                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.




                                                          SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                          APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                          DOCKET NO. A-2174-17T1

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

           Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

NELSON MALDONADO,
WANDA REYNOSO, and
FINANCIAL CASUALTY
& SURETY, INC.,

           Defendants,

and

ABLE BAIL BONDS,

           Defendant-Appellant.


                    Argued January 16, 2019 – Decided April 26, 2019

                    Before Judges Alvarez and Mawla.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 16-07-2207.
            Robert M. Rosenberg argued the cause for appellant
            (Ted M. Rosenberg, attorney; Robert M. Rosenberg, on
            the briefs).

            Patrick J. C. Scaglione, Assistant County Counsel,
            argued the cause for respondent (Courtney M.
            Gaccione, Essex County Counsel, attorney; Patrick J.
            C. Scaglione, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Financial Casualty & Surety, Inc. (Financial), through its agent Able Bail

Bonds (Able), posted a $75,000 bail to secure the release of Nelson Maldonado.

He was charged with second-degree possession with intent to distribute a

controlled dangerous substance, marijuana, in a quantity of five pounds or more

but less than twenty-five pounds, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(10)(b), and fourth-degree

possession of marijuana in a quantity of more than fifty grams, N.J.S.A.

2C:35-10(a)(3). Financial appeals from the December 7, 2017 order forfeiting

the entire amount of the bond as a result of defendant's failure to appear. We

now vacate the order of forfeiture and remand for the court to engage in a more

detailed analysis, one including findings of fact and conclusions of law, before

entry of a final judgment.

      The facts are undisputed. Able posted the bond on defendant's behalf on

June 8, 2016. Defendant, a United States citizen, was required to surrender his



                                                                        A-2174-17T1
                                       2
passport.1 Between the date of his release and December 2016, Able telephoned

defendant, his wife, or his mother on a monthly basis. Able left voice messages

when no one was available. Although required to maintain bi-weekly phone

contact with Able, defendant never called the agent. Able did obtain the dates

defendant was expected to appear in court. Defendant appeared as required on

July 15, 2016, and August 5, 2016. 2

      In December, defendant's wife advised Able that defendant had moved to

the Dominican Republic and did not intend to return. She also gave the agent

an address, which she alleged was his new home. Able hired investigators, who

confirmed that defendant was in the Dominican Republic, having flown there

from New York City on November 29, 2016. The investigators provided the

passport number defendant used to travel. In the intervening months before the

forfeiture hearing, the State notified Able that it would not seek to extradite

defendant because of the nature of the charges.



1
  The relevant section of the New Jersey Bail Recognizance filed with the trial
court and included in the appendix is illegible. Financial's brief asserts it
required defendant to surrender his passport as a special condition of bail. The
State does not dispute the claim in its brief.
2
  Financial supports the claim that defendant appeared in court by reference to
a document captioned "New Jersey Superior Court." The document does not
indicate any court events. However, the State does not dispute the chronology.
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                                       3
      After considering the argument of counsel at the forfeiture hearing, the

judge said:

                     . . . ultimately the bail bondsman's responsibility
              is to ensure that his client comes to court when required
              and in this particular instance [defendant] elected to
              flee the United States and go to the . . . Dominican
              Republic.

                    And while it's true that the State has a card that
              they can exercise to get him back here, because of the
              type of case, if it was a homicide it might be different
              but, because it's a CDS marijuana case, they're not . . .
              going to expend the resources to do that.

                    [I]n this court's estimation, that doesn't absolve
              the bail bondsman of his responsibility and obligation
              to produce [defendant] nonetheless.

                     And the fact of the matter is while I understand
              that this is a $75,000 bond, the bail bondsman's client,
              [defendant], voluntarily fled the jurisdiction, and that's
              on the bail bondsman.

                     So . . . contractually, the bail bondsman was
              required to produce [defendant], they were unable to do
              so, and that's the risk that the bail bondsman took on
              [defendant] and it didn't work out for the bail
              bondsman, and the entire $75,000 should, therefore, be
              forfeited. That's at least in this court's estimation, and
              that's the only equitable thing to do.

                    To . . . negotiate some number less than that
              doesn't seem to be equitable to this court . . .

                    ....


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                                          4
                   [T] hat's the risk that the bail bondsman took and,
            therefore, the court is not willing to accept anything
            less than the full [seventy-five].

      On appeal, Financial raises the following points:

            POINT I
            THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO
            CONSIDER WHETHER THE STATE HAD A DUTY
            TO MITIGATE ITS DAMAGES.

            POINT II
            THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY
            FAILING TO CONSIDER ANY OF THE GENERAL
            FACTORS GOVERNING REMISSION AND AN
            ANALYSIS OF SAME WOULD REQUIRE THE
            EXONERATION OF THE SURETY.

            A.    Nature of the Applicant.
            B.    Bondsman's Supervision of the Defendant.
            C.    Bondsman's Efforts to Ensure the Return Of the
                  Fugitive.
            D.    Trial Court Erred by Re[f]using to Consider That
                  The Defendant Could Almost Immediately Be
                  Back in New Jersey.
            E.    Prejudice To The Prosecution Of The Criminal
                  Defendant.
            F.    Trial Court Erred By Refusing to Consider the
                  State's Actual Expenses Incurred As A Result of
                  the Defendant's Failure To Appear.
            G.    Intangible Element Of Harm to the Community
                  And Commission of Crime While A Fugitive.

      "[T]he decision to remit bail and the amount of remission are matters

within the sound discretion of the trial court to be exercised in the public

interest." State v. Harmon, 361 N.J. Super. 250, 254 (App. Div. 2003); State v.

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                                        5
De La Hoya, 359 N.J. Super. 194, 198 (App. Div. 2003). "The exercise of that

discretion must, however, be informed by the standards articulated by the

courts[.]" Harmon, 361 N.J. Super. at 254. Those standards include "the

necessity to provide a reasonable incentive to the surety to attempt the recapture

of the non-appearing defendant and to assure that the onus placed on commercial

sureties is not so great as to risk the impairment of a defendant's realistic right

to post pretrial bail." Ibid.

      Bail forfeiture and the amount of such forfeiture is based on application

of the principles found in Rule 3:26-6 and the remittitur guidelines enacted by

our Administrative Office of the Courts. See Administrative Directive #22-17,

"Bail and Bail Forfeitures – Revisions to Procedures and Forms" (Aug. 7, 2017).

As always, central to the grant of a discretionary remittitur is consideration of

all "factors and policies that are relevant to the equitable exercise of [the court's]

discretion." State v. Toscano, 389 N.J. Super. 366, 370 (App. Div. 2007).

      We recently addressed the relevant analysis for remission when a

defendant flees the country, pursuant to the prior revised remittitur guidelines,

in State v. Mungia:

             [I]f a defendant becomes a fugitive and flees to a
             foreign country, there is a presumption against
             remission. The surety must make every effort to assist
             in the re-apprehension of the defendant, including by

                                                                              A-2174-17T1
                                          6
            locating the defendant in the foreign country. The
            failure to extradite a located defendant does not excuse
            the suret[y] from [its] contract with the State, and
            generally does not justify remission if the State has no
            ability to obtain extradition of the defendant. However,
            if the surety locates the defendant in a foreign country,
            and extradition is possible, but the State elects not to
            request that the federal government seek extradition,
            there is no absolute bar against remission. In that
            situation, the trial court should consider the general
            factors governing remission.

            [446 N.J. Super. 318, 323-24 (App. Div. 2016).]

      In this case, however, the court considered only defendant's flight to the

Dominican Republic and no other factor. While acknowledging that the State

could extradite defendant but chose not to do so, the judge concluded that the

State's decision did not absolve the bail bondsman of his responsibility to

produce defendant in court.    The judge said that defendant's unavailability

within the jurisdictional boundaries of the State was "on the bail bondsman."

He made reference to forfeiture of the entire amount of bail being "the only

equitable thing to do[.]" The judge did not distinguish this case from Mungia,

or explain the reason forfeiture of the entire amount was necessary because

defendant fled to a foreign country.

      Rule 1:7-4 requires a judge in a non-jury proceeding to make findings of

fact and state conclusions of law. In the absence of such findings of fact and


                                                                        A-2174-17T1
                                       7
conclusions of law, obviously, appellate review is not possible. See Ricci v.

Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. 546, 574-75 (App. Div. 2017).              Factfinding is

"fundamental to the fairness of the proceedings and serves as a necessary

predicate to meaningful review[.]" R.M. v. Supreme Court of N.J., 190 N.J. 1,

12 (2007). Although strictly speaking the judge may have complied with the

rule, the discussion did not include application of the explicit fact -finding or

relevant law regarding the agent's compliance with its undertakings. More is

required, in fairness to both parties, before we engage in appellate review. Thus,

we are faced with the necessity of a remand.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.




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