                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                                APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NOS. A-4101-17T2
                                                                     A-4103-17T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

J.S. AND J.C.,

          Defendants-Appellants.


IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF G.C.
and M.C.,

          Minors.


                   Argued January 22, 2019 – Decided February 14, 2019

                   Before Judges Messano and Rose.

                   On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
                   Docket No. FG-02-0034-17.
             Cecilia M.E. Lindenfelser, Designated Counsel, argued
             the cause for appellant J.S. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public
             Defender, attorney; Cecilia M.E. Lindenfelser, on the
             briefs).

             Mark E. Kleiman, Designated Counsel, argued the
             cause for appellant J.C. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public
             Defender, attorney; Mark E. Kleiman, on the briefs).

             Natasha C. Fitzsimmons, Deputy Attorney General,
             argued the cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal,
             Attorney General, attorney; Jason W. Rockwell,
             Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Natasha C.
             Fitzsimmons, on the brief).

             Toya Davis, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for
             minors (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law
             Guardian, attorney; Toya Davis, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In these consolidated appeals, defendants J.S. (mother) and J.C. (father)

appeal from an April 27, 2018 judgment terminating their parental rights to two

of their biological children, G.C., born in October 2014, and M.C., born in

December 2015, and granting guardianship of the children to the Division of

Child Protection and Permanency (Division). Defendants contend the Division

failed to prove all four prongs of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) by clear and convincing

evidence. The Law Guardian supports the termination on appeal as it did before

the trial court.



                                                                         A-4101-17T2
                                       2
        In a comprehensive seventy-six-page written opinion, Judge William R.

DeLorenzo, Jr. found the Division satisfied the four-prong test by clear and

convincing evidence, and held that termination was in the children's best

interests. In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 347-48 (1999). Based on

our review of the record and applicable law, we are satisfied the evidence in

favor of the guardianship petition adequately supports the termination of

defendants' parental rights. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M.,

189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (holding that a reviewing court should uphold the

factual findings regarding the termination of parental rights if they are supported

by substantial and credible evidence in the record as a whole). Accordingly, we

affirm.

                                        I.

        The guardianship trial spanned four days in November and December

2017.     The Division moved into evidence more than forty documents and

presented testimony from two caseworkers and a licensed psychologist, Frank

J. Dyer, Ph.D. Defendants did not testify, but J.S. presented the testimony of

her mother, T.S.

        The evidence adduced at the trial is set forth at length in Judge

DeLorenzo's opinion and need not be repeated in the same level of detail here.


                                                                           A-4101-17T2
                                        3
Instead, we incorporate by reference the judge's thorough factual findings and

recount the most significant evidence to lend context to the judge's legal

conclusions.

      The precipitating event that led to the guardianship complaint involved

J.C. and N.P., the then six-year-old biological son of J.S. At that time, the

household was comprised of J.C., J.S., T.S., N.P., and D.S., the then seven-year-

old biological son of J.S. 1 G.C., then three months old also resided in the home;

M.C. was not yet born.

      Specifically, in January 2015, the Division received a referral, reporting

N.P. arrived at school with bruises on his head, back, and arms. N.P. told the

school nurse that his "stepdad" caused the injuries.          During a follow-up

interview with the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office (BCPO), N.P. explained

that "he was supposed to get ready for school and instead he was playing around

. . . [when J.C.] told him to shut his mouth, threw him in the closet, dragged him


1
  During the pendency of the present proceedings, N.P. and D.S. were placed in
the custody of their respective biological fathers. At oral argument before us,
counsel advised that N.P. remains in the sole custody of his father, and D.S. is
in the custody of the Division, which has filed guardianship proceedings on his
behalf. N.P., D.S., and their biological fathers are not parties to this appeal. J.C.
is the biological father of four older children, all of whom are in their biological
mothers' custody, and also are not parties to this appeal.



                                                                             A-4101-17T2
                                         4
out of the closet onto the floor . . . [and] threw him toward the bunk beds[,]"

causing N.P. to hit his head. J.C. was arrested and charged with second-degree

endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a).2

      The following day, J.S. contacted the BCPO, claiming N.P. recanted his

statement. J.S. told Division workers that "[N.P. had] lied and by him [now]

telling the truth [J.C.] can get released [from jail]." However, during his second

statement to the BCPO, N.P. maintained that J.C. caused his injuries.

      Thereafter, the Division implemented a safety protection plan (SPP)

restraining J.C. from unsupervised contact with G.C. and D.S. Because J.C. had

been ordered to refrain from contact with N.P. in the criminal proceedings, N.P.

was not included in the SPP. Notwithstanding the no-contact provisions, J.S.




2
   According to a Division report, in January 2017, defendant pled guilty to
"child endangerment and abandonment" and was sentenced to a probationary
term of one year. However, the judgment of conviction was not entered in
evidence at the guardianship trial and, as such, is not contained in the appellate
record. Notwithstanding his guilty plea, defendant maintained his innocence
throughout the guardianship proceedings, claiming he pled guilty to a lesser
offense to avoid risking a lengthy prison sentence if convicted at trial, and
thereby losing "his babies[,]" G.C. and M.C.



                                                                          A-4101-17T2
                                        5
permitted J.C. into the home on several occasions, prompting the Division to

conduct a Dodd removal 3 of N.P., D.S. and G.C.

      Nine months later, J.S. gave birth to M.C., but declined to provide the

hospital with any information concerning the child's father.      J.S. initially

informed the Division she was acting as a surrogate for a friend, but later

acknowledged the possibility that J.C. was M.C.'s father. The Division executed

a Dodd removal of M.C. the day after her birth, and was granted custody

following a hearing on December 22, 2015. DNA testing determined J.C. is

M.C.'s father.

      During the ensuing months, the Division provided a multitude of services

to both defendants, including parenting classes, mental health evaluations and

treatment, and supervised parenting time. Indeed, for seven months, the judge

who conducted the Title Nine abuse and neglect proceedings rejected the

Division's permanency plan to ensure proper services were provided to J.S.

Although defendants availed themselves of services, they were unable to

eliminate the risk of harm to G.C. and M.C. Thereafter, the Title Nine judge




3
  A Dodd removal is an emergent removal of a minor without a court order
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.82, known as the Dodd Act. N.J. Div. of
Youth & Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J. 17, 26 n.11 (2011).
                                                                        A-4101-17T2
                                      6
approved the Division's plan for permanency, and the Division filed a complaint

for guardianship on October 24, 2016.

      Based on the evidence adduced at the guardianship trial, Judge DeLorenzo

aptly analyzed each prong of the best interests test, and gave careful attention to

the importance of permanency and stability for the children. In doi ng so, the

judge made detailed credibility findings, determining the Division's witnesses

were believable. In particular, the judge credited the expert opinion of Dr. Dyer,

who performed the psychological evaluations of J.S. and J.C. and bonding

evaluations of the children with defendants and their resource parent.

Conversely, the judge determined T.S., who opined that J.S. was capable of

safely and properly caring for her children, was clearly biased in favor of her

daughter. Ultimately, the judge concluded it was in the best interests of G.C.

and M.C. to terminate defendants' parental rights. These appeals followed.

                                        II.

      It is well settled that parents have a fundamental right to raise their

children, and that right is constitutionally protected. N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007). "[T]erminations should be

granted sparingly and with great caution because they irretrievably impair

imperative constitutionally-protected liberty interests and scores of centuries of


                                                                           A-4101-17T2
                                        7
societal family constructs." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. R.G., 217

N.J. 527, 553 (2014) (citation omitted). However, a parent's rights are not

absolute. Ibid. "Because of its parens patriae responsibility, the State may

terminate parental rights if the child is at risk of serious physical or emotional

harm or when necessary to protect the child's best interests." Id. at 553-54

(citing N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 599 (1986)).

      In order for the court to terminate parental rights, the Division must satisfy

the following four prongs of the "best interests of the child" test by clear and

convincing evidence:

            (1) The child's safety, health, or development has been
            or will continue to be endangered by the parental
            relationship;

            (2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
            harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
            provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
            delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
            Such harm may include evidence that separating the
            child from his resource family parents would cause
            serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
            to the child;

            (3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts to
            provide services to help the parent correct the
            circumstances which led to the child's placement
            outside the home and the court has considered
            alternatives to termination of parental rights; and



                                                                            A-4101-17T2
                                         8
            (4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
            harm than good.

            [N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1)-(4).]

      The four prongs are not independent of one another. Rather, they "are

interrelated and overlapping[,] . . . designed to identify and assess what may be

necessary to promote and protect the best interests of the child." State, Div. of

Youth & Family Servs. v. R.L., 388 N.J. Super. 81, 88 (App. Div. 2006).

Parental fitness is the crucial issue. K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348. Determinations of

parental fitness are very fact sensitive and require specific evidence.      Ibid.

Ultimately, "the purpose of termination is always to effectuate the best interests

of the child, not the punishment of the parent." Id. at 350.

      Our appellate review of Judge DeLorenzo's decision is limited. R.G., 217

N.J. at 552. We are bound to accept his factual findings, as long as they are

"supported by adequate, substantial, and credible evidence." Ibid. (citing N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). Additionally,

we accord his decision particular deference "[b]ecause of the family courts'

special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters," and because the judge was

uniquely in a position to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses. Cesare v.

Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412-13 (1998). However, we review the trial court's legal

interpretations de novo. R.G., 217 N.J. at 552-53.

                                                                          A-4101-17T2
                                        9
      Having reviewed the record in light of those legal standards, we conclude

Judge DeLorenzo's factual findings are supported by substantial credible

evidence in the record, and the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are

indisputable. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420,

448-49 (2012). Consequently, we are obligated to defer to his findings. Ibid.

We therefore affirm substantially for the reasons expressed by the judge in his

well-reasoned opinion. We add only the following comments, addressing those

arguments that are pertinent to these appeals.

      We first consider defendants' overlapping arguments that the judge's

findings were insufficient to establish the first prong of the best interests test.

In particular, J.S. contends she did not cause her children any actual harm, and

J.C.'s conduct against N.P. was an "isolated incident." J.C., in turn, argues that,

in determining J.C. engaged in excessive corporal punishment of N.P., the judge

improperly relied on the findings by the judge in the Title Nine action, which

only required proof by the lower preponderance-of-the-evidence standard. He

maintains N.P. did not sustain injuries to support a finding of excessive corporal

punishment.

      Defendants' focus on the "actual harm" component of prong one is

misplaced. Indeed, it is well settled that the Division need not demonstrate


                                                                           A-4101-17T2
                                       10
actual harm to satisfy prong one. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.G.,

344 N.J. Super. 418, 440 (App. Div. 2001). The focus under the first prong is

not on any "single or isolated harm," but rather on "the effect of harms arising

from the parent-child relationship over time on the child's health and

development." K.H.O., 161 N.J. at 348 (citing A.W., 103 N.J. at 604-10). The

harm may be established by "a delay in establishing a stable and permanent

home." In re Guardianship of D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 383 (1999).

      As the judge aptly recognized here, "the safety, health and development

of the children [were] endangered at the time of their removal by the Division

and will continue to be endangered as a result of the failure by . . . [d]efendant[s]

. . . to remediate their parental deficits." The judge's determination was therefore

grounded in defendants' inability to provide a safe, stable and permanent home

for G.C. and M.C. The record evidence supports the judge's conclusion.

      As to J.S., the judge cited Dr. Dyer's opinion that J.S.'s pattern of

deceptive behavior, lack of insight into her children's needs, and

"subordinat[ing] her interest, and those of the children, to J.C.['s] . . . present[ed]

a risk of future harm to the children." For example, J.S. permitted J.C. into the

family home in violation of court-ordered no-contact provisions, attempted to




                                                                               A-4101-17T2
                                         11
influence N.P. to recant his statement about J.C.'s abuse, and lied about

surrogating M.C. for a friend.

      As to J.C., the judge properly relied on Dr. Dyer's opinion that J.C. "posed

a risk to the children due to his paranoid and antisocial behaviors coupled with

his low threshold for aggressive behavior." Dr. Dyer's opinion was soundly

supported by J.C.'s refusal to accept responsibility for injuring N.P., despite his

guilty plea, and J.C.'s refusal to acknowledge his anger management issues and

his need for psychotherapy. Indeed, J.C. acknowledged

            that he has a history of incarceration for violent
            offenses including a "threat to kill" in 2006 for which
            he served three years in prison, a simple assault and
            disorderly persons act in 2000 as well as [a] domestic
            violence incident for which he attended anger
            management services. J.C. also served a seven[-]year
            prison term for assaulting his girlfriend at the time.

Accordingly, Dr. Dyer concluded, "In light of [J.C.'s] lengthy history of

physically aggressive and erratic behavior, his poor response to previous

psychological and psychiatric services, and his adamant denial of any need for

treatment, his prognosis for positive change is regarded as extremely poor."

      Further, there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to support

the judge's finding that J.C. engaged in excessive corporal punishment of N.P.

In particular, then six-year-old N.P. gave two consistent statements to the


                                                                           A-4101-17T2
                                       12
BCPO, despite J.S.'s attempts to persuade him to change his account. That

account was corroborated by physical manifestations of injury to the child. Nor

are we persuaded by J.C.'s argument that he pled guilty to child endangerment

on pragmatic grounds where, as here, the record is devoid of any evidence that

he challenged his conviction by filing a motion to vacate his guilty plea, a post -

conviction relief petition, or an appeal of his conviction.

      We next consider J.S.'s argument that she availed herself of services,

enabling her to provide a safe and stable home for the children. To support her

contention, she claims the trial judge erroneously attributed greater weight to

Dr. Dyer's opinions than to the findings of her therapist, Jeremy Sacher, a

licensed clinical social worker.

      It is undisputed that defendants engaged in services provided by the

Division. Indeed, the Division's permanency plan initially was rejected by the

judge in the Title Nine action on multiple return dates, thus affording J.S. "the

benefit of approximately seven months of additional therapeutic and psychiatric

services" that were tailored to her cognitive limitations. Relying on Dr. Dyer's

unrefuted expert testimony and his thirty-two page comprehensive evaluation of

the family, Judge DeLorenzo determined J.S. failed to sufficiently benefit from

those services. Because J.S. was unable to "acquire insight" and "grasp the


                                                                           A-4101-17T2
                                       13
essential issues" in therapy, Dr. Dyer determined her prognosis for positive

change in her parenting ability was "poor."

      Conversely, Sacher, who did not testify at trial, provided brief one-page

updates to the Division during the course of J.S.'s treatment. For example, six

months after the guardianship complaint was filed, Sacher indicated J.S. "is now

able to see that her children's well[-]being is of the utmost importance."

However, his update provided no indication that it would be safe to return the

children to J.S. Further, J.S.'s treatment with Sacher was inconsistent: within

three months of that report, Sacher closed J.S.'s file for failure to attend sessions,

although she later resumed therapy.

      Finally, J.C. contends the Division failed to properly consider his aunt and

uncle (M family) as a source of placement for the children. Although the M

family was committed to adopting G.C., 4 they did not complete the licensing

process. In February 2016, the Division closed its file, but failed to send a

formal "rule out" letter to the M family, advising them of their noncompliance

with the required home study. Accordingly, Judge DeLorenzo acknowledged

the Division deprived the M family "of the opportunity to have the Division


4
   When the M family was first named as a resource, M.C. was not yet born. It
is unclear from the record whether their visits with the children were limited to
G.C.
                                                                              A-4101-17T2
                                         14
review its actions." However, the Division's admitted failure to issue a rul e-out

letter, see N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12.1(b), does not warrant jeopardizing the safety of

the children or their entitlement to permanency without further delay. See N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. K.L.W., 419 N.J. Super. 568, 581 (App. Div.

2011) ("Delay of permanency or reversal of termination based on the Division's

noncompliance with its statutory obligations is warranted only when it is in the

best interests of the child.").

      Affirmed.




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                                       15
