                                     Fourth Court of Appeals
                                              San Antonio, Texas
                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                                  No. 04-17-00138-CV

                     IN THE INTEREST OF N.A.C. JR., J.A.C., and M.I.C., Children

                         From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                       Trial Court No. 2016PA00803
                            Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Sitting:             Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                     Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                     Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: July 19, 2017

AFFIRMED

           This is an accelerated appeal from the trial court’s order terminating appellant’s parental

rights to her three children, N.A.C., Jr., J.A.C., and M.I.C. 1 In a single issue, appellant challenges

the sufficiency of the evidence in support of the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental

rights was in the children’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(2) (West Supp.

2016). We affirm. 2

                                                    BACKGROUND

           On April 19, 2016, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the

“Department”) filed a petition to terminate appellant’s parental rights to her three children. On


1
    N.A.C. was born on August 28, 2009; J.A.C. was born on April 7, 2013, and M.I.C. was born on March 6, 2014.
2
    The trial court also terminated the father’s parental rights. The father is not a party to this appeal.
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February 24, 2017, the trial court held a one-day bench trial on the merits of the case. Although

appellant appeared with counsel at the preliminary hearings, she did not appear at the termination

trial. The State called the only witnesses who testified.

       The Department’s investigator assigned to the case, Jennette Salazar, testified the

Department’s first referral occurred on January 29, 2016, when law enforcement found N.A.C. on

the streets. Because no one had reported N.A.C. as missing, the Department eventually identified

N.A.C.’s parents based on their prior history with the Department on allegations of domestic

violence between the parents and of drug use by appellant and her sister (the maternal aunt). After

N.A.C. was found on the street and the parents were identified, Salazar initially made contact with

the maternal aunt. Aware of the past drug allegations, Salazar asked the maternal aunt about marks

the aunt had on her hand. The aunt said she had been in an accident. However, the aunt agreed to

a drug test, which later came back positive for methamphetamines and heroin. When appellant

arrived, looking nervous and upset, she told Salazar she had been looking for N.A.C., she had

contacted the police, and when the police told her N.A.C. was at a shelter, she decided not to report

him missing. At this time, appellant, her three children, and the maternal aunt lived together.

Salazar said that after appellant’s drug test came back positive for methamphetamines, the

Department implemented a safety plan with the maternal grandmother, who agreed to temporarily

supervise appellant.

       Another referral, on February 9, 2016, alleged N.A.C. had taken a syringe containing a

liquid to his school. N.A.C. told school personnel the syringe belonged to his maternal aunt.

N.A.C. reenacted how his aunt would inject herself in her hand, leg, and under arm every day. He

also said his father smoked something through a shirt. Another drug test on appellant came back

positive for methamphetamines. Based on this referral, the Department required the maternal aunt

to move out of the house, and required the maternal grandmother to supervise appellant at
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appellant’s house. When the maternal grandmother moved into appellant’s house, Salazar visited

the house and discovered some trash around the rooms, and there was no food because the

refrigerator was not working. There were no beds for all the children; instead, the house had one

queen size bed.

           On February 17, 2016, after continued concerns about appellant’s drug use while caring

for her children and because the maternal grandmother may not have been aware of the drug use,

the Department implemented a parental-child safety placement with Barbie C., the children’s

paternal aunt, 3 and allowed appellant to have supervised visits with her children. The Department

also allowed appellant to engage in services through Family Based Safety Services.

           On April 9, 2016, Barbie C. took N.A.C. to Clarity Child Guidance Center because he

displayed suicidal ideations and was having outbursts at school. A child therapist who treated

N.A.C. told Salazar the relationship between appellant and Barbie C. was negatively affecting

N.A.C. On April 19, 2016, the Department filed its petition for termination of parental rights.

Salazar explained that by this time, Barbie C. was not receiving child support from appellant,

Barbie C. refused to continue as the parental-child safety placement because of disagreements with

appellant, and appellant could not provide another appropriate caregiver.

           In addition to drug use, Salazar said the Department also was concerned about the parent’s

“instability” because the father was homeless, appellant did not have a job, appellant sustained

herself and her children with the children’s Social Security income, and appellant was having

difficulty finding a new place to live. Salazar said appellant indicated her concern about drug

addicts around the house.




3
    Barbie C. is an administrative assistant for the Department.

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           Salazar stated she also had medical concerns about the children. She said J.A.C. suffered

from severe hearing loss and speech delay because appellant failed to take him to a doctor for an

ear problem, 4 and he had missed about four appointments with his ear doctor before the

Department became involved. M.I.C. was not fully immunized.

           Helen Bennett-Lopez, director for an outpatient substance abuse treatment program,

testified appellant was admitted to the program in mid-July 2016 for twelve weeks of services.

Appellant’s treatment plan called for appellant to be reunified with her children, and included

obtaining employment, securing independent living accommodations, refraining from illegal drug

use, and complying with other Department requirements.                          Appellant was unsuccessfully

discharged from the program on December 27, 2016, due to noncompliance with attendance

requirements. Bennett-Lopez said appellant missed ten of her thirteen scheduled appointments.

Bennett-Lopez did not believe appellant took her services seriously, and she thought there was

more drug usage than appellant was willing to admit.

           Elena Silverman, the Department caseworker, testified appellant completed a parenting

class and a psychological evaluation, but no other services. During the pendency of the case,

appellant tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine. Silverman said appellant

initially tested negative for drugs and consistently stayed in contact with the Department and

visited with her children. However, starting in either August or September, appellant began to

miss her outpatient substance abuse appointments, and missed or came very late to her weekly

visits with her children. When Silverman discussed the positive drug test results with appellant,

appellant told her the results belonged to someone else. Because of her inconsistent visits, the

children began to display “significant behavioral issues.” Silverman explained N.A.C. would



4
    J.A.C.’s hearing problem was first identified when he was about six months old.

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become upset, perform poorly in school the day after the missed visit, act aggressively toward his

younger siblings, and once kicked a hole in Barbie C.’s wall. Both N.A.C. and J.A.C. are in

therapy, and N.A.C. receives psychotropic medications.

        Silverman believed termination of appellant’s parental rights was in the children’s best

interest because of her continued instability, her positive drug test results, her failure to understand

how missing visitation negatively impacts N.A.C., and her failure to address J.A.C.’s hearing

problem. Silverman also said appellant has not provided her children with safe and stable housing,

or demonstrated that she will maintain her sobriety to properly care for the children. According to

Silverman, N.A.C. expressed a desire to live long-term with his paternal grandmother who helped

Barbie C. daily with the children. Silverman stated the Department’s plan is for Barbie C. to adopt

the children, Barbie C. has demonstrated the ability to meet the children’s needs, and the children

have improved under her care.

        While under appellant’s care, N.A.C. was twice held back in kindergarten because of

tardiness and missed school days and, at the age of seven, could only verbalize twenty-two sounds

of the alphabet. However, Silverman said N.A.C. now has fewer outbursts and appears to be happy

and doing well at Barbie C.’s house. J.A.C. wears hearing aids, receives additional help from an

auditory teacher at school, speaks with less difficulty, and attends all medical appointments.

However, because appellant did not follow through with J.A.C.’s medical care for years, he may

never be developmentally on target due to his hearing loss. M.I.C. has gone from needing speech

therapy four times a month to only twice a month, was developmentally delayed more than eight

months but is now doing well in daycare, and has all of her immunizations.

        Alicia Hyk, the CASA worker, testified termination of appellant’s parental rights was in

the children’s best interest because appellant either missed or was late to visits with her children,

which in turn resulted in anger, outbursts, and swearing by the children. When appellant did visit
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her children, she had problems engaging with more than one child at a time. Hyk believed

appellant had not addressed the issues that led to removal of the children, and appellant could not

adequately care for the children. She also thought Barbie C. could meet the children’s medical

needs.

         Finally, Barbie C. testified that when the children were first placed with her, in August

2016, the two youngest were very quiet, they wanted to stay up all night, they had no structure,

and they did not know how to use eating utensils. She said N.A.C. would not sleep at night, was

very nervous and afraid, and said everything was his fault. She said J.A.C. currently receives both

general and special education at school, and she is working with a local hospital to obtain speech

therapy in addition to the therapy he receives at school. Now, the children are more verbal, more

structured, they can dress themselves and are potty-trained, and they play and are happy. Barbie

C. believed she had bonded with the children and wanted to adopt them. She explained she could

not keep the children during the initial parental-child safety placement because she was afraid of

appellant and appellant was disruptive.

                                              BEST INTEREST

         A trial court may order termination of the parent-child relationship only if the court finds

by clear and convincing evidence one or more statutory grounds for termination and that

termination is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1),(2); 161.206(a) (West

2014). 5 There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best



5
 The trial court terminated appellant’s parental rights after finding the Department proved by clear and convincing
evidence the following four statutory grounds: she knowingly placed or allowed the children to remain in conditions
or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being; she engaged in conduct that endangered her
children; she constructively abandoned the children; she failed to comply with her court-ordered plan; and she used a
controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the children and failed to complete a court-
ordered substance abuse treatment program or, after completing the program, continued to abuse a controlled
substance. See TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (N), (O), and (P). Appellant does not challenge these
grounds on appeal.

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interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, when the court considers factors

related to the best interest of the child, “the prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe

environment is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(a). In

determining whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe

environment, we consider the factors set forth in Family Code section 263.307(b).

        We also apply the non-exhaustive Holley factors to our analysis. See Holley v. Adams, 544

S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). Finally, evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for

termination may constitute evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s best interest. In

re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence may be probative of both section

161.001(1) grounds and best interest, but such evidence does not relieve the State of its burden to

prove best interest). A best interest analysis may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective

factors, and the totality of the evidence as well as the direct evidence. In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615,

620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied). A trier of fact may measure a parent’s future

conduct by her past conduct and determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s

best interest. Id.

        When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the well-established standard of

review. See TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 101.007, 161.206(a); In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.

2005) (legal sufficiency); In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (factual sufficiency).

        Only N.A.C. expressed his desire, which was to live with his paternal grandmother. With

regard to the present and future emotional and physical danger to the children, appellant failed to

complete the substance abuse treatment program and was unsuccessfully discharged, and she

continued to test positive for drugs. The trial court had before it evidence that appellant did not

address the children’s medical needs while they were under her care. Appellant failed to provide

her children with safe and stable housing, and could not provide proof of employment. The future
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plan called for the paternal aunt, Barbie C., to adopt the children, and the trial court had before it

evidence that Barbie C. provided for the children’s physical and medical needs and the children

all had improved under her care.

       Considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the best interest finding, we

conclude the trial court reasonably could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination

of appellant's parental rights was in the children’s best interest.

                                          CONCLUSION

       We overrule appellant’s issue on appeal and affirm the trial court’s Order of Termination.

                                                   Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice




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