
195 Va. 523 (1954)
ROY SPRADLIN AND FRANK JACKSON
v.
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA.
Record No. 4196.
Supreme Court of Virginia.
January 25, 1954.
T. W. Messick    and    Morton Honeyman,    for the plaintiffs in error.
Present, All the Justices.
1.  Defendants, by consent tried together on indictments charging felonious and malicious assault under Code 1950, section 18-70, were found guilty of an assault and battery on Charles Hamilton and Gordon Richards.  There was no merit to defendants' contention that their convictions must be supported by evidence of actual violence inflicted by each on both Hamilton and Richards.  Since both defendants were present, aiding and abetting in the assault each was criminally responsible for the acts of the other and the acts of other members of the group participating in it.
2.  One merely present when a crime is committed, though consenting to it, is not guilty of an offense; but if there is concert of action, with the resulting crime one of the probable consequences, even though not contemplated, all who participate in any way in bringing it about, are bound by the acts of every other participant.
Error to a judgment of the Hustings Court of the city of Roanoke.  Hon. Dirk A. Kuyk, judge presiding. The opinion states the case.
J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Attorney General    and    C. F. Hicks, Assistant Attorney General,    for the Commonwealth.
SMITH
SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court.
These two cases, by consent of the Commonwealth and the defendants, were heard together by a jury on two joint indictments under the maiming statute, Code, | 18-70; one charging that Roy Spradlin and Frank Jackson feloniously and maliciously assaulted one Charles M. Hamilton, and the other in identical language charging such assault upon one Gordon H. Richards.
Both defendants pleaded not guilty to each indictment and at the trial relied on an alibi as their defense.  The jury resolved the conflicts in the evidence adversely to the defendants and by its verdicts found each defendant guilty of assault and battery under each of the two indictments and fixed punishment at nine months in jail and a fine of $250.00 on each indictment.  On these verdicts the court entered judgments on February 20, 1953, and sentenced the defendants.
This writ of error brings here for review those judgments of conviction. The only question properly presented by sufficient assignments of error is whether the evidence supports the verdicts.
Under an indictment charging felonious and malicious maiming with intent to maim, disfigure, disable or kill, the jury, if warranted by the evidence, may find the accused guilty of (1) malicious wounding with the intent to maim, disfigure, disable or kill; or (2) unlawful wounding with the same intent; or (3) simple assault and battery.     Crutchfield     Commonwealth,    187 Va. 291, 46 S.E.(2d) 340;    Honaker     Commonwealth,    136 Va. 752, 118 S.E. 85. See    Williams     Commonwealth,    153 Va. 987, 151 S.E. 151.  Therefore, the jury's verdicts finding the defendants guilty of assault and battery were proper under the two indictments, *525 if supported by evidence establishing defendants' guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Charles M. Hamilton testified that around 8:15 p.m., on September 25, 1952, while he and Gordon H. Richards were sitting in a booth at the Steak House, a restaurant in the city of Roanoke, Virginia, one of the defendants, later identified by Hamilton as Roy Spradlin, came to the booth which they occupied and asked Hamilton why he had cursed him.  When Hamilton, who did not know Spradlin and had never seen him before, replied that he had not done so, Spradlin struck him.  A scuffle then ensued in which four or five men, including the defendants, joined in pushing and shoving Hamilton and Richards out of the restaurant into a parking lot.
Hamilton testified that "After Richards and me were shoved out of the door into the Steak House lot, Roy Spradlin knocked me down and he and one of the other persons were hitting me.  A lot of fists were flying all over the place. I don't know who hit me other than Roy Spradlin as I was trying to protect myself.  From what I could tell it appeared the other three men in the crowd were beating Gordon Richards and they left him lying in an unconscious condition in the lot."
The testimony of Richards was substantially the same as that of Hamilton. He stated, however, that:  "I did not know any of the men in the fight.  I do not recognize either of the defendants and do not know if they were in the crowd or not.  Three or four men were hitting me.  I was knocked down and kicked."
After the fight the assailants drove away together in an automobile which had been parked nearby.  Richards was left lying unconscious on the ground with his face badly beaten and a cut around his eye that required four stitches. Hamilton received a cut on his forehead; his ribs and back were bruised and he missed two days from work as a result of the attack.  About two months later Hamilton recognized the defendants as two of those who had participated in the  *526 assault on Richards and himself and obtained warrants for their arrest.
  It is conceded that the evidence is sufficient to warrant the conviction of Spradlin for the offense of assault and battery on Hamilton, but it is contended that the evidence is wholly insufficient to warrant his conviction of the offense of assault and battery on Richards.  It is also contended that the evidence is wholly insufficient to warrant the conviction of Jackson of any offense.  These contentions are based on the theory that conviction of the crimes charged in the indictments must be supported by evidence of actual violence inflicted by each defendant on both Hamilton and Richards.  The Commonwealth, however, insists that even if the evidence is insufficient to show that Spradlin and Jackson were both guilty of violence against each of the persons assaulted, it is sufficient to show that they were present, aiding and abetting in the commission of the assault and therefore criminally responsible as charged in the indictments.
The applicable law which has been reaffirmed by this court in many cases is stated by Judge Kelly in    Brown     Commonwealth,    130 Va. 733, 736, 107 S.E. 809, 810, 16 A.L.R. 1039, as follows:
"'A principal in the second degree is one not the perpetrator, but present, aiding and abetting the act done, or keeping watch or guard at some convenient distance.'  Minor's Synopsis Crim. Law, page 11.  See also    Horton's Case, 99 Va. 848, 38 S.E. 184."
"'Every person who is present at the commission of a trespass, encouraging or inciting the same by words, gestures, looks or signs, or who in any way, or by any means, countenances or approves the same, is, in law, assumed to be an aider and abettor, and is liable as principal.'  Plaintiff's Instr. No. 1 in Daingerfield     Thompson,    33 Gratt. (74 Va.) 136, 148, 36 Am.Rep. 783, approved by this court as the law.  *527 "
"Mere presence when a crime is committed is, of course, not sufficient to render one guilty as an aider or abettor.  There must be something to show that the person present and so charged, in some way procured, or incited, or encouraged, the act done by the actual perpetrator.     Kemp's Case,    80 Va. 443, 450.  But whether a person does in fact aid or abet another in the commission of a crime is a question which may be determined by circumstances as well as by direct evidence."  Also see    Foster     Commonwealth,    179 Va. 96, 18 S.E.(2d) 314;    James     Commonwealth,    178 Va. 28, 16 S.E.(2d) 296;
Hurd     Commonwealth,    159 Va. 880, 165 S.E. 536;    Hodge Winchester,    153 Va. 904, 150 S.E. 392;    Boggs     Commonwealth,    153 Va. 828, 149 S.E. 445;    Shiflett     Commonwealth,    151 Va. 556, 145 S.E. 336.
Every person who is present lending countenance, aiding or abetting another in the commission of an offense is liable to the same punishment as if he had actually committed the offense.  In misdemeanor cases there are no accessories but all participants in the crime are principals.     Hodge    and    Foster cases,    supra; Wooden     Commonwealth,    117 Va. 930, 86 S.E. 305;    Watts
Commonwealth,    99 Va. 872, 880, 39 S.E. 706.  In felony cases such accessory is a principal in the second degree but is tried and punished as if a principal in the first degree.  Code, | 18-3.  Therefore, unless otherwise stated, if a statute makes an act criminal, it imposes on all persons who are present purposely giving aid and comfort to the actual wrongdoer criminal responsibility equal to that of the wrongdoer.     Adkins     Commonwealth, 175 Va. 590, 9 S.E.(2d) 349;    Rasnake     Commonwealth,    135 Va. 677, 115 S.E. 543;    Wooden     Commonwealth, supra.
  But a person merely being present when a crime is committed and even consenting thereto is not guilty of an offense, unless he aids, abets, counsels or advises its commission.     Smith     Commonwealth,    185 Va. 800, 40 S.E.(2d) *528 273;    Harold     Commonwealth,    147 Va. 617, 136 S.E. 658.
If there is concert of action with the resulting crime one of its incidental probable consequences, then whether such crime was originally contemplated or not, all who participate in any way in bringing it about are equally answerable and bound by the acts of every other person connected with the consummation of such resulting crime.  The question of whether the offense is the natural and probable result of the intended wrongful act is usually for the jury.     Hurd, Boggs    and    Brown    cases,    supra.
Judge Learned Hand, in    United States     Peoni,    100 F.(2d) 401, 402, after reviewing various definitions of aiding and abetting, said:  "It will be observed that all these definitions have nothing whatever to do with the probability that the forbidden result would follow upon the accessory's conduct; and that they all demand that he in some sort associate himself with the venture, that he participate in it as in something that he wishes to bring about, that he seek by his action to make it succeed.  All the words used -- even the most colorless, 'abet' -- carry an implication of purposive attitude towards it."
In the instant case Spradlin made the initial unprovoked assault and he and Jackson were positively identified and pointed out as two of the group of four or five assailants engaged in the wrongful act of forcing Hamilton and Richards out of the restaurant.  In continuing this violence on the outside of the restaurant the attackers divided into two groups which proceeded to brutally beat Hamilton and Richards to such an extent that one suffered a cut around the eye, bruised ribs and back; and the other suffered a cut forehead, a badly beaten face, impairment of sight and was left unconscious on the ground while this ruffian gang drove away together in an automobile.  Spradlin and Jackson were present and associated in this concerted action and participated in bringing it about.  *529 
The evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants were aiding and abetting in the commission of the crimes for which the jury found them guilty, and it is immaterial whether they actually inflicted the specific injuries received by Hamilton and Richards.  Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court entered on the verdicts of the jury finding each of the defendants, Roy Spradlin and Frank Jackson, guilty of assault and battery on each of the indictments, are affirmed.
Affirmed.
