J-S25039-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                        Appellee               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
    LUIS ALEJANDRO GENAO                       :
                                               :
                        Appellant              :      No. 1211 MDA 2019

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 15, 2019
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-40-CR-0003806-2017


BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., DUBOW, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                FILED AUGUST 21, 2020

       Appellant, Luis Alejandro Genao, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury trial

convictions for rape of a child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse (“IDSI”)

with a child, two counts of indecent assault, two counts of corruption of minors

(“COM”), and endangering the welfare of a child (“EWOC”).1 We affirm.

       The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. On

December      5,     2017,   the    Commonwealth   charged   Appellant   with   the

aforementioned offenses in connection with the sexual abuse of his

stepdaughter (“Victim”) from the time Victim was approximately nine to


____________________________________________


118 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 3123(b), 3126(a)(7), 3126(a)(8), 6301(a)(1)(ii),
6301(a)(1)(i), and 4304(a)(1), respectively.
J-S25039-20


twelve years old.2 During that time, Appellant raped Victim and performed

oral sex on her, among other things. When Victim was around twelve years

old, Appellant stopped physically abusing her but continued to make sexually

explicit comments about her body. When Victim was around sixteen years

old, she disclosed some of the abuse to her mother, Appellant’s wife. Victim’s

mother did not believe the allegations and sent Victim to live with her

biological father. After Victim disclosed the sexual abuse to her father, he

asked that Victim visit her maternal aunt in New York City to repeat the

allegations.    Victim’s father does not speak English well and had difficulty

processing the allegations.       Victim then disclosed the details of the sexual

abuse to her aunt, who reported the abuse to the proper authorities.

        Appellant proceeded to a jury trial on March 19, 2019.       At trial, the

Commonwealth presented testimony from Victim, Victim’s father, Victim’s

maternal aunt, Roberta Fratzola, a licensed professional counselor specializing

in delayed reporting in child sexual abuse cases, Sandra Federo, a nurse

practitioner who examined Victim after the abuse allegations, and Detective

David Rodick. Appellant testified in his defense and presented testimony from

Victim’s mother, Victim’s biological brother, and four character witnesses.

        On the second day of trial, Juror #11 approached the tipstaff, and said

she was uncomfortable with the testimony from the first day of trial and did



____________________________________________


2   Victim was born in August 2000.

                                           -2-
J-S25039-20


not sleep at all that evening. The court brought Juror #11 into chambers and

questioned her about her concerns. The juror indicated the subject matter of

the case made her nervous. The court questioned the juror about her ability

to be fair and impartial under the circumstances, and the juror agreed she

could be fair and impartial. The juror reiterated twice more that she could be

fair and impartial notwithstanding her discomfort with the subject matter.

Upon Appellant’s motion to strike Juror #11, the court agreed to question her

again on the record, and to permit the parties to examine her.

      The following exchange took place:

         [The court]: [Juror #11], you spoke to my tipstaff this
         morning and said you had concerns about the subject
         matter in this trial and that you [had] trouble sleeping last
         night?

         [Juror #11]:   Um-hum.

         [The court]: We previously brought you into chambers
         and went over that with you. We’re going to do it now again
         on the record—

         [Juror #11]:   Okay.

         [The court]:   —to make sure we have a clean record in this
         case.

         [Juror #11]:   Sure.

         [The court]:   Your concerns are what with this trial?

                                  *   *     *

         [Juror #11]: The subject matter was more, I guess, why I
         didn’t sleep well.

         [The court]:   Okay. Obviously, this is a serious matter.

                                      -3-
J-S25039-20



       [Juror #11]:   Right.

       [The court]: And my question to you is—I know you’ve
       expressed these concerns to us. Can you still be fair and
       impartial in this case? Can you listen to the evidence? Can
       you follow the instructions of the Court? And can you make
       a decision in this case based upon the evidence that you
       believe and the instructions by the Court in the law? Could
       you do that?

       [Juror #11]:   Yes.

       [The court]:   Okay. Could you still be fair and impartial to
       both sides?

       [Juror #11]:   Yes.

                               *    *    *

       [The court]:   Counsel, any questions?

       [Defense]:     Am I correct you’ve already formed an
       opinion as to the guilt of [Appellant]?

       [Juror #11]:   No.

       [Defense]:     No other questions.

                               *    *    *

       [The court]: As we sit here today in my chambers at 9:18
       in the morning on Wednesday morning, you have not
       formed any fixed opinion in this case?

       [Juror #11]:   No, I haven’t heard everything yet.

       [The court]: Okay. And you can keep a clear and open
       mind going forward?

       [Juror #11]:   Yes.

       [The court]: And will you have the ability to follow the
       instructions that I give you on the law and determine the

                                   -4-
J-S25039-20


         facts as you see them—because you’re the fact finder in this
         case, you make the decision—could you do that?

         [Juror #11]:   Yes.

         [The court]: Okay. Could you set aside your feelings
         about the subject matter of this case and decide this case
         based upon the evidence that you believe and the law as I
         instruct you?

         [Juror #11]:   Yes. I’ll listen to the facts.

         [The court]: And as you sit here today at this time, you
         do not have a fixed opinion on this case?

         [Juror #11]:   No, I do not.

         [The court]:   Okay. Thank you very much.

         [Juror #11]:   Thank you.

(N.T. Trial, 3/20/19, at 197-200). Based on the court’s colloquy, the court

denied Appellant’s motion to strike Juror #11. The court stated: “I find [Juror

#11] does not have a fixed opinion and that she can listen and follow the

instructions and listen to the evidence and make a decision based upon the

evidence that she believes and the law as I instruct her.” (Id. at 200-01).

      During the charging conference, the defense requested a “low-grade”

jury instruction concerning expert Roberta Fratzola’s testimony.        Defense

counsel explained that a low-grade instruction “informs the jury that expert

opinion is considered of a low-grade when the expert testifies not from

personal observation but expresses an opinion in response to a hypothetical

question.”   (Id. at 303).   The Commonwealth objected to the instruction,

claiming the proffered charge had been removed from the standard jury

                                      -5-
J-S25039-20


instructions. The Commonwealth further argued Ms. Fratzola did not even

render an opinion in this case; rather, she testified in an educational capacity

to inform the jurors about delayed reporting in child sexual abuse cases

generally, and she did not offer any opinion about Victim’s delayed reporting

in this case. The court agreed with the Commonwealth’s position and declined

to give Appellant’s requested charge. Nevertheless, the court said it would

give the standard jury instruction concerning expert testimony in general.

(Id. at 304). Appellant objected to the court’s ruling.

      At the conclusion of trial, the jury convicted Appellant on all counts. On

June 21, 2019, the court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of 240 to

480 months’ imprisonment. The court entered an amended sentencing order

on July 15, 2019, fixing a typographical error concerning the dates of

Appellant’s credit for time served. Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on

July 18, 2019, at docket No. 1210 MDA 2019, from the June 21, 2019

judgment of sentence. Appellant also filed a timely notice of appeal on July

18, 2019, at docket No. 1211 MDA 2019, from the amended July 15, 2019

judgment of sentence. On August 27, 2019, this Court sua sponte dismissed

as duplicative the appeal at docket No. 1210 MDA 2019. Appellant timely

complied with the trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement order.

      Appellant raises two issues for our review:

         Did the trial court err in failing to strike, over the objection
         of defense counsel, Juror #11, who indicated that she could
         not sleep and had nightmares after hearing [Victim]’s
         testimony?

                                      -6-
J-S25039-20



         Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant’s] request for a
         low grade or value for expert witness instruction concerning
         the testimony of Roberta Fratzola?

(Appellant’s Brief at 3).

      In his first issue, Appellant argues Juror #11 was so affected by Victim’s

testimony that she could not sleep. Appellant asserts that Juror #11 said the

subject matter of the case disturbed her. Appellant acknowledges Juror #11’s

testimony that she could be fair and impartial, but Appellant suggests Juror

#11’s statement that she could not sleep based on the subject matter of the

case belies her claim. Appellant insists the court should have stricken Juror

#11 in an abundance of caution. Appellant concludes he was deprived of a

fair jury trial, and this Court must remand for a new trial. We disagree.

      Our review of this issue implicates the following legal principles:

         The decision to discharge a juror is within the sound
         discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent
         an abuse of that discretion. This discretion exists even after
         the jury has been impaneled and the juror sworn. The
         common thread of the cases is that the trial judge, in his
         sound discretion, may remove a juror and replace [her] with
         an alternate juror whenever facts are presented which
         convince the trial judge that the juror’s ability to perform
         [her] duty as a juror is impaired.

Commonwealth v. Marrero, 217 A.3d 888, 890 (Pa.Super. 2019), appeal

denied, ___ Pa. ___, 226 A.3d 968 (2020) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). “[A] finding regarding a [juror’s] impartiality is based upon

determinations of demeanor and credibility that are peculiarly within a trial

court’s province. Its predominant function in determining juror bias involves

                                     -7-
J-S25039-20


credibility findings whose basis cannot be easily discerned from an appellate

record.”    Commonwealth v. Rush, 162 A.3d 530, 537 (Pa.Super. 2017),

appeal denied, 642 Pa. 588, 170 A.3d 1049 (2017) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      Further, “[i]t is the appellant’s burden to show that the jury was not

impartial.” Id. This Court has also decided that per se prejudice does not

result where a juror becomes upset during trial.        See Commonwealth v.

Pander, 100 A.3d 626 (Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc) (holding appellate counsel

was not ineffective for failing to raise on appeal court’s refusal to strike juror;

fact that juror was disturbed by pictures of victim, by itself, does not indicate

juror’s inability to consider evidence impartially; where trial court was satisfied

by juror’s response that juror could remain fair, and where trial court has had

opportunity to view juror in question, we do not lightly reconsider court’s

decision; because juror repeatedly stated that she could remain fair and

impartial and was questioned by trial counsel and court, appellant’s

ineffectiveness claim fails).

      Our Supreme Court has explained:

           The test for determining whether a prospective juror should
           be disqualified is whether [she] is willing and able to
           eliminate the influence of any scruples and render a verdict
           according to the evidence, and this is to be determined on
           the basis of answers to questions and demeanor[.] It must
           be determined whether any biases or prejudices can be put
           aside on proper instruction of the court[.] A challenge for
           cause should be granted when the prospective juror has
           such a close relationship, familial, financial, or situational,
           with the parties, counsel, victims, or witnesses that the

                                        -8-
J-S25039-20


          court will presume a likelihood of prejudice or demonstrates
          a likelihood of prejudice by his or her conduct or answers to
          questions.

Commonwealth v. Briggs, 608 Pa. 430, 498-99, 12 A.3d 291, 333 (2011),

cert. denied, 565 U.S. 889, 132 S.Ct. 267, 181 L.Ed.2d 157 (2011) (internal

citation omitted). We employ “the same analysis in cases where a question

arises about a juror’s impartiality during trial.” Rush, supra at 538.

       Instantly, on the second day of trial, Juror #11 informed tipstaff that

she was uncomfortable with the subject matter of the case and had difficulty

sleeping the night before.3 The court brought Juror #11 into chambers and

colloquied her, during which Juror #11 stated three times that she could be

fair and impartial, despite her discomfort with the facts of the case. Upon

Appellant’s motion to strike, the court colloquied Juror #11 once again, on the

record, and gave the parties an opportunity to ask questions. Following a

lengthy colloquy, Juror #11 repeatedly stated that she could be fair and

impartial.    Juror #11 further confirmed that she had no fixed opinion

concerning Appellant’s guilt.         Under these circumstances, the trial court

declined to remove Juror #11. We see no abuse of discretion concerning the

court’s ruling. See Marrero, supra; Rush, supra. Therefore, Appellant’s

first issue merits no relief.

       In his second issue, Appellant argues the court should have given his


____________________________________________


3 Notwithstanding the phrasing of Appellant’s first issue on appeal, nothing
supports Appellant’s contention that Juror #11 said she had “nightmares.”

                                           -9-
J-S25039-20


requested low-grade jury instruction concerning Ms. Fratzola’s testimony.

Appellant asserts that Ms. Fratzola testified as an expert on delayed reporting

in child sexual abuse cases. Appellant claims Ms. Fratzola’s testimony was of

a low-grade because she did not make any personal observations of Victim or

review any evidence pertaining to this case.            Appellant maintains Ms.

Fratzola’s testimony about why some children delay reporting sexual abuse

implicitly constituted hypothetical answers about why Victim delayed reporting

her alleged sexual abuse.       Appellant contends this case is not just about

Victim’s failure to render a “prompt complaint,” but about multiple times

during which Victim failed to report the alleged abuse. Appellant concludes

the court deprived the jury of a full and complete statement of law and denied

Appellant a fair trial, and this Court must remand for a new trial. We disagree.

      Our standard of review concerning a trial court’s decision on jury

instructions is well-settled:

         [A]n appellate court will reverse a court’s decision [to deny
         a requested jury instruction only] when it abused its
         discretion or committed an error of law. [Our] key inquiry
         is whether the instruction on a particular issue adequately,
         accurately and clearly presents the law to the jury, and is
         sufficient to guide the jury in its deliberations.

Commonwealth v. Cannavo, 199 A.3d 1282, 1286 (Pa.Super. 2018), appeal

denied, ___ Pa. ___, 217 A.3d 180 (2019) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted).     Additionally, “[t]he Suggested Standard Jury Instructions

themselves are not binding and do not alter the discretion afforded trial judges

in crafting jury instructions; rather, as their title suggests, the instructions are

                                      - 10 -
J-S25039-20


guides only.” Commonwealth v Simpson, 620 Pa. 60, 96 n.24, 66 A.3d

253, 274 n.24 (2013).

      Generally, “[a]n instruction that expert opinion testimony is ‘low-grade’

evidence is proper when: 1) [t]he expert’s opinion is based on facts recited in

a hypothetical question; or 2) [t]he expert’s opinion is contradicted by direct

evidence.” Commonwealth v. Correa, 620 A.2d 497, 502 (Pa.Super. 1993),

appeal denied, 536 Pa. 638, 639 A.2d 24 (1993). Nevertheless, this Court

has explained that, “in actual practice, application of the low-grade witness

instruction is more constrained.” Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 615 A.2d

1337, 1344 (Pa.Super. 1992) (analyzing cases applying low-grade jury

instruction and concluding instruction is usually appropriate only in cases

involving opinion testimony by psychiatrist, where insanity defense has been

raised). In Hernandez, this Court rejected application of the low-grade jury

instruction stating:

         A fair characterization of the low-grade witness instruction
         would be that it was designed specifically for dealing with
         the competency of lay witnesses and psychiatrists testifying
         on questions of sanity.

         A low-grade witness instruction is not applicable here. This
         case is an involuntary deviate sexual intercourse case. No
         one had been asked to testify as to [defendant’s] sanity in
         a homicide. [The expert’s] statement was not rebutted by
         other expert testimony, or by the physical evidence. There
         is no basis for giving a low-grade witness instruction.

Id. at 1344.

      Instantly, during the charging conference, Appellant requested a low-


                                    - 11 -
J-S25039-20


grade jury instruction concerning expert Roberta Fratzola’s testimony. The

Commonwealth objected to the instruction, claiming the proffered charge had

been removed from the standard jury instructions.         The Commonwealth

further argued that Ms. Fratzola did not even render an opinion in this case;

rather, she testified in an educational capacity to inform the jurors about

delayed reporting in child sexual abuse cases generally, and she did not offer

any opinion about Victim’s delayed reporting in this case.

      Our review of the record confirms that Ms. Fratzola testified about

delayed reporting in child abuse cases, generally. Ms. Fratzola explained there

are a variety of reasons why children delay reporting and that “[e]verybody is

different in how they tell and what they tell. So it’s really up to the child or

the adolescent when they tell it….     It’s their story to tell…”   (N.T. Trial,

3/19/19, at 172).    Ms. Fratzola did not testify about Victim specifically or

render any opinion on Victim’s credibility.

      The court declined to give Appellant’s requested low-grade jury

instruction, and instead said it would give the standard jury instruction

concerning expert testimony generally.         See Pa. SSJI (Crim), § 4.10A.

Additionally, the court gave the “failure to make prompt complaint” jury

instruction, over the Commonwealth’s objection.       See Pa. SSJI (Crim), §

4.13A. Our review of the jury instructions confirms the trial court adequately,

accurately, and clearly stated the law.       See Cannavo, supra.    Given the




                                     - 12 -
J-S25039-20


limited application of the low-grade instruction, see Hernandez, supra,4 and

the removal of low-grade instruction from the standard jury instructions, we

see no reason to disturb the trial court’s denial of the requested jury

instruction. See Cannavo, supra. Accordingly, we affirm.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/21/2020




____________________________________________


4 Appellant relies heavily on Commonwealth v. Davis, 518 Pa. 77, 541 A.2d
315 (1988), one of the few cases commenting on a low-grade jury instruction
not involving an insanity defense. Davis is distinguishable, however, because
the expert in that case opined, at least indirectly, on the victim’s credibility.
See id. at 80, 541 A.2d at 316 (reiterating expert’s testimony that “children
who have not been involved in sexual experiences typically do not fantasize
about sexual experiences” and “[m]y experience with children who have had
some type of sexual experiences when they report about it, typically it is based
upon some event that actually occurred and not some fantasized or fabricated
experience”). As previously stated, Ms. Fratzola offered no such opinion on
Victim’s credibility in this case.

                                          - 13 -
