[Cite as State v. White, 2018-Ohio-1339.]
                          STATE OF OHIO, COLUMBIANA COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                        SEVENTH DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                 )    CASE NO. 17 CO 0003
                                              )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                    )
                                              )
VS.                                           )    OPINION
                                              )
TODD E. WHITE, JR.                            )
                                              )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                   )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                          Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                   Common Pleas of Columbiana County,
                                                   Ohio
                                                   Case No. 2015 CR 262

JUDGMENT:                                          Reversed and Vacated.
                                                   Remanded.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                            Atty. Robert Herron
                                                   Columbiana County Prosecutor
                                                   Atty. John E. Gamble
                                                   Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                   105 South Market Street
                                                   Lisbon, Ohio 44432

For Defendant-Appellant:                           Atty. Timothy Young
                                                   Ohio Public Defender
                                                   Atty. Terrence K. Scott
                                                   Assistant State Public Defender
                                                   250 East Broad Street, 14th Floor
                                                   Columbus, Ohio 43215

JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Carol Ann Robb
                                                   Dated: March 30, 2018
[Cite as State v. White, 2018-Ohio-1339.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}     Appellant, Todd E. White, Jr., appeals the Columbiana County

Common Pleas Court’s decision denying his suppression motion. The issue cited by

Appellant on appeal is whether the trial court erred when it held that Appellant’s

arrest for driving under suspension, an unclassified misdemeanor that specifically

prohibits the imposition of a jail sentence, did not violate Appellant’s Article I, Section

14, Ohio Constitutional protections against warrantless arrests and improper search

and seizure. Appellant contends that, as such protection already exists for minor

misdemeanors which do not require a jail sentence, we should extend the same

protection for unclassified misdemeanors that specifically prohibit the imposition of a

jail sentence. For the reasons expressed below, we conclude that the trial court

erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress based on the arresting officers’

failure to provide Appellant with his Miranda warnings before interrogating him when

that improper interrogation led to Appellant disclosing contraband he had hidden in

his shoe. Accordingly, Appellant’s assignment of error has merit. The judgment of

the trial court is reversed and Appellant’s conviction and sentence are vacated. This

matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings according to law.

                                  Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}     On May 18, 2015, Officer Christopher Davis (“Davis”) was patrolling a

neighborhood known for drug activity when he noticed Appellant’s car leave the

home of a known drug dealer. Davis followed Appellant and noticed that he made a

right turn without signaling. Appellant made another right turn approximately 50 feet
                                                                                      -2-

farther into a private drive after signaling. Davis then activated his lights and stopped

Appellant’s car in the driveway.

       {¶3}   At two suppression hearings, Davis provided slightly different accounts

regarding what transpired next. At the April 6, 2016 suppression hearing, Davis

testified that as he approached Appellant’s vehicle, Appellant opened the driver door

and began exiting the vehicle. At that time Davis observed a baggie containing a

white substance on the bottom door frame near the seat. Davis thought Appellant

was trying to destroy evidence and therefore drew his weapon and ordered Appellant

out of the car. At the hearing on the motion to reconsider the motion to suppress,

Davis testified that as he approached Appellant’s car, he observed Appellant

reaching down to the floor of the vehicle which prompted him to draw his weapon and

order Appellant out of the vehicle. What did not change was Davis’ testimony at both

hearings that after Appellant exited the vehicle, Davis placed him in handcuffs and

patted him down for weapons. No weapons were discovered. While handcuffed,

Davis asked Appellant what the white substance was, and Appellant responded that

it was “cut” used to increase the volume of a drug. The substance was field tested

and was negative for narcotics. Davis testified he detected the odor of marijuana in

the vehicle. Appellant remained in handcuffs and when Officer Briggs, a backup

officer, arrived, Appellant was transferred to Briggs.     Even though Appellant had

already undergone a pat-down search and was handcuffed, prior to placing Appellant

in the cruiser, Briggs asked Appellant: “Is there anything you have on you illegal or

do I need to know about.” (4/6/16 Tr., p. 26.) At that point, Appellant informed Briggs
                                                                                     -3-

that he had heroin in his right shoe. Briggs removed a baggie of substance from

Appellant’s shoe which later tested positive for heroin.

       {¶4}   Briggs placed Appellant in the cruiser, and Davis utilized his K9 to sniff

Appellant’s car. The dog alerted on the area where the baggie of white substance

had been, as well as in the center console in which the officers discovered a baggie

of marijuana. At both suppression hearings, Davis admitted that at no time did he

read Appellant his Miranda rights. Briggs also testified that he never read Appellant

his Miranda rights. The written report also provides no indication that Appellant ever

received his Miranda rights.

       {¶5}   Davis testified that when he called in Appellant’s driver’s license

information to the dispatcher, he was informed that Appellant’s license was under

suspension. Davis testified that he was not informed by dispatch whether Appellant’s

suspension was an arrestable offense. Despite this lack of knowledge, he arrested

Appellant for driving under suspension. Appellant was taken to the police station

and, later, to jail. Davis returned to the police station. Davis testified at the second

suppression hearing that it was only then, when he had an opportunity to examine

the Law Enforcement Automated Data System (“LEADS”) printout of Appellant’s

driving record, that he determined that Appellant’s driving suspension was not an

arrestable form of the offense. At some point, Appellant was issued citations for

violation of the financial responsibility law suspension in violation of R.C. 4510.16

(which was subsequently amended to a failure to reinstate his license in violation of

R.C. 4510.21, an unclassified misdemeanor); failure to use a signal in violation of
                                                                                   -4-

R.C. 4511.39, a minor misdemeanor; and possession of marijuana in violation of R.C.

2925.11(C)(3), also a minor misdemeanor.

       {¶6}   Relevant to the current appeal, on July 21, 2015, Appellant was indicted

on one count of possession of heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the

third degree. Appellant filed a motion to suppress on March 9, 2016, seeking to

suppress all evidence recovered from Appellant and his vehicle. A hearing was held

on the motion on April 6, 2016. Testimony was provided by both Davis and Briggs.

The trial court took the matter under advisement and in a judgment entry dated April

27, 2016, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion. The court held that, although

neither officer had read Appellant his Miranda rights, under the “inevitable discovery

doctrine” there was a reasonable probability that law enforcement would have

recovered the heroin in Appellant’s shoe when he was taken to jail following his

arrest for driving under suspension. (4/27/16 J.E., p. 6.)

       {¶7}   Appellant filed a motion to reconsider the denial of his motion to

suppress on May 11, 2016, arguing that the heroin would not have inevitably been

discovered because the citation issued to Appellant for driving under suspension

pursuant to R.C. 4510.16, which was later amended to a violation of R.C. 4510.21,

failure to reinstate, occurred more than three years after Appellant’s last conviction

for driving under suspension.     Thus, it was an unclassified misdemeanor which

specifically prohibited the imposition of a jail term and Appellant was not subject to

any arrest.
                                                                                    -5-

      {¶8}   A hearing was held on Appellant’s motion to reconsider on August 24,

2016. It was at this hearing where Davis’ testimony deviated from his testimony at

the previous hearing. Notably, instead of testifying that he observed the baggie of

white substance, causing him to draw his weapon, order Appellant out of the vehicle

and place him in handcuffs, he testified that he noticed Appellant was reaching

around on the floor of the vehicle. Moreover, although Davis readily admitted that he

never read Appellant his Miranda rights and he did not think Briggs had either, he

indicated at the second hearing that he was unsure if Appellant was handcuffed

when backup arrived. Davis also testified that he would have arrested Appellant on

site for DUS even if he did not know whether Appellant had been convicted of an

arrestable offense. Davis was unclear whether he wrote the citation for driving under

suspension at the scene or at the station after he checked Appellant’s license history.

Davis maintained that he was unaware Appellant had not been convicted of an

arrestable offense until Appellant had been taken in handcuffs to jail and Davis

returned to the station to review Appellant’s LEADS printout. Davis acknowledged

that most driving under suspension offenses are not arrestable, and that he did not

always arrest offenders for driving under suspension, but arrested Appellant despite

failure to find any weapons or contraband after the investigative pat down.

      {¶9}   In a judgment entry dated August 29, 2016, the trial court held that

when Davis learned Appellant was driving with a suspended license, Davis had

probable cause to immediately arrest Appellant at the scene for driving under

suspension. Citing State v. Taylor, 2d Dist. No. 25169, 2013-Ohio-814 as factually
                                                                                  -6-

analogous to the instant case, the trial court held that the existence of probable

cause prior to arrest was key. The court held that Davis had probable cause to arrest

Appellant based on the LEADS report, not on the discovery of the heroin. The trial

court concluded that since Davis had probable cause to arrest and Appellant would

be searched incident to his arrest, the heroin hidden in his shoe would have been

lawfully discovered. (8/29/16 J.E., p. 4.)

       {¶10} On November 14, 2016, Appellant pleaded no contest to possession of

drugs under R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the third degree. The trial court sentenced

Appellant to a term of 18 months in prison and a twelve-month driving license

suspension. Appellant sought a stay of execution of judgment which was granted by

the trial court in a judgment entry dated January 30, 2017.      This timely appeal

followed.

                              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT HELD THAT AN ARREST

       MADE FOR A VIOLATION OF AN UNCLASSIFIED MISDEMEANOR, A

       NON-ARRESTABLE OFFENSE, DOES NOT VIOLATE ARTICLE I,

       SECTION 14 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION. (AUGUST 24, 2016

       HEARING TR. P. 13; AUGUST 29, 2016 JUDGMENT ENTRY; MAY

       11, 2016 CASE NO. 2015C12262 MOTION TO RECONSIDER DENIAL

       OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS; MUNICIPAL COURT OF COLUMBIANA

       CASE NO. 15CNB947, TRAFFIC CITATION NO. 1121; MAY 11, 2016

       CASE NO. 2015CR262 MOTION TO RECONSIDER DENIAL OF
                                                                                      -7-

       MOTION TO SUPPRESS; EAST LIVERPOOL MUNICIPAL COURT

       COLUMBIANA COUNTY, MINOR MISDEMEANOR CITATION NO.

       15CNB951; AUGUST 29, 2016 JUDGMENT ENTRY).

       {¶11} An appeal of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents

mixed questions of law and fact. As an initial matter, we note that a hearing on a

motion to suppress evidence requires the trial court to assume the role of trier of fact

and the trial court is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the

credibility of the witnesses. State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972.

Therefore, the credibility of witnesses during a suppression hearing is a matter for the

trial court. An appellate court should not disturb the findings of the trial court on

issues of credibility and must accept those findings of fact if they are supported by

competent, credible evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583

(1982). In accepting those facts as true, an appellate court then must independently

determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts

satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707

N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist.1997).

       {¶12} The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, applied to the

states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and Section 14, Article I of the Ohio

Constitution, guarantees the right of the people to be free from unreasonable

searches and seizures by government. State v. Orr, 91 Ohio St.3d 389, 391, 745

N.E.2d 1046 (2001). A valid search must be supported by a warrant or based on a

recognized exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Ambrosini, 7th Dist. Nos.
                                                                                     -8-

14 MA 155, 14 MA 156, 2015-Ohio-4150, ¶ 8, citing Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347, 357,

88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967).

       {¶13} Although the Fourth Amendment does not explicitly provide that

violations of its provisions will result in suppression of evidence obtained as a result

of any violation, the United States Supreme Court has held that the exclusion of that

evidence is an essential part of the Fourth Amendment.          This is known as the

exclusionary rule. See Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed.

652 (1914); Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 8 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961).

Evidence obtained in violation of these constitutional provisions will generally be

prohibited from trial under the exclusionary rule.

       {¶14} The initial burden of demonstrating that there was a warrantless search

is on the defendant and, once established, the burden of persuasion falls on the state

to show the validity of the search. Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 524 N.E.2d

889 (1988). The state must show that either there was a warrant or that there was

justification for a warrantless search. State v. Rodriguez, 66 Ohio App.3d 5, 12, 583

N.E.2d 384 (6th Dist.1990). It is undisputed in the instant case that a warrantless

search of Appellant took place. The state and the trial court have characterized the

instant search in terms of one of the exceptions to the requirement for a warrant, a

search incident to a lawful arrest.

                           Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest

       {¶15} Police may conduct a warrantless search to some extent incidental to a

proper arrest. Weeks, supra. The prohibition against illegal search and seizure in
                                                                                   -9-

the Fourth Amendment is not violated by a valid search incident to an arrest in order

for the police to seize any weapons or to preserve evidence. Arizona v. Gant, 556

U.S. 332, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485 (2009). In such a search, police may

search the passenger compartment of a vehicle when they are arresting the occupant

of that vehicle only if it is reasonable to believe that the arrestee may access the

vehicle at the time of the search or that it contains evidence of the offense

constituting the arrest. Gant at 1723-1724. The actual arrest need not precede the

search, as long as the fruits of the search are not used to support probable cause for

the arrest. Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98, 111, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 65 L.Ed.2d 633

(1980).

       {¶16} Appellant was arrested and cited for violating R.C. 4510.16, which

states, in part:

       (D) Whoever violates division (A) of this section is guilty of driving

       under financial responsibility law suspension or cancellation and shall

       be punished as provided in divisions (D) to (I) of this section. Whoever

       violates division (B) of this section is guilty of driving under a

       nonpayment of judgment suspension and shall be punished as provided

       in divisions (D) to (I) of this section.


       (1) Except as otherwise provided in division (D)(2) of this section, the

       offense is an unclassified misdemeanor.      When the offense is an

       unclassified misdemeanor, the offender shall be sentenced pursuant to

       sections 2929.21 to 2929.28 of the Revised Code, except that the
                                                                                  -10-

      offender shall not be sentenced to a jail term; the offender shall not be

      sentenced to a community residential sanction pursuant to section

      2929.26 of the Revised Code[.] * * *


      (2) If, within three years of the offense, the offender previously was

      convicted of or pleaded guilty to two or more violations of this section,

      or any combination of two violations of this section or section 4510.11

      or 4510.111 of the Revised Code, or a substantially equivalent

      municipal ordinance, the offense is a misdemeanor of the fourth

      degree.

      {¶17} After arrest, Appellant was also cited for failure to signal and

possession of marijuana, both minor misdemeanor nonarrestable offenses. It should

be noted that Appellant’s arrest for a violation of R.C. 4510.16 was later amended to

R.C. 4510.21, a failure to reinstate, which occurred more than three years after

Appellant’s last conviction for driving under suspension. Neither of these violations

are arrestable offenses.

      {¶18} There is no dispute that the original traffic stop in this case was for

Appellant’s failure to use a signal when making a right turn, although Davis did not

immediately pull Appellant over for this offense and waited until Appellant made a

subsequent legal right turn into a driveway utilizing his signal. Ultimately, Appellant

was arrested for driving under suspension. Appellant is correct that he could not be

properly arrested for the unclassified misdemeanor traffic violation of driving under

suspension unless the offense had occurred within three years of his last conviction
                                                                                -11-

for the offense. Appellant also argues that, as it was not an arrestable offense, the

arrest was improper. If he was improperly arrested, there could not have been a

valid search incident to an arrest.   The police could not conduct a valid search

incident to an arrest when the police could not have properly arrested him based on

the relevant statute.

       {¶19} The state’s argument relies on the assertion that Davis had reasonable

cause to believe Appellant could be placed under arrest for driving under suspension.

The only evidence of record is that Davis had no information regarding the nature of

Appellant’s suspension, so he possessed reasonable cause to arrest Appellant. The

state urges that Davis could not obtain additional information regarding Appellant’s

driving under suspension charge until Davis returned to the station to personally

review the LEADS report himself regarding Appellant’s license history.

       {¶20} Davis was a fifteen-year veteran of the force and Briggs was a sixteen-

year veteran. According to Davis’ testimony at the second suppression hearing, he

was aware that most driving under suspension violations do not require an arrest.

(8/24/16 Tr., p. 5.) Moreover, when cross-examined, Davis testified that he inquired

of Appellant what was contained within the baggie and was told it was “cut” used to

increase the volume of drugs. This occurred after Appellant was handcuffed and

patted down for weapons. Contrary to the holding in Gant, Appellant posed no threat

that he could obtain a weapon or of destroying evidence at that point. However,

once Briggs arrived and Appellant, who remained in handcuffs, was under Briggs’

supervision, Davis proceeded to conduct a canine search of Appellant’s vehicle,
                                                                                   -12-

recovering marijuana. While this was going on, Briggs was interrogating Appellant

about whether he had any contraband on his person. Again, this was after Appellant

had been subjected to a pat down and was placed in handcuffs.             Both officers

acknowledged on more than one occasion during their testimony that Appellant had

never been read his Miranda warnings. Both claimed that Appellant was not under

arrest at this point, but was merely being detained pending investigation.

      {¶21} The state and the trial court rely heavily on State v. Taylor as analogous

to this case. In Taylor, the Second District held that a pat-down search incident to an

arrest was an appropriate, lawful search incident to an arrest as the defendant had

told the officer he was driving but had no license, giving the officer probable cause to

arrest and conduct the search. The trial court specifically noted that the Second

District held, “when conducting a search incident to arrest, police are not limited to a

pat-down for weapons, but may conduct a full search of the arrestee’s person for

contraband or evidence of a crime.” (8/29/16 J.E., p. 3.)

      {¶22} The defect in reliance on Taylor is readily apparent. First, Davis had

already completed a pat down of Appellant for weapons and found no weapons or

contraband of any nature on Appellant, and had no reason to believe Appellant had

any evidence on his person.       The state presents no evidence to support any

additional search of Appellant’s person for weapons or contraband, and the second

search did not occur until Appellant revealed that he had hidden the heroin in his

shoe in response to Briggs’ questioning of Appellant at the scene while Appellant

was in handcuffs.
                                                                                       -13-

         {¶23} Second, Appellant was handcuffed and restrained for almost the

entirety of the stop and was certainly not free or able to leave. Pursuant to Gant,

supra, a warrantless search of Appellant’s vehicle was not lawful when Appellant was

restrained and did not present a threat of obtaining a weapon or destruction of

evidence. Despite the officers’ assertions to the contrary, this record reveals that

Appellant was placed under arrest soon after his stop.               He was handcuffed

immediately after exiting his vehicle and remained so during the duration of the stop.

Appellant was never read his Miranda warnings, yet Davis and Briggs both

proceeded to question Appellant while in restraints. This questioning was the only

thing that led to the discovery of the heroin in Appellant’s shoe. A suspect’s waiver of

his right against self-incrimination must be made voluntarily, knowingly and

intelligently. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966). The state

bears a heavy burden to demonstrate the accused waived his right against self-

incrimination. Miranda at 475. A criminal suspect cannot be deemed to have waived

his right to silence unless the authorities have first informed him of that right as that is

the “threshold requirement for an intelligent decision as to its exercise.” Id. at 468. It

is undisputed that Appellant was never informed of his right against self-incrimination,

yet the officers at the scene of the traffic stop proceeded to interrogate Appellant.

This interrogation was the only thing that lead to the recovery of the evidence at

issue.

         {¶24} Third, there is no certainty that, absent Briggs’ interrogation of

Appellant, the heroin in Appellant’s shoe would have been recovered. The trial court
                                                                                  -14-

and the state rely on the inevitable discovery doctrine and claim that while being

processed at the jail as part of Appellant’s arrest, the heroin would certainly have

been recovered. This begs the question regarding the validity of Appellant’s arrest.

The state has taken the position that Davis was unable to ascertain whether

Appellant’s driving suspension was an arrestable offense until he was able to

personally review the LEADS report at the station and to require Davis to possess

that knowledge at the time of the arrest requires Davis to have “proof beyond a

reasonable doubt” that Appellant was subject to arrest. This statement is misguided.

R.C. 4510.16 does not contain a presumption of arrest, nor does the caselaw support

that contention.   On the contrary, the statute specifically prohibits an arrest and

Fourth Amendment jurisprudence maintains the right to be free from illegal searches

and seizures without probable cause. Davis was not imbued with probable cause to

arrest merely because he was unsure whether Appellant could be arrested for driving

under suspension, particularly, as he acknowledged at the hearing, since most

driving under suspension offenses do not require an arrest.        Moreover, with full

acknowledgement that Appellant was never read his Miranda rights, both

experienced officers proceeded to question Appellant, and only then obtained the

evidence which is the fruit of those illegal interrogations. It is apparent from these

facts that, while there is no bright line to determine the exact moment of Appellant’s

arrest, both officers treated Appellant as an arrestee at least as of the moment it was

determined that he had a driving under suspension violation on his record, and most

notably, failed entirely to Mirandize Appellant.
                                                                                  -15-

       {¶25} Appellant’s arrest for driving under suspension is very troubling as it is

clear that Davis had no justification for arresting Appellant for any of the citations

issued, including driving under suspension. The facts of the instant case do not fit

into any of the exceptions to the warrant requirement, including a lawful search

incident to an arrest. The offense for which Appellant was cited specifically prohibits

jail time and the state’s assertion that this information was unknowable at the scene

does not provide the probable cause necessary to initiate an arrest. At most, the

officers could detain Appellant pending more investigation into the nature of his

driving under suspension violation. Appellant’s initial pat down, which revealed no

contraband, may have been proper once the officers found it necessary to detain

Appellant in order to investigate the nature of his suspension violation. Based on this

record, however, we conclude the officers did not have probable cause to arrest

Appellant or to further search Appellant or his vehicle absent a warrant. We are also

troubled that two experienced police officers conducted a traffic stop wherein, for

almost the entirety of the stop, Appellant was restrained in handcuffs while both

officers interrogated him with full acknowledgment that Miranda warnings were never

administered by either officer. This interrogation was unlawful based on the record

before us, hence Appellant’s statement about the heroin in his shoe and the heroin

itself become the fruit of an illegal search.

       {¶26} Appellant’s assignment of error is sustained. The judgment of the trial

court overruling Appellant’s motion to suppress is reversed and the conviction and
                                                                                  -16-

sentence of the trial court are vacated. This matter is remanded to the trial court for

further proceedings according to law and consistent with this Court’s Opinion.


Donofrio, J., concurs.

Robb, P.J., concurs.
