
813 N.E.2d 1145 (2004)
351 Ill. App.3d 219
286 Ill.Dec. 452
The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Joseph J. MURRAY, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 2-03-0255.
Appellate Court of Illinois, Second District.
July 30, 2004.
*1146 G. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender (Court-appointed), Elgin, Charles M. Schiedel, Deputy Defender (Court-appointed), Springfield, Office of the State Appellate Defender, for Joseph J. Murray.
Michael J. Waller, Lake County State's Attorney, Waukegan, Martin P. Moltz, Deputy Director, Joan M. Kripke, State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, Elgin, for the People.
Justice KAPALA delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant, Joseph J. Murray, appeals the dismissal of his petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2002)). He contends that the trial court improperly dismissed the petition on the ground of res judicata. We reverse and remand.
After a jury trial, defendant was convicted of escape (720 ILCS 5/ 31-6(c) (West 2000)) and sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. He appealed, contending that he was deprived of his right to represent himself at trial. This court affirmed. People v. Murray, No. 2-01-1480 (2002) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23).
Defendant then filed a postconviction petition in which he contended that "the trial court improperly deprived [him] of the right of self representation." The trial court dismissed the petition, finding that res judicata barred defendant from raising this claim. Defendant timely appeals.
Defendant contends that the trial court could not dismiss his petition on the ground of res judicata at the first stage of postconviction review. We agree.
Under the Act, a postconviction proceeding not involving the death penalty has three stages. People v. Boclair, 202 Ill.2d 89, 99, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734 (2002). At the first stage, the trial court must examine the petition within 90 days. The court shall dismiss the petition if it "determines the petition is frivolous or is patently without merit." 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2002). We review de novo the dismissal of a petition at the first stage. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill.2d 366, 387-88, 233 Ill.Dec. 789, 701 N.E.2d 1063 (1998).
In Boclair, our supreme court held that a court could not dismiss a petition at the first stage on the ground that it was not filed within the time limit specified in the Act. Boclair, 202 Ill.2d at 100-01, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734. The court explained that the Act's time limitation is in the nature of an affirmative defense that can be raised, waived, or forfeited by the State. Boclair, 202 Ill.2d at 101, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734. Therefore, the State should have to raise such a claim in a responsive pleading and the defendant would then have a chance to respond to the State's allegations.
This court has subsequently held that waiver, like untimeliness, may not be the basis of a first-stage dismissal. People v. Cleveland, 342 Ill.App.3d 912, 915, 277 Ill.Dec. 486, 796 N.E.2d 201 (2003); People v. Stivers, 338 Ill.App.3d 262, 264, 273 Ill.Dec. 86, 788 N.E.2d 395 (2003). However, this court has not specifically addressed whether a trial court may summarily dismiss a petition on the ground that the *1147 claim is barred by res judicata. See People v. Smith, 345 Ill.App.3d 742, 746, 281 Ill.Dec. 166, 803 N.E.2d 570 (2004). Appellate panels that have considered the issue have reached divergent conclusions.
Defendant relies principally on People v. Blair, 338 Ill.App.3d 429, 272 Ill.Dec. 936, 788 N.E.2d 240 (2003), appeal allowed, 205 Ill.2d 594, 281 Ill.Dec. 82, 803 N.E.2d 486 (2003). There, the First District held that a trial court may not dismiss a petition at the first stage on the basis of waiver or res judicata. The court held that, like timeliness, these are procedural issues that do not address the substantive merit of the petition. Blair, 338 Ill.App.3d at 431-32, 272 Ill.Dec. 936, 788 N.E.2d 240. The court further observed that People v. McCain, 312 Ill.App.3d 529, 245 Ill.Dec. 130, 727 N.E.2d 383 (2000), one of the three cases consolidated for decision in Boclair, held that a petition could not be summarily dismissed on the ground of res judicata. Although the supreme court did not specifically mention res judicata in its opinion, it nevertheless affirmed McCain. Blair, 338 Ill.App.3d at 431, 272 Ill.Dec. 936, 788 N.E.2d 240, citing Boclair, 202 Ill.2d at 101, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734. In People v. McGhee, 337 Ill.App.3d 992, 994, 272 Ill.Dec. 509, 787 N.E.2d 324 (2003), a different panel of the First District reached the same conclusion.
Later, another First District panel expressed its disagreement with McGhee and Blair. The court believed that waiver and res judicata are more closely related to a petition's substantive merit than the statute of limitations defense at issue in Boclair. People v. Smith, 341 Ill.App.3d 530, 536-37, 276 Ill.Dec. 472, 794 N.E.2d 367 (2003). The court did not decide the issue, however, because the pleading in question was the defendant's second postconviction petition, and the supreme court held in People v. Britt-El, 206 Ill.2d 331, 341, 276 Ill.Dec. 309, 794 N.E.2d 204 (2002), that Boclair does not apply to successive petitions. Smith, 341 Ill.App.3d at 537-38, 276 Ill.Dec. 472, 794 N.E.2d 367.
In People v. Etherly, 344 Ill.App.3d 599, 279 Ill.Dec. 807, 801 N.E.2d 99 (2003), the First District attempted to harmonize the pronouncements in Blair and Smith. The court concluded that res judicata could be the basis of a first-stage dismissal if the trial court did not engage in fact finding or consider evidence outside the record. Etherly, 344 Ill.App.3d at 614, 279 Ill.Dec. 807, 801 N.E.2d 99. People v. Sutherland, 345 Ill.App.3d 937, 281 Ill.Dec. 430, 803 N.E.2d 1051 (2004), followed this approach.
After considering these various approaches, we agree with McGhee and Blair that res judicata may not be the basis for summarily dismissing a petition. We note that res judicata is not an absolute bar to raising an issue. Various exceptions exist, and the doctrine will not be applied where it would be fundamentally unfair to do so. Cload v. West, 328 Ill.App.3d 946, 953, 263 Ill.Dec. 35, 767 N.E.2d 486 (2002). For example, in Blair, the appellate court first considered the allegedly barred issue in the context of granting appellate counsel's motion to withdraw pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967). The defendant raised the issue in his pro se response to the motion and the appellate court rejected the issue on the merits. Blair, 338 Ill.App.3d at 430, 272 Ill.Dec. 936, 788 N.E.2d 240. Thus, while the issue was ostensibly raised in the prior appeal, the defendant could plausibly argue that he did not have as full an opportunity to raise the issue as if it had been briefed by counsel. However, if the trial court were to dismiss his petition sua sponte, the defendant would not have a chance to argue that an exception to res judicata applies.
*1148 In People v. Wright, the supreme court held that the State could not raise a statute-of-limitations defense for the first time on appeal. People v. Wright, 189 Ill.2d 1, 10-11, 243 Ill.Dec. 198, 723 N.E.2d 230 (1999), overruled in part on other grounds, Boclair, 202 Ill.2d at 99, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734. The court expressed concern that allowing the State to raise the issue for the first time on appeal would deprive a defendant of the chance to amend his petition to overcome the defense, for example, by showing that the delay was not the result of his culpable negligence (see 725 ILCS 5/122-1(c) (West 2002)). Wright, 189 Ill.2d at 11, 243 Ill.Dec. 198, 723 N.E.2d 230. A similar concern applies here. Allowing the trial court to summarily dismiss a petition on the basis of res judicata would deprive a defendant of the chance to amend his petition to respond to the defense.
Here, the trial court dismissed the petition solely on the basis of res judicata. Accordingly, we reverse the order dismissing the petition and remand the cause for proceedings under sections 122-4 through 122-6 of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-4 through 122-6 (West 2004)).
The judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is reversed and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
O'MALLEY, P.J., concurs.
Justice BOWMAN, dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. Specifically, I believe that the trial court properly dismissed the postconviction petition on the ground of res judicata, as the trial court did not engage in fact finding or consider evidence outside the record, and the issue had already been adjudicated on direct appeal.
We review de novo the dismissal of a postconviction petition at the first stage. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill.2d 366, 387-88, 233 Ill.Dec. 789, 701 N.E.2d 1063 (1998).
Under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2002)), the scope of a postconviction proceeding is limited to constitutional matters that have not been, and could not have been, previously adjudicated on direct appeal. People v. Lucas, 203 Ill.2d 410, 417-18, 272 Ill.Dec. 298, 787 N.E.2d 113 (2002). Any issues considered by the court on direct appeal are barred by res judicata. See Lucas, 203 Ill.2d at 418, 272 Ill.Dec. 298, 787 N.E.2d 113.
The inquiry into whether a postconviction petition contains sufficient allegations of a constitutional deprivation does not require the trial court to engage in any fact finding. Coleman, 183 Ill.2d at 385, 233 Ill.Dec. 789, 701 N.E.2d 1063. Rather, at the first stage of a postconviction proceeding, the trial court examines the petition to determine whether it is frivolous or patently without merit and may dismiss the petition on that basis. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2002). Thus, during the first stage, a trial court may focus only on the substantive merits of the petition, and may not consider procedural issues. People v. Boclair, 202 Ill.2d 89, 102, 273 Ill.Dec. 560, 789 N.E.2d 734 (2002). Res judicata is a substantive consideration to the extent that it delineates the scope and purpose of the Act. People v. Smith, 341 Ill.App.3d 530, 536-537, 276 Ill.Dec. 472, 794 N.E.2d 367 (2003).
The Act specifically provides that, at the first stage of a postconviction proceeding, the court may examine not only the court files but also "any action taken by an appellate court." 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(c) (West 2002); People v. Etherly, 344 Ill.App.3d 599, 614, 279 Ill.Dec. 807, 801 N.E.2d 99 (2003). Defendant directly appealed *1149 his conviction, contending that the trial court had deprived him of his right of self-representation. This court affirmed. Defendant then filed a postconviction petition, again contending that the trial court had deprived him of his right of self-representation. Defendant did not include additional outside evidence. In dismissing the petition, the trial court did not engage in fact finding or consider evidence outside the record. In my opinion, to hold that the trial court in this case could not summarily dismiss the petition based on res judicata effectively nullifies section 2.1(c) of the Act.
Because the trial court, looking only to the record, determined that the issue had been adjudicated on direct appeal and was, therefore, outside the scope of the Act, I would affirm.
