                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                             October 8, 2012 Assigned on Brief

                          IN RE J.C.H., J.C.H., and J.C.H.

                   Appeal from the Juvenile Court of Hardin County
                       No. 10-JV-361 Daniel L. Smith, Judge


               No. W2012-01287-COA-R3-PT - Filed December 14, 2012


This appeal involves the termination of the parental rights of a mother and father as to their
three children. The Tennessee Department of Children’s Services became involved after it
was reported that the father sexually abused the parties’ older daughter. Initially, the children
were permitted to stay in the mother’s custody under a protection agreement and a restraining
order which prohibited the father from any contact with the children. In violation of both,
the mother and father fled the state with the children. As a result, the children were taken
into protective custody. In the ensuing dependency and neglect proceedings, the children
were found to be the victims of severe child abuse by both the father and the mother, and this
finding was not appealed. The father eventually pled guilty to attempted aggravated sexual
battery of the child. The Department filed this petition to terminate the parental rights of
both parents. The trial court found several grounds for termination, including severe child
abuse and abandonment by failure to support, and terminated the parental rights of both
parents. The mother and father now appeal. We reverse the finding that the father
abandoned his children by failure to support, but affirm all other grounds for termination and
affirm the termination of the parental rights of both parents.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court is Reversed
                           in Part and Affirmed in Part

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD J., joined.

Lisa M. Miller, Selmer, Tennessee, for Respondent/Appellant B.J.H.

Benjamin S. Harmon, Savannah, Tennessee, for Respondent/Appellant, J.L.H.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr. and Martha A. Campbell, Nashville, Tennessee, for Petitioner/Appellee
Tennessee Department of Children’s Services.
                                                 OPINION

                                   F ACTS AND P ROCEEDINGS B ELOW

This appeal involves the termination of parental rights. Respondent/Appellant B.J.H.
(“Mother”) and Respondent/Appellant J.L.H (“Father”) are the married parents of the three
children at issue in this appeal: J.C.H. (“older daughter”), born in 1998, J.C.H. (“son”), born
in 1999, and J.C.H. (“younger daughter”), born in 2007. The family lived in Savannah,
Hardin County, Tennessee, where Father worked at an auction house to support the family,
and Mother was a stay-at-home parent.

The Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) became involved with this family
when it received a report that Father had sexually abused the older daughter on the evening
of February 28, 2010, and attempted to do so again the next morning. On March 5, 2010,
DCS filed a petition in the Juvenile Court of Hardin County, Tennessee to adjudicate the
children dependent and neglected by Father. The petition recited that DCS had entered into
an Immediate Protection Agreement (“IPA”) with Mother, allowing her to maintain custody
of the children so long as she did not permit them to have contact with Father and
admonishing her not to discuss the details of the abuse with their older daughter.1 The
petition asked the Juvenile Court to issue a restraining order and a no-contact order,
prohibiting Father from having any contact with the children and enjoining Mother from
allowing any such contact. The Juvenile Court entered an order granting the restraining order
and the no-contact order.

On March 11, 2010, in direct violation of the Juvenile Court’s orders, Mother and Father fled
Tennessee with the children and traveled to North Carolina, for the purpose of giving the
children to Mother’s brother in that state. As a result, on March 13, 2010, the children were
taken into protective custody by DCS. On March 15, 2010, the DCS petition to adjudicate
the children dependent and neglected was amended to include Mother’s misconduct, and
DCS was granted temporary custody.2 Father was prohibited from having any contact with
the children whatsoever, and Mother was granted only supervised visitation. Father was
incarcerated on March 15, 2010 and released ten days later, on March 25, 2010.




1
    The appellate record does not include a copy of the IPA.
2
For reasons that do not appear in the record, the order from this preliminary hearing was not entered until
April 19, 2010.

                                                      -2-
The Juvenile Court appointed counsel for both Mother and Father and appointed a guardian
ad litem for the children. On March 25, 2010, DCS created a permanency plan for each
child.

On May 6, 2010, the Juvenile Court held a hearing on the DCS petition, and later entered an
order finding the children to be dependent and neglected based on stipulated facts. The
Juvenile Court ordered supervised visitation for both Mother and Father and ordered Mother
to participate in counseling and undergo parenting and psychological assessments. The
Juvenile Court reserved the issue of whether the children had been subjected to severe abuse
by either parent.

In February 2011, Father pled guilty to attempted aggravated sexual battery of the older
daughter. He received an eight-year sentence. He was required to serve 18 months of the
eight-year sentence, with the remainder on probation, and was placed on the sexual offender
registry for his lifetime. Father began serving his incarceration in March 2011.

In an order entered on March 9, 2011,3 the trial court held that both Mother and Father had
subjected all three children to severe child abuse as defined in Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 37-1-102(23). The order first outlined the facts to which the parties had stipulated:

        [T]he child . . . stated that she has been sexually abused by [Father]. The child
        stated that the abuse occurred on Sunday night, February 28, 2010, and that he
        also attempted to abuse her again the next morning. An Immediate Protection
        Agreement was entered into with [Mother], whereby there was to be no contact
        between the father and said children pending further investigation. Further,
        [Mother] was advised not to discuss the details of the abuse with the child.
        The family home was found to be in disarray with toys, clothing, and other
        items piled in the floor. There was also an offensive odor inside the residence.
        [Mother] took said children and left the jurisdiction of this court on or about
        March 11, 2010. The children have been in close proximity to [Father], in
        violation of the restraining order and at further risk of harm. Temporary
        custody of the children . . . was awarded to [DCS] effective March 13, 2010.
        [Mother] testified that she, the children, and [Father] traveled to North
        Carolina and that they attempted to give the children to her brother because of
        the situation that had arisen in Tennessee regarding the allegations of sexual
        abuse.



3
In this order, the Juvenile Court indicated that it relied on the evidence and stipulated facts presented at the
August 6, 2010 hearing, and it is unclear whether a further evidentiary hearing was held.

                                                      -3-
The order then stated the Juvenile Court’s holdings on the issue of severe child abuse by
Father in the context of the dependency and neglect proceedings:

       The court finds that [Father] has committed and the children have suffered
       from abuse and neglect, and said abuse is severe child abuse as defined by
       Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(23). The court finds in addition
       to the above stipulated findings of fact that on February 28, 2010, [Father]
       sexually abused his child . . . and the sexual act committed toward his child
       who was 11 years of age constitutes aggravated sexual battery as defined by
       Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-13-504, and also rape of a child as
       defined by Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-13-522.

The order then stated the Juvenile Court’s holdings on the issue of severe child abuse by
Mother:

       The court finds that [Mother] has committed and the children have suffered
       from abuse and neglect, and said abuse is severe child abuse as defined by
       Tennessee Code Annotated Section 37-1-102(23). The court finds in addition
       to the above findings of fact that she knowingly exposed her children to and
       knowingly failed to protect them from abuse or neglect. [Mother] had
       knowledge as stated in the Immediate Protection Agreement dated March 2,
       2010, that her daughter, . . . , said that [Father] had touched her in a sexual
       manner. [Mother] agreed to not have [Father] around the children pending
       further investigation. On or about March 11, 2010, [Mother], the children, and
       [Father] together fled the jurisdiction of this court in violation of the
       Immediate Protection Agreement and the restraining order prohibiting [Father]
       from being around the children. [Mother] violated the Immediate Protection
       Agreement by discussing the case with [older daughter] prior to her forensic
       interview, telling her to “quit lying” and that she was tearing up the family.
       The discussions with [older daughter] were also a knowing failure to protect
       the child from abuse.

Thus, in the context of the dependency and neglect proceedings, the Juvenile Court held that
both Mother and Father committed severe child abuse as to all three children. Neither
Mother nor Father appealed this ruling.

After this, at the end of the school year, the children were placed with Mother’s brother in
North Carolina. Permanency plans were approved that included supervised visitation and
telephone calls for Mother. The order ratifying the permanency plans reserved the issue of
child support.


                                             -4-
The children’s placement in North Carolina later proved unworkable. In September 2011,
the children were placed back in foster care in Tennessee. In November 2011, the trial court
entered an order relieving DCS of the obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunite the
children with their parents, in light of the finding of severe child abuse, pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-166(g)(4)(A).

On January 13, 2012, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of both Mother and
Father. As to both parents, the petition alleged abandonment by failure to visit and failure
to support pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §§36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i),
abandonment by failure to provide a suitable home pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
§§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii), persistent conditions pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3), and severe child abuse pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
§§ 37-1-102 and 36-1-113(g)(4). As to Father, the petition also alleged abandonment by
engaging in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibited a wanton disregard for the children,
pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). After the
petition to terminate was filed, the Juvenile Court appointed new separate counsel for Mother
and Father.

The trial on the petition to terminate was held on April 16, 2011. The Juvenile Court heard
testimony from both parties, two DCS case workers, and the children’s foster parents.

Mother testified at the outset. She said that since the children were taken into protective
custody by DCS, she had moved four times. At the time of trial, she was living in an
apartment. Her only income came from occasionally cleaning people’s houses; she did not
make enough money to support herself and her mother was paying her rent.

Mother testified that she visits with the children generally once a month, usually for an hour
per visit, and she talks to them by telephone whenever she can. The visits are supervised in
light of the finding of severe abuse. Mother was not paying child support for the children,
but sent items to the children and brought them items on her visits, such as toys, clothes, and
family pictures. Mother testified that, in the four-month period that preceded Father’s
incarceration, he would give her money to help her maintain a stable home for the children
and buy their school supplies and clothes. She stated that Father would give her money for
whatever the children requested, specifically clothes, toys, and at one point a watch.

Mother said that she had completed parenting courses and had undergone a mental health
assessment. She had received substantial treatment for depression, both in-patient and
outpatient, and was taking medication for it. Mother attributed her depression to DCS
removing the children from her custody.



                                              -5-
In her testimony, Mother characterized her act of absconding to North Carolina with Father
and the children as “a mistake,” and emphasized that she had repeatedly admitted that it was
a mistake. When questioned about Father’s sexual abuse of the older daughter, Mother said
that she did not see anything that night and did not know what happened. Asked if she
acknowledged that Father sexually abused the older daughter, Mother replied: “I’m not
saying yes or no. I’m saying flat out I don’t know. And that’s what I’ve always said, ‘I don’t
know.’ ” She claimed that both her husband and her older daughter had told her that the
alleged abuse never occurred. Mother denied telling the older daughter that everything was
her fault. She commented that the older daughter may have claimed that Mother had said
that to her because she “likes to play one side against the other, and sometimes she likes to
sit there and keep things stirred up. She’s a teenager. They do that . . . . You cannot take
one specific instance and make a whole big world out of it.”

Mother asserted that the conditions in her home that led to removal of the children from her
custody had been remedied because she no longer had a relationship with Father. She said
that she last visited him in jail in September or October 2011. She claimed she had not filed
for divorce due to her financial situation. Mother explained why termination of her parental
rights would not be in the best interest of her children:

       Because you know what? You don’t have to sit there and tear families apart
       like y’all do. Y’all do it to a bunch of people. Y’all tear them apart. Life ain’t
       perfect. It never has been. So why do you have to sit there and yank people’s
       parental rights away instead of living somewhere else for a while and just stay
       busy? Because the foster parents want to be sit [sic] there and do whatever
       they want to do with them instead of giving the kids each their own bond of
       their own family, their own blood. That’s why . . . . We was all close. . . . We
       was a happy family at one time and y’all came in, you ripped it apart and
       whatever. I done everything y’all have asked me to do every single time.
       Every single time you guys came up with something new, I done it.

Father also testified. At the time of trial, Father was incarcerated. He acknowledged that he
was not at that time in a position to have custody of the children. Prior to becoming
incarcerated, Father said, he was employed and financially supported Mother and their
children. Father claimed that, after the abuse allegations arose, he continued to provide
money to Mother so that “she would be able to keep a roof over her head and clean clothes
on her back, food in her stomach and doing the same for the kids.” Father said that he
provided money to Mother in the four months prior to his incarceration and was never told
to pay additional money to either the children’s foster parents or to DCS.




                                              -6-
Father testified that he participated in the therapeutic visitation offered to him with the
parties’ two youngest children. He conceded that even when he was not in jail, he did not
attend all of the DCS meetings, and said that his attorney advised him not to undergo the
mental health assessment required under the permanency plans. Father corroborated
Mother’s testimony that she had not visited him in jail and said that he intended to divorce
her. Asked if he accepted responsibility for the acts that led to the removal of the children
from the parties’ home, Father responded: “Well, I’ll admit I’m not a father-of-the-year
candidate, but as far as doing the sexual abuse, no.” Father asserted that terminating his
parental rights was not in the best interest of his children.

The Juvenile Court also heard testimony from the first DCS case worker assigned to the
family, Ginger Daniel. Daniel worked with the children from the time they were taken into
DCS protective custody on March 13, 2010 until June 2011. She explained the efforts DCS
made for the family in the time period after the children were removed from Mother’s
custody, including foster care, medical and dental care, the creation of permanency plans, a
mental health assessment for Mother, family and parent support services once or twice a
week, counseling, and therapeutic visits with both Mother and Father. Daniel said that the
most important of the parents’ responsibilities under the permanency plan was to provide a
safe and stable home for their children, and this was never done by either parent.

To a certain extent, Daniel corroborated Mother’s testimony that she complied with
numerous requirements in the children’s permanency plans, such as parenting support,
visiting with the children, and making progress on home visits. Significantly, however,
Mother still did not believe that the older daughter was abused, and she remained married to
Father. Although Daniel did not see Father or his belongings at Mother’s home in her
unannounced visits, she saw Mother and Father together in town at a gas station, and Daniel
was under the impression that Mother was still seeing Father.

With respect to Father, Daniel stated that Father came to all scheduled visits with the two
younger children and participated with the counselor.            Based on his attorney’s
recommendation, Father did not undergo either a mental health assessment or parenting
assessment, as required under the permanency plans. Daniel confirmed that Mother and
Father had both stipulated to the dependency and neglect finding based on Father’s sexual
abuse and Mother’s flight from the jurisdiction with Father and the children. She testified
that the Juvenile Court later made a finding of severe child abuse against both parents as to
all three children. Daniel explained that, once the children were placed in North Carolina,
the case was transferred to another DCS worker.

The Court then heard testimony from the DCS worker who took over from Daniel in July
2011, Jessica Shilliday. Shilliday explained that when the children were in North Carolina


                                             -7-
with Mother’s relative, they developed behavioral problems that prompted an emergency
removal to Tennessee, where the children were placed back into foster care.

Shilliday confirmed that, once the Juvenile Court made a finding of severe child abuse as to
both parents, it relieved DCS of the obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunite the
parent with the children, in October 2011. Since that time, Shilliday said, Mother had
maintained supervised visitation with the children. She said that, overall, the visits were
good. Asked about the parents’ financial support during the four-month period prior to the
filing of the termination petition, Shilliday said that Mother sometimes brought gifts to the
children during her visits, but Mother did not provide any monetary support to the children’s
foster parents. She was unaware of any support provided by Father during the four-month
period preceding his incarceration.

 Shilliday said that neither parent had established a suitable home for their children. Father
was incarcerated during the entire time Shilliday had been assigned to the family. Mother
had moved at least six times since the children were taken into DCS custody. Of great
concern was the fact that Mother still did not believe the older daughter’s claim that Father
sexually abused her, and that Mother apparently blamed the child for the family’s situation.
Moreover, Shilliday stated, Mother has never taken responsibility for her failure to protect
the children in this case.

Shilliday also testified about the children’s foster care. At the time of trial, the younger
daughter was living with her foster family in Jackson, Tennessee, and the son and the older
daughter were placed with another foster family. She said that the children have the
opportunity to visit with one another and that all of the children are well-bonded with their
foster families. The children’s foster parents hope to adopt them, and the children want this
as well. Indeed, Shilliday commented, the older daughter had ordered a school ring with her
new adoptive name on it. Shilliday believed that a change in caretakers at this point would
have a substantial negative impact on the children and felt that termination of the parents’
rights was in the children’s best interest.

The children’s foster parents testified as well. All described how well the children were
doing in school and otherwise, and said that they got along with other children, including
other foster children, in the foster homes. They confirmed that they had not received
financial support from Mother or Father. The older daughter’s foster mother testified that
the child did not discuss the details of her abuse, but she did tell the foster mother that
Mother had told the child in a telephone call that it was all her fault that she was in foster
care and that she needed to recant her allegations of abuse. The older daughter’s foster
mother said that this upset the child. The potential impact of removing the children from
their foster homes was described as “traumatic.” The foster parents testified that they


                                             -8-
believed that termination of the parental rights of Mother and Father was in the children’s
best interest. All of the foster parents said they were able to care for the children financially
and emotionally, and hoped to adopt them.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the Juvenile Court took a short break and then issued a
lengthy oral ruling, finding grounds for termination as to both parents and finding that
termination was in the children’s best interest. This was followed by a detailed written order
setting forth its findings of fact and conclusions of law, entered on May 30, 2012. As to both
parents, the Juvenile Court found by clear and convincing evidence that each had abandoned
their children by failure to establish a suitable home, persistence of conditions, and severe
child abuse. With respect to Father only, the Juvenile Court also found that Father
abandoned his children by failing to support during the four-month period that preceded his
incarceration, and that he abandoned them by engaging in conduct prior to his incarceration
that exhibited a wanton disregard for their welfare. The Juvenile Court declined to find
abandonment by failure to support as to Mother and declined to find abandonment by failure
to visit as to Father, for the time period prior to his incarceration. The Juvenile Court found
by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the parental rights of both Mother and
Father was in the best interest of the children. Mother and Father now appeal.

                      ISSUES ON A PPEAL AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

On appeal, both Mother and Father argue that the trial court erred in finding by clear and
convincing evidence the grounds for termination of their parental rights and in finding by
clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the children’s best interest.

Termination proceedings are governed by statute in Tennessee. A party with standing to seek
the termination of the parental rights of a biological parent must first prove at least one of the
statutory grounds for termination. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1)(2012). Secondly, the
party seeking termination must prove that termination of the parental rights of the biological
parent is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2). Because of the
profound consequences of a decision to terminate parental rights, courts must apply a higher
standard of proof. Therefore, the elements required for termination of parental rights must
be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1); In re
Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539,
546 (Tenn. 2002); In re Askia K. B., No. W2010-02496-COA-R3-PT, 2011 Tenn. App.
LEXIS 549, at *20; 2011 WL 4634241, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 7, 2011).

The heightened burden of proof in cases involving the termination of parental rights serves
to minimize the risk of an erroneous decision. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004). Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard must establish


                                               -9-
that the truth of the facts asserted are “highly probable and eliminates any serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In re
A.T.P., No. M2006-02697-COA-R3-JV, 2008 Tenn. App. LEXIS 10, at *13-14; 2008 WL
115538, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 10, 2008) (citing In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546; State
v. Demarr, No. M2002-02603-COA-R3-JV, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 569, at *26; 2003 WL
21946726, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003)). Clear and convincing evidence must
produce a firm belief or conviction in the fact finder’s mind regarding the truth of the facts
sought to be established. In re A.T.P., 2008 Tenn. App. LEXIS 10, at *14, 2008 WL
115538, at *4 (citing In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Ray v. Ray,
83 S.W.3d 726, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). “In contrast to the preponderance of the
evidence standard, clear and convincing evidence should demonstrate that the truth of the
facts asserted, is ‘highly probable’ as opposed to merely ‘more probable than not.’” In re
M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (quoting In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467,
474 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)).

Because of the clear and convincing evidence burden of proof in parental termination cases,
appellate courts must adapt the customary standard of review as set forth in Rule 13(d) of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d 148, 156 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2007); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). First, each of the
trial court’s specific factual findings must be reviewed de novo in accordance with Rule
13(d), presuming the finding to be correct unless the evidence preponderates against it. In
re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 156; Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)(2011). When the trial court’s
factual finding is based on the assessment of a witness’s credibility, this Court will afford
great weight to that determination and will not reverse it absent clear evidence to the
contrary. In re M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Second, the appellate
court must decide whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by the
preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly establish the elements required to
terminate a biological parent’s parental rights. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861; In re
Askia K. B., 2011 Tenn. App. LEXIS 549, at *20; 2011 WL 4634241, at *7. The trial court’s
conclusions of law, including its conclusion that the State presented clear and convincing
evidence to support termination, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness.
See In re the Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 809; In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d at 156.

                                          A NALYSIS

A biological parent’s right to the care and the custody of her child is among the oldest of the
judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the due process clauses of the federal and
state constitutions. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65; 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2060 (2000); In
re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 809; Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn.
1993); In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). While this right


                                             -10-
is fundamental and superior to the claims of other persons, it is not absolute. In re
Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 515 (citing DCS v. C.H.K., 154 S.W.3d 586, 589 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004)). It continues without interruption only so long as the parent has not relinquished
it, abandoned it, or engaged in conduct requiring its limitation or termination. Blair v.
Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002); In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653. “No civil
action carries with it graver consequences than a petition to sever family ties irretrievably and
forever.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653 (citing M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119
(1996)).

As noted above, Tennessee statutes require the party seeking the termination of the parental
rights of a biological parent to prove by clear and convincing evidence both the grounds for
termination and that termination is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113.
We consider first the grounds for termination found by the trial court and then the best
interest of the children.

                                        Grounds for Termination

In this case, the trial court found that several grounds for termination had been established
by clear and convincing evidence. As noted above, only one ground need be established for
the termination of parental rights. Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-113(g). We consider first the
ground of severe child abuse, and then address the remaining grounds.

                                             Severe Child Abuse

The Juvenile Court found that the ground of severe child abuse had been established as to
both Mother and Father. For the purposes of termination, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-
113(g)(4),4 which establishes severe child abuse as a ground for termination, refers to the
term “severe child abuse” as defined in Tennessee Code Annotated § 37-1-102(b)(23). The
definition at issue in this appeal is contained in subsection (C), which defines it as follows:



4
    Section 36-1-113(g)(4) states as follows:

           The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse as defined in
           § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the court hearing the petition to
           terminate parental rights or the petition for adoption to have committed severe child abuse
           against the child who is the subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of
           such child, or any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of such
           parent or guardian.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4).

                                                       -11-
       The commission of any act towards the child prohibited by §§ 39-13-502, 39-
       13-504, 39-13-522, 39-15-302, 39-15-402, and 39-17-1005 or the knowing
       failure to protect the child from the commission of any such act towards the
       child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(23)(C)(2012). In the dependency and neglect proceedings
for these children, the Juvenile Court found that Father had committed severe child abuse by
sexually abusing his older daughter, in violation of two of the statutes listed above, Sections
39-13-504 and 39-13-522. It found that Mother had committed severe child abuse by, inter
alia, failing to protect her children from Father’s sexual abuse. Neither Mother nor Father
appealed these findings.

This Court has discussed the ramifications of a finding of severe child abuse against a
biological parent in dependency and neglect proceedings, and its impact on a later action to
terminate parental rights: “The most serious consequence of a finding that a parent has
committed severe child abuse is that such a finding, in and of itself, constitutes a ground for
termination of parental rights.” Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. M.S., No. M2003-
01670-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 549141, at *10; 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 139, at *31 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Mar. 8, 2005). The statute setting forth this ground for termination states:

       The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse
       as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the
       court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for
       adoption to have committed severe child abuse against the child who is the
       subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such child, or
       any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of such parent
       or guardian.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4) (emphasis added). Thus, under this provision in the
termination statutes, once the finding of severe child abuse in the dependency and neglect
proceedings becomes final, “[t]he ground itself is proved by [the] prior court order finding
severe child abuse, and the issue of whether abuse occurred is not re-litigated at the
termination hearing.” M.S., 2005 WL 549141 at *10; 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 139, at *31.

On appeal, Mother argues that the evidence at the trial on the petition to terminate her
parental rights did not clearly and convincingly show that she committed severe child abuse.
Father argues that he pled guilty to aggravated sexual battery of his older daughter only as
“a best interest plea” and he does not admit such abuse. These arguments are unavailing.
It is undisputed that neither Mother nor Father appealed the Juvenile Court’s findings of
severe child abuse in the underlying dependency and neglect proceedings, and they became


                                             -12-
final. Under the termination statutes, once this occurs, “one ground for termination of the
parent’s parental rights is effectively established.” In re Samaria S., 347 S.W.3d 188, 201
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2011).

Accordingly, we affirm the Juvenile Court’s finding that the ground of severe child abuse
was established by clear and convincing evidence as to both Mother and Father.

                                    Remaining Grounds

As noted above, the Juvenile Court found that numerous grounds for termination had been
established by clear and convincing evidence. As to both parents, the Juvenile Court found
by clear and convincing evidence that each had abandoned their children by failure to
establish a suitable home, persistence of conditions, and severe child abuse. With respect to
Father only, the Juvenile Court also found that Father abandoned his children by failing to
support them during the four-month period that preceded his incarceration, and that he
abandoned them by engaging in conduct prior to his incarceration that exhibited a wanton
disregard for their welfare.

Although only one ground is necessary to sustain a trial court’s decision to terminate the
parental rights of a biological parent, in light of the grave consequences of a decision to
terminate parental rights, we have carefully examined the appellate record as to each of the
grounds enumerated above. From our review, we find that the evidence does not clearly and
convincingly establish the ground of abandonment by failure to support by Father. At the
time the termination petition was filed, Father was incarcerated for the sexual abuse of the
parties’ older daughter. Consequently, the applicable definition of abandonment by failure
to support is contained in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv):

       (iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
       action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent
       or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months
       immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding, and . . . has
       willfully failed to support or has willfully failed to make reasonable payments
       toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months immediately
       preceding such parent’s or guardian’s incarceration. . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv)(2012). Under the statute, the parent’s failure to
support must be “willful.” See In re M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890, 896 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
The parent’s failure to support is deemed willful only if the parent “is aware of his or her
duty to support, has the capacity to provide the support, makes no attempt to provide support,
and has no justifiable excuse for not providing the support.” In re M.F.O, No.


                                             -13-
M2008-01322-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1456319, at *3; 2009 Tenn. App. LEXIS 338, at *9
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2009) (citing Tenn. Dep't. of Children's Servs. v. Calabretta, 148
S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

We note that, in this case, there was no court order requiring Father to pay support, and the
permanency plans did not require it. There is no evidence in the record that Father was told
to whom any support should be paid. This does not, of course, relieve Father of the legal
obligation to provide financial support for his children. See In re M.F.O, 2009 WL
1456319, at *3; 2009 Tenn. App. LEXIS 338, at *9-10 (citing Calabretta, 148 S.W.3d at
926). It does, however, factor into our evaluation of the evidence on whether Father’s failure
to pay support was willful. It is undisputed that Father did not pay child support to either
DCS or to the children’s foster parents. However, Father testified that, prior to his
incarceration, he provided Mother with money to keep up the household and to purchase
needed items for their children. Mother testified that she used the monies Father provided
to bring the children toys, clothing, school supplies, and other items when she saw them for
scheduled visitation. Both DCS case workers testified that Mother regularly brought such
items to her visits with the children. Under these circumstances, we must find that the
evidence does not clearly and convincingly establish that Father’s failure to pay support
during the four-month period prior to his incarceration was willful. Therefore, the Juvenile
Court’s finding on this ground must be reversed.

We have also carefully reviewed the evidence in the appellate record on the remaining
grounds for termination for both Mother and Father, enumerated above. After a detailed
review, we conclude that all of the remaining grounds are supported by clear and convincing
evidence. Therefore, the Juvenile Court’s findings on the remaining grounds for termination
of the parental rights of Mother and Father are affirmed.

                                         Best Interest

In order to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent, the party seeking termination
must also prove by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the best interest of
the children. See In re Heaven L.F., 311 S.W.3d 435, 440 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010).
Tennessee statutes governing actions for termination set forth factors to be considered in
making the determination on whether termination is in the best interest of the children. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (2009).5 Neither the trial court nor this Court is required to


5
 Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i), the factors examined in order to determine whether
termination is in the children's best interests are:

                                                                                   (continued...)

                                              -14-
find each factor applicable in order to conclude that termination of the parental rights of the
biological parent is in the children’s best interest. In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

On appeal, Mother emphasizes that she visited the children regularly and complied with
requirements in the permanency plan such as attending parenting classes and obtaining a




5
    (...continued)
           (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of circumstance, conduct,
           or conditions as to make it safe and in the child's best interest to be in the home of the parent
           or guardian;

           (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable
           efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment
           does not reasonably appear possible;

           (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other contact with
           the child;

           (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between the parent
           or guardian and the child;

           (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to have on the
           child's emotional, psychological and medical condition;

           (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or guardian, has
           shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the
           child, or another child or adult in the family or household;

           (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent's or guardian's home is healthy and safe,
           whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or
           controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for
           the child in a safe and stable manner;

           (8) Whether the parent's or guardian's mental and/or emotional status would be detrimental
           to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care
           and supervision for the child; or

           (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the child support
           guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1)-(9) (2009). The list of factors found in Section 36-1-113(i) is not
exhaustive. In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

                                                         -15-
mental health assessment. Father testified that he visited the children when permitted to do
so and made efforts to provide financial support prior to his incarceration.6

From our review of the record, the evidence supports the Juvenile Court’s finding that neither
parent has made a lasting adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or condition so as to make
it safe for these children to return to their home. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1) and (2).
Mother is financially unstable, has no meaningful employment, and has not obtained stable
housing that is suitable for the parties’ children. At the time of trial, Father was incarcerated
and obviously in no position to take custody of his children. Most importantly, neither parent
has accepted responsibility for the severe abuse inflicted on their children. Despite having
pled guilty to aggravated sexual battery, Father continues to steadfastly deny any sexual
abuse of his daughter. Mother fled the jurisdiction with the children and the man who
sexually abused her daughter, and at the time of trial remained married to him. The proof
shows that, for a long time, she denied that the abuse occurred; by the time of trial, she would
say at best that she does not know if it occurred. Under these circumstances, if the children
were returned to their parents’ custody, Father’s proclivity to inflict severe abuse on his
children remains unchecked, and Mother remains utterly unwilling to protect her children
from his abuse.

The evidence also shows that a change in caretaker or environment would be likely to have
a substantial negative effect on the children’s emotional and psychological well-being. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). The undisputed evidence showed that the children are
flourishing with their foster families and are well-bonded with them. The Juvenile Court
heard testimony from one child’s foster parent that removing the child from the foster home
would have a “traumatic” effect on the child.7 Moreover, both foster families hope to adopt
the children. The evidence shows that removing the children from their foster homes and
returning them to the custody of their biological parents would surely have a substantial
negative impact on them.




6
 Father raises the issue of best interest in the Statement of the Issues in his appellate brief, but does not argue
the issue in the body of his brief. Normally, this would result in a finding by this Court that Father had
waived the issue on appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7); Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d 52, 56 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2000). However, given the gravity of an action to terminate parental rights, we exercise our discretion to
consider the issue. Tenn. R. App. P. 2.
7
 In the Juvenile Court’s order, it stated that it had “not heard any proof to determine whether a change of
caretaker and physical environment is likely to have an effect on the children’s emotional, physical and
medical condition.” This is a puzzling statement, since there was ample, undisputed evidence in the record
to support a finding that removing the children from their foster families would affect them adversely.

                                                       -16-
Looking at the record as a whole, the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the trial
court’s conclusion that termination of the parental rights of both parents is in the best interest
of these children. See White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s termination of the parental rights of both Mother and
Father.

                                         C ONCLUSION

The decision of the trial court is reversed in part and affirmed in part. Costs on appeal shall
be assessed one-half against Appellant J.L.H. and one-half against Appellant B.J.H., for
which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                             ___________________________
                                                               HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE




                                              -17-
