                                      Slip Op. No. 20-114

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE



STAR PIPE PRODUCTS,

                    Plaintiff,

             v.

UNITED STATES,                               Before: Timothy C. Stanceu, Chief Judge

                    Defendant,               Court No. 17-00236

             and

ANVIL INTERNATIONAL,

                    Defendant-Intervenor.


                                   OPINION AND ORDER

         [Remanding an agency decision issued in response to court order in litigation contesting a
scope ruling interpreting an antidumping duty order on certain non-malleable cast iron pipe
fittings from the People’s Republic of China]

                                                                    Dated:August 11, 2020

      Francis J. Sailer, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of
Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. With him on the brief were Ned H. Marshak and Kavita Mohan.

        Sarah Choi, Trial Attorney, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington,
D.C., for defendant. With her on the brief were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and L. Misha Preheim, Assistant Director. Of counsel
was Kristen E. McCannon and David W. Richardson, Attorneys, Office of the Chief Counsel For
Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C.

       J. Michael Taylor, King & Spalding LLP, of Washington, D.C., for defendant-intervenor.
With him on the brief was Daniel L. Schneiderman.

       Stanceu, Chief Judge: Before the court is a decision (the “Remand Redetermination”) of

the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the
Court No. 17-00236                                                                              Page 2


“Department”) submitted in response to the court’s previous Opinion and Order in litigation

contesting a scope ruling. Star Pipe Prods. v. United States, 43 CIT __, 365 F. Supp. 3d 1277

(2019) (“Star Pipe I”); Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Order (June 27, 2019)

(Rem. P.R. Doc. 39) (“Remand Redetermination”).1 Concluding that Commerce has

misinterpreted information in one of the sources of information its regulations require it to

consider, the court orders reconsideration of the Remand Redetermination.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       The court presumes familiarity with the background of this litigation, as set forth in the

court’s prior Opinion and Order, which is summarized and supplemented herein. See Star Pipe I,

43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1278–79.

                 A. Proceedings Culminating in the Contested Determination

       Commerce issued the contested decision (“Final Scope Ruling”) on August 17, 2017.

See Final Scope Ruling on the Antidumping Duty Order on Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe

Fittings from the People’s Republic of China: Request by Star Pipe Products (Aug. 17, 2017)

(P.R. Doc. 13) (“Final Scope Ruling”). In the Final Scope Ruling, the Department determined

that goods Star Pipe Products (“Star Pipe”) identified as “flanges” made of ductile iron are

included within the scope of an antidumping duty order on non-malleable cast iron pipe fittings

from China (“Order”). Id. at 1; see Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Non-Malleable Cast Iron

Pipe Fittings From the People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed. Reg. 16,765 (Apr. 7, 2003)

(“Order”).


       1
         All citations to documents from the administrative record are to public documents.
References cited as “P.R. Doc.__” are to documents that were on the record in Star Pipe Prods.
v. United States, 43 CIT __, 365 F. Supp. 3d 1277 (2019) (“Star Pipe I”) while references cited
as “Rem. P.R. Doc. __” are to documents placed on the agency record during Commerce’s
redetermination proceedings.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 3


       The Order resulted from an antidumping duty petition filed in 2002. See Petition for

Imposition of Antidumping Duties: Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings from the People’s

Republic of China (Feb. 21, 2002) (Rem. P.R. Doc. Nos. 30–32, Ex. 1) (“Petition”).

       Commerce issued the Final Scope Ruling in response to a request for a scope ruling

(“Scope Ruling Request”) that Star Pipe submitted to Commerce in 2017. Star Pipe Products

Scope Request: Ductile Iron Flanges (June 21, 2017) (P.R. Docs. 1–2) (“Scope Ruling Request”).

The Scope Ruling Request stated that “[a] flange is an iron casting used to modify a straight end

pipe to enable its connection either to a flanged pipe, a flanged pipe fitting or another flange

attached to the otherwise straight end of another pipe, in order to connect pipes, valves, pumps

and other equipment to form a piping system.” Id. at 3 (footnote omitted). As described in the

Scope Ruling Request, the flanges at issue are disc shaped and produced to be assembled to a

ductile iron pipe. Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1280 (citing Scope Ruling

Request, Ex. 1). The flanges are described as follows:

       In the thicker center portion (the ‘hub’) of each flange is a large hole with tapered
       thread to facilitate attachment of the flange to the end of a threaded pipe. The
       outer, thinner portion of each flange is drilled with eight holes (either tapped or
       untapped), arranged in a circle, for insertion of fasteners. A photograph in the
       Scope Ruling Request illustrates how two pipes to which flanges have been
       assembled can be joined at the ends using bolts and nuts through the eight holes,
       with a gasket fitted between the two flanges to seal the joint.

Id. (citing Scope Ruling Request) (citations omitted).

                   B. Proceedings Before the Court of International Trade

       Plaintiff Star Pipe Products commenced this action on September 15, 2017. Summons,

ECF No. 1; Compl., ECF No. 4. On May 10, 2018, Star Pipe moved for judgment on the agency

record. Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Agency R. under Rule 56.2, ECF No. 29. Defendant United

States responded in opposition on August 24, 2018. Def.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for J. on
Court No. 17-00236                                                                           Page 4


the Agency R., ECF No. 37. Defendant-intervenor Anvil International LLC (“Anvil”) responded

in opposition on September 7, 2018. Def.-Inter.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the

Agency R., ECF No. 38. Star Pipe replied on September 25, 2018. Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 41.

         Following the court’s decision in Star Pipe I remanding the Final Scope Ruling to

Commerce for reconsideration, Commerce placed “new factual information” (“NFI”) on the

record on May 9, 2019 and provided interested parties an opportunity to comment and submit

additional information. See Antidumping Duty Order on Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings

from the People’s Republic of China: Star Pipe Prod[u]cts Scope Remand Redetermination

(May 9, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. 25) (“Department’s NFI”). The information includes excerpts

from the Petition. See id. at Attach. 1. On May 20, 2019, Star Pipe and Anvil commented on the

new information and placed other new factual information on the record. See Star Pipe’s New

Factual Information in the Scope Inquiry on Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings from the

People’s Republic of China (May 20, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. Nos. 30–32) (“Star Pipe’s NFI”);

Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings From The People’s Republic of China/Submission Of

Factual Information (May 20, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. No. 33). Star Pipe’s new factual

information includes, inter alia, all pages of and exhibits to the Petition. See Star Pipe’s NFI,

Ex. 1.

         In response to Star Pipe I, Commerce submitted the Remand Redetermination on

June 27, 2019, again determining that Star Pipe’s ductile iron flanges were within the scope of

the Order. Remand Redetermination 3–14. Star Pipe and Anvil filed comments on the Remand

Redetermination. See Star Pipe Prods.’ Comments on Final Remand Redetermination (Aug. 23,

2019), ECF No. 62 (conf.) & ECF No. 63 (public) (“Star Pipe’s Comments”); Def.-Inter.’s

Comments on Commerce’s Final Redetermination (Aug. 23, 2019), ECF No. 61, incorporating
Court No. 17-00236                                                                           Page 5


[Anvil’s] Comments On Draft Results Of Redetermination (May 29, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. 38).

On October 1, 2019, defendant responded to the comments. See Def.’s Resp. to Comments on

Remand Results, ECF No. 66. On December 3, 2019, Star Pipe filed a Notice of Supplemental

Authority, see ECF No. 69, to which defendant responded on January 13, 2020. See Def.’s Resp.

to Pl.’s Notice of Suppl. Authority, ECF No. 72.

                                          II. DISCUSSION

                            A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       Pursuant to section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), the

court exercises subject matter jurisdiction of a civil action arising under section

516A(a)(2)(B)(vi) of the Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(vi).2 The court will

uphold the Department’s determinations, findings, and conclusions in the scope ruling unless

they are “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with

law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

                             B. The Court’s Directive in Star Pipe I

       Star Pipe I held that Commerce, in issuing the Final Scope Ruling, failed to comply with

its own regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1), which specifies factors Commerce is required to

consider when deciding whether merchandise is within the scope of an antidumping or

countervailing duty order.3 Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1286. The court held



       2
         All statutory citations herein are to the 2012 edition of the United States Code and all
regulatory citations herein are to the 2017 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations.
       3
         The regulation provides that Commerce “will take into account the following: … [t]he
descriptions of the merchandise contained in the petition, the initial investigation, and the
determinations of the Secretary [of Commerce] (including prior scope determinations) and the
[U.S. International Trade] Commission.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1).
Court No. 17-00236                                                                           Page 6


that the Final Scope Ruling did not give “thorough and fair consideration” to “‘[t]he descriptions

of the merchandise contained in the petition … and the determinations of the … [U.S.

International Trade] Commission,’” in deciding that the ductile iron flanges were within the

scope of the Order. Id. (quoting 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1)). The court concluded that

Commerce “did not consider the petition, and its analysis of the [U.S. International Trade

Commission’s] Report was so selective and cursory as to ignore a substantial amount of

information relevant to the scope question presented in this case.” Id.; see Non-Malleable Pipe

Fittings From China, Inv. No. 731-TA-990 (Final), USITC Pub. No. 3586 (Mar. 2003) (“ITC

Report”). The court directed Commerce to reconsider the Final Scope Ruling and submit a

redetermination after placing the antidumping duty petition or the relevant portions thereof on

the record. Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1282–83.

                         C. The Department’s Remand Redetermination

       In the Remand Redetermination, Commerce began its analysis with the scope language of

the Order. Remand Redetermination 4. Commerce addressed the first two paragraphs of the

scope language, the first of which is directed only to nonmalleable (gray iron) products and the

second of which adds to the scope certain products made instead of ductile iron.4 Id. Commerce



       4
           The first two paragraphs of the scope language in the Order are as follows:

                 The products covered by this order are finished and unfinished non-
       malleable cast iron pipe fittings with an inside diameter ranging from 1/4 inch to
       6 inches, whether threaded or unthreaded, regardless of industry or proprietary
       specifications. The subject fittings include elbows, ells, tees, crosses, and
       reducers as well as flanged fittings. These pipe fittings are also known as “cast
       iron pipe fittings” or “gray iron pipe fittings.” These cast iron pipe fittings are
       normally produced to ASTM A-126 and ASME B.16.4 specifications and are
       threaded to ASME B1.20.1 specifications. Most building codes require that these
       products are Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certified. The scope does not
       include cast iron soil pipe fittings or grooved fittings or grooved couplings.
(continued . . .)
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 7


identified a two-part inquiry, first considering whether the ductile iron flanges are described by

the first sentence of the second paragraph of the scope language. Id. In pertinent part, that

sentence reads: “[f]ittings that are made out of ductile iron that have the same physical

characteristics as the gray or cast iron fittings subject to the scope above . . ., threaded to ASME

B1.20.1 specifications and UL certified, regardless of metallurgical differences between gray and

ductile iron, are also included in the scope of the petition.” Order, 68 Fed. Reg. at 16,765.

Second, Commerce considered “whether Star Pipe’s flanges are ‘fittings’ within the meaning of

the scope.” Remand Redetermination 4.

       Commerce concluded that ductile iron flanges at issue are described by the first sentence

in the second paragraph, reasoning that Star Pipe’s flanges, being threaded and produced to be

fitted to pipes with outside diameters between 2.5 and 4.8 inches, conform to the two pertinent

physical characteristics, the “threaded or unthreaded” requirement and the inside diameter

specification of ¼ inch to 6 inches. Id. at 4–5. The Remand Redetermination proceeds to

examine sources of information identified in 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1), addressing the Petition,




                                                                                     (. . . continued)

               Fittings that are made out of ductile iron that have the same physical
       characteristics as the gray or cast iron fittings subject to the scope above or which
       have the same physical characteristics and are produced to ASME B.16.3, ASME
       B.16.4, or ASTM A-395 specifications, threaded to ASME B1.20.1 specifications
       and UL certified, regardless of metallurgical differences between gray and ductile
       iron, are also included in the scope of this petition. These ductile fittings do not
       include grooved fittings or grooved couplings. Ductile cast iron fittings with
       mechanical joint ends (MJ), or push on ends (PO), or flanged ends and produced
       to American Water Works Association (AWWA) specifications AWWA C110 or
       AWWA C153 are not included.

Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings From the
People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed. Reg. 16,765, 16,765 (Apr. 7, 2003) (the “Order”).
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 8


the ITC Report, and its past scope rulings. Id. at 5–14. Commerce concluded that all three of

these sources support a determination that Star Pipe’s flanges are subject to the Order. Id.

       Addressing the Petition, the Remand Redetermination relies upon brochures of Anvil and

Ward Manufacturing, Inc. (“Ward”) that were attached as Exhibit 2 to the Petition, concluding

that this evidence “indicates that the petitioners intended to cover flanges in the scope of the

Order.” Id. at 5.5 As to the ITC Report, the Remand Redetermination concludes that Star Pipe’s

flanges, as described in the Scope Ruling Request, meet the definition of “pipe fitting” included

in the ITC Report, id. at 7, and that the report “specifically references certain types of flanges as

being included within its definition of a pipe fitting,” id. at 8. On the third source of information,

Commerce concluded that its current ruling on scope is supported by certain of its prior scope

rulings. Id. at 13–14.

   D. The Petition Contains Evidence Supporting a Finding that Petitioners Considered
                              Flanges to Be “Pipe Fittings”

       The Anvil brochure is titled “Pipe Fittings.” Petition, Ex. 2. On page PF-71, the

brochure depicts a “flange union gasket type” appearing to be similar to the flanges under

consideration. It also includes (on a page with no number showing in the exhibit) a “floor

flange” that also resembles one of Star Pipe’s flanges. Petition, Ex. 2. As Commerce found, this


       5
          In its analysis of the meaning of the term “pipe fitting” as used in the Petition (Rem.
P.R. Doc. 30–32, Ex. 1), (the “Petition”), Commerce also relied on a publication of U.S.
Customs and Border Protection, “What Every Member of the Trade Community Should Know
About: Classification and Marking of Pipe Fittings under Heading 7307,” that it placed on the
record for the Remand Redetermination. Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct.
Order 5–6 (June 27, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. 39) (“Remand Redetermination”). That publication
quotes EN 73.07 of the Explanatory Notes to the Harmonized Commodity Description and
Coding System, which lists “flanges” among other exemplars of articles within the scope of
international heading 7307 (“Tube or pipe fittings (for example, couplings, elbows, sleeves), of
iron or steel”). Antidumping Duty Order on Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings from the
People’s Republic of China: Star Pipe Prod[u]cts Scope Remand Redetermination, Attach. II at
7 (May 9, 2019) (Rem. P.R. Doc. 25).
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 9


evidence supports the Department’s conclusion that petitioner Anvil considered flanges similar

to Star Pipe’s to be “pipe fittings.” Remand Redetermination 21–22.

       The Ward brochure, also titled “Pipe Fittings,” id., also supports a finding that the

petitioners considered products identified as “flanges” to be pipe fittings, although it is less

probative than the Anvil brochure because the pages of the Ward brochure illustrating these

“flanges” are not attached to the Petition. Petition, Ex. 2. According to a page labeled “Table of

Contents,” the Ward brochure displays the following products: “Standard Malleable Fittings”

(Section 1), “Extra Heavy Malleable Fittings” (Section 2), “Quality Pipe Unions” (Section 3),

“Plugs & Bushings” (Section 4), “Top Beam Clamps and ‘C’ clamps” (Section 5), “Standard

Cast Iron Pipe Fittings” (Section 6), “Flanges, Flange Unions, Companion Flanges, Flanged

Fittings” (Section 7), and “Cast Iron Drainage Fittings” (Section 8). Of the eight sections,

petitioners attached to the Petition only pages 30-39 of the brochure, which comprise Section 6

and describe and illustrate “Standard Cast Iron Pipe Fittings.” No pages of any other section of

the brochure were attached. Section 6 illustrates, and provides dimensions for, the following cast

iron products: 90° straight ells (Figure 21), 90° reducing ells (Figure 22), 45° ells (Figure 23),

straight tees (Figure 24), reducing tees (Figure 25), reducing couplings (Figure 29), pipe caps

(Figure 30), and crosses (Figure 30A). Absent from the exhibit is Section 7 of the brochure,

which includes “flanges.” Id. Without the pages from Section 7, the included portion of the

brochure is insufficient to support a finding that the characteristics of Ward’s “flanges”

necessarily are those described in Star Pipe’s Scope Ruling Request. Nevertheless, the title of

the brochure and the title of Section 7, considered together, are evidence supporting findings

that: (1) Ward considered “flanges” (however described) to be a product separate from flanged

fittings, and (2) Ward considered both to be “pipe fittings.”
Court No. 17-00236                                                                            Page 10


       Star Pipe argues that the failure to attach Section 7 of the Ward brochure to the Petition

and the fact that the body of the Petition mentions flanged fittings as an exemplar but makes no

reference to flanges in the narrative is evidence that the petitioners intended that flanges would

be outside the scope of the investigation they were proposing. Star Pipe’s Comments 6–8. The

court agrees that the absence of any mention of flanges in the body of the Petition detracts from

an inference that petitioners intended for flanges to be subject to the investigation. The

description in the Petition of the proposed scope of the investigation includes this sentence:

“[t]he subject fittings include elbows, ells, tees, crosses, and reducers as well as flanged fittings.”

Id. at 2 (quoting Order, 68 Fed. Reg. at 16,765). There is no specific mention of “flanges”

among the exemplars or anywhere within Section E of the Petition (Petition at “Scope of

Commerce Department Investigation of Subject Merchandise (19 C.F.R. § 351.202(b)(5)”).

Petition at 3. In support of plaintiff’s argument, it can be argued that the specific inclusion

among the exemplars of “flanged fittings” (a product with some physical characteristics and uses

similar to those of flanges but which, as discussed later in this Opinion and Order, Commerce

does not consider flanges to be) supports an inference that the petition would have mentioned

flanges specifically at this point in the text had petitioners intended to include them in the

proposed scope. But at best, this is an inference. By itself, the absence of a reference to flanges

in the body of the Petition does not establish that the petitioners intended that flanges would not

be among the products subject to the investigation they were proposing.

       Star Pipe argues, further, that Anvil’s brochure lists merchandise that was proposed to be

outside the scope of the investigation. Star Pipe’s Comments 8. Both brochures are evidence

that the petitioners considered “flanges” to be pipe fittings, and nothing in the Petition expressly

excludes flanges from the proposed scope of the investigation.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                            Page 11


       On remand, to satisfy the requirements of 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1), Commerce must

review the relevant evidence contained in the Petition (as well as the other sources) and fully and

fairly consider that evidence in light of the record as a whole.

  E. The Remand Redetermination Erroneously Relies on the ITC Report to Support Its
         Conclusion that Star Pipe’s Flanges Are Within the Scope of the Order

       In Star Pipe I, the court addressed the Department’s reliance on the ITC report,

concluding that “[r]ead in the entirety, the ITC Report contains evidence lending weight to a

conclusion that Star Pipe’s flanges are not subject merchandise. Under 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.225(k)(1), Commerce was not free to ignore this evidence.” Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365

F. Supp. 3d at 1286. In the Remand Redetermination, Commerce again concludes that its

decision on Star Pipe’s flanges is supported by evidence in the ITC report. Remand

Redetermination 7. This conclusion remains erroneous.

       The ITC report does not support the Department’s decision as to scope and, as the court

concluded in Star Pipe I, instead contains some evidence detracting from it. As the court

mentioned, the ITC Report did not discuss “flanges” as products within the scope of the

investigation and considered all ductile flanged fittings to be outside the scope of the

investigation (and outside the scope of the domestic like product), all of which casts doubt on a

premise that the ITC considered ductile iron flanges to be within that scope. Star Pipe I, 43 CIT

at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1286.

       The court noted, additionally, that the ITC contemplated that the subject imports are

those used in pipe fitting applications, whereas Star Pipe’s products are intended for use, and are

used, in pipe fabrication applications (i.e., the assembling of a flange to a straight pipe). Id. at

__, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1283.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                               Page 12


1. The Remand Redetermination Erred in Concluding that Star Pipe’s Flanges Conform to
                          a Description in the ITC Report

       Commerce concluded in the Remand Redetermination that Star Pipe’s ductile iron

flanges conformed to the term “pipe fittings” as used in the scope language of the Order.

Remand Redetermination 5. Commerce recognized that neither the scope language of the Order

nor the Petition defined the term, id. at 7, but relied on a statement in the ITC report that,

according to Commerce, “defines a pipe fitting as an iron casting ‘generally used to connect the

bores of two or more tubes, connect a pipe to another apparatus, change the direction of fluid

flow, or close a pipe.’” Id. (quoting ITC Report at 4). Commerce concluded that Star Pipe’s

flanges conformed to this description based on Star Pipe’s own description of a flange in the

Scope Ruling Request: “Star Pipe claimed in its Scope Ruling Request that a flange is ‘an iron

casting used to modify a straight end pipe to enable its connection either to a flanged pipe, a

flanged pipe fitting or another flange attached to the otherwise straight end of another pipe, in

order to connect pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a piping system.’” Id.

(quoting Scope Ruling Request 3).

       The Department’s reasoning disregards the uncontradicted record evidence that a flange

does not satisfy the ITC’s description in the form in which it is imported, i.e., before it becomes

part of an assembly with a straight end pipe. As the court discussed in Star Pipe I, Star Pipe’s

descriptive statement in the Scope Ruling Request, consistent with all other record evidence,

supports a finding that Star Pipe’s flanges are produced for and suitable for only one purpose:

attachment to a straight end pipe, after importation, to form such an assembly. Star Pipe I,

43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1283. The Department’s reliance on Star Pipe’s statement in
Court No. 17-00236                                                                           Page 13


the Scope Ruling Request only confirms this point.6 Commerce itself states in the Remand

Redetermination that “[t]he purpose of Star Pipe’s flanges is to modify pipes in such a way as to

enable their connection to other pipes or other objects within a piping system.” Remand

Redetermination 23. As the court concluded in Star Pipe I, “[s]ubstantial evidence is not

available on the administrative record to support a finding that Star Pipe’s flanges, in the form in

which they are imported, are suitable for, or approved for, joining the bores of two pipes or

joining a pipe to another apparatus.” Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1284.

Furthermore:

       Seen in light of the record evidence on the whole, the Department’s finding
       appears to describe the use of the flange only after the flange has become a
       component in the downstream product resulting from post-importation
       processing, i.e., a pipe to which a fabricator has added one or more flanges. That
       product, however, is not the subject of the Scope Ruling Request and is not within
       the scope of the Order (which applies only to pipe fittings, not pipes or assemblies
       containing pipes).

Id., 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1284. In its imported form, i.e., prior to becoming part of

an assembly, a Star Pipe flange cannot be used “to connect the bores of two or more pipes or

tubes, connect a pipe to another apparatus, change the direction of fluid flow, or close a pipe,”

id., 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1281 (quoting ITC Report at 4), as, for example, can

“elbows, ells, tees, crosses, and reducers as well as flanged fittings,” id., 43 CIT at __, 365

F. Supp. 3d at 1280–81 (quoting Order, 68 Fed. Reg. at 16,765). Star Pipe’s flanges differ in

this respect from each of the exemplars in the scope language. The Remand Redetermination



       6
         Star Pipe I also directed Commerce to record evidence pertaining to the AWWA C115
industry standard to which the flanges are described as conforming. Under that standard, flanges
are approved for attachment to straight end pipes only at the point of fabrication, not in the field,
by means of processing that involves more than simple assembly. Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365
F. Supp. 3d at 1283–84.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 14


does not attempt to resolve this issue, which the court fully raised in Star Pipe I.7 Instead,

Commerce continues to rely on a strained interpretation of the description of pipe fittings in the

ITC Report. See Remand Redetermination 23. Read on the whole, the ITC Report does not

provide evidence that the ITC meant for this description to describe flanges such as Star Pipe’s

flanges.

2. The Remand Redetermination Misinterpreted the ITC Report by Confusing Star Pipe’s
                         Flanges with “Flanged Fittings”

        In Star Pipe I, the court opined that “[t]he absence of any mention of ductile iron flanges,

as opposed to ductile flanged fittings, in the ITC Report (and, according to plaintiff, in the

petition) casts doubt on the premise that ductile iron flanges were contemplated as part of either

the scope of the investigation or the scope of the domestic like product.” Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at

__, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1286. The Remand Redetermination asserts, to the contrary, that “the ITC

report also specifically references certain types of flanges as being included within its definition

of a pipe fitting.” Remand Redetermination 8. The document continues, “[a] footnote on page

I-6 of the ITC Investigation Final states that ‘{a}nother use for these {subject} non-malleable

flanged fittings is as so-called floor flanges to affix pipes as hand (or other) railings to floors or

other surfaces.’” Id. (quoting ITC Report at I-6). From this footnote, Commerce concluded in

the Remand Redetermination that “[c]learly, the ITC considered at least one type of flange to be

a type of pipe fitting.” Id. In positing that the ITC considered a type of flange to be a type of

flanged fitting, the Department’s analysis of the ITC Report again fell into error.



        7
          Instead, the Remand Redetermination asserts that there is no record evidence that the
attachment of flanges to straight end pipes at the point of fabrication could not be performed by
“pipe fitters.” Remand Redetermination 8–11. This tangential point fails to address the issue the
court raised and, moreover, impermissibly attempts to support a finding or inference from the
absence of record evidence.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                            Page 15


       The quoted footnote is addressed to certain “non-malleable flanged fittings,” the use of

which “is as so-called floor flanges.” ITC Report at I-6 n.28. But the reference unmistakably is

to a “use” of a type of flanged fitting, a product that is distinct from a “flange” of the type at

issue in this case. As Commerce itself stated later in the Remand Redetermination, “Star Pipe

and Commerce both agree that Star Pipe’s flanges are not the same as flanged fittings.” Remand

Redetermination at 13. Nor can the ITC Report be interpreted to regard as “flanged fittings” the

flanges on which Star Pipe sought a ruling. As the court observed in Star Pipe I, “Star Pipe’s

flanges do not conform to the description of ‘flanged fittings’ in the ITC Report because they are

not ‘cast with an integral rim, or flange, at the end of the fitting.’” Star Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365

F. Supp. 3d at 1285 (quoting ITC Report at I-9). The cited footnote in the ITC Report does not

support a decision to place Star Pipe’s flanges within the scope of the Order.8

   F. The Remand Redetermination Correctly Concludes that Commerce Placed Flanges
                 Within the Scope of the Order in a Past Scope Ruling

       The Remand Redetermination relies upon three prior scope rulings by Commerce: the

“UV Ruling,” “Napac Ruling,” and “Taco Ruling.”9 Remand Redetermination 13–14. In Star

Pipe I, the court noted that neither the Taco Ruling nor the Napac Ruling supported a



       8
          Another footnote in the ITC Report also mentions “use as floor flanges” in reference to
non-malleable pipe fittings. Non-Malleable Pipe Fittings from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-990
(Final), USITC Pub. No. 3586 at 5 n.12 (Mar. 2003) (citation omitted)
       9
         See Final Scope Ruling on the Antidumping Duty Order on Non-Malleable Cast Iron
Pipe Fittings from the People’s Republic of China: Request by U.V. International LLC (May 12,
2017) (“UV Ruling”); see also Final Scope Ruling on the Antidumping Duty Order on Finished
and Unfinished Non-Malleable Cast Iron Pipe Fittings from the People’s Republic of China:
Request by Napac for Flanged Fittings (Sept. 19, 2016) (“Napac Ruling”); Final Scope Ruling
on the Black Cast Iron Flange, Green Ductile Flange, and the Twin Tee (Sept. 19, 2008) (“Taco
Ruling”), appended to the Final Scope Ruling on the Antidumping Duty Order on Non-Malleable
Cast Iron Pipe Fittings from the People’s Republic of China: Request by Star Pipe Products
(Aug. 17, 2017) (P.R. Doc. 13) as Attach. 1, 2, and 4, respectively.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 16


determination that Star Pipe’s flanges are pipe fittings within the meaning of the Order. Star

Pipe I, 43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1285 n.8.

        As Star Pipe I stated, in the Taco Ruling, “Commerce found that the black and green

flanges at issue in that proceeding were ‘flanged fittings’; Commerce reached this finding

‘because they are fittings that are cast with an integral rim, or flange, at the end of the fitting.’”

Id. (quoting Taco Ruling 9). The Remand Redetermination states that “[w]e continue to rely on

the Taco Ruling for the proposition that Commerce has previously found some types of flanges

to be included in the scope, even though they were different than Star Pipe’s flanges.” Remand

Redetermination 14. This reasoning is unpersuasive in considering flanged fittings to be “types

of flanges,” ignoring the distinction made elsewhere in the Remand Redetermination, see, e.g.,

Remand Redetermination 12–13.

        Star Pipe I stated that “[s]ome of the articles at issue in the Napac Ruling were described

as gray iron flanged fittings, Napac Ruling 3, and the court is unable to conclude from the

descriptions therein that the remaining articles were identical to Star Pipe’s flanges.” Star Pipe I,

43 CIT at __, 365 F. Supp. 3d at 1285 n.8. The Remand Redetermination does not question the

court’s inability to conclude that the Napac Ruling covered the same product as that at issue in

this case. Instead, Remand Redetermination states that “we continue to rely on the Napac Ruling

for the proposition that Commerce has previously found that ductile iron fittings are covered by

the scope of the Order, unless they meet AWWA C110 or AWWA C153.” Remand

Redetermination 14. This proposition does not address the question of whether Star Pipe’s

flanges are “pipe fittings” within the intended meaning of that term as used in the scope language

of the Order. Moreover, the underlying premise of the Department’s statement is misguided.

Not all ductile iron pipe fittings are within the scope of the Order, regardless of whether they
Court No. 17-00236                                                                             Page 17


meet one of those two standards. As is relevant here, ductile iron pipe fittings are within the

scope of the Orders only if they are “[f]ittings that are made out of ductile iron that have the

same physical characteristics as the gray or cast iron fittings subject to the scope above.” Order,

68 Fed. Reg. at 16,765. Also, the Order contains an exclusion for certain ductile iron products—

grooved fittings and couplings—in addition to the exclusion for those that meet the AWWA

C110 or the AWWA C153 standard. Id.

       The Remand Redetermination relies on the UV Ruling “for the proposition that

Commerce has previously found that some ductile iron flanges similar to Star Pipe’s flanges

were included with the scope of the Order.” Remand Redetermination 14 (footnote omitted). In

contrast to the other two rulings, the UV Ruling appears to be on point and in that respect, when

considered according to 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1), provides support for a determination placing

Star Pipe’s flanges within the scope of the Order. This is not to suggest that the support it lends

is unqualified; to the contrary, the support it provides is limited by the errors in that ruling. The

UV ruling states as follows:

       In reviewing the product documentation submitted by U.V. International, the
       Department finds that U.V. International’s flanges conform to the ITC’s definition
       of pipe fittings. Specifically, as demonstrated in U.V. International’s original
       submission, its flanges can be threaded onto the ends of two pipes, and then those
       flanges can be bolted together so as to connect the pipes. Alternatively, a flange
       may be threaded onto one pipe and then used to connect that pipe to an apparatus
       with a compatible connector. Moreover, the Department has found that flanges
       are fittings in both the Taco and Napac scope rulings.

UV Ruling 3. This is the same reliance on the description of “pipe fittings” in the ITC Report

that the court finds to be misplaced in this case. Again, the problem is that the flanges in

question do not satisfy the ITC’s description in the form in which they are imported, and the

strained interpretation of the ITC’s description casts doubt on a conclusion that the ITC

considered flanges to be within the scope of the investigation, particularly when viewed in light
Court No. 17-00236                                                                          Page 18


of other evidence in the ITC Report. Also, the statement that Commerce has found that

“flanges” are fittings in the Taco and Napac rulings is unavailing, as there is no indication that

either of those rulings addressed flanges of the type at issue in this case.

                        G. Star Pipe’s Notice of Supplemental Authority

       Throughout this proceeding, Star Pipe has argued that the exclusion for “[d]uctile cast

iron fittings with … flanged ends and produced to American Water Works Association

(AWWA) specifications AWWA C110 or AWWA C153,” Order, 68 Fed. Reg. at 16,765, is a

basis upon which its flanges, even if presumed to be “pipe fittings,” must be excluded from the

scope of the Order. Star Pipe maintains that its flanges conform to AWWA C115 and argues that

“Star Pipe has provided substantial record evidence that AWWA C115 is a complementary

standard to AWWA C110 and C153; the only difference is that C115 covers flanges while C110

and C153 are for flanged fittings.” Star Pipe’s Comments 5 (citing Scope Ruling Request 3 &

Ex. 3). In the Final Scope Ruling, Commerce rejected Star Pipe’s argument, reasoning that “Star

Pipe has not provided documentation from AWWA that describes C115 as the companion

specification to C110 or C153. Just because AWWA shares all the relevant product

characteristics of C110 and C153 does not make it a companion specification.” Final Scope

Ruling 11. The Final Scope Ruling added that even had Star Pipe shown that AWWA C115 is

the companion specification to AWWA C110 and C153, “such a showing would be irrelevant

because the Order only excludes specifications AWWA C110 and AWWA C153, and makes no

mention of any companion specifications” and that “if the petitioner had intended to exclude

AWWA C115 from the scope of the Order, it would have done so.” Id. at 11–12.

       The Remand Redetermination reiterates the Department’s earlier position that it is

irrelevant whether AWWA C115 is a companion specification to AWWA C110 and C153
Court No. 17-00236                                                                            Page 19


because only products meeting the named specifications, and not those meeting companion

specifications, are the subject of the scope exclusion. Remand Redetermination 19. The

Remand Redetermination did not reiterate, and therefore did not maintain, the Department’s

rationale in the Final Scope Ruling that Star Pipe had failed to demonstrate that AWWA C115 is

a companion specification to AWWA C110 and C153.10

       In its December 3, 2019 Notice of Supplemental Authority, Star Pipe directs the court’s

attention to a scope ruling (the “ProPulse Ruling”) on certain steel hose fittings, which

Commerce issued during the course of this litigation, after briefing was completed. See Notice

of Suppl. Authority, Ex. 1; Final Scope Ruling on the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty

Orders on Forged Steel Fittings: Request by ProPulse, A Scheiffer Company (Oct. 15, 2019)

(“ProPulse Ruling”). Drawing an analogy to this case, Star Pipe argues that “[i]n the ProPulse

Scope Ruling, Commerce found that ProPulse’s fittings manufactured to ISO 12151-2 and ISO

12151-6 were excluded from the scope of the Order on Forged Steel Fittings from the People’s

Republic of China because ‘the two ISO hose fitting standards are essentially equivalent to

SAEJ516, which is expressly excluded from the Orders.’” Notice of Suppl. Authority 1 (quoting

ProPulse Ruling 5).

       Defendant responds to Star Pipe’s argument by asserting that [t]here are no … relevant

identical or similar terms . . . that would affect any of the analysis in this case” and that the hose

fittings at issue, in the words of the ProPulse Ruling, “differ from the subject merchandise, which


       10
           Although the word “companion” is not used in the excerpts, there is record evidence of
the relationship between the standards. For example, AWWA C115 provides that “[f]langes
shall conform to the respective chemical and physical properties for gray-iron and ductile-iron
fittings, according to ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10.” Star Pipe Products Scope Request: Ductile
Iron Flanges, Ex. 3 at 7, 4.3.3 (June 21, 2017) (P.R. Docs. 1–2). The submission also includes
record evidence that AWWA C110 applies to flanged fittings, 3 inches to 48 inches, AWWA
C153 applies to larger flanged fittings, and C115 applies to flanges. Id., Ex. 3 at ix.
Court No. 17-00236                                                                          Page 20


is primarily used to distribute high pressure or corrosive liquids in the end markets of oil and gas,

natural gas, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, and power plants.” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s

Notice of Suppl. Authority 2 (quoting ProPulse Ruling 4–6) (emphasis omitted).

       Defendant’s Response to the Notice of Supplemental Authority fails to draw a

meaningful distinction between the reasoning in the ProPulse Ruling and that of the Remand

Redetermination. The ProPulse Ruling specifically relied upon the Department’s conclusion that

the standards involved “are essentially equivalent.” ProPulse Ruling 5 (“Specifically, the two

ISO hose fitting standards are essentially equivalent to SAE J516, which is expressly excluded

from the Orders”). Defendant’s purported distinction regarding the treatment of use in the two

proceedings is also unconvincing because in this case Star Pipe also draws a distinction as to use,

pointing out that the general use of its flanges is for water supply and wastewater applications

while the subject merchandise is used almost exclusively in fire prevention/sprinkler and steam

conveyance systems. See Petition 4 (“Virtually all subject fittings are used in fire protection

systems and in the steam heat conveyance systems used in old inner cities.”); Scope Ruling

Request 10 (“In contrast, the flanges subject [to] this request are for the water and wastewater

industries and are not generally used in fire protection systems or steam heat conveyance

systems.”). In the redetermination it submits in response to this Opinion and Order, Commerce

may take the opportunity to address the issue plaintiff raises in its Notice of Supplemental

Authority.

                                  III. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

       In summary, the Remand Redetermination, unlike the Final Scope Ruling, considered all

three sources of information that its regulation, 19 C.F.R § 351.225(k)(1), required it to consider.

The court concludes that Commerce committed errors in analyzing the evidence in one of those
Court No. 17-00236                                                                          Page 21


sources, the ITC Report. The Remand Redetermination permissibly found certain evidentiary

support for its determination in the other two sources of information, the Petition and one of its

own past scope rulings, the UV Ruling.

         On remand, Commerce must issue a new decision that is consistent with this Opinion and

Order. In particular, the new decision must recognize that the ITC Report does not contain

evidence supporting a conclusion that Star Pipe’s flanges are within the scope of the Order and

contains some evidence that detracts from such a conclusion. At this point in the litigation, the

court declines to decide the question of whether or not the record evidence Commerce found in

the Petition and the UV Ruling is sufficient to support such a conclusion in light of all record

evidence, including the record evidence detracting from such a conclusion. Upon correcting the

errors the court identifies, Commerce must make that determination in the first instance.

         Therefore, upon consideration of the Remand Redetermination and all papers and

proceedings had herein, it is hereby

        ORDERED that Commerce, within 90 days of the issuance of this Opinion and Order,
shall submit a second decision upon remand (“Second Remand Redetermination”) that is
consistent with this Opinion and Order; it is further

       ORDERED that plaintiff and defendant-intervenor shall have 30 days from the filing of
the Second Remand Redetermination in which to submit comments to the court; and it is further

       ORDERED that defendant shall have 15 days from the date of filing of the last comment
on which to submit a response to the comments that have been submitted.

                                                      __________________________________
                                                       /s/ Timothy C. Stanceu
                                                      Timothy C. Stanceu
                                                      Chief Judge
Dated:    August 11, 2020
         New York, New York
