                                     PUBLISHED

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                      No. 15-4808


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                    Plaintiff – Appellee,

             v.

GERMAN DE JESUS VENTURA, a/k/a Chino, a/k/a Chalo, a/k/a Pancho, a/k/a
Chaco, a/k/a Oscar,

                    Defendant – Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
William D. Quarles Jr., District Judge. (1:10-cr-00770-WDQ-1)


Argued: May 9, 2017                                             Decided: July 18, 2017


Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and KING and KEENAN, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge
Gregory and Judge Keenan joined.


ARGUED: Erek Lawrence Barron, WHITEFORD, TAYLOR & PRESTON, LLP,
Bethesda, Maryland, for Appellant. Rachel Miller Yasser, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Rod J.
Rosenstein, United States Attorney, P. Michael Cunningham, Assistant United States
Attorney, Melanie Goldberg, Student Law Clerk, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
KING, Circuit Judge:

      Appellant German de Jesus Ventura and his co-defendant, Kevin Garcia Fuertes,

ran several brothels in Annapolis, Maryland.       Eventually, their seedy empire was

exposed, resulting in the prosecution of Ventura and Fuertes in the District of Maryland.

In a seven-count indictment, Ventura was charged with sex trafficking and related

offenses. After a jury found Ventura guilty of all seven charges, the district court

sentenced him to 420 months in prison. Ventura appealed, and we vacated one of his

seven convictions, plus the sentence imposed on the vacated conviction. We therefore

remanded to the district court for resentencing. See United States v. Fuertes, 805 F.3d

485 (4th Cir. 2015) (the “First Decision”). 1 On remand, the court resentenced Ventura to

an aggregate of 420 months. Ventura has now appealed the new sentence and, as

explained below, we affirm.

                                           I.

                                           A.

      With the help of Fuertes, Ventura established and operated a chain of brothels in

Annapolis, Maryland. In early 2008, Ventura was looking to expand and assume control

of other brothels in the area. To that end, he was threatening violence to other pimps.

For example, in March 2008, Ventura told an associate about another pimp who had been

causing him trouble — Ricardo Humberto “el Pelon” Rivas Ramirez. On September 13,

      1
        Co-defendant Fuertes was charged in the indictment with three offenses, and he
was convicted on each of them. His convictions and sentences were all affirmed in the
First Decision. The prosecution of Fuertes is unrelated to this appeal.


                                           2
2008, Ramirez was murdered. The Annapolis Police Department (the “APD”) learned

that, prior to the murder, Ramirez “had received threatening phone calls from two

different phone numbers.” See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 490–91. Shortly thereafter, on

September 24, 2008, Fuertes was arrested by the APD after being stopped for a traffic

violation. That arrest revealed that Fuertes’s cell phone number was associated with the

threatening calls made to Ramirez. When arrested again by the APD on September 25,

2008, Fuertes had in his possession the cell phone from which the threatening calls to

Ramirez had been made. Also in his possession were a handful of homemade business

cards that advertised prostitution services.

       After his September 25 arrest, Fuertes consented to a search of his home. During

the search, the APD uncovered several items indicating that the home was a brothel. The

search also turned up an address book that included an entry connecting the second phone

number associated with Ramirez’s threatening calls to a man named “Pancho.” Further

investigation revealed that Ventura, also known as “Pancho” and “Chino,” was the

subscriber of the second phone number.

       With suspicions aroused, the APD continued to monitor the activities of Ventura

and Fuertes. Their monitoring revealed that Ventura operated brothels in Annapolis and

that his enterprise extended to Easton, Maryland, and Portsmouth, Virginia. In fact, the

APD learned some operational details of Ventura’s venture:

       Ventura arranged for prostitutes to work in the brothels from Monday
       through Sunday. Typically, the women communicated with Ventura by
       phone, then traveled by bus to Washington, D.C., where they met Ventura,
       or one of his employees, and drove to the brothel where they worked for
       the week. The prostitutes provided fifteen minutes of sex for thirty dollars,

                                               3
       and were paid half of the gross receipts, less expenses for food, hygiene
       products, and other expenses of the trade.

See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 491. In addition to their pay, the prostitutes working for Ventura

also received his wrath.     One woman, Rebecca Duenas Franco, was compelled by

Ventura “to engage in prostitution by violence and threats of violence, and [he] held her

against her will. . . . On one occasion, when Duenas refused to have sex . . . Ventura beat

her with a belt.”    Id.   Duenas — unlike other employees — was not financially

compensated for her services. Ventura’s violence also extended to his competitors, other

employees, and those of whom he was suspicious. For example, according to Duenas,

“Ventura threatened competitor pimps,” “celebrat[ed] Ramirez’s murder,” “assaulted a

male employee who threated to go to the police,” and “beat a prostitute who he believed

had sent people to rob one of his brothels.” Id. at 492.

       On March 25, 2009, Fuertes was again arrested by the APD. This time the APD

found him in an Annapolis apartment littered with “evidence that the residence was being

used as a brothel.” See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 492. A search of his person resulted in the

seizure of a paper on which the phone number associated with Ventura and the threats to

Ramirez was written.

       When Ventura was arrested by the APD on September 24, 2009, he possessed two

cell phones, but nevertheless claimed not to have a phone number. He explained that

neither phone was his — “he had found one cell phone at the mall” and “he was

borrowing the other from a taxicab driver whose name he did not know.” See Fuertes,




                                             4
805 F.3d at 492. One of the phones, however, carried the phone number associated with

Ventura and the threats to Ramirez.

          Several months later — on February 17, 2010 — a 911 call about a robbery was

made from yet another phone number associated with Ventura and from which other area

pimps had been receiving threatening calls. The robbery — which occurred at one of

Ventura’s brothels — had been committed by a former employee of Ventura. That

employee, who had worked as a doorman, “testified at trial that he committed the robbery

because he had not been paid for his work at the brothel.” See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 492.

          The APD subsequently learned that Ventura had opened a brothel in Easton,

Maryland. During the execution of a search warrant at that brothel on July 7, 2010, the

APD arrested two more of Ventura’s employees. As the investigation into Ventura’s

illicit enterprises continued, the APD ascertained, on August 2, 2010, “that Ventura was

transporting a prostitute from Maryland to a brothel in [Virginia].” See Fuertes, 805 F.3d

at 492.

          Finally, on November 3, 2010, “several men believed to be operating at Ventura’s

behest seriously assaulted competitor-pimp Hector Fabian Avila.” See Fuertes, 805 F.3d

at 492. At this point, the investigation came to a head, and the APD arrested Ventura at

his home in Capitol Heights, Maryland, on November 15, 2010. He has been in custody

since then.

                                             B.

          On November 29, 2011, Ventura was charged in a superseding indictment by the

grand jury in Baltimore with seven offenses:

                                              5
       •      Count One — Conspiracy to commit interstate prostitution, in
              violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371;

       •      Count Two — Interstate transportation in furtherance of prostitution
              offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2421;

       •      Count Three — Coercion and inducement of individuals to travel in
              interstate commerce for prostitution and illegal sexual activity, in
              violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(a);

       •      Count Four — Interstate transportation in furtherance of prostitution
              offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2421;

       •      Count Five — Interstate transportation in furtherance of prostitution
              offenses, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2421;

       •      Count Six — Sex trafficking by force, fraud, and coercion, in
              violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a); and

       •      Count Seven — Possession of a firearm in furtherance of a crime of
              violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

See J.A. 24-38. 2 As recited in the First Decision, the jury in the District of Maryland

found Ventura guilty of all seven counts. After denying Ventura’s post-trial motion for

judgments of acquittal or a new trial, the district court sentenced Ventura to an aggregate

of 420 months in prison, including the following:

       •      60 months on Count One;

       •      120 months on Count Two, concurrent with sentence on Count One;

       •      240 months on Count Three, concurrent with sentences on Counts
              One and Two;

       •      120 months on Counts Four and Five, concurrent with sentences on
              Counts One through Three;

       2
         Citations herein to “J.A. ___” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by
the parties in this appeal.


                                             6
       •        360 months on Count Six, concurrent with sentences on Counts One
                through Five; and

       •        60 months on Count Seven, consecutive to sentences on Counts One
                through Six.

See J.A. 100.

                                              C.

       In the First Decision, we rejected Ventura’s arguments relating to the district

court’s admission of “evidence of violence and threats of violence against competitor

pimps” and challenging the admission of expert testimony relating to physical injuries.

See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 494, 497. We found meritorious, however, his contention that

the sentencing court had erred in denying judgment of acquittal on Count Seven.

Reviewing for plain error, the First Decision concluded that “the conviction under 18

U.S.C. § 924(c) for possession and use of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence was

erroneous because . . . sex trafficking by force, fraud, or coercion . . . is not categorically

a crime of violence.” Id. at 490. We added that “‘[five] years of a man’s life is not a

trifling thing,’” and “[w]e simply cannot ‘require a man to serve [five] undeserved years

in prison when [we] know[ ] that the sentence is improper.’” Id. at 501 (quoting United

States v. Ford, 88 F.3d 1350, 1356 (4th Cir. 1996)) (third through fifth alterations in

original). Accordingly, we vacated Ventura’s conviction on Count Seven, “remand[ing]

for entry of judgment of acquittal on that count and resentencing.” Id.

                                              D.

       On remand, and prior to the resentencing hearing, the district court secured

sentencing memoranda from the Government and Ventura. On December 8, 2015, the

                                              7
court conducted its resentencing hearing. During that hearing, the court explained that —

after entering judgment of acquittal on Count Seven — Ventura’s total offense level was

42, resulting in an “advisory sentencing guidelines range [of] 360 months to life.” See

J.A. 183.

       The district court then recounted its prior sentencing findings “involving

[Ventura’s] violence, which included the testimony of Sandra Flores about the gasoline

poured on her door, [and] phone threats to do away with her and her family.” See J.A.

183. The court explained that several witnesses had testified about Ventura’s possession

of firearms:

       Mr. Amparo also testified about the gun in the possession of Mr. Ventura
       in the brothel and in several other places. Mr. Campos also testified about
       Mr. Ventura’s possession of the firearm, as did Carlos Ascencio and Mr.
       Ferman Martinez Hernandez, who placed Mr. Ventura in possession of the
       shotgun.

Id. Those factual findings led the court to conclude “that a substantial sentence is

appropriate here.” Id. at 184.

       Before announcing its new sentence, the district court also alluded to “the

evidence of [Ventura’s] behavior while serving his sentence summarized [in] the

Government’s November 27, 2015, sentencing letter.” See J.A. 184. The Government

had therein explained that, in the two years between the first sentencing hearing on

November 26, 2013, and the resentencing hearing on December 8, 2015, Ventura was in

custody in the Bureau of Prisons (the “BOP”). During that period of custody, Ventura

had received five disciplinary actions, including one for threatening a BOP officer.

Considering Ventura’s behavior during his incarceration — along with his “high-level

                                            8
involvement in this tawdry enterprise [and] his use of violence in an effort to monopolize

prostitution” — the court decided to impose a sentence on the lower end of the

Guidelines range. Id. at 184.

      The district court then resentenced Ventura to an aggregate of 420 months in

prison — well within the Guidelines range of 360 months to life. Specifically, the court

imposed the following sentences:

      •      60 months on Count One;

      •      120 months on Count Two, concurrent with sentence on Count One;

      •      240 months on Count Three, to run concurrent with sentences on
             Counts One and Two;

      •      120 months on Counts Four and Five to run concurrent with
             sentences on Counts One through Three; and

      •      420 months on Count Six to run concurrent with sentences on
             Counts One through Five.

See J.A. 190. Those sentences in the aggregate, the court recited, “are sufficient but not

greater than necessary to reflect the seriousness of the offenses, provide just punishment

and adequate deterrence, promote respect for the law, and protect the public from further

crimes of [Ventura].” Id. at 184.

      Ventura has again appealed, challenging the 420 month sentence imposed at

resentencing. We possess jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291.




                                            9
                                           II.

      When asked to review the reasonableness of a sentence, we employ an abuse of

discretion standard. See United States v. Susi, 674 F.3d 278, 282 (4th Cir. 2012). In so

doing, we first consider whether the sentencing court procedurally erred by “failing to

calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as

mandatory, failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence

based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In the absence of a significant procedural error,

we proceed to assess “the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed, taking into

account the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). To the

extent an appeal concerns the sentencing court’s interpretation of an appeals court

mandate requiring a resentencing, our review is de novo. Id. at 283.



                                           III.

      Ventura levies a three-pronged attack on the sentence imposed by the district court

at his resentencing. First, he contends that the court contravened the mandate rule.

Second, he claims the court acted vindictively in again sentencing him to 420 months.

Third, he argues that his new sentence is unreasonable because the court considered facts

related to the Count Seven conviction that has been vacated, as well as conduct during his

incarceration with the BOP. As explained below, we reject each of those contentions.




                                           10
                                            A.

       To start, Ventura argues that, by recalculating the various sentences on those

convictions that were not vacated, the district court ran afoul of our mandate in the First

Decision.   According to Ventura, the court’s recalculation as to Count Six was an

“unwarranted attempt to make up for the 60 month loss on Count Seven.” See Opening

Br. 13. In his view, the only viable option for the court was to strike his sentence on

Count Seven and leave intact his six sentences on Counts One through Six, resulting in a

60 month reduction of the aggregate term of his imprisonment.           We disagree, and

conclude that the court did not contravene our mandate.

      When a higher court issues a mandate, it “is controlling as to matters within its

compass,” and it is “indisputable that a lower court generally is bound to carry the

mandate of the upper court into execution.” See United States v. Bell, 5 F.3d 64, 66 (4th

Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). That legal principle — known as the

mandate rule — bars a lower court from “consider[ing] the questions which the mandate

laid at rest.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). On a remand for resentencing,

however, the lower court “may consider the issue de novo, entertaining any relevant

evidence on that issue that it could have heard at the first hearing.” Id. at 67 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

      Another principle of significance that we have employed in resentencing situations

— and that has been adopted by several of our sister circuits — is the “sentencing

package doctrine.” See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 115 F.3d 241, 245 (4th Cir. 1997).

Pursuant to that doctrine, when a court of appeals “vacate[s] a sentence and remand[s] for

                                            11
resentencing, the sentence becomes void in its entirety and the district court is free to

revisit any rulings it made at the initial sentencing.” See United States v. Yost, 185 F.3d

1178, 1181 (11th Cir. 1999), cited with approval in United States v. Floyd, 178 F. App’x

308, 310-11 (4th Cir. 2006) (per curiam); see also United States v. Bermudez, 82 F.3d

548, 550 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[A] sentencing judge could, on remand, increase the sentence

on a specific count where the original sentence was imposed as part of a package that

included a mandatory consecutive sentence which was subsequently found to be invalid.”

(internal quotation marks omitted)). The sentencing package doctrine accounts for the

holistic approach that a district court should employ when sentencing a defendant

convicted of multiple offenses. See, e.g., United States v. Fowler, 749 F.3d 1010, 1015

(11th Cir. 2014) (“[S]entencing on multiple counts is an inherently interrelated,

interconnected, and holistic process which requires a court to craft an overall sentence

. . . .”); United States v. Shue, 825 F.2d 1111, 1114 (7th Cir. 1987) (“When a defendant is

convicted of more than one count of a multicount indictment, the district court is likely to

fashion a sentencing package in which sentences on individual counts are

interdependent.”). We agree with our sister circuits that “when a defendant is found

guilty on a multicount indictment, there is a strong likelihood that the district court will

craft a disposition in which the sentences on the various counts form part of an overall

plan,” and that if some counts are vacated, “the judge should be free to review the

efficacy of what remains in light of the original plan.” United States v. Townsend, 178

F.3d 558, 567 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). We therefore reassert



                                            12
our adoption of the sentencing package doctrine and conclude that it controls the result in

this case.

       In the First Decision, we simply “remand[ed] for entry of judgment of acquittal on

[Count Seven] and resentencing.” See 805 F.3d at 501. Our remand did not — as

Ventura suggests — automatically entitle him to a 60 month reduction in his aggregate

sentence merely because his conviction on Count Seven was vacated. Pursuant to the

sentencing package doctrine, the mandate left ample room for the district court to

recalculate the sentences related to Ventura’s other six convictions that were not subject

to vacatur. The court did not, therefore, exceed the boundaries of our mandate in the

First Decision.

                                            B.

       Next, Ventura maintains that the district court vindictively increased his sentence

on Count Six by 60 months. Vindictiveness is presumed, he explains, because the court

increased that sentence from 360 months to 420 months. Even more, he alleges that

“there was no objective information which would have justified the [court’s] changed

sentence.” See Opening Br. 15. This challenge also fails, however, because Ventura did

not receive an increase in his aggregate sentence.

       As the Supreme Court has explained, due process “requires that vindictiveness

against a defendant for having successfully attacked his first conviction must play no part

in the sentence he receives after a new trial.” See North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S.

711, 725 (1969), overruled on other grounds by Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794 (1989).

If a sentencing court increases a sentence on remand, “the reasons for the court doing so

                                            13
must affirmatively appear.” See United States v. Williams, 444 F.3d 250, 254 (4th Cir.

2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). If the trial court does not explain its reasons

for a sentence increase, “a presumption arises that a greater sentence has been imposed

for a vindictive purpose — a presumption that must be rebutted by objective information

. . . justifying the increased sentence.”   See Alabama, 490 U.S. at 798-99 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (omission in original). But such a presumption only arises if

“there exists a reasonable likelihood . . . that the increase in sentence is the product of

actual vindictiveness.” See Williams, 444 F.3d at 254 (internal quotation marks omitted)

(omission in original). If vindictiveness cannot be presumed, “the burden remains upon

the defendant to prove actual vindictiveness.” See Alabama, 490 U.S. at 799.

        In 1992, in United States v. Kincaid, we explained that, to properly assess

“whether a sentence violates Pearce and its progeny, we first ask whether the new

sentence is actually harsher than that imposed prior to successful appeal.” See 964 F.2d

325, 328 (4th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). If we determine that an

increased sentence was imposed, we will then consider whether the defendant has

demonstrated actual vindictiveness or a reasonable likelihood of actual vindictiveness.

See, e.g., id.

        In this situation, the district court initially sentenced Ventura to an aggregate of

420 months in prison. On remand, the court resentenced him yet again to an aggregate of

420 months. Put simply, the court did not increase his aggregate term of imprisonment

— it imposed the same term. Ventura argues, however, that the court imposed an



                                             14
increased sentence because the sentence associated with Count Six was increased from

360 months to 420 months.

       At bottom, Ventura asks us to assess his sentences under the so-called count-by-

count approach — a methodology apparently employed in the Second and Eleventh

Circuits. Under that approach, we would compare Ventura’s aggregate sentence on the

six counts that were undisturbed (360 months) with the aggregate sentence imposed on

those same counts (420 months). See, e.g., United States v. Monaco, 702 F.2d 860 (11th

Cir. 1983); United States v. Markus, 603 F.2d 409 (2d Cir. 1979).

       Our Court, however, does not adhere to the count-by-count approach. We have

followed the aggregate package approach — the majority methodology utilized by at

least six of our sister circuits. 3 See United States v. Gray, 852 F.2d 136, 138 & n.1 (4th

Cir. 1988); see also United States v. Campbell, 106 F.3d 64, 68 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing

United States v. Sullivan, 967 F.2d 370 (10th Cir. 1992); Kelly v. Neubert, 898 F.2d 15

(3d Cir. 1990); United States v. Mancari, 914 F.2d 1014 (7th Cir. 1990); United States v.

Pimienta-Redondo, 874 F.2d 9 (1st Cir. 1989) (en banc); United States v. Bay, 820 F.2d

1511 (9th Cir. 1987)) (identifying courts of appeals employing aggregate package

approach). Under that approach, as Judge Murnaghan explained in our Gray decision, a

sentence is not problematic so long as “the ultimate sentence for one or more counts does

       3
         The count-by-count approach and the aggregate package approach are closely
related to the sentencing package doctrine. The sentencing package doctrine permits a
sentencing court to refashion the entire sentencing package, and the count-by-count
approach and the aggregate package approach may then be employed to an assessment of
whether the aggregate sentence was increased on resentencing.


                                            15
not exceed that given for all counts sentenced at the conclusion of the first trial.” See 852

F.2d at 138; see also Campbell, 106 F.3d at 68 (“Under this approach, courts compare the

total original sentence to the total sentence after resentencing. If the new sentence is

greater than the original sentence, the new sentence is considered more severe.”).

       Applying the aggregate package approach in this appeal, Ventura’s sentence was

not increased. His initial sentence was 420 months in prison, and his second sentence is

also 420 months. Put simply, on remand he was given the same — not an increased —

sentence. Because Ventura did not receive an increased aggregate sentence, his attempt

to establish a presumption of vindictiveness must fail.

                                             C.

       Finally, Ventura wages a two-pronged attack against the reasonableness of his

sentence. First, he argues that, on remand, the district court invaded the province of the

jury by making and relying on its own factual findings with respect to the vacated Count

Seven conviction to increase his sentence on Count Six. Second, he claims that the court

improperly increased his sentence on Count Six by relying on his conduct during his

custody with the BOP, resulting in an “inappropriate consideration of the factors under 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a).” See Opening Br. 9. We reject both those contentions.

       Our review of the reasonableness of a sentence proceeds in two steps. We begin

by reviewing the sentence for procedural error. As we have explained, “[a] district court

commits a procedural error if it fails to properly calculate the Guidelines, treats the

Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider the statutory factors under 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a), bases a sentence on facts that are clearly erroneous, or fails to adequately

                                             16
explain the sentence imposed.” See United States v. Layton, 564 F.3d 330, 335-36 (4th

Cir. 2009). If we find no procedural error, we then assess whether the sentence is

substantively reasonable “in light of all relevant facts.” Id. at 336 (internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Ventura does not label his contentions about the resentencing as either procedural

or substantive. Because those contentions concern whether the district court should have

considered certain facts or evidence in crafting Ventura’s new sentence, we see them as

procedural in nature. We will, however, address both steps of our reasonableness inquiry

in relation to Ventura’s appellate contentions.

                                             1.

       We begin by assessing whether the district court erred procedurally when it

considered facts connected to Count Seven. We vacated Ventura’s conviction on Count

Seven for possession and use of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), because we recognized that “sex trafficking by force, fraud, or

coercion, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a), is not categorically a crime of violence.”

See Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 490. Thus, according to Ventura, the sentencing court could not

on remand “possibly [be] able to determine whether the jury found force, fraud, and/or

coercion,” and “there [was] no jury finding of firearm possession.” See Opening Br. 17

(internal quotation marks omitted). By accounting for Ventura’s violent conduct and

alleged possession of firearms in crafting his sentence, Ventura continues, the court

“tread[ed] on ground reserved for a jury.” Id. at 18.



                                             17
       To the contrary, the Supreme Court has explained that, in sentencing, a district

court is not barred from “tak[ing] account of factual matters not determined by a jury and

to increase the sentence in consequence.” See Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 352

(2007). Even more, we have concluded that “a district court may consider conduct of

which a defendant has been acquitted if the conduct has nonetheless been proved by a

preponderance of the evidence.” See United States v. Lawing, 703 F.3d 229, 241 (4th

Cir. 2012).

       Accordingly, the district court was entitled to consider Ventura’s violent conduct

and possession of a firearm, despite such conduct and firearm possession being tertiary to

his vacated conviction. As it recounted, the court had heard the trial evidence relating to

Ventura’s physical abuse of his employees — which included belt lashings and beatings

— and covering his penchant for firearms. See, e.g., J.A. 183. We are thus satisfied that

the factual underpinnings of Count Seven were proved by a preponderance of the

evidence and could be considered by the court in connection with its resentencing of

Ventura.

                                            2.

       Finally, we must decide whether the district court was entitled to consider

Ventura’s conduct while he was incarcerated with the BOP and whether doing so

amounted to a procedural error in the resentencing. Ventura again asserts that the court

“engaged in its own fact-finding to determine post-sentencing conduct” and did so

“[a]bsent any advice from the Guidelines, without statutory direction, and contrary to due

process.”     See Opening Br. 23.     He further argues that, during the resentencing

                                            18
proceedings, the court was only entitled to consider his degree of rehabilitation if it was

crafting a sentence that varied downward.

        Again, we reject Ventura’s claim that the district court erroneously found facts out

of turn. To begin, the court reasonably accounted for Ventura’s conduct while he was in

the custody of the BOP. Indeed, pursuant to § 3661 of Title 18 of the United States

Code,

        [n]o limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the
        background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offence
        which a court of the United States may receive and consider for the purpose
        of imposing an appropriate sentence.

Relying on that explicit statutory provision, the Supreme Court in Pepper v. United States

ruled that a resentencing court could account for and decrease a sentence based on the

defendant’s rehabilitation. See 562 U.S. 476 (2011). Predicated on the “wide discretion”

a sentencing court may exercise with respect to the evidence it can consider at

sentencing, the court in Ventura’s resentencing did not act unreasonably in considering

Ventura’s conduct during his incarceration with the BOP. See id. at 480; see also United

States v. Stewart, 686 F.3d 156, 164 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[T]he district court [is] required to

resentence [a defendant] in light of the circumstances as they [stand] at the time of [her]

resentencing. This principle applies to mitigating considerations with equal force as it

applies to aggravating ones.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (alterations

in original)). 4


        4
        If the district court had erred in considering Ventura’s post-sentencing conduct
while incarcerated, any such error would be harmless. As we have explained, “[a]
(Continued)
                                             19
       Furthermore, the district court was presented at resentencing with ample evidence

that Ventura had been, among other things, involved in physical altercations and made

threatening remarks to others while he was in prison. We are also satisfied that all the

facts relied on by the court were established by a preponderance of the evidence, and the

court was entitled in its discretion to consider them. As a result, the court did not err in

taking account of Ventura’s misdeeds while he was in custody with the BOP.

                                             3.

       Having identified no procedural problems, we turn to the substantive

reasonableness of Ventura’s resentence to 420 months in prison.           In so doing, we

consider “whether the totality of the circumstances shows that the district court did not

abuse its discretion,” keeping in mind that “a sentence located within a correctly

calculated guidelines range is presumptively reasonable.” See United States v. Susi, 674

F.3d 278, 289 (4th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the advisory

Guidelines range for Ventura’s sentence was 360 months to life, his 420 month sentence

is well within that range and is presumptively reasonable. The only contentions that

Ventura presents on appeal in seeking to overcome that presumption are those we have

herein rejected. As a result, the presumption of reasonableness remains intact. On the




sentencing error is harmless if the resulting sentence was not longer than that to which
[the defendant] would otherwise be subject.” See United States v. Hargrove, 701 F.3d
156, 161 (4th Cir. 2012) (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Ventura’s 420 month sentence was well within the applicable Guidelines range
of 360 months to life.


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whole, the court properly considered the evidence and arguments presented, and the court

appropriately exercised its discretion in resentencing Ventura. We are thus satisfied that

the new sentence of 420 months is procedurally and substantively reasonable.



                                            IV.

         Pursuant to the foregoing, we are satisfied to affirm the judgment of the district

court.

                                                                              AFFIRMED




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