                United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 16-3419
                       ___________________________

Cheri Dahlin, Individually and on Behalf of the Estate of Dean Dahlin, Deceased

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                          v.

   Lyondell Chemical Company; Equistar Chemicals, LP; Equistar GP, LLC

                    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants

                      Archer-Daniels-Midland Company

                          lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant
                       ___________________________

                               No. 16-4472
                       ___________________________

Cheri Dahlin, Individually and on Behalf of the Estate of Dean Dahlin, Deceased

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                          v.

   Lyondell Chemical Company; Equistar Chemicals, LP; Equistar GP, LLC

                    lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees

                      Archer-Daniels-Midland Company

                           lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant
                                   ____________
                    Appeals from United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: October 18, 2017
                              Filed: January 26, 2018
                                  ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, GRUENDER and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      Cheri Dahlin sued Lyondell Chemical Company, Equistar Chemicals, LP, and
Equistar GP, LLC (collectively “Lyondell”). A jury returned a verdict for Dahlin.
Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court vacates and remands.

                                          I.

       Between 1990 and 1995, Dean B. Dahlin worked for two companies as a
commercial truck driver. For both, he loaded his truck with benzene-containing
pyrolysis gasoline at a petrochemical facility in Clinton, Iowa. He transported the
gasoline to a storage facility where he unloaded it. He then returned to the Clinton
facility, reloaded, and went back to the storage facility. Drivers did this four-to-six
times a day during the summer.

      Dean’s employers did not own the Clinton facility. From 1988 until late 1993,
Quantum Chemical Corporation owned it. In late 1993, Hanson, PLC acquired the
Corporation, changing its name to Quantum Chemical Company. The name changed
back to Quantum Chemical Corporation in 1996—until March 1997, when it became
Millennium Petrochemical, Inc. Later in 1997, Millenium formed a joint venture with


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Lyondell Chemical Company called Equistar Chemicals, LP. Equistar became the
Clinton facility’s owner. In 2004, Equistar became Lyondell Chemical Company’s
wholly owned subsidiary.

       In 2009, Equistar and Lyondell Chemical Company, with other affiliated
companies, petitioned for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court confirmed
a reorganization plan in 2010, discharging all existing debts.

       Dean was diagnosed in 2012 with myelodysplastic syndrome, which
transformed to acute myeloid leukemia. Dean passed away from AML. His widow,
Cheri Dahlin, sued Lyondell, alleging that Dean’s benzene exposure at the Clinton
facility caused his disease.

       Lyondell moved for summary judgment, arguing that Dahlin’s claim was
discharged in bankruptcy. The district court denied the motion. See Dahlin v.
Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 2015 WL 11675667 (S.D. Iowa Sept. 29, 2015). A
jury awarded Dahlin $1.76 million in compensatory damages and $1.76 million in
punitive damages. Post-trial, the district court vacated the punitive damages, but
rejected Lyondell’s other arguments. Lyondell appeals. Dahlin cross-appeals to
reinstate the punitive damages.

                                          II.

       Lyondell says that Dahlin’s claim was discharged in bankruptcy. The first
question is whether this court can review this issue. Lyondell did not raise the
discharge issue in a motion for judgment as a matter of law. Instead, it relies on the
district court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment.

      “It is generally true that a denial of summary judgment is interlocutory in nature
and not appealable after trial and judgment.” New York Marine & Gen. Ins. Co. v.

                                          -3-
Continental Cement Co., LLC, 761 F.3d 830, 837 (8th Cir. 2014). “[T]he proper
redress for an argument denied at summary judgment is not through appeal of that
denial, ‘but through subsequent motions for judgment as a matter of law and appellate
review of those motions if they were denied.’” Id. at 838, quoting White Consol.
Indus., Inc. v. McGill Mfg. Co., 165 F.3d 1185, 1189 (8th Cir. 1999).

       This court, however, has “not indiscriminately foreclose[d] all appeals taken
from the denial of an issue raised at summary judgment. . . . [A] distinction [exists]
between the denial of a summary judgment motion involving the merits of a claim and
one involving preliminary issues, such as a statute of limitations, collateral estoppel,
or standing.” Id. This court cannot review the denial of summary judgment on an
issue involving the merits. See id. But it can review a preliminary issue. Id.

       As the district court noted, the discharge issue does not involve the merits of
Dahlin’s claim. Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *1 n.1. Like statute of limitations,
collateral estoppel, and standing, a bankruptcy discharge issue “is generally
preliminary to determination of the merits in a case.” See New York Marine, 761
F.3d at 838. This court may review whether Dahlin’s claim was discharged in
Lyondell’s bankruptcy.

      This court reviews de novo a district court’s grant or denial of summary
judgment, applying the same standard as the district court. Rosemann v. St. Louis
Bank, 858 F.3d 488, 494 (8th Cir. 2017); ReliaStar Life Ins. Co. v. IOA Re, Inc., 303
F.3d 874, 878 (8th Cir. 2002). Whether a bankruptcy notice satisfies due process is
a mixed question of law and fact. See Stauch v. City of Columbia Heights, 212 F.3d
425, 431 (8th Cir. 2000) (“Although, the question of whether the procedural
safeguards provided for in the Code are adequate to satisfy due process is a question
of law for the court to determine, whether the City indeed provided the Stauches with
such procedure is a question of fact for the jury.”). “The burden of establishing that



                                          -4-
a creditor has received appropriate notice rests with the debtor.” In re Hairopoulos,
118 F.3d 1240, 1244 (8th Cir. 1997).

                                          III.

       “[T]he confirmation of a [Chapter 11 bankruptcy] plan . . . discharges the debtor
from any debt that arose before the date of such confirmation.” 11 U.S.C. §
1141(d)(1)(A). A “debt” is a “liability on a claim.” § 101(12). Dahlin’s lawsuit is
a “claim.” See § 101(5)(A) (a “claim” includes any “right to payment, whether or not
such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured,
unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured”); Boston &
Maine Corp. v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., 587 F.3d 89, 100 (1st Cir. 2009)
(“A contingent claim is [a] claim that has not yet accrued and is dependent on some
future event that may never happen.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The district court ruled that Dahlin’s claim arose before the confirmation of
Lyondell’s bankruptcy plan. Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *8. Dahlin does not
challenge that ruling, also acknowledging she did not file a proof of claim. The
district court’s ruling would generally mean that Dahlin’s claim was discharged
because “a cause of action that accrues prior to the confirmation of the plan constitutes
a ‘claim’ dischargeable upon confirmation.” Sanchez v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 659
F.3d 671, 675 (8th Cir. 2011); see also § 1141(d)(1)(A). Despite that general rule, the
district court concluded that Dahlin’s claim was not discharged because Lyondell
violated Dean’s due process rights by not providing sufficient notice of its bankruptcy.
Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *13.




                                          -5-
                                          A.

      “Inadequate notice is a defect which precludes discharge of a claim in
bankruptcy.” Chemetron Corp. v. Jones, 72 F.3d 341, 346 (3d Cir. 1995). “The
operation of the Bankruptcy Code, including its discharge provisions, is subject to due
process constraints.” Sanchez, 659 F.3d at 675. Due process requires “notice
reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the
pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950).

       “[B]efore a pre-petition or pre-confirmation claim can be discharged under the
applicable provisions of the Bankruptcy Code, a debtor’s creditors must be afforded
notice of the debtor’s bankruptcy case, as well as the deadline for asserting any
pre-petition claims against the debtor.” Sanchez, 659 F.3d at 675, quoting Zurich
Am. Ins. Co. v. Tessler (In re J.A. Jones, Inc.), 492 F.3d 242, 249 (4th Cir. 2007).
“Absent such notice, creditors lack ‘the opportunity to participate in a meaningful way
in the course of bankruptcy proceedings.’” Id., quoting Hairopoulos, 118 F.3d at
1244.

       The level of notice that satisfies due process depends on whether the creditor
is “known” or “unknown.” See Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346. “Known creditors must
be provided with actual written notice of a debtor’s bankruptcy filing and bar claims
date.” Id. “For unknown claimants, notification by publication will generally
suffice.” Id.; see also Tulsa Prof’l Collection Serv., Inc. v. Pope, 485 U.S. 478, 490
(1988) (“For creditors who are not ‘reasonably ascertainable,’ publication notice can
suffice.”).




                                          -6-
                                           B.

      The district court concluded that Dean was an unknown creditor entitled only
to publication notice. Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *11. The notice listed over 90
companies as debtors. It included the statutory definition of “claim,” noting the
deadlines to file a proof of claim. It described who must file a proof of claim, and
where and what to file. It explained the consequences of not filing a proof of claim
before the bar date. Lyondell published the notice in the national edition of USA
Today, the national and international editions of the Wall Street Journal, and regional
newspapers, including the Clinton Herald, circulated in Clinton, Iowa. See
Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 348-49 (“Publication in national newspapers is regularly
deemed sufficient notice to unknown creditors, especially where supplemented, as
here, with notice in papers of general circulation in locations where the debtor is
conducting business.”).

       The district court ruled that the content of Lyondell’s notice did not satisfy due
process. Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *13. It emphasized that the notice did not
mention Quantum Chemical Corporation, Hanson PLC, or Quantum Chemical
Company—the owners of the Clinton facility when Dean worked there. Id. But the
Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure required Lyondell to list only names used
within the eight years before the filing of the bankruptcy petition. See Fed. R. Bankr.
P. 1005 and 2002(n). Quantum Chemical Corporation, Hanson PLC, or Quantum
Chemical Company were not used within the eight-year window. Despite that, the
district court concluded:



      [C]ompliance with the bankruptcy rules was not sufficient to satisfy due
      process under the particular circumstances of this case. Though the
      bankruptcy rules are created to safeguard creditor’s rights, they are not
      necessarily co-extensive with the protection of due process. Because
      Defendants here should have known of their potential liability for

                                          -7-
      pre-1997 benzene claims, Defendants should have listed Quantum
      Chemical Corporation, Hanson PLC, and Quantum Chemical Company
      in their Notice. Their failure to do so violated Dean’s due process rights.

      ....

      The relative uncertainty of future benzene claims, albeit uncertainty of
      who would bring the claims, created a duty for Defendants to provide
      some notice to this group of claimants.



Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *12-13. The district court stressed: (1) two years
before bankruptcy, Lyondell was fined $2.5 million by the EPA and agreed to invest
$200,000 on environmental projects in Clinton, (2) benzene claims were 10% of
Lyondell’s yearly toxic-tort litigation, and (3) the EPA conducted a study
documenting benzene contamination at the Clinton facility, designated it a “Superfund
site,” and required benzene remediation. Id. at *12. The district court also said:
“Had the Notice mentioned benzene or the Clinton Complex, it perhaps would have
satisfied due process.” Id. at *13.

                                          IV.

       The notice did not need to mention benzene claims or the Clinton facility in
order to satisfy due process. See In re Placid Oil Co., 753 F.3d 151, 158 (5th Cir.
2014) (“We have never required bar date notices to contain information about specific
potential claims.”). Instead, the key issue is whether the notice should have listed the
names Quantum Chemical Corporation, Hanson PLC, or Quantum Chemical
Company.

     Compliance with the bankruptcy rules might not satisfy due process. See In re
Flynn, 402 B.R. 437, 445 n.11 (B.A.P. 1st Cir. 2009) (“[R]egardless of what the
Bankruptcy Rules allow, they may not be used to circumvent constitutional due

                                          -8-
process requirements. Notification procedures set forth in rules ‘neither trump nor
displace the constitutional requirement that . . . [the] notice [be] sufficient to satisfy
the demands of due process.’”) (alteration in original), quoting United States v. One
Star Class Sloop Sailboat, 458 F.3d 16, 22 (1st Cir. 2006). The circumstances of a
case might require a debtor to provide more information than necessary under the
bankruptcy rules.

      The district court ruled that because Lyondell should have known of its
potential liability for pre-1997 benzene claims, it should have given more notice than
the bankruptcy rules require. This ruling exceeds the bounds of the process due to an
unknown creditor.

       An unknown creditor is one whose “interests are either conjectural or future or,
although they could be discovered upon investigation, do not in due course of
business come to knowledge [of the debtor].” Mullane, 339 U.S. at 317. A “known”
creditor is one whose identity is either known or “reasonably ascertainable” by the
debtor. Tulsa Prof’l, 485 U.S. at 489-90. “A creditor’s identity is ‘reasonably
ascertainable’ if that creditor can be identified through ‘reasonably diligent efforts.’”
Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346, quoting Mennonite Bd. of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S.
791, 798 n.4 (1983). Reasonable diligence does not require “impracticable and
extended searches . . . in the name of due process.” Mullane, 339 U.S. at 317-18. As
the Third Circuit said:



      A debtor does not have a duty to search out each conceivable or possible
      creditor and urge that person or entity to make a claim against it.

      ....

      [W]hat is required is not a vast, open-ended investigation. The requisite
      search instead focuses on the debtor’s own books and records. Efforts


                                           -9-
      beyond a careful examination of these documents are generally not
      required. Only those claimants who are identifiable through a diligent
      search are “reasonably ascertainable” and hence “known” creditors.



Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 346-47 (internal citations, quotation marks, and footnote
omitted).

       As the district court concluded, Lyondell conducted a reasonably diligent search
for creditors. Dahlin, 2015 WL 11675667, at *11. It hired an experienced
bankruptcy consulting firm that reviewed Lyondell’s employee, vendor, accounts
payable, and contract registers. That firm identified over one million reasonably
ascertainable creditors. Dean was not one of them. After a reasonably diligent search
for known creditors, publication notice generally suffices for unknown creditors. See
Tulsa Prof’l, 485 U.S. at 490. Lyondell gave notice by publication.

       For Lyondell’s notice to satisfy due process, the district court would require
Lyondell to conduct another search beyond a reasonably diligent search for known
creditors. By the district court’s rationale, the over 90 debtors should have analyzed
the bases of every type of toxic tort that could be claimed against them and expanded
the notice accordingly. A debtor, however, need not undertake “impracticable and
extended searches . . . in the name of due process.” Mullane, 339 U.S. at 317-18.
This court finds no authority requiring a second search, and neither did the district
court.

       Instead, the district court used a foreseeability test—that Lyondell should have
listed the three companies because it should have known of future benzene claims.
In Chemetron, the Third Circuit rejected a foreseeability analysis in evaluating due
process of bankruptcy notices. Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 347-48.




                                         -10-
       Between 1965 and 1972, the Chemetron defendant used depleted uranium at
one of its facilities. Id. at 344. Part of that facility was demolished in 1972, with
some rubble placed in a landfill the defendant owned. In 1975, the defendant sold
both the facility and the landfill. After the sale but before bankruptcy, increased
radiation levels were detected at the facility, and the defendant conducted “periodic
clean-up efforts” at the facility and the landfill. Id. In 1988, the defendant filed a
Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It provided actual and publication notice of its claim-bar date.
Id. at 345.

       Four years later, the plaintiffs—who lived or spent time around the
landfill—sued. Id. They did not receive actual notice of the claim-bar date. See id.
The bankruptcy court ruled that the plaintiffs were known creditors because the
defendant “knew or should have known that it was reasonably foreseeable that it
could suffer claims from individuals living near the” landfill. Id. at 347 (emphasis
added).

      The Third Circuit held that the bankruptcy court should have applied a
“reasonably ascertainable” standard, not a “reasonably foreseeable” standard. Id.



      Debtors cannot be required to provide actual notice to anyone who
      potentially could have been affected by their actions; such a requirement
      would completely vitiate the important goal of prompt and effectual
      administration and settlement of debtors’ estates.

      ....

      Where a debtor has sought the protection of bankruptcy law . . .
      procedural protections such as the bar claims date apply. These
      provisions cannot be circumvented by forcing debtors to anticipate
      speculative suits based on lengthy chains of causation.



                                         -11-
Id. at 348. Under a “reasonably ascertainable” standard, the court found that the
plaintiffs were unknown, so publication notice satisfied due process. Id. at 348-49.
This court agrees with the Third Circuit and rejects the foreseeability approach the
district court used here.

      Besides foreseeability, the district court did not provide a reason why Lyondell
had to go beyond the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Under the
circumstances, Lyondell’s notice satisfied due process. See Mullane, 339 U.S. at 314;
Chemetron, 72 F.3d at 348-49; Placid, 753 F.3d at 158. A “[c]ritical feature[] of
every bankruptcy proceeding [includes] . . . the ultimate discharge that gives the
debtor a ‘fresh start’ by releasing him, her, or it from further liability for old debts.”
Central Virginia Cmty. Coll. v. Katz, 546 U.S. 356, 363-64 (2006).

       Dahlin’s claim arose before the confirmation of Lyondell’s bankruptcy plan.
No proof of claim was filed. This lawsuit was discharged in bankruptcy. See
Sanchez, 659 F.3d at 675; 11 U.S.C. § 1141(d)(1)(A). This court need not address
the other issues that Dahlin briefs or the cross-appeal.

                                        *******

       The judgment is vacated and the case remanded for proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
                       ______________________________




                                          -12-
