                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2008-CA-01659-SCT

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

v.

BAYER CORPORATION, BAYER
PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION AND
BAYER HEALTHCARE, LLC


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          08/29/2008
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. WILLIAM H. SINGLETARY
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 HINDS COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                   D. RONNIE MUSGROVE
                                           J. LERAY McNAMARA
                                           FRANK KOLB
                                           GEORGE W. NEVILLE
                                           WILSON DANIEL “DEE” MILES, III
                                           ANDY LOWRY
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                   MICHAEL P. DOSS
                                           WILLIAM F. GOODMAN, III
                                           STEVEN D. ORLANSKY
                                           RICHARD D. RASKIN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                               REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/15/2010
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


      EN BANC.

      KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   The State of Mississippi filed suit in the Chancery Court of the First Judicial District

of Hinds County against more than eighty pharmaceutical manufacturers, including Bayer

Corporation, Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, and Bayer Healthcare, LLC (“Bayer”).
The State alleged that each of the defendants had fraudulently misrepresented the average

wholesale prices (AWP) of drugs provided to beneficiaries of the Mississippi Medicaid

program, causing the State to overpay drug providers.

¶2.    After investigating the State’s claim, two special masters appointed by the trial court

concluded that a 2001 Settlement Agreement between the State and Bayer made Bayer

unique among the defendants, and that because the State had failed to plead around the 2001

Settlement Agreement, its claims against Bayer should be dismissed pursuant to Rules

12(b)(6) and 9(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. Following the special masters’

recommendation to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, the

chancellor dismissed with prejudice the State’s claims against Bayer. The State appeals that

decision.

                                           FACTS

¶3.    In 2001, the State of Mississippi and Bayer Corporation entered into a Settlement

Agreement after federal officials and forty-seven states had alleged that, during the time

period of January 1993 through August 1999, Bayer Corporation had misrepresented the

prices at which it had sold certain drugs to the drug providers of those states. In the ensuing

Settlement Agreement, Bayer denied that it had engaged in any fraudulent conduct, and noted

that it had entered into the settlement agreement in 2001 solely “to avoid the delay,

uncertainty, inconvenience and expense of protracted litigation of claims.”




                                              2
¶4.    The Settlement Agreement was limited to “covered conduct,” which related to Bayer’s

alleged actions regarding qui tam drugs.1         In exchange for a release of any civil or

administrative claims related to the “covered conduct,” Bayer paid Mississippi $48,608.09

and agreed to provide the State “with true pricing information that accurately reflects the

prices at which actual purchasers buy the drug and biological products sold by Bayer” for a

period of five years, commencing on the date of the settlement agreement.

¶5.    On October 20, 2005, four years after entering into the Settlement Agreement with

Bayer, the State filed the complaint in this case against Bayer Corporation, Bayer

Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Bayer Healthcare, LLC, and more than eighty other

pharmaceutical manufacturers, alleging that each defendant had misrepresented the AWPs

of drugs sold to drug providers of Mississippi. Specifically, the State alleged that the AWP

is a vital part of the formula used by the State’s Medicaid program to establish the amount

of reimbursement due from that program to drug providers, and that, as a consequence of the

drug manufacturers’ misrepresentation of the AWPs, the State had reimbursed the drug

providers of Mississippi at a higher rate than necessary, resulting in monetary damages to the

State and its taxpayers. The actual causes of action alleged by the State in the first amended

complaint are State Medicaid fraud, deceptive trade practices, and common-law fraud.




       1
         A qui tam action is “[a]n action brought under a statute that allows a private person
to sue for a penalty, part of which the government or some specified public institution will
receive.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1282 (8th ed. 2004). The referenced qui tam drugs
included (1) Koate-HPAntihemophilic Factor (Human), (2) Kogenate Antihemophilic Factor
(Recombinant), (3) Konyne-80 Factor IX Complex (Human), (4) Gamimune N, 5% Immune
Globulin Intravenous (Human, 5%), (5) Gamimune N, 10% Immune Globulin Intravenous
(Human, 10%), and (6) Thrombate III Antithrombin III (Human).

                                              3
¶6.    On June 1, 2006, Bayer moved to dismiss the State’s claim against the Bayer

defendants pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), claiming that the 2001

Settlement Agreement barred the State’s claims, and that the State had failed to plead fraud

with the particularity required by Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). The special

masters recommended granting Bayer’s motion and entered Report, Recommendation and

Order No. 2 (R&R No. 2) on July 28, 2006. R&R No. 2 is as follows:

       First, contrary to the State’s assertion, the plain language of the release is not
       limited to claims based on fraud. Rather, the release covers ‘any civil or
       administrative monetary claim, action, suit or proceeding the State has or may
       have under any source of law for the Covered Conduct.’ This language plainly
       requires the dismissal of all claims for pre-settlement conduct pertaining to the
       six Qui Tam Drugs. All claims as to those drugs are dismissed with prejudice.

       Second, the State has pleaded no basis for a claim relating to pre-settlement
       conduct as to products other than the Qui Tam Drugs. The only mention in the
       Complaint of any Bayer products occurs in Exhibit B, which refers to AWP
       data on three products – Koate, Kogenate, and Gamimune – each of which is
       a Qui Tam Drug covered by the release. Further, the settlement was preceded
       by a broad based investigation of Bayer led by the federal government and
       joined by 47 states. Had concerns arisen about price reporting on products
       other than the six Qui Tam Drugs, we trust that those concerns would have
       been addressed in the course of the investigation and settlement. In any event,
       absent any specific allegation of wrongdoing as to Non-Qui Tam Drugs, we
       find no basis for the State’s claims relating to the pre-settlement period to
       proceed at this point. If at a later date the State has evidence the
       comprehensive investigation previously made against Bayer that resulted in
       the settlement should have included other drugs for the time prior to 2001, the
       State may bring a new action at that time. All claims for Bayer drugs other
       than the six Qui Tam drugs prior to 2001 are dismissed without prejudice.

       Third, and finally, the State has not pleaded a claim with respect to the post-
       settlement time period. The settlement requires Bayer to report to the State on
       a quarterly basis the average sales price for every one of its drugs. These
       reports are designed to provide the State with ‘true pricing information that
       accurately reflects the prices at which actual purchasers buy the drug and
       biological products sold by Bayer.’ Absent any allegation that Bayer has not
       complied with this requirement, the State’s claims – to the extent that they are


                                               4
          directed at the post-settlement time period – are moot. Those claims are thus
          dismissed with prejudice.

(Emphasis added.)

¶7.       On September 5, 2006, the special masters entered Report, Recommendation and

Order No. 16 (R&R No. 16), granting the defendants’ motion for a more definite statement.

R&R No. 16 stated:

          Plaintiff, within twenty (20) days of this Order, shall file its amended
          complaint to comply with Rules 8, 9, and 11 and, at a minimum, shall plead as
          to each Defendant the specific drug(s) in issue, and if ascertainable, the
          allegedly fraudulent AWP(s) for each such drug, and the basis for alleging
          each such AWP was fraudulent.

¶8.       Rather than objecting to R&R Nos. 2 and 16, the State filed its first amended

complaint on October 5, 2006, alleging that Bayer had inflated its AWPs by at least 17%,

knowing that the State would rely on the inflated AWP to establish the reimbursement due

to drug providers. The State also listed in Exhibit A to the amended complaint thirty-one

drugs marketed and sold by Bayer that allegedly had given rise to the State’s causes of

action.

¶9.       Notwithstanding the State’s amended complaint, the chancery court adopted R&R No.

2 in its entirety on October 10, 2006, dismissing all of the State’s claims against Bayer. All

claims to post-settlement conduct regarding any drug marketed and sold by Bayer and all

claims related to presettlement conduct related to qui tam drugs were dismissed with

prejudice, and all claims stemming from presettlement causes of actions regarding drugs

other than qui tam drugs were dismissed without prejudice.




                                               5
¶10.   On November 13, 2007, Bayer moved to dismiss the amended complaint, contending

that, although the State had the right to refile a complaint for claims stemming from

presettlement conduct related to drugs other than the qui tam drugs, it had failed to plead

fraud with the particularity required by Rule 9(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.

Bayer alleged that the State’s amended complaint “merely list[ed] the names of several Bayer

drugs, along with a boilerplate allegation – made as to all defendants – that Bayer’s AWPs

were ‘at least 17%’ above the ‘true Average Wholesale Price in the marketplace,’” and that

the State’s “boilerplate allegations of fraud as to Bayer in the Amended Complaint do not

suffice to plead around the preclusive effect of Bayer’s 2001 Settlement or the Court’s prior

rulings dismissing the State’s claims.” Bayer also noted that, because the amended complaint

failed to include “specific allegation[s] of wrongdoing as to non-Qui Tam Drugs[,]” and

because there was no explanation in the amended complaint for why “the comprehensive

investigation previously made against Bayer that resulted in the settlement should have

included other drugs for the time prior to 2001[,]” dismissal pursuant to Rules 9(b) and

12(b)(6) was proper.

¶11.   On February 25, 2008, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., filed a motion for judgment on

the pleadings, pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c), on behalf of all

defendants in the action.       In response, the special masters entered Report and

Recommendation No. 33 (R&R No. 33) denying the motion by noting that the State’s

amended complaint had cured any specificity defects that had existed in the State’s original

complaint, and that additional specificity was not required.




                                              6
¶12.   Notwithstanding R&R No. 33, the special masters entered Report and

Recommendation No. 35 (R&R No. 35) on April 2, 2008, granting Bayer’s individual motion

to dismiss pursuant to Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6). The special

masters opined that, after R&R No. 2, the State’s only surviving causes of action were those

stemming from presettlement conduct related to non-qui tam drugs, and that, because the

State had failed to provide the special masters evidence that the comprehensive investigation

leading to the 2001 Settlement Agreement should have included drugs other than the qui tam

drugs, dismissal of those claims was proper.

¶13.   The court entered an order adopting R&R No. 35 in its entirety, dismissing all of the

State’s claims against Bayer. From this final order, the State filed a timely appeal.2

                                          ISSUES

¶14.   The issues presented by the parties are: (1) whether the trial court erred in granting

Bayer’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the State’s presettlement claims regarding non-qui

tam drugs, and (2) whether the trial court erred in finding that the 2001 Settlement

Agreement barred the State’s claim for damages related to presettlement claims regarding

non-qui tam drugs. The State couches its argument as follows:

       1.     The trial court erred in holding the State to a heightened pleading
              standard based on a previous settlement agreement which should not
              have been considered at the motion to dismiss stage.




       2
         Bayer was the sole remaining defendant in this action after the chancery court
transferred all other defendants to the Chancery Court of Rankin County; thus, the order
dismissing each of Bayer’s claims was a final and appealable order under Mississippi Rule
of Civil Procedure 54(b). M.R.C.P. 54(b).

                                               7
       2.     The trial court erred in finding the 2001 settlement agreement barred
              the State’s claims for drugs not subject to the release.

Bayer couches its argument as follows:

       1.     The State released any presettlement claims concerning the qui tam
              drugs as part of its 2001 Settlement Agreement with Bayer.

       2.     The State has no viable claims related to the post-settlement period for
              any Bayer products.

       3.     The first amended complaint alleges no viable claims as to the
              presettlement period for non-qui tam Drugs.

¶15.   This case turns on the propriety of the dismissal of the State’s complaint pursuant to

Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b) of the Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure; therefore this Court need

only address whether the State failed to plead fraud with the specificity required by Rule

9(b), and whether dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) was proper.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶16.   “In reviewing the grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the appellate

court conducts a de novo review.” Webb v. DeSoto County, 843 So. 2d 682, 684 (Miss.

2003) (citing Lowe v. Lowndes County Bldg. Inspection Dep’t, 760 So. 2d 711, 712 (Miss.

2000)).

                                         ANALYSIS

       (I) Whether the State failed to plead fraud with the specificity required by Rule 9(b)
of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure.

¶17.   Rule 9(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure sets forth the pleading

requirements when fraud is alleged. It reads, in relevant part, “[i]n all averments of fraud or

mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.”



                                               8
M.R.C.P. 9(b). If a plaintiff’s complaint does not comply with the particularity requirements

of Rule 9(b), “the complaint should not survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

under Rule 12(b)(6).” State Indus., Inc. v. Hodges, 919 So. 2d 943, 948 (Miss. 2006).

¶18.   In Allen v. Mac Tools, Inc., 671 So. 2d 636 (Miss. 1996), this Court expounded on

Rule 9(b), noting that “[f]raud will not be inferred or presumed and may not be charged in

general terms. The circumstances of the alleged fraud such as the time, place and contents

of any false representations or conduct must be stated.” Id. at 642 (quoting Brabham v.

Brabham, 483 So. 2d 341, 342 (Miss. 1986)). The Court in Mac Tools relied upon the

elements of fraud to determine whether the plaintiff’s complaint adequately pled fraud. Id.

These elements are:

       (1) a representation; (2) its falsity; (3) its materiality; (4) the speaker’s
       knowledge of its falsity or ignorance of its truth; (5) the speaker’s intent that
       the representation should be acted upon by the hearer and in the manner
       reasonably contemplated; (6) the hearer’s ignorance of its falsity; (7) the
       hearer’s reliance on the representation’s truth; (8) the hearer’s right to rely
       thereon; and (9) the hearer’s consequent and proximate injury.

Id. (citing Benson v. Hall, 339 So. 2d 570 (Miss. 1976); Edmonds v. Delta Democrat Publ’g

Co., 93 So. 2d 171 (Miss. 1957)).

¶19.   Applying this definition of fraud to the case at bar, the State’s amended complaint

alleges that Bayer “caused false Average Wholesale Prices for each of the listed

pharmaceuticals to enter the stream of commerce knowing that they would be used by

Mississippi as the principal means of estimating the acquisition cost of pharmaceuticals

dispensed to beneficiaries of the Medicaid program, causing Mississippi to overpay [Bayer’s]

customers.” This allegation alone asserts a knowing, material, and false representation by



                                               9
Bayer with the purpose of deceiving the State, and that the State’s reliance on Bayer’s

representation proximately caused the State’s injury. Yet, the State went further to say in the

amended complaint that:

       Each defendant reported directly, or caused to be reported AWPs for their
       products on a periodic and continuing basis for publication and dissemination
       to Mississippi. Each defendant [which includes the Bayer defendants] knew
       that the AWP information which they provided and caused to be reported was
       false. Each defendant misrepresented the pricing information with the intent
       of inducing Mississippi to rely on the false information in reimbursing its
       customers, the Medicaid providers.         Mississippi’s Medicaid program
       reasonably relied on the false Average Wholesale Prices to reimburse the
       providers. Each defendant’s misrepresentation are [sic] continuing, as they
       regularly and periodically continue to issue, cause to be issued, and maintain,
       false and inflated Average Wholesale Prices for publication by the industry
       reporting services. As a result of each defendant’s fraudulent conduct, the
       State has been damaged by overpaying for each defendant’s pharmaceutical
       products listed in the attached Exhibit A.

¶20.   The State’s amended complaint meets the specificity requirements of Rule 9(b), and

Bayer does not dispute that without the settlement agreement, the amended complaint would

have been pled sufficiently against the named Bayer defendants, as it was for each and all

of the other defendants. The question, then, is whether the trial court erred in considering

the 2001 Settlement Agreement between the State and Bayer when ruling on Bayer’s Rule

12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

       (II) Whether dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) was proper.

¶21.   “When considering a motion to dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must be taken

as true and the motion should not be granted unless it appears beyond reasonable doubt that

the plaintiff will be unable to prove any set of facts in support of her claim.” Howard v.

Estate of Harper ex rel. Harper, 947 So. 2d 854, 856 (Miss. 2006) (citing Liggans v.



                                              10
Coahoma Sheriff’s Dep’t, 823 So. 2d 1152, 1154 (Miss. 2002)). “This Court must find that

there is no set of facts that would entitle a defendant to relief under the law in order to affirm

an order granting the dismissal of a claim on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Wilbourn v. Equitable

Life Assurance Soc., 998 So. 2d 430, 435 (Miss. 2008) (citing Lowe v. Lowndes County

Bldg. Inspection Dep’t, 760 So. 2d 711, 713 (Miss. 2000)). A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint, and an inquiry as to the legal sufficiency

is “essentially limited to the content of the complaint.” T.M. v. Noblitt, 650 So. 2d 1340,

1345-46 (Miss. 1995) (quoting Jackson v. Procunier, 789 So. 2d 307, 309 (5th Cir. 1986)).

This Court has gone further, holding that Rule 12(b)(6) motions “are decided on the face of

the pleadings alone.” Hartford Cas. Ins., Co. v. Halliburton Co., 826 So. 2d 1206, 1211

(Miss. 2001). Moreover, Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) provides in part:

       If, on a motion to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon
       which relief can be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and
       not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary
       judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given
       reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion
       by Rule 56[.]

M.R.C.P. 12(b)(7).

¶22.   Notwithstanding this Court’s longstanding application of Rule 12(b), Bayer relies on

Sennett v. United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, 757 So. 2d 206 (Miss. 2000),

asserting that a trial court may consider matters outside the pleadings when ruling on a Rule

12(b)(6) motion. In Sennett, the core issue was whether the trial court had erred in granting

a dismissal pursuant to the defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion after considering an insurance

policy that was attached to the defendant’s motion. Id. at 209. This Court joined the ranks



                                               11
of several federal courts of appeal in holding that, in rare circumstances, a trial court may

consider documents attached to a defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss without

converting the motion to dismiss to a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, as long as the

“plaintiff has actual notice of all of the information in the movant’s papers and has relied

upon these documents in framing the complaint.” Id. (quoting Cortec Indus. v. Sum Holding

L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991)). The Court noted that a primary purpose for limiting

the review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to the face of the complaint is that considering matters

outside the pleadings might deprive the plaintiffs of adequate notice of an affirmative

defense, and that if a plaintiff relies upon the extrinsic documents in framing his or her

complaint, the concern for adequate notice is “largely dissipated.” Id.

¶23.   Ultimately, the Court held that, because the third-party complaint was “central and

necessary to the Plaintiff’s cause of action,” and because the terms of the policy were “clear,

plain, and unambiguous,” the trial court did not err in considering it when ruling on the Rule

12(b)(6) motion without converting the motion to a motion for summary judgment. Id. at

211.

¶24.   However, rather than adhering to the reasoning in Sennett, this Court has affirmed its

allegiance to the rule limiting review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to the face of the complaint.

In Wilbourn, 998 So. 2d 430 (Miss. 2008), the trial judge granted the defendant’s Rule

12(b)(6) motion after considering the effect of a whole-life insurance policy on the plaintiff’s

complaint. Upon review, this Court held that Rule 12(b) expressly notes that when “matters

outside the pleading are presented . . . the motion shall be treated as one for summary

judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56.” Id. (quoting M.R.C.P. 12(b)). The Court

                                              12
ultimately vacated the order of dismissal, noting that the trial judge had erred in considering

matters outside the pleadings without converting the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56

motion for summary judgment and failing to give the nonmovant, at minimum, ten days’

notice of a hearing for summary judgment. Id. at 436. Similarly, in Sullivan v. Tullos, 19

So. 3d 1271 (Miss. 2009), this Court held that failure to give a party ten days’ notice after

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion has been converted into a Rule 56 motion will result in a reversal of

the judgment by this Court. Id. at 1276.

¶25.   Here, as in Wilbourn and Tullos, the trial court considered matters outside the

pleadings when it took into account the 2001 Settlement Agreement. Having done so, the

trial court was required to convert Bayer’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56 motion for

summary judgment. The record shows that the trial court failed to do so, depriving the State

of actual notice of its intent to rule on the matter as a motion for summary judgment. This

Court’s recent interpretation of Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 9(b) in Wilbourn and Tullos and a

plain reading of Rule 12(b) establish this as error.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶26.   The trial court’s dismissal of the State’s claims regarding presettlement non-qui tam

drugs is reversed, and this case is remanded to the Chancery Court of the First Judicial

District of Hinds County for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶27.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

     CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., RANDOLPH, LAMAR, CHANDLER AND
PIERCE JJ., CONCUR. WALLER, C.J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN RESULT
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY DICKINSON, J.

       WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND IN RESULT:

                                              13
¶28.   I agree with the majority that the State’s amended complaint satisfies the specificity

requirements of Rule 9(b). I also agree that the trial court erred by not converting Bayer’s

Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss into a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, but for

different reasons. Conversion to summary judgment is not required every time a trial court

considers documents attached to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Sennett v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.

[“USF&G”], 757 So. 2d 206 (Miss. 2000). In my view, Sennett is good law if the facts

warrant. They do not here, however, because the trial court considered matters outside of

both the pleadings and the attached documents—namely, the presettlement investigation. I

would reverse and remand on those grounds; and therefore, I concur in part and in result.

¶29.   In Sennett, this Court recognized an exception to the general rule that a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion must be converted into a Rule 56 motion if the trial court considers matters outside

the pleadings. Sennett, 757 So. 2d at 209-10. In that case, the Sennetts’ complaint alleged

that USF&G and Fidelity were obligated under the terms of “an insurance policy” to defend

or indemnify the Sennetts against a wrongful-death suit. Id. at 208. USF&G and Fidelity

filed a motion to dismiss and attached copies of two insurance policies to their motion. Id.

The trial court considered the pleadings and the terms of the two policies in dismissing

USF&G and Fidelity. Id. at 209. We held that conversion to summary judgment was

unnecessary because: (1) the Sennetts’ complaint referred to the policies; (2) the policies

were central and necessary to their cause of action; and (3) USF&G and Fidelity attached the

entire policies to their motion to dismiss. Id. at 210 (quoting Sheppard v. Texas Dep’t of

Transp., 158 F.R.D. 592, 596 (E.D. Tex. 1994)).



                                             14
¶30.   Although the majority frames Sennett as an aberration within our longstanding

jurisprudence, it is sound law where the facts warrant. The necessity of converting a Rule

12(b)(6) motion to a Rule 56 motion dissipates where a plaintiff has adequate, actual notice

of all the information in the movant’s papers and relies on that information in framing the

complaint. Sennett, 757 So. 2d at 210 (citing Cortec Indus. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d

42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991)). Sennett’s exception also is compatible with our rules of civil

procedure. Rule 10(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure states that “[a] copy of any

written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.” Miss.

R. Civ. P. 10(c). The federal counterpart to Mississippi’s Rule 10(c) is the basis for a bevy

of federal courts 3 allowing consideration of documents attached to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

5A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil 3d § 1327,

at 443-44 (2004).

¶31.   Admittedly, as pointed out by the majority, our recent decisions in Sullivan v. Tullos,

19 So. 3d 1271 (Miss. 2009), and Willbourn v. Equitable Life Assurance Society, 998 So.

2d 430 (Miss. 2008), indicate that conversion to summary judgment is necessary where

matters outside the pleading are considered. Yet, neither of those cases discussed Sennett

or its implications. Sullivan, 19 So. 3d 1271; Willbourn, 998 So. 2d 430.

¶32.   Sennett’s exception would apply in this case but for one important distinction. The

State’s amended complaint referred to the 2001 Settlement Agreement. That Settlement

Agreement was central and necessary to the State’s cause of action because it controlled


       3
         Sennett, 757 So. 2d at 209 n.1; see also 5A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R.
Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil 3d § 1327, at 443-47 (2004).

                                              15
which claims were actionable. Furthermore, Bayer attached the 2001 Settlement Agreement

to its motion to dismiss. Had the trial court considered only the pleadings and the attached

documents, which included the 2001 Settlement Agreement, conversion to summary

judgment would not have been required. See Sennett, 757 So. 2d at 209-10. But here, unlike

Sennett, the trial court looked beyond the face of the pleadings and the attached documents

by considering facts surrounding the presettlement investigation. See id. at 209.

¶33.   As explained below, the comprehensiveness of the presettlement investigation formed

the central basis for the trial court’s dismissal. In its Report, Recommendation and Order No.

2, the trial court stated it “trusted” that the presettlement investigation encompassed qui tam

and non-qui tam drugs alike. It thus required the State to plead around that investigation in

any later complaint. The State had to show that the investigation leading up to the 2001

Settlement Agreement was inadequate.

       [T]he [2001] settlement was preceded by a broad based investigation of Bayer
       led by the federal government and joined by 47 states. Had concerns arisen
       about price reporting on products other than the six Qui Tam Drugs, we trust
       that those concerns would have been addressed in the course of the
       investigation and settlement. In any event, absent any specific allegation of
       wrongdoing as to Non-Qui Tam Drugs, we find no basis for the State’s claims
       relating to the pre-settlement period to proceed at this point. If at a later date
       the State has evidence the comprehensive investigation previously made
       against Bayer that resulted in the settlement should have included other drugs
       for the time prior to 2001, the State may bring a new action at that time.

(Emphasis added.)

¶34.   In response to Report, Recommendation and Order No. 2, the State filed its first

amended complaint, in which it attempted to distinguish the earlier, presettlement

investigation. It alleged that particular investigation had “focused upon products and



                                              16
practices where spread and spread marketing techniques were more extreme or flagrant . .

. .” The State contended that the subject suit is broader: It attacks an “industry practice” of

introducing an Average Wholesale Price inflated by a minimum of seventeen percent.

¶35.   The trial court found that the State had failed to state a claim for which relief could

be granted. It maintained that “it is logical to assume” that concerns about non-qui tam drugs

would have been addressed in the course of the presettlement investigation. Consequently,

it dismissed the case, concluding that the State had failed to make any specific allegation that

the settlement and investigation leading up to it were inadequate.

¶36.   The comprehensiveness of the presettlement investigation is a question of fact that is

not apparent from the pleadings or the attached documentation. The trial court simply

assumed its own facts about that investigation and required the State to plead around those

assumptions. More importantly, the presettlement investigation ultimately is immaterial to

whether the State has asserted a legally recognizable claim for relief.           Even if the

presettlement investigation encompassed every drug manufactured by Bayer, that alone

would not bar a subsequent claim. The 2001 Settlement Agreement is the only document that

precludes any later claims, and it releases only those claims concerning qui tam drugs. The

presettlement investigation had no bearing at the 12(b)(6) stage.

¶37.   The trial court’s consideration of the presettlement investigation necessitated

conversion to summary judgment. I would reverse and remand on those grounds.

       DICKINSON, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.




                                              17
