                                                                     FILED 

                                                                   MAY 14,2013 

                                                           In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                         W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 




         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                            DIVISION THREE 


In re the Marriage of:                         )        No. 30415-9-111
                                               )
KELLY COVEY,                                   )
                                               )
                     Respondent,               )
                                               )
              and                              )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )
NEHEMIAH COVEY,                                )
                                               )
                     Appellant.                )

       KULIK, J. -   Nehemiah Covey sought to challenge an investigation completed by a

guardian ad litem (GAL) who was assigned to Mr. Covey's dissolution proceeding. As

part of his challenge, Mr. Covey submitted an e-mail from his attorney that discussed the

GAL's reputation. The Spokane County Superior Court sanctioned Nehemiah Covey and

his attorney for filing the e-mail. The court concluded that the e-mail did not help the

court address any meaningful issues and was offensive as well as inadmissible. Mr.

Covey and his attorney appeal the sanctions.

       We deny Mr. Covey's request to void the findings in the parenting plan to which

he stipulated. We affirm the trial court except as to sanctions.
No~  30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


       We review imposition of sanctions for an abuse of discretion. The threshold for

ordering a sanction is high. We conclude that the trial court improperly imposed

sanctions and reverse that order.

                                           FACTS

       Kelly Covey and Nehemiah Covey filed for dissolution. Spokane County Superior

Court appointed Karen Vache as the GAL for the Coveys' four children.

       The court granted a restraining order against Mr. Covey and his visitation rights

were restricted to supervised visits. The order also stated that visits could occur in a less

formal setting once Mr. Covey refrained from influencing the children and upon the

GAL's recommendation. Mr. Covey repeatedly requested that the GAL review the case

to determine ifhe had met the criteria for unsupervised visits. However, the visitation

restrictions were not reexamined or lifted.

       The GAL conducted an investigation to recommend residential placement of the

children. In her investigation report, the GAL stated that she met with Mr. Covey and

Ms. Covey, communicated with each of them by telephone and reviewed e-mails. In

addition, the GAL stated that she reviewed questionnaires completed by Ms. Covey's

references, but did not receive back any of the questionnaires that she sent to Mr. Covey's

references. The GAL concluded that Ms. Covey was the more emotionally available and



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In re Marriage ofCovey


consistent parent and that the children should reside primarily with her. The GAL also

recommended that there be a finding of domestic violence, a finding of neglect of

parenting functions, and a finding of abusive use of conflict against Mr. Covey.

      Mr. Covey filed a declaration alleging that the GAL failed to contact his witnesses,

and that the GAL's report lacked information and was materially false. In support, Mr.

Covey attached declarations from six witnesses who contended that they had never been

contacted by the GAL. One witness contended that he received and sent back the

questionnaire to the GAL. Mr. Covey contended that this declaration contradicted the

GAL's report indicating that she received no questionnaires from Mr. Covey's witnesses.

      Of significance to this appeal, Mr. Covey also attached an e-mail from his prior

attorney who stated that a family law colleague did not have a good impression of the

GAL. The colleague formed her opinion of the GAL after the colleague walked in on a

hearing and saw the GAL give an oral report. The colleague considered the report to be

sloppy and deficient. Mr. Covey stated that he submitted this e-mail about the GAL

because it affected his state of mind toward the GAL. Mr. Covey also attached e-mails

that showed Mr. Covey's and his attorney's unsuccessful attempts to contact the GAL.

      The GAL filed a motion requesting removal of the e-mails from the record and

asking the court to impose sanctions against Mr. Covey for filing e-mails that defamed



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In re Marriage ofCovey


her reputation. The GAL contended that the e·mails were hearsay and had no evidentiary

value. She cited the Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) for lawyers as support for and

as evidence of Mr. Covey's misconduct.

       Mr. Covey responded that there could be no defamation in a court proceeding and

that the e-mails were submitted to show his state of mind. He also contended that the

RPCs do not create a cause of action. Accompanying his response, Mr. Covey added a

motion to disqualify the GAL. He contended that the GAL failed to investigate. He

attached an eight-page detailed list of all of the errors contained in the report and

affidavits from witnesses who refuted specific parts of the report.

       A hearing was held on the motion to dismiss the GAL. The trial court denied Mr.

Covey's request to dismiss the GAL or, alternatively, order the GAL to complete her

investigation. The trial court determined that the GAL was not required to investigate

everyone or irrelevant issues, and that issues pertaining to the GAL's investigation were

better addressed as impeachment evidence at trial.

       Before trial commenced, Mr. Covey and Ms. Covey agreed to a parenting plan.

The agreement contained a finding that Mr. Covey had a history of domestic violence.

The agreement also included findings that Mr. Covey's conduct may have an adverse

effect on the children, that his abusive use of conflict created a serious danger to the


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No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


children's psychological development, and that he neglected or failed to perform

parenting functions. The agreement placed a restriction on Mr. Covey's decision-making

authority, but allowed the restriction to be modified in six months if Mr. Covey complied

with the parenting plan. The agreement gave the GAL the authority to determine Mr.

Covey's compliance by reviewing whether he engaged in disparaging remarks or actions

that harmed the children or their relationship with their mother.

       The trial court held a hearing on the GAL's motion for sanctions. The trial court

focused on the e-mail regarding the GAL's reputation. The court found that the e-mail

did not "in any way help the Court address any meaningful issues and is offensive as well

as inadmissible." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 80. The court concluded that under the Spokane

County Superior Court terms policy, an award of terms is the appropriate remedy for

submitting inadmissible evidence and ordered Mr. Covey to pay the GAL's attorney fees

of $750. The court also found that there were violations of four RPCs for lawyers, and

ordered Mr. Covey's attorney to pay $200 to the GAL.

       The trial court denied Mr. Covey's motion for reconsideration. The court did not

accept Mr. Covey's argument that the e-mail was submitted to show how the GAL's

actions were perceived by Mr. Covey. The court found that even if the e-mail was not

considered hearsay, filing the e-mail would not be appropriate if the intent was to harass



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No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


or embarrass another party, and such action may be sanctioned under CR 11. The court

also found that the supplement of school records that was attached to the motion for

reconsideration was another example of the bad faith and frivolous filings by Mr. Covey

and his attorney.

       Mr. Covey and his attorney appeal the court's order imposing sanctions. Mr.

Covey also requests that the GAL be removed from the case and to void any findings and

restrictions against him in the parenting plan. 1

                                         ANALYSIS

       Sanctions Against Mr. Covey and His Attorney. An order of sanctions is reviewed

for an abuse of discretion. Loc Thien Truong v. Allstate Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 151 Wn.

App. 195, 207, 211 P.3d 430 (2009). "A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision

or order is manifestly unreasonable, exercised on untenable grounds, or exercised for

untenable reasons." Noble v. Safe Harbor Family Pres. Trust, 167 Wn.2d 11, 17,216

P.3d 1007 (2009). Errors of law constitute an untenable reason. Id.

       A trial court may impose sanctions according to court rules or under its own

inherent equitable powers. State v. Gassman, 175 Wn.2d 208,210-11,283 P.3d 1113

(2012). Here, we evaluate the various authorities the trial court used for imposing



       1   This issue is moot as the GAL is no longer involved in the case.

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No. 30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


sanctions on Mr. Covey and his attorney. And, under each authority, we determine that

the trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions.

       RPCs. "The RPCs cannot be proper grounds for the trial court to base a fee award

because a 'breach of an ethics rule provides only a public, e.g., disciplinary, remedy and

not a private remedy.'" Just Dirt, Inc. v. Knight Excavating, Inc., 138 Wn. App. 409,

417, 157 P.3d 431 (2007) (quoting Hizey v. Carpenter, 119 Wn.2d 251, 259, 830 P .2d

646 (1992»). The RPCs are not designed to be a basis for civil liability but, instead, are

designed to provide guidance to lawyers and structure for regulating conduct through

disciplinary agencies. RPC, Scope [20].

       The trial court found that violations of the RPCs occurred and cited several of the

RPCs in its order for sanctions. However, the RPCs cannot be used as grounds for civil

sanctions. Thus, the trial court abused its discretion by relying on the RPCs as a basis for

sanctioning Mr. Covey and his attorney.

       CR 11. CR I I (a) discourages filings that are not "well grounded in fact [and]

warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or

reversal of existing law [and that are] not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to

harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation."

Accordingly, CR 11 permits sanctions against anyone who signs a document that is either



                                              7

No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


(1) not well grounded in fact or warranted by law, or (2) interposed for an improper

purpose. Eugster v. City ofSpokane, 110 Wn. App. 212,231,39 P.3d 380 (2002). "If a

party engages in such conduct, 'the court ... may impose ... an appropriate sanction,

which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the

reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading, motion, or legal

memorandum, including a reasonable attorney fee. '" In re Kelly & Moess/ang, 170 Wn.

App. 722, 740,287 P.3d 12 (2012) (quoting CR I 1(a)), review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1018,

297 P.3d 706 (2013).

       A complaint must lack a factual or legal basis before CR 11 sanctions can be

imposed. Bryant v. Joseph Tree, Inc., 119 Wn.2d 210,220,829 P.2d 1099 (1992). To

determine if the imposition of sanctions was warranted, the court applies an objective

standard, meaning "whether a reasonable attorney in a like circumstance could believe his

or her actions to be factually and legally justified." Skimming v. Boxer, 119 Wn. App.

748, 754, 82 P.3d 707 (2004).

       The threshold for the imposition of CR II sanctions is high. Skimming, 119 Wn.

App. at 755. "Because CR 11 sanctions have a potential chilling effect, the trial court

should impose sanctions only when it is patently clear that a claim has absolutely no




                                             8

No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage 0/ Covey


chance of success. The fact that a complaint does not prevail on its merits is not enough."

Loc Thien Truong, 151 Wn. App. at 208.

       A GAL investigating parties to a parenting plan has an obligation to (1) contact all

parties, (2) treat all parties with respect, (3) timely perform a parenting plan investigation,

and (4) maintain independence, objectivity, and the appearance offaimess. In re

Marriage a/Bobbitt, 135 Wn. App. 8,28, 144 P.3d 306 (2006). A trial court may order a

GAL to conduct a proper investigation that complies with the superior court rules for

GALs. See id. at 27.

       The issue here is whether Mr. Covey should be sanctioned for submitting the e-

mail regarding the GAL's reputation. For the first time in its decision denying Mr.

Covey's motion for reconsideration, the trial court considered sanctioning Mr. Covey

under CR 11. The trial court implied that Mr. Covey filed the e-mail for an improper

purpose, which was to harass or embarrass another party. The trial court believed that

Mr. Covey attached the e-mail to his declaration to show that the GAL acted

inappropriately in another case and, therefore, served no legitimate purpose for the Covey

case. But, Mr. Covey insisted that the e-mail was to show his state of mind as to why he

believed the GAL was acting inappropriately in her investigation.




                                               9

No.30415-9-II1
In re Marriage ofCovey


       We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by issuing CR 11 sanctions

on Mr. Covey and his attorney for the e-mail attachment. When taken in context with the

other documents that accompanied the e-mail, there is no indication that the e-mail was

filed for an improper purpose. The purpose of the e-mail and declaration of witnesses

was to support Mr. Covey's legally grounded declaration that challenged the GAL's

report and alleged lack of investigation. It is not patently clear that Mr. Covey had

absolutely no chance of success in claiming that he attached the e-mail to show his state

of mind. Taking into account the high threshold needed for imposing CR 11 sanctions,

the court's decision to impose sanctions under CR 11 was an abuse of discretion. The

record does not support the conclusion that Mr. Covey submitted the e-mail for an

Improper purpose.

       Local Court Rule and Inherent Power ofthe Court. The Spokane County Superior

Court terms policy allows the court to impose monetary sanctions for inadmissible

portions of documents. Spokane County Superior Court Terms Policy,

http://WVvw.spokanecounty.orgidata/superiorcourtifamilycourtitamilylaw/pdtITerms%20Policy%

204%202011.pdf. However, under this policy, "[t]erms normally will not be assessed for

good faith assertions of admissibility of evidence." Id.




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No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


       Similarly, sanctions in the form ofattomey fees may be awarded under a court's

inherent power if the court makes a finding of bad faith to support the imposition of

sanctions. Gassman, 175 Wn.2d at 211. If the court fails to make an express finding of

bad faith, "appellate courts have upheld sanctions where an examination of the record

establishes that the court found some conduct equivalent to bad faith." Id.

      A hearsay statement is a statement made out of court and used as evidence to prove

the truth of the matter asserted. ER 801 (c). Hearsay is not admissible evidence unless an

exception applies. ER 802. Hearsay does not include a statement that shows the

declarant's then-existing state of mind, such as mental feeling. ER 803(a)(3). On the

other hand, "statements discussing the conduct of another person that may have created

the declarant's state of mind are inadmissible under ER 803(a)(3)." State v. Sublett, 156

Wn. App. 160, 199,231 P.3d 231 (20lO), aff'd, 176 Wn.2d 58, 292 P.3d 715 (2012).

      Here, the trial court did not make a finding of bad faith in its original decision to

impose sanctions. However, upon reconsideration, the court stated that Mr. Covey's

motion for reconsideration and additional supporting documents was "another example of

[Mr. Covey's] bad faith and frivolous filings." CP at 154. We imply from this statement

that the court found Mr. Covey's previous filings were made in bad faith.




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No. 30415-9-111
In re Marriage ofCovey


       Despite this implied finding, there is no indication that Mr. Covey acted in bad

faith by filing the declaration or e-mail. Admittedly, while the e-mail regarding the

GAL's reputation may not be admissible under the state of mind exception, there is no

indication that it was attached for an improper purpose. Mr. Covey stated in his

declaration that he believed that the GAL's report lacked information and was not

truthful. He contended that he used the e-mail to show how he developed his state of

mind. 2 Had this been the only evidence in support of Mr. Covey's declaration, the trial

court's finding of bad faith may have had some merit. However, when taken in context

with the other documents attached to the declaration, this e-mail does not indicate a bad

faith attempt to harass or embarrass the GAL but, instead, an attempt to obtain a complete

investigation. Mr. Covey's challenge to the GAL's report was reasonable because of the

effect it had on the future parenting plan. Thus, because there is no indication that the e-

mail was submitted in bad faith, the trial court abused its discretion by imposing

sanctions.




        2 Mr. Covey argues on appeal that the e-mail was admissible under ER 608 to
challenge the GAL's credibility. The record does not indicate that Mr. Covey presented
this argument to the trial court. Under RAP 2.5, Mr. Covey may raise the argument for
the first time on appeal if it is a manifest error affecting a constitutional right. He fails to
argue how the sanction affects a constitutional right and, therefore, this issue will not be
reviewed on appeal.

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No.30415-9-III
In re Marriage ofCovey


       Mr. Covey asks that we remove the restrictions and findings against him in the

parenting plan. Section 4.3 of the parenting plan3 provides a procedure for Mr. Covey to

address the restrictions. Therefore, we decline to address the restrictions.

       We also decline to void the findings in the parenting plan regarding Mr. Covey's

past actions toward Ms. Covey and his children. The invited error doctrine bars Mr.

Covey from challenging facts that he stipulated to in the findings. The invited error

doctrine precludes judicial review of any error where the complaining party engaged in

some affirmative action by which he knowingly and voluntarily set up the error. State v.

Phelps, 113 Wn. App. 347,353,57 PJd 624 (2002). Absent fraud, mistake, or want of

jurisdiction, an appellate court will not review a trial court judgment entered with the

consent of the parties. Wash. Asphalt Co. v. Harold Kaeser Co., 51 Wn.2d 89, 91, 316

P .2d 126 (1957). Mr. Covey agreed to these findings and had an opportunity to address

these issues at trial.

       We decline Mr. Covey's request to void the findings in the parenting plan. We

reverse the imposition of sanctions.




       3CPat184. 


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No.30415-9-II1
In re Marriage ofCovey


      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.


                                         Kulik, J.

WE CONCUR:




Brown, J.




                                            14 

