                                                                                                      02/19/2019
           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                    January 16, 2019 Session

        STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WHELCHER1 RANDALL HOGAN

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
                    No. 22CC-2011-CR-759 Larry J. Wallace, Judge
                        ___________________________________

                              No. M2017-02256-CCA-R3-CD
                          ___________________________________


Defendant, Whelchel Randall Hogan, pled guilty to possession of less than .5 grams of
cocaine with the intent to sell or deliver after the denial of a motion to suppress. As part
of the guilty plea, Defendant reserved a certified question of law regarding the legality of
his traffic stop. After a review of the record, we reverse the judgment of the trial court
and dismiss Defendant’s conviction.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Dismissed

TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.
WEDEMEYER and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.

David D. Wolfe (at hearing), and Andrew Mills (on appeal), Dickson, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Whelchel Randall Hogan.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Ray Crouch, District Attorney General; and Kelly Jackson Smith,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                             OPINION

     Defendant was arrested on October 26, 2011, by Agent Michael Pate of the
Twenty-Third Judicial District Drug Task Force in conjunction with a traffic stop. In

       1
          Defendant’s name is spelled “Whelcher” in the technical record, including on the indictment
and the motion to suppress. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Defendant spelled his name
“Whelchel” for the court reporter. We will utilize the spelling of the name as indicated by Defendant at
the hearing on the motion to suppress in our written opinion.
March of 2012, Defendant was indicted by the Dickson County Grand Jury for
possession of synthetic marijuana in Count One; simple possession of marijuana in Count
Two; possession of more than .5 grams of cocaine with the intent to sell or deliver in
Count Three; possession of a Schedule IV drug, Xanax, in Count Four; and unlawful drug
paraphernalia uses and activities in Count Five.

      Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence, arguing that the
evidence was obtained as a result of an illegal warrantless search performed without
probable cause. The trial court held a hearing on the motion to suppress.

       At the hearing, Agent Pate explained that he had been assigned to the Task Force
for approximately “a year and a half” at the time of Defendant’s arrest. Prior to that
particular day, agents from the task force had been running surveillance and controlled-
buy operations at one side of a duplex on East Rickert Street, using criminal informants
to purchase crack cocaine at what he described as a “crack house” for six to eight weeks.
Agent Pate agreed that the residence on one side of the duplex was associated with
criminal activity while the residence on the other side was not.

        Agent Pate explained that officers discovered the house was a “crack house” after
several informants purchased crack at the house. Eventually, about six days prior to
Defendant’s arrest, the agents “got consent from [Misty Hill,] one of the people that lived
in the house[,] to search it.” They found crack pipes, crack, and copper mesh used for
smoking cocaine. Ms. Hill informed agents that she was a crack dealer and often cheated
her clients so that she could get crack.

        Agent Pate elaborated that approximately five or six days prior to Defendant’s
arrest, officers observed “an informant in the front yard of the [same] house” where a
man named Antwone Hall, or “Playground,” lived. The informant was wearing both a
recording and listening device. Officers observed a white Jeep in the driveway and heard
the informant request crack cocaine from the person in the passenger seat of the Jeep.
The informant was instructed to wait for about twenty to thirty minutes for the drugs.
The Jeep left and returned about twenty to twenty-five minutes later. At that time,
officers turned on blue lights and initiated a traffic stop. “Playground” was in the
passenger seat and had “a crack rock in one hand and a bag in the other” as officers
approached. The Jeep “sped away,” nearly running over two agents. After a short
pursuit, the occupants of the Jeep “ditched the vehicle and everybody ran.” Eventually,
crack was recovered from the floorboard of the Jeep.

       On the day of Defendant’s arrest, Agent Pate was parked about 150 yards from the
duplex, “watching people come and go.” He was using a new surveillance vehicle that he
described as “an unmarked car.” He explained that the task force “had been there so

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much and had been paying so much attention to that house, [the people at the house] were
getting pretty smart at picking out pretty quick what vehicle we were in.”

       Agent Pate saw an SUV pull up to the house around 9:30 p.m. The vehicle
appeared to stay running while sitting “there for a minute, minute and a half tops.” Agent
Pate “couldn’t see the front area of the car” and “did not see anybody come to the
driver’s side or get out of the car.” Then, “the vehicle backed out [away from the house]
and came” down the road in the direction of the surveillance vehicle. The SUV drove
“directly” past Agent Pate.

       At that time, Agent Pate started his vehicle, “spun around and got behind” the
SUV, following it down the road. Agent Pate described the speed the vehicle was
moving as “pretty good.” Agent Pate followed the vehicle to a red light, where the
vehicle made a turn. Agent Pate continued to follow the vehicle until it “just stopped in
the middle of the road” on Cedar Street. Before the vehicle stopped, Agent Pate did not
have his blue lights on, but “was going to make a traffic stop on him . . . [b]ecause he
pulled consistent to the way every person that we’ve arrested with crack leaving there,
every time we bought crack from that house.” When the vehicle stopped on the road,
Agent Pate “turned on [his] blue lights as [he] was exiting the vehicle.” At 9:26:54 p.m.,
Agent Pate called dispatch to notify them of the situation.2 Agent Pate also called for
Agent Chris Lewis to bring his police dog to the scene.

       Agent Pate “walked up to the car” and identified himself. At that point, he
recognized Defendant because he was “a known drug dealer.” Agent Pate “felt like
[Defendant] recognized [him] because he stopped” his vehicle before the blue lights were
activated. Agent Pate “told him that the reason why [he] stopped him was because he left
a known crack house.” Agent Pate did not initially smell anything or see any evidence of
criminal activity inside Defendant’s vehicle. In fact, Agent Pate admitted that Defendant
had not violated any traffic laws at that point in time and he had seen no evidence of a
crime being committed. Defendant informed Agent Pate that he was there for his cousin.
Agent Pate told Defendant he thought Defendant had “either just dropped off crack or
picked up crack” and asked to search the car. Defendant told Agent Pate there was no
reason to search the car because the only thing he had was a marijuana “blunt” that he
handed Agent Pate from the center console of the vehicle. Agent Pate claimed that he
could smell the burnt marijuana. The blunt was half-smoked when Agent Pate received it
from Defendant.

        Agent Pate thought Defendant had more drugs in the vehicle because “he’d just
left a crack house.” He asked Defendant to step out of the vehicle. One of the task force

       2
          Agent Pate explained that he “Actually had him stopped earlier than what this is going to
generate” because the call could not be made simultaneously with the stop.
                                                  -3-
agents who had arrived on the scene started “patting” Defendant down by grabbing “the
waistband of his pants” and “shaking it pretty good” when a “roll of plastic came rolling
out of his pants leg and hit the road.” Agent Pate grabbed it and observed that it “looked
like crack rocks inside of it.”

        Admittedly, Agent Pate was unable to see Defendant at the duplex during the
surveillance period from his vantage point. Agent Pate had “logged [Defendant’s]
vehicle there several times.” He also discovered that Defendant’s “girlfriend had the
electric bill in her name” at that address but was not certain if the electric bill
corresponded to the “crack house” portion of the duplex or the other side. Regardless,
Defendant’s girlfriend was “not living there” at the time of the surveillance that led to the
arrest.

        Defendant testified briefly at the hearing. He explained that he was heading to his
cousin’s house on Highway 70 and was on his way to “meet [his] girlfriend” Vanessa that
night. Defendant “was coming around like past the junior high” when “Nessa” sent him a
text at 9:28 p.m. to let him know that she was there. Defendant “pulled over in front of
Gilbert Hodges’ house, 406.” Defendant “used to live right there.” He “stayed there for
a minute, and [he] texted her back ‘K,’ and [he] pulled off.” Defendant sent the return
text message at 9:28 p.m. When Defendant started driving again, he saw a vehicle in his
“rearview mirror flying.” Defendant turned down Main Street where he saw the pursuing
vehicle run a stop sign. Defendant pulled over to the side and the car turned on its blue
lights. Defendant denied violating any traffic offenses and/or blocking the roadway.
Defendant also denied having any contact with anyone at either side of the duplex on
Rickert Street.

       According to Defendant, after Agent Pate turned on the blue lights and approached
the vehicle, he asked Defendant for his license and insurance card. Defendant complied.
Agent Pate returned to his vehicle. Defendant waited with his hands on the wheel while
another officer was watching him. The “23rd District truck pull[ed] up,” and the next
thing Defendant knew, law enforcement officers “piled up at [his] door” asking to search
the car. Agent Pate “popped the door [of Defendant’s vehicle] open,” and Defendant got
out. One of the officers patted him down. Defendant claimed that he did not give anyone
a marijuana cigar and did not consent to the search of his vehicle.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, counsel for Defendant directed the trial court to
this Court’s opinion in State v. James B. Hunter, No. 2006-01173-CCA-MR3-CD, 2007
WL 2088943 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 23, 2007), no perm. app. filed.3 The trial court took

       3
          In James B. Hunter, this Court determined that there was reasonable suspicion for the initial
stop of the defendant because the officers had observed the defendant engaging in “suspicious activity
over the course of an hour” in an area where there was drug activity. 2007 WL 2088943, at *5.
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the matter under advisement, partially in order to review James B. Hunter in addition to
the testimony at the hearing.

      The following week, the trial court made the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law from the bench:

        [T]he basic facts are there’s a house located in Dickson, Tennessee. It’s a
        two-part house. At least one portion of the house is a crack house.

               The officers had actually searched the house on a previous occasion
        for crack cocaine and/or drug paraphernalia or evidence of drug activity.
        They had made controlled buys from the residence, and they had seen
        numerous vehicles pull up to the residence, stay a very short period of time
        and leave.

        . . . . The officers observed [Defendant] pull up to the residence, stay a short
        period of time and leave as many other vehicles had done, including the
        controlled buys that the officers had conducted at the residence, which gave
        the officers a specific and articulable fact that a possible drug deal had gone
        down. And supported the basis of stopping [Defendant] the night he was
        stopped.

               I know [Defendant] testified at the suppression hearing that he
        pulled in to communicate and text with his girlfriend. Of course, you have
        to look at the credibility of the witnesses, and one thing we tell juries to
        look at in judging the credibility is if the person has an interest in the
        outcome.

               Well, obviously, nobody’s got more interest in the outcome of this
        case than [Defendant]. So the Court doesn’t give a lot of credence to
        [Defendant’s] credibility on this issue.

               But even if I believed everything [Defendant] said, it’s really
        irrelevant. The officers had no way of knowing that, in fact, he was
        sending a text. It’s what’s in the officers’ mind objectively and/or
        subjectively, I guess, at the time of making the stop. . . .

                They didn’t at the time know who [Defendant] was. Officer Pate
        testified very honestly, he pursued [Defendant] and had the intention of


However, we reversed the trial court’s ruling because the officers “learned of [no] new information during
the stop of the defendant that gave probable cause to search the defendant and his vehicle.” Id.
                                                    -5-
        stopping [Defendant] even though his testimony was [Defendant] stopped
        before he turned on his blue lights.

              After Officer Pate turned on his blue lights behind [Defendant], he
        approached the vehicle [and recognized him as a known drug dealer]. . . .

                So we’ve got this, what I’ve already said was a reasonable suspicion
        based on specific and articulable facts that he had stopped for a short period
        of time at a known crack house. He left. The officers pursued him, and
        justifiably stopped him.

              Now, did they have probable cause to search the vehicle? What do
        they know at this point in time? Well, they know they’ve got a previously
        convicted drug dealer pulled over after leaving a crack house.

               During the interactions with [Defendant], [Defendant] hands the
        officers what was testified to as a marijuana blunt, . . . . Obviously, at that
        point in time if the officers didn’t have probable cause to search the vehicle,
        they never will.

The trial court both orally denied the motion to suppress and later prepared a written
order. In the written order, the trial court commented that “the reasonable suspicion in
[Defendant’s] case was much stronger than in [James B.] Hunter and that once stopped,
the fact that the Defendant is a known drug dealer, that he was leaving a known crack
house and the fact that the Defendant handed law enforcement a marijuana cigar was
enough to constitute probable cause for the search.”

       After the denial of the motion to suppress, Defendant initially sought an
interlocutory appeal pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 9. This Court
denied the application based on several reasons, including Defendant’s failure to include
a copy of the order denying the motion to suppress.

       In October of 2017, Defendant entered a guilty plea to one count of possession of
less than .5 grams of cocaine with the intent to sell or deliver.4 As part of the guilty plea,


        4
          As part of this plea agreement, Defendant also settled other cases, one of which also involved
the resolution of a certified question and was pending on appeal at the time of oral argument in this case.
Since that time, this Court has issued its opinion in that case, affirming the trial court’s denial of a motion
to suppress with regard to an initial seizure of Defendant and the subsequent search of a motel room,
which led to a conviction for possession of .5 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell or deliver.
See State v. Whelchel Randall Hogan, No. M2017-02254-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 413740, at *5 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Feb. 1, 2019).
                                                     -6-
Defendant reserved the following certified question of law pursuant to Tennessee Rule of
Criminal Procedure 37(b):

      Whether the trial court correctly ruled following a suppression hearing that
      the State had reasonable suspicion to effectuate a stop of the Defendant and
      Defendant’s vehicle?

      It is under this framework that this case is presented to this Court on appeal.

                                  I. Certified Question

       A certified question must be dispositive of the case. Tenn. R. Crim. P.
37(b)(2)(iv). A question is dispositive when this Court must either affirm the judgment
of conviction or reverse and dismiss the charges. State v. Dailey, 235 S.W.3d 131, 134
(Tenn. 2007). This Court is not bound by the determination of the trial court or the
parties that the certified question of law is dispositive of the case, and we must make an
independent determination of whether the certified question is dispositive. Dailey, 235
S.W.3d at 134-35.

        Here, the Defendant’s certified question is limited to whether there existed
reasonable suspicion for the initial traffic stop. In State v. Freddie Ali Bell, we found a
very similar certified question to be dispositive. No. M2015-01999-CCA-R3-CD, 2016
WL 4036392, at *2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 25, 2016), no perm. app. filed (finding
certified question “[w]hether the record support[s] the finding of probable cause or
reasonable suspicion to legally permit a seizure of the defendant and his vehicle” to be
dispositive). We again stress that a more precisely worded and factually specific certified
question would have been beneficial, but conclude that the certified question herein is
dispositive because without reasonable suspicion for the traffic stop, the cocaine
discovered in the subsequent search would have to be suppressed and there would be no
evidence to support Defendant’s conviction. Consequently, we see no reason to depart
from our reasoning in Freddie Ali Bell and conclude that the certified question is properly
before this Court. Id.

                                 II. Motion to Suppress

       Defendant argues that his presence in “an alleged area of criminal activity,”
without more, does not constitute reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop. The State
disagrees, pointing to other facts in the record that supported a finding of reasonable
suspicion for Agent Pate’s decision to conduct the traffic stop, including the long-term
observation of the crack house, a search of the crack house, information obtained from
undercover drug buys at the crack house, and the pattern of the operation of buying and
selling crack at the house.
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       Generally, we will uphold a trial court’s findings of fact at a suppression hearing
unless the evidence preponderates to the contrary. State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23
(Tenn. 1996). “Questions of credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the
evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial
judge as the trier of fact.” Id. “We afford to the party prevailing in the trial court the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable and legitimate inferences that
may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998).
As to the trial court’s application of the law to the facts, however, we apply a de novo
standard of review. Id.

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution guarantee the right to be free from unreasonable
searches and seizures. See State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tenn. 2000).
Tennessee’s constitutional protections regarding searches and seizures are identical in
intent and purpose to those in the federal constitution. State v. Turner, 297 S.W.3d 155,
165 (Tenn. 2009).

       In evaluating the constitutionality of warrantless searches, this Court must
“evaluate the search or seizure under traditional standards of reasonableness” by
balancing an individual’s privacy interests against legitimate governmental interests.
Wyoming v. Houghton, 526 U.S. 295, 300 (1999). “[A] warrantless search or seizure is
presumed unreasonable, and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to
suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted
pursuant to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v.
Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 630 (Tenn. 1997). The State has the burden to demonstrate,
by a preponderance of the evidence, that a warrantless search passes constitutional
muster. State v. Harris, 280 S.W.3d 832, 839 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).

       Before we analyze the warrantless search in this case, we must closely look at the
seizure (stop) of Defendant and his vehicle that came before the search. That, in our
view, is the point at which the State and Agent Pate fell short and the factual path departs
from State v. James B. Hunter.

        “One exception to the warrant requirement exists when a police officer makes an
investigatory stop based upon reasonable suspicion, supported by specific and articulable
facts, that a criminal offense has been or is about to be committed.” Id. (citing Terry v.
Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-21 (1968); State v. Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 492 (Tenn. 1997)).
The moment that a police officer turns on the blue lights of his patrol vehicle, the “police
officer has clearly initiated a stop and has seized the subject of the stop.” Binette, 33
S.W.3d at 218. In cases involving a seizure when a police officer pulls over a vehicle,
the police officer must have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, supported by
                                            -8-
specific and articulable facts, at the time that the police officer turns on the blue lights.
Id.. “Reasonable suspicion is a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the
subject of a stop of criminal activity . . . , and it is determined by considering the totality
of the circumstances surrounding the stop . . . .” Id. (internal citations omitted).

       In the present case, there is no question that Defendant was clearly “seized” within
the meaning of the state and federal constitutions the moment Agent Pate activated his
car’s blue lights. However, in order for that seizure to be constitutionally valid, Agent
Pate must have possessed at least reasonable suspicion, supported by specific and
articulable facts, that Defendant had committed or was about to commit an offense at the
time the blue lights were turned on. Of course, we review the validity of a stop from a
“purely objective perspective,” and this Court may consider “relevant circumstances
demonstrated by the proof even if not articulated by the testifying officer as the reasons
for the stop.” State v. Smith, 484 S.W.3d 393, 402 (Tenn. 2016). Thus, we must
determine whether, from our objective perspective, the circumstances surrounding the
stop supported a finding of reasonable suspicion for the stop.

        Defendant argues on appeal that Agent Pate testified at the hearing on the motion
to suppress that he had not seen any evidence of any criminal activity before stopping
Defendant, so there could be no reasonable suspicion for the stop. The State insists that
Defendant’s actions, in addition to the information obtained from the ongoing
surveillance at the duplex were enough to provide reasonable suspicion for the stop.
While a defendant’s presence in an area associated with criminal activity is certainly
relevant, it is insufficient, standing alone, to support a reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000). Officers must have some
reasonable basis to warrant investigation; a mere “inchoate and unparticularized
suspicion or ‘hunch’” is not enough to generate reasonable suspicion. Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1, 27 (1995).

       Looking objectively at the facts presented at the hearing, Agent Pate testified that
he did not actually witness any evidence of criminal activity before stopping Defendant.
He stopped Defendant because he pulled in front of and stopped at a known “crack
house.” The affidavit of complaint confirms as much, listing the reason for the stop as
follows: “the way the vehicle pulled up to the home is consistent to the manner that other
vehicles pull up to the home to drop off or pick up crack.”

       In our view, Defendant’s act of stopping his vehicle outside a known crack house,
without any additional evidence of criminal activity, is not enough to rise to reasonable
suspicion to stop Defendant’s vehicle. There was no testimony that Defendant in any
way participated in a drug deal at the house, either minutes before the stop, or during the
weeks of surveillance on the house prior to his arrest. There was no testimony that
Defendant exited his vehicle while it was at the house or that another person came up to
                                             -9-
the vehicle while it was parked at the house. Therefore, we conclude that Defendant was
seized without any specific and articulable facts tying him to any illegal activity, in the
past or at the present. See, e.g., State v. Nicholson, 188 S.W.3d 649, 661 (Tenn. 2006)
(holding the defendant’s presence in an area being monitored for gang activity, where
officers witnessed what they thought were drug transactions taking place, without more,
did not amount to reasonable suspicion); State v. Lawson, 929 S.W.2d 406, 409 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1996) (finding vehicle’s presence in a high crime area late at night was not
sufficient to support reasonable suspicion); State v. Dale E. Morrell, No. 03-C01-9409-
CR00355, 1996 WL 36120, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 31, 1996) (determining mere
hunch was not enough to stop the defendant for DUI); State v. Herbert Lee Massey, No.
01C01-9406-CR-00218, 1995 WL 518872, at *4-5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 5, 1995)
(affirming the trial court’s exclusion of evidence obtained as a result an investigatory stop
where the trial court found that the only reason for the stop was the defendant’s presence
at night in a high crime area). The fact that Defendant was a known drug dealer is
irrelevant to our consideration because Agent Pate testified that he was not even aware
that it was Defendant driving the vehicle until he approached the vehicle and saw
Defendant in the driver’s seat. The stop was not objectively reasonable and the record
does not support a finding of reasonable suspicion for the stop.

                                        Conclusion

      After our review, we conclude that the trial court erred in denying the motion to
suppress. As a result, we reverse the judgment of the trial court, and dismiss Defendant’s
conviction.


                                              ____________________________________
                                              TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE




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