                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 JANE ROE,
              Plaintiff,

         v.                                                Civil Action No. 18-666 (CKK)

 JOHN DOE,

              Defendant.


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      (April 23, 2019)

        Defendant “John Doe” moves, once again, for an order permitting him to proceed in this

action under pseudonym—this time with the consent of Plaintiff “Jane Roe,” and asking that she

be granted a pseudonym as well. Defendant also requests retroactive sealing or an alternative

treatment of prior proceedings in this matter that would similarly advance the parties’

confidentiality interests.

        When the Court denied Defendant’s first attempt to proceed under pseudonym, the Court

recognized its discretion but found that Defendant had not satisfied a five-factor test that sister

courts in this Circuit often apply to such requests. See Mem. Op., ECF No. 15. Defendant now

raises several new or previously undisclosed developments that may affect the exercise of the

Court’s discretion, including the Court’s application of the relevant test.

        Upon consideration of Defendant’s brief, the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a

whole, in an exercise of its discretion the Court shall GRANT Defendant’s [23] Consent Motion

to Proceed Under Pseudonym.




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                                       I. BACKGROUND

       On several prior occasions, the Court has discussed Plaintiff’s allegations and the

subsequent proceedings in this matter. See Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 2; Mem. Op., ECF No. 19,

at 1-3. As Defendant summarizes, “[t]he allegations in this matter involve an incident of sexual

intercourse between [Plaintiff] and [Defendant] that the former alleged was nonconsensual and the

latter maintains was fully consensual.” Consent Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym, ECF No.

23 (“Def.’s Mot.”), at 7 (citing Compl, ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 33-41). Of note now, Plaintiff’s only

remaining claim against Defendant is for sexual assault and battery; the Court dismissed her claim

for negligence and gross negligence. Mem. Op., ECF No. 19.

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

       “Although it is within the discretion of the district court to grant the ‘rare dispensation’ of

anonymity against the world (but not the plaintiff), even in that situation the court has ‘a judicial

duty to inquire into the circumstances of particular cases to determine whether the dispensation is

warranted.’” United States v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448, 1464 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting

James v. Jacobson, 6 F.3d 233, 238 (4th Cir. 1993)). The D.C. Circuit has indicated that district

courts considering requests for pseudonyms should evaluate both the likelihood of any unfairness

to the non-movant and the presumption of transparency vis-à-vis the public. Id. (citing S.

Methodist Univ. Ass’n of Women Law Students v. Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d 707, 713 (5th Cir.

1979); Doe v. Stegall, 653 F.2d 180, 186 (5th Cir. 1981) (“customary and constitutionally-

embedded presumption of openness in judicial proceedings”)).

       The D.C. Circuit’s Microsoft ruling made clear, at the least, “that courts must be prepared

to thoroughly analyze motions that would permit parties to remain anonymous throughout the

course of litigation.” Doe v. Teti, No. 1:15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *1 n.1 (D.D.C. Oct.



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19, 2015) (citing Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448). In the absence of a detailed standard from the

D.C. Circuit, courts in this Circuit have often deployed the following test articulated in the Fourth

Circuit’s James decision, which the Microsoft Court cited approvingly:

       [1] [W]hether the justification asserted by the requesting party is merely to avoid
       the annoyance and criticism that may attend any litigation or is to preserve privacy
       in a matter of sensitive and highly personal nature; [2] whether identification poses
       a risk of retaliatory physical or mental harm to the requesting party or even more
       critically, to innocent non-parties; [3] the ages of the persons whose privacy
       interests are sought to be protected; [4] whether the action is against a governmental
       or private party; and, relatedly, [5] the risk of unfairness to the opposing party from
       allowing an action against it to proceed anonymously.

James, 6 F.3d at 238; see also, e.g., Yacovelli v. Moeser, No. 02-596, 2004 WL 1144183, at *6

(M.D.N.C. May 20, 2004) (quoting James, 6 F.3d at 238); Nat’l Ass’n of Waterfront Emp’rs v.

Chao, 587 F. Supp. 2d 90, 99 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Yacovelli, No. 02-596, 2004 WL 1144183, at

*6-*8); Roe v. Bernabei & Wachtel PLLC, 85 F. Supp. 3d 89, 96 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Chao,

587 F. Supp. 2d at 99). “No single factor is necessarily determinative; a court ‘should carefully

review all the circumstances of a given case and then decide whether the customary practice of

disclosing the [movant’s] identity should yield’ to the [movant’s] request for anonymity.” Teti,

No. 1:15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *2 (quoting Doe v. Frank, 951 F.2d 320, 323 (11th Cir.

1992) (discussing Fifth Circuit’s standard in Stegall)).

       “Pseudonymous litigation is for the unusual or critical case, and it is the litigant seeking to

proceed under pseudonym that bears the burden to demonstrate a legitimate basis for proceeding

in that manner.” Qualls v. Rumsfeld, 228 F.R.D. 8, 13 (D.D.C. 2005).

                                        III. DISCUSSION

       Defendant does not contest the Court’s decision to apply the James test to his previous

motion to proceed under pseudonym. Rather, he argues that several developments should affect

the outcome of that test. Defendant also takes the opportunity to argue that the Court misapplied

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several of the James factors in the first instance. Rather than revisiting James in toto, however,

the Court shall focus narrowly on what has changed and how this affects the Court’s prior decision.

        Defendant’s pending motion is premised on three developments: 1) significant negative

publicity stemming from allegations in this case; 2) adverse employment consequences of similar

origin; and 3) Plaintiff’s consent now to the pseudonym.

        When the Court previously examined the first James factor, Defendant’s privacy interest,

the Court found that “Defendant offers no basis for his assertion that the media will draw

significant attention to this case.” Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 5-6. But after the Court denied

Defendant’s request to proceed under pseudonym, Defendant was contacted about the pending

sexual assault allegations by a campus publication at the university where he is enrolled. Def.’s

Mot. at 2. Shortly thereafter, the university initiated an investigation of those allegations. Id.

Between the investigation and Defendant’s subsequent court case to stop it, the allegations drew

significant further media attention. Id. at 2-3.

        Until this motion was filed, the Court was not aware of any of these developments. There

is no evidence that the media has publicly identified Defendant by name, nor does he argue that

the media has publicly identified and connected this lawsuit with the investigation into him or with

his lawsuit against his university. But the prospect of such identification is now heightened,

particularly because the media determined that this jurisdiction is the likely location of the incident.

Id. at 3.

        As for a further plank of the Court’s prior logic, evidently the District of Columbia

Department of Forensic Sciences incident report identifying Defendant is generally inaccessible,

reducing the likelihood that an interested third party could make this end run around a pseudonym.

Id. at 9; see Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 5.



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       The Court previously observed disagreement between courts in this jurisdiction as to

whether sexual harassment proceedings warrant a pseudonym. Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 4-5

(collecting cases). Those decisions are not binding on this Court, nor are they directly on point,

for they involve plaintiff-movants, rather than defendant-movants. In any case, the Court is now

persuaded that the substantial negative media attention to the underlying events in this case

significantly heightens Defendant’s privacy interest in proceeding under pseudonym.

       Defendant also points to adverse employment consequences to support his argument that

the Court should revise its assessment of the second James factor, namely the risk of retaliatory

mental or physical harm to Defendant or non-parties.          Evidently Defendant’s conditional

acceptance into a highly competitive internship program was rescinded during the background

investigation—after Defendant disclosed this pending lawsuit and his counsel discussed it with the

prospective employer’s counsel. Def.’s Mot. at 4. But the internship offer was withdrawn months

before the Court’s decision denying the pseudonym—and even before the parties finished briefing

Defendant’s motion seeking that treatment. Defendant had sufficient time to bring this example

to the Court’s attention.

       Turning, nevertheless, to the merits of the rescinded internship offer, the Court rejects

Defendant’s efforts to shoehorn this adverse consequence into the second James factor. While

noteworthy, the denial of an internship is an economic or perhaps educational harm, rather than a

“retaliatory physical or mental harm” that rises to the level necessary to justify a pseudonym. See

Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 6-7 (collecting cases). Nor has Defendant identified anything to suggest

that “psychological damage or violent threats are anticipated”—or have occurred—as a result of

proceedings without a pseudonym. Mem. Op., ECF No. 15, at 6 (quoting J.W. v. District of




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Columbia, 318 F.R.D. 196, 200 (D.D.C. 2016)) (internal quotation marks omitted). This factor

once more weighs against granting Defendant’s motion.

       Three James factors remain. Defendant again prevails as to the fifth factor—the risk of

unfairness to Plaintiff’s case—because he “is already known to Plaintiff,” and accordingly “she

may adequately move forward with the litigation even if Defendant were pseudonymous.” Id. at

11. As for the fourth factor, an action between private parties, the Court is now less concerned.

Plaintiff’s consent to Defendant’s request for both parties to proceed under pseudonym addresses

several of the Court’s qualms: no longer would Plaintiff alone bear the risk of reputational harm if

only Defendant were pseudonymized—over her objection. See id. at 8-11. That leaves the third

factor, regarding the parties’ ages, where the Court previously ruled against Defendant, despite a

potentially “closer call.” Id. at 7-8. But the fact that the pending motion now seeks to protect the

identities of both parties, both of whom are young, shifts the balance closer to equipoise, if not the

movant’s favor.

                                                 ***

       Whereas the James factors previously weighed against Defendant, changed circumstances

have shifted the balance. The Court also takes into consideration Defendant’s representation that

the “parties[ ] desire to settle this matter and move on.” Def.’s Mot. at 1. Settlement discussions

may be facilitated by concealment of the parties’ identities in this action. In an exercise of its

discretion, therefore, the Court shall permit Defendant, as well as Plaintiff, to proceed

pseudonymously in this action, for the parties to this action are entitled to “the ‘rare dispensation’

of anonymity against the world.” Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d at 1464 (quoting James, 6 F.3d at 238).

                                        IV. CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, in an exercise of the Court’s discretion the Court GRANTS

Defendant’s [23] Consent Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym.

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        Both Defendant and Plaintiff shall proceed under pseudonym in the case caption and body

of all further filings in this action.

        The Clerk of the Court shall SEAL all prior proceedings in this action pending further

Order of this Court.

        The Court must take an additional step to ascertain how the prior proceedings shall be

accessed by the public. By no later than MAY 7, 2019, the parties shall jointly notify the Court of

any and all prior filings, Minute Orders, Orders, and/or Memorandum Opinions that require

substitution of the parties’ pseudonyms for their names and/or redaction of the parties’ confidential

information. The parties shall attach a version of each document that makes the substitutions

and/or redactions, as appropriate.       If a given document requires only substitution of the

pseudonyms, then the parties do not need to justify their edits. If a given document requires

substitution of the pseudonyms and redaction of the parties’ confidential information, then the

parties shall address the standard under United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293 (D.C. Cir. 1980),

for sealing the original versions of those documents based on the specific confidential information

that the parties propose redacting. The unredacted versions shall remain under seal, while the

redacted versions shall be available to the public. Documents that are not identified by the parties

as requiring substitution of the parties’ pseudonyms and/or redaction of the parties’ confidential

information shall be unsealed.

        An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Dated: April 23, 2019

                                                             /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge




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