                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 19a0098p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 IN RE: CAPITAL CONTRACTING COMPANY,                    ┐
                                       Debtor.          │
  ___________________________________________           │
                                                        │
 CARL F. SCHIER PLC,                                     >      No. 18-2219
                                     Appellant,         │
                                                        │
                                                        │
        v.                                              │
                                                        │
 KENNETH A. NATHAN, Trustee,                            │
                                            Appellee.   │
                                                        ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                No. 2:18-cv-11227—Denise Page Hood, Chief District Judge.

        United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit;
                       No. 2:14-bk-58920—Mark A. Randon, Judge.

                               Decided and Filed: May 21, 2019

                 Before: MOORE, SUTTON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                                 _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Carl F. Schier, CARL F. SCHIER PLC, Ypsilanti, Michigan, for Appellant.
Howard S. Sher, JACOB & WEINGARTEN, P.C., Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Explaining that “jurisdiction” “is a word of many, too many,
meanings,” the Supreme Court in recent years has criticized the cavalier way in which earlier
cases invoked the term. Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 510 (2006) (citation omitted).
 No. 18-2219                       In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 2


The Court has sought to clarify the divide between truly jurisdictional requirements (those that
concern whether a court has the power to resolve a dispute) and non-jurisdictional merits
requirements (those that concern whether a party has asserted a valid claim). Id. at 510–12. The
decision in Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118
(2014)—which jettisoned the label “prudential standing”—suggests that the Court has started
down the same path for the word “standing.” Id. at 125. In this case, a bankruptcy court held
that a law firm lacked standing to object to a trustee’s final report in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy
case, and the district court held that the firm also lacked standing to appeal under a test tailored
to bankruptcy appeals. Given the post-Lexmark uncertainty about various standing concepts, we
hold that the firm lacked the one type of standing that Lexmark undoubtedly does not affect:
Article III standing. We affirm the district court’s order dismissing the appeal on that basis.

                                                 I

       Carl F. Schier PLC represented Capital Contracting Co. in a suit filed by Longhorn
Estates, LLC, in Michigan state court.        The litigation did not turn out well for Capital
Contracting. It was hit with over a $5-million judgment and landed in bankruptcy a month later.
Its proceedings under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code stayed its litigation against Longhorn
with post-trial motions pending. But that state-court judgment turned Longhorn into Capital
Contracting’s biggest creditor, so Longhorn filed a claim in the bankruptcy proceedings. When
Schier also filed a claim for unpaid legal fees owed by Capital Contracting, the trustee
representing the estate countered with a malpractice suit against Schier for its handling of the
Longhorn litigation. The trustee and Schier eventually settled. Schier agreed to pay the estate
$600,000 and to withdraw its attorney’s fees claim; the trustee released Schier of further
malpractice liability.   The bankruptcy court approved this settlement, and Schier formally
withdrew its claim. All’s well that ends well.

       Or so it seemed. When the trustee filed a final report detailing the distribution of Capital
Contracting’s assets, 11 U.S.C. § 704(a)(9), Schier reemerged with an objection. The firm
alleged that Capital Contracting’s right to appeal the state-court judgment in the Longhorn suit
qualified as an “asset” of the estate that the trustee should have administered or abandoned. Cf.
Croft v. Lowry (In re Croft), 737 F.3d 372, 376–77 (5th Cir. 2013). The bankruptcy court
 No. 18-2219                       In re Capital Contracting Co.                             Page 3


overruled Schier’s objection and approved the final report. It explained that Schier should have
raised this issue by objecting to Longhorn’s claim when Schier had a pending fees request—a
point in time at which Schier remained a “creditor” with “standing.” Because Schier had
withdrawn its claim for attorney’s fees, the bankruptcy court continued, the firm failed to qualify
as a “party in interest” with a “pecuniary interest or stake in the outcome,” and did not “have
standing to object to the trustee’s final report and account.”

       Schier appealed to the district court. The district court dismissed its appeal on a related
but distinct “standing” ground—that Schier lacked standing to appeal. “It is well-established
law,” the district court reasoned, that “[i]n order to have standing to appeal a bankruptcy court
order, an appellant must have been directly and adversely affected pecuniarily by the order.”
Carl F. Schier, PLC v. Nathan (In re Capital Contracting Co.), No. 18-11227, 2018 WL
4492240, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 19, 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). This “person-
aggrieved” test for appeals, the district court continued, demands more than Article III standing.
Id. The court concluded that Schier could not meet that test because its “direct and immediate
interest in the bankruptcy proceeding ceased when” it withdrew its attorney’s fees claim. Id.

                                                  II

       This case’s many “standing”-related issues would make it worthy of inclusion in a final
exam for a federal-courts class. As a refresher, Article III of the Constitution delegates the
“judicial Power” to the Supreme Court and any “inferior Courts” that Congress may create, and
it allows these courts to decide “Cases” or “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, §§ 1–2. For a
suit to qualify as a “case” falling within Article III, the party who seeks relief must have
standing. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101–04 (1998). This Article III
standing requires a party to have “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the
challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial
decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). In addition to Article III’s
standing floor, the Supreme Court also once adopted “judicially self-imposed limits on the
exercise of federal jurisdiction” that Article III otherwise would permit. Allen v. Wright, 468
U.S. 737, 751 (1984).      While the Court used to refer to these limits collectively as the
“‘prudential’ branch of standing,” it has since called that generic label “misleading” because
 No. 18-2219                      In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 4


each of these limits raises distinct questions. Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components,
Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 125–28 & nn.3–4 (2014). In this case, the differing rationales of the
bankruptcy court and the district court implicate these varied “standing” doctrines.

       1. Schier’s Standing To Object.        The bankruptcy court found that Schier lacked
“standing” to object to the trustee’s report. Did it mean Article III standing? Bankruptcy courts
are not Article III courts, Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 469 (2011), so that conclusion would
raise an interesting question addressed by few cases: Must parties who appear in non-Article III
bankruptcy courts meet the justiciability requirements that apply in Article III courts?

       Some have said that the Constitution imposes Article III’s rules on bankruptcy courts
because they are “adjunct[s]” of district courts. Bucchino v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (In re
Bucchino), 439 B.R. 761, 768 n.10 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2010); see also Rosenfeld v. Rosenfeld (In re
Rosenfeld), 698 F. App’x 300, 303 (6th Cir. 2017); but cf. Stern, 564 U.S. at 500–01. This
constitutional view of the bankruptcy court’s use of the word “standing” would raise other
subsidiary questions. What time should a court examine when assessing whether Schier has
suffered an Article III injury—when it filed a proof of claim (for attorney’s fees) or when it
made the relevant objection (to the final report)? Cf. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S.
555, 569 n.4 (1992). And because Schier settled in between those events, has this constitutional
standing inquiry really turned into a constitutional mootness inquiry? See Arizonans for Official
English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 68 n.22 (1997).

       Others have stated that “[b]ankruptcy courts are not Article III creatures bound by
traditional standing requirements,” which means that courts should ask only whether a party has
satisfied the standing-esque requirements that the Bankruptcy Code codifies as a statutory
matter. Furlough v. Cage (In re Technicool Sys., Inc.), 896 F.3d 382, 385 (5th Cir. 2018).
Lexmark shunned the label “prudential standing,” so it may be a “misnomer” to lump these
statutory requirements together under the rubric “bankruptcy standing.” In re C.P. Hall Co.,
750 F.3d 659, 660 (7th Cir. 2014). Instead of creating a jurisdictional question (about the power
of the court to decide an issue), these requirements may create a merits question (about whether
the Bankruptcy Code’s text gives the specific party a right to raise the specific objection). Id. at
661. The bankruptcy court’s reasoning in this case could be read this way. It suggested that
 No. 18-2219                       In re Capital Contracting Co.                             Page 5


Schier did not qualify as a “party in interest,” and a bankruptcy rule notes that the final report in
a Chapter 7 case creates a presumption that the estate has been fully administered if “no
objection has been filed by . . . a party in interest” within 30 days. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 5009(a).

       Yet this statutory view of the bankruptcy court’s use of the word “standing” also raises
tricky issues. For one thing, we have not located a specific statutory provision (apart from the
non-substantive rule) indicating that a “party in interest” (or anyone else) may object to final
reports in Chapter 7 cases. Nor have we found a general statutory provision allowing “parties in
interest” to make universal objections. The Bankruptcy Code instead uses the phrase “party in
interest” at distinct places, including in a statutory list of “parties in interest” who may appear
and raise an issue in Chapter 11 proceedings, 11 U.S.C. § 1109(b), a provision identifying who
may object to a claim, id. § 502(a), and a provision identifying who may ask the court to convert
a Chapter 7 case into a Chapter 11 case, id. § 706(b). While some have read the Chapter 11
catch-all in § 1109(b) as impliedly applicable to Chapter 7, Westwood Cmty. Two Ass’n v.
Barbee (In re Westwood Cmty. Two Ass’n), 293 F.3d 1332, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002), we have yet to
cross that Rubicon.

       For another, courts have debated whether this party-in-interest language demands only
Article III standing, In re Global Indus. Techs., Inc., 645 F.3d 201, 211 (3d Cir. 2011), or a more
direct interest, Hughes v. Tower Park Props., LLC (In re Tower Park Props., LLC), 803 F.3d
450, 457 & n.6 (9th Cir. 2015). Our court has given little analysis on the meaning of this phrase.
See Jahn v. Burke (In re Burke), 863 F.3d 521, 525–27 (6th Cir. 2017).

       For a third, if the question whether the Bankruptcy Code allows Schier to object to the
report raises a merits issue, Article III courts may not be able to answer the question on appeal
without first confirming their own jurisdiction, including Article III standing.          Steel Co.,
523 U.S. at 93–101; compare Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 128 n.4, with Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527
U.S. 815, 831 (1999).

       2. Schier’s Bankruptcy Standing To Appeal. We could avoid these questions over the
bankruptcy court’s use of the word “standing” by taking the district court’s route to this case’s
resolution. It dismissed Schier’s appeal because the firm lacked standing under the person-
 No. 18-2219                      In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 6


aggrieved test governing bankruptcy appeals. Schier, 2018 WL 4492240, at *2. That test once
followed the Bankruptcy Code’s text. In 1898, Congress gave duties to bankruptcy “referees”
(predecessors to bankruptcy judges) and later allowed a “person aggrieved” to petition for
judicial review of a referee’s order. 11 U.S.C. § 67(c) (1976); Bankruptcy Act of 1938, Pub. L.
75-696, 52 Stat. 840, 858 (1938). A phrase like “person aggrieved” has long been a “term of art”
signifying who may challenge agency actions. Director, Office of Workers’ Comp. Programs,
Dep’t of Labor v. Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., 514 U.S. 122, 126 (1995). In
the bankruptcy context, courts read the phrase to require a party to “be directly and adversely
affected pecuniarily by the order of the referee which is challenged.” Hartman Corp. of Am. v.
United States, 304 F.2d 429, 431 (8th Cir. 1962); see Miller v. Gosline (In re Sunningdale
Country Club), 351 F.2d 139, 143 (6th Cir. 1965). That test has teeth. “Appellate standing in
bankruptcy cases is more limited than Article III standing or the prudential requirements
associated therewith.” Harker v. Troutman (In re Troutman Enters., Inc.), 286 F.3d 359, 364
(6th Cir. 2002).

       In 1978, however, Congress’s rewrite of the Bankruptcy Code deleted the person-
aggrieved text from the statute authorizing appeals. See 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). Despite this
change, federal courts (including our own) have continued to apply the person-aggrieved test “as
a matter of judge-made law.” Gen. Elec. Credit Corp. v. L.T. Ruth Coal Co. (In re L.T. Ruth
Coal Co.), No. 85-5990, 1986 WL 17769, at *2 (6th Cir. Sept. 17, 1986); Westwood, 293 F.3d at
1334–35 (citing cases); In re Troutman Enters., 286 F.3d at 364–65. What is the source of
authority for courts to apply this gloss on § 158(a)? Courts have characterized the test as
“a prudential prerequisite to standing,” Westwood, 293 F.3d at 1335 n.3, resting on the “need for
an explicit limitation on standing to appeal in bankruptcy proceedings,” Fondiller v. Robertson
(In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d 441, 443 (9th Cir. 1983). At one time, this reasoning might have
been viewed as a garden-variety application of the Supreme Court’s cases authorizing “judicially
self-imposed limits” on jurisdiction. Allen, 468 U.S. at 751.

       Then came Lexmark. Interpreting the Lanham Act’s cause of action for parties harmed
by false advertising, the Court distanced itself from prudential standing. 572 U.S. at 125. In that
case, the plaintiff’s lost commercial sales qualified as an Article III injury, so the defendant
 No. 18-2219                       In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 7


argued that the Court “should decline to adjudicate [the plaintiff’s] claim on grounds that are
‘prudential,’ rather than constitutional.” Id. at 125–26. Lexmark rejected the request. It recalled
the duty of federal courts to decide cases within their jurisdiction. Id. at 126; Cohens v. Virginia,
19 U.S. 264, 404 (1821) (Marshall, C.J.). And it clarified that prior decisions invoking the
“prudential standing” label had really asked a statutory-interpretation question: Does the specific
statute give the specific plaintiff a right to bring the specific suit? Lexmark, 572 U.S. at 128. If
the statute does so, courts lack discretion to decline to hear the claim: Just as courts do not have
a “prudential” license to open the courthouse doors when the statutory text has closed them,
Lexmark reasoned, so too they lack a “prudential” license to close the courthouse doors when the
statutory text has opened them. Id. (citing Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286–87 (2001)).

       Our court has yet to consider Lexmark’s effect, if any, on the person-aggrieved test
governing prudential standing in bankruptcy appeals. Without citing Lexmark, we have found
that test met in one case (so Lexmark likely did not matter to the outcome), Brown v. Ellmann (In
re Brown), 851 F.3d 619, 623–24 (6th Cir. 2017), and we have found the test unsatisfied in an
unpublished case, Cotter v. Stevenson (In re Cotter), No. 16-1449, 2017 WL 8236168, at *1 (6th
Cir. Mar. 1, 2017). Looking outside our circuit, one court has said that the person-aggrieved test
comports with Lexmark, albeit with limited explanation. U.S. Bank v. SFR Investments Pool 1,
LLC (In re Petrone), 754 F. App’x 590, 591 (9th Cir. 2019). Another has flagged this issue, but
sidestepped it by resolving the appeal on Article III grounds. Arlington Capital, LLC v. Bainton
McCarthy LLC (In re GT Automation Grp., Inc.), 828 F.3d 602, 604–05 & n.1 (7th Cir. 2016).

       3. Schier’s Article III Standing To Appeal. These questions concerning “standing” in
bankruptcy courts and bankruptcy appeals may eventually need answers. But this is not the case
to provide them. We take a third route to the case’s resolution—the route taken by the Seventh
Circuit in GT Automation. Whether or not parties must satisfy Article III rules in non-Article III
courts and whether or not they must satisfy even stricter standing rules in appeals to Article III
courts, parties must at least satisfy Article III rules in appeals to Article III courts. As the
Supreme Court has explained, Article III “standing ‘must be met by persons seeking appellate
review, just as it must be met by persons appearing in courts of first instance.’” Hollingsworth v.
Perry, 570 U.S. 693, 705 (2013) (quoting Arizonans for Official English, 520 U.S. at 64);
 No. 18-2219                      In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 8


Diamond v. Charles, 476 U.S. 54, 62 (1986). By way of analogy, parties that file “appeals from
administrative agencies” must satisfy Article III standing when entering Article III courts.
Consumer Watchdog v. Wis. Alumni Research Found., 753 F.3d 1258, 1261 (Fed. Cir. 2014)
(citing Sierra Club v. EPA, 292 F.3d 895, 899 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). Parties that file appeals from
bankruptcy courts must do the same. See GT Automation, 828 F.3d at 604–05 & n.1.

       An Article III injury includes well-known ingredients. “To establish injury in fact, a
plaintiff must show that he or she suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ that is
‘concrete and particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” Spokeo,
136 S. Ct. at 1548 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560). A particularized injury affects the party in a
specific way (in contrast to a generalized grievance), and a concrete injury affects the party in a
real way (in contrast to an abstract grievance). Id. at 1548–49. On appeal, moreover, “the focus
shifts to injury caused by the judgment rather than injury caused by the underlying facts.”
15A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3902 (2d ed.), Westlaw
(database updated Apr. 2019); see ASARCO Inc. v. Kadish, 490 U.S. 605, 617–18 (1989).

       Here, Schier has not shown that it suffered an Article III injury from the bankruptcy
court’s order approving the trustee’s final report, despite the report’s failure to list Capital
Contracting’s appeal rights in the Longhorn litigation. To begin with, the failure to list those
rights could not financially harm Schier. By that point, Schier had settled with the trustee and
withdrawn its attorney’s fees claim. Even assuming, for example, that the proposed appeal
would reduce Longhorn’s state-court judgment to zero, that reversal could not provide Schier
with one cent more in attorney’s fees. The order thus did not affect Schier in a “‘personal and
individual way.’” Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1548 (citation omitted).

       That leaves Schier—the law firm for the losing party in the state-court litigation—with
the strong feelings that it developed over the validity of its proposed appeal.        But “‘[t]he
presence of a disagreement, however sharp and acrimonious it may be, is insufficient by itself to
meet [Article] III’s requirements.’” Hollingsworth, 570 U.S. at 704 (quoting Diamond, 476 U.S.
at 62). The Supreme Court has taught that Article III courts are not the place for “‘concerned
bystanders’” to vindicate “‘value interests.’” Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for
Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 473 (1982) (citation omitted). If that principle
 No. 18-2219                       In re Capital Contracting Co.                            Page 9


is broad enough to rebut private parties who desire to defend the constitutionality of a state’s
laws, Hollingsworth, 570 U.S. at 704, it is broad enough to rebut Schier’s attempt to vindicate its
understanding of the state laws that would be at issue in the state-court appeal.

       Schier’s responses do not change things. The firm initially presents a full-throated
argument on the merits, claiming that it need not establish standing because the Bankruptcy
Code required the trustee and the bankruptcy court to fix the final report’s purported error on
their own initiative. This does nothing to exempt Schier from the Article III injury requirement.
Schier may not assert merely the “vindication of the rule of law” as its basis for harm without
alleging an actual injury from the purported violation. Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 106. Or, to look at
the question from the remedy side, Schier’s “psychic satisfaction” that the bankruptcy “laws are
faithfully enforced” “is not an acceptable Article III remedy because it does not redress a
cognizable Article III injury.” Id. at 107. In short, “an asserted right to have the Government act
in accordance with law is not sufficient, standing alone, to confer jurisdiction on a federal court.”
Allen, 468 U.S. at 754. That rule covers the alleged violation that Schier claims here.

       Schier next asserts that the justiciability rules in Michigan state court would allow it to
pursue the appeal under a public-rights theory of standing given the type of claims that it seeks to
raise in the state appellate courts. That is beside the point. “[T]he constraints of Article III do
not apply to state courts, and accordingly the state courts are not bound by the limitations of a
case or controversy or other federal rules of justiciability.” ASARCO, 490 U.S. at 617. Even
assuming that Schier could bring a claim or pursue an appeal in state court without the need to
show a concrete and particularized injury, that claim does nothing to establish such an injury in
an Article III court. Cf. GT Automation, 828 F.3d at 605. The purported loss of a generalized
grievance is still just a generalized grievance.

       Indeed, the trustee argues that Schier’s allegations of injury are so lacking that we should
find this appeal frivolous and award damages under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. We
decline the invitation. See Hogan v. Jacobson, 823 F.3d 872, 886 (6th Cir. 2016). We add that
the rule requires “a separately filed motion” by an appellee seeking damages for a frivolous
appeal, “or notice from the court and reasonable opportunity to respond.” Fed. R. App. P. 38.
 No. 18-2219                     In re Capital Contracting Co.                          Page 10


Statements made in an appellee’s brief do not provide sufficient notice to the appellant.
See Jodway v. Fifth Third Bank (In re Jodway), 719 F. App’x 502, 506 (6th Cir. 2018).

       We affirm the district court’s judgment dismissing Schier’s appeal.
