                                                                                    FILED
                               2014 IL App (4th) 140208                          August 8, 2014
                                                                                  Carla Bender
                                     NO. 4-14-0208                            4th District Appellate
                                                                                    Court, IL
                             IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                                      OF ILLINOIS

                                  FOURTH DISTRICT


JOSHUA A. McCORMICK,                                    )     Appeal from
        Petitioner-Appellant,                           )     Circuit Court of
        v.                                              )     Champaign County
ALEXUS N. ROBERTSON,                                    )     No. 10F17
        Respondent-Appellee.                            )
                                                        )     Honorable
                                                        )     Brian L. McPheters,
                                                        )     Judge Presiding.


               JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
               Presiding Justice Appleton and Justice Pope concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

                                            OPINION
¶1            In January 2010, petitioner, Joshua A. McCormick, filed a "petition to establish

father and child relationship, custody and related matters" in the Champaign County circuit

court. He sought an order establishing the existence of a father-child relationship and joint

custody of his minor child, L.M. In February 2010, the circuit court entered a "judgment of

parentage, custody [and] related matters," which incorporated the terms of the joint parenting

agreement signed by Joshua and respondent, Alexus N. Robertson, regarding the care and

custody of L.M.

¶2            In March 2014, following a series of motions filed by the parties in November and

December 2013, the Champaign County circuit court found the February 8, 2010, order void and

dismissed Joshua's initial January 2010 petition with prejudice. The court determined it did not
have jurisdiction to enter the February 2010 order pursuant to section 201 of the Uniform Child-

Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) (750 ILCS 36/201 (West 2010)).

¶3            On appeal, Joshua asserts the Champaign County circuit court erred in finding the

February 2010 order void and dismissing his initial January 15, 2010, petition because the court

had subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the matter. In the alternative, Joshua contends Alexus

should be estopped from attacking the February 2010 order because she "took advantage" of it

for four years. Additionally, Joshua argues Alexus improperly removed L.M. from the State of

Missouri in violation of the order. We find the circuit court possessed subject-matter jurisdiction

and, therefore, we vacate the trial court's March 2014 order that found the February 2010 order

void and dismissed Joshua's original petition.

¶4                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶5            Joshua, a resident of Illinois, and Alexus, then a resident of Missouri, met in

Missouri in 2008. Their brief relationship resulted in the conception and birth of L.M. (born

April 23, 2009) in Missouri. On January 15, 2010, through his counsel, Joshua filed a "petition

to establish father and child relationship, custody and related matters" in the Champaign County

circuit court pursuant to the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (750 ILCS 45/1 to 28 (West 2010)).

Joshua sought an order establishing the existence of a father-child relationship and joint custody

of L.M. On January 19, 2010, an entry of appearance, prepared by Joshua's attorney and signed

by Alexus, was filed in the circuit court. The entry of appearance stated it "confer[red] all

jurisdiction upon said Court over [Alexus's] person and the subject matter of this suit."

¶6            On January 19, 2010, Joshua and Alexus appeared in the Champaign County

circuit court for a hearing on Joshua's petition. Alexus proceeded pro se. At the hearing, the

parties represented they had entered into a written joint parenting agreement and presented it to

                                                 -2-
the court for its consideration. According to the agreement, Joshua and Alexus would share

custody of L.M., with Alexus being the primary residential custodian. The agreement contained

a visitation schedule to be implemented upon Joshua's return from active duty military service.

The issue of child support was reserved.

¶7            On February 8, 2010, the Champaign County circuit court entered its "judgment of

parentage, custody [and] related matters." In its order, the court found (1) it had jurisdiction over

the parties and the subject-matter at issue; (2) Joshua had been domiciled in the State of Illinois

for at least 90 days preceding the date of the order; and (3) L.M. was born in Missouri. (The

order is silent regarding the state of L.M.'s residence.) The court incorporated and "expressly

ratified, confirmed, approved and adopted as the orders of this Court," the January 19, 2010,

joint parenting agreement signed by the parties.

¶8            In November 2012, Alexus and L.M. moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, with Alexus's

parents. The parties disagree as to whether Joshua objected to the move.

¶9            On December 4, 2013, Joshua filed a "petition to terminate joint parenting

agreement, joint custody, and for custody to be awarded to petitioner, father" in the Champaign

County circuit court. On December 11, 2013, Alexus filed a "petition to establish UCCJEA

jurisdiction, custody and child support" in the district court of Clark County, Nevada, alleging in

part the February 8, 2010, judgment of the Champaign County circuit court was void because the

circuit court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. On December 13,

2013, Alexus filed a "motion to vacate February 8, 2010[,] judgment, and/or motion to dismiss

petition for change of custody for lack of jurisdiction" in the Champaign County circuit court.

Alexus's petition requested, in part, the circuit court to stay the Illinois custody proceedings until




                                                   -3-
it communicated with the Nevada court pursuant to section 206(b) of the UCCJEA (750 ILCS

36/206(b) (West 2012)).

¶ 10          On February 6, 2014, the Illinois and Nevada courts participated in a telephone

conference call in which all parties were present with counsel. The Illinois and Nevada courts

determined that (1) pursuant to the UCCJEA, the Champaign County circuit court did not have

subject-matter jurisdiction; (2) the February 8, 2010, judgment of the Champaign County circuit

court was void for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction; and (3) any further proceedings should be

conducted in Nevada, which was then L.M.'s "home state" under the UCCJEA (750 ILCS

36/102(7) (West 2012)).

¶ 11          On March 12, 2014, the Champaign County circuit court entered an order finding

the February 2010 order void, stating that, "the State of Illinois did not have jurisdiction over the

minor child, [L.M.], pursuant to the UCCJEA at the time the [j]udgment was entered on

February 8th, 2010," and dismissing Joshua's original January 15, 2010, petition with prejudice.

¶ 12          This appeal followed.

¶ 13                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 14          The central issue for this court to decide is whether the Champaign County circuit

court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, thus rendering its February 2010 custody order void.

Judgments entered in a civil proceeding may be collaterally attacked as void only where there is

a total lack of jurisdiction in the court which entered the judgment, either as to the subject matter

or as to the parties. Johnston v. City of Bloomington, 77 Ill. 2d 108, 112, 395 N.E.2d 549, 550

(1979). "Any order rendered by a court lacking subject-matter jurisdiction is void and subject to

attack at any time." In re Nathan A.C., 385 Ill. App. 3d 1063, 1069, 904 N.E.2d 112, 117

(2008).

                                                 -4-
¶ 15           " '[S]ubject matter jurisdiction' refers to the power of a court to hear and determine

cases of the general class to which the proceeding in question belongs." Belleville Toyota, Inc. v

Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 334, 770 N.E.2d 177, 184 (2002). The issue of

whether the circuit court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the cause presents a question of law

that we review de novo. Crossroads Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Sterling Truck Corp., 2011 IL

111611,¶ 26, 959 N.E.2d 1133.

¶ 16           Joshua asserts the Champaign County circuit court erred in finding the February

2010 order was void and dismissing his initial petition. He argues the circuit court had subject-

matter jurisdiction over the proceedings pursuant to article VI, section 9, of the Illinois

Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9).

¶ 17           Although in her written entry of appearance filed in January 2010, Alexus initially

agreed the circuit court possessed subject-matter jurisdiction, she now contends the court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, which she argues limits the jurisdiction of circuit

courts in interstate custody cases. See 750 ILCS 36/201 (West 2010). Her initial agreement

notwithstanding, a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is not subject to waiver and cannot be cured

by consent. In re M.W., 232 Ill. 2d 408, 417, 905 N.E.2d 757, 765 (2009).

¶ 18            Whether the Champaign County circuit court possessed subject-matter

jurisdiction to render its initial February 2010 custody decision is dependent upon whether, as a

general matter, circuit courts derive their jurisdiction in such cases from the Illinois Constitution,

as asserted by Joshua, or the UCCJEA, as urged by Alexus. No issue exists as to personal

jurisdiction of the parties in this case.

¶ 19            Article VI, section 9, of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 vests circuit courts with

"original jurisdiction of all justiciable matters except when the Supreme Court has original and

                                                  -5-
exclusive jurisdiction." Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9. A "justiciable matter" has been defined as

"a controversy appropriate for review by the court, in that it is definite and concrete, as opposed

to hypothetical or moot, touching upon the legal relations of parties having adverse legal

interests." Belleville Toyota, 199 Ill. 2d at 335, 770 N.E.2d at 184.

¶ 20           On the other hand, the UCCJEA, which provides state courts with a method to

resolve interstate child-custody disputes, states the following regarding the jurisdiction of Illinois

courts in such custody matters:

                       "(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 204, a court of this

               State has jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody determination only

               if:

                                (1) this State is the home state of the child on the

                       date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the

                       home state of the child within six months before the

                       commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent

                       from this State but a parent or person acting as a parent

                       continues to live in this State;

                               (2) a court of another state does not have

                       jurisdiction under paragraph (1), or a court of the home

                       state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the

                       ground that this State is the more appropriate forum under

                       Section 207 or 208, and:

                                       (A) the child and the child's parents,

                               or the child and at least one parent or a

                                                  -6-
                              person acting as a parent, have a significant

                              connection with this State other than mere

                              physical presence; and

                                       (B) substantial evidence is available

                              in this State concerning the child's care,

                              protection, training, and personal

                              relationships;

                              (3) all courts having jurisdiction under paragraph

                      (1) or (2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the

                      ground that a court of this State is the more appropriate

                      forum to determine the custody of the child under Section

                      207 or 208; or

                              (4) no court of any other state would have

                      jurisdiction under the criteria specified in paragraph (1),

                      (2), or (3).

                      (b) Subsection (a) is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making

               a child-custody determination by a court of this State.

                      (c) Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a

               child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child-custody

               determination." 750 ILCS 36/201 (West 2010).

¶ 21          Under the UCCJEA, " '[h]ome state' means the state in which a child lived with a

parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the

commencement of a child-custody proceeding. In the case of a child less than six months of age,

                                                 -7-
the term means the state in which the child lived from birth with any of the persons mentioned.

A period of temporary absence of any of the mentioned persons is part of the period." 750 ILCS

36/102(7) (West 2010). Thus, pursuant to section 201 of the UCCJEA, an Illinois court "has

jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody determination" (absent an emergency, which is

provided for in section 204) only if it finds one of the four criteria listed in section 201(a) of the

UCCJEA applicable. 750 ILCS 36/201(a) (West 2010).

¶ 22          Simply applying the UCCJEA to the facts, it does not appear any of the four

criteria listed in section 201(a) were present when Joshua filed his original petition in January

2010. L.M. was not conceived or born in Illinois and had not resided in Illinois. At all times,

L.M. resided with Alexus in Missouri until they moved to Nevada in November 2012. Based on

these facts, and pursuant to the UCCJEA, Missouri, not Illinois, would have been considered

L.M.'s "home state" in January 2010. The record contains no evidence the State of Missouri

declined to exercise its jurisdiction at that time. Thus, according to Alexus, the UCCJEA did not

confer jurisdiction on an Illinois court in January 2010. Even if Alexus is correct, however,

resolution of the subject-matter-jurisdiction issue requires us to delve further to determine

whether Illinois circuit courts ultimately derive their jurisdiction to hear child-custody matters

from the state's constitution, as opposed to the UCCJEA.

¶ 23           In order to determine the ultimate source of the circuit court's subject-matter

jurisdiction in custody cases, we look to the Illinois Supreme Court's decisions relating generally

to subject-matter jurisdiction jurisprudence for guidance. In a series of cases, our supreme court

determined that the 1964 and 1970 amendments to the Illinois Constitution limited the

legislature's authority to impose restrictions upon the jurisdiction of our circuit courts.

Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher, 197 Ill. 2d 514, 759 N.E.2d 509 (2001); Belleville Toyota, 199 Ill.

                                                  -8-
2d 325, 770 N.E.2d 177; People ex rel. Graf v. Village of Lake Bluff, 206 Ill. 2d 541, 795 N.E.2d

281 (2003); M.W., 232 Ill. 2d 408, 905 N.E.2d 757. Prior to these amendments, the Illinois

Constitution provided that circuit courts possessed " 'original jurisdiction of all causes in law and

equity.' " Belleville Toyota, 199 Ill. 2d at 336, 770 N.E.2d at 185 (quoting Ill. Const. 1870, art.

VI, § 12). "Thus, in cases involving purely statutory causes of action, *** unless the statutory

requirements were satisfied, a court lacked jurisdiction to grant the relief requested." Id. at 336-

37, 770 N.E.2d at 185.

¶ 24           However, the 1964 amendment to the Illinois Constitution—the language of which

is retained in our current constitution—expanded the jurisdiction of our circuit courts by granting

them " 'original jurisdiction of all justiciable matters, and such powers of review of

administrative action as may be provided by law.' " Id. at 337, 770 N.E.2d at 186 (quoting Ill.

Const. 1870, art. VI, § 9 (amended 1964)). In other words, the amendments "created a single

integrated trial court vested with jurisdiction to adjudicate all controversies." Steinbrecher, 197

Ill. 2d at 530, 759 N.E.2d at 518. "No longer did a court's failure to follow the language of a

statute divest a court of jurisdiction, but rather, that failure simply resulted in a voidable order."

In re John C.M., 382 Ill. App. 3d 553, 563, 904 N.E.2d 50, 60 (2008) (citing Steinbrecher, 197

Ill. 2d at 531-32, 759 N.E.2d at 519-20).

¶ 25           In Belleville Toyota, our supreme court emphasized, "[w]ith the exception of the

circuit court's power to review administrative action, which is conferred by statute, a circuit

court's subject matter jurisdiction is conferred entirely by our state constitution." Belleville

Toyota, 199 Ill. 2d at 334, 770 N.E.2d at 184. "Thus, in order to invoke the subject matter

jurisdiction of the circuit court, a plaintiff's case, as framed by the complaint or petition, [need

only] present a justiciable matter." Id. While the legislature is free to create new justiciable

                                                   -9-
matters by enacting legislation, the creation of a new justiciable matter does not mean the

legislature confers subject-matter jurisdiction on the courts since such jurisdiction is derived only

from the constitution. Id. at 335, 770 N.E.2d at 185. The Belleville Toyota court expressly

rejected the suggestion in prior cases that the legislature may impose "conditions precedent" to a

circuit court's exercise of its constitutionally defined jurisdiction. Id. at 335-37, 770 N.E.2d at

185. See also Graf, 206 Ill. 2d at 552, 795 N.E.2d at 287 (specifically limiting the precedential

value of case law, preexisting the 1964 and 1970 amendments, which held the failure to comply

with statutory requirements rendered the court without jurisdiction).

¶ 26          In M.W., our supreme court again examined the source of the circuit court's

subject-matter jurisdiction. In that case, M.W. was adjudicated delinquent despite her father

having not been served with a copy of the amended delinquency petition, as required by section

5-530 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/5-530 (West 2004)). M.W., 232 Ill. 2d at

412, 905 N.E.2d at 762. The appellate court vacated the order, holding that because the

procedural requirements of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 were not met, the circuit court was

deprived of subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. Our supreme court disagreed, noting "not every error

made by the trial court or every failure to strictly comply with the provisions of the statute

creating the justiciable matter is an act in excess of statutory authority that renders the court's

judgment void." Id. at 422, 905 N.E.2d at 768. "[T]he question of subject matter jurisdiction is a

matter of the justiciability of the class of cases to which the instant case belongs. Error or

irregularity in the proceeding, while it may require reversal of the court's judgment on appeal,

does not oust subject matter jurisdiction once it is acquired." Id. at 423, 905 N.E.2d at 768. The

supreme court, applying Belleville Toyota, found "the appellate court incorrectly concluded that

compliance with the notice requirements of the Act was an unwaivable condition precedent to

                                                  - 10 -
the circuit court's exercise of subject matter jurisdiction over the justiciable matter before it." Id.

at 426, 905 N.E.2d at 770.

¶ 27          Following Belleville Toyota, it is clear that—with the exception of administrative

actions—our circuit courts derive their subject-matter jurisdiction exclusively from the Illinois

Constitution. While the legislature can enact legislation which creates new justiciable matters, it

cannot impose limits on the circuit court's constitutionally derived subject-matter jurisdiction.

Thus, whereas the UCCJEA may procedurally limit the circumstances in which a circuit court

may exercise its power to render a custody determination (see 750 ILCS 36/201 (West 2010)), it

may not deprive the circuit court of its constitutionally derived subject-matter jurisdiction to

decide the matter in the first place. See In re Estate of Green, 359 Ill. App. 3d 730, 736, 835

N.E.2d 403, 408 (2005) ("If the circuit courts 'have inherent power to appoint guardians of the

estates and persons of minors, independent of statute, a discussion of whether the statute

purporting to give this jurisdiction to the courts had been complied with is irrelevant to the

question of whether or not the circuit courts of this state have such jurisdiction.' " (quoting In the

Matter of the Guardianship of Smythe, 65 Ill. App. 2d 431, 439, 213 N.E.2d 609, 612-13

(1965))); McCarthy v. Pointer, 2013 IL App (1st) 121688, ¶ 13, 3 N.E.3d 852 (" 'Once a court

has obtained jurisdiction, an order will not be rendered void nor will the court lose jurisdiction

merely because of an error or impropriety in the court's determination of the facts or law.' "

(quoting Government Employees Insurance Co. v. Hersey, 397 Ill. App. 3d 551, 554, 922 N.E.2d

518, 521 (2010))).

¶ 28          In this context, we find that the child-custody proceeding here was a justiciable

matter within the general jurisdiction of the circuit court conferred by article VI, section 9, of the

Illinois Constitution of 1970. As stated, a "justiciable matter" is "a controversy appropriate for

                                                  - 11 -
review by the court, in that it is definite and concrete, as opposed to hypothetical or moot,

touching upon the legal relations of the parties having adverse legal interests." Belleville

Toyota, 199 Ill. 2d at 335, 770 N.E.2d at 184. Alexus does not argue the circuit court's custody

determination was not a justiciable matter. Furthermore, historically, our circuit courts have

possessed the inherent power, derived from the common law, to determine child-custody issues.

"As early as Cowles v. Cowles (1846), 8 Ill. 435, 437[-38], this court upheld a custody decree,

not on the basis of jurisdiction conferred by the Divorce Act, but under the 'power of the court of

Chancery to interfere with and control, not only the estates but the persons and custody of all

minors within the limits of its jurisdiction.' The legislature conferred no new authority or

jurisdiction upon the court; '[i]t was by its original jurisdiction clothed with the same powers

before.' " In re M.M., 156 Ill. 2d 53, 68, 619 N.E.2d 702, 711 (1993) (quoting Cowles v. Cowles,

8 Ill. 435, 437-38 (1846)).

¶ 29          Therefore, we find the Champaign County circuit court possessed subject-matter

jurisdiction to enter the February 2010 custody judgment, and the judgment was not void for lack

of subject-matter jurisdiction. See In re Luis R., 239 Ill. 2d 295, 301, 941 N.E.2d 136, 140

(2010) ("[T]he only consideration is whether the alleged claim falls within the general class of

cases that the court has the inherent power to hear and determine. If it does, then subject matter

jurisdiction is present." (Emphasis in original.)).

¶ 30          We take this opportunity to address the confusion the legislature's use of the word

"jurisdiction" in section 201 of the UCCJEA understandably has produced here, and perhaps in

other cases as well. At first blush, the language in section 201 appears to limit the circuit court's

subject-matter jurisdiction in child-custody cases. However, as we have discussed, the

legislature may not do so where the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction is constitutionally

                                                  - 12 -
derived. Upon closer examination, and in light of the constitutional discussion above, we

conclude section 201 should be read as simply establishing the procedural framework within

which a circuit court may properly exercise its subject-matter jurisdiction. Whereas an

erroneous application of section 201 by the circuit court will not result in a void order due to a

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, it may result in a voidable order. A voidable order is one

which is entered erroneously by a court having jurisdiction, both of the parties and the subject

matter, and is not subject to collateral attack. In re Marriage of Mitchell, 181 Ill. 2d 169, 174,

692 N.E.2d 281, 284 (1998) ("Once a court has acquired jurisdiction, an order will not be

rendered void merely because of an error or impropriety in the issuing court's determination of

the law.").

¶ 31          This interpretation finds support in our supreme court's decisions in Siegel v.

Siegel, 84 Ill. 2d 212, 417 N.E.2d 1312 (1981), and Luis R., 239 Ill. 2d 295, 941 N.E.2d 136. In

Siegel, the supreme court examined a predecessor statute to section 201 of the UCCJEA (Ill.

Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 40, ¶ 601), in which the Illinois legislature also appeared to limit the circuit

court's subject-matter jurisdiction, using language almost identical to that in section 201. Siegel,

84 Ill. 2d at 219-22, 417 N.E.2d at 1315-16. That statute read, in part:

                       " 'Sec. 601. Jurisdiction—Commencement of

               proceeding.

                       (a) A court of this State competent to decide child

               custody matters has jurisdiction to make a child custody

               determination by initial or modification judgment if:

                               (1) this State is the home state of the child

                       at the time of commencement of the proceedings,

                                                  - 13 -
or had been the child's home state within 6 months

before the commencement of the proceeding and

the child is absent from this State because of his

removal or retention by a person claiming his

custody or for other reason and a parent or person

acting as parent continues to live in this State; or

        (2) it is in the best interest of the child that

a court of this State assume jurisdiction because

the child and his parents, or the child and at least

one contestant, have a significant connection with

this State, and there is available in this State

substantial evidence concerning the child's present

or future care, protection, training and personal

relationships; or

        (3) the child is physically present in this

State and has been abandoned, or is neglected or

dependent, or it is necessary in an emergency to

protect him because he has been subject to or

threatened with mistreatment or abuse; or

        (4) no other state has jurisdiction under

prerequisites substantially in accordance with

paragraphs (1), (2) or (3), or another state has

declined to exercise jurisdiction on its

                            - 14 -
                       determination that this State is the more

                       appropriate forum to determine custody of the

                       child; and it is in the child's best interest that the

                       court assume jurisdiction.' " Id. at 220, 417 N.E.2d

                       at 1315 (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 40,

                       ¶ 601).

The Siegel court stated, in part:

               "We note, parenthetically, that section 601 speaks in terms of

               'jurisdiction' of the subject matter of child-custody determinations.

               Jurisdiction of the subject matter of such determinations, at least in the

               traditional sense, is conferred upon our circuit courts by the constitutional

               provision that 'Circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction of all

               justiciable matters ***.' (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, sec. 9.) We eliminate

               the possibility of confusion by pointing out that 'jurisdiction' is not being

               used by the General Assembly in its traditional subject matter sense, but

               in the sense of a limitation upon the exercise of the existing jurisdiction.

               Despite our reservations regarding the statutory language, we believe it

               will be less confusing if we adhere to it, particularly since the uniform act

               which is now the law of Illinois speaks in similar terms." (Emphasis

               added.) Siegel, 84 Ill. 2d at 221, 417 N.E.2d at 1316.

¶ 32          In Luis R., the appellate court examined whether the circuit court's subject-matter

jurisdiction to hear a juvenile delinquency petition was limited by the legislature's enactment of




                                                   - 15 -
section 5-120 of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2008)). Luis R.,

239 Ill. 2d at 298-99, 941 N.E.2d at 138-39. Specifically, section 5-120 stated, in relevant part:

                       " 'Exclusive jurisdiction. Proceedings may be instituted

               under the provisions of this Article concerning any minor who

               prior to the minor's 17th birthday has violated or attempted to

               violate *** any federal or State law or municipal or county

               ordinance ***. *** Except as provided in [certain other sections

               of the Act], no minor who was under 17 years of age at the time

               of the alleged offense may be prosecuted under the criminal laws

               of this State.' " (Emphasis added.) Id. at 298, 941 N.E.2d at 138

               (quoting 705 ILCS 405/5-120 (West 2008)).

The supreme court in Luis R., noting the legislature's use of the phrase "exclusive

jurisdiction," stated as follows:

                       "Admittedly, the relevant statutory language is not helpful,

               as the inclusion of the phrase 'exclusive jurisdiction' in section 5-

               120's title creates the impression that section 5-120 somehow

               grants authority to the circuit court to adjudicate juvenile

               delinquency petitions, and that the limitations contained within

               that section are therefore limitations on the circuit court's

               jurisdiction. But as we already have seen, once the legislature

               creates a justiciable matter, the circuit court's authority to

               adjudicate that matter derives exclusively from the state

               constitution and therefore cannot be limited by the authorizing

                                                  - 16 -
               statute." (Emphasis added.) Id. at 304, 941 N.E.2d at 141-42

               (citing Belleville Toyota, 199 Ill. 2d at 334-35, 770 N.E.2d at 184-

               85).

¶ 33          Finally, at oral argument, counsel for Alexus directed this court's attention to In re

Marriage of Diaz, 363 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 845 N.E.2d 935 (2006), in support of her argument that

even after Belleville Toyota, the UCCJEA delineates the circuit court's subject-matter jurisdiction

in child-custody matters. Notably, in Diaz, the parties limited their "jurisdiction" dispute to the

procedural confines of the UCCJEA, specifically, whether Illinois was the minor's "home state"

as defined by the UCCJEA. Id. at 1094, 845 N.E.2d at 938. The appellate court in Diaz found

the circuit court erred in granting the respondent's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction

because, while the minor did not have a "home state," Illinois had jurisdiction based on her

significant contacts with the state under section 201(a)(2) of the UCCJEA. Id. at 1100, 845

N.E.2d at 943. In support of its decision, the Diaz court cited In re D.S., 217 Ill. 2d 306, 840

N.E.2d 1216 (2005).

¶ 34          In D.S., the respondent mother, being afraid that the Department of Children and

Family Services would take custody of her unborn child, attempted to drive from Illinois to

Tennessee when she went into labor. Id. at 309, 840 N.E.2d at 1218. She gave birth in an

Indiana hospital. Id. Our supreme court analyzed whether the respondent's temporary hospital

stay in Indiana was sufficient to confer "home state" jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. Id. at 317,

840 N.E.2d at 1222. The court held the short hospital stay was not sufficient to confer "home

state" jurisdiction on Indiana, and Illinois had jurisdiction based on significant contacts under

section 201(a)(2) of the UCCJEA. Id. at 319, 840 N.E.2d at 1223-24.




                                                 - 17 -
¶ 35          Our decision here is not at odds with either D.S. or Diaz. The issue in those cases

was not whether Illinois circuit courts possessed subject-matter jurisdiction to hear child-custody

cases in the first place, but whether the circuit courts there properly exercised their jurisdiction

within the procedural framework of the UCCJEA.

¶ 36          In summary, because we find the Champaign County circuit court had subject-

matter jurisdiction to hear Joshua's original petition to determine the custody of L.M. in this case,

we vacate the court's March 12, 2014, order finding the February 8, 2010, order void and

dismissing Joshua's original January 15, 2010, petition with prejudice. Accordingly, we need not

determine whether Alexus should otherwise be estopped from attacking the February 2010 order.

Further, because the only issue properly before this court concerns whether the circuit court had

subject-matter jurisdiction to hear Joshua's original custody petition in 2010, we do not address

whether Alexus improperly removed L.M. from the State of Missouri.

¶ 37                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 38           For the reasons stated, we vacate the circuit court's March 12, 2014, order finding

the February 2010 order void and dismissing Joshua's original January 15, 2010, petition with

prejudice.

¶ 39           Order vacated.




                                                  - 18 -
