J-E01001-19

                                   2019 PA Super 300


    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    CARLOS PEREZ                               :   No. 1392 EDA 2017

                      Appeal from the Order April 5, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): MC-51-CR-0005268-2017


BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., GANTMAN, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J.,
        OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., NICHOLS, J., MURRAY, J., and
        McLAUGHLIN, J.

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY OLSON, J.:

                                                       FILED OCTOBER 07, 2019

       I agree with the learned majority that the order of the Court of Common

Pleas of Philadelphia County that dismissed charges of first-degree murder

and possession of an instrument of crime (“PIC”) filed against Appellee, Carlos

Perez, is a final order. Thus, like my colleagues, I find that we have jurisdiction

to hear this appeal. I part company with the learned majority, however, as

to whether the Commonwealth met its burden of establishing a prima facie

case of murder against Perez.1 In my view, the record in this case, when
____________________________________________


1 As noted by the majority, the Commonwealth asserted in its Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal and in the
statement of questions presented section of its brief that the lower court erred
in finding that the Commonwealth failed to establish a prima facie case “of
murder and related offenses.” However, the Commonwealth failed to include
J-E01001-19



viewed in the proper light, supports a finding that the elements of murder

were established, and there is probable cause to believe that Perez was the

person who committed these crimes.             Accordingly, I believe that the lower

court erred in dismissing the murder charge against Perez.

       As the majority states, “[t]he purpose of a preliminary hearing is to

determine whether the Commonwealth has made out a prima facie case for

the offenses charged.” Majority Opinion at *10, quoting Commonwealth v.

Ouch, 199 A.3d 918, 923 (Pa. Super. 2018); See also Commonwealth v.

Landis, 48 A.3d 432, 444 (Pa. Super. 2012) (en banc) (“It is well-settled that

the preliminary hearing serves a limited function.              The purpose of a

preliminary hearing is to avoid the incarceration or trial of a defendant unless

there is sufficient evidence to establish a crime was committed and the

probability the defendant could be connected with the crimes”) (quotations

and citations omitted). Moreover, “[a] prima facie case consists of evidence,

read in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, that sufficiently

establishes both the commission of the crime and that the accused is

probably the perpetrator of that crime.” Ouch, 199 A.3d at 923 (emphasis

added) (quotations and citations omitted). In addition to viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, “we are to consider all
____________________________________________


any argument regarding the PIC charge in its brief. Thus, the only issue the
Commonwealth preserved is whether it met its burden of establishing a prima
facie case for murder against Perez. See Commonwealth v. Spotz, 716
A.2d 580, 585 n. 5 (Pa. 1999) (“[the Pennsylvania Supreme Court] has held
that an issue will be deemed to be waived when appellant fails to properly
explain or develop it in [its] brief”).

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reasonable inferences based on that evidence which could support a guilty

verdict. The standard clearly does not require that the Commonwealth prove

the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at this stage.” Landis, 48 A.3d

at 444 (quotations and citations omitted).       Critically, “[t]he preliminary

hearing is not a trial.”   Commonwealth v. Hilliard, 172 A.3d 5, 10 (Pa.

Super. 2017) (quotations and citations omitted).       Instead, “the evidence

should be such that if presented at trial, and accepted as true, the judge would

be warranted in allowing the case to go to the jury.”      Id. (quotations and

citations omitted). Additionally, the weight of the evidence and credibility are

not factors at the preliminary hearing stage. Id.

      In applying these legal standards to the evidence presented in this case,

I conclude that the Commonwealth met its burden of establishing a prima facie

case against Perez for the charge of murder.

      As noted by the learned majority, there is no dispute, for purposes of

the preliminary hearing, that Andrew Hazelton, the victim, was unlawfully

killed by a stab wound to his neck.      Majority Opinion at *13.    Thus, the

elements for murder were established by the Commonwealth. “The sole issue

before this Court, therefore, is whether the evidence, read in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth shows that [Perez] is probably the

perpetrator of [the] crime.” Id. (quotations and citations omitted).

      During the two preliminary hearings, the following evidence was elicited.

      Hazelton, and his friend, Hector Martinez, went to the Bleu Martini

nightclub shortly before closing on August 20, 2016. N.T. First Preliminary

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Hearing, 3/22/17, at 4. After paying at the door, they entered the club. Id.

at 5. Martinez began talking to a female friend of his and Hazelton started

dancing with a girl who Martinez did not know. Id. at 6. Perez, who was

wearing a grey shirt, was sitting at a table nearby. Id. at 7-8. The area in

which the individuals were located was “a small confined area.”     Id. at 8.

According to Martinez, the following occurred:

     A.:   I saw the guy with the beard getting out of the table.

     Q.:   You are pointing to [Perez]?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   What did he do?

     A:    I saw him getting out of the table and the next thing you
           know two bouncers went to the left side of me towards the
           group of people.

     Q.:   [Perez] got up from the table?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   And where did [Perez] go?

     A.:   He started walking towards the group of people.

                                ...

     Q.:   Was Mr. Hazelton in that group of people?

     A:    Yes.

     Q.:   And what did you see next?

     A.:   I just saw the two bouncers walk straight to my left side,
           both of them are big guys. And I saw my friend [Hazelton]
           come to the side holding his neck.


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Id. at 8-9.2 Hazelton exited the club and Martinez followed him at which time

Martinez saw that “blood [was] gushing out of [Hazelton’s] neck.” Id. at 10.

Martinez turned to go back into the club when he saw Perez exiting. Martinez

asked Perez “[w]hat did you do to my friend?” and then punched him, at which

time Perez ran back into the club. Id. According to Martinez, Perez’s shirt

“was full of blood.”3 Martinez testified that no other man besides Perez was

near Hazelton when he was stabbed. Id. at 24 and 25.

       At the second preliminary hearing, Marquis McNair testified. McNair was

working security for Bleu Martini on the night of August 20, 2016. N.T. Second



____________________________________________


2 At the first preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth introduced the written
statement that Martinez gave to the police on September 29, 2016. N.T. First
Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at Commonwealth Exhibit C-2. Martinez was
asked during the first preliminary hearing to confirm the statements given on
September 29, 2016. Martinez confirmed that the statements contained in
the September 29, 2016 written statement were true and correct. Id. at 16.
In that statement, Martinez stated as follows:

       As I was standing there, I seen some other girl dancing at a table
       that was next to where [Hazelton] was standing. There was a guy
       sitting at the table where the girl was dancing and the guy started
       to get up out of the table to stand up. When the guy stood up
       from the table, he started to walk towards where [Hazelton] was
       at, but two bouncers went by me real fast and the bouncers broke
       up the commotion.

Id. at Commonwealth Exhibit C-2. See also id. at 18-19. During the first
preliminary hearing, Martinez identified the “guy” as Perez. Id. at 19.

3According to the DNA lab results, the blood on Perez’s shirt was Hazelton’s.
N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at Commonwealth Exhibit C-6.

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Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 22. McNair testified that he was stationed

inside the front door of the bar at approximately 1:50 a.m. Id. At that time,

“two groups . . . got into [] a push[ing] match, a little disagreement thing.”

Id. at 23.     Specifically, the pushing match was between a black male

(Hazelton) and a Spanish male (Perez). Id. at 27. McNair testified as follows:

      Q.:    Sir, the pushing match, the shoving match between the
             black male, he was the male that eventually got stabbed?

      A.:    Yes.

      Q.:    And the Spanish male, do you remember what the Spanish
             male was wearing, just in terms of the clothing; do you
             remember? Start with the shirt, do you remember anything
             about his shirt?

      A.:    Yeah, it was basically like a regular shirt, basically like, like
             ...

      Q.:    Color?

      A.:    Like grey, I think, yeah, grey, basically.

      Q.:    Okay. So when you saw this shoving match between the
             black male and the Spanish male that was wearing a grey
             shirt, what did you do?

      A.:    We separated it. And they both said, oh, yeah, we’re cool,
             we’re cool. So me and my other security guy, we posted up
             right there.

Id. at 31-32. McNair continued his testimony as follows:

      Q.:    So tell us what happened next, sir.

      A.:    After we broke up the push match the first time and stuff,
             we posted right there by the door. And probably like a
             couple minutes later, the black guy and the Spanish guy was
             at it again.


                                       -6-
J-E01001-19


     Q.:   Same two individuals?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   The black male that eventually got stabbed –-

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   -- and the Spanish guy that was wearing the grey T-shirt?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   What did you see?

     A.:   Basically, basically a second pushing match, but we went in
           there and broke it up, basically.

     Q.:   And what happened at that point?

     A.:   At that point I was in the middle. Mac[, the other security
           guard on duty], took other people towards the door
           basically, and a girl basically screamed like, they cut him.

     Q.:   Okay. Who was she referring to, could you see?

     A.:   The black male.

     Q.:   The black male?

     A.:   Yeah, the black male.

     Q.:   That was fighting with the Spanish male?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   What did you observe about the black male that was fighting
           with the Spanish male at that time?

     A.:   At first, first, I didn’t think nothing of it. I thought he just
           got punched in the face and then he took his hand off his
           neck and blood was just gushing out.




                                     -7-
J-E01001-19


Id. at 34-35. McNair confirmed that Perez and Hazelton were the only two

people involved in the pushing or shoving matches. Id. at 46, 54 and 56.

       In describing the second pushing match between Perez and Hazelton,

McNair testified that the second pushing match “was worse than the first

pushing match.”       Id. at 62-63.4       He described the second encounter as

follows:

       Q.:    Sir, I am going to ask you some questions about the second
              shoving match. You said it was a little more -- what was
              the word you used?

       A.:    A little bit more aggressive than the first one.

       Q.:    Can you describe that for us?

       A.:    Basically, they was coming at each other, but it was like
              more intense than the first one. Because the first one we
              was able just to, all right, all right, all right, guys, all right,
              and they was like, oh, no, we’re cool, we’re cool, basically.
              Then the second one was like we had to basically like pry
              them apart.

       Q.:    Okay. When they were coming at each other the second
              time, that second time, was the Spanish male coming at
              [Hazelton] in the area where his neck would have been?

       A.:    Yeah, it was like this, with the arm movement.

       Q.:    Okay. At that point in time when the Spanish male was
              coming at the black male’s neck area, would you have been
              able to see if there was anything in his hand, if there was?

       A.:    No.
____________________________________________


4 From the transcript, it is apparent that McNair demonstrated in some form
the manner in which Perez and Hazelton were pushing during the second
encounter, specifically the motion of their arms. N.T. Second Preliminary
Hearing, 4/5/17, at 64.

                                           -8-
J-E01001-19



     Q.:   Why not?

     A.:   Because they were moving.

     Q.:   Okay. And it was right in his neck area; right?

     A.:   Yeah, basically.

                                    ...

     Q.:   All right. So at that point in time, the second match, now,
           they’re coming in, it’s a little more aggressive, the Spanish
           male is coming at the black male’s neck area as you
           described, and then you separate them; right?

     A.:   Yes.

     Q.:   And then how soon thereafter does the female shout or say,
           they stabbed him, or whatever the words you used?

     A.:   They cut him, basically she said, they cut him.

     Q.:   How soon thereafter had she said that?

     A.:   Like I want to say probably like a couple of seconds.

     Q.:   Was there anymore, did anybody else did you see at that
           point go after the black male in terms of a fight, scuffle,
           push match, anything like that?

     A.:   No.

     Q.:   All right. So you separate them and then you hear the
           female say, they cut him?

     A.:   They cut him.

     Q.:   And then you looked at the black male, and what did you
           notice at that point?

     A.:   He was basically holding his neck.

Id. at 75-78.

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J-E01001-19



      Following the stabbing, McNair helped to remove everyone from the

club. At that time, he saw Perez wearing just a tank top. Id. at 37. The club

rule is that everyone must wear a shirt; therefore, McNair asked Perez where

his shirt was. Perez told McNair that it was in the bathroom because it got

bloody from the fight.   Id. at 37, 39 and 44.     McNair took Perez into the

bathroom at which time Perez “fish[ed] for his shirt in the trash bin.” Id. at

40. Perez put the shirt over his shoulder as they left the bathroom. Id. It

was the same grey shirt that Perez had been wearing earlier. Id.

      Philadelphia Police Officer Charles Stone also testified at the second

preliminary hearing. Officer Stone was working in the area of the Bleu Martini

when he was flagged down by an individual who said that there had been a

fight nearby and someone was outside on the ground.          Id. at 85.   While

walking to the location, Officer Stone received a radio call about the stabbing.

Id. Upon arrival, Officer Stone talked with staff, security and management of

the Bleu Martini. He was told that Perez had been involved in the fight. Id.

at 104. Officer Stone entered the club and approached Perez who was sitting

at a booth in the bar. Id. at 89. Perez was seated in the booth by himself

“but security was there at the time.” Id. at 92. Officer Stone believed that

security was there because Perez was involved in the fight and because he




                                     - 10 -
J-E01001-19


owed money on his tab. Id. at 92 and 104.5 When asked if he had been

involved in the fight, Perez originally denied it, but then later said that he was

____________________________________________


5 The majority concludes that Perez was compliant at all times and states that
Bleu Martini’s security staff detained Perez “because of the $600 he owed on
his tab, not because they thought he was involved in stabbing Hazelton.”
Majority Opinion at 17-18. In reaching this conclusion, the majority ignores
the following testimony of Officer Stone:

       Q.:    Before you interacted with [Perez], when you walked
              into the Bleu Martini and [Perez] was seated at that
              booth, was there anyone around him?

       A.:    No, he was by himself, but security was there at the time.

       Q.:    And do you know why the security was there?

       A.:    He owed money on the tab, I believe.

                                           ...

       Q.:    Just to be clear, officer, you did talk to people in the bar;
              right?

       A.:    Correct.

       Q.:    Staff, security, manager?

       A.:    Right.

       Q.:    Did they tell you who was involved in the fight?

       A.:    Yes.

       Q.:    Who was involved in the fight?

       A.:    They showed me to [Perez].

       Q.:    It wasn’t just the bar tab?




                                          - 11 -
J-E01001-19


hit but that “he wasn’t involved in the fight.” Id. at 90. Officer Stone was

familiar with the Bleu Martini’s dress code and he noticed that Perez was only

wearing a tank top; therefore, Officer Stone asked Perez where his shirt was.

Perez retrieved the shirt which had been tucked in a corner behind the seat

where he was sitting. Id. at 90-91. The shirt had blood on it. Id. at 91.

       When looking at this evidence and all reasonable inferences that may

be drawn therefrom, in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, I

conclude that the Commonwealth met its burden of establishing a prima facie

case against Perez for murder.           More specifically, under our standard of

review, the Commonwealth’s evidence demonstrates that Perez “is probably

the perpetrator of [the] crime.” Ouch, 199 A.3d at 923 (emphasis added).

       As the evidence reflects, Hazelton was dancing with a girl in the Bleu

Martini when Perez got up from a nearby table and approached Hazelton.

Perez and Hazelton engaged in a pushing match which was broken up by two

members of the club’s security.            Shortly thereafter, Perez and Hazelton

became engaged in a second, more “aggressive” altercation that required the

two security guards to physically get between Perez and Hazelton and pry

them apart. No one other than Perez and Hazelton was involved in these two

____________________________________________


       A.:    No, they said he was part of the fight.

N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 92 and 104 (emphasis
added).




                                          - 12 -
J-E01001-19


physical altercations. During the second altercation, Perez made a motion

toward Hazelton’s neck just before the two were separated.6 Within seconds,

a female yelled that Hazelton was cut and Hazelton was holding his neck which

was bleeding. Perez exited the club wearing a shirt stained with Hazelton’s

blood.7 It was not until Hazelton’s friend, Martinez, punched Perez that Perez

ran back into the club.8      Upon reentering the club, Perez removed his bloody

____________________________________________


6 The learned majority relies on the fact that no one testified that they saw a
weapon in Perez’s hand or that they heard glass break. Majority Opinion at
*15. It is true that no one testified to seeing a weapon or hearing glass break.
However, I do not believe that this fact supports the conclusion that Perez was
not the perpetrator. Instead, the evidence established that it was extremely
dark and loud in the club (N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 30-31);
hence, a reasonable inference may be drawn that Perez did have some type
of weapon on him at the time of the second altercation with Hazelton,
however, the conditions of the club made it difficult for persons to see.

7  At the second preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth introduced two
photographs of the grey shirt that Perez was wearing the night of August 20,
2016. N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at Commonwealth Exhibit C-
3. In reviewing these photographs, it is apparent that a significant amount of
blood was on the front and back of the shirt. Clearly, Perez was in very close
proximity to Hazelton when he was bleeding from his neck. A reasonable
inference that may be drawn from this evidence is that Perez was the person
that stabbed Hazelton in the neck.

8 The learned majority references the fact that Perez went back into the club
after being hit by Martinez and concludes that “the record shows [Perez]
stayed at Bleu Martini’s premises and cooperated with bar security and police.”
Majority Opinion at *17. In fact, throughout its opinion, the majority relies
extensively on its conclusion that Perez was cooperative and compliant at all
times. I believe that this conclusion may only be reached if one were to look
at the facts, and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, in a light most
favorable to Perez. In looking at this fact in a light most favorable to the
Commonwealth (which is the standard we must apply), a reasonable inference
is that Perez was fleeing the club immediately after the stabbing and only



                                          - 13 -
J-E01001-19


shirt and threw it in the trash bin in the restroom. After retrieving the shirt

from the trash at the direction of McNair, Perez tucked the shirt in the corner

of the booth where he was sitting.9 All of these facts viewed in a light most

favorable to the Commonwealth (Perez and Hazelton were engaged in two

pushing matches, the second of which was more aggressive; Perez and

Hazelton were the only two individuals involved in these altercations; Perez

made a motion toward Hazelton’s neck seconds before a female yelled that

Hazelton had been cut; Perez exited from the club but returned only after

being punched by Martinez; Perez hid his shirt which contained a significant

amount of Hazelton’s blood; Perez denied being involved in a fight) and all

reasonable inferences therefrom, clearly establish that the Commonwealth

met its burden of establishing a prima facie case that Perez was probably the

perpetrator of the crime of murder. Ouch, 199 A.3d at 923 (“[a] prima facie

case consists of evidence, read in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, that sufficiently establishes both the commission of a crime

and that the accused is probably the perpetrator of that crime”) (emphasis


____________________________________________


returned inside because he was physically accosted by Martinez who was
standing outside of the club. Commonwealth v. Rizzuto, 777 A.2d 1069,
1078 (Pa. 2001) (fleeing scene of a crime can demonstrate consciousness of
guilt).

9 In considering these facts in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, a
reasonable inference may be drawn that Perez removed, discarded and hid
the bloody shirt in an effort to conceal evidence. Commonwealth v.
Dolman, 541 A.2d 319, 322 (Pa. 1988) (concealing evidence can prove
accused’s intent or state of mind).

                                          - 14 -
J-E01001-19


added) (quotations and citations omitted). Accordingly, I must respectfully

dissent.

      President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Kunselman and Judge

McLaughlin join this Concurring and Dissenting Opinion.




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