                           STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS



Z.N.,
                                                                     FILED
Respondent Below, Petitioner                                         March 12, 2014

                                                                      released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                      RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
vs.) No. 13-0259 (Raleigh County 12-C-201-H)                        SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        OF WEST VIRGINIA

T.L., Petitioner Below, and
B.L., Intervenor Below,
Respondents


                              MEMORANDUM DECISION

              This case stems from a controversy over the paternity of a minor child. The
petitioner herein and respondent below, Z.N.1 (the “asserted father”), appeals the Circuit
Court of Raleigh County’s order entered February 12, 2013. By that order, the circuit court
granted the petition for writ of prohibition and mandamus filed by the respondent herein and
petitioner below, T.L. (the “mother”), and by the respondent herein and intervenor below,
B.L., who is the mother’s husband (the “intervenor husband”). The effect of the circuit
court’s order was to prohibit the psychological evaluation of the minor child that had been
ordered by the family court and to dismiss the family court matter that had been filed by the
asserted father in an attempt to establish paternity to the minor child. On appeal to this
Court, the asserted father argues that the circuit court erred and that the family court matter
should be reinstated. Based on the parties’ arguments,2 the record designated for our
consideration, and the pertinent authorities, we affirm the rulings made by the circuit court.

            The action before this Court was timely perfected, and the appendix record
accompanied the petition. The mother, through counsel, filed a response to the petition for


              1
               “We follow our past practice in juvenile and domestic relations cases which
involve sensitive facts and do not utilize the last names of the parties.” State ex rel. W. Va.
Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Cheryl M., 177 W. Va. 688, 689 n.1, 356 S.E.2d 181, 182 n.1
(1987).
              2
               The guardian ad litem for the minor child filed a written response brief before
this Court, which supported the circuit court’s order and joined the positions set forth in the
mother’s and the intervenor husband’s briefs. The guardian, however, was excused from oral
argument by order of this Court entered, in vacation, on December 30, 2013.
appeal, and the intervenor husband filed a like response. Based upon the parties’ written
submissions and oral arguments, the portions of the record designated for our consideration,
and the pertinent authorities, we find that the circuit court was correct in its determination
that the family court exceeded its legitimate jurisdictional powers in ordering the
psychological evaluation of the child. Accordingly, we affirm the underlying decision to
issue the writ of prohibition to prevent the minor child’s evaluation, and to issue the writ of
mandamus to dismiss the underlying action from the family court docket. This Court further
finds that this case presents no new or significant questions of law and, thus, will be disposed
of through a memorandum decision as contemplated by Rule 21 of the Revised Rules of
Appellate Procedure.

                This action commenced on March 31, 2010, when Z.N., the asserted father,
filed a petition to establish paternity in the Family Court of Raleigh County. In his petition,
the asserted father alleged that he and the mother engaged in a sexual relationship in January
2007 despite the fact that the mother was married to B.L., the intervenor husband, during that
time.3 According to the petition, T.L. was married, but separated, from her husband. Z.N.
contended that a child resulted from his relationship with T.L., and that the child was born
in October 2007. Z.N. alleged that T.L. acknowledged that he was the child’s father, and that
he, the mother, and the child lived together for a period of time after the child’s birth. Z.N.
stated that he performed significant caretaking duties for the minor child. Before the family
court, the asserted father sought genetic testing to determine the minor child’s paternity, and,
further, he requested establishment of a custody and child support order.

                In April 2010, the mother moved to dismiss the paternity petition, based on the
failure to join her husband, B.L., and because the relief sought by the asserted father would
delegitimize the minor child’s birth. The mother also requested that her husband, B.L., be
joined as a party based upon the legal presumption of paternity. In her answer, the mother
acknowledged her sexual relationship with the asserted father but denied knowledge of
whether he was the child’s father. On June 1, 2010, the family court ordered genetic testing,
which results were filed with the lower court and sealed by the circuit court.

               Thereafter, on November 3, 2010, B.L. moved to intervene in the family court
action, asserting that he was married to the mother and that he was actively involved as a
parent to the minor child. The motion was granted. On March 23, 2011, the intervenor
husband moved to dismiss the action, contending that the asserted father does not have
standing to bring a paternity action. The family court denied the mother’s and the intervenor


              3
               T.L. and B.L. remained married during the controversy in question. To date,
their marriage continues.

                                               2

husband’s motions to dismiss. On June 2, 2011, the asserted father filed an amended
petition, alleging that he had a parental relationship with the child and that he had acquired
a liberty interest in formalizing paternity. The asserted father also alleged that the child
would not be harmed by the establishment of paternity and that it would promote the child’s
best interests. Both the mother and the intervenor husband requested that the petition be
denied.

               Several requests were made for the appointment of a guardian ad litem for the
child. However, it was not until March 29, 2011, when the family court finally appointed a
guardian ad litem to protect the interests of the minor child. The guardian spoke to all
involved parties and filed a report with the court. He noted that the asserted father had been
in the delivery room when the child was born and that he and the mother had had an ongoing
relationship until February 2009. However, the mother testified that the relationship was
often contentious, and that the asserted father kicked her and the child out of the home on
several occasions. The mother also disputes the length of time that she and the asserted
father lived together.

              A hearing to determine the asserted father’s standing was held on January 17,
2012, wherein the family court determined that it needed additional evidence relating to the
psychological effect on the child of granting the paternity petition and, thus, ordered that the
child undergo a psychological evaluation. On March 6, 2012, the mother filed a motion to
stay, along with a petition for writ of prohibition and mandamus to the circuit court, seeking
a dismissal of the asserted father’s petition.

               On February 12, 2013, the circuit court entered an order granting the petition
for writ of prohibition and mandamus and ordering the dismissal of the family court matter.
The circuit court found that the family court had abandoned its role as neutral arbiter and had
acted as an advocate on behalf of the asserted father. The circuit court based its reasoning
on the family court’s expressed reservations regarding the depth of the record at the close of
the asserted father’s case in chief. The circuit court found that the family court failed to
properly appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of the minor child upon
ordering the genetic testing. Further, the circuit court found that the asserted father failed to
prove each element required for standing in such a paternity action and ordered the results
of the genetic testing be sealed.

                 In this case, the circuit court determined that the family court judge “exceeded
her jurisdictional authority, and the Petition for a Writ of Prohibition should be granted,
barring . . . the psychological evaluation of the child[.]” Further, the circuit court found “that
the Petition for Writ of Mandamus should likewise be granted, requiring [the family court
judge] to grant the motions to dismiss[.]” Our review of a circuit court’s decision to issue a

                                                3

writ of prohibition and a writ of mandamus is de novo. See Syl. pt. 1, Martin v. West
Virginia Div. of Labor Contractor Licensing Bd., 199 W. Va. 613, 486 S.E.2d 782 (1997)
(“The standard of appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting relief through the
extraordinary writ of prohibition is de novo.”). See also Syl. pt. 1, Harrison Cnty. Comm’n
v. Harrison Cnty. Assessor, 222 W. Va. 25, 658 S.E.2d 555 (2008) (“A de novo standard of
review applies to a circuit court’s decision to grant or deny a writ of mandamus.”). With this
de novo standard in mind, we proceed to consider the substantive issues raised by the parties.

               On appeal to this Court, the asserted father sets forth one assignment of error:
he contends that the family court was within its legitimate authority to order that the minor
child undergo a psychological evaluation to determine the child’s best interest in regards to
paternity issues. Thus, the asserted father argues that the circuit court erred when it issued
the writs of prohibition and mandamus against the family court. Conversely, the mother and
intervenor husband contend that the asserted father failed to establish standing to maintain
the paternity action. Therefore, the mother and intervenor husband urge this Court to find
that the circuit court was correct in its issuance of the extraordinary writs.

               The circuit court focused on whether the asserted father had standing4 to file
a paternity action.5 In that regard, this Court previously has instructed as follows:
                      A putative biological father must prove by clear and
               convincing evidence the following factors before he will have
               standing to raise the issue of paternity of a child born to a
               married woman who is not his wife: (1) that he has developed a
               parent-child relationship with the child in question, and (2) that

              4
                The asserted father concedes that W. Va. Code § 48-24-101 (2002) (Repl. Vol.
2009) does not provide legal standing for his paternity claim. Thus, his argument in support
of his standing to file a paternity action rests with the case of State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v.
Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996), wherein this Court found that a putative
father could, by developing a substantial relationship with the child born to a married woman
who is not the putative father’s wife, develop a liberty interest in maintaining and formalizing
that relationship.
              5
               While the circuit court’s legal analysis focused on the issue of standing, we
note the circuit court’s recognition that “[t]here is no dispute in this case that the Family
Court failed to properly appoint a Guardian ad litem to represent the interests of the minor
child[.]” See Syl. pt. 4, Michael K.T. v. Tina L.T., 182 W. Va. 399, 387 S.E.2d 866 (1989).
See also Syl. pt. 7, in part, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d
554 (1996) (“When a putative biological father raises a paternity claim, the child must be
joined and a guardian ad litem appointed. . . .”).

                                               4

               the child will not be harmed by allowing the paternity action to
               proceed.
Syl. pt. 6, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).
Because the circuit court determined that the asserted father did not meet the second element
requiring him to prove that the child would not be harmed by allowing the continuance of the
paternity action, the circuit court did not address the first element regarding the existence of
a substantial relationship.6

                Factually, during the evidentiary hearing before the family court, after the
asserted father rested his case, the family court judge expressed concern regarding the
inadequate proof of one of the Stone factors: specifically, whether the child would be harmed
by allowing the paternity action to continue. The family court judge ordered a psychological
evaluation of the minor child. Thereafter, the circuit court reviewed the record in its
consideration of the extraordinary relief requested by the mother and the intervenor husband.
In its order, the circuit court stated that,
                it is clear to this Court that [the family court judge] found that
                the [asserted father] had failed to prove by clear and convincing
                evidence each element required to establish standing pursuant to
                the Stone case, based upon her statements on the record that she


               6
                  We feel inclined, however, to point out that the evidence was conflicting
regarding the asserted father’s relationship with the minor child. The asserted father claimed
that he was in the delivery room when the child was born and that the child lived in his home
with the mother for a period of time. Conversely, the mother states that the asserted father’s
relationship with the child was sporadic at best and lacked the full commitment required by
Stone. See Syl. pt. 3, in part, Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (“In the absence of
special circumstances which would justify an exception, a petition by a putative biological
father seeking to establish his paternity over a child who was born while the mother was
married to another man may not proceed unless the putative father clearly and convincingly
proves as a threshold matter that he has established a substantial paternal relationship with
the child. . . .”). See also Syl. pt. 6, State ex rel. Jeanne U. v. Canady, 210 W. Va. 88, 554
S.E.2d 12 (2001) (“The ‘substantial relationship’ inquiry serves a dual role in evaluating
issues of paternity and appropriate visitation rights. It serves a gatekeeping role in
determinations regarding a putative father’s standing to raise the issue of paternity and must
be proven as a prerequisite to permitting the action by the putative father, as explained in
State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996). Additionally, the
existence of such a relationship serves as an issue to be examined with regard to the best
interests of the child. In such best interest analysis, the existence of a substantial relationship
would be one of many factors to be evaluated, significant but not dispositive.”).

                                                5

               required additional evidence regarding harm to the child before
               she could issue a ruling.
Essentially, the circuit court found that the family court judge “order[ed] an examination of
the child in order to produce more evidence on an essential element of [the asserted father’s]
case after he had rested.”

               Procedurally, if standing is found under the Stone rule, then a preliminary
determination must be made regarding whether paternity testing should be conducted, with
the best interests of the child to be the preeminent deciding factor. See Syl. pt. 7, Stone, 196
W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (“The circuit court should conduct a preliminary hearing to
determine whether the requisite preconditions are present. In addition, the preeminent factor
in deciding whether to grant or deny blood testing is the child’s best interests. The analysis
of each factual situation is necessarily a discretionary decision for the circuit court, and the
finding by the circuit court will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.”). The Stone
Court further stated that “even if [a putative father] proves paternity, he is still not necessarily
entitled to intrude further into the marital family (if it has survived) or into existing
child-parent relationships.” Id. at 565-66. Moreover, this Court has noted that the proper
inquiry is what is in the child’s best interests, not the biological father’s best interests. See
generally State ex rel. Jeanne U. v. Canady, 210 W. Va. 88, 554 S.E.2d 12 (2001).

               Here, the intervenor husband is the presumed father of the minor child because
he was married to the mother at the time of the child’s birth. At the point that the asserted
father moved the family court to establish paternity, he did not meet the requirements to
establish standing. Thus, the threshold for ordering genetic testing was never met. Because
the asserted father failed to show that the child would not be harmed by the paternity action,
the circuit court’s issuance of the writ of prohibition to prevent the psychological evaluation
of the minor child was proper. Also, because the family court judge “agreed that [the
asserted father] failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence each element required to
establish standing . . . [the family court judge] had a clear legal duty to dismiss the case[.]”
Accordingly, the circuit court’s order entered February 12, 2013, is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                        Affirmed.
ISSUED:        March 12, 2014

CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry, II

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