                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                              JUL 01 2010

                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 09-55782

              Plaintiff - Appellee,              D.C. No. 2:08-cv-06520-R-SS

  v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM *
STEPHEN J. MURPHY,

              Defendant - Appellant.



                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                     Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted June 11, 2010
                               Pasadena, California

Before:       TROTT and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and MAHAN, District
              Judge.**

       Stephen Murphy appeals from the district court’s order denying his motion

to dismiss the government’s writ of garnishment action seeking to enforce a




          *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
       **
             The Honorable James C. Mahan, United States District Judge for the
District of Nevada, sitting by designation.
$14 million criminal restitution judgment against him. We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      Murphy’s restitution order is governed by the Victim and Witness Protection

Act (“VWPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663 (1988).1 See United States v. Bussell, 414 F.3d

1048, 1061 (9th Cir. 2005) (noting that the VWPA governs orders of restitution for

offenses committed prior to 1996).

      The government’s enforcement action is not time-barred. The restitution

order remains enforceable even though Murphy was released from imprisonment

more than five years ago. See United States v. Soderling, 970 F.2d 529, 535 n.12

(9th Cir. 1992) (“‘[The five-year limit in § 3663(f)(2)(B)] protects the victim, not

the offender. It limits the duration of a grace period . . . and does not terminate the

obligation to make restitution.’” (quoting United States v. House, 808 F.2d 508,

511-12 (7th Cir. 1986)); United States v. Keith, 754 F.2d 1388, 1393 (9th Cir.

1985) (“The district court apparently mistakenly assumed that subsection

3579(f)(2)(B)2 defines the period for payment of restitution ordered under the Act.


      1
        Subsection (f) of § 3663 was repealed in 1996 by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132, § 205. Unless
otherwise noted, references to § 3663 will be to the version in effect in 1992 under
the VWPA.
      2
       Former 18 U.S.C. § 3579(f) was renumbered as 18 U.S.C. § 3663(f) by the
Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-473, Title II, §§ 212(a).

                                           2
It does not. It merely defines the maximum payment period that may be

specified.” (footnote added, footnote omitted)); see also United States v. Young,

593 F.3d 773, 774 (8th Cir. 2010) (per curiam); United States v. Rossi, 592 F.3d

372, 375 (2d Cir. 2010); United States v. Ridgeway, 489 F.3d 732, 735-37 (5th Cir.

2007); FDIC v. Dover, 453 F.3d 710, 715-16 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v.

Fuentes, 107 F.3d 1515, 1533 n.33 (11th Cir. 1997); House, 808 F.2d at 511.3

      Murphy waived his right to challenge the amount of restitution ordered in

the judgment by failing to file a direct appeal from that judgment. See United

States v. Gianelli, 543 F.3d 1178, 1184 (9th Cir. 2008).

      Murphy waived any argument that the restitution order is ambiguous by not

raising that argument in his opening brief. See United States v. Kama, 394 F.3d

1236, 1238 (9th Cir. 2005). Moreover, such an argument lacks merit in light of

Murphy’s plea agreement, in which he agreed to pay full restitution for the losses

caused by his conduct.

      AFFIRMED.


      3
         But see United States v. Bruchey, 810 F.2d 456, 459-60 (4th Cir. 1987)
(noting that when a court orders restitution in installments, the VWPA “clearly
limits the period within which restitution is due” to five years after the end of the
term of imprisonment (quotation omitted)); United States v. Brown, 744 F.2d 905,
911 (2d Cir. 1984) (“Recognizing that indigency may be temporary, Congress
provided for payment of restitution during a period of up to five years after the
completion of any prison sentence imposed.”).

                                          3
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