                                                                                         05/08/2020
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs February 3, 2020

                                     IN RE ELI H.

               Appeal from the Chancery Court for Claiborne County
                No. 19223         Elizabeth C. Asbury, Chancellor
                     ___________________________________

                            No. E2019-01028-COA-R3-PT
                       ___________________________________

The grandparents of a minor child filed a petition seeking to terminate the parental rights
of the child’s biological mother. Following a bench trial, the trial court terminated the
mother’s parental rights, determining that clear and convincing evidence existed to
establish two statutory grounds for termination: (1) abandonment by failure to visit and
(2) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal and physical custody of
or financial responsibility for the child. The trial court also determined by clear and
convincing evidence that termination was in the child’s best interest. The mother has
appealed. Following our thorough review of the record, we modify the trial court’s
judgment to include a determination of clear and convincing evidence of the additional
statutory ground of persistence of the conditions leading to the child’s removal from the
mother’s custody. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other respects, including the
termination of the mother’s parental rights.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                      Affirmed as Modified; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Jordan Long, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mary G.

Thomas J. Tabor, Jr., Tazewell, Tennessee, for the appellees, Melinda G. and Jackie G.

                                       OPINION

                            I. Factual and Procedural History

       On October 24, 2018, the petitioners, Melinda G. and Jackie G. (“Grandparents”),
filed a petition in the Claiborne County Chancery Court (“trial court”) seeking to
terminate the parental rights of Mary G. (“Mother”) to her child, Eli H. (“the Child”),
who was born in 2014.1 In their petition, Grandparents stated that they had maintained
legal custody of the Child since January 30, 2017, and that they had physical custody of
the Child before that date. Grandparents averred that Mother’s parental rights should be
terminated based on four statutory grounds: (1) abandonment by failure to support, (2)
abandonment by failure to visit, (3) persistence of the conditions leading to removal, and
(4) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to personally assume custody of or
financial responsibility for the Child.2 Grandparents further averred that termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest. On October 30, 2018, the trial
court appointed attorney Misty Kennedy as the Child’s guardian ad litem.

       On November 21, 2018, the trial court received a hand-written, notarized letter
from Mother, stating that she was responding to the summons and that she did not wish to
willingly surrender her parental rights. On December 3, 2018, Grandparents filed a
motion for default judgment. The trial court subsequently appointed counsel for Mother
on January 20, 2019.

      On February 26, 2019, Mother, now proceeding with counsel, filed an answer to
Grandparents’ petition. The guardian ad litem filed written recommendations on May 2,
2019. The trial court subsequently conducted a trial concerning the termination of
Mother’s parental rights on May 14, 2019. The only witnesses to testify were
Grandparents, Mother, and Mother’s adult daughter, Brittany G.

        On May 21, 2019, the trial court entered an order terminating Mother’s parental
rights to the Child. The court found the ground of persistence of conditions leading to the
Child’s removal to be inapplicable, and the court also found that the ground of
abandonment by failure to support had not been sufficiently proven. The court found that
clear and convincing evidence existed to support the two remaining statutory grounds of
abandonment by failure to visit and failure to manifest an ability and willingness to
personally assume custody of or financial responsibility for the Child.3 The court further
found by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s parental rights was
in the Child’s best interest. Mother timely appealed.

1
  Grandparents also sought to terminate the parental rights of the Child’s father, Glen H. (“Father”).
Father never filed a response to the petition, and his parental rights were later terminated by default
judgment. Father is not participating in this appeal.
2
  Although Grandparents’ petition listed the abandonment grounds as “willful” failure to visit and
support, we note that the General Assembly removed willfulness as a statutory requirement and made it
an affirmative defense effective July 1, 2018. See 2018 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 875, § 2 (H.B. 1856).
3
  We note that the trial court erroneously quoted the previous version of the statute by referring to the
proven abandonment ground as “willful failure to visit.” We will address this issue more thoroughly in
Section IV of this Opinion.
                                                  -2-
                                   II. Issues Presented

        Mother presents the following issues for our review, which we have restated
slightly as follows:

      1.     Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
             evidence that Mother failed to visit in the four months prior to the
             petition’s filing.

      2.     Whether there was clear and convincing evidence that Mother
             abandoned the Child by failing to pay or provide support.

      3.     Whether there was clear and convincing evidence that the Child was
             removed from Mother’s home and that the conditions leading to
             removal persisted.

      4.     Whether the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing
             evidence that Mother failed to manifest an ability and willingness to
             personally assume custody of or financial responsibility for the
             Child.

      5.     Whether the trial court erred by determining that Grandparents had
             proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination of
             Mother’s parental rights was in the Child’s best interest.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       In a termination of parental rights case, this Court has a duty to determine
“whether the trial court’s findings, made under a clear and convincing standard, are
supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530
(Tenn. 2006). The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates against
those findings. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); see also In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d
507, 523-24 (Tenn. 2016); In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d at 530. Questions of law,
however, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. See In re Carrington
H., 483 S.W.3d at 524 (citing In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)). The trial
court’s determinations regarding witness credibility are entitled to great weight on appeal
and shall not be disturbed absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See
Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002).

       “Parents have a fundamental constitutional interest in the care and custody of their
children under both the United States and Tennessee constitutions.” Keisling v. Keisling,
                                          -3-
92 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Tenn. 2002). It is well established, however, that “this right is not
absolute and parental rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence
justifying such termination under the applicable statute.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96,
97 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). As our
Supreme Court has explained:

      The parental rights at stake are “far more precious than any property right.”
      Santosky [v. Kramer], 455 U.S. [745,] 758-59 [(1982)]. Termination of
      parental rights has the legal effect of reducing the parent to the role of a
      complete stranger and of [“]severing forever all legal rights and obligations
      of the parent or guardian of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(l)(1);
      see also Santosky, 455 U.S. at 759 (recognizing that a decision terminating
      parental rights is “final and irrevocable”). In light of the interests and
      consequences at stake, parents are constitutionally entitled to
      “fundamentally fair procedures” in termination proceedings. Santosky, 455
      U.S. at 754; see also Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of Durham Cnty, N.C.,
      452 U.S. 18, 27 (1981) (discussing the due process right of parents to
      fundamentally fair procedures).

             Among the constitutionally mandated “fundamentally fair
      procedures” is a heightened standard of proof—clear and convincing
      evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. This standard minimizes the risk of
      unnecessary or erroneous governmental interference with fundamental
      parental rights. Id.; In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010).
      “Clear and convincing evidence enables the fact-finder to form a firm belief
      or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and eliminates any serious or
      substantial doubt about the correctness of these factual findings.” In re
      Bernard T. 319 S.W.3d at 596 (citations omitted). The clear-and-
      convincing-evidence standard ensures that the facts are established as
      highly probable, rather than as simply more probable than not. In re
      Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); In re M.A.R., 183
      S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

      ***

      In light of the heightened burden of proof in termination proceedings,
      however, the reviewing court must make its own determination as to
      whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a
      preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing evidence of
      the elements necessary to terminate parental rights. In re Bernard T., 319
      S.W.3d at 596-97.


                                          -4-
In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 522-24. “[P]ersons seeking to terminate [parental]
rights must prove all the elements of their case by clear and convincing evidence,”
including statutory grounds and the best interest of the child. See In re Bernard T., 319
S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, as our Supreme Court has explained, this
Court is required “to review thoroughly the trial court’s findings as to each ground for
termination and as to whether termination is in the child’s best interests.” In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 525.

                IV. Grounds for Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 (Supp. 2019) lists the statutory
requirements for termination of parental rights, providing in relevant part:

       (a)    The chancery and circuit courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction
              with the juvenile court to terminate parental or guardianship rights to
              a child in a separate proceeding, or as a part of the adoption
              proceeding by utilizing any grounds for termination of parental or
              guardianship rights permitted in this part or in title 37, chapter 1,
              part 1 and title 37, chapter 2, part 4.

       ***

       (c)    Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:

              (1)    A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that
                     the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights
                     have been established; and

              (2)    That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the
                     best interests of the child.

       The trial court determined that the evidence clearly and convincingly supported a
finding of two statutory grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights: (1) abandonment
through failure to visit the Child and (2) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to
assume custody of or financial responsibility for the Child. Grandparents argue that the
trial court also should have determined that the evidence clearly and convincingly
supported a finding of two additional statutory grounds upon which to terminate Mother’s
parental rights: (1) abandonment by failure to support and (2) persistence of the
conditions leading to removal. We will address each statutory ground in turn.




                                           -5-
                          A. Abandonment by Failure to Visit

       Concerning statutory abandonment, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(1)
(Supp. 2019) provides as relevant to this action:

      (g)    Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be
             based upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The
             following grounds are cumulative and nonexclusive, so that listing
             conditions, acts or omissions in one ground does not prevent them
             from coming within another ground:

             (1)    Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-
                    102, has occurred; . . .

Regarding the definition of abandonment applicable to this ground, Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A) (Supp. 2019) provides in relevant part:

      (i)    For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding
             the filing of a proceeding, pleading, petition, or any amended
             petition to terminate the parental rights of the parent or parents or the
             guardian or guardians of the child who is the subject of the petition
             for termination of parental rights or adoption, that the parent or
             parents or the guardian or guardians either have failed to visit or
             have failed to support or have failed to make reasonable payments
             toward the support of the child[.]

       In the case at bar, Grandparents alleged in their original petition that Mother had
abandoned the Child by failing to visit. Because the termination petition was filed on
October 24, 2018, the four-month determinative period would have begun on June 23,
2018, and ended on October 23, 2018 (“Determinative Period”). See In re Joseph F., 492
S.W.3d 690, 702 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (citing In re Jacob C.H., No. E2013-00587-
COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 689085, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2014) (explaining that the
applicable four-month statutory period preceding filing of the termination petition ends
on the day preceding filing)).

       The evidence proffered at trial established that during the Determinative Period,
Mother had no visits with the Child. Mother admitted as much during her trial testimony.
On appeal, Mother contends that her failure to visit was not shown to be willful because
(1) she had previously called and Grandparents had not answered the phone and (2) she
had another baby in May 2018 and needed to focus on taking care of that child during the
Determinative Period. However, effective July 1, 2018, the General Assembly amended
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1) to render the absence of willfulness to be
solely an affirmative defense for cases filed as of the amendment’s effective date. See
                                           -6-
2018 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 875, § 2 (H.B. 1856); see also In re Serenity S., No. E2019-
00277-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 522439, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2020). Inasmuch
as the termination petition in the instant action was filed after July 1, 2018, the
amendment eliminating “willfully” from this definition of statutory abandonment applies,
as does the following statutory subsection added by the amendment:

      For purposes of this subdivision (1), it shall be a defense to abandonment
      for failure to visit or failure to support that a parent or guardian’s failure to
      visit or support was not willful. The parent or guardian shall bear the
      burden of proof that the failure to visit or support was not willful. Such
      defense must be established by a preponderance of evidence. The absence
      of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the
      Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(I) (Supp. 2019).

        We note that Mother did not plead lack of willfulness as an affirmative defense in
her answer. Moreover, we emphasize that under the applicable version of the statute, the
burden of proof for this affirmative defense is upon Mother. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-102(1)(I); In re Nicholas C., No. E2019-00165-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 3074070, at
*13 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 15, 2019) (“Under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)[(I)],
willfulness is an affirmative defense; thus, the burden is upon [the parent] to establish
that his failure to visit was not willful.”). As this Court has previously explained:

      Willfulness in the context of termination proceedings does not require the
      same standard of culpability as is required by the penal code, nor does it
      require that the parent acted with malice or ill will. In re Audrey S., 182
      S.W.3d at 863; see also In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 642 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      2004). Rather, a parent’s conduct must have been willful in the sense that it
      consisted of intentional or voluntary acts, or failures to act, rather than
      accidental or inadvertent acts. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863. “A
      parent cannot be said to have abandoned a child when his failure to visit or
      support is due to circumstances outside his control.” In re Adoption of
      Angela E., 402 S.W.3d [636,] 640 [(Tenn. 2013)] (citing In re Adoption of
      A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d [793,] 810 [(Tenn. 2007)] (holding that the evidence
      did not support a finding that the parents “intentionally abandoned” their
      child)).

In re Alysia S., 460 S.W.3d 536, 565-66 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014).

        Mother argues that her failure to visit the Child was not willful because of her
inability to contact Grandparents to arrange visitation and also because she was caring for
a newborn child. Mother admitted, however, that she did not seek any visitation with the
                                           -7-
Child during the Determinative Period, despite the fact that she knew where
Grandparents lived and knew their phone number. Although Mother claimed that she had
tried to call Grandparents concerning visitation in the months prior to the Determinative
Period and received no response, Grandparents disputed this assertion. We note that in
the trial court’s oral ruling, a transcript of which was attached to and incorporated into the
final order, the court found that Mother had “significant credibility issues.”

        Grandparents testified that they had responded to any messages from Mother and
had previously facilitated Mother’s visitation with the Child even when she was
incarcerated. Although Grandparents acknowledged that they did not always answer
calls from numbers that they did not recognize, they also stated that Mother had left no
messages on their answering machine or voice mail that were ignored. Grandparents
stated that the last contact they received from Mother was on January 31, 2018, when
Mother called to wish her father a happy birthday but did not ask to speak to the Child.
Mother did not dispute this testimony.

       With regard to Mother’s assertion that she was unable to visit during the
Determinative Period because she was caring for a newborn child, we note that Mother’s
younger child was born on May 30, 2018. Mother testified that the child’s delivery was
normal and without complications. Mother further testified that if she had been able to
hire a childcare provider, she could have sought employment six weeks following the
baby’s birth, which would have been approximately July 11, 2018. Mother never
provided any evidence demonstrating how the birth of her younger child would have
prevented her from visiting the Child during the Determinative Period.

        Following our thorough review of the evidence, we conclude that Mother has
failed to carry her burden of proving that she lacked willfulness in her failure to visit the
Child during the Determinative Period, or that her failure to visit was “due to
circumstances outside [her] control.” See In re Alysia S., 460 S.W.3d at 566. We
determine that the evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s finding, by clear
and convincing evidence, of the statutory ground of abandonment by failure to visit.

                          B. Abandonment by Failure to Support

      The statutory definition of abandonment by failure to financially support, detailed
above, requires a determination of whether Mother “failed to support or [] failed to make
reasonable payments toward the support of the child” for a period of four months
preceding the termination petition’s filing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i).
This analysis would accordingly utilize the same Determinative Period as the ground of
abandonment by failure to visit.

     The statute also provides that “failed to support” or “failed to make reasonable
payments toward such child’s support” means “the failure, for a period of four (4)
                                         -8-
consecutive months, to provide monetary support or the failure to provide more than
token payments toward the support of the child.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(D). “That the parent had only the means or ability to make small payments is not
a defense to failure to support if no payments were made during the relevant four-month
period.” Id. In addition, the statute provides: “Every parent who is eighteen (18) years
of age or older is presumed to have knowledge of a parent’s legal obligation to support
such parent’s child or children.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(H).

       In the case at bar, Mother admitted that she had paid no support for the Child
during the Determinative Period. The trial court determined, however, that Grandparents
had “not proven willful nonpayment of child support during the four (4) month period
due to the birth of the child and recognize that she would need a period of time that
overlapped with that four (4) month period.” We conclude that based upon the 2018
change in this statutory requirement eliminating the willfulness requirement, the trial
court erred by requiring that Grandparents prove Mother’s willfulness in her failure to
pay or provide support.

       As previously explained, lack of willfulness is an affirmative defense to this
statutory ground and must be pled and proven by Mother. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(I). Concerning the Determinative Period in this matter, Mother testified that she
was unemployed and would have been able to seek employment in mid-July 2018 but for
a lack of childcare for her newborn infant. Therefore, although the trial court erred in
placing the burden of proof on Grandparents concerning Mother’s lack of willfulness, we
conclude that the trial court’s error was harmless in this instance because Mother
demonstrated a sufficient reason that she was unable to pay or provide support during the
Determinative Period, thus proving that her lack of support was not willful. As such,
there was a lack of clear and convincing evidence concerning the statutory ground of
abandonment by failure to support.

            C. Persistence of the Conditions Leading to the Child’s Removal

       The trial court further found that the statutory ground of persistence of the
conditions leading to removal of the Child from Mother’s custody was inapplicable to
this matter. Regarding this statutory ground, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(3) (Supp. 2019) provides:

      (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal
             custody of a parent or guardian for a period of six (6) months by a
             court order entered at any stage of proceedings in which a petition
             has been filed in the juvenile court alleging that a child is a
             dependent and neglected child, and:


                                          -9-
             (i)     The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist,
                     preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or
                     guardian, or other conditions exist that, in all reasonable
                     probability, would cause the child to be subjected to further
                     abuse or neglect, preventing the child’s safe return to the care
                     of the parent or guardian;

             (ii)    There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
                     remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely
                     returned to the parent or guardian in the near future; and

             (iii)   The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
                     relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early
                     integration into a safe, stable, and permanent home.

      (B)    The six (6) months must accrue on or before the first date the
             termination of parental rights petition is set to be heard[.]

      With regard to this ground, the trial court stated:

      I have looked at the [ground] alleged of persistent conditions. I have
      carefully read that statute and I do not believe that one applies to the facts
      of this case because there was no “removal.” The word “removal” is used
      in that statute and in this particular case the mom and the child came to live
      with the grandparents and then the mom moved out and basically left the
      child there with the grandparents. So I find that [§] 36-1-113(g)(3) is not
      applicable.

We note, however, that the statute provides that this ground can apply whenever a child is
removed “from the home or the physical or legal custody of a parent.” See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A) (emphasis added). In this matter, the record reflects that the
Child was removed from Mother’s legal custody by the Claiborne County Juvenile
Court’s order dated January 30, 2017, following entry of that court’s July 5, 2016 order
finding the Child to be dependent and neglected. Accordingly, the trial court erred in
determining that this statutory ground was inapplicable.

       Because the Child was removed from Mother’s legal custody on January 30, 2017,
the Child had been removed for a period of more than six months by the time of the
termination trial on May 14, 2019, in satisfaction of the statute’s requirement. Following
our thorough review of the evidence, we conclude that conditions existed “that, in all
reasonable probability, would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect,


                                           - 10 -
preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3)(A)(i).

       The proof demonstrated that Mother and the Child had come to live with
Grandparents in early 2016 after the Child accidentally ingested drugs at the home
Mother shared with Father. Mother left shortly thereafter and returned to Father’s home,
leaving the Child with Grandparents. The proof also demonstrated that Mother had
incurred criminal charges following the birth of the Child and was incarcerated for a
period of time in 2017. Grandparents both testified that Mother had struggled with drug
addiction for many years.

       During her testimony, Mother claimed that she was no longer using drugs but
stated that she believed that Father was. Mother acknowledged that she was still
involved with Father, and when questioned regarding whether he lived at her residence,
Mother replied that Father “comes and goes.” Brittany G. stated that Father was living at
the residence with Mother. Mother admitted that the residence where she lived was
leased to Father and that she had no independent source of support. Mother also had no
driver’s license and no source of transportation other than public transportation.

       Mother admitted that the Department of Children’s Services opened a case when
her youngest child was born in May 2018 because the child had suboxone in her system.
Mother explained that she had been taking suboxone during her pregnancy because of her
dependency on pain medication. Although Mother initially denied that she had incurred
further criminal charges following her 2017 incarceration, after being confronted with
copies of her criminal records, Mother admitted that she had pled guilty to a charge of
prostitution in 2018. Mother further stated that she had resolved her drug issue on her
own without the need for rehabilitation.

        Based on our review of the evidence, we conclude that the conditions that led to
the Child’s removal from Mother’s legal custody persisted, preventing the Child’s safe
return to Mother’s care. Based on Mother’s lack of forward progress during the time the
Child has been removed from her custody, we also conclude that there is little likelihood
that these conditions will be remedied at an early date so that the Child can be safely
returned to Mother in the near future and, further, that the continuation of the parent and
child relationship “greatly diminishes the Child’s chances of early integration into a safe,
stable, and permanent home.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(ii), (iii). We
therefore determine that Grandparents presented clear and convincing evidence to support
this statutory ground as well.




                                           - 11 -
              D. Failure to Manifest an Ability and Willingness to Assume
                  Custody of or Financial Responsibility for the Child

       The trial court also found clear and convincing evidence to support termination of
Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14) (Supp.
2019), which provides as an additional ground for termination:

      A parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an ability
      and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or
      financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s
      legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the
      physical or psychological welfare of the child[.]

      This Court has recently explained the following with regard to this ground for
termination of parental rights:

      Essentially, this ground requires DCS to prove two elements by clear and
      convincing evidence. First, DCS must prove that [the parent] failed to
      manifest “an ability and willingness to personally assume legal and
      physical custody or financial responsibility of the child[ren].” Tenn. Code
      Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). DCS must then prove that placing the children in
      [the parent’s] “legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial
      harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child[ren].” Id.

      ***

      We have made the following observations about what constitutes
      “substantial harm”:

             The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances
             that pose a risk of substantial harm to a child. These
             circumstances are not amenable to precise definition because
             of the variability of human conduct. However, the use of the
             modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes
             a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or
             insignificant. Second, it indicates that the harm must be more
             than a theoretical possibility. While the harm need not be
             inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
             reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more
             likely than not.

      Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (footnotes omitted).

                                         - 12 -
In re Maya R., No. E2017-01634-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 1629930, at *7-8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Apr. 4, 2018) (additional internal citations omitted).

       This Court has also previously held that the first prong of Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14) requires the petitioner to prove that a parent has failed to
meet the requirement of manifesting both a willingness and an ability to assume legal and
physical custody of the child or has failed to meet the requirement of manifesting both a
willingness and an ability to assume financial responsibility of the child. In re Amynn K.,
No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3058280, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20,
2018); but see In re Ayden S., No. M2017-01185-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 2447044, at *7
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2018) (reversing this ground for termination when parents were
unable but had demonstrated willingness to assume custody and financial responsibility
of their children). Concerning the standard of proof applicable to this statutory ground
for termination, this Court has recently explained:

              Initially, there was a “split in authority” as to how the first element
       was proven. See In re Colton B., [No. M2018-01053-COA-R3-PT,] 2018
       WL 5415921, at *9 [(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2018)]. “In In re Ayden S.,
       No. M2017-01185-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 2447044, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
       May 31, 2018), a panel of this Court concluded that the first prong of the
       statute requires the petitioner to prove both an inability and an
       unwillingness of the parent to assume custody or financial responsibility for
       the child.” Id. Because the parents at issue wanted custody, this negated a
       required element of the ground. In re Ayden S., 2018 WL 2447044, at *7.

             Another panel of this Court respectfully disagreed with that
       approach in In re Amynn K., No. E2017-01866-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL
       3058280, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2018), holding, instead, that

              [T]he first prong of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
              113(g)(14) requires that the petitioner prove that a parent has
              failed to meet the requirement of manifesting both a
              willingness and an ability to assume legal and physical
              custody of the child or has failed to meet the requirement of
              manifesting both a willingness and an ability to assume
              financial responsibility of the child.

       Stated differently, “the parent must have ‘manifest[ed], by act or omission,
       an ability and willingness.’” Id. at *13 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
       113(g)(14)).

             Recently, members of this panel have endorsed the latter approach
       adopted in In re Amynn K. See, e.g., In re H.S., No. M2019-00808-COA-
                                        - 13 -
R3-PT, 2020 WL 1428777, (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 20, 2020) (“After careful
consideration of the conflicting authorities, we accept DCS’s invitation to
follow the holding of In re Amynn K.”); In re Jayda H., No. E2019-00855-
COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 6320503, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2019)
(“[C]onsistent with the discussion in the In re Amynn K. decision, we do
not view a parent’s demonstration of ‘willingness’ as fatal to this ground
when accompanied by a failure to manifest the requisite ‘ability.’”); see
also In re Bentley Q., No. E2019-00957-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1181804,
at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2020); In re Serenity S., No. E2019-00277-
COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 522439, at *16 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2020); but
see In re Neveah M., No. M2019-00313-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1042502,
at *16 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 4, 2020) (following In re Ayden S. with one
judge concurring in results only).

       We also find guidance in our supreme court’s decision in In re
Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 604 (Tenn. 2010), wherein the Court
considered a similar ground for termination, applicable to putative fathers,
which applies when “[t]he person has failed to manifest an ability and
willingness to assume legal and physical custody of the child[.]” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(9)(A)(iv). The Court affirmed termination under
this ground where the father had “manifested a commendable willingness to
assume legal custody of all the children” but “conceded that he was unable
to support the children financially and that he could not provide them with
a stable residence.” Id. According to the Court, “This testimony alone
provide[d] clear and convincing evidence that [the father] [did] not
presently have the ability to assume legal and physical custody of any of
the children.” Id. at 604-05.

***

It is important to note that the statute does not focus on a parent’s bare
subjective claim of willingness. Instead, it asks whether the parent “has
failed to manifest, by act or omission, . . . [a] willingness to personally
assume legal and physical custody[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14).
In assessing a parent’s willingness, “‘we look for more than mere words.’”
In re Jaxx M., No. E2018-01041-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 1753054, at *9
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2019) (quoting In re Cynthia P., No. E2018-
01937-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 1313237, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 22,
2019)). A lack of effort can undercut a claim of willingness. Id.; see, e.g.,
In re Antonio J., No. M2019-00255-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 6312951, at *9
(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2019) (“While Mother’s words have indicated
that she is willing to resume custody and financial responsibility for her
children, her actions have betrayed her unwillingness to make the effort
                                    - 14 -
       required for reunification.”). “Parents must have demonstrated their
       willingness by attempting to overcome the obstacles that prevent them from
       assuming custody or financial responsibility for the child.” In re Jonathan
       M., [No. E2018-00484-COA-R3-PT,] 2018 WL 5310750, at *5 [(Tenn. Ct.
       App. Oct. 26, 2018)].

In re Nevaeh B., No. E2019-01539-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 1527001, at *6-8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 31, 2020). But see In re Isabella W., No. E2019-01346-COA-R3-PT, 2020
WL 2070392, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2020) (majority opinion and dissenting
opinion recognizing that a split of authority exists concerning this ground but with
majority opinion agreeing with the holding in In re Ayden S. that “if a party proves only
the ‘ability’ criterion or the ‘willingness’ criterion, the requirements of the statute are not
met, and this ground may not serve as a basis for terminating parental rights.”) (Swiney,
C.J., dissenting in part).

       In the instant action, we determine that Mother lacked both the ability and
willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody of or financial responsibility
for the Child. Mother continued to reside in a home with a known drug abuser and was
unable to demonstrate that she had sufficiently resolved her own drug dependency issues.
Mother had no source of income, no driver’s license, and no method of transportation.
Mother also continued to accrue criminal convictions. Based on these facts, Mother
lacked the ability to assume custody of or responsibility for the Child.

       Moreover, Mother lacked the willingness to assume custody of or financial
responsibility for the Child, as demonstrated by her actions. Despite Mother’s testimony
that she desired to care for and have a relationship with the Child, her behavior during the
time the Child was in Grandparents’ custody tells a different story. As this Court has
previously explained, although Mother’s words have indicated that she is willing to
resume custody and financial responsibility for the Child, her “actions have betrayed
[Mother’s] unwillingness to make the effort required for reunification.” See In re
Antonio J., No. M2019-00255-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 6312951, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 25, 2019). It is well established that a parent’s actions can demonstrate a lack of
willingness to assume custody of or financial responsibility for the child. See In re
Keilyn O., No. M2017-02386-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3208151, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 28, 2018); In re Amynn K., 2018 WL 3058280, at *15.

       Predicated upon our careful review of the record, we conclude that the evidence
presented at trial further demonstrated that placing the Child in Mother’s “legal and
physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to [his] physical or psychological
welfare.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). We therefore determine that the trial
court properly found the existence of this statutory ground based on clear and convincing
evidence.

                                            - 15 -
                               V. Best Interest of the Child

        Mother contends that Grandparents did not present sufficient evidence to support
the trial court’s finding by clear and convincing evidence that termination of her parental
rights was in the best interest of the Child. We disagree. When a parent has been found
to be unfit by establishment of at least one statutory ground for termination of parental
rights, as here, the interests of parent and child diverge, and the focus shifts to what is in
the child’s best interest. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877; see also In re Carrington
H., 483 S.W.3d at 523 (“‘The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to
the determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for
termination.’” (quoting In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 254)). Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2019) provides a list of factors the trial court is to consider when
determining if termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interest. This list is not
exhaustive, and the statute does not require the court to find the existence of every factor
before concluding that termination is in a child’s best interest. See In re Carrington H.,
483 S.W.3d at 523; In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (“The relevancy and weight to be
given each factor depends on the unique facts of each case.”). Furthermore, the best
interest of a child must be determined from the child’s perspective and not the parent’s.
White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

      Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) lists the following factors for
consideration:

       (1)    Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
              circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
              child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

       (2)    Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
              adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
              agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
              reasonably appear possible;

       (3)    Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
              other contact with the child;

       (4)    Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
              between the parent or guardian and the child;

       (5)    The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
              to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical
              condition;


                                            - 16 -
(6)    Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
       parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional
       or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child
       or adult in the family or household;

(7)    Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s
       home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the
       home, or whether there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances
       or controlled substance analogues as may render the parent or
       guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable
       manner;

(8)    Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
       would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian
       from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for
       the child; or

(9)    Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent
       with the child support guidelines promulgated by the department
       pursuant to § 36-5-101.

As our Supreme Court recently explained regarding the best interest analysis:

“The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to the
determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for
termination.” In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 254.

        When conducting the best interests analysis, courts must consider
nine statutory factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
113(i). These statutory factors are illustrative, not exclusive, and any party
to the termination proceeding is free to offer proof of any other factor
relevant to the best interests analysis. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at
523 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)).
Facts considered in the best interests analysis must be proven by “a
preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and convincing evidence.” In
re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d at 555 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at
861). “After making the underlying factual findings, the trial court should
then consider the combined weight of those facts to determine whether they
amount to clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s
best interest[s].” Id. When considering these statutory factors, courts must
remember that “[t]he child’s best interests [are] viewed from the child’s,
rather than the parent’s, perspective.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
Indeed, “[a] focus on the perspective of the child is the common theme”
                                    - 17 -
       evident in all of the statutory factors. Id. “[W]hen the best interests of the
       child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall always be
       resolved to favor the rights and the best interests of the child . . . .” Tenn.
       Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d) (2017).

              Ascertaining a child’s best interests involves more than a “rote
       examination” of the statutory factors. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878.
       And the best interests analysis consists of more than tallying the number of
       statutory factors weighing in favor of or against termination. White v.
       Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 193-94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Rather, the facts
       and circumstances of each unique case dictate how weighty and relevant
       each statutory factor is in the context of the case. See In re Audrey S., 182
       S.W.3d at 878. Simply put, the best interests analysis is and must remain a
       factually intensive undertaking, so as to ensure that every parent receives
       individualized consideration before fundamental parental rights are
       terminated. In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523. “[D]epending upon
       the circumstances of a particular child and a particular parent, the
       consideration of one factor may very well dictate the outcome of the
       analysis.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (citing White v. Moody, 171
       S.W.3d at 194). But this does not mean that a court is relieved of the
       obligation of considering all the factors and all the proof. Even if the
       circumstances of a particular case ultimately result in the court ascribing
       more weight—even outcome determinative weight—to a particular
       statutory factor, the court must consider all of the statutory factors, as well
       as any other relevant proof any party offers.

In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681-82 (Tenn. 2017).

       In the instant action, the trial court concluded that the statutory factors weighed
against maintaining Mother’s parental rights to the Child. In its final judgment, the trial
court specifically considered the above-listed statutory factors and made respective
findings. Following our review of the evidence presented, we agree with the trial court’s
determination.

        With regard to the first two statutory factors, the evidence demonstrated that
Mother had not made an adjustment of her circumstances, conditions, or conduct such
that it would be safe for the Child to reside with her. Mother had incurred multiple
criminal charges since the Child had been in Grandparents’ custody and had been
incarcerated for a period of time. Mother also continued to reside with a known drug
abuser, and she had failed to sufficiently remedy her own addiction issues. We determine
that the first two factors militate in favor of terminating Mother’s parental rights.


                                           - 18 -
       With respect to factors three through five, the trial court found that Mother had
failed to visit with the Child during the Determinative Period. The court stated that
“Mother has done virtually nothing to have any contact with her child.” As a result, no
meaningful relationship existed between Mother and Child. The court also determined
that a change of caretakers would have a detrimental effect on the Child, and we agree.
The proof established that Grandparents’ home was the only home that the Child had
really known. Furthermore, Grandparents testified that the Child was thriving and happy
in their home and that they enjoyed a close and loving relationship with the Child.
Moreover, the Child was safe with all of his needs met. Based on the evidence presented,
we conclude that factors three through five also militate in favor of termination of
Mother’s parental rights.

       In reference to factors six and seven, the proof demonstrated that Mother had
subjected the Child to neglect when the Child was in her home and that no evidence
established that Mother could provide a healthy and safe home for the Child. As the trial
court found, Mother continued to reside in a home where drug activity took place.
Mother had also continued to incur criminal charges.

        Concerning factor eight and whether Mother’s mental and emotional status would
be conducive to caring for the Child, we note that Mother had never completed a
rehabilitation program to address her substance abuse issues. Finally, with regard to the
last factor, the trial court found and Mother acknowledged that she had not paid support
for the Child during the Determinative Period.

       Based on our thorough review of the evidence in light of the statutory factors, we
conclude that the evidence presented does not preponderate against the trial court’s
determination by clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s parental
rights was in the best interest of the Child. Having also determined that Grandparents
established statutory grounds for termination, we affirm the trial court’s termination of
Mother’s parental rights.

                                      VI. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating
Mother’s parental rights to the Child; however, we modify the judgment to include a
determination of clear and convincing evidence concerning the additional statutory
ground of persistence of the conditions leading to the Child’s removal. This case is
remanded to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for enforcement of the trial court’s
judgment and collection of costs assessed below. Costs on appeal are assessed to the
appellant, Mary G.



                                           - 19 -
         _________________________________
         THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE




- 20 -
