                                    STATE OF VERMONT

                                 ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                          }
     In re: Appeal of Marc and Susan Wood } Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec
                                          }
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                                          }
     In re: Appeal of Wood                } Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec
                                          }

                         Decision and Order on Post-Judgment Motions

          In the above-captioned appeals, both Appellant Marc Wood and the Town of Hartford
(“the Town”) have filed requests that this Court reconsider, explain, alter, or amend our prior
decision regarding the parties’ cross-motions for contempt. See In re: Appeal of Wood, Docket
Nos. 121-7-03 Vtec and 185-10-04 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 16, 2008) (J. Durkin) (“April 2008
Decision”) (announcing this Court’s determinations on the parties’ cross-motions for contempt);
see also Appeal of Wood, Docket Nos. 185-10-04 Vtec and 174-8-05 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr.
13, 2006) (“April 2006 Order”) (staying construction activities on Mr. Wood’s property not
specifically authorized by Permit #99-1180). Mr. Wood has moved for reconsideration and
modification of our recent decision holding Mr. Wood in contempt of the April 2006 Order and
denying Mr. Wood’s motion to hold the Town of Hartford (“Town”) in contempt. Mr. Wood
asks us to explain the factual basis for our contempt order. Mr. Wood also asks that we
reconsider his motion for contempt in Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec and Docket No. 185-10-04
Vtec. In addition, the Town has moved to alter or amend the April 2008 Decision pursuant to
Rule 59 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, seeking attorney’s fees and “an affirmative ruling that
the retaining wall constructed on site is not in conformance with” Mr. Wood’s expired zoning
permit.
          Mr. Wood appears pro se and has represented himself in all proceedings to this point.
The Town is represented by William F. Ellis, Esq.

                            Mr. Wood’s Motion for Reconsideration
          In Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec, Mr. Wood has requested that we reconsider our April 2008
Decision as it relates to our denial of his motion for contempt. Though titled a “motion to


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reconsider,” we will consider Mr. Wood’s request as a motion to alter or amend under Rule 59(e)
of the Rules of Civil Procedure. Fournier v. Fournier, 169 Vt. 600, 601 (1999). Such a motion is
an extraordinary remedy; we are cautioned to use it sparingly. In re: Bouldin Camp – Noble
Road, Docket No. 278-11-06 Vtec, slip op. at 1 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Sept. 13, 2007) (J. Wright). It is
used only to “correct manifest errors of law or fact,” ought to be supported by newly discovered
or previously unavailable evidence, ought to be used to correct manifest injustice, or to respond
to an intervening change in the controlling law. In re: Britting Wastewater/Water Supply Permit,
Docket No. 259-11-07 Vtec, slip op. at 2 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 9, 2008) (J. Wright) (citing 11
Wright, Miller, & Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil 2d § 2810.1). It may not be used
to re-litigate matters already decided or to resurrect arguments already rejected. Id.
       Mr. Wood again asks the Court to find that the Town failed to comply with this Court’s
May 19, 2004 Order. He has not presented new or previously unavailable evidence or asked us
to respond to a change in the controlling law. Instead, his motion rehashes already-rejected
arguments, insists that contempt is appropriate because the Town did not respond to “all claims
made by the appellant in his motion for contempt,” and that “[t]he court[’s] denial of the
appellant’s motion for contempt is not consistent with the court[’s] finding in the above
captioned matter and the court[’s] April 16th findings and facts.”
       We may decline to consider Mr. Wood’s motion, or any other motion for reconsideration,
to the extent that it merely resubmits arguments that we have already rejected; to do otherwise
would perpetuate the disputes between Mr. Wood and the Town and deprive both parties of the
finality each deserves. Britting, Docket No. 259-11-07 Vtec, slip op. at 3 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 9,
2008). Regarding Mr. Wood’s argument that the Town has failed to comply with our May 19,
2004 Order requiring it to consider Mr. Wood’s amendment application, we reiterate that the
May 19, 2004 Order explained that “the Zoning Administrator or Zoning Board of Adjustment
must consider the application to amend, which may include a ruling on its completeness . . . .”
Appeal of Wood, Docket No. 121-7-03 Vtec, slip op. at 7 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. May 19, 2004) (J.
Wright) (emphasis added). We have repeatedly explained that the Town’s refusal to consider
Mr. Wood’s subsequent application was not contemptuous, because Mr. Wood had failed to file
a complete application.
       We have consistently held that until Mr. Wood submits a complete application, the Town
may continue to reject his submissions. See April 2008 Decision at 5–6 (explaining Mr. Wood’s



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submissions after the May 19, 2004 Order, the Town’s actions, and this Court’s actions on
appeal). Our review of the record, as explained in the April 2008 Decision, reveals that Mr.
Wood submitted an incomplete application, and Mr. Wood has not shown us otherwise.
Accordingly, Mr. Wood has not shown that the Town deprived him of the right to have a
properly completed application considered. See In re Morse, 98 Vt. 85 (1924) (defining civil
contempt as “one which operates mainly to deprive another party to a suit of some right, benefit,
or remedy to which he is entitled under an order of the court”).1 Therefore, Mr. Wood’s motion
for reconsideration is DENIED.

                        Mr. Wood’s Motion to Lift September 21, 2007 Order
         In Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec, Mr. Wood has moved that an Entry Order dated
September 21, 2007 be lifted, so that he may be allowed to enter his property to perform repairs
and maintenance. The Town opposes Mr. Wood’s motion. We assume for the purposes of this
motion that Mr. Wood is referring to the procedure the Court established for how Mr. Wood may
protect his property against the weather and still avoid violating his obligation to have permit
authority in hand before commencing further development. See In re: Appeal of Wood, Docket
No. 185-10-04 Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Dec. 21, 2007) (J. Durkin) (“Entry Order to Clarify
Weatherproofing” explaining the procedure used thus far). Mr. Wood explains that he clearly
understands that he is currently enjoined from additional unpermitted construction activities on
the “Hartford Diner” property and asks permission “to fully appreciate and enjoy [his] property .
. . .”
         The parties have a long and thoroughly documented history of disagreements concerning
the propriety of Mr. Wood’s development activities on his property. The procedure this Court
established allows Mr. Wood the opportunity to enter his property and protect it; he must outline
his plans, submit those plans to the Court, and give the Town a ten day opportunity to respond.
We see no reason to abandon this procedure, particularly in light of Mr. Wood’s prior activities



1
  Similarly, we also find no merit in Mr. Wood’s assertion that the Town must be held in contempt because it did not
specifically counter each of his allegations. First, we have reviewed both parties’ filings and have determined that
the Town has adequately responded to all of the material or viable claims asserted by Mr. Wood. Second, our
review of the record reveals that the Town has not deprived Mr. Wood of any right, benefit, or remedy to which he
is entitled, as he has not submitted a proper application to trigger his right to have an application considered by the
Town’s zoning authorities. Put another way, Mr. Wood has again failed to fulfill his burden, as the moving party, of
establishing the elements of civil contempt.


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on his property, which this Court found contemptuous. It will remain Mr. Wood’s right to secure
permission to access his property until he secures any and all necessary development permits.
        We do not, as the Town urges, regard our April 2008 Decision as superceeding the
procedure we established for Mr. Wood to give notice of his intent to conduct maintenance or
other activities that may not require a permit. Providing notice and an opportunity for the Town
to offer its comments will help the parties avoid a repetition of the multiplicity of Court filings
that have consumed their time for at least the last nine months and, more broadly, for the last
nine years.
        The September 21, 2007 Entry Order enjoined Mr. Wood from performing additional
unpermitted construction activities, but it did not address other activities that Mr. Wood might
possibly undertake, with or without the Court’s permission.2 We continue to see the value of the
determinations and the procedure the Court established. We therefore conclude that Mr. Wood’s
motion to “lift” the September 21, 2007 Order must be DENIED.

                                The Town’s Motion to Alter or Amend
        The Town moved to alter or amend the April 2008 Decision, pursuant to Rule 59(e) of
the Rules of Civil Procedure.           See V.R.E.C.P. 5(a)(2) (incorporating the Rules of Civil
Procedure, so far as they are applicable and unmodified by the Rules for Environmental Court
Proceedings). The Town seeks to alter or amend the April 2008 Decision to include an award of
attorney’s fees and to include “an affirmative ruling that the retaining wall constructed on site is
not in conformance with [P]ermit #99-1180.”
        The Town has requested that it be awarded attorney’s fees as a result of our finding Mr.
Wood in contempt for violating our April 13, 2006 Order preventing him from engaging in
construction activities not authorized by Permit #99-1180. The Town argues that attorney’s fees
follow, as a matter of course, from a finding of contempt because the Town has been required to
enter a second round of litigation to secure its rights.
        Vermont courts follow the “American Rule” regarding the reimbursement of attorney’s
fees, under which litigants are generally responsible for their own fees, absent contrary statute or
agreement. Galkin v. Town of Chester, 168 Vt. 82, 91 (1998); see also Perez v. Travelers Ins. ex


2
  We are unaware of any court order or other obligation that prohibits Mr. Wood from visiting, entering upon, or
“enjoying” his property. The primary restriction upon Mr. Wood is one we must all respect: to not commence or
continue development activities on a property without the necessary permits.


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rel. Ames Dep’t Stores, Inc., 2006 VT 123, ¶ 8, 181 Vt. 45, 50-51. However, Vermont courts
may deviate from the American Rule and award attorney’s fees “as the needs of justice dictate.”
In re Gadhue, 149 Vt. 322, 327 (1987). For example, in Gadhue, a developer improperly
received a zoning variance to construct a commercial structure on his property. Id. at 323; see
also Gadhue v. Marcotte, 141 Vt. 238 (1981) (Supreme Court reversing and vacating the superior
court’s grant of the variance). Despite being involved in a live dispute regarding his authority to
build, the developer in Gadhue completely constructed his commercial structure, and the
interested person who originally challenged the improperly granted variance had to pursue a
second round of litigation to give meaning to the earlier decision. In re Gadhue, 149 Vt. at 324.
That interested person sought attorney’s fees and an injunction, in the second round of litigation.
Id. at 323.
        On the issue of attorney’s fees, our Supreme Court recognized that in certain situations, a
court may avoid application of the American Rule and use the court’s equitable powers to award
fees “as the needs of justice dictate.” Id. at 327. This equitable exception is “flexible, not
absolute, and [may be] extended on [appropriate] occasion[s].” Id. (quoting Harkeem v. Adams,
117 N.H. 687, 690 (1977)) (internal quotation marks omitted, quote alterations supplied by
Gadhue Court). The Gadhue Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court urged caution when
employing this exception, explaining that the exception was reserved for “exceptional cases and
for dominating reasons of justice.” In re Gadhue, 149 Vt. at 328 (quoting Sprague v. Ticonic
Nat’l Bank, 307 U.S. 161, 166 (1939) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted). One
such appropriate situation, the Gadhue Court noted, arises when a successful litigant must appear
twice to obtain relief that should have been forthcoming after the first appearance. Id. at 328.
Thus, in Gadhue, where the developer had continued to develop his property when his authority
to do so was in question and the subject of an active appeal, and where the developer had not
offered “new legal defenses” for his actions, the developer denied the interested person the fruits
of her first appeal and subjected himself to the equitable authority of the Court. Id. at 329-30.
        Subsequent application of the Gadhue equitable exception has focused on a requirement
of “[b]ad faith conduct” and actions taken “vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.”
DJ Painting, Inc. v. Baraw Enters., Inc., 172 Vt. 239, 246 (2001) (quoting Gadhue, 149 Vt. at
329). Thus it was appropriate to award attorney’s fees in Vt. Women’s Health Ctr. v. Operation




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Rescue, 159 Vt. 141 (1992), a case the Town cites, but not appropriate to award fees in State v.
Gundlah ex rel. Smallheer, 160 Vt. 193 (1993).
       In Operation Rescue, members of a protest group were aware of the terms of a temporary
restraining order that ought to have prevented them from protesting at a women’s health clinic,
yet they violated the terms of the restraining order nonetheless. 159 Vt. at 151. This, combined
with the protestors’ attempts to evade service of the restraining order, presented the Court with
an “exceptional case” that called for an exception to the American Rule “for dominating reasons
of justice.” See id. (quoting Gadhue, 149 Vt. at 330) (internal quotation marks removed).
However, in Gundlah, the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees where a newspaper
reporter had at least a colorable legal argument against a finding of contempt. 160 Vt. at 197.
       In Gundlah, a newspaper reporter interviewed a prison escapee and published two articles
as a result. 160 Vt. at 195. The State placed the reporter on its witness list, and the defendant
subpoenaed the reporter for a deposition.        Id.   The reporter appeared at the defendant’s
deposition, but refused to answer questions, asserting a qualified testimonial privilege. Id. The
reporter also filed a motion to quash the subpoena. Id. On appeal, the Gundlah Court found that,
despite the finding of contempt, attorneys fees were not appropriate, as there were insufficient
reasons to depart from the American Rule. Id. at 196-97. The Court reasoned that because the
testimonial privilege law regarding reporters was unclear, it was therefore inappropriate to
penalize the reporter for asserting a colorable claim. The Supreme Court concluded that making
the reporter pay another party’s attorneys’ fees, even though her claim of “testimonial privilege”
was not successful, was not warranted in that case. Id. at 197.
       This case more closely resembles Gundlah than it does Operation Rescue. Our finding of
contempt was based upon Mr. Wood’s admission that he had performed construction activities
on his property without permit authority. April 2008 Decision at 6-7. Mr. Wood admitted that
he had performed construction activities on the property. Id. at 4, 6. However, though he
admitted he performed those activities, he also asserted that he had legal authority under the
zoning bylaws to perform that work. Though we rejected his assertion of authority, we cannot
say that Mr. Wood’s actions were akin to the protestors’ actions in Operation Rescue. Mr.
Wood, a pro se litigant, made a claim of legal authority, and the Town has not shown that this
claim was made in bad faith, however legally unsound Mr. Wood’s theory may have been. The




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facts of this case do not warrant an equitable departure from the American Rule, and attorney’s
fees shall not be awarded to the Town.
         Therefore, for these reasons, the Town’s motion to alter or amend the April Decision to
include an award of attorney’s fees is DENIED.3

                  Cross-Motions for Factual Findings: The Retaining Wall Issue
         The Town also asks us to declare that the retaining wall Mr. Wood has constructed on-
site does not conform to the retaining wall authorized by Permit #99-1180. Mr. Wood, in reply,
asserts that he believes he is entitled to findings of fact as they relate to the retaining wall.
         The Town correctly points out that our recent finding of contempt against Mr. Wood was
based solely upon Mr. Wood’s admission that he continued to perform construction activities
after Permit #99-1180 expired. April 2008 Decision at 6-7. We made no factual finding related
to the retaining wall generally or whether it conforms to Permit #99-1180 specifically, and we
decline to make such a finding now.
         The April 2006 Decision, upon which the finding of contempt is based, granted the Town
a stay of construction activities not specifically authorized by Permit #99-1180. Mr. Wood
continued construction activities after Permit #99-1180 expired, and this formed part of the basis
of the Town’s motion for contempt in Docket No. 185-10-04 Vtec. We granted the Town’s
motion because of Mr. Wood admitted that he had performed construction activities after the
permit’s expiration. We denied the Town’s motion for injunctive relief, however, because the
request exceeded our contempt authority by asking for relief that the Legislature made available
through other, statutorily-defined means. April 2008 Decision at 7-8.
         The Town’s request here must be denied for the same reason. The Town asks the Court
to find that the retaining wall currently on-site was not built according to the specific
requirements of Permit #99-1180. This appears to be an attempt to accomplish through a
contempt proceeding what ought to be accomplished through an enforcement proceeding: an
adjudication that Mr. Wood failed to comply with the terms and conditions of his permit and the
applicable zoning regulations.           See 24 V.S.A. § 4454(a) (“An action, injunction, or other
enforcement proceeding relating to the failure to obtain or comply with the terms and conditions


3
 Our conclusion here is not intended to be an adjudication of the propriety of an award of attorneys fees, should the
Town successfully pursue its other avenues of addressing Mr. Wood’s past conduct on his property, as noted in our
April 2008 Decision at 8.


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of any required municipal land use permit may be instituted under sections 1974a, 4451, or 4452
of [Title 24] against the alleged offender . . ..”).
        There is no reason for this Court to use its discretionary contempt power here, as the
Legislature has already provided a means to enforce the terms and conditions of Permit #99-
1180. See State v. Stell, 2007 VT 106, ¶ 14 (noting it was not necessary to use contempt power
where another remedy was available); see also In re C.W., 169 Vt. 512, 517 (1999) (noting
courts should look to statutory guidance and then case law when considering contempt), State v.
Dragon, 131 Vt. 500, 502 (1973) (stating that common law of contempt governs, absent statutory
or constitutional guidance), and State v. Hildreth, 82 Vt. 382, 384 (1909). Accordingly, the
Town’s motion for a finding that Mr. Wood violated the terms of his permit is DENIED.
        For the same reasons, we decline to grant Mr. Wood’s request for factual findings related
to his retaining wall. Contempt is not the appropriate means to adjudge whether Mr. Wood
complied with Permit #99-1180. Mr. Wood’s motion is therefore DENIED. However, to the
extent that Mr. Wood requests explanation of our contempt finding, we refer him to the April
2008 Decision.      Our finding of contempt was based upon Mr. Wood’s admission in his
memoranda that he had performed construction activities on his property without permit
authority. April 2008 Decision at 6-7.

        For the forgoing reasons, it is ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Mr. Wood’s motion for
reconsideration is DENIED. Mr. Wood’s motion for a factual finding regarding his retaining
wall and motion to lift the maintenance-permission procedure are also DENIED. The Town’s
motion to alter or amend the April Decision to include attorney’s fees and a finding that Mr.
Wood violated the terms of Permit #99-1180 is DENIED.

        Done at Berlin, Vermont this 17th day of June, 2008.



                                                 ___________________________________
                                                  Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge




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