[Cite as State v. Walker, 2014-Ohio-3693.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STATE OF OHIO                                     JUDGES:
                                                  Hon. William B. Hoffman, P. J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                        Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
                                                  Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
                                                  Case No. 2013 CA 00204
BENITA LOUISE WALKER

        Defendant-Appellant                       OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                       Criminal Appeal from the Canton Municipal
                                               Court, Case No. 2013 CRB 03302


JUDGMENT:                                      Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                        August 25, 2014



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                         For Defendant-Appellant

JOSEPH MARTUCCIO                               KRISTINE W. BEARD
CANTON LAW DIRECTOR                            4450 Belden Village Street, NW
TASHA FORCHIONE                                Suite 703
ASSISTANT CITY PROSECUTOR                      Canton, Ohio 44718
218 Cleveland Avenue, SW
P. O. Box 24218
Canton, Ohio 44701-4218
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                     2

Wise, J.

      {¶1}.   Appellant Benita Louise Walker appeals from her conviction of disorderly

conduct and resisting arrest in the Canton Municipal Court, Stark County. The relevant

facts leading to this appeal are as follows.

      {¶2}.   On the afternoon of August 12, 2013, appellant was at the Stark County

Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) bus terminal on Cherry Avenue Southeast in the

City of Canton. She was seated in a "pod" area, i.e., a cement island where SARTA

patrons wait for their busses. At times, there can be several hundred people utilizing this

public transportation facility. See Tr. at 105.

      {¶3}.   At some point that afternoon, appellant yelled to her boyfriend to "hurry the

fuck up.'' Tr. at 107. A Canton police officer, William Watkins, who was working a

security detail at SARTA, approached appellant and asked her to stop using profane

language. As further discussed infra, appellant instead became belligerent and started

berating the officer, continuing to use profane language. Ultimately, appellant was

arrested at the scene when she refused to leave.

      {¶4}.   On August 13, 2013, appellant was charged with one count of disorderly

conduct, R.C. 2917.11(A)(1), a fourth degree misdemeanor, and one count of resisting

arrest, R.C. 2921.33(A), a second degree misdemeanor. Appellant subsequently pled

not guilty and demanded a trial by jury.

      {¶5}.   The matter proceeded to a jury trial on September 24, 2013. The State

presented three witnesses and a document containing SARTA's "Courtesy Rules for

Passengers." Appellant presented no evidence in her defense.
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                       3


      {¶6}.   Appellant made both an oral and written motion for a specific jury

instruction on the proper definition for the term "turbulent behavior." The trial court ruled

in favor of appellant as to said request.

      {¶7}.   The jury subsequently found appellant guilty on both counts. The court

thereupon sentenced appellant to ninety days in jail for resisting arrest (with eighty-nine

days suspended and a one-day credit for time served) and thirty days in jail for

disorderly conduct (with twenty-nine days suspended and a one-day credit for time

served).

      {¶8}.   On October 22, 2013, appellant filed a notice of appeal. She herein raises

the following three Assignments of Error:

      {¶9}.   “I. APPELLANT'S CONVICTIONS FOR DISORDERLY CONDUCT AND

RESISTING ARREST ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY

OF THE EVIDENCE.

      {¶10}. “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT APPELLANT'S

MOTION FOR A JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL ON BOTH CHARGED OFFENSES.

      {¶11}. “Ill. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO

INSTRUCT THE JURORS THAT THEY HAD TO DETERMINE WHETHER A LAWFUL

ARREST HAD OCCURRED FOR DISORDERLY CONDUCT BEFORE FINDING

APPELLANT GUILTY OF RESISTING ARREST.”

                                                I.

      {¶12}. In her First Assignment of Error, appellant contends her convictions for

disorderly conduct and resisting arrest are not supported by sufficient evidence and are

against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                  4


      {¶13}. In reviewing a claim based on the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he

relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259,

574 N.E.2d 492, paragraph two of the syllabus.

      {¶14}. Our standard of review on a manifest weight challenge to a criminal

conviction is stated as follows: “The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed

and a new trial ordered.” State v. Martin (1983), 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d

717. See also, State v. Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541. The

granting of a new trial “should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Martin at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717.

                                      Disorderly Conduct

      {¶15}. Appellant was convicted for disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1),

which states as follows:

      {¶16}. "No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to

another by *** [e]ngaging in fighting, in threatening harm to persons or property, or in

violent or turbulent behavior."

      {¶17}. An offense of disorderly conduct is elevated to a misdemeanor of the

fourth degree if “the offender persists in disorderly conduct after a reasonable warning

or request to desist.” R.C. 2917.11(E)(3)(a).
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                     5


      {¶18}. In the context of Ohio's disorderly conduct statute, the word “turbulent”

means, “* * * tumultuous behavior or unruly conduct characterized by violent

disturbance or commotion.” See State v. Reeder (1985), 18 Ohio St.3d 25, 26.

      {¶19}. According to the trial record, Officer Watkins initially heard appellant's

statement of “hurry the fuck up” while doing his rounds of the SARTA terminal and

“[took] several steps in that direction” to deal with the matter. See Tr. at 107. This loud

statement was also within earshot of other bus patrons. Tr. at 110. Officer Watkins

advised appellant that profane language is a violation of the SARTA bus rules and

directed her to stop. Tr. at 107. Appellant ignored the officer's warning and responded:

"That's my motherfuckin' boyfriend. I can cuss if I want." Tr. at 108. The officer again

advised her that she could not use profanity at the bus terminal. Tr. at 108. He further

told her that if she continued using profanity, she would have to leave the premises.

Appellant replied again: "That's my motherfuckin' boyfriend. I can cuss if I want.'' Tr. at

108. The officer, after giving appellant further opportunity to correct her behavior, told

her she must leave. Officer Watkins told her to leave at least four times. Tr. at 108.

Appellant refused to do so, telling the officer "I don't have to leave the property. My

boyfriend is in here.'' Tr. at 108.

      {¶20}. As a crowd formed, the officer attempted to place appellant under arrest

for her conduct. Tr. at 110-111. He asked her to stand up. She refused to do so. Tr. at

111. When he tried to cuff her, she pulled away and twisted and turned in an attempt to

keep the officer from arresting her. Tr. at 111, 124. When Officer Watkins finally did get

the handcuffs on her, she refused to walk as she was being escorted away from the

''pod.” Tr. at 113.
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                         6


      {¶21}. Notably, appellant’s behavior took place in a crowded bus terminal that

services many types and ages of riders. Officer Watkins was asked: “Did this

[appellant’s speech and behavior] create a crowd or… How did this affect, if at all, the

other passengers at the bus stop?” He answered: “They’re all watching. They’re all

watching this behavior.” Tr. at 110. Eric Johnson, a bus driver seated within his bus,

was loading and unloading passengers at the time of this incident. At trial, Johnson

stated “I do remember that there was a woman there that was being loud and that

caught my attention.” When asked what Johnson heard from her, he answered:

“Cussing, swearing. Just very loud talking.” Tr. at 122. The SARTA supervisor, Albert

Hogan, testified: “And the first thing I heard * * * it was a lot of cussing * * * I don’t know

what she was mad at at first but then the attention turned to Officer Watkins and she

started cussing at him * * *. It was pretty belligerent.” Tr. at 130.

      {¶22}. Although not raised as a separate assigned error, appellant also raises at

this juncture the argument that her words were constitutionally protected speech and

could not form the basis of a criminal prosecution. In support, appellant directs us to

Cincinnati v. Karlan (1974), 39 Ohio St. 2d 107, 314 N.E. 2d 162, and State v. Frazier,

9th Dist. Summit No. 25338, 2011-Ohio-3189, for the rule that persons may not be

punished for speaking boisterous, rude, or insulting words, even with the intent to annoy

another, unless the words by their very utterance inflict injury or are likely to provoke the

average person to an immediate retaliatory breach of the peace. We note Karlan

involved a Cincinnati municipal ordinance which read: "It shall be unlawful for any

person to wilfully conduct himself or herself in a noisy, boisterous, rude, insulting or

other disorderly manner, with the intent to abuse or annoy any person or the citizens of
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                      7

the city or any portion thereof." In addition, Frazier involved R.C. 2917.11(A)(2), which

states: "No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to

another by *** [m]aking unreasonable noise or an offensively coarse utterance, gesture,

or display or communicating unwarranted and grossly abusive language to any person."

      {¶23}. In essence, appellant urges that her language did not constitute

unprotected "fighting words." The case sub judice, however, entails a prosecution under

R.C. 2917.11(A)(1). "The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that R.C. 2917.11(A)(1)

contains a component which does not concern the prohibition of speech or expression.

*** Rather, this section of the Revised Code contains elements prohibiting behavior."

State v. Logue, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 97-BA-22, 2000 WL 246485. The basis for the

charge against appellant went well beyond her loud and profane language. Appellant

was told by a law enforcement officer to leave a public transportation facility after

several warnings about her language and behavior. Officer Watkins aptly noted that

SARTA users include minors going to and from school, probationers, and persons with

mental health issues, summarizing as follows: "*** [T]here's a very diverse group of

people at any given time down there and you have to have a police presence to make

sure order is kept. If not, things can get real ugly real quick." Tr. at 105-106. The jurors

could have rightly concluded that her refusal to leave after the officer told her to, in

conjunction with her turbulent behavior and angry responses, caused inconvenience,

annoyance, or alarm to others. Her conduct required the attention of three SARTA

employees, taking them away from their ordinary duties. The jurors could have properly

inferred that it caused a disturbance, a crowd to form, and delayed the loading and

unloading of a SARTA bus. The officer's multiple warnings show not only that appellant
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                    8


acted recklessly in creating the inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, but also that she

acted with persistence, thus elevating the offense to a fourth-degree misdemeanor. As

in the case of State v. Bryan, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-830553, 1984 WL 6816, we find

these facts represent a "course of conduct that clearly transcends the exercise of

protected speech, and that may properly form the basis of a criminal offense under state

law." Cf., also, State v. Rhines, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 23486, 2010-Ohio-3117,

(evidence found sufficient for R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) conviction where defendant at a

department store engaged in violent or turbulent behavior by shouting profanities,

disrupting a place of business, refusing to leave, and throwing gum at an employee).

      {¶24}. Accordingly, upon review, we find no grounds for reversal of the disorderly

conduct count on sufficiency grounds, and we hold the jury's decision did not create a

manifest miscarriage of justice requiring that appellant's conviction for disorderly

conduct be reversed and a new trial ordered.

                                       Resisting Arrest

      {¶25}. The statute in question, R.C. 2921.33(A), directs that “[n]o person,

recklessly or by force, shall resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or

another.” Regarding the “lawful arrest” aspect of the statute, the Ohio Supreme Court

held in Columbus v. Fraley (1975), 41 Ohio St.2d 173, 324 N.E.2d 735, " * * * that in the

absence of excessive or unnecessary force by an arresting officer, a private citizen may

not use force to resist arrest by one he knows * * * is an authorized police officer * * *

whether or not the arrest is illegal under the circumstances.” Id. at 180, 324 N.E.2d 735.

As later observed by the Court, Fraley stands for the proposition that modern Ohio law

encourages the “resol[ution of] questions concerning the legality of police conduct in the
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                           9


courts through peaceful means rather than on the street in potentially violent

confrontation.” State v. Pembaur (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 136, 138, 459 N.E.2d 217. In

order to prove a lawful arrest, the State need not prove that the defendant was, in fact,

guilty of the offense. See State v. Sansalone (1st Dist. 1991), 71 Ohio App.3d 284, 285,

593 N.E.2d 390. Instead, the State must prove both “that there was a reasonable basis

to believe that an offense was committed, [and] that the offense was one for which the

defendant could be lawfully arrested.” See State v Vactor, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 02 CA

8086, 2003-Ohio-7195, ¶ 34 (additional citations omitted).

      {¶26}. Based on our above analysis of appellant's disorderly conduct conviction,

we conclude the jurors could clearly have determined that Officer Watkins had a

reasonable basis to believe a criminal offense under Ohio law had occurred, thus

resolving the "lawful arrest" issue. Furthermore, the record reveals that after Officer

Watkins placed appellant under arrest, she was uncooperative. The officer stated:

“She’s not – you know, she won’t stand up. She won’t leave the property * * *. I have to

help her up. * * * She’s still not being compliant. I finally get the cuffs on her. * * * It took

some doing.” Tr. at 112. Appellant refused to stand when the officer placed her under

arrest, she pulled away when he tried to handcuff her, and she refused to walk when

being escorted away from the terminal. Officer Watkins described the arrest of appellant

as "a chore in itself." Tr. at 111. The SARTA supervisor, Albert Hogan, added that

during the pre- and post-arrest time, appellant continued to use profanity: “Just F-

bombs. I mean, and four letter words. Just a lot of cussing I could say.” Tr. at 132. In

addition, Eric Johnson, the SARTA bus driver mentioned earlier, testified that appellant
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                    10


was “pulling away, twisting and turning to get away from the officer,” while she was

being handcuffed. Tr. at 124.

      {¶27}. Upon review of the record, we hold reasonable triers of fact could have

found the elements of the crime of resisting arrest under the facts presented at trial.

Thus, we find no grounds for reversal of the resisting arrest count on sufficiency

grounds, and we hold the jury's decision did not create a manifest miscarriage of justice

requiring that appellant's conviction for resisting arrest be reversed and a new trial

ordered.

      {¶28}. Appellant's First Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                               II.

      {¶29}. In her Second Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred

in denying her motions for acquittal as to both offenses in this matter. We disagree.

      {¶30}. An appellate court reviews a trial court's denial of a Crim.R. 29 motion for

acquittal using the same standard used for reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence

claim. State v. Barron, 5th Dist. Perry No. 05 CA 4, 2005–Ohio–6108, ¶ 38. Having now

reviewed appellant's above "sufficiency" claims, we find further analysis of her present

argument to be unnecessary.

      {¶31}. Appellant's Second Assignment of Error is therefore overruled.

                                              III.

      {¶32}. In her Third Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

failing to adequately instruct the jurors to determine whether a lawful arrest had

occurred for disorderly conduct before finding appellant guilty of resisting arrest. We

disagree.
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                      11


      {¶33}. We first note the record indicates that at trial, appellant raised a jury

instruction issue regarding the definition of "turbulent behavior," but she did not assert

her present challenge that the reading of the instructions on resisting arrest prior to the

instructions on disorderly conduct would be misleading to the jury. See Tr. at 143-146.

An error not raised in the trial court must be plain error for an appellate court to reverse.

State v. Long (1978), 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804; Crim.R. 52(B). In order to find

plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), it must be determined, but for the error, the outcome of

the trial clearly would have been otherwise. Long, supra, paragraph two of the syllabus.

In State v. Cooperrider (1983), 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 448 N.E.2d 452, the Ohio Supreme

Court applied Long and the plain error doctrine in the context of an allegedly erroneous

jury instruction. The Court added that “ * * * the plain error rule is to be applied with

utmost caution and invoked only under exceptional circumstances, in order to prevent a

manifest miscarriage of justice.” Id. at 227, 448 N.E.2d 452. Finally, “a single jury

instruction should not be judged in isolation but, instead, must be considered in the

context of the overall charge.” State v. Schlee, Lake App.No. 2004–L–070, 2005–Ohio–

5117, ¶ 32 (additional citations omitted).

      {¶34}. In the case sub judice, the jury clearly was not required to find that

appellant was in fact guilty of the precipitating charge when considering whether the

elements of resisting arrest were met. See Mansfield v. Studer, 5th Dist. Richland Nos.

2011–CA–93, 2011–CA–9, 2012-Ohio-4840, ¶ 90. Appellant asserts that the trial court

did not adequately instruct the jury that the arrest for disorderly conduct must be found

lawful in order to convict for resisting. However, the trial court at least read to the jury

the elements of the statute, including the phrase "resist or interfere with a lawful arrest."
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                   12

See Tr. at 162. Upon review, we find no plain error under the circumstances, and we

are unpersuaded by appellant's additional speculative theory that the chronological

order of the instructions for the offenses of resisting arrest (which was given first) and

disorderly conduct (which was given second) caused confusion for the jurors and that

the outcome of the case would have been different had these instructions been

challenged by defense counsel.

      {¶35}. Appellant's Third Assignment of Error is therefore overruled.

      {¶36}. For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the

Canton Municipal Court, Stark County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.


By: Wise, J.

Gwin, J., concurs.

Hoffman, P. J., concurs in part and dissents in part.




JWW/d 0725
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                   13

Hoffman, P.J. concurring in part and dissenting in part

       {¶37} I concur in the majority's analysis and disposition of Appellant's third

assignment of error.

       {¶38} I also concur in the majority's affirmance of Appellant's conviction for

resisting arrest. However, I do so based upon the fact Appellant could have been

lawfully arrested for criminal trespass, not disorderly conduct.

       {¶39} I find Appellant's conviction for disorderly conduct is not supported by

sufficient evidence. The majority concludes the basis for the charge against Appellant

went well beyond her loud and profane language.1

       {¶40} I interpret the majority opinion to suggest, had Appellant been cited with a

violation of R.C. 2917.11 (A)(2), she would have been properly acquitted of that charge.

However, the majority correctly focuses its analysis on whether Appellant recklessly

caused inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to another by engaging in violent or

turbulent behavior in violation of R.C. 2917.11(A)(1).

       {¶41} The fact a "crowd"2 gathered around the commotion to watch is not

unusual. But the mere fact a crowd gathered to watch does not equate to Appellant

having acted violently or turbulently, let alone support the conclusion others in the

"crowd" were caused inconvenience annoyance or alarm thereby.              No other bus

terminal passenger testified as to the same. In fact, Officer Watkins' initial response to



1
  Whether or not the Appellant's repeated profanity was the basis for her arrest is
subject to debate. What is not subject to debate is that it was a major precipitating
factor leading to her arrest.
2
  While the majority notes at times, there can be several hundred people at the facility,
in the same sentence the witness said at times, there can be as little as ten. The
witness later testifies he did not know how many people were there, (Tr. at p. 110), let
alone conclude the bus terminal was "crowded."
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204                                                    14


Appellant's retort after first advising her not to use profanities was to "immediately bust

out started laughing" Tr. at p.107.

       {¶42} In its response brief, the state of Ohio claims Appellant's conduct delayed

the loading and unloading of a SARTA bus. (Appellee's brief at p. 8). Appellee does

not cite a transcript page in support. If true, Appellant's conduct would have caused

inconvenience. But I find the record belies such assertion.3

       {¶43} Appellant may well have caused a disturbance, but I find her conduct

insufficient to demonstrate her behavior was tumultuous or unruly characterized by

violent disturbance or commotion.      While Appellant may well have violated SARTA's

"Courtesy Rules for Passengers", I find the evidence insufficient to support a conviction

under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1).



                                                ________________________________
                                                HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN




3
  I am unconvinced Appellant's conduct resulted in inconvenience, annoyance or alarm
to the three SARTA employees involved. It was part of Officer Watkins' regular duties to
manage passenger conduct. Bus driver Johnson observed the commotion while seated
in the driver's seat and stated it did not affect anybody trying to get on the bus. While
witnessing the disturbance, SARTA supervisor Hogan did not testify he was caused any
inconvenience, annoyance or alarm.
Stark County, Case No. 2013 CA 00204   15
