                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-3558-17T4

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

DAVID GILLIEN, a/k/a DAVID
WOODS, KHALID DAWSON,
DAVID GILLAN, DAVID GILLENS,
DAVID GILLIAN, and DAVID N.
GILLIANS,

     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________

                    Submitted March 23, 2020 – Decided May 27, 2020

                    Before Judges Ostrer and Susswein.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 11-05-0043.

                    Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
                    appellant (James Daniel O'Kelly, Designated Counsel,
                    on the briefs).

                    Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for
                    respondent (Kayla Elizabeth Rowe, Deputy Attorney
                    General, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM

      Defendant, David Gillien, appeals from the denial of his petition for post-

conviction relief (PCR) after an evidentiary hearing. Defendant pleaded guilty

to the first-degree crime of leading a narcotics trafficking network, N.J.S.A.

2C:35-3, and was sentenced pursuant to a plea agreement to a twenty-year prison

term during which he must serve ten years without parole. Defendant contends

his trial counsel rendered constitutionally deficient assistance by failing to tell

him that the State had offered a more generous plea deal if defendant agreed to

provide cooperation. That offer, according to defendant, would have capped the

sentence at sixteen years with an eight-year period of parole ineligibility.

       After reviewing the record before us in view of the arguments of the

parties and the legal principles that apply to this appeal, we reject defendant's

contentions. The PCR court found that the State had not tendered the plea offer

that defendant posits. The PCR court's factual finding that no such offer was

tendered is fatal to defendant's ineffective assistance claim. The PCR court also

found that even if such an offer had been tendered by the State, defendant would

not have accepted it because it would have been contingent on defendant's

cooperation.   Defendant throughout the course of pretrial proceedings was

resolute in his refusal to turn against his drug trafficking confederates.


                                                                           A-3558-17T4
                                        2
Defendant has thus failed to establish that it is reasonably probable that he would

have accepted the hypothesized plea offer.

      In view of the PCR court's factual findings, which are supported by

substantial credible evidence adduced at the PCR hearing, defendant is unable

to satisfy either prong of the two-part test for ineffective assistance of counsel

set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

      Defendant further contends for the first time on appeal that his PCR

counsel also rendered ineffective assistance by failing to present testimony at

the PCR hearing from the defense lawyer, Thomas Mirigliano, who appeared at

the plea hearing. Defendant contends Mr. Mirigliano was an indispensable

witness. Defendant urges us to order a limited remand with instructions that a

new PCR counsel be appointed and that the new counsel be provided an

opportunity to examine Mr. Mirigliano at a new evidentiary hearing. We decline

to grant this relief because defendant has yet to provide a certification from this

attorney to show that his testimony would support defendant's petition for PCR.

                                        I.

      We need only briefly summarize the relevant portions of the extensive

procedural history of this case. Defendant was charged along with twelve others

in a forty-count indictment pertaining to organized drug trafficking activities.


                                                                           A-3558-17T4
                                        3
On September 13, 2003, defendant entered a guilty plea to the Leader of

Narcotics Trafficking Network count pursuant to a plea agreement that provided

for a twenty-year sentence with a ten-year term of parole ineligibility. 1 He was

sentenced in accordance with the plea agreement. On direct appeal, defendant

only challenged the sentence, claiming it to be excessive. After oral argument,

we rejected defendant's contention and affirmed the sentence.

       In April 2015, defendant filed his first PCR petition claiming that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel. The initial PCR judge denied the

petition without a hearing. Defendant appealed and filed a motion for a remand

claiming that PCR counsel failed to present defendant's claim that his trial

attorney did not inform him of a cooperation plea offer. The State did not object

to the remand. Accordingly, we dismissed the appeal and ordered a limited

remand to allow his claim that the State's plea offer was not communicated to

him.

       In June 2017, a new PCR judge heard oral argument and ordered an

evidentiary hearing to determine whether the State had tendered a cooperation



1
  The Leader of Narcotics Trafficking Network offense carries a life sentence
during which the defendant must serve twenty-five years without parole. That
mandatory minimum sentence may be reduced in accordance with a plea
agreement pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:35-12.
                                                                         A-3558-17T4
                                       4
agreement and, if so, whether counsel had failed to communicate that plea of fer

to defendant. In November 2017, the court convened the plenary hearing over

the course of two days. The court heard testimony from three deputy attorneys

general, defendant, and the attorney who supervised the defense team.           In

January 2018, the PCR court denied defendant's petition in a comprehensive oral

opinion and written order.

                                      II.

      Defendant raises the following contentions for our consideration:

            POINT I

            THIS MATTER SHOULD BE REMANDED
            BECAUSE       DEFENDANT        RECEIVED
            INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF PCR COUNSEL.

            POINT II

            AS PCR COUNSEL FAILED TO COMPLY WITH R.
            3:22-6(D), A NEW PCR PROCEEDING IS
            REQUIRED.

            POINT III

            THE PCR COURT'S FACTUAL FINDINGS WERE
            WIDE OF THE MARK, AND NOT SUPPORTED BY
            SUFFICIENT CREDIBLE EVIDENCE IN THE
            RECORD.




                                                                          A-3558-17T4
                                       5
                                       III.

      We begin our analysis by acknowledging the legal principles governing

this appeal. Post-conviction relief serves the same function as a federal writ of

habeas corpus. State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 459 (1992). When petitioning

for PCR, a defendant must establish, by a preponderance of the credible

evidence, that he or she is entitled to the requested relief. Ibid. (citations

omitted). To sustain that burden, the defendant must allege and articulate facts

that "provide the court with an adequate basis on which to rest its decision."

State v. Mitchell, 126 N.J. 565, 579 (1992).

      Defendant's PCR petition raises claims of constitutionally deficient

assistance of counsel.    Both the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution and Article 1, paragraph 10 of the State Constitution guarantee the

right to effective assistance of counsel at all stages of criminal proceedings.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984) (citing McMann v.

Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970)); State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58

(1987). To establish a violation of the right to the effective assistance of

counsel, a defendant must meet the two-part test articulated in Strickland. Fritz,

105 N.J. at 58. "First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance was




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                                        6
deficient. . . . Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance

prejudiced the defense." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

      To meet the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show "that

counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel'

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment." Ibid. Reviewing courts indulge in a

"strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance." Id. at 689.

      The second prong of the Strickland test requires the defendant to show

"that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial,

a trial whose result is reliable." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Put differently,

counsel's errors must create a "reasonable probability" that the outcome of the

proceedings would have been different than if counsel had not made the errors.

Id. at 694. This prejudice assessment is necessarily fact-specific to the context

in which the alleged errors occurred.

      As a general proposition, we defer to a PCR court's factual findings "when

supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." State v. Harris, 181

N.J. 391, 415 (2004) (quoting Toll Bros, Inc. v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J.

502, 549 (2002)). Deference is especially warranted when the PCR court's

factual findings are substantially influenced by the court's ability to hear and see


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                                         7
witnesses. State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 244 (2007) (citing State v. Johnson, 42

N.J. 146, 161 (1964)). In contrast, we review de novo the PCR court's legal

conclusions. State v. Nash, 212 N.J. 518, 540–41 (2013) (citing Harris, 181 N.J.

at 415–16).

                                       IV.

      The gravamen of defendant's PCR petition is that his trial counsel failed

to communicate to him that the State had tendered a plea deal that would have

capped the sentence at sixteen years in state prison with an eight-year period of

parole ineligibility.   The decision to plead guilty pursuant to a negotiated

agreement rests with the defendant and counsel is obligated to inform his or

client of a plea offer tendered by the prosecutor. Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S.

134, 145 (2012) (imposing upon defense counsel "the duty to communicate

formal offers from the prosecution to accept a plea on terms and conditions that

may be favorable to the accused"). We do not doubt, therefore, that the failure

to comply with this fundamental obligation would, if proven, constitute conduct

outside the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Strickland, 466

U.S. at 689.

      The critical issue raised in this case, however, is not whether counsel has

a duty to disclose plea offers to the client. Rather, the critical issue under the


                                                                          A-3558-17T4
                                        8
first prong of Strickland analysis is whether the State had in fact tendered a more

generous plea offer as defendant contends.

      The trial court considered the testimony of three deputy attorneys general

who represented the State at various stages of the case, the supervising defense

attorney, and defendant himself. The deputy attorney general assigned to the

case after plea cut-off appeared to be uncertain whether the State had made such

an offer.   However, the court heard testimony from the two other deputy

attorneys general that any such offer would have been in contravention of the

State's escalating plea policy. Under such a policy, plea offers generally become

more severe, not more lenient, as the case proceeds. Revised Attorney General

Guidelines for Negotiating Cases under N.J.S.A. 2C:35-12 (July 15, 2004).

Those two deputy attorneys general also testified that the more generous offer

that defendant claims was tendered would have required supervisory approval.

The deputies testified there was no evidence in the file that such approval was

sought or given. 2


2
  We add that when the State's offer to reduce a mandatory minimum sentence
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:35-12 is contingent on the defendant's cooperation, the
plea agreement should define the cooperation. State v. Gerns, 145 N.J. 216, 229
(1996). We deem it to be especially unlikely that a cooperation agreement
extended to the leader of a drug trafficking network would not be documented
in the State's file, or that deputy attorneys general assigned to the case would be
unaware that such an offer had been formally tendered to defense counsel.
                                                                           A-3558-17T4
                                        9
      After carefully considering the testimony of all of the witnesses, the PCR

judge found that the State never tendered a plea deal of sixteen-years

imprisonment with an eight-year parole bar contingent on defendant's

cooperation.    The judge thus concluded, "neither [defendant's supervising

counsel] nor his associate failed to inform the petitioner of a more favorable plea

offer in this case." We see no reason to disturb these fact-sensitive findings,

which are supported by substantial credible evidence. Harris, 181 N.J. at 415

(quoting Toll Bros, Inc., 173 N.J. at 549); see also Elders, 192 N.J. at 244 (citing

Johnson, 42 N.J. at 161) (deferring to factual findings based on a lower court's

ability to observe witness testimony).

      In view of these findings, defendant cannot establish that counsel was

ineffective for failing to disclose a plea offer that the State did not make. We

thus agree with the trial court that defendant has failed to satisfy the first prong

of the Strickland test.

      Furthermore, the PCR court also concluded that even assuming for

purposes of argument that a more generous plea offer had been tendered, that

offer would have required defendant to cooperate in the prosecution of his

codefendant, Dempsey Collins. The court heard testimony that none of the

defendants charged in the drug trafficking scheme were willing to testify against


                                                                            A-3558-17T4
                                         10
the others. The court found that defendant had consistently been unwilling to

cooperate with prosecutors and therefore concluded that defendant would not

have accepted a cooperation agreement had it been tendered as defendant

claims.3 In these circumstances, we believe defendant has failed to establish

that it is reasonably probable that he would have accepted the cooperation

agreement had it been offered. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Accordingly,

defendant has not satisfied the second prong of the Strickland test.

                                        V.

      Defendant contends the PCR court's findings are "wide of the mark"

because his PCR counsel failed to call one of the defense attorneys who might

have known about the plea offer defendant claims the State tendered. Thomas

Mirigliano was an associate of the law firm that represented defendant before

trial. Mirgiliano appeared on defendant's behalf at the plea hearing. Defendant

characterizes Mirigliano as an indispensable witness at the PCR plenary hearing




3
  We recognize that defendant testified on rebuttal at the PCR hearing that he
would have accepted a cooperation agreement from the State had one been
offered. The PCR judge was free, of course, to reject that assertion. The court
found that "[e]ven if a sixteen with eight years parole ineligibility plea offer was
discussed at some point, it was contingent [on cooperation] and [defendant] was
unwilling to cooperate."
                                                                            A-3558-17T4
                                        11
and contends for the first time on appeal that PCR counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by not calling Mirigliano to testify.

      We note that when a defendant claims that his or her PCR counsel

rendered ineffective assistance, an independent standard of professional conduct

applies. See State v. Hicks, 411 N.J. Super. 370, 376 (App. Div. 2010). The

New Jersey Supreme Court has held:

               PCR counsel must communicate with the client,
               investigate the claims urged by the client, and
               determine whether there are additional claims that
               should be brought forward. Thereafter, counsel should
               advance all of the legitimate arguments that the record
               will support.     If after investigation counsel can
               formulate no fair legal argument in support of a
               particular claim raised by defendant, no argument need
               be made on that point. Stated differently, the brief must
               advance the arguments that can be made in support of
               the petition and include defendant's remaining claims,
               either by listing them or incorporating them by
               reference so that the judge may consider them.

               [State v. Webster, 187 N.J. 254, 257 (2006).]

"The remedy for counsel's failure to meet the[se] requirements . . . is a new PCR

proceeding."     Hicks, 411 N.J. Super. at 376 (citing State v. Rue, 175 N.J. 1, 4

(2002)).

      Applying that standard, we conclude defendant has failed to establish grounds

for a new evidentiary hearing to develop the factual record with respect to Mr.


                                                                           A-3558-17T4
                                         12
Mirigliano's knowledge of a possible cooperation agreement. Notably, defendant is

obligated to support his argument concerning PCR counsel's ineffectiveness with

"affidavits or certifications." State v. Cummings, 321 N.J. Super. 154, 170 (App.

Div. 1999). Defendant, however, has not presented an affidavit or certification

as to what Mr. Mirgiliano would have said had he been called as a witness at the

PCR plenary hearing. Defendant's claim that Mirigliano received a sixteen with

eight plea offer from the State and failed to discuss it with defendant is thus

mere speculation amounting to little more than a bald assertion that he was

denied the effective assistance of PCR counsel. Ibid.

       Our task on this appeal is to review the PCR court's ruling in view of the

record that is before us. We decline to address whether PCR counsel performed

unreasonably in the absence of competent "facts sufficient to demonstrate counsel's

alleged substandard performance." Ibid. It is not our place, in other words, to

speculate on Mr. Mirigliano's knowledge.

      Any arguments raised by defendant that we have not already addressed

lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).

      Affirmed.




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                                       13
