                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 08a0750n.06
                            Filed: December 9, 2008
                             No. 06-3492



                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


AMANI MAHMOUD ALHADDAD ,

         Petitioner

                                                      On Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                                                      Board of Immigration Appeals

v.

MICHAEL MUKASEY ,

         Respondent

______________________________/


         BEFORE: KENNEDY, BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges, and THAPAR *, District
Judge.


         KENNEDY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Amani Mahmoud Alhaddad seeks review of a March

9, 2006, decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Board), denying her application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture (CAT) relief. A native and citizen of

Israel, she resided in Gaza before coming to the United States. Based on inconsistencies between

her asylum application and testimony, the Board found her to lack credibility. In the alternative, the

Board found that she had not suffered past persecution and had no well-founded fear of future




         *
       The Honorable Amul R. Thapar, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
persecution. Because we believe the Board’s findings were supported by substantial evidence, we

deny the petition for review.

                                           BACKGROUND

        Petitioner Alhaddad, a national and citizen of Israel, resided in Gaza before coming to the

United States. J.A. at 10-11. Petitioner testified that while in Gaza, she volunteered at the

Association of Women Committees for Social Work (AWCSW) for a little over a year. As a

volunteer, she traveled door to door to recruit members for the organization. She testified that the

organization focused on promoting education of women and aimed at informing women of their

“rights and duties with their husbands and society, the right to vote, the rights to work, and the right

to participate in building the society.”

        Alhaddad based her testimony in support of her asylum application on two 1999 incidents

which resulted from her participation in AWCSW. First, she testified that in July or August of 1999,

she was struck on the arm and back by Palestinian police officers who were attempting to dissipate

a demonstration in which she was participating. She sustained an injury to her arm for which she

was treated at a private clinic. Second, she claims that in 1999, two Palestinian police officers came

to her house and demanded that she meet with their supervisor. She reported to the station less than

a week later and met with the police supervisor for an hour. During this meeting, she realized that

the police knew personal information about her including her name, the subjects that she was

studying, and how far she had progressed in her education. The police warned her that she “should

not participate in any kind of such demonstration” and threatened her with imprisonment if she did

participate. As a threat, the police supervisor offered to show her other people that had been arrested



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before her. Following this meeting, she ceased her volunteer activities with AWCSW and decided

that she needed to “get out of the country.”

        Alhaddad remained in Gaza to finish her schooling, however, and met her husband there in

2000. They married a few days after meeting. Her husband helped her leave Gaza by applying to

a university in the United States for her and obtaining a student non-immigrant visa on her behalf.

Once in the United States, Alhaddad enrolled in courses at Tennessee State University. She became

pregnant soon after entering the United States, however, and experienced severe complications

related to her pregnancy. As a result, she was unable to remain a full-time student and was informed

by university officials that her student visa had been cancelled.

        Alhaddad applied for asylum on September 14, 2002, with the assistance of her husband, an

asylee whose grasp of the English language was better than her own. Her application focused on past

persecution she claimed to have experienced at the hands of the Israeli army and made no mention

of her involvement in AWCSW or her fear of persecution by the Palestinian Authority.

        The main issue in Alhaddad’s removal hearing was the inconsistency between her asylum

application and her testimony. In her written application, she focused on her fear of being persecuted

by the Israeli army. She described an incident in which she was “shot at” with a rubber bullet during

a riot. Inconsistencies existed even as to the facts surrounding this incident. She testified that she

personally had been hit by a bullet, while her application explicitly states, “I did not get hit.” When

asked why she failed to mention any of the incidents involving the Palestinians in her application,

she testified, “I was afraid it would go to the Palestinians…I was afraid for my family over there,

too.”   She offered a similar explanation when asked why she had omitted any reference to the



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AWCSW and had answered “no” to the application’s query, “Have you…ever belonged to or been

associated with any organizations or groups in your home country, such as, but not limited to, a

political party, student group, labor union, religious organization, military or paramilitary group, civil

patrol, guerilla organization, ethnic group, human rights group, or the press or media?”

          Based on this apparent inconsistency as well her lack of knowledge of certain details about

the AWCSW, the Immigration Judge found that Alhaddad was not credible. Additionally, the

Immigration Judge found that even were she credible, she had not established past persecution based

on her testimony regarding the demonstration injury and the police station incident. He found

relevant that she had remained in Gaza for two years following the police station incident and that

during that time, she had suffered no persecution. Additionally, he found that her application and

testimony lacked any evidence that members of the AWCSW had been targeted by the Palestinian

police. Based on this analysis, the Immigration Judge found that Alhaddad was ineligible for

asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture relief.

          On May 9, 2006, the Board dismissed Alhaddad’s appeal, agreeing with the Immigration

Judge’s credibility determination and alternative finding of ineligibility based on a failure to establish

past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. Alhaddad timely filed a petition for

review.

                                              ANALYSIS

I. Standard of Review

          We review administrative findings of fact under a deferential substantial evidence standard,

such that the findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to


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conclude to the contrary.” INA § 242(b)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). A court may reverse a

finding of fact only if “the evidence not only supports th [e] conclusion [urged by the petitioner], but

compels it....” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n. 1 (1992); Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700,

702-03 (6th Cir.2004).

        The BIA's discretionary determination of whether to grant asylum is “conclusive unless

manifestly contrary to law and an abuse of discretion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D). “An abuse of

discretion occurs when the BIA exercises its discretion in a way that is arbitrary, irrational, or

contrary to law.” Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 288 (6th Cir. 2005)(citation omitted). When

reviewing the denial of withholding of removal, we uphold the Board’s determination “unless it is

‘manifestly contrary to the law.’” Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir.2003)

(quoting Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d 591, 596 (6th Cir.2001)). We apply the same standard of review to

claims for relief under the CAT. Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 749 (6th Cir.2006).

II. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

A. Applicable Law

        In order to qualify for asylum, an applicant must survive a “two-step inquiry: first, whether

the petitioner is a ‘refugee’…and second, whether the petitioner merits a favorable exercise of

discretion by the Immigration Judge.” Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396, 406 (6th Cir.2007)

(citation omitted). “The burden of proof is on the applicant to establish that the applicant is a

refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), a “refugee” is an

individual “who is unable or unwilling to return to” his country “because of persecution or a well-

founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular


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social group, or political opinion.” To establish his or her status as a refugee, a petitioner must

establish either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b).

A well-founded fear of persecution does not require the petitioner to establish that she probably will

be persecuted if she is forced to return to her home country; “[o]ne can certainly have a well-founded

fear of an event happening when there is less than a 50% chance of the occurrence taking place.” INS

v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 431 (1987).

       Withholding of removal, governed by 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h)(1), is mandatory if a petitioner’s

“life or freedom would be threatened [in the country of deportation] on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id. A petitioner seeking

withholding of removal “must show a ‘clear probability of persecution,’ which is a stricter standard

than the ‘well-founded fear’ standard that applies with respect to applications for asylum.’” Ali v.

Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 411 (6th Cir.2004) (quoting INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984)). When

faced with a claim for withholding of removal, “[t]he courts consider the same factors to determine

eligibility for both asylum and withholding, but in the case of withholding, a higher probability of

persecution is required.” Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 544-4.

B. The Board’s determination that Alhaddad was not credible was supported by substantial
   evidence

           To find an applicant not credible, an Immigration Judge must explicitly state specific

reasons for the determination. Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 335 F.3d 615, 623 n. 7 (6th Cir. 2004)(citation

omitted). An adverse credibility finding must be based on “issues that go to the heart of the




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applicant’s claim,” Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924, 926 (6th Cir. 2004). Minor inconsistencies will not

be sufficient to support an adverse credibility finding. Daneshvar, 355 F.3d at 623 n. 7.1

             The major discrepancies between Alhaddad’s application and testimony were sufficient

to support an adverse credibility finding. In her application, Alhaddad alleged only persecution by

the Israeli army,and made no mention of persecution she had experienced at the hands of the

Palestinian Authority. Far from constituting a minor discrepancy, this omission later became the

entire basis for her claim. “[O]missions may form the basis of an adverse credibility determination,

provided they are substantially related to the asylum claim.” Liti v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 631, 637 (6th

Cir.2005). As the Government’s brief accurately points out, we have found lesser admissions

sufficient to support an adverse credibility determination. See Final Brief for Respondent at 16,

Amani Mahmoud Alhaddad v. Michael B. Mukasey, No. 06-4392 (6th Cir. Sept. 18, 2008) (citing

Ndrecaj v. Mukasey, 522 F.3d 667, 675 (6th Cir. 2008); Ceraj v. Mukasey, 411 F.3d 583 (6th Cir.

2007); Shkabari v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 324, 329-330 (6th Cir. 2005)).

             Substantial evidence supported the Board’s finding that Alhaddad’s explanation for the

omissions in her application was unpersuasive. Her claim that she feared the Palestinian Authority

would find out about her activities with ACSWS is weak in light of the fact that she had already been


         1
           In Amir v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 921, 925 n.4 (6th Cir. 2006), this court noted that the statute governing
credibility determinations has been modified:

         The REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (codified in scattered sections of 8 U.S.C.),
         changed the standard of governing credibility determinations, stating that those determinations may
         be made “without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the
         applicant’s claim.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). This provision, however, only applies to aliens who
         applied for asylum, withholding of removal, or other relief on or after M ay 11, 2005, the effective date
         of this division of the Act. Pub.L. 109-13, div.B, § 101(h)(2), 119 Stat. 231 at 305.

         As Alhaddad applied for asylum on September 14, 2002, this provision of the REAL ID Act does not
         apply to her claims.

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called in by the Palestinian police supervisor to discuss her involvement with that organization.

Additionally, her husband, who assisted her in filling out her application, testified that he knew that

the application was confidential.

           We decline to rely on Alhaddad’s lack of knowledge as to the founding date, leader, and

newsletter title of the AWCSW in assessing her credibility. “An adverse credibility finding….cannot

be based on an irrelevant inconsistency.” Sylla, 388 F.3d at 926. We do not believe that an

individual volunteering for a 10,000 member organization would necessarily have knowledge of its

precise history, its hierarchy of management or its newsletter’s exact title. Evidence that she lacked

knowledge of this information does not “go to the heart of” her asylum claim and is irrelevant to her

credibility. See Sylla, 339 F.3d at 926.

           Even absent the findings as to Alhaddad’s lack of knowledge regarding the details of

AWCSW, the discrepancies between her written application and oral testimony provided a sufficient

basis for the Board’s finding that Alhaddad was not credible. Substantial evidence supported the

Board’s adverse credibility finding.

C. Substantial evidence supported the Board’s finding that Alhaddad had not established past
   persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution

       Alhaddad’s claim of past persecution was based on two incidents, neither of which rose to

the level of persecution. Alhaddad bases her claim on (1) an arm injury suffered as a result of being

hit by Palestinian police at a demonstration and (2) a meeting with the Palestinian police in which

she was threatened with imprisonment if she chose to participate in future demonstrations. Because

neither of these incidents constituted past persecution, she is not entitled to a presumption of a well-

founded fear of future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1).

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       Persecution involves “more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or

intimidation, unaccompanied by any physical punishment, infliction of harm, or significant

deprivation of liberty.” Almuhtaseb, 453 F.3d at 750(citation omitted). It is insufficient if an

applicant experiences “indiscriminate abuse, such as physical force or violence employed against a

crowd of demonstrators.” Ceraj, 511 F.3d at 593. While an isolated incident may in some cases be

sufficient to constitute past persecution, “it must be correspondingly severe.” Mohammed v. Keisler,

507 F.3d 369, 371 (6th Cir. 2007). Under this precedent, the episodes complained of by petitioner,

while troubling, clearly fall short of past persecution. Alhaddad suffered no permanent injury to her

arm as a result of being struck by police at the demonstration. Neither the demonstration incident

nor the meeting with the police can compare to those isolated incidents which we have held to be

sufficiently severe. See, e.g., Mohammed, 507 F.3d at 371 (holding a three-day detention during

which petitioner was slapped and kicked by police to be insufficient).         Substantial evidence

supported the Board’s finding that Alhaddad did not experience persecution in the past.

       Additionally, the fact that Alhaddad remained in Gaza for two years following the meeting

at the police station with no further incidents indicates she has not experienced past persecution and

has no well-founded fear of persecution in the future. We have held that an asylum claimant’s

ability to remain in her home country after claimed persecutory incidents without experiencing

further persecution “indicates that her situation...was not sufficiently grave to constitute

persecution.” Almuhtaseb; 453 F.3d at 750 (holding that asylum applicant who remained in home

country for six years following occurrence of claimed persecution failed to establish past

persecution); see also Mullai v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 635, 638 (6th Cir. 2004)(finding that fact that

petitioner waited over three months to leave her home country weakened her claim of past

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persecution). Alhaddad argues that she stayed to finish her education. Whatever her reason was for

staying, the fact that she was able to remain in the country peacefully without any interaction with

the Palestinian Authority indicates that she would be able to return to Gaza without fear of

persecution. Substantial evidence supported the Board’s conclusion that Alhaddad had not suffered

past persecution and had no well-founded fear of future persecution.

       Because substantial evidence supports the Immigration Judge's conclusion that Alhaddad is

not eligible for asylums, he “cannot satisfy the more stringent standard for withholding of

deportation.” Daneshvar, 355 F.3d at 625.

II. Convention Against Torture

       To qualify for relief under the Convention Against Torture, Alhaddad must establish a

“particularized threat of torture.” Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 551. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1)

defines “torture” as:

   any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally
   inflicted on a person for such purposes as ... punishing him or her for an act he or she or a
   third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing
   him or her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when
   such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or
   acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.

The term “torture” includes only “an extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment and does not

include lesser forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that do not amount to

torture.” 8 C.F.R § 1208.18(a)(2). To be considered torture, “an act must be specifically intended

to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(5).




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       In considering whether it is “more likely than not” that an alien would be subject to torture

were she returned to the country of removal, all evidence related to the chance of future torture

should be assessed, including the following factors:

   (i) Evidence of past torture inflicted upon the applicant;
   (ii) Evidence that the applicant could relocate to a part of the country of removal where he
   or she is not likely to be tortured;
   (iii) Evidence of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights within the country of
   removal, where applicable; and
   (iv) Other relevant information regarding conditions in the country of removal.


8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3).

       Substantial evidence supported the Board’s determination that it was not “more likely than

not” that Alhaddad would be subject to torture if returned to Gaza. See 8 C.F.R.§ 208.16(c)(3). The

past acts of violence and intimidation Alhaddad endured in Gaza at the hands of the Palestinian

Authority certainly do not arise to the level of “an extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment”,

8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2), and therefore do not constitute past torture. In addition, Alhaddad herself

testified that she had never been tortured by the Israeli government. She therefore cannot rely on the

“evidence of past torture” factor to prove that she will “more likely than not” experience torture in

the future. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3). Despite the poor human rights record issued by the State

Department for the Palestinian Authority, her ability to remain in the country for two years following

the claimed persecutory incidents further refutes her claim that she could not safely return to her

home country. The statements asserted by Alhaddad in her oral testimony and written application,

even if taken at face value, do not show that it is “more likely than not” that Alhaddad herself would

be subject to such treatment. As such, she cannot succeed on her claim for relief under the CAT.


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                                       CONCLUSION

       Substantial evidence supported the determination of the Immigration Judge and Board of

Immigration Appeals that Alhaddad was ineligible for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief

under the Convention Against Torture. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.




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