            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                   UNPUBLISHED
In re F. L. BOLES, Minor.                                          March 12, 2019

                                                                   No. 345064
                                                                   Wayne Circuit Court
                                                                   Family Division
                                                                   LC No. 13-512197-NA


Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SWARTZLE and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Respondent-father1 appeals an order terminating his parental rights under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions that led to adjudication continue to exist), (g) (failure to provide
proper care and custody), and (j) (reasonable likelihood of harm). Because the trial court
properly found a statutory basis for termination of respondent’s parental rights under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and termination was in the child’s best interests, we affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

        When respondent’s child was born in 2012, she had cocaine, marijuana, and methadone
in her system, requiring placement in the ICU for withdrawal symptoms and a court-ordered
treatment plan for respondent-mother. Respondent-mother completed the treatment plan, and the
case was closed in February 2013. In March 2013, the child’s paternal grandmother found the
child smelling of urine and rotten food, covered in vomit, and laying underneath covers that had
feces on them. The room also contained dirty clothes, bloody towels, rotten food, drug
paraphernalia, syringes, and prescription medications. On the same day, respondents were
arrested for larceny of firearms, and they were both incarcerated. In April 2013, when the child
was approximately seven months old, petitioner, the Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS), removed the child from the home.


1
 The trial court also terminated respondent-mother’s parental rights, but she did not appeal that
decision.
        The trial court appointed the paternal grandmother the child’s guardian in January 2015.
Respondent remained incarcerated through March 2015. He made no attempt to see the child
while he was out of prison from March 2015 through June 2015. In June 2015, respondent
violated parole and returned to prison after he was convicted of larceny in a building, larceny of
a firearm, and second-degree home invasion. The paternal grandmother’s guardianship was
terminated in May 2016, at her request, and the child was placed with a foster family.
Respondent attended some classes in prison that addressed substance abuse, living without crime
and drugs, and coping with anger. Respondent proposed a plan to be implemented after his
release from prison. He planned to find a job, take college classes, and follow the treatment plan
to be able to reunify with the child. Respondent remained incarcerated, however, and his earliest
release date was in June 2018.

        DHHS sought to terminate respondent’s parental rights in March 2018. Although the
trial court found that respondent’s plan to reunify with the child was well-articulated and sincere,
it also found that respondent would not be able to execute this plan in a reasonable amount of
time. Accordingly, the trial court found statutory grounds for termination under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). The trial court further found that termination of respondent’s
parental rights was in the child’s best interests. Accordingly, the trial court ordered termination
of respondent’s parental rights.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

        On appeal, respondent challenges the trial court’s findings that statutory grounds for
termination existed and that termination was in the child’s best interests. “This Court reviews for
clear error the trial court’s factual findings and ultimate determinations on the statutory grounds
for termination.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 709; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). This Court also
reviews for clear error the trial court’s best-interest determination. Id. at 713. “A finding of fact
is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed, giving due regard to the trial court’s special opportunity to observe the
witnesses.” In re BZ, 264 Mich App 286, 296-297; 690 NW2d 505 (2004).

                                  A. STATUTORY GROUNDS

       Petitioner must prove by clear and convincing evidence that a statutory basis for
termination exists. In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. “Only one statutory ground for
termination need be established.” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 41; 823 NW2d
144 (2012). In this case, we affirm the trial court’s finding that termination of respondent’s
parental rights was proper under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), which provides for termination of
parental rights under the following circumstances:

               (c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this
       chapter, 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial
       dispositional order, and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either
       of the following:




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              (i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is
       no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
       time considering the child’s age.

The parties do not dispute that 182 days or more elapsed since the issuance of the initial
dispositional order. Rather, the parties dispute whether respondent would be able to rectify the
conditions that led to the adjudication within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.

        Incarceration of a respondent is not, on its own, grounds for termination. In re Mason,
486 Mich 142, 160; 782 NW2d 747 (2010). However, a respondent’s failure to comply with a
treatment plan, combined with a respondent’s incarceration for a significant portion of the child
protective proceedings, may show that the respondent is unable to provide proper care for the
child. In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 246-247; 824 NW2d 569 (2012).

         In this case, the trial court’s primary concern was the length of time it would take
respondent to comply with the treatment plan before the child could be returned to respondent.
The trial court’s concern was well-founded, considering the totality of respondent’s history
relative to the young child’s life. Respondent agreed that he had only been a part of the child’s
life for her first seven months, and she was nearly six years old at the time of the bench trial in
May 2018. Respondent was incarcerated for all but 10 months of the child’s life. For the two or
three months respondent was not incarcerated from March 2015 to June 2015, he admitted that
he did not provide for the child’s care during this time. Although the child’s grandmother would
not allow respondent to have contact with the child while she was in the grandmother’s care
unless respondent spoke to the caseworker first, the record contains no evidence that respondent
asked the caseworker to facilitate communication with the child when he was not incarcerated.
Rather, while the child was in the grandmother’s care, respondent only contacted her to stay
updated about the child, not to arrange visits or provide for the child’s care. Further, when
respondent was released from prison in March 2015, he called his mother for a ride, but he did
not ask about the child. In addition, respondent admitted that he did not contact the case
manager when he was released and that he did not visit the child, stating that he spoke with her
over the phone only. Respondent later testified that he mailed cards and letters for the child to
the caseworker and to his mother. The caseworker, however, testified that respondent wrote only
two or three letters, and the last one was sent in June 2017. Accordingly, respondent’s stated
intentions to follow through with the caseworker and build a relationship with the child ring
hollow.

         Regarding respondent’s compliance with the treatment plan, respondent completed some
classes while in prison on topics regarding substance abuse, living without crime or drugs, and
coping with anger. In addition, respondent testified to a detailed plan following his release on
parole that included a child-friendly residential treatment program, finding a job, and going back
to college. However, respondent placed no timeline on the plan. Moreover, respondent was not
released on parole in February 2018 as he anticipated, and this raised an additional concern about
how much longer he would be incarcerated. Respondent’s efforts to take classes in prison and
formulate a plan for his release, however well-intentioned, do not demonstrate that he would be
able to improve his circumstances in a reasonable amount of time, given the child’s age and how
little of the child’s life he was involved in thus far. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly
err by finding that respondent would not be able to rectify the conditions that led to the

                                                -3-
adjudication within a reasonable amount of time considering the child’s age. This statutory basis
alone is sufficient to support the termination of respondent’s parental rights, In re
Gonzales/Martinez, 310 Mich App 426, 431; 871 NW2d 868 (2015), and we do not address the
other two statutory grounds found by the trial court.

                                      B. BEST INTERESTS

        “[O]nce a statutory ground is established, a parent’s interest in the care and custody of his
or her child yields to the state’s interest in the protection of the child.” In re Foster, 285 Mich
App 630, 635; 776 NW2d 415 (2009). After finding statutory grounds for termination, “the trial
court must find that termination is in the child’s best interests before it can terminate parental
rights.” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App at 40. At the best-interest stage, the focus is on
the child, not the parent. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 88; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). In making a
best-interest determination, the trial court “may consider the child’s bond to the parent, the
parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality, and the
advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home.” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App
at 41-42 (citations omitted). Other factors to consider may include “the parent’s compliance
with his or her case service plan, the parent’s visitation history with the child, the child[’s] well-
being while in care, and the possibility of adoption.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 714.

        In this case, the caseworker testified that respondent was not bonded with the child.
Respondent also admitted that he was not involved in the child’s life after the first seven months.
Regarding the child’s progress, the caseworker testified that the child’s speech delay improved
after she went into foster care and that her progress with the current foster family was so great
that she no longer needed individual counseling. The caseworker also testified that the child was
thriving and bonded with the foster family—a family she regarded as her own mother, father,
and siblings. Finally, respondent admitted that returning the child to his care soon would not be
in her best interests. In sum, the trial court did not clearly err by finding that termination of
respondent’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests.

       We affirm.



                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                              /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




                                                 -4-
