             Case: 15-12986    Date Filed: 04/21/2016   Page: 1 of 9


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                                No. 15-12986
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                     D.C. Docket No. 9:13-cv-80610-KAM



JOHNNIE M. HAYES,
PRISCILLA Y. DAVIS,

                                                            Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                  versus

U.S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
as Trustee for Structured Asset Investment Loan Trust
Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates Series 2006-2,
JP MORGAN CHASE, N.A.,
OCWEN LOAN SERVICING LLC,
CHASE FULFILLMENT CENTER,
ROBERTSON, ANSCHUTZ & SCHNEID P.I., et al.,

                                                           Defendants-Appellees.

                          ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Florida
                        ________________________

                                (April 21, 2016)
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Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Plaintiffs-Appellants Johnnie Hayes and Priscilla Davis, proceeding pro se,

appeal the district court’s dismissal of their civil lawsuit broadly related to the

foreclosure of their home. After careful review, we affirm.

                                         I.

      Hayes and Davis obtained a mortgage loan for their house from BNC

Mortgage, Inc. (“BNC”), in 2006. Eventually the mortgage was sold or assigned to

U.S. Bank National Association (“U.S. Bank”), which filed a complaint to

foreclose on the house in Florida state court in August 2009. A final judgment in

favor of U.S. Bank in the foreclosure action appears to have been entered in May

2013, and Hayes and Davis were evicted from the property shortly thereafter. One

of the defendants purchased the property in June 2013.

      On June 14, 2013, Hayes and Davis filed the instant action in federal court

and later filed the operative first amended complaint naming a total of eleven

defendants. Among other allegations, Hayes and Davis alleged that they had not

been notified of the assignment of their mortgage or given proof of such

assignment, that several defendants had failed to respond to their qualified written

requests for validation of their mortgage debt, and that U.S. Bank had foreclosed

on their home without authority to do so.


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      Hayes and Davis alleged that the defendants had violated the following

federal and state statutes:     (1) the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act

(“RESPA”), 12 U.S.C. § 2605(e), by failing to properly respond to their “qualified

written requests”; (2) the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1641(g), by

failing to provide notice of their status as creditors; (3) the Fair Debt Collection

Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692, et seq., based on actions taken in

attempting to collect the mortgage debt from the plaintiffs; and (4) the Florida

Consumer Collection Practices Act (“FCCPA”), Fla. Stat. §§ 559.715 and 559.72,

by failing to provide notice of assignment and by attempting to collect a non-

legitimate debt. Various defendants moved to dismiss the complaint.

      The district court dismissed the first amended complaint, pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6), Fed. R. Civ. P., concluding that Hayes and Davis had failed to state a

claim upon which relief could be granted. Specifically, the court determined that

Hayes and Davis’s RESPA claim failed because they did not plead details about

the content of their “qualified written requests” or allege actual or statutory

damages. The court further determined that their RESPA claim against U.S. Bank

failed for the additional reason that the statute applied to loan servicers only, and

U.S. Bank was the owner of the debt, not the servicer. The court granted Hayes

and Davis leave to amend the RESPA claim as to Ocwen Loan Servicing

(“Ocwen”).


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      The district court determined that Hayes and Davis’s TILA claim against JP

Morgan Chase N.A. failed because TILA did not impose liability on servicers, and

they alleged that JP Morgan was a servicer. The court further concluded that their

TILA claim against U.S. Bank failed because the claim was time barred. See 15

U.S.C. § 1640(e) (claims must be brought within one year of the date of the

occurrence of the violation). Finding that amendment of their TILA claim would

be futile, the court dismissed it without leave to amend.

      The district court next concluded that Hayes and Davis’s FDCPA claim

failed because they did not adequately allege that Ocwen and U.S. Bank were

“debt collectors” within the meaning of the act. The court also noted that the

complaint contained only paraphrasing of the statutory language without factual

support. Accordingly, the court dismissed the FDCPA claim with leave to amend.

The court also rejected Hayes and Davis’s FCCPA claim because one of the

statutory sections they relied on, Fla. Stat. § 559.715, did not provide a private

right of action, and their other allegations were mere recitations of statutory

language unsupported by facts.

      Finally, the district court noted that the first amended complaint was a

classic “shotgun pleading,” warning Hayes and Davis that any future complaint

must contain “a short and plain statement of the claims,” pursuant to Rule 8 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.


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      In its dismissal order, the district court granted the plaintiffs leave to amend

their complaint by July 21, 2014. On July 23 or 24, 2014, Hayes and Davis filed a

second amended complaint. Then, without leave of court, the plaintiffs filed a

third amended complaint on October 16, 2014. Both proposed amendments were

opposed by defendants.

      On April 14, 2015, the district court issued an order closing the case for lack

of jurisdiction. The court concluded that it was powerless to assert jurisdiction

over their second and third amended complaints because Hayes and Davis failed to

timely amend their complaint by July 21, 2014, making the court’s dismissal order

final. After the court entered a final judgment dismissing the action, Hayes and

Davis brought this appeal.

                                          II.

      We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure

to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), accepting the allegations in the complaint as

true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Reese v. Ellis,

Painter, Ratteree & Adams, LLP, 678 F.3d 1211, 1215 (11th Cir. 2012). To

survive a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations in the complaint must be

sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007). In essence, the

complaint must “contain enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on


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its face.” Id. at 570, 127 S. Ct. at 1974; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). “[A] formulaic recitation of the elements of a

cause of action will not do[.]” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.

      We liberally construe the pleadings and briefs of pro se parties. Bingham v.

Thomas, 654 F.3d 1171, 1175 (11th Cir. 2011); Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870,

874 (11th Cir. 2008). Even though we read pro se filings liberally, however,

“issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.” Timson,

518 F.3d at 874. An issue may be deemed abandoned where a party fails to

address an issue on appeal or only mentions it in passing, without providing

substantive argument in support. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739

F.3d 678, 680-82 (11th Cir. 2014) (describing the various ways in which appellate

abandonment can occur). “When an appellant fails to challenge properly on appeal

one of the grounds on which the district court based its judgment, he is deemed to

have abandoned any challenge of that ground, and it follows that the judgment is

due to be affirmed.” Id. at 680.

      Hayes and Davis present three main arguments on appeal, all of which

generally relate to the district court’s alleged failure to require the defendants to

present evidence showing that they had authority to collect on the mortgage debt

and then foreclose on the house. First, they argue, the district court violated their

constitutional rights under the Contracts Clause of Article I, Section 10, and the


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Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, by failing to demand that the

defendants produce a contract or assignment showing the existence of a bona fide

obligation. Second, they contend, the court violated Rules 1002 and 1003 of the

Federal Rules of Evidence when it did not demand that the defendants produce

evidence showing the validity of their claims to the mortgage debt. Third, they

assert, the court erred in failing to require the defendants to show both that they

sent notice to the appellants within 30 days of assignment, pursuant to Fla. Stat.

§ 559.715, and that they sent an initial communication to Hayes and Davis

containing the information required by the FDCPA under 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(a).

Hayes and Davis also contend that they properly supported their FDCPA, FCCPA,

and RESPA causes of action in their verified second amended complaint and that

the defendants do not qualify for the “bona fide error” defense, which is an

affirmative defense from liability under the FDCPA. Owen v. I.C. Sys., Inc., 629

F.3d 1263, 1271 (11th Cir. 2011); see 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c).

      After careful review of the district court’s dismissal order and Hayes and

Davis’s appellate brief, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Hayes and

Davis’s lawsuit. Most of Hayes and Davis’s arguments on appeal misunderstand

the nature of the district court’s order, and Hayes and Davis otherwise fail to

challenge the bases of the district court’s dismissal of their claims.




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      In evaluating whether a complaint should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6)

for failure to state a claim, “[a] court is generally limited to reviewing what is

within the four corners of the complaint.” Bickley v. Caremark RX, Inc., 461 F.3d

1325, 1329 n.7 (11th Cir. 2006); see Day v. Taylor, 400 F.3d 1272, 1275-76 (11th

Cir. 2005) (stating that a judge generally may not consider materials outside of the

four corners of a complaint without first converting the motion to dismiss into a

motion for summary judgment). The question is whether the allegations in the

complaint, accepted as true, state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 1965. That means, in this case, that Hayes

and Davis bore the burden of alleging sufficient facts that would allow the court

“to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. For reasons explained more

fully above, the district court concluded that Hayes and Davis’s factual allegations

were insufficient. The court did not err in failing to require the defendants to

produce evidence in support of their actions because evidence outside the

complaint, including proof of an affirmative defense, would only become relevant

had Hayes and Davis stated a plausible claim. Accordingly, the district court

properly limited its review to the allegations in Hayes and Davis’s complaint.

      Moreover, even liberally construing their appellate brief, Hayes and Davis

have not presented any challenge to the specific reasons given by the district court


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for dismissing each of their claims or for not accepting their second and third

amended complaints. Although Hayes and Davis assert that they cured their

FDCPA, FCCPA, and RESPA claims, they do not challenge the reasons given by

the court for dismissing those claims, nor do they challenge the reason given by the

district court for rejecting their untimely filed second or third amended complaints.

Because Hayes and Davis have not challenged properly “the grounds on which the

district court based its judgment,” they have abandoned their challenge to those

grounds. See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 680. Accordingly, “the judgment is due to be

affirmed.” Id.

      AFFIRMED.




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