
381 F.Supp. 992 (1974)
Buck GREEN, Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff,
v.
MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation, Defendant.
No. 72 C 702 (4).
United States District Court, E. D. Missouri, E. D.
September 18, 1974.
Walter W. Heiser, Phillip F. Fishman, Francis Kennedy, The Legal Aid Society of the City & County of St. Louis, Mo., St. Louis, Mo., for plaintiff.
*993 R. W. Yost, M. M. Hennelly, C. P. Lippert, St. Louis, Mo., for defendant.

MEMORANDUM
NANGLE, District Judge.
Plaintiff Buck Green commenced this class action upon the claim that the use by defendant Missouri Pacific Railroad Company ("Mo Pac") of arrest and conviction records as barriers to employment is racially discriminatory in violation of the Civil Rights Acts of 1870[1] and 1964[2].
This action was tried to the Court sitting without a jury.
Defendant's prior motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction was overruled upon the ground that such jurisdiction existed as granted by 28 U.S.C. § 1343. Brady v. Bristol-Meyers, Inc., 459 F.2d 621, 621-622 (8th Cir. 1972). The Court now concludes, supported by evidentiary findings described below, that subject matter jurisdiction also exists as granted by 42 U.S. C. § 2000e-5(f)(1).
On April 13, 1973, the Court ordered this action maintained as a class suit pursuant to Rule 23(a) and (b)(2), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 7 FEP Cases 140. The class was then defined as those Negroes who have been denied employment at defendant's General Office in St. Louis, Missouri, because of defendant's policy of refusing to hire persons arrested and convicted of a criminal offense other than a minor traffic violation. At trial plaintiff moved to broaden the class which motion was taken with the case. I find no reason to alter the class definition and will not disturb the present class definition.
In Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, 493 F.2d 71, 75 (8th Cir. 1974), the Court of Appeals encouraged this Court to permit the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") to intervene in this action. The EEOC, however, took no step to participate in this action.
On September 29, 1970, plaintiff Buck Green, a black man, then twenty-nine years of age, applied for employment as a clerk[3] at defendant's Personnel Office, located in its General Office in the City of St. Louis, Missouri. Green had been referred there by the Missouri State Employment Service. As do all job applicants at Mo Pac's General Office, Green filled out an application form. On it he stated that his last employment terminated on November 15, 1968, when he began a term of imprisonment for refusing military induction[4]. He stated he was paroled on January 24, 1970, after twenty-one months imprisonment. In a personal interview conducted by a Mo Pac personnel office employee, plaintiff was informed that his employment application could not be considered because of his conviction and prison record.
After the rejection of his employment application plaintiff corresponded with certain officials of defendant concerning its policy of not hiring ex-offenders. Thereafter, by letter of December 13, 1974, plaintiff wrote to the Kansas City, Missouri, office of the EEOC relating his employment application rejection by Mo Pac and requesting information concerning Mo Pac's hiring policy. In response, the EEOC office sent plaintiff a discrimination charge form. On January 17, 1971, plaintiff executed a formal EEOC charge alleging Mo Pac's failure to hire him because of his conviction record. On August 9, 1971, the charge *994 was amended. On August 11, 1972, the EEOC issued Green a ninety day notice of his right to sue. This action was commenced on November 7, 1972.
Defendant is a railroad corporation that conducts business in several states, including Missouri. It employs 22,000-23,000 persons company-wide. In the St. Louis metropolitan area it employs approximately 3,500 persons. Approximately 2,000 persons are employed in the General Office.
Mo Pac's Central Personnel Office was established in the General Office in 1964. The Central Personnel Office administers defendant's company-wide employment policies but processes employment applications for positions in the St. Louis metropolitan area only, including the General Office. When there are vacancies in entry level positions in this area, this personnel office recommends to the subject department head the applicant best qualified for the position.
Mo Pac has had a general policy against hiring persons with criminal convictions other than minor traffic offenses since 1948. Ray Breedlove, Mo Pac's Personnel Manager, testified without factual specification, that this policy was initiated in reaction to a personnel problem that then existed.
Prior to December, 1972, when the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in Gregory v. Litton Systems, Inc., 472 F.2d 631, that excluding from employment persons because of their arrest records was unlawful discrimination, defendant investigated applicants' arrest records and disqualified those who had been arrested a substantial number of times or for a serious crime. After Gregory, defendant sought information regarding arrest records only of the applicants themselves. This has been done by written question on the application form and orally in personal interviews. In early 1973, on advise of legal counsel, defendant eliminated the question regarding arrests from the application form, and ceased using arrest records as an absolute bar to employment. However, as late as April, 1973, defendant inquired orally of applicants in the personal interviews about arrests as a prelude to the inquiry about convictions. Currently, if an applicant has been arrested and a charge is still pending, the applicant is not automatically disqualified. However, all circumstances of the applicant, including the arrest and the pending charge are considered in evaluating the applicant. Information concerning the charge is sought from local police departments. Since September, 1971, no employment applicant has been rejected solely because of his arrest record.
Mo Pac's policies of rejecting employment applications of persons who have conviction and arrest records have not been applied with intentional racial bias. While exceptions have been made for persons convicted of minor crimes[5] where no imprisonment was served, such exceptions have been rare. In the St. Louis metropolitan area only fourteen such exceptions were found among persons employed since 1963  four of them in the General Office.
Plaintiff seeks to prove a prima facie case of racial discrimination with statistical evidence. See e. g., Parham v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, 433 F.2d 421, 426 (8th Cir. 1970); Carter v. Gallagher, 452 F.2d 315, 323 (8th Cir. 1971), mod. on other ground, 452 F.2d 327, cert. den. 406 U.S. 950, 92 S.Ct. 2045, 32 L.Ed.2d 338 (1972). The determinative issue in this regard is whether the subject employment policies bar from employment with defendant a percentage of black persons among all applicants that is disproportionately large when compared with (a) the percentage of black persons in the relevant population area (that area from which applicants are more likely to come than not, Sagers v. Yellow Freight System, Inc., 58 F.R.D. 54 (N.D.Ga.1973)) and *995 (b) the percentage of white persons among the applicants also barred from employment by the same policies. The Court believes the relevant geographical area is the St. Louis metropolitan area, rather than the City of St. Louis alone.
Statistical evidence[6] indicates that from 1960 to 1970, inclusive, blacks comprised approximately from 10.5% to 11.1% of the population of the United States; from 9% to 10.3% of the Missouri population; from 10.3% to 12.8% of the Illinois population; from 28.6% to 40.9% of the population of the City of St. Louis; and from 14.3% to 16% of the population of the St. Louis metropolitan area.
Certain statistical data and treatises offered into evidence by plaintiff indicate that the percentage of black or non-white persons convicted of criminal offenses is two to three times the percentage of black or non-white persons in the populations of certain geographical areas. The same conclusion was indicated by a comparison of the percentage of black persons arrested with the percentage of black persons in the populations of certain geographical areas.
Dr. Ronald Christensen concluded at trial that it is between 2.2 and 6.7 times as likely that a black person will have a criminal conviction record as it is a white person will have such a record. He further concluded that in urban areas from 36.9% to 78.1% of all black persons would have a conviction during their lifetime, but that from 11.6% to 16.8% of all white persons would acquire a conviction record.
This general statistical information, however, must yield to the extent records of employment applications at defendant's General Office. These records show, and the Court finds, that the subject policies did not have a discriminatory effect upon black employment applicants. From September, 1971, through November, 1973[7], at defendant's General Office 3282 black persons and 5206 white persons applied for employment. Of these 174 blacks (5.3% of the black applicants) were rejected because of their conviction records and 118 whites (2.23% of the white applicants) were likewise rejected. Of the same applicants 73 blacks and 99 whites had arrest records.
Plaintiff places great weight upon a comparison between the 5.3% and 2.23% figures to show discriminatory effect. However, such a comparison is, alone, inconclusive on the issue of discriminatory impact because it fails to allow for a consideration of the percentage of blacks in the total number of applicants and for a consideration of the percentage of blacks in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The proper computation is as follows:


    118 (whites rejected due to conviction)
  _________________________________________
   8488 (total number of applicants)               × 100 = 1.4%
    174 (blacks rejected due to conviction)
  _________________________________________
   8488 (total number of applicants)               × 100 = 2.05%
     99 (whites with arrest records)
  __________________________________
   8488 (total number of applicants)               × 100 = 1.2%
     73 (blacks with arrest records)
  __________________________________
  8488 (total number of applicants)                × 100 =  .9%

*996 A comparison of the 2.05% and .9% figures, next above, with the 16%[8] (percentage of blacks in the St. Louis metropolitan area in 1970) shows that the percentage of blacks adversely affected by the subject hiring policies is not disproportionately large when compared with the percentage of blacks in the subject population. The 2.05% figure shows a de minimis discriminatory effect against blacks with conviction records, and the 1.2% figure shows such an effect against whites with arrest records. Plaintiff discounts this analysis by arguing without evidentiary support that the discriminatory reputation of defendant in the black community dissuaded other blacks with arrest or conviction records from applying for employment. This argument is based solely upon speculation and must be rejected.
Since 1968 Mo Pac has put into effect an affirmative action program that increased minority employment opportunities[9]. Also, since 1968 Mo Pac has cooperated in a program sponsored by The National Association of Businessmen by hiring 412 disadvantaged blacks, including ex-offenders.
Upon the evidence before me I find that plaintiff has not proven a prima facie case that the subject policies had a discriminatory impact upon those blacks who applied for employment at the defendant's General Office.
Assuming arguendo that plaintiff has proven a prima facie case, I find that defendant has proven that the subject policies are founded upon "business necessity". Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 431, 91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158 (1971). The burden of proving business necessity has been described as requiring proof at least that defendant's policies foster employee productivity, see, Griggs, supra; and see, Wallace v. Debron Corporation, 494 F.2d 674, 677 (8th Cir. 1974), citing Note, 85 Harv.L.Rev. 1482, at 1487 (1972)[10], and as requiring proof that no acceptable alternative exists that will accomplish the same employee productivity with a "lesser differential racial impact". United States v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co., 464 F.2d 301, 308 (8th Cir. en banc, 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1116, 93 S.Ct. 913, 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973); Williams v. Matthews Company, 499 F.2d 819, at p. 828 (8th Cir. filed June 20, 1974).
In this regard, defendant admits that it has not empirically validated the conviction and arrest record policies as required by the EEOC Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, 29 C.F. R. Part 1607. While these Guidelines are recommended in appropriate cases, Griggs, supra, 401 U.S., at 434, 91 S.Ct. 849, they are not binding per se upon *997 this Court. I do not believe the Guidelines are appropriately applied here. The employment policies of which plaintiff complains herein are radically different from the testing criteria with which Griggs was involved.
The accumulation of empirical data regarding the job-success of ex-convicts has been the difficult task of the directors of many programs. Data that has been generated is often drawn from a too-narrow selection of subjects to be of much predictive value when used in a specific employment context, such as in the instant case.
Robert N. McMurray, an industrial psychologist who participated in devising Mo Pac's employment policies, considers a criminal record to be an objective indication of an applicant's personality. He is familiar with statistics that show that at least 50% of those convicted will be convicted again. However, there is no sure method for determining who will be recidivists. The state of the art of psychology has not developed to a degree that permits the use of definite rules.
The Court has carefully considered the arguments of plaintiff and defendant regarding those factors defendant believes support its position on the business necessity of the subject policies. The prevention of cargo theft, theft of company property, refusal to comply with employment directives, and the employment disruption caused by recidivism are among the factors that concern defendant. These factors are relevant to the safety and efficiency of defendant's business and establish that the subject policies are based upon sound business necessity. See footnote 9, supra.
Plaintiff indicates that defendant might have attempted to validate an alternative policy of correlating specific crimes with specific jobs and disqualifying for employment persons convicted of certain crimes for certain jobs. To judicially order or review the implementation or validation of such a policy is to open a Pandora's box of difficulties in judicial administration. Such factors as nature of the offense, length and nature of the punishment, and remoteness in time of either the conviction or the punishment do not reasonably indicate with certainty whether ex-offenders will be successful employees. By what standard should the Court proceed, when the science of psychology has not established certain rules on this subject?
The Court certainly does not believe that all ex-offenders have been or will be bad employees and the employment of ex-offenders can only be encouraged in appropriate cases. However, the Court concludes, under the facts of this action, that defendant's subject policies are not violative of the Civil Rights Acts of 1870 or of 1964.
For the reasons given above, I conclude that plaintiff's claim is without merit and I will dismiss the action.
This memorandum contains the findings of fact and conclusions of law required by Rule 52(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

APPENDIX I


                 U. S. CENSUS - 1960
                                             %
                          Population      Non-white
  St. Louis City             750,026         28.8
  Metropolitan Area        2,060,103         14.5



*998
             Missouri Pacific System States
                                         %        Number
                        Population   Non-white   Non-white
Missouri . . . . . . .   4,319,813       9.2       397,422
Kansas   . . . . . . .   2,178,611       4.2        91,501
Louisiana . . . . . .    3,257,022      32.1     1,045,504
Nebraska . . . . . . .   1,411,330       2.6        36,694
Oklahoma . . . . . . .   2,328,284       9.5       221,186
Arkansas . . . . . . .   1,786,272      21.9       391,193
Colorado . . . . . . .   1,753,947       3.0        52,618
Illinois . . . . . . .  10,081,158      10.6     1,068,602
Texas    . . . . . . .   9,579,677      12.6     1,207,039
Memphis Metrop . . . .     627,019      36.4       228,234
                        __________      _____    _________
TOTALS   . . . . . . .  37,323,133      12.7     4,739,993
                           1960       Percent
United States
  White . . . . . . .  158,831,732       88.6
  Negro . . . . . . .   18,871,831       10.5
  Other . . . . . . .    1,619,612        0.9
                       ___________    _______
TOTAL . . . . . . . .  179,323,175      100.00


APPENDIX II


                 U. S. CENSUS - 1970
                                             %
                           Population     Non-white
  St. Louis City             622,236         41.3
  Metropolitan Area        2,363,017         16.4
            Missouri Pacific System States
                                       %       %        %
                       Population    White   Negro   Non-white
  Missouri . . . . . .  4,677,399     89.3    10.3
  Kansas   . . . . . .  2,249,071     94.5     4.8
  Louisiana . . . . .   3,643,180     69.8    29.8
  Nebraska . . . . . .  1,483,791     96.6     2.7
  Oklahoma . . . . . .  2,559,253     89.1     6.7
  Arkansas . . . . . .  1,923,295     81.4    18.3
  Colorado . . . . . .  2,207,259     95.7     3.0
  Illinois . . . . . . 11,113,976     86.4    12.8
  Texas    . . . . . . 11,196,730     86.8    12.5
  Memphis Metrop . . .    770,120     62.2    37.8
                       __________    _____   _____
  TOTALS   . . . . . . 41,824,074     86.1    12.9       13.9



*999
                            1970                 Percent
  United States
    White . . . . . . . .177.7   Million          87.5
    Negro . . . . . . . . 22.6      "             11.1
    Other . . . . . . . .  2.9      "              1.4
                         ____________________   ________
TOTAL     . . . . . . . . 203,235,298             100.00


APPENDIX III


                         COMPANY-WIDE STATISTICS
                                                     Total
                                                   Number of
                   Item                            Employees        Black       Other
January 1, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,550    2,293  15,257
    Hired       . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,694      221   1,473
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,565      185   1,380
December 31, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,679    2,329  15,350
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,608      211   1,397
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,661      320   1,341
December 31, 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,626    2,220  15,406
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,190      142   1,048
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,126      488   1,638
December 31, 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,690    1,874  14,816
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,526      572   1,954
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,425      412   2,013
December 31, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,791    2,034  14,757
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,212      505   1,707
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,640      555   1,085
December 31, 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,363    1,984  15,379
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,893      344   1,549
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,820      459   2,361
December 31, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,436    1,869  14,567
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,481      424   2,057
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,161      302     859
December 31, 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,756    1,991  15,765
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . .  1,577      317   1,260
    Left Service  . . . . . . . . . . . .  3,172      406   2,766
December 31, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,161    1,902  14,259
Summary
January 1, 1965   . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,550    2,293  15,257
    Hired         . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,181    2,736  12,445
    Left          . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,570    3,127  13,443
December 31, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,161    1,902  14,259
    Percent of Force 12-31-72 . . . . . .    100%      12%     88%
    Percent of New Hires - '65- '73 . . .    100%      18%     82%



*1000 APPENDIX IV


                  EMPLOYEES HIRED IN GENERAL OFFICE
                    TOTAL        NEGRO              CAUCASIAN
         YEAR     EMPLOYEES     EMPLOYEES  -- %     EMPLOYEES   -- %
( 4 Mos.) 1965        92            8       8.6         84      91.4
          1966       173           13       7.5        160      92.5
          1967       158           18      11.0        140      89
          1968       291           27       9.3        264      90.7
          1969       244           23       9.4        221      90.6
          1970       252           13       5.1        239      94.9
          1971       166            8       4.8        158      95.2
          1972       101           35      34.6         66      65.4
(11 Mos.) 1973       116           33      28.4         83      71.6
                   _____          ___      _____     _____      ____
                   1,593          178      11.2%     1,415      88.8%


APPENDIX V


        EMPLOYEES HIRED IN THE ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA
                    TOTAL        NEGRO              CAUCASIAN
         YEAR     EMPLOYEES     EMPLOYEES  --%      EMPLOYEES   --%
( 4 Mos.) 1965        157           22      14          135     86
          1966        293           53      18          240     82
          1967        339           69      20          270     80
          1968        736          251      34          485     66
          1969        556          163      29          393     71
          1970        532          156      29          376     71
          1971        472          102      22          370     78
          1972        286           79      28          207     72
(11 Mos.) 1973        252           83      33          169     67
                    _____          ___     ___        _____     __
                    3,623          978      27%       2,645     73%



*1001 APPENDIX VI


                                     GENERAL OFFICE
|               |       |                                                                |
|      JOB      |       |           YEAR, NO. & PERCENTAGE EMPLOYED, BY RACE             |
|   CATEGORY    |  BY   |----------------------------------------------------------------|
|      OR       | RACE  | 1966   | 1967  | 1968  | 1969  | 1970  | 1971  | 1972  | 1973  |
|  OCCUPATION   |       | No./%  | No./% | No./% | No./% | No./% | No./% | No./% | No./% |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| OFFICIALS     | WHITE |  224/  | 243/  | 213/  | 243/  | 326/  | 352/  | 362/  | 374/  |
| & MANAGERS    |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 99.7% | 99.7% | 100%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |    0/ |    0/ |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |    0% |    0% |   0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |    1/ |    1/ |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   .3% |   .3% |   0%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| PROFESSIONALS | WHITE |  182/  | 177/  | 153/  |  119/ |  185/ |  223/ |  291/ |  331/ |
|               |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 98.4% | 99.5% | 98.4% | 98.7% | 96.7% |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   1/  |   0/  |   1/  |   4/  |  10/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |  .8%  |   0%  |  .4%  |   1%  |   3%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   1/  |   1/  |   1/  |   1/  |   1/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |  .8%  |  .5%  |  .4%  |  .3%  |  .3%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| TECHNICIANS   | WHITE |   63/  |  94/  |  73/  |  65/  |  56/  |  62/  |  71/  |  71/  |
|               |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  |  98%  | 100%  |  99%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   1/  |   0/  |   1/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   2%  |   0%  |   1%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| SALES WORKERS | WHITE |   22/  |   6/  |  13/  |  13/  |  24/  |  20/  |  22/  |  22/  |
|               |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| OFFICE        | WHITE | 1383/  | 1400/ | 1322/ | 1387/ | 1314/ | 1278/ | 1256/ | 1219/ |
| & CLERICAL    |       |  98.7% | 98.5% | 97.6% | 96.5% | 95.6% | 95.6% | 95.5% | 94.3% |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |   18/  |  21/  |  29/  |  48/  |  55/  |  51/  |  54/  |  70/  |
|               |       |    1%  |   1%  |   2%  |   3%  |   4%  |   4%  |   4%  |   5%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    5/  |   7/  |   6/  |   7/  |   5/  |   5/  |   6/  |   9/  |
|               |       |   .3%  |  .5%  |  .4%  |  .5%  |  .4%  |  .4%  |  .5%  |  .7%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| CRAFTSMEN     | WHITE |    3/  |   8/  |   1/  |   3/  |   4/  |   4/  |   7/  |   9/  |
| (SKILLED)     |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|  LABORERS     | WHITE |  0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  |
| (UNSKILLED)   |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |  0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |  0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  | 0/0%  |  0/0% |
|---------------|-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| SERVICE       | WHITE |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    3/  |   3/  |   3/  |   3/  |   2/  |   2/  |   3/  |   3/  |
|               |       |  100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  | 100%  |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |    0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |   0/  |
|               |       |    0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |   0%  |
|===============|=======|========|=======|=======|=======|=======|=======|=======|=======|
| TOTAL         | WHITE |  1879/ | 1929/ | 1776/ | 1831/ | 1909/ | 1940/ | 2020/ | 2037/ |
|               |       |  98.7% | 98.6% | 97.7% | 96.6% | 96.7% | 96.6% | 96.6% | 95.5% |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | BLACK |    21/ |   24/ |   32/ |   52/ |   57/ |   54/ |   61/ |   83/ |
|               |       |     1% |    1% |    2% |    3% |    3% |    3% |    3% |    4% |
|               |-------|--------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|
|               | OTHER |     5/ |    7/ |    6/ |    8/ |    6/ |    8/ |    8/ |   11/ |
|               |       |    .3% |   .4% |   .3% |   .4% |   .3% |   .4% |   .4% |   .5% |
|               |       |        |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTES
[1]  42 U.S.C. § 1981.
[2]  P.L. 88-352, Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.
[3]  Plaintiff testified that, although on the application form he requested employment as a clerk, he would have accepted an offer of non-clerical employment.
[4]  On December 1, 1967, plaintiff was convicted in this District in Criminal Action No. 67 CR 229(1), of violating 50 U.S.C. § 462 and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. There is no evidence that he has been convicted of any other offense.
[5]  Defendant has no established criterion for determining what are disqualifying offenses. Rather, discretion is left to the personnel office.
[6]  Statistical tables reflecting Mo Pac's general hiring practices are found in Appendices III-VI, infra.
[7]  This is the only period for which such data is available.
[8]  It appears, from an examination of the available census tables, that the percentage of blacks in the period of September, 1971, through November, 1973, would have been greater than the 1970 figure, were census tables available for this period.
[9]  See Appendix V, infra.
[10]  The author of this Note, at the page cited, described the "`related to employee productivity' defense" thus:

First, the employer would be required to prove that eliminating a challenged practice which disproportionately limits the employment opportunities of blacks will entail a substantial decrease in his profits. . . .
Second, a practice should not be justified even if it substantially increases a business' profits if its contribution to productivity is the result of satisfying the prejudices of the business' clients or present employees.
Business safety and efficiency characterized the business necessity defense in United States v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co., 464 F.2d 301, 308 (8th Cir. 1972); Waters v. Wisconsin Steel Works, 502 F.2d 1309 (7th Cir. 1974); and Jones v. Lee Way Motor Freight, Inc., 431 F.2d 245, 249 (10th Cir. 1970), cert. den., 401 U.S. 954, 91 S.Ct. 972, 28 L.Ed.2d 237 (1971).
