                        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                    NO. 2001-IA-00358-SCT

66 FEDERAL CREDIT UNION, MISSISSIPPI AUTO
RECOVERY, INC., AND GRANT BROWNLEE,
INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT AND EMPLOYEE
OF MISSISSIPPI AUTO RECOVERY, INC., DR.
SCOTT NELSON AND BOLIVAR LEFLORE
MEDICAL ALLIANCE, LLP

v.

TRACY TUCKER


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                               2/15/2001
TRIAL JUDGE:                                    HON. KENNETH L. THOMAS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                      BOLIVAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                       TERRY R. LEVY
                                                AUDREY CAROLYN CURRY
                                                THOMAS C. GERITY
                                                CLINTON M. GUENTHER
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                          ELLIS TURNAGE
NATURE OF THE CASE:                             CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH
DISPOSITION:                                    AFFIRMED AND REMANDED - 08/21/2003
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       SMITH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    The case at bar is an interlocutory appeal presenting the Court with the first impression issue of

whether our wrongful death statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Supp. 2002), creates a cause of action

for the death of a non-viable fetus, en ventre sa mere. Consistent with the language found in Miss. Code

Ann. § 97-3-37 (Rev. 2000), we hold that the wrongful death statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Supp.

2002), includes an unborn child that is “quick” in the womb as a “person.”
                                                FACTS

¶2.     Tracy Tucker bought an automobile from a dealership in Cleveland, Mississippi. She financed the

purchase through 66 Federal Credit Union (“Credit Union”), her employer’s credit union. Tucker pledged

the car as collateral for the loan under the terms of the loan documents in which she gave the Credit Union

the right to take possession of the car “without going to court and without giving advance notice” upon

default. The following year, her account was in default. The Credit Union contacted Mississippi Auto

Recovery, Inc. (“MARI”) to repossess Tucker’s car. MARI assigned Grant Brownlee to repossess the

car.

¶3.     On February 5, 1997, Brownlee attempted to repossess the car. The attempt failed. Tucker

maintained possession of the car despite the delinquent account. Tucker alleges that during the course of

the attempted repossession, a “breach of the peace” occurred. The Credit Union, MARI and Brownlee

deny the allegation.

¶4.     Tucker contends that she was approximately five months pregnant at the time of the repossession

attempt. Dr. Scott Nelson saw Tucker on the eve of the attempted repossession for a complaint of vaginal

itching. He treated her symptoms and performed an ultrasound which indicated a 19-week-old fetus.

Tucker also alleges that Dr. Nelson made a negligent diagnosis. She argues that if the death of the fetus

was caused by infection, then Dr. Nelson and his employer, Bolivar Leflore Medical Alliance, LLP, are

liable for the wrongful death of the fetus.

¶5.     On the evening of the attempted repossession, Tucker experienced stomach pains and was

admitted to Bolivar County Hospital. She was released the next day and readmitted that same night for

continued itching. On February 8, three days after the attempted repossession, Tucker miscarried.




                                                    2
¶6.     Tucker filed this lawsuit against 66 Federal Credit Union, Mississippi Auto Recovery, Inc. and

Grant Brownlee, an agent and employee of Mississippi Auto Recovery, Inc. Tucker allegedly incurred

damages as a result of the attempted repossession of her automobile. Tucker asserts that those defendants

are liable for negligent repossession, negligent misrepresentation, breach of the peace, assault and battery,

negligence, intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, conversion and wrongful death. She

also alleged that Dr. Scott Nelson and Bolivar County Medical Alliance, LLP committed medical

malpractice that resulted in the wrongful death of her fetus.

¶7.     All of the defendants filed motions for partial summary judgment claiming that the death of a non-

viable fetus does not give rise to a wrongful death action. All parties and the trial court agree that the fetus

was not viable at the time of the miscarriage. The trial court entered an order denying the motions for

partial summary judgment on Tucker’s wrongful death claim. The trial court certified interlocutory appeal

to this Court which we granted. See M.R.A.P. 5.



                                               DISCUSSION

¶8.     The issue before the Court is whether Mississippi’s wrongful death statute creates a cause of action

for the death of a non-viable fetus en ventre sa mere.1 This is a case of first impression. The standard of

review is de novo.

¶9.     To distinguish between viability and nonviability resurrects the same distinctions that led to the

adoption of the wrongful death statutes in the first place. When a family loses a potential member because




        1
        “En ventre sa mere” is defined as “in its mother’s womb.” Black’s Law Dictionary 369 (16th
ed. 1996).

                                                       3
 of tortious conduct of another, it suffers an injury of the same order as when it loses an existing member.



 ¶10.    The pertinent history surrounding the issue begins with the landmark decision, Dietrich v.

 Inhabitants of Northampton, 138 Mass. 14 (1884), in which Justice Holmes wrote that the common

 law did not recognize an action for prenatal injuries to a child. That rule was based on the idea that a duty

 could not be owed to an unborn plaintiff since it is still part of the mother. As the right to maintain an action

 for wrongful death did not exist, it was cheaper to kill a person than to injure him. W. Page Keeton, et al.,

 Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts §127, at 945 (5th ed. 1984). Because of the harsh results

 of the common law rule, state legislatures enacted wrongful death statutes to correct what was considered

 to be an intolerable result. Id.

¶11.    The dissent in Allaire v. St. Luke's Hospital,56 N.E. 638 (Ill. 1900), criticized the in Dietrich

rule. The Allaire dissent called for the fetus to be recognized when it becomes viable and capable of

existing separately from its mother. This decision was followed by most courts until Bonbrest v. Kotz,

65 F. Supp. 138 (D.D.C. 1946), which “brought about the most spectacular abrupt reversal of a well-

settled rule in the whole history of the law of torts ... So rapid has been the overturn that ... it is now

apparently literally true that there is no authority left still supporting the older rule." Prosser, The Law of

Torts § 55, at 336, 337 (4th ed. 1971). Bonbrest was a medical malpractice case where the infant-plaintiff

sought recovery for prenatal injuries sustained during delivery. Bonbrest represented a sharp break with

the past by recognizing a right of recovery after the fetus attained viability.

¶12.    Along with the right to recover for prenatal injuries came questions about the required stage of

development of the child when injured. Those questions asked whether the child had to be "quick" in its



                                                       4
mother's womb, or whether the child had to be viable, or whether the child had to survive birth. A “quick

child” is defined as a child “that has developed so that it moves within the mother's womb.” Black's Law

Dictionary 1415 (4th ed. 1968). “Viable” is a "term applied to a newly-born infant, and especially to one

prematurely born, which is not only born alive, but in such a state of organic development as to make

possible the continuments of its life.” Id. at 1737.

¶13.    Recovery for prenatal injuries when a child is born alive is permitted in every jurisdiction in the

country. See Farley v. Sartin, 466 S.E. 2d 522, 528 (W. Va. 1995). Six states allow recovery for a

non-viable fetus that dies while still in the womb. Id. See Porter v. Lassiter, 87 S.E.2d 100, 102 (Ga.

Ct. App. 1955) (allowing recovery for the death of an unborn child “so far developed as to be ordinarily

called ‘quick’” or capable of moving in its mother’s womb); Smith v. Mercy Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 560

N.E.2d 1164 (Ill. App. Ct. 1990)(viability of fetus not necessary to maintain wrongful death action); Danos

v. St. Pierre, 402 So. 2d 633, 638 (La. 1981) (relying on legislative pronouncement “that a human being

exists from the moment of fertilization and implantation”); Connor v. Monkem Co., 898 S.W.2d 89 (Mo.

1995) (relying on statute that extends to unborn children from the moment of conception all rights enjoyed

by other persons); Wiersma v. Maple Leaf Farms, 543 N.W.2d 787 (S.D. 1996) (citing statutory

language which shows that the clear legislative intent to encompass nonviable children in the term "unborn

child.”); Farley v. Sartin, 466 S.E.2d 522, 533 (W. Va. 1995) (announcing that despite the lack of

legislative guidance a cause of action for the wrongful death of a nonviable fetus exists since “societal and

parental loss is egregious regardless of the state of fetal development.”

¶14.    The Mississippi wrongful death statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13, states in pertinent part:

        Whether the death of any person shall be caused by any real, wrongful, or negligent act
        or omission, or by such unsafe machinery, way or appliances as would, if death had not


                                                       5
          ensued, have entitled the party injured or damaged thereby to maintain an action and
          recover damages in respect thereof...The action for such damages may be brought in the
          name of the personal representative of the deceased person for the benefit of all persons
          entitled under the law to recover, or by widow for the death of her husband, or by the
          parent of a child, or in the name of a child for the death of the parent...


(emphasis added).

¶15.      The Mississippi, wrongful death statute creates a cause of action for the wrongful death of an unborn

child where the fetus was viable at the time of death. Sweeney v. Preston, 642 So.2d 332 (Miss. 1994);

Terrell v. Rankin, 511 So. 2d 126 (Miss. 1987); Rainey v. Horn, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So. 2d 434

(1954).

¶16.      Rainey specifically addressed an action for the wrongful death of a fetus that was viable at the time

of injury and death. As specifically limited to that holding, this Court did not “pass upon the question of the

negligent injury or death of a foetus at an earlier age” when speaking only to:

          [t]he broad principles of the common law [that] embrace the subject of our inquiry in this
          case. We find no sound reason why we should withhold the processes of law from an
          unborn child that has reached the prenatal age of viability when it is capable of a separate
          and independent existence from its mother. Such child is entitled to the protection of its
          person.
          We hold, therefore, that an unborn child after it reaches the prenatal age of viability when
          the destruction of the life of its mother does not necessarily mean the end of its life also, and
          when, if separated from its mother would be so far a matured human being that it would live
          and grow mentally and physically, is a person; and if such child dies before birth as the result
          of the negligent act of another, an action may be maintained for its death under the wrongful
          death statute.

Rainey, 221 Miss. at 283, 72 So. 2d at 439-40.

¶17.      This Court has addressed whether a mother could recover damages as an element of her own

personal injuries when she miscarried at five and one half months. Occhipinti v. Rheem Mfg. Co., 252

Miss. 172, 172 So.2d 186 (1965). We explained that:


                                                         6
        [t]he mother may recover for her own injuries. The question is whether those injuries of the
        mother may include the effects of the death of the fetus. By way of emphasis, we are not
        concerned here with whether the estate of an unborn, non-viable child may have a separate
        recovery under the wrongful death statute. The mother seeks to recover for her injuries
        only, and asserts that they include the loss of the child, as a particular, independent element
        of damages in her action.


Id. at 190. Occhipinti did not address the wrongful death statute or the viability standard. Instead, the

holding allows the mother to recover damages for her own physical and mental suffering resulting from the

death of the fetus.

¶18.     Whether an unborn fetus, who was at six and one half months gestation at the time of his brother’s

death is defined as “living” such that the fetus has beneficiary status under the wrongful death statute was

the sole issue before this Court in the case of In re Davis, 706 So. 2d 244, 245 (Miss. 1998). Tarrance

Davis was born on July 10, 1986, and died on January 15, 1988, from permanent brain damage which was

the result of a traumatic birth. Id. His beneficiaries filed a lawsuit for medical negligence. The chancery

court was asked to determine his sole heirs at law. Id. In light of Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13, the

chancery court found that his mother and two of his brothers were his only heirs and specifically excluded

Rico, a third brother born after Tarrance’s death.

¶19.    Later, Rico’s guardians filed another petition asking the court to again determine Tarrance’s heirs

and wrongful death beneficiaries. 706 So. 2d at 245-46. The court designated Rico as an heir but did not

allow his inclusion as a wrongful death beneficiary under the wrongful death statute. Id. at 246. The

guardians appealed arguing that there was no legal foundation for defining “living” under the statute as a

viably born, living individual. Id. They insisted that Rainey formulated the test used in defining “living.”

Id.



                                                      7
¶20.    This Court agreed and extended the Rainey test to questions of beneficiary status reciting that

“a pre born child who is viable at the time of a relative’s death and is ultimately born alive is ‘living’ such that

he or she can be a wrongful death beneficiary under the law.” Id. at 247. The Court maintained confidence

“that such a rule accords with the traditional protections that have been afforded the unborn under our

common and statutory law.” Id.

¶21.    The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi made an Erie prediction which

reflects that court’s interpretation of beneficiary rights of a non-viable fetus within the Mississippi wrongful

death statute. Childs v. Gen. Motors Corp., 73 F. Supp. 2d 669 (N.D. Miss. 1999); see also Erie

R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S. Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed 1188 (1938). The court concluded that

Mississippi law allows wrongful death benefits after a tortious act which causes the death of an unborn child

in utero. 73 F. Supp. 2d at 674. The federal court determined that whether the child reaches the stage of

prenatal viability is of no concern in Mississippi jurisprudence. Id.

¶22.    The purposes of the wrongful death statute are to prevent the wrongful termination of life and

provide the beneficiary with compensation for the loss of companionship and society of the deceased, the

pain and suffering of the deceased between injury and death, and punitive damages. See McGowan v.

Estate of Wright, 524 So.2d 308, 311 (Miss. 1988). We decline to draw a line at viability. The

wrongful death statute creates a general cause of action and designates its beneficiaries without specifying

whether a fetus is considered a “living” “individual” or “person” whose death could give rise to such an

action. Finding pertinent language in Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-37, we maintain consistency with our

criminal statute’s express limitation that “the willful killing of an unborn quick child, by an injury to the

mother of such child, which would be murder if it resulted in the death of the mother, shall be manslaughter.”



                                                        8
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-37 (emphasis added). See also Willis v. State, 518 So.2d 667 (Miss. 1988);

Sitton v. State, 760 So.2d 28 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999). Willis guides us in defining the "quick child" as

"one that has developed so that it moves within the mother's womb." Id. at 668 (citing Black's Law

Dictionary 1415 (4th ed.)). Accord, Shirley v. Bacon, 267 S.E.2d 809, 811 (Ga. Ct. App. 1980).

¶23.   The Georgia Supreme Court has adopted similar reasoning using language from the Georgia criminal

code along with common law as recited in Book I, page 130, of Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws

of England:

       [t]he right of personal security consists in a person's legal and uninterrupted enjoyment of
       his life, his limbs, his body, his health, and his reputation. Life is the immediate gift of God,
       a right inherent by nature in every individual; and it begins in contemplation of law as soon
       as an infant is able to stir in the mother's womb. An infant en ventre sa mere, or in the
       mother's womb, is supposed in law to be born for many purposes. It is capable of having
       a legacy, or a surrender of a copyhold estate, made to it. It may have a guardian assigned
       to it; and it is enabled to have an estate limited to its use, and to take afterwards by such
       limitation, as if it were then actually born. And in this point the civil law agrees with ours.

Tucker v. Howard L. Carmichael & Sons, 65 S.E.2d 909, 910 (Ga. 1951). The Georgia Supreme

Court reasoned:

       Life begins when the child is able to stir in the mother's womb. It can have a legacy, can
       own an estate, and a guardian can be assigned to it. It cannot seriously be denied that the
       purpose of the common law in allowing the appointment of a guardian for the unborn child
       is to make available processes of the law for the protection and preservation of the
       properties belonging to the child. There is nothing in the common law to indicate that it
       would withhold from such a child its processes for the purpose of protecting and preserving
       the person as well as the property of such child. It would therefore seem to us to be an
       unwarranted reflection upon the common law itself to attribute to it a greater concern for the
       protection of property than for the protection of the person. Whether the recognition of the
       right of property in the unborn child is founded upon the welfare of the child or of society,
       each of these is more vitally concerned about the physical impairments of the child itself than
       about its property. It would therefore be illogical, unrealistic, and unjust--both to the child
       and to society--for the law to withhold its processes necessary for the protection of the
       person of an unborn child, while, at the same time, making such processes available for the
       purpose of protecting its property.


                                                      9
Id. at 910-11. Just as we have chosen the same language used by the Legislature in our criminal statute,

Tucker is based on a Georgia criminal statute. Id. at 912 (citing Ga. Code § 26-1103 (1933)). The court

cited the purpose of criminal law in protection of both the individual and society from criminal conduct.

Tucker, 65 S.E.2d at 912. Reasoning that since the law regards the killing of the unborn child as a

sufficient injury to society to justify the imposition of punishment, a “logical and just” decision allows the

child “to employ legal process and recover damages for the injury inflicted upon it.” Id. A different result

is “contrary to every principle of right and justice, which are the very essence of law, to deny such rights to

the injured child. ” Id. Tucker further suggests that nothing in the common law justifies denial of this right

to the child. Id.

¶24.    In Georgia, an action for the wrongful death of an unborn child may be maintained if the child was

“quick” at its death (not at the time of injury). Porter v. Lassiter, 87 S.E.2d 100 (Ga. Ct. App. 1955).

In Porter the court confronted the questions on recovery for “the full value ‘for the death of her child’ when

the death is caused by injury prior to birth” and “to what extent an unborn child must be developed before

a mother can sue for the value of the life of her child.” Id. Lassiter was 1 ½ months pregnant at the time

of the accident. Id. at 102. The miscarriage and death of the child occurred when she was 4 ½ months

pregnant. Id. She blamed the other driver for negligence causing her injuries and the resulting death of her

child. Id. Using the Georgia criminal code, “quick” was defined as an unborn child “so far developed

as to move or stir in the mother's womb.’” Id. at 102 (citations omitted). The court rejected the viability

distinction. Id. at 103. The court also answered whether the cause of action arose on the date of the

mother’s injury or on the date of the child’s death. Id. at 103. Because “the plaintiff could not sue for the

homicide of the child on the date of the automobile collision since the homicide (death) was essential to the


                                                     10
filing of the suit,” the court held that the cause of action dates from the death of the child. Id. Finally, the

determination of whether a child is “quick” was assigned to the jury as the finder of fact. Id. In Shirley

v. Bacon, 267 S.E.2d 809 (Ga. Ct. App. 1980), the same court overturned a summary judgment against

a mother who was two to three months pregnant when forced to undergo a therapeutic abortion because

of her injuries after an automobile collision. Id. at 810. The mother testified that she did not feel the fetus

move any time before the abortion. Id. at 811. The court found her testimony inconclusive in resolving

whether the fetus was “quick” or “able to stir or move within its mother’s womb.” Id. The court explained

that “there is no rule in this state that ‘quickening’ occurs, as a matter of law, only during the fourth month

of pregnancy.” Id. The court specified that “[t]he mere fact that appellant had not felt the movement of the

fetus does not necessarily mean that the fetus did not move or was not capable of movement at the time of

the unborn child's death.” Id. Shirley presumably reflects that advances in technology allow a physician

to detect an unborn child's movement before a mother may actually recognize it.

¶25.    However, a wrongful death claim was denied for the death of an eight-week-old fetus when, at the

time of death, the only indication of movement was a heartbeat detected by a sonogram. Citron v.

Ghaffari, 542 S.E.2d 555 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000). The court determined that the fetus was not “quick.”

Id. The court commented that “while the law does not designate a definite time in a pregnancy when

quickening occurs, prior decisions have noted that quickening generally occurs sometime between the tenth

week and the fourth month of pregnancy.” Id. at 556-57; see Brinkley v. State, 322 S.E.2d 49 (Ga.

1984); Biegun v. State, 58 S.E.2d 149 (Ga. 1950). Even with technological advances, the court

explained “the concept of quickening necessarily contemplates proof of the kind of movement that a mother

potentially could feel, such as the movement of an arm or a leg.” Citron, 542 S.E.2d 557 (citing Shirley,


                                                      11
267 S.E.2d at 809). The court indicated that a decision without that requirement would be meaningless

since:

         with the right equipment, movement resulting simply from the biological process of fetal
         development could be detected from the very onset of pregnancy. Therefore, were we to
         adopt the Ghaffaris' argument that a heartbeat demonstrates quickening because it can be
         seen on a sonogram, we would effectively be recognizing a cause of action for wrongful
         death at any point during pregnancy.

Id. at 828-29.

¶26.     In Sitton, 760 So.2d at 30, the Mississippi Court of Appeals found photographic evidence helpful

in determining whether an unborn child is “quick” in the womb. Id. A woman who was seven months

pregnant died after being struck by a van. Id. Her unborn twins also died as the result of her injuries. Id.

Photographs of the deceased twins were of “considerable probative value in demonstrating that the babies

were ‘quick’ as required to satisfy the elements of manslaughter pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-37

(Rev. 1994).” Id. at 31. Also relevant was the testimony of a forensic pathologist, Dr. Steven Hayne, who

testified that the babies were well-formed and developed to a stage where they could move spontaneously

within their mother's womb. Id. Using that evidence, the court was satisfied that they were "quick" as

required by § 97-3-37. Id. at 32. Following the holding of the Georgia Supreme Court and applying the

reasoning aforementioned as it relates to our criminal statute concerning quick in the womb, we hold that

our wrongful death statute includes a fetus who is “quick” in the womb as a “person” within the language of

that statute, that the cause of action dates from the death of the child and the determination of whether a

child is “quick” in the womb is assigned to the jury as the finder of fact.

¶27.     We note also that the separate opinion of Justice Cobb concurring in result has merit as to its view.

However, as this Court did in Davis, we note that a distinction exists “between previable and viable fetuses”



                                                     12
and that it is “embedded in this Court’s prior interpretations of the wrongful death statute.” 706 So. 2d at

248. “We are ever mindful of the abiding principle that “[j]udges ought never to give their opinion on a law

till it comes before them.” Id. at 248 citing Lanier v. State, 635 So. 2d 813, 820 (Miss. 1994) (Hawkins,

C.J., concurring)). Thus, the Davis Court correctly declined to address an issue not specifically before it.

In the case at bar the facts clearly present a situation where the preborn child was “quick” in the womb,

which generally occurs between the tenth week and the fourth month of pregnancy. Citron, 542 S.E.2d

at 556-57. As in Davis, this Court declines to expand our decision to address facts and issues not before

the Court for decision. Hence, we leave that question to another day where the appropriate, specific facts

and circumstances properly raising the question of whether to apply the concept of “life commencing at the

moment of conception” for an unborn as being applicable for a claim under the wrongful death statute.

Davis, 706 So. 2d at 248.

¶28.    This Court has addressed the problems of conjecture and speculation in whether a prenatal injury

was the cause of death of a child. Rainey, 72 So. 2d at 438. This Court called such an invalid reason to

deny recovery since our law does not allow judgments based on speculation or conjecture. Id. We have

also addressed the possible problem of fictitious claims. Id. As stated in Rainey, the possibility of fraud

in this type of case is no greater than in many types of tort claims. Id. at 439. Other courts have also

rejected these contentions, including the Louisiana Supreme Court which stated that “[t]he denial of valid

claims in order to discourage fraudulent ones and to avoid difficult problems in determining causation and

fixing damages not only is illogical, but also disregards the very essence of the judicial process.” Danos v.

St. Pierre, 402 So. 2d 633, 638 (La. 1981). See also Espadero v. Feld, 649 F. Supp. 1480, 1485

(D. Colo. 1986); Hatala v. Markiewicz, 224 A.2d 406, 408 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1966); Mone v.


                                                    13
Greyhound Lines, Inc., 331 N.E. 2d 916, 919 (Mass. 1975). Our Court has long recognized the value

of expert testimony. Some speculation in medical matters is allowable and necessary; “a doctor's expert

opinion as to causation need only be 'expressed in terms of medical probability or possibility.’” Brandon

HMA, Inc. v. Bradshaw, 809 So. 2d 611, 617 (Miss. 2001) (quoting Pittman v. Hodges, 462 So.

2d 330, 334 (Miss. 1984)). It must be conceded that the same difficulties as to proving causation and

damages would attend this type of case and one in which the fetus was viable at the time of death.

¶29.    However, such difficulties and risks are not justification for imposing a bar to possible legitimate

claims. The public and social policy of this state is to protect life. Accordingly, when the plaintiff can prove

liability and damages by a preponderance of the evidence, the recovery of damages is permitted and is to

be determined by a jury. The very purpose of our statute is to protect life and prevent unlawful, wrongful,

tortious acts of omission or negligence of others which results in the death of another person.

¶30.     The dissent, in a rather weak attempt to confuse the issues as well as the bench, bar and public,

claims that this Court’s decision implicates the holding of the United States Supreme Court's landmark

decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). We disagree. In Roe,

certain abortion statutes were struck down as overly broad and vague, violating the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Supreme Court addressed the issue of what constitutes a "person" for Fourteenth Amendment

purposes. The State unsuccessfully argued that to prevent the State from regulating abortions to protect life

is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment since a fetus is a “person.” Roe reminds that the Constitution:

        does not define 'person' in so many words ... But in nearly all these instances [where
        'person' is mentioned in the Constitution], the use of the word is such that it has application
        only postnatally ... All this, together with our observation, ... persuades us that the word
        'person,' as used in the Fourteenth Amendment, does not include the unborn.



                                                      14
Id. at 179, 93 S.Ct. at 739.

¶31.    We conclude that Roe is not implicated here. The right to an abortion protects the woman’s

“liberty interest” and “fundamental right to privacy” when voluntarily choosing to end her pregnancy during

the first trimester. See Roe, 410 U.S. at 113; Wiersma v. Maple Leaf Farms, 543 N.W.2d 787.

The Illinois Appellate Court has also disagreed that the constitutional rights of a mother as outlined in Roe

have any relation to the rights of a defendant who causes the wrongful death of a fetus when differentiating

that:

        a pregnant woman who chooses to terminate her pregnancy and the defendant who assaults
        a pregnant woman, causing the death of her fetus, are not similarly situated. A woman
        consents to the abortion and has the absolute right, at least during the first trimester of the
        pregnancy to terminate the pregnancy. A woman has a privacy interest in terminating her
        pregnancy; however, defendant has no such interest.


People v. Ford, 581 N.E.2d 1189, 1199 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991). Further, the South Dakota Supreme Court

defined:

        “[v]iability” as a developmental turning point, was embraced in abortion cases to balance
        the privacy rights of a mother as against her unborn child. For any other purpose, viability
        is purely an arbitrary milestone from which to reckon a child’s legal existence.


Wiersma, 543 N.W.2d at 792. Our sister state of West Virginia has also concluded that Roe is not

implicated in the issue now before the Court, stating that “[t]he abortion question simply is not relevant to

wrongful death.” See Farley v. Sartin, 466 S.E.2d at 534. The dissent’s alleged concerns about

physicians preforming abortions is but a smokescreen and a thinly disguised ruse which raises no legitimate

concerns. Physicians performing abortions are still afforded protection by our criminal statute, Miss. Code

Ann. § 97-3-37(6) (Rev. 2000) and under the principles of Roe v. Wade. The dissent’s alarm is



                                                     15
completely misplaced. ¶32.         Tucker and the State share a common interest and goal to preserve the life

of a fetus injured by the conduct of another. Tucker’s interest is to protect and preserve the life of her

unborn child not in the exercise of her right to terminate that life which has been declared constitutional by

the United States Supreme Court. Except for a mother’s rights, as delineated in Roe, there are no such

rights involved in this action for the wrongful death of an unborn child.

                                                CONCLUSION

¶33.    Viability is not the appropriate criterion to determine whether the unborn is a “person” within the

context of the wrongful death statute. There is merit to the concurring opinion claim that the term viability

is not a meaningful distinction. In truth, a viability standard is arbitrary and all too often results in an injustice

when a non-viable fetus would have most likely survived, but for the intervening wrongful, tortious conduct

of another. Then, to make matters worse, the wrongdoer goes unpunished and totally escapes liability for

inflicting fatal injuries. However, this Court will not address an issue not squarely and specifically before us

for our decision.     Following the example of the Supreme Court of Georgia and looking to our own

Legislature’s reasoning in this area, we adopt the standard as found in our criminal statute, Miss. Code Ann.

§ 97-3-3, which will permit recovery for the death of a child that is “quick” in the womb. This standard will

promote the purpose of our wrongful death statute in preventing the wrongful termination of life. This holding

will ensure that all tortfeasors are held accountable for injuries they inflict. Problems with proof and

causation are no greater in this type of case than in many other tort claims.

¶34.    We have previously confronted and addressed similar issues of “viablity,” “individual,” “persons,”

and “living” in the context of the wrongful death statute on at least three prior occasions, i.e., Rainey in

1954, Occhipinti in 1965, and finally Davis in 1998. We are not required, nor do we take a position on



                                                         16
the merits of the case. A jury must determine whether or not a wrongful death has occurred, who, if anyone,

is the tortfeasor, and finally, whether damages, if any, should be awarded.

¶35.    We affirm the trial court’s order denying the defendants’ motions for partial summary judgment, and

we remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶36.    AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.

       PITTMAN, C.J., WALLER, EASLEY AND CARLSON, JJ., CONCUR. GRAVES,
J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. COBB, J., CONCURS IN
PART AND IN RESULT WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY EASLEY,
J. McRAE, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. DIAZ, J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.


        COBB, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND IN RESULT:

¶37.    I concur in the majority’s judgment and its conclusion that our wrongful death statute, Miss. Code

Ann. § 11-7-13 (Supp. 2002), provides a cause of action for the death of a pre-viable but quick fetus.

However, in my view, it would be wiser to choose a point in time which provides more certainty, and thus

we should further extend the majority's protection to include a pre-viable fetus from the point of conception.

The point designated as “quickening” does not provide such a bright line.

¶38.    This question was most recently brought to the attention of the Court in the case of In re Davis,

706 So.2d 244 (Miss. 1998), in which this Court extended the scope of Rainey v. Horn, 221 Miss. 269,

72 So.2d 434 (1954) to include the beneficiary status of unborn children. However, the Davis Court failed

to determine the "issue of whether the law would allow recovery for an unborn pre-viable child," leaving that

determination “for another day and an appropriate set of circumstances properly raising the question." 706

So.2d at 248. Today that circumstance has been addressed, and yet the problem of “objective

determination,” which was present in Rainey and Davis still exists. As Justice Mills noted in his dissent

                                                     17
in Davis, we cannot objectively determine the moment when a child becomes viable. Id. at 249. Similarly,

we cannot determine the moment when a child becomes “quick.”

¶39.     The majority correctly concludes that the present standard for the determination of the word

“person” under the statute, that is, whether the unborn child is “viable,” is too arbitrary. Maj. Op. ¶ 33. The

majority further correctly concludes that because of that arbitrary standard, “an injustice often results when

a non viable fetus would have most likely survived, but for the intervening wrongful, tortious conduct of

another.” Id. The majority does not tell us, however, how and why setting the standard to include an

unborn child that is “quick”is not also arbitrary. I submit that in the absence of clear statutory language that

specifies exactly when an unborn child becomes a “person” or “child,” I would, for civil cases, join a growing

number of states that hold it is immaterial when an unborn child becomes a person. Therefore, I would

extend the rights of the unborn to a less arbitrary moment in the life of a human being, that moment being

when a separate life begins at conception.

¶40.    The majority has correctly pointed to the fact that all jurisdictions now allow recovery for “prenatal

injuries when a child is born alive,” regardless of the stage of gestation when the injury occurred. Maj. Op.

¶ 13. Furthermore, other states allow for “recovery for a non viable fetus that dies while still in the womb.”

Id. However, though the majority declines to “draw a line at viability,” Maj. Op. at ¶ 22, its holding today

will result in “drawing a line” where arguably no line can be drawn. While a number of states do not allow

for recovery for injuries to an unborn child that result in the birth of a stillborn child, this Court has already

joined the majority of states that recognize the rights of children en ventre sa mere. See Davis, 706

So.2d 244 (Miss. 1998); Rainey, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So.2d 434 (1954). In doing so, this Court basically

agrees with the proposition that the only certain measure of the survival of a child (when the child survives



                                                       18
a live birth) is irrelevant, but has sought to protect the interest of the child while still inside the mother’s

womb. See Davis, 706 So.2d at 247 (“To be sure, a determination that "living" commences at birth has

the advantage of being a definite, precise, and observable occurrence, while viability is less certain and

dependent upon medical technology. Certainty, however, should not be given such overriding concern as

to dictate the Court's conclusion in this regard.”) (emphasis added). Accordingly, whether an unborn child

is viable, quick, or unable to be felt by its mother should be immaterial as to whether it may be allowed

recovery in a wrongful death action.

¶41.    Our previous holdings (as well as the majority’s opinion today) require the assistance of medical

technology. Even in the stages of life beyond viability, it is sometimes uncertain whether a child can survive

on its own unless aided by medically trained personnel. The majority’s opinion moves far beyond the

“survival science” reasoning, but affixes itself on the arbitrary line of when a fetus is able to move about

within the womb. This "movement" may take place from sixteen to eighteen weeks and may depend on a

number of relevant factors that are not the same for every woman. See Michael Holzapfel, The Right To

Live, The Right To Choose, And the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, 18 J. Contemp. Health L.

& Pol'y 431, 454 (Summer 2002). Georgia is the only state to draw the line at "quickening" and, like the

majority, based that line upon its criminal statute. See Porter v. Lassiter, 87 S.E.2d 100 (Ga. Ct. App.

1955). That court held that a "fetus becomes a child when it is 'quick' or capable of moving in its mother's

womb," id. at 102, and reasoned that quickness is a time after conception but before viability. However,

that analysis is just as arbitrary as the viability standard. As Justice Mills stated in his Davis dissent, "[n]o

objective analysis can determine the exact second, minute, hour or day that a particular child may become

viable. Our rules should apply equally in all cases and we should defer to, rather than ignore, certainty

whenever possible." Davis, 706 So.2d at 249 (Mills, J., dissenting).

                                                      19
¶42.    As in Georgia, the jury as finders of fact would have to determine when "quickening" takes place

on a case by case basis. See Porter, 87 S.E.2d at 103. I submit that this Court now has the opportunity

to interpret a law that will, in Justice Mills's words, "apply equally in all cases." By extending protection to

all unborn children, a jury would only have to determine if the mother was pregnant at the time of the injury.

Medical technology, though not advanced enough to tell us exactly when a fetus becomes "quick," would

certainly be able to determine if a mother was pregnant at the time of the injury.

¶43.    The dissent challenges the consistency of the majority's decision to extend the scope of § 11-7-13

with the U.S. Supreme Court’s holding in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147

(1973). See Dis. Op. ¶ 49. However, without delving deeply into the legal and moral implications of

aborting an unborn child, the Supreme Court stated in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern

Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 852 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), that "[a]bortion

is a unique act," and that "because the liberty of the woman is at stake [it is] in a sense unique to the human

condition and so unique to the law." Therefore, the law that governs abortion does not necessarily govern

all laws pertaining to unborn children. Certainly, as the majority noted, other states have interpreted their

wrongful death statutes to protect pre-viable fetuses. See Maj. Op. ¶ 13. The unanimous court in Farley

v. Sartin, 466 S.E.2d 522, 534 (W. Va. 1995), stated that "[t]he abortion question simply is not relevant

to wrongful death." That court went further to state that:

              while a woman's right to privacy is the policy involved in the abortion decision,
              the policy that a tortfeasor should not escape liability is involved in the wrongful
              death decision. One decision does not solve the controversy of the other.

Id. at 534-35 (quoting Sheryl A. Symonds, Wrongful Death of the Fetus: Viability is Not a Viable

Distinction, 8 U. Puget Sound L. Rev. 103, 119 (1984)).


                                                      20
¶44.    Justice Cleckley, writing for the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, explained the court's role

in determining that the wrongful death statute applied to all persons, regardless of development:

              In our judgment, justice is denied when a tortfeasor is permitted to walk away
              with impunity because of the happenstance that the unborn child had not yet
              reached viability at the time of death. The societal and parental loss is egregious
              regardless of the state of fetal development. Our concern reflects the
              fundamental value determination of our society that life--old, young, and
              prospective--should not be wrongfully taken away. In the absence of legislative
              direction, the overriding importance of the interest that we have identified merits
              judicial recognition and protection by imposing the most liberal means of
              recovery that our law permits.

Farley, 466 S.E.2d at 533.

¶45.    The court in Wiersma v. Maple Leaf Farms, 543 N.W.2d 787 (S.D. 1996), comparing the

applicability of Roe with the South Dakota wrongful death statute, stated:

              Nothing in Roe prohibits the Legislature from including a nonviable fetus in its
              definition of a person under our State's wrongful death act. . . [c]learly, neither
              physicians nor mothers can be held liable for wrongful death when an abortion
              is performed with the mother's consent.



Id. at 790 n.2. Similarly, interpreting § 11-7-13 to include pre-viable fetuses, does not conflict with the

protections of Roe.

¶46.    Obviously, interpreting the statute to include all unborn fetuses will create a class that was previously

unprotected. More litigation will naturally occur, as those who have lost an unborn child prior to viability

will be able to receive compensation for the death of that child. However, this will not open the "can of

worms" that the dissent envisions as it envisions litigation that may occur if non-viable fetuses are extended

protection under the statute. See Dis. Op. ¶ 61. As the dissent points out, physicians who negligently cause



                                                      21
miscarriages to non-viable fetuses would now be held liable for a wrongful death. Id. This observation is

correct, yet this is not a foreseeable problem, but rather a foreseeable protection against the negligence of

physicians. Physicians who now cause injury to, or miscarriage of, viable children are held liable. As a third

party, under a pre-viability interpretation, they should also be held liable for any negligence that results in the

death of an unborn baby. Physicians would, however, still be afforded protection when performing

abortions in accord with Roe, in much the same manner as they are protected from criminal prosecution

under § 97-3-37(6). Similarly, proponents of keeping the line drawn at viability may conclude that fathers

could now sue both doctors and even the mothers of aborted fetuses. This, however, is again addressed

under the privacy considerations as set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Roe and Casey. As previously

mentioned, abortion is a law unto itself, and, underRoe, mothers who wish to abort their pre-viable children,

as well as the physicians who perform those procedures, are not held liable for any crime or civil liability.

¶47.    A tortfeasor should not be able to walk away with impunity for causing the death of an unborn child

not yet quick, while that party would be liable for damages if that child were to survive with grave injuries

or even death after birth. It is only logical that the same benefits, afforded not only to children who survive

such injuries until after birth but also to those parents whose children die of such injuries, should be extended

to the parents of all unborn children.

¶48.    Though there are a growing number of jurisdictions that extend protection to unborn children under

the wrongful death statute pre-viability, only Georgia has decided to draw the line when the unborn child is

"quick." See Porter, 87 S.E.2d at 103. The extension to the standard of "quickening" is clearly a

compromise that seeks credibility by attaching itself to a criminal statute, but in my view there is a better way.

In rejecting the viability standard, this Court should not attempt to draw a bright line where one does not



                                                       22
exist. As the West Virginia court stated "The societal and parental loss is egregious regardless of the state

of fetal development. Our concern reflects the fundamental value determination that life --old, young, and

prospective– should not wrongfully be taken away.” Farley, 466 S.E.2d at 533. Accordingly, I would

hold that the wrongful death statute creates a cause of action for the wrongful death of all unborn children,

viable or pre-viable, and regardless of movement. On that basis, I concur in this Court’s judgment affirming

the trial court’s order and remanding this case for further proceedings.

        EASLEY, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.

        McRAE, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶49.    The majority's holding is all but the adoption of the conception theory. The holding, which allows

recovery for the wrongful death of a "quickened" fetus, goes too far. One has to question the nature behind

the majority's opinion as an attempt to limit and even do away with Roe v. Wade. The majority's holding

will no doubt cause waves with existing civil and criminal law and in particular Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113,

93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). The majority fails to honor precedent concerning "viability" and

instead chooses to create new law which will not doubt have negative effects. Having found the majority's

holding unnecessary and troublesome, I dissent.

¶50.    In 1808, the Legislature authorized wrongful death actions for "injuries producing death." Ill. Cent.

R. Co. v. Fuller, 106 Miss. 65, 63 So. 265, 268 (1913). The test for wrongful death recovery concerning

the death of a fetus has long been established to be "viability." Terrell v. Rankin, 511 So.2d 126 (Miss.

1987); Rainey v. Horn, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So.2d 434 (1954). We define viability as "when the

destruction of life of [the fetus'] mother does not necessarily mean the end of its life also, and when if

separated from its mother would be so far a matured human being that it would live and grow mentally and


                                                    23
physically." Rainey, 221 Miss. at 283, 72 So.2d at 440. Reasons for allowing recovery for the negligent

death of a viable fetus include: "(1) an unborn viable child is capable of independent existence, hence should

be regarded as a separate entity; (2) if the law recognizes an unborn child sufficiently to protect its property

rights and rights of inheritance and protects it against the crimes of others, it should recognize its separate

existence for the redressing of torts; (3) if no right of action is allowed, there is a wrong inflicted for which

there is no remedy and (4) natural justice." Id. at 281, 72 So.2d at 439. For 49 years this precedent has

been in place and upheld by this Court. There is no justification for the majority's abrupt change of view

which hereafter creates wrongful death rights for the death of an unborn fetus in the first trimester of

pregnancy.2

¶51.    The majority justifies its change in position by asserting that the Legislature enacted wrongful death

statutes to address the common law rule which denied recovery for prenatal injuries as discussed in

Dietrich v. Inhabitants of Northhampton, 138 Mass. 14 (1884). This is flagrantly misleading. In

1808, our Legislature authorized actions for wrongful death. See Fuller, 63 So. at 268. If you do the

math you will see that our State's wrongful death statute was enacted 76 years before Dietrich. Therefore,

it is not an accurate statement of the law to assert that our State's wrongful death statute was enacted to

address the "harsh results of the common law rule" as asserted by the majority.

¶52.    The majority also places much emphasis on holdings which allow non-viable fetuses to recover under

the wrongful death statute for the death of an heir. See Childs v. General Motors Corp., 73 F. Supp.

2d 669 (N.D. Miss. 1999); In re Davis, 706 So.2d 244 (Miss. 1998). Allowing a non-viable fetus to

recover for the death of a parent of sibling under the wrongful death statute is wholly distinguishable from


         2
             The majority did not even overrule these cases.

                                                      24
allowing wrongful death recovery for the death of a non-viable fetus. They are two distinct issues. The

wrongful death statute was intended to provide compensation to those who have suffered a loss usually of

a family member upon whom they relied for support. It is inherent in the purpose of the wrongful death

statute, that a non-viable fetus, who is the natural child of the deceased and who would have relied on the

deceased for support, be compensated for that loss of support, whether it be financial or emotional.

¶53.    The majority also cites to McGowan v. Estate of Wright, 524 So.2d 308 (Miss. 1988), in

making the ambiguous statement that "the purposes of the wrongful death statute are to prevent the wrongful

termination of life and provide the beneficiary with compensation for the loss of companionship and society

of the deceased, the pain and suffering of the deceased between injury and death, and punitive damages....

We decline to draw a line at viability." Maj. Op. ¶ 22. First of all, McGowan addressed the wrongful death

claim of a widow who lost her elderly husband in an auto accident. Id. at 309. McGowan does not speak

about viability. In fact, after reviewing the opinion, the only statements made, which would in some way

support the statement made by the majority, are found in Justice Robertson's dissent from denial of petition

for rehearing which is on page 311 through 313 of the opinion. Id. at 311-13.

¶54.    Next, the majority finds support for its holding by relying on our State's criminal statutes. The

majority maintains that its holding creates "consistency" with criminal statutes of this state, specifically Miss.

Code Ann. § 97-3-37 which provides for the charge of manslaughter for "the killing of an unborn quick

child, by an injury to the mother of such child, which would be murder if it resulted in the death of the

mother." See also Willis v. State, 518 So.2d 667 (Miss. 1988); Sitton v. State, 760 So.2d 28 (Miss.

Ct. App. 1999). We have never strived to provide for "consistency" between criminal and civil actions.

Criminal and civil actions are too distinct to ever provide "consistency." In so holding, the majority seems



                                                       25
to insinuate that "consistency" is the goal of this Court. If that is so, then should we now provide for the

same burdens of proof or discovery rules for criminal and civil actions? The majority's holding also will have

sweeping implications in criminal law. In defining "quick child," the majority relies on Willis, 518 So.2d

at 668. Willis concerned whether there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction of manslaughter

in the death of an unborn fetus. Id. at 668. The defendant argued that there was insufficient evidence to

show that the unborn fetus was "quick" within the meaning of the manslaughter statute. Id. In addressing

the defendant's claim we defined "quick child" for the purpose of the manslaughter statute. Id. The majority,

by now adopting the same definition as that of the manslaughter statute, has quit frankly not only made

someone who otherwise would only have possibly been found civilly liable for the death of an unborn fetus,

now also susceptible to criminal punishment. It's not that hard a leap for an ambitious prosecutor to make,

particularly to outrightly stop all abortion by doctors in this state. Further, if a doctor was negligent in

treating a pregnant mother and causes the mother to abort this may lead to charges of manslaughter.

¶55.    Additionally, the majority in making its holding relies heavily on Georgia precedent which allows for

wrongful death actions for the death of a "quick fetus." See Shirley v. Bacon, 267 S.E.2d 809 (Ga. Ct.

App. 1980); Tucker v. Howard L. Carmichael & Sons, Inc., 65 S.E.2d 909 (Ga. 1951); Porter v.

Lassiter, 87 S.E.2d 100 (Ga. Ct. App. 1955) . This would be justified if our State did not already have

precedent on the issue. We have already held that the test for the maintenance of a wrongful death action

for the death of a fetus is "viability." Terrell, 511 So.2d 126; Rainey, 221 Miss. 269, 72 So.2d 434.

We do not need to consider Georgia precedent, because we have our own precedent.

¶56.    Next, the majority delves into the issue of medical proof to determine whether a child is "quick" in

the womb. The majority correctly states that photographic evidence, the testimony of a forensic pathologist,


                                                     26
and the testimony of a medical doctor will all be appropriate offers of proof. See Brandon HMA, Inc.

v. Bradshaw, 809 So.2d 611 (Miss. 2001); Pittman v. Hodges, 462 So.2d 330 (Miss. 1984); Sitton,

760 So.2d 28. However, proof of "quickening" is much more difficult than proof of "viability." The

majority defines "quickening" as "a child 'that has developed so that it moves within the mother's womb.' "

quoting Black's Law Dictionary, 1415 (4th ed. 1968). Any doctor will tell you that fetal movement does

not occur at the exact same time for every fetus. It is not uncommon for one woman who is three months

pregnant to have some fetal movement, while another woman who is five and one half months pregnant to

have felt little to no fetal movement. This inconsistency was even recognized by the United States Supreme

Court in Roe, 410 U.S. at 132-33. The concurring opinion also recognizes that the majority fails to adopt

an "objective" standard which would "draw a line" at to when "quickening" occurs. Under the majority's

"quickening" test, any wrongful death action concerning a fetus will certainly turn into a battle of the experts.




¶57.    Finally, the majority states that its holding today does not have any implications or inconsistency with

the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roe. How can the majority's holding not implicate the

holding in Roe? Under the holding in Roe, prior to the end of the first trimester of pregnancy a physician

and patient are free to make a determination without state interference that termination of a pregnancy is

appropriate and necessary. Id. at 164, 93 S.Ct. at 732. The first trimester of pregnancy encompasses

conception up to the thirteenth (13th) week of pregnancy. As discussed above, some women experience

movement or "quickening" within the first trimester. Under the majority's holding, a father who is unaware

and does not consent to his wife's abortion, may now institute a wrongful death action for the death of his

"quickened" fetus. Additionally, under the majority's definition of "quick child," a physician may now be held



                                                      27
liable not only in tort for the abortion of a "quick child," but also through criminal indictment and prosecution.

Furthermore, a father and mother, who before were limited to a suit only for their personal damages when

a physician may have negligently caused the miscarriage of their "quickened" and "non-viable" child, now

can also maintain an action for the wrongful death of the child. See Occhipinti v. Rheem Mfg. Co., 252

Miss. 172, 172 So.2d 186 (1965).3 Two separate and distinct actions to recover for their injuries. If the

public thinks this State's physician climate is bad now, just wait till the lawsuits really start taking off.

¶58.    The very problems implicated by the majority's holding were recently discussed in a San

Francisco Chronicle article concerning the Peterson murder case in California. The article states that:

                         Momentum is building behind legislation that would make it a
                 federal crime to harm the fetus of a pregnant woman, spurred in part by
                 outrage over the slaying of Laci Peterson and her unborn son, Conner.
                          The measure, dubbed the "Laci and Conner's Law," seeks to treat
                 fetuses in such cases as victims separate from their mothers, with all the
                 rights of individuals. It would apply to federal crimes, which take place in
                 areas such as national parks, military installations, and Indian reservations,
                 and would carry a sentence of up to life imprisonment. . . .
                          While the legislation may affect the outcome of only a handful of
                 trials each year – Peterson is charged under state law – it has symbolic
                 significance for anti-abortion advocates, who have tried to pass the
                 measure but have encountered resistance in the Senate and the White
                 House. . . .
                        Supporters of the Peterson bill say it is only right that the federal
                 government recognize the loss of an unborn child. Under the law, federal
                 prosecutors treat such crimes as an assault on the mother, with the option
                 of enhancing the penalty. . . .



         3
            In Occhipinti v. Rheem Mfg Co., 252 Miss. 172, 172 So.2d 186 (1965), this Court held
 that the heirs of a five and one-half month old fetus could not maintain an action for wrongful death for
 a miscarriage caused by an auto accident. However, in upholding the mother's right to proceed with a
 personal injury action resulting from her own injuries, the Court stated that "the trial court erred in
 excluding from the consideration of the jury the effects upon the mother of the death of her unborn
 child."

                                                       28
                        But opponents say the legislation would subvert a woman's right to
                choose, by giving even recently fertilized cells the same rights as a child
                outside the womb. "The real purpose of the law is to define a fetus at any
                stage of development as a person," said Rep. Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y. "
                That undermines Roe v. Wade."


Juliet Eilperin, Peterson Slaying Spurs Move to Treat Fetus as Separate Victim; Some Fear It
Will Be Used to Attack Roe v. Wade, S.F. Chron., Sunday, July 20, 2003, at A4.
¶59.    There can be no doubt that the holding of the majority has implications on other aspects of our civil

and criminal justice system. Only a couple of examples are necessary to illustrate my point. Torts against

"persons" will now be extended to cover "quickened" fetuses. A "quickened" fetus as a "person" will be

allowed to maintain a tort action for assault and/or battery. The fetus's claim will be separate and distinct

from the claim of its mother, father, and siblings. See Occhipinti, 252 Miss. 172, 172 So.2d 186.

Additionally, crimes against "persons" will now be extended to cover "quickened" fetuses. It is now possible

for a defendant to be guilty of assaulting not only a mother, but also her "quickened" fetus as it is also a

person. A blow to the stomach of a pregnant woman could lead to two assault charges. One for assaulting

the mother and the second for assaulting the child.

¶60.    Another problem exhibited in the majority's holding is that there is no language which states that the

Court is specifically overruling past precedent which formerly adopted and applied the test of "viability."

If the majority is intending to make new law, then it needs to be more explicit with its holding.

¶61.    In sum, the majority has without justification decided to change well-established law in this State.

One can only wonder where its true motives lie in making such a decision. The majority's holding will no

doubt open a whole new can of worms creating much confusion and ambiguity as to the ultimate implications

of the holding. For these reasons, I dissent.




                                                      29
