                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                         No. 04-17-00428-CV

                                            Javier MORA,
                                              Appellant

                                                   v.

                                             Anna MORA,
                                               Appellee

                     From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                   Trial Court No. 2001CI00776
                             Honorable Peter A. Sakai, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting:          Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 10, 2018

AFFIRMED

           Javier Mora appeals the trial court’s order entering a judgment nunc pro tunc to correct a

legal description contained in a divorce decree. In the issues presented on appeal, Javier contends:

(1) the trial court did not have jurisdiction to grant the nunc pro tunc; (2) the error in the legal

description was a judicial error rather than a clerical error; and (3) the trial court erred in failing to

enter findings of fact and conclusions of law. We affirm the trial court’s order.
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                                         BACKGROUND

       On August 17, 2010, the trial court signed a divorce decree in the underlying cause. The

decree stated the divorce was judicially pronounced and rendered on May 13, 2010, but signed on

August 17, 2010.

       In the divorce decree, the trial court awarded Anna a judgment against Javier in the amount

of $215,573.00 “secured by a lien on the real property located on 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12

Helotes, Texas 78023 and the business known as Mora Trim and Roofing, Inc.” The divorce

decree set forth the judgment’s payment terms and ordered Javier to sign a promissory note

containing those terms. The divorce decree further stated, “The promissory note will be secured

by a lien on the property that the business Mora Trim and Roofing, Inc. is located on. The lien is

secured on all buildings and structures on 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78023.”

       In the provisions of the divorce decree dividing the debt, the trial court ordered Javier to

pay the promissory note evidencing the judgment for $215,573.00 and provided the note would be

“secured by [a] deed of trust on the real property awarded in this decree to the husband.” The

decree further provided the debt would be “secured by a lien on the real property located on 17302

Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78203 and the business known as Mora Trim and Roofing,

Inc.”, and the promissory note would be “secured by a lien on the property that the business Mora

Trim and Roofing, Inc. is located on. The lien is secured on all buildings and structures on 17302

Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78203.”

       The divorce decree also contained a provision entitled “Owelty of Partition” which stated,

“The Court, having awarded 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78023-3484 of the parties

to JAVIER MORA, finds that it is necessary to impose an encumbrance for owelty of partition

against the entirety of the property to secure the payment of the debt resulting from the award.”

The divorce decree then orders an encumbrance for owelty imposed “against the entirety of the
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real property described as follows: CB4572 P-2C (.617) & P-3E ABS 212 more particularly

described as 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78023-3484,” for the purpose of securing

the payment of the debt of Javier in favor of Anna in the amount of $215,573.00.

       Finally, the divorce decree contained a provision entitled “Judgment and Lien to Equalize

Division,” stating Anna was awarded the $215,573.00 judgment “[f]or the purpose of a just and

right division of property” because the nature of the properties making up the community estate

could not be divided in a just and right manner without impairing their value. The divorce decree

also stated a promissory note in the amount of $215,573.00 “secured by the property located [at]

17302 Bandera Road Helotes, Texas 78203-3484 and the buildings and structures on the property

is necessary to make a just and right partition of the property.” The divorce decree ordered Javier

to sign the promissory note and stated an equitable lien was created against the property located at

17302 Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78023-3484. Javier was also ordered to sign an owelty

of partition deed and a deed of trust.

       In April of 2013, Anna filed a motion to enforce and for judicial foreclosure asserting, in

part, that Javier had not signed the documents he was ordered to execute, noting the divorce decree

referenced those documents as being attached exhibits but the documents were not attached. A

hearing was held on Anna’s motion on May 2, 2013, and the trial court’s notes state the trial court

found the motion to enforce was premature but granted the nunc pro tunc “as to correct legal

description and exhibits.” On May 31, 2013, the trial court signed a nunc pro tunc order which

the trial court later vacated on September 12, 2013, because an appeal was pending when the order

was signed.

       In February of 2017, Anna set her motion for another hearing, and a hearing was held on

February 22, 2017. At the hearing, Anna’s attorney argued the divorce decree contained a clerical

error when it referred to the legal description being “CB4572 P-2C (.617) & P-3E ABS 212” which
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was unimproved property. Anna’s attorney argued the correct legal description was “CB4572 P-

3F ABS 212” which contained the buildings and structures located at 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12

Helotes, Texas 78023-3484. The trial court read from a transcript of the hearing at which the

divorce decree was rendered noting the transcript referred to the note being secured by a lien on

the property where the business was located, and did not refer to a legal description. The trial

court then quoted the following from the transcript of the hearing, “On that lien, the note will have

a first lien on the real estate and all the buildings upon it as well. I don’t think there’s a need to

secure it through a lien on all the vehicles or a lien on all the accounts receivable or anything else.”

The trial court also reviewed the divorce decree. Finally, the trial court heard Javier’s testimony

that the property located at P-3E was unimproved property while the property located at P-3F had

improvements located on the property. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted the

nunc pro tunc to change the reference from P-3E in the legal description to P-3F and later signed

the order entering the nunc pro tunc judgment on April 24, 2017. Javier appeals.

                                             DISCUSSION

       A nunc pro tunc judgment permits the trial court to “at any time correct a clerical error in

the record of a judgment.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(f) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 316 (“Clerical mistakes

in the record of any judgment may be corrected by the judge in open court according to the truth

or justice of the case....”)). Accordingly, regardless of the procedural history of Anna’s motion,

the trial court had jurisdiction to enter a nunc pro tunc judgment to correct a clerical error, and

Javier’s complaint regarding the trial court’s jurisdiction is overruled.

       The trial court is, however, limited to correcting clerical errors. Molina v. Molina, 531

S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.) (“Once a trial court loses its plenary

power over a case, it may render a judgment nunc pro tunc to correct any mistakes or misrecitals

in the judgment so long as the errors corrected are clerical as opposed to judicial.”). Whether an
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error in a judgment is judicial or clerical is a question of law we review de novo. See Escobar v.

Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 232 (Tex. 1986); Molina, 531 S.W.3d at 216. “However, what

judgment was actually rendered is a question of fact for the trial judge.” Am.’s Favorite Chicken

Co. v. Galvan, 897 S.W.2d 874, 877 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, writ denied).

       A clerical error is a discrepancy between the entry of a judgment in the record and the

judgment that was actually rendered. See Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231–32; Molina, 531 S.W.3d at

216; In re A.M.C., 491 S.W.3d 66, 67 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] no pet.). A clerical error

does not result from judicial reasoning or determination. Andrews v. Koch, 702 S.W.2d 584, 585

(Tex. 1986) (per curiam); Molina, 531 S.W.3d at 216.

       Thus, in a nunc pro tunc judgment, the trial court only can correct the entry of a final written

judgment that incorrectly states the judgment actually rendered. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231–32;

Molina, 531 S.W.3d at 216. Even if the court renders a judgment incorrectly, “it cannot alter a

written judgment which precisely reflects the incorrect rendition.” Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232.

“A judgment rendered to correct a judicial error after the trial court’s plenary power has expired is

void.” Molina, 531 S.W.3d at 216. A judicial error occurs in the rendering, rather than the

entering, of a judgment and arises from a mistake of law or fact that requires judicial reasoning to

fix. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; Molina, 531 S.W.3d at 216.

       In this case, the trial court never used the legal description of the property in verbally

rendering the judgment but referred to the property on which Javier’s business was located. The

divorce decree generally reflects the judgment rendered by the trial court by referring only to the

address of the property multiple times and noting the lien extended to the buildings and structures

on the property. The erroneous legal description is contained in a single reference followed by the

statement “more particularly described as 17302 Bandera Road Lot 12 Helotes, Texas 78023-

3484.” Therefore, the record establishes the judicial decision rendered by the trial court in 2010
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was that the lien to secure the $215,573.00 judgment awarded to Anna would extend to the property

awarded to Javier on which his business was located and would extend to all the buildings located

on the property. Accordingly, we hold as a matter of law that the legal description in the divorce

decree was a clerical error, and the trial court properly granted the nunc pro tunc correcting the

reference to P-3E in the legal description by changing it to P-3F. 1 See Ledbetter v. Ledbetter, 390

S.W.2d 403, 404-05 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1965, writ dism’d) (holding nunc pro tunc proper to

correct legal description where facts were uncontroverted that judicial decision was to award

husband property located on fourteen contiguous lots but two lots were omitted from legal

description); Davis v. Davis, 647 S.W.2d 781, 783-85 (Tex. App.—Austin 1983, no writ) (holding

trial court properly used nunc pro tunc to correct erroneous legal description in written judgment

where trial court verbally rendered judgment regarding ownership of property “without regard to

its precise legal description”). 2

         In his final complaint, Javier contends the trial court erred by failing to enter written

findings of fact and conclusions of law in response to his request and reminder. As Anna responds,

however, a trial court’s failure to respond to a timely request for written findings of fact and

conclusions of law is not harmful if the appellate record shows the complaining party suffered no

harm. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. v. Laca, 243 S.W.3d 791, 794 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.);


1
  In support of his position, Javier cites Seago v. Bell, 764 S.W.2d 362 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1989, no writ). In that
case, the trial court ruled in favor of the Bells in a trespass to try title suit and “relied upon counsel for the Bells to
draft a judgment containing a correct description of the property to be awarded to the Bells.” 764 S.W.2d at 363. The
property description subsequently incorporated in the judgment was incorrect, and the trial court signed a judgment
nunc pro tunc correcting the property description. Id. On appeal, the Beaumont court reversed, holding, “Recitations
or provisions alleged to have been included or omitted by a mistake of the attorney are part of the court’s judgment
and, therefore, are judicial errors. The trial court clearly relied upon the incorrect survey in reaching its decision as to
what property to award the Bells. Therefore, the error was judicial error in the rendering of judgment.” Id. at 364.
The Seago case is readily distinguishable from the instant case. In the instant case, the trial court verbally rendered
judgment referring to the lien being against the property on which Javier’s business was located and extending to the
buildings located on the property.
2
  The Davis court further noted, “Had the written decree simply described the property by its street address, it would
clearly have been appropriate for the trial court to subsequently amend the decree to include a metes and bounds
description of the property.” 647 S.W.2d at 784.

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Willms v. Americas Tire Co., 190 S.W.3d 796, 801 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied). When

only a single ground of recovery or a single defense is presented to the trial court, the record shows

the appellant has suffered no harm because he is not forced to guess the reasons for the trial court’s

judgment. Misczak v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co., No. 02-15-00269-CV, 2016 WL 1393026, at

*1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 7, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); Liberty Mut. Fire Ins., 243 S.W.3d

at 794; Willms, 190 S.W.3d at 801-02. In this case, only a single issue was presented to the trial

court, i.e., whether the error Anna sought to correct was judicial or clerical. By granting the nunc

pro tunc, the trial court necessarily determined the error was clerical, and Javier has suffered no

harm by the trial court’s failure to enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law because he

is not forced to guess at the reasons for the trial court’s ruling.

                                               CONCLUSION

        The trial court’s order is affirmed.

                                                    Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice




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