                                   · RE!'IDERED: DECEMBER 14, 2017
                                                   TO BE PUBLISHED

           j5upr:ettt:e dtnurf n.f ~:enfurku
                        2015-SC-000204-DG
                               AND
                        2015-SC-000636-DG

SUPERIOR STEEL, INC., AND            APPELLANTS/CROSS-APPELLEES
BEN HUR CONSTRUCTION ·
COMPANY, INC.

                ON REVIEW FROM ·COURT OF APPEALS
V.      . CASE NOS. 2012-CA-000440-MR, 2012-CA-000441-MR,
             2012-CA-000494-MR AND 2012-CA-000495-MR
              KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NOS. 07-CI-03886
                          AND 08-Cl-01309

THE ASCENT AT ROEBLING'S BRIDGE,     APPELLE~S/CROSS-APPELLANTS
LLC.; CORPOREX DEVELOPMENT AND
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT LLC; .
DUGAN & MEYE~S CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY AND ·WESTCHESTER FIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY

AND
                       2015-SC.,000635-DG

DUGAN & MEYERS CONSTRUCTION                      CROSS-APPELLANT
COMPANY

               ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V.       CASE NOS. 2012-CA-000440-MR, 2012-CA-000441-MR,
            2012-CA-000494-MR AND 2012-CA-000495-MR
                 CIRCUIT COURT NOS. 07-CI-03886
                         AND 08-CI-O 1309

THE ASCENT AT ROEBLING'S BRIDGE,                 CROSS-APPELLEES
LLC.; CORPOREX DEVELOPMENT AND
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT LLC;
SUPERIOR STEEL, INC.; BEN HUR
CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC. AND
WESTCHESTER FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY
                  OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE HUGHES

         AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING

         The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge (the "Project") is a 21-floor, luxury

 condominium building in downtown Covington, owned by Appellee /Cross-

 Appellant The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge, LLC ("Ascent") and developed by

 Appellee /Cross-Appellant Corporex Development and Construction ·

 Management LLC ("Corporex''). Corporex, the design builder, contracted with

 Appellee/Cross-Appellant Dugan & Meyers Construction Company ("D&M"),

 the construction manager and general contractor. D&M worked directly with·

 subcontractors, including Appellant/ Cross-Appellee Superior Steel, Inc.

 ("Superior"), the steel fabricator, and Appellant/Cross-Appellee Ben Hur

 Construction Company, Inc. ("Ben Hur"), the steel erector and Installer. When

 new drawings led to extra work outside the scope of the original bid

 documents, Superior. and Ben
                           .
                              Hur proceeded with the work, but they were

 never paid for either that. work or the retainage amount owed under Superior's

 contract with D&M. The two steel companies banded together as "the Steel

 Team~   and brought suit against D&M, Ascent and Corporex.

       After a fifteen-day jury trial, the Kenton Circuit Court.entered judgment

. in favor of Superior and Ben Hur against D&M and Ascent for the cost of the

 extra work and the unpaid retainage as well as attorneys' fees incurred by .
                           I
 Superior. D&M prevailed on its indemnification cross-claim against Corporex

 and Ascent and on the negligence cross-claim asserted against it by Corporex

and Ascent. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment in its

entirety, unwinding the majority of the trial court's rulings and returning the
                                          2
record and applicable la:w, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals in

part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

Opinion.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In November 2005, Ascent hired Corporex to be the "design builder" for

the Project. 1 Later, in March 2006, Corporex hired D&M, as the construction

manager/ general contractor. for the Project. Corporex agreed to pay D&M a

$2.2 million lump sum, a $975,000 contractor's fee (plus any participation in

savings and a potential bonus), and a sum for the cost of the work as identified

in the "Initial Estimate."

       In July 2006, D&M solicited bids for the fabrication.and erection of

structural steel for the Project. The bid package that D&M supplied to

potential subcontractors included architectural and structural drawings for the

Project. Notably, those drawings did not include a forces table (a chart which

identifies the forces acting upon each piece of steel to be used on the Project) or

designs for the steel connections.

       On August 4, 2006, D&M received three bids, including one from

Superior, to be the subcontractor for the structural steel work. Subsequently,

D&M contacted Superior and inquired whether the company would be willing

to modify its bid proposal. As a cost saving measure, D&M wanted Superior to



       I At the time of the Project and to this day, Ascent and Corporex exist as related
entities. They are referred to hereafter as Ascent/ Corporex except in reference to the
Corporex/D&M contract, to which Ascent was not a party, and in other instances
where a distinction is appropriate.

                                           3
 fabricate the steel for the project and have Ben Hur complete the erection and

 installation work. Prior to Superior submitting its modified bid, the Project's

 architect issued a revised   se~   of drawings. Despite that fact; D&M instructed

 Superior to not acknowledge the revised drawings in making its bid; D&M

 wanted to be able to evaluate each of the bids it had received on an equal

 basis. Superior's modified bid was accepted by D&M in September 20062 and

 the parties' contract had a fixed price of $1,814,000. In turn, Superior

 contracted with Ben Hur to erect the steel and metal decking for $444,000. As

 structured, payment for all of the steel work flowed from Corporex to D&M and

 then from D&M to Superior. Superior would then pay Ben Hur what it was

 owed for erection and installation of the steel fabricated by Superior.

        After Superior and Ben Hur were retained to work on the .Project, further

 alterations were made to the structural design drawings issued by

 Ascent/ Corporex. Corporex alerted D&M to the changes, and D&M in turn

 informed Superior and Ben Hur. Superior and Ben Hur expressed concern

 about the design changes as they would require additional work to be

 performed, work beyond the original scope of the contract. 3 In response, D&M

 separately directed both Superior     ~d   Ben Hur to perform the extra work, while

 keeping track of the time and costs.



        2 After D&M issued a letter of intent to award the steel and metal decking
  contract to Superior, Superior and Ben Hur began working on the J>roject. This work
· was done prior to finalizing the contract between D&M and Superior.
        3 The claimed value of the extra work performed by Ben Hur and Superior
 fluctuated prior to and during the course of the litigation in this case.

                                            4
      Prior to starting the additional work, Ben flur's Vice President, Mark

Douglas, sought the personal assurance of D&M's President, Jay Meyers, along

with Corporex Vice-President Mike O'Donnell, that Ben Hur would be paid for

the additional work. In a meeting with Meyers, Douglas was directed to

proceed with the extra work, while tracking the time and costs. Meyers

reassured Douglas that Ben Hur would not be      cheated~    On the day following

the meeting, Dan Dugan of D&M drafted a letter to· Superior acknowledging

that additional work was necessitated due to    ~hanges    to the design from the

original bid· documents and authorizing Superior to proceed with the additional

work. That draft letter was forwarded to O'Donnell at Corporex, who .directed

Dugan not to send the letter.

      Later, Ben H71r and Superior submitted work orders to D&M detailing the·

additional work done on the Project. In turn, D&M submitted those work

orders to Corporex. While Ascent/ Corporex did pay for some of the extra work

performed, they failed to pay for additional work performed on the forces

table/design load increase, the roof edge   c~ndition,   and the roof tip. When

Superior submitted its written change order for this extra work, Bill Butler, a

principal at Ascent. and Corporex, ordered O'Donnell, the Corporex vice-
                                                                    '


president, to address the claim at a later time. Eventually, Ascent/Corporex

refu!3ed to provide any additional compensation to Ben Hur and Superior. As

the basis for ·their refusal, Ascent/Corporex asserted that the amounts

requested by Superior and Ben Hur were excessive and that those claims were

due to D&M's mismap.agement of the Project. Ultimately, in addition to not

                                       5
 being paid for additional work performed on the forces table/ de~ign load

 increase, the roof edge condition, and the roof tip, Superior also was not paid

· the $195,143.40 owed in retainage earned on the base contract work.4

       After several months passed without payment, Superior and Ben Hur

 filed mechanics' liens on the Project to secure payment of the amounts owed.

 Subsequently, Ascent purchased lien discharge bonds from Westchester Fire

 Insurance Company ("Westchester") to remove the liens and enable Ascent to

 begin selling condominium units. In April 2008, Superior        ~d   Ben Hur filed

 this suit naming Ascent, Corporex, D&M, and Westchester as defendants.

 Superior and Ben Hur asserted claims against Ascent, Corporex, and D&M for

 breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of express and implied

warranties, negligence, negligent misrepresentation, negligent supervision, and

promissory estoppel. D&M then filed a crossclaim against Ascent/ Corporex for

breach of contract and indemnification for all.monies owed to Superior and Ben

Hur.s Ascent/Corporex also filed a crossclaim against D&M alleging breach of

contract, negligent performance of contract, constructive fraud and

indemnification.

       At trial, D&M disputed whether a written contract with Superior had

been agreed upon, and if so, which version of the contract would be enforced.


        4 Retainage is "[a] percentage of what a landowner pays a contractor, withheld
·until the construction has been satisfactorily completed and all mechanic's liens are
 released or have expired." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
      s Prior to trial, the trial court granted partial summary judgment in favor of
Corporex on D&M's breach of contract claim for its own attorneys' fees and costs.


                                           6
 Further, while D&M and Ascent admitted at trial that Superior and Ben Hur

 had performed extra work, they asserted that the work was within the original

 scope of the contract. Additionally, D&M argued that the retainage was not

 owed due to Superior's alleged failure to comply with certain contract

. provisions.

        After hearing all the evidence, the trial court directed a partial verdict in

 favor of Superior against Ascent and D&M, jointly and severally, for the unpaid

 retainage due under the contract, plus pre- and post-judgment interest. The

 trial court also concluded "as a matter of law that there was an implied

 contract between [D&M]       anq. Ben Hur.· That implied contract would allow Ben
 Hur to recover from [D&M] for work performed by it on the project if the work
                         ..

 had been authorized by [D&M]." The remaining issues were submitted to the

jury.

        At the conclusion of the fifteen-day trial, the jury rendered its verdict in

 less than an hour. The jury's conclusions, each of which was unanimous, were

as follows: 1) a contract existed between Superior and D&M (identified at trial

as Joint Exhibit #226) to fabricate and erect the struc.tural steel; 2) Superior

and Ben Hur performed extra work; 3) the total value of Superior's extra work

was $124,017.26; 4) the total value of Ben Hur's extra work was $284,295.53;




                                           7
 and 5) D&M did not fail to exercise ordinary care in the performance of its

 obligations under the constructjon management contract with Corporex.6.

       Subsequently, the trial court entered a final judgment consistent with

 the jury's verdict and the directed verdict on the retainage. In its judgment,

 the trial court rejected Superior and Ben Hur's trial claim that they were a

 unitary plaintiff, the so-called "Steel Team." The trial court determined that

 there was no legal basis for entering a judgment in favor of Superior and Ben

 Hur as a unit, but that the companies needed to be evaluated individually .

. Accordingly, the trial court awarded $124,017.26 in damages to Superior for

 the extra work it performed on the Project. The joint and several judgment was
                                                                           '
 based on contract as to D&M and on unjust enrichment as to Ascent. Further,
                                                                 .   .
 the trial court determined that $195,143.40 was due to Superior for the unpaid

 retainage under its contract with D&M. Again, the· award against D&M was

based on contract and the award against Ascent on unjust enrichment. As for

 Ben Hur, the trial court awarded $284,295.53 for the value of the extra work it

performed on the Project. The joint and several judgment was premised on

implied contract as to D&M and on      u~just   enrichment as to Ascent.

       While both Superior and Ben Hur requested an award of attorneys' fees,

expenses, and costs, the trial court determined that Superior was the only

party entitled to this relief. Superior, as the prevailing party, was due an




      6 The instruction the trial court presented to the jury only concerned
Ascent/ Corporex's claim against D&M for negligence; the trial court declined to
instruct the jury on Ascent/Corporex's breach of contract claim.

                                           8
award of ~ttorneys' fees, expenses, and costs in the amount of $349,241.70

under the terms of its contract with D&M. The trial court concludea that Ben

Hur had no contractual right to an award of attorneys' fees and no other legal

grounds for an award of attorneys' fees.

      As to the dispute between D&M and Ascent/ Corporex, the trial court

concluded that Ascent/ Corporex were Jointly and severally liable to D&M for all

sums D&M was mandated to pay to Superior and Ben Hur on their contract

judgments (including attorneys' fees, costs, and expenses) by virtue of

indemnification. Further, the trial court ordered that the judgments entered in

favor of Superior and Ben Hur against D&M be stayed until Ascent/Corporex

either 1) satisfied D&M's indemnity judgment or 2) satisf1:ed Superior and Ben

Hur's judgments for unjust enrichment.

      All parties appealed the trial court's final judgment to the Kentucky

Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals vacated the judgment of the trial court

in its entirety and remanded the case for a new trial. Dissatisfied with the

.rulings of the Court of Appeals, all parties sought and were   gr~ted

discretionary review. The principal issues before us are:

      1. Superior and Ben Hur's unjust enrichment claim against Ascent and

Corporex. The Court of Appeals vacated the trial court's unjust enrichment

award to Superior and Ben Hur, reasoning that the existence of contractual

-remedies barred an equitable remedy.

      2. Superior's breach of contract claim against D&M. In vacating the

judgment of the. trial court, the Court of Appeals agreed with D&M that the jury

                                        9
should have been explicitly instructed as to the "pay-if-paid" provisions in the

D&M/Superior contract. Those provisions ·mandated that Superior was

entitled to payment from D&M when D&M received payment from Corporex.

In the appellate court's view, "[t]he jury should have been instructed to

determine if D&M's obligation to. pay Superior ever arose, and thus if D&M was

in breach, or if D&M was not obligated to pay Superior Steel until it first

received payment from Corporex, and thus it did not breach the contract .."7

       3. The attorneys' fee award to Superior. The vacating of the trial court's

breach of contract judgment in favor of Superior on the D&M/Superior

contract also resulted in the Court of Appeals reversing the award of prevailing

party attorneys' fees and costs to Superior Steel from D&M.B

           4. D&M's indemnification claims against Ascent/Corporex. The Court

of Appeals vacated the portion of the trial court's order which held Ascent/

Corporex were responsible to D&M under an indemnification theory for the



       1 Additionally, the Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court erred in
permitting Ben Hur to recover against D&M for breach of an implied contract.
Specifically, the Court of Appeals concluded that the determination of whether there
was an implied contract between Ben Hur and D&M needed to be made by the jury,
not the trial court. Given our disposition of this matter, we do not reach whether the
trial court appropriately entered the implied contract judgment without presentation of
the claim to the jury.
        s A related issue concerning the attorneys' fees in this case was the Court of
Appeals' determiriation that the trial court did not abuse its ~scretion in concluding
that Ben Hur was not entitled to payment of its portion of attorneys' fees. The Court
of Appeals agreed that as Ben Hur was not a party to the Superior/D&M contract and
because there was no prevailing party provision in its contract with Superior, Ben Hur
was not entitled to recover its attorneys' fees. Although the Court of Appeals found
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding this issue, this portion of
the ·trial court's order was vacated due to the appell~te court's conclusion that a retrial
of the case was necessary.

                                            10
extra work and attorneys' fees awards. The appellate court held that D&M

lacked a legal'right to indemnification from Ascent/Corporex under either a

contractual or common law theory.

      5. Corporex's cross-claims against D&M. At trial, Corporex had raised

cross-claims for breach of contract and negligence against D&M alleging that

D&M failed to   adequate~y   oversee and manage the construction of the Project.

However, the trial court decided to submit only the negligence claim to the jury,

concluding that the claims were mutually exclusive. The Court of Appeals

disagreed, determining that these were two separate and distinct claims and

both should have been presented to the jury. Additionally, the Court of

Appeals concluded that the trial court's negligence instruction was erroneous

as.it assumed Corporex was responsible for the disputed extra work.

                                     ANALYSIS
       I
I. The Court of Appeals Erred by Reversing the Trial Court's Judgment
  Against Ascent for Unjust Enrichment.

      The trial court awarded Superior and Ben Hur judgment against Ascent

under a claim for unjust enrichment fot the extra work performed on the forces

table/ design load increase, the roof edge condition, and the roof tip as well as

the unpaid retainage amount owed under Superior's contract with D&M.

Ascent/ Corporex maintain that the Court of Appeals properly reversed this

judgment as the chain of contracts on this construction project,9 including



      9 To reiterate, Ascent/Corporex had a contract with D&M; D&M had a contract
with Superior; and Superior had a contract with Ben Hur. These are the express
contracts that are present in this case.

                                         11
 specifically the contract between Superior and D&M, bars any equitable claim

 for unjust enrichment. We disagree, and begin our analysis with unjust

 enrichment.

       To recover on a claim of unjust enrichment a plaintiff is required to

 "prove the following   thr~e   elements: '(1) benefit conferred upon defendant at

 plaintiffs expense; (2) a resulting appreciation of benefit by defendant; and (3)

 inequitable retention of [that] benefit without payment for its value."' Furiong

Dev. Co. v. Georgetown-Scott Cty. Planning & Zoning Comm'n, 504 S.W.3d 34,

39-40 (Ky. 2016) (quoting Jones v. Sparks, 297 S.W.3d 73, 78 (Ky. App. 2009)).

Because unjust enrichment is rooted in equity and "law trumps equity" Bell v.

 Commonwealth, 423 S.W.3d 742, 748 (Ky. 2014), courts frequently note that

"unjust enrichment is unavailable when the terms of an express_ contract

control." Furlong Dev. Co., 504 S.W.3d at 40 (citing Sparks Milling Co. v.

Powell, 283 Ky. 669, 143 S.W.2d 75, 76 (Ky. 1940); and Bates v. Starkey, 212

Ky. 347, 279 S.W. 348, 350 (Ky. 1926)). A leading Court of Appeals decision,

Codell Constr. Co. v. Commonwealth, 566 S.W.2d 161 (Ky. App. 1977),

illustrates this basic principle.

       In Codell, a road contractor won a bid to complete a construction project

for the Highway Department. Id. at 163. In making its bid, the contractor

relied upon information provided by.the Highway Department concerning the

·amount of rock to be excavated as part of the project. Significantly, the.

contract between the contractor and the Highway Department included an

express disclaimer regarding the accuracy of this information. After starting

                                            12
work on the project, the contractor determined that additional work was

necessary and requested additional compensation. Id. The Highway

Department refused to pay more than the contract amount, and the contractor

initiated a lawsuit. Following the circuit court's grant of summary judgment

for the Highway Department, the Court. of Appeals affirmed. After explaining

that the disclaimer precluded extra compensation under the cont:act, the

Court of Appeals stated that "[t]he doctri?e of unjust enrichment has no

application in a situation where there is an explicit   con~act   which has been

performed." Id. at 165 (citing Ashton .contractors & Eng'rs, Inc. v. State 454

P.2d 1004 (Ariz. 1969)). In the appellate court's view,' the contractor had

entered into a bad bargain and the court had no "basis to salvage the

operation." Id.

      In the case at bar, the jury determined that the relationship between

D&M and Superior was governed by.contract. Accordingly, had the trial court

permitted Superior to recover against ·D&M under a claim of unjust

enrichment, long-standing precedent makes clear that judgment would not be

sustained by this Court. Ascent/ Corporex maintain that the same result

applies to them even though they have no contractual relationship with either

Superior or Ben Hur because the controlling legal principle is that where a

party has an "adequate legal remedy available" it bars unjust enrichment

entirely regarc!Jess of whether the party. against whom unjust enrichment is

sought is the same party against \Yhom the legal remedy lies. We largely agree

with A~cent/ Corporex's ·statement of the general principle but reject the

                                        13
conclusion that its application precludes an unjust enrichment award in this

case.

        As Ascent/ Corporex acknowledge, their desired outcome is premised on

Superior and Ben Hur having an adequate remedy elsewhere, and in fact they

. have no such remedy. In short, they do not have a viable contractual remedy

against D&M because Ascent/ Corporex have not paid D&M for the extra steel

work, relieving D&M of any immediate obligation to pay Superior (and

consequently Superior paying Ben Hur) for the work performed. for Ascent/

Corporex's benefit.IO As explained more fully below, the D&M/Superior

·contract contains "pay-if-paid" provisions wherein D&M's obligation to pay

Superior is premised on having first received payment from "the Owner," i.e.,

Ascent/Corporex. Additionally, the D&M/Superior·contract, the form of which

Corporex had authority to approve under Section 3.8 of the Corporex/ D&M

contract, specifically states: "The Subcontractor [Superior] hereby

ackn~wledges   that it relies on the credit of the Owner [Ascent/ Corporex], not

the Contractor [D&M] for payment of Subcontract Work." So there is a "chain

of contracts" as Ascent/ Corporex repeatedly note but there is also undeniable

"contractual gridlock" that traces back to Ascent/Corporex's failure to pay for




         As repeatedly noted, Ben Hur had no contract with D&M although D&M was
        10
responsible for Superior and Ben Hur working together on the Project, having asked
Superior to revise its bid so that Superior would fabricate the steel and Ben Hur would
erect and install. Ben Hur had a contract with Superior which in turn had the steel
contract with D&M.

                                          14
work received. Unless and until Ascent/ Corporex pay D&M, Superior has no

real contractual remedy.

      The tendency of courts and litigants to disfavor unjust enrichment       claim~

when contracts abound, as in construction disputes such as this one, is fairly

commonplace· but as the drafters of the RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF RESTITUTION AND

UNJUST ENRICHMENT aptly state:

      Judicial statements to the effect that "there can be no unjust
      enrichment in contract cases" can be misleading if taken casually.
      Restitution claims of great practical significance arise in a
      contractual context, but they occur at the margins, when a
      valuable performance has been rendered under a contract that is
      invalid, or subject to avoidance, or otherwise ineffective to regulate
      the parties' obligations. Applied to any such circumstance, the
      statement that there can be no unjust enrichment in contract cases
      is plainly erroneous.

Id. at§ 2, cmt. c (2011) (emphasis supplied). As Superior and Ben Hur note,

the RESTATEMENT specifically ·addresses the situation where a party is

uncompensated under a contract with a third party for a performance that

ultimately benefits the defendant, the scenario presented here.

      If the claimant renders to a third person a contractual performance .
      for which the claimant does not receive the promised
      compensation, and the effect of the claimant's uncompensated
      performance is to confer a benefit on the defendant, the claimant is
     ·entitled to restitution from the defendant as necessary to prevent
      unjust enrichment.

Id. at§ 25(1). ("Uncompensated Performance Under Contract with Third

Person"). Here, Superior and Ben Hur indisputedly rendered a contractual




                                       15
performance to D&M, conferring a substantial benefit on Ascent/Corporex, for

which Superior and Ben Hur have never been paid.11

       Courts in other jurisdictions have not hesitated to allow subcontractors

to recover from property owners that receive the benefit of their work provided

that the owner has not already paid the general contractor for the exact same

work. Thus, in Nation Elec. Contracting, LLC v St. Dimitrie Romanian Orthodox

Church, 74 A.3d 474, 481 (~onn. App. 2013), an electrical contractor recovered

judgment on an unjust enrichment theory against a church that had received

the benefit of extra electrical work beyond the scope of the original contract but

never paid the contractor or subcontractor for it. Similarly, in Zaleznik v. Gulf

Coast Roofing Co., 576    So~2d   776, 778-79 (Fla. App. 1991), three

.subcontractors recovered judgments against a homeowner for unjust

enrichment based on the work they performed for which the homeowner had

never paid the contractor or the subcontractors.

       Ascent/ Corporex- cite competing authority including several. cases
                                                                       .

addressing New York law, which limits a subcontractor to its contractual

recovery against the contractor and precludes recovery against the owner

unless the owner expressly agreed to be held liable to the subcontractor. See,

e.g., A&V 425 LLC Contracting Co. v. RFD SSth St. LLC., 15 Misc.3d 196, 830

N.Y.S.2d 637 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2007). Kentucky has no such rule. Nor do we



       11 In its brief, D&M candidly states: "Corporex refused to pay for the extra work,
giving Superior Steel no choice but.to initiate litigation to recover its extras and Dugan
& Meyers no choice but to defend and seek recovery of those extras from Corporex and
The Ascent."             ·

                                           16
 have case law that allows unjust enrichment recovery against the owner only

 where th.e contractor with whom the subcontractor contracted is insolvent or

 judgment proof, the rationale that Ascent/ Corporex offer for cases such as

 Zaleznik.

       Ascent/Corporex argue that an insolvent contractor is also the reason

 our Court of Appeals approved a potential unjust enrichment recovery by a
                                            '
 subcontractor against a property owner. in Dirt & Rock Rentals, Inc. v. Irwin &

 Powell Constr., Inc., 838 S.W.2d 412, 414 (Ky. App. 1992), but the opinion

· makes no reference to the solvency of the contractor. In that case,

 subcontractor Dirt & Rock Rentals, a heavy equipment lessor, was not paid by

 the contractor,   a joint venture that included Irwin and Powell Construction, for
 heavy 'equipment it had   lea~ed   and used in developing a residential subdivision

·for HFH, Inc. The Court of Appeals concluded that the subcontractor could not

 recover against HFH, the property owner, unless "the enrichment to HFH is

 unjust." Id. Finding issues of fact~ the court reversed a summary judgment in

 favor of HFH and remanded for further proceedings to determine whether HFH

 had ever paid the joint venture/contractor for the machinery and equipment

 that the subcontractor had provided pursuant to a lease.with the contractor.

The clear import was that an unjust enrichment award to the subcontractor

 was proper if HFH had never paid the contractor.

       Similarly, in Brock v. Pilot Corp., 234 S.W.3d 381, 384 (Ky. App. 2007),    '   .

 the Court of Appeals recognized that an unpaid sub-subcontractor who

provided work that enhanced property could have an unjust enrichment claim

                                           17
 against the landowner. "To recover pursuant to the equitable theory of unjust.

 ~nrichment,   Brock [the unpaid sub-subcontractor] must demonstrate that Pilot

 [the landowner] not only benefited from his efforts but also that Pilot did not

 pay any person for the work Brock performed." Id., (citing Dirt & Rock Rentals

 Inc., 838 S.W.2d at 412). Because the record reflected that the general

 contractor was fully paid for all the work performed, including the hauling and

 excavating work performed by sub-subcontractor Brock, the claim failed as a

 matter of law. Nevertheless;   ~e   potential for an unjust ·enrichment recovery

 against the landowner was clearly acknowledged.

       Most recently, in Brown Sprinkler Corp. v. Somerset-Pulaski Cty. Dev.

 Found, Inc., 335 S.W.3d 455 (Ky. App. 2010), the Court of Appeals rejected the

 argument that a legal remedy via a mechanics' lien precluded an unjust

 enrichment claim. In that case, the Somerset-Pulaski County Development

 Foundation, Inc. (Foundation) entered into a contract with Cecil Saydah

 Company (CSC), a California company, to lease a property to be used as a

 manufaCturing company. Id. at 456. Subsequently, CSC contracted with

Brown Sprinkler Corporation (Brown) to install a sprinkler system in the

 building but eventually CSC went bankrupt and abandoned the property

· without paying Brown any portion of the contract price. Per the terms of CSC's

contract with the Foundation, "any improvements made would become the

property of the Foundation as an integral part of, and not to be separate from,

the land." Id. After Brown unsuccessfully filed a lien against the Foundation's



                                          18
property to secure payment,1 2 id. at 456-57, it brought suit a~ainst the

Foundation, arguing the landowner had been unjustly enriched. Id. at 457.

The circuit court granted the Foundation summary judgment based on the

premise that an adequate legal remedy-the mechanics' lien statute-barred

Brown from seeking the equitable remedy of unjust enrichment. Id.

      The Court of Appeals reversed, observing that the mechanics' lien statute

"does not specifically state that a mechanics' lien is the only course of action tu ·

be taken by those seeking relief" and no other language in the statute

suggested the legislature sought to create an exclusive remedy. Id. at 457-58.

Relying on Guarantee Elec. Co. v. Big Rivers Elec. Corp., 669 F. Supp. 1371

(W.D. Ky. 1987), the Court of Appeals determined that "Brown's failure to

properly file a mechanics' lien . . . does not preclude it from attempting to

recover under a theory of unjust enrichment." Id. at 458.

The Court of Appeals thus expressly rejected the idea that a legal remedy by

statute precluded resort to equitable remedies such as quantum meruit and

unjust enrichment, and, in so doing, tacitly rejected the contract argument

advanced by Ascent/Corporex in the case at bar.

      We are not bound by these appellate court decisions but we find them

representative of Kentucky courts' willingness to adopt equitable measures

where appropriate and wholly consistent with the principles in the

RESTATEMENT (THIRD)   OF RESTITUTION AND   UNJUST ENRICHMENT discussed supra.


      12 The lien was unsuccessful, due to Brown listing the Foundation's actual
address rather than the address of the subject property. Id. at 457, n.4.

                                         19
The factors supporting invocation of equity in this case are numerous but we ·

first reemphasize that legal remedies, where available and adequate, apply first.

The legal remedy proffered by Ascent/Corporex is Superior's contractual

remedy against D&M but, as noted and explained below, Ascent/Corporex's

failure to pay D&M is a continuing impediment to the actual realization of that

contractual remedy. Contractual gridlock persists and no remedy was

forthcoming under the parties' contracts. To the extent they cite contract

provisions regarding change. order requirements and necessary applications for

payment by D&M and/ or Superior as excuses for non-payment,

Ascent/Corporex ignore their own role in failing to act on the requested change

orders and their assurances that both Superior and Ben Hu:r: would be paid, as

well as the adverse effect a final application for payment (at least by Superior)

could have on its claims for extra work beyond the scope of the original

drawings and contract. Moreover, Ascent/Corporex through the Corporex/

D&M contract had the right to approve all subcontractor contracts, including

specifically the form and contents. (The Corporex/D&M       ~Construction:


Agreement" was an exhibit to the "Standard Form Agreement" between D&M

and Superior.)13 In addition to the "pay-if-paid" language, the Standard Form

Agreement (the D&M/Superior contract) specifically stated that Superior was

"rel[ying] on the credit of the Owner, not the Contractor, for payment of



       13 To the extent Ascent/Corporex claim they had not seen or approved the
D&M/Superior contract, that omission was not Superior's responsibility and, in any
event, Ascent/Corporex were well aware that Superior was providing the steel work
pursuant to a subcontract that Ascent/Corporex had the right to approve.

                                        20
Subcontract Work." While any recipient of a substantial benefit in the form of

. authorized extra work should not be surprised that payment will be due,

eventually, the D&M/Superior contract underscores that Superior was.

ultimately. relying on Ascent/ Corporex for payment. Finally, Ascent/ Corporex

do not contest (at least post-trial) that additional work \_Vas performed by

Superior and Ben Hur and that some amount of compensation is due.14 Under

these circumstances, we conclude that unjust enrichment is an entirely

appropriate equitable remedy and the tiial court did not err in ·so ruling. ·

       Lastly, Ascent/Corporex contend that the trial court failed to properly

instruct the jury on unjust enrichment. They allege that the trial court's

instruction was flawed in that the extra work instructions, only referenced

D&M and Superior by name, and did not name or acknowledge Ben Hur;

Ascent, and Corporex. Ascent/ Corporex further note that the trial court's

instruction for extra work does not include the phrase "unjust enrichment."

       Equitable claims, such as unjust enrichment, are heard and decided by

the trial court, not the jury. Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Sero. Ctr, Inc., 908

S.W.2d 104, 108 (Ky. 1995) ("causes of action historically legal are triable by

jury and causes of action historically equitable are triable by the court");

Emerson v. Emerson, 709 S.W.2d 853, 855 (Ky. ·App. 1986) Oury verdict iri



       14 The video record of a November 3, 2011, post-trial hearing reflects counsel for
Ascent and Corporex stating: "[W]e're not trying to dodge the bullet here. We are not
trying to weasel out of this, and that's why the appropriate remedy here is unjust
enrichment award against the owner[.]" While such admission does not factor into our
legal analysis, it further estab~shes that this outcome can coine as no s~rprise to
Ascent and Corporex.

                                          21
unjust enrichment c_ase was advisory only because the remedy is "equitable in

nature" and trial court must make the necessary findings of fact and

conclusions of law although it may choose to adopt jury's findings).

Admittedly, there may be factual issues that are capable of jury determination

before application of an equitable remedy, but there is rio entitlement to a jury

trial on an unjust enrichment claim. See Steelvest, Inc., 908 S.W.2d at 107-09 ..

That said, we look at the challenged instructions, recognizing that the jury's

findings were relied upon by the trial court in crafting its unjust enrichment

remedy.

      When reviewing the content of a trial court's jury instructions, this Court

engages in de novo review. Sargent v. Shaffer, 467 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Ky. 2015).

Having examined the trial court's jury instruction concerning the extra work

performed by Superior and Ben Hur, we find that that the instruction was

proper,   fo~   purposes of both the asserted contract claim and determining the

amount, if any, of unjust enrichment. The only factual question regarding

Superior and Ben I;Iur's claim for unjust enrichment was whether the work on

the forces table/ design load increase, the roof edge condition, and the roof tip

fell within the scope of the original contract between Superior and. D&M.

Accordingly, tlie trial court properly drafted its instruction to focus the jury on

whether that effort was covered under the scope of the origin8.1. contract or

whether it should be deemed extra work. In the interrogatories accompanying

the trial court's instruction for extra work, the jury was asked if extra work had

been performed by Superior o~ Ben Hur and the value of that work. After

                                          22
weighing the evidence, the jury unanimously concluded that Superior and Ben

Hur did perform extra work on the forces table/design load increase, the roof

edge condition, and the roof tip.

      Contrary to Ascent/ Corporex's argument, there was no need for the trial

court to identify in its instruction that the extra work was done for the benefit
                                         '
of Ascent/Corpor.ex, a fact that was never disputed. While   Asc~nt/Corporex


disagreed with Superior and Ben Hur about whether the extra work was

covered by the contract and the value of that work, they never disputed that

they are the parties who received the benefit of it. See Furlong Dev. Co., 504

S.W.3d at 39-40). (second element of unjust enrichment claim is "a resulting

appreciation of benefit by defendant"). Nor, can Ascent/Corporex deny that

they never paid Superior; Ben Hur, or D&M for that extra work. See id. (third

element of unjust enrichment claim is "inequitable retention of benefit without

payment for its value").

      Given the jury's findings and the undisputed facts in the case, the trial

court properly evaluated the legal consequences of all parties' actions and

applied an equitable remedy-unjust enrichment. As such, we conclude that

the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the trial court's judgment against

Ascent for unjust enrichment, and reinstate that portion of the trial court's

judgment.




                                       23
II. The Court of Appeals Properly Reversed the Trial Court's Judgment
   Against D&M for Breach of Contract

      Superior and Ben HurI 5 contend that the Court of Appeals erred by

vacating the portion of the trial court's judgn:ient concerning their claims

against D&M for breach of contract. The Court of Appeals determined that the

jury should have been instructed as to the "pay-if-paid" provisions of the

contract between Superior and D&M. According to the Court of Appeals, "[t]he

jury should have been instructed to determine if D&M's obligation' to pay

Superior Steel ever arose, and thus if D&M was in breach, or if D&M was not

obligated to pay Superior Steel until it first received payment from Corporex,

and thus it did not breach the contract." Superior and Ben Hur argue that this

reasoning is. erroneous, as the interpretation of a contract is a legal issue for

the court's consideration, not the jury's.

      In evaluating Superior and Ben Bur's claims for breach of contract

against D&M we begin by examining the instrument that governed their

relationship. "The interpretation of a contract, including determining whether

a contract is ambiguous, is a question of law for the courts and is subject to de

novo review." 3D Enters. Contracting Corp. v. Louisville & Jefferson Cty. Metro.

Sewer Dist., 174 S.W.3d 440, 448 (Ky. 2005) (quoting Cantrell Supply, Inc. v.

Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 94 S.W.3d 381, 385 (Ky. App. 2002); see also Giddings &

Lewis, Inc. v. Indus. Ri.sk Insurers, 348 S.W.3d 729, 742 (Ky. 2011) ("Contract



       is Again, Ben Hur was not a party to the D&M/Superior contract but derived
payment through that contract, as D&M was aware having "paired" Superior and Ben
Hur to provide the steel work on the Project.

                                        24
construction is a matter of law and thus an issue for the trial court, not a jury,

to determine.") (citing Morganfield Nat'l Bank v. Damien Elder & Sons, 836

S.W.2d 893, 895 (Ky. 1992)).

      "'In the absence of ambiguity, a written instrument will be enforced

strictly according to its terms,'   and ~ court will interpret the contract's terms
by assigning language its ordinary meaning and without resort to extrinsic

evidence." Kentucky Shakespeare Festival, Inc. v. Dunaway, 490 S.W.3d 691,

694 .(Ky. 2016) (quoting· Wehr Constructors, Inc. v. Assurance Co. of America, ·

384 S.W.3d 680, 687 (Ky. 2012)). Courts will find that a contract is ambiguous

where "a reaaonable person would find it susceptible to different or

inconsistent interpretation·s." Id. at 694.:.95 (quoting Hazard Coal Corp. v.

Knight, 325 S.W.3d 290, 298 (Ky. 2010)).

      If there is no ambiguity in the contract, a reviewing court must determine

the intention of the parties "from the four corners of that instrument."

Hoheimer v. Hoheimer, 30 S.W.3d 176, 178 (Ky. 2000)). Further, "'[i]n the

absence of ambiguity a written- instrument will be enforced strictly according to

its terms,' and a court will interpret the contract's terms by assigning language

its ordinary meaning and without resort to extrinsic evidence." Hazard Coal

Corp., 325 S.W.3dat 298 (quoting Frear v. P.T.A.      Indu~.,   Inc., 103 S.W.3d 99,

106 (Ky. 2003)). The fact that a party may have intended different results is

inadequate to "construe a contract at variance with its plain and unambiguous

terms." 3D Enters. Contracting.Corp., 174 S.W.3d at 448 (quoting Cantrell, 94

S.W.3d at 385).

                                           25
       Here, the jucy was asked to determine whether D&M and Superior ever

 agreed to a written contract and which of two different exhibits introduced at

. trial was the final contract. Joint Exhibit 226 was designated by the jucy as

 the final contract. At the center of the contract dispute between D&M and .

 Superior is the language prescribing payment, a    ~o-called."pay-if-paid"   clause,

 which conditions D&M's payment of Superior on D&M having first been paid by

 Ascent/ Corporex.· Although neither this Court nor the Court of Appeals has

 previously addressed a "pay-if-paid" clause, they are not uncommon.

       Given the increasingly complex nature of construction projects,

 contractors and subcontractors have developed mechanisms to address the.

 possibility that an "upstream" contracting party will become insolvent or

 otherwise default, prompting the question of which of the "downstream" parties

 will bear the risk of nonpayment. BMD Contractors, Inc. v. Fid. & Deposit Co.,

 679 F.3d 643, 648 (7th Cir. 2012). One type of contractual provision designed

 to address this risk is a "pay-if-paid" clause. "Pay-if-paid conditions shift the

 risk of nonpayment from the contractor to the subcontractor by requiring the

 subcontractor to wait for payment until the contractor has been paid." Eagle

 Supply & Mfg., L.P. v. Bechtel Jacobs Co. LLC, 868 F.3d 423, 436 (6th Cir.

 2017) (Citing Thos. J. Dyer Co~ v. Bishop Int'l Eng'g Co., 303 F.2d 655, 661 (6th

 Cir. 1962)); see also Sloan & Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 653 F.3d 175, 179 (3d

 Cir. 2011) ("In construction contract parlance, [a.'pay-if-paid clause1 means

that a subcontractor gets paid by the general contractor only if the owner pays

the general contractor for that subcontractor's work.")

                                         26
      "A typical 'pay-if-paid' clause might read: 'Contractor's receipt of payment

from the owner is a condition precedent to contractor's obligation to make

p~yment   to the subcontractor; the subcontractor expressly assumes the risk of

the owner's nonpayment and the subcontract price includes this risk.'"

Mid.America Constr. Mgmt., Inc. v. MasTec North America, Inc., 436 F.3d 1257,

°1261-62 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Robert F. Carney & Adam Cizek, Payment

Provisions in Construction Contrq.cts and Construction Trust Fund Statutes: A

Fifty-State Suroey, 24 Construction Law, 5-6 (2004)). Courts generally

predicate their enforcement of a "pay-if-paid" clause on its language being clear

and unequivocal. Id. at 1262. See e.g., Lemoine Co. of Alabama, L.L.C. v. HLH

Constructors, Inc., 62 So.3d 1020, 1027-28 (Ala. 2010) (because "plain and

unambiguous" "pay-if-paid" provision of contract had not been satisfied,

general contractor had no obligation to make final payment to subcontractor);

Transtar Elec., Inc. v. A.E.M Elec. Servs. Corp., 16 N.E.3d 645, 647 (Ohio 20i4)

(express "condition precedent" language established a "pay-if-paid" provision

transferring the risk of non-payment from the ·general contractor to the

subcontractor) ..

      The contract between Superior and D&M contains two sections which are

germane to this discussion. First, Article 7 .11, "Claims Payment", states:

      [n]o additional compensation shall be paid by the Contractor to the
      Subcontractor for any claim arising out of the performance of this
      Subcontract, unless the Contractor has collected corresponding
      additional compensation from the owner, or other party inv:olved,
      or unless by written agreement from the Contractor to the
      Subcontractor prior to the execution of the Work performed under


                                       27
       said claim, which agreement and work order must be signed by an
       officer of the Contractor.    ·

Second, Article 8.2.5, "Time of Payment" reads in relevant part: ·"[r]eceipt of

payment by the Contractor from the Owner for the Subcontract Work is a

condition precedent to payment by the Contractor to the Subcontractor. The

subcontractor hereby acknowledges that it relies on the credit of the Owner,

not 'the Contractor for payment of Subcontract Work. "16

       These contract provisions are not ambiguous. They clearly provide that

D&M's receipt of payment is a "condition precedent" to its obligation to pay

Superior. '"Condition precetjent' is a legal term of art with a clear meaning: 'An

aet or event, other than a lapse of time, that inust exist or occur before a duty

to perform something promised arises."' BMD Contractors, Inc., 679.F.3d at

650 (citing BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 334 (9th ed. 2009). This "pay-if-paid"

language, coupled with the express use of "condition precedent," unequivocally

allocates the nsk of nonpayment by the Project owner to Superior· and relieves

D&M of the obligation to pay until it receives payment from Ascent/Corporex

for the steel work performed. It is undisputed that Ascent/Corporex never paid·

D&M for the retainage or the disputed extra work.
      '
      Superior does not contest the existenc:e of a ."pay-if-paid" clause, but

argues instead that if the clause "cannot be harmonized with the rest of the


      16 Article 11.4, "Multiparty Proceeding", reinforces the D&M-must-be-paid-first
concept in the event of a dispute: "In no event shall the Subcontractor be entitled to
damages, or compensation in excess of that.received by the Contractor from the
Owner arising out of the claim or complaint filed by the Subcontractor." We reject
Superior and Ben Hur's argument that once a dispute arises, the pay-if-paid
provisions no longer apply.

                                          28
 contract in a manner which supports the [trial] cour_t'sjudgment, this Court ·

 should hold that the 'pay-if-paid' terms are unenforceable as a matter of pu,blic

 policy." ·califomia and New York are two jurisdictions which have concluded

 that pay-if-paid clauses are unenforceable as contrary to public policy due to

 their impact on mechanic's lien rights. Wm. R. Clarke Corp. v. Safeco Ins. Co.,

 938 P.2d 372, 374 (Cal. 1997); West-Fair Elec. Contractors v. Aetna Cas. & Sur.

 Co., 661
      .
          N.E.2d 96,7,
                  .
                       968 (N.Y. 1995).

       However, the decisions of California and New York's highest courts

 appear to be outliers nationwide. While "pay-if-paid" clauses have fallen out of

 favor in some states, the prohibition against their use has come from the

 legislature rather than the courts. See e.g. N.C. Gen. Stat.§ 22C-2 (West,

 Westlaw through 2016-2017 Legis. Sess.);17 Wis. Stat.§ 779.135 (West,

 Westlaw through 2017 Act 60). Further, several courts have rejected the public

 policy argument advanced by Superior. See e.g., Wellington Power Corp .. v. CNA.

 Sur. Corp., 614 S.E.2d 680,   ~85-86   (W.Va. 2005) ("pay-if-paid" condition

· precedent clause of contract in a public construction project did not violate the

 public policy set forth in West Virginia's public bond statute); BMD Contractors,

 Inc., 679 F.3d at 652-53 ("easily reject[ing]" public policy challenge to "pay-if-




      11 The North Carolina statute states: "Performance by a subcontractor in
accordance with the provisions of its contract shall entitle it to payment from the party
with whom it contracts. Payment by the owner to a contractor is not a condition
precedent for payment to a subcontractor and payment by a contractor to a
subcontractor is not a condition precedent for payment to any other subcontractor,
and an agreement to the contrary iS"unenforceable." (emphasis supplied).

                                          29
  paid" clause given Indiana's "strong background presumption favoring freedom

  of contract").

        After considering the various approaches of our sister states, we decline

  to hold that "pay-if-paid" terms are unenforceable as a matter of public policy .

 .Kentucky, like Indiana, has long respected freedom of contract and allowed

 parties to allocate among themselves the foreseeable risks. See Cumberland

  Valley Contractors, Inc. v. Bell Cty. Coal Corp., 238 S.W.3d 644 (Ky. 2007); see

  also Zeitz v. Foley, 264 S.W.2d 267, 268 (Ky. 1954) (explaining that contracts

 should not "be set aside lightly" given that "right of private contract is no small

·part of the liberty of the citizen[.]"). While there are valid policy reasons for

 disfavoring "pay-if-paid" provisions, any prohibition against this type of

 contract clause should come from the legislature rather than from this Court. is

        While ·the "pay-if-paid" provisions excuse D&M from having to pay until it

 has received payment from Ascent/ Corporex and require the conclusion that

 D&M has not breached the .contract, they in no way precluded Superior from

 bringing a breach of contract action. There was a dispute between the parties·

 as to which document actually constitutes the D&M/Superior contract and a

 dispute about whether specific work attributable to the forces table/ design

 load, the roof edge condition and the roof tip was extra work or within the

 scope of the original-contract. Without initiating a breach of contract claim,



         is We also reject Superior's argument that the provisions of Article 11 invalidate
  the "pay-if-paid" clauses of the contract. Article 11, which identifies the process for
· multi-party proceedings; allows Superior to pursue a claim against D&M for unpaid ·
  work but it does not nullify the "pay-if-paid" clauses of the contract. See fn. 15 supra.

                                            30
Superior had no resolution of those issues. Post-suit it has a jury

determination regarding the specific document that constitutes the parti~s'

contract and a unanimous jury verdict establishing that it has met its

evidentiary burden of proving that the disputed work was indeed "extra work"

and that it was performed at the behest of D&M. Prior to initiating a breach of

contract suit, Superior had no sworn testimony unequivocally establishing that

D&M had never been paid by Ascent/ Corporex for the retainage and the,

disputed work. While there is no suggestion in. the record that D&M was ever

less than honest and forthcoming regarding its payment status vis-a-vis

Ascent/ Corporex, there are unscrupulous general contractors who do ·not deal

honestly and forthrightly with their subcontractors, retaining funds from the

owner intended for the subcontractor. A breach action provides a definitive

answer. As for one of Ascent/Corporex's defenses to the breach action, the

"pay-if-paid" provisions, this Court has declined the invitation to invalidate

them on public policy grounds but Superior had a credible argument that it

presented in the context of its breach of contract claim. If the. public policy

argument had been successful, the breach of contract judgment could be

sustained. Finally, and perhaps most importantly from Superior and Ben

Hur's st~ndpoint, only by pursuing this unavailing legal remedy ~ould it fully

establish the facts underlying this dispute and its eventual entitlement to an

unjust enrichment recovery from Ascent/Corporex. So, while the "pay-if-paid"

provisions preclude a breach of contract judgment in favor of Superior they       di~


not preclude Superior from pursuing the contract claim.

                                        31
III. The Attorneys' Fees Award to Superior is Not Sustainable.

       We tum next to the trial court's award of attorneys' fees to Superior; The

basis for the trial court's award was its reading of Article 11.6, "Cost of Dispute

Resolution", a provision in the D&M/Superior contract. Article 11.6 reads in

pertinent part:

       The prevailing party in any dispute arising out of or relating to this
       Agreement or its breach that is resolved by a dispute resolution
       procedure designated in the Subcontract Documents shall be
       entitled to recover from the other party reasonable attorneys' fees,
       costs and expenses incurred by the prevailing party in connection
       with such dispute resolution process.

With this provision, the trial court determined that by succeeding on its breach

of contract claim against D&M, Superior was en.titled to an award of attorneys'

fees and expenses. As for Ben Hur, which the trial court held had an implied

rather than express contract with D&M, the court concluded that it had no

contractual right to attorneys' fees and the court could not find "compelling
                    '-
legal precedent to support such an award on equitable grounds." Of course,

our conclusion that Superior's breach of contract judgment must be reversed

raises the threshold issue of whether an attorneys' fee award is sustainable at

all.

       "Generally, Kentucky courts apply the so-called American Rule     r~garding

attorney's fees. That rule requires parties to pay their own fees and costs and

does not allow, as in the English courts, for the shifting of the prevailing party's

fees to the.loser." Rumpel v. Rumpel, 438 S.W.3d 354, 360 (Ky. 2014) (citing

Bell v. Commonwealth, 423 S.W.3d 742 (Ky. 2014); A1K Selective Self-Insurance

Fund v. Minton, 192 S.W.3d 415 (Ky. 2006)). However, one exception to this
                                        32
general rule, is where the parties have agreed through a specific contractual

provision to allow for recovery of attorneys' fees. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co. v.

Commonwealth, 179. S.W.3d 830, 842 (Ky. 2005) (citing Nucor Corp. v. General

Elec. Co. 812 S.W.2d 136 (Ky. 1991)). An award of attorneys' fees is within the

sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed "[a]bsent a showing

of an abuse of that discretion." Woodall v. Grange Mut. ·cas. Co., 648, S.W.2d ·

871, 873 (Ky. 1983). "The test for abuse       ~f discretion   is whether the trial

judge's decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupporte~ by sound

legal principles." Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 581

(Ky. 2000) (citing Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999)).

      As noted, interpretation of contract language is a matter of law and our

review is de novo but in this case the reversal of Superior's breach of contract

judgment against D&M renders our analysis of Article 11.6 quite different from

that engaged in by the trial court. Had the breach of contract juqgment

against D&M been sustainable, the trial court's award of attorney's fee was

certainly authorized by Article 11.6 and the specific award crafted was not an

abuse of discretion. Without the underpinning of a contract judgment,

however, Article 11.6 is necessarily read in a different light. The initial

reference in Article 11.6 to "the prevailing party in any dispute arising out of or
                                      f
relating to this Agreement or its breach" is arguably broad enough .to

encompass Superior because although it did not prevail on a breach claim it

did prevail in what the contract refers to as a "multiparty proceeding." Article

11.4 is so entitled and provides in relevant part:

                                          33
       11.4 MULTIPARTY PROCEEDING The parties agree that to the
       extent permitted by Subcontract Docum~nt all parties necessary to
       resolve a claim shall be parties to the same dispute resolution
       proceeding. To the extent disputes between the. Contractor and
       Subcontractor involve in whole or in part disputes between the
       Contractor and the Owner, disputes between the Subcontractor
       and the Contractor shall be decided by the same tribunal and in
       the same forum as disputes between the Contractor and the
       Owner. In no event shall the Subcontractor be entitled to
       damages, or compensation in excess of that received by the
       Contractor from the Owner arising out of the claim or complaint
       filed by the Subcontractor.

       The multiparty proceeding eventually became a multiparty lawsuit and

Superior (and Ben Hur) finally prevailed on the substantive claim at the center

of the dispute-the extra work-albeit not through a contract claim. While the

initial language in Article 11.. 6 is probably broad enough to allow recovery of

attorneys' fees even where the party prevails through ffrion-contract claim, i.e.,

unjust enrichment, the problem·arises with the closi_ng language of that section

that reads "shall be entitled to recover from the other party reasonable

attorneys' fees, costs and expenses incurred by the prevailing party in

connection with such dispute process." (emphasis supplied). Ascent/Corporex

~ere   not parties to the D&M/Superior contract and so are not bound by the

att~rneys'   fees provision; they cannot be "the other party" as that language is

used in Article 11.6. And while Superior prevailed overall, so to speak, it did

not prevail as to D&M. Indeed, D&M is correct that given the pay-if-paid

language D&M was not in breach of the contract even though: Superior and

Ben Hur had rendered the requested performance of extra steel work and had

never been compensated for it. If Superior had prevailed as to D&M on any


                                         34
theory, Article 11.6 was arguably broad enough to .allow attorneys' fees but the

victory achieved was against Ascent/Corporex and the D&M/Superior contract

does not provide a basis for an award of any attorneys' fees against D&M under

those circumstances. For that reason, the trial court's judgment awarding

such fees is reversed.19

IV. The Court of Appeals Correctly Determined that the Trial Court Should
    Have Instructed the Jury on Ascent and Corporex's Claim for Breach of
    Contract Against D&M But Erred in Finding the Negligence Instruction
    Deficient

      D&M contends that the Court of Appeals erred by vacating the trial

court's judgment and remanding the case for a new trial on Ascent/Corporex's

breach of contract and negligence claims against D&M. We agree with the

Court of Appeals that the trial cou:rt should have instructed the jury on

Ascent/ Corporex's breach of contract claim and begin with that claim before

turning to the more problematic negligence claim.

      Ascent/ Corporex's cross-claim against D&M included a claim for "Breach

of Contract", alleging among other things that D&M (1) failed to advise them

that Superior's proposal was not based on the revised drawings which featured

the completed
      .       forces table; (2) failed to advise them of the "erector's
                                                              .


qualification" in Superior's proposal; (3) failed to timely and properly monitor

change requests made by Superior and Ben Hur (4) failed to timely and

properly monitor the performance of the alleged extra work; and (5) failed to



       i9 The reversal of the breach of contract judgment ahd the attorney's fee award
renders irrelevant the indemnification of D&M by Ascent/ Corporex, identified as issue
no. 4 supra.

                                         35
timely award a contract for the window washing system on the Project resulting

in additional
        I
              costs.
        I




       Ascent/ Corporex also asserted a "Negligent Performance of Contract"

claim against D&M, a claim which largely mirrored the contract breach

allegations. First, they alleged D&M breached its duty to perform its work "in a

reasonaoly prudent and careful manner ~d in        amanner consistent with
industry standards." As part of this claim Ascent/ Corporex contended that

D&M (1) failed to disclose material information related to Superior's bid; (2)

failed to ensure that the bid was based on the revised plans and forces table;

(3) failed to advise of the "erector's qualification" in Superior's contract; (4)

negligently directed Superior not to consider the revised plans in prepanng its

proposal'; (5) failed to carefully manage the Pro-Bel subcontract; and (6) failed

to manage the &tee! claim in a manner that would have accurately assessed the

extra work performed by Ben Hur, if any.20

      The trial court ultimately concluded that both claims could not be

presented to the jury. While discussing jury instructions, D&M argued that the

jury should be instructed on Ascent/ Corporex's breach of contract claim rather
                                            ~                                .

than its negligent performance claim. Ascent/Corporex wanted both          claim~

presented to the jury but the trial court ultimately disagreed and instructed the




       20 The cross-claim also included a claim for "Constructive Fraud" and a claim
for "Indemnification" of Ascent and Corporex by D&M. Neither of those claims is
before the Court.

                                         36
jury only as to Ascent/ Corporex's negligence claim against D&M. As noted, the

jury found in favor of D&M:

       The trial court's decision on whether to instruct the jury on a specific

claim is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Sargent, 467 S.W.3d at 203-04. As

often stated, "the trial court must instruct the jury upon every theory

reasonably supported by the evidence.. 'Each party to an action is entitled to an

instruction upon his theory of the case if there is evidence to sustain it. m Id. at

.203 (quoting McAlpin v. Davis Const. Inc., 332 S.W.3d 741, 744 (Ky. App.

2011). Here, both Ascent/Corporex and D&M tendered breach of contract

instructions.· After a thorough review, we agree with Ascent/Corporex that the

trial court abused its discretion by not permitting the jury to consider the

breach of contract claim. Corporex and D&M had a 42-page contract detailing

· their rights and responsibilities. The cross-claim adequately pled breach of

contract and Corporex had evidence that may or may not have c.onvinced the

jury had the instruction been given.

      In any event, D&M does not really argue that a breach of contract

instruction would have been improper (as noted, D&M argued for a contract

instruction, as opposed to negligence, during a .conference on jury

instructions), but rather that this issue was not properly preserved and that

Corporex "voluntarily abandoned its breach of contract claim" in the trial court.

The record refutes D&M's position. In c;tddition to submitting an _instruction for

breach of contract, Corporex argued to the trial court that recovery was proper

on both the contract and negligence claims and that the jury should render a

                                        37
 verdict on both. This proposed instruction and the objections of counsel were

 sufficient to preserve this issue for appeal and dispel any suggestion that

 Corporex voluntarily abandoned its contract claim. See· e.g., Sand Hill Energy, ·

 Inc. v. Smith, 142 S.W.3d 153, 162-63 (Ky. 2004) ("Generally speaking, if a

 party's 'offered instructions clearly present [the] party's position, no further

 action is required' to preserve for appellate review an allegation that the trial

 court erred by failing to give a requested instruction.") (citations omitted).

       We also reject D&M's argument that the trial court's failure to instruct

·the jury on the breach of contract claim was harmless. D&:rvi errs by assuming

 that because the jury determined that there was no negligence they would

 similarly conclude that D&M had not breached its contract with

 Ascent/Corporex. While the underlying facts of both claims were similar,

 perhaps even identical, it was possible for the jury to determine that D&M

 breached its specific contractual duties even if its actions were insufficient to

 warrant relief under a negligence instruction. For example, Ascent/ Corporex's

. counsel questioned D&M representatives at trial regarding specific provisions .

.of its Construction Agreement with D&M including the bid process (Article

 3.6.26) and change _orders (Article 8).2 1 Clearly Ascent/Corporex anticipated

 arguing. that D&M's actions or inactions constituted a breach of specific

contractual obligations.22 The negligence instruction that was given focuses on



        A copy of the Construction Agreement between Corporex and D&M was
       21
admitted at trial as Joint Exhibit #3.
       22 Under Article 3.8 of the Construction Agreement, "fa]ll portions of Work for
the Project that the Contractor's fD&M] organization is not accustomed to providing
                                           38
the "[dJegree of care expected to be exercised by ordinary prudent persons

engaged in the business .of construction management." This is not the same

inquiry for the jury as considering whether D&M failed to meet certain specific

contractual obligations .. The breach of contract instruction tendered by

Ascent/ Corporex would have allowed the jury to focus on whether breach of

D&M's obligations under tl_?.e Construction Agreement, negotiated by the

parties, caused the additional steel work costs. Accordingly, Corporex is

entitled to proceed on remand on its claim for breach of contract.

      Turning to the challenged negligence instruction, it is,not altogether clear

that Ascent/ Corporex had a negligence claim that was independent of its

contract claim. In concluding that both claims were proper and should have

been presented to the jury, the Court of Appeals cited Kevin Tucker & Assocs.,

Inc. v. Scott & Ritter, Inc., 842 S.W.2d 873 (Ky. App. 1992), a case involving a

city's negligence and breach of contract claims against ~ architectural firm.

In that case, the appellate court"rejected the argument that."any time an act

constitutes both a breach of contract and a tort of negligence, the plaintiff is

required to waive the tort and sue in contract." Id. at 874.· The Tucker court


shall be performed under Design Builder [Corporex] approved Subcontracts. The form
of all Subcontracts s:Q.all require the approval of Design Builder [Corporex]." In
dispute at trial was whether there was a contract between Superior and D&M and if so
what document was the governing instrument. Dan Dugan of D&M admitted at trial
that the subcontract between Superior and D&M was a mess and that D&M had not
done a good job getting an executed subcontract with Superior. Further, he
acknowledged that what D&M considered to be the signed contract with Superior was
only sent to Ascent/Corporex after the steel work had been completed. With an
appropriate instruction, the jury could have concluded that these actions or inactions
regarding the subcontract between D&M and Superior constituted a breach of the
Corporex/D&M Construction Agreement.

                                         39
cited Hovennale v. Central Ky. Natural Gas Co., 282 S.W.2d 136, 137_(Ky.

1955), a case practiced under the "old Civil Cod°e" in which a landowner suing

a natural gas company for damages to his farm following the laying of a

pipeline was required to elect whether to prosecute an action in contract or

tort. The second case cited in Tucker, Alberti's Adm'x v. Nash, 282 S.W.2d 853

(Ky. 1955) was a wrongful death action following the capsizing of a small boat

wherein the court recognized that tort and   con~ract   claims could be joined:

Our high court affirmed a directed verdict for the defendants on a breach of

warranty claim, there being no evidence that the boat "was in an unsound

condition" and on the negligence claim given the absence of any legal duty to

either equip the boat with life preservers or warn of "choppy waters.". Id. at

854-55.

      Although Ritter is accurate insofar as it holds a party having viable

contract and negligence claims may pursue both, the initiB.I inquiry is whether·

there is a negligence claim independent
                               .
                                        of the contract claim. In Presnell
                                                                    .
Constr. Managers, Inc. v. EH Constr., 1_34 S.W.3d 575 (Ky. 2004), a case not

cited by the parties; this Court was confronted with negligent supervision and

negligent misrepresentation claims involving a commercial b_uilding project.

The suit was brought by EH, a general contractor, against Presnell, the

project's construction manager. Both EH and Presnell had contracts with the

building owner, but there was no contractual relationship between EH and

Presnell.



                                       40
         This Court affirmed the Court of Appeals' holding that summary

judgment had been improperly granted on EH's negligent misrepresentation

claim, concluding that the interlocking construction contracts did not prohibit

a tort claim consistent with Section 552 of the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS, .

"Negligent Misrepresentation." However, the Court affirmed dismissal of EH's

negligent supervision claim because it did "not articulate a claim that is

independent of Presnell's contractual duties." Id. at 583. Even though the

contract referred to was Presnell's contract with the owner, not a contract

betWeen Presnell and EH, this Court applied the rule that "'one who is not a

party to the contract or in privity thereto may not.maintain an action for

negligence which    c~nsists   merely in the breach of the contract."' Id. at 579,

citing Penco, Inc. v. Detrex Chem. Indus., Inc., 672 S.W.2d 948, 951 (Ky. App.

1984).

      Perhaps more importantly, Justice Keller's lengthy concurrence in

Presnell, joined by another ~ember of the Court, discussed extensively the

intersection of contra.ct and tort claims and the application of the "((conomic

loss" rule. Justice Keller stated:

      The economic loss rule is a judicially created doctrine that marks
      the fundamental boundary between contract law, which.is
      designed to enforce the expectancy interests of the parties, and tort
      law, which imposes a duty of reasonable care and thereby
      encourages citizens to avoid causing physical harm to oth~rs. The
      crux of the doctrine is not privity but the premise that economic
      interests are protected, if at all, by contract principles, rather than
      tort principles. Although originally rooted primarily in product
      liability cases to protect manufacturers from tort.liability for -
      damage that is limited to the product itself, the economic loss rule
      has evolved into a modern, general prohibition against tort
      recovery for economic loss.
                                           41
 Id at 583-84 (citations omitted). He agreed with the economic loss rule's

 rationale that parties to a contract agree to allocate risks and thus do not need

 "the special protections of tort law to recover for damages caused by breach of

 ~ontract."   Id. at 589. Notably, Justice Keller quoted Town of Alma v. Azco ·

 Constr. Inc., 1n P.3d 1256 (Colo. 2000) as follows:

       The key to determining the availability of a contract or tort action
       lies in determining the source of the duty that forms the basis of
       the action .... [T]he question of whether the plaintiffmay maintain
       an action in tort for purely economic loss turns on the
       determination of the source_ of the duty the plaintiff claims the
       defendant owed. A breach of duty which arises under the
      ·provisions of a contract between the parties must be addressed
       under contract, and a tort action will not lie. A breach of a duty
       arising independently of any contract duties between the parties,
       however, may ·support a tort action.

 134 S.W.3d at 589 (citation omitted, emphasis in original). The Colorado

 Supreme Court recogniZed that some common law tort claims, such as ..

common laVI! fraud and negligent misrepresentation, were expressly designed to

remedy economic loss and thus exist independent of a breach of contract

claim. Id. at 590. The Presnell concurrence found these principles persuasive

and concluded that a party suffering economic loss from breach of a

. contractual duty could not assert
                     \
                                      an independent tort claim absent an
 indepen~ent   duty of care under tort law. Id. Justice Keller found the negligent

 supervision claim barred on "economic loss" grounds but agreed with the

majority that the rule would not bar a negligent misrepresentation claim.23


        Relatively recently, in Giddings & Lewis, 348 S.W.3d at 729, this Court
       23
adopted the "economic loss rule" in the context of a commercial purchaser of a
product. We held the purchaser was prevented from suing in tort (including for
                                          42
        The Presnell concurrence is not binding but it is consistent with Alberti's

 Adm'x, the capsized .boat case where the Court recognized that a plaintiff may

 assert not only a breach of contract but also a negligence claim provided there

 is a separate legal. duty to undergird the tort claim. Moreover, the Presnell

 majority plainly held that EM had no negligent supervision claim against

 Presnell where that tort claim was not "independent of Presnell's contractual

 duties." 134 S.W.3d at 583.

        Here, it is difficult to differentiate Ascent/Corporex's "Breach of Contract"

 claim from its "Negligent Performance of Contract" claim and indeed the claim

 terminology itself suggests that the negligence is in the ,performance of

 contractual duties. Ascent/ Corporex alleges D&M had a "duty to perform ...

work, including management of the steel bids and selection of the steel

contractor, in a reasonably prudent and careful manner and in a manner

consistent with industry standards." They do not allege the source of this

duty,   ~ommon   law or otherwise, but, regardless,   ~t   seems indistinguishable

from D&M's duties under the Corporex/D&M contract. The six specific·

examples of breach under the "Negligent Performance of Contract" claim (e.g.,

failure to ensure bids were based on most recent drawings, failure to advise

Corporex about the erector's qualification) match up very closely, if not exactly,

with the allegations regarding-the breach of the contract. In short, it is difficult



·negligent misrepresentation) for economic losses arising from the malfunction of the
 product itself, recognizing that those damages had to be recovered under the parties'
 contract. The parties have not raised the economic loss rule and we express no
 opinion on its applicability to Ascent/Corporex's claims against D&M.

                                          43
to conclude that Ascent/ Corporex even had a viable negligence claim

independent of the contract claim but, to the extent they did, the jury

instruction was adequate.

       First, we note that D&M contends that Ascent/ Corporex waived appellate

review of the_ negligence instruction, by agreeing with the trial court wording for

this instruction, while Ascent/Corporex maintains that D&M's argument is a

.mischaracterization of their position concerning the negligence instruction .. In

reviewing the record, it is clear that Ascent/Corporex agreed at least with a

portion of the wording of the trial court's negligence instruction but, in any

event, having tendered a negligence instruction, Ascent/ Corporex preserved

their objection. Sand HillEnergy, 142 S.W.3d at 162-63.

      In considering the content of the trial court's negligence instruction, we

engage in de nova review. Sargent, 467 S.W.3d at 204. The trial court's

negligence instruction, was the last p9rtion of the jury instructions and   it~


consideration was predicated on the jury having'first determined that extra

work had been performed by Superior and/ or Ben Hur on the Project. The

instruction provides as follows:

      The Deferidant, Corporex, on behalf of the Ascent at Roebling's
      Bridge LLC, contracted with Dugan & Meyers to have Dugan &
      Meyers serve as construction manager for the Ascent project.
      Corporex is obligated to pay the cost of th~ project. You have
      found that extra ~ork was incurred by the Plaintiffs in the
      construction of the Ascent project. Corporex is respo"nsible for that
      extra work except to the extent that such extra work was due to
      the negligence of the Defendant, Dugan & Meyers, in performing its
      duties under the construction management contract.



                                        44
      'Ordinary Care' as used in these Instructions is defined as that
    , Degree of care e~pected to be exercised ·by ordinary prudent
      persons engaged in the business of construction management.

       Question No. 9: Oo you find from the evidence that the Defendant,
       Dugan & Meyers, failed fo exercise ordinary care in the
       performance of its obligations under the construction management
       contract with Corporex and that such failure was a substantial
       factor in causing the extra work performed by the Plaintiffs?"24

     . Ascent/ Corporex contend that the trial court's instruction was erroneous

due to the statement that "Corporex is responsible for that extra work except to

the extent that such extra work was due to the negligence of the Defendant,

Dugan & Meye!s, in performing its duties under the construction management



       24This instruction was not dramatically different from the one tendered by
Ascent/ Corporex.
                                 INSTRUCTION NO. 14
       Corporex's Claim Against Dugan & Meyers For Negligent Performance of
       Contract
       Corporex and The .Ascent allege that Dugan & Meyers failed to exercise ordinary-.
care in managing the project and that these failures caused Corporex to incur
monetary damages.                                                ·
       You are instructed that Dugan & Meyers had a duty to exercise ordinary care in
managing; among other things, the steel bid process, the steel work, Superior Steel's
and Ben Hur's change requests and the extra work claimed by Superior Steel and Ben
Hur. "Ordinary care" as applied to Dugan & Meyers means such care as you the
jurors would expect an ordinarily prudent per.son engag~d in the same type of
business to exercise under similar circumstances.
        You will find for Corporex and The Ascent if you are satisfied from the evidence
as follows:
       1. Dugan & Meyers breached its duty of ordinary care; and
       2. Dugan & Meyers' failure to exercise ordinary care was a substantial factor in
causing Corporex to incur unanticipated additional costs for engineering, material and
labor provided by either Superior Steel or Ben Hur.
      Proceed to Question No. 14.
Question No. 14 was simply whether D&M failed to comply·with its' duty and if such
failure was a substantial factor in causing the extra work.

                                          45
contract." According to Ascent/ Corporex, this statement resolves the heart pf

their dispute with D&M, namely who is responsible for the alleged additional

work on the project. Further, Ascent/Corporex argue that this is not an

accurate statement of the relationship between the parties based on the terms

of their contracts, which required the "Steel Team" to seek payment from D&M

as opposed to Ascent/ Corporex. The Court of Appeals agreed that the trial

court's instruction was erroneous due to its statement regarding

Ascent/ Cqrporex's responsibility for the extra work on the Project.

      We disagree that the trial court's negligence instruction was _faµlty. It

was uncontested at trial that representatives from Corporex and D&M      ~ad   met

with the "Steel Team" and informed them that they would be compensated for

extra work performed on the contract. Under the terms of the Corporex/D&M

contract, Corporex was obligated to pay D&M for the cost of the Project, which

would include the extra work performed by the "Steel Team." After D&M

received payment from Corporex, D&M would then be required to make

payment to Superior (and Superior to Ben Hur). As the jury found that

Superior and Ben Hur had performed extra work, they were ultimately due

compensation from Ascent/ Corporex as the owners of the Project. Instruction

No. VI acknowledged that fact, and the jury only encountered the Instruction

and accompanying interrogatory after it had first determined that extra work

was indeed performed.

      To the extent a negligence instruction was even proper, the trial court

correctly instructed the jury. that they could decide that D&M's negligence

                                       46
necessitated the extra work. If the jury determined that D&M had failed to

exercise ordinary care, the jury could then assess wpat portion of the costs of

the extra work it sought to attribute to D&M's negligence, thereby relieving

Ascent/Corporex_of some or all of the liability. Ultimately, the jury declined to

do so and found Ascent/ Corporex respop.sible for the cost of extra work done

on their Project. As the. trial court's negligence instruction was sufficient, the

Court of Appeals erred by finding otherwise.

                                   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained herein, we affirm the judgment of the Court of

Appeals in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this Opinion.

       Minton, C.J.; Cunningham, Keller and Venters, JJ., ·concur. VanMeter, ·

J., concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion in which Wright,

J., joins.

       VANMETER, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART: I

concur with most of the well-written and thorough majority opinion. However,

I respectfully dissent with so much as holds Superior Steel's attorneys' fees are

not recoverable under its_ subcontract with Dugan & Meyers .. The attorneys'

fees provision in the subcontract is sufficiently broad to entitle Superior Steel

to attorneys' fees, since, as the m~jority notes, it was forced to litigate that it

had not breached the subcontract and was entitled to payment for the extra

work performed. Notwithstanding it ultimately had no remedy against Dugan

& Meyers to enforce payment under the subcontract, in my view, Superior Steel

                                         47
was still "[t]he prevailing party in [a]·dispute arising out of or relating to this

Agreement   o~   its breach[.]"




COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS/CROSS-APPELLEES:
SUPERIOR STEEL, INC., AND BEN HUR
CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.
  .          -      .
Griffin Teny Sumner
John Kendrick Wells, IV
Donald Scott Gurney
Frost Brown Todd, LLC


. COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES/ CROSS-APPELLANTS
  AND CROSS-APPELLEES:

THE ASCENT AT ROEBLING'S BRIDGE, LLC

Mark T. Hayden
John Nalbandian
Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP


CORPOREX DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION·
MANAGEMENT LLC., AND WESTCHESTER FIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY    .

MarkT. Hayden
John. Nalbandian
Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP


COUNSEL FOR CROSS-APPELLANT:
DUGAN & MEYERS CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY

Thomas J. Kirkwood
Kimberly Ellen Ramundo
Heather Hawkins
Thompson Hine LLP



                                         48
COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE,
THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
CONS°TRUCTION:

Kenneth Allen Bohnert
Edward Francis Busch
Scott Alan Johnson
Conliffe, Sandman & Sullivan


COUNSEL FOR AMICUS CURIAE,
THE AMERICAN SUBCONTRACTORS
ASSOCIATION:

Thomas Russell Yocum
Richard W~ber
Benjamin Yocum & Heather LLC




                               49
