[Cite as State v. Chandler, 2016-Ohio-1017.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                 :        OPINION

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,           :
                                                        CASE NO. 2015-T-0033
        - vs -                                 :

KEITH DONTALE CHANDLER,                        :

                 Defendant-Appellant.          :


Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014 CR
00632.

Judgment: Affirmed.


Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and LuWayne Annos, Assistant
Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH
44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Michael A. Partlow, 112 South Water Street, Suite C, Kent, OH 44240 (For Defendant-
Appellant).



DIANE V. GRENDELL, J.

        {¶1}     Defendant-appellant, Keith Chandler, appeals his convictions in the

Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas on multiple counts of Tampering with Records

and Forgery.       The issue before this court is whether the crimes of Tampering with

Records and Forgery are irreconcilable with the allegedly “more specific” crime of

Falsification. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the court below.

        {¶2}     On September 18, 2014, the Trumbull County Grand Jury returned an

Indictment, charging Chandler with Tampering with Records (Count 1), a felony of the
third degree in violation of R.C. 2913.42(A)(1), (B)(1) and (4); Forgery (Count 2), a

felony of the fifth degree in violation of R.C. 2913.31(A)(3), (C)(1)(a) and (b); and

Tampering with Records (Counts 3-8), felonies of the third degree in violation of R.C.

2913.42(A)(1) and (B)(4).

       {¶3}   On September 26, 2014, Chandler was arraigned on the Indictment and

entered a plea of “not guilty” to all Counts.

       {¶4}   On January 22, 2015, Chandler filed a Motion to Dismiss the charges

against him on the grounds that the prosecutor violated his discretion by charging him

under “more generic and more serious felony statutes,” rather than with Falsification, a

misdemeanor of the first degree in violation of R.C. 2921.13(A)(5), “which is quite

specific to the conduct which the Defendant is alleged to have committed.”

       {¶5}   On January 29, 2015, the State filed its Response.

       {¶6}   On February 4, 2015, the trial court denied Chandler’s Motion to Dismiss.

       {¶7}   On February 11, 2015, Chandler filed a Motion for Reconsideration, to

which the State filed a Response on February 13, 2015.

       {¶8}   On February 18, 2015, the trial court denied Chandler’s Motion for

Reconsideration.

       {¶9}   On February 19, 2015, Chandler entered a plea of “no contest” to all

Counts of the Indictment. At the change of plea hearing, the State made the following

proffer as to what the evidence would have shown:

              With respect to Counts 1 and 2, on or about the second day of

              October of 2009 this defendant presented a falsified DD 214. That

              is his military discharge papers.     The military discharge papers

              were * * * altered to reflect that this defendant was a Purple Heart


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recipient or had been awarded the Purple Heart, when in reality he

had not been. The defendant used that document to obtain Purple

Heart plates, in particular plate number 431-YBW with a Purple

Heart designation on that.

With respect to Count 3, on September 6th of 2011 the defendant

went to the title agency and again renewed that same plate, the

431-YBW, certifying on the document that was kept by the state of

Ohio that he was indeed a Purple Heart recipient entitled to that

plate.

With respect to Count 4, on 11/17/2011 he went in and obtained a

new plate, 774-YIR, also with a Purple Heart designation, again

certifying that he was indeed a Purple Heart recipient on a

document kept by the state of Ohio.

With respect to Count 5, on June 8th of 2012 he transferred the

774-YIR plate at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles again certifying that

he was a Purple Heart recipient on a document kept by the state of

Ohio.

With respect to Count 6, on July 20th of 2012 he then obtained a

renewal for the 774-YIR plate, again certifying that he was indeed a

Purple Heart recipient, getting the Purple Heart plate on the

certification kept by the state of Ohio.

With respect to Count 7, on August 12th of 2013 the defendant

again transferred and renewed his 774-YIR plate * * * on the




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               document collected and retained by the state department of motor

               vehicles.

               Finally, on October 12th he transferred and/or renewed his plate on

               the 431-YBW, again certifying that he was indeed a Purple Heart

               recipient. All the documents that he certified this on were indeed

               documents kept by the state of Ohio which is a government entity.

               Those were in order to defraud the state and obtain Purple Heart

               plates.

         {¶10} On March 18, 2015, Chandler’s sentencing hearing was held. The trial

court sentenced Chandler to “5 years of community control on each count to run

concurrently subject to the general supervision and control of the Adult Probation

Department,” as well as to further “specific sanctions and conditions” imposed by the

court.

         {¶11} On March 27, 2015, the trial court issued a written Entry on Sentence.

         {¶12} On April 7, 2015, Chandler filed a Notice of Appeal. On appeal, he raises

the following assignment of error:

         {¶13} “[1.] The trial court erred, as a matter of law, by concluding that the

provisions contained in R.C. 2921.13(A)(5) did not prevail over the general provisions

under which the appellant was charged, and denying appellant’s motions on that basis.”

         {¶14} Issues regarding statutory construction and a statute’s application to

undisputed facts are reviewed under the de novo standard. Akron Centre Plaza Ltd.

Liab. Co. v. Summit Cty. Bd. of Revision, 128 Ohio St.3d 145, 2010-Ohio-5035, 942

N.E.2d 1054, ¶ 10.




                                             4
       {¶15} Chandler maintains that the trial court erred by convicting him under the

general statutes, Tampering with Records and Forgery, rather than the specific statute,

Falsification. Chandler’s argument that he could not be convicted of the charges in the

Indictment rests upon the following rule of statutory construction:

              If a general provision conflicts with a special or local provision, they

              shall be construed, if possible, so that effect is given to both. If the

              conflict between the provisions is irreconcilable, the special or local

              provision prevails as an exception to the general provision, unless

              the general provision is the later adoption and the manifest intent is

              that the general provision prevail.

R.C. 1.51; State v. Volpe, 38 Ohio St.3d 191, 527 N.E.2d 818 (1988), paragraph one of

the syllabus (“[w]here there is no manifest legislative intent that a general provision of

the Revised Code prevail over a special provision, the special provision takes

precedence”).

       {¶16} In a criminal context, R.C. 1.51 is applicable “only when a general and a

special provision constitute allied offenses of similar import and additionally do not

constitute crimes committed separately or with a separate animus for each crime.”

State v. Chippendale, 52 Ohio St.3d 118, 120, 556 N.E.2d 1134 (1990); State v. Boyle,

11th Dist. Portage No. 2012-P-0003, 2012-Ohio-5581, ¶ 19-23. “Where it is clear that a

general provision of the Criminal Code applies coextensively with a special provision,

R.C. 1.51 allows a prosecutor to charge on both.” Chippendale at paragraph two of the

syllabus. Conversely, “[w]here it is clear that a special provision prevails over a general

provision or the Criminal Code is silent or ambiguous on the matter, under R.C. 1.51, a




                                             5
prosecutor may charge only on the special provision.” Id. at paragraph three of the

syllabus.

        {¶17} A general provision and a special provision are irreconcilable, i.e., do not

apply coextensively, where they “provide for inconsistent and irreconcilable results on a

particular issue.” State v. Conyers, 87 Ohio St.3d 246, 249, 719 N.E.2d 535 (1999).

See, e.g., Volpe at 193 (R.C. 2915.02(A)(5), “treat[ing] possession of a gambling device

as a first degree misdemeanor,” and R.C. 2923.24, “mak[ing] possession of criminal

tools, arguably such instruments as gambling devices, a fourth degree felony,” are

irreconcilable inasmuch as they “provide for different penalties for the same conduct”),

and Conyers at 249 (“[u]nder former R.C. 2967.15(C)(2), parolees are excepted from

the escape statute, whereas under R.C. 2921.01(E), parolees are included within the

class of individuals subject to the escape statute,” thus creating an irreconcilable

conflict).

        {¶18} Seven of Chandler’s convictions were for Tampering with Records in

violation of R.C. 2913.42(A)(1) and (B)(4): “No person, knowing the person has no

privilege to do so, and with purpose to defraud or knowing that the person is facilitating

a fraud, shall * * * [f]alsify, destroy, remove, conceal, alter, deface, or mutilate any

writing, computer software, data, or record * * *. If the writing, data, computer software,

or record is kept by or belongs to a local, state, or federal governmental entity, a felony

of the third degree.”

        {¶19} Chandler claims that an irreconcilable conflict exists with Falsification in

violation of R.C. 2921.13(A)(5) and (F)(1): “No person shall knowingly make a false

statement, or knowingly swear or affirm the truth of a false statement previously made,

when * * * [t]he statement is made with purpose to secure the issuance by a


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governmental agency of a license, permit, authorization, certificate, registration, release,

or provider agreement. * * * Whoever violates division (A) * * * (5) * * * of this section is

guilty of falsification * * * a misdemeanor of the first degree.”

       {¶20} For the purposes of R.C. 1.51, we do not find Tampering with Records

and Falsification irreconcilable in that they do not provide different penalties for the

same conduct. Unlike third-degree Tampering with Records, misdemeanor Falsification

“clearly does not require that the statement be made in writing or that the falsified

writing or record be kept by a governmental entity.” State v. Hall, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-

01-1374, 2004-Ohio-1654, ¶ 35. Contrary to Chandler’s position, a comparison of the

two statutes demonstrates that third-degree Tampering is the specific provision and

misdemeanor Falsification the general statute. The broad range of conduct that could

constitute Falsification under R.C. 2921.13(A)(5) is significantly narrowed for the

purposes of third-degree Tampering by restricting the type of statements proscribed to

writings, computer software, data, or records which are kept by a government entity.

The inclusion of these additional elements distinguish third-degree Tampering with

Records from misdemeanor Falsification. Id. at ¶ 36 (“[c]learly, the General Assembly

considered that the uttering of a falsified written document or record, that was to be

maintained by a governmental agency, was more egregious conduct, necessitating a

greater degree of offense, than making a statement, whether oral or written, for the

purpose of securing the issuance of a license or permit”); accord State v. Garrett, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92349, 2009-Ohio-5363, ¶ 44-50.

       {¶21} Chandler counters that Hall is “outdated law” as a result of the Ohio

Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-

Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, which overruled prior case law regarding allied offenses


                                               7
of similar import.1 Chandler’s argument does not avail. As stated by the Ohio Supreme

Court in Chippendale, analysis in light of R.C. 1.51 is only necessary when a general

and a special provision constitute allied offenses of similar import. In Hall, the court of

appeals applied R.C. 1.51 in order to make the determination that Tampering with

Records and Falsification were “not irreconcilable.” Hall at ¶ 35. Although the court did

not expressly find that Tampering with Records and Falsification were allied offenses,

its analysis of the statutes under R.C. 1.51 presupposed such a determination. In order

for the specific provision to prevail, however, the statutes must be in conflict, and not

merely allied offenses.

       {¶22} Chandler was also found guilty of Forgery in violation of R.C.

2913.31(A)(3), (C)(1)(a) and (b): “No person, with purpose to defraud, or knowing that

the person is facilitating a fraud, shall * * * [u]tter, or possess with purpose to utter, any

writing that the person knows to have been forged. * * * Whoever violates division (A)

of this section is guilty of forgery * * * a felony of the fifth degree.” “‘Utter’ means to

issue, publish, transfer, use, put or send into circulation, deliver, or display.”               R.C.

2913.01(H).     “‘Forge’ means to fabricate or create, in whole or in part and by any

means, any spurious writing, or to make, execute, alter, complete, reproduce, or

otherwise purport to authenticate any writing, when the writing in fact is not

authenticated by that conduct.” R.C. 2913.01(G).

       {¶23} As in the case of Tampering with Records, we find the conduct proscribed

by the Forgery by utterance statute narrower than the conduct proscribed by the

Falsification statute. Like Tampering, Forgery by utterance concerns written records.




1. We note that Johnson itself has become outdated in light of State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-
Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892.

                                                  8
Moreover, the nature of a forged writing is not necessarily the same as a falsified

statement.

             [I]nherently, forgery includes the act of falsifying.   However, this

             does not always result in the unlawful act of falsification pursuant to

             R.C. 2921.13.     That a forged writing may also contain false

             information is only incidental, and not necessary to commit the

             offense. While * * * documents * * * may contain false information *

             * * indicating falsification, the act of signing another’s name at the

             bottom of that statement for the purpose of authenticating the

             document is a separate act of forgery. * * * Acts committed under

             the falsification statute do not necessarily violate the forgery

             statute. Forgery invalidates the authenticity of the writing not the

             substance of the writing.     Therefore, the violations of the two

             statutes result from different conduct.       The statutes prohibit

             separate and distinct offenses and therefore, the statutes are

             reconcilable.

State v. Sufronko, 105 Ohio App.3d 504, 509, 664 N.E.2d 596 (4th Dist.1995). To the

extent that Forgery by utterance and Falsification so overlap, we find Forgery to be the

more specific statute.

      {¶24} Chandler’s sole assignment of error is without merit.

      {¶25} For the foregoing reasons, Chandler’s convictions for Tampering with

Records and Forgery are affirmed. Costs to be taxed against appellant.


TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs,

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., concurs in judgment only. \

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