                                       In The
                                  Court of Appeals
                         Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                         No. 07-17-00174-CR


                             JOAQUIN CORONADO, APPELLANT

                                                  V.

                               THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                              On Appeal from the 154th District Court
                                      Lamb County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. DCR-5424-16, Honorable Felix Klein, Presiding

                                       November 25, 2019

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                        Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.


       Appellant, Joaquin Coronado, appeals his conviction for the offense of engaging

in organized criminal activity,1 and sentence to fifty-five years’ incarceration in the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. By his appeal, appellant contends

that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction and that the trial court submitted

an erroneous jury charge. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




       1   See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.02(a)(5) (West Supp. 2019).
                           Factual and Procedural Background


       In the spring of 2014, a group of individuals worked together to distribute large

amounts of methamphetamine in Lamb County, Texas.               An investigation identified

appellant as the leader of this network. In May of 2014, appellant was arrested on an

unrelated warrant. At the time of his arrest, appellant was in possession of a simulated

handgun and magazine, clear plastic baggies, a digital scale, a ledger, and multiple strips

of paper with handwritten contact information on each.


       Texas Department of Public Safety Special Agent Ashburn met with appellant after

his arrest. After receiving Miranda warnings, appellant voluntarily gave Ashburn both an

oral and written statement. In both statements, appellant admitted to bringing a large

quantity of “dope” and “drugs” into Lamb County during the months immediately

preceding his arrest. In his oral statement, appellant explained that he had several

individuals, including many of his co-defendants, who would sell the drugs for him and

that he would even institute competitions to encourage his agents to sell more drugs.

Appellant and his agents were so successful selling drugs that appellant stated that he

had to return to his supplier “every day” and that he would purchase a quarter pound of

the drugs every time he resupplied. Appellant was indicted for the offense of engaging in

organized criminal activity.


       At trial, the State offered appellant’s statements into evidence, which were

admitted over appellant’s objections. Three co-defendants were called by the State.

Each of the co-defendants corroborated the statements made by appellant in his written

and oral statements, namely that appellant was the head of a methamphetamine

distribution ring. The jury found appellant guilty of engaging in organized criminal activity

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by delivering a controlled substance in Penalty Group 1 in an amount of 200 grams or

more but less than 400 grams. The jury also assessed appellant’s sentence at fifty-five

years’ incarceration in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal

Justice. After the trial court rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict, appellant timely filed

his notice of appeal.


       By his appeal, appellant presents two issues. By his first issue, appellant contends

that the evidence presented at his trial is insufficient to support his conviction. By his

second issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by submitting a jury charge

which authorized the jury to convict appellant of an offense outside the express language

of Texas Penal Code section 71.02(a). We will review appellant’s second issue first.


                                        Charge Error


       By his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court submitted a jury charge

that erroneously authorized the jury to convict him of an offense outside of the express

language of Texas Penal Code section 71.02(a)(5). The State responds that the charge

is not in error as it tracks with the language of section 71.02(a)(5).


       In analyzing a claim of charge error, the Court should first determine whether the

submitted charge was erroneous. Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2017).    If the charge was erroneous, the Court must then determine whether

appellant suffered harm due to the error. Id. It is only when we have reached an

assessment of harm that error preservation becomes relevant. Kirsch v. State, 357

S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If error was properly preserved by timely

objection, reversal is required if it is shown that the error caused the defendant some


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harm. Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Almanza v.

State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (en banc)). If, on the other hand, the

defendant did not properly object to the jury charge, as in the present case, reversal is

only required if the error was so egregious that it denied the defendant a fair and impartial

trial. Id. (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).


       The written charge given to the jury by the trial court should distinctly set forth the

law applicable to the case. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007); Vega v.

State, 394 S.W.3d 514, 518-19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The application paragraph of the

jury charge, not the abstract portion, authorizes a conviction. Yzaguirre v. State, 394

S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The jury is presumed to have understood and

followed the trial court’s charge absent evidence to the contrary. Crenshaw v. State, 378

S.W.3d 460, 467 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).


       In the present case, appellant contends that the trial court erred by submitting a

jury charge that authorized the jury to find appellant guilty of establishing, maintaining, or

participating in a combination to deliver or possess with intent to deliver 200 to 400 grams

of methamphetamine. However, the application paragraph of the trial court’s charge

tracks the language of section 71.02(a)(5). Specifically, the charge informs the jury to

find appellant guilty if, with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination,

“he delivered a controlled substance in Penalty Group 1 . . . .” Section 71.02(a)(5)

provides that,


       A person commits an offense if, with the intent to establish, maintain, or
       participate in a combination or in the profits of a combination or as a member
       of a criminal street gang, the person commits or conspires to commit one or
       more of the following: (5) unlawful manufacture, delivery, dispensation, or
       distribution of a controlled substance or dangerous drug, or unlawful

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        possession of a controlled substance or dangerous drug through forgery,
        fraud, misrepresentation, or deception;


TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.02(a)(5) (emphasis added). Nowhere in the jury charge is

the jury authorized to convict appellant for engaging in organized criminal activity by

committing or conspiring to commit possession of a controlled substance with the intent

to deliver.2 We conclude that the trial court did not err in charging the jury as it did.


        Appellant correctly identifies that the indictment in this case improperly alleged that

appellant committed the offense of engaging in organized criminal activity when he did

“knowingly deliver or possess with intent to deliver a controlled substance in Penalty

Group 1 . . . .” As discussed above, mere possession with intent to deliver is insufficient

to support a charge under section 71.02(a). However, at no time did appellant file a

motion to quash the indictment or object to the indictment. By failing to do so, appellant

waived any objection to this defect in the indictment. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 1.14(b) (West 2005) (“If the defendant does not object to a defect, error, or irregularity

of form or substance in an indictment . . . before the date on which the trial on the merits

commences, he waives and forfeits the right to object to the defect, error, or irregularity

and he may not raise the objection on appeal or in any other postconviction proceeding.”).


        Concluding that there is no error in the jury charge and that appellant waived any

error in the indictment, we overrule appellant’s second issue.




        2 We do note that the charge includes two lesser-included offenses that are based on possession
of a controlled substance. However, neither of these offenses authorize the jury to convict appellant for
engaging in organized criminal activity based on simple possession.

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                                 Sufficiency of the Evidence


       By his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the

jury’s finding that appellant committed the offense of engaging in organized criminal

activity by delivering a controlled substance in Penalty Group 1, in an amount of 200 or

more grams but less than 400 grams.


       In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); see Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in

character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of

the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a

conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful

that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no higher

standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.”                  Id.   When

reviewing all the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate question is

whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906-07 n.26 (discussing

Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448-50 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a single evidentiary standard of

review). “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the jury's credibility and weight

determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the

weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899 (emphasis in original).




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      To prove that appellant was guilty of engaging in organized criminal activity, the

State was required to prove that appellant, with an intent to establish, maintain, or

participate in a combination or in the profits of a combination, committed or conspired to

commit delivery of a controlled substance in Penalty Group 1, specifically

methamphetamine, in an amount of 200 or more grams but less than 400 grams. TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.02(a)(5); Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 733 (Tex. Crim. App.

2018). A combination is defined as three or more persons collaborating to carry on

criminal activities, regardless of whether the persons know one another or whether

membership in the combination changes over time. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 71.01(a)

(West 2011). To prove that a combination existed, the State had to prove an agreement

to act together in a continuing course of activity. Ledet v. State, 177 S.W.3d 213, 218

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). To prove the necessary intent, the State

must show that appellant committed the predicate offense with the specific intent to

participate in a criminal activity with a combination of persons and to participate in the

profits of the combination. McGee v. State, 909 S.W.2d 516, 518 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1995,

pet. ref’d). Intent may be inferred from acts, words, and conduct of the accused as well

as the circumstances in which appellant’s actions occurred. DeLeon v. State, 77 S.W.3d

300, 312 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d). It is not enough for appellant just to be

aware of the existence of the combination, he must also have known of the combination’s

intended criminal activity. McGee, 909 S.W.2d at 518.


      “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless

corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense

committed . . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005). In reviewing the



                                            7
sufficiency of the evidence corroborating an accomplice witness’s testimony, we must

exclude the testimony of the accomplice from consideration and examine the remaining

evidence to determine whether this evidence tends to connect the defendant to the

commission of the offense. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)

(en banc).


       Appellant specifically challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to corroborate the

testimony of the accomplice witnesses. The non-accomplice witness evidence need not

be sufficient to support conviction for the charged offense; rather, it must be sufficient to

“tend to connect” appellant to the commission of the offense. See id. Here, in appellant’s

oral statement, he admits that he purchased as much as a quarter pound of

methamphetamine daily which he would deliver to a combination of people in Lamb

County during the period alleged by the State. Appellant stated that he would “pass”

these drugs to his distributors. He described the enterprise as a “business.” Appellant

specifically discussed delivering drugs to multiple persons, including the accomplice

witnesses. In addition, the physical evidence found in the vehicle appellant was driving

when he was arrested, including a simulated handgun and magazine, clear plastic

baggies, a digital scale, a ledger, and multiple strips of paper with handwritten contact

information on each, tends to connect appellant to the offense of delivering drugs. Since

appellant’s issue is couched in terms of the sufficiency of the evidence to corroborate the

testimony of the accomplice witnesses, we conclude that the non-accomplice evidence is

more than sufficient to tend to connect appellant to the offense alleged in the jury charge.


       However, even if we construe appellant’s issue as challenging the sufficiency of

the evidence to support his conviction generally, we conclude that the evidence is


                                             8
sufficient. Again, to prove appellant guilty of engaging in organized criminal activity, the

State had to prove that appellant, with an intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a

combination or in the profits of a combination, committed or conspired to commit delivery

of a controlled substance in Penalty Group 1, specifically methamphetamine, in an

amount of 200 or more grams but less than 400 grams.               TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 71.02(a)(5). Appellant’s intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination to

commit delivery of methamphetamine in an amount of 200 or more grams but less than

400 grams in the spring of 2014 is established by appellant’s statement alone. Appellant

admitted to organizing a “business” with many individuals to sell methamphetamine in

Lamb County. For an extended period of time during the applicable period, appellant

admitted that he would acquire a quarter pound of methamphetamine, approximately 113

grams, every day which he would deliver to his distributors to sell. Consequently, we

conclude that a rational jury could have found appellant guilty of each essential element

of the offense of engaging in organized criminal activity beyond a reasonable doubt. See

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912.


         Finding the evidence to be sufficient to corroborate the accomplice witnesses’

testimony and to support appellant’s conviction, we overrule appellant’s first issue.


                                        Conclusion


         Having overruled both of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.


                                                         Judy C. Parker
                                                            Justice
Do not publish.


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