                                    UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 16-4439



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

LAZARUS FREDERICO BEATTY,

                    Defendant – Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
Greensboro. James A. Beaty Jr., Senior District Judge. (1:16-cr-00014-JAB-1)


Submitted: March 29, 2017                                         Decided: July 31, 2017


Before WILKINSON, DUNCAN, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Wilkinson and Judge Thacker joined.


Louis C. Allen, Federal Public Defender, John A. Duberstein, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Ripley Rand, United States
Attorney, Kyle D. Pousson, Assistant United States Attorney, Greensboro, North
Carolina, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:

       Defendant-Appellant Lazarus Frederico Beatty appeals his conviction under the

Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), on the grounds that his

previous North Carolina convictions for breaking and entering, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-54

(“North Carolina Breaking and Entering”), do not qualify as predicate crimes of violence.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court.



                                              I.

       On March 9, 2016, Defendant pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of

ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(e)(1). J.A. 8–16. Prior to and at

sentencing, Defendant objected to the use of his four prior convictions for North Carolina

Breaking and Entering as ACCA predicates.           J.A. 69–71.   Finding that these prior

convictions qualified as violent felonies under ACCA, 1 the district court sentenced

Defendant to 180 months’ imprisonment. J.A. 48–49, 61–66; see 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).

Defendant timely appealed. J.A. 67.




       1
         To reach this conclusion, the district court relied on United States v. Mungro,
754 F.3d 267 (4th Cir. 2014), which held that North Carolina Breaking and Entering “as
interpreted by the North Carolina Supreme Court, sweeps no more broadly than the
generic elements of burglary,” id. at 272.


                                              2
                                             II.

         We review de novo whether a prior offense qualifies as an ACCA predicate.

United States v. Gardner, 823 F.3d 793, 801 (4th Cir. 2016). Because North Carolina

Breaking and Entering qualifies as a violent felony under ACCA, we affirm the district

court.

         ACCA requires a mandatory minimum sentence of 180 months imprisonment for

anyone who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and has three prior convictions for a “violent

felony or a serious drug offense, or both” committed on separate occasions.

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). A violent felony “(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or

extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a

serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” Id. § 924(e)(2)(B).

         This case involves the second, or enumerated, clause. In order to qualify as a

predicate offense under ACCA’s enumerated clause, see id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), the

elements of a state crime cannot be broader than the elements of an enumerated generic

crime, see Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 599 (1990).

         The generic elements of burglary are “unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or

remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Id. at 598. North

Carolina Breaking and Entering defines “building” as “any dwelling, dwelling house,

uninhabited house, building under construction, building within the curtilage of a

dwelling house, and any other structure designed to house or secure within it any activity

or property.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-54(c).

                                              3
       United States v. Mungro, 754 F.3d 267 (4th Cir. 2014), provides ample grounds

for our affirmance. In Mungro, this court held that North Carolina Breaking and Entering

“as interpreted by the North Carolina Supreme Court, sweeps no more broadly than the

generic elements of burglary,” and thus qualifies as a predicate offense under ACCA’s

enumerated clause. Id. at 272.

       Defendant argues that Mungro does not control because his argument concerns the

“building” element of North Carolina Breaking and Entering, whereas the defendant’s

argument in Mungro focused on the “entry” element.              Appellant’s Br. at 4–5.

Defendant’s argument does not persuade this court. See United States v. Thompson,

615 F. App’x 160, 160–11 (4th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (unpublished); United States v.

Henriquez, 757 F.3d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 2014).

       Still we take pains to note that Defendant’s argument also falters because North

Carolina courts construe North Carolina Breaking and Entering’s “building” element in a

manner that tracks generic burglary’s “building” element. See, e.g., State v. Gamble,

286 S.E. 2d 804, 805–06 (N.C. Ct. App 1982). 2 Thus, even absent Mungro, Defendant’s



       2
         To further bolster our conclusion, we note that North Carolina has a separate
statute, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-56, that distinguishes the breaking and entering of vehicles,
boats, aircrafts, and other watercrafts from “buildings”--the main issue that has led the
Supreme Court and this court to strike down other similar statues as having a “building”
element broader than that of generic burglary. See Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct.
2243, 2250 (2016); United States v. White, 836 F.3d 437, 445–46 (4th Cir. 2016); see
also State v. Pope, 2008 WL 4911803, at *3–4 (N.C. Ct. App. 2008) (unpublished)
(discussing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-56); State v. Douglas, 282 S.E. 2d 832, 834 (N.C. Ct.
App. 1981) (distinguishing between § 14-54 and § 14-56 by looking into the permanence
versus mobility of a mobile home); State v. Bost, 286 S.E. 2d 632, 634–35 (N.C. Ct. App.
(Continued)
                                            4
appeal lacks merit because North Carolina Breaking and Entering’s “building” element

sweeps no broader than generic burglary’s “building” element.          Compare Taylor,

495 U.S. at 598, with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-54(c). 3




1982) (employing the test of permanence versus mobility to decide whether a trailer
constitutes a “building”).
       3
         In Mungro, the defendant argued that because the “entry” element of North
Carolina Breaking and Entering was too broad, the court should not construe his prior
convictions as ACCA predicates. Mungro, 754 F.3d at 269–270. Defendant relies on
United States v. McLeod, 808 F.3d 972 (4th Cir. 2015), for the proposition that absent
indication from the text of a panel’s opinion, and no matter how broadly a panel phrases
its holding, we should assume the panel decided a categorical-approach issue only
concerning the elements briefed and argued before the court. See id. at 977; Appellant’s
Br. at 7–10.

       McLeod dealt with South Carolina’s burglary statute. McLeod, 808 F.3d at 973.
Prior to McLeod, this court had held that South Carolina’s burglary statute “tracks the
generic definition of burglary set forth by the Supreme Court in Taylor” and therefore
burglary “falls within ACCA’s list of prior offenses.” United States v. Wright, 594 F.3d
259, 266 (4th Cir. 2010). Nevertheless, this court concluded Wright did not control
because the McLeod court did not consider briefing or hear argument on the issue--that is,
whether South Carolina’s burglary statute was broader than generic burglary because of
its “dwelling” element. McLeod, 808 F.3d at 977.

       If McLeod conflicts with Wright or Mungro, Wright or Mungro would control as
the earlier panel decisions. See McMellon v. United States, 387 F.3d 329, 333 (2004).
Nevertheless, we need not sift through all possible conflicting relationships between
Wright, Mungro, and McLeod because North Carolina Breaking and Entering’s
“building” element sweeps no broader than generic burglary.


                                            5
                                          III.

       We affirm the district court. We dispense with oral argument because the facts

and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and

argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                         AFFIRMED




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