     Case: 13-60096      Document: 00512470462         Page: 1    Date Filed: 12/13/2013




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                                                  FILED
                                    No. 13-60096                          December 13, 2013
                                  Summary Calendar
                                                                             Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                  Clerk
CARMEN ARELI AYALA-RIVAS,

                                                 Petitioner

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                 Respondent


                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                               BIA No. A099 476 636


Before REAVLEY, JONES, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: *
       Carmen Areli Ayala-Rivas, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions
for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing
her appeal from the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) order denying her requests for
withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT). We generally review only the order of the BIA, but we will consider the
underlying decision of the IJ if it influenced the BIA’s decision. Mikhael v.


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 13-60096

INS, 115 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir. 1997). We consider both decisions in the
instant case. See id.
      Whether an alien has demonstrated eligibility for withholding of removal
or protection under the CAT is a factual determination that we review for
substantial evidence. Chen v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131, 1134 (5th Cir. 2006).
The substantial evidence test requires that the decision be based on the
evidence presented and that the decision be substantially reasonable.
Carbajal-Gonzalez v. INS, 78 F.3d 194, 197 (5th Cir. 1996). “The applicant has
the burden of showing that the evidence is so compelling that no reasonable
factfinder could reach a contrary conclusion.” Chen, 470 F.3d at 1134.
      To obtain withholding of removal, an applicant must show a clear
probability that she will be persecuted upon her return to her home country.
Roy v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 132, 138 (5th Cir. 2004). “A clear probability means
that it is more likely than not that the applicant’s life or freedom would be
threatened by persecution on account of either his race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id.
      Ayala-Rivas asserts that, if she is returned to El Salvador, she will be
persecuted on account of her membership in a particular social group – her
family. To establish a particular social group, Ayala-Rivas must show “a group
of persons that share a common immutable characteristic that they either
cannot change or should not be required to change because it is fundamental
to their individual identities or consciences.” Orellana-Monson v. Holder, 685
F.3d 511, 518 (5th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
      The IJ and BIA did not err in concluding that Ayala-Rivas did not
demonstrate that she was a member of a particular social group entitled to
protection. The putative group of Ayala-Rivas’s family is overly broad and does
not establish a meaningful basis for distinguishing Ayala-Rivas from other



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                                  No. 13-60096

people. Ayala-Rivas also has failed to establish either that society would
perceive members of a family unit opposed to Mara Salvatrucha (MS) as a
group or that her family is in a substantially different situation than anyone
in the general population who resists MS or is perceived as a threat to its
interests. Accordingly, there is substantial evidence to support the IJ and
BIA’s determination that Ayala-Rivas is ineligible for withholding of removal.
See Chen, 470 F.3d at 1134; Carbajal-Gonzalez, 78 F.3d at 197.
      Ayala-Rivas argues that the IJ and BIA erred in denying her relief under
the CAT. To obtain CAT relief, an alien must show that it is more likely than
not that she will suffer torture if deported to her home country. Chen, 470 F.3d
at 1139; 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). The CAT defines torture as “any act by which
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted
on a person . . . by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence
of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.18(a)(1). Ayala-Rivas presented no evidence of past torture or evidence
that, if removed to El Salvador, it is more likely than not that she will suffer
torture by the instigation or acquiescence of the El Salvadoran government.
§ 208.16(c)(3), (c)(2); Chen, 470 F.3d at 1139.
      Accordingly, Ayala-Rivas’s petition for review is DENIED.




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