                   Case: 11-15770         Date Filed: 08/30/2012   Page: 1 of 26

                                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________

                                            No. 11-15770
                                        Non-Argument Calendar
                                      ________________________

                           D.C. Docket No. 8:11-cr-00117-SDM-EAJ-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                   lPlaintiff-Appellee,

                                                versus

ASIEBA IMADJAM THOMAS,

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                              l Defendant-Appellant.

                                     ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the Middle District of Florida
                                 ________________________

                                          (August 30, 2012)

Before BARKETT, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

         Asieba Thomas appeals his convictions and his total 212-month sentence
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after pleading guilty to 2 counts of possessing with intent to distribute, and

distributing, 5 or more grams of crack cocaine within 1000 feet of a school, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 860(a), and 1 count of possessing with intent

to distribute, and distributing, 5 or more grams of crack cocaine, in violation of

§ 841(a)(1). Thomas raises three main arguments on appeal: (1) the district court

abused its discretion in denying his motion to withdraw the guilty plea, (2) he

received ineffective assistance of counsel, and (3) his sentence was procedurally

and substantively unreasonable. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                     I. FACTS

      On March 12, 2010, Thomas sold 5.8 grams of crack cocaine to undercover

officers for $500, at a location within 1000 feet of a public high school. On May

25, 2010, he sold 5.5 grams of crack cocaine to the officers for $225, at the same

location. Less than a month later, Thomas sold an additional 13 grams of crack

cocaine in exchange for $505, at a different location. The above three transactions

formed the bases for Counts 1, 2, and 3 of Thomas’s indictment.

      On Monday, June 20, 2011, beginning at 10:18 a.m., a magistrate judge held

a plea hearing for Thomas and two other defendants in unrelated cases. Thomas

and one of the other defendants were represented by attorney Alec Fitzgerald Hall.

At the start of the hearing, Thomas told the magistrate that he had asked Hall to

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recuse himself from Thomas’s case. The magistrate responded that attorneys

cannot recuse themselves, and asked Thomas whether he was ready to plead

guilty. Thomas replied: “I’m just not ready right now.” The magistrate informed

Thomas that his trial would occur the following Monday unless a continuance was

granted. She then asked Hall whether he had a cordial relationship with Thomas,

and Hall replied: “I have. Sometimes people just don’t like the message.” The

magistrate asked Hall to confer with Thomas and to come back at 11:15 a.m.

However, after being informed that Hall represented another defendant at the

instant plea hearing, the magistrate instructed Thomas to just sit and observe the

hearing to “see what it’s like.” She then commenced the plea colloquy for the

other two defendants, which ended at 10:55 a.m.

      At 11:18 a.m., the magistrate reconvened the hearing for Thomas. Hall

stated that he afforded Thomas the opportunity to ask any questions, that Hall

answered those questions, and that Thomas still wanted to plead guilty. Upon

inquiry from the magistrate, Thomas himself indicated that he wanted to plead

guilty, that he had enough time to talk with his attorney, and that watching the

other two guilty pleas helped him. The magistrate asked Thomas, among other

things, whether anyone had made any promises or threats to get him to plead

guilty, and Thomas replied that no one had.

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      Thomas further indicated that he had a complete opportunity to review the

indictment, discuss the case with his attorney, and decide with his attorney on the

best course of action. However, when the magistrate asked Thomas if he was

satisfied with his attorney’s representation, Thomas replied in the negative, stating

that Hall failed to fully investigate his case. The magistrate asked Hall to address

the issue, and Hall responded that he had reviewed with Thomas a video that the

government provided to them, and that Hall was personally familiar with the

locations where Thomas’s first two offenses took place. Hall also stated:

      I discussed these issues with Mr. Thomas, reviewed the video with
      him on numerous occasions. I’m familiar with the law, reviewed
      everything with him, so I’m not aware of what Mr. Thomas is talking
      about about a full investigation. The video speaks for itself.

The magistrate asked Hall whether he had any doubt that the offenses charged in

the first 2 counts of the indictment actually occurred within 1000 feet of a school.

Hall replied that he was familiar with the area and believed that the offenses

occurred within 1000 feet of the high school, as charged in the indictment. He

stated that he had reviewed the Guidelines with Thomas, that Thomas wanted to

plead guilty, and that Hall was not aware of any investigation that had not been

completed.

      The magistrate asked Hall to speak with Thomas, and Hall conferred with



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him for several minutes. Afterwards, the magistrate asked Thomas whether he had

a chance to talk to Hall, whether the conversation cleared up any questions,

whether Thomas had adequate time to meet with Hall, and whether Thomas was

fully satisfied with Hall’s advice and representation. To all four questions,

Thomas answered, “Yes, ma’am.” Thomas then indicated that he was ready to

proceed with the plea. The magistrate again asked Thomas whether anyone had

made any promises or threats in order to get him to plead guilty, and Thomas

replied in the negative.

       The magistrate described the statutory penalties, which included a maximum

term of 80 years’ imprisonment on Counts 1 and 2, and 40 years on Count 3, and

explained that the terms could be imposed consecutively. She also told Thomas

that he faced a mandatory minimum term of five years’ imprisonment on each

count. Thomas indicated that he understood the applicable penalties.1

       Upon inquiry, Thomas also indicated that he had discussed the Guidelines

with Hall. The magistrate explained that no one knew for sure what the guideline

range would be, and, if any prediction in this regard turned out to be wrong,

Thomas would not be able to withdraw his guilty plea. Thomas stated that he



       1
           As explained later in this opinion, the statutory penalties for Thomas’s offenses were, in
fact, significantly lower.

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understood. After further questioning, Thomas indicated that he was ready to

plead guilty and had no questions about the rights he was giving up and the

consequences of his pleas. He then pleaded guilty to each count. The magistrate

found that, despite “some back and forth,” Thomas was competent and made his

plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

      After the hearing, the district court accepted the plea and adjudicated

Thomas guilty. Prior to sentencing, Hall withdrew from representation due to a

conflict of interest and was replaced by another attorney.

      A probation officer compiled a presentence investigation report (“PSI”),

and, in calculating Thomas’s guideline range, initially assigned him a base offense

level of 25, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 2D1.2(a)(2) and 2D1.1(c)(8). However, the

officer determined that Thomas had at least two prior felony convictions for a

controlled substance offense, which qualified him as a career offender under

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Specifically, Thomas was convicted in December 2003 for

possession of cocaine with intent to sell or deliver (a crime he committed on

October 30, 2003, 15 days after his 18th birthday), and was sentenced to 4 months

of community control and 3 years of probation. His probation was revoked in

February 2004, and he was sentenced to 43.2 months in prison. He was released

on April 9, 2007. On April 25, 2005, nearly 2 years before his release, Thomas

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was convicted for delivery of cannabis, a crime that he had committed in May

2003, when he was 17 years old. He was sentenced to 299 days of time served for

this offense. Thomas’s career-offender classification resulted in an offense level

of 34 and automatically placed him into criminal history category VI, yielding a

guideline range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment.

      On the day that the final PSI was issued, Thomas filed a motion to withdraw

his guilty plea. He contended, in relevant part, that his plea was not knowing or

voluntary because Hall and the court misled and pressured him, causing him to be

confused. He argued that Hall testified against him and disclosed privileged

conversations in order to induce him to plead guilty.

      Thomas additionally filed a sentencing memorandum, challenging his

career-offender classification on several grounds, which are discussed below. He

also asked the district court to vary downward from the guideline range, pursuant

to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and impose a sentence no greater than 46 months. In

support, he presented a number of mitigating factors, including the following: his

offenses were not overly serious and involved small amounts of cash and drugs; he

had 4 children and was willing and able to perform honest work; he had accepted

responsibility for the instant offenses; his criminal history did not indicate that he

would be a threat to the public; he could benefit from vocational training and drug

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treatment while in prison; he had a troubled childhood, and one of his siblings

committed suicide due to mental health problems, while another one was

incarcerated; and a sentence of 46 months would not lead to an unwarranted

sentencing disparity.

      At the sentencing hearing, Thomas reiterated his arguments for withdrawing

the guilty plea, and, for the first time, asked the court to consider the fact that he

did not know, prior to pleading guilty, that he would be subject to the career-

offender enhancement. The district court denied Thomas’s motion to withdraw,

reasoning that he was informed of the applicable statutory penalties and was not

required to know the specific guideline calculations.

      Thomas also reiterated his challenges to the career-offender classification.

He argued, among other things, that his career-offender status rested on a mere

technicality because he was convicted for the cannabis offense nearly two years

after committing it, and was sentenced just barely within five years of the instant

offense. He also argued that the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (“FSA”), Pub. L. No.

111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, lowered his applicable maximum penalties and abolished

the mandatory minimum because his offense involved less than 28 grams of crack

cocaine. Finally, he presented a variety of mitigating circumstances in support of

a downward variance, most of which were described in his aforementioned

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sentencing memorandum.

      The court overruled Thomas’s objection to the career-offender classification

and adopted the PSI’s guideline calculations. With regard to the FSA, the court

stated that its comments on the issue would be “of utterly no significance to

anyone.” It then expressed doubt that the FSA would apply to defendants who

committed an offense before, but were sentenced after, the FSA’s enactment. As

to Thomas’s request for a downward variance, the court actively listened to his

arguments in mitigation, expressly noting his family problems, his drug addiction,

and his young children. The court then sentenced Thomas to 212 months in prison

on each count, to be served concurrently, along with a total 8 years of supervised

release.

      In explaining the sentence, the district court stated that it had considered the

advisory guideline range, the applicable statutory penalties, and the § 3553(a)

factors. It had also considered Thomas’s youth at the time of his cannabis offense,

as well as his current youth. The court stated that Thomas’s 212-month sentence

offered him “reasonable prospects for resuming his life and perhaps even a role in

the rearing of his children, assuming that that is a helpful and wholesome thing for

them.” The court explained that it resolved in Thomas’s favor the “not

inconsiderable doubts” about his potential to become a fit father, that it recognized

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his youth and “the closeness of a couple of these chronological calculations”

regarding his career-offender classification, and that, for these reasons, it decided

to sentence Thomas below the guideline range, the middle of which would have

been approximately 290 months.

      The district court further explained that Thomas’s criminal history was

“long and aggravated” and that he was “impervious to deterrence,” given that he

had previously served three-and-a-half years in prison. The court also noted: “I’ve

moderated the sentence to the extent that it seems conscionable to do so in light of

other sentences I’ve given to similar offenders.”

                                   II. ANALYSIS

                      A. Motion to Withdraw the Guilty Plea

      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of a motion to

withdraw a guilty plea. United States v. Brehm, 442 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir.

2006). A defendant may withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing if he “can

show a fair and just reason for requesting the withdrawal.” Fed.R.Crim.P.

11(d)(2)(B); Brehm, 442 F.3d at 1298. This portion of Rule 11, concerning

presentence motions to withdraw, must be liberally construed, but the defendant

has “no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea prior to imposition of a sentence,”

and we will not reverse a denial of a motion to withdraw unless the district court’s

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decision was “arbitrary or unreasonable.” United States v. Buckles, 843 F.2d 469,

471 (11th Cir. 1988) (discussing former Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(d), the predecessor to

Rule 11(d)). To determine whether a defendant has shown a fair and just reason

for withdrawing the plea, a court “may consider the totality of the circumstances

surrounding the plea.” Id. at 471-72. Specific factors to be analyzed include

“(1) whether close assistance of counsel was available; (2) whether the plea was

knowing and voluntary; (3) whether judicial resources would be conserved; and

(4) whether the government would be prejudiced if the defendant were allowed to

withdraw his plea.” Id. at 472 (citation omitted). Thomas relies only on the first

two factors in his brief to this Court.

                           1. Close Assistance of Counsel

      Thomas argues that he did not receive close assistance of counsel because,

among other things, Hall failed to advise him that he would be sentenced as a

career offender, despite knowing of his prior convictions. Notably, Thomas did

not raise this issue in his written motion to withdraw, but only at the sentencing

hearing, and he did not present any evidence, such as an affidavit, showing that

Hall actually failed to inform Thomas of his career-offender status. Moreover, at

the plea hearing, the magistrate told Thomas that no one could predict with

certainty what his guideline range would be, and Thomas stated that he

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understood. The magistrate also asked Thomas whether he had discussed the

Guidelines with his attorney, and Thomas replied that he had. Finally, the

magistrate informed Thomas of the applicable statutory minimum and maximum

sentences, and Thomas again indicated his understanding. In this light, the district

court did not act arbitrarily or unreasonably in finding that Thomas’s alleged

ignorance of his potential career-offender status did not warrant a withdrawal of

his plea. See United States v. Pease, 240 F.3d 938, 941 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding

that the defendant’s plea was not involuntary due to his misunderstanding of how

severe his sentence might be, given that the district court informed him of the

minimum and maximum penalties and told him not to rely on his counsel’s

sentencing predictions).2

       Thomas further argues that he did not receive close assistance of counsel

because Hall implied that Thomas was stubborn by saying that “sometimes people

just don’t like the message”; conceded that he had not investigated the proximity

of Thomas’s crimes to the local school; disclosed privileged communications; and

expressed his personal opinion of Thomas’s guilt by stating that “the video speaks

for itself.” After carefully reviewing the plea hearing transcript, we find no merit


       2
          We express no opinion as to whether counsel’s failure to inform the defendant of a
potential career-offender status constitutes deficient performance under Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

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to Thomas’s assertions. Hall made the allegedly improper comments simply to

assure the court that he had provided adequate assistance to Thomas, after Thomas

expressed his dissatisfaction with Hall. For instance, Hall made the “the video

speaks for itself” comment not for the purpose of incriminating Thomas, but as

part of Hall’s explanation regarding the amount of investigation he conducted in

Thomas’s case, after the magistrate asked Hall to address the issue. Likewise, the

alleged disclosure of privileged communications occurred when Hall simply tried

to explain to the magistrate why further investigation was unnecessary. Hall’s

statements were relevant to the issue at hand, and he did not act improperly in the

circumstances.

      Finally, Thomas argues that Hall failed to investigate adequately the

proximity of the offenses to the school. However, nothing suggests that Hall acted

improperly by relying on his personal familiarity with the relevant location to

determine that Thomas’s offenses occurred within 1000 feet of a high school,

rather than measuring the distance through more objective means. Cf. Pease, 240

F.3d at 941-42 (holding that counsel was not deficient under Strickland for relying

on the defendant’s statements regarding his criminal history rather than

independently running a criminal records check). In light of the above, the district

court did not act arbitrarily or unreasonably in finding that Thomas received close

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assistance of counsel with regard to his guilty plea. See Buckles, 843 F.2d

at 471-72.

                            2. Knowing and Voluntary

      Regarding the second Buckles factor—whether a plea is knowing and

voluntary—Thomas again points to Hall’s deficiencies, which, as discussed above,

did not obligate the district court to allow a plea withdrawal. Thomas also relies

on the fact that he repeatedly indicated his unwillingness to plead guilty and his

dissatisfaction with Hall, thereby expressing doubt and confusion about the nature

of the plea and the charges against him. He argues that this doubt and confusion

were never rectified because he did not have adequate time to speak with Hall.

      Although the transcript reflects some hesitation on Thomas’s part, it also

shows that, contrary to his assertions, the magistrate adequately resolved all of his

concerns. When Thomas first indicated that he was dissatisfied with his attorney

and was not ready to proceed, the magistrate gave Thomas an opportunity to watch

the plea hearing of the other defendants, at the end of which he had some time to

talk with Hall. Afterwards, Thomas indicated that watching the other plea

colloquies helped him and that he had enough time to talk with his attorney. Hall

confirmed that he talked to Thomas and answered all of his questions.

      When Thomas again expressed dissatisfaction with Hall due to his lack of

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investigation, the magistrate questioned Thomas and Hall about the matter,

listened to Hall’s explanation that further investigation was unnecessary, and gave

Thomas another chance to talk with Hall, after which Thomas indicated that his

questions were answered. Thomas also indicated that he had adequate time to

meet with Hall, was fully satisfied with Hall’s representation, and was ready to

proceed with the plea. Notably, the magistrate twice asked Thomas whether

anyone had made any threats or promises to get him to plead guilty, and Thomas

both times replied in the negative.

      In sum, given the magistrate’s inquiries and Thomas’s affirmations, the

district court did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily in finding that Thomas

received close assistance of counsel and that his guilty plea was made knowingly

and voluntarily. See United States v. Gonzalez-Mercado, 808 F.2d 796, 800 n.8

(11th Cir. 1987) (“[T]here is a strong presumption that the statements made during

the [plea] colloquy are true.”). Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion

in denying Thomas’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. See Buckles, 843 F.2d

at 471-72.

                       B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Thomas argues that his trial counsel, Hall, rendered ineffective assistance

under Strickland, and he points to the same alleged deficiencies as discussed with

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respect to his motion to withdraw the guilty plea.

      “A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and

fact that we review de novo.” Devine v. United States, 520 F.3d 1286, 1287 (11th

Cir. 2008). However, we will not consider an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel

claim on direct appeal unless “the record is sufficiently developed.” United States

v. Patterson, 595 F.3d 1324, 1328 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). The

preferred means for deciding a claim of ineffective assistance is through a 28

U.S.C. § 2255 motion, “even if the record contains some indication of deficiencies

in counsel’s performance.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      Both Thomas and the government argue that the record is sufficiently

developed to decide Thomas’s ineffective-assistance claim. We disagree. The

district court did not consider the claim, and the record contains no concrete

evidence showing what Hall knew of Thomas’s prior criminal history, whether

Hall informed Thomas of his potential career-offender status, or what Hall said to

Thomas during the plea hearing. Accordingly, we decline to consider Thomas’s

ineffective assistance claim in this appeal. See Patterson, 595 F.3d at 1328-29.

                        C. Reasonableness of the Sentence

      We review the reasonableness of a sentence under a “deferential abuse-of-

discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41, 128 S.Ct. 586, 591,

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169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). First, we determine whether the district court committed

any “significant procedural error” and, second, whether the sentence is

“substantively reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.” United States

v. Turner, 626 F.3d 566, 573 (11th Cir. 2010). “A sentence may be procedurally

unreasonable if the district court improperly calculates the Guidelines range, treats

the Guidelines as mandatory rather than advisory, fails to consider the appropriate

statutory factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or fails to

adequately explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d

1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2008).

      We review de novo a district court’s interpretation of the Guidelines and its

application of the Guidelines to the facts of the case. United States v. Register,

678 F.3d 1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2012). Where a party fails to object in the district

court, we review the issue for plain error, which requires a defendant to establish

“(1) that there was error (2) that was plain; (3) that affected his substantial rights;

and (4) that seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

judicial proceeding.” United States v. Straub, 508 F.3d 1003, 1008, 1011 (11th

Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).

                              1. Career-Offender Status

      Under § 4B1.1, a “career offender” is one who, among other things, “has at

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least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled

substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). To qualify as “two prior felony

convictions,” the sentences for those convictions must be “counted separately

under the provisions of § 4A1.1(a), (b), or (c).” Id. § 4B1.2(c). In relevant part,

§ 4A1.1(b) provides that 2 criminal history points should be assigned for each

prior sentence of at least 60 days that does not exceed 1 year and 1 month. Id.

§ 4A1.1(a)-(b). Under § 4A1.1(c), one criminal history point is added for any

sentence not assigned 3 or 2 points under subsections (a) and (b), respectively. Id.

§ 4A1.1(c). Where, as here, the defendant committed a prior offense before

turning 18 years of age and was sentenced to at least 60 days of confinement (but

not more than 1 year and 1 month), then 2 points are added for such a sentence if

the defendant was released “within five years of his commencement of the instant

offense.” Id. § 4A1.2(d)(2)(A) & comment. (n.7). If a prior sentence for a

juvenile offender does not qualify for two points under the above provision, then

that sentence accrues one criminal history point if it was “imposed” within five

years of the instant offense. Id. § 4A1.2(d)(2)(B) & comment. (n.7).

      Thomas first argues that the district court should not have treated his

cannabis offense as a predicate felony for the purpose of the career-offender

enhancement, and should not have assessed 2 criminal history points for that

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offense, because he was 17 years old at the time of the offense’s commission, was

convicted and sentenced to time-served nearly 2 years later, and the sentence

occurred either outside, or just barely within, 5 years of the instant offense.

Essentially, Thomas argues that his career-offender status rested on a mere

technicality that should have been excused.

      We find Thomas’s argument unpersuasive. Thomas was adjudicated guilty

of the cannabis offense and sentenced to 299 days, time-served, on April 25, 2005.

Because the sentence of time-served was imposed on April 25, 2005, he was also

“released” from the sentence on that date. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(d)(2)(A) &

comment. (n.7). The first of Thomas’s instant offenses occurred on March 12,

2010, within 5 years of his release from the 299-day sentence. Although the

five-year requirement was just barely met by a month and a half, we decline to

make an exception to the technical requirements of the Guidelines, as he suggests.

See United States v. Adams, 403 F.3d 1257, 1260 (11th Cir. 2005) (declining to

recognize an exception to a 10-year rule, similar to the one in this case, where the

defendant committed a prior offense outside the 10-year period, but, due to a

backlog in the state-court system, his sentencing was delayed and fell within the

10-year period). Because the five-year requirement was satisfied, Thomas’s 2005

cannabis conviction accrued two criminal history points and was properly

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classified as a separate predicate felony for the purpose of the career-offender

enhancement. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(b), 4A1.2(d), 4B1.2(c).3

       Thomas next argues that his two predicate felonies should not have been

considered as separate offenses because he was sentenced to time-served for the

cannabis conviction while serving a sentence for the cocaine conviction. He did

not make this argument in the district court, and, therefore, we review the issue for

plain error. See Straub, 508 F.3d at 1008.

       The relevant guideline provision states:

       If the defendant has multiple prior sentences, determine whether those
       sentences are counted separately or as a single sentence. Prior
       sentences always are counted separately if the sentences were
       imposed for offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest (i.e.,
       the defendant is arrested for the first offense prior to committing the
       second offense). If there is no intervening arrest, prior sentences are
       counted separately unless (A) the sentences resulted from offenses
       contained in the same charging instrument; or (B) the sentences were
       imposed on the same day. Count any prior sentence covered by (A)
       or (B) as a single sentence.

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2); see also id. § 4B1.2, comment. (n.3) (“The provisions of



       3
          Even if Thomas was not “released” from the 299-day sentence on April 25, 2005, it is
undisputed that the sentence was imposed on that date, thereby falling within the 5-year period,
as discussed above. In that event, the cannabis offense would accrue only one criminal history
point, but would still qualify Thomas as a career offender. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(c). Because a
career-offender status automatically results in a criminal history category of VI, Thomas’s
guideline range would not change regardless of whether one or two criminal history points were
assigned for his cannabis offense. See id. § 4B1.1(b). Thus, even if the district court erred in
assigning two points for that offense, rather than one, this error was harmless. See id.

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§ 4A1.2 . . . are applicable to the counting of convictions under § 4B1.1.”).

      We will assume, arguendo, that there was no intervening arrest between

Thomas’s two predicate felonies. However, Thomas does not argue that his

cocaine offense and his cannabis offense were contained in the same charging

instrument, and the record makes clear that the sentences for those offenses were

not imposed on the same day. Thus, the district court did not err, plainly or

otherwise, in treating the two offenses as separate. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2).

      Finally, Thomas argues that his predicate convictions were presumptively

void because the statute of conviction, Fla. Stat. § 893.13, was facially

unconstitutional, as found by a district court in Shelton v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr.,

802 F.Supp.2d 1289 (M.D. Fla. 2011). However, we have held that “a district

court cannot ignore or discount for any purpose a prior conviction that has not

been invalidated in a prior proceeding, unless there was an unwaived absence of

counsel in the proceedings resulting in that conviction.” United States v. Phillips,

120 F.3d 227, 231 (11th Cir. 1997). Thomas never alleged that his prior

convictions were uncounseled. Thus, despite Shelton, the district court had no

authority to discount those convictions. See id.

                      2. Retroactive Application of the FSA

      Thomas argues that the district court erred in refusing to apply the FSA,

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which abolished his mandatory minimum and significantly reduced his maximum

applicable penalties on all counts. He also argues that the district court abused its

discretion by failing to specify which statutory maximum and minimum terms

applied, as those terms were highly relevant to the sentencing decision.

      After the parties had filed their briefs in this case, the Supreme Court held

that the FSA applied to defendants, like Thomas, who were sentenced after the Act

took effect on August 3, 2010, even if the offense of conviction occurred prior to

that date. See Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. __, __, 132 S.Ct. 2321, 2335-36,

183 L.Ed.2d 250 (2012). Under the FSA, Thomas was subject to a maximum term

of 40 years in prison and a mandatory minimum term of 1 year for Counts 1 and 2,

and a maximum of 20 years with no mandatory minimum for Count 3. See 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C), 860(a). Thus, the district court erred by declining to

apply the new statutory penalties to Thomas. See Dorsey, 567 U.S. at __, 132

S.Ct. at 2335.

      However, the record indicates that the district court would have imposed the

same 212-month total sentence regardless of whether the FSA applied. The court

stated that its comments on the applicability of the FSA were of “utterly no

significance to anyone,” and, although it suggested that the FSA might not apply,

it declined to make an explicit finding in this regard. Moreover, the court’s total

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sentence of 212 months (17.67 years) fell far above any possible statutory

minimum, whether 1 or 5 years, and far below any possible statutory maximum,

whether 40 or 80 years. Thus, the court’s failure to apply the FSA was harmless

and does not require reversal. See United States v. Kapordelis, 569 F.3d 1291,

1314 (11th Cir. 2009) (holding that an error in the guideline calculations was

harmless where the record indicated that the district court would have imposed the

same sentence absent the error). For the same reason, the district court did not

commit reversible error by declining to decide whether the FSA applied. See id.;

United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1348-49 (11th Cir. 2006) (declining to

decide whether the district court correctly applied a guideline enhancement, as the

court stated that it would have imposed the same sentence with or without the

enhancement); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2111 (“On the hearing of any appeal . . . in

any case, the court shall give judgment after an examination of the record without

regard to errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the

parties.”).

                           3. Substantive Reasonableness

       Thomas argues that the district court imposed a substantively unreasonable

sentence in light of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. In support, he presents

essentially the same mitigating circumstances as in his sentencing memorandum,

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described above, and argues that the district court gave inadequate consideration

to many of these circumstances.

       In reviewing a sentence for substantive unreasonableness, we examine the

totality of the circumstances, including whether the § 3553(a) factors support the

sentence in question. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d at 1324.4 We do not apply a

“presumption of reasonableness” to sentences within the guideline range. United

States v. Phaknikone, 605 F.3d 1099, 1107 (11th Cir. 2010). However, we will

“ordinarily expect” a within-guideline sentence to be reasonable, and will only

remand for resentencing if the district court committed a “clear error of judgment”

in weighing the § 3553(a) factors. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d at 1324 (quotation

omitted).

       In this case, the district court’s total sentence of 212 months’ imprisonment

fell below the guideline range of 262 to 327 months. Because we would ordinarily

expect a higher, within-guideline sentence to be reasonable, Thomas’s more

favorable, below-guideline sentence would also enjoy such expectation of

       4
          Under § 3553(a), the sentencing court must impose a sentence that is “sufficient, but
not greater than necessary” to comply with the purposes of sentencing set forth in § 3553(a)(2),
which include the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law,
provide just punishment for the offense, deter criminal conduct, and protect the public from
further crimes of the defendant. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). Other factors to be considered in
imposing a sentence include the nature and circumstances of the offense, the history and
characteristics of the defendant, the available sentences, the applicable guideline range, and the
need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities. Id. § 3553(a)(1), (3)-(6).

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reasonableness, at least with respect to his argument that the sentence was too

harsh. See id. In addition, the sentence of 212 months (17.67 years) fell far below

the 40-year statutory maximum for Thomas’s offenses charged in Counts 1 and 2

of the indictment. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C), 860(a); Gonzalez, 550 F.3d

at 1324 (concluding that a sentence was reasonable in part because it was well

below the statutory maximum).

       Although Thomas presented a number of mitigating factors to justify an

even greater downward variance, the district court expressly considered most of

these factors. At the sentencing hearing, the court actively listened to all of

Thomas’s arguments in mitigation, making comments regarding his family

problems, his drug addiction, and his young children. After imposing sentence,

the court explained that it varied downward from the guideline range due to

Thomas’s youth at the time he committed the predicate offenses, the “closeness”

of the career-offender calculations, and his potential for being a good parent. The

court indicated that it might have given him a 290-month sentence otherwise.

Although the court may not have expressly discussed all the § 3553(a) factors, it

was not required to do so. See United States v. Sanchez, 586 F.3d 918, 936 (11th

Cir. 2009) (stating that a district court need not discuss each § 3553(a) factor in

explaining its sentence, as long as it “considers the defendant’s arguments at

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sentencing and states that it has taken the § 3553(a) factors into account”).

      Despite the mitigating circumstances, several factors militated in favor of a

higher sentence. As the district court noted, Thomas had a “long and aggravated”

criminal history and was “impervious to deterrence,” given that he had previously

served approximately three-and-a-half years in prison. These factors warranted a

sentence that would promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, deter

criminal conduct, and protect the public from Thomas’s future crimes. See 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). The district court also noted the need to avoid sentencing

disparities, stating that it has “moderated the sentence to the extent that it seems

conscionable to do so in light of other sentences [it has] given to similar

offenders.” See id. § 3553(a)(6). In this light, the district court could reasonably

conclude that anything less than 212 months’ imprisonment would not have been a

sufficient punishment. See United States v. Clay, 483 F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir.

2007) (“The weight to be accorded any given § 3553(a) factor is a matter

committed to the sound discretion of the district court . . . .” (quotation omitted)).

Accordingly, Thomas’s sentence was procedurally and substantively reasonable.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Thomas’s convictions and sentences.

AFFIRMED.




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