                               2019 IL App (3d) 180063

                            Opinion filed July 3, 2019
_____________________________________________________________________________

                                       IN THE

                         APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                 THIRD DISTRICT

                                        2019

BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY, a Delaware               ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
Corporation,                                   ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
                                               ) Will County, Illinois.
       Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, )
                                               )
       v.                                      )
                                               )
DAVID F. GROHNE, as Trustee Under the          )
David F. Grohne Revocable Trust Dated          )
February 14, 1996; NONRECORD                   ) Appeal No. 3-18-0063
CLAIMANTS; UNKNOWN OWNERS; and )                 Circuit Nos. 14-ED-65
CHICAGO TITLE AND TRUST COMPANY, )                            14-ED-66
as Trustee Under Trust No. 8002346417          )              14-ED-67
Dated April 25, 2006,                          )
                                               )
       Defendants                              )
                                               )
(David F. Grohne and Chicago Title and Trust )
Company,                                       )
                                               )
       Defendants-Appellants and Cross-        ) Honorable Roger D. Rickmon,
       Appellees).                             ) Judge, Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________

      PRESIDING JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
      Justice McDade concurred in the judgment and opinion.
      Justice Wright concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.

                                     OPINION
¶1          Plaintiff-appellee and cross-appellant, BNSF Railway Company (BNSF), filed three

     eminent domain lawsuits for the condemnation of tracts of land owned in trust by defendants­

     appellants and cross-appellees, David F. Grohne and Chicago Title and Trust Company

     (collectively, Grohne). Plaintiff sought to build an intermodal railway facility along BNSF’s

     main rail line in Will County, Illinois, using the condemned land. After the trial court’s ruling on

     the pending traverse actions, the court held a jury trial for the valuation of Grohne’s tracts of land

     for purposes of exercising eminent domain. The jury awarded Grohne compensation for all three

     takings.

¶2          Grohne appeals, claiming the trial court erred by (1) limiting his cross-examination of

     experts on a comparable land sale contract at the valuation hearing pertaining to Will County

     case No. 14-ED-65, (2) denying his traverse and motions to dismiss in Will County case Nos.

     14-ED-66 and 14-ED-67, and (3) misinterpreting section 10-5-110 of the Eminent Domain Act

     (Act) (735 ILCS 30/10-5-110 (West 2014)) pertaining to Will County case No. 14-ED-67.

¶3          BNSF cross-appeals, raising the following issues regarding the compensation awards:

     (1) whether, absent a substantial and material change, the trial court erred in granting a new

     valuation date for the properties pertaining to Will County case Nos. 14-ED-66 and 14-ED-67

     and (2) whether the final judgment orders should have been entered based upon the parties’

     stipulations of value as of October 20, 2014, rather than the jury’s verdicts as of July 21, 2017.

¶4                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶5          On October 20, 2014, BNSF filed three eminent domain lawsuits to condemn three

     separate, but closely located tracts of land in Will County case Nos. 14-ED-65, 14-ED-66, and

     14-ED-67. The complaints in the first two cases named David F. Grohne, as trustee of the David

     F. Grohne Revocable Trust, as defendant. The third lawsuit, Will County case No. 14-ED-67,



                                                     -2­
     named David F. Grohne, as well as Chicago Title and Trust Company, as holder of a land trust

     with David F. Grohne named as the beneficiary, as defendants.

¶6           BNSF intended to build an intermodal facility along its main line near Interstate 55 and

     Lorenzo Road in Will County, Illinois. 1 The northernmost tract (Grohne North), the subject of

     case No. 14-ED-65, consists of 81.251 acres. BNSF sought 51.872 acres. The two tracts to the

     south, the subjects of case Nos. 14-ED-66 (Grohne South) and 14-ED-67 (CTT), consist of

     73.118 and 72.717 acres, respectively. BNSF sought 11.733 and 59.316 acres of these tracts,

     respectively. The BNSF main line splits the Grohne tracts subject to taking in all three cases.

¶7           On September 25, 2014, the BNSF Board of Directors (Board), with unanimous consent,

     signed a resolution outlining the details and necessity of an intermodal facility. Specifically, the

     resolution stated the following:

                     “[I]n order to alleviate congestion on the [BNSF main line], prevent

                     blocking of the main line and facilitate the Company’s ability to meet the

                     current demands of its existing customers and the future demands of

                     additional development in the area, the Company proposes to construct

                     and operate a multimodal facility adjacent to the [BNSF main line]. The

                     facility will operate as a freight terminal and intermodal facility and will

                     start from a connection to the Chillicothe Subdivision just east of Lorenzo

                     Road and extend that facility west to a second connection to the

                     Chillicothe Subdivision at Murphy Road. The second connection at

                     Murphy Road is required to provide access to the facility from both ends

             1
               An intermodal facility is a BNSF location where goods are brought in and consolidated for
     distribution by trains or trucks into the surrounding areas. The facilities are comprised of a system of
     tracks, support facilities, parking areas, roads, and trailers and containers awaiting shipment, unloading,
     and distribution.


                                                        -3­
                      to facilitate safe and expeditious operation of the main line. The facility

                      will consist of multiple tracks and related connections, paved parking for

                      holding containers and trailers waiting for local delivery or for loading

                      onto rail cars, cranes for handling the containers and trailers and support

                      facilities. There will also be truck gate structures to facilitate entrance and

                      exit of containers and trucks to and from the facility. Full build out of the

                      facility will require between 300 and 450 acres[.]”

       The resolution also outlined in detail the property to be acquired, including 122.921 total acres

       from Grohne.

¶8            BNSF, in the complaints filed in these consolidated cases, restated the purpose it laid out

       in the Board’s resolution. Further, the complaints stated, “[t]he multimodal facility, once

       constructed and open for operations, will be used for the benefit of all users of BNSF’s railroad

       without discrimination.”

¶9            On November 24, 2014, Grohne filed a traverse and motion to dismiss in each of BNSF’s

       lawsuits. On April 6, 2015, the trial court consolidated the cases. Grohne subsequently withdrew

       the traverse with respect to Grohne North. Thus, the traverse hearing covered only the 71.049

       acres comprising Grohne South and CTT.

¶ 10          With respect to Grohne South and CTT, Grohne argued BNSF sought to acquire his

       private property, in part, for the purpose of providing direct rail service to a private, neighboring

       industrial park, RidgePort Logistics Park (RidgePort). Specifically, Grohne maintained BNSF’s

       conceptual plan for the intermodal facility included a private track, or spur track, designed to

       provide RidgePort and its attracted customers or tenants with direct access to the newly

       constructed southern switch on BNSF’s main line.



                                                       -4­
¶ 11          In further support of the traverse, Grohne argued BNSF desired to acquire Grohne South

       for unstated or speculative future uses. BNSF did not specifically identify these uses in its

       conceptual plan. As such, Grohne claimed BNSF attempted to acquire “significantly more” than

       the amount of acreage necessary for the planned intermodal facility project.

¶ 12          On July 27, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on the traverse. James Ball, senior

       manager of real estate for BNSF, testified about the Board’s plan for the construction of an

       intermodal facility. Ball was in charge of acquiring property for the benefit of BNSF. Ball

       discussed the purpose and nature of the operations of intermodal facilities in general. Ball also

       stated that in October 2014, BNSF made three separate offers for the acquisition of Grohne’s 124

       acres. Grohne rejected each offer.

¶ 13          John Hovland, director of marketing and facility development for BNSF, testified before

       the court. Hovland explained that his responsibilities included siting, developing, and

       maintaining intermodal and automotive facilities. Hovland was responsible for determining the

       specific land necessary to construct an intermodal facility. In this case, Hovland anticipated the

       ultimate size of the proposed intermodal facility would be within the standard size for

       constructing intermodal facilities, approximately 460 acres.

¶ 14          Hovland also described the operations and demand for the proposed intermodal facility.

       In particular, Hovland discussed how BNSF’s four other intermodal facilities in the area were

       too small and had minimal expansion capabilities. The newly proposed intermodal facility would

       take three years to construct. BNSF needed the additional intermodal facility due to forecasted

       growth in the Chicago area over the next five years. Further, the proposed intermodal facility

       could include and/or require support tracks for trains entering and leaving the facility, support

       facilities, an administration building, repair facilities for instrumentalities and equipment,



                                                      -5­
       parking areas, an overpass, water retention/detention facilities, grade separations, emergency

       facilities, and relocated power lines.

¶ 15           Hovland clarified that the plans were conceptual and would be implemented in phases,

       rather than all at once. Since BNSF had not acquired the necessary tracts of land, final planning

       and permitting could not be completed. Completion of the plans required additional engineering,

       surveying, and geotechnical exploration. The Grohne South and CTT tracts would potentially

       become the site of lead outs for the intermodal tracks, parking areas, water retention/detention

       facilities, and a grade separation for nearby roads. BNSF would be unable to construct the

       proposed intermodal facility without Grohne South and CTT. In Hovland’s view, the proposed

       intermodal facility would serve many customers, without discrimination.

¶ 16           Opposing counsel cross-examined Hovland about the proposed spur track directly linking

       RidgePort to the main line. Hovland averred that the spur track was necessary to provide rail

       service to the industries attracted by RidgePort and to distribute the products of RidgePort’s

       customers or tenants. Hovland admitted the spur track was not necessary to the intermodal

       facility itself but was essential for the industrial track to be fully functional.

¶ 17           David Irving, a civil engineer and vice president for Trans Systems Corporation, directed

       the design of the proposed intermodal facility. Irving testified that the intermodal facility and

       spur track were separate projects. He also approximated the spur track would traverse four acres

       of Grohne South and CTT. BNSF intended the spur track to serve Ridgeport’s customers with

       direct access to ship their goods via railway.

¶ 18           Irving agreed that the plans for the intermodal facility were conceptual. However, plans

       for the intermodal facility were difficult to conceive without Grohne South, as the project

       required 8000 feet of clear track. Further, additional tracks, water retention/detention areas, and



                                                         -6­
       parking, among other things, could encumber both tracts. The proposed intermodal facility did

       not yet include concrete plans for about 50% to 70% of Grohne South.

¶ 19          James Gordon, director of economic development for BNSF’s northern lines, testified

       that BNSF entered a separate letter agreement with RidgePort outlining the parties’ roles in

       constructing and paying for a spur track. Gordon explained that BNSF was to take on the task of

       using commercially reasonable efforts to acquire the land necessary for the construction of the

       spur track to link RidgePort’s customers directly to the main line. RidgePort had begun

       advertising the spur track to potential private customers or tenants.

¶ 20          BNSF planned to construct the spur track in phases. One phase would include going

       south and west across CTT and Grohne South to BNSF’s southern switch. Gordon stated BNSF

       was constructing the first phase of the spur track, but nothing else was contemplated until the

       Grohne tracts were available. He agreed BNSF desired the spur track for the purpose of

       providing RidgePort with direct access to the main line. If private customers or tenants were

       attracted, as planned, RidgePort, 1200 to 1500 acres in total size, would comprise 300 acres of

       rail-serviced property. BNSF had devoted approximately $20 million to the spur track project at

       the time of the traverse hearing.

¶ 21          Gordon clarified that as RidgePort attracted more rail-serviced customers across 300

       acres, the spur track would be necessary for BNSF to manage increased traffic from RidgePort

       on what is already one of the busiest rail lines in North America. In particular, the spur track

       would provide a way for trains to enter and exit the main line from both directions without

       causing impediments to or congestion of the main line. The proposed design was the most

       effective way for BNSF to ensure this purpose, while also expanding its local operations,

       utilizing the acquired property, and serving customers located across RidgePort.



                                                       -7­
¶ 22          In closing arguments, Grohne argued the takings, namely for the spur track, were for a

       private purpose and excessive. Grohne also pointed out that BNSF’s current plan did not include

       stated current uses for significant portions of the takings but, rather, mere speculative future uses.

       BNSF responded that it would not be serving merely one customer, RidgePort, with the side or

       spur track but potentially 300 acres of future rail-serviced customers. As such, BNSF maintained

       its takings were for the public, necessary, and not excessive.

¶ 23          On July 31, 2015, the trial court denied Grohne’s traverse and motions to dismiss. The

       trial court stated that after reviewing the pleadings, suggestions, and arguments of the parties, it

       found that BNSF’s takings were for a necessary, not excessive, public purpose.

¶ 24          The court set the trial for August 22, 2016, less than two years from the date BNSF filed

       its complaint for condemnation. In July 2016, Grohne filed a motion to reset the valuation date

       for the parcels. The court denied his first motion; it reset the jury trial for May 12, 2017. In April

       2017, Grohne filed a motion to reconsider the court’s denial of his motion for a new valuation

       date. The court, again, denied Grohne’s motion. Instead of proceeding to trial in May, the parties

       entered into various stipulations regarding, inter alia, the 2014 value of the parcels. On May 30,

       2017, Grohne once again filed a motion for a new valuation date. This time, the trial court

       granted Grohne’s motion to reset the valuation date. It set the new values as of July 21, 2017.

       The court indicated it set a new valuation date to minimize error. It did not reach the issue of a

       substantial and material change but did state,“I would probably have found *** that there would

       be a substantial, material change.” The court set the date for trial.

¶ 25          On September 27, 2017, Grohne offered to settle with BNSF on CTT. Grohne’s proposed

       settlement included a joint stipulation that CTT was worth $3.9 million as of July 21, 2017,

       provided BNSF agreed to use the July date as the date of valuation. Additionally, Grohne’s offer



                                                        -8­
       was only good so long as he retained the ability to appeal the trial court’s denial of his traverse

       motion. BNSF rejected the offer.

¶ 26          The parties filed a variety of motions in limine. For the purpose of this appeal, our focus

       is on BNSF’s motion to bar the use of comparable sales from before October 2014. The court

       denied BNSF’s motion.

¶ 27          On October 16, 2017, the trial commenced. At trial, each party called two appraisers. For

       BNSF, Joseph Thouvenell opined that the values of the tracts of land were as follows:

       (1) $3,371,680 for Grohne North, (2) $645,315 for Grohne South, and (3) $2,965,800 for CTT.

¶ 28          Prior to Thouvenell’s cross-examination, BNSF argued that the trial court should limit

       Grohne’s questioning on an unexercised option to buy additional land, contained within a

       comparable land sale contract for a property adjacent to the Grohne tracts and relied upon in

       valuing the Grohne tracts. Elion Partners, RidgePort’s predecessor, owned the adjacent property.

       Elion sold it to Batory Foods. Grohne argued that the option showed how downward adjustments

       in value were calculated for tax increment finance benefits on the adjacent property.

¶ 29          The trial court barred discussion of the unexercised option provision, acknowledging that

       there were two parts to the comparable land sale contract for the adjacent property—an actual

       sale and an unexercised option. The court reasoned that questioning on the unexercised option

       was far more prejudicial than probative. The trial court found that Grohne could cross-examine

       BNSF’s experts on their calculations for the actual sale but did not believe the jury could

       consider the value of an option that was, and might remain, unexercised.

¶ 30          Susan Enright, also for BNSF, opined that the values of the tracts of land were as follows:

       (1) $3.5 million for Grohne North and (2) $2.5 million for CTT. Enright did not give an opinion

       as to the value of Grohne South.



                                                      -9­
¶ 31          For Grohne, Michael MaRous opined that the values of the tracts of land were as follows:

       (1) $6,095,000, plus $225,000 in damages to the remainder for Grohne North, (2) $880,000 for

       Grohne South, and (3) $4,210,000 for CTT.

¶ 32          John Mundie, also for Grohne, opined that the values of the tracts of land were as

       follows: (1) $6,485,000, plus $100,000 in damages to the remainder for Grohne North,

       (2) $1,020,000 for Grohne South, and (3) $4.5 million for CTT. Grohne requested the jury award

       amounts consistent with the appraisals of MaRous.

¶ 33          On October 20, 2017, the jury awarded the following amounts for the Grohne takings:

       (1) $4,927,840, plus $100,000 in damages to the remainder for Grohne North, (2) $862,375.50

       for Grohne South, and (3) $4,063,146 for CTT. On October 24, 2017, the trial court entered

       judgment orders consistent with the jury’s awards.

¶ 34          Both BNSF and Grohne filed posttrial motions. The trial court denied all posttrial

       motions. Grohne filed a notice of appeal. BNSF cross-appealed.

¶ 35                                           II. ANALYSIS

¶ 36          Grohne raised the following three issues on appeal: (1) whether prohibiting cross­

       examination about a comparable land sale contract constituted an abuse of discretion with

       respect to Grohne North, (2) whether denying the traverse and motions to dismiss pertaining to

       Grohne South and CTT was against the manifest weight of the evidence, and (3) whether the trial

       court’s interpretation of section 10-5-110 of the Act (735 ILCS 30/10-5-110 (West 2014)) was

       erroneous as a matter of law, pertaining to CTT.

¶ 37          BNSF’s cross-appeal raised the following three issues: (1) whether, absent a substantial

       and material change, the trial court erred in granting a new valuation date for Grohne South and




                                                    - 10 ­
       CTT and (2) whether the final judgment orders should have been entered based upon the parties’

       stipulations of value for Grohne South and CTT as of October 20, 2014.

¶ 38                                          A. Grohne’s Appeal

¶ 39                          1. Will County Case No. 14-ED-65 (Grohne North)

¶ 40          On appeal, the only issue Grohne raised with respect to Grohne North was whether the

       trial court abused its discretion by limiting the cross-examination of BNSF’s expert witnesses

       during the valuation hearing. Grohne argued that the trial court’s decision to limit questioning

       about an unexercised option in a comparable land sale contract prejudiced Grohne’s right to just

       compensation for Grohne North.

¶ 41          Elion Partners, RidgePort’s predecessor, owned property that was the subject of the

       comparable land sale contract. It planned to sell to Batory Foods. Pursuant to the land sale

       contract, the parties agreed that Batory Foods could execute an option to purchase additional

       land in the future as part of the agreement. Grohne maintained that prohibiting cross-examination

       about this unexercised option, and thereby on downward value adjustments used by the experts,

       prevented him from painting an accurate picture of the value for the adjacent tract. Namely,

       Grohne argued he was not allowed to produce evidence showing how BNSF’s appraisal expert

       had adjusted the adjacent tract’s $141,000-per-acre starting value to $62,880. In Grohne’s view,

       this questioning would have necessarily caused the jury to consider downward adjustments,

       applicable to the adjacent property and award a higher amount per acre for Grohne North.

       Barring cross-examination, according to Grohne, misled the jury on how downward adjustments

       impacted the expert valuations submitted to the jury for consideration.

¶ 42          The scope of cross-examination rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and

       will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion. Leonardi v. Loyola University of



                                                     - 11 ­
       Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 102 (1995). The same is true for the admissibility of evidence showing

       comparable land sales. Department of Public Works & Buildings v. First National Bank of Joliet,

       9 Ill. App. 3d 633, 636 (1973). The trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is arbitrary,

       fanciful, unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would take the adopted view. Seymour v.

       Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 41.

¶ 43           Purchase options are admissible in some condemnation cases where no recent sales of

       similar lands occurred in the vicinity. City of Chicago v. Blanton, 15 Ill. 2d 198, 201-02 (1958).

       However, the trial court may properly refuse to admit evidence of an option agreement if there is

       evidence of an actual real estate sale. Id. at 202.

¶ 44           Here, we acknowledge the land sale contract between Elion Partners and Batory Foods

       included an actual sale, as well as an option to purchase additional land in the future. In other

       words, the sale involved two parts to one sales agreement. This distinguishes the transaction

       from other cases where an option contract is the only evidence of a comparable land sale.

¶ 45           The trial court’s decision to limit the scope of Grohne’s cross-examination was not

       without a sound basis in existing case law. We cannot ignore existing precedent averring that

       option agreements, here an unexercised option, are generally inadmissible where there is

       evidence of an actual, comparable land sale. See id. at 201-02. We agree with the trial court that

       such evidence had the potential to confuse the jurors and was overwhelmingly more prejudicial

       than probative. The trial court’s ruling was within its discretion.

¶ 46                   2. Will County Case Nos. 14-ED-66 (Grohne South) and 14-ED-67 (CTT)

¶ 47           Grohne raised two issues with respect to Grohne South and CTT: (a) whether denying the

       traverse and motions to dismiss was against the manifest weight of the evidence and (b) whether




                                                        - 12 ­
       the trial court’s interpretation of section 10-5-110 of the Act was erroneous as a matter of law.

       735 ILCS 30/10-5-110 (West 2014).

¶ 48                                  a. Traverse and Motions to Dismiss

¶ 49          Grohne argued the trial court’s denials of its traverse and motions to dismiss pertaining to

       Grohne South and CTT were against the manifest weight of the evidence. See Department of

       Transportation ex rel. People v. Hunziker, 342 Ill. App. 3d 588, 593-94 (2003). More

       particularly, Grohne maintained the takings of Grohne South and CTT, in part, were for private

       and unstated or speculative purposes that were not necessary to fulfill the needs of the public.

       BNSF contended that the trial court’s denial of each traverse and motion to dismiss was

       supported by the evidence of record.

¶ 50                                      i. General Legal Principles

¶ 51          A traverse is a method for a landowner, such as Grohne, to challenge an entity’s authority

       to take property through the extraordinary power of eminent domain against the landowner’s

       wishes. Lake County Forest Preserve District v. First National Bank of Waukegan, 154 Ill. App.

       3d 45, 51 (1987). The appellate court reviews the denial of a traverse against the manifest weight

       of the evidence. Enbridge Pipeline (Illinois), LLC v. Temple, 2017 IL App (4th) 150346, ¶ 89. A

       finding of fact is against the manifest weight of the evidence where an opposite conclusion is

       clearly evident. University of Illinois v. Industrial Comm’n, 365 Ill. App. 3d 906, 910 (2006). If

       the record contains sufficient factual evidence to support the determination, we will not set it

       aside on appeal. Beattie v. Industrial Comm’n, 276 Ill. App. 3d 446, 450 (1995).

¶ 52          Section 18c-7501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Code) provides railroads with the

       statutory authority to exercise the extraordinary power of eminent domain under certain

       circumstances. 625 ILCS 5/18c-7501 (West 2014). The Code provides the power of eminent



                                                     - 13 ­
       domain to any rail carrier that has been “unable to agree with the owner for the purchase of any

       real estate required for the purposes of [the rail carrier’s] incorporation, or the transaction of [the

       rail carrier’s] business, *** or any other lawful purpose connected with or necessary to the

       building, operating or running of such rail carrier.” Id.

¶ 53          The Code works in conjunction with the Act. See 735 ILCS 30/5-5-5(c)(9) (West 2014).

       Specifically, pursuant to the statutory authority conferred by section 18c-7501 of the Code,

       section 5-5-5(c)(9) of the Act creates a rebuttable presumption that the acquisition of private

       property by a rail carrier’s exercise of the eminent domain authority is (i) primarily for the

       benefit, use, or enjoyment of the public and (ii) necessary for a public purpose. Id.

¶ 54          In this case, both parties agree that the interface between the Code and the Act entitled

       BNSF to the rebuttable presumption that its decision to act, as embodied in the Board’s 2014

       resolution of necessity, was (i) primarily for the benefit, use, or enjoyment of the public and (ii)

       necessary for a public purpose. See id.; 625 ILCS 5/18c-7501 (West 2014).

¶ 55          However, the parties disagreed on Grohne’s burden of proof to overcome the statutory

       presumption in favor of the railroad. Grohne argued a landowner may overcome the statutory

       presumption by showing merely “some evidence.” BNSF claimed a landowner must introduce

       not “some evidence” but “clear and convincing evidence” to overcome this statutory

       presumption.

¶ 56          In a similar case of condemnation, the reviewing court held that “a party challenging a

       strong presumption must present clear and convincing evidence to rebut the presumption.”

       Enbridge Energy (Illinois), L.L.C. v. Kuerth, 2016 IL App (4th) 150519, ¶ 134. This standard

       requires proof greater than a preponderance of the evidence but less than proof beyond a




                                                       - 14 ­
       reasonable doubt. Altenheim German Home v. Bank of America, N.A., 376 Ill. App. 3d 26, 37

       (2007).

¶ 57             Thus, at the traverse hearing, Grohne was required to show by clear and convincing

       evidence that BNSF’s exercise of eminent domain authority was not (i) primarily for the benefit,

       use, or enjoyment of the public, or (ii) necessary for a public purpose. Id.

¶ 58                              ii. Primary Public Benefit, Use, or Enjoyment.

¶ 59             We first turn to Enbridge Energy (Illinois), L.L.C. v. Kuerth, 2018 IL App (4th) 150519-

       B, ¶ 53, which was decided in the context of section 5-5-5(c) of the Act. In that case, the Fourth

       District Appellate Court recognized there is no bright-line test for whether the public is the

       primary beneficiary of a taking. Id. ¶ 54. Instead, the court observed there are two considerations

       relevant to that question. Id. These considerations include (1) the actual motives behind the

       taking and (2) whether the taking was an independent and legitimate decision to further a

       planned public use. Id. This position, adopted in the context of section 5-5-5(c), is consistent

       with past decisions recognizing that the main criterion of a public use is a benefit to the general

       public, even when the condemnation would simultaneously be highly beneficial to other private

       interests. See Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Farina, 29 Ill. 2d 474, 480 (1963);

       Limits Industrial R.R. Co. v. American Spiral Pipe Works, 321 Ill. 101, 107-08 (1926).

¶ 60             BNSF executives testified that the proposed intermodal facility was necessary to service

       an ever-growing market of customers shipping goods across North America. Hovland averred

       the spur track was necessary to provide rail service to the industries attracted by RidgePort while

       managing the increased traffic. The facility would serve many customers without discrimination.

       Irving estimated that if private customers or tenants were attracted as planned, RidgePort would

       comprise 300 acres of rail-serviced property. Gordon explained the spur track would provide a



                                                      - 15 ­
       way for trains to enter and exit the main line from both directions without causing impediments

       to or congestion of the main line. He averred this plan was the most effective way for BNSF to

       ensure the intermodal facility served its purpose to expand local operations, fully utilize the

       acquired property, and efficiently serve Ridgeport customers looking to ship consumer goods

       across the nation.

¶ 61          Grohne elicited competing testimony from these same executives. Hovland admitted the

       side or spur track was not necessary to the intermodal facility itself but was essential for the

       industrial track to be fully functional. He said the plans were mostly conceptual as of the date of

       the traverse hearing. BNSF could only take so many steps before acquiring the necessary Grohne

       tracks. Irving considered the spur track to be its own project. BNSF did not have specific plans

       for some of the land.

¶ 62          By enacting section 5-5-5(c), the legislature included language recognizing the

       acquisition of private property by eminent domain should be “primarily” for the public benefit,

       use, or enjoyment. See 735 ILCS 30/5-5-5(c) (West 2014). In this respect, the Act is consistent

       with prior case law on the nature of a public benefit, use, or enjoyment. Consequently, we hold

       there is no express legislative requirement that the property acquired by eminent domain be

       exclusively for the benefit, use, or enjoyment of the public. Thus, despite 4 of 71.049 acres being

       taken from Grohne for the spur track, we conclude Grohne could not overcome BNSF’s evidence

       that the takings of Grohne South and CTT were “primarily” for the public benefit, use, or

       enjoyment of an intermodal facility. Common sense dictates that the spur track would benefit not

       only the industries in the industrial park but also their many customers throughout the country.

       The trial court’s finding in this regard was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 63                                   iii. Necessary for a Public Purpose



                                                      - 16 ­
¶ 64          Next, we turn to whether Grohne provided clear and convincing evidence that the taking

       of Grohne South and CTT was not necessary for a public purpose or excessive.

¶ 65          Initially, we address Grohne’s argument pursuant to People ex rel. Director of Finance v.

       Young Women’s Christian Ass’n of Springfield, 86 Ill. 2d 219, 239 (1981) (YWCA of

       Springfield), that the takings here are “grossly excessive” due to significant portions having no

       stated, present public purpose. In our view, YWCA of Springfield is unpersuasive, as this is not a

       case where “over half of the total area sought [is] being taken without any showing of need,

       present or future.” (Emphases added.) Id. Rather, BNSF was able to account for needs that could

       be “fairly anticipated in the future.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 66          In this case, the testimony at the traverse hearing indicated BNSF sought to acquire an

       amount of land that was within the standard size for intermodal facilities and the specific uses

       and encumbrances of Grohne South and CTT that would make the intermodal facility

       operational. In particular, the testimony of Hovland and Irving indicated BNSF could fairly

       anticipate using Grohne South and CTT for, among other things, support tracks, parking areas,

       water retention/detention facilities, and a grade separation of the intermodal facility from nearby

       Murphy and Lorenzo Roads. As a result, Grohne’s argument under YWCA of Springfield is

       unavailing.

¶ 67          In the past, our supreme court stated, “ ‘where the legislature has delegated to a

       corporation the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain, the corporation has also the

       authority to decide on the necessity for exercising the right, and its decision will be conclusive in

       the absence of a clear abuse of the power granted.’ ” City of Chicago v. Midland Smelting Co.,

       385 Ill. App. 3d 945, 965 (2008) (quoting City of Chicago v. Vaccarro, 408 Ill. 587, 597 (1951));

       see also Goldman v. Moore, 35 Ill. 2d 450, 453 (1966).



                                                       - 17 ­
¶ 68             Grohne contends BNSF’s decision to acquire and then use a portion of his land for

       private profit constitutes such a “clear abuse” of power. In order to resolve this issue, we turn to

       the language of the resolution passed by the Board in September 2014. The Board’s resolution

       states the proposed takings are necessary in order “to provide access to the facility from both

       ends to facilitate safe and expeditious operation of the main line.” (Emphasis added.) Similarly,

       the complaints filed by BNSF one month later consistently allege that the land to be taken by the

       railroad was “needed for the construction of a multimodal facility” that would consist of

       “multiple tracks and related connections, to allow trains to be taken off the main line, and broken

       down, for further handling by Plaintiff.”

¶ 69             Necessary, as used in a statute, should mean “expedient, reasonably convenient or useful

       to the public, and cannot be limited to an absolute physical necessity.” (Internal quotation marks

       omitted.) Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Lewis, 411 Ill. 242, 245-46 (1952). The

       proper judicial inquiry into necessity is whether “the purpose for which the land is sought is one

       of public convenience, and the acquisition, reasonable in scope, is an expedient means of

       accomplishing the purpose.” Department of Transportation v. Keller, 127 Ill. App. 3d 976, 980

       (1984).

¶ 70             As discussed above, great deference is afforded to the legislature’s grant of the eminent

       domain authority. In this case, the spur track allows Ridgeport’s many customers access to a rail

       line without interfering with the normal flow of BNSF’s traffic. The big picture consequence of

       the spur track is that more businesses will be able to ship more goods across North America with

       limited stops and congestion at this location. The spur track is “expedient, reasonably

       convenient, [and] useful to the public” in that it serves a purpose of “public convenience, and the

       acquisition, reasonable in scope, is an expedient means of accomplishing the purpose.” (Internal



                                                       - 18 ­
       quotation marks omitted.) Id. More businesses shipping more goods is a net benefit to the flow of

       commerce and those engaged in its practices. Grohne did not present clear and convincing

       evidence to rebut the presumption that BNSF’s takings were necessary for a public purpose or

       not excessive. Thus the trial court’s denial of Grohne’s traverse and motions to dismiss was not

       against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 71                                            b. Attorney Fees

¶ 72          Grohne argued the trial court erred in its interpretation of section 10-5-110(b) of the Act

       (735 ILCS 30/10-5-110(b) (West 2014)). This misinterpretation prevented Grohne from

       recovering his attorney fees with regard to CTT. The statute, titled “[o]ffers of settlement by

       defendant; attorney’s fees and litigation expenses” states:

                      “At any time between (i) the close of discovery in accordance with

                      Supreme Court Rule 218(c), as now or hereafter amended, or another date

                      set by the court or agreed to by the parties, and (ii) 14 days before the

                      commencement of trial to determine final just compensation, any

                      defendant may serve upon the plaintiff a written offer setting forth the

                      amount of compensation that the defendant will accept for the taking of

                      that defendant’s interest in the property. If the defendant does not make

                      such an offer, the defendant shall not be entitled to the attorney’s fees

                      ***.” Id.

       Grohne made an offer to BNSF for the CTT property. He argues he thereby qualified under the

       statute; the trial court should have awarded him the properly attributed attorney fees.

¶ 73          Our interpretation of a fee-shifting statute is an exercise of statutory construction. Forest

       Preserve District v. Continental Community Bank & Trust Co., 2017 IL App (1st) 170680, ¶ 31.



                                                      - 19 ­
       We give the language of the statute its plain and ordinary meaning. Southern Illinoisan v.

       Department of Public Health, 218 Ill. 2d 390, 415 (2006). We strive to give each word a

       meaning; words should not be rendered superfluous. Williams v. Staples, 208 Ill. 2d 480, 487

       (2004). The court may consider the purpose of the law in construing a statute. Id. Whether the

       court has the authority to grant attorney fees under a particular statute is a question of law we

       review de novo. Continental Community Bank & Trust Co., 2017 IL App (1st) 170680, ¶ 32. We

       review the ultimate decision of whether to award attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. Id.

¶ 74          The statute on which Grohne relied required him to make an offer of compensation that

       he would accept for “the taking of [his] interest in the property.” (Emphasis added.) 735 ILCS

       30/10-5-110(b) (West 2014). Grohne, as the owner, had an ownership interest in CTT. The

       Property Tax Code defines ownership interest as “any title or other interest in property.” 35 ILCS

       200/21-285(1) (West 2014). Grohne, in his proposed settlement to BNSF, refused to settle if he

       could not appeal the trial court’s denial of his traverse. In order to have standing to challenge the

       trial court’s denial, Grohne would have to retain an interest in CTT. He cannot be said to have

       offered to relinquish his interest in property if he simultaneously wanted to maintain the right to

       proceed with further legal action.

¶ 75          Grohne stated in his brief that he “wanted to preserve his ability to contest [BNSF’s] right

       to take the property.” A plain reading of the statute indicates a defendant can recoup his attorney

       fees only if he (1) made an offer and (2) was willing to relinquish his interest in the property.

       Grohne was not willing to cede his interest in CTT to BNSF. Grohne did not qualify under this

       statute. The trial court did not err in its interpretation of the statute. The court did not abuse its

       discretion by failing to award Grohne his attorney fees attributable to CTT.

¶ 76                                         B. BNSF Cross-Appeal



                                                       - 20 ­
¶ 77                  1. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Granting a New Valuation Date

¶ 78          BNSF cross-appeals, contending the land’s value did not substantially and materially

       change. Absent such a change, the trial court erred in granting a new valuation date. We review a

       lower court’s decision to grant a new valuation date for an abuse of discretion. In re D.T., 212 Ill.

       2d 347, 356 (2004) (holding the abuse of discretion standard applies to a trial judge’s decision

       regarding the progress of a trial). The question here is not whether the reviewing court agrees

       with the trial court’s action but whether the trial court “acted unreasonably and ignored

       recognized principles of law, which resulted in substantial prejudice.” Petryshyn v. Slotky, 387

       Ill. App. 3d 1112, 1116 (2008). We can affirm for any reason apparent in the record. City of

       Champaign v. Torres, 214 Ill. 2d 234, 241 (2005).

¶ 79          Forest Preserve District v. First National Bank of Franklin Park, 2011 IL 110759

       (Forest Preserve II), is instructive here. In Forest Preserve II, the Illinois Supreme Court

       adopted Kirby Forest Industries, Inc. v. United States, 467 U.S. 1 (1984), holding that “a taking

       in Illinois for the purposes of applying Kirby occurs on the date that the government (1) deposits

       the amount of compensation that has been ascertained and awarded, and (2) acquires title and the

       right to possess the property.” (Emphasis in original.) Forest Preserve II, 2011 IL 110759, ¶ 40.

¶ 80          In 1999, the preserve filed a condemnation action to acquire a public golf course. Id. ¶ 5.

       The landowners filed a traverse and motion to dismiss the condemnation action. Id. ¶ 8. The case

       did not proceed to trial until 2007. Id. ¶ 12. The Act, on which BNSF relies in the case

       sub judice, provided the valuation of the condemned property is to be “determined as of the date

       of filing the complaint to condemn.” 735 ILCS 30/10-5-60 (West 2014). However, the legislature

       had recently amended the Act to allow a circuit judge to revise a valuation date in the interests of

       equity and justice. See id. (“[I]f the trial commences more than 2 years after the date of filing the



                                                      - 21 ­
       complaint to condemn, the court may, in the interest of justice and equity, declare a valuation

       date no sooner than the date of filing the complaint to condemn and no later than the date of

       commencement of the trial ***.”).

¶ 81          The jury valued the property based on the 1999 valuation. Forest Preserve II, 2011 IL

       110759, ¶ 13. The landowners complained that an increase in value had occurred by 2007. Id.

       The landowners obtained no relief in the trial court and appealed. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. The Illinois

       Supreme Court applied Kirby to the facts of the case. Id. ¶ 39. It agreed with the appellate court

       that the jury’s verdict should be vacated and the cause should be remanded to the circuit court for

       a determination as to whether the jury awards provided substantially less than the market value

       of the property at the time of the taking. Id. ¶ 70. Our supreme court did not make a finding that

       the value of the land had substantially and materially increased because, as the appellate court

       noted, “the plaintiff has not had the opportunity to proffer contrary evidence of the [p]roperty’s

       value as of the time of trial, and the trial court has not weighed any such evidence.” Forest

       Preserve District v. First National Bank of Franklin Park, 401 Ill. App. 3d 966, 991 (2010)

       (Forest Preserve I). The appellate court noted, “defendants [are] entitled to receive just

       compensation for the [p]roperty, i.e., its fair market value at the time of the taking.” Id. at 990.

¶ 82          The court, in the case sub judice, reset the valuation date for the takings. The procedural

       history here is distinct from Forest Preserve I and II, where the trial court did not hear arguments

       from both sides as to a change in value. Here, the court had the opportunity to hear from both

       sides and consider the arguments and evidence before deciding whether the change in value

       warranted a new valuation date. This difference is important as it is the exact reason that the

       reviewing courts in Forest Preserve I and II could not conclude whether the defendants received

       just compensation.



                                                       - 22 ­
¶ 83          BNSF argues the trial court was inconsistent in its findings and therefore abused its

       discretion. BNSF cites no case law to support this position. The court denied BNSF’s motion

       in limine to bar the introduction of four sales that occurred prior to October 2014. Grohne, as the

       proponent of the sale, was required to show that no substantial change in conditions or

       fluctuations in value occurred between the comparable sale and the court’s valuation date.

       Department of Transportation v. Prombo, 63 Ill. App. 3d 407, 412-13 (1978). BNSF contends

       implicit in the court’s denial of its motion is a finding that there no was no substantial change

       between the comparable sales and the valuation date. This is at odds with the court’s earlier

       ruling granting a new valuation date. However, BNSF does not appeal the trial court’s denial of

       its motion in limine.

¶ 84          We afford considerable deference to the trial court’s decision to set a new valuation date.

       We may also affirm for any reason apparent on the record. The value of Grohne North increased

       by 39% and the values of Grohne South and CTT increased by 25% each. Grohne was entitled to

       just compensation valued on the day of the taking. The properties’ values increased markedly

       between the date BNSF filed its action for condemnation and the date of the taking. The court

       did not abuse its discretion in granting a new valuation date.

¶ 85                                             2. Jury Verdicts

¶ 86          Finally, BNSF asks this court to vacate and reverse the final judgment orders with

       instructions for the trial court to substitute the jury awards for the stipulated October 2014

       values. We will not vacate a jury verdict unless the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of

       the evidence. Stanford v. City of Flora, 2018 IL App (5th) 160115, ¶ 32. A verdict is against the

       manifest weight of the evidence when, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to




                                                      - 23 ­
       the determination, we conclude that no rational trier of fact could have made the same finding.

       Briggs v. State, 323 Ill. App. 3d 612, 618 (2001).

¶ 87          At trial, each party called two appraisers to testify. The jury rendered verdicts at a value

       higher than to what BNSF appraisers testified and lower than Grohne’s appraisers’ estimates.

       The verdicts bear a reasonable relationship to the evidence presented at trial. See City of Flora,

       2018 IL App (5th) 160115, ¶ 32. The jury verdicts were not against the manifest weight of the

       evidence.

¶ 88                                          III. CONCLUSION

¶ 89          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Will County.

¶ 90          Affirmed.

¶ 91          JUSTICE WRIGHT, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

¶ 92          I write separately because I believe the majority’s holding creates a dangerous precedent

       and relegates Grohne’s property rights to an inferior position in relation to BNSF and

       RidgePort’s private economic interests. In particular, the majority’s holding is contrary to the

       legislative intent of the Act. This decision creates a template for other private industries to

       surreptitiously acquire land, against a landowner’s wishes, for private purposes. For this reason, I

       dissent from a decision that ignores BNSF’s subterfuge and fails to employ a strict construction

       of the Act.

¶ 93          As will be discussed in detail below, I agree Grohne failed to show the takings of Grohne

       South and CTT were not primarily for the public benefit. However, unlike the majority, I am

       convinced that Grohne rebutted the presumption of necessity and revealed BNSF’s taking was

       excessive.




                                                      - 24 ­
¶ 94           For the sake of simplicity, I will address each issue in the same order and with the same

        headings as the majority opinion.

¶ 95                                             II. ANALYSIS

¶ 96                                           A. Grohne’s Appeal

¶ 97                           1. Will County Case No. 14-ED-65 (Grohne North)

¶ 98           I concur with my esteemed colleagues in the majority that the trial court’s decision to

        limit the scope of Grohne’s cross-examination was not an abuse of discretion.

¶ 99                   2. Will County Case Nos. 14-ED-66 (Grohne South) and 14-ED-67 (CTT)

¶ 100                                  a. Traverse and Motions to Dismiss

¶ 101                                       i. General Legal Principles

¶ 102          Certainly, I agree that BNSF is entitled to the rebuttable presumption contained in section

        5-5-5(c)(9). See 735 ILCS 30/5-5-5(c)(9) (West 2014). Thus, under the Act, it is presumed that

        BNSF has the limited, statutory authority to condemn private property if the taking is primarily

        for the public benefit, use, or enjoyment and necessary to the primarily public purpose. Id.

        However, unlike the majority, I am unconvinced Grohne’s burden of proof, needed to rebut the

        statutory presumption, is the clear and convincing standard, rather than something less.

        Regardless, this disagreement regarding the correct burden of proof is inconsequential to my

        dissent. By either standard, I am convinced Grohne rebutted the presumption’s necessity prong.

¶ 103                             ii. Primary Public Benefit, Use, or Enjoyment

¶ 104          I agree with the majority’s analysis and conclusion that Grohne failed to show the takings

        of Grohne South and CTT were not primarily for the public benefit, use, or enjoyment of

        constructing and operating an intermodal facility.

¶ 105                                  iii. Necessary for a Public Purpose


                                                      - 25 ­
¶ 106           Contrary to the majority’s position, I would hold that Grohne successfully rebutted the

        presumption of necessity contained in section 5-5-5(c)(9). Grohne’s evidence establishes that 4

        out of the 71.049 acres taken from Grohne South and CTT were not presently necessary for the

        intermodal facility at the time of this taking. I observe that the four-acre strip taken from Grohne

        would be immediately put to use by BNSF to complete the spur track. However, it might take

        much more time before the remaining acreage is used for the intermodal facility. BNSF had a

        present need to acquire these four acres as promised in the letter agreement. The record makes it

        clear to me that BNSF’s only present need was to fulfill a promise to finish the spur track.

¶ 107           For purposes of this appeal, using a backwards analysis, BNSF urges our court to

        recognize that the completed spur track was currently necessary to relieve some hypothetical

        future congestion on the main line. Yet, at the time of this taking, the industrial park had only a

        handful of tenants and there was no congestion on the main line. A taking is not “necessary” as

        required by the Act, when the purported need is based solely on speculation. I conclude that this

        taking of four acres was needed to finish the spur track but was not necessary to complete the

        intermodal facility.

¶ 108           In support of my view, I point to the testimony presented at the traverse hearing. During

        the hearing, Hovland, Irving, and Gordon testified that the private spur track project was

        presently unnecessary for, separate from, and/or unrelated to the plans for the intermodal facility

        project. Further, Gordon made it clear that the private letter agreement, which outlined BNSF

        and RidgePort’s roles in acquiring the land and paying for the private spur track, was in place

        before the traverse hearing was held. 2 Most tellingly, before BNSF knew whether it could



                2
                 The record does not include a copy of the letter agreement. However, the testimony of Gordon
        seems to indicate the letter agreement had a date of December 11, 2014, which was after the resolution of
        necessity was approved and before the traverse hearing was held.


                                                         - 26 ­
        condemn Grohne’s property, RidgePort began advertising the existence of a private spur track

        that would link RidgePort’s prospective customers or tenants to BNSF’s main line.

¶ 109          Gordon carefully explained to the trial court that the private spur track was to be

        constructed in phases, and the construction of certain phases of the private spur track would not

        be finalized until Grohne South and CTT were titled to BNSF. I cannot ignore that before the

        traverse hearing took place for the intermodal facility project, BNSF had already devoted $20

        million to the private spur track project. It makes little sense for BNSF to claim the private spur

        track project was necessary to the intermodal facility project, when the private spur track project

        was leaps and bounds ahead of the intermodal facility project. To me, these facts indicate the

        private spur track was moving full steam ahead and was the driving force behind this taking

        rather than the intermodal facility. I suggest that even if BNSF abandoned the plan for the

        intermodal facility, the spur track project would not be cast aside by BNSF for any reason.

¶ 110          Unlike the majority, I conclude Grohne presented credible, compelling, and unrefuted

        evidence from the BNSF executives that BNSF always had two separate plans for Grohne’s land.

        I agree one plan would primarily benefit the public. However, the public benefit from an

        intermodal facility was not the primary reason BNSF chose this location for the new facility. I

        contend that the second plan, completing the spur track, was the reason BNSF selected this

        location for the intermodal facility. This second plan to complete the private spur track linking

        RidgePort to BNSF’s main line was the primary reason BNSF picked this location. At the time

        the resolution was enacted, the second plan would solely advance the mutual, private economic

        interests of BNSF and RidgePort.

¶ 111          Having concluded Grohne rebutted the present necessity prong of the presumption

        contained in section 5-5-5(c)(9), I now consider an additional step under the Act that was not



                                                      - 27 ­
        necessary for my friends in the majority to address. See id. In particular, I consider what steps

        remain available to BNSF with respect to this four-acre strip, within the lawful parameters of the

        Act.

¶ 112           In my view, once Grohne rebutted the statutory presumption, the burden shifted to BNSF

        under the Act’s “default provision.” See id. § 5-5-5(c). BNSF was now required to show by clear

        and convincing evidence that its acquisition of property would be primarily for the benefit, use,

        or enjoyment of the public and necessary to the public purpose of constructing and operating an

        intermodal facility. Id. In other words, BNSF was required to start anew under the Act and make

        a showing of what is required when a party is not initially entitled to the same rebuttable

        presumption afforded to BNSF. Id.

¶ 113           Before embarking on this analysis, I will briefly discuss the history of the Act. In

        response to Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005), our General Assembly

        reconsidered the concept of public takings, “particularly in the context of takings from private

        landowners to other private individuals or groups.” 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings,

        April 19, 2006, at 12 (statements of Representative Bradley). The result of our legislature’s

        efforts was the consolidation of all eminent domain or condemnation proceedings into one

        statute, the Act, which goes beyond the context of public takings and instead “deals with all

        aspects of eminent domain.” Id. In particular, during the House of Representatives proceeding, it

        was stated that the Act intended to deliver two “substantial wins” for private landowners in

        Illinois. Id. at 13.

¶ 114           First, section 5-5-5(c), the Act’s “default provision,” assigned the clear and convincing

        evidentiary standard to a “condemning authority *** want[ing] to condemn property *** when

        none of the exceptions applies.” (Emphasis added.) Id.; see 735 ILCS 30/5-5-5(c) (West 2014).



                                                      - 28 ­
        As stated above, I believe this provision applies because Grohne rebutted the statutory

        presumption found in section 5-5-5(c)(9). Second, the legislature “shifted the burden of proof to

        the condemning authorities.” 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, April 19, 2006, at 13

        (statements of Representative Bradley); see 735 ILCS 30/5-5-5(c) (West 2014). I contend the

        majority misreads the Act and misunderstands the protections it was meant to afford landowners.

¶ 115          The “substantial wins” resulting from the Act staunchly protected landowners from

        unlawful takings in all eminent domain contexts. The House of Representatives sponsor,

        Representative John E. Bradley, specifically asked his colleagues for an “ ‘aye’ vote” to “swing

        the pendulum back in favor of the private individual landowner.” 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., House

        Proceedings, April 19, 2006, at 13-14 (statements of Representative Bradley). As a clear sign of

        this effort, our legislature explicitly directed that “[t]his Act shall be strictly construed as a

        limitation on the exercise of eminent domain powers.” 735 ILCS 30/90-5-15 (West 2014).

        Moreover, our legislature stated section 5-5-5 was a limitation on eminent domain powers but

        “not an independent grant of authority” to exercise those powers. Id. § 5-5-5(g). Thus, public and

        private condemning authorities must still satisfy section 5-5-5’s procedural safeguards and

        requirements.

¶ 116          As a result of the clear legislative intent and directives, I conclude this court must reverse

        the denial of Grohne’s traverse and motions to dismiss because BNSF did not meet the clear and

        convincing standard found in the Act’s “default provision.” See id. § 5-5-5(c). Specifically, I

        disagree that BNSF demonstrated the acquisition of the entire parcel of 71.049 acres from

        Grohne South and CTT was necessary and not excessive for purposes of the intermodal facility.

        It should be recognized that this is not a traditional case of excessiveness, where we simply do

        the math to assess whether the taking is “grossly in excess” of what would be necessary to



                                                       - 29 ­
        accomplish the condemning authority’s stated public purpose. Vaccarro, 408 Ill. at 597. Instead,

        this is a case where it has been made clear that a present and nonspeculative necessity does not

        exist for the private spur track project, particularly where the resolution of necessity does not

        make a specific reference to the partially completed private spur track.

¶ 117          It is true, as the majority states, “where the legislature has delegated to a corporation the

        authority to exercise the power of eminent domain, the corporation has also the authority to

        decide on the necessity for exercising the right, and its decision will be conclusive in the absence

        of a clear abuse of the power granted.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) City of Chicago v.

        Midland Smelting Co., 385 Ill. App. 3d 945, 965 (2008); see also Goldman, 35 Ill. 2d at 453;

        Vaccarro, 408 Ill. at 597 (abuses of the eminent domain authority “will not be tolerated, and if

        no necessity for its exercise exists, or if it appears that the quantity of the property sought to be

        taken is grossly in excess of the amount necessary for the public use, the court will not permit the

        land to be taken”).

¶ 118          I would hold, under the Act’s necessity prong, this case documents a “clear abuse of the

        power granted” to BNSF. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Midland Smelting Co., 385 Ill.

        App. 3d at 965. Contrary to the clear instructions from our lawmakers that the Act must be

        “strictly construed,” the private spur track project has been allowed to leach onto what is

        otherwise a primarily public and necessary intermodal facility project to increase BNSF’s taking

        while serving two purposes. BNSF has misused the Act by camouflaging the four excessive

        acres, now taken from an unwilling landowner, by packaging those acres onto the same footprint

        of the intermodal facility that was still being planned on the back of a napkin.

¶ 119          In my opinion, we should not turn a blind judicial eye to BNSF’s “end around” approach

        to the Act. In the absence of the four additional acres, I would have no difficulty deferring to the



                                                       - 30 ­
        legislature’s grant of the eminent domain authority to BNSF for its nonspeculative, future

        anticipated uses of Grohne South and CTT. See id. However, due to the absence of a clearly

        definable present and nonspeculative purpose for the private spur track set out in the resolution

        of necessity, I do not believe any deference to BNSF is appropriate pursuant to the Act.

¶ 120          Here, the Board’s resolution of necessity for the intermodal facility project clearly

        defines the reason for the proposed taking was “to provide access to the [intermodal] facility

        from both ends to facilitate safe and expeditious operation of the main line.” (Emphasis added.)

        Similarly, the intermodal facility would “allow trains to be taken off the main line, and broken

        down, for further handling by BNSF.” Yet, the private spur track was not expressly referenced in

        the resolution of necessity and does not provide access to the intermodal facility at all. Similarly,

        the unmentioned private spur track will not be used to allow trains to be taken off the main line

        and “broken down for further handling by BNSF.”

¶ 121          Thus, I would hold deference to BNSF is not warranted in this case, where this plan is

        primarily for the public, but was merged with a plan that selfishly serves private interests alone.

        This constitutes misuse of the Act. The majority creates a dangerous precedent that paves the

        way for private condemning entities to successfully and creatively evade legislative limitations.

        Indeed, deferring to a section 5-5-5(c) entity, such as BNSF, under the circumstances here,

        constitutes a relinquishment of a judicial task of ensuring the Act is “strictly construed” to limit

        the eminent domain powers of private entities. See 735 ILCS 30/90-5-15 (West 2014). In my

        opinion, the unnecessary private spur track cannot bootstrap itself to the necessary intermodal

        facility project. The two plans are presently unnecessary, separate from, and unrelated to each

        other. The temptation of section 5-5-5(c) entities to resort to similar future tactics must be

        renounced before momentum is gained in practice.



                                                       - 31 ­
¶ 122          My position is also not without a sound basis in the case law preceding the Act. In the

        past, railroad companies were prohibited from condemning private property to construct a spur

        track connecting particular industries to a railroad’s main line, when such action would be solely

        for the private but mutual benefit of the industrial customers of the railroad and the railroad

        company itself. Limits Industrial R.R. Co., 321 Ill. at 107. In fact, “[i]t has been held a number of

        times that the right of eminent domain cannot be exercised for the purpose of acquiring land for a

        private switch from an industry to the main line of a railroad.” People ex rel. Tuohy v. City of

        Chicago, 394 Ill. 477, 482 (1946).

¶ 123          As an aside, I note that the trial court astutely questioned whether a court may reduce or

        change the boundaries of the tracts BNSF hoped to acquire in order to eliminate any misuse of

        the eminent domain authority. Logically, decreasing the boundaries of the proposed taking by

        four acres might cure the abuse of that power. However, this court, like the trial court, questioned

        the parties on this possibility and received the agreed response that the case law supports an all­

        or-nothing approach. Since I conclude BNSF should have requested four acres less, the all-or­

        nothing approach results in BNSF taking nothing from Grohne.

¶ 124          For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s application of the

        rebuttable presumption to the facts in this case. I would hold that Grohne rebutted the

        presumption of necessity and BNSF failed to meet theirs.

¶ 125          I would also hold that unlawfully expanded takings, of the sort presented in this case,

        should be viewed as both excessive and unnecessary no matter how small in size the expansion is

        when compared to the totality of land properly taken. I would reverse the trial court’s order

        denying Grohne’s traverse and motions to dismiss due to BNSF’s clear abuse of the authority

        granted under section 5-5-5(c).



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¶ 126          While my holding would be limited to this case, I am unaware of any scenario where the

        separate and unrelated projects of a section 5-5-5(c) entity, one which is legitimately for the

        public and the other which is not necessary to any present or nonspeculative public purpose, is

        anything other than excessive. My reversal of the court’s ruling on the traverse and motion to

        dismiss would render Grohne’s remaining issues, and BNSF’s cross-appeal, moot.




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