                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-2043
                             Filed February 10, 2016


IN THE INTEREST OF V.C. and J.C.,
Minor Children,

C.C., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Gary K.

Anderson, District Associate Judge.



      A mother appeals the juvenile court’s termination of her parental rights to

her children, V.C. and J.C. AFFIRMED.



      Vanessa E. Strazdas of Strazdas Law, Council Bluffs, for appellant

mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Roberta Megel of the State Public Defender, Council Bluffs, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.



      Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vogel and Potterfield, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, Judge.

       A mother appeals the juvenile court’s termination of her parental rights to

her children, V.C. and J.C. She argues the State failed to prove the grounds for

termination by clear and convincing evidence. We conclude clear and convincing

evidence supported termination, and therefore affirm.

    I. Background Facts and Proceedings

       Two children are at interest in this appeal. V.C. is an eight-year-old boy.

J.C. is a ten-year-old boy. Both are the children of the mother and the same

father.1

       V.C. and J.C. first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human

Services (DHS) on August 28, 2014, after they failed to appear at school

because the father was not home to take them. DHS received a referral alleging

the father was unable to maintain a safe and suitable home for his sons. Police

officers went to the father’s home and found it to be filthy and unsuitable for the

children. Water and electric utilities had been disconnected two days prior for

lack of payment. As a result, the toilet was full of feces and urine. There was no

food in the home. The boys were sleeping on dirty mattresses on the floor. In

the father’s absence, the boys had been left in the care of the father’s frail and

wheelchair-bound great-grandmother, who was unable to provide proper care.

V.C. and J.C. were taken into protective custody that day, and have not been in

the care of either parent since.




1
 The father’s parental rights were also terminated as to both children, but he has not
appealed.
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      The father had officially begun caring for V.C. and J.C. in 2009, apparently

as a result of an Iowa court order. According to the mother, however, the boys

continued to live with her in Nebraska for three years—from 2009 until November

2012—while the father was not around. She testified the father only took the

boys from her after the Nebraska authorities told him she had been abusing

them. The mother did not see her children again for nearly two years while they

lived with the father and until DHS took them into protective custody.

      During an interview with a DHS child protective worker, the boys stated

their mother came and went from their lives. They reported the mother drank

and used drugs. They also reported their belief that she was currently homeless

and living out of her car in Nebraska. According to the boys, the mother had

another child, who was in foster care in Nebraska. A DHS social work case

manager contacted the mother and asked why she had not seen her sons in two

years. The mother said she felt the father had been taking good care of them.

      V.C. and J.C. were each adjudicated to be a child in need of assistance

(CINA) pursuant to Iowa Code sections 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (g) (2013) following an

adjudication hearing on October 13, 2014. The juvenile court ordered that DHS

retain care, custody, and control of the children, and provide for services to be

made available for the children and parents. With respect to the mother, the

court ordered her to have future contact with her sons through DHS, to maintain

suitable housing and verifiable income, and to have a home study completed on

her home in Nebraska through the Interstate Compact on Placement of Children

(ICPC). See Iowa Code §§ 232.158–.168.
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        The permanency goal for V.C. and J.C. from the outset had been

reunification with either the mother or the father, or both.           And initially,

reunification efforts seemed to be progressing, based upon the mother’s

satisfactory and mostly-consistent participation in offered services and

interactions with V.C. and J.C.         The juvenile court’s order following a

November 3, 2014 CINA disposition hearing noted the mother had “been

receptive to following through with interactions supervised by the family’s

provider as well as interactions offered by the [boys’] foster parents.” Likewise,

the order following a February 2, 2015 CINA review hearing noted positive

progress in that “supervision between [the mother] and her boys has decreased,”

and referenced the DHS caseworker’s interest in seeing the mother have

consistent interactions with her sons when given more time and a less structured

setting. The juvenile court specifically stated in its February 2 review order, “This

[reunification] plan is expected to be achieved on or before the permanency

hearing,” and set the permanency hearing for July 9, 2015.

        In the interim, however, a home study was completed on the mother’s

Nebraska home. The mother has lived in the same Nebraska city throughout the

events underlying this appeal. She reportedly has been renting and residing in

the same home since October 2013. At the outset of these proceedings, she

lived there with her youngest son, four other adults, and two other children,

although she stated most of those individuals would move out if a home study

were to be completed. The mother asked DHS to delay requesting the home

study because she felt unprepared, but reported that she was ready in January

2015.
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          The home study was completed by the Nebraska Department of Health

and Human Services in April 2015. Among the concerns highlighted in the home

study were the mother’s “functional and cognitive impairments” that affected her

ability to parent effectively, her dependence upon family and friends to parent her

youngest son, her odd behavior during visits, financial issues, and her ongoing

relationship with a man whose criminal background revealed both a history of

physical child abuse and an outstanding arrest warrant.          The home study

concluded with the following assessment: “At this time it does not appear that

[the mother] ha[s] the cognitive ability to parent [J.C.] and [V.C.]. Therefore,

Nebraska Health and Human Services is denying the placement of [the children]

with [the mother].”

          The denial of the mother’s home study coincided with a more general

decline in her reunification efforts.   The juvenile court’s order following the

permanency hearing on July 9, 2015, noted the mother had only “attended

eighteen out of the thirty-three offered interactions with her sons” since the last

hearing in February, despite the fact that transportation was provided for the

boys. In addition to the drop in the mother’s interactions with her sons, she was

inconsistent in her attendance at various other appointments and events that had

been recommended to her. The court also noted the mother was not receptive

either to taking a parenting class or to moving to Iowa in order to further the

reunification efforts, despite the fact she had been told “placement of the children

at her current residence would be impossible due to the denial of the ICPC home

study.”
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       The juvenile court ultimately ordered on July 9, 2015, “That the

permanency goal of reunification be changed to termination of the parent-child

relationship and adoption.” The court further explained:

       The permanency goal had previously been reunification, and it was
       expected to be completed at this time. Reunification has not
       occurred. Neither parent has demonstrated behavior changes
       indicating they can appropriately care for the boys. Further
       reunification is definitely impeded by the denied home study and
       [the mother’s] unwillingness to relocate to Iowa to continue with
       reunification efforts. It is clear these boys need permanency. This
       court finds the change in permanency goal to termination of
       parental rights is appropriate and hereby adopts the same.

       A termination hearing was held on November 2, 2015. The State offered

the testimony of the DHS social work case manager assigned to V.C. and J.C.

The case manager recommended the mother’s parental rights be terminated,

citing her “noncompliance and the children’s inability to be returned to her care at

this time.” The mother was present and testified on her own behalf. The juvenile

court terminated the parental rights of both the mother and father to their children

pursuant to Iowa Code sections 232.116(1)(e), (f), and (i) (2015).

       The mother now appeals.

   II. Standard of Review

       We conduct a de novo review of proceedings terminating parental rights.

In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). An order terminating parental

rights will be upheld if there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for

termination under Iowa Code section 232.116. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706

(Iowa 2010). Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there are no serious or

substantial doubts as to the correctness of conclusions drawn from it. Id. We

give weight to the factual determinations of the juvenile court, particularly
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regarding the credibility of witnesses, although we are not bound by them. Id.

The primary consideration of our review is the best interests of the child. In re

A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012).

   III. Analysis

       Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a

three-step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). First, the

court must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has

been established. Id. Second, if a ground for termination is established, the

court must apply the framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if

proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the child. Id. Third, if the

statutory best-interests framework supports termination of parental rights, the

court must consider if any statutory factors set forth in section 232.116(3) should

serve to preclude termination. Id.

       As noted above, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights

on three different grounds, as set forth in sections 232.116(1)(e), (f), and (i). The

mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the juvenile court’s

“clear and convincing” findings on all three grounds.          When a juvenile court

terminates parental rights on more than one ground, as it has in this case, we

may affirm the order on any of the statutory grounds supported by the record.

D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707.

       Section 232.116(1)(f) provides that a juvenile court may terminate parental

rights to a child if “the court finds that all of the following have occurred”:

          (1) The child is four years of age or older.
          (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance
       pursuant to section 232.96.
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          (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the
      child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or for
      the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
      has been less than thirty days.
          (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
      time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s
      parents as provided in section 232.102.

      The mother challenges only the final requirement for termination under

section 232.116(1)(f)—a finding by clear and convincing evidence that V.C. and

J.C. could not be returned to her custody at the time of the termination hearing.

The mother argues the children were removed from the father’s custody—not

hers—for unsafe living conditions, and the State presented no evidence her sons

would actually be unsafe in her custody, despite the denial of her home study.

She points out a series of negative drugs screens and ongoing care of an even

younger child as evidence of her suitability as a caregiver. She also claims she

“substantially complied with DHS recommendations.”

      Upon our de novo review, we find the State proved by clear and

convincing evidence that V.C. and J.C. could not be returned to the mother’s

custody at the time of the November 2, 2015 termination hearing. Because the

Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services denied her home study in

April 2015, the children cannot be placed in her care in Nebraska. See Iowa

Code § 232.158(3)(d); see, e.g., In re C.L.P., No. 12-0409, 2012 WL 1454007, at

*3 (Iowa Ct. App. April 25, 2012) (“Alabama denied the mother’s home study

twice. Thus, the children cannot be placed in her care in Alabama.”). Moreover,

the mother’s claim that the State presented no evidence her sons would be

unsafe in her custody is belied by both the testimony and report of the DHS

social work case manager, who mentioned the State of Nebraska was currently
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investigating drug use and possible drug distribution occurring in the mother’s

Nebraska home.       Accordingly, termination was appropriate under section

232.116(1)(f).

       We further find termination is in the best interests of the children, and no

statutory factors serve to preclude termination. The mother has been absent for

large portions of her sons’ lives, and has not consistently shown that she is

willing or able to maintain a safe and nurturing environment for them. Even after

her home study was denied and it was made clear to her V.C. and J.C. could not

be placed with her at her home in Nebraska, she chose to remain there. We

agree with the juvenile court that V.C. and J.C. deserve permanency, and in this

case termination of the mother’s parental rights is in their long-term best

interests.

       AFFIRMED.
