            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PHIL FORNER,                                                          UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      August 20, 2019
              Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 345617
                                                                      Ottawa Circuit Court
DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING AND                                           LC No. 18-005343-AA
REGULATORY AFFAIRS,

              Appellee.


Before: GADOLA, P.J., and MARKEY and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Appellant Phil Forner appeals an opinion and order issued by the circuit court that
affirmed a decision by appellee Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) to
deny Forner’s request for a declaratory ruling. We affirm.

        To provide context to our discussion of the facts and procedural history of the case, we
begin with an examination of the statutes implicated in this matter. Forner posed an argument
under the Skilled Trades Regulation Act (STRA), MCL 339.5101 et seq. Article 8 of the STRA
addresses mechanical contractors, MCL 339.5801 et seq. Mechanical contractors perform work
in relation to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. See MCL 339.5801
through MCL 339.5807. MCL 339.5809 provides in pertinent part:

               (1) [An] individual or other person shall not perform installations,
       alterations, or servic[es] . . . that are regulated under the Stille-DeRossett-Hale
       single state construction code act unless the person, if the person is an individual,
       or an employee of the person has received a mechanical contractor's license from
       the department that has not been revoked or suspended, . . . .

              (2) A person that performs installations, alterations, or servic[es] . . . shall
       designate the holder of a mechanical contractor's license described in subsection
       (1) as the contractor of record [and] notify the department in writing of the
       designation.



                                                -1-
        The STRA defines the term “person” as “an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership,
association, limited liability company, corporation, or common law trust or a combination of
those legal entities.” MCL 339.5107(g). Relevant here, under subsection (2) of MCL 339.5809,
a “limited liability company” engaged in providing HVAC services must designate a licensed
mechanical contractor as its “contractor of record.”

        Forner is licensed as a mechanical contractor, and he is the “contractor of record” for
Allendale Heating Co., Inc. Forner’s request to LARA for a declaratory ruling concerned
Gennadi Biriouk, who is also a licensed mechanical contractor. Biriouk operates MKS Heating
& Cooling, LLC, which does business under the assumed name of Hudsonville-Steigmeyer
Heating & Cooling, LLC. Biriouk is the mechanical “contractor of record” for Hudsonville-
Steigmeyer. In May 2017, Cascade Township (the township) issued a mechanical permit to
MKS allowing installation of gas/oil burning equipment on property located in the township.
Biriouk was listed on the MKS permit as the applicant and licensee. Forner lodged a complaint
with the township and LARA’s Bureau of Construction Codes (BCC), contending that the permit
had been improperly issued and should be revoked. He maintained that MKS was engaged in
unlicensed activities. Forner alleged a violation of MCL 339.5809(2), claiming that MKS did
not have a mechanical “contractor of record.” The township and the BCC rejected Forner’s
assertion. They indicated that Biriouk had a valid mechanical contractor’s license.

        Forner then contacted the Board of Mechanical Rules (BMR), asking the BMR to issue
an interpretation of the STRA. See MCL 339.5805 (authorizing the continued existence of the
BMR).1 The gist of Forner’s question was whether MCL 339.5809(2) is satisfied as to an entity
that does not designate a “contractor of record,” here MKS, when its doing-business-as form or
entity, here Hudsonville-Steigmeyer, has designated a “contractor of record.” After several e-
mail communications between Forner and the deputy director of the BCC, wherein the director
advised Forner that any interpretation it rendered would be merely advisory in nature and lack
the force and effect of law, BMR provided no interpretation of MCL 339.5809(2) as requested
by Forner.

      In December 2017, Forner sent LARA a request for a declaratory ruling. The
Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq., contains the following provision:


1
    MCL 339.5805(5) provides:
                 The board may recommend to the state construction code commission the
         promulgation of rules the board considers necessary for the safe design,
         construction, installation, alteration, servicing, and inspection of systems used in
         compliance with the Michigan mechanical code, and may recommend
         modifications, additions, or deletions to this act to update and maintain this act as
         an effective and enforceable instrument. The board may also recommend to the
         state construction code commission, after testing and evaluating a material,
         product, method of manufacture, or method of construction or installation for
         acceptability under the state construction code, that the commission issue a
         certificate of acceptability for that material, product, or method.



                                                  -2-
               On request of an interested person, an agency may issue a declaratory
       ruling as to the applicability to an actual state of facts of a statute administered by
       the agency or of a rule or order of the agency. An agency shall prescribe by rule
       the form for such a request and procedure for its submission, consideration and
       disposition. A declaratory ruling is binding on the agency and the person
       requesting it unless it is altered or set aside by any court. An agency may not
       retroactively change a declaratory ruling, but nothing in this subsection prevents
       an agency from prospectively changing a declaratory ruling. A declaratory ruling
       is subject to judicial review in the same manner as an agency final decision or
       order in a contested case. [MCL 24.263.]

         In LARA’s order of denial, it set forth the following two questions that Forner presented
in his request for a declaratory ruling:

               Is it a violation of the STRA when a limited liability company (LLC)[,]
       that is performing STRA regulated mechanical work as authorized by an issued
       mechanical permit, does not have a mechanical contractor’s license holder
       designated as the contractor of record for that specific LLC?

            Does the [APA] . . . prevent the STRA from granting authority to [the
       BMR] to issue an interpretation of the mechanical licensure provisions of the
       STRA?

       In March 2018, the director of LARA issued the denial order in response to Forner’s
request. The order provided, in pertinent part, as follows:

       ANALYSIS

       The STRA sets forth the licensing requirements for persons who perform
       mechanical contractor services. The STRA includes limited liability companies in
       its definition of person, and its provisions are clear and concise as to what the
       requirements are for individuals, and persons who are not individuals, who wish
       to provide regulated mechanical contractor services.

       It is unclear what Mr. Forner is asking with his second question. The APA sets
       forth administrative procedures for state agencies, including the procedure for
       declaratory rulings. The APA does not direct nor prevent a statute, such as the
       STRA, from doing anything.

       CONCLUSION

       The applicant’s request for declaratory ruling is denied. The statute that applies to
       the regulation of mechanical contractors is unambiguous and requires no further
       clarification. . . . The plain meaning of the statutory language is clear as written
       and intended by the legislation.

       Finally, a declaratory ruling is limited to specific statement of facts and
       information received by the applicant and is binding on the agency and the

                                                -3-
        applicant. The applicant is not associated with the [BMR], Gennadi Biriouk,
        MKS, . . . or Hudsonville-Steigmeyer . . . . Therefore, since the applicant has not
        demonstrated a sufficient connection to a duty or right afforded to him under any
        statute or rule, he has no standing to request a declaratory ruling on these
        issues.[2]

       In April 2018, Forner appealed LARA’s ruling to the circuit court. The circuit court, in
affirming LARA’s decision, determined that Forner lacked standing to pursue a declaratory
ruling because he was not an “interested person” as required by MCL 24.263. The court
declined to address the substantive merits of Forner’s arguments because he lacked standing to
obtain a declaratory ruling. Finally, in response to a claim by Forner that a particular executive
order executed by Governor Snyder was unconstitutional and should be vacated, the circuit court
found that the issue had not been presented to LARA and that there was nothing in the record on
the matter for the court to review. In September 2018, the circuit court entered an order denying
Forner’s motion for reconsideration. Forner now appeals the circuit court’s ruling.

        In scrutinizing a declaratory ruling by an administrative agency, we must keep in mind
the limits of judicial review. Adrian Sch Dist v Mich Pub Sch Employees’ Retirement Sys, 458
Mich 326, 332; 582 NW2d 767 (1998). Const 1963, art 6, § 28 provides for review of
administrative rulings, including declaratory determinations, demanding at a minimum that any
ruling be authorized by law. Id. “We will set aside the legal rulings of administrative agencies if
they violate the constitution or a statute or contain a substantial and material error of law.” Id.,
citing MCL 24.306. “Declaratory rulings are subject to the same judicial review as an agency's
final decision or order in a contested case[,]” and “[w]e give them deference, provided they are
consistent with the purpose and policies of the statute in question.” Adrian Sch Dist, 458 Mich at
332 (citation omitted). Whether a party has standing is a question of law subject to de novo
review. Manuel v Gill, 481 Mich 637, 642; 753 NW2d 48 (2008). We review de novo issues of
statutory construction. Kemp v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 500 Mich 245, 252; 901
NW2d 534 (2017).

        We must initially address a jurisdictional issue. Forner filed a claim of appeal in this
Court seeking review of the circuit court’s decision. LARA argues that we lack jurisdiction
because Forner did not have an appeal by right; rather, his challenge required him to file an
application for leave to appeal. This Court has jurisdiction of an appeal of right by an aggrieved
party from a final judgment or order of a circuit court, except for a circuit court judgment or
order “on appeal from any court or tribunal[.]” MCR 7.203(A)(1)(a) (emphasis added).



2
  In its order, LARA stated that MCL 450.4206 “provides the governing statutory provisions to
answer the questions presented.” MCL 450.4206(1) states that “[a] domestic or foreign limited
liability company may transact business under an assumed name or names other than its name as
set forth in its articles of organization or certificate of authority . . . by filing a certificate stating
the true name of the company and the assumed name or names under which business is to be
transacted.” Aside from this one mention of MCL 450.4206, LARA did not discuss the statute
any further.


                                                   -4-
Tribunals include administrative agencies when acting in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity.
Natural Resources Defense Council v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 300 Mich App 79, 86;
832 NW2d 288 (2013).

        To determine whether an administrative agency’s ruling is adjudicatory in nature, we
must compare the agency's procedures to court procedures to assess whether they are similar. Id.
“Quasi-judicial proceedings include procedural characteristics common to courts, such as a right
to a hearing, a right to be represented by counsel, the right to submit exhibits, and the authority
to subpoena witnesses and require parties to produce documents.” Id. Here, those attributes do
not appear to be present in relation to the procedures governing resolution of Forner’s request for
a declaratory ruling. But MCL 24.263 provides that “[a] declaratory ruling is subject to judicial
review in the same manner as an agency final decision or order in a contested case.” This
language would suggest that we must treat the proceedings applicable to requests for declaratory
rulings as quasi-judicial proceedings, as would be the situation in a contested case. See In re
Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich, 482 Mich 90, 98-99; 754 NW2d 259 (2008)
(administrative contested cases resemble trials with agencies exercising quasi-judicial powers).
Accordingly, it is arguable that LARA fit the definition of a “tribunal” for purposes of MCR
7.203(A)(1)(a) with respect to the instant case, rendering the circuit court’s ruling subject solely
to an application for leave to appeal. We, however, decline to answer the question whether the
circuit court’s opinion and order was appealable by right or by application for leave to appeal.
Assuming that the appeal should have been filed as an application for leave to appeal, we
hereby treat the appeal as an application for leave, grant leave, and address the issues presented.
Rains v Rains, 301 Mich App 313, 320 n 2; 836 NW2d 709 (2013).

        Forner first challenges the determination that he lacked standing to pursue a declaratory
ruling under MCL 24.263 because he was not an “interested person.” MCL 24.263 requires a
request for a declaratory ruling be made by an “interested person,” and the request must pertain
to the applicability of a statute “to an actual state of facts.” The STRA does not define
“interested person.” Statutory standing requires an inquiry into whether a statute authorizes a
plaintiff to file an action, and determining standing under a statute simply entails statutory
interpretation. Miller v Allstate Ins Co, 481 Mich 601, 606-608; 751 NW2d 463 (2008). The
goal of statutory construction is to discern the intent of the Legislature as based on the plain
language of the statute being examined. Kemp, 500 Mich at 252. And if statutory language is
unambiguous, the Legislature must have intended the meaning clearly expressed, mandating us
to enforce the statutory provision as written. Id. We may consult dictionary definitions when
construing undefined statutory terms. Koontz v Ameritech Servs, Inc, 466 Mich 304, 312; 645
NW2d 34 (2002).

        The term “interested” is defined, in relevant part, as “being affected or involved.”
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). We thus conclude that the reference to an
“interested person,” as used in MCL 24.263, means a person who is affected by the applicability
of the statute at issue to an actual state of facts. The facts here are that the township issued a
mechanical permit to MKS even though Gennadi Biriouk is designated as the “contractor of
record” for Hudsonville-Steigmeyer and not MKS, yet MKS does business as Hudsonville-
Steigmeyer. There is simply no evidence or valid argument that the applicability of MCL
339.5809 to these facts affected Forner. If Biriouk had sought a declaratory ruling, he may have
been an interested person. Or had Forner been associated with or connected to two companies

                                                -5-
that had a similar relationship as MKS and Hudsonville-Steigmeyer, Forner may have been an
interested person. And had Forner been disadvantaged or impacted for some reason because of
the issuance of the permit, he would have been an interested person. But on the current record,
there has simply been no showing that Forner was an interested person: he was not affected by
the applicability of MCL 339.5809 to the state of facts. Indeed, if LARA had issued an
interpretation of the statute as applied to the facts that was favorable to Forner’s view, it would
have accomplished and changed nothing in relation to Forner’s circumstances. And it would not
have been binding on Biriouk. In sum, Forner lacked standing to pursue and obtain a declaratory
ruling under MCL 24.263.

        Forner argues that all licensed mechanical contractors have standing as interested persons
under MCL 24.263 for purposes of the applicability of the STRA. This argument lacks merit.
MCL 24.263 requires a person who seeks a declaratory ruling to be affected by the application
of, in this case, the STRA to an actual state of facts. Forner’s argument finds no support in the
plain language of MCL 24.263; it would allow mechanical contractors to bombard LARA with
requests to interpret the STRA even if there were no actual or practical impact of the
interpretation on the life and employment of a contractor. Forner contends that obtaining an
interpretation of MCL 339.5805 would offer guidance to contractors on business decisions and
how to compete in the marketplace. This argument is vague, speculative, and futuristic in nature,
rendering the “actual state of facts” component of MCL 24.263 entirely meaningless.

       Forner maintains that the “interested person” provision of MCL 24.263 does not and
should not require the higher threshold of standing contained in MCL 24.264. MCL 24.264
provides in pertinent part:

               Unless an exclusive procedure or remedy is provided by a statute
       governing the agency, the validity or applicability of a rule, including the failure
       of an agency to accurately assess the impact of the rule on businesses, including
       small businesses, in its regulatory impact statement, may be determined in an
       action for declaratory judgment if the court finds that the rule or its threatened
       application interferes with or impairs, or imminently threatens to interfere with or
       impair, the legal rights or privileges of the plaintiff.

       Our construction of MCL 24.263 does not require a showing of interference with or
impairment of legal rights or privileges to establish standing. We simply require a showing that
the person making the request for a declaratory ruling be affected by the applicability of the
relevant statute to an actual state of facts. Accordingly, we reject Forner’s argument.

        Forner proceeds to essentially argue that there was a violation of MCL 339.5809(2)
because MKS did not designate a “contractor of record.” We need not reach this substantive
issue given our holding that Forner lacks standing. We also note that even were we to rule in
Forner’s favor with respect to standing, we would not address the merits of his claims because
the appropriate course of action in that situation would be to remand the case for LARA to
address the matter in the first instance.

       Finally, Forner argues that the STRA, specifically MCL 339.5315 and MCL 339.5319,
gives exclusive authority to boards to construe STRA licensure and permit requirements and that

                                                -6-
any deprivation of a licensee’s access to their respective boards violates Const 1963, art 5, § 5.
MCL 339.5315 provides:

               (1) Each board created or continued under this act is created or continued
       within the department.

              (2) A board's duties shall include the interpretation of a licensure or permit
       requirement of a specific article of this act, and, if necessary, the furnishing of aid
       in an investigation conducted under article 5. At the discretion of the board, a
       member of that board may attend an informal conference conducted under section
       515. A board shall assist the department in the implementation of this act.

MCL 339.5319 states that “[a] board shall aid the department in interpreting a licensure or permit
requirement described in this act that is incomplete or subjective in nature to determine whether
the person seeking a license or permit or a renewal has met the requirements for the issuance or
renewal.” Const 1963, art 5, § 5 provides that “[a] majority of the members of an appointed
examining or licensing board of a profession shall be members of that profession.”

        A plain reading of the two statutes and constitutional provision does not in any manner
support a conclusion that, regardless of MCL 24.263, Forner was legally entitled to an
interpretation of MCL 339.5809 such that the failure to provide him one was unconstitutional.
Forner’s argument verges on being nonsensical.

       We affirm. We award taxable costs under MCR 7.219 to LARA as the prevailing party.




                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                              /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                              /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




                                                -7-
