                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                           ____________________
                              NO. 09-16-00470-CV
                           ____________________

                       MICHAEL SIMMONS, Appellant

                                        V.

 BOYD GAMING CORPORATION AND DELTA DOWNS RACETRACK
              CASINO AND HOTEL, Appellees

_______________________________________________________            ______________

                    On Appeal from the 60th District Court
                          Jefferson County, Texas
                         Trial Cause No. B-198,636
________________________________________________________            _____________

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Michael Simmons appeals the trial court’s interlocutory order granting the

joint special appearance filed by Boyd Gaming Corporation and Delta Downs

Racetrack Casino and Hotel. The trial court did not reduce its findings and

conclusions to writing, but its ruling implies that it found that the two businesses

were not incorporated in Texas, and that the two businesses did not have their

principal place of business there. Because the evidence failed to show that the

                                         1
businesses were at home in Texas, and because Simmons failed to demonstrate that

his claims against the businesses had a substantial connection with the forum in

Texas, we affirm the order granting the businesses’ request to be dismissed from the

case.

                                        Background

        On May 28, 2016, Billy Eston Horton1 drove to Vinton, Louisiana to gamble

at Delta Downs Racetrack Casino and Hotel (Delta Downs).2 According to the

allegations in the Plaintiff’s Second Amended Original Petition,3 while at Delta

Downs, Horton was served alcoholic beverages after it would have been obvious to

the individuals who were serving him that he was intoxicated. The evidence before




        1
         For the purpose of disclosing potential conflicts, we note that Justice Horton
is not related to Billy Eston Horton.
        2
         The pleadings filed on behalf of Delta Downs indicate that Delta Downs is
used as an assumed name for Boyd Racing, LLC, and that Boyd Racing is a limited
liability company organized under the laws of Louisiana. The evidence in the record
also reflects that Boyd Gaming is the parent corporation of Boyd Racing, LLC. In
the opinion, we use Delta Downs when referring to Boyd Racing, LLC, as that is the
name the business uses in its advertising in Southeast Texas.

       The Plaintiff’s Second Amended Original Petition was the live petition that
        3

was before the trial court when it ruled on the joint special appearance filed by the
defendants.

                                          2
the trial court when it ruled on the joint special appearance includes two affidavits4

that Horton executed, which Simmons filed to support his argument that the trial

court could exercise jurisdiction over Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs. Both of

Horton’s affidavits indicate that he had been drinking at Delta Downs before the

collision occurred, but both are silent on the subject of whether Horton became

intoxicated at the casino, whether Horton was aware he was intoxicated when he left

the casino, or how those serving him might have known that he was intoxicated.

Nevertheless, several facts were undisputed in the hearing, including that Horton

owned the car he was driving when the collision occurred, that Simmons suffered

injuries when Horton’s vehicle struck the vehicle Simmons was driving, that Delta

Downs’ employees served Horton beverages containing alcohol while he was at

Delta Downs, and that Horton’s and Simmons’ vehicles collided in Jefferson

County, Texas. After the collision, Simmons sued Horton, Boyd Gaming and Delta

Downs in a district court in Jefferson County, Texas claiming that their negligence

proximately caused the injuries that he suffered in the collision. Although Simmons’

live pleadings allege a general negligence claim, he characterized his claims against



      4
        Two affidavits executed by Horton were before the trial court when it ruled
on the joint special appearance. Horton executed the first affidavit in September
2016, and he executed the second in November 2016.

                                          3
Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs during the hearing and in his appeal as claims based

on violations of the Texas Dram Shop Act. See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. §

2.02(b)(1), (2) (West 2007) (creating a statutory cause of action against a person

who provides, sells or serves alcohol to a person when it was “apparent to the

provider that the individual” served an “alcoholic beverage was obviously

intoxicated” if the individual’s intoxication was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s

injuries).

       In response to Simmons’ suit, Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs filed a joint

special appearance.5 In the joint special appearance, Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs

alleged that they were not Texas residents, that they had not purposefully performed

an act or transaction in Texas that would allow a Texas court to exercise jurisdiction

over them, and that no substantial connection existed between Simmons’ claims

against them and their conduct in Texas.




       5
         The joint special appearance as initially filed was not verified; however, the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure allows defects in special appearances to “be
amended to cure defects.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(1). Prior to the hearing the trial
court conducted on the joint special appearance, Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs
amended the special appearance and attached the unsworn declaration of Diane
Mitnik to their amended pleading. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
132.001(a) (West Supp. 2016) (with exceptions that are not pertinent here, allowing
unsworn declarations to be used in lieu of written sworn declarations, verifications,
certifications, oaths or affidavits when a rule or statute requires an affidavit).
                                           4
      Additionally, Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs supported their special

appearance with an unsworn declaration executed by Diane Mitnik, their authorized

representative. Mitnik’s declaration states that Boyd Gaming is a Nevada

corporation whose principal place of business is in Las Vegas, Nevada, and that

Delta Downs is a Louisiana limited liability company whose principal place of

business is in Vinton, Louisiana. Mitnik’s declaration further states that Boyd

Gaming and Delta Downs do not have registered agents in Texas, that the officers

of the businesses do not reside in Texas, that neither business has offices, bank

accounts, or property in Texas, that the two businesses do not pay taxes in Texas,

and that neither business purposefully directed its activities toward Texas “regarding

any facts or circumstances of this case[.]” The statements in Mitnik’s unsworn

declaration rebutted Simmons’ allegations that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs

committed acts in Texas that were relevant to Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims.

      Simmons filed a number of documents before the hearing that he obtained in

discovery. The documents Simmons filed include an affidavit from Newton

Schwartz, the principal attorney in the firm representing Simmons. Schwartz’s

affidavit summarizes the documents that Simmons acquired in discovery. Prior to

the hearing on the joint special appearance, Simmons also filed two affidavits that

Horton executed before the hearing. These indicate that Horton had been drinking at

                                          5
Delta Downs on the evening of the collision, that Horton received advertising from

Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs that was e-mailed to him, that these e-mails

promoted the benefits of his membership with Boyd Gaming as a B Connected

Cardmember, and that the benefits he was receiving as a B Connected Cardmember

“were the enticements [that caused] me to travel to the casino on the evening in

question as those same enticements have caused me to participate in gaming

activities at the casino prior to the date of this incident.” However, the e-mails that

Horton claimed he received that prompted him to go to Delta Downs in the period

relevant to his collision with Simmons were not included among the documents the

trial court was asked to consider in ruling on the joint special appearance.

Additionally, the evidence in the record regarding the benefits enjoyed by Boyd

Gaming’s B Connected Cardmembers shows that the privileges of that type of

membership entitle an individual to have a personalized home page with Boyd

Gaming’s online player community, to have access to Boyd Gaming’s offers and

promotions, to receive the best rates available on hotel rooms, to receive offers,

promotional calendars, and real-time alerts about current offers, to allow members

to view the balances in their accounts, to have real-time account access, to access

hotel and dining reservations online, to allow members to locate their favorite slot

machines at all Boyd Gaming casinos, and to have access to webcams featuring live

                                          6
shots from Boyd gaming casinos around the country. In summary, the marketing

material that is actually in the record shows marketing that generally promotes

gaming at Boyd Gaming casinos, and there was no advertising or e-mail solicitations

in the record showing that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs advertised the availability

of complimentary alcoholic beverages in Texas to the public or to those with B

Connected memberships.

      The evidence before the trial court included vendor summaries showing that

Delta Downs purchased over $6,000,000 in goods and services from Texas vendors

in the twenty-nine month period before the collision occurred, and that Delta Downs

spent approximately $2,500,000 advertising in Southeast Texas over a twenty-seven

month period ending on June 30, 2016. However, the summaries showing that Delta

Downs did business with Texas-based businesses do not reflect whether those

contracts were performed in Texas or whether they were performed in Louisiana.

Nonetheless, the record does not show that the trial court refused to consider any of

the documents the parties submitted to support their arguments on the merits of the

joint special appearance, so we presume the trial court considered all of the

documents that were before it when it decided to grant the joint special appearance.

See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(3).




                                         7
      The trial court conducted a hearing on Boyd Gaming’s and Delta Downs’ joint

special appearance in November 2016. No witnesses testified during the hearing.

Approximately one week after the hearing, the trial court granted the joint special

appearance, dismissing Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs from Simmons’ suit.

      After the trial court dismissed the case, Simmons asked the trial court to issue

findings of fact and conclusions of law to explain the reasons for its ruling. See Tex.

R. Civ. P. 296 (requiring that a party file its request for findings within twenty days

of the trial court’s ruling). Although Simmons asked the trial court for written

findings, the record reflects that no written findings or conclusions were filed.

Simmons timely filed his notice of appeal, authorizing our review of the trial court’s

order. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(b) (requiring that a party file a notice of appeal from

an interlocutory order that is immediately appealable within twenty days after the

order is signed).

                                  Issues Presented

      On appeal, Simmons argues the trial court erred by dismissing his claims

against Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs because the trial court had both general and

specific jurisdiction over Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs with respect to his Dram

Shop Act claims. While Simmons’ brief identifies seven separate issues, his issues

actually present only two arguments that the pleadings and the evidence relevant to

                                          8
the resolution of the joint special appearance demonstrated that the trial court had

the right to exercise general and specific jurisdiction over his Dram Shop Act claims.

Generally, Simmons argues that the evidence before the trial court reflects that the

business contacts of Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs are continuous and systematic

enough to justify the exercise of general jurisdiction, and that the marketing of Delta

Downs in Southeast Texas and to Horton required the trial court to conclude that

Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims were substantially related to the activities the

businesses conducted in the State of Texas.

                                     Standard of Review

      Whether a trial court has jurisdiction over a defendant presents an issue that

is to be decided as a matter of law; as a result, the trial court’s decision on a special

appearance is reviewed using a de novo standard. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v.

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). Trial courts are required to resolve

special appearances based on the parties’ pleadings, any stipulations between the

parties, the affidavits and attachments that the parties file with their pleadings, the

results of any discovery, and any oral testimony presented during the hearing on the

special appearance. Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(3). In hearings on special appearances, the

plaintiff and the defendant bear shifting burdens of proof. See Kelly v. Gen. Interior

Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 658 (Tex. 2010). As the plaintiff, Simmons had the

                                           9
initial burden of filing pleadings that included allegations of fact that were sufficient

to demonstrate that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs could be sued based on the

provisions found in the Texas long-arm statute. See BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at

793; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 17.041-.045 (West 2015) (Long-

Arm Jurisdiction in Suit on Business Transaction or Tort).

      Under the Texas long-arm statute, Texas courts may exercise personal

jurisdiction over nonresidents “as far as the federal constitutional requirements of

due process will permit.” BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795 (citation omitted); see

also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042. With respect to claims sounding

in tort, the Texas long-arm statute provides that a nonresident is doing business in

Texas if the nonresident “commits a tort in whole or in part in this state[.]” Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042(2). Therefore, in considering Simmons’ claim

that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs violated the Dram Shop Act, the trial court was

required to decide whether Simmons alleged that the tort occurred in whole or in

part in Texas and to decide whether Simmons established that the allegedly tortious

conduct of Boyd Gaming and of Delta Downs occurred in whole or in part in Texas.

      If the pleadings allege sufficient facts to show that a defendant is subject to

the Texas long-arm statute, a defendant may challenge the validity of the factual

allegations in the plaintiff’s pleadings by filing a special appearance. Tex. R. Civ. P.

                                           10
120a(1). The special appearance is to be made by sworn motion, and the sworn

motion should negate the factual allegations in the plaintiff’s pleadings that, if not

negated, would allow the trial court to conclude that the conduct the nonresidents

allegedly committed occurred in Texas. See BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 793; Tex.

R. Civ. P. 120a(1).

      Based on the statements in Mitnik’s declaration, the burden of proof shifted

to Simmons to prove that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs, respectively, each had its

principal place of business in Texas, that each committed a tort in whole or in part

in Texas, or that each business’s activities within the State of Texas gave rise to

Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claim. See Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659 (noting that after the

defendant negates plaintiff’s allegations regarding jurisdiction, “[t]he plaintiff can

then respond with its own evidence that affirms its allegations, and it risks dismissal

of its lawsuit if it cannot present the trial court with evidence establishing personal

jurisdiction”). Nonetheless, evidence showing that a nonresident had contracts with

Texas businesses is not necessarily sufficient to establish that the nonresident’s

contacts are sufficient to allow a Texas court to exercise jurisdiction over a

nonresident when the plaintiff’s claims are unrelated to the contracts. See Burger

King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 478-79 (1985). Additionally, “[t]he

unilateral activity of those who claim some relationship with a nonresident defendant

                                          11
cannot satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum State.” Hanson v. Denckla,

357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958).

      In ruling on a special appearance, a trial court may be required to resolve

disputed issues of fact. See BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794. In his brief, Simmons

argues that because the trial court failed to provide him with findings based on his

request, we cannot imply the findings required to support the trial court’s ruling. See

Tex. R. Civ. P. 296 (Omitted Findings). We disagree that the implied findings rule

does not operate in a case that involves an appeal from a ruling that is interlocutory.

Rule 28.1(c) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that a trial court

need not file findings of fact when the appeal concerns an interlocutory order. See

Tex. R. App. P. 28.1(c). Appeals from orders denying special appearances are

appeals from interlocutory orders. See Waterman Steamship Corp. v. Ruiz, 355

S.W.3d 387, 428 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied) (holding that

the trial court did not commit error by refusing a request to enter findings); Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(7) (West Supp. 2016) (permitting appeal from

interlocutory orders that grant or deny a special appearance under Rule 120a).

Consequently, the trial court was not required to provide Simmons with written

findings to support its ruling with respect to the joint special appearance because an

order on a special appearance is interlocutory.

                                          12
      Simmons relies on Rule 296 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure to support

his argument that he was entitled to written findings. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 296.

However, Rule 296 gives “a party a right to findings of fact and conclusions of law

finally adjudicated after a conventional trial on the merits before the court.” Ikb

Indus. (Nigeria) Ltd. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.2d 440, 442 (Tex. 1997).

Nevertheless, a ruling on a special appearance does not result from a conventional

trial on the merits of a parties claims, so the rules that generally require trial court’s

to make written findings after a party files a proper request for them do not apply to

rulings that are interlocutory.6 See Waterman, 355 S.W.3d at 428; see also Tex. R.

Civ. P. 296, 297.

      Because this appeal involves an interlocutory order, we are required to resolve

any conflicts in the evidence by implying that the trial court resolved all disputed

facts in a manner consistent with the trial court’s ruling if the findings we imply are




      6
         Rules 296 and 297 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure are the rules that
allow parties to request written findings in cases that are tried to the bench.
Moreover, even if we were to accept Simmons’ argument that he was entitled to
written findings, Simmons failed to file a notice of past due findings, which is
required by Rule 297. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 296, 297. Simmons waived his complaint
about the trial court’s failing to provide him with written findings because he failed
to file a notice of past due filings. See Waterman Steamship Corp. v. Ruiz, 355
S.W.3d 387, 428 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied).

                                           13
supported by the record. See Retamco Operating, Inc. v. Republic Drilling Co., 278

S.W.3d 333, 337 (Tex. 2009); see also BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795.

                               Specific Jurisdiction

      First, we address whether the trial court erred in rejecting Simmons’

arguments that the trial court possessed specific jurisdiction over Simmons’ claims

against Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs. In his brief, Simmons contends that Boyd

Gaming and Delta Downs purposefully directed advertising at Texas residents such

as Horton, and that the businesses should have foreseen they would be sued in Texas

should Texas residents become intoxicated at Delta Downs and then cause a collision

after leaving there.

      At the outset, we note that the allegations that are in Simmons’ pleadings do

not include a negligent promotion claim. See Triplex Commc’ns v. Riley, 900 S.W.2d

716, 720 (Tex. 1995). While Simmons’ pleadings generally allege that the business

defendants committed a tort in Texas by violating the Dram Shop Act, Mitnik’s

declaration disputed those allegations, so Simmons was required to present evidence

proving that “(1) the defendant’s contacts with [Texas was] purposeful, and (2) the

cause of action [arose] from or relate[d] to those contacts.” Am. Type Culture

Collection, Inc. v. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d 801, 806 (Tex. 2002).




                                        14
      Simmons characterizes his claims against Delta Downs and Boyd Gaming as

Texas Dram Shop Act claims.7 According to Simmons, Boyd Gaming and Delta

Downs violated the Texas Dram Shop Act by continuing to serve Horton after their

employees knew he was intoxicated. See 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 395


      7
          We express no opinion on the merits of Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims.
Nevertheless, we note that the Texas Dram Shop Act requires the plaintiff to prove
that the person who became intoxicated was sold or served alcoholic beverages by a
“provider,” which is defined in the Act as a person licensed by the State of Texas to
sell or serve alcohol. Compare Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. §§ 2.01(1), 2.02(b)(1)
(West 2007), with El Chico Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306, 310 (Tex. 1987),
superseded by statute, Texas Dram Shop Act, as recognized in F.F.P. Operating
Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 684-85 (Tex. 2007). The evidence before
the trial court does not directly address whether Delta Downs or Boyd Gaming were
licensed by the State of Texas to sell alcohol, but the general statements in Mitnik’s
affidavit addressing the business activities of Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs
suggests they are not. We further note that under Louisiana law, a person injured by
a patron who became intoxicated while drinking in a bar does not have a claim
against the bar for serving the person who was drinking in the bar beverages
containing alcohol. See La. R.S. § 9:2800.1(B) (LEXIS through 2017 First
Extraordinary Sess. Legis.) (providing that no licensed permit holder, their agents,
or their employees who serve intoxicating beverages to a person old enough to
lawfully purchase the beverage “shall be liable to such person or to any other person
or to the estate, successors, or survivors of either for any injury suffered off the
premises, including wrongful death and property damage, because of the
intoxication of the person to whom the intoxicating beverages were sold or served”);
Morris v. Bulldog BR, LLC, 147 So. 3d 1122 (La. App. [1st Cir.] 2014, writ denied)
(holding that the plaintiff, injured by a drunk driver who became intoxicated at a
Baton Rouge bar had no cause of action against the bar to recover for his injuries
based on Louisiana’s anti-dram shop act). Nonetheless, to resolve the issues in the
appeal, we need to decide whether Texas or Louisiana law would apply to the merits
of Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims had the trial court denied Boyd Gaming’s and
Delta Downs’ request to dismiss them from the suit.

                                         15
(Tex. 2008) (citing Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 2.02(b)). Under the Texas Dram

Shop Act, a Dram Shop Act claim is “the exclusive cause of action for providing an

alcoholic beverage to a person 18 years of age or older.” Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann.

§ 2.03(c) (West 2007).

      During the hearing on the special appearance, Simmons provided the trial

court with evidence showing that Horton drank beverages8 at Delta Downs

containing alcohol. However, there is no evidence in the record that any of the acts

of serving alcohol occurred in the State of Texas. See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. §

2.02(b)(1), (2). While Horton’s affidavits indicate that his decision to patronize Delta

Downs was influenced by the fact that he held a membership with certain benefits

through Boyd Gaming, the Texas Dram Shop Act does not require a plaintiff to prove

why an individual chose to drink at an establishment to prove a claim under the Act.



      8
          Simmons’ pleadings do not distinguish between Boyd Gaming and Delta
Downs regarding whose employees he claims served Horton while Horton was at
Delta Downs. Instead, Simmons alleged that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs “freely
and unlimitedly upon Horton’s request, without any extra charge or payment, served
him unlimited alcoholic beverages to him as a business invitee and prior (sic)
preferred customer[.]” Simmons’ pleadings against Boyd Gaming relies on an alter
ego theory, as he alleged that “Delta [Downs] is a subsidiary, affiliated, related
and/or wholly and/or 80% owned, controlled, micro and macro managed subsidiary,
affiliate, related and/or of Boyd [Gaming] as to be an alter ego of Boyd.”
Nonetheless, we need not decide whether Simmons alleged sufficient facts to shift
the burden to Boyd Gaming to prove that Delta Downs was not its alter ego to resolve
the issues in the appeal.
                                          16
Instead, the Act focuses on the decision the provider’s employees made to continue

to serve a customer beverages containing alcohol after it became apparent that the

customer was intoxicated. See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 2.01-.03 (West 2007).

       Horton’s affidavit seems to suggest that but-for his membership at Delta

Downs, he might not have chosen to go there. However, under Texas law, a but-for

causation test is insufficient to prove that a court possesses jurisdiction over a

nonresident defendant. See Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569,

581 (Tex. 2007). In Moki Mac, the Texas Supreme Court stated that given the

constitutional limitations on a court’s exercise of jurisdiction over nonresidents, “a

but-for test [is] too broad and judicially unmoored to satisfy due-process concerns.”

Instead, Texas law requires that the plaintiff’s claims have a substantial connection

with the State. Id. at 585. Under the substantial-connection test, the evidence and

pleadings are required to demonstrate a “substantial connection between [the

nonresident’s purposeful actions or conduct directed at Texas] and the operative

facts of the litigation.” Id.

       In this case, the evidence reflects that Delta Downs and Boyd Gaming directed

their conduct at Texas by marketing Delta Downs and Boyd Gaming in Texas. The

evidence in the hearing reflects that Delta Downs spent several million dollars

marketing its casino by using several types of advertising that it purchased in

                                         17
Southeast Texas markets.9 However, the evidence regarding the marketing of Delta

Downs does not show that the marketing included advertising about the availability

of complimentary alcoholic beverages at Delta Downs. Simmons also relies on

contacts that Delta Downs and Boyd Gaming had with Horton through its website.

Valentina Matte, the marketing director for Delta Downs, described Delta Downs’

internet website during her deposition. She indicated that customers who desired to

do so could sign up to receive promotional material from Delta Downs by signing

up with Boyd Gaming on its website. Matte explained that Delta Downs sent

customers who agreed to receive promotional advertising e-mails, which alerted

them about upcoming events at Delta Downs. Generally, the evidence in the record

regarding the marketing of Delta Downs shows that Delta Downs was marketed in

Texas as a place where people could spend the night after gambling at the company’s

racetrack and casino. However, the evidence regarding the website is insufficient to

establish specific jurisdiction because the information in the record regarding the



      9
        Simmons attached all of the information he received during discovery as
exhibits to his Second Amended Original Petition. In resolving the appeal, we have
considered all of the documents Simmons attached to his pleadings because the
record does not show the trial court refused to consider them. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
120a(3) (requiring the trial court to determine special appearances “on the basis of
the pleadings, any stipulations made by and between the parties, such affidavits and
attachments as may be filed by the parties, the results of discovery processes, and
any oral testimony”).
                                        18
website failed to establish a substantial connection between the information Horton

saw on the website and Horton’s decision to drink excessively while he was at Delta

Downs. See id. Moreover, while the evidence regarding the website shows that Boyd

Gaming and Delta Downs were doing business with Texans, it does not show that

they were doing business in Texas. See Monkton Ins. Servs. v. Ritter, 768 F.3d 429,

432 (5th Cir. 2014).

      There was also evidence Horton became a B Connected Cardmember with

Delta Downs before the collision between Horton’s vehicle and Simmons’ vehicle

occurred. After becoming a B Connected Cardmember, Delta Downs sent Horton

alerts about events being promoted at Delta Downs. However, none of the

promotional material described by Horton in his affidavits is in the record, and none

of the promotional material in the record shows that Delta Downs promoted or

advertised its business in Southeast Texas on the basis that individuals holding B

Connected memberships would be served alcoholic beverages without charge.

Moreover, none of the evidence regarding the marketing of Delta Downs indicates

that the casino was marketed in Southeast Texas as a place where people would

continue to be served beverages containing alcohol after they were intoxicated. The

evidence regarding the direct promotion of Delta Downs to Horton is insufficient to

establish specific jurisdiction because the information in the record regarding the

                                         19
direct marketing done by Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs failed to establish that a

substantial connection exists between the information Horton received through the

direct marketing efforts of the businesses and Horton’s decision to drink excessively

while at Delta Downs. Id. Even if the marketing efforts of the businesses were

purposefully directed at Horton so that they could maintain their relationship with

him, the purposeful acts of marketing a business is an insufficient contact without

more to support a court’s exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident based on

allegedly tortious acts that occurred outside the State of Texas. See Moki Mac, 221

S.W.3d at 578-79; Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777,

785 (Tex. 2005).

      To establish that the trial court had jurisdiction over the nonresident

businesses, Simmons was required to demonstrate that their liability arose from or

related to the contacts Horton had with them in the State of Texas. See Moki Mac,

221 S.W.3d at 578-79. Evidence that shows merely some connection between the

contacts and the plaintiff’s cause of action is not sufficient. Id. Additionally, the

connection between the litigation, the forum, and the nonresident’s contacts with the

forum must be substantial. Id. at 584. In this case, the evidence allowed the trial

court to conclude that all of the acts of serving alcohol occurred in Louisiana. While

Horton’s affidavit states that as a B Connected Member he received solicitations

                                         20
“from the Casino and its affiliates to come to their facilities and stay overnight,

gamble, dine, and drink alcoholic beverages,” his affidavit does not tie his decision

to drink excessively to any of the material Boyd Gaming or Delta Downs sent him

promoting the casino. Horton’s affidavits do not suggest that the advertisements and

solicitations he received directly from Boyd Gaming or Delta Downs promoted a

specific event encouraging individuals to drink irresponsibly, or that the advertising

he received from the businesses made him drink irresponsibly on the evening that

his collision with Simmons occurred. Finally, the evidence showing the benefits of

a B Connected Membership that is in the record does not show that B Connected

members are solicited by the businesses based on advertising that members will

receive complimentary alcoholic beverages while at Boyd Gaming facilities.10

      Generally, advertising that promotes legal gambling is considered too

attenuated to allow a court in one state to exercise specific jurisdiction over a

nonresident on the basis of the nonresident’s advertisements. Id. at 586 (explaining

that a nonresident’s in-state advertising generally provides an insufficient basis for



      10
        In her deposition, Valentina Matte described the B Connected Membership
as a rewards program that allowed the member to receive information about
promotions in the facilities and that the program involved giving members
complimentary or discounted rooms for overnight stays depending on the amount
they gambled.

                                         21
a court to exercise specific jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s personal injury claims). The

evidence before the court about Delta Downs’ advertising reflects that it was

promoting the availability at its casino of various games of chance,11 and none of the

evidence showed that Delta Downs promoted the availability of complimentary

alcoholic beverages in its advertising. Id. at 584. We conclude that the evidence

relevant to the special appearance hearing failed to demonstrate a substantial

connection between the forum, the nonresident defendants, and the operative facts

of the litigation. Id. at 588. We affirm the trial court’s conclusion that Simmons

failed to establish that the trial court could exercise specific jurisdiction over both

Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs based on his Dram Shop Act claims.

                                     General Jurisdiction

      Simmons also contends that Boyd Gaming’s and Delta Downs’ business

activities in Texas demonstrated that the nonresident corporate defendants had

sufficient continuous and systematic contacts to allow a Texas court to exercise


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         The actual advertisements that were run by Delta Downs in Southeast Texas
were not before the trial court, but a list that Delta Downs produced in discovery
shows the promotions in various months that include the month the collision between
Horton and Simmons occurred, May 2016. The promotions advertised in May 2016
were named “Tip of the Hat” and “Cowboy Up Pick and Win.” While the evidence
indicates that Delta Downs advertised on billboards in Southeast Texas in various
months that included May 2016, the summary that was provided regarding Delta
Downs’ advertising fails to reveal anything about the content of the advertisements
that appeared on billboards.
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general jurisdiction over them. With respect to general jurisdiction, the trial court

was required to decide if the nonresident defendants’ respective affiliations with the

forum state are so continuous and systematic as to render them at home in the forum

where the plaintiff filed his suit. See Searcy v. Parex Res., Inc., 496 S.W.3d 58, 67,

72 (Tex. 2016).

      The evidence before the trial court showed that Delta Downs purchased goods

and services from Texas-based vendors and suppliers having a value of

approximately $6,000,000 in the twenty-nine month period before the collision

occurred, and that Delta Downs purchased approximately $2,500,000 in advertising

in Southeast Texas in the twenty-seven months before Simmons was injured. Boyd

Gaming and Delta Downs argue that the business was not shown to be related to

Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims, and that the volume of business, even if

continuous and systematic, were not so continuous and systematic as to render them

essentially at home in Texas.

      The United States Supreme Court recently considered the requirements

needed to establish that a court has general jurisdiction over a foreign corporation

that does not have its principal place of business in the forum in which it was sued

in Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S.Ct. 746 (2014). In Daimler, the Court explained

that, absent exceptional circumstances unlike those found here, corporate defendants

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are “at home” in only two forums—the state where the company incorporated, or the

state in which the corporation has its principal place of business. Id. at 760.

According to the Court, “[t]hese bases afford plaintiffs recourse to at least one clear

and certain forum in which a corporate defendant may be sued on any and all

claims.” Id.

      Here, the relevant evidence regarding the two nonresident businesses shows

that Boyd Gaming is incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada, and that

Boyd Racing, LLC, which operates under an assumed name as Delta Downs

Racetrack Casino and Hotel, was formed under the laws of the State of Louisiana.

Most of the statements in Mitnik’s declaration are uncontested, including her

statement that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs are not registered to do business in

Texas, do not maintain offices or a place of business in Texas, do not have an address

or telephone number in the State of Texas, do not hold shareholder meetings in

Texas, do not pay taxes to the State of Texas, do not have bank accounts in Texas,

and do not own property in Texas. The primary evidence regarding the contacts of

the two nonresident businesses in Texas relate to the advertising that Delta Downs

purchased in Texas advertising markets, and to a vendor’s list, which shows that

Delta Downs purchased goods and services from Texas companies. Although the

evidence shows that the business activities of Boyd Gaming and of Delta Downs in

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Texas were continuous and systematic, the volume of the transactions did not require

the trial court to conclude that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs had moved their

respective principal places of business to Texas given the statements found in

Mitnik’s affidavit about the nature of the business activities the businesses

conducted in Texas. Given evidence reflecting that Delta Downs’ principal place of

business is in Louisiana, where it operates Delta Downs, together with Mitnik’s

declaration stating that Boyd Gaming’s principal place of business is in Nevada, the

trial court did not err when it concluded that the companies were not at home in

Texas.

      Although the volume of business that Boyd Gaming and Delta Downs conduct

with Texas businesses was substantial, that evidence does not show the dollar

volume of the business conducted in Texas exceeds the dollar volume of the business

that Boyd Gaming conducts in Nevada and that Delta Downs conducts in Louisiana.

In Daimler, the Court explained that “the general jurisdiction inquiry does not focus

solely on the magnitude of the defendant’s in-state contacts.” Id. at 762 n.20 (internal

citation omitted). Instead, the general jurisdiction question “calls for an appraisal of

a corporation’s activities in their entirety[.]” Id. Simmons failed to provide the trial

court with evidence showing the activities of the businesses in their entirety, and the




                                          25
evidence before the court did not show that the businesses had offices or corporate

officials located in Texas.

      Based on the evidence the trial court had before it in the hearing, we agree

with the trial court that Simmons failed to demonstrate that a Texas court could

exercise specific or general jurisdiction over Simmons’ Dram Shop Act claims. We

overrule all of Simmons’ issues, and we affirm the trial court’s ruling.

      AFFIRMED.


                                                    _________________________
                                                         HOLLIS HORTON
                                                              Justice


Submitted on March 29, 2017
Opinion Delivered August 3, 2017

Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.




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