In the Supreme Court of Georgia


                                           Decided: July 6, 2015


                        S15A0244. STEIS v. STEIS.

      NAHMIAS, Justice.

      Ronald G. Steis, M.D. (Husband) and Jane Leslie Steis (Wife) married in

2000 and are currently going through a divorce. Husband filed a motion for

partial summary judgment seeking a ruling that certain property acquired during

the marriage is his separate property under the terms of the parties’ prenuptial

agreement, and thus is not subject to equitable division. Specifically, Husband

claimed as his separate property his salary from employment as an oncologist

earned during the marriage and the parties’ jointly titled bank accounts,

investment accounts, and real property, all of which he asserts were acquired

with his salary. The trial court denied Husband’s motion, and we granted his

application for an interlocutory appeal. We now affirm.

      1.    Prior to the marriage, both parties worked for Atlanta Cancer

Center, P.C. (ACC), Husband as an oncologist and Wife in an administrative
capacity. Husband also owned a 9% interest in ACC.1 On September 14, 2000,

two days before their wedding, the parties signed a lengthy prenuptial

agreement, which the parties agree is valid and enforceable.

       The agreement recited that both parties had been married before and

already had children; acknowledged a disparity in their relative wealth; and said

that they desired to retain all their current and future separate property free from

any claim by the other spouse resulting from their upcoming marriage and any

subsequent divorce. Paragraph 4 (a) (1) of the agreement said, “All Separate

Property of each party shall remain the sole and exclusive property of such party

and will not be subject to division or distribution upon divorce, legal separation

or annulment.” Paragraph 3 (b), entitled “Definition of Separate Property,” said

that for purposes of the prenuptial agreement, “Separate Property” shall mean

as to each party:

       (i)     all property owned by such party prior to the marriage,
               however acquired, and brought into the marriage, and any
               property received by either party at any time by inheritance,
               beque[st], or gift;

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          Husband sold his interest in ACC for more than $800,000 shortly after Wife filed for
divorce, placing the proceeds in an account in his individual name. Wife does not dispute that
Husband’s 9% interest in ACC was his separate property and that the proceeds from the sale are his
separate property.

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       (ii)  all property which represents the proceeds (direct or indirect)
             of any sale, exchange, disposition, transfer, reinvestment or
             other transmutation of any property described in [this
             subparagraph];
       (iii) all dividends, interest, rents, royalties, earnings, or other
             income of any kind from any property described in [this
             subparagraph]; and
       (iv) all enhancement and appreciation in the value of any property
             described in [this subparagraph], including capital gains,
             regardless of how or when such appreciation accrues or is
             realized, but specifically excluding contributions to said
             property made during the marriage from sources other than
             [Husband’s] or [Wife’s] Separate Property.

       The agreement also recited that Husband and Wife had disclosed to each

other “the nature and extent of their various property interests and debts and

their respective sources of income, and each has attached hereto a true and

correct copy of his or her current, accurate financial statement.” Husband’s

“Financial Statement,” which was attached to the agreement as Exhibit A, listed

a house, two vehicles, several bank and retirement accounts, and “investments,”

with a total value of $860,479; an “[a]pproximate current yearly income” of

$550,000; and a “[m]edical practice” of unspecified value.2 Wife’s “Financial

Statement,” which was attached as Exhibit B, listed a $125,000 townhouse and

       2
         The following disclaimer appeared underneath the words “[m]edical practice”: “If this has
any value, it is of uncertain value, and [Wife] expressly waives any claims she could assert because
of any inaccuracy or uncertainty in this statement of value of [Husband’s] medical practice.”

                                                 3
other assets with a total value of approximately $55,000. In Paragraph 2 (a), the

agreement explained:

      [Wife] acknowledges that the major assets owned by [Husband] or
      in which [Husband] has a contingent interest, the significant
      liabilities owed by [him], and the primary sources of [his] income
      on the date of execution of this Agreement have been fully
      disclosed to her (as reflected on [his] financial statement, dated as
      of September 2000, attached hereto as Exhibit “A” and hereby made
      a part hereof). [Wife] further acknowledges that such assets
      constitute [Husband’s] present Separate Property as hereinafter
      defined, that she has given thought and consideration to the impact
      on her of releasing any rights she might hereafter acquire in [his]
      present or future Separate Property as a result of their marriage, and
      that she is entering into this Agreement freely and with a full
      understanding of its provisions. [Wife] further acknowledges she
      has seen [Husband’s] tax return for 1999, bank statements and all
      other documents she has requested.

      After the wedding, Wife left her employment with ACC and worked both

in and out of the home, assisting with Husband’s medical practice and the

management of their assets. The bulk of the parties’ income during the marriage

consisted of Husband’s salary from ACC, which was reflected in his W-2 forms

as wages or salary. Husband’s salary increased substantially during the

marriage and far exceeded the parties’ living expenses. The excess sums were

deposited into more than a dozen checking, retirement, and brokerage accounts,

used to purchase certificates of deposit and annuities, and invested in real estate

                                        4
and vehicles. Most of these assets were jointly titled, and their total value

exceeds $5 million.

      On October 24, 2012, Wife filed a petition for divorce. Husband filed an

answer and counterclaim. Wife later filed a motion to enforce the prenuptial

agreement, and Husband responded that he had no objection to that. Following

discovery, Husband filed a motion for partial summary judgment on January 21,

2014. Husband claimed that all property created during the marriage was

derived from two sources – the assets listed in Exhibit A to the prenuptial

agreement and his salary from his medical practice – all of which, he asserted,

the agreement classified as his “Separate Property” not subject to equitable

division in the event of divorce.

      On June 26, 2014, the trial court denied Husband’s motion. The court

ruled that, upon consideration of the prenuptial agreement as a whole,

Husband’s personal income from the medical practice, as opposed to any

passive income from his 9% ownership interest in the practice, was not his

Separate Property but instead was marital property. The court added that even

under Husband’s interpretation of the agreement, there would be genuine issues

of material fact as to how much of his salary was his Separate Property. The

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court ruled that the jointly titled assets purchased with Husband’s salary, which

the court had said was marital property, were also marital property. The court

also held that even if Husband’s salary were not marital property, there would

be genuine issues of material fact as to whether some or all of the jointly titled

assets were intended as gifts to the marital unit. The court issued Husband a

certificate of immediate review, we granted his application for an interlocutory

appeal, and he filed a timely notice of appeal.

      2.    Husband contends that the trial court erred in holding that his

personal income from ACC, as opposed to the passive income from his 9%

ownership interest in the medical practice, was not his Separate Property under

the prenuptial agreement, because the agreement identifies his annual salary as

his Separate Property by listing it in Exhibit A and because Paragraph 3 (b)’s

definition of “Separate Property” includes “all dividends, interest, rents,

royalties, earnings, or other income of any kind from any property described in”

that subparagraph, including Husband’s interest in ACC. We disagree.

      When the prenuptial agreement is read as a whole, and in the legal context

of prenuptial agreements, it becomes clear that Exhibit A is not an exhaustive

list of Husband’s Separate Property developed in relation to Paragraph 3 (b) (i)

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of the agreement, which defines each party’s “Separate Property” to include “all

property owned by such party prior to the marriage.” The agreement first refers

to Exhibit A in the recitals, in connection with the parties’ disclosure to each

other of “the nature and extent of their respective [1] property interests and [2]

debts and their respective [3] sources of income.” Paragraph 2 (a) then says that

Exhibit A reflects [1] the “major assets” owned by Husband or in which he has

an interest, [2] his “significant liabilities,” and [3] “the primary sources of [his]

income on the date of execution” of the prenuptial agreement. Thus, like the

recital, Exhibit A is not limited to “property owned by [Husband] prior to the

marriage” – i.e., his assets – because it may include two other categories of

financial information – his debts and his income sources. Indeed, Exhibit A

does not purport to list all of Husband’s premarital assets, only the “major” ones

(and only his “significant” liabilities and “primary” sources of income).

      Husband focuses on the sentence in Paragraph 2 (a) which says that Wife

“acknowledges that such assets constitute [Husband’s] present Separate

Property.” That sentence makes clear that those assets – the “major assets”

referred to in the preceding sentence and reflected in Exhibit A – are Husband’s

Separate Property. But his “income” – a word used separately from the word

                                         7
“assets” in the preceding sentence – is plainly something different than his

assets. Likewise, in ordinary English, Husband’s “sources of income” would

not be congruent with the “property” owned by Husband prior to the marriage,

as Separate Property is defined in Paragraph 3 (b) (i). To the extent that income

exceeds expenses, it may be used to purchase assets, or the money earned may

be retained as a liquid asset, but income itself is not in normal parlance an asset

or property.

      Moreover, Exhibit A is not entitled “Separate Property,” but rather

“Financial Statement.” And in its legal context as a part of a prenuptial

agreement, Exhibit A and the paragraphs of the agreement that reference it

appear to be intended to provide the financial disclosure, not only of significant

assets but also of liabilities and income, that is required to ensure that such an

agreement will be enforceable. Georgia law “imposes an affirmative duty of full

and fair disclosure of all material facts on parties entering into an antenuptial

agreement,” Blige v. Blige, 283 Ga. 65, 68 (656 SE2d 822) (2008), and a

spouse’s failure to disclose his income prior to execution of such an agreement

may make the agreement unenforceable in the event of a divorce. See, e.g.,

Corbett v. Corbett, 280 Ga. 369, 370 (628 SE2d 585) (2006) (upholding a trial

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court’s refusal to enforce an antenuptial agreement based on a finding that a

spouse “failed to disclose his income,” which was “material to the antenuptial

agreement”). “[A]ttaching to the antenuptial agreement financial statements

showing both parties’ assets, liabilities, and income, while not necessary, ‘is the

most effective method of satisfying the [disclosure] obligation in most

circumstances . . . .’” Lawrence v. Lawrence, 286 Ga. 309, 313 (687 SE2d 421)

(2009) (emphasis added; citation omitted)).

       Thus, the trial court properly rejected Husband’s argument that the listing

in Exhibit A of his “[a]pproximate current yearly income” of $550,000 made all

salary that Husband earned during the subsequent marriage his Separate

Property under the parties’ prenuptial agreement. That item was simply a

disclosure of his approximate annual income at the time the agreement was

entered.3

       Husband also claims that his salary from ACC qualifies as Separate

Property under Paragraph 3 (b) (iii) of the agreement, which says that “income

of any kind from any [Separate Property]” is itself Separate Property. Wife does


       3
          To the extent that the trial court referred to the listing of Husband’s income as an “asset,”
that ruling was erroneous.

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not dispute that Husband’s 9% interest in ACC, which he owned prior to the

marriage, was his Separate Property under Paragraph 3 (b) (i). However,

Husband’s W-2 salary from ACC as an employee of the corporation, like Wife’s

salary from ACC prior to the marriage, was an expense of the business, and thus

not income to its owners, including Husband in his capacity as a shareholder.

Moreover, even if Husband’s salary did constitute “other income” derived from

his ownership interest in ACC within the meaning of Paragraph 3 (b) (iii),

nothing in the record shows that his salary was paid exclusively from his 9%

ownership interest.     Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied partial

summary judgment on Husband’s claim that his salary earned during the

marriage was his Separate Property.

      3.    Husband also contends that the trial court erred in denying him

partial summary judgment on his claim that the parties’ jointly titled assets are

his Separate Property. The jointly titled assets were acquired at least in part

with Husband’s salary, and as just explained in Division 2, there is at least a

genuine issue of fact as to whether Husband’s salary was marital property or his

Separate Property. It follows that there also is at least a genuine issue of fact as

to whether the jointly titled property acquired with his salary was marital

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property subject to equitable division. See Newman v. Patton, 286 Ga. 805, 806

(692 SE2d 322) (2010) (holding that property is marital and “subject to

equitable division if it is acquired as a direct result of the labor and investments

of the parties during the marriage” (citation and punctuation omitted)).4

       In any event, there is also a factual dispute about whether the joint titling

was intended to create marital property. Paragraph 4 (b) (2) of the agreement

reserved to both parties the “unqualified right” to dispose of their Separate

Property in any manner that they chose, including “by joint ownership of

property with right of survivorship, or otherwise,” and Paragraph 15 of the

agreement, entitled “Gifts,” says that “[n]othing contained in this Agreement

shall be construed to preclude either [party] from receiving and enjoying the

benefit of any provisions the other shall voluntarily make, whether by gift . . .

or otherwise, for her or him.” See Shaw v. Shaw, 290 Ga. 354, 354 (720 SE2d

614) (2012) (“[S]eparate property [of one spouse] . . . may be converted into a

marital asset by . . . transferring full, partial, or joint ownership in the property


       4
           Paragraph 4 (a) (3) of the agreement, under the heading “Marital Property Divided
Equally,” says that in the event of divorce, “except as otherwise provided herein, [the parties] shall
divide equally all property acquired during the marriage regardless how the property is titled which
is not the Separate Property of either party as defined herein.”

                                                 11
to [the other] spouse.”); Coe v. Coe, 285 Ga. 863, 864 (684 SE2d 598) (2009)

(“[A] a spouse can make a gift of non-marital property to the marital unit, which

transforms the separate property into marital property, subject to equitable

division.”).

      Husband denied making any gifts to the marriage by jointly titling assets,

but Wife submitted an affidavit stating that the parties “agreed . . . that all assets

acquired during the marriage were for us to share as a couple” and to that end

they “acquired many assets” that were “deliberately titled in both of our names,”

which she then managed. These competing affidavits create a factual dispute

precluding summary judgment in Husband’s favor on this issue. In addition,

and even assuming arguendo that Husband’s salary was his Separate Property,

the joint titling of assets purchased with his salary qualifies as evidence of his

intent to transform that Separate Property into marital property. See Shaw, 290

Ga. at 355. See also Grissom v. Grissom, 282 Ga. 267, 269 (647 SE2d 1)

(2007) (holding that a husband’s transfer of separate property to himself and his

wife jointly manifested an intent to transform the separate property into marital

property), disapproved on other grounds by Thompson v. Thompson, 288 Ga.

4 (700 SE2d 569) (2010); Lerch v. Lerch, 278 Ga. 885, 886 n.3 (608 SE2d 223)

                                         12
(2005) (holding that a gift from a spouse to himself and the other spouse raises

a presumption that the property qualifies as marital).

      Husband contends that Paragraph 3 (f) of the prenuptial agreement

precludes any inference of donative intent from the joint titling of assets

acquired during the marriage. Paragraph 3 (f) says:

      Record Keeping. Each party shall attempt in good faith to maintain
      her or his Separate Property separately from her or his other assets
      and to make a reasonable and good faith effort to maintain records
      so as to facilitate the determination of what constitutes the Separate
      Property of each party. In the event of a dispute as to whether
      property constitutes Separate Property, the party asserting that such
      property is not Separate Property shall have the burden of proof.

Husband relies on the second sentence of this paragraph, which does specify that

Wife has the ultimate burden of proof to show that the jointly titled assets are

marital and not Husband’s separate property. Which party bears the burden of

proof on an issue at trial, however, does not dictate whether a rebuttable legal

presumption may be drawn from certain evidence, precluding summary

judgment on the issue. See Lerch, 278 Ga. at 886 n.3. Moreover, the first

sentence of Paragraph 3 (f) obligates the parties to try in good faith to avoid

commingling their Separate Property with marital property, which undercuts

Husband’s assertion that despite the joint titling, he intended the multiple assets

                                        13
in question to remain his Separate Property, and Wife’s affidavit further adds to

the factual dispute on this issue.

      The question before us is not which party will prevail at trial on whether

the jointly titled assets are marital property or Husband’s Separate Property, or

even whether Wife is entitled to summary judgment on any issue. We decide

only whether the trial court properly denied Husband’s motion for partial

summary judgment. See BAC Home Loans Servicing, L.P. v. Wedereit, Case

No. S14G1862 (decided June 15, 2015). Because the trial court properly denied

Husband’s motion, we affirm.

      Judgment affirmed. Thompson, C.J., Hines, P.J., Benham, Hunstein,

Blackwell, JJ., and Judge Anne Elizabeth Barnes concur. Melton, J., not

participating.




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