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           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals

                                    No. 18-40736
                                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                                             FILED
                                  Summary Calendar                   December 19, 2019
                                                                        Lyle W. Cayce
JOE ROBLES; ELVIRA ROBLES,                                                   Clerk


              Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.

DEPUTY ANTHONY CIARLETTA, Individually; MATTHEW CAMPBELL,
Individually; ARANSAS COUNTY, TEXAS,

              Defendants–Appellees.




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                              USDC No. 2:15-CV-495


Before OWEN, Chief Judge, and DENNIS and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Joe and Elvira Robles appeal the final judgment entered against them
in their suit against Aransas County and Deputies Matthew Campbell and
Anthony Ciarletta arising from Joe Robles’s arrest. The Robles claimed that
their rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the
Constitution had been violated. They also brought a cause of action for assault


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                    No. 18-40736
and battery under state law. In piecemeal fashion, the district court dismissed
all of the Robles’ claims. The Robles now challenge the dismissal of the First,
Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment claims. We affirm.
                                         I
        This dispute arises from the tumultuous landlord-tenant relationship
between Joe Robles (to whom we will refer as “Robles” unless otherwise
indicated) and Andrea LaRue. The Robles owned a two-story house on their
ten-acre tract of land in Aransas County. The Robles’ son rented rooms in the
house to several tenants, including LaRue. In December 2013, Robles began
managing the property in place of his son. Robles requested that LaRue and
one other tenant move. The other tenant vacated the premises, but LaRue did
not.
        On December 21, 2013, someone named Andrea, using LaRue’s phone
number, called the police claiming that the “landlord came and threatened
her.” Robles claims that a different tenant, Andra, made the call on December
21.     In any event, Deputy Matthew Campbell responded to the call and
performed a status check.
        On December 25, 2013, Robles entered the rental property and noticed
that fifty dollars and a cable box were missing from his son’s room. Robles
called the Aransas County Sheriff’s Office to report a theft of those items.
Campbell responded to the call. According to the Robles, Campbell told them
that they did not have enough information to file a complaint against LaRue.
When the Robles pressed him on the issue, Campbell allegedly threatened to
put the Robles in jail if he was called back to the property. According to Elvira
Robles, Campbell’s words were, “If I’m called back again here, I’m going to put
you all in jail, even your wife.”
        On December 31, 2013, LaRue began loading her belongings into a
U-Haul truck she brought to the property. Fearful that she was taking more
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                                 No. 18-40736
than just her things, Robles approached the property. When he entered the
upstairs of the house, LaRue immediately called the police, claiming that
Robles attempted to push her over a ledge. Once again, Campbell responded
to the call. He wore a body camera that captured most of what happened.
Campbell entered the house looking for Robles. He heard LaRue crying and
saw a broken flower pot on the floor of the home’s atrium below the interior
ledge where Robles allegedly tried to push LaRue. LaRue told Campbell that
Robles “tried to throw [her] over the side.” LaRue was referring to the second
floor hallway, which has a wall that reaches about waist height but is open to
the first floor. Campbell proceeded upstairs with his pistol drawn, but neither
LaRue nor her nephew, who was also present, knew where Robles had gone.
Campbell went through a back door onto a second-floor deck that had stairs
leading to the ground.
      Once outside, Campbell saw Robles on the ground.                 Campbell
immediately instructed Robles to take his hands out of his pockets. The video
does not indicate whether Robles’s hands were in fact in his pockets at that
time. Campbell proceeded to order Robles to turn around. In total, Campbell
ordered Robles to turn around six times as he walked down the stairway.
Robles did not comply and instead took a step toward Campbell while retorting,
“don’t be hollering at me.” Campbell, who until this point had his pistol trained
on Robles, holstered his weapon and jumped to the ground. Once on the
ground, Campbell twisted Robles’s arm and took him to the ground.              As
Campbell attempted to handcuff Robles, Campbell shouted, “quit trying to kick
me, quit resisting.” The video did not capture whether Robles was kicking
Campbell. After Robles was in handcuffs, other deputies arrived at the scene,
including Deputy Anthony Ciarletta.        Ciarletta conducted interviews with
LaRue and her nephew and noted his findings in his police report.


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                                     No. 18-40736
      After the incident, the Robles alleged that they asked a representative of
Aransas County to conduct an internal investigation. Robles also alleged that
he complained in person to the Aransas County Sheriff and Aransas County
Judge, but no investigation ever occurred.
      The Robles sued Campbell, Ciarletta, and Aransas County (Defendants)
bringing claims for: First Amendment retaliation against Campbell, excessive
force and false arrest under the Fourth Amendment against Campbell, due
process violations under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments against
Campbell and Ciarletta, and assault and battery against Campbell under state
law. The Robles also alleged that Aransas County is responsible for the claims
against Campbell and Ciarletta due to its customs, policies, practices, and
procedures.
      Defendants moved to dismiss the Robles’ claims for failure to state a
claim. In ruling on the motion, the district court considered Campbell’s body
camera video and Ciarletta’s police report. 1 At the hearing on the motion, the
court dismissed the Robles’ assault and battery claims. In a written order
following the hearing, the district court dismissed the Robles’ false arrest
claim, Fifth Amendment claims, and Fourteenth Amendment claim against
Ciarletta. 2 The district court also dismissed without prejudice the Robles’
claims against Aransas County and their Fourteenth Amendment claim
against Campbell. 3       The Robles subsequently dropped their Fourteenth
Amendment claim against Campbell.                After the Robles amended their




      1  Robles v. Aransas Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 2:15-CV-495, 2016 WL 4159752, at *3-4
(S.D. Tex. Aug. 5, 2016) [hereinafter First Motion to Dismiss Order].
       2 First Motion to Dismiss Order, 2016 WL 4159752, at *5, *7.
       3 Id. at *8.

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                                     No. 18-40736
complaint, the district court dismissed the claims against Aransas County,
leaving only the excessive force and First Amendment retaliation claims. 4
      A little over a year later, Campbell moved for summary judgment on the
Robles’ excessive force and First Amendment claims.                 The district court
determined that Campbell was entitled to qualified immunity and dismissed
those claims. 5 The Robles sought reconsideration, which the district court
denied. The Robles appeal.
                                           II
      The Robles argue the district court erred by granting summary judgment
on the excessive force claim and the First Amendment claims. The district
court determined that Campbell was entitled to qualified immunity on those
claims. 6   We review the grant of summary judgment de novo. 7                 “When a
defendant pleads qualified immunity as an affirmative defense and moves for
summary judgment on that basis, a court must decide (1) whether the facts
alleged or shown by the plaintiff made out a violation of a constitutional right,
and (2) whether that right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the
defendant’s alleged misconduct.” 8 The court may decide “which of the two
prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of
the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” 9             “[O]nce a defendant
invokes qualified immunity, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the
defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity.” 10 Accordingly, the Robles


      4  Robles v. Aransas Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 2:15-CV-00495, 2016 WL 7426402, at *5
(S.D. Tex. Dec. 23, 2016).
       5 Robles v. Aransas Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 2:15-CV-495, 2018 WL 1932742, at *5-7

(S.D. Tex. Apr. 23, 2018) [hereinafter Summary Judgment Order].
       6 Summary Judgment Order, 2018 WL 1932742, at *5-7.
       7 Peterson v. City of Fort Worth, 588 F.3d 838, 844 (5th Cir. 2009).
       8 Ontiveros v. City of Rosenberg, 564 F.3d 379, 382 (5th Cir. 2009).
       9 Id. (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009)).
       10 Cass v. City of Abilene, 814 F.3d 721, 733 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Kovacic v.

Villarreal, 628 F.3d 209, 214 (5th Cir. 2010)).
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                                       No. 18-40736
have the burden of showing that Campbell violated Robles’s clearly established
rights. 11 Defining the law “at a ‘high level of generality’” will not suffice. 12
Rather, the Robles bear the burden of showing specific law on point. 13
                                              A
       Robles claims that Campbell violated his Fourth Amendment rights by
using excessive force when he arrested him on December 31, 2013. “[T]o
succeed on an excessive force claim, the plaintiff bears the burden of showing:
(1) an injury (2) which resulted directly and only from the use of force that was
clearly excessive to the need and (3) the force used was objectively
unreasonable.” 14 The test for Fourth Amendment reasonableness “requires
careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case,
including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an
immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is
actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” 15
       Campbell argues that his use of force was objectively reasonable under
the Graham factors, and even if it was not, he did not violate any clearly
established law. We need not decide whether Robles has established a Fourth
Amendment violation. We will assume, arguendo, that he has and turn to
whether the cases he cited clearly establish such a violation.
       Robles first cites Bush v. Strain, arguing that any use of force was
unreasonable because he did not attempt to resist or flee. The Bush decision
is not on point. In Bush, the officers “forcefully slammed Bush’s face into a




       11 See id.
       12 Vann v. City of Southaven, 884 F.3d 307, 310 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Cass, 814 F.3d
at 732-33).
       13 See id. (citing Cass, 814 F.3d at 732-33).
       14 Cass, 814 F.3d at 731 (quoting Goodson v. City of Corpus Christi, 202 F.3d 730, 740

(5th Cir. 2000)).
       15 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989).

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                                     No. 18-40736
vehicle when Bush was handcuffed and subdued” causing injuries to her face,
teeth and jaw. 16 Bush admitted that she resisted the arrest at first, but the
court emphasized that she was not resisting when the force was used. 17 Here,
Robles was not subdued when Campbell took him to the ground. Campbell had
commanded Robles to turn around six times. Instead of complying, Robles took
a step toward Campbell and told him to “stop hollering.” Accordingly, the
determinative fact in Bush—that she was already subdued—is absent here.
Our decision in Bush does not establish that Robles was entitled to be free from
any force.
      Robles also relies on Trammell v. Fruge. In Trammell, police responded
to a call about a potentially intoxicated motorcyclist on the side of the road. 18
After a brief conversation, the officer asked Trammell, the motorcyclist, to walk
towards him. 19 Trammell declined. 20 The officer told Trammell to place his
hands behind his back, and Trammell again refused to comply. 21 The officer
then grabbed Trammell’s right arm to arrest him. 22 Trammell pulled back and
told the officer it hurt and not to grab him there. 23 At that point, two other
officers became involved. 24 Between the three officers, they executed a knee
strike on Trammell’s thigh, put him in a headlock, and pulled him to the
ground. 25
      The court determined that fact issues precluded summary judgment on
Trammell’s excessive force claim. First, the court looked at the crime at issue—


      16 Bush v. Strain, 513 F.3d 492, 501 (5th Cir. 2008).
      17 Id. at 496, 502.
      18 Trammell v. Fruge, 868 F.3d 332, 336 (5th Cir. 2017).
      19 Id. at 337.
      20 Id.
      21 Id.
      22 Id.
      23 Id.
      24 Id.
      25 Id.

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                                      No. 18-40736
public intoxication—and determined that it was “a minor offense militating
against the use of force.” 26 Second, the court found a fact issue as to whether
Trammell posed an immediate threat to the officers or others. 27 Third, the
court determined that Trammell was not attempting to flee and that there was
a factual dispute as to whether he was actively resisting arrest. 28 The court
stated at one point that if “conduct amounts to mere ‘passive resistance,’ use
of force is not justified.” 29 The court held that even if Trammell’s decision to
pull his arm away from the officers amounted to “some degree of resistance
that would justify an officer’s use of force,” the officers’ actions were not
reasonable because only three seconds elapsed between the officer’s initial
request and the takedown. 30 According to the court, a jury could find that more
negotiation should have been used. 31
      The instant case is readily distinguishable. The alleged crime at issue—
assaulting LaRue by attempting to throw her over a second-floor balcony—is
far more severe than public intoxication. Robles also posed more of a threat to
Campbell than Trammell. The video indicates that Campbell thought Robles
had a pocket knife in his hand. Robles denied Campbell’s allegation stating
that he had the keys to his truck. Even if Robles only had keys in his hand as
he claimed, a reasonable officer could have construed keys as a weapon,
especially when dealing with a person accused of violent behavior. The video
does not indicate that Robles ever physically resisted arrest. However, he
ignored six commands to turn around. From the time of the first request to
Campbell’s first contact with Robles, approximately ten seconds elapsed, over



      26 Id. at 340 (citing Reyes v. Bridgwater, 362 F. App’x 403, 407 n. 5 (5th Cir. 2010)).
      27 Id.
      28 Id. at 341.
      29 Id. (citing Hanks v. Rogers, 855 F.3d 738, 746 (5th Cir. 2017)).
      30 Id. at 342.
      31 Id.

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                                            No. 18-40736
three times that in Trammell. Finally, the force used on Robles was much less
extreme than the force the officers used on Trammell.                        Campbell did not
execute any blows to Robles. He put one of Robles’s arms behind Robles’s back,
pressed him against a fence, and then brought him to the ground where he put
Robles in handcuffs.
          Robles argues that because he only passively resisted, any force was
unjustified under Trammell. The statement in Trammell that force is not
justified when an individual only passively resists is best read in the context
of the third Graham factor. The third Graham factor does not weigh in favor
of the use of force when an individual is not actively resisting.                         This is
supported by Trammell’s earlier statement that officers can consider a
suspect’s noncompliance with instructions in determining whether to use
force. 32 The officer must also consider “the relationship between the need and
the amount of force used.” 33 Thus, Trammell does not establish that when
mere passive resistance is at issue, officers are precluded from using any force,
but instead that the amount of reasonable force varies. Campbell used a
limited amount of force in taking Robles down.
          Robles next cites Deville v. Marcantel, a case in which a suspect refused
to exit her vehicle at a minor traffic stop. Two officers allegedly then broke her
window open with a heavy flashlight, opened the door, pulled her out of the
car, and threw her against her vehicle, resulting in a blow to her abdominal
area that later caused her to fall to the ground in pain. 34 The Deville decision
involved a minor traffic offense and a much greater degree of force. 35
Accordingly, Deville is not applicable.


          32   Trammell, 868 F.3d at 341 (quoting Deville v. Marcantel, 567 F.3d 156, 167 (5th Cir.
2009)).
          33 Id. (quoting Deville, 567 F.3d at 167).
          34 Deville, 567 F.3d at 162.
          35 Id. at 169.

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      Finally, Robles cites Hanks v. Rogers. An officer pulled Hanks over for
driving twenty miles per hour below the speed limit. 36 The officer made Hanks
get out of his car. 37 Hanks faced away from the officer with his empty hands
on the trunk of his car, on the back of his head, and then behind his back. 38
The officer instructed Hanks to kneel, and Hanks turned his head to ask if he
was under arrest. 39 The officer repeated his command twice. 40 Hanks “made
a small lateral step with his left foot” while maintaining his hands behind his
back. 41 In response, the officer “administered a blow to Hanks’s upper back or
neck” causing him to fall onto the trunk of his car. 42 The officer then took
Hanks to the ground. 43         The court considered the Graham factors and
determined that the incident involved a minor traffic violation, with no
immediate threat, and no active resistance or attempt to flee. 44 For the same
reasons that the instant case is distinguishable from Trammell, it is also
distinguishable from Hanks. Moreover, Hanks determined that the officer
violated clearly established law, stating, “Where, as here, an individual
stopped for a minor traffic offense offers, at most, passive resistance and
presents no threat or flight risk, abrupt application of physical force rather
than continued verbal negotiating (which may include threats of force) is
clearly unreasonable and excessive.” 45 If for no other reason, Hanks does not
clearly establish a violation here because the underlying crime was not a minor
traffic offense but an act of violence.


      36 Hanks v. Rogers, 853 F.3d 738, 741 (5th Cir. 2017).
      37 Id. at 742.
      38 Id. at 746.
      39 Id. at 742.
      40 Id.
      41 Id.
      42 Id. at 743.
      43 Id.
      44 Id. at 745-46.
      45 Id. at 748.

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                                       No. 18-40736
       In short, we decline to opine on whether Campbell’s actions amount to a
constitutional violation. Robles failed to meet his burden to show that such a
violation was clearly established, particularly when dealing with an
underlying violent crime.          Accordingly, Campbell is entitled to qualified
immunity. 46
                                             B
       The Robles claim that Campbell retaliated against them for exercising
their First Amendment rights by (1) threatening to arrest them if they called
the police again and (2) actually arresting Robles on December 31. The district
court determined that the Robles did not present sufficient evidence that the
threat chilled their speech, and that Campbell was entitled to qualified
immunity. 47 The district court also held that the arrest was constitutionally
permissible because Campbell had probable cause to arrest Robles. 48 We agree
that the Robles’ claims fail.
       To establish a First Amendment retaliation claim, the Robles must show
that “(1) they were engaged in constitutionally protected activity, (2) the
defendants’ actions caused them to suffer an injury that would chill a person
of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that activity, and (3) the
defendants’ adverse actions were substantially motivated against the
plaintiffs’ exercise of constitutionally protected conduct.” 49 The Robles have
not met their burden of showing that Campbell’s December 25 threat violated
clearly established law.




       46 Ontiveros v. City of Rosenberg, 564 F.3d 379, 382 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009)) (allowing courts to decide which prong of the qualified
immunity analysis to consider first).
       47 Summary Judgment Order, 2018 WL 1932742, at *6.
       48 Id. at *7.
       49 Keenan v. Tejeda, 290 F.3d 252, 258 (5th Cir. 2002).

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                                       No. 18-40736
       The Robles rely on World Wide Street Preachers Fellowship v. Town of
Columbia to show that Campbell violated clearly established law. In that case,
we considered whether the government’s direct limitation on speech violated
the First Amendment. 50 The opinion in World Wide Street Preachers involved
public protest on the shoulder of a roadway in Columbia, Louisiana. 51 Police
arrested one of the protesters and threatened to arrest the rest if they did not
leave immediately. 52 The protesters claimed that the city had limited their
ability to protest in violation of the First Amendment. 53 The district granted
the city’s motion for summary judgment, 54 and we reversed because fact
questions remained regarding whether the prohibition was content-based or
content-neutral. 55 That inquiry would determine the level of scrutiny and, in
turn, whether the police violated the protesters’ First Amendment rights. 56
       Despite the Robles’ contentions, World Wide Street Preachers does not
clearly establish that Campbell violated their First Amendment rights. First,
World Wide Street Preachers was not a retaliation case, so a different standard
applied. 57 Second, in World Wide Street Preachers, we did not hold that the
police action violated the First Amendment. We recognized that a threat of



       50  See World Wide Street Preachers Fellowship v. Town of Columbia, 245 F. App’x 336,
342 (5th Cir. 2007).
        51 Id. at 340.
        52 Id.
        53 Id. at 340-41.
        54 Id. at 342.
        55 Id. at 345.
        56 Id. at 344-45.
        57 Compare id. at 343-45 (explaining that in a direct limitation on speech case, either

strict or intermediate scrutiny will apply depending on the nature of the restricted speech),
with Keenan v. Tejeda, 290 F.3d 252, 258 (5th Cir. 2002) (Plaintiffs alleging First Amendment
retaliation must show “(1) they were engaged in constitutionally protected activity, (2) the
defendants’ actions caused them to suffer an injury that would chill a person of ordinary
firmness from continuing to engage in that activity, and (3) the defendants’ adverse actions
were substantially motivated against the plaintiffs’ exercise of constitutionally protected
conduct.”).
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sanctions could violate the First Amendment but held that a fact issue
precluded summary judgment on the issue. 58
      Moreover, the cases are factually distinct. The Robles cite World Wide
Street Preachers because it also involved the threat of arrest by a police officer.
Despite that single factual similarity, the cases are otherwise factually distinct
and World Wide Street Preachers cannot demonstrate clearly established law.
First, the context of the threat was decidedly different. In World Wide Street
Preachers, the threat was made against active protestors, 59 whereas the threat
against Robles was in the context of a police visit after multiple 911 calls in the
course of ten days (one of which was based on mere suspicion). Second, the
amount of deterrence caused by the threat cannot be compared. In World Wide
Street Preachers, one protestor had already been arrested, and the threat that
other protestors would be arrested was imminent. 60 That is particularly true
given that officers were present to make immediate arrests. 61 Such a threat
likely created a high level of deterrence and had an immediate chilling effect.
In this case, Campbell made a threat of future arrest, which in context, likely
did very little to deter Robles’s speech. Unlike World Wide Street Preachers,
the Robles did not see others being arrested and had much less reason to
believe Campbell would follow through on his threat. Even if World Wide
Street Preachers held that the police conduct violated the protesters’ First
Amendment rights, it would not clearly establish that Campbell violated the
Robles’ rights. Accordingly, Campbell is entitled to qualified immunity.
      Robles’s claim for the alleged retaliatory arrest also fails. “[E]ven where
a citizen believes that he has been subject[ed] to a retaliatory detention or



      58 World Wide Street Preachers, 245 F. App’x at 348-49.
      59 Id. at 340.
      60 See id.
      61 See id.

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                                      No. 18-40736
arrest, if there was reasonable suspicion or probable cause for an officer to seize
the citizen, ‘the objectives of law enforcement take primacy over the citizen’s
right to avoid retaliation.’” 62 In other words, Campbell is entitled to qualified
immunity “unless there was no actual probable cause for the arrest and [he
was] objectively unreasonable in believing there was probable cause for the
arrest.” 63 “Probable cause ‘means facts and circumstances within the officer’s
knowledge that are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of reasonable
caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect has
committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.’” 64 Robles argues
that Campbell did not have probable cause to arrest him because Campbell
and LaRue were allegedly conspiring with each other. Even if that allegation
was supported by the evidence, which it is not, “subjective intent, motive, or
even outright animus are irrelevant in a determination of qualified immunity
based on arguable probable cause.” 65 Indeed, probable cause is an objective
inquiry based on the facts known to the officer at the time of the arrest. 66
       Judging the undisputed facts objectively, Campbell had probable cause
to arrest Robles. Based on the 911 call relayed to Campbell, Robles attempted
to push LaRue over a second-story railing. Then, when Campbell arrived at
the residence, he found a broken flower pot beneath a second-story railing,
supporting LaRue’s version of the facts. LaRue was in tears and told Campbell
that Robles tried to throw her off the second floor. Those facts, combined with
the already hostile relationship between Robles and LaRue, are sufficient to
establish probable cause that Robles assaulted or attempted to assault



       62 Allen v. Cisneros, 815 F.3d 239, 244-45 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Keenan v. Tejeda,
290 F.3d 252, 261-62 (5th Cir. 2002)).
       63 Davidson v. City of Stafford, 848 F.3d 384, 391 (5th Cir. 2017).
       64 Id. (quoting Hogan v. Cunningham, 722 F.3d 725, 731 (5th Cir. 2013)).
       65 Mendenhall v. Riser, 213 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2000).
       66 Freeman v. Gore, 483 F.3d 404, 414 (5th Cir. 2007).

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                                       No. 18-40736
LaRue. 67 Moreover, even if the evidence supported the conspiracy allegation
made by Robles, Robles offers no evidence that, on this particular occasion,
Campbell knew the accusations made by LaRue were false. Robles asks us to
make an inference in his favor, but he produces no evidence to support such an
inference. Because the alleged retaliatory arrest was based on probable cause,
Campbell is entitled to qualified immunity on the claim.
                                              III
       The Robles challenge the district court’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of their claims
for (1) false arrest against Deputy Campbell; (2) a Fourteenth Amendment
violation against Deputy Ciarletta; and (3) Monell liability against Aransas
County. We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo,
applying the same standard on review as that applied by the district court. 68
In order to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.” 69 A plaintiff’s “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right
to relief above the speculative level.” 70 Although we are bound to accept
plaintiff’s factual allegations as true, “we do not credit conclusory allegations
or allegations that merely restate the legal elements of a claim.” 71 A plaintiff
is not entitled to relief when “the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to
infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct.” 72


       67  See TEX. PENAL CODE. ANN. § 22.01(a) (West 2019) (A person commits an offense of
assault if he (1) “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another”; (2)
“intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury”; or
(3) “intentionally or knowingly causes physical contact with another when the person knows
or should reasonably believe that the other will regard the contact as offensive or
provocative.”)
        68 See Gonzalez v. Kay, 577 F.3d 600, 603 (5th Cir. 2009).
        69 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
        70 Id. at 555.
        71 Chhim v. Univ. of Tex., 836 F.3d 467, 469 (5th Cir. 2016) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).
        72 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.

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                                      No. 18-40736
       As a preliminary matter, the Robles argue that the district court should
not have considered Campbell’s body camera video or Ciarletta’s police report
when ruling on the motion to dismiss. At the 12(b)(6) stage, the court accepts
all facts pleaded in the complaint as true. 73 However, the court may review
documents attached to the motion to dismiss if “the complaint refers to the
documents and they are central to the claim.” 74 The Robles’ complaint referred
to both the video and Ciarletta’s report. Further, both pieces of evidence are
central to Robles’s claims. Robles’s Fourteenth Amendment claim is based
entirely on Ciarletta’s report.        Similarly, Robles relies on the video from
Campbell’s camera as evidence that Campbell lacked probable cause to arrest
him. Accordingly, the district court properly considered the evidence.
                                             A
       Robles first challenges the district court’s dismissal of his false arrest
claim.      To state a false arrest claim, Robles must allege facts that show
Campbell lacked probable cause. 75 As explained above, the video shows that
(1) LaRue was crying when Campbell entered the house; (2) there was a broken
flower pot beneath the balcony from which LaRue claimed Robles tried to
throw her; and (3) the dispatcher and LaRue told Campbell that Robles
allegedly tried to throw LaRue off the second floor. Even at the 12(b)(6) stage,
the Robles’ allegations and the properly considered evidence support the
district court’s probable cause finding.
                                            B
       Robles next argues that he stated a Fourteenth Amendment claim
against Ciarletta for filing a false police report. We have said that individuals


       73  Kane Enters. v. MacGregor (USA) Inc., 322 F.3d 371, 374 (5th Cir. 2003) (citing
Campbell v. Wells Fargo Bank, 781 F.2d 440, 442 (5th Cir. 1986).
        74 Id. (citing Collins v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 224 F.3d 496, 498-99 (5th Cir.

2000)).
        75 Davidson v. City of Stafford, 848 F.3d 384, 391 (5th Cir. 2017).

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                                      No. 18-40736
have “a due process right not to have police deliberately fabricate evidence and
use it to frame and bring false charges against [them].” 76 Robles’s conclusory
allegation that Ciarletta generated a false report is undermined by the report
itself. Ciarletta did not claim to have any knowledge of the incident. Instead,
he documented what witnesses told him when he arrived. On appeal, Robles
does not argue that Ciarletta’s report indicates the fabrication of facts. Robles
argues that the court should have based its ruling on his conclusory allegation
and should not have considered the report. As explained above, the district
court was entitled to rely on the report. Accordingly, Robles offers no basis to
justify reversing the district court’s dismissal of his claim.
                                             C
       In their amended complaint, the Robles’ alleged that Aransas County
was subject to Monell liability because the county has a custom, policy,
practice, and procedure of:
       (1) detaining/arresting people without reasonable suspicion or
       probable cause;
       (2) using excessive force;
       (3) allowing police officers to make false statements to justify
       improper arrests and uses of force;
       (4) failing to discipline or train officers;
       (5) hiring unqualified deputies;
       (6) turning a blind eye to unconstitutional conduct;
       (7) not having proper policies in place to prevent constitutional
       violations; and
       (8) using excessive force and wrongfully arresting citizens who use
       their free speech rights.




       76 Cole v. Carson, 802 F.3d 752, 771 (5th Cir. 2015), vacated sub nom. Hunter v. Cole,
137 S. Ct. 497 (2016) (mem.), reinstated in relevant part, Cole v. Carson, 935 F.3d 444, 451
(5th Cir. 2019), petition for cert. filed, 2019 WL 6817403 (U.S. Dec. 9, 2019) (No. 19-753).
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                                       No. 18-40736
The Robles also alleged that Aransas County ratified the actions taken by
Campbell.
       “To establish municipal liability under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that
(1) an official policy (2) promulgated by the municipal policymaker (3) was the
moving force behind the violation of the constitutional right.” 77 Official policies
usually exist as written statements, ordinances, or regulations. 78 However, a
policy may also arise in the form of a widespread practice that is “so common
and well-settled as to constitute a custom that fairly represents municipal
policy.” 79 To survive a motion to dismiss on an unconstitutional custom or
practice claim, plaintiffs must point to factual allegations sufficient to allow a
reasonable inference that there was a pattern of misconduct involving similar
acts. 80 A pattern requires “sufficiently numerous prior incidents as opposed to
isolated instances.” 81
       Turning to the Robles’ allegations, we find no constitutional violation for
false arrest or filing a false report. Accordingly, Monell liability cannot attach
to those claims. 82 Regarding the claims for using excessive force (the second
and eighth Monell claims), the Robles allege two other incidents of excessive
force. Only one of those incidents occurred prior to Robles’ arrest. We agree
with the district court that those allegations are insufficient to allow a
reasonable inference that there was a pattern of misconduct by Aransas
County, particularly without any allegations concerning the size of the




       77  Peterson v. City of Fort Worth, 588 F.3d 838, 847 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Piotrowski
v. City of Houston, 237 F.3d 567, 578 (5th Cir. 2001)).
        78 Id.
        79 Id. (quoting Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 579).
        80 See Culbertson v. Lykos, 790 F.3d 608, 616, 628 (5th Cir. 2015).
        81 Id. at 628 (quoting Peterson, 588 F.3d at 851).
        82 See Peterson, 588 F.3d at 847.

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                                        No. 18-40736
department. 83 Likewise, the Robles describe two instances when Aransas
County allegedly turned a blind eye to unconstitutional conduct.                         Those
instances took place over the course of approximately a year and a half. Those
facts are also insufficient to show a pattern of misconduct. 84
        To show a failure to train employees, plaintiffs must show, among other
things, a deliberate indifference to train on the part of the government. 85 A
plaintiff may show deliberate indifference in one of two ways. First and most
often, deliberate indifference generally requires notice of a pattern of similar
violations at the time the plaintiff’s own rights were violated. 86 The Robles
only allege one instance of any misconduct prior to the events giving rise this
suit.    That is insufficient to establish notice of a pattern of misconduct
generally, let alone a pattern of similar violations. Second, we have noted that
in narrow circumstances, when a constitutional violation results as the highly
predictable consequence of a failure to train, the failure to train can amount to
deliberate indifference. 87 The Robles do not argue that the alleged failure to
train falls within this narrow rule. 88 Nor did they allege any facts to support
that such a narrow rule should be applied here.
        To state a claim for hiring unqualified employees, a county’s hiring
practice must amount to deliberate indifference to the risk that a constitutional
violation will result. 89 To make this showing, an adequate scrutiny of an


        83  See id. at 851-52 (holding that twenty-seven previous incidents did not establish an
official policy).
         84 See id.
         85 Goodman v. Harris County, 571 F.3d 388, 395 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Smith v.

Brenoettsy, 158 F.3d 908, 911-12 (5th Cir. 1998)).
         86 Sanders-Burns v. City of Plano, 594 F.3d 366, 381 (5th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted);

see also Kitchen v. Dallas County, 759 F.3d 468, 484 (5th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted),
abrogated on other grounds by Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct. 2466, 2473 (2015).
         87 Kitchen, 759 F.3d at 484.
         88 See United States v. Thibodeaux, 211 F.3d 910, 912 (5th Cir. 2000) (“It has long been

the rule in this circuit that any issues not briefed on appeal are waived.”).
         89 Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410-11 (1997).

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                                       No. 18-40736
applicant’s background must lead a reasonable policymaker to conclude that
the “plainly obvious consequence of [hiring] the applicant would be the
deprivation of a third party’s federally protected right.” 90 The Robles allege no
facts supporting such a showing.
       The Robles’ claim that Aransas County has a custom or practice of “not
having the proper policies in place to prevent the Constitutional violations
suffered by plaintiffs.” The Robles offer no basis for that claim other than the
conclusory allegation itself.             Moreover, the claim seems materially
indistinguishable from the Robles’ other claims, which were all properly
dismissed. Accordingly, this claim was properly dismissed as well.
       Finally, the Robles’ ratification claim fails. According to the Robles,
Aransas County and its officials ratified Campbell’s actions by failing to
investigate Campbell’s behavior. If an authorized policymaker approves a
subordinate’s decision and the basis for it, their ratification is chargeable to
the municipality because their decision is final. 91 However, ratification is
limited to “extreme factual situations.” 92 For example, in Peterson v. City of
Fort Worth, Mr. Peterson and his wife decided to sleep in their truck after
becoming intoxicated one evening. 93 The parking lot security guard called the
police. 94 Ultimately, the police officers dragged Peterson out of his truck, slid
him across the ground when he fell out, handcuffed him, pulled him up from
the ground by his handcuffs, slammed him against his truck, and executed a
knee strike to his thigh which resulted in two surgeries and a two-week




       90 Id. at 411.
       91 Peterson v. City of Fort Worth, 588 F.3d 838, 848 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting City of St.
Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988)).
       92 Id. (quoting Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 798 (5th Cir. 1998)).
       93 Id. at 843.
       94 Id.

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                                         No. 18-40736
hospital stay. 95 We held that Peterson was not an extreme factual situation. 96
If Peterson did not involve sufficiently extreme facts to justify a ratification
theory, neither does the instant case.            Accordingly, the Robles’ claim was
properly dismissed.
                                     *        *         *
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




      95   Id. at 843-44.
      96   Id. at 848.

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