                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A16-0352

                                     Mary A. Zirbes,
                                       Appellant,

                                           vs.

                           Meshbesher and Spence, Ltd., et al.,
                                    Respondents.

                               Filed September 26, 2016
                                       Affirmed
                                   Rodenberg, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CV-15-11255

Mary A. Zirbes, Maple Lake, Minnesota (pro se appellant)

Joshua M. Tuchscherer, Meshbesher & Spence, Ltd., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
respondents)

      Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and

Smith, Tracy M., Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

      Appellant Mary Zirbes challenges the district court’s dismissal of her claims

against her former attorneys, Meshbesher & Spence, Ltd., Konstandinos Nicklow, and

Michael Snyder, collectively respondents. Because, under Minn. Stat. § 544.42 (2014),
affidavit-supported expert testimony is necessary for the determination of appellant’s

claims, and because appellant failed to comply with that statutory requirement, we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant’s son died in October 2011, and appellant sued Allina Health System

and others, alleging that they were at fault for her son’s death. She was represented by

respondents in that suit, which was dismissed as discussed below. She sued respondents

for legal malpractice, fraud, and other claims.

       Appellant alleges that respondent Nicklow contacted her the day after her son

died, and suggested that appellant needed legal assistance. Appellant claims she told him

that she was a single mother working as a waitress, and was without money to pay for

legal expenses. She claims that Nicklow told her there would be no out-of-pocket

expenses to her for retaining respondents, and that she told Nicklow that “she would

never in a million years do anything that would put her at risk for even one penny of

out-of-pocket expenses.”       With these claimed understandings, appellant retained

respondents to represent her in her wrongful-death claim against Allina Health System

d/b/a Buffalo Hospital, Rick Russell, Craig Fairbanks, Emergency Physicians

Professional Association, and Scott Gunderson, M.D. (“Allina”).

       The case against Allina was investigated by respondents, and appellant sued

Allina. Despite appellant’s stated desire to avoid any risk of being liable for costs,

appellant claims she was offered $220,000 to settle her claims against Allina and that

respondents advised appellant to “walk away” and reject that offer. She claims that

respondents failed to inform her of the risk of liability to Allina for costs if her claim was


                                              2
unsuccessful. Allina later moved for summary judgment, which was granted in June

2013. Appellant claims that it was only after her claims against Allina were summarily

dismissed that she learned that she risked responsibility for Allina’s costs. She then

agreed to relinquish her right to appeal the summary judgment in exchange for Allina’s

agreement not to tax legal costs.

       In June 2015, appellant sued respondents, pro se, alleging claims of negligence,

negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud. Respondents moved to

dismiss, alleging that appellant failed to provide affidavits as required by Minn. Stat.

§ 544.42. On July 7, 2015, appellant filed an amended complaint, which included a

handwritten request for “a dismissal of the requirement for a Certificate of Expert Review

because the Statute of Limitations was about to expire.” On July 10, she filed yet another

amended complaint. In response to respondents’ motion to dismiss, appellant asserted

that she would be relying on a letter from the Office of Lawyer’s Professional

Responsibility (OLPR) as her certificate of expert review.1 She claimed she had been

unable to obtain any other expert opinion.

       The district court granted respondents’ motion and dismissed appellant’s claims

with prejudice. It determined that: (1) appellant commenced her action in June 2015 and

did not serve, file, or produce an expert-witness affidavit satisfying statutory


1
 The letter from OLPR contained an admonition of one attorney of respondent’s law firm
for “isolated and non-serious” unprofessional conduct, which the attorney contested and
which record reflects was to be the subject of a non-public hearing. Whether the hearing
was held and what the outcome was of any such hearing is not revealed by the record.
The OLPR letter does not contain any opinion concerning a breach of duty by respondent
or its lawyers resulting in harm to appellant.

                                             3
requirements; (2) appellant had failed to properly seek a waiver of the expert-witness

affidavit under Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 3(c); (3) the letter from the OLPR was

insufficient as appellant’s expert disclosure under Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 3(a)(1);

and, (4) appellant failed to serve an expert-identification affidavit, as required by Minn.

Stat. § 544.42, subd. 2(2).

       This appeal followed.

                                     DECISION

       Appellant challenges the district court’s dismissal of her claims against

respondents. Although appellant states several causes of action, the essence of her suit is

one for legal malpractice. She claims that respondents failed to timely inform her of the

risk of liability to Allina for costs. We review the dismissal of a professional-malpractice

action for procedural irregularities, including failure to comply with expert-review

requirements, under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Guzick v. Kimball, 869 N.W.2d 42,

46 (Minn. 2015). But the issue of whether expert testimony is required to establish a

prima facie case in a legal-malpractice action presents a question of law, which we

review de novo. Id. at 46-47.

       A prima facie case of legal malpractice requires that a plaintiff establish: (1) the

existence of an attorney-client relationship; (2) acts that constitute the alleged negligence

or breach of contract; (3) that those acts were the proximate cause of damages; and,

(4) that, but for the defendant’s conduct, the plaintiff would have been successful in the

prosecution or defense of the action.      Id. at 47.   As discussed below, most legal-

malpractice cases require expert testimony on some or all of these elements. If a plaintiff


                                             4
intends to use expert testimony to establish a prima facie case of professional

malpractice, a party alleging malpractice must serve two affidavits of expert review.

Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 2. First, if there has been no determination by the district

court excusing or waiving it, the party must serve an affidavit stating that counsel has

reviewed the facts with “an expert whose qualifications provide a reasonable expectation

that the expert’s opinions could be admissible at trial,” and that, in the expert’s opinion,

“the defendant deviated from the applicable standard of care and by that action caused

injury to the plaintiff.” Id., subd. 3. Second, the party must, within 180 days, serve on

the opposing party or counsel an affidavit identifying any expert that the party intends to

call as a witness, including the substance of that expert’s testimony and a summary of the

grounds for the expert’s opinions. Id., subd. 4(a). A party acting pro se is subject to the

same affidavit requirements as a party represented by an attorney. Id., subd. 5.

       “Expert testimony is generally required to establish the standard of care applicable

to an attorney whose conduct is alleged to have been negligent, and further to establish

whether the conduct deviated from that standard.”         Jerry’s Enters., Inc. v. Larkin,

Hoffman, Daly & Lindgren, Ltd., 711 N.W.2d 811, 817 (Minn. 2006) (quotation omitted).

An exception to this general rule is a case where a lay jury can adequately evaluate the

attorney’s conduct without an expert opinion. Hill v. Okay Constr. Co., 312 Minn. 324,

337, 252 N.W.2d 107, 116 (1977).         This exception is reserved for the “rare” and

“exceptional” case. Sorenson v. St. Paul Ramsey Med. Ctr., 457 N.W.2d 188, 191 (Minn.

1990). Whether expert testimony is required in a legal-malpractice action depends on the

nature of the questions that the trier of fact must decide and on whether specialized or


                                             5
technical knowledge will assist in that decision. Fontaine v. Steen, 759 N.W.2d 672, 677

(Minn. App. 2009).

       Appellant argues on appeal that she was not required to serve expert-review

affidavits under Minn. Stat. § 544.42 because her malpractice claims could be adequately

evaluated by a jury without expert testimony. She alleges that respondents breached a

fiduciary duty and committed fraud by failing to inform her that she risked a cost

judgment if she did not settle her claim. Appellant argues that, because of this lack of

information, she declined a settlement offer of $220,000 or more and, when her legal

claims were later dismissed, she relinquished her right to appeal and settled the case with

Allina in exchange for its agreement to refrain from taxing legal costs.

       An attorney owes a fiduciary duty “to represent the client with undivided loyalty,

to preserve the client’s confidences, and to disclose any material matters bearing upon the

representation of these obligations.” Rice v. Perl, 320 N.W.2d 407, 410 (Minn. 1982)

(emphasis omitted) (quotation omitted). A claim for breach of fiduciary duty is closely

related to a claim of professional negligence, and requires a plaintiff to demonstrate a

fiduciary duty, breach of that duty, causation, and damages. See Padco, Inc. v. Kinney &

Lange, 444 N.W.2d 889, 891 (Minn. App. 1989) (holding that a complaint alleging the

elements of a legal-malpractice claim sufficiently alleged the elements of a breach-of-

fiduciary-duty claim), review denied (Minn. Nov. 15, 1989).

       All of appellant’s claims essentially restate her malpractice claim in another form.

Her essential claim is one for legal malpractice. “When a claim is predicated on conduct

subject to a professional standard of care, expert evidence is generally required to support


                                             6
the claim.” Blatz v. Allina Health Sys., 622 N.W.2d 376, 388 (Minn. App. 2001), review

denied (Minn. May 16, 2001).

      Appellant argues that respondents’ failure to disclose the risk of a judgement

against her for costs can be readily understood by a lay jury, and that expert testimony is

not required. But to succeed on that claim, appellant must establish that respondents’

discussions with her breached an attorney’s standard of care for communicating with a

client. The standard of care relating to an attorney’s communication with a client is a

subject requiring expert testimony. Schmitz v. Rinke, Noonan, Smoley, Deter, Colombo,

Wiant, Von Korff & Hobbs, Ltd., 783 N.W.2d 733, 739-40 (Minn. App. 2010), review

denied (Minn. Sept. 21, 2010). A lay jury will not be able to determine the standard of

care without expert testimony. The issue of whether respondents breached the standard

of care in their communications with appellant, including failing to advise her about the

risk of the cost judgment, therefore requires expert testimony and, likewise, compliance

with Minn. Stat. § 544.42.

      Appellant also argues that the statute does not require an expert affidavit for

allegations of fraud. The legal-malpractice claims against respondents are much more

complicated than appellant seems to appreciate. Appellant complains that she was not

fully advised that she might be liable for costs should Allina prevail in the wrongful-

death claim, but it is undisputed that appellant has not been required to actually pay any

costs. In fact, she has been released from any such liability. Because she obtained that

outcome by waiving her right to appeal the summary dismissal of her wrongful-death

action, any viable legal malpractice claim would necessitate that she prove either that


                                            7
respondents were professionally negligent in not advising her to accept the $220,000 that

she claims was offered during mediation or that an appeal of the district court’s summary

dismissal of her wrongful-death claim would have succeeded.            Expert testimony is

required to prove either of those things, because lay jurors, unassisted by expert

testimony, would be unable to resolve those questions.

       The expert-review statute, by its clear language, applies to “each cause of action”

for which expert testimony is required. Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 6(a), (b). Appellant’s

fraud and legal-malpractice claims depend on the nature and extent of an attorney’s duty

to communicate with a client concerning an award of costs in the event of an adverse

resolution of the client’s legal claims. Both require expert testimony and are subject to

the requirements of Minn. Stat. § 544.42. The district court acted within its discretion

when it dismissed appellant’s breach-of-fiduciary-duty and fraud claims based on

appellant’s failure to file an affidavit of expert review under section 544.42, subdivision

3, or, alternatively, to seek waiver or modification of the requirement.

Good Faith Effort to Obtain an Expert Affidavit

       Appellant appears to argue on appeal that the district court abused its discretion by

dismissing her complaint without waiving the expert-review requirement. First, the

district court found, and the record supports, that appellant failed to properly move for

waiver of the expert-review affidavit. Second, the district court properly determined that,

even if appellant had so moved, her “blanket assertion that no attorneys will provide

affidavits is not sufficient” to waive the statutory requirement. The district court also

determined, and appellant does not dispute on appeal, that the letter from the OLPR did


                                             8
not meet the minimum statutory requirements to serve as an expert affidavit. Finally, the

district court determined that appellant’s failure to serve the affidavit required by Minn.

Stat. § 544.42, subds. 2(2), 4, also required dismissal. Even if the district court had

waived or modified the expert-review affidavit requirement under section 544.42,

subdivision 3(c), the record establishes, and appellant does not dispute on appeal, that

appellant failed to file an affidavit identifying an expert conforming to the requirements

of Minn. Stat. § 544.42, subd. 4. And failure to comply with either of the affidavit

requirements results in “mandatory dismissal” of the action. Id., subd. 6(c).

       Appellant argues that she tried to obtain an expert affidavit, but that it became

“evident” that “no attorney was willing to make an expert opinion against the prominent

law firm of Meshbesher and Spence for compensation.” Appellant does not dispute that

she failed to serve the expert-witness affidavits, or that her failure to do so also requires

dismissal of her claims with prejudice. See Id.

Additional Claims

       Appellant appears to ask this court, for the first time on appeal, to find that

respondents committed fraud and malpractice, breached their fiduciary duties, and were

negligent. However, “[i]t is not within the province of [appellate courts] to determine

issues of fact on appeal.” Kucera v. Kucera, 275 Minn. 252, 254, 146 N.W.2d 181, 183

(1966); see also Wright Elec., Inc. v. Ouellette, 686 N.W.2d 313, 324 (Minn. App. 2004)

(stating that “this court cannot serve as the fact-finder”), review denied (Minn. Dec. 14,

2004). Appellant also appears to assert, and again for the first time on appeal, claims for

conspiracy, “fabricated evidence,” and punitive damages. Because appellant did not raise


                                             9
these arguments to the district court, we do not address them. Thiele v. Stich, 425

N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988).

       Our review of the district court’s dismissal of appellant’s legal-malpractice claims

is limited to whether the district court misapplied the law or abused its discretion

concerning compliance with Minn. Stat. § 544.42. The district court’s application of the

law was above reproach. And it acted within its discretion concerning the statutory

requirements for expert affidavits. None of this, of course, lessens appellant’s grief and

loss. She not only lost her son. She asserted what she thought was a viable wrongful-

death claim, was apparently offered significant money in settlement, and turned down

that settlement offer on the advice of counsel. Her claims were later dismissed, and she

faced the prospect of having to pay the costs of the prevailing party.         She claims

respondents did not advise her of that risk at the time she declined the settlement offer.

She therefore agreed to forego appeal of the summary dismissal of the wrongful-death

case in exchange for being released from liability for costs in the wrongful-death case.

       On this record, there is no way of knowing whether an appeal of the wrongful-

death case would have been successful, and the record contains no expert opinion that it

would have succeeded.      Given the explicit expert-witness-affidavit requirements of

section 544.42, the district court properly dismissed appellant’s claims against

respondents.

       Affirmed.




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