MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                         FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                              Apr 14 2016, 9:14 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                    CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any                            Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                        Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing                              and Tax Court

the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Andrew J. Sickmann                                        Gregory F. Zoeller
Boston Bever Klinge Cross & Chidester                     Attorney General
Richmond, Indiana                                         Robert J. Henke
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana


                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Termination of the Parent-                         April 14, 2016
Child Relationship of K.M.                                Court of Appeals Case No.
(Minor Child) and T.M.                                    89A05-1510-JT-1680
(Mother),                                                 Appeal from the Wayne Superior
Appellant-Respondent,                                     Court
                                                          The Honorable Darrin M.
        v.                                                Dolehanty, Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause No.
The Indiana Department of                                 89D03-1504-JT-13
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.




Mathias, Judge.



Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016        Page 1 of 13
[1]   T.M. (“Mother”) appeals the involuntary termination of her parental rights to

      her minor daughter (“Child”). Mother presents one issue, which we restate as

      whether the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s termination

      order.

[2]   We affirm.

                                         Facts and Procedural History


[3]   Child was born on July 11, 2005, to Mother and C.M. (“Father”).1 In April

      2013, Mother went to Michigan in the middle of the night and left seven-year-

      old Child home alone. At some point in the night, Child woke up and called

      911 when she discovered that Mother was gone. Child was placed with Father

      on April 14, 2013, but the next day, Father notified the Department of Child

      Services (“DCS”) that he was unable to keep her. Child was then placed in

      foster care.


[4]   DCS filed a petition on April 16, 2013, alleging that Child was a Child in Need

      of Services (“CHINS”). A hearing was held that same day, and both parents

      admitted to the allegations in the CHINS petition that Child was left alone in

      the middle of the night when Mother traveled to Michigan. Shortly after,




      1
       Father does not join in this appeal. Father was notified of the termination hearings but failed to attend.
      Accordingly, Father’s parental rights to Child were also terminated.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016              Page 2 of 13
      Mother pleaded guilty to neglect of a dependent and served one year in the

      Department of Correction (“DOC”).

[5]   While Mother was incarcerated, the trial court held a review hearing on

      October 18, 2013, and a review and permanency plan hearing on April 7, 2014.

      The court determined that because Mother was incarcerated, she was unable

      engage in services and noted that reunification was dependent on “mother’s

      participation in and success with services. . .” Appellant’s App. p. 101. As a

      result, the court changed Child’s permanency plan to a “concurrent plan. . . .[of

      reunification and] termination of parental rights and adoption.” Id. at 104. In its

      April 8, 2014 permanency order, the court ordered Mother, after she was

      released from the DOC, to attend counseling and parenting instruction and

      maintain housing and employment. Id.


[6]   After the April 2013 incident, Child developed a variety of special needs,

      including severe anxiety and depression from being abandoned by Father and

      from worrying that Mother would leave her as well. Child worried so much

      about whether Mother would not call or show up for visits that she would

      become physically ill and shred her clothing. Additionally, she had trouble

      sleeping and was easily irritated and angered. During the year that Mother was

      incarcerated, these behaviors disappeared. However, when Mother was released

      and a visitation plan was implemented, the behaviors returned.

[7]   Child’s foster father, Kurt Borntrager (“Borntrager”), and Child’s therapist,

      Kari Yeardley (“Yeardley”), emphasized that Child struggles emotionally with


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 3 of 13
       any kind of inconsistency. Tr. pp. 24, 42. Further, Child’s Court Appointed

       Special Advocate (“CASA”), Christine Robinson, who has been involved in

       Child’s life since 2013, expressed Child’s need for stability, safety, and a special

       emphasis on structure. Tr. p. 48. Child’s CASA stated that in her opinion,

       Mother could not provide Child with the stability, safety and structure that she

       needs. Id.


[8]    Mother was released from the Department of Correction in May 2014, and the

       trial court signed an order on June 2, 2014, which stated that Mother was not

       complying with the dispositional order and that she had not seen Child in about

       one month. Appellant’s App. p. 105. However, on November 19, 2014, the trial

       court entered another order, finding that Mother was engaged in services,

       employed, and recently had found housing. Id. at 106-07. At that point, the

       permanency plan was still reunification with Mother.

[9]    Mother followed the court’s order by participating in supervised visits with

       Child two to three days per week and calling Child in the evenings. She also

       participated in therapy but often missed appointments. Mother had no

       transportation of her own, so she relied on a family consultant through Lifeline

       Family Services to facilitate visitation with Child. In April 2015, these services

       stopped because Mother missed at least two appointments or visits.


[10]   Furthermore, Mother struggled with maintaining consistent housing and

       employment. After being released from incarceration, Mother stayed with a

       friend in Greencastle, Indiana. Then, beginning in June 2014, she lived with


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 4 of 13
       another friend for a couple of months in Richmond, Indiana. Mother then

       moved into a women’s shelter in Richmond in August 2014 until she moved to

       an apartment in Richmond in October 2014. Mother was evicted from that

       apartment in February 2015 and stayed with a friend for a few weeks until she

       moved to another apartment in Richmond. In March 2015, Mother became

       homeless and stayed at a shelter in Muncie, Indiana, until June 2015, when she

       moved into another apartment in Richmond.


[11]   Mother worked at a fast food restaurant after being released from the DOC

       until November 2014, then worked at a motel as a housekeeper for a couple of

       months. She was employed at a gas station on the first day of the termination

       hearing on July 7, 2015, but was no longer employed at the time of the second

       hearing on July 29, 2015.


[12]   Although Mother had taken steps to comply with the court’s dispositional

       order, on April 16, 2015, the trial court in its permanency plan order found that:

       (1) Mother “inconsistently complies with the child’s case plan”; (2) Mother is

       “not currently employed”; (3) Mother has “no income”; (4) Mother was

       homeless for a period of time in February-March 2015 following an eviction; (5)

       Mother currently has rented an apartment for two months with student loan

       money; and (6) the CASA recommends that the permanency plan be changed

       to termination of parental rights and adoption by the foster family. Id. at 110-

       11.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 5 of 13
[13]   On April 22, 2015, after the court changed the permanency plan to termination

       and adoption, DCS filed a new petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights,

       which was later amended on May 11, 2015. The trial court held an evidentiary

       hearing on the termination petition on July 7 and 29, 2015 and took the matter

       under advisement.2 On July 31, 2015, the trial court entered an order

       terminating Mother’s parental rights.3 Mother now appeals.

                                               Standard of Review


[14]   We have long had a highly deferential standard of review in cases involving the

       termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility. Id. We

       consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences favorable to the trial

       court’s judgment. Id. Where the trial court enters findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first

       determine whether the evidence supports the findings and then determine

       whether the findings support the judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s

       unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating

       a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that

       which “leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been




       2
        The second evidentiary hearing was held so that a witness who could not be present at the July 7, 2015
       hearing could testify.
       3
        As noted above, Father’s parental rights were also terminated to Child in this proceeding, but he does not
       contest the trial court’s determination.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016            Page 6 of 13
       made.” J.M. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.

                                      Termination of Parental Rights


[15]   “The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but to

       protect their children. Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension,

       the law allows for their termination when parties are unable or unwilling to

       meet their responsibility as parents.” In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004) (citation omitted). Indeed, parental interests must be subordinated

       to the child’s interests in determining the proper disposition of a petition to

       terminate parental rights. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2009).


[16]   Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b) provides that a petition to terminate parental

       rights must meet the following requirements:


               (2) The petition must allege:

               (B) that one (1) of the following is true:

               (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
               resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside
               the home of the parents will not be remedied.

               (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
               parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
               child.

               (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated
               a child in need of services;

               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 7 of 13
                 (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
                 the child.


[17]   However, Indiana Code section 4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive;

       therefore, the trial court is required to find that only one prong of subsection

       (2)(B) has been established by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.K., 924

       N.E.3d 212, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). DCS must prove “each and every

       element” by clear and convincing evidence. G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1261; Ind.

       Code § 31-37-14-2. Clear and convincing evidence need not establish that the

       continued custody of the parent is wholly inadequate for the child’s very

       survival. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147

       (Ind. 2005). Rather, it is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence

       that the child’s emotional development and physical development are put at risk

       by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court finds the allegations in a petition are

       true, the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-

       2-8(a).

                                    I. Conditions that Led to Removal


[18]   Mother argues that DCS did not present sufficient evidence to support the trial

       court’s determination that a reasonable probability exists that conditions which

       led to Child’s placement outside of Mother’s home would not be remedied.

       Specifically, Mother contends that the reason Child was removed was because

       Child was left without supervision, not that Mother did not maintain adequate

       shelter or consistently hold a job.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 8 of 13
[19]   When making a determination as to whether a reasonable probability exists that

       the conditions resulting in a child’s removal or continued placement outside of

       a parent’s care will not be remedied, the trial court must judge a parent’s fitness

       to care for her child at the time of the termination hearing while also taking into

       consideration evidence of changed circumstances. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

       Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156-57 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The trial court is also

       required to consider the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct in order to

       determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. Id. at

       1157. The trial court may consider evidence of a parent’s prior history of

       neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and

       employment. Id. The trial court may consider the services offered to the parent

       by DCS and the parent’s response to those services as evidence of whether

       conditions will be remedied. Id. DCS is not required to provide evidence ruling

       out all possibilities of change. Id. Instead, it needs to establish only that a

       “reasonable probability” exists that the parent’s behavior will not change. Id.


[20]   Here, the CHINS proceeding was initiated because Mother left Child home

       alone when she traveled to Michigan in the middle of the night. In its order, the

       trial court authorized the removal of Child from Mother’s home due to “an

       inability, refusal or neglect to provide shelter care and/or supervision at the

       present time.” Appellant’s App. p. 43.


[21]   DCS presented evidence that Mother has been unable to maintain stable

       housing and employment after being released from the DOC. Specifically,

       Mother has lived between five and six different places since being released from

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 9 of 13
       prison and has had several jobs. She has also been evicted from numerous

       apartments because she could not afford the rent and was homeless for a period

       of time. On the date of the last termination hearing, Mother was again

       unemployed. Further, Mother’s therapist, Elaine Marsh (“Marsh”), who had

       worked with her for about one year, noted that Mother has a “history of

       psychiatric instability” and that she is emotionally and socially underdeveloped

       for a thirty-four-year old woman. Appellant’s App. p. 113. Marsh also

       expressed that Mother can only be “an effective and safe parent” if she “is

       psychiatrically and behaviorally safe.” Id. However, in the past year, Mother

       has “done little to take responsibility for her own actions.” Id. at 115. Marsh

       concluded that Mother’s progress in therapy became stagnant.

[22]   Based on these facts and circumstances, the trial court did not clearly err when

       it concluded that the conditions that led to Child’s removal from Mother’s

       home would not be remedied. It is within the trial court’s discretion to consider

       evidence of a parent’s prior history of neglect, failure to provide support, and

       lack of adequate housing and employment when determining if the conditions

       that led to removal were remedied. See A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1157.

       Accordingly, Mother’s argument is simply a request to reweigh the evidence,

       which is not within our role as an appellate court.

                            II. Continuation of Parent-Child Relationship


[23]   Mother also argues that the trial court did not conclude in its termination order

       that Mother was a threat to the well-being of Child, but rather that DCS has


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 10 of 13
       implied such a finding. However, because as noted above, Section 4(b)(2)(B) is

       written in the disjunctive, the trial court need only determine that one prong of

       this subsection has been established by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.K,

       924 N.E.2d at 220. The trial court properly found that a reasonable probability

       exists that the conditions which led to Child’s removal from Mother’s home

       would not be remedied. Therefore, we need not address Mother’s argument

       involving the continuation of the parent-child relationship regardless of whether

       DCS made such an implication.

                                       III. Best Interests of the Child


[24]   Mother further challenges the trial court’s determination that termination of her

       parental rights was in the best interests of Child. When determining what is in

       the best interests of a child, the trial court must look beyond the factors

       identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d

       at 1158. In doing so, the court must subordinate the interests of the parent to

       those of the child. Id. The court need not wait until the child is irreversibly

       harmed before terminating the parent-child relationship. Id. A recommendation

       by the case manager or child advocate to terminate parental rights is sufficient

       to show by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best

       interests. Id. at 1158-59. Permanency is a central concern in determining the

       best interests of a child. Id. at 1159.


[25]   Child was left alone in the middle of the night when Mother traveled to

       Michigan while she was under Mother’s care. Further, after being released from


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 11 of 13
       the DOC, Mother has been unable to maintain stable employment and housing

       that Child needs. Mother is also incapable of providing Child with the

       emotional stability that she requires. Both foster father Borntrager and therapist

       Yeardley emphasized Child’s need for stability in her life.

[26]   Without stability and structure, Child suffers from severe anxiety and

       depression, which causes her to become physically ill and shred her clothing.

       Borntrager testified that Child did much better when Mother was incarcerated

       and Child did not worry about whether Mother would show up for visits or call

       as promised. Borntrager and his wife have provided Child with structure and

       stability since she was placed in their home in October 2013 and are willing to

       adopt Child.


[27]   Further, the DCS case manager testified that in her opinion, termination of

       Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests. Child’s CASA also

       testified that she believes Mother loves Child, but Mother is not able to provide

       the safety, stability, and structure that Child needs. Therefore, we cannot

       conclude that the trial court clearly erred when it determined that termination

       of Mother’s parental rights to Child was in the best interests of Child.

                                                   Conclusion


[28]   This is a heartbreaking situation. Mother and Child love each other and appear

       to be bonded. Even though Mother participated in DCS-provided services and

       regularly visited Child, she has been consistently unable to maintain stable

       employment and housing. She had held numerous jobs for short periods of time

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 12 of 13
       and has lived in at least five or six different places since she was released from

       the Department of Correction in 2014. Mother also was homeless for a period

       of time in 2015 and unemployed on the last day of the termination hearing. The

       record is clear that Child desperately needs emotional stability and structure

       that Mother has been unable to provide Child since 2013. Applying our highly

       deferential standard of review, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s

       decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights to to Child was clearly

       erroneous.


[29]   Affirmed.


       Vaidik, C.J., and Barnes, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 89A05-1510-JT-1680 | April 14, 2016   Page 13 of 13
