Filed 12/5/14 Zephyr Investors v. Silva CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



ZEPHYR INVESTORS 2010, LLC,                                         D064762

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00052681-
                                                                     CU-OR-NC)
ARTHUR N. SILVA, et al.,

      Defendants and Appellants.
_____________________________________

ARTHUR N. SILVA, et al.,

        Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                  (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00053687-
                                                                     CU-OR-NC)
v.

ZEPHYR INVESTORS 2010, LLC, et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents,



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Robert P.

Dahlquist, Judge. Affirmed.
       Samy S. Henein and Charles T. Marshall for Defendants, Plaintiffs and Appellants

Arthur N. Silva, et al.

       Higgs Fletcher & Mack and Michael R. Gibson for Plaintiffs, Defendants and

Respondents Zephyr Investors 2010, LLC, et al.

       Arthur N. Silva and Kimberly R. Silva (together the Silvas) defaulted on a home

loan and Zephyr Investors 2010, LLC (Zephyr) acquired the subject property at a trustee's

sale as part of a nonjudicial foreclosure. Zephyr filed suit against the Silvas to, among

other things, quiet title in the property. The Silvas filed their own suit against Zephyr,

Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Brad Termini, Margaret Atmore, and others. These two cases

were consolidated.

       Before the civil actions were filed by Zephyr and the Silvas, Zephyr successfully

pursued an unlawful detainer action against the Silvas. When the Silvas did not appeal

the unlawful detainer judgment, Zephyr filed six motions in limine seeking to dispose of

all of the Silvas' claims against Zephyr on the grounds that those claims were barred by

collateral estoppel. The superior court treated these motions in limine as a motion for

judgment on the pleadings, granted the motion, and dismissed the claims raised by the

Silvas with prejudice. The Silvas appealed the ensuing judgment.

       In this appeal, the Silvas argue the court erred in treating Zephyr's motions in

limine as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. They also contend the unlawful

detainer action does not collaterally estop their claims for slander of title, cancellation of

instruments, declaratory relief, and to quiet title. Because we determine that the unlawful

detainer judgment conclusively established that Zephyr had title to the property and was

                                               2
entitled to lawful possession of it, we conclude that the Silvas' causes of action are barred

by collateral estoppel. In addition, we are satisfied that the court properly exercised its

discretion to treat the motions in limine as a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Accordingly, we affirm.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The Silvas signed a promissory note in the amount of $406,000 (Note), which was

secured by a deed of trust recorded against certain real property commonly known as

4907 Patina Court, Oceanside, California (Property). The Silvas defaulted on the Note.

Ultimately, a nonjudicial foreclosure was initiated that resulted in Zephyr purchasing the

Property at a trustee's sale on February 5, 2010.

       On March 5, 2010, Zephyr filed an unlawful detainer action against the Silvas to

take possession of the Property. On April 20, 2010, judgment was entered in Zephyr's

favor and a writ of possession was issued.

       Although the Silvas vacated the Property, they subsequently recorded a quit claim

deed against the Property, which purported to convey title to the Property from

"Kimberly R. Silva, a Married Woman" to "Arthur N. Silva, a Married Man." The Silvas

then recorded a grant deed that purported to convey title to the Property from "Arthur N.

Silva, a Married Man" to "Arthur N. Silva, a Married Man as his Sole and Own

Property." In addition to the recording of these deeds, Arthur Silva allegedly engaged in

a campaign of harassment, including claiming to officers of the Oceanside Police

Department that he owned the Property and showing the officers a copy of the grant deed,

to prevent Zephyr's use and enjoyment of the Property.

                                              3
       Zephyr then filed suit against the Silvas, seeking to quiet title and alleging

additional claims for cancellation of instruments, slander of title, injunction, trespass, and

declaratory relief (Zephyr Action). The basis of Zephyr's claims was that it had

purchased the Property at a trustee's sale and successfully prosecuted an unlawful

detainer suit against the Silvas.

       In response to the Zephyr Action, the Silvas filed their own lawsuit against

Zephyr, Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, Atmore, and others (Silva Action). The

causes of action in the Silva Action were based on the Silvas' claim that the lender or loan

servicer had filed fraudulent documents against the Property and "broke[] [the] chain of

title." The Silvas did not allege that they made all payments due on the Note. Instead,

they claimed certain transfers of the Note and recording of documents related to the Note

were fraudulent, which resulted in the Silvas owning the Property apparently without

having to repay the Note.1

       The Zephyr Action and the Silva Action were consolidated and set for trial.

Before trial, Zephyr filed multiple motions in limine, with the first six such motions

aimed at each of the Silvas' causes of action.2 The gist of these motions was that the



1       Because they are not pertinent to the issues before us, we do not discuss in detail
the Silvas' allegations that the transferring of the Note and recording of certain documents
somehow resulted in the Silvas owning the Property outright without having to repay the
Note. Suffice to say, these allegations appear to be little more than a misguided theory
that allegedly allows the Silvas to own the Property free and clear without honoring their
promise to repay the Note.

2     Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, and Atmore were moving parties along with
Zephyr.
                                              4
unlawful detainer judgment legally precluded all of the Silvas' claims. The Silvas

opposed the motions in limine.

       After considering the pleadings and entertaining oral argument, the superior court

treated Zephyr's first six motions in limine as a motion for judgment on the pleadings and

granted it thereby dismissing all of the Silvas' claims with prejudice. In doing so, the

court emphasized that the instant action was "very similar in facts, if not identical to"

Malkoskie v. Option One Mortgage Corp. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 968 (Malkoskie), and

it was "bound to follow" that case.

       The Silvas timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

       The Silvas raise two issues on appeal. First, they argue the superior court

improperly exercised its inherent powers in treating the first six motions in limine as a

motion for judgment on the pleadings. Second, the Silvas contend the unlawful detainer

judgment did not preclude any of their claims. We reject both contentions.

                                              I

              THE SUPERIOR COURT'S POWER TO TREAT MOTIONS
          IN LIMINE AS A MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

       "A court's inherent powers to control litigation and conserve judicial resources

authorize it to conduct hearings and formulate rules of procedure as justice may require.

[Citations.] Exercising these powers, the court may enter judgment in favor of a

defendant when motions in limine show that, ' "even if the plaintiff's allegations were




                                              5
proved, they would not establish a cause of action." ' " (Coshow v. City of Escondido

(2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 687, 701.)

       Here, the Silvas do not take issue with a superior court's power to treat a motion in

limine as a dispositive motion. Instead, they assert the superior court should not have

done so in the instant matter because the court misconstrued the holding of Malkoskie,

supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 968. Thus, the Silvas' argument challenging the court's treatment

of Zephyr's first six motions in limine as a motion for judgment on the pleadings actually

is aimed at the court's ruling: The court should not have granted the motion for judgment

on the pleadings based on Malkoskie. As we discuss below, we agree with the superior

court's reading of Malkoskie. Accordingly, we are satisfied the court properly treated the

motions in limine as a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

                                              II

                   MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

                                  A. Standard of Review

       Judgment on the pleadings is similar to a demurrer and is properly granted when

the "complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against [the]

defendant." (Code Civ. Proc., § 438, subd. (c)(1)(B)(ii); Shea Homes Limited

Partnership v. County of Alameda (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1254.) We

independently review the superior court's ruling on a motion for judgment on the

pleadings to determine whether the complaint states a cause of action. In so doing, we

accept as true the plaintiff's factual allegations and construe them liberally. (Rolfe v.

California Transportation Com. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 239, 242-243.) If a judgment on

                                              6
the pleadings is correct upon any theory of law applicable to the case, we will affirm it

regardless of the considerations used by the superior court to reach its conclusion.

(Schabarum v. California Legislature (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1216.)

                                         B. Analysis

       The Silvas' remaining contention is that the superior court misconstrued the

holding of Malkoskie, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th 968, and as such, mistakenly granted

Zephyr's motion for judgment on the pleadings. We disagree and determine that the

Silvas are collaterally estopped from challenging the trustee's sale or otherwise claiming

any title or interest on the Property based on the Note or corresponding deed of trust. The

unlawful detainer judgment in favor of Zephyr conclusively established that Zephyr had

title to the Property and was entitled to possession of it.

       " 'Under collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law

necessary to its judgment, that decision may preclude relitigation of the issue in a suit on

a different cause of action involving a party to the first case.' " (San Remo Hotel, L.P. v.

City and County of San Francisco (2005) 545 U.S. 323, 336, fn. 16; Bernhard v. Bank of

America (1942) 19 Cal.2d 807, 813.) " 'The purposes of the doctrine are said to be "to

promote judicial economy by minimizing repetitive litigation, to prevent inconsistent

judgments which undermine the integrity of the judicial system, [and] to protect against

vexatious litigation." ' " (Syufy Enterprises v. City of Oakland (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th

869, 878.)

       Our Supreme Court has recognized the potential of an unlawful detainer judgment

to collaterally estop subsequent litigation: "Applying the traditional rule that a judgment

                                               7
rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive as to any issues necessarily

determined in that action, the courts have held that subsequent fraud or quiet title suits

founded upon allegations of irregularity in a trustee's sale are barred by the prior unlawful

detainer judgment." (Vella v. Hudgins (1977) 20 Cal.3d 251, 256.)

       " 'The requirements for invoking collateral estoppel are the following: (1) the

issue necessarily decided in the previous proceeding is identical to the one that is sought

to be relitigated; (2) the previous proceeding terminated with a final judgment on the

merits; and (3) the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted was a party to or in

privity with a party in the previous proceeding.' " (Syufy Enterprises v. City of Oakland,

supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 878.)

       The requirements of collateral estoppel are met here. The unlawful detainer action

determined that Zephyr was entitled to judgment because Zephyr established it was

entitled to possession of the Property and had duly perfected its title to the Property,

issues the Silvas have challenged here. The unlawful detainer judgment is final because

the Silvas' time for appeal has passed and there is no indication in the record that the

Silvas timely filed a notice of appeal of that judgment. (See Busick v. Workmen's Comp.

Appeals Bd. (1972) 7 Cal.3d 967, 974-975.) And the Silvas were parties to the unlawful

detainer action.

       The fundamental issue in an unlawful detainer proceeding is the plaintiff's right to

possession. (See Old National Financial Services, Inc. v. Seibert (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d

460, 465.) But where, as here, the unlawful detainer action is brought pursuant to Code

of Civil Procedure section 1161a, subdivision (b)(3), title is also an issue. This section

                                              8
provides that an unlawful detainer action may be filed "[w]here the property has been

sold in accordance with Section 2924 of the Civil Code, under a power of sale contained

in a deed of trust . . . and the title under the sale has been duly perfected." (Code Civ.

Proc., § 1161a, subd. (b)(3).) "Indeed, because the sole basis upon which [Zephyr]

asserted its right to possession of the property was its 'duly perfected' legal title obtained

in the nonjudicial foreclosure sale, the validity of [Zephyr's] title had to be resolved in the

unlawful detainer action." (Malkoskie, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 974; italics omitted.)

       Malkoskie is instructive. There, the homeowners refinanced with a loan from

Home Loans USA, Inc. The deed of trust identified Home Loans as the beneficiary and

Premier Trust Deed Services as the trustee. Later, a substitution was recorded evidencing

Alliance Title Company as the new trustee as designated by Option One Mortgage

Corporation. But there was no recorded substitution showing Option One as the new

beneficiary of record with the authority to designate a substituted trustee. (Malkoskie,

supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 971.) At a trustee's sale, Wells Fargo acquired the property

on a credit bid. Two months later a substitution was recorded acknowledging assignment

of the deed of trust to Option One as the new beneficiary and another substitution was

recorded evidencing the assignment of beneficiary status from Option One to Wells

Fargo. (Id. at pp. 971-972.) The trustee's deed upon sale documenting the purchase by

Wells Fargo was recorded the same day. Wells Fargo then instituted an unlawful

detainer action under Code of Civil Procedure section 1161a, in which the homeowners

raised the affirmative defenses that the trustee's sale was invalid due to improper notice

and other unspecified " 'irregularities in the sale.' " (Malkoskie, supra, at p. 972.) At the

                                               9
time of trial, the parties agreed to entry of a stipulated judgment in favor of Wells Fargo,

and the homeowners were forcibly evicted. (Ibid.)

       The homeowners then filed a lawsuit against Wells Fargo and others attacking the

authority of the defendants to foreclose, including the claim that the sale was conducted

by an improper trustee and therefore no valid title passed to Wells Fargo. Like the Silvas'

complaint, the homeowners alleged causes of action for quiet title, cancellation of

trustee's deed, and declaratory relief. (Malkoskie, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 972.) The

homeowners contended that "the issue of the improper trustee conducting the sale was

not embraced by or otherwise resolved by the stipulated judgment such that there is no

bar to plaintiffs' claims seeking to undo the foreclosure sale as invalid." (Id. at p. 973.)

The court disagreed: "By stipulating to judgment against them, plaintiffs conceded the

validity of Wells Fargo's allegations that the sale had been duly conducted and operated

to transfer 'duly perfected' legal title to the property. ' "Title is duly perfected when all

steps have been taken to make it perfect, i.e., to convey to the purchaser that which he has

purchased, valid and good beyond all reasonable doubt . . . [citation], which includes

good record title [citation] . . . [.]" [Citation.]' " (Id. at p. 975.)

       Like Wells Fargo, Zephyr filed its unlawful detainer action against the Silvas

under Code of Civil Procedure section 1161a. And, like Wells Fargo, Zephyr would have

"alleged in its complaint the specific facts it contended established it had perfected legal

title to the property, including that the foreclosure sale was conducted in accordance with

Civil Code section 2924." (Malkoskie, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 974.) In the Silva

Action, the Silvas claim that they are the owners of the Property and allege the trustee's

                                                 10
deed upon sale, upon which Zephyr bases its claim that it owns the Property, is

fraudulent. However, Zephyr's claim to title and possession of the Property was

determined in the unlawful detainer action. It was based on it purchasing the Property at

a trustee's sale as memorialized in the recorded trustee's deed upon sale. Therefore, the

court in the unlawful detainer action necessarily had to find the trustee's deed upon sale

valid before it could find in Zephyr's favor. By challenging the validity of the trustee's

deed upon sale in the Silva Action, the Silvas are merely trying to relitigate a resolved

issue. (See ibid.)

       While there was no stipulated judgment between the Silvas and Zephyr in the

unlawful detainer action, the Silvas, like the homeowners in Malkoskie, challenge the

conduct of the foreclosure sale and the validity of the resulting transfer of title to Zephyr.

There is no suggestion in the Malkoskie opinion that the particular findings that the

proper parties conducted the trustee's sale or that Wells Fargo had valid title were

expressly included in the parties' stipulated judgment. The court in Malkoskie concluded

that the homeowners' specific "consent to judgment conclusively determined the specific

factual contentions embraced by the complaint, namely that Wells Fargo had obtained

valid record title pursuant to a nonjudicial foreclosure sale that had been duly conducted

pursuant to statute." (Malkoskie, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 975.)

       Because each of the Silvas' claims against Zephyr at issue in this appeal is

premised on the alleged invalidity of the trustee's sale, we conclude that the Silvas are

collaterally estopped from asserting any of these claims in their complaint. The issues

were finally determined and are established as a matter of law. The motion for judgment

                                              11
on the pleadings therefore was properly granted. (See Shea Homes Limited Partnership

v. County of Alameda, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at p. 1254.)

       We also note that the Silva Action named Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, and

Atmore as defendants. In this appeal, the Silvas do not address why the motion for

judgment on the pleadings should not have been granted as to these two individuals and

the other Zephyr entity. The Silvas appear to have sued Zephyr Partners-RE LLC,

Termini, and Atmore because they allegedly played some role in the decision to evict the

Silvas from the Property. Because we conclude Zephyr established its right to title to and

possession of the Property at the unlawful detainer trial, there are no grounds the Silvas

may pursue claims against Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, and Atmore based on the

eviction. Accordingly, we determine the superior court did not err in granting judgment

in favor of Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, and Atmore as well.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Zephyr, Zephyr Partners-RE LLC, Termini, and

Atmore are entitled to their costs on this appeal.



                                                                  HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:


                        NARES, J.


                         IRION, J.



                                             12
