            U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
           C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                      ________________________

                       No. ACM 38769 (f rev)
                      ________________________

                         UNITED STATES
                             Appellee
                                 v.
                    Yogendra RAMBHAROSE
           Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                      ________________________

       Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                        Upon further review
                       Decided 7 August 2020
                      ________________________

Military Judge: Tiffany M. Wagner (arraignment); Lynn Watkins.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 6 months,
and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 21 October 2014 by GCM con-
vened at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina.
For Appellant: Major Patrick J. Hughes, USAF; Major Annie W. Mor-
gan, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Captain Kel-
sey B. Shust, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, LEWIS, and RICHARDSON, Appellate Military
Judges.
Chief Judge J. JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Senior Judge LEWIS and Judge RICHARDSON joined.
                      ________________________

   This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
   precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                      ________________________
              United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


J. JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
    Appellant’s case is before this court for the third time. Appellant was orig-
inally tried by a general court-martial composed of a military judge alone in
October 2014 for five specifications of abusive sexual contact by causing bodily
harm in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10
U.S.C. § 920. 1 Appellant pleaded not guilty to the Charge and its five specifi-
cations, but with respect to three of the specifications (Specifications 1, 2, and
4), he pleaded guilty to the lesser included offense of assault consummated by
a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 928. The military judge
accepted Appellant’s guilty pleas on these lesser offenses, and then the case
proceeded with trial on the charged greater offenses. The military judge found
Appellant guilty of two specifications of abusive sexual contact 2 (Specifications
1 and 3). She found Appellant not guilty of Specification 5. Lastly, she found
Appellant not guilty of the remaining two greater offenses of abusive sexual
contact, but in accordance with his pleas, guilty of the lesser included offense
of assault consummated by a battery (Specifications 2 and 4). As a result of
Appellant’s guilty pleas and the military judge’s findings, Appellant was con-
victed of two specifications of abusive sexual contact and two specifications of
assault consummated by a battery.
    The military judge then sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for 18 months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening
authority approved the bad-conduct discharge and reduction to the grade of E-
1, but reduced Appellant’s term of confinement to 15 months. 3
    Upon our initial review, this court set aside Appellant’s conviction of one of
the specifications of abusive sexual contact as factually insufficient (Specifica-
tion 3). We affirmed the convictions for the remaining specification of abusive
sexual contact (Specification 1) and two specifications of assault consummated
by a battery (Specifications 2 and 4), and reassessed the sentence to a bad-
conduct discharge, confinement for 13 months, and reduction to the grade of
E-1. United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769, 2016 CCA LEXIS 756 (A.F.


1Unless otherwise noted, references to the punitive articles of the Uniform Code of
Military Justice (UCMJ) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2012
ed.). Unless otherwise noted, all other references to the UCMJ and the Rules for
Courts-Martial are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
2 The military judge made one of these findings of guilty by exceptions and substitu-
tions.
3In addition, the convening authority deferred mandatory forfeitures until action pur-
suant to Articles 57(a) and 58b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 857(a), 858b, and waived manda-
tory forfeitures for the benefit of Appellant’s spouse until the earlier of six months or
the expiration of Appellant’s term of service pursuant to Article 58b.


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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


Ct. Crim. App. 15 Dec. 2016) (unpub. op.), rev’d, 76 M.J. 441 (C.A.A.F. 2017)
(mem.) (Rambharose I).
    The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) granted
review and set aside this court’s decision. United States v. Rambharose, 76 M.J.
441 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (Rambharose II). The CAAF remanded the record of trial
to this court for a new review under Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, in light
of the CAAF’s decision in United States v. Hukill, 76 M.J. 219 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
Id.
    On remand from the CAAF, this court set aside Appellant’s conviction for
abusive sexual contact that it had originally affirmed in Rambharose I (Speci-
fication 1), but affirmed the lesser included offense of assault consummated by
a battery except the words “on divers occasions,” in accordance with Appel-
lant’s plea of guilty. United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (rem), 2018
CCA LEXIS 341 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 13 Jul. 2018) (unpub. op.) (Rambharose
III). This court also affirmed Appellant’s convictions for the other two lesser
included offenses of assault consummated by a battery to which Appellant
pleaded guilty (Specifications 2 and 4), and the Charge under Article 128,
UCMJ. The court again set aside the finding of guilty of abusive sexual contact
for Specification 3 as factually insufficient (as it had in Rambharose I), and
dismissed that specification with prejudice. The finding of guilty as to the
Charge under Article 120, UCMJ, and the sentence were also set aside. This
court authorized a rehearing of the set-aside findings for Specification 1 and
the Charge under Article 120, UCMJ, and the sentence.
   The net result of Rambharose III was that Appellant’s convictions for the
three assaults consummated by a battery (Specifications 1, 2, and 4), in accord-
ance with his guilty pleas, were affirmed, and the case was remanded to the
convening authority with a rehearing authorized as to the greater offense of
abusive sexual contact on divers occasions as charged in Specification 1, as to
the Charge, and as to the sentence.
    On 4 January 2019, the convening authority took action on Appellant’s case
for a second time. The convening authority stated, inter alia, that a “rehearing
on the finding of guilt as to the greater offense of abusive sexual contact in
Specification 1 of the Charge of the former proceedings, was found to be im-
practicable.” 4 The convening authority then reassessed the sentence for the
remaining findings of guilty to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for six
months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority “con-




4However, the convening authority did not state that a rehearing on the sentence was
impracticable.


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                United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


clude[d] that the reassessed sentence [was] appropriate based on the individu-
alized consideration of [Appellant], the nature and seriousness of the offenses,
[Appellant’s] record of service, and all matters contained in the record of trial.”
    Appellant now raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether it was improper
for the convening authority to reassess the sentence where this court had not
expressly authorized a reassessment; (2) whether it was improper for the con-
vening authority to reassess the sentence given the dramatic change in the
penalty landscape and impossibility of ascertaining how severe the punish-
ment would have been absent the constitutional error at trial; and (3) whether
Appellant is entitled to sentence relief because the Air Force improperly dis-
charged him while his appeal was pending. In addition, we consider whether
Appellant is entitled to relief for unreasonable post-trial delay. We find no er-
ror materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights, and we affirm the
sentence as reassessed by the convening authority.

                                    I. BACKGROUND
    The opinion in Rambharose I explains the facts underlying Appellant’s con-
victions. For present purposes, a brief summary is sufficient. Appellant groped
three junior female co-workers who worked with him at Joint Base Charleston,
South Carolina. With regard to Specification 1, Appellant cupped and squeezed
the breast of a civilian employee, JF, over her clothing without her permission
after she had asked him to come to her desk to help her with a work-related
issue. With regard to Specification 2, Senior Airman (SrA) BN 5 was giving Ap-
pellant a ride home after he consumed alcohol at a unit social function when
he touched her breast over her clothing and touched her knee without her per-
mission. With regard to Specification 4, Appellant touched SrA TW’s 6 breast
over her clothing during a conversation in the workplace. During his guilty
plea inquiry with the military judge, Appellant portrayed these incidents as
immature and of a “joking” nature on his part, and not intended for sexual
gratification. In their testimony, the victims generally agreed that Appellant
had an immature personality, but also testified to the effect that they were
surprised and offended by his conduct.




5SrA BN had separated from the Air Force and was a civilian at the time of Appellant’s
trial, and went by a different surname.
6   SrA TW was a staff sergeant at the time of Appellant’s trial.


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              United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


                                  II. DISCUSSION
A. Scope of Convening Authority Discretion on Remand
    1. Law
   The proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law we re-
view de novo. United States v. Zegarrundo, 77 M.J. 612, 614 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2018) (citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).
    Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii) provides:
       Sentence reassessment. If a superior competent authority has ap-
       proved some of the findings of guilty and has authorized a re-
       hearing as to other offenses and the sentence, the convening au-
       thority may, unless otherwise directed, reassess the sentence
       based on the approved findings of guilty and dismiss the remain-
       ing charges. Reassessment is appropriate only where the con-
       vening authority determines that the accused’s sentence would
       have been at least of a certain magnitude had the prejudicial
       error not been committed and the reassessed sentence is appro-
       priate in relation to the affirmed findings of guilty.
    2. Analysis
    Appellant contends that, on remand from a superior competent authority
such as this court, a convening authority is authorized to reassess a sentence
only when expressly permitted to do so by the superior authority. Therefore, in
this case, the convening authority could not lawfully reassess the sentence be-
cause this court’s decision in Rambharose III did not specifically authorize such
action. We disagree.
   In Rambharose III, this court (1) approved some of the findings of guilty
and (2) authorized a rehearing as to the set-aside findings and the sentence.
Rambharose III, unpub. op. at *9. Therefore, on remand, the case was squarely
within the application of R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii), and because this court did
not “otherwise direct,” the convening authority had discretion to “reassess the
sentence based on the approved findings of guilty and dismiss the remaining
charges.” 7 R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii). We find unconvincing Appellant’s argu-
ments to the contrary, which we address in turn.



7 The convening authority’s action dated 4 January 2019, after noting that a rehearing
on findings was determined to be impracticable, did not purport to dismiss Specifica-
tion 1 alleging abusive sexual contact on divers occasions, nor the Charge of violating
Article 120, UCMJ, nor does the original record of trial contain other documentation




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               United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


    Appellant contends that in the event the convening authority found a re-
hearing on the sentence impracticable—which he infers to be the case here,
although the 4 January 2019 action contains no such statement—he was lim-
ited to approving a sentence of “no punishment.” However, the cases Appellant
cites for this proposition were interpreting an earlier, different version of
R.C.M. 1107, which did not include the express authority for reassessment by
the convening authority now found at R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii). See United
States v. Montesinos, 28 M.J. 38, 44 (C.M.A. 1989); United States v. Burns, No.
ACM. 29449 (f rev), 1993 CMR LEXIS 322 (A.F.C.M.R. 30 Jul. 1993) (unpub.
op.); United States v. Watruba, No. ACM 28902 (f rev), 1993 CMR LEXIS 276
(A.F.C.M.R. 2 Jun. 1993) (per curiam) (unpub. op.). As the Government ex-
plains in its answer brief, the Rules for Courts-Martial were modified in 2004
to expressly provide the convening authority the option of sentence reassess-
ment which Appellant contends is still forbidden. See Manual for Courts-Mar-
tial, United States (2012 ed.), App. 21, at A21–90.
    Appellant cites opinions of this court in which the decretal paragraph ex-
plicitly purported to authorize the convening authority to reassess the sen-
tence. See, e.g., United States v. Rose, 67 M.J. 630, 638 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2009); United States v. Arrington, No. ACM 37638 (f rev), 2013 CCA LEXIS
395, at *4 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 9 May 2013) (unpub. op.). Appellant invokes the
“surplusage” canon of statutory construction, see United States v. Sager, 76
M.J. 158, 161 (C.A.A.F. 2017), and applies it in this judicial context, reasoning
that such authorizations would have no purpose if the convening authority pos-
sessed the power to reassess sentences even without such language. However,
such language cannot modify the plain meaning of R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii).
We find nothing perplexing in the inclusion of language in our decretal para-
graphs that is descriptive or explanatory rather than operative.
     Appellant’s reference to R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(C)(iii) is equally unconvincing.
That rule—relating to rehearing on sentence only—provides, in pertinent part:
“If the convening authority determines a rehearing on sentence is impractica-
ble, the convening authority may approve a sentence of no punishment without
conducting a rehearing.” First, we note in this case the convening authority’s
action does not indicate the predicate finding that a rehearing on sentence, as
opposed to findings, was impracticable—nor did R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii) re-
quire the convening authority to make such a finding before reassessing the


that Specification 1 and the Article 120 Charge were dismissed. Accordingly, in our
decretal paragraph, we dismiss the outstanding Charge and Specification 1 with prej-
udice as it relates to a violation of Article 120, UCMJ, and direct the publication of a
court-martial order that reflects the ultimate disposition of the remaining specifica-
tions (Specifications 1, 2, and 4) as to the Charge as it relates to the violation of Article
128, UCMJ.


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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


sentence. Thus, it is not clear that portion of R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(C)(iii) even ap-
plies in the instant case. Moreover, and more importantly, R.C.M.
1107(e)(2)(C)(iii) states the convening authority “may” approve a sentence of
no punishment in such a situation. Thus the provision is permissive rather
than mandatory, and it does not contradict much less override the plain lan-
guage of R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii) which authorized sentence reassessment in
lieu of a rehearing on findings in this situation.
    We agree with Appellant that when this court remands a case to a conven-
ing authority, the convening authority can “only take action that conforms to
the limitations and conditions prescribed in the remand.” Montesinos, 28 M.J.
at 44 (citation omitted). However, nothing this court decreed in Rambharose
III barred the convening authority from reassessing the sentence in accordance
with R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii). Accordingly, we find the convening authority did
not exceed the scope of his authority when he did so.
B. Convening Authority’s Sentence Reassessment
   1. Additional Background
    Before the convening authority took action on 4 January 2019, the acting
staff judge advocate (SJA) prepared a written recommendation that explained
in detail the criteria and factors involved in sentence reassessment as identi-
fied in United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 308 (C.M.A. 1986), and United
States v. Winckelmann, 73 M.J. 11, 15–16 (C.A.A.F. 2013). The SJA analyzed
each of the factors set forth in Winckelmann and concluded that although the
first factor—changes in punitive exposure—weighed against reassessment, the
remaining three factors weighed in favor of it. The SJA recommended the con-
vening authority approve a reassessed sentence of a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for six months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The SJA’s rec-
ommendation was served on the Defense, which did not submit a response or
additional matters for the convening authority’s consideration.
    In the action dated 4 January 2019, the convening authority stated, inter
alia: “Considering the totality of the evidence, I determine to my satisfaction
that, absent any error, the sentence adjudged would have been of at least a
certain severity. I hereby reassess the sentence to a bad conduct discharge,
confinement for six (6) months, and reduction to the grade of E-1 (airman
basic).”
   2. Law
       a. Standard of Review
   The parties disagree as to the standard of review that a Court of Criminal
Appeals (CCA) applies when reviewing a sentence reassessed by a convening
authority. There is some support for the Government’s position that we review


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              United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


the convening authority’s decision for an abuse of discretion. See United States
v. King, No. 201500106, 2016 CCA LEXIS 712, at *7 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 15
Dec. 2016) (unpub. op.) (citations omitted); United States v. Rollins, No. ACM
34515, 2003 CCA LEXIS 303, at *11 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 24 Dec. 2003) (unpub.
op.) (citations omitted), rev’d in part on other grounds, 61 M.J. 338 (C.A.A.F.
2005); see also United States v. Johnson, 27 M.J. 553, 554 (A.C.M.R. 1988) (im-
plying abuse of discretion review of convening authority sentence reassess-
ment). This view also carries some intuitive appeal, in that we are reviewing
an exercise of discretion on the part of a subordinate authority. Cf. United
States v. Harris, 53 M.J. 86, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (“A sentence reassessment is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”).
     However, in light of precedent from our superior court, we agree with Ap-
pellant that a CCA reviews sentence reassessment by a convening authority
de novo. In United States v. Williams, 54 M.J. 380, 380–81 (C.A.A.F. 2000)
(mem.), the CAAF explained “that if a [CCA] authorizes a sentence reassess-
ment by a convening authority upon remand, the [CCA] must make its own
determination as to whether the reassessed sentence comports” with Sales, 22
M.J. 305, and United States v. Jones, 39 M.J. 315 (C.M.A. 1994). Williams cited
the CAAF’s decision in Harris, where the court reviewed the standard for sen-
tence reassessment by a CCA. 53 M.J. at 88 (citations omitted). In Harris, the
CAAF concluded: “If the [CCA] cannot determine that the sentence would have
been of at least a certain magnitude absent the error, it must order a rehearing.
. . . The [CCA] must make the same determination if a sentence has been reas-
sessed by a convening authority upon remand.” Id. (emphasis added) (citations
omitted). The CAAF’s explanations that the CCA must make its “own determi-
nation” and the “same determination” as it does when conducting its own sen-
tence reassessment lead us to the conclusion the CAAF has prescribed de novo
review of convening authority reassessments by the CCAs. 8
    In any event, the distinction between review de novo and review for an
abuse of discretion is of no moment in the instant case. Under either standard
of review, we find no error, as we explain below.
       b. Sentence Reassessment
   Under Article 59(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 859(a), a court-martial sentence
may not be held incorrect by virtue of legal error “unless the error materially
prejudices the substantial rights of the accused.” If a reviewing authority can




8In context, we further conclude the statement in Harris that “[a] sentence reassess-
ment is reviewed for an abuse of discretion” refers specifically to review by the CAAF.
53 M.J. at 88.


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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


reliably conclude that an adjudged sentence would have been of at least a cer-
tain severity, absent error, “then a sentence of that severity or less will be free
of the prejudicial effects of error; and the demands of Article 59(a) will be met.”
Sales, 22 M.J. at 308. “[I]f the error at trial was one of constitutional magni-
tude, then it would seem necessary that the [CCA] should be persuaded beyond
a reasonable doubt that its reassessment has rendered harmless any error af-
fecting the sentence adjudged at trial.” Id. at 307 (citing Chapman v. Califor-
nia, 386 U.S. 18 (1967)) (additional citation omitted).
    As described above, where a CCA has approved some of the findings of
guilty and authorized a rehearing on some of the findings and the sentence,
R.C.M. 1107(e)(2)(B)(iii) authorizes the convening authority to reassess the
sentence based on the approved findings, provided that he “determines that
the accused’s sentence would have been at least of a certain magnitude had the
prejudicial error not been committed and the reassessed sentence is appropri-
ate in relation to the affirmed findings of guilty.”
    Whether a sentence may be reliably reassessed is “based on the totality of
the circumstances presented.” Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15. The CAAF has
identified the following non-exclusive factors to “assist” in such an analysis: (1)
“Dramatic changes in the penalty landscape and exposure;” (2) “Whether an
appellant chose sentencing by members or a military judge alone;” (3)
“Whether the nature of the remaining offenses capture[s] the gravamen of
criminal conduct included within the original offenses and . . . whether signif-
icant or aggravating circumstances addressed at the court-martial remain ad-
missible and relevant to the remaining offenses;” and (4) “Whether the remain-
ing offenses are of the type that judges of the [CCAs] should have the experi-
ence and familiarity with to reliably determine what sentence would have been
imposed at trial.” Id. at 15–16 (citations omitted).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant contends that, assuming arguendo this court’s remand order per-
mitted the convening authority to conduct a sentence reassessment analysis,
under the circumstances of this case reassessment is not appropriate in light
of Sales and Winckelmann. We disagree and conclude, based on the totality of
the circumstances and in light of the Winckelmann factors, that sentence reas-
sessment was appropriate and the sentence reassessed by the convening au-
thority removed the prejudicial effects of the previous constitutional errors be-
yond a reasonable doubt. We consider the factors in turn.
       a. Changes to the Penalty Landscape and Exposure
   We agree with Appellant that there has been a substantial change to his
punitive exposure. Based on the two specifications of abusive sexual contact



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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


and two specifications of assault consummated by a battery for which the mil-
itary judge originally sentenced Appellant, at trial Appellant faced a maximum
sentence that included a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 15 years, to-
tal forfeiture of pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. See
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 45.e.(4);
MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.e.(2). The maximum punishment for the three remaining
offenses of assault consummated by a battery includes a bad-conduct dis-
charge, confinement for 18 months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and
reduction to the grade of E-1. MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.e.(2). We conclude this sub-
stantial change weighs against reassessment.
       b. Sentencing by Military Judge Alone rather than Members
    In Winckelmann, the CAAF explained: “[a]s a matter of logic, judges of the
[CCAs] are more likely to be certain of what a military judge would have done
as opposed to members.” 73 M.J. at 16.
    Appellant contends that this factor weighs against reassessment because
“this [c]ourt is left with the task of analyzing the propriety of the convening
authority’s sentence reassessment, which is more comparable to a sentence im-
posed by a court-martial panel versus one issued by a military judge.” How-
ever, Appellant misconstrues the nature of our de novo review of the propriety
of sentence reassessment in this case in light of Winckelmann. The question at
this stage of the analysis is not the specific sentence that the convening au-
thority reassessed for Appellant; the question for us, as it was for the convening
authority, is whether we can reliably determine what the original sentencing
authority would have imposed had the errors at trial not occurred. See Sales,
22 M.J. at 308. In this case, that sentencing authority was a military judge
rather than court members. Accordingly, we weigh this factor in favor of reas-
sessment.
       c. Gravamen of the Criminal Conduct
    Despite the fact that Appellant is no longer convicted of two specifications
of abusive sexual conduct, we nevertheless find “the remaining offenses cap-
ture the gravamen of criminal conduct included within the original offenses.”
Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 16. Appellant remains convicted of touching a sex-
ually sensitive part of the body of three of the original four victims, without
their consent. It is notable and troubling that Appellant displayed a distinct
pattern of such behavior despite the negative reactions of his victims. It is also
troubling that Appellant committed his offenses both in the workplace as well
as off-duty, and committed them against junior female co-workers. Whether or
not Appellant derived sexual gratification from his behavior, his repeated mis-
conduct was offensive and had a manifest tendency to undermine the good or-
der and discipline of his unit.


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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


     Relatedly, we note that in sentencing proceedings none of the victims iden-
tified in the specifications for which Appellant was originally convicted at trial
either testified or provided a statement to the court. The military judge based
her sentence on the evidence presented with regard to findings, that is, her
guilty plea inquiry with Appellant and the findings testimony of the victims.
Therefore, the evidence on which the military judge based her sentencing de-
cision would have been substantially similar had Appellant been convicted at
trial of only the three remaining offenses.
  For the foregoing reasons, we find this factor weighs in favor of reassess-
ment.
       d. Nature of the Remaining Offenses
    Appellant remains convicted of three incidents of assault consummated by
a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ. These offenses are not of a type
that is unfamiliar to this court. As with the second factor, Appellant miscon-
strues the nature of our inquiry, and comments that “the convening authority
is not a judge, and he has no experience to determine what judicial punish-
ments should flow from a court-martial for Assault Consummated by Battery.”
Once again, our focus in our de novo consideration of the Winckelmann factors
is not the reassessed sentence the convening authority settled on, but whether
we can reliably determine what the sentencing authority would have done. We
find that this factor also weighs in favor of reassessment.
       e. Conclusion Regarding Sentence Reassessment
    Weighing the Winckelmann factors together, recognizing that they are “il-
lustrative” and not “dispositive,” and considering the totality of the circum-
stances, we agree with the convening authority that it is possible to reliably
determine a sentence the military judge would have imposed had the errors at
trial not occurred.
    We further conclude that such a sentence would have included a bad-con-
duct discharge, confinement for six months, and reduction to the grade of E-1.
Because the errors were constitutional in nature, we must be satisfied the re-
assessed sentence removes any prejudicial effect beyond a reasonable doubt.
See Hukill, 76 M.J. at 222; Sales, 22 M.J. at 307; Rambharose III, unpub. op.
at *5–6. We note that the military judge originally imposed a sentence of con-
finement for 18 months 9 in addition to a bad-conduct discharge and reduction
to the grade of E-1. As described above, the gravamen of the criminal conduct
and the evidence upon which the military judge would have made her sentenc-
ing decision absent the errors would have been substantially similar to the

9 Notably, this term of confinement was two months longer than the 16 months trial
counsel recommended.


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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


original trial. Furthermore, we believe that due to training and experience, the
military judge—as compared to court members—would be influenced less by
either the maximum imposable punishment or the label attached to Appel-
lant’s offenses, and likely to focus on the nature and circumstances of the of-
fenses themselves. Accordingly, having ourselves reassessed the sentence, we
are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that, absent the constitutional errors,
the military judge would have imposed a sentence no lower than that reas-
sessed by the convening authority.
C. Sentence Appropriateness
   1. Additional Background
    In support of his appeal, Appellant submitted a declaration to the court
wherein he asserts, inter alia, that on 24 May 2019 some unknown person at
the Air Force Personnel Center prematurely separated him from the Air Force,
despite the fact that his appeal was still pending. Appellant describes various
adverse medical, financial, and other consequences to himself and his family
that he asserts had only been partially resolved as of the date of his declara-
tion, 7 August 2019. We granted Appellant’s motion to attach the declaration.
   2. Law
    Whether this court has jurisdiction over an issue asserted on appeal is a
question of law we review de novo. United States v. Buford, 77 M.J. 562, 564
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017) (citing Randolph v. HV, 76 M.J. 27, 29 (C.A.A.F.
2017)) (additional citation omitted). Similarly, “[t]he scope and meaning of Ar-
ticle 66(c), UCMJ, which is the source of this court’s authority, is a matter of
statutory interpretation, which, as a question of law, is reviewed de novo.”
Buford, 77 M.J. at 564 (citing United States v. Schloff, 74 M.J. 312, 313
(C.A.A.F. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 915 (2016)). “The burden to establish
jurisdiction rests with the party invoking the court’s jurisdiction.” United
States v. LaBella, 75 M.J. 52, 53 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (citation omitted).
    Article 66(c) “clearly establishes a discretionary standard for sentence ap-
propriateness relief awarded by the [CCAs],” provided the CCA identifies a “le-
gal error or deficiency.” United States v. Gay, 75 M.J. 264, 268 (C.A.A.F. 2016)
(citations omitted). However, Article 66(c) “does not extend [our] reach to all
finance or personnel matters that may have some link to a court-martial sen-
tence.” Buford, 77 M.J. at 565. Accordingly, we have declined to “grant [sen-
tence] relief for . . . administrative matter[s] unrelated to any legal deficiency
and unconnected to the legality or appropriateness of a court-martial sen-
tence.” Id.
    Generally, Article 66, UCMJ, does not authorize a CCA to consider materi-
als outside the “entire record” when reviewing issues that were not raised by



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             United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


anything in the record. United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J. 437, 444 (C.A.A.F.
2020).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant requests that we exercise our authority to reduce his sentence
pursuant to Article 66(c), UCMJ, to redress the harm he suffered as a conse-
quence of the premature execution of his punitive discharge in May 2019. In
light of this court’s decision in Buford and the CAAF’s recent decision in Jessie,
we decline to do so.
    In Buford, this court declined to grant relief where the appellant contended
that he had been incorrectly denied pay during a period of accrued leave due
to errors in the Air Force’s personnel and finance systems following his court-
martial. 77 M.J. at 563–64. This court explained Article 66, UCMJ, provided
no authority to review the asserted pay errors because they did “not concern
the legality or appropriateness of an approved court-martial sentence,” and
were “plainly a collateral administrative matter.” Id. at 565. Similarly, the cir-
cumstances of which Appellant complains in the instant case are “administra-
tive matter[s]” that are “unconnected to the legality or appropriateness of a
court-martial sentence.” Id.
    In addition, the events Appellant complains of did not begin until May
2019, well after the record was docketed with this court, and they are not re-
flected in the “entire record” as the CAAF explained that term in Jessie. 79
M.J. at 440–41. Appellant does not allege, and his declaration does not suggest,
cruel or unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment or Article
55, UCMJ, to implicate the exception to the general rule the CAAF recognized
in Jessie. See id. at 443–44. Accordingly, under Jessie, Appellant’s assignment
of error is outside of this court’s authority prescribed by Article 66, UCMJ.
D. Post-Trial Delay
   Although not raised as an assignment of error, we note the record of trial
was not re-docketed with this court until 11 February 2019, 38 days after the
convening authority took action on 4 January 2019. This period exceeded the
30-day threshold for a presumptively unreasonable post-trial delay the CAAF
established in United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 142 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Ac-
cordingly, we have considered the four factors identified in Moreno to assess
whether Appellant’s due process right to timely post-trial and appellate re-
view has been violated. Id. at 135 (citing United States v. Jones, 61 M.J. 80, 83
(C.A.A.F. 2005); Toohey v. United States, 60 M.J. 100, 102 (C.A.A.F. 2004)).
   Where, as here, there is no discernible prejudice from the delay, there is no
due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely affect the
public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice system.”
United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Considering all the

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              United States v. Rambharose, No. ACM 38769 (f rev)


circumstances together, including inter alia the absence of a demand for speedy
post-trial processing and the fact that the delay exceeded the applicable
Moreno standard by only eight days, see Moreno, 63 M.J. at 138, 142, we are
convinced the delay was not so egregious as to impugn the fairness and integ-
rity of the military justice system.
   Recognizing our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ, we have also consid-
ered whether relief for excessive post-trial delay is appropriate even in the ab-
sence of a due process violation. See United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 225
(C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering the factors enumerated in United States v.
Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75 M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F.
2016), we conclude it is not.

                                  III. CONCLUSION
    The finding of guilty as to the lesser-included offense of assault consum-
mated by a battery except the words “on divers occasions” for Specification 1,
the findings of guilty as to the lesser-included offenses of assault consummated
by a battery for Specifications 2 and 4, and the finding of guilty as to the lesser-
included offense of assault consummated by a battery in violation of Article
128, UCMJ, for the Charge were previously affirmed. The finding of guilty of
abusive sexual contact on divers occasions for Specification 1 and the finding
of guilty of the Charge in violation of Article 120, UCMJ, were previously set
aside; they are now DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The approved sen-
tence is correct in law and fact, and no error materially prejudicial to Appel-
lant’s substantial rights occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§
859(a), 866(c). The sentence, as reassessed by the convening authority, is AF-
FIRMED. 10


                   FOR THE COURT



                   CAROL K. JOYCE
                   Clerk of the Court




10 We direct the publication of a court-martial order that reflects the ultimate disposi-
tion of the Charge and Specifications in this case.


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