                                                                      [PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                                   No. 96-2256
                           ________________________
                       D. C. Docket No. 91-68-CR-FTM-25D


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                     versus

WAYNE THOMAS CHARLES VAUTIER,
a.k.a. Ian Garfield McKinnon, etc.,
                                                            Defendant-Appellant.

                          ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Middle District of Florida
                      _________________________

                                (May 11, 1998)

Before COX and HULL, Circuit Judges, and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judge.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

     Appellant Wayne Thomas Charles Vautier appeals the district court’s denial of
his motion to reduce his sentence filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). We affirm.

                                      I. FACTS

      A. Original Sentence

      Vautier pled guilty to conspiracy to manufacture and possess with intent to

distribute 100 or more marijuana plants in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 846, possession

of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c), and conspiracy to use intimidation and threats and/or corruptly persuading

another person to influence the testimony in an official proceeding in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1512(b)(1). At sentencing, the district court found Vautier

responsible for 465 marijuana plants and 206 grams of hashish oil. Under the

sentencing guidelines, the marijuana plants and hashish oil were converted into a

marijuana equivalency of 475.10 kilograms, giving Vautier a base offense level of 28.

See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 (1992).

      The district court made several adjustments to Vautier’s offense level. The

district court adjusted Vautier’s offense level upward four levels for his role in the

offense and two levels for obstruction of justice. The district court also adjusted the

offense level downward two levels for acceptance of responsibility, giving Vautier an

adjusted offense level of 32. On the Government’s 5K2.1 motion, the district court


                                           2
departed upward six levels for Vautier’s causing the death of his brother during the

commission of a drug trafficking offense. On the Government’s 5K1.1 motion for

substantial assistance, the district court departed downward eight levels, making

Vautier’s final total offense level 30.1 The court sentenced Vautier to a total of 120

months.2 Vautier’s sentence was affirmed on direct appeal. United States v. Vautier,

36 F.3d 93 (11th Cir. 1994) (table).

      B. Amendment 516

      Two years later, the Sentencing Commission adopted Amendment 516, which

reduced the weight equivalent per plant from 1,000 grams to 100 grams of marijuana.

See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c) (1995). Under Amendment 516, the total weight of

marijuana attributable to Vautier for sentencing purposes would be reduced to 47.8



      1
              At the sentencing hearing, the government moved for a two-level
downward departure based on Vautier’s substantial assistance. The district court
granted this motion, which should have resulted in an offense level of 36 and
sentencing guideline range of 188 to 235 months. However, without restating the
specific number of levels it intended to depart for substantial assistance, the court
imposed a sentence of 120 months. On appeal, the parties do not address this
discrepancy and assume the court imposed an eight-level downward departure for
substantial assistance. Thus, for purposes of this appeal, we assume that the court
granted an eight-level downward departure for substantial assistance, arriving at a
total offense level of 30.
      2
             Since Vautier fell within a criminal history category of I, the
applicable sentencing range for his total offense level of 30 was 97 to 121 months.
                                          3
kilograms, resulting in a base offense level of 20, as opposed to the base offense level

of 28 at sentencing. The Sentencing Commission expressly provided that Amendment

516 have retroactive effect. See U.S.S.G. App. C, amend. 516.

      A defendant serving a prison sentence may seek a reduction in his sentence

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) if the guideline range applicable to that defendant

is lowered as a result of Amendment 516. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 (1995). Based on

Amendment 516, Vautier filed a motion to reduce his sentence pursuant to §

3582(c)(2). The district court denied the motion, stating that “in light of this Court’s

expressed concern of the defendant’s demonstrated violence and factoring all of the

other considerations with went into the establishment of this defendant’s sentence, the

same sentence would have been imposed under the current amended guidelines.” On

appeal, Vautier argues that the district court erred in denying his § 3582(c)(2) motion

to reduce his sentence.3

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      We first review § 3582(c)(2) and Sentencing Guideline 1B1.10, which govern

the district court’s consideration of defendant’s motion.



      3
             We review a district court’s decision whether to reduce a sentence
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for an abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562 (11th Cir. 1997).
                                           4
      A. Section 3582(c)(2)

       Section 3582(c)(2) addresses reductions in sentences when the sentencing

range has been lowered and provides as follows:

      The court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been
      imposed except that –
      ...
      (2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
      imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been
      lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o),
      upon motion of the defendant or the Director of the Bureau of Prisons,
      or on its own motion, the court may reduce the term of imprisonment,
      after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that
      they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable
      policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.

18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2). In construing § 3582(c)(2), this court has held that “[w]hen a

sentencing guideline is amended to benefit an offender and retroactive application is

authorized, the district court may reduce the previously imposed sentence ‘after

considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are

applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with the applicable policy statements

issued by the Sentencing Commission.’” United States v. Brown, 104 F.3d 1254, 1255

(11th Cir. 1997) (quoting in part 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)).

      Section 1B1.10(b) of the Sentencing Guidelines requires the district court to

consider what sentence it would have imposed had the retroactive amendment been

in effect at the time the defendant was sentenced, as follows:
                                           5
      (b)    In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in
             sentence is warranted for a defendant eligible for consideration
             under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the court should consider the
             sentence that it would have imposed had the amendment(s) to the
             guidelines listed in subsection (c) been in effect at the time the
             defendant was sentenced.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b).4 The commentary accompanying U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)

instructs the court that “[i]n determining the amended guideline range under

subsection (b), the court shall substitute only the amendments listed in subsection (c)



      4
             Section 1B1.10 states in full:

      (a)    Where a defendant is serving a term of imprisonment, and the
             guideline range applicable to that defendant has subsequently been
             lowered as a result of an amendment to the Guidelines Manual listed
             in subsection (c) below, a reduction in the defendant’s term of
             imprisonment is authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). If none of
             the amendments listed in subsection (c) is applicable, a reduction in
             the defendant’s term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is
             not consistent with this policy statement and thus is not authorized.

      (b)    In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in
             sentence is warranted for a defendant eligible for consideration
             under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the court should consider the
             sentence that it would have imposed had the amendment(s) to
             the guidelines listed in subsection (c) been in effect at the time
             the defendant was sentenced.

      (c)    Amendments covered by this policy statement are listed in
             Appendix C as follows: 126, 130, 156, 176, 269, 329, 341, 371,
             380, 433, 454, 461, 484, 488, 490, 499, 505, 506, and 516.
                                          6
for the corresponding guideline provisions that were applied when the defendant was

sentenced. All other guideline application decisions remain unaffected.” U.S.S.G. §

1B1.10, comment. n.2.

      Thus, reading § 3582(c)(2) and the Sentencing Guidelines together, the district

court must make two distinct determinations before deciding whether to reduce a

defendant’s sentence under § 3582(c)(2). See United States v. Brown, 104 F.3d 1254,

1255 (11th Cir. 1997); United States v. Wyatt, 115 F.3d 606, 608-09 (8th Cir. 1997).

First, the court must substitute the amended guideline range for the originally applied

guideline range and determine what sentence it would have imposed. In undertaking

this first step, only the amended guideline range is changed. All other guideline

application decisions made during the original sentencing remain intact. U.S.S.G. §

1B1.10(b), comment. n.2; see also Wyatt, 115 F.3d at 609 (holding that district court

must leave intact “all other previous factual decisions concerning particularized

sentencing factors”). Second, in light of the conclusion reached in the first step, the

court must consider the factors listed in § 3553(a) and determine whether or not to

reduce the defendant’s original sentence.



      B. Vautier’s Motion


                                            7
      Vautier first contends that the district court was required to grant his motion to

reduce his sentence. We disagree. Although the district court must undertake the

two-step analysis outlined above, the district court is not required to reduce the

defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Vazquez, 53 F.3d 1216, 1227-28 (11th Cir.

1995). Both the language of § 3582(c)(2) and this circuit’s precedent indicate that the

sentencing court’s power to reduce a sentence is discretionary. See 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(2) (stating that court “may reduce the term of imprisonment”); United States

v. Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562 (11th Cir. 1997) (“A court’s power to reduce

sentences under § 3582(c)(2) is discretionary.”).

      In the alternative, Vautier argues that the statutory grant of discretionary

authority in § 3582(c) is ambiguous and thus, the rule of lenity should apply. The rule

of lenity requires that actual ambiguities in criminal statutes, including sentencing

provisions, be resolved in favor of criminal defendants.       United States v. Lazo-

Ortiz,136 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 1998). Vautier’s contention on this point also

lacks merit.   The grant of authority to the district court to reduce a term of

imprisonment is unambiguously discretionary.

      Vautier next argues that the district court was required to apply its previous

eight-level downward departure to the amended guideline when considering what


                                           8
sentence it would have imposed under the amended guideline. It is clear that the court

was required to substitute the amended guideline range for the originally applied

guideline range and consider what sentence it would have imposed. To date, this

court has not addressed whether, as part of this consideration, the district court must

re-apply a downward departure granted at the original sentencing.

      Vautier contends U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 requires the district court to apply the

original adjustments and departures, but this time to a new starting point -- the base

offense level under the amended guideline. Thus, according to Vautier, the district

court in his case was required to apply all the adjustments and departures made at his

original sentencing, including the eight-level downward departure, to his new base

offense level of 20 under the amended guideline to arrive at a total offense level of 22

and a sentencing range of 41 to 51 months.5

      This precise issue was addressed correctly by the Eighth Circuit in United



      5
              The parties do not dispute that Vautier’s base offense level under the
amended guideline would be 20. Applying a four-level upward adjustment for the
role in the offense, a two-level upward adjustment for obstruction of justice, and a
two-level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility, Vautier’s
adjusted offense level would be 24. With a criminal history category of I,
Vautier’s amended guideline range would be 51-63 months. Under Vautier’s
argument, the court then would be bound to apply the six-level upward departure
for causing his brother’s death and the eight-level downward departure for
substantial assistance for a total offense level of 22.
                                           9
States v. Wyatt, 115 F.3d 606, 610 (8th Cir. 1997). Wyatt held that the district court

is not bound to honor its original downward departure when considering what

sentence it would have imposed had the amended guideline been in effect at the time

of sentencing. In Wyatt, 980 marijuana plants were attributed to the defendant for

sentencing purposes. 115 F.3d at 607. The defendant’s sentence was determined after

the district court granted the government’s 5K1.1 motion for a downward departure

for substantial assistance. Id. Following the enactment of Amendment 516, the

defendant moved to modify his sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2). Id. at 608. The

defendant argued “that applying Amendment 516 entitle[d] him to a new point from

which departure should occur, and ... that he [was] entitled to a departure from this

new Guideline range ... proportionally equal to the departure granted at the original

sentencing.”   Id.   The Eighth Circuit disagreed, explaining that, although the

commentary to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 states that “all other guideline application decisions

remain unaffected” when the court considers what sentence it would have imposed

had the amended guideline been in effect at the time of the original sentencing, a

discretionary decision to permit a downward departure from the amended guideline

range for substantial assistance is not such a “guideline application decision,” as

follows:


                                         10
      The Guidelines instruct that when a district court considers what
      sentence it would have imposed had the amendment been in effect at the
      time of the original sentencing, the court considers the amended
      Guidelines provision, but “[a]ll other guideline decisions remain
      unaffected.” A discretionary decision to depart from the Guidelines
      range on the basis of substantial assistance made at the original time of
      sentencing is not a “guideline application decision” that remains intact
      when the court considers the new Guideline range. The district court’s
      discretionary decision of whether to depart from the new amended
      Guidelines range based upon Wyatt’s prior substantial assistance is not
      dictated or mandated by either its prior decision to depart or by the
      extent of the prior departure, because “the benefit accruing from a
      lowered sentence range is independent of any substantial-assistance
      considerations.” The district court retains unfettered discretion to
      consider anew whether a departure from the new sentencing range is now
      warranted in light of the defendant’s prior substantial assistance.

Id. at 610 (citations omitted).

      We find the reasoning of the Eighth Circuit persuasive and hold that a district

court, ruling on a defendant’s § 3582(c)(2) motion, has the discretion to decide

whether to re-apply a downward departure for substantial assistance when considering

what sentence the court would have imposed under the amended guideline. This

conclusion is supported by the Sentencing Commission’s latest amendment to

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, which provides in the commentary, inter alia, that “[w]hen the

original sentence represented a downward departure, a comparable reduction below

the amended guideline range may be appropriate;...” See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10,

comment. n.3. (emphasis supplied). The negative inference of this permissive


                                         11
language indicates that a downward departure may also be inappropriate. Thus,

whether to consider a downward departure in determining what sentence the court

would have imposed under the amended guideline remains discretionary, and the court

is not bound by its earlier decision at the original sentencing to depart downward from

the sentencing guidelines range.

      The district court also correctly considered the § 3553 factors in ruling on

Vautier’s motion.6 In support of its decision not to reduce Vautier’s sentence, the

district court cited “defendant’s demonstrated violence and ... all the other

considerations that went into the establishment of this defendant’s sentence.” At the

original sentencing hearing, the district court’s primary considerations in determining



      6
              The § 3553(a) factors that must be considered by the district court in
ruling on a defendant’s § 3582(c)(2) motion to reduce his sentence include: (1) the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the
defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed to accomplish certain aims, such
as reflect the seriousness of the offense, afford adequate deterrence, protect the
public, or the defendant’s educational, medical, or correctional treatment needs; (3)
the kinds of sentences available; (4) the applicable sentencing range under the
guidelines; (5) any pertinent Sentencing Commission policy statement; (6) the need
to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants; and (7) the need to
provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Although the district court
must consider these factors, the court is not required to articulate specifically the
applicability, if any, of each factor, as long as the record as a whole “demonstrates
that the pertinent factors were taken into account by the district court.” United
States v. Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.
1204 (1998).
                                          12
Vautier’s sentence included Vautier’s psychiatric condition and his need for long-term

psychiatric treatment, his history of substance abuse, and his killing of his brother

(who was also involved in growing the marijuana plants) while under the influence

of drugs.

      These considerations are clearly relevant to the first two factors listed in §

3553(a): the history and characteristics of the defendant and the need for the sentence

imposed to protect the public and provide the defendant with medical (e.g.,

psychiatric) treatment. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) & (2). Considering that the district

court’s order specifically referenced these earlier findings, which were relevant to the

necessary § 3553(a) inquiry, and that these findings were supported by the record, the

district court gave sufficient reasons for its decision not to reduce Vautier’s sentence.

See Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d at 1323 (finding sufficient reasons provided in district

court’s short order referencing Government’s brief that enumerated specific elements

relevant to § 3553(a) inquiry).

      Therefore, although the district court’s order ruling on Vautier’s motion is brief,

a review of the entire record demonstrates that the district court properly undertook

the two-step inquiry in deciding not to reduce Vautier’s sentence. Consequently, we

conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Vautier’s motion


                                           13
to reduce his sentence.7

AFFIRMED.




      7
              Likewise, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in considering evidence from Vautier’s original sentencing hearing in
ruling on the motion to reduce his sentence. Vautier’s reliance upon United States
v. Townsend, 55 F.3d 168 (5th Cir. 1995) is misplaced. Townsend involved a
district court’s refusal to resentence a defendant based on testimony given in a
hearing involving one of the defendant’s co-conspirators. The Fifth Circuit found
this problematic because the defendant was not given advance notice so that he
could contest the testimony. In this case, the district court relied on evidence from
Vautier’s own sentencing hearing, which Vautier and his counsel attended and
during which Vautier had an opportunity to, and did in fact, contest many issues
and present rebuttal evidence. The concerns raised in Townsend are not present in
this case.
       Furthermore, contrary to Vautier’s assertions, “§ 3582(c)(2) and related
sentencing guidelines do not contemplate a full de novo resentencing.” See United
State v. Cothran, 106 F.3d 1560, 1562-63 (11th Cir. 1997). The commentary to
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b) directs the district court only to substitute the amended
guideline for the original guideline applied to the defendant and to leave all other
guideline applications intact. “We think it implicit in this directive that the district
court is to leave all of its previous factual decisions intact when deciding whether
to apply a guideline retroactively.” Id. at 1563 (quoting United States v. Adams,
104 F.3d 1028, 1030-31 (8th Cir. 1997)).
                                           14
