                                    IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
                                    FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

FRATERNAL ORDER OF                  NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
POLICE, GATOR LODGE 67,             FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                    DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
      Appellant,
                                    CASE NO. 1D13-4068
v.

CITY OF GAINESVILLE,
FLORIDA,

      Appellee.

_____________________________/

Opinion filed September 23, 2014.

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Alachua County.
Victor Lawson Hulslander, Judge.

Paul A. Donnelly and Christopher B. Deem of Donnelly & Gross, P.A.,
Gainesville, for Appellant.

Stephanie M. Marchman, Senior Assistant City Attorney, Gainesville, for
Appellee.




WETHERELL, J.

      This appeal presents two issues of first impression concerning the

availability of compliance review hearings under section 112.534, Florida
Statutes, 1 to review alleged intentional violations of the rights afforded to law

enforcement officers and correctional officers by part VI of chapter 112, Florida

Statutes, which is commonly referred to as the Law Enforcement Officers’ (LEO)

Bill of Rights. The issues are (1) whether an officer under investigation by his or

her agency for a disciplinary matter is entitled to a compliance review hearing to

review alleged violations of the LEO Bill of Rights occurring after the

investigation is complete, and (2) whether a compliance review hearing is available

when the investigation is based upon a complaint against the officer from a person

within the officer’s agency. For the reasons that follow, we hold that a compliance

review hearing is available to review alleged intentional violations of the LEO Bill

of Rights arising during an investigation irrespective of the source of the complaint

that led to the investigation, but that a compliance review hearing is not available

to review violations occurring after the investigation is complete.

                     I. Factual and Procedural Background

      This case arose out of the Gainesville Police Department’s investigation of

two of its officers, Officer A and Officer B. 2 Both of the officers are members of

the appellant, Fraternal Order of Police, Gator Lodge 67 (“the Union”).


1
   All statutory references are to the 2009 version of the Florida Statutes unless
otherwise indicated.
2
   The parties agreed below to refer to the officers by these pseudonyms even
though the City disputed the Union’s claim that the identity of the officers was
confidential under sections 112.533(2)(a) or 112.534(1)(e). We express no view as
                                         2
                                      A. Officer A

      Officer A was the subject of a complaint filed by a public citizen. The

internal affairs unit of the police department investigated the complaint and

interviewed Officer A. It is undisputed that Officer A was afforded all of his rights

under the LEO Bill of Rights during his interview and the investigation.

      After completing the investigation, the investigator sent his report and the

proposed disciplinary action forms to an employee in the City of Gainesville’s

human resources (HR) department to review for compliance with City policy. The

HR department employee suggested several wording changes and additions to the

forms, but she did not suggest any changes to the investigative report or the

proposed disciplinary action.

      The police department thereafter notified Officer A of the proposed

disciplinary action: a 30-hour suspension, along with “written instruction and

cautioning.” After requesting and receiving a copy of the investigative file, Officer

A made a public records request for and received his personnel file, whereupon he

first learned of the HR department employee’s review of the investigative report

and disciplinary action forms.

      The following day, Officer A submitted a written “Notice of Intentional

Violation and Demand for Compliance Review Hearing Pursuant to Florida Statute

to whether it was necessary or appropriate to refer to the officers by pseudonyms
under the circumstances of this case because that issue is not before us.
                                         3
112.534” to the police chief. The notice alleged that, in violation of sections

112.532 and 112.533, Officer A was not provided a complete copy of the

investigative file and that non-law enforcement personnel (namely the HR

department employee) participated in the internal affairs investigation. The police

chief denied the request for a compliance review hearing based upon Officer A’s

failure to comply with the procedural requirements in section 112.534.

      Officer A was subsequently afforded a so-called “Bill of Rights Conference”

pursuant to section 112.532(4)(b) at which he was given an opportunity to address

the findings in the investigative report. Thereafter, the police department imposed

the proposed disciplinary action.       Officer A unsuccessfully appealed the

disciplinary action through the grievance process in the collective bargaining

agreement between the City and the Union.

                                  B. Officer B

      Officer B was the subject of a complaint filed by a non-law enforcement

employee of the police department.       The internal affairs unit of the police

department investigated the complaint and interviewed Officer B. It is undisputed

that Officer B was afforded all of his rights under the LEO Bill of Rights during

the interview.

      Upon conclusion of the investigation, the investigator prepared a report

recommending disciplinary action against Officer B.        The police department

                                        4
thereafter gave Officer B notice of the proposed disciplinary action: a 40-hour

suspension and 8 hours of diversity training.

      After Officer B was afforded a Bill of Rights Conference to discuss the

findings in the investigative report, the police chief directed the internal affairs unit

to ask the complainant to submit to a polygraph examination. The complainant did

so, and the police department thereafter notified Officer B of its intent to impose

the same disciplinary action contained in the prior notice. The notice also advised

Officer B of his right to another Bill of Rights Conference.

      On the morning of the second Bill of Rights Conference, Officer B

submitted a “notice to come into compliance” to the investigator. The notice

alleged the investigation had exceeded the 180-day period provided in section

112.532(6)(a) and that the police department violated Officer B’s rights under the

LEO Bill of Rights by not providing him with the results of the polygraph

examination.

      Officer B was provided a copy of the polygraph examination results that

same day.      Nevertheless, later in the day, Officer B submitted a “notice of

intentional violation [and] demand for a cure” to the police chief. This notice

referred to the notice provided to the investigator earlier that morning and asserted

that the internal affairs unit indicated its intent to continue the alleged violations.




                                            5
      Several days later, Officer B submitted a written “Notice of Intentional

Violation and Demand for Compliance Review Hearing Pursuant to Florida Statute

112.534” to the police chief. The notice alleged that, in violation of sections

112.532 and 112.533, Officer B was not provided a complete copy of the

investigative file (namely, the polygraph examination results) and that the

investigation exceeded 180 days.      The police chief denied the request for a

compliance review hearing based, in part, on the fact that Officer B did not request

a hearing until after the investigation was completed and the notice of disciplinary

action was issued.

      The police department thereafter imposed the proposed disciplinary action

against Officer B. The disciplinary action was subsequently overturned through

the grievance process in the collective bargaining agreement, and Officer B

received back pay for the period that he was suspended.

                           C. Trial Court Proceedings

      The Union filed a complaint for declaratory relief in the circuit court seeking

a declaration concerning the police department’s obligation to convene compliance

review hearings for Officers A and B and other similarly situated officers. The

trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the complaint and thereafter entered a




                                         6
final judgment determining that neither officer (nor “those similarly situated” 3)

was entitled to a compliance review hearing.

      As to Officer A, the trial court reasoned the declaratory judgment action was

moot because the only remedy provided in section 112.534 is the “immediate

removal of the investigator from involvement in the investigation” and the

investigation of Officer A had been completed and he had already served the

resulting disciplinary action. As to Officer B, the trial court reasoned that the

remedy provided in section 112.534 is not available because the investigation of

Officer B resulted from an internal complaint and, based upon McQuade v.

Department of Corrections, 51 So. 3d 489 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), “[t]he LEO Bill of

Rights is not applicable to complaints that arise internally to a law enforcement

agency.”

      This appeal followed.

                                   II. Analysis

      The issues raised in this appeal involve the proper interpretation of the LEO

Bill of Rights, and particularly, section 112.534. We review these issues de novo

because the interpretation of a statute is a pure question of law. See Diamond

3
    Very little evidence was presented about other allegedly similarly situated
officers, and the only finding made by the trial court pertaining to other officers
was that, “[a]s to other [Gainesville Police Department] officers, between the
effective date of the compliance review panel provisions contained in section
112.534, Florida Statutes, and the conclusion of trial, several requests for a
compliance review panel have been made, but none has ever been convened.”
                                       7
Aircraft Indus., Inc. v. Horowitch, 107 So. 3d 362, 367 (Fla. 2013). Moreover, in

determining whether to affirm or reverse the order on appeal, we focus on the

result reached by the trial court, not its reasoning. See Dade Cnty. Sch. Bd. v.

Radio Station WQBA, 731 So. 2d 638, 644-45 (Fla. 1999).

       The LEO Bill of Rights affords law enforcement officers and correctional

officers various rights when the officer is subject to an investigation by his or her

agency that could result in disciplinary action. See § 112.532, Fla. Stat. The rights

include the right to be informed of the nature of the investigation and the evidence

against the officer before any interrogation; the right to counsel during any

interrogation; the right to be notified of the reasons for any disciplinary action

before it is imposed; the right to a transcript of any interrogation; the right to a

complete copy of the investigatory file; and the right to address the findings in the

investigatory report with the agency before the disciplinary action is imposed. See

§§ 112.532(1)(d), (1)(g), (1)(i), (4)(a), (4)(b), Fla. Stat. Additionally, the LEO Bill

of Rights prescribes the conditions under which any interrogation of the officer

must be conducted, including limitations on the time, place, manner, and length of

the interrogation, and restrictions on the interrogation techniques.          See §§

112.532(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(c), (1)(e), (1)(f), Fla. Stat.

       Prior to 2009, a law enforcement officer or correctional officer who was

injured by his or her employing agency’s failure to comply with the LEO Bill of

                                             8
Rights could petition the circuit court for an injunction to “restrain and enjoin such

violation” and to “compel the performance of the duties imposed by [the LEO Bill

of Rights].” § 112.534(1), Fla. Stat. (2008). Effective July 1, 2009, this broad

judicial remedy was replaced with a multi-step process culminating in a

“compliance review hearing” before an administrative panel with the authority to

award only limited relief: removal of the investigator from further involvement

with the investigation of the officer.     See Ch. 2009-200, § 3, Laws of Fla.

(amending section 112.534).

                A. Availability of a Compliance Review Hearing
                     After the Investigation is Complete

      The first issue in this appeal is whether compliance review hearings are

available to review alleged intentional violations of the LEO Bill of Rights

occurring after the investigation is complete and the agency notifies the officer of

the proposed disciplinary action. Our analysis of this issue begins, and ends, with

the plain language of section 112.534, which provides in pertinent part:

       (1) If any law enforcement agency or correctional agency, including
      investigators in its internal affairs or professional standards division,
      or an assigned investigating supervisor, intentionally fails to comply
      with the requirements of this part, the following procedures apply. . . .

       (a) The law enforcement officer or correctional officer shall advise
      the investigator of the intentional violation of the requirements of this
      part which is alleged to have occurred. The officer's notice of
      violation is sufficient to notify the investigator of the requirements of
      this part which are alleged to have been violated and the factual basis
      of each violation.
                                          9
 (b) If the investigator fails to cure the violation or continues the
violation after being notified by the law enforcement officer or
correctional officer, the officer shall request the agency head or his or
her designee be informed of the alleged intentional violation. Once
this request is made, the interview of the officer shall cease, and the
officer's refusal to respond to further investigative questions does not
constitute insubordination or any similar type of policy violation.

 (c) Thereafter, within 3 working days, a written notice of violation
and request for a compliance review hearing shall be filed with the
agency head or designee which must contain sufficient information to
identify the requirements of this part which are alleged to have been
violated and the factual basis of each violation. All evidence related to
the investigation must be preserved for review and presentation at the
compliance review hearing. For purposes of confidentiality, the
compliance review panel hearing shall be considered part of the
original investigation.

  (d) Unless otherwise remedied by the agency before the hearing, a
compliance review hearing must be conducted within 10 working
days after the request for a compliance review hearing is filed, unless,
by mutual agreement of the officer and agency or for extraordinary
reasons, an alternate date is chosen. The panel shall review the
circumstances and facts surrounding the alleged intentional violation.
. . . . The compliance review hearing shall be conducted in the county
in which the officer works.

 (e) It is the responsibility of the compliance review panel to
determine whether or not the investigator or agency intentionally
violated the requirements provided under this part. It may hear
evidence, review relevant documents, and hear argument before
making such a determination; however, all evidence received shall be
strictly limited to the allegation under consideration and may not be
related to the disciplinary charges pending against the officer. The
investigative materials are considered confidential for purposes of the
compliance review hearing and determination.

 (f) The officer bears the burden of proof to establish that the
violation of this part was intentional. The standard of proof for such a
                                   10
      determination is by a preponderance of the evidence. The
      determination of the panel must be made at the conclusion of the
      hearing, in writing, and filed with the agency head and the officer.

       (g) If the alleged violation is sustained as intentional by the
      compliance review panel, the agency head shall immediately remove
      the investigator from any further involvement with the investigation
      of the officer. Additionally, the agency head shall direct an
      investigation be initiated against the investigator determined to have
      intentionally violated the requirements provided under this part for
      purposes of agency disciplinary action. If that investigation is
      sustained, the sustained allegations against the investigator shall be
      forwarded to the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission
      for review as an act of official misconduct or misuse of position.

§ 112.534(1), Fla. Stat.

      This statutory language is clear, and the procedure provided in the statute is

straightforward. First, under paragraph (a), the officer under investigation must

advise the investigator of the alleged intentional violation of the LEO Bill of

Rights.    Then, if the investigator fails to cure the violation or continues the

violation, under paragraph (b), the officer must inform the agency head of the

alleged violation and the investigator must stop the interview of the officer. Next,

under paragraph (c), the officer has three days to file a written notice of violation

and request for a compliance review hearing. Finally, under paragraph (d), a

compliance review hearing must be held within 10 working days unless the

violation is remedied or the officer and the agency mutually agree to a later

hearing.

      Paragraph (e) establishes the purpose of the hearing: “to determine whether
                                         11
or not the investigator or agency intentionally violated the requirements provided

under [the LEO Bill of Rights].”        The Union contends that this paragraph

undercuts the trial court’s ruling because it clearly contemplates review of alleged

violations by the investigator or the agency.       The problem with the Union’s

argument is that it ignores the limited remedy provided in paragraph (g) – removal

of the investigator from any further involvement with the investigation of the

officer – and it would render meaningless much of the remainder of the statute, at

least with respect to alleged violations by the agency occurring after the

investigation is complete.

      For example, once the investigation is complete, it would make no sense to

require the investigator to be notified and be given an opportunity to cure the

violation. But that is what paragraph (a) requires. Likewise, the provisions of

paragraph (b) – requiring the interview to cease and providing that the failure to

respond to further investigative questions is not grounds for discipline – would

serve no purpose if the procedure in section 112.534 was construed to apply to

alleged violations occurring after the investigation is complete.

      We are obligated to give meaning to all parts of a statute and, in doing so,

we simply cannot accept the Union’s argument that a compliance review hearing is

available to review alleged violations of the LEO Bill of Rights occurring after the

investigation is complete. We recognize that, by construing section 112.534 to

                                         12
apply only to alleged violations occurring during the course of the investigation,

the scope of the remedy for violations of the LEO Bill of Rights is considerably

more limited than it was prior to 2009. This, however, is a function of the 2009

amendments to section 112.534, which replaced a broad judicial remedy with a

narrow administrative remedy. The solution to this problem – to the extent there is

one – lies with the Legislature, not the courts.

      Here, the trial court correctly concluded that Officer A was not entitled to a

compliance review hearing. By the time Officer A requested such a hearing, the

investigation of the complaint against him was complete, and the police

department had notified him of the proposed disciplinary action. At that point, a

compliance review hearing would have been a meaningless exercise because it

would not have provided any remedy for the violations alleged by Officer A.

      In reaching this conclusion, we have not overlooked Migliore v. City of

Lauderhill, 415 So. 2d 62 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), approved 431 So. 2d 986 (Fla.

1983), which can be read to support the proposition that the remedy in the prior

version of section 112.534 was not limited to alleged violations of the LEO Bill of

Rights occurring during the investigation. Specifically, the court observed that:

             This section [section 112.534, Florida Statutes (1981)]
             operates only to immediately restrain violation of the
             rights of police officers by compelling performance of
             the duties imposed by Sections 112.531 to 112.533.
             Thus, where an officer under investigation is being
             interrogated without benefit of counsel, the agency may
                                          13
             be restrained from violating his right to counsel; if an
             officer is dismissed without notice, the agency can be
             compelled to provide the proper notice; and, if an officer
             is refused review by the complaint review board, under
             appropriate circumstances, the agency can be compelled
             to grant such review.

Id. at 65. However, at the time of Migliore (and, until 2009), the remedy provided

in section 112.534 was considerably broader that it is now. Compare § 112.534,

Fla. Stat. (1981, 2008) (providing for an injunction “to restrain and enjoin”

violations of the LEO Bill of Rights and “to compel performance of the duties

imposed by [the LEO Bill of Rights]”) with § 112.534(1)(g), Fla. Stat. (2009)

(explaining that if the alleged violation is sustained by the compliance review

panel, the agency “shall immediately remove the investigator from any further

involvement with the investigation of the officer” and “direct an investigation be

initiated against the investigator”).

      We have also not overlooked the Union’s argument that, even after the

investigation is complete, the officer should be afforded a compliance review

hearing to “clear his name.” We are not persuaded, however, that the Legislature

intended the compliance review hearing to be a name-clearing hearing (as appears

to be the case with the complaint review boards under section 112.532(2)); rather,

as explained above, it is clear from an in toto reading of section 112.534 that the

exclusive purpose of the compliance review hearing is to remedy violations of the

LEO Bill of Rights occurring during the investigation by removing the investigator
                                        14
from further involvement in the case.

      Finally, we have not overlooked the dissent’s argument that section

112.534(1)(g) indicates that the compliance review hearing is intended to serve a

dual remedial purpose and that our interpretation of the statute does not give effect

to the legislative intent that investigative misconduct be dealt with appropriately,

even if first discovered after the investigation is complete. This argument is not

without support in the statutory language providing for the investigation of the

investigator; however, in our view, such an investigation is merely ancillary to the

purpose of the compliance review hearing because, unlike the removal of the

investigator, the investigation of the investigator does not “remedy” the violation

of the LEO Bill of Rights and provides no direct benefit to the officer under

investigation. Moreover, limiting the availability of compliance review hearings to

alleged violations arising during an investigation does not insulate investigative

misconduct from review because, as acknowledged by the City at oral argument,

nothing precludes an officer who is the subject of an alleged violation occurring

after the investigation is complete from filing an internal affairs complaint against

the investigator or agency official who committed the violation.         See also §

943.1395(6)(a), Fla. Stat. (providing that the Criminal Justice Standards and

Training Commission may investigate “verifiable complaints” against certified

officers made to the commission).

                                         15
           B. Availability of a Compliance Review Hearing When the
               Investigation Arises Out of an Internal Complaint

       The second issue in this appeal is whether compliance review hearings are

available to review alleged intentional violations of the LEO Bill of Rights arising

in an investigation of complaint made by a person within the officer’s agency. Our

resolution of this issue begins with statutory language in sections 112.532 and

112.534, but also requires us to consider the McQuade decision relied on by the

trial court.

       Section 112.532 broadly provides, without qualification or exemption,4 that

the rights listed in that statute are available “whenever a law enforcement officer or

correctional officer is under investigation . . . for any reason.” § 112.532(1), Fla.

Stat. (emphasis added). This language is clear and unambiguous and cannot be

reasonably construed to support the proposition that all of the rights afforded by

the LEO Bill of Rights are limited to investigations arising out of external

complaints.

       Likewise, nothing in section 112.534 ties the availability of a compliance

review hearing to the source of the complaint. Instead, the statute provides a

remedy when an agency or investigator “fails to comply with the requirements of

4
  See Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 90-65 (1990) (observing that section 112.532(1)
“contains no qualifications or exemptions from the requirement that the rights
contained in s. 112.532, F.S. apply to any interrogation of a police officer by
members of his agency if the investigation could lead to disciplinary action,
demotion, or dismissal of the officer.”).
                                          16
[the LEO Bill of Rights].” § 112.534(1), Fla. Stat. Although courts have held that

some portions of the LEO Bill of Rights apply only to external complaints, 5 it

would make no sense to construe section 112.534 to provide for compliance review

hearings only to remedy alleged violations arising out of investigations of external

complaints because the source of the complaint has no bearing on most of the

rights afforded by the LEO Bill of Rights. See, e.g., § 112.532(1) (rights during

interrogation), (4) (right to advance notice of disciplinary action), (5) (protection

against retaliation), Fla. Stat.; § 112.533(2) (confidentiality of complaints),6 (3)

(right to inspect personnel file), Fla. Stat.

       Having interpreted the applicable statutes, our analysis would typically end

here. But, because the trial court construed this court’s decision in McQuade to

stand for the proposition that “[t]he LEO Bill of Rights is not applicable to

complaints that arise internally to a law enforcement agency,” our analysis would

not be complete without considering that decision.

       McQuade was an appeal of a final order of the Public Employees Relations


5
   See McQuade, 51 So. 3d at 494 (holding that the 180-day period in section
112.532(6)(a) does not apply to internal complaints); Migliore, 415 So. 2d at 64
(holding that the purpose of the complaint review boards in section 112.532(2) is
to provide the officer a means to vindicate his actions and reputations against
claims made by persons outside the officer’s agency).
6
   See Op. Att’y Gen. 83-90 (1983) (concluding that the statute providing for
confidentiality of complaints against law enforcement officers and correctional
officers applies to complaints filed by anyone, “whether that person is a member of
the public or another agency or the employing agency”).
                                          17
Commission (PERC) dismissing an appeal filed by a correctional officer after he

was fired by the Department of Corrections as a result of a complaint made by

another correctional officer. See 51 So. 3d at 491. The officer argued that the

Department was barred from taking disciplinary action against him because, in

violation of section 112.532(6)(a), Florida Statutes (2008), more than 180 days

passed between the date of the complaint and his firing. Id. PERC rejected this

argument and dismissed the officer’s appeal. Id. Upon review of the dismissal

order, this court affirmed PERC’s conclusion that the 180-day period in section

112.532(6)(a) does not apply to internal complaints. Id. at 490, 495. This holding

was based largely on the Fourth District’s decision Migliore, which was adopted

verbatim by the Florida Supreme Court. Id. at 493-94.

      The issue in Migliore was whether the purpose of the complaint review

boards provided for in section 112.532(2), Florida Statutes (1981), was to review

disciplinary action against a law enforcement officer. See 415 So. 2d at 64. The

court explained that the only statute providing a possible explanation of the

function of the boards is section 112.533, Florida Statutes (1981), which requires

each law enforcement agency to have a system to investigate and determine

“complaints received by such employing agency.” Id. Based on this language, the

Migliore court concluded that the purpose of the complaint review boards is to

“provide[e] a law enforcement officer with a means of vindicating his actions and

                                       18
his reputation against unjust and unjustified claims made against him by persons

outside the agency which employs him.” Id. (emphasis added). Accord Op. Att’y

Gen. Fla. 86-91 (1986) (explaining that complaint review boards are advisory, not

adjudicatory, in nature and are “to be utilized for the disposition of complaints

made by persons outside of the law enforcement or correctional officer’s agency

and not for review of disciplinary action against law enforcement officers”).

      McQuade reasoned that the 180-day period in section 112.532(6)(a), Florida

Statutes (2008), does not apply to internal complaints because the period is

triggered by the receipt of a complaint and “[t]he Migliore court concluded that a

law enforcement’s ‘receipt’ of a complaint, as that language was used in section

112.534,[7] Florida Statutes (1981), meant its receipt of a complaint from a person

outside the agency.” Id. at 494-95.8 The court also explained that PERC lacked


7
   This reference to section 112.534 is an apparent scrivener’s error because the
Migliore court was construing the phrase “complaints received by such employing
agency” in section 112.533. See 415 So. 2d at 64.
8
    We recognize that McQuade’s reliance on Migliore for this proposition is
inconsistent with several opinions in which the Attorney General relied on
statutory amendments adopted after Migliore to conclude that the language in
section 112.533 referring to the receipt of complaints applies to both internal and
external complaints. See Op. Att’y Gen. 2000-64 (2000); Op. Att’y Gen. 93-61
(1993); Op. Att’y Gen. 83-90 (1983); see also Mullins v. Dep’t of Law
Enforcement, 942 So. 2d 998, 1001 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (citing Attorney General
Opinion 93-61 for the proposition that the LEO Bill of Rights applies to both
internal and external complaints). However, the amendments referred to by the
Attorney General did not modify the specific statutory language relied upon by the
court in Migliore. Compare § 112.533, Fla. Stat. (1981) (“Every agency
employing law enforcement officers shall establish and put into operation a system
                                         19
jurisdiction to enforce the LEO Bill of Rights because the “enforcement of its

provisions is to be accomplished [under section 112.534(1), Florida Statutes

(2008)] through the circuit court, rather than [PERC].” Id. at 494.

      Contrary to the City’s argument in this appeal, McQuade did not hold that

the entire LEO Bill of Rights is inapplicable to internal complaints. It merely held

that the 180-day period in section 112.532(6)(a), Florida Statutes (2008), does not

apply to internal complaints. Moreover, because McQuade involved an internal

complaint, the fact that the court also stated that the remedy in section 112.534,

Florida Statutes (2008), was available to the officer undercuts the trial court’s

broad reading of the decision. Indeed, the opinion would be internally inconsistent

if it, on one hand, it is read to hold that the LEO Bill of Rights is inapplicable to

internal complaints but, on the other hand, it explained that the remedy in section

112.534, Florida Statutes (2008), was available to the officer in that case who was

the subject of an internal complaint.

      We recognize that the McQuade court stated that “Migliore has been cited

for receipt, investigation, and determination of complaints received by such
employing agency from any person.”) (emphasis added) with § 112.533(1)(a), Fla.
Stattute (2009) (“Every law enforcement agency and correctional agency shall
establish and put into operation a system for the receipt, investigation, and
determination of complaints received by such agency from any person, which shall
be the procedure for investigating a complaint a law enforcement and correctional
officer and for determining whether to proceed with disciplinary action or to file
disciplinary charges . . . .”) (emphasis added); see also McQuade, 51 So. 3d at 494
(noting that the pertinent statutory language construed in that case “is not
materially distinguishable” from the statute construed in Migliore);
                                          20
broadly for the proposition that the LEO Bill of Rights does not apply to

investigations initiated by a complaint that originates from within the agency that

employs the officer under investigation.” Id. at 493 (citing Kelly v. Gill, 544 So.

2d 1162 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989)). That, however, was not the holding of Migliore or

the Kelly case cited in McQuade for this proposition. 9

      As discussed above, the narrow issue decided in Migliore was whether the

complaint review boards provided for in section 112.532(2), Florida Statutes

(1981), had authority to review disciplinary action taken against an officer. See

415 So. 2d at 64. Although the court held that the boards’ purpose was to provide

a means for the officer to vindicate his actions and reputation against “claims made

against him by persons outside the agency which employs him,” id., the court did

not purport to limit the application of any other provision of the LEO Bill of Rights

to external complaints.    Indeed, in discussing whether the circuit court had

jurisdiction under section 112.534, Florida Statutes (1981), to review disciplinary

action against the officer, the court explained the operation of that statute without

any suggestion that the statute’s remedy was limited to external complaints. See

id. at 65 (explaining that section 112.534 “operates only to immediately restrain


9
  Although the McQuade court’s citation to Kelly was preceded by the “see, e.g.”
indicator, suggesting that there are other cases that stand for the same proposition,
our research failed to locate any other case holding that the LEO Bill of Rights
applies only when the officer is under investigation based upon an external
complaint.
                                          21
violation of the rights of police officers by compelling performance of the duties

imposed by Sections 112.531 to 112.533”).

      Likewise, the issue in Kelly was not whether the LEO Bill of Rights applies

to internal complaints. Instead, the issue was whether the LEO Bill of Rights

applied to an investigator employed by the state attorney. See 544 So. 2d at 1164.

The court held that the investigator was not covered by the LEO Bill of Rights

because he was not a law enforcement officer, as defined in section 112.531. Id. at

1165. Although the court did cite Migliore in a footnote for the proposition that “it

would appear that all of [the LEO Bill of Rights] deals specifically with

investigations, complaints, and disciplinary action as a result of claims made

against an officer by persons outside the agency [that] employs him,” id. at 1165

n.5 (emphasis in original), this statement was classic dicta because it was prefaced

by the acknowledgment that it was “not necessary to decide this appeal.” Id.

      In sum, neither McQuade, Migliore, nor Kelly stand for the broad

proposition that the LEO Bill of Rights only applies when the officer is under

investigation based upon an external complaint, and to the contrary, the plain

language of sections 112.532 and 112.534 do not limit compliance review hearings

based upon the source of the complaint. Accordingly, the trial court erred in

finding that Officer B was not entitled to compliance review hearing because he

was under investigation based upon an internal complaint.

                                         22
      Nevertheless, the trial court reached the correct result because, as was the

case with Officer A, Officer B did not request a compliance review hearing until

after the internal affairs investigation was concluded and he was notified of the

proposed disciplinary action. Furthermore, Officer B would not have been entitled

to a compliance review hearing in any event because (1) the police department’s

failure to immediately provide him a copy of the polygraph results was remedied

before the hearing was requested, see § 112.534(1)(d), Fla. Stat. (indicating that a

compliance review hearing need not be held if the alleged violation is “otherwise

remedied by the agency before the hearing”), and (2) based upon McQuade, the

police department’s alleged failure to complete its investigation of the internal

complaint against Officer B within 180 days is not a violation of the LEO Bill of

Rights.

                                 III. Conclusion

      In sum, for the reasons stated above, although the trial court erred in

determining that Officer B was not entitled to a compliance review hearing

because he was under investigation based upon an internal complaint, the court

correctly determined that neither Officer A nor Officer B was entitled to a

compliance review hearing under the circumstances of this case. Accordingly, we

affirm the final judgment.

      AFFIRMED.

                                        23
PADOVANO, J., CONCURS. MAKAR, J., CONCURS IN PART AND
DISSENTS IN PART WITH OPINION.




                         24
MAKAR, J. concurring in part, and dissenting in part.

      I concur except as to Part II(A) of the majority opinion, which holds that a

compliance review hearing is unavailable under section 112.534, Florida Statutes,

after an agency first provides an investigative report to an officer.

      At issue is the remedial scope of section 112.534, which is within the “bill of

rights” for law enforcement and correctional officers. See §§ 112.531-535, Fla.

Stat. Section 112.534 reflects an overall purpose of providing law enforcement and

correctional officers under investigation with process and remedies where “official

misconduct” is alleged against their investigators. Portions of section 112.534

support the conclusion that a key purpose of the compliance review process is to

address allegations of intentional violations by investigators discovered before an

investigative report is released and to provide a remedy, such as removing the

investigator. See § 112.534(1)(g), Fla. Stat. (“If the alleged violation is sustained as

intentional by the compliance review panel, the agency head shall immediately

remove the investigator from any further involvement with the investigation of the

officer.”). No dispute exists that officers can raise claims of investigative

misconduct prior to the time an investigative report is disclosed to them and that

removal of an investigator is available.

      Nothing in the statute’s language or structure, however, establishes a

legislative intention that the compliance review process be limited to only this

                                           25
purpose and this remedial option. Indeed, the statute provides as an additional

remedy for intentional violations that an “agency head shall direct an investigation

be initiated against the investigator determined to have intentionally violated the

requirements provided under this part for purposes of agency disciplinary action.”

If the agency’s investigation sustains the violations, the “sustained allegations

against the investigator shall be forwarded to the Criminal Justice Standards and

Training Commission for review as an act of official misconduct or misuse of

position.” Id. This additional remedy reflects a legislative intent that confirmed

investigative misconduct be dealt with appropriately, even if first discovered upon

issuance of an investigative report.

      Had the legislature intended to limit this remedial option to only violations

discovered before an investigation is complete, it could have said so; but it has not.

Missing from the legislative mandate that a compliance review panel “shall review

the circumstances and facts surrounding the alleged intentional violation,” see

§ 112.534(1)(d), is statutory language saying that such review may occur only if

“the violation was discovered and alleged during the investigation.” No such

limitation exists. Instead, the language of section 112.534, read in conjunction with

the remainder of the bill of rights, does not prohibit an officer, who first learns of

possible investigative misconduct in such a report, from seeking a compliance

review hearing even though the investigative work is deemed complete at that

                                         26
point. Because investigations may be continued or reopened under section

112.532(6)(b) if new evidence is discovered, drawing a judicial line at too early a

point could have the unintended effect of depriving officers of remedies

prematurely in some instances.

      Given the statute’s remedial nature, the better reading of section 112.534 is

that the compliance review process is available to adjudge claims of intentional

violations if (a) they are discovered before an investigative report is released or, as

is the case here, (b) they could not be discovered prior to, but surfaced and were

promptly reported immediately after, the initial release of the investigative reports.

The statute can serve these two remedial purposes: it can walk and chew gum at

the same time.




                                          27
