19-1540-cv
Donald J. Trump v. Deutsche Bank AG

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                              FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      August Term 2019



Motions filed:        September 11, 2019        Motions Decided: October 10, 2019
                      September 18, 2019

                                      Docket No. 19‐1540‐cv

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
DONALD J. TRUMP, DONALD J. TRUMP, JR., ERIC
TRUMP, IVANKA TRUMP, DONALD J. TRUMP
REVOCABLE TRUST, TRUMP ORGANIZATION, INC.,
TRUMP ORGANIZATION LLC, DJT HOLDINGS LLC,
DJT HOLDINGS MANAGING MEMBER LLC, TRUMP
ACQUISITION LLC, TRUMP ACQUISITION, CORP.,

              Plaintiffs ‐ Appellants,

                      v.

DEUTSCHE BANK AG, CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL
CORPORATION,

              Defendants ‐ Appellees,

COMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES OF THE
UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON
INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES,

              Intervenor Defendants – Appellees,


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THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, CABLE NEWS NETWORK,
INC., THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY, POLITICO
LLC, WP CO. LLC, DOW JONES & COMPANY, INC.,
REUTERS NEWS & MEDIA INC.,

               Movants.1

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Before: NEWMAN, HALL, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.

       Motions to intervene and to unseal unredacted letter sent August 27, 2019,
by Deutsche Bank AG to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals, and
filed under seal.
       Motions to intervene GRANTED; motions to unseal DENIED.

                                      Patrick Strawbridge, Consovoy McCarthy PLLC,
                                            Boston, MA (William S. Consovoy,
                                            Cameron T. Norris, Consovoy McCarthy
                                            PLLC, Arlington, VA, Marc Lee Mukasey,
                                            Mukasey Frenchman & Sklaroff LLP, New
                                            York, NY) for Plaintiffs‐Appellants Donald
                                            J. Trump, Donald J. Trump, Jr., Eric Trump,
                                            Ivanka Trump, Donald J. Trump Revocable
                                            Trust, Trump Organization, Inc., Trump
                                            Organization LLC, DJT Holdings LLC, DJT
                                            Holdings Managing Member LLC, Trump
                                            Acquisition LLC, Trump Acquisition, Corp.

                                      Douglas N. Letter, General Counsel, U.S. House of
                                           Representatives, Washington, D.C. (Todd B.
                                           Tatelman, Dep. General Counsel, Megan
                                           Barbero, Josephine Morse, Assoc. General
                                           Counsel, Office of General Counsel, U.S.
                                           House of Representatives, Washington,

       1
         Movants are added to this opinion’s caption for the sole purpose of ruling on this motion.
The official caption will remain unchanged.
                                                2
                                      D.C.), for Intervenor Defendants‐Appellees
                                      Committee on Financial Services and
                                      Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
                                      of   the     United    States  House    of
                                      Representatives.

                               Parvin D. Moyne, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer &
                                     Feld LLP, New York, NY (Thomas C.
                                     Moyer, Raphael A. Prober, Steven R. Ross,
                                     Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP,
                                     Washington, D.C.), for Defendant‐Appellee
                                     Deutsche Bank AG.

                               James A. Murphy, Murphy & McGonigle, PC,
                                    New York, NY (Steven D. Feldman, Murphy
                                    & McGonigle, PC, New York, NY), for
                                    Defendant‐Appellee Capital One Financial
                                    Corporation.

                               Jacquelyn Schell, Ballard Spahr LLP, New York,
                                     NY (Jay Ward Brown, Ballard Spahr LLP,
                                     New York, NY) for Movants The Associated
                                     Press, Cable News Network, Inc., The New
                                     York Times Company, POLITICO LLC, WP
                                     Co. LLC, Dow Jones & Company, Inc., and
                                     Reuters News & Media Inc.


JON O. NEWMAN, Circuit Judge:

      This opinion considers motions by several news organizations to intervene

in a pending appeal and to unseal an unredacted letter filed in this Court on

August 27, 2019, under seal in that appeal. See Trump v. Deutsche Bank, AG, No. 19‒

1540 (2d Cir. argued Aug. 23, 2019). The letter was filed by Deutsche Bank AG in


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an appeal from an Order denying a preliminary injunction sought by President

Donald J. Trump, members of his family, and several affiliated entities

(“Appellants”) to prevent compliance with subpoenas issued to Deutsche Bank

and Capital One Financial Corporation by two committees of the United States

House of Representatives. The subpoenas seek production of numerous

documents, including tax returns. The appeal is still pending. Unsealing the letter

is sought to learn the redacted names of taxpayers whose income tax returns are

in Deutsche Bank’s possession. Appellants in the pending appeal and Deutsche

Bank oppose the motion.

      The motions to intervene are GRANTED; the motions for unsealing are

DENIED.

                                   Background

      On April 11, 2019, the House Committee on Financial Services and the

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (collectively, “Committees”)

issued subpoenas to Deutsche Bank and Capital One (collectively, “Banks”),

seeking production of numerous documents, including tax returns of several

persons and entities listed in the subpoenas. On the appeal from the Order

denying Appellants’ motion for a preliminary injunction to prevent compliance



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with the subpoenas, none of the briefs filed by the parties indicated which, if any,

tax returns within the coverage of the subpoenas were in the possession of either

of the Banks. In fact, none of the parties’ briefs mentioned tax returns, either to

oppose or require their disclosure.

      At oral argument on August 23, we asked counsel for each of the Banks

whether it had in its possession any tax returns within the coverage of the

subpoenas. Counsel for Deutsche Bank initially replied that he could not answer

the question, but, after some colloquy with the panel, agreed to submit a letter of

further explanation. Counsel for Capital One took the same position. After oral

argument, on August 26 we ordered each of the Banks to state “whether it has in

its possession any tax returns of any of the individuals or entities named or

referred to (directly or indirectly) in paragraph 1 of the subpoenas” and, if either

bank believed “in good faith that all or part of its response to this Order is entitled

to confidentiality, it shall set forth the basis of such belief in its response.” No. 19‒

1540, Dkt. No. 156 (Aug. 26, 2019). On August 27, we entered an order informing

the Banks that if they filed an unredacted letter under seal, a redacted version of

the letter served on the Committees should be served on Appellants and filed on

the public docket. See id., Dkt. No. 157.



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       On August 27, the Banks filed responses. Capital One stated that it had no

tax returns sought by the subpoena it had received.2 Deutsche Bank filed a

redacted version of a letter3 and also filed under seal an unredacted version of the

letter.4 The redacted version reported that Deutsche Bank had tax returns

responsive to the subpoenas, redacted the names of the taxpayers who had filed

those returns, and provided arguments to support the redaction of those names.

The sealed unredacted version of Deutsche Bank’s letter provided the taxpayers’

names.

       The filing of Deutsche Bank’s unredacted letter under seal prompted several

news organizations (“Media Coalition”) to file a motion on Sept. 11 seeking leave

to intervene and to unseal the unredacted version of the letter.5 On Sept. 18, other

news organizations filed a similar motion.6 Also on Sept. 18, we ordered the parties

to the underlying appeal to file responses to the motions to intervene and unseal.


       2  See Letter from James A. Murphy to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals,
No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 162 (Aug. 27, 2019).
        3 See Letter from Raphael A. Prober to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals,

No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 161 (Aug. 27, 2019).
        4 See Letter from Raphael A. Prober to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals,

No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 165 (Aug. 27, 2019).
        5 Motion to Intervene and to Unseal Judicial Records, No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 168 (Sept. 11,

2019). The motion was filed by The Associated Press, Cable News Network, Inc., The New York
Times Company, POLITICO LLC, and WP Co. LLC.
        6 Motion of Additional Media Entities to Intervene and to Unseal Judicial Records, No.

19‒1540, Dkt. No. 181 (Sept. 18, 2019). The motion was filed by Dow Jones & Company, Inc. and
Reuters News & Media Inc.
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On Sept. 27, responses were received from Appellants, Deutsche Bank, Capital

One, and the Committees.

       The initial arguments of the movants are set forth in a memorandum

accompanying the Media Coalition’s motion to intervene and unseal. With respect

to the movants’ request to intervene, the parties to the underlying appeal either

take no position or have no objection.7 With respect to the movants’ request to

unseal, Appellants and Deutsche Bank oppose unsealing,8 the Committees oppose

unsealing to the extent that the named individuals or entities are not parties,9 and

Capital One takes no position.10 The movants have supplemented their initial

arguments with a memorandum replying to Appellants’ and Deutsche Bank’s

opposition to unsealing (“Movants’ Reply Memorandum”).11




       7  See Motions to Intervene and Unseal, Certification pursuant to Local Rule 27.1(b), No.
19‒1540, Dkt. Nos. 168, 181 (Sept. 11, 2019).
        8 See Plaintiffs‒Appellants’ Opposition to Motion to Unseal, No.19‒1540, Dkt. No. 186

(Sept. 27, 2019); Response of Deutsche Bank AG to Media Coalition’s Dow Jones’, and Reuters’
Motions to Intervene and Unseal Judicial Records, No. 19‒1549, Dkt. No. 184 (Sept. 27, 2019).
        9 See Letter from Douglas N. Letter to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals,

No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 190 (Sept. 27, 2019).
        10 See Letter from James A. Murphy to Clerk of Court, Second Circuit Court of Appeals,

No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 188 (Sept. 27, 2019).
        11 Media Coalition’s Reply in Support of Its Motion to Intervene and to Unseal Judicial

Records, No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 193 (Oct. 4, 2019).
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                                  Discussion

I. Intervention

      “Representatives of the press . . . ‘must be given an opportunity to be

heard on the question of their exclusion’” from a court proceeding, Globe

Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 609 n.25 (1982) (quoting Gannett

Co. v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368, 401 (1979) (Powell, J., concurring)), and we

have recognized a similar right of news media to intervene in this Court to

seek unsealing of documents filed in a court proceeding, see Roe v. United

States, Nos. 10‒2905, 11‒479, Dkt. No. 409 (2d Cir. Apr. 10, 2017) (granting

motion of Forbes Media LLC and one of its editors to intervene). We will

grant the motions to the extent that they seek intervention.

II. Unsealing

      Sealing documents filed with a court implicates a common law and a

qualified First Amendment right of access to such documents. See Brown v.

Maxwell, 929 F.3d 41, 48 (2d Cir. 2019); Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga,

435 F.3d 110, 119‒20 (2d Cir. 2006); Hartford Courant Co. v. Pellegrino, 380 F.3d

83, 91 (2d Cir. 2004). The initial issue on a request to unseal a document filed

in a court is whether it is a “judicial document.” See Lugosch, 435 F.3d at 119.



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“[T]he mere filing of a paper or document with the court is insufficient to

render that paper a judicial document subject to the right of public access.”

United States v. Amodeo, 44 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 1995). “In order to be

designated a judicial document, ‘the item filed must be relevant to the

performance of the judicial function and useful in the judicial process.’”

Lugosch, 534 F.3d at 119 (quoting Amodeo, 44 F.3d at 145).

      Usually determination of whether a sealed item is a judicial document

is made with respect to the entirety of the item; the news media want the

whole document unsealed, and the proponent of sealing wants it to remain

sealed. In this case, however, the sealed letter from Deutsche Bank combines

two names that have been redacted from the letter with an argument

supporting redaction. The argument portion of the letter is already on the

public docket in the form of the redacted version of the letter. So the issue is

narrowed to whether the two redacted names constitute a “judicial

document.”

      The redaction of these two names presents at least a potential issue as to

whether they are relevant to the performance of a judicial function. In considering

that issue, we note that none of the parties briefing the underlying appeal thought



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that the Court needed to know whether Deutsche Bank had any tax returns within

the coverage of the subpoenas or the names of any such taxpayers filing such

returns. Their briefs did not indicate that such information was relevant to any

issue we needed to decide in the appeal. Nevertheless, Media Coalition contends

in its initial submission that the information in the sealed letter “is analogous to

documents submitted for consideration on a motion for summary judgment.”12

Documents of that type are generally relevant to a decision on such a motion. “Our

precedents indicate that documents submitted to a court for its consideration in a

summary judgment motion are‒‒as a matter of law‒‒judicial documents to which

a strong presumption of access attaches, under both the common law and the First

Amendment.” Lugosch, 435 F.3d at 121. All such information will usually be

relevant to a court determining whether there is a “genuine dispute as to any

material fact,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), or whether a party “is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law,” id.

       In the pending appeal, the basic issue is whether Appellants are entitled to

preliminarily enjoin compliance with the subpoenas, and, as to that broad issue,

the two names are not necessarily relevant. With one exception, the identity of the


       12
          Motion to Intervene and to Unseal Judicial Records at 9, No. 19‒1540, Dkt. No. 168 (Sept.
11, 2019).
                                                10
taxpayers whose returns are within the coverage of the subpoenas will not be

relevant to our decision on review of the Order denying an injunction. That

exception would arise if one of the taxpayers is the President, who, it should be

noted, is one of the Appellants seeking the injunction. Even though the President

is not suing in his official capacity, as his complaint explicitly acknowledges and

no claim of executive privilege has been asserted in the underlying appeal,

disclosure of a president’s tax returns might raise an issue meriting consideration

distinct from that given to disclosure of the returns of other taxpayers.

      However, the unredacted letter from Deutsche Bank has removed that

potential issue from the appeal because that letter reports that the only tax returns

it has for individuals or entities named in the subpoenas are not those of the

President. In light of that response, information in the sealed letter, i.e., the identity

of the two taxpayers whose tax returns Deutsche Bank has, is not relevant to any

issue we need to decide. The fact that Deutsche Bank has their tax returns adds

nothing to the arguments of the parties in the pending appeal.

      The Movants, in their reply memorandum, no longer contend that the sealed

information is analogous to documents submitted on a motion for summary

judgment. Their latest filing contends that the sealed information qualifies as a



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“judicial document” because “the right of access attaches when documents are

submitted to the court for consideration, regardless of whether or not the court at

some point thereafter relies upon them . . . .“ Movants’ Reply Memorandum at 4

(emphasis in original). We agree that court reliance is not the test. “[T]he proper

inquiry is whether the documents are relevant to the performance of the judicial

function, not whether they were relied upon.” Brown, 929 F.3d at 50.

      Because the sealed letter (more precisely, the only portion of the letter that

is sealed) is not relevant to any issue in the underlying appeal, it is not a “judicial

document” within the meaning of the decisions requiring unsealing of documents

filed with a court. Nor is it a record of any court action, which, absent special

circumstances, would be available for public scrutiny.

                                     Conclusion

      Accordingly, the motions to intervene are GRANTED, and the motions for

unsealing are DENIED.




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