                                                                           ACCEPTED
                                                                      13-15-00145-CR
                                                      THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
                                                               12/14/2015 11:58:52 PM
                                                                     Dorian E. Ramirez
                                                                                CLERK

                 No. 13-15-00145-CR

                      IN THE                  FILED IN
                                      13th COURT OF APPEALS
                                   CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
       THIRTEENTH COURT OF     APPEALS12/14/2015
                                        DISTRICT 11:58:52 PM
                                        DORIAN E. RAMIREZ
                                               Clerk
                    OF TEXAS

              CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

                  JESUS RIVERA
                     Appellant

                          v.

                 STATE OF TEXAS,
                     Appellee


           TRIAL CAUSE NO. 2013-CR-1573
        APPEAL FROM 144TH DISTRICT COURT
              BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
    HONORABLE LORINA RUMMEL, JUDGE PRESIDING


               APPELLANT’S BRIEF

ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED


                       ANGELA J. MOORE
                       310 S. St. Mary’s, suite 1830
                       San Antonio, Texas 78205
                       210-227-4450 office
                       210-364-0013 cell
                       Amoorelaw2014@gmail com
                       SBN 14320110
                       ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
                      Identity of Parties and Counsel


      Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(a) (2005), the parties to this suit

are as follows:

      (1)   JESUS RIVERA, TDCJ #01986518, Telford Unit, 3899 Hwy

98, New Boston, Texas 75570, is the Appellant and was the defendant

in the trial court.


      (2)   The STATE OF TEXAS, by and through the Bexar County

District Attorney’s Office, Paul Elizondo Tower, 101 W. Nueva ST., 4th

floor, San Antonio, Texas 78205, is the Appellee and prosecuted this

case in the trial court.

   The trial attorneys were as follows:

   (1) APPELLANT was represented by JOE STENBERG, sbn#

19142800, 722 E. Euclid Ave., San Antonio, Texas 78212.

   (2) The State of Texas was represented by SUSAN D. REED, District

Attorney, and Christopher Karl, sbn# 24070035 Assistant District

Attorney, Paul Elizondo Tower, 101 W. Nueva ST., 4th floor, San

Antonio, Texas 78205. The appellate attorneys are as follows:




                                     ii
  (1) Jesus Rivera is represented by ANGELA J. MOORE, SBN

#14320110, Tower Life Building, 310 S. St. Mary’s Street, Suite 1830,

San Antonio, Texas 78205.

  (2) SUSAN D. REED, District Attorney, and the District Attorney’s

Office, Appellate Division, San Antonio, Texas 78205, represent the

State of Texas.

  The trial judge was Hon. Lorina Rummel, 144th District Court, 300

Dolorosa St., 3rd Floor, San Antonio, Texas 78205.




                                   iii
                                      Table of Contents


Identity of Parties and Counsel................................................................. ii

Table of Contents .......................................................................................iv

Table of Authorities .................................................................................... v

I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE ...............................................................1

II. STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ..............................2

III. SOLE ISSUE PRESENTED ...............................................................3

  The evidence was legally insufficient that Appellant committed
  murder, since the State did not refute beyond a reasonable doubt,
  Appellant’s evidence of self-defense, thus requiring that his conviction
  be reversed and that the court render a judgment of acquittal. ...........3

IV. STATEMENT OF FACTS ....................................................................3

V. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS...................................................17

VI. ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES ..................................................18

  APPELLANT’S SOLE ISSUE: ..............................................................18

Conclusion and Prayer ..............................................................................32

Certificate of Service .................................................................................34




                                                    iv
                                       Table of Authorities


Cases

Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) ..................18

Brundy v. State, 280 S. W.3d 425, 433 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2009, pet
  ref'd) .......................................................................................................19

Davis v. State, 104.W.3d 177, 181 (Tex.App.-Waco 2003, no pet.) .........30

Davis v. United States, 160 U.S. 469 (1895) ............................................31

Ferrel v. State, 16 S.W.3d 861, 865 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist] 2000),
  rev'd on other grounds, 55 S.W.3d 586 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001) ............29

Hernandez v. State, 309 S. W.3d 661,665 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist]
 2010, pet ref'd) .......................................................................................20

Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) ....................18

Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154-155 (Tex. Crim.App. 1990) ...........19

Miller v. State, 177S.W.3d 177, 183 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 2005,
 pet ref'd) .................................................................................................29

Naasz v. State, 974 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1998, pet ref'd) .19

Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991) ............20, 30

Steadman v. State, 280 S.W.3d 242, 246 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) ......20, 21

Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006) ...........20, 21

Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 593-594 (Tex. rim.App. 2003) .19, 20, 30




                                                        v
Statutes

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC § 26.04 .............................................................1

TEX. PEN. CODE §19.02 (b)(1) ..................................................................1

TEX. PEN. CODE 19.02(b)(2).....................................................................1

TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(42) ................................................................30

TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(42) ............................................................31

TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.01(3) ..................................................................31

TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.31.......................................................................28

TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.32, 9.33..............................................................31

TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.32(a) ..................................................................29

TEX. PENAL CODE, § 9.32......................................................................30
Other Authorities

https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/ondcp-fact-sheets/synthetic-drugs-
  k2-spice-bath-salts.................................................................................22




                                                  vi
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

     COMES NOW, Jesus Rivera, Appellant, by and through his

attorney of record, Angela J. Moore, and pursuant to the provisions of

TEX. APP. P. 38, et seq., files this brief on appeal. This is an appeal

from a conviction for Murder.


                  I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

     Jesus Rivera will be referred to as “Appellant” or “Rivera” and by

male pronouns. The State of Texas will be referred to as the “State.” On

February 20, 2013, by a two-count Indictment, Rivera was charged

with: Count I – Murder of Ryan Yearley by shooting him with a deadly

weapon that is, a firearm. TEX. PEN. CODE §19.02 (b)(1) - 1st Degree

Felony; Count II -Murder, with intent to cause serious bodily injury to

Ryan Yearley did commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that

caused the death of Ryan Yearly by shooting the complainant with a

deadly weapon, namely, a firearm. TEX. PEN. CODE 19.02(b)(2) – 1st

degree felony. (1 CR 6). A timely notice of appeal was filed on March 5,

2015, and pursuant to TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC § 26.04, Attorney

Angela J. Moore was appointed as part of the public defender office. (CR




                                   1
1: 145).1 Appellant filed a motion to suppress. (CR: 20-22). The Motion

was granted. (8 RR 3).

      At trial, on February 10, 2015, Appellant pleaded not guilty. (4 RR

40). After hearing the evidence, the jury found Appellant guilty as

alleged in Count I of the indictment of Murder. (CR: 143; 13 RR 136).

The jury assessed punishment at 66 years’ incarceration in the Texas

Department of Corrections, Institutional Division. (CR: 143; 13 RR 138).

On March 5, 2015, defense counsel filed a timely notice of appeal for

Appellant. (CR: 145). This brief follows.


         II. STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Defendant requests oral argument because it would assist the

court in the decisional process because its decision requires the

application of law to the facts of the case.




1
  The public defender ran out of funding for this part time position, and in the
interest of due process for the accused, Ms. Moore was continued on the case as
court appointed counsel.

                                       2
                  III. SOLE ISSUE PRESENTED


     The evidence was legally insufficient that Appellant
committed murder, since the State did not refute beyond a
reasonable doubt, Appellant’s evidence of self-defense, thus
requiring that his conviction be reversed and that the court
render a judgment of acquittal.

                    IV. STATEMENT OF FACTS

A. STATEMENT OF FACTS

     In August of 2012, Jesus Rivera, Maria Rivera, Ryan Yearling,

and Jeffrey Yearling moved into 2026 Delgado St. in San Antonio,

Texas.   Jesus would live in the “back house”, and Maria, Ryan and

Jeffrey would occupy the main house on the lot. The house was owned

by Jesus’ and Maria’s father (9 RR 31). At that point, Ryan and Maria

had been living together since 2010, first in their own apartment, and

then with Maria’s aunt Diana (4 RR 121).

     Even before moving into the Delgado house, Ryan and Maria’s

relationship was marred by domestic violence, drug abuse, criminal

charges, eviction, and a failed pregnancy. After moving into the Delgado

house, a culture of drug use was quickly established. Jesus, Ryan, their

friends and neighbors would regularly smoke “Klimax”, a popular brand

of synthetic marijuana (4 RR 149), and testimony indicates they were

                                   3
also indulging in cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroine, and

alcohol. (4 RR 149-151).

     In the early hours of November 22, 2012, Thanksgiving day, Ryan

Yearling was killed by a shotgun blast to the chest, a shooting to which

Jesus Rivera admitted, but asserts was committed in self defense as a

drug addled, knife wielding Ryan attacked him first.       Both Maria

Rivera and Jose Torres claim that they were conscripted to help Jesus

move the body from the living room of the main house to the bathtub of

the back house, where police discovered it several hours later after a

warrantless entry. A toxicology report – the contents of which were

communicated to the jury by expert witness Dr. Kimberly Molina,

Deputy Chief Medical Examiner with the Bexar County Medical

Examiner’s Office – showed that two different types of synthetic

cannabinoids were present in the deceased. (6 RR 152).

     Marilyn Yearley-Perez is a nurse and the mother of the deceased.

The morning after the shooting- and before she had any reason to know

something was wrong - she called to speak with Ryan, and Maria told

her that he was not there. (4 RR 76). After Marilyn pried as to Ryan’s

whereabouts, Maria told her that he had left the night before at around



                                   4
10:00. (4 RR 76, 77). Marilyn testified that this did not sound right to

her, and she went over to the house to pick up Maria as originally

planned. ( 4 RR 77). After greeting the baby, she saw Jesus sitting on

the couch watching television (4 RR 78). She testified that she asked

Jesus where Ryan was and Jesus told her that he didn’t see him leave.

(Id.) After searching the house for Ryan, she eventually gave up and

took Maria and Jeffrey to her mother-in-law’s house for two-and-a-half

hours. (4 RR 81). She then took Maria and Jeffrey back to the Delgado

house and found Jesus and Mr. (Roberto) Rivera watching TV. (4 RR

82). Marilyn testified that the situation at the house was “all quiet and

nice.” (Id.) Marilyn asked Roberto (father of Jesus and Maria) if he

knew where Ryan was, and Roberto said he thought he was with

Marilyn, Jesus and Maria. (4 RR 82). Marilyn testified that Maria told

the same story about Ryan leaving the house abruptly the night before.

(4 RR 82, 83). At that point it was nearly 3:00 and she was getting

concerned. (4 RR 83). Marilyn testified that she called the jail to see if

Ryan had been arrested, but that it didn’t occur to her to call any

hospitals. (4 RR 84). She testified that she found this ironic because she




                                    5
was a nurse. (Id). She then left to check on her husband, intending to

return to the Delgado house to file a missing persons report. (Id.)

     When she returned, she pulled up to the house at the same time

as the police. (4 RR 85). Marilyn testified that she and the officers

approached Maria at the same time, and that Maria was looking at the

officer but would not look at her. (4 RR 86).          She heard Maria

communicate Ryan’s death to the officer. Robert Rivera told her that

the body was in the garage apartment. (4 RR 88). Marilyn testified that

her reaction was one of disbelief, and that she was rendered numb, and

while she was waiting for her husband to arrive, she noticed a crowd of

San Antonio Police Officers had gathered by the driveway with their

guns drawn. (4 RR 89). Marilyn watched an officer kick the door of the

back house in, and radio that he had found a body. (4 RR 88). The

officers then advanced to the main house and entered it as well. (Id.)

Marilyn testified that she got no answers from Maria, and did not see

Jesus again (4 RR 89).     During cross-examination, Marilyn testified

that the windows of the garage apartment were spray painted black and

one could not see inside. (4 RR 98). Marilyn testified that when she was

first in the main house that day and noticed a piece of carpet missing,



                                    6
Maria told her that she had to cut a piece out because she could not

remove a chocolate milk stain. (4 RR 101).

     Marilyn testified that Ryan had mentioned buying a new knife

recently that he was excited about. (4 RR 103). She testified she was

aware that Maria wanted to break up with Ryan, but that Ryan

expressed interest in making things work. (Id.) She testified that she

saw Maria everyday, but that she had not spoken with Jesus at all. (4

RR 105).

     Maria Rivera testified that the house had been broken into during

the month of November while she was home alone with the baby. The

break-in made Maria feel unsafe, and she testified that Ryan tried to

buy a gun – he went as far as paying a deposit for a firearm at a

pawnshop before being denied the weapon because he was on probation

–to defend the home from intruders (8 RR 73, 74). Ryan’s mother –

Marilyn Yearley-Perez - also recalled Ryan telling her he wanted a

handgun. (4 RR 147). Roberto Rivera, the father of Jesus and Maria,

testified that, on November 21, 2012, mere days after Ryan’s failed

background check disallowed him from purchasing a gun, he (Jesus)

wanted to buy a gun himself. (9 RR 76, 77). Roberto was aware that



                                   7
Maria, Ryan and Jesus were concerned about a recent burglary at the

house that Maria (“Lupita”) reported to the police. (9 RR 82). Roberto

testified that “[he] understood them wanting to get a gun.” (9 RR 82).

Roberto testified that if they were going to buy a gun, he wanted them

to buy the gun legally, and suggested Academy Sporting Goods. (9 RR

79). Christopher Garza, an Academy employee who showed Jesus the

guns testified that, when asked why he wanted a gun, Jesus replied,

“home defense.” (9 RR 8). Jesus was shown (and would ultimately buy)

the gun that Garza referred to as Academy’s “cheapest gun for home

defense.” (9 RR 8). Jose “Frijol” Torres, a friend of both Jesus and Ryan,

testified that Jesus bought the shotgun “only for safety.” (7 RR 18).

Jesus himself testified that the gun was purchased for “protection in the

house.” (9 RR 135). Because Ryan was unable to buy the handgun from

the pawnshop, Jesus testified that he felt obligated to purchase a

firearm. (Id.)

      Officer Nick Cucinotta of the San Antonio Police Department was

the first officer on the scene. He received a dispatch at 3:00 pm on

November 22, 2012, for a disturbance or a missing person. (4 RR 161).

At the time of his arrival, he thought he was responding to a missing



                                    8
person report. (4 RR 163, 164). Officer Cucinotta told the jury that

when he first spoke with Marilyn, she explained that she wasn’t

initially worried because she thought Ryan had gotten drunk and

passed out somewhere. (4 RR 167). Officer Cucinotta stated that Maria

began sobbing and told him that Ryan was dead. Maria told Officer

Cucinotta that her brother shot Ryan and that her brother, Jesus, was

still in the house, and that she was worried because her baby was in the

house as well with Jesus. (4 RR 169, 172). Officer Cucinotta testified

that Maria told him the body was in the garage apartment. (Id.) Officer

Cuinotta testified that it was unclear if Jesus was armed at the time.

(Id.) He and other officers went into the main house and only found the

baby (4 RR 172).

     Cucinotta and Officer Jesse Avalos kicked in the door of the back

house (garage apartment) and made entry. (4 RR 174).              Officer

Cucinotta testified that they found a body with a pale white foot

sticking out of the tub, and the rest of the body was covered by a gutted

mattress. (4 RR 175). As soon as he saw the body in the bathroom,

Officer Cucinotta approached it and touched one of the feet. He testified




                                   9
that the foot was cold, and made him realize the body was lifeless. (4

RR 177).

     Officer Cucinotta claimed he only did a “quick search” and once he

found the body, he did not move the mattress cover off the body. (4 RR

180.) He claimed he did not locate any weapons in the back house. (Id.)

Officer Cucinotta testified that he and the other officer backed out as

that point.   He was not the main reporting officer and that he just

happened to be the first one there. (4 RR 180, 181).

     After being shown a “consent to search” form with his signature,

SX 22, Detective Cucinotta was asked why he would obtain such a

document. He responded: “Normally we will do that to get access to the

home, get better access. I guess after we did the consent, then we

probably went in afterward. Once you get consent, it’s almost like a –

without getting a warrant. As long as we get somebody’s consent to go

in, you don’t need the warrant.” (4 RR 179). It appears the consent was

obtained after the body was determined to be lifeless. (4 RR 180).

     Officer Ruben     Moncivaiz, Jr. of the       San   Antonio Police

Department is an officer in the Problem Oriented Policing Unit, a

“specialized unit…in troubled areas of the city [which] deals with



                                   10
gangbangers, drugs, all the high crime rates that you see on TV.” (4 RR

184). Officer Moncivaiz testified that after Maria told him that Ryan

was in the back, he “didn’t know if – if the individual needed medical

attention or anything. So, due to “exigent circumstances,” Officer

Cucinotta kicked in the door. (4 RR 188). After they realized that the

body was lifeless, according to Officer Moncivaiz testimony, they

regrouped outside and decided that because Jesus could be in the main

house with a child, they needed to go in there as well. (4 RR 189).

Officer Moncivaiz testified that they found Jeffrey, the baby, in a car

seat on top of a bed, but did not find Jesus. (4 RR 192).

     Officer Moncivaiz testified that Maria “came up with the idea” of

rolling the body up in discarded carpet (4 RR 195), but that she had

done so because she was scared of Jesus (Id.) Jose Frijol Torres had

helped her move the body to the back house.(4 RR196). The main house

was cleared, and he returned to the entry of the back house and kept

track of the officers that entered. (4 RR 192).       Moncivaiz ran Jose

“Frijol” Torres, and went looking for him, and found Jose, on November

24, 2012. Jose Torres gave the officer his name which matched the

accomplice in the murder. (4 RR 198).



                                    11
      Attorney Cathy Compton puts on the record that her client, Jose

“Frijol” Torres had signed an agreement with the State granting

immunity, and that agreement is marked as State’s exhibit 93. (7 RR 3).

Ms. Compton stated that she drafted the immunity agreement and that

she went over it with her client in both English and Spanish. (Id.)2

      Jose “Frijol” Torres was a dishwasher who lives with his mother in

Castroville, Texas. (7 RR 8).        Jose testified that he has information

about what happened on Thanksgiving of 2012, and that he spoke with

police after the incident. (7 RR 8,9). Jose acknowledged that he reached

an agreement with the State. (7 RR 10). Jose acknowledged that the

nature of the agreement was that if he testified “truthfully and fully”

the State would not prosecute him. Jose explained that he was a friend

of Jesus Rivera, that he had known him for about four years, and that

he also knew Maria Rivera and knew Ryan Yearley. (7 RR 12). Jose

testified that he lived in the back house with Jesus for about four

months. (7 RR 13). Jose and Jesus “worked and smoked” together. (7

RR 15). Jose testified that he was at the Delgado house on the night

before Thanksgiving, 2012. (7 RR 16, 17). Jose was at the house with

2
 Inexplicably, defense counsel did not raise or discuss an accomplice witness
charge.

                                        12
Ryan and Maria while Jesus was at Academy with Roberto Rivera

buying the gun. Jose testified that Jesus bought the gun, “only for

safety” (7 RR 18), particularly from gang members that assaulted him.

Jose did not like the fact that there was a gun in the house. Jose

explained that even though he was nervous, he didn’t think that

anything bad was going to happen that very night. (7 RR 26). When he

left, everything was calm. (7 RR 26). Jose testified that Jesus called at

around 7:00 or 7:30 on Thanksgiving morning, letting him know

something bad had happened. (7 RR 22). Jose returned to the Delgado

house at 8:30 or 9:00 on Thanksgiving morning (7 RR 28). Jose testified

that Jesus was sitting on the couch with the shotgun and told him to go

look in the bathroom, and when Jose did, he saw Ryan’s dead body. (7

RR 29-30). Jose stated that he asked Jesus what was going to happen

with the body, and that Jesus said no one has to know and that they

needed to bury the body. (7 RR 31).

     Jose testified that it was his decision to bury the body (though

they never actually did), because they had always been friends and

were there for each other. He also told the jury that he helped because

he was afraid. (7 RR 32). While Jose and Jesus were having this



                                   13
exchange, Maria was in her room with the baby, crying. (7 RR 34). Jose

testified that they put Ryan in the hollowed out mattress and carried

him to the back house, and put him in the tub. (7 RR 34). Jose testified

that that Jesus said he would make him disappear, and that he said the

same to Maria (7 RR 35). After putting the deceased in the bathtub,

they went back to the house, smoked and played games. (7 RR 35). Jose

testified that Jesus never told him that Ryan had come at him with a

knife. Jose stated that Ryan would always bother Jesus. (7 RR 36).

During cross-examination, Jose testified about an incident during which

Jesus cut Jose’s hand with a knife, stating the cutting was accidental. (7

RR 43). Jesus took him to the hospital, and apologized profusely

immediately after it happened. Jose testified that Ryan took 4 or 5

Xanax while Jesus was at Academy Sporting Goods with his father

Roberto. (7 RR 44, 45). According to Jose, Ryan had also snorted heroin

that evening. (Id.) Jose and Ryan were on the patio smoking a blunt

when Jesus arrived. (7 RR 46). While Jose was at the house, Ryan and

Jesus were getting along fine. (7 RR 47). Jesus left with his father and

they were gone for a while. When he returned he was carrying the box

with the new shotgun inside. (7 RR 49). Jose testified that by the time



                                   14
Jesus got back with the new shotgun, Ryan was “all drugged up.” (7 RR

50). It was at that time that Ryan called Jose “Nigger,” and told him to

leave. (Id.) Jose testified that Ryan was belligerent and looking for a

fight, but Jose didn’t want to have anything to do with it. Ryan was the

type that who thought he could beat up anyone, because Ryan was a big

guy. (7 RR 51). Jesus Rivera, Appellant, was only five foot one and

weighed 110 pounds. (4 RR 57). Jose admitted that he took the path of

least resistance with the police by giving them the answers they were

looking for. (7 RR 52). This was why Jose initially told the police that

Jesus come up with the idea of burying Ryan, but he was just trying to

appease the officers. (7 RR 52).    Jesus required Jose’s assistance in

carrying the rolled up carpet, because Jesus could barely lift his end. (4

RR 57).

     Officer Scott Marshal, San Antonio Police Department, testified

that upon entry into the back house, he observed both a foot sticking

out of the tub, and a gun sticking out from under a blanket. (4 RR 211).

Officer Marshal testified that he contacted the Medical Examiner’s

Office. He added that “It appears that [the gun] could have been trying




                                   15
to be hidden from (sic)….” before being objected to on the basis that it

required speculation. (4 RR 214).

     Officer Arturo Rodriguez of the SAPD Gang Unit testified that he

and his partner were dispatched to 814 Calaveras. They arrived at a

Thanksgiving celebration with Barbeque and beer.           Jesus Rivera

emerged from the crowd with his hands up. (4 RR 237). Jesus Rivera

was cooperative during the arrest and told the officers where he left the

shotgun (4 RR 238).

  Crime Scene Investigator Scott Coonradt testified that once a

warrant was obtained, they went to the Delgado House to collect

evidence. (5 RR 87). Investigator Coonradt identified State’s exhibit 35,

which is swab of what appeared to be blood. It was marked by him as

E1 and was taken from the bathroom floor next to the bathtub (5 RR

93-94). Investigator Coonradt stated that all evidence “on or around”

the body gets collected as evidence, but if it is in the body, it must be

retrieved by the Medical Examiner’s Office.          Indeed, the photos

presented by the officer depict a person from the Medical Examiner’s

officer inspecting the body. (5 RR 105, et. seq.).




                                    16
     Catherine Haskins-Miller is a forensic scientist in the Serology

and DNA section of the Bexar County Criminal Investigation

Laboratory. Haskins-Miller testified that her job is to take in physical

evidence and examine it for the presence of biological fluids, such as

blood, semen or saliva. (6 RR 113). If she is able to identify a stain, it

can be retained and a DNA analysis can be performed. (6 RR 113).

Haskins-Miller testified that there was not enough human DNA on

Ryan’s knife to create a genetic profile. (6 RR 118).


                V. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS

     The greater weight and preponderance of the credible evidence

herein shows that [Rivera] acted in self-defense from the apparent

danger created by the attack of Ryan Yearley, so that it is manifestly

unjust that he was convicted of manslaughter. The unfortunate death of

Ryan arose from an attack upon Jesus Rivera by his dear friend, his

brother by friendship, due to the assailant’s apparent threat of stabbing

Rivera, not from any act that the law justified Rivera in using to protect

himself. The jury's verdict to the contrary is, therefore, against the

great weight of the evidence. Jesus Rivera was entitled to a verdict of

not guilty as his acts were clearly in the defense of himself.


                                    17
Consequently, the jury's rejection of Appellant’s justification of self-

defense and the jury's subsequent verdict was not rational. Accordingly,

this Court should, as it must, enter an order reversing the judgment

entered in the court below and thereafter enter a judgment of acquittal.


               VI. ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES
APPELLANT’S SOLE ISSUE:

The evidence was legally insufficient that Appellant committed
murder, since the State did not refute beyond a reasonable
doubt, Appellant’s evidence of self-defense, thus requiring that
his conviction be reversed and that the court render a judgment
of acquittal.

A.   Standard of Review:

     In reviewing the legal sufficiency of evidence, all the evidence in

the light most favorable to the jury's verdict to determine whether any

rational jury could have found the essential elements of the offense

charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State 323 S.W.3d 893, 912

(Tex.Crim.App. 2010). Legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of

the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917-918 (Cochran, J.,

concurring). Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the

elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury

charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).



                                   18
Because self-defense is classified as a defense rather than an

affirmative defense, a factual sufficiency review is used generally to

review an appellate factual sufficiency challenge to the jury's implicit

finding against a self defense claim. Brundy v. State, 280 S. W.3d 425,

433 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2009, pet ref'd). When a criminal defendant

seeks review of a jury's failure to make a finding on which he has a

burden of proof, the appellate Court's factual review jurisdiction is

invoked. Naasz v. State, 974 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1998, pet

ref'd), citing Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 154-155 (Tex. Crim.App.

1990). In that instance, the reviewing court reviews all of the evidence

in a neutral light and asks whether the State's evidence taken alone is

too weak to support the finding and whether the proof of guilt, although

adequate if taken alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof.

Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 593-594 (Tex. rim.App. 2003).

Therefore, an appellate court may sustain a defendant's factual-

sufficiency claim only if, after setting out the relevant evidence and

explaining precisely how the contrary evidence greatly outweighs the

evidence supporting the verdict, the court clearly states why the verdict




                                   19
is so much against the great weight of the evidence as to be manifestly

unjust, conscience-shocking, or clearly biased.


     When a defendant asserts a claim of self-defense, the State has

the ultimate burden of persuasion. Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595

(Tex.Crim.App. 2003). When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

concerning the jury's rejection of self-defense, the reviewing court looks

to whether any rational jury could have found against the defendant on

the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. Saxton v. State, 804

S.W.2d 910k, 914 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991); Hernandez v. State, 309 S.

W.3d 661,665 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist] 2010, pet ref'd).

     All the evidence is viewed in a neutral light, favoring neither

party, when reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support

a conviction. Steadman v. State, 280 S.W.3d 242, 246 (Tex.Crim.App.

2009); Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). The

reviewing Court then asks whether the evidence supporting the

conviction, although legally sufficient, is nevertheless so weak that the

fact finder's determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or

whether conflicting evidence so greatly outweighs the evidence

supporting the conviction that the fact finder's determination is


                                   20
manifestly unjust. Steadman, 280 S.W.3d at 246; Watson, 204 S.W.3d at

414-415, 417. Reversal is warranted where some objective basis in the

record   supports     a     determination     that   the     great   weight   and

preponderance    of       all   the   evidence,   although    legally   sufficient,

contradicts the verdict. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417.

B. Facts supporting self defense

  While Jesus and Ryan were close friends, a bond testified to by

Marilyn Yearly (4 RR 123), and Maria Rivera (7 RR 103). Maria Rivera

testified that, by November of that year, her relationship with Ryan had

deteriorated to the point that a separation seemed inevitable, and they

drafted a written agreement intended to govern custody of Jeffrey once

Ryan moved out. Maria testified that Ryan’s drug habit and proclivity

toward erratic - and often violent - behavior while on drugs precipitated

the pending separation. (7 RR 148; 8 RR 16-25).

  Maria testified that Ryan had physically abused her (8 RR 16)

flipped over furniture (8 RR 29), and punched holes in the wall of their

old apartment (8 RR 117).             Others also testified that Ryan had a

tendency to become violent and aggressive when on drugs.                   Hector

“Guero” Hernandez, their neighbor across the street, testified that Ryan



                                         21
would get aggressive, had been aggressive with him, personally, and

“thought he was invincible.” (8 RR 125). Hector said that Ryan tried to

force him to fight, and that he, Hector, walked away from the fight; (8

RR 125). Jose “Frijol” Torres testified that on the night Jesus purchased

the shotgun at Academy, he, Ryan, and Jesus were smoking Klimax3

and drinking beer on the back patio when Ryan called Jose a “Nigger”

and told him to leave. (7 RR 50). Jose explained that Ryan always

wanted to fight without provocation, and answered affirmatively when

asked if Ryan was the kind of person “who thinks he can beat everyone

up.” (7 RR 51). Witnesses testify that Ryan smoked Klimax, drank beer,

snorted cocaine, and popped Xanax the night Jesus purchased the

shotgun (8 RR 118-119). In the early hours of the following morning,

Ryan Yearling died of a shotgun wound to the chest. At trial, Jesus




3
  There are numerous references to “Klimax” in the record. It is understood from
the record that Klimax is synthetic marijuana. Synthetic cannabinoids commonly
known as synthetic marijuana, K2, spice are often sold in legal retail outlets as
herbal incense or potpourri and synthetic cathinones are often sold as bath salts or
jewelry cleaner. They are labeled not for human consumption to mask their
intended purpose and avoid food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory
oversight. Synthetic cathinones are man made chemicals related to amphetamines.
Synthetic cathinone products often consist of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MVPD),
mephedrone, and methlone. See https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/ondcp-fact-
sheets/synthetic-drugs-k2-spice-bath-salts last accessed December 14, 2015.

                                        22
Rivera admitted to shooting Ryan, but claimed he was attacked by

Ryan, who was wielding a knife. (10 RR 51).

     Maria Rivera was the girlfriend of Ryan Yearling, deceased, and

the mother of his infant son, Jeffrey. At trial, she testified that she hid

Ryan’s favorite knife after the shooting because, if Ryan’s mother were

to see it in the house, she would not believe their story that Ryan had

left unexpectedly. (8 RR 8). Maria says that she gave a statement to the

police after Ryan’s death. (Id.) During direct examination, Maria

testified that Jesus told her before the shooting that he planned to kill

Ryan. (7 RR During cross-examination defense counsel asks Maria

whether, in her statement to the police, she claimed that Jesus never

communicated such a plan, and her response was that she does not

recall. (8 RR 11). Defense counsel asks Maria if, after she heard the

bang of the shotgun, she knew who shot who, and her response is that

she did not. (8 RR 12). When asked whether she had seen Ryan slash at

people with his knife, she said she had seen him do that only once, and

that she was mistaken when she said she saw him do that to “people.”

(8 RR 13). She testifies that while she and Ryan lived in Cypress Cove

apartments, that he had a bad temper, that he broke the baby swing



                                    23
out of anger, broke the door of the apartment, punched holes in the

wall, and hit her several times. (8 RR 16). In addition, Ryan would take

half the pain medication (Oxycontin) that Maria’s doctor prescribed her

after her miscarriage. (8 RR 15).) Ryan broke the baby’s swing and the

door at the apartment out of anger. (8 RR 16). She said that sometimes

when Ryan would hit her, that she would hit him back, but that it did

little good as he would strike her again. (8 RR 16).

  Maria testified that while they lived at Cypress Cove, would take

cocaine, and a mixture of Xanax and beer. (8 RR 17,18). She stated that

the combination of Xanax and beer made Ryan think he was a “badass

and could do anything to anybody.”         (8 RR 18).   This particular

combination of medication, according to Maria, caused Ryan to act very

aggressive. (Id.)   In fact, the couple had been evicted from their

apartment due to police being called for Ryan’s anger issues, and his

arrest for drugs in the parking lot. (8 RR 26). Maria testified that on

the night of the shooting, after Jesus had come home with the shotgun,

Ryan came back from Hector Hernandez’s house (across the street), and

she could tell he had taken a combination of Xanax and beer. (8 RR 25).

Maria testifies that Ryan drunkenly fought with Jose “Orlando” Torres,



                                    24
but “doesn’t recall” whether Orlando was cut by Ryan or if Ryan was

drunk and on Xanax. (8 RR 39, 40). She also recalls an incident where

Ryan had a seizure and they had to get their neighbor, Joseph

“Chaparro” to help save Ryan’s life. (8 RR 40-42). She initially answers

in    the   affirmative   when   asked   if   the   seizure   was   from   a

methamphetamine overdose (8 RR 40) and then claims she “doesn’t

recall” what caused the seizure (8 RR 41). Maria testified that this

incident showed, once more, that Ryan needed to leave and that she did

not want him around the baby. (8 RR 42).

     She asked Ryan to leave after the overdose, which was enough to

sober him up for a couple of days, before he was getting back to

“drugged out, zoned out, messed up.” (8 RR 43). Knowing that having

Ryan out of her life would create a financial hardship, she and Ryan

entered an agreement pursuant to which Ryan would pay child support.

(8 RR 44-45). Before entering into this agreement, Ryan told Maria

that leaving the house and losing both her and Jeffery would cause an

emotional collapse. (8 RR 45).       Ryan signed the agreement. The

agreement and pieces of Maria’s diary were in Ryan’s wallet when he

died. (8 RR 46). Maria testifies that she “does not recall” if Jesus told



                                    25
her that he shot Ryan because Ryan came at him with a knife. (8 RR

51). She then testified that Ryan would get aggressive with people

“almost at the drop of the hat.” (8 RR 51). She felt that Ryan was

choosing drugs over her, Jeffrey, and living a moral life. ( 8 RR 52).

  Jesus Rivera is the defendant in this case. He testified that he did

indeed shoot Ryan, but that he only did so to defend himself, and had no

pre-existing desire to kill Ryan. (9 RR 134). Jesus testified when he

purchased the shotgun, he did so intending to share it with Ryan. At

the time of the shooting, Jesus had been sleeping on the living room

couch, and was doing so at the request of his sister. (9 RR 137). While

Jesus was waiting for his father to pick him up to go get the gun, Jesus

and Ryan were visiting on the back patio. (9 RR 141). Ryan took both

Xanax and Klimax at this time. (9 RR 141).      Jesus loved Ryan, and he

had no ill feelings towards Ryan. The day had started just like any

regular work day. (9 RR 138). He was in a good mood; he got paid that

day, a good paycheck, and received a turkey from his employer. (9 RR

138-9). In fact, when he arrived home that afternoon around 4:00 or

5:00 pm, from work, Jesus gave Ryan a hug and a handshake. (9 RR

141).   Jesus was out of drugs so Ryan shared some Klimax in a blunt.



                                    26
(9 RR 145). A blunt is a cigarillo, hollowed out and filled with Klimax.

(9 RR 145).   He and his Dad went to buy a gun at Academy. Jesus had

never shot a shotgun, hand gun, or a pistol in his life before that

evening. (9 RR 162). He wanted to show the gun to Ryan. He saw

Ryan was messed up on drugs and Jesus did not think it was wise to let

Ryan handle the gun. (9 RR 173). Ryan made a comment to Frijol, and

Ryan seemed agitated. (9 RR 177). Ryan wanted to see the gun and

Jesus told him no. (9 RR 180). Jesus went to sleep and woke up during

the night and watched T.V. (9 RR 183-85). He saw Ryan come out of

the master bedroom. Ryan seemed agitated and aggressive, and still

messed up on Xanax and beer. (9 RR 185). Ryan was asking for his

Klimax. “Where’s my Klimax?” (9 RR 188). Ryan smoked some in his

pipe, and was different in how he “hit the bowl.” Ryan was inhaling

aggressively and strongly. (9 RR 190).

  Jesus then went to sleep on the couch. He woke up to a voice, and he

looked at the direction of the loveseat/couch.     He saw Ryan’s face

staring directly into his face. Ryan’s right hand was clenching the knife

and his left hand was also clenched. (10 RR 37).     He was frightened

and moved away, grabbed his shotgun under the couch, and stood up.



                                   27
Ryan kept moving towards him and Jesus chambered a shot.                 The

chambering had no effect on Ryan, who kept moving towards him, and

made a movement with the knife towards the left side of Jesus’ neck or

face. (10 RR 48). Jesus threw back his head, swung around and threw

up the gun and shot. (10 RR 49). Jesus could not comprehend what

had just happened. (10 RR 55). It was Maria’s idea to move the body.

Jesus needed help so he called Frijol. (10 RR 70).

C. Application of Law to the Facts

     The objective facts, evidence and testimony elicited from the State

and Defense raised the issue of self-defense against Appellant’s friend

Ryan,   a   paranoid,   aggressive,    drug   addict.   According   to   the

overwhelming weight of the testimony, everyone present at the scene

was in fear of the decedent, Ryan Yearley at some point in the past,

continuing to the present.

     One may use force against another “when and to the degree the

actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect

the actor against the other's use or attempted use of unlawful force.”

TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.31. This includes using deadly force against the

other if “the actor would be justified in using force against the other



                                      28
under Section 9.31,” and “when and to the degree the actor reasonably

believes the deadly force is immediately necessary” “to protect the actor

[or another] against the other's use or attempted use of unlawful deadly

force.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.32(a). The right of self-defense is at least

as fundamental to freedom and liberty as free speech, the right to vote,

and trial by jury. Ferrel v. State, 16 S.W.3d 861, 865 (Tex.App.-Houston

[14th Dist] 2000), rev'd on other grounds, 55 S.W.3d 586 (Tex.Crim.App.

2001).


When a justification theory of defense is raised:

[a] defendant has the burden of producing some evidence to support a

claim of self-defense. Once the defendant produces such evidence, the

State then bears the burden of persuasion to disprove the raised

defense. The burden of persuasion is not one that requires the

production of evidence; rather it requires only that the State prove its

case beyond a reasonable doubt. When a fact finder determines that the

defendant is guilty, there is an implicit finding against the defensive

theory.

Miller v. State, 177S.W.3d 177, 183 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist] 2005,

pet ref'd), citing Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex.Crim.App.


                                    29
2003). It is well-settled that when the legal sufficiency of the evidence

supporting a fact finder rejection of a defense such as self-defense in a

murder case is challenged by a defendant,

“we look not to whether the State presented evidence which refuted
appellant's self-defense testimony, but rather we determine whether
after viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact would have found the essential
elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt and also would have
found against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable
doubt.”
Id., quoting, Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991).

     Under Texas law of self-defense, a defendant's conduct is excused

if he formed a reasonable belief that deadly force was immediately

necessary to protect himself or a third party from another use or

attempted use of unlawful deadly force. See TEX. PENAL CODE, §

9.32. The reasonableness of the belief is measured by the objective

standard of an “ordinary and prudent man.” See, TEX. PENAL CODE §

1.07(42); see also Davis v. State, 104.W.3d 177, 181 (Tex.App.-Waco

2003, no pet.)(“Although the jury employs an objective standard to

determine the reasonableness of the defendant's belief, it must view the

facts from the defendant's perspective.”). Thus, under the instruction

correctly charging the law Jesus Rivera was entitled to acquittal if a

person in his position reasonably believed the deadly force was


                                   30
immediately necessary to protect himself or another against the Ryan’s

use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. TEX. PENAL CODE §

9.32, 9.33.

     “Deadly force” means force that is intended or known by the actor

to cause, or in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of

causing, death or serious bodily injury. TEX. PENAL CODE § 9.01(3).8

“Reasonable belief means a belief that would be held by an ordinary and

prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor. TEX. PENAL

CODE § 1.07(a)(42).

     In a related defensive issue, the United States Supreme Court in

Davis v. United States, 160 U.S. 469 (1895), held:

“We are unable to assent to the doctrine that, in a prosecution for

murder, the defense being insanity and the fact of the killing with a

deadly weapon being clearly established, it is the duty of the jury to

convict where the evidence is equally balanced on the issue as to the

sanity of the accused at the time of the killing. On the contrary, he is

entitled to an acquittal of the specific crime charged, if upon all the

evidence, there is a reasonable doubt whether he was capable in law of

committing crime.” Id., at 484.



                                   31
“The greater weight and preponderance of the credible evidence herein

shows that [Rivera] acted in self-defense from the apparent danger

created by the attack of Ryan Yearley, so that it is manifestly unjust”

that he was convicted of manslaughter. The unfortunate death of Ryan

arose from an attack upon Jesus Rivera by his dear friend, his brother

by friendship, due to the assailant’s apparent threat of stabbing Rivera,

not from any act that the law justified Rivera in using to protect

himself. The jury's verdict to the contrary is, therefore, against the

great weight of the evidence. Jesus Rivera was entitled to a verdict of

not guilty as his acts were clearly in the defense of himself.

Consequently, the jury's rejection of Appellant’s justification of self-

defense and the jury's subsequent verdict was not rational. Accordingly,

this Court should, as it must, enter an order reversing the judgment

entered in the court below and thereafter enter a judgment of acquittal.


                       Conclusion and Prayer

     WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the Appellant, prays

the Court of Appeals uphold these points of error, reverse the judgment

and render an acquittal, or remand this case for a new trial, or in the




                                   32
alternative reform the judgments to reflect one conviction for murder, or

for such other relief as justice may require.

                             Respectfully submitted,




                             /S/_____________________________
                             ANGELA MOORE
                             SBOT # 14320110
                             310 S. St. Mary’s Suite 1830
                             San Antonio, Texas 78205
                             210-364-0013
                             amoorelaw2014@gmail.com

                      Certificate of Compliance

     Pursuant to Rule 9.4(i)(2)(B) this brief is a direct appeal to the
Court of Appeals in a case in which the death penalty has been assessed
and the word count does not exceed 15,000 words.

     On this 14th day of December, 2015.



                             ___/s/__________________
                             ANGELA MOORE
                             SBOT # 14320110
                             310 S. St. Mary’s Suite 1830
                             San Antonio, Texas 78205




                                    33
                       Certificate of Service

      I HEREBY CERTIFY that a true and correct copy of the above
and foregoing Brief For Appellant has been delivered via electronic
service to the Bexar County District Attorney’s Office and to Appellant
via U.S. mail.



                           ___/s/__________________
                           ANGELA MOORE




                                  34
