                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 15-3013
                                       ___________

                            AAMCO TRANSMISSIONS, INC.

                                             v.

                                JAMES M. DUNLAP,
                                             Appellant
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:11-cv-04009)
                      District Judge: Honorable Berle M. Schiller
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   March 18, 2016
               Before: FISHER, SHWARTZ and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: April 1, 2016)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________



PER CURIAM



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       This is an appeal from an order of the District Court granting Appellee AAMCO

Transmissions, Inc. (AAMCO) a permanent injunction against Appellant James M.

Dunlap. For the following reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

       The present case is part of a continuing dispute between Dunlap and AAMCO. In

1981, AAMCO and Dunlap entered into a franchise agreement which permitted Dunlap

to operate a transmission repair center in Chesapeake, Virginia under the AAMCO name.

The franchise agreement lasted for an initial term of fifteen years, with automatic renewal

for another fifteen years if neither party gave written notice of termination. In 1988, the

franchise agreement was amended to include, among other things, an enforceable

arbitration agreement. In 1996, AAMCO permitted the franchise agreement to renew per

its terms for an additional fifteen-year period, expiring in June 2011.

       After the franchise agreement expired, Dunlap continued to operate his repair

center using the AAMCO name. As a result, AAMCO filed in the District Court a

lawsuit against Dunlap for trademark infringement. At that time, AAMCO also filed a

motion for preliminary injunction seeking to prohibit Dunlap from holding himself out as

an AAMCO franchisee or using AAMCO trademarks or signage. Dunlap disputed that

the franchise agreement had ended in June 2011, arguing that intervening circumstances

caused the agreement to end at a later date.

       After discovery and a hearing, the District Court issued an order in August 2011

granting AAMCO’s motion for a preliminary injunction. The Court concluded that

                                               2
AAMCO had demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of its claim that the

franchise agreement had ended in June 2011; irreparable injury in the event its injunction

request was denied; greater hardship in the absence of an injunction than Dunlap would

suffer with one; and a public interest in precluding Dunlap from confusing customers and

requiring him to live up to the terms of the parties’ agreement. See P.C. Yonkers, Inc. v.

Celebrations the Party and Seasonal Superstore, LLC, 428 F.3d 504, 508 (3d Cir. 2005)

(setting forth the requirements for issuance of a preliminary injunction). The District

Court also required AAMCO to post an injunction bond in the amount of $100,000.

Finally, the District Court stayed the litigation because the parties’ dispute was subject to

mandatory arbitration. Dunlap did not appeal the District Court’s order.

        Thereafter, in December 2013, an arbitrator ruled in favor of AAMCO, concluding

that the franchise agreement had, in fact, expired on June 5, 2011. Dunlap did not appeal

the arbitration order, which was binding on the parties. In March 2015, upon belief that

Dunlap might seek to continue to hold himself out as an AAMCO franchisee at his

Chesapeake, Virginia repair shop, AAMCO filed in the District Court a motion to convert

the preliminary injunction into a permanent injunction and to exonerate the injunction

bond.

        The District Court, after holding a hearing, granted the motion. In its analysis, the

Court considered the factors necessary to grant a permanent injunction—whether “(1) the

moving party has shown actual success on the merits; (2) the moving party will be

                                              3
irreparably injured by the denial of injunctive relief; (3) the granting of the permanent

injunction will result in even greater harm to the defendant; and (4) the injunction would

be in the public interest.” Shields v. Zuccarini, 254 F.3d 476, 482 (3d Cir. 2001).

       Regarding the first factor, the District Court determined that AAMCO successfully

demonstrated that it had already succeeded on the merits of its claim that the franchise

agreement ended in June 2011, and that Dunlap did not dispute that the arbitrator’s

decision was binding and could not be re-litigated. As to the second factor, the Court

determined that AAMCO had shown that it would be irreparably injured absent the

injunction. In particular, the Court determined that to the extent that customers might be

dissatisfied with Dunlap’s performance at his repair shop, AAMCO might suffer a loss of

its business reputation and goodwill if Dunlap failed to cure his deficiencies.

       With regard to the third factor, the Court determined that a permanent injunction

would do Dunlap no harm. AAMCO simply requested that Dunlap be prohibited from

holding himself out as an AAMCO franchisee or using AAMCO’s trademarks. Given the

arbitrator’s ruling that the franchise agreement ended nearly five years ago, the District

Court determined that a permanent injunction would merely prohibit Dunlap from

engaging in activity to which he has no legal right. Finally, the District Court determined

that a permanent injunction would be in the public interest in that it would prevent

confusion and deception among business customers regarding whether Dunlap’s repair

shop is, in fact, an approved AAMCO franchise.

                                             4
       Dunlap appeals the District Court’s decision. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and review a District Court’s grant or denial of an injunction for abuse of

discretion. See NAACP v. N. Hudson Reg’l Fire & Rescue, 665 F.3d 464, 475 (3d Cir.

2011). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the District Court’s decision rests upon a

clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an improper application

of law to fact.” Id. at 475-76 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We do not

interfere with a district court’s discretionary judgments, unless it clearly erred in

weighing the relevant factors and reaching a conclusion.” Id. at 476.

       For essentially the reasons given by the District Court, we conclude that it did not

abuse its discretion in granting AAMCO’s motion. Dunlap, in his pro se brief, sets forth

a number of challenges, but many of them are facially meritless or irrelevant to the

District Court’s grant of the permanent injunction. That notwithstanding and given our

narrow scope of review, we conclude, based on a careful reading of the record and a fair

evaluation of the District Court’s analysis, that the Court did not abuse its discretion in

balancing the factors and issuing the permanent injunction.1

       Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




1
 Given that disposition, we also perceive no error on the part of the District Court in
exonerating the injunction bond.
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