                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Huff
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia


              RICHARD LEE JOHNSON, JR.
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0256-13-1                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                DECEMBER 17, 2013
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                              Randall D. Smith, Judge

                               Kathleen A. Ortiz, Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender,
                               on brief), for appellant.

                               Victoria Johnson, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                               Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Richard Lee Johnson, Jr. (appellant) appeals his conviction for grand larceny, in violation of

              Code § 18.2-95. Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that the Commonwealth

              introduced sufficient evidence for a grand larceny conviction. Specifically, appellant contends that

              the evidence was insufficient since the manhole covers that “he had possession of were indistinct

              and fungible goods, which could not be sufficiently proven to be property of Pam Joy [Realty]” and

              that there was no evidence that the manhole covers he possessed were actually stolen. We hold that

              the trial court did not err when it found that the Commonwealth had introduced evidence sufficient

              for a grand larceny conviction, and, accordingly, for the following reasons, we affirm appellant’s

              conviction for grand larceny.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                          I. BACKGROUND

       We consider the evidence on appeal “‘in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as

we must since it was the prevailing party’” in the trial court. Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60

Va. App. 381, 391, 728 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2012) (quoting Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296,

330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004)).

       In this case, John Tillery, who worked for Pam Joy Realty as a property manager of Holly

Point Shopping Plaza, testified that, sometime between December 1 and December 14 of 2011, he

noticed that two manhole covers were missing from the Holly Point Shopping Plaza parking lot.

John Tillery testified that somebody from Pam Joy Realty is on-site six days a week to clean and

check the parking lot for signs of vandalism, including missing manhole covers, and that it was one

of these Pam Joy Realty employees who brought the fact of the missing manhole covers to John

Tillery’s attention. In order to replace the two manhole covers, John Tillery purchased two new

manhole covers -- each of which cost $125 -- from a business in Virginia Beach.

       Shortly after replacing the two manhole covers, John Tillery received notice that three

additional manhole covers were missing from Holly Point. Suspecting that somebody might be

stealing manhole covers and taking them to a scrap metal yard, John Tillery and his son, Logan

Tillery, went to Baldwin Auto Disposal (Baldwin), which is somewhere between three and five

miles away from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. When John and Logan Tillery arrived at Baldwin,

they noticed three manhole covers that appeared consistent with the three manhole covers that were

missing from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. John Tillery did acknowledge that these three manhole

covers did not bear any sort of marking or identification that would allow for easy identification of

the manhole covers from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. In addition, Logan Tillery acknowledged

that a manhole cover recovered from Baldwin could have fit other manholes in the City of

Chesapeake. Nevertheless, when the Commonwealth asked John Tillery, “And are you able to say

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that the manhole covers that you recovered from Baldwin Auto were the ones that belonged on the

Pam Joy Realty property,” John Tillery responded, “Yes.” In addition, John Tillery testified that the

manhole covers from Baldwin fit the manholes in Holly Point Shopping Plaza, and he also stated

that he identified the manhole covers from Baldwin by their appearance, rectangular shape, and

thickness. Logan Tillery also testified that the manhole covers from Baldwin were “an exact fit”

and that he and John Tillery had “measured” the manhole covers.

        Christie Perry, an employee at Baldwin, testified that Baldwin does not take manhole covers

because “they’re just too easy to take off the side of the street,” but that appellant did deliver “four

or five” manhole covers on December 14, 2011. Perry testified that she was quite familiar with

appellant, as he had been appearing at Baldwin “at least once a day or once every other day” for “a

couple of months.” Perry testified that, prior to December 14, 2011, appellant had not taken any

manhole covers to Baldwin, but Perry did acknowledge that she was not present at Baldwin each

time appellant came to Baldwin.

        Perry testified that appellant’s van was weighed on Baldwin’s scale, that the metal inside the

van was unloaded, and that appellant’s van then was re-weighed. During the unloading process,

according to Perry, the crane operator noticed that manhole covers were included in appellant’s load

of scrap. With the assistance of the crane operator, Perry set the manhole covers aside,

photographed them, and then notified the police. Before leaving Baldwin, appellant stopped by

Perry’s desk, showed her his driver’s license, and signed a form acknowledging that he was the sole

owner of the property he dropped off and that he was bringing in the property “with permission to

scrap.” At trial, the Commonwealth presented a picture of appellant’s driver’s license and a picture

of the vehicle that appellant drove to Baldwin on December 14, 2011. Perry testified that, from the

time appellant entered Baldwin to the time Perry received notice from the crane operator that




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appellant had dropped off manhole covers, no other individuals were at Baldwin attempting to drop

off metal.

        Detective Satterfield of the Chesapeake Police Department testified that, after meeting with

Perry, he met with John Tillery. According to Detective Satterfield, John Tillery told Detective

Satterfield that all three manhole covers fit the uncovered manholes and that each manhole cover

“was not interchangeable with the other” in terms of how each fit over the uncovered manholes.

According to Detective Satterfield, when he went to Baldwin after Perry contacted him, and after

the three manhole covers had been recovered from Baldwin, “there were two other manholes at

[Baldwin] as well.” Detective Satterfield testified that those two manhole covers looked similar to

the three manhole covers John and Logan Tillery recovered from Baldwin, but that “Mr. Tillery said

they were not his.” Detective Satterfield also met with appellant. When Detective Satterfield

showed appellant the picture of his van and his driver’s license, and advised him that he took

manhole covers into Baldwin, appellant told Detective Satterfield that “he didn’t do that.”

                                             II. ANALYSIS

        Appellant’s assignment of error challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his

grand larceny conviction. When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a

reviewing court does not ‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384,

387 (2003) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the

trial court,” Riner, 268 Va. at 330, 601 S.E.2d at 574, “[w]e must instead ask whether ‘any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at 387 (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App.

250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). See also Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va.

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437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008). “This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility

of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.

        Code § 18.2-95 states, in relevant part, “Any person who . . . commits simple larceny not

from the person of another of goods and chattels of the value of $200 or more . . . shall be guilty of

grand larceny . . . .” It is well settled that “[t]he crime of larceny requires proof that the property of

another has been stolen—that is, taken unlawfully with the intent to permanently deprive the owner

of the possession thereof.” Lew v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 353, 355, 457 S.E.2d 392, 393

(1995) (citing Maughs v. City of Charlottesville, 181 Va. 117, 121, 23 S.E.2d 784, 786 (1943)). In

addition, “Evidence offered to prove the corpus delicti in a trial for larceny is insufficient where the

evidence fails to prove that property has been stolen from another or where property found in the

accused’s possession cannot be identified as having been stolen.” Id. (citing Maughs, 181 Va. at

121, 23 S.E.2d at 786). In order to prove the crime of grand larceny:

                “It is not necessary that the identity of stolen property should be
                invariably established by positive evidence. In many such cases
                identification is impracticable, and yet the circumstances may render
                it impossible to doubt the identity of the property, or to account for
                the possession of it by the accused upon any reasonable hypothesis
                consistent with innocence.”

Id. at 357, 457 S.E.2d at 394 (quoting Gravely v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 396, 402, 10 S.E. 431,

433 (1889) (citation omitted)).

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth (as we must since it

was the prevailing party at trial), a rational trier of fact could find that appellant stole the manhole

covers from the shopping center parking lot owned by Pam Joy Realty. Several circumstances from

the record, each mounting upon the others, support this conclusion. See Ervin v. Commonwealth,

57 Va. App. 495, 515, 704 S.E.2d 135, 145 (2011) (en banc). In this case, John Tillery testified

that, sometime between December 1 and December 14, 2011, a total of five manhole covers went
                                                   -5-
missing from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. Perry testified that on December 14, 2011, appellant

dropped off “four or five” manhole covers at Baldwin. Baldwin is approximately three to five miles

away from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. Thus, within a thirteen-day time period five manhole

covers were stolen from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. Furthermore, within that same thirteen-day

time period, appellant dropped off “four or five” manhole covers at Baldwin, which is only a short

distance away from Holly Point Shopping Plaza. John Tillery also testified that the manhole covers

that he recovered from Baldwin were the ones that belonged on the shopping center property that

was owned by Pam Joy Realty. In addition, Perry testified that appellant delivered a load of scrap

metal to Baldwin on December 14, 2011 that included the manhole covers and that he stopped by

her office, displayed his driver’s license, and signed a receipt stating “that he is the sole owner of the

property [and] that he’s bringing it in with permission to scrap” it. See Bright v. Commonwealth, 4

Va. App. 248, 251, 356 S.E.2d 443, 444 (1987) (noting that once it has been established that a

larceny has occurred, “the unexplained possession of recently stolen goods permits an inference of

larceny by the possessor”).

        Although there were no markings on the manhole covers that identified them as belonging

to Holly Point Shopping Plaza, and although the record does not suggest that John Tillery had to

order custom-made manhole covers when he bought two new manhole covers at a store in Virginia

Beach, this is not dispositive of the question before us. As the Supreme Court has held, “When an

accused is found in possession of goods of a type recently stolen, strict proof of identity of the goods

is not required.” Henderson v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 811, 812-13, 213 S.E.2d 782, 783 (1975)

(citing Cook v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 686, 687, 204 S.E.2d 252, 253 (1974) (citation omitted)).

Instead, the identity of stolen goods may be established by circumstantial evidence. Id. at 813, 213

S.E.2d at 784.




                                                  -6-
          In a circumstantial evidence case, the “combined force of many concurrent and related

circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.”

Dowden v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 459, 470, 536 S.E.2d 437, 443 (2000). Here, the combined

force of the several circumstances in the record suggests that a fact finder reasonably “could have

rejected [appellant]’s theor[y] in his defense and found him guilty . . . beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 513, 578 S.E.2d 781, 785 (2003).

          Christie Perry testified that appellant arrived at Baldwin with “four or five” manhole covers

on December 14, 2011. John Tillery testified that five manhole covers went missing from Holly

Point Shopping Plaza no more than thirteen days prior to December 14, 2011. Although the

manhole covers that went missing from Holly Point Shopping Plaza were not marked with any sort

of identifier, John Tillery stated that he identified three manhole covers from Baldwin based on their

appearance, rectangular shape, and thickness. Detective Satterfield testified that although the two

manhole covers that remained at Baldwin after John and Logan Tillery left Baldwin with three

manhole covers looked similar to the other three manhole covers, John Tillery had indicated to

Detective Satterfield that those two manhole covers were not his. However, that does not matter for

purposes of our analysis because the question is whether appellant took the three manhole covers

that were recovered from Baldwin by Tillery, who testified that they were the manhole covers that

had been stolen from the property and fit the manholes. Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth (as we must since the Commonwealth prevailed below), a rational

trier of fact could find that at least the three manhole covers that were recovered from Baldwin were

stolen by appellant. The trial court was entitled to find that Logan Tillery, John Tillery, Christie

Perry, and Detective Satterfield were credible witnesses and that their testimony was entitled to

significant weight. See Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730, 732

(1995).

                                                   -7-
       Finally, in finding appellant guilty of grand larceny, the trial court was entitled to take into

account the fact that appellant denied having taken manhole covers to Baldwin when Detective

Satterfield confronted him with evidence that he had taken manhole covers to Baldwin. See Covil

v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696, 604 S.E.2d 79, 82 (2004) (noting that “[a] false or evasive

account is a circumstance, similar to flight from a crime scene, that a fact-finder may properly

consider as evidence of guilty knowledge”).

                                           III. CONCLUSION

       The record establishes that five manhole covers were removed from Holly Point Shopping

Plaza sometime between December 1 and December 14, 2011, that appellant dropped off “four or

five” manhole covers at Baldwin on December 14, 2011, that Baldwin was only approximately

three to five miles away from Holly Point Shopping Plaza, that the three manhole covers that John

and Logan Tillery recovered from Baldwin fit the uncovered manholes at Holly Point Shopping

Plaza, and that John Tillery testified those recovered manhole covers were the ones that belonged to

the shopping center property. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party below, a rational factfinder could

properly find appellant guilty of grand larceny. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s conviction

of appellant for grand larceny under Code § 18.2-95.

                                                                                               Affirmed.




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