                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                 September 10, 2004 Session

   CITADEL INVESTMENTS, INC., v. WHITE FOX INCORPORATED,
                F/K/A THE JONES GROUP, ET AL.

                     Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sumner County
                        No. 2000C-314    Tom E. Gray, Chancellor


                     No. M2003-00741-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 17, 2005


This is an action on a promissory note against two stockholders of a now insolvent closely-held
corporation, who it is alleged, guaranteed payment of a note owed by the corporation. The alleged
guarantee arises out of a stock purchase agreement. Liability hinges on the construction of the stock
purchase agreement and whether parol evidence is admissible. The trial court found the agreement
unambiguous and barred parol evidence. The defendants insist the agreement is ambiguous and that
evidence of negotiations leading up to the execution of the agreement and the intent of the parties
should have been admitted. We find the agreement is ambiguous and therefore parol evidence
should have been considered. We also find that the defendants are entitled to a new trial on the
merits because they have been deprived of the substantial right to introduce evidence of contract
negotiations and the intent of the parties at the time the Agreement was executed. We therefore
vacate the judgment and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

          Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                                 Vacated and Remanded

FRANK G. CLEMENT , JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J.,
M.S., and WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., joined.

Darrell West and William Caldwell Hancock, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, White Fox
Inc., f/k/a The Jones Group, Inc., K. Dwight Fox and Fred White.

Jay Longmire and C. Ronald Blanton, Hendersonville, Tennessee, Bruce N. Oldham, Gallatin,
Tennessee, and Julie Bhattacharya Peak, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Citadel
Investments, Inc., Carl McKellor, Richard W. Weachter and Robert A. Sindle.

                                            OPINION

       The plaintiff, Citadel Investments, Inc. contends that the individual defendants, Dwight Fox
and Fred White, guaranteed the obligations of corporate defendant, White Fox Inc., under a
promissory note owing to Citadel in the principal amount of $210,000. The corporation, White Fox
Inc., formerly known as The Jones Group, Inc., was obligated on the note to Citadel prior to Fox and
White’s purchase of corporate shares. Citadel contends that Fox and White guaranteed the
corporation’s obligations on the note when they entered into the Stock Purchase Agreement to
acquire controlling interest of the corporation.1

        Prior to Fox and White acquiring shares in the corporation, the principal shareholder was
William R. Jones.2 His wife, Rojean Jones, and their son, Greg Jones, were also shareholders. The
Jones Group Inc., as the corporation was then known, marketed and distributed various products.
Its major product was the “Beanie Racer,” a small beanbag-style novelty which was in the shape of
a race car, bearing the licensed names and marks of NASCAR race teams and the regular drivers of
their cars. Dwight Fox learned of the company in January 2000 through a broker looking for an
investor or buyer. Thereafter, Fox spent a substantial amount of time with William R. Jones and
Greg Jones in order to learn more about the company. Fox became keenly interested in acquiring
ownership of The Jones Group and approached Fred White about the two of them joining forces to
acquire the company. They met with Jones who represented that the company generated income of
$6,000,000 from sales of the “Beanie Racers” in 1998 alone. Thereafter, Fox and White made an
offer to purchase a controlling interest in the corporation and their offer was accepted.

        In the meantime, on February 9, 2000, The Jones Group, Inc. executed the note in favor of
Citadel Investments, Inc. (“Citadel”), in the principal amount of $210,000. The note called for six
monthly payments of interest only, in the amount of $3,500.00 each (computed at a 20% interest
rate), with the principal payable in full on August 9, 2000.3

       Attorney John Jacobson prepared the Stock Purchase Agreement at issue (the “Agreement”)
based upon information provided by William R. Jones and Dwight Fox. On April 17, 2000, Fox and
White entered into the Agreement to acquire the controlling shares of The Jones Group, Inc. All
three members of the Jones family were parties to the Agreement. The Agreement includes the
following language which is at the heart of the dispute:

         In exchange for the assumption of debt and the repayment of the debt to William [R.]
         Jones, Buyers Group [Fox and White] will acquire fifty-one percent (51%) of the
         shares of [The Jones Group] or five hundred and ten (510) shares.

         Buyers will restructure the debt of [The Jones Group] as follows:


         1
           Carl McKellor, Richard W . W eachter and Robert A. Sindle have been substituted and added as additional
plaintiffs/appellees because they are the assignees of the majority of Citadel’s interest in the note at issue. Nevertheless,
for simplicity we shall continue to identify Citadel as the plaintiff and holder of the note.

         2
          The middle initial of W illiam R. Jones is utilized at times in this opinion because there is a W illiam P. Jones,
an attorney, who is the principal of Citadel.

         3
        Citadel advanced $200,000 on the note, retaining $10,000 for itself as a “commitment fee, brokerage fee, and
loan commitment.” This is according to the testimony of Citadel’s principal, W illiam P. Jones.

                                                            -2-
        ....

        d) Citadel Investments. Sellers estimate that the balance of the Citadel Investments
        debt is $210,000. Buyers will continue to pay approximately $3,500.00 per month
        to Citadel Investments. By August of 2000, the Citadel Investments note will be
        repaid in full.

       After the Agreement was executed and Fox and White assumed control of the company, the
corporation made the remaining $3,500 monthly interest payments to Citadel. All six interest
payments were paid to Citadel by the corporation by means of corporate checks. None of the
payments were made by White or Fox personally.

        The principal on the note was not paid. Citadel’s principal, William P. Jones, testified that
he received a phone call from Fox shortly before the original maturity date of the note, August 2000,
requesting an extension of the due date for repayment of principal, to which William P. Jones agreed.
William P. Jones further testified that when Fox called to request an extension of the principal
payment date, Fox stated “we” would pay the note in September. Jones understood “we” to mean
Fox and White; however, Fox testified that “if” he used the term “we” during any conversation with
William P. Jones of Citadel, his use of the term “we” meant the corporation, not Fox or White. He
also testified that he never made any promise to or agreement with William P. Jones that he and
White would personally pay the corporation’s debt to Citadel.

        Citadel commenced this litigation in October of 2000. In 2001, Citadel realized $53,000
from a second mortgage it had taken as collateral on a building owned by William R. Jones. Also,
Citadel recovered $997 from an execution it issued to collect on its default judgment against the
corporation. At trial, William P. Jones testified that the balance due on the Promissory Note was
$180,661 after reduction of the note’s interest rate from 20% to 9% as a result of a usury defense
raised by appellants and after giving credit for the proceeds from the execution from and Citadel’s
disposition of the real estate. William P. Jones also testified that he, as an attorney for Citadel, was
entitled to a one-third attorney’s fee on whatever was collected on the note.

        The trial court found that Fox and White individually entered into the Agreement. The trial
court also found no ambiguity in the Agreement, that Fox and White were personally liable to
Citadel as guarantors of the corporation’s obligations on the note and awarded Citadel a judgment
against them in the amount of $180,661.4 The trial court also denied Citadel’s request for attorney’s
fees based on a finding that the requested one-third fee was excessive and unreasonable.

        Because the trial court found the agreement to be unambiguous, it excluded parol evidence.
Fox and White made an offer of proof, the relevant parts of which are as follows: Dwight Fox stated
that during the process of drafting the Agreement he made it clear that neither he, nor White, would


        4
          The award would have been greater but the trial court found the interest rate charged by Citadel usurious,
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-14-103.

                                                        -3-
become liable for any of the corporation’s debts. As an example, Fox testified that when he and
Jones reviewed Jacobson’s draft contract together, he (Fox) noticed a provision that provided, in
essence, that Fox and White would undertake to negotiate a release from the corporation’s creditors
of any personal guarantees of the Jones family held by such creditors, and that if Fox and White were
unable to secure those releases, they would indemnify the Jones family from any claims by corporate
creditors on the guarantees. Fox stated that he objected to that provision because the understanding
was that Fox and White would not become liable for any Jones Group debt in connection with the
contemplated stock purchase. Fox says that Jones reluctantly agreed that the objectionable paragraph
should come out of the draft. Fox further testified that he and Jones called the attorney, John
Jacobson, and advised Jacobson that Fox and White were to have no personal liability, and instructed
Jacobson to delete the objectionable paragraph. Fox described the conversation as one in which
Jacobson was told not only to delete the paragraph that triggered the discussion, but also to make
changes appropriate to reflect the understanding concerning the absence of any personal liability on
the part of Fox and White.

       Fred White stated by offer of proof that he had several conversations with Jones in which
White reiterated what he said became a “mantra” – that Fox and White would not become liable, as
guarantors, indemnitors or otherwise, for any corporate debt. White testified that Jones did not
object when White said what the deal was, including one occasion where the “no personal liability
mantra” was recited during a meeting with a representative of one of the corporation’s creditors.
White testified that there was never any agreement that Fox and White would take on any liability
for debts of the corporation, and that the agreement between the parties was that Fox and White
would not take on any such liability.

                                       Procedural History

       Citadel alleged in the complaint that Fox and White, individually, as well as the corporate
defendant, were liable on the promissory note payable to Citadel. Specifically, it alleged that they
assumed personal liability pursuant to the Agreement.

        Citadel filed a motion for default as to the corporation, White Fox Inc., f/k/a/ The Jones
Group, Inc. No one appeared on behalf of the corporation at the hearing of Citadel’s motion for
default judgment, and a default judgment was entered against the corporation in the amount of
$226,033.10, by order dated December 14, 2000. Although the corporation is a named party to this
appeal, the judgment against the corporation is not at issue.

         Subsequently, Fox and White, in their individual capacity, filed a “Motion to Dismiss or for
Summary Judgment” on the grounds that Citadel failed to state a claim as a matter of law because
Citadel was not an intended third-party beneficiary of the Agreement between the corporation and
Fox and White. The motion was never heard. Fox and White subsequently filed a second motion
for summary judgment alleging that the Agreement was insufficiently definite to be enforced. The
trial court denied the motion. By Amended Memorandum Order dated September 11, 2002, the trial



                                                -4-
court found that Citadel was an intended third-party beneficiary of the Agreement and that the
Agreement was sufficiently definite so as to be enforceable.

        The case was heard by bench trial on January 27, 2003. After hearing all of the proof, the
trial court submitted a memorandum finding that (1) there was no ambiguity in the Agreement; (2)
the parties to the Agreement were sophisticated businessmen not unfamiliar with the making of
contracts; (3) Fox and White had an opportunity to examine the debts of the corporation and to know
what debts they were assuming; (4) the Agreement did not specifically state that there were no
intended third-party beneficiaries to the Agreement; (5) the Agreement specifically identified several
third parties, and (6) the repayment plan as to the Note was specifically set forth and in substantial
conformance with the note. The trial court found as a matter of fact that “the intention of the parties
[to the Stock Purchase Agreement] was to get the Citadel Investment Note paid.”

       The trial court entered a judgment against Fox and White, jointly and severally, in the amount
of $180,661.00. Fox and White appealed.

                                        Standard of Review

        With regard to findings of fact by a trial court, we review the record de novo and presume
that the findings of fact are correct unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. We also
give great weight to a trial court’s determinations of credibility. Estate of Walton v. Young, 950
S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997); B & G Constr., Inc. v. Polk, 37 S.W.3d 462, 465 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2000). However, if the trial judge has not made a specific finding of fact on a particular matter, we
will review the record of determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies without employing
a presumption of correctness. Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997).

        The weight, faith and credit to be given to a witness’ testimony lies with the trial judge in a
non-jury case because the trial judge had an opportunity to observe the manner and demeanor of the
witness. Roberts v. Roberts, 827 S.W.2d 788, 795 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); Weaver v. Nelms, 750
S.W.2d 158, 160 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). There is no presumption of correctness with respect to the
trial court's conclusions of law. Campbell v. Florida Steel Corp., 919 S.W.2d 26, 35 (Tenn. 1996);
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

        The interpretation of a contract is a question of law. Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc. 995 S.W.2d 88,
95 (Tenn. 1999). Therefore, the trial court’s interpretation of a contract is not entitled to a
presumption of correctness under Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) on appeal. Angus v. Western Heritage
Insurance Co., 48 S.W.3d 728, 739 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). Accordingly, we will review these
contractual issues de novo and reach our own independent conclusions regarding their meaning and
legal import. Guiliano, 995 S.W.2d at 95; Hillsboro Plaza Enterprises v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d 45, 47
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).




                                                 -5-
                                                 Issues

        We find two of the issues presented by Fox and White to be dispositive. One is whether the
trial court erred by ruling that the Agreement is unambiguous. The other is whether Fox and White
were deprived of a substantial right to introduce evidence, the exclusion of which more probably
than not affected the outcome of the trial or resulted in prejudice to them. Citadel presents two
additional issues. It contends that the court should have awarded it reasonable attorney’s fees, and
that the appeal by Fox and White is frivolous.

                                            The Agreement

        The cardinal rule for the interpretation of a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties
and to give effect to that intention, consistent with legal principles. Greene v. Donnell, 11 Tenn.
App. 366 (1930); Empress Health & Beauty Spa, Inc. v. Turner, 503 S.W.2d 188, 190 (Tenn. 1973).
Absent fraud or mistake, a contract must be interpreted as written even though it contains terms that
may be thought to be harsh and unjust. Pyramid Operating Auth., Inc. v. City of Memphis, 144
Bankr. 795 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 1992). If the language of a written contract is clear and
unambiguous, a court must interpret the contract as written. Stewart Title Co. v. First Am. Title Ins.
Co., 44 F. Supp. 2d 942 (W.D. Tenn. 1999). In resolving disputes concerning contract interpretation
the court’s task is to ascertain the intention of the parties based upon the usual, natural, and ordinary
meaning of the contractual language. Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn. 1999). When
an agreement has been reduced to writing, its true interpretation and purpose must be determined
from the terms of the instrument itself. Frumin v. May, 251 S.W. 2d 314 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1952).

        When a contractual provision may be susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation,
the terms of the contract are ambiguous and parol evidence may be admitted. Memphis Housing
Auth. v. Thompson, 38 S.W.3d 504, 512 (Tenn. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 823 (2001). However,
a contract is not ambiguous merely because the parties have different interpretations of the contract.
Campora v. Ford, 124 S.W. 3d 624 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). Neither the parties nor the courts may
create an ambiguity when no ambiguity exists, and then apply rules of construction to favor one party
to the agreement. Rogers v. First Tennessee Bank, 738 S.W.2d 635 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). A
contract is ambiguous only when it is of uncertain meaning and may be understood in more ways
than one. Empress Health and Beauty Spa, Inc. v. Turner, 503 S.W. 2d 188 (Tenn. 1973).

                               Ambiguity and the Parol Evidence Rule

       When a party contends an agreement is ambiguous, the court's initial task is to determine
whether the language of the contract is ambiguous. Planters Gin Co. v. Federal Compress &
Warehouse Co., Inc. 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). The alleged ambiguity at issue pertains to
paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Agreement and whether Fox and White are personally obligated to pay the
Citadel note. The pertinent provisions are as follows:




                                                   -6-
        1. In exchange for the assumption of debt and the repayment of the debt to William
        [R.] Jones, Buyers Group [Fox and White] will acquire fifty-one percent (51%) of the
        shares of TJG [The Jones Group, Inc.] or five hundred and ten (510) shares.

        2. Buyers will restructure the debt of TJG as follows:
        ....

        d) Citadel Investments. Sellers estimate that the balance of the Citadel Investments
        debt is $210,000. Buyers will continue to pay approximately $3,500.00 per month
        to Citadel Investments. By August of 2000, the Citadel Investments note will be
        repaid in full.

         The trial court found the Agreement unambiguous, which is a question of law, not a question
of fact. Such a holding is a conclusion of law for which no presumption of correctness attaches. See
Campbell, 919 S.W.2d at 35.

         Paragraph 2(d) provides, “Buyers will continue to pay approximately $3,500 per month to
Citadel Investments.” However, the note was owed by the corporation, and the corporation paid the
$3,500 per month when the corporation was controlled by the William R. Jones family and thereafter
when it was controlled by Fox and White. Furthermore, Fox and White did not pay any of the
monthly installments of interest. Paragraph 2(d) also provides, “By August of 2000, the Citadel
Investments note will be repaid in full,” but the obligor on the note is the corporation and nothing
in the Agreement, or the note, expressly provides otherwise. Moreover, the paragraph does not
expressly identify who will repay the note in full. It merely provides that the note “will be repaid
in full.”

         The amount required to pay the principal amount owing on the note in August 2000 was
$210,000, yet the Agreement upon which Citadel relies merely provides that the “Buyers” [Fox and
White] are obliged to “continue to pay approximately $3,500 per month to Citadel Investments.”
The amount is merely the monthly interest obligation. More significantly, the Agreement is silent
as to the identify of any party other than the corporation that is obligated to pay the principal balance.

        The introductory part of paragraph 2 adds further uncertainty. It provides, “Buyers [Fox and
White] will restructure the debt of [the corporation], . . .” Restructure is defined as “to give a new
structure or organization to” according to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
(unabridged). Nevertheless, Citadel contends this sentence, along with others, makes Fox and White
personally liable for the note, principal and interest. This contention is one of at least two
conclusions one could draw from the Agreement, but it is by no means the only conclusion to be
drawn.

       Indeed, the Agreement can be construed, as found by the trial court, as requiring the Buyers,
Fox and White, to personally repay the note to Citadel in full; however, this is not the only
conclusion that can be reasonably drawn from the in-artful language in the Agreement. Another


                                                   -7-
reasonable conclusion would require the Buyers, who would become the officers and directors, to
merely cause the corporation to repay the note. Thus, the Agreement is susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation, and therefore, the Agreement is ambiguous. See Memphis Housing Auth.,
38 S.W.3d at 512.

        Where the terms of a contract are ambiguous, the intention of the parties cannot be
determined by a literal interpretation of the language, and in such cases the courts must resort to
other rules of construction. Planters Gin Co. v. Federal Compress & Warehouse Co., Inc. 78
S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). The parol evidence rule is designed to protect the integrity of written
contracts and to provide a measure of predictability to business dealings. Neil P. Cohen, et al.,
TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 4.01[8][a] (4th ed. 2000). If rigidly applied, the parol evidence rule
would require courts to ascertain the meaning and intention of the parties by looking to the contract
signed by the parties. Id. A number of exceptions exist, however, permitting parol evidence to be
used in interpreting some contracts with the facts of each case determining whether an exception to
the rule applies. Id. The most frequent exception involves ambiguous contract terms, in which case
parol evidence is admissible to help the court ascertain the intent of the parties. Id. Some Tennessee
Courts have permitted parol evidence to show that the actual agreement was not expressed in the
plain terms of the contract. Id.

         Fox and White attempted to introduce evidence of the pre-contract negotiations and
modifications of the draft contract leading up to the executed contract through four witnesses. When
they attempted to testify about the negotiating history and the two prior drafts of the Agreement,
Citadel objected based on the parol evidence rule. The trial court excluded all such evidence based
on its finding that the Agreement was unambiguous.

        When the trial court excluded all evidence Fox and White attempted to introduce relative to
the negotiations and the intent of the parties to the Agreement, Fox and White made an offer of proof
to preserve the evidentiary issue on appeal. The offer of proof involved four potential witnesses, two
of whom were Messrs. Fox and White. The other two witnesses were William R. Jones, the former
principal shareholder and CEO of the corporation, and John Jacobson, the attorney who drafted the
Agreement. The thrust of the proffered evidence from all four witnesses was that it was the intent
of the parties to the Agreement that Fox and White would not be personally liable on the note to
Citadel.

       According to Dwight Fox’s proffered testimony, one factor by itself, the deletion of a
paragraph to an earlier draft of the Agreement, proves that the parties to the Agreement intended, and
indeed, agreed that he and White were not personally guaranteeing the note the corporation owed
to Citadel. As Fox explained, the parties agreed to delete the following paragraph when he and
White stated they would not agree to be personally liable. The deleted paragraph, which was then
enumerated as paragraph 4, read as follows:

              The parties understand that William [R.] and Greg Jones have personally
       guaranteed certain obligations of The Jones Group. Buyers agree that they will


                                                 -8-
       attempt to renegotiate the debt to those creditors so that the personal guarantees of
       William and Greg Jones are released. If The Jones Group’s creditors refuse to
       release the personal guarantees, then buyers agree to indemnify and hold harmless
       Greg and William Jones from any claims brought by creditors of The Jones Group
       arising out of personal guarantees.

       The prior draft of the Agreement was introduced as part of the offer of proof and marked as
Exhibit #1 For Identification Only. Fox explained that the deletion was the result of negotiations
he and White had with William R. Jones, wherein they unequivocally informed Jones that neither
Fox nor White would attempt to remove Jones as a guarantor or assume personal liability for his
personal guarantees.

        Fox additionally stated that after the draft was marked up to indicate that paragraph 4 was
to be deleted, the draft was sent back to John Jacobson for him to make corrections in accordance
with the changes. Thereafter, Jacobson deleted the offending paragraph and submitted a revised
Agreement for signatures.

       In Fred White’s offer of proof, it is evident that he, too, made it clear to Jones and John
Jacobson that he and Fox would not guarantee the note. He also stated that they informed Jones that
he and Fox would not put equity into the corporation but they would loan the corporation money to
fund its operations. White repeatedly stated that he made it clear that he and Fox were not
undertaking personal guarantees, which is illustrated in the record as part of White’s testimony
presented in his offer of proof:

       We were the old gray-headed horses in this group, and we both had lost a wife to
       cancer, and we both had been messing around in oil and gas a little bit. So my
       conversations with him were always twofold: One, “Bill, we are not going to put any
       capital, any equity, into this company. We are going to loan it in. And as soon as the
       cash flow is substantial, we are going to draw it back out with no tax consequences.”
       Two, because we had both been involved with this before, there’s no personal
       guarantees, there’s no implication of personal guarantees, there’s no
       indemnifications, there’s no implied indemnifications of any kind.
       ....

       And that was kind of our mantra, if you will. Every time that I was with him, I said,
       “You have to understand this. This is the way it is. I am not going to get into one of
       these court cases again with some creditor coming up because he thinks you’ve got
       deep pockets and saying, ‘You owe me.”

                                    “Unavailable” Witnesses

       In addition to making an offer of proof of their activities and negotiations preceding the
execution of the Agreement, Fox and White made an additional offer of proof of prior testimony by


                                                -9-
William R. Jones and attorney John Jacobson. Jones and Jacobson both testified in prior litigation
wherein William R. Jones had sued Fox, White and the corporation. The prior action pertained to
the Agreement; however, it did not pertain to the note at issue, and Citadel was not a party to that
litigation.

       Neither Jones nor Jacobson appeared to testify at the trial. Fox and White contend the
witnesses were “unavailable” and that their prior testimony, which were allegedly statements against
pecuniary interest, was admissible under an exception to the hearsay rule in Tenn. R. Evid. 804.
They also attempted to introduce the deposition of Jacobson, taken in this action, on the basis that
he was unavailable. They contend John Jacobson was “unavailable” because he, being a practicing
attorney, was exempt from testifying at trial pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-9-10. They contend
Jones was “unavailable” because he was an Ohio resident whom they could not compel to testify at
trial.

        Citadel contends the proffered testimony of Jones and Jacobson is inadmissible for two
reasons. One is the parol evidence rule which was discussed earlier at length. The other is hearsay.
Citadel contends the proffered evidence is hearsay, because it is “a statement, other than one made
by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted,” which is the definition of hearsay in Tenn. R. Evid. 801.

       Citadel correctly identifies the proffered statements from the prior litigation as hearsay.
Accordingly, admissibility depends on whether the statements fall within one of many hearsay
exceptions. The exception at issue is the “unavailability” exception under Tenn. R. Evid. 804.
Citadel contends the witnesses were not unavailable because Fox and White did not attempt to
procure the testimony of the witnesses by subpoena. It is undisputed that neither witness was
subpoenaed to testify at the trial of this cause.

       The "unavailability of a witness" exception includes situations in which the declarant:

       (1) Is exempted by ruling of the court on the grounds of privilege from testifying
       concerning the subject matter of the declarant's statement; or
       ....

       (5) Is absent from the hearing and the proponent of a statement has been unable to
       procure the declarant's attendance by process; or
       (6) For depositions in civil actions only, is at a greater distance than 100 miles from
       the place of trial or hearing.

Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a). As the rule provides, it is essential that the declarant be “absent from the
hearing” and that the proponent of the declarant’s statement, has been “unable to procure” the
declarant’s “attendance by process.”




                                                 -10-
        John Jacobson is a practicing attorney with his principal office in Nashville, Davidson
County, Tennessee, approximately forty miles from the courthouse where the trial occurred.5 Fox
and White did not attempt to subpoena Jacobson.6 Nevertheless, they contend he was “unavailable”
within the meaning of Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a) because he could have exercised his exemption as a
practicing attorney under Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-9-101. Indeed, Jacobson could have claimed his
exemption had he been served; however, his exemption was limited to being compelled to testify at
trial. Thus, the statute did not afford Jacobson an exemption for a deposition. Consequently, Fox
and White were not precluded from procuring Jacobson’s attendance at a deposition and could have
introduced his deposition into evidence if he failed to appear at trial.

        William R. Jones was an Ohio resident at the time of trial. Fox and White contend he was
“unavailable” because they could not compel his attendance at the trial. Indeed, had a subpoena
issued by the Chancery Court of Sumner County, Tennessee been served on Jones in Ohio, Jones
could have ignored the subpoena because it had no legal effect. However, that limitation did not
preclude Fox and White from procuring Jones’ testimony for use at trial because they could have,
but did not, attempt to compel his attendance by process at a deposition in Ohio. Tenn. R. Civ. P.
32.01(3)(B) provides a mechanism to compel an out-of-state witness to attend a deposition in the
community where the witness resides or works. There is no proof in the record that Fox and White
availed themselves of the rule or that they would not have been unable to take his deposition had
they attempted.7 If Fox and White had utilized Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01(3)(B) to obtain his deposition,
they could have introduced Jones’ deposition at the trial.

       A similar situation occurred in State ex rel. Stanley v. Hooper, No. M2000-00916-COA-R3-
CV, 2001 WL 27378 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2001) in which a party sought admission of hearsay
statements of an Oklahoma resident on grounds that the declarant was unavailable and that the
statements were against the declarant’s interest. In upholding the trial court’s exclusion of the
hearsay evidence this court said:

         The appellant further argues that the declarant was unavailable to testify because he
         was a resident of Oklahoma, he was beyond the jurisdiction of the trial court, and he
         was estranged from his family. However, the evidence does not establish that the
         appellant ever tried to procure the declarant's attendance by process. In fact, the
         appellant did not even take the declarant's deposition. . . . As such, we cannot find




         5
             The trial was held in Sumner County, Tennessee.

         6
             They did not file a subpoena with the court in order to compel the witness’ attendance.

         7
         Most states honor the Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01(3) protocol, and there is nothing in the record that suggests Ohio
would have refused to honor a Tennessee order seeking Jones’ deposition in Ohio.

                                                           -11-
         that the declarant was an unavailable witness under Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a)(5).
         Therefore, the alleged statements do not fall within the purview of Rule 804 and the
         trial court correctly excluded the statements as inadmissible hearsay.

Hooper, 2001 WL at *3.

        The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in an opinion written by Chief Judge Merritt, dealt with
an analogous situation.8 Lucas v. Chance, 121 Fed.Appx. 77, *80, 2005 WL 95740, (6th Cir. 2005).
The appellant, Lucas, argued that the asserted but excluded testimony fell within the “unavailability”
hearsay exceptions in Rule 804 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Under Fed. R. Evid. 804, if a
declarant is unavailable as a witness, his former testimony, including statements made against
interest may be admissible. Lucas argued that three declarants were unavailable, under Rule
805(a)(5), because they “are highly unlikely to make themselves available” to appellant to testify.
The court did not buy the argument. “Unavailability as a witness includes situations in which the
declarant . . . is absent from the hearing and proponent of a statement has been unable to procure the
declarant's . . . attendance or testimony . . . by process or other reasonable means." Fed. R. Evid.
804(a)(5). Lucas, 121 Fed.Appx. at *80. Like the case at bar, there was no evidence in the record
that Lucas has made any effort whatsoever to procure the declarants' testimony, and like here, Lucas
merely asserted that the declarants would not make themselves available if he were to make such an
effort. “One purpose of the subpoena power is to require the cooperation of witnesses who would
otherwise prefer not to be subjected to the rigors of the adversarial process.” Lucas, 121 Fed.Appx.
at *80. Fox and White, like Lucas, argue that a proponent of hearsay need not utilize this power of
the court if it will likely prove ineffectual. We find such an argument insufficient as did the Lucas
court. See Lucas, 121 Fed.Appx. at *80 (holding the declarants were not unavailable under Fed. R.
Evid. 804).

       We therefore hold that John Jacobson was not an “unavailable” witness, as the rule
contemplates, because Fox and White were not “unable to procure” his testimony. Therefore,
Jacobson’s alleged declarations against interest during the prior litigation were not admissible under
Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a). We also hold that Jones, like Jacobson, was not “unavailable” and his prior
declarations against interest were not admissible under Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a).

       Fox and White further contend that the trial court erred by excluding the deposition of John
Jacobson which was taken in this action. They are correct because his deposition was admissible
for two reasons. One, the Agreement was ambiguous and thus parol evidence should have been
considered. Two, Jacobson was exempt from appearing to testify at trial pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 24-9-101(6), and therefore, his deposition could have and should have been admitted into
evidence.9 However, we are unable to find a copy of the deposition of Jacobson in the record.

         8
             The opinion was not recommended for full text publication.

         9
          Citadel also contends the deposition was taken for “discovery” purposes as distinguished from “evidence” and,
thus, could not be introduced. This contention is without foundation because the distinction is no longer recognized
                                                                                                          (continued...)

                                                         -12-
Moreover, it does not appear to have been proffered as part of Fox and White’s offer of proof, and
it is not one of the exhibits marked for identification only. Thus, due to the failure to preserve
Johnson’s deposition testimony for appeal, we are unable to consider it.10

                                               Was there prejudice?

        We have concluded that the Agreement was ambiguous and the trial court should have
admitted into evidence the testimony of Messrs. White and Fox concerning negotiations leading up
to the execution of the agreement and the intention of the parties. Therefore, we must now determine
whether a “substantial right” was affected by the exclusion of the evidence. See Neil P. Cohen, et
al., TENNESSEE LAW OF EVIDENCE § 1.03 [5][a]. Thanks to the good work of the trial court in
permitting the appellants to make offers of proof, we know the substance of much of the excluded
evidence, specifically that of Messrs. Fox and White, and can view that in context of the entire trial.11

        Generally, the exclusion of evidence is not reversible error unless prejudice to the party
seeking reversal is shown. Tibbs v. Ake, 505 S.W.2d 232 (Tenn. 1974); Jordan v. State, 397 S.W.2d
383 (Tenn. 1965). We are required by Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) to inquire into the prejudicial effects
of the error in the trial before the judgment is set aside. The rule provides:

         Effect of error. A final judgment from which relief is available and otherwise
         appropriate shall not be set aside unless, considering the whole record, error
         involving a substantial right more probably than not affected the judgment or would
         result in prejudice to the judicial process.

McDaniel v. General Care Corp., 627 S.W.2d 129, 133-134 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981).

         The erroneous exclusion, or admission, of evidence in a bench trial does not, standing alone,
justify a reversal of the trial court's judgment. Whether or not a trial court's decision on the exclusion
or admission of evidence was erroneous is only one of the questions to be determined on appeal. An
essential inquiry is whether an error requires reversal. Blackburn v. Murphy, 737 S.W.2d 529, 533
(Tenn. 1987); White v. Vanderbilt University, 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). A
judgment should be set aside only if, after considering the entire record, an error involving a
substantial right more probably than not affected the outcome of the trial or would result in prejudice

         9
         (...continued)
except when the witness is an expert witness. See Advisory Commission Comments to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01.

         10
           “If the excluded evidence is a document or an exhibit, the item should be marked for identification and filed
with the court at the time of the offer of proof.” Neil P. Cohen, et al., T ENN ESSEE L AW O F E VIDENCE , § 103[5][d].
“Appellate review is also frustrated if the official record fails to contain the evidence which is the object of appellate
scrutiny.” Id. § 1.03[6][e].

         11
           It is difficult to overstate the importance of Rule 103. “Tennessee appellate decisions are replete with cases
in which trial counsel’s failure to follow the requirements now in Rule 103 precluded the appellate court from
considering counsel’s argument on appeal.” T ENN ESSEE L AW O F E VIDENCE at §1.03 [2].

                                                          -13-
to the judicial process. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); Blackburn, 737 S.W.2d at 533-34; Scott v. Jones
Bros. Constr., 960 S.W.2d 589, 593 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); Pankow v. Mitchell, 737 S.W.2d 293,
297 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). The burden to show prejudice, that the excluded or admitted evidence
affected the judgment, is on the complaining party. Coakley v. Daniels, 840 S.W.2d 367, 371 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1992); Bishop v. R.E.B. Equipment Serv., Inc., 735 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987).

        We have concluded the Agreement is ambiguous and we are of the opinion that Fox and
White have been deprived of the substantial right to introduce evidence of contract negotiations and
the intent of the parties at the time the Agreement was executed. We believe the exclusion of such
evidence involved a substantial right which more probably than not affected the outcome of the trial
and resulted in prejudice to Fox and White. Due to the deprivation of this substantial right, they are
entitled to a new trial on the merits.

                                         Remaining Issues

       The foregoing holdings render the issues presented by Citadel and the other issues presented
by Fox and White moot. Accordingly, they will not be addressed.

                                           In Conclusion

        We therefore vacate the judgment and remand this matter for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion. Costs of appeal are assessed against the appellees, Citadel Investments, Inc., Carl
McKellor, Richard W. Weachter and Robert A. Sindle.




                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE




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