                                   2019 IL App (1st) 191253

                                                                              SIXTH DIVISION
                                                                                  July 26, 2019

                                         No. 1-19-1253


                                        IN THE
                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                               FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                      )   Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                                          )   Cook County.
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                )
                                                          )
v.                                                        )   No. 19 CR 20791
                                                          )
LARENZ SIMMONS,                                           )
                                                          )   Honorable Thomas J. Byrne,
       Defendant-Appellant.                               )   Judge Presiding.


       PRESIDING JUDGE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Cunningham and Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     The defendant, Larenz Simmons, was charged by indictment with one count of armed

robbery with a firearm. The circuit court denied his motion for bail pending trial. Simmons has

filed a motion for review of the bail denial, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(c) (eff.

July 1, 2017). Appeals of bail orders are exceedingly rare. Case law regarding them is virtually

nonexistent. Noting the recent public interest and legislative attention to the issue of bail

reform, 1 we issue this opinion setting forth the applicable standard of review and the reasons

why we must affirm the denial order in this case.


       1
            For example, our Supreme Court Commission on Pretrial Practices recently listed
“[p]retrial release and detention decisions based on risk and designed to maximize release, court
No. 1-19-1253


¶2      Appeals under Rule 604(c) are governed by special rules that recognize the need for

prompt disposition of bail denial orders entered before conviction. A defendant cannot file a

Rule 604(c) appeal unless he has first filed a motion in the circuit court setting forth his financial

condition, family status, prior criminal background, and certain other information. Ill. S. Ct. R.

604(c)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017). The defendant in a Rule 604(c) appeal files a motion, rather than a

formal brief. Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(c)(2) (eff. July 1, 2017). The motion must list certain additional

facts and include a copy of the motion that he filed in the circuit court. Id. The State need not

file any answer, but may do so if it wishes, and oral argument is not held except by request of the

court. Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(c)(2), (c)(5) (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶3      But the most significant characteristic of Rule 604(c) is the manner in which the record of

what transpired in the court below arrives in this court. In most appeals, this court receives a

certified record from the clerk of the circuit court containing all of the pleadings, filed

documents, exhibits, and orders. See, e.g., Ill. S. Ct. R. 608(a) (eff. July 1, 2017). In some

appeals, the attorneys are allowed to dispense with the clerk’s record and instead provide a

“supporting record” containing copies of pleadings and an affidavit that the copies are authentic.

Ill. S. Ct. R. 328 (eff. July 1, 2017). In a Rule 604(c) appeal, however, neither method is used.

Instead, we must rely upon the limited materials listed in the rule and provided by counsel, along

with an uncertified transcript of the hearing on the defendant’s motion to set his bail. The rule

does not otherwise address what, if any, materials from the court below a party may provide or

this court may consider.




appearance, and public safety” as the first “Essential Element[ ] of an Effective Pretrial System.”
Supreme Court Comm’n on Pretrial Practices, Preliminary Report 7 (Dec. 2018),
http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/Probation/12-18.pdf [https://perma.cc/8U8T-3MVD].


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No. 1-19-1253


¶4        We proceed, therefore, with an extraordinarily sparse record before us. At the bail

hearing, the State indicated that it would establish the following facts at trial.     At around

midnight on September 12, 2018, the victim, Jerome Hill, entered the gate to his residence in the

1200 block of South Independence Boulevard in Chicago. As he did, he was confronted by two

people. One individual placed a handgun to his back, and the other pointed a gun to the back of

his head. They threatened Hill, and the taller offender, later identified as defendant, took money

from Hill’s hand, while the shorter offender took Hill’s Ventra and Link cards, as well as his

phone and keys. Both offenders then fled the scene, and Hill went into his house and called the

police.

¶5        At about the same time, police were called to 1200 South Independence Boulevard to

investigate a possible armed robbery in the parking lot of a gas station. Officers arrived at the

gas station and began canvassing the area. Based on descriptions they had received, they

detained two individuals. They then attempted to locate the victim of the gas station robbery but

were unable to do so. The detectives assigned to the investigation created a photo array based on

the proximity to the robbery of Hill.

¶6        On September 27, 2018, 2 officers presented a photo array to Hill, who identified

defendant as one of the men who robbed him. Hill stated that he was “75% sure” that defendant

was one of the offenders. Defendant was arrested on February 7, 2019. Defendant allegedly

admitted robbing Hill but claimed that he only pointed his gun at Hill’s waist whereas his co-

offender pointed a gun at Hill’s head.




          2
          The State’s response indicates that this took place on September 27, 2019, which
appears to be a typographical error: the State notes that the photo array took place “[a]bout two
weeks” after the incident. The parties agree that the incident occurred on September 12, 2018.


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No. 1-19-1253


¶7     On May 21, 2019, defendant filed a motion to set bail. Defendant noted that he had

“strong ties to the community and was an active father and an important caretaker” for his five-

year-old daughter and various cousins.        Defendant further noted that he had an IQ of 54,

warranting an individualized education program in his school. Nonetheless, he successfully

graduated from Morton West Academy last year, when he was 19. Defendant conceded that

when he was 15, he pleaded guilty to aggravated unlawful use of a weapon and had one finding

of juvenile delinquency. Defendant added that he had no adult felony convictions.

¶8     The court held a hearing on defendant’s motion on May 23, 2019. The State noted in its

argument that defendant had a “prior failure to appear on reckless conduct from September of

2018” and that he also had “a prior juvenile gun conviction[,] which was originally sentenced to

probation,” but that defendant subsequently violated that probation and was sentenced to 30 days

in the juvenile detention center.        After hearing arguments—and only arguments—from the

parties, the court denied the motion, stating in part as follows:

                         “Thank you, counsel.     I have read the motion filed on

                behalf of Larenz Simmons in its entirety. Read the exhibits and

                looked at the exhibits which includes Exhibit D, which is photos of

                the defendant’s child.

                         It’s clear that he does have the support of his family. He

                has opportunities that have been available to him even prior to this

                event.

                         I am aware of his background as a juvenile. It’s a weapons

                offense. That is a consideration that I do put some weight into.




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No. 1-19-1253


                       The main factor the court is considering is the nature of the

                offense that the defendant is charged with.

                       The 75 percent sure identification of the defendant as one

                of the offenders is corroborated by his statement. I’m not at a

                stage where I am considering any motions but I’m not aware,

                unaware of the motions that are likely to be filed under these

                circumstances.

                       But to me that indicates that the State does have a case in

                which they can go forward. I’m concerned that a gun was pointed

                at somebody’s head and they were given the option of surrendering

                their property or a demonstrated willingness to use lethal force

                with a gun pointed at someone’s head very likely that would result

                in the individual’s death.

                       Based on the proffer I heard, both offenders pointed the

                gun and defendant’s statement which seems to be minimizing in

                the respect of who’s putting the gun to the individual heads

                indicates—to the victim’s head—indicate that he was only pointing

                at the victim’s waist. Still, he’s pointing a deadly weapon after a

                conviction of—a juvenile conviction for a gun following a

                probation that was terminated and sentence was imposed.

                       I’m not prepared to issue an I-bond even under the

                mitigating circumstances that have been learned that’s been put

                together since bond was set on this case.”




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No. 1-19-1253


The court then reiterated, “No bond will stand.” This appeal followed.

¶9     The parties do not cite, nor have we been able to find, any Illinois decision discussing the

proper standard of review in a Rule 604(c) appeal. The State argues that the circuit court’s

denial of defendant’s motion to set bail was “well within its broad discretion” and that we should

not reverse its decision absent “a clear showing of an abuse of that discretion.” We note that

some decisions have at least indirectly reviewed bail or bond rulings for an abuse of discretion.

See, e.g., People v. Saunders, 122 Ill. App. 3d 922, 929 (1984) (“the increase in the amount of

bail was within the discretion of the court”); People v. Edwards, 105 Ill. App. 3d 822, 830 (1982)

(“The trial court’s decision *** to require the Langes to post bonds pending the State’s appeal

*** was not an abuse of discretion.”). We therefore agree with the State and hold that this court

should review Rule 604(c)(1) bail appeals for abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs

when the circuit court’s decision is “arbitrary, fanciful or unreasonable,” or where “no

reasonable person would agree with the position adopted by the trial court.” People v. Becker,

239 Ill. 2d 215, 234 (2010).

¶ 10   Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(c)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017) provides in pertinent part:

                       “Before conviction a defendant may appeal to the Appellate

                Court from an order *** denying *** bail or the conditions

                thereof.   As a prerequisite to appeal the defendant shall first

                present to the trial court a written motion for the relief to be sought

                on appeal. The motion shall be verified by the defendant and shall

                state the following:

                       (i) the defendant’s financial condition;




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No. 1-19-1253


                       (ii) his *** residence addresses and employment history for

                       the past 10 years;

                       (iii) his *** occupation and the name and address of his

                       *** employer, if he *** is employed, or his *** school, if

                       he *** is in school;

                       (iv) his *** family situation; and

                       (v) any prior criminal record and any other relevant facts.”

¶ 11   Defendant’s motion for bail did not state his financial condition nor provide specific

information regarding his residence or employment history.           The motion did note that he

received supplemental security income in addition to wages from various jobs he held, but it did

not discuss his assets, if any. In addition, the motion provided defendant’s current address and

two prior addresses but no information as to how long he had been at either address. We

acknowledge, however, that defendant—who was only 21 years old at the time of the hearing—

likely had little or no assets and that his residence history (starting at age 11) very likely

coincided with his mother’s address. While we note these deficiencies in defendant’s original

motion, we decline to hold that they are so serious as to warrant the dismissal of his appeal. We

now turn to the substance of defendant’s motion for review.

¶ 12   When a court determines the amount of bail and conditions of release under section 110-

5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/110-5(a) (West 2018)),

hearsay evidence is liberally permitted. Under section 110-5(a) of the Code:

                “Information used by the court in its findings or stated in or offered

                in connection with this Section may be by way of proffer based

                upon reliable information offered by the State or defendant. All




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No. 1-19-1253


                evidence shall be admissible if it is relevant and reliable regardless

                of whether it would be admissible under the rules of evidence

                applicable at criminal trials.” Id.

¶ 13   The Code reflects a strong preference that bail be available to criminal defendants. The

default position of the Code is for criminal defendants to be released on their own recognizance,

with “[m]onetary bail *** set only when it is determined that no other conditions of release will

reasonably assure the defendant’s appearance in court, that the defendant does not present a

danger to any person or the community and that the defendant will comply with all conditions of

bond.” Id. § 110-2. Even in situations where monetary bond is appropriate, the Code provides

that “[a]ll persons shall be bailable before conviction,” with limited exceptions. Id. § 110-4(a).

Indeed, even a defendant accused of a crime for which life imprisonment may be imposed may

receive bail if he can demonstrate “that the proof of his guilt is not evident and the presumption

is not great.” Id. § 110-4(b). And if, as in this case, the State opposes bail “upon the grounds

that the person presents a real and present threat to the physical safety of any person or persons,

the burden of proof of such allegations shall be upon the State.” Id. § 110-4(c). However, “[a]

defendant may be denied bail in certain instances enumerated in the Illinois Constitution and by

statute.” People v. Purcell, 201 Ill. 2d 542, 547 (2002); see also Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 9; 725

ILCS 5/110-4(a) (West 2018). Section 110-5(a) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-5(a) (West 2018))

provides in relevant part that, “[i]n determining the amount of monetary bail or conditions of

release, if any,” the court shall take into account the following factors:

                “the nature and circumstances of the offense charged, whether the

                evidence shows that as part of the offense there was a use of

                violence or threatened use of violence, *** whether evidence




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No. 1-19-1253


                shows that during the offense *** the defendant possessed or used

                a firearm, *** the likelihood of conviction, the sentence applicable

                upon conviction, the weight of the evidence against such

                defendant, whether there exists motivation or ability to flee, ***

                family ties ***, *** character and mental condition, ***

                defendant’s records of juvenile adjudication of delinquency in any

                jurisdiction, [and] any record of appearance or failure to appear by

                the defendant at court proceedings.”

¶ 14   In this case, the facts before the circuit court were that defendant and a co-offender each

drew a gun on an unarmed individual who was returning home from work. After his arrest,

defendant admitted placing a loaded firearm against the victim but noted that he “only” pointed

the weapon at the victim’s waist, whereas the co-offender pointed the weapon at the victim’s

head. The court properly considered these circumstances. In addition, as the State notes,

defendant’s minimum sentence if convicted of armed robbery would be 21 years’ imprisonment.

See 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2), (b) (West 2018) (15-year add-on to the Class X sentence if armed

with a firearm); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-25(a) (West 2018) (Class X sentencing range of not less than

6 years and not more than 30 years). The minimum sentence, which would equal his age at the

time of the hearing, would provide a substantial motivation to flee.          Also, the defendant

purportedly made an inculpatory statement to a police officer after his arrest, which (if

admissible) would weigh heavily in favor of a conviction. The limited record suggests that this

statement was oral, not written. Defendant challenges the admissibility of this admission, but we

have virtually nothing in the record to suggest that it was obtained in such a flawed manner that

it will eventually be suppressed.




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No. 1-19-1253


¶ 15   Defendant also had a prior juvenile adjudication for weapons possession, and he

subsequently violated the sentence of probation on that charge. He also failed to appear at a

hearing on a reckless conduct charge. On the other hand, defendant’s IQ of 54 and the fact that

he has a young daughter and family support undoubtedly weigh in favor of allowing bail.

However, in reviewing the circuit court’s ruling for abuse of discretion, we will not substitute

our judgment for that of the circuit court, “merely because we would have balanced the

appropriate factors differently.” People v. Cox, 82 Ill. 2d 268, 280 (1980). We cannot hold that

the circuit court’s decision to deny bail was “arbitrary, fanciful or unreasonable” or that “no

reasonable person would agree with the position adopted by the trial court.” Becker, 239 Ill. 2d

at 234. The court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant bail.

¶ 16   While this case was under advisement, defendant filed a motion to strike portions of the

State’s response, arguing that the response includes a proffer of what the State seeks to establish

at trial, which differs from the proffer presented to the trial court on May 23, 2019. Defendant

also challenges the State’s use of a Chicago Police Department criminal history report, which

was not included in defendant’s motion to set bail and attached exhibits. A court of review is

prohibited from considering matters outside the record on appeal. Allstate Insurance Co. v.

Kovar, 363 Ill. App. 3d 493, 499 (2006). Therefore, we grant defendant’s motion and disregard

the inappropriate material in the State’s response. Nonetheless, what is properly before us

demonstrates that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion.

¶ 17   Nothing in this opinion should be read to suggest that the circuit court should not

consider setting an appropriate bail should defendant pursue bail at a later date and adduce more

robust facts than the limited ones now before us. We also grant defendant’s motion to file a

reply in support of his petition.




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No. 1-19-1253


¶ 18   Affirmed.




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No. 1-19-1253



                                  No. 1-19-1253


Cite as:                 People v. Simmons, 2019 IL App (1st) 191253


Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 19-CR-
                         20791; the Hon. Thomas J. Byrne, Judge, presiding.



Attorneys                Stephanie A. Ciupka, Sophia Lau, and Cathryn Stewart
for                      Crawford, of Lawndale Christian Legal Center, of Chicago, for
Appellant:               appellant.


Attorneys                Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J.
for                      Spellberg, Assistant State’s Attorney, of counsel), for the People.
Appellee:




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