UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                       No. 95-5085

CONNELL ROBINSON, III,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Robert D. Potter, Senior District Judge.
(CR-92-34-P)

Argued: January 31, 1996

Decided: March 6, 1996

Before ERVIN and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges,
and BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: Milton Gordon Widenhouse, Jr., Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Kenneth Davis
Bell, Assistant United States Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark T. Calloway, United States Attorney,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Connell Robinson was convicted of conspiracy to dis-
tribute cocaine, see 21 U.S.C.A. §§ 841(a)(1), 846 (West 1981 &
Supp. 1995), and sentenced to 168 months imprisonment. On appeal,
we sustained Robinson's conviction, but vacated his sentence and
remanded for resentencing because the district court did not make fac-
tual findings regarding the quantity of cocaine attributable to Robin-
son for his participation in the conspiracy for purposes of sentencing.
See United States v. McManus, 23 F.3d 878, 887-88 (4th Cir. 1994).
On remand, the district court found that Robinson was responsible for
the distribution of fifteen to fifty kilograms of cocaine based on his
participation and the reasonable foreseeability of the quantity of
cocaine distributed by his co-conspirators, see United States Sentenc-
ing Commission, Guidelines Manual, § 1B1.3, comment. (n.2) (Nov.
1992), and sentenced Robinson to 151 months imprisonment. Robin-
son appeals his sentence, and we affirm.

I.

The facts are recited in the panel opinion affirming Robinson's
conviction, see McManus, 23 F.3d at 881-88, and it is unnecessary to
repeat them at length here. The only issue in this appeal is whether
the district court properly determined the quantity of cocaine attribut-
able to Robinson for purposes of sentencing. The evidence adduced
at Robinson's resentencing hearing established that Robinson partici-
pated in the conspiracy for roughly one year, was instrumental to the
conspiracy, and was "in charge" at two of the drug houses where
cocaine was delivered to him by his co-conspirators. Robinson col-
lected the money from the sale of the cocaine and tendered it to his
superiors in the conspiracy; he also solicited other"workers" to dis-
tribute cocaine at these two drug houses. Indeed, Robinson conceded
that he actually distributed five to fifteen kilograms of cocaine based

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on his "in charge" status at the two drug houses. In addition to being
"in charge" at two drug houses, Robinson was cognizant of the distri-
bution of cocaine at four other houses through regular meetings with
his co-conspirators. He participated in cocaine distribution activity in
at least three other houses and used violence -- participating in shoot-
ing a member of a rival narcotics distribution conspiracy -- to
advance the purpose of the conspiracy. The evidence established that
Robinson was not a mere lackey, but rather a trusted manager.

Based upon the reasonable foreseeability of the jointly undertaken
criminal activity, the district court found as a fact that Robinson
should be held responsible for the distribution of fifteen to fifty kilo-
grams of cocaine for purposes of sentencing based on the timeframe
in which he participated in the conspiracy, even though the conspir-
acy as a whole was responsible for distributing fifty to seventy-five
kilograms of cocaine during the same timeframe. The factual basis for
this finding was that Robinson was cognizant of the breadth of the
conspiracy and agreed to participate in the conspiracy to this extent.
Distribution of fifteen to fifty kilograms of cocaine resulted in a base
offense level of thirty-four, and, coupled with a criminal history cate-
gory I, resulted in a sentence of 151 to 188 months imprisonment. The
district court sentenced Robinson to 151 months imprisonment.

Robinson challenges the quantity of cocaine attributable to him for
sentencing purposes, asserting that only five to fifteen kilograms of
cocaine can be attributed to him. According to Robinson, he did not
"agree[ ] to participate jointly in narcotics activity beyond the sales at
the [two drug houses.]" (Appellant's Brief at 9.) Asserting that he was
a mere "worker" in the conspiracy, Robinson argues that "[h]e could
not be held responsible for the entire conspiracy as found by the dis-
trict court in the absence of any evidence that he agreed to this
involvement or reasonably could have foreseen it." (Appellant's Brief
at 9.) Essentially, therefore, Robinson posits that the factual findings
of the district court for purposes of determining the quantity of
cocaine attributable to him are clearly erroneous.

II.

Sentences imposed for narcotics distribution offenses are calcu-
lated by the quantity of narcotics involved in the offense conduct. See

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U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (Nov. 1992). For sentencing purposes, relevant
conduct is considered and is determined on the basis of:

          (A) all acts and omissions committed, aided,
          abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, pro-
          cured, or willfully caused by the defendant; and

          (B) in the case of jointly undertaken criminal
          activity . . . all reasonably foreseeable acts and
          omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly
          undertaken criminal activity,

          that occurred during the commission of the offense of con-
          viction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of
          attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that
          offense[.]

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1). For purposes of narcotics distribution con-
spiracies, as here, the commentary to § 1B1.3 states:

          [T]he scope of the criminal activity jointly undertaken by
          the defendant (the "jointly undertaken criminal activity") is
          not necessarily the same as the scope of the entire conspir-
          acy, and hence relevant conduct is not necessarily the same
          for every participant. In order to determine the defendant's
          accountability for the conduct of others . . . the court must
          first determine the scope of the criminal activity the particu-
          lar defendant agreed to jointly undertake (i.e. , the scope of
          the specific conduct and objectives embraced by the defen-
          dant's agreement). The conduct of others that was both in
          furtherance of, and reasonably foreseeable in connection
          with, the criminal activity jointly undertaken by the defen-
          dant is relevant conduct under this provision.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, comment. (n.2). Under the Sentencing Guidelines,
therefore, "in order to attribute to a defendant for sentencing purposes
the acts of others in jointly-undertaken criminal activity, those acts
must have been within the scope of the defendant's agreement and
must have been reasonably foreseeable to the defendant." United

                    4
States v. Gilliam, 987 F.2d 1009, 1012-13 (4th Cir. 1993). Thus, fif-
teen to fifty kilograms of cocaine can be attributed to Robinson, pro-
vided this quantity was known to him or reasonably foreseeable to
him. See United States v. Irvin, 2 F.3d 72, 75-77 (4th Cir. 1993), cert.
denied, 114 S. Ct. 1086 (1994). To determine the quantity of cocaine
that can be attributed to Robinson, the focus of the inquiry must be
on the reasonable foreseeability of the jointly undertaken criminal
activity. See Gilliam, 987 F.2d at 1013.

If, as here, the quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant is dis-
puted, the district court must make an independent resolution of this
issue at sentencing. See U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(b) (Nov. 1992); see also
United States v. Morgan, 942 F.2d 243, 245 (4th Cir. 1991) (explain-
ing that the district court must determine as a factual matter the quan-
tity of narcotics to be attributed to a defendant for purposes of
sentencing). The Government shoulders the burden of establishing the
quantity of cocaine to attribute to Robinson and must do so by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Goff, 907 F.2d 1441,
1444 (4th Cir. 1990). Determining the reasonable foreseeability and
quantity of cocaine are factual inquiries, and hence our review is lim-
ited to ascertaining whether the factual findings of the district court
are clearly erroneous. See United States v. Banks, 10 F.3d 1044, 1057
(4th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1850 (1994).

Here, the district court made factual findings based on Robinson's
reasonable foreseeability of the jointly undertaken criminal activity in
determining the quantity of cocaine to be attributed to Robinson for
purposes of sentencing. See United States v. Estrada, 42 F.3d 228,
231 (4th Cir. 1994) (recognizing that the district court must make fac-
tual findings for calculating quantity of narcotics for purposes of sen-
tencing for a conspiracy conviction based on reasonable
foreseeability). As elucidated above, Robinson sold cocaine and col-
lected the proceeds from the sales to give to his superiors at two of
the drug houses; also, he solicited other workers to distribute cocaine
at these two drug houses. Moreover, Robinson knew that cocaine was
distributed at the other four drug houses, participated in cocaine dis-
tribution activity at three of these four drug houses, and used violence
to advance the conspiracy's purpose.

Based on Robinson's participation in the conspiracy, his status as
"in charge" of distribution at two drug houses, his use of violence to

                    5
further the objectives of the conspiracy, and his occasional work at
some of the other drug houses, the district court found as a matter of
fact that Robinson was accountable for distributing fifteen to fifty
kilograms of cocaine based on his participation in the conspiracy and
the reasonable foreseeability of the quantity of cocaine distributed by
the jointly undertaken criminal activity. Thus the amount of cocaine
attributable to Robinson was substantially less than the amount attri-
buted to the conspiracy as a whole. See Banks , 10 F.3d at 1056-57
(explaining that if the district court finds that the defendant reason-
ably foresaw a quantity of cocaine distributed by the conspiracy, he
is responsible for that amount unless the facts underpinning his rea-
sonable foreseeability are clearly erroneous). Here, the district court's
factual findings are not clearly erroneous and are supported by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence. Because "[a] defendant convicted of con-
spiracy may be sentenced for relevant conduct committed by a co-
conspirator in furtherance of the conspiracy" premised on reasonably
foreseeability, the district court correctly attributed to Robinson fif-
teen to fifty kilograms of cocaine. See United States v. Lanni, 970
F.2d 1092, 1093 (2d Cir. 1992).

III.

The district court found as a fact that, based on reasonable fore-
seeability and agreed participation in the jointly undertaken criminal
activity, fifteen to fifty kilograms of cocaine could be attributed to
Robinson for purposes of sentencing. The factual findings of the dis-
trict court are not clearly erroneous. Robinson's sentence is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

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