                                                              FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          June 9, 2015

                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
JOSE LUIS SALAZAR, a/k/a Jose L.
Salazar, a/k/a Jose Salazar,

             Petitioner,

v.                                                          No. 14-9620
                                                        (Petition for Review)
LORETTA E. LYNCH,
United States Attorney General,*

             Respondent.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT**


Before MATHESON, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.


      Jose Luis Salazar seeks review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) order

affirming an Immigration Judge (IJ) decision denying his applications for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).

      *
         In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure, Loretta E. Lynch is substituted for Eric H. Holder, Jr., as the respondent
in this action.
      **
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we dismiss in part and deny in part the

petition for review.

                          I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      Mr. Salazar was born and raised in Puebla, Mexico. He first entered the

United States in 1986, but returned to Puebla after living here for two years. He

came back to the United States in 1991 and has lived here since that time. In 2012,

the Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings against him. He

conceded removability at a hearing before the IJ, but applied for asylum, restriction

on removal, and CAT protection.

      In support of his applications for relief, Mr. Salazar testified that he left

Mexico because he was “afraid to live there.” Admin. R. at 80. He explained that

several of his cousins and friends had been killed. He believed that they were

targeted because the perpetrators wanted to steal from them.

      He also described an incident where the police picked him and his friends up

while they were waiting for the bus. The police put him in their vehicle, hit him over

the head, and threatened to kill him and his friends. Mr. Salazar was released

because one of the policemen knew his father, but the police “took the rest of [his

friends] and they beat them up.” Id. at 84. When asked if there was any reason why

the police assaulted the boys, he said: “No. They were just drinking and they just go

about to see who, who they can do this to.” Id.




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      Mr. Salazar further testified that “friends and a lot of people” he knows have

been threatened and there are “a lot of kidnapping and robberies” in Puebla. Id. at

75. He witnessed a shooting at a family event and “a lot of people” died, “including

young children.” Id. at 76. He left for the United States shortly after this incident.

      Mr. Salazar has not returned to Puebla since 1991, but his mother and some

siblings still live there. His mother tells him about “the dangers over there,” and he

had just learned shortly before the hearing that one of his friends had been

kidnapped. Id. at 78.

                              II. AGENCY DECISIONS

      The IJ denied Mr. Salazar’s applications, determining (1) his asylum

application had not been timely filed; (2) he was not eligible for withholding of

removal despite his fear of returning to Mexico based on violence visited upon

friends and relatives because he failed to link either past persecution or a clear

probability of future persecution to one of the five grounds enumerated in the

immigration laws to obtain such relief; and (3) he was not entitled to CAT relief

because he had not presented credible evidence that he was tortured in the past, nor

did he establish that any mistreatment he might suffer in the future would occur with

the acquiescence of the Mexican government.

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision. The BIA agreed the asylum application

was untimely, noting Mr. Salazar did not challenge that determination on appeal. It

further agreed that although Mr. Salazar “is genuinely afraid of being the victim of


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crime in Mexico, [he] has not shown, nor does he meaningfully argue on appeal . . .

that a protected ground . . . was or will be at least one central reason for the claimed

harm.” Id. at 2. The BIA also agreed there was insufficient evidence that

Mr. Salazar was entitled to CAT relief.

      Mr. Salazar petitions for review of the BIA’s decision.

                                   III. DISCUSSION

      “We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its findings of fact for

substantial evidence.” Dallakoti v. Holder, 619 F.3d 1264, 1267 (10th Cir. 2010).

                                       A. Asylum

      The BIA denied Mr. Salazar’s asylum claim “because the filing of his

application was untimely and [Mr. Salazar had] not established changed or

extraordinary circumstances which would excuse the untimely filing.” Admin. R.

at 2. Mr. Salazar does not challenge the BIA’s timeliness determination and we

otherwise do not have jurisdiction to address the issue, see 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3).1

We may not consider any of Mr. Salazar’s merits arguments regarding asylum

because the BIA did not reach the merits of that claim. See SEC v. Chenery Corp.,

332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) (acknowledging fundamental rule of administrative law




      1
        Although we may review timeliness challenges that involve constitutional
claims or questions of law, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(D); Diallo v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d
1274, 1281 (10th Cir. 2006), Mr. Salazar does not address the BIA’s timeliness
determination, let alone argue for an exception to the jurisdictional bar.


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that a reviewing court “must judge the propriety of [agency] action solely by the

grounds invoked by the agency”).

                             B. Withholding of Removal

      The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) prohibits removal “if the Attorney

General decides that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country

because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). Mr. Salazar must show his

eligibility for withholding of removal, and the burden of proof is higher than for

asylum. See Rodas-Orellana v. Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 986 (10th Cir. 2015). He

“must prove a clear probability of persecution on account of a protected ground.” Id.

at 987 (internal quotation marks omitted).

      “For persecution to be on account of [a statutorily protected ground], the

victim’s protected characteristic must be central to the persecutor’s decision to act

against the victim.” Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1200 (10th Cir. 2005). The

BIA concluded Mr. Salazar failed to show that a protected ground would be at least

one central reason for his claimed harm.

      Mr. Salazar asserts he fears returning to Mexico because members of his

“family have been targeted, kidnapped, and murdered,” and he argues that a group of

family members may be considered a particular social group. Pet’r Br. at 9-10. But

when asked if he knew the reasons for the violence he described, he testified that his

friends and cousins were targeted by thieves who wanted to steal from them. He also


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testified that the police harassed him and his friends for no particular reason other

than that they were drinking and were looking for someone to beat up.

       Even if family membership constitutes a “particular social group,” Mr. Salazar

failed to establish that any of the harms he described occurred on account of family

membership. Fear of being a victim of crime in Mexico does not constitute a basis

for a finding of persecution within the meaning of the Act in the absence of a

statutorily protected ground. Cf. Matter of S-V-, 22 I. & N. Dec. 1306, 1309-10

(BIA 2000) (“[A]n asylum applicant’s fear of harm resulting from general conditions

of violence . . . affecting the populace as a whole . . . does not constitute a

‘well-founded fear of persecution’ within the meaning of the Act.”), overruled on

other grounds by Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186, 1196 (9th Cir. 2003). Because

Mr. Salazar did not establish a clear probability that he would suffer future

persecution on account of a protected ground, we agree with the BIA that he failed to

prove his eligibility for withholding of removal.

                            C. Convention Against Torture

       To be eligible for protection under the CAT, an alien must show “that it is

more likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to that country.”

Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004). The anticipated

torture must be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.”

8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). Mr. Salazar contends that “he has sufficiently established


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that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured or kidnaped if removed to

Mexico.” Pet’r Br. at 10.

      The record evidence does not support his contention. He testified to one

incident where he personally suffered physical harm, and that involved a brief

altercation with the police where he suffered minor injuries. Moreover, we agree

with the BIA that he has not shown that any possible future mistreatment would

occur with the Mexican government’s acquiescence. Based on our substantial

evidence standard of review, Mr. Salazar failed to establish his eligibility for relief

under the CAT.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss for lack of jurisdiction the petition for

review of the asylum claim and we deny the petition for review of the remaining

claims.

                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                                Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                                Circuit Judge




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