                REPORTED

  IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

             OF MARYLAND

                  No. 379

           September Term, 2015

______________________________________


  LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION

                     v.

        VINCENT BALDERRAMA

______________________________________

      Graeff,
      Leahy,
      Wilner, Alan M.
        (Retired, Specially Assigned)

                  JJ.
______________________________________

           Opinion by Graeff, J.
______________________________________

      Filed: March 31, 2016


*Judge Kevin F. Arthur did not participate,
pursuant to Md. Rule 8-605.1, in the Court’s
decision to report this opinion.
          This case arises from a lawsuit filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County

by Vincent Balderrama, appellee, against Lockheed Martin Corporation, his former

employer, alleging that Lockheed Martin terminated his employment in retaliation for

claiming that his negative performance evaluation resulted from discrimination based on

national origin. Although Mr. Balderrama also sued on the ground of discrimination based

on national origin, the circuit court granted Lockheed Martin’s motion for summary

judgment on that claim, finding that there was not legally sufficient evidence to support it.

The sole issue presented to the jury was the claim that Lockheed Martin fired

Mr. Balderrama in retaliation for making a complaint of discrimination. The jury found in

favor of Mr. Balderrama and awarded him $830,000.

          On appeal, Lockheed Martin presents several questions for our review, which we

have rephrased slightly, as follows:

          1. Did the circuit court err in finding that Mr. Balderrama’s retaliation claim
             presented a jury question and in not granting judgment in favor of
             Lockheed Martin?

          2. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in denying a new trial after the
             jury awarded $830,000 in damages?

          3. Did the circuit court err or abuse its discretion in awarding excessive fees
             and costs?

          For the reasons set forth below, we answer the first question in the affirmative,

holding that Mr. Balderrama did not produce sufficient evidence to submit the retaliation

claim to the jury. Accordingly, we shall reverse the judgment of the circuit court. 1


          1
              Given our resolution of the first issue, we do not address the second and third
issues.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                             Background and Early Years

       Mr. Balderrama stated in his amended complaint that, at the time of filing, he was a

58-year-old Hispanic male. He was hired by Lockheed Martin in 2004 to fill the role of

Business Development Manager. In 2007, Mr. Balderrama transferred to the Mission

Systems and Sensors Integration Division. He was tasked with, inter alia, “identifying and

qualifying international sales opportunities of MH-60 Seahawk helicopters for sale to

governments of countries in his portfolio.” Mr. Balderrama was a member of “Team

Seahawk,” a cooperative enterprise comprised of multiple teams within multiple

organizations, with the unifying goal of producing and marketing Seahawk helicopters

internationally.2

       During his first five years with the company, Mr. Balderrama was considered a

“higher performer.” In 2009 and 2010, however, Mr. Balderrama’s then supervisor, Ron

Christensen, gave him a significantly lower performance rating than in previous years. For

the 2010 evaluation year, Mr. Christensen gave Mr. Balderrama an overall performance

score of 3 out of 5, which corresponds to “acceptable” performance.




       2
      These organizations included Lockheed Martin, the United States Navy, Raytheon
Company, General Electric, and Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation.


                                            -2-
    Mr. Balderrama’s Ratings Continue to Decline Despite Team Seahawk Win

       In January 2011, Doug Laurendeau replaced Mr. Christensen as Mr. Balderrama’s

immediate supervisor. Mr. Laurendeau gave Mr. Balderrama the same “acceptable” score

of 3 out of 5 for his performance in 2011.

       In 2012, Mr. Balderrama, acting as “business development lead,” was tasked with

selling Seahawk helicopters to Denmark. That year, Team Seahawk succeeded in selling

nine helicopters to Denmark, a sale of approximately $700 million, which resulted in

approximately $130 million in gross revenue to Lockheed Martin. Mr. Balderrama’s

customer relationships were credited as having a “tangible impact on the win.”3 In

February 2013, Lockheed Martin issued an “Independent Lessons Learned” document that

rated positively Team Seahawk’s work on the Denmark “capture.”

       Despite the significant Team Seahawk “win,” Mr. Balderrama’s supervisors were

not satisfied with his performance during that year, particularly his failure to follow

management direction and his inability or unwillingness to communicate with his team.

Mr. Balderrama would disparage Mr. Laurendeau’s managerial decisions and “bad-mouth”

him in conversations with senior members of their Navy customer. Mr. Laurendeau

believed that Mr. Balderrama was either unwilling or unable to create a “political call plan”

that would establish acceptable customer “counterparts,” and instead, he contacted those

“counterparts” himself. In some instances, Mr. Balderrama violated company policy by




       3
         A “win” is vernacular used by Lockheed Martin to refer to beating a competitor in
a sales competition.

                                             -3-
contacting senior Navy officials that he was not authorized to engage. Mr. Laurendeau

gave Mr. Balderrama a lower performance rating for 2012, which placed him in the bottom

10% of employees in his peer group at Lockheed Martin.

       Prior to notifying Mr. Balderrama of his evaluation, Mr. Laurendeau notified his

supervisor, George Barton, and Cindy Gadra, a member of Lockheed Martin’s human

resources department. He stated that, although Mr. Balderrama “brings some significant

strengths to the team,” Mr. Balderrama had “not been successful at demonstrating

improvement” in areas of development that had been discussed. Mr. Laurendeau expected

that Mr. Balderrama would be upset with his performance review, and he proposed a

meeting with Mr. Shultz to bring the issue to his attention so Mr. Schultz would not be

“blindsided” if Mr. Balderrama reached out to him to challenge his negative evaluation.4

                     Mr. Balderrama’s 2012 Performance Review

       On February 12, 2013, Mr. Laurendeau met with Mr. Balderrama to discuss his

performance review for 2012. Mr. Laurendeau credited Mr. Balderrama’s contribution to

the Denmark win, but he stated “that’s not everything.” Mr. Laurendeau explained that

Mr. Balderrama had not provided him with all the expected plans, and he “tended to do

stuff by [him]self” instead of engaging the whole team. When Mr. Balderrama was asked

about his “positioning to win” strategy, he “tend[ed] to just come up with anecdotes and

not real facts to support [them].”




       4
           Dan Shultz was Vice President and General Manager of Ship and Aviation
Systems.

                                           -4-
         Mr. Balderrama refuted these criticisms, asserting that he gave Mr. Laurendeau all

the requisite plans, and he regularly updated and fully briefed Mr. Laurendeau. He claimed

that the problem was that Mr. Laurendeau did not believe the briefings that he received,

and he accused Mr. Laurendeau of being unfair. Mr. Balderrama stated: “I gave you all

this information, and I don’t think you’re judging me by the same standard as everybody

else.”

         Mr. Laurendeau then reiterated his criticism that Mr. Balderrama failed to engage

his team, and Mr. Balderrama did not engage executives and allow them to establish

relationships with their counterparts in Denmark, but rather, he “stifled [management] at

every opportunity to do that.” Mr. Balderrama again disputed these allegations. He stated

that, even though the Danes with whom they were negotiating stated that they did not want

executives “parachuting” into their negotiations, the Lockheed Martin executives

nonetheless had numerous opportunities to meet with Danish officials.

         Mr. Laurendeau credited Mr. Balderrama for knowing a lot of people and

“understanding external stakeholders,” but he was not happy that Mr. Balderrama engaged

Danish politicians by himself when that role should have been reserved for more senior

employees. He also criticized Mr. Balderrama for failing to “take advantage of the diverse

opinions.” He stated that he was

         getting feedback from the PMT, the program team, and from management
         that you don’t listen, that you don’t take in people’s advice and you don’t
         listen to what they’re saying in meetings -- you’re talking too much. You’re
         not getting in the different perspective views of other people. You just have
         your own agenda and you pursue it, despite what other people are trying to
         give their opinions on.


                                              -5-
Mr. Balderrama responded that his meeting with Danish politicians was authorized, and he

argued that he had “always taken in people’s opinions,” and he was a “team player,” as

well as a “team leader.”

      Mr. Laurendeau then told Mr. Balderrama that, “when you add all these things up

together, the total average comes out to you’re in the bottom ten percent of [your] peer

group.” Mr. Balderrama responded:

      Are you kidding me? I’m in the bottom ten percent? I mean, we won
      Denmark. We’ve been a team player with everybody. Everybody except for
      you [Mr. Laurendeau] seems to think that I did a wonderful job, you know?
      I just think you’ve been -- I’ve said it before. I think you’re prejudiced. I
      think this whole thing is -- you’ve been measuring -- this shows you’ve been
      measuring me by a different yardstick.

      Mr. Balderrama stated that Mr. Laurendeau was “speaking in generalities,” and he

asked for specific examples of misbehavior. Mr. Laurendeau stated that Mr. Balderrama

did not get executive management or other leadership engaged. Mr. Laurendeau advised

that his review was “a fair and accurate assessment” of Mr. Balderrama’s performance in

2012. Mr. Balderrama responded:

      You’ve been prejudiced to me. This is -- it’s a pure example again of how
      you’ve been measuring me by a different yardstick. You didn’t even look at
      the facts. . . . I don’t get it. I don’t understand it. That’s unfair. You know?
      I have to do something about this. I can’t let this stand.

      Mr. Laurendeau asked Mr. Balderrama what he intended to do, and Mr. Balderrama

replied that he did not know, but he would talk to Dan Schultz. Mr. Laurendeau stated that

Mr. Schultz was “not in the chain,” to which Mr. Balderrama replied that Mr. Schultz knew

him, and he would have to talk to human resources “or something else.” Mr. Laurendeau


                                            -6-
told Mr. Balderrama that he was “free to talk to HR,” and he referred Mr. Balderrama to

Ms. Gadra.

      Mr. Balderrama signed his performance review on February 28, 2013, after adding

the following comments:

      I refute the evaluation of my supervisor and intend to submit for formal
      redress and appeal to Human Resources. The evaluation of my supervisor is
      a prejudiced assessment that failed to accurately recount and assess my
      contributions and accomplishments. Many of my supervisor’s evaluation
      comments fail to correlate directly to agreed upon specific measurements of
      commitment objectives. Moreover, many of his comments lack specificity
      and contain broad generalities that can be refuted by facts. I question his
      general comments that characterize my contributions to strongly imply, if not
      overtly state, that my leadership of the Denmark campaign lacked early and
      detailed planning and was less than effective. Yet, Denmark was a WIN for
      MST [Mission Systems and Training]- a win against a lower priced, very
      aggressive competitor in their own “backyard.” In fact, it was the only
      Maritime Helicopter win for MST in 2012 and the culmination of a five-year
      campaign. My supervisor makes numerous claims of my lack of engaging
      the “broader organization”; yet he has never defined the “broader
      organization”. My capture execution directly engaged the counsel and
      support of the expanse of LM to include functional organizations, programs
      . . . as well as Team Seahawk teammates from the Navy, Sikorsky and other
      US Industry and Danish Industry. That seems to me to be the “broader
      organization.” My supervisor claims that I was less than responsive in
      providing [a Price/Position-to-Win strategy], offset plans, political plans, and
      media plans yet I can provide numerous revisions of all those plans that had
      been provided to my supervisor. My supervisor repeatedly makes claims that
      I failed to make plans or enable appropriate relationships to be established
      by senior management. This claim once more reveals my supervisor’s
      continued failure to understand and accept the cultural Danish attitudes and
      desires in contact with politicians and key stakeholders. Moreover it reveals
      his failure to acknowledge that senior management and executives were
      exposed to Her Majesty, the Queen of Denmark, on multiple occasions the
      Danish Ambassador to the U.S. and his Defense Attaché . . . and they were
      also introduced to the majority of the Danish Defense Committee. These
      aforementioned factual examples are just a few counterpoints to inaccuracies
      or misrepresentations by my supervisor of my performance and contribution
      in 2012. A more detailed reclama will be provided to Human Resource along


                                            -7-
       with a request for independent review and adjustment upward of my
       performance evaluation.5

On March 1, 2013, Mr. Laurendeau forwarded his comments to Ms. Gadra in human

resources.6

              Mr. Balderrama Appeals His 2012 Performance Evaluation

       On March 5, 2013, Mr. Balderrama emailed Ms. Gadra, indicating his desire to file

an appeal of his 2012 performance evaluation. He stated that his “reclama” would “assert

that the evaluation of [his] supervisor [was] a prejudiced assessment that failed to

accurately recount and assess [his] contributions and accomplishments.”7




       5
          William Paradies, Mr. Balderrama’s co-worker on the Denmark campaign,
testified at trial that he felt that he and the other members on the Demark team “were doing
everything that needed to be done, could be done to put us in the best position to win that
campaign in Denmark.” He acknowledged that there was an ongoing “battle” over the
team’s strategy between the “capture team,” including him and Mr. Balderrama, and
management, including Mr. Laurendeau, George Barton, Mr. Laurendeau’s supervisor,
and Michelle Evans, Mr. Barton’s supervisor. Mr. Paradies also received a lower
performance rating in 2012, but he was “not surprised by it” because they “battled openly”
with Mr. Laurendeau over strategy. He felt his performance review was unfair, but he felt
vindicated because they had won the Denmark campaign.
       6
         Mr. Laurendeau testified that, given the performance evaluation, there was a
discussion about whether to put Mr. Balderrama on a Performance Improvement Plan
(“PIP”), a standard way to identify deficiencies in performance and determine how to
measure improvement. Mr. Laurendeau recommended, however, that they start with an
informal coaching regime instead, where the expectations could clearly be laid out. He
implemented an informal set of expectations in April.
       7
         Mr. Balderrama used the term “reclama” to describe the performance rating appeal
process available through the human resources department at Lockheed Martin.
“Reclama,” is a military term meaning a “request to duly constituted authority to reconsider
its decision or its proposed action.” Department of Defense Dictionary of (continued . . .)


                                            -8-
       On March 15, 2013, Mr. Balderrama emailed a sixteen-page reclama to Ms. Gadra.

In the body of the email, Mr. Balderrama noted the following:

       I have thought long and hard on whether to pursue an effort to seek redress
       of my supervisor’s evaluation of my performance in 2012. Given the state
       of our business and future outlook I feel I cannot let it stand. To do so places
       me at great risk to my career and future opportunity in the Corporation.8

       In his “reclama,” Mr. Balderrama responded to each of Mr. Laurendeau’s criticisms

noted in his performance review. For example, he argued that Mr. Laurendeau’s “claim

that [Mr. Balderrama’s] lack of inclusion of others’ opinions and collaboration is

unsubstantiated. If anything, his claim is directly related to [their] personal disagreements

on the best way to pursue and win Denmark.”             Moreover, he “especially refute[d]

[Mr. Laurendeau’s] comment that [their] campaign was ‘less than effective,’” stating:

“How much more effective can you get than by Winning the pursuit?” He requested review

of his evaluation and sought “to strike this evaluation from [his] record.”

       Mr. Balderrama made no indication at this time that he was alleging discrimination

on the basis of age, race, ethnicity, national origin, or other protected class. Mr. Balderrama

later emailed Ms. Gadra, offering to provide her evidence that he believed would

substantiate his complaints.




(. . . continued) Military and Associated Terms 451 (as amended through July 12, 2007),
available at perma.cc/8R4F-GRAS.
       8
        Mr. Balderrama subsequently told Ms. Gadra that he had to seek further appeal
because he was put “in a precarious position in the event of layoffs.”


                                             -9-
       On March 15, 2013, Ms. Gadra began an investigation of Mr. Balderrama’s claims.

Based on his appeal, she was not investigating a complaint of discrimination, but rather,

she was investigating “an appeal to the performance review system.”          Ms. Gadra

interviewed Mr. Balderrama and four of his co-workers: George Barton (Mr. Laurendeau’s

boss); Jack McCreary; Tom Kane; and Andy Cox.9

       Although some comments were positive, several co-workers advised that

Mr. Balderrama was difficult to get along with and caused frustration. For example, one

person stated: Mr. Balderrama was asked to set up executive calls for a “capture,” but he

said “no.” This person also stated that Mr. Balderrama was untrustworthy, noting that

Mr. Balderrama gave “bad information and sometimes made up things, spinning things

rather than providing facts.” Other comments included criticism of Mr. Balderrama’s

communication and social skills, including that any communication with Mr. Balderrama

was one way, and Mr. Balderrama told “everyone else what to do” and did not listen to

other people’s ideas.

       After concluding her interviews, Ms. Gadra created a document that contrasted

Mr. Balderrama’s assessment of his performance with Mr. Laurendeau’s assessment. She

followed-up with Mr. Laurendeau to “get his feedback on where there were gaps in their

assessment[s].”   She then summarized her investigation, formed an assessment of

Mr. Balderrama’s appeal, and submitted a report to Lockheed Martin’s Equal Employment


       9
        Ms. Gadra referred to the people she interviewed as “stakeholders,” which she
defined as persons “that you work with closely that [are not] your direct reporting chain
that may have input to your performance assessments for that year.”

                                          -10-
Opportunity (“EEO”) office, which was “standard practice for every performance rating

appeal.” In response to questions listed on the report, she stated that no protected

characteristics were mentioned and there were no indicators that the complaint involved

any protected characteristics. Ms. Gadra concluded that Mr. Balderrama’s “performance

evaluation for 2012 would stand,” which meant that his rating would remain in the bottom

10% tier.

       On April 10, 2013, Ms. Gadra spoke with Mr. Balderrama to discuss the results of

her investigation. Ms. Gadra testified that, during that phone call, Mr. Balderrama

reiterated that the 2012 performance review was a “prejudice[d] assessment.” Ms. Gadra

asked him what he meant by “prejudice,” and Mr. Balderrama responded that he felt

“pressured.” Mr. Balderrama never mentioned race, national origin, ethnicity, or any other

protected characteristic. She stated that

       [t]he term prejudice can mean many different things. It was never stated
       anywhere that Mr. [Balderrama] felt he was prejudiced against. He stated it
       was a prejudiced assessment. In other places he stated it was an unfair
       assessment, a distorted assessment. That term seemed to be interchangeable
       with those other terms and he went on to be very specific about what he
       disagreed with in the assessment. So my focus was on the assessment.

       Mr. Balderrama agreed that he never explicitly mentioned a protected characteristic.

He stated, however, that he expected that Ms. Gadra, “as an HR experienced, very senior

person, who she said has gone through a lot of these things,” would understand what

prejudice meant from a Hispanic male.

       Ms. Gadra testified that, during her conversation with Mr. Balderrama, he stated

that he would have to continue appealing because she set him up and put him in “a


                                            -11-
precarious position in the event of layoffs.” In her notes from the conversation, Ms. Gadra

concluded that Mr. Balderrama was “not taking responsibility for his actions,” “[i]ssues

are others [sic] fault, not his,” and “[i]t’s unlikely there will be performance improvement

in 2013 based on this discussion.”

        Mr. Balderrama Seeks Further Review, Alleging National Origin and
                              Age Discrimination

       On April 11, 2013, Ms. Gadra emailed Mr. Balderrama to inform him that Melonie

Parker was the director of Lockheed Martin Human Resources, and if he planned “to

escalate the decision further,” he should contact Ms. Parker. He advised that he did wish

to pursue the matter.

       Ms. Gadra’s entire file, including Mr. Balderrama’s reclama, Ms. Gadra’s notes,

and her report, was then sent to Ms. Parker. Ms. Parker did not conduct any further

investigation.   She stated that she reviewed all the documentation related to

Mr. Balderrama’s appeal and was “very comfortable with the case.”

       On May 9, 2013, Ms. Parker called Mr. Balderrama to discuss his appeal.

Mr. Balderrama told Ms. Parker that he felt that his low 2012 rating was due to

discrimination based on his national origin and age. Ms. Parker asked him if he could

provide her with any specific examples of discrimination, but he could not. Based on her

review of Ms. Gadra’s file and report, she told Mr. Balderrama that she did not believe that

his negative performance review was a result of age or national origin discrimination.

       When she concluded her conversation with Mr. Balderrama, however, Ms. Parker

contacted the senior manager of their EEO office, Sue Heisler, and advised her that


                                           -12-
Mr. Balderrama believed his rating was based on national origin and age discrimination.

She explained that her role in the process was to review Ms. Gadra’s investigation to

confirm whether Mr. Balderrama’s performance rating was appropriate, and when

Mr. Balderrama alleged age and national origin discrimination, she turned that aspect of

his complaint over to their EEO office for further investigation.

       On June 6, 2013, Mr. Balderrama sent Ms. Parker an email containing a list of

persons that he recommended she interview regarding his performance review. He noted

that “[t]his senior, peer and teammate group can provide testimony on the completeness

and effectiveness of our effort with respect to Denmark and the senior management internal

tension that was prevalent.” He also offered to provide documentation to refute the

allegedly “late, incomplete and ineffective” plans that Mr. Laurendeau noted in

Mr. Balderrama’s performance review. Mr. Balderrama did not indicate that any of these

witnesses could corroborate his claims of age or national origin discrimination.

       On June 14, 2013, Ms. Heisler emailed Ms. Parker and Ms. Gadra with the results

of her EEO investigation. Ms. Heisler stated the following:

       I looked at his [Calibration Peer Group (“CPG”)] and the question of
       Race/Age being a factor. His CPG is comprised of all people in their
       Mid-50’s and above and age does not appear to be an issue. Regarding race,
       there is a reasonable distribution among the various ratings (minorities are
       represented in all tiers). This, combined with the feedback from multiple
       sources on his performance indicates to me that there is not a reason to feel
       his rating/tier is based on either age or race.

              Because he reached out to [Ms. Parker], she . . . should close with
       [Mr. Balderrama] and indicate that we looked into the possibility of race/age
       being a factor in his performance rating/tier and found that the rating was
       based on substantiated performance rather than age/race.


                                           -13-
                                  June – October 2013

       In June 2013, Lockheed Martin issued a revised, final version of its “Lessons

Learned” document for the Denmark initiative, a document regularly created to discuss

what the company needed to “do better going forward.” The original document, created in

February 2013, rated Team Seahawk’s performance positively in all categories. After

reviewing the initial document, Michelle Evans, Vice President of Lockheed Martin, felt

that it was inadequate and incomplete because it lacked input from key individuals who

could provide additional insight. She noted that “[t]here had been a lot of discussion and

contention through the whole bid over the price to win, and . . . the lessons learned didn’t

accurately reflect all of the dialogue contention that I continued to see through the whole

campaign . . . and acquisition process.” Ms. Evans “asked the team to go back and do

additional interviews, and really make sure it was a thorough work product of what did we

learn” and “what could we have done better.” The revised version of the Denmark

“Lessons Learned” document was more critical of the team’s performance, including the

“Customer Relationships,” “Shape-the-Game & Win Strategy,” and the “Positioning-To-

Win (PTW) Goals” categories. The document cited the lack of (1) involvement of senior

management with leadership, and (2) internal consensus on the PTW as areas that needed

improvement.

       On June 20, 2013, Jack McCreary, Program Director, sent an email to

Mr. Laurendeau about Mr. Balderrama. He stated that his week with Mr. Balderrama

“alternated from extremely frustrating to an acceptable level of support.”



                                           -14-
       On July 22, 2013, Mr. Laurendeau met with Mr. Balderrama to conduct an interim

performance review pursuant to the informal coaching regime that had been implemented

to identify deficiencies and expectations. Mr. Laurendeau advised Mr. Balderrama that

several of his commitments were at risk of not being successfully completed, that

Mr. Balderrama “was still falling short of the bar,” and he wanted assurances that

Mr. Balderrama intended to meet his performance goals. Mr. Balderrama again disagreed

with Mr. Laurendeau’s criticisms, arguing that he had not completed certain tasks because

he had to “start from scratch,” and complaining that Mr. Laurendeau was blocking him

from contacting people outside the company. Mr. Balderrama stated that Mr. Laurendeau

was “treating [him] differently from the other guys,” and he argued that Mr. Laurendeau

did not require his predecessors to perform the same tasks.

       Mr. Laurendeau testified that, because there was a lack of commitment by

Mr. Balderrama to work on the issues, they decided to make the “performance

improvement regime” more final for Mr. Balderrama. Mr. Laurendeau stated that, at this

point, he was not aware that Mr. Balderrama had made a complaint of age and national

origin discrimination, and he was not aware that the company was going to go through a

reduction in force.

       On September 4, 2013, Ms. Gadra learned that Mr. Balderrama was part of the

“Special Recognition Award Team” that was scheduled to receive an award for the

Denmark win. She testified that she was concerned that giving Mr. Balderrama an award

at the same time that they were putting him on a performance improvement plan would



                                           -15-
send mixed messages. Ms. Parker also was concerned about sending the “wrong message”

to Mr. Balderrama. Mr. Balderrama’s supervisors decided, however, that he was a “major

contributor” to the Denmark win, and he was included in the award.

       On September 5, 2013, Ms. Parker met with Mr. Balderrama to “close out” his

appeal. Ms. Parker informed him that his bottom 10% rating was “substantiated and won’t

be changed.” She informed Mr. Balderrama that she was “the last step” in the appeals

process, and therefore, his appeal had reached its conclusion.

       On October 1, 2013, due to Mr. Balderrama’s “continued need for performance

improvement,” Mr. Laurendeau placed him on a 90-day PIP. Mr. Laurendeau was not

aware at this time that Lockheed Martin was planning on reducing its workforce.

        Lockheed Martin Includes Mr. Balderrama in its Reduction in Force

       On October 16, 2013, Lockheed Martin issued a memorandum stating that, due to

“ongoing uncertainty in Washington regarding the budget, sequestration and government

operations,” it was going to “lay off approximately 600 U.S. employees.” Michelle Evans,

vice president of Lockheed Martin and Mr. Balderrama’s third-level supervisor, testified

that the employees who were to be terminated were selected using a “reduction in force”

(“RIF”) tool that was developed by Lockheed Martin to aid in the RIF process. She

testified that the RIF tool used objective criteria to assess employees, including the average




                                            -16-
performance review scores for each employee from the last three years.10 Lockheed

Martin’s managers then updated the performance scores of each of their subordinates,

rating them on five skills that were considered critical for each department. The skill set

for business development employees included, among others, effective communication

skills and being a team player. The tool calculated the scores, indicating whether any

particular manager was scoring unusually high or unusually low. Lockheed Martin

executives could then review the employee performance scores, which were calculated to

reflect each employee’s performance over the past three years.

          In mid-October, Mr. Laurendeau and the company’s other managers were asked to

review the skills of each of the employees working under them. The initial skill ratings for

each employee in the RIF tool were pre-populated, i.e., the tool had a complete set of

employee scores already filled-in before Mr. Laurendeau began his review.11

Mr. Laurendeau was asked simply to see if the skill ratings “were still appropriate, and, if

not, to update them, and change them.” Mr. Laurendeau adjusted one employee’s scores

down (indicating poorer performance) and two employees’ scores up (indicating positive

performance). Mr. Laurendeau did not make any adjustments to Mr. Balderrama’s skill

scores.


          10
         The testimony indicated that the relevant assessments here were for 2010, 2011,
and 2012, and the appraisal for 2010 was from a previous manager, Ron Christensen, who
had given Mr. Balderrama a performance appraisal that was lower than prior years.
          11
         Doug Laurendeau, Mr. Balderrama’s immediate supervisor, testified that he did
not know who created the initial scores that appeared automatically in the reduction in
force (RIF) tool when he accessed it for his review.

                                           -17-
       Ms. Parker, Mr. Barton, and Ms. Evans testified that the final decision regarding

who would be laid off was Ms. Evan’s decision. Ms. Parker and Mr. Barton, however, had

a role in the RIF process.

       Ms. Parker’s role included providing Ms. Evans with information about the

company’s poorest performers. On September 27, 2013, shortly before the reduction in

force announcement was made, Ms. Evans emailed Ms. Parker, asking her for a list of “low

performers” that management could consider, acknowledging that they “spoke of Vince

Balderrama.” Ms. Evans stated that they recently had gone through another RIF, so she

“kind of knew who [the] bottom performers were, and who was at risk.” Ms. Parker

testified that she had discussed Mr. Balderrama with Ms. Evans as a low performer in the

business development organization, but she never spoke to Ms. Evans about

Mr. Balderrama’s complaints of discrimination. She stated that she “would never share

that information.”

       Mr. Barton testified that his limited involvement in the RIF process began after the

managers, including Mr. Laurendeau, completed their review and update of their

employees’ current performance scores. At that point, once the scores were calculated by

the RIF tool, Mr. Barton gathered his “seven directors to take a look [at the scores], to make

sure nobody was grading too hard or too easy and make sure that it was fair.” Mr. Barton

testified that they made no changes to the scores, and the RIF process proceeded to

Ms. Evans for her review. Mr. Barton had read Mr. Balderrama’s “reclama,” and he was

aware that Mr. Balderrama intended to appeal the matter to human resources, but he was



                                            -18-
not aware at that time that Mr. Balderrama had alleged national origin and age

discrimination. During the meetings in which layoffs were discussed, no mention of

Mr. Balderrama’s complaints or appeals was made.

       The RIF tool rated employee skills on a five-point scale, with a “1” being the best.

Of the fourteen employees within the job group “BD Analyst SAS Helicopters,”

Mr. Balderrama’s total score of 3.24 was the worst score in his group, and it was

significantly higher than the score of the second worst employee. This total score was due,

in part, to Mr. Balderrama’s poor performance history over the past three years, which

averaged 3.33.

       On November 1, 2013, Ms. Evans made her final decision regarding the employees

she intended to lay off. On that date, she sent an email to her boss, Paul Lemmo, with a

list of nine “business development” employees that were to be included in the RIF, one of

whom was Mr. Balderrama.         Mr. Lemmo stated that he was “a little surprised at

[Mr.] Balderrama as he used to be a high performer.”             Ms. Evans replied that

Mr. Balderrama “had worked for multiple [managers] in just a few years. Having now

worked for the same [manager] for [more than two years, she thought that] he [was] being

fairly assessed.”

       Ms. Evans later testified that, upon reviewing Mr. Balderrama’s placement at the

bottom of his group in the RIF tool, she had no concerns about laying him off because his

score “seemed consistent with what [she] had observed” and what was being relayed to

her. Ms. Parker similarly stated that Mr. Balderrama was selected for the RIF because,



                                           -19-
based on the RIF tool formula, he was ranked as the lowest performer in his group.

Ms. Evans testified that she was not aware that Mr. Laurendeau placed Mr. Balderrama on

a performance improvement plan in October 2013. On November 6, 2013, Mr. Balderrama

was notified that he was included in the RIF.

     Mr. Balderrama Obtains New Employment Outside the Defense Industry

      After he left Lockheed Martin, Mr. Balderrama remained unemployed for

approximately four months. During that time, Mr. Balderrama interviewed with several

helicopter manufacturing companies. He was told by those interviewers that he was

“great” and “good,” but they asked him to “come back in November or December.”

      Mr. Balderrama eventually accepted a job working as a fundraiser for the U.S. Naval

Academy, a position that paid approximately 40% less than he earned at Lockheed Martin.

Although Mr. Balderrama was not under contract, he testified that he made an “honorable

commitment” to his boss at the Naval Academy, who was a former classmate, to stay with

the Naval Academy during their current fundraiser, which was estimated to last for three

to five years. Accordingly, Mr. Balderrama stopped looking for work in the defense

industry after accepting the position at the Naval Academy.

      Mr. Balderrama Sues Lockheed Martin for Employment Discrimination

      On July 29, 2014, Mr. Balderrama filed a lawsuit against Lockheed Martin. He

identified himself as a 58-year-old Hispanic male, and he asserted two counts. Count I

alleged discrimination based on national origin and ancestry, asserting that he was issued

a negative performance review, whereas other, non-Hispanic employees were not issued



                                           -20-
negative performance reviews, and he “was the only individual out of the group of similarly

situated employees terminated in the Reduction in Force (“RIF”) action.” Count II alleged

violation of Montgomery County Code (“MCC”) § 27-19, asserting that he was terminated

because of his protected activity in appealing his performance review based on national

origin and ancestry discrimination.

       Lockheed Martin subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that

there was no evidence that demonstrated that Mr. Balderrama’s superiors (1) knew of his

protected activity when they terminated him, (2) had any bias against him based on national

origin or national origin, or (3) tried to improperly influence Ms. Evans’ RIF decisions.

Lockheed Martin also argued that, even if Mr. Balderrama could establish a prima facie

case, Lockheed Martin would still prevail because the RIF was a sufficient

non-discriminatory explanation for Mr. Balderrama’s termination, which Mr. Balderrama

had not disputed. Mr. Balderrama argued that summary judgment was not appropriate

because there was sufficient evidence that his superiors had a discriminatory bias against

him and knew that he was engaging in protected activity.

       On February 27, 2015, the circuit court granted Lockheed Martin’s motion with

respect to Count I (discrimination), finding that there was no genuine dispute of material

fact and the evidence was legally insufficient to support that count. It denied the motion

with respect to Count II (retaliation), however, stating that a “jury may . . . find that the

plaintiff was retaliated against because he complained about alleged discrimination based

on national origin.”



                                            -21-
       A five-day trial on the retaliation claim ensued. At the close of Mr. Balderrama’s

case, Lockheed Martin moved for judgment, asserting that Mr. Balderrama failed to

establish a prima facie case of retaliation or any retaliatory pretext because he adduced no

evidence that could lead the jury to conclude that Ms. Evans, the person solely responsible

for laying off Mr. Balderrama, was aware that Mr. Balderrama was engaged in protected

activity.   The court asked Lockheed Martin to distinguish Edgewood Management

Corporation v. Jackson, 212 Md. App. 177, 199-200, cert. denied, 434 Md. 313 (2013),

which held that, even if the supervisor who made the ultimate firing decision was not aware

of the complaint of discrimination, a company could be liable if another employee,

motivated by discriminatory or retaliatory animus, influenced or played a role in the

employee’s termination. The court described the Edgewood scenario as a “poison pill” or

a “snowball rolling downhill,” suggesting that a manager such as Mr. Laurendeau, even

though he was not involved in the RIF process, could nonetheless retaliate by tainting the

process early on with a falsely negative performance review (“poisoning”), and then

passing this information up the chain of command, paving the road for Mr. Balderrama’s

ultimate termination.

       Counsel for Lockheed Martin attempted to distinguish Edgewood, noting that the

claim of discrimination based on natural origin had been dismissed, and the only claim left

was for retaliation based on protected conduct. Because Mr. Laurendeau issued the 2012

performance review prior to any protected conduct (which occurred when Mr. Balderrama

claimed discrimination based on national origin in May) this case was different from



                                           -22-
Edgewood.       Counsel argued that, because the evidence demonstrated that Ms. Evans did

not have knowledge of Mr. Balderrama’s complaints, there was no proof of retaliatory

motive by Ms. Evans, and Mr. Balderrama’s case lacked causation. The court denied

Lockheed Martin’s motion for judgment.12

       At the close of evidence, Lockheed Martin stated that it was renewing its motion for

judgment, without making additional argument. The court did not expressly rule on the

renewed motion, but it denied the motion by implication when it sent the case to the jury

for deliberation.13

       After the jury verdict in favor of Mr. Balderrama, Lockheed Martin filed a motion

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) or, alternatively, a motion for a new trial.

It argued, inter alia, that Mr. Balderrama failed to prove causation between his challenge

to his evaluation and his termination because there was no evidence that Ms. Evans, the


       12
          Subsequently, during discussions prior to the jury instructions, the judge stated
that counsel for Mr. Balderrama had convinced him that Mr. Balderrama could win even
if Ms. Evans did not know about his discrimination complaint if Mr. Laurendeau gave
Mr. Balderrama a bad evaluation “for the wrong reasons,” and “this poison pill false job
evaluation . . . made its way to the top of the food chain.” When the court pressed counsel
regarding whether that was his theory of the case, counsel indicated that was not his theory,
stating that his theory of the case was that, after Mr. Balderrama complained of
discrimination, they fired him, and Mr. Balderrama’s complaint was a motivating factor in
the decision.
       13
            Maryland Rule 2-519(d) provides as follows:

       In a jury trial, if a motion for judgment is made at the close of all the evidence,
       the court may submit the case to the jury and reserve its decision on the
       motion until after the verdict or discharge of the jury. For the purpose of
       appeal, the reservation constitutes a denial of the motion unless a judgment
       notwithstanding the verdict has been entered.

                                              -23-
person selecting employees for layoff, had any knowledge of Mr. Balderrama’s complaint

of discrimination, and there was no evidence that someone with knowledge or a retaliatory

motive unduly influenced her decision. Rather, the evidence showed that the layoff process

was done using objective performance criteria. The circuit court denied the motion in a

brief order.

       Mr. Balderrama subsequently filed a petition for attorneys’ fees and costs.

Lockheed Martin opposed this request, but the court granted Mr. Balderrama’s petition,

awarding him fees and costs in the amount of $360,285.48.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Lockheed Martin contends that the circuit court erred in allowing the case to go to

the jury. It asserts that Mr. Balderrama’s retaliation claim did not present a jury question

because Mr. Balderrama failed to show that his protected activity caused his layoff. It

states that Lockheed Martin presented evidence of a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason that

Mr. Balderrama’s job was terminated, i.e., that 600 employees were let go due to a RIF,

and Mr. Balderrama was included in the RIF due to his poor performance review. Given

this evidence, Lockheed Martin argues that Mr. Balderrama had the burden to present

evidence that this reason was a mere pretext, and the real reason he was laid off was

retaliation for his complaint alleging that his evaluation was based on discrimination,

Lockheed Martin contends that Mr. Balderrama failed to present sufficient evidence to

generate a jury issue in this regard, and the circuit court erred in failing to grant judgment

in its favor as a matter of law.



                                            -24-
       Mr. Balderrama argues that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find a causal

nexus between his protected activity and an adverse employment action. He contends that

Mr. Laurendeau, various supervisors, and the employees in Lockheed Martin’s human

resources department retaliated against him for filing a complaint of discrimination based

on national origin. Mr. Balderrama asserts that causation is a jury question, and based on

the evidence presented, a reasonable jury could conclude that the cause of his termination

and inclusion in the RIF was retaliation for complaining about his evaluation, which he

alleged was based on discrimination due to national origin.

                                               I.

                               Discrimination by Retaliation

       “‘The common law rule, applicable in Maryland, is that an employment contract of

indefinite duration, that is, at will, can be legally terminated at the pleasure of either party

at any time.’” Molesworth v. Brandon, 341 Md. 621, 628-29 (1996) (quoting Adler v. Am.

Standard Corp., 291 Md. 31, 35 (1981)). There are, however, exceptions to “the terminable

at will doctrine that abrogate an employer’s absolute right to discharge an at will employee

for any or no reason.” Adler, 291 Md. at 35.

       Here, the claim that was sent to the jury, and is the subject of this appeal, was based

on MCC § 27-19(c), which states, in pertinent part, as follows:

       (c) A person must not:
           (1) retaliate against any person for:
             (A) lawfully opposing any discriminatory practice prohibited under
       this division; or
             (B) filing a complaint, testifying, assisting, or participating in any
       manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this division;


                                             -25-
                                           ***

       (g)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), an employer must not discharge
       or in any other manner discriminate or retaliate against an employee because
       the employee:

                                           ***

             (B) asserts any right under this subsection.

Discrimination against an employee because of “race, color, religious creed, ancestry,

national origin” or age is prohibited.

       As indicated, the circuit court granted Lockheed Martin’s motion for summary

judgment on the claim that the 2012 evaluation was based on discrimination, but it allowed

the claim based on retaliation to proceed to the jury. The United States Supreme Court has

explained the difference between antidiscrimination provisions and antiretaliation

provisions, stating that:

       The antiretaliation provision seeks to secure that primary objective [a
       workplace where people are not discriminated against based on a protected
       class] by preventing an employer from interfering (through retaliation) with
       an employee’s efforts to secure or advance enforcement of the Act’s basic
       guarantees. The substantive provision seeks to prevent injury to individuals
       based on who they are, i.e., their status. The antiretaliation provision seeks
       to prevent harm to individuals based on what they do, i.e., their conduct.

Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 63 (2006).

       To address Mr. Balderrama’s claim of retaliation pursuant to MCC § 27-19(c), we

must determine whether legally sufficient evidence was adduced to support the jury’s

verdict that Lockheed Martin took an adverse action against Mr. Balderrama in retaliation

for challenging his performance evaluation. See Taylor v. Giant of Maryland, LLC, 423


                                           -26-
Md. 628, 658 (2011). To do this, “‘we must view the evidence, and the inferences

reasonably deducible from the evidence, in a light most favorable to [the plaintiff], looking

only to whether, viewed in that manner, it was legally sufficient to create a triable issue.’”

Id. (quoting Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. Pransky, 369 Md. 360, 364 (2002)).

       In resolving a claim of retaliation when the employee does not have direct evidence

of an intent to discriminate, Maryland has followed the burden-shifting framework set forth

in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), in which the first step is for

the employee to establish a prima facie case of discrimination, which gives rise to a

rebuttable presumption of discrimination. Edgewood, 212 Md. App. at 199-200. The

parties agree that this framework applies to this case.

       In Edgewood, 212 Md. App. at 199, a case involving a claim of retaliation under

MCC § 27-19, this Court explained: “To establish a prima facie case of discrimination

based on retaliation, a plaintiff must produce evidence that she [(1)] engaged in a protected

activity; [(2)] her employer took an adverse action against her; and [(3)] her employer’s

adverse action was causally connected to her protected activity.” If the plaintiff meets his

or her burden of production in this regard, “the burden of production then shifts to the

defendant to offer a non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action.” Id. at

199-200. If the employer meets this burden, “the burden of production shifts back to the

plaintiff to show that the proffered reasons for the employment action were a mere pretext.”

Id. at 200. An employee shows pretext by proving “both that the reason was false and that




                                            -27-
discrimination was the real reason for the challenged conduct.” Nerenberg v. RICA of S.

Md., 131 Md. App. 646, 614 (2000).

       Here, the parties address extensively whether Mr. Balderrama satisfied his burden

of establishing a prima facie case. Given the posture of this case, however, that is not the

proper inquiry.

       In United States Postal Service Board of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 715

(1983), the United States Supreme Court explained that, pursuant to the McDonnell

Douglas framework, once the employer has given a non-discriminatory reason for the

adverse employment action and “done everything that would be required of him if the

plaintiff had properly made out a prima facie case, whether the plaintiff really did so is no

longer relevant.” At that point, the inquiry is whether, based on all the evidence presented,

the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee. Id. Thus, in State of

Maryland Commission on Human Relations v. Kaydon Ring & Seal, Inc., 149 Md. App.

666, 698-99 (2003), this Court stated that, where the employer provided evidence that

appellant was terminated for poor performance, whether the plaintiff made out a prima

facie case of discrimination was irrelevant and not a proper issue on appeal.

       Other courts similarly have held that the prima facie inquiry is a preliminary matter,

a mere allocation of burdens and presentation of proof, and when the case has proceeded

to trial on the merits, the appellate court should focus on “the ultimate question whether

plaintiff has established discrimination.” E.E.O.C. v. Avery Dennison Corp., 104 F.3d 858,

862 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Brownlow v. Edgecomb Metals Co., 867 F.2d 960, 963 (6th



                                            -28-
Cir. 1989). Accord Bates v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 988 (9th Cir. 2007)

(“[W]hether Bates established a prima facie case of employment discrimination in the

summary judgment ‘burden-shifting’ sense is moot after trial. The relevant inquiry now is

simply whether the evidence presented at trial supports a finding of liability.”); Whittington

v. Nordam Group Inc., 429 F.3d 986, 993 (10th Cir. 2005) (“We have repeatedly stated

that juries are not to apply the McDonnell Douglas framework and that we are not

concerned with plaintiff’s proof of a prima facie case when we review a jury verdict.”);

Gibson v. Old Town Trolley Tours of Washington, D.C., Inc., 160 F.3d 177, 181 (4th Cir.

1998) (“Once a case has proceeded through trial, however, whether the plaintiff ‘properly

made out a prima facie case’ in the first place ‘is no longer relevant.’”) (quoting Aikens,

460 U.S. at 715).

       In the present case, at this stage in the proceedings, where there has been a full trial

on the merits, our analysis does not focus on the procedural question whether

Mr. Balderrama met his burden of showing a prima facie case. Rather, the question we

must decide is whether the record shows a legally sufficient basis for the jury to have found

that Lockheed Martin’s decision to take an adverse action against Mr. Balderrama was

made in retaliation for protected conduct.

       Nevertheless, the evidence of the plaintiff’s prima facie case can be helpful in

determining the ultimate issue. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133,

143 (2000); Dobkin v. Univ. of Baltimore School of Law, 210 Md. App. 580, 593-94 (2013).

Accordingly, to the extent relevant, we will discuss those elements.



                                             -29-
                                           II.

                                   Protected Activity

       We address initially whether, and if so when, Mr. Balderrama engaged in protected

activity. “An employee’s complaint about an employer’s allegedly discriminatory conduct,

whether through formal or informal grievance procedures, constitutes protected

oppositional activity,” as long as the employer shows “that he or she held a good faith,

subjective, and objectively reasonable belief that the employer engaged in discriminatory

conduct.” Edgewood, 212 Md. App. at 201-02. Accord Magee v. DanSources Tech. Servs.,

Inc., 137 Md. App. 527, 564 (2001) (“An employee’s verbal protests to the employer

regarding what the employee perceives as discriminatory practices are protected

activities.”).

       Not every complaint about discrimination or unfairness, however, qualifies as

protected activity. A vague complaint alleging mere prejudice or general unfairness is

insufficient; it must allege discrimination connected to a protected class. See Daniels v.

Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia, 776 F.3d 181, 193 (3d Cir. 2015) (“The complaint must allege

that the opposition was to discrimination based on a protected category, such as age or

race.”);14 Slagle v. County of Clarion, 435 F.3d 262, 268 (3d Cir.) (employee’s “vague

allegations of ‘civil rights’ violations” were insufficient to meet the “low bar” of

demonstrating participation in protected conduct), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1207 (2006);


       14
         In Taylor v. Giant of Maryland, LLC, 423 Md. 628, 652 (2011), the Court of
Appeals recognized Maryland’s “history of consulting federal precedent” in employment
discrimination cases.

                                          -30-
Tomanovich v. City of Indianapolis, 457 F.3d 656, 663 (7th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he complaint

must indicate the discrimination occurred because of sex, race, national origin, or some

other protected class. . . . Merely complaining in general terms of discrimination or

harassment, without indicating a connection to a protected class or providing facts

sufficient to create that inference, is insufficient.”); Booker v. Brown & Williamson

Tobacco Co., 879 F.2d 1304, 1313 (6th Cir. 1989) (“[A] vague charge of discrimination in

an internal letter or memorandum is insufficient to constitute opposition to an unlawful

employment practice.”).

       Accordingly, the mere fact that Mr. Balderrama complained about his performance

review does not, ipso facto, mean that he engaged in protected activity. Rather, his

complaint about his review constituted protected activity only at the point when he

implicitly or explicitly complained of discrimination based on a legally protected

characteristic.

       Mr. Balderrama did not engage in protected activity until May 9, 2013. Although

he filed a 16-page “reclama” in March 2013, this appeal was dedicated to refuting

Mr. Laurendeau’s specific criticisms of his work performance.             At the time,

Mr. Balderrama made no mention of discrimination pursuant to any MCC § 27-19

category. To be sure, he stated that the evaluation demonstrated “prejudice,” but as

indicated, this vague allegation, divorced from any context suggesting national origin or

age discrimination, was insufficient to demonstrate participation in protected conduct.

Indeed, when Ms. Gadra asked Mr. Balderrama what he meant by “prejudice,” he stated



                                          -31-
that the “yardstick by which he was measured was not evenly applied,” and the review was

“unfair, vindictive, and prejudiced.”15

       It was not until May 9, 2013, when Ms. Parker spoke to Mr. Balderrama, that he

asserted that his evaluation was based on age and national origin discrimination. At this

point, Mr. Balderrama engaged in protected activity and implicated the protection of MCC

§ 27-19, providing that an employer may not retaliate against any person “lawfully

opposing any discriminatory practice.” Having concluded that this is the starting point for

our analysis, we turn to whether there was an adverse action after that date.

                                            III.

                                     Adverse Action

       There is no dispute here that Lockheed Martin took an adverse action against

Mr. Balderrama after his May 2013 protected action when it terminated his employment as

part of the RIF. The pertinent question is whether his termination was motivated by the

protected activity.

       Before addressing that issue, however, we must discuss Mr. Balderrama’s

suggestions that earlier actions constituted adverse employment actions. Although actions

short of termination may constitute an adverse action, “‘not everything that makes an

employee unhappy is an actionable adverse action.’” Montandon v. Farmland Indus., Inc.,

116 F.3d 355, 359 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Smart v. Ball State Univ., 89 F.3d 437, 441 (7th


       15
          As indicated, Mr. Balderrama conceded that he never mentioned national origin
or age to Ms. Gadra when asked what he meant by “prejudice,” asserting that it was “her
job” to understand that.

                                           -32-
Cir.1996)). The Supreme Court has explained that, to constitute “actionable retaliation,”

the challenged conduct must be “materially adverse,” i.e., an action that “‘well might have

dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’”

Burlington, 548 U.S. at 67-68 (quoting Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1221 (D.C.

Cir. 2006)). Accord Adams v. Anne Arundel Cnty. Pub. Schools, 789 F.3d 422, 431 (4th

Cir. 2015) (Adverse employment action “denotes some direct or indirect impact on an

individual’s employment as opposed to harms immaterially related to it.”); Edgewood, 212

Md. App. at 203.

       With that definition in mind, we address Mr. Balderrama’s claims that actions other

than his termination constituted adverse actions. Initially, Mr. Balderrama contends that

Ms. Parker and Ms. Heisler retaliated against him by conducting a “sham” investigation of

his protected activity. Even assuming, arguendo, that the evidence supported this claim,

the failure to conduct a full investigation into a complaint of discrimination generally does

not amount to an adverse action. See Daniels v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 701 F.3d 620,

640 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[F]ailure to investigate an internal complaint cannot be considered

retaliatory [because it] leaves an employee no worse off than before the complaint was

filed.”); Fincher v. Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 721 (2d Cir. 2010)

(“[A]n employer’s failure to investigate a complaint of discrimination cannot be considered

an adverse employment action taken in retaliation for the filing of the same discrimination

complaint.”). Mr. Balderrama has not alleged that he was worse off after Ms. Parker and

Ms. Heisler concluded their reviews and investigations than before he made his complaint.



                                            -33-
Consequently, any deficiency in the investigation by Ms. Parker and Ms. Heisler was not

an adverse action.

       Mr. Balderrama also argues that Ms. Gadra retaliated against him by suggesting that

he be excluded from the Denmark special recognition award team, asserting that “the jury

was free to infer that . . . [Ms.] Gadra was retaliating against [Mr.] Balderrama for engaging

in protected activity.” If Mr. Balderrama had been excluded from the award, this may have

constituted an adverse action. See Passer v. American Chem. Soc’y, 935 F.2d 322, 331-32

(1991) (cancellation of symposium honoring former employee, which humiliated him and

made it more difficult to obtain new employment, constituted an adverse action). Here,

however, Mr. Balderrama’s superiors ultimately decided not to remove him from the award

team. Accordingly, Ms. Gadra’s suggestion did not constitute an adverse action.

       Mr. Balderrama next points to Mr. Laurendeau’s decision to place him on a PIP.

This did not constitute an adverse employment action. The mere act of placing an

employee on a PIP, without any other material consequences, does not constitute an

adverse action. See Cole v. Illinois, 562 F.3d 812, 816-17 (7th Cir. 2009) (Placing

employee on improvement plan was not a materially adverse action that would dissuade

employee to forego exercising rights where the employee was not “deprived of

responsibility, hours, pay, or any other relevant accoutrement of her position.”). Accord

Fiero v. CSG Sys., Inc., 759 F.3d 874, 880 n.2 (8th Cir. 2014) (“placement on the PIP alone

does not constitute an adverse employment action and cannot support [the] claim of




                                            -34-
retaliation”).    As the United States District Court for the District of Columbia has

explained:

       A PIP placement can constitute an adverse employment action where it
       exposes the individual to direct economic harm such as loss of salary,
       benefits, position, or promotional opportunities. See Porter v. Shah, 606 F.3d
       809, 818 (D.C.Cir.2010). But the sole act of placing a plaintiff on a PIP
       without more does not constitute an adverse employment action. Kelly v.
       Mills, 677 F.Supp.2d 206, 222 (D.D.C.2010) (“The PIP placement itself had
       no effect on the terms or conditions of [plaintiff’s] employment and thus was
       not ‘materially adverse’ because it did not cause a ‘significant change in
       employment status.’”).

Bonnette v. Shinseki, 907 F.Supp.2d 54, 71 (D.D.C. 2012).             Here, Mr. Balderrama

presented no evidence that he suffered any change in pay, hours, or responsibility as a result

of being placed on the PIP.16

       Accordingly, there was no adverse action prior to Mr. Balderrama’s termination,

which occurred on November 6, 2013. It is undisputed that the termination constituted an

adverse action.




       16
          Even if there was support for the argument that the PIP was a materially adverse
action, Mr. Balderrama could not show that this had any bearing on the ultimate decision
to include him in the RIF. Ms. Evans stated that, at the time Mr. Balderrama was included
in the RIF, she did not know that he had been placed on a PIP, and the RIF tool admitted
into evidence did not mention the PIP. Indeed, Mr. Balderrama argued to the jury, and in
the brief filed in this case, that he was issued the PIP after the decision maker, Ms. Evans,
decided that he would be included in the RIF. Although he was not ultimately terminated
until weeks later, his theory of the case, presented to the jury and this Court, was that the
decision to terminate him was made prior to his being placed on the PIP. Under this theory,
the PIP could not have been a factor in his termination.

                                            -35-
                                             IV.

                                   Reason for Discharge

       Having established that Mr. Balderrama presented evidence that (1) he engaged in

protected activity in May 2013, when he challenged his performance review on the ground

that it was based on age and national origin discrimination, and (2) he suffered an adverse

action when he was terminated six months later, in November 2013, we must address the

reason for the termination. We must determine whether there was sufficient evidence to

support the jury’s verdict that the termination was in retaliation for protected conduct, i.e.,

that the protected activity was a “motivating factor” in Lockheed Martin’s decision to

terminate him. Taylor, 423 Md. at 658 (quoting Ruffin Hotel Corp. of Maryland, Inc. v.

Gasper, 418 Md. 594, 614 (2011)).

       Pursuant to the McDonnell Douglas framework, after the circuit court rejected the

argument that Mr. Balderrama had not made out a prima facie case, Lockheed Martin

presented evidence of a non-discriminatory reason for the termination of Mr. Balderrama.

It presented evidence that approximately 600 Lockheed Martin employees were terminated

in a RIF due to budget concerns, and Mr. Balderrama was included in the RIF as one of the

“low performers.” This evidence was sufficient to meet Lockheed Martin’s burden of

showing a non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action. See Lefevers v. GAF

Fiberglass Corp., 667 F.3d 721, 726 (6th Cir. 2012) (Generally, a reduction in force,

coupled with a poor performance review, is a sufficient reason to justify termination.);




                                             -36-
Beaird v. Seagate Tech., Inc., 145 F.3d 1159 (10th Cir. 1998) (reduction in force is a

facially nondiscriminatory reason for decision to lay off the plaintiff).

       Thus, the burden shifted to Mr. Balderrama to demonstrate that the non-

discriminatory reason offered was not the true reason, but rather, it was a pretext for illegal

discrimination based on retaliation. “[A] reason cannot be proved to be ‘a pretext for

discrimination’ unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination

was the real reason.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993). Accord

Edgewood, 212 Md. App. at 199-200. The Supreme Court has stated that a plaintiff can

meet his or her ultimate burden in this regard in one of two ways: (1) persuade the factfinder

that “a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer”; or (2) show that “the

employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs

v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 256 (1981).

       In Reeves, 530 U.S. at 147-48, the Supreme Court addressed a situation where the

plaintiff demonstrated pretext by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation was

false and “unworthy of credence.” In that case, the plaintiff presented evidence that the

reasons given for her firing, including shoddy record keeping and intentionally falsifying

company pay records, were not true. Id. at 143-46. The Court stated that, “[i]n appropriate

circumstances, the trier of fact can reasonably infer from the falsity of the explanation that

the employer is dissembling to cover up a discriminatory purpose,” and the factfinder could

“consider a party’s dishonesty about a material fact as ‘affirmative evidence of guilt.’” Id.

at 147 (quoting Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992)).



                                             -37-
       Similarly, in Edgewood, 212 Md. App. at 200, this Court stated that pretext could

be shown by “‘such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or

contradictions in the employer’s proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable

factfinder could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the

employer did not act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons.’”             Id. (quoting

Nerenberg, 131 Md. App. at 675). In that case, we held that the employee sufficiently

rebutted the employer’s proffered justification for transferring her to a new position by

showing inconsistencies in the stated justification, which was sufficient to permit a jury to

decide that the proffered legitimate reasons were “unworthy of credence” and that the

employer did not “act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons.”             Id. (quoting

Nerenberg, 131 Md. App. at 675).

       In a situation where the stated non-discriminatory reason for termination is an

economically motivated RIF, an employee could show that this reason was “unworthy of

credence” by producing evidence that there was not actually a RIF or that the employee’s

termination was not in accordance with the RIF criteria the employer used. See Beaird,

145 F.3d at 1168 (In a RIF case, one way a plaintiff can show pretext is to show that his or

her “termination does not accord with the RIF criteria supposedly employed.”).

Mr. Balderrama makes no such claim in this case. There was undisputed evidence that

there was an economically motivated RIF at Lockheed Martin resulting in hundreds of

people losing their jobs when Mr. Balderrama was terminated, and Mr. Balderrama does

not contend to the contrary. Nor does he dispute that, based on his poor performance



                                            -38-
review, he was ranked the lowest performer in his group.17 Mr. Balderrama presents no

facts that disproved the reason given by Lockheed Martin for his termination or suggested

that the reason given was false.

       Neither did Mr. Balderrama produce evidence that the RIF criteria was not

objectively based. See id at 1168 (a second way a plaintiff in a RIF case can show pretext

is to produce evidence that the evaluation was deliberately falsified to effect his or her

termination). Rather, the evidence presented was that RIF tool used to select the employees

was objectively based, and there was no evidence that the criteria used in the RIF tool

reflected in any way that Mr. Balderrama had filed a complaint alleging discrimination.18

The evidence presented was that Mr. Balderrama was included in the RIF because he was

a low performer, the worst in his group.




       17
          That Mr. Balderrama or his co-workers thought he was doing a good job is
irrelevant. Nerenberg v. RICA of S. Md., 131 Md. App. 646, 679 (2000). It is the
employer’s assessment of the plaintiff’s performance that is relevant in determining the
legitimacy of a termination decision. Id. And the three annual performance evaluations
that were included in the RIF criteria all occurred before the protected activity here.
       18
           Mr. Balderrama does assert that the 2012 evaluation that was considered as part
of the RIF process was based on discrimination. Although presenting evidence that an
evaluation was manipulated by a supervisor with a discriminatory bias for the purpose of
effecting the employee’s termination is a possible way to show pretext, see Beaird v.
Seagate Tech., Inc., 145 F.3d 1159, 1168 (10th Cir. 1998); Kulumani v. Blue Cross Blue
Shield Ass’n, 224 F.3d 681, 684 (7th Cir. 2000), the “poison pill” concept that the circuit
court discussed, Mr. Balderrama’s assertion in this case does not establish pretext for two
reasons. First, the circuit court dismissed the claim that the evaluation was improperly
based on discrimination. Second, the evaluation occurred before the protected activity
here, so it is irrelevant to the claim at issue, i.e., whether protected activity was a motivating
factor in Mr. Balderrama’s termination.

                                              -39-
       One court has stated that “[a] showing of pretext is more difficult to make in the

context of a layoff where an employee’s position is completely eliminated.” Grosz v.

Boeing Co., 455 F.Supp.2d 1033, 1041 (C.D. Cal. 2006). We agree. Where there is an

undisputed economic reduction in force, and the employer presents evidence that the

employee was selected for termination due to poor performance, an employee must

produce specific evidence supporting a finding of pretext, not mere speculation.

       Here, Mr. Balderrama failed to produce such evidence. He did not present any

evidence that the reason given, the RIF, was a pretext to hide a discriminatory termination

motivated by his engaging in protected activity. Mr. Balderrama failed to present any

evidence, beyond mere speculation, that would permit a reasonable jury to infer that his

complaint about alleged discrimination motivated his termination.

       Mr. Balderrama asserts that there was sufficient evidence adduced to allow a jury

to conclude that Ms. Evans, who he agrees was the ultimate decision maker regarding who

would be included in the RIF, was aware that he had filed a discrimination complaint, and

the evidence shows that he was singled out for inclusion in the RIF. In making this

argument, Mr. Balderrama implicitly concedes that evidence that Ms. Evans knew about

his complaint of discrimination was critical. That makes sense. An employee generally

cannot establish that his or her termination was in retaliation for protected conduct if the




                                           -40-
person responsible for the termination decision was not aware of the protected conduct.

Balas v. Huntington Ingalls Indus., Inc., 711 F.3d 401, 410-11 (4th Cir. 2013).19

       Even assuming, arguendo, that there was sufficient evidence to infer that Ms. Evans

knew about the protected activity, that is not enough to show discrimination.           See

Nerenberg, 131 Md. App. at 670 (management’s mere knowledge of employee’s diabetes

was not enough to support an inference of discrimination). Mr. Balderrama failed to

produce any evidence, beyond speculation, that the RIF was not the reason for his

termination, but rather, it was a pretext to hide a retaliatory termination motivated by his

complaint about his performance evaluation. Under these circumstances, the evidence here

was not sufficient to go to the jury. See Gibson, 160 F.3d at 182 (“‘[A] jury may . . . not

be allowed to infer [retaliation] from evidence that does no more than suggest it as a

possibility.’”) (quoting Lovelace v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 681 F.2d 230, 245 (4th Cir.

1982)).

       To hold otherwise would mean that an employee who receives a poor performance

evaluation and is concerned that economically motivated layoffs are on the horizon need

only file a complaint asserting that the evaluation was discriminatory, and the company is

then subject to a lawsuit and a verdict against it. That is not the law. The employee must


       19
           We note that Ms. Evans testified that, although she was aware that
Mr. Balderrama had appealed his performance review, she was not aware that he had
complained of discrimination. Given that testimony, the evidence supports a finding that
Ms. Evans was not aware of the protected conduct, and her decision to terminate
Mr. Balderrama could not have been in retaliation for that conduct. But see Taylor, 423
Md. at 664 (jury was entitled to disbelieve testimony by supervisor that she did not have
notice of protected activity).

                                           -41-
produce some evidence that the inclusion in the reduction of force was retaliatory, as

opposed to performance based. Mr. Balderrama failed to do so in this case. Accordingly,

the circuit court erred in failing to grant judgment in favor of Lockheed Martin.




                                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                    COURT FOR MONTGOMERY
                                                    COUNTY REVERSED. COSTS
                                                    TO BE PAID BY APPELLEE.




                                           -42-
