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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 18-12159
                       ________________________

                        Agency No. A206-832-397



GABRIELA ANDREINA CALABRIA MEDINA,
YESBER ALIRIO MARIN HERNANDEZ,

                                                                     Petitioners,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                       ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                        ________________________

                            (February 12, 2020)

Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Petitioner Gabriela Andreina Calabria Medina, a native and citizen of

Venezuela, appeals a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying

her claims of asylum and withholding of removal. According to Medina, she was

repeatedly harassed and threatened in Venezuela. She ascribes this mistreatment to

her political activism. The BIA rejected Medina’s application for relief because it

concluded that the abuse she suffered did not rise to the level of persecution. For

the reasons set forth below, we deny Medina’s petition for review.

                                I.      Factual Background1

       Medina and her husband, Yesber Alirio Marin Hernandez, were political

activists in Venezuela before coming to the United States in 2014. In June 2010,

Hernandez joined Primero Justicia, a group of young professionals advocating for

change in Venezuela. He was made a “parochial leader” at some point, though he

never became a high-ranking member of the organization. Medina never officially

joined the group but was an active participant in many political campaigns in which

Primero Justicia was involved. Most of her work consisted of public activism, such

as attending marches, distributing promotional materials, and engaging with

potential voters.


       1
          We derive this summary primarily from Medina’s and Hernandez’s testimony before the
immigration judge (“IJ”) on April 27, 2017. Where there are inconsistencies, we have adopted the
IJ’s factual description, so long as it is supported by the record. See Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605
F.3d 941, 948 (11th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e must affirm the decision of the Immigration Judge if it is
supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a
whole.”) (citation omitted).
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      Medina’s and Hernandez’s activities put them at odds with the Venezuelan

government and its supporters. They were consistently targeted by family and

stranger alike. Because these episodes are the basis of Medina’s appeal, our

discussion warrants additional detail about them.

   A. Threats From the Community

      Hernandez was from a part of Venezuela that was largely pro-government.

His political views made him a target, particularly after he started dating (and later

married) Medina, who was from a part of the country that was more supportive of

the opposition. Pro-government supporters yelled at and harassed Medina and

Hernandez when they were in the area or when the couple was participating in a

political activity. But while the interactions sometimes became tense—at one point

these supporters damaged Medina’s car—Medina and Hernandez were never

physically harmed.

      Hernandez’s family was not spared punishment for their son’s activities. In

March 2013, Hernandez was told by members of the city council where his family

lived that his mother would lose her job, along with certain food allowances and a

bonus that she was due, unless Hernandez and Medina stopped their activism. After

the election of a politician that Medina and Hernandez had supported, government

supporters harassed Hernandez’s nephews and stole their book bags, yelling that the

boys should ask their uncle to buy them new ones.


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       But despite this mistreatment, Hernandez’s family offered little refuge to

Medina or Hernandez. Like many families in the community, Hernandez’s relatives

were supporters of the government. Concerned that Medina was corrupting her son,

Hernandez’s mother was particularly hostile towards Medina.

   B. Threats From the Government

       Medina and Hernandez participated in a political march in February 2014.

One or two Venezuelan National Guard soldiers approached Medina and Hernandez,

identified them by name, and threatened to kill them. Neither Medina nor Hernandez

were harmed during this encounter.

   C. Workplace Incidents

       Medina and Hernandez opened a bakery sometime in 2013. To make their

baked goods, the couple acquired milk, butter, flour, sugar and the like. These were

products that were rationed by the government. Once their neighbors found out that

Medina and Hernandez had these supplies, the neighbors harassed Medina and

Hernandez into giving them up.

       The harassment was multi-faceted.       Initially, the government supporters

vandalized the business by writing pro-government slogans on the building’s walls

and on Medina’s and Hernandez’s vehicles. The government supporters also drove

by the store chanting slogans and scaring away customers. The business suffered as

a result.


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      The harassment later became more aggressive. In May 2014, two men arrived

at Medina and Hernandez’s shop and demanded that they hand over the regulated

goods. Medina collapsed during the altercation. A doctor later told her that she was

pregnant but at risk of a miscarriage.

      Medina and Hernandez closed the store for a few weeks after this incident,

but shortly after they reopened, the men returned. This time they were armed.

Medina was not harmed during this incident, but soon after, she and Hernandez

unloaded their remaining supplies and closed the shop.

      This did not stop the abuse. Unidentified individuals called to harass Medina,

even after she and Hernandez closed the bakery. Some of the calls were just to insult

the couple, but others were death threats.

      Beyond his work at the bakery, Hernandez was an electrical technician at a

Venezuelan brewing company, Empresas Polar. In 2012, Hernandez’s colleagues

formed a syndicate to be an intermediary between the owners of the company and

the workers. The syndicate supported the Venezuelan government. Hernandez and

others voted against forming the group. For that reason, Hernandez was denied

promotions, made to work unpaid overtime, and denied money he was owed.

   D. The Black Truck Incident

      Late one night in August 2014, when Medina and Hernandez were leaving

Hernandez’s mother’s home, they observed several cars parked nearby with dark,


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tinted windows. This was unusual. Shortly after they started driving, Medina and

Hernandez noticed that a black truck was following them. This turned into a chase.

The truck was honking at Medina and Hernandez and trying to blind them with its

lights. After twenty or thirty minutes, Medina and Hernandez managed to get away

from the truck long enough to get to a friend’s house and hide in the garage. Medina

and Hernandez heard the truck while they were hiding and heard shots being fired.

Neither Medina nor Hernandez saw the driver, but the next day, one of their friend’s

neighbors said that he had identified the driver of the black truck as a member of a

government agency. Neither Medina nor Hernandez were harmed during this

incident.

   E. Flight From Venezuela

      Medina and Hernandez fled to the United States on August 24, 2014. The

threats against them have continued. Unidentified callers have left threatening

voicemails at their home in Venezuela, and Medina’s family has observed strange

cars that have parked near Medina and Hernandez’s home. Hernandez’s mother

likewise threatened to denounce Medina and Hernandez and turn them over to

government supporters after Hernandez told her that they were applying for asylum

in the United States.

                            II.     Procedural History




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       Medina and Hernandez were admitted into the United States with a V-2 visa,

which authorized them to remain here until September 23, 2014. They did not leave,

and on September 24, 2014, Medina filed with the United States Citizenship and

Immigration Services (“USCIS”) an application for asylum, withholding of removal,

and Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) relief on behalf of herself and Hernandez.2

       USCIS denied Medina’s application and referred the matter to immigration

court. On November 19, 2014, the Department of Homeland Security served

Medina and Hernandez with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”), alleging that they were

removable pursuant to Section 237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Nationality Act,

8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B), because they had remained in the United States for longer

than permitted.

       Medina appeared before an immigration judge (“IJ”) on January 10, 2017.

She admitted the allegations in the NTA and conceded removability but argued that

she was entitled to relief.

       The IJ rejected Medina’s claims in a written decision that was issued in June

2017. He concluded that neither Medina nor Hernandez were credible. The IJ could

have denied Medina’s claims on that basis, but he also reviewed the merits of her




       2
          Hernandez did not file an application for relief from deportation, but he may be entitled
to relief as a beneficiary of Medina’s asylum application if she is successful. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(3).
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application. After doing so, he determined that the harm Medina and Hernandez

suffered was neither “persecution” nor tied to their political activities.

       A single-member panel of the BIA affirmed in April 2018. The BIA assumed

without deciding that Medina was credible and made no determination about

Hernandez’s credibility. Nevertheless, it rejected Medina’s appeal after determining

that she failed to show that she had previously suffered persecution or had a well-

founded fear of suffering persecution if she returned to Venezuela. The BIA

declined to address Medina’s other arguments, including that the harm she suffered

was “on account of” her political activities.

       Medina timely appealed to this Court. She argues that she is entitled to relief

based on her claims of asylum and withholding of removal. 3

                               III.     Standard of Review

       We review the BIA’s decision, and we review the IJ’s decision to the extent

the BIA expressly adopted the IJ’s opinion. See Mohammed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 547

F.3d 1340, 1344 (11th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). Because the BIA in this case

agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that the mistreatment Medina and Hernandez

suffered did not rise to the level of persecution, we review both decisions regarding

that issue. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001).


       3
         Medina did not argue in her appeal to the BIA that her CAT claim was wrongly denied
and has not raised such an argument in these proceedings. That claim has been abandoned. See
Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005).
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      We review factual findings to determine whether they are supported by

substantial evidence. See Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th

Cir. 2009). Our review is “highly deferential,” and we can reverse findings of fact

only when the record “compels” it. Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236

(11th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).

      We review all legal conclusions de novo. See Perez-Zenteno v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 913 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir. 2019). Whether particular incidents happened

and how they relate to each other are questions of fact, subject to the deferential

standard of review. See Silva, 448 F.3d at 1236–37. But whether a fact pattern

constitutes persecution is a question of law, subject to de novo review. See Mejia v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 498 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2007).

                                 IV.    Discussion

      An alien may apply for asylum pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1158. The BIA has

discretion to grant asylum if the alien establishes that he or she is a “refugee.” See

§ 1158(b)(1)(A). The following qualify as “refugees”:

      Any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or,
      in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
      which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
      unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
      herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
      well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
      nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
      opinion.

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
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      An asylum applicant bears the burden of establishing that she is a “refugee.”

See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). To do so, she must present specific and credible

evidence demonstrating either past persecution on account of a statutorily protected

ground, or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily

protected ground. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b); see also Perez-Zenteno, 913 F.3d at 1307.

An applicant can satisfy the “on account of” requirement by proving that her

membership in the protected class “was or will be at least one central reason” for her

persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

      To qualify for withholding of removal, an applicant must establish that her

life or freedom would be threatened in her country of origin on account of her “race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The applicant must demonstrate that she was persecuted

in the past or that she would “more likely than not” be persecuted upon being

returned to her country of origin. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1232

(11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b).

      The IJ’s finding that neither Medina nor Hernandez was credible may have

been sufficient to deny Medina’s claims for relief. See Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

567 F.3d 1301, 1304–05 (11th Cir. 2009). But because the BIA assumed Medina

was credible and made no finding about Hernandez’s credibility, we assume their

testimony was credible. See Shi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 707 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir.


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2013) (“Since the BIA assumed [petitioner’s] credibility, we must do so as well.”)

(citations omitted); Sandie v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 562 F.3d 246, 252 (3d Cir. 2009)

(“[W]e must assume [petitioner’s] testimony is credible because we have no

credibility determination to review from the BIA.”).

      The IJ concluded that Medina was a member of a protected class due to her

political activism, and the BIA did not find otherwise. But Medina’s claim failed

because the IJ determined, and the BIA agreed, that she could not show that she had

suffered past persecution or was at risk of future persecution.

      We first review Medina’s claim, as a basis for her asylum petition, that she

suffered persecution while she was living in Venezuela. Then we review her claim

that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution if she returns to that country.

Finally, we turn to Medina’s petition for withholding of removal. We do not

consider whether the abuse Medina suffered was “on account of” her political

activities because the BIA declined to address that part of the IJ’s decision. See

Martinez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1219, 1221 n.2 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that

IJ’s alternative reasoning for its decision was not at issue in appeal because “the BIA

expressly declined to address this alternative holding”).

   A. Past Persecution

      To succeed on her claim, Medina must prove that she was persecuted.

Persecution is an “extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of


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verbal harassment or intimidation.” Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y. Gen., 492 F.3d

1223, 1232 (11th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). This is a high bar: we have

previously rejected a petitioner’s claim that she was persecuted when she received

death threats, holding that the threats were “example[s] of harassment and

intimidation, but not persecution.” Silva, 448 F.3d at 1237. Even a showing of

physical harm will not necessarily rise to persecution. See Djonda v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

514 F.3d 1168, 1171–72, 1174 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that a beating which

resulted in a two-day hospital stay was not persecution).

      With this standard in mind, we turn to Medina’s specific claims. We begin

by noting that Medina did not suffer physical harm. And none of the belittlement or

threats that Medina was subjected to, at the hands of strangers or Hernandez’s

family, rose to the legal concept of persecution, either. Those acts of intimidation,

while certainly unnerving, are the types of harassment that we have long held fall

below the standard. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (“Mere harassment does not

amount to persecution.”) (citation and alterations omitted).

      The acts of aggression towards Hernandez’s family do not change this result.

We have previously recognized that a petitioner can demonstrate persecution

through a showing of harm to another person, “where that act concomitantly

threatens the petitioner.” De Santamaria v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 525 F.3d 999, 1009 n.7

(11th Cir. 2008). But even if Medina had made that showing—and she has not—


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this “harm” falls short of persecution.       The IJ found that Medina failed to

demonstrate that Hernandez’s mother lost her job or any other benefits, and Medina

points to nothing in the record that would compel us to find otherwise. Stealing

Hernandez’s nephews’ book bags does not amount to persecution under our

precedent, either.

      The threat to Medina and Hernandez from the National Guard soldiers also

does not satisfy the definition of persecution. We have previously recognized that

“[a] credible death threat by a person who has the immediate ability to act on it

constitutes persecution regardless of whether the threat is successfully carried out.”

Diallo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 596 F.3d 1329, 1333–34 (11th Cir. 2010). But nothing in

the record compels a finding that the soldiers intended to, or were even capable of,

immediately acting on this threat.

      The repeated threats and acts of vandalism that Medina and Hernandez

experienced at their bakery were likewise harassment, but they were not persecution.

We have previously recognized claims of economic persecution, such as fines that

“cause a severe economic disadvantage.” Mu Ying Wu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 745 F.3d

1140, 1156 (11th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). The BIA has listed examples of how

an alien could establish economic persecution, including being subjected to a

“particularly onerous fine” or government sanctions “that reduce an applicant to an

impoverished existence,” a “large-scale confiscation of property,” or a “sweeping


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limitation of opportunities to continue to work in an established profession or

business.” Matter of T-Z-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 163, 174 (BIA 2007). This is a difficult

showing, and we are not aware of any published decisions from our circuit where an

alien successfully demonstrated that she had suffered economic persecution.

Medina likewise fails to do so here. While the record shows that the bakery business

suffered, Medina has not demonstrated that she or Hernandez were forced from their

jobs, subjected to a financially crushing fine or penalty, or otherwise subjected to

the type of harm that might constitute economic persecution.

      Medina separately argues that the stress from those episodes caused her to be

at risk of a miscarriage. The IJ rejected that claim. He concluded that the medical

evidence in the case indicated that Medina had a high-risk pregnancy, but it did not

suggest that the risk was caused by any of the harassment that Medina had endured.

In fact, the IJ said: “[t]he medical record does not indicate that Respondent [Medina]

recently experienced any trauma or that this event caused her pregnancy to be at risk.

. . .” Medina does not address that finding. She simply asserts that the harm was

“due to the stress and fear” of the altercation. Because the IJ’s determination is

supported by credible evidence that Medina does not meaningfully contest, we must

defer to his interpretation of the facts. See Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941,

948 (11th Cir. 2010).




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      The mistreatment that Hernandez suffered from the syndicate was also not

persecution. This claim fails because the harm was directed towards Hernandez, and

Medina was not concomitantly threatened. See Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y. Gen., 735

F.3d 1302, 1308–09 (11th Cir. 2013). But even if Medina had been the target, this

would not be persecution because nothing suggests that the financial harm the family

suffered was a severe economic hardship. See Mu Wing Wu, 745 F.3d at 1156.

      Medina likewise was not persecuted in August 2014 when she and Hernandez

were chased by a black truck in the middle of the night. Even this type of harassment

does not constitute persecution under our caselaw. That Medina and Hernandez

heard gun shots (after taking refuge in a friend’s garage) does not change the

outcome, though it may have if someone from the black truck had shot at them. Cf.

Sanchez Jimenez, 492 F.3d at 1233 (“We have no difficulty concluding that

intentionally being shot at in a moving car multiple times by two armed men on

motorcycles qualifies as ‘extreme’ under any definition. Put simply, attempted

murder is persecution.”). But Medina’s counsel conceded at oral argument that the

shots were fired after Medina and her husband hid in the garage, and that there was

no evidence that anybody was shooting at them at any time. Oral Argument at 9:20,

11:06, Medina, et al. v. U.S. Att’y Gen. (No. 18-12159), http://www.ca11.uscourts.

gov/oral-argument-recordings?title=18-12159&field_oar_case_name_value=




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&field_oral_argument_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=&field_oral_

argument_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bmonth%5D= (“Oral Argument”).

      This review of Medina’s claims does not end our inquiry, though, as we must

also consider the cumulative effect of this mistreatment and assess whether that rises

to the level of persecution. See Mejia, 498 F.3d at 1258 (citing Ruiz v. Gonzales,

479 F.3d 762, 766 (11th Cir. 2007)). But the types of cases where we have

recognized that cumulative harm amounted to persecution—including the cases that

Medina cites—are easily distinguishable from the facts here. For example, the

petitioner in De Santamaria was dragged by her hair out of her vehicle and attacked,

was later kidnapped and beaten, and her family’s groundskeeper was executed for

refusing to divulge her location. See De Santamaria, 525 F.3d at 1003–05, 1009–

10. And the petitioner in Mejia was physically attacked twice and targeted other

times over an eighteen-month period. Mejia, 498 F.3d at 1255, 1257–58. During

one of the attacks a large rock was thrown at him, and during another, his assaulters

forced the petitioner out of his car, put a gun to his head, and then broke his nose

with the butt of a rifle. See id. The harm in Medina’s case, which can be summarized

as repeated threats, harassment, and acts of vandalism, is simply not the same.

      At oral argument, counsel suggested that the harms collectively constituted

persecution because they were done at the direction of the Venezuelan government.

Oral Argument at 1:37-3:20. It is certainly plausible that much of the harm Medina


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suffered came at the hands of supporters of the Venezuelan government. But it is

another thing entirely to conclude that the abuse was directed by the government.

Neither the BIA nor the IJ reached this conclusion, and the record does not compel

it.

         Medina has thus failed to show that she suffered past persecution.

      B. Future Persecution

         An applicant who fails to establish past persecution may nevertheless be

eligible for asylum if she can demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution

in her native country on account of her membership in a protected group. See Sama

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 887 F.3d 1225, 1232–33 (11th Cir. 2018) (citations omitted). An

applicant can do this by establishing either that (i) there is a “reasonable possibility”

that she would suffer that persecution if she returned or (ii) she is a member of a

group that is subjected to a “pattern or practice” of persecution in that country.

Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1352 (discussing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i) and (iii)).

         Medina’s claim fails because she cannot show that she would be persecuted

because of the political activism in which she had previously engaged. Medina relies

on the U.S. State Department’s 2016 Human Rights Report on Venezuela to argue

that the Venezuelan government has oppressed its political opponents. But while

that report describes several instances of opposition activists being detained or

threatened, it appears that the Venezuelan government took those actions in response


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to contemporaneous political activity. See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of State, Bureau of

Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Dep’t of State, Venezuela Country

Report on Human Rights Practices (2016) (“Human Rights Report”) at 8 (activists

detained before planned rally), 14–15 (activists arrested for collecting signatures),

16 (violence threatened against activists prior to planned march), 22 (protestors

detained for heckling Venezuelan president). The Human Rights Report does not

suggest that the government or its supporters would target someone like Medina,

who had been politically active half a decade earlier. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at

1232 (“[T]he evidence does not indicate [petitioner’s] notoriety as an activist would

outlast her four-year absence from Colombia.”).

       Medina’s other argument about future persecution—that her mother-in-law

has threatened to turn her and her family over to government supporters—also fails.

The IJ rejected this argument after concluding that nothing in the record indicated

that Medina’s mother-in-law’s threats would amount to anything. Our review of the

record does not compel us to think otherwise.4

       Because Medina cannot establish a well-founded fear of persecution if she

returns to Venezuela, her asylum claim must be denied.


       4
         The IJ determined that Medina’s application for relief would fail even if Medina had
established a well-founded fear of persecution because she could not show that she could not avoid
such persecution by relocating to another part of Venezuela. The BIA declined to address this
finding. We do not do so, either—and Medina has not contested it, in any event—because we
have concluded that Medina has failed to establish a well-founded fear of persecution. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(b)(2)(ii), (3).
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   C. Withholding of Removal

      Medina’s appeal of her withholding-of-removal claim also fails. We have

previously recognized that the standard for withholding of removal is “more

stringent” than the standard for asylum, because an applicant seeking relief under a

withholding-of-removal claim must show that it is “more likely than not” that she

would be persecuted if she returned to her native country, as opposed to showing

only a “well-founded fear.” See Mazariegos v. Office of U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F3d

1320, 1324 n.2 (11th Cir. 2001); see also Nkacoang v. I.N.S., 83 F.3d 353, 355 (11th

Cir. 1996) (“If an applicant is unable to meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for

asylum, he is generally precluded from qualifying for either asylum or withholding

of deportation.”).

      Medina cannot show that she would more likely than not be persecuted if she

returns to Venezuela for the same reasons she cannot show that she has a well-

founded fear of persecution. Accordingly, this claim fails.

                                V.     Conclusion

      Medina’s petition for review is DENIED.




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