                                                                          F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           JUN 5 1998
                               FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

    ZAHIR U. DIN; SHAMIN AKHTAR;
    OASIM ZAHIR; NASIR ZAHIR,

                Petitioners,

    v.                                                   No. 97-9553
                                                     Petitions for Review
    IMMIGRATION &                              (Nos. A70 905 920, A70 905 921,
    NATURALIZATION SERVICE,                      A70 905 922, A70 905 923)

                Respondent.




                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT *



Before BALDOCK, EBEL, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.



         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.



*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Petitioners seek review of a final order by the Immigration and

Naturalization Service (INS) denying their applications for asylum. 1 Our

jurisdiction over this appeal arises under 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a). 2 On review of

petitioners’ claims, we must uphold the BIA’s decision if it finds support “‘by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as

a whole.’” Nazaraghaie v. INS, 102 F.3d 460, 463 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting INS

v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (further quotation omitted)).

      Petitioners, a family and natives of Pakistan, were charged by the INS as

deportable for having overstayed the time allowed them under their temporary

visas. They filed an application for asylum based on petitioner Zahir Din’s case.

See Cert. Admin. R. at 134 (Request for Asylum). Mr. Din claims asylum based

on past persecution resulting from his political activities and




1
      Before the agency, petitioners also sought withholding of deportation;
however, their brief before this court contains no argument challenging the BIA’s
denial of that request. Therefore, we do not address the issue.
2
       Section 1105a was repealed by § 306(b) of the Illegal Immigration Reform
and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), Pub. L. No. 104-208,
110 Stat. 3009, which alters the availability, scope, and nature of judicial review
in INS cases. Because petitioners’ deportation proceedings commenced before
April 1, 1997, IIRIRA’s permanent “new rules” do not apply to this case. See id.
§ 309(c)(1). However, IIRIRA’s “transitional rules” do apply, because in this
case the agency’s final order was filed more than thirty days after IIRIRA’s
September 30, 1996 date of enactment. See id. § 309(c)(4). The repeal of
§ 1105a is not effective in cases such as this one where the transitional rules are
in effect. See id.

                                         -2-
association. After several initial hearings and delays, petitioners received an

asylum hearing on April 2, 1996. The Immigration Judge (IJ) denied their

application for asylum, concluding that Mr. Din had not demonstrated a

well-founded fear of persecution should he return to Pakistan. See id. at 74 (IJ’s

Decision). Petitioners appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA).

      The BIA, in a decision dated July 10, 1997, concluded that petitioner had

not met his burden to establish refugee status under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), by

proving either past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. See Rezai

v. INS, 62 F.3d 1286, 1289 (10th Cir. 1995). “To establish refugee status, the

alien must prove either past ‘persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.’” Kapcia v. INS, 944 F.2d 702, 706 (10th Cir. 1991) (quoting

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)). The BIA determined that Mr. Din had not shown the

required nexus between his political opinion and a beating he suffered while still

in Pakistan such that he had demonstrated past persecution. Further, the BIA

ruled that his claims of a well-founded fear of persecution were undermined by

two return trips to Pakistan, by a delay of almost two years before applying for

asylum, and by changed conditions in Pakistan since Mr. Din’s initial arrival in

this country. See Cert. Admin. R. at 3-4 (BIA’s Decision).




                                         -3-
      On review, petitioners challenge the BIA’s decision in several respects.

First, they contend the BIA and the IJ failed to make a finding of adverse

credibility, arguing that the BIA did not articulate reasons for upholding the IJ’s

decision, and that the IJ’s decision rested on equivocal statements regarding

petitioner Din’s credibility. We reject this argument because the BIA’s decision

neither adopted the IJ’s findings nor rested on the IJ’s credibility determination.

      In their next two points, petitioners contend that, absent a finding regarding

credibility, the BIA did not properly consider their claims of past persecution

based on the beating incident, and argue that changed conditions in Pakistan

support their past persecution claims. These contentions are not persuasive. The

BIA’s determination of petitioners’ past persecution claims, summarized above,

did not rest on or require a credibility finding. Petitioners’ arguments essentially

contend that the agency did not give enough weight to evidence presented about

the beating incident or to evidence that, despite changed conditions, political

activists were still subject to mistreatment. We may not reweigh the evidence or

determine the credibility of witnesses. See Refahiyat v. INS, 29 F.3d 553, 556

(10th Cir. 1994). Substantial evidence in the record supports the BIA’s ruling on

petitioners’ claims of past persecution.

      Petitioners also challenge the BIA’s reliance on two factors in concluding

that petitioners did not have a well-founded fear of persecution. They contend


                                           -4-
that the BIA wrongly considered the length of time it took them to apply for

asylum and wrongly relied on petitioner Din’s return trips to Pakistan. Without

deciding whether delay in applying for asylum is a proper factor for

consideration, we reject petitioners’ argument on that point. While a delay often

may be explained by safety concerns, the authority cited by petitioners does not

preclude consideration of that factor in this case. Further, it was only one of

three factors the BIA cited in examining whether petitioners had demonstrated

a well-founded fear of persecution. Similarly, we disagree with petitioners’

contentions that the BIA considered petitioner Din’s return trips to Pakistan

as “dispositive” of their claims for asylum. The BIA considered several factors in

determining that petitioners did not establish a well-founded fear of persecution

should they return to Pakistan; Mr. Din’s trips was one of those factors. Again, it

appears that petitioners want this court to reweigh the evidence in their favor,

which we cannot do so long as substantial evidence supports the agency’s

determinations.




                                         -5-
      On independent review of the certified administrative record as a whole, we

conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that petitioners

have not established eligibility for asylum. The petition for review is DENIED.


                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   David M. Ebel
                                                   Circuit Judge




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