            IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Elise Rodriguez,                            :
                            Petitioner      :
                                            :
             v.                             :   No. 903 C.D. 2016
                                            :   Argued: June 5, 2017
Unemployment Compensation                   :
Board of Review,                            :
                    Respondent              :


BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
        HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
        HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge


OPINION BY JUDGE BROBSON                        FILED: September 7, 2017

             Petitioner Elise Rodriguez (Claimant) petitions for review of an order
of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board).                    The Board
affirmed the Referee’s decision and order denying Claimant Unemployment
Compensation benefits pursuant to Section 402(b) of the Unemployment
Compensation Law (Law), relating to voluntarily leaving work without cause of a
necessitous and compelling nature.1 For the reasons set forth below, we now
affirm the Board’s order.
             Claimant worked for Quakertown Pain and Rehab (Employer) as a
full-time Office Manager. (Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 8 at 2.) Claimant
voluntarily separated from Employer on December 24, 2015, in order to relocate to

      1
          Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§ 802(b). Section 402(b) of the Law provides, in pertinent part, that an employee shall be
ineligible for compensation for any week “in which his unemployment is due to voluntarily
leaving work without cause of a necessitous and compelling nature.”
Florida with her spouse, who had accepted a full tuition scholarship to attend a
school in Florida. Claimant subsequently filed for unemployment compensation
benefits on January 13, 2016. (C.R., Item No. 3.) The Altoona Unemployment
Compensation Service Center (Service Center) issued a determination, finding
Claimant ineligible for benefits for failing to show a necessitous and compelling
reason for terminating her employment. (C.R., Item No. 4.) Claimant appealed the
Service Center’s determination, and a Referee conducted an evidentiary hearing.
(C.R., Item No. 5.)
             At the hearing before the Referee, Employer elected not to appear.
Claimant, however, appeared without counsel and testified that she voluntarily
terminated her employment in order to relocate to Florida with her spouse.
(Id. at 2.) Prior to making that decision, Claimant testified that her spouse had
been unsuccessful at obtaining local employment due to his criminal background.
(Id. at 3.) In light of those circumstances, Claimant stated that the couple’s church
presented her spouse with a scholarship to attend a theological school in Tampa,
Florida. (Id.) Given the distance between Florida and Pennsylvania, Claimant
testified that she considered staying in Pennsylvania with their children while her
spouse commuted to Florida, but that was not feasible.          (Id.)   According to
Claimant, that type of arrangement was against the school’s religious principles, as
it did not believe in separating families. (Id.) As a result, Claimant stated that the
entire family had to relocate to Florida so that her spouse could accept the
scholarship. (Id.)
             Following the hearing, the Referee issued a decision, affirming the
Service Center’s determination, thereby finding Claimant ineligible for
unemployment compensation benefits pursuant to Section 402(b) of the Law.


                                          2
(C.R., Item No. 9.) The Referee determined that Claimant and her family made a
personal choice to accept the church’s scholarship and prospective employment
offer,2 which did not constitute a necessitous and compelling reason under the
Law.3 (Id.)
              Claimant appealed to the Board, which, in turn, remanded the matter
to the Referee. (C.R., Item Nos. 10, 13.) On remand, the Board instructed the
Referee to conduct a hearing for the purpose of gathering additional information
regarding the merits of the case. (C.R., Item No. 12.) Specifically, the Board
solicited the following information:
              1.    How long was the claimant’s husband unemployed
              before accepting the offer of employment in Florida?

              2.    After losing his job, what efforts did the claimant’s
              husband make to obtain employment locally in order to
              remain in Pennsylvania?

              3.    What is the claimant’s salary or hourly wages at
              his new job in Florida?

              4.    If hourly, how many hours per week is the
              claimant’s husband working?

              5.     What were the claimant’s husband’s wages at his
              prior job?
(Id.) At the remand hearing, Claimant appeared before the Referee along with
counsel and her husband. Claimant’s husband, Miguel Caballero, testified that he
worked as a certified forklift operator and also had a Class A driver’s license.

       2
          The Board, thereafter, did not make any finding that Mr. Caballero had a prospective
offer of employment. (C.R., Item No. 17.)
       3
        Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§§ 751-918.10.



                                              3
(C.R., Item No. 16 at 4.) Much of his employment, he testified, was irregular, as
there were times in which he was unemployed up to a year. (Id.) Moreover,
Mr. Caballero stated that he was unable to obtain permanent employment with any
of his temporary jobs because he could not pass background checks. (Id. at 4-5.)
He attributed these unsuccessful efforts to his criminal history. (Id.) Nonetheless,
Mr. Caballero testified that he persisted by contacting his temporary staffing
agency, as well as other temporary staffing agencies, on a weekly basis seeking
employment opportunities.      (Id. at 4.) According to Mr. Caballero, employers
continually rejected his solicitations, which prompted him to start his own
business. (Id. at 4-5.) That venture ultimately failed. (Id. at 4.)
             Mr. Caballero testified that his church presented him with an
opportunity to attend a theological school on a full tuition scholarship. (Id. at 6-7.)
Although the school was located in Tampa, Florida, Mr. Caballero stated that he
accepted the opportunity. (Id. at 6.) The school, however, would only allow him
to attend on the condition that he move to Florida with his entire family, as it did
not believe in separating families. (Id.) Furthermore, according to Mr. Caballero,
there was a good prospect of full-time employment as a minister following the
completion of the ministerial program. (Id. at 7.) He explained that he would
receive his bachelor’s degree when he finished. (Id.) Finally, Mr. Caballero
testified that, while in Florida, he found part-time work that paired well with his
full-time course load, and Claimant briefly testified that she had sought suitable
work in Florida but had been unable to obtain such employment. (Id. at 6, 10.)
             Following the remand hearing, the Board found as follows:
             1.     Quakertown Pain and Rehab, P.C. employed the
             claimant from May 8, 2013, through December 24, 2015,
             as an office manager earning $30,000 annually.

                                           4
               2.    The claimant’s husband is a certified forklift
               operator; he also has a Class A driver’s license.

               3.     During 2015, the claimant’s husband worked for a
               temporary staffing agency as a truck driver for various
               clients.

               4.    The claimant’s husband attempted to obtain
               permanent employment as a truck driver, but due to his
               criminal record, he was unable to pass employers’
               background checks.

               5.    In late 2015, the claimant’s husband received a
               scholarship to a college in Florida.[4]

               6.   The claimant’s husband accepted the scholarship
               and moved to Florida.

               7.     After moving to Florida, the claimant’s husband
               began working for a temporary staffing agency as a truck
               driver; he also attended school full-time.

               8.    On December 24, 2015, the claimant voluntarily
               quit her employment to relocate to Florida with her
               husband.

(C.R., Item No. 17.) Based on these facts, the Board affirmed the Referee’s
determination, holding that Claimant was ineligible for unemployment
compensation benefits under Section 402(b) of the Law. (Id.) The Board reasoned
that Claimant’s husband made a personal choice to attend school in Florida,
evidenced by Claimant’s failure to demonstrate that circumstances beyond her


       4
          The Referee finds that Claimant’s husband accepted a scholarship to a “college” in
Florida, but there is nothing in the record identifying the college or confirming that the school is
a “college.”



                                                 5
husband’s control caused her relocation. (Id.) Specifically, the Board found that
Claimant failed to present evidence that her husband’s inability to obtain
employment within his field was the cause of her relocation or that her spouse
relocated to accept an offer of permanent employment.                  (Id.)   Claimant now
petitions this Court for review.
              On appeal,5 Claimant presents two arguments. Claimant first argues
that substantial evidence of record does not support the Board’s determination.
Claimant then argues that the Board’s determination was based on an error of law
or abuse of discretion inconsistent with the “follow-the-spouse” doctrine.
              Substantial evidence is defined as relevant evidence upon which a
reasonable mind could base a conclusion. Johnson v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of
Review, 502 A.2d 738, 740 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986). In determining whether there is
substantial evidence to support the Board’s findings, this Court must examine the
testimony in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving that party the
benefit of any inferences that can logically and reasonably be drawn from the
evidence. Id. A determination as to whether substantial evidence exists to support
a finding of fact can only be made upon examination of the record as a whole.
Taylor v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 378 A.2d 829, 831 (Pa. 1977). The
Board’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal only so long as the record, taken
as a whole, contains substantial evidence to support them. Penflex, Inc. v. Bryson,
485 A.2d 359, 365 (Pa. 1984).            “The fact that [a party] may have produced


       5
         This Court’s standard of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights
were violated, whether an error of law was committed, or whether necessary findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S.
§ 704.



                                               6
witnesses who gave a different version of the events, or that [the party] might view
the testimony differently than the Board is not grounds for reversal if substantial
evidence supports the Board’s findings.” Tapco Inc. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd.
of Review, 650 A.2d 1106, 1108-09 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994).              Similarly, even if
evidence exists in the record that could support a contrary conclusion, it does not
follow that the findings of fact are not supported by substantial evidence. Johnson
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 504 A.2d 989, 990 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986).
            Claimant asserts that substantial evidence does not support the
Board’s determination. In doing so, Claimant at no point addresses any finding of
fact to which she takes exception or explains how the evidence of record fails to
support such finding. Instead, Claimant merely provides a narration of the facts in
the instant matter in support of her position. Because Claimant failed to challenge
any finding of fact in her brief, the Board’s findings are binding on appeal. Munski
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 29 A.3d 133, 136 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011).
            We next address Claimant’s argument that the Board committed an
error of law or abuse of discretion because its determination was inconsistent with
the   “follow-the-spouse”   doctrine.        Claimant   contends    that   under   the
“follow-the-spouse” doctrine, she had a necessitous and compelling reason to
voluntarily quit her employment when she relocated with her spouse to Florida.
            Where the termination of employment is voluntary, the claimant bears
the burden of demonstrating that it was for a necessitous and compelling reason.
Pennsylvania Gaming Control Bd. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review,
47 A.3d 1262, 1265 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied sub nom. Wyatt v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 62 A.3d 381 (Pa. 2012). A claimant may
meet this burden by showing that circumstances produced both a real and


                                         7
substantial pressure to leave her employment and that a reasonable person would
have been compelled to act in the same manner under the same circumstances.6
Taylor v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 378 A.2d 829, 833 (Pa. 1977);
Beachem v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 760 A.2d 68, 71 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2000). Our court has held that the “follow-the-spouse” doctrine satisfies
this inquiry. Glen Mills Schs. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 665 A.2d
561, 564 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995).
               Under the “follow-the-spouse” doctrine, a claimant’s burden is
two-fold. Wheeler v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 450 A.2d 775, 778 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1982).        First, the claimant must establish that the move created
insurmountable commuting problems or that maintaining two residences would
result in economic hardship. Glen Mills, 665 A.2d at 564. Under the second
inquiry, the claimant must also demonstrate that circumstances beyond the control
of the claimant’s spouse caused the necessity to relocate, the decision was
reasonable and made in good faith, and that the relocation was not a result of the
spouse’s personal preferences.         Pennsylvania Gaming Control Bd., 47 A.3d
at 1267; Id.
               Turning to the first prong of the “follow-the-spouse” doctrine,
Claimant testified before the Referee, in the initial hearing, that her spouse
accepted a scholarship to attend a school located in Tampa, Florida. Claimant also
testified that she resided in Pennsylvania at the time she terminated her
employment to join her husband in Florida. As a result, the move to Florida

       6
         Whether a claimant has a cause of a necessitous and compelling nature to voluntarily
leave employment is a question of law subject to this Court’s review. Pennsylvania Gaming
Control Bd., 47 A.3d at 1265.



                                             8
created an insurmountable commuting problem for Claimant with regard to her
Pennsylvania job. See Glen Mills, 665 A.2d at 564 (holding that it is obviously
unreasonable to commute five hours round trip each day). Accordingly, Claimant
sustained her burden of demonstrating an insurmountable commuting problem and,
therefore, satisfied the first prong of the “follow-the-spouse” doctrine.
               In order to satisfy the second prong of the analysis, a claimant must
demonstrate that circumstances beyond her spouse’s control caused the necessity
to relocate, that the decision was reasonable and made in good faith, and that the
relocation was not a result of the spouse’s personal preferences. We note that the
desire to maintain the family unit, alone, is insufficient to establish a necessary and
compelling reason to leave employment. Schecter v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of
Review, 491 A.2d 938, 941 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985). On the other hand, a claimant
may meet her burden by demonstrating that the relocating spouse’s position has
been eliminated. Other examples of evidence offered to meet this burden have
included a limited job market due to the highly specialized nature of a spouse’s
occupation,7 a spouse’s military orders,8 a spouse’s medical needs,9 or evidence
that a spouse’s job will be eliminated.10




      7
          Glen Mills, 665 A.2d at 564.
      8
          Pennsylvania Gaming Control Bd., 47 A.3d at 1270-71.
      9
          Steck v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 467 A.2d 1378, 1380 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).
      10
          See Mechanicsburg Area Sch. Dist. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review,
551 A.2d 401, 402-03 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988) (holding that spouse’s employer informing spouse
that it would be going out of business on specific date satisfied burden under
“follow-the-spouse” doctrine).



                                              9
            Here, the Board determined that Claimant failed to establish that her
spouse’s inability to find employment was due to circumstances beyond his
control.   With regard to Mr. Caballero’s employment, the Board found that
“[d]uring 2015, the claimant’s husband worked for a temporary staffing agency as
a truck driver for various clients,” and he “attempted to obtain permanent
employment as a truck driver, but due to his criminal record, he was unable to pass
employers’ background checks.”      (C.R., Item No. 17, Finding of Fact (F.F.)
Nos. 3, 4.) Thus, prior to his relocation to Florida for purposes of schooling, Mr.
Caballero was able to maintain some level of employment as a truck driver—he
just was unable to obtain a permanent position. His relocation to Florida was not
done in order to accept an offer of employment in a highly-specialized field with a
limited job market or because his job was going to be eliminated. Moreover, Mr.
Cabellero did not testify that he was unable to find other types of employment
locally or that he even tried to do so. He also did not testify to exploring any
possible schooling opportunities that may have been available to him locally. He
only testified that there was no scholarship program like this in Allentown. (C.R.,
Item No. 16 at 6.) Even more importantly, the Board did not find that Mr.
Caballero had any offer of employment whatsoever that was contingent upon his
completing the schooling in Florida.    To be clear, Mr. Caballero did not testify
that he would have a job following the completion of his schooling. Instead, when
asked whether a new opportunity for employment arose in July 2015, Mr.
Caballero responded: “No. What came up at that time was a scholarship for
school.” (C.R., Item No. 16 at 6.) When asked if there is a “good prospect for




                                        10
long-term future employment as a minister,” he replied “Yeah. I’m going to
receive my bachelor’s degree when I’m finished.”11 (Id. at 7.) Under these
circumstances, we must conclude that the Board did not err in determining that his
relocation was the result of personal preference, not necessity.12
               Furthermore, we observe that “the objective of the Law . . . is to
ensure that employees who become unemployed involuntarily are provided with
some semblance of economic security.” Hamot Medical Center v. Unemployment
Comp. Bd. of Review, 645 A.2d 466, 469 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994). Thus, it is not the
purpose of unemployment compensation to be a vehicle through which a family
may finance a voluntary change of career or a desire for a spouse to obtain
additional education. If Mr. Caballero had a firm offer of employment for when he
completed the schooling, our decision may have been different.13


       11
          Claimant testified that her “husband decided to go into ministry with [their] church,”
and “they offered him a scholarship for school in Tampa, to pursue his career in ministry.”
(C.R., Item No. 8 at 3.) She then testified that “he’s actually working for the church,” but then
seemed to contradict that testimony when she testified that “he’s doing ministry work for the
school itself.” (Id.)
       12
          In addition, while not addressed by the Referee or Board, it is not clear to the Court
that Claimant’s decision to relocate was reasonable under the circumstances. Here, Claimant
was the only spouse with permanent employment, which she gave up so that her husband could
pursue an educational opportunity with no guaranteed job—only a potential for a job. The
educational opportunity, although it involved a scholarship, was not actually “free” for the
family, because it came at a cost of the loss of Claimant’s $30,000 annual income.
       13
          We note that in considering whether a claimant established cause of a necessitous and
compelling nature to voluntarily terminate employment due to another employment opportunity
which ultimately does not come to fruition, this Court has held that “[t]he receipt and acceptance
of a firm offer of employment . . . constitute[s] compelling cause for termination of
employment.” Top Oil Co. v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 488 A.2d 1209, 1211 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1985). “The offer of employment, however, must be definite.” Solar Innovations, Inc.
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 38 A.3d 1051, 1056 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). Here,
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                               11
              For these reasons, Claimant failed to satisfy the second prong of
Wheeler—that circumstances beyond the control of the claimant’s spouse caused
the necessity to relocate, the decision was reasonable and made in good faith, and
that the relocation was not a result of the spouse’s personal preferences.
              Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Board.




                                     P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge




(continued…)

Claimant quit her job despite the fact that her husband did not have a firm and definite offer of
employment following the completion of his schooling.



                                               12
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Elise Rodriguez,                     :
                      Petitioner     :
                                     :
            v.                       :   No. 903 C.D. 2016
                                     :
Unemployment Compensation            :
Board of Review,                     :
                    Respondent       :




                                   ORDER


            AND NOW, this 7th day of September, 2017, the order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board of Review is AFFIRMED.




                            P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


Elise Rodriguez,                           :
                    Petitioner             :
                                           :
             v.                            :
                                           :
Unemployment Compensation                  :
Board of Review,                           :    No. 903 C.D. 2016
                 Respondent                :    Argued: June 5, 2017



BEFORE:      HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
             HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
             HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge



DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE COSGROVE                               FILED: September 7, 2017


             As I believe Elise Rodriguez (Claimant) has met her burden under the
“follow the spouse” doctrine, I must dissent.

             We have long held that the Unemployment Compensation Law
(Law) 1 “was intended to be remedial legislation which is to be liberally and
broadly construed…” Steck v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review,
467 A.2d 1378, 1380 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983) (citing Kleban v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 459 A.2d 53, 55 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983)). In the
“follow the spouse” context, we have recognized the unique nature of the family


      1
        Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§§751-919.10.
unit in situations where compelling reasons motivated the initial move in the first
place:

               While preservation of the family unit does not, in and of
               itself, give rise to necessitous and compelling reason
               under Section 402(b), [] we are not indifferent to its
               social desirability. Moreover, in the absence of statutory
               language mandating such application, we are disinclined
               to interpret the Law in a way which tends to be disruptive
               to family unity. In this case, we believe it is sufficient that
               the claimant has demonstrated a good faith desire to keep
               her family together, that her interest in preserving the
               family unit was irreconcilable with maintenance of her
               job due to the distance between her's [sic] and her
               husband's places of employment, and that her husband's
               decision to relocate was motivated by compelling factors.
Stevens v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 473 A.2d 254, 257 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1984) (emphasis added).

               In the present case, the Majority has shown no such “disinclin[ation],”
despite no legislative direction otherwise. Coupled with the “compelling factors”
before us (equally as compelling as those in Stevens), the Majority’s interpretation
and application of the “follow the spouse” doctrine is erroneous and, for this
family, quite harmful. 2 As there is no indication that this is consistent with
legislative intent, I am compelled to dissent.

         2
         The Majority stresses Claimant’s husband’s lack of “a firm offer of employment” upon
completion of his ministerial training, stating had it been otherwise the Majority’s decision “may
have been different.” (Majority, slip op. at 11.) By making this suggestion, the Majority is
adding (wrongly) an additional prong to the follow-the-spouse doctrine, something this Court has
never required, from the incarnation of this doctrine in Wheeler v. Unemployment Compensation
Board of Review, 450 A.2d 775 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1982) until now. As such, I find the language of
Judge Blatt in her concurring and dissenting opinion in Wheeler to be applicable: “[B]eing
mindful that the Unemployment Compensation Law was intended to be remedial legislation
which is to be liberally and broadly construed, and cognizant of these troubled economic

                                            JMC-2
                                              ___________________________
                                              JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge




times, I believe that the majority’s rule would promote a result that adversely impacts upon the
preservation of the family unit. It would force families to divide in situations such as the present,
and I cannot believe that the legislature intended such a result. Wheeler, 450 A.2d at 778-779
(Blatt, J., concurring and dissenting)(emphasis added; internal footnote omitted).

                                              JMC-3
