     12-206-cr(L)
     United States v. Pena (Sims, Muhammad & Sadio)

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                            SUMMARY ORDER
     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
     CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007
     IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
     PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING
     A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A
     PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
     ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”).
     A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
     ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1         At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
 2   the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
 3   York, on the 10th day of April, two thousand thirteen.
 4
 5           PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
 6                            RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
 7                            SUSAN L. CARNEY,
 8                                    Circuit Judges.
 9           ------------------------------------------------------------------
10
11           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
12
13                                            Appellee,
14
15                                   v.                                           Nos. 12-206-cr(L)
16                                                                                     12-208-cr(con)
17                                                                                     12-259-cr(con)
18
19           LUT MUHAMMAD, aka Luke Muhammed, aka Lut
20           Billie, aka Lut Mohammad, OKEIBA SADIO, aka
21           Keys, KEVIN SIMS, aka Ghost,
22
23                                            Defendants-Appellants.*
24
25           ------------------------------------------------------------------

     * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption to conform with
     the above.

                                                          1
 1          FOR APPELLANT
 2          MUHAMMAD:                   ANDREW B. GREENLEE (Robert L. Sirianni, on the
 3                                      brief), Brownstone, P.A, Winter Park, FL.
 4
 5          FOR APPELLANT
 6          SADIO:                      YVONNE SHIVERS, Levitt & Kaizer, New York, NY.
 7
 8          FOR APPELLANT
 9          SIMS:                       RANDALL D. UNGER, Bayside, NY.
10
11          FOR APPELLEE:               ROBERT M. SPECTOR, Assistant United States Attorney
12                                      (Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney, on
13                                      the brief), for David B. Fein, United States Attorney for
14                                      the District of Connecticut, New Haven, CT.
15
16          Appeal from judgments of the United States District Court for the District of
17   Connecticut (Alvin W. Thompson, Chief Judge).
18          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
19   AND DECREED that the judgments of the District Court are AFFIRMED.
20          Defendants-Appellants Kevin Sims, Lut Muhammad, and Okeiba Sadio appeal
21   from their judgments of conviction entered on January 11, 2012. Sims, Muhammad, and
22   Sadio were indicted on December 2, 2009 on various narcotics charges related to a cocaine
23   base – or “crack” cocaine – conspiracy led by twin Bronx residents William and Wilson
24   Pena. Sims pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute,
25   and to distribute, 5 grams or more of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
26   841(b)(1)(C), and 846, and the District Court imposed a sentence principally of 120
27   months’ imprisonment and five years of supervised release. Muhammad pleaded guilty to
28   eleven counts, including conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute, and to distribute,
29   50 grams or more of cocaine base. He was convicted of violating 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
30   841(b)(1)(B), 846, and 851 and sentenced to concurrent terms of 240 months’
31   imprisonment, followed by eight years of supervised release. After trial, a jury convicted
32   Sadio of two counts: conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute, and to distribute, 50


                                                   2
 1   grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and possession with intent
 2   to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
 3   841(b)(1)(B). The District Court sentenced Sadio to concurrent terms of 240 months’
 4   imprisonment, followed by eight years of supervised release. We assume the parties’
 5   familiarity with the facts and record of the prior proceedings, to which we refer only as
 6   necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
 7          1. Kevin Sims
 8          Sims purchased crack cocaine from other members of the conspiracy, including
 9   Muhammad and co-defendant Emmanuel Tyson, and sold some of it to support his drug
10   addiction. Sims appeals his sentence on two grounds. First, he argues that the District
11   Court erroneously attributed more than 112 grams of crack cocaine to him. Second, Sims
12   argues that the District Court unreasonably failed to consider his mental illness and drug
13   dependency as mitigating factors. We address each argument in turn.
14                 a.   Drug Quantity
15          “A Sentencing Guidelines calculation must begin with an identification of the
16   defendant’s relevant conduct, which in the case of a drug . . . offense includes the quantity
17   of drugs controlled by the defendant . . . .” United States v. Jones, 531 F.3d 163, 174-75
18   (2d Cir. 2008). “The quantity of drugs attributable to a defendant is a question of fact,”
19   which we review for clear error. Id. at 175-76. Where drugs were not seized from the
20   defendant, “the court shall approximate the quantity of the controlled substance,” U.S.S.G.
21   § 2D1.1 app. n.5, based on a preponderance of the evidence, id. at § 6A1.3. “To sustain
22   quantity-based enhancements for relevant conduct, the court must base its findings on
23   ‘specific evidence’” – which can be circumstantial – such as “drug records, admissions or
24   live testimony.” United States v. Archer, 671 F.3d 149, 162 (2d Cir. 2011).
25          The District Court held an evidentiary hearing to determine the quantity of cocaine
26   base attributable to Sims. At that hearing, Emmanuel Tyson testified that he sold one to
                                                    3
 1   two grams of crack cocaine to Sims two to three times per week, from July 2009 to
 2   November 2009. The District Court found Tyson credible and, based on that range of
 3   quantities and frequencies, calculated that in a 20-week period, Tyson sold Sims 75 to 80
 4   grams of crack cocaine. Wiretap evidence revealed that between September 24, 2009, and
 5   November 3, 2009, Sims purchased crack cocaine from Lut Muhammad two or three times
 6   a week in quantities ranging from two to five grams. The District Court reasoned that
 7   Sims purchased an estimated 70 to 74 grams of cocaine base from Muhammad. The court
 8   then estimated that Sims bought a total of 145 to 154 grams of crack cocaine from Tyson
 9   and Muhammad. As an offender responsible for between 112 and 196 grams of cocaine
10   base, Sims’s base offense level was 28, yielding a Guidelines range of 120 to 150 months’
11   imprisonment. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(6).
12          Sims asserts that the District Court erred by relying on Tyson’s testimony at the
13   hearing, as Tyson previously stated that Sims purchased drugs from him only eight or nine
14   times, and his statements at the hearing with regard to the number of sales were somewhat
15   contradictory. Sims also argues that the District Court should have discounted Tyson’s
16   testimony because Tyson was a drug abuser with an extensive criminal record.
17   “[C]redibility determinations are the province of the trial judges, and should not be
18   overruled on appeal unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 124
19   (2d Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). At the hearing, Tyson clarified that when he
20   previously stated that he sold crack to Sims eight or nine times, he may have believed the
21   question referred to a single month. Tyson otherwise consistently stated that he dealt with
22   Sims approximately two or three times per week. It was within the court’s province to
23   determine that Tyson’s estimate of the number of sales per week more accurately
24   represented the number of times Tyson sold narcotics to Sims. Our own review of the
25   transcript of Tyson’s testimony supports the District Court’s conclusion that Tyson was a
26   witness who “knew his business well and was able to explain how it operated clearly.”
                                                  4
 1   Accordingly, we reject Sims’s argument that the District Court erred by crediting and
 2   relying on Tyson’s testimony to determine the quantity of cocaine base attributable to
 3   Sims.
 4           Similarly we reject Sims’s argument that the District Court’s estimate of drug
 5   quantity was not reliable and conservative, as it should have accounted for the possibility
 6   that Tyson sold to Sims only eight or nine times. “[G]iven the wide latitude of the district
 7   court to make credibility determinations, the court is not restricted to accepting the low end
 8   of a quantity range estimated by a witness.” United States v. Blount, 291 F.3d 201, 215
 9   (2d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). With that principle in mind, we conclude that the
10   District Court was free to credit only Tyson’s testimony at the hearing that he sold to Sims
11   two to three times a week. We cannot say the District Court’s estimation rested on pure
12   speculation or that it clearly erred in its determination of drug quantity.
13                 b. Mitigating Factors
14           We also reject Sims’s argument that the District Court imposed a procedurally and
15   substantively unreasonable sentence by failing to decrease his sentence based on his
16   history of mental illness and drug abuse. See United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 200
17   (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). Sims argued to the District Court that his mental health
18   problems, including his drug dependence, were relevant personal characteristics for the
19   purpose of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). He asked the District Court to depart downward from
20   the applicable Guidelines range because he personally used much of the crack that he
21   purchased instead of distributing it, such that the Guidelines range overstated the
22   seriousness of his offense conduct. At sentencing, the District Court said that it had
23   considered each of the § 3553(a) factors along with Sims’s arguments. However, after
24   also considering a May 2011 report from the Bureau of Prisons, which stated that Sims was
25   malingering, along with the transcripts of recorded conversations and Sims’s in-court
26   behavior, the District Court declined to find that Sims’s mental health problems
                                                   5
 1   significantly contributed to his offense. We cannot say that this decision, based on the
 2   evidence presented to the District Court and its own first-hand observation, was error.
 3   Further, it was within the District Court’s wide discretion to determine that specific
 4   deterrence was the most important factor in sentencing Sims and that a sentence of ten
 5   years was sufficient but not greater than necessary to achieve that objective. Accordingly,
 6   we affirm Sims’s sentence.
 7          2. Lut Muhammad
 8          Muhammad, the original target of the Government’s 2009 investigation, purchased
 9   crack cocaine in the Bronx and distributed it in and around Stamford, Connecticut. He
10   challenges his sentence on appeal, arguing that the District Court erred by sentencing him
11   based on drug quantities that were neither voluntarily pleaded nor proved to a jury.
12   Specifically, Muhammad claims that the court erred when it determined that he purchased
13   at least 2.8 kilograms of cocaine base during the course of the conspiracy. For the
14   following reasons, we reject Muhammad’s arguments and affirm his sentence.
15                 a.   The Guilty Plea
16          On September 7, 2010, just over a month after the Fair Sentencing Act lowered the
17   penalties for crack cocaine offenses, see Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220,
18   124 Stat. 2372, Muhammad entered into a plea agreement with the Government and
19   pleaded guilty to counts one through eleven of the second superseding indictment. By
20   pleading guilty to count one of the indictment, Muhammad acknowledged that he
21   conspired to distribute at least 50 grams of cocaine base. The plea agreement stated that
22   this conduct violated 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A) and 846. It therefore provided
23   that Muhammad, who had a prior felony drug conviction, faced a mandatory minimum
24   sentence of 20 years under § 841(b)(1)(A). The Government now concedes that this was
25   incorrect. The higher drug quantity thresholds implemented by the Fair Sentencing Act
26   apply to offenders, like Muhammad, whose criminal conduct occurred prior to the Act but
                                                  6
 1   who were sentenced after the Act took effect. See Dorsey v. United States, 132 S. Ct.
 2   2321, 2331 (2012). Therefore, to be subject to the 20-year mandatory minimum in §
 3   841(b)(1)(A) under the Act, Muhammad would need to have conspired to distribute at least
 4   280 grams of crack cocaine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). If he possessed only 50
 5   grams – more than 28 grams but less than 280 grams – he would be subject to the 10-year
 6   mandatory minimum contained in § 841(b)(1)(B). The District Court acknowledged at
 7   sentencing that § 841(b)(1)(B) was the applicable penalty provision and that Muhammad
 8   was subject to that ten-year mandatory minimum sentence. Nevertheless, it sentenced
 9   Muhammad to 20 years’ imprisonment based on the Guidelines and the factors listed in §
10   3553(a). As counsel acknowledged at oral argument, Muhammad never sought to
11   withdraw or otherwise challenge the sufficiency of his guilty plea before the District Court,
12   and our review is therefore for plain error. See United States v. Garcia, 587 F.3d 509, 515
13   (2d Cir. 2009).
14          We reject Muhammad’s argument that the District Court erred under United States
15   v. Gonzalez, 420 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2005). In that case, Gonzalez did not admit to, and in
16   fact disputed, the drug quantity element of § 841(b)(1)(A), and that element was never
17   proven to a jury. Gonzalez, 420 F.3d at 115. We therefore held that his plea “at best
18   supports conviction on a lesser, unquantified drug charge, whose sentencing range is
19   prescribed by § 841(b)(1)(C).” Id. Here, by contrast, Muhammad admitted that his
20   conduct involved at least 50 grams of crack cocaine in his plea allocution and in his plea
21   agreement, both of which supported a conviction for violating § 841(b)(1)(B). We find no
22   support for Muhammad’s argument that the more severe penalties in place before the Fair
23   Sentencing Act cast doubt on the voluntariness of his plea. We therefore find no error in
24   his sentence.
25

26

                                                  7
 1                 b.   The Sentencing
 2           In connection with Muhammad’s sentencing the District Court held a quantity
 3   hearing on January 4, 2012. Based on all of the evidence presented at the hearing, the
 4   District Court determined that 3,829 grams of crack cocaine were attributable to
 5   Muhammad and sentenced him accordingly. Muhammad argues that the District Court
 6   clearly erred by finding that he purchased over 2.8 kilograms of crack cocaine during the
 7   conspiracy. For the following reasons, we disagree.
 8           We first reject Muhammad’s argument that William Pena’s testimony was not
 9   “specific evidence” supporting a finding that Muhammad purchased 1,040 grams of crack
10   cocaine between May 15 and August 28, 2009. United States v. Shonubi, 998 F.2d 84, 89
11   (2d Cir. 1993). Pena testified that, starting in the spring of 2009, Muhammad bought
12   crack cocaine from him every four to five days. He also testified that in May and June
13   2009, Muhammad bought 40 or 50 grams of crack at each purchase and that this number
14   increased gradually until shortly before Pena’s arrest, when Muhammad was buying 140 or
15   150 grams at each purchase. Based on this testimony, the District Court found that
16   Muhammad purchased 1,040 grams of crack cocaine between May 15 and August 28,
17   2009.
18           Pena’s description of Muhammad’s course of conduct was sufficiently specific to
19   support the District Court’s finding. This case is not like Shonubi or United States v.
20   Martinez, 133 F. App’x 762 (2d Cir. 2005) (summary order), where a district court
21   extrapolated the drug quantities involved in a few transactions to other incidents in which
22   the quantity of drugs involved was unknown. Here, Pena testified that Muhammad
23   purchased 40 or 50 grams each time he visited, every four or five days; the District Court
24   did not need to speculate in order to estimate the total amount of drugs that Muhammad
25   purchased from Pena. In light of Pena’s testimony, we discern no error in the District
26   Court’s finding that Muhammad purchased 1,040 grams over a 106-day period.
                                                  8
 1          We also reject Muhammad’s argument that the District Court erred by attributing
 2   124 grams of crack cocaine to Muhammad based on the $4,300 cash he possessed in his
 3   bedroom at the time of his arrest and the price he paid for crack cocaine. “[A] district
 4   court may equate seized currency to a quantity of drugs, at least when a preponderance of
 5   the evidence indicates that the currency was used to purchase drugs.” Jones, 531 F.3d at
 6   176. Although it is possible that, as Muhammad argues, this money was obtained from
 7   legitimate work, the District Court did not clearly err in finding, by a preponderance of the
 8   evidence, that the most likely explanation for this large amount of cash was illegitimate.1
 9          3. Okeiba Sadio
10          Sadio challenges his conviction on two grounds. First, he argues that the affidavit
11   in support of the search warrant for his home failed to establish a nexus between the
12   cocaine base he purchased in the Bronx and his Connecticut residence. Based on that
13   argument Sadio asserts that the evidence found in the residence should have been
14   suppressed. Second, he argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to
15   establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended to distribute crack cocaine and that he
16   participated in a crack cocaine conspiracy. For the following reasons, we reject both
17   arguments.
18                 a.   The Search Warrant
19          “To establish probable cause to search a residence, two factual showings are
20   necessary – first, that a crime was committed, and second, that there is probable cause to
21   believe that evidence of such crime is located at the residence.” United States v.
22   Travisano, 724 F.2d 341, 345 (2d Cir. 1983). To find probable cause, we require only
23   “that there be a fair probability that the premises will yield the objects specified in the


     1
      Muhammad does not argue that – and therefore we do not address whether – the quantity
     of crack cocaine should have been calculated based on the price at which he sold the drug
     and not the price at which he purchased it.
                                                    9
 1   search warrant.” Id. at 346. We give substantial deference to a magistrate’s finding of
 2   probable cause. Id. at 345.
 3          The affidavit in support of the search warrant established probable cause to believe
 4   that evidence of Sadio’s drug crimes would be found at his Connecticut residence. The
 5   affidavit described events on three separate days. On October 28, 2009, (1) an intercepted
 6   telephone call indicated that a subject wanted to buy drugs from the Pena brothers in the
 7   Bronx, (2) an officer observed Wilson Pena and Sadio engage in a transaction in Sadio’s
 8   car, and (3) another officer saw Sadio arrive home in Stamford, Connecticut 55 minutes
 9   later. On November 2, 2009, law enforcement intercepted a call wherein Sadio arranged
10   to buy 80 grams of crack cocaine from Wilson Pena. Officers observed Pena get in and
11   out of Sadio’s car in the Bronx, and another officer observed Sadio arrive home
12   approximately 45 minutes later. Finally, on November 27, 2009, law enforcement
13   intercepted a call in which Sadio arranged to purchase 135 grams of crack cocaine and five
14   grams of powder cocaine, an officer observed Sadio enter and exit William Pena’s
15   residence in the Bronx, and another officer saw Sadio arrive home and enter his
16   Connecticut residence 38 minutes later. Sadio argues that these facts fail to establish
17   probable cause because the officers did not actually follow Sadio home, so they could not
18   have discounted the possibility that he deposited the drugs somewhere along the way. He
19   notes that the affidavit mentions a woman in the car with Sadio in the Bronx but does not
20   mention her arriving at his house, suggesting that she may have left and taken the drugs
21   with her. He also points out that the officers did not aver that, based on their experience,
22   narcotics dealers typically keep drugs in their homes.
23          We conclude that the facts averred in the search warrant affidavit established a “fair
24   probability” that a search of Sadio’s home would yield crack cocaine. The short time
25   between Sadio’s transactions in the Bronx and his arrival at his Stamford home provides a
26   “reasonable inference” of a nexus between the drug purchases and his residence “based on
                                                  10
 1   common sense.” United States v. Singh, 390 F.3d 168, 182 (2d Cir. 2004) (quotation
 2   marks omitted). Although the magistrate judge who issued the warrant would have had
 3   more probable cause to believe Sadio kept drugs in his house if the officers had followed
 4   him home, this was not required under the circumstances. The search of Sadio’s home did
 5   not violate his Fourth Amendment rights.
 6          Even if the affidavit in support of the warrant had not established probable cause,
 7   the District Court would not have erred in declining to suppress the evidence because the
 8   officers who obtained the warrant acted “with objective good faith.” United States v.
 9   Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 920 (1984). For the same reasons we conclude that the affidavit
10   provided probable cause, we conclude that the warrant application was not “so lacking in
11   indicia of probable cause as to render reliance upon it unreasonable.” United States v.
12   Moore, 968 F.2d 216, 222 (2d Cir. 1992). Therefore, the District Court properly admitted
13   the evidence found in Sadio’s Connecticut residence.
14                 b.   Sufficiency of the Evidence
15          “[A] defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence that led to his conviction
16   at trial bears a heavy burden, as the standard of review is exceedingly deferential.” United
17   States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 62 (2d Cir. 2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
18   “[T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
19   to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
20   crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).
21   Under this deferential standard, the evidence supported Sadio’s conviction for possession
22   with intent to distribute cocaine, as well as his conspiracy conviction.
23          Although no witness at trial saw Sadio distribute drugs and the Government did not
24   make any controlled buys from Sadio, the Government presented enough evidence that
25   Sadio intended to sell the drugs that he purchased. First, law enforcement officers found
26   93.7 grams of crack cocaine in his bedroom, and an expert with the Drug Enforcement
                                                  11
 1   Administration testified that a “use quantity” of crack cocaine is approximately 0.1 grams.
 2   Second, recorded conversations between Sadio and the Pena brothers revealed that he
 3   frequently purchased large quantities of crack cocaine, including 50 grams on October 30,
 4   2009, 80 grams on November 2, 143 grams of crack cocaine and 7 grams of powder
 5   cocaine on November 10, and 135 grams of crack cocaine and 5 grams of powder cocaine
 6   on November 27. Third, the Pena brothers testified that Sadio sometimes complained
 7   about the quality of the drugs by telling them, “the people was saying that it was no good,”
 8   “‘they’re not liking it,’ ‘they’re not feeling it,’” or, if the drugs were good, “‘[t]hey’re
 9   lovin’ me.’” Fourth, during the search of Sadio’s bedroom, officers found $2,321 cash in
10   his clothing pockets, even though he had reported a total of $800 in income from autumn of
11   2006 to autumn of 2010. Fifth, the search revealed six cell phones and approximately a
12   dozen SIM cards. Finally, the search of Sadio’s room failed to reveal equipment typically
13   associated with crack cocaine use, such as a pipe. Cumulatively, this evidence would
14   permit a rational juror to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Sadio intended to distribute
15   the drugs that he purchased.
16          The same evidence also would permit a rational juror to convict Sadio on the
17   conspiracy charge. A defendant may be convicted of a conspiracy charge if he “knew of
18   the existence of the scheme alleged in the indictment and knowingly joined and
19   participated in it.” United States v. Gore, 154 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir. 1998) (quotation marks
20   omitted). “If there be knowledge by the individual defendant that he is a participant in a
21   general plan designed to place narcotics in the hands of ultimate users, the courts have held
22   that such persons may be deemed to be regarded as accredited members of the conspiracy.”
23   United States v. Rich, 262 F.2d 415, 418 (2d Cir. 1959). However, even though a drug
24   buyer and a drug seller necessarily agree to transfer narcotics illegally, “the objective to
25   transfer the drugs from the seller to the buyer cannot serve as the basis for a charge of
26   conspiracy to transfer drugs.” United States v. Parker, 554 F.3d 230, 234 (2d Cir. 2009).
                                                    12
 1   This buyer-seller exception is limited, as it “does not protect either the seller or buyer from
 2   a charge they conspired together to transfer drugs if the evidence supports a finding that
 3   they shared a conspiratorial purpose to advance other transfers, whether by the seller or by
 4   the buyer.” Id. at 235. Sadio does not challenge the existence of a conspiracy led by the
 5   Pena brothers but instead argues that he was a mere buyer and not a member of that
 6   conspiracy.
 7          The jury had a sufficient basis to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Sadio and
 8   the Pena brothers shared the purpose of advancing Sadio’s sales to his own customers. As
 9   noted, the Penas testified that Sadio referred to third parties complaining about or
10   complimenting his product, and the Penas assumed these third parties were his customers.
11   Although “mere awareness on the part of the seller that the buyer intends to resell the drugs
12   is not sufficient to show that the seller and the buyer share a conspiratorial intent to further
13   the buyer's resale,” id., a seller whose business depends on selling wholesale quantities
14   “may well realize that his buyers’ ability to buy and pay for substantial amounts of drugs,
15   and hence, his profit, will depend on the buyers’ ability to resell.” Id. at 236. William
16   Pena testified that he did not sell to people who “were just buying for use” and instead
17   trafficked in quantities of no less than 5 grams. A jury could therefore infer that his
18   business depended on selling wholesale quantities to other dealers, and he and his brother
19   knew that Sadio was one such dealer.
20          “In such case, the liability of buyer and seller for having conspired together to
21   transfer drugs . . . depend[s] . . . on a further showing of the seller’s interest, shared with the
22   buyer, in the success of the buyer’s resale.” Parker, 554 F.3d at 236. To prove that
23   interest, the Government also presented evidence that the Penas supported Sadio’s dealing
24   by, for example, immediately replacing 135 grams of crack when he complained that it was
25   not good. William Pena testified that it was important to him to make Sadio happy
26   because Sadio “was bringing [him] money, a lot of money.” Both William Pena’s
                                                     13
 1   testimony and the evidence of specific sales to Sadio suggest that the Penas’ business relied
 2   on the regular sale of crack cocaine in bulk, which could only be accomplished if their
 3   buyers were selling their purchases.
 4          In sum, the evidence was sufficient to permit a rational jury to conclude beyond a
 5   reasonable doubt that Sadio regularly sold the drugs he purchased and purchased more
 6   drugs, so he “knowingly and intentionally participated in the narcotics-distribution
 7   conspiracy by agreeing to accomplish its illegal objective beyond the mere purchase or
 8   sale.” United States v. Hawkins, 547 F.3d 66, 73-74 (2d Cir. 2008).
 9          4. Conclusion
10          We have considered all of appellants’ remaining arguments and conclude that they
11   are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of conviction of the District
12   Court are AFFIRMED.
13                                                     FOR THE COURT:
14                                                     Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
15




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