                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., Trustee for                                  FOR PUBLICATION
OPTION ONE MORTGAGE LOAN TRUST                                       November 29, 2016
2005-2 ASSET BACKED CERTIFICATES,                                    9:00 a.m.
SERIES 2005-2,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 328186
                                                                     Mackinac Circuit Court
SBC IV REO, LLC, and CAPITOL NATIONAL                                LC No. 2014-007577-CH
BANK,

               Defendants-Appellees.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and MURPHY and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

MURPHY, J.

        This case primarily concerns a purported discharge of mortgage and the doctrine of
equitable subrogation, which “is available to place a new mortgage in the same priority as a
discharged mortgage if the new mortgagee was the original mortgagee and the holders of any
junior liens are not prejudiced as a consequence.” CitiMortgage, Inc v Mtg Electronic
Registration Sys, Inc, 295 Mich App 72, 81; 813 NW2d 332 (2011). The loan obtained by the
mortgagors and secured by the “new” mortgage at issue in this lawsuit was used, in part, to fully
satisfy and discharge the original mortgage, with both mortgages being held by the same
mortgagee. A second and different mortgagee had recorded its mortgage relative to the same
real property during the interim, making it a junior lienholder at the time of recordation. The
loan secured by the new mortgage exceeded the amount due under the original note, and the
mortgagors, for the most part, pocketed the remaining loan proceeds. Thus, the new loan and
mortgage involved more than a mere refinancing transaction; there was an increase in the
principal amount. The closing on the new mortgage entailed a faxed discharge of mortgage from
the junior lienholder that was ultimately never recorded, given that, according to the junior
lienholder, the discharge was conditioned on no new money being lent and on the preparation
and recording of a mortgage to replace the discharged mortgage, neither of which conditions was
met. Subordination of mortgages under the process outlined in MCL 565.391 was not attempted.
Several years later, the mortgagors defaulted on the mortgage that had originally been recorded
second in time, and foreclosure proceedings were commenced by an assignee traced back to the
one-time junior lienholder, resulting in the assignee’s purchase of the real property at a sheriff’s
sale. An assignee of the mortgagee that had held the original and new mortgages then instituted
the current action, alleging various causes of action and claiming priority of its assigned
mortgage interest on the basis of the discharge of mortgage and equitable subrogation. The main
                                                 -1-
questions posed in this appeal regard the validity of the discharge and the applicability of the
doctrine of equitable subrogation under the described circumstances. Arguments in favor of the
doctrine’s applicability and the discharge’s validity were advanced by plaintiff Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A., as Trustee for Option One Mortgage Loan Trust 2005-2 Asset Backed Certificates,
Series 2005-2 (Wells Fargo). The trial court rejected Wells Fargo’s attempt to employ equitable
subrogation and the discharge to its benefit, granting summary disposition in favor of defendants
SBC IV REO, LLC (SBC), and Capitol National Bank (Capitol). Wells Fargo appeals as of
right, and we hold that the discharge of mortgage was ineffective and unenforceable as a matter
of law for failure to satisfy conditions precedent, but that equitable subrogation is available to
Wells Fargo, albeit to the exclusion of the new or additional monies. Accordingly, we affirm in
part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        In December 2003, two individuals, as tenants in common, granted a mortgage to Option
One Mortgage Corporation (Option One) on certain real property located in Mackinac County,
securing a $449,000 loan made by Option One to the mortgagors under a promissory note. The
mortgage was recorded that same month. In August 2004, the same mortgagors, joined by a
spouse in order to bar any right of dower, granted a $400,000 mortgage to Capitol with respect to
the same real property encompassed by the first mortgage, partially securing a loan in excess of
$1 million. This mortgage was recorded in September 2004, and for purposes of this opinion and
ease of reference, we shall refer to it as the Capitol mortgage.

        In April 2005, the two mortgagors granted a “new” mortgage to Option One in regard to
the real property, securing a $520,000 loan. According to the settlement statement pertaining to
the closing, $458,109 of the loan proceeds were used to pay off the entire balance on Option
One’s original mortgage and, after disbursements to cover settlement charges and delinquent
taxes, the mortgagors received the remaining $34,566. This mortgage was recorded in May
2005, and we shall refer to it as the Option One mortgage.1 In June 2005, Option One recorded a
satisfaction of mortgage with respect to its original mortgage. There was no modification of the
original Option One mortgage; rather, it was completely discharged and replaced. The
satisfaction of mortgage provided that “Option One . . . has received full payment of [the]
promissory note, acknowledged satisfaction of said mortgage and hereby directs the clerk of the
Circuit Court of the above described county to cancel the same of record.”

       We must take a moment to explore the circumstances surrounding the closing relative to
the Option One mortgage. A couple of months prior to the closing,2 the title company prepared a
commitment for title insurance in regard to the planned transaction, which acknowledged the
Capitol mortgage and the original Option One mortgage in schedule B, section 1 of the
commitment, and which called for a discharge of those mortgages at the closing, otherwise they
would be shown as being excepted on the final title insurance policy. Closing instructions from
Option One to the closing agent directed that the mortgage must record in “First Lien Position.”


1
 With respect to the initial mortgage in 2003, we shall refer to it as the “original” Option One
mortgage.
2
    The closing on the Option One mortgage took place on April 15, 2005.

                                               -2-
Given the existence of the Capitol mortgage, the closing agent or someone from the title
company contacted Capitol in order to obtain a discharge of the Capitol mortgage, conceptually
allowing for a priority recording of the Option One mortgage upon discharge of the Capitol
mortgage, followed by the recording of a newly-prepared replacement mortgage in favor of
Capitol, with Capitol thereby retaining its junior lienholder position.

        An assistant vice-president for Capitol faxed a discharge of mortgage to the title
company’s closing department. In an affidavit obtained for purposes of the litigation, the
assistant vice-president averred that she had faxed the discharge of mortgage under the belief that
the Option One mortgage only entailed the refinancing of the original mortgage, “without the
new loan advancing any new money that would be secured with [the] new mortgage.” She
further averred:

                In response to the Title Company Request[,] I had prepared and executed
       the Discharge of Mortgage . . ., telefaxed the Discharge of Mortgage to the Title
       Company representative and advised the representative from the Title Company
       that the original Discharge of Mortgage would be provided and could be recorded
       upon confirmation that no new money was being loaned to [the mortgagors] and .
       . . that [the] Title Company would record the replacement [Capitol] Mortgage to
       secure [Capitol’s] position. This would have been the standard practice of
       [Capitol], in that an original, effective, recordable discharge of mortgage would
       not be provided until either funds were obtained to pay-off the [Capitol] loan
       secured by the mortgage or [Capitol’s] equity position was not in any way
       impaired and a replacement mortgage was prepared and recorded or to be
       recorded contemporaneous with the discharge. If the title company had requested
       an original, recordable discharge of mortgage, [Capitol’s] practice would have
       been to provide it to the title company in escrow subject to an agreement that it
       could only be released and recorded when these conditions had been met.

        The assistant vice-president also indicated that the Capitol mortgage was not paid off,
that the Option One mortgage “was for an increased principal amount,” and that no replacement
mortgage was recorded on behalf or in favor of Capitol. And, therefore, the conditions precedent
to Capitol’s agreement to discharge the mortgage were never satisfied. In turn, according to the
assistant vice-president, Capitol did not record the discharge of mortgage, nor was a discharge
ever effectively delivered.3 In a letter from the title company to Option One dated April 15,
2005, Option One was informed that the closing had occurred, that the title company had
“completely disbursed the mortgage in the amount of $520,000,” and that the mortgage
constituted “a valid first lien on the property, subject only to those encumbrances shown in




3
 In her affidavit, the assistant vice-president additionally averred that a Capitol loan presentation
document, which is part of the record, had been prepared by her or under her direction, reflecting
a request by the mortgagors for Capitol to provide a discharge of mortgage conditioned on no
new money being advanced and the recording of a replacement mortgage. The averment is
consistent with the loan presentation document.

                                                -3-
Schedule B, Section II of [the] commitment.”4 In the title insurance policy dated May 2, 2005,
there is an express exception for the Capitol mortgage, specifying that the policy did not insure
against loss or damage arising out of the Capitol mortgage.
        In August 2005, a few months after the closing on the Option One mortgage, one of the
mortgagors conveyed his tenants-in-common interest in the property to the other mortgagor
pursuant to a quitclaim deed. In May 2009, American Home Mortgage Servicing, Inc.
(American Home), as successor-in-interest to Option One, assigned the Option One mortgage to
Wells Fargo. However, in August 2011, Wells Fargo recorded an affidavit to expunge or rescind
the assignment, claiming that it was not executed by an authorized signer for American Home.
But then in March 2012, Sand Canyon Corporation, formerly known as Option One, executed
and recorded an assignment that assigned the Option One mortgage to Wells Fargo. At the time
of the instant litigation, Wells Fargo held the Option One mortgage. The lower court record
contains various documents, including title worksheets contemplating foreclosure on the Option
One mortgage, property reports, demands on the title insurance policy relative to the Option One
mortgage, a fax seeking to obtain the discharge of mortgage, and law firm communications to its
client, Option One and later Wells Fargo, that were dated from before the failed May 2009
assignment to Wells Fargo to after the successful March 2012 assignment to Wells Fargo. These
documents made clear that, for purposes of the public record at the register of deeds office, the
Capitol mortgage remained in existence, it had not been discharged, and it was superior to the
Option One mortgage. The documents further reflected that Wells Fargo was well aware of
these facts and the lack of a recorded discharge of mortgage before accepting the 2009 and 2012
assignments, although Wells Fargo did not appear to know the reasons why the discharge had not
been recorded. Evidently, the Option One mortgage had been in default, but foreclosure
proceedings were not pursued, ostensibly because of the Capitol mortgage conundrum.

        On March 11, 2013, in an earlier, separate lawsuit, Wells Fargo filed a quiet-title action
against Capitol, acknowledging the Option One and Capitol mortgages and Wells Fargo’s status
as an assignee of the Option One mortgage, and alleging that the Option One mortgage was
superior. Wells Fargo asserted that Capitol’s mortgage had “been paid off or otherwise satisfied,
however no discharge of mortgage ha[d] been recorded and [Capitol’s] mortgage remain[ed] in
senior lien position[,]” even though the Option One mortgage “was intended to be a senior
mortgage on the Property.” Wells Fargo further alleged that Capitol’s “failure to record a
discharge of mortgage [was] creating a cloud on [Wells Fargo’s] claim to the Subject
Property[.]” Wells Fargo asked the circuit court to discharge the Capitol mortgage, terminate
any interest in the property claimed by Capitol, and to recognize the Option One mortgage now
held by Wells Fargo as the senior lien on the property.

       On May 31, 2013, while Wells Fargo’s quiet-title action remained pending, Capitol
assigned its mortgage to SummitBridge Credit Investments IV, LLC (SummitBridge), upon
SummitBridge’s purchase of the underlying loan. The assignment was recorded on August 8,
2013. Also on August 8, 2013, Wells Fargo and Capitol stipulated to the dismissal of Wells


4
  We note that schedule B, section 2 of the title commitment did not reference the Capitol
mortgage as suggested by SBC and Capitol. Instead, as stated earlier, it was section 1 of
schedule B of the commitment that referred to the Capitol mortgage, as well as to the original
Option One mortgage.

                                               -4-
Fargo’s quiet-title action without prejudice, with the circuit court entering an order to that effect
on August 20, 2013.5 On August 27, 2013, SummitBridge assigned the Capitol mortgage to
SBC, which was a SummitBridge affiliate. At the time of the instant litigation, SBC held the
Capitol mortgage.

       An asset manager connected to SummitBridge and SBC executed an affidavit in which he
averred that in entering into the loan purchase agreement and related assignment with Capitol,
SummitBridge had relied on the Capitol mortgage being a first or senior mortgage on the real
property. The asset manager further asserted that “[n]either SummitBridge nor SBC received
any notice from Option One, Wells Fargo or any other entity or person of the existence of a copy
or original of the document entitled “Discharge of Mortgage” referenced in, and attached as
Exhibit F, to Wells Fargo’s Complaint [in the instant action], until on or about May 14, 2014.”
The asset manager additionally averred that had SummitBridge been informed of the allegations
made by Wells Fargo concerning equitable subrogation and the purported discharge of the
Capitol mortgage prior to SummitBridge’s purchase of the Capitol loan, “it would have either
not have entered into the Loan Purchase or would have otherwise paid a purchase price
substantially less than that which was agreed thereunder.”6

      In a notice of foreclosure sale dated October 31, 2013, SBC indicated that there had been
a default relative to the Capitol mortgage, with nearly $700,000 due and owing on the




5
 In an email to Wells Fargo from its attorney who had represented Wells Fargo in the quiet-title
action, counsel stated:
              As previously discussed, this file was referred to our office for a quiet title
       action to remove a senior lien, however, we cannot maintain a claim as our
       mortgage is in junior lien position to that of Capitol . . . . At the time of closing,
       there were two prior mortgages, however only one was paid off at closing, thus
       the Capitol mortgage was never paid off and remains in valid senior lien position.
       The QTA [quiet-title action] has been dismissed and I have attached a copy of the
       Order. We will be closing our file at this time.
6
  We note that the asset manager averred that SBC, as an assignee of the Capitol mortgage, “was
made aware of the civil action filed by Wells Fargo against [Capitol] . . . in 2013,” which was a
reference to the dismissed quiet-title action. The asset manager did not state that SummitBridge
had been aware of the pending quiet-title action when Capitol assigned its mortgage and sold the
loan to SummitBridge in May of 2013. Ultimately, the record does not indicate whether
SummitBridge had knowledge of the quiet-title action against Capitol when Capitol sold its loan
and assigned the mortgage to SummitBridge; the record does not contain a lis pendens related to
the quiet-title action. The quiet-title action’s mention of a discharge, as stated earlier, was
couched in terms of the Capitol mortgage having “been paid off or otherwise satisfied.” And
there was no allegation that a discharge had been faxed or delivered for purposes of the closing
on the Option One mortgage, so as to allow the realignment of lien priority as described by
Capitol’s assistant vice-president and discussed above. There is no dispute that the Capitol
mortgage was not paid off or otherwise satisfied.

                                                -5-
promissory note.7 The foreclosure sale was scheduled for and conducted on December 5, 2013,
where SBC purchased the property for $371,000 under a sheriff’s deed. A six-month redemption
period applied and was set to expire on June 4, 2014.

        On May 22, 2014, Wells Fargo filed its complaint in the present action against Capitol
and SBC, alleging six separate counts. In count I of the complaint, Wells Fargo alleged that
Capitol had unlawfully failed to discharge the Capitol mortgage. Wells Fargo asserted that
Capitol had a statutory obligation to file or record the discharge of mortgage that had been faxed
to the title company for purposes of the closing on the Option One mortgage. Wells Fargo
further alleged that Option One had only agreed to the new mortgage on the condition that it
would retain first priority lien position, that Capitol had induced Option One into proceeding
with the closing and new mortgage by agreeing to the discharge, that Capitol faxed a discharge
of mortgage to the closing agent, and that Capitol then failed to record the discharge. In count II
of the complaint, Wells Fargo alleged common-law indemnity, claiming that Capitol should
indemnify Wells Fargo for any monies required to be paid in order to redeem the property. The
basis for the indemnity claim was that Capitol’s failure to honor and record the discharge of
mortgage was wrongful. In count III of the complaint, Wells Fargo alleged fraud and
misrepresentation, once again relying on the underlying facts surrounding the faxed discharge of
mortgage and Capitol’s failure to record the discharge. In count IV of the complaint, Wells
Fargo assumed the record priority of the Capitol mortgage and alleged equitable subrogation,
which, as explained in the opening paragraph of this opinion, “is available to place a new
mortgage in the same priority as a discharged mortgage if the new mortgagee was the original
mortgagee and the holders of any junior liens are not prejudiced as a consequence.”
CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at 81. In count V of the complaint, Wells Fargo alleged a claim to
determine an interest in land under MCL 600.2932, contending that the Option One mortgage
assigned to Wells Fargo was “superior to all other liens” that might encumber the property.
Although not directly expressed in count V, which constituted a quiet-title claim, the allegations
contained therein in support of Wells Fargo’s contention that it held the senior lien on the
property essentially reflected reliance on the doctrine of equitable subrogation and on the
unrecorded discharge of mortgage. In count VI of the complaint, Wells Fargo alleged that the
foreclosure by advertisement conducted by SBC was invalid, given that SBC had no interest in
the property to foreclose upon in light of Capitol’s discharge of the mortgage. As gleaned by
review of the six counts in Wells Fargo’s complaint, it becomes clear that the case ultimately
boils down to two broad primary issues, i.e., the applicability of equitable subrogation and the
validity and enforceability of the faxed discharge of mortgage.

         Contemporaneous to the filing of its complaint, Wells Fargo filed a motion for a
temporary restraining order (TRO), show cause order, and for a preliminary injunction, seeking
to toll the running of the redemption period arising out of the foreclosure sale. On the day of the
filing of the complaint and motion, the trial court entered an ex parte TRO, tolling the
redemption period until further order of the court and setting the matter for a hearing on June 20,
2014. The hearing was conducted as scheduled, and by order dated June 23, 2014, the trial court


7
  Although the Capitol mortgage was for $400,000, the underlying loan, as mentioned earlier,
exceeded $1 million, and the loan was secured by not only the real property at issue here, but
additional forms of collateral.

                                                -6-
converted the TRO to a preliminary injunction and extended the redemption period for 14 days.
By amended order dated June 30, 2014, the trial court reversed its position and dissolved and
terminated the TRO and preliminary injunction, concluding that SBC had been a bona fide
purchaser without notice of any alleged mortgage discharge and thus Wells Fargo could not
establish a threat of irreparable harm or a likelihood of prevailing on the merits.

        The parties filed multiple competing motions for summary disposition, and after
entertaining oral argument on the issues at two hearings, the trial court entered a couple of orders
denying Wells Fargo’s motion for summary disposition and granting summary disposition in
favor of SBC and Capitol for the reasons stated on the record at a hearing on May 22, 2015. At
that hearing, the trial court initially observed that “[t]here wasn’t a discharge.” The court stated
that the discharge of the Capitol mortgage was subject to a “condition precedent” of being paid
off and that “within two weeks’ time, everybody knew that [the] mortgage was still there.” With
respect to equitable subrogation, the trial court found that CitiMortgage was distinguishable and
did not support application of the doctrine, considering that, relative to the Option One mortgage,
“the new money made it a new mortgage and not a refinance[.]” The trial court also concluded
that the equitable subrogation claim was time-barred under a six-year statute of limitations and
that prejudice would be incurred if the doctrine was invoked. For these reasons, the trial court
granted summary disposition in favor of SBC on counts IV (equitable subrogation), V (superior
interest in land), and VI (invalid foreclosure), which were the only counts applicable to SBC,
under MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10). The trial court indicated that counts IV through VI were
inapplicable to Capitol; nonetheless, the court granted summary disposition in favor of Capitol
on those counts.

       With respect to counts I (failure to honor and record discharge of mortgage) and II
(common-law indemnity), which were solely applicable to Capitol, the trial court granted
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis that the claims were time-barred
pursuant to a six-year statute of limitations and under MCR 2.116(C)(8) for failure to state a
claim. In regard to count III (fraud and misrepresentation), which also pertained solely to
Capitol, the trial court ruled:

              As to the fraud claims, the statute requires a clear and convincing
       demonstration that some fraud has occurred, and the Court just does not see it
       based on the pleadings and the arguments that have been made by Counsel.

       Wells Fargo appeals as of right.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition, Loweke v
Ann Arbor Ceiling & Partition Co, LLC, 489 Mich 157, 162; 809 NW2d 553 (2011), matters of
statutory construction, Snead v John Carlo, Inc, 294 Mich App 343, 354; 813 NW2d 294 (2011),
whether a cause of action is time-barred, Caron v Cranbrook Ed Community, 298 Mich App 629,
635; 828 NW2d 99 (2012), the applicability of equitable subrogation, CitiMortgage, 295 Mich
App at 75, and questions of law generally, id.


                                                -7-
                            B. SUMMARY DISPOSITION TESTS

       The trial court relied on MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10) in ruling on the motions for
summary disposition. With respect to MCR 2.116(C)(7), which provides, in part, for summary
dismissal when an action is barred by a statute of limitations, this Court in RDM Holdings, Ltd v
Continental Plastics Co, 281 Mich App 678, 687; 762 NW2d 529 (2008), observed:

               Under MCR 2.116(C)(7) . . ., this Court must consider not only the
       pleadings, but also any affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary
       evidence filed or submitted by the parties. The contents of the complaint must be
       accepted as true unless contradicted by the documentary evidence. This Court
       must consider the documentary evidence in a light most favorable to the
       nonmoving party. If there is no factual dispute, whether a plaintiff's claim is
       barred under a principle set forth in MCR 2.116(C)(7) is a question of law for the
       court to decide. If a factual dispute exists, however, summary disposition is not
       appropriate. [Citations omitted.]

        In regard to MCR 2.116(C)(8), which provides for summary disposition when a “party
has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted,” it tests the legal sufficiency of a
complaint. Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 129; 631 NW2d 308 (2001). The trial court
may only consider the pleadings in rendering its decision. Id. All factual allegations in the
complaint must be accepted as true. Dolan v Continental Airlines/Continental Express, 454
Mich 373, 380-381; 563 NW2d 23 (1997). “The motion should be granted if no factual
development could possibly justify recovery.” Beaudrie, 465 Mich at 130.

        Finally, with respect to the well-established principles governing a motion for summary
disposition brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), this Court in Pioneer State Mut Ins Co v
Dells, 301 Mich App 368, 377; 836 NW2d 257 (2013), explained:

               In general, MCR 2.116(C)(10) provides for summary disposition when
       there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is
       entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law. A motion brought
       under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a party's claim. A trial court
       may grant a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if the
       pleadings, affidavits, and other documentary evidence, when viewed in a light
       most favorable to the nonmovant, show that there is no genuine issue with respect
       to any material fact. A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record,
       giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue
       upon which reasonable minds might differ. The trial court is not permitted to
       assess credibility, weigh the evidence, or resolve factual disputes, and if material
       evidence conflicts, it is not appropriate to grant a motion for summary disposition
       under MCR 2.116(C)(10). A court may only consider substantively admissible
       evidence actually proffered relative to a motion for summary disposition under
       MCR 2.116(C)(10). [Citations and quotation marks omitted.]




                                               -8-
                                         C. DISCUSSION

                   1. PURPORTED DISCHARGE OF CAPITOL MORTGAGE

       Counts I, II, III, V (in part), and VI of Wells Fargo’s complaint were reliant on the
discharge of mortgage that the assistant vice-president for Capitol had faxed to the closing
department of the title company handling the closing on the 2005 Option One mortgage. Count I
alleged an unlawful failure to discharge the mortgage and record the discharge; count II alleged
common-law indemnity predicated on a failure to honor and record the discharge; count III
alleged fraud and misrepresentation for Capitol’s failure to follow through and record the
discharge as promised; count V sought a determination that Wells Fargo’s mortgage interest was
superior to SBC’s mortgage interest based, in part, on the discharge of the Capitol mortgage; and
count VI alleged that SBC’s foreclosure was invalid because there was no mortgage to foreclose
upon given the discharge.

        Within the pertinent time period, as prescribed by MCL 565.44(2), “after a mortgage has
been paid or otherwise satisfied, the mortgagee . . . shall prepare a discharge of the mortgage, file
the discharge with the register of deeds for the county where the mortgaged property is located,
and pay the fee for recording the discharge.” MCL 565.41(1). A mortgagee is liable for
statutory and actual damages for refusing or neglecting to discharge a mortgage “after full
performance of the condition of the mortgage, . . . or, if the mortgage is entirely due, after a
tender of the whole amount due[.]” MCL 565.44(1).

       There is no dispute that the mortgagors did not pay off, satisfy, or fully perform the
conditions of the Capitol mortgage, so there was no general statutory entitlement to a discharge
of mortgage. Rather, this case presented an attempted subordination of mortgages as between
the Capitol and Option One mortgages, through the planned use of a discharge of mortgage and a
replacement mortgage, whereby Option One would retain its superior lien position despite
recording the 2005 Option One mortgage after the 2004 Capitol mortgage had been recorded.
See Black’s Law Dictionary (7th ed) (defining a “subordination agreement” as “[an] agreement
by which one who holds an otherwise senior interest agrees to subordinate that interest to a
normally lesser interest”). Stated otherwise, Option One and Capitol contemplated subordination
of Capitol’s first lien to a second or junior lien, although not through the mechanism set forth in
MCL 565.391.8 The principles and rules governing the construction, application, and


8
    MCL 565.391 provides:
                 When any mortgagee named in any mortgage of property within this state,
         or the party or parties to whom such mortgage has been properly assigned of
         record, desire to waive the priority of said mortgage in favor of any other lien or
         mortgage, the holder thereof may in writing on said mortgage, or by separate
         instrument duly acknowledged and witnessed in the same manner as is provided
         for deeds and other instruments for the transfer of an interest in real estate, waive
         the priority of said mortgage in favor of any other mortgage or lien, to the extent
         of the lien of the mortgage so waived and such waiver when recorded whether
         upon the margin of the record, or as a separate instrument, shall be constructive
         notice thereof to all persons dealing with the mortgage, the lien of which has been

                                                 -9-
enforceability of contracts generally apply to subordination agreements. Conagra, Inc v Farmers
State Bank, 237 Mich App 109, 131-132; 602 NW2d 390 (1999).

       The law of contracts recognizes that some agreements are not binding at the outset with
respect to a right to performance, entailing conditions precedent to performance. Harbor Park
Market, Inc v Gronda, 277 Mich App 126, 131-132; 743 NW2d 585 (2007). In Harbor Park,
this Court observed:

               A condition precedent . . . is a fact or event that the parties intend must
       take place before there is a right to performance. If the condition is not satisfied,
       there is no cause of action for a failure to perform the contract. However, . . .
       promisors . . . cannot avoid liability on [a] contract for the failure of a condition
       precedent where they caused the failure of the condition. As the Supreme Court
       has stated, when a contract contains a condition precedent, there is an implied
       agreement that the promisor will place no obstacle in the way of the happening of
       such event. Where a party prevents the occurrence of a condition, the party, in
       effect, waives the performance of the condition. Hence, the performance of a
       condition precedent is discharged or excused, and the conditional promise made
       an absolute one. [Id. (citations, quotation marks, and ellipses omitted).]

         In 1 Cameron, Michigan Real Property Law (3d ed), Real Estate Sale Contracts, § 15.45,
pp 553-554, the author discussed conditions precedent in the context of real estate transactions,
stating:

               Many real estate sale contracts contain conditions precedent that must be
       met before either the buyer or the seller has an obligation to proceed. A condition
       precedent is distinguished from a promise in that it creates no right or duty in
       itself but is merely a limiting or modifying factor. Rezoning, the availability of
       financing, tax abatement, and the ability of one party to sell or purchase other real
       estate are often the subject of common conditions precedent in real estate sale
       contracts. . . . Once a condition has been fulfilled, the contract ceases to be
       conditional. [Citations omitted.]

       Given the uncontradicted affidavit executed by Capitol’s assistant vice-president, which
was also consistent with the Capitol loan presentation document, see footnote 3, we conclude as
a matter of law that Option One and Capitol had, at most, a conditional subordination agreement.
Under the conditional agreement, Capitol was obligated to discharge the mortgage and record the
discharge, but only if no new money was lent to the mortgagors as part of the Option One
mortgage and a replacement mortgage was prepared and recorded in favor of Capitol. There is
no genuine issue of material fact that neither of these conditions was satisfied, nor that Capitol
engaged in conduct to prevent the occurrence of the conditions. Accordingly, Capitol had no

       so waived, or with property described in said mortgage, from the date of filing
       said waiver for record. If said waiver be a separate instrument, it shall be recorded
       in the same manner provided for the recording of discharges of mortgages, and
       the recorder shall be entitled to the same fees for recording waivers of priority as
       are charged for assignments and discharges of mortgages.


                                               -10-
legal obligation to perform by way of honoring and recording the faxed discharge of mortgage;
the purported discharge was ineffective and unenforceable.

        Although the trial court alluded to a variety of reasons to dismiss the counts at issue,
including expiration of the statute of limitations, failure to state a claim, and the lack of clear and
convincing evidence relative to the fraud and misrepresentation count, the court also found that
“[t]here wasn’t a discharge.”9 Our holding is that there was no effective and valid discharge of
the Capitol mortgage in light of the conditions precedent and the failure of those conditions, as
conclusively established by the assistant vice-president’s affidavit and the loan presentation
document, which evidence was not contradicted by any documentary evidence submitted by
Wells Fargo. Absent an enforceable promise to discharge the mortgage and record the discharge,
there could be no unlawful failure to record the discharge, no basis for common-law
indemnification, no foundation for fraud and misrepresentation, no reason to conclude that the
Option One mortgage was the senior lien for purposes of the public record, and no grounds to
invalidate SBC’s foreclosure on the property. Therefore, the trial court did not err in summarily
dismissing Counts I, II, III, V (as premised on the discharge), and VI of Wells Fargo’s
complaint, albeit for reasons that differ from those expressed by the trial court. See Snead, 294
Mich App at 358. Given our holding, it is unnecessary to examine the other arguments posed by
Wells Fargo regarding the disposed-of counts.

                                2. EQUITABLE SUBROGATION

        In general, Michigan is a race-notice state under MCL 565.29, wherein the owner of an
interest in land can protect his or her interest by properly recording it and the first to record an
interest typically has priority over subsequent purchasers or interest holders. Coventry
Parkhomes Condo Assoc v Fed Nat’l Mtg Assoc, 298 Mich App 252, 256; 827 NW2d 379
(2012); Richards v Tibaldi, 272 Mich App 522, 539; 726 NW2d 770 (2006).10 Before its
amendment pursuant to 2008 PA 357, MCL 565.25 provided, in part, as follows:



9
  The trial court subsequently mentioned the failure of a “condition precedent” coming to
fruition, but couched it in terms of the condition being the payoff of the Capitol mortgage.
10
     MCL 565.29 provides, in relevant part:
                  Every conveyance of real estate within the state hereafter made, which
          shall not be recorded as provided in this chapter, shall be void as against any
          subsequent purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration, of the same
          real estate or any portion thereof, whose conveyance shall be first duly recorded.

        The term “conveyance” as used in MCL 565.29 “embrace[s] every instrument in writing,
by which any estate or interest in real estate is created, aliened, mortgaged or assigned . . . .”
MCL 565.35 (emphasis added); see also Mich Fire & Marine Ins Co v Hamilton, 284 Mich 417,
419; 279 NW 884 (1938) (race-notice statute applies to mortgages); Coventry Parkhomes, 298
Mich App at 256 (observing that MCL 565.29 and the principle that the first to record has
priority apply to liens and mortgages); Church & Church, Inc v A-1 Carpentry, 281 Mich App
330, 345; 766 NW2d 30 (2008) (MCL 565.29 “applies to mortgages”), vacated in part and aff’d
in part on other grounds 483 Mich 885 (2009).

                                                 -11-
             (1) . . . In the entry book of mortgages the register shall enter all
       mortgages and other deeds intended as securities, and all assignments of any
       mortgages or securities.

                                               ***

               (4) The instrument shall be considered as recorded at the time so noted
       and shall be notice to all persons except the recorded landowner subject to
       subsection (2), of the liens, rights, and interests acquired by or involved in the
       proceedings. All subsequent owners or encumbrances shall take subject to the
       perfected liens, rights, or interests. [1996 PA 526 (emphasis added).]

        Under this statutory language, mortgages were subject to the satisfaction of the obligation
on a mortgage note in the order in which the mortgages were recorded. Ameriquest Mtg Co v
Alton, 273 Mich App 84, 93; 731 NW2d 99 (2006).11 In Ameriquest, this Court held that
“[b]ecause MCL 565.25(4) plainly provides for priority designation based on date of
recordation,” a party must allege and show fraud, mutual mistake, or some other unusual
circumstance in order to invoke the doctrine of equitable subrogation. Id. at 99-100. The ruling
in Ameriquest severely restricted the availability of equitable subrogation to mortgagees seeking
to retain a senior lien position. See id. at 100 (our holding issued on the basis of MCL 565.25
“effectively abolishes the doctrine of equitable subrogation in its known form relative to
mortgage priority and foreclosure disputes”) (MURPHY, J., concurring).

        Pursuant to 2008 PA 357, the Legislature rewrote subsection (1) of MCL 565.25 and
entirely repealed and deleted subsection (4) of the statute. In revisiting the doctrine of equitable
subrogation following the ruling in Ameriquest, this Court in CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at 75,
stated:

               Under Michigan's former race-notice recording statute, MCL 565.25(1)
       and (4), as amended by 1996 PA 526, a first-recorded mortgage had priority over
       a later-recorded mortgage, and equity—and therefore equitable subrogation—was
       used by the courts to overcome the plain language of the statute only in the
       presence of unusual circumstances such as fraud or mutual mistake. Ameriquest . .
       . . However, Michigan's recording statute was amended by 2008 PA 357,
       eliminating the former MCL 565.25(1) and (4). Because the analysis in
       Ameriquest relied on those former subsections, Ameriquest is no longer
       controlling. [Citations and quotation marks omitted12.]



11
  The Ameriquest panel noted that “Michigan’s status as a recording priority jurisdiction has
existed since, at least, 1897 CL 8980.” Ameriquest, 273 Mich App at 93 n 3.
12
   In Ameriquest, this Court did not rely on nor even cite the general race-notice statute, MCL
565.29, which is applicable to mortgages although not nearly as precisely as MCL 565.25. Thus,
the CitiMortgage panel did not entertain the question whether the statutory theory underlying
Ameriquest and the deconstruction of equitable subrogation might remain applicable, but under
MCL 565.29 instead of the amended version of MCL 565.25. Moreover, such an argument was

                                               -12-
        The parties do not dispute the general application of race-notice principles; therefore, as a
starting point, the Capitol mortgage, which was not discharged, had priority over the
subsequently-recorded Option One mortgage, which was the junior or second mortgage upon its
recordation in 2005, with the original Option One mortgage being satisfied and discharged. In
light of these circumstances, Wells Fargo, as an assignee of Option One, turned to the doctrine of
equitable subrogation in an attempt to have the Option One mortgage placed in the same priority
position that had been enjoyed by the original Option One mortgage.

        In CitiMortgage, this Court indicated “that the caselaw . . . in Michigan is consistent with
Restatement Property, 3d, Mortgages, § 7.3, pp 472-473[.]” CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at
76.13 The CitiMortgage panel next examined the commentary to § 7.3 of the Restatement and
then set forth its ruling:

apparently not made in CitiMortgage. The parties here do not present an argument that
Ameriquest should be resurrected or that CitiMortgage improperly relegated Ameriquest to the
scrapheap of no-longer controlling opinions. And CitiMortgage is binding precedent. MCR
7.215(J)(1). Accordingly, we decline to examine whether MCL 565.29 dictates the same
limitations on the doctrine of equitable subrogation as those placed on the doctrine in
Ameriquest.
13
     This Court proceeded to quote the entire Restatement, which provides:
                  (a) If a senior mortgage is released of record and, as part of the same
          transaction, is replaced with a new mortgage, the latter mortgage retains the same
          priority as its predecessor, except

                  (1) to the extent that any change in the terms of the mortgage or the
          obligation it secures is materially prejudicial to the holder of a junior interest in
          the real estate, or

                  (2) to the extent that one who is protected by the recording act acquires an
          interest in the real estate at a time that the senior mortgage is not of record.

                  (b) If a senior mortgage or the obligation it secures is modified by the
          parties, the mortgage as modified retains priority as against junior interests in the
          real estate, except to the extent that the modification is materially prejudicial to
          the holders of such interests and is not within the scope of a reservation of right to
          modify as provided in Subsection (c).

                  (c) If the mortgagor and mortgagee reserve the right in a mortgage to
          modify the mortgage or the obligation it secures, the mortgage as modified retains
          priority even if the modification is materially prejudicial to the holders of junior
          interests in the real estate, except as provided in Subsection (d).

                  (d) If a mortgage contains a reservation of the right to modify the
          mortgage or the obligation as described in Subsection (c), the mortgagor may
          issue a notice to the mortgagee terminating that right. Upon receipt of the notice
          by the mortgagee, the right to modify with retention of priority under Subsection
          (c) becomes ineffective against persons taking any subsequent interests in the

                                                  -13-
               Of particular note, comment b to this section of the Restatement provides
       that “[u]nder § 7.3(a) a senior mortgagee that discharges its mortgage of record
       and records a replacement mortgage does not lose its priority as against the holder
       of an intervening interest unless that holder suffers material prejudice.” The
       associated Reporters' Note, voluminously citing many cases from other
       jurisdictions, explains that “[c]ourts routinely adhere to the principle that a senior
       mortgagee who discharges its mortgage of record and takes and records a
       replacement mortgage, retains the predecessor's seniority as against intervening
       lienors unless the mortgagee intended a subordination of its mortgage or
       ‘paramount equities' exist.”

               . . . [W]e conclude that § 7.3 of the Restatement, limited to the situations
       described by the quoted commentary—specifically, cases in which the senior
       mortgagee discharges its mortgage of record and contemporaneously takes a
       replacement mortgage, as often occurs in the context of refinancing—is consistent
       with Michigan precedent. Thus limited, because § 7.3 of the Restatement reflects
       the present state of the law in Michigan, we hereby adopt it. We caution, however,
       that the lending mortgagee seeking subrogation and priority over an intervening
       interest relative to its newly recorded mortgage must be the same lender that held
       the original mortgage before the intervening interest arose; and, furthermore, any
       application of equitable subrogation is subject to a careful examination of the
       equities of all parties and potential prejudice to the intervening lienholder.

                                                ***

                We [hold] that equitable subrogation is available to place a new mortgage
       in the same priority as a discharged mortgage if the new mortgagee was the
       original mortgagee and the holders of any junior liens are not prejudiced as a
       consequence. We further conclude that the Restatement, in the limited form in
       which we have adopted it, sets forth a reasonable and proper framework for
       determining whether junior lienholders have been prejudiced and whether the
       equities ultimately favor equitable subrogation. Because the trial court is the
       forum best suited to evaluating any prejudice and the competing equities,
       including making any relevant factual determinations, we remand this matter to
       the trial court to do so. [CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at 77, 81 (citations omitted;
       initial two alterations and emphasis in original).]

       CitiMortgage involved a fact pattern that is similar to the history in our case, except that
there was no subordination attempt in CitiMortgage and, more importantly, CitiMortgage
addressed a pure refinancing transaction, absent an increase in the principal amount and the
lending of new or additional monies. This latter distinction served as a basis, in part, for the trial

       mortgaged real estate, and any subsequent modifications are governed by
       Subsection (b). Upon receipt of the notice, the mortgagee must provide the
       mortgagor with a certificate in recordable form stating that the notice has been
       received.



                                                -14-
court’s rejection of Wells Fargo’s equitable subrogation argument. We hold that the trial court
erred in so ruling.14

        The framework enunciated in CitiMortgage did not indicate that equitable subrogation is
wholly unavailable if funds are lent to a mortgagor above and beyond the amount needed to
satisfy and discharge the original loan. The Court observed that the theory underlying equitable
subrogation is that a junior lienholder’s position is left unchanged by the conduct of the lender
seeking subrogation and that the junior lienholder is not wronged or otherwise prejudiced as a
consequence. CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at 80.15 When new money is added to an otherwise
ordinary refinancing transaction, a junior lienholder’s position will generally be changed to its
detriment if equitable subrogation is permitted, but only to the extent of the increase in the
principal amount. Absent the increase or new money, with all other pertinent variables not being
impactful, the extent of the available recovery or the amount needed to redeem property arising
out of any foreclosure proceedings would be the same for the junior lienholder as before the
execution of the new or replacement mortgage. In other words, the junior lienholder’s margin of
protection would be unchanged upon invocation of equitable subrogation. With new money
being lent and an increase in the principal amount, the extent of the available recovery would be
diminished or the amount needed to redeem property would increase for the junior lienholder as
compared to before the execution of the replacement mortgage, making the increase in the
principal amount prejudicial should equitable subrogation be allowed. Stated otherwise, the
junior lienholder’s margin of protection would be reduced upon invocation of equitable
subrogation. Simply put, the more money to which a mortgagee asserting equitable subrogation
becomes entitled (or the greater the mortgagor’s obligation under the replacement mortgage), the
lesser protection or greater the potential loss for the junior lienholder.

       Our view is consistent with language in comment b, p 475, of the Restatement, § 7.3,
wherein it is stated:

               Other sorts of changes that may be made in the terms of a replacement
       mortgage are not so benign. Obviously an increase in the principal amount will
       prejudice the holders of junior interests; see Illustration 2. Unless the original
       mortgage validly secures future advances . . ., it would be unfair to subordinate
       the intervening lienor to a replacement mortgage balance that it would have no
       reason to anticipate. [Emphasis added16.]



14
  We note that there is no dispute that the mortgagee relative to the original mortgage and the
new mortgage was the same entity, Option One, thereby satisfying that component of equitable
subrogation as required by CitiMortgage.
15
   We recognize that a junior lienholder becomes a senior lienholder upon recordation of the
replacement mortgage and discharge of the original mortgage, but for ease of reference, we shall
speak of the junior lienholder, meaning the intervening mortgagee that recorded its mortgage
after the original mortgage was recorded but before the replacement or new mortgage was
recorded.
16
   Illustration 2 must be read in conjunction with illustration 1, and those two illustrations
provide as follows:

                                              -15-
The Reporters’ Note to Restatement, § 7.3, explains that “courts usually regard an increase in the
mortgage interest rate or principal amount as causing a pro tanto loss of priority to any
intervening liens.” Id. at 485.17

         We agree with and adopt the Restatement approach set forth in comment b, the
illustrations, and the Reporter’s Note as cited and discussed above. The original Option One
mortgage was not a future advance mortgage,18 and permitting equitable subrogation with
respect to the new monies that increased the principal amount to $520,000 when the balance
owing on the original Option One mortgage was $458,109 would be prejudicial. There is
nothing in the record indicating that Capitol could have anticipated a replacement mortgage with

               1. Mortgagor borrows $50,000 from Mortgagee-1 and gives Mortgagee-1
       a promissory note for that amount secured by a mortgage on Blackacre. The
       mortgage obligation carries a fixed rate of interest and is to be amortized by fixed
       payments over 15 years. The mortgage is immediately recorded. Thereafter,
       Mortgagor borrows $10,000 from Mortgagee-2 and gives Mortgagee-2 a
       promissory note for that amount secured by a mortgage on Blackacre. The latter
       mortgage is promptly recorded. Two years later, when the balance on Mortgagee-
       1's mortgage is $49,000, Mortgagor and Mortgagee-1 agree to a replacement
       mortgage. Mortgagee-1 releases its original mortgage of record and Mortgagor
       delivers to Mortgagee-1 a new promissory note for $49,000 secured by a
       mortgage on Blackacre. The mortgage obligation carries the same fixed rate of
       interest as its predecessor and is evenly amortized over 20 years. A few days later,
       Mortgagee-1 records the replacement mortgage. The latter mortgage is senior to
       Mortgagee-2's mortgage.


              2. The facts are the same as Illustration 1, except that the replacement
       mortgage delivered to Mortgagee-1 secures a $60,000 obligation. Mortgagee-1's
       replacement mortgage is senior to Mortgagee-2's mortgage except to the extent of
       $11,000 and interest accruing thereon. [Restatement, § 7.3, comment b, p 476
       (emphasis added).]
17
   We note that the initial interest rate on the original 2003 Option One mortgage was 8.100%
subject to possible increases based on market rates starting January 1, 2006. The interest rate
could never go below 8.100% and had a ceiling of 14.100%. The 2005 Option One mortgage
had an initial interest rate of only 6.900% subject to possible increases based on market rates
starting May 1, 2008. The interest rate could never go below 6.900% and had a ceiling of
12.900%. Both mortgages were for 30-year terms.
18
  Restatement, § 7.3, comment b, p 475, notes the following regarding future advance
mortgages:
              Where the original mortgage clearly states that it secures future advances
       and specifies no maximum monetary amount, the intervening lienor is not
       materially prejudiced. Since the intervenor takes its lien on notice that future
       advances are possible, it cannot validly claim injury based on the fact that the
       replacement mortgage exceeds the pre-release balance of its predecessor.


                                              -16-
an increase in the principal amount when Capitol made the loan to the mortgagors and obtained
its mortgage in 2004. Accordingly, Wells Fargo is not entitled to equitable subrogation in regard
to the new or additional monies given the resulting prejudice; priority was lost to the Capitol
mortgage as to those funds.

        Wells Fargo argues, however, that the issue of prejudice is irrelevant, invoking
Restatement, § 7.3(c), which provides that “[i]f the mortgagor and mortgagee reserve the right in
a mortgage to modify the mortgage or the obligation it secures, the mortgage as modified retains
priority even if the modification is materially prejudicial to the holders of junior interests in the
real estate . . . .” Paragraph 26 of the original Option One mortgage provided that “[t]his
Security Instrument may be modified or amended . . . by an agreement in writing signed by
Borrower and Lender.” Wells Fargo contends that given this language in the original Option
One mortgage, equitable subrogation should apply to the entire 2005 Option One mortgage,
including the new monies that were lent to the mortgagors, regardless of any prejudice. We first
note that while the CitiMortgage panel quoted Restatement, § 7.3(c), it is not clear that it actually
adopted that specific provision, where it later stated that it was adopting Restatement, § 7.3, as
limited to the situations described in the commentary that the Court had quoted, which
commentary did not discuss mortgage modification language. CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at
77. Regardless, the 2005 Option One mortgage did not entail a mere modification of the original
mortgage; rather, it was a true replacement mortgage, resulting in the satisfaction, discharge, and
cancelation of the original mortgage in its entirety. Accordingly, we reject Wells Fargo’s
argument on this matter.

        With respect to the question of whether it would be prejudicial to apply equitable
subrogation relative to lent funds other than the new or additional monies, Capitol’s position
would have been left unchanged and thus we cannot identify any resulting prejudice. Indeed, the
general overall reduction in the interest rate reflected in the 2005 Option One mortgage would
likely have been favorable to Capitol, not prejudicial.19 That said, there are a variety of other
issues regarding the application of equitable subrogation that we must still review and resolve.

        First, the trial court ruled that a claim of equitable subrogation is subject to a six-year
statute of limitations and that Wells Fargo’s assertion of the doctrine was time-barred. The trial
court, agreeing with SBC and Capitol, invoked the catch-all statute of limitations found in MCL
600.5813, which provides that “[a]ll other personal actions shall be commenced within the
period of 6 years after the claims accrue and not afterwards unless a different period is stated in
the statutes.” On appeal, Wells Fargo contends that the applicable limitations period for
equitable subrogation is 15 years under MCL 600.2932 and MCL 600.5801(4).

        The trial court’s ruling reflected a misunderstanding of the doctrine of equitable
subrogation. The doctrine is not a cause of action, such that it would be subject to its own statute
of limitations. Rather, equitable subrogation, in the context of its desired employment in this


19
   An increase in the interest rate may materially prejudice junior lienholders. Restatement,
§ 7.3, comment b, p 475. “The reason is that the junior interest-holder’s margin of protection in
the real estate is reduced to the extent that a higher interest rate, like an additional principal
advance, increases the amount of the senior mortgage obligation.” Id.

                                                -17-
case, is simply a mechanism to realign mortgage priorities as part of a suit to determine an
interest in land under MCL 600.2932.20 An action to quiet title, i.e., to determine an interest in
real property, brought under MCL 600.2932 is subject to the 15-year limitations period in MCL
600.5801(4). Adams v Adams (On Reconsideration), 276 Mich App 704, 719; 742 NW2d 399
(2007). Count IV of Wells Fargo’s complaint alleged equitable subrogation, and count V
claimed a superior interest in land (quiet title), effectively on the basis of the debunked discharge
of mortgage and equitable subrogation. Confusion might have been minimized had Wells Fargo
not alleged a separate count for equitable subrogation, as the argument in favor of equitable
subrogation should simply have been encompassed by the quiet-title count. An argument
asserting equitable subrogation will effectively be precluded if a quiet-title action wherein the
doctrine is raised is not maintained within the 15-year statute of limitations applicable to quiet-
title actions. But, technically, there is no limitations period specifically for equitable
subrogation. Wells Fargo’s claim seeking to determine an interest in land, and more specifically
the priority of an interest, was pursued well within the applicable 15-year statute of limitations;
therefore, Wells Fargo was not precluded from presenting an equitable subrogation argument.

        With respect to the effect of the assignment of the Option One mortgage to Wells Fargo
on the analysis concerning equitable subrogation, this Court has stated that “[i]t is well
established that an assignee stands in the shoes of an assignor, acquiring the same rights and
being subject to the same defenses as the assignor.” Coventry Parkhomes, 298 Mich App at 256-
257. Upon an assignment of a mortgage, the assignee, for all beneficial purposes, becomes a
party to the mortgage, and “a mortgage assignee has the same priority rights as the original
mortgage assignor.” Id. at 257. In CitiMortgage, 295 Mich App at 78 n 2, this Court made clear
that these general assignment principles pursuant to which an assignee stands in the shoes of the
assignor are equally applicable for purposes of equitable subrogation analysis. Accordingly, the
fact that Wells Fargo was not a direct party to the Option One mortgage but an assignee does not
alter our ruling regarding the availability of equitable subrogation. Further, our conclusion is not
changed by the fact that Wells Fargo was aware at the time of the assignment that the public
record revealed the existence and superiority of the Capitol mortgage. To hold otherwise would
stymie assignments and effectively preclude assignees from invoking equitable subrogation,
which is only necessary to pursue in the first place when the public record reveals that another
lien exists and is superior. Had it not been Wells Fargo as an assignee seeking equitable
subrogation, it would have been the original mortgagee itself – Option One. And Wells Fargo’s
knowledge would have no bearing on whether prejudice would be incurred by Capitol or SBC in
permitting equitable subrogation.




20
     MCL 600.2932(1) provides:
                 Any person, whether he is in possession of the land in question or not,
         who claims any right in, title to, equitable title to, interest in, or right to
         possession of land, may bring an action in the circuit courts against any other
         person who claims or might claim any interest inconsistent with the interest
         claimed by the plaintiff, whether the defendant is in possession of the land or not.
         [See also MCR 3.411.]


                                                -18-
        SBC and Capitol argue that equitable subrogation is not available because Option One
had intended to subordinate the 2005 Option One mortgage to the Capitol mortgage, given that
Option One realized early on that there was no effective discharge of the Capitol mortgage and
that the Capitol mortgage had been excepted from coverage under the title insurance policy, yet
Option One did nothing in response. The CitiMortgage panel, quoting the Reporters’ Note to
Restatement, § 7.3, p 483, observed that a senior mortgagee who discharges its mortgage and
takes a replacement mortgage cannot avail itself of equitable subrogation if it intended a
subordination of its replacement mortgage to the existing junior mortgage. CitiMortgage, 295
Mich App at 77. We conclude that the documentary evidence established that Option One
intended just the opposite of that being claimed by SBC and Capitol. Option One’s closing
instructions to the title company and the effort to obtain the discharge of mortgage from Capitol
showed that Option One fully intended to retain its senior lien position at the time of the 2005
mortgage. The alleged failure by Option One thereafter to timely address the circumstances did
not reveal an intent to subordinate its mortgage to the Capitol mortgage, but was more in the
nature of neglect at worst.

       Next, SBC argues that it was a bona fide purchaser for value and thus protected by MCL
565.29, which, again, provides:

               Every conveyance of real estate within the state hereafter made, which
       shall not be recorded as provided in this chapter, shall be void as against any
       subsequent purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration, of the same
       real estate or any portion thereof, whose conveyance shall be first duly recorded.

SBC contends that at the time it was assigned the Capitol mortgage in August 2013, it did not
have actual or constructive notice of the original Option One mortgage given its discharge, nor
did it have notice of Wells Fargo’s equitable subrogation claim.21 SBC maintains that “the
public record was replete of any evidence of an alleged valid superior mortgage on the same
property” when SBC was assigned the mortgage.22




21
   SBC’s argument is poorly worded. We do not construe the argument as suggesting that the
original Option One mortgage was no longer viewable at the register of deeds office upon
recordation of the discharge of said mortgage, although the argument is susceptible to such an
interpretation. If that is the argument it would fail, given that the original Option One mortgage
would remain recorded and on display despite its discharge, and the discharge itself, which was
recorded, referenced the existence of the original Option One mortgage. Thus, SBC had notice
of the original Option One mortgage. It appears that what SBC is attempting to contend is
simply that it obtained the assignment without notice that Option One, and thus Wells Fargo, had
a potentially viable priority claim, considering the recorded discharge of the original Option One
mortgage that placed Capitol in the senior lien position.
22
  Although the trial court found that SBC had been a bona fide purchaser for value in dissolving
and terminating the TRO and preliminary injunction, the court did not rely on nor address the
principle in ruling on the motions for summary disposition. Given that the issue of whether SBC
was a bona fide purchaser for value had been presented for consideration at summary

                                              -19-
        Under MCL 565.29, a bona fide or good-faith purchaser for value of an interest in real
property may take priority over a prior conveyed interest. Penrose v McCullough, 308 Mich
App 145, 152; 862 NW2d 674 (2014). “And a good-faith purchaser is one who purchases
[property] without notice of any defect in the vendor’s title.” Id. A person having notice of a
possible defect in title who fails to make further inquiry into the potential rights of a third-party
does not constitute a good-faith purchaser. Id. at 153. Notice, which can be actual or
constructive, “is whatever is sufficient to direct attention of the purchaser of realty to prior rights
or equities of a third party and to enable him to ascertain their nature by inquiry.” Id. (citation
and quotation marks omitted). Constructive notice involves imputed notice to a person regarding
all matters properly of record. Id.

        In the simplest of hypotheticals, MCL 565.29 dictates that a mortgagee who first obtains
a mortgage but fails to record it loses to a subsequent mortgagee who obtains a mortgage relative
to the same property and records the mortgage, so long as the subsequent mortgagee gave value
for the mortgage and lacked notice of the first mortgage. Here, SBC is not arguing that it did not
have notice of the 2005 Option One mortgage, which was duly recorded. Rather, SBC is
maintaining that it lacked notice that the Option One mortgage might potentially be given
priority over the Capital mortgage that was assigned to SBC under the doctrine of equitable
subrogation. “A party's status as a bona fide purchaser for value is relevant only when there has
been a previously unrecorded conveyance.” Trademark Props of Mich, LLC v Fed Nat’l Mtg
Ass’n, 308 Mich App 132, 142 n 4; 863 NW2d 344 (2014) (emphasis added), citing MCL
565.29.23 The bona-fide-purchaser argument posed by SBC does not rely on a previously
unrecorded conveyance that allegedly constituted a defect of which it had no notice. But SBC is
not arguing that its bona-fide-purchaser status is irrelevant or that equitable subrogation is
unavailable as a matter of law under MCL 565.29 simply because the Capitol mortgage was the
senior mortgage on the public record. Instead, SBC appears to be maintaining that it had no
notice of the possibility of an equitable subrogation claim. Essentially, SBC is equating an
equitable-subrogation interest (a prospective claim of equitable subrogation) to a “previously
unrecorded conveyance,” which equitable-subrogation interest can be defeated if a subsequent
mortgagee acquires a mortgage for a valuable consideration and records it absent notice of a
viable claim for equitable subrogation.

       Assuming for the sake of argument that the premise of SBC’s theory is sound, i.e., that a
mortgage interest conveyed to a bona fide purchaser for value is superior to an earlier-arising,
equitable-subrogation interest, which of course would be unrecorded, SBC cannot show that it




disposition, we will address SBC’s argument as a potential alternative basis to affirm the trial
court’s ruling.
23
   It appears that the Trademark Props panel’s point was that if there has been a previously
recorded conveyance, the party recording that conveyance would generally prevail as being the
first to record, making the subsequently-recorded conveyance subordinate or junior and entirely
undermining any bona-fide-purchaser claim, considering the existence of record notice. The
panel did not address an equitable subrogation claim.

                                                 -20-
was indeed a bona fide purchaser for value.24 For the reasons set forth below, the record was
sufficient so as to have directed SBC’s attention to the rights or equities of Option One’s
assignee Wells Fargo and enabled SBC to ascertain the nature of those rights or equities by
inquiry. Penrose, 308 Mich App at 153. Therefore, SBC had notice of a possible priority claim
by Wells Fargo at the time that SBC was assigned the Capitol mortgage.

        First, CitiMortgage had been the law in Michigan for approximately two years when SBC
was assigned the Capitol mortgage; therefore, in light of the public record showing the original
2003 Option One mortgage, the 2004 Capitol mortgage, the 2005 Option One mortgage, and the
soon-thereafter discharge of the original Option One mortgage by Option One itself, SBC should
have been aware of an available claim of equitable subrogation by Wells Fargo. Second, the
affidavit by the asset manager for SummitBridge and SBC averred that “SBC was made aware of
the civil action filed by Wells Fargo against [Capitol] . . . in 2013,” which was a reference to the
previous quiet-title suit brought by Wells Fargo. Although Wells Fargo did not assert an
argument for equitable subrogation in the 2013 quiet-title action, Wells Fargo did claim that
there had been a discharge of the Capitol mortgage and that it ultimately had superior title.
While SBC was assigned the mortgage seven days after the quiet-title action was dismissed, the
dismissal was without prejudice, leaving open the possibility of future litigation over priority of
the mortgages. Under these circumstances, we conclude that SBC had notice of a possibility that
the outwardly-appearing priority of the Capitol mortgage might be in peril, thereby necessitating
further inquiry. Accordingly, SBC was not a good-faith purchaser for purposes of MCL
565.29.25

        Finally, Capitol argues that equitable subrogation is not available under Restatement,
§ 7.3(a)(2), which provides an exception to the doctrine “to the extent that one who is protected
by the recording act acquires an interest in the real estate at a time that the senior mortgage is not
of record.” Assuming that CitiMortgage adopted this provision, the comment and illustration
make clear that § 7.3(a)(2) applies in cases where a senior mortgagee has recorded a discharge of
its original mortgage but has yet to record its replacement mortgage, which was executed and
used to satisfy the original mortgage, and a second mortgagee comes along and records its
mortgage before the replacement mortgage is recorded. Restatement, § 7.3, comment b, p 476,
and illustration 6, p 478. Here, the original Option One mortgage had not yet been discharged
and was fully applicable when Capitol obtained its mortgage. Accordingly, § 7.3(a)(2) does not
provide a basis to reject Wells Fargo’s claim of equitable subrogation.




24
  We do question the soundness of SBC’s theory, considering that the whole purpose of the
doctrine of equitable subrogation is to allow a mortgagee whose mortgage is the junior lien in the
public record to attain senior lien status.
25
  To the extent that SBC is contending that it needed to have notice that a claim for equitable
subrogation had actually been asserted, whether in a court action or correspondence, prior to
SBC being assigned the Capitol mortgage, we reject the argument. As indicated, notice can be
actual or constructive, and an examination of the public record at the register of deeds office
would have shown that the circumstances were ripe for a claim of equitable subrogation.

                                                -21-
                                        III. CONCLUSION

        The trial court did not err in dismissing counts I, II, III, V (mortgage discharge
component), and VI of Wells Fargo’s complaint, considering that the purported discharge of
mortgage was ineffective and unenforceable as a matter of law for failure to satisfy conditions
precedent. With respect to count IV alleging equitable subrogation, we conclude that it was
subsumed by count V, which alleged mortgage superiority partly on the basis of equitable
subrogation. And the trial court did err in dismissing count V relative to the issue of equitable
subrogation, but only to the extent that the court ruled that equitable subrogation was unavailable
with respect to amounts not encompassing the new or additional monies. There was no error in
excluding the new monies or the increase in the principal amount from being subject to equitable
subrogation. We remand for entry of judgment in favor of Wells Fargo on count V consistent
with this opinion. To be clear, SBC retains title to the property purchased at the sheriff’s sale,
but that ownership interest is subject to Wells Fargo’s equitably-subrogated mortgage interest as
outlined by our ruling. See MCL 600.3236.26

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Neither party having fully prevailed, we decline to
award taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.



                                                               /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                               /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                               /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




26
     MCL 600.3236 provides:
                 Unless the premises described in such deed shall be redeemed within the
         time limited for such redemption as hereinafter provided, such deed shall
         thereupon become operative, and shall vest in the grantee therein named, his heirs
         or assigns, all the right, title, and interest which the mortgagor had at the time of
         the execution of the mortgage, or at any time thereafter, except as to any parcel or
         parcels which may have been redeemed and canceled, as hereinafter provided;
         and the record thereof shall thereafter, for all purposes be deemed a valid record
         of said deed without being re-recorded, but no person having any valid subsisting
         lien upon the mortgaged premises, or any part thereof, created before the lien of
         such mortgage took effect, shall be prejudiced by any such sale, nor shall his
         rights or interests be in any way affected thereby.


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