            Case: 13-11169    Date Filed: 12/19/2013   Page: 1 of 5


                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-11169
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 8:12-cv-02477-VMC-EAJ



KENNAN G. DANDAR,
DANDAR & DANDAR, P.A.,

                                                       Plaintiffs - Appellants,


                                    versus

CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY FLAG SERVICE ORGANIZATION, INC.,
F. WALLACE POPE, JR.,
Wally,
JOHNSON POPE BOKOR RUPPEL & BURNS L.L.P.,

                                                       Defendants - Appellees,

ROBERT V. POTTER, JR., et al.,

                                                       Defendants.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (December 19, 2013)
              Case: 13-11169     Date Filed: 12/19/2013    Page: 2 of 5


Before PRYOR, MARTIN and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Kennan Dandar and his law firm, Dandar & Dandar, P.A. (together,

Dandar), appeal the district court’s partial dismissal of Dandar’s claims against the

Church of Scientology Flag Organization and some of its leaders (together, the

Church) and stay of the portion of the case the court did not dismiss. He also

appeals the district court’s denial of leave to amend his complaint for a third time.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court’s denial of leave to amend

but vacate the court’s dismissal and stay and remand for further consideration.

      In 1997, Dandar undertook representation of the Estate of Lisa McPherson

in a wrongful-death case against the Church in a Florida court. That case

ultimately resulted in a settlement, and, as part of the settlement agreement, Dandar

agreed to refrain from “any adversarial proceedings of any description against the

[Church] under any circumstances at any time.” Years later, however, Dandar

filed another wrongful-death case against the Church, this time representing the

Estate of Kyle Brennan in federal court. The Church filed a motion in the

McPherson case to enforce the settlement agreement, which Dandar contested.

The disagreement between Dandar and the Church in the McPherson case is

ongoing and has resulted in attorney’s fees and costs taxed against Dandar.

Consequently, Dandar filed the instant suit in federal court seeking equitable relief


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under the Declaratory Judgment Act (Count 1) and equitable and monetary relief

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count 2). Upon the Church’s motion, the district court

dismissed Count 1 and the equitable portion of Count 2 under the abstention

doctrine articulated in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). Although the court

denied the Church’s motion to dismiss with respect to Dandar’s claim for damages

in Count 2, it stayed the remainder of the proceeding pending the outcome in the

state case. And the court denied Dandar’s request for leave to amend his complaint

to add a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2). This is Dandar’s appeal.1

       “We review a Younger abstention decision for an abuse of discretion.”

Hughes v. Att’y Gen. of Fla., 377 F.3d 1258, 1262 (11th Cir. 2004). The district

court, in applying the Younger abstention doctrine, relied on a three-part test

derived from the Supreme Court’s decision in Middlesex County Ethics Committee

v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432-37 (1982). Very recently, however,

the Supreme Court clarified that these three factors are “not dispositive; they [are],

instead, additional factors appropriately considered by the federal court before

invoking Younger,” which itself sets forth only three limited circumstances in

1
   The district court’s order is final and appealable. Dandar’s reason for this suit is to stop
proceedings in the McPherson case he alleges violate his rights under the Constitution. If he
cannot appeal the propriety of the state court’s actions until those proceedings are complete, then
he is “effectively out of court” on his constitutional challenge. King v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 505
F.3d 1160, 1165 (11th Cir. 2007); see Miccosukee Tribe of Indians v. S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist.,
559 F.3d 1191, 1195 (11th Cir. 2009) (“Ordinarily a party is ‘effectively out of court’ when a
federal court stays its hand pending the conclusion of related state court or state administrative
proceedings.”). We consider an order final and appealable when it renders a party “effectively
out of court” with respect to its federal claim. King, 505 F.3d at 1165-66.
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which abstention is appropriate. Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, No. 12-815, 571

U.S. __, 2013 WL 6410850, at *8 (Dec. 10, 2013) (emphasis in original). If a

district court in its discretion decides none of these circumstances is present,

Younger abstention is inappropriate regardless of what the Middlesex County

factors indicate. See id. Because the district court did not have the benefit of this

guidance, and “[b]ecause the abuse of discretion standard is designed to provide

deference to the decisions of a district court, [we] will remand this issue to the

district court for consideration in the first instance.” Peer v. Lewis, 606 F.3d 1306,

1313 (11th Cir. 2010); see McKusick v. City of Melbourne, Fla., 96 F.3d 478, 489

n.7 (11th Cir. 1996) (explaining that, when a decision is committed to the

discretion of the district court and the court does not address a particular legal

point, “the more appropriate course is for us to allow the district court the

opportunity to address that matter in the first instance.”); see also Macklin v.

Singletary, 24 F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir. 1994) (same).

      With respect to Dandar’s motion to amend his complaint to add a 42 U.S.C.

§ 1985(2) claim, we review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s refusal to

permit Dandar to amend. Tampa Bay Water v. HDR Eng’g, Inc., 731 F.3d 1171,

1178 (11th Cir. 2013). Section 1985(2) proscribes conspiring to “deter, by force,

intimidation, or threat, any party or witness in any court . . . from attending such

court, or from testifying to any matter pending therein, . . . or to injure such party


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or witness . . . , or to influence the verdict, presentment, or indictment of any grand

or petit juror . . . .” (emphasis added). Dandar sought to amend his complaint to

allege that, in filing a motion in the McPherson case to enforce the settlement

agreement, the Church conspired with the state court to deter him from

representing the Brennan estate against the Church. The district court, finding

Dandar was not a “party or witness” in the Brennan case, concluded amendment to

include a § 1985(2) claim would be futile. Dandar contends he was an agent of the

parties to the Brennan case, so he should fall within the scope of the statute. But,

as the district court noted, he has no support for this proposition, and the plain

language of § 1985(2) belies this reading. He also contends the statute’s use of the

term “presentment” indicates that it extends to attorneys — because only attorneys

may present cases before a court — but that language does not alter the statute’s

protection only of a “party or witness” to a case. Accordingly, the district court did

not abuse its discretion in denying Dandar’s motion for leave to amend.

      For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s disposition of Counts 1 and 2

of Dandar’s second amended complaint is vacated and remanded for

reconsideration in light of Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs, No. 12-815, 571

U.S. __, 2013 WL 6410850 (Dec. 10, 2013). The district court’s denial of

Dandar’s motion for leave to file a third amended complaint is affirmed.

      AFFIRMED in part, VACATED and REMANDED in part.


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