AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 16, 2018.




                                                       In The
                                      Court of Appeals
                               Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                               No. 05-17-00819-CR

                                MICHAEL STEVEN COBURN, Appellant
                                              V.
                                  THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                                  On Appeal from the 97th District Court
                                         Montague County, Texas
                                  Trial Court Cause No. 2017-0020M-CR

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION
                              Before Justices Lang-Miers, Evans, and Schenck
                                      Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers

           Appellant Michael Coburn was found guilty, under a multi-count indictment, of four counts

of aggravated sexual assault of a child and four counts of indecency with a child by sexual contact.1

Appellant was sentenced to seventy-five years’ imprisonment on the aggravated sexual assault

counts and twenty years’ imprisonment on the indecency counts.2 He appeals raising two issues:

(1) that the trial court erred in admitting inadmissible evidence of an extraneous offense at the

guilt/innocence phase of the trial and (2) that Article 38.37 § 2 (b) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure is unconstitutional on its face under the due process clause of the Fourteenth




    1
      Appellant was originally charged with thirteen counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child and indecency with
a child. Prior to trial, the State struck five counts from the indictment.
    2
        All sentences were ordered to run consecutively.
Amendment to the United States Constitution. U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

art 38.37 § 2(b). We affirm.

                                              Factual Background

          Because the facts are well known to the parties, we need not recite them in detail in this

memorandum opinion. We will recite only the facts necessary to resolve this appeal.

          A.C., who was nine years old at the time of trial, testified in detail that when she was five

years old her biological father, appellant, sexually assaulted and sexually abused her in multiple

ways and on multiple occasions for over a year. The State also presented evidence relevant to the

sexual assault and sexual abuse allegations from A.C.’s mother, to whom she made outcry, a

forensic interviewer at a children’s advocacy center who spoke with A.C. on multiple occasions,3

a nurse who had examined A.C., and a therapist as an expert witness.4

          Appellant denied all of his daughter’s allegations. Appellant believed A.C. had been

coached into making the allegations against him either by her mother or grandmother.

                                Admission of Extraneous Offense Evidence

          In his first issue, appellant claims that the trial court erred by admitting, at the

guilt/innocence phase of the trial, evidence of an inadmissible extraneous offense, i.e., possession

of child pornography in the form of a video. The State responds that the video was properly

admitted to show appellant’s motive and interest in young girls.

Background

          Prior to trial, the State gave notice of its intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses

or bad acts at the guilt/innocence phase of the trial. Specifically, the State intended to introduce

evidence that, on or about the 26th day of February, 2014, appellant “did then and there



   3
       Videotapes of these interviews were also introduced.
   4
       The therapist had never met A.C. or appellant, nor had she treated either A.C. or appellant.
                                                          –2–
intentionally and knowingly possess visual material that visually depicted, and which the

defendant knew visually depicted a child who was younger than 18 years of age at the time the

image of the child was made, engaging in sexual conduct, to-wit: actual masturbation, specifically,

‘video2.3gp.’” Appellant moved to suppress this evidence. The trial court held a hearing prior to

trial on the admissibility of the pornographic video.

        At this hearing, Mathew Poole, a detective captain with the Nacona, Texas Police

Department, testified that he interviewed appellant on February 26, 2014. They “discussed the

allegations of sexual abuse and sexual assault against his daughter” as well as “allegations that he

had shown his daughter pornographic material and could have possibly taken pornographic photos

of his daughter” on his cell phone. Poole obtained consent from appellant to search his residence.

At that residence, appellant showed the police the location of his bedroom. A cellular phone was

at the side of appellant’s bed on the floor; the phone was in three pieces because the back of the

phone and the battery had been removed. It appeared to Poole to be a phone on which “any type

of digital media” could be viewed. Poole seized the phone and obtained an evidentiary search

warrant for the phone, which was later transported to the Secret Service in Irving, Texas for

analysis of its contents.

        The phone was returned to the police along with a report which indicated that it contained

multimedia sub-files such as digital audio and video files. The phone was then turned over to the

District Attorney’s Office.

        Chris Hughes, an investigator with the District Attorney’s office, reviewed the report from

the Secret Service. There was a short clip video that depicted what Hughes believed was child

pornography, i.e., a video of a female child masturbating. Hughes contacted Dr. Jamye Coffman,

the medical director of child abuse at Cook’s Children’s Hospital, who agreed to review the video.

Her conclusion, sworn to in an affidavit, was that the video showed the genitalia of a female child

                                                –3–
under the age of fourteen. Hughes did not listen to any audio that may have been on the video, nor

was Dr. Coffman provided with audio on the copy sent to her.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the State asked to be allowed to introduce the video at the

guilt/innocence phase of the trial:

       [W]e’ve provided enough evidence to support a finding that the defendant
       committed this offense beyond a reasonable doubt. We’ve given notice to the
       defense that we intend to use this offense in our case-in-chief, so it’s admissible
       under 38.37 as well as 404(b) because it’s at least some evidence of the defendant’s
       intent or motive to arouse his sexual desire with prepubescent girls and the State
       can provide case law related to that point of it being admissible under 404(b) if the
       Court so requests.”

       The defense argued that the motion should be denied because the prejudicial effect of the

video outweighed any probative value. The defense also argued that the audio portion of the tape

might show that it was not a child on the video:

       [T]hey didn’t take the opportunity to listen to any volume on there. We have
       evidence and we believe that there’s volume on there that’s attached to that that
       would be the language or the sound of someone that is not a child and we believe
       that the State would not be able to meet their burden of proof beyond a reasonable
       doubt should this issue be brought to a jury, and so we’re asking that you deny the
       motion.

       The trial court originally took the motion under advisement to view the video and to

ascertain if there was sound on the video. The trial court later overruled the motion to suppress. In

a written order, the trial court made the following findings:

       1) that the evidence of the extraneous offense allegedly depicted in State’s Exhibit
       No. 4 – the video recording – is adequate to support a finding by the jury that the
       Defendant committed the separate offense of possession of child pornography
       beyond a reasonable doubt;

       2) that State’s No. 4 is probative of the ultimate issues in this case and should be
       admitted for its bearing on relevant matters in this case, including the character of
       the Defendant and the acts allegedly committed by him in conformity with that
       character and Defendant's intent with respect to the offenses charged against him;

       3) that State’s Exhibit No. 4 is not unfairly prejudicial to the Defendant; and



                                                –4–
        4) that State’s Exhibit No. 4 is admissible in evidence under Texas Code of
        Criminal Procedure Articles 37.07 and 38.37, after the Court’s due consideration
        of admissibility under Texas Rules of Evidence 404(b) and 609.

        During trial, the State provided additional evidence concerning the video. Jeff Shaffer, the

agent who had conducted the examination of appellant’s cellular phone, testified that he could not

obtain any images from the phone itself because it had been damaged, possibly by water. However,

Shaffer was able to obtain some photographs and video from the phone’s SD memory card; in

particular, he obtained a video dated April 3, 2013. Over appellant’s renewed objection that “the

nature of certain things that may be on there that may be highly prejudicial to my client which

outweighs any probative value that may be on this disk,” the trial court admitted the video. The

video contained some audio which Shaffer, who had lived for three years in France, believed was

in the French language though he could not understand what was being said.

        Dr. Coffman, who had previously viewed the video without the audio,5 explained why she

concluded that the video depicted masturbation by a female child most probably under the age of

fourteen:

        Well, you can see really close up of the genital area on that video and it’s a child
        that’s prepubertal or hasn’t started menstrual cycles. And so it would have to be
        under the age of fourteen because the range for menstrual cycles is anywhere from
        age nine to fourteen. And there’s no estrogen effect on the genitals in that video, so
        it would have been under fourteen.

In Dr. Coffman’s opinion, the acts depicted on the video constituted child pornography.

        In its charge to the jury, the trial gave a limiting instruction concerning the evidence of the

extraneous offense:

        You are instructed that if there is any testimony before you in this case regarding
        the defendant’s having committed offenses other than the offenses alleged against
        him in the indictment in this case, you cannot consider said testimony for any
        purpose unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
        committed such other offenses, if any were committed, and even then you may only

    5
      After hearing the audio at trial, Dr. Coffman could not express an opinion as to whether the sound was from an
adult or a child.
                                                       –5–
       consider the same for any bearing the evidence has on relevant matters including
       the character of the defendant, and acts performed in conformity with the character
       of the defendant.

       The defense did not refer to the video in closing arguments. Two references were made to

the video in the State’s closing arguments:

       And then we bring in Jeff Shaffer. And Jeff, with the secret service, analyzed the
       phone and, sure enough, he couldn’t obtain any information. And he said it
       appeared to him that it was – the damage to the phone was consistent with it having
       been put in water and removed, but he could access the SD card and that was
       important because that’s where child pornography was. Child pornography that had
       been put on that SD back on April 3, 2013 and it hadn’t been erased. You had to
       take steps to put it on the SD in order to save it and it hadn’t been deleted. It was
       still on there when that phone was seized.


       *

       And you know what, there’s another little girl that I would submit to you is gone
       that you heard evidence, that’s the victim of that child pornography. That’s why
       that stuff is so bad. Think about it. What is the girl in that video doing today? Slave
       trafficking somewhere. She’s a victim of some sexual abuse going on and that’s
       profitable for those people to do that because of people like him. They have it. They
       collect it. They save it. Look at it. As much sex as he’s been involved in, different
       kind of sex, don’t you know children are there for him too. That’s more than a
       reasonable deduction from the evidence … What he’s done is evil. It’s not just bad,
       it’s evil, to his daughter, to that victim of the pornography.

Defense counsel did not object to these arguments.

Standard of Review

       An appellate court reviews a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse

of discretion. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A trial court does

not abuse its discretion if the decision to admit evidence is within the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Id.

Rule 404(b)

       In holding the video admissible, the trial court relied, in part, on TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)

which provides that, while evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts is inadmissible if it is

                                                –6–
offered to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith, such

evidence may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

absence of mistake or accident, or to rebut a defensive theory. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1), (b)(2).

       Four counts of the indictment on which appellant was tried were alleged acts of indecency

with a child by sexual contact. “Intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire” is an element of indecency

with a child. TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.11 (a); Sarabia v. State, 227 S.W.3d 320, 324 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref’d). Some courts have held that “intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire”

is an implicit element of aggravated sexual assault of a child, which was the offense alleged in the

other four counts of the indictment. Ochoa v. State, 982 S.W.2d 904, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)

(holding that indecency with a child is a lesser included offense of aggravated sexual assault and

that “intent to arouse and gratify” is a part of the “proof of the elements of aggravated sexual

assault”); Sarabia, 227 S.W.3d at 323-24 (holding that “intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire”

in an implicit element of aggravated sexual assault of a child).

       Possession of child pornography is relevant circumstantial evidence that is admissible

under Rule 404(b) to show a defendant’s intent to arouse or gratify his own sexual desire. Sarabia,

227 S.W.3d at 324 (holding that evidence of child pornography found on computer discs in the

defendant’s home were admissible under Rule 404(b) to show the defendant’s intent to arouse or

gratify his sexual desire via underage boys); Wooley v. State, No. 05-09-00455-CR, 2010 WL

5395650, at *8-9 (Tex. App.—Dallas December 30, 2010, no pet.) (not designated for publication)

(holding that five child pornographic photographs found on the defendant’s home computer were

admissible and not unduly prejudicial in a prosecution for aggravated sexual assault); Jones v.

State, 119 S.W.3d 412, 422 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (holding extraneous offenses

were admissible under Rule 404(b) to show the defendant’s intent to arouse or gratify his sexual

desire via underage girls); Darby v. State, 922 S.W.2d 614, 620 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996,

                                                 –7–
pet. ref’d) (holding that a magazine containing sexually explicit photographs of a young female

posing with a teddy bear was properly admitted into evidence during the defendant’s trial for

indecency with a child); see also Simmons v. State, No. 08-14-00043-CR, 2015 WL 6740884, at

*4 (Tex. App.—El Paso Nov. 4, 2015, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding that

evidence of possession of child pornography was relevant to show that the defendant exposed

himself for sexual gratification, which is an element of the underlying offense of indecency with

a child by exposure).

       In this case, the video depicting child pornography was admissible under Rule 404(b)

because it tended to show appellant’s intent or motive to arouse or gratify his sexual desire via

sexual acts performed by underage girls. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding the

video was admissible under Rule 404(b).

Article 38.37 § 2(b)

       Because an accused must be tried only for the offense for which he is charged and may not

be tried for a collateral crime or for being a criminal generally, extraneous offense evidence is

usually not admissible “to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion

the person acted in accordance with the character.” Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 506 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991); TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1) (providing that evidence of “a crime, wrong, or other

act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion

the person acted in accordance with the character”). In prosecutions for crimes against children,

Article 38.37 enlarges the scope of admissible evidence by permitting the admission of extraneous

offenses.

       In prosecutions for sexual offenses against children under the age of seventeen, Article

38.37 §1 permits the admission of evidence concerning extraneous offenses committed by the

defendant against the child:

                                                –8–
       Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, evidence of other
       crimes, wrongs, or acts committed by the defendant against the child who is the
       victim of the alleged offense shall be admitted for its bearing on relevant matters,
       including:

       (1) the state of mind of the defendant and the child; and

       (2) the previous and subsequent relationship between the defendant and the child.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 1(b). In prosecutions for indecency with a child and sexual

assault of a child, the statute permits the admission of specifically enumerated extraneous sexual

offenses, including those committed against someone other than the child complainant: sex

trafficking of a child; continuous sexual abuse of a young child or children; indecency with a child;

sexual assault of a child; aggravated sexual assault of a child; online solicitation of a minor; sexual

performance by a child; possession or promotion of child pornography; and any attempt or

conspiracy to commit any of these offenses. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(a)(1)(A)–(H),

(2). Section 2(b) then provides as follows:

       Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, and subject to
       Section 2-a, evidence that the defendant has committed a separate offense described
       by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) may be admitted in the trial of an alleged offense
       described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) for any bearing the evidence has on relevant
       matters, including the character of the defendant and acts performed in conformity
       with the character of the defendant.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(b).

       In this case, evidence of possession of child pornography depicting an underage female

masturbating demonstrates appellant’s sexual interest in young girls. Consequently, it has bearing

on a “relevant matter” under Article 38.37 § 2(b).

       The child pornography video is also admissible to show character conformity under Article

38.37 § 2(b). See Cox v. State, 495 S.W.3d 898, 904 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet.

ref’d) (concluding that a defendant’s “possession of pornography was some proof that he is

sexually attracted to prepubescent girls” in an aggravated sexual assault case); see also Nolen v.

                                                 –9–
State, No. 02-15-00159-CR, 2016 WL 7405795, at *8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 22, 2016, pet.

ref’d) (not designated for publication) (concluding that the statute enlarges the scope of admissible

testimony but leaves untouched the amount or degree of proof required for conviction).

         The trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding the video admissible under Article

38.37.

Rule 403 Balancing Factors

         Evidence otherwise admissible under either Rule 404(b) and/or Article 38.37 may still be

excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See

TEX. R. EVID. 403; Sarabia, 227 S.W.3d at 323; see also Jones, 119 S.W.3d at 421. When

evaluating a trial court’s determination under Rule 403, we will reverse “rarely and only after a

clear abuse of discretion” because the trial court is in a superior position to gauge the impact of

the relevant evidence. Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Sarabia, 227

S.W.3d at 323; Jones, 119 S.W.3d at 421–22.

         The trial court’s balancing determination must be measured against the relevant criteria by

which a Rule 403 decision is made. Mozon, 991 S.W.2d at 847; Martin v. State, 176 S.W.3d 887,

895–96 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). The relevant criteria in determining whether the

prejudice of an extraneous offense substantially outweighs its probative value include the

following: (1) how compellingly the extraneous offense evidence serves to make a fact of

consequence more or less probable – a factor which is related to the strength of the evidence

presented by the prosecution to show that the defendant in fact committed the extraneous offense;

(2) the potential the evidence has to impress the jury “in some irrational but nevertheless indelible

way;” (3) the time the proponent will need to develop the evidence, during which the jury will be

distracted from consideration of the indicted offense; and (4) the force of the prosecution’s need

for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence – i.e., does the prosecution have other probative

                                                –10–
evidence available to help establish this fact, and is this fact related to an issue in dispute. Mozon,

991 S.W.2d at 847 (citing Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 389-90 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991));

Sarabia, 227 S.W.3d at 323; Martin, 176 S.W.3d at 896. It is only when the relevant criteria are

viewed objectively and lead to the conclusion that the danger of unfair prejudice substantially

outweighs the probative value of the proffered evidence that an appellate court should declare that

the trial court erred by failing to exclude it. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 392; Sarabia, 227 S.W.3d

at 323; Jones, 119 S.W.3d at 422.

       We first consider how compelling the extraneous offense serves to make a fact of

consequence more or less probable. The video demonstrated appellant’s sexual interest in young

girls as well as his intent to arouse or gratify his sexual desires with young girls. In this case,

appellant denied his guilt and strongly contested A.C.’s credibility. Evidence of the pornographic

video tends to refute his defenses because it provides solid evidence of his interest in sexual matters

with young girls. And the video was found on appellant’s cellular phone which shows that

appellant committed the offense of possession of child pornography.

       Second, the video was unlikely to impress the jury “in some irrational but nevertheless

indelible way.” A.C. testified about multiple acts of vaginal, anal, and oral penetration, as well as

multiple and varied acts of sexual contact and sexual touching. These acts were performed over

the course of a year when A.C. was five years old. The short video of an underage girl masturbating

was less inflammatory than A.C.’s detailed testimony before the jury. The video was unlikely to

impress the jury in an irrational, indelible way.

       Third, the time the prosecution needed to develop evidence of possession of the

pornographic video was not great. This evidence was developed during portions of Poole, Shaffer

and Coffman’s testimony. This was a lengthy and extensive trial. Six other witnesses, including

A.C., testified for the State and appellant testified in his own behalf. The relatively small amount

                                                –11–
of time expended on developing how the video was discovered and introducing the video into

evidence was unlikely to distract the jury from consideration of the indicted offenses.

       Last, the extraneous offense was highly probative. The State’s case consisted of A.C.’s

testimony, her outcry to her mother, and her forensic interviews, as well as the testimony of a

SANE nurse and a sex abuse therapist. There was, however, no physical evidence of sexual assault

or sexual contact; no trauma was noted in the SANE exam and there was no DNA evidence. There

were no eyewitness to any of these events and appellant did not confess. At trial, appellant attacked

A.C.’s credibility, testifying that he believed A.C. had been coached, and advanced a theory that

he was being framed either by A.C.’s mother or grandmother. Appellant also implicitly advanced

a defense of mistake, claiming he had administered rectal suppositories to A.C. for constipation;

appellant wanted the jury to believe A.C. could be confused and that the touching could have been

innocent. These defensive theories increased the State’s need to show this prosecution was not a

“frame-up,” an accident, or a misunderstanding.

       In summary, the video depicting child pornography found on appellant’s cellular phone

demonstrated he had a sexual interest in underage girls. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

by finding that the probative value of this evidence outweighed any prejudicial effect.

Any Error is Harmless

       Even if we were to conclude that the trial court erred by admitting the pornographic video,

that error would be harmless. Because appellant complains about the admission of evidence, the

proper standard of review is for non-constitutional error as provided in Rule 44.2(b), which

requires that any error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights must

be disregarded. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). A substantial right is affected when the error had a “substantial and injurious” effect or

influence in determining the jury’s verdict or when the error leaves one in grave doubt about

                                                –12–
whether it had such an effect. Id. A substantial right is not affected, and error will be deemed

harmless, if, after reviewing the entire record, the appellate court determines that the error did not

influence, or had only a slight influence, on the trial outcome. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Under Rule 44.2(b), unless the error had a substantial and injurious effect

or influence in determining the verdict, the error will not constitute reversible error. King v. State,

953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). When conducting a harm analysis under Rule

44.2(b), everything in the record, including evidence of a defendant’s guilt, is a factor to be

considered. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 357.

       In this case, our review of the record shows that the State introduced substantial evidence

of guilt. Indeed, appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence.

       The law is well settled that the testimony of a child victim, standing alone, is sufficient to

support a conviction for indecency with a child and for sexual assault of a child. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. art. 38.07 (a) (providing that a conviction for sexual assault is supportable on the

uncorroborated testimony of the victim of the sexual offense); IslasMartinez v. State, 452 S.W.3d

874, 880 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. ref’d) (holding that a child victim’s testimony is sufficient

to support a conviction for aggravated sexual assault); Connell v. State, 233 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (holding that a complainant’s testimony alone is sufficient to

support a conviction for indecency with a child). A.C.’s testimony, standing alone, was sufficient

to support the jury’s guilty verdict on all counts of the indictment. As noted above, the short video

of an underage girl masturbating was less inflammatory than A.C.’s detailed testimony before the

jury. The video was unlikely to have been a deciding factor in appellant’s conviction.

       And the trial court admitted the video with an instruction limiting the jury’s consideration

of the evidence; the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the

offense and that the offense had bearing on relevant matters before it could be considered. We

                                                –13–
presume the jury followed these instructions and have found no evidence that it failed to do so.

Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

        The jury had ample evidence from which it could rationally find that each element of the

offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The jury was properly instructed as to the

conditions under which it could consider possession of the pornographic video in reaching its

verdict. We conclude that any error in admitting the video was harmless and overrule appellant’s

first issue.

                             Constitutionality of Article 38.37 § 2(b)

        In his second issue, appellant claims that Article 38.37 § 2(b) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure is facially unconstitutional because it violates his fundamental right to a fair trial as

guaranteed by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US. Constitution. U.S.

CONST. amend. XIV; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37 § 2(b).

Preservation

        Appellant states in his brief that he objected to the admission of the pornographic video on

the ground that admission of this extraneous offense, i.e., possession of child pornography, would

deprive him of his right to a fair trial under the federal due process clause. However, appellant

does not cite this Court to any place in the record where he voiced this objection or otherwise

presented this claim to the trial court. Consequently, appellant does not adequately present this

issue for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Buntion v. State, 482 S.W.3d 58, 106 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2016).

        Additionally, our review of the record fails to reveal where appellant voiced this objection

or otherwise presented this claim to the trial court. To preserve a complaint for appellate review,

a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the

specific grounds for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,

                                                –14–
objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); Douds v. State, 472 S.W.3d 670, 674 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2015). The trial court must rule on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or

implicitly, or the complaining party must object to the trial court’s refusal to rule. TEX. R. APP. P.

33.1(a)(2). As noted above in this opinion, the trial court made several rulings on appellant’s

motion to suppress the video, but did not make any ruling with respect to the constitutional grounds

appellant now argues on appeal. By not presenting his constitutional claim to the trial court,

appellant has not preserved this issue for our review. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 1.14; Karenev

v. State, 281 S.W.3d 428, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that a defendant may not raise a

facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute for the first time on appeal); see also McNamara

v. State, No. 02-16-00422-CR, 2018 WL 2248665, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 17, 2018,

no. pet. h.)(not designated for publication) (holding that a defendant forfeited his facial

constitutional challenge to Article 38.37 § 2(b) by raising his challenge too late and by failing to

present it to the trial court for a ruling).

Article 38.73 § 2(b) is Constitutional

        Even if appellant had preserved this issue for our review, we would resolve it against him.

While the Court of Criminal Appeals has not yet addressed the constitutionality of Article 38.37

§2 (b), most intermediate courts of appeals, including this Court, have done so and have found this

portion of the statute constitutional. See, e.g., First Court of Appeals: Buxton v. State, 526 S.W.3d

666, 685–89 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d); Second Court of Appeals:

Gusman v. State, No. 02-18-00157-CR, 2018 WL 3060213, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June

21, 2018, no pet. h.) (not designated for publication)(holding that Article 38.37, § 2 does not violate

a defendant’s right to due process); see also McNamara, 2018 WL 2248665, at *7 (noting that if

the defendant had preserved his constitutional complaint, the Second Court of Appeals “would

have joined our sister courts in holding article 38.37, section 2(b) constitutional”); Third Court

                                                –15–
of Appeals: Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d 205, 209-13 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. ref’d);

Fourth Court of Appeals: Burke v. State, No. 04-16-00220-CR, 2017 WL 1902064, at *2 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio May 10, 2017, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); Fifth Court of

Appeals: Mayes v. State, No. 05-16-00490-CR, 2017 WL 2255588, at *18–19 (Tex. App.—Dallas

May 23, 2017, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); Fronek v. State, No. 05-14-01118-CR,

2016 WL 3144243 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 6, 2016, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication);

Sixth Court of Appeals: Carrillo v. State, No. 08-14-00174-CR, 2016 WL 4447611, at *8-9 (Tex.

App.—El Paso Aug. 24, 2016, no pet.) (not designated for publication); Seventh Court of

Appeals: Bezerra v. State, 485 S.W.3d 133, 139-40 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016, pet. ref’d); Ninth

Court of Appeals: Holcomb v. State, No. 09-16-00198-CR, 2018 WL 651228, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont Jan. 31, 2018, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); Tenth Court of Appeals:

Martinez v. State, No. 10-16-00397-CR, 2018 WL 2142742, at *6 (Tex. App.—Waco May 9,

2018, no pet. h.) (not designated for publication); Gates v. State, No. 10-15-00078-CR, 2016 WL

936719, at *4 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 10, 2016, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication);

Twelfth Court of Appeals: Belcher v. State, 474 S.W.3d 840, 843-47 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015,

no pet.); Thirteenth Court of Appeals: Chaisson v. State, No. 13-16-00548-CR, 2018 WL

1870592, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi April 19, 2018, pet. filed) (not designated for

publication); Fourteenth Court of Appeals: Harris v. State, 475 S.W.3d 395, 398-403 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d). Appellant has raised no arguments regarding the

constitutionality of the statute which would compel a different conclusion.




                                              –16–
                                          Conclusion

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                 /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                 ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                 JUSTICE



Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

170819F.U05




                                               –17–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 MICHAEL STEVEN COBURN, Appellant                      On Appeal from the 97th District Court,
                                                       Montague County, Texas
 No. 05-17-00819-CR         V.                         Trial Court Cause No. 2017-0020M-CR.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers.
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                          Justices Evans and Schenck participating.


Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.


Judgment entered this 16th day of July, 2018.




                                                –18–
