MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                 Feb 12 2015, 10:05 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark R. Ramsey                                           Gregory F. Zoeller
Ramsey Law Office                                        Attorney General of Indiana
Tell City, Indiana
                                                         Robert J. Henke
                                                         Christine Redelman
                                                         Deputy Attorneys General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana



                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the                                     February 12, 2015
Guardianship of K.E.H.                                   Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         19A01-1407-GU-305
S.A.K.,                                                  Appeal from the
                                                         DuBois Circuit Court
Appellant-Petitioner,
                                                         The Honorable William E. Weikert,
        v.                                               Judge

                                                         Cause No. 19C01-1308-GU-17
Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Respondent.




Kirsch, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 1 of 15
[1]   S.A.K. (“Grandmother”) appeals the trial court’s denial of her request for

      permanent guardianship of K.E.H., raising two issues for our review, which we

      restate as:

              I. Whether the trial court erred by not making detailed findings of fact
              in its order; and


              II. Whether the trial court’s decision to deny Grandmother’s request
              for guardianship was in error.


[2]   We affirm.


                                 Facts and Procedural History
[3]   K.E.H. was born in April 2013. His parents are A.N. (“Mother”) and R.H.

      (“Father”), and Grandmother is K.E.H.’s. paternal grandmother.

      Grandmother was present at the hospital when K.E.H. was born, and she was

      with him all that day and the next. At the time of K.E.H.’s birth, illegal drugs

      were present in his system, and Mother tested positive for drugs.

      Approximately twelve hours after K.E.H. was born, he was removed by the

      DuBois County Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) as being a

      “drug exposed infant,” and DCS filed a child in need of services (“CHINS”)

      petition. Tr. at 8.


[4]   Days after K.E.H.’s removal from parents, Grandmother asked DCS family

      case manager Crystal Noble (“FCM Noble”) for grandparent custody. DCS

      investigated Grandmother’s home as a possible placement for K.E.H., and

      Grandmother and her husband completed and passed background checks.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 2 of 15
      However, Grandmother’s other adult son (“Uncle”) was living at

      Grandmother’s home at the time, and he failed to submit to a background

      check. K.E.H. was placed with unrelated foster parents, with whom he has

      remained during the pendency of this guardianship proceeding.


[5]   On August 15, 2013, Grandmother filed her pro se petition for appointment as

      permanent guardian of K.E.H. Mother and Father each provided a written

      consent to Grandmother being appointed K.E.H.’s guardian, and the consents

      were attached to the petition. As of the time Grandmother filed her petition,

      Uncle still had not completed a background check, and he was on house arrest

      and facing criminal charges. At an August 19, 2013 preliminary hearing on the

      guardianship petition, the attorney for DCS objected to any change of

      placement without further investigation and asked that K.E.H. remain in foster

      care, “where [K.E.H.] has bonded to the foster parent.” Id. at 4. The trial court

      recognized that consents to the guardianship had been signed by both parents,

      but expressed concern:

              I find it somewhat concerning that [Father] has failed to participate for
              a long time, although he agrees to the guardianship. [Mother] has
              tested positive since July several times, and she consents. My first
              inclination is to appoint a guardian ad litem, who would represent the
              child, and would do an investigation . . . .”


      Id. The trial court set the matter for a pretrial hearing in November 2013, and it

      later appointed attorney Beth Hatfield-Luff as guardian ad litem (“the GAL”).




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 3 of 15
[6]   After conducting her investigation, the GAL filed her confidential report with

      the trial court on October 30, 2013. The GAL’s report found no areas of

      concern with Grandmother, her husband, or their home. Her recommendation

      was that Grandmother’s guardianship petition be granted, provided that there

      would be a transition period allowing K.E.H. time to bond with Grandmother

      and her husband (collectively, “Grandparents”) and get used to their home.

      There was also a provision that “there be absolutely no contact supervised or

      otherwise between [K.E.H.] and Mother and Father.” Appellant’s App. at A19.

      She also recommended that if Uncle did not take and pass the background

      check, that he be required to relocate before K.E.H. begin visits at

      Grandmother’s home.


[7]   At the November 4, 2013 preliminary hearing, there were discussions about the

      lack of progress with both parents and testimony regarding the parents’ drug use

      and failure to comply with DCS. Mother testified that she was unwilling to

      participate with DCS, asserting they had treated her badly and that she did not

      “believe in [the system] anymore.” Tr. at 11. Counsel for Father indicated that

      Father also harbored distrust for DCS stemming from its lack of

      communication. At that hearing, Grandmother, who was not yet represented

      by counsel, requested visitation with K.E.H., and stated that Uncle was no

      longer living at her residence. The trial court denied the visitation, explaining,

      “I would like to . . . have a little more information about your home,” and that

      DCS would be making visits on occasion, to which Grandmother had no




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 4 of 15
      objection. Id. at 17. Mother hired counsel who filed an appearance on

      November 25, 2013.


[8]   At a December 16, 2013 hearing, intended to serve as a combination of a

      pretrial hearing on the guardianship and a review hearing on the CHINS case,

      it was noted that the GAL report came back favorably to the guardianship

      petition, and the DCS attorney Paul Schneider (“Schneider”) indicated that “so

      long as [Father] is not residing with Grandmother, DCS did not object to the

      guardianship. Id. at 19. However, an unnamed DCS caseworker that was

      present at the hearing voiced concern to the trial court about moving forward

      with the guardianship. She noted that Grandmother did not know K.E.H., and

      she also indicated her concern that Father and Mother had been involved in a

      domestic dispute and that either or both were being evicted from their home

      and that Father might move back to Grandmother’s home. Because not all

      parties and counsel were present, the trial court reset it for another pretrial

      hearing on January 27, 2014, noting “I want to see people and lawyers before I

      start granting guardianships under these circumstances.” Id. at 22.


[9]   At the January 27, 2014 pretrial hearing, the trial court recognized that an

      involuntary parental termination proceeding against parents had commenced

      and was pending, with adoption as the current permanency plan. The trial

      court noted its continued reservations about whether, if a guardianship were

      granted, Father would be involved with K.E.H. “more than he should be”

      because of his relationship to Grandmother. Id. at 23-24. Contrary to what

      DCS attorney Schneider had reported at the December hearing, the current

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 5 of 15
       DCS position, according to the DCS attorney present at the hearing, Kayla

       McBride, was that DCS opposed the guardianship and desired a contested

       hearing. The trial court then set the matter for contested hearing in March

       2014.


[10]   At the two-day hearing, held in March and continued to June 2014, the parties

       each presented multiple witnesses, including the GAL, Grandmother, her

       husband, Mother, two DCS case managers and the CASA. The GAL’s report

       was admitted into evidence. According to the GAL, the house was clean,

       Grandmother had a separate bedroom prepared for K.E.H., there was a car

       seat, and Grandmother had “baby-proofed” the house as the GAL had

       requested, including by adding smoke detectors, baby gates, and fire

       extinguishers. Tr. at 37. The GAL testified that Grandmother and her husband

       were “consistent,” having been married for sixteen years and having lived in

       their home for over ten years, and maintained stable employment. Id. at 39.

       Grandmother also made plans for daycare for K.E.H.


[11]   Grandmother and her husband also testified at the hearing. She reported that

       Uncle had moved out of her home in November 2013 and was believed to be on

       house arrest at the present time. Grandmother agreed that it would be in

       K.E.H.’s best interest if neither parent had any contact with K.E.H., and she

       testified that she “absolutely” would comply with any order that precluded

       contact between the parents and K.E.H. Id. at 51. Her husband likewise

       agreed to abide by any such condition. Both of them stated that they would call

       authorities if either parent came to the home. Grandmother noted that she did

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 6 of 15
       not have, and has not had, a good relationship with Father, and that in the ten

       years she lived at her home, he had only been there a couple of times.

       Grandmother testified that she wanted K.E.H. to be with family, rather than a

       foster family. She was in agreement to having a transitional period during

       which visitations might be supervised by DCS. Upon cross-examination,

       Grandmother advised that she was fifty years old and that she had previously

       been a foster parent for Uncle’s two children, before they left the state with their

       mother.


[12]   Mother testified and reported that she was not stable enough to care for K.E.H.

       and that Grandmother was the only family member that could properly care for

       him. She stated that she was “perfectly fine” with having no contact with

       K.E.H. and would comply with a court order to have no contact with him. Id.

       at 74. As of the time of the hearing, Grandmother and her husband planned to

       file for adoption of K.E.H., but had not done so yet due to the legal costs.

       Mother testified that she would agree to that adoption.


[13]   Two DCS case managers and the CASA testified on behalf of DCS. The case

       manager first assigned to the case, FCM Noble, confirmed that Grandmother

       requested custody early on in the case, but placement could not occur at that

       time because Uncle had not completed the necessary background check. DCS

       family case manager Shannon Blaize (“FCM Blaize”) took over the case from

       Noble in June or July 2013. She met with Grandmother at her house in

       November 2013, and she did not observe anything about the residence that gave

       her concern about its appropriateness as a residence for K.E.H. She also

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 7 of 15
       testified that Grandmother had exercised a visitation with K.E.H. and that it

       went well. FCM Blaize expressed concern, however, about the parents’

       possible association with K.E.H. if Grandmother were to be awarded

       guardianship. She opined that it was not realistic that Grandmother would cut

       off contact with Father, and “I have a hard time believing that she will call the

       police on her own son.” Id. at 81. She noted the difficulty that would be

       associated with monitoring the situation. FCM Blaize characterized the parents

       as being untrustworthy, and expressed skepticism that Grandmother had no

       contact with Father as she had reported, when Grandmother evidently was able

       to contact Father and gain his signature on the consent to the guardianship.

       She also testified that on at least one occasion Grandmother had informed DCS

       that Uncle had left the home, but then DCS discovered he was still living there.

       FCM Blaize testified that she was concerned that Grandmother and her

       husband could not keep K.E.H. safe in terms of the parents’ potential continued

       contact with K.E.H. Her conclusion was that it was in K.E.H.’s best interest to

       remain in foster care, where K.E.H. was “doing amazing.” Id. at 92.


[14]   CASA Laura Buck (“CASA Buck”) likewise testified that she had concerns

       with the guardianship, with her focus being the safety of K.E.H. She opined

       that, while Grandmother and her husband are nice people, it would not be safe

       for K.E.H. to be in Grandmother’s home under the constant “threat” of police

       involvement, referring to the fact that Grandmother or her husband would have

       to contact law enforcement every time either of the parents – one of whom was

       Grandmother’s son – came to the house, as this would disrupt K.E.H.’s


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 8 of 15
       happiness and security. Id. at 102. Her opinion was that it was not in K.E.H.’s

       best interest to grant the guardianship.


[15]   The trial court took the matter under advisement, but on that same day, the trial

       court denied Grandmother’s petition by order stating, “The Petition for

       Appointment of Permanent Guardianship Over the Person and Estate of

       Minor, filed August 15, 2013 is denied.” Appellant’s App. at A6. Grandmother

       now appeals.


                                      Discussion and Decision
[16]   “All findings and orders in guardianship proceedings are within the trial court’s

       discretion.” Ind. Code § 29-3-2-4(a); In re Adoption of J.L.J., 4 N.E.3d 1189,

       1194 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. Therefore, we will review the trial

       court’s order for an abuse of discretion. Adoption of J.L.J., 4 N.E.3d at 1194.

       An abuse of discretion occurs only when the decision of the trial court is clearly

       against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or if

       the court has misinterpreted the law. Id. In addition, we will give due regard to

       the trial court’s ability to assess the credibility of witnesses. In re Guardianship of

       J.K., 862 N.E.2d 686, 691 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We will not reweigh the

       evidence; instead, we consider the evidence most favorable to the judgment

       with all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the judgment. Id.


                                         I. Trial Court Order
[17]   Grandmother argues that the trial court erred when it denied her request for

       permanent guardianship without entering special findings of fact and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 9 of 15
       conclusions thereon. Under Indiana Code section 29-3-5-3(a), if it is alleged

       and the trial court finds that the appointment of a guardian is necessary as a

       means of providing care and supervision of the person or property of a minor or

       incapacitated person, the trial court shall appoint a guardian. Subsection (c)

       provides that if the trial court finds that it is not in the best interest of the

       incapacitated person or minor to appoint a guardian, the court may:

               (1) treat the petition as one for a protective order and proceed
               accordingly;


               (2) enter any other appropriate order; or


               (3) dismiss the proceedings.


[18]   Ind. Code § 29-3-5-3(c) (emphasis added). While Indiana Code section 29-5-3-3

       does not require that special findings be entered, there is an important and

       strong presumption that the child’s best interests are ordinarily served by

       placement in the custody of the natural parent, and with that backdrop our

       Supreme Court has instructed trial courts to issue detailed and specific findings

       when a child is placed in the care and custody of a person other than the natural

       parent. See In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind. 2002) (stating

       that generalized finding that placement other than with the natural parent is in

       child’s best interest will not be adequate to support such determination). The

       special findings in this context serve “as a means of alerting parents of the

       reasons why their children are not being returned to their custody,” thereby

       giving parents notice as to what steps they must take before their children will


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 10 of 15
       be returned to them. In re Guardianship of A.R.S., 816 N.E.2d 1160, 1161 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2004).


[19]   Here, Grandmother relies on Guardianship of A.R.S. to support her position that

       the trial court should have entered specific findings. In that case, a natural

       mother filed a petition to terminate the grandparents’ guardianship of her two

       minor children, and the trial court denied the petition by simple order, without

       any specific findings. Mother appealed, arguing that, among other things, that

       special findings were required. A majority on the appellate panel agreed and

       extended the requirement that the trial court enter detailed findings to petitions

       to terminate guardianships. 816 N.E.2d at 1162-63. Judge Crone dissented,

       opining that once the threshold for guardianship is met, it is overly burdensome

       to require special findings upon denial of every petition for modification or

       termination, noting that if a parent desired special findings, he or she could

       request them under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A)).


[20]   We find that Guardianship of A.R.S. is distinguishable from the facts before us.

       There, the natural parent petitioned to terminate the guardianship of her

       children and have them returned to her, and the trial court denied that request.

       In this case, the parents are not opposing the guardianship, as was the case in

       Guardianship of B.H., nor are they seeking to terminate a guardianship and have

       their child returned to them, as was the case in Guardianship of A.R.S. Under

       the circumstances of this case, there is no need to “alert the parents why the

       child is not being returned to their custody.” Guardianship of A.R.S., 816 N.E.2d

       at 1161. In the absence of that need, we see no reason to extend the mandate

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 11 of 15
       for specific findings to the facts before us, and as Judge Crone noted in his

       dissent, a party may ask for special findings, if desired, under Indiana Trial

       Rule 52(A). Because specific findings were not required under statute or case

       law, nor did either party request the entry of them, we conclude the trial court

       was not required to issue specific findings of fact in regard to the order denying

       Grandmother’s guardianship petition. See In re B.J.N., 19 N.E.3d 765, 769 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2014) (where special findings were not required by paternity statute or

       rule, and no request for them was made, no error occurred from failure of trial

       court to make such findings).


                                    II. Denial of Guardianship
[21]   Where, as here, the trial court did not enter specific findings of fact, nor was it

       required to, a general judgment standard applies. In re B.N.J., 19 N.E.3d at 769.

       We may affirm a general judgment on any theory supported by the evidence at

       trial. Id. Because Grandmother had the burden of proof at trial and an adverse

       judgment was entered against her, she is appealing from a negative judgment.

       See In re Matter of J.C., 735 N.E.2d 848, 849 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (where county

       office of family and children had burden of proof at trial and adverse judgment

       was entered against it). A party appealing from a negative judgment must show

       that the evidence points unerringly to a conclusion opposite that reached by the

       trial court. Id. We will reverse a negative judgment on appeal only if the

       decision of the trial court is contrary to law. Id. In determining whether a

       negative judgment is contrary to law, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge

       the credibility of witnesses, and consider only the evidence most favorable to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 12 of 15
       the prevailing party, together with all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom.

       Id.


[22]   We turn now to the trial court’s decision to deny Grandmother’s request for

       guardianship of K.E.H. The GAL’s testimony and her report indicated that

       Grandmother’s home was clean, appropriate, and prepared for K.E.H. and that

       Grandmother had arranged for daycare for him. The GAL recommended that

       the guardianship be granted, provided that Grandmother would agree to a

       transition period, so that K.E.H. could become acquainted with Grandparents,

       as well as agree to abide by a court-ordered restriction that K.E.H. have no

       contact with either parent. Grandparents both indicated a desire to have

       guardianship of K.E.H., and they testified that they would abide by any

       condition imposed that precluded contact between K.E.H. and his parents.

       They also stated that they would “call the law” if Father or Mother came to the

       house. Tr. at 57, 68. Mother likewise agreed to abide by a no-contact

       restriction on the guardianship.


[23]   DCS, however, was concerned about the guardianship, even with the no-

       contact restriction. FCM Blaize testified that, given the relationships of the

       parties, it was “not realistic” that Grandmother could and would “cut off”

       contact with Father and call the police if he came to her home. Id. at 81. She

       felt that the arrangement would put K.E.H.’s safety at risk. CASA Buck opined

       that even if Grandparents did as they promised, and called the law enforcement

       if parents came to the home (or presumably came around K.E.H. at any

       location), this itself posed a “threat” to K.E.H.’s well-being, security, and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 13 of 15
       happiness. Id. at 102. FCM Blaize and CASA Buck each testified that she

       believed it was in K.E.H.’s best interest that he remain with his foster family,

       where he was placed at the time of his birth and with whom he has bonded.


[24]   The record before us indicates that, from the beginning, DCS harbored

       concerns about the guardianship and that, during the course of the proceedings,

       those concerns developed into direct opposition to the guardianship. In part,

       the concerns were grounded in skepticism of Grandmother’s truthfulness

       regarding whether and when Uncle was living at her home and her assurances

       that she did not have, and would not have in the future, contact with Father.

       To a greater degree, however, DCS’s concerns appeared to be rooted in a

       distrust of Mother and Father, who were drug-addicted and unreliable, had a

       volatile relationship, and were being evicted from their home. Because of these

       characteristics, combined with the familial relationship to Grandmother, DCS

       believed that Mother and Father could not be trusted to abide by any no-contact

       restrictions that the trial court might impose on the guardianship. Contact or

       attempted contact by parents at Grandparents’ home would result in repeated

       calls to law enforcement, thereby disrupting the safety and well-being of K.E.H.

       The trial court viewed the witnesses and assessed their credibility and

       determined it was not in K.E.H.’s best interest to grant the guardianship.


[25]   Grandmother argues that she should have been given priority both because she

       is a relative and because the natural parents each signed a consent to the

       guardianship. Ind. Code §§ 31-34-4-2(a), 29-3-5-5(a)(4). She concedes,

       however, that “the key consideration in selecting a guardian for [K.E.H.] was

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A01-1407-GU-305 | February 12, 2015   Page 14 of 15
       whether appointing [Grandmother] as [his] guardian was in the child’s best

       interest.” Appellant’s Br. at 21 (citing Ind. Code § 29-3-5-5-(b), which states,

       “The court, acting in the best interest of the incapacitated person or minor, may

       pass over a person having priority and appoint a person having a lower priority

       or no priority under this section.”); see also Ind. Code § 29-3-5-4(b) (court shall

       give due regard to best interest of incapacitated person or minor). Grandmother

       maintains that DCS provided no credible evidence that the guardianship would

       not be in K.E.H.’s best interest. Appellant’s Br. at 21. We disagree; there was

       evidence presented that the guardianship was in K.E.H’s best interest and

       evidence that it was not. That the evidence may have supported another

       outcome does not warrant reversal. Considering the evidence most favorable to

       the prevailing party, together with all reasonable inferences flowing therefrom,

       as we must, we cannot say that the trial court’s decision to deny the

       guardianship petition was contrary to law.


[26]   Affirmed.


       Friedlander, J., and Crone, J., concur.




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