                                                           FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                       FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      February 21, 2017
                       _________________________________
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
DIANNA L. LEWIS,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                  No. 16-5061
                                          (D.C. No. 4:14-CV-00773-TLW)
NANCY A. BERRYHILL, Acting                          (N.D. Okla.)
Commissioner Social Security,

       Defendant-Appellee. *
                     _________________________________

                       ORDER AND JUDGMENT * *
                       _________________________________

Before HOLMES, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Ms. Dianna L. Lewis applied for disability benefits with the Social

Security Administration. Ms. Lewis could obtain these benefits only if she

was unable to perform work in the national economy. In determining

*
      Nancy A. Berryhill became the Acting Commissioner of the United
States Social Security Administration on January 20, 2017, and is
substituted for Carolyn W. Colvin as the Defendant-Appellee in this case.
See Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2).
**
      The parties do not request oral argument, and we do not believe that
oral argument would be helpful. As a result, we are deciding the appeal
based on the briefs. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value under
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and Tenth Cir. R. 32.1(A).
whether this standard was met, the administrative law judge considered an

assessment by Kenneth Muckala, M.D., a physician who had treated Ms.

Lewis from May 2010 to November 2011. The administrative law judge

gave this assessment no weight. In doing so, however, the judge erred.

Standard of Review

      On appeal, we engage in de novo review, applying the same standard

that governed in district court. See Fischer-Ross v. Barnhart, 431 F.3d

729, 731 (10th Cir. 2005) (de novo review); Nguyen v. Shalala, 43 F.3d

1400, 1402 (10th Cir. 1994) (same standard as in district court). Under that

standard, we have two tasks.

      The first is to determine whether the administrative law judge

applied the correct legal standards. Hamlin v. Barnhart, 365 F.3d 1208,

1214 (10th Cir. 2004). Reversal is necessary if the administrative law

judge applied an incorrect legal standard or failed to show application of

the correct standard. Id.

      Our second task is to determine whether the administrative law

judge’s findings were supported by substantial evidence. Nguyen, 43 F.3d

at 1402. Reversal is necessary if the evidence did not support the

administrative law judge’s findings. Hamlin, 365 F.3d at 1214.

Assessment of Dr. Muckala’s Opinion

      The administrative law judge had an obligation to weigh Dr.

Muckala’s assessment based on the regulatory factors. 20 C.F.R.

                                     2
§ 404.1527(c). The judge could comply by giving Dr. Muckala’s

assessment no weight. But if the judge did so, he would need to give

reasons that were both legitimate and specific. Watkins v. Barnhart, 350

F.3d 1297, 1301 (10th Cir. 2003).

        The administrative law judge gave two reasons for rejecting Dr.

Muckala’s physician’s assessment: (1) Dr. Muckala had written the

assessment roughly sixteen months after his last examination of Ms. Lewis,

and (2) the assessment had been inconsistent with other medical evidence.

The first reason is facially dubious, and the second reason is too vague.

        Though Dr. Muckala wrote the assessment approximately sixteen

months after his last examination of Ms. Lewis, the administrative law

judge failed to explain why this delay mattered. Dr. Muckala said that his

assessment was based on his previous medical records, and these records

showed examinations leading to diagnoses of pain and distention of the

abdomen. The administrative law judge apparently agreed with these

diagnoses, for he too found that Ms. Lewis was suffering from abdominal

pain.

        The defendant speculates that the passage of time might have proved

significant if Ms. Lewis’s condition had changed in the interim. But the

administrative law judge did not say that Ms. Lewis’s condition had

changed. All we have is an observation: that Dr. Muckala wrote the

assessment some sixteen months after his last examination of Ms. Lewis.

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There is nothing in the administrative law judge’s opinion stating why that

delay mattered.

     The administrative law judge’s second reason is too vague. The judge

said that Dr. Muckala’s opinion was inconsistent with the medical record.

Which part of the record? The judge didn’t say.

     This lack of specificity is confusing because Dr. Muckala found that

Ms. Lewis was suffering from abdominal pain and the judge agreed. In

light of this agreement on the existence of abdominal pain, we are left to

speculate about the perceived inconsistencies between Dr. Muckala’s

assessment and the remainder of the medical record. See Langley v.

Barnhart, 373 F.3d 1116, 1119 (10th Cir. 2004) (stating that the

administrative law judge’s reasons for assessing a treating source’s

medical opinion must be sufficiently specific for meaningful judicial

review).

     The defendant offers three possibilities: (1) the absence of test

results that would explain Ms. Lewis’s pain complaints, (2) inconsistency

with Dr. Kratz’s consultative examination, and (3) inconsistency with the

opinions of two state agency physicians. But these are just possibilities;

there is nothing in the opinion to suggest that the administrative law judge

shared the defendant’s view on these three matters. And even if this was

the administrative law judge’s thinking, it would not justify the outright

rejection of Dr. Muckala’s assessment.

                                      4
     The defendant’s first possible explanation involves test results. The

administrative law judge apparently did not view the test results the way

that the defendant does, for the judge concluded that (1) Ms. Lewis was

experiencing abdominal pain and (2) this pain could reasonably be

expected to cause the alleged symptoms.

     The defendant also points to Dr. Kratz’s records. Dr. Kratz examined

Ms. Lewis and found chronic abdominal pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting,

hematuria, hematochezia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Which

limitations from these impairments were inconsistent with what Dr.

Muckala had found? The administrative law judge did not say, and the

defendant does not offer any possibilities.

     Finally, the defendant points to the opinions of two state agency

physicians. But the administrative law judge assigned their opinions little

weight.

                                    * * *

     The administrative law judge had to give specific, legitimate reasons

to reject Dr. Muckala’s assessment. The judge gave two reasons. One was

facially dubious, and the other was too vague. As a result, we conclude

that the administrative law judge failed to adequately explain his rejection

of Dr. Muckala’s assessment.




                                      5
Credibility

     Ms. Lewis challenges not only the weighing of Dr. Muckala’s

assessment but also the weighing of Ms. Lewis’s credibility. We reject

some of these challenges, but we question the administrative law judge’s

characterization of Ms. Lewis’s work record as poor.

     Ms. Lewis testified that she had stopped working in 2010 because of

pain, swelling, vomiting, and fever. The administrative law judge

acknowledged that Ms. Lewis was experiencing some pain, but discounted

her credibility based on

                 inconsistences in her account of her daily activities,

                 absence of pain medication, and

                 the existence of a poor work record.

The first two explanations are valid, but we question the third.

     The inconsistencies here are readily apparent. Ms. Lewis testified

that she spent most days lying in bed or in a recliner. But she elsewhere

described her regular activities to include housekeeping and some

strenuous activity as long as she could take frequent breaks.

     On appeal, Ms. Lewis argues that her daily activities did not

constitute substantial gainful activity. But no one questions that. The

administrative law judge’s point was that Ms. Lewis had given inconsistent

accounts about her daily activities. That inconsistency could bear on Ms.

Lewis’s credibility. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(4).
                                      6
      An administrative law judge could consider not only the

inconsistency but also the absence of pain medication. When a claimant

alleges excruciating pain but is not taking pain medication, an

administrative law judge can often reasonably infer that the claimant is

exaggerating. See Barnett v. Apfel, 231 F.3d 687, 690 (10th Cir. 2000).

      To draw this inference, an administrative law judge must consider the

claimant’s explanation. Social Security Ruling 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at

*7-8 (1996). Ms. Lewis offered an explanation, stating that she could not

afford pain medication. But the administrative law judge did not have to

credit this explanation, for Ms. Lewis had declined (1) prescriptions for

pain medications while accepting other medications (Celexa and Reglan)

and (2) an offer to send her home with pain medication. Thus, we do not

fault the administrative law judge for drawing adverse inferences based on

the fact that Ms. Lewis was not taking pain medication.

      In discounting Ms. Lewis’s pain complaints, the administrative law

judge offered a third explanation: “a poor work record.” Appellant’s

App’x, vol. I, at 23. The district court found that this explanation was not

supported by substantial evidence, and the defendant does not defend this

part of the administrative law judge’s explanation. We too struggle to

understand why the administrative law judge regarded Ms. Lewis’s work

record as poor, for she had consistent work-related income from 1983 to

2010 except for a single year (1989).

                                        7
      Though we are uncertain why the administrative law judge regarded

Ms. Lewis’s work record as poor, we need not decide if this explanation

constituted reversible error. Reversal and remand are necessary based on

the absence of specific, legitimate reasons to reject Dr. Muckala’s opinion.

      The administrative law judge may decide to reconsider Ms. Lewis’s

credibility based on Dr. Muckala’s assessment. But if the administrative

law judge continues to discount Ms. Lewis’s credibility based on a poor

work record, the judge should (1) specify why he regards the work record

as poor and (2) tie that finding to the record.

                                     * * *

      Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

order and judgment.

                                    Entered for the Court



                                    Robert E. Bacharach
                                    Circuit Judge




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