      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 CENTRAL STEEL, INC.,                                                                   A-
                                                                                         )
                                             DIVISION ONE                          • 751E,
                                                                             —ri
                      Appellant,                                             rel     r0e
                                                                                       ,
                                             No. 77432-8-1 (consol. with MR"                 -9
               V.                            77530-8-1)
                                                                                     3> TM
 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT                 UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                                                            to
 OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES,
                                                                            00
                      Respondent.            FILED: February 19, 2019



       DWYER, J. — Central Steel, Inc., appeals from a superior court order

reinstating a citation issued by the Department of Labor and Industries pursuant

to the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 19731 (WISHA). The

citation, alleging that Central Steel failed to properly guard protruding rebar as

required by WAC 296-155-680(7)(a), was vacated by the Board of Industrial

Insurance Appeals but was subsequently reinstated by the superior court.

Because the Board based its decision to vacate the citation upon a

misinterpretation of WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) and its findings of fact support a

conclusion that Central Steel failed to properly guard all protruding rebar as

required by the regulation, we affirm the superior court's order.



       Central Steel, a steel construciiOn company, was hired as a subcontractor



       I Ch. 49.17 RCW.
No. 77432-8-1/2


to build rebar walls for the Seattle Tunnel Project. In February 2015, Central

Steel workers arrived on site to construct a rebar wall2 and discovered that there

was vertically placed rebar exposed in the area underneath the wall on which

they would be working. Recognizing that the exposed rebar posed an

impalement hazard and that there were insufficient caps available to cover all of

the exposed rebar dowels, the Central Steel foreperson instructed the workers to

place rebar and wooden two-by-fours horizontally near the tops of the remaining

exposed rebar dowels. This left at least a quarter to a half an inch of the top of

the rebar dowels exposed.

        After placing rebar and wooden two-by-fours horizontally near the tops of

the exposed vertical rebar dowels, the Central Steel workers commenced

building the rebar lattice wall. The work progressed smoothly until the workers

were approximately 30 feet above the ground, at which point the rebar wall on

which the workers were standing began to fail, resulting in both the workers and

the rebar wall they had constructed falling backward and down to the ground

below. One Central Steel worker sustained serious injuries, including a

punctured lung, a damaged kidney, and broken ribs, but no worker was impaled

on the vertically placed rebar dowels.

        The Department sent an investigator to the construction site to investigate

the collapse and resulting injuries. At the close of its investigation, the

Department issued a citation to Central Steel for a serious safety violation of



         2 Such a wall is constructed of rebar dowels formed into a lattice attached to a retaining
wall, with workers standing upon the horizontal pieces of rebar in the lower part of the lattice to
place higher pieces.


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No. 77432-8-1/3


W1SHA regulations.3 The Department found that Central Steel had failed to

protect its employees from the hazard of impalement as required by WAC 296-

155-680(7)(a):

       The employer did not ensure that all protruding pieces of reinforcing
       bar were significantly protected with sufficient means to prevent the
       impalement of workers installing rebar curtain walls directly above
       the exposed bar. Five ironworkers were working from an elevated
       location, directly above exposed ends of #9 vertical reinforcing
       bars, installing horizontal members of a tie-in-place wall. The
       injuries that occur when a worker is impaled on rebar are serious
       and would require hospitalization and possibly result in serious
       permanent disability.

       Central Steel requested review by the Board, which vacated the

impalement hazard citation. In its decision, the Board explained that while some

of the ends of exposed pieces of vertical rebar were covered, "others had pieces

of rebar or wooden beams tied to the tops of the dowels, leaving approximately

one-half to one-quarter inch of the dowel exposed." The Board concluded that

placing wooden two-by-fours and rebar horizontally near the tops of exposed

vertically placed rebar dowels was an acceptable method of eliminating the

hazard of impalement because WAC 296-155-680(7)(a)"does not specify which

methods are acceptable for eliminating the impalement hazard." The Board

explained that the tying of wooden beams or pieces of rebar near the tops of

exposed vertical rebar were methods "accepted within the industry as eliminating

the risk of impalement." Thus, in finding of fact number three of its decision and

order, the Board found that "[t]he employees of Central Steel eliminated the



        3 The Department also issued a second citation, finding that Central Steel had failed to
adequately reinforce the wall to prevent its collapse in violation of WAC 296-155-680(7)(c).
However, the second citation is not at issue in this appeal.


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No. 77432-8-1/4


impalement hazard created by exposed dowels at their worksite by replacing

rebar caps on the exposed dowels or by tying wooden beams or pieces of rebar

near the top of the exposed dowels." As a result, the Board concluded that

Central Steel did not violate WAC 296-155-680(7)(a).

      On judicial review, the superior court reversed the Board's decision and

reinstated the citation. The court ruled that the Board committed legal error by

concluding that WAC 296-155-680(7)(a)"[did] not specify which methods are

acceptable for eliminating the impalement hazard." Explaining that the WAC

incorporates by reference the American National Standards Institute's (ANSI)

Safety Requirements for Concrete and Masonry Work, the court analyzed the

2013 version of those requirements and held that the "regulation is unambiguous

and clear: every tip of every piece of rebar onto which an employee may fall must

be 'covered." Thus, the court reinstated the citation because the Board had

explicitly found that some of the exposed rebar had tips that were not covered.

Central Steel appeals.

                                         II

      Central Steel contends that the citation it received for failing to properly

guard exposed rebar was properly vacated by the Board because:(1) WAC 296-

155-680(7)(a) does not specify the manner in which employers are required to

eliminate the hazard of impalement posed by exposed rebar, and (2) the Board's

findings of fact and conclusions of law are supported by the record. We

disagree.




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No. 77432-8-1/5


                                         A

       WISHA governs our review of a Board decision. RCW 49.17.150(1). We

review the Board's decision based on the record before the Board. Potelco, Inc.

v. Den't of Labor & Indus., 194 Wn. App. 428, 434, 377 P.3d 251 (2016)(citing

Mowat Constr. Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 148 Wn. App. 920, 925, 201 P.3d

407 (2009)). The Board's findings of fact are conclusive if they are supported by

substantial evidence. Mowat, 148 Wn. App. at 925. Substantial evidence is

evidence sufficient to convince a fair-minded person of the truth of the matter

asserted. Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 434 (citing Mowat, 148 Wn. App. at 925). If

the Board's findings are supported by substantial evidence, we review whether

those findings support the Board's conclusions of law. Erection Co. v. Dep't of

Labor & Indus., 160 Wn. App. 194, 202, 248 P.3d 1085 (2011).



      The primary issue in this appeal is whether the Board correctly interpreted

WAC 296-155-680(7)(a). Central Steel asserts that the Board's interpretation is

correct. The Department asserts that the Board was wrong to rule that the

regulation "does not specify which methods are acceptable for eliminating the

impalement hazard." Therefore, the Department asserts, the Board committed

legal error when it held that Central Steel did not violate WAC 296-155-680(7)(a).

The Department has the better argument.

       We review the Board's interpretation of WISHA regulations de novo.

Erection Co., 160 Wn. App. at 201. "Administrative rules and regulations are

interpreted as a whole, giving effect to all the language and harmonizing all



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No. 77432-8-1/6


provisions." Cannon v. Dep't of Licensinp, 147 Wn.2d 41, 57, 50 P.3d 627

(2002). "If an administrative rule or regulation is clear on its face, its meaning is

to be derived from [its] plain language." Cannon, 147 Wn.2d at 56. If a

regulation is ambiguous, courts apply canons of construction in order to interpret

the regulation.4 See Jongeward v. BNSF Ry., 174 Wn.2d 586, 600, 278 P.3d

157 (2012). WISHA regulations are construed "liberally to achieve their purpose

of providing safe working conditions for workers in Washington." Frank Coluccio

Constr. Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 181 Wn. App. 25, 36, 329 P.3d 91 (2014).

        WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) states that employers "must guard all protruding

reinforcing steel, onto and into which employees could fall, to eliminate the

hazard of impalement."5 "Guard" means "to protect from danger: DEFEND,

SHIELD." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1007(2002). "All"

means "every member or individual component." WEBSTER'S, supra, at 54.

"Protruding" means "to thrust out through or as if through a narrow orifice : cause




         4 The canons of statutory construction apply to the interpretation of administrative rules
and regulations. Cannon, 147 Wn.2d at 56.
         5 Central Steel asserts that the most important clause in this subsection of the regulation
is "onto and into which employees could fall." Central Steel contends that it did not violate the
WAC because its workers could not have fallen onto or into the exposed rebar because they were
wearing fall protection. Given that the record shows that the employees herein did actually fall
onto the exposed rebar despite wearing fall protection, this argument rings hollow. Furthermore,
"could" is the past tense of "can," which means to "be made possible or probable by
circumstance." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 323(2002). Because it is
possible for fall protection to fail, as it did herein, using fall protection does not eliminate the
possibility that employees will fall onto or into exposed rebar placed below them. Additionally, the
cases that Central Steel asserts support its position on this issue do not support the position that
fall protection would satisfy the requirements of WAC 296-155-680(7)(a). Sec'v of Labor v. State
Sheet Metal Co., 16 BNA OSHC 1155(No. 90-1630,1993), simply does not ever discuss whether
providing fall protection precludes a citation for failing to cover protruding steel. Sec'v of Labor v.
Hackensack Steel Corp., 20 BNA OSHC 1387(No. 97-0755, 2003), at least addresses a citation
for the failure to guard protruding steel, but provides discussion only about the employer's failure
to establish the multi-employer worksite defense, not whether providing fall protection excuses
the failure to guard protruding steel.

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No. 77432-8-1/7


to project or stick out." WEBSTER'S, supra, at 1826. Thus, the plain language of

the regulation is clear that every piece of protruding steel must be shielded.

        Because we must read the language of subsection (7)(a) as a part of the

entire WAC, we also consider the language of subsection (7)(a) in the context of

subsection (1). See Cannon, 147 Wn.2d at 57. Subsection (1) of WAC 296-155-

680 provides further clarification on the manner in which employers must guard

protruding rebar by incorporating by reference6 the 1997 ANSI Concrete and

Masonry Work Safety Requirements:

              (1) General. All equipment, material and construction
        techniques used in concrete construction and masonry work must
        meet the applicable requirements for design, construction,
        inspection, testing, maintenance and operations as prescribed in
        ANSI A10.9-1997, Concrete and Masonry Work Safety
        Requirements.

WAC 296-155-680(1).

        The 1997 ANSI standards set forth explicit instructions for employers

regarding the manner in which they must protect their employees from the

impalement hazard posed by exposed rebar:

        Employees shall not be permitted to work above vertically
        protruding reinforcing steel unless it has been protected to
        eliminate [the] hazard of impalement by covering the protruding
        ends of the steel with timber or other equivalent methods.


          6 Central Steel asserts that the Department is precluded from making any arguments
regarding the 1997 ANSI standard because the 1997 version of the standard was never ,
introduced into evidence. However, given that the standard has been incorporated by reference
into WAC 296-155-680, it is a part of the regulation and did not need to be entered into evidence.
It is a longstanding rule of statutory construction, and therefore applicable to the construction of
administrative regulations, that "precepts and terms to which reference is made are to be
considered and treated as if they were incorporated into, and made a part of the referring act, just
as completely as if they had been explicitly written therein." Pac. First Fed. Say. & Loan Ass'n v.
Pierce County, 27 Wn.2d 347, 355, 178 P.2d 351 (1947). Central Steel was required to follow the
standards incorporated by reference into WAC 296-155-680 because they state the law. The
standards are not evidence.


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No. 77432-8-1/8


        Caps or equivalent methods shall be used when there is a hazard
        of impalement from tripping while walking on grade.

(Emphasis added.)7 The ANSI requirements direct employers to eliminate the

hazard of impalement posed by exposed rebar specifically by "covering the

protruding ends of the steel." "Cover" means to "be placed on or often over the

whole surface of." WEBSTER'S, supra, at 524. Therefore, to comply with WAC

296-155-680(7)(a), Central Steel was required to place "timber or other

equivalent methods" on or over the whole surface of all the protruding ends of

steel rebar to eliminate the hazard of impalement.8 The Board erred by

concluding that WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) did not require Central Steel to eliminate

the hazard of impalement in a specific manner.

        As a result of the Board's legal error, it improperly found that Central Steel

eliminated the hazard of impalement posed by the exposed rebar. Specifically,

the Board erred by finding that the method of attaching wooden two-by-fours or

rebar horizontally near the tops of exposed rebar, leaving a quarter to a half of an




         7 Central Steel asserts that the superior court erred in its decision because it analyzed
the 2013 version of the ANSI standards rather than the 1997 version. However, the superior
court's reference to the 2013 standards, as opposed to the 1997 standards, does not bear on the
question of whether the Board misinterpreted WAC 296-155-680(7)(a). This is because we
review the Board's decision directly. Moreover, the pertinent language of the 2013 standard is
practically identical to that of the 1997 version. The 2013 version states that "[e]mployees shall
not be permitted to work above vertical, horizontal or on grade protruding reinforcing steel or
other hazardous projections unless they have been protected to eliminate [the] hazard of
impalement by covering the protruding ends to prevent impalement." ANSI A10.9-2013 §
5.1.3.1 (emphasis added). It is apparent that the superior court's reference to the wrong edition
of the standard had no impact on the outcome of its review.
         8 Pursuant to the last antecedent rule of interpretation, the clause "or other equivalent
methods" refers solely to "timber" and not to "by covering the protruding ends." See City of
Spokane v. Spokane County, 158 Wn.2d 661, 673, 146 P.3d 893(2006)("'[U]nless a contrary
intention appears in the statute, qualifying words and phrases refer to the last antecedent."
(internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting Berrocal v. Fernandez, 155 Wn.2d 585, 593, 121 P.3d
82 (2005))).


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No. 77432-8-1/9


inch of rebar exposed, eliminated the impalement hazard.9 This is so because

the Board found both the facts of a violation of WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) and that

the hazard of impalement the WAC was intended to prevent was eliminated

despite Central Steel's failure to comply with the regulation. See Coluccio

Constr., 181 Wn. App. at 41-42 (concluding that where a standard prescribes

certain conditions it presumes the existence of a hazard and that arguing that "'a

hazard does not exist despite a violation is an impermissible challenge to the

wisdom of the standard"(internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting In re Wilder

Constr. Co., No. 06 W1078, 2007 WL 3054874, at *4, 2007 WA Wrk. Comp.

LEXIS 95(Wash. Bd. of Indus. Ins. Appeals June 15, 2007))). The record is

clear that Central Steel did not cover all the protruding ends of rebar and,,

therefore, failed to eliminate the impalement hazard posed by the rebar as

required by WAC 296-155-680(7)(a).



        Central Steel next contends that the Board correctly, vacated the citation

for violating WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) because the record provided insufficient

evidence to show that Central Steel committed a serious WISHA violation.

Specifically, Central Steel asserts that the Department failed to show that Central

Steel workers were exposed to the impalement hazard posed by the exposed



        9 In its briefing, Central Steel attempts to frame the issue herein as whether substantial
evidence supports the Board's finding that the impalement hazard was eliminated when Central
Steel attached wooden two-by-fours and rebar near the tops of the exposed rebar. A necessary
prerequisite to this approach is the assumption that WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) does not specify the
manner in which Central Steel was required to eliminate the hazard of impalement. However,
because the regulation does require a specific method of guarding the exposed rebar—namely,
covering the exposed ends—other methods are insufficient as a matter of law.


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No. 77432-8-1/10


rebar and that Central Steel knew or could have known about the uncovered

rebar. For its part, the Department asserts that the record establishes both that

Central Steel workers had access to the exposed rebar and that Central Steel

knew about the exposed rebar. The Department is correct.

      A serious WISHA violation occurs when (1) the standard or regulation

applies,(2)the requirements of the standard or regulation were not met,(3)

employees were exposed to the condition in violation of the standard or

regulation,(4)the employer knew or, through the exercise of reasonable

diligence, could have known of the violative condition, and (5) there is a

substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result from the

violation. Wash. Cedar, 119 Wn. App. at 914 (citing D.A. Collins Constr. Co. v.

Sec'v of Labor, 117 F.3d 691, 694 (2d Cir. 1997)).

       Employee exposure to a condition in violation of standards or regulations

occurs when workers are "'exposed to, or had access to, the violative condition."

Wash. Cedar, 119 Wn. App. at 914 (quoting Collins Constr., 117 F.3d at 6,94).

To prove exposure, the Department must show by "reasonable predictability

that, in the course of[the workers'] duties, employees will be, are, or have been

in the zone of danger." Mid Mountain Contractors, Inc. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus,

136 Wn. App. 1,5, 146 P.3d 1212(2006)(alteration in original)(quoting Adkins

v. Alum. Co. of Am., 110 Wn.2d 128, 147, 750 P.2d 1257 (1988)). Employees

are exposed if it is reasonably likely that an employee working near a hazard

"could have walked the short distance and been within the zone of danger." Mid

Mountain, 136 Wn. App. at 7.



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No. 77432-8-1/11


      To establish knowledge for a serious WISHA violation the Department

must show that "the employer knew or, through the exercise of reasonable

diligence, could have known of the violative condition.'" Potelco, Inc. v. Dep't of

Labor & Indus., 191 Wn. App. 9, 34, 361 P.3d 767(2015)(internal quotation

marks omitted)(quoting Coluccio Constr., 181 Wn. App. at 36-37). "'Reasonable

diligence involves several factors, including an employer's obligation to inspect

the work area, to anticipate hazards to which employees may be exposed, and to

take measures to prevent the occurrence." Erection Co., 160 Wn. App. at 206-

07 (internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting Kokosing Constr. Co. v.

Occupational Safety & Hazard Review Comm'n, 232 F. App'x 510, 512 ,2007

WL 1544150, at *2 (6th Cir. 2007)). If a hazardous condition is readily

observable or in a conspicuous location in the area of an employer's crews, then

the employer has constructive knowledge. BD Roofing, Inc. v. Dep't of Labor &

Indus., 139 Wn. App. 98, 109-10, 161 P.3d 387(2007). Additionally, knowledge

may be imputed to the employer through a supervisory agent, including a Crew

foreperson. Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 440.

       Herein, the record is clear that Central Steel employees had access to the

area containing exposed rebar and that Central Steel's foreperson knew about,

and even directed employees on the methods to use to remediate, the

impalement hazard posed by the presence of the exposed rebar dowels. Central

Steel's assertion that its employees did not have access to the exposed rebar is

patently absurd and contradictory to the record, as the record not only indicates

that the employees worked in and directly above the area containing the exposed



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No. 77432-8-1/12


rebar, but also that Central Steel employees actually fell onto the exposed rebar.

Similarly, the record shows that the Central Steel foreperson on site knew about

the exposed rebar at the worksite, and even directed Central Steel workers to

attach wooden two-by-fours and rebar horizontally near the tops of the exposed

rebar in an effort to eliminate the impalement hazard. Because the Central Steel

foreperson had knowledge of the exposed rebar, and even ordered Central Steel

workers to use an insufficient method to eliminate the impalement hazard,

Central Steel had the necessary knowledge to commit a serious WISHA

violation. See Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 440.

       Because'the Board's decision vacating Central Steel's citation for a

serious violation of WAC 296-155-680(7)(a) was premised upon an incorrect

interpretation of the requirements of that regulation and because substantial

evidence in the record establishes that Central Steel knowingly failed to follow

the regulation's requirements, we reverse the Board's decision, thereby affirming

the superior court's reinstatement of the citation for a serious violation of WAC

296-155-680(7)(a).

       The superior court's order is affirmed.




We concur:




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