
537 F.Supp.2d 823 (2008)
Lela M. McNAIR, Plaintiff
v.
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, Defendant.
Civil Action No. 3:05-CV-1889-B (BH).
United States District Court, N.D. Texas, Dallas Division.
March 6, 2008.
*824 Elizabeth B. Dunlap, Law Office of Elizabeth B. Dunlap, Dallas, TX, for Plaintiff.
Stephen P. Fahey, US Attorney's Office, Dallas, TX, for Defendant.


*825 ORDER ACCEPTING FINDINGS. AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

JANE J. BOYLE, District Judge.
After reviewing all relevant matters of record in this case, including the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation of the United States Magistrate Judge and any objections thereto, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the undersigned District Judge is of the opinion that the Findings and Conclusions of the Magistrate Judge are correct and they are accepted as the Findings and Conclusions of the Court.

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
IRMA CARRILLO RAMIREZ, United States Magistrate Judge.
Pursuant to the provisions of Title 28, United States Code, § 636(b)(1)(B), and the District Court's Order of Reference, filed September 27, 2005, this matter has been referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge for report and recommendation. Before the Court are Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment, filed May 30, 2006; Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment, filed July 24, 2006; and Plaintiffs Reply Brief filed September 12, 2006. Having reviewed the evidence of the parties in connection with the pleadings, the Court recommends that Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment be GRANTED and that Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be DENIED. The Court recommends that the Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be REVERSED and the case be REMANDED for reconsideration of Plaintiffs claim for Disability Insurance Benefits. The Court recommends that the Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be AFFIRMED on Plaintiffs claim for Supplemental Security Income.

I. BACKGROUND[1]

A. Procedural History
Lela M. McNair ("Plaintiff') seeks judicial review of a final decision by the Commissioner of Social Security ("Commissioner") denying her claim for Disability Insurance Benefits under Title II and for Supplemental Security Income under Title XVI of the Social Security Act. On March 12, 2003, Plaintiff made an oral inquiry for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income; her application for both was submitted on April 10, 2003. (Tr. at 103-06, 506-08.) Plaintiff claimed she was disabled due to chronic pain from degenerative bone disease, a dislocated disc, a hearing problem, seizures, and heart valve disease. (Tr. at 112). Notes from the Commissioner also indicate that Plaintiff alleged disability due to a severed nerve and severe anxiety. (Tr. at 103, 506). Plaintiffs application was denied initially and upon reconsideration. (Tr. at 58, 69). Plaintiff timely requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"). (Tr. at 73). A hearing, at which Plaintiff personally appeared and testified, was held on January 25, 2005. (Tr. at 26-55). On April 21, 2005, the ALJ issued his decision finding Plaintiff not disabled. (Tr. at 10-24.) The Appeals Council denied Plaintiffs request for review, concluding that the contentions raised in Plaintiffs request for review did not provide a basis for changing the ALJ's decision. (Tr. at 5-8). Thus, the ALJ's decision became the final decision of the Commissioner. (Tr. at 5). Plaintiff *826 timely appealed the Commissioner's decision to the United States District Court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 405(g) on September 23, 2005.

B. Factual History

1. Age, Education, and Work Experience
Plaintiff was born on September 26, 1948. (Tr. at 104). At the time of the hearing before the ALJ, she was 56 years old. (Tr. at 30). She completed the 10th grade and possesses a high school equivalency degree (GED). Id. Her past relevant work experience includes self-employment operating a gift and antique store. (Tr. at 52, 113). Plaintiff last worked in August 1996. (Tr. at 113).

2. Medical Evidence
Plaintiff has a complex and voluminous medical history. She suffers from chronic pain and has been under the care of Dr. Jose Newman, M.D., since at least November 28, 1994. (See Tr. at 193). She saw Dr. Newman more than 200 times in the next eight and a half years; however, his treatment notes never give a specific diagnosis of Plaintiffs ailments. (See Tr. at 157-193).[2] Instead, each entry by Dr. Newman prescribed or refilled a prescription medication. (See Tr. at 157-193). Dr. Newman occasionally refused to refill Plaintiffs prescriptions, (see e.g. Tr. at 172, 173, 188), and on June 6, 1998, he noted that Plaintiff was "quite happy" when he told her that the cough syrup he prescribed had codeine in it. (Tr. at 175). Over the course of several years, Plaintiff became addicted to various prescription medications.[3] (Pl. Br. at 4; see Tr. at 283-86, 325, 492-505).
Two other medical records provide more insight into Plaintiffs specific symptoms of chronic pain. The first record dates from August 6, 1996, when Plaintiff was admitted to the emergency room at Methodist Hospital of Dallas after suffering a seizure at home. (Tr. at 385). Dr. Thomas Mitchell, M.D., noted that Plaintiff had a history of chronic back and leg pain for which she received treatment at a pain management clinic in Dallas. Id. Dr. Mitchell determined that Plaintiffs seizures were of unknown etiology, but he suspected that the seizures were related to the abrupt discontinuation of her pain management drug regimen one week prior to her admission at Methodist. (Tr. at 385, 390). Plaintiff told Dr. Mitchell that her pain management specialist ordered her to discontinue her medication, but the treatment notes from Dr. Newman during the month prior to her admission do not include such an order. (Tr. at 385; see Tr. at 183-84). When Dr. Mitchell discharged Plaintiff on August 9, 1996, he diagnosed Plaintiff with: (1) seizures  probable medication withdrawal; (2) chronic low back pain; (3) lumbar disc syndrome; (4) migraine syndrome; and (5) rhabdomyolysis[4] due to seizures, resolved. (Tr. at 385).
*827 The second record is dated February 5, 1999. (Tr. at 283-292). Dr. Mitchell referred Plaintiff to the practice of Dr. Richard Vera, M.D., on a complaint of pain in the back and legs. (Tr. at 292). Dr. Vera's consultation notes state that Plaintiff has a "history of chronic intractable pain for many years ... [she] has chronic migraine headaches, low back pain, neck pain, and herniated nucleus pulposus."[5] (Tr. at 283). Dr. Vera noted that Plaintiff "has been seen by several physicians, including pain management physicians, and has been through various pain management programs." Id. Dr. Vera's practice is an outpatient program that focuses on teaching patients how to address their pain. (Tr. at 284). Plaintiff was in search of a comprehensive inpatient pain management program that would provide her with lorazepam and Stadol, two of the prescription medications to which she had become addicted. (Tr. at 283-84). Plaintiff ultimately decided that she was not interested in Dr. Vera's practice and decided to look elsewhere. (Tr. at 284).
Over a period of approximately three months in late 1999, Plaintiff sought treatment for her addiction to prescription medications from Dr. Thomas Lucas, M.D., at Charter Haven Behavioral Health System in Desoto, Texas. (Tr. at 492-505). Plaintiffs treatment by Dr. Lucas was partially successful. On December 16, 1999, Dr. Lucas noted that Plaintiff continued to have difficulty with depression and anxiety and that she was experiencing marital difficulties. (Tr. at 496). She was discharged on December 22, 1999, and directed to follow up with outpatient therapy. Id. On discharge, her medications consisted of Oxycontin, Lortab, Neurontin, Phenargan, Lorazepam, Soma, and Stadol nasal spray; all of the addictive medications were prescribed at reduced dosages from prior to her admission. (Tr. at 496; see Tr. at 283, 286).
On May 9, 2003, Dr. Lucas completed a mental status report at the request of the Texas Rehabilitation Commission. (Tr. at 194-96). Dr. Lucas noted that as of the date of his last examination of Plaintiff, on April 21, 2003, Plaintiffs diagnosis consisted of chronic pain and situational anxiety. (Tr. at 195A). He noted that Plaintiffs mood and affect were expected for her levels of chronic pain and that she was moderately impaired in her ability to relate, to others or sustain work. (Tr. at 195-195A). Otherwise, Plaintiffs appearance, content of thought, thought process, memory, attention and concentration, and insight and judgment were all "intact." Id.
On June 22, 2003, Plaintiff was taken to Methodist Hospital of Dallas after crashing her car into a curb while in an altered mental state. (Tr. at 323). The emergency room physician noted that Plaintiff appeared very intoxicated and that her speech was slurred. Id. After" Plaintiff sobered appropriately, she was diagnosed with polysubstance abuse and discharged that evening. (Tr. at 324-25).
The next day, on June 23, 2003, Dr. Kenneth Wright, M.D., performed a consultative examination at the behest of the Texas Rehabilitation Commission. (Tr. at 148-55). Plaintiffs chief complaints were damaged nerves, hearing problems, and seizures. (Tr. at 148). Dr. Wright noted that Plaintiffs mood was depressed and that she was moderately agitated but alert, oriented, and appropriate. (Tr. at 149). He further noted that although Plaintiff *828 had some difficulties with balance, she was able to get on and off the examination table without difficulty. (Tr. at 150). Plaintiffs lower extremity strength was not tested due to complaints of pain, but Plaintiff arose from the chair without difficulty and was able to stand on her toes and heels. Id. Plaintiff exhibited limited flexion-extension and limited lateral flexion of the lumbar spine. (Tr. at 154). She also exhibited limited lateral flexion, flexion-extension, and rotation of the cervical spine. Id. Dr. Mitchell's clinical impression of Plaintiffs complaints of damaged nerves was consistent with chronic disc disease and possible sciatica. (Tr. at 150). He noted that Plaintiff exhibited diffuse hyperalgesia (excessive sensitivity to pain) that was probably associated with chronic depression. Id. Dr. Mitchell did not specifically test Plaintiffs auditory acuity but noted that she had no difficulty understanding normal conversation tones throughout the examination. (Tr. at 150-51). As for Plaintiffs seizures, Dr. Mitchell stated that her seizures were most certainly due to abrupt withdrawal from valium-like drugs. (Tr. at 151). Although subsequent episodes had never been observed by others, he could not exclude the possibility of seizures. Id. An x-ray of Plaintiffs lumbrosacral spine that same day showed a decrease in L5-S1 disc space but normal disc space otherwise. (Tr. at 152).
On July 23, 2003, Dr. Randal Reid, M.D., a non-examining state agency medical consultant ("SAMC") reviewed Plaintiffs medical records and conducted a physical residual functional capacity ("RFC") assessment. (Tr. at 293-300). Dr. Reid diagnosed Plaintiff with chronic disc disease. He found that Plaintiff could lift 50 pounds occasionally and 25 pounds frequently. (Tr. at 294). He also found that Plaintiff could stand, walk, or both for 6 hours in an 8-hour work day and that she could sit for 6 hours in an 8-hour work day. Id. Dr. Reid noted that Plaintiff had decreased disc space in the L5-S1 region and a mildly limited range of motion in the lumbar spine. (Tr. at 295). Plaintiff had no postural, manipulative, visual, communicative, or environmental limitations. (Tr. at 295-98). Dr. Reid also noted that Plaintiffs "alleged limitations far exceed the objective findings and are therefore not considered credible." (Tr. at 298).
Also on July 23, 2003, Dr. Stephanie Judice, M.D., a SAMC, conducted a psychiatric review of Plaintiffs medical records. Dr. Judice determined that Plaintiff suffered from situational anxiety, which was classified under Listing 12.06. (Tr. at 301, 306). However, Dr. Judice determined that this impairment was not severe since it imposed no degree of limitation on Plaintiffs daily activities or ability to function. (Tr. at 301, 311).
The Texas Rehabilitative Commission referred Plaintiff to Dr. Jeffrey Siegel, Ph.D., a forensic and clinical psychologist, for a psychodiagnostic evaluation on June 10, 2004. (Tr. at 405-412). Dr. Siegel described Plaintiffs mood during his evaluation as agitated and depressed; he described her affect as anxious, angry, and consistent with an agitated form of depression. (Tr. at 407). He noted that Plaintiffs concentration and persistence during the evaluation fluctuated and that her pace was generally slow. (Tr. at 408). Dr. Siegel diagnosed Plaintiff with a major depressive disorder, recurrent, severe without psychotic features; provisional personality disorder; and a global assessment of functioning ("GAF") score of 40. (Tr. 409).
Dr. Siegel also completed a mental medical source statement of Plaintiffs ability to do work-related activities. (Tr. at 410-412). He noted that Plaintiffs depression and agitation impaired her ability to understand, remember, and carry out instructions. *829 (Tr. at 410). Specifically, she had a "marked limitation" in the ability to understand and remember short, simple instructions; carry out short and simple instructions; understand and remember detailed instructions; and make judgments on simple work-related decisions. Id. The limitation on her ability to carry out detailed instructions was "extreme." Id. Plaintiffs ability to respond appropriately to supervision, co-workers, and work pressures likewise was affected by her depression and agitation. (Tr. at 411). Dr. Siegel classified Plaintiffs limitation on her ability to interact appropriately with the public as "marked"; the limitation on her ability to interact appropriately with supervisors and co-workers was "marked to extreme"; the limitations on her ability to respond appropriately to work pressures and routine changes in a usual setting were "extreme." Id. Dr. Siegel did not list substance abuse among Plaintiffs impairments; he therefore did not respond to a question asking him to determine how an impairment from alcohol or substance abuse contributed to Plaintiffs limitations. (See id.).

3. Hearing Testimony
A hearing was held before the ALJ on January 25, 2005. (Tr. at 26). Plaintiff appeared personally and was represented by an attorney. (Tr. at 28). A medical expert ("ME") and vocational expert ("VE") also testified at the hearing. (Tr. at 26).

a. Plaintiff's Testimony
Under examination by her attorney, Plaintiff testified that she was 56 years old on the date of the hearing, that she completed the tenth grade, and that she held a GED. (Tr. at 30). Plaintiff testified that she was divorced and lived alone in an apartment. (Tr. at 31). She said that she was unable to drive herself and had someone bring her to the hearing. Id.
Plaintiff testified that she was self-employed as a sales representative from 1982 until she was involved in a motor vehicle accident sometime in 1996. (Tr. at 32-33). She last worked in 1996. (Tr. at 32). The exact nature of her work as a sales representative was never discussed in detail; she apparently sold gift items and antiques from her home and at shows, although she also testified that at one point she had an antique store. (See Tr. at 32-33, 37-38). Prior to her accident in 1996, Plaintiff testified that she managed sales representatives, directed the set up of shows, coordinated larger accounts, and acted as a general sales representative. (Tr. at 32). The physical demands of her work varied; at times she had to lift 25 to 30 pounds during the course of the day but she would also go for several months without having to lift anything. (Tr. at 33). Her work day ranged from four to eighteen hours; much of this time was spent sitting down and on the phone. (Tr. at 33-34).
Plaintiff testified that she stopped working after her accident because she "couldn't be in the car alone ... they couldn't fix the disk problems I had." (Tr. at 34). She stated that she was in enormous pain and went to a pain clinic for two years. Id. Plaintiff said she was able to do very little and could only "help out by calling a few people on the phone and telling them to buy something." (Tr. at 32). Plaintiff testified that it was difficult for her to sit and that she had to get up and move around a lot. (Tr. at 34). Plaintiff said she had pain in all of her back, through her pelvis, and in both legs. (Tr. at 34-35). Her medication alleviated her pain, although it also caused anxiety and nausea. (Tr. at 35-36).
On a typical day, Plaintiff said she got three to four hours of sleep if she was lucky. (Tr. at 36). She walked around her a apartment a lot. Id. Her daughter *830 or someone else shopped for groceries. Id. Plaintiff said she did not houseclean but tried to keep her apartment as clean as she possibly could because it was new. (Tr. at 36-37). She received food stamps and had no source of income except a priest who worked with abandoned children. (Tr. at 37).
Plaintiff testified that she had been on some of her pain medications since 1990 and on all of them since 1996. (Tr. at 48).

b. Medical Expert Testimony
Once Plaintiff completed her testimony, the ALJ heard from Dr. Hellmut Tauber, M.D., who served as the ME for the administrative hearing. (Tr. at 38). The ME testified that the earliest medical records dated from 1999 and that he did not have any basis to form an opinion on what Plaintiff's impairments were as of the date she was last insured in December 1997. (Tr. at 40).
The ME testified that Plaintiffs diagnosis as of March 12, 2003, was chronic pain syndrome, anxiety, depression, degenerative disc disease, back pain, and shoulder pain. (Tr. at 40). The ME said Plaintiff s situation was extremely complicated because 4 her overuse of prescription medications. (Tr. at 40-41). The ME said that Plaintiffs polysubstance abuse caused a number of difficulties, such as intoxication, falls, drug-induced constipation, motor vehicle accidents, and psychiatric problems. (Tr. at 41). The ME testified that Plaintiffs chronic pain syndrome was complicated by repeatedly overdosing herself and failing to participate in addiction therapy, such as narcotics anonymous and alcoholics anonymous. Id. The ME also testified that without the superimposed drug addiction, he believed that Plaintiff could perform light work and that she had a good range of intelligence. (Tr. at 42).
The ME testified that when Plaintiff abused substances, her depressive disorder met or equaled Listing 12.04. (Tr. at 42-43). Plaintiffs mental disorder also aligned with several elements of Listing 12.08. (Tr. at 44). The ME testified that when Plaintiff overused pain medication, the degree of restriction on her daily activities was marked. (Tr. at 45). When not overusing pain medication, the restrictions on daily activities, social functioning, and concentration were all mild. Id. Her judgment and ability to deal with work stresses were moderately limited. (Tr. at 46). Her ability to understand, remember, and carry out complex job instructions was mildly limited, as was her ability to maintain her personal appearance. (Tr. at 47).
Under examination by Plaintiffs attorney, the ME testified that he believed Plaintiff would be able to function without her medications because her background and medical records show that she previously functioned at a superior level, and that she participated fully in group therapy at Charter Haven in October of 1999. (Tr. at 48-49).

c. Vocational Expert Testimony
The ALJ next heard testimony from Ms. Susan Brooks, the VE for the administrative hearing. Ms. Brooks testified that Plaintiffs past work operating a gift and antique store and work as a sales representative could both be classified as a gift shop clerk, which is listed in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ("DOT") as code 260.357-026. (Tr. at 53). Work as a gift shop clerk is classified as light, semiskilled, and has a specific vocational preparation ("SVP") of 4. Id. In her position as a gift shop clerk, the VE testified that Plaintiff acquired the transferrable skills of sale knowledge and machinery. Id.
The ALJ then asked the VE to assume that the claimant could perform light work, which was defined as lift or carry (or both) 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently, *831 but that she had a moderately limited ability to use judgment and deal with work stresses, to behave in an emotionally stable manner, to relate predictably in work situations, and to further assume that claimant had a mildly limited ability to understand, remember, and carry out complex job instructions and to maintain personal appearance. Id. The ALJ asked whether Plaintiff could perform her past work as a gift shop clerk, and the VE said that she could. Id.
Under examination by Plaintiffs attorney, the VE testified that if Plaintiff were to work for someone else, the absentee tolerance was typically two days per month. (Tr. at 54).

C. ALJ's Findings
The ALJ denied Plaintiffs application for benefits by written opinion issued on April 21, 2005. (Tr. at 10-24). The ALJ found that Plaintiff met the insured status requirements of section 223(c) of the Social Security Act on August 15, 1996, the date of her alleged disability; she continued to meet the insured status requirements through December 31, 1997, but not thereafter. (Tr. at 22, ¶¶ 1, 2). The ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since the alleged onset of disability, August 15, 1996. (Tr. at 22, ¶ 3).
The ALJ noted that Plaintiff had a complex medical history with numerous surgeries. (Tr. 15). He found that as of December 31, 1997, Plaintiff suffered from menopause, tension headaches, and a bladder infection, but that these ailments did not constitute an impairment or combination of impairments which affected her ability to perform work-related activities. (Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 4, 5). Consequently, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not eligible for Disability Insurance Benefits as of December 31, 1997, the last day on which she was insured. (Tr. at 23, ¶ 6).
The ALJ found that as of March 12, 2003, Plaintiffs severe impairments consisted of degenerative disc disease, depressive disorder, personality disorder, somatoform disorder, and substance abuse disorder. (Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 17, 8). The ALJ further found that when Plaintiff abused substances that affected the central nervous system, she was disabled because her depressive disorder met the requirements of Listing 12.04, her personality disorder met the requirements of Listing 12.06, and her somatoform disorder met the requirements of Listing 12.07. (Tr. at 23, ¶ 9, 10). However, he also found that Plaintiffs substance abuse addiction was material to the finding of disability; when she was not abusing substances that affected the central nervous system, her mental disorders did not meet or equal any of the listings. (Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 10, 11). The ALJ further found that Plaintiffs degenerative disc disease did not meet or equal the requirements of Listing 12.04. (Tr. at 23, ¶ 12).
The ALJ found that Plaintiff had the following residual functional capacity ("RFC") to lift or carry (or both) 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; stand or walk (or both) for a total of 6 hours in an 8-hour work day; sit for a total of 6 hours in an 8-hour work day; with moderate limitations use judgment, deal with work stresses, behave in an emotionally stable manner, and relate predictably in social situations; and with mild limitations to understand, remember, and carry out complex job instructions and maintain personal appearance. (Tr. at 24, ¶ 14). The ALJ found that Plaintiff had the RFC to perform less than the full range of light work. Id. The ALJ further found that Plaintiff could perform her past relevant work as a gift shop clerk, a light, semiskilled position. (Tr. at 24, ¶¶ 16, 17). As a result, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled as defined by the Social *832 Security Act and thus not entitled to Supplemental Security Income. (Tr. at 24, ¶ 18).

II. ANALYSIS

A. Legal Standards

1. Standard of Review
Judicial review of the Commissioner's denial of benefits is limited to whether the Commissioner's position is supported by substantial evidence and whether the Commissioner applied proper legal standards in evaluating the evidence. Greenspan v. Shalala, 38 F.3d 232, 236 (5th Cir.1994); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), 1383(C)(3). Substantial evidence is defined as more than a scintilla, less than a preponderance, and as being such relevant and sufficient evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Leggett v. Chater, 67 F.3d 558, 564 (5th Cir.1995). In applying the substantial evidence standard, the reviewing court does not reweigh the evidence, retry the issues, or substitute its own judgment, but rather, scrutinizes the record to determine whether substantial evidence is present. Greenspan, 38 F.3d at 236. A finding of no substantial evidence is appropriate only if there is a conspicuous absence of credible evidentiary choices or contrary medical findings to support the Commissioner's decision. Johnson v. Bowen, 864 F.2d 340, 343-44 (5th Cir. 1988).
The scope of judicial review of a decision under the supplemental security income program is identical to that of a decision under the social security disability program. Davis v. Heckler, 759 F.2d 432, 435 (5th Cir.1985). Moreover, the relevant law and regulations governing the determination of disability under a claim for disability insurance benefits are identical to those governing the determination under a claim for supplemental security income. See id. Thus, the Court may rely on decisions in both areas without distinction in reviewing an ALJ's decision. See id.

2. Disability Determination
To be entitled to social security benefits, a claimant must prove that he or she is disabled as defined by the Social Security Act. Leggett, 67 F.3d at 563-64; Abshire v. Bowen, 848 F.2d 638, 640 (5th Cir.1988). The definition of disability under the Social Security Act is "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A); Anthony v. Sullivan, 954 F.2d 289, 292 (5th Cir.1992).
The Commissioner utilizes a sequential five-step analysis to determine whether a claimant is disabled:
1. An individual who is working and engaging in substantial gainful activity will not be found disabled regardless of medical findings.
2. An individual who does not have a "severe impairment" will not be found to be disabled.
3. An individual who "meets or equals a listed impairment in Appendix 1" of the regulations will be considered disabled without consideration of vocational factors.
4. If an individual is capable of performing the work he has done in the past, a finding of "not disabled" must be made.
5. If an individual's impairment precludes him from performing his past work, other factors including age, education, past work experience, and residual functional capacity must be considered to determine if work can be performed.
Wren v. Sullivan, 925 F.2d 123, 125 (5th Cir.1991) (summarizing 20 C.F.R. *833 § 404.1520(b)-(f)). Under the first four steps of the analysis, the burden lies with the claimant to prove disability. Leggett, 67 F.3d at 564. The analysis terminates if the Commissioner determines at any point during the first four steps that the claimant is disabled or is not disabled. Id. Once the claimant satisfies his or her burden under the first four steps, the burden shifts to the Commissioner at step five to show that there is other gainful employment available in the national economy that the claimant is capable of performing. Greenspan, 38 F.3d at 236. This burden may be satisfied either by reference to the Medical-Vocational Guidelines of the regulations or by expert vocational testimony or other similar evidence. Fraga v. Bowen, 810 F.2d 1296, 1304 (5th Cir.1987). A finding that a claimant is not disabled at any point in the five-step review is conclusive and terminates the analysis. Lovelace v. Bowen, 813 F.2d 55, 58 (5th Cir.1987).

B. Issues for Review
Plaintiff presents the following issues for review:
(1) The ALJ failed to apply the appropriate legal standard established by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in finding Ms. McNair's back impairment "not severe" before the expiration of her insured status.
(2) The ALJ failed to apply the appropriate legal standard in finding that Ms. McNair can perform her past relevant work.
(a) The evidence of record does not establish the mental demands of Ms. McNair's past work.
(b) The ALJ made no finding of fact as to the mental demands of Ms. McNair's past work.
(Pl. Br. at 1).

C. Issue One: Back Impairment
Plaintiff first contends that the ALJ failed to apply the appropriate legal standard when he determined Plaintiffs severe impairments at Step 2 of the sequential five-step analysis used to determine claimant's eligibility for Disability Insurance Benefits. (Pl. Br. at 9). In the instant case, the ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered from menopause, tension headaches, and a bladder infection as of December 31, 1997, but that these ailments did not constitute impairments which affected her physical ability to perform work-related activities. (Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 4, 5). Plaintiff contends that by omission, the ALJ held that her back impairment was "not severe" during her insured status. (Pl. Br. at 10). Plaintiff further contends that had the ALJ used the proper legal standard for the determination of severity at Step 2, he would have included her back impairment as a "severe" impairment. (Pl. Br. at 10-11).
Pursuant to the Commissioner's regulations, a severe impairment' is "any impairment or combination of impairments which significantly limits [the claimant's] physical or mental ability to do basic work activities." 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). The Fifth Circuit has held that a literal application of this regulation would be inconsistent with the Social Security Act because the regulation includes fewer conditions than indicated by the statute. Stone v. Heckler, 752 F.2d 1099, 1104-05 (5th Cir.1985). Accordingly, in the Fifth Circuit, an impairment is not severe "only if it is a slight abnormality having such minimal effect on the individual that it would not be expected to interfere with the individual's ability to work." Id. at 1101. Additionally, the determination of severity may not be "made without regard to the individual's ability to perform substantial gainful activity." Id. at 1104. To ensure that the regulatory standard for severity does not limit a claimant's rights, the Fifth Circuit held in Stone that it would assume that the "ALJ and Appeals Council have applied an *834 incorrect standard to the severity requirement unless the correct standard is set forth by reference to this opinion or another of the same effect, or by an express statement that the construction we give to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c) (1984) is used." Id. at 1106; accord Loza v. Apfel, 219 F.3d 378, 393 (5th Cir.2000); Eisenbach v. Apfel, 2001 WL 1041806, at *6 (N.D.Tex. Aug.29, 2001) (Boyle, J.). Notwithstanding this presumption, the Court must look beyond the use of "magic words" and determine whether the ALJ applied the correct severity standard. Hampton v. Bowen, 785 F.2d 1308, 1311 (5th Cir.1986). Unless the correct standard of severity is used, the claim must be remanded to the Secretary for reconsideration. Stone, 752 F.2d at 1106.
When the ALJ evaluated Plaintiffs claim for Disability Insurance Benefits, he did not cite, reference, or expressly state either the Fifth Circuit's construction of 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c) or Stone in his narrative discussion or in his findings when he assessed Plaintiffs impairments at Step 2. (Tr. at 20; Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 5, 6). Rather than apply Stone or 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c), the ALJ assessed the severity of Plaintiffs impairments according to how they "affected her physical ability to perform workrelated activities as of December 31, 1997." (Tr. at 20; Tr. at 23, ¶¶ 5, 6). The ALJ's use of "affected" is a lesser degree of severity than the literal application of the "significantly limits" language contained in the Social Security regulations. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). However, because "affected" is not modified by "slightly," "greatly," or any other adjective, the degree to which an impairment "affected" Plaintiffs ability to do work is unknown. The Court therefore presumes that the All did not apply the correct standard to the determination of severity because the standard used by the ALJ is more than the "slight abnormality having such minimal effect" language used in the Fifth Circuit to assess severity at Step 2. See Stone 752 F.2d at 1101, 1106; Hampton, 785 F.2d at 1311.
The ALJ also assessed the severity of Plaintiffs impairments without regard to her ability to perform substantial gainful activity during her insured period. Eisenbach, 2001 WL 1041806, at *6 (citing Stone, 752 F.2d at 1104). The ALJ did make a finding at Step 4 that Plaintiff could perform her past relevant work. (Tr. at 24, ¶ 17). This determination, however, was based on her capabilities at the time of the January 25, 2005 administrative hearing in regard to her March 12, 2003 claim for Supplemental Security Income. (Tr. at 18-19; Tr. at ¶¶ 14, 17). The ALJ never considered Plaintiffs ability to perform substantial gainful activity between and August 15, 1996, and December 31, 1997, the period relevant to Plaintiffs distinct claim for Disability Insurance Benefits. (See Tr. at 20; see Tr. at 23, ¶ 6). The Court cannot speculate that because Plaintiff could perform her past relevant work at the time of the January 25, 2005 administrative hearing, she could also perform her past relevant work prior to the expiration of her insured status on December 31, 1997 for purposes of her claim for Disability Insurance Benefits; it can only scrutinize the record for substantial evidence and determine whether the Commissioner applied proper legal standards. Greenspan, 38 F.3d at 236.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the ALJ failed to properly apply the Stone standard at Step 2 of his analysis of Plaintiffs severe impairments as they related to her claim for Disability Insurance Benefits. Stone, 752 F.2d at 1106; Hampton, 785 F.2d at 1311. Generally, appeals from administrative agencies of a procedural error will not lead to a vacated judgment "unless the substantial rights of a party have been affected." *835 Anderson v. Sullivan, 887 F.2d 630, 634 (5th Cir:1989) (citing Mays v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 1362, 1364 (5th Cir.1988) (per curiam)). However, the ALJ's failure to apply the Stone standard was a legal error, not a procedural error. The Fifth Circuit left the lower courts no discretion to determine whether such an error was harmless.[6] Rather, the court mandated that "[u]nless the correct standard is used, the claim must be remanded to the Secretary for reconsideration." Stone, 752 F.2d at 1106 (emphasis added); Eisenbach, 2001 WL 1041806, at *6-7 (remanding the case because the ALJ (1) did not cite, or reference Stone and (2) determined claimant's current capabilities, not his capabilities during the relevant time period).

D. Issue Two: Past Relevant Work
Plaintiffs second issue for review is that the ALJ failed to apply the appropriate legal standard when he found that Plaintiff could perform her past relevant work and thus was not entitled to Supplemental Security Income. (Pl. Br. at 1; Pl. Reply at 11-12). Specifically, Plaintiff contends that (1) the evidence of record does not establish the mental demands of Plaintiffs past work and (2) the AU made no finding of fact as to the mental demands of Plaintiffs past work. (Pl. Br. at 1).
It is the claimant's burden at Step 4 to establish that she cannot perform her past relevant work. See Leggett, 67 F.3d at 564. Nevertheless, Social Security Rifling ("SSR") 82-62 requires that where the ALJ has determined that a claimant retains the RFC to perform a past relevant job, the decision must contain the following specific findings: (1) a finding of fact as to the individual's RFC; (2) a finding of fact as to the physical and mental demands of the past job or occupation; and (3) a finding of fact that the individual's RFC would permit a return to his or her past job or occupation. Social Security Ruling: Program Policy Statement Titles II and XVI: A Disability Claimant's Capacity To Do Past Relevant Work, In General, SSR 82-62, 1982 WL 31386, at *4 (S.S.A. Nov. 30, 1981). When determining whether or not a claimant retains the RFC to perform her past relevant work, the ALJ can look to either (1) the job duties peculiar to an individual job as the claimant actually performed it or (2) the functional demands and job duties of the occupation as generally required by employees throughout the national economy. Social Security Ruling: Program Policy Statement Titles II and XVI: Past Relevant Work  The Particular Job or The Occupation As Generally Performed, SSR 82-61, 1982 WL 31387, at *1-2 (S.S.A. Nov. 30, 1981).


*836 1. SSR 82-62

Plaintiffs point of error rests upon the ALJ's failure to follow SSR 82-62. (Pl. Br. at 12-21). While she subdivides her argument into a lack of evidence and the failure to make a finding of fact, the issues raised by each of these arguments are answered by the ALJ's treatment of the VE's testimony at the administrative hearing. The VE testified that Plaintiffs past work as a sales representative and gift and antique store operator could both be classified under the code for a gift shop clerk.[7] (Tr. at 53). The ALJ then posed a hypothetical question which incorporated several restrictions on Plaintiffs mental ability. Id. Based on the VE's answer that Plaintiff could perform her past relevant work as a gift shop clerk, id., the ALJ wrote in his decision that:
[T]he occupation of gift shop clerk can be performed by an individual ... with a moderately limited ability to use judgment, to deal with work stresses, to behave in an emotionally stable manner, and to relate predictably in social situations, and a mildly limited ability to understand, remember, and carry out complex job instructions, and to maintain personal appearance.
(Tr. at 22) (emphasis added). The VE's testimony provides evidence of the mental demands of Plaintiffs past relevant work. See SSR 82-62, 1982 WL 31386, at *3. The above quotation from the ALJ's decision shows that the ALJ considered the mental demands of Plaintiffs past occupation. Although the ALJ did not make an explicit finding of fact as to the mental demands of Plaintiffs past relevant work, (see Tr. at 24, ¶¶ 15, 16, 17), the narrative discussion complied with the second finding required by SSR 82-62. See 1982 WL 31386, at *4.
Plaintiff cites to several cases in support of her argument that the ALJ failed to provide evidence and failed to make a specific finding regarding the mental demands of a gift shop clerk. (Pl. Br. at 17-21; Pl. Reply at 8-16) (citing Hines v. Barnhart, 2003 WL 23323615 (N.D.Tex. June 5, 2003), Winfrey v. Chater, 92 F.3d 1017 (10th Cir.1996), Armstrong v. Sullivan, 814 F.Supp. 1364 (W.D.Tex.1993)). Each of these cases is distinguishable from the ALJ's consideration of Plaintiff's claim. Hines found that generic descriptions such as "sedentary" and "unskilled" were insufficient to describe the requirements of past relevant work. 2003 WL 23323615, at *8. Hines is distinguishable because in the instant case, the ALJ considered the specific mental requirements of a gift shop clerk. (Tr. at 22). For example, the ALJ found that someone with a moderately limited ability to use judgment could work as a gift shop clerk. Id. Armstrong found no evidence in the record of the mental demands of the claimant's past relevant work. 814 F.Supp. at 1373. In the instant case, the VE's testimony provided evidence of the mental demands of a gift shop clerk. (Tr. at 22, 53). Winfrey is distinguishable because the ALJ did not make a specific finding of fact regarding the mental demands of past work. 92 F.3d at 1025. As discussed in the preceding paragraph, although the ALJ in the instant case did not make a specific finding of fact, he addressed the issue of the mental demands of a gift shop clerk in his narrative discussion. (Tr. at 22).
*837 While an explicit finding of fact on the mental demands of a gift shop clerk would have been preferable, the Court finds that the ALJ's failure to do so was a procedural error because the VE provided evidence of the mental demands of a gift shop clerk, and the ALJ's narrative discussion considered the issue. The Court therefore finds that the ALJ applied the appropriate legal standard in finding that Plaintiff retained the mental RFC to perform her past relevant work. Greenspan, 38 F.3d at 236.

2. Prejudice
The Fifth Circuit has held that "[p]rocedural perfection in administrative proceedings is not required" and a court "will not vacate a judgment unless the substantial rights of a party are affected." Mays, 837 F.2d at 1364. Procedural errors in the disability determination process are considered prejudicial when they cast doubt onto the existence of substantial evidence in support of the ALJ's decision.[8]Morris v. Bowen, 864 F.2d 333, 335 (5th Cir.1988). The question for the Court, therefore, is whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's determination that Plaintiff retained the mental RFC to perform her past relevant work.
The administrative record contains a number of mental status evaluations by various medical doctors of Plaintiff's mental condition. On May 9, 2003, Dr. Lucas noted that Plaintiff's mood and affect were expected for her levels of chronic pain and that she was moderately impaired in her ability to relate to others or sustain work. (Tr. at 495-195A). Apart from these notations, Dr. Lucas found Plaintiff's appearance, content of thought, thought process, memory, attention and concentration, and insight and judgment to be "intact!' Id. Dr. Judice determined that Plaintiff's situational anxiety was not severe because it imposed no degree of limitation on Plaintiffs daily activities or ability to function. (Tr. at 301, 311). However, the ALJ discounted the weight of Dr. Judice's opinion because she was a non-examining, non-treating psychiatrist. (Tr. at 21). On June 10, 2004, Dr. Siegel determined that Plaintiff had a "marked" or "extreme" limitations in her ability to do work-related activities. (Tr. at 410-12). However, he did not list substance abuse among Plaintiffs impairments, an impairment that is not in doubt in this case. (See Pl. Br. at 4; see Tr. at 23, ¶ 10). Dr. Siegel therefore did not assess the impact of Plaintiff's substance addiction on her mental disorders, which the ALJ determined to be materially affected by her addiction. (Tr. at 23, ¶ 10). The ALJ gave considerable weight to the testimony of Dr. Tauber, the ME who testified at the administrative hearing. (Tr. at 21). Dr. Tauber testified that when Plaintiff did not abuse pain medication, the restrictions on her daily activities, social functioning, and concentration were all mild; her judgment and ability to deal with work stresses were moderately limited; and her ability' to understand, remember, and carry out complex job instructions was Mildly Unified, as was her ability to maintain her personal appearance. (Tr. at 45-47). Based on the medical records and testimony regarding Plaintiffs mental condition, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff retained the mental RFC to perform her past relevant work as a gift shop clerk. Although some of the *838 mental status evaluations, particularly Dr. Siegel's, conflicted with others, conflicts in the evidence are for the ALJ to resolve, not the Court. Selders v. Sullivan, 914 F.2d 614, 617 (5th Cir.1990) (citing Patton v. Schweiker, 697 F.2d 590, 592 (5th Cir. 1983)). The Court therefore finds that substantial evidence supports the ALJ's determination that Plaintiff retained the mental RFC to perform her past relevant work. Leggett, 67 F.3d at 564.
Plaintiff contends that the existence of substantial evidence in, the record does not make a procedural error harmless. (Pl. Reply at 14) (citing Wilson v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 546 (6th Cir.2004)). Wilson, however, involved a finding of error in the ALJ's failure to give good reasons for not giving weight to a treating physician as required by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2). 378 F.3d at 544; cf. Part II.D.1, supra (finding error in violation of SSR 82-62). "Violation of a regulation constitutes error, and will constitute a basis for reversal of agency action and remand when a reviewing court concludes that the error is not harmless". Pearson v. Barnhart, 2005 WL 1397049, at *4 (E.D.Tex. May 23, 2005) (citing Frank v. Barnhart, 326 F.3d 618, 622 (5th Cir. 2003)). A violation of a ruling, on the other hand, "may also constitute error warranting reversal and remand when an aggrieved claimant shows prejudice resulting from the violation." Id. (citing Newton v. Apfel, 209 F.3d 448, 458 (5th Cir.2000)). Prejudice and harmless error analysis, although similar in substance, are different procedurally. Bornette v. Barnhart, 466 F.Supp.2d 811, 816 (E.D.Tex.2006). Remand for failure to comply with a ruling, as in this case, is appropriate only when a complainant affirmatively demonstrates ensuant prejudice. Hall v. Schweiker, 660 F.2d 116, 119 (5th Cir.1981). A claimant establishes prejudice by showing that adherence to the ruling might have led to a different decision. Newton, 209 F.3d at 458 (citing Ripley v. Chater, 67 F.3d 552, 557 (5th Cir.1995)). Harmless error exists when it is inconceivable that a different administrative conclusion would have been reached absent the error. Bornette, 466 F.Supp.2d at 816 (citing Frank, 326 F.3d at 622).
Plaintiff contends that the ALJ's Step 4 finding prejudiced Plaintiff because had the sequential evaluation process reached Step 5, the Medical-Vocational Guideline for an individual with Plaintiffs age, educational background, and skill set would have directed a finding of "disabled." (Pl. Reply at 14) (citing 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2, Table No. 2, Ruling 201.06)[9] However, Plaintiff must show prejudice at Step 4 to warrant remand for the ALJ's procedural error.[10]See Newton, 209 F.3d at 458. Plaintiff has failed to show how adherence to SSR 82-62 might have led to a different decision at Step 4 *839 and thus has not affirmatively demonstrated prejudice. Id.; see Medina v. Barnhart, 2005 WL 2708789, at *9 (W.D.Tex. Oct.19, 2005) (failure to discuss mental demands of past work did not prejudice claimant and did not require reversal because substantial evidence showed that claimant did not suffer from his alleged mental impairments nor did the alleged impairments restrict his ability to work). Moreover, as discussed earlier in this section, substantial evidence supports the ALJ's finding that Plaintiff retained the mental RFC to perform her past relevant work. Remand is therefore not appropriate for Plaintiffs claim for Supplemental Security Income. Hall, 660 F.2d at 119.

III. RECOMMENDATION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court recommends that Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment be GRANTED and that Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be DENIED.
The Court recommends that the Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be REVERSED and the case be REMANDED for reconsideration of Plaintiff's claim for Disability Insurance Benefits. On remand the ALJ must, as a part of his Step 2 analysis of Plaintiff's claim for Disability Insurance Benefits, determine whether Plaintiffs back pain was a severe impairment according to the legal standard established in Stone v. Heckler, 752 F.2d 1099 (5th Cir.1985). He must also assess Plaintiffs ability to perform substantial gainful activity between and August 15, 1996, and December 31, 1997.
The Court recommends that the Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment be AFFIRMED on Plaintiffs claim for Supplemental Security Income.
SO RECOMMENDED, on this 20th day of September, 2007.
NOTES
[1]  The following background comes from the transcript of the administrative proceedings, which is designated as "Tr."
[2]  Dr. Newman sometimes noted a specific complaint such as an abscessed tooth or a headache; he also noted that Plaintiff received a steroid injection in one of her hips. (See e.g., Tr. at 182, 190-92).
[3]  In early 1999, Plaintiff listed several addictive prescription medications as part "of her daily drug regimen. These included: Lortab, an opioid analgesic; Soma, a muscle relaxant; lorazepam, a benzodiazepine sedative; and Stadol NS nasal spray, a narcotic analgesic. (Tr. at 283, 286; Pl. Br. at 4). In 2001 and 2003, her medical records reflect that she also took Oxycontin and Dilaudid (two opioid analgesics) and Halcion and Xanax (two benzoidiazepine sedatives). (Tr. at 208, 323; Pl. Br. at 4).
[4]  Rhabdomyolysis is the destruction or degeneration of skeletal muscle tissue that is accompanied by the release of muscle cell contents into the bloodstream. MEDLINE PLUS. MEDICAL DICTIONARY, available at http://www. nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maplusdictionary. html (last visited Sept. 7, 2007).
[5]  Herniated nucleus pulposus, also called a herniated disc, occurs when a disc that cushions the vertebrae slips out of place. Herniated Disk, MEDLINE PLUS: MEDICAL DICTIONARY, available at http://www. nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ mplusdictionary.html (last visited Sept. 10, 2007).
[6]  Defendant contends that Plaintiff's back impairment was not severe for purposes of Step 2 because the alleged back impairment did not occur on or before December 31, 1997, the date her insured status expired. (See Def. Br. at 5) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.131(a) and (b), 404.315, 404.320). Notwithstanding the fact that the ALJ committed a legal error and that the Court has no discretion in this instance to determine, whether the error was harmless, the medical record does not support Defendant's argument. Tr. at 385 (Dr. Mitchell's August 1996 diagnosis of chronic low back pain and lumbar disc syndrome resulting from a 1993 car accident); Tr. at 187-90 (Dr. Newman's pre-1997 prescriptions to treat chronic pain and steroid injections to Plaintiff's left and right hips); Tr. at 283 (Dr. Vera's reference to Plaintiff's long-standing complaints of back pain and a slipped disc). Defendant further contends that Plaintiffs back impairment entered the medical record in March 2000, when an MRI showed mild degenerative changes to the cervical spine. (Def. Br. at 8-9) (citing Tr. at 259-60). However, Plaintiff did not raise a point of error pertaining to her neck; rather, the point of error relates to the ALJ's consideration of her low back impairment. (Pl. Reply at 6).
[7]  The VE testified that the position of "gift shop clerk" was classified under DOT code 260.357-026. (Tr. at 53). This code corresponds to the position of "salesperson, flowers." Social Security Ruling 82-41 recognizes that an individual's particular job may not be identifiable in authoritative reference materials like the DOT.1982 WL 31389, at *4 (S.S.A. Nov. 30, 1981). Moreover, Plaintiff does not contest the VE's characterization of her past work as corresponding to DOT code 260.357-026. See Pl. Br. at 16.
[8]  When a claimant alleges the inadequate development of the record, he must show prejudice resulting from lack of substantial evidence and that adequate development of the record could have changed the result. Brock v. Chater, 84 F.3d 726, 728 (5th Cir.1996). Although Plaintiff alleges inadequate development of the record, (Pl. Reply at 7), the Court finds that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's Step 4 determination. (Part II.D.2, infra).
[9]  The language of Plaintiff's reply incorporates both harmless error and prejudice. (See Pl. Reply at 14-15). As discussed in the preceding paragraph, prejudice is the proper framework.
[10]  The substance of Plaintiff's argument also fails because it is based upon an erroneous paraphrase of the VE's testimony regarding Plaintiff's transferable skills. (See Pl. Reply at 14, n. 2) (stating that the VE testified Plaintiff "acquired" skills in her past work). At the administrative hearing, the All asked, "[d]id the claimant acquire any skills, any transferable skills as a gift shop clerk?" to which the VE responded, "[t]here would be some sale knowledge and, and some machinery". (Tr. at 53). While the AU did not include an explicit finding of Plaintiff's transferable skills, the text of his decision notes that Plaintiff "acquired transferable skills as a gift shop clerk." (Tr. at 22). Because Plaintiff possesses transferable skills, Ruling 201.07, and not Ruling 201.06, applies. Ruling 201.07 directs a finding of "not disabled." (20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 2, Table No. 2, Ruling 201.07).
