                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 15-1352
                                       ___________

                                  NINOUSKA GOMEZ,
                                        Appellant

                                             v.

                                OXFORD LAW, LLC
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 3-14-cv-00477)
                        District Judge: Hon. James M. Munley
                      ____________________________________

                       Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   on April 13, 2016

                Before: AMBRO, SMITH and KRAUSE, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: August 8, 2016)


                                        OPINION*


KRAUSE, Circuit Judge

       Appellant Ninouska Gomez alleges that Oxford Law, LLC, a debt collector,

violated a regulation implementing the technical provisions of the Telephone Consumer

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
Protection Act (TCPA) by leaving her a prerecorded message that did not identify the

debt collector or the individual placing the call “at the beginning of the message.” 47

U.S.C. § 227(d)(3)(A); 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(b)(1). This alleged violation forms the basis

for Gomez’s claim under § 1692e(5) of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA),

which prohibits using “[t]he threat to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that

is not intended to be taken in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 U.S.C.

§ 1692e(5). The District Court granted Oxford Law’s Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on

the pleadings. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       On November 20, 2013, Oxford Law left a message for Gomez using a

prerecorded voice. Because the message began by instructing the listener to hang up

unless she was the call recipient and explaining that the message contained private

information, it did not identify the individual caller or the debt collector, Oxford Law,

until the seventh sentence.1 Based on this message, Gomez filed a single-count

complaint against Oxford Law alleging an FDCPA violation.2

       The District Court granted Oxford Law’s motion for judgment on the pleadings

and denied Gomez’s cross-motion for summary judgment. Gomez v. Oxford Law, LLC,

       1
        The parties have stipulated to the content of the message and agree that Gomez is
a “consumer,” that Oxford Law is a “debt collector,” and that Oxford Law communicated
with Gomez in an attempt to collect a “debt” as defined by the FDCPA. R. 33 (citing 15
U.S.C. § 1692a(3), (5), (6)).
       2
         Gomez explicitly states in her complaint that she “asserts a claim only for the
violations of the [FDCPA]” and “does not assert an independent claim for the violations
of the federal regulations [implementing the TCPA].” R. 22.

                                             2
No. 3:14cv477, 2015 WL 58766, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Jan. 5, 2015). The Court held that the

challenged message did not trigger liability under § 1692e(5) of the FDCPA because

§ 1692e(5) “applies only to threats to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that

is not intended to be taken,” and not to illegal acts themselves, and because “even if the

court were to construe section 1692e(5) to include both threats and illegal acts, [Oxford

Law’s] technical violation of the TCPA—the illegal act—is not the type of illegal act the

FDCPA prohibits.” Gomez, 2015 WL 58766, at *4.

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and we have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over a Rule 12(c)

motion for judgment on the pleadings. Leamer v. Fauver, 288 F.3d 532, 535 (3d Cir.

2002). As with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “we view the facts alleged in the pleadings and

the inferences to be drawn from those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”

Id.

                                             II.

       In Simon v. FIA Card Services, N.A., 732 F.3d 259 (3d Cir. 2013), where the

debtor plaintiffs asserted a claim under several provisions of the FDCPA based on the

creditor’s alleged failure to comply with subpoena rules during bankruptcy proceedings,

we analyzed the claim in two parts: “The first inquiry is whether the subpoenas failed to

comply with the [subpoena] rules, as alleged. The second is whether the alleged failures

to comply also violated § 1692e(5) or (13) of the FDCPA.” Id. at 270. 3 In this case,


       3
        Section 1692e(13) prohibits debt collectors from making “[t]he false
representation or implication that documents are legal process.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(13).

                                              3
however, even assuming that Oxford Law committed the alleged technical violation of

the TCPA, Gomez fails at the second step of the analysis because this conduct cannot be

understood as a violation of the FDCPA.

       Congress enacted the FDCPA in response to “abundant evidence of the use of

abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection practices by many debt collectors.” 15

U.S.C. § 1692(a). As such, § 1692e of the FDCPA prohibits debt collectors from

engaging in such practices and gives examples of prohibited conduct. Gomez alleges that

Oxford Law violated the provision by engaging in the conduct enumerated in § 1692e(5),

which reads:


       A debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading
       representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.
       Without limiting the general application of the foregoing, the following
       conduct is a violation of this section:

       ...

       (5) The threat to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that is not
       intended to be taken.

       Specifically, Gomez argues that Oxford Law violated this provision not by making

a threat to take any action that cannot legally be taken, but rather by actually taking an

illegal action. That alleged illegal action, she asserts, was Oxford Law’s violation of a

regulation that was promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to

implement § 227(d)(3)(A) of the TCPA and that requires debt collectors to identify the

entity or individual calling “[a]t the beginning of the [prerecorded] message.” 47 C.F.R.

§ 64.1200(b)(1). In response, Oxford Law disputes Gomez’s broad construction of


                                              4
§ 1692e(5), contending that its prerecorded message cannot be understood as “a threat to

take action” under the FDCPA and that in any event Oxford Law did not violate the

TCPA but rather comported with FCC guidance clarifying that debt collectors need not

identify themselves where such disclosure would conflict with their other obligations

under state and federal law. In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer

Prot. Act of 1991, 20 F.C.C. Rcd. 3788, 3788, 3802-03 (2005).

       Interesting though these questions are, we conclude that the circumstances of this

case do not require us to resolve whether certain illegal acts may trigger the prohibition

set forth in § 1692e(5) of the FDCPA or whether Oxford Law’s prerecorded message

violated the technical provisions of the TCPA. For although Gomez argues in favor of an

expansive reading of § 1692e(5)—which notes merely one example in a non-exhaustive

list of prohibited actions—she is unable to establish that the alleged violation is “capable

of influencing the decision of the least sophisticated debtor” in any respect. Jensen v.

Pressler & Pressler, 791 F.3d 413, 421 (3d Cir. 2015); see also McLaughlin v. Phelan

Hallinan & Schmieg, LLP, 756 F.3d 240, 246 (3d Cir. 2014) (debt collectors’

representations to debtors must be analyzed “from the perspective of the least

sophisticated debtor”). Indeed, Gomez does not explain how the TCPA violation she has

alleged qualifies as a “false, deceptive, or misleading representation” prohibited under

§ 1692e or, more broadly, as an “abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection

practice[]” that the FDCPA is designed to remedy, 15 U.S.C. § 1692(a). See Jensen, 791

F.3d at 421 (“[I]f a statement would not mislead the unsophisticated consumer, it does

not violate the [Act]—even if it is false in some technical sense.” (quoting Hahn v.

                                              5
Triumph Partnerships LLC, 557 F.3d 755, 758 (7th Cir. 2009)); Campuzano-Burgos v.

Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 550 F.3d 294, 300 (3d Cir. 2008) (rejecting § 1692e claim

where challenged settlement offers were not deceptive). It follows that the alleged TCPA

violation cannot be construed as a false or legally baseless “threat to take . . . action” as

required to trigger § 1692e(5).4 See Evankavitch v. Green Tree Servicing, LLC, 793 F.3d

355, 361 (3d Cir. 2015) (reiterating, in an FDCPA action, the “common-sense” default

rule that plaintiffs bear the burden of proving their claims, whereas the debt collector

carries the burden of establishing any affirmative defenses).

       Because the alleged TCPA violation identified by Gomez does not qualify as

conduct for which a debtor could recover under § 1692e or its subsections, we will affirm

the judgment of the District Court.




       4
         Judge Smith would affirm on the ground that the least sophisticated consumer
would not consider the technical violation of the TCPA—identifying the debt collector a
few sentences into the recorded message—to be a “threat to take . . . action” under
§ 1692e(5). See Kaymark v. Bank of Am., N.A., 783 F.3d 168, 176 (3d Cir. 2015) (stating
that a foreclosure complaint listing certain not-yet incurred fees did not provide the basis
for an e(5) claim because “Udren did not threaten to take an action that cannot legally be
taken, such as falsely threatening to file suit” (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted)); Huertas v. Galaxy Asset Mgmt., 641 F.3d 28, 33 (3d Cir. 2011) (“Even the
least sophisticated consumer would not understand AMP’s letter [explaining that the debt
was reassigned and inviting the debtor to dispute the debt] to explicitly or implicitly
threaten litigation.”).
                                               6
