               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 19a0180n.06

                                    Case Nos. 18-1392/1395

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                               FILED
                                                                          Apr 05, 2019
NEAL COHEN, DARREN CHAFFEE,                        )
                                                                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                   )
       Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,      )
                                                   )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
SSL ASSETS, LLC,                                   )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                   )      THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                         )      MICHIGAN
v.                                                 )
                                                   )
JAFFE RAITT HEUER AND WEISS, P.C.;                 )
JEFFREY   MICHAEL    WEISS;  LEE                   )
KELLERT; DEBORAH L. BAUGHMAN,                      )
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees.      )


       BEFORE: BATCHELDER, ROGERS, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge. Neal Cohen and Darren Chaffee wanted to structure a deal in a

way that would avoid millions in legal liability. So they sought legal advice from the law firm

Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer and Weiss, P.C. (“Jaffe”). Turns out, Jaffe gave them bad advice, and Cohen,

Chaffee, and one of the companies they own (SSL Assets, Inc. (“SSL”)) ended up on the hook for

several million dollars. All three sued Jaffe for legal malpractice and won, but the jury awarded

them less in damages than they wanted. While both sides appeal, we affirm.
Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


                                                  I.

       Neal Cohen and Darren Chaffee buy and sell distressed businesses. While investigating

the possible purchase of LSI Corporation of America, Inc. (“LSI”), Cohen and Chaffee discovered

that LSI had a potential liability: its underfunded pension plan. Under ERISA, this liability can

spread to other companies in the same “common control group”—namely, other companies that

are owned by more or less the same people. Cent. States Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. Chatham

Props., 929 F.2d 260, 264 (6th Cir. 1991). Cohen and Chaffee worried that if they bought LSI,

then LSI’s pension liability would spread to other companies they owned. And if liability spread,

it would cost their other companies millions.

       Although they understood this risk “pretty well,” neither Cohen nor Chaffee is a lawyer,

so they sought out legal advice from Jaffe. R. 1-2, Pg. ID 25. In his email to one of Jaffe’s partners,

Jeffrey Weiss, Chaffee wrote that “[o]ne of the big issues in [the LSI] deal” was its “multi-

employer pension plan.” R. 1-2, Pg. ID 25. Chaffee requested legal advice, saying “[w]e also

want to be sure that we aren’t personally liable or put our other assets/companies at risk.” Id. One

of these companies was SSL, though Chaffee never named it.

       Following that email, Weiss and the firm got to work, but Jaffe never sent a written

engagement letter setting out exactly whom the firm represented. And Weiss never discussed with

Cohen or Chaffee the companies that the two own or manage. Nevertheless, the firm came up

with a corporate structure that Weiss told Cohen and Chaffee would save them from pension

liability. But Weiss was wrong. After the LSI acquisition closed, the company’s pension liabilities

spread to SSL.

       Cohen, Chaffee, and SSL sued Jaffe and its lawyers for legal malpractice. During the

litigation, a key question emerged: who exactly had Jaffe been representing? At summary



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


judgment, the district court held that Jaffe at least had been representing Cohen and Chaffee

individually but left the representation of SSL for the jury to decide.

         During a four-day trial, the jury heard conflicting evidence on SSL’s representation.

Ultimately, the jury found that Jaffe had both represented SSL and committed legal malpractice.

Following trial, the district court denied Jaffe’s motion for either judgment as a matter of law or a

new trial, which Jaffe now appeals. Cohen and Chaffee separately cross-appeal the admission of

evidence that the jury considered in its damage calculation. We review each in turn.

                                                 II.

         Jaffe does not dispute the jury’s malpractice decision. Instead, Jaffe argues only that the

district court should have granted it either judgment as a matter of law or a new trial because there

was insufficient evidence proving that it had an attorney-client relationship with SSL. Without an

attorney-client relationship between Jaffe and SSL, Jaffe cannot be held liable for legal malpractice

to SSL. We review the district court’s decision on a motion for judgment as a matter of law de

novo, Betts v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 558 F.3d 461, 466–67 (6th Cir. 2009), and the denial of a

new trial for abuse of discretion, Waldo v. Consumers Energy Co., 726 F.3d 802, 813 (6th Cir.

2013).

         The existence of an attorney-client relationship “may be implied from conduct of the

parties.” Macomb Cty. Taxpayers Ass’n v. L’Anse Creuse Pub. Schs., 564 N.W.2d 457, 462 (Mich.

1997); 7 Am. Jur. 2d Attorneys at Law § 137. An attorney-client relationship exists if the conduct

shows that (1) a potential client sought the advice or assistance of an attorney, (2) this advice or

assistance was within the attorney’s competence, and (3) the attorney agreed to or actually

provided that advice or assistance. Macomb Cty., 564 N.W.2d at 462; 7 Am. Jur. 2d Attorneys at

Law § 137. Ultimately, this factual question “depends on the relations and mutual understanding



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


of the parties, on what was said and done, and all the facts and circumstances of the particular

undertaking.” Case v. Ranney, 140 N.W. 943, 946 (Mich. 1913); accord Fletcher v. Bd. of Ed. of

Sch. Dist. Fractional No. 5, Brighton & Genoa Tps., Livingston Cty., 35 N.W.2d 177, 180 (Mich.

1948); see also Sanders v. Tumbleweed Saloon, Inc., No. 338937, 2018 WL 5629640, at *3 (Mich.

Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2018) (citing 7 Am. Jur. 2d Attorneys at Law § 137 (2017)).

       At trial, the jury heard two different stories about whether Jaffe and SSL had an attorney-

client relationship. Cohen and Chaffee testified that they sought advice for both themselves and

their companies, including SSL. See Macomb Cty., 564 N.W.2d at 462. They pointed to Chaffee’s

email to Jaffe about “other assets/companies” as conclusive proof that they intended for Jaffee to

represent SSL. See id.; R. 96, Pg. ID 2660–61, 2664. Then they had an ERISA expert testify that

if he had received such an email referring to “other assets/companies,” he would have believed

that his “client is the group” of companies. R. 98, Pg. ID 3097. Additionally, Weiss—one of

Jaffe’s own attorneys—specifically admitted on cross-examination that he “owed a duty of care to

Mr. Cohen and Mr. Chaffee and their other assets and companies.” R. 98, Pg. ID 2968 (emphasis

added). While he did not acknowledge an attorney-client relationship with SSL, Weiss said that

“duty of care” meant that he would “look out for their interest, and do what is reasonable and

appropriate under the circumstances.” Id. Finally, Cohen and Chaffee presented evidence that

Jaffe actually provided them the requested (if erroneous) advice on avoiding liability for those

companies. The advice Jaffe gave thus specifically encompassed the work that Cohen and Chaffee

sought on behalf of their companies, including SSL. See Macomb Cty., 564 N.W.2d at 462; 7 Am.

Jur. 2d Attorneys at Law § 137.

       For its part, Jaffe put its lawyers, including Weiss, on the stand to rebut Cohen and

Chaffee’s claims about SSL’s representation. Weiss said that Jaffe did not represent SSL because



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


it did not know about SSL. Jaffe presented its own expert who testified that Chaffee’s initial email

merely set out “the task” but did not define the scope of the attorney-client relationship. R. 99,

Pg. ID 3173. Therefore, according to Jaffe’s expert, the email did not establish that Jaffe was

representing SSL.

       In sum, there was some evidence supporting each camp. But before we can take the

question out of the jury’s hands and grant judgment as a matter of law for Jaffe, we have to find

that “reasonable minds could not differ on any question of material fact.” Betts, 558 F.3d at 467;

see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986) (holding that the standard for

directed verdicts “mirrors” the summary judgment standard). This we are unable to do. When

there are two reasonable stories about the claimed attorney-client relationship and neither is

blatantly contradicted by the record, a genuine dispute about the facts exists. Cf. Scott v. Harris,

550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). As a result, the jury gets to decide—not the court. And here, the jury

did.

       Jaffe contends that the jury should not have done so because Cohen and Chaffee only

proved that they thought SSL had an attorney-client relationship, but attorney-client relationships

require mutual assent. True enough: one party alone cannot create an attorney-client relationship.

Cf. Fletcher, 35 N.W.2d at 180. But in every case where the existence of an attorney-client

relationship is in dispute, one side will say a relationship existed, while the other side will say it

did not. See, e.g., Tumbleweed Saloon, 2018 WL 5629640, at *3–4. So the ultimate decision

comes down to the fact-finder in evaluating the credibility of the witnesses and the evidence.

Ranney, 140 N.W. at 946. Here, Chaffee and Cohen’s testimony, the email, the expert testimony,

the work on common control group liability that necessarily required analysis of other companies,




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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


and Weiss’s own statement about his duty of care were enough for the jury to infer an attorney-

client relationship.

        Although Jaffe counters with cases where courts found no attorney-client relationship,

these cases are not on point. For instance, Jaffe cites cases where the party seeking to prove an

attorney-client relationship contradicted themselves with their own testimony. See Scott v. Green,

364 N.W.2d 709, 717 (Mich. Ct. App. 1985) (Kirwan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)

(“Plaintiff acknowledged that . . . defendant represented him on a personal, rather than a corporate,

basis [only twice], . . . [and] testified that at all other times defendant was the attorney for the

corporation . . . not his personal attorney.”); Jackson v. Pollick, 941 F.2d 1209, at *2 (6th Cir.

1991) (table) (holding that representation did not exist as to a second claim since the plaintiff

“admitted” it was limited to one claim). Jaffe’s cases also show that courts were skeptical of

extending the attorney-client relationship to matters wholly unrelated to what that attorney actually

worked on. See, e.g., Ibrahimovic v. Zimmerman, No. 314139, 2014 WL 2971593, at *3 (Mich.

Ct. App. July 1, 2014) (denying representation when there was “no evidence of [the attorney’s]

having done any work on the case”); Anderson v. Gregory, Moore, Jeakle, Heinen, Ellison &

Brooks, P.C., No. 206424, 1999 WL 33434987, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999) (denying

representation when plaintiffs sought personal retirement advice from their union’s counsel). But

unlike in these cases, Cohen and Chaffee have consistently maintained that they intended Jaffe to

represent SSL, and they requested Weiss’s help on a topic that would naturally encompass SSL:

common control group liability. Also unlike in Jaffe’s cases, the written evidence here supports

(or at the very least does not contradict) the existence of an attorney-client relationship. Cf.

Jackson, 941 F.2d at *2; Zimmerman, 2014 WL 2971593, at *3. Chaffee’s email could be read to

cover Cohen, Chaffee, and their “other assets/companies”—including SSL.



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


       The district court did not err when it denied Jaffe’s motion for judgment as a matter of law.

With the evidence supporting Cohen and Chaffee’s claim, the district court also did not abuse its

discretion in denying the motion for a new trial. See Betts, 558 F.3d at 467.

                                                III.

       The jury found that Cohen and Chaffee collectively suffered $6.3 million in damages. But

the jury also found that Cohen and Chaffee failed to mitigate these damages and only awarded

them $1.7 million. On cross-appeal, Cohen and Chaffee argue that the district court impermissibly

allowed information about a separate lawsuit involving LSI—the distressed company they

bought—to come into evidence, and the jury then used this information to award them less

damages than they deserved. Cohen and Chaffee allege the district court should have excluded

the lawsuit because “its probative value [was] substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice.” United States v. Boyd, 640 F.3d 657, 667 (6th Cir. 2011); Fed. R. Evid. 403. We

review for abuse of discretion. Boyd, 640 F.3d at 667.

       In the other lawsuit, two insurance companies claimed that Cohen and Chaffee (and other

directors of LSI) had negligently misrepresented LSI’s financial information. Over the course of

a year, these companies had essentially loaned LSI millions of dollars. But these loans required

LSI to hit certain financial goals. The lawsuit alleged that Cohen and Chaffee provided false

financial information about LSI to meet these goals and keep getting more loans. In reality, LSI

was in far worse shape than they disclosed. Eventually, LSI entered receivership because it could

not pay back these loans. Ultimately, the insurance companies’ lawsuit settled.

       Jaffe sought to introduce evidence of this lawsuit as part of its mitigation case. Jaffe argued

that Cohen and Chaffee failed to mitigate their damages by mismanaging LSI and taking out loans

that they could not pay back. If Cohen and Chaffee had not sought out these loans, LSI may not



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


have gone out of business when it did, and the common control group liability would have been

less. Thus, Jaffe wanted to argue to the jury that Cohen and Chaffee were responsible for at least

some of the damages in this case. After a hearing, the district court allowed Jaffe to introduce the

other lawsuit as evidence and then question Cohen and Chaffee about it. Cohen and Chaffee

contend that the district court erred in doing so.

       The district court has “very broad discretion” when weighing unfair prejudice against

probative value, and the court did not abuse that discretion here. Id. Cohen and Chaffee only

contend that the introduction of the lawsuit itself was the problem. But they do not challenge any

information contained within that lawsuit. Thus, the vast majority of this financial information

would have come in anyway—indeed it did, in thorough questioning of Chaffee by Jaffe’s counsel.

See United States v. Warman, 578 F.3d 320, 348 (6th Cir. 2009) (noting that statements made

“were not unduly prejudicial in that they were merely cumulative of the substantial evidence

offered at trial”). This is really a question of balancing the probative value and possible unfair

prejudice of the fact that two insurance companies accused Cohen and Chaffee of misrepresenting

LSI’s financial statements. Was the probative value of this evidence substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice? Doubtful, especially given the clear relationship between the

lawsuit about LSI’s finances and damages based on those finances. Cf. McLeod v. Parsons Corp.,

73 F. App’x 846, 854 (6th Cir. 2003) (stating that information about other lawsuits would have

been probative (and possibly admissible) had there been a “clear nexus between these lawsuits and

this case”). And how LSI’s lenders independently viewed those finances was probative of Jaffe’s

mitigation theory: LSI was in bad financial shape partially because of Cohen and Chaffee’s

management decisions. Cf. Brewer v. Jones, 222 F. App’x 69, 70 (2d Cir. 2007) (holding that the

district court did not abuse its discretion “because the evidence [of the lawsuits] was relevant to



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Case Nos. 18-1392/1395, Cohen v. Jaffe, Raitt, Heuer & Weiss, P.C.


show a possible cause of [plaintiff]’s injury unrelated to the acts of the defendant”). As a result,

the lawsuit had at least some probative value and only questionable prejudicial effect when viewed

in light of the other financial evidence in the record suggesting mismanagement at LSI, so

admitting it was within the district court’s discretion. Cf. Soden v. Freightliner Corp., 714 F.2d

498, 509 (5th Cir. 1983) (“[A]lthough the use of unsupported allegations in prior lawsuits . . . may

not have been of the strongest probative value, neither was the lack of support particularly

prejudicial.”). In any event, if we had some doubts, they would not rise to a “definite and firm

conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” United States v. Heavrin,

330 F.3d 723, 727 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted) (articulating abuse of discretion standard).

                                          *      *       *

       Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict that an attorney-client relationship existed

between Jaffe and SSL, and the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting into evidence

information about the lawsuit against Cohen and Chaffee.

       We affirm.




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