                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No. 17-3566
                                      _____________

                             CHRISTOPHER PATTERSON

                                             v.

                        AETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                          Appellant
                             __________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-15-cv-08156)
                           District Judge: Madeline C. Arleo
                            __________________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  November 1, 2018
                           ___________________________

            Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and VANASKIE, * Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion Filed: February 7, 2019)
                                    _____________

                                        OPINION **
                                      _____________

       *
        The Honorable Thomas I. Vanaskie retired from the Court on January 1, 2019 after
the case was submitted, but before the filing of the opinion. This opinion is filed by a
quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) and Third Circuit I.O.P. Chapter 12.
       **
         This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       In this appeal, Defendant Aetna Life Insurance Company challenges the District

Court’s grant of Plaintiff Christopher Patterson’s motion for summary judgment and denial

of Aetna’s motion for summary judgment in an action under the Employee Retirement

Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. For the following reasons, we

will affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND

       Though his employer, First Consulting Group, Inc. (“FCG”), Patterson became

covered by a long-term disability policy underwritten by Aetna. 1 Aetna began paying

benefits to Patterson under the policy in 2007, after he underwent a back surgery and

became unable to work. In 2014, Aetna terminated those benefits because it concluded

that Patterson was “no longer disabled[.]” (App. at 292.)

       Patterson’s long-term disability policy defines “disability” as follows:

       You will be deemed to be disabled on any day if:

           • you are not able to perform the material duties of your own
             occupation solely because of: disease or injury; and
           • your work earnings are 80% or less of your adjusted predisability
             earnings.

(App. at 334.) “Own occupation” is not defined in the policy.

       Aetna found that Patterson was not disabled because he could fulfill the material

duties of his “own occupation” as performed “in the national economy.” (App. at 290,


       1
        FCG is a pharmaceutical consulting firm. Patterson’s position was characterized
as “Director, Business Services” or, more generally, as “System Development Technical
Director.” (App. at 40, 150.)
                                             2
293.) Aetna determined that Patterson’s “own occupation” “in the national economy” was

“sedentary” and that—although Patterson had limitations and could not do a job in a

“heavier category”—he could perform “sedentary” work. (App. at 56, 290-91, 293.)

Aetna’s decision was not based on whether Patterson could do his actual “job as performed

for his specific Employer[,]” which Aetna considered to be more demanding than his

“occupation as it exists in the national economy[.]” 2 (App. at 51, 290.)

       After Aetna denied Patterson’s internal appeal, he brought this ERISA claim. On

cross motions for summary judgment, the District Court determined that Aetna’s “national

economy” interpretation of “own occupation” was contrary to the plain language of

Patterson’s policy in light of our decision in Lasser v. Reliance Standard Life Insurance

Co., 344 F.3d 381 (3d Cir. 2003), and that “‘own occupation’ must involve consideration

of Patterson’s actual duties as performed before the onset of disability.” (App. at 19.) It

then found that “travel and standing to give presentations are material duties of

[Patterson’s] own occupation.” (App. at 21.) The District Court concluded that Aetna’s

decision to terminate benefits was arbitrary and capricious because Aetna did not consider

whether Patterson could perform his actual job duties and, even if it had done so, Patterson

could not perform those duties. 3



       2
        Specifically, Aetna found that Patterson’s “occupation as it exists in the national
economy” “is lighter than [his actual] job” because his actual job might require travel.
(App. at 51.)
       3
        In the alternative, the Court decided that, even under a “national economy”
approach to “own occupation,” Aetna’s decision was arbitrary and capricious.

                                             3
       Aetna timely appealed.

II.    DISCUSSION 4

       Aetna argues on appeal that it was allowed to construe the term “own occupation”

in Patterson’s long-term disability policy to mean Patterson’s occupation as performed in

the national economy.       Aetna further asserts that, under its “national economy”

interpretation, substantial evidence supports the decision to terminate Patterson’s benefits.

We disagree and conclude that Aetna was required to interpret “own occupation” as

referring to Patterson’s actual job duties. Because Aetna offers no argument as to how it

could prevail under that interpretation, we will affirm.

       Under ERISA, where a “benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary

discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the

plan[,]” courts “review a denial of benefits under an ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard.”

Fleisher v. Std. Ins. Co., 679 F.3d 116, 120 (3d Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). “An

administrator’s decision is arbitrary and capricious ‘if it is without reason, unsupported by

substantial evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.’” Id. at 121 (citation omitted). Where

the “arbitrary and capricious” standard applies, we will defer to an administrator’s

reasonable interpretation of ambiguous plan language, but an administrator’s interpretation



       4
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(e)-(f). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We exercise plenary
review over the district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying the same standard
that the court should have applied.” Howley v. Mellon Fin. Corp., 625 F.3d 788, 792 (3d
Cir. 2010). “Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing the facts in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.
                                             4
may not conflict with the plain language of the plan. Id.; Lasser, 344 F.3d at 385-86;

Dewitt v. Penn-Del Directory Corp., 106 F.3d 514, 520 (3d Cir. 1997).

       Here, Aetna has discretionary authority to interpret Patterson’s policy. But our

precedent—particularly Lasser—indicates that “own occupation” is unambiguous and that

Aetna’s “national economy” interpretation of the term cannot stand. 5

       In Lasser, we interpreted a long-term disability policy that considered a person to

be “disabled … if as a result of injury, illness or disease he is capable only ‘of performing

the material duties of his/her regular occupation on a part-time basis or some of the material

duties on a full-time basis.’” 344 F.3d at 385. We held that the term “regular occupation”

is unambiguous and refers to “the usual work that the insured is actually performing

immediately before the onset of disability[,]” at least where no other definition appears in

a policy or has been otherwise anticipated by the parties. Id. at 385-86. We therefore




       5
         “Claims for benefits based on the terms of an ERISA plan are contractual in nature
and are governed by federal common law contract principles.” Baldwin v. Univ. of
Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 636 F.3d 69, 75 (3d Cir. 2011). Patterson’s policy contains a clause
stating that it “will be construed in line with the law of the jurisdiction in which it is
delivered[,]” i.e., California. (App. at 109.) But Aetna neither argues that California law—
as opposed to federal law—should govern the interpretation of “own occupation” nor
invokes the choice of law clause. Choice of law issues are forfeited if not raised. Williams
v. BASF Catalysts LLC, 765 F.3d 306, 317 (3d Cir. 2014).
        Aetna does suggest that applying Third Circuit law would be improper because the
case is here only by operation of 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e)(2), which permits an ERISA plaintiff
to bring suit, inter alia, wherever “a defendant resides or may be found[.]” 29 U.S.C. §
1132(e)(2). That suggestion, however, is misguided. “We are … generally obligated to
follow our precedent[,]” Karns v. Shanahan, 879 F.3d 504, 514 (3d Cir. 2018), and nothing
suggests that 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e)(2) alters that general rule.

                                              5
rejected the insurer’s interpretation of “regular occupation” as referring to a job “in the

general economy.” 6 Id. at 385-87.

       Aetna argues that Lasser is not controlling because the policy in Lasser used the

term “regular occupation” whereas the policy here uses the term “own occupation.” But

we have equated “own occupation” with Lasser’s definition of “regular occupation.” See

McCann v. Unum Provident, 907 F.3d 130, 148 (3d Cir. 2018) (“We held [in Lasser] that

[b]oth the purpose of disability insurance and the modifier his/her before regular

occupation made clear the analysis had to be conducted based on the insured’s own

occupation.” (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Other

courts, moreover, have recognized that the distinction between “own occupation” and

“regular occupation” is one without a legal difference. See Osborne v. Hartford Life &

Accident Ins. Co., 465 F.3d 296, 300 (6th Cir. 2006) (“The only possibly significant

distinction between that case and the present one is that there the policy term was ‘regular

occupation’ and here it is ‘own occupation.’ That relatively minor difference in language

does not warrant a different result.”); see also Hankins v. Std. Ins. Co., 677 F.3d 830, 835-

36 (8th Cir. 2012) (discussing case law relevant to the interpretation of “Own

Occupation[,]” when that term is undefined, and referencing both “regular occupation” and


       6
         We also held, in the alternative, that, “[e]ven assuming ‘regular occupation’ is
susceptible to multiple interpretations and therefore ambiguous,” the insurer’s
interpretation of “regular occupation” was unreasonable in light of out-of-circuit decisions.
Lasser, 344 F.3d at 386-87 (citing O’Bryhim v. Reliance Std. Life Ins. Co., 188 F.3d 502
(4th Cir. 1999) (table) (per curiam); Kinstler v. First Reliance Std. Life Ins. Co., 181 F.3d
243, 253 (2d Cir. 1999); Dawes v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 851 F. Supp. 118, 122
(S.D.N.Y. 1994)). Aetna raises some arguments about that portion of the opinion, but it is
inapposite here.
                                             6
“own occupation” cases). Additionally, even if a difference between “own occupation”

and “regular occupation” could be teased out, the words “own occupation” would seem

even more directly to capture the idea of one’s actual job duties than the words “regular

occupation.” See Osborne, 465 F.3d at 302-03 (Cole, J., dissenting) (“Whatever the

meaning of ‘regular’ is, it is not synonymous with ‘own.’ … Construing the policy

language according to its ‘plain meaning in an ordinary and popular sense’ then, ‘own

occupation’ refers to [the insured’s] actual job duties.” (citations omitted)); see also House

v. Am. United Life Ins. Co., 499 F.3d 443, 453-54 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting the Osborne

dissent’s statement that, “[w]hatever the meaning of ‘regular’ is, it is not synonymous with

‘own[,]’” to support the proposition that an attorney’s “regular occupation” was “not

restricted to his own specific job” (citation omitted)). In short, there is no reason to treat

“own occupation” and “regular occupation” differently here.

       Indeed, Aetna itself seems to subscribe to that view. In Peck v. Aetna Life Insurance

Co., 495 F. Supp. 2d 271 (D. Conn. 2007), Aetna successfully argued that the terms “own

occupation” and “regular occupation” are interchangeable. See id. at 277 n.5 (“The

relevant policy language … actually referred to ‘regular’ rather than ‘own’ occupation.

However, these terms, as Aetna asserts, are interchangeable.” (emphasis added)). 7 And

that case was litigated while Aetna was paying benefits to Patterson under his policy.


       7
         Given Aetna’s vigorous arguments in Peck that “own occupation” and “regular
occupation” have the same meaning, its assertions to the contrary here are, to say the least,
quite troubling. Compare Def. Aetna Life Ins. Co.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of Its Mot. for
Summ. J. at 12 n.8, Peck, 495 F. Supp. 2d 271 (No. 3:04-cv-1139) (“The terms ‘regular
occupation’ and ‘own occupation’ may be used interchangeably, because, ‘as one’s ‘own
occupation’ is the occupation that one ‘owns,’ it is the same thing as one’s ‘regular
                                              7
       Because we conclude that “own occupation” and “regular occupation” should be

construed in the same manner, Lasser controls our interpretation of “own occupation” here.

The unambiguous plain meaning of that term, then, is “the usual work that the insured is

actually performing immediately before the onset of disability.” Lasser, 344 F.3d at 385-

86. Aetna’s “national economy” interpretation is impermissible because it conflicts with

the plain meaning of “own occupation” and was neither established by Patterson’s policy

nor contemplated by the parties. 8 Id. at 385-87. Accordingly, the term “own occupation”

in the policy required Aetna to consider Patterson’s actual job duties.




occupation.’” (citation omitted)), and Def. Aetna Life Ins. Co.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot.
for Summ. J. & Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Mot. for Summ. J. at 13-15 & n.10, Peck, 495 F.
Supp. 2d 271 (No. 3:04-cv-1139) (“Peck cites no authority for the proposition that the term
‘own occupation’ should be construed more narrowly than the term ‘regular occupation.’
In fact, courts have treated the terms as being interchangeable.” (citation omitted)), with
(Reply Br. at 9-10 (“The term ‘regular occupation’ implies something that the claimant
actually did in his employment on a consistent basis, that is, his or her ‘regular’ occupation.
In this context, the modifier ‘regular’ is fairly synonymous with ‘typical,’ ‘normal,’
‘customary’ or ‘standard,’ all of which imply the employee’s actual functions, and is
contrasted with the more abstract word ‘occupation,’ standing alone. … ‘Own occupation’
or ‘your own occupation’ does not carry such an implication, but is simply a contrast to
‘any reasonable occupation’ in long-term disability policies that, unlike the case here, have
two tests of disability applied successively. … [W]hile similar, [the two terms] are not
interchangeable.”).) It is further concerning that Aetna distinguishes Peck by saying “it is
not determinative that a District Court in Connecticut held that ‘regular’ and ‘own’ were
‘interchangeable[,]’” without acknowledging that its own argument was the impetus for
that holding. (Opening Br. at 32 (quoting Peck, 495 F. Supp. 2d at 277 n.5).)
       8
         Nothing in the record indicates that a “national economy” definition of “own
occupation” was anticipated by Patterson or FCG prior to Aetna’s denial of benefits. In
fact, Aetna paid benefits to Patterson from 2007 to 2014, notwithstanding that, in 2009, an
independent medical examination commissioned by Aetna determined that Patterson could
engage in sedentary work, i.e., work commensurate with his occupation in the national
economy.

                                              8
       That conclusion resolves this case. Aetna does not contest the District Court’s

determination that summary judgment should be granted in Patterson’s favor if Lasser

required consideration of his actual job duties. 9 Arguments are forfeited if not raised. In

re: Asbestos Prods. Liab. Litig. (No. VI), 873 F.3d 232, 237 (3d Cir. 2017). There are no

remaining issues for us to address.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




       9
         Despite expressing some displeasure about the evidence of Patterson’s specific job
duties, Aetna nowhere argues that the District Court erred in its assessment, based on the
record, that Patterson could not perform the material duties of his actual job.
                                             9
