                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________                  FILED
                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            No. 08-14795                 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           JANUARY 19, 2010
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                                                              JOHN LEY
                      ________________________
                                                            ACTING CLERK

                   D. C. Docket No. 08-20231-CR-PCH

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

DANIEL GARCIA-BARZAGA,
FREDDY CRESPO,
JORGE LUIS TORRES,


                                                       Defendants-Appellants.


                      ________________________

               Appeals from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     _________________________

                            (January 19, 2010)

Before EDMONDSON, BIRCH and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Daniel Garcia-Barzaga, Freddy Crespo, and Jorge Luis Torres appeal from

their convictions for: (1) conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846, (“Count 1”); (2) attempt to possess

with intent to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2, (“Count

2”); (3) conspiracy to commit robbery by the use of force, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a),

(“Count 3”); (4) attempt to commit robbery by the use of force, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1951(a) and 2, (“Count 4”); (5) conspiracy to use and carry a firearm during and

in relation to a crime of violence and a drug trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C.

§§ 924(c)(1)(A) and 924(o), (“Count 5”); and (6) using and carrying a firearm

during and in relation to a crime of violence and a drug trafficking crime, 18

U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A) and 2. (“Count 6”).

      On appeal, Torres and Crespo argue that the district court abused its

discretion in permitting the government to introduce evidence that they and other

co-conspirators had committed previous robberies together. Garcia-Barzaga and

Crespo argue that the district court abused its discretion by permitting a law

enforcement agent to testify as to his interpretations and impressions of what

certain words and phrases meant in the context of recorded conversations.

      In addition, Torres and Crespo assert that the evidence was insufficient to

support their convictions as to all counts. Garcia-Barzaga contends that the



                                           2
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction as to Count 6. Finally, Crespo

argues that the district court imposed an unreasonable sentence, thereby abusing its

discretion. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                           I.

      In 2008, a federal grand jury indicted the defendants for the six counts set

forth above. Before proceeding to trial, the government filed a motion in limine,

requesting that the court permit it to introduce evidence of previous robberies

committed by the defendants and several of their co-conspirators. During pre-trial

hearings, the court and the parties discussed the government’s motion in limine.

Over the defendants’ objections, the court found that evidence of the defendants’

previous robberies was admissible as intrinsic evidence because it explained how

the defendants came to work together and rely on each other. The court also found

that this evidence was relevant to the defendants’ intent in the present case,

particularly since at least one defendant would likely present a defense that he was

merely present when his co-conspirators gathered to prepare for the armed robbery,

and was not fully aware of the conspiracy.

      At trial, Erik Espinosa, an agent employed by the Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”), testified that he acted as an

undercover agent in the investigation of the defendants. Espinosa explained that he



                                           3
had played the role of a “disgruntled drug courier working for a Colombian drug

organization” who transported between 25 to 30 kilograms of cocaine at a time

between a stash house and other locations. On March 3, 2008, Espinosa, a

confidential informant “CI”, Raul Zamora, Garcia-Barzaga, and Crespo met with

each other to discuss a narcotics robbery, and Espinosa recorded the meeting.

During this meeting, the parties agreed that Crespo and several armed associates

would follow Espinosa to a stash house, and then rob Espinosa in his truck after he

picked up the cocaine from a stash house. They noted that Espinosa would likely

be accompanied by an armed guard, who would not be privy to their scheme.

Crespo advised that he owned police gear, which he and his associates typically

wore when they conducted narcotics robberies.

      The parties played the recording of the March 3 meeting in open court. Over

the defendants’ objections, the court permitted Espinosa to explain what he had

understood certain words or phrases uttered during the conversation to mean.

Espinosa explained that, during the meeting, they used various code words for

cocaine, such as “tubes,” “merchandise,” and “gadgets.” Also during the meeting,

Garcia-Barzaga had stated, “I don’t know if you understand me, the price. They’re

like four or five and we’re four on this side.” In addition, Espinosa and Garcia-

Barzaga had engaged in the following exchange:



                                          4
      Garcia-Barzaga:     [W]e’re the ones that are going to risk our necks if
                          there are weapons. Do you know if there are
                          weapons there?

      Espinosa:           I know already there’s going to be another guy
                          there already.

      Garcia-Barzaga:     Well, you see?

      Espinosa:           For sure there’s going to.

      Garcia-Barzaga:     I told them there’s going to be two or three people
                          and there are going to be weapons for sure. And if
                          there are two guys, there are two weapons.

      Espinosa:           Uh-huh.

      Garcia-Barzaga:     Because the one in there is going to shoot.

      Espinosa explained that this exchange meant that the men conducting the

robbery risked violence if armed individuals were inside the stash house. Espinosa

further explained that Garcia-Barzaga had been informing Espinosa that he knew

how the drug business worked, and that it was likely that the cocaine would be

guarded by men with weapons. On March 3, Garcia-Barzaga had also stated, “look

here, in the house if there is a shooting, the police is going to come and something

could happen. This has to be fast.” Espinosa explained that Garcia-Barzaga meant

that they had to be careful because there could be a shoot-out, and this could attract

the police. When Garcia-Barzaga later stated, “if we have to shoot we’re going to

put everything,” he meant that, if the individuals committing the robbery were

                                           5
forced to shoot, no one guarding the stash house would come out alive.

      During a subsequent meeting, Espinosa, Garcia-Barzaga, Zamora, and the CI

agreed that the robbery would take place on March 12, 2008. Privately, the

government agents had arranged that the CI would meet with the defendants on

March 12 and then lead the defendants to an undercover warehouse, where

Espinosa allegedly would be waiting for a telephone call from the Colombian drug

organization concerning the location of the stash house. The agents would arrest

the defendants when they arrived at the warehouse.

      While conducting surveillance on March 12, Espinosa and other agents

observed that Crespo and his associates, Yanko Garcia, Pedro Gallego, Armando

Serrano, and Torres, met at a gas station, which was near a McDonald’s. The CI,

Zamora, Garcia-Barzaga, Crespo, and Serrano had a conversation at the gas station,

which was recorded by the CI. During this conversation, Garcia-Barzaga

instructed Crespo, Garcia, Gallego, and Serrano that, if any individual

accompanying Espinosa fired a gun, they should shoot back. The CI instructed the

co-conspirators that, before conducting the robbery, they should follow him to a

warehouse where Espinosa was waiting for his Colombian bosses to call him and

tell him the address of the stash house. While Crespo and Garcia-Barzaga

followed the CI to the warehouse, Torres, Garcia, Gallego, and Serrano stayed



                                          6
behind at the gas station. Crespo and Garcia-Barzaga were arrested when they

approached the warehouse, and Torres, Garcia, Gallego, and Serrano were arrested

at their meeting place near the gas station and McDonald’s.

      On cross-examination, Espinosa testified that no actual cocaine was used in

this case, and there was no actual stash house. He conceded that he never told the

defendants the address of the stash house, and never met with the defendants on

March 12th so they could follow his truck to the stash house.

      Mitch Jacobs, a detective employed by the Miami-Dade Police Department,

testified that he had conducted surveillance in this case on March 12, 2008. When

he observed the meeting at the gas station on March 12, he also observed that

Torres paced back and forth in the McDonald’s parking lot during the meeting at

the gas station. While Torres was pacing, he would intermittently watch the

meeting and look in other directions, apparently surveilling the area surrounding

the McDonald’s parking lot. Jacobs had also searched the Buick in which Garcia

and Gallego arrived at the gas station. Inside the Buick, Jacobs found two loaded

firearms and police paraphernalia such as badges, handcuffs, and t-shirts bearing

the SWAT (i.e. Special Weapons and Tactics) team logo.

      Gallego, who had entered a guilty plea in this case, testified that he had

committed over 15 robberies since he moved to the United States from Cuba in



                                          7
2006, and that some of his robberies had involved marijuana grow-houses. He had

committed numerous robberies with Crespo, Torres, Garcia, and Serrano before he

participated in the robbery in the present case. During their crimes, they would use

an individual appointed to be a “look-out” to watch for the police. They carried

guns during the robberies for protection in case the homes or grow-houses they

targeted were guarded by other armed individuals. Gallego and Garcia “almost

always” were in charge of carrying the guns. All of the participants, however,

would carry guns during the robberies. Gallego identified a pistol that Jacobs had

found in the Buick as a gun owned by Torres, and stated that he (Gallego) had

carried this gun with him during previous robberies. During the previous

robberies, Gallego, Torres, Crespo, Garcia, and Serrano had usually dressed in

police uniforms.

      Gallego further testified that, prior to March 12, he met with Crespo, who

informed him of the details for the planned robbery. Immediately before the

meeting at the gas station on March 12, he, Torres, Garcia, and Serrano had met at

the Cookie Dollar Store, where they discussed the details of the robbery. The

group waited at the store until they received a telephone call from Crespo and, after

receiving Crespo’s telephone call, they left to meet with the rest of their group.

During this trip, Torres called them to inform them of their next meeting place near



                                           8
McDonald’s. Once they all arrived at McDonald’s and a nearby gas station, Torres

called Gallego and informed him that Crespo, Zamora, and Serrano “were all

together with the people with whom the robbery was going to be done.” Finally,

just before they were arrested, Torres again called Gallego and told him that “this

thing was looking good,” and that they should leave McDonald’s.

      Garcia, who had also entered a guilty plea in this case, testified that, at the

March 12 meeting at the Cookie Dollar Store, Serrano informed him that Crespo

did not want him (Garcia) to participate in the robbery. Torres offered to let Garcia

take over his role in the robbery and split Torres’s proceeds.

      Julio Estopinan, a detective employed by the Miami-Dade Police

Department, testified that he assisted in the investigation of this case by conducting

surveillance. After Garcia-Barzaga was arrested on March 12, 2008, he made a

statement to the police. In his statement, Garcia-Barzaga averred that, while he did

not possess a firearm, he was aware that the individuals who were going to conduct

the robbery would be armed because they had to confront an armed body guard

who would accompany the drug courier.

      After the government rested its case, Torres and Crespo moved for a

judgment of acquittal as to all counts of the indictment. Garcia-Barzaga moved for

a judgment of acquittal as to Count 6, among other counts. The district court



                                           9
denied their motions, finding that the evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to

find that they were guilty of all counts charged in the indictment.

                                          II.

       According to Crespo’s presentence investigation report (“PSI”), he had

been convicted of numerous crimes of violence. These prior offenses included

convictions for battery, aggravated stalking, aggravated burglary, and tampering

with a witness, victim, or informant. Many of these convictions arose out of

domestic disputes between Crespo and his live-in girlfriend. In addition, Crespo

had been convicted of aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon. According to

the arrest report for this offense, Crespo and another individual had gained entry

into the victim’s home by asking for water, and then tied the victim up while they

took approximately $4,200 and other valuables out of the victim’s home.

      The district court held a joint sentencing hearing for Crespo and Garcia-

Barzaga. At sentencing, the parties and the court agreed that, due to Crespo’s

status as a criminal offender, his total offense level was 37, and his criminal history

category was VI. The parties further agreed that Crespo’s guideline range was 360

months’ to life imprisonment. The court noted that Crespo was subject to a

statutory mandatory minimum sentence of 60 months’ imprisonment as to Count 6,

which was to run consecutively to any other term of imprisonment imposed. The



                                          10
court also noted that Crespo had been a “principal participant” in the present

offense.

         After hearing argument from the parties, the court stated that it had

considered Crespo’s advisory guideline range, as well as the sentencing factors set

forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The court sentenced Crespo to a total term of 420

months’ imprisonment and ordered him to pay a $10,000 fine.

                                           III.

         We review a district court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence

for abuse of discretion. United States v. Schlei, 122 F.3d 944, 990 (11th Cir.

1997).

         Under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b):

         Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove
         the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
         therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as
         proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
         identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request
         by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide
         reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court
         excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of
         any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.

Fed.R.Evid. 404(b).

         Only extrinsic evidence is subject to the requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 404(b).

Schlei, 122 F.3d at 990. “Evidence, not part of the crime charged but pertaining to



                                            11
the chain of events explaining the context, motive, and set-up of the crime, is

properly admitted if linked in time and circumstances with the charged crime, or

forms an integral and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary to

complete the story of the crime for the jury.” United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d

1324, 1344 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation and alteration omitted). Such evidence “is

not extrinsic under Rule 404(b), and thus falls outside the scope of the Rule. Id.

(quotation omitted); United States v. Richardson, 764 F.2d 1514, 1521 (11th Cir.

1985) (“[t]hese prior wrongs were not extrinsic to the charged crimes because the

evidence concerning prior crimes was inextricably intertwined with the evidence of

the charged crime”). We have held that evidence of a defendant’s previous drug

smuggling activities was intrinsic to the charged crime where this evidence:

(1) explained why another drug smuggler was willing to assist the defendant in the

crime with little or no advance notice; and (2) rebutted the defendant’s defense that

he had merely accompanied another individual who was engaged in drug

smuggling. United States v. Foster, 889 F.2d 1049, 1052-53 (11th Cir. 1989).

      “[E]vidence of criminal activity other than the charged offense, whether

inside or outside the scope of Rule 404(b), must still satisfy the requirements of

Fed.R.Evid. 403.” Edouard, 485 F.3d at 1344. Rule 403 provides, in part, that

relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially



                                          12
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or

misleading the jury.” Fed.R.Evid. 403. “In evaluating the district court’s ruling

under Rule 403, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to admission,

maximizing its probative value and minimizing its undue prejudicial impact.”

United States v. Bradberry, 466 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2006). “The court’s

discretion to exclude evidence under Rule 403 is narrowly circumscribed . . . Rule

403 is an extraordinary remedy which should be used only sparingly since it

permits the trial court to exclude concededly probative evidence.” United States v.

Church, 955 F.2d 688, 700 (11th Cir. 1992) (quotation and alteration omitted).

      Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of

the defendants’ previous robberies because this evidence was intrinsic to the

charged offenses. First, this evidence provided an explanation for why these

particular defendants joined together and agreed to rely on each other to commit an

armed narcotics robbery. In addition, this evidence also explained details such as

why Torres offered to share his proceeds of the offense with Garcia, how Garcia

and Gallego could identify Torres’s gun, and why the defendants had police

paraphernalia in the Buick on March 12. Importantly, this evidence served to

counter Torres’s and Crespo’s arguments that they were unaware of the object of

the conspiracy and merely associated with individuals who were planning an



                                          13
armed robbery. Finally, Gallego’s statement that they typically used a “look-out”

in previous crimes provided a possible explanation for Torres’s pacing and

apparent surveillance in the McDonald’s parking lot on March 12.

      Moreover, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this

evidence under Fed.R.Evid. 403. For the reasons above, this evidence had

substantial probative value. In addition, in light of the substantial evidence that

Crespo and Torres were involved in the present offense, they cannot demonstrate

that this evidence was so prejudicial that it warranted Rule 403’s “extraordinary

remedy” of excluding probative evidence.

                                          IV.

      As noted above, we review a district court’s decision regarding the

admissibility of evidence for abuse of discretion. Schlei, 122 F.3d at 990.

Testimony in the form of opinions or inferences of a witness who is not testifying

as an expert is:

      limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based
      on the perception of the witness, (b) helpful to a clear understanding
      of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and
      (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
      within the scope of [Fed.R.Evid.] 702.

Fed.R.Evid. 701. A lay witness may, however, clarify conversations that are

“abbreviated, composed with unfinished sentences and punctuated with ambiguous



                                          14
references to events that were clear only to the defendant and the witness.” United

States v. Awan, 966 F.2d 1415, 1430 (11th Cir. 1992) (quotation and alterations

omitted). We have held that such testimony is permissible where it assists the jury

in understanding words and phrases it otherwise would not understand, and is

provided by a witness who was a party to the conversation he interprets for the

jury. See id.

      Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by permitting Espinosa to

testify as to his impressions and interpretations concerning recorded conversations

to which he was a party. Because Garcia-Barzaga, Crespo, Zamora, and Espinosa

used coded words and phrases referring to the drug trafficking business during the

March 3, 2008, meeting, it was reasonable for the court to permit Espinosa to

explain his interpretation of these phrases to the jury, particularly since he was a

party to the conversation.

                                          V.

      We “review the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial de novo.”

United States v. LeCroy, 441 F.3d 914, 924 (11th Cir. 2006). “The evidence is

viewed in the light most favorable to the government, with all inferences and

credibility choices drawn in the government’s favor.” Id. “It is not necessary that

the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly



                                           15
inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, provided a reasonable trier

of fact could find that the evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

United States v. Young, 906 F.2d 615, 618 (11th Cir. 1990).

      The government may use circumstantial evidence in order to prove the

elements of conspiracy. Id. at 1426. “It is not necessary for the government to

prove that a defendant knew every detail or that he participated in every stage of

the conspiracy.” United States v. Jones, 913 F.2d 1552, 1557 (11th Cir. 1990).

Rather, the government need only prove that the defendant knew “of the essential

nature and scope of the enterprise and intend[ed] to participate.” United States v.

Calderon, 169 F.3d 718, 723 (11th Cir. 1999) (quotation omitted). A defendant’s

association with individuals engaged in a conspiracy, standing alone, does not

establish that the defendant participated in the conspiracy. United States v.

Arbane, 446 F.3d 1223, 1233 (11th Cir. 2006). While a defendant’s mere presence

at a crime scene is insufficient to sustain a conviction for conspiracy, this Court has

held that presence “is material, highly probative, and not to be discounted.” United

States v. Gamboa, 166 F.3d 1327, 1332 (11th Cir. 1999) (quotation omitted).

      In order to establish that a defendant is guilty of attempt to commit an

offense, the government must show that the defendant: (1) had the specific intent to

commit the offense; and (2) took a substantial step toward committing the offense.



                                          16
United States v. Forbrich, 758 F.2d 555, 557 (11th Cir. 1985). “To find that a

substantial step was taken, the court must determine that the defendant’s objective

acts mark the defendant's conduct as criminal so that the defendant’s acts as a

whole strongly corroborate the required culpability.” Id.

      i.     Torres’s and Crespo’s convictions as to Counts 1 and 2

      In order to show that a defendant is guilty of conspiracy to possess with

intent to distribute cocaine, the government must show that (1) two or more

persons came to a mutual understanding to try to accomplish a common and

unlawful plan; (2) each defendant, knowing of the unlawful purpose of the plan,

joined in voluntarily; and (3) the object of the unlawful plan was to possess with

intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine. 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,

841(b)(1)(A); United States v. Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1328 (11th Cir. 2005).

      In order to demonstrate that a defendant is guilty of attempt to possess with

intent to distribute cocaine, the government must show that the defendant

“(1) acted with the kind of culpability required to possess cocaine knowingly and

willfully and with the intent to distribute it; and (2) engaged in conduct which

constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of the crime under

circumstances strongly corroborative of their criminal intent.” United States v.

McDowell, 250 F.3d 1354, 1365 (11th Cir. 2001).



                                          17
      Here, the evidence was sufficient to establish that Crespo conspired to

possess with intent to distribute cocaine, and attempted to possess with intent to

distribute cocaine. Specifically, the evidence demonstrated that Crespo:

(1) attended the March 3 meeting with Garcia-Barzaga, Espinosa, the CI, and

Zamora, where he joined in the discussion concerning how to conduct the narcotics

robbery of over 25 kilograms of cocaine; (2) called Gallego, Garcia, Torres, and

Serrano while they were at the Cookie Dollar Store on March 12 and instructed

them to meet him near the McDonald’s; (3) arrived at the meeting spot near

McDonald’s, where he again discussed the robbery with his co-conspirators; and

(4) traveled to the warehouse where Espinosa was allegedly waiting to receive the

address of the stash house. Based on this evidence, the jury reasonably could have

found Crespo knowingly joined in a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute

narcotics, and took a substantial step toward committing this crime by arriving at

the McDonald’s on March 12 and then traveling to Espinosa’s warehouse.

      The evidence also showed that Torres: (1) discussed the narcotics robbery

with Gallego, Garcia, and Serrano at the Cookie Dollar Store; (2) traveled to the

McDonald’s on March 12, where he acted as a look-out for his co-conspirators;

(3) communicated with Gallego concerning the scheme during the trip to

McDonald’s; and (4) supplied a gun to be used during the robbery. Based on this



                                          18
evidence, the jury reasonably could have found that Torres knowingly joined in a

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, and took a substantial step

toward committing this offense by traveling to McDonald’s, acting as a look-out,

and supplying a gun to use during the robbery.

      ii.    Torres’s and Crespo’s convictions as to Counts 3 and 4

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (i.e., the Hobbs Act), it is illegal for anyone to

attempt or conspire to obstruct, delay, or affect commerce or the movement of any

article or commodity in commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); United States v. Taylor,

480 F.3d 1025, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2007). “The two required elements for a

substantive Hobbs Act conviction are robbery and an effect on interstate

commerce.” Taylor, 480 F.3d at 1026-27 (quotation and alteration omitted). “The

interstate nexus for a Hobbs Act conspiracy can be proved by showing a potential

impact on interstate commerce.” Id. at 1027 (quotation and alteration omitted). In

Taylor, we held that the interstate nexus element was satisfied where the defendant

was involved in a reverse sting operation to commit an armed narcotics robbery.

Id. at 1026-27. We further held that “[t]he fact that the intended victims and

narcotics were fictional [was] irrelevant.” Id. at 1027.

      Based on the facts set forth in the preceding section, the jury reasonably

could have found that both Torres and Crespo knowingly joined in a plan to rob



                                          19
Espinosa, and took a substantial step toward that crime by, among other things,

arriving at the McDonald’s to await further instructions. Although the co-

conspirators never learned of the exact time and place of the robbery, this fact is

irrelevant – there is no requirement that a defendant know every detail of how an

offense will be committed before he can be deemed to have conspired or attempted

to commit the offense. Furthermore, in light of our holding in Taylor, the Hobbs

Act’s interstate nexus requirement was satisfied here even though there was no

actual cocaine or stash house.

      iii.   Torres’s and Crespo’s convictions as to Counts 5 and 6, and Garcia-
             Barzaga’s conviction as to Count 6

      We have held that, in order “to sustain a conviction under [18 U.S.C.]

§ 924(c), the government must show that, during and in relation to their conspiracy

to rob cocaine, defendants used, carried, or possessed a firearm in furtherance of

that conspiracy.” United States v. Gunn, 369 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2004). A

defendant may be liable for a co-conspirator’s possession of a gun where that

possession was reasonably foreseeable to the defendant. Id. In addition, a

defendant may be liable under § 924(c)(1)(A) if he aids, abets, counsels,

commands, induces or procures the use of a firearm during a crime of violence or

drug trafficking offense. 18 U.S.C. § 2; United States v. Thomas, 987 F.2d 697,

701-02 (11th Cir. 1993); Bazemore v, United States, 138 F.3d 947, 949 (11th Cir.

                                          20
1998) (§ 2255 context). In order to prove that a defendant aided and abetted

another individual in violation § 924(c)(1)(A), the government must show “that a

substantive offense was committed, that the defendant associated himself with the

criminal venture, and that he committed some act which furthered the crime.”

United States v. Hamblin, 911 F.2d 551, 557 (11th Cir. 1990). In addition to the

requirement that a defendant have knowledge that a gun will be used, “there must

be some proof linking the defendant to the gun, because section 924(c) does not

permit guilt by association.” Thomas, 987 F.2d at 702; Bazemore, 138 F.3d at 949.

A defendant should not, however, knowingly benefit from the use of a gun and

then evade liability for its presence. Id. at 950.

      We have held that a defendant could be convicted under § 924(c)(1)(A)

because he organized a narcotics robbery that involved guns, even though he did

not arrive at the scene of the intended robbery in the vehicle that contained the

guns. Gunn, 369 F.3d at 1235. We reasoned that “a rational jury could have

inferred that he, directly or through others, controlled-or at least had the power and

intention to control-the firearms.” Id.

      Here, there was ample evidence to support the jury’s determination that

Garcia-Barzaga aided or abetted his co-conspirators in possessing a gun in

furtherance of the narcotics robbery. At the March 3 meeting, Garcia-Barzaga



                                           21
constantly referred to the fact that the robbery would likely be violent, and that the

individuals conducting the robbery would probably need to shoot in order to

protect themselves. In his statement to the police, Garcia-Barzaga expressly

admitted that he knew that the men committing the robbery would carry guns.

Accordingly, Garcia-Barzaga clearly was aware that the narcotics robbery would

involve a gun. In addition, when Garcia-Barzaga met with the co-conspirators near

the McDonald’s on March 12, he instructed them to shoot if an individual

accompanying Espinosa shot at them. Thus, he counseled the use of a firearm

during a violent offense. Accordingly, it is reasonably clear that Garcia-Barzaga

aided or abetted his co-conspirators in using a firearm in furtherance of a violent

offense and a drug trafficking offense, and that there also was a link between him

and the firearms used in this case.

      In addition, there was also substantial evidence to support the jury’s

determination that Torres was guilty of Counts 5 and 6. As noted above, Torres

participated in the Cookie Dollar Store meeting on March 12 to plan the robbery,

and one of the guns found in Gallego and Garcia’s car belonged to him.

Accordingly, the jury could have inferred that Torres knew that a gun was going to

be used in the narcotics robbery. Moreover, there was clearly a link between

Torres and the one of the guns used in the attempted robbery because he owned



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one of these guns.

      Finally, there was also substantial evidence to support the jury’s

determination that Crespo was guilty of Counts 5 and 6. Due to Crespo’s

participation in the March 3 meeting, at which the parties repeatedly discussed the

use of guns during the robbery, the jury could have found that Crespo was aware

that he was participating in an offense that involved the use of a gun. Moreover,

Crespo participated in planning the armed robbery and informed Gallego of the

details of the planned robbery. Gallego left the Cookie Dollar Store with the guns

only after receiving a telephone call from Crespo. Thus, the jury reasonably could

have inferred that Crespo was linked to the guns in this case because he helped

plan the armed robbery.

                                         VI.

      After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d

621 (2005), “a sentence may be reviewed for procedural or substantive

unreasonableness.” United States v. Hunt, 459 F.3d 1180, 1182 n.3 (11th Cir.

2006). We review a defendant’s sentence for reasonableness. Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, __, 128 S.Ct. 586, 594, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007); United States

v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 785 (11th Cir. 2005). Review for reasonableness is

deferential. Talley, 431 F.3d at 788. The reasonableness of a sentence is reviewed



                                         23
under an abuse-of-discretion standard regardless of whether the sentence imposed

is inside or outside a defendant’s guideline range. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d

1179, 1189-90 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 597).

Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, we will reverse only if the district court

made a clear error of judgement. Id. at 1191.

      A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court failed to

calculate or incorrectly calculated the Guidelines, treated the Guidelines as

mandatory, failed to consider the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), selected

a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failed to explain adequately the

chosen sentence. Gall, 552 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 597. Section 3553(a) provides

that district courts imposing a sentence must consider: (1) the nature and

circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant;

(2) the need to: (A) reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the

law, and provide just punishment for the offense, (B) deter future criminal activity,

(C) protect the public, and (D) provide the defendant with needed educational or

vocational training or medical care; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the

Sentencing Guidelines range; (5) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing

Commission; (6) the need to avoid unwanted sentencing disparities; and (7) the

need to provide restitution to victims. See18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). While the record



                                          24
should reflect that the district court adequately considered the § 3553(a) factors,

the court is not required “to recite a laundry list of the § 3553(a) factors,” or

discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors. United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329-

30 (11th Cir. 2005).

      “[A] sentence may be substantively unreasonable, regardless of the

procedure used.” Hunt, 459 F.3d at 1182 n.3. The party challenging the sentence

“bears the burden of establishing that the sentence is unreasonable in the light of

[the] record and the factors in section 3553(a).” Talley, 431 F.3d at 788. We have

recognized that “there is a range of reasonable sentences from which the district

court may choose.” Id. Where the court imposes a sentence that is within the

guidelines range, we ordinarily expect that sentence to be reasonable. Id.

      Here, Crespo’s sentence was procedurally reasonable because the district

court: (1) correctly calculated his guideline range, a conclusion that Crespo does

not dispute on appeal; (2) clearly stated that it had considered the § 3553(a)

factors; and (3) treated the Guidelines as advisory. Moreover, the record

demonstrates that the court gave sufficient consideration to the unique facts of

Crespo’s case, as it considered Crespo’s status as a “principal participant” in the

offense, as well as his history of violent crime and the need to protect the public

from future violent crimes. As a result, Crespo’s sentence was procedurally



                                           25
reasonable.

      Crespo’s sentence also was substantively reasonable. As noted above, the

record demonstrates that Crespo had a history of violent crime. Moreover, as the

court noted, Crespo was a “principal participant” in the present offense, as he

participated in planning the offense and even volunteered that the robbery crew

could wear his police gear. In addition, Crespo knew that the offense would

involve guns, and that there was a significant probability that the guns would be

used during the robbery because the drug courier would likely be accompanied by

an armed individual. Accordingly, in light of the facts of this case and Crespo’s

violent history, Crespo has failed to meet his burden of demonstrating that his

sentence was substantively unreasonable.

Conclusion

      Based on our review of the record and the parties’ briefs on appeal, we

affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




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