     TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-05-00665-CR



                               Hugo Augustine Villegas, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                   The State of Texas, Appellee


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. CR2003-372, HONORABLE GARY L. STEEL, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


                Hugo Augustine Villegas appeals his conviction by a jury of burglary of a habitation.

On appeal, he challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss the indictment

against him on the ground the State failed to comply with certain provisions of the Interstate

Agreement on Detainers Act (IADA or the Act).1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

judgment of conviction.


                                         BACKGROUND

                Appellant was indicted in October 2003 for burglaries occurring in Comal County

on May 29, 2003. Subsequently, he was indicted in Comal County on a charge of possession of a

controlled substance on June 11, 2003, for which he was found guilty after a jury trial in




       1
           Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, arts. I-IX (West 1979).
January 2004. Meanwhile, before he could be sentenced on the drug charge, appellant was indicted

and pleaded guilty to the federal offense of transporting undocumented aliens in April 2004. He was

sentenced to thirty-seven months in federal prison in July 2004, which he began to serve in

Pollock, Louisiana.

               Appellant was transported back to Comal County from federal custody for sentencing

on the drug charge on November 22, 2004. On that date, appellant requested and completed a form

to obtain a court-appointed attorney. Appellant was scheduled to appear on the burglary charge that

same date, but his newly appointed counsel was unable to appear in court due to flooding in the

county. The proceeding was reset for December 9, 2004. On that date, there was some confusion

about whether appellant was still in the county jail or had been returned to federal custody; the

county jail prisoner list for court appearances showed that appellant was scheduled to be produced

in court on that date. Appellant’s appointed counsel advised the court that the State had tendered

a plea offer that appellant had rejected and that his client now wished to hire private counsel.

Counsel requested a continuance until appellant hired new counsel. The record shows that appellant

remained in local custody until at least December 10, 2004; at some unspecified point thereafter, for

a reason not appearing in the record, appellant was returned to federal custody with the burglary

charge still pending.

               While serving his sentence in federal custody, on March 15, 2005, appellant wrote

a letter to the Comal County district judge reciting the cause number of his indictment and the nature

of the charges against him. Appellant stated that he “waived” his rights under article III of the

“Interstate Agreement Act” and requested that the court set his trial date “as soon as possible and



                                                  2
have me present for this process and procedure.” On April 6, appellant’s counsel filed a motion for

leave to file additional motions along with a motion for discovery and disclosure of specific items

of evidence. On April 17, appellant wrote to the county clerk of the court requesting the address and

telephone number of his court-appointed counsel so he could be approved for a “client/attorney

phone call.” He requested the information be furnished as soon as possible and asked whether a

court date had been set and to be advised if one had been set.

                A month later, on May 18, 2005, appellant sent a letter to the judge demanding a

speedy trial. Appellant stated that he had complied with the requirements of article III of the

“Interstate Agreement Act” and requested prompt disposition of his charges as guaranteed by the

Sixth Amendment. He urged that the State “has a duty to make a diligent and good faith effort to

secure” his presence and to afford him a speedy trial. He also complained that his court-appointed

attorney was not responding to his communications, and he expressed confusion as to whose

responsibility it was to assist him in filing motions and to secure his presence for trial. Appellant was

transported to the Comal County jail in late August 2005.

                Trial on the burglary charges was set for September 5, 2005. On August 31, 2005,

appellant filed a motion for speedy trial and to dismiss his indictment with prejudice for a violation

of article III of the IADA on the ground that appellant timely requested a speedy trial and the State

failed to bring the case to trial on or before April 1, 2005. On September 1, 2005, he supplemented

the motion, asserting that the State had improperly returned appellant to federal custody prior to

disposition of all pending charges in violation of the “anti-shuttling” provision of article IV(e) of the

IADA. After hearings on the motion to dismiss prior to trial on September 6 and 7, 2005, the trial



                                                   3
court denied the motion, and the case proceeded to trial. A jury found appellant guilty of two counts

of burglary of a habitation and made an affirmative finding of the use of a deadly weapon in the

commission of the offense. The trial court assessed his eighty-year sentence to run concurrently with

his sentence for the federal conviction.


                                             ANALYSIS

                Appellant urges that the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the indictment because

of the State’s failure to comply with various provisions of the IADA. Specifically, appellant

contends that the trial court erred in finding that appellant waived his right to a trial within the 180-

day time-limit provision of the Act and that the State violated the Act by returning appellant to

federal custody before final disposition of his state burglary charge.


Standard of Review

                The denial of a defendant’s motion to dismiss an indictment under the IADA is a

question of law reviewed de novo and the factual findings underlying that decision are reviewed on

a clearly erroneous standard. State v. Miles, 101 S.W.3d 180, 183 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003,

no pet.); Lindley v. State, 33 S.W.3d 926, 930 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, pet. ref’d); State v.

Sephus, 32 S.W.3d 369, 372 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d); see also United States v. Hall, 974

F.2d 1201, 1204 (9th Cir. 1992). A clearly erroneous standard is “highly deferential” to the trial

court’s fact findings. E.g., Gibson v. State, 144 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Jasper

v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 421-22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).




                                                   4
The Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act

               The IADA is a congressionally sanctioned compact between the United States and

the states, which provides the procedure whereby persons who are imprisoned in one state, and who

are also charged with crimes in another state or federal jurisdiction, can be tried expeditiously for

the pending charges while they are serving their current sentences. Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S. 433,

442 (1981); Birdwell v. Skeen, 983 F.2d 1332, 1336 (5th Cir. 1993). Because the Act is a

congressionally sanctioned interstate compact, it is subject to federal construction, and Supreme

Court interpretations of the Act are binding on state courts. Cuyler, 449 U.S. at 442.

               Article I of the Act provides that “it is the policy of the party states and the purpose

of this agreement to encourage the expeditious and orderly disposition of [outstanding] charges and

determination of the proper status of any and all detainers based on untried indictments,

informations, or complaints.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. I (West 1979). Consistent

with this purpose, the IADA allows a state to file a detainer against a defendant residing in a prison

in another state, gain temporary custody of the defendant, and prosecute the defendant on the charge

that forms the basis of the detainer. United States v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 351-52 (1978); see also

Alabama v. Bozeman, 533 U.S. 146, 150 (2001).

               The IADA also provides a mechanism for a person incarcerated in one jurisdiction

with charges pending against him in another jurisdiction to be tried on the pending charges before

being released from incarceration in the first jurisdiction. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14,

art. I. Either the defendant or the jurisdiction where the charges are pending may demand that the

defendant be tried on the pending charges. Id. arts. I, III, V.



                                                  5
                Article III gives a prisoner against whom a detainer has been lodged the right to

“request” a “final disposition” of the relevant charges and prescribes the procedures for a prisoner

to follow in requesting disposition of charges for which a detainer has been filed against him. Id.

art. III. Article III “basically . . . gives a prisoner the right to demand a trial within 180 days.”

Bozeman, 533 U.S. at 151. The IADA requires that the defendant “shall be brought to trial within

180 days”—unless extended by the trial court for good cause shown. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

art. 51.14, art. III(a). If the requesting prisoner is not brought to trial within the specified time

period, the relevant indictment, information, or complaint “shall not be of any further force or effect,

and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.” Id. art. III(a), (d).2

                To request final disposition under article III, a defendant must cause “to be delivered

to the prosecuting officer and the appropriate court of the prosecuting officer’s jurisdiction written

notice of the place of his imprisonment and his request for a final disposition to be made of the




       2
           Article III(a) provides:

                Whenever a person has entered upon a term of imprisonment in a penal or
                correctional institution of a party state, and whenever during the continuance
                of the term of imprisonment there is pending in any other party state any
                untried indictment, information, or complaint on the basis of which a detainer
                has been lodged against the prisoner, he shall be brought to trial within 180
                days after he shall have caused to be delivered to the prosecuting officer and
                the appropriate court of the prosecuting officer’s jurisdiction written notice
                of the place of his imprisonment and his request for a final disposition to be
                made of the indictment, information, or complaint; provided that for good
                cause shown in open court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the
                court having jurisdiction of the matter may grant any necessary or reasonable
                continuance.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(a).

                                                   6
indictment.” Id. art. III(a); Lindley, 33 S.W.3d at 929. The IADA provides that a defendant can

perform this requirement by sending the written notice and request for final disposition to the official

having custody of him, who would then forward it to the appropriate prosecuting official and court

by registered or certified mail. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(b). The 180-day

provision does not commence “until the prisoner’s request for final disposition of the charges against

him has actually been delivered to the court and prosecuting officer of the jurisdiction that lodged

the detainer against him.” Fex v. Michigan, 507 U.S. 43, 52 (1993); State v. Powell, 971 S.W.2d

577, 580 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, no pet.). The inmate bears the burden of demonstrating

strict compliance with the procedural requirements of article III. Walker v. State, 201 S.W.3d

841, 846 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, no pet.); Lindley, 33 S.W.3d at 930; Bryant v. State, 819 S.W.2d

927, 930-31 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, pet. ref’d); see also United States v. Henson,

945 F.2d 430, 434 (1st Cir. 1991).

                 Article IV applies when a state that has charges pending against an inmate

incarcerated in another state requests the transfer of the inmate. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.

51.14, art. IV;3 Bozeman, 533 U.S. at 150-51. Article IV permits prosecuting authorities in the state


        3
            Article IV provides in relevant part:

                 (c) In respect of any proceeding made possible by this article, trial shall be
                 commenced within 120 days of the arrival of the prisoner in the receiving
                 state, but for good cause shown in open court, the prisoner or his counsel
                 being present, the court having jurisdiction of the matter may grant any
                 necessary or reasonable continuance.

                 ....

                 (e) If trial is not had on any indictment, information, or complaint

                                                    7
in which charges are pending against the prisoner to obtain his custody for purposes of trial.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. IV(a). Once the prisoner arrives in the receiving state,

the “trial” must begin within 120 days unless extended for “good cause.” Id. art. IV(c). Article IV

also includes an anti-shuttling provision, which requires the prisoner to be tried on any outstanding

charges before he is returned to federal custody. Id. art. IV(e).


The Motion to Dismiss

                The record shows appellant filed two motions: a First Supplemental Motion for

Speedy Trial and Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice (“first motion”) filed on August 31, 2005, and

a Second Supplemental Motion for Speedy Trial and Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice (“second

motion”) filed on September 1, 2005.4 The first motion cited appellant’s right to a speedy trial under

the IADA, referencing his trial setting of September 5, 2005. Appellant asserted that he had been

served with a copy of the State’s detainer on October 3, 2004, and that he had timely requested a

speedy trial pursuant to article III. He asserted, “The State[’s] failure to timely prosecute this cause

on or before April 1, 2005 which was the 180th day after [appellant’s] request for final disposition




                contemplated hereby prior to the prisoner’s being returned to the original
                place of imprisonment pursuant to Paragraph (e) of Article V hereof, such
                indictment, information, or complaint shall not be of any further force or
                effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. IV.

        4
         These are the only motions to dismiss on IADA grounds appearing in the record; there is
no original motion in the record.

                                                   8
pursuant to the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act has caused irreparable harm and prejudice to

[appellant],” and he urged dismissal with prejudice pursuant to article III(d) of the IADA.

                Appellant’s second motion again recited that appellant was served with a copy of the

State’s detainer on October 3, 2004, and timely requested a speedy trial for final disposition pursuant

to article III. He then alleged that on November 22, 2004, he appeared in court for sentencing in his

drug case and that he was scheduled for a pretrial conference on the same date in his burglary case.

He asserted that he was sentenced in the drug case, but that his counsel in the burglary case was

unable to appear in court because of heavy rains and flooding. Appellant then asserted that, after he

was sentenced in the drug case, he was returned to federal custody prior to the disposition of all

pending charges out of Comal County in violation of article IV(e) of the IADA. “Pursuant to

Art. 4(e) IADA,” appellant urged that his remaining burglary charge should be dismissed.


Preservation of Error

                Appellant filed a motion to correct and modify his points of error on appeal to include

an additional ground the substance of which was not included in the motion to dismiss filed in

the trial court below. Specifically, appellant sought to correct and modify his brief to include the

anti-shuttling provision of article III(d) as an additional ground for dismissal.5 After this Court


       5
           Article III(d) provides in relevant part:

                Any request for final disposition made by a prisoner pursuant to Paragraph
                (a) hereof shall operate as a request for final disposition of all untried
                indictments, informations, or complaints on the basis of which detainers have
                been lodged against the prisoner from the state to whose prosecuting official
                the request for final disposition is specifically directed. . . . If trial is not had
                on any indictment, information, or complaint contemplated hereby prior to

                                                       9
denied the motion, appellant sought reconsideration of the motion and then, in a reply brief and letter

to the Court, sought consideration of the additional ground as unassigned error. We again decline

to consider the additional ground and overrule the motion for reconsideration because it was not

raised or considered in the court below. See Sanchez v. State, No. PD-1754-05, 2006 Tex. Crim.

App. LEXIS 2382, at *10 (Tex. Crim. App. Dec. 13, 2006) (permitting review of unassigned error

only if preserved in trial below); Pena v. State, 191 S.W.3d 133, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)

(citing Rezac v. State, 782 S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).

               Our rules for appellate review generally require a claim of error to be preserved.

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 specifies how a complaint is preserved:


       As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must
       show that:

       (1) the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion
       that:

       (A) stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial
       court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless
       the specific grounds were apparent from the context; . . . and

       (2) the trial court:

       (A) ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly; or




               the return of the prisoner to the original place of imprisonment, such
               indictment, information, or complaint shall not be of any further force or
               effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(d).


                                                  10
        (B) refused to rule on the request, objection, or motion, and the complaining party
        objected to the refusal.


Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). A general or imprecise objection may be sufficient to preserve error for

appeal, but only if the legal basis for the objection is obvious to the court and to opposing counsel.

Buchanan v. State, No. PD-0006-06, 2006 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 2032, at *6 (Tex. Crim. App.

Oct. 18, 2006). When the grounds are not specific and the legal basis is not obvious, the issue is not

preserved. Id.; Aldrich v. State, 104 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); see also 43A

George E. Dix & Robert O. Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 42.03

(2d ed. 2001) (“Preservation of error is required, the Court of Criminal Appeals has frequently

indicated, in order to provide trial courts or opposing counsel with opportunities to prevent or cure

errors so as to permit trial proceedings to continue to a final conclusion free from attack and reversal

on appeal.”). The policies for requiring specificity pertain here—to inform the trial judge of the

basis of the objection and afford him the opportunity to rule on it, and to afford opposing counsel

an opportunity to address the objection or supply other testimony. Aldrich, 104 S.W.3d at 894.

                Here, appellant made clear to the trial judge through the first motion that he sought

dismissal based initially on article III(a) because the State failed “to timely prosecute his cause on

or before April 1, 2005 which was the 180th day after [appellant’s] request for final disposition

pursuant to the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act.” In the second motion, appellant added an

assertion that appellant’s return to federal custody in December 2004 prior to the disposition of all

pending charges out of Comal County violated his rights under the anti-shuttling provisions of article

IV(e). Because these were the only two grounds stated with sufficient particularity to make the trial



                                                  11
court aware of the complaint and were the only grounds considered and ruled upon by the trial court,

they are the only grounds preserved on this appeal.

               Based on appellant’s written motions specifying these two provisions, prior to the

commencement of trial, two hearings were held.


The Hearings

               On September 6 and 7, 2005, prior to jury selection, the trial court held hearings on

appellant’s motions to dismiss under the IADA. Testimony at the hearings focused on appellant’s

claims that both the time-limits provision of article III(a) and the anti-shuttling provision of IV(e)

were violated. These two issues were the only issues raised at the hearings by appellant’s motions

and responded to by the State.

               Appellant testified that he had sought to obtain a speedy trial under the IADA and at

no time had he wanted to give up his rights under article III of the Act. Appellant testified that he

wrote the March 2005 letter to notify the district attorney and district clerk that he “waived” his

rights under article III but that he did not understand what the word meant. Appellant claimed that

in a draft of a letter he had used the word “exercise,” but that he changed it to a “legal” word. In

May 2005, he wrote a second letter to the court stating that he had complied with all of the

requirements for prompt disposition of the detainer and was seeking a speedy trial.

               At the hearing, the parties also adduced evidence regarding the continuance granted

in December 2004 when appellant was sentenced on the drug charge and had advised his appointed

counsel in his burglary case that he wished to hire new counsel. After the court concluded

that appellant had sought a continuance to obtain new counsel, that he had waived his rights under

                                                 12
article III, and that his rights were not violated because the trial was timely, appellant’s counsel then

argued that “independent” of the “180-day clock” of article III, “we still have the anti-shuttling claim

under Article IV(e), which is the fact that Mr. Villegas was returned to federal prison for his—before

this matter was resolved.” No additional testimony was adduced. Thus, the hearing focused only

on the two provisions that formed the basis of the motions to dismiss in the court below: article III(a)

in the first motion relating to the timeliness of the trial and article IV(e) in the second motion relating

to the State’s obligation to try appellant on pending charges before returning him to federal custody.

                At the close of the hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motion on both article

III and IV grounds. The judge observed that statutory rights under the IADA can be waived:


        And that’s what my ruling is going to be based upon. When an individual takes up
        those legal books and starts playing with the legal system and starts representing
        themselves, I think it’s an affront to justice to then allow them to come in here and
        pretend like they didn’t understand what they were doing when it was appropriate for
        whatever ruling they want.

        You can’t come in and waive a right asking for a speedy trial and then, when you get
        here, decide maybe that wasn’t a good way to go. “I’m sorry. I didn’t mean
        ‘waive.’” I want the record to clearly represent and reflect that I was able to review
        the credibility of this witness while he was testifying.

        I also looked at the exhibit I admitted, which is the exhibit that is purported to be the
        rough draft and somehow the word “waived” slipped into it; that based upon the
        convenience to the defendant of that—as well as the context of that letter is totally
        incredible and not accepted as a fact in this case.


After finding the defendant not credible in continuing to assert at the hearing that he did not

understand the meaning of the word “waive,” the court then observed that he found the defendant

to be “sophisticated,” that “[h]e understands what is going on before the Court,” and is trying



                                                    13
“to burn the candle at both ends.” The court found that the defendant knowingly and intelligently

waived his rights under article III of the IADA, that article IV did not apply, and denied the motion

on both article III and IV grounds.


The Issue on Appeal

                In his supplemental brief on appeal, appellant urged that the State violated the time-

limit provision of article III(a) and the anti-shuttling provision of article IV(e). The State responded

that, because appellant was brought back pursuant to article III and the State did not perfect the

transfer under article IV,6 only the provisions of article III were invoked. With the filing of his reply

brief, appellant now agrees that “because it was the appellant who initiated the provisions of the

IAD[A], pursuant to the provisions of Article III of the act,” the provisions of article III—and not

article IV—apply.

                For the first time on appeal, however, appellant now argues that, because article IV

was not invoked and article III contains an anti-shuttling provision in paragraph (d) similar to that

in article IV(e), he should be allowed to raise the anti-shuttling issue pursuant to article III(d). We

disagree.   Although articles III and IV contain similar provisions, they address different

circumstances. Article IV provides for a request for the production of a prisoner by another state


        6
            Article IV also requires that a “detainer” be lodged against the prisoner. Here, the State
first filed a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum, which does not constitute a detainer within the
meaning of the Act. See, e.g., United States v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 349 (1978); United States v.
Beard, 41 F.3d 1486, 1489 (11th Cir. 1995); United States v. Jones, 938 F.2d 447, 449
(3d Cir. 1991). The State subsequently lodged a detainer against appellant but did not otherwise
comply with the provisions of article IV(e). We need not address this issue, however, because the
parties agree that the requirements of Article IV were not met and this issue is therefore not
before us.

                                                   14
where charges are pending, while article III addresses a request by a prisoner for disposition of

pending charges in another state. Compare Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(a), with

id. art. IV(a). Because of the specificity of the written motions and the focus at the hearings on the

specific provisions cited in the motions, only the issues properly raised by motion and resolved at

the hearing are preserved. See Buchanan, 2006 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 2032, at *10; Aldrich, 104

S.W.3d at 894. Appellant may not use the grounds cited below to support a different legal theory

on appeal. See Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d 35, 54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Rezac, 782 S.W.3d at 870.

Appellant did not voice his current complaint that the State violated the anti-shuttling provision of

article III(d) at the hearings below; the issue was not addressed at the hearings; and he cannot be

heard to now raise it on appeal.7 Having reviewed the two motions, the evidence adduced at the


       7
          Although appellant argues that the anti-shuttling provisions of articles III and IV are
“exactly the same,” they are not. Article III(d) provides in pertinent part:

               If trial is not had on any indictment, information, or complaint contemplated
               hereby prior to the return of the prisoner to the original place of
               imprisonment, such indictment, information, or complaint shall not be of any
               further force or effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same
               with prejudice.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(d) (emphasis added).

       Article IV(e) contains a similar provision but incorporates an additional element:

               (e) If trial is not had on any indictment, information, or complaint
               contemplated hereby prior to the prisoner’s being returned to the original
               place of imprisonment pursuant to Paragraph (e) of Article V hereof, such
               indictment, information, or complaint shall not be of any further force or
               effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice.

Id. art. IV(e) (emphasis added).


                                                 15
hearings, the argument of counsel, and the court’s findings and conclusions, we hold that the only

issue preserved for appeal is the time-limits provision of article III(a). The remaining question, then,

is whether appellant waived his speedy trial rights under article III(a).


Waiver

         1. Trial court finding of waiver

                The rights granted by the IADA can be waived by a defendant. E.g., Bozeman, 533

U.S. at 157 (holding that defendant may waive his rights under IV(e)); New York v. Hill, 528 U.S.

110, 114 (2000) (holding that defendant may waive his rights under article III); Brown v. Wolff, 706

F.2d 902, 907 (9th Cir. 1983) (finding waiver if defendant “affirmatively requests to be treated in

a manner contrary to the procedures prescribed by the IAD[A]”); People v. Jones, 495 N.W.2d 159,

160 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (finding waiver if defendant, “either expressly or impliedly, agrees or

requests to be treated in a manner contrary to the terms of the IAD[A]”).




         Article V(e) provides:

                At the earliest practicable time consonant with the purpose of this agreement,
                the prisoner shall be returned to the sending state.

Id. art. V(e). Although the provisions in these articles are similar, article III(d) provides that the
prisoner may not be returned to the “original place of imprisonment,” while article IV(e) provides
that the prisoner may not be returned to the “original place of imprisonment pursuant to Paragraph
(e) of Article V hereof.” (Emphasis added.) Courts that have compared these provisions note the
differences between them. See, e.g., Nebraska v. Reed, 668 N.W.2d 245, 257-58 (Neb. 2003);
Merchant v. Wyoming, 4 P.3d 184, 188-89 (Wyo. 2000) (holding that “original place of
imprisonment” is more restrictive in article III while article IV allows for the return of the prisoner
to the “sending state”).

                                                  16
                What suffices for waiver depends on the nature of the right at issue. Hill, 528 U.S.

at 114. “[W]hether the defendant must participate personally in the waiver; whether certain

procedures are required for waiver; and whether the defendant’s choice must be particularly

informed or voluntary, all depend on the right at stake.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733

(1993). In Hill, the Supreme Court reasoned that certain basic rights may be waived only by the

defendant and that for other rights, waiver may be effected by action of counsel. 528 U.S. at 114-15.

There is no requirement that a waiver of rights under the IADA be made “knowingly or intelligently”

because the Act’s protections are not founded on constitutional rights. E.g., Cooney v. Fulcomer,

886 F.2d 41, 46 (3d Cir. 1989) (holding violation of IADA is not an infringement of a constitutional

right); United States v. Black, 609 F.2d 1330, 1334 (9th Cir. 1979) (same); Camp v. Unites States,

587 F.2d 397, 400 (8th Cir. 1978) (same); see also Gray v. Benson, 608 F.2d 825, 826-27

(10th Cir. 1979) (finding defendant waived IADA rights by requesting transfer to obtain medical

treatment); United States v. Scallion, 548 F.2d 1168, 1170, 1174 (5th Cir. 1977) (finding defendant

estopped from raising article IV(e) claim where he requested return for parole hearing).

                Appellant argues that, because the March 2005 “waiver” letter was written after he

was returned to federal custody, it could not constitute a waiver and, further, that the letter “fails to

constitute a voluntary and knowing waiver” of his rights. We disagree. After writing a letter to the

judge waiving his rights under article III in March 2005 and seeking an expedited trial date in May,

appellant was transported to Comal County in August. He then filed pretrial motions and a motion

seeking dismissal. After conducting two hearings prior to jury selection, the court expressly found

that appellant had knowingly waived his rights to the time-limits provision of article III and that



                                                   17
article IV did not apply until appellant’s return to Comal County in August 2005. The court

therefore denied the motions on both article III and IV grounds as raised in appellant’s motions.

After a hearing that included appellant’s testimony, the trial court expressly found that appellant’s

waiver of his speedy trial rights constituted a waiver of his article III(a) right to have trial on the state

charges within 180 days.

                 Courts have strictly applied the provisions of the IADA. Bozeman, 533 U.S. at 153.

The burden rests on the prisoner to demonstrate compliance with the procedural requirements of

article III. Lindley, 33 S.W.3d at 930. Our standard of review is highly deferential to the trial court’s

fact findings. Hall, 974 F.2d at 1204; Sephus, 32 S.W.3d at 372. Here, appellant has failed to show

that he satisfied this burden. Based upon the evidence adduced at the hearings, the trial court’s

finding that appellant had waived his rights under the time-limits provision of article III, and the

standard of review, we cannot say that the trial court clearly erred.


        2. Computation of the time-limits provision

                Moreover, the triggering event for the running of the 180-day time period is the

receipt by the non-custodial state—in this case, Texas—of the prisoner’s request for a final

disposition of the indictment against him. The duty of notifying the appropriate prosecuting officer,

in order to invoke the 180-day provision, is specifically placed upon the defendant under the Texas

version of the IADA, “after he shall have caused to be delivered to the prosecuting officer . . . his

request.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 51.14, art. III(a). Article III(a) provides that the notice

and request for a final disposition shall be accompanied by a certificate of the appropriate official

having custody of the prisoner, stating the term of commitment under which the prisoner is being

                                                     18
held, the time already served, the time remaining to be served on the sentence, the amount of good

time earned, the time of parole eligibility of the prisoner, and any decision of the state parole agency

relating to the prisoner. Id.

                Appellant asserts that he was served with a detainer on October 3, 2004, and that he

timely requested a speedy trial for final disposition pursuant to article III on the same day. When he

was returned to Comal County on November 22, he was sentenced on the drug charge for which he

had been tried, but through his appointed counsel appellant then sought an adjournment of the

hearing and a continuance to hire new counsel in place of his appointed counsel. At some point in

December 2004, appellant was returned to federal custody. The record does not show when

appellant was returned. In March 2005, appellant advised the court that he waived his article III

speedy trial rights and requested a trial setting.

                Before this court can determine whether appellant was brought to trial “within the

required 180 days,” we must first determine the date that triggered the running of the time period.

Appellant argues that the State exceeded 180 days, but he did not claim which letter was sufficiently

in compliance with the IADA requirements so as to trigger the beginning of the 180-day time period.

In his reply brief, appellant urges that “now that we agree that Section 3 is applicable . . . new

computations should be made.” He argues that the 180-day time limit began on October 19, 2004,

when the “prisoner’s paperwork” was delivered to the prosecuting officer. In his reply brief,

appellant urges,


        Disregarding all other events with regard to tolling the statute provisions, appellant’s
        computations would indicate that on April 17, 2005, the 180 days would terminate.



                                                     19
       Therefore, absent the “waiver letter ruling” and the continuance ruling, appellant’s
       case should have been tried by April 17, 2005.


To demonstrate compliance with the requirements of III(a), appellant references only a single

document evidencing the prosecuting attorney’s receipt on October 19, 2004, of a document entitled

Evidence of Agent’s Authority to Act for Receiving State. But there are no attachments showing

appellant’s further compliance with article III(a). The information required by article III(a) does not

appear in the record.

               Even assuming appellant’s compliance with the application requirements, the trial

court made findings excluding the time periods (i) when appellant sought a continuance through his

counsel to obtain new counsel and (ii) between the March “waiver” letter and his May letter

requesting prompt disposition of his case. Article III(a) provides “that for good cause shown in open

court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the court having jurisdiction of the matter may grant

any necessary or reasonable continuance.” Id. art. III(a). The record shows that appellant was

returned to Comal County on November 20, 2004, and received appointed counsel. His counsel

failed to appear at the November 22 hearing due to flooding. On December 9, 2004, the court

granted a continuance to allow appellant to obtain retained counsel. Appellant requested a prompt

trial setting in May 2005. The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the State did not

exceed 180 days following appellant’s request and taking into account any continuances.


       3. Presence of appellant

               Appellant urges that his rights were violated and the court erred in granting a

continuance at the request of his counsel on December 9, 2004, when appellant was not present in

                                                  20
court. Citing articles 28.01 and 33.03 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and his due process

rights under the Texas Constitution in his reply brief, appellant contends that the trial court erred in

conducting a “hearing” outside the presence of appellant. See id. arts. 28.01, 33.03 (West 2006).

At the hearings in September 2005, the court found that on December 9, 2004, the court appointed

counsel for appellant and nothing else happened: “[I]t’s not notice of pretrial. It’s not notice of trial.

It’s not a waiver of arraignment. It’s notice of arraignment pretrial.” In a brief colloquy between

the trial court, appellant’s newly appointed defense counsel, and the prosecutor, defense counsel

advised the court that the State had tendered a plea offer that appellant had rejected and that

appellant intended to hire private counsel. Defense counsel evidently thought appellant was “already

in federal custody.” No hearing was held, and no evidence was received. Because the IADA

expressly provides for the court to grant “any necessary or reasonable” continuances “for good cause

shown in open court, the prisoner or his counsel being present,” see id. art. 51.14, art. III(a)

(emphasis added), and no hearing was held, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting a

continuance until appellant could retain counsel.


                                           CONCLUSION

                Having overruled appellant’s points of error, we affirm the judgment of conviction.




                                                   21
                                           __________________________________________

                                           Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Pemberton

Affirmed

Filed: February 13, 2007

Do Not Publish




                                             22
