                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 13-2210
                         ___________________________

                                   Richard Bilauski

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellee

                                           v.

                              Troy Steele; Chris Koster

                      lllllllllllllllllllllRespondents - Appellants
                                        ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                             Submitted: March 11, 2014
                                Filed: June 5, 2014
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Warden Troy Steele and Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster (collectively,
the State) appeal from the district court’s order granting Richard Bilauski’s petition
for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We reverse.
                                   I. Background

      On June 10, 2001, Bilauski was involved in a violent altercation with Robert
Vessell and Danny Rose. Bilauski repeatedly struck Vessell in the head, first with a
pogo stick and then with a baseball bat, delivering blows that caused Vessell to lose
consciousness and later die. Bilauski also struck Rose with the baseball bat.

       Bilauski was charged with second degree murder, second degree assault, and
two counts of armed criminal action. The state trial court appointed counsel to
represent Bilauski. Nearly a year before trial, on February 15, 2002, Bilauski filed
a pro se motion that sought new trial counsel and set forth his grievances against
appointed counsel. Less than two months later, Bilauski filed another pro se motion,
this time seeking to waive counsel. On November 15 and December 23, 2002,
respectively, Bilauski filed two additional pro se motions for new trial counsel. In
these two filings, he emphasized his dissatisfaction with appointed counsel and noted
that he had filed several motions to obtain new counsel. No hearing was held on the
motions, and the trial court did not rule on them.

      Appointed counsel represented Bilauski at trial, at which Bilauski was
convicted of voluntary manslaughter, second degree assault, and two counts of armed
criminal action. Bilauski’s convictions were affirmed on direct appeal, during which
he was represented by different counsel.

        Bilauski thereafter filed a post-conviction motion pursuant to Missouri
Supreme Court Rule 29.15, raising, inter alia, the claim of ineffective assistance of
direct appeal counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Bilauski
argued that direct appeal counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a claim that the
trial court violated his Sixth Amendment right to self-representation under Faretta v.
California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). The state post-conviction court denied Bilauski’s



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motion, and the Missouri Court of Appeals affirmed, concluding that Bilauski’s direct
appeal counsel was not ineffective.

        Bilauski then applied for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He argued that the Missouri Court of Appeals
unreasonably applied Strickland when it held that direct appeal counsel provided
constitutionally adequate assistance. He also argued that the decision was based on
an unreasonable determination of the facts, namely the Missouri Court of Appeals’
conclusion that he had not clearly and unequivocally invoked his right to self-
representation. The district court granted Bilauski a conditional writ, allowing him
to refile a direct appeal in order to raise his Faretta claim to the state court. The State
appeals, arguing that the district court erred in granting habeas relief.

                                II. Standard of Review

       The State argues that Bilauski is not entitled to habeas relief because the
Missouri Court of Appeals did not unreasonably apply the law or unreasonably
determine the facts in concluding that Bilauski’s Sixth Amendment right to effective
assistance of direct appeal counsel was not violated. “When reviewing a district
court’s decision to grant a petition for the writ of habeas corpus, we review its legal
conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” Jones v. Norman, 633
F.3d 661, 665 (8th Cir. 2011).

       Under § 2254 as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act of 1996 (AEDPA), a federal court grants habeas relief if the state court’s
adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States[,]” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” A state court decision is contrary to clearly established federal law if

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it either “arrives at a conclusion opposite that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a
question of law” or “decides a case differently than th[e] [Supreme] Court has on a
set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13
(2000). A state court unreasonably applies Supreme Court precedent if it “identifies
the correct governing legal principle from th[e] [Supreme] Court’s decisions but
unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. A
federal court may not issue the writ simply because it “concludes in its independent
judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law
erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.” Id.
at 411. “Under § 2254(d), a habeas court must determine what arguments or theories
supported . . . the state court’s decision; and then it must ask whether it is possible
fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent
with the holding in a prior decision of th[e] [Supreme] Court.” Harrington v. Richter,
131 S. Ct. 770, 786 (2011).

                                    III. Discussion

       The Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel
for his defence.” Additionally, the Supreme Court has established that a criminal
defendant has the right to counsel in the first appeal as of right. See Douglas v.
California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963). It has long been “recognized that ‘the right to
counsel is the right to effective assistance of counsel.’” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686
(quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970)). To prove that
counsel was ineffective under Strickland, a defendant must show that his counsel’s
performance was both deficient and prejudicial. Id. at 687; accord Smith v. Robbins,
528 U.S. 259, 285-86 (2000) (applying Strickland to evaluate a claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel). “If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim
on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that
course should be followed.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.

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       To establish prejudice under Strickland, a defendant must demonstrate “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “The likelihood of a different
result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 792 (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693).

       Bilauski based his Strickland claim on direct appeal counsel’s failure to raise
a claim that the trial court violated Bilauski’s right to self-representation under
Faretta by not conducting a Faretta hearing and not allowing him to proceed pro se.
Faretta requires that a defendant assert his right to self-representation clearly and
unequivocally. 422 U.S. at 835. If the request is clear and unequivocal, a Faretta
hearing must follow to ensure the defendant is knowingly and intelligently waiving
counsel and to inform the defendant “of the dangers and disadvantages of self-
representation, so that the record will establish that ‘he knows what he is doing and
his choice is made with eyes open.’” Id. (quoting Adams v. United States ex rel.
McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942)).

       We conclude that Bilauski is not entitled to habeas relief because, even if we
were to conclude that the Missouri Court of Appeals unreasonably determined that
counsel’s performance was constitutionally adequate, it was not unreasonable for the
Missouri Court of Appeals to hold that Bilauski’s evidence of prejudice fell short of
meeting Strickland’s standard. To show prejudice, Bilauski had to show a substantial
likelihood that he would have been granted relief on direct appeal—in other words,
that his Faretta claim would have succeeded. See Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 792 (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693). The Missouri Court of Appeals held that Bilauski failed
to show a substantial likelihood of success on his Faretta claim because he had not
clearly and unequivocally asserted his right to self-representation. Bilauski argues
that this erroneous holding was based on the following two unreasonable factual
determinations by the Missouri Court of Appeals: (1) that the record established that
Bilauski was dissatisfied with his trial counsel, not that he wished to forego counsel

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altogether; and (2) that Bilauski repudiated his motion to waive counsel when he filed
two subsequent motions seeking appointment of different counsel.

       As the district court acknowledged, however, “the Missouri Court of Appeals’
characterization of Bilauski’s behavior is plausible[.]” D. Ct. Order of Mar. 29, 2013,
at 7. Bilauski filed three motions for new counsel, each expressing his frustration
with appointed trial counsel. He moved only once to represent himself, and the
motion was preceded and followed by his motions for new counsel. Several months
passed from the time that he filed his motion to represent himself to his trial, yet he
did not reassert his desire to proceed pro se. See United States v. Barnes, 693 F.3d
261, 272 (2d Cir. 2012) (“The controlling principle here is that when a defendant in
a criminal case has moved to represent himself and the court has not entered a ‘clear’
and ‘conclusive[]’ denial, it is incumbent on the defendant ‘to reassert his desire to
proceed pro se’; his failure to do so . . . ‘constitute[s] a waiver of his previously
asserted Sixth Amendment right’ to proceed pro se.” (first and third alterations in
original) (quoting Wilson v. Walker, 204 F.3d 33, 37-38 (2d Cir. 2002))); see also
Reese v. Nix, 942 F.2d 1276, 1281 (8th Cir. 1991); Phillips v. State, 214 S.W.3d 361,
365 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007). Instead, Bilauski twice reasserted his desire for new
counsel. See Raulerson v. Wainwright, 732 F.2d 803, 808-09 (11th Cir. 1984)
(holding that the defendant’s first request was equivocal because the court took no
action upon the receipt of the request and the defendant subsequently requested to
serve as co-counsel). Given the context of Bilauski’s motions, the motions suggested
that Bilauski was dissatisfied with his appointed counsel, not that he wanted to forego
counsel altogether. See Barnes, 693 F.3d at 271 (“Equivocation, which sometimes
refers only to speech, is broader in the context of the Sixth Amendment, and takes
into account conduct as well as other expressions of intent.” (quoting Williams v.
Bartlett, 44 F.3d 95, 100 (2d Cir. 1994))). Thus, based on the record before it, the
Missouri Court of Appeals did not unreasonably determine that Bilauski had failed
to invoke clearly and unequivocally the right to self-representation. Moreover, it was
not unreasonable for the Missouri Court of Appeals to find that Bilauski’s two

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subsequent motions for new counsel repudiated his motion to represent himself. See
Batchelor v. Cain, 682 F.3d 400, 406 (5th Cir. 2012) (“Even if defendant requests to
represent himself, . . . the right may be waived through defendant’s subsequent
conduct indicating he is vacillating on the issue or has abandoned his request
altogether.” (omission in original) (quoting Brown v. Wainwright, 665 F.2d 607, 611
(5th Cir. 1982) (en banc))); United States v. Bennett, 539 F.2d 45, 51 (10th Cir. 1976)
(“[D]efendant . . . forfeited his right to self-representation by his vacillating positions
which continued until just six days before the case was set for trial.”); see also
Brown, 665 F.2d at 611 (holding that the defendant waived his initial request through
subsequent conduct because he agreed to counsel’s representation before the court
denied his motion to waive counsel and because the defendant never informed the
court of a continuing desire to conduct his own defense even though he had the
opportunity to do so up until the first day of trial).

      That other courts have taken positions that may support a contrary
characterization of the facts does not make the Missouri Court of Appeals’
determination of the facts unreasonable, because the record and the conclusions of a
number of courts support its characterization. See Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 342
(2006) (holding that “[t]he panel majority’s attempt to use a set of debatable
inferences to set aside the conclusion reached by the state court does not satisfy
AEDPA’s requirements for granting a writ of habeas corpus”). Thus, the Missouri
Court of Appeals did not unreasonably apply Strickland when it concluded that
Bilauski had not established prejudice, because if Bilauski did not clearly and
unequivocally invoke his right to self-representation, his Faretta claim would not
have succeeded on appeal. Because the Missouri Court of Appeals’ decision did not
involve an unreasonable application of Strickland and was not based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts, Bilauski is not entitled to relief under § 2254.




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                      IV. Conclusion

The judgment is reversed.
               ______________________________




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