                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court



                       Vicars-Duncan v. Tactikos, 2014 IL App (4th) 131064



Appellate Court              SHEILA VICARS-DUNCAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DENNIS
Caption                      TACTIKOS, Defendant-Appellee.


District & No.               Fourth District
                             Docket No. 4-13-1064


Filed                        August 27, 2014


Held                         Plaintiff’s complaint alleging that defendant’s letter to the editor
(Note: This syllabus         concerning the way plaintiff, an assistant State’s Attorney, handled a
constitutes no part of the   traffic ticket received by plaintiff’s son constituted defamation per se
opinion of the court but     and false light invasion of privacy was properly dismissed by the trial
has been prepared by the     court, notwithstanding plaintiff’s contentions that she was not a public
Reporter of Decisions        official and that she adequately pleaded claims for defamation per se
for the convenience of       and false light invasion of privacy, since plaintiff was a public official
the reader.)                 to the extent that she performed duties that were peculiarly
                             governmental in character and highly charged with the public interest,
                             and as such, she had to plead that defendant acted with malice, but
                             defendant’s letter did not accuse plaintiff of knowingly lying to his son
                             and, under the circumstances, did not rise to the level of defamation
                             per se, and likewise, plaintiff failed to adequately plead that defendant
                             acted with malice for purposes of the false light claim.



Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 12-L-37; the
Review                       Hon. Thomas E. Little, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on                Dawn L. Wall (argued) and Robert W. Porter, both of Costigan &
     Appeal                    Wollrab, P.C., of Bloomington, for appellant.

                               John P. Schwulst (argued), of Schwulst & Roseberry, P.C., of
                               Bloomington, for appellee.



     Panel                     JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Justices Knecht and Steigmann concurred in the judgment and
                               opinion.


                                                OPINION

¶1         In March 2012, plaintiff, Sheila Vicars-Duncan, filed a two-count complaint against
       defendant, Dennis Tactikos, alleging defamation per se (count I) and false light (count II).
       Plaintiff is an assistant State’s Attorney in McLean County. In May 2012, defendant filed a
       motion to dismiss pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code)
       (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2012)), arguing plaintiff did not state a claim for defamation
       per se because she is a public official and did not plead malice. In December 2013, the trial
       court found plaintiff was a public official and granted defendant’s motion to dismiss.
¶2         Plaintiff appeals and argues the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion to dismiss.
       She argues she (1) is not a public official for defamation purposes, (2) adequately pleaded a
       cause of action for defamation per se, and (3) adequately pleaded a cause of action for false
       light invasion of privacy. We affirm.

¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND
¶4         Plaintiff is employed as an assistant State’s Attorney in McLean County and, at all times
       relevant to this case, was assigned to handle the prosecution of traffic offenses. In March 2012,
       plaintiff filed a two-count complaint against defendant, alleging defamation per se (count I)
       and false light (count II) for statements defendant made in a letter to the editor published on
       March 20, 2011, in The Pantagraph, a Bloomington newspaper. As relevant to this appeal,
       plaintiff alleged defendant’s statements claimed she lacked the integrity to discharge the duties
       of her position as an assistant State’s Attorney and portrayed her in a “false light to cause
       others to believe that [p]laintiff used tactics of falsehoods, bullying and intimidation as a
       means of procuring guilty pleas from innocent citizens.”
¶5         Defendant’s letter to the editor, which plaintiff attached to her complaint, stated as follows:
                    “My son had the pleasure of dealing with the McLean County judicial system as he
               was cited for a lane change violation on I-55 and given a summons with no police
               officer at the scene when it allegedly happened.
                    When he went to court he was told by the prosecutor in traffic court, a Sheila
               Vicars-Duncan, that there were witnesses present who simply were not, and telling my


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             son he was fighting a case he simply could not win, in an attempt to get my son to plead
             guilty to a charge which was ultimately dismissed.
                 I expressed my displeasure in an email to Ms. Duncan with what I perceived to be
             the bullying of an 18-year-old by the prosecutor. She sent a response telling me all
             about the judicial system and what her day consists of, but not addressing the issue of
             her telling my son an untruth.
                 When I responded back to both her and her boss, a William Yoder, he actually had
             the nerve to respond with a condescending letter exalting Ms. Duncan’s virtues,
             apologizing [for] my son’s inability to understand what his prosecutor was actually
             saying (’cause we all know that convictions are not really what she is going for) and
             dismissing me with a ‘Thank you for your comments.’
                 I guess with Mr. Yoder at the helm, the law will be upheld, but there will be no
             justice.”
¶6       In May 2012, defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619 of
     the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 2012)). In the first part of the motion, as relevant to
     this appeal, defendant argued count I should be dismissed pursuant to section 2-619 of the
     Code because plaintiff (1) is a public official, and as a public official, plaintiff “must plead
     malice,” but she “failed to plead malice in Count I”; and (2) “pled no facts that will withstand a
     motion to dismiss under Qualified Privilege, Innocent Construction, Opinion, or Malice
     against a Public Official.” In the second part of the motion, defendant argued count I should be
     dismissed pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code because the statements were “not defamatory
     on their fac[e].” In the third part of the motion, defendant argued count II should be dismissed
     pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code because plaintiff did not plead malice and she had no
     facts to show defendant acted with malice. Defendant attached computer printouts of emails
     between him, plaintiff, and William Yoder, the McLean County State’s Attorney. He did not
     submit an affidavit.
¶7       In October 2012, plaintiff filed a written response to defendant’s motion to dismiss. She
     argued she was not a public official because she “is not an elected official, does not set policy,
     does not hold herself out to the public as setting policy, and must act with the authorization of
     her superiors.” Plaintiff argued defendant’s statements constituted defamation per se because
     he “directly and implicitly” accused her of lying, which is a statement accusing an attorney of
     violating the professional rules of ethics.
¶8       In October 2012, the trial court held a hearing on plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
     Neither a verbatim transcript nor a bystander’s report of the hearing (Ill. S. Ct. R. 323(c) (eff.
     Dec. 13, 2005)) is included in the appellate record. The court took the matter under
     advisement. The same month, defendant submitted written argument in support of his motion.
     He argued plaintiff is a public official under the definition used in section 12-9(b)(1) of the
     Criminal Code of 1961 (Criminal Code) (720 ILCS 5/12-9(b)(1) (West 2010)) because she
     discharges a public duty for McLean County.
¶9       In December 2012, the trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court found
     plaintiff was a public official because “her duties are peculiarly governmental in character and
     highly charged with the public interest, most especially to those citizens appearing in traffic
     court. The performance of the role of prosecutor, even in the context of traffic cases[,] *** can
     have the potential for abuse. Therefore[,] public discussion and public criticism directed
     toward the performance of that office cannot be inhibited by threat of prosecution under state

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       libel laws.” Because plaintiff was a public official, she was required to plead malice, which she
       did not. The court did not rule on defendant’s other arguments, but it gave plaintiff 28 days to
       file an amended complaint.
¶ 10        In January 2013, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider. In October 2013, the trial court
       denied plaintiff’s motion to reconsider. Plaintiff chose to stand on her complaint, rather than
       amend it.
¶ 11        This appeal followed.

¶ 12                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13       Plaintiff appeals and argues the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion to dismiss.
       She argues she (1) is not a public official for purposes of a defamation per se action, (2)
       adequately pleaded a cause of action for defamation per se, and (3) adequately pleaded a cause
       of action for false light invasion of privacy.

¶ 14                                     A. Standard of Review
¶ 15       A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of the complaint.
       Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 54, 962 N.E.2d 418. It alleges defects on the face of
       the complaint. Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 86, 672 N.E.2d 1207,
       1213 (1996). “In ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true all
       well-pleaded facts in the complaint and all reasonable inferences which can be drawn
       therefrom. [Citations.] In making this determination, the court is to interpret the allegations of
       the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id., 672 N.E.2d at 1213-14. A
       dismissal pursuant to section 2-615 is reviewed de novo. Solaia Technology, LLC v. Specialty
       Publishing Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 579, 852 N.E.2d 825, 838 (2006).
¶ 16       A section 2-619 motion to dismiss asserts certain defects or defenses outside of the
       complaint that defeat the claim. Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 54, 962 N.E.2d 418. This
       includes the ground “the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter
       avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012).
       “When ruling on the motion, the court should construe the pleadings and supporting
       documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. [Citation.] The court must
       accept as true all well-pleaded facts in plaintiff’s complaint and all inferences that may
       reasonably be drawn in plaintiff’s favor.” Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55, 962 N.E.2d 418. A
       dismissal pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code is reviewed de novo. Id.

¶ 17                           B. Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss Count I
¶ 18       Before addressing the merits of the parties’ arguments, we note defendant’s motion to
       dismiss contains a defect requiring clarification. The first part of defendant’s motion to dismiss
       states it is pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code. However, as relevant to this appeal, he
       asserted count I should be dismissed because, based solely on plaintiff’s allegation she is an
       assistant State’s Attorney, she is a public official, and as a public official, she “must plead
       malice,” but she did not. Because defendant’s argument challenges the legal sufficiency of
       plaintiff’s complaint based on allegations appearing on its face, and does not assert her claim is
       completely defeated by an affirmative matter outside the complaint, defendant’s motion should
       have been raised under section 2-615 of the Code. See Reynolds v. Jimmy John’s Enterprises,

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       LLC, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶¶ 25, 34, 988 N.E.2d 984 (discussing distinctions between
       section 2-615 motions and section 2-619 motions). Since plaintiff has not alleged she was
       prejudiced by defendant’s error, we will treat this argument as if it had been filed pursuant to
       section 2-615 of the Code. See Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 54, 962 N.E.2d 418; Gouge v.
       Central Illinois Public Service Co., 144 Ill. 2d 535, 541-42, 582 N.E.2d 108, 111 (1991)
       (motion mislabeled as a section 2-619 motion treated as a section 2-615 motion). With this
       clarification resolved, we now turn to the issue of whether plaintiff is a public official for
       defamation purposes and must plead malice.

¶ 19                                      1. Defamation, Generally
¶ 20       To state a defamation claim, a plaintiff must show (1) the defendant made a false statement
       about the plaintiff, (2) the defendant made an unprivileged publication of that statement to a
       third party, and (3) that publication caused damages. Solaia, 221 Ill. 2d at 579, 852 N.E.2d at
       839. “A defamatory statement is a statement that harms a person’s reputation to the extent it
       lowers the person in the eyes of the community or deters the community from associating with
       her or him.” Green v. Rogers, 234 Ill. 2d 478, 491, 917 N.E.2d 450, 459 (2009). There are two
       forms of defamatory statements: defamation per quod and defamation per se. Tuite v. Corbitt,
       224 Ill. 2d 490, 501, 866 N.E.2d 114, 121 (2006). If a defamatory statement is actionable
       per se, the plaintiff need not prove actual damage to his or her reputation to recover; this is
       presumed. Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 87, 672 N.E.2d at 1214.
¶ 21       “A statement is defamatory per se if its harm is obvious and apparent on its face.” Solaia
       Technology, 221 Ill. 2d at 579, 852 N.E.2d at 839. “In Illinois, there are five categories of
       statements that are considered defamatory per se: (1) words that impute a person has
       committed a crime; (2) words that impute a person is infected with a loathsome communicable
       disease; (3) words that impute a person is unable to perform or lacks integrity in performing
       her or his employment duties; (4) words that impute a person lacks ability or otherwise
       prejudices that person in her or his profession; and (5) words that impute a person has engaged
       in adultery or fornication.” Id. at 579-80, 852 N.E.2d at 839.

¶ 22                    2. Who Is a “Public Official” for Defamation Purposes?
¶ 23       In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964), the United States
       Supreme Court held a “public official” must prove a “statement was made with ‘actual
       malice’–that is, with knowledge it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false
       or not” to recover damages for defamation. The court’s decision in New York Times “draws its
       force” from constitutional protections of citizens’ rights to freedom of speech and expression.
       Rosenblatt v. Baer, 383 U.S. 75, 84 (1966). “Criticism of government is at the very center of
       the constitutionally protected area of free discussion. Criticism of those responsible for
       government operations must be free, lest criticism of government itself be penalized.” Id. at 85.
       The public-official designation “applies at the very least to those among the hierarchy of
       government employees who have, or appear to the public to have, substantial responsibility
       for or control over the conduct of governmental affairs.” (Emphasis added.) Id. Such
       governmental employees occupy positions of “such apparent importance that the public has an
       independent interest in the qualifications and performance of the person who holds it, beyond
       the general public interest in the qualifications and performance of all government
       employees.” Id. at 86.

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¶ 24       In Coursey v. Greater Niles Township Publishing Corp., 40 Ill. 2d 257, 239 N.E.2d 837
       (1968), our supreme court considered whether a police officer was a public official under New
       York Times and Rosenblatt. The Coursey court noted a police officer’s duties, even those of a
       patrolman, are “peculiarly ‘governmental’ in character and highly charged with the public
       interest” and “[t]he abuse of a patrolman’s office can have great potentiality for social harm.”
       Id. at 265, 239 N.E.2d at 841. The supreme court concluded public discussion and criticism
       directed toward a police officer’s performance should not be “inhibited” and thus a police
       officer was required to prove malice to recover for defamation. Id. In Reed v. Northwestern
       Publishing Co., 124 Ill. 2d 495, 530 N.E.2d 474 (1988), our supreme court once again
       considered whether a police officer was a public official for defamation purposes. Despite the
       fact a patrolman would have little say in departmental policy, “ ‘[t]he cop on the beat is the
       member of the department who is most visible to the public. *** Misuse of his authority can
       result in significant deprivation of constitutional rights and personal freedoms ***. The strong
       public interest in ensuring open discussion and criticism of his qualifications and job
       performance warrant[s] the conclusion that he is a public official.’ ” Id. at 509, 530 N.E.2d at
       480 (quoting Gray v. Udevitz, 656 F.2d 588, 591 (10th Cir. 1981)). While recognizing a
       fact-intensive analysis may be required for some public employees to determine whether
       application of the New York Times standard is appropriate, the supreme court in Reed also
       recognized this factual analysis is not required “with respect to those government positions the
       duties of which are widely recognized,” such as a police officer. Id. at 511, 530 N.E.2d at 481.

¶ 25                                  3. Is Plaintiff a Public Official?
¶ 26       Plaintiff contends her position as an assistant State’s Attorney is analogous to the plaintiff
       in Smith v. Copley Press, Inc., 140 Ill. App. 3d 613, 488 N.E.2d 1032 (1986). In Smith, this
       court considered whether a jailer at the Springfield police station was a public official for
       defamation purposes. This court found the plaintiff, as a jailer, performed “different duties and
       possessed significantly less authority than does a police officer” and concluded Coursey did
       not control. Id. at 617, 488 N.E.2d at 1034. The Smith court considered McCutcheon v. Moran,
       99 Ill. App. 3d 421, 425, 425 N.E.2d 1130, 1133 (1981), where the First District concluded a
       public school principal was not a public figure. The McCutcheon court stated the reasoning
       behind the New York Times standard was “the concept of a freedom of the governed to question
       the governor, of those who are influenced by the operation of government to criticize those
       who control the conduct of government.” Id. at 424, 425 N.E.2d at 1133. A school principal’s
       relationship with the “conduct of government is far too remote” to apply the New York Times
       standard. Id. (cf. Basarich v. Rodeghero, 24 Ill. App. 3d 889, 321 N.E.2d 739 (1974) (coaches
       and teachers are public officials and are required to plead actual malice)). In line with
       McCutcheon, the Smith court concluded the plaintiff-jailer “had no authority to control the
       workings of his government employer,” and even if his actions affected the public interest, he
       did not hold “a position of such apparent importance that the public had an independent interest
       in his qualifications and performance beyond the usual public interest in the qualifications and
       performance of any government employee.” Smith, 140 Ill. App. 3d at 617, 488 N.E.2d at
       1034-35.
¶ 27       Defendant, as he did in the trial court, relies on People v. Scates, 393 Ill. App. 3d 566, 914
       N.E.2d 243 (2009), to support his argument plaintiff is a public official. In Scates, the
       defendant was convicted under section 12-9(b)(1) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS

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       5/12-9(b)(1) (West 2006)) of threatening a public official, and on appeal he argued the victim,
       an assistant Attorney General, was not a public official. Id. at 568, 914 N.E.2d at 244. This
       court turned to the text of section 12-9(b)(1) and concluded an assistant Attorney General was
       included within the scope of section 12-9(b)(1). Id. at 570, 914 N.E.2d at 246. (We note section
       12-9(b)(1) has been amended to expressly include assistant Attorneys General. 720 ILCS
       5/12-9(b)(1) (West 2012).) Defendant’s reliance on Scates is misplaced. Our inquiry into
       whether plaintiff is a public official for defamation purposes is guided by New York Times and
       its progeny, not a statute criminalizing certain threats.
¶ 28        We note neither party has provided an Illinois case finding an assistant State’s Attorney is a
       public official for purposes of defamation, nor has our research revealed such a case. See
       generally Tunnell v. Edwardsville Intelligencer, Inc., 43 Ill. 2d 239, 247, 252 N.E.2d 538, 543
       (1969) (city attorney as plaintiff must prove actual malice because he is a public official);
       Wanless v. Rothballer, 115 Ill. 2d 158, 173, 503 N.E.2d 316, 322 (1986) (village attorney as
       plaintiff must prove actual malice because he is a public official); Hill v. Schmidt, 2012 IL App
       (5th) 110324, ¶¶ 5, 20, 24, 969 N.E.2d 563 (assistant State’s Attorney’s statements were made
       in his official capacity as a public official and protected by the fair-report privilege).
¶ 29        In its order, the trial court found plaintiff’s duties as an assistant State’s Attorney “are
       peculiarly governmental in character and highly charged with the public interest” and the
       “performance of the role of prosecutor *** can have the potential for abuse.” We agree. An
       assistant State’s Attorney performs an important role in the governance of local communities
       and the potential for abuse weighs in favor of free and unbridled discussion of those persons
       occupying such a role. An assistant State’s Attorney is as much a public official as a patrolman
       and the supreme court’s analysis in Coursey and Reed applies equally here. An assistant State’s
       Attorney is the “State’s” attorney–he or she represents the government in pursuing criminal
       and quasi-criminal charges against citizens and is the face of the elected State’s Attorney in the
       courtroom. As happened in this case, plaintiff, as assistant State’s Attorney, had the authority
       to dismiss the traffic charge when the citizen witness failed to appear for trial. In traffic court,
       assistant State’s Attorneys are dealing most often with pro se people–people without attorneys
       to represent them. Even traffic convictions can have serious consequences for drivers. People
       who do not know their legal rights and are unrepresented by counsel are at the mercy of the
       State. It is crucial to the fair administration of justice that assistant State’s Attorneys act with
       utmost integrity–they are in a greatly superior position in the courtroom. As such, citizens
       should be free and uninhibited to criticize the official conduct and actions of assistant State’s
       Attorneys. Only when a plaintiff pleads actual malice, i.e., that defendant made statements
       knowing they were false or with reckless disregard for the truth, can an assistant State’s
       Attorney properly maintain a suit for defamation. As such, plaintiff was required to plead
       defendant acted with actual malice. This she failed to do.

¶ 30                 4. Did Plaintiff Adequately Plead Defendant Made a Defamatory
                                              Per Se Statement?
¶ 31       Even if we found plaintiff was not a public official for defamation purposes, we would still
       affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s claims. Plaintiff argues she adequately pleaded a
       cause of action for defamation per se. Specifically, she contends defendant’s statements
       “besmirched her character insofar as they indicated that she lied to a criminal defendant in her
       professional capacity” and thus imputed she lacked integrity in performing her employment

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       duties. The trial court did not base its decision on this argument. However, this court reviews
       the trial court’s judgment, not its rationale, and may affirm for any reason the record supports.
       See Brooks v. McLean County Unit District No. 5, 2014 IL App (4th) 130503, ¶ 14, 8 N.E.3d
       1203. Whether the statement does not constitute defamation per se affords a broader basis to
       affirm the trial court’s judgment as plaintiff would have no claim–regardless of whether she is
       a public official.
¶ 32       Plaintiff relies on Owen v. Carr, 113 Ill. 2d 273, 497 N.E.2d 1145 (1986), to support her
       argument a statement accusing an attorney of violating the professional rules of ethics imputes
       a want of professional integrity. In Owen, the defendant’s statement alleged the plaintiff, an
       attorney, had intimidated a judge. Id. at 276, 497 N.E.2d at 1146. The supreme court concluded
       the statement was subject to an innocent interpretation but continued and addressed the
       plaintiff’s contention the statement constituted an accusation he violated the Code of
       Professional Responsibility. Id. at 279-82, 497 N.E.2d at 1148-49. In dicta, the court stated an
       accusation an attorney has violated an ethical rule “serves to impute a lack of professional
       integrity and may damage an attorney’s practice.” Id. at 282, 497 N.E.2d at 1149. Plaintiff
       asserts defendant’s statement accuses her of lying, which could be considered a violation of
       Rule 4.1 of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct of 2010 (Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R.
       4.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010)), and therefore, consistent with Owen, the statement imputed a lack of
       professional integrity. Plaintiff’s argument is unpersuasive.
¶ 33       In Owen, the supreme court stated “[l]anguage to be considered defamatory per se must be
       so obviously and naturally harmful to the person to whom it refers that a showing of special
       damages is unnecessary.” Owen, 113 Ill. 2d at 277, 497 N.E.2d at 1147. See also Costello v.
       Capital Cities Communications, Inc., 125 Ill. 2d 402, 417, 532 N.E.2d 790, 796 (1988) (noting
       the defamatory meaning must be “evident”). Thus, the statement must obviously impute a want
       of integrity in the performance of plaintiff’s employment duties. See Pease v. International
       Union of Operating Engineers Local 150, 208 Ill. App. 3d 863, 871, 567 N.E.2d 614, 619
       (1991). Defendant vaguely accuses plaintiff of telling his son an “untruth”–it is not entirely
       clear what the untruth was–and “bullying.” Moreover, defendant’s letter stated he “perceived”
       the prosecutor’s action to be bullying of an 18-year-old. This is clearly a nonactionable
       statement of opinion. See Moriarty v. Greene, 315 Ill. App. 3d 225, 233, 732 N.E.2d 730, 739
       (2000). Defendant’s statements do not obviously accuse plaintiff of lacking integrity in
       performing her job as an assistant State’s Attorney or engaging in prosecutorial misconduct.
       Rather, his letter to the editor, taken in whole, accuses her of not being fair to his son during an
       adversarial process. Accusing someone of unfairness expresses nonactionable opinion.
¶ 34       Further, if we were to accept the Owen dicta, plaintiff’s reliance on Rule 4.1 to assert
       defendant’s statement accused her of an ethical violation is misplaced. Rule 4.1 provides “a
       lawyer shall not knowingly *** make a false statement of material fact or law to a third
       person.” Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 4.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). However, defendant did not
       accuse plaintiff of knowingly lying to his son. As such, defendant’s statement is not “obviously
       and naturally harmful” to plaintiff. Owen, 113 Ill. 2d at 277, 497 N.E.2d at 1147. As a matter of
       law, we conclude defendant’s letter to the editor did not rise to the level of defamation per se.

¶ 35                       C. Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss Count II
¶ 36     Defendant’s motion to dismiss count II stated it was pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code.
       However, he argued plaintiff failed to state a cause of action for false light because the tort

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       requires the pleading of actual malice and she did not include such an allegation. He added
       plaintiff “has no facts that would show” his intent was anything other than to express his
       opinion. As discussed above, an argument alleging the legal insufficiency of the complaint
       must be brought pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, not section 2-619, which admits the
       legal sufficiency of the complaint. See Reynolds, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 31, 988 N.E.2d
       984. Defendant’s motion to dismiss count II must be treated as a section 2-615 motion to
       dismiss.
¶ 37       Three elements are required to state a cause of action for false light: “First, the allegations
       in the complaint must show that the plaintiffs were placed in a false light before the public as a
       result of the defendants’ actions. Second, the court must determine whether a trier of fact could
       decide that the false light in which the plaintiffs were placed would be highly offensive to a
       reasonable person. Finally, the plaintiffs must allege and prove that the defendants acted with
       actual malice, that is, with knowledge that the statements were false or with reckless disregard
       for whether the statements were true or false.” Kolegas v. Heftel Broadcasting Corp., 154 Ill.
       2d 1, 17-18, 607 N.E.2d 201, 209-10 (1992).
¶ 38       Plaintiff relies on Moriarty to argue she has met the elements of false light. We need not
       decide whether plaintiff has adequately pleaded the first two elements as this case can be
       decided on the malice requirement. To avoid confusion, we note plaintiff is required to plead
       malice because it is an element of false light–it does not depend on her status as a public
       official as discussed above. In Moriarty, the First District found the plaintiff alleged malice
       because her complaint alleged the defendants “knew the statement was false or acted in
       reckless disregard of its falsity.” Moriarty, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 236-37, 732 N.E.2d at 741. In
       contrast, plaintiff alleged defendant “had no personal knowledge regarding the matters, events
       or statements characterized and falsely portrayed” in the letter to the editor. An allegation
       defendant did not have personal knowledge of the underlying events is distinct from an
       allegation he acted with knowledge the statements were false or in reckless disregard of their
       falsity. The trial court properly dismissed count II, as plaintiff failed to adequately plead
       defendant acted with malice, which is required to state a cause of action for false light.

¶ 39                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 40          For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 41          Affirmed.




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