                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-1310
                        ___________________________

                            United States of America

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                          v.

                          Dallas Wayne Thundershield

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                     for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: February 16, 2018
                             Filed: August 7, 2018
                                 [Unpublished]
                                ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MURPHY and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.*
                             ____________

PER CURIAM.

       A jury convicted Dallas Wayne Thundershield of second-degree murder, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1111 and 1153; assault with intent to commit murder, in


      *
       This opinion is filed by Chief Judge Smith and Judge Colloton under Eighth
Circuit Rule 47E.
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(1) and 1153; assault with a dangerous weapon, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 1153; and assault resulting in substantial
bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(7) and 1153. On appeal,
Thundershield argues that (1) the evidence was insufficient to convict him on all
counts, and (2) the district court2 abused its discretion by admitting evidence of his
prior conviction under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). We affirm.

                                     I. Background
                                 A. Underlying Facts
       “We recite the facts in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.” United
States v. Payne-Owens, 845 F.3d 868, 870 n.2 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States
v. Stevens, 439 F.3d 983, 986 (8th Cir. 2006)).

      On the evening of April 9, 2016, Thundershield and Priscilla Bear left the home
of Bear’s sister to walk to a store in Fort Totten, North Dakota, on the Spirit Lake
Reservation. While they were walking, two men in a red pickup truck stopped to offer
them a ride in exchange for gas money. Elvis Demarce (“Elvis”), the truck’s owner,
was driving accompanied by his uncle, Richard Dean Demarce Sr. (“Richard”).
Thundershield and Bear accepted the ride.

       After stopping to get gas, Elvis drove to Saint Michael, North Dakota, to pick
up Bear’s daughter at the home of Bear’s mother. After Bear’s daughter got in the
truck, Bear asked Elvis if she could drive because Elvis and Richard had been
drinking alcohol. Elvis agreed. Bear drove the group to purchase groceries and liquor
before continuing to her sister’s house in Fort Totten. When they arrived, Elvis,
Richard, Bear, and Thundershield carried items inside. Bear left her daughter at her
sister’s home. As they were getting back into the truck, Thundershield took his knife,


      2
        The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, then United States District Judge for the
District of North Dakota, now United States Circuit Judge.

                                         -2-
poked Bear, and told her “that he was going to take that truck.” Transcript of
Proceedings, Vol. 3, at 357, United States v. Thundershield, No. 3:16-cr-00090-RRE-
1 (D.N.D. Oct. 20, 2016), ECF No. 93.

       Bear continued driving Elvis’s truck with Elvis sitting in the front passenger
seat, Richard sitting behind Elvis, and Thundershield sitting behind Bear. As Bear
drove, Thundershield again poked her with his knife from the backseat. Elvis, alarmed
by Thundershield’s act, declared he was going to re-take the wheel. Bear pulled over
on the side of the road near a gravel truck trail to let Elvis drive. Elvis exited the truck,
and Thundershield immediately followed, knife in hand. Before Elvis could re-enter
the truck, Bear saw Thundershield grab Elvis, and a fight ensued with Thundershield
still wielding the knife.

        Bear called the Fort Totten Law Enforcement Center (LEC) using Elvis’s cell
phone. Bear called the LEC four times, and each time the line disconnected. Cody
LaRoque, a dispatcher with the LEC, recorded in the dispatch log that an unidentified
female called four times between 9:07 p.m. and 9:10 p.m. on April 9, 2016. LaRoque
testified that during the first call to the LEC, the female caller, later identified as Bear,
said someone was stabbed and described the location. LaRoque dispatched Bureau of
Indian Affairs Officer Terry Morgan to the location. Bear called back at 9:09 p.m. and
again at 9:10 p.m., only to have the calls disconnected by LaRoque because he had
other calls and the caller (Bear) was not speaking directly to him. Bear called back
immediately after being disconnected at 9:10 p.m. She told LaRoque her location and
said that someone had been stabbed. Bear also said “that she did not want to die and
that she was going to put her phone in her pocket.” Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 2,
at 111, United States v. Thundershield, No. 3:16-cr-00090-RRE-1 (D.N.D. Oct. 19,
2016), ECF No. 92. “Throughout the phone being in [Bear’s] pocket, [LaRoque]
overheard . . . what sounded like a male telling the female to shut the F up and that he
is the devil and he’s a real killer and he just repeated stuff like that until [LaRoque]
had to end that call.” Id. at 111–12.

                                            -3-
       During Thundershield’s assault of Elvis, Richard remained asleep in the truck.
Richard, however, awoke about the time that Bear put the phone in her pocket.
Richard said to Bear, “What’s going on?” Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 3, at 362.
According to Bear, Richard got out of the truck, and Thundershield started hitting
him. Bear testified that as Thundershield fought with Richard, he told her to find the
keys to the truck. After subduing Richard, Thundershield dragged Elvis across the
road into the ditch. Bear saw Thundershield stomp on Elvis’s face. Thundershield put
Bear into the passenger seat of the truck and drove away.

       According to Bear, as Thundershield drove away from Elvis and Richard, he
repeatedly said, “I have to kill them. I have to kill them.” Id. at 364. Less than a mile
away, Thundershield turned the truck around and drove back toward Elvis and
Richard’s location. Richard was standing on the side of the road trying to wave down
the truck as Thundershield approached. According to Bear, Thundershield then “ran
over Richard.” Id. at 364–65. Thundershield then stopped the truck, jumped out, and
a few minutes later jumped back in. Thundershield drove west for a short distance
before turning around again. Bear saw a truck parked near the bodies of Richard and
Elvis flashing its hazard lights. Thundershield continued driving toward Hamar, North
Dakota.

       Edward Charboneau, who drove the truck that Bear saw at the scene, had
arrived minutes at the scene. Charboneau saw a body in the ditch and stopped. He
called the Fort Totten Police Department (FTPD). When Charboneau went to check
on the first individual, he noticed the second. He called the police back and told them
to send two ambulances because there were two individuals in the ditch.

        Officer Morgan arrived at the scene at 9:16 p.m. An ambulance arrived minutes
later. An EMT and his partner examined Richard. When the EMT removed Richard’s
shirt, he observed a stab wound to the torso and found no signs of life. The EMT next

                                          -4-
examined Elvis, heard Elvis moaning, and saw him rolling around and covered in
blood. The EMT noted that Elvis also had a stab wound to his abdomen and another
in his back. Elvis’s medical condition was critical upon his admission to the hospital.

      Medical evidence presented at trial showed that Elvis suffered penetrating
wounds to his colon, stomach, and back. Dr. Randolph Szlabick, the attending
surgeon, testified that the width of the wound on Elvis’s back would have been caused
by a “fairly large blade.” Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 4, at 516, United States v.
Thundershield, No. 3:16-cr-00090-RRE-1 (D.N.D. Oct. 21, 2016), ECF No. 94. When
shown the knife recovered near where Elvis’s truck was ultimately found, Dr.
Szlabick opined that the knife would be consistent with causing the type of wound he
described. Elvis survived the attack, but he remembers nothing of the incident.

       Dr. Mark Koponen conducted an autopsy on Richard’s body and determined
that Richard died from a single stab wound to the heart. According to Dr. Koponen,
Richard’s death would not have been instantaneous, and Richard would have been
capable of movement for several minutes. Dr. Koponen observed abrasions on
Richard’s back and contusions and abrasions on both the right and left knees.

        Bear testified that immediately after she and Thundershield saw Charboneau’s
truck at the scene, Thundershield drove Elvis’s truck to Raymond Peltier’s home.
Peltier’s home is near Hamar, North Dakota, which is located on the eastern-most
edge of the Spirit Lake Reservation. After Thundershield reached Peltier’s home, he
drove the truck through a ditch and into a thicket of trees. While at Peltier’s home,
Bear heard Thundershield tell Peltier, “I think I killed them, Bro.” Transcript of
Proceedings, Vol. 3, at 368. Peltier testified Thundershield told him, “Hey, Bro, Bro,
I just killed two people.” Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 4, at 571.

      Thundershield, Peltier, and Bear purchased alcohol and consumed it at Peltier’s
residence. Peltier passed out on the couch after Thundershield and Bear went into

                                         -5-
Thundershield’s bedroom. According to Peltier, he was awakened to Bear screaming
for him. Peltier saw Thundershield leaned over Bear and “hammer fisting her on the
top of the head.” Id. at 575. Bear testified that Thundershield bruised her eye and
cheekbone, bruised her arms and chest, and caused her ankle to bruise and swell
during this assault. Bear testified that as Thundershield stomped on her ankle, he
exclaimed that she would never walk again.

       Peltier did not stop Thundershield’s assault on Bear. Instead, he told
Thundershield to “[b]ehave” and “[g]o to bed or go to your room.” Id. Peltier then fell
back to sleep. Thereafter, while Peltier was lying on the couch, Thundershield jumped
on his back, put his arm around Peltier’s neck, and attempted to hit Peltier with a 20-
pound weight. Peltier struck Thundershield four times and knocked him out. Peltier
told Bear that she and Thundershield needed to leave his house. Bear told Peltier she
did not want to go with Thundershield, reminding Peltier that Thundershield had
killed two people. Bear and Peltier called the FTPD and reported that Thundershield
had killed two people.

        Thundershield was arrested on the morning of April 10, 2016, at Peltier’s home.
Special Agent Terry McCloud of the FTPD testified that he “noticed a single
. . . Chevrolet key with a remote key fob on it fall out of [Thundershield’s] left front
pants pocket onto the bed” once the officers began handcuffing Thundershield.
Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 2, at 219. The keys found in Thundershield’s pants fit
into the ignition of Elvis’s truck. A forensic scientist from the North Dakota State
Crime Lab testified that Elvis’s blood was on jeans and a boot that Thundershield was
wearing on the evening of April 9, 2016.

                               B. Procedural History
       On April 21, 2016, a four-count indictment was filed charging Thundershield
with (1) second-degree murder for killing Richard (“Count 1”), (2) assault with intent
to commit murder against Elvis (“Count 2”), (3) assault with a dangerous weapon

                                          -6-
against Elvis (“Count 3”), and (4) assault resulting in substantial bodily injury against
Bear (“Count 4”). The government filed notice of its intent to offer three prior
convictions pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). One of those convictions
was a tribal court conviction from April 20, 2007, involving an altercation in which
Thundershield entered his sister’s residence and fought with his sister and her
boyfriend. Thundershield struck the boyfriend in the face, causing swelling to both
cheeks and his nose. Thundershield struck his sister with a bat, causing cuts and
swelling to her left arm, leg, and ankle. The government offered the prior conviction
“to establish motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, and/or
absence of mistake or accident” with regard to Thundershield’s assault on Elvis with
a dangerous weapon (Count 3). United States’ Notice of Intent to Proffer Rule 404(b)
Evidence at 5, United States v. Thundershield, No. 3:16-cr-00090-RRE-1 (D.N.D.
Oct. 11, 2016), ECF No. 43. Thundershield objected to the government’s notice of
intent to introduce the prior convictions under Rule 404(b).

       After hearing the parties’ argument, the court admitted only the April 20, 2007
tribal court conviction under Rule 404(b), stating:

      There doesn’t seem to be a lot of motive for it that we can figure out. It
      seems to be a series of irrational acts. The defendant used a weapon to
      inflict what would have been a blunt force trauma, which is similar to the
      dumbbell that was used.

             This particular conviction is not that old. The defendant plead
      guilty. I do not believe that the probative value of this is such that it is
      —or that the prejudice outweighs the—substantially outweighs the
      probative value of that conviction, and so evidence of the assault and
      battery conviction of April 20, 2007 is admissible in this case. It’s clearly
      very similar to the charges against Priscilla Bear—or the alleged assault
      against Priscilla Bear.

Transcript of Proceedings, Vol. 4, at 635.


                                          -7-
      The jury convicted Thundershield on all four counts, and the court sentenced
Thundershield to concurrent terms of life imprisonment on Count 1, 20 years on
Count 2, 10 years on Count 3, and 5 years on Count 4.

                                      II. Discussion
       On appeal, Thundershield argues that (1) the evidence on all counts was
insufficient to convict him, and (2) the district court abused its discretion by admitting
evidence of his prior conviction under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b).

                           A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
       Thundershield argues that his convictions are not supported by sufficient
evidence. “[W]e review de novo whether the evidence is sufficient to permit a
reasonable jury to conclude that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Johnson, 519 F.3d 816, 821 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). At the
same time,“[w]e review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction in the
light most favorable to the Government and draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Beck, 496 F.3d 876, 878 (8th Cir. 2007)
(citation omitted). Under this standard, “we will reverse the conviction only if we
conclude that no reasonable jury could have found the accused guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. at 879 (citation omitted).

       First, Thundershield contends that Bear and Peltier were inconsistent and
untrustworthy witnesses whom no reasonable juror could have believed. He argues
that Bear should not be believed because (1) she has a criminal record, which includes
lying to authorities; (2) she was Thundershield’s former love interest and, on the night
of these events, she discovered love letters from Thundershield’s new girlfriend; (3)
she was under the influence of alcohol during the events; and (4) a portion of her
testimony was fabricated because she testified that Richard was struck by a car at 30
mph, but the testimony of the accident reconstructionist and coroner contradicted her.
Thundershield argues that Peltier’s version of events was affected heavily by his

                                           -8-
drunkenness. Moreover, Thundershield asserts that Peltier testified inconsistently in
that he gave three versions of the story: one to law enforcement, a second to the grand
jury, and a third to the jury at trial. During all three accounts, it was established that
Peltier drank so heavily that he could not recall driving his boss’s van to a bar, talking
to the two bar owners, purchasing two liters of vodka from the bar owners, driving the
van back home, talking with his wife on the phone, and learning from Thundershield
that he had killed two people. Thundershield asserts that although Peltier’s testimony
was offered to corroborate Bear’s story, Peltier had to rely on the memories of others
to recollect his story. Thundershield maintains that this evidence is insufficient to
convict him because no reasonable jury could have believed either Bear or Peltier.

        “Attacks on the sufficiency of the evidence that call upon this court to
scrutinize the credibility of witnesses are generally not an appropriate ground for
reversal.” United States v. McKay, 431 F.3d 1085, 1094 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation
omitted). “[W]e have long held that the jury ‘is always the ultimate arbiter of a
witness’s credibility,’ and thus we ‘will not disturb the jury’s findings’ on appeal.”
United States v. Brown, 422 F.3d 689, 692 (8th Cir. 2005) (first quoting United States
v. Espino, 317 F.3d 788, 794 (8th Cir. 2003); then citing United States v. Porter, 409
F.3d 910, 915 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v. Hill, 249 F.3d 707, 714 (8th Cir.
2001)). “Memory and bias are matters implicating a witness’s credibility and the
weight to be given the testimony. They are within the province of the jury, and we are
prohibited from evaluating them when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.”
United States v. Maynie, 257 F.3d 908, 918 (8th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).

      Thundershield made these arguments challenging Bear’s and Peltier’s
credibility to the jury. The jury rejected them. Thundershield’s arguments on appeal
do not establish that no reasonable jury could have believed Bear and Peltier. “We
have held that a jury is free to believe all, some, or none of a witness’s testimony.” St.
Jude Med. S.C., Inc. v. Biosense Webster, Inc., 818 F.3d 785, 790 (8th Cir. 2016)



                                           -9-
(citation omitted). On this record, we will not undo the jury’s determination to credit
Bear’s and Peltier’s testimony.

       Second, Thundershield argues that the forensic evidence was deliberately or
incompetently limited and thus insufficient. He contends that law enforcement limited
the forensic investigation to only two locations: the truck and the place the bodies
were found. Thundershield contends law enforcement imprudently credited Bear’s and
Peltier’s statements without considering the possibility that either Bear or Peltier were
responsible for the crimes charged. Thundershield asserts that law enforcement did not
collect Peltier’s or Bear’s clothes. He acknowledges that agents associated blood
found on a pair of boots with him but contends they relied only on Bear’s
identification of the boots as Thundershield’s to do so. Thundershield argues that law
enforcement did not independently verify that the boots were his boots. As to a pair
of pants found with Elvis’s blood on them, he claims that law enforcement presumed
those pants were his even though they were found in a pile of other clothes in a
laundry room. Thundershield argues that the clothes pile itself could have
contaminated the evidence. He suggests that both Peltier and Bear may have had
clothes in the pile, and blood could have transferred between the clothing items. While
he admits his DNA was found in the truck, he notes that investigators did not take a
DNA sample from Peltier. But a DNA sample was taken from Bear, who happens to
be Peltier’s cousin. Because Bear’s DNA could not be excluded from the truck, and
because Bear is related to Peltier, Thundershield argues that Peltier too could have
been in the truck. Thundershield argues this theory is easily feasible because, as a
felon, Peltier’s DNA is registered in the system. He asserts that the government’s
failure to use this DNA for comparison was careless and sloppy. Thundershield also
maintains that local law enforcement showed Peltier preferential treatment because
he was not arrested despite showing signs of intoxication.

       All of these arguments could have been made to the jury. The jury weighs
conflicting evidence and makes credibility determinations. Johnson, 519 F.3d at 822.


                                          -10-
The jury is also the proper body to determine whether any “[i]nconsistencies and
motivations for bias” exist. See United States v. Dunn, 723 F.3d 919, 925 (8th Cir.
2013). Viewing the evidence of record, the jury’s rejection of Thundershield’s
arguments is hardly unreasonable. The government’s obligation was to present
sufficient evidence to the jury such that it could conclude without reasonable doubt
that Thundershield committed the crimes alleged. If believed, the evidence presented
to this jury was sufficient to convict Thundershield.

      Accordingly, we reject Thundershield’s attack on the sufficiency of the
evidence.

                                  B. Rule 404(b)
      Thundershield next argues that the district court abused its discretion in
admitting his April 20, 2007 tribal court conviction for assault and battery under
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)3 because (1) the government offered the conviction

      3
       Rule 404(b) provides:

      (b) Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.

            (1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other
            act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order
            to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
            accordance with the character.

            (2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This
            evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as
            proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
            knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of
            accident. On request by a defendant in a criminal case, the
            prosecutor must:

                   (A) provide reasonable notice of the general
                   nature of any such evidence that the

                                       -11-
to prove the assault on Elvis, but the district court admitted the conviction to prove the
assault on Bear, indicating the prior conviction was admitted solely to show
Thundershield’s propensity to assault others; and (2) the 2007 assault and the assault
on Bear are insufficiently similar—different victims (sister versus girlfriend); different
motives; different weapons; and different time periods.

        Under these circumstances, if admission of the 404(b) evidence was error, the
error did not influence or had only a slight influence on the verdict. See United States
v. Adams, 783 F.3d 1145, 149 (8th Cir. 2015). “An evidentiary error is harmless when,
‘after reviewing the entire record, we determine that the substantial rights of the
defendant were unaffected, and that the error did not influence or had only a slight
influence on the verdict.’” United States v. McPike, 512 F.3d 1052, 1055 (8th Cir.
2008) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 483 F.3d 871, 875 (8th Cir. 2007)).

       Here, the evidence against Thundershield was overwhelming on all counts. Bear
and Peltier testified to the acts they saw Thundershield commit and the statements
Thundershield made concerning those acts. Their testimony was corroborated by
medical evidence and other testimony. Dr. Koponen conducted an autopsy on
Richard’s body, revealing he died from a single stab wound to the heart. This was
consistent with Bear’s testimony that Thundershield had a knife and fought with
Richard. Likewise, consistent with Bear’s testimony concerning Thundershield’s
violent acts, the LEC dispatcher testified to hearing a muffled male voice stating “shut
the F up and that he is the devil and he’s a real killer.” Transcript of Proceedings, Vol.
2, at 112. The EMT also substantiated Bear’s account of the stabbings, observing,
upon his arrival, the stab wound to Elvis’s abdomen and another in his back that was


                    prosecutor intends to offer at trial; and

                    (B) do so before trial—or during trial if the
                    court, for good cause, excuses lack of pretrial
                    notice.

                                          -12-
bleeding heavily. Dr. Szlabick described Elvis as suffering penetrating wounds to his
colon, through his stomach, and in his back. He testified that a “fairly large blade”
would cause the width of the wound on Elvis’s back. Transcript of Proceedings, Vol.
4, at 516. When shown the knife recovered near where Elvis’s truck was ultimately
found, Dr. Szlabick opined that the knife would be consistent with causing the type
of wound he described. Additionally, when Thundershield was arrested, a key fob was
recovered from his pants pocket that fit the ignition of Elvis’s truck, further
substantiating Bear’s account of events. Finally, a forensic scientist from the North
Dakota State Crime Lab testified that Elvis’s blood was on jeans and a boot that
Thundershield wore on the evening of April 9, 2016. “Under these circumstances, if
admission of the 404(b) evidence was error, it was harmless beyond any reasonable
doubt.” Tran, 16 F.3d at 907.

                                 III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




                                        -13-
