Lillian C. Blentlinger, LLC William L. Blentlinger, LLC v. Cleanwater Linganore, Inc. et
al., No. 13, September Term, 2017

DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES AGREEMENT –
REQUIRED CONTENTS – “ENHANCED PUBLIC BENEFITS” – MD. CODE
ANN., LAND USE (2012) § 7-303 – CONSIDERATION – Court of Appeals held that,
based on plain language and legislative history of Md. Code Ann., Land Use (2012, 2014
Repl. Vol.) §§ 7-301 to 7-306 (“DRRA statute”), as well as relevant case law, to be valid
Development Rights and Responsibilities Agreement (“DRRA”) is not required to confer
enhanced public benefit to local governing body, i.e., county. Stated otherwise, Court held
that there is no evidence in DRRA statute, its legislative history, or case law demonstrating
intent to require enhanced public benefit as part of DRRA, and accordingly, Court held that
DRRA at issue in case was not required to confer any enhanced public benefit to county,
and was supported by sufficient consideration.
Circuit Court for Frederick County
Case No. 10-C-14-003828 AA

Argued: October 10, 2017
                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                OF MARYLAND

                                                     No. 13

                                               September Term, 2017
                                     ______________________________________

                                        LILLIAN C. BLENTLINGER, LLC
                                        WILLIAM L. BLENTLINGER, LLC

                                                        v.

                                      CLEANWATER LINGANORE, INC. et al.
                                     ______________________________________

                                               Barbera, C.J.
                                               Greene
                                               Adkins
                                               McDonald
                                               Watts
                                               Hotten
                                               Getty,

                                                     JJ.
                                     ______________________________________

                                                Opinion by Watts, J.
                                     ______________________________________

                                               Filed: November 17, 2017
       This case involves a Development Rights and Responsibilities Agreement

(“DRRA”), which is governed by Md. Code Ann., Land Use (2012) (“LU”) §§ 7-301 to 7-

306 (“the DRRA statute”), and is defined as “an agreement between a local governing body

and a person having a legal or equitable interest in real property to establish conditions

under which development may proceed for a specified time.” LU § 7-301(b). A “local

governing body,” in turn, “means the legislative body, the local executive, or other elected

governmental body that has zoning powers under this division.” LU § 7-301(c). The

purpose of a DRRA is to allow developers and local governing bodies, such as a county,

to negotiate terms and conditions under which development may occur. A DRRA serves

to streamline the various approval processes that must occur for a complex development

project. To that end, one of the key aspects of a DRRA is controlled by the “freeze

provision” of the DRRA statute, LU § 7-304(a), which permits parties to agree to freeze

certain laws, rules, regulations, and policies as of the time of the execution of the DRRA.

LU § 7-304(a) provides: “Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the local

laws, rules, regulations, and policies governing the use, density, or intensity of the real

property subject to an agreement shall be the local laws, rules, regulations, and policies in

force at the time the parties execute the agreement.”1 The effect of the freeze provision is



       11
            LU § 7-304(b) provides:

       If the local jurisdiction determines that compliance with local laws, rules,
       regulations, and policies enacted or adopted after the effective date of an
       agreement is essential to ensure the public health, safety, or welfare, an
       agreement may not prevent a local government from requiring a person to
       comply with those local laws, rules, regulations, and policies.
that developers are able to move forward, with certainty regarding the applicable laws, with

development projects that may extend over a long period of time.

       Importantly, pursuant to LU § 7-303(a), to be valid a DRRA must contain certain

requirements. And, like any other contract, a DRRA must be supported by consideration.

In this case, we decide whether a DRRA must be supported by “enhanced public benefits”

to be valid—i.e., whether a DRRA must confer an enhanced public benefit to the county,

and whether the DRRA at issue is supported by adequate consideration.2 We hold that,

based on the plain language and legislative history of the DRRA statute, as well as relevant

case law, to be valid a DRRA is not required to confer an enhanced public benefit3 on a

county. In other words, there is no evidence in the DRRA statute, its legislative history, or

case law demonstrating an intent to require an enhanced public benefit as part of a DRRA.

And, we hold that the DRRA at issue in this case is not required to confer any enhanced

public benefit to the county, and is supported by sufficient consideration. Accordingly, we

reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.




       2
         Although “[i]t is basic contract law that courts generally will not inquire as to the
adequacy of consideration[,]”Vogelhut v. Kandel, 308 Md. 183, 190-91, 517 A.2d 1092,
1096 (1986)—i.e., that a court generally does not analyze whether there is adequate
consideration supporting a contract—the specific argument raised by the parties in this
Court is whether there is adequate consideration supporting the DRRA at issue given the
alleged lack of enhanced public benefits. As such, we address the sufficiency of the
consideration.
       3
         The term “enhanced public benefit” does not appear in the DRRA statute. It is a
term mentioned for the first time in case law of this Court. See Queen Anne’s
Conservation, Inc. v. Cty. Comm’rs of Queen Anne’s Cty., 382 Md. 306, 322, 855 A.2d
325, 334 (2004).

                                            -2-
                                     BACKGROUND

       This case arose under the following circumstances. Lillian C. Blentlinger, LLC and

William L. Blentlinger, LLC, Petitioners, own two parcels of land (“the Property”) in

Frederick County, Maryland (“the County”), Respondent, totaling approximately 279

acres. The Blentlinger family farmed the Property for generations before deciding to

explore the possibility of developing the Property for other uses. Since 1959, the Property

had been zoned for agricultural use. In 2006, for the first time, the Property was designated

for Low Density Residential (“LDR”) land use as part of the 2006 New Market Region

Plan. Being designated for LDR land use permits a property owner to apply for a Planned

Unit Development (“PUD”). Frederick County Code (2014) (“FCC”) § 1-19-10.500.2(A)

provides, in pertinent part, that a “PUD District may only be established where the tract of

land receiving the PUD District has a County Comprehensive Plan Land Use designation

of [LDR], Medium Density Residential, or High Density Residential[.]” A PUD is a

“floating zone[] established to provide for new development and redevelopment within

identified growth areas that result in an integrated mixture of commercial, employment,

residential, recreational, civic and/or cultural land uses as provided within the appropriate

Frederick County Comprehensive, Community, or Corridor Plan.” FCC § 1-19-10.500.1.

       Sometime in 2007, however, the Frederick County Board of County Commissioners

(“the BOCC”)4 removed the Property’s designation for LDR land use. During the 2008



       4
       On December 1, 2014, Frederick County became a charter county, and the BOCC
was replaced with a County Executive and a County Council. See Frederick County
Charter §§ 802, 805.

                                            -3-
update of the New Market Region Plan, the Property’s designation was changed to

agricultural/rural. During the 2010 Comprehensive Plan update, the Property’s designation

remained agricultural/rural.    With the 2012 Comprehensive Plan, the Property’s

designation was changed back to LDR, and the Property was included in the Linganore

Community Growth Area. Since 2012, the Property has been designated for LDR land use.

      On February 25, 2014, after the Property had been re-designated for LDR land use,

Petitioners filed an application to rezone the Property from agricultural to PUD zoning as

well as a Phase I Concept Plan. Petitioners proposed developing the Property to have 720

residential dwelling units, including a mix of single-family homes and townhomes, and

included an approximately twenty-five-acre site for a future middle school. On March 11,

2014, Petitioners filed an application or petition for a DRRA, and included a draft DRRA

to be entered into between Petitioners and the BOCC. The DRRA petition incorporated by

reference the PUD application and the Phase I Concept Plan. In a letter dated May 5, 2014,

Jim Gugel (“Gugel”), the Planning Director for the Frederick County Planning and

Development Review Department, advised Petitioners that, on April 15, 2014, the BOCC

“accepted” the DRRA petition.

      On July 30, 2014, at a public hearing, the Frederick County Planning Commission

(“the Planning Commission”) unanimously voted (five to zero, with two members absent)

to recommend the approval of the application to rezone the Property from agricultural to

PUD. On October 8, 2014, Planning Commission staff recommended that the “Planning

Commission find that the location, character, and extent of the proposed [DRRA] for the

[] Property are consistent with the County Comprehensive Plan.” Also on October 8, 2014,


                                          -4-
at a public hearing, the Planning Commission reviewed the draft DRRA, and, in accordance

with its staff’s recommendation, voted to find the draft DRRA consistent with the Frederick

County Comprehensive Plan. On October 22, 2014, Gugel and an Assistant County

Attorney issued a staff report recommending that the BOCC review the proposed DRRA

“and any conditions related thereto in deciding whether to approve or deny the [] DRRA.”

        On November 6, 2014, the BOCC conducted a public hearing on the PUD

application and the DRRA, and witnesses testified and were subject to cross-examination.

At the hearing, members of the public and counsel for Cleanwater Linganore, Inc., RALE

Inc., Nikki Chauvin, Jimmy D. Duffy, Joyce A. Duffy, Paul D. Garcia, Tracy E. Garcia,

Dang Mindte, Carrie Payne, Pamela Pennington, Carol Swandby, Reggie Wade, and

Patricia Wells (collectively, “Cleanwater”), Respondents, cross-examined witnesses and

provided public comment. During the hearing, the BOCC voted four-to-one to approve

the PUD rezoning application, but limited the total unit count to 675 residential dwelling

units, including 500 single-family homes and 175 townhomes,5 on the condition that no

building permit for the construction of a residence could be obtained before January 1,

2020.

        As to the DRRA, during the hearing, Cleanwater’s counsel questioned Petitioners’

counsel about any “greater public benefits” that the DRRA offered, and the following

exchange occurred:


        5
        Pursuant to FCC § 1-19-10.500.6(H)(1)(a), a property that is designated as LDR in
the Frederick County Comprehensive Plan may contain three to six dwelling units per acre.
Thus, a maximum of 1,674 dwelling units could be permitted for the Property with PUD
zoning.

                                           -5-
      [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: [W]ould the applicant please explain what
      greater public benefits the DRRA provides above and beyond those that
      would be otherwise obtainable absent the DRRA?

      [PETITIONERS’ COUNSEL]: A certainty that the project would not lose
      zoning, wouldn’t lose density, wouldn’t lose its comprehensive plan, a
      certainty as to what -- how the development will proceed in terms of the laws
      that are in effect when it goes to Phase I and in subsequent years.
              You know, all of that is certainly public benefit, and that’s the whole
      reason why, or one of the main reasons why these DRRAs are available to
      localities within the state.

      [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: And what you described certainly would
      reflect the certainty that the property owner would achieve as a result of the
      DRRA, but what are the greater public benefits in terms of infrastructure or
      other --

      [PETITIONERS’ COUNSEL]: I mean, it’s one and the same. That’s the
      argument. I mean, how is it to the greater good or how is it to public benefit,
      and by public meaning not just a property owner if the -- if the zoning can
      change willy-nilly, if property rights can be given and taken away based on,
      you know, whatever, you know, however the winds change.
              I mean, it’s Maryland law. I mean, obviously it’s -- the way common
      law in Maryland has developed it’s that zoning is up for grabs unless there’s
      valid -- unless there’s recognizable vertical construction based on a validly
      issued building permit, and all the parties have tried to address this through
      legislation at the state in terms of vesting and this was the compromise.
              And so obviously by virtue of there being a DRRA available to folks
      in the state it’s -- to the public in the state it’s to the greater public good.
      Otherwise, the state wouldn’t have passed the law. As my co[-]counsel . . .
      is referencing, I mean, the school site, the roads, the representations as to
      making all of the improvements that are required under the [Adequate Public
      Facilities Ordinance], I mean, it’s all right here. It’s all spelled out in the
      DRRA.

Cleanwater’s counsel also cross-examined Gugel about the DRRA and the following

exchange occurred:

      [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: Under the DRRA is there anything in the
      -- what are [Petitioners’] responsibilities under the DRRA with respect to
      transportation improvements?



                                           -6-
       [] GUGEL: Nothing specific. It defers to what would be identified as part of
       a subsequent [Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance Letter of
       Understanding].

At different points during the hearing, Cleanwater’s counsel questioned Gugel about the

middle school site, and the following exchanges occurred:

       [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: Would this property owner be required to
       proffer the [] middle school site whether or not there is a DRRA in this case?

       [] GUGEL: Well, the PUD, I mean it -- the new PUD regulations do give that
       discretion on requiring public site dedication. The old regulations were kind
       of on a per acre basis. But given the symbol on the site and the rezoning
       request, it would have been conditioned even without a DRRA.

                                           ***

       [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: And under the school dedication
       requirement I just would like to confirm that there is no guarantee that the
       school site will be dedicated, it’s contingent on acceptance by the Board of
       Education; is that correct?

       [] GUGEL: Yeah, the site itself. I mean, the Phase I PUD does establish
       thresholds, timing thresholds of when that dedication and conveyance must
       occur.

       [CLEANWATER’S COUNSEL]: But acceptance depends on the Board of
       Education?

       [] GUGEL: Correct.

Gugel also testified that, “in the event that the Board of Ed[ucation] does not approve the

public school site or determines not to accept conveyance then [Petitioners] shall retain fee

simple ownership of the public school site and may use the public school site in a manner

consistent with other uses in the project.” At the conclusion of the hearing, the BOCC

voted four-to-one to approve the DRRA.

       On November 24, 2014, the BOCC enacted Ordinance No. 14-27-682, approving


                                            -7-
Petitioners’ PUD application and the Phase I Concept Plan for the development, subject to

certain conditions (“the PUD Ordinance”). As discussed at the hearing before the BOCC,

one of the conditions of the PUD Ordinance limited the number of dwelling units to be

constructed in the development. Specifically, the PUD Ordinance provided that “[a]

maximum of 675 dwelling units may be constructed, comprised of no more than 175

townhomes, and the remaining units being single-family detached.” Another condition

stated that the development needed to “[p]rovide a diversity of single[-]family lot sizes.”

Yet another condition concerned the middle school site, stating:

       [Petitioners] shall dedicate and convey to the County a 24.5+/- acre middle
       school site to the [Board of Education (“the BOE”)], in fee simple, upon

       i) the recordation of the subdivision plat for the 100th lot in the Project or
       within two (2) years of the recordation of the subdivision plat for the 1st lot
       in the Project, whichever occurs first; and

       ii) [the] BOE’s acceptance of the conveyance of land for the Public School
       Site. [Petitioners] and [the] BOE shall enter into a Memorandum of
       Understanding [], which shall set forth the rights and responsibilities of the
       parties in connection with development of the school site, prior to final,
       unconditional approval of the Phase II (Execution) Plan for the portion of the
       Project that contains the school site.

In the PUD Ordinance, another condition stated that Petitioners were to “[p]rovide two (2)

neighborhood parks of at least 20,000 square feet each to be centrally located, with one in

the northern land bay, and the other in the central land bay.” And, consistent with the

BOCC’s vote at the hearing, the last condition of the ordinance provided that, “[w]ith the

exception of structures on the Public School Site and models for the Project, neither

Frederick County, nor any agency, department, division and/or branch thereof shall issue

any structural building permits, prior to January 1, 2020.”


                                            -8-
        On the same day, November 24, 2014, the final DRRA executed by Petitioners and

the BOCC was recorded among the Land Records of Frederick County (“the Blentlinger

DRRA”). We briefly summarize some of the Blentlinger DRRA’s relevant provisions.

Section 2.2A of the Blentlinger DRRA, concerning permissible uses and density, provides

that the development shall be developed as a PUD in accordance with the provisions of the

Frederick County Code, so long as the overall density and intensity of the development is

not increased, and a maximum of 675 residential dwelling units are permitted pursuant to

the PUD Ordinance. In Section 2.2C, Petitioners agree to comply with applicable laws

should they revise the mix of residential unit types, subject to the cap of 675 residential

dwelling units, and to pay any adjusted school construction fees resulting from a change in

the unit types.    In Section 2.2E, concerning limitation on building permit issuance,

Petitioners “acknowledge[] and agree[] that[,]” “with the exception of structures on the

Public School Site and models for the Project,” “neither Frederick County, nor any agency,

department, division and/or branch thereof shall issue any structural building permits, prior

to January 1, 2020.” In Section 2.4, Petitioners agree to make a payment to the County in

lieu of building moderately priced dwelling units, as permitted by the Frederick County

Code.

        Article III of the Blentlinger DRRA sets forth the parties’ agreement with respect to

community facilities and infrastructure improvements. Section 3.1, concerning road

improvements, provides that, to fulfill the Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (“the




                                            -9-
APFO”) requirements,6 Petitioners will either construct or fund construction of road

improvements or contribute to escrow funds for road improvements. In Sections 3.2 and

3.3, Petitioners agree to comply with the sewer and water improvements as required by the

APFO Letter of Understanding, and to pay tap fees in accordance with the fee schedule in

effect at the time of building permit application.

       Section 3.4 concerns schools. And, in Section 3.4A, Petitioners agree to pay the

school construction fee as a condition of the APFO, notwithstanding the sunset of a school

construction fee ordinance. Pursuant to Section 3.4B, all “[a]pplicable [s]chool [i]mpact

[f]ees shall be paid at the time of the issuance of building permits in accordance with the

fee schedule in effect at the time of the issuance of building permits.” Section 3.4C

concerns “[s]chool [s]ite [d]edication,” and provides, in relevant part, as follows:

       [Petitioners] shall convey in fee simple to the Frederick County Board of
       Education (“BOE”), with no monetary consideration paid, the Public School
       Site shown on EXHIBIT 6, totaling a minimum of 24.5 ± buildable acres, to
       serve the Project and the surrounding region. The Public School Site will be
       conveyed to the BOE upon: i) the recordation of the first subdivision plat for
       lots in the Project; and ii) BOE’s acceptance of the conveyance of land for
       the Public School Site. . . . A separate Memorandum of Understanding
       (“BOE MOU”) between the BOE and [Petitioners] shall be executed prior to
       unconditional Phase II approval for residential dwelling units in the Project
       (assuming commercially reasonable efforts by both parties), which MOU
       shall establish and control other aspects of the Public School Site and the

       6
        Chapter 1-20 of the Frederick County Code is the APFO. See FCC § 1-20-1 (“This
chapter shall be known and cited as the ‘Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance of Frederick
County, Maryland.’”). Pursuant to FCC § 1-20-4, the APFO “is adopted with the intent
that new residential, commercial, industrial and other development take place in
accordance with the Frederick County Comprehensive Plan and the Capital Improvements
Program and to ensure that adequate public facilities and services are reasonably available
concurrent with new development so that orderly development and growth can occur.”
And, for purposes of the APFO, “public facilities shall include road, water, sewerage, and
school facilities.” Id.

                                           - 10 -
       rights and responsibilities of the parties relative to the Public School Site,
       and the construction of a public school. . . . In the event that the BOE does
       not approve the Public School Site or determines not to accept conveyance
       of the Public School Site, then [Petitioners] shall retain fee simple ownership
       of the Public School Site, and may use the Public School Site in a manner
       consistent with other uses with the Project. [Petitioners] acknowledge[] that
       use of the Public School Site may require regulatory approvals, including but
       not limited to, revision of the [PUD] Ordinance.

(Emphasis in original).

       As to property acquisition for public infrastructure, Section 3.5A provides:

       In the event that some of the public infrastructure improvements, at the
       collector road or higher facility level, required by this DRRA or the APFO
       to be made by [Petitioners] will require the acquisition of public right-of-way
       from third-party property owners, [Petitioners] shall exercise commercially
       reasonable efforts to secure such right-of-way without the assistance of the
       County.

Section 3.5B provides that, if Petitioners demonstrate to the County that they are unable to

secure a public right-of-way through commercially reasonable efforts, then Petitioners may

request that the County or the State Highway Administration assist in such acquisition at

Petitioners’ “sole cost and expense.” Section 3.5B further provides that, should the County

approve Petitioners’ request for assistance, then the County or the State Highway

Administration “shall have two years to acquire the needed right-of-way.” And, Section

3.5C provides that, if the County decides not to acquire the right-of-way, or the two-year

time period of assistance has passed, then Petitioners “may be permitted to make a

contribution to the County equal to the entire anticipated project development costs, which

shall include but not be limited to costs for: design, engineering, right-of-way acquisition,

management, inspection, etc. in lieu of constructing the public infrastructure

improvements[,]” unless the applicable APFO letter of understanding provides otherwise.


                                           - 11 -
       Article IV of the Blentlinger DRRA, concerning the terms of the agreement,

provides:

              This Agreement shall constitute covenants running with the land and
       shall run with and bind the Property so long as the Project is under
       development, provided that this Agreement shall terminate and be void
       twenty-five (25) years after the Effective Date of this Agreement unless
       extended by an amendment complying with all procedures required in this
       Agreement, the County Ordinance and the State law. The parties
       acknowledge and agree that the Term of this Agreement is justified by the:
       (1) substantial economic investment made and/or to be made by [Petitioners]
       for the development of the Project; (2) substantial investment in, and
       construction of, extensive public and private infrastructure by the parties; (3)
       public purposes to be advanced by development of the Project in accordance
       with the Development Laws; (4) uncertainty of future market demands and
       political pressures; and (5) expectations of the parties.

Article V of the Blentlinger DRRA concerns development review and Article VI concerns

survival and transfer of obligations.

       Article VII deals with breach of the Blentlinger DRRA and the parties’ respective

remedies. Section 7.1 concerns breach by Petitioners, and Section 7.1A provides that, if

Petitioners fail or refuse to perform obligations under the Blentlinger DRRA, and fail to

cure that default within a certain period of time, then the BOCC “may seek and obtain

equitable relief to enforce the terms and conditions of th[e] Agreement[,] either through a

decree for specific performance or an injunction.” Section 7.1A further states that, if

specific performance or an injunction is not available due to actions taken by Petitioners,

“then the BOCC shall be entitled to bring a legal action for damages.” In Section 7.1B,

Petitioners waive the right to a “trial by jury in connection with any proceedings brought

to enforce the terms of” the Blentlinger DRRA. Section 7.2A provides that the same

remedies are available to Petitioners in the event of a breach by the BOCC. And, in Section


                                            - 12 -
7.2B, the BOCC also waives the right to a jury trial.

       Section 8.1A provides that Petitioners “shall comply with all Development Laws”

as defined in the Blentlinger DRRA, stating:

       Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, the local laws, rules,
       regulations and policies governing the use, density or intensity of the
       Property, including but not limited to, those governing development,
       subdivision, growth management, impact fee laws, water, sewer, stormwater
       management, environmental protection, land planning and design, and
       adequate public facilities (hereafter collectively the “Development Laws”),
       shall be the local laws, rules, regulations and policies, if any, in force on the
       Effective Date of the Agreement, and [Petitioners] shall comply with all
       Development Laws.

And, Section 8.1B provides:

       If the BOCC determines that compliance with Development Laws enacted or
       adopted after the Effective Date of this Agreement is essential to ensure the
       health, safety or welfare of residents of all or part of Frederick County, the
       BOCC may impose the change in laws, rule, regulations and policies and the
       effect thereof upon the Property.

Section 8.3, concerning fees, states that, except as otherwise provided in the Blentlinger

DRRA, Petitioners “shall pay all fees (specifically including but not limited to impact fees,

school mitigation fees[,] and water and sewer connection fees) required by Frederick

County at the rate in effect at the time the fee is due.” Section 8.3 further states that, in the

event that any of the fees are eliminated due to a change in the law and “replaced with a

procedure or requirement that would impose some other burden on” Petitioners, then

Petitioners “may elect to pay the impact fee in effect prior to the change in the law.”

       Section 9.7 of the Blentlinger DRRA, titled “Authority to Execute,” states:

       The BOCC hereby acknowledges and agrees that all required notices,
       meetings, and hearings have been properly given and held by the County
       with respect to the approval of this Agreement, and [Petitioners] agree[] not


                                             - 13 -
      to challenge this Agreement or any of the obligations created by this
      Agreement on the grounds of any procedural infirmity or any denial of any
      procedural right. The BOCC hereby warrants and represents to [Petitioners]
      that the person(s) executing this Agreement on its behalf have been properly
      authorized to do so. [Petitioners] hereby warrant[] and represent[] to the
      BOCC (1) that [they are] the fee simple, record owner[s] of the Property, (2)
      that [they have] the right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement
      and to agree to the terms, provisions, and conditions set forth herein and to
      bind the Property as set forth herein, and (3) that all legal actions needed to
      authorize the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement have
      been taken.

      Finally, Section 9.12 of the Blentlinger DRRA, addressing appeals, states:

      The County DRRA Ordinance allows any person aggrieved by this
      Agreement to file an appeal to the Circuit Court for Frederick County within
      30 days of the date on which the parties execute the Agreement. If the effect
      of the decision of the Circuit Court revises this Agreement in any material
      way, then either party to this Agreement may terminate the Agreement by
      providing notice to all parties to this Agreement within 30 days of the date
      the Circuit Court decision becomes final and all appeals thereof have been
      finally determined, and, in this event, the other party so notified hereby
      agrees to mutually consent to the termination and to comply with all
      applicable laws concerning termination of a DRRA. Any such termination
      of this Agreement pursuant to this Section 9.12, shall not in any way affect
      the validity of any Development Approvals which have been obtained for the
      Project at the time of termination, including, but not limited to, APFO
      approvals.

      Exactly thirty days after the Blentlinger DRRA was recorded, on December 24,

2014, Cleanwater filed in the Circuit Court for Frederick County (“the circuit court”) a

petition for judicial review, challenging, among other things, the validity of the PUD

Ordinance and the Blentlinger DRRA. On June 8, 2015, Cleanwater filed a memorandum

in support of the petition for judicial review. In relevant part, Cleanwater contended that

the Blentlinger DRRA was void for lack of consideration because Petitioners had failed to

provide “any ‘enhanced public benefits’ as consideration[.]” Cleanwater further argued



                                          - 14 -
that the middle school site was subject to BOE approval, which was uncertain, and that, as

such, “[t]here is no guarantee that the school site will be dedicated.” (Emphasis omitted).

       On August 21, 2015, Petitioners filed a memorandum in opposition to the petition

for judicial review. Petitioners contended, in pertinent part, that the Blentlinger DRRA

was supported by “adequate consideration.” Also on August 21, 2015, the County filed a

memorandum in response to Cleanwater’s memorandum, arguing that substantial evidence

supported the BOCC’s approval of the PUD Ordinance, and that such approval fulfilled

the requirements of State and County law. Although the County did not specifically

address whether the Blentlinger DRRA was supported by adequate consideration, the

County asserted that “[t]he decisions challenged by [Cleanwater, i.e., the PUD Ordinance

and the Blentlinger DRRA,] were approved by the BOCC based upon substantial evidence

in the record and in accordance with applicable requirements of State and County law.”

       On September 14, 2015, Petitioners filed a reply memorandum, again contending

that the Blentlinger DRRA was not supported by adequate consideration because there was

no evidence in the agreement showing that the County provided vested rights in exchange

for enhanced public benefits.

       On September 28, 2015, the circuit court conducted a hearing on the petition for

judicial review. On November 4, 2015, the circuit court entered an opinion and order

affirming the BOCC’s adoption of the PUD Ordinance and approval of the Blentlinger

DRRA. The circuit court rejected the argument that the Blentlinger DRRA was not

supported by adequate consideration, and concluded that the Blentlinger “DRRA imposes

both binding obligations and legal detriment to” Petitioners.


                                           - 15 -
       On December 1, 2015, Cleanwater filed a notice of appeal. On February 3, 2017,

in a reported opinion, the Court of Special Appeals reversed the judgment of the circuit

court and remanded the case to the circuit court with instructions to vacate the Blentlinger

DRRA. See Cleanwater Linganore, Inc. v. Frederick Cty., 231 Md. App. 620, 625, 643,

153 A.3d 874, 877, 888 (2017). In pertinent part, the Court of Special Appeals held that

the Blentlinger DRRA was void for lack of consideration because it lacked any enhanced

public benefits to the County. See id. at 625, 637, 153 A.3d at 877, 884. According to the

Court of Special Appeals, many of the provisions of the Blentlinger DRRA

       do not reflect enhanced obligations of the developer. Rather, they reflect the
       obligations the developer would otherwise be required to satisfy during the
       course of the development of the property if no DRRA were in place. Indeed,
       the benefits relied upon by the developer (specifically those relating to road,
       sewer, water improvements, and tap fees) are required of the developer under
       the County’s [APFO].

Id. at 639-40, 153 A.3d at 886. As to the middle school site, the Court of Special Appeals

stated that it did not need to “decide whether the conveyance of a middle school site

constitutes an enhanced public benefit to” the County, and explained:

               Because [Petitioners] retain[] fee simple ownership of the middle
       school site if the BOE “does not approve the Public School site or determines
       not to accept conveyance of the site,” this “benefit,” at the time of execution
       and recordation of the DRRA, was a conditional promise and potentially an
       illusory one to boot. Indeed, the offer by [Petitioners] to proffer the property
       in fee simple is not a definitive compulsory obligation to do anything other
       than offer the site for a middle school contingent on acceptance by the Board
       of Education.

Id. at 641, 642, 153 A.3d at 886, 887 (brackets omitted). The Court of Special Appeals

ultimately determined that the Blentlinger DRRA conferred no enhanced public benefit to

the County, and concluded:


                                            - 16 -
               As the developer’s testimony and its counsel’s argument reflects, the
       public benefit conferred by the [Blentlinger] DRRA consists of the
       developer’s vested rights in the project and the applicant’s obligations to
       satisfy . . . APFO[] infrastructure requirements. Clearly, every development
       must satisfy APFO requirements regardless of whether a DRRA is executed.
       A DRRA, in contrast, requires the applicant to provide some public benefit
       beyond complying with statutory land use standards and otherwise satisfy
       [APFO] infrastructure requirements. The [Blentlinger] DRRA [] does not
       require the applicant to unconditionally convey property for a middle school
       or otherwise provide any extra or enhanced benefit to Frederick County or
       its citizens. Accordingly, under the circumstances of this case, the
       [Blentlinger] DRRA is void for lack of consideration.

Id. at 643, 153 A.3d at 888.

       Thereafter, Petitioners filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari, raising

the following two issues:

       1.     Did the Court of Special Appeals err by holding that a DRRA, in order
              to be valid, must include “enhanced public benefits” to the local
              governing body?

       2.     Did the Court of Special Appeals err by holding that Petitioners’
              proffer of a 24.5 +/- acre school site did not constitute adequate
              consideration for the DRRA, concluding instead that the proffer of the
              school site was a “conditional promise and potentially an illusory one
              to boot?”

On May 9, 2017, this Court granted the petition. See Blentlinger, LLC v. Cleanwater

Linganore, 453 Md. 7, 160 A.3d 546 (2017).

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In Grasslands Plantation, Inc. v. Frizz-King Enters., LLC, 410 Md. 191, 203-04,

978 A.2d 622, 629 (2009), this Court set forth the standard of review that applies to an

administrative agency’s decision, stating:

              When reviewing the decision of a local zoning body, . . . we evaluate
       directly the agency decision, and, in so doing, we apply the same standards


                                             - 17 -
       of review as the circuit court and intermediate appellate court. Our role is
       limited to determining if there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole
       to support the agency’s findings and conclusions, and to determine if the
       administrative decision is premised upon an erroneous conclusion of law. In
       applying the substantial evidence test, we have emphasized that a court
       should not substitute its judgment for the expertise of those persons who
       constitute the administrative agency from which the appeal is taken. Our
       obligation is to review the agency’s decision in the light most favorable to
       the agency, since their decisions are prima facie correct and carry with them
       the presumption of validity.

              Even with regard to some legal issues, a degree of deference should
       often be accorded the position of the administrative agency. Thus, an
       administrative agency’s interpretation and application of the statute which
       the agency administers should ordinarily be given considerable weight by
       reviewing courts. We are under no constraint, however, to affirm an agency
       decision premised solely upon an erroneous conclusion of law.

(Citations, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted). See also Cty. Council of Prince

George’s Cty. v. Chaney Enters. Ltd. P’ship, 454 Md. 514, 528, 165 A.3d 379, 387 (2017)

(“Judicial review of an administrative agency action is typically limited to determining if

there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole to support the agency’s findings and

conclusions, and to determine if the administrative decision is premised upon an erroneous

conclusion of law.” (Citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). And, in Attar v.

DMS Tollgate, LLC, 451 Md. 272, 279, 152 A.3d 765, 769 (2017), we explained that “we

may not substitute our judgment for that of [the administrative agency] unless the agency’s

conclusions were not supported by substantial evidence or were premised on an error of

law.” (Citation omitted).

       Because this case also involves statutory interpretation, we set forth the relevant

rules of statutory construction:

       The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the


                                            - 18 -
intent of the General Assembly.

As this Court has explained, to determine that purpose or policy, we look
first to the language of the statute, giving it its natural and ordinary meaning.
We do so on the tacit theory that the General Assembly is presumed to have
meant what it said and said what it meant. When the statutory language is
clear, we need not look beyond the statutory language to determine the
General Assembly’s intent. If the words of the statute, construed according
to their common and everyday meaning, are clear and unambiguous and
express a plain meaning, we will give effect to the statute as it is written. In
addition, we neither add nor delete words to a clear and unambiguous statute
to give it a meaning not reflected by the words that the General Assembly
used or engage in forced or subtle interpretation in an attempt to extend or
limit the statute’s meaning. If there is no ambiguity in the language, either
inherently or by reference to other relevant laws or circumstances, the inquiry
as to legislative intent ends.

If the language of the statute is ambiguous, however, then courts consider not
only the literal or usual meaning of the words, but their meaning and effect
in light of the setting, the objectives, and the purpose of the enactment under
consideration. We have said that there is an ambiguity within a statute when
there exist two or more reasonable alternative interpretations of the statute.
When a statute can be interpreted in more than one way, the job of this Court
is to resolve that ambiguity in light of the legislative intent, using all the
resources and tools of statutory construction at our disposal.

If the true legislative intent cannot be readily determined from the statutory
language alone, however, we may, and often must, resort to other recognized
indicia—among other things, the structure of the statute, including its title;
how the statute relates to other laws; the legislative history, including the
derivation of the statute, comments and explanations regarding it by
authoritative sources during the legislative process, and amendments
proposed or added to it; the general purpose behind the statute; and the
relative rationality and legal effect of various competing constructions.

In construing a statute, we avoid a construction of the statute that is
unreasonable, illogical, or inconsistent with common sense.

In addition, the meaning of the plainest language is controlled by the context
in which it appears. As this Court has stated, because it is part of the context,
related statutes or a statutory scheme that fairly bears on the fundamental
issue of legislative purpose or goal must also be considered. Thus, not only
are we required to interpret the statute as a whole, but, if appropriate, in the


                                     - 19 -
       context of the entire statutory scheme of which it is a part.

Bellard v. State, 452 Md. 467, 481-82, 157 A.3d 272, 280-81 (2017) (citation and brackets

omitted).

                                  MOTION TO STRIKE

       In this Court, the County filed a brief contending, for the first time, that to be valid

a DRRA must be supported by enhanced public benefits, and arguing that the Blentlinger

DRRA does not require any enhanced public benefit, and, thus, is invalid.7 On brief, the

County also asserts that “the absence of an enhanced public benefit has a particularly acute

impact on the reserved legislative powers of the County in the present case because the

scope of the Blentlinger[] DRRA exceeds that authorized by” the DRRA statute. The

County maintains that Section 8.1A of the Blentlinger DRRA—i.e., the “freeze

provision”—exceeds the County’s authority under the DRRA statute.

       Petitioners filed in this Court a motion to strike the County’s brief and a

memorandum in support, contending, in pertinent part, that the County is judicially

estopped from arguing that the Blentlinger DRRA is invalid and that the County’s

contention concerning the freeze provision of the Blentlinger DRRA is not properly before

the Court. Specifically, Petitioners assert that, in the circuit court and the Court of Special

Appeals, the County contended that the Blentlinger DRRA is valid; as such, Petitioners

maintain that the County is judicially estopped from now changing its position and arguing


       7
       Previously, only Cleanwater advanced this argument, challenging the Blentlinger
DRRA’s validity in the circuit court and the Court of Special Appeals. By contrast, the
County argued in support of the Blentlinger DRRA’s validity until proceedings in this
Court.

                                            - 20 -
that the Blentlinger DRRA is invalid. Petitioners also contend that any issue as to the

freeze provision is not before this Court because the issue was not raised in a petition for a

writ of certiorari or a cross-petition.

       The County filed an opposition to the motion to strike, contending that judicial

estoppel applies only where three circumstances are present, including where a party takes

a factual position that is inconsistent with a position that it took in previous litigation. The

County argues that it has not taken a factual position that is inconsistent with one that it

took in previous litigation, and asserts that its change in position in the same litigation

relates to the legal requirements governing the validity of a DRRA. The County maintains

that it “raised the discussion of the freeze provision of the [Blentlinger] DRRA, not to

create a separate issue for this Court to decide, but for the purpose of showing that the

prejudice to the County of not requiring a DRRA to contain enhanced public benefits is

particularly acute[.]” Cleanwater also filed an opposition to the motion to strike “join[ing]

in” the County’s opposition.

       On August 30, 2017, this Court issued an order providing “that action on the motion

[to strike] be, and it is hereby, deferred pending oral argument.” We now address the

motion to strike, and we deny the motion. It is undisputed that, up until proceedings in this

Court, in the circuit court and the Court of Special Appeals, the County took the position

that the Blentlinger DRAA is valid. Indeed, on brief, the County readily acknowledges

that in arguing that the Blentlinger DRRA is invalid it “has changed its position in this case

from that which it argued before the [c]ircuit [c]ourt and [the] Court of Special Appeals.”

       Judicial estoppel has been defined as “a principle that precludes a party from taking


                                             - 21 -
a position in a subsequent action inconsistent with a position taken by him or her in a

previous action.” Dashiell v. Meeks, 396 Md. 149, 170, 913 A.2d 10, 22 (2006) (citation

and internal quotation marks omitted). “[J]udicial estoppel applies when it becomes

necessary to protect the integrity of the judicial system from one party who is attempting

to gain an unfair advantage over another party by manipulating the court system.” Id. at

171, 913 A.2d at 23. To that end,

       [b]efore judicial estoppel may be applied, three circumstances must exist: (1)
       one of the parties takes a [] position that is inconsistent with a position it took
       in previous litigation, (2) the previous inconsistent position was accepted by
       a court, and (3) the party who is maintaining the inconsistent positions must
       have intentionally misled the court in order to gain an unfair advantage.

Id. at 171, 913 A.2d at 22 (citation omitted). In Underwood-Gary v. Mathews, 366 Md.

660, 667 n.6, 785 A.2d 708, 712 n.6 (2001), this Court noted that “[j]udicial estoppel has

been defined as a principle that precludes a party from taking a position in a subsequent

action inconsistent with a position taken by him or her in a previous action.” (Emphasis

added) (citation omitted). And, in Mona v. Mona Elec. Grp., Inc., 176 Md. App. 672, 726,

934 A.2d 450, 481 (2007), reconsideration denied (Nov. 26, 2007), the Court of Special

Appeals concluded that judicial estoppel did not apply, explaining, in relevant part:

       Mark’s claim in this case . . . is not inconsistent with any position taken in
       previous litigation. Indeed, there was no “previous litigation.” Instead of
       pointing to previous litigation in which Mark took an inconsistent position,
       MEG complains that Mark took inconsistent positions within this litigation.
       Specifically, MEG argues that, at the outset of this case, Mark alleged that
       MEG was legally obligated to pay a dividend in order to cover any debts he
       owed to MEG, but that assertion is inconsistent with Mark’s later assertion
       that MEG acted illegally in making deductions from those dividends to cover
       his alleged debts. As MEG acknowledges, however, any inconsistency in
       Mark’s position occurred within this litigation. Accordingly, the doctrine of
       judicial estoppel does not apply.


                                             - 22 -
(Emphasis in original). In other words, judicial estoppel applies where a party takes a

position in subsequent litigation that is inconsistent with one taken in previous litigation,

not where a party takes an inconsistent position within the same litigation.

       Here, we conclude that the prerequisites that must exist before judicial estoppel may

be applied are not satisfied. In our view, the County’s change in position occurs in the

same litigation; in other words, the County did not take a position in a previous action or

litigation and then change that position in new litigation. And, there is no evidence

whatsoever in the record that the County intentionally misled the court to gain an unfair

advantage. Given that the first and third prerequisites for the application of judicial

estoppel are not established, we need not address the remaining circumstance, i.e., whether

the previous inconsistent position was accepted by the court.

       As to the contention that the County is raising a new issue concerning the validity

of the freeze provision and that the issue is not properly before the Court, to the extent that

the County is raising such an issue, we shall decline to consider any question as to the

validity of the freeze provision in the Blentlinger DRRA. Notably, the County contends

that it is not challenging the validity of the freeze provision, but rather it is arguing that the

existence of the freeze provision is prejudicial in light of the alleged lack of adequate

consideration, i.e., enhanced public benefits. Nonetheless, we observe that none of the

parties raised any issue as to the validity of the freeze provision in a petition for a writ of

certiorari or a cross-petition. Accordingly, the issue is not properly before this Court. See

Md. R. 8-131(b)(1) (“Unless otherwise provided by the order granting the writ of certiorari,

in reviewing a decision rendered by the Court of Special Appeals . . . , the Court of Appeals


                                              - 23 -
ordinarily will consider only an issue that has been raised in the petition for certiorari or

any cross-petition and that has been preserved for review by the Court of Appeals.”); Vito

v. Grueff, 453 Md. 88, 126 n.9, 160 A.3d 592, 614 n.9 (2017) (This Court noted that an

“issue was not squarely addressed by the circuit court, nor raised by [the party] in a cross-

petition for a writ of certiorari. Thus, the issue is not properly preserved for our review.”).

To the extent that any issue as to the freeze provision is, as the County posits, simply a

point made in support of the contention that, in order to be valid, a DRRA must be

supported by enhanced public benefits, there is no reason to grant the motion to strike the

County’s brief on that ground.

       As a final point, Petitioners argue that the County’s brief should be stricken because

the County relies on facts and exhibits outside of the record—specifically, facts about the

2014 County election. Although information about the 2014 County elections is included

in the County’s brief ostensibly to explain its change in position with respect to the validity

of the Blentlinger DRRA, because that information is not relevant to the issues before the

Court in this case, we need not consider it. As such, we conclude that the inclusion of

information regarding the 2014 election does not warrant granting the motion to strike.

                                       DISCUSSION8

                                 The Parties’ Contentions

       Petitioners contend that to be valid a DRRA need not include a provision requiring


       8
        Although Petitioners raised two issues in the petition for a writ of certiorari and on
brief in this Court—namely, whether a DRRA is required to confer enhanced public
benefits to the County, and whether the Blentlinger DRRA is supported by adequate
consideration—we consolidate the two issues for purposes of this opinion.

                                            - 24 -
that enhanced public benefits be bestowed upon a local governing body, and, thus, the

BOCC did not err in approving the Blentlinger DRRA, as there was sufficient

consideration. Petitioners argue that neither the plain language of the DRRA statute, nor

the County’s statutes governing DRRAs, nor the legislative history of the DRRA statute,

includes the term “enhanced public benefits” or requires that a DRRA include enhanced

public benefits. Petitioners assert that, because the DRRA statute and the County’s statutes

governing DRRAs are unambiguous and clearly do not require a DRRA to include

enhanced public benefits to a local governing body, our analysis should end there.

Petitioners maintain that Court of Special Appeals’s reliance on Queen Anne’s

Conservation, Inc. v. Cty. Comm’rs of Queen Anne’s Cty., 382 Md. 306, 322, 855 A.2d

325, 334 (2004), is misplaced because that case did not address the consideration that is

needed for a DRRA to be valid and mentioned the term “enhanced public benefits” only in

dicta.

         Petitioners assert that they have undertaken “significant commitments” in the

Blentlinger DRRA, including the proffer of the middle school site, as well as detriments,

which constitute sufficient consideration for the Blentlinger DRRA. Petitioners maintain

that the Blentlinger DRRA creates binding obligations on them that provide many benefits

to the County, including, for example, Petitioners’ agreement to pay school impact fees, as

well as pay water and sewer capacity fees, and Petitioners’ agreement to secure public

rights-of-way from third-party property owners without assistance from the County.

Petitioners contend that the County also received other benefits, such as “certainty as to

the timing and scope of the development of the project over the span of twenty-five []


                                           - 25 -
years.” Petitioners argue that, in addition to being subjected to binding obligations, they

incurred detriments under the Blentlinger DRRA, including, for example, a limit on the

number of residential dwelling units to be built, and a waiver of the right to challenge the

Blentlinger DRRA or any of its obligations on the ground of any procedural infirmity or

any denial of a procedural right. Petitioners assert that the middle school site proffer is an

additional benefit to the County and the BOE, and serves as additional consideration

supporting the Blentlinger DRRA. Petitioners maintain that even a conditional promise

constitutes consideration for a contract, and that their promise to proffer the middle school

site constitutes consideration for the Blentlinger DRRA.

       Cleanwater responds that the plain language and legislative history of the DRRA

statute, as well as case law, lead to the conclusion that enhanced public benefits as

consideration are required for a DRRA to be valid. Specifically, Cleanwater contends that

LU § 7-303(a)(9) requires the local governing body to obtain enhanced public benefits

from the developer in exchange for conferring vested rights. Cleanwater argues that

enhanced public benefits are benefits, “secured in the public interest, in excess of those that

a developer would be required to provide in the ordinary course of development.”

Cleanwater asserts that, in Queen Anne’s Conservation, 382 Md. at 322, 855 A.2d at 334,

this Court expressly stated that a DRRA must be made “in consideration of enhanced public

benefits[,]” which is consistent with the DRRA statute’s legislative history.

       Cleanwater contends that the Court of Special Appeals correctly held that the

Blentlinger DRRA was not supported by sufficient consideration due to the lack of an

enhanced public benefit to the County. Cleanwater argues that the middle school site


                                            - 26 -
proffer does not constitute consideration because it was a condition of rezoning, and would

have been required even absent a DRRA. Cleanwater asserts that, because the middle

school site was required for Petitioners to secure rezoning of the Property, the middle

school site did not serve as an enhanced public benefit given in exchange for the Blentlinger

DRRA. Cleanwater also maintains that the other benefits identified by Petitioners are

required under the APFO and other statutes, and thus do not constitute enhanced public

benefits. In sum, Cleanwater contends that the County received nothing from Petitioners

in exchange for the Blentlinger DRRA, and that, as such, the Blentlinger DRRA is “void

for lack of consideration (i.e., enhanced public benefits).”

       Like Cleanwater, the County responds that a DRRA must bestow enhanced public

benefits upon a local governing body. Also like Cleanwater, the County relies on Queen

Anne’s Conservation to support its position, and argues that the Blentlinger DRRA imposes

no obligation on Petitioners that the PUD Ordinance did not already impose, and does not

impose any obligation on Petitioners that is not otherwise required by law.

                               Consideration for Contracts

       In Cheek v. United Healthcare of Mid-Atl., Inc., 378 Md. 139, 147-49, 835 A.2d

656, 661-62 (2003), we discussed consideration for a contract in some detail, stating:

              To be binding and enforceable, contracts ordinarily require
       consideration. In Maryland, consideration may be established by showing a
       benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee. In particular, we have
       recognized that for[]bearance to exercise a right or pursue a claim, can
       constitute sufficient consideration to support an agreement.

              A promise becomes consideration for another promise only when it
       constitutes a binding obligation. Without a binding obligation, sufficient
       consideration does not exist to support a legally enforceable agreement.


                                           - 27 -
              An illusory promise appears to be a promise, but it does not actually
       bind or obligate the promisor to anything. An illusory promise is composed
       of words in a promissory form that promise nothing. They do not purport to
       put any limitation on the freedom of the alleged promisor. If A makes an
       illusory promise, A’s words leave A’s future action subject to A’s own future
       whim, just as it would have been had A said nothing at all. Similarly, the
       Restatement of Contracts explains that words of promise which by their
       terms make performance entirely optional with the promisor whatever may
       happen, or whatever course of conduct in other respects he may pursue, do
       not constitute a promise. Likewise, the promise is too indefinite for legal
       enforcement is the promise where the promisor retains an unlimited right to
       decide later the nature or extent of his performance. The unlimited choice in
       effect destroys the promise and makes it merely illusory.

(Citations, brackets, ellipsis, and internal quotation marks omitted). See also Cty. Comm’rs

for Carroll Cty. v. Forty W. Builders, Inc., 178 Md. App. 328, 384-85, 941 A.2d 1181,

1213, cert. denied, 405 Md. 63, 949 A.2d 652 (2008) (“In Maryland, consideration may be

established by showing a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee.” (Citation

and internal quotation marks omitted)).

       And, in Vogelhut v. Kandel, 308 Md. 183, 190-91, 517 A.2d 1092, 1096 (1986), we

stated that “[i]t is basic contract law that courts generally will not inquire as to the adequacy

of consideration[,]” explaining:

       The policy behind this rule was best expressed [in a previous case]:

              It is not the province of the Courts to interfere with the natural
              right of parties to contract, and to exercise their own will and
              judgment upon the subject; and they will have the power to
              estimate the value of the consideration and the benefits to be
              derived from their contracts, where there is no incompetency
              to contract, no fraud or surprise, and no rule of law is violated.

       It follows, therefore, that anything which fulfills the requirement of
       consideration, that is, one recognized as legal, will support a promise,
       whatever may be the comparative value of the consideration and of the thing


                                             - 28 -
       promised. A benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee is
       sufficient valuable consideration to support a contract. Legal detriment
       means giving up something which immediately prior thereto the promisee
       was privileged to retain, or doing or refraining from doing something which
       he was then privileged not to do, or not to refrain from doing.

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                Requirements of DRRAs

       LU § 7-303 sets forth both the required and permissible contents of a DRRA,

providing in full as follows:

       (a) Required contents. — A development rights and responsibilities
       agreement shall include:

              (1) a legal description of the real property subject to the agreement;
              (2) the names of the persons having a legal or equitable interest in the
              real property subject to the agreement;
              (3) the duration of the agreement;
              (4) the permissible uses of the real property;
              (5) the density or intensity of use of the real property;
              (6) the maximum height and size of structures to be located on the real
              property;
              (7) a description of the permits required or already approved for the
              development of the real property;
              (8) a statement that the proposed development is consistent with the
              comprehensive plan and development regulations of the local
              jurisdiction;
              (9) a description of the conditions, terms, restrictions, or other
              requirements determined by the local governing body of the local
              jurisdiction to be necessary to ensure the public health, safety, or
              welfare; and
              (10) to the extent applicable, provisions for the:
                      (i) dedication of a portion of the real property for public use;
                      (ii) protection of sensitive areas;
                      (iii) preservation and restoration of historic structures; and
                      (iv) construction or financing of public facilities.

       (b) Permissible contents. — An agreement may:

              (1) set the time frame and terms for development and construction on


                                           - 29 -
              the real property; and
              (2) provide for other matters consistent with this division.

LU § 7-305 sets forth the procedures and process governing a DRRA, including that a

public hearing must be held, that the local planning commission must review the proposed

DRRA to determine whether it is consistent with the local jurisdiction’s comprehensive

plan, and that a DRRA must be recorded in the land records of the local jurisdiction within

twenty days after the DRRA is executed.

       LU § 7-302(a) authorizes the local governing body of a local jurisdiction to, “by

local law, establish procedures and requirements for the consideration and execution of

agreements; and [] delegate all or part of the authority established under the local law to a

public principal within the jurisdiction of the local governing body.” (Paragraph break

omitted).9 To that end, the County has established procedures and requirements for the

consideration and execution of DRRAs. The County’s DRRA ordinance’s requirements

for a DRRA mirror, in large part, LU § 7-303. Specifically, FCC § 1-25-4 provides:

       (A) At a minimum, a development rights and responsibilities agreement shall
       contain the following:

              (1) A lawyer’s certification that applicant has either a legal or
              equitable interest in the property;
              (2) The names of all persons having an equitable or legal interest in
              the property, including lien holders;
              (3) A legal description of the property subject to the agreement;
              (4) The duration of the agreement;
              (5) The permissible uses of the property;
              (6) The density or intensity of use of the property;
              (7) The maximum height and size of structures to be located on the

       9
        Notably, however, LU § 7-306 provides: “This subtitle does not require the
adoption of a local law by a local governing body or authorize a local governing body to
require a party to enter into an agreement.”

                                           - 30 -
              property;
              (8) A description of permits required or already approved for the
              development of the property;
              (9) A statement that the proposed development plan is consistent with
              the Comprehensive Plan and all applicable county regulations;
              (10) A description of the conditions, terms, restrictions or other
              requirements determined by the county to be necessary to ensure the
              public health, safety or welfare; and
              (11) To the extent applicable, provisions for the:
                     (a) Dedication of a portion of the property for public use;
                     (b) Protection of sensitive areas;
                     (c) Preservation and restoration of historic structures;
                     (d) Construction or financing of public facilities; and
                     (e) Responsibility for attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses
                     incurred by the county in the event an agreement is abandoned
                     or breached by the applicant.

       (B) An agreement may contain other terms, provisions, requirements and
       agreements concerning the property which may be agreed upon by the county
       and the applicant.

       (C) An agreement may fix the time frame and terms for development and
       construction on the property.

       (D) An agreement may provide for other matters consistent with this chapter.

       (E) All persons with a lien interest in the property must execute the
       agreement.

       (F) Any superior interest with a power of sale must be subordinated to the
       position of the county or acceptable financial guarantees must be provided.

                                         Analysis

       Here, we hold that, based on the plain language and legislative history of the DRRA

statute, as well as relevant case law, to be valid a DRRA is not required to confer an

enhanced public benefit upon a local governing body, i.e., a county. Stated otherwise, there

is no evidence in the DRRA statute, its legislative history, or case law demonstrating an

intent to require an enhanced public benefit as part of a DRRA. Nothing in FCC § 1-25-4


                                           - 31 -
requires that a DRRA in Frederick County be supported by enhanced public benefits. Thus,

we hold that the Blentlinger DRRA is not required to confer any enhanced public benefit

to the County, and is supported by sufficient consideration.

       We begin by examining the plain language of the DRRA statute. LU § 7-303(a),

the relevant statute, sets forth the required contents of a DRRA. By its plain language, LU

§ 7-303(a) requires certain detailed items to be included in a DRRA, but an enhanced public

benefit, or even a public benefit, is not identified among those required contents. Rather,

LU § 7-303(a) requires a DRRA to include, among other things, a legal description of the

real property subject to the DRRA, the duration of the DRRA, the density or intensity of

use of the real property, and a statement that the proposed development is consistent with

the local jurisdiction’s comprehensive plan and development regulations. Significantly,

LU § 7-303(a) does not mention, as one of the items that must be included in a DRRA, a

requirement that a DRRA be supported by enhanced public benefits. Indeed, the term

“enhanced public benefit” appears nowhere in LU § 7-303(a) or elsewhere in the DRRA

statute, nor does the term “public benefit.” In short, the plain language of LU § 7-303(a)

is unambiguous—an enhanced public benefit is not a requirement of a DRRA.

       Notwithstanding Cleanwater’s and the County’s contentions, we are unconvinced

that LU § 7-303(a)(9) requires a DRRA to include an enhanced public benefit. LU § 7-

303(a)(9) provides: “A [DRRA] shall include: [] a description of the conditions, terms,

restrictions, or other requirements determined by the local governing body of the local

jurisdiction to be necessary to ensure the public health, safety, or welfare[.]” (Paragraph

break omitted). LU § 7-303(a)(9)’s plain language is unambiguous, and merely requires


                                          - 32 -
the local governing body to determine, and include in the DRRA, a description of what it

has determined to be necessary to ensure the public health, safety, or welfare. Tellingly,

LU § 7-303(a)(9) does not require that a local governing body determine that any

specifically identified condition, term, restriction, or other requirement is necessary to

ensure the public health, safety, or welfare, or indicate in any way that a condition, term,

restriction, or other requirement to ensure the public health, safety, or welfare constitutes

an enhanced public benefit ,or even a public benefit. We decline to read into the DRRA

statute, and, specifically, LU § 7-303(a)(9), a requirement that is not evidenced by the clear

language and plain meaning of the statute—i.e., we will not add words to the unambiguous

DRRA statute to reach the strained result that Cleanwater and the County advocate. See

Bellard, 452 Md. at 481, 157 A.3d at 280 (“[W]e neither add nor delete words to a clear

and unambiguous statute to give it a meaning not reflected by the words that the General

Assembly used or engage in forced or subtle interpretation in an attempt to extend or limit

the statute’s meaning.” (Citation omitted)).

       Similarly, nothing in FCC § 1-25-4(A) requires a DRRA to provide for an enhanced

public benefit. Like LU § 7-303(a), FCC § 1-25-4(A) sets forth the various requirements

of a DRRA in the County, including, for example, the requirements that the DRRA contain

a legal description of the property subject to the DRRA, the duration of the DRRA, and the

density or intensity of use of the property. Unlike LU § 7-303(a), FCC § 1-25-4(A)(1) also

requires that a DRRA contain “[a] lawyer’s certification that applicant has either a legal or

equitable interest in the property[.]” That additional requirement is very different from

setting forth a requirement that a DRRA in the County include enhanced public benefits.


                                            - 33 -
In short, nothing in LU § 7-303(a)’s or FCC § 1-25-4(A)’s plain language purports to

include enhanced public benefits, or public benefits, as required content of a DRRA.

       Although the plain language of LU § 7-303(a) and FCC § 1-25-4(A) is

unambiguous—and clearly does not require enhanced public benefits as part of a DRRA

generally or in the County specifically—and our analysis could end at this point, we

nonetheless point out that our holding is fully supported by the legislative history and

purpose of the DRRA statute. See Lamone v. Schlakman, 451 Md. 468, 496, 153 A.3d

144, 161 (2017) (“Although the language of the statute is clear, a brief review of legislative

history of relevant [statutory] provisions . . . provides a context for our holding and

confirms our interpretation of the statute.”). A review of the DRRA statute’s legislative

history reinforces our conclusion that a DRRA is not required to confer enhanced public

benefits to the county. Stated otherwise, a review of the DRRA’s statute legislative history

does not change the result or alter the plain meaning of LU § 7-303(a). The legislative

history of the DRRA statute demonstrates that, in 1995, through House Bill 700, the

General Assembly codified the use of development agreements when it enacted the DRRA

statute. See 1995 Md. Laws 3242 (Vol. V, Ch. 562, H.B. 700). House Bill 700’s bill file

reveals that one of the main purposes of House Bill 700 was to permit vesting of rights

through the use of DRRAs.

       To that end, in a bill analysis of House Bill 700, the House Commerce and

Government Committee explained House Bill 700’s background in detail as follows:

       In a briefing paper provided by the Institute for Governmental Service, it was
       found that vested rights are defined legally in three ways: through common
       law, often under the principle of equitable estoppel; through just


                                            - 34 -
      compensation and takings requirements in the federal and state constitutions;
      and through legislation. In focusing on the legislative remedies, the Institute
      found that states have used two approaches to solve the vesting problem: (1)
      prohibiting local governments from applying new regulations to on-going
      projects by defining when vesting occurs, and (2) authorizing the use of
      development agreements.

      To date, at least ten states have authorized development agreements in one
      form or another. . . . In Maryland, Montgomery County uses development
      agreements somewhat similar to those envisioned by this legislation.

      Development agreements can provide benefits for both developers and local
      governments. For the developer, a development agreement establishes the
      rules and regulations which will govern the project throughout its
      construction, and perhaps beyond.      For the local government, the
      development agreement provides for greater certainty in the comprehensive
      planning process, as well as an opportunity to ensure the provision of
      necessary public facilities.

      In Maryland, the Court of Appeals ruled in 1993 (Prince George’s County
      vs. Sunrise Development[, 330 Md. 297, 623 A.2d 1296 (1993)]) that
      development rights do not vest in a property until construction begins on a
      structure that is visible to the general public. The effect of the ruling is to
      give a local government the ability to change a permissible land use until
      very late in the land use approval process. In fact, a change could occur after
      the issuance of a building permit, typically the last stage in the approval
      process.

      A similar bill was introduced in the 1994 session as House Bill 990. House
      Bill 990 received an unfavorable report from this committee. A workgroup
      was established in the interim which led to the development of House Bill
      700. The workgroup consisted [of] the following representatives: Linowes
      and Blocher; Fossett and Brugger; Maryland Builder’s Association;
      Suburban Maryland Building Industry Association; Maryland Association of
      Counties; Maryland Municipal League; Calvert County Commissioner;
      Charles County Attorney; Chair of the State Economic Growth, Resource
      Protection, and Planning Commission; and the Critical Areas Commission.

H. Commerce and Gov’t Comm., Bill Analysis, H.B. 700 (1995 Md. Leg. Sess.), at 3.

      Similarly, in another bill analysis of House Bill 700, the Senate Economic and

Environmental Affairs Committee explained House Bill 700’s background, in pertinent


                                          - 35 -
part, as follows:

       The Maryland Court of Appeals has ruled that development rights do not vest
       in a property until construction begins on a structure that is visible to the
       general public. Prince George’s County v. Sunrise Development, 330 Md.
       297 (1993). This ruling gives a local government the ability to change a
       permissible land use until very late in the land use approval process. Because
       development rights have not yet vested, a change could occur even after the
       issuance of a building permit which is typically the last stage in the approval
       process.

       . . . In focusing on the legislative remedies to the problem of vesting
       presented by the Sunrise Development case, the Institute [for Governmental
       Service] found that states have used two approaches to solve the problem: 1)
       prohibiting local governments from applying new regulations to on-going
       projects by defining when vesting occurs; and 2) authorizing the use of
       development agreements.

       Development agreements can provide benefits for both developers and local
       governments. For the developer, a development agreement establishes the
       rules and regulations which will govern the project throughout its
       construction, and perhaps beyond.      For the local government, the
       development agreement provides for greater certainty in the comprehensive
       planning process, as well as an opportunity to ensure the provision of
       necessary public facilities.

       ...

       House Bill 700 received a favorable report by the House Commerce and
       Government Matters Committee which was adopted with floor amendments
       and passed the House of Delegates (123-9) on March 20, 1995.

S. Econ. and Env’t Affairs Comm., Bill Analysis, H.B. 700 (1995 Md. Leg. Sess.), at 2-3.

       In a floor report of House Bill 700, the Senate Economic and Environmental Affairs

Committee summarized House Bill 700 as follows:

       House Bill 700 authorizes all municipalities exercising zoning and planning
       powers and all counties, except Prince George’s County, to enact ordinances
       providing for [DRRAs]. The purpose of an agreement is to establish the
       conditions under which development of real property may proceed for a
       specified time period. The bill requires an agreement to include specific


                                           - 36 -
      elements, for example, the permissible uses of the real property, the density
      or intensity of use, the maximum height and size of structures, a description
      of the permits required or already approved for the development of the
      property, and a statement that the proposed development is consistent with
      the plan and development regulations of the jurisdiction. To the extent
      applicable, an agreement may contain provisions for the dedication of a
      portion of the property for a public use, preservation of sensitive areas,
      preservation and restoration of historic structures, and construction or
      financing of public facilities.

      The bill requires a public hearing prior to the execution of an agreement.
      Unless otherwise provided by the parties to an agreement, the agreement
      becomes void five years after the date on which it is executed. In addition,
      the parties to an agreement may terminate it by mutual consent. The
      agreement may be modified with the mutual consent of the parties to the
      agreement or if the jurisdiction finds that modification is essential for the
      public health, safety, or welfare.

S. Econ. and Env’t Affairs Comm., Floor Report, H.B. 700 (1995 Md. Leg. Sess.), at 1.

      Ultimately, in 1995, the General Assembly enacted the DRRA statute for the

following purposes:

      FOR the purpose of authorizing certain local governments . . . to enter and
      amend [DRRAs] with certain persons; authorizing the local governments to
      establish, by ordinance, certain procedures and requirements for the
      consideration, execution, and amendment of [DRRAs]; requiring certain
      procedures before entering and amending [DRRAs]; requiring [DRRAs] to
      contain certain provisions; establishing that under certain conditions a
      [DRRA] is void after a certain number of years; authorizing the parties to a
      [DRRA] to suspend or terminate the agreement under certain circumstances;
      authorizing the local government to unilaterally suspend or terminate a
      [DRRA] under certain circumstances; establishing that certain laws, rules,
      regulations, and policies shall govern [DRRAs] under certain circumstances;
      providing that the recording of an agreement within a certain number of days
      has a certain effect; establishing the rights of parties to enforce a [DRRA];
      defining certain terms; providing for the application of certain provisions of
      this Act; providing that this Act is not intended to abrogate certain laws,
      except under certain circumstances; providing that this Act is not intended to
      abrogate certain powers of certain local governments; and generally relating
      to [DRRAs].



                                          - 37 -
1995 Md. Laws 3242 (Vol. V, Ch. 562, H.B. 700) (italics and underlining omitted). The

statute governing the required content of DRRAs, originally enacted as Md. Code (1957,

1995 Repl. Vol.), Art. 66B, § 13.01(f), provided in its entirety as follows:

       (f) Contents of agreement. — (1) An agreement shall include:

              (i) A legal description of the real property subject to the agreement;
              (ii) The names of the persons having a legal or equitable interest in
              the real property subject to the agreement;
              (iii) The duration of the agreement;
              (iv) The permissible uses of the real property;
              (v) The density or intensity of use;
              (vi) The maximum height and size of structures;
              (vii) A description of the permits required or already approved for the
              development of the real property;
              (viii) A statement that the proposed development is consistent with
              the plan and development regulations of the jurisdiction;
              (ix) A description of the conditions, terms, restrictions, or other
              requirements determined by the governing body of the jurisdiction as
              necessary to ensure the public health, safety, or welfare; and
              (x) To the extent applicable, provisions for the:
                      1. Dedication of a portion of the real property for public use;
                      2. Protection of sensitive areas;
                      3. Preservation and restoration of historic structures; and
                      4. Construction or financing of public facilities.

       (2) An agreement may:

              (i) Fix the period in and terms by which development and construction
              may commence or be completed; and
              (ii) Provide for other matters consistent with this article.

Significantly, Md. Code (1957, 1995 Repl. Vol.), Art. 66B, § 13.01(f) did not include an

enhanced public benefit as a requirement of a DRRA, and did not even mention the term

“enhanced public benefit.” Thereafter, in 2012, Md. Code (1957, 1995 Repl. Vol.), Art.

66B, § 13.01(f) was recodified in Title 7 of the new Land Use Article; at that time, Md.

Code (1957, 1995 Repl. Vol.), Art. 66B, § 13.01(f) became LU § 7-303 without substantive


                                           - 38 -
change. See 2012 Md. Laws 2157, 2291-92 (Vol. IV, Ch. 426, H.B. 1290). Indeed, the

Revisor’s Note to LU § 7-303 states that the “section formerly was Art. 66B, § 13.01(f)[,]”

and that “[t]he only changes are in style.” LU § 7-303 has remained unchanged since 2012.

       What we discern from this legislative history is that the DRRA statute has never

required, and was not intended to require, a DRRA to confer enhanced public benefits to

the county to be valid. In other words, the DRRA statute’s legislative history fails to

demonstrate that the provision of enhanced public benefits by the developer to the county

is a requirement of a DRRA. There is simply nothing in House Bill 700’s bill file to suggest

that a purpose of House Bill 700, and ultimately the DRRA statute, was to ensure that local

governing bodies received enhanced public benefits from developers. Importantly, the

term “enhanced public benefits” does not appear anywhere in House Bill 700’s bill file or

in the DRRA statute as enacted. And, as demonstrated by the various bill analyses, the

main purposes of House Bill 700 were to fix the problem of vesting caused by this Court’s

holding in Sunrise Development, 330 Md. 297, 623 A.2d 1296, and to allow developers

and local governments to enter into DRRAs, which not only solved the vesting problem,

but also resulted in mutually beneficial agreements through which both the developers and

local governments achieved important goals.

       As recognized by both the House Commerce and Government Committee and the

Senate Economic and Environmental Affairs Committee, a benefit of a DRRA to the local

government is that a DRRA “provides for greater certainty in the comprehensive planning

process, as well as an opportunity to ensure the provision of necessary public facilities.”

However, these statements concerning the benefit to the local government speak only to


                                           - 39 -
the local government’s ability to ensure the provision of “necessary public facilities,” not

the local government’s ability to ensure “enhanced public benefits.” And, nothing in these

statements leads to a conclusion that “necessary public facilities” was intended to be the

equivalent of “enhanced public benefits.” Moreover, tellingly, in the Senate Economic and

Environmental Affairs Committee’s floor report of House Bill 700, in summarizing House

Bill 700 and outlining House Bill 700’s requirements for DRRAs, the provision of

enhanced public benefits is not identified as an example of a specific item that must be

included in a DRRA.

       To be sure, House Bill 700’s bill file includes a letter dated March 3, 1995,

submitted by Maryland Association of Counties, Incorporated (“the Association”) to the

House Commerce and Governmental Matters Committee, in which the Association stated

that it supported House Bill 700, and explained that House Bill 700 “solves two problems”:

       First, it clarifies that local governments already have the authority to
       establish developers agreements that define the terms and conditions of
       project approvals. . . .

       Second, a recent Supreme Court decision, see Dolan v. Tigard[,] 114 S. Ct.
       2309 (1994), may unnecessarily limit the ability of a local government
       acquiring additional public benefits from a developer during development
       project approval negotiations. The new “rough proportionality” test
       described by Dolan may restrict a community from securing a greater amount
       of desirable open space, density concessions, public infrastructure, or facility
       construction as part of project approval.

Significantly, although the Association mentioned “additional public benefits,” and

seemingly provided examples of what it considered to be additional public benefits, such

as “a greater amount of desirable open space, density concessions, public infrastructure, or

facility construction as part of project approval[,]” the General Assembly did not amend


                                            - 40 -
House Bill 700 to provide, as a requirement for a DRRA, the inclusion of additional or

enhanced public benefits to the county. Indeed, neither the examples that the Association

provided, nor the term “additional public benefits,” appeared in the original DRRA

statute’s requirements for the contents of a DRRA.

       We reiterate the obvious point that, had it desired to do so, the General Assembly

could have required a DRRA to be supported by enhanced public benefits. Cf. Bottini v.

Dep’t of Fin., 450 Md. 177, 206, 147 A.3d 371, 389 (2016) (“[T]he General Assembly

could have identified a bank account and the funds contained in a bank account as a

separate classification of property subject to forfeiture, or as a specific form of tangible or

intangible personal property distinct from money, had it desired to do so.” (Citation

omitted)); Montgomery Cty. v. Phillips, 445 Md. 55, 76, 124 A.3d 188, 200 (2015)

(“Tellingly, the General Assembly could have, but did not, modify or otherwise raise the

tax ceiling on the combined State agricultural land transfer tax and county agricultural land

transfer tax that may be imposed.”). Presumably, had the General Assembly intended to

include the requirement that a DRRA be supported by enhanced public benefits, the

General Assembly would have taken care to define the term “enhanced public benefit,” or

otherwise delineate what would constitute an enhanced public benefit.             Absent any

indication in the relevant statutory language or the legislative history that the General

Assembly intended that a DRRA be supported by enhanced public benefits, we decline to

construe the DRRA statute to reach such a strained result.

       Importantly, nothing in case law that has been issued after the enactment of the

DRRA statute leads to the conclusion that a DRRA must be supported by enhanced public


                                            - 41 -
benefits. Significantly, the term “enhanced public benefits” appears in only one opinion

by this Court, Queen Anne’s Conservation, 382 Md. at 322, 855 A.2d at 334, and was

repeated later by the Court of Special Appeals in Cleanwater Linganore, Inc. v. Frederick

Cty. (“Casey”), 231 Md. App. 373, 392, 151 A.3d 44, 55 (2016), and in its opinion in this

case. In Queen Anne’s Conservation, 382 Md. at 310, 311, 855 A.2d at 327, 328, this

Court considered “the correct path to be followed by a person or entity, not a party to a

DRRA, but who feels aggrieved by the execution of the agreement, in obtaining scrutiny

of the legal bona fides of the DRRA[,]” and held that the “[a]ppellants, in pursuing a

challenge to the execution of the DRRA in th[e] case, were first required to file an appeal

to the Board of Appeals and obtain a final administrative decision prior to seeking judicial

review in the [trial c]ourt.” In other words, this Court determined that the trial court

correctly dismissed the appellants’—non-DRRA parties’—action based on the appellants’

“failure to exhaust an available and exclusive administrative remedy.” Id. at 311, 855 A.2d

at 328. In Queen Anne’s Conservation, id. at 308-09, 322, 855 A.2d at 326, 334, this Court

referenced “public benefits” on two occasions. In the introduction to the opinion, we

stated:

                 []DRRAs[] are a relatively recent addition to the Maryland toolbox of
          land use and development implements approved by the [General Assembly]
          for possible use by many local political subdivisions and the legal or
          equitable owners of real properties desiring to develop their properties.
          Although many states, such as California in 1979, preceded Maryland in
          recognizing the use of DRRAs or their equivalents, [the General Assembly]
          lingered until 1995 before enacting [the DRRA statute]. The legislation
          seems to be the result of the balancing of developers’ and property owners’
          desires for a larger measure of certainty than that offered by proceeding to
          market through the traditional development processes, while risking the
          monetary investment to develop their property, against local governments’


                                             - 42 -
          desire to receive greater public benefits on a more predictable schedule than
          might otherwise be attainable through the traditional processes.

Id. at 308-09, 855 A.2d at 326 (emphasis added) (footnote and citations omitted). And,

later in the opinion, in explaining one of the reasons why we disagreed with the contention

“that a determination by the governing body of the local jurisdiction as to what terms,

conditions, restrictions or other requirements are necessary to ensure the public health is

the ‘very essence’ of the legislative function performed by local elected officials[,]” we

stated:

                  First, the negotiation of terms protective of public health, safety, or
          welfare, in a contract entered into by a local government body is a
          discretionary executive act, not a legislative one. See Montgomery County
          v. Revere Nat’l Corp., Inc., 341 Md. 366, 390, 671 A.2d 1, 12 (1996) (“When
          the executive branch of the county government, in carrying out the laws and
          functions of government, enters into a contract, such action constitutes the
          exercise of executive discretion.”). A DRRA is not an ordinance or
          legislation as those terms are commonly understood; rather, it is a contract
          whose purpose is to vest rights under zoning laws and regulations, in
          consideration of enhanced public benefits.

Queen Anne’s Conservation, 382 Md. at 321-22, 855 A.2d at 334 (emphasis added).

          As an initial matter, reading the opinion leads to the conclusion that the references

to “greater public benefits” and “enhanced public benefits” in Queen Anne’s Conservation

are nothing more than references to the fact that a local governing body may desire “greater

public benefits” and that a local governing body may bargain for “enhanced public

benefits” as consideration in a DRRA. In Queen Anne’s Conservation, the term “enhanced

public benefits” is not defined or described in any manner. There is no reference to the

DRRA statute or legislative history requiring enhanced public benefits as consideration in

a DRRA. Simply put, the references to enhanced public benefits and greater public benefits


                                              - 43 -
in Queen Anne’s Conservation fall far short of a holding that a DRRA must be supported

by enhanced or greater public benefits—i.e., that a DRRA must consist of an enhanced

public benefit to the county conferred by the developer. Indeed, the statements about

“greater public benefits” and “enhanced public benefits” are dicta. In Queen Anne’s

Conservation, id. at 310-11, 855 A.2d at 327-28, this Court’s holding concerned a

procedural matter as to whether the appellants challenging a DRRA, who were not parties

to the agreement, had exhausted administrative remedies prior to seeking judicial review

in the trial court. Nothing in Queen Anne’s Conservation purported to address, let alone

analyze, what contents are required for a DRRA to be valid, or whether LU § 7-303(a)

requires enhanced public benefits. In other words, the references to “greater public

benefits” and “enhanced public benefits” “were neither part of nor essential to the holding[]

in the [] case[] and therefore constitute mere obiter dicta[.]” Silbersack v. ACandS, Inc.,

402 Md. 673, 683, 938 A.2d 855, 860 (2008).

       Additionally, in Queen Anne’s Conservation, 382 Md. at 322, 855 A.2d at 334, the

reference to “enhanced public benefits” must be read in the context of the paragraph in

which the term appears. In the sentence preceding the sentence that includes the term

“enhanced public benefits,” the Court stated: “First, the negotiation of terms protective of

public health, safety, or welfare, in a contract entered into by a local government body is a

discretionary executive act, not a legislative one.” Id. at 321, 855 A.2d at 334 (citation

omitted). This sentence states that the ability to enter into, and negotiate the terms of, a

DRRA is a discretionary executive act, insofar as the terms concerning the public health,

safety, or welfare. Our remarks in Queen Anne’s Conservation would be inconsistent if


                                           - 44 -
we were to announce, on the one hand, that the ability to enter into a DRRA and to negotiate

terms related to the public health, safety, or welfare are discretionary executive acts, but

mandate, on the other hand, that a local governing body must obtain enhanced public

benefits as a requirement for a DRRA—i.e., that enhanced public benefits are necessary to

the public health, safety, or welfare, and that, as such, the local governing body must

negotiate and obtain enhanced public benefits.

       In Casey, 231 Md. App. at 378, 151 A.3d at 46-47, the Court of Special Appeals

held that a DRRA did not include unlawfully broad language purporting to freeze local

laws beyond that authorized by LU § 7-304, and that the BOCC made all required factual

findings justifying the grant of PUD zoning. In Casey, id. at 380, 392, 151 A.3d at 48, 55,

the Court of Special Appeals referenced “public benefits” on three occasions. In discussing

the freeze provision of the DRRA statute, the Court of Special Appeals explained:

       Obtaining forbearance of the application of subsequent changes in relevant
       local laws provides certainty and stability to developers, whose projects may
       take many years to complete and/or sell-off or lease. Local governments
       derive, in return, negotiated greater public benefits than may be attained
       through typical governmental exactions or conditions of development
       approvals.

Id. at 380, 151 A.3d at 380 (emphasis added). And, later in the opinion, immediately after

quoting the House Commerce and Government Committee’s bill analysis of House Bill

700—specifically, the language that “[f]or the local government, the development

agreement provides for greater certainty in the comprehensive planning process, as well as

an opportunity to ensure the provision of necessary public facilities”—the Court of Special

Appeals stated:



                                           - 45 -
              What would achieve best the legislative purpose of balancing a
      developer’s interest in legal stability against a local government’s interest in
      certainty and obtaining enhanced public benefits; limiting, for example, the
      Casey DRRA’s freeze provision to subsequent changes in the zoning code
      only, as urged by [the petitioner], or allowing it to apply to the expansive list
      of local provisions in the negotiated DRRA as written? If the DRRA [statute]
      only allowed DRRAs to freeze the application of local zoning ordinance
      provisions, a local government could undermine still the legal and financial
      stability of an on-going development project by changing the laws related to,
      for example, development or site plans, subdivision, or planning compliance.
      Where a developer assumed that its project could be thwarted by a last-
      minute or mid-stream change to any of these non-zoning laws, it would be
      less likely to undertake a substantial development at all in a jurisdiction.
      This, in turn, would frustrate the local government’s interest in obtaining
      greater public benefits through negotiation of a DRRA’s terms.

Id. at 392, 151 A.3d at 55 (emphasis added).

      First, to the extent that, in Casey, 231 Md. App. at 392, 151 A.3d at 55, the Court

of Special Appeals read the DRRA statute’s legislative history as providing that a local

governing body must obtain enhanced public benefits, such a reading is mistaken. To be

sure, both the House Commerce and Government Committee and the Senate Economic and

Environmental Affairs Committee recognized, in their respective bill analyses, that a

benefit of a DRRA to the local government is that a DRRA “provides for greater certainty

in the comprehensive planning process, as well as an opportunity to ensure the provision

of necessary public facilities.”   As we explained above, however, the Committees’

statements about the benefit to the local government concern only a local government’s

ability to ensure the provision of “necessary public facilities,” and not the local

government’s ability to ensure “enhanced public benefits.”            And, nothing in the

Committees’ statements even suggests that “necessary public facilities” was intended to be

the equivalent of “enhanced public benefits” or that there was a requirement that a


                                           - 46 -
developer confer enhanced public benefits to a local governing body. Put simply, neither

Queen Anne’s Conservation nor Casey changes our holding that a DRRA is not required

to be supported by enhanced public benefits.10

       Second, the Court of Special Appeals’s statements in Casey referencing “greater

public benefits” and “enhanced public benefits” are dicta. In Casey, 231 Md. App. at 378,

381, 151 A.3d at 46-47, 48, the Court of Special Appeals’s holdings concerned the freeze

provision of a DRRA and of LU § 7-304, and whether the BOCC made the requisite

findings for approving PUD zoning. As in Queen Anne’s Conservation, nothing in Casey

purported to address and decide the issues of what requirements a DRRA must include,

and whether LU § 7-303(a) requires enhanced or greater public benefits. In other words,

as in Queen Anne’s Conservation, the references to “greater public benefits” and

“enhanced public benefits” in Casey “were neither part of nor essential to the holdings in

the [] case[] and therefore constitute mere obiter dicta[.]” Silbersack, 402 Md. at 683, 938

A.2d at 860. We do not consider the references in Casey to “greater public benefits” and

“enhanced public benefits” either precedential or persuasive as to whether the General

Assembly intended to require that a DRRA be supported by enhanced public benefits.

       Having determined that a DRRA is not required to confer enhanced public benefits

on a county to be valid, we turn to the issue of whether the Blentlinger DRRA is supported



       10
         Interestingly, the opinion in Queen Anne’s Conservation was authored by the
Honorable Glenn T. Harrell, Jr., while an incumbent member of this Court, and the opinion
in Casey also was authored by Judge Harrell, in his capacity as a specially assigned senior
judge. This could, perhaps, account for the repetition and use of the terms “greater public
benefit” and “enhanced public benefit” in Queen Anne’s Conservation and in Casey.

                                           - 47 -
by sufficient consideration.    We hold that it is.     As an initial matter, contrary to

Cleanwater’s and the County’s contentions, we know of no statute or case law requiring a

DRRA’s requirements to exceed requirements of a related PUD ordinance. In our view, a

PUD ordinance and a DRRA are often a “package deal,” so it would seem commonsensical

that the requirements of the two would largely mirror one another. And, we know of

nothing that dictates that a DRRA’s requirements must somehow exceed that of a PUD

ordinance, or of any other regulation or local law. Simply put, we are unpersuaded by the

argument that the Blentlinger DRRA is somehow void for lack of consideration on the

basis that the Blentlinger DRRA’s requirements are also required by the PUD Ordinance

and other regulations and local laws, such as the APFO.

       The consideration bestowed upon the BOCC, i.e., the County, in the Blentlinger

DRRA is sufficient. As we have explained, “consideration may be established by showing

a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee.” Cheek, 378 Md. at 148, 835 A.2d

at 661 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Forty W. Builders, Inc., 178

Md. App. at 384-85, 941 A.2d at 1213 (“In Maryland, consideration may be established by

showing a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee.” (Citation and internal

quotation marks omitted)). And, in Vogelhut, 308 Md. at 191, 517 A.2d at 1096, we

explained:

       A benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee is sufficient valuable
       consideration to support a contract. Legal detriment means giving up
       something which immediately prior thereto the promisee was privileged to
       retain, or doing or refraining from doing something which he was then
       privileged not to do, or not to refrain from doing.

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, “[a] promise [may be]


                                           - 48 -
consideration for another promise [where] it constitutes a binding obligation.” Cheek, 378

Md. at 148, 835 A.2d at 661.

       Here, there were both benefits to the County and detriments to Petitioners, as well

as binding promises on Petitioners’ part, that constitute sufficient consideration for the

County’s entering into the DRRA, which guarantees vesting of rights. As to benefits to

the County and detriments to Petitioners, in Section 2.2A of the Blentlinger DRRA,

concerning development limitations, Petitioners agree to develop no more than 675

residential dwelling units—i.e., Petitioners agree that the maximum number of residential

dwelling units permitted on the Property is 675.               Pursuant to FCC § 1-19-

10.500.6(H)(1)(a), however, a property that is designated as LDR in the Frederick County

Comprehensive Plan may contain three to six dwelling units per acre. Thus, a maximum

of 1,674 dwelling units could be permitted for the Property with the PUD zoning; and, by

agreeing to limit the project to 675 residential dwelling units, Petitioners are relinquishing

the right to pursue development of 999 additional residential dwelling units, or, at a

minimum, the right to pursue development of 45 additional residential dwelling units, as

Petitioners originally sought to develop 720 residential dwelling units. Clearly, this is a

detriment to Petitioners, and the County benefits by limiting the number of residential

dwelling units on the Property.

       In Section 2.2E of the Blentlinger DRRA, Petitioners agree that, “with the exception

of structures on the Public School Site and models for the Project, . . . neither Frederick

County, nor any agency, department, division and/or branch thereof shall issue any

structural building permits, prior to January 1, 2020.” Thus, as of the time of execution of


                                            - 49 -
the Blentlinger DRRA, Petitioners agreed to wait a period of just over five years before

seeking building permits. In other words, Petitioners agreed to forego the right to seek

structural building permits that they might otherwise have been entitled to seek but for the

terms of the Blentlinger DRRA. Like the agreement to limit the number of residential

dwelling units, the agreement to a limitation on the issuance of structural building permits

obviously constitutes a detriment to Petitioners and effectively prevents them from

proceeding with building up the development until January 1, 2020.

       Moreover, the Blentlinger DRRA includes a plethora of binding promises by

Petitioners that evidence consideration for the DRRA. For example, in Section 3.1 of the

Blentlinger DRRA, to satisfy APFO requirements for the project, Petitioners agree “to

either construct or fund the construction of certain road improvements or contribute to

escrow funds for road improvements, all as will be comprehensively set forth in an [APFO]

Letter of Understanding[.]” In Sections 3.2 and 3.3, Petitioners agree to comply with the

sewer and water improvements required by the APFO Letter of Understanding, and to pay

tap fees in accordance with the fee schedule in effect at the time of building permit

application. In Section 3.4A, Petitioners agree to pay the school construction fee as a

condition of APFO approval for the project at Phase II, notwithstanding the sunset of a

school construction fee ordinance. And, pursuant to Section 3.4B, Petitioners agree that

all “[a]pplicable [s]chool [i]mpact [f]ees shall be paid at the time of the issuance of building

permits in accordance with the fee schedule in effect at the time of the issuance of building

permits.”

       As to property acquisition for public infrastructure, in Section 3.5A, Petitioners


                                             - 50 -
agree to “exercise commercially reasonable efforts to secure [a third party’s] right-of-way

without the assistance of [Frederick] County” in the event that such acquisition is

necessary. In Section 3.5B, Petitioners agree that, if they demonstrate that they are unable

to secure a public right-of-way through commercially reasonable efforts, then they may

request that the County or the State Highway Administration assist in such acquisition at

their “sole cost and expense.” And, in Section 3.5C, Petitioners agree that, if the County

decides not to acquire the right-of-way, or the two-year time period of assistance has

passed, then Petitioners “may be permitted to make a contribution to the County equal to

the entire anticipated project development costs, which shall include but not be limited to

costs for: design, engineering, right-of-way acquisition, management, inspection, etc. in

lieu of constructing the public infrastructure improvements[,]” unless the applicable APFO

letter of understanding provides otherwise.

       Additionally, in Section 7.1B, Petitioners waive the right to a “trial by jury in

connection with any proceedings brought to enforce the terms of” the Blentlinger DRRA

should they breach the terms of the DRRA and the BOCC is forced to bring a legal action

for damages. In Section 8.3, concerning fees, Petitioners agree that, except as otherwise

provided in the Blentlinger DRRA, they “shall pay all fees (specifically including but not

limited to impact fees, school mitigation fees and water and sewer connection fees)

required by Frederick County at the rate in effect at the time the fee is due.”

       Finally, significantly, we conclude that the proffer of the middle school site is a

conditional promise that constitutes sufficient consideration. In Section 3.4C, entitled

“[s]chool [s]ite [d]edication,” Petitioners agree to convey, at no cost, approximately 24.5


                                            - 51 -
acres of the Property to the BOE for a middle school site; specifically, Section 3.4C

provides, in relevant part:

       [Petitioners] shall convey in fee simple to the []BOE[], with no monetary
       consideration paid, the Public School Site shown on EXHIBIT 6, totaling a
       minimum of 24.5 ± buildable acres, to serve the Project and the surrounding
       region. The Public School Site will be conveyed to the BOE upon: i) the
       recordation of the first subdivision plat for lots in the Project; and ii) BOE’s
       acceptance of the conveyance of land for the Public School Site. . . . A
       separate Memorandum of Understanding (“BOE MOU”) between the BOE
       and [Petitioners] shall be executed prior to unconditional Phase II approval
       for residential dwelling units in the Project (assuming commercially
       reasonable efforts by both parties), which MOU shall establish and control
       other aspects of the Public School Site and the rights and responsibilities of
       the parties relative to the Public School Site, and the construction of a public
       school. . . . In the event that the BOE does not approve the Public School Site
       or determines not to accept conveyance of the Public School Site, then
       [Petitioners] shall retain fee simple ownership of the Public School Site, and
       may use the Public School Site in a manner consistent with other uses with
       the Project. [Petitioners] acknowledge[] that use of the Public School Site
       may require regulatory approvals, including but not limited to, revision of
       the [PUD] Ordinance.

(Emphasis in original).

       As an initial matter, we note that LU § 7-303(a) does not require that a DRRA

include dedication of a portion of the real property for public use. Rather, as provided in

LU § 7-303(a)(10)(i), a DRRA shall include “to the extent applicable, provisions for the[]

dedication of a portion of the real property for public use[.]” (Paragraph break omitted).

Similarly, FCC § 1-25-4(A)(11)(a) provides that a DRRA shall include, “[t]o the extent

applicable, provisions for the[ d]edication of a portion of the property for public use[.]”

(Paragraph break omitted). In other words, under the DRRA statute and County ordinance,

dedication of a portion of the property for public use is a requirement of a DRRA only “[t]o

the extent applicable”—i.e., such dedication is not required as a matter of course with every


                                            - 52 -
DRRA. In other words, a DRRA could be valid under both State and County law without

the dedication of land for public use.

       Relevant here, FCC § 1-19-10.500.8(B), concerning public facilities, other than

parks and recreation facilities, within PUD districts, provides: “The County Council

[formerly, the BOCC] may require additional sites for other public facilities including

schools, library services, or a fire and emergency medical service site to serve the proposed

development where the County Council determines that a need exists based on established

county standards of service.” An applicant for PUD zoning is not required to proffer a

school site or other public facility site to obtain PUD zoning; rather, as FCC § 1-19-

10.500.8(B) demonstrates, the County Council, formerly, the BOCC, has the discretion to

require such additional sites for public facilities such as schools where it determines that a

need exists. Reading these statutory provisions together leads to the conclusion that LU §

7-303(a)(10)(i) and FCC § 1-25-4(A)(11)(a) are not automatically applicable to all

DRRAs, as those provisions expressly state that only “to the extent applicable” shall a

DRRA include provisions for the dedication of a portion of the property for public use; and

under FCC § 1-19-10.500.8(B), the BOCC had the discretion to require the designation of

a portion of the Property for public use, but was not required to do so. Simply put, under

the relevant statutes, the Blentlinger DRRA was not required as a matter of course to

include dedication of a portion of the Property for the middle school site. Nevertheless,

despite not being required for the PUD Ordinance or the DRRA, Petitioners proffered the

middle school site, and the proffer was incorporated into the Blentlinger DRRA.

       Specifically, in Section 3.4C of the Blentlinger DRRA, Petitioners agree to convey


                                            - 53 -
in fee simple to the BOE, at no cost, the middle school site consisting of approximately

24.5 acres upon two conditions subsequent—the recordation of the first subdivision plats

for lots in the project, and the BOE’s acceptance of the conveyance of the land for the

middle school site. Thus, the conveyance of the middle school site rests on the BOE’s

acceptance or rejection of the site. This, however, does not make Petitioners’ conditional

promise of the middle school site “illusory,” as alleged by Cleanwater and the County. As

we explained in Cheek, 378 Md. at 149, 835 A.2d at 662, “[i]f A makes an illusory promise,

A’s words leave A’s future action subject to A’s own future whim, just as it would have

been had A said nothing at all.” (Citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Here,

Petitioners have no control over whether the BOE will accept or reject the middle school

site, and their future action—either conveying the middle school site in fee simple to the

BOE or retaining fee simple ownership of the site for use in a manner consistent with other

uses with the project—is not subject to their own determination. If the BOE accepts the

middle school site, Petitioners’ performance is mandatory; in Section 3.4C, Petitioners

have expressly promised the middle school site if the BOE accepts it, and Petitioners will

be required to deliver fee simple ownership of the middle school site under those

circumstances. The proffer of the middle school site is valuable consideration for the

Blentlinger DRRA.

       In sum, we conclude that the Blentlinger DRRA—indeed, any DRRA—is not

required to confer enhanced public benefits to the local governing body, i.e., the County,

to be valid; that the Blentlinger DRRA is supported by sufficient consideration; and that

the Court of Special Appeals erred in concluding that the Blentlinger DRRA was void for


                                          - 54 -
lack of consideration.


                         JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                         APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO
                         THAT COURT WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO
                         AFFIRM THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                         COURT    FOR   FREDERICK   COUNTY.
                         RESPONDENTS TO PAY COSTS IN THIS
                         COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                         APPEALS.




                             - 55 -
