[Cite as In re M.H., 2011-Ohio-5140.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      VINTON COUNTY

In the Matter of:                          :                   Case No. 11CA683

M.H.                                       :                    DECISION AND
                                                                JUDGMENT ENTRY

                                                 RELEASED: 09/19/11
______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

John K. Clark, Jr., Jackson, Ohio, for appellant.

Austin B. Campbell, Vinton County Prosecuting Attorney, McArthur, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, P.J.

        {¶1}    Mother appeals the grant of the permanent custody of her daughter, M.H.,

to the Vinton County Department of Job and Family Services (VCDJFS) and argues that

the trial court’s decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, the

record contains some competent and credible evidence that granting custody to

VCDJFS was in M.H.’s best interest. Specifically, evidence supports the court’s findings

that Mother failed to remedy issues related to housing, employment, visitation, and

counseling as called for in the reunification plan and that M.H. did not wish to be

returned to Mother’s custody.

        {¶2}    Next, Mother contends that the trial court erred in finding that VCDJFS

made reasonable efforts to either reunite her with M.H. or to place M.H. with a suitable

relative. However, the trial court was not required to make a “reasonable efforts” finding

when the child has been in the custody of the agency for more than twelve months of a

consecutive twenty-two-month period. Likewise, the court’s award of permanent
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                  2


custody was proper because the statutory language referring to relative placement is

precatory and serves only as a discretionary guideline.

       {¶3}   Mother next contends that VCDJFS violated her due process rights by

poorly managing her reunification case plan. Although VCDJFS could have been more

zealous in their attempts to administer Mother’s case plan, the record reveals that

Mother herself made minimal efforts at best in complying with the plan, including the

failure to communicate the address where she was living in a timely manner, report her

employment status, and attend scheduled visitations. Consequently, we perceive no

due process violation in VCDJFS’ management of the reunification case plan.

       {¶4}   Finally, Mother argues that VCDJFS “bargained in bad faith” when they

agreed to dismiss a motion for permanent custody of M.H. in return for her voluntarily

surrendering permanent custody of several other of her children. However, there is no

evidence in the record to support the conclusion that such an agreement existed.

Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the juvenile court.

                                             I. Facts

       {¶5}   In 2008, M.H. and six of her siblings were alleged to be neglected and

dependent children. The court granted temporary custody of the children in March 2008

to VCDJFS on the basis that Mother and Father lacked adequate housing. After the

state withdrew the allegations of neglect, Mother and Father admitted that all seven

children were dependent under R.C. 2151.04(C). Accordingly, the court adjudicated the

children dependent and ordered them to remain in the temporary custody of VCDJFS.

While in the temporary custody of the agency, M.H. resided with foster parents.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                                 3


       {¶6}    After VCDJFS subsequently filed a motion for permanent custody of all

seven children, Mother and Father voluntarily agreed to surrender permanent custody of

four of the children. By agreement of the parties the court also placed two of the

children into a “planned permanent living arrangement.” Finally, the parties agreed that

M.H., the youngest of the children, should remain in the temporary custody of VCDJFS

and that the agency would prepare a new case plan with the goal of reuniting the

mother and child.1

       {¶7}    In February 2010, VCDJFS filed the new case plan, which identified the

following problems that prevented reunification:

       [Mother] is unable to meet the basic needs of the child. When placed with

       [Mother], [M.H.] has had poor [attendance] at school. The child did not

       attend school for periods of time. [Mother] did not provide adequate

       supervision or parenting to [M.H.]. [Mother] is dealing with issues from the

       past and the current surrender of her other six children. [Mother] has a

       history of responding to stressors in a negative manner. Additionally, after

       January 7, 2010 [Mother] will no longer have a home as she states she is

       moving.

       {¶8}     The plan called for the following changes on Mother’s part:

       1. [Mother] will need to be able to meet the basic needs for [M.H.],

       including a stable, safe and drug free home.

       2. [Mother] will need to find a suitable place to live.



1
 It appears that VCDJFS did not include Father in a case plan. He participated in the motion for
permanent custody but ultimately did not oppose the motion and did not seek to regain custody of M.H.
According to her brief, Mother and Father, while legally married, separated many years ago.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                          4


          3. [Mother] will complete parenting classes to learn healthier ways to cope

          with her child for the appropriate age level.

          4. [Mother] will have an assessment complete[d] by ISS and learn how to

          deal with stressors, in an appropriate manner.

          5. [Mother] will have an assessment for HRS completed and follow the

          recommendations from the counselor.2

          {¶9}    VCDJFS agreed to the following:

          1. Worker will request progress notes weekly and monthly from HRS, and

          ISS.

          2. Worker will receive verification that [Mother] attended Parenting

          Classes.

          3. Worker will have weekly contact with [Mother] by phone and face to

          face reviewing the progress on the goals.

          4. Worker will perform home study and safety audit when [Mother] obtains

          new housing.

          {¶10} In February 2010, VCDJFS also sought to dismiss its still pending motion

for permanent custody of M.H. In two subsequent entries the court granted the

agency’s motion and noted that the agency “indicated it would be dismissing its motion

for permanent custody and then refilling [sic] it.” VCDJFS filed a new motion for

permanent custody of M.H. under R.C. 2151.413 in July 2010.

          {¶11} Ultimately the court held a two-day final custody hearing on the motion.

There Patty Smith, Mother’s caseworker at VCDJFS testified that Mother cancelled

some visitations with M.H. in 2010 claiming illness or car issues. Smith indicated that
2
    Apparently, HRS and ISS are counseling programs addressing stress and substance addiction.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                   5


Mother displayed a lack of supervision at a March visitation with M.H. and two of her

other siblings. On another visitation in April 2010, Mother was thirty minutes late.

       {¶12} Smith testified that Mother told her in March 2010 that Mother was working

at a Wal-Mart store but would not tell Smith an address to allow her to verify

employment. Smith also claimed that she had problems communicating with Mother

because Mother had more than five different telephone numbers in the year leading up

to the custody hearing.

       {¶13} Smith claimed that Mother provided no evidence that she was staying in a

home as of April 2010 and that on May 27, 2010, Mother told her she did not have an

address. Smith testified that Mother at some point provided her or Smith’s supervisor,

Sara Zinn, with a P.O. Box address in Kentucky for mailing purposes, but did not

provide the physical address of where she resided. Mother also provided Smith with

her mother’s mailing address. Smith said that in late August 2010, at a preliminary

hearing on the final custody motion, Mother provided Smith’s supervisor, Sara Zinn, with

her physical address in Kentucky.

       {¶14}   Smith claimed that after receiving the Kentucky address, she twice

scheduled a home visitation with the local children services agency in Kentucky, but that

the home study process could take six to eight months to complete through the

interstate compact system. However, Smith claimed that Mother did not “demonstrate”

or “indicate” that the home in Kentucky was her permanent address. Smith also

claimed that in October 2010, Mother told her she did not have a home.

       {¶15} Sara Zinn, Smith’s supervisor, testified that Mother was homeless in April

2010 and that Mother provided her only with a P.O. Box address before that point. Zinn
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                       6


testified that Mother did not request a home study of the Kentucky home and was not in

“permanent” residency there. On the second day of the hearing, Zinn said that VCDJFS

scheduled two visitations with M.H. in December 2010 and that the first was a “good

visit.” However, Mother did not appear for the second visit.

       {¶16} The court conducted an in camera interview with M.H. and summarized

her testimony. M.H. related that she loved living with her current foster parents, that

Mother did not call her on holidays and had not given her presents, and that when she

lived with Mother, they “sometimes” had food. M.H.’s current foster parent testified that

M.H. wanted to stay with her and that M.H. became upset after a visitation with her

mother and had to go to an emergency counseling session.

       {¶17} In making its decision, the court accepted a report by M.H.’s guardian ad-

litem in lieu of live testimony. The G.A.L reported that M.H. did not want to return to

Mother’s custody and that M.H. told her there were times living with Mother when there

was not enough food to eat and she slept on the floor. M.H. also related staying at her

grandmother’s home where there were rats, and she slept on the floor and was scared.

M.H. said she felt safe at her foster parent’s home. The G.A.L. also detailed Mother’s

issues with visitation in 2010 prior to the final custody hearing. The G.A.L. reported that

Mother had supervised visitations with M.H. only five times and cancelled a number of

scheduled visitations. Ultimately, the G.A.L. felt that it would be in M.H.’s best interest

to grant permanent custody to VCDJFS.

       {¶18} Mother testified she provided the P.O. Box address in February 2010.

However, she also admitted at the hearing that she did not provide VCDJFS with her

actual physical in Kentucky until late August 2010 but said that it was her permanent
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                 7


address. When asked by the court why she thought a P.O. Box would be sufficient for

VCDJFS to conduct a home study, Mother responded that she “didn’t really think about

that.” Mother testified that she lived in a home in Kentucky with her boyfriend Keith

Morris and that the home was in a safe, drug free area. She admitted that one of her

boyfriend’s sons was having sex with one of her daughters when they lived in the same

house together. Another of Mother’s teenage daughters also became pregnant while

under her care when she left the daughter and her boyfriend alone at the house to go

grocery shopping.

       {¶19} Mother blamed VCDJFS for the cancelled visitations, claiming that they

would cancel visits because of “emergencies.”

       {¶20} Mother testified that as of February 2011 (the second day of the final

custody hearing) she had been employed for two weeks into a job as a nurse’s aide in

Portsmouth. Previously, she held a job at a Wal-Mart in Chillicothe where she worked

for four or five months between February and April 2010. She denied refusing to tell

VCDJFS where she was working.

       {¶21} Mother admitted that she did not go to obtain HRS counseling as required

in the case plan and claimed she did not know anything about it. Concerning the

parenting class, Mother said she previously completed the same class in 2008 and that

VCDJFS had the certificate of completion. Asked if she thought she needed to take the

parenting class again, Mother said that she discussed this with someone at VCDJFS

and they told her they would get back to her on it, but they never did.

       {¶22} Mother said that she had the same phone number for a year and

complained that VCDJFS employees never returned her calls. She admitted, however,
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                    8


that sometimes her phone may have been temporarily disconnected because it was

prepaid and she may have needed to purchase new minutes.

      {¶23} Mother alleged that VCDJFS refused to provide her with a contact number

for M.H.’s foster parents and that they repeatedly told her that M.H. had her number and

could call her if she wished to. Mother said she sent VCDJFS a letter in October 2010

begging them for assistance in reunifying with M.H. but she received no response.

      {¶24} M.H.’s grandmother testified for Mother. She said that Mother’s current

home in Kentucky was safe and stated that VCDJFS was not working with Mother to

help try to reunify her with M.H. The grandmother also testified that she asked VCDJFS

a couple times about visitation with the child herself, but received no response and did

not follow up with VCDJFS on the request.

      {¶25} When the trial court issued its decision granting VCDJFS permanent

custody it made several findings, which we summarize here:

      1. M.H. has been in the temporary custody of VCDJFS since March 2008.

      2. Mother was living with a Keith Morris, who some of her children were

      afraid of.

      3. Mother left another daughter alone in a home with a boyfriend, and as

      a result, she became pregnant.

      4. Mother did not provide a “safe, stable” home as required in the case

      plan.

      5. Mother’s progress in meeting the case plan goals has been “minimal”

      at best.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                             9


      6. Mother did not have ISS or HRS assessments as required in the case

      plan.

      7. Mother has had employment issues.

      8. M.H. reported sleeping on the floor when living with Mother in the past.

      9. Mother has had an extensive and troubling history of difficulties with

      visitation.

      10. M.H. had to have an emergency counseling session after one visit

      with Mother.

      11. M.H.’s foster home is good and she is thriving there and she wants to

      be adopted by her foster parents.

      {¶26} Ultimately, the court found by clear and convincing evidence that M.H. had

been in the temporary custody of VCDJFS for at least 12 months in a 22-month

consecutive period and that granting permanent custody to VCDJFS was in M.H.’s best

interests. Mother then appealed.

                                II. Assignments of Error

      Assignment of Error I

      APPELLANT WAS DENIED HER CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO DUE

      PROCESS

      Assignment of Error II

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE VINTON COUNTY

      DEPARTMENT OF JOB AND FAMILY SERVICES HAD MADE A

      REASONABLE EFFORT TO REUNIFY THE MINOR CHILDREN WITH
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                  10


       THE APPELLANT OR A REASONABLE EFFORT IN LOOKING FOR A

       SUITABLE RELATIVE PLACEMENT

       Assignment of Error III

       THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDING THAT VCDJFS SATISFIED O.R.C.

       2151.414 AND AWARDING PERMANENT CUSTODY TO THE AGENCY

       WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE.

       Assignment of Error IV

       THE VCDJFS BARGAINED IN BAD-FAITH WHEN THEY AGREED TO

       DROP THE PERMANENCY ACTION IN RETURN FOR APPELLANT

       SURRENDERING ALL OTHER CHILDREN.

       {¶27} For ease of analysis, we address these assignments of error out of order.

                            III. The Permanent Custody Award

                   A. Legal Standard for Grant of Permanent Custody

                                     1. Burden of Proof

       {¶28} A trial court must base a permanent custody award upon clear and

convincing evidence. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1); In re A. V., Lawrence App. No. 08CA31,

2009-Ohio-886, at ¶13. The Supreme Court of Ohio has defined “clear and convincing

evidence” as “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of

fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established. It is

intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the extent of such

certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases. It does not mean

clear and unequivocal.” In re Estate of Haynes (1986), 25 Ohio St.3d 101, 104, 495

N.E.2d 23.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                     11


                                   2. Standard of Review

       {¶29} In determining whether a trial court based its decision upon clear and

convincing evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether

the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.”

State v. Schiebel (1990), 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54. “Even under the clear

and convincing standard, our review is deferential.” In re Buck, Scioto App. No.

06CA3123, 2007–Ohio–1491, at ¶ 7. “[A]n appellate court will not reverse a trial court's

permanent custody decision if some competent and credible evidence supports the

judgment.” In re K.J., Athens App. No. 08CA14, 2008–Ohio–5227, at ¶ 10, citing In re

Perry, Vinton App. Nos. 06CA648 & 06CA649, 2006–Ohio–6128, at ¶ 40, in turn, citing

Schiebel at 74. The credibility of witnesses and weight of the evidence are issues

primarily for the trial court, as the trier of fact. In re Ohler, Hocking App. No. 04CA8,

2005–Ohio–1583, at ¶ 15, citing Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio St.3d

77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (per curiam) (noting that “[t]he underlying rationale of giving

deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is

best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony”).

                      3. Legal Standard -- Best Interest of the Child

       {¶30} The trial court granted VCDJFS permanent custody on the basis of R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(d), which provides that a court may not make a grant of permanent

custody to a children services agency unless the court finds by clear and convincing

evidence that: (1) the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                      12


children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months

of a consecutive twenty-two-month period; and (2) that the grant of permanent custody

is in the best interest of the child. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1).

       {¶31} The court must consider all relevant factors in determining whether

granting the permanent custody motion serves the child's best interests. R.C.

2151.414(D)(1). These factors include, but are not limited to: (1) the interrelationship of

the child with others; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child; (4)

the child's need for a legally secure placement and whether such a placement can be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any of

the factors in divisions R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply. Id.

                                  B. Weight of the Evidence

       {¶32} First, we address Mother’s third assignment of error where she contends

that the weight of the evidence fails to support the court’s permanent custody decision

under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). As noted, our standard of review requires us to search the

record to see if competent and credible evidence supports the court’s factual

conclusions. In re K.J., supra.

       {¶33} The court found that M.H. was in the temporary custody of VCDJFS, a

public children services agency, for more than twelve months in a consecutive twenty-

two month period as required by R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). The record accurately reflects

that M.H. was in the continuous temporary custody of VCDFJS since March 2008, i.e.,

more than two years at the time of the filing of the agency’s motion for permanent

custody in July 2010. Mother does not contest this finding, but simply refers to it as

“sleight of hand.” However, it is one of the statutory prerequisites.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                   13


       {¶34} The court also found that granting permanent custody to VCDJFS was in

M.H.’s best interest because: (1) Mother failed to provide suitable housing for M.H. in

the past, which caused M.H. to be placed in VCDJFS’ temporary custody nearly three

years prior. The record demonstrates that the trial court originally granted VCDJFS

temporary custody of M.H. in early 2008 because of Mother’s lack of housing. This is a

relevant best interest concern under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c), involving the custodial

history of the child.

       {¶35} The court also found M.H. wished to be adopted by her current foster

parents. The record supports the trial court’s findings concerning M.H.’s wishes, a

relevant best interest finding under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). The judge spoke to M.H. in

chambers and summarized her testimony on the record, in which she stated she loved

living with her foster parents. M.H.’s foster mother testified that M.H. wanted to stay

with her. The G.A.L.’s report also confirmed that M.H. told the G.A.L. that she did not

want to return to Mother’s custody.

       {¶36} Likewise, the court concluded Mother failed to comply with the

reunification case plan by failing to remedy issues related to housing, employment,

visitation, and counseling and Mother had a troubling history concerning visitation.

Evidence in the record substantiates Mother’s failure to comply with the case plan in

obtaining “stable housing.” Although Mother was allegedly residing in a home in

Kentucky in February 2010, she only provided VCDJFS a P.O. Box address to send her

mail. She admitted that she did not provide VCDJFS with the physical address of her

Kentucky residence until late August 2010. When asked by the court why she thought

VCDJFS would conduct a home study when provided with a P.O. Box address, Mother
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                   14


replied that she “didn’t really think about that.” And although she disputed it, Mother

apparently did not indicate to VCDJFS that she was permanently residing at the home

in Kentucky. VCDJFS caseworkers reported that Mother told them that she was

homeless at various points in 2010. Some of the testimony in the record also seems to

suggest Mother was living at her mother’s address at some point in early 2010 and then

again in September or October 2010.

       {¶37} Evidence in the record also substantiates Mother’s failure to remedy her

employment situation. Although Mother claimed she worked at Wal-Mart from February

to April 2010, VCDJFS employees testified that she refused to provide them with the

information needed to verify employment. Mother refuted this claim, but we must defer

to the factfinder on such disputes as they are in the better position to gauge the

credibility of witnesses. Seasons Coal Co., supra. The record also reveals that Mother

was apparently unemployed from April 2010, when she left the employ of Wal-Mart, until

late January 2011, when she began to work as a nurse’s aide in Portsmouth.

       {¶38} Likewise there is evidence in the record to establish Mother’s problems

with visitation. The G.A.L.’s report detailed Mother’s problems with visitations in the

year leading up to the final custody hearing. During this time, Mother cancelled at least

four visitations, did not appear for one scheduled visitation, and ultimately attended five

visitations with M.H. from December 2009 through October 2010. In between the date

of the first day of the final custody hearing (early November 2010) and the second day

(early February 2011), Mother had a total of two visits, one of which she did not attend.

Mother claimed that VCDJFS cancelled the visitations, but again, our standard of review

requires deference to the factfinder in factual disputes.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                     15


       {¶39} Finally, evidence in the record supports the finding concerning Mother’s

failure to comply with certain counseling or parenting classes required by the case plan,

which called for her to attend a parenting class and to have assessments completed by

“HRS” and “ISS.” Mother did not complete the required parenting class, although she

completed the same class in 2008. She admitted not attending “HRS” counseling,

explaining at the final hearing that she did not know anything about it. Mother, however,

did appear to comply with the required “ISS” counseling.

       {¶40} Consequently, we conclude evidence in the record supports the findings of

the court. Based on the testimony of the witnesses, the G.A.L.’s report and

recommendation, and other historical facts in the case, the trial court properly weighed

the evidence and reached the conclusion under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) that granting

VCDJFS permanent custody of M.H. was in M.H.’s best interests. We therefore reject

Mother’s third assignment of error.

    C. Reasonable Efforts to Reunite Mother and Child or Place Her with a Suitable

                                         Relative

       {¶41} In her second assignment of error, Mother argues that the court erred in

finding that VCDFJS made reasonable efforts to reunify her with M.H. In certain

situations R.C. 2151.419(A) requires trial courts to make a finding that the children

services agency made a “reasonable effort” “to prevent the removal of the child from the

child’s home, to eliminate the continued removal of the child from the child’s home, or to

make it possible for the child to return safely home” before terminating parental rights.

However, that statute applies only to hearings held under to R.C. 2151.28, 2151.31(E),

2151.314, 2151.33, or 2151.353. See R.C. 2151.419(A)(1). “These sections involve
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                    16


adjudicatory, emergency, detention, and temporary-disposition hearings, and

dispositional hearings for abused, neglected, or dependent children, all of which occur

prior to a decision transferring permanent custody to the state.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio

St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, at ¶41. Thus, by its plain terms the specific

requirement to make reasonable efforts set forth in R.C. 2151.419(A) does not apply in

a R.C. 2151.413 motion for permanent custody. Id. See also, In re J.K., Athens App.

No. 09CA20, 2009-Ohio-5391, at ¶26

       {¶42} Here VCDJFS filed its motion for permanent custody under R.C. 2151.413

and even though the trial court found that VCDJFS made reasonable efforts to reunify

Mother with M.H., it was not statutorily required to do so. Nonetheless, the record

reflects some evidence that VCDJFS made efforts at reunifying Mother with M.H.

Primarily, VCDJFS scheduled or attempted to schedule visitations with Mother. Mother,

however, cancelled or failed to attend a number of visitations. Furthermore, as the trial

court found Mother made little effort on her own part to achieve reunification with M.H.

She argues that VCDJFS never completed a home study on her residence in Kentucky.

However, she also admitted at the final custody hearing that she did not give VCDJFS

the physical address of her Kentucky residence until late August 2010, because she

“didn’t really think about it.” As discussed in the previous section, Mother made little

effort in obtaining stable employment or at least reporting that employment to VCDJFS

for verification. Finally, Mother did not complete all the required counseling or parenting

classes required in the case plan. Consequently, we conclude that the trial court did not

err in finding that VCDJFS made “reasonable efforts” to reunify her with M.H.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                   17


      {¶43} Similarly, Mother argues and the trial court failed to apply R.C.

2151.412(G)(2), which she claims required the court to make a finding that the children

services agency made “reasonable efforts” to place the child with a suitable relative .

R.C. 2151.412(G)(2) provides:

      (G) In the agency’s development of a case plan and the court’s review of

      the case plan, the child’s health and safety shall be the paramount

      concern. The agency and the court shall be guided by the following

      general priorities:

      ***

      (2) If both parents of the child have abandoned the child, have

      relinquished custody of the child, have become incapable of supporting or

      caring for the child even with reasonable assistance, or have a detrimental

      effect on the health, safety, and best interest of the child, the child should

      be placed in the legal custody of a suitable member of the child’s

      extended family[.] (Emphasis added.)

      {¶44} As the leading paragraph of R.C. 2151.412(G) makes clear, the language

of this code section is precatory. We discussed this issue recently in In re M.O., Ross

App. No. 10CA3189, 2011-Ohio-2011, at ¶15:

      ‘Ohio’s courts have consistently recognized that the language in R.C.

      2151.412(G) is precatory, not mandatory.’ In re A.E., Franklin App. Nos.

      07AP685 & 07AP–748, 2008–Ohio–1375, at ¶ 35, citing In re Halstead,

      Columbiana App. No. 04 CO 37, 2005–Ohio–403, at ¶ 39, in turn, citing In
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                    18

       re Hiatt (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 716, 722, 621 N.E.2d 1222. As the

       Seventh District explained:

              [T]his statute does not command the juvenile court to act in a

       specific manner. Instead, it sets out general, discretionary priorities to

       guide the court. So while the guidelines may be helpful to the juvenile

       court, it is not obligated to follow them. Therefore, the juvenile court’s

       judgment is not in error simply because the court chose not to follow one

       of these suggested guidelines. Halstead at ¶39.”

       {¶45} In M.O., we went on to hold that a public children services agency has no

statutory duty to make “reasonable efforts” to place the child with an extended family

member before it can obtain permanent custody of the child. Id. at ¶16.

       {¶46} In addition to the absence of a statutory duty to make “reasonable efforts”

to place M.H. with a suitable relative, there is no evidence in the record of a suitable

relative willing to accept custody of M.H. as Mother claims. In her brief, Mother writes

“[t]he maternal grandmother * * * is perfectly able to accept placement of M.H. but was

never given the opportunity.” However, there is no evidence in the record supporting

this assertion. The maternal grandmother testified at the final custody hearing but did

not indicate that she would accept or was capable of accepting custody of M.H.

Instead, her testimony concerned the interactions between Mother and M.H. at a

visitation, her opinion that Mother’s home in Kentucky was “safe,” and her opinion that

VCDJFS had not worked with Mother to help reunify her with M.H.

       {¶47} Consequently, we reject this assignment of error. And to the extent

Mother raises a similar argument about the agency’s lack of reasonable efforts in her
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                    19


first Assignment of Error, we reject it on the grounds stated here. In summary, we reject

Mother’s second, third, and a portion of her first assignment of error.

                                          IV. Due Process

       {¶48} In her first assignment of error, Mother argues that VCDJFS violated her

constitutional due process rights. She contends: “Appellant was not afforded due

process in the entire handling, or mishandling, of her case.”

       {¶49} “[T]he Constitutions of both the United States and the state of Ohio afford

parents a fundamental right to custody of their children[.]” In re James, 113 Ohio St.3d

420, 2007-Ohio-2335, 866 N.E.2d 467, at ¶16. A parent’s fundamental right to the care,

custody, and management of his or her child is not, however, absolute. Rather, “it ‘is

plain that the natural rights of a parent * * * are always subject to the ultimate welfare of

the child, which is the pole star or controlling principle to be observed.’” In re

Cunningham (1979), 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034, quoting In re R.J .C.

(Fla.App.1974), 300 So.2d 54, 58.

       {¶50} The Due Process clause safeguards against state infringement of a

parent’s fundamental right through procedural and substantive guarantees. Troxel v.

Granville (2000), 530 U.S. 57, 65-66, 120 S.Ct. 2054. The procedural guarantee

ensures a parent the right to fundamentally fair procedures before the state may infringe

on the right, i.e., notice, a hearing, the right to appear at the hearing, and the assistance

of counsel. In re S.B., 183 Ohio App.3d 300, 916 N.E.2d 1110, 2009-Ohio-3619, at

¶29. Mother does not contend that the state or VCDJFS deprived her of these

procedural rights, nor could she, as the record reflects that the state provided notice and

the trial court held a final custody hearing at which she was present and zealously
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                       20


represented by counsel. Thus, we conclude that no violation of Mother’s procedural

due process rights occurred.

       {¶51} The substantive component of the Due Process clause “provides

heightened protection against government interference” with any fundamental right.

Washington v. Glucksberg (1997), 521 U.S. 702, 720, 117 S.Ct. 2258. Statutes that

authorize infringement upon a fundamental right must be “narrowly tailored” to achieve

a compelling state interest. Reno v. Flores (1993), 507 U.S. 292, 301-02, 113 S.Ct.

1439. In this case, the state and VCDJFS utilized the statutory provisions contained in

R.C. Chapter 2151 to obtain permanent custody of M.H. Mother, however, does not

attack the constitutionality of R.C. Chapter 2151 or its provisions. Instead, in this first

assignment of error and repeated throughout assignments of error two and three, she

argues that the VCDJFS violated her due process rights by failing to follow the statute

and by failing to follow the dictates of the reunification case plan.

       {¶52} The crux of her argument here seems to be that VCDJFS’ overall poor

management of her reunification plan constituted a denial of the due process right of the

parenting. For example, Mother contends that VCDJFS did not schedule a home study

on her residence in Kentucky as set forth in the case plan. She also complains that

VCDJFS created a “rule” that the residence had to be her “own residence.” And she

argues because VCDJFS never audited her Kentucky residence or arranged for it to be

audited by Kentucky authorities, she could not have home visitations with M.H. She

contends this lack of visitation contributed to the court’s ultimate decision to grant

VCDJFS permanent custody and hampered her efforts to develop a relationship with

M.H.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                21


       {¶53} Even if we were to assume in arguendo that these contentions were true,

they do not mount either a facial or as applied substantive due process challenge to any

provision in R.C. Chapter 2151. Instead, they actually amount to an argument that the

agency failed to follow the statutory requirements. We have already addressed these

arguments in the sections above, e.g., that VCDJFS failed to make reasonable efforts to

reunify her with M.H. and that the best interest decision was against the manifest weight

of the evidence. Because we have already concluded that Mother’s arguments are

meritless, we see no basis to find that the agency’s reliance on the statute amounts to a

due process violation.

       {¶54} Mother’s argument also overlooks the fact that the case plan required her

to obtain stable housing. By her own admission she failed to provide VCDJFS with the

address of her residence in Kentucky until late August 2010, two months after VCDJFS

filed their motion for permanent custody. And VCDJFS employees testified that Mother

informed them at different times throughout 2010 that she was either without permanent

housing or homeless. VCDJFS likely could have been more aggressive in ascertaining

Mother’s actual physical address for purposes of conducting a home study. Left with

only a P.O. Box mailing address, it seems reasonable that they might have attempted to

determine whether she had permanent residency. Nonetheless, Mother herself did little

to speed that process on, only providing the physical address several months after

VCDJFS moved for permanent custody. Consequently, we conclude that any

shortcomings in VCDJFS’ obligation under the case plan to complete a home study do

not rise to the level of a due process violation.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                     22


       {¶55} Mother also contends that the case plan guaranteed her weekly telephonic

visitation with M.H. but that VCDJFS refused to provide her with M.H.’s foster parents’

phone number and told her that M.H. had her number and would call if she wanted to.

The case plan provided that “Mother may have phone contact with children as long as it

is in the best interest of the children.” It is unclear from the case plan who determines

whether phone contact with M.H. would be in her “best interest.” Mother testified that

she requested M.H.’s foster parents’ home phone number from caseworker Smith at

some point, but that Smith would not give it to her until she conferred with her

supervisor, Sara Zinn, or the Vinton County Prosecutor approved the request. From

there it seems that VCDJFS never followed up on the request or else VCDJFS decided

against providing Mother with the phone number.

       {¶56} Even if VCDJFS failed to abide by the case plan in this instance or in

some other respects, we conclude that any shortcomings on VCDJFS’ part are

outweighed by Mother’s own failure to actively participate in the reunification process

and to make or report the changes needed to demonstrate that she was capable of

providing for the care and custody of M.H. When viewed in the aggregate, we can

discern no violation of Mother’s due process rights based on VCDJFS’ failure to

implement aspects of the reunification case plan. Thus, we overrule her 1st assignment

of error.

                                V. “Bad Faith” Bargaining

       {¶57} In her fourth assignment of error, Mother argues that the state and

VCDJFS “bargained in bad faith” by agreeing to dismiss their motion for permanent

custody of M.H. in return for Mother’s agreement to surrender permanent custody of
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                23


some of her other children to VCDJFS. Mother contends that VCDJFS’ failure to honor

the agreement resulted in a “gross miscarriage of justice.”

       {¶58} The agency argues that there was no agreement on their part other than

agreeing to “open adoptions” for the children that Mother voluntarily surrendered. The

record supports this contention. The state explains “it was also understood that

because of time limitations, the VCDJFS would have to dismiss the pending Permanent

Custody Motion for [M.H.], but would re-file the Motion for Permanent Custody at a later

date if conditions remained the same.” VCDJFS claims it re-filed the motion for

permanent custody motion when it became “apparent that [Mother] was still not making

much effort to comply with the new case plan.”

       {¶59} We conclude that there is no evidence suggesting that VCDJFS agreed to

dismiss its previous motion for permanent custody of M.H. in return for Mother agreeing

to voluntarily surrender custody of some of her other children. Mother contends that the

agreement appears on the record in the court’s December 9, 2009 judgment entry in

which the court memorialized the voluntary surrender of her other children. However,

that entry demonstrates that the only agreement between the parties pertained to open

adoptions and that the parties would enter into a new case plan pertaining to M.H. The

entry states:

       The Court finds that both [Mother] and [Father] each executed such

       permanent surrenders of her and his own free will, knowingly, voluntarily

       and intelligently and that no one promised her or him anything, threatened

       her or him, harassed her or him or intimidated her or him in signing the

       same. The Court does note that it was agreed by all the parties in open
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                 24


       court that if an adoption eventually occurred that such adoption (s) would

       be open ones.

       {¶60} Moreover, Mother’s own testimony at the final custody hearing negates

her claim. Mother’s trial counsel asked her why she surrendered permanent custody of

some of her children.

       Mother: Because I want my . . . inaudible . . . I would not be able to give

       them everything they needed.

       Trial counsel: Ok. But why did you not relinquish on [M.H.]?

       Mother: Because I wanted at least one of them.

       Trial counsel: Ok. So you are trying to reunify with her?

       Mother: Right.

       {¶61} The record contains no evidence that VCDJFS agreed not to pursue

permanent custody of M.H. in return for Mother’s voluntary surrender of her other

children. In fact, it would be improper for the agency to agree never to pursue

permanent custody of a child regardless of circumstances yet to occur. Therefore, we

overrule Mother’s fourth assignment of error.

                                         VI. Conclusion

       {¶62} We affirm the decision of the Vinton County juvenile court granting

permanent custody of M.H. to VCDJFS. Evidence in the record supports the court’s

conclusion that granting permanent custody was in M.H.’s best interest. The trial court

was not required to find that VCDJFS made reasonable efforts to reunify M.H. with

Mother or place M.H. with a suitable relative. VCDJFS did not violate Mother’s due

process rights in their administration of her reunification case plan as Mother herself put
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                     25


forth little effort in achieving the goals of the case plan or actively participating in making

the changes needed to re-establish custody. Finally, there is no evidence in the record

that VCDJFS “bargained in bad faith” by agreeing to dismiss the motion for permanent

custody of M.H. if Mother voluntarily agreed to surrender custody of some of her other

children.

                                                                   JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Vinton App. No. 11CA683                                                                26


                                   JUDGMENT ENTRY

         It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Vinton
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

       Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date of
this entry.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.

Abele, J. & Kline, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.



                                   For the Court




                                   BY: ________________________________
                                       William H. Harsha, Presiding Judge




                                 NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
