                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Beales, Athey and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia


              HASSAN SULTAN
                                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0747-19-4                                     JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                     APRIL 28, 2020
              NOSHEEN MALIK


                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                 Bruce D. White, Judge

                                Hassan Sultan, pro se.

                                Andrew Hoffman (Solan Alzamora, PLLC, on brief), for appellee.


                      Hassan Sultan (husband) and Nosheen Malik (wife) were divorced by final order of divorce

              entered on April 5, 2019. Husband owns a 93% interest of an accounting business, which the trial

              court valued and included in its division of the marital estate. On appeal, husband challenges the

              trial court’s valuation of the business, its reliance on wife’s expert witness, and the date the trial

              court chose for valuation of the parties’ assets.

                                                          I. BACKGROUND

                      On appeal, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party who prevailed

              in the trial court on the issue being appealed (i.e., wife in this case). See Wright v. Wright, 61

              Va. App. 432, 451, 469 (2013); Brandau v. Brandau, 52 Va. App. 632, 634 (2008).

                      The parties were married in June 2010 and separated on May 27, 2017. Husband filed a

              complaint for divorce on June 19, 2018. Shortly after the parties’ marriage, husband – a certified



                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
public accountant – opened an accounting business titled Reckenen, Inc. (Reckenen). At the time of

the evidentiary hearing on February 27, 2019, husband owned 93% of Reckenen, and his brother

owned the remaining 7%.

        Prior to the hearing, husband timely filed a motion pursuant to Code § 20-107.3(A)

requesting that the trial court “use the date of last separation of the parties [May 27, 2017] as the

valuation date for the assets.” At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied

husband’s request to use the date of separation as the valuation date, stating, “there is certainly

adequate evidence to say the first and most equitable means of determining this based upon the

evidence before me is to use the hearing” date.

        At the evidentiary hearing, the parties presented conflicting evidence concerning the

valuation of Reckenen. Husband testified that he valued the worth of Reckenen at $0 because he

was earning “less than the market or less than [his] peers” and “[t]here are no excess earnings.”

Both parties presented evidence through their own expert witness, each of whom was a certified

public accountant and a certified valuation analyst. Both experts described three approaches or

methods to determine the value of Reckenen – an asset-based approach, a market-based

approach, and an income-based approach. Both experts also provided valuations of Reckenen as

of two dates – May 27, 2017 (the date of the parties’ separation) and September 30, 2018 (the

most current date for which data was available before the hearing). For the valuation as of

September 30, 2018, husband’s expert, Craig Stephanson, determined a value using each

approach ($28,474 using an asset-based approach, $0 using an income-based approach, and

$79,000 using a market-based approach) and used an equal weighted average of each of those

approaches for his ultimate valuation of Reckenen at $35,800. Stephanson calculated the total

goodwill of the company to be $7,326 – 81% of which ($5,900) he attributed to personal

goodwill (and thus separate property). Thus, taking 93% of the $35,800, and subtracting the

                                                  -2-
$5,900 attributable to personal goodwill, Stephanson finally concluded that the marital interest in

Reckenen was $27,400.1

       Wife’s expert, Kirstine Connors, also conducted a valuation of Reckenen using the three

different approaches, but opined that the asset-based approach was the most reliable. Using an

asset-based approach, and attributing 30% of intangible assets to personal goodwill, Connors

valued Reckenen at $135,116 as of September 30, 2018, and calculated husband’s 93% interest

to be $126,000. Connors valued Reckenen’s worth on May 27, 2017 at $104,308, and calculated

husband’s 93% interest at that time to be $97,000. Of the $29,000 increase in value of husband’s

93% interest in the company from the time of separation to September 30, 2018, Connors

attributed $26,000 to the active efforts of husband and thus, separate property; the remaining

$3,000, she attributed to passive increase, and thus marital property. Therefore, of husband’s

total 93% interest in Reckenen as of September 30, 2018 – $126,000 – Connors subtracted the

$26,000 of growth in value that she attributed to husband’s separate efforts and concluded that

the marital share of the value of Reckenen on September 30, 2018 was $100,000.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial judge stated, “essentially as to the business to

me this comes down to a battle of experts.” The trial judge found Connors “to be a credible

witness” and her evaluation to be “conservative and reasonable.” On the other hand, the trial

judge found Stephanson “came across . . . as an advocate,” that “[s]ome parts of his testimony

seemed to be a canned spiel,” and that his analysis appeared to be result-oriented. Adopting

Connors’s valuation of Reckenen, the court held in the final order of divorce:

               Reckenen, Inc. has a present value for equitable distribution
               purposes of $135,116. Husband’s 93% interest in the same is
               therefore equal to $126,000. Husband’s separate share in the same
               is found to be $26,000 and the marital share is therefore $100,000.

       For the evaluation as of May 27, 2017, using the same methods, husband’s expert found
       1

Reckenen’s total value to be $27,300, and the marital interest to be $12,100.

                                                -3-
                The parties stipulated at trial that the marital share of Husband’s
                business interest be apportioned equally (50% / 50%) between
                them.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

                                     A. Valuation of Reckenen

       On appeal, husband makes a number of assignments of error. Most of his assignments of

error challenge the circuit court’s valuation of Reckenen.2

       “A final decree of divorce is presumed correct, and we defer to the factual findings of the

court, such as valuation of marital property, where the court took evidence ore tenus.”

Shackelford v. Shackelford, 39 Va. App. 201, 207 (2002). “When a trial court hears evidence at


       2
           Husband’s assignments of error one through six are:

                         1. The trial court erred as a matter of law by not holding
                that any value attributed to the overall intrinsic value of Reckenen,
                Inc., (i.e. Appellant’s accountancy practice) as a result of the
                Appellant having to agree to a non-compete as a condition of a sale
                would be the Appellant’s separate property. In so doing, the trial
                court erred in not properly classifying the personal goodwill versus
                the enterprise goodwill of Reckenen, Inc.
                         2. The trial court erred as a matter of law by not using the
                standard of intrinsic value in valuing Reckenen, Inc., as that is
                defined by Howell v. Howell, 31 Va. App. 332, 523 S.E.2d 514
                (2000) and Bosserman v. Bosserman, 9 Va. App. 1, 384 S.E.2d
                104 (1989).
                         3. The trial court erred in accepting an upward adjustment
                to cash of $20,051 made by Appellee’s expert.
                         4. The trial court erred in accepting as part of its valuation
                of Reckenen, Inc., Appellee’s expert’s un-probative adjustment to
                Intangible Assets (i.e. Goodwill) of $67,000.
                         5. The trial court erred in accepting as part of its valuation
                of Reckenen, Inc., Appellee’s expert’s inclusion of $18,534, which
                represented prior distributions to the Appellant from Reckenen,
                Inc.
                         6. The trial court erred in accepting as part of its valuation
                of Reckenen, Inc., Appellee’s expert’s un-probative determination
                that 30% of the total goodwill of Reckenen, Inc. is personal and
                70% is marital.

For purposes of organization, we address related assignments of error together.
                                              -4-
an ore tenus hearing, its factual findings are entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on

appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.” D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio,

45 Va. App. 323, 335 (2005). “It is well established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’

credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept

or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387 (1997) (en banc).

“Further, the fact finder is not required to accept the testimony of an expert witness merely

because he or she has qualified as an expert.” Id. “[O]n review the ‘decision of the trial judge is

peculiarly entitled to respect for he saw the parties, heard the witnesses testify and was in closer

touch with the situation than the [appellate] Court, which is limited to a review of the written

record.’” Ferguson v. Grubb, 39 Va. App. 549, 557 (2003) (second alteration in original)

(quoting Sutherland v. Sutherland, 14 Va. App. 42, 44 (1992)). Of course, any review on appeal

as to the meaning of a statute or case law is reviewed de novo by this Court. See Matzuk v.

Price, 70 Va. App. 474, 481 (2019); Lewis v. Lewis, 53 Va. App. 528, 542 (2009).

 1. Effect of Husband’s Unwillingness to Sign a Non-compete Agreement in Hypothetical Sale

       Husband attacks on appeal various aspects of wife’s expert Kirstine Connors’s valuation

of Reckenen. First, husband argues about the effect of a non-compete agreement in a

hypothetical sale of Reckenen. At the evidentiary hearing, Connors acknowledged that husband

indicated to her that he would not sign a non-compete agreement as part of a sale of Reckenen.

Connors also agreed on cross-examination that she would not recommend for a potential buyer to

buy Reckenen if husband would not sign a non-compete agreement. Husband argues that “[t]he

value attributable to an asset that is derived from a party entering into a non-competition

agreement is that party’s separate property.”3 Consequently, husband also argues that “the entire



       3
         Husband acknowledges in his brief that there is no Virginia case law that requires such
a holding.
                                             -5-
value of the business is [husband’s] personal goodwill and therefore [husband’s] separate

property for the purposes of equitable distribution, and therefore the trial court erred by finding

and holding otherwise.”

       However, if husband’s argument were correct, a party could have a substantial impact on

the value of a business for valuation purposes (thus decreasing the marital share, when

applicable) simply by stating that he would not agree to a non-compete agreement. More

importantly, nothing in the record shows a pending sale or an actual offer for a purchase of

Reckenen. Husband’s arguments concerning his unwillingness to agree to sign a non-compete

agreement are merely hypothetical. Furthermore, Connors testified that a seller’s willingness to

sign a non-compete agreement is not considered as part of the valuation. Therefore, the trial

court did not err in refusing to consider in its valuation of Reckenen the possible effect of

husband’s refusal to sign a non-compete agreement based on a hypothetical sale of the business.

           2. Connors’s Calculations and Valuation of Intangible Assets and Goodwill

       Husband also argues in his fourth and sixth assignments of error that the trial court erred

in accepting Connors’s valuation of Reckenen’s intangible assets at $67,000 and allocation of

goodwill as 30% personal (and thus separate property) and 70% enterprise (and thus marital

property). Connors was recognized by the trial court as an expert in business valuation, and

husband stipulated to that expertise. Connors testified that in preparing her valuation of

Reckenen, she reviewed Reckenen’s documents, including tax returns and account statements

provided to her by husband, and she communicated with husband. Wife introduced into

evidence Connors’s written report detailing her calculation of the valuation of the intangible

assets and goodwill. In her written report, Connors provided a detailed statement demonstrating

her method of arriving at the conclusion of $67,000 as the value of the intangible assets. In

addition, Connors noted in her written report that the allocation of 30% of goodwill as personal

                                                -6-
goodwill and 70% as enterprise goodwill was “based on the valuator’s professional judgment,

knowledge and experience.” When questioned on cross-examination, Connors stated, “The

reason I used thirty percent is because it’s what I’ve seen for a professional firm of this size in

doing these types of valuations.” On cross-examination, Connors also identified factors she

considered in making this allocation, including that “there are numerous public accounting firms

that provide the same service and are easily able to provide the same service as [husband],” that

Reckenen “has a shared workspace,” and that it “has a recurring revenue stream.”

       The trial judge, who saw the live testimony of the parties and their experts, explicitly

stated that he found Connors “to be a credible witness” and her evaluation to be “conservative

and reasonable.” Although husband attempts to discredit Connors by noting that her valuation of

Reckenen was the first valuation she had performed of an accounting firm, that fact was brought

to the trial court’s attention during cross-examination, and the trial court did not find it to be

sufficient reason to discredit her testimony. The trial court’s findings on these matters were

findings of fact, and they are not plainly wrong or without evidence to support them. Therefore,

on appeal, we do not disturb these factual findings of the trial judge or his reliance on the

testimony of wife’s expert.

                                3. Connors’s Accounting of Assets

       In his third and fifth assignments of error, husband argues that the trial court erred in

accepting Connors’s accounting of assets in a manner contrary to Reckenen’s accounting. He

argues that because Reckenen used an accrual basis of accounting, Reckenen’s stated cash of

$8,832 should have been relied upon rather than $28,883. Husband contests Connors’s “upward

adjustment to cash of $20,051.”

       Husband initially provided to Connors a Reckenen Inc. balance sheet that showed

Reckenen had $8,832 in cash on September 30, 2018. A bank statement for that time period,

                                                 -7-
however, showed $28,883 in Reckenen’s account. Connors testified that, when she “noted that

the bank reconciliation did not match,” she “inquired of [husband], and then he emailed the bank

reconciliation that did match” the amount from the bank statement. Connors’s report that was

admitted into evidence included in its valuation the $28,883 in cash, noting an upward

adjustment of $20,051 from the $8,832 showed by Reckenen’s first accounting. It was not

plainly wrong for the trial court (or without credible evidence in the record for the factfinder) to

rely on Connors’s use of a bank statement and updated reconciliation provided by husband –

rather than on the initially provided balance sheet.

       Husband also contests Connors’s “inclusion of $18,534, which represented prior

distributions to [husband] from Reckenen.” As of September 30, 2018, a Reckenen accounting

balance sheet showed what Connors characterized as a “shareholder receivable” of $18,534. It is

undisputed that this amount was a distribution to husband that had not yet been reported to the

IRS as dividends. Connors “considered it to be an asset of the business” that husband would

need to repay to Reckenen. Stephanson, however, testified that he “assumed that that really was

just a form of, of either a salary or a dividend but in any event, it was not a receivable, an asset

that someone would ever pay to own. And so I eliminated it again from the balance sheet.”

       The determination of whether the $18,534 shareholder receivable should be treated as a

business asset for the purpose of Reckenen’s valuation was a question of fact. See Patel v. Patel,

61 Va. App. 714, 722, 727 (2013). The trial judge, as the factfinder, weighed the evidence and

witness testimony, and, as discussed supra, made findings of fact and witness credibility – and in

doing so, found Connors’s testimony to be more credible than Stephanson’s. The trial court’s

inclusion of the $18,534 as an asset of Reckenen was not plainly wrong or without credible

evidence in the record to support it.




                                                 -8-
                               4. Asset-Based Method of Valuation

        In husband’s second assignment of error, he states, “The trial court erred as a matter of

law by not using the standard of intrinsic value in valuing Reckenen, Inc., as that is defined by

Howell v. Howell, 31 Va. App. 332, 523 S.E.2d 514 (2000) and Bosserman v. Bosserman, 9

Va. App. 1, 384 S.E.2d 104 (1989).” In furtherance of this assignment of error, husband argues

that it was error for the trial court to use an asset-based method of valuation for Reckenen since it

is a service-based entity. Husband relies on this Court’s decision in Bosserman v. Bosserman, 9

Va. App. 1 (1989), to support his argument. In particular, husband relies on the following quote

from that case: “Generally, greater weight will be given to earnings factors for those companies

that sell products or services, and to asset values for investment or holding companies.” Id. at 8

n.1 (quoting Bowen v. Bowen, 473 A.2d 73, 77 (N.J. 1984)). However, that quote must be read

in its full context. The sentence in the opinion which precedes that footnote states that “there are

many methods available for valuing stock in a closely held corporation.” Id. at 8. In addition,

the first sentences of the footnote state, “There is no uniform rule for valuing stock in closely

held corporations. The valuation method must be tailored to meet the particular needs of each

case.” Id. at 8 n.1.

        Husband also argues that this Court’s decision in Howell v. Howell, 31 Va. App. 332

(2000), supports his position. However, contrary to supporting husband’s position that use of an

asset-based method of valuation was improper here, our opinion in Howell states that “the

particular method of valuing and the precise application of that method to the singular facts of

the case must vary with the myriad situations that exist among married couples.” Id. at 339.

This Court’s opinion further adds that “the value of property is an issue of fact, not of law,” and

notes that “[t]he evidence presented at trial determines the result, and the result may vary from

case to case as the evidence differs.” Id. at 340.

                                                -9-
        Therefore, contrary to husband’s assertion, the law does not actually support husband’s

position, and the trial court was not required to adopt an income-based approach to determine

Reckenen’s value simply because it provides services. In fact, Craig Stephanson, husband’s own

expert, did not adopt an exclusively income-based approach in conducting his valuation of

Reckenen. The trial court, as factfinder, relied on credible evidence in the record in determining

the value of Reckenen, and, on appeal, we cannot say it was plainly wrong in ruling as it did.

        In short, husband takes issue with the trial court’s reliance upon wife’s expert in its

valuation of Reckenen. As the trial court noted, the valuation of Reckenen “comes down to a battle

of experts.” The trial court, as factfinder, saw and listened to the experts, considered the

evidence in the record, and found Connors (wife’s expert) to be more credible than Stephanson

(husband’s expert). On appeal, we cannot say the trial court was plainly wrong in ruling as it did

as we do not reweigh the evidence so as to enter the province of the factfinder. See Thomas v.

Thomas, 40 Va. App. 639, 644 (2003); Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 575 (1998).

                                        B. Date of Valuation4

        On February 5, 2019, husband timely filed a motion pursuant to Code § 20-107.3(A)

requesting that the trial court “use the date of last separation of the parties [May 27, 2017] as the

valuation date for the assets.” See Code § 20-107.3(A) (“Upon motion of either party made no

less than 21 days before the evidentiary hearing the court may, for good cause shown, in order to

attain the ends of justice, order that a different valuation date be used.”). At the conclusion of

the evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied husband’s motion, stating that “there is certainly

adequate evidence to say the first and most equitable means of determining this based upon the




        4
         Wife argues that husband’s last two assignments of error were not preserved for
consideration on appeal. We disagree, and find that these objections by husband were raised
with sufficient specificity in the trial court to be considered on appeal.
                                                   - 10 -
evidence before me is to use the hearing” date. On appeal, husband argues in his seventh

assignment of error that the trial court erred in denying his motion for an alternate valuation date.

       “On appeal, we review the court’s determination of a valuation date for abuse of discretion.”

Wright, 61 Va. App. at 463 (quoting Thomas, 40 Va. App. at 647). “[O]nly when reasonable

jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Id. at 463-64 (alteration

in original) (quoting Robbins v. Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 482 (2006)).

       Code § 20-107.3(A) establishes a presumption that the date of the evidentiary hearing

should be used as the date of valuation of the parties’ property. Code § 20-107.3(A) (“The court

shall determine the value of any such property as of the date of the evidentiary hearing on the

evaluation issue.”). See also Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27 Va. App. 264, 270-71 (1998). However, the

statute also allows the circuit court to depart from that presumption “for good cause shown, in

order to attain the ends of justice.” Code § 20-107.3(A). As the moving party, husband,

therefore, bore the burden of showing why the trial court should use the date of separation as the

valuation date, instead of the date of the evidentiary hearing. The trial judge expressly addressed

husband’s motion and denied it, finding that the “most equitable means of determining this based

upon the evidence before me is to use the hearing” date. “[W]e rely heavily on the discretion of

the trial judge in weighing the many considerations and circumstances that are presented in each

case” in deciding what is the proper date for valuation, and we cannot say that the trial judge

abused his discretion here in making the finding that it should be the date of the evidentiary

hearing. Wright, 61 Va. App. at 463 (quoting Robbins, 48 Va. App. at 482).

                     C. Statements by the Trial Judge and Witness Credibility

       Husband’s final assignment of error focuses on a number of different statements made by

the trial judge during his ruling from the bench and attacks those statements as erroneous findings of

fact. We address each statement in turn.

                                                - 11 -
        First, husband criticizes the trial judge’s statement, “I wondered whether or not there is more

good will, personal good will to accompany what would be called Hassan Sultan CPA as opposed

to a company that does business as a corporate name.” The judge also stated that the parties did not

specifically address that matter. Consequently, this was not a finding of fact, but a statement to the

parties as to something the judge potentially would have taken into consideration if the parties had

presented evidence on it.

        Second, husband criticizes the trial judge’s statement providing an example of what may be

personal goodwill – a Virginia Military Institute graduate who has clientele among other VMI

graduates because of a strong loyalty and affinity among other graduates of that same institution of

higher education. Certainly, saying this was not making a finding of fact; the trial judge was simply

giving an example of something that might be attributed to personal goodwill.

        In short, these first two statements were not findings of fact and will not be reviewed as

such.

        Husband next focuses on two statements by the trial judge in relation to husband’s expert,

Craig Stephanson, and argues that it was error for the trial court to not give proper credit to his

expert. The trial judge stated that Stephanson’s analysis seemed to him to be result-oriented and

“that may be because to some extent the name of his company is Valuation Services.” The trial

judge went on to contrast Stephanson with Connors, in whom the judge said that he “did not find

that type of perceived bias.” The judge also stated, “Husband’s witness, in my view, had no clue

whether he had reviewed” the amended tax returns or not. These statements by the trial judge show

some of the factors he took into account as he judged the credibility of the witnesses. As noted

supra, issues regarding the credibility of witnesses are solely in the province of the factfinder and

are not reweighed on appeal. See Thomas, 40 Va. App. at 644; Ferguson, 39 Va. App. at 556-57;

Parish, 26 Va. App. at 575. The trial judge determined that the testimony of husband’s expert

                                                 - 12 -
was not as credible as the testimony of wife’s expert, and we cannot say on appeal that the trial

judge was plainly wrong (or without credible evidence) to make such a finding of credibility.

                       D. Request for Attorney’s Fees and Costs on Appeal

        Both husband and wife request an award of attorney’s fees incurred during this appeal.

We deny both parties’ requests. See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 694-95 (1994).

                                          III. CONCLUSION

        In short, findings of valuation are essentially findings of fact, and we cannot say now on

appeal that the trial court erred in its valuation of Reckenen. On this issue, which the trial court

referred to as a “battle of experts,” the parties both presented expert testimony. The trial judge,

as factfinder, made credibility determinations, weighed the evidence, and ultimately found wife’s

expert to be more credible in her testimony than husband’s expert was in his testimony. Given

the record before us, we cannot say that the trial judge’s findings of fact were plainly wrong or

that they failed to be based on credible evidence.

        We also cannot find that the trial judge abused his discretion in his selection of a

valuation date. Code § 20-107.3(A) establishes a presumption that the date of the evidentiary

hearing be used as the date of the valuation of property. That statute allows for the trial court to

depart from that presumption “for good cause shown, in order to attain the ends of justice.”

Code § 20-107.3(A). Here, the trial judge denied husband’s motion to use the date of separation

of the parties as the date of valuation, concluding that the “most equitable means of determining

this based upon the evidence before me is to use the hearing” date. We simply cannot find that

the trial judge erred in using the presumption provided by statute.

        For all of these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                                                                                             Affirmed.




                                                 - 13 -
