             If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                        UNPUBLISHED
                                                                        April 2, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                       No. 345456
                                                                        Oakland Circuit Court
MICHAEL A. PALMER, JR.,                                                 LC No. 2018-265979-FH

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: TUKEL, P.J., and MARKEY and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant was convicted by a jury of assault with a deadly weapon (felonious assault),
MCL 750.82, felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f, felon in possession of ammunition,
MCL 750.224f(6), and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony
(felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant was sentenced as a second-offense habitual offender,
MCL 769.10, to prison terms of two to six years on the felonious-assault conviction, 1½ to 7½
years on the felon-in-possession convictions, and to consecutive two-year terms for the felony-
firearm convictions. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.

        In May of 2017, defendant allegedly shoved his girlfriend, with whom he lived, and later
that evening pointed a gun at her head while stating, “I could end you right now.” Then, on January
7, 2018, defendant allegedly attacked his girlfriend with a hatchet and attempted to choke her.

        Defendant raises several arguments on appeal. First, he argues that he was deprived of his
constitutional right to a properly instructed jury when the trial court referred the jury to its original
instructions when it asked whether a fist constitutes a “dangerous weapon.” Second, he argues
that he was deprived of his constitutional right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures
when his safe was seized and subsequently searched. Third, he argues that, at a minimum,
resentencing is required because the trial court erroneously scored offense variable (OV) 7 and
prior record variable (PRV) 5. Finally, in a pro per brief filed pursuant to Administrative Order
2004-6, Standard No. 4, defendant raises several arguments regarding the prosecution’s use of a
video from his cell phone at trial. Defendant also argues that he was denied the effective assistance
of counsel. We find no errors requiring reversal.



                                                  -1-
                           I. SUPPLEMENTAL JURY INSTRUCTION

       Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by instructing the jury to “see instructions”
when the jury asked whether “fists [are] also considered dangerous weapons.” We disagree.

        Waiver occurs when a defendant “affirmatively approve[s]” of an issue before the trial
court, only to later argue on appeal that there was error. People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409,
420; 884 NW2d 297 (2015). “Because error requiring reversal cannot be error to which the
aggrieved party contributed by plan or negligence,” a defendant’s approval of a trial court decision
waives the right to appeal. People v Gonzalez, 256 Mich App 212, 224; 663 NW2d 499 (2003),
disapproved in part on other grounds 469 Mich 967 (2003) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
When waiver occurs, any error is extinguished “and precludes defendant from raising the issue on
appeal.” People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 209, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).

        Defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request that the trial
court give an additional jury instruction in response to the jury’s question about whether fists are
considered dangerous weapons. As such, defendant essentially argues that his trial counsel should
not have consented to the trial court’s decision to refer the jury to the instructions that had already
been given on the matter. Consequently, we do not consider the issue waived and choose to
address it on the merits.1 But because defendant’s trial counsel failed to object to the jury
instructions the issue is unpreserved. See People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App
656, 657; 620 NW2d 19 (2000) (“A party must object or request a given jury instruction to preserve
the error for review.”).

     Unpreserved issues are reviewed for plain error. People v Cain, 498 Mich 108, 116; 869
NW2d 829 (2015).

       To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1)
       error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
       plain error affected substantial rights. The third requirement generally requires a
       showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court
       proceedings. It is the defendant rather than the Government who bears the burden
       of persuasion with respect to prejudice. Finally, once a defendant satisfies these
       three requirements, an appellate court must exercise its discretion in deciding
       whether to reverse. Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error
       resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error
       seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings
       independent of the defendant’s innocence. [People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-
       764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999) (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted).]



1
  Additionally, we note that the record does not establish an affirmative waiver of the issue. Rather,
the record only contains the trial judge’s statement that the parties agreed to refer the jury to the
existing instructions instead of directly answering fists can be considered dangerous weapons.
Thus, we do not have any record of defendant’s “affirmative approval” so the issue is also not
waived for this reason.


                                                 -2-
“A ‘clear or obvious’ error under the second prong is one that is not ‘subject to reasonable
dispute.’ ” People v Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 10; 917 NW2d 249 (2018). In the instant context,
prejudice “requires a showing . . . that the error affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” People v Chelmicki, 305 Mich App 58, 69; 850 NW2d 612 (2014) (quotation marks
and citation omitted).

         “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence
against him. The jury instructions must include all elements of the crime charged, and must not
exclude from jury consideration material issues, defenses or theories if there is evidence to support
them.” People v Armstrong, 305 Mich App 230, 239-240; 851 NW2d 856 (2014) (citations and
quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, “[t]he trial court may issue an instruction to the jury if a
rational view of the evidence supports the instruction.” Id. This Court “will not reverse where the
jury instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant’s
rights.” People v Eisen, 296 Mich App 326, 330; 820 NW2d 229 (2012) (citation and quotation
marks omitted). The trial judge must instruct the jury “ ‘as to the law applicable to the case.’ ”
People v Jones, 497 Mich 155, 170; 860 NW2d 112 (2014) (quoting MCL 768.29). “An omission,
or an incomplete instruction, is less likely to be prejudicial than a misstatement of the law.”
Henderson v Kibbe, 431 US 145, 155; 97 S Ct 1730; 52 L Ed 2d 203 (1977). Thus, “[n]o error
results from the absence of an instruction as long as the instructions as a whole cover the substance
of the missing instruction.” People v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 327; 654 NW2d 651 (2002).

        This Court has previously held that bare hands are not “dangerous weapons” for purposes
of a felonious-assault charge. People v Malkowski, 198 Mich App 610, 614; 499 NW2d 450
(1993), overruled in part on other grounds People v Edgett, 220 Mich App 686 (1996); see also
People v VanDiver, 80 Mich App 352, 356–357, 263 NW2d 370 (1977). Defendant’s felonious-
assault charge was premised entirely on his use of a single dangerous weapon: the hatchet.
Specifically, the court instructed the jury as follows:

               In count six, the defendant is charged with the crime of felonious assault
       and to prove this charge the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements
       beyond a reasonable doubt. First, that the defendant either attempted to commit a
       battery on [the victim] or did an act that would cause a reasonable person to fear or
       apprehend an immediate battery. A battery is a forceful or violent touching of the
       person or something closely connected with the person. Second, that the defendant
       intended either to injur[e] [the victim] or to make [her] reasonably fear an
       immediate battery. Third, that at the time defendant had the ability to commit a
       battery, appeared to have the ability or thought he had the ability. Fourth, that the
       defendant committed the assault with a hatchet.

                A dangerous weapon is any object that’s used in a way that is likely to cause
       . . . serious injury or death. Some objects such as guns or bombs are dangerous
       because they are specifically designed to be dangerous. Other objects are designed
       for peaceful purposes but may be used as dangerous weapons. The way an object
       is used or intended to be used in an assault determines whether or not it’s a
       dangerous weapon. If an object is used in a way that is likely to cause serious
       physical injury or death it is a dangerous weapon. You must decide from all the



                                                -3-
       facts and circumstances whether the evidence shows that the hatchet in question
       here was a dangerous weapon. [Emphasis added.]

        “Jury instructions must be read as a whole rather than extracted piecemeal to establish
error.” People v Piper, 223 Mich App 642, 648; 567 NW2d 483 (1997). This Court presumes that
the jury did, in fact, follow its instructions. See People v Mahone, 294 Mich App 208, 212; 816
NW2d 436 (2011). Here, however, for whatever reason, the jury was initially confused as to the
definition of “dangerous weapon,” and asked the trial court to clarify. We review a trial court’s
response to jury questions for abuse of discretion. People v Parker, 230 Mich App 677, 681, 584
NW2d 753 (1998).

         Here, the trial court referred the jury back to the definitions of dangerous weapon which it
had previously given, and which correctly excluded fists from the definition. While the trial court
might have more directly answered the jury’s question by stating that fists alone cannot constitute
a dangerous weapon, as defendant argues that it was incumbent on the trial court to do, the law
presumes that juries follow their instructions. Thus, we presume that the jury, after prompting by
the trial court, referred back to the correct instruction initially given, and followed it. Moreover,
the abuse of discretion standard recognizes that there is more than one principled outcome to an
issue. People v. Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003). Therefore, while the trial
court could have more directly answered the jury’s question, its action of referring the jury back
to the original, correct instructions was within the range of principled outcomes. Furthermore,
because any objection to the trial court’s response to the jury would have been meritless,
defendant’s trial attorney was not ineffective for failing to request a more specific response to the
jury’s question. See People v Chambers, 277 Mich App 1, 11; 742 NW2d 610 (2007) (“Counsel
is not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection.”).

                    II. SEIZURE AND SEARCH OF DEFENDANT’S SAFE

        Defendant next argues that his felon-in-possession and felony-firearm convictions should
be reversed because the search and seizure of his safe, which was in the victim’s apartment, was
unconstitutional.2 Defendant did not preserve his constitutional challenge with respect to the
search and seizure of the safe by objecting to the admission of the evidence below. See People v
Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101, 113; 631 NW2d 67 (2001). Consequently, the issue is reviewed for
plain error. Cain, 498 Mich at 116.




2
  When searched, the safe contained a handgun, a holster, magazine pouches, a loader, gun locks,
a barrel bore cleaner, ammunition, a variety of documents (such as defendant’s birth certificate,
the title to his van, his registration and insurance documentation, and the title application for his
van), and a receipt for the purchase of the gun in the name of a third-party. The third-party testified
that she was defendant’s former girlfriend and the mother of his two children, that she was the
owner of the handgun, and that she had sent it to the address where defendant and the victim lived
for defendant to arrange its sale. The gun was the basis of the felon-in-possession and felony-
firearm convictions.


                                                 -4-
         “The Fourth Amendment protects the ‘right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” United States v Place,
462 US 696, 700; 103 S Ct 2637; 77 L Ed 2d 110 (1983) (emphasis omitted). “The exclusionary
rule is a judicially created remedy that originated as a means to protect the Fourth Amendment
right of citizens to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.” People v Hawkins, 468 Mich
488, 498; 668 NW2d 602 (2003). “The exclusionary rule, modified by several exceptions,
generally bars the introduction into evidence of materials seized and observations made during an
unconstitutional search.” Id. at 498-499 (footnote omitted).

                                   A. SEIZURE OF THE SAFE

        Defendant first takes issue with the seizure of the safe. “[I]n the context of personal
property, and particularly containers, the Fourth Amendment challenge is typically to the
subsequent search of the container rather than to its initial seizure by the authorities . . . .” Place,
462 US at 700-701. However, the United States Supreme Court has generally “viewed a seizure
of personal property as per se unreasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment unless
it is accomplished pursuant to a judicial warrant issued upon probable cause and particularly
describing the items to be seized.” Id. at 701.3 Despite this general rule, the United States Supreme
Court has recognized that,

       [w]here law enforcement authorities have probable cause to believe that a container
       holds contraband or evidence of a crime, but have not secured a warrant, the Court
       has interpreted the Amendment to permit seizure of the property, pending issuance
       of a warrant to examine its contents, if the exigencies of the circumstances demand
       it or some other recognized exception to the warrant requirement is present. For
       example, objects such as weapons or contraband found in a public place may be
       seized by the police without a warrant, because, under these circumstances, the risk
       of the item’s disappearance or use for its intended purpose before a warrant may be
       obtained outweighs the interest in possession. [Id. at 701-702 (citations and
       quotation marks omitted)]

Furthermore, another exigency-based exception applies when the seizure of the container is
necessary to prevent the loss or destruction of suspected contraband. See, e.g., United States v
Jacobsen, 466 US 109, 114; 104 S Ct 1652; 80 L Ed 2d 85 (1984) (recognizing that “government
agents may lawfully seize such a package to prevent loss or destruction of suspected contraband”).

        Here, officers were justified in seizing the safe without a warrant, because they had
probable cause to believe that the safe contained contraband and there was an exigent
circumstance, the risk of loss or destruction of suspected contraband. The victim identified the
safe as the most likely location for the handgun, something defendant, a convicted felon, was


3
  Nonetheless, as of 1991, there were at least twenty-two exceptions to the warrant requirement.
See California v Acevedo, 500 US 565, 582-583; 111 S Ct 1982; 114 L Ed 2d 619 (1991) (Scalia,
J., concurring in the judgement).




                                                  -5-
prohibited by law from possessing. Additionally, a gun case was found next to the safe. This
evidence established probable cause that the safe itself contained the firearm, which was
contraband given defendant’s status as a convicted felon. Moreover, defendant easily could have
arranged for the disappearance of the gun, either personally following his release on bond, or even
while in custody by calling someone to pick it up. Consequently, the fact that this evidence could
have been destroyed, lost, or concealed permitted the safe’s warrantless seizure. See id.

        Because officers were permitted to seize the safe in order to prevent the loss or destruction
of the suspected contraband inside, we conclude that defendant was not deprived of his Fourth
Amendment rights as a result of the seizure of the safe. Because any challenge to the lawfulness
of the seizure was without merit, defendant’s trial attorney was not ineffective for failing to object
to the safe’s seizure. See Chambers, 277 Mich App at 11 (“Counsel is not ineffective for failing
to make a futile objection.”).

                                B. THE SEARCH OF THE SAFE

        Defendant also takes issue with the subsequent search itself of the safe, claiming that the
search warrant inadequately described the items—“Any Firearms or parts, Any Ammunition”—to
be seized. “The Fourth Amendment requires a warrant to ‘particularly describ[e] the place to be
searched, and the person or things to be seized.’ ” People v Keller, 479 Mich 467, 475; 739 NW2d
505 (2007). “Under both federal law and Michigan law, the purpose of the particularization
requirement in the description of items to be seized is to provide reasonable guidance to the
executing officers and to prevent their exercise of undirected discretion in determining what is
subject to seizure.” People v Fetterly, 229 Mich App 511, 543; 583 NW2d 199 (1998).
Furthermore, “[t]he degree of specificity required depends on the circumstances and types of items
involved.” Id. Even such general descriptions as “evidence of homicide” can have the necessary
degree of specificity “if probable cause exists to allow such breadth.” People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 246; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

        The search warrant authorized a search for “Any Firearms or parts” and “Any
Ammunition.” Although these descriptions are, as defendant contends, broad, it cannot be said
that they insufficiently described the type of items to be seized or to properly delineate the scope
of a permissible search. Defendant, as a convicted felon, was prohibited by law from possessing
any firearm or any ammunition. Thus, the search warrant properly categorized “Any Firearms or
parts” and “Any Ammunition” as contraband subject to search and seizure. Consequently, the
warrant had the necessary degree of specificity given the circumstances of this case. See Fetterly,
229 Mich App at 543.

        Furthermore, searching for and then seizing the other items in the safe, such as the
documents addressed earlier, was also proper under the plain view exception. “The plain view
exception to the warrant requirement allows a police officer to seize items in plain view if the
officer is lawfully in the position to have that view and the evidence is obviously incriminatory.”
People v Mahdi, 317 Mich App 446, 462; 894 NW2d 732 (2016) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). As noted, the officers were lawfully in a position to view the contents of the safe because
they searched it pursuant to a valid warrant. Furthermore, owing to the safe’s small size, the items
in it were in plain view when the safe was opened. Finally, the incriminating nature of the
documents found in the safe was immediately apparent because the documents had defendant’s


                                                 -6-
name on them and made it more probable that the safe and its contents also belonged to defendant.
Thus, all of the items from the safe were properly and lawfully seized under the Fourth
Amendment.

              III. OFFENSE VARIABLE 7 AND PRIOR RECORD VARIABLE 5

        Defendant makes two challenges to the computation of his sentencing guidelines. He first
argues that OV 7 should have been scored at zero points. “MCL 777.37 governs OV 7,” People v
Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 439; 835 NW2d 340 (2013), and provides that OV 7 is to be scored at 50
points if “[a] victim was treated with sadism, torture, excessive brutality, or similarly egregious
conduct designed to substantially increase the fear and anxiety a victim suffered during the
offense,” MCL 777.37(1)(a). In this case, the trial court correctly scored OV 7 based on at least
two of the four possible categories identified in MCL 777.37(1)(a): sadism or similarly egregious
conduct designed to substantially increase the fear and anxiety a victim suffered during the offense.

       “Trial courts are afforded broad discretion in calculating sentencing guidelines, and
appellate review of those calculations is very limited. Scoring decisions for which there is any
evidence in support will be upheld.” People v Elliott, 215 Mich App 259, 260; 544 NW2d 748
(1996) (citation omitted).

        MCL 777.37(3) defines “sadism” as “conduct that subjects a victim to extreme or
prolonged pain or humiliation and is inflicted to produce suffering or for the offender’s
gratification.” Although the statute does not define the catchall category—“similarly egregious
conduct designed to substantially increase the fear and anxiety a victim suffered during the
offense”—the Michigan Supreme Court has defined it as “conduct that was intended to make a
victim’s fear or anxiety greater by a considerable amount.” Hardy, 494 Mich at 441.

         The facts and circumstances presented in this case satisfy both of those definitions. At
trial, the victim testified that defendant told her that “tonight you’re going to die, tonight is the
night you die” and that “it was my time to die and that I deserved this attack, this beating.”
Likewise, the victim testified that defendant “just kept laughing and telling [her] that this is what
[she] deserved and this was [her] last day on earth and it was [her] time to die.” According to the
victim, she honestly believed she was going to die. She said defendant additionally held the blade
of the hatchet to her neck, cutting her with it, telling her to feel the blade with her finger, and even
forcing her to feel it. He additionally laughed at her more, punched her, choked her, and damaged
the wall with a hatchet, telling her she was “lucky” it was not her head. The victim also testified
that defendant video-recorded her with her head down in a way that made her feel humiliated. All
of this evidence was sufficient to justify scoring OV 7 at 50 points under either category.

       Defendant also argues that PRV 5, which addresses the scoring of misdemeanor
convictions, should have been scored at zero points. However, under MCL 769.34(10),

       [i]f a minimum sentence is within the appropriate guidelines sentence range, the
       court of appeals shall affirm that sentence and shall not remand for resentencing
       absent an error in scoring the sentencing guidelines or inaccurate information relied
       upon in determining the defendant’s sentence. A party shall not raise on appeal an
       issue challenging the scoring of the sentencing guidelines or challenging the


                                                  -7-
         accuracy of information relied upon in determining a sentence that is within the
         appropriate guidelines sentence range unless the party has raised the issue at
         sentencing, in a proper motion for resentencing, or in a proper motion to remand
         filed in the court of appeals.

Thus, sentencing guidelines scoring issues are only reviewable if the issue was raised at
sentencing, in a motion for resentencing, or in a motion to remand. People v Kimble, 470 Mich
305, 310-311; 684 NW2d 669 (2004). Defendant failed to raise his PRV 5 challenge in any of the
three permissible manners, bringing it up for the first time in this Court on appeal. As such, the
PRV 5 issue is not properly before us. Moreover, even if defendant is correct that PRV 5 was
improperly scored, his sentence still fell within the applicable guidelines range and therefore he is
precluded under MCL 769.34(10) from raising it on appeal for that reason as well.4

                       IV. PROSECUTION’S USE OF VIDEO AT TRIAL

        Finally, in his Standard 4 brief, defendant raises three separate arguments challenging the
prosecution’s reliance on a video from defendant’s cell phone of the night he assaulted the victim
with the hatchet. Specifically, defendant argues (1) that he was deprived of his constitutional right
to due process because the prosecution knowingly relied on the victim’s perjury; (2) that he was
deprived of his constitutional right to a fair trial because the prosecution knowingly withheld
exculpatory evidence, a Brady violation;5 and (3) that the prosecution committed a fraud upon the
court and misconduct when it relied on the video.

        Defendant has failed to support his argument with the requisite factual predicate to even
trigger the application of these legal principles. The video at issue has the following automatically
generated file name: “20180107__03341.”6 Defendant relies entirely on the video’s “Date
modified,” which reflects the date and time of January 13, 2018 at 2:40 a.m., to claim that the
video was not created on the date of the charged offense. Defendant provides nothing to support
that contention, or to show that the video was not in fact modified on January 13. Such a
modification could have occurred, for example, when the victim transferred the video from
defendant’s cell phone to law enforcement. More fundamentally, the victim testified and the



4
  Felonious assault is a Class F offense. MCL 777.16d. Defendant argues that PRV 5 should have
been assessed zero points, which would have resulted in a PRV score of 20 points and placed him
in PRV Level C. When combined with his placement in OV Level IV, this results in a
recommended minimum guidelines range of 5 to 28 months. See MCL 777.67. Defendant’s
minimum sentence for his felonious assault conviction was two years. Thus, defendant’s sentence
fell within what he contends is the applicable guidelines range.
5
    Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963).
6
  This name appears to indicate that the video was originally created on January 7, 2018.
Specifically, the “2018” portion of the first part of that automatically generated file name reflects
the year 2018, the “01” reflects the month of January, and the “07” reflects the date of the month,
which is the date on which that the victim testified defendant video-recorded her during the assault.
Defendant offers no explanation to undermine this understanding.


                                                -8-
prosecution argued that defendant recorded the video. Defendant certainly knew or could have
known well before trial whether the video played at trial was, in fact, one he recorded on the day
of the assault. Consequently, defendant’s argument that this evidence was kept secret from him is
unpersuasive.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated earlier, defendant’s convictions and sentences are affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Jonathan Tukel
                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




                                               -9-
