                            COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Bumgardner and Senior Judge Overton
Argued at Richmond, Virginia


DALIAN KEITH GREEN
                                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v.     Record No. 2508-02-2                                  JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
                                                                OCTOBER 14, 2003
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BRUNSWICK COUNTY
                                Robert G. O'Hara, Jr., Judge

              Steven Brent Novey (Tomko & Novey, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

              Jennifer R. Franklin, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore,
              Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


       Dalian Keith Green (appellant) appeals from his convictions for grand larceny, grand

larceny of an automobile, possession of burglary tools, and statutory burglary, entered on his

conditional pleas of guilty. On appeal, he contends that his convictions were barred by Code

§ 19.2-294 because he had already been held accountable for those acts in a previous prosecution

in federal court.     Assuming without deciding appellant's state and federal prosecutions

encompassed "the same act" within the meaning of Code § 19.2-294, we hold that statute did not

bar the instant prosecutions because those prosecutions commenced before the federal

prosecution. Thus, we affirm the challenged convictions.

       The applicable version of Code § 19.2-294 provides in relevant part as follows:

                      If the same act be a violation of two or more statutes, or of
              two or more ordinances, or of one or more statutes and also one or
              more ordinances, conviction under one of such statutes or
              ordinances shall be a bar to a prosecution or proceeding under the
              other or others. Furthermore, if the same act be a violation of both

         * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                a state and a federal statute[,] a prosecution under the federal
                statute shall be a bar to a prosecution under the state statute. . . .

                        For purposes of this section, a prosecution under a federal
                statute shall be deemed to be commenced with the return of an
                indictment by the grand jury or the filing of an information by a
                United States attorney.

See 1987 Va. Acts, ch. 241; 2002 Va. Acts, chs. 588, 623; see also 2003 Va. Acts, ch. 736

(amending second paragraph of statute to provide that, effective July 1, 2003, "a prosecution

under a federal statute shall be deemed to be commenced once jeopardy has attached" (emphasis

added)).

         Code § 19.2-294 applies "only . . . when a federal 'prosecution . . .' has commenced

before the commencement of a state prosecution." Billington v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App.

341, 344, 412 S.E.2d 461, 463 (1991) (citing Owens v. Commonwealth, 129 Va. 757, 761, 105

S.E. 531, 532 (1921)) (emphasis added). The Virginia Supreme Court has observed that, "[i]n

criminal law, [a prosecution] . . . consists of a series of proceedings from the time formal

accusation is made by swearing out a warrant, the finding of an indictment or information in a

criminal court, the trial, and final judgment." Sigmon v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 258, 267, 105

S.E.2d 171, 178 (1958) (emphasis added); see Phillips v. Commonwealth, 257 Va. 548, 553, 514

S.E.2d 340, 342 (1999) (holding that, "[i]n a criminal case, a 'prosecution' is the process in which

an accused is brought to justice from the time a formal accusation is made through trial and final

judgment in a court of appropriate jurisdiction" (citing Sigmon, 200 Va. at 267, 105 S.E.2d at

178)).     Since the Supreme Court's decision in Sigmon, the legislature has amended Code

§ 19.2-294 to define when, "[f]or purposes of [that] section, a prosecution under a federal statute

shall be deemed to be commenced." See 1987 Va. Acts, ch. 241 (amending Code § 19.2-294 to

provide, effective July 1, 1987, that federal prosecution "commence[s] with the return of an

indictment by a grand jury or the filing of an information by a United States attorney"); see also


                                                -2-
2003 Va. Acts, ch. 736 (amending Code § 19.2-294 to provide, effective July 1, 2003, that

federal prosecution "commence[s] once jeopardy has attached"). However, the legislature has

not altered the Court's pronouncement in Sigmon, 200 Va. at 267, 105 S.E.2d at 178, that a state

prosecution commences when "formal accusation is made by swearing out a warrant." See

Weathers v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 803, 805, 553 S.E.2d 729, 730 (2001) ("When the General

Assembly acts in an area in which one of its appellate courts already has spoken, it is presumed

to know the law as the court has stated it and to acquiesce therein, and if the legislature intends to

countermand such appellate decision it must do so explicitly."). And, contrary to appellant's

argument in the trial court, Sigmon refers clearly to the "swearing out" of the warrant rather than

its service. Sigmon, 200 Va. at 267, 105 S.E.2d at 178. Thus, a state prosecution commences for

purposes of Code § 19.2-294 when a warrant is issued, not when the warrant is served.

       Here, we assume without deciding that the acts constituting the state offenses for which

appellant was convicted in Brunswick County were the "same" acts that were the subject of the

federal prosecution. Nevertheless, Code § 19.2-294 is inapplicable. The state court proceedings

at issue commenced upon issuance of the arrest warrants in Brunswick County on May 31 and

June 26, 2000. See id.; Phillips, 257 Va. at 553, 514 S.E.2d at 342. The federal proceedings did

not commence until October 2000 when the federal indictment was returned.                  See Code

§ 19.2-294. Because the federal prosecution commenced after the state prosecution commenced,

Code § 19.2-294 did not bar the state proceedings. See Billington, 13 Va. App. at 344, 412

S.E.2d at 462. That the state warrants were not actually served on appellant until after the

federal prosecution had concluded does not alter this result.




                                                -3-
       In sum, we hold Code § 19.2-294 did not bar the instant prosecutions because those

prosecutions commenced before the federal prosecution.   Thus, we affirm the challenged

convictions.

                                                                               Affirmed.




                                          -4-
