                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         FEB 18 2003
                               TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff - Appellee

 v.                                                    No. 02-5092
                                                    D.C. No. 02-CR-6-P
 JESUS ERNESTO VARGAS, a/k/a                         (N.D. Oklahoma)
 Jesus Ernesto Vargas-Galindo,

             Defendant - Appellant


                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT            *




Before TACHA , Chief Circuit Judge,     ANDERSON and O’BRIEN , Circuit
Judges.



                                    I. Background

      On December 27, 2001, at approximately 9:00 A.M., Defendant-appellant

Jesus Vargas was driving his vehicle on Highway I-44 near Stroud, Oklahoma.

Vargas was driving with a female passenger, Irene Gomez. Transparent plastic

covered the rear license plate of Vargas’ vehicle and a plastic tag holder obscured



      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
the state name. Oklahoma Highway Patrol Trooper Colby Cason stopped Vargas

for an improper tag display, in violation of Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 47, § 1113(A)(2).   1



Trooper Cason informed Vargas that he would issue a warning citation.

       Trooper Cason requested that Vargas accompany him to his squad car, and

he directed Vargas to sit in the front passenger side of the squad car while he ran

a check on Vargas’ driver’s license and license plate number. The computer

check uncovered no outstanding warrants or other problems associated with

Vargas or his vehicle.

       While filling out the warning citation form, Trooper Cason asked Vargas

several questions. He inquired about Vargas’ destination, and Vargas responded

that he was on his way to St. Louis to visit his brother. Trooper Cason then asked

where Vargas’ brother lived in St. Louis. Vargas said that he did not know the

part of town, but he knew how to get there. While in the front seat of the squad

care, Vargas appeared “extremely nervous” and the artery in his neck was beating

rapidly. Trooper Cason also noticed that Vargas’ female passenger, still in


       1
           Section 1113(A)(2) provides:

       The license plate shall be securely attached to the rear of the vehicle,
       except truck-tractor plates which shall be attached to the front of the
       vehicle. . . . The license plate, decal and all letters and numbers shall
       be clearly visible at all times. The operation of a vehicle upon which
       the license plate is covered, overlaid or otherwise screened with any
       material, whether such material be clear, translucent, tinted or
       opaque, shall be a violation of this paragraph.

                                             -2-
Vargas’ vehicle, continually turned around and watched from the visor mirror of

the car. When Trooper Cason inquired about Vargas’ female passenger, Vargas

told him that she was his mother.

      Because Vargas had not brought his vehicle registration with him to the

squad car, Trooper Cason went to retrieve it from Vargas’ vehicle. At this time,

Trooper Cason noticed that Gomez, the female passenger in Vargas’ vehicle, also

appeared extremely nervous. Trooper Cason observed that Gomez appeared too

young to be Vargas’ mother. When Trooper Cason asked Gomez where she and

Vargas were traveling, she responded that they were going to visit an “amigo.”

While Trooper Cason was talking with Gomez, Vargas had opened the passenger

door of the squad car and stuck his head out, as if to listen to the conversation.

As Trooper Cason returned to the squad car, he noticed that the back seat of

Vargas’ vehicle appeared “unusual.”

      Trooper Cason then returned to his squad car. He asked Vargas why

Gomez appeared so nervous. Vargas then told Trooper Cason that Gomez was an

illegal alien. At this point, after Vargas signed the warning citation, Trooper

Cason gave Vargas a copy of the warning citation along with his driver’s license.    2



After returning Vargas’ driver’s license, Cason asked Vargas for permission to


      2
         Although Vargas testified that Trooper Cason had not returned his
driver’s license at the time he requested permission to search the vehicle, the
district court accepted Trooper Cason’s testimony on this fact.

                                           -3-
search his vehicle. Vargas responded, “Go ahead.” At the suppression hearing,

Cason testified that when he asked Vargas for consent to search his car, Vargas

was not free to leave.

       During the initial part of the search, Trooper Cason (1) examined the

wheels of the car, (2) examined the car doors and “popped” the door panels to

look behind them, and (3) searched a bag found in the back seat. Cason then

opened the trunk and smelled Bondo     3
                                           and he noticed that visible modifications

had been made to the trunk. At this point, Trooper Cason called for assistance.

One hour into the search, the assisting officer arrived with a drug-detection dog.

The dog alerted to the presence of drugs. Using an “optoscope” (a remote-vision

device), the officers examined a hidden compartment in the backseat/trunk area of

the vehicle. They found two kilograms of cocaine in the compartment. At this

point, the officers read Vargas his   Miranda rights.

       On January 9, 2002, a grand jury returned an indictment charging Vargas

with one count of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(ii). On January 31, 2002, Vargas filed a

motion to suppress the evidence seized by the Oklahoma Highway Patrol. After a

hearing, the district court denied Vargas’ motion, concluding that (1) Trooper


       3
        Trooper Cason testified that Bondo is a bond dough used to repair dents in
vehicles. Cason testified that it is also routinely used to create false
compartments within a vehicle.

                                             -4-
Cason had objectively reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity at the

time he requested permission to search Vargas’ vehicle, and (2) Vargas validly

consented to the search. Vargas entered a conditional plea of guilty on March 28,

2002, reserving his right to appeal the ruling of the district court denying his

motion to suppress.

       Vargas challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress on

numerous grounds, including: (1) Trooper Cason’s detention exceeded the

legitimate scope of the stop; (2) Trooper Cason did not have probable cause for

the further detention and the search; and (3) Vargas did not voluntarily consent to

the search of his vehicle. We consider each contention in turn. We exercise

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.

                                       II. Discussion

       A.     Standard of Review

       We review the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a clearly

erroneous standard.     United States v. Soto , 988 F.2d 1548, 1551 (10th Cir. 1993)

(citations omitted). In conducting our review, we consider the evidence in the

light most favorable to the district court’s ruling.     Id. (citations omitted). The

ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment, however,

is a question of law, which we review de novo.         Id. (citations omitted).




                                              -5-
      B.     Overview of Applicable Law

      In reviewing the constitutionality of traffic stops under the Fourth

Amendment, we conduct a two-step inquiry. First,       we must determine “whether

the officer’s action was justified at its inception.” United States v. Gonzalez-

Lerma, 14 F.3d 1479, 1483 (10th Cir. 1994). Second, we must consider “whether

the action was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that first justified

the interference.” Id. Further detention or questioning, unrelated to the traffic

stop, is only permissible (1) where the officer has “objectively reasonable and

articulable suspicion that illegal activity has occurred or is occurring,” or (2) “ if

the initial detention has become a consensual encounter.” Id. (citations omitted).

      C.     Whether Trooper Cason’s Detention of Vargas was Reasonable at Its

             Inception.

      “[A] detaining officer must have    an objectively reasonable articulable

suspicion that a traffic violation has occurred or is occurring before stopping [an]

automobile.” Soto, 988 F.2d at 1554 (citation omitted). In this case, Trooper

Cason observed that the license plate of Vargas’ vehicle was covered by a tag

mount, and that a plastic covering obscured the entire tag. This observation gave

Trooper Cason reasonable suspicion that Vargas’ vehicle was in violation of Okla.

Stat. Ann. tit. 47, § 1113(A)(2). Accordingly, Trooper Cason’s initial stop of

Vargas was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.         See Soto, 988 F.2d at 1554.


                                           -6-
        D.    Whether Trooper Cason’s Actions Were Reasonably Related in Scope

              to the Circumstances That Initially Justified the Detention.

        “During a routine traffic stop, the detaining officer may request a driver’s

license and vehicle registration, run a computer check on the car and driver, and

issue a citation.” Soto, 988 F.2d at 1554 (citations omitted). In addition, the

detaining officer may question the vehicle’s occupants regarding their identity,

travel plans, and ownership of the vehicle. United States v. Rivera, 867 F.2d

1261, 1263 (10th Cir. 1989).

        In this case, Trooper Cason detained Vargas while he conducted a check on

Vargas’ driver’s license and license plate number and issued a warning citation.

Although Trooper Cason asked Vargas several questions while he filled out the

citation form, the questions related to Vargas’ ownership of the vehicle, the

identity of Vargas’ female passenger, and his travel plans. Thus, under      Soto and

Rivera , Trooper Cason’s actions were within the legitimate scope of the traffic

stop.

        The fact that Trooper Cason ordered Vargas out of the car and directed him

to sit in the front seat of the squad car does not alter this conclusion. “[T]he

intrusiveness of a search or seizure will be upheld if it was reasonable under the

totality of the circumstances. Reasonableness is determined by balancing the

governmental interest in crime prevention against the citizen’s right to be free


                                           -7-
from governmental intrusion.”       United States v. Perdue , 8 F.3d 1455, 1462 (10th

Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). We find that Trooper Cason’s decision to direct

Vargas to sit in the front seat of the squad car was reasonable for several reasons.

First, in relocating Vargas, Trooper Cason justifiably protected himself from any

weapons concealed in the vehicle.      See Maryland v. Wilson , 519 U.S. 408, 410

(1997) (removal of passenger from vehicle for security and safety reasons is

legitimate during Terry stop); Pennsylvania v. Mimms , 434 U.S. 106, 111 (1977)

(a concern for officer safety justifies ordering a driver out of his or her vehicle).

Second, Trooper Cason’s decision to ask Vargas to accompany him to his squad

car while he ran the computer checks likely increased the overall safety of the

situation. Standing on the shoulder of the highway places both the officer and the

person detained in some degree of danger of injury due to a traffic accident.

Relocating to the officer’s squad car reduces the potential for injury. Third,

separating Vargas and Gomez served the investigatory purpose of removing any

opportunity for the two to concoct a consistent explanation regarding the purpose

of their travel. Fourth, placing Vargas in the front seat of the squad car – for this

limited duration – likely lead to a less intrusive encounter. The Supreme Court in

Mimms acknowledged that ordering a driver out of the car results in additional

public exposure, although the Court characterized the additional intrusion as    de

minimis . Id. By allowing Vargas to wait in the front seat of the squad car,


                                            -8-
Trooper Cason removed this       de minimis additional intrusion while still furthering

the purpose of officer safety as articulated in    Mimms . Finally, because Trooper

Cason questioned Vargas while running the computer check and filling out the

warning citation form, he likely shortened the overall duration of the encounter.     4



       E.     Whether Trooper Cason’s Request to Search Vargas’ Vehicle,

              Unrelated to the Initial Traffic Stop, Was Reasonable.

       Once an officer has issued a citation in a traffic stop,   “‘[i]f the driver

produces a valid license and proof of right to operate the vehicle, the officer must

allow him to continue on his way without delay for further questioning.’” Soto,

988 F.2d at 1554 (citing United States v. Pena, 920 F.2d 1509, 1514 (10th Cir.

1990)). However, further detention or questioning – unrelated to the traffic stop

– is permissible in two instances: (1) if the officer has “objectively reasonable

and articulable suspicion that illegal activity has occurred or is occurring;” or (2)

“if the initial detention has become a consensual encounter.” Gonzalez-Lerma, 14

F.3d at 1483 (citations omitted).




       4
        We do not suggest that detention in a police car is per se reasonable under
Terry. Cf. United States v. Speal, No. 97-3344, 1998 WL 886757, at *3 (10th Cir.
Dec. 21, 1998) (“We do not suggest that detention in a police car never exceeds
the reasonable parameters of a Terry stop.”).

                                             -9-
              1.      Whether Vargas Voluntarily Consented to the Search of His

                      Vehicle .

       “Whether or not a party has voluntarily consented to a search is a question

of fact that the district court must evaluate in view of the totality of the

circumstances.” United States v. Doyle , 129 F.3d 1372, 1377 (10th Cir. 1997)

(citations omitted). In the present case, the district court found that Vargas’

consent was voluntarily given, and “we must accept that finding unless it is

clearly erroneous.”    Soto , 988 F.2d at 1554. The fact that a party is being

detained at the time consent is given does not necessarily render the consent

involuntary. Doyle, 129 F.3d at 1377 (citations omitted). In the context of a

routine traffic stop, we have previously held that once an officer has returned a

driver’s documentation, any subsequent encounter is “consensual” so long as “‘a

reasonable person under the circumstances would believe he was free to leave or

disregard the officer’s request for information.’”   United States v. Elliot , 107 F.3d

810, 814 (10th Cir. 1997) (citing    United States v. McKneely , 6 F.3d 1447, 1451

(10th Cir. 1993)). In determining whether a reasonable person would have felt

free to leave or disregard the officer’s questioning, we consider the totality of the

circumstances.     Doyle , 129 F.3d at 1377.

       In this case, Trooper Cason returned Vargas’ documentation prior to his

request for permission to search Vargas’ vehicle. On the other hand, Vargas was


                                            -10-
still in the front seat of Trooper Cason’s squad car. Further, Cason testified that

Vargas was not free to leave at the time of his request.

       We need not decide whether Vargas was in custody at the time of Cason’s

request, because custody does not necessarily render consent involuntary.       Id.

(citation omitted). Rather, we must consider the totality of the circumstances.

Here, Vargas points to no evidence of overt coercion.      See Soto , 988 F.2d at 1558.

Trooper Cason did not unholster his weapon, use an authoritative tone, or

physically harass Vargas. Further, Cason was the only officer present at the time

of Vargas’ consent. Vargas consented while seated in the front seat of Cason’s

squad car, parked on the shoulder of a public highway in broad daylight. Further,

unlike Soto , Trooper Cason had already returned Vargas’ documentation. Based

on these facts, we hold that the district court’s conclusion that Vargas voluntarily

consented to the search of his vehicle was not clearly erroneous.     See id.

       Of course “illegal” detention, or detention in the absence of reasonable

suspicion, might present a different case. But here, even if Vargas was not free to

leave at the time of Trooper Cason’s request, any additional detention beyond the

scope of the initial traffic stop was justified based on Trooper Cason’s objectively

reasonable, articulable suspicion of illegal activity.

       Trooper Cason possessed reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal

activity based on numerous observations made during the routine traffic stop.


                                           -11-
First, Trooper Cason testified that both Vargas and Gomez appeared extremely

nervous during the encounter.       See Soto , 988 F.2d at 1556; United States v.

Turner , 928 F.2d 956, 959 (10th Cir. 1991). Second, Vargas told Trooper Cason

that Gomez was his mother, a statement that was inconsistent with Cason’s

observation of Gomez’s apparent age.        Cf. Turner , 928 F.2d at 959 ( “Defendant

claimed that he was an auto mechanic, but the officer observed that his hands

were well-manicured and did not appear to be in the condition of someone who

works as an auto mechanic.”). Third, Vargas and Gomez offered conflicting

accounts as to the purpose of their travel, and Vargas could not specify where in

St. Louis his brother lived.     See United States v. Rivera , 867 F.2d 1261, 1264

(10th Cir. 1989) (finding      reasonable suspicion based in part on defendant’s

conflicting and inconsistent responses to officer’s questions); see also United

States v. Kopp, 45 F.3d 1450, 1454 (10th Cir. 1995) (finding reasonable suspicion

based in part on findings that (1) the defendant’s explanations of his travel plans

and purpose were not plausible, (2) the defendant could not provide an address

for his destination, and (3) the defendant’s explanation regarding travel plans was

inconsistent with the explanation his passenger gave). Fourth, Trooper Cason

observed that the back seat of Vargas’ vehicle appeared “unusual.” In light of

these facts, we cannot say that the district court was clearly erroneous in

concluding that Trooper Cason had reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal


                                             -12-
activity.

              2.     Whether the Scope of Trooper Cason’s Search was

                     Reasonable .

       Ordinarily, an individual’s consent to an officer’s request to search her

vehicle authorizes a thorough and complete search of the vehicle, absent either (1)

a request by the officer with a limitation in scope, or (2) a limiting instruction

included in the individual’s consent.   See Elliot , 107 F.3d at 815 (citing cases).

In this case, Trooper Cason did not limit his request for consent. Nor did Vargas’

response (“Go ahead”) in any way limit his consent. Thus, Vargas consented to a

thorough search of his vehicle, and the Oklahoma Highway Patrol’s search

pursuant to Vargas’ consent comported with the requirements of the Fourth

Amendment.    5




       5
        Vargas also argues that under Oklahoma law, a consent to search given
during custodial interrogation must be preceded by a proper Miranda warning.
We need not decide whether or not this is true, because it is the requirements of
the Constitution, rather than Oklahoma state law, with which we are concerned.

                                          -13-
                                III. Conclusion

      For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Vargas’

motion to suppress and AFFIRM Vargas’ conviction for possession of cocaine

with intent to distribute.

                                     ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                     Deanell Reece Tacha
                                     Chief Circuit Judge




                                      -14-
