                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



In re RHEA BRODY LIVING TRUST, dated
January 17, 1978, as amended.


ROBERT BRODY,                                                    FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                 September 12, 2017
              Intervenor-Appellant/Cross-                        9:25 a.m.
              Appellee,

v                                                                No. 330871
                                                                 Oakland Probate Court
CATHY B. DEUTCHMAN,                                              LC No. 2015-361379-TV

              Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellee,

and

MICHAEL BARTON, Special Fiduciary,

              Intervenor,

and

JAY BRODY,

              Intervenor-Appellee/Cross-
              Appellant.


Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and JANSEN and MURRAY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this case involving the Rhea Brody Living Trust, Rhea’s husband, Robert Brody,
appeals as of right the probate court’s order granting partial summary disposition to Rhea and
Robert’s daughter, Cathy B. Deutchman. In relevant part, the order resolved claims relating to
two family businesses, Brody Realty and Macomb Corporation, declared Rhea Brody disabled




                                             -1-
pursuant to the terms of the trust, and removed Robert as successor trustee of the trust. Jay
Brody, Rhea and Robert’s son and the brother of Cathy, cross-appeals.1 We affirm in part,
reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                             I. PROBATE COURT JURISDICTION

        On appeal, Robert and Jay ask this Court to vacate the probate court’s orders for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. According to Robert and Jay, the trust action included a “business or
commercial dispute” as defined in MCL 600.8031(1)(c) and was therefore within the mandatory
jurisdiction of the business court under MCL 600.8035. We disagree.

        Neither Robert nor Jay raised the jurisdictional issue in the lower court. However,
“[s]ubject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived and can be raised at any time by any party or the
court.” In re Contempt of Dorsey, 306 Mich App 571, 581; 858 NW2d 84 (2014), vacated in
part on unrelated grounds 500 Mich 920 (2016). “ ‘Whether the trial court had subject-matter
jurisdiction is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.’ ” Bank v Michigan Education
Ass’n-NEA, 315 Mich App 496, 499; 892 NW2d 1 (2016), quoting Rudolph Steiner Sch of Ann
Arbor v Ann Arbor Charter Twp, 237 Mich App 721, 730; 605 NW2d 18 (1999). “We review de
novo questions of statutory interpretation, with the fundamental goal of giving effect to the intent
of the Legislature.” Bank, 315 Mich App at 499.

        “Subject-matter jurisdiction is conferred on the court by the authority that created the
court.” Reed v Yackell, 473 Mich 520, 547; 703 NW2d 1 (2005). The probate court is a court of
limited jurisdiction and derives its power from statutes. Manning v Amerman, 229 Mich App
608, 611; 582 NW2d 539 (1998). Specifically, MCL 700.1302 grants the probate court
“exclusive legal and equitable jurisdiction,” over matters concerning “the validity, internal
affairs, or settlement of a trust; the administration, distribution, modification, reformation, or
termination of a trust; or the declaration of rights that involve a trust, trustee, or trust
beneficiary.” Additionally, MCL 700.1303(h) provides for concurrent legal and equitable
jurisdiction over claims by or against a fiduciary or trustee.


1
  Cathy argues that because Jay had no pecuniary interest in Robert’s removal as trustee, he is
not an aggrieved party pursuant to MCR 7.203(A), and therefore, he lacks standing to file a
claim of cross-appeal. We disagree. The order removing Robert as trustee is a final order. “To
be aggrieved, one must have some interest of a pecuniary nature in the outcome of the case, and
not a mere possibility arising from some unknown and future contingency.” Federated Ins Co v
Oakland Co Rd Comm, 475 Mich 286, 291; 715 NW2d 846 (2006) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). The probate court’s prior orders included remedies for breaches by Robert, including
reformation of the terms of a sale of the Brittany Park property to Jay and canceling an option
agreement to which Jay was a party. “Where a party has claimed an appeal from a final order,
the party is free to raise on appeal issues related to other orders in the case.” Bonner v Chicago
Title Ins Co, 194 Mich App 462, 472; 487 NW2d 807 (1992). Because the probate court’s
remedies for Robert’s breaches affected Jay, Jay has standing to file a cross-appeal challenging
the probate court’s rulings related to Robert’s conduct, which served as the basis for the court’s
decision to remove Robert as trustee.


                                                -2-
        A business court’s jurisdiction is established by MCL 600.8035, which provides that
“[a]n action shall be assigned to a business court if all or part of the action includes a business or
commercial dispute.” MCL 600.8035(3). Under MCL 600.8031(1)(c), a “business or
commercial dispute” means, among other things, “[a]n action involving the sale, merger,
purchase, combination, dissolution, liquidation, organizational structure, governance, or finances
of a business enterprise.” Notwithstanding the broad definition of “business or commercial
dispute” found in MCL 600.8031(1)(c), the Legislature specifically excluded proceedings under
the Estates and Protected Individuals Code (EPIC), MCL 700.1101 et seq., in MCL
600.8031(3)(e).

        Robert and Jay first argue that this action fell within the mandatory jurisdiction of the
business court because it involved “the rights or obligations of . . . members . . . or managers” of
a company, MCL 600.8031(2)(b), an action “arising out of contractual agreements or other
business dealings,” MCL 600.8031(2)(c), and an action “involving the sale, . . . purchase, . . . or
finances of a business enterprise,” MCL 600.8031(1)(c)(iv). Accordingly, they contend, Cathy
was required to bring the action in the circuit court for business court assignment. This argument
lacks merit. Matters brought under the EPIC are specifically excluded from the definition of
“business or commercial dispute” in MCL 600.8031(1)(c). Cathy sought Robert’s removal as
trustee of Rhea’s estate, and reversal of damage she alleged that Robert had already caused to the
interests of the trust. Cathy’s petition seeking Robert’s removal as trustee, delivery of all
accountings of trust property to an appointed trustee, temporary court supervision of the trust, an
order rescinding transactions Robert entered as trustee, and damages for the Rhea Trust, was
brought under various provisions of the EPIC. To the extent the petition involved transactions of
the Brody family businesses or existing contracts, these matters arose only tangentially to the
central issue of Robert’s breach of fiduciary duty as trustee of the Rhea Trust. Cathy’s petition
clearly fell within the range of matters specifically excluded from the definition of “business or
commercial dispute” under the business court statute.

        Next, Robert and Jay argue that, regardless of the nature of Cathy’s petition, her claims
fell within the mandatory jurisdiction of the business court under MCL 600.8035(3), which states
that “[a]n action that involves a business or commercial dispute that is filed in a court with a
business docket shall be maintained in a business court although it also involves claims that are
not business or commercial disputes, including excluded claims under section 8031(3).”
(Emphasis added.) Robert and Jay ask this Court to interpret the above language as requiring
every case affecting or affected by a business matter, including a trust case, to be brought before
the business court. We decline to do so.

         When this Court interprets a statute, our goal is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent
as determined by the statutory language. Bukowski v City of Detroit, 478 Mich 268, 273; 732
NW2d 75 (2007). “In order to accomplish this goal, this Court interprets every word, phrase,
and clause in a statute to avoid rendering any portion of the statute nugatory or surplusage.” Id.
at 273-274. Here, we find Robert’s and Jay’s proposed construction of the second sentence of
MCL 600.8035(3) inconsistent with the plain language of the statute. Specifically, we note that
the Legislature employed the phrases “an action . . . filed in a court with a business docket,” and
“shall be maintained in a business court,” (emphasis added), in its jurisdictional mandate. These
phrases indicate a Legislative intent to hold cases originally filed in the business court for the
extent of proceedings, regardless of whether the business dispute also involves, or comes to

                                                 -3-
involve, excluded subject matter. This simple reading of the statutory language is consistent
with the Legislature’s stated purpose in establishing the business court, which is to “[a]llow
business or commercial disputes to be resolved with expertise, technology, and efficiency,” MCL
600.8033(3)(b), and “[e]nhance the accuracy, consistency, and predictability of decisions in
business and commercial cases,” MCL 600.8033(3)(c). To read this section as requiring every
action affecting a business to be originally filed in the business court or transferred to the
business court upon the inclusion of matters affecting a business would be to read language into
the statute that simply does not exist, and to brush aside the Legislative goal of accuracy and
efficiency by imposing on the business courts mandatory jurisdiction over a seemingly endless
variety of nonbusiness-related matters. 2

        Further, Robert’s and Jay’s proposed construction of the business court statute would
create a direct conflict between the mandatory jurisdiction of the business court over all matters
affecting or involving a business with the exclusive jurisdiction of the probate court to consider
probate and trust matters. “If two statutes lend themselves to a construction that avoids conflict,
that construction should control.” Parise v Detroit Entertainment, LLC, 295 Mich App 25, 27;
811 NW2d 98 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The construction of MCL
600.8035(3) proposed by Robert and Jay would render the probate court without jurisdiction to
consider any trust matter that also involved or affected, however tangentially, a business
transaction. We cannot reconcile this construction with the Legislature’s grant of exclusive
jurisdiction to the probate court over trust matters. Nor can we reconcile the proposed
construction of MCL 600.8035(3) with the Legislature’s stated purpose for its broad grant of
exclusive jurisdiction on the probate court, which is “to simplify the disposition of an action or
proceeding involving a decedent’s, a protected individual’s, a ward’s, or a trust estate by
consolidating the probate and other related actions or proceedings in the probate court.” MCL
700.1303(3).

        Finally, to the extent the probate court’s grant of exclusive jurisdiction over trust matters
in MCL 700.1302 and MCL 700.1303 conflicts with the broad inclusion of trust-related matters
within the exclusive jurisdiction of the business court under MCL 600.8035(3), we conclude that
the more specific grant of jurisdiction in MCL 700.1302 and MCL 700.1303 controls. Both
statutes confer jurisdiction on a court, and “[w]hen two statutes are in pari materia but conflict
with one another on a particular issue, the more specific statute must control over the more
general statute.” Donkers v Kovach, 277 Mich App 366, 371; 745 NW2d 154 (2007).




2
   Notably, by amendment effective October 11, 2017, the Legislature has amended MCL
600.8031 to remove any “action involving the sale, . . .purchase, . . . or finances of a business
enterprise” from its broad definition of “business or commercial dispute.” 2017 PA 101. Once
the statute takes effect, a “business or commercial dispute” will include only actions in which at
least one party is a business enterprise. MCL 600.8031(1)(c) (as amended). We find the
Legislature’s recent amendment persuasive evidence of a Legislative intent to limit the business
court’s jurisdiction to matters substantially involving the affairs of a business.


                                                -4-
        “While it is true that a judgment entered by a court that lacks subject-matter jurisdiction
is void, subject-matter jurisdiction is established by the pleadings and exists when the proceeding
is of a class the court is authorized to adjudicate and the claim stated in the complaint is not
clearly frivolous.” Clohset v No Name Corp, 302 Mich App 550, 561; 840 NW2d 375 (2013)
(quotation marks and citations omitted). Cathy’s petition was brought under the EPIC, and the
probate court had exclusive jurisdiction over Cathy’s claims under MCL 700.1302 and MCL
700.1303. Robert’s and Jay’s jurisdictional challenge therefore fails.

                                           II. STANDING

        Robert and Jay both argue that Cathy did not have standing (i.e., she was not a proper
party) to request adjudication of the issues in her petition, including Robert’s removal as trustee
of the Rhea Trust and reversal of actions taken by Robert as trustee. We disagree.

         The parties dispute whether, at the time Cathy filed her petition, the trust was revocable
or irrevocable. Robert and Jay argue that Cathy has no beneficial interest in the trust because she
is a contingent beneficiary, and the trust is revocable. Robert’s and Jay’s argument is premised
on three assumptions: (1) that Rhea has not been declared disabled pursuant to the trust, and her
trust is revocable by its plain terms, or (2) that the trust’s terms render it revocable by Robert, the
trustee and holder of a DPOA, indefinitely, and (3) that a contingent beneficiary does not have
standing to bring an action regarding the administration of a revocable trust. We need not
consider the validity of Robert’s and Jay’s first two assumptions, however, because we conclude
that their argument fails on its third assumption.

        Whether a party has standing is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Glen
Lake-Crystal River Watershed Riparians v Glen Lake Ass’n, 264 Mich App 523, 527; 695 NW2d
508 (2004). “[S]tanding refers to the right of a party plaintiff initially to invoke the power of the
court to adjudicate a claimed injury in fact.” Federated Ins Co v Oakland Co Rd Comm, 475
Mich 286, 290; 715 NW2d 846 (2006). In Pontiac Police & Fire Retiree Prefunded Group
Health & Ins Trust Bd of Trustees v City of Pontiac No 2, 309 Mich App 611, 621-622; 873
NW2d 783 (2015), this Court explained the relationship between standing and a real party in
interest:

               MCR 2.201(B) provides that “[a]n action must be prosecuted in the name
       of the real party in interest . . . .” The real party in interest is a party who is vested
       with a right of action in a given claim, although the beneficial interest may be
       with another. In general, standing requires a party to have a sufficient interest in
       the outcome of litigation to ensure vigorous advocacy and “in an individual or
       representative capacity some real interest in the cause of action, or a legal or
       equitable right, title, or interest in the subject matter of the controversy.” Both the
       doctrine of standing and the included real-party-in-interest rule are prudential
       limitations on a litigant’s ability to raise the legal rights of another. Further, “a
       litigant has standing whenever there is a legal cause of action.” But plaintiffs
       must assert their own legal rights and cannot rest their claims to relief on the
       rights or interests of third parties. The real party in interest is one who is vested
       with the right of action as to a particular claim, or, stated otherwise, is the party


                                                  -5-
       who under the substantive law in question owns the claim asserted. [Citations
       omitted.]

        The probate court found that Cathy had standing pursuant to MCL 700.7201, which
provides, in pertinent part, that “[a] court of this state may intervene in the administration of a
trust to the extent its jurisdiction is invoked by an interested person or as provided by law.”
MCL 700.7201(1) (emphasis added). Under MCL 700.7201(3):

               A proceeding involving a trust may relate to any matter involving the
       trust’s administration, including a request for instructions and a determination
       regarding the validity, internal affairs, or settlement of a trust; the administration,
       distribution, modification, reformation, or termination of a trust; or the declaration
       of rights that involve a trust, trustee, or trust beneficiary, including, but not
       limited to, proceedings to do any of the following:

               (a) Appoint or remove a trustee.

               (b) Review the fees of a trustee.

               (c) Require, hear, and settle interim or final accounts.

               (d) Ascertain beneficiaries.

                (e) Determine a question that arises in the administration or distribution of
       a trust, including a question of construction of a trust.

              (f) Instruct a trustee and determine relative to a trustee the existence or
       nonexistence of an immunity, power, privilege, duty, or right.

               (g) Release registration of a trust.

              (h) Determine an action or proceeding that involves settlement of an
       irrevocable trust. [Emphasis added.]

The definition of “interested person” is provided in MCL 700.1105(c), which states:

               “Interested person” or “person interested in an estate” includes, but is not
       limited to, the incumbent fiduciary; an heir, devisee, child, spouse, creditor, and
       beneficiary and any other person that has a property right in or claim against a
       trust estate or the estate of a decedent, ward, or protected individual; a person that
       has priority for appointment as personal representative; and a fiduciary
       representing an interested person. Identification of interested persons may vary
       from time to time and shall be determined according to the particular purposes of,
       and matter involved in, a proceeding, and by the supreme court rules.

       The probate court properly determined that Cathy is an interested person under MCL
700.1105(c). There is no dispute that Cathy is Rhea’s child. In addition, Cathy is a
“beneficiary.” Under MCL 700.1103(d), a beneficiary includes a “trust beneficiary,” defined as

                                                   -6-
a person with “a present or future beneficial interest in a trust, vested or contingent.” Black’s
Law Dictionary defines “beneficial interest” as “[a] right or expectancy in something (such as a
trust or an estate), as opposed to legal title to that thing. For example, a person with a beneficial
interest in a trust receives income from the trust but does not hold legal title to the trust
property.” The plain language of the trust indicates that Cathy has a future (upon Rhea’s death),
contingent (assuming no revocation or amendment) interest in the trust property. See
Restatement Trusts, 1d, § 56 comment f (intervivos trust where death of settlor is a condition
precedent results in a “contingent equitable interest in remainder”). Specifically, Cathy will
receive Rhea’s clothing and jewelry. In addition, if Robert predeceases Rhea, then a subtrust
comprising 50% of the Rhea Trust’s remaining assets is created for Cathy. If Rhea predeceases
Robert, then a marital trust and a family trust are created, and under the marital trust, Rhea’s
descendants are each entitled to net income distributions and any principal necessary for
education, health, support, and maintenance.

        Robert and Jay ask this Court to adopt the approach of other jurisdictions in holding that
a contingent beneficiary lacks standing to challenge the administration of a revocable trust.
Robert’s and Jay’s reliance on the Uniform Trust Code (UTC) and cases from other jurisdictions
is misplaced. Cases from other jurisdictions are inapposite because they involve statutory
language that does not control here. Although we may look to decisions from other jurisdictions
for guidance, In re Lampart, 306 Mich App 226, 235 n 6; 865 NW2d 192 (2014), we need not
look outside our jurisdiction when our own law is clear. Because Cathy is an interested person
under MCL 700.1105 and could invoke the court’s jurisdiction to remove a trustee under MCL
700.7201(3)(a), she had standing to file her petition. Given our conclusion, we find it
unnecessary to address the parties’ dispute over whether Rhea was “disabled” under the trust
terms during the relevant time periods, or whether the trust is revocable or irrevocable.

                     III. BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTIES BY ROBERT

       In his cross-appeal, Jay argues that the probate court erred when it found no genuine issue
of material fact regarding Robert’s breach of fiduciary duty to the trust and granted partial
summary disposition in favor of Cathy. Robert makes a similar claim in his reply brief on
appeal.3 We disagree.

        Because the probate court necessarily relied on facts outside the pleadings, we treat the
court’s grant of summary disposition as though it was supported by MCR 2.116(C)(10). See
Sharp v City of Lansing, 238 Mich App 515, 518; 606 NW2d 424 (1999). A motion is properly
granted under this subrule if no genuine issue of material facts exists and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Royal Prop Group, LLC v Prime Ins Syndicate, Inc, 267
Mich App 708, 713; 706 NW2d 426 (2005). In reviewing a lower court’s decision, this Court
must view all the submitted admissible evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. In re Smith Estate, 252 Mich App 120, 123; 651 NW2d 153 (2002). “A genuine issue of


3
 Robert did not raise this argument in his statement of questions presented in his opening brief
on appeal. Therefore, the claim would be waived, except that it is properly raised by Jay. See
People v Fonville, 291 Mich App 363, 383; 804 NW2d 878 (2011).


                                                -7-
material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party,
leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469
Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). “This Court reviews the grant or denial of summary
disposition de novo to determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

        This Court generally reviews the probate court’s decision to remove a trustee for an abuse
of discretion. In re Duane v Baldwin Trust, 274 Mich App 387, 396-397; 733 NW2d 419
(2007). An abuse of discretion occurs only when the probate court’s decision falls outside the
range of principled outcomes considering the facts and circumstances of the case. Saffian v
Simmons, 477 Mich 8, 12; 727 NW2d 132 (2007). This Court reviews the language in a will or
trust de novo, and the objective of a court in construing a trust is to “give effect to the intent of
the settlor.” In re Stillwell Trust, 299 Mich App 289, 294; 829 NW2d 353 (2012) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).

        According to the terms of the Rhea Trust, Robert, as trustee, was required to act in the
best interests of the trust beneficiaries. Robert was also a trust beneficiary, and under the plain
language of the trust, Robert was prohibited from possessing powers that would permit him to
enlarge or shift the beneficial interests under the trust. According to the trust’s terms, if Robert
came to possess such power, he was required to appoint an independent co-trustee. The Rhea
Trust held a 98% interest in Brody Realty, one of the companies owned and operated by the
Brody family. As manager of Brody Realty, Robert possessed the power to sell interests
belonging to or affecting the trust, and he acted pursuant to that power. First, Robert sold Brody
Realty’s membership interest in the Brittany Park property to Jay and Jay’s two children, Stuart
Brody and Rachel Brody. Second, Robert sold Jay an option to purchase the Rhea Trust’s
interest in both Brody Realty and the Macomb Corporation. In arguing that Robert did not
breach his fiduciary duty by entering into these transactions, Robert and Jay point to provisions
in the Rhea Trust and a durable power of attorney (DPOA) executed by Rhea appointing Robert
as her attorney-in-fact, which grant Robert broad authority over the trust property. But Rhea
limited those powers with the trust provision requiring appointment of a co-trustee. Robert
failed to appoint a co-trustee to ensure that the beneficiaries’ best interests were served while he
served in a potentially conflicting role, and there is no dispute that his failure constituted a
breach of his duties under the trust.

        Jay argues that the Brittany Park property was not an asset of the Rhea Trust, and any
provisions limiting a shift in beneficial interests under the trust did not apply to the Brittany Park
sale. Jay also claims that an option agreement between Robert and Jay, which gave Jay an
option to purchase the Rhea Trust’s interests in Brody Realty and Macomb Corporation, did not
enlarge or shift any interests because even if he exercised his option under the agreement, Jay
and Cathy would still each receive 50 percent of the Rhea Trust’s assets. These arguments fail.
Brittany Park was owned by Brody Realty. The Rhea Trust owned 98 percent of Brody Realty,
and was therefore interested in the sale. Under the option agreement, Jay’s acceptance would
shift Cathy’s interest from 50% of Brody Realty to 50% of any proceeds from its sale. There is
no guarantee that these separate interests would be equivalent, especially given the potential of
income from Brody Realty. Under the Rhea Trust, Jay and Cathy would have each shared 50
percent of the remaining trust property following the deaths of their parents, including Brody


                                                 -8-
Realty. The probate court did not clearly err in concluding that the option contract shifted
interests under the trust to favor Jay.

        Robert and Jay further argue that there was no breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the
option agreement because Robert was not required to treat his children equally and the Rhea
Trust allowed him to make unequal distributions or to delay distributions. They are correct that,
under Articles 8 and 9 of the trust, if Rhea predeceases Robert, the trust provisions will benefit
Robert and he will have the power to appoint and distribute assets in “equal or unequal
proportions.” But Rhea has not predeceased Robert, and the probate court did not clearly err in
determining that the Rhea Trust was created with the general intent to treat Cathy and Jay
equally. Trust Article 10 provides that upon the death of the survivor of Rhea and Robert, the
trust property not previously distributed will be divided in separate trusts, with 50 percent to Jay
and 50 percent to Cathy. Both Robert and Cathy testified that Rhea intended an equal
distribution between the two siblings. It is uncertain who will live longer—Rhea or Robert—or
what article of the Rhea Trust will control. While any inequities in the option agreement may be
permissible under Articles 8 and 9, any inequity created by the Brittany Park sale or the option
agreement would be inconsistent with the 50/50 split under Article 10. The probate court did not
err in concluding that there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding Robert’s breach of
fiduciary duty.

                                IV. APPROPRIATE REMEDIES

        Robert and Jay also take issue with the remedies imposed by the probate court with
respect to both the Brittany Park sale and the option agreement, arguing that the probate court
lacked the power to reform or rescind a contract. We agree, in part, as to the Brittany Park sale.

        “This Court reviews equitable decisions of the probate court de novo, but overturns any
underlying factual findings only upon a finding of clear error.” In re Filibeck Estate, 305 Mich
App 550, 553; 853 NW2d 448 (2014). “A finding is clearly erroneous if, after reviewing the
entire record, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made.” Loutts
v Loutts, 298 Mich App 21, 26; 826 NW2d 152 (2012) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
“The granting of equitable relief is ordinarily a matter of grace, and whether a court of equity
will exercise its jurisdiction, and the propriety of affording equitable relief, rests in the sound
discretion of the court, to be exercised according to the circumstances and exigencies of each
particular case.” Tkachik v Mandeville, 487 Mich 38, 45; 790 NW2d 260 (2010) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).

               A. REFORMATION OF THE BRITTANY PARK AGREEMENT

       Pursuant to a 2013 purchase agreement, Brody Realty sold its 63.5-percent interest in
Brittany Park to Jay Brody’s Trust, Jay’s daughter Rachel, and Jay’s son Stuart. One purchase
agreement documented the sale of the interest in two separate transactions, occurring on
December 17, 2013 (13.6 percent) and December 31, 2013 (49.9 percent). Due to a purported
lack of marketability and control, as well as extensive capital improvements required, Robert
reduced the first sale price with a 15-percent discount and the second sale price with a 40-percent
discount. The total amount of the sale price was $3,348,857.18, which included a down payment
of $1,050,000. Pursuant to the agreement, Jay’s trust was required to repay the entire amount of

                                                -9-
the outstanding debt at an interest rate of 1.65 percent over 9½ years. Robert personally loaned
Jay $850,000 to help him make the repayments. Ultimately, Jay Brody’s Trust attained a 62-
percent interest in the Brittany Park Apartments, while Rachel and Stuart each received a 10-
percent interest.

       The probate court determined that Jay was complicit in Robert’s breaches of fiduciary
duty and identified a “whole pattern of favoring Jay Brody at the expense of Cathy . . . .” After
the probate court removed Robert, it reformed the Brittany Park purchase agreement to increase
the purchase price to $4,293,406.64, and to increase the interest rate on the balance to 3.99
percent.

        Reformation was not appropriate in this case. Reformation is an equitable remedy
available for contracts if the writing “fails to express the intentions of the parties . . . as the result
of accident, inadvertence, mistake, fraud, or inequitable conduct . . . .” Najor v Wayne Int’l Life
Ins Co, 23 Mich App 260, 272; 178 NW2d 504 (1970); see also Holda v Glick, 312 Mich 394,
403-404; 20 NW2d 248 (1945). Courts of equity have the power to reform contracts so that they
may “conform to the agreement actually made.” Casey v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 273 Mich App
388, 398; 729 NW2d 277 (2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted). If the basis for a
proposed reformation is mistake, the mistake must be mutual. Holda, 312 Mich at 403-404. A
mistake in law, i.e., a mistake by one side or the other regarding the legal effect of an agreement,
is not a basis for reformation. Casey, 273 Mich App at 398.

        The probate court erred when it reformed the purchase agreement for the Brittany Park
sale because the parties to the Brittany Park sale intended the purchase price and interest rate to
be the amounts delineated in the plain language of the purchase agreement. There is no evidence
that they intended anything different.

        Cathy argues that, regardless of the rules of contract, the probate court was permitted to
reform the purchase agreement for the Brittany Park sale pursuant to its broad power under MCL
700.7901 to remedy a breach of trust. Specifically, Cathy argues that the probate court could
“trace trust property wrongfully disposed of and recover the property or its proceeds” under
MCL 700.7901(2)(i). We disagree. MCL 700.7901 provides:

                (1) A violation by a trustee of a duty the trustee owes to a trust beneficiary
        is a breach of trust.

              (2) To remedy a breach of trust that has occurred or may occur, the court
        may do any of the following:

                (a) Compel the trustee to perform the trustee’s duties.

                (b) Enjoin the trustee from committing a breach of trust.

                (c) Compel the trustee to redress a breach of trust by paying money,
        restoring property, or other means.

                (d) Order a trustee to account.


                                                  -10-
              (e) Appoint a special fiduciary to take possession of the trust property and
       administer the trust.

               (f) Suspend the trustee.

               (g) Remove the trustee as provided in section 7706.

               (h) Reduce or deny compensation to the trustee.

              (i) Subject to section 7912, void an act of the trustee, impose a lien or a
       constructive trust on trust property, or trace trust property wrongfully disposed of
       and recover the property or its proceeds.

               (j) Order any other appropriate relief.

         The language of MCL 700.7901 makes no express reference to reformation. Rather,
through MCL 700.7901, the Legislature only empowered the probate court with authority to void
a sale, impose a lien or constructive trust on property, or recover property and its proceeds.

        Cathy also argues that reformation was permissible under the probate court’s authority to
“[o]rder any other appropriate relief” under MCL 700.7901(2)(j). This Court has defined
“appropriate” as “ ‘particularly suitable; fitting; compatible,’ ” or “ ‘[s]uitable for a particular
person, condition, occasion, or place; proper; fitting.’ ” Morinelli v Provident Life & Accident
Ins Co, 242 Mich App 255, 262; 617 NW2d 777 (2000), quoting Random House Webster’s
College Dictionary (2d ed, 1997), and The American Heritage Dictionary: Second College
Edition (1985). In this case, the reformation was not fitting because, as discussed earlier, the
Brittany Park sale did not fail to express the intent of the parties. An order to recover proceeds
from a sale could have been tailored to remedy the specific breach of fiduciary duty—here,
Robert’s and Jay’s complicity in managing the trust contrary to Rhea’s intent and without
appointing a co-trustee to protect the beneficiaries best interests—by ordering the responsible
parties to pay for any inequity. Moreover, the probate court’s chosen remedy was not particular
to the circumstances because the reformation affected the interests of Jay’s trust, Stuart, and
Rachel. There is no evidence in the record that Stuart and Rachel played a role in any improper
conduct. Reformation was not appropriate under the plain language of MCL 700.7901(2)(j).

        Cathy argues that the probate court’s contract reformation was appropriate as an incident
to its broad equitable powers. Cathy cites Evans v Grossi, 324 Mich 297, 305; 37 NW2d 111
(1949), for the proposition that a court of equity “may do whatever is necessary, not only for the
preservation of trust property but, also, whatever is necessary for the protection of the rights of
beneficiaries and the promotion of their interests.” But a court’s equity powers are not
unlimited. Our Supreme Court has explained that “[a]lthough courts undoubtedly possess
equitable power . . . [a] court’s equitable power is not an unrestricted license for the court to
engage in wholesale policymaking.” Devillers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 473 Mich 562, 590-591;
702 NW2d 539 (2005). “Equity jurisprudence mold[s] its decrees to do justice amid all the
vicissitudes and intricacies of life.” Tkachik, 487 Mich at 45-46 (second alteration in original;




                                                -11-
quotation marks and citation omitted). The probate court’s order did not weigh the intricacies of
the sale against the parties responsible for the misconduct, and it erred when it chose the remedy
of reformation of the Brittany Park purchase agreement.4

       In his brief on cross-appeal, Jay claims that he should now have the option to rescind the
Brittany Park agreement because of mistake or material change to the subject of the contract.
But a party who bears the risk of a mistake is not entitled to rescind the contract. Lenawee Co
Bd of Health v Messerly, 417 Mich 17, 30; 331 NW2d 203 (1982). In this case, the probate court
found that Jay was complicit in Robert’s breaches of his fiduciary duties. Therefore, it would not
be unreasonable to allocate the risk of mistake to Jay. However, the probate court did not
consider this issue and we will not decide it on appeal. The probate court should consider
whether rescinding the contract for mutual mistake is appropriate on remand.

        Jay also argues that the probate court could have treated the Brittany Park sale as a gift or
advance on future distributions. Indeed, under the terms of the Rhea Trust, the trustee was
permitted to make gifts to Rhea’s descendants for the best interests of Rhea, her family, and the
estate. Any gift was required to be “deemed a satisfaction of such legacy or distribution, pro
tanto, and that the gift or transfer made by the Trustee is not considered to be in addition to such
legacy or distribution.” Although MCL 700.7901(2)(j) authorizes the court to “[o]rder any other
appropriate relief,” it is for the probate court on remand, not this Court on review, to determine
whether treating the sale as a gift is particularly suited to the circumstances.

        Finally, Jay argues that the probate court incorrectly eliminated the discounts for lack of
marketability and control in the Brittany Park sale when it increased the purchase price. Because
we have concluded that the probate court’s reformation of the Brittany Park purchase agreement
was in error, we find it unnecessary to address the propriety of the marketability discounts at this
time. 5 Any remaining factual questions must be resolved on remand.




                      B. SETTING ASIDE THE OPTION AGREEMENT


4
  In light of this outcome, we decline to address Jay’s argument that no claim regarding the
Brittany Park sale was properly before the probate court because Robert was acting as a manager
of Brody Realty when he executed the sale, not as a trustee of the Rhea Trust.
5
  Robert and Jay also argue that the probate court violated Stuart’s and Rachel’s right to due
process by reforming the purchase agreement for the Brittany Park sale without giving Stuart and
Rachel notice and an opportunity to be heard regarding the matter. In light of our decision, it is
unnecessary to address this constitutional issue. Moreover, Stuart and Rachel have not
complained of any violation, and Robert and Jay do not have standing to assert Stuart’s and
Rachel’s due process claims on their behalf. Barrows v Jackson, 346 US 249, 255; 73 S Ct
1031, 1034; 97 L Ed 1586 (1953).


                                                -12-
       Robert and Jay also argue that the probate court improperly set aside an option agreement
entered between Robert and Jay granting Jay the option to purchase substantial amounts of the
Rhea Trust interest upon Rhea’s death. We disagree.

        In exchange for approximately $103,322 and $33,325.24, Robert sold Jay an option to
purchase “everything,” including the Rhea Trust’s interest in Brody Realty and the Macomb
Corporation, as well as the interest in Brody Realty and the Macomb Corporation held by
Robert’s trust. The period to exercise the option would begin on the nine-month anniversary of
Rhea’s death and end on the 15-year anniversary of her death. Due to the option’s existence, the
Rhea Trust’s assets would remain frozen until the option was exercised or the 15-year option
period had expired. The purchase price would be determined by the “fair market value of the
membership interests or capital stock . . . considering all applicable valuation discounts.” If Jay
exercised the option related to the Rhea Trust interest in Brody Realty, Jay would repay the
purchase price to the Rhea Trust in monthly payments over nine years at the midterm applicable
federal rate of interest. Pursuant to the option agreement, Jay also received an irrevocable
present proxy to vote Robert’s interest in Brody Realty, which prevented Robert from exercising
his rights to vote and directly conflicted with his responsibilities under the Rhea Trust:

       From the date of Rhea’s death until all the options provided under this agreement
       have expired, Rhea’s trust shall use all means at its disposal to ensure that Jay
       (and not Cathy Deutchman or Jim Deutchman) manages Brody Realty . . . and
       Macomb Management includes [sic] voting control of Brody Realty and Macomb,
       amending articles, by-laws, operating agreements and entering into all contracts
       including agreements to sell and property management agreements. To ensure the
       foregoing, Rhea’s Trust will provide Jay with irrevocable proxies to represent
       Rhea’s Trust at any meeting of the members or managers of Brody Realty and any
       meeting of the Macomb Shareholders.

The option agreement further provided:

       In the event Cathy Deutchman or James Deutchman, directly or indirectly,
       interfere with or attempt to interfere with Jay Brody’s rights under this agreement
       then the purchase price shall be reduced by $2 million, and Jay shall determine
       how this reduction in the purchase price shall be allocated.

The option agreement did not contain any provisions pertaining to Cathy’s interests in the Rhea
Trust or the family’s businesses. Cathy was not given the option to purchase the assets of the
trust.

        “Rescission of a contract is an equitable remedy to be exercised in the sound discretion of
the trial court.” Schmude Oil Co v Omar Operating Co, 184 Mich App 574, 586-587; 458
NW2d 659 (1990). Here, the probate court concluded that the option agreement was part of a
pattern of favoring Jay over Cathy. The probate court reasoned that the option’s delay of




                                               -13-
distribution to Cathy and the fact that the option was offered only to Jay, along with the present
proxy and the $2,000,000 penalty,6 supported this conclusion.

        On appeal, Robert and Jay argue that there is a question of fact regarding whether the
option favored Jay over Cathy. Robert argues that any discounts to the purchase price would
only be applied by an independent appraiser after determining the fair market value, and that
Cathy would not necessarily be disadvantaged by the repayment period if Jay exercised the
option. However, the probate court did not solely rely on either the discounts or the repayment
period in setting aside the option agreement. Rather, the probate court appropriately considered
the overall delay in distribution to Cathy, which ran contrary to the terms of the Rhea Trust.
Pursuant to the option agreement, Jay would be able to purchase the entire interest in Brody
Realty immediately upon exercising the option, while Cathy would not be paid for her interest
for 15 years.

        Jay suggests that the 15-year option period was not more beneficial to Jay than to Cathy,
and that distribution delays are allowed under the terms of the Rhea Trust. Jay is correct that,
under the trust, the trustee may “delay making the distributions and divisions . . . for a reasonable
period of time if the Trustee, in its sole discretion, determines that such delay will accomplish
one or more of the trust’s purposes.” Even if a 15-year delay is deemed a “reasonable period of
time” under the language of the trust, the delay itself affected Cathy and Jay unequally. Neither
Cathy’s nor Jay’s interests in Brody Realty would be distributed until the option was exercised or
expired. But Jay would enjoy the full control over the entity through the proxy during that
period. The inequity in that arrangement is clear. Additionally, the language of the option
agreement evidences a clear intent to favor Jay’s interests over Cathy’s, Robert’s, and the Rhea
Trust’s. Robert and Jay have failed to establish any error requiring reversal of the portion of the
order setting aside the option agreement.

        Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.


                                                              /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray




6
 Peripherally, the parties dispute whether the proxy and the $2,000,000 penalty in the option
agreement were permissible under Michigan law. We need not decide these questions because
we conclude that the probate court did not err when it set aside the option agreement containing
those provisions.


                                                -14-
