                                     PUBLISHED

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                     No. 16-1644


NORTHROP GRUMMAN TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC.,

                   Plaintiff - Appellant,

             v.

DYNCORP INTERNATIONAL LLC,

                   Defendant - Appellee.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Alexandria. James C. Cacheris, Senior District Judge. (1:16−cv−00534−JCC−IDD)


Argued: May 9, 2017                                           Decided: July 28, 2017


Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and KING and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Keenan wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge
Gregory and Judge King joined.


ARGUED: Catherine Carroll, WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE & DORR LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Attison Leonard Barnes, III, WILEY REIN, LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William B. Porter, BLANKINGSHIP &
KEITH, P.C., Fairfax, Virginia; Edward N. Siskel, Howard M. Shapiro, Madhu Chugh,
Jamie S. Gorelick, WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE & DORR LLP, Washington,
D.C., for Appellant. Rand L. Allen, Nicole J. Owren-Wiest, Rebecca L. Saitta, WILEY
REIN LLP, Washington, D.C.; Richard C. Sullivan, Jr., BEAN KINNEY & KORMAN
PC, Arlington, Virginia, for Appellee.
BARBARA MILANO KEENAN, Circuit Judge:

       In 2007, Northrop Grumman entered into a contract with DynCorp, which served

as a subcontract for DynCorp to supply personnel in support of Northrop Grumman’s

performance of a prime contract with the United States Department of Defense. A

dispute arose regarding DynCorp’s billing practices and, in March 2015, Northrop

Grumman filed suit against DynCorp in a Virginia state court seeking to compel

DynCorp to provide documentation to substantiate DynCorp’s invoices. DynCorp later

filed counterclaims against Northrop Grumman based on Northrop Grumman’s refusal to

pay over $40 million in outstanding invoices.

       After the state case had been pending for over a year, and shortly before trial,

Northrop Grumman filed a notice of removal to federal court. Northrop Grumman

asserted removal jurisdiction under the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442,

claiming as a federal defense that the case was unripe and thus should be litigated in a

federal forum. The district court granted DynCorp’s motion to remand. Among other

things, the district court held that the notice of removal was untimely, and that Northrop

Grumman had waived any right to removal.

       Upon our review, we affirm the district court’s order remanding the case to the

state court. Northrop Grumman filed an untimely notice of removal after demonstrating a

clear intent to pursue the case to completion in the state court. 1


       1
        In light of these holdings, we do not address the district court’s other bases for
remanding the case, including that ripeness does not constitute a colorable federal
defense and that Northrop Grumman did not satisfy the causal nexus requirement of the
(Continued)
                                               2
                                                  I.

       In 2007, the United States Department of Defense (DOD, or the government)

awarded Northrop Grumman a prime contract to support the government’s efforts to

reduce narcotics trafficking in Afghanistan. Shortly thereafter, Northrop Grumman and

DynCorp entered into a subcontract for DynCorp to supply personnel for Northrop

Grumman’s performance of the prime contract. The subcontract and associated task

orders incorporated descriptions of certain “labor categories” established by the

government in the prime contract. These descriptions included the duties, experience,

and qualifications for persons assigned, or “mapped,” to each labor category. DynCorp

proposed hourly rates of payment for the labor categories to which its employees would

be assigned, and the subcontract required DynCorp to provide documentation

substantiating the labor costs in its invoices.

       The parties agree that the labor categories in the prime contract were a poor fit for

the type of work being performed by DynCorp personnel. Nevertheless, because the

government declined to revise the labor categories, Northrop Grumman advised DynCorp

to map its employees based on the existing categories. 2 In 2014, citing concerns that




federal officer removal statute. We similarly do not address Northrop Grumman’s
contention that an original plaintiff can remove a case to federal court.
       2
         In 2013, Northrop Grumman obtained from an Army contracting officer a
written waiver of the labor category descriptions, approving DynCorp’s assignment of
certain employees to particular categories and establishing a process for approval of
future employees. However, about one year later, the government rescinded this waiver
memorandum.

                                                  3
federal investigators were questioning DynCorp’s labor mapping practices, Northrop

Grumman sought documentation from DynCorp to substantiate DynCorp’s labor

mapping and billing.       When DynCorp refused these requests, Northrop Grumman

stopped submitting DynCorp’s invoices to the government for payment and, in November

2014, informed DynCorp that Northrop Grumman rejected the labor charges reflected in

all current invoices.

       In March 2015, Northrop Grumman filed suit against DynCorp in Fairfax County

Circuit Court (the state court). In an amended complaint filed in June 2015, Northrop

Grumman sought an order compelling DynCorp to provide requested documentation to

substantiate its invoices. Northrop Grumman also asserted a breach of contract claim

based on DynCorp’s alleged refusal to maintain and produce records as required by the

subcontract.

       In September 2015, DynCorp filed counterclaims in the state court against

Northrop Grumman for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair

dealing, and unjust enrichment. The counterclaims were based on Northrop Grumman’s

failure to pay DynCorp over $40 million in outstanding invoices.

       Northrop Grumman later filed a demurrer to the counterclaims. The state court

overruled the demurrer on the claims for breach of contract and breach of the duty of

good faith and fair dealing, and sustained the demurrer without prejudice on the unjust

enrichment count.       Following this ruling, DynCorp filed amended counterclaims in

November 2015, alleging the same three causes of action.



                                            4
       In December 2015, Northrop Grumman filed an answer to the amended

counterclaims.    In its answer, Northrop Grumman asserted 21 affirmative defenses,

including that the counterclaims were not ripe for adjudication. The parties also engaged

in extensive discovery up to the day the notice of removal was filed. Trial originally was

scheduled for April 2016, but was postponed until July 2016 after DynCorp filed its

counterclaims.

       In the midst of these state court proceedings, on April 22, 2016, Northrop

Grumman filed a separate, administrative claim for contract interpretation with the

United States Army, pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-09 (the

CDA claim). In the CDA claim, Northrop Grumman sought a determination from the

government whether DynCorp properly had assigned its employees to particular labor

categories in accordance with the DOD’s task orders. Under the terms of the parties’

subcontract, the outcome of the CDA claim would be binding on both parties.

       The DOD acknowledged receipt of the CDA claim on April 29, 2016. On the

same day, Northrop Grumman filed a motion to dismiss or stay in state court based on the

pending CDA claim. Nevertheless, one week later, Northrop Grumman proceeded to

advance the state court litigation by filing a motion in that court requesting a jury trial.

       Northrop Grumman filed its notice of removal on May 12, 2016. This notice was

filed 244 days after DynCorp filed its original counterclaims, and 178 days after Northrop

Grumman received DynCorp’s amended counterclaims. Northrop Grumman asserted

federal jurisdiction under the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442, claiming

that the pending CDA claim rendered DynCorp’s counterclaims unripe because the

                                               5
government’s decision would be dispositive of the counterclaims and binding on the

parties. 3 According to Northrop Grumman, this defense of lack of ripeness constituted a

colorable federal defense that Northrop Grumman, as a federal contractor, was entitled to

litigate in federal court.

       DynCorp filed a motion in the district court to remand to the state court on several

bases, including that the notice of removal was untimely and that Northrop Grumman had

waived its right to removal. The district court granted DynCorp’s motion to remand, and

this appeal followed.



                                            II.

       Northrop Grumman argues that its notice of removal was timely under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1446(b) (the removal statute) because the notice was filed within 30 days of Northrop

Grumman’s submission of its CDA claim to the government on April 22, 2016, and the

government’s acknowledgement of that claim one week later. In Northrop Grumman’s

view, its federal ripeness defense did not become available until the CDA process was

initiated. Northrop Grumman contends that it could not have filed the CDA claim earlier

because Northrop Grumman was awaiting certain DynCorp documents that were

produced during the course of the state court discovery. Relatedly, Northrop Grumman

argues that it did not waive its right to removal by participating in the state court

       3
         Although Northrop Grumman contends that the pending CDA claim rendered
DynCorp’s counterclaims unripe, Northrop Grumman does not assert that the
administrative CDA process is a requirement that must be exhausted before the claims
can be litigated in federal court.

                                            6
litigation, because Northrop Grumman filed the notice of removal as early as possible in

the state court proceedings.

       In response, DynCorp contends that the 30-day timeline for removal began when

DynCorp filed its original counterclaims in September 2015 or, at the latest, when

DynCorp filed its amended counterclaims in November 2015, because the substance of

the counterclaims put Northrop Grumman on notice that the claims could be resolved by

the CDA process. According to DynCorp, Northrop Grumman’s contention that it may

remove a case six to eight months after receiving notice of the nature of DynCorp’s

claims is contrary to the plain language and purpose of the 30-day deadline fixed by the

removal statute. DynCorp further contends that Northrop Grumman demonstrated its

clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court by engaging in defensive litigation

for months after receiving the counterclaims, and thereby waived any right to removal.

We agree with DynCorp’s arguments.

       We review de novo the district court’s decision granting a motion to remand for

lack of jurisdiction under the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442. 4 Ripley v.

Foster Wheeler LLC, 841 F.3d 207, 209 (4th Cir. 2016). When a district court concludes

that a party has waived its right to removal, we review this factual finding for clear error.

Grubb v. Donegal Mut. Ins. Co., 935 F.2d 57, 59 (4th Cir. 1991).




       4
         Although orders remanding cases to state court generally are not reviewable on
appeal, we may review such an order when, as here, the removal was made pursuant to
the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442. See id. § 1447(d).

                                             7
      Under Section 1442, a federal officer “or any person acting under that officer”

under certain circumstances may remove to federal district court a civil action brought

against him in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 1442. A defendant seeking to remove a case

under Section 1442 must establish “(1) [the defendant] is a federal officer or a person

acting under that officer; (2) a colorable federal defense; and (3) the suit is for an act

under color of office, which requires a causal nexus between the charged conduct and

asserted official authority.”   Ripley, 841 F.3d at 209-10 (citations, alterations, and

quotation marks omitted). A government contractor is entitled to removal under Section

1442 when the contractor satisfies these requirements. See id.

      A party seeking to remove an action must file a notice of removal within 30 days

of receiving the initial pleading in the case. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1). If, however, the

“case stated by the initial pleading is not removable, a notice of removal may be filed

within 30 days after receipt by the defendant . . . of a copy of an amended pleading,

motion, order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one

which is or has become removable.” Id. § 1446(b)(3) (emphasis added).

      After a case becomes removable, a party may waive its “right to removal by

demonstrating a ‘clear and unequivocal’ intent to remain in state court.” Grubb, 935 F.2d

at 59 (citation omitted). A defendant demonstrates this intent by engaging in “substantial

defensive action” in state court before filing a notice of removal. Aqualon Co. v. Mac

Equip., Inc., 149 F.3d 262, 264 (4th Cir. 1998), abrogated in part on other grounds by

Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Grp., L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 572 (2004). However, a

finding of waiver is appropriate only in “extreme situations,” when judicial economy,

                                            8
fairness, and comity demand it.     Grubb, 935 F.2d at 59 (citing Rothner v. City of

Chicago, 879 F.2d 1402, 1416 (7th Cir. 1989)).

      Applying these principles, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that the

CDA claim drafted and submitted by Northrop Grumman, the defendant to DynCorp’s

counterclaims, cannot constitute an “other paper” from which it was first ascertainable

that the case was or had become removable to federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3). We

first observe that we have interpreted the “motion, order or other paper” requirement

broadly to include “any information received by the defendant, whether communicated in

a formal or informal manner.” Yarnevic v. Brink’s, Inc., 102 F.3d 753, 755 (4th Cir.

1996) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The purpose of this requirement is

to ensure that a defendant receives adequate notice that a case is removable before being

subject to the 30-day deadline to file its removal notice. See Lovern v. Gen. Motors

Corp., 121 F.3d 160, 162 (4th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, under the statute, the 30-day

removal period is triggered upon the defendant’s “receipt” of such a “motion, order or

other paper.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3).

      Despite our broad interpretation of the “motion, order or other paper” requirement,

the statutory language plainly does not encompass a document produced by a

counterclaim defendant that is never “received” by that party. Nor does the phrase

“motion, order or other paper” include a written acknowledgement that a counterclaim

defendant receives in response to the submission of its own document to another entity,

such as the DOD’s acknowledgement of Northrop Grumman’s CDA claim. A contrary

holding would allow a counterclaim defendant to control the deadline for removal,

                                           9
irrespective of the date on which the counterclaim defendant actually received notice of

its federal defense.

       Northrop Grumman’s federal ripeness defense rested on its contention that the

government’s interpretation of the labor categories through the CDA process

conclusively would resolve DynCorp’s counterclaims. However, the subcontract itself,

which Northrop Grumman first executed in October 2007, stipulated that the CDA

process would govern disputes over the interpretation of certain terms in the subcontract,

including the type at issue here. Thus, when the disagreement between the parties

regarding DynCorp’s labor mapping arose in 2014, Northrop Grumman was on notice

that the CDA process was available to resolve the dispute.

       At the time DynCorp’s counterclaims were filed in September 2015, and certainly

when the amended counterclaims were filed two months later, Northrop Grumman was

aware that the issue of DynCorp’s labor mapping would be central to the litigation.

These pleadings also placed Northrop Grumman on notice that it could raise a ripeness

defense after initiating a CDA claim. We therefore conclude that, at the latest, Northrop

Grumman’s receipt of the amended counterclaims in November 2015 triggered the 30-

day removal period. 5


       5
         We disagree with Northrop Grumman’s argument that the basis for removal
became “unequivocally clear and certain” only when the CDA claim was filed, and that a
different holding would encourage “protective removals” based on an “equivocal record.”
See Bosky v. Kroger Tex., LP, 288 F.3d 208, 211-12 (5th Cir. 2002). As explained above,
the availability of the CDA process to resolve counterclaims implicating DynCorp’s labor
mapping practices was ascertainable well before the CDA claim was filed.


                                           10
       Northrop Grumman did not act within this 30-day period to remove the case to

federal court, but waited six months after receiving the amended counterclaims to file its

notice of removal when it appeared that the case soon would proceed to trial. 6 The

removal rules do not permit such “strategic delay interposed by a defendant in an effort to

determine the state court's receptivity to his litigating position.” Lovern, 121 F.3d at 163.

Allowing manipulation of the removal process in this manner would undermine the

purpose of the 30-day deadline, namely, to “prevent[] undue delay in removal and the

concomitant waste of state judicial resources.” Id.

       We further observe that Northrop Grumman’s position has no logical limit. Under

Northrop Grumman’s view, a defendant could proceed through the close of discovery,

unsuccessfully seek summary judgment, and only then file a CDA claim to trigger a

federal defense and the 30-day removal period. Indeed, under Northrop Grumman’s

position, nothing would prevent a defendant from filing a notice of removal on the

morning of trial. We will not endorse a position subject to such strategic abuses.

Accordingly, we conclude that Northrop Grumman’s notice of removal did not comply

with the 30-day deadline imposed by Section 1446(b)(3). 7


       6
        We also observe that Northrop Grumman filed its notice of removal the night
before a scheduled hearing in state court regarding DynCorp’s motion for discovery
sanctions.
       7
         We are not persuaded by Northrop Grumman’s attempt to shift blame for its
delay in removal to DynCorp, by arguing that Northrop Grumman was waiting to receive
certain documentation from DynCorp before filing the CDA claim. Northrop Grumman
essentially asserts that it was not required to file a notice of removal on DynCorp’s
counterclaims until its own case, seeking documentation from DynCorp, was complete in
(Continued)
                                             11
       By actively engaging in defensive litigation in the state court for seven months

before filing its removal notice, Northrop Grumman’s conduct further showed a “clear

and unequivocal intent to remain in state court” until that forum no longer served its

purposes. Grubb, 935 F.2d at 59 (internal quotation marks omitted). As noted above, in

addition to filing a demurrer to DynCorp’s counterclaims that largely was overruled,

Northrop Grumman engaged in extensive discovery by serving and responding to

multiple sets of interrogatories, requesting and producing documents, filing motions to

compel against DynCorp, and deposing numerous witnesses. Northrop Grumman also

filed a motion for summary judgment on DynCorp’s unjust enrichment counterclaim and

requested a jury trial before filing its notice of removal.

       Northrop Grumman thus sought multiple, substantive rulings from the state court

on DynCorp’s counterclaims before filing the notice of removal. See Estate of Krasnow

v. Texaco, Inc., 773 F. Supp. 806, 809 (E.D. Va. 1991) (“[A] defendant must not be

allowed to test the waters in state court [by filing a demurrer] and, finding the

temperature not to its liking, beat a swift retreat to federal court. Such behavior falls

within the very definition of forum-shopping and is antithetical to federal-state court

comity.”). Under these circumstances, considerations of judicial economy, fairness, and

comity strongly support a conclusion that Northrop Grumman repeatedly sought to use




state court. This theory runs counter to the requirement that defendants promptly file a
notice of removal. Moreover, counsel conceded at oral argument that Northrop
Grumman did not submit with the CDA claim any documents obtained from DynCorp,
and that the government only recently has requested such supporting documentation.

                                              12
the state court proceedings to its advantage, and thereby waived its right to removal. See

Grubb, 935 F.2d at 59.

       Both the 30-day removal deadline and the waiver doctrine require that a party

defending claims filed against it make a timely choice, either to defend the case in state

court or to remove promptly to a federal forum. Because Northrop Grumman chose to

defend the case in the state court far beyond the 30-day removal deadline, Northrop

Grumman’s request for removal was both untimely and waived by its litigation conduct

in the state court.



                                           III.

       For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err in granting

DynCorp’s motion to remand the case to the state court. Accordingly, we affirm the

district court’s judgment.

                                                                             AFFIRMED




                                           13
