                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                    File Name: 18a0585n.06

                                       CASE No. 18-3078

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                     )                           FILED
  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                          )                     Nov 26, 2018
                                                     )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )
                                                     )
                 v.                                  )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                     )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
  MARLON CLEMONS,                                    )     THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                     )     OHIO
        Defendant-Appellant.                         )
                                                     )


BEFORE: THAPAR, BUSH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. Marlon Clemons appeals his above-Guidelines sentence

of 80 months’ imprisonment for being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition. For the

following reasons, we affirm.

                                                I.

       Marlon Clemons was wanted for murder and felonious assault when Ohio officers detained

him in his car on January 23, 2017. After Clemons admitted to having a firearm under his driver’s

seat, the officers found a .45 caliber pistol there along with ammunition. Clemons eventually

pleaded guilty to a one-count indictment charging him with being a felon in possession of a firearm

and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Clemons had previous
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


felony convictions for improperly discharging a firearm, robbery, and twice committing felonious

assault.

           Clemons’ PSR calculated his total offense level under the Guidelines as seventeen after

reducing three points from his base offense level because he accepted responsibility for his crime.

It also calculated his criminal history score as ten, which placed him in Criminal History Category

V. Together, Clemons’ total offense level and criminal history category yielded a Guidelines

sentencing range of forty-six to fifty-seven months’ imprisonment. But Clemons did not ultimately

receive a sentence within this range. Instead, the district court varied Clemons’ sentence upwards

to eighty months after conducting a nearly two-hour sentencing hearing where it heard from him,

his lawyer, his mother, the Government, and a witness for the Government.

           Clemons now appeals this sentence.

                                                  II.

           Clemons challenges both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of his sentence. A

sentencing court procedurally errs by “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the

Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,

selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen

sentence.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). And it substantively errs if it “selects a

sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant

sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United

States v. Conaster, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373,

385 (6th Cir. 2005)). We review claims of procedural and substantive unreasonableness for an

abuse of discretion, United States v. Adams, 873 F.3d 512, 516 (6th Cr. 2017) (citing United States

v. Carson, 560 F.3d 566, 585 (6th Cir. 2009)), but we review the district court’s factual findings



                                                  2
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 440 (6th

Cir. 2018).

                                                III.

       Procedural Reasonableness. Clemons first argues that the district court erred by relying on

his alleged conduct in cases where he was charged with a crime but was ultimately acquitted or

the charges were dismissed or “no billed.”1 Clemons claims that although he objected to the

inclusion of those arrests in his PSR, the court summarily adopted the PSR’s factual findings

regarding those cases to justify his above-Guidelines sentence. Although neither party identifies it

as such, Clemons appears to be making an argument based on Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

32(i)(3)(B), which provides that a sentencing court “must—for any disputed portion of the

presentence report or other controverted matter—rule on the dispute or determine that a ruling is

unnecessary.” We review a district court’s compliance with this rule de novo. United States v.

White, 492 F.3d 380, 414 (6th Cir. 2007).

       Clemons mischaracterizes the nature of the district court’s reliance on his arrest record.

The court did not simply assume his guilt in cases where he was arrested but not convicted. Nor

did it summarily adopt the PSR’s factual findings in those cases. Rather, the court expressed its

concern about what “seem[ed] to be a pattern” of charges against Clemons being dropped or no

billed “because a witness wasn’t available.” (See R. 49, Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at PageID #359; Doc.

4, PSR at 7–8 ¶¶ 33–34, 36-38.) At best, this statement suggests that the court agreed with the

Government’s argument that Clemons had engaged in a pattern of intimidating or otherwise

discouraging witnesses from cooperating in cases against him.



1
        A “no bill” refers to a grand jury’s notation on an indictment indicating that there is
insufficient evidence to prosecute an individual. See No Bill, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.
2014).
                                                 3
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


       Granted, the court also said that there were at least eighteen “victims that were somehow

implicated” in Clemons’ possession of a firearm, which seemingly included the alleged victims in

cases where Clemons was not ultimately convicted. But read in context, the court’s statement was

addressing Clemons’ specific claim that he was, in the words of the court, “the target of a police

conspiracy, a neighborhood conspiracy.” (Id. at PageID #366.) Earlier in the hearing, Clemons

claimed that the police never investigated numerous incidents where people shot at him, causing

him to fear for his life and carry a gun. He also asserted that the reason so many cases against him

were dropped or resulted in his acquittal was because he was being “targeted, not only by the

community, but also by the law enforcement.” Specifically, he claimed that “on numerous

occasions,” people would accuse him of a crime and the police would simply bring charges against

him without doing any investigation.

       But the court cautioned Clemons that he would “not succeed” in claiming he was the target

of a conspiracy. It noted that although he was prohibited from possessing a firearm ever since he

was fifteen,2 he persisted in doing so “time and time again.” And the court was correct—Clemons

never disputed the parts of his PSR indicating that he was convicted several times for committing

crimes where he or his accomplice used a gun. When Clemons was fifteen, for example, he shot a

man three times and the man’s friend once after they walked away from him when he demanded

the man’s money. When he was twenty-eight, Clemons slammed a woman onto a vehicle while

his accomplice held the woman at gunpoint and then took her purse. And when he was twenty-

nine, Clemons shot a sixteen-year-old boy in the leg during a fight.

       Importantly, the court recognized that Clemons’ arrest record contained “some dismissals

. . . a few acquittals . . . a few no bills,” acknowledging that Clemons was not necessarily guilty of



2
       Clemens was thirty-nine years old on the date of his sentencing. (See Doc. 4, PSR at 2.)
                                                  4
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


everything described in his PSR. (Id. at PageID #367.) But considering Clemons’ undisputed

criminal record, the court’s statement about eighteen “victims” suggested that it did not find the

opposite to be true—that Clemons was, as he proclaimed, “actually, honestly, innocent” of those

other crimes listed on his PSR where he was arrested but not ultimately convicted. (Id. at PageID

#366.) Nevertheless, the court’s broader point was that it did not “believe that there [was] a

wholesale conspiracy against [Clemons]” in which police charged him without any basis whenever

he was accused of a crime. And it was a fair point.

       Alternatively, Clemons argues that it would have still been error for the court to find that

he engaged in a pattern of witness intimidation, even if it did not credit the disputed allegations in

his arrest record. But it is unclear that the court made, much less relied on, such a finding. The

court perhaps came closest to doing so when it said it was “concerned that there does seem to be a

pattern” of cases against Clemons that were either no billed or dismissed because a witness was

not available. (Id. at PageID #375.)

       Even if we assume the court made such a finding, however, we cannot conclude that it was

“clearly erroneous” in doing so. “A finding of fact will only be clearly erroneous when, although

there may be some evidence to support the finding, ‘the reviewing court on the entire evidence is

left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” United States v.

Latouf, 132 F.3d 320, 331 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564,

573 (1985)). While Clemons claimed to be innocent of the charges brought against him in cases

where he was not convicted, he did not dispute that five of those cases were dismissed or no billed

after a witness failed to appear.

       Clemons also did not dispute the testimony of the Government’s sentencing hearing

witness—an Ohio police officer—who had twice been involved in arresting him, including for the



                                                  5
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


instant offense. The first arrest occurred in 2014, and as part of his testimony regarding that arrest,

the officer testified about what he had learned about Clemons’ criminal history leading up to it.

For example, the officer testified that, in 2010, Cleveland police officers found a shotgun, an

assault rifle magazine, and ammunition when they executed a search warrant on a Cleveland

residence where Clemons was believed to be staying. Although Clemons was not found in the

residence, police tracked him down to a hotel in Detroit, Michigan, where he was arrested after

attempting to escape. Among other incidents, the officer also described Clemons’ attempt to evade

an arrest in 2012, and how two of Clemons’ associates offered money to a witness so she would

not testify in a trial related to his 2014 arrest.

        The trial court has broad discretion to “take into consideration uncharged conduct or even

conduct for which the defendant has been acquitted so long as that conduct has been proven by a

preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 396 (6th Cir. 2002). Given

the evidence, we are not “left with the definite and firm conviction” that the district court would

have been mistaken to find that Clemons engaged in a pattern of witness intimidation. Assuming

the court made such a finding, it did not clearly err.

        Clemons next argues that the district court erred by improperly relying on an inaccurate

national sentencing average to increase his sentence. We note at the outset that Clemons and the

Government dispute our standard of review. The Government argues that Clemons failed to

preserve this issue for appeal, and so our review should be for plain error. But Clemons argues that

his counsel objected to the court’s upward variance at the end of his sentencing hearing, and

because the court’s variance was based in part on this national average, our review should be for

harmless error.




                                                     6
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


       The Government has the better argument. Near the end of Clemons’ sentencing hearing,

the district court followed the rule laid down in United States v. Bostic requiring it to “ask the

parties whether they have any objections to the sentence just pronounced that have not previously

been raised.” 371 F.3d 865, 872 (6th Cir. 2004.) Counsel stated only that he “object[ed] to the

upward variance, [and] . . . that this case would have been appropriate to a guideline sentence of

between 46 and 57 months.” (See R. 49, Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at PageID #390.)

       Counsel’s general objection to the court’s upward variance was insufficiently specific to

alert the district court to what Clemons now claims was the true basis for his objection—the court’s

reliance on a national sentencing average. A party fails to preserve a claim on appeal if it answers

the Bostic question in the affirmative “but at such a high degree of generality that the district court

has no opportunity to correct its purported error and the court of appeals has been deprived of a

more detailed record to review.” United States v. Simmons, 587 F.3d 348, 358 (6th Cir. 2009). In

Simmons, for example, defense counsel responded to the district court’s Bostic question by stating,

“Your Honor, I object just for the record for the procedural, substantive aspects.” Id. at 355. We

held this objection was too vague to preserve his claim that “the district court failed to address

[his] argument for a downward variance based on the disparate treatment of crack and powder

cocaine.” Id. Here, defense counsel’s objection was even more vague as it simply objected to the

district court’s variance without indicating whether his objection was procedurally based,

substantively based, or both.

       Accordingly, our review is for plain error, which means Clemons must “show (1) error

(2) that ‘was obvious or clear,’ (3) that ‘affected [his] substantial rights’ and (4) that ‘affected the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Vonner,

516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 459



                                                   7
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


(6th Cir. 2006)). We will only find such error “where the error is so plain that the trial judge was

derelict in countenancing it.” Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386 (internal quotations and alterations omitted).

       Here, the trial court did not commit error, let alone plain error. The court first mentioned

the national sentencing average at Clemons’ sentencing hearing after Clemons’ counsel asserted

that a person charged with the same conduct in state court would receive a shorter sentence.

Counsel’s argument was based on 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6), which requires courts to consider “the

need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have

been found guilty of similar conduct.” Counsel admitted that this was “a little bit of an apples and

oranges comparison.” Nevertheless, he persisted in arguing that Clemons was “similarly situated”

to such state court defendants. The court rejected that comparison, noting that penalties in federal

court are greater because defendants are often prosecuted there after they have been repeatedly

prosecuted in state court. And the court was right to do so because it would have been error for the

court to have looked to state court defendants in measuring disparities under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(6). See United States v. Malone, 503 F.3d 481, 486 (6th Cir. 2007). The court went on

to explain,

       [W]hen I consider what might lead to disparity, I look at other federal defendants.
       And in Mr. Clemons’ case . . . 80 months is the average for a federal defendant
       convicted of a firearms offense in Category V. And that’s what I would prefer to
       look at when I consider whether or not there is going to be some sentencing
       disparity, not state court. My colleagues in state court do their heavy lifting. We do
       our own here.

(See R. 49, Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at PageID #362.)

       Clemons argues that this “explanation alone demonstrates that the court erred,” because it

shows that the court considered a national average and not simply Clemons’ guidelines range.

Clemons primarily relies on United States v. Willingham, 497 F.3d 541 (5th Cir. 2007), where the




                                                 8
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


Fifth Circuit held it was plain error for a district court to rely on a national sentencing average in

varying a defendant’s sentence downward. Id. at 545.

        But not only have we repeatedly held that 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) refers to national

sentencing disparities, see e.g., United States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 521 (6th Cir. 2008);

United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620, 623–24 (6th Cir. 2007), we have repeatedly taken national

sentencing averages into account in reviewing sentences for reasonableness, see e.g. United States

v. Elmore, 743 F.3d 1068, 1075 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Stock, 685 F.3d 621, 630 (6th Cir.

2012); United States v. Brinda, 321 F. App’x 464, 468 n.4 (6th Cir. 2009). Moreover, in

Willingham, the district court’s sentence was based solely on the national average and not on any

other § 3553(a) factor. See Willingham, 497 F.3d at 546. Thus, the court held, the “plain error

affected the Government's substantial right to have a proper and lawful sentence imposed on the

defendant.” Id. Here, in contrast, Clemons’ sentence was based on several other § 3553(a) factors,

as we discuss below in reviewing his sentence for substantive reasonableness. Clemons has

therefore not met his burden to show that the district court’s reliance on a national average affected

his substantial rights.

        Alternatively, Clemons contends that even if it was proper for the court to rely on a national

sentencing average, the court erred because the average the court relied on was “inflated.”

Specifically, Clemons argues that because he was convicted of being a felon in possession of a

firearm and ammunition, the court should have compared his sentence to defendants in Criminal

History Category V who were sentenced under his primary sentencing guideline: U.S.S.G § 2K2.1.

The average sentence for those defendants is sixty-six months.3 Instead, the court compared his



3
       U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Interactive Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics,
2016 Sentence Length for Offenders in Each Criminal History Category by Primary Sentencing
Guideline, https://isb.ussc.gov/USSC?toc-section=0 (last visited Nov. 5, 2018).
                                                  9
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


sentence to defendants in Criminal History Category V who were sentenced for firearms offenses

generally. The average for those defendants is eighty months.4 Said another way, Clemons argues

that the court erred by relying on an average based on a broad “primary offense category,” instead

of the specific offense he was convicted of.

       But our court has explicitly approved district courts to use the exact statistical table the

district court used in Clemons’ case—Table 14 in the Sentencing Commission’s annual

Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics—which contains sentencing data based on primary

offense categories. Stock, 685 F.3d at 629 n.6. Indeed, in Stock, we said this table “is a starting

point for district judges in their efforts ‘to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among

defendants with similar criminal records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.’” Id.

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6)).

       To be sure, we acknowledged that the data “has its limitations” because “it often is difficult

to know whether offenders grouped into the same primary offense category have indeed been

found guilty of similar conduct.” Id. And the Stock court ultimately relied on offense-specific

statistics in evaluating the reasonableness of the sentence at issue. Id. But there the defendant’s

offense—failure to register as a sex offender—fell within the “other miscellaneous offenses”

category. Id. That category was, as it is now, extremely broad and “include[d] everything from

‘aircraft piracy’ to the ‘illegal use of [a] regulatory number.’” Id. (second alteration in original). 5


4
       U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Interactive Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics, 2016
Sentence Length for Offenders in Each Criminal History Category by Primary Offense Category
(Table 14), https://isb.ussc.gov/USSC?toc-section=0 (last visited Nov. 5, 2018).
5
          To illustrate just how broad the “other miscellaneous offenses” category was, we reproduce
it in its entirety below:
          Other Miscellaneous Offenses includes illegal use of regulatory number – drugs;
          illegal transfer of drugs; illegal regulatory number to get drugs; drug paraphernalia;
          forgery/fraud for drugs; dangerous devices to protect drugs; manufacture drugs
          against quota; endangering life while manufacturing drugs; operate carrier under
                                                  10
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


        In contrast, Clemons’ offense—being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition—

fit comfortably within the firearms category it fell into.6 In any event, it was not error, much less

plain error, for the district court to have relied on a statistical table we have called a “starting point”

in measuring disparities under § 3553(a)(6). To the extent Clemons argues that the district court

relied too heavily on the average, we consider that argument below in our review of his sentence

for substantive reasonableness.

        Additionally, Clemons’ argument is mistaken in its premise—the court did not accept the

PSR’s calculation placing him in Criminal History Category V. After explaining its reasons for

varying his sentence upwards, the court increased his Criminal History Category from V to VI and

his total offense level from seventeen to twenty. The court appears to have done so in response to



        drugs; endangerment from hazardous/toxic substances; mishandling substances,
        records, etc.; threat of tampering with public water system; hazardous devices of
        federal lands; mishandling other pollutants, records, etc.; improper storage of
        explosives; recordkeeping violation – explosives; possession of other weapon – on
        aircraft, in federal facility; failure to report theft of explosives; feloniously mailing
        injurious articles; transport of hazardous material in commerce; interference with
        flight crew, other offense – aboard aircraft; criminal infringement of
        copyright/trademark; conflict of interest; unauthorized payment; non-drug
        forfeiture; impersonation; false statement to Employee Act; reporting offenses –
        labor related; criminal infringement of trademark; unlawful conduct relating to
        control/cigarettes; trespass; destruction of property; destruction of mail; aircraft
        piracy; conspiracy to murder (no death, assault, or attempt); conspiracy to commit
        murder; and all other miscellaneous offenses not previously listed in any of the
        other categories.
U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Appendix A to 2010 Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics,
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-
sourcebooks/2010/Appendix_A_0.pdf#page=11 (last visited Nov. 5, 2018).
6
         In 2016, the firearms category “included possession/transportation of firearms or
ammunition; possession of guns/explosives on aircraft; unlawful trafficking, etc., in explosives;
possession of guns/explosives in federal facility/schools; use of fire or explosives to commit
felony; and use of firearms or ammunition during crime.” U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Appendix A
to      2016    Sourcebook       of     Federal      Sentencing     Statistics,   available    at
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-
sourcebooks/2016/AppendixA.pdf.
                                                    11
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


the Government’s requests to depart upwards by increasing Clemons’ criminal history category

and offense level by those amounts. The Government argued that both adjustments were warranted

because Clemons’ criminal history score underrepresented the seriousness of his criminal history

and continued danger to the public.7

       The court ultimately chose to vary rather than depart, but it was entitled to do so for the

same reasons it could have departed. Section 3553(a) requires sentencing courts to consider,

among other things, a defendant’s criminal history and the need to protect the public in deciding

whether to vary his sentence. See 18. U.S.C §§ 3553(a)(1); (a)(2)(c). And our court has repeatedly

affirmed both grounds as reasons to vary a defendant’s sentence upwards. See e.g.¸ United States

v. Lanning, 633 F.3d 469, 475 (6th Cir. 2011) (noting that “criminal history and likelihood of

reoffending . . . may properly be taken into account in the court’s decision to impose an upward

variance under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)”); United States v. Musick, 601 F. App’x 414 (6th Cir. 2015)

(upholding upward variance because defendant’s criminal history score underrepresented his

criminal history and likelihood to reoffend).

       In United States v. Musick, for example, we upheld a district court’s decision to vary a

defendant’s sentence upwards after it found that the defendant’s Criminal History Category of IV

“substantially underrepresent[ed] the seriousness of [his] criminal history and, more importantly,

the likelihood that he [would] commit other crimes.” Id. at 416–17. “As a result, the district court

varied upward using Criminal History Category V as a guide for that variance.” Id. at 417. We

held that the district court properly exercised its discretion to vary upwards because the defendant’s




7
       Sentencing Guideline § 4A1.3(a)(4)(B) provides that, where a defendant in Criminal
History Category VI warrants an upward departure, the court “should structure the departure by
moving incrementally down the sentencing table to the next higher offense level in Criminal
History Category VI until it finds a guideline range appropriate to the case.”
                                                 12
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


criminal history score did not account for similar crimes he had committed in the past and because

of his likelihood to recidivate. See id. at 419.

        Here, the district court’s upward variance was motivated by the same concerns. Speaking

to Clemons, the court said he should not be surprised that the Government was asking it to sentence

him to the statutory maximum of ten years in prison. “You’ve earned that consideration,” said the

court. “You’ve done it, because time and time again, you victimized society at the point of a gun.”

And indeed, Clemons’ PSR assigned no criminal history points to him for two of his three

convictions involving the use of a gun. The court then recounted some of Clemons’ many

convictions in state court over the years, figuring that each time the state court was “hoping against

hope that [it would] be the last time” Clemons broke the law.

        But, said the district court, Clemons had “proven them wrong” and was “as inclined to

justify [his] rule-breaking and lawbreaking” on the day of his sentencing as he had ever been. After

the court considered Clemons’ criminal history alongside the other § 3553(a) factors, including

the “need to protect the public,” the court proceeded to vary Clemons sentence upwards to eighty

months.

        And given that the court varied Clemons’ Criminal History Category upwards to VI and

his total offense level upwards to twenty, his new Guidelines sentencing range was seventy to

eighty-seven months. Importantly, according to Clemons’ preferred statistical table, the average

sentence for a Category VI non-career offender sentenced under U.S.S.G § 2K2.1 is eighty-six

months.8 Thus, even if we were to assume it was error for the district court to consult the national




8
       U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Interactive Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics, 2016
Sentence Length for Offenders in Each Criminal History Category by Primary Sentencing
Guideline, https://isb.ussc.gov/USSC?toc-section=0 (last visited Nov. 5, 2018).
                                                   13
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


sentencing average for Category V defendants convicted of firearms offenses, Clemons cannot

show he was prejudiced by the supposed error.

        Clemons also cannot show he was prejudiced by the supposed error because the court said

it would have imposed the same sentence by departing upwards under “Section 4A” of the

Guidelines. Presumably, the court was referring to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2 and § 4A1.3—the Guidelines

provisions that the Government had argued justified enhancing Clemons’ Criminal History

Category to VI and his total offense level to twenty. On appeal, Clemons argues that the district

court’s explanation did not suffice as an alternative basis for his sentence because “[t]here [was]

no indication that the court had in mind a rationale wholly different from the [variance] factors

that it expressly relied on.”

        Again, Clemons’ argument is based on a mistaken premise—there was no need for the

district court’s departure analysis to be “wholly different” from its variance analysis. At bottom,

§ 4A1.2 and § 4A1.3 permit a district court to depart upwards when a defendant’s criminal history

score seriously underrepresents his true criminal history and likelihood of recidivism. See U.S.S.G.

§ 4A1.2, application n.3(b) (permitting an upwards departure when “a criminal history score []

underrepresents the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal history and the danger that the

defendant presents to the public”); U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1) (permitting an upwards departure when

“the defendant’s criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the

defendant’s criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes”).

        As we have already discussed, the same considerations drove the court’s analysis to vary

Clemons’ sentence upwards. And this accords with our decisions acknowledging that variances




                                                14
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


and departures often entail overlapping analyses.9 See e.g., United States v. Grams, 566 F.3d 683,

687 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that “the same facts and analyses can, at times, be used to justify

both a Guidelines departure and a variance” but noting that the “concepts are distinct”); United

States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 587 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that the failure to specify

whether a sentencing deviation constitutes a variance or departure “does not affect our ability to

review the reasonableness of the deviation”). So again, Clemons cannot show he was prejudiced

by the court’s reliance on a national average in varying his sentence upwards because the court

would have justified the same sentence as a departure.

       Substantive Reasonableness. Clemons lodges just one argument in challenging the

substantive reasonableness of his sentence—that the district court erred in placing “an

unreasonable amount of weight” on the national sentencing average for a firearms offense when

determining the length of his sentence. But the record does not support Clemons’ contention.

       Near the end of the district court’s sentencing hearing, the court explained that it was

varying Clemons’ sentence upwards based on the “[§] 3553(a) factors and also the average

sentence for a defendant such as Mr. Clemons.” Thus, the court’s summation of its reasons for

varying Clemons’ sentence upwards indicates that the average sentence was simply one of many

factors it considered. And that is borne out in the record of the hearing. Among other factors, the

court discussed Clemons’ criminal history, which it called “abysmal,” the need to provide for

specific deterrence, protect the public, and reflect the seriousness of Clemons’ offense. The court

also noted that it did not think Clemons’ had fully accepted responsibility for his crimes.




9
       We do not consider Clemons’ additional argument that the district court erred by failing to
provide him advanced notice that it was relying on a national average. Because Clemons did not
make this argument in his opening brief, he waived it. See Scottsdale Insurance Co. v. Flowers,
513 F.3d 546, 553 (6th Cir. 2008).
                                                15
No. 18-3078, United States v. Clemons


As mentioned, it thought Clemons was just as inclined to justify violating the law on the day of

his sentencing as he had ever been. And it expressed its dissatisfaction that Clemons had not

“worked legitimate jobs” in his life and had disobeyed the terms of his incarceration even after he

was arrested by using a cellphone in prison. We decline to infer from the mere fact that the court

imposed a sentence equivalent to the national average that it placed an unreasonable amount of

weight on that factor. Accordingly, we hold that Clemons’ sentence is substantively reasonable.

                                         *      *       *

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.




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