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                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                               Nos. 04-08-00355-CR, 04-08-00356-CR

                                          Sergio NAVARRO,
                                               Appellant

                                                   v.

                                         The STATE of Texas,
                                               Appellee

                     From the 175th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                          Trial Court Nos. 2007-CR-4528, 2007-CR-4529
                              Honorable Mary Román, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 24, 2009

AFFIRMED

           Sergio Navarro appeals his convictions for felon in possession of a firearm and possession

of cocaine with intent to deliver. Navarro contends the trial court erred in failing to suppress

evidence, claiming the warrant used to search his home relied upon false or unreliable information

provided by a confidential informant. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.
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                                          BACKGROUND

       Detective Jeff Stewart prepared the probable cause affidavit dated March 20, 2007. In it,

Detective Stewart stated that Navarro unlawfully possessed cocaine at his mother’s, Leticia Navarro,

house located at 418 Green Meadow. Detective Stewart described the house and the vehicles parked

on the street in front of the house. The affidavit continued as follows:

       Affiant has been employed as a police officer for the San Antonio Police Department
       for Fourteen years and six months. I have worked Narcotic Investigations for four
       years and ten months. Affiant received information from a credible and reliable
       person who has on previous occasions given affiant information which led to the
       arrests of many persons, but whose identity cannot be revealed for security reasons,
       that the said credible and reliable person, did see, within the past forty-eight hours,
       a controlled substance, to wit: COCAINE in possession of the aforesaid SERGIO
       NAVARRO L.M. DOB: 04-06-75 SID#0785605 at 418 GREEN MEADOW, San
       Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The credible and reliable individual gave
       information on SERGIO NAVARRO’S address, vehicle information, prior arrests
       and other drug traffickers associated with SERGIO NAVARRO. Affiant conducted
       computer research, which revealed that SERGIO NAVARRO L.M. DOB: 04-06-75
       resides at 418 GREEN MEADOW. Affiant has conducted surveillance on 418
       GREEN MEADOW for the past several weeks. Affiant acquired a picture of
       SERGIO NAVARRO and his criminal history. Affiant has personally seen SERGIO
       NAVARRO coming and going from 418 GREEN MEADOW at varying hours
       throughout the day and evening. Affiant has never seen SERGIO NAVARRO going
       to work throughout the day. Affiant confirmed that the vehicles the informant had
       given information on were at 418 GREEN MEADOW.

       A search warrant was issued based on Detective Stewart’s affidavit. Law enforcement

personnel executed the search warrant and seized, among other items, two plastic baggies containing

cocaine and four guns. Navarro filed a motion for a Franks v. Delaware1 hearing, a motion to

disclose identity of the informant, and a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the search.

Attached to the motions were four affidavits from Navarro’s family members stating that they were

at the house at 418 Green Meadow at varying times during the 48-hour period preceding the issuance



       1
           … 438 U.S. 154 (1978).

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of the warrant, and “at no time during that period of time did anyone other than family members have

any contact with 418 Green Meadow.” After a hearing, the trial court denied Navarro’s motions.

Navarro subsequently pleaded guilty to the charges against him; the trial court, however, certified

his right to appeal matters raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial. See TEX . R. APP .

P. 25.2(a)(2)(B). Navarro timely appealed.

                                             DISCUSSION

        In two issues on appeal, Navarro argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

because (1) the search warrant was based on information from a confidential informant who was not

proven to be reliable, and whose information was not corroborated, and (2) at the hearing, the officer

was not permitted to answer whether the informant was paid.

        A magistrate shall not issue a search warrant without first finding “probable cause” that a

particular item will be found in a particular location. See U.S. CONST . amend. IV; TEX . CONST . art

I, § 9. “Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the circumstances, there is a ‘fair

probability’ that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at the specified location.”

Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 60 (citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)). In

reviewing a magistrate’s determination that probable cause exists to support issuance of a search

warrant, we give great deference to the magistrate’s determination of probable cause. Swearingen

v. State, 143 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). This highly deferential standard of review

requires us to interpret the affidavit in support of the search warrant in a “commonsensical and

realistic manner, recognizing that the magistrate may draw reasonable inferences.” Rodriguez, 232

S.W.3d at 61 (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 240). We look at the four corners of the affidavit to

determine whether there are sufficient facts, coupled with inferences from those facts, to establish



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a “fair probability” that evidence of a particular crime will be found at a given location. Rodriguez,

232 S.W.3d at 62; Massey v. State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). We do not

examine whether there are other facts that could have, or even should have, been included in the

affidavit. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 62. Because the trial court entered express findings of fact and

conclusions of law, we review the affidavit in light of the trial court’s findings on the historical facts,

giving deference to those findings. Davis v. State, 144 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2004, pet. ref’d) (citing Swearingen, 143 S.W.3d at 810-11).

        When, as here, a police officer’s search warrant affidavit is based upon information received

from a confidential informant, the informant’s veracity and his basis of knowledge are highly

relevant factors in determining whether probable cause exists. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39.

Corroboration of the details of an informant’s tip through independent police investigation can also

be relevant in the magistrate’s determination of probable cause. Id. at 241-42. Likewise, the

affidavit should set forth the foundation for the officer’s belief in an informant’s credibility and

veracity; however, “a deficiency in one may be compensated . . . by a strong showing as to the other,

or by some other indicia of reliability,” all of which are relevant considerations under the totality of

the circumstances. Id. at 233.

        Navarro alleges that the affidavit contains no facts from which the magistrate could conclude

the informant was credible or that the information given to Detective Stewart was reliable. In

support, he relies on State v. Davila, in which the Austin Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s

suppression of evidence based on a conclusory affidavit that did not adequately describe the basis

of the informant’s purported knowledge. State v. Davila, 169 S.W.3d 735, 739 (Tex. App.—Austin

2005, no pet.). Specifically, the affidavit failed to state when the informant obtained the information,



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when the officer received the tip from the informant, and whether the informant’s previous tips had

proved to be reliable. Id. Here, in contrast, Detective Stewart specified that the informant had

personally seen Navarro in the possession of cocaine “within the past forty-eight hours.”

Additionally, Detective Stewart stated that the informant had given him information in the past

which “led to the arrests of many persons.” Accordingly, we cannot agree that Davila supports

Navarro’s argument.

       Navarro likewise relies on Davis v. State to support his position that Detective Stewart’s

affidavit was insufficient to support a showing of probable cause. See Davis, 144 S.W.3d at 200.

Davis is distinguishable from the instant situation, however, because the affidavit in Davis was based

on a tip from a confidential informant who had never given information to a law enforcement agency

before. Id. at 198. In addition, the officer failed to independently verify the informant’s background,

such as his residence, employment, or previous charges and convictions. Id. at 198-99. The Fort

Worth Court of Appeals stated that an officer’s failure to corroborate the information provided by

an informant diminishes the reliability of the tip when a confidential informant is used for the first

time. Id. at 200. Because other information provided by the informant was not verified, such as the

suspects’ proper names, the court held that the facts in the officer’s affidavit were insufficient under

the “totality of the circumstances” to establish probable cause. Id. at 199-200.

       Here, the informant supplied Detective Stewart with information on Navarro’s name, address,

vehicles, prior arrests, and other drug traffickers associated with Navarro. In addition to specifying

when the informant had personally seen cocaine in Navarro’s possession and that the informant had

previously given information which led to “many” arrests, Detective Stewart corroborated the

informant’s tip by conducting computer research and “several weeks” of surveillance which verified



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that Navarro resided at 418 Green Meadow and that the vehicles described by the informant were

located at that address. Based on this record, we conclude the affidavit contained sufficient facts to

establish a “fair probability” that evidence of a particular crime—cocaine—would likely be found

at a specified location—418 Green Meadow. See Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d at 60.

       To the extent that Navarro challenges the ruling on his Franks v. Delaware motion, we

conclude that he did not meet his burden of showing that Detective Stewart intentionally, knowingly,

or with reckless disregard for the truth placed false assertions in the affidavit. See Franks, 438 U.S.

at 171-72. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court found the informant to be

reliable and credible and concluded there was nothing in the record to indicate that the Detective did

not believe that the informant was reliable or credible at the time he made the affidavit. At the

hearing on the motion to suppress, Detective Stewart testified that the confidential informant had

worked with him for six years, and had probably given information in “about a hundred” cases. The

trial court chose to believe the testimony of Detective Stewart over the interested testimony of

Navarro’s relatives, and there was no showing that the Detective’s statements were false or made

with a reckless disregard for the truth. Id. Because the totality of the circumstances stated in the

affidavit gave the magistrate a substantial basis for concluding that a search of the house would

uncover contraband, the trial court did not err in failing to suppress the evidence seized during the

search. Accordingly, Navarro’s first appellate issue is overruled.




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         Navarro also claims the trial court erred in allowing the State to violate Brady2 and Giglio3

by sustaining the State’s objection to questions about whether the confidential informant was paid.

The State responds that Navarro has waived this complaint on appeal by failing to bring the Brady

claim to the attention of the trial court. We agree. The trial court cannot err in denying a motion on

a basis that was not presented to it. See Keeter v. State, 175 S.W.3d 756, 759 (Tex. Crim. App.

2005); see also Clarke v. State, 270 S.W.3d 573, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (holding that appellant

must present argument to trial judge in time for him to rule on it to preserve claim on appeal). The

record here is devoid of any objection that would have alerted the trial court, or the prosecution, to

the fact that Navarro was asserting a Brady or Giglio claim. Accordingly, we hold that Navarro has

waived this complaint, and overrule his second appellate issue.

                                                    CONCLUSION

         Based on the foregoing analysis, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed.



                                                                 Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Do not publish




         2
          … Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) (holding that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence
favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution”).

         3
             … Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.150, 154 (1972) (holding that when the reliability of a witness may be
determinative of guilt or innocense, nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility requires a new trial if the false
testimony could have affected the jury’s judgment).

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