[Cite as State v. Groves, 2016-Ohio-1408.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                     :                 No. 15AP-855
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 13CR-4145)
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,               :                 No. 15AP-856
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 13CR-5482)
v.                                                 :                 No. 15AP-861
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 13CR-5611)
Brian A. Groves,                                   :                 No. 15AP-862
                                                                   (C.P.C. No. 13CR-4775)
                 Defendant-Appellant.              :
                                                               (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
                                                   :




                                             D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on March 31, 2016


                 On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Laura R.
                 Swisher, for appellee. Argued: Laura R. Swisher.

                 On brief: Blaise G. Baker, for appellant. Argued: Blaise G.
                 Baker.

                  APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

DORRIAN, P.J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Brian A. Groves, appeals the August 20 and
August 24, 2015 judgments of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, convicting
him, pursuant to a plea of no contest, and imposing sentence. For the following reasons,
we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} In July 2013, the Hilliard Division of Police received multiple tips that drug
trafficking was occurring at a residence in Hilliard, Ohio.              Through a confidential
informant, police purchased drugs at the residence. As a result, on July 11, 2013, they
sought and obtained a search warrant for the residence, which they executed on July 12,
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                           2


2013.     During the search of the residence, police found appellant, who lived in the
residence, along with other individuals and a large quantity of drugs.
        {¶ 3} On July 20, 2013, an individual wielding what appeared to be a firearm
robbed a CVS Pharmacy in Reynoldsburg, Ohio, taking drugs and money. Reynoldsburg
police uploaded a photograph of the robber taken from the store's surveillance system to a
law enforcement database. Upon observing the photograph, Hilliard police informed
Reynoldsburg police that the robber appeared to be appellant. Using a photo array, three
individuals who were present during the robbery identified appellant as the robber with
differing degrees of certainty. As a result, Reynoldsburg police obtained a search warrant
for appellant's residence in Hilliard on July 25, 2013, which they executed the same day.
During the search of the residence, police recovered the stolen drugs and found a BB gun
matching the description of the one used in the robbery. Additionally, police found other
drugs that were not related to the robbery.
        {¶ 4} In August 2013, a car dealership in Hilliard reported that a 2003 Audi A4
automobile had been stolen. Based on information that appellant's son drove the same
type of vehicle, police went to appellant's residence with a key fob for the stolen car.
When they activated the key fob, they heard the car alert. Police thereafter obtained
another search warrant and recovered the stolen automobile.
        {¶ 5} On August 2, 2013, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted appellant in case
No. 15AP-855 on 4 criminal counts: 1 count of aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C.
2911.01, a felony of the first degree; 1 count of robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.02, a
felony of the second degree; 1 count of theft, in violation of R.C. 2913.02, a felony of the
third degree; and 1 count of having a weapon while under disability, in violation of R.C.
2923.13, a felony of the third degree. The offenses of aggravated robbery, robbery, and
theft were each charged with an attached firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145.
On September 10, 2013, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted appellant in case No.
15AP-862 on 22 counts of aggravated trafficking in drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.03, 3
felonies of the first degree, 12 felonies of the second degree, and 7 felonies of the third
degree.
        {¶ 6} On October 15, 2013, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted appellant in
case No. 15AP-856 on 1 count of receiving stolen property, in violation of R.C. 2913.51, a
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                             3


felony of the fourth degree. On October 23, 2013, a Franklin County Grand Jury indicted
appellant in case No. 15AP-861 on 8 criminal counts: 2 counts of aggravated possession of
drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.11, felonies of the fifth degree; 2 counts of aggravated
trafficking in drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.03, felonies of the fourth degree; 2 counts of
aggravated possession of drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.11, felonies of the third degree;
and 2 counts of aggravated trafficking in drugs, in violation of R.C. 2925.03, felonies of
the third degree.
       {¶ 7} On January 29, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence
obtained as a result of the July 25, 2013 search warrant. On March 17, 2014, plaintiff-
appellee, State of Ohio, filed a memorandum contra appellant's January 29, 2014 motion
to suppress. On March 18, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained
as a result of the July 11, 2013 search warrant. On April 25, 2014, the state filed a
memorandum contra appellant's March 18, 2014 motion to suppress. On June 1, 2014,
appellant filed another motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the July 25,
2013 search warrant.
       {¶ 8} On August 14, 2014, the state filed a motion for joinder of case Nos. 13CR-
4775, 13CR-4145, and 13CR-5611. On September 4, 2014, the trial court filed a decision
and entry granting the state's motion for joinder. On November 6, 2014, the trial court
held a suppression hearing and denied appellant's motions to suppress.
       {¶ 9} On July 20, 2015, appellant entered a plea of no contest to 1 count of
robbery, 1 count of receiving stolen property, 2 counts of aggravated possession of drugs,
and 14 counts of aggravated trafficking in drugs. After advising appellant of his rights, the
trial court found appellant guilty of the offenses to which he pled. On August 18, 2015, the
trial court held a sentencing hearing. On August 20, 2015, the trial court filed judgment
entries reflecting appellant's conviction and sentence in cases Nos. 13CR-4145, 13CR-5611,
and 13CR-4775. On August 24, 2015, the trial court filed a judgment entry reflecting
appellant's conviction and sentence in case No. 13CR-5482.
II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 10} Appellant appeals and assigns the following two assignments of error for
our review:
              [I.] The trial court erred in denying Defendant-Appellant's
              Motion to Suppress all evidence obtained from or arising from
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                          4


                the July 12, 2013 search of his home as the search warrant
                affidavit lacked sufficient information to establish probable
                cause.

                [II.] The trial court erred in denying Defendant-Appellant's
                Motion to Suppress all evidence and statements that
                was/were retrieved and occurred as the result of the July 25,
                2013 search of Defendant-Appellant's residence as the search
                warrant affidavit lacked sufficient information to establish
                probable cause.

III. Discussion
       {¶ 11} "Appellate review of a trial court's decision regarding a motion to suppress
evidence involves mixed questions of law and fact." State v. Holland, 10th Dist. No.
13AP- 790, 2014-Ohio-1964, ¶ 8. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court,
as trier of fact, is in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the
credibility of witnesses. State v. Gravely, 188 Ohio App.3d 825, 2010-Ohio-3379, ¶ 23
(10th Dist.).    When reviewing a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress, "an
appellate court engages in a two-step analysis: (1) whether competent, credible evidence
supports the trial court's findings; and (2) whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal
standard, without giving any deference to the conclusion of the trial court." State v.
Harrington, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-571, 2015-Ohio-2492, ¶ 6, citing Holland at ¶ 8, citing
State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8.
       {¶ 12} The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applied to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." The Ohio Constitution contains a
nearly identical provision. Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 14. "Search warrants are
issued pursuant to the authority found in R.C. 2933.21 through 2933.25 and Crim.R. 41."
Id. at ¶ 7, citing State v. Williams, 57 Ohio St.3d 24 (1991).
       {¶ 13} In determining whether an affidavit in support of a search warrant
demonstrates probable cause, a magistrate must " 'make a practical, common-sense
decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him,
including the "veracity" and "basis of knowledge" of persons supplying hearsay
information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                           5


found in a particular place.' " State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325 (1989), paragraph one of
the syllabus, quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-39 (1983). When an appellate
court reviews the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit, it "must not substitute its
judgment for that of the magistrate but, rather, ensure that the magistrate 'had a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.' " State v. Johnson, 10th
Dist. No. 13AP-637, 2014-Ohio-671, ¶ 8, quoting George at paragraph two of the syllabus.
Such analysis is undertaken with great deference to the magistrate's determination of
probable cause, and marginal cases should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.
George at paragraph two of the syllabus. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914
(1984).
       {¶ 14} "Probable cause means less evidence than would justify condemnation, so
that only the 'probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity is the
standard of probable cause.' " (Internal quotations and emphasis omitted.) State v. Eal,
10th Dist. No. 11AP-460, 2012-Ohio-1373, ¶ 10, quoting George at 329. "[W]here these
circumstances are detailed, where reason for crediting the source of the information is
given, and when a magistrate has found probable cause, the courts should not invalidate
the warrant by interpreting the affidavit in a hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense,
manner." United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109 (1965). "In determining whether
probable cause supports a search warrant, the issuing judge generally is confined to the
averments contained in the supporting affidavit." Eal at ¶ 10, citing State v. Yanowitz, 67
Ohio App.2d 141, 144 (8th Dist.1980).
       A. July 11, 2013 Search Warrant
       {¶ 15} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the affidavit
submitted in support of the search warrant issued July 11, 2013 contained false
information and did not contain sufficient evidence for probable cause on which to issue
the search warrant. Specifically, appellant asserts that the "affidavit falsely stated that
Detective Cohill, the police officer conducting surveillance at [appellant's] residence, had
'constant visual contact' of a confidential informant who allegedly purchased drugs from
[appellant's] home." (Appellant's Brief, 17.)
       {¶ 16} In his affidavit, Detective Cohill stated in part:
              On 5-29-13, a confidential informant, known as CI1, provided
              [Hilliard Police Department] with information regarding the
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                         6


              resident, [appellant], at 3426 Leap Rd. [appellant's
              residence]. CI1 stated that there was frequent vehicular traffic
              at the residence and that [appellant] had offered to sell them
              pills before. CI1 has been used in the past and proven reliable.
              CI1 has given HPD information which has led to felony
              charges and seizures of illegal narcotics.

              In the month of July, 2013, HPD S.I.U. Detectives periodically
              conducted surveillance on [appellant's residence] and
              observed vehicular traffic that arrived and left within a period
              of less than 5 minutes. Based on the Affiant's training and
              experience, this is a pattern indicative of illegal narcotics
              activity.

              Based on all of this information, HPD's Special Investigation
              Unit (SIU) members met with a second confidential
              informant (CI2) on 7-9-12. CI2 knew details about the
              residence and what [appellant] sells. CI2 stated that
              [appellant] sells Demerol, Opana, Percocet, Oxycodone,
              Morphine, and several other prescription pills, the milligrams
              of each pill, and the cost per milligram or pill. CI2 knows what
              prescription pills look like, how they are packaged, has used
              them in the past and has bought prescription pills from
              [appellant] before. CI2 provided [appellant's] address and a
              description of what he drives. HPD Detectives corroborated
              CI2's information, including that [appellant] lives at
              [appellant's residence] in Hilliard, Franklin County, Ohio.

              Within 72 hours of July 10th, 2013, SIU Detectives personally
              met with CI2 who was searched and found not to have any
              contraband or money on their person; was given a specific
              amount of city funds with which to purchase prescription
              pills; proceeded to [appellant's residence] under constant
              visual surveillance and returned directly to SIU Detectives and
              gave them a quantity of prescription pills which had been
              purchased from the premises. The pills, obtained during the
              "controlled buy", were determined to be a Schedule II Opiate
              based controlled substances.

(July 11, 2013 Search Warrant Affidavit, 2-3.)
       {¶ 17} Appellant mischaracterizes the statement made in the affidavit.         The
affidavit did not state that police actually observed the transaction, or that they
maintained constant visual surveillance inside the residence. Instead, it stated only that
the confidential informant "proceeded to 3426 Leap Rd. [appellant's residence] under
constant visual surveillance." It is important to recognize that affidavits in support of
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                             7


search warrants are "normally drafted by nonlawyers in the midst and haste of a criminal
investigation." Ventresca at 109. As a result, the issuing judge is expected to interpret the
affidavit in a commonsense, practical manner. George at paragraph one of the syllabus.
As a result, considering the detailed circumstances outlined in the affidavit and the great
deference employed by a court when reviewing a probable cause determination, we
decline to interpret the affidavit in a "hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense,
manner" to find that it contained a false statement. Ventresca at 109.
       {¶ 18} Additionally, appellant finds fault with several other aspects of the affidavit.
First, appellant claims that a controlled purchase of drugs probably did not occur because
police did not "search the hood and spare tire apparatus of the confidential informant's
car" before the confidential informant purchased drugs at appellant's residence.
(Appellant's Brief, 18.) Detective Cohill admitted at the suppression hearing that he did
not search those areas of the confidential informant's car before the transaction at
appellant's residence. However, Detective Cohill stated that "[t]he subject never went to
those areas" and the remainder of the vehicle was searched by police. (Tr. 80.) As a
result, we cannot find that, considering the totality of the circumstances, the affidavit
failed to demonstrate probable cause because police did not search the specified areas of
the confidential informant's vehicle. See State v. Allen, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-264, 2008-
Ohio-6916, ¶ 27-28.
       {¶ 19} Second, appellant asserts that the affidavit "did not make clear what
information was known to Detective Cohill and what information came from the
confidential informant." (Appellant's Brief, 19.) Having reviewed the affidavit, we cannot
agree with appellant's characterization of its contents.        Further, appellant fails to
demonstrate, with reference to the record or other authorities, how this argument relates
to a finding that the issuing judge did not have a substantial basis for concluding that
probable cause existed. As a result, we find no merit to appellant's argument.
       {¶ 20} Recognizing the great deference given to the issuing judge's determination
of probable cause by a reviewing court and considering the totality of the circumstances
set forth by the affidavit in support of the July 11, 2013 warrant, we find there was a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. George at paragraph two of
the syllabus. Because the July 11, 2013 search warrant validly authorized the search of
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                            8


appellant's residence, we find there was no violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 14.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first assignment of error.
       B. July 25, 2013 Search Warrant
       {¶ 21} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that the affidavit
submitted in support of the search warrant issued on July 25, 2013 was defective because
it failed to explain why any contraband from the CVS Pharmacy robbery would have been
at appellant's residence. However, the affidavit contained a detailed list of items that were
involved with the July 20, 2013 robbery. Specifically, the affidavit stated that there was
"good cause to believe * * * that blue or green rain poncho, gray long sleeved shirt, white
athletic shoes, black gloves, sunglasses, green bag, black handgun, Oxycodone-
Acetaminophen pills, Methadone, Morphine tablets, money, and items related to the
aggravated robbery" were being kept at appellant's residence. (July 25, 2013 Search
Warrant Affidavit, 1.) The affidavit additionally contained a detailed statement describing
three witnesses' identification of appellant as the person who committed the robbery.
Further, the affidavit stated that a confidential informant observed appellant "plac[ing]
pill bottles in the trunk * * * of a white Mercedes in the back yard of his residence."
(July 25, 2013 Search Warrant Affidavit, 2.) Based on the information contained within
the affidavit, it was reasonable for the issuing judge to find there was a fair probability
that evidence related to the robbery as listed in the affidavit would be found at appellant's
residence.
       {¶ 22} Next, appellant contends the affidavit contained no information regarding
the reliability of the confidential informant.    Although appellant is correct that the
affidavit failed to provide support for the reliability of the confidential informant, we
cannot find that, given the other information in the affidavit, there was insufficient
information for the issuing judge to find that there was a fair probability that evidence of
the robbery would be found at appellant's residence.
       {¶ 23} Appellant additionally contends that the photo array used by police to
identify appellant was impermissibly suggestive. Having reviewed the photo array, we
cannot agree with appellant's contention. Furthermore, the state argues that even if we
were to consider the photo array to be impermissibly suggestive, it is important to note
Nos. 15AP-855, 15AP-856, 15AP-861, and 15AP-862                                           9


that the photo array was not used to establish appellant's identity for purposes of proving
a crime. Instead, it was only used to determine whether probable cause existed to search
appellant's residence. Appellant fails to cite any relevant authority for the proposition
that an impermissibly suggestive photo array renders a probable cause determination
invalid. Because we do not find the photo array to be impermissibly suggestive, we find
no merit to appellant's contention.
       {¶ 24} Therefore, recognizing the great deference given to the issuing judge's
determination of probable cause by a reviewing court, and considering the totality of the
circumstances set forth by the affidavit in support of the July 25, 2013 search warrant, we
find there was a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. George at
paragraph two of the syllabus.        Because the July 25, 2013 search warrant validly
authorized the search of appellant's residence, we find there was no violation of the
Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and Ohio Constitution,
Article I, Section 14. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second assignment of error.
IV. Conclusion
       {¶ 25} Having overruled appellant's two assignments of error, we affirm the
judgments of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                                     Judgments affirmed.
                           TYACK and HORTON, JJ., concur.
