                            REVISED March 5, 2012

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Fifth Circuit

                                                                        FILED
                                                                       March 1, 2012
                                       No. 11-70015
                                                                      Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                           Clerk
ROBERT SIMON, JR.,

                                                  Petitioner–Appellant
v.

CHRISTOPHER B EPPS, COMMISSIONER, MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS,

                                                  Respondent–Appellee



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Mississippi
                             USDC No. 2:11-CV-111


Before JOLLY, DENNIS, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Robert Simon Jr. was convicted and sentenced to death for the murders of
Carl and Bobbie Joe Parker and their son Gregory Parker.1 On May 13, 2011,
Simon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District


       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
       1
        Simon was separately tried for the murder of the Parkers’ daughter, Charlotte, for
which he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
                                  No. 11-70015

Court for the Northern District of Mississippi, claiming that he is incompetent
to be executed and that the Mississippi Supreme Court, in rejecting his claim of
incompetency, contravened the Supreme Court’s decisions in Ford v.
Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986), and Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930
(2007). The district court denied the petition, but granted Simon a Certificate
of Appealability (“COA”) on two issues, Simon v. Epps, No. 2:11-CV-111, 2011
WL 1988388 (N.D. Miss. May 20, 2011), and Simon appealed. This court granted
a stay of his execution, which had been scheduled for May 24, 2011, in order to
consider his appeal.
      For the reasons stated below, we reverse the district court’s denial of
Simon’s habeas petition, and we remand the case to the district court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                               I. BACKGROUND
      Simon’s petition claims that he is incompetent to be executed as a result
of a head injury suffered on January 7, 2011. His medical records, which were
disclosed to both Simon and the State by court order, document the treatment
that Simon received for this injury. One page of the records, titled “Emergency
Report: Man Down,” reflects that Simon was initially admitted to the prison
hospital around 5:45 a.m. on January 7, 2011. Simon’s chief complaints were
that he was confused, did not remember what had happened to him, and had a
severe headache. The report describes Simon as “awake and alert, but non
verbal to staff, with bruises spiraaled [sic] on his face from right frontal down to
left facial.” The report does not disclose the cause of this injury, but a related
progress note states that Simon “[c]laimed he slipped and fell and sustained
superficial scratches on the forehead and rt. face.” The report also indicates that
Simon expressed an inability to understand English during his examination.
Simon was discharged from the hospital around 8:11 a.m. that same day with a
diagnosis of hypertension.

                                         2
                                  No. 11-70015

      Simon’s records contain a second report titled “Emergency Report: Man
Down,” which states that Simon was readmitted to the hospital around 11:00
a.m. after being discovered unconscious.         His admitting diagnosis was
“confusions.” The report indicates that Simon exhibited “[a]ltered neurological
function” and states that a goal for his treatment was attaining “[m]aximum
neurologic function.” Another goal listed was altering Simon’s “mental status”
by “reorient[ing him] to time and place.” At 11:25 a.m., a nurse noted that
Simon was speaking in “word salad.”         After this second admission to the
hospital, Simon was kept in the hospital for several days.
      At around 1:10 a.m. on January 8, 2011, a nurse noted that Simon was
“disoriented,” asking questions such as, “What?” “Where am I?” and, “What
happened?” At around 6:00 a.m. on January 9, Simon refused to take his
medications, stating, “These aren’t mine” and again asking, “Where am I?”
Simon appears to have been discharged some time on January 11, 2011. The
medical records indicate that his condition with respect to his chief complaint of
confusion was “[i]mproved” upon discharge.
      On February 24, 2011, a psychiatry consult was requested for Simon
because he had exhibited “[a]bnormal behavior” for about two months.
Specifically, the request noted that Simon “talk[s] unusual[ly] and when asking
questions He repeat[s] the same words and Very unusual behavior since 2
months ago.” On March 1, 2011, Kim Nagel, M.D., “evaluated [Simon] at the
request of Dr. Kim who has noticed a change in his behavior in the last 2
months.” Following the evaluation, Dr. Nagel wrote:
      The inmate has made a change in his communication pattern in the
      last couple months. He has done things such as substitute the word
      “me” in place of “I” when he refers to himself. When I asked him
      about this, he said “they mean the same thing don’t they.” In effect
      he is talking baby talk. He realizes this and it appears that staff
      like the case manager Ms. Craft, who sees him fairly often, see this
      as a coping mechanism to deal with prison. He referred to one of his


                                        3
                                 No. 11-70015

      friends in a neighboring cell helping him out and he likes this. He
      was in the hospital for several days at the beginning of this change.
      He did not like the isolation of the hospital and said that there was
      nothing wrong with him. At present he seems to be totally in
      control of this desire to change his method of communication and he
      has no complaints about his current status in general. I will
      continue to check on him on occasion, and especially make sure that
      Ms. Craft, who has known him for years, is comfortable with his
      functioning. His [sic] is oriented and able to care for himself
      adequately at present. I do not see any current need for further
      intervention.
      Shortly after this visit, on March 16, 2011, Simon’s attorneys, T.H.
Freeland IV and Forrest Jenkins, visited him. Freeland later stated by affidavit
that he had been contacted prior to the March 16 visit by another prisoner in
Simon’s unit, who told him that Simon had suffered a head injury and that
“something was seriously wrong with him.” Freeland stated in his affidavit that
when he arrived at the prison on March 16, “it was very clear that [Simon] did
not recognize” him. Freeland found this “very surprising,” because during the
more than ten years that Freeland had been representing Simon, Simon “was
both very aware of who [Freeland] was and viewed meetings with [him] as very
important.” Freeland attempted to discuss Simon’s injury with him, but Simon
told him that he did not know what had happened. Freeland also stated that
Simon did not know the names of his family members, did not appear to
understand the nature of the proceedings against him, and did not appear
capable of communicating information to Freeland about his case. Jenkins also
gave an affidavit about this meeting which accords with the account given by
Freeland. Jenkins stated that when the attorneys told Simon that his execution
date may be set in the near future, Simon responded, “Me?” Jenkins also stated
that Simon asked Freeland several times, “You sure you’re my lawyer?” and also
asked a guard if Freeland was really his lawyer.




                                       4
                                  No. 11-70015

      On March 21, 2011, the United States Supreme Court denied Simon’s
petition for a writ of certiorari, Simon v. Epps, 131 S. Ct. 1677 (2011) (mem.),
and the Attorney General moved to set an execution date. That same day, Barry
Beaven, M.D., met with Simon “[i]n [order] to evaluate [his] memory and
confusion since a previous fall at request of Mr. Sparkman,” the prison
superintendent. Dr. Beaven noted that Simon “[a]lways has a headache.”
Describing Simon, Dr. Beaven wrote: “Doesn’t know president, home phone,
day/year, age, birthday.    Doesn’t know mothers name.         Can’t spell world
backwards. Doesn’t remember ball, flag, tree. Says me want this—3rd person
speech.” Finally, Dr. Beaven stated that Simon “asked about his TV and was
told that it hadn’t come in yet. He knew that his closthes [sic] size was too
small.   He does have apparent memory about things he wanted.              Direct
questioning made all responses invalid.”
      On March 29, 2011, defense counsel responded to the motion to set an
execution date, arguing that Simon was incompetent to be executed. On March
31, 2011, the State moved to access Simon’s medical records. Defense counsel
filed a petition for post-conviction relief in state court based on Simon’s
incompetence and moved the court for appointment of counsel and for expert
assistance. On April 7, 2011, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered that
Simon’s medical records be made available to both parties, and held Simon’s
other motions in abeyance.       Because it is the policy of the Mississippi
Department of Corrections (“MDOC”) to require a court order before allowing
outside medical personnel to meet with inmates, the court’s decision to hold
Simon’s motions in abeyance effectively prevented Simon from being evaluated
by an outside expert. The court also ordered that all pleadings had to be filed by
the parties no later than 5:00 p.m. on April 21, 2011.
      Although defense counsel were not permitted to have Simon evaluated by
an outside expert, they contacted John Goff, Ph.D., a board-certified


                                        5
                                       No. 11-70015

neuropsychologist, and asked him to provide an opinion on Simon’s competence
based upon Simon’s medical records and the affidavits of his attorneys. Dr. Goff
opined that Simon’s medical records “quite strongly suggest[] the occurrence of
a significant neuropsychological event on 07 January 2011.” Dr. Goff further
stated:
       The course of events here suggests that the neuropsychological
       defect demonstrated by Mr. Simon may indeed be interfering
       substantially with his ability to communicate with his attorneys and
       that it may well constitute a mental illness or defect that is
       preventing him from comprehending the reasons for the penalty
       imposed upon him or its implications. The descriptions of him
       suggest that he may have little or no understanding of the concepts
       shared by his attorneys and the community as a whole. I am not
       even certain that he has a factual understanding of his current
       situation.
In addition, Dr. Goff noted that the mental status examination conducted upon
Simon by Dr. Beaven was “frankly abnormal” and “would seem to require
further follow up and more extensive examination.” Finally, Dr. Goff stated that
“[t]he only way to make definitive judgments in regard to [Simon’s] capacities to
understand his current situation and to determine the presence or absence of
significant mental illness or mental defect is for neuropsychological evaluation
to be performed.” Defense counsel submitted Dr. Goff’s affidavit, along with
their own affidavits and his medical records, in support of their petition for post-
conviction relief on April 20, 2011.
       The State filed its response to Simon’s petition on April 21, 2011, attaching
affidavits from Dr. Nagel and Dr. Beaven, as well as an affidavit from Dr.
William Carter.2 Dr. Nagel’s affidavits asserted that (1) Simon communicated
normally in English, (2) he was “sufficiently competent in his mental functions
to understand his situation,” (3) nothing “suggest[ed Simon] had a lack of


       2
        Dr. Carter’s exact degree is unclear; he states by affidavit that he has “a degree from
California University in psychology.”

                                              6
                                  No. 11-70015

understanding of his situation,” (4) Dr. Nagel had “not known of a patient that
lost long-term, mid-term, and short-term memory contemporaneously,” and (5)
Dr. Nagel did not observe any memory loss in Simon during their conversation.
Dr. Carter’s affidavit described a visit he had with Simon on April 8, 2011,
approximately a week after Simon filed his petition for post-conviction relief
based on his incompetence and a day after the Mississippi Supreme Court held
in abeyance Simon’s motion for a court order for his own expert to evaluate him.
Dr. Carter stated in his affidavit that his conversation with Simon was “normal”
and that Simon was “jovial and conversant.” Because of the deadline imposed
by the Mississippi Supreme Court, Simon was unable to reply to the State’s
responsive materials.
      The Mississippi Supreme Court issued an En Banc Order on the basis of
the record evidence on May 5, 2011, denying Simon’s petition for post-conviction
relief after concluding that Simon had “failed to make a substantial threshold
showing of insanity/mental illness.” In coming to this conclusion, the court
appeared to rely on the following findings of fact: (1) Dr. Goff was only able to
state that “Simon may have suffered a significant neurological event,” rather
than stating that conclusion unequivocally; (2) Simon’s medical records
“reveal[ed] normal neurological findings at all relevant times”; and (3) the
affidavits from health care professionals submitted by the State reflected that
“Simon was lucid and communicated normally before and after January 7, 2011.”
      Simon filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi on May 13, 2011. On May
20, 2011, the court denied his petition for the writ. The district court also relied
upon the uncertainty in Dr. Goff’s opinion regarding Simon’s competence, noting
that suggestions of possible incompetence have previously been rejected by this
court, see Johnson v. Cabana, 818 F.2d 333, 339–40 (5th Cir. 1987), as
insufficient to make a substantial threshold showing of incompetence. The court

                                         7
                                      No. 11-70015

ultimately concluded that Simon had failed to show that the Mississippi
Supreme Court’s ruling was contrary to or an unreasonable application of
Supreme Court precedent. Nevertheless, the district court did grant Simon a
COA on two issues: (1) Simon’s claim of incompetence to be executed, and (2)
Simon’s claim that the Mississippi Supreme Court violated his right to
procedural due process.
             II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Petitions for writs of habeas corpus are governed by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). See Holland v. Anderson, 583
F.3d 267, 271 (5th Cir. 2009). Under AEDPA, one detained as a result of a state
court proceeding must obtain a certificate of appealability (“COA”) from either
the district or circuit court in order to appeal the district court’s denial of a
petition for the writ. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); see also Medellin v. Dretke, 371 F.3d
270, 274–75 (5th Cir. 2004). The district court granted Simon a COA, and thus
we have jurisdiction to hear his appeal.3
       When reviewing a district court’s denial of a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus, we review issues of law de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Wiley
v. Epps, 625 F.3d 199, 204–05 (5th Cir. 2010). We must also focus our analysis
through the deferential lens AEDPA imposes for federal review of state court
merits determinations. Specifically, we are prohibited from granting a writ of
habeas corpus on a claim that was adjudicated on the merits by a state court
unless that adjudication either
       (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
       unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
       determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

       3
          Although Simon has previously applied for habeas relief from this court, Simon v.
Epps, 394 F. App’x 138 (5th Cir. 2010), his current petition is not considered “second or
successive” within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) because his claim of incompetence to be
executed, stemming from an injury taking place on January 7, 2011, was not ripe at the time
of his prior petition. See Panetti, 551 U.S. at 945.

                                             8
                                 No. 11-70015

      (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
      determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
      State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). “We review pure questions of law under the ‘contrary to’
standard of sub-section (d)(1), mixed questions of law and fact under the
‘unreasonable application’ standard of sub-section (d)(1), and pure questions of
fact under the ‘unreasonable determination of facts’ standard of sub-section
(d)(2).” Simmons v. Epps, 654 F.3d 526, 534 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Murphy v.
Johnson, 205 F.3d 809, 813 (5th Cir. 2000)).
                              III. DISCUSSION
      Simon challenges his competency to be executed. The law that governs
this type of claim includes the Supreme Court’s decisions in Ford and Panetti.
In Ford, the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the
execution of a prisoner who is incompetent. 477 U.S. at 409–10. Justice Powell’s
concurrence in the Ford plurality opinion, which has been declared the “clearly
established” Supreme Court law regarding 28 U.S.C. § 2254, Panetti, 551 U.S.
at 949, stated that to be competent for execution, a prisoner must “know the fact
of [his] impending execution and the reason for it.” Ford, 477 U.S. at 422
(Powell, J., concurring). Mississippi has codified its own test for competence to
be executed, which provides that the prisoner must have
      sufficient intelligence to understand the nature of the proceedings
      against him, what he was tried for, the purpose of his punishment,
      the impending fate that awaits him, and a sufficient understanding
      to know any fact that might exist that would make his punishment
      unjust or unlawful and the intelligence requisite to convey that
      information to his attorneys or the court.
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-57(2)(a), (b).
      In Ford, Justice Powell outlined the process that states must follow when
ruling on the competence of a prisoner to be executed. First, the state may
require that the prisoner make a “substantial threshold showing of insanity.”


                                         9
                                 No. 11-70015

477 U.S. at 426 (Powell, J., concurring). After such a showing has been made,
the prisoner becomes entitled to a “fair hearing” on the issue of his competence,
which must include “an impartial officer or board that can receive evidence and
argument from the prisoner’s counsel, including expert psychiatric evidence that
may differ from the State’s own psychiatric examination.” Id. at 427.
      The Mississippi Supreme Court, in its May 5 order, did not claim to have
afforded Simon the “basic requirements” of due process under Ford. Rather, the
court found that Simon had “failed to make a substantial threshold showing of
insanity/mental illness.” It thus determined that he was not entitled to either
a stay of execution or a Ford hearing. In reviewing the state court’s order, the
district court held that Simon had “not demonstrated that it was unreasonable
for [the] Mississippi Supreme Court to determine that he failed to make a
‘substantial threshold showing of insanity’ that would entitle him to additional
process under Ford and Panetti.” Thus, under AEDPA, the question we are
reviewing is whether the Mississippi Supreme Court’s determination that Simon
failed to make a substantial threshold showing of incompetence was either
contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, or
based upon an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented. In addition to obtaining a COA from the district court on his claim
that he is incompetent to be executed, Simon also was granted a COA on his
claim that the Mississippi Supreme Court violated his right to procedural due
process in handling his claim. We also review this claim under AEDPA’s
deferential standard.
      We turn first to Simon’s claim that the process employed by the
Mississippi Supreme Court in making its determination of competency violated
his right to procedural due process. In Panetti, the petitioner claimed that the
state court proceedings on the issue of his competency to be executed were
insufficient to satisfy the procedural requirements mandated by Ford. 551 U.S.

                                       10
                                        No. 11-70015

at 935. In reviewing this claim, the Supreme Court applied the “unreasonable
application” standard of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Id. at 948. As Simon’s claim
also challenges the adequacy of the procedures he was afforded, we will apply
the same standard of review here.
       A state court decision involves an “unreasonable application” of Supreme
Court precedent when the state court either (1) “identifies the correct governing
legal rule from the Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the
particular state prisoner’s case,” (2) “unreasonably extends a legal principle from
[Supreme Court] precedent to a new context where it should not apply,” or (3)
“unreasonably refuses to extend that principle to a new context where it should
apply.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407 (2000). The burden of proving that
a state court unreasonably applied federal law is weighty: “a state prisoner must
show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court
was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786–87 (2011).
       In order to determine whether the Mississippi Supreme Court violated
Simon’s right to procedural due process in the course of his post-conviction relief
proceedings, we must first determine what process Simon was due. In addition
to general due process principles,4 the Court in Ford discussed what due process
requires in the specific context of the competency evaluation. In concluding that
the state prisoner in Ford had been denied due process, Justice Powell explained

       4
         Generally, due process requires that the person whose rights may be affected have a
“meaningful opportunity to present [his] case.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 349 (1976).
In addition, “the hallmark of the procedural protections afforded by the Due Process Clause”
is “fundamental fairness.” Ford, 477 U.S. at 424 (Powell, J., concurring) (citing Lassiter v.
Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 24–25 (1981)). Finally, the process that someone receives will
violate the Due Process Clause where “the factfinding procedures upon which the court relied
were ‘not adequate for reaching reasonably correct results’ or, at a minimum, resulted in a
process that appeared to be ‘seriously inadequate for the ascertainment of the truth.’” Panetti,
551 U.S. at 954 (quoting Ford, 477 U.S. at 423–24 (Powell, J., concurring)).

                                              11
                                      No. 11-70015

the shortcomings of the procedure that had been used by the state court to
evaluate the prisoner’s competence to be executed:
       [T]he determination of petitioner’s sanity appears to have been
       made solely on the basis of examinations performed by state-
       appointed psychiatrists. Such a procedure invites arbitrariness and
       error by preventing the affected parties from offering contrary
       medical evidence or even from explaining the inadequacies of the
       State’s examinations. It does not, therefore, comport with due
       process.
477 U.S. at 424 (Powell, J., concurring).           This section of Justice Powell’s
concurrence provided the fifth vote for the holding that Ford had been denied
due process.5 It is therefore clearly-established federal law that a process for
making the ultimate determination of competency to be executed that allows the
state to submit the results of psychiatric examinations of the prisoner while
preventing the prisoner from responding with his own medical evidence or
argument violates due process. Although Simon’s claim never reached the
second stage of the bifurcated competency evaluation, Simon argues that the
process he received at the initial stage of this evaluation was so unfair and one-
sided that it amounted to an unreasonable application of the law clearly
established by Ford and Panetti. We agree.
       Although Simon was not allowed to be evaluated by an expert, the State
had him evaluated by its own experts and submitted this evidence to the
Mississippi Supreme Court to prove his competence to be executed. On April 4,
2011, Simon moved the Mississippi Supreme Court for an order allowing a
mental health expert to have access to Simon in order to evaluate him. The
motion was held in abeyance, which effectively prevented Simon from being
evaluated by a mental health expert, as MDOC permits doctors and other

       5
         The plurality in Ford similarly concluded that “the denial of any opportunity to
challenge or impeach the state-appointed psychiatrists’ opinions” was a procedural flaw that
contributed to the violation of the prisoner’s due process rights. Ford, 477 U.S. at 415
(plurality opinion).

                                            12
                                     No. 11-70015

medical professionals to evaluate death row prisoners only if they have obtained
a court order to do so. The best evidence that Simon was able to amass, given
the restrictions imposed upon him, was an affidavit from Dr. Goff, which was
given based upon Simon’s medical records and the affidavits of Simon’s counsel.
      The State of Mississippi was not subject to the same restrictions. On
March 21, 2011, the day that the Supreme Court denied Simon’s petition for a
writ of certiorari and the State filed a motion to reset Simon’s execution date, the
prison superintendent sent Dr. Beaven to evaluate Simon’s “memory and
confusion.” Dr. Beaven gave an affidavit about this visit and his notes were
included in Simon’s medical records, both of which were considered by the
Mississippi Supreme Court and cited in its order denying post-conviction relief.
The State also submitted two affidavits given by Dr. Nagel, a psychiatrist
employed by MDOC, based on a visit with Simon that seems to have taken place
some time in March 2011. Dr. Nagel’s affidavits contained several assertions
that Simon was competent to be executed. On April 8, 2011, the day after
Simon’s motion to have his own expert evaluate him was held in abeyance,
Simon was visited in his cell by Dr. Cartier, a psychologist working at MDOC.
Dr. Cartier also gave an affidavit that was submitted by the State to the
Mississippi Supreme Court. The Mississippi Supreme Court relied upon these
“affidavits from health care professionals, who found that Simon was lucid and
communicated normally before and after January 7, 2011,” in denying Simon’s
motion for post-conviction relief.
      Even though Ford does not grant prisoners a psychiatric evaluation by an
expert of their choosing as a matter of right until after a threshold showing of
incompetence has been made, the inequitable access to experts in this case still
runs afoul of the right to due process as discussed in Ford. Justice Powell was
clear that a procedure that prevents the prisoner from offering expert evidence
while empowering the state to offer such evidence “invites arbitrariness and

                                         13
                                        No. 11-70015

error.” Ford, 477 U.S. at 424 (Powell, J., concurring). The Ford plurality also
expressed its concern that considering expert evidence from only one party could
severely undermine the truth-seeking function of the competency evaluation:
       [B]ecause psychiatrists disagree widely and frequently on what
       constitutes mental illness and on the appropriate diagnosis to be
       attached to given behavior and symptoms, the factfinder must
       resolve differences in opinion within the psychiatric profession on
       the basis of evidence offered by each party when a defendant’s
       sanity is at issue . . .
Id. at 414 (plurality opinion) (quoting Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 81 (1985)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
       In denying Simon’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus, the district court
stated: “[Simon] argues that the standards in Panetti and Ford entitle him to a
defense expert in order to make a substantial threshold showing of insanity.
They do not.” The district court was correct in its assessment of Panetti and
Ford, and we do not hold today that prisoners are entitled to experts in order to
make a threshold showing of incompetence. We merely hold that the procedures
in this case, which allowed the State to present expert evaluations while Simon
was prevented from presenting countervailing expert evaluations, violated
fundamental fairness and due process.
       The impact of the court’s order denying Simon an expert evaluation was
magnified when the court suggested that the uncertainty of Dr. Goff’s affidavit
undermined his opinion. The court stated, “Goff opined that Simon may have
suffered a significant neurological event on January 7, 2011, and the only way
to determine the presence or absence of mental illness was for an evaluation to
be performed.”6        It is difficult to view the process Simon received as

       6
          Both the Mississippi Supreme Court and the district court relied on Johnson v.
Cabana, 818 F.2d 333 (5th Cir. 1987), in which this court held that a psychologist’s conclusion
that a prisoner’s mental condition “‘may’ impair his relations with his counsel” was insufficient
to constitute a substantial threshold showing of incompetence, id. at 340. Each court
suggested that Dr. Goff’s uncertain opinion here is unavailing for the same reason. In coming

                                               14
                                       No. 11-70015

fundamentally fair when the court discounted the one affidavit that Simon was
able to obtain for its uncertainty, when that uncertainty was a direct result of
the court’s refusal to grant an order allowing Dr. Goff to evaluate Simon. Under
the circumstances the court created, it is hard to imagine what more Simon
could have done to make a threshold showing of incompetence.
       Not only was Simon prevented from countering the State’s medical
evaluations with his own, he was also prevented from even addressing them
with argument. The court set a deadline of April 21, 2011 at 5:00 p.m. for all
submissions related to Simon’s petition for post-conviction relief.                   Simon
submitted a supplement to his petition on April 20, attaching Dr. Goff’s affidavit.
The State submitted its response, along with the affidavits of Drs. Beaven,
Nagel, and Cartier, on April 21, the deadline. Because the court refused to
accept submissions past this deadline, Simon did not have the opportunity to
respond to the affidavits submitted by the State.                 Justice Powell’s Ford
concurrence states that a procedure that prevents a prisoner from “explaining
the inadequacies of the State’s examinations” does not comport with due process.
Ford, 477 U.S. at 424 (Powell, J., concurring). The Ford plurality explained that
the opportunity to respond is important because it allows the prisoner to
       bring[] to light the bases for each expert’s beliefs, the precise factors
       underlying those beliefs, any history of error or caprice of the
       examiner, any personal bias with respect to the issue of capital
       punishment, the expert’s degree of certainty about his or her own
       conclusions, and the precise meaning of ambiguous words used in
       the report. Without some questioning of the experts concerning
       their technical conclusions, a factfinder simply cannot be expected
       to evaluate the various opinions, particularly when they are
       themselves inconsistent.



to this conclusion, each court overlooked the critical distinguishing fact that in Cabana, the
psychologist examined the prisoner for five hours before giving his equivocal diagnosis of
incompetence, id. at 337, whereas here Dr. Goff was never permitted to examine Simon.
Cabana is therefore not controlling.

                                             15
                                  No. 11-70015

Id. at 415 (plurality opinion).    Even before Ford, the Supreme Court had
characterized as “relatively immutable” the principle that
      “where governmental action seriously injures an individual, and the
      reasonableness of the action depends on fact findings, the evidence
      used to prove the Government’s case must be disclosed to the
      individual so that he has an opportunity to show that it is untrue.
      While this is important in the case of documentary evidence, it is
      even more important where the evidence consists of the testimony
      of individuals whose memory might be faulty or who, in fact, might
      be perjurers or persons motivated by malice, vindictiveness,
      intolerance, prejudice, or jealousy.”
Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 270 (1970) (quoting Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S.
474, 496 (1959)).
      When viewed as a whole, the process employed by the Mississippi Supreme
Court was marred by very similar flaws to those that caused a majority of the
Court in Ford to hold that the prisoner’s due process rights had been violated.
It matters not that here these flaws appeared in the threshold stage of the
competency evaluation rather than the hearing stage.             The competency
evaluation must at all times be a process that is fundamentally fair to the
prisoner alleging his own incompetence, and the process Simon received did not
meet that standard.
      We hold that under the facts and circumstances of this case, set out in this
opinion, the Mississippi Supreme Court unreasonably applied clearly established
federal law by failing to apply fundamental due process principles to the first
stage of Simon’s competency evaluation. The process that Simon received
deprived him of a meaningful opportunity to make a substantial threshold
showing of incompetence and thus violated his due process rights. We therefore
reverse the district court’s denial of Simon’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus
and we remand this case to the district court for additional proceedings
consistent with this opinion. Thus, we need not reach Simon’s claim that he met
the threshold showing of incompetence.

                                        16
                 No. 11-70015

REVERSED AND REMANDED.




                     17
