[Cite as State v. Hughley, 2020-Ohio-1277.]


                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                             No. 108518
                 v.                                 :

TREVON HUGHLEY,                                     :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 2, 2020


         Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                            Case No. CR-18-630643-A


                                              Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and John F. Hirschauer, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 Office of the Ohio Public Defender, and Lauren
                 Hammersmith, Assistant State Public Defender, for
                 appellant.
MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

              Defendant-appellant, Trevon Hughley, appeals the juvenile court’s

decision to bind him over to adult court. He raises two assignments of error for our

review:

      1. The juvenile court violated [Hughley’s] right to due process when it
      found probable cause for aggravated vehicular homicide, failure to
      comply, aggravated vehicular assault, and receiving stolen property in
      the absence of sufficient and credible evidence that [Hughley] was the
      driver of the car and that he knew the car was stolen.

      2. The juvenile court erred when it found that [Hughley] was not
      amenable to the juvenile system and transferred his case to the
      common pleas court for criminal prosecution.

              Finding no merit to his appeal, we affirm.

I. Procedural History and Factual Background

              On November 17, 2017, a Ford Fusion with three young men in it,

Hughley, Curtis Moore, and Delshaun Bell, collided with a Nissan Sentra with three

young men in it, Mark Moore, Emmanuel Velez, and Jesse Fairley, at the corner of

78th Street and Union, in Cleveland, Ohio. The Sentra was traveling through the

green light on 78th Street. The Fusion was traveling on Union Avenue, went through

the red light, and hit the Sentra in the front left corner of the vehicle. The Fusion

spun around and ended up in the front yard of a house on Union Avenue, about

three houses away from the intersection. The Sentra ended up in front of a house

on Union Avenue about five houses away from the intersection. All of the men

sustained serious injuries in the crash, and Velez and Fairley died as a result of

injuries they sustained from the crash.
               In January 2018, Hughley was charged in juvenile court with two

counts of involuntary manslaughter, two counts of aggravated vehicular homicide,

three counts of failure to comply, one count of aggravated vehicular assault, and one

count of receiving stolen property. Hughley’s date of birth was May 10, 2000, so he

was 17-and-a-half years old at the time of the crash. Six days later, the state notified

the juvenile court that it was intending to pursue bindover proceedings against him.

               The juvenile court held a probable cause hearing on the state’s motion

to bind Hughley over to adult court in June 2018. The state presented the following

evidence at the probable cause hearing.

               Cleveland Police Officer Madison Demetrius testified that around

10:30 p.m. on November 17, 2017, he was patrolling the Fourth District looking for

“anything suspicious.” He noticed a red Ford Fusion that had foggy windows around

East 131st Street and Union Avenue. He thought the car might be stolen due to the

foggy windows, so he began to follow it and also ran the license plate. Officer

Demetrius’s suspicions were correct that the Fusion had been stolen three days

earlier. Officer Demetrius could not tell how many people were in the Fusion nor

could he see who was driving the car. He notified dispatch and activated the lights

on his police cruiser to initiate a traffic stop at 10:35 p.m. Once he activated his

overhead lights, the Fusion “accelerated.” Officer Demetrius said that pursuant to

police policy, he could not pursue the Fusion because officers can only pursue for

violent felonies. A stolen vehicle is not considered a violent felony, so he turned his
vehicle around and went the other way. He notified other police officers who were

in the area to watch for the vehicle.

               Officer Demetrius said that approximately five minutes later, he

heard there was a bad accident at 78th Street and Union. He “raced” to the scene.

He soon learned that one of the vehicles in the accident was the Fusion that he

stopped following five minutes earlier. Officer Demetrius testified that from where

he last saw the Fusion, it should have taken about ten minutes to get to where the

crash occurred if the driver had been obeying all traffic laws.

               Brian Lindway testified that he was on Union Avenue stopped at a red

light at the corner of 78th and Union. He said that while he was sitting at the red

light, a car came up from behind him, went left of center to go around him, and

crashed into a blue Nissan Sentra. Lindway estimated that the driver of the Fusion

was traveling approximately 60 m.p.h., and “maybe more.” Lindway pulled his

vehicle over and called 911.

               Lindway testified that he saw the Fusion in the yard of a house on

Union Avenue. The driver’s side of the car was against the house and the passenger

side was facing the street. Lindway noticed the Fusion was on fire. Lindway said

that police arrived very quickly. He watched police pull two people out of the Fusion.

He said he never saw anyone get out of the Fusion and run away before police got

there, but he did briefly take his eyes off of the car. He further agreed that it was

dark but said there were street lights.
              Delshaun Bell testified that on November 17, 2017, he was at the bus

stop when he saw “Von” as a passenger in a vehicle. He had known “Von” for three

years, but they were not friends. They played “hoop” together at Zelma George

Recreation Center. Bell asked “Von” if he could “drop him off” (he did not say where)

if he gave them money. Bell stated that there were three people in the car when he

got in it. “Von” was in the front-passenger seat and Bell got into the back-passenger

seat behind “Von.” Bell said that he did not know the driver or the other back-seat

passenger.

              Bell said that at some point after he got in the car, police began to

chase them. He said that there was “just too much going on” and he was “panicking.”

He remembered “going down Union, and everything went white.” He remembered

people flipping him over, and he woke up later that night in the hospital. Bell ended

up having a fractured neck and nose and a cracked jaw. He had to have a plate put

in his skull. He now has memory loss and vertigo.

              Bell testified that he remembered police officers coming to the

hospital and fingerprinting him. He said that the only thing the officers asked him

was if he was driving the car. Bell said they did not ask him if not him, who was

driving the car. Bell agreed that he spoke to the prosecutor just before he came into

court. When the prosecutor asked him, “And outside you just told me that they

might have asked you that and you might have answered it, you don’t remember

right?” Bell testified that he was not going to say if he told the police officers who

was driving because he did not remember if he did. But he said, “I ain’t going to rule
it out because I don’t remember.” However, Bell denied that he said “Von” was the

driver because he knew “for a fact [he] didn’t.” Bell further stated that he never told

a detective that “Von” picked him up to smoke marijuana, or that “Von was

operating the car while it was speeding and when the accident occurred[.]”

               Bell stated that he remembered talking to the prosecutor on

January 4, 2018, and telling him that “Ron” was the driver of the Fusion and that he

knew “Ron” from “hooping” at “Zelma.” But Bell said that he only knew that the

driver’s name was “Ron” from the “girl dying.”1 He said that he did not know Curtis

Moore. Bell testified that he would not lie for Hughley because they are not friends.

               Detective Charles Moten testified that he works in the accident

investigation unit for the Cleveland Police Department. He investigates accidents

where serious injuries or fatalities are involved. He received the present case three

days after it occurred. As part of his investigation, he interviewed Delshaun Bell at

MetroHealth Hospital. He said that Bell had head injuries, but could talk and did

not appear to be confused about the accident at all. Bell told him that “Von” had

been driving and that Bell was a rear passenger in the vehicle. Detective Moten

stated that it was not possible that Bell told him “Ron” was driving the vehicle

because he asked Bell if “Von was spelled “V-o-n,” and Bell said yes, “Von.” Bell told

Detective Moten that “Von” picked him up to go smoke marijuana and that he did

not know the car was stolen. Detective Moten said that he did not record his



       1 There is nothing in the record to indicate what “girl” Bell was referring to during
his testimony.
conversation with Bell at the hospital because police policy prohibits officers from

recording interviews that take place in a hospital due to HIPPA. He placed what he

learned from Bell’s interview in a written report.

              Cleveland Police Officer Nicholas Morley testified that on

November 17, 2017, he was working the afternoon shift with his partner, Officer

McNatt. He said they were headed back to the “district” to finish their reports for

the day when they came upon the accident. He “called out” their location and

activated his body camera. When he called out their location, dispatch stated that

they had just received it. He noticed the Fusion on the front lawn of a house between

a tree and the house. Officer Morley said that the driver’s side of the car was about

1.5 to 2 feet from the house and the front passenger door was facing the street.

Officer Morley further saw that there were “some flames” coming “from underneath

the hood.” He could hear people yelling, “He’s trapped, get him out of there.” He

called EMS and the fire department.

              When Officer Morley got to the Fusion, he said that Curtis Moore was

lying on the ground by the front passenger door. He was conscious and “moaning.”

Officer Morley then saw that Hughley was in the “front seat kind of laid across both

seats.” Officer Morley explained that Hughley was on his back and his head was

hanging out of the passenger door, his upper body was on the passenger seat, and

“his feet were draped over the center console towards the driver’s area.” He further

stated that Hughley’s legs were over the center console. Officer Morley testified that
two people were trying to pull Hughley out of the car. He told the two people that

he would handle it.

               Officer Morley tried to pull Hughley out of the car by himself but was

unsuccessful at first. He said that something was preventing him from doing so. He

took a step back to figure out what to do. He said the flames were getting bigger. At

that point, he stated that Officer McNatt grabbed Hughley’s right arm and he

grabbed Hughley’s left arm and they gave a “big tug” and freed Hughley from the

car. Officer Morley stated that he assumed that he could not get Hughley out of the

car at first because Hughley’s feet were stuck on something on the driver’s side of

the vehicle. Officer Morely said that he tried to look in the car to see if he could see

what it might be, but it was too dark, and he could not see.

               Officer Morley stated that Hughley and Moore were conscious but

moaning. He tried to ask them if there was anyone else in the car, but they did not

respond. Officer Morley could not see in the back seat because the back “curtain

airbags” had deployed and were blocking his view. The officers moved Hughley and

Moore farther away from the burning car. At that point, Bell started to crawl out of

the back-passenger door. They pulled him out of the car.

               Soon after they pulled Bell from the car, Officer Morley noticed the

Nissan Sentra that had been in the accident. The doors to the Nissan were “jammed”

and there were three unconscious men in it. They had to use machinery to get the

men out of the car.
               The footage from Officer Morley’s body camera was played in court.

He identified what was occurring as the state played the video.

               Officer Morley admitted that he said in his report that due to the

severity of the crash, he could not determine the “seating positions of the occupants

in the Ford Fusion.” However, Officer Morley testified that he “signed off” on Officer

McNatt’s supplemental report, which stated that Hughley had tried to crawl from

the driver’s side of the car to the passenger side of the car to get out of the vehicle.

Officer Morley explained that they assumed that Hughley “became” stuck as he tried

to get out of the car.

               Detective Darrin Robinson of the Crime Scene Unit testified that the

front driver’s side door of the Fusion was locked. He further stated that upon his

investigation, the interior control panel of the lock mechanism of the door was

damaged and did not work. While he was able to open the door with the handle

from the inside because it automatically unlocked when you did so, one could not

open the door by pushing the “unlock” button.

               The state also submitted evidence that an enrollment package for

Regent High School was found in the Fusion near the driver’s side of the vehicle. An

enrollment specialist for the high school testified that Hughley used to attend the

school but “got disenrolled” due to lack of attendance. To attend again, Hughley had

to reapply. The enrollment specialist stated that neither Curtis Moore nor Delshaun

Bell had ever attended the high school.

               The state rested.
               Hughley presented one witness on his behalf. Curtis Moore testified

that there were four people in the Fusion that day and that Hughley was not the

driver. Curtis stated that he was a back seat passenger, to the right of Bell, and that

Hughley was a front seat passenger. Curtis said that he was pulled out of the vehicle.

               The trial court found that the state presented credible evidence that

Hughley committed the offenses, which supported a finding of probable cause.

               The trial court held an amenability hearing a few weeks later. The

parties stipulated to the Juv.R. 30 evaluation and report submitted by Dr. Ezzo of

the Juvenile Court Diagnostic Clinic. The state presented three witnesses: (1)

Cynthia Bouyer, (2) Mark Moore, and (3) Reanylon Fairley, Jesse Fairley’s mother.

The witnesses testified to the seriousness of the injuries suffered by Mark Moore and

the death of Jesse Fairley. Mark Moore also testified to the serious economic harm

he suffered because he did not have insurance and his car was totaled. The juvenile

court found that Hughley was not amenable to rehabilitation in the juvenile justice

system.

               It is from this decision that Hughley appeals.2

II. Discretionary Bindover

               Under Ohio’s juvenile justice system, there are two types of transfer:

mandatory and discretionary. State v. Mays, 2014-Ohio-3815, 18 N.E.3d 850, ¶ 17




      2  Hughley was transferred to adult court. He pleaded guilty to an amended
indictment and was sentenced to 14 years in prison in January 2019. On May 3, 2019,
this court granted Hughley’s motion for delayed appeal.
(8th Dist.), citing State v. D.W., 133 Ohio St.3d 434, 2012-Ohio-4544, 978 N.E.2d

894.

       “Mandatory transfer removes discretion from judges in the transfer
       decision in certain situations. * * * Discretionary transfer, as its name
       implies, allows judges the discretion to transfer or bind over to adult
       court certain juveniles who do not appear to be amenable to care or
       rehabilitation within the juvenile system or appear to be a threat to
       public safety.”

Mays at ¶ 17, quoting D.W. at ¶ 10; R.C. 2152.12(A) and (B).

               Hughley was 17-and-a-half years old at the time of the crash and

turned 18 years old in May 2018 (and thus, he was 18 years old at the time of the

amenability hearing). The juvenile court transferred Hughley to the adult court

pursuant to a discretionary transfer that is governed by Juv.R. 30 and R.C.

2152.12(B).

                R.C. 2152.12(B) states in relevant part that “after a complaint has

been filed alleging that a child is a delinquent child for committing an act that would

be a felony if committed by an adult, the juvenile court at a hearing may transfer the

case if the court finds all of the following:

       (1) The child was fourteen years of age or older at the time of the act
       charged.

       (2) There is probable cause to believe that the child committed the act
       charged.

       (3) The child is not amenable to care or rehabilitation within the
       juvenile system, and the safety of the community may require that the
       child be subject to adult sanctions. In making its decision under this
       division, the court shall consider whether the applicable factors under
       division (D) of this section indicating that the case should be
       transferred outweigh the applicable factors under division (E) of this
       section indicating that the case should not be transferred. The record
      shall indicate the specific factors that were applicable and that the court
      weighed.

              Juv.R. 30(C) provides:

      In any proceeding in which transfer of a case for criminal prosecution
      is permitted, but not required, by statute, and in which probable cause
      is found at the preliminary hearing, the court shall continue the
      proceeding for full investigation. The investigation shall include a
      mental examination of the child by a public or private agency or by a
      person qualified to make the examination. When the investigation is
      completed, an amenability hearing shall be held to determine whether
      to transfer jurisdiction. The criteria for transfer shall be as provided by
      statute.

              When a juvenile court improperly transfers jurisdiction over a minor

to adult court, any subsequent conviction in the adult court is void for lack of

jurisdiction. State v. Washington, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20226, 2005-Ohio-

6546, ¶ 14, citing State v. Wilson, 73 Ohio St.3d 40, 44, 652 N.E.2d 196 (1995).

      A. Probable Cause

              In his first assignment of error, Hughley challenges the juvenile

court’s probable cause findings. He argues that the juvenile court’s probable cause

findings for aggravated vehicular homicide, failure to comply, and aggravated

vehicular assault were against the manifest weight of the evidence because the state

failed to establish that he was the driver of the vehicle. He further argues that the

state failed to present credible evidence of probable cause for receiving stolen

property because it did not present any evidence that he knew the car was stolen.

              The Ohio Supreme Court has instructed that “the state must present

credible evidence of every element of an offense to support a finding of probable

cause, but that evidence does not have to be unassailable.” In re A.J.S., 120 Ohio
St.3d 185, 2008-Ohio-5307, 897 N.E.2d 629, ¶ 46, citing State v. Iacona, 93 Ohio

St.3d 83, 752 N.E.2d 937 (2001). The Supreme Court further explained, the juvenile

court’s role in bindover proceeding is that of a “gatekeeper” because it is “charged

with evaluating whether sufficient credible evidence exists” to warrant transfer to

adult court. Id., citing In re A.J.S., 173 Ohio App.3d 171, 2007-Ohio-3216, 877

N.E.2d 997 (10th Dist.).

              A juvenile court’s probable cause determination in a bindover

proceeding involves questions of both fact and law. A.J.S., 120 Ohio St.3d 185,

2008-Ohio-5307, 897 N.E.2d 629, at ¶ 51. An appellate court will defer to the

juvenile court’s “determinations regarding witness credibility, but [will] review de

novo the legal conclusion whether the state presented sufficient evidence to

demonstrate probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the acts

charged.” Id. “The ‘probable’ component of the probable cause determination

means that the state must produce evidence that ‘raises more than a mere suspicion

of guilt, but need not provide evidence proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106502, 2018-Ohio-3998, ¶ 4, quoting A.J.S

at ¶ 42.

      1. Identity of the Driver

              We will address Hughley’s arguments out of order for ease of

discussion. Hughley argues that the state’s evidence that he was the person driving

the Ford Fusion “could not credibly support a finding of probable cause for

aggravated vehicular homicide, failure to comply, and aggravated vehicular assault.”
Because Hughley only challenges the state’s evidence regarding the driver’s identity,

we will not address the other elements of these offenses.

              After reviewing the evidence in this case, we find that the state

presented credible evidence to support probable cause that Hughley was driving the

Fusion. Officers Morley and McNatt arrived on the scene before any other officers.

In fact, they came upon the accident before they had received a dispatch that it had

occurred. They found the Fusion near a house where a bunch of people had

gathered. The driver’s side of the Fusion was very close to the house, approximately

1.5 to 2 feet from the house. From the photos, it appears as if the driver’s side area

of the Fusion was up against some shrubbery that was in front of the house, or the

Fusion had run over some shrubbery before it landed in its final position because

there were large branches and greenery under the car and between it and the house.

The photos also show that the front of the Fusion was severely damaged by the crash.

              Officer Morley testified that when he and Officer McNatt walked up

to the car, Curtis Moore was lying on the ground. Two other people were trying to

pull Hughley out of the car through the front passenger door. Officer Morley

described how Hughley was lying across the two front seats with his head hanging

out of the passenger side door and his body spread across the seats with his upper

body on the passenger seat and his legs and feet towards the driver’s side of the car.

He attempted to pull Hughley out of the car by himself but was unsuccessful. He

said that it appeared as if Hughley’s feet were stuck on something or wedged

between something on the driver’s side of the car. He and Officer McNatt then tried
to get Hughley out of the car together and they were able to pull him out of the

Fusion.

               Hughley argues that Officer Morley acknowledged in his report that

the due to the violent nature of the crash, it was difficult to determine who was sitting

where. Nonetheless, Officer Morley testified that he signed the report written by

Officer McNatt, which stated that it appeared as if Hughley was trying to crawl out

of the vehicle through the passenger side but he could not do so because his feet were

stuck on something.

               Further, although Bell testified at the probable cause hearing that

“Von” was a front-seat passenger in the vehicle, Detective Moten explained that Bell

told him in the hospital that “Von” was the driver and that he (Bell) was a passenger

in the back. Bell identified “Von” in court as Hughley. Hughley argues that Bell’s

hospital statements are not credible because Bell had a head injury and woke up

surrounded by police officers. Hughley maintains that it is much more likely that

his testimony at the probable cause hearing — that “Von” was in the front passenger

seat — was the truth. However, Detective Moten said that although Bell was injured,

he could talk and did not appear to be confused about the accident at all.

               Hughley further argues that the state’s evidence that police found

high school enrollment papers on the driver’s side of the Fusion only proved that he

was in the vehicle, not that he was the driver of the vehicle. We agree with Hughley

on this point. The papers could have flown about the vehicle as it spun three houses

down from the intersection of East 78th Street and Union Avenue. Nonetheless,
based on the state’s other evidence, we find that it presented credible evidence that

Hughley was the driver of the Fusion at the time of the crash.

              Further, although Bell and Moore testified at the bindover hearing

that Hughley was a front-seat passenger in the vehicle and not the driver, the

juvenile court also heard the testimony of the officers who were at the scene as well

as the detectives who investigated the crash afterwards, and determined that there

was probable cause to believe that Hughley was the driver.

              Accordingly, we find that the state presented credible evidence to

support probable cause that Hughley was driving the Fusion.

      2. Receiving Stolen Property

               Hughley further argues that the state failed to present evidence that

he “knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the Ford Fusion was obtained

through the commission of a theft offense.”

              R.C. 2913.51(A) provides: “No person shall receive, retain, or dispose

of property of another knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that the

property has been obtained through commission of a theft offense.” After review, we

find that the state presented credible evidence — albeit circumstantially — that

Hughley was aware that the car was stolen.

              When a disputed element of an offense is not susceptible of proof by

direct evidence, circumstantial evidence may be used to provide an inference of

guilt. State v. Hollstein, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-08-1164, 2009-Ohio-4773, ¶ 27.

Thus, for receiving stolen property, the state may use circumstantial evidence in
order to prove that appellant had the requisite knowledge or that he had reasonable

cause to believe the items were stolen. In re Lame, 11th Dist. Portage Nos. 96-P-

0265, 96-P-0266, and 96-P-0267, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 4532, 9 (Sept. 25, 1998).

              After review, we conclude that the state presented credible evidence

to establish probable cause that Hughley was aware that the Ford Fusion was stolen.

As we already concluded, the state presented credible evidence that Hughley was

driving the Ford Fusion that had been stolen just three days previously. And when

he saw that Officer Demetrius activated his overhead lights, Hughley accelerated the

Fusion rather than stopped the vehicle. Flight from police officers is circumstantial

evidence that the driver was aware that the vehicle he was in was stolen. State v.

McNeir, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-99-1406, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 5562, 15-16 (Nov.

30, 2000).

              Having found that the state presented credible evidence to establish

probable cause that Hughley was the driver of the Fusion and that he was aware the

Fusion was stolen, we overrule Hughley’s first assignment of error.

      B. Amenability

              In his second assignment of error, Hughley argues that the juvenile

court erred when it determined that he was not amenable to rehabilitation in the

juvenile system.

              In instances of discretionary transfer:

      [I]f probable cause exists and the child is eligible by age, the juvenile
      court must then continue the proceeding for a full investigation. R.C.
      2152.12(C) and Juv.R. 30(C). This investigation includes a mental
      examination of the child, a hearing to determine whether the child is
      “amenable to care or rehabilitation within the juvenile system” or
      whether “the safety of the community may require that the child be
      subject to adult sanctions,” and the consideration of 17 other statutory
      criteria to determine whether a transfer is appropriate. Juv.R. 30(C);
      R.C. 2152.12(B), (C), (D), and (E).

In re M.P., 124 Ohio St.3d 445, 2010-Ohio-599, 923 N.E.2d 584, ¶ 12.

               In making the amenability determination, the juvenile court must

consider whether the applicable factors under R.C. 2152.12(D) indicating that the

case should be transferred outweigh the applicable factors under R.C. 2152.12(E)

indicating that the case should not be transferred. R.C. 2152.12(B)(3); State v. Jones,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99044, 2013-Ohio-3725, ¶ 8. Additionally, aside from the

specifically enumerated factors, the juvenile court is instructed to consider “any

other relevant factors.” Id., citing R.C. 2152.12(D) and (E). “The record shall

indicate the specific factors that were applicable and that the court weighed.” R.C.

2152.12(B)(3). Further, when the trial court determines a transfer is proper, the

juvenile court “shall state the reasons for the transfer on the record.”          R.C.

2152.12(I); see also Juv.R. 30(G).

               We review a juvenile court’s amenability determination under R.C.

2152.12 pursuant to an abuse of discretion. Jones at ¶ 9, citing A.J.S., 120 Ohio St.3d

185, 2008-Ohio-5307, 897 N.E.2d 629. Indeed, a “juvenile court enjoys wide

latitude to retain or relinquish jurisdiction.” State v. Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d 93, 95,

547 N.E.2d 1181 (1989). The term “abuse of discretion” is one of art, “connoting

judgment exercised by a court, which does not comport with reason or the record.”
State v. Underwood, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2008-L-113, 2009-Ohio-2089, ¶ 30, citing

State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 148 N.E. 362 (1925). Stated differently, an abuse

of discretion is the trial court’s “failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal

decision-making.” State v. Beechler, 2d Dist. Clark No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900,

quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 101 (8th Ed.2004).

      1. Statutory Factors for Determining Amenability

               When determining whether to transfer a child to the trial court for

adult prosecution, R.C. 2152.12(D) requires that a juvenile court consider the

following relevant factors in favor of transfer (because they weigh in favor of finding

that the juvenile is not amenable to rehabilitation in the juvenile justice system):

      (1) The victim of the act charged suffered physical or psychological
      harm, or serious economic harm, as a result of the alleged act.

      (2) The physical or psychological harm suffered by the victim due to the
      alleged act of the child was exacerbated because of the physical or
      psychological vulnerability or the age of the victim.

      (3) The child’s relationship with the victim facilitated the act charged.

      (4) The child allegedly committed the act charged for hire or as a part
      of a gang or other organized criminal activity.

      (5) The child had a firearm on or about the child’s person or under the
      child’s control at the time of the act charged, the act charged is not a
      violation of section 2923.12 of the Revised Code, and the child, during
      the commission of the act charged, allegedly used or displayed the
      firearm, brandished the firearm, or indicated that the child possessed
      a firearm.

      (6) At the time of the act charged, the child was awaiting adjudication
      or disposition as a delinquent child, was under a community control
      sanction, or was on parole for a prior delinquent child adjudication or
      conviction.
      (7) The results of any previous juvenile sanctions and programs
      indicate that rehabilitation of the child will not occur in the juvenile
      system.

      (8) The child is emotionally, physically, or psychologically mature
      enough for the transfer.

      (9) There is not sufficient time to rehabilitate the child within the
      juvenile system.

               Additionally, R.C. 2152.12(E) requires that the juvenile court consider

the following relevant factors against a transfer (because they weigh in favor of

finding that the juvenile is amenable to rehabilitation in the juvenile justice system):

      (1) The victim induced or facilitated the act charged.

      (2) The child acted under provocation in allegedly committing the act
      charged.

      (3) The child was not the principal actor in the act charged, or, at the
      time of the act charged, the child was under the negative influence or
      coercion of another person.

      (4) The child did not cause physical harm to any person or property, or
      have reasonable cause to believe that harm of that nature would occur,
      in allegedly committing the act charged.

      (5) The child previously has not been adjudicated a delinquent child.

      (6) The child is not emotionally, physically, or psychologically mature
      enough for the transfer.

      (7) The child has a mental illness or is a mentally retarded person.

      (8) There is sufficient time to rehabilitate the child within the juvenile
      system and the level of security available in the juvenile system
      provides a reasonable assurance of public safety.

      2. Psychological Evaluation

               The psychologist who evaluated Hughley stated that since he had

been confined in the juvenile detention center, Hughley had been charged with
assault that occurred in the detention center on March 15, 2018. The psychologist

further stated that “it was ascertained that there is likely going to be another assault

charge” against Hughley that occurred in the detention center at the end of June

2018.

               According to the report, Hughley had two prior delinquency cases,

including a 2015 case where Hughley was adjudicated delinquent of aggravated riot,

aggravated trespass, and two counts of disorderly conduct and a 2016 case where he

was adjudicated delinquent for carrying a concealed weapon and two counts of

possession of a deadly weapon in a school safety zone. These cases “resulted in a

disposition of an Ohio Department of Youth Services Commitment – Suspended,

Community Control for nine months, and 50 hours of Community Service.”

Hughley’s probation was terminated on May 15, 2017. The psychologist explained

that the charges in the present case arose six months after Hughley’s probation was

terminated.

               The psychologist reported that Hughley was involved in the juvenile

court’s “Cognitive Behavior Therapy.” Hughley reported that the therapy really

helped him control his anger and realize that fighting was “not even worth it.” But

the psychologist stated that despite what Hughley said, he had been charged with

assault at least once and probably twice while he had been in the detention center

for the present case.
                The psychologist stated that Hughley “had a good understanding of

the charges” and his “thought processes were appropriate to the context of the

evaluation.” His “affect (degree of emotional expression) was normal.”

                The psychologist explained that he weighed the factors that supported

Hughley remaining in the juvenile system with the factors that supported

transferring Hughley to adult criminal court. The psychologist stated that it would

only address the relevant criteria. The psychologist found that the factors that

support retaining him in the juvenile system were (1) the fact that Hughley may not

be the principal actor, which “will have to be addressed through testimony,” and (2)

“[t]here is sufficient time to rehabilitate [Hughley] with the Juvenile Justice System

since [it] can retain jurisdiction until the age of 21.”3 The psychologist further found

that “other non-statutory factors” in favor of retaining Hughley in the juvenile

justice system were (1) [l]ater onset of behavior problems, (2) [s]trong support

system with his mother, and (3) [m]isconduct with peers rather than acting alone.

                The psychologist noted that if the facts “support [Hughley’s]

involvement in the acts with which he has been charged,” the following factors

support the finding that Hughley was not amenable to the “care and rehabilitative

services available” through the juvenile justice system: (1) there were two deaths, (2)

Hughley previously received cognitive behavior therapy when he was on probation

and reported that he benefited from the therapy, but he had been charged with




      3   The report was completed before the probable cause hearing.
assault while being held in the juvenile detention center in this case, (3) Hughley

was emotionally, physically, and psychologically mature enough for transfer to adult

court. The psychologist further found that “other non-statutory factors” in favor of

transferring Hughley out of the juvenile justice system were (1) poor anger

management and impulsivity, (2) poor academic achievement, and (3) although

“there was no specific inquiry about [Hughley’s] thoughts about the victims,” he did

not offer any empathy about the deaths and their surviving relatives during the

evaluation.

      3. Juvenile Court’s Judgment and Analysis

              The juvenile court first reviewed the factors against transfer under

R.C. 2152.12(E). It found that the factors R.C. 2152.12(E)(1) through (7) against

transferring Hugley out of the juvenile justice system did not apply. Regarding the

eighth factor under R.C. 2152.12(E)(8), the court noted that Dr. Ezzo found that

there was sufficient time to rehabilitate Hughley in the juvenile system.

              Regarding the factors in favor of transfer under R.C. 2152.12(D), the

juvenile court found that R.C. 2152.12(D)(1) applied because the victims suffered

physical or psychological harm or serious economic harm because Hughley’s

actions. The court then found that Dr. Ezzo’s report “was a little bit unclear”

regarding whether “the results of any previous sanctions or programs” indicated that

rehabilitation would not occur.      Because of that, the court found that R.C.

2152.12(D)(7) did not weigh in favor of retaining Hughley in the juvenile system.

The court further found that Dr. Ezzo’s report indicated that R.C. 2152.12(D)(8)
applied in favor of transfer because Hughley was emotionally, physically, and

psychologically mature enough for transfer to adult court.

               After weighing the applicable factors for and against transfer, the

juvenile court found that Hughley was not amenable to rehabilitation and that the

safety of the community required that he be subject to adult sanctions.

               Hughley argues that the juvenile court’s decision to transfer him to

adult court “is not supported by the record, and defies the governing body of juvenile

court judges’ guidelines that the ‘transfer of juveniles to adult court should be rare.’”

He further maintains that the juvenile court did not consider any of the disposition

options that were available in the juvenile system to rehabilitate Hughley before he

turned 21 years old.

               After review, we conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its

discretion. The juvenile court explicitly weighed the factors for and against transfer

outlined in R.C. 2152.12. Hughley had already turned 18 years old by the time of the

amenability hearing. The juvenile court and Dr. Ezzo both agreed that Hughley was

emotionally, physically, and psychologically mature enough for the transfer.

Further, the doctor concluded that Hughley did not have any significant emotional,

physical, or psychological issues.

               Although the juvenile court disagreed with Dr. Ezzo’s conclusion that

there was sufficient time to rehabilitate Hughley in the juvenile system, the juvenile

court is not bound by expert opinions in determining whether the child is amenable

to rehabilitation. State v. Williams, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 91CA005054, 1991 Ohio
App. LEXIS 5388, 7 (Nov. 6, 1991). Moreover, the expert also found that there were

more factors present against retaining Hughley in the juvenile justice system.

              The juvenile court considered the fact that the harm in this case was

severe. Two people died and one was permanently altered from the injuries he

sustained in the crash. Further, this was not a case where the juvenile crashed his

vehicle while not paying attention. The events that occurred just prior to the crash

magnify the seriousness of Hughley’s offenses. In an effort to escape the police,

Hughley travelled at a high rate of speed for over five minutes, ultimately running a

red light and hitting a car that had a green light while driving through the

intersection. And as one witnessed testified, Hughley was travelling at 60 m.p.h. or

more when he hit the Nissan Sentra. The Ohio Supreme Court has held the

seriousness of the alleged act is relevant to “the assessment of the probability of

rehabilitating the child within the juvenile justice system” because the more serious

the offense, the less amenable the juvenile will be to rehabilitation in the juvenile

system. Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d at 95, 547 N.E.2d 1181.

              Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the juvenile court

abused its discretion when it determined that Hughley was not amendable to

rehabilitation in the juvenile justice system. Thus, we overrule Hughley’s second

assignment of error.

              Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.          The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded to

the trial court for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
