
117 U.S. 255 (1886)
APPLEGATE & Others
v.
LEXINGTON & CARTER COUNTY MINING COMPANY & Others.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued March 4, 1886.
Decided March 15, 1886.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY.
*258 Mr. David W. Armstrong for plaintiffs in error. Mr. W.W. Helm was with him on his brief. Mr. N.T. Crutchfield, also for plaintiffs in error, submitted on his brief.
Mr. Edward F. Dulin and Mr. John F. Hager, for defendants in error, submitted on their brief.
*260 MR. JUSTICE WOODS delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the case as above reported, he continued:
We shall first consider the exclusion of the original deed from Fleming and the Bernards to John Bryan, and the original deed from John Bryan to Samuel Sackett. We are of opinion that they should have been admitted in evidence. They have been certified to and inspected by this court. Their appearance affords strong evidence of their genuineness and antiquity, and they are free from any badge that would excite suspicion of fraud or forgery. In support of their genuineness it was shown that a short time before the trial in the Circuit Court they were discovered by one of the plaintiffs' attorneys *261 in the office of the clerk of the Circuit Court of Greenup County, Kentucky, among the original papers of a suit in that court brought by one James Hughes v. The Heirs of Thomas Shore, on July 15, 1816, to quiet his title to sixteen thousand acres of land in Greenup County, part of the lands conveyed by the deed of William Fleming and the Bernards to John Bryan. The deeds and the original papers in that suit were produced by a clerk of the Greenup Circuit Court in obedience to a subpna duces tecum. The record of this case was admissible against persons not parties or privies, to prove the collateral fact of the antiquity of the original deeds offered in evidence and to account for their custody. Barr v. Gratz, 4 Wheat. 213, 220.
The bill of Hughes averred that he derived title under the patent to Charles Fleming, and by virtue of the devise in his will to William Fleming and the Bernards, and the deeds of William Fleming and the Bernards to John Bryan, and of John Bryan to Samuel Sackett. The complainant Hughes offered by his bill "to produce said patent and deeds showing the deduction of title in proper time, or whenever the court should require it." The two deeds mentioned in the bill of complaint filed by Hughes correspond with and appear to be the two original deeds, namely, the deed from William Fleming and the Bernards to John Bryan, and the deed from John Bryan to Samuel Sackett, offered in evidence by the plaintiffs in this case, which were found among the other papers in the case of Hughes v. The Heirs of Shore. These deeds were necessary exhibits and evidence in the case to entitle Hughes to the relief prayed for. They were produced from the files of the highest court of the county where the lands were situate, from the custody of an officer charged by law with their care and safe-keeping, where they had been placed for a necessary and proper use, and from which they could not be withdrawn without the order and consent of the court. Their custody was, therefore, accounted for, and was shown to be proper and beyond suspicion.
It further appeared that upon the trial of the case of Hughes v. Shore's Heirs, on July 8, 1825, the patent to Charles Fleming from the Commonwealth of Virginia for 16,191 acres of *262 land, the will of Charles Fleming and the said deed of William Fleming and the Bernards, trustees, to John Bryan, were offered in evidence. The latter was rejected "because," as the bill of exception states, "the certificate and seal of the mayor of Philadelphia" was "not sufficient to authorize it to be read, and because the same could not be read as a recorded deed, not having been recorded within the time prescribed by law." And "because by rejecting this deed complainants' claim of title was broken and they could not further progress with their evidence, the court rendered a decree dismissing their bill." It is, therefore, made clear by the evidence offered that at least as early as the year 1825 the deed of William Fleming and the Bernards to John Bryan was on file in the Circuit Court of Greenup County, and it may be safely inferred that the other documents mentioned by Hughes as his muniments of title were also on file in the same court at the same time, and that all the deeds remained in the custody of the court down to the time when they were produced by the clerk under the subpna duces tecum issued in this case, a period of fifty-five years.
Another circumstance relied on to show the genuineness of the original deeds was that each bore indorsed thereon a certificate apparently ancient and genuine, one with the signature of the recording officer and the other without signature, to the effect that the deeds had been recorded in the year 1816. In the case of Stebbins v. Duncan, 108 U.S. 32, 50, it was held that a certified copy of a memorandum made at the foot of the record of a deed "recorded June 23d, 1818," and without signature, was competent and conclusive evidence that the deed had been recorded at the date mentioned. In view, therefore, of the habit of recorders of deeds, which is universal and matter of common knowledge, to indorse upon the deeds themselves the fact and date of their registration, the certificates appearing on the deeds in question were competent and sufficient evidence of the fact that the deeds had been put upon record during the year mentioned in the certificates.
We think this evidence, supported by an inspection of the deeds, was sufficient to justify their admission as ancient deeds without direct proof of their execution. The rule is that an *263 ancient deed may be admitted in evidence, without direct proof of its execution, if it appears to be of the age of at least thirty years, when it is found in proper custody, and either possession under it is shown, or some other corroborative evidence of its authenticity, freeing it from all just grounds of suspicion. Thus, in Barr v. Gratz, 4 Wheat., above cited, a deed from Craig to Michael Gratz, dated July 16, 1784, was offered in evidence, but was not proved by the subscribing witnesses, nor their absence accounted for. Its admission was alleged as error; but this court said that, as the deed was more than thirty years old, and was proved to have been in the possession of the lessors of the plaintiff, and actually asserted by them as the ground of their title in a prior chancery suit, it was in the language of the books sufficiently accounted for, and on this ground, as well as because it was a part of the evidence in support of the decree in that suit, it was admissible without the regular proof of its execution.
So in Caruthers v. Eldredge, 12 Gratt. 670, it was contended by the plaintiff in error that in no case could a paper be admitted in evidence as an ancient deed, without proof of its execution, until it was first shown that thirty years' quiet and continued possession of the land had been held under the deed. But the court held, in substance, that an ancient deed may be introduced in evidence without proof of its execution, though possession may not have been held for thirty years in accordance therewith, if such account be given of the deed as may be reasonably expected under all the circumstances of the case, and as will afford the presumption that it is genuine.
In Harlan v. Howard, 79 Ky. 373, the Court of Appeals states the rule in relation to the proof of ancient deeds thus: "The genuineness of such instruments may be shown by other facts as well as that of possession. And when proof of possession cannot be had, it is within the very essence of the rule to admit the instrument, where no evidence justifying suspicion of its genuineness is shown, and it is found in the custody of those legally entitled to it." See also Vin. Ab., Evidence A. b. 5; Ancient Deeds, 7; Com. Dig. Evidence, B. 2; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, § 144, and note 1; Starkie on Evidence, 524; *264 Phillipps on Evidence, Cowen & Hill's Notes, Part II., note 197, page 368, et seq., 3d ed.; note 430, page 400, 5th ed.; Doe v. Passingham, 2 Car. & P. 440; Rancliffe v. Parkyns, 6 Dow, 149, 202; Winn v. Patterson, 9 Pet. 663; Jackson v. Laroway, 3 Johns. Cas. 283; Hewlett v. Cock, 7 Wend. 371.
In the case last cited, Judge Nelson, afterwards a justice of this court, said, that there was some confusion in the cases in England and New York as to the preliminary proof necessary to authorize an ancient deed to be read in evidence; that possession accompanying the deed was always sufficient without other proof, but it was not indispensable. He approved the decision in Jackson v. Laroway, ubi supra, which he said had been recognized as law in Jackson v. Luquere, 5 Cowen, 221, and had undoubtedly in its favor the weight of English authority. These authorities sustain the rule as we have stated it.
The deeds in question, when offered in evidence, purported to be over eighty years old, and their appearance tended to prove their antiquity and their genuineness. The testimony offered in support of them proved their existence as far back as the year 1816, and that in that year they had been placed upon the public record of deeds, where, if properly acknowledged, they would have been entitled to registration. In the same year in which they were recorded they were mentioned and referred to in the bill filed by Hughes v. Shore's Heirs as muniments of his title, and he offered to produce them when required. There is no reason to doubt that they remained in the rightful custody of the clerk in whose office they had become file papers, until, after a lapse of at least fifty-five years, they were found and produced upon the trial of the present case by the officer to whose custody they belonged.
But the proof of the genuineness of both deeds was greatly strengthened by evidence which applied directly to one only of the two, namely, the original deed from John Bryan to Samuel Sackett, dated January 28, 1797.
This consisted of the record of a partition made October 18, 1810, on the application of James Hughes, by commissioners under authority of a general act of the Legislature of Kentucky, approved December 19, 1796. Hughes claimed the undivided *265 half of the 18,000 acres conveyed to Charles Fleming by the Governor of Virginia, by patent dated April 21, 1792, and alleged as muniments of his title the said patent and the deed of John Bryan to Samuel Sackett. On the strength of the title shown by Hughes the commissioners divided the 18,000 acres and set off and conveyed to him the one-half thereof in severalty, and in their deed of conveyance referred to the patent to Charles Fleming, and the deed of Bryan to Sackett, as links in the title of Hughes. The partition thus made is shown to have been recognized by successive conveyances of parts of the land set off to Hughes and by possession held thereunder. The testimony, therefore, shows that as early as the year 1810 the deed of Bryan to Sackett was in existence, that it was recognized as a genuine deed by public officers whose duty it was to scrutinize it, and was made by them the basis of their official action, and that possession has been held of a portion of the land described therein by persons who trace title through it to the patent to Charles Fleming. These two deeds under consideration are shown by the record to have a common history, and to have been relied on as links in the same chain of title. Testimony, therefore, which is directly applicable to one only, tends to support the other. The facts, therefore, which we have just stated in reference to the deed from Bryan to Sackett, tend to show also the genuineness of the deed from Fleming and the Bernards to Bryan. We are, therefore, of opinion that the genuineness of both deeds was proven, and that the court erred in excluding them from the jury.
The offer in evidence of the original deed from Charles Fleming to John and William Bryan, dated August 8, 1794, stands upon substantially the same ground as the two deeds already considered. The bill of exceptions states that the plaintiffs offered in support of the competency of this deed the same evidence as was offered in support of the two last mentioned deeds; that it was found at the same time and place and produced from the same custody. In further support thereof the plaintiffs produced the clerk of the Mason County Court, having with him deed book B, containing deeds recorded *266 in the clerk's office of that court, beginning February 22, 1794, and the two or three years next ensuing, and offered to show that there was recorded in that book a deed identical in terms with the aforesaid original deed. They also offered and read in evidence a copy of the deed duly certified from the clerk's office of the Mason County Circuit Court, with a copy of the certificate thereto appended showing that the original deed was recorded in the year 1794. It follows, from what we have said in relation to the admissibility of the other original deeds, that this one also should have been received in evidence, and that the Circuit Court erred in excluding it.
It remains to consider the exclusion by the Circuit Court of the transcript of the record in the case of Clark v. Conkling. This was a suit brought by Clark in the District Court, held at Washington in Mason County, Kentucky, on June 13, 1798, as the assignee of the mortgage from Conkling to Sackett, to foreclose the same, and the record was offered only to show the orders and decrees of the court in respect to the mortgaged premises situated within its jurisdiction, and not to prove any personal decree against the defendants. It appears from the record in this case that a subpna having been issued and returned with the indorsement that the defendants were not inhabitants of the Commonwealth, the court made the following order, at its November Term, 1798:
"The defendants, not having entered their appearance agreeably to an act of assembly and rules of this court, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that they are not inhabitants of this Commonwealth, on the motion of the complainant, by his attorney, it is ordered that the defendants appear here on the third day of our next term and answer the complainants' bill; and that a copy of this order be inserted in the Kentucky Gazette or Herald for two months, successively; another posted at the door of the court-house of Mason County; and that this order be published some Sunday at the door of the Baptist meeting-house in Washington."
In June, 1799, the bill was taken as confessed, and an interlocutory decree made requiring the defendants to pay the money due on the mortgage. The money not having been paid a decree *267 of sale was made at the February term, 1800. The commissioners to make the sale reported on July 19, 1802, that after public notice they had sold the lands at public sale to Carey L. Clark, the complainant. Afterwards a final decree was made foreclosing the defendants of their equity of redemption in the premises.
The defendants objected to the introduction of the record, and the objection was sustained, and the defendants now insist that the exclusion of the record was right, first, because the court did not have authority of law to hear and determine the subject-matter of the suit, nor of suits of the class to which it belonged; and, second, because the record exhibits no proof of the publication or posting of the notice to the defendants as required by the laws of Kentucky.
We think the first objection is answered by reference to the statute laws of Kentucky, in force at the time. Section 8 of the act of the General Assembly of Kentucky, approved December 19, 1795, "to establish District Courts in this Commonwealth," provided as follows: "The jurisdiction of the said District Courts, respectively, shall be over all persons, and in all causes, matters, and things at common law or in chancery, arising within their districts," excepting actions of assault and battery or suits for slander and subjects of controversy of less than fifty pounds in value. 1 Littell's Laws of Kentucky, 298.
Section 4 of the act approved December 19, 1796, directing the method of proceeding in courts of equity against absent debtors and other absent defendants, provides for constructive service by publication, "in all cases, whatever, when a suit is or shall be depending in any court of chancery, concerning any matter or thing whatever, against any absent defendant or defendants." 1 Stat. (Laws M. & B.), 93. These provisions of the statute law are ample to confer jurisdiction on the court where the property in controversy is within its territorial jurisdiction, and are so clear as to require no discussion of the question. For, as was said in Grignon's Lessee v. Astor, 2 How. 338, "the power to hear and determine a cause is jurisdiction. If the law confers the power to render a judgment or decree, then the court has jurisdiction."
*268 But it is objected to the record that it does not show publication and posting of notice to the defendants, as required by the order of the court and by law.
The law is found in section 2 of the act of December 19, 1796, ubi supra, and is as follows: "The court shall also appoint some day in the succeeding term for the absent defendant or defendants to enter his, her, or their appearance to the suit, and give security for performing the decree, a copy of which order shall be forthwith published in the Kentucky Gazette or Herald, and continued for two months successively, and shall also be published on some Sunday, immediately after divine service, in such church or meeting-house as the court shall direct, and another copy shall be posted at the front door of the said court-house."
The plaintiffs in the present case offered evidence outside the record to prove the fact that the order was published in the Kentucky Gazette, as required by the statute, by calling the assistant librarian of the public library at Lexington, "having with him," as the bill of exceptions states, "printed newspapers which appeared to be of great age, and which purported to be the original files of the newspaper called the Kentucky Gazette, published weekly; and plaintiffs showed, in nine successive issues of said newspaper, weekly publications, beginning with December 12, 1798, and ending with February 7, 1799, of" the order of the court above mentioned.
But no proof was offered to show the publication of the order at the church or meeting-house, or the posting of it at the front door of the court-house. After the lapse of more than eighty years proof not of record of these facts was clearly impossible. The fact, therefore, that after the lapse of so long a time the plaintiffs were able to show that the order of the court had been obeyed, by its publication in a newspaper, was persuasive evidence that the other requirements of the order had also been performed.
But the record contained no proof of the publication and posting of the notice as required by the statute, and it is insisted by the defendants in this case, that the record itself must show the publication and posting of the notice as required by *269 law, otherwise the jurisdiction of the court does not appear, and its decree is absolutely void.
While it must be conceded that, in order to give the court jurisdiction over the persons of the defendants, all the steps pointed out by the statute to effect constructive service on nonresidents were necessary, yet it does not follow that the evidence that the steps were taken must appear in the record, unless indeed the statute expressly or by implication requires it. The court which made the decree in the case of Clark v. Conkling was a court of general jurisdiction. Therefore every presumption not inconsistent with the record is to be indulged in, in favor of its jurisdiction. Kempe's Lessee v. Kennedy, 5 Cranch, 173; Voorhees v. Bank of the United States, 10 Pet. 449; Grignon v. Astor, 2 How. 319; Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. 328. It is to be presumed that the court before making its decree took care to see that its order for constructive service, on which its right to make the decree depended, had been obeyed. That this presumption is authorized will appear by the following cases: In Harvey v. Tyler, ubi supra, the court, speaking by Mr. Justice Miller, said: "The jurisdiction which is now exercised by the common law courts in this country is, in a very large proportion, dependent upon special statutes conferring it... . In all cases where the new powers, thus conferred, are to be brought into action in the usual form of common law or chancery proceedings, we apprehend there can be little doubt that the same presumptions as to the jurisdiction of the court and the conclusiveness of its action will be made, as in cases falling more strictly within the usual powers of the court." p. 342.
In Hall v. Law, 102 U.S. 461, the validity of a partition of lands, made by a Circuit Court of the State of Indiana, was attacked. This court, speaking by Mr. Justice Field, said: "All that" the statute "designates as necessary to authorize the court to act is, that there should be an application for the partition by one or more joint proprietors, after giving notice of the intended application in a public newspaper for at least four weeks. When application is made, the court must consider whether it is by a proper party, whether it is sufficient in *270 form and substance, and whether the requisite notice has been given, as prescribed. Its order made thereon is an adjudication in these matters." pp. 463-464.
The case of Voorhees v. Bank of the United States, 10 Pet. 449, was an action of ejectment, and the case turned on the validity of a sale of the premises in controversy under a judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, Ohio, in a case of foreign attachment. The sale was attacked on the following among other grounds: (1.) Because the statute authorizing the proceeding by foreign attachment required that an affidavit should be made and filed with the clerk before the writ issued, and no such affidavit was found in the record. (2.) Because the statute directed three months' notice to be given, by publication in a newspaper, of the issuing of the attachment, before judgment should be entered, and also required fifteen days' notice of sale to be given, neither of which appeared by the record to have been done. (3.) Because the statute required that the defendant should be put in default at each of the three terms preceding the judgment, and the default entered of record, but no entry was made of the default at the last of the three terms.
But the court overruled the objections and sustained the validity of the judgment and the sale. It said: "But the provisions of the law do not prescribe what shall be deemed evidence that such acts have been done, or direct that their performance shall appear on the record. The thirteenth section [of the attachment law], which gives to the conveyances of the auditors the same effect as a deed from the defendant in the attachment, contains no other limitation than that it shall be `in virtue of the authority herein granted.' This leaves the question open to the application of those general principles of law by which the validity of sales made under judicial process must be tested; in the ascertainment of which we do not think it necessary to examine the record in the attachment, for evidence that the acts alleged to have been omitted appear therein to have been done." p. 471.
The result of the authorities and what we decide is, that where a court of general jurisdiction is authorized in a proceeding, *271 either statutory or at law or in equity, to bring in, by publication or other substituted service, non-resident defendants interested in or having a lien upon property lying within its territorial jurisdiction, but is not required to place the proof of service upon the record, and the court orders such substituted service, it will be presumed in favor of the jurisdiction that service was made as ordered, although no evidence thereof appears of record, and the judgment of the court, so far as it affects such property, will be valid. The case of Galpin v. Page, 18 Wall. 350, cited by counsel for defendant, is not in conflict with this proposition. The judgment set up on one side and attacked on the other in that case was rendered on service by publication. The law permitted service to be made by publication only where certain facts were made to appear to the satisfaction of the court, and the court by a precedent order, which must necessarily appear of record, authorized service to be made by publication. But the record showed no such order, and the publication, therefore, was the unauthorized act of the party, and appeared affirmatively to be invalid and ineffectual. See also Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 727, 734.
It results from the views we have expressed, that
The judgment of the Circuit Court of Kentucky must be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to grant a new trial.
