J-A03012-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: ESTATE OF ANDREW F.              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    RODGERS AN INCAPACITATED                :        PENNSYLVANIA
    PERSON                                  :
                                            :
                                            :
                                            :
    APPEAL OF: SUSAN R. WEHAR               :   No. 898 WDA 2018

                 Appeal from the Order Entered May 22, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Orphans’ Court at
                           No(s): No. 7404 of 2017

BEFORE:     BOWES, J., SHOGAN, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                                FILED APRIL 22, 2019

       Susan R. Wehar appeals from the order that appointed a limited

guardian of the person and estate of her father, Andrew F. Rodgers.            We

remand with instructions.

       Mr. Rodgers was born in 1930 and had been married to the mother of

Ms. Wehar until she passed away approximately twenty-five years ago. For

the past twenty years, Mr. Rodgers has been married to his second wife,

Patricia Rodgers. Ms. Wehar and Mrs. Rodgers are not fond of each other.

       Ms. Wehar possessed a financial power of attorney (“POA”) for her father

since 2000. In late 2017, Mr. Rodgers suffered a series of strokes, prompting

Ms. Wehar to file a petition for the appointment of a guardian, seeking to have

herself appointed as the plenary guardian of Mr. Rodgers’ person and a trust

company appointed plenary guardian of his estate.           Mr. Rodgers filed a

responsive pleading alternatively contending that the petition contained

insufficient allegations of his incapacity, that his relationship with Mrs. Rodgers


*    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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was sufficient social support, that a power of attorney was an appropriate

alternative, and that, if he is partially incapacitated, a limited guardianship is

preferred. In a counterclaim, Mr. Rodgers nominated Mrs. Rodgers to serve

if the court should determine that a guardian was needed. In the interim, Mr.

Rodgers revoked all prior POAs, gave a new POA to Mrs. Rodgers, and

nominated Mrs. Rodgers to be his guardian if a guardian became necessary.

       The orphans’ court held a guardianship hearing on May 2, 2018, at which

Ms. Wehar, Mr. and Mrs. Rodgers, and others testified. Ms. Wehar attempted

to introduce evidence that Mrs. Rodgers had a conflict of interest, but much

of it was excluded by the orphans’ court. Rather, the court directed Ms. Wehar

to focus on the issue of Mr. Rodgers’s alleged incapacity. 1 At the conclusion

of the hearing, Ms. Wehar argued that a limited guardianship was appropriate,

and that a neutral professional be appointed because Mrs. Rodgers had a

conflict of interest. Specifically, she pointed to the fact that Mrs. Rodgers

attempted to have Mr. Rodgers’s attorney convey $1 million to her shortly

after his first stroke, a move that would upset the long-established estate plan

and prenuptial agreement. Mr. Rodgers contended that he had sufficiently

recovered from his strokes such that no guardian was necessary, but that, if

one was to be appointed, it should be Mrs. Rodgers.




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1The court also repeatedly expressed its concern about the length of time the
proceeding was taking.

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      The orphans’ court agreed with Ms. Wehar that Mr. Rodgers was partially

incapacitated, but elected to appoint Mrs. Rodgers as the limited guardian.

The court entered an order on May 22, 2018, effectuating its decision, giving

Mrs. Rodgers only the power to receive income and pay bills. The limited

guardianship did not allow for change in ownership of any of Mr. Rodgers’s

assets without further order of court, and requires the filing of an inventory

semi-annually with Mr. Rodgers’s long-time attorney.

      Ms. Wehar filed a timely notice of appeal from that order, and both she

and the orphans’ court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Ms. Wehar presents the

following questions for our review.

      1.    Is there a conflict of interest between an incapacitated
            person and a proposed guardian of the estate, where the
            proposed guardian tried to enrich herself at the expense of
            the incapacitated person by:

            (a)   transferring $1 million from the incapacitated person
                  to herself;

            (b)   doubling the amount of money she received from a
                  trust created by the incapacitated person;

            (c)   selling real property owned by the incapacitated
                  person; and

            (d)   invalidating her prenuptial    agreement     with   the
                  incapacitated person?

      2.    Did the [orphans’] court abuse its discretion by excluding as
            evidence of a proposed guardian of the estate’s conflict of
            interest:

            (a)   a proposed Amendment to the Second Amended and
                  Restated Revocable Agreement of Trust that would


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                     have doubled the amount Ms. Rodgers received under
                     the trust;

              (b)    Ms. Rodgers’[s] attempt to invalidate her prenuptial
                     agreement; and

              (c)    Ms. Rodgers’[s] filing of support proceedings against
                     [Mr. Rodgers] in the divorce action she filed?

       3.     Did the [orphans’] court abuse its discretion by excluding
              testimony from the attorneys who drafted the amendment
              to the trust created by the incapacitated person where the
              testimony sought would merely have confirmed the
              preparation of the documents and did not implicate the
              attorney-client privilege?

Ms. Wehar’s brief at 6-7.

       We begin with a review of the applicable law.

             The appointment of a guardian lies within the discretion of
       the trial court and will be overturned only upon an abuse of
       discretion. Discretion must be exercised on the foundation of
       reason. An abuse of discretion exists when the trial court has
       rendered a judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary,
       or capricious, has failed to apply the law, or was motivated by
       partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will.

In re Duran, 769 A.2d 497, 506 (Pa.Super. 2001) (cleaned up).

       Our legislature has provided that, upon clear and convincing evidence

of incapacity, an orphans’ court may appoint a guardian of the person and/or

estate.2    See 20 Pa.C.S. § 5511(a). The statute offers the following

qualifications regarding who may be appointed to be a guardian.



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2As mentioned above, the orphans’ court determined that Mr. Rodgers was
partially incapacitated, and neither Ms. Wehar nor Mr. Rodgers disputes in this
Court the propriety of that finding.

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      The court may appoint as guardian any qualified individual, a
      corporate fiduciary, a nonprofit corporation, a guardianship
      support agency . . . or a county agency. In the case of residents
      of State facilities, the court may also appoint, only as guardian of
      the estate, the guardian office at the appropriate State facility.
      The court shall not appoint a . . . person whose interests
      conflict with those of the incapacitated person except
      where it is clearly demonstrated that no guardianship
      support agency or other alternative exists. Any family
      relationship to such individual shall not, by itself, be considered
      as an interest adverse to the alleged incapacitated person. If
      appropriate, the court shall give preference to a nominee of the
      incapacitated person.

20 Pa.C.S. § 5511(f) (emphasis added). As there is no presumption that a

family relationship alone constitutes a conflict of interest, the burden is upon

one challenging an appointment to prove the existence of an adverse interest.

In re Heidtman’s Estate, 306 A.2d 878, 879 (Pa. 1973).

      Our Supreme Court found that no conflict was shown in Heidtman’s

Estate. In that case, the siblings of an incapacitated person challenged the

appointment of her husband as guardian by offering extracts of her journal

regarding business transactions.    Specifically, there were various notations

made suggesting that stocks owned by the incapacitated wife were incorrectly

in the husband’s name, that the wife owed money to the husband for a

purchase made on her behalf, and that he sold her stocks but she did not

know what he bought with the proceeds. Id. at 880 n.4. The Court held that

those notations did not per se establish negligence or misconduct, or alone

support mismanagement or overreaching by the husband. Thus, there was




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“insufficient evidence of adverse interest to justify a finding of an abuse of

discretion by the” orphans’ court. Id. at 880.

      Similarly, in the decision of the common pleas court in In re Forsyth

Estate, 12 Pa. D.&C. 3d 368 (Fayette County 1979), the orphans’ court found

that the incapacitated person’s wife could properly serve as guardian where

no evidence was offered “of misappropriation or misuse of any of the assets

of [the incapacitated person] by his wife.” Id. at 369.

      This Court held that the orphans’ court abused its discretion in

appointing a conflicted person as guardian in Wilhelm v. Wilhelm, 657 A.2d

34 (Pa.Super. 1995).    In that case, husband and wife experienced marital

difficulties in the 1970s and 80s, and wife had filed for divorce. Id. at 36.

Husband executed a will during this time leaving all of his money to the

couple’s four children, and deposited a substantial sum in joint bank accounts

he had created with the children individually. Id. Husband and wife reunited

after a separation of more than ten years, and, when husband developed

health problems, he gave wife a POA, which she attempted to use to withdraw

the funds from the joint accounts with the children. Husband and wife initiated

an action seeking possession of the funds, claiming that the accounts had

been created for husband’s convenience and that he owned all of the money

and interest generated therefrom.     Id.   The children contended that the

accounts had not been convenience accounts, but rather, husband made the




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children co-owners with a right of survivorship. The children also claimed that

husband became incapacitated shortly after creating the accounts. Id.

      The orphans’ court held that husband was generally incapable of

handling his affairs, and found in favor of the children, designating one of

them “to act on behalf of all said joint tenants to determine, from time to time,

whether any of said funds are needed for the maintenance and care of”

husband. Id. at 37 (internal quotation marks omitted). On appeal, this Court

reversed and remanded, concluding, inter alia, that under § 5511(f), the

children could not serve as guardians based upon impermissible conflicts of

interest. The Court explained as follows:

      It is readily apparent from the nature of the action before us that
      [the] siblings each have an interest which conflicts with that of
      their father. They each stand to benefit by the amounts of money
      remaining in the account at the death of their father. It was
      entirely inappropriate for the court to name any of [husband’s]
      children as the person responsible for determining how and when
      his funds may be spent. While the statute does provide that a
      family relationship “shall not, by itself, be considered as an
      interest adverse to the alleged incapacitated person,” we have far
      more in the instant case. The record is replete with evidence that
      the children and their parents have nothing but a hostile
      relationship. While this may have initially been directed against
      their mother, the children each have indicated that they have not
      spoken or cared for either parent for an extended period of time.
      More importantly, the children had a direct financial interest in the
      amounts of money expended on their father’s care and therefore
      the amounts remaining in the joint accounts. We conclude that it
      is necessary for the court to reconsider this ruling and name a
      disinterested party as guardian . . . .

Wilhelm, supra at 39 (citation omitted).




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      In Commonwealth, Department of Public Welfare v. Bean, 558

A.2d 170 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1989), our sister court also held that children had

conflicts of interest that precluded them from acting as guardians for their

mother. In that case, the co-guardian children sought to sell a property co-

owned by their parents. With the father in a nursing home and the mother

confined to a state hospital due to mental illness, neither parent would be

eligible for public assistance so long as they owned the non-resident property.

Id. at 172. The children jointly obtained a POA from their father, initiated

incompetency proceedings for their mother, and became her co-guardians.

Their father also executed a will purporting to leave his share of the property

to the children.   The children then used their newly-gained authority to

execute a deed transferring the property from a tenancy by the entireties to

a tenancy in common. Id. After the father died, the children entered into an

agreement to sell the property. The Department of Public Welfare (“DPW”)

objected, and challenged the deed that had made the property a tenancy in

common. The orphans’ court declined to strike the deed, determining that the

children had no conflicts of interest and that the mother’s best interests had

been served by the transfer.

      On appeal, the Commonwealth Court disagreed, holding that the

evidence “overwhelmingly” supported a finding of conflicts of interest. The

Court highlighted that the attorney who drafted the father’s will testified that

one of the children went with counsel when the father discussed his


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testamentary arrangements and indicated his desire to leave his interest in

the property to the children. Id. at 173. Further, each of the children received

a bill from counsel for the cost of preparing and executing the father’s will.

Thus, at least one of the children/guardians for the mother “had knowledge

sufficient to create a personal interest in executing the deed at issue which

was of such substantial nature as might affect her judgment in a material

way.” Id. (emphasis in original). Although the actions were taken without an

intent to defraud their mother, but rather to prevent their parents’ entire

estates from being depleted by the cost of their medical care, that concern

related to the family’s interests, not those of the mother. Id.

      The common pleas court sitting en banc concluded that a wife had a

disqualifying conflict of interest in Estate of Lewis, 2001 WL 34148893

(Phila. County 2001).    In that case, a wife sought a declaration that her

husband was incapacitated and her own appointment as his guardian. The

attorney appointed to represent the husband in the proceeding opposed the

wife’s appointment, arguing that she had interests adverse to her husband.

The attorney “suggested” that the wife had caused confusion regarding the

husband’s assets by comingling his different incomes; that she had engaged

in self-dealing in attempting to transfer the husband’s real property to her

relatives; and that she had received substantial amounts of money from her

husband as his POA.     Id. at *1.    The orphans’ court concluded that the

husband was partially incapacitated. Citing the rivalry between wife and the


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husband’s children from his first marriage, the court refused to consider any

family member as guardian, and instead appointed a neutral third party. Upon

en banc review of wife’s exceptions, the court found no abuse of discretion,3

concluding that “[t]he record clearly shows that the excepting spouse does

have interests which are adverse to her husband.” Id. at *3.

       With the above being the only Pennsylvania cases addressing what

evidence beyond the existence of a family relationship rises to the level of a

disqualifying conflict, there is a dearth of authority on point. Accordingly, we

examine decisions of our sister states for discussion of the issue. While we

recognize that the specific provisions of the statutes of the various

jurisdictions vary from each other and from the Pennsylvania statute at issue,

the courts’ considerations of what gives rise to a conflict of interest are

instructive to our analysis.

       Our review of the case law revealed that the results are fact-specific and

dependent upon the record created in the lower court. For example, in Falvey

v. Zurilo, 22 A.3d 682 (Conn. App. 2011), the court affirmed the finding of a

conflict of interest in a daughter who previously wrote and received checks

from her mother’s bank account which were not reflected as gifts on income

tax returns despite her claim that her mother gifted the money, and where


____________________________________________


3 As the court noted, when disposing of exceptions en banc, the court of
common pleas performs “‘essentially an appellate function’” and applies the
appellate standard of review. Estate of Lewis, 2001 WL 34148893, *2 (Phila.
County 2001) (quoting In Re Duncan Trust, 391 A.2d 1051 (Pa. 1978)).

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she had an acrimonious relationship with her sister that affected the mother’s

well-being.   However, in In re Money, 2012 WL 4480689, *3 (Ohio App.

2012), the court affirmed the appointment of a son as guardian, although he

had continued to ask his mother for substantial sums of money after he was

aware that she suffered from a diminished capacity. Despite this “cloud over

[his] suitability as a guardian,” the record supported the trial court’s findings

that the mother had provided for the son for years and the continuation of the

support was in accordance with her desires.

      Many courts have held that prior self-dealing, or attempts to do so,

disqualified members from being guardians. See, e.g., Cruver v. Mitchell,

656 S.E.2d 269 (Ga. App. 2008) (holding conflict between children and mother

existed where children removed her from a Medicaid program and planned to

sell her property to pay for her care so government would not take possession

of the property to recover expenses); In re Moses, 615 S.E.2d 573 (Ga. App.

2005) (affirming appointment of third-party guardian where there was a

dispute as to the authenticity of deeds purportedly executed by mother giving

property to her children and there was testimony that mother feared and did

not trust her children); Conservatorship of Anderson v. Lasen, 628

N.W.2d 233 (Neb. 2001) (agreeing with lower court that holders of POA were

disqualified from being guardians where they made gifts to themselves using

POA and might ultimately be accountable to the estate for unauthorized

transfers); Davis v. King, 686 So.2d 763 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (holding


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statutory   presumption   that   person   designated   as   guardian   by   the

incapacitated person should be appointed was overcome by evidence that the

designee had used a POA to obtain funds for her own benefit); Matter of

Waldron, 910 S.W.2d 837 (Mo. Ct. App. 1995) (affirming appointment of

independent guardian rather than two sons designated by mother where one

son owed money to trust set up for mother’s case and had been disbarred

based in part on his handling of clients’ funds, and the other was trustee of

trust for mother’s benefit and might have to decide whether to use that trust

or another asset to cover mother’s expenses); Matter of Kern, 627 N.Y.S.2d

257 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995) (finding it would be inappropriate to burden

POA/beneficiary with guardianship and “specter of future criticism” where she

transferred funds to herself using POA, even though she may have done so

with knowledge and consent of incapacitated person).

     However, where the record revealed only the potential for a conflict, or

past adverse interests that had been resolved, a number of courts declined to

find a disqualifying conflict. See, e.g., Kuelbs v. Hill, 379 S.W.3d 716 (Ark.

App. 2010 (finding no abuse of discretion to appoint sister, although sister

had sued ward for abuse of process and fraud, where lawsuit had been

dismissed); Adcock v. Sherling, 923 S.W.2d 74 (Tex. App. 1996) (naming

son as guardian, although trial court appointed grandson, where record did

not establish how son’s position as trustee would conflict with his role as

guardian or that son was asserting claim adverse to the estate); Franzetti v.


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Kehrsberger, 524 N.Y.S.2d 269 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988) (holding trial court did

not abuse discretion in appointing trustee/contingent remainderman of trust

as conservator, despite potential conflict of interest, where “court adequately

safeguarded against any possible abuse of the fiduciary relationship by

appointing co-conservator and by imposing reporting requirements”); Kelley

v. Kelley, 199 S.E.2d 399 (Ga. App. 1973) (ruling that mere possibility of

conflict did not automatically prelude service as guardian where guardian was

estopped to seek to establish adverse interest in property and no such attempt

had been made); Arent v. Arent, 32 N.W.2d 660 (Iowa 1948) (concluding

estranged wife’s separation from husband and holding of mortgage on his

property was not a conflicting financial interest “of such a nature as to cause

us to hold that it was an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court to”

appoint wife as husband’s guardian).

      We have also identified several cases in which courts have held that the

trial court committed an abuse of discretion by making an appointment upon

insufficient evidence of whether a conflict in fact existed. For example, in In

re Penning, 930 A.2d 144 (D.C. 2007), Penning suffered from Alzheimer’s

disease and was hospitalized in Spain, where she was domiciled Id. at 146.

Her brother filed petitions for the appointment of a guardian and conservator

in Spain and in Washington, DC, where Penning owned property. While the

petitions were pending, Penning married her longtime companion in England.

Id. at 146-47. Penning, who had a hostile relationship with her brother and


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had accused him of trying to gain control of her assets for his own benefit,

denied the necessity of a guardian, but indicated that if one was required, she

wanted her husband to be appointed. Id. at 147. Penning also executed a

POA designating her husband as her attorney in fact.

      The Washington, D.C. court appointed a third-party temporary

conservator.   The Spanish court found Penning to be incapacitated but

concluded that her husband could not serve as her “tutor” because he had a

conflict of interest. Id. However, the Spanish appellate court held that the

latter finding was erroneous, as there was no evidence that the husband had

financial interests adverse to Penning. Id. at 150. Back in Washington, the

court, after a hearing, made the third-party’s appointment as Penning’s

conservator permanent, concluding that the husband’s conduct and actions

were “suspicious and indicative of at least an apparent conflict of interest.”

Id. at 151.

      The husband appealed, and the appellate court vacated the appointment

of the third-party conservator. The court concluded that the lower “court’s

decision to override Penning's expressed wish to be cared for by her husband

and [the husband’s] statutory priority to serve as conservator was flawed

because it was based on unproven accusations and suspicions rather than on

actual findings of impropriety or conflict of interest.” Id. at 153. Remand for

development of an evidentiary foundation for the decision was ordered,




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because the lower court “did not make an adequately informed decision and

thus did not exercise its discretion properly[.]” Id. at 154.

      In In re Estate of Edwards, 794 P.2d 1092 (Colo. App. 1990), Howard

alleged that he was entitled to funds from Edwards’s estate. He filed a petition

seeking to have Edwards found to be incapacitated and a guardian appointed.

Howard claimed that Edwards’s now-deceased POA had wrongfully deprived

Edwards of a significant sum of money, and the bank currently managing

Edwards’s affairs refused to assert a claim to get the funds back. The trial

court denied the requested relief without a hearing. Without addressing the

merits of Howard’s petition, the appellate court concluded that the trial court

abused its discretion in resolving the petition without taking evidence,

explaining as follows:

      the existence of Howard’s claims against the Edwards estate does
      not, per se, and as a matter of law, preclude Howard from being
      a person interested in the welfare of Edwards. Rather, the
      existence of any disqualifying conflict, based upon the assertion
      of adverse claims, presents issues of fact that must be initially
      determined by the trial court after it conducts an evidentiary
      hearing as to the nature and extent of the adversity involved.

Id. at 1094 (citations omitted). Therefore, the court remanded the case for

a hearing.

      The appellate court also found that the trial court abused its discretion

in failing to take evidence in In re Chase, 694 N.Y.S.2d 363 (N.Y. App. Div.

1999).   In that case, the father suffered a stroke that left him unable to

communicate and from which he did not make significant recovery.            His


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daughter petitioned to be appointed as his guardian. The trial court instead

appointed a third party, relying upon the conclusions of a court evaluator that

the daughter had a financial interest adverse to her father’s.        The court

evaluator had found her to be “a greedy daughter who was raiding the assets

of her incapacitated father” based upon the transfer of substantial assets of

the father to the daughter and her brother. Id. at 365-66. However, the

appellate court determined that “[w]hile initial examination of these transfers

could lead one to suspect improprieties, careful scrutiny reveals that the

transfers were not nefarious and certainly not of a character to preclude [the

daughter] from serving as her father’s guardian.” Id. at 366.

      In addition to the record showing that bank accounts were transferred

and the children began managing real property before the father became

incapacitated, and that the transfers were undertaken to protect his assets

from his live-in companion, the daughter maintained that the transfers were

consistent with her father’s wishes, and offered to introduce proof of those

wishes. Specifically, the daughter sought to admit a videotape of her father

taken five months before his stroke for a documentary about Holocaust

survivors, in which he stated that he gave the property at issue to his children.

“However, the court, impatient with the speed at which the hearing was

proceeding, did not provide [the daughter] with an adequate opportunity to

admit the tape into evidence.” Id. The appellate court therefore directed the

change of guardian to the daughter upon this rejected evidence that “would


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have substantiated [the daughter’s] testimony that, far from being motivated

by a conflict of interest, her actions were consistent with her father’s wishes

for the management of his finances.” Id.

      Having thoroughly reviewed both the binding and persuasive authority

applicable to the instant case, we turn to the claims of error argued by Ms.

Wehar in this appeal. Boiled down to their essence, Ms. Wehar makes two

contentions: (1) the record establishes that Mrs. Rodgers had a conflict of

interest that disqualified her from being appointed by the orphans’ court as

Mr. Rodgers’s limited guardian, and (2) the trial court abused its discretion by

excluding additional evidence of Mrs. Rodgers’s conflict.      We do not find

reversible error as to Ms. Wehar’s first position, but agree that the second

issue warrants remand for a new hearing.

      Ms. Wehar’s arguments that Mrs. Rodgers had a conflict of interest that

disqualified her under § 5511(f) are based upon evidence that is not in the

record. The facts that Ms. Wehar cites as proof of the conflict are that Mrs.

Rodgers attempted to transfer $1 million from Mr. Rodgers to herself, alter a

trust document to double the amount she would receive, sell property owned

by Mr. Rodgers, and invalidate her prenuptial agreement. Ms. Wehar’s brief

at 6. However, in her statement of the case, Ms. Wehar acknowledges that

the orphans’ court did not permit her to introduce the instrument that would

have modified the trust or to elicit testimony from the attorneys who drafted

the document, and that it excluded evidence of the filing of a divorce


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proceeding and claim for support, as well as Mrs. Rodgers’s attempt to

invalidate the prenuptial agreement.      Id. at 10.    Moreover, Ms. Wehar’s

remaining appellate arguments concern whether that evidence should have

been admitted rather than excluded. Id. at 26-30. As such evidence was not

admitted, we will not consider whether it established a conflict.

      Hence, the only evidence of a conflict asserted by Ms. Wehar on appeal

that was admitted is that Mrs. Rodgers’s efforts to change Mr. Rodgers’s estate

plan to give $1 million to herself. On that topic, Ms. Wehar testified that Mr.

Rodgers called her after suffering his second round of strokes and bleeding on

the brain and informed her that he wished to give away his money.           N.T.

5/2/18, at 22-23.    Thereafter, Mrs. Rodgers informed Ms. Wehar that Mr.

Rodgers desired to give Mrs. Rodgers $1 million and wanted Ms. Wehar to use

her POA to sign for him. Id. at 24. Mrs. Rodgers acknowledged the request,

but added that it involved not only giving her $1 million, but also $1 million to

each of Mr. Rodgers’s grandchildren (Ms. Wehar’s children), and that Mr.

Rodgers had expressed that he “should have done this a long time ago.” Id.

at 145-46.

      We cannot conclude that the orphans’ court abused its discretion in

holding that this action by Mrs. Rodgers failed to rise to the level of a

disqualifying conflict of interest. See, e.g., Heidtman’s Estate, supra at

880 (holding orphans’ court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that

notes of wife that suggested husband’s prior mismanagement of wife’s stocks


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was insufficient to evidence a disqualifying conflict); In re Chase, supra at

366 (concluding prior transfer of assets by daughter to herself and her brother

did not show a conflict where evidence indicated the transfers were desired

by the father).

      However, the orphans’ court did abuse its discretion in refusing to allow

Ms. Wehar to submit evidence that could establish the type of adverse

financial interest that would disqualify Mrs. Rodgers from serving as a

guardian for her husband.      Our review of the transcript reveals that the

orphans’ court was “impatient with the speed at which the hearing was

proceeding,” id., and was determined to focus the evidence on the question

of whether Mr. Rodgers was incapacitated at the time of the hearing, rather

than aspects of the family relationships that might reveal a conflict. See,

e.g., N.T., 5/2/18, at 24 (“I have to keep this moving. I have other cases

today.”); id. at 38 (“This is a guardianship. It’s not Family Court. It’s not all

this marital problem stuff. I want to get just the issues and the guardianship

period.   And that would be the judgment [of] whether or not he is

incapacitated.”); id. at 38-39 (“We’re not getting into prenup’s [sic]. I’m not

doing that. What else do you have to ask about his incapacity as far as this

witness is concerned[?] What can she add to the discussion regarding that[?]

That’s it.”), id.at 39 (“At some point we [need] to take a break so I can do

some of the other cases because the way this is going -- I don’t do [the] all




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day thing.”); id. at 143-44 (prohibiting Ms. Wehar from even making an offer

of proof regarding the relevancy of the prenuptial agreement).

      As the case law discussed at length above demonstrates, the

determination of a conflict of interest is properly informed by the relationship

between the incapacitated person and the proposed guardian before the

incapacity arose, by whether the proposed guardian stands to benefit later

from her non-use of funds for the benefit of the ward during the guardianship,

and by the actions taken by the proposed guardian after incapacity arose but

before guardianship proceedings commenced.

      Mrs. Rodgers’s filing for divorce and seeking spousal support a few

years prior to the guardianship proceeding could be relevant to her

qualifications, especially where there is no indication how or if the litigation

concluded. What stake Mrs. Rodgers has in Mr. Rodgers’s assets pursuant to

the prenuptial agreement, the trust, and the proposed amendment to the trust

are relevant to whether Mrs. Rodgers might be better served conserving

income to obtain herself later, rather than expending it for Mr. Rodgers’s

benefit now. This is especially true where Mrs. Rodgers testified that, under

the estate plan currently in place, she would not have sufficient money. N.T.,

5/2/18, at 145. If proven true, Mrs. Rodgers’s alleged unilateral attempt to

amend the trust by requesting that Mr. Rodgers’s attorneys draft a new

instrument during a time when Mr. Rodgers was incapacitated would certainly




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be relevant to her qualification to serve as his guardian. See Wilhelm, supra

at 39; Bean, supra at 173.

        We also conclude that the orphans’ court abused its discretion in

quashing Ms. Wehar’s subpoenas of Attorneys John Vuono and Louise Vuono

and precluding Ms. Wehar from calling them as witnesses. Without a doubt,

the attorneys, who acknowledged that they represent Mr. Rodgers regarding

estate planning issues,4 would not be competent to offer any testimony about

“confidential client-to-attorney or attorney-to-client communications made for

the purpose of obtaining or providing professional legal advice.” Gillard v.

AIG Ins. Co., 15 A.3d 44, 59 (Pa. 2011).           See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 5928.

However, as counsel for the Vuonos also acknowledged, the privilege would

not prevent them from testifying to facts such as the sending of a document.

N.T., 5/2/18, at 54.        Ms. Wehar represents that she sought to establish

through the Vuonos that they did send the amended trust document to Ms.

Wehar. Ms. Wehar’s brief at 29.

        Further, the Vuonos did not indicate that they represented Mrs. Rodgers,

and Mrs. Rogers testified that she was the one who contacted the lawyer about

altering the estate plan. Id. at 146. Moreover, Ms. Wehar was not given the

opportunity to explore whether the privilege was inapplicable, such as the




____________________________________________


4   See Motion to Quash, 5/2/18, at ¶ 3.

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situation where communications were made in the presence of third parties.

See, e.g., Bean, supra at 173.

      Therefore, the orphans’ court abused its discretion in assuming that the

Vuonos had no relevant evidence that they could properly offer and precluding

them from being called as witnesses. Rather, the appropriate course of action

would have been for the court to allow the attorneys to have been called as

witnesses and to assert the privilege as warranted by the questions asked.

      As the record reveals that the orphans’ court, in its haste to complete

the proceedings and its concern solely for the issue of Mr. Rodgers’s capacity,

declined to consider properly-offered evidence relevant to the issue of Mrs.

Rodgers’s qualifications to serve as guardian for Mr. Rodgers, we remand for

a new hearing on that issue alone. Should the orphans’ court determine upon

consideration of the relevant evidence that Mrs. Rodgers has no adverse

financial interests to disqualify her from serving as the limited guardian of Mr.

Rodgers, the court shall enter an order confirming the May 22, 2018 order.

Otherwise, the court shall appoint a disinterested third party to serve as

limited guardian of Mr. Rodgers’s estate.

      Case remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction relinquished.




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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 4/22/2019




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