                            UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                     v.
  SIGMA INTERNATIONAL, INC., d.b.a. Sigma U.S.A., Inc.; Charles Sternisha, et al., Defendants-
Appellants.

                                               No. 97-2618.

                                     United States Court of Appeals,
                                             Eleventh Circuit.

                                              Nov. 30, 1999.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
Before TJOFLAT and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and BRIGHT*, Senior Circuit Judge.
        TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

        Sigma International, Inc., William Andrew Walton, and Charles Sternisha (referred to collectively
as "Sigma")1 were convicted of crimes arising out of a scheme to fraudulently import, adulterate, and
distribute in interstate commerce frozen shrimp from India and China. They appeal, challenging the validity

of their indictment and various rulings the district court made over the course of their trial. Walton and
Sternisha also challenge the district court's application of the sentencing guidelines in fashioning their

sentences. We affirm, but remand for reduction of the sentences imposed on Walton and Sternisha.
                                                     I.
        The United States Food and Drug Administration (the "FDA") maintains an Import Alerts list, which

identifies the international products, processors, and packers that have a history of noncompliance with the
FDA's standards. The products of companies on this list are automatically detained by the FDA and the
United States Customs Service ("Customs") upon entering the United States. The FDA also maintains an "A"

list, which identifies packers and processors with a history of complying with FDA's standards. Products of

companies on the "A" list are only detained if random sampling suggests noncompliance with FDA standards.
In late 1991, the FDA issued an Import Alert for Indian shrimp. Thus, all Indian shrimp, except that of


   *
    Honorable Myron H. Bright, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
   1
     Sigma International, Inc. is a seafood company with a processing plant in St. Petersburg, Florida. At
the time of the events giving rise to the indictment in this case, William Andrew Walton was the
vice-president and manager of Sigma's international division, also located in St. Petersburg. Sternisha
was the manager of the St. Petersburg plant. Sigma, Walton, and Sternisha raise the same points on
appeal; therefore, we refer to them jointly as Sigma. But, when discussing them individually, we refer to
them by their individual names.
packers on the "A" list, was automatically detained upon entering the United States.

        Prior to the arrival of a shipment in the United States, the receiving company presents the FDA and
Customs with invoices and other documents indicating where the shipment will be coming from, what the

shipment will contain, and the identity of the packer. The FDA and Customs use these invoices to determine

whether to detain a particular shipment. If an invoice indicates that the packer is on the FDA's "A" list, the
shipment is not usually detained. Conversely, if the invoice identifies a packer not on the "A" list and the

product is from a country on the Import Alerts list, the product is automatically detained.

        In the beginning of 1992, Sigma bought 701 cartons of frozen Indian shrimp and had them packed

by Bliss Impex. Bliss Impex was not on FDA's "A" list. Thus, the 701 cartons would automatically be
detained when they reached Florida. To avoid this automatic detention, Sigma had its customshouse broker2
return to Sigma the Bliss Impex invoices and other documents Sigma had prepared for submission to Customs
and the FDA. Sigma then altered these documents to indicate that Silver Star Sea Foods,3 an "A" list packer,

had packed the shrimp. In February 1992, Sigma bought three additional shipments of frozen Indian shrimp

and had Bliss Impex pack them.4 On each occasion, Sigma altered the documentation to indicate that Silver
Star Sea Foods packed the shrimp.

        Later in 1992, Sigma substituted the name Coral Sea Foods, another "A" list packer, for Silver Star
Sea Foods on its import documents. Sigma used Coral Sea Foods as the bogus packer for at least two
shipments, one for 525 cartons of shrimp and another one for 393 cartons, that Bliss Impex had actually

packed. After the shipments left India, Sigma learned that the FDA had removed Coral Sea Foods from the
"A" list. Sigma thus changed the packer name on the documentation for the these two shipments from Coral
Sea Foods to Silver Star Sea Foods. Because the cartons left India before Sigma altered the import

documents, the labels on the cartons still identified Coral Sea Foods as the packer. So, when the shrimp

reached Sigma's plant in St. Petersburg, Sigma had its employees remove the Coral Sea Foods labels and

replace them with generic labels that read "packaged for Sigma International."


   2
    Customshouse brokers are specialists hired by importers to help get products through the Customs
and the FDA entry processes.
   3
     Silver Star Sea Foods did not give Sigma permission to use its name. During the FDA's investigation
of this case, Sigma asked the principals of Silver Star Sea Foods and Bliss Impex to tell the FDA that
Silver Star Sea Foods had packaged the shrimp Sigma imported from India. The owners refused Sigma's
request.
   4
    The first shipment was for 100 cartons, the second for 267 cartons, and the third for 450 cartons.
         While an FDA inspector was conducting random sampling of the 525 carton shipment at Sigma's

plant, he found a few Coral Sea Foods labels still on the boxes and became suspicious about the validity of
the shipment's documentation. The FDA began an investigation of Sigma's practices relating to the

importation of Indian shrimp. During its investigation, the FDA searched Sigma's offices and the St.

Petersburg plant and observed large quantities of shrimp, which had been imported from China, soaking in

a chlorine wash. Naturally, this discovery heightened the FDA's concern about Sigma's handling of imported
shrimp, and the agency broadened its investigation.

         In late 1994 and early 1995, several Sigma customers began to complain that the frozen shrimp Sigma
was sending them was decomposing. Because the shrimp had come from China, Sigma decided to test

everything their customers returned. Sigma sorted the rejected shrimp into a 5000 series, representing shrimp

that was acceptable in its current condition, and a 6000 series, representing shrimp that appeared to be
unacceptable but might be salvageable if washed. To determine whether the 6000 series shrimp could be
saved, Sigma partially thawed the shrimp and tested it organoleptically for decomposition, by smelling and

feeling the shrimp. Then, Sigma "washed" the 6000 series shrimp by soaking it in Sea Fresh, a mixture of
copper sulfate, chlorine, and lemon juice. If, after the "washing," the shrimp passed a new organoleptical test,

Sigma renumbered the shrimp in a 7000 series, refroze it, and resold it to other customers. If, after the
"washing," the shrimp still smelled too bad to sell, Sigma renumbered the shrimp in a 8000 series and stored
it in its plant.

         In the fall of 1994, Sigma's method of importing frozen shrimp from India and its processing of
frozen shrimp from China became the subject of a grand jury investigation in the Middle District of Florida.

The Assistant United States Attorney (the "AUSA") assigned to the case was Michael Rubinstein. He
presented the case to the grand jury and, after an indictment was returned, was lead counsel for the

Government throughout the proceedings in the district court.

         Three separate grand juries considered this case. The first grand jury indicted Yaw-Bin Huang,
Sigma's president, in April 1995. The indictment, which was sealed, charged him with the same offenses

alleged in the superseding indictment now before us. Huang fled the United States before the indictment was

returned and has not been apprehended. With the indictment against Huang lying dormant, Rubinstein

presented the case to a second grand jury, which had been convened on September 6, 1994. The targets of
the investigation were, in addition to Huang, the appellants and Jagadeesh Reddy, Robert Fields, and Geogy

Kannikal (who were tried with appellants and acquitted). This grand jury received evidence throughout its
twelve-month term of service, but took no action. According to a statement Rubinstein made to the third

grand jury, the second grand jury did not vote on whether to indict.
        The third grand jury was convened on September 13, 1995. The grand jury's first order of business

was to consider the case against Sigma and its officials. Rubinstein began presenting the case on the 13th,

and on the afternoon of the next day, the grand jury returned the instant superseding indictment (the

"indictment").
        The superseding indictment contained twelve counts. Counts one through four involved the Indian

shrimp; counts five through twelve involved the Chinese shrimp. Count one charged the defendants with
conspiring to defraud the FDA and Customs and conspiring to introduce adulterated shrimp into interstate

commerce in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (1994). Counts two and three charged the defendants with two

different instances of knowingly and willfully introducing imported goods by means of false statements in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 542 (1994). Count four charged the defendants with obstructing justice in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1505 (1994) by attempting to obtain false testimony from, among others, the principals of

Silver Star Sea Foods and Coral Sea Foods. Counts five through eight charged the defendants with four
separate instances of adulterating Chinese shrimp in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 331(k) (1994). Counts nine

through twelve charged the defendants with four separate instances of introducing adulterated Chinese shrimp
into interstate commerce in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 331(k), 333(a)(2), and 342(a)(3), (b)(3) (1994).
        The case went to trial before a jury on August 6, 1996. During the Government's case, as required

by the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500 (1994), Rubinstein gave the defendants a copy of an FDA agent's grand

jury testimony. In reviewing the testimony, defense counsel concluded that Rubinstein had testified at length
and had made several inappropriate and prejudicial comments before the grand jury. The defendants,

therefore, moved the court to review, and unseal, the transcript of the grand jury proceedings. Anticipating

that the transcript would reveal pervasive prosecutorial misconduct, the defendants also moved the court to

dismiss the indictment.
        The district court denied the defendants' motions. At the same time, the court informed the

defendants of the dates on which the three grand juries were empaneled. From this information, they were

able to determine that the third grand jury had returned its indictment after considering the case for less than
two days. Based on this disclosure, the defendants renewed their motion to dismiss the indictment. The

district court stayed consideration of the renewed motion until the return of the jury's verdict.

        On October 18, 1996, the jury returned a verdict of guilty against Sigma and Andrew Walton on all
twelve counts of the indictment. Charles Sternisha was found guilty of nine counts, those involving the
adulteration and introduction into interstate commerce of Chinese shrimp. After the jury returned its verdicts,

the district court denied Sigma's motion to dismiss the indictment, stating that the petit jury's guilty verdicts
had rendered harmless any error that may have occurred before the grand jury. Following the imposition of

sentence, Sigma, Walton, and Sternisha appealed.

        As noted in the introduction to this opinion, appellants challenge the validity of the indictment,

various trial court rulings, and the court's application of the Sentencing Guidelines. We address the first and

third challenges in parts II and III below. The second challenge, to various trial court rulings set out in the
margin,5 is without merit and requires no further comment.
                                                       II.
                                                       A.
        The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that "[n]o person shall be held to answer for a

capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury." U.S. Const.
amend. V. History suggests that the primary reason for this requirement was to provide a "protective bulwark

standing solidly between the ordinary citizen and the overzealous prosecutor." United States v. Dionisio, 410

U.S. 1, 17, 93 S.Ct. 764, 773, 35 L.Ed.2d 67 (1973). Because grand juries were useful in protecting colonists

from British prosecution during the Revolution, the Framers included grand juries in the Bill of Rights hoping

they would work equally well to check overreaching by their own government. See 1 Sara Sun Beale &

William C. Bryson, Grand Jury L. & Prac. § 1:03 (1986).

         Although the Framers included a grand jury requirement in the Bill of Rights, they did not assign

the grand jury to a specific branch of government. This construction makes the grand jury an independent,

pre-constitutional body that relies on the power of the judiciary when it needs assistance in accomplishing

its constitutionally-assigned task of returning indictments. See Brown v. United States, 359 U.S. 41, 49, 79

S.Ct. 539, 546, 3 L.Ed.2d 609 (1959), overruled on other grounds, Harris v. United States, 382 U.S. 162,

168, 86 S.Ct. 352, 356, 15 L.Ed.2d 240 (1965); John Roe, Inc. v. United States (In re Grand Jury


   5
    Appellants contend that the following errors require vacating their convictions and a new trial: (1)
the district court abused its discretion in permitting Rubinstein, over defense objection, to ask prosecution
witnesses an excessive number of leading questions; (2) Rubinstein commented on Sternisha's
post-Miranda silence; (3) the court abused its discretion by admitting into evidence reports made by
FDA agents; (4) the court erred when it refused to instruct the jury, as Sigma requested, concerning
chlorine's status in the relevant FDA regulations; and (5) the court abused its discretion in refusing to
admit into evidence one of defendant's summary exhibits.
Proceedings), 142 F.3d 1416, 1424-25 (11th Cir.1998) (explaining that although a grand jury relies on the

judiciary when it seeks subpoenas or contempt sanctions, it "performs its investigative and deliberative

functions independently"). When a court invokes its supervisory power to check grand jury abuses, therefore,

it is really supervising the prosecutor, who, as an officer of the court, presents cases for the grand jury to

consider. See United States v. Serubo, 604 F.2d 807, 816 (3d Cir.1979) (stating that "this court and others

have increasingly exercised our supervisory power over the administration of justice to regulate the manner

in which grand jury investigations are conducted"). A court may also review a grand jury investigation to

ensure that an independent and informed grand jury returned the indictment. Cf. Dionisio, 410 U.S. at 16-17,

93 S.Ct. at 773 ("This constitutional guarantee presupposes an investigative body 'acting independently of

either prosecuting attorney or judge.' ") (quoting Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 218, 80 S.Ct. 270,

273, 4 L.Ed.2d 252 (1960)). A court will not, however, dismiss an indictment merely because the grand jury

based its decision to indict on evidence that would be inadmissable at trial. To do so would infringe on the

grand jury's independence. See Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359, 363, 76 S.Ct. 406, 408-09, 100 L.Ed.

397 (1956); United States v. Brown, 872 F.2d 385, 388 (11th Cir.1989).

         A court may dismiss an indictment based on the violation of a defendant's Fifth Amendment grand

jury right,6 only if the defendant can show that he or she was prejudiced by the violation. See Bank of Nova

Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250, 254, 108 S.Ct. 2369, 2373, 101 L.Ed.2d 228 (1988) ("[A] court may

not dismiss an indictment for errors in grand jury proceedings unless such errors prejudiced the defendants.").
Conduct that compromises the structural protections of the grand jury, so as to render its proceedings

fundamentally unfair, is the only exception to this prejudice rule. See id. at 256-57, 108 S.Ct. at 2374. After

Bank of Nova Scotia, courts further narrowed the fundamentally unfair exception so that it only encompasses

violations involving racial discrimination in the grand jury pool, as this was the only example the Supreme

Court gave of a violation that compromised the structural protections of the grand jury process. See id. at

257, 108 S.Ct. at 2374-75. All other claims of grand jury violation require that a defendant establish

prejudice before an indictment will be dismissed. See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 504 U.S. 36, 64, 112

S.Ct. 1735, 1751, 118 L.Ed.2d 352 (1992); United States v. Exarhos, 135 F.3d 723, 726-27 (11th Cir.1998),


   6
    Some constitutional rights are not protected in the grand jury context. See, e.g., United States v.
Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974) (upholding a grand jury subpoena based on
evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment). See generally United States v. Williams, 504
U.S. 36, 49, 112 S.Ct. 1735, 1743, 118 L.Ed.2d 352 (1992) (citing examples of constitutional protections
usually afforded criminal defendants that have no application in the grand jury setting).
cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 119 S.Ct. 1275, 143 L.Ed.2d 369 (1999), (refusing to overturn an indictment even

though the government presented forged documents). The standard for dismissing an indictment based on

prosecutorial misconduct has thus been articulated as whether the misconduct "substantially influenced the

grand jury's decision to indict," or whether we have "grave doubt that the [grand jury's] decision to indict was

free from the substantial influence of [the prosecutor's misconduct]." Bank of Nova Scotia, 487 U.S. at 256,

108 S.Ct. at 2374 (internal quotation marks omitted).

         We review denials of motions to dismiss an indictment for abuse of discretion. See United States

v. Pielago, 135 F.3d 703, 707 (11th Cir.1998). In this case, the district court used an out-dated standard for

determining whether to dismiss the indictment.7 Notwithstanding this error, however, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellants' motion to dismiss the indictment.
                                                      B.

         This circuit has yet to issue a post-Bank of Nova Scotia opinion dismissing an indictment because

prosecutorial misconduct substantially influenced the decision to indict. See, e.g., Exarhos, 135 F.3d at 727

(finding that the defendant had not shown bad faith or prosecutorial misconduct); United States v. Jennings,

991 F.2d 725, 729 (11th Cir.1993) (finding that having the victim's friend on the grand jury did not

substantially influence the decision to indict because the prosecution presented overwhelming evidence of
probable cause). Although today we are faced with unacceptable conduct on the part of a prosecutor, we do
not find that this conduct overbore the grand jury such that it was unable to make an independent decision

to indict. Rubinstein had three agents testify, read portions of prior grand jury testimony, told the grand jury
everything that had been presented to the prior grand jury was available to it, allowed the grand jurors to
question the agents, and ultimately allowed the grand jurors to decide when they wanted to vote on the

indictment. These actions left the final indicting decision up to the grand jury.

         We would be remiss in our responsibility to protect the integrity of the grand jury process, however,




   7
    The district court applied the standard from United States v. Mechanik, which held errors in a grand
jury's charging decision harmless if a petit jury subsequently entered a guilty verdict against the
defendant. Compare United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 70, 106 S.Ct. 938, 942, 89 L.Ed.2d 50
(1986), with United States v. Kramer, 864 F.2d 99, 101 (11th Cir.1988) (stating that conviction by a petit
jury would not render a prosecutor's misconduct before a grand jury harmless if that misconduct
substantially influenced the decision to indict).
if we did not discuss Rubinstein's conduct before the third grand jury.8 The first thing Rubinstein said to the
grand jury after introducing himself was "I'm here to present to you this morning some evidence and some
legal explanation about a case which we'll be asking you to vote on and consider tomorrow." He then told

the jurors that he would screen their questions, answering them himself when possible, to speed up the

process. See Sept. 13th Tr. at 7. At the beginning of day two, he again told the jurors that he wanted to rush

them so they could vote at the end of the day. See Sept. 14th Tr. at 1. Such statements were inappropriate.

A prosecutor may not set the grand jury's schedule for it, nor may a prosecutor suggest that the grand jury

has a limited amount of time in which to reach a decision. See ABA Standards for Criminal Justice

Prosecution Function 3-3.5(a) (3d ed.1993) (stating that prosecutors should give due deference to the grand

jury as an independent body). By telling a brand-new grand jury that it would vote tomorrow, Rubinstein
nearly foreclosed any serious questioning or deliberation by that body.9 Several times, however, he clarified
that he did not want to rush the jurors unfairly; if they needed more time they were to let him know. In

addition, at the end of the second day, he allowed the grand jury to make its own decision (without him in
the room) about whether to vote that day.

         Although in the end, the grand jury made an independent decision to indict, Rubinstein attempted
to turn that independent decision into simply a rubber stamp decision. For instance, at various points during



   8
    The fact that this AUSA has been the subject of a previous prosecutorial misconduct case, see United
States v. Crutchfield, 26 F.3d 1098 (11th Cir.1994) (remanding case for new trial because AUSA's
intentional misconduct prejudiced defendants), makes it all the more imperative that we address his
unacceptable actions before the grand jury. Further, short of dismissing the indictment based on a finding
of prejudice, a court may reprimand a prosecutor through a published opinion to deter misconduct before
a grand jury. See Bank of Nova Scotia, 487 U.S. at 263, 108 S.Ct. at 2378 (suggesting contempt of court,
discipline by the bar, and chastisement as alternative deterrents to dismissal).
   9
     Rubinstein also attempted to foreclose deliberation by the third grand jury by suggesting that the only
reason the previous grand jury did not indict was that its term of service ended before he could take a
"critical" deposition and present it to the grand jury. He implied that had the previous grand jury not run
out of time, it would have indicted appellants. Specifically, he said,

                          The problem that they had was that they wanted to vote on it. They wanted to be
                 in position to hear the evidence and decide, just as you're being asked to do, since they'd
                 heard it for months. They'd heard these witnesses and they were interested in it and they
                 were following it very avidly. And then I came to them and I said, I'm sorry, you're not
                 going to get a chance to vote on this case because of an administrative situation in my
                 office with the travel budget basically. So until we resolve that, I don't have time. And
                 they all said, oh, I'm so sorry, good-bye, and now I'm presenting it to a new Grand Jury.
        Sept. 13th Tr. at 77. The record reflects that Rubinstein's statements were simply untrue. More
        importantly, it was improper for Rubinstein to say this in an attempt to transform the grand jury's
        deliberative process into a cursory review.
his presentation, Rubinstein told the grand jury how to interpret the evidence in order to find that the

appellants acted knowingly (an element of the crimes charged) on specific occasions that were critical to the

Government's case.10 A prosecutor's job is to present evidence of criminal activity to a grand jury. In so
doing, the prosecutor may also explain why a piece of evidence is legally significant, but he may not tell the
jury what inferences it should draw from the evidence. Factual questions are for the grand jury to determine

on its own. See ABA Standards for Criminal Justice Prosecution Function 3-3.5(a) & cmt. (3d ed.1993)

(stating that a prosecutor may explain the law and the legal significance of the evidence, but he must leave

to the grand jury the determination of whether the evidence constitutes probable cause); cf. United States

v. Birdman, 602 F.2d 547, 551-55 (3d Cir.1979) (explaining the dangers of a lawyer acting as both advocate

and witness before a grand jury). Courts have recognized that grand juries, which are drawn from a pool of

ordinary citizens, may need some assistance understanding criminal laws; thus, they allow prosecutors to
explain the law and interpret the legal significance of evidence. But, courts have consistently emphasized

that a prosecutor must temper his assistance in order to preserve the grand jury's independence. See Williams,

504 U.S. at 63, 112 S.Ct. at 1750. A prosecutor who informs the grand jury of both the legal and factual
significance of the evidence he has presented risks infringing on the grand jury's independence and

jeopardizing the integrity of its proceedings. Most of the inferences Rubinstein drew from the evidence were
apparent. Therefore, his comments on what the evidence established, while out of line, were not so far out
that they cause us seriously to doubt the grand jury's independence in this case.

         In addition to the foregoing, Rubinstein inappropriately commented on other crimes he thought the
appellants had committed—crimes that were neither under investigation nor relevant to the grand jury's
inquiry. For instance, Rubinstein said he was going to send to the FDA lab shrimp that may have been

exposed to chlorine Sigma used to clean the trays in which shrimp was repacked—the inference being that



   10
     Some of the most egregious examples of this include: (1) "[t]he significance of that is that that tells
you that on that date, okay, on that date, you know that Andy Walton knows ... [a]ll future packing will
be in Coral.... You now know that Andy Walton knows that as of that date," id. at 51; (2) "The
paperwork is okay. It looks good, but he knows that he got in trouble before on the stupid labels. So he
gets back to Kannikal and he says: I know you did the paperwork, but what about the labels on the
cartons? I need to know that right away," id. at 67; (3) "[s]o they're aware—Kannikal is aware in India
that Agent Siberski in Tampa is trying to get the shipment details from Makkar," id. at 87; (4) "you asked
me what's the significance of that [fax], and I said it was because in Andy Walton's mind he knew
something.... So Andy Walton knew that there was this relationship.... So he knows on the 21st," id. at
102; (5) "Now, another story that [Walton's] giving him that you know that [Walton] knows isn't true is
we were under the impression that this product was packed and processed by Silver Star." Sept. 14th Tr.
at 28.
the defendants had engaged in more criminal activity than what was being presented to the grand jury. In
fact, he suggested that exposing shrimp to chlorine in this way might constitute another, as of yet uncharged

crime. See Sept. 14 Tr. at 96-97.11 Rubinstein also suggested that Sternisha had lied to the second grand jury.

Although Sternisha had not been charged with perjury, Rubinstein nonetheless opined that Sternisha had lied

to the grand jury and therefore should be indicted. See id. at 198 (stating "it appears that Mr. Sternisha lied

to the Grand Jury.... So, that's why I think he's a good prospect to get indicted"). Any lawyer with a grain

of common sense and even a limited understanding of the code of ethics should know that remarks such as

these are intolerable, for they serve no purpose other than to foster prejudice against the person under

investigation. See United States v. Hogan, 712 F.2d 757, 760-61 (2d Cir.1983) (calling defendant a "real

hoodlum" and introducing evidence of irrelevant crimes impaired the independence of the grand jury);

Serubo, 604 F.2d at 818 (finding prosecutor's reference to the defendants as Cosa Nostra hatchet men

impermissible).
        The conduct Rubinstein cited as criminal was irrelevant to whether the appellants had committed the

crimes charged in the indictment (which Rubinstein had already drafted). To the grand jury, however, the
conduct might have appeared to be relevant; suggesting that the appellants were persons of bad character and

as such were likely to have committed those crimes. See ABA Standards for Criminal Justice Prosecution

Function 3-3.5(b) (3d ed.1993) (stating that "[t]he prosecutor should not make statements or arguments in

an effort to influence grand jury action in a manner which would be impermissible at trial before a petit

jury"); cf. Fed.R.Evid. 404.

        In sum, as condemnable as Rubinstein's conduct before the grand jury was, it does not appear that
it caused the grand jury to return an indictment that otherwise would not have issued.12 For this reason, the
appellants' Fifth Amendment right was not violated, and the indictment need not be dismissed.
                                                     III.

                                                      A.



   11
     In addition to saying that he was going to send the shrimp to the FDA lab, Rubinstein voiced his
opinion about whether the chlorine had adulterated the shrimp, one of the elements of the crime charged,
saying: "[y]es. I think that in my opinion and the opinion, I think, of most shrimp consumers, that is not
what they consider to be shrimp that they want to buy or eat. It's an inferior product." Sept. 14th Tr. at
203-04.
   12
     We note that, toward the end of the second day, several jurors argued with Rubinstein, stating that
the chlorine had improved, not adulterated, the shrimp.
           Walton was convicted on all twelve counts of the indictment. To determine the sentence range for

these counts, the district court divided the counts into two groups in accordance with Sentencing Guidelines
section 3D1.4. Group one consisted of counts one through four, which related to the Indian shrimp. Section

2F1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines, which applies to cases of fraud, applied to counts one, two, and three.

Section 2J1.2 of the Guidelines, dealing with obstruction of justice, applied to counts one and four. Because
the Government was unable to establish a non-speculative value for the loss attributable to the importation

of the Indian shrimp, the parties and the court agreed that Walton should be sentenced on those counts under

section 2J1.2, rather than section 2F1.1. Section 2J1.2 yielded an offense level of fifteen.

           Group two consisted of counts one and five through twelve, relating to the Chinese shrimp. Under
section 2F1.1, which applied to these counts, the offense level is determined by adding a number of levels

taken from the loss table to a base offense level of six. The district court, over Walton's (and Sternisha's)
objection, calculated the loss at $724,000, which translated into a ten-level increase and a final offense level
of sixteen. Adding three levels under section 3B1.1(b) for being a manager and two levels under section

2F1.1(b)(2) for more than minimal planning, the offense level for the group two offenses came to twenty-one,
six offense levels higher than that for the group one offenses. Due to this differential, section 3D1.1-1.4

required the court to add one level to the highest of the two groups; hence, the offense level for the group
two offenses was twenty-two. Since Walton had a criminal history category of one, the sentence range for
each count was forty-one to fifty-one months imprisonment. The court sentenced Walton at the bottom of
the range, to concurrent prison terms of forty-one months and concurrent supervised release terms of

twenty-four months. The court also imposed a $10,000 fine.13
           Sternisha was convicted of counts one and five through twelve. Grouping was unnecessary in his

case; section 2F1.1, the fraud guideline, governed the sentence range for each count. The offense level for

these counts was eighteen, the same level the court arrived at in Walton's case less three levels for being a
manager of the criminal activity. Like Walton, Sternisha's criminal history category was one; this coupled

with an offense level of eighteen yielded a sentence range of twenty-seven to thirty-three months. Also as
in Walton's case, the court sentenced Sternisha to the bottom of the sentence range, imposing concurrent

prison terms of twenty-seven months and concurrent supervised release terms of twenty-four months. The




   13
        The judgment in Walton's case does not indicate the count(s) on which the fine was imposed.
court also imposed a $6,000 fine.14
           Sigma was convicted on all twelve counts of the indictment. The court sentenced Sigma to

concurrent terms of sixty-months probation on each count, and a $1 million fine.15
           Walton and Sternisha challenge their sentences, questioning the district court's methodology for

determining, under section 2F1.1, the amount of the loss attributable to their conduct.
                                                       B.

           We review the district court's interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. See United States

v. Toussaint, 84 F.3d 1406, 1407 (11th Cir.1996). The district court's calculation of loss, however, is a factual

determination which we review for clear error. See id.; see also United States v. Cabrera, 172 F.3d 1287,

1292 (11th Cir.1999). The guidelines do not require that a district court determine loss with precision; but

the loss determination will only be upheld if it is a reasonable estimate given the information available. See

id. The district court's decision to include the Chinese shrimp segregated and washed after February 23, 1995,

within its loss calculation under section 2F1.1 was unreasonable; we therefore reverse its decision to increase
appellants' offense level by ten based on this calculation.

           It is a fundamental precept of criminal law that people may only be sentenced for the crimes they
commit. Conversely, if conduct does not constitute a crime, people may not be punished for that conduct.
In this case, the "washing" that occurred after February 23, 1995, was not illegal; it was done without

chlorine and under State of Florida supervision. Conduct engaged in with the government's approval is
generally not a crime. To sentence the appellants for the post-February 23 washing based on the theory that
they would have committed a crime had they not been arrested would be akin to sentencing a bank robber

for robbing all the banks in town rather than just the one he actually robbed because, had he not been arrested,

he would have continued to rob banks. That is simply ridiculous. We sentence people based on the crimes
they commit, not their criminal propensities.16
           On February 23, 1995, the FDA entered Sigma's St. Petersburg plant, put a "stop sale" order on all


   14
        As in Walton's case, the judgment does not indicate the count(s) on which the fine was imposed.
   15
        The judgment does not indicate the count(s) on which the fine was imposed.
   16
     This case may be distinguished from the sentencing in bank fraud cases, in which the offender is
caught after making a fraudulent application for a loan, but before the bank parts with its money. In those
cases, the crime is complete when the defendant makes the fraudulent application. Thus, the defendant
may be sentenced based on the anticipated outcome of the fraudulent conduct even if no monetary loss
has occurred.
of Sigma's 6000 and 7000 series shrimp, and ordered Sigma to cease washing its shrimp in Sea Fresh.
Thereafter, any shrimp washing that occurred at Sigma's plant was done under government supervision.

Because the washing occurred with the government's approval, it was not a crime, and Walton and Sternisha

cannot be punished for participating in it. The district court thus erred when it included the 200,000 pounds

of shrimp washed under government supervision after February 23, 1995 within its amount of loss
calculation. The court should have calculated the loss using only the 208,306.23 pounds washed before

February 23.17 Further, the court erred in calculating the value of the shrimp based on an average of its value

before and after that date. Here again, the court should have just used the pre-February 23 figure: $2.01 per
pound.

         Although the court erred by including the shrimp washed under government supervision within its

loss calculation, it did not err in calculating the amount of the loss based on the intended loss rather than the
gain to the offender. Appellants argued that loss, under section 2F1.1, should have been calculated based on

Sigma's gain, not on its victims' losses. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1 appl. n. 8. Thus, appellants presented evidence

at sentencing showing that Sigma made $82,178.54 in profit from the sale of the adulterated shrimp and

argued that this number should provide the basis for any section 2F1.1(b)(1) increase. If the district court had
calculated loss based on Sigma's profit, rather than on what Sigma intended its victims to lose, the court
would have been crediting Sigma for the material required to propagate its fraud. It would be nonsensical

to reduce Sigma's sentence based on the cost it incurred to adulterate and resell the shrimp.18
         In sum, the district court chose the correct method for figuring the amount of the loss under section
2F1.1, but it calculated that loss incorrectly. The amount of the loss for section 2F1.1(b)(1) purposes should

have been calculated by multiplying the amount of shrimp washed before February 23 (208,306.23 lbs.) by
the value of that shrimp ($2.01). This would have resulted in an intended loss of $418,080, which


   17
       Both appellants and the Government agreed that the shrimp weights listed by Sigma's Chinese
suppliers were routinely 10% to 25% higher than the actual weight of the shrimp supplied. To account
for this overestimate, we subtracted 10% (23,145.14 lbs) from the Chinese weight listed (231,451.37 lbs.)
to arrive at a more accurate measure of the amount of shrimp washed before February 23 (208,306.23
lbs.).
   18
      Appellants cite several cases for the proposition that the section 2F1.1 loss calculation should be
based on the offender's gain. With one exception, United States v. Shriver, 967 F.2d 572, 574 (11th
Cir.1992), these cases hold that intended loss is the appropriate method for calculating loss under section
2F1.1. Although the court in Shriver affirmed the district court's loss calculation (based on offender gain),
it offered no analysis of why that method was preferable. Therefore, none of the cases appellants cited
suggest a reason for calculating loss based on offender gain rather than on intended loss, if the latter can
be reasonably determined.
corresponds to a nine level increase under section 2F1.1(b)(1). Thus, the appellants total offense level under
section 2F1.1 should be fifteen.

                                                      IV.

        In conclusion, we reiterate that Rubinstein's conduct before the grand jury was unacceptable; the sort
of conduct that should be sanctioned. We do not direct the district court to dismiss the indictment in this case

for one reason: we cannot say that we have grave doubts that the grand jury's decision to indict was the
product of the prosecutor's misconduct. Appellants' convictions are therefore AFFIRMED.

        We VACATE Walton's and Sternisha's sentences, however, and REMAND their cases for

resentencing consistent with this opinion.19
        SO ORDERED.




   19
      Thus, in resentencing Walton and Sternisha, the district court shall use, as a total offense level, level
fifteen.
