[Cite as Campbell v. 1 Spring, L.L.C., 2020-Ohio-3190.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Robert W. Campbell,                                  :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                 :
                                                                      No. 19AP-368
v.                                                   :            (C.P.C. No. 15CV-9033)

1 Spring, LLC et al.,                                :       (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendants-Appellants.              :




                                           D E C I S I O N

                                       Rendered on June 4, 2020


                 On brief: Hrabcak & Company, L.P.A., Michael Hrabcak,
                 and Benjamin B. Nelson, for appellee. Argued: Benjamin B.
                 Nelson.

                 On brief: Law Office of W. Evan Price, II, LLC, and W. Evan
                 Price, II, for appellants. Argued: W. Evan Price, II.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
DORRIAN, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendants-appellants, 1 Spring, LLC ("1 Spring"), James R. Horner, and
Samuel Horner (collectively, "appellants") appeal from an order of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas awarding damages to plaintiff-appellee, Robert W. Campbell, on
his claim for breach of contract. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} Appellants appealed a prior judgment in favor of Campbell to this court; in
that appeal we found the trial court erred by relying on extrinsic evidence in determining
whether the agreement between the parties was ambiguous. We reversed and remanded
for further proceedings. Campbell v. 1 Spring, LLC, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-94, 2019-Ohio-
623, ¶ 12. In our prior decision, we set forth the facts underlying the disputed contract:
No. 19AP-368                                                                   2


           James R. Horner and Samuel Horner are members of 1 Spring,
           which owns the building located at the southwest corner of
           North High Street and West Spring Street in Columbus, Ohio.
           On April 20, 2012, 1 Spring entered into a lease with the Lamar
           Companies ("Lamar") providing for an outdoor advertising
           structure to be placed on the building ("sign lease"). The sign
           lease provided that Lamar would pay 1 Spring $80,000.04 per
           year in monthly installments for a term of ten years. Lamar also
           held an option to extend the sign lease for an additional ten
           years after the initial term expired.

           Prior to entering the sign lease, 1 Spring had obtained approval
           from the Columbus Downtown Commission to erect a digital
           sign on the building. Shortly before entering the sign lease, the
           Horners became aware that due to the building's location on a
           state highway it would be necessary to comply with state
           regulations regarding outdoor advertising. James contacted
           the Ohio Department of Transportation ("ODOT") and was
           advised that a sign would not be permitted on the 1 Spring
           building under the existing rules due to its proximity to other
           signs in the surrounding area, unless 1 Spring acquired all the
           existing advertising in the area. The ODOT employee indicated
           the agency would not grant a variance to allow a sign on the 1
           Spring building, but also indicated the Director of ODOT had
           expressed interest in amending the existing rules to exclude
           urban business districts from the sign spacing requirements.

           A business associate of James recommended he contact
           Campbell, who was a former chief of staff at ODOT, regarding
           assistance in obtaining approval for the sign. The Horners and
           Campbell met on April 23, 2012 to discuss the possibility of
           Campbell assisting in obtaining approval for the sign and
           compensation for such assistance. Following the meeting, the
           parties agreed to memorialize their agreement in writing to
           establish that Campbell was authorized to represent 1 Spring.
           The agreement was set forth in the form of a letter to Campbell
           signed by James as the managing partner of 1 Spring ("the
           agreement"), providing the following terms:

           Samuel and James Horner hereby agree to pay you 10% of the
           gross receipts ($80K/year) from a lease that has been executed
           in regards to the above referenced property.

           Your compensation shall be $8,000/year during the initial
           term of ten (10) years. The lease commences at a point in time
           when the sign has been erected.
No. 19AP-368                                                                              3


                For this compensation, we are "in your hands" to facilitate the
                proper "permitting issues" needed for the sign with regards to
                the State of Ohio.

                If this is agreeable to you, please sign below and return to me
                at my email address.

                (Joint Ex. No. IV.) A few days later, Campbell added a
                handwritten amendment to the agreement, providing as
                follows:

                In addition to the above terms and conditions, Samuel and
                James Horner agree to pay 10% of the gross receipts of the
                annual negotiated amount with Lamar Companies for the
                following term of 10 yrs at the end of the original 10 yr
                agreement. This contract is binding with 1 Spring LLC and
                heirs and assigns hereto.

                (Joint Ex. No. IV.) The Horners initialed this amendment,
                indicating their approval.

Id. at ¶ 1-4.
        {¶ 3} On remand, the trial court issued a decision, including findings of fact and
conclusions of law, concluding the agreement was a binding contract and certain terms in
the agreement were ambiguous. The court further held that Campbell performed under the
agreement and appellants breached the agreement by failing to compensate Campbell. The
court subsequently issued a final judgment entry, incorporating its findings of fact and
conclusions of law, holding appellants liable to Campbell for $51,764.14, plus interest, for
the period through June 2019, and 10 percent of future rent revenues received from the
sign lease beginning in July 2019, pursuant to the terms of the agreement.
II. Assignment of Error
        {¶ 4} Appellants appeal and assign the following sole assignment of error for our
review:
                The trial court erred by adopting conclusory findings of fact
                regarding the extrinsic evidence offered to explain ambiguities
                in the Parties' Contract that were against the manifest weight
                of the evidence, misinterpreting the contract based on those
                unsupported findings and entering judgment on Appellee's
                breach of contract claim based on that misinterpretation.
No. 19AP-368                                                                               4


III. Analysis
A. Standard of Review
        {¶ 5} The elements of a contract include an offer, acceptance, contractual capacity,
consideration, a manifestation of mutual assent, and legality of purpose. You v. Northeast
Ohio Med. Univ., 10th Dist. No. 17AP-426, 2018-Ohio-4838, ¶ 19. A plaintiff asserting
breach of contract must establish existence of a contract, performance by the plaintiff under
the contract, breach by the defendant, and loss or damage to the plaintiff. CosmetiCredit,
LLC v. World Fin. Network Natl. Bank, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-32, 2014-Ohio-5301, ¶ 13.
"[J]udicial examination of [a] contract begins with the fundamental objective of
ascertaining and giving effect to the intent of the parties at the time they executed the
agreement." Id. When a contract is not ambiguous, it must be enforced as written. Id. at
¶ 14.
        {¶ 6} A contract is ambiguous when its meaning cannot be determined from the
four corners of the agreement or where the language is susceptible to two or more
reasonable interpretations. Covington v. Lucia, 151 Ohio App.3d 409, 2003-Ohio-346, ¶ 18
(10th Dist.). When parties to a contract dispute the meaning of language within the
contract, the court must first consider the content within the four corners of the contract.
Drs. Kristal & Forche, D.D.S., Inc. v. Erkis, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-06, 2009-Ohio-5671, ¶ 21.
If the terms of the contract are clear and precise, it is not ambiguous and the court may not
refer to evidence outside the contract to determine the meaning of those terms. Id.
However, "[w]hen the language of a contract is unclear or ambiguous, or when the
circumstances surrounding the agreement give the plain language special meaning,
extrinsic evidence can be used to ascertain the intent of the parties." Id. at ¶ 22.
        {¶ 7} In the present case, the trial court found the phrases "in your hands" and
"permitting issues" within the agreement to be ambiguous because they were susceptible
to two or more conflicting but reasonable interpretations. (Apr. 5, 2019 Decision at 14.)
The court concluded appellants relied on Campbell's experience and expertise with
permitting and waiver issues and they were willing to place themselves in his hands to
obtain the desired outcome—i.e., a permit for a sign on the 1 Spring building. The court
concluded Campbell had broad latitude and unlimited authority to determine the means
No. 19AP-368                                                                                5


through which a permit for the sign would be obtained, without interference from
appellants.
       {¶ 8} Appellants do not appear to dispute the trial court's conclusion that the
agreement was ambiguous. Rather, appellants challenge the trial court's determination
that Campbell had unlimited authority under the agreement to determine how to obtain a
permit for a sign on the 1 Spring building. Appellants argue they only hired Campbell to
obtain a waiver of the existing Ohio Department of Transportation ("ODOT") requirements
and a permit to construct the sign on their building, not to obtain an amendment of ODOT's
regulations.
       {¶ 9} "Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law. The meaning of the
words in an ambiguous contract becomes a question of fact. Extrinsic evidence is
admissible to ascertain the parties' intentions, and the trial court's determination will not
be overturned absent an abuse of discretion." (Internal citations omitted.) Atelier Dist.,
LLC v. Parking Co. of Am., Inc., 10th Dist. No. 07AP-87, 2007-Ohio-7138, ¶ 17. See also
Benchmark Contrs., Inc. v. Southgate Mgt., LLC, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-390, 2014-Ohio-
1254, ¶ 41, quoting Stoll v. United Magazine Co., 10th Dist. No. 03AP-752, 2004-Ohio-
2523, ¶ 7 (" '[I]f a contract is ambiguous, the meaning of the words is a factual question and
a court's interpretation will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion.' " (Emphasis
sic.)); Ohio Historical Soc. v. Gen. Maintenance & Eng. Co., 65 Ohio App.3d 139, 147 (10th
Dist.1989) ("The meaning of terms used in a contract, if ambiguous, is a question of fact
and will not be overturned on appeal absent a showing that the trial court abused its
discretion."). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court's decision is arbitrary,
unreasonable, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
"A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process that would support that
decision." AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50
Ohio St.3d 157, 161 (1990). An arbitrary decision is one that lacks adequate determining
principle and is not governed by any fixed rules or standard. Porter, Wright, Morris &
Arthur, LLP v. Frutta Del Mondo, Ltd., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-69, 2008-Ohio-3567, ¶ 11. An
unconscionable decision may be defined as one that affronts the sense of justice, decency,
or reasonableness. Id.
No. 19AP-368                                                                                  6


       {¶ 10} Appellants also argue the trial court's decision was against the manifest
weight of the evidence. The trial court concluded Campbell performed under the agreement
by helping facilitate a rule change that allowed appellants to construct the sign, and
appellants breached the agreement by failing to compensate Campbell. Appellants claim
Campbell was not a credible witness and was frequently impeached at trial using his
deposition testimony. Appellants also argue Campbell had no expertise in regulatory
amendments and, therefore, it was illogical for the trial court to conclude appellants would
hire him to obtain a change in Ohio law.
       {¶ 11} "Judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all the
essential elements of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence." C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279,
280 (1978). An appellate court applying the manifest-weight standard weighs the evidence
and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of the witnesses, and determines
whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost its way. Sparre
v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-381, 2013-Ohio-4153, ¶ 10. "When reviewing
a judgment under the civil manifest weight of the evidence standard, the court must
presume that the findings of the trier of fact are correct, as the trial judge had the
opportunity to view and observe the witnesses and to use those observations in weighting
the credibility of the testimony." Mayle v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No.
09AP-541, 2010-Ohio-2774, ¶ 39. See also Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d
77, 79-80 (1984) ("While we agree with the proposition that in some instances an appellate
court is duty-bound to exercise the limited prerogative of reversing a judgment as being
against the manifest weight of the evidence in a proper case, it is also important that in
doing so a court of appeals be guided by a presumption that the findings of the trier-of-fact
were indeed correct."). " 'If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the
reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict
and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.' " Eastley v.
Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co. at 80, fn. 3,
quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191-92 (1978).
No. 19AP-368                                                                                7


B. Evidence presented at trial
       {¶ 12} Because appellants challenge the trial court's conclusions that Campbell had
unlimited authority to determine how to obtain a permit for appellants' sign and that
Campbell performed under the agreement by helping facilitate a regulatory change
allowing construction of the sign, we must consider the evidence presented at trial related
to those issues.
1. Initial meeting with Campbell and formulation of agreement
       {¶ 13} James Horner testified he spoke with John Keckstein of ODOT in mid-April
2012, after the Horners obtained a certificate of appropriateness to construct a sign on the
1 Spring building from the city of Columbus. Keckstein informed him the sign could not be
constructed under ODOT regulations, unless appellants purchased all the existing
advertising permits in the area. Keckstein also indicated the director of ODOT had been
encouraged by various municipal leaders to change the permitting regulations for signs in
municipal areas. James testified he thought changing Ohio law would be a "Herculean kind
of effort" that would take "months, if not years" and that appellants needed to get their sign
permitted as quickly as possible. (Tr. Vol. II at 365.) Samuel Horner testified a mutual
acquaintance recommended contacting Campbell for assistance, because Campbell was
influential with ODOT.
       {¶ 14} Campbell and the Horners met on April 23, 2012, at a restaurant in the 1
Spring building. Campbell testified he thought he could help the Horners get a permit for
the sign because he was familiar with ODOT and had relationships with the relevant ODOT
employees. Campbell worked for a private-sector company in 2012, but had previously
worked for ODOT for 14 and one-half years, ultimately serving as chief of staff to the agency
director for approximately one a one-half years.
       {¶ 15} James testified that during the April 23rd meeting, Campbell claimed he
could get a waiver from ODOT for construction of the sign. James stated Campbell
indicated "if it entailed changing the laws of Ohio, he was out" because he would not have
the time required for that type of effort. (Tr. Vol. II at 368.) James claimed he would not
have asked Campbell to pursue amending the law because Campbell was not an attorney.
Similarly, Samuel testified that during the meeting Campbell claimed he could get approval
for the sign without changing Ohio law through a waiver, variance, or non-conforming
No. 19AP-368                                                                                8


permit within 30 to 60 days. During the meeting, James told Campbell he had been
informed the sign would not be permitted without changing ODOT's regulations. Samuel
testified Campbell indicated he could get the permit without changing the law, and that if
changing the law was required, he would not be involved because he did not have the
experience or time required to amend the law. Samuel claimed this point was discussed
multiple times.   Campbell testified there was no discussion with the Horners about
obtaining a waiver of the existing regulations, and asserted he had never heard the term
waiver used with respect to outdoor advertising permits during his time at ODOT.
       {¶ 16} After the discussion at the restaurant, Campbell and the Horners went to the
Horners' office in the 1 Spring building so Campbell could get copies of certain documents.
While at the Horners' office, the parties worked out the terms of the written agreement.
Campbell testified the Horners insisted on putting the agreement in writing. By contrast,
the Horners testified Campbell asserted he needed something in writing to demonstrate to
ODOT that he was representing the Horners.
       {¶ 17} James testified he and Campbell jointly dictated the agreement and that the
terms "in your hands" and "permitting issues" were put in quotation marks because the
parties had previously discussed what those terms meant. James stated "in your hands"
meant Campbell "was going to get this done from A to Z, and he is going to get us - - he is
going to take it from now, and he is going to get us a permit within the next 60 days." (Tr.
Vol. II at 376.) James also testified about his understanding of the term "permitting issues":
              Q: Permitting issues, the next phrase that is in quotes, what was
              your understanding of what that meant?

              A: Well, he referred to waivers. I referred to a variance. I
              referred to nonconforming. So there was a lot of terms that
              were being thrown around at that meeting at the Barrio. So I
              didn't know what to put in there exactly. That is why I put
              permitting issues, because I thought that covered everything
              involving getting our permits within a short period of time.

              Q: Did it have anything to do with changing Ohio law?

              A: Absolutely 100 percent not, and he said it, I said it. He said
              it more than once, if you got to change Ohio law, I am out. I am
              quoting him as I sit here, I am not making this up. I am telling
              you the absolute truth. He said it more than once. We said it
              more than once, because, again, he was not a lawyer. He
No. 19AP-368                                                                             9


               couldn't walk this thing through the [Joint Committee on
               Agency Rule Review] and hearings and everything else. He
               couldn't take it from A to Z.

               We wanted him to get permits just like other corners down
               there were over permitted, something happened to get those
               other corners over permitted. I wanted him to do the same
               thing for us, and he said he could do that.

(Tr. Vol. II at 376-77.)
       {¶ 18} Samuel agreed that James and Campbell were the primary drafters of the
agreement.     Samuel testified about his understanding of the disputed terms in the
agreement:
               Q: I was just going to ask you about two phrases. The first one
               is, quote/unquote, in your hands. What was your
               understanding of what that phrase meant?

               A: We were in Bob Campbell's hands from start to finish. I was
               upset about the ten percent. I wanted to do the five, but my
               father said this is very important, and I agreed with him, the
               ten percent to go forward.

               But I also made the point to Bob at lunch, I said, ten percent,
               you are doing everything, from start to finish, you are going to
               – - we are not doing a thing. And Bob Campbell said, I can get
               it done, and he agreed that it was going to be in a short period
               of time and that if he couldn't get it done and if Ohio law needed
               to be changed, he was out.

               ***

               Q: The next quoted phrase is, quote/unquote, permitting
               issues. What was your understanding of that phrase?

               A: We didn't know what the term was, but we knew, we all knew
               at the meeting and at lunch when we came back to our office
               that Bob Campbell was being hired to get us a permit, whether
               it be with the waiver or a variance. It had nothing to do with
               changing Ohio law. That is why Bob Campbell was getting
               hired. So the permitting issue dealt with a waiver or a variance
               or a nonconforming permit so that we could erect our sign.

(Tr. Vol. II at 423-25.) Samuel testified the Horners wanted to get the permit for the sign
quickly, but admitted there was no reference to timing in the agreement. He further
No. 19AP-368                                                                           10


acknowledged that any limitations on Campbell's authority could have been included in the
agreement.
       {¶ 19} Campbell testified that in working out the agreement, the Horners did not
specify a timeframe in which they needed to obtain the permit. Campbell further testified
the Horners did not indicate they were concerned about the method used to obtain a permit
for the sign. When asked about the meaning of the term "permitting issues" in the
agreement, Campbell responded:
               I just -- I mean, I didn't think this was that complex. All I did
               was I read this and thought I am going to go work -- talk with
               the people at ODOT and see if I can make this happen. That is
               what I did, and I knew he had to get a permit.

(Tr. Vol. I at 73.) On cross-examination, Campbell reiterated this understanding of the
phrase:
               Q: And you understood the quoted phrase, in your hands, to
               mean the defendants were relying on you to get a permit, to get
               the permitting issues resolved at ODOT, correct?

               A: Correct.

               ***

               Q: Now, you understood on April 23, you believed that
               permitting issues, in quote, meant that basically that you were
               going to get the rules changed, the laws rewritten, so they could
               get a permit, correct? That was your understanding?

               A: My understanding was that I would do whatever I could to
               get the permit, that I could move the process through the
               department to do whatever I could to get that permit, no matter
               what that meant.

(Tr. Vol. I at 99, 102.)
       {¶ 20} The Horners testified that a few days after the initial meeting, Campbell
brought the handwritten addendum extending the term of the agreement to the Horners'
office, where both James and Samuel initialed the addendum. The Horners stated
Campbell only remained at their office briefly that day and was in a rush because he had a
meeting with Sarah Lee at ODOT.
No. 19AP-368                                                                                11


2. Campbell's interactions with ODOT
       {¶ 21} Campbell testified he spoke with the ODOT chief of staff and chief engineer,
who indicated they did not oppose a permit for appellants' sign and suggested they believed
ODOT should not be regulating advertising in downtown municipal areas. On the evening
of April 23, 2012, Campbell e-mailed the Horners to report on his initial contact with
ODOT. Campbell advised the Horners he had made some progress, but needed to research
the legalities with ODOT. Campbell indicated he was "getting some support from the top,
but they have to listen to their council [sic] if laws crush us. Then we will need to take
another course of action." (Apr. 23, 2012 e-mail from Campbell, Joint Trial Ex. III.)
       {¶ 22} Campbell subsequently met with Sarah Lee, the ODOT advertising device
control manager, and John Keckstein, a field agent in the ODOT advertising device control
department. Lee told Campbell there had been pressure from other cities for ODOT to not
interfere with advertising in municipal business districts. Lee indicated another ODOT
employee had previously drafted proposed regulatory amendments that would allow signs
like the one sought by appellants to be constructed and suggested appellants could be the
flagship case for adopting the amendments. Campbell testified these previously drafted
amendments were "way on the back shelf" and "[n]obody was doing anything" with them.
(Tr. Vol. I at 82.) Campbell testified that as a result of his meeting with Lee, ODOT initiated
the process of amending the regulations:
              So we took it off the back shelf, and brought it to the forefront,
              and then we had to start the process of getting the law changed.
              * * * It is simple. It is a couple paragraphs that had to go
              through [the Common Sense Initiative] and [the Joint
              Committee on Agency Rule Review]. And so it wasn't that
              complex.

(Tr. Vol. I at 83.) Campbell testified he checked in "somewhat regularly" on the progress of
the amendment. (Tr. Vol. I at 83.)
       {¶ 23} On May 1, 2012, the Horners sent a letter to ODOT requesting a waiver
allowing construction of a sign on the 1 Spring building. Samuel testified he sent the letter
at Campbell's direction, and that Campbell reviewed the letter before it was sent. In
response to the letter, Lee prepared an internal memorandum about the proposed sign on
the 1 Spring building. Lee's memorandum noted one option would be to grant the
requested waiver, but indicated this would be contrary to all outdoor advertising rules and
No. 19AP-368                                                                             12


regulations and could create a problem when enforcing the rules against other non-
conforming signs. As an alternative, Lee recommended amending the Ohio Administrative
Code to institute business district spacing, as permitted under a state-federal agreement.
The proposed amendments eliminated sign spacing requirements in areas that qualified as
business districts. Lee noted the amendments would allow appellants' sign to be
constructed. Lee's memorandum did not mention Campbell's involvement with appellants'
request.
       {¶ 24} Lee testified at trial about her meeting with Campbell. She asserted she
would not have re-engaged in an effort to amend ODOT's regulations unless Campbell had
discussed appellants' permit request with her. Lee testified Campbell was instrumental in
getting the regulations amended. Lee further testified she was not aware of waivers being
granted by ODOT for outdoor advertising.
       {¶ 25} Keckstein also testified about his interactions with Campbell regarding
permitting for appellants' sign:
              Q: At some point do you recall having a discussion with Mr.
              Campbell in regard to the property located at 185 North High
              Street or otherwise known as 1 Spring Street?

              A: Yes. I believe we had some conversations about the site. He
              came into the office and was wondering how we could get this
              thing done, basically.

              Q: When you say get this thing done, get it permitted or get the
              rule changed, or what do you mean?

              A: Get it permitted. What do we need to do to get it permitted?

(Tr. Vol. I at 219-20.) Keckstein characterized Campbell as the "lightning rod" to get the
proposed amendments to the ODOT regulations enacted. (Tr. Vol. I at 226.)
3. Events during summer and autumn of 2012
       {¶ 26} Samuel claimed Campbell terminated the agreement on July 25, 2012 when
he called Samuel and informed him that no waiver would be granted for the sign and that
it was necessary to change the law for the sign to be approved. Samuel testified Campbell
told him "the law needs to be changed, I am out, I can't be involved, I am done, I can't get
you waivers," and recommended the Horners contact Andrew Bremer, who managed
No. 19AP-368                                                                                              13


legislative affairs at ODOT. (Tr. Vol. II at 442.) Samuel stated he sent an e-mail to Bremer
about the issue but received no response.
        {¶ 27} Samuel testified that in August 2012, he discussed the issue with former Ohio
Supreme Court Justice Andrew Douglas, who agreed to lobby for the Horners and pursue
an amendment to the ODOT regulations. Samuel testified he and James had a meeting
with Douglas on August 23, 2012; at Douglas's request, the Horners asked Campbell to join
the meeting so that Douglas could learn the status of Campbell's activities. Samuel stated
Campbell reiterated again at the meeting with Douglas that he would not be involved in
amending the law. Douglas and another member of his law firm subsequently represented
the Horners at meetings and hearings at ODOT and the Joint Committee on Agency Rule
Review ("JCARR"). Campbell testified he thought it was unnecessary for the Horners to
hire Douglas as a lobbyist because JCARR was not likely to reject ODOT's proposed
amendments. The proposed amendments were ultimately adopted1 and a permit for
appellants' sign was issued in December 2012. Samuel testified the sign was constructed
over approximately nine months and appellants began receiving revenue from the sign
lease in September 2013. Samuel admitted Campbell was not paid any compensation
pursuant to the agreement.
C. Evaluation of appellants' claims
1. Meaning of disputed terms in agreement
        {¶ 28} As explained above, once a court determines a contract is ambiguous, the
meaning of the disputed term or terms is a question of fact, subject to review for abuse of
discretion. The relevant clause in the agreement stated "we are 'in your hands' to facilitate
the proper 'permitting issues' needed for the sign with regards to the State of Ohio." The
trial court found the phrases "in your hands" and "permitting issues" to be ambiguous.
        {¶ 29} James and Campbell were primarily involved in drafting the language used
in the agreement, including the disputed terms.                   Campbell testified the agreement
authorized him to do whatever was necessary to get approval for a sign on the 1 Spring
building. He claimed there was no discussion with the Horners about obtaining a waiver


1 The regulatory amendments, which were adopted effective December 6, 2012, modified Ohio Adm.Code

5501:2-2-01 to add subsection (KK), defining a "business district," and Ohio Adm.Code 5501:2-02-02, to add
subsection (A)(3)(b)(iv), providing that there was no spacing requirement between advertising devices located
within a business district, with certain exceptions.
No. 19AP-368                                                                             14


of the permit requirements and stated he was not aware of ODOT issuing waivers for
outdoor advertising. By contrast, the Horners testified their discussion with Campbell
focused solely on quickly obtaining a waiver of the existing permit requirements. They
asserted they did not intend for Campbell to pursue amendment of ODOT's regulations,
and claimed that Campbell indicated he would not be involved if approval of the sign
required amending state law. However, the Horners admitted that no language limiting
Campbell's authority was included in the agreement.          The testimony from Lee and
Keckstein tended to support Campbell's interpretation of the disputed terms, because they
indicated Campbell wanted to determine what was necessary to obtain approval for the
sign, rather than being narrowly focused on obtaining a waiver of the existing requirements.
       {¶ 30} Under these circumstances, where there was competing credible evidence
regarding the meaning of the terms used in the agreement, we cannot conclude the trial
abused its discretion by finding that the phrase "we are 'in your hands' to facilitate the
proper 'permitting issues' needed for the sign with regards to the State of Ohio" gave
Campbell broad authority to pursue approval of the sign through whatever means he found
appropriate. Appellants have failed to demonstrate the trial court's decision was arbitrary,
unreasonable, or unconscionable. See Ruehl v. Air/Pro, Inc., 1st Dist. No. C-040339, 2005-
Ohio-1184, ¶ 7-12 (concluding trial court did not abuse its discretion by holding that
contractual provision stating a terminated employee "may forfeit all or part of his accrued
commissions" upon termination meant the employee forfeited commissions on orders for
which the employer had not yet been paid at the time of termination, but did not forfeit
previously earned commissions on orders for which the employer had been paid at the time
of termination (Emphasis omitted.)). Compare Benchmark Contrs. at ¶ 50 (concluding it
was unreasonable for trial court to resolve ambiguity in contract by finding a particular
entity was a party to the contract because the face of the contract was not reasonably
susceptible to that conclusion and no evidence was produced that would permit the court
to determine what role, if any, the entity had in formation of the contract).
2. Weight of the evidence
       {¶ 31} We apply a deferential standard in evaluating appellants' claim that the trial
court's decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence.          In reviewing the
judgment, we must presume the trial court's findings of fact are correct and, where the
No. 19AP-368                                                                                   15


evidence is susceptible to more than one construction, give it the interpretation consistent
with sustaining the judgment. Eastley at ¶ 21; Mayle at ¶ 39. The trial court concluded
Campbell performed under the agreement by helping facilitate the regulatory amendments
that ultimately allowed construction of appellants' sign on the 1 Spring building. Based on
our review of the record, we find there was competent, credible evidence to support that
conclusion. As explained above, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
concluding that the agreement gave Campbell broad authority to determine the method for
obtaining approval of appellants' sign. Campbell testified he discussed with ODOT
employees how to get appellants' sign approved, and those employees indicated a
regulatory amendment would be necessary. Following those discussions, ODOT revived
previously drafted regulatory amendments, which were ultimately enacted and allowed
appellants to construct a sign on the 1 Spring building. Campbell testified he checked in to
follow the progress of the amendment. Lee and Keckstein characterized Campbell's
involvement as having been instrumental in motivating ODOT to undertake the regulatory
amendments. Although there was conflicting evidence in this case, we cannot conclude the
trial court clearly lost its way in resolving those conflicts, and thus the trial court's decision
was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
IV. Conclusion
       {¶ 32} For the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellants' sole assignment of error
and affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                           Judgment affirmed.
                         BEATTY BLUNT and NELSON, JJ., concur.
