
COURT
OF APPEALS
SECOND
DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 2-01-396-CR
 
CEDRIC E. WINGFIELD           
           
           
           
           
APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS        
           
           
           
           
    STATE
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FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION(1)
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INTRODUCTION
Appellant Cedric Earl Wingfield appeals
from his conviction by a jury for possession with intent to deliver four to 200
grams of cocaine. After pleading true to an enhancement and a habitual offender
notice, the trial court assessed punishment at thirty years' confinement.
Appellant raises four points on appeal: (1)-(2) the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support a finding of "possession" of the
contraband or a finding of "intent to deliver"; (3) the trial court
erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of
possession of a controlled substance; and (4) the trial court erred in refusing
to suppress the cocaine because it was obtained by means of an illegal arrest or
detention. We reverse and remand.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
BACKGROUND
Around 11:40 a.m. on July 21, 2000, Euless
police officers noticed Appellant driving a vehicle with an expired registration
sticker. The police pulled Appellant over to conduct a traffic stop. When the
officers spoke with Appellant, they discovered that he was driving without a
driver's license and proof of insurance. Officer David Chaney asked Appellant if
he had anything illegal in the car, and Appellant responded that he did not and
that the officers could check for themselves.
Officer Chaney asked Appellant to step to
the rear of his vehicle, and after Appellant complied, Officer Jermaine
Montgomery searched the car for three to five minutes and found nothing illegal.
While standing with Appellant, Officer Chaney noticed a "large bulge"
in Appellant's left front pants' pocket, which the officer thought might be a
small caliber weapon. The officer decided to conduct a pat-down search of
Appellant and directed him to face the car with his legs spread and his hands on
top of his head.
As Appellant assumed this position,
Officer Chaney noticed a small black film canister fall to the ground in front
of Appellant's feet. Chaney patted down Appellant, and he discovered that the
bulge was a container of Primatene Mist, an asthma treatment. Having found no
weapons, Officer Chaney then picked up the canister, which prompted Appellant to
say, "[T]hat's not mine, that ain't mine." Inside the canister,
Officer Chaney found several clear Ziploc baggies containing a tan powdery
residue and a razor blade. Most of the substances in the baggies were in the
form of rocks. The officers arrested Appellant. Testing later revealed that the
canister contained cocaine weighing between 4.99 and 5.11 grams.
LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE
In his third point, Appellant complains
that the trial court erred in failing to include within the court's charge a
submission on the lesser included offense of possession of four to 200 grams of
a controlled substance. The State argues that because there was no evidence from
which a jury could have rationally concluded that Appellant possessed the
cocaine with no intent to deliver it, the trial court did not err in refusing to
submit an instruction on the lesser included offense. Alternatively, the State
contends that Appellant can show no actual harm stemming from the trial court's
refusal to submit the requested instruction. We agree with Appellant.
To determine whether a jury must be
charged on a lesser included offense, we apply a two-step analysis. Moore v.
State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The first step is to decide
whether the offense is a "lesser included offense" as defined in
article 37.09 of the code of criminal procedure. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
37.09 (Vernon 1981); Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8. Possession of a controlled
substance is a lesser included offense of possession with intent to deliver a
controlled substance. Hanks v. State, 104 S.W.3d 695, 699-700 (Tex.
App.--El Paso 2003, pet filed); Upchurch v. State, 23 S.W.3d 536, 538
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd).
The second step requires an evaluation of
the evidence to determine whether there is some evidence that would permit a
rational jury to find that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense,
and not of the greater. Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738, 750 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002); Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8. The evidence must be
evaluated in the context of the entire record. Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8.
There must be some evidence from which a rational jury could acquit the
defendant on the greater offense while convicting him of the lesser included
offense. Id. We must consider the evidence in a light most favorable to
Appellant and give him the benefit of reasonable inferences without regard to
whether the evidence is credible, controverted, or in conflict with other
evidence. Id.; Upchurch, 23 S.W.3d at 540. If there is more
than a scintilla of evidence from any source that negates or refutes the element
establishing the greater offense, or if the evidence is so weak that it is
subject to more than one reasonable inference regarding the aggravating element,
the jury should be charged on the lesser included offense. Schweinle v.
State, 915 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Saunders v. State,
840 S.W.2d 390, 391-92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Walker v. State, 95
S.W.3d 516, 519 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2002, no pet.).
Intent to deliver may be proved by
circumstantial evidence, including evidence surrounding its possession. Rhodes
v. State, 913 S.W.2d 242, 251 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1995), aff'd,
945 S.W.2d 115 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 894 (1997).
Factors courts have considered include: (1) the quantity of drug possessed; (2)
the manner of packaging; (3) the presence of a large amount of money; (4) the
defendant's status as a drug dealer; (5) the presence of drug paraphernalia for
either drug use or sale; (6) the presence of evidence of drug transactions; and
(7) the location at which the defendant is arrested. Id. at 251; Williams
v. State, 902 S.W.2d 505, 507 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.]
1994, pet. ref'd); Gabriel v. State, 842 S.W.2d 328, 331-32 (Tex.
App.--Dallas 1992), aff'd, 900 S.W.2d 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
The State relied primarily on evidence
relating to the amount and manner of packaging to demonstrate Appellant's intent
to deliver. Max Courtney, who was the lab director of Forensic Consultant
Services, testified that the substance obtained from Appellant was cocaine and
weighed between 4.99 and 5.11 grams. Courtney had no expertise in the area of
packaging for sale or resale of drugs. The State offered the testimony of
Officer Chaney and undercover Officer Michael Webber as evidence of the manner
of packaging.
Officer Chaney testified that the cocaine
was in the form of powder and rocks and was packaged in "several clear
plastic Ziploc baggies." In its brief, the State does not point to the
specific number of large and small bags found inside the canister, but it
instead refers to Officer Chaney's testimony that he found "several"
baggies. At trial, Officer Chaney testified, without reference to any exhibit
numbers, about the "package . . . in front of [him]," which contained
the contraband seized from Appellant. Officer Chaney took four large envelopes,
placed them in a baggie, and then described the contents as "four larger
plastic baggies of brown powdery residue." When asked whether these were
the same four baggies that he witnessed come out of the film canister, Officer
Chaney testified that two came out of the canister, and two were packaged at the
lab with "loose remaining cocaine." Officer Chaney then took four
smaller baggies and placed them into a baggie. He testified that those were the
same four baggies he remembered seeing while on the side of the road. Officer
Chaney then placed a piece of loose material into a third large baggie and the
film canister into another baggie. We note that the evidence envelope signed by
Officers Chaney and Montgomery identified the contents of the film canister as
"6 Zip lock [sic] baggies of tan powdery residue-cocaine as well as a small
amount of rock cocaine."(2)
Officer Chaney also testified that a razor
blade was found along with the cocaine. When asked whether the amount of cocaine
constituted a usable quantity or an amount for sale or distribution, Officer
Webber testified that "it does constitute an amount for sale or
distribution"-a "dealer amount." Officer Webber testified that
one of the pieces of cocaine was a dealer amount because it was of such size
that it would need to be cut several times to fit inside a pipe. From this
testimony, however, it is equally possible that the larger piece was for
personal use because it had in fact not yet been cut up and packaged for sale;
therefore, Appellant could have bought enough cocaine to supply himself beyond
one use. See Upchurch, 23 S.W.3d at 538-39. Additionally, as Appellant
points out, there was no testimony regarding whether it was more likely that the
blade would be used for purposes of personal use or dealing.
Appellant also directs us to Officer
Webber's testimony that a person could buy cocaine in the same form that he or
she might distribute it. In other words, Officer Webber acknowledged that a
person might possess cocaine packaged in the same manner as when it was sold to
him or her. Officer Webber testified that when a person gets cocaine for
personal use, depending on whom it was purchased from, "[i]t could come
wrapped in a baggie, [or] it could come unpackaged." When Appellant's
counsel asked Officer Webber how he could determine "whether it's packaged
for distribution or whether it has already been distributed," Officer
Webber replied, "Well, it very well could be both."
Officer Webber testified that "[e]ach
of the independent bags [in State's Exhibit 3] could contain 10 -- what would be
priced $10 or $20 rocks." State's Exhibit Three contained four small bags
of brown powdery residue. Thus, while Officer Webber stated on cross-examination
that "[t]his . . . cocaine is packaged for distribution," he did not
testify that each of the bags found on Appellant were packaged with up to ten
rocks of cocaine.
According to Officer Webber, the price of
cocaine varies depending on the area of town. Officer Webber testified that he
was only familiar with Arlington and not Euless-where Appellant was arrested-but
he stated that the rocks were usually sold for either ten or twenty dollars.
Officer Webber calculated that 5.11 grams of cocaine could have been sold for a
maximum of $511. Further, Officer Webber testified that a person might consume
.6 grams of cocaine in a day, which the State points out is eight to nine times
below the level found on Appellant. Officer Webber testified that a high from a
twenty dollar rock usually lasts four to five hours.
With respect to the other factors, the
State offered no evidence that a large amount of money was found in the search
of Appellant and his car. Officer Chaney testified that he could not recall how
much money, if any, was found on Appellant at the time of his arrest. Officer
Chaney did not make an inventory sheet. Additionally, the State offered no
evidence concerning Appellant's status as a drug dealer. In fact, the offense
the State relied upon in the habitual offender enchantment paragraph was the
felony offense of possession of cocaine in 1993.
The only evidence of drug paraphernalia
for either drug use or sale was the razor blade, which either a dealer could use
to cut for multiple sales or a user could utilize for multiple personal uses. No
weapons were found on Appellant or in the search of his car. Additionally, the
State offered no evidence of other drug transactions, and Appellant was arrested
on the side of the road where he was pulled over. Cf. Castillo v. State,
867 S.W.2d 817, 821 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993) ("Another factor showing
intent to deliver is the presence of the accused in a trap or crack
house."), vacated on other grounds, 913 S.W.2d 529 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1995). Further, this case is unlike Hanks, in which the State
offered the expert testimony of a police officer that evidence of a digital
scale, packaging materials, a razor, money, and 46.2 grams of cocaine showed
that the defendant possessed the drugs with an intent to deliver. 104 S.W.3d at
698.
Based on the circumstantial evidence
presented by the State, we conclude that the evidence is subject to more than
one reasonable inference regarding the intent-to-deliver element; thus,
Appellant was entitled to a lesser charge of possession. Schweinle, 915
S.W.2d at 20; Saunders, 840 S.W.2d at 391-92; Upchurch, 23
S.W.3d at 540 (holding appellant was entitled to lesser charge of possession); but
see Hanks, 104 S.W.3d at 700 (holding the trial court did not err in
refusing to give an instruction on the lesser charge of possession).
If the absence of the lesser included
offense instruction left the jury with the sole option either to convict the
defendant of the charged offense or to acquit him, the jury is denied the
opportunity to convict the defendant of the lesser offense. Saunders v.
State, 913 S.W.2d 564, 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). In cases such as this,
there is a distinct possibility that the jury, believing the defendant to have
committed some crime, but given only the option to convict him of the greater
offense, may have chosen to find him guilty of that greater offense, rather than
to acquit him altogether, even though it had a reasonable doubt that he
committed the greater offense. Id. (citing Beck v. Alabama,
447 U.S. 625, 634, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 2388 (1980)).
Here, the jury had only two options: find
Appellant guilty of possession with intent to deliver or acquit him.(3)
The State points out that Appellant's punishment range would be 25 to 99 years,
regardless of the intent to deliver element because possession of four to 200
grams of cocaine constitutes a second degree felony, and the range would
increase due to Appellant's habitual offender status. See Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 12.42(d) (Vernon 2003); Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §
481.115(d) (Vernon 2003). We note, however, that the State argued to the jury at
punishment that Appellant had "progressed" from possessing to dealing.
The jury gave Appellant five years more than the minimum sentence. It is
impossible to say whether the conviction for the greater offense may have had an
impact on Appellant's sentence under the circumstances. Because a jury could
have rationally found Appellant guilty of the lesser offense of possession based
on the evidence, Appellant suffered harm when the trial court denied his request
for an instruction on the lesser included offense. See Upchurch,
23 S.W.3d at 540. We sustain Appellant's third point.
ADMISSIBILITY OF THE
COCAINE
In his fourth point, Appellant contends
that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the introduction of
the contraband in this case on the basis that it was obtained by means of an
illegal arrest or detention.(4) Appellant
specifically complains of the film canister and the controlled substance found
therein, which were introduced as State's Exhibits One through Four.(5)
Because this matter is likely to arise in a new trial, we will address it.
We use an abuse of discretion standard
when reviewing the trial court's decision to admit evidence. Torres v. State,
71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d
608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d
763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) ("We review a trial court's ruling on a
motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of discretion."). There is an
abuse of discretion when the ruling was so clearly wrong as to be outside that
zone within which reasonable persons might disagree. Cantu v. State,
842 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 926
(1993). We afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of the
historical facts that the record supports, especially when the trial court's
fact findings are based upon an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State
v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We afford the same
amount of deference to the trial court's rulings on mixed questions of law and
fact, if the resolution of those questions turns on an evaluation of credibility
and demeanor. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We
review de novo the trial court's application of law to those facts in the
determination of reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Carmouche, 10
S.W.3d at 327-28; Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 88-89.
The Fourth Amendment does not protect
those who voluntarily abandon property. Abel v. United States, 362 U.S.
217, 241, 80 S. Ct. 683, 698 (1960); Hester v. United States, 265 U.S.
57, 58, 44 S. Ct. 445, 446 (1924); Morrison v. State, 71 S.W.3d 821,
829 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.). Voluntary abandonment occurs if
(1) the defendant intended to abandon property, and (2) the decision to abandon
the property was not induced by police misconduct. Brimage v. State,
918 S.W.2d 466, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 838
(1996); Morrison, 71 S.W.3d at 829.
To determine whether an object has been
abandoned, we look at the actor's intent, which may be inferred from words
spoken, acts done, and other objective facts. Morrison, 71 S.W.3d at
829. In this case, Appellant dropped the film canister on the roadside of a
public street and affirmatively declared, "[T]hat's not mine, that ain't
mine." As such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding
that Appellant intended to abandon the property. See id.
We now turn to whether Appellant's
decision to abandon the film canister was the result of police misconduct.
Appellant claims that the evidence was illegally seized because the officers
improperly stopped his vehicle and unlawfully searched his car and person. We
disagree.
The evidence regarding the traffic stop
and the subsequent searches are provided solely by the testimony of the police
officers because the video camera mounted on the police vehicle was not
functioning that day, according to Officer Chaney. The record is clear that the
initial traffic stop of Appellant was legally justified based on the undisputed
fact that Appellant was driving a car with an expired registration sticker. See
McVickers v. State, 874 S.W.2d 662, 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) ("[A]n
officer may lawfully stop and detain a person for a traffic violation."); Rubeck
v. State, 61 S.W.3d 741, 745 n.14 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2001, no pet.)
(op. on reh'g) (same). The officers also discovered that Appellant had been
driving without a driver's license and without insurance, which would have given
rise to probable cause to arrest Appellant. See, e.g., Mays v. State,
726 S.W.2d 937, 944 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1079
(1988).
In response to whether he had anything
illegal in the car, Appellant responded that he did not and volunteered, without
request from either officer, his consent for the officers to search his car. See,
e.g., Davis v. United States, 328 U.S. 582, 593, 66 S. Ct. 1256, 1261
(1946); Reasor v. State, 12 S.W.3d 813, 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A
search made after voluntary consent is not unreasonable. See Reasor,
12 S.W.3d at 818. Moreover, it was not unreasonable for Officer Chaney to ask
Appellant to step out of his car while Officer Montgomery searched it. Further,
Officer Chaney's pat-down of Appellant was lawful in light of the officer's
testimony that he noticed the bulge in Appellant's pocket that could have been a
small caliber handgun. See Roy v. State, 90 S.W.3d 720, 723 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002) ("A state official who detains a person briefly for
investigation may conduct a limited pat-down search of that person if the
official has a reasonable belief that the person detained poses a threat to the
official's safety or the safety of others.") (citing Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1883 (1968)).
Appellant abandoned the canister during
the pat-down. Appellant's decision to abandon the property also was not due to
police misconduct. Because Appellant's Fourth Amendment rights were in no way
violated, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling
Appellant's objection to the admission of the cocaine and film canister, which
Appellant had possessed and then abandoned. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant's
fourth point.(6)
CONCLUSION
Having sustained Appellant's third point,
we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand this case for a new trial.
 
           
           
           
           
           
ANNE GARDNER
           
           
           
           
           
JUSTICE
 
PANEL B: LIVINGSTON, GARDNER, and WALKER,
JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: July 17, 2003

1. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2. Thus, two of the other large baggies were packaged at
the lab, and a third large baggie contained loose material that leaked from one
of the baggies found in the canister and was repackaged by Officer Chaney.
Appellant also points out that Courtney testified that when he received the
cocaine for testing, the arresting officers described the contents as a
"small amount of rock cocaine."
3. We note that the jury sent four notes requesting
portions or all of Officer Webber's testimony concerning the amount of drugs and
manner of packaging.
4. While Appellant did not file a motion to suppress,
Appellant timely objected to the admission of this evidence on statutory and
constitutional grounds. See U.S. Const. amend IV; Tex. Const. art. I,
§ 9; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (Vernon Supp. 2003).
5. Officer Chaney described the contents of Exhibits One
through Four. Exhibit One consisted of the black Kodak film canister. Exhibit
Two contained four plastic baggies of brown powder residue. Exhibit Three
consisted of four smaller Ziploc baggies of brown powdery residue. Exhibit Four
contained "loose rocks, brown powdering -- brown powdery residue
rocks."
6. In light of our decision on point three, we need not
address Appellant's first and second points concerning the legal and factual
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction. See Tex. R. App.
P. 47.1.
