                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                            Assigned on Briefs November 1, 2016

                                          IN RE S.P . ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Rutherford County
                    No. TC2520T       Donna Scott Davenport, Judge


                 No. M2016-00708-COA-R3-PT – Filed January 25, 2017



In this termination of parental rights case, the Department of Children‟s Services filed a
petition to terminate the rights of S.J.C.P. (Mother) with respect to her children, S.D.P.
and C.D.P.1 The trial court found clear and convincing evidence of four grounds
supporting termination. By the same quantum of proof, the trial court held that
termination of Mother‟s rights is in the best interest of the children. Mother appeals. We
modify the trial court‟s judgment. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                       Affirmed as Modified; Case Remanded

CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RICHARD H.
DINKINS and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JJ., joined.

Carl Moore, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for appellant, S.J.C.P.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Rachel E. Buckley, Assistant
Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of
Children‟s Services.


                                               OPINION

                                                    I.

      The children were born in 2004 and 2008 respectively. In May 2013, Mother
ceased living with Father. Thereafter, they shared responsibility for the children. Mother
        1
           In the same petition, DCS also sought to terminate the parental rights of C.W.P. (Father). The
trial court terminated those rights in a final judgment entered March 30, 2016. Father has not appealed.
lived out of her car or with friends. Father was evicted from his home. Later, the
children lived with their maternal grandmother and her husband.

       In August 2014, DCS received a referral that the grandparents had physically and
psychologicially abused the children. Due to Mother‟s drug use and her failure to
provide housing and basic necessities for the children, DCS filed a petition to declare the
children dependent and neglected and for emergency temporary legal custody. The trial
court entered a protective custudy order, awarding custody of the children to DCS. The
children have remained in foster care since their placement on August 27, 2014.

       In January 2015, the trial court entered an order, adjudicating the children
dependent and neglected. The court found that Mother had abandoned the children by (1)
failing to provide for the care and necessities of the children, (2) failing to provide a
residence for the children, and (3) failing to ensure that the children had a proper
caretaker.

       On August 18, 2015, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother‟s parental rights.
DCS alleged the following grounds for termination: (1) abandonment by failure to visit
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i), -102(1)(C), and -
102(1)(E); (2) abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home pursuant to Tenn Code
Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii); (3) substantial noncompliance with
permanency plan pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(2) and 37-2-403(a)(2);
and 4) persistence of conditions pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). DCS
also asserted that termination of Mother‟s rights is in the best interest of the children.

      On March 30, 2016, the trial court entered a final decree of full guardianship
terminating Mother‟s rights. The trial court found clear and convincing evidence
supporting each of the four grounds alleged by DCS. The trial court also found by the
same standard of proof that termination is in the children‟s best interest. Mother appeals.

                                            II.

      Mother filed a notice of appeal raising the following issues, as taken verbatim
from her brief:

             Whether the [c]ourt below erred in finding abandonment [by]
             failure to visit.

             Whether the [c]ourt below erred in finding abandonment by
             failure to provide a suitable home.

             Whether the [c]ourt below erred in finding substantial
             noncompliance with the Permanency Plan(s).

                                            2
              Whether the [c]ourt below erred in finding persistence of
              conditions.

              Whether the [c]ourt below erred in finding that termination is
              in the children‟s best interest.

(Paragraph numbering in original omitted.)

                                             III.

        A parent has a fundamental right, based on both the federal and state constitutions,
to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Ill., 405 U.S. 645, 651
(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud,
921 S.W.2d 170, 174-75 (Tenn. 1996). While this right is fundamental, it is not absolute.
The State may interfere with a parent‟s rights in certain circumstances. In re Angela E.,
303 S.W.3d at 250. Our legislature has listed the grounds upon which termination
proceedings may be brought. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g). Termination proceedings
are statutory, In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250; Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739
(Tenn. 2004), and a parent‟s rights may be terminated only where a statutory basis exists.
Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002); In the Matter of M.W.A., Jr., 980
S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

       To terminate parental rights, a court must determine by clear and convincing
evidence the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination and that
termination is in the child‟s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002). “Clear and convincing evidence enables
the fact-finder to form a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts, and
eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of these factual
findings.” In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted).
Unlike the preponderance of the evidence standard, “[e]vidence satisfying the clear and
convincing standard establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable.” In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

        Once a ground for termination is established by clear and convincing evidence, the
trial court conducts a best interest analysis. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251 (citing
In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)). “The best interest[ ] analysis
is separate from and subsequent to the determination that there is clear and convincing
evidence of grounds for termination.” Id. at 254. The existence of a ground for
termination “does not inexorably lead to the conclusion that termination of a parent‟s
rights is in the best interest of the child.” In re C.B.W., No. M2005-01817-COA-R3-PT,
2006 WL 1749534, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed June 26, 2006).


                                              3
       We are required to review all of the trial court‟s findings with respect to grounds
and best interest. In re Carrington, 483 S.W.3d 507, 525-26 (Tenn. 2016) (“[W]e hold
that in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights the Court of Appeals must
review the trial court‟s findings as to each ground for termination and as to whether
termination is in the child‟s best interest[ ], regardless of whether the parent challenges
these findings on appeal.”)

      The Supreme Court has recently delineated our standard of review:

             An appellate court reviews a trial court‟s findings of fact in
             termination proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn.
             R. App. P. 13(d). Under Rule 13(d), appellate courts review
             factual findings de novo on the record and accord these
             findings a presumption of correctness unless the evidence
             preponderates otherwise. In light of the heightened burden of
             proof in termination proceedings, however, the reviewing
             court must make its own determination as to whether the
             facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a
             preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
             convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate
             parental rights. The trial court‟s ruling that the evidence
             sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a
             conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo
             with no presumption of correctness. Additionally, all other
             questions of law in parental termination appeals, as in other
             appeals, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of
             correctness.

Id. at 523-24 (internal citations omitted). “When a trial court has seen and heard
witnesses, especially where issues of credibility and weight of oral testimony are
involved, considerable deference must be accorded to . . . the trial court‟s factual
findings.” In re Adoption of S.T.D., No. E2007-01240-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 3171034,
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Oct. 30, 2007) (citing Seals v. England/Corsair Upholstery
Mfg. Co., Inc., 984 S.W.2d 912, 915 (Tenn. 1999)).

      This court has previously stated that,

             [t]he ultimate goal of every proceeding involving the care and
             custody of a child is to ascertain and promote the child‟s best
             interests. However, as important as these interests are, they
             do not dominate every phase of a termination of parental
             rights proceeding. The best interests of the child do not
             become the paramount consideration until the trial court has

                                               4
             determined that the parent is unfit based on clear and
             convincing evidence of one or more of the grounds for
             termination listed in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g).

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877.

                                            IV.

                                             A.

        The trial court made the following findings regarding Mother‟s willful failure to
visit the children:

             The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that Mother
             did not visit the children at all within the four months
             preceding the filing of the petition. . . . Mother knew how to
             contact [DCS]; and . . . [DCS] stood ready, willing, and able
             to help her to facilitate any type of relationship with the
             children. Mother further knew that she had some drug issues
             and that she had to pass drug screens prior to visiting with the
             children. . . . The Court finds that Mother had plenty of time
             to present herself to [DCS] to submit to drug screens and to
             be able to visit with the children. . . . Mother testified that she
             had transportation issues, but because Mother waited until a
             few hours prior to scheduled visits, [DCS] was unable to
             accommodate Mother by providing transportation. . . . Mother
             failed to consistently maintain phone contact with her
             children. Further, the Court finds by clear and convincing
             evidence that Mother‟s voice mail was always full, preventing
             both the children and [DCS] from leaving messages. . . .
             [T]he Court therefore finds by clear and convincing evidence
             that Mother willfully and intentionally abandoned both of
             these children for failure to visit or, even engage in a token
             amount of visitation with her children.

       On this ground, we hold that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial
court‟s finding that Mother willfully failed to visit the children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
113(g)(1) authorizes a court to terminate parental rights when a parent abandons the
child. In the context of the ground under discussion, abandonment is defined as follows:

             For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately
             preceding the filing of a . . . pleading to terminate the parental
             rights of the parent . . . that the parent . . . ha[s] willfully

                                             5
                failed to visit . . . the child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). “„[W]illfully failed to visit‟ means the willful
failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in more than token
visitation[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(E). In this case, DCS filed the petition to
terminate Mother‟s rights on August 18, 2015.2 Accordingly, the relevant four month
period we must analyze is from April 18, 2015 to August 17, 2015.

        The trial court found that Mother had not visited the children during the relevant
four-month period. In her brief, Mother points out that she could only visit the children if
she passed random drug screens. She asserts that the choice to visit was not hers alone
because “[s]he could only visit if DCS called her in for a drug screen and she passed.”
Mother argues that DCS only called her once a month. She argues, therefore, that her
failure to visit was not willful.

       Mother‟s position is disingenuous. Mother‟s assertion that DCS failed to get in
touch with her for drug screens overlooks the fact that this was not because of any fault
on the part of the department. The record does not demonstrate that DCS frustrated
Mother‟s efforts to visit the children in any way or that Mother actively sought to visit the
children but encountered barriers. Cf. In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810
(Tenn. 2013) (holding that “[w]here . . . the parents‟ visits with their children have
resulted in enmity between the parties and where the parents redirect their efforts at
maintaining a parent-child relationship to the courts the evidence does not support a
„willful failure to visit‟ as a ground for abandonment”); In re Chelbie F., No. M2006-
01889-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 124252, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007, filed Apr. 27, 2007)
(holding that the father‟s “pursuit of a judicial remedy is inconsistent with a finding that
he willfully failed to . . . visit [the child]”).

        The evidence reflects that DCS encountered Mother-created barriers in contacting
her and scheduling her drug screens. It is clear that DCS tried to schedule drugs screens
in an effort to facilitate Mother‟s visitation with the children. DCS contacted Mother at
least once a month to set up a drug screen so she could visit the children. These calls
often went unanswered. DCS was hampered in its efforts because Mother‟s voicemail
was repeatedly full. Mother did not put forth the effort to make herself available for the
drug screens so as to enable her visitation with the children. Mother did not maintain
open communication with DCS to facilitate the process and allow her to visit her
children. Consequently, Mother failed to visit the children during the relevant time
period of April 18, 2015 to August 17, 2015. This evidence demonstrates a willful failure
to visit the children during the relevant timeframe. We hold, as a matter of law, that this
ground is shown by clear and convincing evidence.

        2
        In her brief, Mother argues that DCS filed the petition to terminate on August 29, 2015 rather
than August 18, 2015. The record is clear that the termination petition was filed on August 18, 2015.

                                                     6
                                            B.

        On the ground of Mother‟s failure to provide a suitable home for the children, the
trial court held that there was clear and convincing evidence to terminate Mother‟s rights
on this ground. The trial court found the following:

             The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that, due to
             Mother‟s refusal to open her home for inspection by [DCS],
             Mother‟s failure to provide sufficient information and
             background to [DCS] to determine whether [her roommate] is
             a suitable person to have her children around . . . due to his
             residing in the home, and that the lease and utilities are solely
             in [her Roommate‟s] name, that Mother has abandoned the
             children based upon Mother‟s failure to provide a suitable
             home for the children.

      Tenn. Code Ann. 36-1-113(g)(1) allows a court to terminate parental rights due to
abandonment when:

             The child has been removed from the home of the parent . . .
             as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court in which
             the child was found to be a dependent and neglected child . . .
             and for a period of four (4) months following the removal, the
             department . . . has made reasonable efforts to assist the
             parent . . . to establish a suitable home for the child, but that
             the parent . . . ha[s] made no reasonable efforts to provide a
             suitable home . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii). On appeal, DCS concedes, as taken verbatim
from its brief, that “the record does not illuminate the efforts the Department made
during the specific four-month period clearly and convincingly.” We agree. The trial
court‟s order relies upon Mother‟s lack of efforts to establish a suitable home, but the
order, however, does not address any efforts by DCS to assist Mother in establishing a
suitable home. The record is devoid of the facts necessary to terminate Mother‟s
rights on this ground. We hold, as a matter of law, that there is not clear and
convincing evidence to support termination of Mother‟s rights due to a failure to
establish a suitable home. We modify the trial court‟s order to delete termination of
Mother‟s rights on the ground of failure to establish a suitable home.

                                            C.

       The trial court found clear and convincing evidence to terminate Mother‟s rights
due to her substantial noncompliance with permanency plans:

                                            7
             The Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the
             responsibilities for Mother were reasonably related to
             remedying the reasons for foster care. . . . The Court finds
             that Mother has participated in the development of the
             Permanency Plans, and knew what the plans consisted of and
             required of Mother. Mother knew what consequences she
             would face if she failed to carry out her responsibilities
             included in the Permanency Plans as the criteria for
             termination of parental rights was explained to Mother on
             numerous occasions. . . . The Court finds by clear and
             convincing evidence that, although Mother did complete
             parenting classes, Mother has been unable to demonstrate that
             she learn[ed] sufficient parenting skills to adequately parent
             the children because Mother has failed to visit the children
             with the exception of two visits in the eighteen month period
             the children have been in foster care. . . . Mother has failed to
             provide a suitable home for the children. The Court further
             finds by clear and convincing evidence that Mother has not
             provided consistent proof of income sufficient to support the
             children; has not provided a childcare plan to [DCS] or this
             Court; has not provided a transportation plan to [DCS] or this
             Court; has not visited with the children except as set out
             hereinabove; and has failed to consistently exercise phone
             calls with the children despite the calls being specifically
             scheduled around Mother‟s work schedule. . . . [O]ne of
             Mother‟s requirements was to resolve all legal issues and not
             accrue any new criminal charges. The Court finds by clear
             and convincing evidence that Mother was arrested for failure
             to appear, driving on a suspended license, theft, and
             possession of Xanax, all since the children have been placed
             into foster care. Therefore, based upon the foregoing, the
             Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the third
             ground for termination of Mother‟s parental rights exists in
             that Mother failed to substantially comply with the
             Permanency Plans.

       The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court‟s finding that grounds
for termination exist due to mother‟s substantial noncompliance with permanency plans.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2) allows a court to terminate parental rights when
“[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the parent . . . with the statement of
responsibilities in a permanency plan[.]”



                                            8
      In her brief, Mother asserts that “the permanency plan(s) in this case lack a
statement of responsibilities, but do include „description of concern,‟ „desired outcomes,‟
and „Action Steps[.‟]” She argues that [b]ecause there is no statement of responsibilities,
this Court should vacate the [trial court‟s] finding that sufficient evidence exists to
support this ground for termination.”

       We are not persuaded by Mother‟s argument. We have stated the following
regarding the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan:

             [T]he statement of responsibilities serves a substantive
             purpose. If the parent is required to comply with the
             permanency plan, then the permanency plan should clearly
             communicate to the parent: this is what you must do to
             regain custody of your child. That is the purpose of the
             parent‟s statement of responsibilities.

In re Abigail F.K., No. E2012-00016-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 4038526, at * (Tenn. Ct.
App., filed Sept. 14, 2012).

       In this case, DCS created three permanency plans for Mother. These plans are
substantially the same, and each of the permanency plans clearly states Mother‟s
responsibilities. There are sections containing a statement of responsibilities describing
what Mother must do to comply with the plan. In each of the plans, Mother was
responsible for the following: 1) completing a clinical intake with A&D, parenting, and
anger management components and following all recommendations; 2) participating in
eight weeks of parenting classes; 3) following the guidelines of her probation and not
incurring any new charges; 4) providing DCS with proof of a legal means of income to
support the children; 5) providing proof of housing to DCS; 6) presenting any roommates
to DCS to be entered into the permanency plan; and 7) visiting with the children on a
regular basis.

       The record demonstrates that Mother failed to complete many of the tasks in the
permanency plans. Mother failed to complete the clinical intake recommendations, only
doing so after DCS filed the petition to terminate Mother‟s rights. Mother also failed to
complete the required eight weeks of parenting classes, again only after the termination
petition was filed. Mother did not follow her probation guidelines, but rather incurred
additional legal charges. She has not provided proof of obtaining a legal means of
income to support the children. Mother has also failed to provide proof of housing and
has refused to open her home to DCS for inspection. In addition to refusing to provide
housing information to DCS, Mother has failed to present her roommate to DCS. As
discussed above, Mother has failed to visit the children. The requirements in the
permanency plans were important for remedying the conditions that led to the placement
of the children in foster care. Mother failed to comply with the provisions of the

                                            9
permanency plans that would enable the children to live in Mother‟s home. It is clear
that Mother failed to substantially comply with the permanency plans.

        Mother also argues in her brief that “the tasks on the permanency plan itself are
unreasonable in light of the extraordinary number of tasks . . . in the initial permanency
plan . . . and the fact that DCS had never met with Mother when the plan was created.”
She argues that the “tasks were not created to remedy a home situation” and that “several
of the action steps for Mother require some sort of action from DCS as a prerequisite.”

       We do not agree. The number of tasks in these plans do not make the permanency
plan unreasonable. The tasks in each plan are aimed at helping Mother make the changes
necessary for the children to remain with her. Each task was important for remedying the
problems that necessitated foster care in the first place and achieving permanency for the
children. Moreover, the fact that Mother believes that there were an extraordinary
number of tasks in the permanency plan does not relieve her of her responsibility to
comply with the tasks. She still must substantially comply with the requirements to avoid
termination of her rights on this ground.

        Mother‟s argument regarding the number of tasks in the plans is misplaced. We
do not review whether Mother complied with every responsibility in the permanency
plans. Rather, we look at whether there was substantial noncompliance with the plans.
Our Supreme Court has stated that “[i]n the context of the requirements of a permanency
plan, the real worth and importance of noncompliance should be measured by both the
degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to the requirement.” In re Valentine,
79 S.W.3d 539, 548 (Tenn. 2002). Mother‟s argument that there are an unreasonable
number of tasks in the permanency plans fails to address whether she substantially
complied with the plans. In our view, Mother‟s noncompliance is substantial due to the
fact that she failed to complete numerous requirements that are important for remedying
the situation that led to the removal of the children.

      We hold, as a matter of law, that the evidence shows clearly and convincingly that
Mother failed to substantially comply with the permanency plans.

                                           D.

      In regard to persistence of conditions, the trial court held that there is clear and
convincing evidence to terminate Mother‟s rights on this ground. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-113(g)(3) authorizes a court to terminate parental rights when:

             The child has been removed from the home of the parent . . .
             by order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:
             (A) The conditions that led to the child‟s removal . . . still
             persist;

                                           10
              (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
              remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely
              returned to the parent . . . in the near future; and
              (C) The continuation of the parent . . . and child relationship
              greatly diminishes the child‟s chances of early integration
              into a safe, stable and permanent home[.]

(Emphasis added.) On appeal, DCS concedes that the children were living with the
grandparents at the time they were removed. DCS also concedes that because the
children were not removed from Mother‟s home, the ground of persistence of conditions
is not applicable. Based on the plain language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3), we
agree. “[T]his Court has . . . held that the ground of persistence of conditions leading to
the removal of the child is not applicable when the child was not removed from the home
of the parent whose rights are at issue.” In re Jayden B.T., No. E2014-00715-COA-R3-
PT, 2015 WL 3876573, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed June 23, 2015). See also In re
K.M.K., No. E2014-00471-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 866730, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed
Apr. 1, 2013) (holding that “[t]he statute requires proof that the children were removed
from the home of the parent whose parental rights are sought to be terminated”); In re
Maria B.S., No 2012-01295-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 1304616, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App.,
filed Apr. 1, 2013) (holding that the ground of persistence of conditions was inapplicable
to Father “without removal from [F]ather‟s home”). We hold that the evidence
preponderates against the trial court‟s finding that the ground of persistence of conditions
exists to terminate Mother‟s parental rights. We modify the trial court‟s order to delete
termination based on the ground of persistence of conditions.

                                             V.

                                             A.

       Since we have found grounds to terminate Mother‟s rights, we now focus on
whether termination is in the children‟s best interest. When considering the issue of “best
interest,” we are guided by the following statutory factors set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(i), which provides:

              In determining whether termination of parental or
              guardianship rights is in the best interest of the child pursuant
              to this part, the court shall consider, but is not limited to, the
              following:

              (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an
              adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to
              make it safe and in the child‟s best interests to be in the home
              of the parent or guardian;

                                             11
              (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a
              lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social
              services agencies for such duration of time that lasting
              adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

              (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
              visitation or other contact with the child;

              (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
              established between the parent or guardian and the child;

              (5)   The effect a change of caretakers and physical
              environment is likely to have on the child‟s emotional,
              psychological and medical condition;

              (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing
              with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical,
              sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward
              the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;

              (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent‟s or
              guardian‟s home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal
              activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol,
              controlled substances or controlled substance analogues as
              may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care
              for the child in a safe and stable manner;

              (8) Whether the parent‟s or guardian‟s mental and/or
              emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent
              the parent or guardian from effectively providing safe and
              stable care and supervision for the child; or

              (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
              consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by
              the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

“The above list is not exhaustive[,] and there is no requirement that all of the factors must
be present before a trial court can determine that termination of parental rights is in a
child‟s best interest.” State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. B.J.N., 242 S.W.3d 491, 502
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. P.M.T., No. E2006-
00057-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 2644373, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App., filed Sept. 15, 2006)). In
addition, “[t]he child‟s best interest must be viewed from the child‟s, rather than the
parent‟s, perspective.” In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing

                                             12
White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

                                              B.

       The trial court found as follows when considering the best interest of the children:

              [Mother] has [not] made an adjustment of circumstance,
              conduct, or conditions that would make it safe or in the
              children‟s best interest to return to [Mother]. . . . [T]here is no
              time that is going to be effective to have that lasting
              adjustment based upon [Mother‟s] minimal efforts throughout
              the 18 months children have been in custody.

              [Mother] has [not] maintained regular visitation and/or
              contact with the children. Mother‟s scheduled phone calls to
              the children were sporadic at best.

              There is no meaningful relationship between Mother and the
              children . . . .

              [Mother] has [not] paid child support pursuant to the
              guidelines.

              Changing caregivers and physical environment . . . would be
              emotionally and psychologically harmful to the children . . .
              [who] are happy and thriving in the foster home.

              [Mother has] shown little or no interest in the welfare of the
              children.

              The children have adjusted well and have established a strong
              bond with their foster parents, who wish to adopt them.

Based upon these findings, the trial court found that DCS had proven, by clear and
convincing evidence, that termination of Mother‟s rights is in the best interest of the
children. The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court‟s factual findings.

       The record demonstrates that Mother has failed to make the adjustment to her
circumstances, conduct, or conditions that would make it safe for the children to be in her
home. DCS has made efforts to assist Mother in making the changes that would allow
the children to return to her, but Mother has not made efforts of her own. Mother has no
relationship with the children because she failed to visit them following their placement
in foster care. Mother has not shown that she has a safe and suitable household for the

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children. It would likely have a negative effect on the children mentally and emotionally
for them to change caretakers and physical environment because they have developed a
relationship with their foster family.

       With these facts in mind, we conclude, as a matter of law, that there is clear and
convincing evidence that termination of Mother‟s parental rights is in the best interest of
the children.

                                           VII.

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed as modified. We modify the trial
court‟s judgment so as to vacate so much of that judgment as holds that termination was
proper under (1) Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii), failure to
establish a suitable home and under (2) Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3), persistence of
conditions. We affirm the trial court‟s judgment terminating Mother‟s parental rights on
the grounds of willful failure to visit and substantial noncompliance with the permanency
plans. The costs on appeal are assessed to the appellant, S.J.C.P. This case is remanded
for enforcement of the trial court‟s judgment, as modified, and for collection of costs
assessed by the trial court.



                                                  _______________________________
                                                  CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE




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