REVERSE and REMAND; and Opinion Filed August 6, 2015.




                                           Court of Appeals
                                                           S      In The


                                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                                       No. 05-14-00975-CR

                                          THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant

                                                                     V.

                                               JOHN FLANAGAN, Appellee

                                On Appeal from the 292nd Judicial District Court
                                             Dallas County, Texas
                                      Trial Court Cause No. F12-23858

                                          MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                 Before Justices Francis, Lang-Miers, and Whitehill
                                          Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers

          Appellee John Flanagan 1 is charged by indictment with possession of methamphetamine

in an amount of less than one gram. On appeal, the State of Texas challenges the trial court’s

order granting appellee’s pretrial motion to suppress evidence. Because the issues are settled, we

issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4. We reverse and remand.

                                                            BACKGROUND

          Police executed a warrant to search an apartment occupied by appellee and Amber

Lashbrook. Appellee and Lashbrook filed separate pretrial motions to suppress evidence seized



   1
       The indictment stated appellee’s name as “John L. Flanagan Jr.”
at the apartment. 2 The trial court held a consolidated hearing and granted both defendants’

motions. 3

The Warrant

           The warrant at issue in the hearing on the defendants’ motions to suppress authorized the

search of an apartment located at 3208 W. Buckingham Rd. #D in the City of Garland, Dallas

County, Texas for “[m]arihuana[,] EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE SALE OF MARIHUANA

AND PROCEEDS FROM NARCOTICS SALES.”

The Probable-Cause Affidavit

           In support of the warrant, M. Taylor, an investigator in the narcotics unit of the Garland

police department, stated that he had probable cause to believe that appellee and Lashbrook “do

at this time unlawfully possess an illegal controlled substance[,]” marijuana, and evidence

supporting the sale of marijuana and proceeds from narcotics sales. Taylor stated,

                   On Monday 06/18/2012, Narcotics Investigator M. Taylor #6751, herein
           referred to as the Affiant, responded to 3208 W Buckingham Rd # D (The
           Richland Apartments located within the City of Garland, Dallas County, Texas) in
           reference to an assigned case[.] The aforementioned case was created in response
           to Child Protective Services (“CPS”) case # 42270812. CPS case # 42270812
           alleged illegal drug use at 3208 W Buckingham Rd. # D. and listed the residents
           of this location as the subjects listed in paragraph # 3 above, John Flanagan and
           Amber Lashbrook.

           Taylor stated that, once he arrived at the apartment, he observed that the front door had

been damaged so that it could no longer be properly secured. Taylor knocked and appellee

opened the door. Taylor stated that he “recognized [appellee] through police files” and that

     2
       The trial court conducted an initial hearing on Lashbrook’s motion to suppress, at which appellee testified as a witness. During appellee’s
testimony, the trial court became aware that he “was possibly subject to an indictment for the same offense” and, as a result, stopped the initial
hearing and appointed counsel for appellee. The court subsequently held a consolidated hearing on the motions to suppress filed by Lashbrook
and appellee and granted both motions.
     Appellee’s motion to suppress evidence stated numerous grounds, but appellee and Lashbrook confined their argument at the consolidated
hearing on their motions to suppress to whether, based on the information within the four corners of the search warrant affidavit, there was
probable cause to issue the warrant. And the trial court granted their motions based on that issue.
     3
      The State appealed the trial court’s ruling in both cases and we decide this appeal at the same time we decide State v. Lashbrook, case
number 05-14-00974-CR.



                                                                      –2–
appellee “was listed as the resident in CPS case # 42270812[.]” Taylor asked appellee if Taylor

and his partner, Investigator S. Ehrman, “could come inside and speak to Flanagan about a

current investigation.” Appellee said yes and Taylor and Ehrman entered the apartment. Once

inside, Taylor confirmed that appellee and Lashbrook lived there and told appellee that Taylor

“was at the location in reference to a CPS case.” Lashbrook, who Officer Taylor said was

observed in a rear bedroom, asked the officers why they were at the apartment. Taylor told

Lashbrook that he was at the apartment “in reference to the CPS case[.]” Lashbook then

volunteered that the apartment was “clean” and that the officers “could look through it.” Taylor

did not search the apartment, but walked around to get an overall view of the living conditions.

       Taylor said that, when he walked through the master bedroom, he “observed a green plant

stem” that he “recognized through his experience as a Narcotics investigator as a Marihuana

stem.” Taylor seized the stem and asked appellee and Lashbrook for consent to search the

apartment. Both denied consent. Taylor “immediately secured” the apartment in order to

prepare the application for a warrant.

       Taylor said that he used a department issued field test kit, “Duquenois-Levine Reagent

#908[,]” to perform a field test on the “seized Marihuana stem.” The field test was positive,

“confirming that the stem was Marihuana.”

       Taylor concluded that it was his “experience as a police officer and narcotics investigator

that persons who use and sell Marihuana do possess quantities of packaged Marihuana

secreted inside their residence and out buildings.”




                                                –3–
The Hearing on the Motions to Suppress

           During the consolidated hearing on the motions to suppress, counsel for appellee 4 argued

that “the only probable cause given is they found a marijuana stem” and “that alone is not

sufficient for a magistrate to issue a search warrant of a home.” Appellee’s counsel argued that

there was no evidence in the search warrant that appellee and Lashbrook were involved in the

sale of drugs, no evidence of equipment and money associated with the sale of drugs, and no

evidence that the defendants were under the influence of marijuana or that there was any

immediate prior activity of marijuana use at the location. He argued that “[a]ll we have here

[was] a stem,” and, as a result, “within the four corners of the affidavit,” there was not enough

evidence to establish probable cause.

           In response, the State argued that the court should follow constitutional principles

requiring it to defer to the magistrate’s determination of probable cause and that the stem was not

the only basis for probable cause. The State argued that the affidavit stated that the detective

went to the residence in response to a CPS case concerning suspected drug use by appellee and

Lashbrook. The State contended that, once the detective saw evidence of drug use in the house,

there was probable cause for a warrant and, as a result, the warrant on its face was sufficient.

The State also contended that the CPS report was “referenced in the affidavit” and it was “in the

warrant, so [it was] evidence before the Court.”

           The defendants’ counsel argued that the CPS report was not the basis of the affidavit nor

was it in evidence. When asked by the trial court if the CPS report was presented to the

magistrate, the prosecutor responded that he did not know—to which the court replied, “Doesn’t

count.” The prosecutor argued that the report did not have to be presented to the magistrate.


     4
       Lashbook’s attorney “accede[d] to” appellee’s counsel arguing the issue of the sufficiency of the affidavit to support the search warrant
and “urge[d] this with him.”



                                                                     –4–
And he argued that detectives and officers often use anonymous tips and information people tell

them. He said this information was not anonymous—but rather the CPS communicated the

information and the officer listed the CPS case report number and location address, and

“specifically allege[d] drug use was the basis of the CPS investigation.”

       The court asked what “distinguishing characteristic” would enable an experienced

narcotics investigator to determine that a green plant stem was marijuana as opposed to another

type of green plant stem. The State replied that the detective testified that he could tell that the

stem was a marijuana stem based on his training and experience.

       The court granted the motions to suppress and the State appealed.

                         STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

       The Fourth Amendment establishes a constitutional preference that a search be conducted

pursuant to a warrant. Jones v. State, 364 S.W.3d 854, 856–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983)); see U.S. CONST. amend. IV. Under Texas law, no

search warrant may issue without a sworn affidavit that sets forth facts sufficient to establish

probable cause. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.06 (West 2005), art. 18.01(b), (c) (West

Supp. 2014); see also TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 9. Probable cause exists when, under the totality of

the circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found

at the specified location.    State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

Probable cause is a “flexible and non-demanding standard.” State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268,

272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

       We normally review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress by using a bifurcated

standard of review, where we give almost total deference to the historical facts found by the trial

court and review de novo the trial court’s application of the law. Id.at 271. But when the trial

court is determining probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant, there are no

                                                –5–
credibility determinations. Id. Rather the trial court is constrained to the four corners of the

affidavit. Id. Because of the constitutional preference for searches to be conducted pursuant to a

warrant, we apply a highly deferential standard of review to a magistrate’s probable-cause

determination. Bonds v. State, 403 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); McLain, 337

S.W.3d at 271. Under this highly deferential standard, we interpret the supporting affidavit in a

commonsensical and realistic manner, and we defer to all reasonable inferences that the

magistrate could have made. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271; Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 61

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see Bonds, 403 S.W.3d at 873.           We consider the totality of the

circumstances and determine whether there are sufficient facts stated within the four corners of

the affidavit, coupled with inferences from those facts, to establish a fair probability that

evidence of a particular crime would be found at a given location. See Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at

62; see also Flores v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). As long as the

magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed, we will uphold the

magistrate’s probable-cause determination. Bonds, 403 S.W.3d at 873; McLain, 337 S.W.3d at

271 (“When in doubt, we defer to all reasonable inferences that the magistrate could have

made.”); see also Gates, 462 U.S. at 238–39. Although the reviewing court is not a “rubber

stamp,” “the magistrate’s decision should carry the day in doubtful or marginal cases, even if the

reviewing court might reach a different result upon de novo review.” Jones, 364 S.W.3d at 857

(quoting Flores, 319 S.W.3d at 702).

                                 ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES

       The State argues that the trial court erred by granting the motion to suppress because the

search warrant affidavit contained sufficient facts to provide the issuing magistrate with a

substantial basis for concluding that there was a fair probability that marijuana or evidence

related to illegal drugs would be present at the target address and that a search of that location

                                               –6–
would yield evidence related to illegal drugs. The State argues that the affiant’s discovery of a

stem that he confirmed to be a marijuana stem in the target residence was “sufficient in and of

itself” to establish probable cause. The State also argues that (1) the trial court’s expressed

doubts concerning how a trained narcotics officer could identify that a green stem was a

marijuana stem and (2) its comments indicating that the court did not consider “the existence of

the CPS report” reflect that the trial court did not give proper deference to the magistrate’s

determinations and did not consider all facts in the affidavit. The State contends that the

magistrate was entitled to find affiant Taylor’s statements concerning his discovery and

recognition of a marijuana stem and his confirmation that the stem was marijuana through a field

test to be credible.   And the State contends that the magistrate was entitled to credit the

information that CPS provided affiant Taylor, and—if the “basic factual assertions”

communicated to Taylor about the CPS report were conclusory—the magistrate was entitled to

give conclusory statements some weight.

       Appellee argues that the trial court properly granted the motion to suppress because the

assertions in the search warrant affidavit were global and conclusory and, when viewed as a

whole, did not present proof of probable cause to justify issuance of a search warrant.

Specifically, appellee argues that “really only one ‘fact’” stated in the affidavit would lead to a

suspicion that a crime had been committed or an instrumentality of a crime would be located on

the premises: the officer’s recognition of a stem as a marijuana stem and his confirmation by a

field test that the stem was marijuana. Citing Taylor v. State, 505 S.W.2d 927 (Tex. Crim. App.

1974) and Cooper v. State, 648 S.W.2d 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983), appellee argues that

“possession of a marijuana stem is not a crime nor is it an instrumentality of a crime” because it

was not a usable quantity of marijuana and, as a result, the affidavit did not provide the

magistrate with sufficient information to justify the issuance of the warrant.

                                                –7–
       In response, the State argues that finding the marijuana stem was not the “sole fact”

stated in the affidavit establishing probable cause. The State also contends that the search

warrant affidavit did not have to establish appellee’s actual possession of a usable quantity of

marijuana to establish probable cause and that the case authority that appellee cites is

distinguishable.

                                           ANALYSIS

       Our focus is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, there were sufficient facts

stated within the four corners of the probable-cause affidavit, coupled with inferences from those

facts, to establish a fair probability that evidence of a particular crime would be found at the

apartment. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 62. We evaluate what facts a magistrate could directly

find from and reasonably infer from the affidavit. See Flores, 319 S.W.3d at 702–03.

       From the four corners of Taylor’s affidavit, the magistrate could directly find (1) Taylor

was an investigator in the narcotics unit of the Garland police department; (2) on June 18, 2012,

Taylor responded to 3208 W. Buckingham Rd. #D in reference to an assigned case; (3) the case

was created in response to CPS case # 42270812, which “alleged illegal drug use” at that address

and listed appellee and Lashbrook as the subjects of the CPS case; (4) once at the apartment,

Taylor knocked on a damaged door, and a person whom he recognized through police files as

appellee opened the door; (5) Taylor asked appellee if Taylor and his partner Ehrman could

come inside and speak to appellee “about a current investigation” and appellee said “yes” and

Taylor and Ehrman entered the apartment; (6) Taylor confirmed that appellee and Lashbrook

lived there and told appellee that Taylor was there “in reference to a CPS case”; (7) Taylor saw

Lashbrook in a rear bedroom, and in answer to her questions, Taylor told her that he was at the

apartment “in reference to the CPS case” and she stated that the apartment was “clean” and that

the officers could look through it; (8) Taylor did not search the apartment but walked through it

                                               –8–
“getting an overall view of living conditions inside”; (9) in the master bedroom, Taylor

“observed a green plant stem recognized through his experience as a Narcotics investigator as a

Marihuana stem”; (10) Taylor seized the stem and asked appellee and Lashbrook for consent to

search the residence, they denied consent, and Taylor then “immediately secured” the location to

prepare the application for a warrant; and (11) Taylor performed a field test on the stem, which

returned a positive result and confirmed that the stem was marijuana. In light of these facts, the

magistrate could also reasonably infer that Taylor’s experience as a narcotics investigator

enabled him to recognize the stem as a marijuana stem. See Davis v. State, 202 S.W.3d 149, 156

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (concluding that magistrate could reasonably infer that officer was

trained, commissioned police officer who, based on past experience, could identify odor

generated by cooking methamphetamine).

          We agree with the State that the facts stated in the affidavit concerning the CPS case were

among the facts the magistrate could consider as supporting probable cause. 5 See United States

v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 110–11 (1965) (stating that, in contrast to tips from “unreliable

anonymous informers,” the “[o]bservations of fellow officers of the Government engaged in a

common investigation are plainly a reliable basis for a warrant”); Moreno v. State, 415 S.W.3d

284, 288 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing Ventresca and noting that law enforcement in Clovis,

New Mexico was “a reliable source” of information regarding narcotics distribution to police

officers in Lubbock, Texas).

          Additionally, appellee’s argument that, in order to establish probable cause, it was

necessary for the stem that Taylor seized to be a usable quantity of marijuana and a crime to

possess is not supported by authority. As the State notes, the cases that appellee cites as

     5
       Appellee contends that the affidavit did not provide details of the CPS case, including the name of the informant or case worker who
observed the illegal drug use, whether the informant or case worker was reliable, and the date and time of the alleged illegal drug use, but
appellee does not provide authority for the proposition that the details of the CPS case that he mentions must be included in the affidavit.



                                                                   –9–
authority, Taylor, 505 S.W.2d at 929, and Cooper, 648 S.W.2d at 315–16, concerned the

sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, which is distinguishable from the standard

here: whether there was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found

at the apartment when the warrant was issued.

       Appellee also cites authority for the propositions that an affidavit is conclusory and

inadequate to establish probable cause when the affiant alleges that he relied on his training and

experience to conclude that his observations were consistent with possible narcotics activity

without a more detailed recitation, see Gates, 462 U.S. at 239; Nathanson v. United States, 290

U.S. 41, 47 (1933), and that the affiant’s “mere affirmation” of belief or suspicion of others is

inadequate, see Duarte, 389 S.W.3d at 354. But the affidavit here did not merely state that

Taylor was relying on his training and experience or the beliefs or suspicions of others. Instead,

the affidavit provided a detailed recitation of the facts and circumstances that he witnessed.

       Consequently, under the totality-of-the-circumstances test and the stated facts and giving

due regard to all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the stated facts, we conclude that

the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed—specifically

that there was at least a fair probability that marijuana would be found at the apartment. As a

result, we conclude that the trial court erred when it granted appellee’s motion to suppress. We

sustain the State’s sole issue on appeal.




                                                –10–
                                          CONCLUSION

       We reverse the trial court’s order granting appellee’s motion to suppress and remand this

case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                    /Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
                                                    ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
                                                    JUSTICE


Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

140975F.U05




                                               –11–
                                       S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant                       On Appeal from the 292nd Judicial District
                                                    Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-14-00975-CR        V.                        Trial Court Cause No. F12-23858.
                                                    Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers,
JOHN FLANAGAN, Appellee                             Justices Francis and Whitehill participating.


       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court is REVERSED and
the cause REMANDED for further proceedings.


Judgment entered this 6th day of August, 2015.




                                             –12–
