           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Michelle P. Rhine,                              :
                      Petitioner                :
                                                :
               v.                               :
                                                :
Unemployment Compensation                       :
Board of Review,                                :   No. 1281 C.D. 2019
                 Respondent                     :   Submitted: February 21, 2020


BEFORE:        HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
               HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
               HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE FIZZANO CANNON                             FILED: April 17, 2020

               Michelle P. Rhine (Claimant) petitions, pro se, for review of the July
25, 2019 order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board),
which affirmed the Unemployment Compensation Referee’s (Referee) denial of
benefits based on willful misconduct. Upon review, we affirm.
               Claimant was employed at Media Smiles (Employer) as a full-time
dental assistant from April 2006 to April 4, 2019. Findings of Fact (F.F.) 1;
12/06/2019 Notes of Testimony (N.T.) 10-11.1 On April 3, 2019, Employer’s owner,
Catherine Cavanaugh, DMD (Owner), asked Claimant to sterilize some dental


       1
           Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 556 and 2151(b), a claimant-appellant in an unemployment
compensation matter is not required to file a reproduced record. Accordingly, our citations are to
the certified record and the hearing transcript of the Referee hearing. The Referee’s Findings of
Fact can be found at page 99 of the certified record.
hygienist instruments.          Claimant refused, stating that sterilizing hygienist
instruments is not part of her job, and she was sent home with pay. F.F. 3-5; N.T.
10. Claimant returned to work on April 4, 2019 and once again indicated that she
would not be willing to sterilize hygienist instruments because she believed that her
job only required her to sanitize the instruments used by doctors. Claimant was once
again sent home with pay. F.F. 6, 8; N.T. 10. On April 6, 2019, Claimant and Owner
met to discuss Claimant’s employment situation, and Claimant indicated that she
would not want to continue working for Employer if she was required to clean the
instruments of dental hygienists. Following this meeting, Claimant was discharged.
F.F. 9-10; N.T. 11-12.
               Claimant applied for unemployment compensation benefits with the
Harrisburg Overflow Center (Overflow Center). In her internet initial claims form,
Claimant indicated that she refused to clean certain instruments because she “felt
that [she] was being told to clean up after another person.” Certified Record (C.R.)
12. A Notice of Determination was issued on May 10, 2019, finding that Claimant
was ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e) of the Unemployment
Compensation Law (Law).2 Claimant appealed the Overflow Center’s decision to
the Referee, who held a hearing on the matter. Regarding her refusal to sterilize
dental hygienist instruments as directed by Owner, Claimant provided the following
testimony before the Referee:


               [Referee] … were you asked to sterilize hygienist
               instruments?

       2
          Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law, Act of December 5, 1936,
Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. § 802(e), provides, in relevant part, “[a]n
employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week . . . [i]n which his unemployment is
due to his discharge or temporary suspension from work for willful misconduct connected with his
work.”

                                                2
             [Claimant] Yes.

             [Referee] Okay. Did you agree to do so or refuse to do
             so?

             [Claimant] I refused to do so.

             [Referee] And why?

             [Claimant] Because I have never, ever cleaned [hygienist]
             instruments, ever.

             ....

             [Referee] Was there a [hygienist] assistant in the – at
             [Employer’s] office?

             [Claimant] No.

             [Referee] Were you aware that regardless of whether it
             was doctor instruments or hygienist instruments, that they
             were processed in the same way?

             [Claimant] Yes, I was aware of that.

             [Referee] So, then, why would you have been unable to
             sterilize hygienist instruments if they were sterilized the
             same way as [a] doctor’s instruments?

             [Claimant] Because my main concern was making sure
             [Owner] had her instruments for her patients, not the
             [hygienist] patients.

C.R. 64-65; N.T. 12-13. When questioned further by the Referee regarding her
refusal to sterilize hygienist instruments, the following exchange took place:




                                          3
             [Referee] [Claimant], is there anything else that you
             wanted to add at this time that you have not already stated?

             [Claimant] Yes, I would. I am not a licensed dental
             assistant. [Owner] and the hygienist are both licensed, so
             I had no liability when it comes to insurance and with the
             instruments.

             [Referee] Does that have something to do with your
             refusal?

             [Claimant] No.

             [Referee] Then, it’s not relevant to me. Anything else?

             [Claimant] I don’t have professional liability. It was a
             code violation.

C.R. 67; N.T. 15.
             At the hearing, the Referee also questioned Owner regarding
Claimant’s refusal to sterilize hygienist instruments. C.R. 60-64; N.T. 8-12. Owner
related that, in larger dental offices, a hygienist assistant might be employed, but that
in her smaller office there is no hygienist assistant. With regard to instrument
sterilization, Owner testified that


             everyone is expected to chip in. The hygienists chip in and
             clean the doctors’ instruments. The assistants chip in and
             clean the hygienists’ instruments … whatever is up next to
             be processed, it’s expected that whoever is there at the
             time processes those instruments.

C.R. 62-63; N.T. 10-11. Owner further testified that, although instruments used by
doctors and hygienists are different, they are processed the same way using the same
equipment. C.R. 62; N.T. 11. Owner also testified that, after Employer hired a
second dental hygienist, she held an office meeting over lunchtime and discussed


                                           4
ways in which the employees could work better as a team. The result of that
discussion was a directive that everyone in the office needed to assist with instrument
sterilization. C.R. 69; N.T. 17.
              Based on the evidence presented, the Referee determined that Claimant
was discharged after refusing a reasonable directive from Owner to sterilize
hygienist instruments and that Claimant failed to offer any competent or credible
testimony or evidence to establish that her refusal was reasonable. C.R. 100. The
Referee concluded that Employer had no hygienist assistant, that Employer needed
everyone to pitch in, and that although the doctor’s instruments and the hygienists’
instruments may have been different, the sterilization process was not different. Id.
Accordingly, the Referee deemed Claimant ineligible for benefits pursuant to
Section 402(e) of the Law. Claimant appealed the Referee’s decision to the Board
and the Board adopted and incorporated the Referee’s Findings of Fact and
Conclusions of Law by order dated July 25, 2019. C.R. 96. Claimant now petitions
this Court for review.3
              On appeal, Claimant argues that, as a dental assistant, she was
concerned she “did not have the professional liability to sterilize the instruments that
a dental hygienist uses.” Claimant’s Brief, p. 6. Claimant further argues that she
was worried that, since she is not a licensed dental hygienist assistant, she would be
in violation of a code or breaking the law if she sterilized the instruments of a dental
hygienist.


       3
          Our scope of review in this case is limited to determining whether the Board’s
adjudication is in violation of constitutional rights, whether factual findings are supported by
substantial evidence and whether an error of law has been committed. Glover v. Unemployment
Comp. Bd. of Review, 874 A.2d 692, 694 n. 5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005). Substantial evidence is defined
as relevant evidence upon which a reasonable mind could base a conclusion. Id. The Board’s
findings of fact are conclusive on appeal as long as the record, taken as a whole, contains
substantial evidence to support those findings. Brandt v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review,
643 A.2d 78, 79 (Pa. 1994).
                                               5
             First, we note that it is undisputed that Claimant refused to sterilize
dental hygienist instruments as requested by Owner and that Claimant was
discharged as a result of her refusal. Therefore, the sole issues before the Board
were whether Owner’s directive to sterilize dental hygienist instruments was
reasonable and whether Claimant had good cause for refusing to do so.
             It is well-settled that the failure of an unemployment compensation
claimant to follow an employer’s directive can constitute willful misconduct and
result in the denial of unemployment compensation benefits.                 Bailey v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 457 A.2d 147, 149 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983). The
burden of proving that the claimant engaged in willful misconduct is on the
employer. Guthrie v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 738 A.2d 518, 521 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1999). It is also well-settled that an employer may alter work assignments
and schedules in accordance with changing business conditions. Anchor Darling
Valve Co. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 598 A.2d 647, 650 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1991). However, the claimant may justify a refusal to follow an employer’s directive
by showing that the directive was unreasonable or her conduct was for good cause.
Cundiff v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 489 A.2d 948, 950 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1985). The burden of showing good cause for refusing to comply with an employer’s
directive is on the claimant. Walsh v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 943
A.2d 363, 369 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). Further, the Board is the ultimate fact finding
body and arbiter of credibility in unemployment compensation cases. Waverly
Heights, Ltd. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 173 A.3d 1224, 1227 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2017). “Questions of credibility and the resolution of evidentiary conflicts
are within the discretion of the Board and are not subject to re-evaluation on judicial
review.” Id. “The Board . . . may reject even uncontradicted testimony if it is
deemed not credible or worthy of belief.” Id.


                                          6
             Here, the Board weighed the evidence and found that the competent
evidence of record supported a finding that Claimant engaged in willful misconduct
when she refused a reasonable directive of Owner to clean the instruments used by
the dental hygienists in Employer’s office. C.R. 96; 100. The Board argues, and we
agree, that the testimony of record indicates that sterilizing “the dental hygienist
instruments required no special skill[,] as sterilizing dental hygienist instruments
used a process identical to the instrument sterilizations [Claimant] was required to
complete for the dentist instruments, which was already part of [Claimant’s] job
responsibilities.” Board’s Brief, p. 8. The testimony of record also indicates that, at
an office meeting where the employees of Owner’s dental office discussed ways in
which they could more effectively work together as a team after Employer hired a
second dental hygienist, Owner announced that all employees should assist in the
sterilization of instruments. C.R. 69; N.T. 17. Thus, even if Claimant did not
sterilize hygienist instruments when she first started working for Employer, it is clear
that Owner changed Claimant’s work assignments and that this change, which was
implemented to make the office more efficient, was within Owner’s prerogative.
Anchor Darling Valve. As such, the Board’s finding that Owner’s directive was
reasonable is supported by the testimony presented before the Referee.
             The burden then shifted to Claimant to show either that the directive
was unreasonable or that she had some other good cause for refusing to comply with
Owner’s directive. Walsh; Cundiff. Here, the Board adopted the findings of the
Referee that, based upon the credible evidence of record, Claimant’s refusal to clean
dental hygienist instruments was based upon Claimant’s belief that it was not her
job to clean hygienist instruments because she was an unlicensed dental assistant
and not a licensed hygienist assistant. C.R. 99; F.F. 6, 9. Indeed, in her testimony
before the Referee and in her appellate brief, Claimant only makes vague references
to “code violations” and “professional liability” in support of her position that she
                                           7
should not have been required to sterilize hygienist instruments. Claimant’s Brief,
p. 6. Claimant cites to no law, code, regulation or any other source that would
support her position that Owner’s directive was unreasonable or unlawful. The
mistaken belief of a claimant that she is not permitted by law or otherwise to follow
the directive of an employer is not enough to establish good cause to refuse such a
directive. See Simpson v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 450 A.2d 305, 312
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1982) (a claimant’s incorrect subjective belief regarding legal rights,
even if sincerely held, is not sufficient to establish good cause for willful
misconduct). Consequently, the Board did not err in concluding that Claimant did
not show good cause for refusing Owner’s directive and, as such, did not err when
it affirmed the Referee’s decision finding Claimant ineligible for benefits under
Section 402(e) of the Law.
             Accordingly, we affirm.



                                       __________________________________
                                       CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge




                                         8
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Michelle P. Rhine,                     :
                     Petitioner        :
                                       :
            v.                         :
                                       :
Unemployment Compensation              :
Board of Review,                       :   No. 1281 C.D. 2019
                 Respondent            :


                                  ORDER


            AND NOW, this 17th day of April, 2020, the July 25, 2019 order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is AFFIRMED.



                                     __________________________________
                                     CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
