                                                                       PD-1326-15
                            PD-1326-15                COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                      AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                    Transmitted 10/7/2015 10:45:44 AM
                                                       Accepted 10/8/2015 2:08:36 PM
                                                                       ABEL ACOSTA
                       PD No.                                                  CLERK

             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                      AT AUSTIN, TEXAS


HOWARD LARSON WAMPLER, JR.,      §
       Appellant                 §
                                 §    CAUSE NO. 11-13-00374-CR
V.                               §
                                 §    TRIAL COURT NO. F 33837
THE STATE OF TEXAS,              §
        Appellee                 §


            PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVEW
           FROM THE ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                    AT EASTLAND, TEXAS


            CHIEF JUSTICE JIM WRIGHT, PRESIDING


             PETITION OF PETITIONER (APPELLANT)


                                 COPELAND LAW FIRM
                                 PO Box 399
                                 Cedar Park, Texas 78613
                                 Tel. 512-897-8196
                                 Fax. 512-215-8144

                                 TIM COPELAND
                                 State Bar No. 04801500
                                 Attorney for Appellant
     October 8, 2015
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                      Page

Table of Contents                                                     i-iii

Index of Authorities                                                  iv

I.     Identity of Trial Court and Parties                            1

II.    Statement Regarding Oral Argument                              2

III.   Statement of the Case                                          3

IV.    Statement of the Procedural History of the Case                4

V.     Ground for Review                                              4

       The Court of Appeals erred when it held that a question asked of veniremen
whether they favored punishment or rehabilitation in ―these kinds of cases‖ did not
affect appellant’s fundament rights to a presumption of innocence and a fair trial.
See and cf. Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); also see R.R. 3,
pp. 53-61).


VI.    Summary of the Argument                                        4

VII. Background and Statement of Pertinent Evidence                   5

VIII. Court of Appeals’ Decision                                      6

IX.    Argument                                                       7

       A.     The offending question on whether potential
       jurors favored punishment or rehabilitation ―in
       these kinds of cases‖ constituted an improper
       commitment question.


                                         i
                    TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

                                                            Page

                 (1) Only one result was possible on
           conviction – imprisonment.

                 (2) Rehabilitation was not an option
           upon conviction.

            B.    The question was fundamentally
      defective because it compromised appellant’s
      presumption of innocence.

                 (1) Since       the     ―option‖      of
           rehabilitation was non-existent, the question
           was designed to ensure a guilty verdict so the
           jury could then impose punishment ―in these
           kinds of cases.‖

                  (2) The taint associated with the
           error affected the entire panel.

X.    Prayer                                                9

XI.   Certificate of Service and of Compliance with         11
      Compliance with Rule 9




                                       ii
                          INDEX OF AUTHORITIES


                                                                  Page
                    Texas Courts of Criminal Appeals cases

Blue v. State                                                     4,8
      (41 S.W.3d 129 [Tex. Crim. App. 2000])

Steadman v. State                                                 9
     360 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)


                         Texas Courts of Appeal cases

Mata v. State                                                     9
     952 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. App. – San Antonio, 1997, no pet.)

Phillips v. State                                                 7
       No. 05-08-01654-CR, 2010 WL 297942, at *1
       (Tex. App. – Dallas Jan 27, 2010, pet. ref’d)

Scott v. State                                                    7
       No. 07-12-00375-CR, 2013 WL 4528821, at *1
       (Tex. App. – Amarillo Aug. 26, 2013, no pet.)

Trevino v. State                                                  7
      No. 09-13-00075-CR, 2014 WL 5370663, at *7-8
      (Tex. App. – Beaumont October 22, 2014, pet. ref’d)
      (mem. op.))

                                    Statutes

TEX. PENAL CODE §1.11(a)(1), (d) (West 2011)                      3

TEX. PENAL CODE §12.42(C)(2)(West Supp. 2014)                     3



                                        iii
               I. IDENTITY OF TRIAL COURT AND PARTIES

TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

      NOW COMES Howard Larson Wampler, Jr., appellant, who would show the

Court that the trial court and interested parties herein are as follows:

      HON. STEPHEN BRISTOW, Judge Presiding, 90th Judicial District Court,

Stephens County, Texas.

      HOWARD LARSON WAMPLER, JR., appellant, TDCJ No. 1897163,

Allred Unit, 2701 FM 369 N, Iowa Park, Texas 76367.

      TOM WATSON, trial attorney for appellant, 2441 So. 1st St., Abilene, Texas

79605.

      TIM COPELAND, appellate attorney for appellant, P.O. Box 399, Cedar

Park, Texas 78613.

      DEE PEAVY and RYAN CONWAY, Stephens County District Attorney

and Assistant District Attorney, respectively, trial and appellate attorneys for

appellee, the State of Texas, 516 4th St., Ste. 206, Graham, Texas 76450.




Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                             1
             II. STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellant believes the clarity of the issue in this case is such that oral

argument would add nothing.




Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                 2
                         PD No.

                  IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                           AT AUSTIN, TEXAS


HOWARD LARSON WAMPLER, JR.,                    §
       Appellant                               §
                                               §   CAUSE NO. 11-13-00374-CR
V.                                             §
                                               §   TRIAL COURT NO. F 33837
THE STATE OF TEXAS,                            §
        Appellee                               §


                PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVEW
               FROM THE ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                        AT EASTLAND, TEXAS


                 CHIEF JUSTICE JIM WRIGHT, PRESIDING


TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS:

                        III. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       A. jury found Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. guilty of the second-degree felony

offense of indecency with a child by contact and found one enhancement ―true.‖

TEX. PENAL CODE §1.11(a)(1), (d) (West 2011) and R.R. 6, p. 23. The jury

assessed his punishment at confinement for life, and the trial court sentenced him

accordingly. TEX. PENAL CODE §12.42(C)(2)(West Supp. 2014) and see R.R.

7, p. 14.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                              3
   IV. STATEMENT OF THE PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE

      The Eleventh Court of Appeals at Eastland, Texas, by Opinion dated

September 30, 2015, affirmed Wampler’s conviction and sentence. A copy of that

opinion is hereto attached as if fully incorporated herein at length.

                           V. GROUND FOR REVIEW

      The Court of Appeals erred when it held that a question asked of veniremen

whether they favored punishment or rehabilitation in ―these kinds of cases‖ did not

affect appellant’s fundament rights to a presumption of innocence and a fair trial.

See and cf. Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); also see R.R. 3,

pp. 53-61).

                     VI. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      The State asked an improper commitment question of veniremen calculated

to appeal to community prejudice which could only be satisfied by a finding of guilt.

Specifically, the State asked potential jurors whether they believed punishment or

rehabilitation was the proper goal of the criminal justice system ―in these cases‖.

Since ―rehabilitation‖ was not an option in ―this kind of case‖ (only imprisonment),

the question constituted an improper commitment question and implicated

appellant’s fundamental right to a fair trial and his presumption of innocence.




Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                 4
  VII. BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF PERTINENT EVIDENCE

      Wampler did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. Instead, his appeal

focused on error which occurred during the State’s voir dire. Relevant to that focus,

the following occurred, as noted by the Court of Appeals in its opinion at page 2:

             At the end of the State’s voir dire, the prosecutor began an

      explanation of the goals of the criminal justice system. She explained

      the following:

                    Okay. I like to ask juries this: It’s a philosophical
             question and there’s no right or wrong answer, and this is
             the last question I’m going to ask you and then I’ll let
             [defense counsel] talk to you. I’m sorry if I’ve been long-
             winded. This is an important case.

                    I’m going to go row by row, and I just want you to
             think about it, but in our system, with our criminal justice
             system, a lot of people think that punishment is a better
             goal than rehabilitation. Some people think that you’re
             likely to deter or prevent crime if you have high penalties
             and do punishment for the people that commit these
             crimes. A lot of people on the other hand think that
             rehabilitation is the way to go; that if you focus on the
             offender, on the defendants in these cases, and provide
             them help that that is more likely to prevent crime than the
             punishment regime.

                   So I’m going to go through and which way do you
             lean. And not middle ground, but are you more of a
             punishment, do you believe more in the punishment
             theory, or more in the rehabilitation theory?

                                               (—R.R. 3, p. 54).


Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                   5
      The State asked five veniremen this question, and all five answered.

      The sixth venireman, however, stated that he could not answer the

      question without first hearing the case. (R.R. 3, p. 56). When the State

      pressed the venireman for an answer, Appellant objected to the question

      and claimed it was an impermissible commitment question. The trial

      court overruled Appellant’s objection and then instructed the State to

      move on if the venireman did not have a clear viewpoint. (R.R. 3, p.

      55-56). The State then asked the next forty-nine veniremen the same

      question. (R.R. 3, pp. 56-61) and see Slip op. at 2.

                    VIII. COURT OF APPEALS’ DECISION

      Wampler argued on appeal that the trial court committed fundamental error

when it allowed the State to appeal to community prejudice by asking the veniremen

whether they ―leaned‖ toward a criminal justice system where punishment for people

that commit ―these crimes‖ is a better goal than rehabilitation. ―Rehabilitation,‖

after all, was not an option in this case – only incarceration. However, the Court of

Appeals found that Wampler failed to timely object to the State’s question so his

contention on appeal that the question was improper was waived. (Slip op. at 4,

citing Phillips v. State, No. 05-08-01654-CR, 2010 WL 297942, at *1 (Tex. App. –

Dallas Jan 27, 2010, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (determining that the

error was not fundamental)) and also see Scott v. State, No. 07-12-00375-CR, 2013

Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                   6
WL 4528821, at *1 (Tex. App. – Amarillo Aug. 26, 2013, no pet.)(mem. op. not

designated for publication). Finally, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court

did not commit fundamental error when it allowed the question. The Court

compared the question to arguments which appeal to community prejudice which

are waived if the defendant does not timely object to the improper argument. (Slip

op. at 4, citing e.g., Trevino v. State, No. 09-13-00075-CR, 2014 WL 5370663, at

*7-8 (Tex. App. – Beaumont October 22, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.)). (Slip op. at

4).

                                   IX. ARGUMENT

      The Court of Appeals erred in finding that the offending question did not

affect appellant’s fundamental rights to the presumption of innocence and a fair trial.

Improper Commitment Question

      Here, the State’s question propounded to each venire member constituted an

improper commitment question because the nature of the case dictated only one

result was possible on conviction--imprisonment. After all, rehabilitation was not

available for consideration by the jury in his case because, on a finding of guilt,

punishment was automatically assessed at life imprisonment. Since the ―option‖ of

rehabilitation was not available to the jury, the State’s question was really designed,

not to inquire how the jurors felt philosophically about ―this kind of case,‖ but to



Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                   7
insure that any jurors ultimately chosen were prejudiced for punishment, thus

guaranteeing a finding of guilt ―in these kinds of cases‖ as sought by the State.

Fundamental Error

      While true that Wampler cannot cite a case that holds that an improper voir

dire commitment question constitutes fundamental error, a plurality of this Court has

held that improper comments in voir dire that compromised a defendant’s

presumption of innocence did not require an objection to preserve the issue for

appeal. Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)(plurality op.). In that

case, a plurality of the judges of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that the

trial judge’s comments indicating to members of the venire that defendant was

considering entering into a plea agreement and that the judge would have preferred

that defendant plead guilty were of constitutional dimension and required no

objection to preserve the issue for appeal. (Per Johnson, J., with three judges

concurring and two judges concurring in the judgement.) Here, the State’s question

propounded to each venire member constituted an improper commitment question

because the nature of the case dictated only one result was possible on conviction--

imprisonment. That intended result undermined Wampler’s constitutionally

protected presumption of innocence. After all, rehabilitation was not available for

consideration by the jury in a case where, on a finding of guilt, punishment was

automatically assessed at life imprisonment. There were no real ―options‖ available

Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                  8
to the jury, and the State’s question was really designed, not to inquire how the jurors

felt philosophically about ―this kind of case,‖ but to insure that the jury ultimately

chosen was prejudiced for punishment, thus guaranteeing a finding of guilt ―in these

kinds of cases‖ as sought by the State. By couching the question as one applicable

in ―this kind of case‖, the question impinged on Wampler’s constitutionally

guaranteed presumption of innocence and thus his right to a fair trial.

      The State’s question here closely resembled what the appellate court found

impermissible in Mata v. State, 952 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tex. App. – San Antonio, 1997,

no pet.), which held improper the argument: ―…[in] an aggravated sexual assault

such as this, probation is not what this community and what the State would want.‖

That argument, the Mata court reasoned, was pointedly aimed at securing the jury

members’ guilty verdict by an improper appeal to community prejudice. In like

fashion, the question posed to the jury in this case was an attempt to appeal to

potential jurors predisposed and prejudiced to a finding of guilt in ―these kinds of

cases.‖ Moreover, the taint associated with the described error affected the entire

venire panel. After all, the impermissible question was put to the entire panel, over

objection, row by row. When that result is reached, i.e., the constitutionally tainted

portion of trial encompasses the entire jury-selection process, ―…it has been almost

universally held that relief involves a new voir dire and a new jury; perforce, it

necessitates a new trial.‖     Steadman v. State, 360 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. Crim. App.

Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                    9
2012). Because the State’s question sought to appeal to community prejudice to

deny his constitutionally protected presumption of innocence, the Court of Appeals

erred in finding that the trial court did not commit fundamental error when it allowed

the prosecutor to ask the complained of question during voir dire.

                                     X. PRAYER

      WHEREFORE, Mr. Wampler prays that this Court reverse the judgment of

the appellate court and remand for consideration of egregious harm and prejudice to

Wampler’s constitutionally protected presumption of innocence.



                                         COPELAND LAW FIRM
                                         P.O. Box 399
                                         Cedar Park, TX 78613
                                         Mobil/Text: 512.897.8196
                                         Fax: 512.215.8114
                                         Email: tcopeland14@yahoo.com

                                         By:   /s/ Tim Copeland
                                               Tim Copeland
                                               State Bar No. 04801500
                                               Attorney for Appellant




Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                 10
                   XI. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE AND OF
                        COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 9

       This is to certify that on October 7, 2015, a true and correct copy of the above
and foregoing document was served on the State Prosecuting Attorney, PO Box
12405, Capitol Station, Austin, TX 78711, and on Dee Peavy and Ryan Conway,
Stephens County District Attorney and Assistant District Attorney, respectively, 516
4th St., Ste. 206, Graham, Texas 76450 in accordance with the Texas Rules of
Appellate Procedure, and that the Petition for Discretionary Review is in compliance
with Rule 9 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure and that portion which must
be included under Rule 9.4(i)(1) contains 1929 words.


                                               /s/ Tim Copeland
                                                   Tim Copeland




Petition for Discretionary Review
Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. v. The State of Texas
No. 11-13-00374-CR                                                                  11
                              11TH COURT OF
                                 APPEALS
                                EASTLAND,
                                  TEXAS
                                JUDGMENT

Howard Larson Wampler, Jr.,               * From the 90th District
                                            Court of Stephens
                                            County, Trial Court
                                            No. F33837.
Vs. No. 11-13-00374-CR                    * September 30, 2015
The State of Texas,                       * Opinion by Wilson, J.
                                            (Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
                                            Wilson, J., and Bailey, J.)

      This court has inspected the record in this cause and
concludes that there is no error in the judgment below.
Therefore, in accordance with this court's opinion, the judgment
of the trial court is in all things affirmed.
Opinion filed September 30, 2015




                                     In The

                 ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                              No. 11-13-00374-CR


           HOWARD LARSON WAMPLER, JR., Appellant
                                       v.
                    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                     On Appeal from the 90th District Court
                           Stephens County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. F33837


                                   O P IN ION

      The jury found Howard Larson Wampler, Jr. guilty of the second-
degree felony offense of indecency with a child by contact and found one
enhancement "true." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.1 l (a)(l), (d) (West
2011). The jury assessed his punishment at confinement for life. See PENAL
§ 12.42(c)(2) (West Supp. 2014). The trial court sentenced him accordingly.
Appellant asserts two issues on appeal. We affirm.
                                I. Background Facts
       Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, so we
only outline those facts relevant to his appeal. At the end of the State's voir
dire, the prosecutor began an explanation of the goals of the criminal justice
system. She explained the following:
              Okay. I like to ask juries this: It's a philosophical question,
       and there's no right or wrong answer. And this is the last question
       I'm going to ask you and then I'll let [defense counsel] talk to
       you. I'm sorry if I've been long-winded. This is an important
       case.
             I'm going to go row by row, and I just want you to think
       about it, but in our system, with our criminal justice system, a lot
       of people think that punishment is a better goal than
       rehabilitation. Some people think that you're likely to deter or
       prevent crime if you have high penalties and do punishment for
       the people that commit these crimes. A lot of people on the other
       hand think that rehabilitation is the way to go; that if you focus
       on the offender, on the defendants in these cases, and provide
       them help that that is more likely to prevent crime than the
       punishment regime.
 At the end of this explanation, the State asked this question:
             So I'm going to go through and which way do you lean.
       And not middle ground, but are you more of a punishment, do you
       believe more in the punishment theory, or more in the
       rehabilitation theory?
 The State asked five veniremen this question, and all five answered. The
sixth venireman, however, stated that he could not answer the question
without first hearing the case. When the State pressed the venireman for an
answer, Appellant objected to the question and claimed it was an
impermissible commitment question. The trial court overruled Appellant's
objection and then instructed the State to move on if the venireman did not
have a clear viewpoint.




                                       2
                                  II. Analysis

      Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
overruled his objection to the State's question because the question (2)
was calculated to appeal to community prejudice. A trial court has wide
discretion in its control of voir dire. Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 38
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Shipley v. State, 790 S.W.2d 604, 608 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990). We review the ruling of the trial court on an allegedly
improper commitment question during voir dire for an abuse of
discretion. Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 179 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001); Atkins v. State, 951 S.W.2d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

     A. Issue One: Commitment Question
      "[L]itigants are given 'broader latitude' . . . to inquire into     a
prospective juror's general philosophical outlook on the justice system
when they conduct voir dire. Vrba v. State, 151 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tex.
App.-Waco 2004, pet. ref d) (quoting Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748,
756 n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). A question is proper if it seeks to
discover a juror's views on an issue applicable to the case. Shipley, 790
S.W.2d at 608. But litigants may not ask commitment questions.
Standefer, 59 S.W.3d at 179. A commitment question is a voir dire
question that seeks to "commit a prospective juror to resolve, or to refrain
from resolving, an issue a certain way after learning a particular fact."
Id. A party must make a timely, specific objection at the earliest
possible opportunity in order to preserve error that a voir dire question
was improper. Ross v. State, 154 S.W.3d 804, 807 (Tex. App.-
Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); accord Turner v. State, 805
S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). If one venireman answered
an allegedly improper question, and the defendant failed to object,
then the defendant's argument is waived.             See Montgomery v.
State,198
S.W.3d 67, 74 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref d). In addition, if a
party asks an improper commitment question, that error may be waived if
a timely objection is not made. See Phillips v. State, No. 05-08-01654-CR,
2010 WL 297942, at *1 (Tex. App.-Dallas Jan. 27, 2010, pet. ref d) (not
designated for publication) (determining that the error was not a
fundamental error); see also Scott v. State, No. 07-12-00375- CR, 2013
WL 4528821, at *1 (Tex. App.-Amarillo Aug. 26, 2013, no pet.) (mem.
op., not designated for publication). Here, five veniremen answered the
allegedly improper question before Appellant objected.         Thus,
Appellant failed to timely object, and he has waived this complaint on
appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.l (a); Montgomery, 198 S.W.3d at 74;
Ross, 154 S.W.3d at 807. We overrule Appellant's first issue.
     B. Issue Two: Fundamental Error - Community Prejudice
      Appellant contends that the State's commitment question also was
improper because it "was calculated to appeal to community prejudice which
could only be satisfied by a finding of guilt." Appellant argues the
"rehabilitation versus punishment" question constituted fundamental error
because rehabilitation was not an option in this case. In addition, Appellant
argues that the question impermissibly undermined his constitutionally
protected presumption of innocence. Contentions that the State asked an
improper question in voir dire, as we previously explained, require a timely
objection from the defendant to preserve e11'or. See Scott, 2013 \VL
4528821, at *1; Huff v. State, No. 07-10-00174-CR, 2010 WL 4828491, at
*2 (Tex. App.-Amarillo Nov. 29, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication). Appellant cites no case that held that a voir
dire question appealing to community prejudice constituted fundamental
error, and this court has not found one. We have found several cases that

                                        4
hold that appeals to community prejudice, in closing arguments

before a jury, are waived if the defendant does not timely object to the
improper argument. See, e.g., Trevino v. State, No. 09-13-00075-CR,

2014 WL 5370663, at *7-8 (Tex. App.-Beaumont Oct. 22, 2014, pet. ref d)

(mem. op.);Garcia v. State, No. 04-96-00982-CR, 1997 WL 731969, at *1-2

(Tex. App.-San Antonio Nov. 26, 1997, pet. ref d) (not designated for

publication). Appellant failed to timely object to the State's question.

We disagree with Appellant's assertion that the State's question affected

the presumption of innocence, and we cannot hold that the trial court

committed fundamental error when it permitted the prosecutor to

the complained-of question during voir dire. We overrule Appellant's

second issue.

                            III. This Court 's Ruling

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.


 MIKE WILLSON JUSTICE

 September 30, 2015

Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Wright, C. J.,
Wilson, J., and Bailey, J.



                                      5
