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$ 5LJKWWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHO                                        York, 390 U.S. 629, 639, 88 S.Ct. 1274, 20 L.Ed.2d 195 (1968); Griswold
                                                                     v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965); Poe
  $V WKH PDMRULW\ UHFRJQL]HV WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV           v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497, 542-544, 549-553, 81 S.Ct. 1752, 6 L.Ed.2d 989
                                                                     (1961) (Harlan, J., dissenting); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 12, 87
GHVFULEHGWKHFRQWRXUVRIWKHULJKWWRWUDYHODVIROORZV            S.Ct. 1817, 18 L.Ed.2d 1010 (1967); May v. Anderson, 345 U.S. 528,
                                                                     533, 73 S.Ct. 840, 97 L.Ed. 1221 (1953); Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel.
                                                                     Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 86 L.Ed. 1655 (1942).
    -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL         1R      1R           -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL        

  0RUHRYHU QRWKLQJ LQ RXU WUDGLWLRQ RU SUHFHGHQW FDQ           REMHFWLYHO\ GHHSO\ URRWHG LQ WKLV 1DWLRQ¶V KLVWRU\ DQG
FUHGLEO\EHUHDGWRVXJJHVWWKDWWKHright to participate in child     WUDGLWLRQDQGLPSOLFLWLQWKHFRQFHSWRIRUGHUHGOLEHUW\
rearing does not extend to grandparents. See, e.g., Moore,             VXFKWKDWQHLWKHUOLEHUW\QRUMXVWLFHZRXOGH[LVWLIWKH\
431 U.S. at 504 ("Ours is by no means a tradition limited to           ZHUH VDFULILFHG  6HFRQG ZH KDYH UHTXLUHG LQ
respect for the bonds uniting the members of the nuclear               VXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVVFDVHVDFDUHIXOGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH
family. The tradition of uncles, aunts, cousins, and especially        DVVHUWHGIXQGDPHQWDOOLEHUW\LQWHUHVW
grandparents sharing a household along with parents and
children has roots equally venerable and equally deserving of        :DVKLQJWRQ Y *OXFNVEHUJ  86   
constitutional recognition.") (emphasis added) (footnote             LQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQPDUNVDQGFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGVHHLGDW
omitted).                                                            KROGLQJWKDW³WKHDVVHUWHGµULJKW¶WRDVVLVWDQFHLQFRPPLWWLQJ
                                                                     VXLFLGHLVQRWDIXQGDPHQWDOOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWSURWHFWHGE\WKH
                               C.                                    'XH3URFHVV&ODXVH´

  Neither the Supreme Court nor this court, however, has                7KLV QHHG IRU D ³FDUHIXO GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH DVVHUWHG
addressed the specific issue of whether a grandmother has a          IXQGDPHQWDO OLEHUW\ LQWHUHVW´ DSSHDUV UHSHDWHGO\ LQ WKH
fundamental freedom of association right to participate in the       6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VGHFLVLRQVLQYROYLQJVXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVV
upbringing of her grandchildren.                                     ,Q *OXFNVEHUJ IRU H[DPSOH WKH &RXUW ZDV IDFHG ZLWK D
                                                                     FKDOOHQJHWRDSURKLELWLRQRQSK\VLFLDQDVVLVWHGVXLFLGH7KH
   Our decision in Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 286 F.3d 311, 316           &RXUWH[SUHVVO\UHMHFWHGIUDPLQJWKHLVVXHLQWHUPVRIZKHWKHU
(6th Cir. 2002), provides some guidance. There, we                   LQGLYLGXDOVKDYH³DOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHWLPH
examined the constitutional validity of a prison regulation that     DQG PDQQHU RI RQH¶V GHDWK´ ³D ULJKW WR GLH´ ³D OLEHUW\ WR
prohibited prisoners from receiving visits from their minor          FKRRVHKRZWRGLH´RU³DULJKWWRFRQWURORIRQH¶VILQDOGD\V´
siblings, nieces and nephews. We struck down the regulation          ,GDWLQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQPDUNV RPLWWHG,QVWHDGWKH
because it was unrelated to legitimate penological goals. Id.        &RXUWH[SODLQHGWKDW³WKHTXHVWLRQEHIRUHXVLVZKHWKHUWKH
Implicit in our analysis was the recognition that an inmate’s        µOLEHUW\¶ VSHFLDOO\ SURWHFWHG E\ WKH 'XH 3URFHVV &ODXVH
ability to visit with his or her minor siblings, nieces and          LQFOXGHVDULJKWWRFRPPLWVXLFLGHZKLFKLWVHOILQFOXGHVDULJKW
nephews involves constitutionally protected associational            WRDVVLVWDQFHLQGRLQJVR´,GDW
rights. See id. at 317 ("Close analysis is especially
appropriate when, as is the case here, the challenged                   7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWVLPLODUO\UHMHFWHGEURDGGHILQLWLRQVRI
restrictions interfere with family relationships . . . specially     WKHDVVHUWHGOLEHUW\LQWHUHVWLQ5HQRY)ORUHV86
protected by the Constitution."). The right to participate in          ZKHUH LW XSKHOG WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\ RI
the upbringing of one’s grandchild occupies a basic position         UHJXODWLRQV SURPXOJDWHG E\ WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG
in our society’s hierarchy of values and is of a more intimate       1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHWKDWDGGUHVVHGWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQG
                                                                     WHUPVXQGHUZKLFKGHWDLQHGMXYHQLOHDOLHQVFRXOGEHUHOHDVHG
 and therefore more fundamental  nature than the right to          SHQGLQJWKHLUGHSRUWDWLRQKHDULQJV,QSDUWLFXODUWKH&RXUW
visit one’s nieces or nephews. Therefore, a logical extension        IUDPHGWKHLVVXHLQWHUPVRI³WKHDOOHJHGULJKWRIDFKLOGZKR
of Bazzetta’s reasoning suggests that Johnson has a                  KDVQRDYDLODEOHSDUHQWFORVHUHODWLYHRUOHJDOJXDUGLDQDQG
fundamental freedom of association right to participate in the       IRUZKRPWKHJRYHUQPHQWLVUHVSRQVLEOHWREHSODFHGLQWKH
upbringing of her grandchildren.                                     FXVWRG\RIDZLOOLQJDQGDEOHSULYDWHFXVWRGLDQUDWKHUWKDQRI
                                                                     D JRYHUQPHQWRSHUDWHG RU JRYHUQPHQWVHOHFWHG FKLOGFDUH
    -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL            1R        1R           -RKQVRQHWDOY&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWL             

                      BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                     Bazzetta’s implicit conclusion, that a prisoner has a right to
                                                                          receive certain family members as visitors, is in some tension
                          ',66(17                                         with this court’s prior conclusion in Thompson v. Ashe, that
                      BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                   a plaintiff had "no fundamental right to visit his family
                                                                          members on [a public housing development’s] property." 250
   521$/'/((*,/0$1&LUFXLW-XGJHGLVVHQWLQJ7KH                     F.3d at 406-07.
PDMRULW\KDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHRUGLQDQFHLQTXHVWLRQYLRODWHG
WKHSODLQWLIIV¶IXQGDPHQWDOULJKWVWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHODQGWR              In Thompson, the plaintiff challenged the constitutionality
IUHHGRPRIDVVRFLDWLRQ7RWKHFRQWUDU\,DPRIWKHRSLQLRQ             of a "no trespass" list, which kept him from visiting family
WKDWWKLVFRXUWKDVSUHYLRXVO\KHOGWKDWQRIXQGDPHQWDOULJKW             members in a public housing development.  ,G  7KH
WR LQWUDVWDWH WUDYHO H[LVWV  0RUHRYHU , GR QRW VKDUH WKH      7KRPSVRQ FRXUW DGGUHVVHG WKH LVVXH DV IROORZV  )LUVW LW
PDMRULW\¶V EHOLHI WKDW WKH RUGLQDQFH YLRODWHG WKH SODLQWLIIV¶      DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW WKH %LOO RI 5LJKWV SURWHFWV WKH ULJKW WR
ULJKWVWRIUHHGRPRIDVVRFLDWLRQ,WKHUHIRUHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH          ³HQWHU LQWR DQG PDLQWDLQ FHUWDLQ LQWLPDWH RU SULYDWH
RUGLQDQFHGLGQRWLQIULQJHXSRQWKHSODLQWLIIV¶IXQGDPHQWDO               UHODWLRQVKLSV´ DQG OLVWHG VSHFLILF UHODWLRQVKLSV WKDW WKH
ULJKWV7KHRUGLQDQFHZDVWKXVVXEMHFWWRWKHORZHUVWDQGDUG             ³6XSUHPH&RXUWKDVDFFRUGHGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOSURWHFWLRQWR´
RI UDWLRQDO EDVLV UHYLHZ ZKLFK , EHOLHYH LW PHW  , DOVR      ,G QRWLQJ WKDW WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW ³KDV DFFRUGHG
FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH RUGLQDQFH GLG QRW YLRODWH WKH 'RXEOH            FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ WR PDUULDJH WKH EHJHWWLQJ DQG
-HRSDUG\&ODXVHRIWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQWDQLVVXHWKDWWKH                 EHDULQJ RI FKLOGUHQ FKLOG UHDULQJ DQG HGXFDWLRQ DQG
PDMRULW\ KDG QR QHHG WR UHDFK  )RU DOO RI WKHVH UHDVRQV ,   FRKDELWDWLRQ ZLWK UHODWLYHV´ FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG  7KH
ZRXOGUHYHUVHWKHMXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW                         7KRPSVRQFRXUWWKHQQRWHGWKDWWKHSODLQWLIIGLGQRWFODLPDQ
                                                                          DVVRFLDWLRQ LQWHUHVW WR ZKLFK WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDG
                ,)81'$0(17$/5,*+76                                    SUHYLRXVO\ DFFRUGHG FRQVWLWXWLRQDO SURWHFWLRQ ± LH
    7KHPDMRULW\FRQFOXGHVWKDWWKHRUGLQDQFHLQIULQJHGXSRQ              FRKDELWDWLRQ ZLWK UHODWLYHV ± and that the "Court has not
WKHULJKWVRIERWK-RKQVRQDQG$X)UDQFHWRLQWUDVWDWHWUDYHO            extended constitutional protection to mere visitation with
-RKQVRQ¶VULJKWWRDVVLVWLQUDLVLQJKHUJUDQGFKLOGUHQDQG$X            family members." Id. (emphasis added). Without further
)UDQFH¶VULJKWWRYLVLWKLVDWWRUQH\$FFRUGLQJWRWKHPDMRULW\         explanation, the Thompson panel concluded that the plaintiff
HDFKRIWKHVHULJKWVFRQVWLWXWHVDIXQGDPHQWDOOLEHUW\LQWHUHVW          did not have a fundamental right to visit his family members.
, UHVSHFWIXOO\ GLVDJUHH    %HIRUH GLVFXVVLQJ HDFK RI WKHVH        Put more succinctly, Thompson concluded that the plaintiff
SXUSRUWHG ULJKWV LQ GHWDLO , EHOLHYH WKDW D IHZ JHQHUDO         had no fundamental right to visit his family members because
FRPPHQWVDERXWVXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVVDUHZDUUDQWHG
                                                                          the Supreme Court had not yet articulated such a right. That
  7KH6XSUHPH&RXUW¶VDSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUD                   the Supreme Court’s recognition of a right establishes that
SDUWLFXODUULJKWLVSURWHFWHGE\WKH)RXUWHHQWK$PHQGPHQW¶V               right’s existence for lower courts, however, tells us nothing
'XH 3URFHVV &ODXVH HVWDEOLVKHV WKH IUDPHZRUN IRU P\                about the existence of rights that the Court has not yet
DQDO\VLV                                                                 addressed. Unless one accepts the indefensible premise that
                                                                          the absence of a Supreme Court opinion on the existence of
  2XU HVWDEOLVKHG PHWKRG RI VXEVWDQWLYHGXHSURFHVV
  DQDO\VLV KDV WZR SULPDU\ IHDWXUHV  )LUVW ZH KDYH
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                                                                                                                          7KRPSVRQ GRHV QRW VSHFLI\
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                                                                          ZKLFK RI WKH SODLQWLII¶V IDPLO\ PHPEHUV OLYHG LQ WKH KRXVLQJ SURMHFW
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a particular right means that a particular right does not exist,   DSSO\´ VHH DOVR 1XQH]  )G DW  ILQGLQJ 6DQ
there is simply no reason to infer the absence of a                'LHJR¶VRUGLQDQFH³SUREOHPDWLF´EHFDXVHLWGLGQRW³SURYLGH
fundamental right to visit a family member based on the            H[FHSWLRQV IRU PDQ\ OHJLWLPDWH DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW
fortuity that the Supreme Court has not yet addressed the          SDUHQWDOSHUPLVVLRQ´
issue.
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ERXQGE\7KRPSVRQ¶VFRQFOXVLRQ±DVRSSRVHGWR%D]]HWWD¶V            ,Q VWULNLQJGRZQWKH2UGLQDQFHZHGRQRWIRUHFORVHWKH
LPSOLFLW FRQFOXVLRQ ± LI -RKQVRQ KDG PHUHO\ DVVHUWHG D     SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW D QDUURZHU YHUVLRQ RI WKH 2UGLQDQFH
IXQGDPHQWDOULJKWWRYLVLWKHUGDXJKWHURUJUDQGFKLOGUHQWK     VXSSRUWHGE\DFOHDUHUUHFRUGFRXOGZLWKVWDQGVWULFWVFUXWLQ\
&LU5FVHHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY6PLWK)G     7HPSRUDU\ H[FOXVLRQ LV DQ H[WUHPH PHDVXUH EXW ZH
WK&LU                                              UHFRJQL]HWKDWPXQLFLSDOLWLHVOLNHWKH&LW\RI&LQFLQQDWLIDFH
                                                                   IRUPLGDEOHFKDOOHQJHVLQLPSURYLQJWKHVDIHW\DQGZHOOEHLQJ
   The issue before this court, however, is whether Johnson        RI LWV FLWL]HQV LQ KLJK FULPHV DUHDV  :KLOH ZH KDYH HYHU\
has a fundamental associational right to participate in the        FRQILGHQFHWKDWWKH&LW\DFWHGLQWKHXWPRVWJRRGIDLWKDQG
education and rearing of her grandchild. Unlike the plaintiff      ZLWK WKH EHVW LQWHQWLRQV LQ HQDFWLQJ WKH 2UGLQDQFH WKH
in Thompson, Johnson has been an active participant in the         2UGLQDQFH LQ LWV SUHVHQW        IRUP GRHV QRW ZLWKVWDQG
lives and activities of her grandchildren, with the consent and    FRQVWLWXWLRQDOVFUXWLQ\
support of the children’s mother. Thompson itself recognized
the distinction between participating in child rearing and                                            9,,
merely visiting one’s family. See Thompson, 250 F.3d at 407
(acknowledging that "[t]he Court has accorded constitutional         )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKH
protection to . . . child rearing and education") (citing Pierce   GLVWULFWFRXUW
v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534-35, 45 S.Ct. 571, 69
L.Ed. 1070 (1925)). Moreover, to the extent that Thompson
can be read to proclaim the absence of a fundamental right to
participate in child-rearing it conflicts with Supreme Court
precedent and cannot bind this court. See Pierce, 268 U.S. at
534-35 (recognizing a fundamental child-rearing right);
Meyer, 262 U.S. at 398 (noting that "without doubt" the
liberty interest guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment
denotes the right to "establish a home and bring up children").

  Accordingly, we find that Johnson does have a fundamental
freedom of association right to participate in the upbringing
of her grandchildren.
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REYLRXVO\SULYLOHJHGQDWXUHRIKLVFRQYHUVDWLRQVLWFDQQRWEH             Our analysis of Au France’s claim  that the Ordinance
VDLG WKDW $X )UDQFH¶V DFFHVV WR WKH &LW\¶V SUHGRPLQDQWO\       infringes on his freedom of association right to visit his
XQHQFORVHGSXEOLFSKRQHVDOOHYLDWHGKLVSUREOHPRIDFFHVV             attorney  is more straightforward. Much of our system of
$QXUEDQVWUHHWFRUQHUVLPSO\GRHVQRWSURYLGHDVXIILFLHQW             law is based upon the presumption that one of the most
JXDUDQWHHRISULYDF\DQGDUHDOLVWLFDOO\HIIHFWLYHJXDUGDJDLQVW        important relationships for "safeguarding of individual
GLVFORVXUHRISULYLOHJHGDQGFRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQWREH             freedom" is that between an individual and his or her
FRQVLGHUHGDYLDEOHDOWHUQDWLYH(YHQLI$X)UDQFHVHFXUHGD           attorney. See Roberts, 468 U.S. at 617-618. It simply cannot
ZKROO\HQFORVHGSXEOLFSKRQHKHLVKRPHOHVVDQGWKXVLQDOO          be denied that an individual’s relationship with his or her
OLNHOLKRRG ODFNV WKH PRQH\ IRU DQ\WKLQJ PRUH WKDQ D VKRUW      attorney "acts as a critical buffer between the individual and
FRQYHUVDWLRQZLWKKLVDWWRUQH\7KXVWKH2UGLQDQFHQRWRQO\           the power of the State." See id. Accordingly, we find that Au
EORFNHG$X)UDQFH¶VSK\VLFDODFFHVVWRKLVDWWRUQH\¶VRIILFH           France has a fundamental freedom of association right to visit
LWHIIHFWLYHO\EORFNHGDOODFFHVVWRKLVDWWRUQH\:KLOHWKLVD        his attorney.
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FLUFXPVWDQFHVLWLVSDUWLFXODUWURXEOLQJLQ$X)UDQFH¶VFDVH                                         9,
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