                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 16a0261p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 WILLIAM TENNIAL,                                       ┐
                                Plaintiff-Appellant,    │
                                                        │
                                                        │
        v.                                               >      No. 15-6356
                                                        │
                                                        │
 UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC.; JIM COCHRAN;              │
 MICHAEL SLABAUGH,                                      │
                           Defendants-Appellees.        │
                                                        ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
                No. 2:13-cv-02277—John Thomas Fowlkes, Jr., District Judge.

                                Argued: September 27, 2016

                            Decided and Filed: October 24, 2016

                   Before: GILMAN, GIBBONS, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
                                _________________

                                        COUNSEL

ARGUED: Luther Oneal Sutter, SUTTER & GILLHAM, P.L.L.C., Little Rock, Arkansas, for
Appellant. John E. B. Gerth, WALLER LANSDEN DORTCH & DAVIS, LLP, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Luther Oneal Sutter, SUTTER & GILLHAM, P.L.L.C.,
Little Rock, Arkansas, Andrew C. Clarke, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. John E. B.
Gerth, Aron Z. Karabel, WALLER LANSDEN DORTCH & DAVIS, LLP, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                    _________________

                                         OPINION
                                    _________________

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge.               William Tennial is an African-American
employee of United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) who has served in various managerial roles over




                                              1
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                 Page 2


the course of more than 30 years with the company. After a number of service failures that
occurred during his time as Hub Manager of the Memphis Hub’s “Twilight Sort,” Tennial was
placed on a Management Performance Improvement Plan (MPIP) and eventually demoted to a
supervisor of the Oakhaven Hub, a position that he currently holds. Although he acknowledges
these service failures, Tennial points to a number of Caucasian managers who were allegedly
responsible for similar failures, yet did not suffer comparable adverse employment actions. He
therefore maintains that his placement on the MPIP and his subsequent demotion were in fact
motivated by race, age, and disability discrimination, as well as by retaliation for taking medical
leave.

         Tennial brought suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of
Tennessee against UPS and his supervisors, Jim Cochran and Michael Slabaugh. UPS, Cochran,
and Slabaugh subsequently moved for summary judgment, which the district court granted on all
claims. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                        BACKGROUND

A.       Factual background

         In 2009, Tennial began working as the Business Manager of the Walnut Grove Packaging
Center. His supervisors noted performance deficiencies and serious service failures at that
facility over the next two years.     Despite these service failures, Tennial contends that his
performance was on par with other Caucasian managers.

         In May 2011, Tennial became the Hub Manager of the Twilight Sort, where he worked
under Hub Division Manager Richard Williams.              Tennial’s performance and leadership
deficiencies persisted, and the Twilight Sort failed to meet performance goals under his
supervision. He claims, however, that the Twilight Sort was in disarray before he took over and
had failed to meet its performance goals for many years prior to his appointment.

         In September 2011, the Twilight Sort suffered particularly severe service failures under
Tennial’s leadership, including an incident in which over 200 packages were not sorted in a
timely manner. Tennial and Williams were summoned to Nashville to meet with UPS
No. 15-6356                     Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.              Page 3


supervisors and Ken Harms, UPS District President, in order to discuss the 200 delayed packages
and other service failures at the Twilight Sort. Although Williams had previously supervised
managers who missed loads, he had never before been summoned to the District President’s
office to explain this type of service failure.

        Tennial alleges that Harms told him during the meeting that, unless he voluntarily
stepped down as the Hub Manager, Harms would make it “extremely difficult for him to be
successful.” He refused to step down. Tennial now contends that Harms followed through on
his promise and created an extremely hostile work environment. As a result, Tennial requested
leave for stress, depression, and anxiety under the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) shortly
after this meeting. He was granted leave and thus missed UPS’s peak holiday season, which is
the company’s busiest. Tennial returned to his position as the Hub Manager of the Twilight Sort
in early 2012.

        After Williams’s retirement later that same month, Cochran became the Hub Division
Manager for Memphis and Tennial’s direct supervisor.             Cochran monitored and assessed
Tennial’s performance throughout March and April 2012. Numerous service failures were
observed by Cochran, which Tennial claims were partly due to inexperienced supervisors,
turnover, and a lack of capability at the Twilight Sort. In April 2012, Cochran and District Hub
Operations Manager Slabaugh nonetheless decided to put Tennial on a MPIP. At a meeting
discussing his MPIP, Tennial took responsibility for his service failures and committed to
improving his performance. He also acknowledged that a failure to meet the goals stated in the
MPIP could result in an adverse employment action, including a demotion.

        Tennial thereafter failed to meet the goals of his MPIP. He was demoted in July 2012
from the Hub Manager at the Twilight Sort to Full Time Hub Supervisor at the Oakhaven Hub.
Cochran testified that this demotion was performance-based, but Tennial maintains that the
MPIP goals were impossible to attain because of the inexperienced supervisors at the Twilight
Sort, a lack of support, unpredictable volume, and the desire of upper management to see him
fail. Tennial further asserts that previous and subsequent Caucasian Hub Managers of the
Twilight Sort also failed to meet performance goals, yet were not demoted like he was.
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                  Page 4


B.     Procedural background

       In Tennial’s complaint, he first alleged that the defendants discriminated against
him based on his race, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and the Tennessee Human Rights Act (THRA), Tenn. Code
Ann. § 4-21-101 et seq.       He next brought claims under both the THRA and the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 623, for age discrimination, as well as
claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § § 12101-12213, for
disability discrimination. Finally, Tennial alleged that the defendants interfered with his medical
leave and retaliated against him, in violation of the FMLA, 29 U.S.C. § 2615.

       UPS, Cochran, and Slabaugh moved for summary judgment on all counts in November
2014. Tennial opposed their motion and, in June 2015, filed a motion under Rule 56(d) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure asking the court to defer the consideration of summary
judgment in order for him to supplement his response with additional discovery. According to
the motion, Tennial wished to depose three managerial-level UPS employees regarding incidents
that had happened after the filing of the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.             The
defendants filed a response opposing Tennial’s motion, claiming in part that the information that
he sought to discover was irrelevant to his claims.

       In November 2015, the district court granted the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment and denied Tennial’s Rule 56(d) Motion. Following this decision, the defendants filed
a Bill of Costs with the Clerk of Court, seeking to recover permissible costs due the prevailing
party under Rule 54 (d)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Tennial objected, arguing
that the court should use its discretion and refuse to tax costs against him because the costs
sought were unreasonable and unjustified. In February 2016, despite Tennial’s objections, the
Clerk awarded costs to the defendants in the amount of $8,921.30. This timely appeal followed.
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                  Page 5


                                            ANALYSIS

A.       Standard of review

         We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Watson v. Cartee,
817 F.3d 299, 302 (6th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is proper when no genuine dispute of
material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In making this assessment, we must view all evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. McKay v. Federspiel, 823 F.3d 862, 866 (6th Cir.
2016).

         The denial of a Rule 56(d) request for additional discovery, on the other hand, is
reviewed using the abuse-of-discretion standard. Ball v. Union Carbide Corp., 385 F.3d 713,
720 (6th Cir. 2004). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the reviewing court is left with the
definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” F.T.C. v.
E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d 611, 623 (6th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
This means that we will not reverse the district court’s ruling on Tennial’s motion unless we
conclude that the ruling was arbitrary, unjustifiable, or clearly unreasonable. See id. The abuse-
of-discretion standard is also applicable to our review of the district court’s decision concerning
the taxation of costs. Soberay Mach. & Equip. Co. v. MRF Ltd., Inc., 181 F.3d 759, 770 (6th Cir.
1999).

B.       Racial-discrimination claims

         Although Tennial’s claims of racial discrimination arise under different statutes, they can
all be considered by utilizing the same analytical framework.           See Johnson v. Univ. of
Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 573 n.5 (6th Cir. 2000) (“The elements of [a] prima facie case as well
as the allocations of the burden of proof are the same for employment claims stemming from
Title VII and § 1981.”); Bailey v. USF Holland, Inc., 526 F.3d 880, 885 n.1 (6th Cir. 2008)
(“The analysis of claims brought pursuant to the THRA is identical to the analysis used for Title
VII claims.”). Under this framework, a plaintiff can prove racial discrimination by proffering
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                   Page 6


either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. Johnson v. Kroger Co., 319 F.3d 858, 864–65
(6th Cir. 2003). Tennial argues that he can establish a prima facie case for racial discrimination
under both methods, so we will address each of them in turn.

       1. Direct evidence

       Direct evidence consists of facts that, “if believed, require[] the conclusion that unlawful
discrimination was at least a motivating factor in the employer’s actions.” Id at 865. In other
words, when direct evidence is provided, no inferences are needed in order to conclude that
racial discrimination is afoot. Id.

       Tennial points to the following as direct evidence of racial discrimination: (1) Cochran’s
use of the word “n*****” in referencing another, nonparty UPS employee, and (2) a statement
made by District President Harms during a meeting with Tennial, in which Harms used the word
“boys” in reference to Tennial’s black coworkers. Despite the derogatory nature of these words,
the alleged comments do not constitute direct evidence of discrimination against Tennial.

       The first comment is based on the bare-bones affidavit of a coworker, consisting of one
sentence claiming that Cochran called the coworker a “n*****” while both were at work.
Tennial was not present during this alleged incident. He next points out that the use of the word
“boy” can be discriminatory, based on factors such as context, tone, and local custom. See Ash v.
Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 456 (2006) (per curiam).              But neither of these alleged
comments was directed at or made in reference to Tennial, nor were they made in the context of
his demotion. See id.; see also Worthy v. Michigan Bell Tel. Co., 472 F. App’x 342, 347 (6th
Cir. 2012) (rejecting as direct evidence of discrimination the use of the word “boy” when it was
too remote in time to the adverse employment action).

       A finding of racial discrimination based on these comments, moreover, would require us
to make inferences. First, we would have to infer that Cochran’s alleged use of the n-word with
respect to an unrelated employee meant that his decision to demote Tennial was due to a similar
racial animus. We would also be required to infer that Harm’s reference to Tennial’s coworkers
as “boys” meant that his animus trickled down and influenced the individual decisions of
Cochran and Slabaugh to initiate Tennial’s MPIP and demotion process.
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                   Page 7


       In sum, neither of these stray comments constitute direct evidence of racial
discrimination against Tennial. His “direct-evidence” theory of liability therefore fails.

       2. Circumstantial evidence

       Alternatively, Tennial argues that there is enough circumstantial evidence to establish
that UPS, Cochran, and Slabaugh discriminated against him based on race. We apply the
burden-shifting approach from the McDonnell Douglas line of cases to analyze these claims
under Title VII. Under this approach, Tennial must first establish the elements of a prima facie
case. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). He has to show that
he was (1) a member of a protected class, (2) subject to an adverse employment action,
(3) qualified for the position, and (4) replaced by a person outside the protected class or treated
differently than similarly situated nonminority employees.        See Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp.,
964 F.2d 577, 582 (6th Cir. 1992). If Tennial can establish these elements, then the burden shifts
to UPS to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for his demotion.           McDonnell
Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. Assuming that UPS has done this, Tennial can still survive the
company’s motion for summary judgment if he can “identify evidence from which a reasonable
jury could conclude that the proffered reason is actually a pretext for unlawful discrimination.”
See Provenzano v. LCI Holdings, Inc., 663 F.3d 806, 812 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Macy v.
Hopkins Cty. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 364 (6th Cir. 2007)).

       Tennial met the McDonnell Douglas requirements to establish a prima facie case. As an
African American, he is a member of a protected class and his demotion constitutes an adverse
employment action. Tennial was qualified for the job of Hub Manager because he had over
30 years of experience at UPS and was transferred to that position by the company. See Cline v.
Catholic Diocese of Toledo, 206 F.3d 651, 662–63, 666 (6th Cir. 2000)                 (holding that
consideration of the employer’s nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action at
the prima facie stage of the case improperly conflates the distinct stages of the McDonnell
Douglas inquiry). Finally, Tennial meets the last prong of the McDonnell Douglas prima facie
test because he was replaced as Hub Manager by a Caucasian.
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                 Page 8


       The burden therefore shifted to UPS to come forth with a legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason for his demotion. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. UPS pointed to Tennial’s
failure to correct on-going performance deficiencies and his failure to meet reasonable
expectations as set forth in the MPIP. This performance-based reason is supported by numerous
performance failures at the Twilight Hub both before and after Tennial’s MPIP process began,
which he has acknowledged.

       Because UPS put forth a legitimate, nondiscriminatory explanation for Tennial’s
demotion, the burden shifted back to Tennial to “identify evidence from which a reasonable jury
could conclude that the proffered reason is actually a pretext for unlawful discrimination” in
order to survive the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See Provenzano, 663 F.3d at
812. To show pretext, Tennial points to other Caucasian UPS managers who allegedly had
comparable service failures, yet were not demoted. Although a plaintiff can prove pretext in
several ways, evidence “[e]specially relevant to such a showing” is proof that an employer
treated similarly situated Caucasian employees differently when they engaged in acts of
comparable seriousness. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804. Tennial must therefore show
that similarly situated Caucasian “comparators” were responsible for similar performance
deficiencies, yet were not placed on a MPIP or demoted.

       The nonprotected employee need not be identical in every way in order to be a proper
comparator. Instead, the plaintiff must show that the comparator is similarly situated in all
relevant respects and has engaged in acts of comparable seriousness. Bobo v. United Parcel
Serv., Inc., 665 F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir. 2012). There is no specific list of factors that we must
consider in making this determination. Instead, we must make an “independent determination as
to the relevancy of a particular aspect of the plaintiff’s employment status and that of the non-
protected employee” based on the facts of the case. Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,
154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998). Tennial put forth four potential comparators: James Fly, Jay
Briggs, Bill Shadle, and Ann Hatley. He maintains that all of these Caucasian employees were
responsible for performance failures, yet none were disciplined. For the reasons discussed
below, however, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that no reasonable jury could find
any of these candidates to be adequate comparators.
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                    Page 9


       Tennial first argues that Fly, who permanently replaced him as Hub Manager of the
Twilight Sort in February 2013, is a proper comparator.              Although Fly failed to meet
performance goals during his first year as Hub Manager and has received reviews of
“improvement needed,” he has not been placed on a MPIP or demoted for failing to meet these
goals. Differences in experience and disciplinary history, however, establish that Tennial and
Fly are not similarly situated. See Campbell v. Hamilton County, 23 F. App’x 318, 325 (6th Cir.
2001) (holding that differences in job title and responsibilities, experience, and disciplinary
history may establish that two employees are not similarly situated). Fly had less than two years
of management experience when he became Hub Manager and had worked in the Memphis Hub
for only five years. Tennial, on the other hand, has over 10 years of managerial experience and
over 20 years of experience at the Memphis Hub. Because of these differences, no reasonable
jury could find that Fly and Tennial are similarly situated in all relevant respects.

       Tennial next contends that Briggs is a proper comparator. Briggs was Hub Manager of
the Twilight Sort before Tennial served in that position. Tennial argues that Briggs was a poor
performer, but was not placed on a MPIP or demoted. He bases these assertions largely on an
email from Slaubaugh, written after Slaubaugh observed the Twilight Sort under Briggs’s
management for only one day. In the email, Slaubaugh comments that the Twilight Sort had “the
worst package handling” he had ever seen.

       Tennial further claims that Williams, his former supervisor, transferred him to the
“troubled” Twilight Sort so that he could fix the problems that Briggs created there. The record,
however, reveals that this is a mischaracterization. Williams testified that Briggs was a strong
performer and was transferred from the Twilight Sort to the Oakhaven Hub because Oakhaven
was the biggest and hardest sort. In contrast, Williams said that Tennial was performing below
average as Hub Manager from the outset and that Williams himself had considered putting
Tennial on a MPIP.

       True enough, the record reveals that Briggs had previously been asked to prepare
corrective-action plans to address his performance deficiencies. But these write-ups are similar
to the ones that Tennial completed with respect to his own performance deficiencies, which cuts
against the argument that Tennial and Briggs were treated differently. UPS records also indicate
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                   Page 10


that Briggs improved and show that, during 2011 and 2012, Briggs was meeting his performance
goals. Briggs, therefore, did not have the long-standing performance issues that Tennial did. So
Briggs was not similarly situated to Tennial, nor did he have a record of comparable acts of
serious performance deficiencies. No reasonable jury, therefore, could find Briggs to be a proper
comparator.

       Shadle, who replaced Tennial as Hub Manager of the Twilight Sort during Tennial’s
FMLA leave and briefly after his demotion, is offered as still another potential comparator.
Tennial claims that, as his interim replacement, Shadle failed to meet the performance goals of a
Hub Manager, but was not demoted. Despite Tennial’s assertions, there is no record evidence to
support this argument. Shadle, moreover, was a training manager, acting only as a temporary
replacement for Tennial and not as a permanent Hub Manager. No reasonable jury could find
Shadle to be similarly situated to Tennial in all relevant respects or that he engaged in acts of
comparable seriousness.

       Finally, Tennial argues that Hatley is a proper comparator. Hatley is the Hub Manager at
the Oakhaven Hub and served in that capacity during 2011 and 2012 when Tennial was put on a
MPIP and demoted. Tennial asserts that Hatley failed to meet her performance goals, yet did not
suffer consequences similar to Tennial. Hatley’s performance record, however, indicates that
she did not engage in performance failures of comparable seriousness to Tennial’s. In 2010 and
2011, the record shows that Hatley actually exceeded her performance goals. Although Hatley
fell 39% short of one of her performance goals in 2012, Cochran did not put her on a MPIP plan
because she had exceeded her goals in the prior two years. Hatley’s performance errors, despite
this singular failure in 2012, were neither as long-standing nor as serious as Tennial’s. Because
of these differences, no reasonable jury could find Hatley and Tennial to be similarly situated.

       In sum, Tennial has failed to show that Fly, Briggs, Shadle, or Hatley are proper
comparators. There is, moreover, no other evidence of pretext in the record. Because Tennial
has failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact with respect to pretext, his racial-
discrimination claims were properly found to not survive the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment.
No. 15-6356                    Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                    Page 11


C.     ADEA claims

       Tennial also asserts that, as an employee over the age of 50, he has been subjected to
discrimination based on his age. He brings his claims under the ADEA, which prohibits age
discrimination in employment decisions. 29 U.S.C. § 623. Much like the cases under Title VII,
a plaintiff who alleges employment discrimination under the ADEA may bring a claim using
either direct or circumstantial evidence. See Geiger v. Tower Auto., 579 F.3d 614, 620 (6th Cir.
2009). Because Tennial presented no evidence of discriminatory age-related statements made by
any decisionmakers, his claim must be analyzed under the approach used for circumstantial
evidence.

       That approach embraces the same McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting regime discussed
above. Id at 622. Tennial was therefore required to show that (1) he is a member of a protected
class, (2) he was demoted, (3) he was qualified for the position held, and (4) he was replaced by
someone outside of the protected class. Id. Although Tennial was able to establish a prima facie
case of age discrimination for essentially the same reasons as stated in Part II.B. above, the sole
fact that he was replaced by a younger person is insufficient as a matter of law to raise a genuine
dispute of material fact as to whether UPS’s nondiscriminatory reason for demoting him was
pretextual. See Chappell v. GTE Prod. Corp., 803 F.2d 261, 267 (6th Cir. 1986) (holding that
“[t]he isolated fact that a younger person eventually replaces an older employee is not enough to
permit a rebuttal inference that the replacement was motivated by age discrimination”).
The district court therefore did not err in granting summary judgment against Tennial on his
ADEA claims.

D.     ADA claim

       We now turn to Tennial’s assertion that his rights were violated under the ADA. As the
district court noted, the record is unclear as to the specific nature of Tennial’s disability. For the
purposes of this analysis, however, we will assume that his work-related stress qualifies as a
disability. Tennial alleges that he was subjected to discrimination because of this disability and
because he was denied a reasonable accommodation.
No. 15-6356                     Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                Page 12


       He first asserts that his placement on a MPIP and the subsequent demotion were the
result of disability discrimination. To establish a prima facie case of disability discrimination,
“a plaintiff must show that 1) he or she is disabled; 2) otherwise qualified for the position, with
or without reasonable accommodation; 3) suffered an adverse employment decision; 4) the
employer knew or had reason to know of the plaintiff’s disability; and 5) the position remained
open while the employer sought other applicants or the disabled individual was replaced.”
Whitfield v. Tennessee, 639 F.3d 253, 258–59 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Furthermore, the disability must be a “but for” cause of the adverse employment action. Lewis v.
Humboldt Acquisition Corp., 681 F.3d 312, 318 (6th Cir. 2012) (en banc).

       Even assuming that Tennial was able to meet elements one, two, three, and five of a
prima facie case, he failed to present proof that any of the defendants were aware of his
disability. An employee cannot be subject to an adverse employment action based on his
disability unless the individual decisionmaker responsible for his demotion has knowledge of
that disability. Nilles v. Givaudan Flavors Corp., 521 F. App’x 364, 368 (6th Cir. 2013).
Although Tennial’s supervisors were aware that he took leave, there is no indication anywhere in
the record that his supervisors knew that this leave was for work-related stress.

       A prima facie case is not made out if the decisionmaker is unaware of the specifics of an
employee’s disabilities or restrictions, even if the decisionmaker has a general knowledge that a
disability exists. Arthur v. Am. Showa, Inc., 625 F. App’x 704, 708 (6th Cir. 2015). Despite
Tennial’s assertions, the record evidence shows that Tennial’s supervisors, including the primary
decisionmaker Cochran, were unaware of Tennial’s stress-related disability.         His claim for
disability discrimination therefore fails.

       Tennial’s related claim that he was denied a reasonable accommodation is similarly
without merit. He relies on a recorded conversation from a meeting with Cochran held after he
was put on the MPIP. The key part of this recording is as follows:

       MR. TENNIAL: All right. I just wanted to talked [sic] to you. Eventually I want
       to sit down because it seems like I’m having a hard time comprehending exactly
       what your expectations are. So if you don’t mind just -- of course, my ADA deal,
       I just wanted to ask you I had this –
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                  Page 13


       MR. COCHRAN: Hold on. I don’t want to be recorded. I never had anybody
       record me before. I mean, I will be glad to put it in writing exactly what, you
       know, what is expected. Guarantee your process, showing leadership.

       MR. TENNIAL: You want me to turn it off?

       MR. COCHRAN: Please do.

       Tennial claims that the above interaction constituted a request for and a denial of a
reasonable accommodation under the ADA. He contends that he needed a recording device
because he was having trouble understanding what Cochran wanted. The recorder would have
allowed Tennial to refer back to the conversation. Tennial admits that he did not further inform
anyone at UPS of his request for an accommodation under the ADA, but insists that, during this
interaction, he told Cochran that he was stressed out and needed a reasonable accommodation
under the ADA.

       To make out a claim for the denial of a reasonable accommodation, an employee must
first show that he proposed an accommodation and that the desired accommodation is objectively
reasonable. Talley v. Family Dollar Stores of Ohio, Inc., 542 F.3d 1099, 1108 (6th Cir. 2008).
Employees must not only “request to be accommodated, but [must] also provide their employers
with a sufficient basis to understand that the request is being made because of their disability.”
Deister v. Auto Club Ins. Ass’n, 647 F. App’x 652, 658 (6th Cir. 2016).

       Although there is no bright-line test for determining when an employee like Tennial has
made such a request, “at a minimum he must ‘make it clear from the context that [the request] is
being made in order to conform with existing medical restrictions.’” Id. (quoting Leeds v. Potter,
249 F. App’x. 442, 449 (6th Cir. 2007)). The district court correctly held that a fleeting
reference to “my ADA deal” was insufficient to put Cochran on notice of an accommodation
request. Tennial did not explain that the recorder would help accommodate his disability, and
the record evidence indicates that Cochran did not understand his request as such.

       And even if Cochran had understood Tennial’s request as one for an ADA
accommodation, Tennial’s claim fails for a second reason.                 If denied a requested
accommodation, an employee cannot force his employer to provide that specific accommodation
if the employer offers an alternative reasonable accommodation. Hedrick v. W. Reserve Care
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                  Page 14


Sys., 355 F.3d 444, 457 (6th Cir. 2004). In the present case, Cochran offered to memorialize the
conversation for Tennial in writing. Tennial fails to explain why this would not constitute a
reasonable accommodation. Because Tennial has not met his evidentiary burden in showing that
he made a request for an accommodation under the ADA, and because Cochran offered an
alternative reasonable accommodation, Tennial’s claims under the ADA are without merit.

E.     FMLA claims

       Tennial next points to alleged errors in the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
the defendants on his claims under the FMLA. The FMLA entitles qualifying employees up to
12 work weeks of leave under specified circumstances, including if they are suffering from a
serious health condition. 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). This court has recognized two theories of
recovery under the FMLA: interference and retaliation. Seeger v. Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co., LLC,
681 F.3d 274, 282 (6th Cir. 2012). Although a plaintiff can proceed under both theories, the
proof needed for each claim differs. Id. A plaintiff proceeding under a retaliation theory must
show discriminatory or retaliatory intent, whereas a plaintiff alleging interference need not prove
any unlawful intent on the part of his employer. Id. Tennial asserts that his FMLA rights were
violated under both theories. We will therefore address each of them in turn.

       Tennial first claims that his FMLA rights were interfered with when he was held
responsible for the performance deficiencies of his interim replacement after he returned from
leave. To establish a claim for interference under the FMLA, a plaintiff must demonstrate that
(1) he is an eligible employee, (2) the defendant is an employer as defined under the FMLA,
(3) the employee was entitled to leave under the FMLA, (4) the employee gave the employer
notice of his intention to take leave, and (5) the employer denied the employee FMLA benefits to
which he was entitled. Walton v. Ford Motor Co., 424 F.3d 481, 485 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Analysis of the first four factors is unnecessary because Tennial has not pointed to any
evidence in the record showing that he was denied FMLA benefits. A benefit is denied if an
“employer interferes with the FMLA-created right to medical leave or to reinstatement following
the leave.” Arban v. W. Pub. Corp., 345 F.3d 390, 401 (6th Cir. 2003). Tennial was never
denied leave. He was in fact granted it twice, once in 2011 when he was the Twilight Sort’s Hub
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                   Page 15


Manager and again in 2012 when he served as a supervisor of the Oakhaven Hub. Nor was he
denied reinstatement to those positions when he returned from leave.

        Tennial also brings a retaliation claim under the FMLA. He asserts that he was retaliated
against for exercising his FMLA rights because he was placed on a MPIP after he returned from
leave in 2011. Tennial alleges that his placement on a MPIP and his subsequent demotion were
not motivated by his poor performance, but because he took leave during UPS’s peak holiday
season. To establish a prima facie case of FMLA retaliation, a plaintiff must show that (1) he
engaged in an activity protected by the Act, (2) this exercise of his protected rights was known to
the defendant, (3) the defendant thereafter took an employment action adverse to the plaintiff,
and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment
action. Id at 404.

        In order to establish such a causal connection, a plaintiff must show some type of
retaliatory intent. Tennial therefore had to establish that the true motivation for his placement on
a MPIP and his subsequent demotion were not for the reasons given, but were instead based on
the fact that he took a medical leave of absence. Id. at 404. To prove this causal connection,
Tennial points to two sources of evidence: (1) the timing of his demotion, and (2) his
supervisors’ hostility towards employees that take leave during the peak holiday season. But
neither of these theories are supported by sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could
find in his favor.

        Tennial requested and was granted leave under the FMLA shortly after his September
2011 meeting with Harms, and he returned to work in early 2012. Following his placement on a
MPIP and his failure to meet those performance goals, Tennial was demoted to supervisor status
in July 2012. Despite this nearly seven-month period of time between his return to work and his
demotion, Tennial urges us to infer that his demotion was actually based on the exercise of his
FMLA rights. The district court correctly noted, however, that the gap between Tennial’s return
and his demotion is too long to support such an inference. Temporal proximity of more than six
months, standing alone, has not been found to support an inference of retaliatory discrimination
absent other compelling evidence. Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 566–67 (6th Cir.
2000) (noting that “cases that have permitted a prima facie case to be made based on the
No. 15-6356                     Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                 Page 16


proximity of time have all been short periods of time, usually less than six months”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

       Tennial contends, however, that there is additional evidence to support an inference of
retaliatory discrimination. He points to the testimony of James Wherry, a former UPS division
manager, who said that UPS has a policy of disfavoring employees that take leave during the
peak holiday season. Wherry based this assertion on comments made to him by Wilson, Director
of Human Resources at UPS, regarding an unrelated, nonparty employee. The weakness of this
evidence is underscored by the uncontested fact that Cochran, not Wilson, made the decision to
place Tennial on a MPIP and recommended that Tennial be demoted. We therefore agree with
the district court that this evidence does not raise a genuine dispute as to whether a causal
connection exists between Tennial’s leave and his demotion.             He was therefore unable to
establish a prima facie case for retaliation.

       In sum, the record does not support Tennial’s FMLA claims based on either interference
or retaliation. The district court thus did not err in granting summary judgment to the defendants
on these FMLA claims.

F.     Tennial’s motion to stay the court’s consideration of summary judgment

       Tennial also appeals the district court’s denial of his motion under Rule 56(d) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to stay consideration of the defendants’ summary-judgment
motion. Before summary judgment was entered, Tennial became aware of other instances of
UPS’s allegedly preferential treatment of managers outside the protected class. Specifically,
Tennial sought to depose three Caucasian managers who purportedly committed serious integrity
violations but did not suffer similar adverse employment actions. Information discovered in
these depositions, he argues, would likely be relevant under Bobo v. United Parcel Service, Inc.,
665 F.3d 741, 751 (6th Cir. 2012) (defining a comparator as an employee who is similarly
situated in all relevant respects to the plaintiff and has engaged in acts of comparable
seriousness). Although Tennial failed to elaborate, he seems to be arguing that these employees
could potentially serve as comparators under Bobo. Because the conduct in question happened
soon after the close of discovery and is potentially relevant to his claims, Tennial argues that the
No. 15-6356                   Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                 Page 17


district court should have granted him leave to supplement his response before ruling on the
defendants’ summary-judgment motion.

       The district court denied Tennial’s motion, holding that the potential new information
was irrelevant and thus would not alter the outcome of the decision. This ruling was not clearly
erroneous because key differences between this case and Bobo support the district court’s
conclusion. As Bobo makes clear, Tennial must show that the proposed comparators’ conduct
was similar in kind and in severity to his own. See id. They must “have engaged in the same
conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their
conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.” See Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605,
611 (6th Cir. 2002).

       Such similar conduct does not exist in the present case. Tennial’s demotion was the
result of his poor performance as a Hub Manager, whereas the three employees in question are
alleged to have engaged in “serious integrity violations.” Even if this misconduct occurred and
did not result in adverse employment actions for these employees, their alleged integrity
violations are materially different in kind from Tennial’s performance-based conduct. These
differentiating circumstances preclude them from being proper comparators. See Parks v. UPS
Supply Chain Sols., Inc., 607 F. App’x 508, 515–16 (6th Cir. 2015) (rejecting as comparators
employees who had different disciplinary issues than the plaintiff) (internal quotation marks
omitted). For these reasons, the district court’s decision to deny Tennial’s Rule 56(d) motion
was not an abuse of discretion.

G.     Order taxing costs

       Tennial’s final argument is that the district court erred in taxing costs of $8,921.30
against him under Rule 54(d) of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure. He mentions this issue in
an extremely cursory manner, however, devoting only two sentences in his entire brief to the
contention. Tennial simply argues that the district court’s ruling should be reversed because “the
case was close and difficult” and because of the “relative economic disparity between the
parties.” There are no citations provided to the record or to any caselaw, and the issue is not
mentioned or developed elsewhere in the brief.
No. 15-6356                  Tennial v. United Parcel Serv. et al.                 Page 18


       This issue has therefore been waived under this circuit’s caselaw, which states that
“[i]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed
argumentation, are deemed waived.” See Barany-Snyder v. Weiner, 539 F.3d 327, 331 (6th Cir.
2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, we need not consider this
issue on appeal.

                                       CONCLUSION

     For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgement of the district court.
