                           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 07a0130p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                     X
                               Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 VALERIE M. SMITH,
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                          No. 06-1625
          v.
                                                      ,
                                                       >
 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,                     -
                              Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                     N
                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
                    No. 04-00651—Wendell A. Miles, District Judge.
                                  Submitted: March 14, 2007
                               Decided and Filed: April 9, 2007
                     Before: COLE, SUTTON, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
                                      _________________
                                          COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Charles A. Robison, ROBISON LAW OFFICE, Albion, Michigan, for Appellant.
Shefali Baltz, ASSISTANT REGIONAL COUNSEL, OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL,
Chicago, Illinois, for Appellee.
                                      _________________
                                          OPINION
                                      _________________
        COOK, Circuit Judge. Valerie Smith challenges the denial of disability insurance benefits
to her by the Social Security Administration (SSA), contending that its decision neither complied
with the treating source regulation nor was supported by substantial evidence. We disagree with
these contentions and affirm.
                                                I
       Smith applied for disability benefits on March 1, 2001, alleging onset of disability on
September 1, 2000. From 2001 to 2004, Smith saw several doctors for physical and mental pain.
In 2001, doctors diagnosed her with chronic pain syndrome, lower back pain, right leg radiculitis,
degenerative disc disease, restless leg syndrome, osteoporosis, and depression. Doctors continued
to examine her over the next three years, diagnosing some of these problems and finding Smith’s
capability to engage in physical activity somewhat limited.



                                                1
No. 06-1625           Smith v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                                             Page 2


         After the SSA denied her initial claim for Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) and
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments, Smith, represented by counsel, appeared before an
Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) in January 2004 for a hearing. Both Smith and a vocational expert
testified. The ALJ applied the five-step evaluation for disability benefits required by 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1520 and 416.920. The ALJ reviewed the extensive medical evidence and found two reports
unreliable and inconsistent with the overall record. He also did not give reasons for the weight he
gave two other opinions.
        The ALJ denied Smith’s claim, finding that although she was physically and mentally
limited, there were “a significant number of jobs in the national economy that [Smith] could
perform.” Smith sued in the district court, and the magistrate judge recommended finding that the
ALJ erred by rejecting the opinions of Doctors Shah and Martin without “articulat[ing] any rationale
for doing so,” in violation of SSA regulations as interpreted by this court in Wilson v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541 (6th Cir. 2004).
        The district court overruled the magistrate’s report and recommendation, finding that the
“ALJ offered a number of reasons for declining to give controlling weight to opinions of [Smith’s]
physicians regarding the extent of her limitations” and holding that the “ALJ did not violate any
procedural right [that Smith] might have to an adequate explanation of why the ALJ declined to fully
credit her physicians’ opinions.” After the district court upheld the ALJ’s decision to deny Smith
disability benefits, Smith appealed.
                                                  II
        Smith argues that the ALJ violated 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2) and Wilson by failing to give
good reasons for rejecting two medical opinions and failing to give controlling weight to other
opinions. The SSA promises claimants that ALJs “will evaluate every medical opinion [they]
receive.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d). Yet it also recognizes that not all medical sources need be
treated equally, classifying acceptable medical sources into three types: nonexamining sources,
nontreating (but examining) sources, and treating sources.
        A “nonexamining source” is “a physician, psychologist, or other acceptable medical source
who has not examined [the claimant] but provides a medical or other opinion in [the claimant’s]
case.” Id. § 404.1502. A “nontreating source” (but examining source) has examined the claimant
“but does not have, or did not have, an ongoing treatment relationship with” her. Id. A treating
source, accorded the most deference by the SSA, has not only examined the claimant but also has
an “ongoing treatment relationship” with her consistent with accepted medical practice. Id.
        When evaluating medical opinions, the SSA will generally “give more weight to the opinion
of a source who has examined [the claimant] than to the opinion of a source who has not examined”
her. Id. § 404.1527(d)(1). The SSA will give the most weight “to opinions from [the claimant’s]
treating sources, since these sources are likely to be medical professionals most able to provide a
detailed, longitudinal picture of [the claimant’s] medical impairment(s) . . . .” Id. § 404.1527(d)(2).
The SSA promises claimants that it “will always give good reasons in [its] notice of determination
or decision for the weight [it gives the claimant’s] treating source’s opinion.” Id.
        In Wilson, this court characterized the § 404.1527(d)(2) reasons-giving requirement as
clearly procedural, ensuring “that the ALJ applies the treating physician rule and permits meaningful
review of the ALJ’s application of the rule.” 378 F.3d at 544. Claimants are entitled to receive good
reasons for the weight accorded their treating sources independent of their substantive right to
receive disability benefits. Id. at 547; see also Soc. Sec. Rul. 96-2p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34,490 (July 2,
1996) (requiring good reasons even when “the determination or decision is fully favorable and
would be even without consideration of treating source’s medical opinion”).
No. 06-1625              Smith v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                                                      Page 3


        Importantly, though, this reasons-giving requirement exists only for § 404.1527(d)(2), and
not for the remainder of § 404.1527(d). As the Wilson court noted, the procedural requirement
exists, in part, for claimants to understand why the administrative bureaucracy deems them not
disabled when physicians are telling them that they are. 378 F.3d at 544. Yet even if the purpose
of the reasons-giving requirement in § 404.1527(d)(2) applies to the entire regulation, the SSA
requires ALJs to give reasons for only treating sources. When an agency includes a requirement
in only one section of a regulation, we presume the exclusion from the remainder of the regulation
to be intentional. Cf. Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (“Where Congress includes
particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is
generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or
exclusion.”). Before determining whether the ALJ violated Wilson by failing to properly consider
a medical source, we must first classify that source as a “treating source.”
       Classifying a medical source requires us to interpret the definitions in § 404.1502, a question
of law we review de novo. See McClanahan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 474 F.3d 830, 833 (6th Cir.
2006) (citing Smith-Wilkins v. Sec’y of HHS, 880 F.2d 864, 866 (6th Cir. 1989)). Any fact found
by the ALJ bearing on the question, however, must be accepted by this court if it is supported by
substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also McClanahan, 474 F.3d at 833. We will defer to
the Commissioner’s factual finding that is supported by substantial evidence, even if we might reach
the opposite conclusion. Colvin v. Barnhart, 475 F.3d 727, 730 (6th Cir. 2007).
       A physician qualifies as a treating source if the claimant sees her “with a frequency
consistent with accepted medical practice for the type of treatment and/or evaluation required for
[the] medical condition.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1502. A physician seen infrequently can be a treating
source “if the nature and frequency of the treatment or evaluation is typical for [the] condition.” Id.
         Smith claims her medical reports from Doctors Martin and Shah deserve treating-source
review. We cannot agree. Martin examined Smith only once in October 2001 and wrote a single
“physical capacity evaluation.” Shah examined Smith, completed a medical report, prescribed and
refilled back pain medication, and denied additional medication when Smith returned seeking more.
We agree with the district court that Smith’s contacts with Martin and Shah fail to evince the type
of ongoing treatment relationship contemplated by the plain text of the regulation. See Daniels v.
Apfel, No. 00-5009, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 30137, at *7 (10th Cir. 2000) (doubting that doctor was
a treating source where although “he diagnosed appellant and prescribed medication for him, there
[was] no evidence [the doctor] provided ongoing care for [the claimant]”); cf. Bowen v. Comm’r of
Soc. Sec., ___ F.3d ___, No. 06-5622, slip op. at 5 (6th Cir. Mar. 9, 2007) (finding a doctor who
treated the claimant for three years was a “treating source”). In the absence of treating-source status
for these doctors, we do not reach the question of whether the ALJ violated Wilson by failing to give
reasons for not accepting their reports.
        Smith also faults the SSA for failing to give controlling weight to Doctors Barber and Griner.
For purposes  of this argument, we assume without deciding that Barber and Griner were treating
sources.1 The SSA will give a treating source’s opinion “controlling weight” unless it is either not
“well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques” or is
“inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in [the] case record.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2).
 The ALJ declined to give Barber’s and Griner’s opinions controlling weight, specifically stating
that they were “inconsistent with the overall evidence of record,” a factual determination within his
discretion under § 404.1527(d)(2). These doctors formed their opinions solely from Smith’s
reporting of her symptoms and her conditions, and the ALJ found that Smith was not credible.


        1
         Griner examined Smith in late 2001 for back pain and administered trigger point injections. Barber, who had
examined Smith in 2003, completed a report in January 2004 finding some restrictions on Smith’s ability to work.
No. 06-1625           Smith v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.                                            Page 4


Because substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s rejection of these reports, we defer to that finding.
42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
                                                 III
        Smith further contends the ALJ misapplied the “governing five-step inquiry outlined in
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520,” Bowen, ___ F.3d at ___, slip op. at 4, when he denied her disability benefits.
Specifically, Smith challenges the ALJ’s decision that her physical and mental impairments did not
prevent her from performing a significant number of jobs in the national economy. See id. We
disturb the ALJ’s factual findings underpinning this decision only if they are not supported by
substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also McClanahan, 474 F.3d at 833. “Substantial
evidence is defined as such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” Colvin, 475 F.3d at 730 (internal quotation omitted).
        The ALJ found that Smith has the residual functional capacity (RFC) for “simple, unskilled,
low stress light work with no more than two hours per day of standing and walking,” because record
evidence showed Smith’s spinal abnormalities to be minimal and revealed that her medical problems
would permit her to work while seated for a full work day. Record evidence also convinced the ALJ
that Smith’s range of activities at home contradicted her “allegations regarding her limitations,”
supporting the ALJ’s adverse credibility finding.
        Furthermore, the record contains substantial evidence that Smith has sufficient mental
function to perform the mild work the ALJ found she could do. Smith complains that the mental
RFC determination must be defective because she has been rated 45-50 on the Global Assessment
of Functioning (GAF) scale. Even assuming GAF scores are determinative, the record supports a
GAF in the high 40s to mid 50s, which would not preclude her from having the mental capacity to
hold at least some jobs in the national economy. We thus hold that the ALJ’s findings as to both her
physical and mental RFC were supported by substantial evidence and cannot be set aside under
42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
                                                 IV
       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
