                                                                             Digitally signed by
                                                                             Reporter of Decisions
                            Illinois Official Reports                        Reason: I attest to the
                                                                             accuracy and integrity
                                                                             of this document
                                    Appellate Court                          Date: 2017.12.11
                                                                             09:20:35 -06'00'




                  In re Commitment of Chester, 2017 IL App (1st) 160979



Appellate Court        In re COMMITMENT OF EARL CHESTER (The People of the State
Caption                of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Earl Chester, Respondent-
                       Appellant).



District & No.         First District, Third Division
                       Docket No. 1-16-0979


Filed                  September 20, 2017



Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 07-CR-80008; the
Review                 Hon. Thomas J. Bryne, Judge, presiding.



Judgment               Affirmed.


Counsel on             Stephen F. Potts, of Des Plaines Law Group PC, of Des Plaines, for
Appeal                 appellant.

                       Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin,
                       Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Matthew P. Becker,
                       Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for the People.



Panel                  PRESIDING JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court,
                       with opinion.
                       Justices Fitzgerald Smith and Pucinski concurred in the judgment and
                       opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1       Following a stipulated adjudication as a sexually violent person pursuant to the Sexually
     Violent Persons Commitment Act (Act) (725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 2006)), respondent,
     Earl Chester, appeals from the circuit court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his stipulation
     and its order committing him to the Illinois Department of Human Services (IDHS) for
     institutional treatment. He contends that the trial court erred in accepting his stipulation
     because (1) the Act does not provide for stipulations and (2) the court failed to conduct a
     fitness hearing prior to accepting the stipulation. We affirm.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND
¶3       On August 16, 2007, the State filed a petition to commit respondent as a sexually violent
     person under the Act. In its petition, the State alleged that respondent (1) was found guilty of
     sexual assault in the circuit court of Cook County and sentenced to 22 years in the Department
     of Corrections, (2) had been diagnosed with paraphilia, not otherwise specified,
     non-consenting persons (PNOS), a mental disorder which predisposes respondent to commit
     acts of sexual violence, and (3) was dangerous because his mental disorder created a
     substantial probability that he would engage in acts of sexual violence in the future.
¶4       In support of its petition, the State included the report of a psychological evaluation of
     respondent conducted by Dr. Ray Quackenbush, Psy.D. Prior to the evaluation, the doctor
     informed respondent of the nature and structure of the proceedings under the Act. In his report,
     Dr. Quackenbush indicated that respondent articulated his understanding of the information
     and consented to the interview. As part of the evaluation, Dr. Quackenbush interviewed
     respondent, reviewed his arrest and conviction history, and examined respondent’s prison
     disciplinary and medical files. Several assessment methods were used to determine
     respondent’s level of risk for committing future sexually violent offenses. Respondent was
     diagnosed with (1) PNOS, (2) polysubstance dependence, and (3) antisocial personality
     disorder. Based on the evaluation, Dr. Quackenbush concluded that respondent showed a
     substantial and continuing risk for sexual offense recidivism and his actions met the criteria for
     PNOS. As such, he recommended that respondent be found to be a sexually violent person
     under the Act and subject to civil commitment for clinical intervention to prevent respondent
     from engaging in future acts of sexual violence. On September 11, 2007, the court found
     probable cause to believe that respondent was a sexually violent person and, pursuant to
     section 30(c) of the Act (725 ILCS 207/30(c) (West 2006)), ordered respondent to participate
     in an evaluation to determine whether he was a sexually violent person. On that same date,
     both respondent and the State filed a demand for a jury trial.
¶5       On January 9, 2008, upon respondent’s request, the court ordered Dr. Eric Ostrov to
     conduct any and all examinations of respondent in preparation of his defense in the
     commitment proceeding.1 The matter was continued by agreement of the parties over the
     course of the next several years. On July 13, 2010, the court granted the State’s motion for a
     current sexually violent person evaluation of respondent. Because Dr. Quackenbush was no
     longer available, the State requested that the Department of Corrections be directed to assign
     an evaluator to perform a current evaluation of respondent. Although the State asserts that Dr.
        1
         The record does not disclose Dr. Ostrov’s medical field of practice.

                                                   -2-
     John Arroyo submitted evaluation reports concerning respondent on December 2010,
     September 25, 2013, and November 25, 2013, and that Dr. Kimberly Weitl submitted reports
     on October 26, 2007, February 15, 2010, June 18, 2013, and October 31, 2013, those reports do
     not appear in the record.
¶6       Trial in this matter commenced and the jury was sworn in on March 9, 2015. On March 10,
     2015, prior to proceeding with trial, the parties tendered a stipulation in which they agreed that
     respondent was waiving his right to a jury trial, the State’s evaluators would opine that
     respondent had been convicted of a sexually violent offense, respondent suffers from mental
     disorders and is substantially probable to reoffend, and, thus, based on the stipulation, the court
     would find respondent to be sexually violent person. In presenting the stipulation, defense
     counsel indicated that he had reviewed each paragraph with respondent and answered any
     questions respondent had regarding the agreement. Before accepting the stipulation, the
     following colloquy occurred:
                 “THE COURT: *** Did you review this document with your lawyer?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes, I did.
                 THE COURT: Did you review each and every one of these 16 paragraphs with your
             lawyer regarding the stipulation that you’re asking to enter at this time?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: I’m showing you page three of the stipulation and agreement. Is that
             your signature on this stipulation?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes, it is.
                 THE COURT: And is it your intention at this time to waive or give up your right to
             a jury trial in this matter?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: And proceed by way of stipulation where you’re admitting that at
             this time you’re currently a sexually violent person under the statute; is that correct?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: Do you understand that you do have a right to a trial in this matter,
             either a right to a trial before a jury or a judge? Do you understand that?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: Now, if you’re stipulating as laid out in the written stipulation and
             agreement, you’re giving up the right that you have to a jury trial. Do you understand
             that?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: You’re also giving up the right you have to a trial before a judge. Do
             you understand that?
                 [RESPONDENT]: What you’re saying I can’t have a jury trial no more.
                 THE COURT: Well, you could have if you decided to, but the agreement that
             you’re entering into says you would give up your right to the jury trial.
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yes.
                 THE COURT: And you would agree to the allegations in the petition, that you’re a
             sexually violent person. Is that what you would like to do?
                 [RESPONDENT]: Yeah, yeah.

                                                  -3-
                    THE COURT: All right.”
       The trial court accepted the stipulation, adjudicated respondent as a sexually violent person,
       and remanded him to the custody of IDHS.
¶7         On March 31, 2015, respondent filed a pro se motion to vacate the stipulation. In his
       motion, respondent argued that, despite having agreed to the stipulation and asserting on the
       record that he understood the rights he would have been relinquishing, he had changed his
       mind. In response, the State argued that respondent failed to allege good cause as to why the
       stipulation should not be binding. Defense counsel did not supplement the respondent’s pro se
       motion. However, at the hearing on the motion, defense counsel argued that it was in the
       interest of justice, based on respondent’s “mental illness,” that the court allow respondent to
       withdraw the stipulation. Defense counsel acknowledged that he thoroughly reviewed the
       stipulation with respondent, that the provisions in the stipulation were true, and that the court
       properly admonished the respondent. He noted that on the day of trial, respondent approached
       him concerning the stipulation. Respondent had never been through jury selection before; he
       was tired, wanted it to be over with, and did not want to face the witnesses.
¶8         The trial court denied the motion. In so doing, the court commented that,
                    “I don’t think his mental illness or any other disability that he may be suffering
                impacted his understanding of the nature of the stipulation or the consequences thereof
                at the time. There is no reason based in law or the facts surrounding the actual
                stipulation that would warrant the [c]ourt to allow the respondent to withdraw the
                stipulation or to set aside the stipulation at this time.”
       On January 28, 2016, following a dispositional hearing, respondent was committed to
       institutional care for treatment. Respondent appeals.

¶9                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 10       Respondent argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to vacate his
       stipulation as a sexually violent person and committed him to IDHS. Specifically, respondent
       contends that the trial court erred when it initially accepted a stipulation that respondent was a
       sexually violent person because (1) the Act does not provide any procedure or mechanism to
       stipulate as a sexually violent person and (2) the court failed to make any preliminary inquiry
       into his mental capacity to either understand or comprehend the stipulation.
¶ 11       Respondent’s claim regarding the propriety of accepting a stipulation in civil commitment
       proceedings under the Act involves statutory construction and presents a pure legal question
       subject to de novo review. In re Detention of Hardin, 238 Ill. 2d 33, 40 (2010). When
       construing a statute, our goal is to determine and effectuate the legislature’s intent, best
       indicated by giving the statutory language its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. Because all
       provisions of a statutory enactment are viewed as a whole, words and phrases should not be
       construed in isolation but should be interpreted considering other relevant provisions of the
       statute. In re Detention of Lieberman, 201 Ill. 2d 300, 308 (2002). As such, each word, clause,
       and sentence of the statute, if possible, must be given reasonable meaning and not rendered
       superfluous. Id. Thus, this court will not depart from the statute’s plain language by reading in
       exceptions, limitations, or conditions in conflict with the legislature’s intent. Hardin, 238 Ill.
       2d at 40. With these principles in mind, we turn to respondent’s claims.



                                                   -4-
¶ 12                                    Permissibility of Stipulations
¶ 13        Respondent argues that the trial court erred in accepting the stipulation because the Act
       does not provide a procedure or mechanism for respondent to stipulate as a sexually violent
       person. In response, the State first argues that respondent has waived this issue by failing to
       develop his arguments on appeal. Alternatively, the State argues that respondent’s statutory
       argument is meritless because, as a civil proceeding, stipulations are permissible and binding
       unless proved to be unreasonable.
¶ 14        As a preliminary matter, we address the State’s waiver argument. Specifically, the State
       argues that respondent did not explain how his stipulation violated the traditional rules
       governing stipulations but rather focuses his argument on the impermissibility of stipulations
       under the Act. Thus, the State urges forfeiture. We would agree that respondent’s argument is
       not grounded in those principles that might ordinarily accompany an argument in support of
       vacating a stipulation. Nevertheless, respondent’s major contention presented in the trial court,
       and also here on appeal, remains unaltered: his stipulation should be vacated. Thus, we decline
       to find the issue waived and turn our attention to the substantive issue presented in this appeal.
¶ 15        Under the Act, a sexually violent person may be committed to the custody of IDHS for
       control, care, and treatment until the person is no longer a sexually violent person. 725 ILCS
       207/40(a) (West 2006). A sexually violent person is “a person who has been convicted of a
       sexually violent offense, has been adjudicated delinquent for a sexually violent offense, or has
       been found not guilty of a sexually violent offense by reason of insanity and who is dangerous
       because he or she suffers from a mental disorder that makes it substantially probable that the
       person will engage in acts of sexual violence.” 725 ILCS 207/5(f) (West 2006).
¶ 16        Proceedings under the Act are civil rather than criminal in nature. In re Detention of
       Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d 548, 553 (2000). To initiate proceedings under the Act, the State’s
       Attorney or Attorney General must file a petition with the circuit court to have the respondent
       committed as a sexually violent person. 725 ILCS 207/15 (West 2006); Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d
       at 553. Once the petition is filed, the court must hold a hearing to determine whether there is
       probable cause to believe that the person named in the petition is a sexually violent person. 725
       ILCS 207/30(b) (West 2006). If probable cause is not established, the petition must be
       dismissed. 725 ILCS 207/30(c) (West 2006). At trial, the petitioner has the burden of proving
       the allegations in the petition beyond a reasonable doubt. 725 ILCS 207/35(d)(1) (West 2006).
       If a court or a jury determines that a person is a sexually violent person, the court shall order the
       person to be committed to the custody of IDHS. 725 ILCS 207/40(a) (West 2006). After a
       person has been committed to institutional care, IDHS is to conduct an examination of his
       mental condition within six months of the initial commitment and again at least once every 12
       months. 725 ILCS 207/55(a) (West 2006). The Act also provides that “[t]he provisions of the
       Civil Practice Law *** shall apply to all proceedings hereunder except as otherwise provided.”
       725 ILCS 207/20 (West 2006). The Act is silent with respect to the permissibility of
       stipulations at any phase of the civil commitment process.
¶ 17        Although the Act does not expressly provide for stipulations, we note that courts favor
       stipulations because they tend to promote disposition of cases, simplification of issues, and the
       saving of expense to litigants. People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 468 (2005). A stipulation is
       conclusive as to all matters necessarily included in it and no proof of stipulated facts is
       necessary since the stipulation is substituted for proof and dispenses with the need for
       evidence. Id. at 469 A court may reject an otherwise valid stipulation only if it is fraudulent,

                                                     -5-
       unreasonable, or in violation of public policy. In re Marriage of Tantiwongse, 371 Ill. App. 3d
       1161, 1163 (2007). However, parties will not be relieved from a stipulation in the absence of a
       clear showing that the matter stipulated is untrue and then only when the application is
       seasonably made. Brink v. Industrial Comm’n, 368 Ill. 607, 609 (1938). Therefore, a trial
       court’s decision to accept a stipulation will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of
       discretion. Tantiwongse, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 1163.
¶ 18       Respondent has not cited to any case which would support his argument here on appeal. He
       instead urges us to consider procedures found to be impermissible under the Mental Health and
       Development Disabilities Code (Code) (405 ILCS 5/1-100 et seq. (West 2006)) when deciding
       whether stipulations are permissible under the Act. He concedes that the Act makes no
       reference to the Code. Nevertheless, relying on In re Michael H., 392 Ill. App. 3d 965 (2009),
       he maintains that the policy and legal reasons for not allowing mental health patients to
       stipulate under the Code to involuntary commitments apply equally to commitments under the
       Act. Citing Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 563, he maintains that “individuals subject to the Act
       comprise a very specific type of mental disease causing specific types of behavior from the
       mental illness.”2
¶ 19       Michael H. involved the involuntary admission of an individual pursuant certain
       provisions under the Code. 392 Ill. App. 3d 965. In that case, the State, as petitioner, filed a
       petition for involuntary admission, alleging that Michael was a person subject to involuntary
       admission pursuant to section 3-813(b) of the Code (405 ILCS 5/3-813(b) (West 2006)).
       Michael H., 392 Ill. App. 3d at 967. The petition alleged that, due to mental illness, Michael
       was a danger to himself or others and was unable to provide for his basic physical needs or
       protect himself from harm without help. Id. The court convened for a hearing on the petition.
       Id. at 968. At the hearing, Michael’s attorney informed the court that Michael would give up
       his right to the scheduled hearing. Id. After inquiring of Michael whether he had heard the
       comments made by his attorney, the court indicated that Michael had no objection to the court
       signing the order of commitment and entered an order finding him subject to continued
       involuntary admission. Id. On appeal, the Fifth District Appellate Court reversed, holding that
       a respondent subject to proceeding under the Code could not effectively waive the entire
       hearing on a petition for involuntary admission. Id. at 979.
¶ 20       Although respondent here characterizes his condition as a “mental illness,” nothing in the
       record supports such a conclusion. Respondent’s sexual misconduct is consistently
       characterized in Dr. Quackenbush’s report and in the State’s petition as a “mental disorder”
       and not as “mental illness.” The distinction, we believe, is an important one. The Code defines
       mental illness as “a mental, or emotional disorder that substantially impairs a person’s thought,
       perception of reality, emotional process, judgment, behavior, or ability to cope with the
       ordinary demands of life, but does not include *** an abnormality manifested only by repeated
       criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct.” 405 ILCS 5/1-129 (West 2006). Consistent with Dr.
       Quackenbush’s diagnosis of respondent, “mental disorder” under the Act is defined as “a
       congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity that predisposes
       a person to engage in acts of sexual violence.” 725 ILCS 207/5(b) (West 2006). We find


          2
            Respondent misperceives language in Samuelson, which clearly distinguishes between “mental
       illness” under the Code and “mental disorder” under the Act. 189 Ill. 2d at 563, 568.

                                                   -6-
       significant that antisocial conduct, which is included as a part of Dr. Quackenbush’s diagnosis
       of respondent, is expressly excluded from the definition of mental illness.
¶ 21       Clearly, the legislature deemed it appropriate to distinguish between “mental illness” and
       “mental disorders” and to define criminal sexual misconduct as something other than a mental
       illness. It has not escaped our notice that, unlike the proceedings for involuntary admission of
       the mentally ill, proceedings for the civil commitment of sexually violent persons are included
       in the “Criminal Procedure” chapter of the Illinois Compiled Statutes. 725 ILCS 207/1 et seq.
       (West 2006). As the court in Samuelson noted, “persons subject to the Sexually Dangerous
       Persons Act [(725 ILCS 205/0.01 et seq. (West 1998))] possess characteristics which set them
       apart from the greater class of persons who fall within the Mental Health Code, and such
       persons present different societal problems.”3 Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 563. Mental illness is
       not a crime. In re Stephenson, 67 Ill. 2d 544, 556 (1977). Sexual violence committed by
       individuals with mental disorders, however, is. 725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 2006).
¶ 22       In light of the above, we decline to extend the holding of In re Michael H. to the facts of
       this case. Neither do we express any opinion on its holding. Suffice it to say that we reject out
       of hand respondent’s entreaty to consider the Code in determining the propriety of stipulations
       in the context of the Act.
¶ 23       The availability of stipulations under the Act, however, was considered by the appellate
       court in our neighboring Second District. In In re Commitment of Walker, 2014 IL App (2d)
       130372, the parties entered a stipulation that provided, inter alia, that the respondent was a
       sexually violent person. Id. ¶ 5. Following the trial court’s acceptance of the stipulation, the
       respondent filed a motion to withdraw it, alleging that his decision to enter into the agreement
       was based on reports by the evaluating psychologists and that there were several problems with
       the bases for their opinion. Id. ¶ 6. The respondent’s motion to withdraw was denied. Id.
¶ 24       On appeal, the respondent argued that, because stipulations were not authorized by the Act,
       the trial court should not have accepted his. Id. ¶ 34. The respondent cited to no authority
       which would bar the use of stipulations in civil commitment proceedings. Id. ¶ 36. Noting that
       stipulations are generally favored and would be enforced unless unreasonable, procured by
       fraud, or violative of public policy, the court rejected respondent’s argument as “wholly
       unpersuasive.” Id. ¶¶ 36-38.
¶ 25       Respondent urges our rejection of Walker as dispositive because the court there failed to
       consider either the mental health nature of the proceedings or the similarities between the Act
       and the Code. As we have previously noted, as did the court in Walker, that respondent here
       has cited to no case which would prohibit the use of stipulations under the Act. That said, in
       light of our discussion above, we agree with the holding in Walker. We find no basis either in
       the plain language in the Act or in case law that would prohibit a respondent, subject to civil
       commitment under the Act, to knowingly enter into a stipulation that he or she is a sexually
       violent person.

¶ 26                                       Capacity to Stipulate
¶ 27       Respondent next contends that the trial court erred when it did not inquire into his capacity
       to stipulate. Specifically, he argues that the trial court erred when it did not make any inquiry
           3
            In Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 563, the court found comparable characteristics of individuals subject
       to the Act and those subject to the Sexually Dangerous Persons Act (725 ILCS 205/0.01 (West 1998)).

                                                      -7-
       into the manner in which his “mental illness” impacted his ability to comprehend the
       stipulation. In response, the State argues that respondent has forfeited this argument on appeal
       because he did not raise the argument in the trial court. Alternatively, the State argues that
       respondent does not have a statutory right to a fitness hearing in a sexually violent person
       commitment proceeding. Further the State contends that it would be improper for this court to
       apply a specific requirement not expressly provided for in the Act.
¶ 28       Again, respondent was not diagnosed with a mental illness, and nothing in the evaluation
       reports, nor in respondent’s responses to the court’s admonishments, suggested a lack of
       capacity such that the need for a fitness hearing might be implicated. 4 In any case, it is well
       settled that issues not raised in the trial court are forfeited and may not be raised for the first
       time on appeal. Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 525, 536 (1996). As respondent
       failed to raise the argument of his right to a fitness hearing before the trial court, the issue is
       forfeited.

¶ 29                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 30      We find no impropriety in the trial court’s acceptance of the respondent’s stipulation.
       Further, we find no basis in the record upon which to relieve respondent from his stipulation.
       Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying respondent’s motion to vacate.
       Accordingly the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

¶ 31       Affirmed.




           4
            In In re Commitment of Weekly, 2011 IL App (1st) 102276, this court held that a respondent
       subject to civil commitment under the Act has neither a statutory nor due process right to a fitness
       evaluation.

                                                    -8-
