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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                                                  NO. 30,423

 5 EDWARD BONNER,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
 8 Neil C. Candelaria and Ross C. Sanchez, District Judges

 9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Olga Serafimova, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender
14 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant


17                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 VIGIL, Judge.
 1        Defendant appeals pursuant to a conditional plea entered in two consolidated

 2 cases: Case No. CR-2008-00215 (Days Inn case), and Case No. CR-2008-00417

 3 (Super 8 case). Defendant contends that the affidavits submitted in support of the

 4 search warrant in each case did not support the issuing judges’ findings of probable

 5 cause, and thus, his motions to suppress evidence were improperly denied. We affirm

 6 both orders denying Defendant’s motions to suppress.

 7 I.     BACKGROUND

 8        Two separate cases were consolidated for purposes of a conditional plea. We

 9 briefly discuss the affidavits and facts of each case before turning to the arguments

10 Defendant raises on appeal. However, because this is a memorandum opinion and the

11 parties are familiar with the procedural history and facts of the case, we reserve further

12 discussion of pertinent facts within the context of the analysis.

13 A.      Days Inn Case

14        The affidavit submitted in support of the search warrant in the Days Inn case

15 is dated May 23, 2007, and it contained the following relevant information. A

16 confidential informant (CI/It/it) told the affiant (the officer) that “‘it’ had information

17 about an individual known as ‘Tex’ who was selling crack cocaine out of rooms in the

18 Menaul/University area. ‘It’ advised that ‘it’ has purchased crack cocaine from ‘Tex’

19 in the past and knows that he sells on a continuing and on going basis.” The officer


                                                2
 1 was able to identify “Tex” as Edward Bonner [Defendant], through information

 2 provided by the CI, another confidential source, and police documentation indicating

 3 that Defendant was known as “Tex.” The officer further stated that he was able to

 4 locate Defendant at “2120 Menaul Blvd NE room 5125” (the Days Inn).

 5        The officer used the CI to execute a controlled buy from room 5125. The

 6 officer confirmed that the CI had no drugs before it entered room 5125 and kept the

 7 CI under constant surveillance while entering and exiting the room.             The CI

 8 immediately returned to the officer, without stopping or meeting with other persons,

 9 and provided the officer with a substance that a field test indicated was cocaine.

10        The officer prepared an affidavit detailing this information within sixty-seven

11 hours of the controlled buy. A district court judge found that the affidavit established

12 grounds for the issuance of a search warrant and issued the search warrant for

13 Defendant’s Days Inn hotel room. Police searched Defendant’s hotel room pursuant

14 to the search warrant and found cocaine, marijuana, and drug paraphernalia.

15 B.     Super 8 Case

16        The affidavit submitted in the Super 8 case is dated June 27, 2007, and was

17 prepared by the same officer and contained many similarities to the affidavit

18 submitted in the Days Inn case. The Super 8 affidavit stated that the CI informed that

19 “‘it’ knows an individual known as ‘Tex’ to be selling crack cocaine/cocaine on a


                                              3
 1 regular and on going basis.” In addition, the affidavit stated that the CI “advised that

 2 ‘It’ has first hand knowledge of trafficking and ‘It’ states it has purchased crack

 3 cocaine/cocaine from ‘Tex’ in the past and could do so again for the purposes of an

 4 investigation.” The officer again stated he was able to confirm the identity of “Tex”

 5 as Defendant based on previous investigations and based on the information provided

 6 by the CI. The officer also confirmed that Defendant was “occupying/renting” room

 7 125 at the Super 8 Motel located at 2500 University Blvd., NE.

 8         The affidavit stated that the CI told the officer that persons could walk up to

 9 Defendant’s motel window, tap on the glass, and enter to purchase crack

10 cocaine/cocaine. According to the officer, surveillance confirmed that unknown

11 individual(s) were conducting this described behavior at room 125, where Defendant

12 was currently “occupying/renting.” A controlled buy was conducted in the same

13 manner as in the Days Inn case with the use of the CI, and again produced a substance

14 field tested to be cocaine. The affidavit said that the CI advised with regard to the

15 controlled buy that it “purchased the cocaine from ‘Tex’ [Defendant] and could do so

16 again in the future.”

17        The officer again prepared the affidavit within sixty-seven hours of the

18 controlled buy detailing the information gained in the investigation. A district court

19 judge issued a search warrant to search room 125 at the Super 8. Police searched the


                                              4
 1 hotel room pursuant to the search warrant and again found cocaine, marijuana, and

 2 drug paraphernalia.

 3 C.     Motions to Suppress

 4        Defendant was charged with one count of trafficking cocaine, one count of

 5 possession of marijuana (one ounce or less), and one count of possession of drug

 6 paraphernalia in the Days Inn case, and one count of each of the same charges in the

 7 Super 8 case. The cases were assigned to different district judges in the Second

 8 Judicial District (who were also different from the district judges who issued the

 9 search warrants). Defendant filed motions to suppress evidence in each case asserting

10 that the affidavits failed to establish probable cause. Both motions to suppress were

11 denied by the respective district judges. Thereafter, the cases were consolidated for

12 purposes of a conditional plea, in which Defendant reserved the right to appeal from

13 the orders denying his motions to suppress. Defendant appeals.

14 II.    ANALYSIS

15        The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section

16 10 of the New Mexico Constitution protect persons from unreasonable search and

17 seizure. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.M. Const. art. II, § 10. Thus, “[e]xcept in the

18 case of a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions, before

19 conducting a search, the Fourth Amendment requires police to obtain a warrant issued


                                             5
 1 by a judge or magistrate.” State v. Trujillo, 2011-NMSC-040, ¶ 14, 150 N.M. 721,

 2 266 P.3d 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, “[a]ny search

 3 pursuant to a warrant that has an affidavit lacking in probable cause is unreasonable.”

 4 State v. Nyce, 2006-NMSC-026, ¶ 11, 139 N.M. 647, 137 P.3d 587, limited on other

 5 grounds by State v. Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29, 146 N.M. 488, 212 P.3d 376.

 6        “A search warrant may be issued when sufficient facts are presented in a sworn

 7 affidavit to enable the magistrate to make an informed, deliberate, and independent

 8 determination that probable cause exists.” State v. Vest, 2011-NMCA-037, ¶ 7, 149

 9 N.M. 548, 252 P.3d 772 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. granted,

10 2011-NMCERT-005, 150 N.M. 667, 265 P.3d 718; see Rule 5-211 NMRA. The

11 degree of proof required to establish probable cause to issue a search warrant is less

12 than a certainty of proof but more than a suspicion or possibility.       See State v.

13 Gonzales, 2003-NMCA-008, ¶ 12, 133 N.M. 158, 61 P.3d 867, limited on other

14 grounds by Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29. “Thus, the magistrate must have

15 sufficient facts upon which to conclude that there is a reasonable probability that

16 evidence of a crime will be found in the place to be searched.” Vest, 2011-NMCA-

17 037, ¶ 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).            “In making this

18 determination, we consider solely the information within the four corners of the

19 affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant.” Id.


                                              6
 1        Defendant contends the affidavits in both cases failed to establish the veracity

 2 of the CI(s)1 and that the information in the affidavits was stale due to the sixty-seven-

 3 hour lapse in time between the investigation at the hotel rooms and the preparation of

 4 the affidavits. We address our standard of review, and each argument in turn.

 5 A.     Standard of Review

 6        We review the sufficiency of an affidavit submitted in support of the issuance

 7 of a search warrant for a substantial basis to support the issuing judge’s probable

 8 cause determination. See Trujillo, 2011-NMSC-040, ¶ 17 (“[A]n issuing court’s

 9 determination of probable cause should not be reviewed de novo but, rather, must be

10 upheld if the affidavit provides a substantial basis to support a finding of probable

11 cause.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Under substantial basis

12 review, “[a] reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for that of the issuing

13 court.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Rather, it is the

14 reviewing judge’s duty to determine whether the affidavit as a whole, and the

15 reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom, provide a substantial basis for

16 determining that there is probable cause to believe that a search will uncover evidence

17 of wrongdoing.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The substantial



18      ¹It is unclear from the affidavits whether two different confidential informants
19 were used in the two separate investigations, or whether the same CI was used.

                                               7
 1 basis standard of review is more deferential than the de novo review applied to

 2 questions of law, but less deferential than the substantial evidence standard applied

 3 to questions of fact.” Id. ¶ 18 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation

 4 omitted).

 5        The substantial basis standard “does not preclude the reviewing court from

 6 conducting a meaningful analysis of whether the search warrant was supported by

 7 probable cause.” Id. ¶ 19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Rather,

 8 if, after reviewing the affidavit as a whole, the direct and circumstantial evidence

 9 alleged, as well as all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those allegations, does

10 not support the issuing court’s determination of probable cause, then the search is

11 invalid and unreasonable.” Id. (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation

12 omitted). “But, if the factual basis for issuing the warrant is sufficiently detailed in

13 the affidavit, and the issuing court has found probable cause, the reviewing courts

14 should not invalidate the warrant by interpreting the affidavit in a hypertechnical,

15 rather than commonsense, manner.” Id. (alteration, internal quotation marks, and

16 citation omitted).

17 B.     Veracity

18        The Aguilar-Spinelli test used in New Mexico states, “[t]o support a finding of

19 probable cause the affidavit must establish (1) the informant’s basis of knowledge, and


                                              8
 1 (2) facts showing the informant’s veracity.” State v. Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶ 17,

 2 127 N.M. 752, 987 P.2d 409 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), limited

 3 on other grounds by Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29; see Rule 5-211. Defendant

 4 does not challenge the “basis of knowledge” prong and only contends that the

 5 affidavits were deficient in establishing the CI(s)’ veracity.

 6        “Under the veracity prong, the affidavit must set forth sufficient facts for the

 7 issuing judge to independently determine either the inherent credibility of the

 8 informants or the reliability of their information.” Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶ 18.

 9 “Reliability of an informant may be established, among other ways, by showing that:

10 (1) the informant has given reliable information to police officers in the past; (2) the

11 informant is a volunteer citizen-informant; (3) the informant has made statements

12 against his or her penal interest; (4) independent investigation by police corroborates

13 informant’s reliability or information given; and (5) facts and circumstances disclosed

14 impute reliability.” Vest, 2011-NMCA-037, ¶ 13 (internal quotation marks and

15 citation omitted).

16         Neither affidavit established that the informant had given information to police

17 in the past nor that it was a volunteer informant. However, the CI in each case made

18 statements against its penal interest. Moreover, veracity was established by the

19 successful controlled buys that were executed in each case, and the independent


                                              9
 1 observations of the officer that corroborated the CI’(s) statements in each case. See

 2 State v. Lujan, 1998-NMCA-032, ¶ 10, 124 N.M. 494, 953 P.2d 29 (concluding that

 3 veracity of the confidential informant was established based both on the reliability of

 4 the information in past cases and the controlled buy, stating: “The controlled buy also

 5 bears on the confidential informant’s credibility and thereby addresses both prongs of

 6 the Cordova (Aguilar-Spinelli) test . . . [because] information about a controlled buy

 7 reduces the uncertainty and risk of falsehood about the information provided by the

 8 informant”); see Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 23-24 (relying on the fact that police

 9 officers through investigation and observation independently corroborated various

10 aspects of the information given by the informants as one factor in concluding that the

11 issuing judge could reasonably find that the veracity of the informants had been

12 properly established by the search warrant); Cf. Vest, 2011-NMCA-037, ¶ 17

13 (concluding that information that the confidential informant had participated in

14 successful controlled buys in other cases in the past did not independently establish

15 the veracity of the informant because those only confirmed that the individual could

16 work well under police supervision, which we noted was “not the same as that of

17 providing reliable information that officers then used to purchase controlled

18 substances”).




                                             10
 1         In the Days Inn case, the CI had stated that it was able to buy drugs from

 2 Defendant, that Defendant was selling out of “rooms” in the Menaul/University area

 3 and that Defendant sells “on a continuing and on going basis.” The officer then

 4 witnessed the CI enter a hotel room, independently verified to be Defendant’s, and

 5 return with cocaine. Likewise, in the Super 8 case, the CI was able to execute a

 6 controlled buy from Defendant’s hotel room after informing the officer that he knows

 7 Defendant was selling crack cocaine/cocaine “on a regular and on going basis.”

 8 Furthermore, during independent surveillance of the Super 8, the officer witnessed the

 9 exact activity by “unknown individual(s)” that the CI had indicated was a method of

10 purchasing drugs from Defendant’s hotel room.

11        Further, beyond the corroboration of the information given to officers by the

12 CI(s), the affidavits provided other information supporting the CI(s)’ reliability. Both

13 affidavits stated that the CI was providing information for monetary gain and that

14 “[c]onfidential source knows that if ‘It’ provides false information at anytime during

15 this investigation, no payment will be given and criminal charges will be filed against

16 ‘It.’” We acknowledge Defendant’s argument that a paid informant is less reliable

17 than a volunteer citizen informant. However, we conclude that the CI(s)’ awareness

18 of the promise of criminal prosecution and withholding of money by giving false

19 information nonetheless provide some indicia of reliability, even if it is not as strong


                                              11
 1 as that of a volunteer citizen informant. See State v. Dietrich, 2009-NMCA-031, ¶ 16,

 2 145 N.M. 733, 204 P.3d 748 (quoting an out of jurisdiction case stating that while a

 3 paid informant is less reliable than a concerned citizen informant, in considering the

 4 informant’s veracity, we also consider the fact that the informant provided his name

 5 to police and that subsequent police investigation corroborated the informant’s

 6 statements); Cf. Steinzig, 1999-NMCA-107, ¶ 20 (“One who knows the police are

 7 already in a position to charge him with a serious crime will not lightly undertake to

 8 divert the police down blind alleys. Thus, where the circumstances fairly suggest that

 9 the informant well knew that any discrepancies in his story might go hard with him,

10 that is a reason for finding the information reliable.” (alteration, internal quotation

11 marks, and citation omitted)).

12        Because the information the CI(s) provided the officers in the investigation was

13 verified by officer investigation, surveillance, and the controlled buys, we conclude

14 that the veracity of the CI(s) was established in both cases. In addition, the CI(s)’

15 statements against their penal interest, and the CI(s)’ awareness of the promise of

16 filing criminal charges and monetary withdrawal if the CI(s) supplied false

17 information further strengthens the reliability of the CI(s). We therefore conclude that

18 substantial evidence was presented to the issuing judge to establish the veracity of the

19 CI(s) in both the Days Inn and Super 8 cases.


                                              12
 1 C.     Staleness

 2        Probable cause requires a factual showing that evidence of the crime exists on

 3 the premises to be searched.       See Gonzales, 2003-NMCA-008, ¶ 11.             Thus,

 4 information obtained under circumstances that do not support the conclusion that

 5 evidence will remain at the place to be searched when the warrant is issued is

 6 considered “stale,” and cannot support a finding of probable cause. See id. We have

 7 previously concluded that information gathered from a hotel room forty-eight and

 8 seventy-two hours before the preparation of an affidavit contained stale information.

 9 State v. Whitley, 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 5, 128 N.M. 403, 993 P.2d 117 (concluding that

10 information in the affidavit was stale when forty-eight hours had passed since the

11 defendant was observed selling marijuana out of a hotel room), limited on other

12 grounds by Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29; see also State v. Lovato, 118 N.M.

13 155, 157, 879 P.2d 787, 789 (Ct. App. 1994) (finding evidence to be stale when

14 seventy-two hours had passed between the time of a controlled buy at a hotel room

15 and the preparation of the affidavit).       Defendant therefore contends that the

16 information in both affidavits was stale because it was gained through investigation

17 of a hotel room conducted sixty-seven hours before the affidavits were prepared.

18        However, the span of time between an investigation and preparation of an

19 affidavit is not always dispositive, as “staleness involves a variety of considerations,


                                              13
 1 including not only time, but also the character of the crime and the extent of prior

 2 activity, the consumable or transferable nature of the items to be seized, the

 3 information known about the suspect and his or her habits, and the location to be

 4 searched.” Whitley, 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 8. In line with this reasoning, we have stated

 5 that “[i]f there is a reasonable basis in the affidavit for the conclusion that the criminal

 6 activity alleged by the informer is of a continuing, ongoing nature, the passage of time

 7 between the informer’s last observations of that activity and the issuance of the

 8 warrant is less significant than when no such showing is made.” State v. Garcia, 90

 9 N.M. 577, 579, 566 P.2d 426, 428 (Ct. App. 1977) (internal quotation marks and

10 citation omitted).

11         In Lovato, we concluded that information obtained in a hotel room seventy-two

12 hours before the preparation of the affidavit was stale, because the affidavit provided

13 no evidence that indicated continuous and ongoing criminal drug activity. 118 N.M.

14 at 158, 879 P.2d at 790. The affidavit did not state that the informant had seen other

15 drugs, nor did it confirm that the individuals who sold the informant the drugs were

16 still residing in the hotel room. See id. Because no evidence of continuous and

17 ongoing criminal activity was included in the affidavit, we concluded that the

18 evidence had become stale. See id. We reasoned that bare information of one

19 controlled buy obtained seventy-two hours prior to the preparation of the affidavit,


                                                14
 1 from a transient place such as a hotel room, failed to support the conclusion that

 2 evidence of a crime would be found in the hotel room when the warrant issued. See

 3 id.

 4        Likewise, in Whitley, we concluded that information was stale where an

 5 informant stated that it had witnessed the defendant sell marijuana in a hotel room

 6 forty-eight hours before the preparation of the affidavit. 1999-NMCA-155, ¶¶ 5, 10.

 7 Again we concluded that the affidavit did not support evidence of continuous and

 8 ongoing criminal activity. See id. ¶ 10. In so doing, we rejected the state’s arguments

 9 that continuous and ongoing activity was established by the informant’s statement that

10 the defendant was “selling marijuana in the last forty-eight hours,” and that

11 continuous and ongoing activity could be inferred by the usual continuing nature of

12 drug sales. See id. ¶¶ 6-7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Rather, we

13 concluded that the affidavit indicated nothing more than one transaction, which was

14 insufficient to establish continuing and ongoing drug activity. See id. Further, we

15 reasoned that because drugs are a highly consumable item, and the nature of the hotel

16 room was transitory, greater uncertainty existed that the past drug sale witnessed by

17 the informant would support a finding of evidence of a crime after the passage of time.

18 See id. ¶ 9. We therefore concluded that the affidavit was “deficient in supplying

19 details from which the issuing court could reasonably infer continuing drug activity,”


                                             15
 1 and did not provide probable cause to issue the search warrant when forty-eight hours

 2 had passed since the informant saw the drugs. See id. ¶¶ 5, 10.

 3        Because the veracity of the CI(s) was established by both affidavits and

 4 Defendant does not challenge the basis of the knowledge prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli

 5 test, we may rely on the CI(s)’ hearsay statements in the affidavits to establish

 6 probable cause. See Rule 5-211. We note that the affidavits often lack facts to

 7 establish the basis of the CI(s)’ knowledge about the continuing and ongoing drug

 8 sales; however, because Defendant concedes the basis of knowledge prong, we must

 9 assume that the CI(s)’ basis of knowledge was established.

10        The information in the Days Inn affidavit that related to Defendant’s continuous

11 and ongoing drug activity consisted primarily of the hearsay statements of the CI. The

12 affidavit stated that the CI had “advised that ‘it’ had information about an individual

13 known as ‘Tex’ who was selling crack cocaine out of rooms in the Menaul/University

14 area. ‘It’ advised that ‘it’ has purchased crack cocaine from ‘Tex’ in the past and

15 knows that he sells on a continuing and on going basis.” The affidavit also stated that

16 the CI “has proven ‘Itself’ knowledgeable with the patterns and activities of persons

17 involved in [selling drugs, including cocaine].” The officer also stated: “I have also

18 learned through these investigations that drug dealers sell drugs on a continuous and

19 ongoing basis.” In addition, the officer verified that Defendant remained in the room


                                             16
 1 in stating that “[a]s of May 23, 2007 I was able to confirm through surveillance and

 2 information provided that [Defendant] is still occupying room 5125 and will be at the

 3 time of warrant service. Prior to the execution of the warrant I will confirm that

 4 [Defendant] is still occupying room 5125.”

 5        We have previously rejected the argument that the fact that drugs are typically

 6 sold on a continuous and ongoing basis is sufficient to establish continuous and

 7 ongoing activity when an affidavit notes that a drug sale has occurred. See Whitley,

 8 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 7. We likewise do not place a great deal of weight upon the

 9 officer’s acknowledgment that his prior experience establishes that drugs are typically

10 sold on a continuing and ongoing basis, because the officer’s statement is not

11 grounded in any particular facts that Defendant was selling drugs on a continuing and

12 ongoing basis out of his hotel room.

13        Nonetheless, we conclude that the officer’s statement is unnecessary to our

14 analysis, because the issuing judge could have reasonably inferred ongoing and

15 continuing criminal activity based on the other information included in the affidavit.

16 The CI was able to execute a controlled buy of cocaine from Defendant’s hotel room

17 after stating that he had bought crack cocaine from Defendant in the past, allowing for

18 the reasonable inference that Defendant sold drugs on more than one occasion and

19 could still be selling drugs out of his hotel room when the warrant issued. Further, the


                                              17
 1 affidavit stated that the CI knew that Defendant was selling crack cocaine out of

 2 “rooms” in the area where Defendant was verified to have a hotel room. Thus, the fact

 3 that a controlled buy was successfully executed from Defendant’s hotel room

 4 combined with the CI’s statement that he was selling out of “rooms” led to a

 5 reasonable inference of continuous drug selling by Defendant out of his Days Inn

 6 hotel room. The issuing judge also could have reasonably inferred that the CI’s stated

 7 knowledge of the patterns of individuals involved in selling drugs would qualify him

 8 to accurately conclude that an individual is involved in continuous and ongoing drug

 9 activity, thereby supporting his statement that Defendant’s activity was continuous

10 and ongoing. See State v. Rubio, 2002-NMCA-007, ¶ 8, 131 N.M. 479, 39 P.3d 144.

11 The affidavit also verified that Defendant would still be occupying the hotel room at

12 the time of service of the warrant, also supporting that drugs would remain in the

13 room if Defendant was dealing on a continuous and ongoing basis. We therefore

14 conclude that sufficient information was included in the Days Inn affidavit for the

15 issuing judge to reasonably infer continuous and ongoing drug activity out of

16 Defendant’s Days Inn hotel room.

17        In the Super 8 case, the affidavit contained the same assertions as the Days Inn

18 case with regard to the CI’s knowledge that Defendant was conducting drug dealing

19 on a “regular and ongoing basis,” and the officer’s statement that his experience


                                             18
 1 established that drug dealing is typically conducted on a continuous and ongoing

 2 basis. Further, the affidavit stated that the CI “has first hand knowledge of trafficking

 3 and ‘It’ states that it has purchased crack cocaine/cocaine from ‘Tex’ in the past and

 4 could do so again for the purposes of an investigation.” In addition to this more

 5 extensive statement regarding the CI’s knowledge, the Super 8 case also included the

 6 observations of the officer that Defendant was “actively conducting business as

 7 described by the CI.” The officer noticed “unknown individual(s)” in the area

 8 knocking on the window to enter room 125, an activity that the CI had identified as

 9 associated with buying cocaine. The affidavit also confirmed that “[Defendant] is

10 currently occupying/renting” room 125. The CI also stated that it had purchased the

11 cocaine in the controlled buy specifically from Defendant, and “could do so again in

12 the future.” Thus, this evidence established continuing and ongoing drug activity

13 more conclusively than the Days Inn affidavit. We therefore conclude that sufficient

14 information was also presented in the Super 8 affidavit from the which the issuing

15 judge could reasonably infer continuous and ongoing criminal activity.

16        We have been instructed to refrain from construing affidavits in a

17 “hypertechnical” manner, to consider all circumstantial and direct evidence, and to

18 make all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the affidavit. Trujillo, 2011-

19 NMSC-040, ¶ 19 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, we conclude


                                              19
 1 that under the substantial basis standard adopted by our Supreme Court, the

 2 cumulative information provided in the affidavit was sufficient for the issuing judge

 3 to reasonably infer that Defendant was selling drugs on a continuing and ongoing

 4 basis in both cases. Evidence was presented upon which reasonable inferences could

 5 be drawn of continuous and ongoing drug sales in the affidavits before us. Thus they

 6 are distinguishable from those in Lovato and Whitley. The evidence of continuing

 7 criminal activity and the verification that Defendant was still occupying the hotel

 8 rooms established a greater likelihood that drug related evidence would be found in

 9 the hotel rooms sixty-seven hours after the investigations. Lovato, 118 N.M. at 157,

10 879 P.2d at 789 (“The significance of the time factor depends on whether there was

11 an isolated transaction or a continuing series of events.”). The issuing judges could

12 reasonably infer that evidence of the drug sales would still be present in Defendant’s

13 hotel rooms despite the passage of time in both cases. We therefore agree with both

14 issuing judges, and both judges who decided the motions to suppress that the

15 information in the affidavits was not stale.

16 III.   CONCLUSION

17        The orders of the district courts denying Defendant’s motions to suppress are

18 affirmed.

19        IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                             20
1                                      ______________________________
2                                      MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
3 WE CONCUR:


4 _________________________________
5 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge


6 _________________________________
7 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge




                                  21
