                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 9/9/97


                               OF THE


                        STATE OF MISSISSIPPI



                         NO. 93-CA-00941 COA




                         WILSON L. TURNER

                             APPELLANT


                                 v.


  A. L. TURNER, CARL W. TURNER, THOMAS R. TURNER, JAMES T. TURNER,
DOROTHY TURNER SMITH, CELESTE TURNER SHOEMAKE, VERNICE T. CRAFT,
 VASTIE TURNER ROBERTSON, RANDALL B. TURNER, WILLIAM A. TURNER,
                WANDA L. JEFFCOAT, AND JOHN W. TURNER

                             APPELLEES




         THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND


             MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B



                 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. J. SHANNON CLARK

     COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: JONES COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
                                      WILLIAM N. GRAHAM

                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

                                      ROBERT B. CHILDERS

      NATURE OF THE CASE: REFORMATION OF DEED TO CORRECT GRANTOR'S
                     RESERVATION OF MINERAL INTEREST

TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: DEED REFORMED TO RESERVE 12/22 INTEREST RATHER
           THAN 1/11 INTEREST IN MINERALS AS WRITTEN IN DEED

                           MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 9/22/97

                                   CERTIORARI FILED: 12/8/97

                                    MANDATE ISSUED: 4/1/98




                                              EN BANC

                                   SOUTHWICK, J., for the court


     The parties are the heirs of Alvin H. Turner, whose death in 1966 left a legacy of property and
problems for his kin. Beginning in 1967 these heirs have executed deeds among themselves regarding
    various parcels and mineral interests that were inherited. The chancellor reformed a 1970 deed,
finding that none of the parties to that deed had intended that the widow of Alvin H. Turner part with
 any of her minerals in that deed. The successor to the grantee appeals, arguing statutes of limitation,
   laches, and substantiality of the evidence. We find that the chancellor correctly applied the law to
           factual findings that were supported by substantial evidence, and therefore affirm.


                                                FACTS

   When Alvin H. Turner died intestate in 1966, his heirs were his widow, eight children, and the
  descendants of two additional, deceased children. Thus his widow, his surviving children, and the
                group of heirs for a deceased child, each received 1/11 of his estate.

This litigation is centered on two deeds executed by his heirs, one in 1967 and the other in 1970. The
1967 instrument was a conveyance of two tracts of land. Alvin Turner and his wife Callie had owned
 these two tracts as tenants in common. When Mr. Turner died, his half interest in this property was
 inherited 1/11 each as described above. Only one grantor in the 1967 deed -- Alvin Turner's widow
Mrs. Callie Turner -- reserved oil and gas, and she reserved all that she owned. The effect of the deed
was to reserve to Callie Turner a 12/22 mineral interest, being the ½ interest in the property that she
owned prior to her husband's death, and a 1/11 of ½ that she inherited as one of her husband's heirs.

 Three years later, when the then-owner of the two tracts wished to get a loan secured by a deed of
  trust, it was discovered that the deed description of one of the tracts was erroneous. The deed had
placed the property in the northeast quarter of northwest quarter of a governmental section, when the
property was actually in the southeast quarter of northwest quarter. A correction deed was therefore
      prepared in 1970 that recited that it had the "purpose of correcting an error contained in the
    description of the land in the former deed. . . ." This case revolves around whether the language
 selected to express the grant of property and reservation of minerals, which went beyond the stated
   purpose, should be reformed. After correcting the description, the deed stated that Callie Turner
"reserves unto herself all of her undivided 1/11 interest" in the minerals. A reasonable explanation for
  that fraction is obvious. Callie Turner would have had a 1/11 interest if her husband had owned all
   the minerals when he died. Since Callie Turner and her husband owned the property as tenants in
      common, she had a ½ interest before he died, and an additional ½ x 1/11 interest as an heir.

 The legal effect of the language chosen is not in dispute. Reserving all of a grantor's 1/11 minerals,
  regardless of whether that grantor owns all or half or some other portion, reserves at most a 1/11
   mineral interest. Thornhill v. System Fuels, Inc., 523 So. 2d 983, 991 (Miss. 1988)(grant of an
interest in minerals conveys all not specifically reserved). The factual question is whether the parties
 intended that any of Callie Turner's 12/22 mineral interest be conveyed. If the facts support that the
    fraction stated was a mutual mistake and none of her minerals were to be conveyed, the legal
   question is whether a suit to reform that deed is barred either by a statute of limitation or laches.

    In the years that intervened between 1970 deed and 1992 suit, little relevant occurred with the
property until 1989, when an oil and gas well began producing. The defendant in the reformation suit
is Wilson L. Turner. Wilson Turner by subsequent deed became the owner of whatever was conveyed
in the 1970 correction deed. The grantee in the 1967 deed was Celeste Thomas. Five weeks after she
 was deeded the property in 1967, Mrs. Thomas deeded it to her brother Wilson, "subject to the prior
     reservation of all oil, gas, and minerals. . . ." By that deed, Wilson Turner received no mineral
  interest. Pfisterer v. Noble, 320 So. 2d 381 (Miss. 1975). The grantee in the 1970 correction deed
also was Celeste Thomas. The day after the deed, she again conveyed the property to Wilson Turner.
     The conveyance was made "subject to any prior reservation" of minerals. Since that language
specifically reserved nothing, all minerals that Celeste Thomas owned were conveyed. Thornhill, 523
      So. 2d at 991. The result of these transactions is that whatever mineral interest Callie Turner
                   conveyed was owned at the time of this litigation by Wilson Turner.

 Wilson Turner's arguments would leave him with the 12/22 mineral interest owned by Callie Turner
     in 1970, less the 1/11 that the deed referenced. The plaintiffs seeking reform are most of the
remainder of the present heirs of Alvin H. Turner. Mrs. Callie Turner is deceased as are others of the
 original 1966 heirs. The plaintiffs wish to have Wilson Turner receive what the chancellor said was
                   the intent of the 1970 deed, i.e., none of Callie Turner's minerals.

Among the initial parties to this reformation suit were various mineral lessees. Those companies were
        severed from this part of the litigation and are therefore not parties to this appeal.


                                            DISCUSSION

                                       1. Statute of limitations
Wilson Turner argues that two Mississippi statutes bar this suit because it was brought more than ten
               years after the relevant deeds were recorded. These are the statutes:

                   Section 15-1-7. Limitations applicable to actions to recover land.

A person may not make an entry or commence an action to recover land except within ten years next
 after the time at which the right to make the entry or to bring the action shall have first accrued to
 some person through whom he claims, or, if the right shall not have accrued to any person through
whom he claims, then except within ten years next after the time at which the right to make the entry
     or bring the action shall have first accrued to the person making or bringing the same. . . .

                                   Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-7 (1995).

               Section 15-1-9. Limitations applicable to suits in equity to recover land.

   A person claiming land in equity may not bring suit to recover the same except within the period
   during which, by virtue of section 15-1-7, he might have made an entry or brought an action to
recover the same, if he had been entitled at law to such an estate, interest, or right in or to the same as
                                 he shall claim therein in equity. . . .


                                   Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-9 (1995).

    These are hardly new statutes. The case law that has developed on reformation of deeds has
 acknowledged the terms of these limitation statutes. Despite the passage of more than ten years, a
deed is subject to reformation to reflect the actual intent of the parties that due to a mutual mistake
was not properly expressed in the language of the instrument. Sunnybrook Children's Homes, Inc. v.
  Dahlem, 265 So. 2d 921, 925 (Miss. 1972). In that case, suit was brought in the late 1960's (the
 precise date is not given) to reform a 1938 deed; the deed was reformed without any concern with
                       the statutes of limitation. Sunnybrook, 265 So. 2d at 925.

    An even more germane precedent is Searcy v. Tomlinson, 358 So. 2d 373 (Miss. 1978). The
interpretation of the limitation statutes that is urged by Wilson Turner here was rejected in that case:

The principal question on this appeal is whether the ten year statute now bars a reformation. Sections
15-1-7 and 15-1-9, applicable here [the same two sections cited by W. L. Turner], speak in terms of
 "make an entry" and "commence an action to recover land." In Newman v. J.J. White Lbr. Co., 162
 Miss. 581, 139 So. 838 (1932), this court that these statutes do not begin to run against one in the
        actual or constructive possession of land, and who has the right to such possession.


   Searcy, 358 So. 2d at 374. The court went on to say that if the grantee in a deed receives more
 property than either party to the transaction intended, then he does not have the "intent to possess
   [that] is an integral part of the concept of constructive possession." Id. at 375. Thus, citing the
 statutes of limitations does not end the analysis. Those statutes form the context for answering the
 question with which we must grapple, namely, whether intent to possess exists. If it does, then the
  statutes are running and ultimately will bar a claim. Without such an intent, there is no bar to the
                                                  action.
 The reason for this rule can perhaps better be seen not only by viewing the intent of the grantee to
 possess, but also by considering the perspective of the grantor to retain possession. With a surface
 estate, if a grantor remains in possession of the part of the surface that was included in a deed only
because of the mutual mistake of the parties, then the statute of limitation is not running against him.
  Minerals are a little more elusive to possess. Until minerals are produced, there is nothing akin to
 physical possession for grantor or grantee. It is true that a surface owner constructively possesses
 unsevered minerals, but here the factual question is whether the grantor to an instrument intended
       that her 12/22 be severed from the surface. Unless intent to possess is made a factor for
nonproducing minerals -- intent both of a grantor to relinquish and of a grantee to commence -- then
most reformation of errors in conveyance of minerals would be barred after ten years, but depending
on possession, errors in deed descriptions of a surface estate likely would not. Legal doctrine should
not treat ownership of different components of real property in such divergent ways. Searcy makes it
                            evident that Mississippi legal doctrine does not.

   We examine in the final section of this opinion the evidence on intent to possess. That evidence
                determines whether the statutes of limitations now bar this claim.

                                                2. Laches

The chancellor did not address laches. Instead, he only discussed the reasons for finding the limitation
statutes to be inapplicable. Wilson Turner properly describes the relevant law. Laches may bar a suit
when there is delay in asserting a claim, if the delay was inexcusable, and if undue prejudice resulted.
Allen v. Mayer, 587 So. 2d 255, 260 (Miss. 1991). Laches will not bar a suit in less time than the ten
   years of the statute of limitations. Hans v. Hans, 482 So. 2d 1117, 1120-21 (Miss. 1986). The
 question for us is whether laches will bar the claim when more than ten years has passed since the
                               potentially erroneous deed was executed.

   Whatever other contexts arise for laches, the present one is the kind of fact situation in which the
  issue exists and is not just an added, boilerplate defense. The statute of limitations might not have
  commenced even though more than ten years have passed since the erroneous deed was executed,
   but the right to sue surely does not remain alive indefinitely. It does remain alive until the Mayer
   analysis requires otherwise. There definitely was delay by the various heirs in asserting the claim
    against Wilson Turner, in that the "claim" has existed since 1970 when the correction deed was
executed. Yet the delay is not unreasonable. The family got together in 1970 to correct an instrument
 that had a bad description. If in fact that was the only purpose for the deed and there was no reason
     for these lay people to understand that the deed did anything to the mineral interest, then it is
    reasonable that no one would act until the problem was noticed either at the time of oil and gas
leasing or at production. Since production did not occur until 1989, it is not unreasonable that no one
                            was aware of this dormant problem until that time.

The final factor for laches as discussed in Mayer is whether undue prejudice resulted. Wilson Turner
argues that the prejudice was that Callie Turner died in 1990, while suit was not brought until 1992.
Callie Turner arguably could have stated whether her intent was to convey her 12/22 mineral interest
 less the 1/11 specifically referenced in the deed. It is true that if Callie Turner were alive to testify,
and if her memory and mind were clear, and if her own possible self-interest in maintaining over five
times more producing mineral interest were totally out of the equation, then more direct evidence of
 what happened in 1970 would have been provided. Whether the absence of that view prejudiced or
  benefitted Wilson Turner cannot be stated, since we do not know what Callie Turner would have
                                                said.

 We find the alleged prejudice caused by Callie Turner's unavailability to be equally a burden of each
   side to this dispute, and consequently not a reason to rule in favor of one party by invoking the
  doctrine of laches. There was delay, but it was neither unreasonable nor prejudicial to the person
                                     raising laches as a defense.

                                   3. Proof to support Reformation

  A chancellor's findings of fact are entitled to the same deference as a jury verdict, and we accept
those findings absent manifest error. Voss v. Stewart, 420 So. 2d 761, 765 (Miss. 1982). Of course,
         conclusions regarding the law are always determined de novo by an appellate court.

  In our case, one reformation voluntarily occurred in 1970 after the parties realized that there was a
    property description error. Had any party objected to reformation, the others would have been
entitled to bring suit for reformation. Instead, in 1970 there was no objection and of course no statute
of limitations problem. This suit arose twenty years later. By then there was production of oil and gas
    on the property, and the alleged error in the deed concerned the size of the mineral interest that
 various individuals owned. The issue is the same, however. Was there a mutual mistake that arose in
         the 1970 instrument, and if so, does some other rule of law now bar the reformation?

    The chancellor, listening to the witnesses and making judgments on credibility, had to apply the
  evidence before him to the case law on reformation. The Mississippi Supreme Court has dealt with
      precisely these kinds of intent issues in two companion cases, one of which we have already
  discussed. Florida Gas v. Searcy, 385 So. 2d 1293 (Miss. 1980); Searcy v. Tomlinson, 358 So. 2d
373 (Miss. 1978). These two opinions were rendered in separate appeals from the same lawsuit. Each
     focuses on the elements of adverse possession, which include "hostile, actual, open, notorious,
 exclusive and continuous occupancy" for ten years. Tomlinson, 385 So. 2d at 1297. Non-producing
   minerals can be constructively possessed, but adverse possession is not occurring if the would-be
   owner "does not understand that he owns it, does not claim it, and does not intend to possess it."
Florida Gas, 358 So. 2d at 375. There must be an intent to claim dominion before there an adequate
   claim of right for this statute of limitation. Id. In those two opinions, the court concluded that the
    grantor and the grantee both understood that the effect of the deeds was to split the grantor's ½
   mineral interest evenly, i.e., 1/4 to each. The legal effect of the deed, however, was to give all the
mineral interest to the grantee. Adverse possession had not been occurring because the grantee never
      intended to possess more than a 1/4 interest. Consequently the court allowed the deed to be
                                          reformed. Id. at 1297-98.

Thus, our case comes down to whether there was evidence in the record as to the original intent, and
 whether despite the intent, Wilson Turner had adversely possessed the minerals. On the first point,
  there was substantial evidence that no one anticipated that the correction deed was divesting the
 mother Callie Turner of 80% of her mineral interest. Such a change was never a consideration in a
  transaction that arose from the need in 1970 to place the property in the southeast instead of the
northeast quarter of a quarter section of land. Mutual mistake is almost unavoidably the conclusion,
            as even to refer to Callie Turner's interest as 1/11 was quite literally an error.
The grantee, Wilson Turner, testified that all along he understood that he was getting more minerals
as a result of the 1970 deed. He alone testified that he brought this up when the deed was signed in
 1970. The self-interest of the witnesses on both sides of this transaction is significant. It would be
difficult to credit either side with unimpeachable accuracy in their testimony. The chancellor had the
   initial role of listening to the testimony, examining the exhibits, and in other ways reaching his
findings regarding the facts of this case. A correction deed whose reason for execution was that the
  grantee, Wilson Turner, could not get a loan on his house until a description error was changed,
would not normally be expected also to make a significant change in the ownership of the minerals.
The chancellor's view of the deed is consistent with the instrument's purpose and with the weight of
              the testimony. He was not manifestly mistaken in finding a mutual mistake.

Having upheld the finding of mutual mistake, we turn to whether Wilson Turner adversely possessed
 the minerals for more than ten years. That requires an intent on his part to possess more than what
  the chancellor just concluded was the intended size of the original grant. Adverse possession is an
 affirmative defense. Consequently, it was Wilson Turner's burden to prove his intent, not the other
    heirs' burden to disprove it. Florida Gas, 385 So. 2d at 1297-98. The only evidence of Wilson
      Turner's intent was his statement on the stand. The rules for adverse possession of minerals
established in Searcy and Florida Gas were novel and even somewhat revolutionary when they were
  announced. J. Sheldon and J. Milam, "Recent Developments in Oil and Gas Law," Mississippi Oil
and Gas Law: Selected Papers and Bibliographies (1988), at 151, 161-164. Still, these cases did not
 give the grantee of a deed total control from the witness stand over the disposition of a case. Other
heirs stated that the first they knew that their brother was claiming all but 1/11 of the mineral interest
was in 1987. Once the chancellor determined that the parties', including Wilson Turner's, 1970 intent
 was just to enter a correction of a property description, it was necessary for Wilson Turner to show
   by clear and convincing evidence that at some time between 1970 and ten years before suit was
brought, he began adversely to possess all but 1/11 of the minerals. Thornhill v. Caroline Hunt Trust
 Estate, 594 So. 2d 1150, 1153 (Miss. 1992). Wilson Turner had no evidence except his testimony.
He did not show that he had put any of his siblings or anyone else on notice of his claim, that he had
leased to an oil company asserting a greater interest, or done anything else more than ten years prior
  to suit. The chancellor was entitled to determine that Wilson Turner had not carried his burden of
                             proving that adverse possession barred this claim.

 A significant difficulty with the case law is that it could make someone's unknown and unknowable
intent controlling. Such a rule invites self-serving testimony when the issue arises. The trial court did
   not let one person's testimony control. What a trial court has to do is sort through the evidence
 within the framework of the burdens of proof, and make its findings. The chancellor did that. There
                                 was no error, much less manifest error.

 THE JUDGMENT OF THE CHANCERY COURT OF JONES COUNTY IS AFFIRMED.
              ALL COSTS ARE TAXED TO THE APPELLANT.


           McMILLIN AND THOMAS, P.JJ., DIAZ, AND PAYNE, JJ., CONCUR.


     COLEMAN, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY
             BRIDGES, C.J., AND KING, J.


 HERRING AND HINKEBEIN, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.


            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                      9/9/97


                      OF THE


               STATE OF MISSISSIPPI




                NO. 93-CA-00941 COA




           WILSON L. TURNER APPELLANT


                         v.


  A. L. TURNER, CARL W. TURNER, THOMAS R. TURNER,

 JAMES T. TURNER, DOROTHY TURNER SMITH, CELESTE

TURNER SHOEMAKE, VERNICE T. CRAFT, VASTIE TURNER

ROBERTSON, RANDALL B. TURNER, WILLIAM A. TURNER,

 WANDA L. JEFFCOAT AND JOHN W. TURNER APPELLEES




THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION AND


    MAY NOT BE CITED, PURSUANT TO M.R.A.P. 35-B
                                      COLEMAN, J., DISSENTS:


      I would reverse and render the judgment of the Jones County Chancery Court because I am
   persuaded that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 (Rev. 1995) bar the
 Appellees' claim to reform the two deeds. Had the chancellor addressed the issue, I would also find
that the Appellees' claim, if not barred by these two statutes, is barred by the doctrine of laches. I am
 confident that my colleagues who join in the majority opinion understand that I dissent with utmost
  respect and regard for their analysis and resolution of the issues in this case. The original plaintiffs
    who sought to reform the two deeds are designated in this dissent as the "Shoemake Plaintiffs"
   because many of the plaintiffs' surname was Turner. The designation of "Shoemake" is borrowed
    from the surname of Celeste Turner Shoemake, sister of Wilson L. Turner, the Appellant. This
 dissent begins on a point of agreement with the majority, who state in the opening sentence of their
   opinion that Alvin H. Turner's "death in 1966 left a legacy of property and problems for his kin."


                                        I. Statutes of Limitations

          A. Sunnybrook Children's Homes, Inc. v. Dahlem, 265 So. 2d 921 (Miss. 1972).

      The majority writes that "[d]espite the passage of more than ten years, a deed is subject to
 reformation to reflect the actual intent of the parties that due to a mutual mistake was not properly
  expressed in the language of the instrument," and they cite Sunnybrook Children's Homes, Inc. v.
  Dahlem, 265 So. 2d 921 (Miss. 1972), to support that assertion (Majority Opinion, p. 5). Were I
persuaded that Sunnybrook supported that proposition, I would perforce join the majority opinion. It
 therefore becomes incumbent that I explain why I find Sunnybrook unpersuasive that "[d]espite the
  passage of more than ten years, a deed is subject to reformation to reflect the actual intent of the
 parties that due to a mutual mistake was not properly expressed in the language of the instrument,"

The essential facts in Sunnybrook were the following: On May 2, 1938, N. W. Dahlem executed and
 delivered to his wife, Mrs. Nettie Dahlem, a deed by which he conveyed one hundred seventy acres
 of land to her. Sunnybrook, 265 So. 2d at 922. Those one hundred seventy acres were described as
  "[a]lso 170 acres, off the N. side, of S 26, T15, R__E, Monroe County."Id. On March 25, 1971,
Mrs. Nettie Dahlem conveyed to the Sunnybrook Children's Home, Inc., (Sunnybrook) "all minerals
under the 170 acres." Id. Sunnybrook filed its original bill of complaint to reform the 1938 deed from
 N. W. Dahlem to his wife, in which it alleged that the omission of the correct range number, which
 was 7, was an error of the scrivener of that deed, and, thus, it was entitled "to have such omission
           supplied by reforming the deed by inserting in [it] the correct range number." Id.

  The Appellees, Wendell Earl Dahlem and James Otto Dahlem, who were apparently the children of
  N. W. and Nettie Dahlem, "answered, denied [that Sunnybrook] was entitled to reformation, made
their answer a cross-bill, and alleged that N. W. Dahlem had been the owner of the one hundred acres
when he died. Id. They further alleged that N. W. Dahlem had devised this acreage to them subject to
a life estate which he had also devised to his wife, Mrs. Nettie Dahlem. Id. Sunnybrook responded to
 the sons' cross-bill by filing an amended bill of complaint in which it alleged in the alternative that by
virtue of the last will and testament of N. W. Needham, his widow was vested with a life estate in the
 one hundred seventy acres with the right to "sell mineral rights . . . ." Sunnybrook prayed that it "be
   declared the owner in fee simple of the timber and mineral rights in said 170 acres of land." Id.

Mrs. Nettie Dahlem "answered the original and amended bill of complaint, admitted the allegations of
 the original and amended bill, and adopted as her own [Sunnybrook's] answer to the cross-bill filed
    by [Wendell Earl and James Otto Dahlem]." Id. at 922-23. The Dahlems' two sons answered
 Sunnybrook's amended bill of complaint to deny Sunnybrook's allegations and to pray that they be
decreed the fee simple owners of the one hundred seventy acres, subject to their mother's life estate.
                                             Id. at 923.

  The chancellor denied Sunnybrook's prayer that the 1938 deed to Mrs. Nettie Dahlem be reformed
 because it found that the omission of the range number was a "patent" ambiguity, the explanation of
   which could not be provided by parole evidence." Id. On appeal, the Mississippi Supreme Court
 opined that "[a]s between appellant and appellees, the only matter necessary for decision is whether
or not appellant was entitled to have the deed in question reformed by insertion of the range number.
   Id. The supreme court then held that the chancellor erred when he sustained the Dahlems' sons'
objections to Sunnybrook's offer of parole evidence to explain the omission of the range number from
 the 1938 deed and reversed and rendered the chancellor's refusal to reform the deed as Sunnybrook
                                              had prayed.

I have dealt in this detail with Sunnybrook to demonstrate that for whatever reason, the application of
    the statute of limitations to the reformation of a deed executed more than thirty years earlier was
never raised as a defense by the defendants-appellees, Wendell Earl and James Otto Dahlem. I remain
  of the opinion that the Mississippi Supreme Court resolved Sunnybrook's appeal solely on the issue
    of whether the chancellor erred when he held that parole evidence could not be used to explain a
"patent" ambiguity in the 1938 deed. I suggest that "the deed was reformed without any concern with
       the statutes of limitation" (Majority Opinion p. 5) because the issue of whether any statute of
   limitation barred the reformation of the 1938 deed was not raised -- and thus not adjudicated -- in
  Sunnybrook. Hence, I reject with deference the majority's conclusion, which it rests on Sunnybrook,
     that "[d]espite the passage of more than ten years, a deed is subject to reformation to reflect the
actual intent of the parties that due to a mutual mistake was not properly expressed in the language of
 the instrument." See Sears Roebuck & Co. v. Devers, 405 So. 2d 898, 900 (Miss.1981) (holding that
  when defendant "failed to affirmatively plead the one year statute dealing with civil suits based upon
                                 an assault, of course it waived this defense").

There remains yet another reason to differ with the statement that "[d]espite the passage of more than
ten years, a deed is subject to reformation . . . .," and that reason is stated in a quotation from Searcy
     v. Tomlinson Interests, Inc., 358 So. 2d 373, 374 (Miss. 1978) on which the majority relies.
                               (Majority Opinion, p. 5). The quotation is:

The principal question on this appeal is whether the ten year statute now bars a reformation. Sections
15-1-7 and 15-1-9, applicable here [the same two sections cited by W. L. Turner], speak in terms of
                     "make an entry" and "commence an action to recover land."


 Searcy, 358 So. 2d at 374 (emphasis added).. I interpret this sentence to mean that the Mississippi
  Supreme Court has held that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 (Rev.
 1995) are the relevant statutes of limitations which may to bar claims to reform deeds as matters of
 affirmative defense. I remain of the opinion that claims for the reformation of a deed are subject to
              the operation of the statutes of limitations, Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9.

                                         B. Standard of review

 Issues of law presented to this Court are provided de novo review. UHS - Qualicare v. Gulf Coast
Community Hospital, 525 So.2d 746, 754 (Miss.1987). In Gillis v. Case, 574 So. 2d 692, 693 (Miss.
    1990), the Mississippi Supreme Court, in an opinion written to review a petition for rehearing,
considered whether an instrument executed by a debtor was an equitable mortgage which was barred
                      by the statute of limitations. The supreme court explained:

  Today we are called upon to assess, under our limited standard of review, the correctness of the
  Chancellor's determination on a question of law, that an instrument executed by a debtor was an
  equitable mortgage which was barred by the statute of limitations. We hold that the Chancellor's
                          finding was incorrect, and accordingly, reverse.


    Id. (emphasis added). The foregoing quotation establishes that whether to apply a statute of
   limitation to bar a claim is a question of law, and therefore this Court can review de novo as a
question of law the issue of whether the Shoemake Plaintiffs' claim to reform the deeds in question is
                                 barred by Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9.

C. Law applicable to the intent of the parties, including Wilson L. Turner and his mother, Mrs. Callie
                                                D. Turner


    In my view, the following two sentences in the majority opinion are the keystone on which the
     jurisprudential arch of the majority opinion depends for its ultimate support: "Those statutes
    [Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9] form the context for answering the question with which we must
     grapple, namely, whether intent to possess exists. If it does, then the statutes are running and
 ultimately will bar a claim." (Majority Opinion, p. 5). I opine that the intent of all the parties to both
 correction deeds, i. e., Mrs. Callie D. Turner, Wilson Turner, and the Shoemake Plaintiffs, can only
be ascertained by relevant Mississippi statutes and the Mississippi Supreme Court's interpretation and
   application of those statutes to deeds like the two correction deeds which are the subject of this
                                                litigation.

     I will endeavor to explain that the application of those statutes and judicial interpretations and
    applications of those statutes to cases similar to this one control and determine the intent of the
 parties to these correction deeds when they executed, delivered, and accepted them. These statutes
   can only establish that after February , 1971 Wilson L. Turner owned an undivided ten-elevenths
 (10/11) interest in the minerals which were conveyed to him by the second correction deed from his
sister, Celeste T. Thomas, and that it was no more necessary for him to demonstrate his intent to own
an undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals than it was for him to demonstrate that he
intended to own the surface of the land. Then I propose to persuade that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9
     began to run against Mrs. Callie D. Turner from and after February 9, 1971, the date the first
       correction deed with her properly executed acknowledgment attached to it was recorded.
     The following paragraph from 23 American Jurisprudence 2d Deeds § 224 (1983) explains:

  Unlike a rule of construction, a settled rule of law or rule of property is one which fastens a specific
 import and meaning upon particular language employed in a deed and states arbitrarily the legal effect
 which such language will have, attaching thereto a specific and unimpeachable intention, even though
   the parties employing the language may have had and may have evinced quite a different intention.
  Such rules therefore ingraft certain meaning upon language employed in a deed and determine what
effect is given to such language in law. In other words, a rule of property is to be applied automatically
    as a resultant of the language used, and the court will not refuse to apply such rule merely on the
surmise that the grantor did not intend that his phraseology operate in the way which the rule makes it
                                                  operate.


                                  23 Am. Jur. 2d Deeds § 225 (1983).


  The correction deed dated September 9, 1970, which Callie D. Turner, her eight children, and the
guardian of her four grandchildren executed and delivered to Celeste T. Thomas, who was Wilson L.
 Turner's immediate predecessor in title, contained the granting clause that the grantors "do hereby,
subject to the reservation and condition hereinafter stated, sell, transfer and quitclaim unto Celeste T.
               Thomas. . . ." Section 89-1-37 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 provides:

A conveyance without any warranty shall operate to transfer the title and possession of the grantor as
                                    a quitclaim and release.


     Miss. Code Ann. Sec.89-1-37 (1972). Thus the correction deed to Celeste T. Turner dated
  September 9, 1970, was a quitclaim deed because it conveyed the subject parcels of land "without
                                          any warranty."

                      Section 89-1-39 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 provides:

 A conveyance of quitclaim and release shall be sufficient to pass all the estate or interest the grantor
  has in the land conveyed, and shall estop the grantor and his heirs from asserting a subsequently
                           acquired adverse title to the lands conveyed.


Miss. Code Ann. Sec.89-1-39 (1972). In Rosenbaum v. McCaskey, 386 So.2d 387, 389 (Miss. 1980)
  , the Mississippi Supreme Court established that "[a] quitclaim deed operates only as a conduit to
pass the grantor's interest to the grantee." It then construed Section 89-1-39 of the Mississippi Code
 of 1972 to "afford[] the grantee the right to claim for himself any interest in the land covered by the
description in the deed . . . ." Id. From our recitation of the foregoing statues and cases, I would find
     that Sections 89-1-37 and 89-1-39 dictate the conclusion that the first correction deed dated
September 9, 1970 conveyed to Celeste T. Thomas as a matter of law all of the interest in the subject
   parcels of land which was not otherwise reserved by any of the grantors in said correction deed.
 Thus, because Callie D. Turner reserved an undivided one-eleventh (1/11) interest in and to the oil,
gas, and other minerals in the parcel of land described in the correction deed, but only that particular
   interest, the correction deed conveyed to Celeste T. Thomas all of the remaining undivided ten-
 elevenths (10/11) interest in and to the oil, gas, and other minerals in the two parcels of land which
                             were described within the first correction deed.

 The correction deed from Celeste T. Thomas to Wilson L. Turner contained the following sentence:
  "This conveyance is made subject to any prior reservation of oil, gas and minerals as may appear of
 record." Like the first correction deed from Callie D. Turner, her eight children, and the guardian of
 her four grandchildren to Celeste T. Thomas, the second correction deed from Celeste T. Thomas to
    her brother, Wilson L. Turner, was also equivalent to a quitclaim deed because it contained no
language which indicated that Celeste T. Thomas as grantor warranted title to the land which she was
conveying to Wilson L. Turner. Thus, by her execution and delivery of the correction deed to Wilson
 L. Turner, Celeste T. Thomas conveyed to him all of her interest in the land unless it can be said that
 she reserved an interest in the oil, gas, and minerals which was in addition to the one-eleventh (1/11)
                        interest already reserved by Callie D. Thomas for herself.

    In Thornhill v. Ford, 213 Miss. 49, 56 So.2d 23, 26 (1952), the Mississippi Supreme Court
   attempted to explain the difference between an "exception" and a "reservation" in a deed in the
                                         following language:

"A reservation reserves to the grantor some new thing issuing out of the thing granted and not in esse
before, and an exception excludes from the operation of the grant some existing portion of the estate
 or parcel granted which would otherwise pass under the general description of the deed. 26 C.J.S.,
                                       Deeds, § 137, page 439.


 "Under ordinary rules of construction, all that was not unequivocally and specifically reserved was
conveyed by the granting clause." Thornhill v. System Fuels, Inc., 523 So.2d 983, 989 (Miss.1988).

I opine that the sentence in the second correction deed from Celeste T. Thomas to Wilson L. Turner,
 "[t]his conveyance is made subject to any prior reservation of oil, gas and minerals as may appear of
record," is an exception which pertains to Callie D. Turner's reservation of her interest in the minerals
made in the first correction deed to Celeste T. Thomas, whatever the value of her mineral reservation
  may have been. It was not Celeste T. Thomas' reservation for herself of an undivided interest in the
 oil, gas, and minerals which was in addition to her mother's reservation of an interest in the oil, gas,
     and minerals made in the first correction deed to Thomas. Therefore, I further opine that as a
    quitclaim deed to her brother, the second correction deed from Celeste T. Thomas conveyed to
Wilson L. Turner an undivided ten-elevenths interest in and to the oil, gas, and minerals in the parcels
               of land described in it pursuant to the same Sections 89-1-37 and 89-1-39.

 The effect of these two correction deeds was two-fold. First, the combination of the two correction
  deeds conveyed to Wilson L. Turner an undivided ten-elevenths interest in and to the oil, gas, and
minerals in and to the parcel of land described in them. Second, the first correction deed conveyed to
 Celeste T. Thomas all of Callie D. Turner's undivided interest in and to the oil, gas, and minerals, of
 which she originally owned an undivided twelve-twenty-seconds, except the undivided one-eleventh
interest which she specifically reserved unto herself. Thus, the first correction deed reduced Callie D.
 Turner's undivided twelve-twenty-seconds interest in the oil, gas, and minerals to an undivided one-
 eleventh (1/11) interest in those same minerals, and the second correction deed conveyed to Wilson
L. Turner an undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals. The application of Sections 89-
 1-37 and 89-1-39 to the language contained in both correction deeds demands this conclusion and
  eliminates further concern about the intent of any of the parties to either of the correction deeds.

D. When does the ten-year period of limitation prescribed by Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 begin to run?



   In Newman v. J. J. White Lumber Co., 162 Miss. 581, 592, 139 So. 838 (1932), the Mississippi
   Supreme Court held that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 do not begin to run against a person in the
actual or constructive possession of land, and who has the right to such possession. Hence in the case
  sub judice, the statute of limitations, Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9, could never begin to run against
    Wilson L. Turner' ownership of the surface and undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the
   minerals under the surface because he was in the actual possession of the surface and, at the very
 lease, constructive possession of ten-elevenths (10/11) of the minerals beneath the surface, to which
    possession he had the right by virtue of the second correction deed which his sister, Celeste T.
                               Thomas, had executed and delivered to him.

  "The general rule is that statutes of limitation begin to run as soon as there is a cause of action."
 Aultman v. Kelly, 236 Miss. 1, 109 So. 2d 344, 346 (1959) (citations omitted). Therefore, the ten-
year period of limitations created by Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 would begin to run against Callie D.
 Turner no later than February 9, 1971, the date of the second recording of the first correction deed,
 by the execution and delivery of which, Mrs. Turner lost an undivided five-elevenths (5/11) of her
                                   undivided interest in the minerals.

 Twenty eight years later, in Neal v. Teat, 240 Miss. 35, 126 So. 2d 124, 127 (1961), the Mississippi
Supreme Court held that the ten-year period of limitation afforded by Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 had
run against grantors who sued to cancel a deed to a mineral interest on grounds of fraud. In Neal the
    supreme court reasoned that the grantee got title under the deed, since it was not void but only
  voidable, and he also got the constructive possession of the mineral interest. Id. Hence the grantors
had neither title nor possession and these same sections had run against them and barred their suit. As
 I previously explained in this dissent, Wilson L. Turner obtained title to five-sixths (5/6) of Callie D.
  Turner's original undivided 12/22 interest in the minerals, which was the equivalent of an undivided
 five-elevenths (5/11) interest in the minerals by virtue of the second correction deed from Celeste T.
  Thomas. I respectfully suggest that Neal confirms my opinion that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 had
run against Callie D. Turner and thus barred the Shoemake plaintiffs' suit against Wilson L. Turner as
                                     of February 9, 1980, at the latest.

In Neal, the Mississippi Supreme Court also explained the consequence of severing all or a portion of
                           the mineral interest from the surface as follows:

  After the owner of the general title makes a severance by conveying the fee to all or a part of the
 minerals, the estate in the surface and the estate in the minerals must be and are regarded as separate
and distinct estates, each being a fee simple estate in lands with all the incidents and attributes of such
                                                 an estate.
    Neal, 126 So. 2d at 127 (citations omitted). Consequently, the undivided five-elevenths (5/11)
   interest in the oil, gas, and minerals which Wilson L. Turner obtained from his sister, Celeste T.
 Thomas, by her execution and delivery of the second correction deed became a separate and distinct
             fee simple estate in lands with all the incidents and attributes of such an estate.

  In Aultman v. Kelly, 236 Miss. 1, 109 So. 2d 344 (1959), Raphael C. Cuevas suffered a paralytic
     stroke which left him "physically unable to comprehend, understand or transact any business
whatever." Id. at 345. Nevertheless, Cuevas executed and delivered to H. D. Aultman a mineral deed
to one-half of the oil, gas, and minerals in 240 acres of land in Hancock County on May 11, 1945. Id.
 Cuevas died on July 22, 1945, and on June 25, 1956, more than ten years after Cuevas had executed
 and delivered the mineral deed, his heirs filed a complaint against Aultman and others to cancel the
 mineral deed to Aultman. Id. at 346. The Mississippi Supreme Court held that the claim of Cuevas'
   heirs' to cancel the mineral deed was barred by Sections 709 and 710 of the Mississippi Code of
  1942, which are the predecessors of Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972.
                                      Aultman, 109 So. 2d at 349.

  In arriving at its decision that Sections 709 and 710 barred the claim of Cuevas' heirs, the supreme
   court emphasized that the mineral deed had been recorded on May 11, 1945. The supreme court
                                                 observed:

When the cause of action arose, the heirs, whether they had any actual knowledge of the deed or not,
had constructive knowledge thereof, because it had been recorded. Constructive notice of the making
of a deed begins the moment it is lodged with the proper officer for record. Besides, where the alleged
   fraudulent conveyance is recorded, the circumstances are public and the means of finding out the
 character of the transaction are available. Consequently, the running of the statute of limitation is not
                                               prevented.


 Id. at 347. Like the mineral deed in Aultman, both correction deeds in the case sub judice had been
    recorded by February 9, 1970. The recording of these two correction deeds gave notice to the
     Shoemake plaintiffs of the supposed error in the first correction deed, i. e., Callie D. Turner's
     reservation of only an undivided one-eleventh (1/11) interest rather than her reservation of an
 undivided twelve-twenty-seconds interest. As the supreme court opined in Aultman, "the running of
            the statute of limitation [was] not prevented." See Aultman, 109 So. 2d at 347.

                              The Mississippi Supreme Court concluded:

In the present case, the deed was executed by Cuevas himself, the owner of the property. It was filed
  for record on May 11, 1945. The record was notice to the appellees of Tate's claim to the mineral
interest. They could not sit idly by and make no challenge of this claim. Under the statutes, they were
 required to institute a suit within ten years from the accrual of their right. Their failure to do so has
                     effectively barred them of any right which they may have had.


Aultman, 109 So. 2d at 349. See also Ayers v. Davidson, 285 F. 2d 137, 139 (5th Cir. 1960) (citing
Aultman to hold that these sections applied when grantors did not commence action within ten years
                       from date deed was recorded to bar grantors' action).
          E. Discussion of Searcy v. Tomlinson Interests, Inc., 358 So. 2d 373 (Miss. 1978)

 Based upon the cases already reviewed, I can only conclude that the chancellor erred as a matter of
law when he held that the Shoemake plaintiffs' claim for reformation of the two correction deeds was
  not barred by Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972. However, the majority
 opinion finds that "[t]he interpretation of the limitation statutes that is urged by Wilson Turner here
  [with which I agree] was rejected in" Searcy v . Tomlinson Interests, Inc., 358 So. 2d 373 (Miss.
         1978), Thus, I review Searcy to explain why I think it actually supports my dissent.

  The facts in Searcy were as follows: W. C. McLeod owned eighty acres of land, less one-half of the
minerals which an earlier owner had reserved. Id. at 374. In 1952 McLeod conveyed the eighty acres
 to Vester Thompson, Jr., by warranty deed, which contained the following reservation: "One Fourth
interest in all minerals and oil is reserved to the Grantor [McLeod]." Id. McLeod, Thompson, and the
 preparer of the warranty deed all knew that an earlier owner of the land had reserved one-half of the
       minerals. Id. In 1974, Thompson and McLeod's heirs executed an instrument by which they
    recognized that McLeod's heirs owned one-fourth of the minerals and that Thompson owned the
      remaining one-fourth of the minerals. Id. Thus McLeod's heirs and Thompson recognized the
outstanding one-half interest in the minerals which their predecessor in title had reserved. Id. In 1971,
    Thompson executed a mineral lease to one Sims. Id. The mineral lease did not specify the size of
    Thompson's interest in the minerals, but it did contain a "proportionate reduction clause," which
  provided that rentals and royalties would be proportioned to the interest which Thompson actually
  owned. Id. The McLeod heirs conveyed all of their mineral interests to the Appellants, J. C. Searcy
   and others; and the Appellee, Tomlinson Interests, Inc. (Tomlinson) had become the owner of the
                  mineral lease which Thompson had executed and delivered to Sims. Id.

Searcy and the other complainants had filed a bill of complaint in chancery court to remove clouds on
     title to a one-fourth mineral interest and to reform the 1952 warranty deed from McLeod to
  Thompson to make clear that the McLeods' had reserved only a one-fourth mineral interest in the
   warranty deed to Thompson. Id. Tomlinson demurred both generally and specially to the bill of
complaint on the ground that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 barred the
Searcy complainants' action. Id. The chancellor sustained Tomlinson's special demurrer and dismissed
  the Searcy complainants' bill of complaint. Id. The Searcy complainants appealed the chancellor's
  dismissal of their bill of complaint to the Mississippi Supreme Court, and that court reversed the
                        chancellor's dismissal of the Searcy complaint. Id. at 376.

   On appeal, Tomlinson's theory of recovery was that "[o]n its face the 1952 deed conveyed and
  warranted the entire tract except for the reservation of one-fourth of the minerals; accordingly, its
 apparent effect was to convey three-fourths of the minerals. Since McLeod only owned one-half of
 the minerals, the apparent result was to convey that one-half, breach the warranty as to one-fourth,
 and reserve nothing to McLeod." Id. at 374. The Mississippi Supreme Court found that Thompson
had neither intended nor claimed to possess the one-fourth mineral interest in question. Id. The court
   opined that "[t]he element of intent to possess is an integral part of the concept of constructive
                              possession." Id. The Court then concluded:

 Accordingly, where, as alleged in the bill of complaint here, a certain mineral interest was included in
the deed by mutual mistake, and the grantee does not claim such interest nor intend to own or possess
same, such grantee does not have constructive possession, and the Statute of Limitations in a suit for
reformation will not begin to run against grantor until he has notice of some adverse claim thereto or
his possession is disturbed in some manner. In the instant case it appears that this did not occur prior
                                               to 1971.


Id. The supreme court's point in Searcy is that Thompson never claimed more than an undivided one-
                                    fourth interest in the minerals.

I opine that for Searcy to control this issue of whether Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 bar the Shoemake
   Plaintiffs' claim to reform the two deeds, there must be evidence from which the chancellor might
  correctly find that Wilson L. Turner, like Vester Thompson, Jr., the grantee in Searcy, claimed less
   than the undivided ten-elevenths undivided interest in the oil, gas, and minerals which Celeste T.
  Thomas conveyed to him by the second correction deed. I have reviewed the record in this case to
 find such evidence, only to determine that it is void of evidence on that issue of fact. Indeed, Wilson
 L. Turner's claim to the entire ten-elevenths undivided interest in the minerals motivated his defense
              to the Shoemake plaintiffs' claim that the correction deeds ought to be revised.

 In Neal v. Teat, 240 Miss. 35, 126 So. 2d 124, 127 (1961), the Mississippi Supreme Court opined:

Upon acquiring title to the severed mineral fee estate the owner takes constructive possession of the
mineral estate conveyed although the grantor retains title and actual possession of the surface. The
       theoretical possession known as constructive possession follows in the wake of title.


   Wilson L. Turner took constructive possession of an undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) undivided
 interest in the oil, gas, and minerals when his sister, Celeste T. Thomas, executed and delivered the
   second correction deed to him. His constructive possession "followed in the wake of [the] title
                          [which the second correction deed conveyed to him]."

  Of course, my analysis of Searcy and the quotation from Neal emphasize what I perceive to be the
fundamental difference between the majority's opinion and this dissent. The fundamental difference is
     that regardless of the operation and effect of the various statutes on the conveyancing of real
 property, the majority would require that Wilson L. Turner have done something to demonstrate his
  intent to possess the ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals which his sister had conveyed to
 him by the second correction deed. I find that no more necessary than it was for him to demonstrate
in some fashion that he intended to possess the surface of the property which his sister had conveyed
to him.(1) Just as the second correction deed effectively conveyed the surface to Wilson T. Turner, so
   did it also effectively convey his sister's undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals to
     him. There is no evidence that Wilson L. Turner ever claimed less than his full undivided ten-
                           elevenths (10/11) interest in the oil, gas, and minerals.

On the other hand, Mrs. Callie D. Turner conveyed all of her mineral rights except for an undivided
one-eleventh interest in them, which she retained for herself, to her daughter, Celeste T. Thomas. I
 am convinced that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 required her to file her complaint to reform the two
correction deeds within ten years of the date of the recording of the two instruments, else these two
   sections forever barred her claim to reform them. Therefore, because the Shoemake Plaintiffs'
complaint to reform the deeds was filed eighteen years after the two correction deeds were recorded,
the chancellor erred when he did not dismiss their complaint with prejudice because Sections 15-1-7
                                 and 15-1-9 had barred this claim.

                        F. Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 and adverse possession

   I agree with the majority that Wilson L. Turner could not exercise adverse possession of the ten-
elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals because for him to have done so, he would first have had to
  reduce them to his actual possession. (Majority opinion, p.10). However, based upon my previous
analysis of Aultman, which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit followed in Ayers,
      I disagree that Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 require the application of the concept of adverse
 possession to activate their running. In that way, these two Sections are different from Section 15-1-
                                         13, which does provide:

Ten years' actual adverse possession by any person claiming to be the owner for that time of any land,
uninterruptedly continued for ten years by occupancy, descent, conveyance, or otherwise, in whatever
   way such occupancy may have commenced or continued, shall vest in every actual occupant or
                         possessor of such land a full and complete title . . . .


                               Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-13 (Rev. 1995).


    G. Summary of dissent on issue of applying Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 to bar the Shoemake
                         Plaintiffs's claim to reform the correction deeds


 I summarize my dissent on this issue by opining that the clock of Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 began
 ticking no later than February 9, 1971, when Mrs. Callie D. Turner's first correction deed to Celeste
 T. Thomas was recorded. It chimed for the last time ten years later on February 9, 1981, more than
 seven years before the Shoemake Plaintiffs filed their complaint to reform the two correction deeds.
   Throughout the entire seventeen-year period from the recording of the correction deeds until the
     Shoemake Plaintiffs filed their complaint to reform these deeds, Wilson L. Turner enjoyed the
    constructive possession of the undivided ten-elevenths (10/11) interest in the minerals which his
            sister, Celeste T. Thomas, had conveyed to him by the second correction deed.


                                                  II.
                                                Laches

 Because the chancellor did not address the issue of laches in his opinion, I think it is unnecessary to
review this issue as the majority has done. See Terry v. Superintendent of Education, 211 Miss. 462,
  52 So.2d 13, 14 (1951) (holding that because issue of whether sixteenth section lease could not be
canceled without notice was not adjudicated in the decree from which the appellant had appealed, the
 supreme court would not review the issue on appeal because the supreme court "reviews] only such
matters as were considered by the lower court"). However, were this issue reviewable by this Court,
I submit that laches was a second reason, apart and independent from the statute of limitations issue,
   to reverse and render the chancellor's decree. I submit the following two reasons for my opinion

                             A. Delay of nineteen years was unreasonable

                                          The majority opines:

There definitely was delay by the various heirs in asserting the claim against Wilson Turner, in that the
      "claim" has existed since 1970 when the correction deed was executed. Yet the delay is not
unreasonable. The family got together in 1970 to correct an instrument that had a bad description. If in
fact that was the only purpose for the deed and there was no reason for these lay people to understand
 that the deed did anything to the mineral interest then it is reasonable that no one would act until the
  problem was noticed either at the time of oil and gas leasing or at production. Since production did
 not occur until 1989, it is not unreasonable that no one was aware of this dormant problem until that
                                                  time.


Majority Opinion, p. 8. Again, with deference to the majority, is it not contradictory to acknowledge
  that "the 'claim' has existed since 1970 when the correction deed was executed," and then to opine
  that the delay of nineteen years was not unreasonable because "no one was aware of this dormant
problem until that time."? See Crabb v. Wilkinson, 202 Miss. 274, 32 So.2d 356, 358 (1947) (stating
that "[a]ll persons are presumed to know the legal effect of their acts.") Mrs. Callie D. Turner and all
 of the Shoemake Plaintiffs executed and delivered both the first deed in 1967 to Celeste T. Thomas
  and the first correction deed to her in 1971. I indulge in the presumption that all of the grantors in
   both deeds knew that Mrs. Turner had reserved all of her mineral rights in the first deed but had
   reserved only an undivided one-eleventh (1/11) interest in the first correction deed. If this were a
 clerical error worthy of reformation of the first and second correction deeds, waiting nineteen years
     to seek relief, in my view, was unreasonable because the problem was never "dormant." The
presumption that they knew the legal effect of their acts in executing the first correction deed in 1971
                                eliminates the "dormancy" of this problem.

                             B. Intervening death of Mrs. Callie D. Turner

 My second reason for my opinion about the efficacy of the defense of laches in this case is the death
 of Mrs. Callie Turner in 1990. I agree with the majority opinion that she could have stated whether
  her conveyance of an undivided one-eleventh (1/11) interest in the minerals in the first correction
  deed to her daughter, Celeste T. Thomas, was a clerical error, the requisite for reformation of the
  first correction deed. I heartily endorse the majority's statement that "Whether the absence of that
   view prejudiced or benefitted Wilson Turner cannot be stated, since we do not know what Callie
    Turner would have said." Majority opinion, p.7. I disagree with the following statement in the
 opinion that "the alleged prejudice caused by Callie Turner's unavailability to be equally a burden of
each side to this dispute, and consequently not a reason in favor of one party by invoking the doctrine
                                     of laches." Majority opinion, p.8.

 Laches was Wilson L. Turner's defense, not the Shoemake Plaintiffs' defense. Had Mrs. Turner been
 alive and competent, and had she testified that yes, the reservation of only an undivided one-eleventh
      (1/11) interest in the minerals was a clerical error which the scrivener who prepared the first
   correction deed committed, that testimony would h ave favored the Shoemake Plaintiffs. Had she
 testified that the reservation of the undivided one-eleventh (1/11) interest in the minerals was not a
 scrivener's error, then her testimony would have entirely benefitted Wilson L. Turner. Thus, I must
 respectfully disagree with the majority that "Callie Turner's unavailability [was] equally a burden of
 each side to this dispute." See Denison v. McCann, 197 S.W. 2d 248, 250 (Ky. CA 1946) (holding
  that doctrine of laches should be applied against claim of daughter to set a side conveyance of her
   mother after her mother had died because daughter's "delay has closed the mouth of the principal
                            participant in the transaction she is questioning").

Because the chancellor did not address laches in his opinion, even though Wilson L. Turner, included
  it as an affirmative defense in his answer, I opine that addressing the issue is dispensable. I have
     addressed the issue of laches only to express my dissent from the majority's conclusion that
Shoemake Plaintiffs' delay "was neither unreasonable nor prejudicial to the person raising laches as a
 defense." Majority opinion, p. 8. I opine that the Shoemake Plaintiffs's delay of nineteen years was
                                  both unreasonable and prejudicial.


                                              III. Summary

While I have discussed and dissented to the majority's findings on the issue of laches, I would reverse
and render the decree of the Jones County Chancery Court solely on what I perceive to have been its
   error in refusing to dismiss the Shoemake Plaintiffs's claim with prejudice because it had become
barred by the application of Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 of the Mississippi Code of 1972 (Rev. 1995).
 Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 are the statutes of limitation which apply to claims to reform deeds; and
 as the Mississippi Supreme Court held in Aultman v. Kelly, the recording of the first correction deed
 from Mrs. Callie T. Turner and the Shoemake Plaintiffs to Celeste T. Thomas was notice to them of
  their claim to reform the correction deed, and they were required to institute a suit within ten years
  form the accrual of that right. Their failure to file their complaint within ten years of the date of the
recording of the correction deed effectively barred them of any right which they might otherwise have
                                                     had.

    Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 barred the Shoemake Plaintiffs' claim against Wilson L. Turner for
 reformation of the correction deed even though Wilson L. Turner could never establish that he had
 exercised adverse possession of the mineral rights under the facts of this case. This is true because
   unlike Section 15-1-13, Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 do not require the expiration of ten years of
    adverse possession to activate them. Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9 only require that the plaintiff
  "commence an action to recover land . . . within ten years next after the time at which the right to
    make the entry or to bring the action shall have first accrued . . . ." Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-7
                                             (Rev. 1995).

 Neither can I agree with the majority that "[t]here must be an intent to claim dominion before there
 [can] be an adequate claim right for [Sections 15-1-7 and 15-1-9]." Majority Opinion, p. 8-9. As I
have endeavored to demonstrate in this dissent, Wilson L. Turner's intent must be determined by the
     application of Sections 89-1-37 and 89-1-39 to the language which all of the parties to both
correction deeds employed in the deeds. The application of these two statutes to the language which
the two deeds contained establishes Turner's intent regardless of what evidence was adduced during
                                                the trial.
     I demur to the majority opinion's view that Searcy is germane precedent because as I have
 endeavored to demonstrate in my analysis of Searcy, McLeod, the owner of minerals whose share
   was in doubt because by law he might have been entitled to claim one-half of the minerals, only
claimed one-fourth of them. Thus, unlike Wilson L. Turner in the case sub judice, McLeod claimed
 less than the law might otherwise have allowed him to own. I share the majority opinion's concern
    that "[a] significant difficulty with the case law is that it could make someone's unknown and
  unknowable intent controlling." Majority Opinion, p. 11. I suggest that my analysis of the Searcy
opinion, which distinguishes it from the situation in the case sub judice and the determination of the
 intent of Mrs. Callie D. Turner, Celeste T. Thomas, and the other Shoemake Plaintiffs by applying
these two statutes to the language of the two correction deeds eliminate the cause for this concern.

  For these reasons, I would reverse and render the decree of the Jones County Chancery court.

                    BRIDGES, C.J., AND KING, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

    1. Before this case was tried, the chancery court entered an agreed judgment which ordered,
adjudicated, and decreed that "the surface ownership into the [lands described in the two correction
                      deeds] were quieted and confirmed in Wilson L. Turner."
