In the Supreme Court of Georgia


                                                      Decided: March 16, 2015


                         S14A1884. ALLEN v. THE STATE.


       HINES, Presiding Justice.

       Deimeyon X. Allen (“Allen”) appeals from his convictions and sentences

for the malice murder of Keith Booker, the aggravated assault of David Armour,

and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. For the reasons

that follow, we affirm.1

       Construed to support the verdicts, the evidence showed that Allen and his

brother Antoine Allen (“Antoine”) lived in the same housing complex; Antoine

lived with his mother, and Allen lived in a separate unit.                  Roger Armour


       1
         The crimes were committed on October 14, 2008. On September 19, 2010, a Fulton County
grand jury indicted Allen for the malice murder of Booker, the felony murder of Booker while in the
commission of the crime of aggravated assault, the aggravated assault of Booker, possession of a
firearm during the commission of the crime of murder, and the aggravated assault of David Armour.
Allen was tried before a jury November 8-10, 2010, and found guilty of all charges. On November
16, 2010, Allen was sentenced to life in prison for the malice murder of Booker, a concurrent term
of 20 years in prison for the aggravated assault of David Armour, and a consecutive term of five
years in prison for possession of a firearm during the commission of the crime of murder; the
remaining charges either merged with a crime for which a sentence was entered or were vacated by
operation of law. See Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-374 (4) (5) (434 SE2d 479) (1993). Allen
filed a motion for new trial on November 16, 2010, which he amended on June 6, 2011, and again
on July 31, 2012. On April 23, 2013, the motion, as amended, was denied. Allen filed a notice of
appeal on April 25, 2013, and the appeal was docketed in this Court for the September 2014 term
and submitted for decision on the briefs.
(“Roger”) lived in a nearby unit, across a parking area; at the time of the crimes,

Roger was outside his apartment with murder victim Booker, David Armour

(“David”), and several others, including Allen and Antoine.

      David and others teased Antoine about a previous incident in which

Antoine had called the police, and David and Antoine began arguing; a

suggestion was made that the two men engage in fisticuffs, but Antoine said he

would shoot his tormentors instead, and he and Allen ran toward their mother’s

apartment, pursued by David and Booker.

      Allen went in his mother’s apartment and emerged firing a Glock .40

caliber pistol at David and Booker, who fled to Roger’s apartment. Roger

retrieved his .380 caliber pistol and attempted to return fire, but the pistol

jammed. Inside the apartment, it was learned that Booker had been shot.

Booker was taken to a hospital, where he died of a single gunshot wound to his

heart; the bullet entered from his back. Allen told investigating law enforcement

officers that: he engaged the men in conversation when he went outside to take

out the trash; an argument ensued and continued as the men followed him

toward his mother’s apartment, with men pushing and pulling him; Roger was

the first to produce a pistol and pointed it at Allen and Antoine; Allen went to


                                        2
his mother’s apartment to retrieve his .40 caliber Glock pistol, saw through the

window that the men were still outside, exited his mother’s apartment and found

one of the men pointing a pistol at him; he pulled his pistol from his waistband

and fired at the men, while they faced him; he ran and tossed his pistol away

before climbing a fence. Ten shell casings were found in the parking area

between the housing units of Allen’s mother and Roger, which casings were

from the same .40 caliber weapon; the projectile taken from Booker’s body was

also fired from a .40 caliber weapon. Allen’s .40 caliber Glock pistol was not

recovered.

      1. The evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find

beyond a reasonable doubt that Allen was guilty of the crimes of which he was

convicted. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560)

(1979).

      2. In his motion for new trial, Allen relied in part on OCGA §§ 5-5-202

and 5-5-21,3 contending that the verdicts were decidedly and strongly against the

      2
          OCGA § 5-5-20 reads:

      In any case when the verdict of a jury is found contrary to evidence and the principles
      of justice and equity, the judge presiding may grant a new trial before another jury.
      3
          OCGA § 5-5-21 reads:


                                                3
weight of the evidence, and contrary to the principles of equity and justice, such

as to warrant the exercise of the trial court’s discretion to grant a new trial.

Allen now contends that, in addressing his motion for new trial, the trial court

did not apply the correct standard, claiming that the trial court’s order denying

the motion found only that the evidence was sufficient to support the verdicts

under Jackson, supra, and thus, the case should be remanded.

      As this Court has noted,

      [e]ven when the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a
      conviction, a trial judge may grant a new trial if the verdict of the
      jury is “contrary to . . . the principles of justice and equity,” OCGA
      § 5–5–20, or if the verdict is “decidedly and strongly against the
      weight of the evidence.” OCGA § 5–5–21. When properly raised in
      a timely motion, these grounds for a new trial — commonly known
      as the “general grounds” — require the trial judge to exercise a
      “broad discretion to sit as a ‘thirteenth juror.’” Walker v. State, 292
      Ga. 262, 264 (2) (737 SE2d 311) (2013). In exercising that
      discretion, the trial judge must consider some of the things that she
      cannot when assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence,
      including any conflicts in the evidence, the credibility of witnesses,
      and the weight of the evidence. See Choisnet v. State, 292 Ga. 860,
      861 (742 SE2d 476) (2013). Although the discretion of a trial judge
      to award a new trial on the general grounds is not boundless — it is,
      after all, a discretion that “should be exercised with caution [and]
      invoked only in exceptional cases in which the evidence


      The presiding judge may exercise a sound discretion in granting or refusing new
      trials in cases where the verdict may be decidedly and strongly against the weight of
      the evidence even though there may appear to be some slight evidence in favor of the
      finding.

                                               4
      preponderates heavily against the verdict,” Alvelo v. State, 288 Ga.
      437, 438 (1) (704 SE2d 787) (2011) (citations and punctuation
      omitted) — it nevertheless is, generally speaking, a substantial
      discretion. See State v. Harris, 292 Ga. 92, 94 (734 SE2d 357)
      (2012).

White v. State, 293 Ga. 523, 524 (2) (753 SE2d 115) (2013) (Footnote omitted.)

      Allen’s characterization of the trial court’s order denying his motion for

new trial as incorrect because it did not apply the correct standard of review is

misplaced. The court did not simply state that the evidence was sufficient to

allow the jury to find Allen guilty, rather, the court’s order states:

      After considering the record in this case, the Defendant’s amended
      motions for new trial, the State’s response in opposition at the
      hearing in this case, and the arguments by both the defendant and
      State on the issues contained therein, the Defendant’s motion for
      new trial is hereby DENIED.

Nothing in this order indicates that the trial court failed to “perform[] its ‘duty

to exercise its discretion and weigh the evidence’ in its consideration of the

general grounds. [Cit.]” White, supra at 525. The court did not state the

incorrect standard in its order, see Choisnet, supra; Manuel v. State, 289 Ga.

383, 386 (2) (711 SE2d 676) (2011), and nothing in the record indicates that the

court was unaware of its responsibility. See Copeland v. State, 327 Ga. App.

520, 525 (2) (759 SE2d 593) (2014). Indeed, the record demonstrates the


                                         5
opposite; during the hearing on the motion for new trial, the court’s attention

was specifically called to OCGA §§ 5-5-20 & 5-5-21, and that consideration of

the general grounds thereunder involved different issues than merely the

sufficiency of the evidence, and the court responded that it would not grant a

new trial as “the thirteenth juror.” The court clearly recognized that, in its

discretion, it could grant a new trial under the authority of OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and

5-5-21, and chose not to do so. Compare Alvelo, supra.

      Allen also argues that the verdicts were against the weight of the evidence,

and that the trial court should have granted a new trial on the general grounds,

noting that there were inconsistencies in the evidence, and positing that Roger

had accidentally shot Booker. However,

      [a] motion for new trial based on OCGA § 5–5–20, i.e., that the
      verdict is contrary to the evidence, addresses itself only to the
      discretion of the trial judge. Witt v. State, 157 Ga. App. 564 (2) (278
      SE2d 145) (1981). Whether to grant a new trial based on OCGA §
      5–5–21, i.e., that the verdict is strongly against the evidence, is one
      that is solely in the discretion of the trial court, and the appellate
      courts do not have the same discretion to order new trials. Willis v.
      State, 263 Ga. 597 (1) (436 SE2d 204) (1993).

Smith v. State, 292 Ga. 316, 317 (1) (b) (737 SE2d 677) (2013). Thus, even

when an appellant asks this Court to review

      a trial court’s refusal to grant a new trial on the general grounds,
                                        6
       this Court must review the case under the standard set forth in
       Jackson v. Virginia [supra], that is, if the evidence viewed in the
       light most favorable to the prosecution, supports the verdict or
       verdicts. [Cit.]

Williams v. State, __ Ga. ___, ___ (___ SE2d ___) (2015) (Case no. S14A1937,

decided Feb. 16, 2015). And, as noted in Division 1, supra, under the standard

set forth in Jackson, supra, the evidence authorized the jury to find Allen guilty

of the crimes of which he was convicted.

       3. Allen contends that the court should have, sua sponte, granted a mistrial

because of unclear verdicts and other improprieties concerning the rendering of

the verdicts.4 The verdict form presented to the jury read, in pertinent part:

       Count One - Murder. We, the jury, find the Defendant ____
       Or
       We, the jury, find the Defendant _____ of Voluntary Manslaughter.


       And, it is uncontroverted that when the verdicts were initially presented

to the court, the verdict form had both of the above blanks filled in with the

word “Guilty.” The jury foreman then requested the verdict form be returned

to him, and he then wrote, on the back of it: “Change Voluntary Manslaughter

to NOT GUILTY,” but no change was made to the front of the form. The form

       4
         Allen asserts that the jury felt rushed in reaching its decisions and engaged in “improper
jury conduct,” but fails to show any instance of such in the record.

                                                7
was presented to the court, and the foreman affirmed that the verdicts had been

agreed to by all 12 jurors. The foreman read the verdicts as follows:

       Count one, murder, we, the jury find the defendant guilty.
       Count two, felony murder, we, the jury find the defendant guilty.
       Count three, aggravated assault, we, the jury find the defendant
       guilty.
       Count four, possession of a firearm during the commission of a
       felony, we, the jury find the defendant guilty.
       Count five, aggravated assault, we, the jury, find the defendant
       guilty.

The verdicts were then reviewed by Allen’s counsel and the prosecutor. Allen

requested that the jury be polled; each juror answered affirmatively to three

questions: “Is this your verdict?”; “Was this your verdict in the jury room?”;

and, “Is this now your verdict?”

       Although Allen argues that the completion of the verdict form shows that

the jury did not properly understand the crimes charged, he points to nothing in

the record other than the initial scrivener’s error, which was corrected. Allen

also asserts that he was deprived of unanimous verdicts. He specifically

contends that the trial court did not address any issue regarding the “unanimity

of the verdict” until a later hearing5 at which the jury foreman testified that he

       5
          Allen first raised a question regarding the jury form during the sentencing hearing six days
after the return of the verdicts, but declined to pursue any issue when the court recited the events
concerning the return of the verdicts to the foreman and his writing the notation on the back of the

                                                  8
made the notation on the back of the verdict form so as to reflect the jury’s

vote,6 but this contention is not correct. Rather, the court polled the jurors as to

whether the verdicts of guilty were indeed the verdicts of each juror.

        “In criminal cases the privilege of polling a jury is the legal right of
        the defendant, and does not depend upon the discretion of the
        court.” [Cit.] The purpose of the rule is to insure that each member
        of the jury assents to the verdict, and for the court to discern
        possible coercion.

Benefield v. State, 278 Ga. 464, 466 (602 SE2d 631) (2004). “[A] negative

response to a poll question ‘is enough to raise the inference that the finding of

the jury was not concurred in by each of the jurors, and, this being true, there

was no legal verdict.’ [Cit.]” Id. When the jury was polled, there were no

negative responses, and the court did not err in determining that the jury reached

unanimous verdicts.

        Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur.




form.
        6
         The foreman testified that he had not initially realized the form allowed for only one guilty
verdict for either murder or voluntary manslaughter

                                                  9
