                            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                        NO. 2001-CA-01090-SCT

ROGER McMILLAN AND J. A. TUCKER
v.
GENARO SALINAS RODRIGUEZ



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                 6/5/2001
TRIAL JUDGE:                                      HON. FRANK A. RUSSELL
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                        TISHOMINGO COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                          CHRISTI R. McCOY
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                           DAVID O. BUTTS

                                                  BARRY JOE WALKER
NATURE OF THE CASE:                               CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                                      AFFIRMED - 08/15/2002
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:                                   9/5/2002



     BEFORE SMITH, P.J., WALLER AND CARLSON, JJ.

     SMITH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Genaro Salinas Rodriguez (Salinas) and his wife, Maria Rodriguez, filed suit against Roger McMillan
and J. A. Tucker on September 22, 1998. Their complaint alleged that McMillan and Tucker were liable
for damages suffered by Salinas following an automobile collision with a Brangus bull owned by McMillan
on Highway 365 in Tishomingo County, and Maria's resulting loss of consortium. On May 24, 2001,
Tucker filed a motion for summary judgment. The case went to trial on June 4, 2001. After the jury was
empaneled and dismissed for lunch, Tucker's attorney addressed the motion for summary judgment, arguing
that Miss. Code Ann. § 69-13-111 (2001) controlled and placed all liability on the shoulders of McMillan.
The motion for summary judgment was denied. Further, Tucker's and McMillan's counsel made a motion in
limine for the exclusion of all testimony relating to any previous escapes by the bull. That motion also was
denied. The case went to trial, and the jury returned a verdict for Genaro Salinas Rodriguez in the amount
of $150,000.00, but Maria Salinas's claim for loss of consortium was denied. Judgment was entered
accordingly. Alleging that the trial court improperly denied their motions for summary judgment and the
exclusion of prior escape testimony, McMillan and Tucker have appealed.

¶2. We conclude that the trial court was correct in denying the motion for summary judgment as a jury issue
regarding negligence was clearly established. We also hold that the trial court did not abuse it discretion in
admitting evidence of a prior occurrence under similar circumstances was being more probative than
prejudicial. We affirm the trial court.

                                                    FACTS

¶3. On the morning of April 21, 1998, Genaro Salinas Rodriguez, a naturalized Mexican American, was
driving to work on Highway 365 in Tishomingo County, when his automobile collided with a registered
Brangus bull. Salinas was taken from the scene of the accident to Iuka Hospital, and from there to North
Mississippi Medical Center. He was treated for a fractured pelvis, broken ribs, and lacerations to his face.

¶4. The Brangus bull had escaped from his pasture bordering Highway 365 and wandered onto the
highway. The bull was owned by McMillan, but he kept it on Tucker's, his father-in-law, land with Tucker's
cattle. The pasture was enclosed by various fences throughout and an approximately four foot high chain
link fence on the side that fronts the highway. There was never any lease, license, or other instrument
transferring an interest in the land executed between McMillan and Tucker. McMillan had previously
owned a herd of cattle kept at a different location, but had sold it in either 1997 or earlier in 1998.
McMillan had been in the cattle business for approximately five years. Tucker had been in the cattle
business for approximately thirty years.

¶5. Eleven days prior to trial, Tucker's counsel, who had recently been retained, filed a motion for summary
judgment, but the motion was not heard until a jury had been empaneled on the day set for trial of the case,
June 4, 2001. Tucker's counsel argued that since Miss. Code Ann. § 69-23-111 placed the presumption of
liability squarely on the owner of the offending livestock, he could not be held liable for any of Salinas's
damages. The plaintiff argued that they were not seeking to impose liability on Tucker under Miss. Code
Ann. § 69-13-111, but instead were seeking to send the question of his liability to the jury under the
common law theory of negligence. The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment. Tucker
renewed his motion as a motion for directed verdict at the conclusion of the plaintiffs' case.

¶6. Next, Tucker's and McMillan's counsel made a motion to have all testimony or evidence of prior
escapes by the bull excluded from evidence. Two months prior to Salinas's accident, the same Brangus bull
had escaped from the pasture, crossed Highway 365 and entered the pasture of a neighboring farmer.
Tucker and McMillan claimed that any such evidence's prejudicial effect outweighed its probative value
because there was no evidence of how the bull escaped, although Tucker and McMillan speculated that it
must have jumped the fence. Salinas's attorney argued that the evidence was merely presented to offer
evidence of Tucker's and McMillan's notice of the existence of an dangerous condition. The trial court
denied this motion as well.

¶7. After the witnesses had testified, the trial court sent the case to the jury on the following jury
instructions. As to McMillan's liability, Jury Instruction No. 5 stated:

      The Court instructs the jury that te owner of livestock found on the highways of this State, which
      cause wrecks or bodily injury, are responsible for the property damage and injuries caused by the
      livestock. It is not the burden of the injured person to prove that the owner of the livestock was
      negligent, but rather it is the burden of the owner to prove that the livestock got onto the highway
      through no fault or negligence of his own.

      It is admitted by the defendant, Roger McMillan, that he owned the bull which got on to the highway
      and caused the accident which destroyed Mr. Salinas' car and injured him. It is not Mr. Salinas'
      burden to prove that Mr. McMillan's negligence caused the bull to be on the roadway, but it is the
      burden of Mr. McMillan to prove that the bull got there through no fault or negligence of his own.
      Negligence is doing an act which a reasonably prudent person would not do, or failing to do what a
      reasonably prudent person would do. If the defendant, Mr. McMillan has failed to prove that the bull
      go onto the road through no fault or negligence of his won, then you will return your verdict for the
      plaintiffs against the defendant, Mr. McMillan.

The trial court's instruction No. 6 dealt with Tucker's liability:

      This Court instructs the jury that persons who keep cattle have a duty to prevent their escape. The
      keepers of such animals are responsible for harm done by them if the keepers fail to exercise
      reasonable care to control the animal and the harm done is of a sort normal for animals of its class.
      Therefore, if you find from a preponderance of the evidence that J.A. Tucker failed to exercise
      reasonable care to prevent the escape of the bull in question, and that the harm done was of the sort
      expected to occur in such circumstances, then you will return your verdict for the plaintiffs against the
      defendant, J.A. Tucker.

¶8. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Salinas for $150,000.00. McMillan and Tucker appeal that
finding.

                                         STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9. This Court has repeatedly stated the standard of review for denials of motions for summary judgment:

      Our appellate standard for reviewing the grant or denial of summary judgment is the same standard as
      that of the trial court under Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. This Court employs
      a de novo standard of review of a lower court's grant or denial of a summary judgment and examines
      all the evidentiary matters before it-admissions in pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions,
      affidavits, etc. The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the
      motion has been made. If, in this view, there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party
      is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should forthwith be entered in his favor.
      Otherwise, the motion should be denied. Issues of fact sufficient to require denial of a motion for
      summary judgment obviously are present where one party swears to one version of the matter in issue
      and another says to the opposite. In addition, the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of
      fact exists is on the moving party. That is, the non-movant should be given the benefit of the doubt.

Heigle v. Heigle, 771 So.2d 341, 345 (Miss. 2000) (citing McCullough v. Cook, 679 So.2d 627, 630
(Miss. 1996)). The admissibility of evidence rests within the discretion of the trial court. Clemons v. State,
732 So.2d 883, 887 (Miss. 1999); Hayes v. State, 803 So.2d 473, 475 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001).
However, this Court will review the record to determine whether the trial court employed the proper legal
standards in its fact findings governing evidence admissibility. Id. Therefore, the trial court's discretion must
be exercised within the scope of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence and reversal will be appropriate only
when an abuse of discretion resulting in prejudice occurs. Id.

                                                 DISCUSSION

¶10. McMillan and Tucker raise the following issues on appeal:
      I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING J.A. TUCKER'S MOTION
      FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT.

¶11. Section 69-13-111 of the Mississippi Code Annotated provides:

      The owners of livestock which through their owner's negligence are found on federal or state
      designated paved highways or highway rights-of-way shall be subject to any damages as a result of
      wrecks, loss of life or bodily injury as a result of said livestock being on the above designated
      highways. The burden shall be on the owner of any such livestock to prove lack of negligence. . . .

Miss. Code Ann. § 69-13-111 (2001). Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure states that
the summary judgment motion "shall be served at least ten days before the time fixed for the hearing. . . .
The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." M.R.C.P. 56(c). The ten-day
notice requirement is held to be strictly applied, and generally a motion for summary judgment cannot be
entertained once a jury is empaneled. See Pope v. Schroeder, 512 So.2d 905 (Miss. 1987). The ten-day
rule was not violated in this case because the motion was served eleven days before trial.

¶12. In interpreting § 69-13-111, this Court has stated that "the language of the statute expressly creates a
presumption that the owner of stray livestock is negligent in his confinement of the animal." Carpenter v.
Nobile, 620 So.2d 961, 963 (Miss. 1993). However, the plaintiffs in this case never sought to have
Tucker found liable under § 69-13-111. Instead, they sought to have him found liable under the common
law rules of negligence.

¶13. Generally, "[t]he owner or keeper of a domestic animal is charged with knowledge of the natural
propensities of animals of the particular class to which this animal belongs, and, if these propensities are of
the kind that might cause injury he must exercise the care necessary to prevent such injuries as may be
anticipated." 4 Am. Jur. 2d Animals § 102, at 439 (1995) (footnote omitted). Further, "[t]he rules as to
liability for injuries inflicted by domestic animals apply, in the absence of any statute to the contrary, to
persons who keep or harbor animals upon their premises with notice of their vicious disposition, whether
they own them or not." Id. § 105, at 442 (footnote omitted). Also, liability will not attach to persons who do
not have control over the animal, and "landowners, such as landlords who do not have control over the
animal will not be held liable for injuries caused by it." Id. at 443 (footnote omitted). If there had been a
lease or license signed in this case, then Tucker definitely would not be liable because, as stated by the
Texas Court of Appeals, "when the lessor has no control over the premises, the lessor has no liability for
injuries stemming from leased premises within the control of the tenant." Levesque v. Wilkens, 57 S.W.3d
499, 505 (Tex. Ct. App. 2001).

¶14. In interpreting statutes, courts should not extend statutory liability "beyond that which is clearly
indicated by express terms or by necessary implication from the language used." Houston v. Holmes, 202
Miss. 300, 303, 32 So.2d 138, 139 (1947). The rule is that "legislation creating a liability where no liability
existed at common law should be construed most favorably to the person or entity subjected to the liability,
and against the claimant for damages." Id. There was common law liability for owners and keepers of
livestock in Mississippi prior to the passage of the statute that has become § 69-13-111. See Yazoo &
M.V.R. Co. v. Gordon, 184 Miss. 885, 186 So. 631 (1939).
¶15. Mississippi has no cases that deal with the issue of the liability of a non-lessor landowner for the
damages caused by livestock on its land. Section 69-13-111 does not create a new basis for liability; it
creates a rebuttable presumption of negligence. There was no new theory of liability created by this statute.
The language of the statute makes it clear that only the owner of the cattle is subject to the presumption of
liability. It does not say that only the owner of cattle can be held liable for damages. Therefore, whether a
non-owner, who had an interest in and control over the land or livestock on it, is liable is a negligence
question that should go to the jury.

¶16. In this case, there was testimony to the effect that both Tucker and McMillan exercised control over
the offending bull; and therefore, the jury's finding that both were liable is within the evidence presented.
Since Tucker's liability was alleged to exist under a negligence theory, at no time could the court switch the
burden of proof on the issue of liability to the defense, as it could with McMillan. Instead, Salinas had to
meet his burden. Jury Instruction 6 clearly states the standard of finding Tucker liable under the non-
owner/keeper standard. See Gordon, 186 So. at 631.

¶17. Therefore, since Tucker was tried under a negligence theory of liability and at no time was the burden
of proof shifted to him, he was not entitled to summary judgment on the grounds that § 69-13-111 only
applied to owners of runaway livestock. Since there existed several issues of material fact on which
reasonable jurors could differ, the trial court was correct in denying Tucker's motion for summary judgment.

      II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING TESTIMONY OF PRIOR
      ESCAPES.

¶18. Tucker and McMillan contend that it was error for the trial court to admit evidence of the escape of
the bull two months prior to the accident in this case. It is the rule of this Court that "admission or
suppression of evidence is within the discretion of the trial judge and will not be reversed absent an abuse of
that discretion." Sumrall v. Miss. Power Co., 693 So.2d 359, 365 (Miss. 1997). In addition, this Court
has stated that "our institutional role mandates substantial deference to the jury's findings of fact and to the
trial judge's determination whether a jury issue was tendered. . . . The trial judge's determination of whether,
under the standards articulated above, a jury issue has been presented, must per force be given great
respect here." City of Jackson v. Locklar, 431 So.2d 475, 478-79 (Miss. 1983). In Locklar, this Court
faced a similar evidentiary problem. There, the issue was whether the City of Jackson had notice of a
dangerous condition, a negligently maintained manhole cover. Locklar, 431 So.2d at 477. In that case, the
evidence showed that prior actions had informed the city of the existence of hazardous conditions and the
evidence to that effect showed notice of the dangerous condition. Id. at 480.

¶19. Further this Court has ruled that "admissibility is limited to conditions of permanency and the evidence
must show that former accidents happened under substantially the same circumstances as those existing at
the time of the accident." Hartford Ins. Group v. Massey, 216 So.2d 415, 417 (Miss. 1968). In Massey,
a case factually similar to this one, this Court ruled that the plaintiffs did not meet that standard because they
"failed to show that the former accidents involved cattle of the appellee and that a condition existed which
should have given appellee notice of the dangerous condition so that failure to rectify the condition would be
negligence." Id. at 418. Recently, this Court has allowed admission of evidence of previous bovine escapes
as long as they occurred within twelve months of the disputed accident. Barrett v. Parker, 757 So.2d
182, 188-89 (Miss. 2000).
¶20. In Tucker's case, the evidence of prior escapes consisted of the admission by the defendants that two
months before the incident involving Salinas, the same bull had escaped from the same pasture and crossed
the same road. This evidence was introduced to show that the defendants had notice of the existence of a
dangerous condition and negligently neglected to take any measures to remedy the situation. At no time did
the defendants contend that the conditions of the prior escape to the one at issue were not similar because
they had taken measures to prevent the bull from escaping again. The probable reason they did not
introduce such evidence is that they did not have any evidence to produce. Therefore, this evidence meets
the requirements set forth in Massey for the similarity of conditions, and clearly the fact that it happened
within two months of the accident with Salinas means that it also satisfies the temporal relationship
requirement of Barrett.

                                              CONCLUSION

¶21. The trial court did not err in denying Tucker's motion for summary judgment because, while § 69-13-
111 does create a presumption of negligence against the owner of livestock involved in an accident on a
highway, it does not necessarily preclude a finding of negligence against a keeper of an animal who
exercises control over the animal. In this case, Tucker could be held liable because he had notice as to the
propensity of the bull to jump the fence and he failed to take any measures to prevent it from happening
again. Absent a lease that precluded Tucker from making repairs to his fences, the matter of his negligence
was a jury issue, and the trial court properly denied the motion for summary judgment.

¶22. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of the bull's previous frolic with the
neighbor's cows. Because the same bull was located in the same pasture, and it decided to cross the same
road, the evidence of the prior escape occurred under sufficiently similar circumstances to make the
evidence's probative value outweigh its prejudicial effect. Further, the closeness in time of the previous
escape adds to the probative value of the evidence, and the evidence clearly fell within the one year
standard affirmed in Barrett. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.

¶23. AFFIRMED.

      PITTMAN, C.J., WALLER, COBB, DIAZ, EASLEY, CARLSON AND GRAVES, JJ.,
      CONCUR. McRAE, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
