 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 2 OF
 PACIFIC COUNTY, a Washington                     DIVISION ONE
 municipal corporation,
                                                  No. 77310-1-1
                         Respondent,
                                                  PUBLISHED OPINION
                    V.
                                     /
 COMCAST OF WASHINGTON IV, INC.,
 a Washington corporation;
 CENTURYTEL OF WASHINGTON,
 INC., a Washington corporation; and
 FALCON COMMUNITY VENTURES I,
 L.P., a California limited partnership,
 d/b/a CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS,
                                                  FILED: April 8, 2019
                         A.•ellants.


       DWYER, J. — Pacific County Public Utility District No. 2 (District) permitted

Comcast of Washington IV, Inc., CenturyTel of Washington, Inc., and Falcon

Community Ventures I, L.P., d/b/a Charter Communications (collectively

Companies)to attach their communications equipment to the District's utility

poles pursuant to written agreements. In 2007, the District instituted significant

increases to the rates it charged the Companies to attach their equipment to the

utility poles. The Companies refused to pay the increased rates, and also

refused to remove their equipment from the District's utility poles, leading the

District to bring this lawsuit.
No. 77310-1-1/2


       In 2008, our legislature amended the statute governing utility pole

attachment rates, RCW 54.04.045, effective June 12, 2008. The amendment

included a specific rate calculation formula, the result of which would yield a "just

and reasonable" rate. RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)-(c). Whether the District's revised

rates complied with the amended statute became the central dispute of the case.

       This is the second time that this matter has come before us on appeal.

See Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Pacific County v. Comcast of Wash. IV, Inc., 184

Wn. App. 24, 336 P.3d 65(2014)(hereinafter PUD I). In deciding the first

appeal, we held that none of the parties correctly interpreted the statutory

formula set forth by the amended statute because, instead of interpreting and

applying the words of the statute, the parties attempted to shoehorn the statutory

language into various preexisting formulas. We rejected this "closest to the pin"

method of statutory interpretation, PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 64, and remanded the

matter for the parties to determine whether the District's rate was in compliance

with the formula as it is set forth by the words of the statute.

       In the trial court—and now on appeal—the District and the Companies

derived different mathematical formulas from the words of the statute.

Furthermore, the parties also dispute the validity of various data and inputs that

the District utilized when calculating the maximum permissible rate allowed by

the statute. We are presented with two principal issues:(1) whether the District

abused its discretion when calculating the data and inputs it utilized to calculate

the maximum permissible rate pursuant to RCW 54.04.045(3), and (2) whether

the trial court erred by accepting the District's interpretation of the language set



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No. 77310-1-1/3


forth in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). We affirm the trial court with respect to the

District's choice of data and inputs, but reverse the trial court's interpretation of

the language set forth in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). However, because the trial

court's error in interpretation herein was harmless, we affirm the judgment.

                                            1

       The District is a consumer-owned utility organized as a municipal

corporation pursuant to RCW 54.04.020. It provides electricity to customers in

Pacific County. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 35. The District owns and maintains

utility poles that it uses to provide its services, and to which it also permits third

parties to attach communications equipment. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 35.

       The Companies provide a variety of communication services to customers

in Pacific County by attaching their communications equipment to the District's

utility poles. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 35. The Companies initially attached their

equipment to the District's utility poles pursuant to rental agreements assigned to

them by previous communications providers in Pacific County. PUD I, 184 Wn.

App. at 35. The assigned agreements date back to the 1970s and 1980s with

respect to Comcast and Charter, and to the 1950s and 1960s with respect to

CenturyTel. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 35.

       Prior to 2007, the District's annual pole attachment rates had remained

fixed for 20 years at $8.00 per pole for telephone companies and $5.75 per pole

for cable companies. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 36. In February 2006, the District

informed the Companies that it intended to terminate the agreements and

provide the companies a new pole attachment agreement and new pole



                                                3
No. 77310-1-1/4


attachment rates. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 36. The new rates would take effect

on January 1, 2007. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 36.

        To set its new rate, the District relied on a rate study, performed several

years earlier, by EES Consulting, Inc. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 36. EES

recommended that the District increase its rate to at least $20.65 per pole but

preferably closer to $36.39 per pole. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 36. The study

considered four different formulas for calculating the pole attachment rate: the

United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Cable formula,' the

FCC Telecom formula,2 the American Public Power Association (APPA)formula,3

and the Washington PUD Association formula!' PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 36-37.



        1 The Cable formula states that:
        a rate is just and reasonable if it assures a utility the recovery of not less than the
        additional costs of providing pole attachments, nor more than an amount
        determined by multiplying the percentage of the total usable space, or the
        percentage of the total duct or conduit capacity, which is occupied by the pole
        attachment by the sum of the operating expenses and actual capital costs of the
        utility attributable to the entire pole, duct, conduit, or right-of-way.
47 U.S.C. § 224(d)(1).
        2 The Telecom formula is as follows:
                  (2) A utility shall apportion the cost of providing space on a pole, duct,
        conduit, or right-of-way other than the usable space among entities so that such
        apportionment equals two-thirds of the costs of providing space other than the
        usable space that would be allocated to such entity under an equal
        apportionment of such costs among all attaching entities.
                  (3) A utility shall apportion the cost of providing usable space among all
        entities according to the percentage of usable space required for each entity.
47 U.S.C. § 224(e).
        3 The APPA formula can be presented algebraically as follows:
        Maximum Rate = Assignable Space Factor + Common Space Factor
        Assignable Space Factor = Space Occupied by Attachment(Assignable Space)
        x Assignable Space (Pole Height) x Average Cost(of Bare Pole) x Carrying
        Charge
        Common Space Factor = Common Space (Pole Height) x Average Cost of Bare
        Pole (Number of Attachers) x Carrying Charge
PUD I 184 Wn. App. at 36 n.6.
        4 The Washington PUD Association formula can be presented algebraically as follows:
        Annual rental rate = Accumulated average Pole Value (PV) x Annual Cost Ratio
       (ACR) x Pole Use Ratio(PR)
PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 37 n.7.


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No. 77310-1-1/5


After considering and discussing the results of the study with the District's

supervisors, the District's general manager recommended to the District's board

of commissioners an annual rate of $19.70 per pole, to take effect at the start of

2008.5 PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 37.

        The board of commissioners held public hearings on the proposed rate

increases on December 5, 2006 and December 19, 2006. PUD I, 184 Wn. App.

at 38. Even though the Companies knew about the public hearings, they did not

send any representatives to attend, nor did they request the agenda or minutes

from the hearings. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 38. On January 2, 2007, the board of

commissioners adopted Resolution No. 1256, which accepted the proposed

rates. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 38.

        Subsequently, the District sent new agreements, incorporating the new

rates, to the Companies and other then-current licensees for signature,

explaining that all licensees must either sign the new agreement and pay at the

new rate or remove their equipment from the District's utility poles. PUD I, 184

Wn. App. at 39. However, the Companies refused to sign the new agreement,

declined to remove their equipment, and tendered payment only at the historical

rates.6 Although the existing agreements between the District and the

Companies permitted the District to remove the Companies' equipment, the


         5 The general manager also recommended that for the year 2007 the District impose a
transition rate of $13.25, thus allowing the steep rate increase to be phased in over a longer
period. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 37.
         6 Two then-current licensees not involved in this action signed the new agreement and
timely began paying at the revised rate. PUD I 184 Wn. App. at 40. In contrast, at the time the
parties filed their briefs in the current appeal, the Companies still had not signed the new
agreements or tendered payment at the new rate, despite keeping their equipment attached to
the District's poles.



                                                   5
No. 77310-1-1/6


District chose not to exercise this right. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 40. Instead, the

District filed complaints against the Companies alleging claims of breach of

contract, trespass, and unjust enrichment and seeking a declaratory judgment,

injunctive relief, and damages. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 40. The Companies

counterclaimed and sought to enjoin the District from imposing terms in violation

of RCW 54.04.045. PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 40. The lawsuits were consolidated

by agreement.

       Meanwhile, in March 2008, the legislature amended RCW 54.04.045, with

an effective date of June 12, 2008. LAWS OF 2008, ch. 197, § 1. The prior

version of the statute required only that pole attachment rates charged by

Washington Public Utility Districts be "just, reasonable, nondiscriminatory and

sufficient." Former RCW 54.04.045(2)(1996). This prior version did not provide

any specific formula for calculating an appropriate rate. The amendment,

however, instituted the following specific formula, the result of which would

constitute a "just and reasonable rate." RCW 54.04.045(3).

             (3) A just and reasonable rate must be calculated as follows:

             (a) One component of the rate shall consist of the additional
      costs of procuring and maintaining pole attachments, but may not
      exceed the actual capital and operating expenses of the locally
      regulated utility attributable to that portion of the pole, duct, or
      conduit used for the pole attachment, including a share of the
      required support and clearance space, in proportion to the space
      used for the pole attachment, as compared to all other uses made
      of the subject facilities and uses that remain available to the owner
      or owners of the subject facilities;

             (b) The other component of the rate shall consist of the
      additional costs of procuring and maintaining pole attachments, but
      may not exceed the actual capital and operating expenses of the
      locally regulated utility attributable to the share, expressed in feet,


                                            6
No. 77310-1-1/7


          of the required support and clearance space, divided equally
          among the locally regulated utility and all attaching licensees, in
          addition to the space used for the pole attachment, which sum is
          divided by the height of the pole; and

                 (c) The just and reasonable rate shall be computed by
          adding one-half of the rate component resulting from (a) of this
          subsection to one-half of the rate component resulting from (b) of
          this subsection.

RCW 54.04.045.

          The legislature also included the following provision relating to subsection

(3)(a):

          For the purpose of establishing a rate under subsection (3)(a) of
          this section, the locally regulated utility may establish a rate
          according to the calculation set forth in subsection (3)(a) of this
          section or it may establish a rate according to the cable formula set
          forth by the federal communications commission by rule as it
          existed on June 12, 2008, or such subsequent date as may be
          provided by the federal communications commission by rule,
          consistent with the purposes of this section.

RCW 54.04.045(4).

          The legislature provided a statement of legislative intent with the

amendment, which states:

          It is the policy of the state to encourage the joint use of utility poles,
          to promote competition for the provision of telecommunications and
          information services, and to recognize the value of the
          infrastructure of locally regulated utilities. To achieve these
          objectives, the legislature intends to establish a consistent cost-
          based formula for calculating pole attachment rates, which will
          ensure greater predictability and consistency in pole attachment
          rates statewide, as well as ensure that locally regulated utility
          customers do not subsidize licensees. The legislature further
          intends to continue working through issues related to pole
          attachments with interested parties in an open and collaborative
          process in order to minimize the potential for disputes going
          forward.

LAWS OF 2008, ch. 197,§ 1.


                                                 7
No. 77310-1-1/8


        Whether the revised rate was in compliance with the amended statute

became the central dispute in the case. Specifically, the parties disagreed about

the proper interpretation of the space allocator componene of the statutory

formulas in subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b).

        Following a bench trial, the trial court issued a memorandum decision in

which it ruled in favor of the District and against the Companies. PUD 1, 184 Wn.

App. at 42. The trial court ruled that the new pole attachment rates and the new

agreement were valid and granted the District its requested relief. PUD 1, 184

Wn. App. at 42-43. The Companies appealed.

                                                II

        On appeal from the first bench trial, the District and the Companies each

asserted that the formula set forth in RCW 54.04.045(3) is actually just a

combination of preexisting formulas.8 PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 58-59. In our

decision rejecting their proposed formulations, we explained that neither

attempted to apply the language of the statute as written. Instead, during the

trial, the parties presented expert witness testimony that attempted to compare

the language of the statute to preexisting formulas to show how the statutory


         7 The space allocator component is the component of the rate formula that determines
what portion of the expenses for constructing and operating the pole will be charged to a
licensee.
         8 The first appeal also resolved additional issues not pertinent to the current appeal.
First, we upheld the District's new pole attachment agreement, holding that most of the non-rate
terms were valid, and that all the invalid terms were severable. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 51. Next,
we held that the new rate was in compliance with the former version of RCW 54.04.045, resolving
the dispute as to the propriety of the rates changed during that time period. PUD I, 184 Wn. App.
at 58. Next, we held that the District did not fail to mitigate its damages. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at
77. Finally, we reversed part of the District's award of attorney fees, but this was primarily a
result of our decision to reverse on the issue of the correct interpretation of RCW 54.04.045(3).
Because there was not yet a clear prevailing party on the issue, the award of attorney fees
regarding that issue was premature. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 82.


                                                     8
No. 77310-1-1/9


formula hewed more closely to their chosen formulas. PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at

58-59. These experts compared the statutory language to existing formulas,

operating under the assumption that each subsection of the statute corresponded

to a preexisting formula.9 PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 63-71.

                                                          A

        The District asserted that its expert's interpretation of subsection (3)(a) as

the FCC Telecom formula was correct." Additionally, the District asserted that

its expert's interpretation was entitled to the deference courts show to agencies

interpreting statutes that they are charged with administering. The District's

primary support for its assertion that the formula was the FCC Telecom formula

was that subsection (3)(a) could not be the FCC Cable formula. According to the

District, the FCC Telecom formula and subsection (3)(a) both reference unusable



         9 Although the parties in the first appeal disputed the meaning of both subsections (3)(a)
and (3)(b), we focus herein on the arguments they made regarding subsection (3)(a) because
that is the subsection at issue in the current appeal. The parties do not dispute that the trial
judge's interpretation of subsection (3)(b) during the remand trial was accurate, and the
interpretation faithfully follows the language of the statute. Subsection (3)(b) states (space
allocator language in bold):
         The other component of the rate shall consist of the additional costs of procuring
         and maintaining pole attachments, but may not exceed the actual capital and
         operating expenses of the locally regulated utility attributable to the share,
         expressed in feet, of the required support and clearance space, divided
         equally among the locally regulated utility and all attaching licensees, in
         addition to the space used for the pole attachment, which sum is divided
         by the height of the pole.
RCW 54.04.045(3)(b).
         The trial judge and the parties agreed that this corresponds to the following space
allocator formula:
                     Unusable space
       ((ti of attachers including the District)+(space used by attachment)
                                 height of the pole
        In the above formula, the support and clearance space, also known in the industry as
unusable space, is apportioned equally between the District and all attachers, and such portion is
added to the space used by the attachment. This sum is then divided by the height of the pole.
This matches the language of subsection (3)(b).
        10 Br. of Resp't at 29, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1 (Wash. Ct. App.), reprinted in 1 Briefs 184
Wn. App.(2014).


                                                              9
No. 77310-1-1/10


space,11 but the FCC Cable formula does not.12

        Additionally, the District averred that subsection (3)(a) could not be the

FCC Cable formula because subsection (4) explicitly authorizes the use of an

alternative between using subsection (3)(a) or the FCC Cable formula.13 The

District asserted that framing the choice between subsection (3)(a) and the FCC

Cable formula as an alternative in the statute would be wholly nonsensical if

subsection (3)(a) was the FCC Cable formula.14

        In contrast, the Companies asserted that their expert's interpretation of

subsection (3)(a) as the FCC Cable formula was correct.15 Additionally, the

Companies asserted that the District's interpretation was not entitled to any

deference and that we should interpret the statute de novo.16 The Companies

presented three reasons why the space allocator formula in subsection (3)(a) is

the FCC Cable formula and not the FCC Telecom formula. First, the Companies

asserted that subsection (3)(a) and the FCC Cable formula provide for a space

allocator that assigns costs in proportion to the space used for the pole

attachment. Second, the Companies asserted that the FCC Telecom formula

distributes two-thirds of the cost of unusable space on the pole based on the

number of attaching entities. In contrast, according to the Companies,

subsection (3)(a) and the FCC Cable formula do not assign costs based on the


        11 Although the parties dispute whether safety space should qualify as unusable space,
they both agree that the support and clearance space referenced in subsection (3)(a) means
unusable space.
        12 Br. of Resp't at 26, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1.
        13 Br. of Resp't at 27, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1.
        14 Br. of Resp't at 27, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1.
        15 Br. of Appellant Comcast at 20, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1 (Wash. Ct. App.), reprinted in 1
Briefs 184 Wn. App.(2014).
        16 Br. of Appellant Comcast at 17-18, PUD 1 No. 70625-0-1.




                                                   10
No. 77310-1-1/11


number of attaching entities and contain no reference to two-thirds of unusable

space on the pole. As a result, the Companies reasoned, subsection (3)(a)

cannot be the FCC Telecom formula and must be the FCC Cable formula.17

Finally, the Companies asserted that subsection (3)(a) must be the FCC Cable

rate because its language is virtually identical to the rate formula set forth in

RCW 80.54.040, which has been interpreted by the Washington Utilities and

Transportation Commission (WUTC)to be the FCC Cable formula.18



       In our decision, we rejected the trial court's and the District's interpretation

of the statutory formula set forth in subsection (3)(a). PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 63-

67. We held that the trial court erred by deferring to the testimony of the District's

expert witness, and that by so deferring the trial court erred by failing to apply the

language of the statute as written. PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 62-67.

       We first concluded that "no evidence was presented to the trial court that

the PUD commission ever applied the unique formula in the amended statute to

determine whether its revised rate was in compliance." PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at

62. Therefore, the trial court's decision to defer to the District's interpretation was

not appropriately deferential to the District's board of commissioners but, rather,

was inappropriately deferential to the District's expert witness. PUD I, 184 Wn.

App. at 63. We further explained that even if the trial court had deferred to the

District, rather than to an expert witness, such deference was inappropriate




       17   Br. of Appellant Comcast at 29-30, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1.
       18   Br. of Appellant Comcast at 30, PUD 1, No. 70625-0-1.


                                                    11
No. 77310-1-1/12


herein because the District is not the only public utility implementing the statute.

See PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 60-61 ("With regard to the methodology set forth in

subsections (3)(a), (b), and (c), that methodology must be applied. Uniformity

could not be achieved if the courts deferred to 28 different PUD commission

interpretations of the meaning of the words in a state statute.").

       We next decided that the mistake of inappropriately deferring to the

District's expert witness was compounded by the fact that the District's expert

"evinced a disregard for the words of the statute as written by the legislature."

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 63. The District's expert witness compared the language

of the statute with the language of preexisting formulas and then applied those

formulas rather than simply applying the language of the statute itself. PUD I,

184 Wn. App. at 63. We expressly rejected this "closest to the pin" method of

statutory interpretation, PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 64, explaining,

       Accepting that the legislature, in drafting the amendment, was
       unaware of these preexisting formulas—despite explicitly
       referencing one of them in RCW 54.04.045(4)—would require, on
       behalf of the trial court, a willing suspension of disbelief. Yet, by
       sanctioning [such an] approach, the trial court, in effect, ruled that
       while the legislature was aware of these various preexisting
       formulas, and although it intended to make subsections (3)(a) and
       (3)(b) reflect two of the established formulas, it instead wrote a
       unique formula with distinctive features.

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 63 (footnote omitted).

       However, because the Companies' expert witness utilized the same

"closest to the pin" approach to interpreting the statute, we did not rule that their




                                             12
No. 77310-1-1/13


interpretation of the statutory language was correct.19 PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at

63-64. Instead, we remanded the matter with instructions for the trial court to

interpret the unique rate formula set forth by RCW 54.04.045(3)"based on the

words of the statute and not based on opinions as to what formulas it appears to

resemble." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 72.



        Although we rejected the trial court's interpretation of RCW 54.04.045(3),

we also concluded that "the formula is not designed to ensure mathematical

certainty" and that "because the District enjoyed ample discretion prior to the

2008 amendment, the District retains considerable discretion in its rate

calculation." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 72. We further explained that the lack of

any specific instructions regarding a formula in the former version of RCW

54.04.045 required us to show deference to the District regarding the manner in

which it calculated the pole attachment rate prior to the effective date of the 2008

amendment.29 Critically, we also concluded that "the legislature's amendment of

RCW 54.04.045 did not fully divest the District of the previously liberal discretion

it enjoyed." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 72. We noted specifically that the District's

discretion with regard to the data, assumptions, and other information it utilized to

calculate the attachment rate "was not divested by the 2008 statutory




          19 Notably, we also declined to rule that subsection (3)(a) did not set forth a space
allocator component similar to the FCC Cable formula.
          20 This was in keeping with our Supreme Court's decision in People's Org. for Wash.
Energy Res. v. Utils. & Transp. Comm'n, 104 Wn.2d 798, 808, 823, 711 P.2d 319 (1985)(holding
that the WUTC did not act arbitrarily or capriciously where rates to be set were required to be
"'fair, reasonable, and sufficient"(quoting State ex rel. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 of Okanogan County
v. Dep't of Pub. Serv., 21 Wn.2d 201, 209, 150 P.2d 709 (1944))).


                                                    13
No. 77310-1-1/14


amendment." PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 61. Therefore, we announced, courts

must continue to defer to the discretion of public utility districts regarding the

data, assumptions, and other information used to calculate the attachment rate,

reviewing them only to determine if they were arbitrary and capricious. See

PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 61-62.

       We emphasized that the District's exercise of discretion should be guided

by the policies set forth by the legislature in the statement of intent

accompanying the 2008 amendments to RCW 54.04.045. See PUD 1, 184 Wn.

App. at 73-74. To aid the trial court's review of the District's discretionary

exercise of authority, we provided a nonexhaustive list of examples of certain

aspects of the rate calculation over which the District retained discretion.

       First, we declared that the District retained the discretion to decide

whether to use gross expenses or net expenses when calculating the expenses

attributable to attachers. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 73. This is so, we explained,

because the language of the statute does not specifically define the term

"expenses." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 73. Additionally, we concluded that the

District's choice between the two should be guided by the statement of intent the

legislature provided with the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045. PUD 1, 184

Wn. App. at 73. In particular, we directed that the choice must be made in

accordance with the policies contained in the legislature's statement of intent "to

recognize the value of the infrastructure of locally regulated utilities" and to




                                             14
No. 77310-1-1/15


"'ensure that locally regulated utility customers do not subsidize licensees.'"21

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 73(quoting LAWS OF 2008, ch. 197, § 1).

       Second, we expounded on the District's discretion to determine "whether

to designate a portion of the pole as unusable 'safety space' and, if it does so,

whether to require the Companies to bear a share of the cost associated with the

unusable space." PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 73. We concluded that the statute

does not define that which constitutes unusable space, and that such definition is

therefore left to the District's discretion. PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 73-74. We

specifically noted that Iiinstituting a policy of not using the safety space is a

prerogative of the District both as a rate maker and as a utility operator." PUD I,

184 Wn. App. at 74.

       Third, and finally, we declared that the District retained the "discretion in

the manner in which it calculates the number of licensees that attach per pole."

PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 74. We rejected the contrary assertion by the

Companies that, as with the FCC formulas, which require rate makers to assume

that there are three attachers per pole, the District was required to assume that

there are three attachers per pole while calculating its rate pursuant to the

formula in RCW 54.04.045. PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 74. We concluded that the

District's exercise of discretion in this regard "is in harmony with the legislature's

stated intent that the amendment'ensure that locally regulated utility customers




        21 This second policy goal originates from our state constitution. Local governments and
municipal corporations are generally prohibited by our state constitution from freely giving any
money, property, or credit to private individuals or businesses. CONST. art. VII, § 7.


                                                  15
No. 77310-1-1/16


do not subsidize licensees." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 74 (quoting LAWS OF 2008,

ch. 97,§ 1).

       In sum, we provided the following direction to the trial court:

      On remand, the District must apply the statute as written to the
      relevant data, albeit subject to the discretion that was not withdrawn
      by the 2008 amendment. Only after receiving evidence and
      testimony based both on a proper application of the amended
      statute and on underlying data that, in the trial court's view, is
      worthy of being credited may the trial court determine whether the
      District's revised rates are, in addition to the other requirements
      imposed by RCW 54.04.045, "just and reasonable."

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 74-75.

                                         III

       Following our ruling in PUD I, the matter was remanded to the trial court

for a new trial on the issue of whether the District's new pole attachment rate was

in compliance with the amended version of RCW 54.04.045(3). Unsurprisingly,

the District and the Companies disputed the correct interpretation of RCW

54.04.045(3)(a) and whether the District had properly exercised its discretion

when determining what data to rely on when calculating the maximum allowable

pole attachment rate pursuant to subsection (3). Ultimately, the trial court ruled

that the District had correctly interpreted subsection (3)(a) and did not abuse its

discretion when determining what data to rely on when calculating the maximum

allowable pole attachment rate.

       At the remand trial, the District presented exhibits and testimony from the

District's general manager regarding the District's process for determining

whether its rate complied with RCW 54.04.045(3), as amended. The District's

general manager testified that, after reviewing our decision in PUD 1, he looked


                                               16
No. 77310-1-1/17


through the amended version of RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) and attempted to convert

the language of the statute to a numerical formula. Testifying specifically about

his interpretation of the space allocator component of subsection (3)(a), the

general manager explained that the space allocator component began with the

language "attributable to that portion of the pole, duct, or conduit" and continued

until the end of the paragraph. According to the general manager, this language

corresponded to a two part mathematical formula in which the parts are added

together.

       For the first part, the general manager explained that he considered the

language "that portion of the pole, duct, or conduit used for the pole attachment"

to correspond to the following mathematical formula:

                                   occupied space
                                    usable space

       For the second part, the general manager then considered the remaining

language in subsection (3)(a), "including a share of the required support and

clearance space, in proportion to the space used for the pole attachment, as

compared to all other uses made of the subject facilities and uses that remain

available to the owner or owners of the subject facilities," concluding that it

corresponded to the following mathematical formula:


             ((occupied space
                usable space )x (support and clearance space)\
                                 height of the pole


      Thus, added together, the District's proposed interpretation of the

formulaic expression of the space allocator component of subsection (3)(a) is:



                                             17
No. 77310-1-1/18


                            ((occupied space
   (occupied space)            usable space )x (support and clearance space)\
     usable space                            height of the pole


        The general manager further testified to the District's process for

determining whether its new rate was in compliance with RCW 54.04.045. He

explained how the District's board of commissioners reviewed and adopted his

interpretation of subsection (3)(a) and selected the data to rely on while

calculating the rate. The commissioners met multiple times to discuss the

District's pole attachment rate subsequent to our decision in PUD I. During these

meetings, the general manager presented his analysis of RCW 54.04.045(3) and

an analysis of the effect on the maximum allowable rate caused by relying on

different data inputs when calculating the rate, such as using either gross or net

expenses.22 The general manager made several recommendations to the

commissioners regarding the data that should be used to calculate the rate,

including a recommendation that the District be permitted to use gross expenses

and to classify the safety space as support and clearance (and therefore



          22 The board of commissioners' resolution regarding the data used to calculate the pole
attachment rate stated that
          among the data and inputs the District's General Manager considered in his
          review of the District's pole attachment rate, are, without limitation, those relating
          to: number of poles; data regarding transmission poles as well as distribution
          poles; average pole height; expected useful pole life; determination of costs
          using gross versus net numbers; average number of attachments per pole;
          usable pole space; support and clearance space; safety space as a component
          of support and clearance space; the share of the costs attachers on District poles
          should bear; carrying charge (e.g., various expenses and return on investment);
          and the General Manager has considered these types of inputs and data in light
          of the Legislature's statement of its intent in the 2008 amended statute
          recognizing the value of the District's infrastructure and ensuring that District
          utility customers do not subsidize attachers on District poles, pursuant to the
          Court of Appeals decision.
Plaintiff's Exhibit 1019, Resolution No. 1364, at 1-2.


                                                    18
No. 77310-1-1/19


unusable) space.

        At the conclusion of its meeting on November 3, 2015, the commissioners

adopted Resolution No. 1364, which accepted the general manager's

interpretation of RCW 54.04.045(3), including subsection (3)(a), accepted the

general manager's selection of data to input into the formulas set forth in RCW

54.04.045(3), and concluded that the District's pole attachment rate was below

the maximum rate permitted by the statute.

        At trial, the Companies disputed the District's evaluation of subsection

(3)(a) and asserted that the District abused its discretion when determining the

data it input into the formulas in subsections (3)(a) and (3)(b).23 According to the

Companies, the proper interpretation of all of the language of subsection (3)(a)

is:

                    ( (occupied space)
( occupied space ) l usable space x (support and clearance space)
                    +
 height of the pole                  height of the pole


The Companies further argued that this could be mathematically simplified to

produce the following formula24:

                                       (occupied space)
                                         usable space )

        The Companies also claimed that the District included inappropriate

charges in its rate calculation and misclassified the safety space as unusable




        23 The Companies did not dispute the District's interpretation of the formula set forth in
subsection (3)(b).
        24 This formula is identical to the mathematical expression of the FCC Cable formula
space allocator.


                                                     19
No. 77310-1-1/20


space. The Companies' preferred data and rate methodology resulted in a

maximum permissible rate that was significantly lower then the District's.

         The trial court ruled in favor of the District, accepting its interpretation of

subsection (3)(a) and adopting its selection of expenses and other data inputs

when calculating the pole attachment rate. Following its ruling, the trial cburt

entered supplemental findings of fact and conclusions of law on remand, findings

of fact and conclusions of law regarding plaintiff Pacific PUD's motion for

supplemental award of attorneys' fees and litigation expenses based on remand

trial, an order awarding attorneys' fees and litigation expenses based on remand

trial, and an amended and restated judgment. The trial court awarded the District

its requested damages, including prejudgment interest and attorney fees and

costs.

         The trial court rejected the Companies' interpretation of subsection (3)(a)

because, in the judge's view, the Companies wanted the court "to find that (3)(a)

is the same as the FCC Cable Formula based on their interpretation of the 'space

factor' and their formula simplification which results in (3)1(a) being the FCC Cable

formula." The trial court reasoned that "[i]f the legislature I had intended for (3)(a)

to be the FCC Cable formula, the legislature would have no need to create a

'unique'formula. Therefore, an unstrained, plain reading of(3)(a) leads one to

the logical conclusion that 3(a) is not, in its entirety, the FCC Cable formula."

         The trial court also rejected the Companies' arguments that the District

had abused its discretion while determining the data to be used when calculating

the pole attachment rate formula. The trial court found that the testimony of the



                                                20
No. 77310-1-1/21


Companies' expert witness alleging that inappropriate data and methods were

utilized to calculate the pole attachment rate was unhelpful when determining

whether the District abused its discretion because she had little to no experience

with a public utility such as the District.25

        The Companies appealed to Division Two, which transferred the matter to

us for resolution.

                                                 IV

        The Companies contend that the District abused its discretion when

selecting the inputs and data used to calculate the pole attachment rate pursuant

to RCW 54.04.045(3). Specifically, the Companies object to the District's

classification of the "safety space"26 on a utility pole as unusable space and to

the District's inclusion of a return on equity, rate of return for depreciated debt

expenses, taxes, and attorney fees as actual expenses. in response, the District

contends that it has not abused its discretion by defining the safety space as

unusable and by utilizing the aforementioned expenses to calculate its pole

attachment rate. The District has the better argument.



           25 In its supplemental findings of fact and conclusions of law on remand, the court further
explained that the Companies' expert witness had "virtually no experience with consumer-owned
utilities," "no real-world knowledge of the District's operations, other than through review of some
District documents," and that "[t]he only testimony Defendants' expert witness had ever given that
relates to pole attachments is testimony filed in 2011 with the Public Service Commission of
Utah." The trial court found that "[t]he testimony of Defendants' expert, based on private industry
standards, provided little or no guidance as to how her testimony should relate to a public utility's
discretionary authority." Additionally, the trial court found that "[w]hen Defendants' expert witness
formed her conclusions, she had not reviewed updated District documents previously provided to
Defendants' legal counsel by Plaintiff's counsel, because Defendants' counsel had not given
those documents to her." Furthermore, instead of utilizing District-specific documentation when
analyzing the District's rate calculations, the trial court found that "Defendants' expert witness
used an FCC template for her work analyzing the District's rate calculations."
          26 The safety space comprises 40 inches of space on the pole between the
communications attachments and the electrical attachments.


                                                      21
No. 77310-1-1/22


       If a municipal utility's actions "come within the purPose and object of the

enabling statute and no express limitations apply" then "the choice of means

used in operating the utility [is left] to the discretion of municipal authorities." City

of Tacoma v. Taxpayers of City of Tacoma, 108 Wn.2d 679, 695, 743 P.2d 793

(1987). Courts "limit judicial review of municipal utility choices to whether the

particular contract or action was arbitrary or capricious, or unreasonable." City of

Tacoma, 108 Wn.2d at 695 (citation omitted). This is an extremely deferential

standard of review.

       "Arbitrary and capricious" refers to "willful and unreasoning action,
       taken without regard to or consideration of the facts and
       circumstances surrounding the action. Where there is room for two
       opinions, an action taken after due consideration is not arbitrary
       and capricious even though a reviewing court may believe it to be
       erroneous."

Lane v. Port of Seattle, 178 Wn. App. 110, 126, 316 P.3d 1070 (2013)(quoting

Abbenhaus v. City of Yakima, 89 Wn.2d 855, 858-59, 576 P.2d 888 (1978)).

       In PUD I, we concluded that, in regard to setting pale attachment rates,

each public utility district "retains its preexisting discretion with regard to rate-

setting except as that discretion is restricted by the amended [RCW 54.04.045]."

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 60. Because the amended statute does not specifically

define the data and expenses that the district must use to calculate an

attachment rate, courts must defer to public utility districts when reviewing the

compilation and calculation of the data and expenses they use to calculate their

pole attachment rates. PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 61-62, 72-74. However, a public

utility district's exercise of discretion regarding the actual expenses used to

calculate the pole attachment rate must be guided by the legislature's statement


                                              22
No. 77310-1-1/23


of intent set forth in its 2008 amendment of RCW 54.04.045, including its

instructions that the rate "'recognize the value of the infrastructure of locally

regulated utilities" and "'ensure that locally regulated utility customers do not

subsidize licensees." PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 73 (quoting LAWS OF 2008, ch.

197,§ 1). So long as the District sets its rates by applying the formula set forth in

RCW 54.04.045(3), the various inputs the District uses are reviewed only to

determine whether the District acted arbitrarily and capriciously. See PUD 1, 184

Wn. App. at 61-62.

                                          A

       The Companies first contend that the District acted arbitrarily and

capriciously when it classified the safety space on its utility poles as unusable

space. This is so, they assert, because the District can and does place

attachments in the safety space. In response, the District asserts that the record

shows that it has a policy of avoiding placing attachments in the safety space and

that occasional use of the safety space by the District does not make it arbitrary
                                                           1
and capricious for the District to consider the safety space to be unusable space.

The District has the better argument.

       This issue was directly addressed in PUD I. Therein, we concluded that

the District "retains discretion to determine whether to designate a portion of the

pole as unusable 'safety space' and, if it does so, whether to require the

Companies to bear a share of the cost associated with the unusable space."

PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 73. Our decision was clear that "the legislature did not

define that which constitutes a proper share, and it did not define that which



                                              23
No. 77310-1-1/24


constitutes unusable space," and that "the absence of further definition affords
                                                           1
the District discretion to determine that which constitutes unusable space." PUD

  184 Wn. App. at 73-74. "Instituting a policy of not using the safety space is a

prerogative of the District both as a rate maker and as a Utility operator." PUD I,

184 Wn. App. at 74.

       Despite these clear directions from us, the Companies assert that the

District's discretion regarding the classification of safety space is restrained by

language in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). Specifically, the Companies assert that the

section that reads "including a share of the required support and clearance

space, in proportion to the space used for the pole attachment, as compared to

all other uses made of the subject facilities and uses thaf,remain available to the

owner or owners of the subject facilities" prohibits the District from classifying the

safety space as unusable space. RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). This is so, they assert,

because the safety space remains available for use by the District, the owner of

the utility poles, for installation of streetlights and the District's fiber and that the

District uses the space for those purposes.

       The Companies' argument completely ignores our directive that the

statute does not define that which constitutes unusable space and that such

definition is left to the District's discretion. The Companies' statutory argument

fails because, as the District has defined unusable space, something we decided

in PUD 1 that the District has the discretion to do, the safety space is unusable.

If, as here, there is some support in the record for the District's classification, it is

not "willful and unreasoning action, taken without regard to or consideration of



                                               24
No. 77310-1-1/25


the facts and circumstances surrounding the action." Abbenhaus, 89 Wn.2d at

858. Herein, the District's classification is supported by the record, which shows

that the District has established a policy of not using the safety space and taken

steps to comply with that policy. The implementation of Such a policy is "a

prerogative of the District."27 PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 74. The District did not

abuse its discretion by classifying the safety space as unusable.



        The Companies next assert that the District abused its discretion by

including numerous expenses in its calculation of the pole attachment rate and

that these inclusions resulted in an arbitrary and capricious over-allocation of

costs to the Companies. Specifically, the Companies object to the inclusion of a

return on equity, rate of return on debt expenses, taxes, and attorney fees as

actual expenses.28 In response, the District asserts that it has the discretion to

include all of these expenses because they are actual expenses of the District

and are within the bounds of the District's discretion to determine the expenses it




         27 The Companies' rather churlish protestations that they should not be required to pay
for the safety space, created to protect the safety of their own workers, see PUD I, 184 Wn. App.
at 73 n.39, because of the District's staff's failure to always comply with the District's policy not to
use the safety space, would be better directed toward the District's board of commissioners in
their supervisory role over the District's management.
         28 The Companies also object to the District's allocation of indirect costs. However, the
Companies offer no argument grounded in Washington law to support their contention that the
District has misallocated indirect costs. Instead, the Companies simply argue that the allocation
of indirect costs must be arbitrary and capricious because the indirect cost allocation is not
proportional to the allocation of capital costs and direct costs among the District's different
operations. We disregard this argument because the Companies' position is unsupported by any
legal authority or any citation to the record indicating that the District utilized inaccurate numbers.
The Companies also claim that the trial court erred by finding that the Companies conceded that
the District utilized the correct number of attachers per pole when calculating the rate. However,
the record clearly shows that the Companies withdrew their position on this issue during the
remand trial.


                                                      25
No. 77310-1-1/26


includes when calculating the pole attachment rate. Again, the District has the

better argument.

        The Companies first aver that the District is precluded from including a

return on equity as an actual expense chargeable to the Companies.29 This is

so, they assert, because RCW 54.04.045 does not explicitly permit the District to

include just compensation as a component of its pole attachment rate.3°

However, the legislature's stated intent in passing the 2008 amendments to RCW

54.04.045 was to "recognize the value of the infrastructure of locally regulated

utilities" and to "ensure that locally regulated utility customers do not subsidize

licensees." LAWS OF 2008, ch. 197,§ 1. The District's customers are functionally

equivalent to investors because they fund the construction and maintenance of

the District's utility poles, and it respects their investment in the system to charge




           29 The Companies also assert that the District's financial records did not include the
necessary information for the District to calculate a return on equity component of the pole
attachment rate. This assertion is rebutted by the record. The Distriet's general manager
testified as to how the District calculated the rate based on its financial records, specifically by
relying on its records of retained earnings as set forth in the District's balance sheet. This
balance sheet was included as a part of aggregate figures in the District's annual report to the
state auditor. The trial court obviously credited this testimony when it ruled in the District's favor
on this issue.
           39 The Companies also contend that the inclusion of a return on equity as a component of
the pole attachment rate violates RCW 54.16.330(4). This argument fails for three reasons.
First, the statute addresses the District's ability to set rates for the sale of its telecommunications
services, not pole attachment rates. Second, the Companies' referenced subsection only
prohibits the District from giving itself a discount when it uses its own telecommunications
services, it does not address the rates the District can charge other entities for other services.
RCW 54.16.330(4)("A public utility district may not charge its nontelecommunications operations
rates that are preferential or discriminatory compared to those it charges entities purchasing
wholesale telecommunications services."(emphasis added)). Third, even if RCW 54.16.330(4)
did apply to the setting of pole attachment rates, RCW 54.16.330(2) defines discriminatory rates
as "when a public utility district offering rates, terms, and conditions to an entity for wholesale
telecommunications services does not offer substantially similar rates, terms, and conditions to all
other entities seeking substantially similar services." Because the Companies seek a different
service than the District's wholesale telecommunications customers, namely to attach equipment
to utility poles rather than purchasing broadband, the District need not charge a similar rate.


                                                     26
No. 77310-1-1/27


a return on equity to third party pole attachers that make use of the publicly

financed utility poles for their private gain.31

        Furthermore, the Companies admit in their briefing that the FCC Cable

formula incorporates a return on equity. It can hardly be argued that the

legislature sought to prohibit the District from obtaining a return on equity in RCW

54.04.045(3) when, in RCW 54.04.045(4), it explicitly authorizes the District to

make use of the FCC Cable formula, which includes such a return on equity. We

therefore conclude that the District did not abuse its discretion by incorporating a

return on equity in its pole attachment rate.

        The Companies next aver that the District inappropriately included a rate

of return component for the District's depreciated debt expenses in its pole

attachment rate calculations. Citing to no authority, the Companies rely solely on

the testimony of their expert witness—testimony which was explicitly rejected by

the trial court—to assert that the District can charge a rate of return only for its

undepreciated assets. As admitted by the Companies' expert witness, this is

essentially an objection to the District's use of gross figures instead of net figures

when calculating the rate of return on debt expenses.32 However, because the

credibility of witnesses is best determined by the trier of fact, In re Disciplinary



         31 This also addresses the Companies' assertion that the District, as a nonprofit entity,
has no reason to obtain a return on equity. As the District notes in its briefing, any return on
equity received by the District can be reinvested into maintenance of the District's utility poles.
This further helps to protect the investment in the system made by the District's customers.
         32 The Companies' expert claimed that "the rate of return is only applicable on
unrecovered investment." She further explained that the "rate of return is the payment for the fact
that someone has expended money ahead of time and you are now paying back that principal
over time." The basic idea is that the Companies should not be required to pay a rate of return
based on the initial amount invested, the gross costs, because the District has recovered some of
its investment through the use of those poles, thus reducing its net costs.


                                                   27
No. 77310-1-1/28


Proceeding Against Kuvara, 97 Wn.2d 743, 747, 649 P.2d 834 (1982), and the

trier of fact herein chose not to credit this testimony, we have no basis to rely on

the testimony of the Companies' expert witness in resolving this claim of error.

        Furthermore, even if we did consider the argument raised by the

Companies' expert witness, the District's decision to incorporate a rate of return

element on depreciated debt expenses simply does not constitute arbitrary and

capricious action.33 As we previously stated in PUD 1, the use of gross or net

figures is left to the District's discretion. 184 Wn. App. at 73. That discretion is

guided by the legislature's intent that the pole attachment rate "'recognize the

value of the infrastructure of locally regulated utilities" and to "'ensure that locally

regulated utility customers do not subsidize licensees." PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at

73 (quoting LAWS OF 2008, ch. 197, § 1). The District concluded that the use of

gross costs, in this case charging a rate of return on debt expenses for all assets

instead of just undepreciated ones, resulting in a higher rate of return, is best in

keeping with these goals.34 The District's choice herein to charge a rate of return

for all assets regardless of depreciation does not run afotil of the legislature's


          33 As with many of the Companies' arguments regarding inputs, their complaint about the
District's accounting choices would more appropriately be directed toward the District's board of
commissioners. The arbitrary and capricious standard of judicial review is not a catch all
standard intended to allow courts to interfere with agency decision-making in order to forestall
any and all mistakes or perceived errors in judgment made by public,officials. Rather, it permits
courts to intervene to stop only "willful and unreasoning action, taken without regard to or
consideration of the facts and circumstances surrounding the action." Abbenhaus, 89 Wn.2d at
858. For other discretionary actions that do not constitute arbitrary and capricious conduct, the
remedy for those disapproving of choices made is at the ballot box. ,
          34 The District additionally contends that the fact that it pays no federal income tax also
justifies the higher rate of return on debt. This is irrelevant. Whether the District receives a tax
benefit for depreciation is not at issue. However, how much the District, and thus the District's
customers, should be compensated for having made the costly initial investment into the District's
utility pole system, is guided by the legislature's stated intent in RCW 54.04.045. The legislature
wished to recognize the value of the infrastructure, and charging a rate of return on all assets,
depreciated or not, recognizes that value.


                                                     28
No. 77310-1-1/29


stated intent. Thus, even were we to accept the Companies' expert witness's

testimony, we would decline to conclude that such a decision by the elected

commissioners constituted arbitrary and capricious action.

       The Companies next aver that the District improperly included taxes on its

electrical operations as an expense component of its pole attachment rate. This

is so, the Companies assert, because the taxes on the District's electrical

business are not attributable to third party telecommunications pole attachers. In

response, the District asserts that the tax expense is a component of the

District's utility pole system, and that because the Companies would have

nowhere to attach their equipment without the District's utility pole system, they

should be required to pay a share of the taxes. The District's position is

consistent with our decision in PUD I that not every expense of operating the

utility poles has to benefit attachers in order to warrant the attachers sharing in

the expense. 184 Wn. App. at 72 n.38 (concluding that a deduction in the rate

for the "cross arms" space on a pole is not required by statute even though the

cross arms do not benefit attachers). We conclude that the District's inclusion of

taxes as an expense chargeable to attachers in the pole attachment rate is in

keeping with the legislature's stated intent to value the District's infrastructure

and that the District's inclusion of tax expenses as a component of the pole

attachment rate was not arbitrary and capricious.

       Finally, the Companies contend that the District improperly included

attorney fees as an expense component of its pole attachment rate. Specifically,

the Companies assert that the District may not include litigation expenses in the



                                             29
No. 77310-1-1/30


rate because the District has been granted a partial award of attorney fees in

court, and thus the recovered fees are no longer an actual expense.

       The Companies' contention here is essentially a claim that they should

receive an offset in the rate because they will have already made payment for

some of the District's litigation expenses. Such a claim of entitlement to an offset

constitutes an avoidance, and is therefore an affirmative defense. See CR 8(c);

Locke v. City of Seattle, 133 Wn. App. 696, 713, 137 P.3d 52(2006)(holding that

jury instructions placing the burden of proof for establishing the amount of an

offset on the defendant City of Seattle were proper because an offset is "in the
                                                         1
nature of an avoidance"), aff'd, 162 Wn.2d 474, 172 P.3d 705 (2007). In such

circumstances, "[t]he burden of proof is. . . placed upon the party asserting the

avoidance or affirmative defense." Locke, 133 Wn. App. at 713 (citing Gleason v.

Metro. Mort. Co., 15 Wn. App. 481, 551 P.2d 147 (1976); Tacoma Commercial

Bank v. Elmore, 18 Wn. App. 775, 573 P.2d 798 (1977); 3A LEWIS H. ORLAND &

KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE CR 8, at 138 (4th ed.

1992)).

       The Companies do not assert that they have actually paid any of the

District's litigation expenses to date, nor do they offer anything in support of their

contention other than vague assertions that the District is double counting.

Nowhere in the record did the Companies prove that they have actually paid any

of the District's litigation expenses. Nowhere in the record did the Companies

establish a percentage of the rate sought to be charged to them as

corresponding to payments that they have already made. Nowhere in the record



                                             30
No. 77310-1-1/31

                                                             l
did they establish what amount of the District's litigation expenses that they may

be ordered to pay would impact in any quantified way the lawfulness of the rate

sought to be charged to them. In this way, they have failed to meet their burden

of proof to establish that they are entitled to an offset.

       Litigation expenses are an actual expense of the District in its effort to

conduct its utility pole operations. Including them as an expense in the pole

attachment rate was not an abuse of discretion.

                                           V

       The Companies' primary assertion on appeal is that the trial court erred by

accepting the District's interpretation of RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). Specifically, the

Companies object to the District's interpretation of the space allocator component

of the formula set forth therein. The Companies aver that the District's

interpretation improperly applies the language of the statute by interpreting the

words "the pole" to mean "usable space on the pole" without justification. In

response, the District avers that the Companies' proposed alternative, which

interprets the words "the pole" to mean "the height of the entire pole," disregards
                                                           1
our previous directive that RCW 54.04.045 sets forth a unique formula that does

not match any preexisting formulas. This is so, the District asserts, because the

Companies' proposed alternative interpretation is mathematically functionally

equivalent to the FCC Cable formula.

       A trial court's interpretation of a statute is subject to de novo review.

Landmark Dev., Inc. v. City of Roy, 138 Wn.2d 561, 569, pso P.2d 1234 (1999).

Courts must interpret a statute to effectuate the legislature's intent. Bostain v.



                                               31
No. 77310-1-1/32


Food Express, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 700, 708, 153 P.3d 846 (2007). Where the

meaning of the words of a statute are plain and not ambiguous,"we give effect to

that plain meaning as the expression of the legislature's intent." Bostain, 159

Wn.2d at 708. "Plain meaning is determined from the ordinary meaning of the

language used in the context of the entire statute in which the particular provision

is found, related statutory provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole."

Bostain, 159 Wn.2d at 708. If a statute's language is subject to more than one

reasonable interpretation, then we look to other indicia of,legislative intent.

Bostain, 159 Wn.2d at 708. A "clear and explicit statement of intent should guide

analysis of the statute as a whole." In re Custody of M.W., 185 Wn.2d 803, 814,

374 P.3d 1169(2016).

                                          A

       The District contends that the space allocator formula set forth in RCW

54.04.045(3)(a) can be mathematically depicted as:

                            /occupied space)
                                              (support and clearance space)\
  (occupied space'             usable space x
   '¼     space                            height of the pole


According to the District, this formula converts the language of subsection (3)(a)

to a mathematical formula that the District can apply as the space allocator

component of its calculation of the maximum permissible pole attachment rate

pursuant to that subsection. In response, the Companies'assert that the first
                                                           1
component of the District's formula incorrectly divides thel occupied space by the

usable space on the pole when the statutory language requires division by the

total height of the pole.


                                              32
No. 77310-1-1/33


        The Companies assert that the space allocator formula set forth in RCW

54.04.045(3)(a) is correctly mathematically depicted as:

                              /(occupied space)
( occupied space )               usable space x (support and clearance space)\
                    +
 height of the pole                           height of the pole


Furthermore, the Companies assert that this formula can be simplified to the

following equation:

                                      (occupied space\
                                        usable space

As a result, the Companies contend that subsection (3)(a) is the FCC Cable

formula.

        In response, the District avers that the Companies' simplified formula

cannot be correct because it does not reflect the words set forth in subsection

(3)(a). The District further contends that even the nonsimplified version must be

an inaccurate interpretation because it is the mathematical equivalent of the FCC

Cable formula, which, according to the District, would contradict our holding in

PUD I that RCW 54.04.045(3) sets forth a unique formula.35 We conclude that

the Companies' nonsimplified formula accurately interprets the statutory

language set forth in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a).




          35 Contrary to the District's assertion, we never held that the space allocator component
of the portion of the formula set forth in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) could not be mathematically
equivalent to the space allocator component of the FCC Cable formula. While PUD I directed the
trial court on remand to apply the "unique rate formula based on the Words of the statute," 184
Wn. App. at 72, it said nothing to the effect that subsection (3)(a) cannot produce a space
allocator component that is mathematically equivalent to the FCC Cable formula's space
allocator. By focusing on the mathematics, rather than on the words of the statute, the trial court
erroneously concluded that subsection (3)(a) must set forth a space allocator component that is
mathematically distinct from the FCC Cable formula's space allocator.


                                                    33
No. 77310-1-1/34


        The District failed to provide any analysis of the disputed statutory

language that supports the first component of its interpretation of the space

allocator formula set forth in subsection (3)(a).36 The closest the District comes

to making any sort of argument that supports its interpretation is when it asserts

that the divisor of the first part of its formula must be the usable space because it

is "the only space on the pole that third-party attachers are authorized by

National Electrical Safety Code(NESC) Rules to use." However, such an

argument fails to overcome the plain language of subsection (3)(a), which states

that the District must calculate costs that are "attributable to that portion of the

pole. . . used for the pole attachment" instead of attributable to that portion of

the usable space on the pole used for the pole attachment. RCW

54.04.045(3)(a)(emphasis added).

        The Companies point out precisely the aforementioned problem with the

District's interpretation," asserting that the first component of the space allocator


          36 Rather than offer support for its position in the statutory text, the District merely
restates, with conclusory language, that the general manager interpreted the statutory language
and that the trial court accepted this interpretation. However, the record reveals that when
questioned regarding his interpretation, the District manager was unable to articulate any reason
derived from the language of the statute for his interpretation of the words "of the pole" to mean of
the usable space on the pole. Furthermore, as we previously discussed herein, our review of the
trial court's interpretation of the statute is de novo and we owe no deference to the District's, nor
the District's general manager's, interpretation.
          37 The Companies assert two additional reasons for rejecting the District's interpretation.
First, they assert that the District's interpretation is "mathematically impossible" because it double
allocates a portion of the costs of the unusable space on the pole to the Companies. How this
makes the formula mathematically impossible, as opposed to simply a formula which allocates a
greater percentage of the costs of the pole to the Companies than they desire, is never explained.
Second, the Companies assert that we should give great weight to the WUTC's interpretation of
RCW 80.54.040, which the Companies assert has nearly identical language to RCW 54.04.045.
The Companies contend that because the WUTC has interpreted the pertinent language in RCW
80.54.040 to be the FCC Cable rate, we should construe RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) in the same
manner. This argument contrasts sharply with the Companies' position in PUD I, wherein they
correctly asserted that we should construe the language of the statute de novo without deferring
to an implementing agency's interpretation. If it is correct, and indeed it is, that we should not
defer to an agency responsible for implementing RCW 54.04.045, it is undoubtedly correct that


                                                     34
No. 77310-1-1/35


formula set forth in subsection (3)(a) must divide the occupied space by the total

height of the pole. Such an interpretation matches the directive set forth in the

statute that the pole attachment rate charge attachers for costs "attributable to

that portion of the pole . . . used for the pole attachment:: RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)

(emphasis added). We therefore conclude that the Companies' nonsimplified

formula, as set forth herein, correctly interprets the space allocator component of
                                                            1
subsection (3)(a):

                               ((occupied
 ( occupied space \                       space) x (support and clearance space)\
                                  usable space
                   )+
  height of the pole                           height of the pole




        Had they stopped with their nonsimplified formula, the Companies would

have correctly interpreted the space allocator component ofthe formula set forth

in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a). However, the Companies, not Satisfied with our ruling

in the first appeal, seek once again to have subsection (3)(a) declared to be the

FCC Cable formula. At trial, the Companies' expert witness testified that the

expanded space allocator formula that the Companies assert is set forth in RCW

54.04.045(3)(a) can be mathematically simplified to be the mathematical

representation of the space allocator component set forth by the FCC Cable

formula. Therefore, they assert, subsection (3)(a) is the FCC Cable formula. We

do not agree.




we decline to defer to a different agency's interpretation of a different statute when that agency is
not even charged with the implementation of RCW 54.04.045. We therefore reject these
arguments.


                                                     35
No. 77310-1-1/36


        In PUD 1, we noted that RCW 54.04.045(3) sets forth a unique formula

and, thus, despite some similarities to previously existing'formulas, does not

simply adopt one or more previously existing formulas. See 184 Wn. App. at 70-

71. A product of intense legislative negotiation, RCW 54.04.045(3) sets forth a

two part formula that combines half of the rate calculated by applying the words

of the statutory formula set forth in subsection (3)(a)38 with half of the rate

calculated by applying the words of the statutory formula 'set forth in subsection

(3)(b). Although there are similarities to other formulas, the language used in

these subsections is not the same as that set forth by any of the preexisting

formulas that the Companies and the District compared the statute to in PUD I,

including the FCC Cable formula.39 See 184 Wn. App. at 70-71.

        Furthermore, if the legislature had intended for subsection (3)(a) to be the

FCC Cable formula, as opposed to merely producing a mathematically equivalent

formula, it could have simply stated that the District should apply the FCC Cable

formula." See PUD 1, 184 Wn. App. at 63. However, by refusing to do so, the

legislature ensured that public utility districts utilized a mathematically equivalent

rate to the FCC Cable formula, without becoming bound to follow any federal

interpretations or rules relating to the FCC Cable formula. The legislative

process can be a delicate balancing act between competing interests, and we


         38 Or, as subsection (4) states, the District may use half of the rate calculated using the
current FCC Cable formula instead of using the formula set forth by subsection (3)(a).
         38 The Companies assert that it is the mathematical equivalency to the FCC Cable
formula that makes subsection (3)(a) the FCC Cable formula. This is directly contrary to our
directive in PUD Ito apply the words of the statute. Whether the space allocator formula
produced by the language of subsection (3)(a) is mathematically equivalent to any preexisting
space allocator formulas is irrelevant, as it is the words of the statute that are significant. See
PUD I, 184 Wn. App. at 72.
         48 As it did in subsection (4).




                                                     36
No. 77310-1-1/37


can easily envision the legislature actively avoiding shortcut references in the

language of the 2008 amendment to RCW 54.04.045 in order to avoid the

prospect of foreign judicial opinions or agency interpretations interfering with the
                                                            1
balance struck between public utility districts and those entities, such as the

Companies, who were involved in the 2008 bill's development and

implementation. Indeed, we noted a specific example of the results of such an

approach in PUD I when we explained that, while the FCC Cable formula

requires certain assumptions to be made regarding the inputs used when

calculating the pole attachment rate, no assumptions regarding inputs are

required by the formula set forth in RCW 54.04.045(3)(a)4b). See 184 Wn. App.

at 74 ("[P]ursuant to the federal formulas, the number of attachers must be

assumed to be three. However, because the formula created by the legislature is

unique, it was not incumbent on the District to assume that there were three

attachers per pole.").

       The formula set forth in subsection (3)(a) is both Mathematically

equivalent to the FCC Cable formula and distinct from the FCC Cable formula.

The legislature's decision to choose its own words to establish a rate formula

(and thereby foreclose foreign authorities from in any way acting in a manner that

would alter the balance struck by the legislature) protectslpublic utility districts

from any limitations to their discretion not specifically enumerated in the 2008
                                                             1
amendment. Similarly, it protects attachers from any rate changes not

authorized by the legislature. Thus, we reject the Companies' assertion that

RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) is the FCC Cable formula. Instead, it is what it is.



                                             37
No. 77310-1-1/38




        Although the District and the trial court erred in interpreting the language

of RCW 54.04.045(3)(a), that does not establish,that the Companies should

prevail. Because the District's and the trial court's only error was in its

interpretation of the space allocator component of the formula set forth in RCW

54.04.045(3)(a), and because we affirm the trial court's decision to credit the

District's selection of data and inputs to calculate the maximum permissible rate

pursuant to the statute, we may determine if the trial court's error herein was

harmless.'" We conclude that it was.

        "Error without prejudice is not grounds for reversal: and error is not
                                                         1
prejudicial unless it affects the case outcome." Qwest Corp. v. Wash. Utils. &

Transp. Comm'n, 140 Wn. App. 255, 260, 166 P.3d 732(2007)(citing Brown v.

Spokane County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 1, 100 Wn.2d 188, 196, 668 P.2d 571

(1983)). Where the trial court incorrectly interprets a statute, but such

misinterpretation has no effect on the outcome of the case, the error is harmless.

See Qwest, 140 Wn. App. at 259-60 (holding that trial court's failure to apply the

correct standard of review required by statute was harmless error).

        Herein, because we conclude that the District's selection of data and

inputs, credited by the trial court,42 was within the bounds of the District's


         41 Remarkably, the District declined to address this possibility in its briefing or when
specifically asked about it during oral argument. However, we "may affirm the trial court's
ultimate decision on any grounds established by the pleadings and supported by the record."
Verbeek Props., LLC v. GreenCo Envtl., Inc., 159 Wn. App. 82, 90, 246 P.3d 205 (2010).
         42 Our calculation of the maximum permissible rate pursuant to the statute is possible
because we are affirming the trial court's decision to credit the District's selection of data and
inputs. If the trial court had not credited these data and inputs, or if we concluded that resort to
any of them constituted an abuse of the District's discretion, we would not be able to calculate the
maximum permissible rate without inappropriately placing ourselves in the role of fact finder.


                                                    38
  No. 77310-1-1/39


  discretion, we can apply those data and inputs to the formula set forth in RCW

  54.04.045(3).43 Our calculations regarding the maximum permissible rate for the

' years 2008 through 2015 are set forth in the following table:44
                              2008   2009           2010      2011        2012       2013        2014   2015
   1.   Avg Cost of           678.54 690.16         717.11    726.88      736.42     746.26      764.79 795.63
        Bare Pole ($)
   2. Carrying                17.41     17.79       18.65      16.79      17.24       17.76      18.08    17.53
        Charge(%)
   3. Avg pole height         41.8      41.8        42.0      42.0        42.0       42.1        42.1     42.2
       (ft.)
   4. Total support           27.5      27.5        27.5      27.5        27.5       27.5        27.5     27.5
        and clearance
        space (ft.)
   5. Total usable            14.3      14.3        14.5      14.5        14.5        14.6       14.6     14.7
        space (ft.)
   6. Space                   1.0        1.0        1.0        1.0        1.0         1.0        1.0      1.0
        Occupied (ft.)
   7. RCW                     0.07      0.07        0.07      0.07        0.07       0.07        0.07     0.07
        54.04.045(3)(a)
        space allocator
        component
   8.   Maximum               8.27      8.59        9.36      8.54        8.89       9.28        9.68     9.76
        permissible rate
        per subsection
       (3)(a)($)
   9. Maximum                 33.08     34.38       36.11     32.95       34.28      35.78       37.33    37.66
        permissible rate
        per subsection
       (3)(b)($)
   10. Maximum                20.68     21.49       22.74     20.75       21.59      22.53       23.51    23.71
        permissible rate
        per RCW
        54.04.045(3)
       ($)

           43 The data and inputs we rely on herein are drawn from Plaintiff's Exhibit 1033, which is
  attached to this opinion as Appendix A.
           44 The following details provide an explanation of the data contained in the table. First,
  the data in rows 1 through 6 and row 9 are copied verbatim from Plaintiffs Exhibit 1033. Rows 1
  and 2 set forth the amount of the average cost of a bare pole and the carrying charge. These
  inputs reflect the capital and operating expenses of the District regarding their utility poles. Rows
  3 through 6 provide the data utilized by the District regarding the height of their utility poles and
  the classification of space on the pole. Row 9 sets forth the District's calculation of the maximum
  permissible pole attachment rate pursuant to RCW 54.04.045(3)(b). Because the District
  correctly interpreted subsection (3)(b) and utilized appropriate data and inputs we do not need to
  recalculate the maximum permissible rate pursuant to subsection (3)(b). Row 7 contains the
  space allocator component obtained as a result of applying the District's data to the formula set
  forth by RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) as discussed above, rounded to the nearest one hundredth (the


                                                       39
No. 77310-1-1/40


       In each year, the maximum permissible rate (row 10) is higher than the

District's rate of $19.70. Therefore, the trial court's failure to properly apply the

space allocator component of the formula set forth by RCW 54.04.045(3)(a) did

not materially affect the outcome of the trial. The trial court's error was harmless

because the District's rate is in compliance with the statute as properly applied.

                                             VI

       The District also seeks affirmance of its award of attorney fees from the

first trial in addition to subsequent awards granted by the trial court and an award

of its fees and costs incurred in this appeal. Because the District's contracts with

the Companies provide for an award of attorney fees when the District is the

prevailing party, and because the District is the prevailing party, the District is

entitled to an award of fees.

       Whether there is a legal basis for awarding attorney fees is reviewed de

novo, but a discretionary decision to award fees and        expenses, and the
reasonableness of such an award, is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

Gander v. Yeager, 167 Wn. App. 638, 647, 282 P.3d 1100 (2012).

       "Washington follows the American rule 'that attorney fees are not

recoverable by the prevailing party as costs of litigation unless the recovery of

such fees is permitted by contract, statute, or some recognized ground in
                                                          L
equity." Panorama Vill. Condo. Owners Ass'n Bd. of Dirs. v. Allstate Ins. Co.,

144 Wn.2d 130, 143,26 P.3d 910(2001)(quoting McGreevy v. Or. Mut. Ins. Co.,



same rounding as performed by the District in Plaintiff's Exhibit 1033). Row 8 sets forth the
maximum permissible rate pursuant to RCW 54.04.045(3)(a), and row 10 sets forth the maximum
permissible rate pursuant to RCW 54.04.045(3).


                                                  40
No. 77310-1-1/41


128 Wn.2d 26, 35 n.8, 904 P.2d 731 (1995)). This rule requires, initially, that a

party must prevail in order to receive an attorney fee award. "In general, a

prevailing party is one who receives an affirmative judgment in his or her favor."

Riss v. Angel, 131 Wn.2d 612, 633, 934 P.2d 669 (1997). "Contractual

provisions awarding attorney fees to the prevailing party also support an award of

appellate attorney fees." City of Puyallup v. Hogan, 168 Wn. App. 406, 430, 277

P.3d 49(2012). In PUD 1, we concluded that "in the event that the District

prevails on remand, the award of expenses [from the first trial] should not be

disturbed." 184 Wn. App. at 86.

       The District is the prevailing party on appeal and, as we explained in PUD

I, the District's contracts with the Companies, on which it brought this lawsuit,

provide for the recovery of attorney fees. See 184 Wn. App. at 82-87.

Accordingly, the District is entitled to its award of fees froM the first trial, its

awards of fees and costs subsequent to the first trial, as reflected in the amended

and restated judgment, and an award of fees and costs for this appeal.

       In summary, we (1) affirm the trial court's ruling that the District did not

abuse its discretion while selecting the data and inputs tol utilize when calculating

the maximum permissible pole attachment rate pursuant to RCW 54.04.045(3),

(2) reverse the trial court's ruling incorrectly interpreting RCW 54.04.045(3)(a),

and (3) affirm the judgment and award the District its fees and costs on appeal.

Upon the District's compliance with RAP 18.1, a commissioner of our court will

enter an appropriate order awarding fees and costs.




                                               41
No. 77310-1-1/42


      The judgment is affirmed.




                                  42
   •                                                                                        Pacific County PUP #2
                                                                                  Pole Attachment Rate Model per RCW 54.04.045
                                                                                                Rate Computation
                                                                                                    2007-2015
                                                                                                                                                                                                Exhibit 1
 RATE CALCULATION - 2007 thru 2015 - Gross

 POLE & ATTACHMENT DATA                                             2015        2014         2013           2012            2011            2010               2009              2008           2007

(I) Number of Poles                                                   9,460       9,549        9,586            9,636           9,667            9,704           9,662            9,684           9,784


(2) Average Number of Attachments(Contacts/Pole)I                       2.61        2.61         2.61             2.61            2.61            2.61             2.61             2.61             2.61

(3) Space Occupied by One Attachment                                  1.00 ft     1.00 ft      1.00 ft          1.00 ft         1.00 ft          1.00 ft         1.00 ft          1.00 ft          1.00 ft


(4) Average Cost ofBare Pole2                                   $    795.63 $    764.79 $     746.26 $         736.42 $        726.88 $         717.11 $        690.16 $ 678.54 $ 655.00


(5) Carrying Charge                                                  17.53%      18.08%       17.76%           17.24%          16.79%           18.65%          17.79%            17.41%         16.74%
                                                                                                                                                 _
                                                                                                                                           --
 ASSIGNABLE & COMMON SPACE PER POLE

(6) Average Pole Height                                               42.2 ft     42.1 ft      42.1 ft          42.0 ft         42.0 ft         42.0 ft          41.8 ft          41.8 ft         41.7 ft
            I
    Underground Pole(10% + 2')                                         6.2 ft      6.2 ft       6.2 ft           6.2 ft          6.2 ft          6.2 ft           6.2 ft           6.2 ft          6.2 ft
    Ground Clearance(per NESC)                                        18.0 ft     18.0 ft      18.0 ft          18.0 ft         18.0 ft         18.0 ft          18.0 ft          18.0 ft         18.0 ft
    Safety Space(per NESC)                                             3.3 ft      33 ft        3.3 ft           3.3 ft          3.3 ft          33 ft            3.3 ft           3.3 ft          3.3 ft
(7) Total Support & Clearance Space                                   27.5 ft     27.5 ft      27.5 ft          27.5 ft         27.5 ft         27.5 ft          27.5 ft          27.5 ft         27.5 ft

(X) Total Usable Space                                                14.7 ft     14.6 It      14.6 ft          14.5 ft         14.5 ft         14.5 ft          143 ft           14.3 ft         14.2 ft


POLE ATTACHMENT RATE

(s) Space Factor(RCW 54.04.045 3A)4                                    0.11        0.11         0.11             0.11            0.11            0.11             0.12             0.12            0.12


(to) Space Factor(RCW 54.04.045 3B)5                                   0.27        0.27         0.27             0.27            0.27            0.27             0.28             0.28            0.28

     Maximum Attachment Rate per 3A 6                           $     15.34 $     15.21 $      14.58 S          13.97 S         13.42 S          14.71 $         14.73 $          14.18 $         13.16

     Maximum Attachment Rate per 3B 7                           $     37.66 S     37.33 $ . 35.78 $             34.28 S         32.95 S         36.11 $          34.38 S          33.08 S         30.70

     Rate per RCW (1/2 of3A + 1/2 of3B)                         $    26.50 $     26.27 $      25.18 $          24.13 $        23.19 $           25.41      $    24.56 $ 23.63 $ 21.93


   I. Based on sample from pole inventory
  2. (Investment in Poles)/(Total No. ofPoles), see Exhibit 3                                                                                                              Ili              5      26.27
  3. See Exhibit 2                                                                                                                                                         Lo               $      21.93
  4.[(3)+ MI+ i[(3)+(5)1x(7)*(6))                                                                                                                                          Avg              S      24.29
  5. ((3)+[(7)+(2)l) +(6)
  6.(9)•(4)•(5)
  7.(IR)•(4)•(5)




                                                                                                    1VAIBlitidlill/serhomelmarkhkPole ContactilawSuinemand\2013 Rate UpdatelPacitie PUD Pole Attachment
