                                                                     FILED
 1                          NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                      JAN 29 2015
 2
                                                                  SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                    U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 3            UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL              OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                          )      BAP Nos.   CC-14-1175-KuPaTa
                                     )                 CC-14-1224-KuPaTa
 6   RICHARD J. SEGAL,               )                 (Cross-Appeals)
                                     )
 7                       Debtor.     )      Bk. No.    08-12110
     ________________________________)
 8                                   )
     STEPHEN S. FADEN,               )
 9                                   )
      Appellant and Cross-Appellee, )
10                                   )
     v.                              )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                   )
     RICHARD JOEL SEGAL;             )
12   JUDITH SEGAL,                   )
                                     )
13    Appellees and Cross-Appellants.)
     ________________________________)
14
                    Argued and Submitted on November 20, 2014
15                          at Los Angeles, California
16                          Filed – January 29, 2015
17               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                     for the Central District of California
18
          Honorable Meredith A. Jury, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20   Appearances:      Victoria A. Silver argued for appellant and cross-
                       appellee Stephen S. Faden.
21
22   Before: KURTZ, PAPPAS and TAYLOR, Bankruptcy Judges.
23   Memorandum by Judge Kurtz
     Concurrence by Judge Taylor
24
25
26        *
           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                        1
 1                              INTRODUCTION
 2        Richard and Judith Segal commenced contempt proceedings
 3   against Stephen Faden for violation of the discharge injunction.
 4   The bankruptcy court awarded $7,616 in sanctions against Faden
 5   based on the Segals’ attorney’s fees, but the court denied Judith
 6   Segal’s request for emotional distress damages because it found
 7   that she did not suffer emotional distress as a result of Faden’s
 8   violation of the discharge injunction.
 9        Faden appealed the bankruptcy court’s contempt ruling.
10   Faden challenges both the finding of contempt and the amount of
11   the sanctions award.   The Segals filed a cross-appeal focusing on
12   the court’s denial of emotional distress damages.
13        We agree with the bankruptcy court’s careful determination
14   that Faden violated the discharge injunction.   Additionally, the
15   court’s emotional distress findings are not clearly erroneous.
16   However, with respect to the amount of sanctions awarded, we need
17   additional findings.   While the answers to our questions might
18   seem obvious to the bankruptcy court in light of its familiarity
19   with the parties and the proceedings, the existing findings and
20   record leave us uncertain as to the precise basis for the court’s
21   sanctions award.
22        Consequently, we AFFIRM in part and VACATE AND REMAND in
23   part, so the bankruptcy court can make further findings
24   concerning its sanctions award.
25                                  FACTS
26        In 2007, Faden filed a lawsuit in the Los Angeles County
27
28

                                       2
 1   Superior Court against Segal, Segal’s wife Judith,1 and several
 2   businesses owned or controlled by Segal.    In that lawsuit, Faden
 3   sought relief from the defendants’ default on a promissory note.
 4   All of the defendants stipulated to entry of judgment against
 5   them, jointly and severally, in the amount of $346,997.08.    A
 6   stipulated judgment was entered for that amount in December 2007.
 7        A few months later, in February 2008, Faden and others filed
 8   an involuntary chapter 72 bankruptcy petition against both Segal
 9   and Judith.    In March 2008, the petitioning creditors filed an
10   “amended” involuntary petition purporting to dismiss the petition
11   as against Judith only.3   Over a year later and after a highly-
12   contentious litigation process involving numerous filings and
13   hearings, the bankruptcy court entered an order for relief
14   against Segal only on March 26, 2009.
15        During the course of the bankruptcy case, Faden purported to
16   sell the Faden judgment to a third party by the name of David
17   Silberstein.   Silberstein used the Faden judgment as the alleged
18   basis for an exception to discharge claim against Segal under
19   § 523(a)(2)(A).   Ultimately, the bankruptcy court dismissed with
20   prejudice Silberstein’s nondischargeability adversary proceeding.
21
22        1
           We refer to Segal’s wife Judith by her first name for
23   clarity. No disrespect is intended.
24        2
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
25   all "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
26   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
          3
27         The petitioning creditors’ actions against Judith
     ultimately led to a damages award in her favor pursuant to
28   § 303(i).

                                       3
 1        Meanwhile, in 2012, the bankruptcy court granted Segal a
 2   discharge in his bankruptcy case.    The bankruptcy court entered a
 3   standard form chapter 7 discharge order granting Segal a
 4   discharge pursuant to § 727.   The bankruptcy court’s docket
 5   reflects that a copy of the discharge order was mailed to Faden.
 6   The form order was substantially the same as Official Form 18
 7   and, on the reverse side, described in lay terms the effect of
 8   the discharge as follows:
 9             The discharge prohibits any attempt to collect
          from the debtor a debt that has been discharged. For
10        example, a creditor is not permitted to contact a
          debtor by mail, phone, or otherwise, to file or
11        continue a lawsuit, to attach wages or other property,
          or to take any other action to collect a discharged
12        debt from the debtor. [In a case involving community
          property: There are also special rules that protect
13        certain community property owned by the debtor's
          spouse, even if that spouse did not file a bankruptcy
14        case.] A creditor who violates this order can be
          required to pay damages and attorney's fees to the
15        debtor.
16   Reverse Side of Discharge Order (March 9, 2012) (emphasis added).
17        The reverse side of the discharge order further explained
18   that “[m]ost, but not all, types of debts are discharged if the
19   debt existed on the date the bankruptcy case was filed.”    Id.
20   The reverse side also provided a list of common types of debt
21   excepted from the discharge.   The concluding paragraph on the
22   reverse side cautioned that its explanation of the effect of the
23   discharge was a general summary of the law and encouraged
24   interested parties to consult an attorney if they needed to
25   ascertain the precise effect of the discharge to their specific
26   situation.
27        Notwithstanding the entry of the discharge order, in October
28   2013, Faden took legal action against the Segals.   In a state

                                      4
 1   court lawsuit commenced by RJS Realty LTD and Greenstone LLC (two
 2   of Segal’s affiliated business entities), Faden filed a cross-
 3   complaint against the Segals and others based on the Faden
 4   judgment and other prepetition claims.4
 5        Within a couple of weeks, Segal (a licensed attorney)
 6   reopened his bankruptcy case and filed a motion on behalf of
 7   himself and Judith seeking an order to show cause why Faden
 8   should not be held in contempt for violation of the discharge
 9   injunction.   In the motion, the Segals asserted that Faden
10   violated the discharge injunction as to both of them by filing
11   the cross-complaint.   They further asserted that they were
12   entitled to compensatory damages in the form of the attorney’s
13   fees Segal would incur in representing them, damages resulting
14   from the emotional distress that Judith had suffered as a result
15   of the filing of the cross-complaint, and punitive damages.
16        In response, Faden filed a preliminary opposition to the
17   Segals’ motion arguing that an order to show cause should not
18   issue.    Faden denied that he had knowingly violated the discharge
19   injunction and also argued that his actions were justified by
20   Segal's alleged misconduct in the state court litigation and in
21   the transactions leading up to the state court litigation.    In
22   addition, Faden asserted that his actions were beyond the scope
23   of the discharge injunction afforded to Judith as a non-debtor
24   spouse.
25        After the bankruptcy court entered the order to show cause,
26
          4
27         Faden contended that the sale of the Faden judgment to
     Silberstein was invalid and that he thus retained ownership of
28   and the right to enforce that judgment.

                                       5
 1   both sides filed additional papers in support of their positions.
 2   Upon reviewing the additional filings, the court issued a notice
 3   in January 2014 identifying certain facts as undisputed and other
 4   facts as disputed and setting an evidentiary hearing.
 5        The court identified as undisputed Faden’s active
 6   participation in Segal’s bankruptcy case as a petitioning
 7   creditor, his assignment or sale of the Faden judgment to
 8   Silberstein, and Silberstein’s unsuccessful attempt to except the
 9   Faden judgment from discharge.   The court further noted that the
10   discharge order in Segal’s bankruptcy case was mailed to Faden
11   and that the discharge protected both Segal and Judith.   With
12   respect to Judith, the court stated that the Faden judgment was a
13   community claim and that, unless Judith had separate property,
14   any action against her would constitute a discharge injunction
15   violation.   Finally, the court stated that Faden filed the cross-
16   complaint in part based on the Faden judgment and that Faden
17   still had not dismissed the cross-complaint as against the
18   Segals.
19        The court identified the following factual issues to be
20   resolved at the evidentiary hearing:
21        1. [Whether], despite the notice of discharge from the
          bankruptcy court, Faden had no knowledge of the
22        discharge prior to this OSC.
23        2. [Whether] Judith Segal has separate property which
          would be subject to the Faden Judgment.
24
          3. [Whether] any of the documents attached to any of
25        the pleadings filed by debtor or Faden in support of or
          opposition to this OSC lack authenticity or would be
26        otherwise inadmissible.
27        4. [Whether] debtor incurred recoverable damages as a
          result of the discharge violation and the amount of
28        those damages.

                                      6
 1   Notice of Issues for Evidentiary Hearing on OSC (Jan. 22, 2014)
 2   at 2:21-3:2.
 3        In the final sentence of the evidentiary hearing notice, the
 4   court directed that Faden would be the first to present evidence
 5   at the hearing because Segal already had presented a prima facie
 6   case in support of his contempt motion.
 7        The bankruptcy court held the hearing on the contempt motion
 8   on February 7, 2014.   Through most of the contempt proceedings,
 9   the Segals represented themselves, but the Segals retained
10   counsel by the name of Craig Smith to represent them at the
11   evidentiary hearing.   Faden was represented by counsel as well,
12   but Faden did not appear for examination at the hearing, nor did
13   his counsel request a continuance so that Faden could appear and
14   testify.   The court expressed surprise at Faden’s failure to
15   appear given that the contempt proceedings were brought against
16   Faden and some of the factual issues concerned Faden’s state of
17   mind, particularly his knowledge of the discharge injunction.
18        Faden’s counsel’s presentation was limited to argument and
19   the declarations and exhibits that Faden had presented to the
20   court before the evidentiary hearing.   One of Faden’s key points
21   was that Faden never served a summons or the cross-complaint on
22   either of the Segals in their personal capacity.   Faden
23   acknowledged that he served Segal in his capacity as counsel for
24   RJS Realty Ltd, but he pointed out that the only act he arguably
25   took in violation of the discharge injunction was the filing of
26   the cross-complaint naming both of the Segals as defendants.
27        Faden also pointed out that, several days before the
28   evidentiary hearing, he filed in the state court a request for

                                      7
 1   dismissal of the Segals from the cross-complaint and that he
 2   notified the Segals of the filing of this request.
 3        Faden’s counsel also attempted to frame other arguments at
 4   the hearing, including arguments regarding Faden’s knowledge of
 5   the discharge injunction.   The court advised Faden’s counsel
 6   that, without Faden’s live testimony, these other arguments were
 7   virtually worthless.
 8        The Segals then presented their testimony, and Faden’s
 9   counsel cross-examined them both.      Their testimony principally
10   focused on damages they allegedly suffered as a result of Faden’s
11   filing of the cross-complaint.   Their evidence regarding Judith’s
12   emotional distress was limited to their testimony.
13        The court accepted into evidence all of the exhibits offered
14   by the parties.   Among those exhibits were invoices for legal
15   services rendered in the contempt proceedings by Segal and Smith.
16   Smith’s invoice covered services rendered beginning on
17   February 3, 2014, and ending on February 7, 2014, and was first
18   presented to the court and Faden’s counsel at the time of the
19   hearing.   After the close of evidence, the bankruptcy court set a
20   schedule for post-hearing briefs and concluded the hearing.
21        Faden’s trial summation and closing brief principally
22   challenged the Segals’ $20,000 claim for attorney’s fees Segal
23   incurred in representing the Segals.      Faden argued that
24   attorney’s fees for in pro per representation are not recoverable
25   as compensatory damages in a contempt proceeding, and the Segals
26   ultimately conceded this issue and withdrew the damages claim
27   based on Segal’s legal services.
28        Faden also challenged the $7,616 in attorney’s fees incurred

                                        8
 1   by Smith in representing the Segals in the contempt proceedings.
 2   Faden argued that Smith’s fees were completely unnecessary and
 3   unreasonable because Faden already had requested dismissal of the
 4   cross-complaint as against the Segals at the time Smith began
 5   representing the Segals.   Faden further argued that Smith’s
 6   services were partly duplicative of the legal services provided
 7   by Segal.   Finally, Faden specifically claimed as excessive and
 8   unreasonable the 6.6 hours Smith billed as time spent preparing
 9   for the evidentiary hearing and the seven hours Smith billed as
10   time spent attending the hearing and in transit to and from the
11   hearing.
12        The Segals filed a one-sentence post-hearing brief, in which
13   they withdrew their damage claim based on Segal’s $20,000 in
14   legal services.
15        After the parties filed their post-hearing briefs, the
16   bankruptcy court issued a memorandum decision.       In it, the court
17   first noted that it already had accepted into evidence, without
18   objection, all of the declarations and exhibits presented by the
19   parties at and before the hearing.       The court also reiterated the
20   undisputed facts and factual issues recited in its January 2014
21   evidentiary hearing notice.
22        The court supplemented the undisputed facts with findings
23   based on the evidence presented.       In relevant part, the court
24   found that Faden violated the discharge injunction by filing the
25   cross-complaint against the Segals, but the court also noted that
26   neither a summons nor the cross-complaint had been served on the
27   Segals in their personal capacities.       The court further found
28   that Faden knew of the discharge injunction and its effect on the

                                        9
 1   Faden judgment when he filed the cross-complaint.    The court
 2   emphasized that Faden’s denial of this knowledge was not
 3   credible.5
 4        With respect to damages, the court noted that the only types
 5   of compensatory damages the Segals claimed were for emotional
 6   distress and for attorney’s fees.    The court ruled that the
 7   Segals’ evidence of the emotional distress Judith allegedly
 8   suffered was subject to a fatal deficiency:
 9        To award emotional distress damages, the Court must
          find causation between the offending act of Faden -
10        filing the cross complaint - and the distress caused to
          Judith. The evidence fails to show that causal
11        connection: The cross complaint was not served upon
          Judith. She only learned about it when Segal showed
12        her a copy which was served on him by mail as attorney
          for RJS Realty. Faden did not directly cause her
13        distress. The Court cannot award emotional distress
          damages based on the undisputed evidence.
14
15   Mem. Dec. (March 27, 2014) at 9:17-22.
16        As for attorney’s fees, the court rejected Faden’s
17   contention that the Segals could not recover any of Smith’s
18   attorney’s fees because they all were incurred after Faden had
19   advised the Segals that he had filed a request to dismiss them
20   from the cross-complaint.   Instead, the court noted that it had
21
          5
           The bankruptcy court also rejected Faden’s argument that
22
     Judith was not protected by the discharge in Segal’s bankruptcy
23   case. In so ruling, the court focused on the lack of evidence
     that Judith had separate property; it thus concluded that the
24   litigation necessarily involved an act against her community
     property and a violation of the non-debtor spouse discharge
25   injunction. We question this determination as the non-filing
26   spouse discharge injunction protects against collection activity
     as opposed to liquidation of a debt that may be collectible from
27   non-community assets at any future point in time. Faden,
     however, failed to raise this point on appeal, so we do not
28   address it further.

                                     10
 1   discretion to award Smith’s fees “as § 105 damages” based on
 2   Faden’s willful violation of the discharge injunction.    The court
 3   then stated:   “On the facts of this case, the court will award
 4   those damages as a sanction for Faden's calous [sic] disregard of
 5   the protection the Segals received when Segal's bankruptcy case
 6   was discharged.”   Id. at 10:10-12.
 7        After two paragraphs identifying Faden’s conduct supporting
 8   the sanctions award, the court summed up by stating: “This
 9   egregious and blatant behavior warrants a sanction from this
10   Court.   Unable to award any compensatory damages to Segal and
11   Judith, the Court's decision to award those attorney's fees as a
12   sanction is well-founded.”    Id. at 10:24-26 (emphasis added).
13        On March 28, 2014, the court entered its order awarding
14   $7,616 in contempt sanctions against Faden.    The Segals then
15   filed a reconsideration motion seeking to reargue the emotional
16   distress issue, which motion the court denied.    Faden timely
17   appealed the bankruptcy court’s sanctions order, and the Segals
18   cross-appealed.
19                                JURISDICTION
20        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
21   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(O).    We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
22   § 158.
23                                   ISSUES
24   1.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it held
25        Faden in contempt of court and awarded sanctions against him
26        in the amount of $7,616 based on the fees Smith incurred in
27        representing the Segals in the contempt proceedings?
28   2.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion when it denied

                                       11
 1        the Segals’ claim for emotional distress damages?
 2                             STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 3        The bankruptcy court's decision to impose contempt sanctions
 4   for violation of the discharge injunction is reviewed for an
 5   abuse of discretion.    Nash v. Clark Cnty. Dist. Atty's. Office
 6   (In re Nash), 464 B.R. 874, 878 (9th Cir. BAP 2012).
 7        The bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if its decision
 8   was based on an incorrect legal rule or its factual findings were
 9   illogical, implausible, or without support in the record.       Id.
10   (citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th
11   Cir.2009) (en banc)).
12        The bankruptcy court’s findings of fact are not clearly
13   erroneous unless they are “illogical, implausible, or without
14   support in the record.”    Retz   v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d
15   1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010).
16                                 DISCUSSION
17        A discharge in a bankruptcy case “operates as an injunction
18   against the commencement or continuation of an action, the
19   employment of process, or an act, to collect, recover or offset
20   any [prepetition] debt as a personal liability of the debtor
21   . . . .”   § 524(a)(2).   The discharge also protects all community
22   property of the debtor and the debtor’s spouse acquired after the
23   commencement of the case.    § 524(a)(3); see also Rooz v. Kimmel
24   (In re Kimmel), 378 B.R. 630, 635-36 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).
25        When creditors willfully violate the discharge injunction,
26   they may be held in contempt.     See ZiLOG, Inc. v. Corning
27   (In re ZiLOG, Inc.), 450 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th Cir. 2006).       For
28   purposes of finding creditors in contempt, the creditors act

                                       12
 1   willfully if they: “(1) knew the discharge injunction was
 2   applicable and (2) intended the actions which violated the
 3   injunction.”   Id.   This is so even if the creditors did not
 4   specifically intend to violate the discharge injunction.    See
 5   Knupfer v. Lindblade (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1191 (9th Cir.
 6   2003).
 7        Faden does not dispute on appeal that, under § 524(a)(2) and
 8   (3), he was enjoined from commencing or pursuing legal actions
 9   against both Segal and Judith based on his prepetition claim
10   associated with the Faden judgment.    Accordingly, we need not
11   address the scope of the injunction under § 524(a)(3) as it
12   applied to Judith’s community property interests.    See id. at
13   1182 (stating that appellate court does not need to consider
14   issue not raised on appeal).6
15        However, Faden does challenge on appeal the bankruptcy
16   court’s determination that his filing of the cross-complaint
17   naming the Segals as cross-defendants constituted a violation of
18   the discharge injunction sufficient to justify a contempt
19   sanctions award.     According to Faden, because he never served the
20   cross-complaint on the Segals, and because the state court never
21   acquired personal jurisdiction over the Segals, his action of
22   filing the cross-complaint was at most a mere “technical”
23   violation of the discharge injunction, which did not justify the
24   imposition of any sanctions award.
25        We disagree.    We have not found any law prohibiting or
26
          6
27         We also need not address this issue because Faden’s
     violation of § 524(a)(2) was sufficient to support the court’s
28   contempt finding.

                                       13
 1   limiting the remedies a court may impose on account of a so-
 2   called technical violation of the discharge injunction, and Faden
 3   has not cited any.   Nor can we narrowly read § 524(a)(2) in the
 4   way Faden urges – to permit the filing of his cross-complaint
 5   against Segal – without departing from the plain meaning of the
 6   statute’s clear language.
 7        Moreover, the bankruptcy court considered the nature and
 8   impact of Faden’s violative conduct before it determined the
 9   extent to which sanctions should be imposed against Faden.   Thus,
10   the bankruptcy court’s ruling already accounted for the limited
11   nature of Faden’s discharge injunction violation.
12        Faden alternately argues on appeal that the bankruptcy court
13   did not find, as required, that he “actually knew” of the
14   discharge injunction.   In essence, Faden contends that the court
15   only found that he had constructive or imputed knowledge of the
16   discharge injunction.   Because the court based its knowledge
17   finding in part on circumstantial evidence and in part on the
18   application of the “mailbox rule,”   Faden reasons that the court
19   could not have correctly found that he actually knew about the
20   discharge in Segal’s bankruptcy case.
21        Before imposing contempt sanctions for violation of the
22   discharge injunction, the bankruptcy court needed to find, among
23   other things, that Faden actually knew of the discharge
24   injunction.   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007.   Faden’s actual
25   knowledge of the discharge injunction was a question of fact, id.
26   at 1007-08, and the bankruptcy court here unequivocally found
27   that Faden actually knew of the discharge injunction.   In
28   relevant part, the bankruptcy court explicitly found that Faden’s

                                     14
 1   “ignorance of the discharge is feigned” and that Faden’s
 2   declaration testimony that he did not know of the bankruptcy
 3   discharge was “not credible.”      Bk Ct. Mem. Dec. (March 28, 2014)
 4   at 6:2-8.    Furthermore, the court explicitly found “based on
 5   circumstantial evidence that Faden knew of the discharge and the
 6   imposition of an injunction against collection of a discharged
 7   debt.”    Id. at 7:22-23.
 8        Faden’s argument attacking the bankruptcy court’s knowledge
 9   finding lacks merit.    It is common for the trier of fact to rely
10   on circumstantial evidence to resolve factual issues bearing on a
11   party’s state of mind.      See, e.g., In re Zilog, Inc.,
12   450 F.3d at 1008; United States v. Sullivan, 522 F.3d 967, 974
13   (9th Cir. 2008).    Indeed, absent an admission, circumstantial
14   evidence typically is the only means by which a party may prove
15   another party’s state of mind.
16        As for the bankruptcy court’s invocation of the mailbox
17   rule, we perceive no error.      The mailbox rule creates a
18   rebuttable presumption that documents duly served by mail have
19   been received by the addressee at the address stated in the proof
20   of service.    See Schikore v. BankAmerica Supp. Ret. Plan,
21   269 F.3d 956, 961 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Hagner v. United
22   States, 285 U.S. 427, 430 (1932)).      To overcome the mailbox rule
23   presumption, the party served ordinarily must present something
24   more than a bald denial of receipt.      See Berry v. U.S. Trustee
25   (In re Sustaita), 438 B.R. 198, 209 (9th Cir. BAP 2010), aff'd,
26   460 Fed.Appx. 627 (9th Cir. 2011).
27        Here, the bankruptcy court correctly invoked the mailbox
28   rule.    Based on the court’s records regarding the mailing of the

                                        15
 1   discharge order, the court presumed that Faden received written
 2   notice of the discharge, and Faden did nothing to counter that
 3   presumption except to deny receipt of that notice.
 4        In any event, the court’s finding regarding Faden’s actual
 5   knowledge was not based solely on the mailbox rule, but rather on
 6   the entirety of the circumstances.     In making its knowledge
 7   finding, the court noted the critical and active role Faden
 8   played as a petitioning creditor in Segal’s bankruptcy case, and
 9   the fact that Faden as a petitioning creditor had been included
10   in the court’s mailing matrix from and after the commencement of
11   the case in 2008.   The court further inferred that Faden
12   understood the effect the discharge would have on his right to
13   enforce the Faden judgment, as he conveyed the Faden judgment to
14   Silberstein so that Silberstein could bring an adversary
15   proceeding attempting to except the Faden judgment from Segal’s
16   discharge.   That adversary proceeding was unsuccessful.    On these
17   facts, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court’s finding
18   regarding Faden’s actual knowledge of the discharge injunction
19   was illogical, implausible or without support in the record.
20   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196.
21        Even if we were to discern some error in the bankruptcy
22   court’s actual knowledge finding (which we do not), Faden has
23   admitted that he received Segal’s order to show cause motion.    As
24   a result, Faden indisputably knew of the discharge injunction on
25   and after his receipt of this motion, and he had an ongoing and
26   affirmative duty after that point to unwind the effects of his
27   discharge injunction violation.    See In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at
28   1192.

                                       16
 1        In spite of this duty, instead of taking immediate action to
 2   remedy his violative conduct, Faden responded to Segal’s order to
 3   show cause motion by denying that he had knowingly violated the
 4   discharge injunction and also by arguing that his actions were
 5   justified by Segal’s alleged misconduct in the state court
 6   litigation and in the transactions leading up to the state court
 7   litigation.   In fact, it took Faden nearly three months to take
 8   the simple step of dismissing the cross-complaint as against the
 9   Segals, and he finally did so only a few days before the
10   evidentiary hearing on the contempt motion.    Faden’s knowledge of
11   the discharge injunction on and after his admitted receipt of
12   Segal’s order to show cause motion and Faden’s failure to
13   expeditiously dismiss out the Segals from his cross-complaint
14   dispels any doubt regarding Faden having the requisite knowledge
15   for the bankruptcy court to hold him in contempt for violation of
16   the discharge injunction.   See Id.
17        A bankruptcy court may award sanctions for a violation of
18   the discharge injunction under the court's contempt power.
19   In re ZiLOG, Inc., 450 F.3d at 1007 (citing § 105).    Civil
20   contempt sanctions may be either compensatory or coercive in
21   nature.   In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1192.   The sanctions are
22   compensatory only if they reimburse the injured party for losses
23   suffered as a result of the sanctionable conduct.    Gen. Signal
24   Corp. v. Donallco, Inc., 787 F.2d 1376, 1380 (9th Cir. 1986)
25   (citing Shuffler v. Heritage Bank, 720 F.2d 1141, 1148 (9th Cir.
26   1983)).   If the sanctions are not compensatory and instead are
27   aimed at deterring future or continued contumacy, they may be
28   coercive in nature, In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1192, but such

                                     17
 1   coercive civil contempt sanctions must afford the contemnor some
 2   opportunity to reduce or avoid the sanction.     Id.   If there is no
 3   such opportunity, a flat, unconditional, noncompensatory fine for
 4   willfully violating a court order is considered to be a punitive
 5   or criminal contempt sanction.   Id.
 6        Bankruptcy courts are not authorized to award “serious”
 7   criminal contempt sanctions, but “relatively mild” non-
 8   compensatory fines may be permissible under some circumstances,
 9   especially when there is no other practicable means of addressing
10   the contumacious conduct.   Id. at 1193 & n.16.    Under no
11   circumstances should the relatively mild non-compensatory fine
12   exceed several thousand dollars.      Id.
13        The bankruptcy court imposed against Faden a sanctions award
14   of $7,616, payable to the Segals.      The court made it clear that
15   the amount of the sanctions award was based on the attorney’s
16   fees Smith billed for the services he performed in relation to
17   the contempt proceedings, beginning on February 3, 2014, and
18   ending on February 7, 2014.   On appeal, Faden argues that the
19   amount of the award was an abuse of discretion under three
20   distinct theories: (1) the fees billed were “completely
21   unnecessary and unreasonable” because they were needlessly
22   incurred after the Segals and Smith had been notified that Faden
23   had remedied his discharge injunction violation by requesting
24   dismissal of the cross-complaint as against the Segals;
25   (2) Smith’s fees were duplicative of the fees claimed by Segal in
26   the contempt proceedings; and (3) the court did not make any
27   evaluation or findings regarding the reasonableness of the fees
28   Smith claimed.   We will address each of these theories in turn.

                                      18
 1        We reject Faden’s theory that the Segals’ entitlement to
 2   recover fees ceased upon Faden dismissing the Segals from the
 3   cross-complaint.   Faden cited no legal authority to support this
 4   theory.   Moreover, we agree with the bankruptcy court’s well-
 5   reasoned analysis of this issue.     Citing Sternberg v. Johnston,
 6   595 F.3d 937, 945-48 (9th Cir. 2010), the bankruptcy court
 7   acknowledged that, in an adversary proceeding brought pursuant to
 8   § 362(k), the debtor cannot claim as an element of damages fees
 9   incurred after the stay or discharge injunction violation has
10   been undone.   On the other hand, the bankruptcy court pointed out
11   that its contempt powers are not so limited.    See Rediger Inves.
12   Servs. v. H Granados Commc'ns, Inc. (In re H Granados Commc'ns,
13   Inc.), 503 B.R. 726, 734–35 (9th Cir. BAP 2013).
14        In re H Granados Commc'ns, Inc. stands for the proposition
15   that a bankruptcy court may include in its compensatory civil
16   contempt award reasonable attorney’s fees incurred during the
17   entirety of the contempt proceedings – even those incurred after
18   the violative conduct has been set aside.    In this respect,
19   In re H Granados Commc'ns, Inc. is consistent with the Ninth
20   Circuit’s broad general statements regarding the injured party’s
21   entitlement to recover attorney’s fees as an element of
22   compensatory civil contempt sanctions.    See, e.g., In re Dyer,
23   322 F.3d at 1195 ("attorneys fees are an appropriate component of
24   a civil contempt award"); Perry v. O'Donnell, 759 F.2d 702, 705
25   (9th Cir. 1985) ("an award of fees and expenses is appropriate as
26   a remedial measure").   Simply put, neither Dyer nor Perry nor any
27   other Ninth Circuit decision we know of has refused to award fees
28   as part of a compensatory civil contempt sanctions award because

                                     19
 1   those fees were incurred in the contempt proceedings after the
 2   violative conduct had been remediated.
 3        As for Faden’s theory that Smith’s fees were duplicative of
 4   those incurred by Segal while Segal was representing himself in
 5   the contempt proceedings, we can quickly dispose of this theory.
 6   It makes no sense for Faden to complain of this duplication of
 7   effort when none of Segal’s attorney’s fees incurred in
 8   representing himself were awarded against Faden.    Put another
 9   way, Faden lacks standing on appeal to complain regarding any
10   duplication of effort between Segal and Smith because any such
11   duplication of effort did not adversely affect him pecuniarily.
12   See generally Fondiller v. Robertson (In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d
13   441, 442 (9th Cir. 1983) (“Only those persons who are directly
14   and adversely affected pecuniarily by an order of the bankruptcy
15   court have been held to have standing to appeal that order.”).
16        Faden’s third theory, that the bankruptcy court did not
17   evaluate the reasonableness of Smith’s fees, requires greater
18   thought.   Generally speaking, a compensatory civil contempt fee
19   award should be supported by a reasonableness finding.    Perry,
20   759 F.2d at 706.    Furthermore, in assessing the reasonableness of
21   such fees, a court typically must consider factors like those
22   articulated in Kerr v. Screen Extras Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70
23   (9th Cir. 1975).7   See Perry, 759 F.2d at 706.   While some Ninth
24
25        7
           Kerr listed the following factors to be considered: (1) the
26   time and labor required, (2) the novelty and difficulty of the
     questions involved, (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal
27   service properly, (4) the preclusion of other employment by the
     attorney due to acceptance of the case, (5) the customary fee,
28                                                      (continued...)

                                      20
 1   Circuit decisions subsequent to Kerr have indicated that slavish
 2   adherence to a rigid and formulaic recitation of the Kerr factors
 3   is not a prerequisite to a fee award, Brown v. Baden
 4   (In re Yagman), 796 F.2d 1165, 1184 (9th Cir. 1986), amended by
 5   803 F.2d 1085 (1986), “the court must make some evaluation of the
 6   fee breakdown submitted by counsel.”   Id.
 7        The contemnor may forfeit the reasonableness issue if he or
 8   she does not raise it in the trial court, Perry, 759 F.2d at 706,
 9   but Faden here sufficiently raised the reasonableness issue to
10   preserve it for appeal.   More specifically, Faden argued the
11   reasonableness of Smith’s fees in the post-trial brief the
12   bankruptcy court authorized Faden to file.   Even though most of
13   Faden’s reasonableness argument in his post-trial brief was
14   dedicated to his first two theories, discussed above, that we
15   already have rejected, Faden also contended that some of Smith’s
16   specific time entries were excessive under the circumstances.
17        We consider Faden’s raising of the reasonableness issue in
18
          7
19         (...continued)
     (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent, (7) time limitations
20   imposed by the client or the circumstances, (8) the amount
     involved and the results obtained, (9) the experience,
21   reputation, and ability of the attorneys, (10) the
     ‘undesirability’ of the case, (11) the nature and length of the
22
     professional relationship with the client, and (12) awards in
23   similar cases. Id. at 70.

24        The Supreme Court has explicitly rejected consideration of
     at least one of these factors – the factor regarding whether the
25   fee is fixed or contingent. See City of Burlington v. Dague,
26   505 U.S. 557, 567 (1992). Additionally, a number of courts have
     indicated that the lodestar method of evaluating fees has
27   replaced and/or subsumed most of the Kerr factors. See, e.g.,
     Gonzalez v. City of Maywood, 729 F.3d 1196, 1204 n.3 (9th Cir.
28   2013).

                                     21
 1   his post-trial brief timely because the record indicates that
 2   Smith’s invoice was not made available to Faden for review until
 3   the day of the evidentiary hearing.    On this record, we hold that
 4   Faden sufficiently preserved the reasonableness issue for
 5   appellate review.
 6        Even though the bankruptcy court did not explicitly address
 7   the reasonableness issue, we arguably could conclude that the
 8   court implicitly found Smith’s fees to be reasonable.    Both the
 9   relatively small amount of fees involved ($7,616) and the limited
10   effort Faden devoted to addressing the reasonableness issue could
11   support a conclusion that the court found it unnecessary to make
12   an explicit reasonableness finding.    Indeed, Faden concedes in
13   his appeal brief that an explicit reasonableness finding is not
14   always required.    See Aplt. Opn. Br. at p. 13 (citing Lloyd v.
15   Schlag, 884 F.2d 409, 413 (9th Cir. 1989)).
16        Moreover, bankruptcy courts have extensive experience in
17   approving the reasonableness of fees in conjunction with
18   professional fee applications filed under § 330, as well as in
19   adversary proceedings in which fee shifting statutes and
20   contractual attorney’s fee provisions often come into play.
21   These fee issues, some of them involving hundreds of thousands of
22   dollars in requested fees, are routinely scrutinized by the
23   bankruptcy court under the “loadstar approach,” which subsumes
24   many of the Kerr factors.    See Gonzalez, 729 F.3d at 1204 n.3.
25   Under these circumstances, we might assume that, at a glance, the
26   bankruptcy court here was able to implicitly find that the $7,616
27   in fees claimed by Smith were reasonable.
28        Nonetheless, there are at least a couple aspects of the

                                      22
 1   bankruptcy court’s fees ruling that prevent us from affirming
 2   that ruling based on the notion that the bankruptcy court
 3   implicitly found Smith’s fees to be reasonable.    One aspect that
 4   concerns us is the need for the bankruptcy court to parse Smith’s
 5   fees to identify those that flowed from Faden’s violation of the
 6   discharge injunction and those that did not.    As explained in
 7   In re Dyer, only those fees flowing from the contumacious conduct
 8   can be awarded as part of a compensatory civil contempt sanctions
 9   award.   Id. at 1195.   In fact, In re Dyer ruled that a remand was
10   necessary so that the bankruptcy court could make precisely that
11   type of determination.   Id.
12        Here, as we discuss below, the bankruptcy court found that
13   the Segals failed to prove that they suffered any emotional
14   distress as a result of Faden’s contumacious conduct.    Yet the
15   record reflects that a significant portion of Smith’s fees were
16   incurred attempting to elicit from the Segals testimony regarding
17   Judith’s emotional distress.   If the emotional distress did not
18   flow from Faden’s discharge injunction violation, how is it that
19   the bankruptcy court could find that Smith’s services aimed at
20   presenting emotional distress evidence flowed from Faden’s
21   discharge injunction violation?    Without a finding of a causal
22   link between the fees incurred and the contumacious conduct, the
23   fees are not properly part of a compensatory civil contempt
24   sanctions award.   In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1195.
25        The other aspect of the fees ruling that concerns us
26   pertains to some of the statements the bankruptcy court made in
27   the process of imposing the $7,616 in sanctions.    Among other
28   things, the court stated: “On the facts of this case, the court

                                       23
 1   will award those damages [Smith’s fees] as a sanction for Faden's
 2   calous [sic] disregard of the protection the Segals received when
 3   Segal's bankruptcy case was discharged.”   Mem. Dec. (March 28,
 4   2014) at 10:10-12.   The court further stated: “This egregious and
 5   blatant behavior warrants a sanction from this Court.   Unable to
 6   award any compensatory damages to Segal and Judith, the Court's
 7   decision to award those attorney's fees as a sanction is
 8   well-founded.”   Mem. Dec. (March 28, 2014) at 10:24-26 (emphasis
 9   added).
10        These statements, especially the latter one, perhaps suggest
11   that the bankruptcy court intended its fee award to constitute a
12   flat, unconditional, noncompensatory fine on account of Faden’s
13   contumacious conduct.   However, if the court intended the $7,616
14   in sanctions to be a relatively minor punitive sanction, we have
15   a different set of concerns.   For instance, whether or not a
16   punitive sanction should be considered serious depends in part on
17   the financial condition of the sanctioned party.   See F.J.
18   Hanshaw Enters., Inc. v. Emerald River Dev., Inc., 244 F.3d 1128,
19   1140 n.10 (9th Cir. 2001).   In other words, the seriousness of
20   the sanction award depends in part on whether the sanctioned
21   party is a multinational corporation, an impoverished debtor or
22   something in between.   Here, the bankruptcy court made no finding
23   regarding Faden’s financial condition.   The absence of a finding
24   on the seriousness of the sanction or on Faden’s financial
25   condition makes us hesitant to conclude that the bankruptcy court
26   intended to impose a noncompensatory fine.
27        Furthermore, the court’s findings were not 100% clear on the
28   mental state accompanying Faden’s violation of the discharge

                                     24
 1   injunction.   Even though a finding that the contemnor
 2   intentionally violated the court’s order is not necessary to
 3   support a civil contempt sanctions award, In re Dyer, 322 F.3d at
 4   1191, a punitive or criminal contempt sanctions award – even a
 5   minor one – should be supported by a finding that the contemnor
 6   violated the court’s order intentionally or in bad faith.      See
 7   Perry, 759 F.2d at 705; see also Zambrano v. City of Tustin,
 8   885 F.2d 1473, 1482 (9th Cir. 1989).   Here, the bankruptcy court
 9   referred to Faden’s violation of the discharge injunction as
10   “willful,” “egregious,” “blatant” and in “calous [sic] disregard”
11   of the discharge order, but the bankruptcy court did not find
12   that the discharge injunction violation was either intentional or
13   in bad faith.
14        There are a handful of other questions that a bankruptcy
15   court ordinarily should answer before imposing a noncompensatory
16   fine as a remedy for violation of the court’s order.     See
17   Zambrano, 885 F.2d at 1480.   These factors include: (1) whether
18   the fine is consistent with applicable statutes and rules;
19   (2) whether the fine is necessary to support the proper
20   functioning of the court; (3) whether the fine is proportionate
21   to the offense; and (4) whether the fine is consistent with the
22   interests of justice.   Id.; accord, In re 1601 W. Sunnyside Dr.
23   #106, LLC, 2010 WL 5481080, at *6-7 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010).      We
24   are not saying that explicit findings on these questions are
25   necessary every time the bankruptcy court imposes a non-
26   compensatory fine, but we are saying that the absence here of
27   explicit findings addressing these issues further calls into
28   question whether the bankruptcy court intended to impose a minor

                                     25
 1   punitive sanction or a compensatory civil contempt sanction.
 2        In sum, we cannot tell from the bankruptcy court’s
 3   memorandum decision or the entirety of the record whether the
 4   bankruptcy court intended the $7,616 in sanctions to be a
 5   compensatory civil contempt sanctions award or a minor punitive
 6   contempt sanctions award.   Either way, there are a number factors
 7   that ordinarily must be considered.   Because there is
 8   insufficient indication in the court’s memorandum decision that
 9   it implicitly addressed these factors, we cannot uphold the
10   $7,616 in sanctions as either a compensatory civil contempt
11   sanctions award or as a minor punitive contempt sanctions award.
12        The bankruptcy court needs to make sufficient findings to
13   support its ruling, and when there are insufficient findings, we
14   must vacate and remand for further findings.   Veal v. Am. Home
15   Mortg. Servicing, Inc. (In re Veal), 450 B.R. 897, 919-20 (9th
16   Cir. BAP 2011).   On remand, the bankruptcy court will be free to
17   re-open the record to address the issues we have referenced in
18   this decision, or the bankruptcy court may address them without
19   reopening the record.   The bankruptcy court also may choose to
20   adjust its sanctions award either upwards or downwards depending
21   on what its findings support.
22        The only remaining issue that we must address is the sole
23   issue raised in the Segals’ cross-appeal.   The Segals contend
24   that the bankruptcy court erred when it ruled that Judith was not
25   entitled to emotional distress damages.   Neither party disputes
26   on appeal the bankruptcy court’s holding that a court may award
27   emotional distress damages as an element of a compensatory civil
28   contempt sanctions award.   See Dawson v. Washington Mutual Bank

                                     26
 1   (In re Dawson), 390 F.3d 1139, 1148 (9th Cir. 2004).    Nor does
 2   either party dispute that, in proving up an emotional distress
 3   claim, an individual must:
 4        (1) suffer significant harm, (2) clearly establish the
          significant harm, and (3) demonstrate a causal
 5        connection between that significant harm and the
          violation of the automatic stay (as distinct, for
 6        instance, from the anxiety and pressures inherent in
          the bankruptcy process).
 7
 8   Id. at 1149 (emphasis added).    The Segals take issue with the
 9   bankruptcy court’s finding that Judith’s emotional distress was
10   not caused by Faden’s violative conduct – the filing of the
11   cross-complaint.
12        A party seeking compensatory damages for contempt must
13   demonstrate that those damages occurred as a result of the
14   contumacious conduct.   Gen. Signal Corp., 787 F.2d at 1380;
15   Shuffler, 720 F.2d at 1148; see also In re Dawson, 390 F.3d at
16   1150 (stating that the causal link between the emotional distress
17   and the contumacious conduct must be “clearly established or
18   readily apparent”).   Some courts have stated the causation rule
19   even more emphatically, effectively holding that compensatory
20   contempt sanctions are limited to damages directly resulting from
21   the contumacious conduct.    See, e.g., Valdez v. Kismet
22   Acquisition, LLC, 474 B.R. 907, 922-23 (S.D. Cal. 2012), aff’d,
23   567 Fed. Appx. 517 (9th Cir. 2014); Lovell v. Evergreen
24   Resources, Inc., 1995 WL 761269, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 1995).
25        It suffices for us to say that the record supports the
26   bankruptcy court’s finding that the Segals did not adequately
27   demonstrate the required causal link between Judith’s emotional
28   distress and Faden’s violative conduct.    While the court

                                      27
 1   generally credited the Segals’ testimony regarding Judith’s
 2   emotional distress, the court ultimately inferred from the facts
 3   in the record that Faden’s violative conduct did not cause
 4   Judith’s emotional distress.     We cannot say that this inference
 5   was illogical, implausible or without support in the record.
 6   In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196.8
 7        Citing California Supreme Court decisions and the
 8   Restatement of the Law of Torts, the Segals assert that the
 9   bankruptcy court misapplied causation doctrine.    However, we are
10   not dealing with a state law issue or a tort issue.    We are
11   dealing with a creditor’s failure to comply with federal law and
12   a bankruptcy court’s order.    None of the cases we have cited
13   herein have looked to state law or tort law to resolve questions
14   concerning causation and damages arising from contempt of court.
15   Nor are we aware of any federal cases doing so.    See generally
16   Henry v. Assocs. Equity Home Servs. (In re Henry), 266 B.R. 457,
17   480 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2001) (holding that contempt proceedings
18   are not equivalent to tort actions for purposes of determining
19   damages).
20        In short, we disagree with the Segals’ causation argument,
21   and we decline their invitation to apply California Supreme court
22   precedent and the common law of torts to a federal proceeding
23   concerning contempt of court.
24                                 CONCLUSION
25        For the reasons set forth above we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
26
          8
27         And given our concerns about the existence of any discharge
     violation as to Judith, we also note that any error in the
28   court's causation analysis would be harmless.

                                       28
 1   court’s contempt finding and its denial of emotional distress
 2   damages.   However, we VACATE the bankruptcy court’s sanctions
 3   award and REMAND for further findings on that issue.
 4
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 1   Taylor, Bankruptcy Judge, concurring:
 2        I concur in the result reached by the Panel.   I write
 3   separately, however, because I do not question the basis for the
 4   bankruptcy court's sanction award.    A bankruptcy court may award
 5   attorney’s fees as part of a civil contempt sanction award for
 6   violation of the discharge injunction.   See Walls v. Wells Fargo
 7   Bank, N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[C]ompensatory
 8   civil contempt allows an aggrieved debtor to obtain compensatory
 9   damages, attorneys fees, and the offending creditor’s compliance
10   with the discharge injunction.”) (emphasis added); Nash v. Clark
11   Cnty. Dist. Attys’ Office (In re Nash), 464 B.R. 874, 880 (9th
12   Cir. BAP 2012) (“If a bankruptcy court finds that a party has
13   willfully violated the discharge injunction, the court may award
14   actual damages, punitive damages and attorney’s fees to the
15   debtor.”) (emphasis added).   Based on Walls and Nash, a
16   bankruptcy court appropriately may award attorney’s fees as an
17   independent sanction for a discharge injunction violation, even
18   in the rare absence of actual damages.
19        Here, based on the bankruptcy court’s comments at the
20   hearing, I firmly believe that it appropriately awarded
21   attorney’s fees to Segal as a sanction against Faden and that it
22   was not a purely punitive sanction.   Nonetheless, I also agree
23   that an award of attorney’s fees must be reasonable.   Given that
24   some of the attorney’s fees were incurred in connection with
25   Judith’s emotional distress claim, remand is necessary so that
26   the bankruptcy court may conduct a reasonableness analysis.
27
28

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