                                    2016 IL App (1st) 140887


                                                                             SECOND DIVISION
                                                                             March 1, 2016




Nos. 1-14-0887 and 1-14-0937 (cons.)


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                         )       Appeal from the
                                                             )       Circuit Court of
                       Plaintiff-Appellee,                   )       Cook County
                                                             )
v.                                                           )       No. 96 CR 10513
                                                             )
MICHAEL SMITH,                                               )       Honorable
                                                             )       James B. Linn,
                       Defendant-Appellant.                  )       Judge Presiding.



       PRESIDING JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Neville and Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion

                                             OPINION


¶1     More than 20 years after our supreme court established the void-sentence rule in People

v. Arna, 168 Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995), the court found the rule to be "constitutionally unsound" in

People v. Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19 and abolished the rule. Prior to the decision in

Castleberry, while Arna was still in effect, defendant sought to attack his consecutive 60-year

extended term sentence for aggravated criminal sexual assault and 40-year extended term

sentences for home invasion and armed robbery in this appeal from the denial of leave to file his

successive postconviction petition. Defendant argues that his extended term sentences were

unauthorized by law and therefore void because the trial court did not find the proper factors in
Nos. 1-14-0887 and 1-14-0937 (cons.)



imposing the extended term sentences. Castleberry was decided while defendant's appeal was

pending here. We must now determine if Castleberry applies to defendant's case. If we

determine it does, we are left to deal with the question of how defendant, and those similarly

situated, can properly attack sentences unauthorized by law. If we determine that Castleberry

does not apply, we must grant defendant the relief requested.

¶2     Defendant's sole argument on appeal from the denial of his motion for leave to file a

successive postconviction petition is that, although he was sentenced to consecutive extended

term Class X sentences under section 5-5-3.2(b) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS

5/5-5-3.2(b) (West 1996)), none of the factors authorizing extended term sentences enumerated

in section 5-5-3.2(b) applied in this case nor did the court find any to be present. Without a

finding that any of the enumerated factors were present, the extended term sentences imposed are

not authorized by law and would be considered void under Arna and People v. Thompson, 209

Ill. 2d 19, 23-25 (2004).

¶3     The facts of the underlying case are not relevant here and therefore we need not discuss

them. A recitation of the facts can be found in our order affirming defendant's conviction.

People v. Smith, No. 1-97-2414 (Oct. 25, 2004) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule

23). We note that we also affirmed the summary dismissal of petitioner’s first postconviction

petition in People v. Smith, No. 1-08-0191 (June 26, 2009) (unpublished order under Supreme

Court Rule 23), and defendant’s subsequent successive postconviction petitions in People v.

Smith, No, 1-10-0659 (Oct. 7, 2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), People

v. Smith, No. 1-11-1648 (Jan. 16, 2013) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23), and

People v. Smith, No. 1-13-2510 (June 9, 2015) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule


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23).

¶4        Defendant filed a motion on January 30, 2014, seeking leave to file another successive

postconviction petition wherein defendant argued that: (1) he was denied his right to a jury trial;

(2) his sentence is improper in that the aggravating factors were not pled and proven; and (3) he

was denied his right to the transcripts from his grand jury. On February 6, 2014, the trial court

denied defendant leave to file his petition. This appeal followed.

¶5        The State argues that the issue defendant presents here was not raised in his January 30,

2014, pro se motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. In support of this

argument, the State cites the numerous requirements of the PostConviction Hearing Act (Act)

(725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)). The Act allows a criminal defendant a procedure for

determining whether he was convicted in substantial violation of his constitutional rights.

People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 243-44 (2001). To be entitled to relief under the Act, a

defendant must establish a substantial violation of his constitutional rights in the proceedings that

produced the conviction or sentence being challenged. People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d 140, 143-44

(2004).

¶6        The Act contemplates the filing of only one postconviction petition. People v. Evans,

186 Ill. 2d 83, 89 (1999); 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014). Successive postconviction

petitions are governed by section 122-1(f) of the Act, which provides:

          “Only one petition may be filed by a petitioner under this Article without leave

          of the court. Leave of court may be granted only if a petitioner demonstrates

          cause for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction

          proceedings and prejudice results from that failure.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006).


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¶7        Leave to file successive postconviction petitions may be granted when a defendant has

established cause and prejudice, or when fundamental fairness so requires. People v.

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 458-59 (2002); People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 161 (2010); 725

ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006). Pursuant to the cause-and-prejudice test, the petitioner must

show good cause for failing to raise the claimed errors in a prior proceeding and actual prejudice

resulting from the claimed errors. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 460; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West

2006). “Cause” is defined as “any objective factor, external to the defense, which impeded the

petitioner’s ability to raise a specific claim at the initial postconviction proceeding.”

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 462; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006). “Prejudice” is defined as an

error so infectious to the proceedings that the resulting conviction violates due process.

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 464; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006). A defendant must establish

cause and prejudice as to each individual claim asserted in a successive postconviction petition to

escape dismissal under the doctrine of res judicata and waiver. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 463;

725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006).

¶8        The State places great emphasis on the fact that it believes that defendant did not include

his current sentencing claim in the successive petition he presented to the trial court and

therefore, because the trial court did not consider this issue when it denied defendant leave to

file, this court cannot consider this issue for the first time on appeal. The State claims that under

traditional postconviction law, a defendant must establish cause and prejudice for each specific

claim raised in a successive postconviction petition and, as a result, a defendant may not raise a

claim for the first time on appeal. In support, the State cites People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498

(2004).


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¶9     In Jones, the question was whether the defendant could properly raise the question of

improper admonishments for the first time on appeal, despite the fact that he did not include the

issue in his petition for postconviction relief. Id. at 503. In resolving the question presented, our

supreme court noted that "our appellate court is not free, as this court is under its supervisory

authority, to excuse, in the context of postconviction proceedings, an appellate waiver caused by

the failure of a defendant to include issues in his or her postconviction petition." Id. at 508. The

court went on to hold that "defendant may not raise the issue of the improper admonishments for

the first time on appeal. The proper forum for the claim is a successive postconviction action."

Id. at 508-09. The court rejected the defendant’s argument that improper admonishments

rendered his conviction void. Id. at 509.

¶ 10   In response to the State’s argument here, defendant argues that his petition specifically

complained about the “extended portion” of his sentence and that the “brutal and heinous

element” was applied in error. Defendant argues, quoting People v. Carballido, 2011 IL App

(2d) 090340, ¶ 38, that the inclusion of these facts is sufficient to raise a claim in this appeal

because the law recognizes that “it is unlikely that [a pro se petitioner] will be aware of the

precise legal basis for his claim.”

¶ 11   We find the State's argument and its reliance on Jones is misplaced. Defendant's

inartfully drafted petition states, in part, "the focal point for argument sheds an entirely different

light on the subject of [his] conviction and/or sentence. Reasonable doubt of [his conviction]

comes into question, as does the circumstances surrounding the consecutive nature and extended

portion of his sentence. [M]y 100 year sentence, by law, is error and shouldn't have exceeded 30

years in I.D.O.C." We find that the issue before us was sufficiently raised in defendant’s motion


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for leave to file his successive postconviction petition in the circuit court.

¶ 12   Nonetheless, we agree with the State that defendant makes no claims here with respect to

the circuit court’s denial of his motion for leave to file his successive postconviction petition or

any argument related in any way to his successive petition. However, defendant’s failure to raise

the issue of the denial of his motion for leave to file his postconviction petition here is not fatal

because his claim does "not depend for its viability of his postconviction petition" as Castleberry

had not yet been decided. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d at 27. Defendant had an independent basis,

other than the denial of his request for leave to file a successive postconviction petition, to bring

this issue before this court. At the time this appeal was filed, a "void sentencing order" was

subject to attack “at any time or in any court, either directly or collaterally. An argument that an

order or judgment is void is not subject to waiver." Id. Therefore, we must assume that

defendant intended to raise a free standing claim that the extended term portions of his sentence

are void under Arna and Thompson.

¶ 13   Defendant was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-14(a)(1)

(West 1996)), home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12-11(a)(1), (2) (West 1996)) and armed robbery (720

ILCS 5/18-2 (West 1996)), which are all Class X offenses. A defendant convicted of a Class X

offense shall be sentenced to a prison term of 6 to 30 years. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 1996).

The factors that a trial court may consider as reasons to impose an extended term sentence

beyond the sentence authorized for a Class X offense are listed in section 5-5-3.2(b) (730 ILCS

5/5-5-3.2(b) (West 1996)). "A judge shall not sentence an offender to a term of imprisonment in

excess of the maximum sentence authorized by Section 5-8-1 *** unless the factors in

aggravation set forth in paragraph (b) of Section 5-5-3.2 were found to be present." 730 ILCS


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5/5-8-2(a) (West 1996).

¶ 14   A trial court is required to "set forth his reasons for imposing the particular sentence he

enters in the case." 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(b) (West 1996). In imposing defendant's Class X

extended term sentences, the court began by stating that it was imposing consecutive sentences

because consecutive sentences were required to protect the public from further criminal conduct.

The court went on to say, "[t]he State is also urging me to sentence you to the extended term

because there are certain aggravating factors which are contained in 730 Illinois Compiled

Statutes, 5/5-5-3.2, factors in aggravation." The court found the following aggravating factors

were present: (1) defendant's conduct caused or threatened serious harm (730 ILCS 5/5-5-

3.2(a)(1) (West 1996)); (2) defendant had a history of delinquency (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(3)

(West 1996)); and (3) the sentence is necessary to deter others from committing the same offense

(730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(7) (West 1996)). These aggravating factors which are specified in

section 5-5-3.2(a)(1) (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a) (West 1996)) allow a court to impose a more

serious sentence within the normal, nonextended term range. The aggravating factors the trial

court found did not include any of the factors specified in section 5-5-3.2(b) which authorize an

extended term, yet the court sentenced defendant to extended term sentences. In short, the trial

court found the aggravating factors listed under section 5-5-3.2(a) and not any of the factors that

must be found to impose an extended term sentence under section 5-5-3.2(b).

¶ 15   A trial judge cannot impose an extended term sentence "unless the factors in aggravation

set forth in paragraph (b) of Section 5-5-3.2 were found to be present." 730 ILCS 5/5-8-2(a)

(West 1996). The circuit court has no authority to impose a sentence that does not conform to

statutory guidelines and, thus, exceeds its authority when it orders a lesser or greater sentence as


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occurred here. People v. White, 2011 IL 109616, ¶ 12. “In such a case, the defendant's sentence

is illegal and void.” Id. ¶ 20 (quoting Arna, 168 Ill. 2d at 113).

¶ 16   The State does not dispute that the trial court did not find the required factors when it

sentenced defendant to an extended term sentence. At oral argument the State argued, without

supporting case law, that the imposition of extended term sentences without a specific finding

that any of the factors enumerated in section 5-5-3.2(b) were present at the time defendant was

sentenced did not render the extended portion of his sentence unauthorized by law. We disagree.

¶ 17   In People v. Moore, 266 Ill. App. 3d 791, 799 (1994), this court remanded the

defendant’s case to the trial court for resentencing after finding that the trial court imposed an

extended term sentence without articulating its basis for imposing the extended term sentence.

In People v. Bivens, 163 Ill. App. 3d 472, 495-96 (1987), we vacated the defendant’s extended

term sentence because the trial court did not find that any of the section 5-5-3.2(b) extended term

factors in aggravation were present. While neither defendant in Moore or Bivens challenged their

unlawfully imposed extended term sentence on collateral review or under Arna, it logically

follows that extended term sentences imposed in violation of section 5-5-3.2(b) are unlawful and

therefore must be corrected.

¶ 18   Having found that defendant’s extended term sentences are unauthorized by law, we now

must address the State’s argument that Castleberry precludes our consideration of defendant’s

independent attack on his sentence in this procedural posture. As noted, at the time defendant

filed his brief in this court, a sentence that was not authorized by statute was void and could be

attacked at any time. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d at 23-29.

¶ 19   The State recognizes that under Thompson, (id. at 22-29), claims not included in a


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postconviction petition may not be raised for the first time on appeal, except when a sentence is

void. However, the State claims, without any discussion of Castleberry's application to

defendant’s case or its retroactivity to cases on collateral review, that defendant’s argument and

reliance on Thompson is no longer tenable under Castleberry because Castleberry abolished the

rule announced in Arna.

¶ 20   Defendant's opening brief was filed before our supreme court issued its opinion in

Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916. In Castleberry, the court abolished the void sentence rule, "which

state[d] that [a] sentence which does not conform to a statutory requirement is void." (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 1. Our supreme court observed that, “recent decisions from this

court have undermined the rationale behind the rule to the point that the rule can no longer be

considered valid.” Id. The court stated:

        “[O]ur cases have at times also held ‘that the power to render the particular

       judgment or sentence is as important an element of jurisdiction as is personal jurisdiction

       and subject matter jurisdiction.’ [Citation.] Based on this idea, the rule has developed

       which holds that a circuit court which violates a particular statutory requirement when

       imposing a sentence acts without ‘inherent authority’ or ‘inherent power.’ And, because

       the court has acted without power, it has acted without jurisdiction, thereby rendering the

       sentence void. Thus, the void sentence rule is stated: ‘A sentence which does not conform

       to a statutory requirement is void.’ [Citation.]” Id. ¶ 13.

¶ 21   The Castleberry court went on to note that the Illinois Constitution granted circuit courts

original jurisdiction over all justiciable matters and therefore:

       " '[W]hile the legislature can create new justiciable matters by enacting legislation that


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        creates rights and duties, the failure to comply with a statutory requirement or

        prerequisite does not negate the circuit court's subject matter jurisdiction or constitute a

        nonwaivable condition precedent to the circuit court's jurisdiction.' " Id. ¶ 15 (quoting

        LVNV Funding, LLC v. Trice, 2015 IL 116129, ¶ 37).

As a result, our supreme court abolished the void sentence rule, finding it constitutionally

unsound, because a circuit court, being a court of general jurisdiction, does not acquire its

jurisdiction from any statute. Id., ¶ 19.

¶ 22    The State argues that it is not disputed here that the trial court had both the necessary

subject matter and personal jurisdiction to sentence petitioner to an extended term of

imprisonment. The State further argues that even if the court erred in applying section 5-5-

3.2(b), defendant’s sentence is merely voidable. Id. ¶ 11.

¶ 23    Although the State was given the opportunity to explain how or why Castleberry applies

to the issue presently before this court, the State has failed to do so both in their brief and in oral

argument. Given the State's skill in appellate advocacy, we find the omission telling. At oral

argument the State remarked that this was not an issue of Castleberry’s retroactivity. Defendant

argues otherwise.

¶ 24     Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), the seminal case on retroactivity, governs the

retroactive application of constitutional rules, and is equally applicable to nonconstitutional

rules. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351-52 (2004). Under Teague, a judicial decision

that establishes a new rule applies to all criminal cases pending on direct review. Id. at 351.

New rules will not apply to convictions that are final at the time the new rule is announced, with

two exceptions. Id. The retroactive application of "rules not in existence at the time a conviction


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became final seriously undermines the principle of finality which is essential to the operation of

our criminal justice system." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Sanders, 238 Ill. 2d

391, 401 (2010). In this case there is no question that defendant's conviction was final when

Castleberry was decided.

¶ 25   The determination as to whether retroactive application of Castleberry is warranted turns

on whether a case announces a new rule or merely expands upon a preexisting rule. Teague, 489

U.S. at 299. Generally speaking, “a case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by

precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id.

at 301. A decision that applies an established general rule to a new set of facts is not a new rule.

Id. at 309. In other words, where a decision “breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on

the States or the Federal Government,” or “if the result [is] not dictated by precedent existing at

the time the defendant’s conviction became final,” a decision announces a new rule. (Emphasis

omitted.) Id. at 301.

¶ 26   The Teague Court articulated two instances when new rules of criminal procedure should

be applied retroactively to cases on collateral review: (1) it places certain kinds of primary,

private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law making power to proscribe; or

(2) requires the observance of those procedures that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.

Id. at 311. The Teague analysis was adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Flowers,

138 Ill. 2d 218, 238 (1990), and was applied to an action brought pursuant to the Act.

¶ 27   Defendant argues that pursuant to Teague, Castleberry announced a new rule. Defendant

claims that Castleberry was not dictated by precedent existing at the time his conviction became

final in 1999. Indeed, when defendant’s conviction became final, the void sentence rule (as


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established in People v. Arna, 168 Ill. 2d 107 (1995)), was firmly in place. Defendant also cites

the Castleberry court's announcement that it was "departing from precedent" when it "abolished"

the void sentence rule. Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19.

¶ 28   Generally speaking, it is “often difficult” to determine whether a case announces a new

rule. Teague, 489 U.S. at 301. This determination is particularly troublesome where the new

decision is reached by an extension of the reasoning of prior cases. Butler v. McKellar, 494

U.S. 407, 412-13 (1990).

¶ 29   The rule that a sentence not authorized by law is void and can be attacked at any time was

established in Arna, 168 Ill. 2d at 107, and has been consistently applied since. See, e.g., People

v. Jackson, 2011 IL 110615, ¶ 10; People v. Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 302 (2011); People v.

Bishop, 218 Ill. 2d 232, 254 (2006); Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d at 25 (2004); People v. Pinkonsly, 207

Ill. 2d 555, 569 (2003). As the State recognized at oral argument, this case does not involve the

application of a new rule, but the abolition of an old one. Without any further input from the

State on the issue, based on our review of the facts of this case, as well as Teague and other

relevant case law, we find that Castleberry did not announce a new rule, but merely abolished

the rule stated in Arna, thereby reinstating the rule in effect before Arna: a sentence that did not

comply with statutory guidelines was only void if the court lacked personal or subject matter

jurisdiction. See Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19.

¶ 30   Because Castleberry did not announce a new rule and cannot be applied retroactively,

defendant has the right to challenge his sentence unauthorized by the sentencing statute in this

court for the first time on appeal from the denial of leave to file a successive postconviction

pursuant to Arna and Thompson. Castleberry only applies prospectively from the date of


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pronouncement, November 15, 2015. Teague, 489 U.S. at 309.

¶ 31   As previously explained, defendant is challenging the extended term portions of the

sentence imposed because they were unauthorized by law. Defendant requests that the extended

term portion of his sentences be vacated and he be resentenced to the maximum sentence for

Class X offenses for which he was convicted: 30 years' imprisonment for aggravated criminal

sexual assault, consecutive to 30 years' imprisonment for home invasion and armed robbery.

Defendant is not challenging the trial court's imposition of consecutive sentences. Accordingly,

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967) we vacate the extended

term portion of defendant’s 60-year and 40-year sentences and reduce his sentence to 30 years’

imprisonment for aggravated criminal sexual assault and 30 years’ imprisonment for home

invasion and armed robbery to be served consecutively for a total of 60 years’ imprisonment, as

requested by defendant.

¶ 32   Affirmed as modified.




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