                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 January 22, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                No. 318564
                                                                 Wayne Circuit Court
MARCUS DARNELL SIMMONS,                                          LC No. 13-004178-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: DONOFRIO, P.J., and BORRELLO and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of first-degree premeditated
murder, MCL 750.316, assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83, assault with intent to
do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84, possession of a firearm by a person
convicted of a felony (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f, and possession of a firearm during
the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant was sentenced, as a
second habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to life in prison without parole for the first-degree
premeditated murder conviction, 36 to 60 years’ imprisonment for the assault with intent to
murder conviction, 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment for the assault with intent to do great bodily
harm less than murder conviction, 5 to 7 ½ years’ imprisonment for the felon-in-possession
conviction, and two years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. For the reasons set
forth in this opinion, we affirm the convictions and sentences of defendant.

                                     I. BACKGROUND.

        This appeal arises from a shooting on April 19, 2013, in Detroit, Michigan, which
resulted in the death of one of the victims, Donte Mack. On April 19, 2012, at approximately 4
or 5:00 p.m., Faris Matti was working at the K & G Market on East Warren.1 According to
Matti, defendant came into the K & G Market every day, when defendant came in on April 19,
2013, Matti noted that defendant was wearing a jacket with a picture of President Obama’s face
stitched into the back. At approximately 8:45 p.m., Kila Parks drove herself, Donte Mack, and


1
  We note that in the record, various witnesses refer to the K & G Market by several names
throughout the trial. In this opinion we refer the store as the “K & G Market.”


                                             -1-
their one-year-old daughter Dariyah Mack, to the K & G Market in Parks’ Saturn. When they
arrived at the K & G Market, Donte went straight inside and Parks noticed defendant standing
against the K & G Market approximately 9 to 12 feet from where she was sitting in her car. At
some point, Parks noticed that defendant entered the K & G Market through the side wearing a
black “hoodie” sweatshirt. Inside the store, defendant purchased chips, threw money at Matti,
and left the store.

       Parks saw that Donte had come out of the K & G Market, so she unlocked her doors,
when he got inside the car he locked the doors. Parks saw defendant walking behind Donte, and
as soon as Donte locked the doors, she heard gunshots. Parks saw the bottom of defendant’s
pants and “hoodie” sweatshirt through the passenger side window of the car. Parks heard a total
of 10 or 11 gunshots, which sounded like they came from the same gun and lasted for
approximately 10 seconds. Matti also heard gunshots approximately 30 or 40 seconds after
defendant left the store. Matti testified that he looked up and saw the shooting through the K &
G Market’s security camera.

        After the shooting stopped, Parks saw defendant run, she then got out of the car and
began to scream. Donte told her to grab Dariyah, he fell and sat down outside of the store, Parks
took Dariyah into the K & G Market. During the shooting, Parks was shot twice in the leg, twice
in the arm, once in the bladder, once in the kidney, and once in the liver. Dariyah was not
injured.

       Detroit Police Officer Michael Angeleri arrived at the scene and saw a car with the
passenger side window shot or broken out. He also saw Donte lying face down at the entrance of
the K & G Market. Donte and Parks were transported to the hospital by ambulance, but Donte
was dead on arrival. Parks had surgery on her arm and bladder. After the incident, Parks was
shown a photographic lineup and identified defendant as the shooter.

         Detroit Police Officer Lance Sullivan arrived at the scene of the incident at
approximately 11:00 p.m., and obtained surveillance videotape footage from the K & G Market.
Several “screen shot” images of the videotape footage were admitted at trial. One image showed
Donte at the counter of the K & G Market, while another image showed a person in dark
clothing, a dark “hooded” jacket, and white shoes entering the K & G Market. The next image
showed the person at the store counter, then the next images showed Donte walking toward the
door of the K & G Market and exiting. The person in dark clothing then exited the store. Other
images presented at trial showed a person wearing a “dark hood” standing at the passenger side
door of a car extending his arm toward the door, an image showing a person with his right arm
pointing and an image of a shadow on the sidewalk, and a “long item” appeared near the head of
the person in the shadow. Additionally, the surveillance videotape recordings were also played
at trial, and Officer Sullivan described what they depicted. One videotape recording showed an
individual walk to a car parked at the K & G Market, and another individual approached the car.
Two additional videotape recordings showed Donte leave the K & G Market, the man in the
“hooded” sweatshirt leave, and a young woman come into the store with a young child shortly
thereafter. Relative to the surveillance evidence, Matti informed the police that the video
recording revealed that defendant was the person who started shooting.



                                               -2-
       Matti testified that on April 20, 2013, defendant came into the K & G Market. Matti
telephoned the police, who searched the area and found defendant with a woman, DeAngela
Kelly. Defendant was wearing a jacket with President Obama’s picture on the back, he was
immediately arrested and while conducting a search of his jacket, Detroit Police Officer Jarmiare
McEntire, recovered 26 packages of marijuana.

         DeAngela Kelly testified as defendant’s alibi witness at trial, stating that she lived at
15736 Munich at the time of the incident, was a friend of defendant and her sister was
defendant’s girlfriend. Kelly further testified that defendant came to Kelly’s house on April 19,
2013, at approximately 6 or 7:00 p.m., wearing a red shirt, blue jeans, and a coat. According to
Kelly, defendant fell asleep on the floor of her bedroom, so she and her son went into another
room to watch television. Kelly’s sister arrived at her house at approximately 8:00 p.m., and she
stayed at the house until sometime between 8:30 and 9:00 p.m. Kelly said defendant was at her
house until she fell asleep at approximately 9:15 or 9:30 p.m., when she woke up around 1 or
2:00 a.m., defendant was no longer in her house. Defendant testified on his own behalf at trial,
explaining that he and Donte were friends and there was no ill will between them. According to
defendant, he went to the K & G Market at approximately 3:30 p.m. on April 19, 2013. He
admitted that he was wearing the jacket with President Obama’s face on it and further testified
that he encountered Donte at the K & G Market, and Donte had given defendant advice because
someone had tried to rob him earlier in the day. Defendant testified that he left the K & G
Market at approximately 4:30 or 5:00 p.m and went to Kelly’s house approximately one hour
later, wearing a red T-shirt and blue “Mack” jeans, he said that he left his black “hoodie”
sweatshirt and coat downstairs. Defendant testified that he left Kelly’s house at approximately
9:15 or 9:30 p.m. because he had heard that there had been a shooting, so he went to the K & G
Market where he said he stayed for 5 or 10 minutes. At approximately 9:40 p.m., defendant said
he left the scene of the incident and partied with a woman named Ashley for the rest of the night.

        Defendant testified that he sold medical marijuana, but he did not have a prescription to
sell medical marijuana. Defendant also admitted to selling drugs on occasion while he was at the
K & G Market, but that he never intended to sell the 26 bags of marijuana that were found in his
coat when he was arrested. He also admitted at trial, that during a telephone conversation in jail,
he said that Donte was the man he “wacked out.” However, according to defendant’s testimony,
he meant to say: “Is that the one they said that I shot?”

        The jury convicted defendant as outlined above. Defendant was then sentenced by the
trial court as previously stated. This appeal then ensued.

                                          II. ANALYSIS.

        On appeal defendant first argues that the trial judge exhibited bias in favor of the
prosecution when he questioned six of the prosecution’s witnesses. However, defendant did not
object to the trial court’s questioning of witnesses during the trial. A defendant must raise the
issue of judicial bias in the trial court in order to preserve the issue for appellate review. People
v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 597; 808 NW2d 541 (2011). Because there was no objection
posited in the trial court relative to the trial judge asking questions, this issue is unpreserved. See
id. This Court reviews an unpreserved claim of judicial bias for plain error affecting the
defendant’s substantial rights. Id. The requirements for plain error are: “1) error must have

                                                 -3-
occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial
rights.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). An error affects the
defendant’s substantial rights if the defendant was prejudiced because the error affected the
outcome of the trial. Id.

         A defendant is entitled to a neutral and detached magistrate during a criminal trial.
People v Cheeks, 216 Mich App 470, 480; 549 NW2d 584 (1996). There is a “‘heavy
presumption of judicial impartiality.’” Jackson, 292 Mich App at 598 (citation omitted). This
Court examines whether a trial judge’s actions unduly influenced the jury and deprived the
defendant of his right to a fair trial. Id. “A trial court may question a witness in order to clarify
testimony or elicit additional relevant information.” People v Weathersby, 204 Mich App 98,
109; 514 NW2d 493 (1994). See also MRE 614(b) (“The court may interrogate witnesses,
whether called by itself or by a party.”) However, “[w]hile a trial court may question witnesses
to clarify testimony or elicit additional relevant information, the trial court must exercise caution
and restraint to ensure that its questions are not intimidating, argumentative, prejudicial, unfair,
or partial.” Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480. This Court has clarified that “[t]he test is whether the
judge’s questions and comments may have unjustifiably aroused suspicion in the mind of the
jury concerning a witness’ credibility and whether partiality quite possibly could have influenced
the jury to the detriment of the defendant’s case.” Id.

        On appeal, defendant first claims that the trial judge improperly questioned Parks, citing
the following exchange:

       THE COURT: Ms. Parks, you drove the car, right?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: All right. And Mr. Mack was in the passenger seat of the front
       seat?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: And do you remember where you parked the car when you pulled
       up in front of K & G Party Store?
       THE WITNESS: Yes, I do.
       THE COURT: If I gave you a little piece of paper, could you draw in for us where
       the car was?
       THE WITNESS: If I could.
       THE COURT: Okay. You see it says K & G Party Store.
       THE WITNESS: Yes, and the sidewalk.
       THE COURT: And the sidewalk. Okay. Draw in for us where you parked your
       car. Can you 10 put an X where you first saw this person that 11 ultimately
       wound up shooting? Put an X where he was standing. Okay. Now put an S, the
       letter S, where he was when the shooting started. When this shooting took place,
       did the person who was doing the shooting say anything?
       THE WITNESS: No.
       THE COURT: When the shooting took place, Mr. Mack was already in the car?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: In the front seat, passenger side?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: You had never gotten out of 24 the car by that time, had you?

                                                -4-
       THE WITNESS: No.
       THE COURT: And your daughter was in the center of the back seat?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: So Mr. Mack was in between the shooter and your daughter?
       THE WITNESS: Excuse me?
       THE COURT: In the car there was a shooter that was outside; is that right?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: Mr. Mack was seated in the front seat on the passenger side, right?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: And your daughter was in the back seat, correct?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: So who was between the shooter and your daughter?
       THE WITNESS: Mr. Mack, my child’s father.
       THE COURT: Right. Was there any particular reason why you were going to this
       K & G Party Store that night?
       THE WITNESS: No. It’s the neighborhood store.
       THE COURT: No further questions. Redirect.

        It is evident from this record that the trial judge was questioning Parks to acquire a better
understanding of the position of the victims in the car. Additionally, the trial judge asked a
single question as to why Parks had gone to the store that particular evening. Our review of this
questioning does not reveal that the trial judge improperly questioned Parks. See Cheeks, 216
Mich App at 480. Rather, the trial judge’s questions served to clarify Parks’ testimony regarding
the incident, and the trial court did not exhibit any bias or prejudice in questioning Parks. Nor
can we find that the questions may have unjustifiably aroused suspicion in the mind of the jury
concerning Parks’ credibility. Accordingly, we assign no error.

        Next, defendant argues that the questioning of Detroit Police Officer David Andrews
regarding the caliber and make of the shell casings was prejudicial. Specifically, defendant cites
the following exchange:

       THE COURT: Officer Andrews, can you just return to your seat, please? The
       spent shell casings that you and your partner found outside of 15500 East Warren,
       were they all of the same caliber?
       THE WITNESS: No, they weren’t.
       THE COURT: Look at the jury and speak into the microphone.
       THE WITNESS: No, the casings were not -- they were of the same caliber. They
       were not of the same make. I’m sorry.
       THE COURT: They were all of the same caliber, but not of the same make. And
       by “make,” what are you talking about?
       THE WITNESS: Manufacturer.
       THE COURT: Okay. What was the caliber of the spent shell casing that you
       found?
       THE WITNESS: If I can refer to my report.
       THE COURT: Yes, you may.
       THE WITNESS: The caliber was a .40 caliber shell casings.

                                                -5-
       THE COURT: Okay. Now, these were ammunition for a rifle or for a handgun.
       THE WITNESS: For a handgun.
       THE COURT: And generally speaking, there’s two different types of handguns,
       right, a revolver and a semi-automatic?
       THE WITNESS: That’s correct.
       16 THE COURT: And with a revolver you’ve got a cylinder and the bullets are
       put into the cylinder; is that right?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: Either five or six at a time?
       THE WITNESS: Correct.
       THE COURT: Okay. And when the handgun is fired that’s a revolver, what
       happens to the shell casing?
       THE WITNESS: The shell casings remain in the cylinder.
       THE COURT: Okay, if the person is firing an semi-automatic, what happens to
       the shell casings?
       THE WITNESS: The shell casings are ejected usually from the right port.
       THE COURT: Okay. The firing mechanism from a revolver as contrasted with a
       semi-automatic, do you still have to pull the trigger each time it fires?
       THE WITNESS: Yes, you do.
       THE COURT: It’s not like a machine gun where you pull the trigger once and it
       continually rapid fires, right?
       THE WITNESS: Correct, that would be an automatic weapon.
       THE COURT: That’s an automatic weapon. So with a semi-automatic, you have
       to continue to pull the trigger each and every time; is that right?
       THE WITNESS: Yes, that’s correct.
       THE COURT: And the total number of spent shell casings you found outside of
       this automobile on East Warren was how many?
       THE WITNESS: Ten.
       THE COURT: Redirect?

        Again we cannot find any evidence that this line of questioning aroused suspicion in the
mind of the jury concerning a witness’ credibility and whether partiality quite possibly could
have influenced the jury to the detriment of defendant’s case. The questioning was merely
eliciting information about the type of weapon used, the differences between an automatic and
semi-automatic weapon and a revolver. Essentially, the trial court was asking Officer Andrews
what he observed at the scene of the shooting. There is no evidence from this questioning of
Andrews that the trial court was exhibiting bias or prejudice. See Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480.
Rather, the trial court’s questioning of Officer Andrews was clearly intended to clarify what
Andrews observed, as well as provide some additional information relative to different types of
weapons. Accordingly, we assign no error.

        Next, defendant argues that the questioning of Officer McEntire was prejudicial, citing
the following:

       THE COURT: Officer McEntire, where approximately was the defendant
       arrested?
       THE WITNESS: He was arrested on -- if I could refer to my report.

                                              -6-
      THE COURT: Yes, yes.
      THE WITNESS: He was arrested on East Warren approaching Balfour Street in
      the city of Detroit.
      THE COURT: East Warren and Balfour?
      THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
      THE COURT: And that would be approximately how far away from Nottingham
      and Warren?
      THE WITNESS: Maybe a block or so. They’re right in the general vicinity. He
      was, I want to say, maybe two and a half blocks from the store.
      THE COURT: Okay. Redirect?

        Again, we fail to see how this line of questioning exhibited bias or prejudice by the trial
judge. The exchange between the witness and the trial judge was brief and simply intended to
clarify the vicinity where defendant was arrested. None of the information elicited demonstrates
prejudice to defendant. Additionally, the questions posed by the trial judge do not demonstrate
any form of prejudice by the trial judge. Accordingly, we assign no error.

        Next, defendant argues that the questioning of the officer in charge, Officer Nancy
Foster, constituted error, citing specifically the following exchange:

       THE COURT: Officer Foster, when you became involved in this incident, this
       investigation, you determined the significance of a house on Munich?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: What was the significance of that?
       THE WITNESS: After getting the search -- the court order approved to go
       through the defendant’s phone, I read his text messages, and he was advising
       different people to go to that location.
       THE COURT: All right. Did you ever seek out a search warrant for that address
       on Munich?
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: And was a search conducted of that house or building?
       THE WITNESS: I’m sorry, what street are we speaking of again?
       THE COURT: On Munich, on Munich.
       THE WITNESS: Yes. I’m sorry, I have to review my file because I know I did a
       search warrant on either --
       THE COURT: Go ahead.
       THE WITNESS: I apologize. No, there was no search warrant for the Munich
       address.
       THE COURT: And is there some reason why you never sought a search warrant
       for that Munich address?
       THE WITNESS: There was no reason. I actually got a search warrant for the
       other location.
       THE COURT: What other location?
       THE WITNESS: The Chadsworth location. That would be his location that he
       hung out.
       THE COURT: Well, didn’t you have some information as to this address on
       Munich as being somewhat significant?

                                                -7-
       THE WITNESS: Yes.
       THE COURT: What was the significance of it?
       THE WITNESS: That he said he was staying there. Well, he was there from 6
       o’clock P.M. to 1 o’clock A.M.
       THE COURT: Well, wouldn’t that be important then?
       THE WITNESS: Well, not me because I didn’t believe that he was actually there
       during the investigation.
       THE COURT: Well, subsequently you came to find out that the defendant had
       filed an alibi witness notice; isn’t that true?
       THE WITNESS: Yes, that was just recent.
       THE COURT: Okay, have you made any efforts to try to seek out a search
       warrant for that Munich address?
       THE WITNESS: No, I didn’t.
       THE COURT: Redirect.

       Here, the trial judge was questioning Foster to determine why the police did not search
defendant’s alibi witness, DeAngela Kelly’s residence on Munich. Contrary to the assertions of
defendant, this line of questioning likely favored defendant because it implied that the police
should have searched the residence. See Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480. Accordingly, we assign
no error.

       In addition, defendant asserts error when the trial judge questioned Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Agent Stan Brue regarding the parameters of the area
covered by a particular cellular telephone network tower. During direct examination, the
prosecutor questioned Agent Brue regarding whether defendant’s residence was located within
the area covered by the tower. The trial judge sought to clarify Agent Brue’s testimony
regarding the area covered by the tower and sought additional information regarding the
boundaries of the tower. See Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480. The trial judge did not indicate that
he was biased in seeking this additional information, and he did not intimidate or argue with the
witness. See id. Again, we assign no error to this questioning.

        Finally, the trial judge questioned Dr. Aveneesh Gupta of the Wayne County Medical
Examiner’s Office regarding Mack’s injuries. The prosecution questioned Dr. Gupta during
direct examination regarding the location of Mack’s gunshot wounds. The trial judge then
questioned Dr. Gupta regarding the entrance wound and the pathway that the bullet took through
Mack’s body. The trial judge also asked Dr. Gupta whether Mack had any other physical
conditions and whether Mack could have recovered from the wound. The trial judge’s questions
to Dr. Gupta clarified Dr. Gupta’s testimony regarding Mack’s injuries and sought additional
information regarding Mack’s wounds. See Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480. There is no
indication that the trial judge’s questions were intimidating, argumentative, or prejudicial
because the trial judge merely sought information regarding Mack’s wounds and did not imply
that defendant caused the wounds. See id. We assign no error to this line of questioning.

        After careful examination of defendant’s assertions regarding the trial judge’s
questioning of various witnesses, we conclude that the questioning fell within the parameters of
MCR 614(b). Additionally, though we caution the judge that his questioning must be restrained
so that his questioning cannot be construed as intimidating, argumentative, prejudicial, unfair, or

                                                -8-
partial, Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480, we cannot find that any of the complained of questioning
meets any of those listed criteria. Nor can we find that the trial judge’s questions aroused
suspicion in the mind of the jury relative to any of the witnesses’ credibility. In sum, we cannot
glean any prejudice or bias emanating from the trial judge’s questioning of various witnesses.

         Defendant next argues that the trial judge’s instruction to several witnesses to look at the
jury while he was questioning them, indicated that his questions were important. However, the
trial judge’s instruction to the witnesses served a far less dubious purpose: to ensure that the
jurors heard the witnesses’ answers and were able to observe the witnesses during questioning.
The trial judge also instructed Officer Andrews to “[l]ook at the jury and speak into the
microphone.” The fact that the trial judge asked Officer Andrews to speak into the microphone
illustrates that the trial judge sought to ensure that the jury could understand the witnesses. Thus,
there is no indication that the trial judge instructed the witnesses to look at the jury whole
answering his questions because of the trial judge’s bias. See Cheeks, 216 Mich App at 480.

        Additionally, defendant cannot establish prejudice because the trial judge instructed the
jury that his questions, comments, and rulings are not evidence. The trial judge further instructed
the jury that his comments or instructions are not meant to influence the jury’s decision and do
not express a personal opinion regarding the case. The trial court further explained that the jury
should disregard any opinion that it believes that the trial judge has regarding the case. A jury is
presumed to follow jury instructions. People v McDonald, 303 Mich App 424, 427; 844 NW2d
168 (2013). Therefore, defendant cannot establish that the trial judge’s questioning affected the
outcome of his trial. See Carines, 460 Mich at 763; People v Davis, 216 Mich App 47, 51-53;
549 NW2d 1 (1996) (holding that the trial judge’s questions to the witnesses did not create
judicial bias and noting that the trial judge instructed the jury that his questions to the witnesses
were not evidence). For the reasons stated above, the trial judge’s questioning of the six
prosecution witnesses did not constitute plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. See
Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

       Defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial when the prosecutor questioned
Officer McEntire regarding the fact that 26 packages of marijuana were found on defendant at
the time of his arrest and questioned defendant regarding whether he sold and used drugs.
Defendant further argues that the evidence was irrelevant and that any probative value that the
evidence did have was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

        “In order to preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for appellate review, a
defendant must have timely and specifically objected below, unless objection could not have
cured the error.” People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 382; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). Defendant
did not object to the prosecutor’s conduct in the trial court. Therefore, the issue is unpreserved.
See id. This Court reviews an unpreserved claim of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error
affecting the defendant’s substantial rights. Id. As discussed above, the requirements for plain
error are: “1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
plain error affected substantial rights.” Carines, 460 Mich at 763. An error affects the
defendant’s substantial rights when the error affected the outcome of the trial. Id.

        A prosecutor commits prosecutorial misconduct if he or she deprives the defendant of a
fair and impartial trial. Brown, 294 Mich App at 382. “Prosecutorial misconduct issues are

                                                -9-
decided on a case-by-case basis, and the reviewing court must examine the record and evaluate a
prosecutor’s remarks in context.” Id. at 382-383. “Under MRE 402, relevant evidence is
admissible unless excluded by the state or federal constitution or by a rule of evidence.” People
v Schaw, 288 Mich App 231, 236; 791 NW2d 743 (2010). Relevant evidence is defined as
evidence with “‘any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.’” Id. at 236-237, quoting MRE 401. One exception to this rule, however, is that
“‘evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice.’” Id. at 237, quoting MRE 403. This Court first determines whether the
evidence was unfairly prejudicial, and then decides whether the probative value was substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 611; 806
NW2d 371 (2011). The term “unfair prejudice” means the “tendency of the proposed evidence
to adversely affect the objecting party’s position by injecting considerations extraneous to the
merits of the lawsuit, e.g., the jury’s bias, sympathy, anger, or shock.” Id. (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). Additionally, “[u]nfair prejudice may exist where there is a danger
that the evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury or where it would be
inequitable to allow use of the evidence.” People v Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462; 751 NW2d
408 (2008).

        The testimony related to the 26 packages of marijuana created the danger of unfair
prejudice because there was a possibility that the testimony would be given undue weight by the
jury. Officer McEntire testified that defendant possessed 26 packages of marijuana at the time of
his arrest. The prosecutor also questioned defendant at length regarding whether he sold drugs to
earn money, possessed 26 packages of marijuana at the time of his arrest, and had a license to
sell medical marijuana. However, the testimony was highly relevant to the prosecution’s case as
it was evidence of motive. The prosecution questioned defendant regarding his connection with
Mack:

              Q. Because Mr. Mack sold drugs as well, right?

              A. I never knew it.

              Q. You didn’t know that he sold drugs?

              A. No.

             Q. You didn’t know that Mr. Mack on occasion would sell drugs in the
       same neighborhood that you did?

             A. No, I don’t pay attention to who sells drugs in my neighborhood,
       ma’am.

             Q. You don’t pay attention to the opposing drug dealers that work in the
       same neighborhood?

              A. No, ma’am. I’m not in competition, so I don’t pay attention to that.



                                              -10-
              Q. You would agree with me that the sale of drugs is an inherently
       dangerous occupation, right?

              A. No, ma’am.

              Q. Folks don’t get killed over drugs everyday [sic]?

              A. No, ma’am.

This line of questioning demonstrates that the prosecution’s purpose in questioning Officer
McEntire and defendant regarding defendant’s marijuana possession and sales was to establish a
motive for the shooting. The testimony was highly relevant because it connected defendant with
the victims and tended to make the fact that defendant committed the shooting more likely than it
would have been without the testimony. See Schaw, 288 Mich App at 236-237.

        In addition, the probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice. See Schaw, 288 Mich App at 237. Again, the testimony was highly
relevant because it connected defendant with the victims and provided evidence of defendant’s
motive to shoot at Mack. See id. at 236-237. Furthermore, although there was a danger that the
jury would view defendant negatively because he was a drug user and seller, the danger was not
so great that it would distract the jury from considering whether defendant committed the
charged offenses. See Blackston, 481 Mich at 462; Cameron, 291 Mich App at 612. Therefore,
the prosecutor did not commit prosecutorial misconduct in questioning Officer McEntire
regarding the fact that defendant had 26 packages of marijuana in his possession at the time of
his arrest and in questioning defendant regarding whether he used and sold marijuana.

        Even if this Court were to find prosecutorial misconduct in the eliciting of this
information, defendant fails to show how the error affected the outcome of the trial. The trial
court instructed the jury regarding the elements of the charged offenses, which did not include
drug use or sale. The jury is presumed to have followed the jury instructions. See McDonald,
303 Mich App at 437. Therefore, the jury is presumed to have not considered defendant’s drug
use or sale in determining whether he was guilty of the charged offenses. See id. Additionally,
there was substantial evidence presented at trial establishing that defendant committed the
charged offenses. Parks identified defendant as the shooter. Faris Matti, an employee of the K
& G Market, also identified defendant as the man who came into the K & G Market and then
committed the shooting. There was a recording of a telephone conversation presented at trial, in
which defendant stated that he had “wacked out” Mack. In addition, a videotape recording from
the scene of the incident, which depicted the shooter and the shooting, was played at trial.
Furthermore, defendant does not explain how he was prejudiced by the prosecutor’s actions. See
People v Smart, 304 Mich App 244, 251; 850 NW2d 579 (2014) (“An appellant may also not
merely announce a position and leave it to this Court to rationalize the basis for the claim, or
elaborate the argument.”) Therefore, defendant was not prejudiced by the prosecutor’s actions.
See Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

        Defendant next argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
trial judge’s questioning of the six prosecution witnesses and the prosecutor’s questions
regarding defendant’s marijuana possession and sales.

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        A defendant preserves the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel by bringing a motion
for a new trial or a Ginther2 hearing in the trial court. See People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181,
188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). Defendant did not bring a motion for a new trial or a Ginther
hearing in the trial court. Therefore, the issue is unpreserved. See id.

        This Court reviews an unpreserved claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for
“mistakes apparent on the record.” Brown, 294 Mich App at 387. A claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel involves issues of law and fact. Id. “This Court reviews a trial court’s
findings of fact, if any, for clear error, and reviews de novo the ultimate constitutional issue
arising from an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” Id.

                To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must
         show that (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
         reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, (2) there is a reasonable
         probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceedings would have
         been different, and (3) the resultant proceedings were fundamentally unfair or
         unreliable. [Brown, 294 Mich App at 387-388.]

There is a strong presumption that defense counsel’s conduct constituted sound trial strategy. Id.
at 388. “Failing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120
(2010).

        As discussed above, the trial court did not err in questioning six of the prosecution’s
witnesses because the trial court merely elicited additional relevant information and clarified the
witnesses’ testimony. In addition, as discussed above, the prosecutor did not commit
prosecutorial misconduct in questioning Officer McEntire regarding the fact that defendant
possessed 26 packages of marijuana at the time of his arrest and in questioning defendant
regarding whether he used and sold marijuana, because the probative value of the evidence was
not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Therefore, defense counsel did not render
ineffective assistance because an objection to the trial judge’s conduct or the prosecutor’s
conduct would have been meritless. See Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201.

         Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Pat M. Donofrio
                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




2
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).


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