237 F.3d 186 (3rd Cir. 2001)
KHODARA ENVIRONMENTAL, INC., GENERAL PARTNER, ON BEHALF OF EAGLE ENVIRONMENTAL, L.P.V.STEVEN BECKMAN; FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION; CLEARFIELD-JEFFERSON COUNTIES REGIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY; DONALD R. JOHNSON; PAUL SEKULA; WILLIAM MIKSICH; FREDERICK G. MURRAY; TIM MORGAN; ROBERT E. REITZ; HENRY DEIBLE; PAUL MCMILLEN; MARK MCKINLEY; JANE F. GARVEY JEFFERSON COUNTY; PINE CREEK TOWNSHIP (INTERVENOR-DEFENDANTS IN D.C.)FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, APPELLANT IN NO. 99-3458KHODARA ENVIRONMENTAL, INC., GENERAL PARTNER ACTING ON BEHALF OF EAGLE ENVIRONMENTAL, L.P., (COLLECTIVELY "EAGLE"), APPELLANT IN NO. 99-3465STEVEN BECKMAN, APPELLANT IN NO. 99-3475
No. 99-3458, 99-3465, 99-3475
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Argued: February 28, 2000Opinion Filed January 17, 2001

1
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA, (Dist. Court No. 97-cv-00093E),  District Court Judge: Sean J. McLaughlinCounsel for Appellant Federal Aviation Administration:  David W. Ogden Acting Assistant Attorney General Harry Litman United States Attorney Mark B. Stern, Scott R. McINTOSH (Argued) Attorneys, Appellate Staff Civil Division, Department of Justice 601 D Street N.W., Room 9550 Washington, DC 20530-0001


2
Counsel for Appellee/Cross-Appellant Khodara Environmental, Inc.:  John P. Krill, Jr. (Argued) Carleton O. Strouss Jacqueline JACKSON-DeGARCIA, Julia M. Glencer Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Llp 240 North Third Street Harrisburg, PA 17101


3
Paul A. Tufano General Counsel Thaddeus A. Weber (Argued) Assistant Counsel Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Northwest Regional Counsel Meadville, PA 16335, Counsel for Appellant/Cross-Appellee Steven Beckman:


4
Counsel for Appellees Clearfield-Jefferson Counties Regional Airport Authority, Donald R. Johnson, Paul Sekula, William Miksich, Frederick G. Murray, Tim Morgan, Robert E. Reitz, Henry Deible, Paul McMillen and Mark McKinley:  Thomas L. Wenger (Argued) Steven R. Williams Wix, Wenger & Williams 508 North Second Street Harrisburg, PA 17101


5
Before: Alito and Stapleton, Circuit Judges, and Pollak, District Judge.*

OPINION FOR THE COURT
Alito, Circuit Judge

6
Eagle Environmental, L.P. ("Eagle"), a landfill developer, brought both facial and as-applied challenges against a federal statute regulating the placement of waste disposal facilities near airports. The District Court struck down the law as facially unconstitutional, holding that it was so irrationally underinclusive as to violate equal protection.


7
While this appeal was pending, Congress repealed the challenged statute and replaced it with a substantially broader regulatory scheme. We believe that this action has mooted Eagle's claims regarding the old statute's facial constitutionality, and accordingly vacate that portion of the District Court's judgment. As to Eagle's as-applied challenges, we affirm the District Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants.

I.
A. The Happy Landing Landfill

8
The pertinent facts of this case are not in dispute. Khodara Environmental, Inc., is the general partner of Eagle, a limited partnership based in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Eagle owns approximately 680 acres in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, on which it planned to develop a solid waste disposal facility to be called the Happy Landing Landfill. Happy Landing was intended to accept municipal waste from primarily out-of-state producers. The Happy Landing site is located approximately 5.25 miles from the Dubois-Jefferson County Airport.


9
In 1990, Eagle began applying for the necessary landfill permits from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ("PDEP").1 The PDEP initially issued all four of the permits necessary for the construction and operation of Happy Landing. After obtaining these permits, Eagle began pre-construction by conducting engineering surveys and installing monitoring wells.


10
In September 1996, however, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission designated three streams near the Happy Landing site as wild trout streams. Based on this designation, the PDEP determined that the landfill site contained wetlands of "exceptional value" and that it consequently should not have issued to Eagle the Water Obstruction and Encroachment Permit to fill these wetland areas. Accordingly, on September 25, 1996, Steven Beckman, the Regional Director of the Northwest Regional Office of the PDEP, entered an administrative order modifying Eagle's Water Obstruction and Encroachment Permit by revoking its authorization to fill certain wetland areas. The order also suspended the remainder of that permit, as well as all of Eagle's other permits. Eagle appealed the revocation and suspension order to the Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board. The Board denied Eagle's appeal, and the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court, in an Order filed on February 19, 2000, affirmed. See Khodara Environmental, L.P. v. Department of Environmental Protection, No. 2704 C.D. 1998 (Pa. Commw. Ct. Feb. 19, 2000). Eagle's appeal of the Commonwealth Court's order is currently pending, and construction of Happy Landing has been suspended until this controversy is resolved.

B. The 1996 Amendment

11
On October 9, 1996, Congress enacted the Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-264, 110 Stat. 3213. Section 1220 of the Act (the "1996 Amendment") was drafted by Representatives Bud Schuster and William Clinger--whose Pennsylvania districts encompass Jefferson County and neighboring areas--and was inserted into the Act during a conference committee convened to debate an unrelated amendment. The 1996 Amendment provided:


12
(a) Landfills: [49 U.S.C.] Section 44718 is amended by adding at the end the following:


13
(d) Landfills: For the purpose of enhancing aviation safety, in a case in which 2 landfills have been proposed to be constructed or established within 6 miles of a commercial service airport with fewer than 50,000 enplanements per year, no person shall construct or establish either landfill if an official of the Federal Aviation Administration has stated in writing within the 3-year period ending on the date of the enactment that 1 of the landfills would be incompatible with aircraft operations at the airport, unless the landfill is already active on the such date of enactment or the airport operator agrees to the construction or establishment of the landfill.


14
(b) Civil Penalties: [49 U.S.C.] Section 46301 is amended by inserting 44718(d) after 44716, in each of subsections (a)(1)(A), (d)(2), and (f)(1)(A)(i).


15
Pub. L. No. 104-264, S 1220(a), 110 Stat. 3213, 3286. Eagle's proposed landfill fell within the statutory criteria. Both Happy Landing and a second proposed waste disposal facility, the Leatherwood Landfill,2 were located within six miles of the DuBois-Jefferson County Airport, a commercial airport with fewer than 50,000 enplanements per year. Moreover, the FAA had issued a written determination within the preceding three years that the Leatherwood facility would be incompatible with aircraft operations at the Airport.3 In fact, as the F AA has admitted on appeal, the 1996 Amendment's extremely narrow criteria affected only Happy Landing, out of all the landfills in the country.4


16
On October 21, 1996, PDEP Regional Director Beckman sent a letter to Eagle informing it that the 1996 Amendment "impacts the two proposed landfills in Jefferson County, Eagle Environmental's Happy Landing Landfill and Leatherwood, Inc.'s Jefferson Landfill." (App. 1:51.) The letter went on to explain that all of the permits previously issued for the Leatherwood landfill had been suspended in light of the new law. The letter further advised that


17
[t]he Department's further action regarding reinstatement and/or modification of Eagle Environmental's currently suspended permits will be governed by the same criteria applicable to Leatherwood, Inc. Thus, if Eagle seeks reinstatement or modification pursuant to the Department's September 25th Order, Eagle Environmental should also indicate to the Department how it intends to comply with Section 1220(a) of the Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996.


18
(App. 1:51.)


19
On November 20, 1996, Eagle, acting pursuant to the new statutory scheme, formally sought per mission from the Clearfield-Jefferson Counties Regional Airport Authority (the "Airport Authority")5 to construct and operate the landfill. On November 22, the Authority responded with a letter notifying Eagle that it would accept written documentation supporting Eagle's request for a period of 30 days. The Authority also informed Eagle that it would accept documentation from other interested parties over the same period and that all the submissions it received would be made public. On December 23, 1996, Eagle provided the Authority with 14 exhibits in support of its request. At a public meeting held on January 24, 1997, the Authority's Board of Directors unanimously denied Eagle's request.

C. The District Court Litigation

20
On April 25, 1997, Eagle filed the present action in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Eagle's first three claims, which involved facial constitutional challenges to the 1996 Amendment, were asserted against the FAA, as well as against Barry Valentine (the Acting Administrator of the FAA)6 and Steven Beckman (the Regional Director of the PDEP) in their official capacities.7 Count I of the Complaint alleged that the 1996 Amendment worked an unconstitutional delegation of federal authority to the local airport authority; Count II attacked the Amendment as an unconstitutional bill of attainder; and Count III challenged the law on the ground that it violated Eagle's rights to equal protection and due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Count IV of the Complaint was directed against the Airport Authority and its directors8 in their individual and official capacities. This count asserted that defendants' application of the 1996 Amendment violated Eagle's constitutional rights to equal protection, procedural and substantive due process, and freedom from the taking of property without just compensation. Finally, Count V, which Eagle asserted against all defendants, claimed that the 1996 Amendment did not apply to Happy Landing as a matter of statutory construction. Eagle sought declaratory judgment on all counts, as well as prospective injunctive relief and compensatory and punitive damages. In addition to the previously mentioned parties, the District Court granted Jefferson County and Pine Creek Township permission to participate as intervenors in the case.


21
On May 16, 1997, defendant Beckman filed a motion to dismiss the case, arguing that Eagle lacked standing and that the case was not ripe. Specifically, Beckman argued that Eagle could not demonstrate any injury arising from the PDEP's letter of October 21, 1996, because, when the letter was issued, Happy Landing's construction had already been forestalled by the suspension of Eagle's state permits. On September 23, 1997, the District Court denied Beckman's motion, holding that a ruling on the constitutionality of the 1996 Amendment would permit Eagle to make an informed decision on whether to expend additional effort to pursue its appeal on the state permits. Moreover, the court held that the PDEP had not foresworn its intention to enforce the 1996 Amendment should Eagle's permits be restored in its state court litigation.


22
Eagle subsequently filed a motion for partial summary judgment as to Counts I, II, and III of its Complaint--the facial constitutional challenges. The FAA and the intervenors cross-moved for summary judgment on the same counts. The Airport Authority and its Boar d members moved for summary judgment as to Counts IV and V. Beckman filed a motion in which he renewed his previous arguments concerning standing and ripeness, and further argued that he was entitled to summary judgment on the basis of Eleventh Amendment immunity. The intervenors also moved to dismiss on the grounds of mootness and lack of ripeness.


23
On April 1, 1999, the District Court entered its final judgment and order. See Khodara Environmental, Inc. v. Beckman, 91 F. Supp. 2d 827 (W.D. Pa. 1999). At the outset, the Court rejected the jurisdictional defenses raised by Beckman and the intervenors and held that the 1996 Amendment, as a matter of statutory construction, applied to Happy Landing. Turning to Eagle's constitutional challenges, the Court held that the 1996 Amendment was facially unconstitutional because it violated Eagle's right to equal protection. Although the Court found that the government had a legitimate interest in preventing aircraft bird strikes, it found several aspects of the statute so grossly under- and over-inclusive as to render the statutory classification irrational. In particular, the Court saw no rational justification for the provisions that: (1) limited the ban to cases where exactly two landfills had been proposed; (2) restricted the provision to airports with less than 50,000 annual emplanements; (3) covered only commercial, and not commuter, airports; and (4) limited the statute to purely retrospective effect. In short, the Court found it irrational to single out the Leatherwood and Happy Landing Landfills for regulation, while permitting the operation of other similarly situated landfills across the country. Because it held the Amendment unconstitutional on equal protection grounds, the Court did not find it necessary to address Eagle's bill of attainder or non-delegation challenges. Finally, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of the Airport Authority and its directors with respect to Eagle's "as applied" constitutional claims (Count IV).


24
The FAA and Beckman appealed the Court's determination that the 1996 Amendment was facially unconstitutional. Eagle cross-appealed the grant of summary judgment in favor of the Airport Authority defendants on Count IV.

D. The 2000 Amendment

25
This Court took up the appeals and heard oral argument. After oral argument, but before we had issued a judgment, Congress enacted legislation substantially modifying the 1996 Amendment. On April 5, 2000, the President signed into law the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, Pub. L. No. 106-181, 114 Stat. 61 (2000). Section 503 of the Act (the "2000 Amendment") amended 49 U.S.C. S 44718(d) to read as follows:


26
(d) LIMITATION ON CONSTRUCTION OF LANDFILLS. --


27
(1) IN GENERAL.--No person shall construct or establish a municipal solid waste landfill (as defined in section 258.2 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on the date of the enactment of this subsection) that receives putrescible waste (as defined in section 257.3-8 of such title) within 6 miles of a public airport that has received grants under chapter 471 and is primarily served by general aviation aircraft and regularly scheduled flights of aircraft designed for 60 passengers or less unless the State aviation agency of the State in which the airport is located requests that the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration exempt the landfill from the application of this subsection and the Administrator determines that such exemption would have no adverse impact on aviation safety.


28
(2) LIMITATION ON APPLICABILITY.--Paragraph (1) shall not apply in the State of Alaska and shall not apply to the construction, establishment, expansion, or modification of, or to any other activity undertaken with respect to, a municipal solid waste landfill if the construction or establishment of the landfill was commenced on or before the date of the enactment of this subsection.


29
Pub. L. No. 106-181, S 503, 114 Stat. 61, 133.


30
The 2000 Amendment significantly broadened the scope of the statute, thus resolving many of the District Court's equal protection concerns. Unlike the challenged law, the new statutory scheme does not work to single out the Happy Landing site for exceptional treatment. In essence, the amended statute creates a purely prospective six-mile "safety zone" around all federally-funded (non-Alaskan) airports with regularly scheduled flights of 60 passengers or less. The amended statute also alleviates the non-delegation and separation-of-powers concerns raised by the old law. Before the District Court, Eagle argued that the 1996 Amendment's grant of exemption power to local airport authorities violated Article I's requirement of unitary executive power. The amended statute, in contrast, grants no statutory power to local authorities. Rather, the final power to make exceptions is granted to the Administrator of the FAA, who is an agent of the federal executive.


31
In light of the 2000 Amendment, the FAA has filed a motion pursuant to Local Appellate Rule 27.4 to vacate the District Court's judgment as moot and remand.

II.
A.

32
We turn first to the FAA's claim of mootness. Article III of the Constitution grants the federal courts the power to adjudicate only actual, ongoing cases or controversies. "This case-or-controversy requirement subsists through all stages of federal judicial proceedings, trial and appellate." Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990); see also U.S. Bancorp Mortgage Co. v. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 U.S. 18, 21 (1994); Ivy Club v. Edwards, 943 F.2d 270, 275 (3d Cir. 1991). Our mootness determination therefore turns on whether there remains, in light of Congress's action, "a real and substantial controversy admitting of specific relief through a decree of conclusive character." New Rock Asset Partners, L.P. v. Preferred Entity Advancements, Inc., 101 F.3d 1492, 1496 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting National Iranian Oil Co. v. Mapco Int'l, Inc., 983 F.2d 485, 489 (3d Cir. 1992)).


33
We agree that the passage of the 2000 Amendment has mooted Eagle's facial constitutional challenges to the 1996 Amendment. Under the circumstances present here, we must "review the judgment of the district court in light of the [the] law as it now stands, not as it stood when the judgment below was entered." Diffenderfer v. Central Baptist Church, 404 U.S. 412, 414 (1972); see also Princeton Univ. v. Schmid, 455 U.S. 100, 103 (1982) (per curiam); Naturist Soc'y, Inc. v. Fillyaw, 958 F.2d 1515, 1520 (11th Cir. 1992); Black United Fund of New Jersey, Inc. v. Kean, 763 F.2d 156, 160 (3d Cir. 1985). Black United Fund is instructive. In that case, the plaintiff charity challenged a New Jersey statute permitting the United Way--but not other charitable organizations--to deduct voluntary contributions from the salaries of government workers. The District Court found the statute unconstitutionally discriminatory and enjoined its operation. Pending appeal, the state repealed the challenged law and replaced it with a new statute that permitted voluntary payroll deductions for other charities that met specified criteria. We held that the statutory amendment mooted plaintiff's claims:


34
We conclude, therefore, that the repeal of the 1955 statute and the enactment of new legislation make it inappropriate for us to affirm the district court's order based on alleged deficiencies in the old Act. The raison d'etre for the injunction no longer exists.


35
Black United Fund, 763 F.2d at 160. Moreover, we found that the new legislation had substantially resolved the constitutional questions raised by the predecessor law:


36
[W]e note that the new Act has enlarged the group of charitable organizations which may have access to state facilities and establishes criteria which govern eligibility. The legislation thus meets at least two of the objections cited by the district court--the exclusivity granted the United Way and the lack of standards for determining which other groups may participate.... To that extent, the new Act will give plaintiff substantially the relief it sought in the district court.


37
Id. at 160-61.


38
Similar concerns inform our mootness decision here. The scope of the 2000 Amendment is substantially broader than that of the challenged law. The restrictive criteria and purely retrospective nature of the old statute--which the District Court found irrationally underinclusive--effectively limited its application only to the Happy Landing and Leatherwood landfills. The new provision, however, applies prospectively to a wide variety of landfills. Accordingly, we believe that the 2000 Amendment is far less susceptible to attack on equal protection or bill-of-attainder grounds. Moreover, the new law places the power to make exemptions in the hands of the FAA rather than the local airport authority, thereby assuaging Eagle's unitary executive concerns.


39
Simply put, a declaration of unconstitutionality or injunction directed against the objectionable features of the 1996 Amendment would serve no purpose today. "Where a law is amended so as to remove its challenged features, the claim... becomes moot as to those features." Naturist Soc'y, 958 F.2d at 1520; see also FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 234 (1990).


40
Nor do Eagle's facial challenges fall within any recognized exception to the mootness doctrine. In City of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289 (1982), the Supreme Court held that "a defendant's voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court of its power to determine the legality of the practice." Such cases may fall within the mootness exception of injuries that are "capable of repetition, yet evading review." Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U.S. 498, 514 (1911). We do not believe that this circumstance is present here, however. As the Fourth Circuit has recently noted, "statutory changes that discontinue a challenged practice are `usually enough to render a case moot, even if the legislature possesses the power to re-enact the statute after the lawsuit is dismissed.' " Valero Terrestrial Corp. v. Paige, 211 F.3d 112, 116 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Native Village of Noatak v. Blatchford, 38 F.3d 1505, 1510 (9th Cir. 1994)); see also National Black Police Ass'n v. District of Columbia, 108 F.3d 346, 349 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ("the mere power to re-enact a challenged law is not a sufficient basis on which a court can conclude that a reasonable expectation of recurrence exists"). In this case, "[w]e have no grounds for suspecting that [Congress] would attempt to re-enact the prior law." Thomas v. Fielder, 884 F.2d 990, 995-96 (7th Cir. 1989). Accordingly, we hold that Counts I, II and III of Eagle's Complaint--its facial attacks on the constitutionality of the 1996 Amendment--are moot in light of that law's repeal and replacement by the 2000 Amendment.

B.

41
We next address whether the District Court's holding that the 1996 Amendment was facially unconstitutional is subject to vacatur. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.S 2106, we have the power to vacate the judgment of a district court on appeal. In arguing for vacatur, the FAA cites cases following United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36, 39 (1950), which held that "[t]he established practice... in dealing with a civil case from a court in the federal system which has become moot while on its way here or pending our decision on the merits is to reverse or vacate the judgment below and remand with a direction to dismiss."


42
The Supreme Court, however, has explained that Munsingwear does not set forth a categorical rule. In U.S. Bancorp Mortgage Co. v. Bonner Mall Partnership, 513 U.S. 18, 23-25 (1994), the Court clarified that vacatur is an equitable remedy rather than an automatic right. See, e.g., National Black Police, 108 F.3d at 346; Humphreys v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 105 F.3d 112, 113-14 (3d Cir. 1996) ("Munsingwear should not be applied blindly, but only after a consideration of the equities and the underlying reasons for mootness."). In particular, U.S. Bancorp emphasized that when mootness results from the voluntary action of the party seeking relief from the judgment below, vacatur should not be granted unless doing so would serve the public interest. See U.S. Bancorp, 513 U.S. at 25-29. In such cases, the Court explained, the public interest in a robust corpus of judicial precedent normally outweighs the party's interest in relief from the judgment, "the losing party having voluntarily forfeited his legal remedy by the ordinary processes of appeal or certiorari, thereby surrendering his claim to the equitable remedy of vacatur." Id. at 29. "Thus, absent unusual circumstances, the appellate vacatur decision under Bancorp is informed almost entirely, if not entirely, by the twin considerations of fault and public interest." Valero Terrestrial, 211 F.3d at 118.


43
U.S. Bancorp refused vacatur in a case in which the losing party below mooted the action by settling pending appeal. Today, we must decide whether this same presumption against vacatur is appropriate when a governmental appeal is mooted by legislative amendment. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit recently addressed this same question, and we find its reasoning persuasive:


44
Clearly, the passage of new legislation represents voluntary action, and thus on its face the Bancorp presumption might seem to govern. W e believe, however, that application of the Bancorp presumption in this context is not required by the Bancorp opinion's rationale and would be inappropriate, at least if there is no evidence indicating that the legislation was enacted in order to overturn an unfavorable precedent. The rationale underlying the Bancorp presumption is that litigants should not be able to manipulate the judicial system by "roll[ing] the dice... in the district court" and then "wash[ing] away" any "unfavorable outcome" through use of settlement and vacatur. The mere fact that a legislature has enacted legislation that moots an appeal, without more, provides no grounds for assuming that the legislature was motivated by such a manipulative purpose. The legislature may act out of reasons totally independent of the pending lawsuit, or because the lawsuit has convinced it that the existing law is flawed.


45
National Black Police, 108 F.3d at 351-52; see also Valero Terrestrial, 211 F.3d at 120 (U.S. Bancorp counsels vacatur where challenge is rendered moot by state's amendment of challenged statute).


46
Eagle nevertheless argues that the record in this case militates against vacatur, because the F AA "is a knowing beneficiary of a legislative change backed by an illegitimate motive--i.e., to frustrate an unfavorable judgment." We cannot agree. Mindful of the fact that "legislative actions are presumptively legitimate," we are "wary of impugning the motivations that underlie a legislature's actions." National Black Police, 108 F.3d at 352. Eagle's claim of "persistent misuse of the legislative process" rings hollow. There is no suggestion that Congress failed to follow constitutionally prescribed procedures in passing the 2000 Amendment. And, although Eagle argues that Congress's actions represent an attempt to frustrate an adverse judgment, the new legislation could just as credibly be viewed as a commendable effort "to repair what may have been a constitutionally defective statute." American Library Ass'n v. Bar, 956 F.2d 1178, 1185 (D.C. Cir. 1992). In short, Eagle has presented no evidence to indicate that the 2000 Amendment represents "manipulation of the legislative process" rather than "responsible lawmaking." Id.


47
Accordingly, we believe that equity would best be served by vacating the District Court's judgment as to the facial unconstitutionality of the 1996 Amendment.9

C.

48
Eagle's as-applied constitutional claims against the Airport Authority and its directors, however, require a different analysis. Pursuant to the 1996 Amendment, Eagle requested that the Authority approve construction and operation of Happy Landing. Count IV of Eagle's Complaint alleged that the Authority and its directors, in denying that request, violated Eagle's rights to procedural and substantive due process, equal protection, and freedom from taking without just compensation. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants on these claims, and on appeal, Eagle contests that District Court's decision with respect to the procedural and substantive due process claims.


49
We do not believe that the passage of the 2000 Amendment has mooted these claims. Unlike Eagle's facial constitutional challenges, which sought only prospective declaratory and injunctive relief,10 the due process claims set out in Count IV sought damages against the Authority and its members. "A case is saved from mootness if a viable claim for damages exists." National Iranian, 983 F.2d at 489. In Phillips v. Borough of Capered, 107 F.3d 164, 177 (3d Cir. 1997) (en banc), we held that the substitution of a new, less restrictive adult bookstore ordinance for the previous, more restrictive one did not moot plaintiffs' § 1983 damages claim arising out of the application of the prior ordinance. Similarly, in Ransom v. Maoris, 848 F.2d 398 (3d Cir. 1988), where plaintiffs challenged municipal sewer and water service regulations, we held:


50
The plaintiffs further attempt to avoid the mooting of their procedural due process claims by asserting that the publication of new regulations, even if they now satisfy the due process notice requirements, does not answer their claim of damages due to a deprivation of notice prior to their publication and resulting from the imperfection of liens. The plaintiffs are correct in their contention that the issuance of the new regulations does not moot this damage claim based on the alleged constitutional notice defect prior to their publication.


51
Id. at 410; see also Naturist Soc'y, 958 F.2d at 1519 ("the claim for damages saves from mootness the Society's contention that the `old' park regulations were unconstitutional as applied to it"). Eagle's claim for damages for the past application of the 1996 Amendment invests it with a continuing, concrete stake in the outcome of this litigation that has not been redressed by the passage of the 2000 Amendment. Therefore, we will address these claims on the merits.

III.

52
We first consider Eagle's procedural due process claim. Eagle complains that, although it was given the opportunity to submit documentation in support of its application, it was not given a chance "to review all information received by the Airport Authority and to submit responsive comments." Khodara Reply Br. at 12. Eagle also complains that it received no hearing before its application was denied. Id. at 11.


53
The procedures followed by the Airport Authority were not exemplary, but Pennsylvania law provided an avenue for Eagle to contest the Authority's action. Under 2 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 752, "[a]ny person aggrieved by an adjudication of a local agency who has a direct interest in such adjudication shall have the right to appeal therefrom to the court vested with jurisdiction of such appeals by or pursuant to Title 42...." The Airport Authority falls within the definition of a "local agency,"11 and therefore Eagle could have challenged the Authority's decision in the state court system.


54
We need not decide here whether these procedures would be constitutionally sufficient if a favorable decision by the Airport Authority would have enabled Eagle to begin operation of the landfill immediately or within a short time thereafter. Here, on September 25, 1996--almost four months before the Airport Authority's adverse action--the PDEP suspended Eagle's construction permits for Happy Landing because the proposed site contained protected wetlands. Both the Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board and a state court have upheld this suspension, which continues in effect pending Eagle's latest appeal. Consequently, even if the Airport Authority had granted Eagle permission to construct the landfill pursuant to the 1996 Amendment, Eagle would have been unable to do so because of the suspension of the construction permits. Under these circumstances, the availability of review under 2 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 752 satisfied due process. Cf. Cohen v. City of Philadelphia, 736 F.2d 88, 86 (3d Cir. 1984)(state may provide adequate due process when it provides " `reasonable remedies to rectify a legal error by a local administrative body' ") (citation omitted). "[I]dentification of the specific dictates of [procedural] due process requires consideration of three distinct factors: First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail." Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976). In this case, although Eagle had a substantial interest in the development of its property as a landfill, Eagle could not have developed the property for this landfill use until it obtained the necessary permits from the PDEP. While Eagle was attempting to obtain those permits, it could have contested the action of the Airport Authority in the state courts. Thus, as a practical matter, the adverse effects during the relevant time period of the Airport Authority's action were not substantial. Similarly, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of Eagle's property interest in any practical sense was not great. And because Eagle presumably could have obtained state court review before the Airport Authority's action had any substantial practical bite, the comparative benefit of better procedures at the administrative level was diminished. Under these circumstances, we hold that Eagle's procedural due process rights were not violated. This case differs greatly from the typical case in which only post-deprivation process is available.


55
Nor do we find a violation of Eagle's substantive due process rights. Eagle's briefs do not argue that the Airport Authority denied its application for a reason that is " `tainted by improper motives.' " Nicholas v. Pennsylvania State University, 227 F.3d 133, 139 (3d Cir. 2000)(citation omitted). Rather, Eagle contends that "[t]he Airport Authority's review was anything but careful and considered," that its decision was contrary to "overwhelming evidence that the Happy Valley Landfill posed no safety threat to the Airport," that "the Airport Authority members were confused," and that they were unable to articulate a basis for their decision. Khodara Reply Br. at 13-15. Courts must exercise caution before recognizing substantive due process claims. See, e.g., County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 842 (1998); Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 271, 114 S.Ct. 807,127 L.Ed.2d 114(1994); Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 (1992); Nicholas, 227 F.3d at 140; Fagan v. City of Vineland, 22 F.3d 1296, 1306 n.6 (3d Cir. 1994 (en banc). For purposes of discussion we will assume that Eagle's hoped-for use of its Happy Landing site as a landfill constituted a constitutionally protected property interest. With this as predicate, it would seem that Eagle's substantive due process challenge to the Airport Authority's denial of Eagle's application goes to the manner in which the Airport Authority arrived at its decision. The core of Eagle's complaint is the contention that the Airport Authority's decision was not rationally supported by substantial evidence. But precisely this contention could have been brought before a state court in the appellate review of the Airport Authority's decision whose availability, we have determined, satisfied the requirements of procedural due process. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the state court review which Eagle did not elect to pursue constituted sufficient protection of Eagle's asserted substantive due process rights.

IV.

56
For the foregoing reasons, Appeals No. 99-3458 and 99-3475 are dismissed as moot, and that portion of the District Court's judgment concerning the facial constitutionality of the 1996 Amendment is vacated. The District Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Airport Authority and its directors is affirmed. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, Eagle should be afforded the opportunity to amend its pleadings so that the District Court may have the opportunity to address any claims regarding the 2000 Amendment.



NOTES:


*
  The Honorable Louis H. Pollak, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.


1
  Under Pennsylvania law, before construction and operation of a landfill may commence, the prospective operator must obtain the necessary permits from the PDEP, including: a permit to authorize the construction and operation of the landfill; a permit to authorize the discharge of treated industrial waste; a permit to authorize certain air emissions related to the landfill's operation; and, if the proposed construction adversely affects wetlands, a Water Obstruction and Encroachment Permit.


2
  In January 1991, Leatherwood, Inc., submitted a request to the PDEP for permission to operate the Leatherwood Landfill near the Dubois-Jefferson County Airport.


3
  Leatherwood's proposed site was located within five miles of the Airport and beneath the approach course of a runway. The FAA concluded that this configuration would significantly increase the risk of an aircraft bird strike and accordingly recommended that the PDEP deny Leatherwood's permit application under a 1990 FAA regulation, which classified the following landfill placements as incompatible with air safety:
a. Waste disposal sites located within 10,000 feet of any runway end used or planned to be used by turbine powered aircraft.
b. Waste disposal sites located within 5,000 feet of any runway end used only by piston powered aircraft.
c. Any waste disposal site located within a 5 mile radius of a runway end that attracts or sustains hazardous bird movements from feeding, water or roosting areas into, or across the runways and/or approach and departure patterns of aircraft.
(App. 2:196.) Because Happy Landing was located 5.25 miles away from the Airport, however, it was not subject to FAA regulation prior to the passage of the 1996 Amendment.


4
  The 1996 Amendment's legislative history suggests that it was intended to single out Happy Landing for regulation. After the Act was signed into law, Rep. Shuster, the provision's drafter, issued a press release titled "SHUSTER AUTHORS PROVISION TO PROTECT DUBOIS JEFFERSON COUNTY AIRPORT FROM LANDFILL," in which he stated that "[m]y provision allows the local airport authority to stop these landfills." (App. 3:497-98.) Another newspaper article quoted Rep. Shuster as stating that the Amendment was enacted to enable the local Airport Authority to block the landfill and that "[t]here's only one airport in the United States that fits [the Amendment's] definition." (App. 3:500.) Commenting on the possibility of a legal challenge by Eagle, Rep. Shuster stated that "if they go into court, you could tie them up for years and years and years." (App. 3:500.)


5
  The Authority is a municipal authority formed under the laws of Pennsylvania, and is entirely responsible for the operation of the Dubois-Jefferson County Airport. The Authority, acting through its Board of Directors, is generally responsible for making decisions concerning the administration of the Airport, including operations, airport safety, and capital improvements.


6
  On August 4, 1997, Jane F. Garvey was appointed FAA Administrator. Garvey was substituted as a defendant pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d)(1).


7
  In its Complaint, Eagle originally asserted these claims against the Airport Authority and its directors as well. The District Court, however, held that the Airport Authority defendants were not proper parties to Eagle's facial challenges to the 1996 Amendment, and Eagle has not appealed this ruling.


8
  The Airport Authority's directors during the relevant period were Don Johnson, Paul Sekula, William Miksich, Mark McKinley, Frederick Murray, Tim Morgan, Robert Reitz, Henry Deible and Paul McMillen.


9
  In so doing, we do not express any view as to the correctness of the District Court's ruling on Eagle's equal protection claim regarding the 1996 Amendment or as to the validity of any of Eagle's other facial challenges.


10
  We recognize that Eagle's Complaint, on its face, includes a prayer for compensatory and punitive damages as to each of its facial challenges. (App. 31, 33, 34.) In its supplemental briefing on the mootness issue, however, Eagle admits that it has abandoned its damages claims on these counts and at summary judgment only sought declaratory and injunctive relief against the F AA and Beckman:
Eagle sued the FAA, in the person of Jane Harvey, and Steven Beckman in their official capacities only, and did not seek damages in conjunction with their actions. In Counts I, II and III, Eagle sought to have the [1996 Amendment] declared unconstitutional (on equal protection, bill of attainder or non-delegation grounds) and the FAA and Beckman enjoined from applying or enforcing it against Eagle.
Eagle Letter Brief, May 24, 2000, at 2-3 (emphasis in original; citations omitted).


11
  A "local agency" is "[a] government agency other than a Commonwealth Agency." 2 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 101. The Clearfield-Jefferson County Regional Airport Authority was created under 53 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 47493. It is plainly a government agency but not an agency of the Commonwealth itself.


