10-3284-cr(L)
United States v. Batista

                                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                     August Term, 2011
   (Argued: January 26, 2012                                                             Decided: May 17, 2012
                                                 Amended: June 29, 2012)

                                   Docket Nos. 10-3284-cr(L), 10-4024-cr(CON)
                                 _________________________________________

                                              UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                            Appellee,

                                                                v.

                           LUIS M. BATISTA, ALEXANDER ALCANTARA, a/k/a MORENO,

                                                    Defendants-Appellants,

  VIRGILIO HICIANO, DEYANIRA SANCHEZ, a/k/a YANIRA, RAPHAEL RODRIGUEZ, a/k/a CHUCHO,
 HENRY CONDE, WILLIAM VALERIO, MIGUEL SANTO, a/k/a MIGUEL SANTOS, a/k/a EL MECANICO,

                                                Defendants.1
                                _________________________________________


Before: KEARSE, CABRANES, and SACK, Circuit Judges.

         Defendants-appellants Luis Batista and Alexander Alcantara appeal from separate judgments of

conviction entered in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Dora L.

Irizarry, Judge). We find no error in the District Court’s thorough and reasoned analysis with regard to

either defendant. We therefore AFFIRM the judgments of the District Court.



                                                DONALD DUBOULAY, Law Offices of Donald duBoulay, New
                                                     York, NY; Daniel S. Nooter, Washington, DC, on the
                                                     brief, for defendant-appellant Alexander Alcantara a/k/a
                                                     Moreno.

           1
               The Clerk is directed to amend the official caption as indicated above.
                                                                1
                                           BERNARD V. KLEINMAN, Law Office of Bernard V.
                                                Kleinman, PLLC, White Plains, NY, for defendant-
                                                appellant Luis M. Batista.

                                           ANTHONY M. CAPOZZOLO, Assistant United States
                                                Attorney (Susan Corkery and Emily Berger, Assistant
                                                United States Attorneys, of counsel), for Loretta E. Lynch,
                                                United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New
                                                York, Brooklyn, NY, for appellee the United States of
                                                America.

JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

            Defendants-appellants Luis Batista and Alexander Alcantara appeal from separate judgments

of conviction entered in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Dora

L. Irizarry, Judge), on August 11, 2010, and September 27, 2010, respectively.

            Batista appeals from the District Court’s judgment convicting him after a jury trial of: (1)

conspiracy to distribute cocaine, cocaine base, and ecstasy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and

841(a)(1); (2) conspiracy to commit bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1349 and 1344; (3) bank

fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344; and (4) obstruction of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1512(c)(2); and sentencing him principally to a 180-month term of imprisonment and a $25,000 fine.

            Alcantara appeals from the District Court’s judgment convicting him after a guilty plea of

(1) conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of cocaine base

and five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1); and

(2) distribution of and possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1);

and sentencing him principally to a 120-month term of imprisonment.

            We have considered each of the appellants’ arguments, and having carefully reviewed the

record and the judgments of the District Court, we affirm the judgments of the District Court in their

entirety.




                                                        2
                                                     BACKGROUND

        In 2007 and 2008, Luis Batista, a ten-year veteran of the New York City Police Department

(“NYPD”), and Alexander Alcantara were indicted in connection with their membership in a large

narcotics trafficking ring centered in Bushwick run by one Virgilio Hiciano. In a superseding

indictment filed on August 13, 2008, Batista was charged with: (1) conspiracy to distribute cocaine base

(“crack”), cocaine, and ecstasy in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a)(1); (2) conspiracy to commit

bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1349 and 1344; (3) bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344;

and (4) one count of obstruction of justice and one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice in violation

of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1512(k) and 1512(c)(2). Alcantara was charged in a separate superseding indictment on

May 14, 2008, with: (1) conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or

more of cocaine base and five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,

841(b)(1)(A)(iii), and 841(b)(1)(A)(ii)(II); and (2) distribution and possession with intent to distribute

cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II).

                                                    A. The Conspiracy

         The factual background set forth below is drawn from the record of these related proceedings,

taken “in the light most favorable to the prosecution,” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).

        In or about 1992, Batista befriended Hiciano, then a low-level narcotics dealer in a minor

Bushwick drug ring. Batista joined the NYPD in 1997 and was promoted to detective in 2004. As the

years went by and both Hiciano and Batista rose in the ranks of their respective organizations, Batista

and Hiciano continued to socialize several times per week.2 Often, Hiciano or someone else from his

drug ring would pay for Batista’s drinks. On some occasions, after nights of drinking, Batista would

instruct Hiciano to let Batista drive because, as a police officer, he did not need to fear arrest for

driving while intoxicated.


         2
             Hiciano testified at trial that Batista was aware of his drug-related activities during the friendship.
                                                                3
         By 1999 or 2000, Hiciano had taken over the leadership of the Bushwick drug ring, and the

ring grew to be one of the largest in that area of Brooklyn. The government alleges that Hiciano’s

friendship with Batista, by that time an undercover narcotics officer, then began to pay off: From the

late 1990s until 2006, Batista provided Hiciano with a steady and reliable stream of information about

police activity in Hiciano’s part of Bushwick. Among other services provided to the ring, Batista

would tell Hiciano to “be careful” when Batista knew the police were scheduled to be at or near

Hiciano’s location, permitting Hiciano to warn his street-level narcotics dealers that the area was “hot.”

         In April 2006, Hiciano was arrested and began cooperating with the government. Two

months after his arrest, however, Hiciano fled to the Dominican Republic. While there, he was visited

by an “enforcer,” who represented several drug suppliers to whom Hiciano owed money, including

Alcantara. Apparently as a result of the enforcer’s visit, Hiciano’s girlfriend—whom Hiciano had left

in charge of the Bushwick drug ring—turned over two vehicles to one of the suppliers in order to pay

part of the ring’s debt.3 Hiciano was extradited to the United States in October 2007, and shortly

thereafter resumed cooperating with investigators.

         On August 23, 2006, shortly after Hiciano had fled the country, Alcantara was arrested and

immediately agreed to cooperate with investigators. While he originally claimed that he was merely a

drug courier, he eventually admitted that he was a major seller of narcotics to Hiciano’s organization.

He testified at Batista’s trial that he had sold Hiciano between 80 and 110 kilos of cocaine through the

course of their extended business relationship. The evidence at this trial confirmed that Alcantara was

Hiciano’s “main supplier.”

         Alcantara and Hiciano also testified at trial about numerous telephone calls that passed

between Batista and Hiciano while Hiciano was the leader of the Bushwick drug ring. In many of



          3
            At another point in time, Alcantara himself set fire to a vehicle he believed belonged to Hiciano in order to
 intimidate him into paying his debts.
                                                             4
those calls, Batista warned Hiciano of impending police activity at 441 Wilson Avenue, Hiciano’s base

of operations. Investigators also discovered that Batista, at Hiciano’s request, had gained access to

internal NYPD databases to determine whether there was any record of outstanding warrants, tickets,

or fines attributable to Hiciano. Further, on at least one occasion, Batista gained access to an NYPD

database in order to determine whether a break-in at another apartment used by Hiciano, located at

1127 Decatur Street, was a police raid. Telephone records introduced at trial indicated that Batista was

on the telephone with Hiciano while searching the database.

         In late 2006, largely on the basis of information provided by Alcantara, federal investigators

applied for and received authorization under Title III4 to place a wiretap on Batista’s telephone. Prior

to trial, Batista moved to suppress the evidence of the wiretaps performed by federal investigators, but

the District Court denied the motion. United States v. Batista, No. 06-CR-265 (DLI), 2009 WL 910357,

at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2009) (“Batista I”).

                                                       B. The Trial

         At trial, both Alcantara and Hiciano testified against Batista. Hiciano testified to the extent of

Batista’s involvement in the drug conspiracy, explaining that Batista would advise him to “be careful”5

when police activity around 441 Wilson Avenue was imminent, and that, at Hiciano’s request, Batista

would perform inquiries in various NYPD internal databases. Hiciano also testified that he kept a gun

at 441 Wilson Avenue for the protection of the drug ring, and that Alcantara had provided him with

between 150 and 200 kilos of cocaine during the five years of the conspiracy charged in the indictment.

Alcantara confirmed Hiciano’s testimony about Batista’s extensive involvement with the drug ring and

with Hiciano’s social life, although he testified differently about the number of kilograms of cocaine

that he (Alcantara) had provided to Hiciano’s organization.

          4
              See Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. § 2510 et seq.
          5
             Because Batista and Hiciano would converse in Spanish, Batista used the term “cuídate.” On appeal the
 parties dispute the English meaning of the term, but testimony established the meaning we use here. See note 14, post.
                                                               5
         Batista testified in his own defense, claiming that he had never given information to Hiciano

about police activity in Bushwick, and that his relationship with Hiciano was exclusively a social one.

He admitted that he continued to accept free drinks from Hiciano after learning that Hiciano was

involved in criminal activity, and to other unlawful acts unrelated to Hiciano, but vehemently disputed

the government’s contention that he had conspired with Hiciano to protect the latter’s narcotics

trafficking organization.

         Batista was convicted by the jury on all charges.6 After the jury returned its verdict, Batista

moved for a judgment of acquittal under Rule 297 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, or in the

alternative, for a new trial pursuant to Rule 338 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The

District Court granted Batista’s Rule 29 motion as to the conspiracy to obstruct justice charge, in light

of the acquittal at trial of the sole alleged co-conspirator. United States v. Batista, No. 06-CR-265 (DLI),

2010 WL 1193314, *10–12 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2010) (“Batista II”). The remainder of the verdict was

left undisturbed.

                                                      C. Sentencing

         At Batista’s sentencing on June 10, 2010, the District Court found that the narcotics

conspiracy of which he had been convicted involved possession of a firearm and therefore imposed a

two-level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). Finding that Batista had made

materially false statements to investigators and had committed perjury on the witness stand, the Court

also imposed a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. The Court

declined to grant a downward adjustment for a minor or minimal role pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.

          6
            A co-defendant, fellow police officer Henry Conde, was acquitted on charges that he obstructed and
 conspired to obstruct justice by keeping Batista informed of an internal NYPD investigation focusing on Batista’s
 connections to the narcotics trade.
          7
           Rule 29 provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] defendant may move for a judgment of acquittal, or renew such a
 motion, within 14 days after a guilty verdict.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(c)(1).
          8
           Rule 33 provides, in pertinent part, that “[u]pon the defendant’s motion [after the entry of a guilty verdict], the
 court may vacate any judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so requires.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a).
                                                              6
         The Court concluded that Batista’s adjusted Guidelines level was 44, corresponding to a

recommended sentence of life imprisonment. Finding that a sentence of life imprisonment would be

too harsh, and that a sentence at the mandatory minimum of 120 months would be too lenient, the

Court imposed a non-Guidelines sentence consisting primarily of 180 months in prison and a fine of

$25,000.

         Alcantara was sentenced three months later, on September 15, 2010. On the basis of the

government’s representation that Alcantara had extensively and productively cooperated with

investigators, and on its own observation that his testimony at Batista’s trial was truthful, the District

Court granted the government’s motion for a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. It then

imposed a two-level Guidelines enhancement for obstruction of justice under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, a four-

level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) for a leadership role in the offense, and a two-level

enhancement for possession of a firearm under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). The Court also found that

Alcantara was responsible for over 150 kilograms of cocaine, rather than the 80 to 110 kilograms

Alcantara had admitted to selling at trial.9

         The District Court calculated Alcantara’s adjusted Guidelines level to be 43, with a

recommended sentence of life imprisonment. Having granted the government’s motion for a

downward departure, the Court imposed a non-Guidelines sentence of 120 months in prison.

                                                  D. These Appeals

         On appeal, Batista argues that his conviction and sentence should be vacated for eight reasons:

(1) the evidence was insufficient to sustain a verdict of guilty on Count One, which charged

membership in a conspiracy to possess and distribute cocaine and ecstasy; (2) the government was

permitted to introduce evidence at trial that was unduly prejudicial and had little or no probative value;



           9
             At sentencing, Alcantara challenged the enhancements for obstruction of justice and for a leadership role, as
 well as the weight of the cocaine attributable to him, but not the enhancement for possession of a firearm.
                                                             7
(3) at least one juror slept during parts of the trial, thereby depriving Batista of due process of law; (4)

the District Court violated the Court Interpreters Act10 by testifying to the jury as to the correct

translation of a Spanish word; (5) the District Court erred in applying sentencing enhancements for

obstruction of justice and possession of a firearm in the course of committing a narcotics offense, and

by denying sentencing reductions for an alleged minor or minimal role in the offense; (6) the District

Court erred in denying the defendant’s request for a Franks11 hearing regarding the Title III

wiretapping warrants; (7) the District Court erred in imposing a fine of $25,000; and (8) the

government had engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during its summation by improperly

characterizing evidence presented at trial and by otherwise making improper statements.

        Alcantara argues on appeal that the District Court’s sentence was both procedurally and

substantively unreasonable, contending that: (1) the Court erroneously calculated his base offense level

by holding him responsible for 150 kilograms of cocaine and 4.5 kilograms of crack; (2) the Court

improperly applied an upward adjustment for obstruction of justice; (3) the Court wrongly applied a

four-level enhancement for his role in the offense; and (4) the sentence imposed was substantively

unreasonable because it was twice the sentence imposed upon another, allegedly more culpable,

individual convicted in the offense.

                                                     DISCUSSION

       We have considered all of the appellants’ claims on appeal and find them to be without merit.

We address below only those that merit some degree of special attention.




         10
              28 U.S.C. § 1827.
         11
              Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
                                                         8
                                                  A. Batista

                                           1. The Sleeping Juror

        Batista argues that he was denied due process of law when at least one juror allegedly slept

through parts of his trial. Because the District Court is uniquely able to “‘continuous[ly] observ[e] . . .

the jury in court,’” we ordinarily review the Court’s “‘handling of alleged juror misconduct . . . for

abuse of discretion.’” United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52, 78 (2d Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v.

Panebianco, 543 F.2d 447, 457 (2d Cir. 1976)). In this case, however, because defense counsel never

requested that the juror be removed from the panel, we review the Court’s decision not to excuse the

juror sua sponte for plain error. See, e.g., United States v. Fernandez-Hernandez, 652 F.3d 56, 75 (1st Cir.

2011) (where defense counsel “alerted the trial court” that a juror was “falling asleep,” but failed to

“raise any due process objection” at the time, the trial court’s failure to remove the juror sua sponte was

subject to plain error review) (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. United States v. Simels, 654 F.3d 161,

168 (2d Cir. 2011).

        An action is plainly erroneous where there is “(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects

substantial rights.” Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467 (1997) (internal quotation marks and

alteration omitted). If we find that an action is plainly erroneous, we “may then exercise [our]

discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).




                                                        9
        The error alleged by Batista was waived at trial.12 Even if the error had not been waived,

however, the District Court did not plainly err in the way it handled the allegedly sleeping juror. The

juror’s inattentiveness was brought to the attention of the District Court several times, and the Court

closely monitored the situation throughout the trial. The Court repeatedly addressed the issue with the

parties on the record, and it interviewed the juror at least once. Both the government and defense

counsel had ample opportunity to request the juror’s removal; defense counsel in fact was invited by

the government to object to the juror’s conduct, and declined to do so, on at least two occasions.

Defense counsel may simply have concluded that the risk that the juror might have missed important

exculpatory testimony was a tolerable one. See United States v. Ferguson, __ F.3d __, 2011 WL 6351862,

at *14 (2d Cir. Dec. 19, 2011) (“[O]ur review for plain error is more rigorous where the failure to

object was a strategic decision . . . .” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)); United States v.

Viola, 35 F.3d 37, 42 (2d Cir. 1994) (“It is proper to hold a defendant accountable . . . [for] strategically

withholding an objection in order to seek reversal on appeal.”), abrogated on other grounds by Salinas v.

United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997).

        We decline to disturb the Court’s careful and considered judgment on this issue. See Diaz, 176

F.3d at 78 (upholding conviction where the court had, “from the moment the sleeping juror allegation

was raised, investigated the matter and carefully observed the juror in question throughout the trial”).




          12
               As the Supreme Court has stated, “[w]aiver is different from forfeiture. Whereas forfeiture is the failure to
 make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the ‘intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.”’ United
 States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938)). An argument forfeited by
 the defendant may still be reviewed according to a plain error standard, but no such review is available when the
 defendant has affirmatively waived his right to object to the court’s action. See id. at 733–34; United States v. Kon Yu-Leung,
 51 F.3d 1116, 1122 (2d Cir. 1995).

           In the case on appeal, defense counsel clearly waived, rather than forfeited, its objections to the District Court’s
 handling of the sleeping juror. In one instance, defense counsel declined the government’s suggestion that he request the
 juror’s removal, responding that he would have “no problem bringing to the court anything that’s on our minds to
 protect the defendant.” On another occasion, the government again invited the defense to raise an objection to the
 juror. Defense counsel responded, “[D]uring my summations, I started walking in his direction. [E]very time he saw me,
 he seemed fine.” Counsel for Batista’s co-defendant reiterated simply: “No motion, Judge.”
                                                              10
The District Court’s decision to permit the juror to continue and to deliberate was not an abuse of

discretion, much less plainly erroneous.

                                               2. Court Interpreters Act

        Batista also contends that the District Court violated the Court Interpreters Act of 1978, 28

U.S.C. § 1827, by instructing the court interpreter to employ a particular translation of a Spanish slang

phrase that Hiciano testified that Batista had used to warn him of police activity. Because Batista did

not object to the Court’s instruction at the time, he has waived the argument for purposes of appeal.13

Even if the argument were not waived, we would find that the District Court did not plainly err.

        The controversy arose when Hiciano, in testimony regarding a code he had worked out with

Batista to signal police presence in Bushwick, stated that Batista would use the phrase “loco cuídate” to

warn of imminent police action. The meaning of the phrase is arguably ambiguous: it could mean

either “take care, dude”—perhaps innocuous enough—or “be careful, dude,” which was perhaps less

innocuous given the context in which the phrase was uttered.14

        Faced with a potentially decisive issue of translation, the District Court suggested that the

witness himself, who was evidently conversant in both English and Spanish, could clarify what he

understood Batista to mean by “loco cuídate” and thereby establish the interpretation to be used by the

court interpreter. The Court therefore, with the permission of the parties, elicited testimony from

Hiciano, outside the presence of the jury, regarding his intended meaning. Hiciano confirmed that he

understood Batista to mean “be careful,” not “take care” and that Hiciano appreciated the difference

between the two meanings. The Court then inquired of counsel for both sides whether they objected

to the translation given by the witness, and both sides declared that they had no objection. Only then


          13
               See note 12, supra.
          14
              Although the primary dispute between the parties related to the translation of “cuídate,” Hiciano also testified
 to the translation of the word “loco.” Loco literally means “crazy.” Arturo Cuyás, Appleton’s Revised Spanish Dictionary
 343 (Helen S. Eaton & Walter Beveraggi-Allende, eds., 4th ed. 1956). However, Hiciano clarified that he used the word
 to mean “dude.” We find no error in the District Court’s decision to defer to Hiciano’s translation of the term.
                                                              11
did the Court instruct the interpreter to use the agreed-upon translation. The Court’s action was

entirely reasonable; it was not erroneous, much less plainly erroneous.15

                                3. The Allegedly Improper Closing Arguments

        In the appendix to his opening brief, Batista compiles thirty statements made by the

government in its summation, each of which, he contends, was improper. Of the thirty statements

listed, Batista objected at trial to only two. We therefore address principally those two statements, and

review the government’s summation for “egregious misconduct.”16 United States v. Elias, 285 F.3d 183,

190 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924, 945

(2d Cir. 1993) (“[T]he misconduct alleged must be so severe and significant as to result in the denial of

[the defendant’s] right to a fair trial.”).

        A defendant alleging prosecutorial misconduct ordinarily bears “a heavy burden.” Locascio, 6

F.3d at 945. In this case, because the two objections asserted by defendant’s counsel were sustained

and the District Court promptly provided the jury with curative instructions, and because we presume

that a jury follows the instructions of the court, the burden is even higher. See Zafiro v. United States,

506 U.S. 534, 540 (1993) (“[E]ven if there were some risk of prejudice, here it is of the type that can be

cured with proper instructions, and ‘juries are presumed to follow their instructions.’” (quoting

Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987))).




          15
              To the extent Batista’s contention that the District Court “overstepped [its] bounds” by employing the
 translation procedure described above seeks to challenge the procedure by which the Court inquired of Hiciano’s
 interpretation of the key phrase, such a procedural challenge was likewise waived. Batista’s counsel was offered the
 opportunity to object to the Court’s proposed procedure, but demurred. Batista may not raise an argument on appeal
 that he specifically declined to raise before the District Court.

          16
             Those comments to which Batista did not object at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Fell, 531
 F.3d 197, 218 (2d Cir. 2008) (“Since Fell failed to object to the prosecution’s comments [in its closing argument], we
 review for plain error.”); see Johnson, 520 U.S. at 463. Batista has not pointed to any way in which the comments affected
 his substantial rights or the fairness of the proceeding, and we have found none upon our own review. We therefore
 find no plain error. See United States v. Draper, 553 F.3d 174, 179 (2d Cir. 2009) (“A plain error should be remedied by a
 reviewing court only if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”
 (internal quotation marks omitted)).
                                                              12
        Upon consideration of the two challenged comments in the context of the entire record,

including the trial transcript, see United States v. Canniff, 521 F.2d 565, 571 (2d Cir. 1975), it is clear to us

that neither statement rose to the “egregious” level required to overturn a jury verdict, see Elias, 285

F.3d at 190. The first comment—an observation that Batista’s co-worker and alleged co-conspirator

William Valerio had pleaded guilty to bank fraud—referred to a fact already in the record (albeit in a

different context). The second, in which the government apparently attempted to appeal to the jury’s

sense of public duty, was immediately cured by the District Court: it reminded the jurors that their role

was not to make a public policy determination, but to decide whether the government had met its

burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each and every element of the charged crimes.

Although perhaps inappropriate, neither comment by the prosecutor, in context, was so “severe and

significant” as to deny Batista his right to a fair trial. Locascio, 6 F.3d at 945.

                    4. The Sentencing Enhancement for Possession of a Firearm

        Batista argues that the District Court improperly applied a two-level enhancement to his

offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) for possession of a firearm in connection with a drug

trafficking offense. The imposition of a sentencing enhancement under § 2D1.1(b)(1) involves

questions of fact that we review for clear error. United States v. Stevens, 985 F.2d 1175, 1188 (2d Cir.

1993) (“The sentencing court’s finding that a firearm was possessed in connection with a drug offense

for purposes of § 2D1.1 will not be overturned unless it is clearly erroneous.”).

        In order for a defendant’s projected Guidelines sentence to be enhanced under § 2D1.1(b)(1),

“‘[t]he defendant need not have had personal possession, or even actual knowledge of the weapon’s

presence; the enhancement is required so long as the possession of the firearm was reasonably

foreseeable to the defendant.’” United States v. Giraldo, 80 F.3d 667, 677 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting Stevens,

985 F.2d at 1188) (abrogated on other grounds by Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125 (1998)).

Accordingly, if one member of a narcotics conspiracy possessed a firearm in furtherance of the

                                                       13
conspiracy, the other members of the conspiracy who reasonably could have foreseen such possession

are chargeable with possession under § 2D1.1(b)(1). United States v. Soto, 959 F.2d 1181, 1186–87 (2d

Cir. 1992).

       Batista argues that imposition of a sentencing enhancement for possession of a firearm is

inappropriate because a firearm was not found in physical proximity to him, and because Hiciano

never informed him that a member of the narcotics conspiracy possessed a firearm. This argument is

unavailing. As we have recognized in the past, “to substantial dealers in narcotics, firearms are as

much tools of the trade as are the commonly recognized articles of narcotics paraphernalia.” United

States v. Crespo, 834 F.2d 267, 271 (2d Cir. 1987); see also United States v. Bermudez, 529 F.3d 158, 170 (2d

Cir. 2008) (“It is axiomatic that drug dealing and guns go hand in hand.”). Although a physical nexus

between the defendant and the firearm is often useful in determining possession, such a nexus is by no

means required in order for a court to impose the enhancement. Rather, courts should determine

whether, by a preponderance of the evidence—including evidence relating to a defendant’s specialized

knowledge regarding the activities of drug gangs—possession of a firearm in connection with the

offense was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant.

       As the District Court found, Batista was an experienced narcotics detective with the NYPD,

who had conducted extensive undercover operations infiltrating illegal narcotics operations, and who

was well aware that “drug dealers are often armed.” Batista III, 732 F. Supp. 2d at 98. Batista knew the

general size and scope of Hiciano’s drug ring, and he could easily have foreseen that someone would

possess a firearm in relation to the illegal activities of the ring. Indeed, Hiciano himself kept a firearm

in an apartment in 441 Wilson Avenue17 in order to protect his drug trade. Although no evidence was

adduced to show that Hiciano had expressly told Batista that he or one of his associates possessed a

firearm, the District Court did not err, much less commit clear error, when it found that “it was


         17
              As noted above, 441 Wilson Avenue served as a base of operations for Hiciano’s drug ring.
                                                           14
reasonably foreseeable to Batista that a firearm would be used in the course of the conspiracy.” Id. at

96.

                                        5. The Remaining Issues

       The majority of Batista’s remaining arguments on appeal were addressed by the District Court

in four thorough and well-reasoned opinions spanning the lifetime of the case. See Batista III, 732 F.

Supp. 2d 82 (addressing sentencing issues including minimal/minor role reduction and obstruction of

justice enhancement); Batista II, 2010 WL 1193314 (rejecting in part Batista’s motion for a judgment of

acquittal under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29, rejecting entirely his motion for a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P.

33, and holding that the government had presented sufficient evidence at trial to support a guilty

verdict on all counts other than conspiracy to obstruct justice); United States v. Batista, No. 06-CR-265,

2009 WL 3134561 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 23, 2009) (addressing admission of evidence challenged as unduly

prejudicial); Batista I, 2009 WL 910357 (addressing the suppression and Franks hearing issues).

       We find no error in any of the District Court’s holdings, and we affirm the judgment of the

District Court as to Batista.

                                               B. Alcantara

       Alcantara, who pleaded guilty pursuant to an agreement with the government, raises a number

of sentencing issues on appeal.

                                          1. Quantity of Drugs

       Alcantara argues that the District Court erred in calculating his base offense level when it

found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he should be held responsible for at least 150

kilograms of cocaine. “When a district court makes a finding of fact with respect to the amount of

drugs attributable to a defendant, we review that finding for clear error.” United States v. Ramirez, 609

F.3d 495, 503 (2d Cir. 2010). Such a finding may rest on a preponderance of the evidence. United

States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163, 175 (2d Cir. 2008). Where, as here, there has been no seizure of narcotics

                                                    15
(or the amount of narcotics seized does not properly reflect the magnitude of the criminal conspiracy),

a sentencing judge is authorized to “approximate” the relevant drug quantity. See id.

       We need not resolve whether the District Court erred in finding by a preponderance of the

evidence that Alcantara was responsible for at least 150 kilograms of cocaine. As the District Court

explained, evidence that Alcantara knew that Hiciano’s ring dealt in crack cocaine as well as powder

cocaine, and knew of the quantity of crack that could be made from the quantity of powder he sold to

Hiciano, supports the District Court’s finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Alcantara

could and should be held responsible for at least 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. The District Court

did not clearly err in reaching this conclusion.

                                           2. Role in the Offense

        Alcantara challenges the enhancement of his offense level by four levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. §

3B1.1(a), which provides that a defendant’s offense level should be enhanced if he “was an organizer

or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” Id.

“While the criminal activity must be found to have involved five or more participants, the defendant

need not have been the leader of more than one other participant for this adjustment to apply.” United

States v. Chavez, 549 F.3d 119, 136 (2d Cir. 2008). We will overturn “[t]he sentencing court’s findings as

to the defendant’s role in the offense . . . only if they are clearly erroneous.” United States v. Farah, 991

F.2d 1065, 1068 (2d Cir. 1993); see United States v. Zichettello, 208 F.3d 72, 107 (2d Cir. 2000).

                            a. Determining the Appropriate Enhancement

       As an initial matter, Alcantara argues that the District Court erred in enhancing his offense level

by four levels—the designated enhancement for “leaders” or “organizers”—rather than three

levels—the designated enhancement for “managers” or “supervisors”—because the Court classified

him at sentencing as a “supervisor,” rather than as a “leader” or “organizer.” See United States v. Gotti,

459 F.3d 296, 348 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting that “U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) provides for a three-level

                                                      16
enhancement if ‘the defendant was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the

criminal activity involved five or more participants’” (quoting § 3B1.1(b))).

          Both the Court’s use of the word “supervisor” and its citation to § 3B1.1(c)18 (rather than §§

3B1.1(b) or (a)) appear to have been simple misstatements, and did not reflect the Court’s factual

findings. The Pre-Sentence Report (“PSR”) and the government had both argued for a four-level

leadership role enhancement.19 The District Court also expressly found that the evidence showed “a

hierarchy”; that Hiciano represented the “whole organization”; and that “on the top [we] have

Alcantara,” who “certainly exercise[d] a certain amount of control” over Hiciano. The Court then

stated that it was “in agreement with the Government and also with probation’s assessment that the

defendant is entitled to the aggravating four-point enhancement.” The sentencing record reveals no

discussion of other types of role enhancements. We have no reason to believe the Court intended to

impose anything other than the four-level “leader or organizer” enhancement.20

            b. The Court Did Not Clearly Err By Imposing the Four-Level Enhancement

          Alcantara argues that he did not exercise control over Hiciano, and that the District Court’s

conclusion that he was a leader or organizer of Hiciano’s conspiracy was therefore unsupported by the

record.

          The Court’s application of a four-level “leader or organizer” role enhancement was not clearly

erroneous. Alcantara was, as the Court observed, a significant supplier of drugs to Hiciano’s

organization. The Court repeatedly emphasized the influence this position gave Alcantara over

Hiciano’s management decisions, noting that even though Alcantara did not direct the activities of the

           18
             U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) provides for a two-level enhancement for a leader, organizer, manager, or supervisor in
 any criminal activity with fewer than five participants. See United States v. Djelevic, 161 F.3d 104, 106 n.3 (2d Cir. 1998)
 (“Section 3B1.1(c) provides for a two-level enhancement if the criminal activity involve[s fewer] than five participants.”).
           19
             Alcantara also notes that the government initially argued for only a two-level enhancement, rather than a
 four-level enhancement. It seems that the government’s position was a slip of the tongue, rather than a statement of its
 actual intent, as its written filings refer to a four-level or leader-or-organizer enhancement.
           20
                As we discuss in detail below, any error in the Court’s terminology was harmless.
                                                               17
distribution ring by issuing orders to its lower-ranked members, his control over Hiciano affected the

operation of the distribution ring as a whole.21 The Court explained that Alcantara’s position as

Hiciano’s creditor enabled him to require Hiciano to increase the distribution ring’s sales efforts (or

otherwise alter its activities) in order to pay the ring’s debts, and that therefore the enhancement was

appropriate. ndeed, the Court noted at least one instance in which Alcantara set fire to a vehicle he

believed to belong to Hiciano, in order to intimidate Hiciano into paying the more than $90,000 he

owed to Alcantara. Cf. United States v. Bahena, 223 F.3d 797, 806 (8th Cir. 2000) (enhancement

appropriate where defendant threatened to kill two individuals “if they could not show that they had

not stolen drugs belonging to him,” suggesting defendant had “influenced the[ir] conduct”).

        Accordingly, the District Court did not clearly err in determining that Alcantara’s influence over

Hiciano was sufficient to support a four-level enhancement for a “leader or organizer” role in the

offense.22

                           c. Any Error in the Role Enhancement was Harmless

        In any event, even if the District Court could be said to have committed legal error by calling

Alcantara a “supervisor” rather than a “leader” or “organizer,” or by imposing any role enhancement at

all, any such error was harmless. Moreover, where, as here, “the record indicates clearly that the

district court would have imposed the same sentence in any event, the error may be deemed harmless.”




          21
             Alcantara concedes that control over one member of a larger conspiracy can be sufficient to impose a four-
 level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). See Zichettello, 208 F.3d at 107.
          22
               Alcantara also argues that the District Court did not make factual findings regarding the number of
 participants in Hiciano’s organization, and therefore was not permitted to impose the leader-or-organizer enhancement.
 See United States v. Patasnik, 89 F.3d 63, 68 (2d Cir. 1996) (“A court must . . . make two specific factual findings before it
 can properly enhance a defendant’s offense level under § 3B1.1(a): (i) that the defendant was ‘an organizer or leader,’ and
 (ii) that the criminal activity . . . ‘involved five or more participants’ or ‘was otherwise extensive.’”). But the Court
 adopted the Amended PSR, which discusses Hiciano’s drug ring in detail—including, inter alia, its size and scope, and
 Alcantara’s role in supplying the ring. Where, as here, the PSR “state[s] enough facts to permit meaningful appellate
 review,” United States v. Ware, 577 F.3d 442, 452 (2d Cir. 2009), the District Court satisfies its obligation to make factual
 findings by “explicitly adopt[ing]” the relevant factual findings set forth in the PSR, United States v. Molina, 356 F.3d 269,
 275–76 (2d Cir. 2004); see also United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 30–31 (2d Cir. 2006).
                                                              18
United States v. Jass, 569 F.3d 47, 68 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see United States v.

Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 197 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc).

       The record clearly indicates that the role enhancement had no effect on Alcantara’s sentence.

The District Court indisputably intended to grant Alcantara a substantial departure from his

Guidelines-recommended sentence. The Court calculated that, with a four-level enhancement and

other adjustments, Alcantara’s final Guidelines level would be 43, which the Court described as “high.”

The Court then went on to observe that, even if Alcantara’s objections to the PSR—including his

objection to the four-level enhancement—had been successful, “the guidelines would still be high.”23

The Court ultimately imposed a non-Guidelines sentence of 120 months, equivalent to at least a

twelve-level departure, in large part to recognize Alcantara’s “very substantial” cooperation. Moreover,

the Court clearly indicated its reluctance to sentence Alcantara to an extended term of imprisonment,

in part because of his youth. We hold that the Court’s statements on the record at sentencing are

sufficient for us to conclude that the role enhancement did not affect Alcantara’s sentence.

       We therefore hold that, even if the District Court had not applied the four-level role

enhancement, Alcantara’s sentence would have been the same, and that any error in arriving at his

sentence was harmless.

                                                   3. Other Issues

        We have considered the remainder of Alcantara’s arguments on appeal, and find that they are

meritless. We therefore affirm the judgment of the District Court as to Alcantara.




          23
             Had the District Court imposed only a three-level supervisory role enhancement, Alcantara’s adjusted offense
 level would have been 42, calling for a sentencing range of 360 months to life. A two-level enhancement would have
 rendered an adjusted offense level of 41, or 324–405 months. And a wholesale rejection of a role adjustment would have
 rendered an adjusted offense level of 39, or 262–327 months—still more than twice the sentence actually imposed. See
 U.S.S.G. § 5A (2010).
                                                           19
                                            CONCLUSION

        Having conducted an independent review of the record, we find no error in the District Court’s

thorough and considered analysis of defendants’ various claims. To the extent defendants have raised

claims that were not initially brought before the District Court, we hold that they did not reveal error,

much less plain error. These complex proceedings were conducted with care and fairness. The

judgments of the District Court are AFFIRMED.




                                                    20
