                                    PUBLISHED

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                     No. 15-4510


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

CHARISE SHANELL STONE, a/k/a Charise Stone Crumbly,

                   Defendant – Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Alexandria. Claude M. Hilton, Senior District Judge. (1:14-cr-00127-CMH-1)


Argued: March 24, 2017                                      Decided: August 2, 2017


Before WILKINSON, KING, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion.      Judge Agee wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Wilkinson and Judge King joined.


ARGUED: Alan Hideto Yamamoto, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. Elissa Hart-
Mahan, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Caroline D. Ciraolo, Acting Assistant Attorney General, S.
Robert Lyons, Acting Chief, Criminal Appeals & Tax Enforcement Policy Section,
Gregory Victor Davis, Tax Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
AGEE, Circuit Judge:

       Charise Shanell Stone was indicted for orchestrating a scheme to defraud

mortgage companies. During trial, Stone made a motion for recusal based on the district

court’s ownership of stock in some of the companies, which the court denied. After she

was convicted, the district court sentenced Stone to sixty months’ imprisonment and

ordered her to pay approximately $2.3 million in restitution. Stone appeals the district

court’s restitution calculation, determination of loss for purposes of sentencing, and

denial of her motion for recusal. We affirm the district court for the reasons stated below.



                                             I.

       In April 2014, a grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia indicted Stone for

conspiracy to commit wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, wire fraud in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, false statements in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1014, fictitious

obligations in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 514, obstructing and impeding the due

administration of internal revenue laws in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7212, and failure to

file an individual tax return in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7203. As represented in the

indictment, Stone convinced financially distressed homeowners to engage her services as

a real estate agent to negotiate “short sales” with the mortgage holders on behalf of those

homeowners. In such a short sale, a real estate agent finds a buyer for a mortgaged home

at a price less than the balance owed on the mortgage and then negotiates with the

mortgage holder for the holder to accept the sale price as satisfaction of the mortgage.



                                             2
       In this case, Stone fraudulently reported short sale prices to the mortgage holders

in lower amounts than the sale proceeds that she actually received.             She initially

transferred ownership in the properties to herself, her husband, or one of her controlled

entities and reported the sales to the mortgage companies, concealing these fraudulent

transactions from both the homeowners and mortgage holders. Stone then quickly resold

the properties, or “flipped” them, to predetermined buyers for more than the amounts she

paid to the mortgage companies from the original short sales, again concealing these

actions from the homeowners, buyers, and lenders. Stone also collected commissions

and other fees on the sales as the real estate agent, although she was not licensed to sell

real estate.

       At trial, Stone filed a largely unintelligible motion for recusal, 1 providing the

following grounds:

       1. Defendant [sic] rights to due process have been violated, in light of the
          Court’s performance and quest for defense to waive rights.
       2. A conflict of interest. The Court has unconsentually [sic] appointed
          unwarranted counsel, to which alleged defendant’s estate respectfully
          declines the ‘offer’ to contract thereto. Affirmative.
           Further, be it known, as the Court is the arbitrator, to which alleged
           defendant has no ‘beneficial ties’, the same sits in consort with the
           accuser(s).
           Therefore, let the record show, the hands of Hilton, Claude dba Judge
           Claude M. Hilton are in fact ‘unclean’. Affirmative.



       1
         Although Stone was represented by counsel, she filed the recusal motion pro se. Stone
considers herself a “sovereign, non-United States citizen.” Opening Br. 6; see also El v.
AmeriCredit Fin. Servs., Inc., 710 F.3d 748, 750 (7th Cir. 2013) (describing the “Sovereign
Citizens movement”).


                                              3
       3. The Court has willfully dishonored the ‘Constitutional Challenge’ as
          set forth in Law and is HEREBY requested to respectfully RECUSE
          himself.
J.A. 463–64. At a hearing on the motion, the district court stated, “There’s a motion here

for me to recuse myself. I find that there’s no basis. I never want any extra cases, but

there’s no basis for me to recuse myself on this one. And that motion is denied.” J.A.

469. Representing herself on the motion, albeit with counsel at the table with her, Stone

stated, “And the motion for recusal, Your Honor, is because when you asked the jury was

there anyone here that had any mortgages, any stock in any of the banks—JP Morgan

Chase, Bank of America, Ocwen—I would [like to] know if there’s a conflict of interest

with your financials, the prosecutors’ financials, or any of the agents that are represented

at this table.” J.A. 470. 2 The court responded, “If there was a conflict, I wouldn’t be

here.” J.A. 470. Stone pressed, “So you’re saying that you don’t have any stock in JP

Morgan Chase or prison bonds or anything of that matter?”            J.A. 470.   The court

repeated, “If there was a conflict, I wouldn’t be here.” J.A. 471. Stone continued, “Or

any of the banks? So you don’t have—” J.A. 471. The court again stated, “If there was a

conflict, I wouldn’t be here.” J.A. 471.

       During the trial presentation of its case in chief, the Government introduced

documentary evidence and testimony of the homeowners, representatives of the lenders,

investigators, and Stone’s co-conspirators. Stone did not put on a defense. The jury

found her guilty on all counts.

       2
         The indictment lists Washington Mutual, Inc., IndyMac Bank, Countrywide,
CitiMortgage, National City Bank, Bank of America, GMAC Mortgage, Wells Fargo, and Chase
Home Finance, LLC—not Ocwen—as the victim lenders.


                                             4
       The presentence investigation report (“PSR”) prepared by the probation office

indicated that the “victim mortgage lenders suffered losses of approximately

$2,330,722,” representing the difference between the balances on the mortgages and the

amounts Stone paid them from the short sales.      J.A. 983. The PSR recommended the

court order that amount be paid to the victim lenders in restitution and also utilize that

same amount to calculate the recommended sentence under the advisory Sentencing

Guidelines. Stone objected to the loss amount for purposes of the sentencing calculation,

stating,

       While [the] probation office correctly calculated the loss amount of
       $2,330,722 based on the difference between the outstanding mortgage
       amount less the short sale proceeds, Ms. Stone contends that figure gives a
       distorted picture as to the actual losses by the lenders and gives the lenders
       a windfall they never would have realized had the lenders foreclosed and
       sold the properties in a foreclosure sale.

J.A. 912–13. She did not, however, object to the court fixing the restitution as the

amount in the PSR.      Stone requested a Guidelines-range sentence of sixty-three to

seventy-eight months, “[s]hould the Court consider a variance for the loss amount.” J.A.

914. At the sentencing hearing, Stone again stated, “Additionally, Your Honor, we

would ask the Court to consider a variance in this case because the probation officer

correctly calculated the [G]uideline loss as approximately $2.3 million, but this was a

case involving short sales.” J.A. 933. Specifically, Stone requested the district court “to

consider a variance and . . . a sentence below the [G]uideline range.” J.A. 934.

       The district court adopted the PSR and calculated Stone’s offense level at 28 with

a criminal history category of I, resulting in a Guidelines range of seventy-eight to


                                             5
ninety-seven months’ imprisonment. The court sentenced Stone to a below-Guidelines

sixty months’ imprisonment and ordered restitution to the victim lenders in the full

amount recommended by the PSR, approximately $2.3 million. 3 Stone filed a timely

notice of appeal, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C.

§ 3742.

       After sentencing and while this appeal was pending, Stone filed a motion for a

new trial in the district court “based on her allegation that [the district court] should have

recused itself based on an alleged conflict of interest stemming from its ownership of

stock in some of the victim banks.” United States v. Stone, No. 1:14CR127, 2016 WL

4707991, at *1 (E.D. Va. Sept. 7, 2016). The district court determined that this Court

“has held that a judge’s interest in the victim of a crime does not necessarily require

recusal.” Id. While conceding that it “did have a financial interest in some of the victim

banks during the period it was assigned to [Stone’s] case,” the court nonetheless

concluded that Stone “has not shown that either the interest or the restitution ordered was

so substantial as to require recusal.” Id. The court also noted that “[t]he banks at issue

here—Wells Fargo, PNC, and JP Morgan Chase—are all large corporations that

seemingly would not be significantly affected by the restitution ordered here.” Id. at *2.

For those reasons, the district court denied Stone’s motion. Id.




       3
         The district court also ordered Stone to pay approximately $150,000 in restitution to the
Internal Revenue Service. Stone does not challenge that part of the order on appeal.


                                                6
                                               II.

       On appeal, Stone challenges the district court’s restitution order, loss

determination for its sentencing calculation, and denial of her motion for recusal. We

address each in turn.

                                               A.

       First we consider the district court’s restitution determination. Ordinarily, the

Court reviews a district court’s restitution order for abuse of discretion. See United

States v. Freeman, 741 F.3d 426, 431 (4th Cir. 2014). See generally United States v.

Alvarado, 840 F.3d 184, 189 (4th Cir. 2016) (“A district court abuses its discretion when

it (1) acts arbitrarily, as if neither by rule nor discretion, (2) fails to adequately take into

account judicially recognized factors constraining its exercise of discretion, or (3) rests its

decision on erroneous factual or legal premises.”). 4          However, when, as here, the

defendant fails to object to the restitution order, we review for plain error, which places a

heavier burden on the appellant than abuse-of-discretion review. See United States v.

Seignious, 757 F.3d 155, 160 (4th Cir. 2014). A finding of plain error requires: (1) “the

existence of legal error that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e.,

affirmatively waived, by the appellant”; (2) “that the legal error at issue be clear or

obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute”; and (3) “that the clear or obvious

legal error at issue have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary

case means the defendant must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of the district

       4
         We have omitted internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations here and throughout
this opinion, unless otherwise noted.


                                               7
court proceedings.” Id. at 160–61. If plain error exists, we have “the discretion to

remedy the error—discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at 161; see

Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b) (“A plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered

even though it was not brought to the court’s attention.”).

       The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”) provides that the district court

“shall order . . . that the defendant make restitution to the victim of the offense” upon

conviction for “an offense against property . . . , including any offense committed by

fraud or deceit.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii). The sentencing court must

direct a convicted defendant to either “return the property to the owner” or,

       if return of the property . . . is impossible, impracticable, or inadequate, pay
       an amount equal to—
           (i) the greater of—
                (I) the value of the property on the date of the damage, loss, or
                     destruction; or
                (II) the value of the property on the date of sentencing, less
           (ii) the value (as of the date the property is returned) of any part of the
                property that is returned.

Id. § 3663A(b)(1). The probation office must include in its PSR “information sufficient

for the court to exercise its discretion in fashioning a restitution order,” including, “to the

extent practicable, a complete accounting of the losses to each victim.” Id. § 3664(a); see

also Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(1)(B) (“If the law permits restitution, the probation officer

must conduct an investigation and submit a report that contains sufficient information for

the court to order restitution.”). To aid the probation office in preparing its PSR, the

Government is required, “after consulting, to the extent practicable, with all identified


                                              8
victims, [to] promptly provide the probation officer with a listing of the amounts subject

to restitution.”   18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(1).        Should the parties dispute the amount of

restitution, the court will resolve the matter “by the preponderance of the evidence.” Id.

§ 3664(e). Ultimately, the Government bears “[t]he burden of demonstrating the amount

of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense.” Id.

       The court must “order restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim’s

losses as determined by the court and without consideration of the economic

circumstances of the defendant.” Id. § 3664(f)(1)(A); accord United States v. Newsome,

322 F.3d 328, 341 (4th Cir. 2003) (“[T]he MVRA requires that a court enter an order of

full restitution when the loss is caused by a property offense, and the focus of the court in

applying the MVRA must be on the losses to the victim caused by the offense.”). A court

may base its restitution order on actual losses only, not intended losses. United States v.

Harvey, 532 F.3d 326, 339 (4th Cir. 2008).            The goals of the MVRA “are both

compensatory and penal, requiring the defendant to return his ill-gotten gains to the

victims of his crimes.” United States v. Ritchie, 858 F.3d 201, 214 (4th Cir. 2017).

However, the MVRA “does not allow a court to grant a windfall to the victim, and

thereby unfairly punish a defendant by requiring him to pay back more money than he

stole. But just as the victim is not entitled to a windfall, the defendant is not entitled to a

bailout.” Id. at 216. The determination of whether the district court committed error in

its calculation of restitution is a fact-intensive inquiry. See Seignious, 757 F.3d at 163

(noting that a district court’s view of the evidence must only be “plausible in light of the

record viewed in its entirety”); see also Ritchie, 858 F.3d at 214 (“Calculations of the

                                              9
appropriate amount of restitution will always rest upon the unique circumstances of each

case, and this is particularly true in the mortgage foreclosure context where secured loans

and property rights change hands for different reasons and upon different terms.”).

       In this case, “property,” for § 3663A purposes, refers to what Stone fraudulently

obtained from the mortgage holders: the value of the unpaid mortgages. See Robers v.

United States, 572 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 1854, 1857 (2014) (noting that the term “property”

in § 3663A “refers to the property the banks lost, namely, the money they lent to Robers,

and not to the collateral the banks received, namely, the two houses”). Thus, our inquiry

consists solely of determining whether the district court correctly determined that the

values of the mortgages on the dates of the fraudulent acts were the remaining balances

on those mortgages. Stone argues that the district court should have calculated restitution

by subtracting the amounts Stone paid the mortgage holders from the proceeds Stone

actually received from the undisclosed “flip” sales instead of from the balances owed on

the mortgages. We conclude, however, that the evidence supports the district court’s

calculation.

       A preponderance of the evidence shows that Stone fraudulently induced the

lenders to approve the short sales and forego the full value of the mortgages. Many of the

homeowners testified that they were not facing foreclosure or behind on their payments

when contacted by Stone. Several of the owners were attempting to sell their houses

through conventional means when Stone convinced them to contract with her.

Representatives of the victim lenders testified that they preferred full satisfaction of

mortgages to short sales. Stone also provided false information to the victim lenders by

                                            10
depicting a given homeowner’s financial status as more dire than in actuality. For

example, she instructed one client to indicate in his hardship letter to the bank that his

attorney had recommended that he file bankruptcy, although he had no attorney or any

intention of filing bankruptcy. Thus, without any evidence to the contrary, the district

court could only speculate as to when (or if) any of these homeowners would cease

making mortgage payments. The evidence shows that the majority of the short sales

were at best premature and not warranted by the homeowners’ actual financial

circumstances.

      Moreover, there is no evidence that Stone obtained in the flip sales a fair market

value for the houses. The bank representatives testified that the standard practice was to

accept the highest offer in a short sale.       Their testimony showed that Stone had

fraudulently induced them to believe her in her false representations that a given price

was the best and highest offer. Although typically a home’s sale price reflects its market

value in an arm’s-length transaction, Stone quickly sold the properties to make a profit,

flipping the homes the day of or day after the short sale. Bank representatives testified

that lenders would not approve the short sale of a property that would be flipped the next

day “because we would know we would not get the fair market value or the highest value

of that property.” J.A. 383–84. Indeed, “real property is not liquid and, absent a huge

price discount, cannot be sold immediately.” United States v. Robers, 698 F.3d 937, 947

(7th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added), aff’d, 134 S. Ct. 1854 (2014). There is no evidence

that Stone did any due diligence in attempting to solicit the highest price possible.

Consequently, the district court was justified by the record evidence not to rely on the

                                           11
sale price of any given home as its market value for purposes of establishing the

restitution amount.

       The evidence offered by the Government clearly supports the mortgages balances

as the value of those mortgages and thus the loss amount for purposes of restitution. And

once the Government has satisfied its burden to offer evidence supporting its restitution

calculation, the burden shifts to the defendant to dispute the amount with her own

evidence. In other words, Stone had the burden to show that the values of the mortgages

were something less than the amounts owed. However, Stone did not provide or point to

any evidence to support her contention that the proceeds she received from the short sales

were the values of the mortgages, although she had the opportunity to do so. See

Seignious, 757 F.3d at 162–63 (“Seignious had fair opportunity to challenge [the]

evidence [proffered by the Government to support its restitution calculation].”). Thus,

“we conclude that the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the

record viewed in its entirety.” Id. at 163. The district court properly determined that a

preponderance of the evidence, at minimum, supported the restitution total offered by the

Government. The court therefore did not err, much less plainly err, in its calculation of

the restitution amount.

                                            B.

       We next analyze the district court’s determination of loss for purposes of

sentencing. In an appeal of a loss calculation, the Court will “review the factual findings

of the district court for clear error . . . [and] its legal interpretation of the Sentencing

Guidelines de novo.” United States v. Dawkins, 202 F.3d 711, 714 (4th Cir. 2000).

                                            12
Specifically, “the determination of loss attributable to a fraud scheme is a factual issue

for resolution by the district court, and we review such a finding of fact only for clear

error.” United States v. Rand, 835 F.3d 451, 467 (4th Cir. 2016). In general, the Court

examines the reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion. See United States v.

Lynn, 592 F.3d 572, 575 (4th Cir. 2010). 5

       The district court must use “the greater of actual loss or intended loss” in its

sentencing calculation. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A) (U.S.

Sentencing Comm’n 2014). 6 “‘Actual loss’ means the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary

harm that resulted from the offense.”        Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A)(i).      “‘[R]easonably

foreseeable pecuniary harm’ means pecuniary harm that the defendant knew or, under the

circumstances, reasonably should have known, was a potential result of the offense.” Id.

§ 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A)(iv). “‘Intended loss’ (I) means the pecuniary harm that was intended

to result from the offense; and (II) includes intended pecuniary harm that would have

been impossible or unlikely to occur (e.g., as in a government sting operation, or an

insurance fraud in which the claim exceeded the insured value).” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt.

n.3(A)(ii). With its loss calculation, “[t]he court need only make a reasonable estimate of

the loss. The sentencing judge is in a unique position to assess the evidence and estimate

the loss based upon that evidence. For this reason, the court’s loss determination is


       5
          The Government argues that either plain error review or the invited error doctrine
applies, both of which place heavier burdens on Stone. We need not consider these contentions,
as Stone’s arguments fail even under the abuse-of-discretion standard.
        6
          The probation office used the 2014 version of the Sentencing Guidelines to calculate
Stone’s offense level.


                                             13
entitled to appropriate deference.” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C); see also United States v.

Catone, 769 F.3d 866, 876 (4th Cir. 2014) (observing that the sentencing court need only

make a “reasonable estimate of loss based on the available information in the record”).

For property offenses, the district court must “tak[e] into account, as appropriate and

practicable under the circumstances, . . . [t]he fair market value of the property

unlawfully taken, copied, or destroyed; or, if the fair market value is impracticable to

determine or inadequately measures the harm, the cost to the victim of replacing that

property.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(C)(i) (U.S. Sentencing

Comm’n 2014). In turn, the loss amount “shall be reduced by . . . [t]he money returned,

and the fair market value of the property returned and the services rendered, by the

defendant . . . to the victim before the offense was detected.” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(E)(i).

The court’s finding must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. United States

v. Miller, 316 F.3d 495, 503 (4th Cir. 2003). As with restitution, “[t]he government bears

the burden of proving the loss amount.” Catone, 769 F.3d at 877. “While a sentencing

court need only make a reasonable estimate of loss based on the available information in

the record, an estimate that is unsupported by any evidence cannot be reasonable.” Id.

       For the same reasons stated in the restitution analysis above, the district court did

not clearly err in its calculation of loss for the purpose of sentencing. Cf. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3664(f)(1)(A) (“In each order of restitution, the court shall order restitution to each

victim in the full amount of each victim’s losses as determined by the court . . . .”

(emphasis added)); Dawkins, 202 F.3d at 715 (concluding that “the restitution amount

depends on the amount of loss”).        Because the evidence before the district court

                                            14
supported a finding of loss in the amount of the mortgage balances less the proceeds

Stone sent to the lenders, and because any other valuation of the mortgages was too

speculative, the court’s loss calculation was reasonable. Thus, “there is no basis for us to

conclude that the district court’s actual loss figure . . . is clearly erroneous.” Seignious,

757 F.3d at 165. 7 Because the court used the correct loss figure in sentencing Stone

pursuant to the advisory Guidelines, the district court did not abuse its discretion.

                                             C.

       Finally, we consider Stone’s appeal of the district court’s denial of her motion for

recusal. The Court “review[s] a judge’s recusal decision for abuse of discretion.” Kolon

Indus. Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 748 F.3d 160, 167 (4th Cir. 2014). We

begin with a reading of the plain language of 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), which provides, in

pertinent part, that “[a]ny justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall

disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be

questioned.”    Furthermore, a judge must recuse himself if “[h]e knows that he,

individually or as a fiduciary, . . . has a financial interest in the subject matter in

controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or any other interest that could be

substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. § 455(b)(4).

       The basis of Stone’s recusal argument lies with the district court’s ownership of

stock in some of the victim lenders, thereby implicating § 455(b)(4). That statute speaks

of “financial interest” and “any other interest that could be substantially affected by the

       7
         Because we find that the district court’s determination of the actual loss amount was
proper, we need not address the parties’ intended loss arguments.


                                             15
outcome of the proceeding.” Id. Such a financial interest is defined as the “ownership of

a legal or equitable interest, however small.” Id. § 455(d)(4). The ownership of stock is

a financial interest. See Cent. Tel. Co. of Va. v. Sprint Commc’ns Co. of Va., Inc., 715

F.3d 501, 515 (4th Cir. 2013). “If a judge has an ownership interest in a party or in the

subject matter in controversy, it matters not at all whether the interest is a large or

infinitesimally small amount.” In re Va. Elec. & Power Co., 539 F.2d 357, 368 (4th Cir.

1976). As for “any other interest,” “§ 455(b)(4) requires recusal only where a financial

interest not immediately in controversy could be substantially affected by the outcome of

the proceeding.” Kolon Indus., 748 F.3d at 170 n.8. Whether the “other interest” of

§ 455(b)(4) “is disqualifying depends upon the remoteness of the interest and its extent or

degree.” In re Beard, 811 F.2d 818, 831 (4th Cir. 1987). “As the interest becomes less

direct, it will require disqualification only if the litigation substantially affects that

interest.” Id.

       Our decision in United States v. Sellers, 566 F.2d 884 (4th Cir. 1977), controls the

disposition of this case. There, the defendant was convicted of robbing a bank. Id. at

885. The defendant filed a “motion for a new trial in which he contended that the interest

of the district judge and his family in the bank disqualified him.” Id. at 886–87. In

addressing the motion, the district court “described in detail his financial interest in the

bank” as follows: “a holding company owns all of the bank’s stock, and the judge and his

family, individually or as trustees, have an interest in this company amounting to less

than one percent of the issued and outstanding stock.” Id. at 887. Furthermore, the

judge’s “brother is chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the

                                            16
bank and its holding company.” Id. The district court determined that “ownership of

stock in a bank should not prevent a judge from trying a person charged with robbing the

bank, because the bank is not a party, and neither it nor any stockholder has a financial

stake in the outcome of the case.” Id.

       We agreed, holding that “[n]o reason appears why owning stock in a holding

company owning a bank that is robbed would lead to any reasonable apprehension that

the stockholder judge would be partial.” Id. We concluded that “[n]either the bank nor

its parent company are parties to the case, and we [found] that any interest the judge

might possibly have in the case is so remote as to be for all practical purposes non-

existent.” Id. We likewise held that the positions of the judge’s brother in the holding

company and bank did not warrant recusal. Id.

       Applying Sellers to this case, the district court’s ownership of stock in the victim

lenders is not a § 455(b)(4) financial interest. Like the bank in Sellers, the victim lenders

here are not parties to the action; this is a criminal case between Stone and the

Government. See id. (concluding that “[n]either the bank nor its parent company are

parties to the case”); see also Party, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (defining

“party” for trial purposes as “[o]ne by or against whom a lawsuit is brought; anyone who

both is directly interested in a lawsuit and has a right to control the proceedings, make a

defense, or appeal from an adverse judgment; litigant”). Nor is the district court’s stock

ownership at issue.

       Moreover, the district court’s stockholdings cannot be considered an “other

interest” subject to § 455(b)(4). If the district judge’s interest in Sellers was “so remote

                                             17
as to be for all practical purposes non-existent,” 566 F.2d at 887, the district court’s

interest in this case is even more so, given the victims are national banking behemoths.

The approximately $2.3 million in restitution will have a negligible effect, if any, on the

value of these lenders, each of which is worth many hundreds of millions—if not

billions—of dollars. At best, the impact of the restitution order on the district court’s

stock interest constitutes “a bare expectancy or chance to ultimately benefit” and does not

warrant recusal. See In re Va. Elec. & Power Co., 539 F.2d at 368.

       In any event, Stone failed to adduce any evidence that the district court owned

enough stock in the massive corporate lenders to remove this case from the ambit of

Sellers. In particular, Stone has not presented the Court with the financial disclosure

report on which she bases her appeal. Despite the Government putting her on notice that

the financial disclosure report is not part of the record before this Court, see Resp. Br. 20,

Stone has not attempted to make the contents of the report available to the Court in any

form or fashion. Without that evidentiary basis in the record, the Court would engage in

utter speculation to hold the district court abused its discretion. Although the district

court admitted that it “did have a financial interest in some of the victim banks during the

period it was assigned to Defendant’s case,” it is apparent that Stone “has not shown that

either the interest or the restitution ordered was so substantial as to require recusal.”

Stone, 2016 WL 4707991, at *1. Furthermore, we do not know the character of the

district court’s ownership of stock in the victim lenders, which could bear on whether

§ 455 applies. For example, § 455(d)(4)(i) exempts “[o]wnership in a mutual or common

investment fund that holds securities” from the recusal requirements.

                                             18
       As for § 455(a), the “objective standard asks whether the judge’s impartiality

might be questioned by a reasonable, well-informed observer who assesses all the facts

and circumstances.” United States v. DeTemple, 162 F.3d 279, 286 (4th Cir. 1998)

(emphasis added). As just noted, we cannot step into the shoes of a well-informed

observer due to Stone’s failure to provide the Court with the district court’s financial

disclosure report. Thus, we cannot assess all the facts and circumstances because we do

not have them before us. It is the appellant’s responsibility to provide the Court with the

information it needs to decide an issue on appeal.           See Fed. R. App. P. 30(a)(1).

Regardless, for the same reasons supporting our conclusion with regards to Stone’s

§ 455(b)(4) argument, we are not convinced that the district court’s ownership of stock in

the victim lenders would require recusal under § 455(a). We therefore decline to find that

the district court abused its discretion in its determination not to recuse.



                                              III.

       For all of these reasons, the judgment of the district court is

                                                                               AFFIRMED.




                                              19
