                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                      FILED
                      ________________________          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             November 29, 2007
                             No. 07-11793                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                       ________________________

                     D. C. Docket No. 05-00234-CR-E

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

TYRONE WHITE,
ADAM FLOYD,


                                                       Defendants-Appellants.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Alabama
                      _________________________

                           (November 29, 2007)

Before BLACK, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Tyrone White and Adam Floyd appeal their convictions for conspiracy and

extortion, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 371, and 1951(a). White also appeals his

convictions for intimidating a witness and corruptly altering or destroying a

recording with the intent to impair its availability for use in an official proceeding,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1512(b)(3) and (c)(1).

                                           I.

      After a joint FBI and Auburn Police Department investigation into possible

improprieties by individual Auburn police officers, agents suspected that Officer

Tyrone White and businessman Adam Floyd had engaged in a scheme to “fix”

traffic tickets for individuals in exchange for payments of hundreds of dollars. On

May 2, 2006, a grand jury returned a third superseding indictment against White

and Floyd charging them with knowingly conspiring to commit extortion affecting

interstate commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (count 1); and aiding and

abetting each other in knowingly committing extortion affecting interstate

commerce through wrongful use and threat of use of fear and under color of

official right in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (counts 2 through

5).

      The grand jury also indicted White with six additional counts of knowingly

committing extortion affecting interstate commerce through the wrongful use and



                                           2
threat of use of fear and under color of official right, in violation of the Hobbs Act,

18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (counts 6 through 12). Count 12 of the indictment alleged that

White had violated the Hobbs Act by extorting Padro Smith. In counts 13 and 14,

the grand jury indicted White with knowingly intimidating and corruptly

persuading Smith in an attempt to hinder or prevent the communication of

information to a law officer, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3) (count 13); and

corruptly altering and destroying a recording containing a conversation between

himself and Smith with the intent to impair the recording’s availability for use in

an official proceeding, in violation of § 1512(c)(1) (count 14).

      At the end of the government’s case-in-chief, the defendants successfully

moved the district court for judgment of acquittal on several counts of the

indictment. The district court granted Floyd’s motion for judgment of acquittal to

the extent that there was no evidence to sustain a conspiracy charge against him

relating to counts 6 through 12. The district court also granted White’s motions for

judgment of acquittal on counts 11 and 12. The defendants did not present any

evidence, and the remaining counts were sent to the jury. The jury found White

guilty of counts 1, 4–9, 10, 13, and 14 of the indictment, and it found Floyd guilty

of counts 1, 4, and 5 and acquitted him of counts 2 and 3. After the jury verdict

was announced, White successfully moved for a judgment of acquittal on counts 6,



                                           3
7, and 10 of the indictment after arguing that there was insufficient evidence to

sustain a conviction for those counts.

      The district court then entered a final judgment of conviction against White

for counts 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, and 14 of the indictment and sentenced him to thirty

months imprisonment. The court also entered a final judgment of conviction

against Floyd for counts 1, 4, and 5 and sentenced him to twenty-one months

imprisonment.

      The defendants make four arguments on appeal: (1) Floyd argues that the

district court erred in instructing the jury that in order to meet the jurisdictional

requirement for the Hobbs Act charges, it was only necessary for the government

to prove that his actions had a “minimal effect” on interstate commerce; (2) both

defendants argue that there was insufficient evidence of an effect on interstate

commerce to support their convictions on the Hobbs Act charges; (3) White argues

that the district court erred by denying his motions for judgment of acquittal on

counts 13 and 14, the witness intimidation and destruction of evidence charges,

because the court granted his motion for judgment of acquittal on the Hobbs Act

violation with respect to that witness; and (4) White argues that his first attorney,

Julian McPhillips, who did not represent him at trial, was constitutionally

ineffective because his actions led the government to charge White with counts 13



                                            4
and 14 of the indictment.

                                          II.

      Floyd contends that the district court erred in instructing the jury that in

order to find him guilty on the Hobbs Act charges, it was only necessary for the

government to prove that his actions had a minimal effect on interstate commerce.

He concedes that Eleventh Circuit law holds that only a minimal effect on

interstate commerce is necessary for a Hobbs Act violation. Floyd argues,

however, that in the district court’s jury instructions the word “minimal” modified

the word “effect” and manipulated the jury, thus violating his due process rights.

Furthermore, according to Floyd, the district court’s use of the word “minimal”

was an incorrect statement of the law and was confusing to the jury.

      This is what the district court instructed the jury about the jurisdictional

requirement of the Hobbs Act:

      While it is not necessary to prove that the defendant specifically
      intended to affect commerce, it is necessary that the government prove
      that the natural consequences of the . . . acts alleged in the indictment
      would be to delay, interrupt, or affect commerce, which means the
      flow of commerce or business activities between a state and any point
      outside of that state. It is only necessary for the government to prove
      a minimal effect on interstate commerce. You are instructed that you
      may find that the requisite effect upon commerce has been proved if
      you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the Auburn Police
      Department lost revenues which would have been used to purchase
      firearms, vehicles, and gasoline.



                                           5
       There is nothing confusing about that instruction. It is consistent with our

decisions in this area of the law and specifically with our holdings that the

“jurisdictional requirement under the Hobbs Act can be met simply by showing

that the offense had a ‘minimal’ effect on commerce.” United States v.

Verbitskaya, 406 F.3d 1324, 1331–32 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted); see also

United States v. Summers, 598 F.2d 450, 454 (5th Cir. 1979)1 (“Cases construing

the Hobbs Act have repeatedly emphasized that the statute’s plain terms outlaw

interference with interstate commerce ‘in any way or degree.’ All that is necessary

is that the impact of the extortion affect interstate commerce to a Minimal degree.”

(citations omitted)).

                                             III.

       Both defendants contend that there was insufficient evidence to convict them

of the conspiracy and substantive Hobbs Act charges because the government

failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the jurisdictional element of the

offenses—that their actions affected interstate commerce. Therefore, according to

the defendants, the district court erred by failing to grant their motions for

judgment of acquittal on counts 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9.


       1
         In our en banc decision Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.
1981), we adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down
prior to October 1, 1981.


                                               6
      We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. United

States v. Futrell, 209 F.3d 1286, 1288 (11th Cir. 2000). The evidence is viewed in

the light most favorable to the government, and we draw “all reasonable inferences

and credibility determinations in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Simpson,

228 F.3d 1294, 1299 (11th Cir. 2000). We will affirm the jury’s verdict “if a

reasonable juror could conclude the evidence establishes [the defendants’] guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th

Cir. 2003).

      “A Hobbs Act conspiracy can be proved by showing a potential impact on

interstate commerce,” Veribitzkaya, 405 F.3d at 1335. To sustain a substantive

Hobbs Act violation, the government must prove an actual effect on commerce.

United States v. Diaz, 248 F.3d 1065, 1084 (11th Cir. 2001). However, “all that is

required is a minimal impact,” id., and a mere “depleting of assets” of a business

engaged in interstate commerce will meet this requirement, United States v.

Rodriquez, 218 F.3d 1243, 1245 (11th Cir. 2000).

      In United States v. Castleberry, 116 F.3d 1384 (11th Cir. 1997), we found

that the government had introduced sufficient evidence of an impact on interstate

commerce to sustain the defendants’ convictions for Hobbs Act violations for their

DUI ticket “fixing” scheme where the government: (1) showed through expert



                                          7
testimony that unprosecuted DUI cases had an economic impact on interstate

commerce; and (2) presented evidence that the defendants’ actions in fixing tickets

for DUI violations had decreased the amount of revenue that went into the City of

Atlanta’s general fund, therefore inhibiting the city’s ability to buy goods that

traveled in interstate commerce. Id. at 1388.

      The government presented evidence that the City of Auburn usually charged

$112 for each speeding ticket issued. Moreover, the government showed that

money collected from traffic fines and court costs went into the city’s general fund,

which was used to buy firearms, city automobiles, gasoline, and police cruisers.

The government also presented evidence that many of these goods that the city

purchased traveled in interstate commerce. City Treasurer Andrea Jackson stated

that any decrease in the general fund, even a $500 reduction in fines due to

uncollected tickets, would impair the city’s ability to purchase out-of-state goods.

      Because the evidence demonstrated that any uncollected fine could result in

a decrease in the city’s ability to purchase out-of-state goods, the government

clearly introduced sufficient evidence that the defendants’ actions had a potential

effect on interstate commerce. This is all that is required to sustain their

conspiracy convictions under count 1. See Veribitzkaya, 405 F.3d at 1335. The

government also presented sufficient evidence showing that there was an actual



                                           8
impact on interstate commerce, as required for the substantive Hobbs Act charges

in counts 4, 5, 8, and 9.

      Floyd and White were both convicted of the substantive Hobbs Act

violations involving Recco Cobb (count 4) and Jamillah McCray (count 5). With

respect to count 4, the government presented evidence that Cobb paid Floyd $900

to have a fleeing and eluding ticket dismissed, and eventually Floyd had White get

the ticket dismissed. Although Cobb testified that as a result of the defendants’

actions, he did not have to go to city hall to pay a fine for the fleeing and eluding

ticket, the government provided no evidence of the specific monetary fine

associated with Cobb’s offense. Nevertheless, viewing the evidence in a light

favorable to the government, a jury reasonably could have inferred from Cobb’s

statement that as a result of the defendants’ actions in getting the ticket dismissed,

he did not have to go to city hall to pay a fine that such an offense would otherwise

have resulted in the payment of a monetary fine.

      Regarding count 5, the government presented evidence that Floyd offered to

pay McCray’s speeding ticket and that he later had White approach another officer

who agreed to dismiss the ticket. The evidence showed that after the ticket was

nolle prossed, the court ordered that no fines or costs be imposed. As we

mentioned earlier, the government presented evidence that the city ordinarily



                                           9
would have collected $112 from the ticket.

      White was additionally convicted of the substantive Hobbs Act violations

involving Daniel Todd (count eight) and Elhadji Ka (count nine). With respect to

count 8, the government presented evidence that, after receiving payment from

Todd, White had an officer nolle pross Todd’s speeding ticket, which otherwise

would have resulted in a $112 fine. Regarding count 9, the government showed

that, after receiving payment from Ka, White had his speeding ticket dismissed,

which, again, would otherwise have resulted in a $112 fine.

      Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the government, a juror

reasonably could have inferred that without the defendants’ interference, the city

would have collected a fine or court fee, or both, as a result of each dismissed

ticket. The defendants’ actions in getting the tickets dismissed without the

imposition of any costs or fines depleted the city’s assets and hindered its ability to

purchase out-of-state goods, albeit not by a large amount. Although the

government did not have an expert witness testify about the economic impact of

unprosecuted tickets, as it did in Castleberry, 116 F.3d at 1388, the government

did present sufficient evidence that the tickets “fixed” by White and Floyd depleted

the city’s ability to purchase goods that traveled in interstate commerce.

Therefore, the government produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to



                                           10
conclude that the defendants’ ticket “fixing” scheme minimally affected interstate

commerce as required for the Hobbs Act conspiracy and substantive counts. See

Rodriquez, 218 F.3d at 1245 (concluding that the depletion of $2,090 of assets of a

hotel engaged in interstate commerce will meet the jurisdictional requirement of

the Hobbs Act); United States v. Guerra, 164 F.3d 1358, 1361 (11th Cir. 1999)

(holding that robbery of $300 from a gas station that sold out-of-state fuels was

sufficient to meet the jurisdictional requirement of the Hobbs Act where the station

had to shut down for two hours for the investigation and lost business over the next

several days).

                                         IV.

      White contends that because the district court granted his motion for

judgment of acquittal on count 12, the substantive Hobbs Act charge related to

extorting Smith, it could not have found him guilty of count 13, intimidating Smith

as a witness in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3). Furthermore, according to

White, since the district count granted his motion for judgment of acquittal on

count 12, Smith was not a witness to any crime, and therefore count 14 should

have been dismissed because the audio evidence of any alleged intimidation of

Smith was irrelevant.

      As to the first contention, in order to prove witness intimidation, in violation



                                          11
of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3), the government must establish beyond a reasonable

doubt that the defendant knowingly and willfully: (1) used intimidation, threats, or

corrupt persuasion towards another person; (2) with the intent to hinder, delay or

prevent the communication of information to a federal law enforcement officer or

federal judge; (3) about the commission or the possible commission of a federal

crime. See 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(3). We have stated that “[b]y its wording,

§ 1512(b)(3) does not depend on the existence or imminency of a federal case or

investigation but rather on the possible existence of a federal crime and a

defendant’s intention to thwart an inquiry into that crime.” United States v. Veal,

153 F.3d 1233, 1250 (11th Cir. 1998).

      The government presented sufficient evidence to convict White of violating

§ 1512(b)(3). The government’s evidence showed that White had recorded himself

yelling at Padro Smith and accusing Smith of wearing a wire. Furthermore, White

told Smith to tell authorities that he did not pay White money to fix traffic tickets,

and he also told Smith that he knew where he and his mother lived. The evidence

was that Smith sounded scared during the conversation.

      Based on this evidence, a reasonable juror could have concluded that White

intimidated Smith and urged him to present false information to federal

investigators about White’s possible Hobbs Act violations. Section 1512(b)(3)

does not require that a defendant be convicted of the underlying crime, but only



                                           12
that the individual intend to hinder the investigation of a possible crime, see Veal,

153 F.3d at 1250, which a reasonable juror could conclude is exactly what White

intended to do here.

      White’s next contention is that since the district court granted his motion for

judgment of acquittal on count 12, the substantive Hobbs Act violation involving

Smith, it should have dismissed count 14, the destruction of evidence charge,

because there was no crime for Smith to have witnessed, which means that the

recording of their conversation was irrelevant. To prove that the defendant

improperly destroyed or altered evidence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(1),

the government must prove that the person corruptly altered, destroyed, or

concealed an object “with the intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability

for use in an official proceeding.” Although the district court did ultimately grant

White a judgment of acquittal on the Hobbs Act charge in count 12, the witness

intimidation charge in count 13 was still pending, and Smith—the subject of that

charge—was clearly a witness to it.

      The contents of the audio recording were directly relevant to whether White

had intimidated Smith. In fact, one of the FBI agents who had been present at a

meeting where the digital recording was played testified that after it was played,

White’s attorney, Julian McPhillips, stated that he could see how a jury might

consider White’s conduct, as revealed in that recording, to be witness intimidation.



                                          13
      There is no support for White’s position that it is not a crime to intimidate a

witness to a pending charge if the charge is later dismissed. Accepting that

position would only encourage witness intimidation.

                                          V.

      Finally, White contends for the first time on appeal that the attorney who

initially represented him, Julian McPhillips, provided ineffective assistance of

counsel, in violation of the Sixth Amendment, because McPhillips’ actions

allegedly led the government to charge White with counts 13 and 14 of the

indictment, the witness intimidation and destruction of evidence charges. We

generally do not consider ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct appeal

because the record is insufficiently developed. United States v. Andrews, 953 F.2d

1312, 1327 (11th Cir. 1992). Instead, “[s]uch cases are usually resolved

post-appeal in a habeas corpus proceeding, where an evidentiary hearing may be

held.” Id. Because White did not raise this claim before the district court, there

was no opportunity to develop a record relevant to it even if the district court had

been so inclined. Therefore, we will not consider this claim here.

      AFFIRMED.




                                          14
