                               STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                             September 22, 2016
                                                                                    released at 3:00 p.m.
IN RE: C.C., A.C., A.C., AND C.C.                                                 RORY L. PERRY, II CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                     OF WEST VIRGINIA
Nos. 15-1102 and 15-1103

(Roane County Nos. 15-JA-25, 15-JA-26, 15-JA-27, and 15-JA-28)




                               MEMORANDUM DECISION

        The petitioners herein, C.C.-11 (“Father”)2 and C.C.-2 (“Mother”),3 appeal from an
order entered October 15, 2015, by the Circuit Court of Roane County. By that order, the
circuit court terminated the parents’ custodial rights to their four minor children, C.C.-3,
A.C.-1, A.C.-2, and C.C.-4,4 but granted them post-termination visitation. On appeal to this
Court, the parents contend that the circuit court erred by denying their request for a post­
adjudicatory improvement period and terminating their custodial rights. Both the West
Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”)5 and the children’s
Guardian ad Litem (“Guardian”)6 support the circuit court’s disposition of this case.

       Upon our review of the parties’ arguments, the appendix record, and the pertinent
authorities, we find that the facts and legal arguments are adequately presented, and there is

       1
         Given the sensitive nature of the facts at issue herein, we refer to the parties by their
initials only rather than by their full names. See, e.g., In re: S.H., ___ W. Va. ___, ___ n.1,
789 S.E.2d 163, 165 n.1 (2016). See also W. Va. R. App. P. 40(e) (restricting use of personal
identifiers in cases involving children).
       2
           Father is represented in this proceeding by D. Kyle Moore.
       3
           Andrew G. Vodden and D. Shane McCullough represent Mother.
       4
        Numbers have been added to the children’s initials to distinguish between them
insofar as they share the same initials. See note 1, supra.
       5
       Counsel for DHHR herein is West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey and
Assistant Attorney General Lee Niezgoda.
       6
           The children’s Guardian ad Litem is Anita Harold Ashley.

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no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. In summary, we conclude that the
circuit court did not err by denying the parents’ request for a post-adjudicatory improvement
period, terminating their custodial rights, and granting the parents post-termination visitation
with their children. Accordingly, for these reasons, we find a memorandum decision
affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure.

        The underlying proceeding began on March 30, 2015, when bedbugs were discovered
on the two middle children by the staff of their elementary school. The family was notified
of the problem, but it persisted, resulting in the bedbugs spreading to the children’s
classrooms and at least one classmate. On May 13, 2015,7 the DHHR filed a petition and
removed the children from their home. Thereafter, during the June 12, 2015, adjudicatory
hearing, Mother was observed to have welts attributable to bedbugs on her arms, suggesting
that the home still was infested with bedbugs. By order entered July 6, 2015, the circuit court
adjudicated the children to be neglected,8 finding that they had sustained severe emotional
abuse as a result of the bedbugs9 and that the parents had not treated the children’s bites with


       7
        In 2015, the Legislature recodified the statutes governing abuse and neglect
proceedings. These changes became effective February 16, 2015, and thus are applicable to
the case sub judice. See generally W. Va. Code § 49-1-101 et seq.
       8
           Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 49-1-201 (2015) (Repl. Vol. 2015),

                “[n]eglected child” means a child:

              (A) Whose physical or mental health is harmed or threatened by a
       present refusal, failure or inability of the child’s parent, guardian or custodian
       to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, supervision, medical
       care or education, when that refusal, failure or inability is not due primarily to
       a lack of financial means on the part of the parent, guardian or custodian[.]
       9
        In short, the findings of emotional abuse were based upon the following findings of
fact regarding the children. The oldest child, who was in high school, wore long pants and
hooded sweatshirts to school to hide his welts even though the weather was warm. The two
middle children, who were in elementary school, were required to be searched by the school
nurse upon their arrival at school, and their belongings were sanitized each morning.
Bedbugs were found in the girls’ classrooms, and both rooms had to be professionally
exterminated. Furthermore, the older girl reportedly became very emotional and did not want
to discuss the bedbugs. Finally, the younger child slept during her preschool nap time, while
many of her peers did not; she was described as being excessively sleepy at school, which

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ointment, as Mother had claimed she had done, or eliminated the bedbugs from their home.
The court also adjudicated Father and Mother as abusing parents.10 Following the
adjudicatory order, both parents moved for a post-adjudicatory improvement period.

        Thereafter, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing and entered its dispositional
order on October 15, 2015. The circuit court observed that neither parent could recall any
details about the services that DHHR had provided during its earlier dealings with the family
and that neither parent could identify what they would need to do in the present case in order
to regain custody of their children. The court further noted DHHR’s objection to a post­
adjudicatory improvement period insofar as it had provided services addressing house
cleanliness on two prior occasions; the parents could not remember anything they had learned
from those services and were again exhibiting signs of an unkempt home; and DHHR
claimed it had no new or additional services it could provide the family in this regard. Based
upon these findings, the circuit court denied the parents an improvement period, concluding
that they had not demonstrated that they would be likely to fully participate therein or comply
with the terms thereof and that there is no substantial likelihood that they could correct the
conditions resulting in the children’s adjudication of neglect.11 Additionally, the court
terminated the parents’ custodial rights to their children,12 approved DHHR’s placement of




was attributed to the fact that her nighttime sleep at home may have been interrupted by the
bedbugs.
       10
         “‘Abusing parent’ means a parent, guardian or other custodian, regardless of his or
her age, whose conduct has been adjudicated by the court to constitute child abuse or neglect
as alleged in the petition charging child abuse or neglect.” W. Va. Code § 49-1-201.
       11
         A court may grant a post-adjudicatory improvement period when “[t]he respondent
[parent] demonstrates, by clear and convincing evidence, that the respondent is likely to fully
participate in the improvement period[.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2)(B) (2015) (Repl. Vol.
2015).
       12
          In deciding to terminate only the parents’ custodial rights, the circuit court
considered the wishes of the parents’ oldest child, C.C.-3, that his parents’s parental rights
not be terminated. See W. Va. Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)(C) (2015) (Repl. Vol. 2015). Since
the initiation of the subject abuse and neglect proceedings, the Legislature has amended the
referenced statute; however, these changes are not relevant to the issues presented by the case
sub judice. See generally W. Va. Code § 49-4-604 (2016) (Supp. 2016).

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the children with a relative, and granted the parents post-dispositional visitation with the
children.13

       From these adverse rulings, the parents appeal to this Court.

       In the instant proceeding, the parents, Father and Mother, appeal from the circuit
court’s rulings refusing their request for a post-adjudicatory improvement period and
terminating their custodial rights. The standard of review for abuse and neglect cases has
been explained by this Court as follows:

              Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon
       the facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based
       upon the evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as
       to whether such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set
       aside by a reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly
       erroneous when, although there is evidence to support the finding, the
       reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm
       conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, a reviewing court
       may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided the case
       differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the
       evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.

Syl. pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W. Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

        On appeal to this Court, Father and Mother both assign error to the circuit court’s
rulings denying them a post-adjudicatory improvement period and terminating their custodial
rights to their four children. Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2)(B) (2015) (Repl. Vol.
2015),

              [a]fter finding that a child is an abused or neglected child pursuant to
       section six hundred one of this article, a court may grant a respondent a[]
       [post-adjudicatory] improvement period of a period not to exceed six months
       when: . . . (B) The respondent [parent] demonstrates, by clear and convincing
       evidence, that the respondent is likely to fully participate in the improvement
       period and the court further makes a finding, on the record, of the terms of the


       13
        However, given concerns about whether the bedbug infestation had been eradicated,
the court ordered that visitation could not occur at the parents’ home.

                                              4

     improvement period.
(Emphasis added). This Court previously has recognized that

       [t]he goal [of an improvement period] should be the development of a program
       designed to assist the parent(s) in dealing with any problems which interfere
       with his ability to be an effective parent and to foster an improved relationship
       between parent and child with an eventual restoration of full parental rights a
       hoped-for result. The improvement period and family case plans must
       establish specific measures for the achievement of these goals, as an
       improvement period must be more than a mere passage of time. It is a period
       in which the [D.H.H.R.] and the court should attempt to facilitate the parent’s
       success, but wherein the parent must understand that he bears a responsibility
       to demonstrate sufficient progress and improvement to justify return to him of
       the child.

In Interest of Carlita B., 185 W. Va. 613, 624-25, 408 S.E.2d 365, 377 (1991). Nevertheless,

       it is possible for an individual to show “compliance with specific aspects of the
       case plan” while failing “to improve . . . [the] overall attitude and approach to
       parenting.” Thus, a judgment regarding the success of an improvement period
       is within the court’s discretion regardless of whether or not the individual has
       completed all suggestions or goals set forth in family case plans.

              The improvement period is granted to allow the parent an
              opportunity to remedy the existing problems. The case plan
              simply provides an approach to solving them. As is clear from
              the language of the statute, . . . the ultimate goal is restoration of
              a stable family environment, not simply meeting the
              requirements of the case plan.

Carlita B., 185 W. Va. at 626, 408 S.E.2d at 378 (quoting West Virginia Dep’t of Human
Servs. v. Peggy F., 184 W. Va. 60, 64, 399 S.E.2d 460, 464 (1990)).

       In its dispositional order, the circuit court explained its reason for denying a post­
adjudicatory improvement period as follows:

       [O]f particular note is the fact that the [parents] received extensive in-home
       services, including parenting and adult life skills, in the two prior cases before
       this Court, the last being just two years ago, and significantly, neither can
       recall what was taught and neither can identify what needs to happen so that

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       the children will not be similarly neglected or abused in the future. They
       simply assert that it is safe for the children to be returned because they have
       eradicated the bed bugs . . . which infested the home when this case
       commenced, without giving any consideration to the Court’s finding that this
       case was primarily about emotional abuse.

              ....

       Granting the adult respondents post-adjudicatory improvement periods . . .
       would be an exercise in futility, as neither parent can identify any need for
       change and prior services of the same type have already been afforded to the
       adult respondents, who cannot even recall what they might have learned.

         As noted previously, the statutory standard for granting a parent an improvement
period requires that he/she demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that he/she will
comply with its terms. See W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(2)(B). Fulfillment of some of an
improvement period’s terms without actual improvement of the conditions that led to the
filing of the abuse and neglect petition simply is not enough; rather, the parent must actively
remedy the conditions of abuse and neglect to demonstrate such improvement. See Carlita
B., 185 W. Va. at 626, 408 S.E.2d at 378. In the case sub judice, the circuit court determined
that Father and Mother were not likely to substantially complete the terms of a post­
adjudicatory improvement period given their inability to recall what they had learned during
their prior two rounds of DHHR services and their propensity to perpetuate the conditions
that had resulted in each of their previous abuse and neglect cases. As we previously have
held, “courts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental
improvement before terminating parental rights where it appears that the welfare of the child
will be seriously threatened.” Syl. pt. 1, in part, In re R.J.M., 164 W. Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d
114 (1980). See also In re Emily, 208 W. Va. 325, 336, 540 S.E.2d 542, 553 (2000)
(“[W]hen a parent cannot demonstrate that he/she will be able to correct the conditions of
abuse and/or neglect with which he/she has been charged, an improvement period need not
be awarded before the circuit court may terminate the offending parent’s parental rights.”).
Moreover, “[c]ases involving children must be decided not just in the context of competing
sets of adults’ rights, but also with a regard for the rights of the child(ren).” Syl. pt. 7, In
Matter of Brian D., 194 W. Va. 623, 461 S.E.2d 129 (1995). This is so because the
overarching goal in abuse and neglect proceedings is to protect the subject children.
“Although parents have substantial rights that must be protected, the primary goal in cases
involving abuse and neglect, as in all family law matters, must be the health and welfare of
the children.” Syl. pt. 3, In re Katie S., 198 W. Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996). Accord Syl.
pt. 8, in part, In re Willis, 157 W. Va. 225, 207 S.E.2d 129 (1973) (“Once a court exercising
proper jurisdiction has made a determination upon sufficient proof that a child has been

                                               6

neglected and his natural parents were so derelict in their duties as to be unfit, the welfare
of the infant is the polar star by which the discretion of the court is to be guided in making
its award of legal custody.”).

       Given this family’s extensive history with DHHR, it is apparent that an improvement
period likely would only prolong the inevitable–the eventual removal of the children from
the home–and further delay their permanency. See W. Va. R. P. Child Abuse & Neglect
Proceeds. 43 (addressing expedient resolution of abuse and neglect proceedings).
Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s decision to deny Father and Mother a post­
adjudicatory improvement period.

       Father and Mother additionally assign error to the circuit court’s decision to terminate
their custodial rights to their four minor children. In deciding to terminate the parents’
custodial rights and place the children with a relative, the court specifically noted that
“[t]ermination of parental rights is too drastic a remedy under the facts of the case, and
similarly, dismissal of the case because of claims that the bed bugs have been eradicated
wholly fails to acknowledge that there was substantial emotional abuse of the children.” The
court further explained its termination of custodial rights only as based, in part, upon the
wishes of the parents’ oldest child who did not wish his parents’ rights to be terminated:
“Importantly, this disposition acknowledges the preference of [C.C.-3], the oldest [child]
respondent, who does not wish to have the parental rights of his parents permanently
terminated.” See W. Va. Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)(C) (2015) (Repl. Vol. 2015) (directing court
to consider wishes of children fourteen years old and older).

       Under the circumstances of the case sub judice, we find that the circuit gave proper
credence to the wishes of C.C.-3 while simultaneously protecting the best interests of all four
children and facilitating their achievement of permanency. Therefore, we affirm the circuit
court’s decision to terminate only the custodial rights of Father and Mother.

      We further find that the circuit court correctly found that post-termination visitation
would serve the children’s best interests. With respect to post-termination visitation, we
previously have held that,

               [w]hen parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the circuit
       court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued
       visitation or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the
       child. Among other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close
       emotional bond has been established between parent and child and the child’s
       wishes, if he or she is of appropriate maturity to make such request. The
       evidence must indicate that such visitation or continued contact would not be

                                               7

       detrimental to the child’s well being and would be in the child’s best interest.

Syl. pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W. Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995).

       From the parties’ status updates, it appears that Mother visits with the children daily,
and Father also visits with the children, but less frequently, and that this visitation has been
taking place since the time of the court’s adjudicatory hearing. Such an arrangement appears
to be working well in this case and serves the children’s best interests given their established
emotional bond with their parents and the express wishes of C.C.-3 to continue his
relationship with them. Therefore, the parties are directed to continue to permit and
encourage post-termination visitation between Father, Mother, and their children, until such
time that the court determines such visitation is no longer in the children’s best interests.

      For the foregoing reasons, the October 15, 2015, order of the Circuit Court of Roane
County is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                     Affirmed.

ISSUED:       September 22, 2016


CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Allen H. Loughry II




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