      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
               FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                            FILED
                                                       February 21, 2014

                           No. 12-60861                    Lyle W. Cayce
                         c/w No. 12-41148                       Clerk



WALTER LASHLEY,

                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

PFIZER, INC.;
WYETH, INC.;
SCHWARZ PHARMA, INC.;
WATSON PHARMA, INC.;
WATSON LABORATORIES, INC.;,

                                    Defendants-Appellees.



MARIA DEL VALLE,

                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.;
PLIVA, INC.;
WYETH, INC.;
SCHWARZ PHARMA, INC.;
VINTAGE PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC.,

                                    Defendants-Appellees.
                              No. 12-60861 c/w No. 12-41148


               Appeals from the United States District Courts
  for the Southern District of Mississippi and the Southern District of Texas
                USDC Nos. 1:09-cv-00749 and 1:11-cv-000113


Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge.*
PER CURIAM:
       These appeals arise out of claims against both generic and brand-name
manufacturers for injuries related to use of the drug metoclopramide (brand-
name Reglan). Because the pertinent facts and legal issues of these cases are
nearly identical, we consolidate them for disposition.
       In case No. 12-60861, Lashley v. Pfizer, et al., Appellant Walter Lashley
(“Lashley”) appeals the Southern District of Mississippi’s grant of Watson
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Watson Laboratories, Inc.’s (“Watson generic
defendants”) motion to dismiss, as well as its grant of summary judgment in
favor of defendants Pfizer, Inc.; Wyeth, Inc.; and Schwarz Pharma, Inc. (“Pfizer
brand defendants”). Lashley’s claims against the Watson generic defendants
were based upon their sale and distribution of metoclopramide to Lashley. His
claims against the Pfizer brand defendants were based on allegedly false and
misleading representations they made to the medical community.
       In case No. 12-41148, Del Valle v. Teva Pharm., et al., Appellant Maria Del
Valle (“Del Valle”) similarly appeals the Southern District of Texas’s grant of
Qualitest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.; PLIVA, Inc.;
and Vintage Pharmaceuticals, LLC’s (“Teva generic defendants”)1 motion to
dismiss and its grant of Schwarz Pharma, Inc. and Wyeth, Inc.’s (“Schwarz



       *
           This matter is being decided by a quorum. 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
       1
       Collectively, we will refer to the generic defendants from both cases as the “generic
manufacturers.”

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brand defendants”)2 motion for summary judgment. Del Valle alleged that the
Teva generic defendants were liable for damages she experienced as a result of
her ingestion of metoclopramide manufactured by these defendants. Her claims
against the Schwarz brand defendants were based on alleged misrepresentations
they made to the medical community.
      For the reasons stated herein, we AFFIRM the district courts’ rulings in
both cases.
                                       I. Facts
      Lashley took generic metoclopramide from 2002 until late 2006. In 2004,
brand defendant Schwarz submitted a label update for Reglan adding that
“[t]herapy with Reglan tablets should not exceed 12 weeks in duration,” which
the FDA approved. Not all generic manufacturers modified their labels to
conform with the newly approved warnings at that time. Lashley developed the
movement disorders tardive dyskinesia and akathisia as a result of taking the
drug and brought suit in October 2009. As noted above, he sued the Watson
generic defendants based on their sale and distribution of the drug and sued the
Pfizer brand defendants for misrepresentations made to the medical community.
He brought claims against all defendants under theories including negligence,
gross negligence, strict liability, breach of warranty as to merchantability,
breach of warranty as to fitness for a particular purpose, misrepresentation,
fraud, and suppression of evidence.
      Del Valle took generic metoclopramide from 2004 to February 2011. Like
Lashley, she developed tardive dyskinesia and akathisia as a result of taking the
drug. She brought suit in June of 2011. She sued the Teva generic defendants
based on their manufacture and distribution of metoclopramide, under theories
of negligence, gross negligence, misrepresentation, fraud, suppression of

      2
       Collectively, we will refer to the brand defendants from both cases as the “brand
manufacturers.”

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                           No. 12-60861 c/w No. 12-41148

evidence, strict liability, breach of warranty as to merchantability, breach of
warranty as to fitness for a particular purpose, and deceptive trade practices.
She brought the same claims against the Schwarz brand defendants for their
role in the promotion and manufacture of the drug, with the exception of
deceptive trade practices.
       The courts below in both cases dismissed the claims against the generic
manufacturers, finding them to be either preempted under PLIVA, Inc. v.
Mensing, 131 S. Ct. 2567 (2011) (holding failure-to-warn claims against generic
manufacturers of Reglan preempted) or deficient for failure to state a claim on
which relief could be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12. All the claims against the
generic manufacturers were treated as variations of a failure-to-warn claim. See
Morris v. PLIVA, Inc., 713 F.3d 774, 778 & n.6 (5th Cir. 2013) (per curiam)
(“Appellants next argue that the generic defendants failed to test and inspect the
product according to federal law . . . [A]ny ‘useful’ reporting—at least from the
standpoint of those injured—would ostensibly consist of some sort of warning.”).3
The district courts granted summary judgment in favor of brand manufacturers
in both cases below, on the grounds that neither Lashley nor Del Valle ever
ingested their product, Reglan. These appeals timely followed.


                  II. Claims Against Generic Manufacturers
       Appellants argue that the lower courts erred in dismissing their claims
against generic manufacturers as preempted under Mensing.4 We review grants

       3
        Citing Hackett v. G.D. Searle & Co., Case No. A-01-CA-399-SS, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
16246, at *7 (W.D. Tex. Jun. 25, 2002), the magistrate judge in Del Valle specifically noted
that failure to warn is the “only valid claim” in a suit for personal injuries caused by
prescription drugs in Texas.
       4
        In Mensing, the Supreme Court considered consolidated lawsuits involving state tort
claims based on a drug manufacturer’s failure to provide adequate warning labels for
metoclopramide. The specific question the Court considered was “whether federal drug
regulations applicable to generic drug manufacturers directly conflict[ed] with, and thus

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of Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss de novo. Highland Capital Mgmt. LP v. Bank
of Am, Nat’l Ass’n, 698 F.3d 202, 205 (5th Cir. 2012). Judgments on the
pleadings are also reviewed de novo; Rule 12(c) motions are governed by the
same standard as Rule 12(b)(6) motions.5 Jebaco, Inc. v. Harrah’s Operating Co.,
587 F.3d 314, 318 (5th Cir. 2008). The fundamental question is whether the
plaintiff states a claim on which relief may be granted.
       In order to place their claims outside the ambit of Mensing, both Lashley
and Del Valle argue for a very narrow interpretation of that case. Their
arguments are unavailing. The Court in Mensing held that federal law demands
“generic drug labels be the same at all times as the corresponding brand-name
labels.” 131 S. Ct. at 2578. This duty of sameness is overlaid with the agency’s
pronouncement that “Dear Doctor” letters (or other forms of warning) from a
generic manufacturer constitute labeling. Because of this, potential state law
duties requiring generic manufacturers to act unilaterally concerning any
consumer warnings are preempted. Id. at 2580–81. At their core, all Lashley
and Del Valle’s claims against the generic manufacturers turn on the adequacy
of labeling and related information, and can thus be construed as failure-to-warn
claims. As such, we find them to be preempted under Mensing.


pre-empt[ed], these state-law claims.” 131 S. Ct. at 2572. The Court held that federal law
preempted state laws imposing a duty to change a drug’s label upon generic drug
manufacturers.
       5
          Watson generic defendants and defendant Vintage sought dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6). However, as the district court in Lashley noted, while Watson generic defendants
invoked the standard applicable to Rule 12(b)(6) in their motion to dismiss, their rebuttal
memorandum referenced a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(c). Meanwhile, generic defendants PLIVA, Qualitest, and Teva sought dismissal pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) in the Del Valle case. The lower courts in both cases explained that the
standard was the same for both motions (see Guidry v. Amer. Public Life Ins. Co., 512 F.3d
177, 180 (5th Cir. 2007)); the Del Valle court noted that the motions to dismiss both, in
essence, asserted that Del Valle had failed to “provide sufficient facts ‘to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face,’” and so they would be addressed together. See Porter v. Valdez,
424 F.App’x 382, 385 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam)(unpublished) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)).

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       Appellants argue that not all failure-to-warn claims run afoul of Mensing,
such as those alleging that generic manufacturers could have taken steps that
would not require them to differ their labeling from that of the reference listed
drug (“RLD”) for metoclopramide, Reglan.6 The duty of sameness, they contend,
would not be violated by generic manufacturers communicating information
consistent with the brand-name labeling.                Under this theory, generic
manufacturers would be liable for failing to convey FDA-approved warnings; for
example, they could have circulated “promotional labeling”-type communications
warning of the dangers of metoclopramide use after twelve weeks. According to
the complaints, the generic manufacturers should have made consumers aware
of the risks associated with metoclopramide and, by not doing so, negligently or
fraudulently caused injuries.         This Court addressed an almost identical
argument in Morris v. PLIVA, Inc., and rejected such failure-to-warn claims in
light of Mensing.7 In Morris, we wrote:
       Mensing forecloses such claims because failure to “communicate”
       extends beyond just a label change. To avoid liability, the
       manufacturer must take affirmative steps to alert consumers,
       doctors, or pharmacists of changes in the drug label. Because the
       duty of sameness prohibits the generic manufacturers from taking
       such action unilaterally, they are dependent on brand-names taking
       the lead. [Mensing, 131 S. Ct.] at 2576 (“[I]f generic drug
       manufacturers, but not the brand-name manufacturer, sent
       [additional warnings such as ‘Dear Doctor’ letters], that would
       inaccurately imply a therapeutic difference between the brand and
       generic drugs and thus could be impermissibly ‘misleading.’”).
       Under federal law, the inquiry is whether the brand-name
       manufacturers sent out a warning, not whether the proposed


       6
         Under the current law, generic drugs gain FDA approval simply by showing
equivalence to an RLD that has already obtained FDA approval. Generic drugs applying for
approval under this process must show that the safety and efficacy labeling they propose is
the same as the labeling approved for the RLD. See 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A)(v).
       7
        Regardless of the specific form in which the argument is styled (negligence, fraud,
deceptive trade practices), each charge is, at base, a failure-to-warn claim.

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                           No. 12-60861 c/w No. 12-41148

       warning to be disseminated contains substantially similar
       information as the label. Because no brand-name manufacturer
       sent a warning based on the 2004 label change, the generic
       manufacturers were not at liberty to do so. As Mensing concluded,
       preemption is thus triggered since it would be impossible for PLIVA
       to comply with both the state law duty to warn and the federal law
       duty of sameness.

713 F.3d at 777 (second alteration in original).
       Thus, following clear precedent, we affirm the dismissal of these failure-to-
warn claims here as well.8
       Like in Morris, Appellants also maintain that certain generic
manufacturers should be liable for not conforming to the 2004 label change.
Assuming arguendo that Lashley or Del Valle adequately pleaded this theory,9
we disagree that defendants should be held liable. We addressed, and rejected,
this argument in Morris.         There, this court observed that “it is logically
incoherent to contend that PLIVA had a duty to apply the 2004 warning label
when Appellants also assert repeatedly that no labels predating 2009 were
adequate. Tort liability does not arise for failure to attach an inadequate label.”
Morris, 713 F.3d at 777. Furthermore, we concluded that “a claim that PLIVA
breached a federal labeling obligation sounds exclusively in federal (not state)
law, and is preempted.” Id. (internal citations omitted).
       Appellants further argue that their non-failure-to-warn claims, such as
those based on strict liability and breach of warranty theories, are not


       8
         Even if generic manufacturers could have, hypothetically, provided additional
information consistent with the RLD labeling without violating the duty of sameness, such a
step is unlikely to have remedied the situation; Appellants’ complaints indicate that all
allowable pre-2009 warnings were insufficient. Thus, the claim would be dismissed, even if
not preempted. See Morris, 713 F.3d at 777.
       9
        Generic manufacturers in both cases maintain that neither Lashley nor Del Valle
properly included this claim in their original pleadings.


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                             No. 12-60861 c/w No. 12-41148

preempted under Mensing. They contend that generic manufacturers should be
liable for any damages caused by the production and/or distribution of an unsafe
product; recognizing that generic manufacturers could not have made changes
in labeling to add information, Appellants nevertheless argue that generic
manufacturers should be held liable for damages caused by the insufficient
information they were allowed to disseminate.                     However, we find these
non-failure-to-warn claims to be preempted in light of Morris and the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Mutual Pharm., Co., Inc. v. Bartlett, 133 S. Ct. 2466
(2013).10 This is because, assuming distribution of the drug was acceptable in
the first place, any useful action (or lack thereof) for which the companies could
be held responsible would necessarily involve some form of warning. See Morris,
713 F.3d at 778. These theories all rely on the same grounds: the generic
manufacturers failure to provide adequate information. In Morris, this court
recognized that “[a]ny state law-based holding that the generic manufacturers
should have acted differently with respect to warnings or should have ceased
manufacturing these products because of insufficient warnings not only violates
the duty of sameness but conflicts with FDA’s exclusive authority to approve
drugs and drug labels.” Id. State law claims for damages are not available as
an end-run around preemption; the non-failure-to-warn claims against generic
manufacturers are “attempt[s] to circumvent disfavored failure-to-warn claims”
and are thus preempted as well. Id.
       Lastly, we do not agree with Lashley or Del Valle that some of their state
law claims against generic manufacturers are parallel to federal law claims, and

       10
         Bartlett forecloses failure-to-warn claims pled as strict liability or breach of warranty.
In that case, the First Circuit allowed a claim that a drug was so unreasonably dangerous, as
designed, that the manufacturer should have never sold it in the first place; there were safer
alternatives that were just as effective. The Supreme Court reversed the First Circuit’s ruling,
holding that state-law design defects claims that turn on the adequacy of a drug’s warnings
are preempted by federal law under Mensing. 133 S. Ct. at 2470; see Demahy v. Schwarz
Pharm., Inc., 702 F.3d 177, 186–87 (5th Cir. 2012).

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thus not preempted. See Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470 (1996); Hughes
v. Boston Scientific, 631 F.3d 762 (5th Cir. 2011). Medtronic and Hughes concern
express preemption; in those cases, “parallel” state law claims against
manufacturers of medical equipment were allowed to proceed because there was
no express preemption found in the applicable statute. In Mensing, as here, the
Supremacy Clause—not a statute—made it impossible for the generic defendant
to do what state law required of it and, therefore, the state law claim was
preempted.11 In these types of cases, the inquiry is not whether there is a
“parallel” claim where one looks for absence of conflict with the statute; the
inquiry is whether the state law claim is impliedly preempted.
      In sum, the district courts correctly dismissed Appellants’ claims against
generic manufacturers, as these claims are preempted in light of Mensing and
Bartlett.
                  III. Claims Against Brand Manufacturers
      Lashley and Del Valle next argue that the lower courts erred in granting
summary judgment to brand manufacturers. We review motions for summary
judgment de novo. EEOC v. WC&M Enters., 496 F.3d 393, 397–98 (5th Cir.
2007). The moving party is entitled to summary judgement if there are no
material facts in dispute and that party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.
      We disagree with Appellants’ contentions that summary judgment was
improper here. Their claims against brand manufacturers are foreclosed by
Lashley and Del Valle’s respective states’ product liability laws (Mississippi’s,
in Lashley’s case, and Texas’s, in Del Valle’s case), which shield the companies
from liability for products they did not create. Miss Code Ann. § 11-1-63; Tex.


      11
          Because only the brand-names can make changes to the warning system, those
manufacturers are the ones against whom “parallel” claims are normally raised. See Wyeth
v. Levine, 555 U.S. 555 (2009).

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Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 82.001(2) (West 2012). Furthermore, because
Appellants did not ingest the brand manufacturers’ products, these defendants
have no common-law duty to them.
      The Mississippi Products Liability Act (“MPLA”) applies “in any action for
damages caused by a product” and requires a plaintiff to prove that it was the
defendant’s product that caused the injury. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63; see also
Monsanto Co. v. Hall, 912 So.2d 134, 136–37 (Miss. 2005). Lashley argues that
the Pfizer brand defendants are not “manufacturers or sellers” of the product,
relying on a Mississippi case holding that “the MPLA does not preclude claims
against defendants who are neither manufacturers nor sellers” of a defective
product. Lawson v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 75 So.3d 1024, 1030 (Miss. 2011). This
argument fails because brand defendants are, indeed, manufacturers—and were
they not, there would be no relationship on which to presume liability (since they
did not design the drug).12 In any event, because Lashley did not ingest the
Pfizer brand defendants’ products, he has not established a duty. Moore ex rel.
Moore v. Miss. Valley Gas Co., 863 So. 2d 43, 46 (Miss. 2003) (“[I]t is incumbent
upon the plaintiff in any products liability action to show that the defendant’s
product was the cause of the plaintiff's injuries.”); see also Demahy, 702 F.3d at
183 n.4 (“[E]ven if the [Louisiana Products Liability Act] did not apply,
[plaintiff’s] tort claims would fail since [defendants] did not manufacture the
generic product giving rise to [plaintiff’s] claims, and thus owed [plaintiff] no
duty of care.”); Smith v. Wyeth, Inc., 657 F.3d 420, 424 (6th Cir. 2011) (“As have
the majority of courts to address this question, we reject the argument that a
name-brand drug manufacturer owes a duty of care to individuals who have
never taken the drug actually manufactured by that company.”).



      12
          Del Valle’s argument that Schwarz brand defendants are not “manufacturers”
similarly fails for these reasons.

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                         No. 12-60861 c/w No. 12-41148

       Under Texas law, meanwhile, a products liability action is broadly defined
as “any action against a manufacturer or seller for recovery of damages arising
out of personal injury . . . allegedly caused by a defective product whether the
action is based in strict tort liability, strict products liability, negligence,
misrepresentation, breach of express or implied warranty, or any other theory
or combination of theories.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 82.001(2). The
Texas Supreme Court has determined that under this statute, entities are
“‘manufacturers’ . . . only with respect to their own products.” Owens & Minor,
Inc. v. Ansell Healthcare Prods., Inc., 251 S.W.3d 481, 485 (Tex. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted). It has also found that “[a] fundamental principle of
traditional products liability law is that the plaintiff must prove that the
defendants supplied the product which caused the injury.” Gaulding v. Celotex
Corp., 772 S.W.2d 66, 68 (Tex. 1989); see also Firestone Steel Products Co. v.
Barajas, 927 S.W.2d 608, 614 (Tex. 1996) (“A manufacturer generally does not
have a duty to warn or instruct about another manufacturer’s products, even
though a third party might use those products in connection with the
manufacturer’s own product. . . . Under traditional products liability law, the
plaintiff must prove the defendant supplied the product that caused the injury.
It is not enough that the seller merely introduced products of similar design and
manufacture into the stream of commerce.” (citations omitted)). Del Valle
admits that she did not ingest the Schwarz brand defendants’ product; thus, we
find that Schwarz brand defendants are not liable under Texas products liability
law.
       Furthermore, “[u]nder Texas law, a drug manufacturer enjoys a rebuttable
presumption that it is not liable for failure to warn if the FDA has approved ‘the
warnings or information’ accompanying the product alleged to have harmed the
plaintiff.” Lofton v. McNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharm., 672 F.3d 372, 374
(5th Cir. 2012)(quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 82.007(a)(1)). It is

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undisputed that the “warnings or information” on the Schwarz brand
defendants’ label were approved by the FDA. Though Del Valle argues that the
Schwarz brand defendants lost their presumption of non-liability because of
fraud perpetrated on the FDA, the FDA has not made such a finding and,
therefore, that avenue for overturning the brand defendants’ presumption of
non-liability is foreclosed to Del Valle. See id. at 380.
      In sum, since Appellants did not take the brand manufacturers’ products,
the brand manufacturers are not liable for Appellants’ injuries under Mississippi
and Texas law. Therefore, we affirm the district courts’ judgments regarding
those defendants.
                                      IV.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district courts’ dismissals of the
claims against both the Watson generic defendants and the Teva generic
defendants. We further AFFIRM the grants of summary judgment to both the
Pfizer brand defendants and the Schwarz brand defendants.




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