                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         AUG 2 2019
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.    18-30108

                Plaintiff-Appellee,              D.C. No.
                                                 2:17-cr-00137-JLR-1
 v.

RICHARD THOMAS ZIESKE, AKA                       MEMORANDUM*
Richard Zieske,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Western District of Washington
                     James L. Robart, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 12, 2019
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: BOGGS,** BERZON, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

      1. The government’s introduction of evidence concerning the Tae Lee

scheme did not constitute a variance from the indictment. A variance occurs when

the trial evidence “enabled the jury to base a finding of guilt on a fact other than



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
                                                                         Page 2 of 5

the element stated in the indictment.” United States v. Bhagat, 436 F.3d 1140,

1147 (9th Cir. 2006). The evidence regarding Lee, even if it fell outside the wire-

fraud scheme charged in the indictment, did not provide factual support for the

charged offenses. Each of the wire-fraud counts was predicated on conduct

involving victim Roy Bala that occurred before Richard Zieske ever approached

Lee for money. Evidence concerning the Lee scheme thus did not give the jury an

alternative, uncharged factual basis on which to convict Zieske of the charged

offenses.

      2. We need not decide whether evidence concerning the Lee scheme was

admissible as direct evidence of the charged offenses or as evidence of fraudulent

intent under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). Even if the evidence should have

been excluded, the other evidence introduced at trial—including Bala’s extensive

testimony and the many financial records of Zieske’s expenditures, prospectuses,

and bank accounts—provided overwhelming evidence of guilt. See United States

v. Lloyd, 807 F.3d 1128, 1168 (9th Cir. 2015). Any error in admitting evidence of

the Lee scheme was harmless.

      3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Zieske’s 2005

plea agreement as direct evidence of the charged offenses. To prove wire fraud,

the government was required to show that Zieske intentionally made materially

false representations to Bala, which included misstatements about Zieske’s
                                                                         Page 3 of 5

criminal history and investment experience. The factual recitation in the plea

agreement was relevant to showing that Zieske had not, as he told Bala, “[taken] a

fall for some people,” but had instead personally orchestrated a large-scale fraud

scheme, thereby rendering his statements deliberately misleading. Contrary to

Zieske’s contention, admitting the fact of conviction alone would not have been

adequate for these purposes. Bala conceded at trial that Zieske had vaguely

acknowledged a prior conviction, but Bala testified that had he known the specifics

underlying that conviction he would never have invested with Zieske. The

specifics themselves were therefore necessary to show what Zieske omitted.

      4. Zieske’s challenges to the length of his sentence are without merit. First,

the district court properly calculated the loss amount. Although Zieske lost some

of Bala’s money in the stock market, those losses were correctly included in the

loss calculation. But for Zieske’s fraudulent conduct, Bala would not have

invested his money with Zieske in the first place. See Lloyd, 807 F.3d at 1177.

The money Zieske took from Lee was also correctly included in the loss

calculation, since it was “part of the same course of conduct” as the wire-fraud

scheme. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); see id. cmt. n.5(B)(ii). Even if defrauding Lee

involved a separate scheme not charged in the indictment, it was very close in time

to the Bala fraud, involved a victim Zieske met at the same dojo, and was

motivated by the same purpose—to collect cash. See United States v. Armstead,
                                                                          Page 4 of 5

552 F.3d 769, 778–79 (9th Cir. 2008).

      Second, the district court properly imposed the sophisticated-means and

vulnerable-victim enhancements. Zieske’s scheme involved creating deceptive

bank-account names, United States v. Jennings, 711 F.3d 1144, 1145 (9th Cir.

2013), using several different accounts, United States v. Horob, 735 F.3d 866, 872

(9th Cir. 2013), and manufacturing false documents, United States v. Tanke, 743

F.3d 1296, 1307 (9th Cir. 2014). We have held that each of these actions can

support a sophisticated-means enhancement. As for the vulnerable-victim

enhancement, which we review only for plain error, it may be imposed when a

victim is targeted because of a known susceptibility. See U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1.

Financial vulnerability, when acute and reasonably known to the perpetrator,

qualifies. United States v. Peters, 962 F.2d 1410, 1417–18 (9th Cir. 1992). Here,

Zieske knew that Bala was no longer able to work and struggling to make ends

meet with the limited savings he had left in his retirement account. This fact made

Bala an easy mark, and it qualifies him as a vulnerable victim.

      Third, the 72-month sentence Zieske received for his fraud convictions is

substantively reasonable. The sentence falls within the correctly calculated

guidelines range, which is typically reasonable. United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d

984, 994 (9th Cir. 2008). Zieske’s sole contention is that the district court should

have granted him a downward variance to reflect the restitution he had already
                                                                            Page 5 of 5

paid. Although Zieske had indeed made some payments to Bala, those payments

were by no means exceptional enough to require the court to grant a downward

variance. See U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0(d)(5) (policy statement); see also United States v.

Berlier, 948 F.2d 1093, 1095–96 (9th Cir. 1991) (vacating variance granted for full

restitution), overruled on other grounds by Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81

(1996).

      5. The district court did, however, err in requiring Zieske to pay restitution

to Lee. The government conceded that a court may order the payment of

restitution only to victims who are “harmed by the defendant’s criminal conduct in

the course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern” charged in the indictment. 18

U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2). The government charged Zieske with a scheme whose

essence was to entice investors to “invest the[ir] money in securities.” The

indictment’s reference to “other investors” must be read in the context of the

scheme’s description, which fundamentally charges a securities scheme. The

scheme targeting Lee involved an investment in Zieske’s lighting business and was

not part of the fraudulent activity charged in the indictment. We therefore vacate

the portion of Zieske’s sentence requiring him to pay restitution to Lee.

      AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part.
