               Case: 17-15321     Date Filed: 01/25/2019    Page: 1 of 8


                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                                  No. 17-15321
                              Non-Argument Calendar
                            ________________________

          D.C. Docket Nos. 9:17-cv-81110-KAM; 9:12-cr-80226-KAM-1

SONNY AUSTIN RAMDEO,

                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                         versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Defendant-Appellee.

                            ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                  (January 25, 2019)

Before WILSON, JORDAN, and HULL Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Sonny Ramdeo, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s dismissal

of his petition for a writ of audita querela, arguing that the restitution portion of his
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criminal judgment is unsound based on information that came to light after

sentencing. Mr. Ramdeo asserts that the district court erred by construing his

petition for a writ of audita querela as a petition for a writ of error coram nobis

before dismissing it. Assuming Mr. Ramdeo is correct, a writ of audita querela is

not an appropriate remedy for the issues presented in his petition. We therefore

affirm.

                                         I

      In 2015, Mr. Ramdeo pled guilty to wire fraud and money laundering for

defrauding his employer of more than $20 million in wages and payroll taxes. The

district court sentenced Mr. Ramdeo to a total sentence of 240 months’

imprisonment and ordered him to pay $21,442,173 in restitution. Mr. Ramdeo

appealed his convictions and sentence, arguing—among other things—that the

district court erred in calculating restitution. In March of 2017, we affirmed Mr.

Ramdeo’s convictions and sentence—including his restitution judgment. See United

States v. Ramdeo, 682 F. App’x 751, 758 (11th Cir. 2017).

      While his direct appeal was pending, Mr. Ramdeo also filed a motion to vacate

his convictions and sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Among other things, Mr.

Ramdeo’s § 2255 motion challenged the prosecution’s alleged failure to produce

evidence of his victim’s losses. The district court dismissed Mr. Ramdeo’s § 2255

motion without prejudice because his direct appeal was still pending, and we denied


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him a certificate of appealability. See Ramdeo v. United States, No. 17-10467 (11th

Cir. July 13, 2017).

          Mr. Ramdeo then filed a pro se petition for writ of audita querela in October

of 2017. The petition challenges his restitution judgment, arguing that the district

court did not comply with the procedural requirements of the Mandatory Victims

Restitution Act and failed to reduce his restitution obligation by certain tax payments

that his victims received. Specifically, Mr. Ramdeo contends that the government

did not provide copies of victim affidavits used to calculate restitution and that

millions of dollars in tax payments were not properly accounted for when the district

court estimated the loss caused by his fraud.

          A magistrate judge issued a report recommending the dismissal of Mr.

Ramdeo’s petition, which the district court adopted. At the outset, the magistrate

judge liberally construed the pro se petition—titled “Petition for a Writ of Audita

Querela”—as seeking relief under a writ of error coram nobis. The magistrate judge

then concluded that Mr. Ramdeo was not entitled to coram nobis relief because,

among other things, he could have challenged his restitution judgment before the

district court or on direct appeal and other avenues of relief existed. Mr. Ramdeo

appeals the district court’s initial decision to construe his petition for a writ of audit

querela as a petition for a writ of error coram nobis. 1


1
    In his opening brief, Mr. Ramdeo challenges the district court’s construction of his petition as for
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                                               II

       The All Writs Act grants federal courts the power to issue writs “necessary or

appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and

principles of law.” 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a). However, “[t]he All Writs Acts is a residual

source of authority to issue writs that are not otherwise covered by statute. Where a

statute specifically addresses the particular issue at hand, it is that authority, and not

the All Writs Act, that is controlling.” Pa. Bureau of Corr. v. U.S. Marshals Serv.,

474 U.S. 34, 43 (1985). Accordingly, common law writs, such as coram nobis and

audita querela, survive only to the extent that they “fill the interstices of the federal

post-conviction remedial framework through remedies available at common law.”

United States v. Holt, 417 F.3d 1172, 1175 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States

v. Ayala, 894 F.2d 425, 428 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).

       Audita querela, like coram nobis, is an “extraordinary remedy” that is

available “only under circumstances compelling such action to achieve justice.”

United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 511 (1954). These writs may be used to

correct “errors of the most fundamental character.” Id. at 512 (quotation marks,

citation and footnote omitted). See also United States v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 911



a writ of error coram nobis and not its conclusion that he is not entitled to coram nobis relief.
Therefore, any argument to that issue is abandoned. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273,
1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding that issues not raised in an appellant’s initial brief are
abandoned).


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(2009) (noting that the Supreme Court in limits the use of extraordinary writs “to

redress a fundamental error . . . as opposed to mere technical errors”).

“‘[C]ircumstances compelling such action to achieve justice’ . . . exist only when the

error involves a matter of fact of the most fundamental character which has not been

put in issue or passed upon and which renders the proceeding itself irregular and

invalid.” Moody v. United States, 874 F.2d 1575, 1576–77 (11th Cir. 1989) (quoting

Morgan, 346 U.S. at 511).

      Although similar in nature, “[e]ach of the ancient writs permitted relief in

different scenarios.” Gonzalez v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 366 F.3d 1253, 1289

(11th Cir. 2004). “Audita querela, Latin for ‘the complaint having been heard,’ was

an ancient writ used to attack the enforcement of a judgment after it was

rendered.” Holt, 417 F.3d at 1174 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 126 (7th ed.

1999)). The common law writ “typically ‘afford[ed] relief to a judgment debtor

against a judgment or execution because of some defense or discharge arising

subsequent to the rendition of the judgment or the issue of the execution.’”

Gonzalez, 366 F.3d at 1289 (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller &

Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2867, at 394 (Civil 2d ed. 1995))

(alteration in original). See also United States v. Miller, 599 F.3d 484, 488 (5th Cir.

2010) (“[Audita querela] can only be available where there is a legal objection to a

judgment which has arisen subsequent to that judgment.”). So long as there is


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another avenue for relief, a writ of audita querela is not appropriate. See Holt, 417

F.3d at 1174–75 (concluding that audita querela relief was improper because relief

was cognizable under 28 U.S.C. § 2255).

       Coram nobis is a similarly extraordinary writ that may be used to remedy

“mistakes of fact, not appearing on the face of the record, and but for which the

judgment would not have been entered.” Gonzalez, 366 F.3d at 1289 (quotation

marks omitted). See also Miller, 599 F.3d at 487. Audita querela differs from coram

nobis in that coram nobis attacks the judgment itself, which was unsound when

rendered, whereas audita querela is directed against the enforcement of a judgment

which, when rendered, was just and unimpeachable. See Miller, 599 F.3d at 487

(citing 7A C.J.S. Audita Querela § 4 (2004)). Stated another way, a writ of coram

nobis is properly used to challenge a judgment that was infirm at the time it was

rendered for reasons later coming to light, whereas a writ of audita querela is used

to challenge a judgment that was correct at the time it was rendered but is made

infirm by matters that arose after it was rendered. See United States v. Reyes, 945

F.2d 862, 863 n.1 (5th Cir. 1991) (comparing the Black’s Law definitions of audita

querela and coram nobis).

      In our view, Mr. Ramdeo’s challenge to the district court’s restitution

calculation is better cast as a petition for writ of error coram nobis than as a petition

for writ of audita querela. Assuming, however, for the sake of Mr. Ramdeo’s


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argument, that the district court should have analyzed his pro se petition as written,

Mr. Ramdeo is not entitled to a writ of audita querela. 2

       Even if Mr. Ramdeo is correct, his underlying claims—that the district court

did not provide him with affidavits as required by statute and did not reduce his

restitution obligation by certain tax payments—attacks the validity of the restitution

judgment, not its enforcement. Such arguments were appropriate for direct appeal,

which Mr. Ramdeo had in this case. See Ramdeo, 682 F. App’x at 758.

       In Holt, 417 F.3d at 1174–75, for example, the petitioner argued that an

intervening Supreme Court opinion altered the applicable law, affecting his

conviction. Here, Mr. Ramdeo raises the prospect that information existed that could

have been used to reduce his restitution obligation and that the district court erred in



2
  Because we conclude that Mr. Ramdeo’s claimed errors do not justify a writ of audita querela,
we decline to address two legal issues underpinning the district court’s order. First, we make no
conclusion as to whether a writ of audita querela is available to attack a restitution judgment
related to a criminal proceeding. The ancient writ was abolished in the civil context by the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, and “[w]e have not addressed the writ’s continued applicability in the
criminal context.” Holt, 417 F.3d at 1174. See also United States v. Kimberlin, 675 F.2d 866, 869
(7th Cir. 1982) (noting that federal courts may recognize audita querela in a criminal context “to
plug a gap in the system of federal postconviction remedies”). Second, we do not address whether
a writ of error coram nobis is available under the particular facts of this case. We have stated that
“[c]oram nobis relief is unavailable to a person, such as the appellant, who is still in custody.”
United States v. Garcia, 181 F.3d 1274, 1274 (11th Cir. 1999). However, the context for that
general rule that “an available statutory habeas remedy precludes coram nobis relief,” meaning
that “coram nobis [is] unavailable as a matter of law” if the petitioner is in custody and § 2255
provides an avenue for relief. United States v. Brown, 117 F.3d 471, 475 (11th Cir. 1997). The
facts of Mr. Ramdeo’s petition seem to expose an exception to the general rule that someone “in
custody” cannot obtain coram nobis relief because Mr. Ramdeo is serving his criminal sentence,
but § 2255 does not provide an avenue for relief. See Blaik v. United States, 161 F.3d 1341, 1343
(11th Cir. 1998) (holding that § 2255 cannot be used by a federal prisoner who challenges only the
restitution portion of his sentence). We leave these issues for another day.
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calculating restitution. Mr. Ramdeo essentially argues that his restitution judgment

was infirm when it was rendered for reasons that came to light during his direct

appeal, but a writ of audita querela is only appropriate to correct a judgment that

was “just and unimpeachable” when it was rendered and is later undermined by

something coming into existence after the judgment. Miller, 599 F.3d at 487–88.

      Mr. Ramdeo’s assertion that his victims failed to submit their affidavits within

90 days after the restitution judgment was rendered does not change our analysis.

The petition does not raise an unaddressed issue that is so fundamental in character

that it renders the district court’s restitution judgment invalid. See Moody, 874 F.2d

at 1576–77. Thus, a writ of audita querela does not afford relief.

                                         III

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Mr.

Ramdeo’s petition.


      AFFIRMED.




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