                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-0715-17T4

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

SHELBY E. HUTCHINS,

          Defendant-Appellant.


                   Argued June 4, 2019 – Decided June 20, 2019

                   Before Judges Fasciale and Rose.

                   On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Atlantic County, Indictment Nos. 15-09-2222
                   and 15-10-2632.

                   Stephen P. Hunter, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
                   argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
                   Public Defender, attorney; Stephen P. Hunter, of
                   counsel and on the briefs).

                   Lauren Bonfiglio, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
                   cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
                   General, attorney; Lauren Bonfiglio, of counsel and on
                   the brief).
PER CURIAM

      Following denial of her motion to suppress evidence seized without a

search warrant, defendant Shelby Hutchins pled guilty to multiple charges of an

Atlantic County indictment, including second-degree unlawful possession of a

handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b).       The charges emanated from defendant's

involvement in the burglary of her ex-boyfriend's residence, from which several

firearms were stolen.    Defendant was sentenced to an aggregate term of

imprisonment of three years with one year of parole ineligibility pursuant to the

Graves Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c). Defendant now appeals, claiming the motion

judge erred by failing to suppress incriminating paperwork seized from her bag

during the search of her friend's vehicle, and by finding defendant lacked

standing to challenge the search. For the reasons that follow, we revers e and

remand.

                                     I.

      We summarize the salient facts from the suppression hearing, during

which the State presented the testimony of four members of the Egg Harbor

Police Department (EHPD). Defendant did not testify nor present any evidence.

      While attempting to locate defendant two days after the burglary, EHPD

Detectives Kyle Warren, Robert Harte and Shawn Owen approached a red

                                                                         A-0715-17T4
                                          2
minivan owned by defendant's friend, Nicole Cooper.          After passing the

detectives' unmarked car, the minivan pulled over to the side of a roadway in the

vicinity of the hotel where Cooper and defendant were reportedly staying.

Cooper and defendant's then-current boyfriend, Elmer Burgos, 1 were the only

occupants of the vehicle.

      While speaking with Cooper, Owen detected an odor of raw marijuana.

Mindful that "the case was a firearm case," Owen asked Cooper whether she

wished to surrender anything in the vehicle. Cooper turned over a small bag of

marijuana from her purse, and consented to a search of the vehicle at roadside.

When Warren opened a drawstring bag and discovered what appeared to be

several bundles of heroin, Cooper disclaimed ownership of that bag and all other

bags in the minivan, except for her purse. Notably, Cooper told Warren she and

Burgos were en route to defendant's mobile home "to drop the bags off" when

the minivan pulled over.

      Rather than resuming the search, Warren contacted his supervisors, who

directed him to tow the vehicle to the police station to photograph and record

the items seized during the search. Thereafter, police considered obtaining a


1
  Burgos was charged as a codefendant in the present matter. He participated
in the suppression hearing, but is not a party to this appeal. Cooper was not
indicted in this matter.
                                                                         A-0715-17T4
                                       3
search warrant to resume the search of the minivan, including the remainder of

the bags that had not been opened.        However, "a legal advisor from the

Prosecutor's Office" said a search warrant was unnecessary. Instead, Warren

again asked Cooper for her consent to continue searching the minivan, including

the bags, of which she had denied ownership. Cooper's consent was video and

audio recorded.

      During the second search of the minivan, detectives opened another

drawstring bag, containing female clothing and "paperwork for the stolen

handgun that was removed from the residence." Police determined that bag

belonged to defendant.

      Following the suppression hearing, the motion judge issued a written

decision. Relevant here, the judge initially determined the search conducted at

the police station was valid because drugs had been found in one of the bags

during the roadside search:

                  After the car was towed to [EHPD] headquarters,
            police officers resumed the search of Ms. Cooper's
            vehicle. Finding the drugs in one bag created probable
            cause to believe more drugs would be found in other
            similar container[s]; thus, the search of the other bag
            would also be permissible.




                                                                       A-0715-17T4
                                      4
         Further, the motion judge found defendant lacked standing to challenge

the search of Cooper's minivan because "at the time of the stop, [defendant] had

fled to Northern New Jersey." According to the judge:

              The fact that [defendant] was not present when the
              vehicle was searched, nor in the vicinity of the stop,
              further exemplifies an absence of . . . defendant's
              proprietary, possessory and participatory [sic]. The
              record is void of any evidence to support the contention
              that defendant retained any interest in the victim's
              permit to purchase firearms and paperwork for [the
              stolen] handgun at the time of the search. Further the
              [c]ourt finds that the[re] was seemingly no connection
              [between] the search of the car and [defendant]. While
              the police may have initially stopped the vehicle to
              investigate into the whereabouts of [defendant], the
              search was commenced after marijuana was found and
              Ms. Cooper consented to the search of the vehicle. The
              police stopped the car to learn if [defendant] was in the
              car, but the police were not searching the car with the
              purpose to find [defendant].

Accordingly, the judge concluded defendant's "alleged connection to the vehicle

searched and the items seized simply [wa]s far too attenuated to support a

constitutional right to object to the search and seizure."

      On appeal, defendant renews the arguments she raised before the motion

judge:

              POINT I

              THE PAPERWORK RELATED TO THE THEFT OF
              THE HANDGUNS SHOULD HAVE BEEN

                                                                          A-0715-17T4
                                         5
            SUPRESSED BECAUSE COOPER'S CONSENT TO
            SEARCH THE VAN COULD NOT REASONABLY
            EXTEND TO CLOSED BAGS ONCE THE POLICE
            WERE INFORMED THAT THE BAGS DID NOT
            BELONG TO HER. STATE V. SUAZO, 133 N.J. 315,
            320 (1993).
            POINT II

            THE JUDGE'S CONCLUSION THAT DEFENDANT
            LACKED STANDING BECAUSE "SHE WAS NOT
            PRESENT    WHEN       THE      ITEMS   WERE
            DISCOVERED" VIOLATED NEW JERSEY'S
            AUTOMATIC STANDING RULE.            STATE V.
            RANDOLPH, 228 N.J. 566 (2017).

      In response, the State abandons its third-party consent argument for the

bags searched after the minivan was impounded, claiming "the continued search

at police headquarters was justified by the automobile exception [to the warrant

requirement] . . . ." Indeed, at oral argument before us, the State conceded the

validity of Cooper's second consent to search no longer was an issue, but claimed

exigent circumstances supported the warrantless search of the minivan at the

police station. In its merits brief, the State mentioned in passing that the search

was also proper under the inevitable discovery exception to the warrant

requirement. The State did not advance that point at oral argument.

                                      II.

      In reviewing a suppression ruling, we are mindful that we must uphold a

trial court's factual findings if they are supported by sufficient credible evidence

                                                                            A-0715-17T4
                                            6
in the record. State v. Dunbar, 229 N.J. 521, 538 (2017). "We accord no

deference, however, to a trial court's interpretation of law, which we review de

novo." Ibid.

      "Warrantless seizures and searches are presumptively invalid as contrary

to the United States and the New Jersey Constitutions." State v. Pineiro, 181

N.J. 13, 19 (2004). To overcome this presumption, the State must show by a

preponderance of evidence that the search falls within one of the well-

recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement. State v. Bryant, 227 N.J. 60,

69-70 (2016). The warrant requirement "is not lightly to be dispensed with, and

the burden is on the State, as the party seeking to validate a warrantless search,

to bring it within one of those recognized exceptions." State v. Alston, 88 N.J.

211, 230 (1981).

      As the motion judge noted in the present case, the State opposed

defendant's suppression motion on four grounds. Pertinent to this appeal, 2 the

State argued "Cooper's consent was valid[,]" and defendant lacked "standing to

contest the evidence seized." Indeed, much of the testimony adduced at the

motion hearing pertained to the propriety of the searches conducted at the


2
  The State also contended the stop was valid and the protective pat-down search
of Cooper and Burgos was lawful. Defendant does not contest those points on
appeal.
                                                                          A-0715-17T4
                                        7
roadside and police station. Nonetheless, the State now concedes Cooper's

consent did not validate the search of the bags after the vehicle was impounded.

      Because we agree, we merely acknowledge the motion judge erroneously

upheld the search of the bags at the police station where, as here, Cooper

disclaimed ownership of the bags; expressly advised police the bags belonged

to defendant; and stated she and Burgos had been en route to drop off the bags

at defendant's residence before the search. As our Supreme Court explained in

State v. Suazo 3:

                   A third party who possesses the authority to
             consent to a search of premises generally, however,
             may lack the authority to consent to a search of specific
             containers found on those premises. [The] consent does
             not extend to containers in which the consenting party
             has disclaimed ownership[, or] to property within the
             exclusive use and control of another.

             [133 N.J. at 320 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).]



3
   In Suazo, the third-party driver consented to a search of his vehicle, which
revealed a closed bag in the trunk. 133 N.J. at 318. Prior to the search, the
defendant-passenger claimed ownership of the bag. Ibid. Relying on the driver's
consent, police opened the bag and discovered narcotics. Ibid. The Court held
the defendant's ownership claim of the bag rendered the officer's reliance on the
driver's consent unreasonable.       Id. at 322.      Rather, the defendant's
"acknowledgment that he owned the . . . bag impelled [the officer] either to seek
[the] defendant's consent or to make further inquiry before opening the bag."
Ibid. Accordingly, the Court reversed the trial court's denial of defendant's
suppression motion. Id. at 323.
                                                                         A-0715-17T4
                                        8
Moreover, the motion judge erroneously determined defendant lacked standing

to challenge the search and seizure of the bags. Although she was not present

when the minivan was stopped or searched, defendant was the target of the stop;

the bags contained evidence of the burglary; Cooper expressly disclaimed

ownership of the bags; and Cooper identified defendant as the owner. Clearly,

under those circumstances, defendant had automatic standing to challenge the

search of the bags, at least one of which contained evidence implicating her in

the burglary. See State v. Hinton, 216 N.J. 211, 233-34 (2013) (quoting Alston,

88 N.J. at 228) ("Unlike federal law, New Jersey law confers automatic standing

on a defendant 'in cases where the defendant is charged with an offense in which

possession of the seized evidence at the time of the contested search is an

essential element of guilt.'").

      Because the State did not raise before the trial judge its newly-minted

argument that the search was justified under the automobile exception to the

warrant requirement, we need not consider that argument on appeal. State v.

Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 20 (2009). Nonetheless, at oral argument before us, the

State maintained the testimony adduced at the hearing established exigent




                                                                        A-0715-17T4
                                       9
circumstances,4 thereby preventing police from obtaining a warrant. The State

therefore urges us to affirm on grounds other than those relied upon by the

motion judge. See State v. Heisler, 422 N.J. Super. 399, 416 (App. Div. 2011).

      However, we need look no further than the consistent testimony of the

EHPD detectives, which dispel the State's belated argument that exigent

circumstances justified the warrantless search here:

            DEFENSE COUNSEL: . . . you would agree with me,
            would you not, Detective [Warren], that you had ample
            opportunity to apply for a search warrant at th[e] point
            [in which the vehicle was towed to the station], right?

            WARREN: I could have, yes.

                  ....

            DEFENSE COUNSEL: . . . in your judgment you would
            agree, would you not, Detective [Harte], that you or
            your team had ample opportunity, . . . the police that
            were conducting this investigation had ample
            opportunity to apply for a warrant, is that right?

4
   Because the search in the present case occurred before the Supreme Court
decided State v. Witt, 223 N.J. 409, 431 (2015), exigent circumstances making
it "impracticable to obtain a warrant when the police have probable cause to
search the car" were still necessary to conduct a warrantless search of Cooper's
minivan. As we recently recognized, "[i]n the aftermath of Witt, the current law
of this State now authorizes warrantless on-the-scene searches of motor vehicles
in situations where: (1) the police have probable cause to believe the vehicle
contains evidence of a criminal offense; and (2) the circumstances giving rise to
probable cause are unforeseeable and spontaneous." State v. Rodriguez, ___
N.J. Super. ___, ___ (App. Div. 2019) (slip op. at 12) (emphasis added)
(footnote omitted) (citing Witt, 223 N.J. at 447-48).
                                                                         A-0715-17T4
                                      10
            HARTE: I believe so, sir.

      Further, at the time of the search at the police station, Cooper's minivan

was in the exclusive custody of the EHPD, secured at its own sally port, thereby

obviating the risk the bags would be removed or destroyed by passersby as might

be the case at the roadside. Also, the burglary had occurred two days before the

vehicle was stopped and the search occurred during daytime hours. But cf. State

v. Minitee, 210 N.J. 307, 322-23 (2012) (upholding the search of a motor vehicle

under the automobile exception where the car was searched after midnight,

while police were actively investigating a string of robberies). We thus reject

the State's argument that the search was justified under the automobile exception

on substantive as well as procedural grounds.

      Finally, the State's fleeting suggestion that "the incriminating evidence

would have inevitably been discovered by the police obtaining a search warrant"

lacks sufficient merit to warrant discussion in our opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We

simply note our Supreme Court recently rejected a similar belated argument in

State v. Shaw, ___ N.J. ___, ___ (2019) (slip op. at 38) (declining to apply the

inevitable discovery doctrine where "[a] review of the record show[ed] the

prosecutor made only passing reference to the inevitable discovery doctrine").

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.


                                                                         A-0715-17T4
                                      11
