                                NUMBER 13-08-00731-CR

                                COURT OF APPEALS

                     THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                        CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

ABRAHAM MAR,                                                                          Appellant,

                                                 v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                                    Appellee.


                      On appeal from the 357th District Court
                           of Cameron County, Texas.


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
                Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Vela
                 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
       Appellant, Abraham Mar, appeals his conviction for attempted capital murder for

shooting a police officer.1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 19.03 (Vernon Supp. 2009),


       1
            Mar was also convicted of evading arrest and was sentenced to two years‘ imprisonment in a
state jail facility and fined $10,000. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04 (Vernon Supp. 2009). He does
not challenge that conviction in this appeal.
15.01 (Vernon 2003). Mar filed a pre-trial motion to suppress a confession he gave to

the police, which the trial court denied.     Mar then pleaded guilty.    The jury assessed

his punishment at ninety-nine years‘ imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal

Justice‘s Institutional Division and a fine of $10,000.

          By three issues, Mar challenges the trial court‘s ruling on the pre-trial motion to

suppress, arguing that: (1) the trial court should have suppressed his confession

because he did not understand his rights and because the police officers continued

interrogating him after he validly invoked his right to counsel; (2) his confession was

involuntary because the police made promises to him to induce the confession; and (3)

the trial court failed to make findings as to the voluntariness of his confession. We

affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

          On June 25, 2008, a Cameron County grand jury indicted Mar for attempted

capital murder, alleging that Mar shot Carlos Diaz, a Harlingen Police Officer.     Mar was

apprehended in Matamoros, Mexico and was delivered to law enforcement authorities in

the United States.      Mar was then interrogated by Texas Ranger Rolando Castañeda

and Sergeant Miriam Anderson of the Harlingen Police Department.            The interrogation

was videotaped.

          Mar filed a motion to suppress the resulting confession.       Mar alleged that his

confession was obtained in violation of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.23;

the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution;

and Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution.       See U.S. CONST. amends. IV, V, VI,

XIV; TEX. CONST. art. I, §§ 9, 10, 19; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22 (Vernon


                                               2
2005). On November 3, 2008, the trial court held a hearing on Mar‘s motion.

       During the hearing, the trial court indicated on the record that it had reviewed the

videotaped confession.      The video is over an hour long.         At the beginning of the

interview, Sergeant Anderson referred to Mar as ―mijo‖ and states to Mar, ―You know

me.‖ She read Mar his Miranda rights, asked him if he understood them, and had him

sign and initial a waiver of rights.   Mar indicated that he had no questions.

       Initially, Mar told the officers that he had children.   Sergeant Anderson reminded

Mar that she had known him for a long time and knew his mother, and she repeatedly

referred to him as ―mijo‖ throughout the video.     Mar denied knowledge of the shooting.

Sergeant Anderson stated that they ―were not here to find out what happened,‖ because

she claimed that they already knew what happened.         She told Mar that she was there to

get his side of the story, to find out why ―it happened,‖ and to help Mar help himself.

Mar denied knowing what she was talking about and claimed he had been in Matamoros,

Mexico.

       Ranger Castañeda then told Mar that the police knew he was the shooter

because there was a video from the crime scene.         Mar asked if the officers would turn

off the video of the interview and stated he would talk to them off camera, but the officers

refused.   Ranger Castañeda then said:

       By you telling us what happened it‘s gonna help your case because you
       wanna see your children . . . . Instead of getting life in prison, you
       might—you‘ll get less. I‘m not promising anything, number one, I‘m not
       promising anything. But your cooperation means a lot to the District
       Attorney‘s office. And me personally, I will contact the District Attorney‘s
       office and tell them that you cooperated with us. And the only way that I
       can tell him that you cooperated—cooperated with us, is he has to see
       what you said. We‘re trying to help you Abraham. . . .

       Sergeant Anderson explained again that the officers wanted to get Mar‘s side of

                                               3
the story.   Mar asked Sergeant Anderson to explain the allegations to him.          Sergeant

Anderson told Mar that a police car camera captured Mar exiting his vehicle and

grabbing a weapon. She then said that the video showed Mar firing the weapon at the

police car, injuring a police officer.

       Ranger Castañeda told Mar that he was being charged with attempted capital

murder, which carried a term of imprisonment of five to ninety-nine years. Mar then

asked what he could do to avoid getting ninety-nine years.               Ranger Castañeda

answered: ―Where it will help you not get ninety-nine years—The District Attorney‘s

office, as a matter of fact, they already called me. They want to know if you cooperated.

Your cooperation—first of all, I can‘t promise you anything, you gotta make that perfectly

clear.‖ Mar replied, ―Yeah, I know.‖ Ranger Castañeda continued:

       But your cooperation will help you reduce that sentence to the point that
       you might see your little girl and your little boy when they‘re teenagers or
       twenty years old or something. But at least you don‘t have to worry about
       seeing them whey they‘re fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty years old. . . . If I pick
       up the phone and tell the District Attorney‘s office and that Mar did not
       cooperate, what do you think is going to happen? Do you think—we‘re
       going to show that videotape to the jury. . . .

       Mar continued to deny that he was the shooter. He claimed that he had been

arrested on several occasions, but he stated that no charges were ever brought.            He

opined that he was always being blamed for things he did not do.              Mar referred to

himself as a ―victim.‖   He asked why, if the police had enough evidence to convict him,

did they need a confession?        Ranger Castañeda then asked if Mar wanted to spend

ninety-nine years in prison and stated that he did not want Mar to do that much time.

Ranger Castañeda stated that if Mar went to prison, his children would grow up being

raised by their mother as a single parent.    He stated he was just trying to keep Mar from


                                              4
spending ninety-nine years in prison.

      Again, Mar explained that he was always a target of police investigations that

were unfounded.      He gave detailed examples of times he believed he was the victim of

police harassment.     Ranger Castañeda then said that he felt disrespected because the

videotape showed Mar committing the crime, but he would not admit to it.        He stated

that the officers did not need to talk to Mar—they had enough evidence.            But he

explained that at trial, when he was asked if Mar cooperated, he would tell the jury that

he gave Mar the chance to tell his side of the story, and Mar lied instead of cooperating.

      Later in the video, after more discussion by Mar of how he had been harassed by

the police, the following exchange occurred:

      Ranger Castañeda:            The bottom line. Look, I understand what
                                   you‘re saying, but the bottom line is, there‘s a
                                   good possibility you could go to prison for the
                                   rest    of     your    life   if    you    don‘t
                                   cooperate. . . . Abraham, you are not listening
                                   at all. You are not listening. Listen to me.
                                   Listen to me. Cut the crap about being the
                                   victim. You shot that officer. We got you on
                                   video. You shot that weapon. We got your
                                   license plate on the car on the video. We got
                                   the store video doing the same—showing the
                                   same thing. So cut the crap about being a
                                   victim. You‘re not a victim on this one. You
                                   might have been a victim of the other ones.
                                   But on this one where I‘m involved, she‘s
                                   involved, you are a—you‘re not a victim. You
                                   shot that officer. We wanna know why you
                                   shot the officer. And if you don‘t wanna tell us,
                                   we‘ll make sure we tell the District Attorney to
                                   go ahead and go all the way for ninety-nine
                                   years. Because I guarantee you, you wanna
                                   get your high-powered attorney, get him. All
                                   we have to do is show that videotape to the
                                   jury, and you are gone. You‘ll never see your
                                   children again.


                                            5
      Mar:                       I don‘t even have money to get an attorney.

      Sergeant Anderson:         Be smart.

      Ranger Castañeda:          You will never see your children again if you
                                 keep on saying that you‘re a victim. You might
                                 have been a victim on the other ones. I don‘t
                                 know. And it sounds like you might have
                                 been. But the one case that I‘m concerned
                                 about is this one. You were not the victim.
                                 You pulled that trigger and shot that officer.
                                 You‘re lucky that officer isn‘t dead because if
                                 that officer had been dead, and with that video,
                                 in eight to ten years you‘d be executed by lethal
                                 injection in the state of Texas. And I‘ve seen
                                 people being executed before, and it ain‘t
                                 pretty. So here is your opportunity to see
                                 your—at least see your children when you‘re
                                 old enough to—that you‘re not that old that you
                                 can still walk and still play or see your
                                 grandchildren. You make that decision. But
                                 you have got to understand something right
                                 now.      Look at me.         You have got to
                                 understand something now. We don‘t need
                                 you to tell us anything. If you wanna go to
                                 prison for ninety-nine years, go. We‘re gonna
                                 get you because that video—not because she
                                 said it or I said it. That video says everything.

      Mar began talking about how he grew up in a bad neighborhood and explained

that he was abused as a child.    He again claimed that he had been harassed by the

police and repeatedly accused of crimes, but the charges were later dropped.   Sergeant

Anderson then stated again that this was Mar‘s ―chance‖ to do something for his children

and to ―see them grow up.‖

      Mar then asked to talk to the prosecutor to find out what amount of prison time he

was facing and said he would ―talk‖ after that.    He stated he wanted to talk to the

prosecutor to get an assurance about what would happen to him. Sergeant Anderson

asked how Mar felt, and he stated he felt ―dead.‖ He stated again that he wanted to talk

                                           6
to the district attorney or the judge, and he did not ―want to spend any more time with the

questioning,‖ and the games and reverse psychology.           Sergeant Anderson said that

they were not playing mental games but were trying to give him a chance to tell what

happened.     Mar then stated he understood the police believed they had evidence

against him, but he wanted to hear what the district attorney had to say. When asked

what he would say to the prosecutor, Mar said he would ―lace him up on what

happened.‖ The following exchange then occurred:

       Ranger Castañeda:           If I call the DA right now and say, Mr. DA,
                                   Abraham Mar says he‘ll be up front with us, tell
                                   us exactly what happened, but he needs to
                                   know how much time he‘s looking at. And
                                   you‘ll talk with us.

       Mar:                        Fuck yes. . . . And you‘re making a promise on
                                   that thing because . . . the DA‘s gonna say how
                                   much time I‘m gonna get on that, and you know
                                   that‘s against the law to make a promise.

       Ranger Castañeda:           No. I can‘t make a promise.           The DA can
                                   make a promise.

       Mar:                        What the DA decides to do, I guess I‘ll talk
                                   whatever. I‘ll say I‘m not guilty or I‘m guilty. I
                                   just wanna talk to the DA.

       Ranger Castañeda:           Ok. If we don‘t bring the DA over here, you‘re
                                   not gonna talk to us.            That‘s fine with
                                   me. . . . That‘s fine with me. You‘ll go to
                                   prison for ninety-nine years. So don‘t be trying
                                   to negotiate with me.           Because I don‘t
                                   negotiate. Either you‘re going to go to prison
                                   for ninety-nine years, or you have the
                                   opportunity to go to prison for twenty or thirty
                                   years. Twenty-five, thirty, forty years. With
                                   good time you could be out in about twenty-five
                                   years. Your children will be twenty-five years
                                   old. . . . And I could call the District Attorney‘s
                                   office, and he‘s not gonna say well, uh, if he
                                   talks to us, I‘ll offer him twenty-five years, thirty

                                             7
                                 years.

      Sergeant Anderson:         It doesn‘t work like that mijo.

      Ranger Castañeda:          It doesn‘t work that way.     This is not law and
                                 order.

      Mar:                       Well I don‘t know.    You‘re making it seem like
                                 law and order.

      Ranger Castañeda:          This is not law and order. . . . The good thing
                                 about this case, well the great thing about this
                                 case, is you‘re busted. You‘re busted bad. I
                                 never had a case where—you have been
                                 busted with a video camera. . . . If you tell us I
                                 shot that car and the reason I shot that car is
                                 because of this, I can almost tell you you‘re not
                                 gonna serve ninety-nine years in prison.

      Mar:                       But I‘m gonna serve eighty-seven.

      Ranger Castañeda:          You‘re not gonna serve eighty-seven years in
                                 prison, because I‘m gonna go, as a Texas
                                 Ranger, and she‘s gonna go as a Harlingen
                                 police sergeant, and say Mar cooperated with
                                 us.    He deserves a lower sentence than
                                 ninety-nine years.     But, we‘re not gonna
                                 negotiate.

      Mar then again referred to his prior arrests and alleged police harassment, and he

asked Sergeant Anderson to include his arrest history in his file.         The following

exchange occurred about whether Mar could speak to an attorney:

      Mar:                       Alright, is there an attorney around right now?

      Sergeant Anderson:         Not in here.

      Mar:                       Well could I just talk to an attorney real quick?

      Sergeant Anderson:         You want to talk to an attorney?

      Mar:                       Real quick, just real quick, and boom, after that,
                                 vamonos. I‘ll tell ya‘ll everything ya‘lll wanna
                                 know. I just wanna talk to an attorney real

                                           8
                                   quick and after that I‘ll tell ya‘ll whatever you
                                   wanna know.

        At this point, Sergeant Anderson reached under the table and began packing up

her things.   She muttered, ―Ay mijo.   Ok.‖ Ranger Castañeda immediately said, ―You

do have a right to an attorney; You‘re gonna get that right to an attorney.‖           Mar

interrupted Ranger Castañeda and began talking again, crying as he spoke.      Mar began

explaining his background and told the officers that he had psychiatric problems.      He

said he felt like the police had been bullying him, and he asked Ranger Castañeda how it

would make him feel. Ranger Castañeda stated it would make him angry, and asked,

―And then what happened?‖ Mar claimed that he ―blacked out.‖ Mar stated that he

was ―going to do the right thing,‖ and he got on his knees in front of Sergeant Anderson.

He said he had already lost his pride, and he stated that the police officer, although he

did not identify who, had arrested him on prior occasions.    Mar stated he knew he was

going to prison, and Ranger Castañeda asked if he wanted to go to prison for ninety-nine

years, and stated that Mar‘s cooperation would help him.       Sergeant Anderson stated

that Mar was ―doing the right thing.‖ Mar indicated that he merely wanted a lesser

sentence.

        Mar stated he believed the officer had pulled him over on purpose and was trying

to harass him.   He said he blacked out, and he didn‘t know what happened.         Ranger

Castañeda stated that a black out was not going to help Mar. He told Mar that this case

was different than others because there was a videotape, which would be shown to the

jury.   Ranger Castañeda then stated again, ―The DA‘s gonna get life.      Do you wanna

get life?   Or do you wanna get twenty-five, thirty years? We‘re trying to help you.‖

Mar then asked to use the phone.     Ranger Castañeda stated that if Mar told them what

                                            9
happened, he could use the phone and have a cigarette.             Mar then confessed to

shooting the police officer.

        At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the defense called Ranger Castañeda

as its first witness.   Ranger Castañeda testified that he interviewed Mar on June 26,

2008.     The defense asked whether Ranger Castañeda informed Mar that his

cooperation would help him get a certain punishment in the case, and the following

exchange occurred:

        [Defense Counsel]:         Okay. Now, as the interview progressed, did
                                   you inform Mr. Mar that his cooperation in the
                                   interview would help him get a certain
                                   punishment in his particular case in which you
                                   were questioning him?

        [Ranger Castañeda]:        What I did advise him that—I‘m not in the
                                   position to negotiate or to promise him
                                   anything. I said that his cooperation could or
                                   possibly help him in the future, but I am not in
                                   the position to be making any deals with him.
                                   I‘m not an attorney.

        [Defense Counsel]:         Isn‘t it true that you told him that you were going
                                   to specifically speak to the District Attorney‘s
                                   Office and that he would not get 99 years, that
                                   he would get less; isn‘t that true?

        [Ranger Castañeda]:        I—I did advise him that, but I was utilizing
                                   deception as an investigative tool at that point;
                                   and yes, I did tell him that.

        [Defense Counsel]:         And, in fact, that—you told him that several
                                   times; isn‘t that correct?

        [Ranger Castañeda]:        Probably.

              ....

        [Defense Counsel]:         Ranger Castañeda, the reason—the reason
                                   behind your telling Abraham Mar that he would
                                   get a lesser sentence was, the purpose of that

                                            10
                      was to elicit further testimony; isn‘t that true?

[Ranger Castañeda]:   If you viewed the whole tape, I talked to him
                      about that I‘m not in the position to be
                      negotiating with him, that I didn‘t need his
                      testimony, just on the videotape of the shooting
                      and other evidence, that I didn‘t need him; but I
                      was giving him an opportunity to hear his side
                      of the story.

[Defense Counsel]:    Well, Ranger Castañeda, I know that here you
                      assert that you didn‘t need him and that you
                      had a video and what not, but your actions,
                      your words to him were such that you were
                      telling him that he would get a lesser sentence,
                      which flies in the face of your assertion now that
                      you weren‘t negotiating with him; isn‘t that true?

[Ranger Castañeda]:   I wasn‘t negotiating with him.    I was not.

[Defense Counsel]:    Then explain to this Court why you were
                      consistent and persistent on telling him that he
                      would receive a lesser sentence.

[Ranger Castañeda]:   Like I told you before, I was using deception as
                      an investigative tool during my interview. I‘m
                      not in a position to be negotiating with the
                      district attorney. I‘m not an attorney.

[Defense Counsel]:    Well, you did make those assertions; didn‘t
                      you?

[Ranger Castañeda]:   And if you remember in the beginning of the
                      tape I said, ―I cannot promise you anything. I
                      could make the recommendations to the District
                      Attorney‘s Office.‖

[Defense Counsel]:    But isn‘t it true, Ranger Castañeda, that
                      everything else that you directed at Mr.
                      Abraham Mar was consistent with you
                      portraying yourself of [sic] someone of
                      authority, a Texas ranger, someone of authority
                      that was going to contact the District Attorney‘s
                      Office personally; isn‘t that correct? Weren‘t
                      those your words?


                               11
       [Ranger Castañeda]:         Yeah.

              ....

       [Defense Counsel]:          But you don‘t dispute the fact that you told him
                                   on several occasions that he would be
                                   receiving a lesser sentence because you were
                                   going to use your position as a Texas ranger to
                                   speak to the D.A.‘s Office; isn‘t that true?

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         I already said that, yes.

On cross-examination, Ranger Castañeda denied promising Mar anything during the

interview and reiterated that he told Mar that he was not in a position to negotiate with

the District Attorney‘s Office.

       The defense also questioned Ranger Castañeda about whether Mar invoked his

right to counsel during the interview:

       [Defense Counsel]:          In fact, at one point Mr. Abraham Mar advises
                                   you or informs you that, along the lines that,
                                   ―Do I have a right to talk to an attorney? I‘d
                                   like to talk to an attorney.‖ Isn‘t that true?

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         That particular area you‘re talking about, he
                                   advises that he wants to talk to an attorney and
                                   that then he will speak to us. And I told him,
                                   ―Yes, you have a right to an attorney. We‘re
                                   going to get you an attorney.‖            And I
                                   continued. He waited a few seconds and
                                   continued and stated words to the effect like,
                                   ―puro chile. I‘m going to tell you the way it is.‖

       [Defense Counsel]:          Well, isn‘t it true that at the point where he
                                   requested to speak to an attorney, the
                                   reaction—his response was more to a [sic]
                                   reaction from, as you know, because were you
                                   there [sic]—

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         Uh-huh.

              ....


                                             12
       [Defense Counsel]:          After he made his unequivocal request for an
                                   attorney, wasn‘t your response one which
                                   would cause an individual to continue the line of
                                   questioning?

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         No. I told him that if he wanted an attorney I
                                   was going to get him an attorney. We started
                                   getting our paperwork, getting ready to leave
                                   when he says that he was going to continue
                                   talking.

              ....

       [Defense Counsel]:          And just to finalize, Ranger Castañeda, you
                                   don‘t dispute that Abraham Mar unequivocally
                                   requested guidance and to speak to an
                                   attorney?

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         I guess about—excuse me—about an hour into
                                   the interview he says that he wanted to speak
                                   to an attorney.     And if you listen to the
                                   videotape, I said, ―You want an attorney. I‘m
                                   going to get you an attorney.‖

       [Defense Counsel]:          And is it your testimony that after that request
                                   was made, and you, you know, and you made
                                   the statement, you said that you did not make
                                   any gesture, any remark that would lead a
                                   person to continue an interrogation or give a
                                   statement?

       [Ranger Castañeda]:         Counselor, once he asked for an attorney, as
                                   far as I was concerned, that interview was over.

On cross-examination, Ranger Castañeda testified that after Mar requested an attorney,

Ranger Castañeda did not ―ask him another question to elicit a response regarding the

actual event‖ and that Mar voluntarily initiated the conversation.

       The defense then called Sergeant Anderson to testify and questioned her about

the alleged promises made to Mar.        Sergeant Anderson could not recall the exact

statements made by Ranger Castañeda and referred defense counsel to the videotape.


                                            13
The defense then questioned Sergeant Anderson about Mar‘s request for counsel:

      [Defense Counsel]:        During the course of the interview, do you recall
                                Mr. Mar making it clear to you and Ranger
                                Castañeda that he wanted to consult with an
                                attorney?

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      I believe he made that comment.

      [Defense Counsel]:        Okay.   And that was not honored, was it?

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      I‘m sorry?

      [Defense Counsel]:        That request was not honored on the part of
                                you and Mr. Castañeda?

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      I remember getting ready to either clean up or
                                walk out when he started talking again.

      [Defense Counsel]:        Do you recall making a sigh and saying, ―Ay,
                                Mijo,‖ like, ―Oh, son.‖ Do you remember doing
                                that immediately after he said, ―I want to speak
                                to an attorney?‖

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      I probably did.   I don‘t know, sir.   It‘s on the
                                videotape.

      [Defense Counsel]:        What was the purpose of you saying, ―Oh, son,‖
                                like implying he was making a mistake?

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      Oh, I didn‘t say that.

      [Defense Counsel]:        Well, that‘s—what did you mean by saying,
                                ―Oh, son,‖ like—

      [Sergeant Anderson]:      I tend to use that word a lot. I‘ve worked with
                                a lot of children and I tend to use that word.
                                So I probably did say it.

            ....

      [Defense Counsel]:        Once he said, ―I want an attorney,‖ everything
                                stopped. That means you don‘t talk to him;
                                you don‘t suggest to him anything. Do you
                                agree with me on that?


                                         14
       [Sergeant Anderson]:        Oh, I wasn‘t asking him or telling him anything.

       [Defense Counsel]:          Well, then why did you say, ―Ay, Mijo?‖

       [Sergeant Anderson]:        It‘s a form of expression.   Like I said, I work
                                   with a lot of children.

       [Defense Counsel]:          Yeah, but you agree with me that that was a
                                   direct comment made to my client with regard
                                   to his decision not to continue talking to you.

       [Sergeant Anderson]:        No, sir. I would have to disagree. I believe it
                                   was just my expression.

       [Defense Counsel]:          And really, what was the purpose of that
                                   expression?

       [Sergeant Anderson]:        I do not—I do that a lot. Like I said, I work with
                                   a lot of children[,] and I have a tendency to be, I
                                   guess, motherly.

       At the end of the hearing, the trial court denied the motion to suppress, stating on

the record that:

       The Court, as it has previously indicated, the Court had reviewed the
       videotape so it could have a good context of whatever the testimony was
       given. The Court viewed the entire videotape. Based on the Court‘s
       viewing of the tape, the testimony given, the Court will deny the motion to
       suppress.

The trial court did not issue a written ruling on the motion or file findings of fact and

conclusions of law.

       Mar subsequently pleaded guilty to the charges of attempted capital murder and

evading arrest.    Punishment was tried to a jury, who assessed a sentence of

ninety-nine years‘ imprisonment on the attempted capital murder conviction.           The trial

court certified Mar‘s right to appeal the pre-trial ruling on his motion to suppress. This

appeal ensued.



                                            15
                      II. FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

       By his third issue, Mar argues that the trial court failed to make findings as to the

voluntariness of his confession, as required by ―constitutional and statutory law.‖ Thus,

Mar asks this Court to remand to the trial court for the entry of findings.

       Mar argues that his right to ―due process‖ and article 38.22, section 6 of the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure require the trial court to enter an order stating its findings,

citing Jackson v. Denno.     See 378 U.S. 368, 378-80 (1964) (―A defendant objecting to

the admission of a confession is entitled to a fair hearing in which both the underlying

factual issues and the voluntariness of his confession are actually and reliably

determined.―); see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6.             Article 38.22,

section 6 provides:

       In all cases where a question is raised as to the voluntariness of a
       statement of an accused, the court must make an independent finding in
       the absence of the jury as to whether the statement was made under
       voluntary conditions. If the statement has been found to have been
       voluntarily made and held admissible as a matter of law and fact by the
       court in a hearing in the absence of the jury, the court must enter an order
       stating its conclusion as to whether or not the statement was voluntarily
       made, along with the specific finding of facts upon which the conclusion
       was based, which order shall be filed among the papers of the cause. . . .

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6.

       The State argues that Mar waived this complaint by failing to raise it in the trial

court. We agree. The record does not contain any request from Mar that the trial court

make these findings or an objection that the trial court issue written findings on the

motion to suppress. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the right to

findings under article 38.22, section 6 is ―a statutory ‗right‘ which is forfeited by a party's

failure to insist upon its implementation.‖    State v. Terrazas, 4 S.W.3d 720, 728 (Tex.


                                              16
Crim. App. 1999) (citing Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 278-79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)).

Additionally, in Terrazas, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that Jackson v.

Denno does not require a separate order stating findings on the voluntariness of a

confession.    Id.   Under these circumstances, Mar has forfeited his third issue on

appeal, and we overrule it.

                          III. SUPPRESSION OF THE CONFESSION

       Mar argues that the trial court erred by overruling his motion to suppress evidence

because his confession was obtained in violation of his right to counsel under the Fifth

and Sixth Amendments.         See U.S. CONST. amends. V, VI.      By his first issue, Mar

argues that he did not understand his rights and that the police officers continued

interrogating him after he validly invoked his right to counsel. By his second issue, Mar

argues that his confession was involuntary because the police made repeated threats,

promises, and representations to him to induce the confession.     We disagree.

A.     Standard of Review

       We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a

bifurcated standard of review.    Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005). We do not engage in our own factual review; rather the trial judge is the sole

trier of fact and judge of credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their

testimony.    State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Guzman v.

State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).          Trial courts are given almost

complete deference in determining historical facts.     Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d

323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We review the record to determine whether the trial

court's ruling is supported by the record and correct under some theory of law applicable


                                            17
to the case.   Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). In the

case before us, the trial court did not make explicit findings of fact.        Under these

circumstances, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's rulings

and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record.

Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 493.

B.     Voluntary, Knowing, and Intelligent Waiver

       Mar argues that he did not validly waive his right to counsel because his

comments during the interrogation show that he did not understand that he would be

provided counsel if he could not afford one. We disagree.

       Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure prohibits the introduction of

an interrogation into evidence unless the accused is warned of his Miranda rights and

unless he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives those rights. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 3(a) (Vernon 2005); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444,

474-75 (1966).    ―Waiver is shown as a matter of law with regard to pretrial questioning if

an accused (1) who has not yet retained or been appointed counsel (2) decides

voluntarily not to rely on his right to counsel and (3) decides so with the understanding

that he could remain silent and request a lawyer and that the State could use any

statement against him.‖ Hunter v. State, 148 S.W.3d 526, 533 (Tex. App.–Houston

[14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref‘d).

       At the beginning of the interrogation, Sergeant Anderson informed Mar of his

rights, including his right to remain silent and to the appointment of counsel, and Mar

signed a waiver and indicated that he understood all of his rights.   Later in the interview,

the following exchange occurred:


                                            18
       Ranger Castañeda:            The bottom line. Look, I understand what
                                    you‘re saying, but the bottom line is, there‘s a
                                    good possibility you could go to prison for the
                                    rest    of     your    life   if    you    don‘t
                                    cooperate. . . . Abraham, you are not listening
                                    at all. You are not listening. Listen to me.
                                    Listen to me. Cut the crap about being the
                                    victim. You shot that officer. We got you on
                                    video. You shot that weapon. We got your
                                    license plate on the car on the video. We got
                                    the store video doing the same—showing the
                                    same thing. So cut the crap about being a
                                    victim. You‘re not a victim on this one. You
                                    might have been a victim of the other ones.
                                    But on this one where I‘m involved, she‘s
                                    involved, you are a—you‘re not a victim. You
                                    shot that officer. We wanna know why you
                                    shot the officer. And if you don‘t wanna tell us,
                                    we‘ll make sure we tell the District Attorney to
                                    go ahead and go all the way for ninety-nine
                                    years. Because I guarantee you, you wanna
                                    get your high-powered attorney, get him. All
                                    we have to do is show that videotape to the
                                    jury, and you are gone. You‘ll never see your
                                    children again.

       Mar:                         I don‘t even have money to get an attorney.

       We disagree that this exchange necessarily demonstrates that Mar did not

understand his right to counsel. In context, Mar‘s statement could be interpreted as

merely a response to the officer‘s challenge to go get a ―high-powered‖ attorney—not as

an expression indicating that Mar did not understand his right to appointed counsel. The

trial court was entitled to resolve this fact issue against Mar.   Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at

327. We overrule this argument.

C.     Initiation of Interrogation After Invocation of the Right to Counsel and to
       Remain Silent

       Second, Mar agues that after he invoked his right to counsel and to remain silent,

the officers initiated further interrogation when they should have terminated it, violating

                                             19
the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.2 Mar argues that he invoked his right to counsel, and

the statement by Sergeant Anderson, ―Ay, mijo,‖ demonstrated her ―distress at Abraham

Mar‘s request . . . which clearly influenced Abraham Mar.‖ Furthermore, Mar argues

that he did not initiate further communication with the police.             Mar argues that although

he ―continued to vent his frustrations, he did not state he no longer wished to speak to an

attorney, nor did he recant his request.‖ Rather, the conversation regarding the offense

was initiated by Ranger Castañeda.              The State, on the other hand, argues that Mar

initiated the further conversation.

            ―Once ‗an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during

custodial interrogation . . . [he] is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities

until counsel has been made available,‘ unless he initiates the contact.‖ Montejo v.

Louisiana, 129 S. Ct. 2079, 2085 (2009) (quoting Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477,

484-85 (1981)).        ―For a suspect to ‗reinitiate‘ communication with authorities, the

suspect's remarks must ‗represent a desire . . . to open up a more generalized

discussion relating directly or indirectly to the investigation.‘‖ Martinez v. State, 275

S.W.3d 29, 35 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2008, pet. stricken) (quoting Oregon v.

Bradshaw, 463 U.S. 1039, 1045 (1983) (plurality op.)).               The impetus of the defendant‘s

remarks must come from the defendant, not from ―police interrogation or conduct that is

the functional equivalent of interrogation.‖ Id. (citing Moran v. State, 213 S.W.3d 917,

922-23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).               ―Interrogation‖ includes ―not only . . . express


        2
         We note that Mar does not argue that, if we find he initiated the contact, the police were required
to demonstrate a second, valid waiver of the right to counsel; therefore, we do not consider that issue.
See Cross v. State, 144 S.W.3d 521, 526-27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Oregon v. Bradshaw, 463 U.S.
1039, 1045-46 (1983) (plurality op.) and holding that Edwards requires proof that, after he reinitiates
communication with the authorities, the suspect validly waives the right to counsel).


                                                    20
questioning, but also to any words or actions on the part of the police (other than those

normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably

likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.‖   Rhode Island v. Innis, 446

U.S. 291, 301 (1980); see Moran, 213 S.W.3d at 922-23.             The Supreme Court‘s

definition of interrogation focuses ―primarily on the perceptions of the suspect, rather

than the intent of the police.‖     Innis, 446 U.S. at 301.      ―In determining whether

interrogation occurred, we do not look at statements made by the police in a vacuum;

rather, we view them in light of the circumstances of the interaction between the suspect

and the police on the occasion in question.‖ Martinez, 275 S.W.3d at 35.

       It is undisputed that Mar invoked his right to counsel by asking for an attorney.

Immediately after Mar requested to speak to an attorney, Sergeant Anderson reached

under the table to retrieve the waiver of rights that Mar had signed and moved her chair

back from the table, apparently packing up her things to leave.      As she did this, she

muttered, ―Ay mijo.   Ok.‖ Ranger Castañeda immediately said, ―You do have a right to

an attorney; You‘re gonna get that right to an attorney.‖

       Mar argues that Sergeant Anderson made an impermissible comment on his

request for counsel by making the comment, ―Ay, mijo.‖             Mar argues that this

constituted interrogation because it influenced him to confess. We disagree.

       Sergeant Anderson referred to Mar as ―mijo‖ throughout the video. She agreed

with Mar‘s counsel at the hearing on the motion to suppress that this statement means,

―son.‖ She testified that it was merely an expression she uses because she deals with

children often.   But more importantly, immediately after she made this comment, she

began packing her things to leave, and within seconds, Ranger Castañeda told Mar that


                                            21
he would get an attorney.           Mar immediately began talking again.         Under the

circumstances, the trial court was entitled to find that Sergeant Anderson‘s comment was

not coercive and did not constitute interrogation, based on the totality of the interactions

between Mar and the officers.       See Innis, 446 U.S. at 301 (finding that defendant was

not interrogated where the ―conversation was, at least in form, nothing more than a

dialogue between the two officers to which no response from the respondent was

invited.‖); Martinez, 275 S.W.3d at 35.

          Mar relies on Ochoa v. State, where the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held

that a thirty-to-forty-minute conversation about marital problems, children, and other

matters, after which the defendant confessed, rendered the confession inadmissible.

573 S.W.2d 796, 800 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). We note, however, that the officer in that

case expressly admitted that he engaged in the idle conversation with the defendant as a

way to ―calm and relax him and to ‗get on his good side,‘ and to thus get appellant to

make a statement.‖          Id.   This case is substantially different.     Here, Sergeant

Anderson merely said, ―Ay, mijo,‖ and then Ranger Castañeda immediately told Mar he

would get him an attorney.

          Additionally, focusing on the defendant‘s perspective rather than the intent of the

police, Mar did not testify at the hearing on the motion to suppress.           There is no

evidence in the record supporting his argument that, from his perspective, this statement

by Sergeant Anderson influenced his decision to initiate further communication with the

police.     See Moran v. State, 213 S.W.3d 917, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (finding

significant that the defendant never testified that officer‘s comment that he had spoken to

other people caused him to re-initiate conversation with the police and incriminate


                                              22
himself).

       Next, Mar argues that he did not initiate further communication, but rather, Ranger

Castañeda reinitiated the interrogation. When Ranger Castañeda told Mar he would

get him an attorney, Mar immediately interrupted him and began talking again, crying as

he spoke.    Mar began explaining his background and told the officers that he had

psychiatric problems. He said he felt like the police had been bullying him, and he

asked Ranger Castañeda how it would make him feel. Ranger Castañeda stated it

would make him angry, and asked, ―And then what happened?‖ Mar points out that

Ranger Castañeda did ask a question before Mar gave a confession, and he argues that

before that question, Mar merely discussed his background with the officers. We hold

that Mar‘s statements constituted an attempt to ―open up a more generalized discussion

relating directly or indirectly to the investigation.‖   Martinez, 275 S.W.3d at 35-36

(quoting Bradshaw, 463 U.S. at 1045)).

       Throughout the interview, the police told Mar that they did not need to know what

happened, but they just needed to know why. From the beginning, Mar insisted that he

had been harassed by the police on numerous occasions. When he finally confessed,

this was the reason he gave for shooting Officer Diaz.    Thus, it is disingenuous for Mar

to now argue that he was only discussing his background.        Accordingly, we hold that

Mar‘s right to counsel was not violated.   See id.

       Mar also briefly argues that the interrogation violated his Fifth Amendment right to

remain silent. See U.S. CONST. amend. V. Mar argues that during the interrogation,

he stated that he did not ―want to spend any more time with the questioning,‖ and this

was an invocation of his right to remain silent, which should have terminated the


                                            23
interview.   The State counters that this was not an unequivocal and clear invocation of

the right to remain silent because the context shows that Mar wanted to begin

confessing. We agree with the State.

       At the time that Mar made this statement, he was requesting to speak to the

district attorney, and he expressly stated that he would talk to the district attorney and

―lace him up on what happened.‖ An interrogating officer is not required to stop his

questioning unless the suspect's invocation of rights is unambiguous.      Ramos v. State,

245 S.W.3d 410, 418 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The officer is not required to ask clarifying

questions, and ―[i]f the suspect's statement is not an unambiguous or unequivocal

request [to terminate the interview or to invoke the right to silence], the officers have no

obligation to stop questioning him.‖     Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 461-62

(1994); see Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 2260 (2010) (―If an accused makes

a statement concerning the right to counsel ―that is ambiguous or equivocal‖ or makes no

statement, the police are not required to end the interrogation, ibid., or ask questions to

clarify whether the accused wants to invoke his or her Miranda rights.‖).       ―Ambiguity

exists when the suspect's statement is subject to more than one reasonable

interpretation under the circumstances.‖     Luna v. State, 301 S.W.3d 322, 325 (Tex.

App.–Waco 2009, no pet.). The trial court implicitly found that Mar‘s statement was

ambiguous, and considering the context, we agree.      Mar did not state that he no longer

wished to speak to law enforcement personnel. Rather, he stated that he wanted to

hear from the district attorney about how much time he was facing, and then he would

tell the district attorney what happened. We hold this is not a clear and unequivocal

invocation of the right to remain silent.     See Williams v. State, 257 S.W.3d 426,


                                            24
434 (Tex. App.–Austin 2008, pet. ref‘d) (concluding that accused‘s request to ―terminate

everything‖ was ambiguous because, in context, ―appellant appeared frustrated by his

detention and was attempting to determine whether he had been arrested.‖); Hargrove v.

State, 162 S.W.3d 313, 319 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref‘d) (holding that

accused‘s statement that he wanted to ―terminate it‖ was ambiguous and did not require

the officer to stop questioning); see also Davis v. State, No. AP-74393, 2007 WL

1704071, at *6 (Tex. Crim. App. June 13, 2007) (not designated for publication) (holding

right to remain silent was not unambiguously asserted where defendant asked to

terminate the interview to go home to see his mother, where the court found the request

could be construed as ―a desire to continue the interview once his concern about his

mother had been satisfied.‖). We hold that Mar initiated further conversation with the

officers, and the confession did not violate his right to counsel or to remain silent under

the Fifth or Sixth Amendments.    Accordingly, we overrule Mar‘s first issue.

C.     Promises by Law Enforcement

       Mar argues by his second issue that his confession was rendered involuntary by

promises from law enforcement. Specifically, he argues that, on numerous occasions

throughout the interrogation, Ranger Castañeda told him he would speak to the district

attorney on his behalf and that Mar would not get a sentence of ninety-nine years if he

cooperated. While Mar acknowledges that Ranger Castañeda also stated he could not

make any promises, Mar argues that this type of ―deception‖ rendered his statement

involuntary. We disagree.

       A statement is involuntary for due process purposes when there is official,

coercive conduct such that any statement obtained thereby was unlikely to have been


                                            25
the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice.     Alvarado v. State, 912

S.W.2d 199, 211 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); see also Valdez v. State, No. 13-04-468-CR,

2005 WL 1953187, at *1-3 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Aug. 11, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication).   A confession is rendered involuntary by promises by

law enforcement when the promises are (1) positive, (2) of some benefit to the

defendant, (3) made or sanctioned by someone in authority, and (4) of such an influential

nature that a defendant would speak untruthfully in response thereto.      Sossaman v.

State, 816 S.W.2d 340, 345 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), abrogated on other grounds by

Graham v. State, 994 S.W.2d 651, 656 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

      The third element requires that the officer either have authority to make the

promise or appear to have such authority.       See Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644,

654-55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Henderson v. State, 962 S.W.2d 544, 564-65 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997).   In Johnson, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found that the promises

made by the police officers did not render the defendant‘s confession involuntary

because the officers ―plainly told appellant that the police could make no guarantees‖

and ―could only relay information to the court and prosecutor.‖ 68 S.W.3d at 654-55;

see also Henderson, 962 S.W.2d at 565 (―Because appellant knew Napier had no

authority, she could not have been improperly induced by any alleged promises.‖).

      Here, Ranger Castañeda clearly and unequivocally stated to Mar that he did not

have authority to make any promises with respect to the sentence that Mar would

receive, and Mar acknowledged as much.      Initially, Ranger Castañeda told him that he

might get less time in prison by cooperating, but he qualified that by stating, ―I‘m not

promising anything, number one, I‘m not promising anything.       But your cooperation


                                           26
means a lot to the District Attorney‘s office. And me personally, I will contact the District

Attorney‘s office and tell them that you cooperated with us.‖

       Ranger Castañeda told Mar that by talking with the police and cooperating, it

might help him avoid a ninety-nine year sentence.         He immediately said, however, ―I

can‘t promise you anything, you gotta make that perfectly clear.‖ Mar replied, ―Yeah, I

know.‖ Later in the interview, Mar asked to speak to the District Attorney and stated:

―And you‘re making a promise on that thing because . . . the DA‘s gonna say how much

time I‘m gonna get on that, and you know that‘s against the law to make a promise.‖

Ranger Castañeda clearly stated, ―I can‘t make a promise.            The DA can make a

promise.‖ Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did not err by

impliedly finding that Mar was aware that Ranger Castañeda did not have the authority to

promise a lower sentence.       See id.   Therefore, Mar has not established the third

element of the Sossaman test, and we overrule his second issue.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       Having overruled all of Mar‘s issues, we affirm.




                                                          ________________________
                                                          GINA M. BENAVIDES,
                                                          Justice

Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P.47.2(B)

Delivered and filed the
6th day of January, 2011.




                                             27
