

Opinion issued
October 11, 2011

In
The
Court of
Appeals
For
The
First District
of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-11-00711-CV
———————————
IN RE WILLIAM MICHAEL MCDANIEL AND 
AUTUMN MELISSA MCDANIEL, Relators

 

 
Original Proceeding on
Petition for Writ of Mandamus

 

 
O P I N I O N
          This
original mandamus proceeding arises from a suit affecting the parent-child
relationship filed by real parties in interest, Teresa Hall (“Terri”) and
Charles Morgan Hall, Jr. (“Charlie”), to obtain managing conservatorship of
their two minor grandchildren, J.M. and R.M.  The children’s parents, relators, William
Michael McDaniel (“Michael”) and Autumn Melissa McDaniel (“Autumn”), moved to
dismiss the suit, contending that the grandparents lack standing.  The trial court denied the motion to dismiss
and rendered temporary orders appointing the Halls as managing conservators of
J.M. and R.M.  The McDaniels bring this original
mandamus proceeding requesting this Court to order the trial court to vacate the
temporary orders and to sign an order dismissing the Halls’ suit on the ground that
the Halls lack standing.[1]  
We deny the petition for
writ of mandamus.
Background
          On February
16, 2005, Autumn gave birth to J.M. when she was 18 years old.  For the first three years of his life, J.M.
and Autumn lived with Autumn’s parents, Terri and Charlie Hall.  During that time, Autumn was in a physically
abusive relationship with J.M.’s father. 
That relationship ended and Autumn began a relationship with Michael
McDaniel.  The Halls initially liked
Michael and supported the relationship between him and their daughter.  They also supported Michael’s adoption of J.M.
at the end of 2009. 
          On October 2,
2009, Autumn had another son, R.M..  Michael
is R.M.’s biological father.  Michael and
Autumn married in May 2010.  
Autumn, Michael, and the two boys lived
in Houston and would visit the Halls at their home in College Station.  On the weekend of August 23, 2010, the McDaniel
family visited the Halls at their home.  It
would be the turning point in the relationship between the McDaniels and the
Halls.  The events of that weekend involving
Michael’s actions toward J.M. are in dispute. 
The Halls claim that they witnessed Michael beating J.M. to the point
that it left the six-year old black and blue on one side of his body.  
The McDaniels deny that Michael
abused J.M. in the manner described by the Halls.  They acknowledge that Michael physically
disciplined J.M. that weekend but only by spanking him three times on his
bottom.  The McDaniels contend that the
Halls often interfered in their parenting of J.M. and had, during that weekend,
engaged in acts that undermined their disciplining of J.M.  By the end of the weekend, the relationship
between the Halls and the McDaniels was fractured.  
Terri contacted Child Protective
Services and reported the abuse that she and Charlie claimed to have witnessed
at their home.  CPS could neither confirm
nor rule out that Michael had abused J.M. 
Thereafter, Michael and Autumn forbade the Halls from seeing J.M. and
R.M.  Terri did, however, stay in contact
with Autumn on Facebook.  Autumn
permitted the Halls to visit J.M. and R.M. in January 2011.  When he found about the visit, Michael was
angry.  Autumn told her parents that, because
Michael was so upset, they could no longer see J.M. and R.M.  Autumn cut off communication with her parents
in April 2011.  
On May 25, 2011, the Halls filed
their “Original Petition in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship,” seeking
managing conservatorship of J.M. and R.M.  Alternatively, the Halls
sought possession and access to the children. 
The petition was supported by the Halls’ affidavits.
The McDaniels moved to dismiss the
Halls’ claim for managing conservatorship. 
They asserted that the Halls lacked standing to assert the claim because
they had not demonstrated that the children’s present circumstances
significantly impaired their physical health or emotional development.  
The trial court conducted an
evidentiary hearing on July 19, 2011.  The
Halls testified that after Michael adopted J.M., they noticed a dramatic change
in Michael’s demeanor and in how he treated J.M.  Terri testified that, around this time, J.M.
started wetting the bed and having night terrors for the first time.
Charlie testified regarding
instances in which he had witnessed Michael mistreating J.M. under the guise of
discipline.  The first incident occurred
on Easter 2010.  That day, when the
McDaniel family arrived at the Halls’ home, Michael told Charlie that they had
left Michael’s grandmother’s house because he had gotten into an altercation
with her regarding his “intensity of discipline” of J.M.  Upon their arrival at the Halls’ home, Charlie
saw Michael pull J.M. out of the truck and spank him approximately 10
times.  Michael told Charlie that he had
spanked J.M. because he had not woken up quickly enough when they arrived at
the Halls’ home.  
Charlie was also aware of
another incident that occurred shortly after Easter. Charlie testified that Michael
had left a shotgun and ammunition on a picnic table.  Unattended, five-year-old J.M. had loaded two
shells into the shotgun.  Michael
responded by “grounding” J.M.  Charlie
spoke to Michael about the incident, informing him that it is always the adult’s
responsibility to secure a gun.  Michael
responded by telling Charlie that he would raise J.M. any way that he saw
fit.  
The next incident that Charlie
described occurred at the rehearsal dinner before Michael and Autumn’s
wedding.  Charlie testified that the menu
included chicken that had been grilled with jalapenos.  The chicken was “spicy hot” and most of the
adults were not able to eat it.  Charlie
testified that Michael “stood over [J.M.] and forced him to eat it, although he
was crying about it.”  Charlie and
another person raised concerns regarding Michael’s forcing J.M. to eat the
spicy chicken.  Charlie testified that
Michael told him that “he was going to raise that kid exactly how he wanted to
and he didn’t care what anybody said or thought.  He was going to do exactly what he wanted
to.”  
The Halls also testified
about Michael’s mistreatment of J.M. at their home in August 2010.  According to Charlie, on Saturday August 22,
2010, J.M. and Autumn were riding four wheelers when Autumn stopped her four
wheeler abruptly, resulting in J.M. rolling into the back of Autumn’s four
wheeler.  Charlie testified that Michael
“grabbed [J.M.] off the four wheeler.”  Charlie
stated that Michael was “infuriated.” 
“[Michael] picked [J.M.] up by one arm, had him in the air and spanked
him with a level of violence I’ve never seen done to a small child.”  According to Charlie, Michael hit J.M. six or
seven times.  When asked how hard Michael
was hitting J.M., Charlie stated, “He was hitting him so hard that he was
swinging in the air.”  Charlie stated
that Michael took J.M. into the house.  
Terri testified that she was
inside when Michael brought J.M. in the house. 
She stated that Michael was spanking J.M.  Michael told Terri that J.M. was “grounded”
for the remainder of the weekend. 
Michael explained that “grounded” meant that J.M. “had to stay in [his
bedroom] . . . in bed, no books, no color books, no T.V., that J.M. just had to
go to bed.”  Terri explained that this happened
on Saturday afternoon and that her daughter’s family normally stayed until Sunday
afternoon.  Michael instructed Terri that
she should not go into J.M.’s room.
Terri testified that J.M.
later asked her if he could go to the restroom. 
Terri stated that Autumn had told her that J.M. had been experiencing
problems with wetting the bed.  Terri
assumed that Michael would not mind if she allowed J.M. to leave his room to go
to the bathroom.  However, when he
realized that Terri had permitted J.M. to go into the bathroom, Michael began
banging on the door of the door of the bathroom.  Terri witnessed Michael throw open the
bathroom door.  Terri saw that J.M. was
on the floor of the bathroom “on all fours and his pants were down around his
ankles.”  She testified that J.M. was
crying and saying, “No, Daddy.  No.  No.” 
Terri then testified as follows:
Michael picked [J.M.] up by the arm and he was trying to
pull [J.M.’s] pants up and then got them buckled.  And he took him out of the bathroom by his
arm, holding him up by his arm, and he was spanking Joseph over and over and over.  And every once in a while [J.M.] would hit
the ground and spin around and Michael would, like, hit him sort of in the
front and then in the back.  And [J.M.]
was crying.  And Michael spanked him like
that all the way down the hall.
 
Terri characterized Michael as being “out of control.”  She stated that Michael hit J.M. at least 10
times.  
          Terri also
testified that Michael had opened the doors to the bathroom and to J.M.’s room
so forcefully that the doorknobs had gone through the sheetrock on the
wall.  Photographs of the holes in the
walls were admitted into evidence.  
Charlie testified that at
the dinner table that night, Michael “stood over [J.M.] while he ate every bite
of his food.”  Michael was feeding J.M. in
a manner that Charlie described as “forceful.” 
Charlie testified that J.M. spit out a piece of gristle and was forced
to eat it by Michael.  Charlie told
Michael that his behavior was inappropriate. 
Michael responded by stating that he would do what he wanted and that Charlie
had no control over him.  
Charlie testified that the
next morning, Sunday, August 23, 2010, he noticed bruising on J.M.’s bottom in
the shape of a handprint.  Charlie
testified that he took photographs of the bruising on J.M.’s body caused by the
beating that Michael had given J.M.  The
trial court admitted six photographs into evidence that Charlie testified
showed the bruising on J.M.
Charlie testified that he
did not see Michael that Sunday morning. 
He stated that he took J.M. to a fast-food restaurant for
breakfast.  When Michael found out that he
had taken J.M. for breakfast, Michael became furious and left with Autumn and
the children.  Michael sent Charlie a
hostile text message replete with vulgarities and expletives.    
Terri called CPS on August
24, 2010 to report the abuse.  Terri
testified that she called CPS because she hoped the agency would offer Michael
and Autumn parenting classes.  The Halls
acknowledged that CPS could not confirm the abuse.  
Terri testified that Autumn
had initially agreed that Michael’s discipline of J.M. had been too harsh.  However, Terri testified that a couple of
days later, Autumn told her mother, “Well, that’s just the way that we’re going
to discipline those boys and I might not have been so wild if you and Dad would
have just beat on me and been more strict and you guys were too easy on me.”  After the incident at the Halls’ home,
Michael refused to allow the Halls to see their grandchildren.
Terri testified that, over
the next several months, she stayed in contact with Autumn.  Terri stated, “Autumn and I stayed in
contact, even though a lot of it was arguments. . . .  Autumn told me to just have patience, that,
you know, everything would blow over and Michael would get over it, but that it
would eventually be over.”  During this
time, Autumn also told Terri that J.M. was misbehaving in school to the point
that the school counselor was involved.  
Terri also testified that
she noticed a change in Autumn.  She
stated that Autumn seemed “scared of Michael and subdued and kind of
submissive.”  Terri expressed concern
because Autumn had a history of being involved with abusive men.  J.M.’s biological father had stabbed Autumn
in the leg and would often give her black eyes. 
The Halls expressed concern that Autumn could not protect her children
from Michael.  
Terri and Charlie testified
that Autumn allowed them to visit the children on January 12, 2012.  Charlie stated that he noticed a change in
J.M.’s personality.  He testified that
J.M. was not the energetic child that he had been.  J.M. seemed “beat down, very cautious.”  
Michael became angry when he
found out about the visit.  He responded
by sending an email to the Halls in which he expressed, using profanities, his
anger toward them.  Terri testified that Autumn
sent a note to them in which she stated that “she didn’t know if she was going
to be able to let us see the boys again because it really upset Michael and she
didn’t like upsetting Michael and she feels like she betrayed Michael.”
Autumn stopped communicating with
her parents in April 2010.  
Charlie also testified that he
had concerns regarding Michael’s use of the prescription drug Adderall.  Charlie stated that he has been a licensed
pharmacist for 32 years.  He testified that
Adderall is a classified under federal guidelines as a Schedule 2 drug,
“meaning it is the most highly abused . . . class of drug as listed by the Drug
Enforcement Administration.”  
Charlie stated that he is
concerned about the amount of Adderall that Michael is taking.  The evidence showed that Michael was
prescribed a daily dosage of 100 milligrams of Adderall by his physician to
treat his ADHD.  Charlie testified that,
for an adult, 40 milligrams a day is the maximum recommended dosage of Adderall.  He stated that exceeding the maximum
recommended dosage results in unpredictable side-effects and is “usually toxic
to the patient.”  
On direct examination,
Charlie was asked, “What do you personally see, if anything, in Mr. McDaniel
that gives you a concern about Adderall abuse?” 
He answered, “The livable side effects, things that are happening to
him, the insomnia, staying up all night.  He was up all the time.  Every time I saw him at my house he was up,
24/7 it seemed like.  He’s paranoid.  He’s upset.  He’s irrational.”  Charlie was also asked, “If Mr. McDaniel is
getting the Adderall through a prescription, why do you still have a concern
about 24 abuse?”  He responded, “Because
when I worked in behavioral health, probably 80 percent of the drug addicts we
treated were on legitimate prescription drugs.” 

Michael and Autumn also
testified at the hearing.  They each
acknowledged that Michael had spanked J.M. on August 22, 2010 at the Halls’
home but disagreed with the Halls’ characterization of the intensity of the
discipline.  They denied that Michael had
left bruises on J.M.  Autumn testified
that Michael is not abusive to her or to the children.  She indicated that they have a good marriage
and that she is not afraid to stand up to Michael. 
Michael testified that he is
taking Adderall under a doctor’s care. 
He stated that he needs to take 100 milligrams a day to be able to
function properly at work. 
Autumn testified that J.M.
is doing well in school, and she had been the room parent in his kindergarten class.  When asked how 22-month old R.M. was doing,
Autumn responded, “He’s great.”  
The McDaniels stated that
they had cut off contact with the Halls because the Halls constantly undermined
their parenting and disciplining of the children.  Michael testified that J.M. is much better
behaved when he is kept from the Halls. 
The McDaniels theorized that the Halls filed the lawsuit for managing
conservatorship because they had learned that Michael was looking for work in
another city.  
After hearing the evidence, the
trial court made oral pronouncements on the record.  It determined that the Halls had standing to
pursue their suit for managing conservatorship and denied the McDaniels’ motion
to dismiss.  The trial court appointed the
Halls temporary managing conservatorship of the children and the McDaniels
temporary possessory conservators.  The
trial court also appointed an amicus attorney for the children.  The McDaniels were ordered to deliver the
children to the Halls that evening.  The
trial court indicated that, for the next 30 days, the McDaniels could visit the
children only at the discretion of the amicus attorney.  The court stated that it “was very concerned
about the testimony that [it had] heard today, very.”  It suggested to the McDaniels that they
receive counseling before the next hearing on the temporary orders.  The trial signed temporary orders memorializing
what it had orally pronounced.  
The next hearing on the
temporary orders occurred on August 19, 2011. 
The McDaniels requested the trial court to reconsider its denial of
their motion to dismiss the Halls’ claim for managing conservatorship.  At the hearing, the McDaniels argued that the
Halls lacked standing to pursue the conservatorship claim because they had not
shown that children’s present circumstances significantly impaired their
physical health or emotional development. 
The trial court again denied the motion to dismiss the Halls’ suit.  
The trial court also heard
additional evidence at the hearing.  Michael
and Autumn each testified.  They
testified that they had taken online parenting and anger management classes.  They had also attended a seminar concerning management
of ADHD.  
The McDaniels offered the
testimony of the licensed social worker from whom they had taken the ADHD
seminar.  She testified that Michael had
been properly diagnosed with ADHD and that his prescription for 100 milligrams
of Adderall per day was appropriate.  She
disagreed with Charlie that 40 milligrams of Adderall per day is the maximum
recommended dosage for an adult.
          The
amicus attorney recommended to the trial court that the children be returned to
the McDaniels.  
At the end of the hearing,
the trial court reaffirmed that the Halls would remain the temporary managing
conservators and rendered additional temporary orders giving the McDaniels
periods of possession of the children.  The
trial court made the following statement on the record:
I want y’all to understand, I’m not punishing
anybody.  I know you feel that way.  I know you do, but this strictly has to do
with my concern for this child.  I have
yet to have any credible explanations to what happened to this child, save and
except a concerned grandfather. And because of that, I have to remain concerned
about this child. And that is not the only piece of information.  And this was a continuation of the original
temporary order that was heard on the 19th of July.  I’ve looked at the transcript.  I know what you-all said.  And I heard some very disturbing testimony.  And I continue to be concerned for the safety
of this child.  But, with that being
said, I hear grandparents that, given a little bit more time and a little bit
more show of some true remorse and work to get to a better page, that they
would like for you to reunite with your children.  But I can’t get there, not in a month and not
with the things that I’ve heard today and with the things that I heard on the
19th of July.  I can’t do it.
 
          The McDaniels
now seek mandamus relief, asserting that the Halls lacked standing to file
their claim for managing conservatorship. 
They contend that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
their motion to dismiss the Halls’ original suit for managing
conservatorship.  The McDaniels request
this Court to order the trial court to vacate the temporary orders and to sign
an order dismissing the Halls’ claim for managing conservatorship.  
Principles Governing Entitlement
to Mandamus Relief
To be entitled to mandamus
relief, a relator must meet two requirements. First, the relator must show that
the trial court clearly abused its discretion.  In re
Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 148 S.W.3d 124, 135 (Tex. 2004) (orig.
proceeding).  Second, the relator must
demonstrate it has no adequate remedy by appeal.  Id.
at 136.
A trial court abuses its
discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to
constitute a clear and prejudicial error of law.  In re
Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding).
 When reviewing the trial court’s
decision for an abuse of discretion, we may not substitute our judgment for
that of the trial court with respect to resolution of factual issues or matters
committed to the trial court’s discretion.  See
Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992); see also Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242
(Tex. 1985).
Review of the trial court’s
determination of the legal principles controlling its ruling is much less
deferential.  See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.  A trial court has no discretion in determining
what the law is or applying the law to the facts, even when the law is
unsettled.  Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135.  A clear failure by the trial court to analyze
or apply the law correctly will constitute an abuse of discretion.  Walker,
827 S.W.2d at 840.
Absent extraordinary
circumstances, mandamus will not issue unless the relator lacks an adequate
remedy by appeal.  In re Van Waters & Rogers, Inc., 145 S.W.3d 203, 210–11 (Tex. 2004)
(orig. proceeding).  Whether a clear
abuse of discretion can be adequately remedied by appeal depends on a careful
analysis of costs and benefits of interlocutory review.  In re
McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 275 S.W.3d 458, 464 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding).
 
          Because
temporary orders are not appealable, mandamus is an appropriate remedy when a
trial court abuses its discretion in issuing temporary orders in a suit
affecting the parent-child relationship.  See In
re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d 327, 335 (Tex. 2007).  Similarly, an order denying a motion to
dismiss for lack of standing in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship
is not appealable, and mandamus relief is an appropriate remedy.  See In
re Roxsane R., 249 S.W.3d 764, 775 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, orig.
proceeding).
Standing to File Original Suit
for Managing Conservatorship
A.      Applicable Law
          A
party seeking conservatorship of a child must have standing to seek such
relief.  Smith v. Hawkins, No. 01–09–00060–CV, 2010 WL 3718546, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 23, 2010,
pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re SSJ-J,
153 S.W.3d 132, 134 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.).  “Standing is implicit in the concept of
subject matter jurisdiction.”  Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd.,
852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993).  If a
party fails to establish standing, the trial court must dismiss the suit.  In re
N.L.D., 344 S.W.3d 33, 37 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.).
A party’s standing to seek
relief is a question of law, which we review de novo.  Tex.
Dep’t of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 646 (Tex. 2004);
In re Vogel, 261 S.W.3d 917, 920–21 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, orig.
proceeding).  In our de novo review of
standing, we must take as true all evidence favorable to the challenged party
and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the challenged
party’s favor.  N.L.D., 344 S.W.3d at 37;
In re Fountain, No. 01–11–00198–CV, 2011
WL 1755550, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 2, 2011, orig. proceeding)
(mem. op. on reh’g); Smith, 2010 WL
3718546, at *3.
          In
the context of a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, standing is
governed by the Family Code, and “[t]he party seeking relief must allege and
establish standing within the parameters of the language used in the statute.”  Smith,
2010 WL 3718546, at *2 (quoting In re
H.G., 267 S.W.3d 120, 124 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, no pet.)); accord Fountain, 2011 WL 1755550, at *3.
          The
Halls allege in their petition that they have standing pursuant to section
102.004(a)(1) of the Family Code, which provides as follows:
(a) . . . [A] grandparent, or another relative of the
child related within the third degree by consanguinity, may file an original
suit requesting managing conservatorship if there is satisfactory proof to the
court that:
 
(1) the order requested is
necessary because the child’s present circumstances would significantly impair
the child’s physical health or emotional development . . . .
 
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 102.004(a)(1)
(Vernon 2008).
 
When, as here, the petitioner is
statutorily required to establish standing with “satisfactory proof,” the
evidentiary standard is a preponderance of the evidence.  In re
A.M.S., 277 S.W.3d 92, 96 n. 4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.); Von Behren v. Von Behren, 800 S.W.2d 919, 921 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1990, writ
denied).  The petitioner must show the
facts establishing standing existed at the time suit was filed in the trial
court.  M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. Novak, 52 S.W.3d 704, 708 (Tex. 2001);
Vogel, 261 S.W.3d at 921.  If the petitioner fails to meet this burden,
the trial court must dismiss the suit.  N.L.D., 344 S.W.3d at 37; Smith, 2010 WL 3718546, at *2.
With these principles in
mind, we determine whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
concluded that the Halls had standing to assert their original claim for
managing conservatorship.
B.      Analysis
          In their
mandamus petition, the McDaniels assert that the Halls failed to show, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that at the time their petition was filed on May
25, 2011, “the present circumstances would significantly impair [J.M.’s and
R.M.’s] physical health or emotional development.”  The McDaniels
acknowledge that the Halls offered evidence of physical abuse by Michael, but they
point out that the last incident of abuse cited by the Halls was on August 22,
2010—nine months before the Halls filed suit for managing
conservatorship.  The McDaniels contend
that this is not evidence of the children’s “present circumstances.”  However, the McDaniels do not discuss this
evidence in the context of the record as a whole and fail to acknowledge the
reasonable inferences that can be made from the record evidence.  
The Halls offered evidence of two other instances of
abusive conduct besides the August 22, 2010 incident.  Specifically, Charlie testified in detail
about Michael’s mistreatment of J.M. on Easter and at the rehearsal
dinner.  It is accepted that a fact
finder may measure a parent’s future conduct by his past conduct and infer that
a parent who has engaged in abusive or neglectful conduct in the past will
continue this behavior in the future.  See Castorena v.
Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., No. 03–02–00653–CV, 2004
WL 903906, at *10–11 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 29, 2004, no
pet.) (mem. op.).  As one court observed
in a child custody decision, “Past is often prologue.”  Ray v.
Burns, 832 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992, no writ).  
Such an inference is strengthened when the evidence
shows, as it does here, that the present circumstances in which a child lives
have not changed since the last identifiable instance of abuse.  Here, the evidence shows that, on May 25,
2011, when the petition was filed, the circumstances in which J.M. and R.M.
lived were no different than the circumstances in which they lived on August 23,
2010.  Specifically, the evidence showed
that neither Michael, nor his ideas about disciplining J.M., had changed since
August 2010.  On July 19, 2011, Michael
testified that he had never received any type of psychological therapy or
counseling.  This would include the time
period between August 2010 and the filing of Halls’ petition on May 25,
2011.  
The evidence also showed that Michael was taking the
same dosage of Adderall at the time of the filing of the petition as he had
been taking when the Halls witnessed the abuse. 
Michael testified at the July 19, 2011 hearing that he was still taking
100 milligrams of Adderall a day.  Charlie,
a licensed and experienced pharmacist, testified that this exceeded the maximum
recommended dosage for an adult.  Charlie
also testified that Michael’s behavior, which he observed, is consistent with
the side-effects of an over-dosage of Adderall. 
In this regard, Charlie testified that Michael had insomnia and would
stay up “24/7.”  Charlie observed that Michael was paranoid, upset,
and irrational.  
In addition, a fact
finder could infer from the evidence that Michael was acting irrationally.  Such an inference could be made from Michael’s
decision to forbid his children from seeing the Halls, with whom J.M. had a
long-term close relationship.  A fact
finder could also infer from the messages that Michael sent to the Halls after
the August 22 incident and after the Halls saw the children in January 2011
that he was prone to overreact in a hostile manner when someone upset him.  
Furthermore, the record also
contains additional evidence tending to show that the circumstances that
existed in August 2010 also existed in May 2011.  The evidence showed that the McDaniels expressly
stated that Michael would continue to discipline J.M. in the same manner as he
had in August 2010.  Moreover, a
fact finder could reasonably infer that Michael kept his children from seeing
their grandparents after August 2010 because he did not want the Halls to
witness or report any subsequent abuse.  
          In
addition to asserting that the Halls had presented a lack of evidence, the
McDaniels also point to evidence that they claim shows that present
circumstances are not significantly impairing the children’s physical
health or emotional development. [2]  The McDaniels cite Autumn’s testimony that
both her children are doing well. 
Michael testified that J.M.’s behavior was much better after being
separated from his grandparents.  However,
there is evidence to the contrary in the record.
          Terri
testified that in the months following the August 2010 incident, Autumn told
her that J.M. was acting out in school to the point that the school counselor
was involved.  In addition, Michael
agreed that J.M. “is acting out aggressively at school.”  Charlie also testified that when he saw him
in January 2011, J.M.’s personality had changed.  He stated that J.M. seemed “beat down, very
cautious.”
          Given the evidence
and the manner in which it must be viewed, we conclude that the Halls satisfied
their burden to show that J.M’s and R.M.’s present circumstances on May 25
would significantly impair their physical health or emotional development.[3]  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 102.004(a)(1).  In short, the Halls offered sufficient
evidence to establish standing to file an original suit for managing
conservatorship.  See id.  
 
Conclusion
We hold that the trial court did not clearly
abuse its discretion when it denied the McDaniel’s motion to dismiss for lack
of standing.  Accordingly, we deny the McDaniel’s
petition for writ of mandamus.
 
 
                                                                   Laura
Carter Higley
                                                                   Justice

 
Panel consists of Justices
Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.




[1]           Respondent is the Honorable Sherri Y.
Dean, presiding judge of the 309th Judicial District Court of Harris County.  The underlying case is In the Interest of [J.M.  and R.M.], No. 2011–31395 in the
309th District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Hon. Sherri Y. Dean,
presiding.


[2]           The McDaniels also cite the amicus
attorney’s opinion regarding standing as support for their mandamus
petition.  At the August 19, 2011
hearing, the trial court asked the amicus attorney whether he believed that the
Halls had standing to file the SAPCR.  The
amicus attorney opined that he thought the Halls did not have standing because
the August 2010 incident was too remote in time to constitute “present
circumstances.”  In addition, at the same
hearing, the amicus attorney stated that, in his opinion, the children should
be returned home immediately to the parents. 
The role of an amicus attorney is defined by statute.  Specifically, the Family Code defines an
“amicus attorney” as “an attorney appointed by the court in a suit, other than
a suit filed by a governmental entity, whose role is to provide legal services
necessary to assist the court in protecting a child’s best interests rather
than to provide legal services to the child.” 
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §
107.001(1) (Vernon 2008).  Thus, the
amicus attorney’s role is limited by statute to assisting the trial court with
protecting the best interests of the child. 
See id.; see also O’Connor v. O’Connor, 245 S.W.3d 511, 515 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2007, no pet.) (stating that trial court “is, in effect, the amicus attorney’s
client for a limited purpose”).  While in
some cases, an amicus attorney’s statement on the record regarding the best
interest of the child might contain some evidence of the child’s present
circumstances at the time of the filing of the SAPCR, those are not the facts
of this case.  Here, the amicus attorney
did not present any new independent facts as a result of any investigation that
he did.  His opinion was based on his
interpretation of the evidence that was otherwise in the record and on
circumstances at that point in time, which was three months after the SAPCR
petition was filed by the grandparents. 
We emphasize: questions of standing are questions of law for the court
to decide.  See El Paso Refining, Inc. v. Scurlock Permian Corp., 77 S.W.3d
374, 383 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, pet denied) (holding that it was error to
allow jury to determine standing issue because it is a question of law for the
court to decide).  
 


[3]           Our discussion and final conclusions
in this original proceeding should not be read to determine or influence any
factual determinations to be made by the fact finder in the future in this
case.  See In re Fountain, No.
01–11–00198–CV, 2011 WL 1755550, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 2,
2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op. on reh’g). 
The instant proceeding pertains only to the threshold issue of
standing to assert a claim for managing conservatorship.  It has no bearing on the ultimate
determination of the merits of the claim. 
See id.


