             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS
                                          NO. AP-77,076



                              BILLY JOEL TRACY, Appellant

                                                  v.

                                    THE STATE OF TEXAS

                ON DIRECT APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 15F0677-102
                   IN THE 102ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
                               BOWIE COUNTY

      K ELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K EASLER, H ERVEY ,
R ICHARDSON, Y EARY, N EWELL, K EEL and S LAUGHTER, JJ., joined. W ALKER, J.
concurred.

       In 2015, while he was incarcerated in a penal institution, Appellant killed Correctional

Officer Timothy Davison. For this, a jury convicted Appellant of capital murder.1 In accord with

the jury’s answers to the special issues, the trial court sentenced him to death.2 In his direct appeal



       1
           See TEX . PENAL CODE § 19.03(a)(5)(A).
       2
           See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 37.071 § 2(b), (e), and (g). Unless otherwise indicated,
all future references to Articles refer to the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
                                                                                       TRACY - 2


to this Court,3 Appellant raises fourteen points of error. After reviewing them, we find them to be

without merit. Consequently, we shall affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                    STATEMENT OF FACTS

                                          A. Background

       Appellant began his life of crime at age seventeen. His arrest for a number of offenses led

to a three year prison sentence for retaliation in 1995. Over the next twenty years, most of which he

spent in prison, his offenses became more brutal.

       One night in 1998, Appellant entered the home of an acquaintance, Kasey Kuhn, through an

open window and demanded that she have sex with him. Biting and hitting him, Kuhn refused.

Appellant covered her face with a pillow and choked her until he thought she was dead. Once she

lost consciousness, Appellant dropped her out of her window, put her in his car, and began driving

around. When Kuhn regained consciousness, Appellant pulled the car over and beat her until she

lost consciousness again. He then pulled her out of the car and dragged her into the woods.

       Police Officer Paul Britt noticed Appellant’s car on the side of the road, found the situation

suspicious, and investigated. As he got out of his car, Officer Britt heard “help me help me.” He

saw Appellant on the ground by the car with blood on his hands and believed that he was drunk.

Officer Britt pulled his weapon and approached Appellant. Appellant ran away and, while evading

arrest, broke into and hid in a number of homes. He took cash and jewelry from some of the homes.

       After Appellant ran off, Officer Britt noticed Kuhn, who was covered in blood and appeared

to have had her throat slit. Kuhn was transported to the hospital where she was treated for injuries



       3
           TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 37.071 § 2(h).
                                                                                        TRACY - 3


that included a broken orbital bone, broken nose, and lost teeth. She underwent surgery to have a

plate put in the left side of her face to hold the bones together. Kuhn, sixteen at the time of the

assault, suffered debilitating migraines and permanent injury to her vision.

        While awaiting trial on these charges, Appellant was involved in a number of incidents at the

Rockwall County Jail. He threw feces and urine at corrections officers, threatened inmates and

officers, attacked other inmates, and was found in possession of contraband. He was considered by

one law enforcement officer to be “the most difficult inmate he ever had to deal with.” Appellant

also attempted to escape from the jail. He slipped his handcuffs off, took an officer’s gun, pointed

it at officers, and fired two shots that, fortunately, missed the officers.

        Appellant was convicted of aggravated assault, assault on a public servant, and several counts

of burglary of a habitation. He was sentenced to life in prison and sent to the Allred Unit of the

Texas Department of Corrections.

        While at the Allred Unit, Appellant committed twenty-seven assaults on staff members,

threatened to kill correctional officers, threw darts at guards from his cell, and was caught in

possession of contraband so often that his cell was searched every four hours. His behavior was so

erratic and non-compliant that pepper spray and other chemical agents were used numerous times

to subdue him. Appellant converted a welding rod into a shank and stabbed a guard in the shoulder,

which resulted in his transfer to the Clements Unit.

        There, in 2005, Appellant attacked Officer Katie Stanley with a piece of metal that had been

fashioned into a shank. He stabbed Stanley seven times, kicked her in the head, and lifted her up in

an unsuccessful attempt to throw her over the railing of the third floor. A video of this assault was
                                                                                        TRACY - 4


created to show to new correctional officers during training. Appellant pleaded guilty to aggravated

assault with a deadly weapon on a public servant, aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury

on a public servant, and possession of a deadly weapon in a penal institution. He received a forty-

five year sentence and was transferred to the Robertson Unit.

       Appellant’s behavioral issues continued.       He was frequently found in possession of

contraband such as needles, homemade screwdrivers, protractors, sandpaper, razor blades, and

sharpened pieces of metal. He also tampered with a lock and threatened corrections officers. In

2009, Appellant attacked Officer Brian Lomas with a weapon fashioned from razor blades.

Appellant slashed the razor blades across Lomas’s face, resulting in injuries that required over 200

stitches. Appellant received a ten year sentence for assault on a public servant and was transferred

to the Hughes Unit.

       At the Hughes Unit, Appellant was found in possession of contraband. He defeated the

facility’s x-ray machine, the purpose of which is to detect material coming into the prison, by hiding

contraband between two legal mail folders and using tape to deflect detection. In 2014, officers

noticed Appellant and two other inmates spending a significant amount of time together and

speaking in Spanish. An interpreter determined that they were discussing a plan to escape. Officers

separated them and searched their cells; they found sandpaper, saw blades, a homemade dremel tool,

and other contraband in Appellant’s cell. Officers discovered that the inmates had used the tools to

cut through metal bars in the recreation area to facilitate the escape, and then painted over the cuts

to conceal them. After this escape attempt, Appellant was transferred to the Telford Unit.
                                                                                       TRACY - 5


                                        B. Instant Offense

       On July 15, 2015, Timothy Davison was employed at the Telford Unit as a correctional

officer. He worked in the section of administrative segregation housing to which Appellant was

assigned. Davison’s murder, as well as the events leading up to and after the murder, were captured

on prison surveillance cameras.

       Appellant was escorted by a correctional officer to recreation, where he spent his time

stretching in preparation for his assault on Officer Davison. Appellant was then escorted back to his

cell by Officer Davison. Davison was equipped with chemical pepper spray and a metal slot bar used

by guards to open cell doors and food tray slots. The slot bar was a solid metal bar with a pipe-like

handle and a flat piece of metal at the end. As Appellant was escorted back to his cell, he

manipulated his hand restraints and placed them both on his right wrist. When Officer Davison

opened Appellant’s cell door, Appellant struck him with his fists until Davison was knocked to the

floor. During this attack, Officer Davison’s metal slot bar fell to the ground. Appellant picked it

up, straddled Davison, and struck him in the head and face with it until he became incapacitated.

Appellant continued to strike Davison with the metal bar after he lost consciousness.

       Appellant then removed the chemical pepper spray from Officer Davison’s belt, grabbed him

by his legs, and threw him down the staircase. Appellant threw the slot bar down the stairs and

sprayed the pepper spray towards Officer Davison before walking back to his cell and closing the

door behind him. DNA analysis of evidence collected at the scene, including the slot bar and one

of Appellant’s shoes, resulted in a finding of a mixture profile that was 3.24 sextillion times more

likely to be DNA from Officer Davison and Appellant than two unrelated, unknown individuals.
                                                                                           TRACY - 6


        Officer Davison was transported via helicopter to a local hospital. Shortly after his arrival,

he was pronounced dead.

        The State’s case at trial relied primarily on the testimony of guards who either witnessed the

incident or responded to provide help afterwards. After the offense, an extraction team was formed

to remove Appellant from his cell, conduct a strip search, place him in hand restraints, and, if

necessary, use chemicals to force compliance. After initial resistance, Appellant complied with the

extraction team’s orders and was placed in a separate holding cell.

        In the holding cell, Appellant made numerous comments to corrections officers about how

the prison staff were “stupid” for not having a lieutenant guard his cell and that this is “just what [he]

does.” He told one guard “yeah I beat [Officer Davison’s] ass why do you care it’s not like y’all are

friends,” and said that “maybe next time” it would be another guard. Appellant claimed that he

could hurt anyone in prison any time he wanted. Officers at trial described Appellant as extremely

violent, unpredictable, manipulative, problematic, and resistant to authority.

        After finding Appellant guilty of capital murder, the jury deliberated for one hour before

returning with a verdict answering “yes” to special issue number one and “no” to special issue

number two. The judge sentenced Appellant to death.

                                  HYBRID REPRESENTATION

        In his first point of error, Appellant claims the trial court committed structural error by

denying his request for hybrid representation in violation of the Texas Constitution. Appellant filed

numerous pro se pretrial motions. At a pretrial hearing, the trial court said that Appellant was not

entitled to hybrid representation and refused to rule on any of the pro se motions that appointed
                                                                                          TRACY - 7


counsel had not reviewed.

        Appellant relies on the Texas Constitution, which grants an accused “the right of being heard

by himself or counsel, or both.”4 In his brief, he acknowledges that precedent would indicate that

the trial court’s ruling was correct. He claims, however, that his case is distinguishable from

precedent because it involves pretrial motions rather than trial proceedings. Appellant claims that

in prior cases, hybrid representation was disallowed because of the possibility of chaos and confusion

in front of the jury, and pretrial motions do not pose that threat. He also claims that the trial court’s

ruling was in error because “death is different.”

        While it is true that hybrid representation can cause chaos and confusion, that is not the

reason that it is disallowed in Texas. In the opinion on rehearing in Landers v. State,5 this Court

explained the historical underpinnings of the Texas constitutional provision at issue. In short, the

constitutional right of a defendant to be heard by himself was instituted to assure that defendants

have the right to testify.6 And the right to be heard by counsel was intended to do away with the

rules that denied representation, in whole or in part, by counsel in criminal prosecutions.7 Article

1, Section 10 was not intended to encompass the right to self-representation as delineated in Faretta

v. California.8 For the same reason, Appellant’s argument that death penalty cases require hybrid



        4
            TEX . CONST . ART I, § 10.
        5
            550 S.W.2d 272, 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).
        6
            Id. at 277.
        7
            Id. (quoting Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 465 (1942)).
        8
            422 U.S. 806 (1975).
                                                                                         TRACY - 8


representation also lacks merit. The trial court did not err in disregarding the pretrial pro se motions

presented by Appellant.9 His first point of error is overruled.

                                 MOTION TO CHANGE VENUE

        In his second issue, Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to change

venue. Appellant contends there was excessive and prejudicial pretrial publicity in Bowie County,

and that the Telford Unit, where Officer Davison was employed, is an important economic entity in

Bowie County, creating a likelihood that a fair and impartial trial would be impossible.

        A change of venue may be granted if the defendant establishes that “there exists in the county

where the prosecution is commenced so great a prejudice against him that he cannot obtain a fair and

impartial trial.”10 Where a defendant seeks a change of venue based on media attention, he must

show that the publicity was “pervasive, prejudicial, and inflammatory.”11 Widespread publicity by

itself is not considered inherently prejudicial.12     A defendant must demonstrate “an actual,

identifiable prejudice attributable to pretrial publicity on the part of the community from which

members of the jury will come.”13

        We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion for change of venue for an abuse of




       9
             See Robinson v. State, 240 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
       10
             TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 31.03.
        11
             Gonzalez v. State, 222 S.W.3d 446, 449 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
        12
             Renteria v. State, 206 S.W.3d 689, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
       13
             DeBlanc v. State, 799 S.W.2d 701, 704 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
                                                                                      TRACY - 9


discretion.14 The trial court’s decision to deny a motion to change venue will be upheld as long as

it falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement.15 The two primary means of discerning whether

publicity is pervasive are a hearing on the motion to change venue and the testimony of

veniremembers at voir dire.16

       Appellant filed a motion to change venue accompanied by two affidavits. The State

responded to the motion and attached affidavits to its response. At a hearing on the motion,

Appellant called Brent McQueen, a fact investigator for the defense. McQueen testified to media

coverage of the case by print and digital newspapers and social media platforms. He testified to the

presence of online comments made by correctional facility employees and other residents of Bowie

County on the various social media and blog posts referring to or sharing the articles covering the

case. On cross-examination by the State, McQueen acknowledged that he could not estimate the

number of people who had seen or read the articles about which he testified or the number of

residents of Bowie County who receive the newspapers. McQueen acknowledged that the facts

reported in the articles accurately depicted the incident between Appellant and Officer Davison.

       The State called Bowie County Judge James Carlow to testify. Judge Carlow testified that

there are nearly 100,000 residents in Bowie County and none had contacted him about Appellant’s

case. Judge Carlow testified that he believed Appellant could receive a fair and impartial trial in

Bowie County, that there was not excessive prejudicial opinion among the citizens of Bowie County



       14
            Freeman v. State, 340 S.W.3d 717, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
       15
            Id.
       16
            Gonzalez, 222 S.W.3d at 449.
                                                                                      TRACY - 10


towards the Appellant, and that the news coverage was not prejudicial or inflammatory.

       The State also called Bowie County Precinct Two Commissioner, Tom Whitten.

Commissioner Whitten testified that he was the elected official to speak on behalf of and represent

the people of precinct two. He said that he had been asked no questions concerning Appellant or the

case. Commissioner Whitten agreed with Judge Carlow that the articles did not constitute

prejudicial or inflammatory publicity that would prevent Appellant from receiving a fair trial in

Bowie County.

       Testimony at the hearing supports the conclusion that the media coverage was not extensive,

inflammatory, or prejudicial. Although there were a number of print and digital newspaper articles

and social media posts relating to the case, there was no estimate of how many people in Bowie

County actually received or read those articles. A large part of the testimony related to comments

made on the articles online, shares on personal Facebook pages, and other reactions on social media

pages such as “likes” in response to the articles being posted online. But testimony also showed that

many of the people commenting, posting, and responding to the articles were not even Bowie County

residents, and would not be in the jury pool.

       Furthermore, news stories that are accurate and objective in their coverage are generally

considered by this Court not to be prejudicial or inflammatory.17 Appellant complains of articles that

accurately depict the incident in which Officer Davison was killed. They are not, viewed as a whole,

inflammatory and prejudicial.

       The media coverage was not pervasive, prejudicial, or extensive, and it did not permeate the



       17
            Gonzales, 222 S.W.3d at 451; Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d 35, 46 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
                                                                                          TRACY - 11


Bowie County community to such an extent that a fair and impartial trial would be impossible. The

trial judge acted within the zone of reasonable disagreement in denying the motion to change venue

based on the presence of media coverage.

          Appellant argues that, not only was there extensive, prejudicial media coverage of the case,

but also the Telford Unit is an integral part of the Bowie County economy and consequently “the

murder of a guard is a vast interest of concern to the population of the county.” At the hearing, it

was noted that there are approximately 100,000 residents of Bowie County and the Telford Unit has

approximately 700 employees. The number of employees at the Telford Unit represents less than

one percent of Bowie County’s residents. It was further shown that a large part of the jury pool for

Bowie County live in the Texarkana area, so those summoned would not necessarily live near the

prison.

          The record supports the trial court’s finding that Appellant could receive a fair trial in Bowie

County. We hold that the trial court was within its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion to

change venue. His second point of error is overruled.

                                     DEATH PENALTY ISSUES

          Appellant’s third through seventh points of error are constitutional challenges to the Texas

death penalty scheme. In his third point of error, Appellant asserts that the “10-12 Rule” in Article

37.071 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments

of the United States Constitution by creating a risk of arbitrary imposition of the death penalty,

failing to provide clear instructions to the jury when they reach an impasse in answering the special
                                                                                          TRACY - 12


issues, and preventing attorneys from effectively conducting voir dire related to jury deadlocks.18

In his fourth point of error, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to preclude the death

penalty as a sentencing option and hold Article 37.071 unconstitutional under Ring v. Arizona.19

Specifically, Appellant argues that his indictment is defective because it did not allege that he would

be a future danger or that there were not sufficient facts and circumstances to militate that a life

sentence be imposed rather than a death sentence. In his fifth point of error, Appellant argues the

trial court erred in denying his motion to hold article 37.071 sections 2(e) and (f) unconstitutional

because they fail to require the jury to consider mitigation in answering the special issue questions.

In his sixth point of error, Appellant argues the Texas death penalty statute is unconstitutional

because of the jury’s inability to predict future dangerousness. In his seventh point of error,

Appellant argues that the definition of “mitigating evidence” in Article 37.071 is unconstitutional

as applied because it imposes a “nexus limitation” in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments of the United States Constitution. We have previously rejected all of these claims, and

Appellant raises nothing new to persuade us to reconsider them.20 Appellant’s points of error three

through seven are overruled.




        18
             TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 37.071.
        19
             536 U.S. 584 (2002).
        20
           See Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 295-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Williams v. State,
301 S.W.3d 675, 694 (2009); Busby v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Sells
v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 767-68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 13 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998); Raby v. State, 970 S.W.2d 1, 6-9 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Cantu v. State, 939
S.W.2d 627, 648-49 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Shannon v. State, 942 S.W.2d 591, 599-601 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996).
                                                                                       TRACY - 13


                                           JURY ISSUES

       In points of error eight through fourteen, Appellant argues the trial court erroneously denied

his challenges for cause to veniremembers Rose, Daniel, Shippey, McDonald, Montanelli, Cross,

and Brock. He says that when a member of the venire in a death penalty case would automatically

answer one or more of the special issues in the affirmative, he is challengeable for cause. He

contends that these veniremembers were challengeable for cause for that reason, and even if they

vacillated in their answers to some degree, the record taken as a whole reflects that they would

automatically answer the special issues in a way that would result in a sentence of death.

       Appellant used his fifteen statutorily-allotted peremptory challenges. He requested three

more peremptory challenges, two of which were granted. Appellant’s request for an eighteenth

peremptory strike was denied and, as a result, an allegedly objectionable juror was seated as the

twelfth juror.

       Appellant challenged each of the complained-of veniremembers for cause at the conclusion

of each individual voir dire. The trial judge denied these challenges for cause. Appellant used a

peremptory challenge on all of the complained-of veniremembers. He argues that the trial judge

erred in denying his challenges for cause against these seven veniremembers.

       A veniremember is challengeable for cause if (among other reasons) he has a bias in favor

of or against the defendant or a bias or prejudice against any of the laws applicable to the case upon

which the state or defense is to rely.21 The test is whether the bias or prejudice would substantially

impair the prospective juror’s ability to carry out his oath and follow instructions in accordance with


       21
         TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 35.16(a)(9), (b)(3), & (c)(2); Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d
738, 744-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
                                                                                        TRACY - 14


the law.22 Before a prospective juror can be excused for cause on this basis, the law must be

explained to him and he must be asked whether he can follow that law regardless of his personal

views.23 The proponent of a challenge for cause has the burden of establishing that the challenge is

proper, and he does not meet this burden until he has shown that the veniremember understood the

requirements of the law and could not overcome his prejudice well enough to follow the law.24

        We review a trial court’s ruling on a challenge for cause with considerable deference because

the trial judge is in the best position to evaluate a veniremember’s demeanor and responses.25 When

a veniremember’s answers in voir dire are ambiguous, vacillating, unclear, or contradictory,

particular deference is given to the trial court’s decision.26 We look at the entire record to determine

whether there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s ruling.27 A trial judge’s ruling on a

challenge for cause may be reversed only for a clear abuse of discretion.28

        When a trial judge errs in overruling a challenge for cause against a veniremember, the

defendant is harmed if he uses a peremptory strike to remove the veniremember and thereafter




       22
             Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 744.
        23
             Id.
        24
             Id. at 747; Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d 274, 295-97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
        25
             Gardner, 306 S.W.3d at 296.
        26
             Id.
       27
             Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 744.
        28
             Gardner, 306 S.W.3d at 296.
                                                                                      TRACY - 15


suffers a detriment from the loss of the strike.29    An appellant must show that the trial court

erroneously denied a number of defense challenges for cause equal to at least one more than the

additional peremptory challenges in order to show that he was wrongfully deprived of the use of at

least one of his allotted peremptory challenges.30 Because Appellant was granted two extra

peremptory challenges in addition to the fifteen allotted by statute, he must establish that the trial

court erred in denying at least three of his challenges for cause to demonstrate harm.31

                                      A. Veniremember Rose

       Regarding someone who has been convicted of capital murder, Appellant points to Rose’s

statement that, “I don’t believe the State should feed them, take care of them,” and that a murderer

ought to be executed. Rose also said he favored the death penalty over a life sentence, but he wasn’t

positive that he could not agree with a life sentence. He also agreed that the death penalty would be

the only appropriate punishment if he thought it was the best thing for the general public.

       But during the State’s voir dire, Rose said that he could take mitigating evidence into

consideration in addressing the special issues. He agreed that he could wait until all the evidence

was introduced at each phase of the trial before deciding whether the defendant was guilty, whether

he was a future danger, or whether a sentence of life without parole or death should be imposed.

Rose said: “Depending on the evidence, I could do life. I could do death. It depends on the

evidence.”



       29
            Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 744.
       30
            Escamilla v. State, 143 S.W.3d 814, 821 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
       31
            Id.
                                                                                      TRACY - 16


       DEFENSE: . . . Would you think always that the death sentence would be
       appropriate, or could you consider that a life [sentence] might be appropriate?

       ROSE: I’d go back to the mitigating evidence. . . if you had certain mitigating
       evidence, I might say life without parole . . .

       DEFENSE: You lean toward death?

       ROSE: Yes.

       DEFENSE: But you are open to life?

       ROSE: I am open, yes.

       DEFENSE: Considering what the mitigating circumstances might be?

       ROSE: Yes.

       The State again addressed the issue, asking Rose whether he would wait to be instructed on

the law and listen to the evidence before he rendered a verdict or answered the special issues. Rose

again said yes, he would be open-minded to the possibility of mitigating evidence and would have

to be convinced that the defendant was deserving of a death sentence rather than a life sentence.

       Rose repeatedly said that he was open to considering mitigating evidence during the

punishment phase of the trial, and that if the circumstances warranted a life without parole sentence,

he would impose one. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Appellant’s challenge

for cause. Point of error number eight is overruled.

                                     B. Veniremember Daniel

       In answer to various questions on the juror questionnaire, Daniel indicated that she was pro-

death penalty, she believed the death penalty is used too seldom in Texas, and she believed in the

Biblical idea of “an eye for an eye,” whereby a murderer who takes an innocent life should therefore

forfeit his own. In various other statements, Daniel discussed her opposition to financially
                                                                                    TRACY - 17


supporting defendants in prison who make excuses for killing somebody.

       During individual voir dire, the State and the defense explained the law to Daniel, and she

repeatedly asserted that she could follow the law. Though her answers to the juror questionnaire

demonstrated a pro-death penalty attitude, once the law was explained to her, she agreed she would

follow the law. After numerous pointed questions from both the State and the defense regarding her

ability to follow the law, the following exchange occurred:

       DANIEL: I am not going to make a definite decision on anything. I do not know this
       gentleman. I do not know the circumstances around this case, and I would not
       automatically say give him the death penalty without hearing the facts. I would not
       do that . . .

       DEFENSE: . . . can you still consider the mitigat[ing evidence]?

       DANIEL: Yes.

       The trial judge said that though Daniel initially vacillated in her answers regarding special

issue number two, after the law was explained to her, her answers were as a prospective juror’s

should be. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Appellant’s challenge for cause

against veniremember Daniel. Point of error number nine is overruled.

                                   C. Veniremember Shippey

       Shippey’s answers to the juror questionnaire indicated a strongly favorable attitude toward

the death penalty. He stated on his questionnaire that he would vote in favor of giving the death

penalty in a case where the law allowed him to do so, and, when asked whether in some cases a life

sentence rather than death would be appropriate, he answered no.

       But after the law was explained to him, he repeatedly asserted that he would be able to set

aside his personal views and follow the law and the instructions of the judge. Defense counsel
                                                                                        TRACY - 18

brought up Shippey’s answers to the juror questionnaire during his individual voir dire, and Shippey

said that his answers to the questionnaire would have been different if he answered the questions

after the explanation of the law during voir dire. Specifically, Shippey said: “I’m obviously pro-

death penalty, or in favor of the death penalty as being an option . . . but to give that death penalty,

then, yes, I would want to weigh the options of what . . . the specifics of the case are.”

        The trial judge also clarified the differences between Shippey’s answers to the juror

questionnaire and to questions in voir dire in the following exchange at the conclusion of the State’s

and defense’s voir dire:

        COURT: You pretty well told me you can sit and listen to the evidence. You can
        listen to the evidence to find whether he’s guilty or not guilty of the offense. You can
        answer special issue number one yes or no. You said you could. Could you listen
        to the mitigation evidence and make that decision after you’ve answered all those
        properly, I think you’ve always said, yes, I’ll wait and hear it. But when they’re
        reading the answers to some of your questions, the fact that you may believe in the
        death penalty kind of bleeds over into some of those answers. . . . Do your views on
        the death penalty prevent or substantially impair your ability to follow my
        instructions and to hear the evidence?

        SHIPPEY: No, sir.

        COURT: So you can set aside your views on the death penalty, listen to the
        evidence, and follow the instructions I give you?

        SHIPPEY: Yes, sir.

        Because Shippey agreed that he could set aside his views on the death penalty and follow the

law, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Appellant’s challenge for cause. Point

of error number ten is overruled.

                                    D. Veniremember McDonald

        Appellant contends that McDonald should have been excused for cause in light of her pro-
                                                                                        TRACY - 19

death penalty view, her indication that she would automatically answer “yes” to special issue number

one, and her inability to consider mitigating evidence. When asked on the juror questionnaire

whether a person could be considered a continuing threat based on what they did one time,

McDonald answered “yes,” and whether a life sentence would sometimes be the appropriate sentence

for a defendant convicted of capital murder, McDonald checked “no.” After the State explained the

law to her, she agreed that a life sentence could be appropriate in certain fact scenarios, but she said

that she would have to wait and listen to both sides.

        Defense counsel questioned McDonald further regarding whether she would give an

automatic death sentence upon a finding of guilt. The judge intervened, saying that McDonald had

repeatedly told everyone that she wanted to hear the whole case before making a decision on

punishment.

        The following exchange then occurred:

        STATE: . . . You understand the punishment range is life without parole or death for
        capital murder?

        MCDONALD: That’s correct.

        STATE: . . . [C]an you consider both of those options before making a decision in
        this courtroom?

        MCDONALD: Yes, ma’am.

        ...

        STATE: . . . [Y]ou understand that there can be no automatic death sentences. Are
        you okay with that?

        MCDONALD: Yes, ma’am.

        ...
                                                                                        TRACY - 20

        STATE: . . . Now, whatever the evidence is, whatever phase of trial it comes out in
        . . . are you okay with holding on and seeing whatever is played out in here? . . .
        [C]an you keep an open mind before you make any decision about anything in this
        case?

        MCDONALD: Oh, yes . . . most definitely.

        McDonald stated that she would have answered the juror questionnaire differently had she

received an explanation of the law prior to answering it. She said that she would consider all of the

evidence before deciding guilt or innocence and before answering either of the special issues.

        After the law was explained to her, McDonald agreed that she would follow the law and the

instructions of the judge. The trial court did not err in overruling the challenge for cause against

McDonald. Point of error number eleven is overruled.

                                   E. Veniremember Montanelli

        Appellant argues that Montanelli could not consider such things as the defendant’s character

and background, and that, if she found someone guilty of capital murder, her answer to the first

special issue would be “yes” and her answer to the second would be “no.”

        The State began voir dire with basic explanations of the law, and Montanelli agreed that she

would be able to follow the law as a juror. But upon questioning by defense counsel, Montanelli said

that she would not be able to consider mitigating circumstances and would automatically answer

“no” to special issue number two based on the hypotheticals he posed. The State then began

questioning Montanelli again in an attempt to rehabilitate her and explain the law through the use

of its own hypotheticals. The trial judge interjected stating: “[S]he’s vacillating. . . . She’s telling

[defense counsel] what he wants to hear. She’s telling [the State] what [they] want to hear.”

        Once more, the defense revisited the law surrounding mitigating evidence and special issue
                                                                                      TRACY - 21

number two. Through this clarification, Montanelli agreed that she “would certainly consider the

mitigating evidence” and would not automatically answer “no” to special issue number two in order

to render a death sentence.

       A review of the record indicates that Montanelli was confused by the back and forth of

questioning by the State and defense, but by the end of the voir dire, she understood the requirements

of the law and agreed that she would be able to set aside her personal views and follow the law. The

trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Appellant’s challenge for cause against

veniremember Montanelli. Point of error number twelve is overruled.

                               F. Veniremembers Cross and Brock

       In points of error numbers thirteen and fourteen, Appellant argues the trial judge erred in

denying his challenges for cause against veniremembers Cross and Brock. Because Appellant has

failed to show that at least three of his complained-of challenges for cause were erroneously denied,

he cannot show harm. Issues number thirteen and fourteen are overruled.

       Having found no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Delivered: April 1, 2020
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