                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2001 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


1-24-2001

Eaves v. Cape May County
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket 00-5096




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Recommended Citation
"Eaves v. Cape May County" (2001). 2001 Decisions. Paper 11.
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Filed January 24, 2001

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

NO. 00-5096

PAMELA D. EAVES

v.

COUNTY OF CAPE MAY;
WILLIAM E. STURM, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS AN ELECTED MEMBER AND
DIRECTOR OF THE BOARD OF CHOSEN
FREEHOLDERS OF CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY;
EDMUND GRANT, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS THE
TREASURER OF THE COUNTY OF CAPE MAY;
BOARD OF CHOSEN FREEHOLDERS OF
CAPE MAY COUNTY;
JOHN DOES, I TO X; (fictitious names of
persons or organizations more fully
described herein); jointly severally
and in the alternative

County of Cape May,
       Appellant

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 95-cv-04574)
District Judge: Honorable Jerome B. Simandle

Argued September 12, 2000

Before: McKEE, RENDELL,
and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges

(Filed: January 24, 2001)
       William M. Tambussi [ARGUED]
       Brown & Connery
       360 Haddon Avenue
       P.O. Box 539
       Westmont, NJ 08108
       Counsel for Appellee
       Pamela D. Eaves

       Marc I. Bressman [ARGUED]
       Budd, Larner, Gross,
        Rosenbaum, Greenberg & Sade
       200 Lake Drive East
       Woodland Falls Corporate Park
       Suite 100
       Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
       Counsel for Appellant
       County of Cape May

OPINION OF THE COURT

RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

The County of Cape May ("the County") appeals the
District Court's ruling awarding the plaintif f, Pamela Eaves
("Eaves"), post-judgment interest on the Court's award of
$254,248.57 in attorney's fees and expenses fr om August
11, 1998, the date that the District Court first stated that
she was entitled to such an award "in an amount to be
determined pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)." The legal
issue presented in this employment discrimination action is
whether post-judgment interest on a judgment awarding
attorney's fees and expenses pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
S 2000e-5(k) runs from the date that the District Court
rules initially that the plaintiff is entitled to attorney's fees,
or alternatively, from the date that the District Court
actually quantifies the amount awarded, wher e those
determinations are made at separate times.

Based upon our construction of the applicable federal
post-judgment interest statute, 28 U.S.C. S 1961(a), we hold

                               2
that post-judgment interest on an attor ney's fee award runs
from the date that the District Court actually quantifies the
award. Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court's
January 27, 2000 order insofar as it awar ded post-
judgment interest from August 11, 1998, and will remand
the matter to the District Court for the entry of an
appropriate order. However, because we find no merit in the
County's other challenges relating to certain rulings made
in the Court's January 27, 2000 order, we will affirm those
rulings without further discussion.1

II. FACTS and PROCEEDINGS

Eaves is an American citizen of Chinese national origin.
She was employed as the Treasurer of Cape May County,
but was demoted to County Comptroller on July 8, 1994.
After Eaves filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") based on
her demotion and an alleged hostile work envir onment, the
County eliminated her County Comptroller position.

Eaves then filed a Complaint in the District Court on
August 30, 1995, alleging that the County, its Boar d of
Freeholders, William E. Sturm and Edmund Grant violated
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C.
SS 621-634 (1998) ("ADEA"), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, 42 U.S.C. SS 2000e to e-17 (1998) ("Title VII"), and
the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, N.J. Stat. Ann.
S 10:5-1 to -42 (West 1993) ("NJLAD"). On May 1, 1998, a
jury found in Eaves's favor on the Title VII and NJLAD
retaliation claim against the County, but found for the
defendants on the remaining claims.2 On May 11, 1998,
Eaves filed post-trial motions seeking prejudgment interest
_________________________________________________________________

1. In this appeal, the County also challenged the District Court's rulings
with respect to the (1) 25 percent downwar d adjustment of the lodestar
amount given plaintiff 's limited success; and (2) 15 percent contingency
enhancement applied pursuant to the New Jersey Law Against
Discrimination.

2. The jury deliberated only on Eaves's T itle VII and NJLAD claims based
on the demotion, hostile work environment and r etaliation, because the
Court dismissed the additional claims initially pleaded in the Complaint
on defendants' motions for summary judgment and for a directed verdict.

                               3
pursuant to Title VII, and attorney's fees under Title VII
and the NJLAD. On August 11, 1998, the District Court
entered judgment on the jury verdict in favor of Eaves, and
against the County, for $90,000, together with pr ejudgment
interest in the amount of $12,602.46, "together with
attorney's fees and costs in an amount to be determined
pursuant to Rule 54(d), Fed. R. Civ. P." App. at 5. The order
accompanying the judgment stated that "attor ney's fees and
costs shall be awarded in an amount to be deter mined by
the court upon plaintiff 's presently pending motion." App.
at 8.

On January 27, 2000, the District Court resolved the
outstanding motion for attorney's fees.3 After reviewing
Eaves's counsels' billing records, the Court calculated the
lodestar, reduced it by 25 percent to account for Eaves's
limited success, applied a contingency enhancement of 15
percent under the NJLAD, and quantified the attorney's fee
award. Ultimately, the Court awarded plaintiff 's counsel
$254,248.57 in fees and expenses. It also addr essed the
question of post-judgment interest on the awar d. We
recount the Court's analysis on this point:

        In the Judgment entered on August 11, 1998, the
       Court entered "judgment in favor of the plaintiff and
       against the defendant, County of Cape May, in the
       amount of $90,000.00 together with attorney's fees and
       costs in an amount to be determined pursuant to Rule
       54(d), Fed. R. Civ. P." The amount of fees and related
       expenses has, more than 16 months later , been
_________________________________________________________________

3. The motion actually sought attorney's fees, "expenses," and "costs of
suit." The District Court described the "expenses" as including
"deposition transcript fees, expert witness fees, medical reports,
investigation fees, photocopying, and binding." Items designated as
"costs" were those permitted under 28 U.S.C. S 1920, including the filing
fee, trial transcript fees and witness fees. See App. at 10-11.
Ultimately,
the Court allowed post-judgment interest on the combined amount of
attorney's fees and expenses, but not costs. Throughout this opinion, we
will treat the attorney's fees and expenses aspect of the Court's order as
a single attorney's fee award, as it is clear that the Court awarded those
amounts designated as "expenses" as part of the "reasonable attorney's
fee" allowable under 42 U.S.C. S 2000e-5(k). See Abrams v. Lightolier
Inc.,
50 F.3d 1204, 1225-26 (3d Cir. 1995).

                               4
       determined. Since the attorney's fees were determined
       as of the judgment date (August 11, 1998), the plaintiff
       is also entitled to recover interest upon that sum since
       that date, as post-judgment interest accounting for
       delay in payment. It was the Court's intent, in entering
       the Judgment on August 11, 1998, that the plaintif f
       was found to be entitled to recover her attor ney's fees,
       with only the amount to be determined. The
       accompanying Order will therefore amend the August
       11, 1998, Judgment to insert this amount, together
       with post-judgment interest from August 11, 1998.
       This adjustment further recognizes that plaintiff and
       her counsel have been deprived of the benefit of the
       payment of this sum since it was due and that the fee
       award is calculated upon plaintiff 's counsel's 1998
       billing rates rather than current rates.

App. at 56. On the same date, the Court enter ed the
"Amended Judgment" which incorporated its quantification
of the attorney's fee award, and its statement that post-
judgment interest on the jury verdict and the fee award was
to run from August 11, 1998. App. at 58. The County filed
a timely notice of appeal.4

III. DISCUSSION

The County argues that the District Court err ed in
"backdating" the post-judgment interest award on the fee
amount to August 11, 1998, the date the Court or dered
that attorney's fees and costs would be awar ded "in an
amount to be determined" by the Court. It contends that
the Court's decision to award post-judgment interest from
that date ignores the fact that the amount of the award was
not quantified until nearly a year and a half later, and
unfairly penalizes the County because the delay was
apparently caused by court backlog rather than dilatory
_________________________________________________________________

4. The District Court exercised subject matter jurisdiction over the
federal claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1331, 1343, and over the state
law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1367. W e have appellate jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1291, and exer cise plenary review over the
challenged ruling. Loughman v. Consol-Pennsylvania Coal Co., 6 F.3d 88,
97 (3d Cir. 1993) .

                               5
tactics on the County's part. The County cites Foley v. City
of Lowell, 948 F.2d 10, 21-23 (1st Cir . 1991), and
MidAmerica Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v.
Shearson/American Express, Inc., 962 F .2d 1470, 1475
(10th Cir. 1992), in support of its position, claiming that
both decisions held that post-judgment inter est on an
attorney's fee award accrues from the date the amount of
the award is quantified. It further asserts that the Supreme
Court's decision in Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. v.
Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827 (1990), is consistent with the
reasoning in Foley and MidAmerica . Appellant's Br. at 15-
16.

Eaves responds that "the majority rule among the circuit
courts of appeals is that post-judgment `inter est accrues
from the date that the party becomes unconditionally
entitled to fees, even if those fees are not yet quantified.' "
Appellee's Br. at 21 (citing Jenkins v. Missouri, 931 F.2d
1273, 1275 (8th Cir. 1991); Mathis v. Spears, 857 F.2d 749,
760 (Fed. Cir. 1988); Copper Liquor , Inc. v. Adolph Coors
Co., 701 F.2d 542, 545 (5th Cir. 1983) (en banc) (per
curiam), overruled in part on other grounds by Int'l
Woodworkers of Am. v. Champion Int'l Corp. 790 F.2d 1174
(5th Cir. 1986), aff 'd sub nom. Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T.
Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437 (1987)). In other words,
according to Eaves, post-judgment inter est accrues on an
attorney's fee award "from the date establishing the right to
the award, not the date of the judgment establishing its
quantum." Appellee's Br. at 21-22 (citing Mathis, 857 F.2d
at 760). The justification for commencing the post-judgment
interest period from the earlier of two judgments is
grounded in equitable considerations:

       "[Postponing the accrual of post-judgment inter est]
       would effectively reduce the judgment for attorney's
       fees and costs, because a certain sum of money paid at
       a certain time in the future is worth less than the same
       sum of money paid today. Failing to allow awar ds of
       attorney's fees to bear interest would give parties
       against whom such awards have been enter ed an
       artificial and undesirable incentive to appeal or
       otherwise delay payment."

                               6
Appellee's Br. at 22 (quoting Jenkins, 931 F.2d at 1276).
Eaves claims that these same policy considerations should
guide us in determining the date from which post-judgment
interest should run in this case because the end result--
the delay in receipt of funds rightfully due to her counsel--
is the same, regardless of whether the delay was caused by
the District Court or a litigious defendant.5

Preliminarily, we point out that the County does not
dispute that post-judgment interest under 28 U.S.C.
S 1961(a) accrues on a judgment awarding attorney's fees to
a prevailing party such as Eaves just as it would any other
"money judgment" to which S 1961(a) applies. R.W.T. v.
Dalton, 712 F.2d 1225, 1234-35 (8th Cir . 1983), abrogated
on other grounds by Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 834-35;
Spain v. Mountanos, 690 F.2d 742, 748 (9th Cir. 1982); see
Institutionalized Juveniles v. Sec'y of Pub. W elfare, 758 F.2d
897, 927 (3d Cir. 1985) (allowing post-judgment interest to
accrue on attorney's fee award; analysis proceeded on
premise that post-judgment interest on an attorney's fee
award was available); Devex Corp. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 749
F.2d 1020, 1026-27 (3d Cir. 1984) (affirming district court's
holding that post-judgment interest statute applies to
award of costs). Thus, our inquiry is dir ected only to the
date from which post-judgment interest should run where
there ostensibly are two "judgments" pertaining to an
attorney's fee award.

While we have interpreted and applied the federal post-
judgment interest statute on several occasions, 6 we have
_________________________________________________________________

5. We note that the circumstances of this case are unusual in that the
delay between the District Court's first and second orders spanned
approximately seventeen months. Moreover , it is not disputed that the
County did not attempt to delay the Court's quantification of the amount
due, but instead asked the Court several times to enter a final judgment
on Eaves's attorney's fee petition several times throughout the
seventeen-month period.

6. See, e.g., Christian v. Joseph, 15 F.3d 296, 298-99 (3d Cir. 1994)
(finding that Virgin Islands post-judgment interest statute and 28 U.S.C.
S 1961(a) were analogous and stating that, like S 1961(a), Virgin Islands
statute provides for automatic accrual of post-judgment interest); Dunn
v. Hovic, 13 F.3d 58, 60-62 (3d Cir . 1993) (allowing post-judgment

                               7
not yet confronted the precise question before us in this
case. And, as is evident from the discussion that follows,
there is no consensus among the Courts of Appeals that
have addressed the issue. Eaves correctly states that the
"majority view," which has been adopted by the Courts of
Appeals for the Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh and Federal
Circuits, is that post-judgment interest on an attorney's fee
award runs from the date that the district court enters a
judgment finding that the prevailing party is entitled to
such an award, or from the date that, by operation of law,
the prevailing plaintiff becomes entitled to fees, even if the
amount of the award is not fixed in that judgment.
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. Kellstrom, 50 F.3d 319, 332
_________________________________________________________________

interest to accrue from date of district court's entry of judgment on jury
verdict despite partial remittitur in district court and further
remittitur
of punitive damage award on appeal); Loughman, 6 F.3d at 97-100
(finding that plaintiffs were entitled to post-judgment interest accruing
from date of original judgment rather than fr om date of judgment
entered after damages retrial or fr om date of mandate issued after first
appeal); In re Lower Lake Erie Iron Ore Antitrust Litig., 998 F.2d 1144,
1177-78 (3d Cir. 1993) (stating that S 1961 does not mandate that
judgment from which interest is calculated be final judgment); Bonjorno
v. Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp., 865 F.2d 566, 571-72 (3d Cir. 1989)
(holding that post-judgment interest on damages award began to run as
of date of second jury verdict on damages, which was then vacated and
subsequently reinstated, rather than as of date that jury either delivered
first liability verdict or first damages verdict, or date on which Court
of
Appeals issued mandate), aff 'd in part, rev'd in part, Kaiser Aluminum,
494 U.S. at 827; Poleto v. Consol. Rail Corp. , 826 F.2d 1270, 1280-81 (3d
Cir. 1987) (holding that post-judgment inter est on jury verdict began to
run from date of verdict rather than district court's entry of judgment),
abrogated by Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 827; Brock v. Richardson,
812 F.2d 121, 125-26 (3d Cir. 1987) (holding that back pay award under
Fair Labor Standards Act should be presumed to carry post-judgment
interest, unless equities in particular case r equire otherwise);
Institutionalized Juveniles, 758 F.2d at 927 (allowing post-judgment
interest to run from date that district court ruled that plaintiffs were
entitled to fees and awarded quantified amount of fees where court of
appeals affirmed award in part and vacated it in part for recalculation);
Devex Corp., 749 F.2d at 1026 (holding that district court did not abuse
its discretion in awarding post-judgment interest on award of taxable
costs).

                               8
& n.24 (5th Cir. 1995); Friend v. Kolodzieczak, 72 F.3d
1386, 1391-92 (9th Cir. 1995); BankAtlantic Inc. v. Blythe
Eastman Paine Webber, 12 F.3d 1045, 1052-53 (11th Cir.
1994); Jenkins, 931 F.2d at 1277; Fox Indus. Inc. v.
Structural Pres. Sys. Inc., 922 F .2d 801, 804 (Fed. Cir.
1991); Mathis, 857 F.2d at 760; Copper Liquor, 701 F.2d at
545. In reaching their result, the leading cases have relied
principally upon the policy underlying the post-judgment
interest statute: compensation of the plaintif f (and the
attorney) for the loss of the use of the money. By contrast,
the "minority view," adopted by the Courts of Appeals for
the Seventh and Tenth Circuits, is that, where the district
court enters an order stating that the pr evailing party is
entitled to a fee award but does not quantify the amount of
the award until a later date, post-judgment interest does
not begin to accrue until the Court fixes the amount of the
award.7 MidAmerica, 962 F.2d at 1476 (adopting rule that
post-judgment interest begins to accrue when court enters
judgment setting amount of fees owed based upon
reasoning in Kaiser Aluminum); Fleming v. County of Kane,
898 F.2d 553, 565 (7th Cir. 1990) (awarding interest from
date amount was fixed, stating that "prior to the date the
judgment on attorney's fees was entered, plaintiff 's
attorney's claim for unpaid attorney's fees was unliquidated
and, as such, not entitled to interest"). 8 We do not find the
_________________________________________________________________

7. While the County also cites the First Cir cuit's decision in Foley as
having adopted the "minority view," the court expressly declined to reach
the issue presented here. Foley, 948 F.2d at 22 n.16 ("We do not
undertake to decide here whether postjudgment interest begins to accrue
from the date a judgment expressly and unconditionally establishing a
party's right to attorneys' fees is enter ed or from the date of a
judgment
that establishes the quantum of such fees (in a case where those dates
differ).").

8. Although the Seventh Circuit in Fleming allowed post-judgment
interest to accrue from the date of the district court's quantification of
the attorney's fee award rather than the date that the court ruled that
the prevailing party was entitled to fees, its analysis is not all that
helpful because it is not clear whether the court directly considered the
issue presented in the instant case. The district court in Fleming entered
an order in April 1988 stating that the plaintiff was entitled to
attorney's
fees, and also allowing, among other things, an adjustment to the billing
rate in the form of "adding interest from a date 30 days after the end of

                               9
reasoning of the courts adopting the "majority view"
persuasive, because they ignore a textual analysis of
S 1961(a) and, instead, base their result on policies they
find to underlie post-judgment interest and attorney's fee
awards. In our view, the correct answer is dictated by the
text of S 1961(a) and by our case law construing the
meaning of the term "money judgment," a common legal
term which we believe is critical to the outcome of this
appeal.

Because "[t]he starting point for interpr etation of
[S 1961(a)] is the language itself," Kaiser Aluminum, 494
U.S. at 835, our analysis begins with the text of the statute,
which provides in pertinent part that

       [i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a
       civil case recovered in a district court. Execution
_________________________________________________________________

the month in which the services were rendered." Fleming, 898 F.2d at 563
(emphasis added). The court subsequently enter ed an order quantifying
the fees on June 24, 1988.

On appeal, the court found that the district court erred in awarding
interest from a date 30 days after the end of the month in which the
services were rendered, reasoning that "[p]rior to the date the judgment
on attorney's fees was entered, plaintif f 's attorney's claim for unpaid
attorney's fees was unliquidated and, as such, not entitled to interest."
Id. at 565. The court stated that because the r ecord "clearly indicated"
that the award of attorney's fees was entered on June 24, 1988, post-
judgment interest ran from that date.

Fleming does not provide much guidance because it is not clear from
the opinion whether the plaintiff argued that post-judgment interest
should have been calculated from the April 1988 date on which the court
first determined that the plaintiff was entitled to attorney's fees.
Moreover, although the court of appeals mentioned the fact that until the
"judgment" on attorney's fees is enter ed, the claim for unpaid fees is
"unliquidated," it seems that it made that observation in the context of
rejecting the district court's allowance of interest from 30 days after
the
services were performed rather than from the entry of the "judgment" on
attorney's fees. The court of appeals simply did not consider the
subsidiary issue of which "judgment" that might be. At bottom, we do
not rely on Fleming because, while the court reached a result consistent
with our interpretation of S 1961(a) as applied in the attorney's fee
context, it provided little substantive analysis and did not rely on the
language of the statute to reach that r esult.

                                10
       therefor may be levied by the marshal, in any case
       where, by the law of the State in which such court is
       held, execution may be levied for interest on judgments
       recovered in the courts of the State. Such interest shall
       be calculated from the date of the entry of the
       judgment. . . .

28 U.S.C. S 1961(a) (emphasis added). "Section 1961(a)
dictates that interest be awarded." Dunn v. Hovic, 13 F.3d
58, 60 (3d Cir. 1993). Given the plain language and
structure of the statute, it is clear that"the judgment"
referred to in the third quoted sentence is the "money
judgment" specified in the first. Thus, by its terms, post-
judgment interest does not begin to run underS 1961(a)
until the district court enters the judgment at issue, i.e.,
the "money judgment."9

This observation is not dispositive, because the pr oblem
in this case is that we arguably have two"judgments," i.e.,
(1) the August 11, 1998 order which stated that Eaves was
entitled to an attorney's fee award, and (2) the January 27,
2000 order which quantifies the amount of the award.
Thus, the pivotal question is whether the August 11, 1998
order qualifies as a "money judgment" such that its entry
by the clerk of the District Court commences the period
from which post-judgment interest begins to run.

Section 1961 does not define the term "money judgment."
Nevertheless, if a statute uses a legal term of art, we must
_________________________________________________________________

9. Although neither party has suggested it, we note that it could be
argued, at least in theory, that the statute is ambiguous as to whether
the "judgment" which triggers the post-judgment interest period has to
have the characteristics of a "money judgment"--the term found in the
first sentence of S 1961(a). However, the structure of S 1961(a) ties the
"judgment" referred to in the thir d sentence back to the "money
judgment . . . recovered in the district court," which, of course,
provides
the legal basis for the award of post-judgment interest under the statute.
Thus in our view, the statute cannot be viewed as ambiguous on this
point. See Smith v. Fid. Consumer Disc. Co., 898 F.2d 907, 910 (3d Cir.
1990) ("[S]tatutory construction should halt at such time as the court
determines the text at issue to be plain and unambiguous") (citing Rubin
v. United States, 449 U.S. 424, 430 (1981)); see also In re Cohen, 106
F.3d 52, 57 (3d Cir. 1997) (rejecting construction of statute that, in its
view, "strain[ed] the structure of the statute as a whole").

                               11
"presume Congress intended to adopt the term's ordinary
legal meaning." Omnipoint Corp. v. Zoning Hearing Bd., 181
F.3d 403, 407 (3d Cir. 1999) (citing McDermott Intern. Inc.
v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337, 342 (1991)); see also Zubi v.
AT&T Corp., 219 F.3d 220, 227 (3d Cir. 2000) (Alito, J.,
dissenting) (citing, inter alia, Omnipoint, 181 F.3d at 407,
and Felix Frankfurter, Some Reflections on the Reading of
Statutes, 47 Colum. L. Rev. 527, 537 (1947) ("[I]f a word is
obviously transported from another legal sour ce, whether
the common law or other legislation, it brings its soil with
it.")). In Penn Terra Limited v. Department of Environmental
Resources, 733 F.2d 267 (3d Cir . 1984), we addressed the
meaning of the term "money judgment" in the context of
construing the phrase "enforcement of a money judgment"
found in 11 U.S.C. S 362(b)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Recognizing that Congress failed to provide any guidance as
to the meaning to be afforded to the phrase "enforcement of
a money judgment" as it was used in that pr ovision, we
looked to the established meaning of the ter ms. Id. at 274-
75 ("Its meaning must therefore be gleaned from the
commonly accepted usage and from whatever indications of
congressional intent we find persuasive."). We defined
"money judgment" in that context in the following manner:

       In common understanding, a money judgment is an
       order entered by the court or by the clerk, after a
       verdict has been rendered for [the] plaintiff, which
       adjudges that the defendant shall pay a sum of money
       to the plaintiff. Essentially, it need consist of only two
       elements: (1) an identification of the parties for and
       against whom judgment is being entered; and (2) a
       definite and certain designation of the amount which
       plaintiff is owed by defendant.

Id. at 275 (citing generally 49 C.J.S. Judgments SS 71-82,
which "describ[ed] proper form of money judgments")
(emphasis added).

Since Penn Terra, our resear ch reveals that other courts
have taken a similar approach in determining whether a
particular judgment constituted a "money judgment," and,
in various legal contexts have looked to whether the
judgment at issue required a party to pay a fixed sum. See,
e.g., EEOC v. Gurnee Inns, Inc., 956 F.2d 146, 149 (7th Cir.

                                12
1992) (where district court entered judgment that awarded
plaintiffs backpay in definite amounts, less applicable
payroll deductions, and directed employer to deduct payroll
taxes and deliver checks to plaintiffs, court rejected
employer's argument that court's judgment was not "money
judgment" under S 1961(a), stating that"the awards did not
lose their character as sums certain simply because they
were subject to the mechanical task of computing payroll
deductions"); In re Commonwealth Oil Ref. Co., 805 F.2d
1175, 1186 (5th Cir. 1986) (following Penn Terra's definition
of "money judgment"); In re V alencia, 213 B.R. 594, 596 (D.
Colo. 1997) (affirming bankruptcy court's entry of money
judgment fixing amount of damages debtor owed in
dischargeability proceeding and noting that bankruptcy
court's equitable jurisdiction allowed it to "r ender a money
judgment in an amount certain"); In r e Dow Corning Corp.,
237 B.R. 380, 386 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1999) (in determining
whether order pursuant to S 502(b) of Bankruptcy Code
constituted "money judgment" from which post-judgment
interest would run, court stated "[a]s one might expect, a
`money judgment' consists of three elements: it must be a
judgment; entitling the plaintiff to a specified sum of
money; and such entitlement must be against an
identifiable party"); In re Devitt , 126 B.R. 212, 215 (Bankr.
D. Md. 1991) (holding that bankruptcy court had
jurisdiction to enter "money judgment," i.e., "judgment in
an amount certain," in dischargeability pr oceeding).

We further note that, although not cited by the parties,
we find the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Cir cuit's
opinion in Happy Chef Systems, Inc. v. John Hancock
Mutual Life Insurance Co., 933 F.2d 1433 (8th Cir. 1991),
instructive on this issue. There, as her e, the parties
disputed which of two "judgments" commenced the post-
judgment interest period applicable under S 1961(a). In
Happy Chef Systems, the landlord sought a declaration
that the tenant breached its lease with the landlord, and
was obligated to perform its lease obligations. After the
district court determined that the landlor d was entitled to
a judgment requiring the tenant to perfor m its lease
obligations, the landlord filed a motion seeking
"supplemental relief " under 28 U.S.C.S 2202 in the form of
money damages. On February 21, 1990, the district court

                               13
entered a judgment and order that the tenant was obligated
to perform its lease obligations. It also granted the
landlord's motion for supplemental relief, but did not
quantify the amount of damages because it believed that
the trial record was not adequate to enter a judgment on
the amount to be awarded. Subsequently, on May 25, 1990,
the district court entered an order which quantified the
landlord's damage award, and awarded post-judgment
interest from February 21, 1990--the date on which the
court first determined that the landlor d was entitled to
supplemental relief under S 2202. Id. at 1435.

On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Cir cuit
reversed the award of post-judgment inter est from February
21, 1990. The court held that the district court err ed in
awarding post-judgment interest fr om the date that it first
determined that the landlord was entitled to damages
under S 2202. It stated that "[s]ection 1961(a) does not
provide for interest until a money judgment has been
entered. Therefore, interest at the post-judgment interest
rate should begin on May 25, 1990 [the date the amount
was quantified], not February 21 of that year ." Id. at 1437.

The court's conclusion in Happy Chef Systems supports
our construction of the phrase "any money judgment" in
S 1961(a), which requires that the judgment at issue award
a fixed amount of fees to the prevailing party in order to
trigger the post-judgment interest period. Rather than
finding that the post-judgment interest period commences
from the date that the district court deter mined in a
general sense that the landlord was entitled to a damages
award, the court in Happy Chef Systems stated that
S 1961(a) requires the entry of a money judgment, which, as
we explained in Penn Terra, is commonly understood to
require an award of a fixed sum to the prevailing party. Cf.
In re Burlington N., Inc. Employment Pract. Litig., 810 F.2d
601, 609 (7th Cir. 1986) (rejecting ar gument that plaintiffs
were entitled to post-judgment interest fr om date district
court approved consent decree setting forth plaintiffs' right
to recover reasonable attorney's fee, stating that S 1961(a)
only authorized interest from date of entry of judgment).
And because we read the reference to the "entry of the
judgment" in the third sentence of S 1961(a) as referring

                               14
back to the "money judgment" specified in the   first
sentence of S 1961(a), it necessarily follows   that post-
judgment interest begins to run on a judgment   awarding
attorney's fees where that judgment fixes the   amount owed
to the prevailing party.

We recognize that in Penn Terra, we did not define the
term "money judgment" in the context of a dispute
surrounding the meaning of the term as it is used in 28
U.S.C. S 1961(a). Rather, we wer e interpreting the scope of
11 U.S.C. S 362(b)(5). Nevertheless, given that our
construction of "money judgment" was based on the
common legal meaning ascribed to that term, our definition
in Penn Terra certainly is instructive in ascertaining what
Congress intended in using the same phrase inS 1961(a).
Here, as in Penn Terra, Congr ess has not provided any
definition for the term as it is used inS 1961(a), thus
requiring us to look to the established meaning of that
term. Omnipoint, 181 F.3d at 407 (where statute uses legal
terms of art, we must "presume Congr ess intended to adopt
the term's ordinary legal meaning"); Penn Terra, 733 F.2d at
275 ("Where Congress uses terms that have accumulated
settled meaning under either equity or common law, a court
must infer, unless the statute otherwise dictates, that
Congress means to incorporate the established meaning of
these terms.").

Thus, we are constrained to agree with the County that
S 1961(a) simply does not permit post-judgment interest on
an attorney's fee award to run fr om the date that the court
initially determines that the prevailing party is entitled to
an award if the amount was not also quantified and
included in that judgment. It necessarily follows that the
"money judgment" in this case was not enter ed until
January 27, 2000--the date on which the court quantified
the amount of the attorney's fees and awar ded plaintiff a
fixed sum. Put differently, the August 11, 1998 judgment
stating that Eaves was entitled to an award of attorney's
fees could not have been the judgment triggering the post-
judgment interest period because the Court's statement
that Eaves was entitled to such an award cannot be
considered the functional equivalent of a judicial finding
that the County was liable to Eaves to pay a fixed sum of
attorney's fees.

                               15
In reaching this conclusion, we have not overlooked the
fact that we stated in Penn Terra that the phrase "money
judgment" commonly refers to a judgment entered upon a
jury verdict, while our analysis in this case imports that
definition into a situation where the "judgment" at issue
actually resolved a motion for attorney's fees, an ancillary
issue to the underlying dispute between the parties. We are
not troubled by this distinction, however , because it is not
disputed that a judgment awarding attor ney's fees
theoretically could qualify as a "money judgment" on which
post-judgment interest could be awarded under S 1961(a),
provided that it has the requisite attributes of a "money
judgment." Given that we treat judgments awarding
attorney's fees as we would any other "money judgment,"
we see no principled basis for according a dif ferent meaning
to the term simply because the award at issue here involves
attorney's fees rather than money damages stemming from
a jury verdict. For our purposes, the essential aspect of our
construction of the term "money judgment" in Penn Terra is
that it must be comprised of "a definite and certain
designation of the amount which plaintiff is owed by
defendant." Thus, it makes no differ ence that the actual
judgment at issue stemmed from a fee petition rather than
a jury verdict.

We further observe that our construction of the phrase
"any money judgment" in S 1961(a) is consistent with the
Supreme Court's analysis in Kaiser Aluminum . There the
plaintiff, Bonjorno, initially secur ed a liability verdict
against the defendant, Kaiser Aluminum, on August 16,
1979. The jury then assessed damages against Kaiser
Aluminum on August 21, 1979, and the district court
entered judgment on the verdict on August 22, 1979.
Ultimately, the district court concluded that the evidence
did not support the damage award and granted Kaiser
Aluminum's motion for a new trial as to damages only. On
December 2, 1981, the jury found in favor of Bonjor no, and
awarded damages. The district court enter ed a judgment on
the second jury verdict on December 4, 1981. Kaiser
Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 830-31.

Shortly thereafter, the district court granted Kaiser
Aluminum's motion for a judgment notwithstanding the

                               16
verdict as to a portion of the second damages verdict.
However, on appeal, we reversed the court's determination
on that point and reinstated the December 4, 1981
judgment on the second verdict. On remand, the district
court awarded post-judgment interest on the damages
award from December 2, 1981, the date of the second
damages verdict after the retrial. That decision, in turn,
was appealed, and one of the issues raised in the appeal
was whether post-judgment interest ran fr om the date of
the December 2, 1981 verdict or the December 4, 1981
judgment on the verdict, albeit a differ ence of only two
days. See Kaiser Aluminum, 865 F.2d at 571-72 & n.9.

Following our previous opinion in Poleto v. Consolidated
Rail Corp., 826 F.2d 1270 (3d Cir . 1987), we held that post-
judgment interest ran from the December 2, 1981 verdict.
Id. Poleto had looked to the purpose of the post-judgment
interest statute and the structure of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 58, and found that both supported a broad
reading of S 1961(a) that allowed post-judgment interest to
run from the date of the verdict wher e there was a delay in
the district court's entry of the judgment on the verdict.
Poleto, 826 F.2d at 1280.

On appeal to the Supreme Court, the Court r ejected the
Poleto rule, grounding its analysis on the plain language of
S 1961(a). In reaching its result, the Court explained:

       Those courts that have determined that inter est should
       run from the verdict have looked to the policy
       underlying the postjudgment interest statute--
       compensation of the plaintiff for the loss of the use of
       the money--in reaching their conclusion that interest
       should run from the date of the verdict despite the
       language of the statute.

          . . . .

        The starting point for interpretation of a statute is
       the language itself. . . . Both the original and the
       amended versions of S 1961 refer specifically to the
       "date of judgment," which indicates a date certain.
       Neither alludes to the date of the verdict, and there is
       no legislative history that would indicate a
       congressional intent that interest run fr om the date of

                                17
       verdict rather than the date of judgment. Even though
       denial of interest from verdict to judgment may result
       in the plaintiff bearing the burden of the loss of the use
       of the money from verdict to judgment, the allocation
       of the costs accruing from litigation is a matter for the
       legislature, not the courts.

Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 834-35.

In the instant case, Eaves makes a policy ar gument
strikingly similar to the one we accepted in Poleto but the
Supreme Court rejected in Kaiser Aluminum. She contends
that we should hold that post-judgment inter est on her
attorney's fee award began to accrue on August 11, 1998,
because the District Court expressly deter mined on that
date that she was legally entitled to a monetary award, and
it ultimately fixed the amount in its January 27, 2000
order. Put differently, Eaves urges that we find in her favor
because, since August 11, 1998, the County has had the
use of the money that the Court eventually fixed as her fee
award on January 27, 2000.

Given the tenor of the Supreme Court's analysis in Kaiser
Aluminum, we are unpersuaded by Eaves's ar gument. Her
contention in this regard is bottomed on the concept that,
beginning on August 11, 1998, the County had the use of
monies to which she was legally entitled. But in Kaiser
Aluminum, the Court was unmoved by the fact that its
denial of post-judgment interest from the date of the verdict
to the date of the entry of the judgment might r esult in the
plaintiff bearing the burden of the loss of the use of his or
her money during the interim. Moreover, the Court
expressly rejected our analysis in Poleto, which, like Eaves's
argument here, looked to the policies behind the award of
post-judgment interest and found that they supported a
broader interpretation of S 1961(a) than the plain language
of the statute allowed.

Here too, we cannot ignore the plain meaning of the term
"money judgment" and its implications in this case simply
because our interpretation of S 1961(a) may result in the
plaintiff 's bearing the burden of the loss of the use of the
attorney's fee funds to which she was legally entitled from
the date that the District Court declared her entitlement to

                               18
the date that the award was quantified. In our view, the
Court's analysis in Kaiser Aluminum demonstrates that we
are not at liberty to ignore the literal language of S 1961(a),
notwithstanding the fact that the result might be that
prevailing parties suffer adverse consequences from the
district court's delay in fixing the amount of attorney's fees
to be awarded. See MidAmerica, 962 F .2d at 1476 ("[W]e see
no way to square MidAmerica's request for interest on an
unliquidated attorneys' fees award with Kaiser."); see also
Magee v. United States Lines, Inc., 976 F .2d 821, 823 (2d
Cir. 1992) (pointing out that Kaiser Aluminum interpreted
S 1961(a) literally, explaining that "[i]n Kaiser, the Supreme
Court rejected the argument, which the district court
herein apparently found persuasive, that under equitable
principles post-judgment interest should be computed from
the time that the court might have entered judgment, i.e.,
promptly following the jury's verdict."). And reading the
statute literally requires the entry of a"money judgment" to
commence the period of post-judgment interest on an
attorney's fee award, which here occurred on January 27,
2000 when the District Court quantified the amount the
County owed.

In reaching our result, we also ar e informed by a portion
of our analysis in Kaiser Aluminum that was not disturbed
by the Supreme Court on appeal. In the pr oceedings before
us, the plaintiff suggested several dates fr om which the
accrual of post-judgment interest could have commenced,
including August 16, 1979, the date the jury deliver ed its
liability verdict. But as we previously mentioned, we
followed Poleto and agreed with the district court that post-
judgment interest ran from December 2, 1981, the date of
the second damages verdict after retrial. In reaching that
conclusion, we necessarily rejected Bonjor no's suggested
date of August 16, 1979, and, moreover, ruled out the
possibility that post-judgment interest would run from
August 22, 1979, the date of the first damages judgment
that was subsequently overturned on Kaiser Aluminum's
post-trial motion. With respect to those two possibilities, we
explained:

       Bonjorno argues that interest should accrue from the
       date of the original liability verdict--August 1979--

                               19
       because liability was ultimately affirmed[by the Court
       of Appeals]. However, the August 16, 1979 verdict on
       liability alone was insufficient under Fed. R. Civ. P.
       54(c) to allow or require the court to enter judgment.
       Little if any authority supports the position that post-
       judgment interest accrues from the date of an
       unliquidated verdict or from a judgment vacated by a
       district court which is never reinstated, modified or
       even appealed. The vast majority of cases which
       construe section 1961 to allow interest to run from a
       verdict rather than a "judgment" involve verdicts which
       include an assessment of damages where judgment is
       later entered on the verdict amount. . . . This reasoning
       weighs against permitting Bonjorno to r ecover interest
       from August 16, 1979 (the date of the unliquidated
       liability verdict) or August 22, 1979 (the date of the
       first damage verdict which was vacated and never
       reinstated, increased, reduced, or even appealed).

Kaiser Aluminum, 865 F.2d at 570-71 (emphasis added).10
_________________________________________________________________

10. This aspect of our holding in Kaiser Aluminum remains intact after
Supreme Court's rejection of the rule we adopted in Poleto. The Supreme
Court specifically rejected the plaintif f 's argument that post-judgment
interest should have run from August 22, 1979, the date the court
entered judgment on the first liability and damages verdicts, because the
damages verdict subsequently was set aside as not supported by the
evidence. Using language from Poleto and our opinion in Kaiser
Aluminum, the Court reasoned that "wher e the judgment was not
supported by the evidence, the damages have not been ascertained in
any meaningful way." Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 836; see also id.
(" `[T]he purpose of post-judgment interest is to compensate the
successful plaintiff for being deprived of compensation for the loss from
the time between the ascertainment of the damage and the payment by
the defendant.' ") (quoting Poleto, 826 F.2d at 1280). The Court's
reference to damages being "ascertained" is taken from Poleto and our
opinion in Kaiser Aluminum, both of which r ecognized that damages are
"meaningfully ascertained" once the amount owed to the prevailing party
has been determined in a court proceeding. Poleto, 826 F.2d at 1280
(citing Hooks v. Washington Sheraton Corp., 642 F.2d 514, 618-19 (D.C.
Cir. 1980) (Mikva, J., dissenting)); see also Kaiser Aluminum, 865 F.2d at
570 (noting that, even under rule adopted in Poleto, verdicts which are
sufficient to commence the post-judgment inter est period under
S 1961(a) must include an "assessment of damages").

                               20
Our reasoning on this point in Kaiser Aluminum weighs
against Eaves's assertion that post-judgment inter est
should run from the date that the district court ruled she
was entitled to fees. For purposes of determining the date
from which post-judgment interest should run, the August
11, 1998 order stating that Eaves was entitled to attorney's
fees and costs is the functional equivalent of the August 16,
1979 unliquidated liability verdict in Kaiser Aluminum
which we found insufficient to commence the post-
judgment interest period under S 1961(a). The import of the
August 11, 1998 order was that the County was liable to
Eaves for some unspecified portion of her attor ney's fees,
but that, as of that date, her claim for those fees was not
"liquidated" because it had not been r educed to a fixed
amount.11 See MidAmerica, 962 F.2d at 1477. Similarly, the
August 16, 1979 liability verdict in Kaiser Aluminum
amounted only to a finding that Kaiser Aluminum was
liable to Bonjorno on the merits of the claim under the
applicable law. Until the damages verdict occurred on
August 21, 1979, the plaintiff 's claim against Kaiser
Aluminum was unliquidated in the sense that the amount
of monetary damages owed had not been fixed. See Poleto,
826 F.2d at 1280 ("The verdict [of liability and damages]
assesses damages up to the time that it is r endered;
however, payment does not occur immediately upon return
of the verdict. Post-judgment interest r epresents the cost of
withholding the amount owed the plaintiff once that sum
has been determined in a court proceeding.") (emphasis
added).

As the Supreme Court's analysis in Kaiser Aluminum
confirms, the pivotal event for the commencement of the
_________________________________________________________________

11. Cf. Pollice v. Nat'l Tax Funding, L.P., 225 F.3d 379, 395-96 (3d Cir.
2000) (explaining that a "fixed or liquidated claim" is one where the
damages are "certain" and stating that pr ejudgment interest on
liquidated claim carries interest at legal rate from time debt becomes
due) (applying Pennsylvania law); E.C. Er nst, Inc. v. Koppers Co., Inc.,
626 F.2d 324, 332-33 (3d Cir. 1980) (determining whether award of
prejudgment interest was appropriate, stating that "only question is
whether the damages were sufficiently fixed to be liquidated," and
finding in plaintiff 's favor because"the sum due could be fixed by fairly
objective means") (applying Pennsylvania law).

                               21
post-judgment interest period is the entry of the
"judgment," more specifically, the"money judgment" to
which S 1961(a) applies. And, as our discussion in Kaiser
Aluminum demonstrates, the operative judgment must set
forth the court's (or jury's) assessment of monetary
damages arising out of the claim or right giving rise to the
defendant's liability for the amount awarded. Kaiser
Aluminum, 865 F.2d at 570; Poleto, 826 F.2d at 1280; see
In re Lower Lake Erie, 998 F.2d at 1177 (stating that post-
judgment interest compensates plaintiff for loss between
determination of damages and defendant's payment); see
also Turner v. Japan Lines, Ltd., 702 F .2d 752, 756 (9th
Cir. 1983) (explaining that prejudgment interest
accommodates plaintiff for loss from time of breach or
injury to date of ascertainment of damages, i.e. , damages
verdict, and post-judgment interest accommodates plaintiff
for period from date of ascertainment of damages until
payment by defendant), abrogated on other grounds by
Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 834-35.

We recognize, of course, that our appr oach in this case is
different from that of the Courts of Appeals for the Fifth,
Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh and Federal Circuits, and thus that
the weight of authority is against our position. W e
nevertheless reject the majority view because, in most
cases, the courts predicated their result on a broader
interpretation of S 1961(a) based primarily on policy
considerations rather than the plain language of the statute.12
_________________________________________________________________

12. We say that "most cases" wer e grounded in policy in view of the fact
that the Eleventh Circuit took a differ ent approach in BankAtlantic v.
Blythe Eastman Paine Webber. Ther e the court held that post-judgment
interest on an attorney's fee award under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 ran from the
date the district court entered the order establishing the plaintiff 's
right
to recover attorney's fees as a discovery sanction rather than the date
that the district court quantified the amount. See BankAtlantic, 12 F.3d
at 1048. Without mentioning Copper Liquor , Mathis or Jenkins, the court
reasoned that "[t]he proper date upon which interest shall be calculated
for the sanction amount is July 10, 1989, the date of the sanction order"
because Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(a) defined judgment as including "a decree
and any order from which an appeal lies." Id. at 1053. The court's
analysis thus apparently was based on its view that the defendants
could have appealed the initial order awar ding discovery sanctions.

                               22
Additionally, we find it significant that the initial two cases
espousing the "majority view" preceded the Supreme
Court's literal interpretation of S 1961(a) in Kaiser
Aluminum, which we view as dictating our r esult. See
MidAmerica, 962 F.2d at 1476.

For example, in the initial decision addressing the
question of accrual of post-judgment interest on an
attorney's fee award, the Fifth Cir cuit in Copper Liquor v.
Adolph Coors & Co., held that post-judgment interest on an
award of fees and/or costs runs from the date of the
"judgment establishing the right to fees or costs, as the
case may be."13 See Copper Liquor, 701 F.2d at 545.
_________________________________________________________________

We are unpersuaded by the Eleventh Cir cuit's analysis. First, although
it is true that Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(a) defines "judgment," the definition
provides that it is to be applied to the ter m "as used in these rules,"
and
states only that it "includes" a decree or any order from which an appeal
lies. Thus, the Rule itself does not purport to define "judgment" as used
in statutory provisions such as, for example,S 1961(a), and it thus
leaves room for the possibility that the ter m "judgment" as used in
S 1961(a) could include a district court or der that does not fall within
the
narrow class of a "decree and any or der from which an appeal lies." In
re Lower Lake Erie, 998 F.2d at 1177-78.

Second, and perhaps more importantly, by fashioning a rule that ties
the commencement of the post-judgment interest period to the entry of
the "judgment" as defined in Rule 54(a), the BankAtlantic court
overlooked the fact that S 1961(a)'s use of the term "judgment" in the
third sentence is a shorthand refer ence back to the "money judgment"
specified in the first sentence of that subsection. Thus, in looking only
to Rule 54(a)'s definition of "judgment," the court did not consider what
we see as the real issue--whether the district court's order resolving the
motion for sanctions was, in actuality, a "money judgment," given that
the order did not set a fixed amount of money to be paid to the plaintiff.
While we recognize that the "money judgment" at issue in a given case
also might qualify as a "judgment" for purposes of determining finality
under Rule 54(a), there is no legal basis for concluding that S 1961(a)
can be read as allowing post-judgment inter est only on "judgments" as
defined exclusively by Rule 54(a). Cf. McDonald v. McCarthy, 966 F.2d
112, 115 (3d Cir. 1992) (looking to advisory committee's note to Fed. R.
App. 39 which indicated that reference to"costs" found therein should
be defined according to 28 U.S.C. S 1920).

13. In Devex, we relied upon Copper Liquor to hold that a prevailing party
who is awarded taxable costs is entitled to post-judgment interest on the

                               23
Notably, however, the court did not pr ovide any reasoning
as to why it adopted the rule that it did, and seemed to rely
on equitable considerations to justify the r esult.14 See id. at
_________________________________________________________________

costs award. Devex, 749 F.2d at 1026. We note, however, that the issue
presented in Devex was not the date fr om which post-judgment interest
should run on an award of costs. Rather , the defendant argued
unsuccessfully that post-judgment interest on an award of costs was not
available at all under S 1961(a). We need not, and do not, address the
open issue of the date from which post-judgment interest would run on
costs taxed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1920, see, e.g., BankAtlantic, 12
F.3d at 1047; Georgia Ass'n of Retarded Citizens v. McDaniel, 855 F.2d
794, 799 (11th Cir. 1988), because the District Court's order in the
instant case did not award post-judgment inter est on its $582 award of
taxable costs, and Eaves has not challenged that ruling.

14. We are aware that the Fifth Circuit has considered whether its ruling
in Copper Liquor was overruled by Kaiser Aluminum, and has determined
that Copper Liquor remains good law. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 50
F.3d at 332. The Fifth Circuit r ead Kaiser Aluminum as consistent with
the result in Copper Liquor based on the Supreme Court's statement that
"where the judgment is not supported by the evidence, the damages have
not been ascertained in any meaningful way." Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S.
at 836. The Fifth Circuit explained: "[b]ecause the earlier judgment in
Kaiser was invalid, the party had no entitlement to damages on that
date. Thus, the reasoning in Kaiser is consistent with Copper Liquor's
mandate that interest should not accrue until the party becomes entitled
to the award." Louisiana Power & Light , 50 F.3d at 332.

We agree that on the surface, Copper Liquor can be reconciled with
Kaiser Aluminum to the extent that the Court's statement in Kaiser
Aluminum suggests that until the second damages judgment was
entered, the plaintiff had not established, as an evidentiary matter, that
she was "entitled" to any monetary damages. Nevertheless, our careful
review of the entire discussion in Kaiser Aluminum confirms that, on
balance, the result in that case must be viewed as undermining the
analysis underlying the Copper Liquor rule. First, as we previously
mentioned, the rule in Copper Liquor cannot be squared with the plain
meaning of the term "any money judgment" found in S 1961(a). Second,
and perhaps more importantly, as we indicated in note 10, the Court's
reference to the point at which the damages are "meaningfully
ascertained" came from Poleto, which in turn explained that damages are
"ascertained" at the point at which the sum owed "has been determined
in a court proceeding,"--in that case, by the damages verdict. Poleto, 826
F.2d at 1280. Against the backdrop of Poleto and our opinion in Kaiser

                               24
544 (observing, in overruling Carpa, Inc. v. W ard Foods,
567 F.2d 1316 (5th Cir. 1978), that"because a dollar today
is worth more than a dollar in the futur e, the only way [a
party] can be made whole is to award him interest from the
time he should have received the money").

Subsequently, in Mathis v. Spears, the Federal Circuit
followed Copper Liquor because, in its view,"the provision
for calculating interest from the entry of the judgment
deters the use of the appellate process by the judgment
debtor solely as a means of prolonging its fr ee use of money
owed. . . ." See Mathis, 857 F.2d at 760. However, the
analysis in Mathis is inapposite given that the rule we have
approved today would not encourage litigants tofile
frivolous appeals of the attorney's fee awar d. Indeed, we
already have held in Institutionalized Juveniles that in
certain circumstances, post-judgment inter est on an
attorney's fee award runs from the date of the original
judgment even if that judgment was modified on appeal.
See Institutionalized Juveniles, 758 F.2d at 927. Thus, the
equitable consideration identified in Mathis is not
implicated, as we are not concerned in this case with the
time period between the judgment in the district court and
the judgment in the court of appeals, but, rather , must
choose between two judgments entered in the district court
for purposes of calculating the post-judgment inter est
amount owed.
_________________________________________________________________

Aluminum, we read the Supreme Court's opinion in Kaiser Aluminum as
simply having extended the "ascertainment of the damages" rationale
first discussed in Poleto to the facts pr esented in that case. Therefore,
rather than viewing that discussion in Kaiser Aluminum solely from the
standpoint of when the plaintiff became "entitled" to damages as an
evidentiary matter, it could be read as also predicated on the fact that
the damages were not "ascertained" until the second judgment because
the first damages verdict had been overtur ned, thus leaving no valid
judicial determination of the sum actually owed to the plaintiff. At all
events, when considered in light of Poleto and our discussion in Kaiser
Aluminum, we are convinced that the Fifth Circuit in Louisiana Power &
Light Co. focused too narrowly on "entitlement" as the key to applying
the "ascertainment of the damage" principle in Kaiser Aluminum in the
attorney's fee context.

                               25
Moreover, the Eighth Circuit in Jenkins v. State of
Missouri, and the Ninth Circuit in Friend v. Kolodzieczak,
both relied on policy justifications to per mit post-judgment
interest to accrue on an unquantified attor ney's fee
judgment without considering the impact of the plain
language of S 1961(a). See Kolodzieczak , 72 F.3d at 1386;
Jenkins, 931 F.2d at 1273. In Jenkins , for example, the
court observed that the award of interest serves the "make
whole" objective of fee awards in civil rights cases and
cautioned that "if the accrual of post-judgment interest is
delayed until fee awards are quantified,. . . attorneys are
not fully compensated for their successful ef forts, [and]
they may be reluctant to take on complex and expensive
litigation." Id. at 1276-77. The court in Kolodzieczak
similarly observed that allowing post-judgment inter est to
accrue from the judgment establishing the right to fees
ensures that civil rights attorneys ar e fully compensated for
the delay in payment. See Kolodzieczak, 72 F .3d at 1392.15

In our view, however, the rule that we have adopted does
not frustrate the "make whole" objective of attorney fee
awards in civil rights cases. While we r ecognize that our
construction of S 1961(a) limits the amount of post-
judgment interest that accrues on an attor ney's fee
judgment, we do not hold today that post-judgment interest
on an attorney's fee award is not available in general.
Rather, we find only that post-judgment interest does not
begin to run until the court fixes the amount owed--in
other words, it commences upon the entry of the"money
judgment."

Moreover, while the courts in Jenkins and Kolodzieczak
correctly point out the importance of fully compensating
civil rights attorneys who take on complex litigation, the
courts did not consider the fact that the same r esult may
be obtained if the district court applies an appr opriate form
_________________________________________________________________

15. The court in Kolodzieczak actually adopted the district court's
analysis of the legal issues in its entirety. The district court, in turn,
relied upon another district court decision in reaching its conclusion
that post-judgment interest on an attor ney's fee award runs from the
date of entitlement rather than the date of quantification. See
Kolodzieczak, 72 F.3d at 1392 (citing,inter alia, Finkelstein v. Bergna,
804 F. Supp. 1235, 1239 (N.D. Cal. 1992)).

                                26
of a delay-in-payment adjustment to the lodestar amount in
calculating the fee award. The Supreme Court has equated
the adjustment allowed for the delay in payment in civil
rights cases with an award of prejudgment interest on the
attorney's fee award. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274,
282 n.3 (1989); Library of Congress v. Shaw, 478 U.S. 310,
322 (1986). We similarly have explained that the delay-in-
payment adjustment "is designed to compensate the
attorney for the time gap between the actual expenditure of
services and the fee award," and that post-judgment
interest covers the delay in receipt during the period from
the fee determination to payment. Black Grievance Comm.
v. Philadelphia Elec. Co., 802 F.2d 648, 656 (3d Cir. 1986),
vacated and remanded on other grounds , 483 U.S. 1015
(1987). In Keenan v. City of Philadelphia, 983 F.2d 459 (3d
Cir. 1992), we noted that "in granting plaintiffs
compensation for delay, two methods may be used: basing
the fee award on current rates or adjusting the fee based on
historical rates to reflect its present value." Id. at 476.

Indeed, where the plaintiff presents adequate evidentiary
support documenting the costs incurred because of the
delay in receipt of funds, such enhancements ar e permitted
for the very purpose of compensating counsel for the delay
in receipt of the fees until the litigation has concluded. See
Blum v. Witco Chem. Corp., 888 F.2d 975, 985 (3d Cir.
1989); Institutionalized Juveniles, 758 F .2d at 923
(discussing factors informing court's discr etion when
awarding delay in payment enhancement); cf. In re
Burlington N., 810 F.2d at 609 (r ejecting plaintiffs' request
for prejudgment interest to account for delay between filing
of fee petition and judgment awarding attor ney's fees in
part because "[i]n the absence of evidence, we have no basis
on which to conclude that payment based on 1984 rates
compensated lead counsel only for delay in payment up to
that time") (emphasis added). Thus, an appr opriate
adjustment for the delay in payment would ensur e that
attorneys are fully compensated for their efforts and also
would be consistent with S 1961(a)'s r equirement that post-
judgment interest does not begin to accrue until the entry
of the money judgment.16
_________________________________________________________________

16. Although the District Court did not addr ess it, but given its
apparent
concern as to who should bear the cost of delay, we leave open the

                               27
IV. CONCLUSION

Given the foregoing analysis, we hold that pursuant to 28
U.S.C. S 1961(a), post-judgment interest on an attorney's
fee award runs from the date that the District Court enters
a judgment quantifying the amount of fees owed to the
prevailing party rather than the date that the Court finds
that the party is entitled to recover fees, if those
determinations are made separately. Her e, the District
Court intended to compensate Eaves for the delay in
payment occasioned by court backlog from August 11,
1998, the date of the District Court's judgment stating that
she was entitled to attorney's fees, to January 27, 2000,
the date the Court fixed the amount owed. W e hold that the
District Court erred in awarding post-judgment interest
_________________________________________________________________

possibility that on remand, the Court might consider compensating
Eaves for the delay that occurred in this case by applying our precedents
permitting an adjustment to the lodestar amount to account for the
"delay in payment" factor often present in civil rights cases. See, e.g.
Gulfstream III Assoc., Inc. v. Gulfstream Aerospace Corp., 995 F.2d 414,
425-26 (3d Cir. 1993); Keenan, 983 F.2d at 476; Blum, 888 F.2d at 984-
85; Student Pub. Interest Research Group of New Jersey, Inc. v. AT&T Bell
Labs, 842 F.2d 1436, 1453-54 (3d Cir . 1988); Black Grievance Comm.,
802 F.2d at 655-56; Institutionalized Juveniles, 758 F.2d at 923-34. In
pointing out the possibility for such an enhancement on remand, we
have not overlooked the fact that the District Court, on January 27,
2000, calculated the lodestar by using counsels'"current" billing rates
(as of the date of the fee petition in May 1998) rather than their
historical rates charged for services at the time they were rendered, and
that the use of such rates may dictate that no enhancement is
warranted. See Jenkins, 491 U.S. at 284; Institutionalized Juveniles, 758
F.2d at 923 n.41 (dicta); Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F.2d 880, 893 n.23
(D.C. Cir. 1980) (en banc). But see In re Cont'l Illinois Sec. Litig., 962
F.2d
566, 571 (7th Cir. 1992); see also Smith v. Vill. of Maywood, 17 F.3d
219, 221 (7th Cir. 1994). Moreover , while we realize that the District
Court did award a 15 percent contingency enhancement under the
NJLAD, we note that such an enhancement is distinct from an
adjustment to account for a delay in payment. See Pennsylvania v.
Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 483 U.S. 711, 716 (1987)
("Although delay and the risk of nonpayment ar e often mentioned in the
same breadth, adjusting for the former is a distinct issue that is not
involved in this case. We do not suggest . . . that adjustments for delay
are inconsistent with the typical fee shifting statute.").

                               28
under S 1961(a) from the entry of the August 11, 1998
order to accomplish that goal, because that or der did not
constitute a "money judgment" from which post-judgment
interest could run.

Accordingly, we will VACATE the District Court's January
27, 2000 order and remand the matter to the District Court
for the entry of an appropriate order consistent with this
opinion. We will also AFFIRM the District Court's rulings
with respect to the other issues the County pr esented in
this appeal.

A True Copy:
Teste:

       Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
       for the Third Circuit

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