Opinion issued October 17, 2013




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                              NO. 01-10-00529-CV
                           ———————————
   THE PETERSON GROUP, INC., PGI DEVELOPMENT GROUP, L.P.,
              AND WELLINGTON YU, Appellants
                                       V.
    PLTQ LOTUS GROUP, L.P. AND CUBO GROUP, L.L.C., Appellees



                   On Appeal from the 152nd District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2006-36672


                           DISSENTING OPINION

      I respectfully dissent. This case presents important issues regarding the

economic loss doctrine and alter ego theory. The majority’s holdings (1) seriously

undermine the economic loss doctrine by permitting the double recovery of
damages in both fraud and contract for losses expressly covered by the terms of the

contract and (2) radically change Texas alter-ego law by holding that alter-ego

theory does not apply to pierce the corporate veil shielding a person or entity from

liability through corporate entities formed as mere business conduits so long as the

entity in which liability is ultimately lodged is a phantom limited partnership. I

would restate the facts to encompass facts omitted by the majority that I believe are

material to the proper disposition of this case, and I would restate the law. I would

affirm in part and reverse in part on different grounds from those asserted by the

majority, and I would remand the case to the trial court for proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

      This is an appeal from a judgment after a jury trial in a case arising from two

real estate transactions.   Appellants, the Peterson Group, Inc. (“the Peterson

Group”), PGI Development Group, LP (“PGI”), and Wellington Yu (collectively,

“the Developers”), sued appellees, PLTQ Lotus Group, L.P. and Cubo Group,

L.L.C. (collectively, “PLTQ”), for money due under a purchase agreement, a

promissory note, and a real estate development agreement. PLTQ argued that it

had fully satisfied its debts to the Developers and countersued for breach of the

development agreement and fraud in connection with the real estate development

project. PLTQ also argued that the Peterson Group and Yu were alter egos of PGI,

the limited partnership that was party to the development agreement.

                                         2
      The jury found for PLTQ and against the Peterson Group and Yu on PLTQ’s

fraud claim. The jury also found for PLTQ against PGI on PLTQ’s breach of

contract claim. After multiple post-trial motions, the trial court issued a final

judgment on the verdict. The court also found in the judgment, after various

rulings before and after trial, in which it vacillated on the issue, that the Peterson

Group and Yu were alter egos of PGI. The court awarded damages found by the

jury against the Peterson Group and Yu on PLTQ’s fraud cause of action, plus pre-

and post-judgment interest. The Peterson Group and Yu were also held jointly

liable with PGI as alter egos of PGI on PLTQ’s breach of contract claim against

PGI, and they were held liable for pre- and post-judgment interest on that claim.

Finally, the trial court awarded PLTQ its attorney’s fees in a stipulated amount.

      In five issues, the Developers: (1) challenge the trial court’s ruling that the

Peterson Group and Yu are alter egos of PGI; (2) challenge the trial court’s award

of attorney’s fees against the Peterson Group and Yu; (3) argue that PLTQ’s fraud

claim is barred by the economic loss rule; (4) argue, alternatively, that PLTQ was

required to elect a remedy between fraud and breach of contract; and (5) contend

that the trial court should have granted their motion for judgment notwithstanding

the verdict (“JNOV”) as to breach-of-contract damages for lost tenant rent because

such damages were too speculative to have been awarded.




                                          3
      Contrary to the majority, I would hold that PLTQ’s fraud claim is barred by

the economic loss rule. I would also hold that, although the trial court erred by

failing to require PLTQ to elect a remedy between fraud and breach of contract,

that issue is moot. I would further hold that the damages awarded PLTQ for lost

tenant rent were speculative and, therefore, not recoverable. I would reverse the

trial court’s judgment as to the foregoing claims and as to pre- and post-judgment

interest on them. I would affirm the unchallenged judgment as to PLTQ’s other

contract claims against PGI, and I would affirm the trial court’s finding in the final

judgment that the Peterson Group and Yu are alter egos of PGI and therefore liable

for payment of damages awarded to PLTQ on PLTQ’s contract claims. Finding

PLTQ’s fraud and contract claims to be inextricably intertwined, I would also

affirm the trial court’s award of stipulated attorney’s fees to PLTQ. Accordingly,

I would affirm the judgment in part and reverse in part and remand the case for

further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

                                    Background

      In the spring of 2003, Dr. Loi Nguyen, a practicing cardiologist, formed

PLTQ Lotus Group, L.P., for the purpose of investing in and developing real

estate. Cubo Group, LLC is the general partner of PLTQ Lotus Group, and

Nguyen is the president of Cubo Group. Nguyen purchased land in Houston with a

loan from First Bank with the intention of building a medical center where his

                                          4
office would be located. Jaclyn Nguyen, Nguyen’s former wife and a real estate

agent, introduced Nguyen to Yu. Yu is a real estate developer who develops

shopping centers in the Houston suburbs. Yu conducts his real-estate development

work primarily through his company, the Peterson Group.

      Yu persuaded Nguyen to purchase two additional acres adjoining the land

Nguyen had already purchased for the medical center and to develop the land

instead as a shopping center. Yu arranged for Nguyen to obtain a construction loan

from Metro Bank, which was used to satisfy Nguyen’s loan from First Bank for the

purchase of the property and to fund the purchase of the additional two acres. The

Metro Bank loan was also to cover the cost of developing the property into a

shopping center, which Yu and Nguyen called the Royal Oaks Shopping Center

(“the Project”).   Pursuant to the Metro Bank loan, Nguyen maintained a

construction account at Metro Bank to fund construction of the Project.

   1. The Royal Oaks Development Agreement

      In February 2004, Yu formed a special purpose limited partnership, PGI, for

the sole purpose of developing the Royal Oaks Shopping Center. He also formed

Peterson I Realty GP, Inc. (“Peterson I Realty”) to be the general partner of PGI.

Peterson I Realty filed articles of incorporation on February 4, 2004. Yu was the

sole director. PGI filed a certificate of limited partnership on February 27, 2004,

designating Peterson I Realty as its general partner. Yu signed the certificate of

                                         5
limited partnership as the president; no person or entity was identified as a limited

partner. Yu is, thus, the sole partner and employee of PGI, the special purpose

entity he formed to develop the Project; the sole shareholder and president of

Peterson I Realty, which he formed to be the general partner of PGI; and the sole

shareholder, president, and employee of the Peterson Group, his development

company. The Peterson Group has an office, and Yu works there for both the

Peterson Group and PGI. PGI has no office or bank account of its own.

      The Peterson Group and PLTQ entered into a development agreement for

development of the Royal Oaks Shopping Center on November 13, 2003. This

one-page agreement established that the Peterson Group, as the developer, would

be responsible for the following activities:

      1.   Negotiate the purchase of the Land
      2.   Designing/engineering/Obtaining construction permits
      3.   Leasing of shopping center
      4.   Construction
      5.   Assist in obtaining bank loan financing
      6.   Accounting on the cost of the project
      7.   Oversee Tenant move-in and construction

PLTQ was to be responsible for “pay[ing] all costs associate[d] with the

development activity on a timely basis” and for “compensat[ing] the developer,

Peterson Group, [with a] development fee of $250,000 for Phase I and $400,000

for Phase II,” in five installments beginning with a 20% payment at the start of the




                                          6
construction. The contract was signed by Nguyen as president of PLTQ and Yu as

president of the Peterson Group.

      The next day, Yu and Nguyen signed a second development agreement for

the Project (“the Royal Oaks Development Agreement”).             This contract was

between PLTQ Lotus Group, identified as “the ‘Client,’” and PGI, identified as

“the ‘Developer.’” This agreement, which was entered into on the advice of Yu’s

attorney, more thoroughly described the Developer’s duties and replaced the

Peterson Group with PGI as the Developer.            By its terms, this agreement

superseded the development agreement of the previous day.

      Paragraph 2(a) of the Royal Oaks Development Agreement provided that

PGI would: (i) research local market conditions; (ii) perform due diligence

regarding utilities, accessories, and zoning for the Project; (iii) advise PLTQ on

due diligence for the property associated with the Project, supervise its acquisition,

and obtain financing for the Project; (iv) apply for and obtain all necessary permits

and licenses; (v) engage, at the expense of PLTQ, all architects, contractors,

engineers, designers, and other professionals deemed necessary or appropriate by

PGI for the “design, construction, and development of the Project”; (vi) negotiate

and enter into, on behalf of and in the name of PLTQ, “all contracts and other

agreements (including loan documents, which shall be executed only by the Client)

necessary or desirable for the design, construction, and development of the

                                          7
Project”; (vii) cause the architect to prepare plans and specifications to be

approved by PLTQ; (viii) “provide a plan for completion of various portions of the

work”; (ix) prepare and submit to PLTQ an estimate of expenditures at least every

sixty days; (x) review invoices from contractors to verify completion of the work

and delivery of materials; (xi) purchase, in the name of PLTQ and at its expense,

“all furnishings, fixtures, and equipment for the Project and supervise its

installation”; and (xii) “[p]repare and submit all draw requests copies of which

shall be provided to and approved by the Client [PLTQ] to the lender of the

construction loan for the Project [Metro Bank] and receive the funds advanced

thereunder and deposit such funds in an account established and maintained by the

client at a bank designated” by PLTQ.

      Paragraph 2(b) of the Royal Oaks Development Agreement provided for

PGI to oversee the leasing of the Project. Paragraph 2(c) provided that PGI would

“[o]versee the construction of tenant improvements and tenant move-in in

connection with the initial leasing of any space in the Project.” Paragraph 2(d)

provided that PGI would advise PLTQ promptly of material developments

concerning design, construction, and financing. Paragraph 2(e) provided for PGI

to “[d]o all other things, in the name of and at the expense of [PLTQ] necessary or

desirable   in   the   reasonable    judgment     of   Developer   to   cause   ‘final

completion’ . . . of the Project to occur.”

                                              8
      Paragraph 3 of the Royal Oaks Development Agreement granted PGI “all

authority necessary to carry out its responsibilities under this Agreement” and

required PLTQ to provide such written confirmation of that authority at PGI’s

request, except that PGI was not authorized to “take any action to cause [PLTQ] to

incur any indebtedness” or to take any action to cause PLTQ to sell all or part of

the property associated with the Project.

      Paragraph 4 provided for the payment of the Development Fee in

installments in the amount of $250,000 for Phase I and $400,000 for Phase II.

Paragraph 6 affirmed that this was an “arm’s length” transaction and that a

professional standard of care in accordance with community standards applied.

The Royal Oaks Development Agreement also included a limitation of liability

provision:

      8. Limitation of Liability.          No member, manager, officer,
         stockholder, employee, agent or representative of the Client
         [PLTQ] shall be personally liable hereunder, all such liability
         being limited to the assets of the client. No member, manager,
         officer, stockholder, employee, agent or representative of the
         Developer [PGI] shall be personally liable hereunder, all such
         liability being limited to the assets of the Developer [PGI].

(Emphasis added.)

      This contract was executed on behalf of PLTQ by Nguyen, identified in the

signature block as president of Cubo Group, the general partner of PLTQ, and on




                                            9
behalf of PGI by Peterson I Realty, the general partner of PGI. Yu signed for

Peterson I Realty as its president.

   2. Amendment to the Royal Oaks Development Agreement II

      Yu began developing the Royal Oaks Shopping Center. By the summer of

2004, he had become frustrated with both Nguyen’s unavailability and the Royal

Oaks Project itself, which Yu felt was occupying too much of his time at the

expense of his own development projects.

      In June 2004, the parties signed an “Amendment to Development

Agreement” (“the Amendment”) in the same capacities as before.                 The

Development Fee was increased to the lesser of $770,000 or 11% of the total

project cost. The amendment also provided that PLTQ would add Yu as an

authorized signatory for the Project’s disbursement account at Metro Bank, and it

authorized Yu to pay reasonable and necessary development costs from the

account “including, without limitation, the Development Fee.” It further provided

for PLTQ to indemnify Yu, PGI, and Peterson I Realty for any liabilities, costs, or

expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred as a result of any actions taken by

PGI pursuant to the authority granted in the Royal Oaks Development Agreement.

      Specifically, the Amendment provided:

      As soon as practicable following the execution of this Agreement,
      Client [PLTQ] shall cause Wellington D. Yu to be added as an
      authorized signatory for the Project’s disbursement account with
      Metro Bank. Developer [PGI] is hereby authorized to pay from such
                                        10
      account (or any replacement account) any and all costs and expenses
      which are necessary or desirable in Developer’s reasonable
      discretion in connection with the design, development, marketing,
      and/or leasing of the Project (including, without limitation, the
      Development Fee, subject to the requirements of Section 1 above).
      Client [PLTQ] shall be solely responsible for any amounts incurred by
      Developer [PGI] pursuant to the authority granted hereunder
      (regardless of whether sufficient funds are maintained in the Project
      bank account(s)), and Client hereby agrees to indemnify, defend and
      hold harmless Developer Parties (as defined in the Development
      Agreement) from and against any and all liabilities, losses, damages,
      costs or expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) incurred by
      any Developer Party as a result of actions taken by Developer
      pursuant to the authority granted herein. This Section 2 may be
      relied on by any third party as evidence of Developer’s authority to
      incur costs in connection with the Project at Owner’s expense as set
      forth above.

(Emphasis added.) The “Developer Parties” referenced in the Amendment were

not defined in the Royal Oaks Development Agreement.

   3. The Stonegate Contract

      Shortly after Nguyen purchased the additional two acres for the Royal Oaks

Project, Yu showed Nguyen some land that he was developing as a strip center

near Stonegate Commons, a residential development on the northwest side of

Houston near Barker-Cypress and Highway 290. Yu owned two acres of land

there that he intended to develop, and he had a contract to purchase an additional

eight acres adjacent to the land. Yu persuaded Nguyen to buy six of those acres

after Yu assured him that they could structure the purchase agreement so that

Nguyen would not have to make a cash down payment.

                                       11
       In August 2003, Nguyen signed a purchase agreement, the “Stonegate

Contract,” which provided that the prevailing party might recover attorney’s fees

in an action to enforce or interpret the contract:

             11.15. Attorney’s Fees. If any action at law or in equity
       becomes necessary to enforce or interpret any term, provision or
       condition of this Contract, the prevailing party shall be entitled to
       recover the reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and necessary
       disbursements (including, but not limited to, expert witness fees and
       deposition costs) incurred or made by it in addition to any other relief
       to which it may become entitled.

Yu and the Peterson Group would later contend that Nguyen owed them $730,000

on this transaction.

   4. Development of the Royal Oaks Project

       In July 2004, PLTQ entered into a contract with Atlantic Builder Company

and an architect, Consolidated Architectural and Planning Service (“CAPS”), for

construction of the Royal Oaks Shopping Center. PLTQ was listed as the owner of

the property on the construction contract, and Atlantic Builder and the Peterson

Group were listed as construction managers.          D. W. Tan is an architect, the

president of CAPS, and the vice-president of Atlantic Builder. Tan testified that

his construction contract was with the Peterson Group. The Peterson Group did

not do any of the construction management work, but Tan listed it on the contract

because they had worked successfully together in the past. He had never heard of

PGI.

                                           12
      In accordance with its contractual duties under the Royal Oaks Development

Agreement, PGI worked at developing the shopping center through Yu.              It

obtained and worked with Tan’s architectural firm to design the center, with Tan’s

construction company to build it, and with a real estate broker, Jaclyn Nguyen, to

find tenants. Yu also located several tenants for the center through his personal

contacts.

      The Amendment to the Royal Oaks Development Agreement had also

provided that the Development Fee was to be taken from the construction loan. Yu

testified that Nguyen wanted him to take the Development Fee from the

construction loan because he felt the Development Fee was part of the total cost of

construction. Although Nguyen contended at trial that he was surprised by the

accounting practices employed on this project, Nguyen testified that he wanted the

Development Fee included in the construction loan. However, he learned after

signing the loan paperwork that Metro Bank would not permit that. Because the

bank did not want to include the Development Fee in the cost of the loan, Yu

marked up the cost of construction to take the fee out of the bank loan anyway. Yu

also solicited and received payments directly from Nguyen during the same time

period to cover development costs, as contemplated by the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement.




                                        13
      During construction, Tan submitted draw requests directly to Metro Bank to

obtain money from Nguyen’s construction loan. When he received money from

the bank, he would deliver it to Yu or his representative, and Yu would give him

checks for his fee and to pay the subcontractors. Tan testified that it was his and

Yu’s practice to inflate the amount of the draw requests above the actual Metro

Bank construction costs. According to Tan, the total amount of money withdrawn

from the construction loan was approximately $900,000 in excess of actual

construction costs. Tan testified that at one point, Yu asked him to prepare a false

change order to submit to the bank in order to obtain an additional $400,000 in

financing.   Although Tan knew the change order was false, he “reluctantly”

prepared it anyway.

      On March 30, 2005, Yu sent Nguyen a letter on PGI letterhead informing

him of a $633,965 shortfall in funds to satisfy the construction costs. In the letter,

Yu reminded Nguyen of his financial obligations regarding the project, stating,

“An enormous amount of time and money has been spent to date in hopes of

making this project a success, and you have made commitments to prospective

tenants and contractors (including PGI Development Group) under various project-

related leases and other contracts.” Nguyen hand wrote a note on the bottom of the

letter agreeing to contribute an additional $600,000 in three installments: April

2005, midway through construction, and upon completion of construction. The

                                         14
note roughly reflected the agreement reached in the Royal Oaks Development

Agreement that PLTQ would be responsible for paying all costs associated with

the development on a timely basis in five increments, including an initial payment

at the start of construction and a final payment upon completion of the Project.

The record also included copies of applications for payment submitted to Metro

Bank on the Project, and construction status reports with photographs. On June 29,

2005, Nguyen and Yu both signed a document approving an additional $400,000 in

construction costs “based on Dr. Nguyen and Mr. Yu’s request of changes.”

      By the end of 2005, the shell of the Royal Oaks Shopping Center was

completed and ready for custom build-out by tenants who had been secured for the

property. Initially, the center was fully leased, with several restaurants, a coffee

shop, a martini bar, and a check cashing company prepared to build out spaces in

the center. However, there were a number of delays and problems, including

Hurricane Katrina, tenant issues, and workmanship issues by the builder. Jaclyn

Nguyen, who had been working as the property manager, was not collecting the

rent due under the leases.     Some tenants had financial problems, including

bankruptcy, and their ability to pay the rent required by the leases became

questionable.   Construction defects became apparent as tenants readied their

spaces, but, rather than seeking to have the builder repair the defects, Yu

authorized the tenants to remedy the defects and charge the costs to PLTQ. To this

                                        15
end, Yu told Nguyen that another $1 million was required to complete the repairs

and custom tenant build-outs.

         In February 2006, Metro Bank sent Nguyen a letter informing him that his

“project costs will . . . overrun [the] loan balance by $295,391” as of the date of the

letter. The letter continued:

         This is assuming that you can control your tenants’ build-out cost to
         finish the project.

         We think this is a critical situation on your project. Additional equity
         injection is required from you to assure the project can be continued to
         finish without interruption.

         By this point, frustrated with delays, cost overruns, and a lack of

transparency as to how his money was spent, Nguyen became more involved in the

project. The day he received the letter from Metro Bank about the costs exceeding

his loan, Nguyen dismissed Jaclyn and sent Yu a letter addressed to “Peterson

Group, Inc.,” demanding an accounting of the Project and seeking other

information and documentation. Tan had no contact with Nguyen during design

and construction of the shopping center. Only after construction was finished did

Nguyen inquire about the use of the construction loan. Tan showed him the

accounting information he had and explained that he had submitted draws to the

bank, within the amount of the bank loan, which exceeded the actual construction

costs.



                                           16
       Nguyen began to take over the making of business decisions from Yu.

When the parking lot was eight spaces short, PGI suggested a plan for creating

more parking, but Nguyen, instead, canceled one of the restaurant’s leases. Yu

worked with the owner of the bar to devise a menu that would satisfy the Texas

Alcoholic Beverage Commission (“TABC”), which had refused a bar license, but

Nguyen cancelled that lease too. Because of these contrary decisions, after the

shell of the project was complete, Yu informed Nguyen that he was leaving the

Project, but he demanded payment of the remaining portion of the Development

Fee.

       After Yu left the Project, Nguyen locked four tenants out of the center

immediately prior to their taking occupancy for failure to pay rent. Although some

eventually returned, most of the original tenants either went out of business or had

their leases terminated by Nguyen.

   5. The Lawsuit

       The Peterson Group and PGI sued PLTQ for breach of the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement and breach of the Stonegate Contract.           They sought

attorney’s fees under Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 38.001 for both

contract claims.

       PLTQ answered and pleaded several affirmative defenses. PLTQ filed a

counterclaim and third-party petition against Yu and others who are not involved

                                        17
in this appeal. PLTQ alleged that Yu and the Peterson Group were alter egos of

each other. It sued Yu, the Peterson Group, and PGI for fraud. It alleged that Yu,

on his own behalf and on behalf of the Peterson Group and PGI, made material

misrepresentations “regarding the services he and his companies would provide in

developing the Royal Oaks Center.” PLTQ alleged that Yu misrepresented that he

and his entities would develop the shopping center and perform the tasks

enumerated in the Royal Oaks Development Agreement. PLTQ further alleged

that Yu made misrepresentations as work on the shopping center progressed,

specifically in regard to monitoring the construction loan and using the funds only

for construction of the center. PLTQ alleged that Yu “intentionally took draws

against the construction loan for unauthorized expenses not related to Royal Oaks”

and that Yu “knew and intended that PLTQ rely upon his representations of

honesty and trustworthiness and PLTQ did rely upon same” and suffered “financial

damage as a result of Yu’s treachery.” PLTQ also pleaded a cause of action for

breach of the Royal Oaks Development Agreement, saying that the Agreement set

out the duties of Yu, the Peterson Group, and PGI, which each failed to perform.

PLTQ also sued Peterson I Realty, the general partner of PGI, but it later dropped

this party from its pleadings. PLTQ sought a declaratory judgment that Yu, the

Peterson Group, and PGI were all alter egos of each other.




                                        18
      Throughout the litigation, PLTQ raised the issue of which person or entity—

the Peterson Group, Yu, or PGI—had actually done the work on the Royal Oaks

Project. Some documents showed the involvement of the Peterson Group, such as

a document prepared by a commercial broker and addressed to the Peterson Group.

Nguyen wrote checks both to “Peterson Group” and directly to Yu, including one

to Yu dated April 4, 2005, for $100,000 with a notation reading, “Development

Fee 2nd Draw.” Other parties, like Tan, believed they were working with the

Peterson Group.    At trial, Yu testified that he was the sole employee of the

Peterson Group and of PGI, and, because he does not wear a uniform, when he is

on a worksite there is no way for others to determine whether he is working for the

Peterson Group or for PGI.

      With respect to the provision in the Royal Oaks Development Agreement

limiting the Developer’s liability to PLTQ solely to PGI, which lacked even a bank

account, Yu testified that he did not believe PGI needed a bank account: “[S]ince I

do not sign on Dr. Nguyen’s checking account, I do not touch his money, I do not

touch his loan money from Metro Bank, so, only a few checks that was going to

pay from Dr. Nguyen to myself for a development fee.”

      Nguyen testified about his damages. He disagreed with Yu’s method of

calculating the Development Fee based on the Amendment to the Development

Agreement providing for Yu to earn 11% of the Project cost, payable in

                                        19
installments. Nguyen disagreed that items such as interest on the loan should be

included in the cost that formed the basis for Yu’s 11% fee because doing so

created an incentive for delay. Likewise, Nguyen thought that including excessive

tenant build-out costs, which were approved by Yu, created a disincentive for

managing costs because high tenant build-out costs would increase the

Development Fee. However, Nguyen conceded that, at the time he entered into the

Royal Oaks Development Agreement and its Amendment, he understood that the

Development Fee would be based on Project costs, including tenant build-out

costs.

         Nguyen testified that he was not seeking a total refund of the Development

Fee.     He testified that Yu accomplished some of the Project’s goals, and he

indicated that he was satisfied with some of the tenants that Yu secured for the

Project. However, Nguyen testified that he was seeking reimbursement of the

“extra” money Yu charged. Nguyen said, “Whatever he didn’t earn he should

return to me.” Nguyen testified that he was seeking the following other elements

of damages in addition to the excessive Development Fee: (1) lost rent money;

(2) lost tenant build-out money; (3) additional cash that he was required to provide

either to satisfy bank loan requirements or Project obligations; (4) the cost of

employing a new contractor to repair construction defects; (5) commissions for

leases on businesses that never opened or that closed shortly after opening; and

                                         20
(6) payment of a lien on behalf of an anticipated tenant that filed for bankruptcy.

He also testified that he had borrowed against his life insurance and had withdrawn

money from his retirement account to pay for Project expenses, but he was unable

to quantify a value of money lost by taking those actions.

   6. Disposition Below

      Following trial, the case was submitted to the jury. In response to Questions

One through Six, the jury found that PLTQ failed to comply with the terms of the

Promissory Note issued by Metro Bank with respect to the Stonegate Contract, but

that its failure to comply was excused because “a different performance was

accepted as full satisfaction of performance of the original obligations of the

agreement” and because compliance was waived by the Peterson Group. Thus, the

jury did not award the Peterson Group damages on its breach of contract claim

against PLTQ with respect to the Stonegate Contract.

      In Questions Seven through Nine, the jury found that PLTQ did not fail to

comply with the Royal Oaks Development Agreement.

      In Questions Ten and Eleven, the jury found that Yu and the Peterson Group

committed fraud against PLTQ, attributing 5% of the fraud to Yu and 95% of the

fraud to the Peterson Group. The jury was instructed to consider only one element

of damages as to fraud, which was: “Money used without PLTQ’s knowledge or

consent and not for PLTQ’s direct or indirect benefit.” The jury also found, in

                                         21
response to Question Thirteen, that none of the Developers—Yu, the Peterson

Group, or PGI—induced PLTQ to enter into the Royal Oaks Development

Agreement by fraud. The jury awarded PLTQ Lotus Group $184,000 for fraud,

plus pre- and post-judgment interest on PLTQ’s fraud claim.

      The jury found, in response to Question Seventeen, that PGI failed to

comply with the Royal Oaks Development Agreement. The question for contract

damages was granulated. In response to Question Eighteen, the jury awarded

PLTQ the following sums as damages for PGI’s breach of contract: $158,000 for

“[m]oney paid to tenants for build-outs in excess of what was agreed to under their

leases or otherwise agreed to by PLTQ”; $53,000 for “[m]oney PLTQ paid to

tenant subcontractors as a result of workman liens or threatened liens”; $48,000 for

“[t]he reasonable and necessary cost to repair [construction] work . . . at the Royal

Oaks Shopping Center”; and $136,021 for “[l]oss of tenant rent in the past that it

would have received had the agreement been performed.” The jury awarded no

damages on the following elements of damages: “[b]roker fees paid by PLTQ in

excess of fees that would have been paid had the agreement been performed”;

“[l]oan interest paid by PLTQ in excess of interest that would have been paid had

the agreement been performed”; “[l]oss of tenant rent in the future that it would

receive had the agreement been performed”; and “[m]oney withdrawn from the

Royal Oaks construction loan that PLTQ would not have had to pay had the

                                         22
agreement been performed.” The contract damages awarded to PLTQ amounted to

$395,996 plus attorney’s fees in a stipulated amount and pre- and post-judgment

interest.

       After trial, the process of reaching a final judgment took over a year and

resulted in three final judgments. Prior to entry of judgment, the trial court denied

the Developers’ motion for a directed verdict on fraud under the economic loss rule

and on the speculative nature of lost tenant rent. PLTQ then moved for entry of

judgment on the verdict, arguing that it did not have to elect a remedy between

breach of contract and fraud. The court ruled that PLTQ was not required to elect a

remedy.

       The trial court rejected PLTQ’s newly raised arguments that, under the

Texas Limited Partnership Act, reverse piercing theory, and single business

enterprise theory, the Peterson Group and Yu were responsible for damages found

against PGI; it ruled that it would not extend liability beyond PGI for breach of

contract.

       After unsuccessful mediation, PLTQ submitted a new proposed judgment in

which it requested attorney’s fees against both PGI and the Peterson Group, on the

ground that it was a “prevailing party” under the terms of the Stonegate Contract.

Because this ground of recovery had not been pled, PLTQ moved for leave to

amend its answer post-trial.      PLTQ’s motion for attorney’s fees under the

                                         23
“prevailing party” provision in the Stonegate Contract was not ruled on, and PLTQ

did not file a post-trial amended answer seeking such fees.

      On January 20, 2010, the trial court entered judgment, mistakenly signing

PLTQ’s September 2009 proposed judgment instead of its December 2009

proposed judgment, which failed to reflect the relevant post-trial rulings. The

Developers moved to correct the judgment, and PLTQ asked the court to revisit its

prior rulings that the Peterson Group and Yu were not alter egos of PGI. In a

second judgment, the trial court purported to reinstate its prior directed verdict on

this point, but actually broadened it to include Yu as well as the Peterson Group.

The Developers moved again for a corrected judgment.

      In its third and final judgment, from which this appeal is taken, the trial

court ruled as a matter of law that the Peterson Group and Yu were alter egos of

PGI. The court entered judgment on the verdict as to PLTQ’s fraud cause of action

in favor of PLTQ and against the Peterson Group and Yu. Likewise, the court

entered judgment on the verdict in favor of PLTQ and against PGI, the Peterson

Group, and Yu on PLTQ’s breach of contract claim with respect to the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement. The court also awarded PLTQ attorney’s fees on this

claim against PGI, the Peterson Group, and Yu. The court also awarded PLTQ

pre- and post-judgment interest on both its fraud claim and its contract claim under

the Royal Oaks Development Agreement.

                                         24
      The Developers appeal.

                               Economic Loss Rule

      In their third issue, the Developers argue that PLTQ’s fraud claim is barred

by the economic loss rule because it arose from a breach of duties established by

the Royal Oaks Development Agreement between PGI and PLTQ.                    The

Developers thus contend that the trial court erred by denying their motions for

directed verdict and JNOV on PLTQ’s fraud claim. I agree with the Developers

that PLTQ’s fraud claim is barred by the economic loss rule.

      A trial court may disregard a jury’s findings and grant a motion for JNOV

only when a directed verdict would have been proper. TEX. R. CIV. P. 301; Fort

Bend Cnty. Drainage Dist. v. Sbrusch, 818 S.W.2d 392, 394 (Tex. 1991); see

Prudential Ins. Co. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000).

JNOV should be granted when a legal principle precludes recovery. See B & W

Supply, Inc. v. Beckman, 305 S.W.3d 10, 15 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009,

pet. denied). Here, the Developers allege that the economic loss rule precludes

PLTQ’s recovery for fraud because the damages awarded to PLTQ for fraud are

the same economic damages awarded to it for breach of contract.

      The economic loss rule provides that “[w]hen the injury is only the

economic loss to the subject of a contract itself, the action sounds in contract




                                        25
alone.” Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Reed, 711 S.W.2d 617, 618 (Tex. 1986). In

2011, the Texas Supreme Court clarified the rule, stating, in relevant part:

      [I]n [Jim Walter Homes], we examined the difference between
      contract duties and tort duties arising under contractual relationships.
      That case involved a claim by homeowners against their builder, and
      we had to decide whether an independent tort supported an award of
      exemplary damages against the builder. Jim Walter Homes, 711
      S.W.2d at 617. Because the injury resulted from negligent
      construction, we held that such disappointed expectations could “only
      be characterized as a breach of contract, and breach of contract cannot
      support recovery of exemplary damages.” Id. at 618.
            Relying on the tort and contract distinctions articulated in Jim
      Walter Homes, we again applied the economic loss rule in
      Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d 493 (Tex.
      1991). In that case, we considered “whether a cause of action for
      negligence is stated by an allegation that a telephone company
      negligently failed to perform its contract to publish a Yellow Pages
      advertisement.” DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d at 493. We held that, because
      the plaintiff sought damages for breach of a duty created under
      contract, as opposed to a duty imposed by law, tort damages were
      unavailable. Id. at 494.

Sharyland Water Supply Corp. v. City of Alton, 354 S.W.3d 407, 417 (Tex. 2011).

The court further explained:

      [T]he acts of a party may breach duties in tort or contract alone or
      simultaneously in both. The nature of the injury most often determines
      which duty or duties are breached. When the injury is only the
      economic loss to the subject of a contract itself the action sounds in
      contract alone.

Id. at 417 (quoting DeLanney, 809 S.W.2d at 495 and Jim Walter Homes, 711

S.W.2d at 618). The court distinguished damages due to torts like fraudulent

inducement and tortious interference from damages due to breach of contract on

                                         26
the ground that such causes of action cause economic injuries different from those

caused by breach; they are, therefore, not barred by the economic loss rule. See id.

at 418–19.

      I would hold that the economic loss rule clearly applies in this case.

      The jury found, in Questions Ten and Eleven, that Yu and the Peterson

Group committed fraud against PLTQ, which it attributed 5% to Yu and 95% to

the Peterson Group. The jury was instructed that fraud occurs when a party makes

a material misrepresentation with the intention that it be acted on by the other party

who relies on the misrepresentation and “thereby suffers injury.” It was further

instructed to consider only one element of damages as to fraud: “Money used

without PLTQ’s knowledge or consent and not for PLTQ’s direct or indirect

benefit.” However, the jury also found, in Question Thirteen, that neither Yu nor

the Peterson Group nor PGI fraudulently induced PLTQ to enter into the Royal

Oaks Development Agreement.

      In response to Question Seventeen, concerning breach of the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement, which asked only whether PGI failed to comply with the

Agreement, the jury answered “yes.” There was no instruction on the elements of

breach of contract or on damages available for breach. Instead, Question Eighteen

simply asked the jury to award a specific amount of money for each of eight

enumerated “elements of damages”: (a) money paid by PLTQ to tenants for build-

                                         27
outs in excess of amounts agreed to under their leases or otherwise agreed to by

PLTQ; (b) “[m]oney PLTQ paid to tenant subcontractors as a result of workman

liens or threatened liens”; (c) reasonable and necessary costs to repair work

performed by Tan’s construction company at the Royal Oaks Shopping Center;

(d) “[b]roker fees paid by PLTQ in excess of fees that would have been paid had

the agreement been performed”; (e) interest on loans paid by PLTQ in excess of

interest that would have been paid had the agreement been performed; (f) loss of

past tenant rent that PLTQ would have received had the agreement been

performed; (g) loss of future tenant rent that PLTQ would have received had the

agreement been performed; and (h) “[m]oney withdrawn from the Royal Oaks

construction loan that PLTQ would not have had to pay had the agreement been

performed.” The jury awarded damages with respect to (a), (b), (c), and (f). It

awarded no damages with respect to (d), (e), (g), and (h).

      PLTQ contended that “Peterson covertly spearheaded the theft of the funds”

by encouraging Atlantic Builders and Tan to submit false bank draws on PLTQ’s

loan account and that this constituted fraud as opposed to breach of contract. The

evidence shows, however, that the funds PLTQ contends were “stolen” were funds

drawn from Metro Bank under the Metro Bank loan and used either for

development expenses or for the payment of Yu’s Development Fee—both of




                                         28
which were expressly contractually agreed to by PLTQ in the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement and the Amendment.

      The majority concedes that, as to breach of contract, PLTQ sought to

recover sums of money paid toward the development of the Royal Oaks Shopping

Center that it would not have had to pay if the agreement had been performed,

“such as excess tenant build-out costs, money paid to tenant subcontractors to

satisfy workman liens or avoid the imposition of liens, and the reasonable and

necessary costs to repair work performed by Atlantic.” Slip Op. at 32.            It

distinguishes PLTQ’s fraud claim, however, on the ground that, as to it fraud

claim, PLTQ sought to recover “for a category of damages that was distinctly

different from the contract damages,” including “[m]oney used without [its]

knowledge or consent and not for [its] direct or indirect benefit.” Id. The majority

cites “undocumented expenses related to phantom tenants” and money “diverted to

Yu’s development at Stonegate” as examples of fraudulent draws not authorized by

the Royal Oaks Development Agreement. Slip Op. at 31. Draws for expenses

related to tenants and Yu’s Development Fee, which he was free to “divert” to

other projects or to spend in any other way, were, however, both economic losses

due to breach of duties created under the Development Agreement. See Sharyland,

354 S.W.3d at 417. This evidence, together with the other evidence and jury

findings cited below, refutes, rather than supports, the jury’s finding that PLTQ

                                        29
suffered damages in fraud separate from economic loss to the subject of the

contract.

      PLTQ expressly agreed in writing to all of the fees and expenses charged

against it. Its claim that it knew nothing about specific draws and was therefore

defrauded is contradicted by its own signed agreements and will not support fraud

damages.    The Amendment specifically provided that PGI was authorized by

PLTQ “to pay from [the disbursement account with Metro Bank] (or any

replacement account) any and all costs and expenses . . . including, without

limitation, the Development Fee. . . .”      Nguyen testified that he wanted the

Development Fee included in the construction loan, and Yu also testified that

Nguyen wanted him to take the Development Fee from the construction loan

because Nguyen felt the Development Fee was part of the total cost of

construction. The parties did not alter or amend this agreement between them after

they discovered that Metro Bank would not permit payment of the Development

Fee from the construction loan funds.

      Moreover, the jury expressly found that the Developers did not fraudulently

induce PLTQ to enter the Royal Oaks Development Agreement. And it expressly

found no damages as to “[m]oney withdrawn from the Royal Oaks construction

loan that PLTQ would not have had to pay had the agreement been performed.”

That is, the jury found that all of PLTQ’s losses consisted of money it would have

                                        30
had to pay under the terms of the agreement if the agreement had been performed.

All of PLTQ’s damages were contract damages.            And, indeed, the evidence

demonstrates that the money withdrawn from the construction loan was all money

that PLTQ owed under the Royal Oaks Development Agreement as construction

costs, the Development Fee, or other contractually assigned costs.

      Thus, there is literally no evidence of any damages attributable to fraudulent

misrepresentations by the Developers separate from damages for breach of the

Royal Oaks Development Agreement. The only losses to PLTQ identified as

losses either for breach or for fraud are due to the failure of the Project to achieve

the economic success hoped for by both Yu and Nguyen and the need for

additional funds—agreed to by PLTQ—to finish the Project.

      Accordingly, I disagree with the majority’s holding that the economic loss

rule does not apply. Slip Op. at 32. And I further disagree with its reliance on

Sharyland as support for its ruling on the ground that the Developers breached a

fiduciary duty to PLTQ. See id. at 32–33 (citing 354 S.W.3d at 418 for proposition

that “economic losses are recoverable for breach of fiduciary duty”). Sharyland’s

holding that damages were available to the plaintiff both in contract and in tort was

predicated on the defendant’s breach of fiduciary duty.            The Royal Oaks

Development Agreement II was an arm’s length transaction between sophisticated

businessmen, as acknowledged in the agreement itself, and the trial court entered

                                         31
an unchallenged directed verdict rejecting PLTQ’s allegations of breach of

fiduciary duty.

      I would hold that the economic loss rule bars PLTQ’s fraud claims and that

the trial court erred in denying the Developers’ motion for JNOV on those claims.

Therefore, I would sustain the Developers’ third issue.

                                Election of Remedies

      In their fourth issue, the Developers argue that if PLTQ’s fraud claim is not

barred by the economic loss rule, then PLTQ should have been required to elect a

remedy as between the contract and fraud damages awarded by the jury. I would

hold that this issue is moot.

      A party is entitled to sue and seek damages on alternative theories, but it is

not entitled to a double recovery. Waite Hill Servs., Inc. v. World Class Metal

Works, Inc., 959 S.W.2d 182, 184 (Tex. 1998); Madison v. Williamson, 241

S.W.3d 145, 158 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied).            “If a

plaintiff pleads alternate theories of liability, a judgment awarding damages on

each alternate theory may be upheld if the theories depend on separate and distinct

injuries and if separate and distinct damages findings are made as to each theory.”

Madison, 241 S.W.3d at 158; see Birchfield v. Texarkana Mem’l Hosp., 747

S.W.2d 361, 367 (Tex. 1987). “Under the one-satisfaction rule, [however,] a

plaintiff is entitled to only one recovery for any damages suffered because of a

                                        32
particular injury.” Utts v. Short, 81 S.W.3d 822, 831 (Tex. 2002) (Baker, J.,

concurring); accord Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 303

(Tex. 2006); Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 390 (Tex. 2000);

Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. 1991); Madison, 241

S.W.3d at 158–59.

      “Although the traditional ‘one satisfaction’ principle applies to cases in

which an injured plaintiff is wholly compensated by settling defendants or other

third parties,” the Texas Supreme Court has also used the term “to describe the

process by which the trial court elects the remedy which affords an injured plaintiff

the most favorable relief against a single defendant when multiple theories of

liability cause an indivisible injury.” Madison, 241 S.W.3d at 158–59; compare

Utts, 81 S.W.3d at 831, and Sterling, 822 S.W.2d at 5–6 (analyzing one-

satisfaction rule in context of plaintiff’s compensation from settling defendant or

other third party) with Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 303 (analyzing one-satisfaction rule

in context of election of remedies). “The latter rule applies when a defendant

commits technically different acts that result in a single injury.” Madison, 241

S.W.3d at 159 (citing Casteel, 22 S.W.3d at 390 and Emerson Elec. Co. v. Am.

Permanent Ware Co., 201 S.W.3d 301, 314 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.)).

Thus, under the one satisfaction rule, when multiple theories of liability cause an

indivisible injury, an injured party must elect the remedy which affords it the most

                                         33
favorable relief. See Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 304–05; Madison, 241 S.W.3d at 158–

59.

      I would hold that the economic loss rule bars PLTQ’s fraud claims and

therefore the election of remedies issue is moot. However, if it were not, I would

hold that the trial court erred by failing to require PLTQ to elect a remedy.

      Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Award of Lost Tenant Rent

      In their fifth issue, the Developers argue that the trial court erred by not

granting their motion for JNOV as to $136,021 of the jury’s award of contract

damages on lost tenant rent. They argue that these damages were speculative

because the Royal Oaks Project was a new enterprise and had no established track

record; thus, there was no evidence from which the lost profits could be estimated.

I agree with the Developers.

      To recover compensatory damages for breach of contract, a plaintiff must

show that it suffered a pecuniary loss as a result of the breach. S. Elec. Servs., Inc.

v. City of Houston, 355 S.W.3d 319, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,

pet. denied). To recover lost profit damages, a plaintiff must show the loss by

competent evidence and with reasonable certainty. See ERI Consulting Eng’rs,

Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. 2010) (citing Holt Atherton Indus.,

Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex. 1992)); Tex. Instruments, Inc. v. Teletron

Energy Mgmt, Inc., 877 S.W.2d 276, 279 (Tex. 1994). Compensatory damages

                                          34
“must be the natural, probable, and foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s

conduct.” S. Elec. Servs., 355 S.W.3d at 324. A plaintiff may not recover breach-

of-contract damages “if those damages are remote, contingent, speculative, or

conjectural.” Id. at 324. Nor may the plaintiff recover lost-profit damages “where

the enterprise is new and unestablished. . . .” Tex. Instruments, 877 S.W.2d at 279.

“Thus, the absence of a causal connection between the alleged breach and the

damages sought will preclude recovery.” S. Elec. Servs., 355 S.W.3d at 324. The

supreme court has explained the law:

      Profits which are largely speculative, as from an activity dependent on
      uncertain or changing market conditions, or on chancy business
      opportunities, or on promotion of untested products or entry into
      unknown or unviable markets, or on the success of a new and
      unproven enterprise, cannot be recovered. Factors like these and
      others which make a business venture risky in prospect preclude
      recovery of lost profits in retrospect.

Tex. Instruments, 877 S.W.2d at 279.

      Factors to be considered in determining lost profits are: (1) the experience of

the persons involved in the enterprise; (2) the nature of the business activity; and

(3) the relevant market. Id. at 280. “The mere hope for success of an untried

enterprise, even when that hope is realistic, is not enough for recovery of lost

profits.” Id. “Lost profits are damages for the loss of net income to a business

and, broadly speaking, reflect income from lost-business activity, less expenses

that would have been attributable to that activity.”      Kellmann v. Workstation

                                         35
Integrations, Inc., 332 S.W.3d 679, 684 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010,

no pet.) (citing Miga v. Jensen, 96 S.W.3d 207, 213 (Tex. 2002)).           “What

constitutes reasonably certain evidence of lost profits is a fact intensive

determination.”   Holt Atherton Indus., 835 S.W.2d at 84.        “As a minimum,

opinions or estimates of lost profits must be based on objective facts, figures, or

data from which the amount of lost profits can be ascertained.” Id. Lost profits

cannot be based on pure speculation or wishful thinking. Tex. Instruments, 877

S.W.2d at 279–80.

      Here, under the Royal Oaks Development Agreement, PGI was required to

and did oversee leasing of the Project. However, disputes arose over the tenants

PGI and Yu procured. PLTQ contended that the tenants that Yu found for the

shopping center were unable to meet their obligations and that Yu’s failure to find

tenants who were able to pay the rent was a breach of contract. PLTQ sought lost

tenant rents based on the difference between the rents in the leases secured by Yu

and the Peterson Group and those for the replacement tenants later secured by

Nguyen. The old and new leases were introduced into evidence at trial without

objection. In addition, the jury had the actual leases from the tenants that Yu

secured as a basis from which it could assess lost tenant rent damages. But PLTQ

produced no other evidence to support its claim of lost tenant rents. Thus, there

was no evidence to show that the profits to be gained from those leases after the

                                        36
costs of the Project were subtracted were ever anything more than wishful

thinking. Indeed, the objective facts, figures, and data affirmatively demonstrate

the opposite. See Holt Atherton Indus., 835 S.W.2d at 84 (stating that what

constitutes reasonably certain evidence of lost profits is fact intensive

determination that must be based on objective facts, figures, or data).

      The data shows that, rather than accepting PGI’s recommendations that

would have satisfied requirements necessary to maintain the original leases,

Nguyen began to take over from Yu the making of business decisions due to

delays, disagreements over the proper way to proceed, and unexpected costs,

including costs due to construction mistakes and build-out mistakes by the tenants

themselves. When the parking lot was eight spaces short, PGI suggested a plan for

creating more parking, but Nguyen instead canceled one of the restaurant’s leases.

Yu worked with the owner of the bar to devise a menu that would satisfy the

TABC, which had refused a bar license, but Nguyen canceled that lease too.

      After Yu left the Project due to Nguyen’s overriding his decisions, Nguyen

locked four tenants out of the center immediately prior to their taking occupancy of

their newly completed spaces for failure to pay rent. Although some eventually

returned, most of the original tenants either went out of business or had their leases

terminated by Nguyen. No record of actual payment was introduced to show

actual lost profits at the Project or the reasonable expectation of future profits; no

                                         37
tabulation of expenses that PLTQ would have had to incur to make the leases

viable was made and subtracted from profits; and no data was introduced to show

the success of comparable projects in the area or comparable projects developed by

Yu to suggest that the project was anything other than a highly speculative and

untried enterprise.

      The law is clear that “[t]he mere hope of success of an untried enterprise,” as

here, is not enough for recovery of lost profits. See Tex. Instruments, 877 S.W.2d

at 280. I would hold, therefore, that the trial court erred in awarding PLTQ

damages for lost profits, and I would sustain the Developers’ fifth issue.

                                     Alter Ego

      In their first issue, the Developers argue that the trial court erred by ruling

that the Peterson Group and Yu were liable for breach of the Royal Oaks

Development Agreement as alter egos of PGI. The Developers argue that the alter-

ego theory of veil-piercing does not apply to limited partnerships. The majority

agrees with the Developers. I disagree.

      I would hold that PGI and the Peterson Group are both alter egos of Yu and

of each other. The purpose and spirit of the alter ego statute cannot be evaded

merely by forming an illusory, special purpose phantom entity in the form of a

limited partnership, with an equally illusory corporation as its general partner, to

shield another corporate entity and an individual from liability for their actions

                                          38
under a contract they procured and would be obligated to perform in their own

name had not illusory corporate and limited partnership entities been formed.

      Business Organization Code section 21.223, governing the liability of

corporations under an alter-ego theory, 1 provides, in relevant part:


      (a) A holder of shares, an owner of any beneficial interest in shares, or
          a subscriber for shares whose subscription has been accepted, or
          any affiliate of such a holder, owner, or subscriber or of the
          corporation, may not be held liable to the corporation or its
          obligees with respect to

      ....

             (2) any contractual obligation of the corporation or any matter
             relating to or arising from the obligation on the basis that the
             holder, beneficial owner, subscriber, or affiliate is or was the
             alter ego of the corporation or on the basis of actual or
             constructive fraud, a sham to perpetrate a fraud, or similar
             theory;

      ....

      (b) Subsection (a)(2) does not prevent or limit the liability of a holder,
          beneficial owner, subscriber, or affiliate if the obligee
          demonstrates that the holder, beneficial owner, subscriber or
          affiliate caused the corporation to be used for the purpose of

1
      I note that the Texas Business Corporation Act expired effective January 1, 2010
      and was replaced by the Texas Business Organizations Code. See Act of May 13,
      2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 182, § 2, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 595. The provisions of
      the Business Organizations Code did not apply until January 1, 2010 to entities
      formed before January 1, 2006, such as the entities in this case, unless the entity
      elected early adoption. Anderson Petro-Equip., Inc. v. State, 317 S.W.3d 812, 816
      n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied). Nothing in the record indicates that
      the entities here elected early adoption. However, because there is no substantive
      difference between the relevant provisions of the Business Corporation Act and
      the Business Organization Code, I cite the current statute. See id.
                                          39
         perpetrating and did perpetrate an actual fraud on the obligee
         primarily for the direct personal benefit of the holder, beneficial
         owner, subscriber, or affiliate.

TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 21.223(a)(2),(b) (Vernon 2012). “Actual fraud

involves dishonesty of purpose or intent to deceive.” Solutioneers Consulting, Ltd.

v. Gulf Greyhound Partners, Ltd., 237 S.W.3d 379, 387–89 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (construing predecessor statute to section 21.223(b) and

holding that owner of corporation that solicited corporate sponsorship for clients

was not its owner’s alter ego for purposes of that provision absent evidence that

owner enjoyed direct personal benefits resulting from fraud).

      This Court has previously addressed the proper construction of Business

Organizations Code section 21.223(a)(b):

      “The corporate form normally insulates shareholders, officers, and
      directors from liability for corporate obligations. . . .” Castleberry v.
      Branscum, 721 S.W.2d 270, 271 (Tex. 1986); see [SSP Partners v.
      Gladstrong Investments (USA) Corp., 275 S.W.3d 444, 451 n.29 (Tex.
      2008)]. However, the corporate veil may be pierced on an alter-ego
      theory “where a corporation is organized and operated as a mere tool
      or business conduit of another. . . .” Castleberry, 721 S.W.2d at 272.
      “Alter ego applies when there is such unity between corporation and
      individual that the separateness of the corporation has ceased and
      holding only the corporation liable would result in injustice.” Id. “It
      is shown from the total dealings of the corporation and the individual,
      including the degree to which corporate formalities have been
      followed and corporate and individual property have been kept
      separately, the amount of financial interest, ownership and control the
      individual maintains over the corporation, and whether the
      corporation has been used for personal purposes.” Id.



                                         40
Tryco Enters., Inc. v. Robinson, 390 S.W.3d 497, 508 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2012, pet. dism’d). We further explained:

      To pierce the corporate veil and impose liability under an alter ego
      theory of liability pursuant to SSP Partners, a plaintiff must show:
      (1) that the persons or entities on whom he seeks to impose liability
      are alter egos of the debtor, and (2) that the corporate fiction was used
      for an illegitimate purpose, in satisfaction of the requirements of
      article 2.21 [of the Business Corporations Act]—now Business
      Organizations Code section 21.223(a) and (b).
              To satisfy the first consideration in piercing the corporate
      veil—whether the persons or entities sought to be charged with
      liability are alter egos of the primary debtor—the relationship between
      corporate entities can be assessed using factors such as:

        •    whether the entities shared a common business name, common
             offices, common employees, or centralized accounting;

        •    whether one entity paid the wages of the other entity’s
             employees;

        •    whether one entity’s employees rendered services on behalf of
             the other entity;

        •    whether one entity made undocumented transfers of funds to
             the other entity; and

        •    whether the allocation of profits and losses between the entities
             is unclear.

Id. at 508–09 (internal citations to SSP Partners, 275 S.W.3d at 450–51, 456 &

n.57, omitted).

      We also held, however,

      The foregoing factors “are almost entirely irrelevant” to the second
      consideration in determining personal liability under section 21.223—

                                         41
      whether the use of limited liability was illegitimate. [SSP Partners,
      275 S.W.3d at 455.] That determination is made “based on a careful
      evaluation of the policies supporting the principle of limited liability.”
      Id. Therefore, we must look to SSP Partners and Castleberry to see
      whether the corporate fiction was used as a means of “perpetrat[ing]
      an actual fraud on the obligee . . . primarily for the direct personal
      benefit of the . . . owner[s]” of [the two defendant entities]. TEX. BUS.
      ORG. CODE ANN. § 21.223(b).
            The supreme court observed in SSP Partners that courts
      “disregard the corporate fiction, even though corporate formalities
      have been observed and corporate and individual property have been
      kept separately, when the corporate form has been used as part of a
      basically unfair device to achieve an inequitable result.” 275 S.W.3d
      at 454. Specifically, courts disregard the corporate fiction

         (1) when the fiction is used as a means of perpetrating fraud;

         (2) where a corporation is organized and operated as a mere
            tool or business conduit of another corporation;

         (3) where the corporate fiction is resorted to as a means of
            evading an existing legal obligation;

         (4) where the corporate fiction is employed to achieve or
            perpetrate monopoly;

         (5) where the corporate fiction is used to circumvent a
            statute; and

         (6) where the corporate fiction is relied upon as a protection
            of crime or to justify wrong.

      Id. (quoting Castleberry, 721 S.W.2d at 271–72). “Because
      disregarding the corporate fiction is an equitable doctrine, Texas takes
      a flexible fact-specific approach focusing on equity” in determining
      whether the corporate veil should be pierced. Castleberry, 721
      S.W.2d at 273; see also Wilson v. Davis, 305 S.W.3d 57, 69 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.).

Id. at 509–10.
                                         42
      There is, therefore, a two-pronged test that must be satisfied before a

creditor may pierce the corporate veil and hold a attach liability to person or entity

as the alter ego of another: (1) that the persons or entities on whom he seeks to

impose liability are alter egos of the debtor, and (2) that the corporate fiction was

used for an illegitimate purpose. See id. at 508–10. I would hold that the test was

satisfied here.

   1. Relationship of corporate entities and limited partnership

      Here, it is clear that alter-ego theory applies, and thus the first prong of the

test for piercing the corporate veil is satisfied, in that there is such unity between

the limited partnership, PGI, its corporate general partner, Peterson I Realty, the

Peterson Group, and Yu that the separateness of the limited partnership and its

corporate general partner “has ceased and holding only the corporation liable

would result in injustice.” See id. at 508 (quoting Castleberry, 721 S.W.2d at 272).

Likewise, that alter-ego theory applies is evident from the “total dealings” of the

limited partnership, its corporate general partner, the Peterson Group, and Yu,

“including the degree to which corporate formalities have been followed and

corporate and individual property have been kept separately, the amount of

financial interest, ownership and control the individual maintains over the

corporation, and whether the corporation has been used for personal purposes.”

See id.

                                         43
      The Peterson Group, PGI, and Peterson I Realty all shared closely related

business names; they shared the Peterson Group’s office; and they had only one

employee, Yu, the president of both Peterson I Realty and the Peterson Group.

PGI had no bank account, and Tan’s testimony established that the construction

contract was with the Peterson Group. Indeed, the original development agreement

was signed by Yu as president of the Peterson Group and was then superseded the

next day by the Royal Oaks Development Agreement—a more detailed agreement

covering the same matters—which was executed by Yu as the president and sole

shareholder of the general partner of PGI, Peterson I Realty. The later agreement,

into which the first was expressly merged, contained a clause limiting liability on

the contract to PGI, a special purpose entity formed solely for performing the

Agreement, just as its general partner was formed solely to execute the Agreement.

Neither had any assets or existence apart from Yu and the Peterson Group.

Although PLTQ was listed as the owner of the property on the construction

contract with Tan, Tan’s company, Atlantic Builder, and the Peterson Group were

listed as the construction managers, and Tan testified that he thought he was

working with the Peterson Group, as he had on other projects. There was also

evidence of the commingling of funds and of funds drawn on the construction

contract being used for the benefit of Yu and of the Peterson Group.




                                        44
      I would hold, therefore, that the relationship among PGI, Yu, and the

Peterson Group, and also Peterson I Realty, was such as to make Yu and the

Peterson Group alter egos of each other and of PGI under the factors for

determining an alter-ego relationship set out in SSP Partners. See 275 S.W.3d. at

455–56; see also Tryco, 390 S.W.3d at 508–09.

   2. Formation of the limited partnership for an illegitimate purpose

      In addition, the evidence establishes that both Peterson I Realty and PGI

were “used as part of a basically unfair device to achieve an inequitable result”—

the limitation of liability to the assets of the phantom limited partnership—thereby

satisfying the second prong of the test for piecing the corporate veil on an alter-ego

theory. See SSP Partners, 275 S.W.3d at 454; Tryco, 390 S.W.3d at 510.

      Both PGI and its corporate general partner, Peterson I Realty, were formed

as special purpose entities immediately prior to commencement of construction for

the Royal Oaks Project and for the purpose of serving as conduits for the

performance of the development of the Project. PGI had no bank account or

separate books, yet it was used as the vehicle for performing all of the Peterson

Group’s obligations under the Royal Oaks Development Agreement and for paying

Yu’s Development Fee for contractual services performed under the Agreement.

Both Yu and the Peterson Group were shielded from liability for losses and

damages due to the actions of the developer by the limitation of liability clause in

                                         45
the Royal Oaks Development Agreement executed by Yu as president of Peterson I

Realty.

      I would hold, therefore, that both PGI and Peterson I Realty were organized

and operated as mere tools or business conduits of another corporation, the

Peterson Group, and of Yu, and for the illegitimate purpose of serving as the

means for Yu’s and the Peterson Group’s avoiding liability for any breach of the

Development Agreement. See SSP Partners, 275 S.W.3d at 454; Castleberry, 721

S.W.2d at 271–72; Tryco, 390 S.W.3d at 510.

      Contrary to the arguments of the majority, the Business Organizations Code

provisions governing limited partnerships clearly do not shield Yu from liability

for the obligations of the limited partnership under the circumstances of this case,

as is clear from the terms of the statute itself. A limited partner is subject to

liability for partnership obligations if he is also a general partner or if, in addition

to exercising a limited partner’s rights and powers, he participates in the control of

the business. TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 153.102(a) (Vernon 2012); Pinebrook

Props., Ltd. v. Brookhaven Lake Prop. Owners Ass’n, 77 S.W.3d 487, 499 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. denied). If the limited partner participates in the

control of the business, he is liable to persons who transact business with the

limited partnership reasonably believing, based on the limited partner’s conduct,




                                          46
that the limited partner is a general partner.       TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN.

§ 153.102(b); Pinebrook Props., 77 S.W.3d at 499.

       Personal liability that attaches to a limited partner when he takes part in

control of the business cannot be evaded merely by acting through a corporation.

Delaney v. Fidelity Lease Ltd., 526 S.W.2d 543, 545 (Tex. 1975). A limited

partner who exercised control of the limited partnership as an officer of an alleged

corporate general partner is not insulated from personal liability arising either from

those activities or from those of the limited partnership. Id. at 545–56. When it is

undisputed that the corporate general partner was organized solely to manage and

control a limited partnership, the courts may disregard the corporate fiction as

being used to circumvent a statute. Id. at 546. Moreover, a limited partnership can

have more than one general partner. Id. The Texas Supreme Court has explained

the justification for the rule:

       In no event should [individuals taking part in the control of the
       business in their individual capacities as well as their corporate
       capacities] be permitted to escape the statutory liability which would
       have devolved upon them if there had been no attempted interposition
       of the corporate shield against personal liability. Otherwise, the
       statutory requirement of at least one general partner with general
       liability in a limited partnership can be circumvented or vitiated by
       limited partners operating the partnership though a corporation with
       minimum capitalization and therefore minimum liability.

Id.; see Pinebrook Props., 77 S.W.3d at 499–500) (holding that rule that alter ego

does not apply to partnerships has been altered by statutory creation of limited

                                         47
partnerships; that “a general partner in a limited partnership has the liabilities of a

partner in a partnership without limited partners to persons other than the

partnership and the other partners”; that limited partner may also be general partner

or participate in control of business and become liable to persons who transact

business with limited partnership reasonably believing limited partner is general

partner; and that alter ego can be used to pierce corporate veil of general partner of

limited partnership, even when general partner is limited liability company).

      The Royal Oaks Development Agreement, the contract on which the

Peterson Group’s and Yu’s liability for fraud was based, was executed on behalf of

PGI by Peterson I Realty, the general partner of PGI. Yu signed for Peterson I

Realty as its president. All that separates PGI, a limited partnership, from either its

sole limited partner, Yu, or its general partner, Peterson I Realty, is a certificate of

limited partnership, which has nothing behind it, and Peterson I Realty’s articles of

incorporation, which have nothing behind them either. Nor does anything separate

Yu from the Peterson Group except the Peterson Group’s articles of incorporation,

which, likewise, have nothing behind them.

      There is no evidence that Yu formed PGI for any legitimate purpose.

Rather, the un-rebutted evidence establishes that Yu, the sole employee of both

PGI and the Peterson Group, a corporation, executed the Royal Oaks Development

Agreement in his capacity as president of PGI’s general partner, Peterson I Realty,

                                          48
an entity specially formed for that purpose, just as PGI was specially formed to

perform the services under the Agreement originally contracted to be performed by

the Peterson Group. PGI and Peterson I Realty, to the extent either existed,

worked through Yu from the only office Yu had—the office of the Peterson Group.

Yu interacted as contractor for development of the Project with Tan, the architect,

in an undefined capacity that Tan thought was that of the Peterson Group, with

which he had worked before. Tan had never heard of PGI.

      Because of the control he exercised over the activities of PGI, Yu, the sole

limited partner of PGI and president and sole shareholder of is corporate general

partner, Peterson I Realty, can clearly be held liable for the debts of PGI under the

express language of section 153.102(b).        See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN.

§ 153.102(b) (providing that if limited partner participates in control of business,

he is liable to person who transacts business with limited partnership reasonably

believing, on basis of his conduct, that limited partner is general partner). The

question, then, is whether PLTQ can reach the assets of the Peterson Group—

which was not a party to the Royal Oaks Development Agreement—through Yu

and the Peterson Group as alter egos of PGI and of each other to collect a judgment

for breach of the Development Agreement. I would hold that it can on the basis of

the facts recited above.




                                         49
      I would hold that PGI was an alter ego of both the Peterson Group and Yu

and that it was formed for an illegitimate purpose. Thus the corporate veil can be

pierced and the Peterson Group and Yu held liable for the judgment debt of PGI.

Therefore, I would overrule the Developers’ first issue.

                                  Attorney’s Fees

      In their second issue, the Developers contend that the trial court erred by

ruling that the Peterson Group and Yu were responsible for attorney’s fees.

Specifically, the Developers argue that the Peterson Group and Yu cannot be held

liable as alter egos of PGI for attorney’s fees awarded on PLTQ’s cause of action

for breach of the Development Agreement. And they argue that PLTQ is not

entitled to recover contractual attorney’s fees under the “prevailing party”

provision in the Stonegate Contract since it pleaded only statutory attorney’s fees

allowed by Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 38.001 for breach of

contract.   PLTQ responds that the award is proper under section 38.001; it

prevailed at trial; its claims are all inextricably intertwined; and the parties

stipulated as to the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded; therefore, PLTQ is

entitled to all attorney’s fees awarded to it. I would affirm the award of attorney’s

fees to PLTQ.

      PLTQ sought attorney’s fees under Civil Practice and Remedies Code

section 38.001 on its cause of action for breach of contract, including both breach

                                         50
of the Royal Oaks Development Agreement and the assertion of a successful

affirmative defense on the Stonegate Contract, as well as the ancillary services

rendered on proving alter ego. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 38.001

(Vernon 2012) (providing for recovery of attorney’s fees on successful contract

claim).

      On appeal, PLTQ contends that it is entitled to recover the amount of

attorney’s fees awarded to it from the Peterson Group not only because recovery of

attorney’s fees for breach of contract is permitted by section 38.001, but because

the parties stipulated at trial as to the amount of attorney’s fees it incurred, and

because a clause in the Stonegate Contract provided for an award of attorney’s fees

in a suit to enforce or interpret the contract:

            11.15. Attorney’s Fees. If any action at law or in equity
      becomes necessary to enforce or interpret any term, provision or
      condition of this Contract, the prevailing party shall be entitled to
      recover the reasonable attorney’s fees, costs, and necessary
      disbursements (including, but not limited to, expert witness fees and
      deposition costs) incurred or made by it in addition to any other relief
      to which it may become entitled.

The Peterson Group and Yu argue that they are not liable for attorney’s fees at all,

but, if they are, the attorney’s fees award was improper because of the failure to

segregate.

      “As a general rule, litigants in Texas are responsible for their own attorney’s

fees and expenses in litigation.” Ashford Partners, Ltd. v. ECO Res., Inc., 401

                                           51
S.W.3d 35, 41 (Tex. 2012). Under Texas law, a court may award attorney’s fees

only when authorized by statute or by the parties’ contract. MBM Fin. Corp. v.

Woodlands Operating Co., 292 S.W.3d 660, 669 (Tex. 2009). Whether a party is

entitled to seek an award of attorney’s fees is a question of law that we review de

novo. Holland v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 91, 94 (Tex. 1999).

      Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 38.001 provides that “[a] person

may recover reasonable attorney’s fees from an individual or corporation, in

addition to the amount of a valid claim and costs, if the claim is for . . . an oral or

written contract.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE. ANN. § 38.001(8). To obtain an

award of attorney’s fees under section 38.001, “a party must (1) prevail on a cause

of action for which attorney’s fees are recoverable, and (2) recover damages.”

Green Int’l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 390 (Tex. 1997).

      In addition, “[p]arties are free to contract for a fee-recovery standard either

looser or stricter than Chapter 38’s.” Intercontinental Grp. P’ship v. KB Home

Lone Star L.P., 295 S.W.3d 650, 653 (Tex. 2009). When parties include an

attorney’s fee provision in a contract, the language of the contract controls rather

than the language of the statute. Id. at 654–56 (reviewing definition of “prevailing

party” under contract to determine whether plaintiff who had not recovered any

actual damages was entitled to recover attorney’s fees).         Thus, a party who

successfully defends a breach of contract claim but does not recover damages

                                          52
might be entitled to attorney’s fees under a contractual provision even though he

would not be entitled to attorney’s fees under Chapter 38. See Robbins v. Capozzi,

100 S.W.3d 18, 26–27 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2002, no pet.); Weng Enters., Inc. v.

Embassy World Travel, Inc., 837 S.W.2d 217, 222–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1992, no writ); Silver Lion, Inc. v. Dolphin St., Inc., No. 01–07–00370–CV,

2010 WL 2025749, at *17–18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 20, 2010, pet.

denied) (mem. op). However, in light of the difference in application of statutory

and contractual attorney’s fees, and because a court’s judgment must conform to

the pleadings, a party who pleads for attorney’s fees only under Chapter 38 waives

its claim for attorney’s fees under a contractual provision. See Intercontinental

Grp. P’ship, 295 S.W.3d at 659; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 301 (providing that

court’s judgment shall conform to pleadings).

         Here, in its live pleading at trial, PLTQ pleaded only for reasonable

attorney’s fees under Chapter 38. It did not plead for attorney’s fees under the

“prevailing party” provision of the Stonegate Contract. PLTQ first raised this

theory of recovery in a post-trial motion to amend its pleadings that was not ruled

upon by the trial court, and PLTQ did not file amended pleadings to support its

claim.

         I agree with the majority that the judgment awarding attorney’s fees against

the Peterson Group and Yu cannot be supported on the basis of the contractual

                                          53
attorney’s fees provision in the Stonegate Contract. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 301

(stating that judgment must conform to pleadings); Intercontinental Grp. P’ship,

295 S.W.3d at 659 (holding that party waived its right to recover attorney’s fees

under contractual provision by pleading for attorney’s fees only under Chapter 38);

see also Stoner v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679, 682–83 (Tex. 1979) (holding that

party may not be granted relief in the absence of pleadings to support that relief). I

would hold, therefore, that the trial court did not err by failing to award attorney’s

fees under the “prevailing party” provision in the Stonegate Contract, even if this

issue had not been waived.

      The majority, however, goes on to find no basis for awarding attorneys’ fees

under Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 38.001. I would affirm the award.

      PLTQ was clearly entitled to recover attorney’s fees for its contract claims,

but not their fraud claims, under section 38.001—the provision under which it

sought attorney’s fees at trial. However, the Texas Supreme Court has held that

“when the causes of action involved in the suit are dependent upon the same set of

facts or circumstances and thus are ‘intertwined to the point of being inseparable,’

the party suing for attorney’s fees may recover the entire amount covering all

claims.” Chapa, 212 S.W.3d at 313 (quoting Sterling, 822 S.W.2d at 11–12). It

further held that “[i]t is only when discrete legal services advance both a

recoverable and unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not

                                         54
be segregated and the party suing for attorney’s fees may recover the entire

amount. Id. at 313–14.

      Here, as discussed above, PLTQ’s fraud claims were so inextricably

intertwined with its breach of contract claims as to render fraud damages

unrecoverable under the economic loss rule. Thus, I would hold that the rule in

Chapa applies, and the entire amount of attorneys’ fees sought was properly

awarded under section 38.001.

      Moreover, the parties stipulated as to the amount properly recoverable on the

case. A stipulation is construed as a type of contract between the parties and

between the parties and the Court. First Nat’l Bank v. Kinabrew, 589 S.W.2d 137,

142–43 (Tex. Civ. App.—Tyler 1979, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Stipulations are generally

favored by the courts and are binding on the parties. Amoco Prod. Co. v. Tex.

Elec. Serv. Co., 614 S.W.2d 194, 196 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1981,

no writ).

      For the foregoing reasons, I would overrule the Developers’ second issue

and affirm the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to PLTQ.




                                         55
                                   Conclusion

      I would affirm that part of the trial court’s final judgment holding that the

Peterson Group and Yu are alter egos of PGI and of each other. I would further

hold that PLTQ’s fraud claim is barred by the economic loss rule; and, therefore, I

would reverse the trial court’s judgment awarding PLTQ damages for fraud and

would declare that it take nothing by that claim. I would also reverse the trial

court’s judgment awarding PLTQ damages for lost profits, but I would otherwise

affirm the award of damages for breach of the Royal Oaks Development

Agreement against the Peterson Group, PGI, and Yu. I would affirm the trial

court’s award of attorney’s fees to PLTQ. Finally, I would remand the case to the

trial court for calculation of pre- and post-judgment interest and for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.



                                             Evelyn V. Keyes
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.

Justice Keyes, dissenting.




                                        56
