                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                October 14, 2011 Session

          WENDY LEVERETTE, ET AL. v. TENNESSEE FARMERS
                 MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY
                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Maury County
                       No. 0913135     Jim T. Hamilton, Judge


                 No. M2011-00264-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 4, 2013


A woman who was severely injured in a collision with an automobile driven by an unlicensed
minor filed suit against the minor. The minor’s parents’ insurance company denied coverage
and refused to defend the suit on the basis of an exclusion in the insurance policy for
damages caused by a party driving without permission of the owner or a person “in lawful
possession” of the vehicle. No defense was offered, and the injured party obtained a $1
million default judgment against the minor driver. The injured party and the minor’s parents
then jointly filed suit against the insurance company, alleging that the insurance company
was liable for breach of contract, bad faith, violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection
Act, and violation of the Unfair Claims Practices Act based upon its denial of coverage. The
trial court ruled that, as a matter of law, the minor was entitled to insurance coverage under
her parents’ policy at the time of the accident. The remainder of the case was tried, and the
plaintiffs were awarded compensatory and punitive damages on the bad faith claim. The
jury also found the insurance company had violated the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act,
and the trial court trebled the compensatory damages and awarded attorney fees under the
Act. The insurance company has raised a number of issues in this appeal, inter alia, the grant
of partial summary judgment to the plaintiffs on the question of coverage; the finding of
liability for bad faith, the liability and enhanced penalty under the TCPA, and the
requirement that plaintiffs should make an election between the punitive damages and the
enhanced damages. We affirm the breach of contract holding, including the conclusion that
the policy terms provided coverage. We reverse and vacate the holding of liability for bad
faith, including the award of punitive damages thereunder, since the statutory cause of action
was not plead. We also reverse the award of treble damages under the TCPA, but affirm the
finding of a violation of the Act. We affirm as modified the award of attorneys’ fees.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                       Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part
P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A NDY D.
B ENNETT, J. joined. R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

Michael Ross Campbell, Lauren Michelle Rutherford, Chattanooga, Tennessee; Patrick
Arnold Flynn, Seth Michael Lasater, Columbia, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tennessee
Farmers Mutual Insurance Company.

Richard Thomas Matthews, Columbia, Tennessee, for the appellee, Wendy Leverette, et al.

                                         OPINION

                                      I. B ACKGROUND

       Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company (“TFM”) denied coverage under an
automobile policy for damages sustained in an accident caused by the thirteen year old
daughter of its insureds, Chad and Donna Sanders (“the Sanders”). The accident was caused
by the unlicensed daughter, who was driving an uninsured automobile owned by a friend’s
mother.

       In the resulting lawsuit, the trial court granted partial summary judgment to Plaintiffs
prior to trial, declaring that the insurance contract provided coverage. At the close of the
evidence, the trial court granted Plaintiffs a directed verdict for breach of contract and
awarded the Plaintiffs damages for that breach. Then, the jury awarded compensatory
damages on the bad faith claim and found the insurance company’s acts of bad faith were
committed intentionally and knowingly. After a hearing, the jury awarded punitive damages
against the insurance company on the same claim. The trial court then determined that the
Plaintiffs were entitled to treble damages and attorney fees under the TCPA. This appeal
followed.

       We begin with a description of the accident, the actions of the insureds and injured
parties, and the actions of the insurance company.

       A. The Accident

        The accident at the core of this dispute occurred in Bedford County on December 21,
2008, when Claire Sanders, an unlicensed thirteen year old driving a car owned by Tracy
Neeley, tried to navigate a sharp curve on a narrow road and crossed into the opposing lane
of traffic, colliding head-on with a car driven by Wendy Leverette. Tracy Neeley’s daughter
Beth Neeley was in the passenger seat of her mother’s car.



                                              -2-
        Claire Sanders and another girl had been visiting the Neely house. When it was time
for the other girl to leave, Tracy Neely asked her daughter Beth to drive the other girl home
in Tracy’s car. The three girls left. Claire wanted to drive, she got into the driver’s seat, and
they proceeded on until the accident.

       Both drivers were seriously injured. Claire Sanders suffered bruises and a broken
ankle, resulting in two surgeries and medical expenses of over $14,000. Wendy Leverette’s
injuries were even more severe, ultimately leading to amputation of her foot.

       Tracy Neeley had no automobile liability insurance at the time of the accident.
However, Claire Sanders fell within the definition of “a covered person” under the terms of
an automobile liability insurance policy owned by her parents and underwritten by TFM. The
policy provided liability coverage of $50,000 per person for personal injury and up to
$50,000 for property damage, as well as medical payments coverage in the amount of $5,000
per person.

       B. The Insurance Company Denies Coverage

        Donna Sanders called TFM’s Shelbyville office to report the accident two days after
it occurred and was instructed to call the company’s 800 number. The claims adjuster took
statements from Claire Sanders and Tracy Neeley over the phone and prepared a claims form
stating that Claire “did not have permission to drive vehicle.”

       However, the adjuster did not make any attempt to speak to Beth Neeley to better
understand the circumstances that led to Claire Sanders’ appearance behind the wheel of
Tracy Neeley’s car. Nor did he contact the State Trooper who had written up the accident
report and who had issued citations to Claire Sanders and Tracy Neeley. He did not make
any attempt to ascertain the extent of Wendy Leverette’s injuries.

        On February 4, 2009, TFM sent the Sanders a letter stating that its investigation
showed that Tracy Neeley did not give Claire Sanders permission to drive the car and that
she did not authorize Beth Neeley to give such permission. The letter then declared that
Claire Sanders was not entitled to insurance coverage because of an exclusion in its policy
that eliminated coverage for an auto not owned by the policyholders to the use, operation, or
occupancy “without the permission of the owner or person or entity in lawful possession of
the auto.”

       On February 13, 2009, counsel for Ms. Leverette and her husband Jason (“the
Leverettes”) sent a letter to the Sanders and to TFM’s senior claims adjuster, Frank Smith,
together with a then-unfiled complaint for damages against Claire Sanders. After stating that
 the Leverettes were reluctant to file a lawsuit against a minor child, the letter explained that



                                               -3-
the exclusion the insurance company was relying on was inapplicable because Claire Sanders
was operating the vehicle “with the knowledge and permission of the owner’s daughter, who
was present in the car at the time of the collision.” The letter also stated that if TFM did not
respond, the complaint would be filed on March 2, 2009, and it demanded that the company
pay the policy limits of its liability coverage. The proof showed that all the parties
understood that the demand amounted to an offer to settle for the policy limits. Mr. Smith
did not reply to the letter, nor did he forward the letter to TFM’s lawyers, and TFM made no
attempt to settle the claim.1

        C. Default Judgment in Bedford County Suit Against Minor Driver

       The Leverettes’ complaint against Claire Sanders was filed on March 5, 2009 in the
Bedford County Circuit Court. No answer was filed. The Leverettes filed a motion for
default judgment and for a hearing on damages. Their counsel sent a copy of the default
judgment motion to TFM, along with a letter stating that “I want to give Tennessee Farm
Bureau one more opportunity to enter an appearance and defend your insured in this case.”

        Meanwhile, the Sanders had consulted with an attorney. He sent a letter to the
Leverettes explaining that because Claire Sanders had no assets and no means to afford legal
representation, and because her parents did not have adequate funds to afford legal counsel
for their daughter, the attorney would not be defending the lawsuit. The attorney sent a copy
of the letter and another copy of the complaint to TFM. Again, the insurance company did
not respond.

       The trial court conducted a hearing on the default judgment motion. The Sanders
were subpoenaed, and they made a general appearance before the court, but did not offer a
defense.2 The court heard evidence about Wendy Leverette’s damages, including her
testimony and that of her husband, and it examined deposition testimony from Ms.




        1
         TFM’s claims file, which is part of the appellate record, also contains an exchange of
correspondence between USAA (the Leverettes’ insurance company) and TFM’s claims adjuster Frank
Smith. USAA stated that it was reimbursing its insured for damages, but that its investigation showed that
TFM’s insured was responsible and that it intended to recover the amount it paid. It also stated that its own
investigation showed that Beth Neeley gave Claire Sanders permission to drive, and it asked TFM for an
explanation of its decision to deny coverage and for a copy of the insurance policy. Mr. Smith responded that
the coverage decision was TFM’s alone to make, and that it would provide USAA “with a simple ‘yes’ or
‘no’ whether or not our insured violated the terms of her policy, after a complete investigation.”
        2
         The Sanders’ appearance before the court was an essential requirement for the entry of a default
judgment, for Tenn. R. Civ. P. 55.01 provides among other things that “No judgment by default shall be
entered against an infant or incompetent person unless represented in the action by a general guardian,
committee, conservator, or other such representative who has appeared therein.”

                                                    -4-
Leverette’s doctor and documentary evidence in support of the Leverettes’ claim. The court
then entered a judgment against Claire Sanders in the total amount of $1 million.

       D. The Leverettes and the Sanders Join Forces

       On the same day that judgment was entered against Claire Sanders, her parents teamed
up with the Leverettes by entering into a written agreement designed to vindicate the rights
of both parties against the insurance company. The agreement provided that the two couples
would cooperate with each other in any future proceedings against TFM for breach of
contract or bad faith. The Leverettes agreed to pay all costs of litigation, to hold the Sanders
harmless for any such costs, and not to sue the Sanders or to attempt to execute on the
Bedford County judgment against Claire Sanders.

        For their part, the Sanders conveyed to the Leverettes all their legal and equitable
rights under their TFM insurance policy arising from the accident of December 21, 2008,
and any claims arising from or connected to TFM’s failure to defend or settle the claims of
the Leverettes against the Sanders. The parties also agreed that any judgment they obtained
in excess of the $1 million judgment against Claire Sanders and the litigation costs the
Leverettes incurred would be divided equally between the Leverettes and the Sanders.

        In response to issues subsequently raised by the insurance company as to the legal
enforceability and efficacy of Plaintiffs agreement of August 13, 2009, the parties entered
into an amended agreement on August 24, 2010, which superseded their earlier agreement.
Among other things, the amended agreement specifically declared that the Sanders were
granting to the Leverettes “a subrogation interest in and to all of their recoveries,” as well as
to all legal and equitable rights arising from the insurance contract or from the conduct of
Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company. It also provided that “. . . this agreement
shall not operate as a release of the liability of Sanders to Leverettes to the extent that such
liability is covered by the insurance policy . . . ,” but that upon the collection of any judgment
obtained against TFM, the agreement would operate as “as a full and unconditional
satisfaction of any judgment obtained against Sanders by Leverettes.”

              II. P RE-T RIAL P ROCEEDINGS IN THE M AURY C OUNTY C OURT

       A. The Complaint for Damages

       On November 6, 2009, the Leverettes and the Sanders, individually and as parents and
guardians of Claire Sanders, filed a complaint in the Maury County Circuit Court against
Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company. They claimed that TFM was guilty of
breach of contract, bad faith, fraud, and violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act,
Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-101 et seq. (“TCPA”), and of the Unfair Claims Practices Act,



                                               -5-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-8-105. The Sanders claimed that their damages included the $1
million judgment against their daughter as well as emotional distress resulting from “TFM’s
acts and/or omissions.” They asked for compensatory damages of $1.5 million, punitive
damages of $10,000,000, and treble damages under the TCPA. TFM answered, denying all
allegations of wrongdoing.

       B. Summary Judgment on Coverage

       On January 25, 2010, Plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment, seeking
a declaration that the terms of the contract of insurance at issue provided liability and medical
payments coverage for Claire Sanders. A statement of undisputed material facts and
supporting documents were appended to the motion. Among these were the insurance policy
issued to the Sanders, which included as persons covered under the policy “you or any family
member for the maintenance or use of any auto or trailer.” Also attached were the affidavits
of Wendy Leverette, Donna Sanders, and Claire Sanders, and the depositions of Claire
Sanders and Tracy Neeley. Claire Sanders’ affidavit established that she was thirteen years
old and living with her parents at the time of the accident. She stated that she was visiting
with her friend Beth Neeley, and that,

       When it came time for our friend Paige to go back to her home, Beth’s mother,
       Tracy Neeley, told Beth to take Paige home. While in the driveway I got in the
       driver’s seat and Beth let me drive the car. I started driving from the time we
       left and continued driving until we had the wreck. Beth and Paige were in the
       car with me the entire time. Beth sat on the passenger side and Paige was in
       the back seat. No one told me that I could not drive the car.

       Tracy Neeley’s deposition confirmed that she sometimes allowed her sixteen year old
daughter Beth to drive her car for routine errands, even though Beth did not have a drivers
license. She testified that on the date of the accident, Beth, Claire, and Paige were together
in Tracy Neeley’s home. Tracy was cooking in the evening when Paige said she needed to
go home. Tracy Neeley asked Beth to drive Paige home. She stated that she did not give
Claire permission to drive her car and did not even know that Beth had allowed her to get
behind the wheel. Plaintiffs nonetheless contended that Beth Neeley was in lawful
possession of the car as the result of her mother’s request, and that because Beth Neeley gave
Claire Sanders permission to operate the car, the exclusion in the contract of insurance
against those driving without the permission of a person in lawful possession of the vehicle
could not be used to deny coverage to Claire Sanders.

        On April 14, 2010, TFM filed a memorandum in opposition to the motion for partial
summary judgment, together with excerpts from the depositions of Tracy and Beth Neeley,
the transcript of Tracy Neeley’s recorded telephone conversation with Frank Smith, and



                                               -6-
answers to Plaintiffs’ statement of undisputed material facts. The insurance company
admitted that Beth Neeley was a passenger in her mother’s car at the time of the accident, but
it adhered to the position that it was not required to provide coverage for Claire Sanders
because of the undisputed fact that Tracy Neeley did not give her explicit permission to drive
her car.

       The trial court conducted a hearing on the summary judgment motion on April 16,
2010, and it granted summary judgment to Plaintiffs in an order filed on May 6, 2010. The
court stated that it had read the insurance policy, the cases cited by the parties, and the
depositions and affidavits found in the record, and that it found as undisputed facts that Beth
Neeley was in lawful possession of the automobile on the evening of the accident and that
Beth Neeley gave Claire Sanders permission to drive the automobile. The court also noted
the familiar rule that an exclusion in a policy of insurance is to be construed against the
insurance company, and it concluded that as a matter of law Claire Sanders was entitled to
both liability and medical payments coverage at the time of the accident under the policy at
issue. All other issues raised by the pleadings were reserved for trial.3

        C. Other Pre-Trial Motions

        The parties filed several other motions prior to trial which are relevant to this appeal.
TFM filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings and/or to dismiss under Tenn. R. Civ. P.
12, on the theory that a cause of action for bad faith refusal to settle is not assignable in
Tennessee, and that the Leverettes and the Sanders were not proper plaintiffs. That motion
was denied. TFM also filed a motion in limine to exclude any testimony from the Leverettes
about the accident, as well as a motion to amend the scheduling order to allow the testimony
of its proposed expert witness to be heard. Those motions were likewise denied. Plaintiffs
filed a motion to exclude from the jury any person who was employed by or insured by TFM.
Their motion was granted. TFM has challenged the rulings on a variety of these motions, and
they will be considered later in this opinion.

                                           III. T HE T RIAL

       The trial was conducted over three consecutive days, beginning on September 1, 2010.
Because the question of coverage was decided prior to trial through the order granting partial
summary judgment to Plaintiffs, their claim of bad faith against TFM was the focus of
testimony, and the majority of witnesses called were current or retired insurance
professionals. Plaintiffs called a few witnesses to testify as to the exact circumstances of the



        3
          TFM filed a motion under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 9 for permission to seek an interlocutory appeal of the
trial court’s order of partial summary judgment, which was denied. The insurance company then filed a
motion in this court under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 10 for extraordinary appeal, which was likewise denied.

                                                   -7-
accident, however, which included testimony related to the question of permission. The
testimony of some witnesses came in through the reading of their depositions into the record.

        The State trooper who prepared the accident report testified that he spoke to Claire
Sanders, Beth Neeley, Paige Brown, and Tracy Neeley at the scene of the accident. He also
spoke to Wendy Leverette in the hospital. He stated that no adjuster from TFM or any other
insurance company ever contacted him concerning the accident. He said that he issued a
citation against Claire Sanders for driving without a license and against Tracy Neeley for
allowing an unlicensed driver to drive.

       Paige Brown, the other girl in the car, testified that Claire Sanders had nagged Beth
Neeley to be allowed to drive on several occasions, including the day of the accident. On
that day, all three girls were standing on Tracy Neeley’s porch as they were about to leave.
Paige testified that when Claire asked Beth if she could drive, Beth said okay. Beth got in
the passenger side of the vehicle, while Claire got in on the driver’s side and Paige got in the
back seat. An excerpt from the deposition of Beth Neeley that was read into the record at a
later point in the proceedings confirmed this account: “She kept egging on and egging on
about wanting to drive, and her grandmother had said a time before that she was a pretty
good driver. And she just kept on wanting to drive, and finally I was just like, ‘Whatever,
go ahead.’ So she got in the driver’s seat and was taking Paige home.”

       Donna Sanders testified that she been insured by TFM for ten or eleven years, and that
she had never previously filed a claim. She also testified that she was very strict with Claire,
and that if she had known that her daughter was planning to drive, she would have forbidden
it. She would not have allowed her to even ride in a car that Beth was driving, because she
knew that Beth was not an adult.

        Ms. Sanders described the emotional turmoil she and her family suffered as a result
of her daughter’s reckless conduct and about the injuries Claire caused to herself and to Ms.
Leverette. She also testified about the shock she and her husband felt when they realized that
TFM was planning to refuse coverage for Claire’s medical expenses and for her liability to
Ms. Leverette. That shock turned to fear when she saw the complaint that Ms. Leverette’s
attorney planned to file in the Bedford County Court, for she knew that she and her husband
did not have the means to pay the judgment demanded. On cross-examination, TFM elicited
testimony that Ms. Sanders had been advised that she and her husband would not be liable
for any judgment rendered, because Claire was the only named defendant. Ms. Sanders
testified that she continued to worry nonetheless.

       Wendy Leverette testified about the moments before and after the collision and about
the severity of her injury. She was asked about her medical expenses, and she answered (in
accordance with the default judgment of the Bedford County Circuit Court that was entered



                                              -8-
into the record) that they amounted to $70,000. She also testified that USAA, her uninsured
motorist carrier, advised her to pursue her claim against TFM, and that she accordingly tried
calling Frank Smith several times but that he never returned her calls. A photograph of her
injured foot was entered into the record over the objections of TFM’s attorney.

       Plaintiffs’ first expert witness was John Moyer, a retired insurance executive with
forty years of experience in the industry. He testified that the purpose of automobile
insurance was two-fold: first, to protect insured parties from financial ruin and to promote
their peace of mind; and second, to protect the driving public from unsafe or irresponsible
drivers. Mr. Moyer noted that a claims adjuster usually has greater knowledge than does any
policyholder about the claims process, and that insurance companies therefore have a duty
when handling insurance claims to be fair and to act in good faith for the benefit of the
policyholder who has paid a premium for the service.

        Mr. Moyer was questioned about application of the policy to the facts at hand. He
stated that it was irrelevant whether a party insured under the policy was a minor or had a
driver’s license, because those conditions were not addressed in the policy. He also noted
that while many terms were specifically defined in the policy, “lawful possession” was not
one of them. In his opinion, lawful possession meant that the car was not stolen, but that in
any case the phrase was an ambiguous one, and he cited the well-known rule of law that
ambiguous terms in an insurance policy are to be construed against the insurance company.

        Mr. Moyer concluded that if TFM had properly investigated the accident, it would
have concluded that Claire Sanders had permission to drive. He also stated that by denying
coverage to Claire Sanders, TFM showed reckless disregard for the Sanders as well as for
the Leverettes “because they manufactured a permission issue that didn’t even really exist.”
He was also asked about the Unfair Claims Practices Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-8-105. He
testified that the Act was a codification of insurance industry standards that all companies
are supposed to abide by, and that TFM’s conduct violated five of the first six specific
provisions of that act. We will discuss those provisions more fully later in this opinion.

       Plaintiffs also called Ronald Freemon, an attorney who had previously worked for
seventeen years as a claims representative for State Farm Insurance Company. Like Mr.
Moyer, he testified that the policy in question contained no exclusion for an unlicensed or
minor driver, and therefore that coverage could not be denied to Claire Sanders on either of
those grounds. He stated, rather, that the issue of coverage turned on the meaning of the term
“lawful possession.” Asked for his definition of the term, he said “if you’re in lawful
possession of the vehicle, it means you didn’t steal the vehicle.” He also testified that in his
opinion, TFM showed bad faith because it did not make a full and fair investigation before
denying coverage to Claire Sanders.




                                              -9-
       After the Plaintiffs rested their case, the defense read into evidence the depositions
of three TFM employees, two of whom were directly involved in the decision to deny
coverage to Claire Sanders. Senior claims adjuster Frank Smith testified that he was a twenty
year veteran of the insurance industry, and that he handled between 600 and 700 claims a
year. He described the process he followed to reach the decision in the present case. He
received the report of Donna Sanders’ account of the accident, which stated that Claire
Sanders did not have her mother’s permission to drive. He then reviewed the policy
language, and after learning from his phone conversation with Tracy Neeley that she did not
give Claire Sanders permission to drive her car, he concluded that there was no coverage.

        When Ms. Sanders notified TFM of the accident, she told the adjuster taking the call
that Claire Sanders did not have her permission to drive the vehicle and that she did not have
Tracy Neeley’s permission. The claims form subsequently prepared by the adjuster simply
stated that she “did not have permission to drive vehicle.” The claims adjuster subsequently
took statements from Claire Sanders and Tracy Neeley over the phone and recorded them.
The recorded statement of Tracy Neeley included an acknowledgment that she asked her
daughter Beth to drive the car, and also the following:

       Q.     How did it come about that, that Julia Claire Sanders was driving the
              vehicle?

       A.     Uh, she kept asking my daughter to let her drive. So my daughter did.

       Q.     Well did Julia Sanders have permission to be driving your vehicle?

       A.     Not from me, no.

       Q.     So who gave her permission to drive your vehicle?

       A.     Uh, well Beth.

       Q.     Mm. Did Beth tell her she could drive or not or did . . .

       A.     She let her drive.

       Mr. Smith then consulted with his supervisor, regional claims manager Jack Morgan
Shofner and explained what he learned and what he had concluded. Mr. Shofner agreed with
his decision. Mr. Smith also testified that he had a brief telephone conversation about the
Sanders’ claim with TFM’s attorney Todd Bobo, and that the attorney agreed with Mr.
Smith’s decision on coverage. On cross-examination, Plaintiffs’ attorney read an excerpt
from Todd Bobo’s deposition into the record, in which attorney Bobo testified that he did not



                                             -10-
remember any such conversation. Mr. Smith was asked if he thought that talking to Beth
Neeley could have had a bearing on his decision. He replied, “I considered it but I didn’t
pursue it. I didn’t think it was important.” He also testified that he still thought his decision
to deny coverage was the correct one.

       Both Mr. Smith and Mr. Shofner, whose testimony was read to the jury next, were
questioned about the training TFM provided to its claims representatives, and about the
procedures they were instructed to follow. They both acknowledged that TFM does not have
a claims manual for its representatives and that there were no written rules or guidelines. Mr.
Smith had testified that he had to take a few courses when he was first hired at TFM, but that
he did not remember exactly what they were. Mr. Shofner explained that new claims
representatives take a training course in Jackson, Mississippi, and then shadow a senior
claims representative for three months. Representatives also attend annual conferences and
seminars about new developments in the field of claims. Like Mr. Smith, Mr. Shofner
insisted that TFM had reached the right decision by denying coverage to Claire Sanders.

       The Defendant’s final witness was Scott Walls, TFM’s vice president of underwriting.
He testified on direct examination that he believed the decision to deny coverage was the
right one on the basis of the information that was available to Frank Smith. On cross-
examination, Plaintiffs’ attorney read the excerpt from Beth Neeley’s deposition about Claire
Sanders “egging her on” about wanting to drive and Beth allowing it, and then asked,

       Q.     That sounds like Beth gave Claire permission to drive, doesn’t it?

       A.     Well –

       A.     Yes or no?

       A.     Yes, in the end reluctant permission.

       Q.     Okay. Well, reluctant permission is good enough, isn’t it? Isn’t it?

       A.     I guess so.

       Q.     Okay. Now as Mr. Flynn had you point out, there’s no exclusion in the
              policy for being underage, not having a drivers license, being foolish,
              stupid or even doing something against the law, is there?

       A.     No, sir.

       Q.     Can we agree, Mr. Walls, that if – under the exclusion language in the



                                              -11-
        policy Beth Neeley was a person in lawful possession when she let Claire drive the
        car, that Claire was covered?

        A.      Basically based on the language, yes.

                                   IV. V ERDICT AND J UDGMENT

       At the close of the evidence, the trial court granted Plaintiffs a directed verdict for
breach of contract and awarded the Plaintiffs a total of $67,000 in damages based on the
limits in the policy: $50,000 in compensatory damages for Wendy Leverette’s injuries,
$12,000 for her property damage, and $5,000 for Claire Sanders’ medical expenses.

       The jury returned from their deliberations shortly thereafter, and announced that they
had reached a verdict. The verdict was documented by answers on the jury verdict form. In
response to the first question, “[d]id Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company act in
bad faith toward its insured,” the jury answered that it had. The jury also answered in the
affirmative to the question whether TFM had “committed an unfair or deceptive act under
the Tennessee Consumer Protection Law that caused damage to Chad and Donna Sanders,
parents and guardians of Julia Claire Sanders, and Chad and Donna Sanders in their
individual capacity.”

       The jury awarded Chad and Donna Sanders $1.2 million as compensatory damages
for bad faith and $1.2 million as compensatory damages for violation of the TCPA 4 In
response to another question on the jury form, the jury responded that the TFM’s acts of bad
faith were committed intentionally and knowingly, which opened the door to punitive
damages.

        During the brief hearing on punitive damages that followed, an exhibit reflecting
TFM’s financial condition was entered into the record and Ed Lancaster, TFM’s general
counsel took the stand. He testified that TFM was a mutual insurance company, owned by
its policyholders, and that it had paid about 220,000 separate claims during the previous year.
He acknowledged that the company held over $1.6 billion dollars in reserves, and he
explained that the reserves were necessary to make sure that future claims could be paid. He
testified that the company only operated in the State of Tennessee, and he acknowledged the
existence of six appellate decisions in the Tennessee’s courts involving claims of bad faith
against the company.




        4
        The trial court had instructed the jury that Plaintiffs would not be allowed to collect damages under
both bad faith and the TCPA claims, but would have to make an election of remedies.

                                                    -12-
        He also testified that in the sixty years of TFM’s existence, a punitive damages award
had never been imposed against it and that such an award in this case would constitute a
change in the law that would require the insurance company to rewrite its policies, to increase
its reserves, and to recalculate its premiums. The jury then retired for deliberations, and
returned a punitive damages verdict of $500,000 against TFM, which was affirmed by the
trial court.

       The trial court awarded the amount of the Bedford County judgment to Chad and
Donna Sanders in their capacities as parents and guardians of Claire Sanders and set that
amount off by the damages from the breach of contract claim. The remaining $200,000 of
the compensatory damages verdict was awarded to the Sanders in their individual capacities
for emotional anguish.5

        The court filed two other judgments. In the first, the trial court recited its findings of
fact and conclusions of law in regard to punitive damages, affirmed the jury verdict and
awarded the Sanders an additional $500,000, in both their representative and individual
capacities. In the second, the court recited findings of fact and conclusions of law in regard
to Plaintiffs’ claims under the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act as well as their claims for
attorney fees and prejudgment interest.

        Since the jury found that TFM had committed an unfair or deceptive practice, the
court discussed the four factors set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109 for determining
whether the treble damages provision should apply. It found that all four factors applied and,
accordingly, trebled the award for the economic losses the Sanders had suffered individually
(medical expenses and attorney fees) for a total of $18,300. The court also trebled the
amount of compensatory damages awarded to Chad and Donna Sanders as parents and
guardians of Julia Claire Sanders, resulting in a judgment of $3,005,535 against TFM . The
court also awarded the Sanders over $1.2 million in attorney fees and prejudgment interest
at the rate of 10% per year. TFM filed a motion to alter or amend the court’s judgment or
for a new trial, which was denied. This appeal followed.

       TFM has raised eighteen issues on appeal. We have in some instances restated those
issues and have organized them differently.




        5
         The jury had awarded the Sanders $1.2 million in compensatory damages in their individual
capacities and awarded zero to the Sanders “as parents and guardians of Julia Claire Sanders.” In response
to a motion by Plaintiffs, the trial court reallocated the damages. This “reallocation” is challenged on appeal
by TFM and is the subject of another section of this opinion.

                                                     -13-
                       V. C OVERAGE A ND B REACH O F C ONTRACT

       The correctness of the trial court’s ruling on Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
judgment must be addressed first. If, as TFM contends, the trial court erred in ruling that
Claire Sanders was entitled to insurance coverage under the policy underwritten by the
insurance company, then the verdict, the judgment, and the award of damages would be of
no effect. Thus, the other issues raised by TFM would be moot.

        The trial court granted the Plaintiffs partial summary judgment on the issue of
coverage. The standards for deciding a motion for summary judgment are well-known. The
trial court may grant such a motion only if the filings supporting the motion show that there
is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04; Blair v. West Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tenn.
2004). A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment enjoys no presumption
of correctness on appeal. Martin v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn.
2008); Blair v. West Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d at 764. We review the summary judgment
decision as a question of law. Id. Accordingly, this court must review the record de novo
and make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been
met. Eadie v. Complete Co., Inc., 142 S.W.3d 288, 291 (Tenn. 2004); Blair v. West Town
Mall 130 S.W.3d at 763.

        The moving party has the burden of demonstrating that it is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law and that there are no material facts in dispute. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 83;
McCarley v. West Quality Food Service, 960 S.W.2d 585, 588 (Tenn. 1998) To be entitled
to summary judgment, a defendant moving party must either (1) affirmatively negate an
essential element of the non-moving party’s claim or (2) show that the non-moving party
cannot prove an essential element of the claim at trial. Hannan v. Alltel Publishing Co., 270
S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2008). If the party seeking summary judgment makes a properly
supported motion, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts
establishing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84;
Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 5; Staples v. CBL & Associates, 15 S.W.3d 83, 86 (Tenn. 2000)
(citing Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn. 1993))

       The issue of coverage involves interpretation of the insurance policy, a contract, and,
thus presents a question of law, which we review de novo. Pitt v. Tyree Organization Ltd.,
90 S.W.3d 244, 252 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (citing Rainey v. Stansell, 836 S.W.2d 117 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1992)); Union Planters Corp. v. Harwell, 578 S.W.2d 87, 92 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978).

       A term in a contract that is susceptible to more than one reasonable meaning is
“ambiguous.” Tata v. Nichols, 848 S.W.2d 649, 650 (Tenn. 1993). It is a basic rule of
contracts that ambiguous terms in a contract are construed against the drafting party.



                                             -14-
Travelers Insurance Co. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 491 S.W.2d 363, 365 (Tenn. 1973);
Calvert Fire Insurance Co. v. American National Bank and Trust Co., 438 S.W.2d 545, 547
(Tenn. 1969); Jackson v. Miller, 776 S.W.2d 115, 117 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989).

        As a corollary to that rule, “[i]t is well settled that exceptions, exclusions and
limitations in insurance policies must be construed against the insurance company and in
favor of the insured. Allstate Insurance Co. v. Watts, 811 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tenn. 1991)
(citing Travelers Insurance Co. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 491 S.W.2d at 367, which
states that such provisions must be “strongly construed” against the insurance company);
Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Co. v. Moore, 958 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1997). See also Harrell v. Minnesota Mutual Life Insurance Co., 937 S.W.2d 809, 814
(Tenn. 1996).

       When a party challenges the grant of summary judgment on the basis that there exist
genuine disputes of material fact, we must determine first whether factual disputes exist and,
if so, whether the facts are material to the claim or defense upon which the summary
judgment is predicated. Summers v. Cherokee Family & Children Serv., 112 S.W.3d 486,
508 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). In other words, we must determine whether there exist factual
disputes that must be resolved by trial before a determination on the legal issues can be made.
Id.; Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 211-14 (Tenn. 1993); Rutherford v. Polar Tank Trailer,
Inc., 978 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). “If there is a dispute as to any material
fact or any doubt as to the conclusions to be drawn from that fact, the motion must be
denied.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 211.

       Herein, it is undisputed that the insurance policy issued to the Sanders included as
persons covered under the policy “you or any family member for the maintenance or use of
any auto or trailer.” Thus, it is undisputed that Claire would be a covered person under this
provision of the policy. However, TFM relies on an exclusion from that coverage, and the
pertinent language excludes coverage:

       for the use, operation or occupancy of any auto that you do not own without
       the permission of the owner or person or entity in lawful possession of the
       auto.

        Therefore, the question is whether Claire was operating the car with the permission
of its owner (Tracy Neely) or from someone else who was in lawful possession of the auto.
The Plaintiffs did not assert that Tracy Neely gave Claire permission to operate the car, so
the dispute is (1) whether Beth Neely was in lawful possession of the car, and (2) whether
Beth gave Claire permission to drive it.




                                             -15-
       A. Lawful Possession by Beth

        TFM argues that there was a question of material fact as to whether Beth Neeley was
ever in lawful possession of the car. This argument has two prongs. First, the insurance
company contends that Beth was not actually “in possession” of her mother’s car. They also
argue that, even if Beth had actual possession, that possession was not “lawful,” pointing out
that it was unlawful for Beth Neeley to drive her mother’s car because she was unlicensed
and also because she was uninsured, and that it was unlawful for Tracy Neeley to allow her
daughter to drive.

       TFM asserts that Beth never got behind the wheel or took control of the car on that
day and, consequently, was never in possession. In support of that argument, it cites Black’s
Law Dictionary and Webster’s Dictionary which include in their definitions of possession
“the exercise of dominion over property,” and “the act of having or taking property into
control.”

       Plaintiffs note, however, that Black’s Law Dictionary discusses two kinds of
possession: actual possession and constructive possession, stating that “[a] person who,
although not in actual possession, knowingly has both the power and the intention at a given
time to exercise dominion or control over a thing , either directly or through another person
or persons, is then in constructive possession of it.” B LACK’S L AW D ICTIONARY, 1163 (6 th
Ed. 1990).

      The Tennessee Supreme Court referred to that very definition in the case of State v.
Edmondson, 231 S.W.3d 925 (Tenn. 2007), stating that actual possession occurs when a
person “knowingly has direct physical control over a thing, at a given time.” Edmondson,
231 S.W.3d at 928. Constructive possession occurs when a person “knowingly has both the
power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over a thing . . . .”
Id.

        In Edmondson, the Court held that a victim of a carjacking was in possession of an
automobile when the defendant forcibly demanded the car keys from her, even though the
victim was three car lengths from the vehicle at the time of the encounter. The court also
stated that “[w]e agree with the Defendant that a person is in actual possession of his or her
car when in, on, or immediately adjacent to it.” Edmondson, 231 S.W.3d at 928. The
argument by TFM raises a question of law and does not involve a factual dispute. We
conclude that Beth was in possession of the car. Her mother gave her permission to operate
and take control of it.




                                             -16-
       TFM, argues, however, that even if Beth Neeley was in possession of the car, the
question of whether that possession was “lawful” remains unanswered. The insurance
company points out that it was unlawful for Beth Neeley to drive her mother’s car because
she was unlicensed and also because she was uninsured, and that it was unlawful for Tracy
Neeley to allow her daughter to drive.

       Although we have been unable to find a Tennessee case that is on point, Plaintiffs
have directed our attention to a number of cases from other jurisdictions in which the courts
have interpreted the meaning of legal possession within the context of an exclusion in an
automobile insurance policy. For example, Oakes v. American Family Mutual Insurance
Co., 535 N.W.2d 120 (Wisc. 1995), like the present case, also featured an accident caused
by an unlicensed minor driver, and an argument by the insurance company that the minor
driver was not covered under a relative’s policy because he was not in lawful possession of
the vehicle.

        In its review of a summary judgment in that case, the Wisconsin court was required
to determine the meaning of “lawful possession,” because that term was not defined in the
insurance policy. The court consulted Webster’s Dictionary, and concluded that the term “is
susceptible to one reasonable construction in the context of this policy: a person who has
lawful possession of a vehicle is a person who has a right to use the vehicle. To obtain that
right, the individual must be either: (1) a person with legal title to the vehicle; (2) a person
who has permission to use the vehicle from the titled owner; or (3) a person who has
permission to use the vehicle from another person who has permission to use it from the
titled owner.” Oakes v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 535 N.W.2d at 123.

        Of course under that definition, there would be no question as to whether Beth Neeley
was in lawful possession of the vehicle, for she had permission from the titled owner to drive
it.6 Plaintiffs also cite the case of Stanley v. Nationwide Insurance Co., 321 S.E. 920 (N.C.
App. 1984). The driver in that case borrowed a car from his brother by falsely representing
to him that his revoked license had been restored. Shortly thereafter, he collided with another
car. The appeals court found that the driver was in legal possession of the car because he had
the owner’s permission, notwithstanding his misrepresentation and his invalid license.

       For its part, TFM cites the case of Campbell v. Old Republic Insurance Co., 978 So.2d
416 (La. App. 2007). In that case, a fifteen year old unlicensed driver took his grandfather’s
company truck without permission and collided with an eighteen-wheeler. The trial court
found that on the basis of the driver’s age and his lack of a license, his “possession and



       6
         The Wisconsin court reached a different result than did the court in this case, affirming the
summary judgment for the insurance company because the only possible permission the minor driver in that
case obtained came from a friend who had no right to drive or possess the car himself.

                                                 -17-
operation of the vehicle was not lawful,” and that his operation of the car without the owner’s
permission simply added to the unlawfulness. Campbell v. Old Republic Insurance Co., 978
So.2d at 418.

        TFM suggests that the different meanings ascribed to lawful possession in the above
cases raise questions of material fact which would preclude summary judgment on the
question of coverage. However, the interpretation of a written contract is a matter of law and
not of fact. Pitt v. Tyree Organization Ltd., 90 S.W.3d 244, 252 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)
(citing Rainey v. Stansell, 836 S.W.2d 117 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)); Union Planters Corp. v.
Harwell, 578 S. W.2d 87, 92 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). It appears to us that TFM’s arguments
only prove that the terms “possession” and “lawful possession” can be reasonably interpreted
in more than one way. “It has long been the rule in this state that in construing an insurance
policy, uncertainties or ambiguities must be construed strongly against the insurer and in
favor of the insured.” Travelers Insurance Co. V. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 491 S.W.2d 363,
367 (Tenn. 1973) (emphasis added).

      Since it is undisputed that Tracy Neeley asked Beth Neeley to drive her car, Beth can
reasonably be deemed to have been in “lawful possession” of the vehicle.

       B. Permission

       In the present case, TFM does not dispute that Tracy Neeley gave her daughter Beth
permission to drive her car, or that Beth Neeley in turn allowed Claire Sanders to get behind
the wheel. Nor does the insurance company dispute that Beth sat in the passenger seat beside
Claire from the time they left Tracy Neeley’s driveway until the accident occurred. The
insurance company argues, nonetheless, that certain filings they submitted with their
memorandum in opposition to summary judgment raise a genuine issue of material fact as
to whether Beth Neeley actually gave Claire Sanders permission to drive.

       In support of its theory, TFM relies on the loss report prepared by the insurance
adjuster, which recited that Donna Sanders’ daughter “did not have permission to drive
vehicle,” and a single response by Claire Sanders to a deposition question about permission.

        We note that the loss report was not authenticated by an affidavit attesting to the truth
of the matters contained therein, or that the information it recited was made on personal
knowledge. See 56.06 Tenn. R. Civ. P. Further, even a casual examination of the report
reveals that it cannot be competent evidence because it amounts to double or triple hearsay.
It is a written statement prepared by the insurance adjuster, summarizing an account of an
accident conveyed to him by the 800 operator who had spoken to Tracy Neeley, but not to
anyone who was actually in the car prior to the time of the accident. Such a document does
not satisfy the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06 for the purpose of establishing the



                                              -18-
existence of genuine issues of material fact for trial. See Newman v. Jarrell, 354 S.W.3d
309, 317 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010); Perlberg v. Brencor Asset Management, Inc., 63 S.W.3d
390, 397 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d at 215-216.

        TFM also insists that an answer Claire Sanders gave to a question she was asked about
the accident at her deposition raises a material question of fact as to whether Beth Sanders
gave her permission to drive. We note that Claire first testified that as she and Beth were
walking outside, she told Beth, “I want to drive and Beth said ‘Okay,’” and that Claire then
got in the driver’s side. The keys were already in the ignition. Claire was asked about the
immediate aftermath of the accident, and she testified that she made a phone call, which
brought her father, her mother and her brother to the scene of accident. She was then asked,

       Q.     Did you tell your mother or father, either one, that you had permission
              to drive the car?

       A.     No.

       Q.     Did you think you had permission to drive the car?

       A.     No.

       Q.     And is that because you knew you weren’t supposed to be driving the
              car?

       A.     Yes, sir.

       TFM invokes the well-known rule that on a motion for summary judgment, the trial
court must view the pleadings and the evidence before it in the light most favorable to the
opponent of the motion. See Keene v. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, 853 S.W.2d 501,
503 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Taylor v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co., 573 S.W.2d 476
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). It insists that Claire’s answer to the question “[d]id you think you had
permission to drive the car?” created a question about her credibility, and raised a genuine
issue of material fact about whether she received permission to drive, which should have
precluded summary judgment.

        But TFM has taken her answer out of context. Earlier in her deposition, Claire
Sanders acknowledged that she knew that her parents would not have agreed to let her drive
and that Tracy Neeley did not know she took the wheel. She also testified, both before and
after the single response relied upon by TFM, that she told Beth she wanted to drive and that
Beth said “Okay.” In the context of the questions she was asked, it is clear to us that the
answer TFM relies on does not contradict Claire’s other testimony, but simply demonstrates



                                             -19-
that Claire understood the wrongfulness of driving without the permission of her parents and
of the car’s owner.

       There is no dispute of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. We
hold that Claire Sanders was driving the car with the permission of a person in lawful
possession. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court was correct to find that there was no
question of material fact as to insurance coverage and that Plaintiffs were entitled to
summary judgment on that issue as a matter of law.

       C. Breach of Contract

       Following close of all evidence, the trial court found that TFM breached its insurance
contract by denying coverage and awarded compensatory damages in the amount of $50,000
and $12,000 to the Sanders, parent and guardians of Claire, and the Leverettes. It also
awarded $5,000 for medical payments to the Sanders, in their individual capacity, for
expenses incurred in the treatment of Claire’s injuries.

       Because we have concluded that the policy provided coverage, we agree that TFM
breached the contract by denying coverage. We affirm the holding of the trial court on the
breach of contract claim.

                                   VI. B AD F AITH C LAIMS

       In addition to their claim for breach of contract, the Plaintiffs specifically alleged that
the acts or omissions of TMF “constitute the tort of bad faith.” They also alleged that TFM
“committed unfair claims practices in violation of T.C.A. Sections 56-8-101 through 56-8-
111,” and they specifically listed alleged violations of Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-8-105.

       A. The Insurance Trade Practices Act

       The Plaintiffs’ assertion of “unfair claims practices” is, by the language of their
Complaint, based upon the Insurance Trade Practices Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56–8–101
et seq. The purpose of the Act is

       regulat[ing] trade practices in the business of insurance . . . by defining, or
       providing for the determination of, all such practices in this state which
       constitute unfair methods of competition or unfair or deceptive acts or
       practices and by prohibiting the trade practices so defined or determined.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56–8–101.




                                              -20-
        The Act contains a list of acts that constitute unfair competition or deceptive acts in
the insurance business, including “unfair claim settlement practices.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 56–8–104(8). The Act focuses on the comprehensive regulation of insurance industry
practices and gives the Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance broad authority to enforce
its provisions. Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 924 (Tenn. 1998). However, no
private right of action may be maintained under the Act. Id.

       The Supreme Court’s holding that the Insurance Trade Practices Act, Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 56–8–101 et seq., does not create a private right of action has been applied in a
number of federal court decisions. See, e.g., Kansas Bankers Sur. Co. v. Bahr Consultants,
Inc., 69 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1017-18 (E.D. Tenn. 1999); Lindsey v. Allstate Ins. Co., 34 F.
Supp. 2d 636, 649 (W.D. Tenn. 1999); Pemberton v. AMOCO Life Ins. Co., Inc., 2002 WL
32059028, at *7 (E.D. Tenn. February 15, 2002).

        Accordingly, if the Plaintiffs intended to bring a separate claim based upon the alleged
violations of the Insurance Trade Practices Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56–8–101 et seq., that
claim must be dismissed. However, it appears that although Plaintiffs alleged that TFM had
violated provisions of that Act, specifically § 56-8-105, they did not seek any relief on the
basis of those violations. In any event, the trial court’s orders do not indicate that any
liability was assigned to TMF for violations of the Act per se,7 and no damages were
attributed to that cause of action.

        B. Statutory Bad Faith

       There is, however, a different statutory basis for a bad faith claim by an insured
against his insurer.

        While the Insurance Trade Practices Act focuses on the comprehensive
        regulation of insurance industry practices, the bad faith statute, Tenn. Code
        Ann. § 56-7-105, focuses on specific instances of bad faith. Enacted in 1901,
        the bad faith statute provides a private right of action to an individual injured
        by an insurance company’s refusal to pay a claim, if the refusal “was not in
        good faith.”

Myint, 970 S.W.2d 920 at 925.

        The statute known as the “bad faith penalty” statute applies to insurers and provides:



        7
         As discussed later in this opinion, it appears to us that Plaintiffs intended that we consider the
provisions of the Act as providing specific legislative examples of unfair and deceptive practices in the
context of the TCPA claim.

                                                   -21-
       The insurance companies of this state . . . in all cases when a loss occurs and
       they refuse to pay the loss within sixty (60) days after a demand has been made
       by the holder of the policy . . . on which the loss occurred, shall be liable to
       pay the holder of the policy . . . , in addition to the loss and interest on the
       bond, a sum not exceeding twenty-five percent (25%) on the liability for the
       loss; provided, that it is made to appear to the court or jury trying the case that
       the refusal to pay the loss was not in good faith, and that the failure to pay
       inflicted additional expense, loss, or injury including attorney fees upon the
       holder of the policy . . . ; and provided, further, that the additional liability,
       within the limit prescribed, shall, in the discretion of the court or jury trying
       the case, be measured by the additional expense, loss, and injury including
       attorney fees thus entailed.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-105 (a) (emphasis added).

       As this language makes clear, the statute provides for a 25% penalty where refusal to
pay the claim is not made in good faith. Gaston v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 120
S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tenn. 2003) (reversing the trial court’s grant of directed verdict dismissing
the statutory bad faith claim, because a reasonable jury could find the insurer’s conduct
constituted bad faith under the statute).

        However, in the case before us, a careful review of the Complaint reveals that
Plaintiffs did not allege liability under Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-105. Moreover, in this
appeal they do not assert they made a claim under the statute. Nothing in the trial court’s
instructions or orders indicates a cause of action based upon the bad faith statute. Instead,
by submitting the question of punitive damages to the jury and approving the award of
punitive damages for bad faith, rather than the 25% statutory penalty, it is clear that any “bad
faith” liability was based on Plaintiff’s claim for “the tort of bad faith,” as stated in the
Complaint.

       C. Tort of Bad Faith

       In the case before us, the jury and the trial court awarded the Plaintiffs both
compensatory and punitive damages based upon TMF’s liability for the “tort of bad faith.”
However, this court has held that Tennessee does not recognize the tort of bad faith in suits
between an insured and her insurer where the actions complained of are covered by the bad
faith penalty statute.

        In Chandler v. Prudential Insurance Co., 715 S.W.2d 615 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986), the
plaintiff originally brought an action based upon the bad faith statute, but later took a
voluntary nonsuit on that claim and, instead, proceeded on a claim that the insurance



                                              -22-
company’s actions “constituted the tort of bad faith.” Id. at 619. This court described the
plaintiff as seeking

        to have this Court decide - for the first time - that the tort of bad faith exists
        in Tennessee insofar as an action between an insured and its insurer is
        concerned. . . . Plaintiff concedes that such is presently not the law in
        Tennessee.

Id. (emphasis added).

        This court declined to recognize such a tort, holding that the bad faith statute, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 56-7-105, provides the exclusive remedy for an insurer’s failure to pay a claim
in bad faith. Id. In addition to the facts that the tort had not been recognized in this state and
that the statute had existed for many years, the Chandler court found the statute’s use of the
words “in all cases” when an insurance company refuses to pay a loss not in good faith
indicative of the legislature’s intent that the statute be the exclusive remedy where an
insured’s claim is based upon the insurer’s refusal to pay a claim. Id. at 621 (emphasis in
original).8 Federal courts in this state and a subsequent opinion from this court have repeated
the Chandler holding. See, e.g., Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins.
Co., 590 F. Supp.2d 970, 972 (M.D. Tenn. 2008) (“Tennessee does not recognize a general
common law tort for bad faith by an insurer against an insured; the exclusive remedy is
statutory.”); Rice v. Van Wagoner Co., Inc., 738 F. Supp. 252, 253 (M.D. Tenn. 1990); Watry
v. Allstate Prop. and Cas. Ins. Co., 2011 WL 6916802, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2011).

       Neither this court nor the Tennessee Supreme Court has overruled or even questioned
the continuing validity of Chandler. Neither court has explicitly recognized a tort based
upon an insurer’s bad faith in situations covered by the bad faith penalty statute. A number
of cases have dealt with the application, interpretation, and requirements for stating a claim
under the statute. Gaston v. Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 120 S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tenn.
2004); Ginn v. Am. Heritage Life Ins. Co., 173 S.W.3d 433, 442-43 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004);
Stooksbury v. Am. Nat. Prop. and Cas. Co., 126 S.W.3d 505, 518-19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003);
Minton v. Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 832 S.W.2d 35, 37-38 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Palmer
v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 723 S.W.2d 124, 125-26 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986); see also
Pactech, Inc. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 292 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

        The Plaintiffs herein assert that the holding of Chandler regarding the exclusivity of
the statutory remedy is no longer good law and that “the Tennessee Supreme Court has




        8
            The court likened this language to the “exclusive remedy” language in the Workers’ Compensation
laws.

                                                    -23-
expressly recognized the tort of bad faith,” citing Johnson v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins.
Co., 205 S.W.3d 365, 370 (Tenn. 2006).9 We have carefully reviewed the opinion in
Johnson and find no express recognition of the tort of bad faith in situations that fall within
the parameters of the statute.

        To the contrary, Johnson and the cases cited therein address the duty of an insurance
company to settle within policy limits. In that situation, the insurer has not refused to pay a
claim, so the bad faith statute is not applicable. Instead, the insurer has already
acknowledged coverage and liability and has undertaken to provide a defense for the insured
in suits or actions by third parties.

        It has long been the law in this state that an insurance company has a special duty to
its insureds after it undertakes defense of a claim against those insureds. Johnson and its
predecessors recognize that duty. “It is well established that an insurer having exclusive
control over the investigation and settlement of a claim may be held liable to its insured for
an amount in excess of its policy limits if as a result of bad faith it fails to effect a settlement
within the policy limits.” Johnson, 205 S.W.3d at 370 (citing State Auto. Ins. Co. of
Columbus, Ohio v. Rowland, 427 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tenn. 1968)).

        The Johnson Court explained:

        Bad faith refusal to settle is defined, in part, as an insurer’s disregard or
        demonstrable indifference toward the interests of its insured. This indifference
        may be proved circumstantially. Bad faith on the part of the insurer can be
        proved by facts that tend to show a willingness on the part of the insurer to
        gamble with the insured’s money in an attempt to save its own money or any
        intentional disregard of the financial interests of the plaintiff in the hope of
        escaping full liability imposed upon it by its policy. If the claim exceeds the
        policy limits, then the insurer’s conduct is subject to close scrutiny because
        there is a potential conflict of interest between the insurer and the insured.




        9
          Plaintiffs also refer us to MFA Mutual Ins. Co. v. Flint, 574 S.W.2d 718 (Tenn. 1978), and describe
this case as a “first party case brought directly by the insured against the insurer.” The plaintiff Chandler
similarly argued that the Tennessee Supreme Court had recognized the tort of bad faith in Flint. The
Chandler court disagreed with that interpretation, Chandler, 715 S.W.2d at 621, and we agree with the
Chandler interpretation. In Flint, the plaintiff brought an action to rescind or reform releases he had signed
with the insurance company on the ground that the settlement and releases were obtained in bad faith and
in breach of the insurer’s fiduciary duty to the insured. Id. The Chandler found Flint inapplicable to the
request that it recognize the tort, stating “Flint was a contract action. It sought a contractual type of relief,
rescission of releases for fraudulent inducement and acts of bad faith on the part of the insurer.” Chandler,
715 S.W.2d at 621. The Chandler court noted that the Supreme Court had not stated that it was
acknowledging the tort of bad faith.

                                                      -24-
Johnson, 205 S.W.3d at 370 (internal citations omitted). All the cases cited by the Johnson
Court that describe the special duty owed by insurers involve allegations of a failure to settle
within the policy limits, obviously after the duty to defend has been acknowledged. See, e.g.,
State Auto. Ins. Co. of Columbus, Ohio v. Rowland, 427 S.W.2d 30, 33 (1968); Perry v. U.S.
Fid. & Guar. Co., 359 S.W.2d 1, 6-7 (1962); S. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Norris, 250 S.W.2d 785,
790–91 (1952); Goings v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 491 S.W.2d 847, 849 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1972); see also Brown v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 604 S.W.2d 863, 865 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1980); Clark v. Hartford Accident and Indem. Co., 457 S.W.2d 35, 38 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1970).

       In that situation, there is no refusal to pay a claim, so the statute does not apply.
Consequently, there is no conflict or inconsistency10 between, on one hand, Johnson and the
prior cases dealing with the duty specifically applicable to situations where the insurer has
undertaken to defend its insured, and, on the other, Chandler and other cases involving
application of the statute where the insurer has refused to defend a claim.

                        VII. T ENNESSEE C ONSUMER P ROTECTION A CT C LAIMS

        In the verdict form submitted to it, the jury herein was asked, “Do you find that the
Defendant committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice under the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Law that caused damage to Chad and Donna Sanders parents and guardians for
Julia Claire Sanders, or Chad and Donna Sanders in their individual capacity?” The jury
answered the question in the affirmative and awarded $1.2 million in compensatory damages
to the Sanders.11

       The acts and practices of insurance companies are subject to the application of the
Tennessee Consumer Protection Act. Myint v. Allstate Insurance Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 925
(Tenn. 1998). The TPCA is complementary to the bad faith penalty statute, Id., and the same
conduct may be found to violate both. Gaston v. Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Co.
(Gaston I), 120 S.W.3d at 822 (restating that causes of action arising under TCPA may be
cumulative to other statutory remedies, and considering both the statutory bad faith claim and
the TCPA claim).

       The provisions of the TCPA are to be “liberally construed” to “protect consumers and
legitimate business enterprises from those who engage in unfair or deceptive acts or practices




           10
                Plaintiffs requested that we “clear up the inconsistency among Chandler , Johnson, [and] Myint
. . . .”
           11
         The jury made this award to the Sanders in their individual capacity. The trial court reallocated
the damages, and that action is the subject of a separate issue raised by TFM discussed later in this opinion.

                                                        -25-
in the conduct of any trade or commerce. . . .” T.C.A. § 47-18-102(2); Ginn v. American
Heritage Life Ins. Co., 173 S.W.3d 433, 444 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). The TCPA creates a
private right of action:

        Any person who suffers an ascertainable loss of money or property, real,
        personal, or mixed, or any other article, commodity, or thing of value wherever
        situated, as a result of the use or employment by another person of an unfair
        or deceptive act or practice declared to be unlawful by this part, may bring an
        action individually to recover actual damages.

Tenn. Code Ann. §47–18–109(a)(1); Discover Bank v. Morgan, 363 S.W.3d 479 (Tenn.
2012); Morrison v. Allen, 338 S.W.3d 417, 437 (Tenn. 2011).

        Tennessee Code Annotated § 47–18–104(a) declares unlawful any “[u]nfair or
deceptive acts or practices affecting the conduct of any trade or commerce.” Subsection (b)
of that statute provides a lengthy, non-exclusive list of acts and practices that are “unfair or
deceptive.” Many of those are specific to particular types of businesses or industries, none
of which are applicable in this case. The specific acts or practices enumerated in Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-104(b) include a “catch-all” provision, i.e., “[e]ngaging in any other act or
practice which is deceptive to the consumer or to any other person.” Tenn. Code Ann §
47-18-104(b)(27).12

       Additionally, the list in subsection (b) is qualified by the statement that the list of
specific unfair acts or practices does not limit the scope of subsection (a). This clear
language means simply that there can be unfair or deceptive acts or practices other than those
specifically set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(b). Gaston v. Tennessee Farmers Mut.
Ins. Co. (Gaston II), 2007 WL 1775967, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 21, 2007) (citing
Roberson v. West Nashville Diesel, Inc., No. M2004-01825-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 287389,
at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. February 3, 2006)).

        “[T]he standards to be used in determining whether a representation is ‘unfair’
        or ‘deceptive’ under the TCPA are legal matters to be decided by the courts.
        However, whether a specific representation in a particular case is ‘unfair’ or
        ‘deceptive’ is a question of fact.” Tucker v. Sierra Builders, 180 S.W.3d 109,
        116 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citations omitted). “A deceptive act or practice is
        one that causes or tends to cause a consumer to believe what is false or that




        12
         This catch-all provision was amended in 2011, effective October 1, 2011, to add the following at
the end of the provision, “provided, however, that enforcement of this subdivision (b)(27) is vested
exclusively in the office of the attorney general and reporter and the director of the division.” Tenn. Pub.
Acts 2011, ch. 510, §§ 15, 19.

                                                   -26-
       misleads or tends to mislead a consumer as to a matter of fact.” Id. An act or practice
       is unfair where “ ‘the act or practice causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to
       consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not
       outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition.’ ” Id. at
       116–17 (quoting 15 U.S.C.A. § 45(n)).

Morrison v. Allen, 338 S.W.3d at 437 (citations omitted).

       A. Could TFM’s Alleged Conduct Be a Violation the TCPA ?

        We must first determine whether the conduct alleged to have been a violation of the
TCPA fits within the Act such that it was proper to allow the question of violation to go to
the jury instead of granting a directed verdict to TFM. See, e.g. Gaston I, 120 S.W.3d at 822
(reversing the trial court’s grant of directed verdict to insurance company because a jury
could reasonably conclude that the insurer’s conduct was unfair or deceptive under the
TCPA).

        The conduct of TFM does not fit into any one of the specific enumerated acts or
practices declared to be unlawful under the TCPA, in Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(b). The
“catch-all” provision, i.e., “[e]ngaging in any other act or practice which is deceptive to the
consumer or to any other person,” Tenn. Code Ann § 47-18-104(b)(27), does not apply,
either, because it is clearly limited to “deceptive” conduct. We find no basis in the
allegations or proof that TFM enagaged in any deceptive conduct.

       That leaves the question of whether TFM’s conduct in how it handled the Sanders’
claim could constitute unfair acts or practices other than those specifically listed in Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-18-104(b).

       An insurance company may be found to have breached its insurance contract, but that
holding does not necessarily establish an unfair act or a violation of the TCPA. For example,
in Myint the insurance company refused to pay on a claim due to the suspicious nature of the
cause of two fires which ultimately resulted in substantial damage to the plaintiffs’ property.
It was stipulated by the parties that both fires were set intentionally, but the plaintiffs
steadfastly denied that they set the fires. In determining whether the denial of the plaintiffs’
insurance claim constituted a violation of the TCPA, the Court stated:

       While the sale of a policy of insurance easily falls under this definition of
       “trade” and “commerce,” we conclude that Allstate’s conduct in handling the
       Myints’ insurance policy was neither unfair nor deceptive. The record reveals
       no evidence of an attempt by Allstate to violate the terms of the policy, deceive
       the Myints about the terms of the policy, or otherwise act unfairly. It is



                                              -27-
         apparent that the denial of the Myints’ claim was Allstate's reaction to circumstances
         which Allstate believed to be suspicious. Consequently, Allstate’s conduct does not
         fall within the purview of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, and the Myints are
         not entitled to the benefits of treble damages and attorney’s fees recoverable under the
         Act.

Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d at 923. Similarly, in Ginn v. American Heritage Life
Insurance Co., this court examined the conduct that the plaintiff alleged supported the jury’s
finding of a violation of the TCPA, 173 S.W.3d at 445, holding as to at least one allegation,
“We fail to see how this even remotely states a cause of action under the TCPA.” Id. The
court stated:

         Plaintiff’s husband had a valid life insurance contract, and Defendants have
         never questioned that with the sole exception being whether Plaintiff made
         material misrepresentations about her husband’s health. Today we reach the
         same ultimate conclusion reached by this Court in Stooksbury and by our
         Supreme Court in Myint. We conclude there was no unfair or deceptive
         conduct by Defendants when the insurance contract was entered into; there
         was no unfair or deceptive conduct by Defendants when handling Plaintiff’s
         claim; there was no evidence of an attempt by Defendants to violate the terms
         of the policy; and Defendants had substantial legal grounds to support their
         defense to Plaintiff’s claim for benefits.

Id. 13

       There have also been situations in which the courts determined that an insurance
company’s actions were unfair or deceptive in violation of the TCPA. In Gaston I
the Supreme Court held that a juror could reasonably conclude that the insurer had acted in
an “unfair” manner in dealing with the plaintiff, explaining:

         Neither Brown nor anyone else at Tennessee Farmers notified or informed
         Gaston, who was not represented by counsel, that her effort to settle with CNL
         would prohibit her from collecting under her own policy. In our view, a jury
         could reasonably conclude that Tennessee Farmers’ conduct was unfair or
         deceptive under the TCPA.




         13
          The court went on to find there was no substantial and material evidence anywhere in the record
to support a verdict for Plaintiff pursuant to the TCPA. Its decision, however, was essentially a holding that
no conduct shown met the requirements of an unfair or deceptive practice.

                                                    -28-
Gaston I, 120 S.W.3d at 822. On remand, based upon those same facts, the trial court found
that the insurer treated its insured “unfairly in failing to advise her that the actions that she
was taking could impair her rights under her insurance policy.” This court affirmed that
holding. Gaston II, 2007 WL 1775967, at *11.

        In the case before us, the Plaintiffs do not assert that the denial of coverage itself was
a violation of the TCPA. We agree that our affirmance of the trial court’s determination that
the policy provided coverage to Claire Sanders at the time of the accident does not mean that
denial was somehow unfair. However, the Plaintiffs herein relied upon sections of the Unfair
Claims Practices Act, discussed earlier in this opinion, to establish TFM’s unfair acts.
Specifically, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-8-105 sets out a list of fifteen types of “acts by an insurer
or person” that constitute unfair claims practices. The Plaintiffs and their expert alleged that
TFM committed certain of those enumerated acts.

       Since Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(b) declared that the extensive list it contained
was not exclusive and did not limit “the scope of subsection (a),” of the TCPA, the Plaintiffs
were entitled to allege other “[u]nfair or deceptive acts or practices affecting the conduct of
any trade or commerce.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(a). The legislature has identified
specific acts or practices by insurance companies that are unfair claims practices. We
conclude that violation of those statutory provisions can also constitute violation of the
TCPA. Accordingly, the jury was appropriately assigned the task of determining whether the
conduct of TFM was an unfair act or practice prohibited by the TCPA.

       B. Jury Verdict

        The standard of review an appeals court must follow in reviewing a jury verdict is set
out in the Rules of Appellate Procedure. “Findings of fact by a jury in civil actions shall be
set aside only if there is no material evidence to support the verdict.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d);
Whaley v. Perkins, 197 S.W.3d 665, 671 (Tenn. 2006). When addressing whether there is
material evidence to support a verdict, this court is required to: “(1) take the strongest
legitimate view of all the evidence in favor of the verdict; (2) assume the truth of all evidence
that supports the verdict; (3) allow all reasonable inferences to sustain the verdict; and (4)
discard all countervailing evidence.” Barnes v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 48 S.W.3d 698,
704 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Crabtree Masonry Co. v. C & R Constr., Inc., 575 S.W.2d 4, 5
(Tenn. 1978)). “Appellate courts shall neither reweigh the evidence nor decide where the
preponderance of the evidence lies.” Barnes, 48 S.W.3d at 704. If there is any material
evidence to support the verdict, we must affirm it; otherwise, the parties would be deprived
of their constitutional right to trial by jury. Crabtree Masonry Co., 575 S.W.2d at 5.




                                              -29-
       Therefore, our task is to determine whether there is any material evidence in the
record to support the jury’s finding that TFM committed an unfair or deceptive act or practice
under the TCPA that caused damage to the Sanders.

       Plaintiffs’ expert witness John Moyer testified that the conduct of the insurer in the
case before us presented prime examples of five unfair practices found in the statutes
regulating the insurance industry at Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-8-105. He identified those
practices as:

       (1) Knowingly misrepresenting relevant facts or policy provisions relating to
       coverages at issue;
       (2) Failing to acknowledge with reasonable promptness pertinent
       communications with respect to claims arising under its policies;
       (3) Failing to adopt and implement reasonable standards for the prompt
       investigation and settlement of claims arising under its policies;
       (4) Except when the prompt and good faith payment of claims is governed by
       more specific standards, not attempting in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair
       and equitable settlement of claims submitted in which liability has become
       reasonably clear;
       ...
       (6) Refusing to pay claims without conducting a reasonable investigation
       except when denied because of an electronic submission error by the claimant;

        Mr. Moyer explained the reasons why, in his opinion, TFM was guilty of all the unfair
acts listed above. While the insurer may dispute Mr. Moyer’s conclusion that its acts were
in violation of numbers (1) and (4), it admitted that it’s conduct violated numbers (2) and
(3). It does not deny that it failed to acknowledge or respond to pertinent communications
about the claim before it from the Sanders, their representatives and other interested parties
and it admitted that it had not implemented uniform written standards for the prompt
investigation and settlement of the millions of claims that it administered.

        TFM argues that its investigation was reasonable under the circumstances, but we
conclude there was evidence from which the jury could have found otherwise. The adjuster’s
original decision was based upon an incomplete investigation that disclosed, at most, that
neither the Sanders, Claire’s parents, nor Tracy Neely, the car’s owner, had given Claire
permission to drive. The adjuster ignored, or did not investigate, whether another person,
i.e., someone in possession of the car, had given her permission. The insurer stuck to its
original position and did not explain its interpretation of the policy to the insureds or to the
Leverettes’ attorney.




                                              -30-
        C. Enhanced Penalties

       The trial court enhanced Plaintiffs’ damages award under the provisions of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-18-109 of the TCPA. That statute allows the court to award a plaintiff three
times the actual damages sustained, if it finds that the defendant has committed an unfair or
deceptive act or practice prohibited by the TCPA., and if such violation was willful or
knowing. The definitions section of the TCPA defines “knowingly”or “knowing”as “actual
awareness of the falsity or deception, but actual awareness may be inferred where objective
manifestations indicate that a reasonable person would have known or would have had
reason to know of the falsity or deception.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-103(10).14

      The court’s authority to enhance an award beyond actual damages is found in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109, which provides:

        (3) If the court finds that the use or employment of the unfair or deceptive act
        or practice was a willful or knowing violation of this part, the court may award
        three (3) times the actual damages sustained and may provide such other relief
        as it considers necessary and proper, except that the court may not award
        exemplary or punitive damages for the same unfair or deceptive practice.

        (4) In determining whether treble damages should be awarded, the trial court
        may consider, among other things:

        (A) The competence of the consumer or other person;
        (B) The nature of the deception or coercion practiced upon the consumer or
        other person;
        (C) The damage to the consumer or other person; and
        (D) The good faith of the person found to have violated the provisions of this
        part.



        14
            The jury was asked, “[w]as the Defendant’s unfair or deceptive act or practice committed willfully
or knowingly?” and answered in the affirmative. On appeal, TFM argues that it was error to submit that issue
to the jury, since the statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(3),requires that the “court” make that
determination. Plaintiffs argue that TFM did not lodge any objections to the jury instructions or the jury
verdict form in relation to their TCPA claims and, therefore, should not be permitted to raise this issue for
the first time on appeal. They ask us to rule that any such objection has been waived. See Dye v. Witco
Corp., 216 S.W.3d 317, 321 (holding that issues raised for the first time on appeal are waived). We need not
make that determination, however, because, as Plaintiffs point out, even if the trial court erred in submitting
the question to the jury, the court remedied that error by making its own determination on the issue. The
court’s judgment on treble damages explicitly declares that, “[t]he court, having heard and independently
weighed the evidence agrees with the jury’s finding that the Defendant committed unfair and deceptive
practices in violation of the TCPA, and did so willfully and knowingly.” Since the court made it clear that
it performed its independent statutory duty to determine that question, any error was harmless at most.

                                                     -31-
       The trial court herein discussed the four factors listed above, and found that they all
were present. It accordingly held that the Sanders were entitled to a treble damages award
for their “proven actual economic damages.”15 The court’s specific findings include:

        (1) Here there is evidence that the Defendant deceived Plaintiffs with regard
        to the investigation of the claim and interpretation of the exclusionary
        language relied upon by the insurance company. At trial Plaintiffs produced
        expert testimony tending to prove that the representations made in the
        Defendant’s denial letter that was sent to Plaintiffs contained untrue and
        deceptive statements.

        (2) Clearly the Plaintiffs have suffered extensive economic harm. Claire
        Sanders has suffered judgments against her in Bedford County totaling in
        excess of $1,000,000.00. Mr. And Mrs. Sanders, individually, suffered
        medical expenses and out of pocket costs for retention of an attorney.

        (3) The jury specifically found the defendant guilty of bad faith and the court
        agrees.

       After carefully reviewing the record, we must conclude that the evidence
preponderates against the trial court’s findings of fact and/or that the evidence does not
support the holdings. With regard to deception, the evidence preponderates against the
finding that deceit was involved. We have already held that the insurer’s conduct herein did
not implicate the “deceptive act or practice” element of the TCPA. The fact that the
insurance company interpreted its policy differently from the insureds does not make their
interpretation deceitful.

       With regard to harm, it is inevitable that in a coverage denial situation, the insureds
will suffer economic harm, whether the coverage was denied on a reasonable basis or not.
We find nothing in the record to indicate that the Plaintiffs’ situation was graver than others




        15
           Once an ascertainable loss has been established, the TCPA allows consumers to recover “actual
damages,” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47–18–109(a)(1). The trial court applied treble damages to $5,000 of the
medical costs the Sanders had to incur for their daughter’s injuries, and the attorney fees of $1,100 they
expended after TFM refused to defend their case in the Bedford County action. The resulting award to the
Sanders in their individual capacity amounted to $18,300. The court also held that the Sanders were entitled
to a treble damages award as parents and guardians of Julia Claire Sanders for her economic damages of
$1,001,845, resulting in a total award to them in that capacity of $3,005,535.


                                                   -32-
or warranted trebling of the damages actually suffered by them.

        We have vacated the jury’s and the trial court’s holding that TFM committed the tort
of bad faith. While that holding does not eliminate consideration of specific conduct that was
found to be in bad faith, there is little identification of what that specific conduct was. In any
event, the trial court also included another factor that is relevant:

       (4) Other facts and considerations the court may consider are all of the separate
       factors considered by the court in weighing the jury’s assessment of punitive
       damages. That is the Hodges v. S.C. Toof Co., 833 SW2d 901 (Tenn. 1992)
       factors may be considered by the court. The court has previously considered
       those factors and its findings are set forth in a previous order entered in this
       cause.

       As to the factors set out by the trial court in its order on punitive damages, the most
relevant findings are:

       It is clear to the court that the Defendant has been in continuous violation of
       insurance industry standards by its failure to adopt and implement reasonable
       standards for the prompt investigation and settlement of claims arising under
       its policies during its entire corporate existence.

       While there is no evidence of prior punitive damage awards against this
       Defendant, it is also clear from the evidence that the Defendant has been guilty
       of bad faith on multiple prior occasions from conduct similar to that in this
       case which is bad faith refusal to settle within policy limits. There was no
       evidence that any change in policy or procedure was made by the Defendant
       in response to any of the prior bad faith findings.

       While TFM admitted it had not adopted the type of standards referenced by Plaintiffs’
experts, it is not clear at all that the lack of standards for prompt investigation and settlement
of claims had anything to do with TFM’s decision on coverage or its interpretation of its
policy language. Even though we held that there was some material evidence in the record
to support the jury’s verdict that TFM committed a violation of the TCPA, we cannot see that
the evidence supports a knowing and willful violation or supports the trebling of damages.

        The basis of the finding that TFM has been guilty of bad faith “on multiple prior
occasions from conduct similar to that in this case” requires some explanation. As a result
of the reading into the record of a request for admission and TFM’s response, copies of six




                                               -33-
(6) appellate opinions in which TFM was a party were introduced into evidence.16

       John Moyer, Plaintiffs’ expert, was asked if he had detected a pattern of bad behavior
on the part of TFM with respect to the handling of its policyholders’ claims. He testified that
while reviewing the facts of this case, he had also examined the six cases mentioned above,
and he stated that although those cases were filed over a period of thirty or forty years, they
did demonstrate such a pattern.

        Under cross-examination, Mr. Moyers once again acknowledged that the six cases
were filed over a period of thirty or forty years, but he maintained that they still constituted
a significant number of adverse appellate opinions on the question of bad faith. He was then
asked if he would be surprised to learn that TFM had handled more that two and a half
million auto claims since the 1980’s, and he said that he would not be. He also admitted that
in his experience in the insurance industry, it was not unusual for attorneys to claim bad faith
when the insurance company did not give them the result they wanted.

       TFM’s general counsel acknowledged the six cases and also testified that TFM had
paid over 220,000 claims in the previous year.

        Whether or not the prior adverse decisions were appropriate as evidence, which, of
course, the parties dispute, we cannot conclude that they actually establish a pattern of bad
faith or unfair acts or practices that are relevant to the situation in this case. The trial court
was able to review the opinions and put them in perspective, which would not have been
possible for a lay jury. The opinion of the non-attorney expert on what the cases showed
does not offer any help to the decision maker.

       We have reviewed the opinions of the cases at issue. The existence of coverage was
not an issue in any them. They did not involve interpretation of the language of the policy.
Most of the cases were based on a bad faith refusal to settle, resulting in a judgment in excess
of the policy limits. Johnson v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. 205 S.W.3d 365 (Tenn.
2006); Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wood, 277 F.2d 21, 24 (6th Cir. 1960); Maclean
v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 01A-01-9407-CH-00320, 1994 WL 697857 (Tenn. Ct.



        16
           Among those was the following: “[a]dmit that Tennessee Farmers Mutual was found to have
committed bad faith towards its insured in the following court cases,” which statement was followed by a
list of six cases. The insurance company’s answer was, “[t]his Defendant neither admits nor denies the
request, and states that the published opinions speak for themselves.” The cases were then admitted into
evidence, over the objections of TFM. It is unclear whether the jury read or considered those cases during
their deliberations. TFM argues on appeal that the opinions should not have been admitted into evidence,
and, maybe, that the jury should not have heard about the prior bad faith judgments. Because we have
vacated the punitive damages holding on bad faith, and because we are reviewing only the trial court’s
decision on treble damages, we find it unnecessary to resolve this evidentiary issue.

                                                  -34-
App. Dec. 14, 1994). The cases are simply not probative of any pattern or consistent practice
that occurred in this case.

       Additionally, we find significant, although the expert did not, that only six instances
of court holdings of bad faith occurred over twenty or thirty years (the oldest was from
1960). The occurrence of judgments of bad faith seems infrequent and very low considering
the number of claims processed by TFM. We cannot conclude that any evidence supports
a finding that TFM has a practice or pattern of conduct that would justify the trebling of
damages in this case.

        In the case before us, the Plaintiffs spend a number of pages in their brief citing cases
from this and other jurisdictions interpreting “possession” and “lawful possession,” with
inconsistent definitions and outcomes. The Plaintiffs used that authority to argue strenuously
that the words of the exception were ambiguous. Of course, Plaintiffs then argued that any
ambiguity must be construed against the insurer. Nonetheless, it is difficult to understand
how the insurance company’s interpretation of an admittedly ambiguous term could amount
to a knowing and willful violation of the TCPA’s prohibition of deceptive and unfair acts.

      We reverse the trial court’s holding that treble damages, or enhanced penalties, were
appropriate and vacate the award of treble damages.

                          VIII. S TANDING A ND P ROPER P ARTIES

       TFM argues that the trial court erred by dismissing its pre-trial motion for judgment
on the pleadings under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.02. The motion was in large part a challenge to
the rights of all the plaintiffs to sue. The insurance company contends on appeal, for
example, that the trial court should have dismissed all the Leverettes’ claims from the lawsuit
because they were not insured by TFM and the insurance company owed absolutely no duty
to them under the insurance contract.

       In response to TFM’s motion on the pleadings, Plaintiffs moved to amend their
complaint to remove any claims by the Leverettes based on the insurance company’s bad
faith. They asserted, however, that the Leverettes were entitled to remain as plaintiffs, not
because of their agreement with the Sanders, but because they were third party beneficiaries
or subrogated judgment creditors of the Sanders’ insurance policy. Under the amended
complaint, the only relief the Leverettes sought from the trial court was a judgment for the
insurance policy limits of $62,000.

       The case of Linehan v. Allstate Ins. Co., 1994 WL 164113 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 4,
1994) involves a claim similar to the one the Leverettes are asserting in the present case. In
Linehan, a landlord obtained an $80,000 judgment against a tenant for damages caused by



                                              -35-
a fire on property owned by the landlord and occupied by the tenant. The tenant had
obtained a renter’s insurance policy, but his insurance company declined to defend him. The
landlord then sued the tenant’s insurance company, asserting that the judgment against the
tenant made him a third party beneficiary on the insurance contract as well as the tenant’s
judgment creditor.

       The landlord’s claim was ultimately dismissed, but not because he lacked standing to
sue. Rather, the court held that the landlord’s rights as a judgment creditor were derivative
and thus could rise no higher than the rights the tenant possessed. Linehan v. Allstate Ins.
Co., 1994 WL 164113 at *2. Since the tenant lost his rights against the insurance company
because of his uncooperative conduct, it followed that the landlord could derive no rights
from him.17

        In the present case, the trial court determined there was coverage, and we have
affirmed. We therefore conclude that, contrary to TFM’s arguments, the Leverettes were
entitled to remain as plaintiffs in this case, at least to the extent of their subrogation rights
to the proceeds of the Sanders’ insurance policy limits.18

       TFM also argues that Claire Sanders should have been dismissed from the suit
because “there was no evidence that she suffered any damage.” The insurance company
contends that the agreement between the Leverettes and Sanders eliminated the possibility
that “Claire Sanders will ever have to pay one penny to the Leverettes,” and thus that she
cannot show any injury for which the insurance company may be held liable. However, the
Bedford County court rendered an enforceable judgment against Claire Sanders, and in the
eyes of the law that constitutes an injury, whether or not that judgment is ultimately satisfied.

       As to Plaintiffs Chad and Donna Sanders, TFM acknowledges that they were entitled
to proceed on their breach of contract claim, but it argues that their claims for bad faith and
for violation of the TCPA should have been dismissed because the Bedford County court did
not enter a judgment against them. TFM thus contends that the Sanders should have been
permitted to proceed at trial only upon their claim for medical payment coverage of $5,000.




        17
           TFM notes that Tennessee is not a direct action state, which means that in Tennessee an injured
plaintiff cannot directly sue the liability insurance carrier of the defendant who allegedly caused her injury.
Seymour v. Sierra, 98 S.W.3d 164, 165 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). But Tennessee, like many states, has allowed
injured parties to file suit against insurance companies that have refused to honor the terms of their policies
after judgment has been rendered against an insured tortfeasor. See Ferguson v. Nationwide Property & Cas.
Ins. Co., 218 S.W.3d 42 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); Franklin v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 534 S.W.2d 661
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1975) (injured party deemed to be third party beneficiary of insurance policy).
        18
          If the Sanders are proper plaintiffs, we fail to see how the inclusion of the Leverettes as parties
affects the judgment or prejudices TFM.

                                                    -36-
Even if the Sanders were not entitled to proceed against TFM for bad faith in their individual
capacities, there can be no doubt that they had the right to proceed as parents and guardians
of their daughter. Thus, the trial court did not err in declining to grant TFM’s motion for
judgment on the pleadings.

                   IX. T HE T RIAL C OURT’S R EALLOCATION OF D AMAGES

       TFM’s counsel argued vigorously during his closing argument that the jury should not
award any damages at all to Claire Sanders because it was the minor’s own foolish and
reckless behavior that caused so much damage, and that “if you give money to Claire Sanders,
what you may end up doing is rewarding her for causing all of this to begin with.” His
argument was apparently persuasive, for when the jury returned its verdict, it pointedly
awarded “zero” to Chad and Donna Sanders as parents and guardians of Julia Claire Sanders.
However, the jury did award Chad and Donna Sanders $1.2 million in their individual
capacities as compensatory damages for TFM’s bad faith.19

       Plaintiffs subsequently filed a “Motion for Entry of Judgment on Special Jury Verdict.”
They asked the court to exercise its authority under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 49 to enter a judgment
reallocating the damages awarded by the jury to better reflect the legal basis for those
damages. Plaintiffs suggested that the court, acting as 13th juror, find that the jury awarded
the verdict amounts to the wrong parties and that the weight of the evidence supported
reallocation of the awards. The trial court’s judgment, filed on September 14, 2010, was
consistent with that motion.

        The court awarded $1 million, the amount of the Bedford County Judgment against
Claire Sanders, to Chad and Donna Sanders in their representative capacity as parents and
guardians of Julia Claire Sanders, and $200,000 to Chad and Donna Sanders individually. The
$200,000 award is no longer at issue due to our vacating the judgment that TFM acted in bad
faith, leaving only the award under the TCPA in place.




        19
           After judgment was entered, TFM renewed its motion for directed verdict or for a new trial,
accompanied by the affidavit of juror John Russell, which was apparently offered for the purpose of
demonstrating the jury’s intention in regard to the allocation of damages. Mr. Russell stated, “[a]fter hearing
the proof, it was our specific and unanimous intent to award Julia Claire Sanders, the thirteen (13) year old
tortfeasor whose negligence began this whole ordeal, no recovery whatsoever. All jurors agreed that she was
not entitled to any recovery. We specifically crafted our verdict to ensure that Julia Claire Sanders would
not recover any amount in damages.” Plaintiffs argue that this affidavit was inadmissible under Rule 606(b)
of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, and should not be considered by this court.

                                                    -37-
       The court declared that reasonable minds could not differ as to the amounts of
compensatory damages incurred by Chad and Donna Sanders as parents and guardians of
Claire Sanders, including economic damages in “the respective amounts of $1 million and
$1,845.75.20 The court stated, however, that the jury had “misapprehended the effect of
awarding the damages to M/M Sanders, individually, as opposed to M/M Sanders in their
representative capacity.” The court accordingly declared that it had decided to “exercise its
authority under Rule 49 and/or Rule 59, to correct this obvious error by reallocating the
damages.”

        TFM argues that by acting as it did, “the trial court failed to enter a Judgment reflecting
the true jury verdict,” and that “the trial court had no authority to alter the jury verdict.” The
insurance company cites several cases for the well-known principle that it is the trial court’s
duty to enter a judgment that is consistent with the jury verdict.

       For example, in State v. Morris, 788 S.W.2d 820, 825 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990), the
Court of Criminal Appeals stated that “the trial judge had no right to substitute for the
rendered verdict a judgment that is substantially different.” In Ladd by Ladd v. Honda Motor
Co., 939 S.W.2d 83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), this court stated that “[t]he verdict, whether
general or special, is binding on the trial court and the parties unless it is set aside through
some recognized legal procedure. Accordingly, neither the trial court nor the parties are free
to disregard a jury’s verdict once it has been property returned.” Id. at 94 (citing Smith
County Education Ass’n v. Anderson, 676 S.W.2d 328, 336 (Tenn. 1984)).

       As even those quotes imply, however, the general principle is subject to some narrow
exceptions. One such exception is found at Tenn. R. Civ. P. 49.02, which gives the trial court
some leeway when there are inconsistencies between a general verdict and a special verdict.


       When the general verdict and the answers are harmonious, the court shall direct
       the entry of the appropriate judgment upon the verdict and answers. When the
       answers are consistent with each other but one or more is inconsistent with the
       general verdict, the court may direct the entry of judgment in accordance with
       the answers, notwithstanding the general verdict, or may return the jury for
       further consideration of its answers and verdict, or may order a new trial.




        20
          In addition to the $1 million verdict, the court’s order included $1,845.75, representing costs and
attorney fees incurred by the Sanders because of TFM’s refusal to defend them against the claim filed in
Bedford County.

                                                   -38-
In its judgment in the present case, the trial court stated that “the jury’s special verdicts on the
issues of liability on all theories are consistent with each other but are inconsistent with the
general damage awards to the respective parties.”21 The court also found that “reasonable
minds cannot differ about the damages incurred by Chad and Donna Sanders, parents and
guardians for Julia Claire Sanders,” and that those damages were the Bedford County
judgments in the respective amounts of $1,000,000 and $1,845.75. The court concluded that
it was obvious that the jury intended to award the amount of the Bedford County judgments,
but simply awarded them to the wrong party, and it directed an entry of judgment consistent
with that conclusion.

       Our Supreme Court has also suggested that the trial court is not relegated to an entirely
ministerial role after a jury renders its verdict, for it interprets the law that the verdict must
comply with. “It is for the jury to determine the facts and the trial judge to apply the
appropriate principles of law to those facts.” Anderson, 676 S.W.2d at 338. Accordingly, our
appellate courts have approved judgments which deviated from the jury verdict in some
respects when the application of the appropriate principle of law indicated that such deviation
was necessary.

        For example, in Spence v. Allstate Insurance Co., 883 S.W.2d 586 (Tenn. 1994), the
jury returned a verdict of $4,990 against the party who allegedly set a house fire, causing a
substantial insurance loss. The insurance company filed a motion to increase the judgment
to $88,777, the amount the insurance company had been required to pay because of the fire.
The trial court granted the motion, and this court affirmed.

        Our Supreme Court also affirmed, ruling that the insurance company was entitled to
be indemnified for its entire loss (the full amount of which was undisputed) and that the
proper role of the jury as the trier of fact was simply to determine who was responsible for
setting the fire. “It is moreover well settled that a trial court may modify a judgment when the
damages awarded by the jury conflict with the undisputed facts concerning damages.” Spence,
883 S.W.2d at 595; see also Collins v. Summers, 88 S.W.3d 192 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)
(affirming the trial court’s upward adjustment of damages over the jury’s general verdict
amounts).

        The trial court’s judgment in the present case affirmed the jury’s finding of liability for
TCPA against TFM and the amount of its verdict for compensatory damages. It also agreed
that the judgment was to be paid to TFM’s insured. The court ruled, however, that




        21
           The entire verdict in this case was returned in response to a single set of specific interrogatories,
so it is unclear if and how a line may be drawn between a general and a specific verdict. We believe that
under the circumstances of this case, the trial court acted within its authority in reallocating the damages as
it did.

                                                     -39-
as a matter of law, the portion of the recovery that represented the $1 million Bedford County
judgment against Claire Sanders should be awarded to the Sanders in their representative
capacity rather than in their individual capacity.

        By modifying the verdict so the award would run in favor of Chad and Donna Sanders
in their representative capacities as parents and guardians of Claire Sanders, the trial court was
able to align the Sanders’ legal obligations with the purposes of the jury award. Thus, the trial
court acted properly, and its judgment did not violate the jury’s role as the trier of fact.

                                         X. A TTORNEY F EES

       TFM also challenges the trial court’s awards to Plaintiffs of attorney fees and pre-
judgment interest. Both awards were included in the same judgment, but they merit separate
discussion. The legal basis for an award of attorney fees in a claim under the TCPA is found
in Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109 (e)(1), which states that, “[u]pon a finding by the court that
a provision of this part has been violated, the court may award to the person bringing such
action reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.”

        Plaintiffs’ motion for attorney fees was accompanied by a memorandum of law and by
the affidavit of their attorney, Richard Matthews. The attorney testified that he had accepted
employment with the Plaintiffs on a contingent fee basis for 40% of the gross amount of their
recovery (if any) in addition to his costs. He further testified that he had not received any fees
or costs from the Plaintiffs as of the date of his affidavit. He estimated that the actual time
he expended on the case amounted to 351 hours over the course of 19 months and that he had
advanced approximately $20,000 for expenses.

       Mr. Matthews’ affidavit also declared that reasonable hourly rates for his services in
this case, in consideration of the factors set out in Rule 8, RPC 1.5 of the Rules of the
Tennessee Supreme Court, would be $300 per hour.22 He subsequently filed the affidavit of


        22
          Rule 8, RPC 1.5 reads:
        A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge or collect an unreasonable fee or an unreasonable
        amount for expenses. The factors to be considered as guides in determining the reasonableness of
        a fee include the following:
        (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
        requisite to perform the legal service properly;
        (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will
        preclude other employment by the lawyer;
        (3) The fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
        (4) The amount involved and the results obtained;
        (5) The time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances;
        (6) The nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
        (7) The experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services;
                                                                                               (continued...)

                                                   -40-
another experienced Columbia attorney, Russell Parkes, who testified that because of the
amount of time the case would clearly require, the insurance coverage issues to be litigated,
and the uncertainty of a favorable resolution of those issues, he would have been reluctant to
accept representation of Plaintiffs on a one-third contingency fee basis. Mr. Parkes testified
that in his professional opinion, a 40% contingent fee in the matter was “fair, reasonable and
comports with the guidelines and factors set forth in Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 8 RPC
1.5.” TFM did not file any countervailing affidavits.

        The trial court awarded attorney fees to the Sanders in the amount of $1,202,214,
which amounts to 40% of their $3,005,535 treble damages award under the TCPA.23 TFM
challenges the fee award on several grounds.24 TFM argues that the attorney fee awarded by
the trial court was not “reasonable,” as is required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109 (e)(1)
and by Supreme Court Rule 8, RPC 1.5(a), but rather that it was excessive. The insurance
company notes that 351 hours at $300 an hour would only yield attorney fees in the amount
of $105,300, and that the trial court’s award was over ten times the hourly rate. A trial
court’s determination of attorney’s fees is within the court’s discretion, and will be upheld
unless the trial court abuses that discretion. Kline v. Eyrich, 69 S.W.3d 197, 203 (Tenn.
2002); Shamblin v. Sylvester, 304 S.W.3d 320, 331 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

         It can hardly be disputed that the fee awarded in this case is unusually large.
Contingency fee arrangements can sometimes justify larger fees, however, because they “shift
to the attorney some or all of the risk that the client’s claim will result in no recovery.”
Alexander v. Inman, 903 S.W.2d 686, 696 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Our Supreme Court has
accordingly stated that “[a]n attorney’s fee should be greater where it is contingent than where
it is fixed.” United Medical Corp v. Hohenwald Bank, 703 S.W.2d 133, 136 (Tenn. 1986).
Ultimately, however, “the reasonableness of the fee must depend upon the particular
circumstances of the individual case.” Wright ex rel. Wright v. Wright, 337 S.W.3d 166, 182




       22
         (...continued)
        (8) Whether the fee is fixed or contingent;
        (9) prior advertisements or statements by the lawyer with respect to the fees the lawyer charges; and
        (10) whether the fee agreement is in writing.
        23
             The court also awarded the Sanders discretionary costs in the amount of $11,040.25.
        24
           TFM argues, once again, that Plaintiffs did not suffer any legally cognizable injury, that the trial
court erred by granting Plaintiffs summary judgment on the question of coverage, that it was not guilty of
bad faith in any case, and that the trial court did not have the authority to modify the jury verdict. We have
already dealt with those issues in detail. TFM repeats the same arguments, essentially that since the coverage
decision was wrong, everything else must be reversed, on almost every issue it raises.

                                                    -41-
(Tenn. 2011) (citing White v. McBride, 937 S.W.2d 796, 800 (Tenn. 1996)). Under the
circumstances of this case, the size of the attorney fee awarded is excessive.

        When attorney fees are assessed against a defendant in a case under the TCPA, the
defendant is required to pay those fees in addition to any judgment for violating the Act. See
Killingsworth v. Ted Russell Ford, Inc., 205 S.W.3d 406, 408 (Tenn. 2002); Smith v. Scott
Lewis Chevrolet, Inc., 843 S.W.2d 9, 10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Campbell v. Teague, 2010
WL 1240732 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2010) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed). A
contingency fee arrangement, on the other hand, generally provides that a successful attorney
will be paid from the proceeds of the judgment (if any) that the attorney obtains for his client.
We are unaware of any TCPA cases where the trial court assessed attorney fees against a
defendant based solely upon a contingency agreement, although we do not rule out the
possibility that such an award may be upheld in appropriate circumstances.25

        There is thus an inherent tension between the attorney fee provisions of the TCPA and
the normal incidents of a contingency fee arrangement. We note that unlike an award of
treble damages under the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, an award of attorney fees is
not meant to be punitive in nature. Miller v. United Automax, 166 S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tenn.
2005). Rather, “the potential award of attorney’s fees under the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Act is intended to make prosecution of such claims economically viable to
plaintiff.” Id. (citing Killingsworth, 104 S.W.3d at 535).

      The statutory basis for an award of fees requires that the fees be reasonable. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-18-109(e)(1). The purpose of such an award is to make TCPA lawsuits
economically viable, not to punish the defendant. Other punitive sanctions are available
where warranted.

        In the present case, however, we find it difficult to justify an award that requires the
defendant to pay Plaintiffs’ attorney more than ten times the attorney’s normal hourly rate,
when the agreement between the attorney and his clients was that the attorney’s fee would be
taken out of Plaintiffs’ recovery. By awarding over $1 million26 to be paid by the defendant,
the trial court imposed punishment on a defendant. We do not believe such a judgment serves
the purposes for which the TCPA allows attorney fees to be awarded. We




        25
          However, in Adkinson v. Harpeth Ford-Mercury, Inc., 1991 WL 17177 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 15,
1991), this court affirmed an attorney fee award of $20,004, which was more than the plaintiff’s attorney
would have received under his contingency fee contract.
        26
         Of course, since we have vacated the treble damage award and the punitive damage award, applying
the percentage would result in a smaller amount to be awarded to the attorney even if we approved the
methodology used by the trial court.

                                                 -42-
find that an award based upon the attorney’s customary rate, which has been proved
reasonable, would serve the purpose of making TCPA suits economically feasible.

        We accordingly reduce the attorney fee award to the amount Mr. Matthews testified
to in his affidavit: $105,300, plus his advanced costs of $20,000, for a total award of
$125,300. Of course, this award in no way impairs the attorney’s right to seek the remainder
of his contingency fee from Plaintiffs under the terms of their contract.

                                   XI. P REJUDGMENT I NTEREST

       The trial court awarded Plaintiffs prejudgment interest at the rate of 10% per year “on
the compensatory award of the Bedford County judgments in the amount of $1,000,000 and
$ 1,845.75,” running from the date of entry of those judgments in Bedford County.

       Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-14-123 gives courts and juries the authority to award
prejudgment interest “in accordance with the principles of equity at any rate not in excess of
a maximum effective rate of ten percent (10%) per annum.” TFM insists that the award of
pre-judgment interest “was another blatant error by the trial court and should be reversed.”
The insurance company relies on the following language from Myint v. Allstate Insurance Co.,
970 S.W.2d at 927, to support its argument: “[t]he purpose of awarding the interest is to fully
compensate a plaintiff for the loss of the use of funds to which he or she was legally
entitled, not to penalize a defendant for wrongdoing.” (emphasis supplied by TFM).27

       Among the factors the court must consider in determining whether prejudgment
interest is appropriate are whether the amount of the judgment upon which the interest award
is based was certain or ascertainable and whether the existence of the obligation was disputed
on reasonable grounds. Hunter v. Ura, 163 S.W.3d 686, 706 (Tenn. 2005). The amount that
TFM would be liable for if it were found to have acted in bad faith or in violation of the
TCPA was ascertainable and certain because it was the $1 million Bedford County judgment
for which its insureds were liable. Similarly, the amount of damages from the breach of
contract claim was also ascertainable because of the policy limits.

       However, TFM argues that it had reasonable grounds to dispute coverage. Although
we have affirmed the holding that the policy provided coverage, that holding in and of itself
does not mean that it was certain that TFM would be found in breach of the contract or, more
significantly, in violation of the TCPA.




        27
           TFM then reiterates all its earlier arguments that the judgments against it were invalid, and thus
that the plaintiffs were not legally entitled to any funds upon which a prejudgment interest award could be
assessed.


                                                   -43-
       The uncertainty of either the existence or amount of an obligation does not necessarily
mandate a denial of prejudgment interest. See Scholz v. S.B. International, Inc. 40 S.W.3d 78,
83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (citing Myint, 970 S.W.2d at 928). Rather, the trial court must
decide if the award of prejudgment interest is fair, given all the circumstances of the case.
Scholz, at 83; Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Penney, 2010 WL 2432058, at *10 (Tenn.
Ct. App. June 17, 2010) (citing In re Estate of Ladd, 247 S.W.3d 628, 645 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2007)).

        Among the factors supporting an award of prejudgment interest in this case are that
Plaintiffs gave TFM fair warning that they could become subject to a substantial judgment in
Bedford County, for which it intended to hold TFM liable; that it did not unreasonably delay
in filing suit to recover the amount of that judgment against the insurance company once it
was entered; and that TFM had full use of the money during this litigation. Ordinarily, the
fact that Plaintiffs have not been compensated in any way for the loss of use of those funds
during the interval between the Bedford County judgment and the Maury County judgment
would be an important factor in determining fairness. See Scholz, 40 S.W.3d at 86; In re
Estate of Ladd, 247 S.W.3d at 647. However, in this case Plaintiffs did not pay the Bedford
County judgment against their daughter, so they never suffered the loss of use of the funds.
The judgment was in favor of the Leverettes, but they were not the policyholders, and their
subrogation interests cannot be greater than the Sanders’ interests.

       An award of prejudgment interest lies within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Spencer v. A–1 Crane Service, Inc., 880 S.W.2d 938, 944 (Tenn. 1994); Howard G. Lewis
Construction Co . v Lee, 830 S.W.2d 60, 66 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); B.F. Myers & Sons v.
Evans, 612 S.W.2d 912 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1980). Such a decision will not be disturbed unless
the record reveals a manifest and palpable abuse of that discretion. Myint, 970 S.W.2d at 927;
In re Estate of Ladd, 247 S.W.3d at 644.

       While we may have made a different decision in the first instance, after closely
reviewing the extensive record in this case, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion in awarding prejudgment interest to Plaintiffs for the interval between the Bedford
County judgment and the trial court’s judgment herein. That award is affirmed.

                                        XII. R EMAINING I SSUES

       Among the remaining issues raised by TFM are several that involve pre-trial decisions
and are within the discretion of the trial judge.28




        28
             Some other issues are pretermitted by our holdings in this opinion.

                                                     -44-
       A. Admissibility of Wendy Leverette’s Testimony

        TFM filed a motion in limine to exclude any testimony by Wendy or Jason Leverette
about the accident or about the injuries suffered by Wendy Leverette. The trial court denied
the motion. The insurance company contends on appeal that this was error, because it was in
no way responsible for the accident or for Ms. Leverette’s injuries, and because the questions
before the trier of fact involved only the actions of the insurance company. TFM thus asserts
that Ms. Leverette’s pain and her medical bills are totally irrelevant to the question of whether
it properly evaluated the coverage issue, and that the jury should not have been allowed to
even consider those facts, because under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 402, “[e]vidence which
is not relevant is not admissible.”

      The trial court explained its reason for denying TFM’s motion to exclude testimony
about Wendy Leverette’s injuries in its order dismissing that motion:

       The court finds that such evidence is relevant to the issue of whether the
       defendant is or is not guilty of bad faith. It is clear to the court that one of the
       factors the jury may use in determining bad faith is whether the Defendant
       exercised ordinary care in investigating the claim and the extent of damages for
       which its insured could be held liable. This makes the injuries of Wendy
       Leverette relevant.

      TFM’s answer to Plaintiffs’ complaint included a statement that the $1 million Bedford
County judgment was “void and of no effect,” and that it “was obtained either in collusion
between the parties or improperly.” TFM thus called into question the factual predicate for
the Bedford County judgment, thereby making it necessary for the Plaintiffs to produce
evidence about the injuries upon which the judgment was based.

        It is well-established that “[d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of testimony and
other evidence rest in the trial court’s sound discretion,” Duran v. Hyundai Motor America,
Inc., 271 S.W.3d 178, 199 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). Such decisions are accordingly reviewed
under the abuse of discretion standard. Biscan v. Brown, 160 S.W.3d 462, 468 (Tenn. 2005).
A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a
decision which is against logic and reasoning that causes an injustice to the party complaining.
Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001); Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.
Jefferson, 104 S.W.3d 13, 35 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). In light of TFM’s announcement of its
challenge to the validity of the Bedford County judgment as well as the principles set out in
prior decisions by our courts, we do not believe the trial court abused its discretion by
allowing Ms. Leverette to testify or by admitting a photograph of her injury into evidence.




                                              -45-
       B. Jury Selection

        TFM also appeals the trial court’s grant of Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the insurance
company’s policyholders from the jury pool. The record shows that Plaintiffs initially filed
a very broad motion to exclude from the pool of jurors virtually any person with a possible
connection to TFM. Plaintiffs noted that Tenn. Code Ann. § 22-1-104 prohibits any party
from acting in a case in which that person is interested and that TFM is a mutual insurance
company which gives all policyholders a right to vote and a theoretical share in the company.
Plaintiffs reasoned that TFM’s policyholders were interested because “they had a stake in the
company and could be adversely affected by the verdict.” TFM filed a response in opposition
to Plaintiffs’ motion, and Plaintiffs subsequently amended their motion to seek the exclusion
of only those potential jurors who were currently employed by or insured by TFM. The trial
court granted the motion.

       TFM asked the trial court to reconsider its decision, providing the affidavit of Ed
Lancaster, the Secretary and General Counsel for Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance
Companies. Mr. Lancaster swore that TFM’s policyholders would not be affected by the
outcome of the case, and that because TFM held ample surplus funds, there was no danger
that their premiums would increase or decrease, regardless of the verdict. The trial court
denied TFM’s motion to reconsider.

        It is a basic principle of the jury system that a litigant is entitled to a jury composed of
persons free from bias or prejudice. Wolf v. Sundquist, 955 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1997). TFM argues on appeal, however, that rather than exclude a broad swath of the
population from serving on the jury, the trial court should have allowed the parties to use the
process of voir dire to determine on an individual basis whether any potential juror would be
biased because of its status as a TFM policyholder. The insurance company has directed our
attention to several cases that stand for the proposition that membership in a particular group
does not automatically raise an implication of bias in a potential juror.

       First, TFM cites Nelson v. State, 292 S.W.2d 727 (Tenn. 1956), which involved
criminal vandalism related to a strike by telephone company employees. Our Supreme Court
ruled in that case that the trial court erred in excluding all union members from the jury
venire, because the “court’s ruling is too broad.” Nelson v. State, 292 S.W.2d at 731.
Presumably, the exclusion of only those who were members of the telephone workers union
would have passed muster.

      Other Tennessee cases cited by TFM involve challenges to verdicts in criminal cases
based on belated discovery of the affiliations of individual jurors. State v. Pender, 687
S.W.2d 714 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984) (juror in rape trial was part-time police officer); State
v. Mason, 623 S.W.2d 126 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981) ( juror in rape trial had formerly



                                               -46-
belonged to K.K.K.). At most, these cases only suggest that if it had decided to do so, the trial
court could have denied the motion to exclude TFM’s policyholders and allowed some of
them to become members of the jury without thereby creating a biased panel.

        Of course, the systematic exclusion from juries of any readily identifiable racial,
religious, political group, or suspect class, is prohibited on constitutional grounds. J.E.B. v.
Alabama, 511 U.S. 127 (1994) (jurors may not be stricken solely on the basis of gender);
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986) (use of peremptory challenges to strike jurors on
racial grounds forbidden); Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475 (1954) (persons of Mexican
descent could not be excluded from jury service); Woodson v. Porter Brown Limestone Co.,
Inc., 916 S.W.2d 896, 902 (Tenn. 1996) (“Racially-based juror exclusions affect and injure
the integrity of the justice system.”) Nothing like that has been alleged in the present case.

        Another jury selection principle is that “[p]arties are constitutionally entitled to a venire
which represents a fair cross-section of the community.” Woods v. Herman Walldorf & Co.,
Inc., 26 S.W.3d 868, 875 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). TFM has presented no proof, however, that
its policyholders are distinct from the general community in any way other than their choice
of insurer. See State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 40 (Tenn. 2010) (“Not all purposeful exclusion
of individuals sharing a common trait is inherently unconstitutional or improper.”). Thus,
while a blanket exclusion of all TFM policyholders from the jury might not be the best or the
only way to avoid empaneling jurors who could be biased in favor of the company, TFM has
offered no theory as to why a jury from which its policyholders are absent would be biased
against them.

       There are also no indications in the record to suggest that the jury that was ultimately
empaneled to hear the case against TFM was not composed of fair and impartial jurors. TFM
therefore cannot claim that it was denied a fair trial before an unbiased jury. Further, absent
statutory or constitutional violations, decisions about jury selection remain within the sound
discretion of the trial judge. State v. Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d 356, 378 (Tenn. 2006); State v.
Elrod, 721 S.W.2d 820, 822 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986).

       The abuse of discretion standard does not permit the appellate court to substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court. Myint v. Allstate Ins. Co., 970 S.W.2d 920, 927 (Tenn.
1998). Further, under the abuse of discretion standard, a trial court’s ruling “will be upheld
so long as reasonable minds can disagree as to propriety of the decision made.” Eldridge, 42
S.W.3d at 85 (citing State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 752 (Tenn. 2000)). The trial court acted
within its discretion in limiting the jury pool.




                                                -47-
       C. Amendment of Scheduling Order

        Another issue raised by TFM was the trial court’s refusal to amend its scheduling order
to allow the insurance company to present the testimony of Russell Reviere, the insurance
company’s expert witness, to the jury. The scheduling order filed on February 12, 2010, set
trial dates of September 1, 2 and 3, 2010, as well as dates for important preliminary steps to
be accomplished before trial. The dates that are relevant to this issue were as follows:
Plaintiffs were required to disclose their expert witnesses by April 30, 2010. Defendants were
required to disclose their expert witnesses by June 4, 2010. Discovery depositions of all
expert witnesses were required to be completed by July 2, 2010.

         In response to interrogatories, Plaintiffs disclosed the identity of their two expert
witnesses, John Moyer and Ronald Freemon, on March 22, 2010, more than thirty days before
their deadline. Their disclosure included extensive details as to the experts’ qualifications,
the matters about which they were expected to testify, and the gist of their opinions on those
matters. TFM identified its expert, Scott Walls, on June 4, 2010, the very last possible day
for it to do so under the scheduling order. TFM took the deposition of John Moyer on June
15, 2010. After reviewing the testimony of Mr. Moyer, TFM asked its attorney to seek an
expert to address his testimony, and he contacted attorney Russell Reviere, who agreed to
assume that role.

       On August 17, 2010, two weeks before trial, TFM filed a motion to amend the
scheduling order to allow it to “present and produce at trial an expert witness previously
undisclosed.” Attached to the motion was a statement prepared by Mr. Reviere, together with
his Curriculum Vitae. The trial court denied the motion in an order dated August 20, 2010.
The court stated that TFM had failed to show any excusable neglect for its failure to comply
with the scheduling order, and it found that the shortness of the time before trial would place
an “unnecessary and undue burden” upon Plaintiffs to prepare for Mr. Reviere’s testimony.

      The standards for the exercise of the trial court’s authority in such matters is set out in
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 6.02, which reads in relevant part,

       Enlargement—When by statute or by these rules or by a notice given thereunder
       or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a
       specified time, the court for cause shown may, at any time in its discretion, . .
       . (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the
       act to be done, where the failure to act was a result of excusable neglect




                                              -48-
        As the above rule indicates, a trial court’s decision on a motion to amend a scheduling
order is within its discretion. Such a decision is therefore reviewed under the abuse of
discretion standard. See Williams v. Baptist Memorial Hospital, 193 S.W.3d 545, 551 (Tenn.
2006). Our Supreme Court has also stated that where an enlargement of time is requested
after the original time has elapsed, Rule 6.02(2) requires the party requesting the enlargement
to show that its failure was due to excusable neglect and that the opposing party has not been
prejudiced by the delay. See Douglas v. Estate of Robertson, 876 S.W.2d 95, 97 (Tenn. 1994).

       TFM argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not allowing it to present the
testimony of Mr. Reviere, that the late filing of its motion to amend the scheduling order was
due to excusable neglect, and that Plaintiffs would not have been prejudiced if the trial court
had granted its motion. TFM discusses the sequence of events that led to its delay in
presenting Mr. Reviere as an expert witness, but it is not clear why its neglect should be
considered excusable.

       TFM complains that the deadline for disclosing its expert witnesses had already passed
when it took the deposition of John Moyer, but it does not explain what prevented it from
taking his deposition earlier. It also does not explain why it decided that the testimony of
Scott Walls, the individual previously identified as the insurance company’s expert, would not
be adequate. TFM states, however, that it identified Mr. Walls as its expert out of an
abundance of caution, and it argues that he cannot be considered an independent expert under
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(4)(A) because he is an employee of the defendant insurance company.

       TFM cites several cases that make a distinction between an independent expert under
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 26.02(4)(A) and a witness whose expertise arises from employment by a
party. See White v. Vanderbilt University, 21 S.W.3d 215, 224 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) and
Heath v. Memphis Radiological Professional, 79 S.W.3d 550, 559 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). The
insurance company does not explain, however, how that distinction relates to the question of
excusable neglect in the present case, nor how it has been disadvantaged by its own decision
to name Mr. Walls as an expert witness. Clearly, TFM could have chosen to retain an
independent expert prior to the deadline if it had wished to do so.

      At the conclusion of Mr. Reviere’s testimony, TFM renewed its motion that he be
allowed to testify before the jury.29 That motion was denied.


        29
          TFM called Russell Reviere to testify out of the presence of the jury for an offer of proof. Mr.
Reviere testified that his thirty year law practice had focused almost 100 percent on the area of insurance
defense. He stated that he had familiarized himself with all the evidence in this case, and that in his opinion,
Beth Neeley was never in lawful possession of her mother’s car, because she did not have a license and, thus,



                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                     -49-
       We have examined the deposition of Scott Walls and the statement of Russell Reviere
that was attached to TFM’s motion to amend the schedule. Both individuals stated that in
their opinion the decision to exclude Claire Sanders from coverage was correct, and that the
insurance company carried out its investigation of the accident and reached its decision in
good faith. Russell Reviere offered a specific explanation as to why he did not believe the
insurance company had acted in bad faith, while Scott Walls only indirectly addressed that
question. We note, however, that TFM was well aware that Plaintiffs’ claim of bad faith
against the insurance company was an integral part of their Complaint. So the insurance
company can hardly complain that John Moyer’s testimony on that issue amounted to some
kind of unfair ambush.

      We hold that the trial court acted well within its discretion in denying TFM’s motion
to amend the scheduling order.

                                            XIII. C ONCLUSION

      We affirm the judgment finding TFM liable for breach of contract and the award of
damages for that breach, which was $50,000 and $12,000 (policy limits for personal injury
and property damage) to the Sanders, parent and guardians of Claire, and Leverettes; and
$5,000 (medical payments) to the Sanders, in their individual capacity.

       We reverse the judgment based on the tort of bad faith. Accordingly, we vacate the
compensatory damages, $1.2 million, and punitive damages, $500,000, based on the bad faith
claim.

       We affirm the verdict and judgment holding that TFM had committed unfair or
deceptive act or practice under TCPA causing damages to Sanders. The trial court’s award
of $1,000,000 in compensatory damages is affirmed. The trial court held that the breach of
contract damages were subsumed within the $1,000,000 judgment, and we agree. The trial
court correctly denied $200,000 in damages that had been awarded to the Sanders by the jury




       29
           (...continued)
could not lawfully operate it on the roads in the state of Tennessee. He concluded, therefore, that she could
not have given Claire Sanders valid permission to drive it. Asked if he thought the phrase “lawful
possession” was open to different interpretations, he stated that in his opinion it was not: “To me, ‘lawful’
is a lot like pregnant, it is either one or the other. It’s either lawful or unlawful.” Mr. Reviere also testified
that in his opinion Frank Smith had conducted his investigation in good faith. He was asked if Mr. Smith
should have taken a statement from Beth Neeley as part of that investigation. He stated that “in a perfect
world I would never argue with taking statements from anyone at anytime,” but that since in his opinion Beth
Neeley was not in lawful possession of the automobile, her statement would not have added anything of value
to the investigation.

                                                      -50-
because they represented emotional distress damages, which are not “actual damages” as
allowed by the TCPA.

        We reversed the trial court’s award of trebled damages under the TCPA, and must
vacate that award. In calculating the trebled damages, the trial court stated that the damages
to be trebled were $6100, for economic losses to the Sanders individually, and $1,001,845 for
the Sanders in their capacity as parents and representatives of Claire.

       We affirmed the award of prejudgment interest from the date of the Bedford County
judgment through the judgment of the trial court in the case under appeal, at the rate of 10%
per year. We modified the award of attorney fees and costs advanced by the attorney to
$125,300.30

      Costs are taxed to the Defendant, Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company for
which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                             _________________________________
                                                             PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE




        30
             It is not clear whether a discretionary cost award was made and/or is challenged in this appeal.

                                                      -51-
