                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 14-0418
                            Filed October 15, 2014


DOUG LEE STILL,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

TANYA LYN AVENARIUS,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Thomas A.

Bitter, Judge.



       Tanya Lyn Avenarius appeals from the trial court decision leaving the

primary physical custody of her son with his father, Doug Lee Still, and the

summer visitation she was awarded as the result of a petition for modification.

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.



       Robert J. Murphy of Murphy Law Office, Dubuque, for appellant.

       Zeke R. McCartney of Reynolds & Kenline, L.L.P., Dubuque, for appellee.



       Considered by Danilson, C.J., Vogel, J., and Goodhue, S.J.*

       *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2013).
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GOODHUE, S.J.

        Tanya Lyn Avenarius appeals from the trial court decision leaving the

primary physical custody of her son with his father, Doug Lee Still, and the

summer visitation she was granted as the result of a petition for modification.

    I. Background Facts and Proceedings

        The parties to this proceeding were never married but are the parents of a

son born in 2005. The son lived with his parents from birth until early 2008, when

the parties separated.     Still filed a petition to establish care, custody, and

visitation of the child, and on July 30, 2008, he obtained a default decree giving

joint legal custody to the parties, but granting Still primary physical custody. The

decree granted Avenarius such liberal visitation as might be agreeable to the

parties. Avenarius was to pay fifty dollars a month in child support. The child

was to attend school in the school district in which Still was residing.

        Regardless of the custodial order, the child remained with Avenarius

during the week and spent weekends with Still. In the four or five years leading

up to this action, Avenarius had been living with Eugene Peterson. Avenarius

has a twelve-year-old daughter and a twenty-year-old son and Peterson has a

twenty-year-old daughter. The five all resided together in one residence.         In

addition, Avenarius’s sister, Heather, occasionally resided at the home. Heather

has had alcohol abuse problems and there was a warrant out for her arrest at the

time of trial.

        The child attended school in Dubuque, completed kindergarten and first

grade, and was halfway through the second grade when sometime in February

2013, Still decided not to return the child after spending a weekend with him. Still
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had received negative information about the Avenarius home.             Peterson’s

daughter had sent a text message to Still stating she had observed Avenarius’s

son smoking marijuana near the home.

       At the time of trial, Peterson’s daughter testified the text was untruthful.

The trial court did not find her testimony convincing. Additionally, Peterson’s son

had been twice charged with underage possession of tobacco, underage

possession of alcohol, and possession of marijuana. Both of the older children

had dropped out of school before graduation. Avenarius admitted she probably

had not been demanding enough of them. Avenarius is not employed outside of

the home, but provides daycare for up to four children. No evidence of her

income was offered.

       The child’s residence essentially switched as of February 2013, and from

that day forward, he spent weekdays with Still and weekends with Avenarius. He

was placed in the Bellvue school system as a result of the change in his

residence. There was testimony that his academic skills have accelerated more

than would be expected after the change in residence was made. Still, his new

wife, Gemma, and the paternal grandmother have helped with the child’s

academic advancement. On the other hand, there was evidence the child is

excited to come back to his mother’s residence and hesitant to leave to go to the

Still residence when his visitation period ends.

       Still admitted he has used marijuana in the past. He frequently uses foul

language and drinks alcohol. When the child is being exchanged for visitation,

Still sometimes arranged the exchange at a bar or restaurant that serves alcohol.

Avenarius also testified that Still was abusive to her and her older son when they
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lived with him. A history of abuse was not established. Still has held the same

job for fifteen years and lived in the same home for twelve years.          He has

assisted coaching his son in various athletic activities. His mother has been

active in the child’s life as a grandmother and actively supported Still in his role

as a father.

       The trial court concluded there had been a change of circumstances

because of the time the child spent with the mother as the primary caretaker after

entry of the original decree. However, the court concluded Still was better suited

to minister effectively to the child’s needs as the primary physical custodian. The

court provided Avenarius more than the typical weekend visitation and holiday

visitation, and granted two non-consecutive weeks of visitation during the

summer. On appeal Avenarius contends she should have primary custody or,

alternatively, extended summer visitation.

   II. Scope of Review

       This is an equity matter and reviewable de novo. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907.

Weight is given to the trial court’s finding of fact, and especially regarding the

credibility of witnesses, but such findings are not binding on the appellate court.

Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).

   III. Discussion

       Modification of a custody decree requires a substantial change of

circumstances. In re Marriage of Malloy, 687 N.W.2d 110, 113 (Iowa Ct. App.

2004). The moving party must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence

circumstances have changed since the entry of the decree that was not in the

contemplation of the court, and that the child’s best interests make a change in
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custody expedient.      In re Marriage of Mikelson, 299 N.W.2d 670, 671 (Iowa

1980).     However, this case is somewhat unique because the parties initially

deviated from the original custody decree.

         The objective in a custody dispute is to place the child in the environment

most likely to provide for the child’s physical, mental, and social growth and

maturity. In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007). In such

matters the best interest of the child is paramount. In re Marriage of Kleist, 538

N.W.2d 273, 276 (Iowa 1995). Prior cases have little precedential value, and we

must base our decision primarily on the particular circumstances of the parties

presently before us.     Id.   Neither Still nor Avenarius requested joint physical

custody, so we turn to Avenarius’s claim for physical custody. See Iowa Code

§ 598.41(2)(a) (providing the court shall consider granting joint custody on the

application of either parent).

         Avenarius primarily stresses five reasons she should be granted custody.

First, she notes the child’s relationship with his half-sister and half-brother and

the court’s reluctance to divide families. It is generally preferable to keep siblings

together, but the preference is not controlling and is subordinate to the long-

range best interests of the child, even when the children share the same parents.

In re Marriage of Harris, 530 N.W.2d 473, 474 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995).

         Second, Avenarius asserts Still is not supportive of her relationship and

recognition as the mother of the child. Still voluntarily provided Avenarius with

additional time with the child, which is the only significant supportive factor she

has in these proceedings. When Still apparently recognized and felt the child

was better off with Avenarius for a significant amount of time prior to February
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2013, he provided it even though the existing custody order had given him

primary physical custody. Still continued with this arrangement until he became

aware of problems in the Peterson/Avenarius home. There is little, if anything, in

the record that would indicate he has not been or will not be supportive of her

role as the mother of the child.

       Third, Avenarius contends Still’s new wife, Gemma, is trying to take her

place as the mother of the child. Step-parents are always in a difficult position of

being supportive of their new mate’s children without acting as a replacement for

the child’s natural parent.    Again, there is nothing in the record to indicate

Gemma has crossed that line.

       Fourth, Avenarius contends her son is happier with her than with Still and

is always excited to see her and reluctant to return to the Stills’ home. That

assertion is not consistent with the previous two contentions.        If Avenarius’s

ability to measure her son’s happiness is correct, it indicates that Still and his

new wife are supportive of Avenarius’s status as the child’s mother. Even if an

eight-year-old has a preference as to which parent it wants to reside with, it is not

controlling or even a substantial consideration in modification proceedings. See

In re Marriage of Hunt, 476 N.W.2d 99, 101 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991).

       Finally, the remaining factor Avenarius asserts is her status as the primary

caretaker in fact until February 2013. Continuity of care is highly important in

considering child custody.    In re Marriage of Williams, 589 N.W.2d 759, 762

(Iowa Ct. App. 1998). In spite of the importance of a history of continuity of care

it must give way to the best long-term interest of the child, which is the all-

important and overriding standard. See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696-697.
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       Still, Gemma, and Still’s mother are involved in the child’s education and

his extra-curricular activities, and are in a position to concentrate on his

upbringing. Still has been regularly employed, has resided in the same home for

some time, and gives all the appearances of stability.          He and Gemma are

married, symbolizing stability, permanency, and a commitment that Avenarius

and Peterson apparently do not have. Neither one of the older children as a half-

brother or as a stepsister, can be considered good role models. Avenarius’s

record as a parent is not commendable.

       The trial court was not presented adequate information to address the

child support Avenarius should pay. Accordingly, the child support set in the

original custodial action shall continue.

       The summer visitation Avenarius was awarded is an amount that

historically can be considered typical.         The modern trend is to provide more

summer visitation than was awarded in this matter. We see no reason that

Avenarius should not be granted two two-week visitation periods to be separated

by at least two weeks and modify the summer visitation accordingly.

       AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.
