                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Kelsey and Senior Judge Bumgardner
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Richmond, Virginia


              HERBERT W. LUX, S/K/A
               HERBERT W. LUX, JR.
                                                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 1476-12-4                             CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR.
                                                                               DECEMBER 17, 2013
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY
                                           William H. Shaw, III, Judge Designate

                                G. Price Koch (Spencer Mayoras Koch Cornick & Meyer PLC, on
                                brief), for appellant.

                                Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                                Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                      Herbert W. Lux (“appellant”) appeals his conviction of obstruction of justice, in violation of

              Code § 18.2-460(A), following a jury trial in the Circuit Court of Stafford County (“trial court”).

              Appellant contends the trial court erred by refusing to set aside the jury’s verdict of guilty because

              the evidence was insufficient to show (i) that he intended to obstruct the general district court judge

              in the performance of his duties, and (ii) that he committed a direct act that prevented the court from

              conducting its judicial business. He further contends that the Honorable William H. Shaw, III,

              Judge Designate, erred by ruling that he was not required to retake the oath of office after being

              designated, pursuant to Code § 17.1-106(A), by the Chief Justice of the Virginia Supreme Court to

              preside over cases in the trial court.




                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         I. BACKGROUND

        On appeal, “‘we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that

evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.’” Williams

v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 439, 442, 642 S.E.2d 295, 296 (2007) (en banc) (quoting Jackson

v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004)).

        On October 6, 2011, Belinda Yates (“Yates”) was arrested for committing obstruction of

justice by force, a Class 5 felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-460(C). At some point after her arrest,

Yates signed a document granting her power of attorney to appellant.1 On January 11, 2012,

appellant accompanied Yates to the Stafford County General District Court for her preliminary

hearing on the charge of felony obstruction of justice. Appellant was not licensed to practice law in

Virginia or in any other state. Nevertheless, citing the signed power of attorney document, he

planned to “act[] on [Yates’] behalf” during her preliminary hearing in the general district court.2

        Immediately prior to Yates’ preliminary hearing, the presiding district court judge called a

fifteen-minute recess to enable the court reporter to prepare for the hearing.3 When there were only

a few minutes remaining in the recess, appellant and Yates moved from their seats in the courtroom

audience to a table in the front of the courtroom reserved for litigants and their licensed attorneys

(“counsel table”).




        1
          “‘Power of attorney’ means a writing or other record that grants authority to an agent to
act in the place of the principal, whether or not the term power of attorney is used.” Code
§ 64.2-1600 (previously Code § 26-73).
        2
         A power of attorney does not give the agent authority to represent the principal in a
criminal proceeding. See, e.g., Code § 54.1-3900 (only persons licensed to practice law in
Virginia may practice law in Virginia); Code § 54.1-3904 (penalty for practicing law without
authority).
        3
          Appellant and Yates were present in the courtroom when the district court judge called
the fifteen-minute recess.
                                               -2-
       On the day of Yates’ preliminary hearing, Stafford County Sheriff’s Office Deputy S.D.

Epple was working in his capacity as bailiff for the general district court. Deputy Epple informed

the district court judge, who was not in the courtroom during the recess, that appellant was seated at

counsel table with Yates. The district court judge told Deputy Epple that only defendants and their

licensed attorneys were permitted to sit at counsel table. The district court judge informed Deputy

Epple that the court could not proceed with Yates’ preliminary hearing until appellant removed

himself from counsel table. Deputy Epple returned to the courtroom.

       Deputy Epple and Deputy K. Steininger, both in uniform and displaying their badges of

authority, approached counsel table, where appellant and Yates remained seated. Deputy Epple

asked appellant if he was an attorney licensed to practice law in Virginia. Appellant replied that

he was not. Deputy Epple told appellant that he must leave counsel table if he was not a licensed

attorney. Appellant stood up, affirmatively asserted to the deputies that he had a right to sit at

counsel table, and informed them that he was “acting under a power of attorney for Belinda

Yates.”4 Deputy Steininger informed appellant that the district court judge would not return to

the courtroom or proceed with Yates’ preliminary hearing until appellant moved from counsel

table and took a seat in the audience.

       When appellant persisted in remaining at counsel table, Deputy Epple “use[d] [] force,

because [appellant was not] going on [his] own, to move [appellant] away from the table.”




       4
         Prior to Yates’ preliminary hearing, appellant had twice attempted to represent criminal
defendants in Spotsylvania and Stafford County courts, citing a signed power of attorney
document as his authority for acting as the accused’s counsel. In each case, the respective trial
courts informed appellant that he was not permitted to represent another individual in a criminal
matter and was not permitted to sit at counsel table if he was not a licensed attorney.

                                                 -3-
Deputy Epple subsequently arrested appellant for obstruction of justice, in violation of Code

§ 18.2-460(A).5

       At his trial de novo in the Stafford County Circuit Court,6 appellant asked the Honorable

William H. Shaw, III, a retired judge, to disqualify himself from presiding over appellant’s trial.

Pursuant to Code § 17.1-106(A), the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court had previously

designated Judge Shaw to assume judicial duties in the circuit for a period not exceeding ninety

days. However, appellant contended that Judge Shaw lacked authority to preside over his trial

because he had not retaken the required oath of office, pursuant to Code § 49-1, after being

designated by the Chief Justice to assume judicial duties in the circuit.7 Judge Shaw denied

appellant’s motion. Judge Shaw held that the oath of office he had previously taken “stay[ed] in

effect when [he] retired and stayed on the Supreme Court callback list.”8


       5
           Code § 18.2-460(A) provides, in pertinent part:

                 If any person without just cause knowingly obstructs a judge . . . in
                 the performance of his duties as such or fails or refuses without
                 just cause to cease such obstruction when requested to do so by
                 such judge, . . . he shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
       6
         On February 21, 2012, appellant was tried and convicted of obstruction of justice, in
violation of Code § 18.2-460(A), in the Stafford County General District Court. On February 22,
2012, appellant appealed his conviction to the Circuit Court of Stafford County for trial de novo.
       7
           Code § 49-1 provides, in pertinent part:

                 Every person before entering upon the discharge of any function as
                 an officer of this Commonwealth shall take and subscribe the
                 following oath: “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support
                 the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the
                 Commonwealth of Virginia, and that I will faithfully and
                 impartially discharge all the duties incumbent upon me as . . . . . . .
                 according to the best of my ability, (so help me God).”
       8
           Code § 17.1-106(B) provides:

                 It shall be the obligation of any retired judge or justice who is
                 recalled to temporary service [by the Chief Justice of the Supreme
                                                   -4-
       At appellant’s trial in the circuit court, Deputy Epple testified that his responsibilities in

the general district court included ensuring that no unauthorized individuals sat at counsel table.

He told the jury that the district court judge would not enter the courtroom while appellant

remained at counsel table with Yates. He further testified that the district court judge was unable

to hear cases on the docket on January 11, 2012 because appellant insisted on remaining at

counsel table.

       Appellant, who represented himself at trial, testified in his defense. He asserted that,

pursuant to Yates’ signed power of attorney, he had a right to “[c]ounsel” and remain with Yates

at counsel table during her preliminary hearing in the district court. He contended that he did not

immediately leave counsel table when instructed to do so by the deputies because he was

gathering the papers he had previously arranged on the table.

       The jury heard the evidence in the case and subsequently returned its verdict finding

appellant guilty of obstruction of justice, in violation of Code § 18.2-460(A). The trial court

thereafter accepted the jury’s sentencing verdict requiring appellant to pay a fine of $2,500 as

punishment for his offense.

       Appellant thereafter moved the trial court to set aside the jury’s verdict, arguing that the

evidence presented was insufficient to prove that he committed a direct act that prevented the

deputies or district court judge from performing their respective functions. The trial court denied

appellant’s motion to set aside the verdict.




                 Court] and who has not attained age seventy to accept the recall
                 and perform the duties assigned. It shall be within the discretion of
                 any justice or judge who has attained age seventy to accept such
                 recall.
                                                 -5-
                                             II. ANALYSIS

                                            A. Oath of Office

        Appellant does not challenge the authority of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to

recall retired judges to preside over courts of record for a period not exceeding ninety days. Code

§ 17.1-106(A). Neither does appellant contend that Judge Shaw’s designation under Code

§ 17.1-106(C) to assume “all the powers, duties, and privileges attendant on” the judicial office was

invalid. Rather, appellant asserts that Judge Shaw did not have the authority to preside over his trial

because he had not retaken an oath of office relative to that designation. He asserts that, in as much

as Judge Shaw voluntarily retired in 2009, his oath of office lapsed upon retirement. Appellant cites

no authority to support that assertion.

        This appeal “present[s] a pure question of law involving constitutional and statutory

interpretation. We apply a de novo standard of review to such questions.” Gallagher v.

Commonwealth, 284 Va. 444, 449, 732 S.E.2d 22, 24 (2012).

        Article II, § 7 of the Virginia Constitution provides:

                All officers elected or appointed under or pursuant to this
                Constitution shall, before they enter on the performance of their
                public duties, severally take and subscribe the following oath or
                affirmation:

                “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the Constitution
                of the United States, and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of
                Virginia, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge all the
                duties incumbent upon me as ...................., according to the best of
                my ability (so help me God).”

See also Code § 49-1 (codifying the general form of the oath required by officers entering upon

service to the Commonwealth).

        Code § 17.1-106 provides, in pertinent part:

                A. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court may call upon and
                authorize any justice or judge of a court of record who is
                retired . . . to . . . perform for a period of time not to exceed ninety
                                                   -6-
               days at any one time, such judicial duties in any court of record as
               the Chief Justice shall deem in the public interest for the
               expeditious disposition of the business of the courts of record.

                          *       *       *       *       *       *       *

               C. Any justice or judge recalled to duty under this section shall
               have all the powers, duties, and privileges attendant on the position
               he is recalled to serve.

       “[U]nder basic rules of statutory construction, we determine the General Assembly’s

intent from the words contained in the statute.” Alger v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 255, 259, 590

S.E.2d 563, 565 (2004). “‘When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the

plain meaning of that language.’” Scott v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 35, 48, 707 S.E.2d 17,

24 (2011) (quoting Evans v. Evans, 280 Va. 76, 82, 695 S.E.2d 173, 176 (2010)).

       There is no language in the above-quoted constitutional or statutory provisions that

requires a retired judge, who took the oath of office at the commencement of the term of office in

effect at the time of his or her retirement, to retake the oath of office when designated by the

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court pursuant to Code § 17.1-106(A). Under longstanding

principles of statutory construction, this Court will not read such a requirement into those

provisions. See, e.g., Posey v. Commonwealth, 123 Va. 551, 553, 96 S.E. 771, 771 (1918) (if the

legislative intent is apparent from the plain language of the statute, this Court will not “add to or

subtract from the words used in the statute”). Rather, this Court “presume[s] that the legislature

chose, with care, the words it use[d]” when it enacted a statute. Zinone v. Lee’s Crossing

Homeowners Ass’n, 282 Va. 330, 337, 714 S.E.2d 922, 925 (2011). If the General Assembly

intended to require retired judges, recalled to service by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

pursuant to Code § 17.1-106, to retake the oath of office, it would have stated that requirement.

Compare Ala. Code § 12-18-7 (1973) (affirmatively requires retired judges, recalled to service,

to retake oath of office), Idaho Code Ann. § 1-2005 (2005) (same), and Or. Rev. Stat. § 1.300


                                                -7-
(2003) (same), with Minn. Stat. § 484.61 (1986) (no requirement that retired judges, recalled to

service, retake oath of office), Mont. Code Ann. § 19-5-103 (2005) (same), Ohio Rev. Code Ann.

§ 3.23 (2007), § 1907.14 (2009) (same), R.I. Gen. Laws § 8-3-8 (2012) (same), S.C. Code Ann.

§ 14-1-215 (1996) (same), Va. Code § 17.1-106 (same), and Utah Code Ann. § 78A-7-201

(2012) (same).

        Based on the foregoing principles of statutory and constitutional interpretation, we conclude

that the trial court did not err when it ruled that Judge Shaw, who took the oath of office at the

commencement of his term of service to the Commonwealth, and whose oath of office continued in

effect at the time of his retirement, was not required to retake the oath of office prior to presiding

over appellant’s trial.

                                       B. Obstruction of Justice

        Appellant asserts the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he

intended to commit obstruction of justice, in violation of Code § 18.2-460(A), and that he

committed a direct act that prevented the general district court from conducting its judicial business.

In our review of a challenge to a criminal conviction, “‘[w]here the issue is whether the evidence is

sufficient, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all

reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Baylor v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 82, 84,

683 S.E.2d 843, 844 (2009) (quoting Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 135, 455

S.E.2d 730, 731 (1995)).

        Code § 18.2-460(A) provides, in pertinent part:

                 If any person without just cause knowingly obstructs a judge . . . in
                 the performance of his duties as such or fails or refuses without just
                 cause to cease such obstruction when requested to do so by such
                 judge, . . . he shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.

        The Supreme Court has held that, to sustain a conviction of obstruction of justice under

Code § 18.2-460(A), “there must be acts clearly indicating an intention on the part of the accused to
                                                  -8-
prevent the [judicial] officer from performing his duty, as to obstruct ordinarily implies opposition

or resistance by direct action.” Ruckman v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 428, 429, 505 S.E.2d

388, 389 (1998).

        In Rozario v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 142, 647 S.E.2d 502 (2007) (en banc), a

majority of this Court affirmed appellant’s conviction of contempt, in violation of Code § 18.2-456.

The Court did not reach the ultimate issue of whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain

appellant’s contempt conviction. Rather, the Court held that appellant’s sufficiency argument was

moot. Id. at 146, 647 S.E.2d at 504.

        The Rozario dissent, in dicta, proceeded to the ultimate issue of whether the evidence was

sufficient to prove that appellant contumaciously obstructed the court in its administration of justice.

The dissent noted that obstruction of justice “‘means that [conduct] must interfere with or disrupt

the orderly process of the court.’” Id. (Benton, J., dissenting) (quoting Commonwealth ex rel.

Falwell v. Di Giacinto, 471 A.2d 533, 537 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984)). It stated that conduct that

“‘cause[s] delay or disruption of the hearing . . . constitute[s] a contumacious obstruction of the

administration of justice.’” Id. (Benton, J., dissenting) (quoting Di Giacinto, 471 A.2d at 537).

Finally, the dissent concluded that behavior that is “‘disruptive of the proceeding[],’” “‘rebellious,

. . . insubordinate, . . . willfully disobedient[,] or openly disrespectful’” constitutes obstruction of the

court in the discharge of its duties. Id. (Benton, J., dissenting) (quoting Cameron v. State, 650 A.2d

1376, 1381 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1994)). Although the dissenting opinion in Rozario carries no

precedential value, we find the analysis persuasive.

        Here, the evidence presented at trial showed that appellant insisted on remaining at counsel

table despite the bailiffs’ admonishment that the court would not proceed with its business if he

remained there. The evidence showed that, prior to Yates’ preliminary hearing, appellant had twice

attempted to represent individuals in criminal proceedings, and had twice been informed by the

                                                   -9-
court that he was not permitted to represent others in criminal proceedings and that he was not

permitted to sit at counsel table. His insistence on remaining at counsel table effectively ensured

that the district court judge would not reenter the courtroom, that the court could not proceed with

the cases on its docket, and that Yates’ preliminary hearing would not occur. There was ample

evidence presented at trial from which the trier of fact could reasonably conclude (i) that appellant

intended to obstruct the district court judge in the performance of his duties, and (ii) that appellant’s

insistence on remaining at counsel table constituted a direct act that resulted in a suspension of the

court’s ability to conduct its business in the courtroom. Accordingly, we conclude from the record

on appeal that the trial court did not err by refusing to set aside the jury’s verdict on the basis that

the evidence presented was insufficient to show that appellant intended to and did commit a direct

act that prevented the district court judge from performing his official duties.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s conviction of obstruction of justice, in violation of

Code § 18.2-460(A), is affirmed.

                                                                                                 Affirmed.




                                                  - 10 -
