                                                                            FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAY 15 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   16-10520

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 3:13-cr-00108-MMD-VPC-1
 v.

VAN MCDUFFY, AKA Van McDuffie,                   MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                     Miranda M. Du, District Judge, Presiding

                          Submitted February 15, 2018**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: BEA and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and NYE,*** District Judge.

      Van McDuffy appeals his convictions for armed bank robbery resulting in

death under 18 U.S.C. § 2113 and murder with a firearm in the course of a crime of

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
              The Honorable David C. Nye, United States District Judge for the
District of Idaho, sitting by designation.
violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291 and we affirm.

       1. The district court did not err in instructing the jury that “malice

aforethought” includes knowingly and wilfully committing a felony. “[I]n modern

criminal law, malice aforethought covers four different kinds of mental states: (1)

intent to kill; (2) intent to do serious bodily injury; (3) depraved heart (i.e., reckless

indifference); and (4) intent to commit a felony.” United States v. Pineda-Doval,

614 F.3d 1019, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010) (emphasis added). Consequently, in regard to

felony murder in 18 U.S.C § 1111, “the Government need only prove the intent to

commit the felony, not the intent to inflict the injury.” United States v. Miguel, 338

F.3d 995, 1006 (9th Cir. 2003); see Dean v. United States, 556 U.S. 568, 575 (“The

felony-murder rule is a familiar example: If a defendant commits an unintended

homicide while committing another felony, the defendant can be convicted of

murder. See 18 U.S.C. § 1111.”). “General intent . . . [is] knowledge with respect

to the actus reus of the crime.” Carter v. United States, 530 U.S. 255, 269–70.

Thus, the district court did not err in instructing the jury that “malice aforethought”

includes wilfully and knowingly committing bank robbery.

       2. The district court did not err in determining that McDuffy’s bank robbery

qualified as a crime of violence for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3). The district


                                            2
court instructed the jury to find McDuffy guilty of violating § 2113(a) only if he

“took money belonging to . . . Bank of America, using force and violence, or

intimidation.” As we recently held, “bank robbery ‘by force and violence, or by

intimidation’ is a crime of violence” as that term is used in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3).

United States v. Watson, 881 F.3d 782, 786 (9th Cir. 2018).

      AFFIRMED.




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