Filed 1/23/14 P. v. Fleming CA1/3
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                         A138213
v.
BRIAN CHRISTOPHER FLEMING,                                               (Humboldt County
                                                                         Super. Ct. Nos. CR1105355,
         Defendant and Appellant.                                         CR1202460, CR1202705)



         Defendant Brian Christopher Fleming pleaded guilty to the felony offenses of sale
or transportation of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. § 11379, subd. (a)) (two
counts), and possession of a controlled substance for sale (Health & Saf. § 11378) (one
count). He also admitted he had previously served a prison term for a felony conviction
(Pen. Code, § 667.5, subd. (b)), and was released on his own recognizance in two
different cases when he was arrested for the current offenses (Pen. Code, § 12022.1).
The court sentenced Fleming to an aggregate term of ten years and eight months: three
years to be served in county jail followed by seven years and eight months of mandatory
supervision by the probation department. (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd.(h)(5)(B).) On
appeal, Fleming challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to quash a May 22, 2012,
search warrant and suppress the evidence seized under that warrant. We affirm the
judgments.




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                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Because the sole question before us is whether the trial court erred in denying
Fleming’s motion to quash a May 22, 2012 search warrant and suppress evidence seized
under that warrant, we set forth only those facts necessary to resolve this issue.
       A.     Issuance and Execution of Search Warrant
       On May 22, 2012, a magistrate issued a warrant authorizing a search of Fleming’s
person, three residences used by Fleming and his mother, and two vehicles registered in
the name of Fleming’s mother, for several items including methamphetamine and any
other controlled substances and drug paraphernalia and firearms. The warrant was based
on the affidavit of the same date by Eureka Police Department Detective Gary Cooper.
The affidavit described information that the officer had learned about Fleming’s 2004
drug activities and his arrest for sale and transportation of controlled substances that same
year, and Fleming’s December 2011 arrest for possession of a controlled substance for
sale and being a convicted felon in possession of a taser and a firearm after his detention
and a search of a hotel room rented to Fleming.
       Detective Cooper also received information from other police officers that on
April 15, 2012, a confidential informant (CI) had gone to Fleming’s current residence and
purchased methamphetamine. The CI had known Fleming for several years and gone to
his residence on dozens of occasions during the past year and purchased an “eight-ball”
(about 3.5 grams of methamphetamine) each time. The CI described how Fleming used a
detached building on his mother’s property for methamphetamine sales. The
methamphetamine was in a cupboard or some type of safe-like box in an area a few feet
into the building. The CI reported that the bulk of the methamphetamine (currently one-
half pound) was kept in some type of bag or box under the residence of Fleming’s
mother. The CI was an on-again/off-again user of methamphetamine for about 20 years.
The CI had been arrested and convicted for drug-related offenses. The CI was trying to
live a clean and sober lifestyle, but it was difficult because Fleming provided
methamphetamine at such a low price. The CI believed that if Fleming was no longer
selling methamphetamine, it would be easier for the CI to stop using methamphetamine.


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The CI understood that no promises of consideration for any pending criminal charges,
and no deals of any kind would be made as a result of the information the CI provided to
the police.
       Ten days later, on April 25, 2012, Detective Cooper and the CI drove by three
Fleming residences. According to the CI, one residence belonged to Fleming’s mother
and the two nearby residences belonged to Fleming who lived in one of the them. The CI
again stated that Fleming kept some of his methamphetamine underneath his mother’s
house, and that behind one of Fleming’s houses there was a shed where Fleming kept his
methamphetamine and scales used to measure the methamphetamine for sale. On May 1,
2012, Detective Cooper learned that according to the county assessor’s records all three
residences were listed as owned by Fleming’s mother.
       Detective Cooper also included in his warrant information that during the middle
of May 2012, Fleming was seen in a car registered to a woman whose family members
were involved in trafficking methamphetamine and heroin and on a different occasion a
known methamphetamine dealer was seen near a car in the driveway of one of the
Fleming residences. On the day Detective Cooper applied for the warrant, the officer
observed Fleming driving one of his cars into the driveway of one of the Fleming
residences.
       Two days after the issuance of the search warrant, on May 24, 2012, Detective
Cooper and other officers executed the warrant. Fleming was stopped after he was seen
driving one of the vehicles listed in the warrant. A search of the vehicle disclosed a
pistol, about two ounces of methamphetamine, and a black plastic case with a syringe and
a small amount of methamphetamine. In a locked room in one of the Fleming residences,
Detective Cooper found a gun safe containing several firearms. In a detached garage at
another Fleming residence, the officer found over 52 grams of methamphetamine in a
white PVC pipe, plastic baggies, a digital scale, a triple-beam scale, a 12-gauge shotgun,
and documents with Fleming’s name on them.




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       B.     Hearing on Motion to Quash May 22, 2012 Search Warrant and
              Suppress Evidence Seized Under the Warrant
       Fleming’s motion to quash the May 22, 2012 search warrant and suppress
evidence seized under the warrant was submitted on his written motion papers and the
preliminary hearing transcripts related to the charges filed against Fleming. The
prosecution supplemented the record with testimony from two hotel employees who
testified regarding the December 2011 incident.
       Fleming argued that in December 2011 the police had no probable cause to search
either his hotel room or the room safe. He further argued that because the information
gained during the search of his hotel room was used in part to secure the search warrant
issued on May 22, 2012, the evidence found during the execution of that warrant should
be suppressed as the fruit of the poisonous tree. The prosecution opposed Fleming’s
requests, arguing the police had probable cause to search Fleming’s hotel room and the
room safe in December 2011.
       The trial court denied Fleming’s motion to suppress the evidence seized after his
detention and search of his hotel room and room safe in December 2011. The court also
denied Fleming’s motion to quash the May 22, 2012, search warrant and suppress the
evidence seized under that warrant. The court found Detective Cooper’s reference in his
affidavit to the search of Fleming’s hotel room in December 2011 was made “in a very
collateral sense,” and the affidavit contained “updat[ed] information” that pertained to
Fleming’s more recent alleged activity. So that even if the December 2011 police
conduct was found to be unlawful, the May 22, 2012, search warrant would still be valid.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Fleming’s appeal poses one question for our resolution. He argues that his motion
to quash the May 22, 2012, search warrant and suppress the evidence seized under that
warrant should have been granted because the CI’s information regarding drug sales at
the Fleming residences was stale as a matter of law.1 We disagree, and conclude that the

1
      We recognize that in the trial court Fleming made no argument that the CI’s
information was stale to support the issuance of the May 22, 2012, search warrant.

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CI’s information was not too stale as a matter of law to support the issuance of the
May 22, 2012 search warrant.
       “The magistrate’s order issuing a search warrant may be set aside only if the
affidavit, as a matter of law, does not establish probable cause. [Citation.] ‘[P]robable
cause for a search exists where an officer is aware of facts that would lead a man of
ordinary caution or prudence to believe, and conscientiously to entertain, a strong
suspicion that the object of the search is in the particular place to be searched.’ ” (People
v. Kershaw (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 750, 760.) “The freshness of the information on the
basis of which a warrant is sought and obtained, is one of the factors which determine
whether there is probable cause to believe that the articles covered by the warrant will be
found at the place that is to be searched.” (People v. Hernandez (1974) 43 Cal.App.3d
581, 586.) “No clear cut rule, of course, tells us when the time span must be deemed too
attenuated. ‘The length of the time lapse alone is not controlling since even a brief delay
may preclude an inference of probable cause in some circumstances while in others a
relatively long delay may not do so.” (Alexander v. Superior Court (1973) 9 Cal.3d 387,
393 (Alexander).) While “ ‘there are obviously some limits’ ” (ibid.), “where there is
evidence of an activity continuing over a lengthy period of time [citation] or the nature of
the activity is such as to justify the inference that it will continue until the time of the
search [citation] much longer periods between the gathering of information and
application for a warrant [are] reasonable.” (People v. Reed (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d
Supp. 26, 34.) In this case we conclude the CI’s information, including sales of
methamphetamine at Fleming’s residence for more than a year and as late as 37 days
(April 15 to May 22) before the issuance of the warrant, was sufficiently current for the
magistrate to reasonably consider that information in making the probable cause
determination even in the absence of more recent transactions at the Fleming residences.
(Alexander, supra, 9 Cal.3d at p. 393.)



However, we shall consider his argument as one challenging the use of such information
as a matter of law.


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       Additionally, even assuming the CI’s information was stale, we conclude
Detective Cooper “reasonably relied on the magistrate’s issuance of the warrant, and thus
it would be improper to suppress the evidence.” (People v. Camarella (1991) 54 Cal.3d
592, 596-597 (Camarella).) As the court explained in People v. Mikesell (1996) 46
Cal.App.4th 1711, 1719, Camarella “guides our decision. In [that case,] police officers
received a call from an anonymous informant who said she used to purchase her cocaine
from the defendant. While she no longer used cocaine, a relative of hers did and was
currently buying from the defendant. The caller stated defendant’s place of business and
his approximate residence. ([Camarella, at p. 597.]) [¶] The officer who applied for the
warrant then checked his records and discovered that about nine months earlier, a CI had
spoken to the officer and stated that the CI had recently purchased cocaine from
Camarella. A record check showed that about three years earlier, Camarella had been
arrested for possession of cocaine with ‘pay/owe’ sheets recording probable drug sales in
his possession. ([Camarella, at p. 598.]) The only additional investigation taken prior to
serving the warrant was to verify Camarella’s address. There was no recent observation
of heavy traffic to and from Camarella’s residence. [¶] The California Supreme Court
reviewed the facts and made the following determination: [¶] ‘We cannot say that an
objective and reasonable officer would have “known” this affidavit failed to establish
probable cause. It is plain from the affidavit that [the officer] conducted more than a
mere ‘bare bones’ investigation. [Citations.] He obtained substantial corroborating
information that, although stale, was sufficient to make the probable cause determination
a close question for any objectively reasonable and well-trained officer[.]’ ([Camarella,]
at p. 606, italics added.)”
       So, too, in this case, given Fleming’s history of drug dealing and the CI’s
information regarding the drug transactions at Fleming’s residences during the past year
and as late as 37 days before the issuance of the warrant, a reasonable officer in Detective
Cooper’s position would not have “known that the affidavit, as it existed at the time it
was presented to the magistrate, was legally insufficient without additional and more
recent corroboration.” (Camarella, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 606.) “When a police


                                             6
investigation relates to a continuing criminal business, rather than a completed act, courts
will permit greater lapses of time between the dates of the activities described in the
affidavit and the date of the warrant request. [Citation.] The rationale for this temporal
leniency is that criminal entrepreneurs, much like their legitimate counterparts, likely will
retain the equipment and capital of their enterprise for a long period of time. [Citation.]
Thus, evidence of a criminal business operating at a particular location in the not-so-
distant past may reasonably give rise to a belief that a search of the location would yield
further evidence. [Citations.] So, at least, [Detective Cooper] reasonably could have
believed in relying on the warrant.” (United States v. Fisher (9th Cir. 1998) 137 F.3d
1158, 1164; see United States v. Leon (1984) 468 U.S. 897, 926 [“application of the
extreme sanction of exclusion [of evidence] is inappropriate” where “officers’ reliance on
the magistrate’s determination of probable cause was objectively reasonable”].) 2




2
        Fleming’s reliance on People v. Hulland (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1646 is
misplaced. In that case, the appellate court found that a search warrant for Hulland’s
residences in Los Angeles was not supported by probable cause because it was based on a
police officer’s single purchase of marijuana from the defendant in a parking lot in
Pasadena some 52 days before the officer sought the warrant. (Id. at pp. 1648, 1653.) In
support of the warrant, the officer did not offer any evidence that Hulland ever sold
marijuana before or subsequent to the controlled buy, or that he ever sold drugs out of his
residences. (Id. at p. 1655.) In concluding the police officer should have known his
affidavit was insufficient, the court ruled: “Although probable cause has been found to
exist when a search warrant issues shortly after a drug transaction, the hiatus between the
sale and the search in the instant matter evidences a lack of probable cause to search
absent additional factors, such as proof of ongoing transactions, suspicious activity at the
premises to be searched, or other evidence indicating ongoing criminal activity. No such
proof was presented here. In other words, no reasonable officer would have believed that
the information offered in support of the warrant consisted of ‘ “ ‘facts so closely related
to the time of the issue of the warrant as to justify a finding of probable cause at that
time.’ ” [Citation.]’ ” (Ibid.)


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                                   DISPOSITION
     The judgments are affirmed.



                                            _________________________
                                            Jenkins, J.


We concur:


_________________________
McGuiness, P. J.


_________________________
Siggins, J.




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