                           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 16a0191p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


 CLARENCE S. BERRY,                                       ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                          │
                                                          │
        v.                                                 >      No. 15-6316
                                                          │
                                                          │
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,                       │
                           Defendant-Appellee.            │
                                                          ┘
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Kentucky at Paducah.
                       5:14-cv-00228—Gregory N. Stivers, District Judge.

                                      Argued: June 15, 2016

                               Decided and Filed: August 11, 2016

                 Before: GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ARGUED: D. Sean Nilsen, FURMAN & NILSEN, PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant.
Terry M. Cushing, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Louisville, Kentucky, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: D. Sean Nilsen, FURMAN & NILSEN, PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky,
for Appellant. Monica Wheatley, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Louisville,
Kentucky, for Appellee.
                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. The Administrative Procedure Act authorizes judicial review of
“final agency action,” subject to certain limitations. One of those limitations applies to decisions
“committed to agency discretion by law.” Plaintiff Clarence Berry challenges the Department of




                                                 1
No. 15-6316                   Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                        Page 2


Labor’s refusal to reopen his claim for compensation benefits based on new evidence. The
Department contends the APA does not authorize judicial review of such decisions, both because
they are not a “final agency action” and because they are “committed to agency discretion by
law.” We disagree on both points. The decision not to reopen Berry’s claim for benefits based
on new evidence satisfies the Supreme Court’s litmus test for “final agency action,” and it is not
the type of decision the Supreme Court has recognized as being “committed to agency discretion
by law.” However, we nonetheless conclude that the district court properly dismissed plaintiff’s
complaint because his reopening request was not actually based on new evidence. It instead
alleged a material error in the agency’s initial decision. That distinction is critical because, under
Supreme Court precedent, reopening requests based on material error are “committed to agency
discretion by law” and therefore unreviewable. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.

                                                  I.

        In 2000, Congress enacted the little-known Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7384 et seq. (“EEOICPA” or “the Act”). The purpose
of the Act was to provide compensation and other services to current and former U.S.
Department of Energy (“DOE”) employees and contractors (or their survivors) who developed
illnesses relating to exposure to ultra-hazardous substances at DOE sites. See 42 U.S.C. § 7384.
In its current form, the Act establishes two compensation programs, creatively referred to as
“Part B” and “Part E” for their placement in the statutory taxonomy. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 7384l–
7384w-1 (Part B) & §§ 7385s–7385s-16 (Part E). This case involves a claim under Part B.

        Under Part B, a “covered employee” (or his or her survivor) is entitled to a lump sum
payment of $150,000 “for the disability or death of that employee from that employee’s
occupational illness.” 42 U.S.C. § 7384s(a)(1). To claim benefits under Part B, a person must
file a claim with the Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP), submitting evidence
verifying employment at a “DOE facility,” as well as a recognized occupational illness. See,
e.g., 20 C.F.R. § 30.205. The adjudication process culminates in a final decision by the Final
Adjudication Branch (FAB), 20 C.F.R. §§ 30.300, 30.316, which the claimant has an opportunity
to challenge in federal court, 20 C.F.R. § 30.319(d).
No. 15-6316                  Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                       Page 3


       Pertinent here, the process also allows for reopening of claims. See 20 C.F.R. § 30.320.
A claimant may request to reopen his or her claim “[a]t any time after the FAB has issued a final
decision” by submitting “new evidence of either covered employment or exposure to a toxic
substance” or identifying a change in the medical guidelines. Id. § 30.320(b); see also id.
§ 30.320(a) (authorizing the Director of the compensation program to reopen a claim at any
time). The Director must then determine whether the new evidence “is material to the claim.”
Id. § 30.320(b)(1). If so, the Director will reopen the claim and return it to the OWCP for a new
recommended decision. Id. The regulations provide that “[t]he decision whether or not to
reopen a claim under this section is solely within the discretion of the Director . . . and is not
reviewable.” Id. § 30.320(c).

                                                II.

       Plaintiff Clarence Berry is the son of Leslie Berry, Jr. In the early 1950s, Leslie worked
for various construction subcontractors, including installing insulation for the Breiding Insulation
Company between October and December 1952. During that time, Breiding did subcontracting
work at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Everyone agrees the Paducah Plant is a “DOE
facility” within the meaning of the Act.       Less clear, however, is whether Leslie actually
performed work at the Paducah Plant. Breiding’s employment records were destroyed in a fire.
And the local Insulators Union has no record of Leslie’s work history because he was not a
member of that union; he worked on a temporary permit and, according to the union, “records
were not kept on the temporary workers.” As a result, there are no records of the specific job
sites on which Leslie performed work for Breiding in 1952.

       Fast-forward fifty years. Leslie died in 1995. Five years later, Congress passed the
EEOICPA. Three years after that, on December 12, 2003, Leslie’s son, Clarence Berry, filed a
claim under Part B of the EEOICPA, seeking compensation as a survivor of a “covered
beryllium employee.” See 42 U.S.C. § 7384l(1)(A). Berry submitted his father’s medical
records and employment history information, including a Social Security Administration record
identifying Leslie’s employers during the relevant time period. After investigating the claim, the
OWCP determined it could not verify Leslie’s employment at a DOE facility. It recommended
Berry’s claim be denied because he failed to “establish[] that Leslie A. Berry, Jr., was a covered
No. 15-6316                  Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                      Page 4


employee, by providing the employment evidence required to establish that he worked at a
covered DOE facility.” On September 2, 2004, the FAB accepted the recommendation and
denied Berry’s claim.

       Berry did not ask the Department to reconsider its denial or seek judicial review of the
agency’s decision. Instead, ten years later, on July 2, 2014, Berry filed a request to reopen his
claim under 20 C.F.R. § 30.320. He contended that new employment evidence confirmed that
Leslie was employed by Breiding at the Paducah Plant. Here is how Berry explained this “new
evidence”:

       Mr. Leslie Berry was employed by Breiding/Breeding Insulation from October
       1952 – December 1952 (attached statement of social security earnings). Breeding
       Insulation held a contract with Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant from July 1952 –
       October 1953 (attached Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant sub-contractor list).

       When Mr. Berry’s employment verification was researched by CPWR [the Center
       for Protection of Worker’s Rights] it was found that Breiding Insulation records
       were destroyed in a fire. Mr. Berry belonged to Cement Masons Local 125 but
       worked on a permit through the Insulators Local. Because he was not a member
       of the Insulators Union, records are unavailable (attached CPWR research
       results).

       On October 29, 2014, the Director denied the reopening request because “[a] review of
the records submitted . . . [found] the documents [were] duplicate to evidence already reviewed
and considered in the final decision of September 2, 2004.”

       Berry then filed this suit, challenging the Department’s decision denying his request to
reopen. The Department moved to dismiss the case, arguing that plaintiff failed to state a claim
under the APA “because [the refusal to reopen] is not a ‘final agency action’ pursuant to
5 U.S.C. § 704.” The district court granted the Department’s motion, dismissing plaintiff’s
complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because the Department’s refusal to reopen was
not the type of agency action subject to judicial review under the APA. Plaintiff appeals.

                                               III.

       This court has appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The district court had
subject-matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. See Reno v. Catholic Soc. Servs., Inc.,
No. 15-6316                    Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                         Page 5


509 U.S. 43, 56 (1993) (stating that “28 U.S.C. § 1331 . . . confers jurisdiction on federal courts
to review agency action” (quotation marks and brackets omitted)). To the extent the district
court granted the Department’s motion to dismiss on lack-of-jurisdiction grounds, it was
mistaken. See Jama v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 760 F.3d 490, 494 (6th Cir. 2014). The
Department’s challenge to the availability of judicial review under the APA is properly analyzed
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and whether plaintiff has stated a valid claim for
relief. Id. at 494 n.4 & 495. The district court’s procedural error is ultimately harmless because
“nothing in [its] analysis . . . turned on the mistake, [and] a remand would only require a new
Rule 12(b)(6) label for the same Rule 12(b)(1) conclusion.” Morrison v. Nat’l Australia Bank
Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 254 (2010).

       We review de novo a district court’s order dismissing a claim for failure to state a claim.
Jama, 760 F.3d at 494. In reviewing a motion based on Rule 12(b)(6), “we accept all allegations
in the complaint as true and determine whether the allegations plausibly state a claim for relief.”
Roberts v. Hamer, 655 F.3d 578, 581 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
same de novo standard of review applies to questions of statutory interpretation. Id. at 582.

                                                  IV.

       The question presented—whether the Department’s decision not to reopen Berry’s claim
is subject to judicial review—is one of first impression, at least as it pertains to the EEOICPA.
But the framework for our analysis is well-defined. The APA authorizes aggrieved individuals
to seek judicial review of agency decisions, subject to certain conditions. 5 U.S.C. § 702. First,
the challenged action must be “made reviewable by statute” or be a “final agency action for
which there is no other adequate remedy in a court.” 5 U.S.C. § 704. And, second, the action
must not be precluded from judicial review by statute, 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1), or be “committed to
agency discretion by law,” § 701(a)(2). The Department argues that its refusal to reopen a Part B
claim fails both conditions, contending that it is not a “final agency action,” and even if it is, it is
nevertheless precluded from judicial review as a decision “committed to agency discretion by
law.” We take each contention in turn.
No. 15-6316                         Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                                   Page 6


                                                          A.

         We must initially decide whether the refusal to reopen constitutes “final agency action”
for purposes of APA review. An agency action must generally meet two conditions to be
considered “final” under the APA. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs v. Hawkes Co., 136 S. Ct. 1807,
1813 (2016).        First, the challenged action must mark the consummation of the agency’s
decisionmaking process. Id. (citing Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177–78 (1997)). This means
the action “must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory nature,” Bennett, 520 U.S. at 178,
such that judicial review of the action would “disrupt the orderly process of adjudication,” Port
of Boston Marine Terminal Ass’n v. Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, 400 U.S. 62, 71 (1970).
Second, the challenged action must determine rights and obligations of a party or cause legal
consequences. Hawkes Co., 136 S. Ct. at 1813 (citing Bennett, 520 U.S. at 177–78). In other
words, it must have a “sufficiently direct and immediate” impact on the aggrieved party and a
“direct effect on [its] day-to-day business.” Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 152 (1967),
abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977). The Department’s
decision in this case satisfies both conditions.

         First, the Department’s denial letter marked the end of its process for deciding whether to
reopen Berry’s claim. It came after plenary review of the existing administrative record, in light
of the new evidence purportedly establishing Berry’s entitlement to benefits. The decision itself
was not “informal” or “tentative.” Id. at 151. It “definitive[ly]” denied Berry’s request: “[T]he
request to vacate the September 2, 2004 [final decision] is denied”—period, full stop. See
Williamson Cty. Reg’l Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank, 473 U.S. 172, 193 (1985) (requiring
that the agency arrive at “a definitive position on the issue”).1 There was no opportunity for
further administrative review of the request. See 20 C.F.R. § 30.320(c) (“[N]either the district
office nor the FAB can consider any objection concerning the Director’s decision to reopen a

         1
          Plaintiff argues that this court cannot rely on the October 29, 2014, letter because the Department failed to
authenticate it. The argument is not well taken. The Department filed a sworn declaration by the Director of the
compensation program stating that she “reviewed the case record for [Berry’s] claim” and found that “[o]n October
29, 2014, the District Director for the Jacksonville district office denied [Berry’s reopening] request, finding that the
evidence submitted with the request had already been considered by [the] FAB in its final decision . . . .” After
discovering that it inadvertently attached the wrong decision to the declaration, the Department attached the October
29th decision to its reply brief in support of its motion to dismiss. The document is consistent with the Director’s
description, and plaintiff does not give us any reason to question its authenticity.
No. 15-6316                   Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                        Page 7


claim under this section.”). Although the Department may reopen Berry’s claim at a later date,
either on its own initiative or in response to another request, “[t]hat possibility . . . is a common
characteristic of agency action, and does not make an otherwise definitive decision nonfinal.”
Hawkes Co., 136 S. Ct. at 1814.

       Second, the DOL’s decision had a “sufficiently direct and immediate” impact on Berry.
Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 152. The decision caused “legal consequences” for Berry, as it
determined his ineligibility for compensation despite new evidence purportedly establishing his
father’s employment history. Bennett, 520 U.S. at 178. In the realm of government benefits,
where the sole purpose of the administrative proceedings is to determine an individual’s
entitlement to benefits, the decision not to reopen a claim, despite being presented with new
evidence of entitlement, is a significant and “concrete injury” to the claimant, distinct from initial
denial of benefits based on different evidence. Hamilton Bank, 473 U.S. at 193.

       The Department contends that the “final agency action” in this case was the initial 2004
decision denying Berry’s claim for benefits, the implication being that there can only be one
“final agency action” in a particular administrative proceeding. Although this argument might
have some force as applied to intermediate agency decisions, it does not hold true in the
reopening context. The underlying rationale of the Supreme Court’s “pragmatic” approach to
finality is to prevent unnecessary judicial intervention into agency proceedings. Abbott Labs.,
387 U.S. at 149–52; Ciba-Geigy Corp. v. E.P.A., 801 F.2d 430, 436 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (stating that
judicial review of interlocutory challenges to tentative decisions would “improperly intrude[]
into the agency’s decisionmaking process” and “squander[] judicial resources since the
challenging party still enjoys an opportunity to convince the agency to change its mind”). The
concerns animating the finality analysis are simply not present in the reopening context. The
Department’s initial determination that a claimant is ineligible for compensation is no longer at
issue. See I.C.C. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 482 U.S. 270, 278 (1987) (“[W]hat is reviewable
is merely the lawfulness of the refusal.”). Instead, judicial review is limited to a discrete, after-
the-fact decision by the agency whether its initial decision should remain in place in light of new
evidence. In that context, there is no concern about interlocutory intrusion, piecemeal review, or
the prospect of an agency change-of-heart.        Nor would it encourage “repetitive or belated
No. 15-6316                   Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                       Page 8


litigation of stale eligibility claim,” as the Department contends. Because judicial review is
limited to the lawfulness of the refusal itself, a claimant cannot perpetually litigate the merits of
the agency’s initial determination under the guise of requests to reopen.

       For these reasons, we hold that the Department’s refusal to reopen an EEOICPA Part B
claim constitutes “final agency action” under the APA.

                                                 B.

       A “final agency action” is presumptively reviewable under the APA. Sackett v. E.P.A.,
132 S. Ct. 1367, 1373 (2012). That presumption may be overcome if, among other things, the
decision is “committed to agency discretion by law.” See 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2). The phrase
“committed to agency discretion by law” is a term of art in administrative law, representing “a
very narrow exception” to judicial review for two particular types of discretionary agency action.
Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 410 (1971), abrogated on other
grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977) (discussing the legislative history of
§ 701(a)(2)). One of those is actions in which “a court would have no meaningful standard
against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion,” and thus there is “no law to apply.”
Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 830 (1985) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Contending that the refusal to reopen a Part B claim is this kind of discretionary decision,
the Department argues that “the traditional rule of administrative law, as recognized by the
Supreme Court, [is] that ‘an agency’s refusal to reopen a closed case is generally “committed to
agency discretion by law” and therefore exempt from judicial review.’” Appellee Br. at 17,
quoting Your Home Visiting Nurse Servs., Inc. v. Shalala, 525 U.S. 449, 455 (1999). Our review
of the law indicates that the traditional rule is more nuanced than the Department submits.

                                                 1.

       The leading case on the reviewability of reopening decisions is Interstate Commerce
Commission v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 482 U.S. 270 (1987) (“BLE”). In BLE,
several railroad companies sought approval for a corporate merger and acquisition of track
rights. Id. at 273. The ICC approved the application, and its decision was affirmed on judicial
No. 15-6316                    Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                      Page 9


review. Id. at 274. Soon after, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (a union of railroad
workers involved in the administrative proceedings) petitioned the ICC to reconsider its decision,
arguing that it made an error in its initial approval. Id. at 276. The ICC denied the petition, and
the Brotherhood sought judicial review of the denial. Id.

       On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the reopening decision was “unreviewable.” Id.
at 277. Surveying its decisions, the Court observed that “all of our cases entertaining review of a
refusal to reopen appear to have involved petitions alleging ‘new evidence’ or ‘changed
circumstances’ that rendered the agency’s original order inappropriate.”         Id. at 278 (citing
Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 295 (1974) (citing
cases), and ICC v. Jersey City, 322 U.S. 503, 514–18 (1944) (citing cases)). None of its previous
cases, the Court noted, “reviewed the denial of a petition to reopen based upon no more than
‘material error’ in the original agency decision.” Id. at 278–79. The Court explained the
rationale behind this traditional distinction:

       If review of denial to reopen for new evidence or changed circumstances is
       unavailable, the petitioner will have been deprived of all opportunity for judicial
       consideration-even on a “clearest abuse of discretion” basis-of facts which,
       through no fault of his own, the original proceeding did not contain. By contrast,
       where no new data but only “material error” has been put forward as the basis for
       reopening, an appeal places before the courts precisely the same substance that
       could have been brought there by appeal from the original order-but asks them to
       review it on the strange, one-step-removed basis of whether the agency decision is
       not only unlawful, but so unlawful that the refusal to reconsider it is an abuse of
       discretion.

Id. at 279. Consequently, the Court concluded that “where a party petitions an agency for
reconsideration on the ground of ‘material error,’ i.e., on the same record that was before the
agency when it rendered its original decision, an order which merely denies rehearing of the
prior order is not itself reviewable.” Id. at 280 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).

       As support for its holding, the Court cited § 701(a)(2)—the provision precluding judicial
review of decisions “committed to agency discretion by law.” See id. at 282. The Court
explained that § 701(a)(2) captures “the type of agency decision [that] ‘has traditionally been
committed to agency discretion.’” Id. (quoting Chaney, 470 U.S. at 832). The Court held that a
“tradition of nonreviewability exists with regard to refusals to reconsider for material error, by
No. 15-6316                    Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                      Page 10


agencies as by lower courts”—a tradition that § 701(a)(2) “was meant to preserve.” Id. This
tradition prompted the Court to hold:

          If the petition that was denied sought reopening on the basis of new evidence or
          changed circumstances review is available and abuse of discretion is the
          standard; otherwise, the agency’s refusal to go back over ploughed ground is
          nonreviewable.

Id. at 284 (emphasis added).

          On the issue of judicial review, BLE draws a bright line between requests to reopen based
on new evidence and those based on material error. Whereas the latter are “committed to agency
discretion by law” under § 701(a)(2) because a “tradition of nonreviewability” exists for that
kind of decision, not so for requests to reopen based on new evidence. Compare id. at 284, with
id. at 277. As a result, requests based on new evidence do not fall within § 701(a)(2) and are
instead reviewable for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 284.

          Nothing in BLE’s rationale indicates that its holding was limited to ICC proceedings. See
BLE, 482 U.S. at 280 (citing favorably decisions involving other agencies). Although this court
has not had occasion to apply BLE’s holding in a published decision, other circuits have done so
in a variety of administrative contexts. For instance, in Sendra Corp. v. Magaw, a case involving
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the D.C. Circuit summarized BLE’s
holding in universal terms: “An agency’s denial of a petition . . . for reconsideration is not itself
subject to judicial review if the petition alleges only ‘material error’ in the agency’s original
decision. . . . On the other hand, if an agency denies a petition for reconsideration alleging ‘new
evidence’ or ‘changed circumstances,’ the agency’s denial is reviewable as a final agency
action . . . .” 111 F.3d 162, 166 (D.C. Cir. 1997); see also Schoenbohm v. F.C.C., 204 F.3d 243,
245 (D.C. Cir. 2000), as amended (June 28, 2000) (“Denial of a petition for
reconsideration . . . is generally nonreviewable unless the request for reconsideration was based
on new evidence or changed circumstances.”); Vill. of Barrington, Ill. v. Surface Transp. Bd.,
758 F.3d 326, 328–29 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (reviewing for an abuse of discretion the decision to deny
reopening based on new evidence but denying review insofar as petitioner alleged material
error).
No. 15-6316                   Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                     Page 11


       Following the distinction drawn in BLE, we hold that requests to reopen EEOICPA Part
B claims based on new evidence are subject to judicial review under the APA; those based solely
on a material error in the original decision are not.

                                                  2.

       The Department’s counterarguments are unavailing.

       As for its recitation of the governing rule, the Department relied on the Supreme Court’s
decision in Your Home Visiting Nurse Services, Inc. v. Shalala, in which the Court stated that “an
agency’s refusal to reopen a closed case is generally ‘committed to agency discretion by law’
and therefore exempt from judicial review.” 525 U.S. at 455. This passage, however, must be
read in context. In support of that proposition, Your Home cited BLE, which distinguished
between reopening requests based on “material error” (unreviewable) and those based on “new
evidence or changed circumstances” (reviewable). See id. (citing BLE, 482 U.S. at 282); see also
Lincoln v. Vigil, 508 U.S. 182, 191 (1993) (“[I]n [BLE], we held that § 701(a)(2) precludes
judicial review of another type of administrative decision traditionally left to agency discretion,
an agency’s refusal to grant reconsideration of an action because of material error.” (emphasis
added)). Indeed, Your Home went on to explain that “[t]he present case . . . involves evidence
that was already before the [agency] at the time of its decision.” 525 U.S. at 457. Thus, the
Court held, “[t]he holding of [BLE] that the decision whether to reopen, at least where no new
evidence is at issue, is committed to agency discretion by law within the meaning of the [APA],
and hence unreviewable, is squarely applicable.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted; emphasis added). The Department’s reading of Your Home as establishing a blanket
prohibition on judicial review is not consistent with the holding of Your Home or the broader
body of case law.

       The Department also contends that, because the EEOICPA lacks any provision governing
the adjudication of reopening requests, the only source of judicially manageable standards is
20 C.F.R. § 30.320. That regulation, the Department argues, only contains standards governing
the claimant seeking to reopen a claim. See 20 C.F.R. § 30.320(b) (stating that “a claimant” may
seek reopening “provided that the claimant also submits new evidence” (emphasis added)). As
No. 15-6316                  Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                      Page 12


far as standards governing the Department, 20 C.F.R. § 30.320(c) states that the decision is
“solely in the [Department’s] discretion.” According to the Department, then, the absence of any
judicially manageable standards pertaining to the Department makes reopening requests the type
of standardless decision “committed to agency discretion.”

       We disagree. The Department’s distinction between subsection (b) and (c) begs the
question: who decides whether the “claimant-oriented” standard in § 30.320(b) is met? We
think it obvious that it is the Department. See 20 C.F.R. § 30.320(b)(1) (“If the Director
concludes that the evidence submitted or matter identified in support of the claimant’s request is
material to the claim, the Director will reopen the claim . . . .” (emphasis added)). This much is
confirmed by the Department’s decision in this very case, which states, “In consideration of the
request to reopen, it is determined that you have not submitted evidence that is new and/or
compelling to the outcome of the claim. Therefore, I find that the request to reopen does not
contain the requisite evidence to warrant reopening of the claim . . . .” This argument also
misses the forest for the trees.    Looking outside the EEOICPA context, courts are well-
accustomed to reviewing decisions to reopen based on new evidence. See, e.g., BLE, 482 U.S. at
278 (citing cases); Ohio v. N.R.C., 814 F.2d 258, 263 (6th Cir. 1987) (reviewing denial of request
to reopen the record by Nuclear Regulatory Commission for “clear showing of abuse of
discretion” (quoting Mobil Oil Corp. v. I.C.C., 685 F.2d 624 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). There is no
reason to think courts are ill-equipped to evaluate the same type of decision in the EEOICPA
context.

                                                V.

       Given BLE’s new-evidence v. material-error dichotomy, we are left to determine whether
Berry’s reopening request is actually based on “new evidence” or whether it simply alleges a
“material error” in the original decision. This case comes to us at the motion-to-dismiss stage.
Thus, in making this determination, our review is typically limited to the complaint’s allegations,
which we must construe in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co.
v. Youth Alive, Inc., 732 F.3d 645, 649 (6th Cir. 2013). However, we may look outside the four
corners of the complaint and consider materials attached to a motion to dismiss if they are
referred to in the complaint and central to the claim. See Weiner v. Klais & Co., 108 F.3d 86, 89
No. 15-6316                    Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                     Page 13


(6th Cir. 1997). Nor are we constrained to accept “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a
cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009).

          Plaintiff claims his reopening request was based on “new evidence,” but a review of the
complaint and reopening request reveals that Berry alleged a material error in the Department’s
original 2004 compensation decision. Plaintiff’s complaint is rather opaque. Its best attempt at
alleging his reopening request was based on new evidence is its allegation that the Department’s
decisions (referencing both the initial benefits decision and the refusal to reopen) “were arbitrary
and capricious because [they] failed to acknowledge that Plaintiff provided sufficient
employment verifications.” Yet, even this allegation fails to identify the pieces of new evidence
that plaintiff presented with his request to reopen. The reopening request—which plaintiff
referenced in his complaint, which the Department attached to its motion, and which is central to
plaintiff’s claim—described the “new evidence” as follows:

          Mr. Leslie Berry was employed by Breiding/Breeding Insulation from October
          1952 – December 1952 (attached statement of social security earnings). Breeding
          Insulation held a contract with Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant from July 1952 –
          October 1953 (attached Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant sub-contractor list).

          When Mr. Berry’s employment verification was researched by CPWR [the Center
          for Protection of Worker’s Rights] it was found that Breiding Insulation records
          were destroyed in a fire. Mr. Berry belonged to Cement Masons Local 125 but
          worked on a permit through the Insulators Local. Because he was not a member
          of the Insulators Union, records are unavailable (attached CPWR research
          results).

          Berry’s request simply provided new insight on the significance of the existing record
evidence, arguing that the Department failed to recognize that Leslie worked for a company
(“Breiding Insulation,” a.k.a. “Breeding Insulation”) that performed subcontracting work at the
Paducah Plant. The evidence he referenced was, in the Department’s words, “duplicate to
evidence already reviewed and considered in the final decision of September 2, 2004.” Thus,
Berry’s reopening request was not based on “new evidence,” but on a material error in the
original decision. Indeed, in describing the nature of his request in his brief on appeal, Berry
conceded it was based on a purported error in the initial compensation decision:
No. 15-6316                    Berry v. United States Dep’t of Labor                     Page 14


        The new and corrected information that Berry provided to DOL when he
        submitted his Request for Reopening Based on New Employment Information
        was that DOL had been searching for employment records from a company that
        did not exist and he properly identified the correct company name so that his case
        could be reopened and the record corrected and his claim properly paid.

He reiterated this position in his reply brief:

        [T]he denial [of the petition to reopen was] only made because the information
        that was included in the reopening request was in the record prior to the FAB.
        Berry requested DOL to review the records and recognize DOL’s error in that
        DOL had been searching for Leslie Berry’s employer under an incorrectly spelled
        name and that there [were] sufficient records to determine that Leslie Berry was
        employed during the relevant period of time working at the PGDP. The Denial
        only states that the documents referenced were in the file, not that the Director or
        anyone else bothered to review DOL’s mistake in spelling Leslie Berry’s
        employer’s name incorrectly.

(Emphasis added.) By Berry’s own description, this is a classic example of a reopening request
based on a material error in the original decision.

        Accordingly, we conclude that Berry’s request to reopen his claim was based on a
purported material error in the Department’s original decision. Under BLE, such reopening
requests are “committed to agency discretion” and unreviewable under the APA. The district
court therefore properly dismissed plaintiff’s complaint.

                                                  VI.

        We affirm the judgment of the district court.
