      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.


               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

RONALD V. WEILBACHER,       )
                            )                           Supreme Court No. S-14180
           Appellant,       )
                            )                           Superior Court No. 3KN-07-00283 CI
    v.                      )
                            )                           OPINION
FLOYD RING, SANDRA RING,    )
WADE HENRY, and JANE HENRY, )                           No. 6757 – March 8, 2013
                            )

          Appellees.        )

                            )



              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Kenai, Charles T. Huguelet, Judge, and
              Peter G. Ashman, Judge pro tem.

              Appearances:      Kenneth W. Legacki, Anchorage, for
              Appellant. George M. Kapolchok, George Kapolchok Law
              Offices, Inc., Anchorage, for Appellees.

              Before: Carpeneti, Chief Justice, Winfree, and Stowers,
              Justices, and Matthews, Senior Justice.* [Fabe, Justice, not
              participating.]

              MATTHEWS, Senior Justice.




      *
             Sitting by assignment made under article IV, section 11 of the Alaska
Constitution and Alaska Administrative Rule 23(a).
I.     INTRODUCTION
              This case involves a three-way transfer of boat tie-up spaces in a
recreational subdivision. The main issue is whether the court erred in requiring the
joinder of one of the people involved in the transfer as an indispensable party. We
conclude that the court did not err because appropriate relief could not be afforded in the
absence of the person in question. We also conclude that the case was properly
dismissed because the plaintiff refused to comply with the court’s order requiring
joinder.
II.    FACTS
              Poachers Cove Subdivision is a planned unit development organized under
Alaska’s Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act.1 It is comprised of both recreational
lots and “guide lots.” Each guide lot is allotted two tie-up spots for boats. Some of the
tie-up spots are directly on the Kenai River and others are in a lagoon.
              In 1999 appellant Ronald Weilbacher owned guide lots 71, 72, and 74. In
the owners’ association records tie-ups 26 and 48 were designated for lot 71; 27 and 47
were designated for lot 72; and 24 and 79 were designated for lot 74. Weilbacher
decided to sell lots 71 and 72 but he wanted to keep tie-up 26 because it was on the
Kenai River next to a boat launch ramp and in his view this location was especially
desirable. Weilbacher sold lots 71 and 72 and attempted to reallocate the tie-ups
associated with these lots and the lot he retained in transactions that ultimately led to the
litigation in this case.
              On August 6, 1999, Weilbacher sold lot 71 to appellees Floyd Ring, Sandra
Ring, Wade Henry, and Jane Henry for a cash sum of $25,000. All parties agreed that
the Ring/Henrys would receive tie-up spots 27 and 48, and the escrow instructions


       1
              AS 34.08.010 et seq.

                                            -2-                                        6757
signed by Weilbacher and the Ring/Henrys so state. On September 2, 1999, Weilbacher
sold lot 72 to Edward Berube for $40,000. The parties agreed that Berube would receive
tie-up spots 79 and 48; the escrow instructions signed by Weilbacher and Berube reflect
this agreement, as does the warranty deed.
              The fact that tie-up space 48 appears to have been conveyed twice by
Weilbacher is not the source of the controversy in this case. According to Weilbacher,
after the sale to the Ring/Henrys but before the sale to Berube, Sandra Ring asked if they
could have tie-up 47 rather than tie-up 48 (both were side-by-side in the lagoon).
Weilbacher agreed. According to Weilbacher, Sandra Ring said she would take care of
the change with the owners’ association and he assumed that this had been accomplished
at the time he made the sale to Berube. The Ring/Henrys used tie-up 47 and Berube used
tie-up 48 until 2008 when a representative of the owners’ association said that the
Ring/Henrys should use tie-up 48 and Berube should use tie-up 47 so that the actual use
of these tie-ups would be consistent with the association records. Berube and the
Ring/Henrys made the switch and apparently regard it as inconsequential.
              What did prove to be of consequence was the attempted reallocation of tie-
up 26 from lot 71 to lot 74. Despite the agreement of the Ring/Henrys that they would
receive tie-up 27 rather than tie-up 26 with their purchase of lot 71, the owners’
association records were never changed to reflect this agreement. Weilbacher testified
that he thought that the Ring/Henrys would take care of notifying the association board
concerning the tie-up reallocation. Floyd Ring testified that he asked Weilbacher to go
to the board with him on the morning of the sale to get approval of the tie-up change but
Weilbacher declined. Wade Henry, who was an officer and board member of the
owners’ association, testified that it was his understanding that if a switch was necessary,
Weilbacher was responsible for making the switch before selling the lot. Mr. Henry
further testified that he “was unaware that we were not getting . . . the slot that was

                                            -3-                                       6757

originally assigned to lot 71.” The owners’ association records were also not changed
with respect to the tie-ups for lot 72 that Weilbacher and Berube agreed to.
             Soon after Berube purchased lot 72 he began using tie-up 27, evidently
because he discovered that tie-up 27 was still allocated to lot 72 in the owners’
association records. Because Berube parked in tie-up 27, the Ring/Henrys used tie-up
26 in 1999 and 2000. In 2001 Weilbacher began parking at tie-up 26. This left the
Ring/Henrys without access to a river tie-up. Sandra Ring wrote to the board requesting
that the board resolve the conflict. Following numerous similar requests, the board met
with the Ring/Henrys and Weilbacher on August 29, 2006. After reviewing documents
submitted by Weilbacher and Sandra Ring the board decided that tie-up 26 would remain
assigned to lot 71. The minutes of the board meeting state that a letter would be sent
containing the following decision:
             Boat Slip 26 is assigned to Lot 71 per the drawing entitled
             “Poachers Cove Boat Slip Assignments for Along the River
             Front” and which was prepared for Poacher’s Cove
             Associates by Charles Forbes and [sic] 4/19/90. Past PCOA
             Boards of Directors have never approved assignment of Slip
             26 to any other lot as required by PCOA rules requiring two
             signatures of parties making a transfer. Board records
             currently indicate that Slip 26 is assigned to Lot 71. The
             Board reaffirms that Boat Slip 26 is assigned to Lot 71.
The letter was sent and this suit followed.
III.   PROCEEDINGS
             On April 6, 2007, Weilbacher filed a complaint in the Kenai superior court
against the owners’ association and the Ring/Henrys. Weilbacher’s claim for relief
against the Ring/Henrys sought rescission of the sale of lot 71 based on mistake. His
claim against the owners’ association was for maliciously interfering with the sales
contract between Weilbacher and the Ring/Henrys by ordering Weilbacher to give tie-up


                                              -4-                                 6757

26 to the Ring/Henrys. The only explicit relief sought by Weilbacher against the
owners’ association was, as an alternative to rescinding the sales contract, an order that
the owners’ association rescind its action reaffirming that tie-up 26 was allocated to lot
71. Weilbacher also requested costs and attorney’s fees and included a catch-all request
for “such other and further relief as the [c]ourt deems equitable and just.”
             The owners’ association and the Ring/Henrys answered, generally denying
that Weilbacher had any right to relief. In addition, the Ring/Henrys pled a counterclaim
alleging that Weilbacher sold lot 72 to an innocent third party and included in that sale
tie-up 27 even though he had already transferred tie-up 27 to the Ring/Henrys. The
counterclaim alleged that Weilbacher committed fraud and misrepresentation in
transferring slip 27 twice causing loss of use damage to them. Weilbacher answered the
counterclaim denying its material allegations.
             After some discovery the owners’ association moved for summary
judgment. The essence of the association’s motion was that the association, not
individual property owners, owns the tie-ups and controls their allocation; therefore
Weilbacher had no authority to transfer them. The association in its memorandum
supporting its motion for summary judgment referred to a February 1988 letter sent by
Poachers Cove developer and then-president Dave Keating, who wrote that “tie-ups will
pass with the sale of any lot to a new owner” and explained that “if anyone wishes to
trade on tie-up locations, we will accept a letter stating the swap, and will require both
signatures of the lot owners of . . . record.” The association’s legal theory was:
             Because the tie-ups are common elements, and not part of the
             [o]wners’ “property,” only [the association] has the authority
             to assign and transfer the use rights.           Accordingly,
             Weilbacher had no authority to transfer “ownership” of the
             tie-ups by deed or otherwise, and his attempt to do so is void.
                    ....


                                           -5-                                       6757

                    . . . Because Weilbacher could not have legally
             contracted to transfer ownership of the tie-ups, he cannot
             prevail against [the association] on a claim for intentional
             interference with a contract purporting to do so.
             Weilbacher opposed the association’s motion for summary judgment. He
argued primarily that at the time of the sale tie-ups were freely exchanged between lot
owners and all that was required was notice to a board member rather than board
approval.
             While the association’s motion for summary judgment was pending the
association moved for the joinder of Edward Berube claiming that Berube was an
indispensable party without whom the case could not be properly adjudicated. The
Ring/Henrys joined in this motion and Weilbacher opposed it.
             The trial court granted the association’s motion for summary judgment.
The court reasoned that the contract to transfer the boat tie-ups was invalid because it
“conveys an interest in boat tie-ups [Weilbacher] did not have.” Since the contract was
not valid, it could not be interfered with. Subsequently the court ruled that there were
no remaining claims against the association and dismissed the association from the suit.
             The court also determined that Berube was an indispensable party and
ordered Weilbacher to join Berube within 15 days.             Weilbacher moved for
reconsideration of this order claiming that he could not in good faith bring a claim
against Berube in light of the court’s finding that the contract between Weilbacher and
the Ring/Henrys was void. This motion was denied by operation of law because it was
not ruled on by the superior court within the applicable 30-day period prescribed by
Alaska Civil Rule 77(k)(4). Weilbacher did not comply with the order to join Berube
and Berube was not made a party to the case.
             Weilbacher moved for summary judgment on the issue of rescission. He
contended that since the court ruled that the contract concerning lot 71 was not a valid

                                          -6-                                     6757

contract the only alternative was rescission. The superior court denied this motion ruling
that the court had only “invalidated or voided” the portion of the contract concerning
reallocation of the boat tie-ups, not the sale of the lot.
              In July 2010 the superior court held a three-day trial. In his pretrial brief
Weilbacher argued that the Ring/Henrys had breached the sales contract by asking the
board to change the boat tie-up assignments contrary to the sales agreement. He
requested that the Ring/Henrys “should at least be equitably estopped from taking over
boat tie-up 26, or the contract should be rescinded if they are not happy with the boat slip
assignments agreed to at the time of the sale . . . .” The Ring/Henrys in their trial brief
noted that they had abandoned their counterclaim, and argued that there were no grounds
for rescission of the transaction with Weilbacher based on mutual mistake.
              At the trial Weilbacher continued to press for enforcement of the contract
with respect to the tie-ups. He concluded his opening statement defining the issues for
trial as follows: “So the question is, Your Honor, is do we get 26 when we leave here
or do we get the land back. It’s their call. Are they going to — because under Alaska
law when the parties have a contract the Court is to give the expectations of the
contract.”
              At the conclusion of the trial the court in a five-page decision declined to
enforce the tie-up allocation agreed to by the parties because Weilbacher had refused to
make Berube a party to the case. The court also declined to rescind the contract because
Weilbacher had failed to follow the owners’ association procedures for transferring tie-
ups.
              The court wrote, in relevant part:
                    Boat tie-ups #26 and #27 are favored boat slips
              because they are located next to the boat ramp and public
              parking. Mr. Weilbacher wanted #26 because it was the first


                                             -7-                                      6757

slip off the boat ramp, and he believed it would benefit his
guide business.
       ....
        Mr. Weilbacher agreed to sell the Rings/Henrys a lot
with a favored tie-up. The tie-up was assigned to another lot
. . . conveyed to Mr. Berube. Testimony showed that Mr.
Weilbacher should/could have approached the Poacher’s
Cove Owners Association and requested that the tie-ups be
allocated pursuant to his plan before the transactions to
transfer the lots. If the Poacher’s Cove Owners Association
had approved the boat tie-up transfers from one lot to
another, Mr. Weilbacher could have conveyed tie-up #27 to
the Rings/Henrys with lot 71. Mr. Weilbacher did not
approach the Poacher’s Cove Owners Association prior to the
sale and tried to reallocate the tie-ups that he did not own
with escrow documents. When faced with Mr. Berube’s
claim to #27, Mr. Weilbacher expected the Rings/Henrys to
fight it out with Mr. Berube and Poacher’s Cove Owners
Association.
       At trial, Mr. Weilbacher continued to argue that the
boat tie-ups should be allocated according to the escrow
agreements. He argued that if the tie-ups were allocated
according to the escrow documents, he would still have no
duty to remove or even speak to Mr. Berube — it would be
up to the Rings/Henrys to enforce their interest in tie-up #27.
He continued to assert that if the escrow documents failed to
transfer the tie-ups (as determined by the court on summary
judgment), the entire agreement should be invalidated, and
the Rings/Henrys should return lot 71 with tie-up #26 to him.
       Mr. Weilbacher tried to keep #26 and convey #27, but
failed to follow . . . Poacher’s Cove Owners Association
procedures for transferring boat tie-ups. In effect, he
conveyed #26 to the Rings/Henrys and #27 to Mr. Berube.
The court cannot determine or take action to enforce the
intent of all the parties to the transaction because Mr.
Weilbacher stubbornly refused to bring Mr. Berube into the


                             -8-                                  6757

             lawsuit. The essence of the contract between Mr. Weilbacher
             and the Rings/Henrys, however, was for the sale of a lot with
             a favored tie-up. There is no reason to rescind the contract 11
             years later because Mr. Weilbacher failed to take steps to
             keep tie-up #26 for himself. Judgment is entered on behalf of
             the defendants.
             Following the trial court’s decision the case was reassigned from the
Honorable Charles T. Huguelet, Superior Court Judge, to the Honorable Peter G.
Ashman, Superior Court Judge pro tem. The Ring/Henrys requested a fee award of
$31,900 which was 50 percent of their actual attorney’s fees. This was an enhancement
over the normal 30 percent of actual attorney’s fees that would be awarded for a
successful defense.2 The Ring/Henrys contended that the enhanced fees were justified
because, among other reasons, Weilbacher had refused to join Berube. Weilbacher
opposed this motion, but it was granted. Judge Ashman found that Judge Huguelet’s
reference to Weilbacher’s “stubborn refusal” to join Berube “constitutes a finding that
plaintiff engaged in bad faith or vexatious conduct.”
IV.   DISCUSSION
             On appeal Weilbacher presents six issues for review.           They are, as
expressed in his brief:
                   1.      The trial court erred in ordering the joinder of
             Edward Berube as an indispensable party to the lawsuit after
             the court ruled that the clause at issue in both contracts was
             void as a matter of law.
                    2.     The Rings/Henrys, after executing the contract
             and undertaking a course of action to undermine the
             consideration of the contract, breached the contract, justifying
             rescission of the contract.




      2
             See Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(2).

                                           -9-                                     6757
                   3.      The Rings/Henrys, after executing the contract
             and then seeking to have the court void the consideration in
             the contract, breached the contract, mandating rescission of
             the contract.
                   4.      The contract should have been rescinded
             because there was a mutual mistake when the parties believed
             the boat slips could be reassigned by Ronald Weilbacher.
                   5.    The trial court erred in referring to evidence that
             was nonexistent before the court at trial.
                    6.    The trial court erred in granting enhanced
             attorney fees because Ronald Weilbacher could not bring
             Edward Berube in as an indispensable party when the court
             voided the material clause in the contract to be enforced
             against him.
      A.     Standard Of Review
             The issues presented on this appeal involve questions of law, findings of
fact, and discretionary decisions of the superior court. This court reviews questions of
law using its independent judgment.3 Determinations of fact are reviewed deferentially.
The findings of the trial court must stand unless they are clearly erroneous.4 An Alaska
Civil Rule 82 award of attorney’s fees is reviewed for abuse of discretion.5 Abuse of
discretion exists “if the award is arbitrary, capricious, manifestly unreasonable or the
result of an improper motive.”6 To the extent that an award of enhanced fees involves




      3
             Skaflestad v. Huna Totem Corp., 76 P.3d 391, 395 (Alaska 2003).
      4
             Id.
      5
             Hopper v. Hopper, 171 P.3d 124, 129 (Alaska 2007).
      6
             Hughes v. Foster Wheeler Co., 932 P.2d 784, 793 (Alaska 1997).

                                          -10-                                    6757

a determination of the merits of a litigation position, we review the legal merits de novo
and any underlying relevant findings of fact for clear error.7
      B.	    The Court Did Not Err In Ordering The Joinder Of Berube As An
             Indispensable Party.
             Under Alaska Civil Rule 19(a) a person should be joined as a party if “in
the person’s absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already
parties . . . .” Under subsection (b) of Rule 19 if a person who should be joined under
Rule 19(a) cannot be made a party, the court should determine “whether in equity and
good conscience the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be
dismissed, the absent person being thus regarded as indispensable.”8

      7	
             Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 399 (Alaska 2010).
      8	
             Civil Rule 19(a) & (b) provides:
                    (a)     Persons to Be Joined if Feasible. A person
             who is subject to service of process and whose joinder will
             not deprive the court of jurisdiction over the subject matter of
             the action shall be joined as a party in the action if (1) in the
             person’s absence complete relief cannot be accorded among
             those already parties, or (2) the person claims an interest
             relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the
             disposition of the action in the person’s absence may (i) as a
             practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to
             protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the persons already
             parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double,
             multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of
             the claimed interest. If the person has not been joined, the
             court shall order that the person be made a party. If the
             person should join as a plaintiff but refuses to do so, the
             person may be made a defendant, or, in a proper case, an
             involuntary plaintiff. If the joined party objects to venue and
             joinder of that party would render the venue of the action
             improper, that party shall be dismissed from the action.
                                                                              (continued...)

                                           -11-	                                      6757

             Weilbacher’s argument that Berube was not an indispensable party is
encompassed in the following paragraph in his brief:
                     If the trial court had not ruled in favor of Poachers
             Cove and the Rings/Henrys on their motion for summary
             judgment that Mr. Weilbacher did not have the authority to
             reassign boat slips, then Mr. Berube would have been an
             indispensable party. However, once the trial court ruled that
             the PCOA Board had the ultimate authority to assign boat
             slips, and Mr. Weilbacher did not, then the clause assigning
             boat slips in the sales contracts for Lots 71 and 72 thereby
             became void and nonenforceable. There was no longer any
             cause of action that could be enforced against Mr. Berube.
             (Emphasis in original.)
             The premise of Weilbacher’s argument is that because the board had
ultimate authority to approve or disapprove the transfer of tie-ups the contracts
reassigning tie-ups that he had made with the Ring/Henrys and Berube were meaningless
and incapable of enforcement. But this premise is false. Merely because a third party



      8
             (...continued)
                    (b)    Determination by Court Whenever Joinder
             Not Feasible. If a person as described in subsection (a)(1)­
             (2) hereof cannot be made a party, the court shall determine
             whether in equity and good conscience the action should
             proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed,
             the absent person being thus regarded as indispensable. The
             factors to be considered by the court include: first, to what
             extent a judgment rendered in the person’s absence might be
             prejudicial to the person or those already parties; second, the
             extent to which, by protective provisions in the judgment, by
             the shaping of relief, or other measures, the prejudice can be
             lessened or avoided; third, whether a judgment rendered in
             the person’s absence will be adequate; fourth, whether the
             plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is
             dismissed for nonjoinder.

                                          -12-                                  6757

must approve of a transfer of a privilege does not mean that a contract to transfer the
privilege is unenforceable.9 Many privileges (liquor licenses, taxi permits, or limited
entry fishing permits are familiar examples) may be transferred only upon approval of
a government agency. Yet contracts for their transfer are enforceable, conditioned on
third-party approval of the transfer.10 Often such approval may not be arbitrarily

       9
               While the trial court at times used language of voidness and invalidity to
describe the assignment of boat slips in the original contract, the trial court also required
the joinder of Berube. Weilbacher is correct that if the clause assigning the boat slips
was simply void or invalid, the joinder of Berube would have been unnecessary. But
here the trial court required the joinder of Berube precisely because his presence in this
action was necessary “to enforce the intent of all the parties.” The trial court’s finding
that Berube was an indispensable party should have served as notice to Weilbacher that
the contract could be enforced with respect to the boat slips, subject to the approval of
the board.
       10
              See, e.g., Watson Bros. Transp. Co. v. Jaffa, 143 F.2d 340 (8th Cir. 1944):
                     But a man’s obligation under his lawful contract is not
              a whit less binding upon him because of the fact that an
              approval of the transaction must be had before the party to
              whom he has obligated himself can receive full benefits. . . .
              The mere fact that a contract or transfer is subject to the
              approval of a public agency is not a bar to a decree
              compelling a party to execute the documents necessary for
              the consummation of the contract or transfer. This principle
              is well established in cases involving agreements to transfer
              liquor licenses, which, like the transfer in question here, must
              be validated by the licensing authority, . . . in cases involving
              the sale of a stock exchange seat where the transfer is subject
              to the approval of a committee of the exchange, . . . in cases
              involving the transfer of a license to a market stall, where a
              request to the city authorities is required for reissue of the
              license, . . . and where sale of a common carrier franchise is
              subject to the approval of the state and federal commissions
              ....
                                                                               (continued...)

                                            -13-                                       6757

withheld, or is subject to defined standards.11
              Board members and officers of a common ownership association have a
fiduciary relationship with unit owners.12 They are required to act reasonably with
respect to owners.13 Thus board approval of the transfer of tie-up spaces between unit
owners could not have been unreasonably or arbitrarily withheld. In addition, the
evidence showed that the board had never disapproved of a proposed boat tie-up transfer
that was properly presented and that the board’s primary interest in requiring approval
was to ensure accurate record keeping in order to avoid confusion.14
              Berube was an indispensable party under Rule 19 because without his
joinder the apparent intent of the contracting parties with respect to the transfer of the tie-
ups in the two contracts could not be enforced. What Weilbacher intended was a three-
way swap of the tie-ups. As already noted, lot 71 would get lot 72’s tie-up, No. 27. Lot
74 would get lot 71’s tie-up, No. 26. And lot 72 would get lot 74’s tie-up, No. 79.



       10
              (...continued)
Id. at 346-47 (citations omitted).
       11
              See, e.g., Simonds Chevrolet v. Gen. Motors, 564 F. Supp. 151 (D. Mass
1983) (reviewing for reasonableness franchisor auto manufacturer’s decision to withhold
consent to franchisee’s sale of auto dealership); Richmond Coll. v. Scott-Nuckols Co.,
124 Va. 333 (Va. 1919) (installer of water and sewer systems excused from contractual
requirement to produce architect’s certificate where certificate was capriciously or
arbitrarily withheld).
       12
              See AS 34.08.330(a); Bennett v. Weimar, 975 P.2d 691, 692-93 (Alaska
1999). Cf. Dunlap v. Bavarian Vill. Condo. Ass’n, 780 P.2d 1012, 1015 (Alaska 1989)
(claim of arbitrary and selective enforcement by association reviewed).
       13
              Bennett, 975 P.2d at 697.
       14
              A board member described the board’s role in the approval process as
virtually a “rubber stamp.”

                                             -14-                                        6757

Although the essential features of this three-way swap were reflected in the signed
escrow instructions for the sale of lots 71 and 72, Berube refused to abide by the
agreement and insisted on using tie-up 27. He contended that he had purchased tie-up
27. In order to accomplish Weilbacher’s goal of retaining tie-up 26, the Ring/Henrys
would have to receive their bargained-for tie-up 27. But for them to receive No. 27,
Berube would have to give it up and take No. 79 instead. Berube could not be required
to give up No. 27 without being made a party. Although what he agreed to seems clear
as reflected by the escrow instructions and the deed, it is possible that Berube might have
a defense, and it is clear that he had to be afforded an opportunity to be heard before he
could be ordered to comply with the agreement. Thus joining Berube was necessary in
order to enforce the expectations of the contracting parties.
              Weilbacher argues that he had no claim against Berube and thus could not
sue him. This has no merit. Weilbacher could have filed a claim against Berube that
alleged the terms of the sale of lot 72 as to the tie-ups, and that Berube had breached
those terms by failing to accept tie-up 79 and instead had claimed tie-up 27. The claim
could allege that this not only violated the sale agreement, it also interfered with the sale
agreement between Weilbacher and the Ring/Henrys under which the Ring/Henrys were
to receive tie-up 27.
              If Berube had been brought in under such a claim, and the sale as to the tie-
ups was ultimately shown to be in accordance with the escrow instructions and Berube’s
deed, the court could have ordered the parties to submit the proper forms required by the
owners’ association to accomplish the three-way swap of boat tie-ups. If the parties had
submitted the proper forms, there is little doubt but that the association would have
approved the swap.




                                            -15-                                       6757

              The superior court ordered Weilbacher to join Berube within 15 days.
Weilbacher timely sought reconsideration of this order. When reconsideration was
denied Weilbacher was required to join Berube or suffer dismissal for noncompliance:
              If the court finds an absentee is needed for a just adjudication
              (that is, a necessary or “required” party), and if [the] court
              also finds that joinder of the absentee is feasible, it will
              usually give the plaintiff an opportunity to add the absentee.
              If the plaintiff fails to do so, the court may dismiss the action
              because of the plaintiff’s noncompliance. If it does not, the
              court itself must order that the person be made a party. The
              Rule gives no discretion on this point.[15]
              We conclude that the court properly ordered Berube to be joined as an
indispensable party under Civil Rule 19(a). When Weilbacher failed to comply with the
court’s order, dismissal of the case was justified. The fact that this dismissal took place
at the close of the trial rather than before the trial is not of consequence. Either way
dismissal would be justified. Hearing the testimony at the trial confirmed the conclusion
implicit in the court’s Rule 19 order that without Berube the court could not “determine
or take action to enforce the intent of all the parties to the transaction.”
       C.     Weilbacher Was Not Entitled To Rescission.
              Weilbacher’s second, third, and fourth statement of issues presented for
review claim that he was entitled to rescission of the Ring/Henrys contract based on a


       15
             4 M OORE ’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 19.04(4)(a) (3d ed. 2012) (citations
omitted). See also CHARLES A LAN W RIGHT , A RTHUR R. M ILLER & M ARY K AY K ANE ,
FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1604, p. 66 (3d ed. 2001):
              Once it has been decided that a person whose joinder is
              feasible should be brought into the action, the claimant
              should be given a reasonable opportunity to add that person.
              If plaintiff fails to do so, the court should order joinder itself
              or it may direct the action to be dismissed for noncompliance
              with the original order.

                                            -16-                                     6757

breach on the part of the Ring/Henrys or on mutual mistake. These claims have no merit
for several reasons.
             First, Weilbacher’s rescission claim need not be reached because dismissal
of Weilbacher’s claim was justified based on his refusal to comply with the court’s order
requiring him to join Berube as an indispensable party.16
             Second, the court did not find that the Ring/Henrys breached the contract
or that there was a mutual mistake justifying rescission. The court instead found that
there was no reason to rescind the contract.
             Finally, even if there had been a mutual mistake, rescission would have
been inappropriate because relief that enforced the parties’ intent was available. In such
circumstances the remedy of rescission would have been, to use the words of the Second
Restatement of Contracts, “unnecessary and unavailable.”17
      D.     The Court’s Evidentiary Error Was Harmless.
             Weilbacher contends that the court erred by relying on a letter that was not
admitted into evidence. The letter in question was written by the secretary of the
owners’ association in 2003. It was addressed “to whom it may concern” and stated that



      16
             See supra pp. 18-19.
      17
             See RESTATEMENT (SECOND ) OF C ONTRACTS § 152(2), cmt. d and
introductory note (1981) (where the intent of the parties may be enforced by reformation
contract avoidance is unnecessary and unavailable). See also Rash v. United States, 360
F.2d 940, 944 (Ct. Cl. 1966) (“[W]here reformation is possible, it is the only remedy
permissible, since the mistake of the parties related to their expression only, and a
rescission of the contract would be an unnecessary violation of their intent.”). Cf.
Commercial Recycling Ctr. v. Hobbs Indus., 228 P.3d 93, 98-99 (Alaska 2010) (“ ‘[A]s
a matter of judicial policy,’ we seek to ‘maintain and enforce contracts, rather than
enable parties to escape from the obligations they have chosen to incur.’ ” (quoting
Inman v. Clyde Hall Drilling Co., 369 P.2d 498, 500 (Alaska 1962))).


                                          -17-                                      6757

boat slip 26 was allocated to the owners of lot 71, the Ring/Henrys. As such, the letter
merely reflected the uncontested fact that the original allocation of tie-up 26 as reflected
in the association records for the 1999 sales was never changed in the board records. As
this is an established fact in the present case the court’s mention of the letter in question
in its decision is harmless error.
       E.	    The Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Awarding Enhanced
              Attorney’s Fees.
              Following the entry of judgment on the merits the Ring/Henrys filed an
attorney’s fees motion seeking enhanced fees under Civil Rule 82(b)(3) based, among
other reasons, on Weilbacher’s refusal to join Berube. Judge Ashman awarded enhanced
fees. The order noted that Judge Huguelet “cited [Weilbacher’s] stubborn refusal to obey
the court’s order as having frustrated the meaningful progress of the litigation.” The
court concluded that Judge Huguelet had in essence found that Weilbacher engaged in
“bad faith or vexatious conduct” justifying an enhanced fee under Civil Rule 82(b)(3).18


       18	
              Civil Rule 82(b)(3) provides:
                     (3)   The court may vary an attorney’s fee award
              calculated under subparagraph (b)(1) or (2) of this rule if,
              upon consideration of the factors listed below, the court
              determines a variation is warranted:
                     (A)	 the complexity of the litigation;
                     (B)	 the length of trial;
                     (C) the reasonableness of the attorneys’ hourly rates
              and the number of hours expended;
                     (D) the reasonableness of the number of attorneys
              used;
                     (E)	 the attorneys’ efforts to minimize fees;
                     (F)   the reasonableness of the claims and defenses

              pursued by each side.

                     (G)	 vexatious or bad faith conduct;
                                                                          (continued...)

                                            -18-	                                      6757

             Weilbacher challenges the award of enhanced fees only on the ground that
he had no viable claim against Berube following the trial court’s ruling on the owners’
association’s summary judgment motion. As we have already rejected this argument in
connection with Weilbacher’s argument concerning the court’s order that he join Berube
as an indispensable party, the argument fails here as well.
             Weilbacher does not argue that his refusal to comply with the joinder order
was not tantamount to bad faith and vexatious conduct for the purposes of Civil Rule
82(b)(3)(G). We thus have no occasion to consider that question.
V.    CONCLUSION
             This is an unusual case. By all appearances if Weilbacher had joined
Berube he could have won, not on his rescission claim, but by enforcing the expectations
of the parties. Why he did not join Berube is difficult to understand. But once
Weilbacher refused to join Berube as ordered by the court the litigation became an
exercise in futility. For the reasons stated the judgment of the superior court is
AFFIRMED.




      18
             (...continued)
                    (H) the relationship between the amount of work

             performed and the significance of the matters at stake;

                    (I)    the extent to which a given fee award may be so
             onerous to the non-prevailing party that it would deter
             similarly situated litigants from the voluntary use of the
             courts;
                    (J)    the extent to which the fees incurred by the
             prevailing party suggest that they had been influenced by
             considerations apart from the case at bar, such as a desire to
             discourage claims by others against the prevailing party or its
             insurer; and
                    (K) other equitable factors deemed relevant.

                                          -19-                                    6757
