J-A18015-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 K.M.X.                                   :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                          :          PENNSYLVANIA
                    Appellant             :
                                          :
                                          :
              v.                          :
                                          :
                                          :
 A.N.C.                                   :     No. 323 WDA 2020

             Appeal from the Order Entered January 27, 2020
  In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Civil Division at No(s):
                           No. 1019 CD 2018


BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                        FILED AUGUST 13, 2020

      K.M.X. (Father) appeals from the order, entered January 27, 2020, that

awarded Father and A.N.C. (Mother) shared legal custody of the parties’ son,

D.M.D.C. (Child), born in March of 2017. The order also sets forth the physical

custody arrangements, which are extensive due to the parties’ present

residences with Mother located in the state of Washington and Father living in

Pennsylvania. After review, we affirm.

      In its opinion and order issued on January 27, 2020, the trial court

provided information on the procedural history of this case and a list of

findings of fact. This matter began in Pennsylvania when Father filed a petition

for contempt against Mother on December 27, 2018. A short time later, Father

filed a petition for emergency custody.       By that time, the trial court here

assumed jurisdiction and deemed Father’s filings to be a petition to modify

custody.   Mother responded by filing preliminary objections, asserting that
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Washington, not Pennsylvania, had jurisdiction. After consultation with the

court in Washington, that court relinquished jurisdiction and Mother’s

preliminary objections were dismissed. A conference and mediation ensued,

ending without an agreement. Trial was held on November 22, 2019, and

resulted in the opinion and order presently on appeal.

      In its findings, the trial court stated that Father lived in Port Allegany,

Pennsylvania, with his older son and Child, when Child is in his custody.

Mother resided in Tacoma, Washington, with her maternal grandparents and

Child, when Child is in her custody. The court noted that for a short time in

2018, she lived with Father and then in an apartment nearby. The trial court’s

opinion then set forth the following findings:

      4. Child was born out of wedlock.

      5. Under the current custody order dated December 29, 2017[,]
      the parties share legal custody[,] and physical custody is split
      between Mother and Father. Child is scheduled to live with Mother
      except when residing with Father. Father is permitted one full
      week with Child, per visit, upon giving advance notice of at least
      30 days. Father is also to have Child from June 20th to August
      15th, Father’s Day, Thanksgiving in odd numbered years[,]
      Christmas in even numbered years and on Child’s birthday in even
      numbered years. The parties have not been follow[ing] this
      parenting plan (court order) since at least April 2018.

      6. Father is a disabled veteran. He receives monthly disability
      payments from the military. His monthly income is approximately
      $3,000.

      7. Mother works at Johnny[’]s at Fife. Her work hours are
      Wednesday/Thursday[]11 a.m. to 6 p.m., Friday 3 p.m. to 9
      p.m.[,] Saturday and Sunday 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Her monthly
      income is approximately $1,000.


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     8. Father was charged with negligent driving (DUI) in 2015.

     9. Mother was charged with several motor vehicle violations in
     January 2018 including Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol.
     She was placed on electronic home monitoring with alcohol sensor
     for 15 days and ordered to pay fines and costs. She completed
     her sentence on April 30, 2019.

     10. Mother and Father live approximately 2200 miles apart.

     11. Mother has extended family living in and around Tacoma
     including her mother, a sister, a brother, grandparents and
     numerous nieces and nephews[.] Mother has a boyfriend with
     whom she does not live but occasionally spends overnights.

     12. Mother appears to be in good physical and mental health.
     Mother has smoked marijuana and abused alcohol. She reports
     that she is no longer doing so. She is 27 years old.

     13. Father has extended family living in and around Port Allegany
     including a brother and many nieces and nephews.

     14. Father appears to be in good physical and mental health.
     Notwithstanding, Father has been diagnosed with PTSD. He
     receives    treatment    when    needed    from    the    Veterans
     Administration. He has used marijuana and abused alcohol. He
     states that he is no longer doing so. He is 40 years old.

     15. Child has a paternal half-brother, [D.], age 11. Father and
     others report that Child and his half-b[r]other are very close.

     16. Father had difficulty coping with life after leaving the military.
     He reports that he drank to excess, still to this day does not sleep
     well and has not been in a steady relationship. He left Washington
     to be near family in Pennsylvania.

     17. Mother has not been without her own problems. Not until
     recently did she begin making wise decisions regarding her
     lifestyle. She was in an abusive relationship. She has used
     alcohol as a coping mechanism. She followed Father with Child to
     Pennsylvania with hope they could be a family for sake of Child.
     Regrettably[,] things did not work out and Mother chose to return
     to Washington.


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Trial Court Opinion and Order (TCOO), 1/27/20, at 3-4.

        In addition to stating its findings of fact and identifying a list of witnesses

and exhibits presented at trial by the parties, the court considered all sixteen

factors that are set forth at 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).1 The court then concluded
____________________________________________


1   Specifically, 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) states:

        (a) Factors.--In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
        determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
        factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
        affect the safety of the child, including the following:

              (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
              frequent and continuing contact between the child and
              another party.

              (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party
              or member of the party’s household, whether there is
              a continued risk of harm to the child or an abused
              party and which party can better provide adequate
              physical safeguards and supervision of the child.

              (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)
              (relating to consideration of child abuse and
              involvement with protective services).

              (3) The parental duties performed by each party on
              behalf of the child.

              (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
              education, family life and community life.

              (5) The availability of extended family.

              (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

              (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based
              on the child’s maturity and judgment.



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that “there is no compelling reason to award one parent substantially more

custodial time than the other.” TCOO at 12. In its order, the court directed

each party to have custody of Child for ten-week periods until the time Child

____________________________________________




              (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against
              the other parent, except in cases of domestic violence
              where reasonable safety measures are necessary to
              protect the child from harm.

              (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving,
              stable, consistent and nurturing relationship with the
              child adequate for the child’s emotional needs.

              (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
              physical, emotional, developmental, educational and
              special needs of the child.

              (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

              (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or
              ability to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

              (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
              willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with
              one another. A party’s effort to protect a child from
              abuse by another party is not evidence of
              unwillingness or inability to cooperate with that party.

              (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
              member of a party’s household.

              (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
              member of a party’s household.

              (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).



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attains school age and, thereafter, they should comply with their 2017

parenting agreement. The court also allowed for either parent to travel to the

custodial parent’s home city and exercise partial custody for up to five days

with a two-week notice given. Additionally, the court included in its order

directions as to travel involving the exchange of custody and the cost of such

travel.   The order further included liberal arrangements for regular

communication between Child and the non-custodial parent.

      Father filed a timely notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal containing nine alleged errors. However, Father’s

brief lists only the following three issues:

      Whether the trial court abused its discretion and erred as a matter
      of law by applying a policy of the trial court in favor of shared
      custody on a substantially equal basis absent evidence warranting
      deviation therefrom?

      Whether the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions regarding
      the sixteen custody factors were unreasonable in light of the
      evidence presented?

      Whether the trial court abused its discretion and erred as a matter
      of law in its application of the [sixteen] custody factors and in
      awarding physical custody in a manner that is not in the child’s
      best interest?

Father’s brief at 6-7.

      We address Father’s claims mindful of our well-settled standard of

review.

      In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
      and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
      of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
      record, as our role does not include making independent factual

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      determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility
      and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial
      judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.
      However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
      inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
      the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
      evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
      court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
      light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.

V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193, 1197 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations omitted).

Furthermore, we note that:

            The discretion that a trial court employs in custody
            matters should be accorded the utmost respect, given
            the special nature of the proceeding and the lasting
            impact the result will have on the lives of the parties
            concerned. Indeed, the knowledge gained by a trial
            court in observing witnesses in a custody proceeding
            cannot adequately be imparted to an appellate court
            by a printed record.

      Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa. Super. 2006)
      (quoting Jackson v. Beck, 858 A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa. Super.
      2004)).

A.H. v. C.M., 58 A.3d 823, 825 (Pa. Super. 2012). Moreover, “[w]hen a trial

court orders a form of custody, the best interest of the child is paramount.”

S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 400 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).

      In regard to his first issue, Father asserts that the trial court erred in

basing its custody decision on the “‘norm’ and ‘policy’ in favor of substantially

equal parental custody[,]” Father’s brief at 39, rather than on its

determinations relating to the sixteen custody factors listed in 23 Pa.C.S. §

5328. Father emphasizes the introduction to section 5328, which provides

that “the court shall determine the best interest of the child by considering all

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relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which affect

the safety of the child….” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328. In response to this argument,

the trial court stated:

             In his 4th fourth error complained of[,] Father asserts that
      the trial [c]ourt abused its discretion and erred as a matter of law
      by applying a policy “to award parents equal custody time” rather
      than the best interests of the child. The trial [c]ourt did not do as
      Father suggests. Father has taken the [c]ourt’s pronouncement
      out of context and the trial [c]ourt concedes that its[] choice of
      words could have been better. It is the policy of the trial [c]ourt
      to award custody on a substantially equal basis when after
      considering the factors enumerated in the Custody Act[] there is
      no compelling reason to treat the parties’ custody time differently.
      Neither parent has a presumption in their favor [indicating] that
      custody be awarded equally. 23 Pa.C.S. § 5327(a). The trial
      [c]ourt considered all the custody factors found at 23 Pa.C.S. §
      5328(a) in making its determination to award [C]hild’s parents
      substantially equal custody time.

             Father and the trial [c]ourt do not agree on what is in Child’s
      best interests. For Child to properly maintain his bond with each
      parent[,] he must have a meaningful relationship with each of
      them. This can best be achieved by Child spending significant
      time with both parents. Father wishes to marginalize Child’s
      relationship with Mother. He asserts that it is in Child’s best
      interest that Child lives primarily with him. He proposed that
      Mother have only two (2) to three (3) visits with Child each year
      lasting not more than 10 days in her home state of Washington.
      Additionally, he offered Mother custody time in Father’s home
      community of Port Allegany knowing that it was not feasible for
      Mother to exercise such time. Mother on the other hand proposed
      that she and Father exchange custody on a quarterly basis.

Trial Court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion (TCO), 4/14/20, at 7-8. Father has

not convinced this Court that the trial court did not follow the dictates of

section 5328. The trial court explained the basis for its decision and has not




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erred or abused its discretion in constructing the custody arrangements.

Father’s first issue does not provide him with any relief.

      The main thrust of Father’s arguments relevant to his second and third

issues center on his contention that the trial court did not accurately assess

the evidence presented and, therefore, could not have arrived at a

substantially equal shared custody arrangement.       Specifically, Father cites

Mother’s alcohol and drug abuse, her paramour’s history of assaultive

behavior, and her attempts to move Child to Washington unilaterally. Father

also mentions evidence presented at trial dealing with Mother’s employment

history, her residency, the availability of both parents to care for Child,

Mother’s past sexual abuse of a child, the parties’ use of video calls, Child’s

sibling relationship with his half-brother, and the conflict between the parties.

Essentially, Father cites evidence in a manner that is most favorable to him.

      However, based upon our review of the record, we conclude that the

trial court considered all relevant factors. We also note that its findings are

supported by the record. Father is basically requesting that we reject the trial

court’s findings and credibility determinations and accept the findings he

proposes. We cannot do so. Rather,

      [w]e must accept findings of the trial court that are supported by
      competent evidence of record, as our role does not include making
      independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to
      issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to
      the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses
      first-hand.




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J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 650 (Pa. Super. 2011). Moreover, we recognize

that this must have been a difficult decision for the trial court in that each

parent loves Child and wants to develop a strong and caring relationship with

Child.     As this Court has stated, “the test is whether the trial court’s

conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the evidence of record.” E.D. v.

M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 76 (Pa. Super. 2011). Because we do not determine that

the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable in light of the sustainable

findings, which are based upon the evidence presented, we are compelled to

affirm the trial court’s decision. Father has not convinced us otherwise.

         Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/13/2020




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