                      NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 File Name: 15a0607n.06

                                                  Case No. 14-2464

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                                     FILED
VALEMARIA BLANKENSHIP,                                           )                           Aug 26, 2015
                                                                 )                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                                 )
                                                                 )        ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                               )        STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                                 )        THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,                                 )        MICHIGAN
                                                                 )
            Defendant-Appellee.                                  )
                                                                 )        OPINION
                                                                 )

BEFORE: SUTTON and DONALD, Circuit Judges; ZOUHARY, District Judge.*

            BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Valemaria Blankenship (“Blankenship”)

appeals the district court’s judgment upholding the Commissioner of Social Security’s

(“Commissioner”) denial of Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”). Blankenship

suffers from degenerative joint disease in her feet, which causes, inter alia, neuromas, stress

fractures, and breaks requiring outpatient surgical repair. Blankenship applied for DIB in 2002

and again in 2010, claiming she was unable to work due to problems with her feet. An ALJ

denied her first application for benefits in 2004, finding that, despite her condition, she retained

the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform light work and there were a significant

number of such jobs in the economy. In 2011, a succeeding ALJ—after finding that Blankenship

had failed to present new evidence of a change in her condition, and was therefore collaterally

*
    The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


estopped from relitigating her disability claim—denied Blankenship’s second application for the

same reasons. Blankenship appeals, primarily challenging the second ALJ’s conclusion that her

medical condition had not deteriorated and that she retained her RFC from 2004. Because

substantial evidence supported the second ALJ’s findings, we AFFIRM the Commissioner’s

denial of benefits.

                                               I.

                                               A.

       Blankenship was born on December 22, 1956 and is currently 58 years old. (PageID

164.) She has an eighth-grade education and is able to read and write. (PageID 50, 62, 194.) As

a child, Blankenship was pigeon-toed and wore special shoes. (PageID 369.) Between 1977 and

2002, Blankenship worked at Delphi East, a subsidiary of General Motors in Flint, Michigan.

(PageID 50-51.) During the last three years of her tenure there, Blankenship assembled circuit

boards for cars. (PageID 51.) As an assembler, she never lifted more than ten pounds; she spent

approximately three hours per day sitting and the rest of her day standing. (PageID 51-52.)

       In October 1996, at a physical therapy session following bunion removal, Blankenship

reported having had at least 21-23 prior surgeries. (PageID 369.) She informed the physical

therapist that, for many years, she had a history of foot pain and difficulty walking. (Id.) From

March 1997 to August 2004, Blankenship underwent twelve outpatient procedures on both feet,

including bunion removal, heel spur repair, neuroma (a growth or tumor of nerve tissue)

removal, nerve decompressions, plantar fascia repair, fracture repair, and implantation and

removal of bone stimulators. (PageID 282-83, 285-87, 289-90, 292-93, 338-41, 343-44, 350-52,




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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


357-58, 360, 362-63, 364-65.)1 Beginning in 1998, most of these foot surgeries were performed

by Blankenship’s podiatrist, Dr. Keith Daniels, DPM (“Dr. Daniels”).

           Blankenship unsuccessfully applied for DIB on May 9, 2002 (“2002 Application”) “due

to problems with [her] right foot.” (PageID 102.) A hearing on the 2002 Application, at which

Blankenship appeared and testified without representation, was held on April 6, 2004. (PageID

29.) This initial application was denied by ALJ Regina Sobrino (“ALJ Sobrino”) on September

10, 2004.        (PageID 106.)       ALJ Sobrino found that Blankenship had a “severe” physical

impairment consisting of degenerative joint disease in her feet. (PageID 54, 103, 105.) ALJ

Sobrino further found that this impairment precluded Blankenship from her past relevant work as

an assembler. (PageID 104.) Based largely on the testimony of vocational expert Timothy

Shaner (“Shaner”), however, ALJ Sobrino found that Blankenship had the RFC to perform a

limited range of light work and could perform a significant number of light jobs despite the

limitations caused by her impaired feet. (PageID 102, 104-06.) Although Blankenship requested

review of the decision by the Social Security Administration’s Appeals Council, the Council

declined review. (PageID 29.) Blankenship did not seek further judicial review. (Id.)

           Following this denial, Blankenship had five outpatient procedures on her left foot from

September 2004 to September 2006, for tendon repair, removal of hardware, fusion of her first

metatarsal cuneiform joint, and two partial tarsectomys. (PageID 268-71, 273-81.)2

                                                        B.

           Through counsel, Blankenship filed a second application for DIB on January 27, 2010

(“2010 Application”), alleging disability beginning on December 22, 2006—her fiftieth



1
  These procedures took place in March 1997, June 1997, September 1997, November 1997, June 1998 (two
procedures), September 1998, January 1999, August 2001, January 2002, September 2002, and August 2004.
2
    These procedures took place in February 2005, October 2005, December 2005, April 2006, and September 2006.

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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


birthday.3 (PageID 164.) Blankenship’s insured status for Social Security disability benefits

expired nine days later, on December 31, 2006. 4 (PageID 171.)

        The denial of the 2010 Application is the subject of this appeal. The state agency

responsible for reviewing disability benefits applications denied Blankenship’s application, and

she requested a hearing before an ALJ. (PageID 29, 126-27.) A hearing was held on September

7, 2011, before ALJ Peter Dowd (“ALJ Dowd”). Blankenship alleged she could not work

because of degenerative joint disease in her feet. (PageID 54, 60.) Blankenship testified that she

underwent about ten surgeries for fractures in her feet since ALJ Sobrino rendered her decision,

(PageID 55-56); records, in fact, demonstrate that she has had an additional fifteen surgeries

since ALJ Sobrino’s decision. (PageID 251-67.)5 These surgeries were mainly on her left foot.

(PageID 55-56.) Blankenship stated that her feet got worse from 2004 through the end of 2006

because of “[o]steoporosis, fractures, [and] breaks.” (PageID 63.) She also complained of

asthma and emphysema. (PageID 57-58.)

        As for her physical capabilities, Blankenship reported that she could stand for ten

minutes. (PageID 65, 71.) She could not walk one block, but was able to walk from her car to

the room where the hearing was held. (PageID 66.) Her ability to walk in 2006 was the same as

it was in 2011. (PageID 70.) She could lift ten pounds and carry it four or five feet. (PageID

66-67.) She stated she could not lift ten pounds repetitively throughout the day because “my

3
  At 50 years old, Blankenship would be considered a “[p]erson closely approaching advanced age.” See 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1563(d) (“If you are closely approaching advanced age (age 50–54), we will consider that your age along with
a severe impairment(s) and limited work experience may seriously affect your ability to adjust to other work.”).
4
  A “period of disability” can only commence while an applicant is fully insured. See generally 42 U.S.C. § 416(i).
Blankenship’s insured status for purposes of receiving DIB expired on December 31, 2006, and thus she cannot be
found disabled unless she can establish a disability prior to that date. See Gibson v. Sec’y of Health, Educ. &
Welfare, 678 F.2d 653, 654 (6th Cir. 1982); Traill v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 13-13207, 2015 WL 452191, at *7
(E.D. Mich. Feb. 3, 2015).
5
  In addition to the five aforementioned surgeries between September 2004 and September 2006, Blankenship had
ten additional procedures in March 2007, May 2007, August 2007, April 2008, June 2008, February 2009, April
2009, September 2009, February 2011, and March 2011.

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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


hand ain’t going to last me.” (PageID 67.) She was unable to bend over because she could not

get back up, and she was unable to squat. (PageID 69.) According to records, Blankenship had

used crutches and a walker following her surgeries. (PageID 195.)

       Vocational expert Judith Findora (“Findora”) testified at the hearing. (PageID 79-86.)

During Findora’s testimony, ALJ Dowd posed a “hypothetical question . . . based on the residual

functional capacity finding by Judge Sabrino [sic] in her decision of September 10, 2004.”

(PageID 80.) In this hypothetical, ALJ Dowd asked whether an individual with the following

characteristics could perform Blankenship’s past work: Blankenship’s age on December 31,

2006 (50 years old); Blankenship’s education and past work experience; RFC to lift, carry, push,

and pull 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds occasionally; ability to stand and walk for two

hours in an eight-hour workday, so long as she was given the option to alternate between sitting

and standing at will; no operation of foot controls; occasional stooping and rare climbing of

stairs; and no crouching, kneeling, crawling, or climbing of ropes, ladders, or scaffolding.

(PageID 80-81.) Findora testified—consistent with Shaner’s testimony—that such an individual

could not perform Blankenship’s past work. (PageID 81.) Findora further testified—again

consistent with Shaner—that such an individual could perform other light and unskilled

occupations, such as that of a cashier, counter clerk, and general office clerk. (PageID 81-82,

104.) She explained that all of these jobs were “sitting jobs” that were classified as light work,

as opposed to sedentary work, because of the lifting requirements. (PageID 84.) Findora

conceded, however, that a hypothetical worker not capable of repetitively lifting ten pounds or

occasionally lifting up to twenty pounds would not be able to perform any of these three light

jobs. (PageID 83.) She also conceded that a hypothetical worker who could not walk a block

may not be able to walk from a company parking lot into a worksite. (PageID 86.)



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


       In a decision dated November 9, 2011, ALJ Dowd found that Blankenship was not

disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. (PageID 38.) In reaching this decision,

ALJ Dowd found that Blankenship’s condition had not “substantially worsened” since ALJ

Sobrino’s 2004 decision.     (PageID 35-36.)     Thus, ALJ Dowd reiterated that Blankenship

continued to retain the RFC to perform light work so long as she was given the option to

alternate between sitting and standing at will; she did not operate foot controls; she was required

to stand or walk no more than two hours in an eight-hour workday; she was restricted to

occasional stooping and rare climbing of stairs; and she did not have to crouch, kneel, crawl, or

climb ropes, ladders, or scaffolding.     (PageID 34-36.)      Additionally, based on Findora’s

testimony, ALJ Dowd found Blankenship could perform jobs existing in significant numbers in

the national economy. (PageID 37-38.)

       Following ALJ Dowd’s decision, Blankenship requested review by the Appeals Council

and submitted fifteen pages of additional medical evidence (“Exhibit B7F”) with her request.

(PageID 382-97.) The Appeals Council denied Blankenship’s request for review. (PageID 18-

21.)

                                                C.

       Blankenship subsequently sought judicial review of ALJ Dowd’s decision. (PageID 1-3.)

The magistrate judge recommended the district court affirm ALJ Dowd’s decision denying

benefits. Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 13-12547, 2014 WL 4801829, at *7 (E.D.

Mich. Sept. 23, 2014). Specifically, the magistrate judge found that, contrary to Blankenship’s

assertions, substantial evidence supported ALJ Dowd’s finding that her condition had not

worsened since 2004.      Id. at *5-6.    The magistrate judge also noted that the evidence

Blankenship submitted to the Appeals Council could not be considered in reviewing ALJ



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


Dowd’s decision, and that Blankenship had forfeited any argument for consideration of that

evidence for purposes of remand under sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Id. at *6 n.5.

       Blankenship objected to the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation. (PageID

478-99.) The district court overruled the objections, adopted the magistrate judge’s Report and

Recommendation, and entered judgment for the Commissioner.             Blankenship, 2014 WL

4801829, at *1-3. The court found that large portions of Blankenship’s objections were not

sufficiently specific, and that the objections that had been adequately articulated were without

merit. Id. at *1-2. This appeal followed.

                                               II.

       We review district court decisions in Social Security cases de novo. Ealy v. Comm’r of

Soc. Sec., 594 F.3d 504, 512 (6th Cir. 2010). However, our review is limited to determining

whether the Commissioner’s findings of fact, as set forth in an ALJ’s decision, are supported by

substantial evidence, and whether the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards. Kyle v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 609 F.3d 847, 854 (6th Cir. 2010). A decision is supported by substantial

evidence “when a reasonable mind might accept the relevant evidence as adequate to support a

conclusion.” Warner v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 375 F.3d 387, 390 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Kirk v.

Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 667 F.3d 524, 535 (6th Cir. 1981) (internal quotation marks

omitted)); see also Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 241 (6th Cir. 2007)

(“Substantial evidence is defined as ‘more than a scintilla of evidence but less than a

preponderance; it is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion.’”) (quoting Cutlip v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 25 F.3d 284, 286

(6th Cir. 1994) (per curiam)). Substantiality is considered in light of the record taken “as a

whole.” Houston v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 736 F.2d 365, 366 (6th Cir. 1984) (quoting



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


Allen v. Califano, 613 F.2d 139, 139 (6th Cir. 1980)). If substantial evidence supports the

Commissioner’s decision, we must defer to that finding “‘even if there is substantial evidence in

the record that would have supported an opposite conclusion.’” Warner, 375 F.3d at 390

(quoting Wright v. Massanari, 321 F.3d 611, 614 (6th Cir. 2003)).

       The Commissioner conducts a five-step sequential analysis to determine if a claimant is

disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act:

              (i) At the first step, we consider your work activity, if any. If you are
       doing substantial gainful activity, we will find that you are not disabled.

               (ii) At the second step, we consider the medical severity of your
       impairment(s). If you do not have a severe medically determinable physical or
       mental impairment that meets the duration requirement in § 404.1509, or a
       combination of impairments that is severe and meets the duration requirement, we
       will find that you are not disabled.

               (iii) At the third step, we also consider the medical severity of your
       impairment(s). If you have an impairment(s) that meets or equals one of our
       listings in appendix 1 of this subpart and meets the duration requirement, we will
       find that you are disabled.

              (iv) At the fourth step, we consider our assessment of your residual
       functional capacity and your past relevant work. If you can still do your past
       relevant work, we will find that you are not disabled.

              (v) At the fifth and last step, we consider our assessment of your residual
       functional capacity and your age, education, and work experience to see if you
       can make an adjustment to other work. If you can make an adjustment to other
       work, we will find that you are not disabled. If you cannot make an adjustment to
       other work, we will find that you are disabled.

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). The claimant has the burden of proof at steps one
through four. Longworth v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 402 F.3d 591, 595 (6th Cir. 2005). To
prevail at step five, the Commissioner must identify jobs in the economy that accommodate the
claimant’s RFC, taking into account vocational factors such as age, education, and skills.
Walters v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 127 F.3d 525, 529 (6th Cir. 1997).




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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


                                               III.
                                               A.

       The threshold question before us is whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel controlled

ALJ Dowd’s assessment of Blankenship’s RFC (step four). Blankenship argues that ALJ Dowd

misapplied collateral estoppel and, in so doing, improperly held that because ALJ Sobrino found

Blankenship was not disabled in September 2004, he was bound to hold that she was not

disabled in December 2006. Because “a reasonable mind might accept the relevant evidence as

adequate to support a conclusion,” Warner, 375 F.3d at 390 (internal quotation marks omitted),

we hold that substantial evidence supported ALJ Dowd’s finding that Blankenship’s condition

had not substantially worsened.

       In Drummond v. Commissioner of Social Security, this Court held that “[w]hen the

Commissioner has made a final decision concerning a claimant’s entitlement to benefits, the

Commissioner is bound by this determination absent changed circumstances.” 126 F.3d 837,

842 (6th Cir. 1997) (relying on Senters v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 91-5966, 1992

WL 78102 (6th Cir. Apr. 17, 1991) (per curiam); Dennard v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,

907 F.2d 598 (6th Cir. 1990) (per curiam); and Lively v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 820

F.2d 1391 (4th Cir. 1987)). In that case, Drummond’s initial claim for Social Security Income

(“SSI”) was denied when an ALJ found that Drummond retained a RFC for sedentary work. Id.

at 838. When Drummond later re-filed her disability claim, a second ALJ found that Drummond

retained a RFC suitable for medium-level work—unlike the sedentary RFC finding of the first

ALJ—and denied the re-filed claim. Id. at 839. After explaining that “[r]es judicata applies in

an administrative law context following a trial type hearing,” id. at 841, we held that the second

ALJ was bound to the sedentary RFC determination of the first ALJ because there was no new or

additional evidence of an improvement in Drummond’s condition, id. at 842. “Just as a social

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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


security claimant is barred from relitigating an issue that has been previously determined, so is

the Commissioner.” Id.

       In response to Drummond, the Social Security Administration promulgated Acquiescence

Ruling 98-4(6). The Administration explained:

       This Ruling applies only to disability findings in cases involving claimants who
       reside in Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, or Tennessee at the time of the determination
       or decision on the subsequent claim at the initial, reconsideration, ALJ hearing or
       Appeals Council level. It applies only to a finding of a claimant’s residual
       functional capacity or other finding required at a step in the sequential evaluation
       process for determining disability provided under 20 CFR 404.1520, 416.920 or
       416.924, as appropriate, which was made in a final decision by an ALJ or the
       Appeals Council on a prior disability claim.

       When adjudicating a subsequent disability claim with an unadjudicated period
       arising under the same title of the Act as the prior claim, adjudicators must adopt
       such a finding from the final decision by an ALJ or the Appeals Council on the
       prior claim in determining whether the claimant is disabled with respect to the
       unadjudicated period unless there is new and material evidence relating to such a
       finding or there has been a change in the law, regulations or rulings affecting the
       finding or the method for arriving at the finding.

AR 98-4(6) (S.S.A.), 1998 WL 283902, at *3 (1998) (emphasis added) (footnote omitted).

       Read together, Drummond and Acquiescence Ruling 98-4(6) clearly establish that a

subsequent ALJ is bound by the legal and factual findings of a prior ALJ unless the claimant

presents new and material evidence that there has been either a change in the law or a change in

the claimant’s condition. In the present case, Blankenship argued before ALJ Dowd that her foot

condition worsened from September 10, 2004 (the date of ALJ Sobrino’s decision), and

December 31, 2006 (her last insured date), as evidenced by surgical procedures performed on her

feet during this time period. ALJ Dowd, after citing Drummond and Acquiescence Ruling 98-

4(6), rejected Blankenship’s contention and reached the following conclusion:



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


       Based on a review of the more recent evidence of the record, the claimant’s
       condition through the date last insured did not substantially worsen as compared
       to September 2004. While she experienced a significant period of difficulty with
       the left leg (a period which did not last for a full, consecutive twelve months), she
       experienced no serious problems with the right leg. She indicated at [the] hearing
       that her current capabilities are consistent with her capabilities at the date last
       insured, and she is currently capable of unassisted ambulation and of periods of
       normal, non-antalgic gait. In short, there is no indication that the claimant would
       have required additional or more restrictive physical limitations than those
       proposed by Judge Sobrino in 2004: the evidence available between 2004 and the
       end of 2006 simply does not suggest that the claimant’s capabilities significantly
       diminished. As such, the undersigned is obligated to give force to Judge
       Sobrino’s prior RFC.

(PageID 36.)

       On appeal, Blankenship contends that ALJ Dowd erred in following the prior ruling of

ALJ Sobrino and allegedly failing to sufficiently consider medical evidence detailing her

worsening condition. We find that these arguments mischaracterize ALJ Dowd’s decision. As

excerpted above, ALJ Dowd “review[ed] . . . the more recent evidence of the record,” and found

that Blankenship’s “condition through the date last insured did not substantially worsen as

compared to September 2004.” (PageID 36.) ALJ Dowd did not, as Blankenship alleges, simply

adopt ALJ Sobrino’s findings in conclusory fashion.

       Any consideration of whether Blankenship’s condition changed during the relevant time

period (September 10, 2004 to December 31, 2006) necessarily must begin with consideration of

Blankenship’s condition at the time of her 2002 Application. See Kennedy v. Astrue, 247 F.

App’x 761, 768 (6th Cir. 2007) (“Because this is a case which requires a showing of changed

circumstances[,] . . . a comparison between circumstances existing at the time of the prior

decision and circumstances existing at the time of the review is necessary.”) (citation omitted).

As recognized by ALJ Dowd, Blankenship “has a long history of difficulties with the feet related


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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


to osteoarthritic changes, fractures[,] and secondary nerve entrapment.”    (PageID 32.)    As

previously detailed, Blankenship had approximately 35 surgeries on her feet prior to her 2002

Application.   ALJ Sobrino considered these surgeries and found that Blankenship had

degenerative joint disease, causing “severe” limitations (step three).      (PageID 102-03.)

Nonetheless, ALJ Sobrino found that (a) this condition was not so severe that Blankenship

lacked the RFC to perform a limited range of light work (step four), and (b) there were a

significant number of jobs in the national economy that accommodate Blankenship’s RFC, age,

education, and skills (step five). (PageID 104.) Because Blankenship did not judicially appeal

ALJ Sobrino’s decision, the decision became administratively final and, absent new, material

evidence from Blankenship, ALJ Dowd correctly determined that he was “obligated to give force

to Judge Sobrino’s prior RFC.” (PageID 36); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.955, 404.981.

       Essentially, these numerous surgeries form the fixed backdrop against which

Blankenship’s second Social Security claim and the present appeal must be evaluated. Between

September 10, 2004, and December 31, 2006, Blankenship had five additional surgical

procedures—all on her left foot. (PageID 32-33.) Blankenship has failed to show how these five

additional surgeries resulted in a qualitative, material change to her condition. Absent such a

showing, ALJ Dowd did not err in finding that these five additional surgeries did not support a

finding that Blankenship’s condition had worsened. Rather, as the Commissioner argues, these

additional surgeries tend to suggest that Blankenship’s chronic foot problems, and treatment of

those problems, continued to occur in the same pattern.

       ALJ Dowd recognized that Blankenship might have had reduced functional capacity for

short periods immediately following these surgical procedures, but reasonably found that she

retained the ability to walk effectively for significant periods of time. (PageID 33-34.) For



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


instance, as ALJ Dowd noted, Blankenship admitted that she relied on ambulatory aids such as

crutches or a walker only following surgery. (PageID 34, 195.) It was reasonable for ALJ Dowd

to find that Blankenship’s short-term, post-surgical use of ambulatory aids suggested that she

retained the ability stand and walk unassisted for at least short distances outside of these periods

of recovery. (PageID 35.)

        Further, in evaluating Blankenship’s walking and standing abilities in 2005 and 2006,

ALJ Dowd reasonably relied on Blankenship’s treatment records from 2009 and 2011.6 (PageID

33-35.) During multiple visits in 2011, Dr. Daniels noted that Blankenship had no problems with

her gait, such as shuffling, early heel off, or abnormal pronation. (PageID 306, 308, 313.)

Although Blankenship disputes on appeal ALJ Dowd’s discussion of her gait in 2011, ALJ

Dowd correctly noted that Blankenship testified that her ability to walk and stand at the time of

the hearing (September 2011) was the same as it was in 2006.                        (PageID 33, 35-36, 70.)

Accordingly, ALJ Dowd’s reliance on later medical evidence in finding that Blankenship had a

normal, non-antalgic gait in 2006 was not unreasonable.

        Still further, ALJ Dowd reasonably relied on the medical opinion of the state agency

reviewing physical, Dr. U. Gupta, who reviewed Blankenship’s available medical records and

concluded there was no evidence of a change in Blankenship’s condition since ALJ Sobrino’s

decision. (PageID 36, 91-97.) ALJ Dowd found that Dr. Gupta’s opinion was consistent with

the record evidence, and therefore afforded Dr. Gupta’s opinion significant weight. (PageID 36.)


6
  As discussed in footnote 4, supra, Blankenship’s insured status for purposes of receiving DIB benefits expired on
December 31, 2006, and thus she cannot be found disabled unless she can establish a disability prior to that date.
“In other words, regardless of the seriousness of her present disability, [Blankenship] must prove that she was
disabled between December 22, 2006, her alleged onset date of disability, and December 31, 2006, when her insured
status expired, in order to be entitled to DIB benefits.” Blankenship, 2014 WL 4801829, at *5 (citing Garner v.
Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 390 (6th Cir. 1984)). Nonetheless, evidence relating to a later time period is considered
minimally probative, Siterlet v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 823 F.2d 918, 920 (6th Cir. 1987) (per curiam),
and may be considered by the ALJ to the extent it illuminates claimant’s health before the expiration of insured
status. Higgs v. Bowen, 880 F.2d 860, 863 (6th Cir. 1988) (per curiam).

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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


On appeal, Blankenship challenges ALJ Dowd’s and the magistrate judge’s reliance on Dr.

Gupta’s opinion, arguing that Dr. Gupta “never met the Plaintiff,” only “reviewed a fraction of

her medical records,” and he “did not have the benefit of having . . . Dr. Daniels’ records and

opinions.”   Blankenship’s arguments notwithstanding, Dr. Gupta cannot be faulted for not

reviewing records that were not made available either to him or to ALJ Dowd. Moreover, the

regulations dictate that “the more consistent an opinion is with the record as a whole, the more

weight we will give to that opinion.”       20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(4); see also 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1527(e)(1) (discussing evaluation of the opinions of nonexamining consultants).

       In sum, ALJ Dowd’s findings regarding the absence of evidence of deterioration of

Blankenship’s RFC after 2004 were reasonable and within his discretion as finder of fact.

Because substantial evidence supported ALJ Dowd’s finding that Blankenship’s condition had

not worsened from September 10, 2004, and December 31, 2006, ALJ Dowd correctly found that

he was collaterally estopped from revisiting ALJ Sobrino’s earlier determination of

Blankenship’s RFC.

                                              B.

       Blankenship also contends that the hypothetical question regarding her RFC that ALJ

Dowd posed to the vocational expert was inaccurate. Because of this alleged error, Blankenship

contends ALJ Dowd erred in determining that she retained the RFC to perform light work (step

four) and that there were a significant number of suitable jobs in the economy (step five).

Specifically, Blankenship asserts ALJ Dowd erred in finding she could carry ten pounds

frequently or twenty pounds occasionally, and stand or walk for two hours in an eight-hour

workday. Blankenship argues that, had ALJ Dowd recognized that she could “at best” perform




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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


sedentary work, then she would have been found disabled pursuant to Medical-Vocational

Guideline 201.00, which provides:

        (g) Individuals approaching advanced age (age 50–54) may be significantly
        limited in vocational adaptability if they are restricted to sedentary work. When
        such individuals have no past work experience or can no longer perform
        vocationally relevant past work and have no transferable skills, a finding of
        disabled ordinarily obtains.

20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App’x 2 § 201.00(g) (emphasis added); see also 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1567(b) (“Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent

lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds.”); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(a) (“Sedentary

work involves lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and occasionally lifting or carrying

articles like docket files, ledgers, and small tools.”).

        “In order for a vocational expert’s testimony in response to a hypothetical question to

serve as substantial evidence in support of the conclusion that a claimant can perform other

work, the question must accurately portray a claimant’s physical and mental impairments.” Ealy,

594 F.3d at 516. It is reversible error for the ALJ to inadequately describe the claimant’s RFC.

Id. at 516-17. Here, however, ALJ Dowd’s hypothetical did not mischaracterize Blankenship’s

physical limitations. With respect to Blankenship’s carrying ability, as ALJ Dowd noted, “there

is no [record evidence] that she experiences any significant problems with the upper extremities,

spine[,] or any other area that would so restrict her lifting/carrying capacity.” (PageID 35.)

Blankenship cites no record evidence supporting her assertion that she cannot carry the amounts

ALJ Dowd hypothesized. Thus, there is no evidence warranting reversal. See Gant v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec., 372 F. App’x 582, 585 (6th Cir. 2010) (“[I]n formulating a hypothetical question, an

ALJ is only required to incorporate those limitations which he has deemed credible.”) (citing

Stanley v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 39 F.3d 115, 118-19 (6th Cir. 1994)); Turcus v. Soc.


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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


Sec. Admin., 110 F. App’x 630, 633 (6th Cir. 2004) (“The ALJ is not obligated to include

unsubstantiated complaints and restrictions in his hypothetical questions.”) (citing Stanley, 39

F.3d at 118-19).

       Generally speaking, Blankenship is correct that one’s ability to carry is fundamentally

related to one’s ability to stand and walk. However, ALJ Dowd’s hypothetical fully accounted

for the fact that Blankenship’s foot ailments precluded her from performing a full range of light

work. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b) (“Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in

[the light work] category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves

sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls. To be considered

capable of performing a full or wide range of light work, you must have the ability to do

substantially all of these activities.”). Social Security Ruling 83-10 provides that “the full range

of light work requires standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours of an

8-hour workday.” 1983 WL 31251, at *6 (1983) (emphasis added). In contrast, ALJ Dowd’s

hypothetical posited an ability to stand and walk for only two hours in an eight-hour work day,

and the ability to alternate between sitting and standing at will. ALJ Dowd also stipulated other

restrictions to light-work duties, such as excluding operation of foot controls and avoiding

climbing, kneeling, or stooping. (PageID 34, 80-81.) Blankenship suggests that there is an

either/or dichotomy between light work and sedentary work, and because she could not perform

a full range of light work, she must necessarily have only been able to do sedentary work. But

Blankenship does not provide any legal authority for this position, and likewise does not fully

address the limitations built into ALJ Dowd’s hypothetical.

       With respect to ALJ Dowd’s conclusions at step five, Findora identified a significant

number of jobs satisfying the strictures of Blankenship’s RFC and consistent with her vocational



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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


background, including positions as a cashier, counter clerk, and general office clerk. (PageID 80-

84.) Importantly, the vocational expert explained that these jobs are considered light because of

their weight lifting requirements, and are considered “sitting jobs.” (PageID 84.) Blankenship

does not dispute the vocational expert’s characterization of the identified jobs, or her testimony

that these jobs exist in significant numbers.

                                                 C.

       Blankenship next argues that ALJ Dowd erred in not affording significant weight to the

opinion of her podiatrist, Dr. Daniels. Specifically, Blankenship claims that ALJ Dowd did not

sufficiently consider Dr. Daniels’ August 2011 letter, in which he opined that Blankenship was

“unable to work a sedentary job because she is unable to walk from the parking lot to the place

of work due to the pain,” and that osteoporosis, stress fractures, and arthritis “made it impossible

[for her] to work, stand or walk any distance.” (PageID 380-81.) This argument fails.

       As an initial matter, Dr. Daniels’ statement that Blankenship is unable to work is not

dispositive of whether she possessed the RFC to perform other work besides her past relevant

work (steps four and five). See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(1) (“We are responsible for making the

determination or decision about whether you meet the statutory definition of disability. In so

doing, we review all of the medical findings and other evidence that support a medical source’s

statement that you are disabled. A statement by a medical source that you are ‘disabled’ or

‘unable to work’ does not mean that we will determine that you are disabled.”); id. at

§ 404.1527(d)(2) (“We use medical sources, including your treating source, to provide evidence,

including opinions, on the nature and severity of your impairment(s). Although we consider

opinions from medical sources on issues such as . . . your residual functional capacity . . . or the

application of vocational factors, the final responsibility for deciding these issues is reserved to


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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


the Commissioner.”); Warner, 375 F.3d at 390. To the extent Blankenship suggests otherwise,

she is incorrect.

        ALJ Dowd cited Dr. Daniels’ August 2011 letter in his decision denying benefits, but

concluded that Dr. Daniels’ statements regarding Blankenship’s inability to work were not

supported by the record evidence. (PageID 33.) ALJ Dowd first noted that “Dr. Daniels

supplies no examination notes that confirm” his report that Blankenship was unable to work.

(Id.) Based on the available medical records, ALJ Dowd found nothing to suggest “that the

claimant’s basic capacity for ambulation was persistently diminished between the period of

Judge Sobrino’s decision and the date last insured.” (PageID 34.) The record only demonstrated

that Blankenship was unable to walk for certain periods following her surgeries. (PageID 33.)

In particular, Dr. Daniels’ assertion that Blankenship was “unable to work a sedentary job

because she is unable to walk from the parking lot to the place of work due to the pain,” (PageID

380), was seemingly contradicted by the fact that Blankenship was able to walk unassisted from

her car to the room where the hearing was being held. (PageID 66.)

        As a result, ALJ Dowd reasonably concluded that Dr. Daniels’ blanket assertion that

Blankenship was unable to walk even short distances was inconsistent with the record evidence,

and therefore not entitled to significant weight.

                                                    D.

        Finally, Blankenship argues that because ALJ Dowd noted the absence of some of Dr.

Daniels’ medical records, we should remand this case for consideration of the fifteen pages of

additional evidence (Exhibit B7F) she submitted to the Appeals Council. Blankenship suggests

that this evidence could have changed ALJ Dowd’s determination. The district court construed

this argument as a request for remand under “sentence six” of 42 U.S.C. 405(g), which permits a


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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


reviewing court to remand a case to the Commissioner for consideration of additional evidence

“only upon a showing that there is new evidence which is material and that there is good cause

for the failure to incorporate such evidence into the record in a prior proceeding.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 405(g) (emphasis added). Even assuming that this argument has not been forfeited7 and that

the difficulty Blankenship had in obtaining the records from Dr. Daniels constitutes good cause,8

we find that Blankenship has failed to satisfy her burden of demonstrating that a sentence-six

remand is warranted. Hollon ex rel. Hollon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 447 F.3d 477, 483 (6th Cir.

2006).

         First, the Appeals Council has already considered the records contained in Exhibit B7F in

affirming ALJ Dowd’s decision. (PageID 18, 21.) The Appeals Council stated: “In looking at

your case, we considered the reasons you disagree with [ALJ Dowd’s] decision and the

additional evidence listed on the enclosed Order of Appeals Council.”                              (PageID 18.)

Accordingly, there is no reason to think that remanding this matter for further administrative

proceedings would result in a different outcome.

         Second, Blankenship has not demonstrated that this additional evidence meets the

newness and materiality requirements of § 405(g). Of the fifteen pages contained in Exhibit

B7F, six of these pages are duplicative of operative reports from Blankenship’s September 2006

and March 2007 surgeries, which were already included in the record. (Compare PageID 386-87

with 268-69 and 394-97 with 264-67.) Further, the treatment notes at PageID 383-85 discuss
7
  The Commissioner argues that Blankenship failed to preserve this argument below. In her motion for summary
judgment before the district court, Blankenship did not mention sentence six and only cursorily suggested, in a
footnote, that the late-submitted evidence warranted remand. (PageID 430.) The district court adopted the
magistrate judge’s recommendation to not consider this evidence in reviewing his decision. Blankenship, 2014 WL
4801829, at *6 n.5 (citing Cline v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 96 F.3d 146, 148 (6th Cir. 1996)). And because
Blankenship had not sought a sentence-six remand, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation
to find this argument forfeited. Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 280 F. App’x 456,
460 n.2 (6th Cir. 2008)).
8
  Blankenship had difficulty obtaining these records from Dr. Daniels because he had moved his practice from one
clinic to another. (PageID 75-76.)

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Case No. 14-2464, Blankenship v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


Blankenship’s condition prior to her September 2006 surgery, which Dr. Daniels summarized in

his aforementioned August 2011 letter. (PageID 380-81.)

       That leaves six pages of “new” medical records relating to Dr. Daniels’ treatment of

Blankenship from October 2006 to January 2007. (PageID 388-93.) These records address

follow-up treatment after Blankenship’s September 2006 surgery and her condition leading up to

another surgery in March 2007, both of which were already documented in the record and

reviewed by ALJ Dowd.         Although ALJ Dowd noted that Dr. Daniels did not supply

examination notes to confirm Blankenship’s report of difficulty walking throughout 2006, ALJ

Dowd did not question that Blankenship underwent these two surgeries and had difficulty

walking and standing between the procedures.           (PageID 33.)   Importantly, however, these

records in fact support ALJ Dowd’s and the magistrate judge’s conclusions that Blankenship’s

ability to walk to the hearing room and shop for groceries contradicted Dr. Daniel’s letter

opinion that Blankenship was unable to walk even short distances. (PageID 33); Blankenship,

2014 WL 4801829, at *6 n.4.

       Accordingly, the records contained in Exhibit B7F are not so new or material. As such,

there is little reason to think that, if this matter were returned to ALJ Dowd, his decision would

be any different.

                                               IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the Commissioner’s denial of benefits.




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