                  United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 14-1589
                          ___________________________

                                    Terry M. Turner

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                             v.

 Sidney Mull, Sergeant, Correctional Officer, Transportation Supervisor; Angela
 Chandler, Hospital Administrator; Robert Thebeau, Correctional Officer; Terry
             Russell; Pete Koenig; John Doe, Correctional Officer

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                                        ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                             Submitted: January 13, 2015
                                Filed: April 28, 2015
                                   ____________

Before SMITH, BENTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Terry Turner brought this suit against several officials at the Eastern Reception
Diagnostic Correctional Center in Bonne Terre, Missouri (ERDCC), asserting
violations of his rights under the Eighth Amendment; the Fourteenth Amendment;
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq.; and
§ 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794. The district court1 granted summary
judgment to the officials on all claims. We affirm.

                                      I. Background
       At all times relevant to this case, Turner was an inmate at the ERDCC. Turner
suffered from a neurological disorder but was able to ambulate, stand, and sit with the
use of leg braces and crutches. Although Turner sought and received medical care for
his neurological condition on multiple occasions in 2011, no physician ordered that
Turner be provided use of a wheelchair. Similarly, no physician ordered that the
ERDCC transport Turner in a wheelchair-accessible van.

       The ERDCC had a wheelchair-accessible van equipped with a "lift"—that is,
a device that raises wheelchair users from the ground to the floor level of the van and
vice versa. The ERDCC generally restricted the van's use to actual wheelchair users,
and signage on the van separately advised that only wheelchairs were allowed on the
wheelchair lift and that standing on the lift was forbidden to avoid falls. Thus, before
allowing inmates to use the wheelchair-accessible van, the ERDCC generally required
that inmates receive a medical order for transportation via a wheelchair-accessible
vehicle and that the inmates arrive at the transportation area in a wheelchair.

       On March 22, 2011, Transportation Officer Pete Koenig and Correctional
Officer Robert Thebeau transported Turner to and from a medical appointment at the
Capitol Regional Medical Center in Jefferson City, Missouri (CRMC). Turner arrived
at the transportation area with neither a wheelchair nor a physician's order to use a
wheelchair-accessible van. Consequently, he was transported to and from the CRMC
in a non-wheelchair-accessible van. Turner alleges that, due to physical limitations
allegedly associated with his neurological condition, the only way he could enter the


      1
       The Honorable John A. Ross, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
van was by crawling into it. He also alleges, among other things, that urine and vomit
were on the van floor and that he was unable to eat a sack lunch while traveling in the
van because of his exposure to the unsanitary conditions.

       Turner also alleges that, during his return trip from the CRMC, Thebeau
stopped the van near a bridge for approximately five minutes. At some time during
the stop, according to Turner, Thebau mentioned that he and Koenig could drown
Turner and claim that Turner tried to escape. Thebeau and Koenig then allegedly
looked at Turner and laughed. Turner admits that he "do[es not] know if they [were]
playing or not."

       Approximately two months later, on May 19, 2011, Turner filed an Inmate
Resolution Request concerning the alleged events that occurred on March 22, 2011.
At some point thereafter, according to Turner, prison staff searched and "ransacked"
his cell in retaliation for his lodging the complaint. Turner alleges that Thebeau was
present when his cell was searched. Turner further alleges that Thebeau retaliated
against him by visiting "3-House," the housing unit in which Turner was incarcerated,
and calling Turner "names" and using "expletives."

       On September 5, 2011, Angela Chandler, an employee of Corizon, Inc. who
served as the Health Services Administrator at the ERDCC, requested via email to
ERDCC Transportation Supervisor Sidney Mull that Turner be transported in a
"wheelchair, handicapped-accessible van" for medical appointments. Chandler was
not a physician, but Turner had informed her earlier that same day that he found it
uncomfortable and difficult to ride in the non-wheelchair-accessible van. In response
to Chandler's email, Mull informed Chandler that he was willing to transport Turner
in the wheelchair-accessible van (even though Turner lacked any medical order to
that effect); however, Mull made clear that Turner—per facility policy—must arrive
at the transportation area in a wheelchair:



                                         -3-
       The only way I can load him via the lift on the handicap van is if he is
       in a wheelchair. The vehicle has a warning not to load people with it due
       to the risk of falling. If he comes down in a wheelchair I will definitely
       take him in the handicap van.

      On October 20, 2011, Turner was transferred to the Western Missouri
Correctional Center in Cameron, Missouri (WMCC). Koenig was one of the
transportation officers who transported Turner to the WMCC. Turner alleges that he
was transported in a non-wheelchair-accessible van for part of the trip, although he
was transported in a wheelchair-accessible van for the remainder of the trip.

                                  II. Procedural History
       Turner filed suit against Mull, Thebeau, Koenig, Chandler, and ERDCC
Warden Terry Russell. Turner asserted (1) claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against all
of the officials, in both their individual and official capacities, for alleged violations
of Turner's Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights; (2) a claim under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 against Thebeau for alleged retaliation; (3) claims against all of the officials,
in both their individual and official capacities, for alleged violations of Turner's rights
under Title II of the ADA and § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act; and (4) an additional
retaliation claim against Thebeau for alleged retaliation in violation of Turner's rights
under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.

      The district court granted summary judgment to the officials on all claims. With
respect to the official-capacity claims, the court held that "[t]he undisputed facts
. . . do not support a finding that [Turner] required handicapped-accessible
transportation, or that such transportation would have benefitted [Turner]" given that
Turner was "able to ambulate with the use of leg braces and crutches" and that "no
physician had ordered a wheelchair for [Turner]." The court also found that the
ERDCC's policy "requiring inmates to be in wheelchairs in order to utilize the
wheelchair-accessible vans was for their own safety" and that the ERDCC was not


                                           -4-
required to compromise inmates' safety "simply because [Turner] believed that a
wheelchair-accessible van was more comfortable." The court dismissed the § 1983
individual-capacity and Rehabilitation Act claims largely on the same grounds.

      The court held that Turner's relatively brief exposure to the allegedly
unsanitary conditions in the van did not rise to the level of a constitutional violation.
Likewise, the court also held that Thebeau's alleged threat to drown Turner was not
a constitutional violation because it was a one-time, isolated incident and Thebeau
took no action in furtherance of the alleged threat.

      With respect to Thebeau's alleged retaliation, the court found that Turner
provided no evidence that Thebeau directed or was otherwise in charge of the search.
The court also found that Turner had proffered insufficient evidence to show that the
search and accompanying property damage were in retaliation for Turner lodging any
complaints.

       Finally, because the court found no constitutional violations, it held that Mull,
Thebeau, Koenig, and Russell (collectively, "Prison Defendants") were additionally
entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Turner's § 1983 claims.

                                   III. Discussion
      On appeal, Turner challenges the district court's grant of summary judgment
with respect to (1) his official-capacity claims, (2) his individual-capacity claims
against all of the officials except Russell, (3) his retaliation claims, (4) his
Rehabilitation Act claim against all of the officials except Chandler, and (5) the
Prison Defendants' qualified immunity.

      We review de novo the district court's grant of summary judgment. Hayek v.
City of St. Paul, 488 F.3d 1049, 1054 (8th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). We will
affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment if "there is no genuine dispute

                                          -5-
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). To establish a genuine issue of material fact, Turner "may not merely
point to unsupported self-serving allegations, but must substantiate allegations with
sufficient probative evidence that would permit a finding in [his] favor." Davidson
& Assocs. v. Jung, 422 F.3d 630, 638 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

                             A. Official-Capacity Claims
       "Official-capacity liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 occurs only when a
constitutional injury is caused by 'a government's policy or custom, whether made by
its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official
policy.'" Grayson v. Ross, 454 F.3d 802, 810–11 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Monell v.
Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)). Turner may prevail on his official-
capacity claims by identifying a policy that "constitutes either deliberate indifference
to medical needs or a punishment." Haslar v. Megerman, 104 F.3d 178, 180 (8th Cir.
1997) (citations omitted). "To establish a claim of deliberate indifference to serious
medical needs under § 1983, [Turner] must demonstrate that he suffered from an
objectively serious medical need and that [the officials] actually knew of but
deliberately disregarded the need." Santiago v. Blair, 707 F.3d 984, 990 (8th Cir.
2013) (citation omitted).

      In the main, Turner argues that the officials violated his constitutional rights
by enforcing a policy that generally restricts use of the wheelchair-accessible van to
inmates in wheelchairs. As a result, according to Turner, the officials were
deliberately indifferent to Turner's alleged serious medical needs and "forced" him
to crawl into the van and to his seat. We disagree.

      As a threshold matter, we note that Turner was not "forced" to endure the
hardships of which he now complains; indeed, he could have entirely avoided having
to crawl into the van by, for instance, using a wheelchair. But he did not, even
though, as Turner concedes, wheelchairs were "readily available" there at the

                                          -6-
transportation area. In fact, Turner admitted during his deposition that he did not even
ask to use any of those readily available wheelchairs. Turner may also have avoided
crawling into the van by seeking and obtaining a physician's order to be transported
in a wheelchair and a wheelchair-accessible van.

      In any event, the record does not support Turner's assertion that he had an
objectively serious medical need requiring that he use a wheelchair-accessible van.
As noted above, no physician ordered or issued a wheelchair for Turner, much less
ordered that he be transported in a wheelchair-accessible van—even though Turner
sought and obtained medical care for his neurological condition multiple times in
2011. At least one physician specifically deemed that transportation in a wheelchair-
accessible vehicle was not necessary for Turner given in part that he was able to
"walk with a leg/torso brace" and "able to sit in a regular vehicle."2 Furthermore,
Turner neither used nor requested to use any of the wheelchairs that were "readily
available" in the transportation area.

       The ERDCC and the officials proffered good reasons for enforcing the
wheelchair-users-only policy. It is undisputed that improperly using or standing on
the lift "was considered dangerous due to the possibility of a fall." In short, the
wheelchair-users-only policy represented a rational safety measure for inmates. It is
certainly conceivable that if the ERDCC did not enforce the policy, it would face a
risk of lawsuits from those same inmates in the event they injured themselves while
using the lift improperly. Consequently, as the district court found, the "ERDCC staff
was not required to compromise its own policy and the safety of its inmates simply
because [Turner] believed that a wheelchair accessible van was more comfortable"
or convenient. The officials' refusal to deviate from this policy did not constitute


      2
       The ERDCC's non-wheelchair-accessible minivans sit closer to the ground
than wheelchair-accessible vehicles, have dual-sliding doors, and have seats that lean
forward.

                                          -7-
"deliberate indifference" or some other unconstitutional conduct. See, e.g., Farmer
v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) ("[A] prison official violates the Eighth
Amendment only when . . . the deprivation alleged [is], objectively, 'sufficiently
serious' . . . [and results] in the denial of 'the minimal civilized measure of life's
necessities.'" (citations omitted)).

                            B. Individual-Capacity Claims
       Turner may establish claims against the officials in their individual capacities
under § 1983 if they deprived Turner "of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured
by the Constitution." 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On appeal, Turner argues that the officials
violated his constitutional rights in various ways. Most of his arguments focus on
whether the officials were deliberately indifferent to an objectively serious medical
need and whether the creation and enforcement of the wheelchair-users-only policy
violated Turner's constitutional rights. Having already answered both questions in the
negative, we now address the additional arguments Turner raises with respect to each
individual official.

                               1. Thebeau and Koenig
      Turner alleges that Thebeau and Koenig were deliberately indifferent to
Turner's serious medical needs essentially because they (1) "forced" Turner to be
transported and crawl in the non-accessible, unsanitary van and (2) threatened Turner
once on March 22, 2011, while they were returning from his appointment at the
CRMC.

       As discussed above, it is factually incorrect to assert that Thebeau and Koenig
"forced" Turner to endure the alleged hardships that he now complains of. In any
event, even assuming arguendo that Turner's only option was to crawl in the allegedly
unsanitary van, the district court did not err in dismissing Turner's individual-capacity
claims against Thebeau and Koenig.



                                          -8-
        Although it is true that "inmates are entitled to reasonably adequate sanitation,
. . . particularly over a lengthy course of time," Owens v. Scott Cnty. Jail, 328 F.3d
1026, 1027 (8th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (quotation omitted), Turner's exposure to the
van's allegedly unsanitary conditions did not constitute an Eighth Amendment
violation. It is undisputed that the trip between the ERDCC and the CRMC is
approximately three hours in each direction, meaning that Turner was exposed to the
unsanitary conditions on a single day for a combined maximum of approximately six
hours. Assuming Turner's description of the conditions is accurate, he endured an
undoubtedly unpleasant, potentially unhealthy experience; nonetheless, the district
court did not err in finding no constitutional violation given the record before us and
the relative brevity of Turner's experience. Goldman v. Forbus, 17 F. App'x 487, 488
(8th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (finding no constitutional violation when a detainee slept
two nights on a cell's floor next to a toilet and "urine was sprinkled on him when his
cellmates used the toilet"); Smith v. Copeland, 87 F.3d 265, 268–69 (8th Cir. 1996)
(finding no constitutional violation when detainee was subjected to "raw sewage" and
an "overflowed toilet" in his cell for four days); Howard v. Adkison, 887 F.2d 134,
137 (8th Cir. 1989) ("Conditions, such as a filthy cell, may 'be tolerable for a few
days and intolerably cruel for weeks or months.'" (quoting Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S.
678, 687 (1978))).3

      Similarly, Thebeau's alleged one-time, one-sentence threat to Turner on March
22, 2011, did not amount to a constitutional violation. "Generally, mere verbal threats

      3
        To the extent Turner argues that his alleged inability to eat a sack lunch during
his transportation in the van constitutes an Eight Amendment violation, we disagree.
See Hernandez v. Fla. Dep't of Corr., 281 F. App'x 862, 866 (11th Cir. 2008) (per
curiam) (holding that an alleged "routine deprivation of lunch to [an inmate] five days
per week for about five months" did not constitute an Eighth Amendment violation);
Lindsey v. O'Connor, 327 F. App'x 319, 321 (3d Cir. 2009) (per curiam) ("The
purported deprivation of a single meal is not of such magnitude as to rise to the level
of a constitutional violation." (citation omitted)).


                                          -9-
made by a state-actor do not constitute a § 1983 claim." Hopson v. Fredericksen, 961
F.2d 1374, 1378 (8th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). "In determining whether the
constitutional line has been crossed, a court must look to such factors as the amount
of force that was used in relationship to the need presented, the extent of injury
inflicted, and the motives of the state officer." Id. (quotation omitted). The alleged
threat is redressable under § 1983 if it "caused severe injuries, was grossly
disproportionate to the need for action under the circumstances and was inspired by
malice rather than merely careless or unwise excess of zeal so that it amounted to an
abuse of official power that shocks the conscience." Id. (quotation omitted).

        The isolated "threat" at issue resulted in no "injury"; in fact, neither Thebeau
nor Koenig took any action whatsoever to effectuate the threat. Turner admitted that
Thebeau was "like kind of laughing about it, kind of like it was funny" when he made
the alleged statement, and Turner further admitted that he does not know whether
Thebeau was actually "playing" at the time. Thebeau's alleged statement was wholly
improper and unprofessional, but it does not amount to an Eighth Amendment
violation, particularly when, by Turner's own admission, it may not have been a true
statement. See, e.g., Walton v. Terry, 38 F. App'x 363, 364–65 (9th Cir. 2002)
(affirming dismissal of a prisoner's "Eighth Amendment claim that prison officials
threatened him, because verbal threats do not constitute cruel and unusual
punishment"); Hopson, 961 F.2d at 1378–79 (finding no constitutional violation
when officers confined plaintiff in a police car, uttered a racial slur, and threatened
to "knock [his] remaining teeth out of his mouth" if he remained silent); Emmons v.
McLaughlin, 874 F.2d 351, 353–54 (6th Cir. 1989) (finding no constitutional
violation when a patrolman threatened the plaintiff and caused him "to fear for his
life").

                                  2. Mull
      Turner argues that Mull was deliberately indifferent to Turner's allegedly



                                         -10-
serious medical condition because he allegedly threatened to harm Turner if Turner
refused to ride in the non-wheelchair-accessible van on October 20, 2011.

       As discussed in Section III.A, the record does not support that Turner had a
serious medical need requiring that he use the wheelchair-accessible van. Based on
this reason alone, his individual-capacity claim against Mull for alleged deliberate
indifference fails. See Santiago, 707 F.3d at 990. Moreover, and critically, Turner
overlooks his own contradictory deposition testimony in which he admitted that he
does not know whether it was Mull who allegedly threatened him. Turner's inability
to identify who allegedly made the statement is understandable given that, as Turner
also testified, the person was "behind" Turner at the time that he or she made the
alleged threat. Turner's contradictory testimony alone cannot create a disputed issue
of material fact necessary to survive summary judgment. See, e.g., Marathon Ashland
Petroleum, L.L.C. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 300 F.3d 945, 951 (8th Cir. 2002)
(holding that a witness's "revised" testimony "does not create an issue of disputed
fact" necessary to defeat summary judgment).

                                     3. Chandler
        Turner argues in conclusory fashion that Chandler was deliberately indifferent
to his serious medical needs. As discussed above, Chandler's primary involvement in
this case was that she requested that Turner be provided a wheelchair-accessible
van—even though Turner had no physician's order for the use of such a van, and even
though Turner's medical condition neither required him to use a wheelchair to
ambulate nor required him to be transported in a wheelchair-accessible van. On this
record, Turner's claim against Chandler for violating his constitutional rights lacks
any factual support.

                              C. Retaliation Claims
      Turner alleges that Thebeau unlawfully retaliated against him for complaining
about Thebeau's allegedly unlawful conduct by participating in a cell search in which

                                        -11-
certain of Turner's property was damaged. To establish unlawful retaliation under
§ 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, Turner must show that (1) he "engaged in protected
activity," (2) he was subjected to an "adverse action," and (3) "a causal connection
[exists] between the activity and the [adverse] action." Bradley ex rel. Bradley v. Ark.
Dep't of Educ., 443 F.3d 965, 976 (8th Cir. 2006) (citing Neudecker v. Boisclair
Corp., 351 F.3d 361, 363–64 (8th Cir. 2003)). The elements required for Turner to
establish his claim of retaliation under § 1983 are essentially identical to those under
the Rehabilitation Act. L.L. Nelson Enters., Inc. v. Cnty. of St. Louis, Mo., 673 F.3d
799, 807–08 (8th Cir. 2012) (requiring (1) "protected activity," (2) "adverse action,"
and (3) that the "adverse action [be] motivated at least in part by the exercise of the
protected activity." (quotation omitted)).

       Upon review, we conclude Turner's retaliation claims fail for two independent
reasons. First, Turner has provided insufficient evidence of any causal link between
his complaints and the cell search. Stripped of their adornments, Turner's claims are
based largely on the timing of the events—that is, that the cell search occurred after
he lodged a complaint. The mere timing of these events, however, does not establish
the causal link necessary to defeat summary judgment. See Dockery v. Beard, 509 F.
App'x 107, 111 (3d Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal of retaliation claims in part
because "nothing connect[ed] the cell search, confiscation of property, and failure to
return [the inmate's] in-cell property to any particular protected activity"); Huskey v.
City of San Jose, 204 F.3d 893, 899 (9th Cir. 2000) (affirming summary judgment
against a plaintiff's retaliation claim when holding otherwise "would be to engage in
the logical fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc, literally, 'after this, therefore because
of this'" (citation omitted)); Bermudez v. TRC Holdings, Inc., 138 F.3d 1176, 1179
(7th Cir. 1998) ("Post hoc ergo propter hoc is not enough to support a finding of
retaliation . . . ."). The mere timing of events is particularly unpersuasive in this case
given that cells in Turner's cell block are searched "at least once a month" as a matter
of course.



                                           -12-
       Second, as the district court noted, "[a]t most, [Turner] has provided evidence
that Thebeau was present, but not personally involved in [the] search." Turner has
not, for instance, shown that Thebeau ordered the search or directed the other officers
during the course of the search. This court has made clear that "[l]iability under
§ 1983 requires a causal link to, and direct responsibility for, the deprivation of
rights." Madewell v. Roberts, 909 F.2d 1203, 1208 (8th Cir. 1990) (citing Rizzo v.
Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 370–71, 375–77 (1976), and Cotton v. Hutto, 577 F.2d 453,
455 (8th Cir. 1978) (per curiam)). Thus, Turner's failure to establish the requisite
level of involvement from Thebeau is fatal to his retaliation claims. See also Powell
v. Martinez, 579 F. App'x 250, 252 (5th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (affirming dismissal
for failure to state a claim of retaliation against a prison officer in part because the
plaintiff did not allege the officer "ordered the cell search").

                            D. Rehabilitation Act Claims
       Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act provides that "[n]o otherwise qualified
individual with a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or
his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance." 29 U.S.C. § 794(a) (emphasis added). To establish unlawful
discrimination under § 504, Turner "must demonstrate that: (1) he is a qualified
individual with a disability; (2) he was denied the benefits of a program or activity
of a public entity which receives federal funds, and (3) he was discriminated against
based on his disability." Gorman v. Bartch, 152 F.3d 907, 911 (8th Cir. 1998)
(citations omitted). Even if Turner established each of these elements, however, the
officials "may demonstrate as an affirmative defense that a requested accommodation
would constitute an undue burden." Id. (citations omitted).

       Turner's claim fails because he has adduced insufficient evidence of unlawful
disability discrimination. The ERDCC's policies freely allowed inmates requiring a
wheelchair to use the wheelchair-accessible van. The wheelchair-users-only policy

                                          -13-
was not instituted to discriminate against wheelchair users or otherwise disabled
people; rather, it was rooted in concerns over the undisputed safety hazards associated
with people standing on or otherwise improperly using the lift. Moreover, Turner
neither used a wheelchair on the days in question nor obtained any physician's order
to use the wheelchair-accessible van. His failure to do so precluded him from riding
in the wheelchair-accessible van under the ERDCC's policy. Turner has not shown
that ERDCC or its employees treated him differently because of his disability.4

                                 E. Qualified Immunity
       "Government officials who perform discretionary functions are entitled to
qualified immunity unless their alleged conduct violated clearly established federal
constitutional or statutory rights of which a reasonable person in their positions would
have known." Ottman v. City of Independence, Mo., 341 F.3d 751, 756 (8th Cir.
2003) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). For the reasons
discussed above, the Prison Defendants did not violate Turner's constitutional or
statutory rights. The district court therefore did not err in holding that qualified
immunity bars Turner's § 1983 claims against them.

                                    IV. Conclusion
       After thoroughly considering all of Turner's arguments on appeal, we affirm
the district court's dismissal of Turner's claims.
                         ______________________________

      4
       To the extent Turner argues he was entitled to use the wheelchair-accessible
van and its wheelchair lift as a reasonable accommodation—even though he was not
in a wheelchair and had received no such order from a physician—he is incorrect. The
ERDCC was not required to make such an unsafe accommodation. See Gardner v.
Morris, 752 F.2d 1271, 1280–84 (8th Cir. 1985) (holding that an accommodation was
not required under the Rehabilitation Act when it would endanger the plaintiff);
Sharon v. Larson, 650 F. Supp. 1396, 1402 (E.D. Pa. 1986) (holding that an
accommodation not required under § 504 when "the accommodation itself . . . carries
its own built-in danger").

                                         -14-
