J-A01020-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JABLAIR ALSBROOKS                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 149 EDA 2019

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 27, 2018
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-51-CR-0006471-2017


BEFORE:      NICHOLS, J., MURRAY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                           FILED FEBRUARY 06, 2020

        Jablair Alsbrooks (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

imposed after the trial court convicted him of terroristic threats and

conspiracy.1 After careful review, we affirm.

        Appellant appeared for a bench trial on November 27, 2018. The trial

court summarized the evidence presented as follows:

               On May 30, 2017, the complainant in this case, Windell
        Saunders, appeared in court prepared to testify as a
        Commonwealth witness at [Appellant’s] preliminary hearing in an
        underlying aggravated assault case; MC-51-CR-0013465-2017.
        Saunders was originally charged as a co-defendant in that matter,
        but agreed to testify against [Appellant] in exchange for a
        withdrawal of the charges against him. Before Saunders could
        testify, the matter was continued. Upon leaving the courtroom,
        Saunders waited for the elevator with his mother, Veronica
____________________________________________


*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2706 and 903.
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     Saunders, where they encountered [Appellant] and his paramour.
     Upon seeing [Appellant], Saunders pointed him out to his mother.
     [Appellant] and his paramour approached Saunders, and
     [Appellant] shouted, “I can’t believe you showed up. I’m going to
     [fucking] kill you. This is all your fault. You [fucking] fagot [sic].”
     His paramour told Saunders, “this is all your fault.”

           After [Appellant] and his paramour approached Saunders,
     his mother began to respond to the comments. [Appellant] and
     his paramour started to walk away after the verbal argument but
     the paramour came back and continued shouting at [Appellant’s]
     mother. [Appellant] grabbed her by the arm and they walked
     away. Saunders immediately reported the incident to Detective
     Sweeney of the Philadelphia Police Department. After speaking
     with Detective Sweeney at the Stout Criminal Justice Center,
     Saunders and his mother went to the Philadelphia Police
     Department’s 35th District and provided statements. The incident
     was also caught on video surveillance. See Commonwealth
     Exhibit C-1.

            Saunders moved to a new neighborhood after this incident
     because he feared retaliation since he lived right next door to the
     Chinese store where the underlying incident occurred and he
     believed [Appellant] knew where he lived. Saunders told [the
     trial] court that he felt that if [Appellant] could kill him, he would
     because of Saunders’ testimony in court on the underlying case.

           During his testimony, [Appellant] denied threatening to kill
     Saunders. [Appellant] also testified that he did not know where
     Saunders lived and he never saw him in the neighborhood prior to
     the incident.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/11/19, at 2-3 (footnotes omitted).

     The trial court rendered its verdicts finding Appellant guilty of terroristic

threats and conspiracy at the conclusion of trial on November 27, 2018. That

same day, the court sentenced Appellant to time-served to 23 months in

prison, followed by five years of probation. On December 7, 2018, Appellant

filed a post-sentence motion in which he challenged the sufficiency and weight



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of the evidence. The trial court denied the motion on December 13, 2018.

Appellant filed this timely appeal.2

       Appellant presents four issues for review:

       (1) Did the lower court err when it allowed the complaining
       witness to testify as to language used by the alleged co-
       conspirator?

       (2) Was the evidence insufficient to convict Appellant of
       conspiracy, where there was no evidence that [A]ppellant agreed
       to
       commit a crime with another person?

       (3) Was the evidence insufficient to convict Appellant of terroristic
       threats, where video evidence showed that Appellant did not
       initiate any conversation and did not threaten complainant?

       (4) Was the conviction against the weight of the evidence where
       video evidence showed that the complainant initiated the verbal
       exchange and Appellant walked away?

Appellant’s Brief at 5-6.

       In the argument section of his brief, Appellant reorders his issues, and

begins with his contention that the evidence was insufficient to support his

convictions of terroristic threats and conspiracy. He then argues his first issue,

that the court erroneously allowed Mr. Saunders to testify to hearsay

____________________________________________


2 Although the docket indicates the appeal was filed on Monday, January 14,
2019, the trial court accurately observed that the docket was “incorrect” and
the appeal is timely. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/11/19, at 1 n.1. Our review
of the record confirms that Appellant’s notice of appeal is timely because it
was scanned into the record on “1/10/2019 02:03:34 PM.” See Pa.R.Crim.P.
720(a)(2) (notice of appeal shall be filed within 30 days of the entry of the
order deciding a timely post-sentence motion).



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statements from Appellant’s paramour “because there was no conspiracy . . .

and the Commonwealth did not attempt to prove there was a conspiracy

before asking the statement be admitted.” Appellant’s Brief at 17.

      Unlike Appellant, we find that the evidence supported the trial court’s

finding of conspiracy, and begin our analysis with Appellant’s issue regarding

the admissibility of Mr. Saunders’ testimony about hearsay statements made

by Appellant’s girlfriend. Appellant argues that the court erred in overruling

his objection and allowing the testimony because it was inadmissible hearsay.

See Appellant’s Brief at 17-19. Our Supreme Court has recognized a trial

court’s “discretionary decision making authority as concerns matters

connected   with   the   admission   of   evidence”   alleged   to   be   hearsay.

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 838 A.2d 663, 673 (Pa. 2003). Here, Appellant

claims the trial court erroneously allowed Mr. Saunders to testify as follows:

            [Appellant’s girlfriend] was saying basically the same thing
      he said. Like, she followed behind him, this is all your fault. We
      wouldn’t be here, if this wasn’t for you. You effing fagot.

N.T., 11/27/18, at 18.

      The Commonwealth argues that the above testimony was not hearsay

because the statements were not offered for their truth – whether it was Mr.

Saunders’ fault they were in court and Mr. Saunders’ sexual orientation. See

Commonwealth Brief at 12.       Rather, the testimony was offered to show

Appellant’s shared intent to terrorize Mr. Saunders and prove conspiracy. The

trial court determined that the testimony about the girlfriend’s statements was


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admissible because the statements “were made . . . in furtherance of the

conspiracy.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/11/19, at 6.

      The relevant rule of evidence provides for an exception to the hearsay

rule when the statement “was made by the party’s coconspirator during and

in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Pa.R.E. 803(25)(E). We have explained:

“only slight evidence of the conspiracy is needed for a coconspirator’s

statement to be introduced and the order of proof is discretionary. A co-

conspirator’s statement is only inadmissible where it is the sole evidence of

the conspiracy.” Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 27 (Pa. Super.

2013) (en banc).    “A conspiracy, for purposes of this exception, may be

inferentially established by showing the relation, conduct or circumstances of

the parties.”   Commonwealth v. Basile, 458 A.2d 587, 590 (Pa. Super.

1983).

      Contrary to Appellant’s claim that “the Commonwealth relied entirely on

the charge of conspiracy as evidence of the conspiracy,” and “the only

evidence of the conspiracy was the contested statement,” Appellant’s Brief at

19, our review reveals the “slight evidence” referenced in Feliciano, supra.

Mr. Saunders testified that on May 30, 2017, he went to court to testify against

Appellant in a separate case, and as he was leaving, encountered Appellant,

who came to court with his girlfriend. N.T., 11/27/18, at 14-15. Mr. Saunders’

testimony indicates that Appellant spoke first:




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      COMMONWEALTH:           Let’s break that down.     You’re saying “they.”
      Who did what?

      MR. SAUNDERS:             [Appellant] looked back at me and he basically
      said I can’t believe you showed up. You effing fagot. I’m going to effing
      kill. And the girlfriend – I meant the girl, she just tried to cosign what
      he just said –

      THE COURT:              Hold on.   You can’t say cosign.   That is
      interesting because it means someone wrote something down. Did they
      say anything?

      MR. SAUNDERS:             She was saying basically the same thing he said.
      Like, she followed him behind him, this is all your fault. We wouldn’t be
      here, if this wasn’t for you. You effing fagot.

      THE COURT:              Okay.     So    they    called    you     names?

      MR. SAUNDERS:           Yes.

      THE COURT:              He’s the one that threatened to kill you?

      MR. SAUNDERS:           Yes.


N.T., 11/27/18, at 18-19.

      “Generally, it has been held that, in order to satisfy the in-furtherance-

of requirement of the coconspirator hearsay exception, it is sufficient for the

government to establish an intent to promote the conspiratorial objective.”

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 838 A.2d 663, 675 (Pa. 2003).                 Reading

Feliciano together with Johnson, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in allowing Mr. Saunders to testify about the statements

made by Appellant’s girlfriend, where Appellant, as a criminal defendant in a

case in which Mr. Saunders was a witness, appeared at court with his




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girlfriend, and made verbal threats to Mr. Saunders that were echoed by

Appellant’s girlfriend. We thus turn to Appellant’s sufficiency claims.

      In his second and third issues, Appellant assails the sufficiency of the

evidence as it pertains to Appellant’s convictions of conspiracy and terroristic

threats. Our standard of review is well settled:

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether[,] viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In
      addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by
      the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
      innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
      resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
      inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
      drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the finder of fact[,] while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39-40 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation

omitted).

      With regard to conspiracy:

              A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or
      persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or
      facilitating its commission he:

      (1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or
      more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes such crime
      or an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime; or


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      (2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or
      commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to
      commit such crime.

18 Pa. C.S.A. § 903.

      As the trial court observed, “[a]n explicit or formal agreement to commit

crimes can seldom, if ever, be proved and it need not be, for proof of a criminal

partnership is almost invariably extracted from the circumstances that attend

its activities.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/11/19, at 4 (citing Commonwealth v.

Chambers, 188 A.3d 400, 410 (Pa. 2018).          A conspiracy may be proven

inferentially by showing the relation, conduct, or circumstances of the parties,

and the overt acts of alleged co-conspirators are competent as proof that a

criminal confederation has in fact been formed. Id. The trial court astutely

summarized:

            [Appellant] immediately started screaming at Saunders
      when he got off the elevator, and threated to kill him. His
      paramour quickly joined in, yelling, “[T]his is all your fault. We
      wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for you. You effing fagot [sic].” N.T.,
      11/27/18, at 18. [Appellant] and his paramour acted together to
      threaten Saunders and deter him from testifying against
      [Appellant]. Once [Appellant] initiated the verbal argument with
      Saunders and his mother, his paramour joined in with him. Both
      [Appellant] and his paramour verbally harassed and taunted
      Saunders, before walking away together.             Based on the
      relationship between [Appellant] and his paramour,
      coupled with their actions, [Appellant] and his paramour
      acted in concert to threaten Saunders.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/11/19, at 5 (emphasis added).

      As the record supports the trial court’s reasoning, we discern no abuse

of discretion in the court’s determination that the evidence was sufficient to


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conclude that Appellant was guilty of conspiracy. In addition to the evidence

discussed above, Mr. Saunders testified about “the confederacy” between

Appellant and his girlfriend, explaining that he assumed the woman with

Appellant was Appellant’s girlfriend because he had seen “them together all

the time . . . in the neighborhood,” N.T., 11/27/18, at 19.         In sum, the

evidence was sufficient to sustain the trial court’s finding that Appellant was

guilty of conspiracy.

      Appellant next assails the sufficiency of the evidence regarding

Appellant’s conviction of terroristic threats.      The Crimes Code defines

terroristic threats in relevant part:

      (a)   A person commits the crime of terroristic threats if the
            person communicates, either directly or indirectly, a threat
            to:

      (1) Commit any crime of violence with intent to terrorize another.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1). This Court has held:

      [t]he elements necessary to establish a violation of the terroristic
      threats statute are: (1) a threat to commit a crime of violence;
      and (2) that the threat was communicated with the intent to
      terrorize or with reckless disregard of the risk of causing such
      terror. Section 2706 defines the word, “communicates,” to mean
      “conveys in person or by written or electronic means ....”

Commonwealth v. Vergilio, 103 A.3d 831, 833 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted). “Neither the ability to carry out the threat, nor a belief by the person

threatened that the threat will be carried out, is an element of the offense.”

Commonwealth v. Reynolds, 835 A.2d 720, 730 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation

omitted). “[I]t is unnecessary for an individual to specifically articulate the

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crime of violence which he or she intends to commit where the type of crime

may be inferred from the nature of the statement and the context and

circumstances surrounding the utterance of the statement.” Commonwealth

v. Martinez, 153 A.3d 1025, 1028 (Pa. Super. 2016). “[T]he harm sought to

be prevented by the statute is the psychological distress that follows from an

invasion of another’s sense of personal security.” Reynolds, 835 A.2d at 730.

      The trial court in this case found the evidence “more than sufficient” to

sustain Appellant’s conviction of terroristic threats. See Trial Court Opinion,

3/11/19, at 4. The court rightly stated:

            [Appellant] made a terroristic threat when he threatened to
      kill Saunders.      Murder is a crime of violence.           See
      Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39 (Pa. Super. 2016) . . .
      [Appellant’s] intent to terrorize Saunders for the purpose of
      preventing his testimony at the preliminary hearing is evident by
      [Appellant’s] anger and hostile demeanor toward Saunders.
      [Appellant] and his paramour approached Saunders in such a
      threatening manner that [Saunders’] mother felt compelled to
      intervene and prepare to defend her son.

Id. at 4.

      Upon review, we agree with the trial court, and further note Mr.

Saunders’ actions in reporting the incident to police and moving from the

neighborhood, which reflect the harm of “psychological distress” the statute

seeks to prevent. Reynolds, supra. The Commonwealth presented sufficient

evidence from which the trial court could reasonably find that the

Commonwealth had proven the requisite elements of terroristic threats.




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      In his fourth and final issue, Appellant challenges the weight of the

evidence. We agree with the Commonwealth that the claim is waived because

Appellant’s “argument consists of a one-paragraph discuss that incorporates

by reference ‘the gaps in the evidence’ discussed in the arguments he made

regarding the sufficiency of the evidence . . . which is inadequate to warrant

appellate review.” Commonwealth Brief at 13, citing Pa.R.A.P. 2119 (requiring

brief to contain citation to the record and legal authority); see also

Commonwealth v. McMullen, 745 A.2d 683, 689 (Pa. Super. 2000) (blanket

assertions unsupported by argument and legal authority result in waiver).

See also Appellant’s Brief at 20.

      In sum, we find no merit to Appellant’s issues, and therefore affirm the

judgment of sentence.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

     Judge Colins joins the memorandum.

     Judge Nichols concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 2/6/20




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