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                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



                                                         )
HUSSAIN SALEM MOHAMMAD                                   )
ALMERFEDI,                                               )
                                                         j
               Petitioner,                               )
                                                         )
       v.                                                )        Civil Action No. 05-1645 (PLF)
                                                         )
BARACK OBAMA,                                            )
President of the United States, el al.,                  )
                                                         )
               Respondents,                              )
                                                         )

                                      CLASSIFIED OPrNION

               Petitioner Hussain Salem Mohammad Almerfedi has been in the custody of the

United States since 2002, and has been held at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba since

2003. He has filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, by which he challenges the legality of

his detention and asks the Court to order him released. The government asserts that it has the

authority to detain petitioner pursuant to the Authorization for the Use of Military Force, Pub. L.

No. 107-40, lIS Stat. 224 (200 I), because: (I) while staying at al Qaeda guesthouses in Iran,

petitioner acted as an al Qaeda facilitator helping foreign fighters infiltrate Afghanistan;



(3) petitioner actively associated with lama'at al-Tablighi, an Islamic missionary organization, at

the same time this organization provided logistical support and operational coverage to terrorist

organizations and foreign fighters fleeing Afghanistan. Petitioner denies that he had any


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association with al Qaeda or other terrorist groups and maintains that his association with

Jama'at al-Tablighi was innocent.

               In order to determine whether petitioner's detention is lawful, the Court has

carefully considered the documents admitted in evidence, the extensive legal briefs submitted by

the parties, and the arguments presented by counsel at the three day Merits Hearing held on

March 3, 4 and 5, 2010. At the beginning of the Merits Hearing, petitioner listened by telephone

to the unclassified opening statements presented by his counsel and by government counsel.

Thereafter, the proceedings were closed. Counsel presented no witnesses at the Merits Hearing,

but relied exclusively on documentary ev;dence and the inferences they asked the Court to draw

from the evidence. Based on the evidence and the arguments presented, the Court finds that the

government has not met its burden to show by a preponderance ofthe evidence that it has legal

authority to detain the petitioner. Accordingly, the Court will grant the petition for habeas

corpus.


                                       I. BACKGROUND

                                      A. Procedural History

               Petitioner filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus on August 16,2005.

Shortly thereafter, this case was stayed pending resolution of the question whether this Court has

jurisdiction over habeas petitions filed by Guantanarno detainees. After extensive litigation

regarding these habeas petitions, the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in Boumediene v. Bush

fmally made clear that this Court does have jurisdiction to consider habeas petitions from

detainees held at Guantanamo Bay, and advised the judges of the Court that U[t]he detainees in

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these cases are entitled to a prompt habeas corpus hearing." Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723,

---' 128 S. Ct. 2229, 2275 (2008). Following the Boudmediene decision, the undersigned and

most of the other judges of this Court agreed to consolidate their Guantmamo Bay habeas caseS

before fonner Chief Judge Thomas F. Hogan for coordination and management. Judge Hogan

issued numerous invaluable decisions that established a procedural framework for these unique

cases. The individual judges retained the cases for resolution of the merits of the habeas

petitions.

               Decisions of the Supreme Court and the D.C. Circuit have made plain that the

government bears the burden of establishing that a Guantmamo detainee's detention is lawful,

and it must do so by a preponderance of the evidence. See Boumediene v. Bush. 553 U.S. at _,

128 S. Ct. at 2229; Awad v. Obama, No. 09-5351, slip op. at 18 (D.C. Cir. June 2,2010); AI­

Bihani v. Obama, 590 F.3d 866, 878 (D.C. Cir. 2010); see also In re Guantanamo Bay Detainee

Litig., Misc. No. 08-0442, CMO § ILA, 2008 WL 4858241 (DD.C. Nov. 6, 2008). The

petitioner need not prove his innocence or that his detention is unlawful. See AI Mutairi v.

United States, 644 F. Supp. 2d 78, 86 (D.D.C. 2009). Rather. the government must prove that it

is more probable than not that he was part of or substantially supported the Taliban or aI Qaeda

~ Al   Odah v. United States, No. 09·5331, slip op. at 10 (D.C. Cir. June 30, 2010)

(preponderance of the evidence standard is constitutional in evaluating a habeas petition from

Guantanamo Bay detainee).

              The Supreme Court's decision in Boumediene left open the scope of the

government's detention authority. See Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. at _ , 129 S. Ct. at 2240.


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In its wake, judges of this Court have issued numerous thoughtful opinions addressing the scope

ofthe government's legal detention authority. See, u" Gherebi v. Obam!!, 609 F. Supp. 2d 43,

62-71 (D.D.C. 2009); Harnlily v. Obama, 616 F. Supp. 2d 63, 68-77 (D.D.C. 2009). The court of

appeals recently resolved some of the different approaches taken by the judges of this Court in its

decision in Al-Bihani v. Obarna, 590 F.3d 866 (D.C. Cir. 20 I0). The court concluded that the

government could lawfully detain "an individual who was part of or supporting Taliban or al

Qaeda forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its

coalition partners," or "an individual [who] 'substantially support[s]' enemy forces." Id. at 872.

This two-pronged definition -    both membership and substantial support -       includes ''those who

are part of al Qaeda or the Taliban or those who purposefully and materially support such forces

in hostilities against U.S. Coalition partners." Id. The court of appeals concluded that ''OOth

prongs are valid criteria that are independently sufficient" to justifY detention.   Is!. at 874.'
               The government filed an amended Factual Return in this case on October 29,

2008. Petitioner filed a Traverse on May 29, 2009. The parties engaged in discovery and

motions practice both before and after the filing ofthe Traverse. On August 5, 2009, over

petitioner's objection, the Court granted the government's motion to stay the case on the ground

that petitioner had been approved for transfer from Guantanamo Bay. See Sealed Memorandum

Opinion and Order, Ok!. No. 183 (Aug. 5,2009). The government was unable to secure




                Because the Court concludes that the government has not shown by a
preponderance of the evidence that petitioner had any association with or provided any support to
al Qaeda, it need not address the question of what level of involvement and intent is necessary
before someone is determined to be a part of or to substantially support a terrorist organization.

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petitioner's transfer by December 1,2009, however, and the Court then lifted the stay and set a

schedule for briefing on the merits and a Merits Hearing. The Court thereafter ordered the

government to provide petitioner with additional discovery. The government was unable to

complete production of this discovery by the date of the Merits Hearing, but petitioner decided to

proceed with the Merits Hearing even though the discovery to which he was entitled had not been

fully produced.

                  Prior to the Merits Hearing, the Court issued an Order stating that it would admit

hearsay evidence, as required by the court of appeals' decision in AI-Bihani. See Almerfedi v.

Obam!!. Civil Action No. 05-1645, 2010 U.S. Dis!. LEXIS 17706 at·2 (D.D.C. Mar. 1,2010).

See also AI Odah v. United States, slip op. at II (hearsay evidence is admissible ifit is reliable).

The Court explained that it would accord any evidence that had been created and maintained in

the ordinary course of business a rebuttable presumption of authenticity. See Almerfedi v,

Obama. 2010 U.S. Dis!. LEXIS 17706 at ·2. But the Court denied the government's request to

give such evidence a presumption of accuracy. It stated that instead it would "consider the

accuracy, reliability, and credibility of all of the evidence presented on a case-by-case basis in the

context of the evidence as a whole and the arguments presented by counsel during the merits

hearing. . .. The proponent of any piece of evidence must establish its accuracy, reliability, and

credibility." See id. at ·3.


                                           III. DISCUSSION

                The government argues that petitioner is detained lawfully because he was part of

al Qaeda. More specifically, the government asserts that petitioner was an aI Qaeda facilitator

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who frequented al Qaeda guesthouses in       Ir~d                          helped fighters infiltrate

Afghanistan from Iran to fight against coalition forces. The government also asserts that

petitioner's active association with Jama'at al-Tablighi -          an Islamic missionary organization

that the government says provides logistical support and operational coverage to terrorist

organizations -     further justifies petitioner's lawful detention.

                  The government urges the Court to view the legality of petitioner's detention by

looking at the totality of the evidence, which the Court has done. The Court has "evaluate[d) the

raw evidence" to determine whether it is "sufficiently reliable and sufficiently probative to

demonstrate the truth of the asserted proposition with the requisite degree of certainty."

Bensayah v. Obam~ No. 08·5537, slip op. at 13 (D.C. Cir. June 28, 2010) (quoting Parhat v.

Gates, 532 FJd 834, 847 (D.C. Cir 2008». When individual pieces of evidence are unreliable,

however, the Court has not presumed their contents to be true in order to buttress the presumed

accuracy of other flawed evidence. See, U, AI-Adah; v. Obarna, Memorandum Opinion, Civil

Action No. 05-0280,2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75108 at °17-18 (D.D.C. Aug. 21,2009).


                                    A. Petitioner's Version ofEvents

                  Petitioner was born in Yemen in 1977. See Joint Exhibit ("JE") 76, Declaration

of Hussain Salem Mohammad Almerfedi ("Almerfedi Decl.'') ~ 2. According to petitioner, he

lived with his parents in Aden, a city in southern Yemen, until September 2001. See id. ~ 2,8.

Petitioner's family is poor. See id. ~ 4. While in Yemen, petitioner held a series of odd jobs.




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               Petitioner claims that he wanted to leave Yemen and travel to Europe in order to

find freedom, tolerance, and opportunity and to make a better life for himself. See Almerfedi

Dec!. 'll8; see also JE 9, FBI 302 of May 27, 2003 Interrogation of Petitioner ("FBI 302") at I; JE

11, Criminal Investigation Task Force Summary of December.003 Interview of Petitioner

("CIT Summary"). Petitioner explained that it would have been difficult for him to obtain a

European visa while in Yemen. See Almerfedi Decl. 'll9; FBI 302 at 2. His plan, as he explains

it, was to travel from Yemen to Pakistan, a trip that was relatively inexpensive and easy to make,

and then to associate himself with the Islamic missionary group Jarna'at al-Tablighi ("JT'),

which he hoped would fund and facilitate a missionary trip for him to Europe. See Almerfedi

Dec!. 'lll 0; FBI 302 at 2; CIT Summary.

               According to petitioner, he flew from Sana'a, Yemen, to Karachi, Pakistan in

early September 2001. See Almerfedi Decl. 'll9; FBI 302 at 2. He stayed in Karachi for

approximately four days before traveling to Lahore, Pakistan. See Almerfedi Dec!. 'll16; FBI 302

at 2; CIT Summary. Upon arriving in Lahore, petitioner went to the JT headquarters, where he

stayed for approximately two and one half months. See Almerfedi Dee!. 'll'll 18, 21; FBI 302 at

2-3. Petitioner's plans for traveling to Europe with JT were derailed by the September 11,2001

attacks on the United States. See Almerfedi Dec!. 'll1 15,22.

               Petitioner states that while at the JT headquarters in Lahore he associated with a

                                           See Almerfedi Decl. 'll18; FBI 302 at 2-3; CIT

Summary. Petitioner explains that he paid.to smuggle him to Greece via Iran and Turkey.


See Almerfedi Dec!. 'll22; FBI 302 at 3; CIT Summary. According to petitioner,.muggled




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petitioner over the border into Iran in November 2001. See Almerfedi Dec!. "" 23,24; FBI 302

at 3. They traveled to Tehran and then on to Mashad, a city in Northeast Iran near the

Afghanistan border. See Almerfedi Dec!. "25; FBI 302 at 3. Petitioner states that he remained

in Mashad with.for about one month, without taking any further steps towards continuing on

his journey to Europe. See Almerfedi Dec!. "26; FBI 302 at 3. Petitioner further states that he

and.eventually traveled back to Tehran in December 2001 or January 2002 where petitioner

was immediately arrested by the Iranian police. See Almerfedi Dec!. " 27; FBI 302 at 3-4; CIT

Summary. Petitioner has been in custody ever since, held first by the Iranians, then for almost a

year in Afghanistan, and finally, since 2003, by the United States. See Almerfedi Decl. "" 32,

33.


              B. Al Qaeda Guesthouses in Iran; Petitioner as Al Qaeda Facilitator

               As explained by the government, a network of guesthouses exists in Iran and

Afghanistan, among other countries, which are used by al Qaeda as part of its terrorist mission.




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               The Court notes that all of the government's background infonnation regarding al

Qaeda guesthouses and their functions, includin                                 the declaration of

               of the Defense Intelligence Agency, see JE 4, relates to guesthouses in

Afghanistan or Pakistan, and does not specifically describe or discuss guesthouses in Iran.

Neither party has presented the Court with any evidence of whether aI Qaeda guesthouses in Iran

are like or unlike those in Afghanistan and Pakistan.'




        2       The court of appeals noted in Al-Bjhani that "evidence supporting the military's
reasonable belief of [visiting al Qaeda guesthouses in Afghanistan] with respect to a non-citizen
seized abroad during the ongoing war on terror would seem to overwhelmingly, if not
definitively, justify the government's detention of such a non-citizen." Al-B ihani v. a bam!!, 590
F.3d at 873 n. 2. While proof that an individual stayed at an al Qaeda affiliated guesthouse in
Afghanistan or Pakistan, in the context of the facts and circumstances offered in evidence, may
suggest that that person is a part of or substantially supports al Qaeda, the government has not
proven that the word "gueslhouse" is a tenn of art such that its use would always imply an al
Qaeda affiliation. This uncertainty about the use of the word "guesthollse" is all the greater given
the signifIcant complications caused by Arabic translation. See JE 85, Declaration of Karen C.
Ryding, Ph.D., Concerning Arabic Interpretation Issues. In addition, the government has not
offered any evidence to show that a guesthouse in Iran is run in the same manner or serves the
same function as the Afghani or Pakistani guesthouses desribed by

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                 The Court, however, need not resolve the difficult question whether proof that

petitioner frequented Iranian guesthouses by itself would be adequate to justifY his detention,

because, as explained below, it finds that the government has not shown by a preponderance of

the evidence that petitioner ever stayed in an Iranian guesthouse, let alone one run by or affiliated

with aI Qaeda.

                 The government's direct evidence that petitioner stayed in aI Qaeda-sponsored

guesthouses in Iran and from there was a facilitator for foreign fighters entering Afghanistan is

comprised entirely of statements made by one other detainee at Guantanamo Bay - al-Jadani

(lSN 230), Much of the government's case, therefore, turns on whether ISN 230 is a reliable

source and whether the intelligence documents before the Court are reliable representations of his

statements or his knowledge. The parties have presented extensive evidence about the general

reliability of ISN 230 and about the credibility of reports created by his interrogator. Rather than

draw a general conclusion as to the credibility of ISN 230 as a witness, the Court has examined

in detail each,ofthe six reports relied upon by the government to determine whether the

particular information contained in each should be credited.

                 An additional wrinkle presents itself in the Court's evaluation of the utility of

these intelligence reports. When ISN 230 refers to the man the government identifies as

petitioner, he typically refers to him as "Hussain A1-Adeni." The government argues that the

Court should treat this name as synonymous with petitioner. Deciding to do so is not a

straightforward conclusion, however. Arabic names often include "nishas," a secondary name

derived from a person's home region or city. See JE 6, Declaration      0




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. -Names, Alisas, Kunyas and Variants at 2-3. Thus, for example, many people from

Aden, petitioner's home city, might go by the name "AI-Adeni." Hussain is, of course,

petitioner's first name. At times ISN 230 states that the AI Adeni to whom he refers is detained

at Guantanamo. See JE 20. Even though it is possible that ISN 230 was referring to petitioner

when he described the actions of "Hussain Al Adeni," the Court cannot be certain of this

conclusion. Hussain is a very common name, and "AI-Adeni" could refer to any man from the

city of Aden. J There is no evidence that ISN 230 was ever shown photographs of petitioner or

that ISN 230 and petitioner knew each other prior to their detention at Guantanamo. Nor has the

government presented evidence that petitioner referred to himself as "AI-Adeni" or that anyone

else did so. While the Court will not discount entirely the documents in which ISN 230 refers to

AI-Adeni, it cannot without further corroboration be certain that they refer to petitioner. See

Mishal v. United States, 644 F. Supp. 2d 78, 96 (D.D.C. 2009) (finding identification of detainee

unreliable because source referred to detainee by a different name).


                              I. The First Set of Intelligence Reports

                The first document on which the government relies is a summary interrogation

report ("SIR'') of a              interrogation ofISN 230. In that summary, ISN 230 is reported

to have said that another detainee, Harnza AI-Gaetti (or AI-Qaiti), told him that in December

2001 AI-Gaetti and others were traveling back and forth from Afghanistan to a guesthouse in

Tehran. See IE 18 at 1. ISN 230 also told his interrogator that, according to a group of unnamed



        ,      For example, a man named Marwan AI-Adeni is reported to have supervised one
of the guesthouses in Tehran. See JE 28 at 1.

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detainees who arrived in Guantanamo in 2004, people staying ill the Tehran guesthouse were

 facilitators for al Qaeda fighters going into Konar, Afghanistan. See id. According to this group

of detainees, both Tolfiq Nassar Ahmed AI-Bihani (ISN 893) and "Hussein ((AI-Adeni)), an AI-

Qaida facilitator". were staying at the guesthouse. Id.

                The second document relied upon by the government is a summary of

_interrogation of[SN 230, which contains similar information. According to that summary,
                                                                                        a"
 the unnamed group of detainees who arrived in Guantanamo in 2004 reportedly told ISN 230 that

"those in residence at the guesthouse [in Tehran) were facilitators for Mujahideen going into

 Konar, Af. Detainee (SA-893 ((AI-Bihani)) Tolfiq Nassar Ahmed) and Hussein ((AI-Adem)), an

AI-Qaida facilitator, lived at the guesthouse in Tehran, lr." JE 17 at I.

                The third document relied upon by the government is an                   summary

ofan interrogation of[SN 230. It also reports that ISN 230 said that "Harnza Al Gayetti and Abu

Hassan tmveled to Iran together and founded two small guesthouses in Tehran. They had two

people at the guesthouses who are now here at Gtmo: ISN 893 and Hussain AI Adani, who is in

_              JE 20 at I.' The source for his information is not identified. See id.

                Each of the three documents just discussed is a summary ofan interview of

ISN 230. These "summary interrogation reports" ("SIRs") are always



                                                                       See JE 47, Declaration of




           •    Neither petitioner nOr the government has verified whether or not petitioner was,
in fact,              in Guantanamo at the time of this interrogation.

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                              (Sept. 19,2008) at 7; JE 71, Declaration of

Dec!.") , 6. The final document in this group relied upon by the government is not an SIR but an

"intelligence information report" ("IIR"). An IIR is a report written if an intelligence official

determines that sufficient useful intelligence has been derived from human intelligence; it

generally is to be disseminated more widely in the intelligence community than SIRs and

synthesizes information from one or more SIRs. See JE 47 at 6-7.

               The                 IIR relied upon by the government contains virtually the same

information that is contained in the three SIR's, except that for the first time ISN 230 purpor1edly

provides dates for petitioner's alleged activities, stating that Al Adeni lived at the Tehran

guesthouse from late 2000 into early 200 I. See JE 26. These dates do not appear in any of the

SIRs produced for the earlier interrogations of ISN 230. In fact, this is the only document

presented to the Court that places petitioner in Iran before the Fall of 200 I. Assuming that ISN

230 actually made the statement about these dates, it must have been during an interrogation for

which the goverrunent has not produced a summary contemporaneously prepared by the

interrogator. The Court would have more confidence in the accuracy of the statements contained



there was any evidence in the record to corroborate them. g.

ISN 230 approximately I 00 times).
                                                                    _ecl.,
in this IIR ifit had access to all of the underlying documents from which it waS produced or if

                                                                                  7.interviewed



               The Court finds these four intelligence documents inherently unreliable. The only

source identified for ISN 230's information about petitioner is an unnamed group of detainees

who arrived in Ouantanamo in 2004. Not only does ISN 230 not identify who they are, but there


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is no information provided about the source or sources of the group's information. It could be

based on personal knowledge, hearsay, multiple hearsay, or rumor. Although hearsay evidence is

admissible in these proceedings, the Court still must determine whether the hearsay statements

are accurate, reliable and credible. Information that came from an unnamed group of detainees,

for which the original source cannot be pinpointed, amounts to no more than jailhouse gossip, if

that, and cannot serve as the basis for petitioner's detention. The Court will not credit any of

these four documents.

               In any event, the government has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence

that the petitioner was ever in Iran before the Fall of2001, so it is most unlikely that petitioner

could have been in a guesthouse in Tehran in 2000 or early 2001. While the government points

out that petitioner has not produced any evidence corroborating his assertion that he did not leave

Yemen until early September 2001 and did not arrive in Iran until November 2001, information

which does seem obtainable, the government has not produced any evidence to the contrary­

other than the unreliable IIR that purports to place petitioner in Iran prior to November 2001.'

And, it must be remembered, the burden of proof is on the government throughout these

proceedings.




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                            2. Two Additional Intelligence Docwnents

               The Court now turns to two additional intelligence documents relied on by the

government and derived from later interrogations. In each of these documents, ISN 230 purports

to be relaying infonnation that he learned directly from petitioner. To support the reliability of

these documents, the government points out that from October 2003 through June 2004 ISN 230

was housed in the same cell block as was petitioner, and that in April and May of 2006 they

shared the same recreation yard. S~ IE 73, Declaration of                          ~~   3-5. The

government argues that this proximity enabled ISN 230 10 speak directly with petitioner and that

the Court therefore should credil the information that ISN 230 says he learned from petitioner. In

addition, because the statements purportedly made by petitioner to ISN 230 concern the same

matters that were the subject of the hearsay statements in the four docwnents discussed in

Part III.B.I, the government attempts through these additional documents to bolster the reliability

and trustworthiness ofthe others.

               In a September 22, 2006 summary of interrogation report, ISN 230 is reported to

have said that he had the opportunity to speak with Hussain Al-Adeni, who told ISN 230 that he

had been housed in a guesthouse in Tehran and that there were two guesthouses in Tehran, one of

which was supervised by Harnza AI-Qaiti. See IE 19 at 1. There is other information about this

guesthouse reported in the SIR, but ISN 230 does not suggest that petitioner was the source for

this additional infonnation.'



       ,     The government points out that by September 2006, when this SIR was prepared,
ISN 230 knew the circumstances of petitioner's capture - he reported to the interrogator that
Hussain AI-Adeni was captured in Iran, that later that year he was returned to the Afghans, and

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                                          SECKEl;; nOI,OIti,

               An                    IIR based on interrogations of ISN 230 reports that ISN 230

told his interrogator that "according to detainees SA-893, Tolfiq Nassar Ahmed «AI-Bihani)),

and YM-I015, Hussein Salem «Mohammed)), there were two guesthouses in Tehran....

Harnza Al-Qaiti supervised the second guesthouse ... According to detainees SA-893 and

YM·IOI5, AI-Qaiti received money from Bin Laden for the maintenance of both

guesthouses.... Sometime during 2002 and 2003, SA-893, Tolfiq Nassar Ahmed «AI-Bihani)),

and YM-IO 15, Hussein Salem «Mohammed)), lived in the second guesthouse for lower ranking

fighters." JE 28 at 1. 7 This IlR also slates: "In approximately 2002, YM-IOI5 was captured in

IR .. ' Later in 2002, YM-I015 was returned to the Afghans and the Afghans turned YM-l015

over to the Americans." Id. at 2. ISN 230 did not describe petitioner as a "facilitator" in either

ofthese reports.

               Although these documents do not suffer from the same hearsay problems as do the

first four intelligence reports, there are other reasons to question their accuracy and reliability.

Only in the                   IIR is it slated that ISN 230 ever referred to petitioner by his given

name, but in this report he states that petitioner was in the Tehran guesthouse during 2002 and

2003. It was, however, virtually impossible for petitioner to have been in a Tehran guesthouse

during those years. It is undisputed that the Iranian authorities arrested him in either December




that the Afghans turned AI-Adem over to the Americans - which corroborates the government's
argument that references to Hussain AI-Adeni are references to the petitioner. See JE 19 at I. On
the other hand, ISN 230 misreports the date that petitioner arrived in Guantanarno as 2002, when
in fact it was 2003. See id.
       7
               YM-IOI5 is petitioner.

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2001 or January 2002 and that he has been in custody ever since. Indeed, in a later paragraph of

the same IIR, ISN 230 is said to have reported that YM-I 0 15 was captured in Iran in 2002 and

then, "later in 2002," he was returned to the Afghans and ultimately turned over to the

Americans. Id. at 2. See also JE 34 at I (interrogation notes of petitioner interview stating that

petitioner was captured in Tehran in January 2002); JE 50 at 5 (intelligence summary stating that

detainee identified by government as petitioner was arrested in Tehran in December 2001).

While the Court will accept the government's suggestions that ISN 230 simply was mistaken

when he mentioned calendar year 2003, or that his interrogator misreported what he said, or that

the person who synthesized various SIR's summarized them inaccurately, this mistake raises

additional questions about the credibility ofISN 230 or the reliability of the interrogator or other

government personnel.

               In any event, that leaves the government to argue only that petitioner could have

been in a Tehran guesthouse "for a portion of 2002" ~ Transcript of Merits Hearing at 57 (Mar.

3,2010) -- in other words, during the month of January 2002. This one-month window is a

slender reed on which to base the argument that these two documents support petitioner's

detention. The government essentially urges the Court to accept as true only the information in

these interrogation documents that supports petitioner's detention, while discounting information

that conflicts with its theory for detention.

               In addition, th                   IIR attributes the infonnation provided by

ISN 230 to statements allegedly jointly or separately made to him by petitioner and by SA-893,

AI-Bihani. But AI-Bihani's own statements under oath are inconsistent with what ISN 230


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reports that AI-Bihani and petitioner allegedly told him about their stay in Iranian guesthouses in

2002 and perhaps 2003. Significant doubt exists as to whether ISN 893 was ever in a Tehran

guesthouse, or certainly that he was in one at the same time as petitioner. See JE 91, Declaration

of Toffiq al Bihani 128 (stating that he was arrested almost immediately after crossing the border

into Iran within the weeks or months after September 11, 2001); JE 92 at 2 (intelligence report of

FBI interrogation in which AI-Bihani denies being in Iran prior to 2002). AI-Bihani's statements

that he was in a Tehran guesthouse in 2000, JE 52, and in ~ guesthouse after September

11,2001, JE 53, hardly support the government's theory that he and petitioner stayed together in

a Tehran guesthouse in 2002 or possibly 2003.

               The documents just discussed are the government's only direct evidence that

petitioner stayed in al Qaeda guesthouses in Tehran in 2002. For the reasonsjust explained,

however, they cannot be credited.

               The government has identified other evidence that it maintains corroborates ISN

230's statements. Specifically, it points out that petitioner admitted to being in Iran in late 2001

or early 2002. See Almerfedi Dec!. "25,27. It notes that ISN 893, Al-Bihani, stated that he

was in the same prisoner exchange between Iran and Afghanistan in mid-March 2002 as Hussain

AI-Adeni, which the government argues would put AI-Bihani in Iran at the same time as

petitioner. See JE 30 at I. ISN 893 also has admitted to meeting with Hamza AI-Qaiti, which

the government says provides some corroboration for ISN 230's statements that ISN 893 stayed

in Al-Qaiti's guesthouses in Tehran with petitioner. See JE 53 at 2. Furthermore, as the

government correctly points out, petitioner's story that he stayed in Mashad, Iran for one month


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without making any additional effort to continue his journey to Europe is, at the very least,

perplexing. Mashad is much closer to the border with Afghanistan than it is to the border with

Turkey. On the other hand, petitioner has consistently asserted that he was in the control of

Muhammad Ali, he did not speak Farsi, and he had little experience with foreign travel, much

less with illegal border crossings. Unfortunately for the government -- which bears the burden of

proof in these proceedings -- these snippets of circumstantial or "corroborating" evidence add

little to the government's unreliable direct evidence that petitioner stayed in Tehran guesthouses

in 2002, or, indeed, at any time.


                            3. Was Petitioner an Al Qaeda Facilitator?

               As for the government's contention that petitioner was an al Qaeda facilitator in

Iran helping fighters infiltrate Afghanistan, the government has provided no direct or persuasive

circumstantial evidence other than petitioner's alleged association with Iranian guesthouses and

the description of petitioner as a "facilitator" in the unreliable documents discussed in Part

IJl.B.l. If petitioner had been a "facilitator" for al Qaecta, other witnesses likely would have

known about it and would have been able to testify about his work for al Qaeda. The

government has presented no such evidence, no evidence of petitioner's motive, no evidence that

he had any history of anti-western or pro-al Qaeda beliefs, and no evidence that he associated

with those who advocated such beliefs. Nor is there any evidence that petitioner, who is

uneducated, is a sophisticated traveler or document forger -    skills that likely would be necessary

for al Qaeda facilitators. Furthennore, it is implausible that al Qaeda would post petitioner to a




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guesthouse in Tehran, because it is undisputed that he does not speak Farsi.' Most importantly,

having failed to prove that petitioner stayed at al Qaeda guesthouses in Iran in 2000 and early

200 I, the argument that he facilitated the movement of foreign fighters into Afghanistan while

residing in such guesthouses during that period falls of its own weight. 9

               A handful of interrogation reports, based upon at least one, and frequently

numerouS levels of hearsay, which may not even be referring to petitioner, which report

implausible allegations alongside a few arguably incriminating ones, and which are not supported

by significant additional corroborating evidence, do not show by a preponderance of the evidence

that petitioner stayed in a Tehran guesthouse, much less that he was a facilitator for al Qaeda.




                The government makes much ofthe fact that petitioner was carrying a significant
amount ofcash when he was arrested in Tehran, but he explained that he had saved the money
for years in order to fmance his immigration to Europe. The parties dispute the amount of cash
that petitioner would have had at the time he was captured if it were his own savings and not al
Qaeda funds, but this dispute does not aid the Court in its resolution of this issue.

       9        The government's argument that petitioner was an al Qaeda facilitator is even
weaker with respect to its assertions that petitioner also stayed in al Q a ~ i nIran in
2002 and (perhaps) 2003. Neither the September 22, 2006 SIR nor t h e _ IIR
describe petitioner as a facilitator during this period.

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                                         !ECREi;} 1401 ORN
                       D. Petitioner's Association with Jama 'at al-Tablighi

               The government argues that, in conjunction with its other evidence, evidence of

petitioner's association with Jama'at al-Tablighi at the same time this organization was helping

foreign fighters flee Afghanistan supports petitioner's legal detention. The government does not

argue that petitioner is lawfully detained "simply because he admitted to associating with JT."

Respondent's Opposition to Petitioner's Motion for Judgment on the Record and Memorandum

in Support at 23. Rather, it argues that the circumstances of his involvement with IT "are

consistent with other evidence in this case establishing that petitioner was an al Qaeda facilitator

who frequented al-Qaeda guesthouses in Iran                        Id. See also Transcript of

Merits Hearing at 12 (Mar. 5, 20 I 0).

               IT is a complex organization. The Islamic scholar, Dr. Qamar-ul Huda, explains

that IT originated in British India as a response to aggressive conversion campaigns by Hindu

fundamentalist and Christian religious groups. See JE 78, Letter from Qamar-u1 Huda at 1. Its

emergence was part of a broader trend of Islamic revivalism or the reaffmnation of faith and

Muslim cultural identity. See id. IT hosts an annual meeting in Raiwind, Pakistan that attracts

approximately one million people from 85 countries, the second largest gathering of Muslims

after the pilgrimage to Mecca. See id. at 3. The teachings of JT emphasize internal change, not

political doctrine. See id. at 2-3.

               The government's own intelligence documents describe IT as a "legitimate

Islamic missionary group." _ s e e also JE 32 at I (describing missionary activities of

JT). The government argues, however, that although IT functions as a legitimate organization,



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for terrorist activities. The United States government has classified JT as   a_
Islamic extremists worldwide, including al Qaeda, have infiltrated it and have used it as a cover



Support Entity, which means that the government believes it has "demonstrated intent and
                                                                                         Terrorist



willingness to provide financial support to terrorist organizations willing to attack U.S. persons

or interests, or provide witting operational support to _            terrorist groups." JE 47,

Declaration 0                                 at 25 (Sept. 19,2008). An intelligence report.

                     states that the "Tablighi Jamaat organization has been supporting Islamic

terrorist groups in South and Southeast Asia under the cover of conducting religious activities.

The group is closely aligned with other Pakistani terrorist organizations and the AI-Qaida

network." JE 31 at 3. 12 The Court has no reason to question any of these assertions.

                According to the government, the organizations or persons who have infiltrated JT

are terrorists and use the organization as a cover to assist the movement of fighters between

Pakistan and Afghanistan. The government presented statements from three other detainees who

admit that they were assisted by IT in some way during or after time spent fighting on behalf of

aI Qaeda in Afghanistan. ISN 702, who the government asserted trained at the al Qaeda training

camp al Farouq, admitted that he stayed in JT's Center in Lahore, Pakistan for two to three

months for free, much like petitioner did. See JE 62 at 2." ISN.told the FBI that after


       12     The sources for this report are the websites of three news organizations - the
PakTribune, the Asia Times, and the South Asia Analysis Group. See JE 31 at I.

        13     ISN 702 later disavowed training at aI Farouq, but, like petitioner, he did not
disavow staying at the JT Center in Lahore, Pakistan. See PE 7, Declaration ofRavil Mingazov
~ 16 ("I was with the Muslims of the Tablisghi for approximately two months in early 2002. I
was never a member of the Tablighi organization. I never heard or observed anything that would
lead me to believe that the Tablighi was involved in any way with militant or terrorist activity.").

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spending approximately two months fighting for the Tal iban in Afghanistan, he fled to Pakistan

and stayed in a house in Lahore mn by IT members, which he described as "a group that shelters

and gives aid to Muslims in Pakistan attempting to return to their own countries." See JE 61 at 3.

An interrogation report of ISN 703 reports him telling his interrogator that JT members assisted

him and other TaJiban fighters fleeing Afghanistan by giving them Pakistani clothes, instructing

them to shave their heads, and driving them to Lahore and housing them there. See JE 33 at 2.

ISN 839 also described the assistance that JT provided him in leaving Afghanistan, and getting to

Lahore, Pakistan; he told his interrogator that JT members were in Mghanistan assisting

foreigners with travel out ofthe country. See JE 32 at 2.

               The government argues that the details of petitioner's association with JT are

sufficiently suspicious to raise doubts about his story that he only approached the organization in

order to secure a trip to Europe. Instead, it argues, petitioner's association with JT corroborates

the assertion that petitioner was an al Qaeda facilitator who provided the kind of assistance to

fighters fleeing Afghanistan described by ISN 703. See Transcript of Merits Hearing at 12 (Mar.

5,2010). The government points out that while still in Yemen, petitioner claimed to be a

member of JT when he bribed a guard at the Pakistani embassy in order to receive a visa and

when he purchased his airplane ticket at a travel agency in order to receive a discount. See JE 9

at 1-2. Furthennore, even though he is not religious and had no interest in participating in Jrs



In the time since the Merits Hearing in this case, Judge Kennedy granted ISN 702's petition for a
writ of habeas corpus, and, in the accompanying Opinion, concluded that the government had
not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that ISN 702 stayed at al Farouq or that he fought
on behalf of any terrorist organization. See AI-Harbi v. Obam!!, Civil Action No. 05·2479,2010
U.S. Dis!. LEXIS 59666 at ·46, 61-62 (D.D.C. May 13,2010).

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religious activities, see Almerfedi Dec!. 1 17, petitioner stayed at the JT Center in Lahore for

approximately two and one half months beginning in September 2001. See id.        ~   21; see illso JE 9

at 1-2.

               The evidence that the government has presented strongly suggests that individual

JT members or those who had infiltrated JT assisted foreign fighters traveling between

Afghanistan and Pakistan, and served as a cover for terrorist groups, and that al Qaeda or Taliban

members have stayed at the JT Center in Labore or in other JT facilities. The government has

not presented evidence, however, that leads the Court to conclude that such assistance was

official or otherwise known JT policy, or even that a substantial number of those at the Center in

Labore were associated with al Qaeda or assisting those associated with aI Qaeda. JT is by all

accounts a massive organization, and any assistance provided by its members to al Qaeda or the

Taliban, may have been the work of individual members or factions, not the organization as a

whole. Thus, while it certainly appears more likely than not that some elements of JT, including

some at the JT Center in Lahore, provide financial and other support to Islamic terrorist groups,

this premise does not lead to the conclusion that petitioner did so.

               Petitioner has not provided a convincing explanation for why he stayed in the JT

Center for two and one half months without pursuing his stated goal of going to Europe, what he

was doing during that period of time, or even why he did not seek out other Arabic speakers

aside from Mohammad Ali. See Almerfedi Decl.        ~   18, 21. Nevertheless, the strange and

unexplained circumstance of these two and one half months does not lead to the conclusion that

petitioner worked as an al Qaeda facilitator while at the JT Center or thereafter at al Qaeda



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guesthouses. See Bensoyah v. Obama, No. 08-5537, slip op. at 17 (D.C. Cir. Jillle 28, 2010)

(questions about a petitioner's whereabouts or explanations may illldermine his credibility but do

not by themselves "tiell him to al Qaeda or suggestll he facilitated anyone's travel during that

time''). While the government has cast suspicion on petitioner's explanation and raised doubts

about parts of petitioner's story -   a story which he has told consistently since the time of his

capture -   the government simply has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that

petitioner had any ties to al Qaeda or to the Taliban or that he ever stayed at an al Qaeda

guesthouse in Iran

               To the extent that evidence about petitioner's association with JT was offered to

"corroborate the [government's] evidence that establishes petitioner's role as a facilitator for

a1 Qaeda in Iran," Respondents' Motion for Judgment on the Record and Memorandum in

Support at 12, it fails utterly to do so. There is no evidentiary basis on which to conclude that

petitioner's association with JT or his stay in its Lahore Center, either standing alone or in

conjilllction with other evidence presented by the government, are adequate to justify petitioner's

detention. See Abdah v. Obama, Civil Action No. 04-1254, 2010 U.S. Dis!. LEXIS at '43-44

(D.D.C. May 26,2010) (refusing to draw inculpatory inference from detainee's association with

m·




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                                         SECREI   nNOFOAN
                                         IV. CONCLUSION

               For the reasons stated above, the Court concludes that the government has failed

to meet its burden of showing by a preponderance ofthe evidence that petitioner's detention is

lawful. The Court will grant the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. An Order consistent with




                                                                              -«- :J;:.A
this Opinion will issue this same day.

                                                               Qui.
                                                               PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
                                                               United States District Judge




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