                         United States Court of Appeals
                               FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                    ___________

                                    No. 97-1412
                                    ___________

AKA Distributing Company,                *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellant,             *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * District of Minnesota.
Whirlpool Corporation,                   *
                                         *
      Defendant - Appellee.              *
                                    ___________

                                  Submitted: October 23, 1997
                                      Filed: March 6, 1998
                                    ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, LOKEN and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       AKA Distributing Company appeals the district court’s1 grant of summary
judgment dismissing breach of contract, fraud, constructive fraud, and negligent
misrepresentation claims against Whirlpool Corporation. We conclude the contract
claim is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code and time-barred, the fraud claim
is barred by Minnesota’s economic loss doctrine, and the constructive fraud and
negligent misrepresentation claims are without merit. Accordingly, we affirm.


      1
        The HONORABLE DAVID S. DOTY, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
       The facts relevant to the issues on appeal can be briefly stated. AKA’s owner,
Allen Allstadt, has been in the vacuum cleaner sales and service business since 1974.
He formed AKA in 1979 for the wholesale distribution of floor care products.
Whirlpool approached Allstadt in 1984 about distributing a new line of branded upright
and canister vacuum cleaners. Allstadt examined the new products and suggested
improvements to Whirlpool. AKA then signed a distributor contract in February 1985.
The written contract prescribed a one-year term, but Whirlpool representatives assured
Allstadt that the relationship would be a long one. In early 1986, with the contract
about to expire, Allstadt met with John Geehring, Whirlpool’s national sales manager.
They agreed that the relationship would continue without a written contract under the
terms of the 1985 contract. Geehring again assured Allstadt that the relationship would
be a long-term one. Geehring repeated that assurance to Allstadt at a July 1986
distributors meeting, and David Allen, Whirlpool’s Division Vice President, gave a
similar assurance in the presence of all the distributors.

       The new Whirlpool line was beset with product problems. Allstadt and other
AKA employees forwarded many engineering suggestions to Whirlpool in an effort to
improve the products and to meet AKA’s contractual obligation to resolve customer
complaints. Geehring agreed that AKA’s suggestions substantially improved the
products and in one instance prevented a recall. However, on January 6, 1988,
Whirlpool gave notice it would terminate the floor care line and AKA’s distributorship
effective April 1, 1988, the same day that Whirlpool announced a major vacuum
cleaner purchase commitment from Sears Roebuck and Company.

       AKA commenced this action on December 28, 1993. In essence, AKA alleges
that Whirlpool fraudulently told distributors they would be selling Whirlpool products
for a long time, concealing its secret plan to manufacture private label cleaners for
Sears. Whirlpool thereby lured AKA and others into signing distributor contracts for
branded products so it could capture their engineering talents in developing a product
line acceptable to Sears.

                                          -2-
                              I. The Contract Claim.

       The district court dismissed AKA’s breach of contract claim as time-barred by
the four-year statute of limitations in Article 2 of the Minnesota Uniform Commercial
Code. See Minn. Stat. § 336.2-725. Article 2 applies to “transactions in goods.”
Minn. Stat. § 336.2-102. On appeal, AKA argues that Article 2 does not apply to its
distributor contract with Whirlpool. That contract primarily involved the provision of
services, AKA reasons, because of the engineering services it provided to improve
Whirlpool products and the “enormous efforts” expended by AKA to remedy product
defects and resolve customer complaints.

      The distributor contract, as opposed to a particular order for vacuum cleaners,
involved a mix of goods and services. Minnesota courts use the “predominant
purpose” test to determine whether Article 2 applies to such a contract or transaction.
See Vesta State Bank v. Independent State Bank, 518 N.W.2d 850, 854 (Minn. 1994).

      The test [for mixed contracts is] whether their predominant factor, their
      thrust, their purpose, reasonably stated, is the rendition of service, with
      goods incidentally involved (e.g., contract with artist for painting) or is a
      transaction of sale, with labor incidentally involved (e.g., installation of
      a water heater in a bathroom).

Bonebrake v. Cox, 499 F.2d 951, 960 (8th Cir. 1974). Applying this test, most courts
have concluded that contracts for the distribution of goods are governed by Article 2.
See Ralph’s Distrib. Co. v. AMF, Inc., 667 F.2d 670, 673 n.6 (8th Cir. 1981) (Iowa
law); Kirby v. Chrysler Corp., 554 F. Supp. 743, 748-50 (D. Md. 1982).2


      2
       For contrary authority, AKA relies on our decision in United Indus. Syndicate,
Inc. v. Western Auto Supply Co., 686 F.2d 1312, 1315-16 (8th Cir. 1982). But
Missouri law governed that case, and Missouri rejects “the general view.” Vigano v.
Wylain, Inc., 633 F.2d 522, 525 n.3 (8th Cir. 1980).

                                          -3-
       We agree with the district court that the predominant purpose of AKA’s
“Associate Distributor Sales Agreement” with Whirlpool was the sale of goods.
Whirlpool wanted to sell floor care products at wholesale to AKA, and AKA wanted
to resell those products to retail customers. The sales agreement describes Whirlpool
and AKA as “Vendor and Vendee.” It provides terms for establishing price, filling
orders, and shipments. The services AKA provided were incidental to selling vacuum
cleaners, and there is no evidence Whirlpool paid AKA for services, other than
payments for warranty repairs governed by a separate Floor-Care Service Agreement.
Thus, Article 2 governs the contract, and AKA’s breach of contract claim is time-
barred by Article 2’s four-year statute of limitations.

                                II. The Tort Claims.

       The district court held that Minnesota’s economic loss doctrine bars AKA’s tort
claims for fraud, constructive fraud, and negligent misrepresentation because AKA
suffered only economic loss and therefore is limited to its contractual remedies under
Article 2. AKA argues on appeal that the doctrine does not apply because AKA is not
seeking to circumvent warranty remedies and in any event the doctrine does not bar
fraud and misrepresentation claims.

       In Superwood Corp. v. Siempelkamp Corp., 311 N.W.2d 159, 160-62 (Minn.
1981), a products liability case, the Minnesota Supreme Court first held that “economic
losses arising out of commercial transactions are [not] recoverable under negligence
and strict products liability theories.” Instead, plaintiffs in such cases are limited to
their contract and warranty remedies under the U.C.C. Although the discussion in
Superwood emphasized the need to ensure the integrity of the U.C.C.’s warranty
remedies governing sales transactions, the Court later clarified that a “commercial
transaction” for purposes of Superwood’s economic loss doctrine “is a transaction
governed by Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code.” McCarthy Well Co. v. St.
Peter Creamery, Inc., 410 N.W.2d 312, 314 (Minn. 1987). Thus, AKA’s contention

                                          -4-
that the doctrine does not apply because AKA is not seeking to circumvent warranty
remedies is without merit.3

        Although Superwood involved tort claims of negligence and strict products
liability, the court more broadly discussed whether “tort liability in commercial
transactions” should be allowed. 311 N.W.2d at 162. This, plus extension of the
doctrine in later cases to all contracts governed by Article 2, suggest that the Minnesota
Supreme Court would extend the doctrine to other kinds of torts asserted by
commercial claimants in cases where the policies underlying Superwood favor limiting
remedies to those in the U.C.C. However, the Minnesota Supreme Court has not
addressed whether the economic loss doctrine bars fraud and misrepresentation torts.
Without such precedent, we must determine how that Court would likely apply the
doctrine in this case. See Toney v. WCCO Television, Midwest Cable & Satellite,
Inc., 85 F.3d 383, 389 (8th Cir. 1996). The Minnesota Court of Appeals held fraud and
misrepresentation claims barred in one unpublished decision. See ETM Graphics, Inc.
v. City of St. Paul, 1992 WL 61394 (Minn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 1992). The District of
Minnesota ruled similarly in a number of cases prior to its decision in this case. See
In re Grain Land Coop Cases, 978 F. Supp. 1267 (D. Minn. 1997); Upsher-Smith Labs.
v. Mylan Labs., 944 F. Supp. 1411 (D. Minn. 1996); Nelson Distrib., Inc. v. Stewart-
Warner Corp., 808 F. Supp. 684 (D. Minn. 1992); contra Northern States Power Co.
v. International Tel. & Tel. Corp., 550 F. Supp. 108 (D. Minn. 1982).



      3
        The economic loss doctrine is now in part statutory. Acting in response to
Hapka v. Paquin Farms, 458 N.W.2d 683 (Minn. 1990), which narrowed a Superwood
exception to the doctrine, the Minnesota Legislature enacted Minn. Stat. § 604.10. But
that statute is limited to sales of goods, whereas we deal here with a different type of
Article 2 contract. We see no indication that the statute was intended to replace or
narrow the scope of the broader common law doctrine. See Lloyd F. Smith Co. v.
Den-Tal-Ez, Inc., 491 N.W.2d 11, 17 & n.7 (Minn. 1992); Regents of the Univ. of
Minn. v. Chief Indus., Inc., 106 F.3d 1409, 1411 (8th Cir. 1997).

                                           -5-
       Though some of these cases broadly state that fraud and misrepresentation
claims are barred, we do not think the issue can be answered categorically. As
countless other cases illustrate and as § 2-721 of the U.C.C. confirms,4 the presence of
a governing commercial contract neither preempts nor eliminates the need for all fraud
claims to which the parties’ dealings may give rise. See, e.g., R.W. Murray Co. v.
Shatterproof Glass Corp., 697 F.2d 818, 830-31 (8th Cir. 1983) (applying Missouri
law). A fraud claim independent of the contract is actionable, but it must be based
upon a misrepresentation that was outside of or collateral to the contract, such as many
claims of fraudulent inducement. That distinction has been drawn by courts applying
traditional contract and tort remedy principles. See Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v.
Recovery Credit Servs., Inc., 98 F.3d 13, 19-20 (2d Cir. 1996); Kee v. National
Reserve Life Ins. Co., 918 F.2d 1538, 1543 (11th Cir. 1990); OHM Remediation
Services Corp. v. Hughes Envtl. Systems, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 120, 122-23 (N.D.N.Y.
1997). It has been borrowed (not always with attribution) by courts applying the
economic loss doctrine to claims of fraud between parties to commercial transactions.
See Raytheon Co. v. MgGraw-Edison Co., 979 F. Supp. 858, 870-73 (E.D. Wis.
1997); Allmand Assocs., Inc. v. Hercules Inc., 960 F. Supp. 1216, 1227-28 (E.D.
Mich. 1997); Hotels of Key Largo, Inc. v. RHI Hotels, Inc., 694 So.2d 74, 76-78 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1997); Huron Tool and Eng’g Co. v. Precision Consulting Servs., Inc.,
532 N.W.2d 541, 544-46 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). We think the Minnesota Supreme
Court would resolve the legal issue in this case by holding that, in a suit between
merchants, a fraud claim to recover economic losses must be independent of the Article
2 contract or it is precluded by the economic loss doctrine.

      To apply this standard, we must examine the nature of AKA’s fraud and
misrepresentation claims. The fraud claim is that Whirlpool lied when it said AKA
would be a distributor for a long time. But duration was a term of the contract, and


      4
       “Remedies for material misrepresentation or fraud include all remedies available
under this article for nonfraudulent breach.” Minn. Stat. § 336.2-721.

                                          -6-
breach of that term was the basis for AKA’s time-barred contract claim.5 We agree
with the district court that this claim is not independent of the contract and its
performance, and therefore the economic loss doctrine limits AKA to its Article 2
remedies for breach of the contract’s duration terms. Compare General Aviation, Inc.
v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 13 F.3d 178, 183 (6th Cir. 1993) (fraud claim that dealer was
promised “long-term” relationship “simply rehashes the breach of contract claim”). On
the other hand, AKA’s constructive fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims were
based upon Whirlpool’s failure to disclose its plan to capture additional Sears private
label business. That is the sort of collateral subject that can support an independent
fraud-in-the-inducement claim. However, no affirmative misrepresentation is alleged,
and Whirlpool had no duty to disclose to arms-length distributors its unrelated plans to
market private label products.

       We have carefully considered AKA’s remaining contentions and conclude they
are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

      A true copy.


             Attest:


                     CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




      5
       AKA’s time-barred theory was that Whirlpool breached the distributor contract
by terminating without cause because the parties to a contract that is indefinite in
duration may terminate at any time “unless otherwise agreed.” Minn. Stat. § 336.2-
309(2).

                                          -7-
