NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.


                                            2020 VT 43

                                           No. 2019-206

Friends of Pine Street d/b/a Pine Street Coalition              Supreme Court

                                                                On Appeal from
   v.                                                           Superior Court, Chittenden Unit,
                                                                Civil Division

City of Burlington                                              December Term, 2019


Helen M. Toor, J.

Cindy E. Hill of Hill Attorney PLLC, Middlebury, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Jonathan T. Rose and Brian S. Dunkiel of Dunkiel Saunders Elliott Raubvogel & Hand, PLLC,
 Burlington, for Defendant-Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ., and Wesley, Supr. J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


        ¶ 1.   ROBINSON, J. Plaintiff, the Friends of Pine Street d/b/a Pine Street Coalition

(Coalition), filed an action in the superior court attempting to challenge the City of Burlington’s

necessity order relating to the construction of the Champlain Parkway project. The superior court

granted the City summary judgment on the basis that the Coalition lacked standing under both the

relevant statute and general standing principles. On appeal, the Coalition argues that it had

standing to appeal the City’s necessity determination to the superior court, and that the City failed

to satisfy the procedural and substantive requirements of the statute. We affirm.
         ¶ 2.     We review the court’s summary judgment decision without deference under the

same standard applied in the trial court. Austin v. Town of Middlesex, 2009 VT 102, ¶ 6, 186 Vt.

629, 987 A.2d 307 (mem.). We will affirm a grant of summary judgment where there are no

disputed issues of material fact and a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. V.R.C.P.

56(a).

         ¶ 3.     The Coalition argues that its members had a sufficient interest to give them standing

to challenge whether the roadway is necessary and in the public good. The City contends that the

sole question before the City and subject to appeal is whether the City properly condemned the

three properties at issue and that the Coalition does not have an interest in this question. We

conclude that the Coalition is not entitled to appeal the City’s necessity determination to the

superior court.

                                        I. Statutory Framework

         ¶ 4.     This appeal stems from the City’s necessity determination in the context of a

proceeding to lay out a highway pursuant to the process set forth in Chapter 7 of Title 19.1 Pursuant

to 19 V.S.A. § 708, persons who are either voters or landowners, and whose number is at least five

percent of the voters in a town, can petition the selectboard to have a highway laid out, altered,

reclassified, or discontinued. 19 V.S.A. § 708(a). A selectboard may also initiate such proceeding

on its own motion.2 Id. Once a selectboard or petitioners have initiated the process, the selectboard

is required to “promptly appoint a time and date both for examining the premises and hearing the


         1
           On appeal, the City describes the proceeding at issue as one to lay out a highway rather
than alter an existing highway. Because the distinction does not impact the outcome of this appeal,
we accept that characterization for purposes of this decision.
         2
          Chapter 7 refers interchangeably to town selectboards, and, in some places, selectmen.
Under 1 V.S.A. § 139, “selectboard members” includes “the mayor and aldermen of cities.” In
addition, under the Burlington City Charter, the City Council has “the same power to lay out, alter,
resurvey, and discontinue streets and highways as is vested by law in selectmen of towns.” 24
V.S.A. App. Ch. 3, § 234.

                                                    2
persons interested.” Id. § 709. When the process has been initiated by petition, it must give notice

by certified mail of the time and date of the examination and hearing to petitioners and, in all

instances, to “persons owning or interested in lands through which the highway may pass or abut.”

Id. In addition, the selectboard is required to give notice to any municipal planning commission

in the town, post a notice in the office of the town clerk, and publish a notice in a local newspaper

of general circulation. Id.

       ¶ 5.    The statute does not describe the process of examining the premises and hearing

interested parties, but provides that after these actions, “if the [selectboard members] judge that

the public good, necessity, and convenience of the inhabitants of the municipality require the

highway to be laid out, altered, or reclassified as claimed in the petition, they shall cause the

highway to be surveyed” in accordance with 19 V.S.A. § 33. Id. § 710. Within sixty days after

the examination and hearing, the selectboard is required to make a report of its findings to the town

clerk, and the clerk must record “[t]heir order laying out, altering, reclassifying, or discontinuing

the highway, with the survey.” Id. § 711(a).

       ¶ 6.    When the selectboard determines that a person through whose land the highway

passes or abuts is entitled to damages, the town is required to pay or tender damages that the

selectboard determines to be reasonable before the highway is opened. Id. § 712. If the damages

offered by the selectboard are unacceptable to the property owner or interested person, the

selectboard and the other party may agree to refer the question of damages for arbitration, id. § 725,

or the person who is not satisfied with the damages offered may apply to the civil division of the

superior court for the appointment of commissioners to appraise the damages, id. §§ 726, 727. An

appeal of the damages awarded by the selectboard does not stay the property owner’s time to

vacate or the town’s work on the condemned property or the opening of the highway. Id. §§ 713,

714, 726.


                                                  3
       ¶ 7.    In addition to the appeal process available to those with compensable property

interests who are not satisfied with the selectboard’s damage award, the statute allows review by

the superior court under the following conditions:

               [A] person owning or interested in lands through which a highway
               is laid out, altered, or resurveyed by selectboard members, [who]
               objects to the necessity of taking the land, or is dissatisfied with the
               laying out, altering, or resurveying of the highway, or with the
               compensation for damages, . . . may appeal, in accordance with
               Rule 74 of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure, to the superior
               court . . . .

Id. § 740(a). The meaning of “necessity” as used in § 740 is the same as that provided in the

condemnation statute, see id. § 740(b), which provides that “necessity”

               means a reasonable need which considers the greatest public good
               and the least inconvenience and expense to the condemning party
               and to the property owner. Necessity shall not be measured merely
               by expense or convenience to the condemning party. Necessity
               includes a reasonable need for the highway project in general as well
               as a reasonable need to take a particular property and to take it to the
               extent proposed . . . .

Id. § 501(1). Section 501(1) lists seven factors to be considered in determining necessity. Id.

       ¶ 8.    An “interested person” is defined as “a person who has a legal interest of record in

the property affected.” Id. § 701(6). The statute provides a process for the court to appoint

commissioners to review the “convenience and necessity of the proposed highway, and the manner

in which it has been laid out.” Id. § 741; see also id. §§ 742-743. When the appeal is based on

objections to the necessity of taking the land, or on dissatisfaction with the laying out, alteration,

or resurvey by the selectboard members, the opening of the highway is stayed until the court

renders its decision. Id. § 743.

       ¶ 9.    In this case, the issue is whether the Coalition has the right to challenge the City’s

determination of necessity related to the laying out of a portion of the Champlain Parkway. With




                                                  4
this background in mind, we turn to the facts of this case, which were undisputed for purposes of

summary judgment, unless otherwise indicated.

                                             II. Facts

       ¶ 10.   The Champlain Parkway (Project) is a proposed road to link Interstate 89 and U.S.

Route 7 to the South End of Burlington. The Project involves reconstruction of a section of road

previously built in the 1980s, construction of a new roadway and shared-use path, some

improvements along two roadways, traffic-control features, and new stormwater management

infrastructure. The Project consists of three sections: C-1, primarily the reconstructed 1980s

roadway; C-2, the new roadway from the northern end of C-1 to Lakeside Avenue; and C-6, the

improvements to Lakeside Avenue and Pine Street.

       ¶ 11.   In the 1970s and 1980s, the Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) obtained

property rights for the Project as planned at the time. To secure remaining rights for the C-1 and

C-2 sections, the City instituted condemnation proceedings.         Following those proceedings,

construction began on the C-1 section and was nearly completed in the late 1980s. The Project

was delayed by the discovery of hazardous waste in an area through which the road was supposed

to pass. In early 2010, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) selected a route that would

retain the original C-1 and C-2 rights of way but would incorporate a new C-6 section consisting

of improvements to Lakeside Avenue and Pine Street. The City then worked to obtain the

necessary land-use and environmental permits, and instituted proceedings to lay out the new C-6

section of road and to acquire the remaining interests in land for completion of the Project pursuant

to the statutory process set forth above.

       ¶ 12.   On April 16, 2018, pursuant to 19 V.S.A. § 708(a), the City Council approved a

resolution to “initiate proceedings for the laying out of the highway project known as the

Champlain Parkway, and to set the time and place for the site visit and hearing to determine


                                                 5
necessity at the times and places described.” The City Council scheduled a site visit and hearing

for May 21, 2018. On April 19, 2018, the City Council posted notice of the proceedings as well

as copies of the right-of-way plans at the City Clerk’s Office and at the Burlington Department of

Public Works.3 The notice indicated that the City Council would determine whether “the public

good, necessity, and convenience of all the inhabitants of the City of Burlington require that said

highway be laid out and/or altered.” The City also posted the notice on its website and published

it in two newspapers. The notice indicated that the City served it by certified mail on each

individual or entity with a record interest in the properties from which an interest would be

acquired. On May 8 and 9, 2018, the City formally served notices on the individuals and entities

that had a legal interest in the properties and had not returned signed acceptances of service.

Because the Coalition did not have a legal interest in the properties, it did not receive

individualized notice of the City’s meeting or the site visit.

       ¶ 13.   On May 21, 2018, the Council, property owners, and other interested individuals

went on a site visit to view the proposed segment of the highway and, in particular, the individual

properties from which interests would be taken for the Project. Three members of the Coalition,

including the Coalition’s President, attended the May 21 site visit and hearing. At the hearing, the

City attorney stated that the only issue for the hearing was the necessity of taking the particular

properties required for completion of the Project, not the overall necessity of the Project.

Nonetheless, the City Council heard from anyone desiring to speak. Several members of the public

spoke, including a member of the Coalition. The Coalition’s attorney objected to the proceedings




       3
           The Coalition contends that the City’s exhibits are in conflict as to whether the public
notice was provided on April 18, or April 19, the date the site plans were filed. Resolution of this
factual dispute does not impact the outcome of this appeal.

                                                  6
on the ground that proper notice was not provided. The Council accepted lengthy written

comments from the City Engineer and Assistant Director of Public Works regarding the Project.4

       ¶ 14.   At the City Council’s meeting on June 4, 2018, the City adopted findings of fact.

The City addressed the statutory necessity criteria and concluded that there was a reasonable need

for the Project. The City Council declared the lands and rights described in the Project as

condemned under Title 19, Chapter 7, and indicated that it would set a hearing on damages.

       ¶ 15.   The Coalition filed an action in the civil division, labeling it either a notice of appeal

pursuant to Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 74 or, alternatively, a complaint for review of

governmental action under Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 75. The Coalition alleged that the

City Council failed to comply with the statutory notice requirements and that the evidence did not

support the necessity order.

       ¶ 16.   The City moved for summary judgment, arguing that the Coalition lacked standing

to appeal. The trial court granted the motion for summary judgment. The court concluded that

review through Rule 74 was confined by the terms of the statute, which states that the right of

appeal is limited to persons “owning or interested in lands through which a highway is laid out.”

19 V.S.A. § 740(a). Because the Coalition lacked a legal interest in the land, the court concluded

that it was not entitled to appeal under the statute.

       ¶ 17.   The court also rejected the Coalition’s argument that it had an independent right to

seek review of the City’s decision under Rule 75. The court concluded that Rule 75 review applied

only when there was no right to appeal under the statute using Rule 74. Ketchum v. Town of

Dorset, 2011 VT 49, ¶ 14, 190 Vt. 507, 22 A.3d 500 (mem.) (indicating that review is available

under Rule 75 where statute is silent on mode of review). Because the issue was reviewable under


       4
          In the civil division, the Coalition argued that these comments were not properly admitted
into the record of the necessity hearing. For purposes of this decision, it is not necessary to resolve
this dispute of fact.

                                                   7
Rule 74, the court concluded that there was no separate right to appeal under Rule 75. Therefore,

the court dismissed the case for lack of standing.

                                       III. Claims on Appeal

       ¶ 18.   On appeal, the Coalition argues that the court erred in concluding that it lacked

standing to appeal. The Coalition contends that it has standing to appeal the City’s necessity

decision because its members have demonstrated an injury in fact. The Coalition identifies two

particular alleged injuries. First, it contends that it was injured by the City’s noncompliance at the

necessity hearing with the procedures for contested cases outlined in the Vermont Municipal

Administrative Procedures Act (VMAPA). Second, it argues that the City failed to properly

consider the statutory criteria for necessity, including possible harm to recreational and scenic

interests, and environmental impacts. See 19 V.S.A. § 501(1)(D), (F). The Coalition asserts that

Rule 75 provides a mechanism to address its alleged injuries.

       ¶ 19.   The City argues that the Coalition lacks standing for two reasons. First, the City

challenges the Coalition’s constitutional standing on the ground that its members have no legally

cognizable injury because the sole focus of the necessity determination was the condemnation of

specific properties. Second, the City argues that 19 V.S.A. § 740 does not authorize the Coalition

to appeal the City’s necessity determination to a court. We need not resolve the City’s arguments

based on the Coalition’s constitutional standing because we conclude that neither Rule 74 nor Rule

75 affords the Coalition an avenue of appeal to the superior court, and that the Coalition has not

presented sufficient evidence to support a constitutional due process claim.

                        A. Review Under Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 74

       ¶ 20.   The Coalition does not on appeal argue that it is entitled to review of the City

Council’s determination through a Rule 74 appeal. See V.R.C.P. 74 (describing appeal process

for cases in which party is entitled by statute to seek review of administrative action). The


                                                  8
Coalition is clearly excluded from the class of participants in the necessity hearing entitled by the

express terms of the statute to appeal to the superior court. As set forth above, § 740 limits the

right to appeal the necessity decision to persons “owning or interested in lands through which a

highway is laid out, altered, or resurveyed.” 19 V.S.A. § 740(a). “Interested person” is defined as

“a person who has a legal interest of record in the property affected.” Id. § 701(6). It is undisputed

that the Coalition and its members lack any legal interest of record in any of the properties affected

by the City’s order. Therefore, the Coalition does not have a right under the statute to appeal the

City’s decision, and Rule 74 provides no avenue for relief.

                        B. Review Under Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 75

       ¶ 21.   The Coalition asserts that even if it is not entitled to appeal pursuant to the process

provided in the statute, and therefore cannot invoke Rule 74, Rule 75 allows for appellate review

in the nature of certiorari.5 According to the Coalition, when a person is dissatisfied with a state

or municipal action, the person can seek review through Rule 75 even if the statutory right of direct

appeal exists and would exclude that person.

       ¶ 22.   The Coalition’s interpretation of the relevant rules is incorrect. The rules of civil

procedure provide that the traditional writs are abolished and instead “[r]eview of any action or

failure or refusal to act by a governmental agency shall be in accordance with the procedure

prescribed by Rule 74 or 75, as appropriate.” V.R.C.P. 81(b). Rule 74 applies “whenever any

party is entitled by statute to seek review of, or appeal from, the decision in a proceeding



       5
          The distinction is important. An appeal pursuant to Rule 74 would involve all of the
processes afforded by the statute, including the appointment of commissioners to review the
necessity determination. See 19 V.S.A. §§ 740-743 (setting out procedure for reviewing
challenges to laying out, altering, or resurveying of highway). In contrast, any review provided
by Rule 75 in the nature of certiorari is usually an on-the-record review. See Demarest v. Town
of Underhill, 2013 VT 72, ¶ 13, 195 Vt. 204, 87 A.3d 439 (explaining that reclassification of road
not subject to statutory review procedures for laying out road and review under Rule 75 would be
on-the-record).

                                                  9
determined by any state board, commission, department or officer other than the legislature or

courts.” V.R.C.P. 74(a)(1). In contrast, Rule 75 is limited to those instances where Rule 74 does

not apply. See Vt. State Employees’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Vt. Criminal Justice Training Council, 167 Vt.

191, 195, 704 A.2d 769, 771 (1997) (explaining that Rule 75 provides for agency review where

there is no review by statute under Rule 74). Rule 75 provides a mechanism to review agency

actions that are “not reviewable or appealable under Rule 74 . . . if such review is otherwise

available by law.” V.R.C.P. 75(a). The Reporter’s Notes explain that Rule 75 does not delineate

which actions are reviewable, “but provides a procedure applicable whenever county court review

is provided by the particular statute establishing an agency or is available as a matter of general

law by proceedings in the nature of certiorari, mandamus, or prohibition.” Reporter’s Notes,

V.R.C.P. 75.

       ¶ 23.   We reject the Coalition’s assertion that because it is not entitled to appeal pursuant

to Rule 74 and the statutory appeal process, it is entitled to review through Rule 75.6 “[T]here is

no absolute right to appellate review of administrative decisions.” Mason v. Thetford Sch. Bd.,

142 Vt. 495, 498, 457 A.2d 647, 649 (1983). The Legislature can deny such review “in the absence

of any constitutional requirement.” Id.

       ¶ 24.   Here, the Legislature chose to limit the availability of court review of the necessity

determination to persons with legal interests in the property through which a highway is laid out,

altered, or resurveyed. 19 V.S.A. § 740. “When the Legislature has specifically mandated which

parties have standing to appeal a case, we have held that this Court must adhere to those restrictions



       6
         The Coalition’s reliance on Demarest, 2013 VT 72, is misplaced. In that case, the appeal
was from a decision to reclassify a roadway, which is not listed as a decision that is subject to
review under § 740. This Court held that where the statute did not provide a process for reviewing
a town’s decision regarding reclassification of a road, the decision was subject to Rule 75 on-the-
record review. Id. ¶ 13. In this case, the Coalition is asserting a right to review under Rule 75
where the statute has explicitly denied statutory review.

                                                 10
and may not judicially expand the class of persons entitled to such review.” In re PATH at Stone

Summit, Inc., 2017 VT 56, ¶ 18, 205 Vt. 112, 171 A.3d 1026 (quotation omitted); see In re Cabot

Creamery Co-op., Inc., 164 Vt. 26, 29, 663 A.2d 940, 941 (1995) (explaining that where statute

excludes certain individuals from appellate process, Court will not allow appeal under Rule 75

because this would “circumvent[] the Legislature’s intent”). There is no independent right to

review outside of the remedy provided by statute and here the Legislature chose not to include

members of the general public among those entitled to review. Therefore, to the extent the

Coalition is seeking to appeal the City’s necessity decision, Rule 75 does not apply because there

is a review mechanism through Rule 74.7

                                    C. Constitutional Challenge

       ¶ 25.   Because the Legislature has excluded the Coalition from the appellate process,

there is no authority for this Court to hear the appeal absent some constitutional justification. See

In re Rhodes, 131 Vt. 308, 310, 305 A.2d 591, 592 (1973) (per curiam) (“Without statutory

authority to hear an appeal, this Court cannot do so unless there is some constitutional

justification.”). The Coalition argues that it is entitled to review because the City’s procedures

violated the Coalition’s due-process rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.                In

particular, the Coalition asserts the City did not comply with the statutory requirements of the

VMAPA for contested hearings pertaining to admitting evidence and providing cross-examination.

See 24 V.S.A. § 1206 (providing requirements for contested hearings subject to VMAPA).




       7
           We need not decide whether affected individuals with constitutional standing who are
not entitled to appeal a necessity determination may nonetheless, prior to that determination, bring
a Rule 75 action in the nature of mandamus to enforce their statutory process rights. In this case,
the Coalition seeks relief in the nature of certiorari—meaning it asks this Court to vacate or reverse
the City Council’s necessity determination. That type of appeal is expressly governed by 19
V.S.A. § 740, and, as noted above, excludes the Coalition.

                                                 11
       ¶ 26.   “The constitutional right to due process guarantees certain procedural protections

before the government may deprive an individual of a protected property right.” In re Miller, 2009

VT 112, ¶ 9, 186 Vt. 505, 989 A.2d 982. “Fundamentally, due process requires notice and an

opportunity to be heard ‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’ ” Id. (quoting Fuentes

v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 80 (1972)). “[T]he requirements of due process apply only to agency

decisions that are adjudicative, not legislative.” Parker v. Town of Milton, 169 Vt. 74, 80, 726

A.2d 477, 482 (1998).

       ¶ 27.   We need not decide whether the Coalition has standing to appeal on constitutional

grounds because the Coalition has not made a facial showing of a constitutional violation. Even

assuming that the public hearing on necessity was a quasi-adjudicative proceeding, we reject the

premise underlying the Coalition’s due-process arguments that the public hearing regarding

necessity pursuant to 19 V.S.A. § 710 was a contested hearing subject to the procedural

requirements of the VMAPA. A “contested hearing” under the VMAPA means a case involving

certain applications for a land use permit, a hearing under Chapter 117 of Title 24 that will be

subject to review on the record, a hearing which a provision of law requires to be heard according

to the VMAPA, or a hearing that a municipal body elects to conduct pursuant to the VMAPA. 24

V.S.A. § 1201(1). The City Council’s public hearing concerning necessity does not fit within any

of these categories. See 19 V.S.A. § 710 (directing that municipality must examine premises and

“hear[] any interested parties”).

       ¶ 28.   The Coalition has failed to demonstrate that the City’s actions violated due process

in a manner that would afford it review independent of that already provided by statute.

Handverger v. City of Winooski, 2011 VT 130, ¶ 12, 191 Vt. 556, 38 A.3d 1153 (explaining that,

absent constitutional claim, Legislature can provide limits of appellate review of rights created by




                                                12
statute). The City provided public notice of the site visit and the hearing.8 No member of the

public was denied an opportunity to speak. Even though the City attorney indicated that the

hearing would focus on the necessity of taking particular properties and not the general necessity

of laying out the proposed highway,9 the City did not restrict comments by anyone wishing to

speak; in fact, the Coalition’s attorney and a member of the Coalition were both allowed to speak

at the hearing. Under these circumstances, the Coalition has failed to allege any abuse of power

or constitutional violation that would warrant judicial review.

                                         IV. Motion to Stay

       ¶ 29.   On a final note, we address the Coalition’s motion to stay these proceedings in light

of concurrent proceedings being conducted by the FHWA concerning its Record of Decision for


       8
          The Coalition argues that the City did not file its updated plans for the Project at the time
it posted the public notice. Even assuming that the statutory notice requirement requires public
notice of the specific plans the City was contemplating, it is undisputed that the plans were publicly
available on April 19, 2018, which was at least thirty days in advance of the public hearing.
       9
           We do not endorse the City’s contention that “necessity” has no meaning outside the
context of the acquisition of a specific property right. The City Council conducted the necessity
hearing pursuant to a statute that requires a necessity determination as a prerequisite to laying out,
altering, reclassifying, or discontinuing a highway. 19 V.S.A. §§ 708-711. The fact that a
necessity hearing is required for any of these actions, when only laying out and altering highways
potentially involve condemning individual land rights, reinforces that the necessity determination
involves an examination of the necessity of laying out a highway in a specific location in addition
to its impacts on the individual properties. A necessity determination is a precursor to
condemnation of specific property rights, but condemnation does not always follow from a finding
of necessity. Moreover, the statutory scheme for laying out a roadway requires public participation
and the consideration of factors relevant to the public. See id. § 709 (requiring that notice of
hearing be posted and published in local newspaper); id. § 740(b) (indicating that word “necessity”
has same definition as that provided in Chapter 5); id. § 501(1) (explaining that “[n]ecessity
includes a reasonable need for the highway project in general as well as a reasonable need to take
a particular property and to take it to the extent proposed”). Some of the considerations that are
relevant to a necessity finding include general factors like the “effect of the highway upon the
scenic and recreational values of the highway,” the “need to mitigate the environmental impacts
of highway construction,” and the “effect upon town grand lists and revenues.” Id. § 501(1). In
fact, members of the public may collectively initiate the laying-out process and attain something
like party status if sufficient numbers join a petition. Id. § 708(a). The question we consider in
this appeal is not whether the City Council’s approach to the necessity determination was correct;
rather, the question is whether these appellants were entitled to appeal that determination.

                                                  13
this Project. We deny the motion insofar as the legal issues presented in this appeal do not turn on

the outcome of the proceedings before the FHWA.

       Affirmed.

                                               FOR THE COURT:



                                               Associate Justice




                                                14
