                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                  June 20, 2011 Session

    ROSS H. TARVER, et al., v. OCOEE LAND HOLDINGS, LLC., et al.

                   Appeal from the Chancery Court for Polk County
                    No. 7442     Hon. Jerri S. Bryant, Chancellor


            No. E2010-01759-COA-R3-CV-FILED-SEPTEMBER 19, 2011


Plaintiffs sued defendants on a sale of real estate contract wherein defendants agreed to
purchase certain real estate located in Polk County from plaintiffs for a stated price.
Defendants joined issue on the pleadings in the trial before the Trial Judge. The Trial Court
held that the purchase and sales agreement was enforceable, and refused to find Ocoee Land
Holdings, LLC liable for breach of the purchase and sales agreement, but held Glen Fetzner
personally liable. Defendants and plaintiffs have appealed. On appeal, we hold that the
purchase and sales agreement was an enforceable contract, but the Court erred when it held
Glen Fetzner personally liable for the breach of the purchase and sales agreement, and the
Trial Court also erred when it did not find Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC liable for the breach
of the contract. We enter Judgment against Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC.


Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed in
                           Part and Reversed in Part.


H ERSCHEL P ICKENS F RANKS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D.
S USANO, J R., J., and D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., joined.


John P. Konvalinka, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Glen Fetzner.
Robert G. Norred, Jr., and James F. Logan, Jr., Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Tarver and Tarver.
B. Thomas Hickey, Jr., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Crye-Leike of
Chattanooga, Inc.
Brian O'Shaughnessy, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC.
                                            OPINION

                                           Background

        On April 16, 2009, plaintiffs Ross H. Tarver and Holly H. Tarver ("the Tarvers") filed
a Sworn Complaint against defendants Glen Fetzner, Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC , Ocoee
Mountain Homes, LLC and real estate company Crye-Leike of Chattanooga, Inc. They
alleged that the defendants, Glen Fetzner, Ocoee Land Holdings and Ocoee Mountain Homes
breached a real estate contract wherein they had agreed to purchase certain real estate located
in Polk County from the Tarvers for a certain price on or before March 2, 2009. They alleged
that the defendants had failed to close the sale by March 2, 2009 or subsequent to that date,
and as part of the agreement to sell and purchase the property, defendants had deposited
$50,000.00 as earnest money with defendant Crye-Leike. The agreement provided that in
the event of the buyers default on the contract, the earnest money would be paid to the
sellers. The defendants failed to execute a release of the funds.

       The Tarvers complaint made a demand for interpleader against Crye-Leike.1 They
sought specific performance of the real estate contract by the defendants and alternatively,
sought the $50,000.00 in earnest money and compensatory damages that would put then in
the same position they would have been in if defendants had purchased the property. They
also sought an award of $10,000.00 that they claim was owed to them under another
agreement they had with defendants in connection to a utility easement. Plaintiffs also
sought interest and attorney’s fees as provided by the contract.

        The complaint states that there was some confusion regarding whether Ocoee Land
Holdings, Ocoee Mountain Homes or Mr. Fetzner, individually, was the actual party to the
real estate agreement. On May 21, 2009, defendants Ocoee Land Holdings, Ocoee Mountain
Homes and Fetzner filed an answer and counterclaim against the Tarvers and subsequently
amended their answer on October 26, 2009.

        The trial was conducted without a jury before the Chancellor on November 9, 2009.
At the close of plaintiffs’ proof, defense counsel moved for a "directed verdict"as to the
plaintiffs’ claims against Ocoee Mountain Homes and Fetzner. The Court granted the motion
as to Ocoee Mountain Homes but did not grant the motion as to Fetzner. At the conclusion
of the hearing, the Court announced orally that it would dismiss the defendants’
counterclaims against plaintiffs. She also found that Ocoee Land Holdings and Glen Fetzner
individually had beached the contract and awarded plaintiffs $182,000.00 in damages to
plaintiffs as well as reasonable attorney’s fees. The determination of the amount of


       1
         Crye-Leike filed a Complaint for Interpleader with the Chancery Court of Polk County on April
20, 2009 and paid $50,000 into the registry of the court. The interpleader complaint and the Tarvers’
complaint were consolidated on July 20, 2009.

                                                 -2-
attorney’s fees was reserved for another hearing.

        Plaintiffs filed a motion for attorney’s fees and expenses and a motion to alter or
amend the judgment based on a computation error, although the final judgment had not been
entered. On December 9, 2009, the Court entered a judgment awarding plaintiffs monetary
damages in the amount of $232,000.00 against Ocoee Land Holdings and Glen Fetzner
jointly and severally, and dismissed Ocoee Mountain Homes, and directed payment to Crye-
Leike’s counsel of $2,800.00 and $322.50 to Crye-Leike for costs and setting plaintiffs’
motion for attorney’s fees for hearing. On December 15, 2009, the Court entered an order
directing the Clerk and Master to disburse the $50,000.00 in earnest money paid into the
court by Crye-Leike in accordance with the judgment.

       On December 28, 2009, Ocoee Land Holdings and Glen Fetzner filed a motion to alter
or amend judgment, or alternatively for a new trial. Also on that date, the Court entered an
order awarding plaintiffs an additional judgment against Ocoee Land Holdings and Glen
Fetzner for attorney’s fees in the amount of $9,525.00 and costs of $574.75.

      On April 6, 2010, the Court entered an order relative to the parties’ motions to alter
or amend, and modified its earlier judgment of December 9, 2009 as follows:

        Plaintiffs shall have a judgment individually against Glen Fetzner in the amount of
        $278,000.

        The Court further awards a judgment in favor of plaintiffs against Ocoee Land
        Holdings, LLC in the amount of $10,000.

       The Tarvers filed a motion to alter or amend the Court’s April 6 th order as did Ocoee
Land Holdings.2 The Court denied both motions and Glen Fetzner and the Tarvers filed
notices of Appeal.

                                             The Evidence

        This case involves several agreements related to real estate in Polk County, Tennessee
between plaintiffs and a real estate development company. As there was some confusion at
the trial on the part of some of the witnesses and the Judge regarding the various related
entities associated with the real estate development company, the following is a list of the
entities involved:

        1.      Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC is a Tennessee limited liability company with its


        2
           Ocoee Land Holdings’s motion to alter or amend concerned only the trial court’s failure to address
its prior award of attorney’s fees to the Tarvers and against Ocoee Land Holdings.

                                                    -3-
                principal place of business at 6881 Kings Pointe Parkway, Suite 7, Orlando,
                Florida 32819. Glen Fetzner testified that he is a managing member of Ocoee
                Land Holdings. His brother, Paul Fetzner, is the president of Ocoee Land
                Holdings and manages the day-to-day operations of the business. The third
                managing member of the Ocoee Land Holdings is Louis Lentine. Mr. Lentine
                testified that he handles the business side of the LLC, including finance,
                accounting and real estate closings. The business of Ocoee Land Holdings is
                land development in Poke County. Ocoee Land Holdings’s first purchase of
                land in Polk County was in 2007 and encompassed over 100 acres that were
                platted as 216 homesites. Ocoee Land Holdings sells the homesites to
                individuals.

        2.      Ocoee Mountain Homes, LLC is a Tennessee limited liability company with
                its principal place of business at 6881 Kings Pointe Parkway, Suite 7, Orlando,
                Florida 32819. Ocoee Mountain Homes builds log homes on the homesites
                Ocoee Land Holdings sells to individuals.3

        3.      Ocoee Realty, LLC handles real estate transactions. This LLC was not an
                issue in the suit.

        4.      Ocoee Mountain Club is the name of the development in Polk County where
                the property purchased by Ocoee Land Holdings is located. Glen Fetzner’s
                testimony was somewhat confusing regarding this entity. He stated that once
                the land purchased by Ocoee Land Holdings was developed it became Ocoee
                Mountain Club and that Ocoee Mountain Club was owned by the three
                managing members of Ocoee Land Holdings. He further stated that Ocoee
                Mountain Club was not owned by the three LLCs, Ocoee Land Holdings,
                Ocoee Mountain Homes or Ocoee Realty. He then said that he “guessed”
                Ocoee Mountain Club was a d/b/a. Mr. Fetzner then testified as follows:

        THE COURT: So is that four entities?

        A: I guess it’s a d/b/a. I never really . . .

        THE COURT: Give me the fourth entity. I have Ocoee Land Holding, LLC, Ocoee
        Mountain Homes, LLC, Ocoee Mountain Club.

        A: Ocoee Mountain Club is just the name of the development. I think that’s were the
        confusion is. Everything was purchased under - - when we purchase property for the


        3
         Ocoee Mountain Homes was a named defendant in the suit but was dismissed after plaintiffs’ proof
on the defendants motion for directed verdict.

                                                  -4-
       development, it’s always purchased under Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC.

       Questioning by counsel for defendants resumed:

       Q: So are you saying that Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC does business as Ocoee
       Mountain Club?

       A: Yes.

       Q: Is Ocoee Mountain Club an LLC?

       A. No, it is not.

       Q: Does it have any officers or directors?

       A: No, it does not.

       Q: How does it function?

       A: I guess it would be - - it’s a d/b/a of Ocoee Land Holdings.

         The record establishes that Ocoee Land Holdings, Ocoee Mountain Homes and Ocoee
Realty are all LLCs. However the legal status of Ocoee Mountain Club is unclear as Fetzner
first stated that Ocoee Mountain Club was owned by himself, his brother Paul Fetzner and
Lewis Lentine and that he guessed it was a d/b/a. On further direct examination by his
attorney, he responded to counsel’s leading question that Ocoee Mountain Club was a d/b/a
of Ocoee Land Holdings. No other witness was called by either party to address the legal
status of Ocoee Mountain Club.

        The property at issue in this suit is part of what is known as the Elrod Property.
Plaintiffs Ross and Holly Tarver are residents of Polk County, and owned lots 17, 18 and 19
of the Elrod Property since the mid-1990s. Ross Tarver was one of five partners in
Chilihowie Properties, a Tennessee general partnership, which owned lots 11 and 12 of the
Elrod Property. All of the five lots that the Tarvers had an interest in were for sale and in
February 2008 Paul Fetzner, one of the managing members of Ocoee Land Holdings,
approached Mr. Tarver regarding the purchase of all five lots. Mr. Tarver testified that he
negotiated the sale of the lots with Paul Fetzner and that the buyers were represented by a
real estate agent, Tammy Davis.

        In February 2008 a “lot/land purchase and sale agreement” was entered into between
Chilihowie Properties as seller and Ocoee Mountain Club as buyer for the purchase and sale
of lots 11 and 12 for $185,000.00. The contract was signed by Ross Tarver as seller and

                                             -5-
Glen Fetzner as buyer. The sale of lots 11 and 12 closed on May 6, 2008, and the warranty
deed conveyed the property to Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC and was signed by all five
partners of Chilihowie Properties. After lots 11 and 12 were sold to Ocoee Land Holdings
an office was built on the lots.

        Before the closing of lots 11 and 12, another “lot/land purchase and sale agreement”
was entered into between Ocoee Mountain Club as buyer and Ross and Holly Tarver as seller
for lots 17, 18 and 19. The final purchase price of $500,000.00, an earnest money provision
of 10% of the sale price ($50,000.00) which was non-refundable was to be credited back to
the buyers at the closing date of March 2, 2009.

        Glen Fetzner testified that although the purchase and sale agreement (P & S
Agreement) for lots 17, 18 and 19 provides that it is an agreement between Ocoee Mountain
Club and the Tarvers, is was really an agreement between Ocoee Land Holdings and the
sellers. He also stated that although the document bears his signature without any language
that signifies that he was signing in a representative capacity, his intent was not to sign as an
individual but as a managing member of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC.

        Mr. Tarver testified that he did not have his wife Holly sign the purchase agreement
for lots 17, 18 and 19 because Ocoee Land Holdings’s realtor, Tammy Davis, told him that
Holly did not need to sign the agreement although her presence at the closing was required.
Mrs. Tarver confirmed Mr. Tarver’s testimony and further stated that she had authorized Mr.
Tarver to enter into the contract on behalf of both of them, that she was aware of the
agreement, she did not object to the sale and she was excited about the sale. She explained
that she and her husband had plans to use the profits from the sale of lots 17, 18 and 19 to
finance a purchase of another property they had bought. Pursuant to the P & S Agreement
the buyers paid $50,000.00 in earnest money to their real estate agent Crye-Leike of
Chattanooga who placed the deposit in escrow.

       Tammy Davis testified that she prepared the P & S Agreement for lots 17, 18 and 19
on behalf of her client and that she had typed in “Ocoee Mountain Club” as the buyer . When
asked who her client was she stated that it was “the LLC Ocoee Mountain Club as a group
is what I understood.” Immediately after making that statement she identified the buyer as
Ocoee Mountain Club the “partnership”. On cross-examination by defendants’ counsel, she
maintained that Glen and Paul Fetzner and Lou Lentine had told her that the name of their
“partnership” was Ocoee Mountain Club and that she had never heard of Ocoee Land
Holdings.

       A pertinent part of the P & S Agreement to this suit provides that should the buyer
default the earnest money shall be forfeited as damages to the seller and the seller may sue
in contract or tort for additional damages or specific performance of the agreement, or both.
The prevailing party shall be entitled to recover all cost of litigation including reasonable

                                               -6-
attorney’s fees.

        In August 2008 the new owners of lots 11 and 12 built a log and stone building on the
lots to be used as the sales office of Ocoee Mountain Club. Paul Fetzner approached Mr.
Tarver and requested a water line easement across lots 17, 18 and 19 to serve the sales office.
The Tarvers agreed to execute such an easement as it was anticipated that Ocoee Land
Holdings would become the owner of lots 17, 18 and 19 on or before March 2, 2009. The
utility easement grant reflects the following:

       In consideration of the grant of said easement, Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC has an
       Option to Purchase Lots 17, 18 and 19 of Elrod Property and if said Option to
       Purchase is not exercised by March, 2009, then Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC shall pay
       immediately to the Grantors the amount of $10,000.000.

        The parties to the grant of the easement are listed as Ross and Holly Tarver as grantors
and Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC as grantee. The grant is signed by both Ross and Holly
Tarver and by Paul Fetzner as Chief Manager of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC. Further, there
is a notarial statement that Paul Fetzner had sworn that he was authorized as chief manager
of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC to execute the instrument.

        A few days before March 2, 2009, the day designated for the closing on lots 17, 18
and 19, Paul Fetzner and Lou Lentine contacted Mr. Tarver and informed him that they had
not been able to obtain financing for the purchase of lots 17, 18 and 19 and that they needed
a 90 day extension to close the sale. There is no proof in the record other than Glen Fetzner’s
testimony regarding the defendants’ inability to obtain financing. Mr. Tarver testified that
he could not grant the extension as he had other obligations to meet and he needed the
proceeds of the sale. The closing did not occur on March 2, 2009 and Ocoee Land Holdings
did not allow for the release of the $50,000.00 earnest money to the Tarvers as provided in
the sale and purchase agreement. Nor did Ocoee Land Holdings pay the Tarvers $10,000.00
for the utility easement pursuant to the easement grant.

       On March 8, 2009, Mr. Tarver, through counsel, sent a letter to Mr. Lentine
demanding that the $50,000.00 in escrowed funds be released to them and that Ocoee Land
Holdings pay $10,000.00 for the utility easement as provided by the grant should the sale of
lots 17, 18 and 19 close.

       Glen Fetzner testified in his deposition that he understood the sale purchase agreement
and that he thought they owed the Tarvers $50,000.00 because they did not close on the
contract. When he was asked why the $50,000.00 was not released he stated that question
should be asked of his partner.

       Plaintiffs presented the testimony of real estate appraiser Donnie Stephenson who

                                              -7-
stated that Ocoee Mountain Club employed him to perform an appraisal of lots 17, 18 and
19 and that someone had contacted him a couple of weeks before the effective date of the
appraisal which was March 27, 2009. The date the appraisal was signed by Mr. Stephenson
was January 11, 2009. Mr. Stephenson was not asked about this discrepancy between his
testimony and the document at trial. It was his opinion that as of the effective date of March
27, 2009, the fair market value of the property was $222,000.00. He based his opinion on
comparable properties in Polk County that sold within the two years prior to March 2009.
He stated that the fair market value would not have changed drastically between March 2 nd ,
the date the closing should have occurred and March 27th , thus the appraised value should
have been the same on those dates.

       The first issue on appeal is:

       Whether the Trial Court erred when it held that the purchase and sale agreement was
       an enforceable contract?

       A trial court’s findings of fact in a non-jury trial are reviewed de novo upon the
record. The trial court is afforded a presumption of correctness unless the preponderance of
the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13 (d); Wright v. City of Knoxville, 898 S.W.2d
177, 181 (Tenn. 1995). We review credibility determinations made by the trial court with
great deference. Keaton v. Hancock County Bd. of Educ., 119 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2003).

       The trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewed under a purely de novo standard with
no presumption of correctness. Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005), Union
Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). The interpretation of written
agreements is a matter of law that this Court reviews de novo on the record according no
presumption of correctness to the trial court's conclusions of law. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson,
195 S.W.3d 609 (Tenn. 2006).

       Glen Fetzner contends that the Trial Court erred when it awarded a judgment in favor
of the Tarvers and against Glen Fetzner because the lots 17, 18 and 19 Purchase and Sale
Agreement is not an enforceable contract because Mrs. Tarver did not sign the agreement nor
does the document have the signature of an authorized agent acting on her behalf.

       The Trial Court stated that it was going to look at the three agreements, the P & S
Agreement, the Lots 11 and 12 contract and the utility easement document as “one big
transaction . . . because they were all hooked together.” The Trial Court held that although
the lack of Mrs. Tarver’s signature on the P & S Agreement could have been problematic,
Mrs. Tarver had ratified the P & S Agreement when she signed the grant of a utility easement
document that referenced the P & S Agreement and that the demand letter sent to the
defendants was further evidence of ratification.

                                              -8-
        It is undisputed that the Tarvers owned lots 17, 18 and 19 of the Elrod Property in
tenancy by the entirety at the time the P & S Agreement was entered into. It is a well-settled
proposition that tenancy by the entirety is a form of property ownership which is unique to
married persons. Grahl v. Davis, 971 S.W.2d 373, 378 (Tenn. 1998)(citing Griffin v. Prince,
632 S.W.2d 532, 534 (Tenn.1982)). The essential characteristic of a tenancy by the entirety
is that “each spouse is seized of the whole or the entirety and not of a share, moiety, or
divisible part.” Grahl at 378 (citing Sloan v. Jones, 192 Tenn. 400, 241 S.W.2d 506, 507
(1951)). A tenancy by the entirety can be terminated only when both convey the property,
when one spouse dies and the survivor becomes owner of the whole, or when the
survivorship is dissolved by divorce and the parties become tenants in common in the
property. White v. Watson, 571 S.W.2d 493, 495 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978).

        Mr. Fetzner relies on Cartwright v. Giacosa, 390 S.W.2d 204 (1965) for his position
that under Tennessee law, when a husband and wife own property as joint tenants by
entireties both must sign an agreement to sell the property in order for the agreement to be
enforceable, or the agreement must contain a clear representation that the spouse signing the
agreement is doing so individually and also as an agent acting on behalf of the other spouse.

        The facts and circumstances relating to the P & S Agreement in this case are similar
to those in Cartwright. In both cases the property was owned in tenancy by the entirety, and
the contracts at issue were both for the sale of the property. The contracts both provided that
the husband and wife were the sellers of the property but only the husbands signed the
contracts. Further, there was no language in either contract that the husband was signing in
his individual capacity as well as signing for his wife. It should be noted, however, that there
are two significant differences between the facts presented in the two cases. The first is that
the Tarvers claim that the only reason Mrs. Tarver did not sign the agreement was that Mr.
Tarver was told by the real estate agent for the buyers that her signature was not necessary
on the P & S Agreement but that she would have to attend the closing. The second
difference is that in Cartwright it was the sellers who sought to use the lack of signature to
defeat the enforceability of contract against the buyers. Here, it is the buyers, who seek to
use the lack of signature of one of the sellers against the sellers.

       Defendant Glen Fetzner makes the argument that because the P & S Agreement is
unenforceable by or against Mrs. Tarver because of the lack of her signature, the agreement
lacked mutuality and consideration because, until the closing date, Mrs. Tarver had the
unilateral right to decide to perform under the contract or to refuse to allow the sale to go
forward. Defendant supports this contention with the case Horne v. Phillips, E1999-00141-
COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 224623 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2000).4 Horne involved an


       4
           The Tarvers state in their brief that the holding of Horne v. Phillips was raised for the first time on
                                                                                                   (continued...)

                                                       -9-
agreement to purchase real estate, was in the form of a hand written document drafted by Mr.
Phillips, the seller, and was signed by Mrs. Phillips and the buyer, Mr. Horne. The second
paragraph of the contract provided that the buyer Horne had the unilateral right to cancel the
contract and get his down payment returned to him. The contract does not provide a similar
right to cancellation to the sellers. Prior to the sale closing, the sellers decided they did not
want to go through with the sale and they notified the buyer and attempted to return the down
payment. The buyer refused to accept the returned down payment and sued for specific
performance. The trial court held that the agreement was enforceable and ruled in favor of
the buyer. This Court reversed the trial court, holding that because the agreement created a
unilateral right to the buyer to cancel the sale with no resulting consequences to him the
contract was unenforceable as it lacked both mutuality and consideration. Horne at * 3.

       To recap Glen Fetzner’s argument the P & S agreement is not enforceable, he argues,
one, that the statute of frauds required Mrs. Tarver’s signature on the P & S agreement, thus
the agreement is not enforceable as to her. He argues, two, that as the agreement was not
signed by Mrs. Tarver, it was not enforceable as to her and she could have refused to allow
the sale at any time. As the buyer did not have a reciprocal right to back out of the
agreement, the contract is unenforceable as to all parties for lack of mutuality and
consideration.

       We do not take issue with Glen Fetzner’s legal arguments but we conclude the P &
S Agreement is enforceable based on the doctrine of equitable estoppel and this Court’s
application of that doctrine in Autry v. Boston, E2005-001030-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL
1132075 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 28, 2006) and Thornton v. Marcum, E2007-01326-COA-R3-
CV, 2008 WL 836368 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2008).

        It is fundamentally inequitable to find that Mrs. Tarver’s failure to sign the P & S
Agreement would preclude the Tarvers from enforcing the agreement when it was the
buyer’s real estate agent who gave Mr. Tarver false and misleading information that her
signature was not required on the document. Moreover, Mrs. Tarver testified that had she
not been give such false information she would have signed the agreement, that she wanted
the sale of the property to go forward, and in fact she had waited for years for the right time
to sell the property. Unlike the facts in the cases relied upon by Glen Fetzner, it was the
buyers who refused to act on the contract of sale and not the Tarvers. In fact, all of the
parties acted as if the contract was enforceable and Glen Fetzner acknowledged that the
buyers had breached the contract and that he believed that after the March 2, 2009 sale date
passed they owed $50,000.00 in earnest money to the Tarvers. We conclude that the
application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel is appropriate and just, and we recently


       4
        (...continued)
appeal. However, Glen Fetzner did raise the issue in his Amended and Restated Memorandum of Law in
Support of Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment, p. 15, filed with the trial court.

                                              -10-
applied this doctrine of equitable estoppel in the two cases mentioned wherein the defendants
sought to employ the statute of frauds as a defense.

       The Autry Court observed,"[i]t is well settled in Tennessee that an oral contract for
the sale of land will not be enforced on the basis of part performance, nor will part
performance take an oral agreement out of the statute of frauds.” Autry at * 7. However:

       [t]he harshness of this rule has been mitigated by the application of the doctrine of
       equitable estoppel in exceptional cases where to enforce the statute of frauds would
       make it an instrument of hardship and oppression, verging on actual fraud.

       Equitable estoppel, in the modern sense, arises from the ‘conduct’ of the party, using
       that word in its broadest meaning, as including his spoken or written words, his
       positive acts, and his silence or negative omission to do any thing. Its foundation is
       justice and good conscience. Its object is to prevent the unconscientious and
       inequitable assertion or enforcement of claims or rights which might have existed, or
       been enforceable by other rules of law, unless prevented by an estoppel; and its
       practical effect is, from motives of equity and fair dealing, to create and vest opposing
       rights in the party who obtains the benefit of the estoppel.

Id. (quoting Evans v. Belmont Land Co. ., 92 Tenn. 348, 21 S.W. 670, 673-74 (Tenn.1893)).
 The Autry Court went on to say that:

       the statute [of frauds] should be strictly adhered to and construed to accomplish its
       purpose, ... [however] it should not be used to avoid contracts or to “grant a privilege
       to a person to refuse to perform what he has agreed to do.”.... The courts have
       accordingly recognized that equitable estoppel is an exception to the statute of frauds,
       and that equitable estoppel can be used to relieve a party from the statute of frauds
       where enforcement would make the statute an instrument of hardship and
       oppression.”

Autry at * 7 (citing Ogle v. Ogle, No. 03A01-9301-CV-00354, 1994 Tenn. App. LEXIS 69,
1994 WL 45451 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 17, 1994), no appl. perm. appeal filed, (quoting GRW
Enters., Inc. v. Davis, 797 S.W.2d 606, 611 (Tenn. Ct. App.1990) (citations omitted)).

       Subsequently, this Court applied the doctrine of equitable estoppel in the case of
Thornton v. Marcum, E2007-01326-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 836368 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.
31, 2008).

      We affirm the ruling of the Trial Court on this issue, although on a different basis.
See Kelly v. Kelly, 679 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. App.1984).



                                             -11-
       The second issue is:

       Whether the Trial Court erred when it held that Glen Fetzner was personally liable for
       breach of the purchase and sale agreement and that Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC was
       not liable for breach of the purchase and sale agreement?

       Both Glen Fetzner and the Tarvers appeal the Trial Court’s final judgment finding
Glen Fetzner individually solely liable to the Tarvers for breach of P & S Agreement. Glen
Fetzner contends that he signed the P & S Agreement in his capacity of a managing member
of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC and not in his individual capacity. The Tarvers contend that
the Trial Court’s original judgment finding Glen Fetzner, individually, and Ocoee Land
Holdings, LLC jointly and severely liable to the them was correct. Under the LLC Act and
the Revised LLC Act, members of an LLC are empowered and authorized to execute
documents and instruments on behalf of the LLC. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 48–238–103,
48–249–402.

       Mr. Fetzner, as a member of Ocoee Land Holdings, would have had the authority to
execute the P & S Agreement on behalf of the LLC and if he entered into the agreement in
his capacity of managing member of the LLC, he would not be held individually liable for
the LLC’s breach of the contract. See Tenn. Code Ann. §48-217-101 and Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 48-249-114. Pursuant to these provisions of the Act, a member, holder of financial interest,
governor, manager, employee, or other agent of an LLC does not have any personal
obligation and is not otherwise personally liable for the acts, debts, liabilities, or obligations
of the LLC whether such arise in contract, tort, or otherwise, or for the acts or omissions of
any other member, manager, governor, employee or other agent of the LLC. See also Collier
v. Greenbrier Developers, LLC, E2008-01601-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 1026025 at * 4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 16, 2009).

        The issue before us is who was the buyer who contracted with the Tarvers to purchase
lots 17, 18 and 19? The P & S Agreement was prepared by buyer’s real estate agent and
indicates that the buyer was Ocoee Mountain Club but on the signature page of the
Agreement Glen Fetzner’s name appears over the line for the buyer’s signature with no
indication that he was signing in an agency capacity for Ocoee Mountain Club or Ocoee
Land Holdings, LLC. Although Mr. Fetzner’s testimony at trial was contradictory regarding
Ocoee Mountain Club, as he said that Ocoee Mountain Club was a d/b/a for himself, his
brother Paul Fetzner and Lou Lentine as individuals and then said that Ocoee Mountain Club
was a d/b/a/ for Ocoee Land Holdings, it is clear that Ocoee Mountain Club was not a legal
entity capable of entering into a contract. Further there is no indication in the contract that
Ocoee Land Holdings was the buyer. Thus, the contract is ambiguous as to who the parties
intended the buyer to be.

       Our Supreme Court has provided us guidance regarding contract interpretation when

                                              -12-
the contract is ambiguous in Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609 (Tenn. 2006) as
follows:

       The interpretation of written agreements . . . is a matter of law that this Court reviews
       de novo on the record according no presumption of correctness to the trial court's
       conclusions of law. See Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn.1999);
       Union Planters Nat'l Bank v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 865 S.W.2d 907, 912 (Tenn.
       Ct. App.1993). A cardinal rule of contract interpretation is to ascertain and give
       effect to the intent of the parties. Christenberry v. Tipton, 160 S.W.3d 487, 494 (Tenn.
       2005). In interpreting contractual language, courts look to the plain meaning of the
       words in the document to ascertain the parties' intent. Planters Gin Co. v. Fed.
       Compress & Warehouse Co., 78 S.W.3d 885, 889–90 (Tenn.2002). This Court's initial
       task in construing the lease at issue is to determine whether the language is
       ambiguous. Id. at 890. If the language is clear and unambiguous, the literal meaning
       controls the outcome of the dispute. Id. If, however, the words in a contract are
       susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, the parties' intent cannot be
       determined by a literal interpretation of the language. Id.

       ***

       When contractual language is found to be ambiguous, the court must apply
       established rules of construction to determine the intent of the parties. Planters Gin
       Co., 78 S.W.3d at 890. An ambiguous provision in a contract generally will be
       construed against the party drafting it. Hanover Ins. Co. v. Haney, 221 Tenn. 148, 425
       S.W.2d 590, 592 (1968); Vargo v. Lincoln Brass Works, Inc., 115 S.W.3d 487, 492
       (Tenn. Ct. App.2003). Furthermore, when a contractual provision is ambiguous, a
       court is permitted to use parol evidence, including the contracting parties' conduct and
       statements regarding the disputed provision, to guide the court in construing and
       enforcing the contract. See Memphis Housing Auth. v. Thompson, 38 S.W.3d 504, 512
       (Tenn.2001); Fidelity–Phenix Fire Ins. Co. of New York v. Jackson, 181 Tenn. 453,
       181 S.W.2d 625, 631 (1944); Vargo, 115 S.W.3d at 494.

Watson at 611- 612 .

        Pursuant to Watson, this Court may look to parole evidence to discern the intent of the
parties. The testimony and evidence presented at trial supports appellate Glen Fetzner’s
contention that Ocoee Land Holdings was the intended buyer. Tammy Davis, the real estate
agent who actually typed in the name “Ocoee Mountain Club” on the contract was confused
about who her client was. At trial she responded to the question of whether she had
represented Ocoee Land Holdings before this transaction with a “yes”. Later she stated that
her client was “the LLC. Ocoee Mountain Club as a group . . . .” Still later, she stated that
she believed the “partnership” to be Ocoee Mountain Club. As confusing as her testimony

                                             -13-
was about her client’s identity, she never testified that her client was Glen Fetzner,
individually.

        Glen Fetzner’s testimony regarding the status of Ocoee Mountain Club as a d/b/a is
also not helpful as it is contradictory. However, his testimony was unequivocal that he
signed the P & S Agreement “as a representative of the LLC, a managing member for Ocoee
Land Holdings, LLC.” He stated that he had no intention of purchasing lots 17, 18 and 19
for himself individually. He also testified that all of the land purchased for the development
of Ocoee Mountain Club was purchased by Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC. This statement is
supported by the warranty deed for lots 11 and 12 that shows that Chilhowie Properties
granted the deed to Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC even though the P & S Agreement for that
conveyance listed the buyer as Ocoee Mountain Club. Mr. Fetzner executed an addendum
to the P & S Agreement and identified himself by writing “managing member” underneath
his signature. He testified that he was acting in a representative capacity as a managing
member of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC when he did that. Mr. Fetzner also stated that it was
Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC that paid the earnest money in association with the lots 17, 18
and 19 transaction.

        The evidence on the negotiation process that led to the signing of the P & S
Agreement also supports a finding that the parties did not intend Glen Fetzner, individually,
to be the buyer. Mr. Tarver testified that it was Paul Fetzner who first approached him
regarding the sale of lots 11 and 12 and lots 17, 18 and 19 and it was Paul Fetzner with
whom he negotiated. While Mr. Tarver was testifying about the negotiations and the
transactions he repeatedly referred to the buyer as “they”, which would indicate that he did
not think Glen Fetzner alone was the buyer. He even stated that he assumed that the buyer
was Ocoee Land Holdings. Mr. Tarver discussed the utility easement that he and his wife
granted to Ocoee Land Holdings for a water line to run through lots 17, 18 and 19 to lots 11
and 12. He stated that it was Paul Fetzner who called him and asked for the easement and
at that time he discussed the pending closing on lots 17, 18 and 19. During this testimony
Mr. Tarver used the word “you” when referring to the buyer of lots 17, 18 and 19. The Grant
of Utility Easement states that lots 11 and 12 are owned by Ocoee Land Holdings and
references the P & S Agreement for lots 17, 18 and 19 by stating that Ocoee Land Holdings
“has an Option to Purchase lots 17, 18 and 19 . . .” The Grant of Utility Easement was
signed by Paul Fetzner as Chief Manager of Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC.

       Mr. Tarver explained that he had talked to Paul Fetzner in January 2009 about the
pending March 2nd closing on lots 17, 18 and 19 and stated that he had kidded with Paul that
“you guys” could close early. Mr. Tarver stated that a short time before March 2 nd Paul
Fetzner and Lou Lentine asked for an appointment to come see him in his office. They
explained that they were having trouble getting financing and they needed an extension on
the closing. Glen Fetzner was not involved in any of the negotiations with Mr. Tarver.



                                             -14-
       Numerous printed emails between Mr. Tarver and representatives of Ocoee Land
Holdings regarding lots 17, 18 and 19 were introduced at trial. These emails were between
Lou Lentine or Paul Fetzner and Ross Tarver. Tammy Davis was involved in several
regarding earnest money. Notably none of the emails was generated by Glen Fetzner or
addressed to him and he was only copied on just a few of the messages. There is nothing in
this body of electronic correspondence that would indicate that Glen Fetzner, individually
was the intended buyer of lots 17, 18 and 19.

       As further evidence of Mr. Tarver’s belief that his contract for the sale of lots 17, 18
and 19 was not with Glen Fetzner individually, the Tarvers moved the Trial Court to amend
its Judgment to assess all damages against Ocoee Land Holdings or to revert back to its
original decision against Ocoee Land Holdings jointly and severely with Glen Fetzner.

        The weight of the evidence presented at trial demonstrates that everyone involved in
the lots 17, 18 and 19 transactions knew that Glen Fetzner individually was not the intended
buyer under the contract. The evidence further demonstrates, based on the easement
document, the addendum to the P & S Agreement and the warranty deed that it was the intent
of the parties that Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC was the buyer. Moreover, the testimony that
Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC had purchased property in the area for the Ocoee Mountain Club
development in the past was uncontroverted. For the foregoing reasons, the Judgment of the
Trial Court finding Glen Fetzner solely liable to the Tarvers for breach of contract is
reversed. We hold that the evidence presented demonstrates that the representatives of
Ocoee Land Holdings as well as the Tarvers intended that Ocoee Land Holdings be the
purchaser of lots 17, 18 and 19 under the P & S Agreement. Accordingly, the Trial Court
erred when it did not find Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC liable to the Tarvers for breach of that
agreement.

       The third issue is:

       Whether the Trial Court erred in limiting cross examination of the Tarver’s expert
       witness regarding his real estate appraisal

       Appellant Glen Fetzner appeals the Trial Court’s sustaining plaintiffs’ objection
regarding defendant’s cross-examination of real estate appraiser Donny Stephenson.
Stephenson’s appraisal stated that it was effective on March 27, 2009, twenty-five days after
the closing date of March 2, 2009. Mr. Stephenson testified that as of March 27, 2009, the
market value of lots 17, 18 and 19 was $222,000.00. When asked by counsel for plaintiffs
whether the market value would have changed between March 2nd and March 27 th , Mr.
Stephenson said that “ [t]he market would not have changed drastically within that period of
time.” On cross-examination, he was asked “[h]ow has it [the real estate market] changed
between March and now?” The Tarver’s counsel objected to this questions and the Trial
Court sustained the objection. Counsel for the defendants contended that the question was

                                             -15-
"relevant to the appraiser’s knowledge of the conditions of the real estate market.”

        Questions regarding admissibility, qualifications, relevancy and competency of expert
testimony are entrusted to the discretion of the trial court. In general, questions regarding
the admissibility, qualifications, relevancy and competency of expert testimony are left to the
discretion of the trial court. McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257, 263 (Tenn.
1997) (citing State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 562 (Tenn.1993)). The trial court's ruling
in this regard may only be overturned if the discretion is arbitrarily exercised or abused.
McDaniel at 263.

       The general rule and proper measure of damages available to a seller against a
breaching buyer in a real estate transaction is that the seller is entitled to the difference
between the contract price and the fair market value of the property at the time of the
breach.” BancorpSouth Bank, Inc. v. Hatchel, 223 S.W.3d 223, 228 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2006)(citing Turner v. Benson, 672 S.W.2d 752, 754 (Tenn.1984). Thus, the defendant’s
question to the appraiser regarding the state of the real estate market from the time of the
breach to the time of trial was not relevant to the establishment of the fair market value of
the property at the time of the breach. The Trial Court did not abuse its discretion when it
sustained plaintiffs’ objection to the question.

        In sum, the Trial Court did not err when it held the Purchase and Sale Agreement was
an enforceable contract. The Trial Court erred when it held Glen Fetzner was personally
liable for breach of the Purchase and Sale Agreement and we reverse that holding. The Trial
Court also was in error when it did not find Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC liable for breach of
the Purchase and Sale Agreement. We hold that Ocoee Land Holdings, LLC is liable for the
breach of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, and award the Judgment found by the Trial
Court against it. The Trial Court did not abuse its discretion when it sustained plaintiffs’
objection regarding defendant’s question to the real estate appraiser on the state of the real
estate market between March 2009 and the time of trial.

       As explained in the foregoing, we affirm the Trial Court's Judgment in part and
reverse in part and remand to the Trial Court, with the cost of the appeal assessed to Ocoee
Land Holdings, LLC.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, P.J.



                                             -16-
