                                                                                         03/14/2017




               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                               February 23, 2017 Session

                    XINGKUI GUO V. WOODS & WOODS, PP

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                  No. 15C3765     Hamilton V. Gayden, Jr., Judge


                            No. M2016-01435-COA-R3-CV


A former client sued his former attorney for breach of contract, and the trial court entered
judgment in favor of the client for $3,500. Because the trial court found that the attorney
had “justifiable reasons” for terminating the contract, and because the contract provided
that the $7,000 set fee paid by the client at the beginning of the representation was earned
upon payment, we have determined that the trial court erred in entering judgment in favor
of the client.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Remanded

ANDY D. BENNETT, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR.,
P.J., M.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Xingkui Guo, Nashville, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Mark J. Downton, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Woods & Woods, PP.

                                        OPINION

                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Xingkui Guo signed a contract, structured as an engagement letter, with the Law
Offices of Woods & Woods (“the Firm”), on June 15, 2014, for the Firm to represent him
in an ongoing lawsuit against two of his former employees. Allen Woods, an attorney
with the Firm, had primary responsibility for Mr. Guo’s case. The engagement letter
contains the following pertinent provisions regarding the Firm’s fees:

       You and the firm both agree that a set fee and a fee contingent upon the
       outcome of your litigation involving your pending lawsuit for libel and
       malicious prosecution is the appropriate method to determine our legal fee
       in this case. Please be advised that the Law Offices of Woods and Woods
       does not guarantee any specific outcome or certain result. All parties,
       however, agree that upon the execution of this Engagement Letter, you will
       deposit with Woods and Woods, PC a set fee of $7,000 for all work
       performed with regard to the initial trial in regard to your already pending
       lawsuit. Thereafter, following final resolution of this case in your favor,
       whether as a result of receiving a court ordered judgment for a certain
       amount or as a result of an agreed upon settlement between you and the
       adverse party(ies), Woods and Woods, PC shall be entitled to 33% of any
       judgment or settlement actually collected, minus the $7,000 fee already
       paid to the firm. The set fee is earned upon payment and does not
       guarantee any certain result.

(Emphasis added). The contract further states: “[The Firm] may terminate this
representation at any time, for good cause . . . .” Upon signing the engagement letter, Mr.
Guo paid the Firm $7,000, and the Firm began its representation of Mr. Guo.

       A disagreement arose between Mr. Woods and Mr. Guo beginning in early
October 2014. After Mr. Woods conducted phone interviews with two third-party
witnesses, he strongly advised Mr. Guo against taking their depositions because he
thought their testimony would hurt Mr. Guo’s case and because he thought it would be
unethical to depose the witnesses under the circumstances. When Mr. Guo insisted that
Mr. Woods depose these two witnesses, Mr. Woods withdrew as Mr. Guo’s attorney.

       In July 2015, Mr. Guo filed a civil warrant in general sessions court against Mr.
Woods for breach of contract. The warrant was amended to dismiss Mr. Woods
individually and substitute the Firm as the proper defendant. On October 1, 2015, the
general sessions court entered judgment in favor of Mr. Guo in the amount of $2,275.
Mr. Guo appealed to circuit court, and the Firm answered, denying any breach of contract
and, alternatively, asserting a claim for offset pursuant to quantum meruit for services
rendered by the Firm.

       The Firm filed a motion for summary judgment on December 29, 2015 along with
a statement of undisputed material facts. On February 5, 2016, Mr. Guo, acting pro se,
filed an unsigned response to the Firm’s motion. On February 16, 2016, the Firm filed a
motion to compel a response to its interrogatories and request for production of
documents and to deem admitted its requests for admission due to Mr. Guo’s failure to
respond to them.

       The trial was set for June 23, 2016. On June 17, 2016, the Firm filed a motion in
limine requesting that the trial court rule on several matters. First, the Firm asked the
court to rule on the pending motion for summary judgment, which had been heard

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months earlier and upon which the court had reserved ruling. Second, the Firm asserted
that the court should dismiss the lawsuit based upon Mr. Guo’s failure to prosecute,
particularly his failure to respond to the interrogatories. Third, the Firm requested that
the court declare the factual averments set forth in its statement of material facts to be
accurate and not in dispute due to Mr. Guo’s failure to respond to them. At the beginning
of the hearing, as stated in its final order, the trial court “merge[d] the issues presented by
Defendant in its Motion for Summary Judgment into the issues presented during the
Bench trial.”1

       During the trial, the trial court heard testimony from Mr. Guo and Mr. Woods.
Mr. Woods testified about his work on Mr. Guo’s case and stated that he had interviewed
the two police officers at issue in contemplation of taking their depositions. After those
interviews, Mr. Woods stated, he advised Mr. Guo that the police officers’ depositions
would hurt his case and that it would be unethical for Mr. Woods to depose them. Over
Mr. Woods’s objections, Mr. Guo introduced testimony from Renee Brewer, a private
investigator, who stated that she had talked to the two police officers and that they could
not recall speaking with Mr. Woods. The trial court stated at the hearing that it did not
accept Ms. Brewer’s testimony, but this finding is not reflected in its order.

        In its final order, entered on July 8, 2014, the trial court found, in pertinent part:

        Defendant admits that it refused to take the depositions of these witnesses,
        but states that it refused to take the depositions because to do so would
        violate Rule of Professional Conduct 1.2(d) and would further the
        Plaintiff’s ulterior motive to take those depositions for a fraudulent purpose
        not related to the litigation. The Defendant requests that the Court rule it is
        entitled to the entirety of the $7,000.00 fee the Plaintiff previously paid it.
        In support of its argument, the Defendant offers evidence that its attorneys
        performed 20.4 hours of work on the Plaintiff’s lawsuit. Plaintiff requests
        $22,000.00 in damages for this alleged breach of contract. Based on the
        evidence presented at trial, the Court makes the following findings of fact:
             The Defendant had justifiable reasons to refuse to take the
                depositions of the third party witnesses because the Defendant
                reasonably believed that to do so would violate Rules of Professional
                Conduct; and
             The 20.4 hours of work the Defendant performed on the Plaintiff’s
                case is overblown.
                Based on these findings of fact, the Court hereby rules that the
        Plaintiff is entitled to a judgment of $3,500 against the Defendant.


1
 At the hearing, the court found the crucial dispute for its determination to be whether Mr. Woods had
“reasonable reason to terminate the contract under the letter of engagement.”

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        On appeal, Mr. Guo argues that the trial court erred in awarding Mr. Woods
$3,500 in attorney fees without sufficient evidence. In his statement of the issue, Mr.
Guo includes assertions that the trial court’s judgment “might be influenced by Mr. Allen
Woods’ personal connections” and was based on Mr. Woods’s lies, and that the trial was
not a fair trial. The Firm raises several additional issues: whether the trial court erred in
failing to grant summary judgment to the Firm, failing to dismiss Mr. Guo’s claims prior
to trial, granting a judgment to Mr. Guo in the absence of a finding of a breach of
contract, and calculating the damages.

                                         ANALYSIS

      We begin by addressing Mr. Guo’s status as a pro se litigant. This Court has
frequently cited the following principles from Young v. Barrow:

       “Parties who decide to represent themselves are entitled to fair and equal
       treatment by the courts. The courts should take into account that many pro
       se litigants have no legal training and little familiarity with the judicial
       system. However, the courts must also be mindful of the boundary between
       fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to the pro se litigant’s adversary.
       Thus, the courts must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with the
       same substantive and procedural rules that represented parties are expected
       to observe.”

Murray v. Miracle, 457 S.W.3d 399, 402 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting Young v.
Barrow, 130 S.W.3d 59, 62-63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)) (citations omitted); see also
Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). Thus, a pro se litigant
must comply with the same rules that lawyers must observe. Watkins v. Watkins, No.
M2016-00165-COA-R3-CV, 2017 WL 544695, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2017);
Watson v. City of Jackson, 448 S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014).

      Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27 governs the content of appellate briefs.
Subsection (a) of that rule identified the requirements for the appellant’s brief and
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

       The brief of the appellant shall contain under appropriate headings and in
       the order here indicated:
       (1) A table of contents, with references to the pages in the brief;
       (2) A table of authorities, including cases (alphabetically arranged), statutes
       and other authorities cited, with references to the pages in the brief where
       they are cited;
       ....
       (4) A statement of the issues presented for review;


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       (5) A statement of the case, indicating briefly the nature of the case, the
       course of proceedings, and its disposition in the court below;
       (6) A statement of facts, setting forth the facts relevant to the issues
       presented for review with appropriate references to the record;
       (7) An argument, which may be preceded by a summary of argument,
       setting forth:
              (A) the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues
       presented, and the reasons therefor, including the reasons why the
       contentions require appellate relief, with citations to the authorities and
       appropriate references to the record (which may be quoted verbatim) relied
       on; and
              (B) for each issue, a concise statement of the applicable standard of
       review (which may appear in the discussion of the issue or under a separate
       heading placed before the discussion of the issues);
       (8) A short conclusion, stating the precise relief sought.

        Mr. Guo’s initial brief fails to meet the requirements of Rule 27(a) in numerous
respects, and his reply brief is likewise deficient. Mr. Guo’s brief does not contain a
table of contents or a table of authorities. In fact, Mr. Guo does not cite a single authority
in either of his briefs. Mr. Guo’s statement of the facts does not include any references to
the record and includes statements that cannot be supported by the record. For example,
Mr. Guo states: “[Mr. Woods] hide the fact that he was afraid and then withdrew when
been blackmailed by the police officer.” There is no support for this statement anywhere
in the record. Mr. Guo also states: “The reason [that Mr. Woods told Mr. Guo to sue
him in court for the disputed attorney fees] I learned later is because he had personal
relationship with judges and the judge will give him ‘the benefit of the doubt.’” As the
source for this statement, Mr. Guo cites an audio recording “not permitted in circuit court
file.” Mr. Guo also accuses Mr. Woods of lying to the court and defrauding him, again
without any citation of support in the record.

        Mr. Guo’s half-page argument section also fails to comply with Tenn. R. App. P.
27(a). Mr. Guo does not present a cogent argument setting for his contentions, reasoning,
or the applicable standard of review. See TENN. R. APP. P. 27(a)(7). The section contains
no citation of legal authority or citations to the record. See TENN. R. APP. P. 27(a)(7)(A).
After summarizing the evidence (including the testimony of the private investigator that
Mr. Guo acknowledged the trial court “for some reason did not consider”), Mr. Guo
states that, “I could not locate any credible achievement that Mr. Allen Woods put in my
case.” Furthermore, Mr. Guo fails to cite the “alleged erroneous action of the trial court”
and “how such alleged error was seasonably called to the attention of the trial judge,” as
required by Tenn. Ct. App. R. 6.

      It is not the role of this or any court “to research or construct a litigant’s case or
arguments for him.” Sneed v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility of Sup. Ct., 301 S.W.3d 603,

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615 (Tenn. 2010). A court may deem an issue to be waived “when the brief fails to
include an argument satisfying the requirements of Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7).” Hodge v.
Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012). This Court has made the following
observations regarding a litigant’s failure to comply with Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7):

       Courts have routinely held that the failure to make appropriate references to
       the record and to cite relevant authority in the argument section of the brief
       as required by Rule 27(a)(7) constitutes a waiver of the issue. See State v.
       Schaller, 975 S.W.2d 313, 318 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); Rampy v. ICI
       Acrylics, Inc., 898 S.W.2d 196, 210 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994); State v.
       Dickerson, 885 S.W.2d 90, 93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Moreover, an
       issue is waived where it is simply raised without any argument regarding its
       merits. . . . This Court is under no duty to verify unsupported allegations
       in a party’s brief, or for that matter consider issues raised but not argued in
       the brief.

Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d 52, 55-56 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). Based upon Mr. Guo’s failure
to comply with the requirements of Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7) in his appellate brief, we
conclude that he has waived his arguments on appeal and we, therefore, dismiss his
appeal.

        We next consider the Firm’s argument that the trial court erred in entering
judgment in favor of Mr. Guo because it did not find that the Firm breached the contract.
We agree. The trial court expressly found that Mr. Woods “had justifiable reasons to
refuse to take the depositions of the third party witnesses because [Mr. Woods]
reasonably believed that to do so would violate Rules of Professional Conduct.” The trial
court’s order does not include a statement that the Firm breached the contract. Instead,
the trial court’s finding that Mr. Woods had “justifiable reasons” for refusing to take the
depositions suggests that the Firm did not breach the contract. Thus, the trial court erred
in entering judgment in favor of Mr. Guo.

       In light of the fact that the Firm did not breach the contract, the trial court also
erred in its determination regarding attorney fees. The trial court expressly adopted the
engagement letter as the written agreement between the parties. Pursuant to the terms of
the contract, the $7,000 set fee that Mr. Guo paid upon signing the engagement letter was
“earned upon payment.” In Stalls v. Pounders, No. W2003-02933-COA-R3-CV, 2005
WL 181687, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 27, 2005), this Court discussed a three-part test
for determining the enforceability of a contract for a non-refundable retainer fee.
Because the contract in the present case is a written engagement letter, the first two parts
of the Pounders test are not at issue.2 The issue here is whether “the terms of the contract
2
   Under well-established Tennessee law, “‘a person who signs a contract is presumed to understand the
terms of the agreement that he has signed.’” Advantage Windows, Inc. v. Zacarias, No. E2014-00122-
COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 4403106, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 8, 2014) (quoting Skaan v. Fed. Express

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are just and reasonable.” Pounders, 2005 WL 181687, at *5 (quoting Alexander v.
Inman, 974 S.W.2d 689, 694 (Tenn. 1998)).

      The trial court found that the 20.4 hours claimed by Mr. Woods were
“overblown.” The Tennessee Supreme Court has stated:

        [T]he factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee
        are “the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
        involved, the skill required to perform the services properly, the amount
        involved and results obtained, and other relevant factors.” Additional
        factors relevant to reasonableness of a fee include: the time limitations
        imposed by the circumstances, the fee customarily charged in the locality
        for similar legal services, and the experience, reputation, and ability of the
        lawyer performing the legal service.

Inman, 974 S.W.2d at 695 (citation omitted). Mr. Woods submitted a summary of his
time on the case, totaling 20.4 hours. His work included reviewing the case file and other
documents, drafting and responding to emails, appearing at status conferences,
discussions with the client and with opposing counsel, preparing to depose the two
defendants, and interviewing two police officers. At the hearing, Mr. Woods testified
that, once he got the file from Mr. Guo’s previous attorney, he found that he “had to
reconstruct the file, reconstruct the evidence, and start preparing for depositions.”

      Mr. Woods testified that he had “plenty of experience at malicious prosecution
and defamation cases.” He advised Mr. Guo of his hourly rate ($300), but Mr. Guo
“expressed some reservation about committing a large retainer and hourly rate to a case
that had been ongoing and not really know what the outcome would likely be.”
According to Mr. Woods, Mr. Guo “actually proposed the hybrid fee” reflected in the
engagement letter. Mr. Woods further testified about the factors that went into the set fee
amount of $7,000:

            A. The factors that went into it is that was the fee for our office to take
            the case. As I expressed to Mr. Guo in the written memo we sent him
            previously, I had significant doubts that we would ever be able to collect
            on a judgment. I thought, based on what I knew at that point, we
            probably would secure a judgment for him—a verdict. But I had doubts

Corp., No. W2011-01807-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 6212891, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2012). This
rule applies even when the person signing the contract cannot read the language in which it is written; the
person signing the contract has the responsibility to find someone to help him or her understand its
meaning. Id. Mr. Guo and Mr. Woods signed a detailed written contract containing the set fee, and the
evidence does not preponderate against the presumption that “‘the client fully understood the contract’s
meaning and effect’” and “‘the attorney and client shared the same understanding of the contract.’”
Pounders, 2005 WL 181687, at *5 (quoting Alexander v. Inman, 974 S.W.2d 689, 694 (Tenn. 1998)).

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              that we’d ever be able to collect.
              In fact, I advised him that he would probably have to go to California to
              domesticate the judgment to try and seize whatever property or garnish
              whatever wages his former employees were making there. So that was
              the fee just for our firm to set aside our time and work we were doing on
              other cases to take on this case.
              Q. Were you concerned that he had had problems with prior lawyers?
              A. I had some concern.

       We find that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding that Mr.
Woods’s hours spent on the case were “overblown.” Mr. Woods’s written summary and
testimony support the hours he claims to have spent on the case. His set fee was
reasonable in light of his qualifications and experience, Mr. Guo’s concerns about paying
an hourly rate, the time and labor required, the likelihood of collecting on the judgment,
and the fees typically charged in the local legal market for similar services.3

       We conclude that the trial court erred in awarding Mr. Guo $3,500 because he was
not entitled to the return of any of the $7,000 he paid to the Firm.



                                                CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and this matter is remanded to the trial
court with instructions to enter an order consistent with the opinion. Costs of appeal shall
be assessed against the appellant, Mr. Guo, and execution may issue if necessary.



                                                              ________________________________
                                                              ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE




3
    At 20.4 hours, the $7,000 set fee award results in an effective hourly rate of approximately $343.

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