                                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________            FILED
                                                               U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                            No. 11-12663         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                        Non-Argument Calendar        JULY 9, 2012
                                      ________________________        JOHN LEY
                                                                       CLERK
                              D.C. Docket No. 0:10-cr-60193-CMA-5



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                               versus

JONATHAN STRIEDINGER,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                            Defendant-Appellant.

                                     ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the Southern District of Florida
                                 ________________________

                                           (July 9, 2012)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Jonathan Striedinger appeals his 90-month sentence after pleading guilty to

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. On appeal, Striedinger argues that the district court erred in

classifying him as a career offender, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a), because he

only had one prior felony conviction for a crime of violence, resisting arrest with

violence. Specifically, Striedinger contends that the district court erred in

determining that his prior conviction for throwing a deadly missile, pursuant to

Fla. Stat. § 790.19, was a crime of violence because: (1) the statute as charged

encompasses many acts which would not qualify as a crime of violence;

(2) throwing deadly missiles does not inherently pose a serious potential risk of

physical injury that is similar in degree to the risks posed by the crimes

enumerated in § 4B1.1(a)(2); and (3) the statute could be violated by a mere

showing of “wantonness” or “maliciousness,” and reckless conduct is not enough

to qualify an offense as a crime of violence under § 4B1.1(a)(2)’s residual clause.1

       We review de novo whether a prior conviction qualifies as a “crime of

violence” under the Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Lockley, 632 F.3d


       1
         Striedinger also asserts that the district court erred in determining that his Florida
conviction for battery on a law enforcement officer was a crime of violence for purposes of
§ 4B1.1(a). However, it is unnecessary to resolve that issue because, as discussed infra, throwing
a deadly missile is a crime of violence, and Striedinger does not challenge the determination that
his conviction for resisting an officer with violence qualifies as a second crime of violence.

                                                2
1238, 1240 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 132 S.Ct. 257 (2011).

      A defendant qualifies as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 if: (1) he

was at least 18 years old at the time he committed the instant offense; (2) the

instant offense is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a drug offense; and

(3) he has at least two prior felony convictions for a crime of violence or a drug

offense. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). A “crime of violence” means any federal or state

offense punishable by a term of imprisonment in excess of one year, that:

      (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
      physical force against the person of another, or

      (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves the use of
      explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
      potential risk of physical injury to another.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a).

      Commentary to this guideline provides further definitional guidance:

      For purposes of this guideline—

      “Crime of violence” includes murder, manslaughter, kidnapping,
      aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses, robbery, arson, extortion,
      extortionate extension of credit, and burglary of a dwelling. Other
      offenses are included as “crimes of violence” if (A) that offense has
      as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical
      force against the person of another, or (B) the conduct set forth (i.e.,
      expressly charged) in the count of which the defendant was convicted
      involved use of explosives . . . or, by its nature, presented a serious
      risk of physical injury to another.



                                          3
Id., comment. (n.1).

      Notably, the definition of a “crime of violence” under § 4B1.2(a) is virtually

identical to the definition of a “violent felony” in the Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B), and, therefore, we apply a similar analysis in

deciding whether a given offense qualifies as a crime of violence or a violent

felony. United States v. Alexander, 609 F.3d 1250, 1253 (11th Cir. 2010), cert.

denied, 131 S.Ct. 1783 (2011).

      In assessing whether a prior conviction is a qualifying offense for purposes

of a sentencing enhancement, we generally apply a “categorical approach,”

looking no further than the statutory definition of the offense and the judgment of

conviction. United States v. Palomino Garcia, 606 F.3d 1317, 1336 (11th Cir.

2010). However, when the statute is ambiguous–covering conduct that constitutes

a crime of violence, as well as conduct that does not–we employ a “modified

categorical approach,” examining the facts underlying the conviction in order to

determine the statutory basis for the conviction. Id. at 1336-37. In doing so, we

may consult “any charging documents, the written plea agreement, the transcript

of the plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the

defendant assented.” Id. at 1337.

      In Begay v. United States, the Supreme Court considered the scope of

                                          4
felonies that fall into the ACCA’s residual category of crimes that “otherwise

involve conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to

another.” Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137, 143-45, 128 S.Ct. 1581, 1585-86,

170 L.Ed.2d 490 (2008); 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Supreme Court held

that the residual category only encompasses crimes “roughly similar, in kind as

well as in degree of risk posed,” to the enumerated crimes of burglary, arson,

extortion, or crimes involving the use of explosives. Begay, 553 U.S. at 143, 128

S.Ct. at 1585. The Court noted that those offenses “all typically involve

purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct,” and that they “show an increased

likelihood that the offender is the kind of person who might deliberately point [a]

gun and pull the trigger.” Id. at 144-46, 128 S.Ct. at 1586-87 (quotations omitted).

The Court examined whether driving under the influence was akin to the

enumerated examples and held that, rather than involving “violent, aggressive, and

purposeful” conduct, it was a strict liability crime. Id. at 148, 128 S.Ct. at 1588.

Therefore, the offense was not a violent felony. Id.

      In Sykes, the Supreme Court re-examined its holding in Begay regarding the

phrase “purposeful, violent, and aggressive,” and noted that the language had no

link to the statutory text of the residual clause. Sykes v. United States, 564 U.S.

___, ___, 131 S.Ct. 2267, 2275, 180 L.Ed.2d 60 (2011). The Court further noted

                                          5
that Begay was the only relevant decision that it had issued in which “risk was not

the dispositive factor.” Id. The reason the inquiry into whether the conduct in

Begay was “purposeful, violent, and aggressive” was necessary was because the

relevant offense was analogous to strict liability, negligence, and recklessness

crimes. Id. at ___, 131 S.Ct. at 2275-76. For crimes that require a stringent mens

rea requirement, such as “knowingly or intentionally,” the Court held that the only

inquiry necessary in most cases will be one into the level of risk. Id. at ___, ___,

131 S.Ct. at 2273, 2275-76. Further, the Court held that “a crime involves the

requisite risk when the risk posed by the crime in question is comparable to that

posed by its closest analog among the enumerated offenses.” Id. at ___, 131 S.Ct.

at 2273 (alteration and quotation omitted). To determine whether the crime of

vehicular flight was a crime of violence, the Court analogized the offense to

burglary. The Court noted that “[b]urglary is dangerous because it can end in

confrontation leading to violence.” Id. Similarly, vehicular flight often involves

potentially dangerous confrontations with the police, which “places property and

persons at serious risk of injury.” Id. at ___, 131 S.Ct. at 2273-74.

      In analyzing whether an offense poses a serious potential risk of physical

injury under the categorical approach, the fact that an offense can be committed

without the potential for physical injury does not automatically mean that it is

                                          6
outside of the scope of the residual clause. James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192,

207-08, 127 S.Ct. 1586, 1597, 167 L.Ed.2d 532 (2007). Instead, “the proper

inquiry is whether the conduct encompassed by the elements of the offense, in the

ordinary case, presents a serious potential risk of injury to another.” 550 U.S. at

208, 127 S.Ct. at 1597. Thus, in James the Supreme Court held that attempted

burglary categorically qualifies as a violent felony, even though it could involve

an unoccupied structure, because it generally involves a risk of confrontation and

injury to a third party, whether an occupant or a bystander. Id. at 203-04, 207-09,

127 S.Ct. at 1594-97.

      Florida law provides that a person commits a felony if he “wantonly or

maliciously . . . throws any missile or hurls or projects a stone or other hard

substance which would produce death or great bodily harm, at, within, or in any

public or private building, occupied or unoccupied,” or at a vehicle, train, boat, or

aircraft. Fla. Stat. § 790.19. The Florida Supreme Court has defined the statute’s

intent element as follows:

      ‘Wantonly’ means consciously and intentionally, with reckless
      indifference to consequences and with the knowledge that damage is
      likely to be done to some person.

      ‘Maliciously’ means wrongfully, intentionally, without legal
      justification or excuse, and with the knowledge that injury or damage
      will or may be caused to another person or the property of another

                                          7
      person.

State v. Kettell, 980 So.2d 1061, 1067 (Fla. 2008).

      A violation of Fla. Stat. § 790.19 qualifies as a crime of violence under the

categorical approach because it involves conduct that presents a serious potential

risk of physical injury to another. Even if a defendant throws a missile at a

structure that he believes is unoccupied, it is possible for an occupant or a

bystander located outside of the structure to be struck by the missile or resulting

debris and thereby injured. However, even if a violation of Fla. Stat. § 790.19 did

not qualify as a crime of violence under the categorical approach, Striedinger’s

conviction for throwing a deadly missile would still qualify as a crime of violence

under the modified categorical approach, because his charging information and

acknowledgment of plea form indicated that he threw a missile into an occupied

building.

      Because Striedinger’s conviction for throwing a deadly missile qualifies as a

second conviction for a crime of violence, the district court properly classified him

as a career offender for purposes of sentencing.

      AFFIRMED.




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