J-S60035-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                    :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                    :
                v.                                  :
                                                    :
                                                    :
    JOHN CHRISTOPHER KIGER                          :
                                                    :
                       Appellant                    :   No. 343 MDA 2019

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 23, 2019
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-22-CR-0005625-2016


BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., STABILE, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.:                            FILED DECEMBER 02, 2019

        John Christopher Kiger (Kiger) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed by the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County (trial court) after

a jury convicted him of robbery and conspiracy. He argues on direct appeal

that the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion in limine to admit victim

character evidence and (2) precluding him from calling the victim’s wife as an

impeachment witness. We affirm.

                                               I.

        In the summer of 2016, Kiger was married to Josephine Kiger but had

moved out of their house and was in the process of divorcing her. While the



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*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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two were separated, Josephine Kiger met Jon Paul Young (Young) through an

online dating website and let him move in with her.1           Their relationship,

however, deteriorated when Young did not financially contribute to the

household and was asked to leave. When he did, Young still owed $400. In

the following days, Young and Josephine Kiger exchanged a multitude of

vituperative text messages in which Young, among other things, stated that

he had no intention of paying the $400.

       However, on September 9, 2016, Josephine Kiger texted Young that she

wanted to work things out and invited him to her house. When he arrived,

she let him in and took him into the kitchen. Unbeknownst to him, Kiger was

waiting to confront him along with another woman, Talisha Brandao

(Brandao).     In the kitchen, Josephine Kiger and Young’s conversation was

cordial until she said she was going to “get back” at him. She then yelled

“Now” and Kiger and Brandao emerged out of the basement with Kiger

brandishing a wooden baseball bat.             Brandao rummaged through Young’s

pockets, taking his car keys, wallet and iPhone; Kiger meanwhile stood in front

of him with the baseball bat and yelled how dare he steal from his family.

       Young had only $100 on him so the group decided to drive him to a

nearby Sheetz to get more money out of an ATM. However, when they got to



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1Kiger was aware that Young was living with his wife but had no interaction
with him when he would go to the house to pick up his daughters.


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the Sheetz, Young jumped out of the car and ran inside to tell the cashier to

call the police. Kiger briefly chased him but quickly gave up and left with the

others before the police arrived. A few days later, Kiger gave the police a

statement admitting that he held a baseball bat during the incident.         He

denied, however, that he threatened Young and claimed instead that he armed

himself with the baseball bat out of fear. Despite this claim, Kiger was charged

with various offenses for his role in the incident.

        Kiger eventually proceeded to an October 2018 jury trial that ended in

him being convicted of robbery (threatens serious bodily injury) and

conspiracy to commit robbery.2 He was later sentenced to serve 24 to 48

months’ imprisonment followed by 60 months’ probation for robbery and a

concurrent 18 to 36 months for conspiracy.            As noted above, Kiger now

challenges two of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings.3




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2   18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(ii), § 903(a).

3 The trial court has discretion over the admissibility of evidence, and we will
not disturb such rulings on appeal absent evidence the court abused its
discretion. See Commonwealth v. Ballard, 622 Pa. 177, 80 A.3d 380, 392
(2013). An abuse of discretion is not a mere error in judgment. See
Commonwealth v. Ross, 57 A.3d 85, 91 (Pa. Super. 2012) (en banc).
Rather, “discretion is abused when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the
judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality,
prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the record.” Id.
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).


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                                               II.

                                               A.

        Kiger first argues that the trial court erred in denying a pretrial motion

in limine he filed to admit evidence about Young previously being subject to a

protection from abuse (PFA) order. In the motion, Kiger averred that before

the September 9, 2016 incident, he learned about the PFA through a public

records search and that it would help explain to the jury why he had the

baseball bat. After the trial court denied the motion, Kiger filed a motion for

reconsideration. This time, Kiger attached the actual PFA order showing that

it was entered in May 2010 in Ohio after Young sent threatening messages to

his spouse. Kiger argued, among other reasons, that the PFA was admissible

victim character evidence under Pa.R.E. 404(a)(2).4 According to Kiger, the


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4   Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404 provides in relevant part:

        Rule 404. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts

        (a) Character Evidence.

               (1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a person’s character or
        character trait is not admissible to prove that on a particular
        occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or
        trait.

              (2) Exceptions for a Defendant or Victim in a Criminal Case.
        The following exceptions apply in a criminal case:

                                          ***




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PFA established the reasonableness of his belief that Young was dangerous

and that he needed the baseball bat when he confronted him about the money

owed to his wife. The trial court declined to reconsider its denial of the motion

in limine.

       Our Supreme Court has explained when victim character evidence may

be admitted:

       [T]his Court has held that when self-defense is properly at issue,
       evidence of the victim’s prior convictions involving aggression may
       be admitted, if probative, either (1) to corroborate the defendant’s
       alleged knowledge of the victim’s violent character, to prove that
       the defendant was in reasonable fear of danger, or (2) as
       character/propensity evidence, as indirect evidence that the
       victim was in fact the aggressor. Commonwealth v. Beck, 485
       Pa. 475, 402 A.2d 1371, 1373 (1979) (plurality) (citing and
       applying Commonwealth v. Amos, 445 Pa. 297, 284 A.2d 748,
       750–51 (1971)). Only those past crimes of the victim that are
       similar in nature and not too distant in time will be deemed
       probative, with the determination as to similar nature and
       remoteness resting within the sound discretion of the trial judge.
       Amos, 284 A.2d at 752.

Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 53 A.3d 738, 741 (Pa. 2012).


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                    (B) subject to limitations imposed by statute a
              defendant may offer evidence of an alleged victim’s
              pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted the
              prosecutor may:

                     (i) offer evidence to rebut it; and

                     (ii) offer evidence of the defendant’s same trait[.]

Pa.R.E. 404(a).




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       Kiger sought to admit Young’s PFA to corroborate his belief about

Young’s violent character and prove that he possessed the baseball bat out of

fear of Young, not to threaten him.5 However, victim character evidence is

relevant only when self-defense is properly at issue, which it was not in this

case. A claim of self-defense requires:

       (a) that the defendant reasonably believed that he was in
       imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury and that it was
       necessary to use deadly force against the victim to prevent such
       harm; (b) that the defendant was free from fault in provoking the
       difficulty which culminated in the slaying; and (c) that the
       defendant did not violate any duty to retreat. Although the
       defendant has no burden to prove self-defense, ... before the
       defense is properly in issue, there must be some evidence, from
       whatever source, to justify such a finding.

Id. at 740 (citations, quotation marks, footnote and brackets omitted).

       In his initial motion in limine, Kiger did not claim that he would be

asserting a claim of self-defense at trial; instead, he averred only that Young’s

PFA “would be offered to explain why the defendant held a baseball bat during

the incident.” Motion In Limine, 2/9/18, at ¶ 10. Likewise, Kiger’s motion for

reconsideration contained no averments that he intended to claim at trial that



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5 Kiger’s brief contains a stray assertion that the PFA was relevant to prove
Young’s “pertinent trait” under Pa.R.E. 404(a)(2)(B). Kiger’s Brief at 27.
However, Kiger did not raise this theory for admission in his motion in limine
and, in fact, specifically averred in his motion for reconsideration that it was
not being offered as character evidence of a pertinent trait of Young. See
Motion for Reconsideration, 7/20/1, at ¶¶ 13-17. In any event, Kiger does
not develop this stray assertion in his brief with citation of any relevant case
law.


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he acted in self-defense. In the absence of Kiger properly pleading that he

intended to raise a self-defense claim at trial, the trial court properly found

that Young’s PFA would not be properly admissible as victim character

evidence of aggression.

       Moreover, for victim character evidence to be admissible under Pa.R.E.

404(a)(2)(B), it must be similar in nature and not too distant in time from the

alleged offense. Young’s PFA stemmed from threats he apparently made to

his spouse over six years before the September 2016 incident that lead to this

case. The trial court concluded that both the nature and timing of the putative

evidence was too attenuated from Kiger’s offense to be properly admissible

under Pa.R.E. 404(a)(2)(B). This is certainly a reasonable conclusion and not

one that we will disturb on appeal. Kiger’s first issue thus fails.6

                                               B.

       Kiger next argues that the trial court erred in precluding him from calling

Young’s estranged wife, Jessica Young, as a witness for the purpose of

impeaching Young with certain statements he made to her. At trial, defense

counsel cross-examined Young about what he told his wife about the incident

a few days after it happened. Defense counsel attempted to get Young to

admit that told her via text message that he (1) was hospitalized due to


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6 Kiger also argues that the trial court’s ruling violated his constitutional right
to present a complete defense. Kiger’s Brief at 28. Beyond this bald
statement, however, he presents no supporting argument or legal analysis.


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injuries he suffered during the incident and (2) he intended to sue the police

department that initially responded to the Sheetz. Young, however, denied

ever making any such statements to his wife.           Defense counsel tried to

impeach Young by showing him the text messages but Young denied that he

ever sent the texts.          When the Commonwealth objected for lack of

authentication, the trial court sustained the objection and precluded the text

messages from being admitted. N.T. Jury Trial, 10/25/18, at 87-90.7

       After the Commonwealth rested, Kiger intended to call Jessica Young as

its first witness. When asked for an offer of proof, defense counsel responded:

       Your Honor, I’m bringing her in strictly as an impeachment
       witness. She is able to impeach Mr. Young in two respects, one,
       he called her the night of the incident and gave her a very different
       account of what had happened than what he said here today.

       And two, whenever I asked him if he had any type of financial gain
       from this, he expressed that to her. I also believe that she can
       authenticate the text messages from earlier today that I
       confronted him with.

Id. at 119-20. The Commonwealth argued that Kiger was seeking to impeach

Young on collateral matters with extrinsic evidence. The trial court agreed

and precluded Jessica Young from testifying.        Kiger now argues that her

testimony was relevant impeachment evidence for showing Young’s bias and

partiality and provable through extrinsic evidence.



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7 Besides the text messages, Kiger also claimed that Young made the same
statements in a phone call to Jessica Young several days after the incident.
N.T. Jury Trial, 10/25/18, at 126.

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      Under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 607, “[t]he credibility of a witness

may be impeached by any evidence relevant to that issue[.]” Pa.R.E. 607(b)

(emphasis added). The Comment to Rule 607 notes that any evidence offered

to impeach the credibility of a witness must meet the threshold for relevancy

under Rule 401.    Pa.R.E. 607 cmt.     Pennsylvania courts have consistently

recognized that evidence of bias or partiality is relevant to impeach the

credibility of a witness. The United States Supreme Court has defined bias as

“the relationship between a party and a witness which might lead the witness

to slant, unconsciously or otherwise, his testimony in favor of or against a

party.” United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 52 (1984). In Commonwealth

v. Abu-Jamal, 555 A.2d 846 (Pa. 1989), our Supreme Court adopted the

reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Abel that “[p]roof of bias is

almost always relevant because the jury, as finder of fact and weigher of

credibility, has historically been entitled to assess all evidence which might

bear on the accuracy and truth of a witness’[s] testimony.” Abu-Jamal, 555

A.2d at 853 (emphasis omitted).

      If the impeachment evidence is relevant as to bias, then it is not

collateral and subject to proof by extrinsic evidence. However, if the evidence

is not relevant to bias but instead merely truthfulness, then it is collateral and

not provable through extrinsic evidence.       See Pa.R.E. 608(b)(1) (“[T]he

character of a witness for truthfulness may not be attacked or supported by

cross-examination or extrinsic evidence concerning specific instances of the


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witness’ conduct[.]”); see also Commonwealth v. Guilford, 861 A.2d 365,

369 (Pa. Super. 2004) (noting a party may not impeach a witness on collateral

matters or matters that have no relationship to the case at trial).

      We agree with the trial court that Kiger was seeking to impeach Young’s

truthfulness through extrinsic evidence rather than show partiality or bias. As

noted above, Jessica Young would testify that (1) Young told her he was

injured during the robbery and (2) intended to sue the police.        As for the

injuries, Kiger does not explain how Young lying about injuries he did not

sustain during the robbery shows his bias. As the trial court recognized, there

was no factual dispute that Young was not injured or harmed during the

robbery. As a result, his later statement to Jessica Young would be relevant

only to show that he lied about a collateral matter which cannot be proven

through extrinsic evidence.

      As for his statement that he intended to sue the police, we likewise fail

to discern its relevance to the robbery. Of course, evidence that a witness

has financial gain or interest in the outcome of a connected civil suit would be

relevant impeachment material. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Butler, 601

A.2d 268 (Pa. 1991) (error not to permit defendant to cross examine detective

who had interest in civil suit that would be affected by outcome of criminal

trial). In this case, however, there was no civil suit; Young never filed an

action against the initial responding police department. That he was merely

upset with the first officers that arrived would not be relevant to the robbery


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and, like his statements about injuries he never suffered, be a collateral

matter not provable through extrinsic evidence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/02/2019




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