                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                 August 23, 2011
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    TETON MILLWORK SALES, a
    Wyoming corporation,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                     No. 10-8073
                                                (D.C. No. 2:07-CV-00014-ABJ)
    v.                                                     (D. Wyo.)

    ROGER SCHLOSSBERG,

                Defendant-Appellee.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before MURPHY, HARTZ, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.



         This is the second time this case has been before us. We previously

reversed the dismissal of Teton Millwork Sales’ (TMS) claims against Roger

Schlossberg for abuse of process and fraud, and we remanded for further

proceedings. Teton Millwork Sales v. Schlossberg, 311 F. App’x 145, 146, 152

(10th Cir. 2009). After holding a bench trial, the district court again entered


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
judgment in favor of Mr. Schlossberg, concluding that TMS’s claims were

meritless, and, alternatively, that they were time-barred under West Virginia law

and that Mr. Schlossberg was entitled to immunity. Exercising jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court’s merits determinations, and

therefore need not consider the court’s alternative determinations.

                                I. BACKGROUND

            The present case arises from contentious divorce proceedings
      in a West Virginia Family Court, in which Mary Palencar sought and
      secured a divorce from her husband, Michael Palencar. During the
      divorce proceedings, the court appointed Mr. Schlossberg as [trustee
      and special receiver] to collect assets in which Mr. Palencar held an
      ownership interest so that they would be available to satisfy the
      court’s orders.

Teton Millwork Sales, 311 F. App’x at 146-47. Recognizing that Mr. Schlossberg

would act outside of West Virginia in order to carry out his duties, the West

Virginia court entered an order on January 8, 2004, giving Mr. Schlossberg the

broadest possible powers of a receiver and trustee to obtain Mr. Palencar’s assets.

The court amended that order on January 14 to expressly state that

Mr. Schlossberg could obtain the assets of TMS, 1 a Wyoming corporation in


1
      In relevant part, the order stated:

            It was and remains the intention of the Court by the aforesaid
      appointment of Roger Schlossberg both as Trustee and as Special
      Receiver that the said Roger Schlossberg, Trustee/Special Receiver
      be vested with the broadest possible powers of a Trustee or Receiver
      acting within the equitable power of this Court and the common law
                                                                     (continued...)

                                            -2-
which Mr. Palencar held a 25% interest. 2 Noting that assets of other entities,

including TMS, were located outside of West Virginia, the court “authorized and

directed” Mr. Schlossberg “to take such action as may appear necessary or

desirable to obtain ancillary jurisdiction of these proceedings in such other States

. . . as may appear appropriate.” Aplt. App., Vol. III at 1083-84 (capitalization

omitted).

         Proceeding under this authority, Mr. Schlossberg seized the mail and

financial assets of TMS. The financial assets seized included a checking account

at the First National Bank of Wyoming in the amount of $415.96, a securities

account with Ferris Baker Watts in the amount of $27,050.19, and a securities




1
    (...continued)
          of this State to investigate the financial and other affairs of the
          Respondent Michael Palencar and to be vested with actual legal and
          equitable title to and the right to obtain record title to and/or liens
          upon and/or actual physical custody and possession of all of the
          assets of the Respondent Michael Palencar (whether held by the said
          Respondent, either alone or jointly with any other person or entity, in
          his own name or in the name of any alias . . . or in the name of any
          other entity, including . . . Teton Millwork Sales) as is required to
          satisfy by sale, liquidation or other execution the aforesaid Judgment
          and all of the other Orders heretofore entered in these proceedings
          and as hereafter may be entered with respect to the existing and
          prospective obligations herein of the said Respondent Michael
          Palencar.

Aplt. App., Vol. III at 1082 (footnote concerning Mr. Schlossberg’s right to
receive all mail addressed to TMS omitted).
2
         Mr. Palencar’s father and two brothers each also held a 25% interest.

                                            -3-
account with American Express in the amount of $33,190.23. 3 In seizing the

assets, Mr. Schlossberg presented to these financial institutions the West Virginia

Family Court’s January 8 and 14, 2004 orders. The provided copy of the

January 14 order, however, did not include the third page, containing the

language about obtaining ancillary jurisdiction if necessary. 4 Each of the

financial institutions, through its legal counsel, authorized the release of funds to

Mr. Schlossberg.

      After TMS learned of the asset seizures, it filed suit in Wyoming state court

asserting that Mr. Schlossberg committed abuse of process and fraud.

      TMS alleged that Mr. Schlossberg exceeded his authority by seizing
      TMS’s assets in Wyoming, as well as its proprietary information and
      mail, even though he knew that Mr. Palencar was only a twenty-five
      percent shareholder in TMS and that there was no evidence to justify
      piercing the corporate veil of TMS. TMS’s complaint also alleged
      that Mr. Schlossberg falsely represented to various third parties that
      he had legal authority to seize TMS’s assets in Wyoming, while
      intentionally failing to mention that he was required to but had not
      obtained ancillary jurisdiction in Wyoming. According to the
      complaint, Mr. Schlossberg never obtained ancillary jurisdiction in
      Wyoming by securing a Wyoming court order prior to making these
      seizures. TMS also alleged that Mr. Schlossberg threatened TMS’s
      agents with financial penalties if they accepted instructions from
      TMS and provided them with incomplete and misleading documents
      relating to his legal authority to seize TMS’s assets.

Teton Millwork Sales, 311 F. App’x at 147 (record citations omitted).

3
      We refer to these three as the financial institutions.
4
      The order did not contain page numbers. Apparently, no representative
from any of the financial institutions noticed this, and therefore no one requested
the missing page.

                                         -4-
      Mr. Schlossberg removed the case to federal court and filed a motion to

dismiss. The district court granted the motion, determining that Mr. Schlossberg

was entitled to absolute immunity while serving as a court-appointed receiver.

On appeal, we reversed and remanded, concluding that TMS had asserted

sufficient facts to show it was plausible Mr. Schlossberg was not entitled to

absolute immunity because he was not acting under the West Virginia court’s

order of January 14, 2004, when he seized assets that did not belong to

Mr. Palencar. Id. at 149-52.

      Upon remand, the district court held a bench trial. In a lengthy order, the

court ruled in favor of Mr. Schlossberg. The court concluded as a matter of law

that there was no merit to either the abuse of process or fraud claims. With

respect to abuse of process, the court determined that it was within

Mr. Schlossberg’s discretion as a trustee and special receiver, and within the

contemplation of the West Virginia Family Court orders, to obtain Mr. Palencar’s

assets, regardless of how titled, from the financial institutions cooperatively

without first obtaining ancillary jurisdiction in a Wyoming court. Also, the

district court determined that Mr. Schlossberg had no ulterior motive in obtaining

Mr. Palencar’s assets and was merely performing his duties as a trustee and

special receiver for the West Virginia court when he collected them. Even if

Mr. Schlossberg had acted erroneously, the district court decided, TMS did not

show that he used the legal process for an ulterior purpose.

                                         -5-
      With respect to the fraud claim, the district court determined that there was

no evidence that Mr. Schlossberg intentionally made false statements to the three

financial institutions. Nor did the court find evidence of any false statements or

representations to TMS. Thus, the court concluded that TMS failed to prove

fraud by clear and convincing evidence.

      Alternatively, the court held that the abuse of process and fraud claims

were barred by the West Virginia two-year statute of limitations, W. Va. Code

§ 55-2-12, and that Mr. Schlossberg was entitled to qualified immunity. Finally,

the district court determined that Mr. Schlossberg, acting upon direction of the

West Virginia Family Court, properly returned TMS’s remaining assets after

settlement of the divorce action by delivering the assets to Mr. Palencar or to his

attorney. This appeal followed.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

                              A. Standard of Review

      “[W]e review the district court’s factual findings [after a bench trial] for

clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. Apollo Energies,

Inc., 611 F.3d 679, 683 (10th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). “A finding of

fact is not clearly erroneous unless it is without factual support in the record, or

unless the court after reviewing all the evidence, is left with a definite and firm

conviction that the district court erred.” Id. at 683-84 (quotation marks omitted).

“In conducting this review, [w]e view the evidence in the light most favorable to

                                          -6-
the district court’s ruling and must uphold any district court finding that is

permissible in light of the evidence.” Sw. Stainless, LP v. Sappington, 582 F.3d

1176, 1183 (10th Cir. 2009) (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted).

                                B. Abuse of Process

      Like the district court, we consider first TMS’s abuse of process claim. An

abuse of process occurs when court process is willfully misused for an improper

purpose. See Bosler v. Shuck, 714 P.2d 1231, 1234 (Wyo. 1986); Preiser v.

MacQueen, 352 S.E.2d 22, 28 (W. Va. 1985). 5 The elements of this tort are

“(1) an ulterior purpose; and (2) a willful act in the use of the process which is

not proper in the regular conduct of the legal proceeding.” Drake v. McCulloh,

43 P.3d 578, 586 (Wyo. 2002) (quotation marks omitted); accord Preiser,

352 S.E.2d at 28 & n.8 (listing same two essential elements). “‘Some definite act

or threat not authorized by the process, or aimed at an objective not legitimate in

the use of the process, is required . . . .’” Toltec Watershed Improvement Dist. v.

Johnston, 717 P.2d 808, 811 (Wyo. 1986) (quoting Prosser & Keeton, Torts

§ 121, p. 898 (5th ed. 1985)); accord Preiser, 352 S.E.2d at 28 n.8 (setting forth

same requirement).




5
      Because the law of Wyoming and West Virginia with regard to abuse of
process and fraud are the same, we, like the district court, need not determine
which state’s law applies.

                                          -7-
      TMS argues that the district court erred in not concluding it had proved

abuse of process as a matter of law. More specifically, it argues that the

January 8 and 14, 2004, orders authorized Mr. Schlossberg to seize assets

Mr. Palencar had an interest in, which, in the case of TMS, was only a 25% stock

interest, yet Mr. Schlossberg used the orders to convince the financial institutions

to transfer all of TMS’s assets to him. Thus, TMS contends the district court’s

conclusions that Mr. Schlossberg had no ulterior motive in seizing all of TMS’s

assets and that the West Virginia court orders permitted him to seize all of TMS’s

assets should be reversed.

      In addition, TMS argues that the court improperly required it to prove that

Mr. Schlossberg acted with malice or an intent to harm when the court decided

that even if his actions were erroneous, “it does not demonstrate that he had an

ulterior purpose or a willful act in the use of process,” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 145.

Rather, TMS argues, it should have been required to prove only that

Mr. Schlossberg had an improper purpose in collecting its assets. Lastly, TMS

faults the district court for requiring it to prove that Mr. Schlossberg’s requests

for cooperation by the financial institutions were improper; TMS contends it was

required to show only that the financial institutions complied with

Mr. Schlossberg’s demands.

      We conclude that it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to find

that Mr. Schlossberg neither acted with an ulterior motive nor willfully misused

                                          -8-
the process for an improper purpose. The West Virginia Family Court’s

January 8 and 14, 2004, orders directed him to take possession of Mr. Palencar’s

assets, including assets held in the name of TMS, so that the assets would be

available for distribution in the divorce proceedings. Indeed, the orders stated

that Mr. Schlossberg would be vested with legal and equitable title to assets

owned by Mr. Palencar in his own name or in the name of TMS. 6 Thus, contrary

to TMS’s assertion, the orders did not limit Mr. Schlossberg to only the 25%

stock interest of Mr. Palencar.

      Mr. Schlossberg’s failure to obtain ancillary jurisdiction was not an abuse

of process. Regardless of whether he obtained ancillary jurisdiction, he still acted

with the purpose to seize Mr. Palencar’s assets for the West Virginia Family

Court. The West Virginia Family Court orders did not require him to obtain

ancillary jurisdiction in Wyoming before he could approach the financial

institutions holding TMS’s assets, all three of which voluntarily released funds.

And, contrary to TMS’s assertion, the district court did not require it to show that




6
       Mr. Schlossberg contends that TMS is judicially and collaterally estopped
from asserting that the West Virginia Family Court orders did not permit him to
seize TMS’s property, because neither Mr. Palencar nor TMS appealed a West
Virginia Circuit Court order holding that the family court judge was entitled to
absolute judicial immunity for entering the January 8 and 14 orders. We do not
address this assertion, because it was never raised or addressed in the district
court.


                                         -9-
Mr. Schlossberg acted with malice or an intent to harm in order to establish that

he acted with an ulterior purpose.

      Accordingly, we conclude that Mr. Schlossberg used the process for the

purpose for which it was intended: to obtain Mr. Palencar’s assets to satisfy the

orders entered by the West Virginia Family Court. No evidence indicated that he

used the process for “an immediate purpose other than the purpose designed and

intended,” Toltec Watershed Improvement Dist., 717 P.2d at 811. We therefore

uphold the district court’s legal conclusion that there was no abuse of process.

                                      C. Fraud

      We next consider TMS’s fraud claim. The following elements must be

proven to show fraud: “(1) the defendant made a false representation intended to

induce action by the plaintiff; (2) the plaintiff reasonably believed the

representation to be true; and (3) the plaintiff relied on the false representation

and suffered damages.” Birt v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., Inc., 75 P.3d 640, 656

(Wyo. 2003) (quotation marks omitted); accord Lengyel v. Lint, 280 S.E.2d 66, 69

(W. Va. 1981) (stating essential elements of fraud are “(1) that the act claimed to

be fraudulent was the act of the defendant or induced by him; (2) that it was

material and false; that plaintiff relied upon it and was justified under the

circumstances in relying upon it; and (3) that he was damaged because he relied

upon it.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Fraud must be proven by clear and




                                         -10-
convincing evidence. Birt, 75 P.3d at 656; Bowling v. Ansted Chrysler-Plymouth-

Dodge, Inc., 425 S.E.2d 144, 148 (W. Va. 1992).

      TMS argues that the district court erred in concluding that it failed to show

fraud, because it showed that Mr. Schlossberg made representations, the

representations were relied on by the financial institutions, and assets were

transferred to Mr. Schlossberg. TMS contends it established an agency

relationship between TMS and the financial institutions, who had control over and

who transferred TMS’s assets to Mr. Schlossberg at his request. Additionally,

TMS maintains that the financial institutions did not voluntarily transfer assets to

Mr. Schlossberg, because they did not receive the third page of the January 14

order mentioning the need to obtain ancillary jurisdiction in Wyoming courts, and

because Mr. Schlossberg informed them that they faced substantial financial risk

if they failed to comply with his demands.

      The district court’s finding that Mr. Schlossberg did not make false

representations to TMS or to the financial institutions was not clearly erroneous.

TMS presented no evidence of false statements. It presented no evidence

indicating what communications legal counsel from the financial institutions

relied upon when deciding to release funds.

      The incomplete January 14, 2004, order was not a misrepresentation,

because the January 8, 2004, order, which was also provided, included the

ancillary jurisdiction language. Also, the letters to the financial institutions,

                                          -11-
indicating that they would be subject to substantial financial risk if they paid

money to anyone or accepted instructions from anyone other than

Mr. Schlossberg, did not set forth misrepresentations, in light of the January 8

and 14 orders stating that he had title to TMS’s assets. Accordingly, we conclude

that the district court’s finding that there was no fraud was not clearly erroneous. 7

                            D. Return of Assets to TMS

      Lastly, TMS argues that the district court erred in concluding that

Mr. Schlossberg properly returned at the direction of the West Virginia Family

Court the TMS assets remaining after the final divorce settlement by delivering

the assets to Mr. Palencar or to his attorney. We conclude that there was no error.

Mr. Palencar was the manager of TMS, as well as its secretary/treasurer. Thus, it

was appropriate for Mr. Schlossberg to return the assets to Mr. Palencar, who

handled all financial matters for TMS.




7
      We need not specifically address the question of agency because we affirm
on the basis that there were no misrepresentations. But we do note that, typically,
a bank does not act as an agent for a depositor. Cf. Spratt v. Sec. Bank of Buffalo,
Wyo., 654 P.2d 130, 135 (Wyo. 1982) (citing Gray v. Elliott, 255 P. 593, 594
(Wyo. 1927), and recognizing that bank is debtor, not agent, with respect to
general deposits); see also U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Home Bank for Sav., 88 S.E.
109, 110 (W. Va. 1916) (“The relationship of banker and depositor is that of
debtor and creditor . . . .”).


                                         -12-
                               III. CONCLUSION

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 8 TMS’s request that we

disregard documents included in Mr. Schlossberg’s supplemental appendix that

were not offered at trial is DENIED as moot. 9


                                                    Entered for the Court



                                                    Michael R. Murphy
                                                    Circuit Judge




8
      Mr. Schlossberg requests that his costs be awarded. Under Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 39(a)(1), costs are taxed against the appellant when a
judgment is affirmed. In order to obtain his costs, Mr. Schlossberg must comply
with Rule 39(d).
9
      The documents are part of the entire district court record in this case. In
any event, they were not required to decide this appeal.

                                        -13-
