                                           STATE OF VERMONT
                                       ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

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In re Fern Hill Farm, Ltd., Work Plan                     }             Docket No. 121-6-07 Vtec
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                              Decision on Motion for Summary Judgment
         Appellant Fern Hill Farm, Ltd., appealed from a determination of the Secretary of the
Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (“ANR” or “Agency”) rejecting a work plan (“Work
Plan”) submitted by Fern Hill Farm for the remediation of waste illegally disposed of at a farm
dump. In July 2006, Fern Hill Farm submitted the Work Plan to ANR pursuant to this Court’s
January 20, 2006 Decision and Order in Docket Number 129-8-03 Vtec (“January 20, 2006
Order”), which modified the Agency’s Administrative Order for the solid waste illegally buried
on Fern Hill Farm.
         Fern Hill Farm was previously represented by John D. Hansen, Esq., and is now
represented by John R. Ponsetto, Esq., and Heather Rider Hammond, Esq. The Agency has been
represented by Gary S. Kessler, Esq.
         Fern Hill Farm has moved for summary judgment on all issues raised in its Statement of
Questions, which generally asks whether ANR summarily denied the Work Plan without
considering its merits, which Fern Hill Farm contends is in contravention of the Court’s
directives, as announced in the January 20, 2006 Order. ANR opposes the pending summary
judgment motion and asserts that the Work Plan was rejected because it failed to comply with
ANR policy and the language from the 2006 Order.

                                             Factual Background
         Rather then repeat the factual history surrounding the farm dump on Fern Hill Farm, we
incorporate by reference the Findings already made by this Court, following a merits hearing, in
the January 20, 2006 Order. See Agency Natural Res. v. Fern Hill Farm, Ltd., No. 129-8-03
Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Jan. 20, 2006) (Wright, J.).1 Against this background, we need only add the
following facts, which we understand to be undisputed unless otherwise noted below:

1
  The January 20, 2006 Order was amended on April 28, 2006 in response to a motion to reconsider or alter filed by
ANR. See Agency Natural Res. v. Fern Hill Farm, Ltd., No. 129-8-03 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. April 28, 2006) (Wright,
J.). However, the revised decision did not implicate the Work Plan, but rather clarified a penalty provision unrelated
to this appeal.


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1.        On July 13, 2006, in response to the January 20, 2006 Order, Fern Hill Farm submitted its
Work Plan to the ANR Waste Management Division. The Work Plan was prepared by an
engineering firm retained by Fern Hill Farm. The Work Plan provided a framework for
investigating possible environmental contaminants that may be leaching from the farm dump
site, via either ground or surface waters.
2.        Because the pre- and post-1991 waste was buried in the same vertical column and was
located along the same groundwater flow path, the Work Plan proposed to evaluate the entire
body of buried solid waste as one risk element.          The Work Plan proposed to install four
monitoring wells at varying depths near the boundary of the farm dump and then to conduct
groundwater sampling at the four wells.
3.        The groundwater sampling plan had various parameters to detect a variety of possible
contaminants, including heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic
compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other contaminant indicators. Also, the
Work Plan proposed to conduct a “Sensitive Receptor Survey” in order to evaluate any
contamination based on the groundwater flow direction, nearby potable wells, the basements of
nearby structures, and the nearby surface waters.
4.        After the collection of data, the Work Plan proposed the submission of a comprehensive
report describing the results of this preliminary evaluation and recommendations for appropriate
follow-up steps. The Work Plan did not exclude the possibility that its operation may result in a
requirement that some or all of the buried waste be removed and disposed of in an off-site
certified waste disposal facility.
5.        On October 2, 2006, the ANR Waste Management Division reviewed the proposed Work
Plan and concluded that it “cannot approve the proposed work plan for clean-up since it does not
propose any clean-up of illegally disposed solid waste.”         Letter from Barb Schwendtner,
Compliance Specialist, ANR Solid Waste Program, to Anthony Stout, Senior Planner, Heindel &
Noyes, at 1 (Oct. 2, 2006). Ms. Schwendtner stated that “[w]aste—except for IWMEA2 eligible
wastes such as concrete and brick—cannot remain in place without a solid waste certification
(required by 10 V.S.A. § 6605(a)(1)). . . . The site does not meet the standards of the Solid
Waste Management Rules required for approval of a discrete disposal facility.” Id. ANR then



2
    Insignificant Waste Management Event Approval.


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directed Fern Hill Farm to “submit a clean-up and disposal plan that complies with the Agency’s
interpretation of the Judge’s [January 20, 2006 Order].” Id.
6.     On October 31, 2006, Fern Hill Farm—through its consulting engineers—sent a letter to
ANR, requesting reconsideration of the denial of the proposed Work Plan. Fern Hill Farm
indicated that under its interpretation of the January 20, 2006 Order, “leaving waste in place may
be an acceptable remedial action, based on proper scientific analysis, without the need to obtain a
Solid Waste Certification.” Letter from Anthony Stout, Senior Planner, Heindel & Noyes, to P.
Howard Flanders, Dir., Waste Mgmt. Div., ANR, at 1 (Oct. 31, 2006).
7.     On December 22, 2006, in response to Fern Hill Farm’s request for reconsideration, ANR
denied the request and reiterated its policy requiring all non-IWMEA eligible materials to be
removed and disposed of at a certified disposal facility.
8.     On January 17, 2007, Fern Hill Farm—through its consulting engineers—sent a letter to
the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Conservation (“DEC”) to serve as an
informal appeal of the earlier decisions from the ANR Waste Management Division. The letter
generally reiterated many of the same arguments that Fern Hill Farm posited previously.
9.     On May 11, 2007, the DEC Deputy Commissioner responded to Fern Hill Farm’s letter
by again rejecting its Work Plan, based on ANR policy. The Deputy Commissioner stated that
“[t]he Solid Waste Program Compliance Procedure . . . requires that ‘[s]olid waste stored or
disposed outside of a certified solid waste management facility shall be removed and disposed
[of] at a certified facility, and evidence of disposal at an approved facility is required to be
submitted.’”   Letter from Justin Johnson, DEC Deputy Comm’r, to Anthony Stout, Senior
Planner, Heindel & Noyes, at 1 (May 11, 2007).
10.    Meanwhile, Fern Hill Farm had been working on completing the sensitive receptor
investigation as described in the Work Plan. In March 2007, Fern Hill Farm’s consulting
engineers presented their client with a report of the sensitive receptor investigation. The report
described the methods used and data gathered on and around the farm dump and concluded that
there were no current air quality or ground or surface water quality impacts from the farm dump.

                                            Discussion
       Fern Hill Farm moved for summary judgment on all of the issues raised in its Statement
of Questions, which generally asks whether ANR summarily denied the Work Plan without
considering its merits, in contravention of the January 20, 2006 Order. The Agency opposed the


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motion and asserted that the Work Plan was rejected because it failed to comply with ANR
policy and the January 20, 2006 Order.
        In this de novo appeal, summary judgment under V.R.C.P. 56(c) is appropriate only
“when there are no genuine issues of material fact and, viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the non-moving party, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
In re Carter, 2004 VT 21, ¶ 6, 176 Vt. 322 (citing Sabia v. Neville, 165 Vt. 515, 523 (1996)).
We review the pending motion in this light.
        We view the main issue in this de novo appeal as not being a broad substantive question,
but rather a narrow procedural question. That is, we are not evaluating whether the Work Plan is
an appropriate vehicle to remove illegal waste from the farm dump, but rather whether ANR
acted appropriately when it declined to review the substance of the Work Plan. The issue, as
framed in this new docket, is fully cognizant of the directives of the January 20, 2006 Order.
        We first note that the January 20, 2006 Order was not appealed and became final.3 Thus,
that decision is binding insofar as the doctrine of collateral estoppel (now known as issue
preclusion) applies. Issue preclusion prevents re-litigation of a factual or legal issue that was
decided in earlier litigation that is now final, was necessary to the disposition of that litigation,
and included the party against whom preclusion is sought. See, e.g., In re T.C., 2007 VT 115,
¶ 20, 182 Vt. 467 (citing Scott v. City of Newport, 2004 VT 64, ¶ 8, 177 Vt. 491 (2004)). The
doctrine applies when all five of the following criteria are met:
        (1) preclusion is asserted against one who was a party . . . in the earlier action; (2)
        the issue was resolved by a final judgment on the merits; (3) the issue is the same
        [in both actions]; (4) there was a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in
        the earlier action; and (5) applying preclusion . . . is fair.
Trepanier v. Getting Organized, Inc., 155 Vt. 259, 265 (1990).
        All five factors are met in this case: the parties are the same; the earlier decision resulted
in a final judgment on the merits; both actions involve the same enforcement action against Fern
Hill Farm; both parties had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the earlier merits
hearing; and it is fair to bind the parties to the terms of the unappealed January 20, 2006 Order.
Thus, although ANR correctly argues here that the Court does not have the authority in this
proceeding to modify ANR policies and regulations, the Court is charged here with determining


3
 Although the Agency filed a motion to reconsider a penalty provision of the January 20, 2006 Order, the Agency’s
motion did not ask this Court to reconsider the language addressing the Work Plan. See footnote 1, above.


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whether the ANR determination that gave rise to this appeal conformed with the January 20,
2006 Order. We conclude that the ANR determination conflicts with the 2006 Order.
        Because the January 20, 2006 Order is binding upon the parties to this dispute, our first
step in this inquiry is to look at the language of that Order. In the January 20, 2006 Order, this
Court generally affirmed the ANR Administrative Order issued against Fern Hill Farm relating
to its illegal dump. However, the Court did modify the Administrative Order in some respects.
Specifically, due to the practical difficulty of distinguishing between waste dumped before July
1, 1991 (exempted waste), and waste dumped after July 1, 1991 (non-exempted waste),4 the
Court amended Paragraph C of the Administrative Order so that it read as follows (with the
underlined sections representing the Court additions):
        No later than sixty (60) consecutive calendar days following the effective date of
        this Order, Respondent Fern Hill Farm, LTD shall require the hired consultant to
        submit a work plan for clean up of the site including proposals for any appropriate
        removal of material placed in the site after July 1, 1991, and including proposals
        for approval of burial of any of the material in the site to the Solid Waste
        Management Program (SWMP) for approval. The submitted plan should provide
        for proper disposal of all solid waste removed from the site at a Vermont certified
        disposal or treatment facility, or an out of state disposal and treatment facility
        approved by the SWMP, and for the inspection and documentation of the clean up
        by the consultant. Reasons shall be stated for disapproval of any element of the
        proposed plan, and Respondents may apply to the Secretary for review of any
        such decision under the Agency’s internal administrative procedures.
January 20, 2006 Order at 17.
        Implicit in this Court’s decision to modify the original ANR Administrative Order is a
determination that further provisions were needed to satisfy the obligation that “the remedial
provisions of the order must allow the consultant to distinguish between household waste
disposed legally at the site during the period in which farm dumps were exempt, prior to July 1,
1991, and other waste that may be required to be removed.” Id. at 12 (citing Agency of Natural
Res. v. Towns, 173 Vt. 552, 555–57 (2001)). “Similarly, the remedial provisions of the order
should allow the consultant to analyze whether any of the waste in the site may qualify to be left
in place or buried.” Id. (citing 10 V.S.A. § 8012(b)(2)). As noted earlier, these portions of the


4
  Vermont Solid Waste Management Rules § 301(b)(1) exempted from regulation non-hazardous residential solid
waste (generated by the owner at the site) that was already in the ground in 1989, and that exemption continued for
two years. Thus, pre-1991 non-hazardous residential waste is exempt from regulation, and post-1991 non-hazardous
residential waste is subject to regulation. The Fern Hill Farm dump site received waste for roughly fifty years
before 1991 and for around ten years after 1991 (meaning through 2001). See January 20, 2006 Order at 3–4.


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January 20, 2006 Order were not appealed and became final. Fern Hill Farm viewed this
language as a mandate requiring an appropriate work plan be submitted that distinguishes
between exempt and non-exempt waste and the remediation plan for that waste.
       Conversely, ANR argues that the above passages are ambiguous because they “refer[] to
th[e] fact that a determination was to be made regarding whether any of the wastes had been
deposited prior to 1991, and whether that pre-1991 waste could QUALIFY to be left in place or
buried.” Agency Mem. at 3 (emphasis in original). ANR’s assertion of ambiguity in the 2006
Order is based on a strict adherence to Agency policy: that the obligation to remove illegally
disposed wastes is unconditional and that such waste must be removed and properly disposed of
off-site, rather than simply buried in place. The Agency cites first to its Solid Waste Program
Compliance Procedures that have been in place since 1997 and then to 10 V.S.A. § 6605, which
generally requires that waste, except insignificant waste, may not be disposed of or remain in
place at a site that does not have a solid waste management facility certification.
       While we certainly appreciate and respect the precedential authority of ANR’s
established policies and technical judgment, and will follow applicable state statutes, we cannot
simply defer to ANR, especially in light of this Court’s well-reasoned 2006 Order, by which the
Court modified the applicable ANR Administrative Order. The January 20, 2006 Order made a
specific finding that the “site had been used as a farm dump for approximately fifty years prior to
July 1, 1991.” In light of this finding, we do not see the conflict between the 2006 Order and
ANR policy, as any non-hazardous waste dumped before July 1, 1991 was not illegal.
Furthermore, that 2006 Order expressly authorized submission of a work plan that recommended
leaving certain waste buried on site, and directed ANR to give such a recommendation, if made,
substantive consideration and to provide notice of the grounds for “disapproval.” ANR had the
authority to appeal the January 20, 2006 Order, but instead chose not to, which we regard as a
tacit acknowledgement that ANR is bound by the final terms of the 2006 Order.
       We do not find the January 20, 2006 Order ambiguous with respect to the possibility of
leaving unregulated or exempt solid waste where it currently is—buried in the ground. Indeed,
the January 20, 2006 Order noted the possibility that in this particular case (based on a number of
factors), even the illegally dumped waste might be allowed to remain buried, if done in accord
with an approved and environmentally sound work plan, after ANR’s substantive review and
approval. We understand that use of the phrase “appropriate removal” in the January 20, 2006



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Order implies that such removal might not be appropriate—that leaving certain materials buried
might be sound—depending on what other safeguards are proposed in the Work Plan. See
January 20, 2006 Order at 17.5 The January 20, 2006 Order also made it clear that ANR had an
obligation to provide its reasoning for rejecting any portion of the proposed Work Plan submitted
by Fern Hill Farm.
         We therefore conclude that ANR had a duty to evaluate the merits of the Work Plan in
light of the 2006 Order, and then proceed accordingly. Rather than carry out this duty, ANR
summarily denied the Work Plan because it did not adhere to established ANR policy. ANR’s
categorical rejection might be appropriate when ANR is evaluating other work plans, but it was
inappropriate here because it ignored this Court’s explicit amendment of the original
Administrative Order. That is, in this particular case, the Court provided Fern Hill Farm with
flexibility to formulate a work plan that would determine the appropriate measures to remediate
the possible environmental degradation from the farm dump, to achieve the intended result of
protecting Vermont’s environment, while at the same time not saddling Fern Hill Farm with the
expense of extracting materials that were not illegally disposed or that are not appropriate for
removal.     If the Work Plan was not likely to achieve this intended result, ANR has the
opportunity to review it and make reasoned explanations and modifications to the Work Plan.
         Nothing in our Decision here should be read as foreclosing ANR’s right, after substantive
review, to require that certain portions of the farm dump be excavated so that illegally disposed
waste can be removed.            Nor does the present ruling foreclose ANR from requiring other
remediation activities to be undertaken if the need for such activities is shown. However, given
this Court’s January 20, 2006 ruling, ANR needs a material foundation in order to make such
directives, and must provide reasons for rejecting any portion of the proposed Work Plan. In this
particular case, where this Court has already issued a ruling, ANR does not have the discretion to
reject the Work Plan out of hand solely because it is not consistent with established ANR policy.
The January 20, 2006 Order specifically required “[r]easons [to] be stated for disapproval of any



5
  We note that our Decision here is based upon this Court’s fact-specific ruling on the merits, as memorialized by the
January 20, 2006 Order. Outside of the facts of this particular case, nothing in this Decision should be seen as
setting a general precedent of allowing illegally dumped waste to remain buried, and nothing in this Decision should
be seen as overturning any ANR policy that categorically requires such waste to be removed. Rather, this Decision
is limited to the specific facts that were previously evaluated by this Court on January 20, 2006 Order, and to our
interpretation of that Order in light of the parties’ actions since then.


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element of the proposed plan.” To ignore the modifications this Court made to the original
Administrative Order appears unjustified on the record now before us.
       This Court previously exercised its discretion and authority under 10 V.S.A. § 8012 to
modify the original ANR Administrative Order; that January 20, 2006 Order was not appealed
and is now binding on the parties’ further actions, rights, and responsibilities. Because we
conclude, as a matter of law, that ANR failed to review Fern Hill Farm’s Work Plan in
accordance with the January 20, 2006 Order, we remand this matter back to ANR, with the
directive that it evaluate the merits of the Fern Hill Farm Work Plan.

                                           Conclusion
       For all the reasons more fully discussed above, we GRANT Fern Hill Farm’s motion for
summary judgment, as we have concluded that, even when viewing the material facts in a light
most favorable to ANR, the Work Plan was categorically rejected without a review of its
substance.
       This concludes the proceedings before this Court in this appeal. A Judgment Order
accompanies this Decision.

       Done at Berlin, Vermont this 12th day of December 2008.




                                      ______________________________________
                                         Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge




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