emphasis added)).

        Moreover, the "team" cannot belong to a profession or class. It is unclear

in this case who exactly was on the "team." Indisputably the "team" included the

three surgeons and the PAs. Some witnesses expanded the "team" much further
to include medical school students, nurses, intensivists, and "ancillary staff."

Clearly these positions do not all belong to the same "profession or class."17
Grove contends that it would not make sense for the standard of care to change

depending on who was treating him. To the contrary, this makes perfect sense.
Surgeons, PAs, and nurses cannot all be expected to adhere to the same duty,
given that they belong to different professions with different levels of required skill
and training. Becausethe members ofthe "team" belonged to different
professions and classes, the "team" collectively could not have belonged to a
single class. Thus, because Grove did not prove elements (1) and (4) of RCW
7.70.040(1), the jury verdict was supported by neither the evidence nor the law.
         Grove's "team" theory rests on the notion that causation and damages are

enough to prove malpractice. In fact, Grove contends that duty is irrelevant to his



        17 Forinstance, Dr. Zech testified that histraining consisted of medical school, two
residencies, and additional training in both general and cardiothoracic surgery, whereas PA
Spears testified that his training consisted of nursing school and a master's degree program in
 physician assistant studies.

                                              -13-
No. 69556-8-1/14



claim.18 Medical malpractice actions, like all tort actions, require that the plaintiff
prove duty, breach, causation, and damages. Harbeson v. Parke-Davis, Inc., 98

Wn.2d 460, 467-68, 656 P.2d 483 (1983). It is a basic principle of tort law that, if

any of these four elements are not proved, there can be no liability. See

Harbeson, 98 Wn.2d at 467-68. Grove's claim is lacking both duty and

causation. Without delineating the standard of care applicable to a particular

health care provider or defining the relevant profession or class, Grove failed to

prove that a duty existed or to whom any such duty belonged. Duty, especially in

the field of medical practice, does not just exist in the ether. Even if Grove's

articulation of the standard of care covered some members of the "team," the

surgeons for example, Grove did not presentevidence that but for any one of
those particular individuals' failure to adhere to the standard ofcare, he would
not have been injured. Accordingly, Grove failed to prove proximate cause.19
Without the elements of duty and proximate cause, Grove's claim fails.

           The experienced trial judge detected this shortcoming when he overturned
the jury's verdict. Although the evidence is this case was multitudinous and
confusing such that it could and did mislead the jury, the trial judge discerned
that Grove failed to prove a standard of care relevant to "a health care provider"
belonging to a particular "profession or class." In his ruling, the trial judge


           19 "[l]t is irrelevant in this case which individual on the team would have had the obligation
to perform standard-of-care monitoring." Appellant's Br. at 12.
         19 "Proximate cause must be established by, first, a showing that the breach of duty was
a cause in fact ofthe injury, and, second, a showing that as a matter of law liability should attach."
Harbeson. 98 Wn.2d at 475-76 (citing Kino v. Citv ofSeattle. 84 Wn.2d 239, 249, 525 P.2d 228
(1974)).

                                                  -14-
No. 69556-8-1/15



explained that "a team isn't negligent," and instead there needed "to be a

negligent player on the team." As he explained,

      [l]t is the plaintiffs burden to specify which health care provider
      failed to adequately monitor, identifying that person in pretrial
      discovery and producing testimony from a qualified expert that such
      failure was not within the standard of care expected of such
      provider within the state of Washington.

(Emphasis added.) As appealing as Grove's "team" theory may have been, the

trial judge astutely observed that changes in the approach to health care do not

automatically change the law.

       Nevertheless, Grove contends that Thompson v. Grays Harbor Cmtv.

Hosp.. 36 Wn. App. 300, 675 P.2d 239 (1983), and Hansch v. Hackett 190

Wash. 97, 66 P.2d 1129 (1937), support his assertion that a hospital can be

found liable when an unidentified member of a "team" acts negligently. We

disagree.

       In Thompson, the plaintiff, Dr. Thompson,20 sued Grays Harbor
Community Hospital under a theory of vicarious liability for tortious interference

with her medical practice. Thompson, 36 Wn. App. at 301. Thompson

introduced evidence that staff at Grays Harbor lied about Dr. Thompsons'

availability to parents who requested her, "made disparaging remarks about her,"
and encouraged parents "to have their children treated by the house physician

instead of by Dr. Thompson." Thompson, 36 Wn. App. at 303. Although all of the

employees Dr. Thompson named in her complaint were exonerated, the court

held that Grays Harbor was still vicariously liable, as Dr. Thompson proved that

       20 Dr. Thompson was a pediatrician. Thompson, 36 Wn. App. at 302.

                                          -15-
No. 69556-8-1/16



other, unnamed hospital employees had tortiously interfered with her medical

practice. Thompson. 36 Wn. App. at 305-06.

      Thompson differs from this case in that Thompson's cause of action was

not statutory, nor did it sound in medical malpractice. Tortious interference is a

common law claim. Duty in such a claim is not related to any particular

profession or class, and is instead based upon the defendant's knowledge of the

plaintiff's relationships. Thompson, 36 Wn. App. at 303 (setting forth the

elements of a prima facie case of tortious interference). Moreover, in a tortious

interference case, no expert testimony is necessary to establish duty. Here,

however, Grove was required to prove duty for the relevant "profession or class"

of "health care provider" through expert testimony. RCW 7.70.040 does not

contemplate a general overarching duty applicable to anyone who may have

come into contact with the patient. Thus, Thompson is inapplicable to this case.

       Hansch, though factually similar to this case, is also inapplicable. In

Hansch, the plaintiff, Mr. Hansch, brought suit against Dr. Hackett and the

Columbia Clinic for a failure to diagnose eclampsia contravis. 190 Wash, at 97-

98, 101. Mrs. Hansch, the plaintiff's wife, was alternatively under the care of Dr.

Hackett, Dr. Clark, and two nurses, at various times during the hours before her

untimely death. Hansch, 190 Wash, at 99-100. The jury returned a verdict

finding only the Columbia Clinic liable. Hansch, 190 Wash, at 97-98. The

Supreme Court held that although Dr. Hackett was not found negligent, the jury

could have found that Dr. Clark or either of the two nurses were negligent; thus,

the Columbia Clinic could be held liable under the doctrine of respondeat

                                       -16-
No. 69556-8-1/17



superior. Hansch, 190 Wash, at 101-02. Hansch. however, was decided in

1937, before the legislature passed RCW 7.70.040.21 At that time, medical

malpractice was a common law claim and no statutory requirement existed

necessitating expert testimony in order to establish the standard of care

applicable to "a health care provider" as a member of a particular "profession or

class." Hansch no longer properly states the law.

        Grove failed to prove the standard of care in this case, as he did not

implicate a "health care provider" nor identify the relevant "profession or class" to

which a particular duty was applicable. Grove thus failed to prove the standard

of care as required by RCW 7.70.040. The trial court properly so ruled.

                                                 Ill


        Grove further contends that the trial court erred by overturning the jury

verdict, claiming that he sufficiently proved that a particular individual's

negligence was the proximate cause of his injury. This is so, he asserts,

because Dr. Leone was negligent in his role as the "leader" of the "team."22 We
disagree.




        21 RCW 7.70.040 was enacted in 1976.
        22 An individual may be held liable as the "leader" of a "team" pursuant to the "captain of
the ship" doctrine. Under the "captain of the ship" doctrine, a patient who is negligently injured
during surgery may bring an action against the lead surgeon for the actions of other individuals
acting at the surgeon's direction, regardless of their actual employment status. Van Hook, 64
Wn. App. at 364. However, this case does not involve the "captain of the ship" doctrine. Grove
does not contend that his injury was caused by negligent conduct committed during surgery.
Rather, Grove contends that the negligent conduct was committed during postsurgical monitoring.
However, Dr. Leone was not exercising control and directing the actions of the staff during the
entire postsurgery period. In fact, Dr. Leone was in New Jersey to celebrate Christmas during
half of the relevant time period. The "captain of the ship" doctrine, therefore, does not support
Grove's claim.


                                               -17-
No. 69556-8-1/18



        Grove does not point to Dr. Leone's direct actions as the proximate cause

of his injuries, especially as neither of Grove's experts could identify when the

compartment syndrome developed. Rather, Grove contends that Dr. Leone was

negligent in his role as the "leader" of the "team." Thus, in order to support a

finding that Dr. Leone was negligent, Grove needed to demonstrate either that

Dr. Leone negligently supervised the "team" or that the standard of care was that

the team leader had a duty to instruct all of the staff to monitor for compartment

syndrome. Grove does not allege that Dr. Leone was negligent in his

supervision, nor can he, as Dr. Leone could not have supervised from the other

side of the country. Further, neither of Grove's experts testified as to whether Dr.

Leone should have left instructions before he left for New Jersey. To the

contrary, Dr. Adams testified that Dr. Leone's responsibility ended when he

turned over care of Grove to Dr. Zech.23 For his part, Dr. Ghidella testified that

Dr. Leone remained responsible for the entire period until December 31, but his

conclusion was based on the fact that Dr. Leone was the physician of record, not

on a relevant standard of care. Thus, the evidence presented was insufficient to

prove that Dr. Leone was negligent in his duties.

        Grove's assertion that Dr. Leone was liable as the "leader" of the "team" is

merely an attempt to hold Dr. Leone vicariously liable for the actions of the other

doctors and staff that treated Grove. Supervisors cannot be vicariously liable for

the negligence of the employees whom they supervise. Harvey v. Snohomish

         23 "Q: In terms of your statement as to the relative liability, is itthe head of the team that
you're critiquing or each individual member? A:. . . [T]hen if the head team member is gone, then
it's the person who he designates the new captain."

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No. 69556-8-1/19



County. 124 Wn. App. 806, 820, 103 P.3d 836 (2004), rev'd on other grounds.

157 Wn.2d 33, 134 P.3d 216 (2006); see also Van Hook. 64 Wn. App. at 365 (no

vicarious liability of surgeon for nurses who assisted him, when surgeon did not

control how nurses counted sponges). Dr. Leone was the supervisor, not the

employer, of the "team." Unless Grove could show that Dr. Leone was

independently liable, he cannot point to Dr. Leone as a specific individual for

whom PeaceHealth may be held vicariously liable. This Grove has failed to do.

Accordingly, PeaceHealth cannot be held liable for Dr. Leone's asserted liability

resulting from his role as "leader" of the "team."

       Affirmed.




We concur:




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