                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   FILED
In re Z.W.
                                                                               January 17, 2020
                                                                                EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 19-0389 (Wetzel County 2018-JA-012)                                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                    OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               MEMORANDUM DECISION

        Petitioner Father J.W., by counsel Patricia A. Kurelac, appeals the Circuit Court of Wetzel
County’s March 19, 2019, order terminating his parental rights to Z.W.1 The West Virginia
Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Mindy M. Parsley, filed a
response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem, Brett M. Ferro, filed a
response on behalf of the child in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues
that the circuit court erred in terminating his parental rights without imposing a less-restrictive
dispositional alternative.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        In September of 2018, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition against petitioner and
the mother due to the prior involuntary termination of their parental rights to an older child in June
of 2018. The petition alleged that the parents’ conduct constituted imminent danger to the child
because of their “ongoing and pervasive histories” of drug abuse and demonstrated inability to
“parent or adequately supervise their child while under the influence of controlled substances.”
The petition further alleged that the mother tested positive for methamphetamine during the
seventh month of her pregnancy with the child, who remained hospitalized after her birth. On
October 3, 2018, the circuit court held a preliminary hearing and ratified the child’s removal from
petitioner’s custody. Following the preliminary hearing, petitioner was arrested on unrelated
charges and remained incarcerated throughout the proceedings.

        In January of 2019, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing. At the hearing, petitioner
admitted that he relapsed near the time of the child’s birth, had not sought treatment for his drug
addiction, had not attained employment or housing, and wanted the child to stay with her paternal
grandmother. Further, petitioner admitted that he could not care for the child even if he were not

       1
         Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.
Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).


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incarcerated as he did not have employment or housing. Ultimately, the circuit court found that
“even on the day prior to his most recent incarceration [petitioner] had not changed his
circumstances since June [of] 2018, that his circumstances were in fact worse than they had been
in June [of] 2018, and that the child [Z.W.] is at the location and placement that is in her best
interest.” The circuit court adjudicated petitioner as a neglecting parent by order entered on January
25, 2019.

        The circuit court held the final dispositional hearing in March of 2019. During the hearing,
the circuit court was informed that on February 21, 2019, petitioner pled guilty to conspiracy to
commit forgery in the Circuit Court of Wetzel County; was sentenced to an indeterminate term of
one to five years with the ability to file a motion to reduce his sentence after six months; received
eighty-five days of credit for time served; and, pursuant to the plea agreement, he would be eligible
for probation on May 28, 2019, and parole on November 28, 2019. Also at the hearing, petitioner
requested a less-restrictive dispositional alternative, but the circuit court denied the request. The
circuit court considered petitioner’s recent sentence of incarceration; his failure to seek treatment,
employment, or housing since the filing of the petition; and his inability to care for the child. The
circuit court cited petitioner’s previous admissions that he had not changed his circumstances to
remedy the abuse and neglect of the prior proceeding. Ultimately, the circuit court concluded that
there was no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially
corrected in the near future, and that it was in the best interest of the child to terminate petitioner’s
parental rights. Accordingly, the circuit court terminated petitioner’s parental rights by its March
19, 2019, order. It is from this dispositional order that petitioner appeals.2

        The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

                “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
        novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
        facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
        evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such
        child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing
        court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there
        is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left
        with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However,
        a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided
        the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the
        evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In
        Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

        On appeal, petitioner alleges that the circuit court erred in terminating his parental rights
instead of imposing a less-restrictive dispositional alternative pursuant to West Virginia Code §
49-4-604(b)(5), which provides, in part,


       The child’s mother’s parental rights were also terminated. According to the DHHR, the
        2

permanency plan for the child is adoption by the paternal grandparents.
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       [u]pon a finding that the abusing parent or battered parent or parents are presently
       unwilling or unable to provide adequately for the child’s needs, [a circuit court
       may] commit the child temporarily to the care, custody, and control of the state
       department, a licensed private child welfare agency, or a suitable person who may
       be appointed guardian by the court.

In support, petitioner argues that the circuit court failed to make any specific findings as to
whether the conditions of neglect could be substantially corrected in the near future. Further, he
argues that his circumstances had changed because he ceased his relationship with the mother
and he would be able to participate in the drug court program pursuant to his plea agreement. In
light of these changes, he argues that the circuit court should have temporarily appointed his
mother as the child’s guardian so that he could finish his term of incarceration and seek treatment
for his drug addiction. He asserts, it is “conceivable that with the proper drug rehabilitation and
reform, [he] could significantly improve his circumstances within [fifteen] to [eighteen] months
of the birth of the subject minor child.” Accordingly, petitioner argues that the circuit court’s
termination of his rights was premature, and that there “would be no harm or detriment to the
subject minor child by disposing of [his] case under West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(5),
pending [his] release from incarceration and participation in drug rehabilitation.” We disagree.

        West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) (2019) permits a circuit court to terminate parental
rights upon findings that “there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse
can be substantially corrected in the near future” and that termination is necessary for the welfare
of the child. Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(3), a situation in which there is no
reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected
includes one in which

       [t]he abusing parent . . . [has] not responded to or followed through with a
       reasonable family case plan or other rehabilitative efforts of social, medical, mental
       health or other rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce or prevent the abuse or
       neglect of the child, as evidenced by the continuation or insubstantial diminution
       of conditions which threatened the health, welfare or life of the child.

Additionally, under West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(1), a situation in which there is no
reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected
includes one in which

       [t]he abusing parent . . . [has] habitually abused or [is] addicted to alcohol,
       controlled substances or drugs, to the extent that proper parenting skills have been
       seriously impaired and the person or persons have not responded to or followed
       through the recommended and appropriate treatment which could have improved
       the capacity for adequate parental functioning.

        With these parameters in mind, it is clear that the record supports the circuit court’s finding
that there was no reasonable likelihood petitioner could substantially correct the conditions of
neglect, given his untreated addiction and noncompliance during the proceedings. At adjudication,
petitioner admitted that he relapsed in his addiction to methamphetamine just prior to the child’s
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birth; he was unable to care for her since her birth, regardless of incarceration; and never sought
drug treatment or rehabilitation since the prior abuse and neglect proceedings. At disposition,
petitioner stated that he wanted to be in his child’s life, and hoped to “improve at some point.”
While it is true that petitioner may be able to undergo some treatment in the future for his drug
addiction, according to his plea and sentencing order entered on April 8, 2019, he had not yet been
approved for a drug court program, and the plea agreement was contingent on this approval.
Therefore, at disposition, the circuit court had no definite time frame for petitioner’s release or if
and when he would attend rehabilitation. Further, petitioner admitted that he had not corrected
other circumstances that prevented his ability to parent his child such as gaining employment and
housing. Petitioner claims that he should have been granted a less-restrictive disposition because
he might eventually be able to correct the conditions of abuse and neglect, but we have previously
held that “[c]ourts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental
improvement . . . where it appears that the welfare of the child will be seriously threatened.” Cecil
T., 228 W. Va. at 91, 717 S.E.2d at 875, syl. pt. 4, in part (quoting syl. pt. 1, in part, In re R.J.M.,
164 W. Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980)). Lastly, contrary to petitioner’s contention that the circuit
court made no specific findings as to whether the conditions of abuse and neglect could be
substantially corrected in the near future, the circuit court found that “[petitioner] testified
previously that he could not correct his conditions in the near future and needed to focus on himself
prior to caring for any child.” Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s finding that there
was no reasonable likelihood the conditions of abuse and neglect could have been substantially
corrected in the near future and that termination was necessary for the child’s welfare.

        While petitioner argues that the circuit court should have employed a less-restrictive
dispositional alternative, we have held that

               “[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the
       statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia
       Code § 49-4-604] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive
       alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under [West
       Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be
       substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d
       114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Accordingly, we find no error
in the decision of the circuit court, and its March 19, 2019, order is hereby affirmed.
                                                                                        Affirmed.

ISSUED: January 17, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison

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