                            FOURTH DIVISION
                              DILLARD, C. J.,
                        DOYLE, P. J., and MERCIER, J.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                      March 6, 2019




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1850. MAQROUF v. THE STATE.                                              DO-058 C

      DOYLE, Presiding Judge.

      Following a jury trial, Mohammed Azozz Maqrouf was convicted of cruelty to

a child in the first degree for kicking his daughter.1 He appeals the denial of his

amended motion for new trial, arguing that the trial court erred (1) by admitting

evidence that Maqrouf subsequently molested another daughter; and (2) by refusing

to charge the jury on the lesser-included offense of second-degree cruelty to a child.

For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

              On appeal from a criminal conviction, the defendant is no longer
      presumed innocent[,] and all of the evidence is to be viewed in the light
      most favorable to the jury verdict. This Court does not reconsider
      evidence or attempt to confirm the accuracy of testimony. So long as

      1
          OCGA § 16-5-70 (b).
      there is some competent evidence to support each fact necessary to the
      State’s case, even if contradicted, the jury’s verdict will be upheld.2


      So viewed, the evidence shows that Maqrouf and his wife, Zahoor, have two

daughters. On June 15, 2012, Zahoor brought the girls — five-year-old S. M. and

their two-year-old — to the gas station that she owned, and while there, she and

Maqrouf argued. S. M. began to cry and urged Zahoor to leave, saying “let’s go.”

Maqrouf told Zahoor to “make this little bitch [be] quiet, and kicked S. M. in the

stomach, causing her to land against the wall across the room. When she tried to

intervene and protect S. M., Maqrouf slapped Zahoor in the face and struck her in her

back. When Zahoor attempted to gather the girls to return home, Maqrouf grabbed the

two-year-old and threatened to snap her neck if Zahoor reported the incident to the

police.

      Zahoor did not call the police immediately after the incident. Instead, a day or

two later, she called a detective with whom she was familiar after she saw Maqrouf

enter their two-year-old daughter’s room in the middle of the night, get into bed with

the child, and then “ejaculate[] himself” with one hand while fondling his daughter


      2
       (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Johnson v. State, ___ Ga. ___, ___ (1) (b)
(Case No. S18A0805, decided Oct. 22, 2018).

                                          2
under her underwear with his other hand. When the detective did not return her call

immediately, Zahoor drove her children to the police department and reported both

incidents.

       Maqrouf was charged with first-degree cruelty to S. M. and family violence

battery against Zahoor.3 Zahoor and S. M. testified about the incident, and the State

introduced photographs Zahoor took depicting bruises on her hand and on S. M.

Zahoor also testified about multiple incidents of domestic violence committed by

Maqrouf against her over a ten-year period, explaining that although she sometimes

called the police, she usually recanted the allegations because her children “needed

their father in their life.”

       Despite counsel’s advice to the contrary, Maqrouf testified, insisting that both

S. M.’s and Zahoor’s testimonies about the June 15 incident were “lies” and

suggesting that Zahoor fabricated the accusations to get back at him for issues

regarding money and her family.

       The jury found Maqrouf guilty of first-degree cruelty to a child, and he was

sentenced to twenty years to serve the first ten in prison and the remainder on


       3
       The State also charged Maqrouf with making terroristic threats but
subsequently entered a nolle prosequi on that count before trial.

                                           3
probation.4 The trial court denied his amended motion for new trial, and this appeal

followed.

      1. Maqrouf argues that the trial court erred by admitting Zahoor’s testimony

that she observed him molesting their two-year-old daughter a day or two after the

incident giving rise to the charges in the instant case as evidence of prior difficulties.

We agree, and, tellingly, the State offers no argument in response to Maqrouf’s

challenge to the admission of the subsequent child molestation accusation.

      Before trial, defense counsel moved in limine “to exclude any and all testimony

about the pending [child molestation] charges of my client that he has in Clayton

County,” arguing that “it would be highly prejudicial and character evidence[,] as he

has not been convicted of these charges yet.” The State countered that the evidence

was admissible under OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) (“Rule 404 (b)”) to demonstrate “motive,

plan,[ and] intent” and stated that it showed “a pattern of behavior . . . a pattern of

violence in this household.” The prosecutor asserted that the State was not required

to give notice that it intended to introduce the evidence because it was being “offered

to prove the circumstances immediately surrounding the charged crime to prove

motive or any and all prior difficulties between the accused and any of the alleged

      4
          Maqrouf was acquitted of family violence battery.

                                            4
victims. . . .” The prosecutor stated that after Zahoor witnessed Maqrouf “doing this

to her two children, that was it for her. That was the breaking point. That’s what

caused the nexus between these two things and for the police to finally get involved.”

      The trial court asked the prosecutor whether “the victim is the same in both

cases,” and the prosecutor responded, “Yes.” The court then denied the motion in

limine, stating: “I’m going to find that the Clayton County conduct is relevant and

that the probative value is not substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice and

admit the prior difficulty evidence over objection.” Although the court did not specify

the purpose for admitting the evidence in its ruling, it later gave the jury the pattern

charge on prior difficulties, as requested by the State:

      Evidence of prior difficulties between the defendant and the alleged
      victim has been admitted for the sole purpose of illustrating, if it does,
      the state of feeling between the defendant and the alleged victim.
      Whether this evidence illustrates such matters is solely a matter for you,
      the jury, to determine, but you are not to consider such evidence for any
      other purpose.5




      5
       See Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (3d ed.), §
1.34.20, p. 27.

                                           5
      During the trial, Zahoor testified that a day or two after the incident giving rise

to the charges in the instant case, she witnessed Maqrouf molesting their two-year-old

daughter, not S. M. (the victim in the instant case), as the State had represented to the

trial court during the motion in limine.6

      (a) Pursuant to Rule 404 (b), although evidence of other acts is inadmissible

to show an accused’s propensity to commit a crime, it may “be admissible for other

purposes, including, but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”7 The State

is not required to give notice of the defense in advance of trial “when the evidence

of prior crimes, wrongs, or acts is offered to prove the circumstances immediately

surrounding the charged crime, motive, or prior difficulties between the accused and

the alleged victim.”8



      6
          During direct examination, the prosecutor asked Zahoor if she was
“suspicious prior to this,” and Zahoor responded, “Yes. Many time I told him that
how he close to her. On many occasion I notice he holding the baby and his — he up.
I said why -- why you and --you shouldn’t have that feeling holding your kid in your
hand. . . .”
      7
       Brooks v. State, 298 Ga. 722, 724 (2) (783 SE2d 895) (2016), quoting OCGA
§ 24-4-404 (b).
      8
          OCGA § 24-4-404 (b).

                                            6
      “Unlike similar transactions, prior difficulties do not implicate independent acts

or occurrences, but are connected acts or occurrences arising from the relationship

between the same people involved in the prosecution and are related and connected

by such nexus.”9

      Evidence of prior difficulties between an accused and a victim is a type
      of character evidence which should be received with care and should not
      be admitted at all if there is no probative connection with the present
      case. For there to be a probative connection between the prior
      difficulties and the present case, there must be: some link of association,
      something which draws together the preceding and subsequent acts,
      something which gives color of cause and effect to the transaction, and
      sheds light upon the motive of the parties.10


Although the Supreme Court of Georgia has affirmed the admission of prior

difficulties between the defendant and a person other than the victim in the charged

case, the Court explained that such evidence was admissible “to draw together the

preceding and subsequent acts and give color of cause and effect to the transaction




      9
      (Punctuation omitted.) Blackwell v. State, 346 Ga. App. 833, 838 (2) (815
SE2d 288) (2018).
      10
       (Punctuation omitted.) Sheppard v. State, 267 Ga. 276, 278-279 (3) (476
SE2d 760) (1996).

                                          7
and to show a continuous course of conduct.”11 As this Court has previously

explained, “[a]lthough evidence of prior difficulties should be received with care and

should not be admitted at all if there is no probative connection with the present case,

[if] the evidence sheds light on the defendant’s conduct toward the victim, its

relevance outweighs its prejudicial effect.”12

      “We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence of prior difficulties

between the parties for a clear abuse of discretion.”13 But if “a trial court’s ultimate

ruling is subject to only an abuse of discretion review, the deference owed the trial

court’s ruling is diminished when the trial court has clearly erred in some of its

findings of fact and/or has misapplied the law to some degree.”14 Because the

prosecutor in this case (presumably mistakenly) misled the trial court by stating that

the victim in the molestation case was the same child as the victim in the instant case,




      11
           (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 279 (3).
      12
       (Punctuation omitted.) Morrow v. State, 230 Ga. App. 137, 140 (2) (b) (495
SE2d 609) (1998).
      13
           Edge v. State, 345 Ga. App. 794, 798 (3) (815 SE2d 146) (2018).
      14
        (Punctuation omitted.) State v. Atkins, 304 Ga. 413, 417 (2) (819 SE2d 28)
(2018), quoting State v. Porter, 288 Ga. 524, 526 (2) (a) (705 SE2d 636) (2011).

                                            8
our deference to the court’s ruling on the admission of the other acts evidence is

diminished.15

      Here, Maqrouf’s sexual molestation of his two-year-old daughter a day or two

after his preceding act of kicking five-year-old S. M. during an argument with his

wife are not a “continuous course of conduct,” nor does evidence of the molestation

shed light on the Maqrouf’s motives or his conduct towards S. M. Instead, they are

unrelated acts.

      Pretermitting whether the evidence was relevant, however, it does not satisfy

the requirements of OCGA § 24-4-403 (“Rule 403”), which provides: “Relevant

evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by

considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative

evidence.” In conducting the Rule 403 balancing test, we must consider whether the

trial court “properly considered all the circumstances surrounding the [other] act


      15
          We note that at the motion for new trial hearing, the defense elicited
testimony from Maqrouf’s trial counsel and presented argument that the child in the
subsequent child molestation was a different child than the victim in the charged
offense. The trial court’s order denying the motion for new trial does not elaborate
on its ruling regarding admission of the evidence and simply denies the motion on
that basis without explanation or mention of the prosecutor’s misrepresentation.

                                         9
evidence, including the similarities between the charged act and the [other] act, the

remoteness in time between the charged act and the [other] act, and the prosecution’s

need for the [similar] act evidence.”16

      Here, although the two acts occurred within a day or two of each other, they are

not similar. Although both acts were committed against his young daughters, one

involved kicking the five-year-old while arguing with his wife, and the other was an

act of sexual molestation against his younger daughter. And contrary to the State’s

argument, Zahoor’s testimony that she was only motivated to report the assault

against S. M. after witnessing him molest their other daughter is not probative of

whether he committed the charged crime against S. M. Further, Zahoor was allowed

to testify as to a pattern of family violence explaining why she delayed calling the

police. Therefore, the State has not demonstrated a need for the similar act evidence,

and the probative value of the subsequent molestation was minimal.

      Having so concluded, we must now weigh the extremely low probative value

of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice.




      16
           (Punctuation omitted.) Jones v. State, 301 Ga. 544, 548 (2) (802 SE2d 234)
(2017).

                                          10
      As the Supreme Court of Georgia has explained, one of the dangers
      inherent in the admission of extrinsic offense evidence is that the jury
      may convict the defendant not for the offense charged but for the
      extrinsic offense, because the jury may feel that the defendant should be
      punished for that activity even if [he] is not guilty of the offense
      charged. Indeed, the major function of Rule 403 is to exclude matters of
      scant or cumulative probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake
      of its prejudicial effect. And [any time evidence of a separate] crime is
      admitted into evidence, there is a prejudicial effect. Here, because the
      probative value of [Maqrouf’s] subsequent [molestation of his other
      daughter] was minimal given all the attendant circumstances, the danger
      of interjecting unfair prejudice was a greater risk.17


This is particularly true here, in light of the nature of the crime Maqrouf allegedly

committed against his two-year-old daughter.

      (b) Having determined that the trial court erred by admitting evidence that

Maqrouf subsequently molested his two-year-old daughter, we must now review the

record de novo to determine whether the error was harmless.18




      17
         (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Houseworth v.
State, ___ Ga. App. ___, ___ (2 ) (Case No. A18A1105, decided Oct. 22, 2018),
quoting Jones, 301 Ga. at 548 (2) & Brown v. State, 303 Ga. 158, 162 (2) (810 SE2d
145) (2018).
      18
           See Brown, 303 Ga. at 164 (2).

                                            11
             The test for determining nonconstitutional harmless error is
      whether it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the
      verdict. Under the “highly probable” test, a reversal is not required if the
      evidence of guilt is overwhelming in that there is no reasonable
      probability that the verdict of the jury would have been different in the
      absence of [the] error. Admission of evidence does not constitute
      reversible error where, viewing the posture of the entire record, it is
      highly probable that its admission did not contribute to the verdict.19


      Here, although both Zahoor and S. M. testified that Maqrouf kicked S. M., and

the State introduced photographs of bruises on S. M., Maqrouf denied the charges at

trial.20 Furthermore, the jury acquitted him of family violence battery against Zahoor,

despite her testimony that he slapped and struck her. And Zahoor’s testimony that she

observed Maqrouf molesting their two-year-old, as well as her “suspicions” about his

inappropriate feelings towards the child, “was extremely prejudicial in the eyes of the

jury. Based on this record, we cannot conclude it is highly probable that the erroneous




      19
          (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Sanchez-Villa, 341 Ga. App. at 273 (1)
(b), quoting Rivera v. State, 295 Ga. 380, 382 (2) (761 SE2d 30) (2014) & Lowther
v. State, 263 Ga. App. 282, 283 (1) (587 SE2d 335) (2003).
      20
         The photographs in the appellate record are very dark, making it difficult to
discern the images.

                                          12
admission of the challenged other acts evidence did not contribute to the verdict.”21

Because the evidence was sufficient to support Maqrouf’s conviction, however, he

may be retried.22

        2. In light of our holding in Division 1, Maqrouf’s remaining enumeration is

moot.

        Judgment reversed. Dillard, C. J., and Mercier, J., concur.




        21
       Brooks v. State, 298 Ga. 722, 727-728 (2) (783 SE2d 895) (2016). See also
Sanchez-Villa, 341 Ga. App. at 274 (1).
        22
             See Hart v. State, 305 Ga. App. 259 (699 SE2d 445) (2010).

                                           13
