      MEMORANDUM DECISION
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be
      regarded as precedent or cited before any                                 Jan 29 2016, 6:29 am
      court except for the purpose of establishing
      the defense of res judicata, collateral
      estoppel, or the law of the case.


      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Christopher J. Petersen                                  Gregory F. Zoeller
      Elkhart, Indiana                                         Attorney General of Indiana
                                                               Larry D. Allen
                                                               Deputy Attorney General
                                                               Indianapolis, Indiana



                                                 IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Steven A. Bird,                                          January 29, 2016
      Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                               20A03-1503-CR-88
              v.                                               Appeal from the
                                                               Elkhart Superior Court
      State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Evan S. Roberts, Judge
                                                               Trial Court Cause No.
                                                               20D01-1402-FD-146



      Kirsch, Judge.


[1]   Following a jury trial, Steven A. Bird was convicted of Class D felony auto

      theft, Class D felony domestic battery in the presence of a child, and Class A


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016            Page 1 of 7
      misdemeanor invasion of privacy. He now appeals the auto theft conviction,1

      claiming that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to convict him.


[2]   We affirm.


                                   Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Cassandra Bird (“Wife”) and Bird married in 2011. They have one daughter,

      C.B. At the end of October 2013, Wife left Bird, moved into her parents’ home,

      and brought C.B. with her. Prior to the separation, in or around the summer of

      2013, Wife’s car broke down, and her parents gave her permission to use their

      1997 Geo Prism (“the Car”). While Wife and Bird were together, Wife

      sometimes allowed Bird to drive the Car. However, after Wife moved out in

      2013, she no longer allowed Bird to use the Car. At no time did Wife’s parents

      give Bird permission to use the Car. In fact, Wife’s father, David Williams

      (“David”), specifically told Bird that he was not allowed to “touch[] my

      property,” which included the Car. Tr. at 312.


[4]   Around 10:00 p.m. on February 14, 2014, Bird went to Wife’s place of

      employment to drop off C.B., following Bird’s exercise of visitation with her.

      Bird was waiting in his car in the parking lot, and C.B. was with him. 2 Bird




      1
        See Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2.5(b). We note that, effective July 1, 2014, the Indiana General Assembly enacted
      a new version of this criminal statute. Because Bird committed his offenses in February 2014, we apply the
      statute in effect at that time.
      2
       Upon separation, Wife had obtained a protective order against Bird. Among other things, the protective
      order required that Bird’s parenting time with C.B. be supervised. State’s Ex. 17. During most previous
      visitation exchanges, Bird’s uncle was present. However, this time, Bird was alone with C.B. in the Car.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016            Page 2 of 7
      texted Wife before she left work and told her that his car had a flat tire and was

      out of gasoline, and he “begged” Wife for a ride to his cousin’s apartment; Wife

      saw the flat tire and agreed to give Bird a ride. Id. at 442.


[5]   When they arrived at the apartment, Bird refused to get out of the Car, and he

      attempted to talk to Wife about the separation and protective order. Wife did

      not want to discuss it, particularly with C.B. asleep in the back seat. Bird

      argued with Wife, and C.B. woke up and began to scream. Bird then grabbed

      Wife’s head and shoved it against the interior wall of the Car where the plastic

      cover to the seat belt was located. After that, Wife saw that Bird had what

      appeared to her to be a hunting knife, which he held to her chin. Bird laughed

      and said he was going to slit her throat. Wife grabbed the knife and threw it out

      the window, which was cracked open. Bird then opened the car door and

      pushed and kicked Wife out of the Car. He then drove away with C.B. in the

      back seat.


[6]   Wife began walking to find help. It was very cold outside, and Wife was

      without a coat. She attempted to gain assistance at a couple of locations,

      unsuccessfully, and as she walked, Bird periodically returned in the Car. He

      would “leave and come back and . . . leave and come back[.]” Id. at 454. One

      time, he got out of the Car and poured bottles of water on her; other times, he

      threatened her, and at one point, Bird drove the vehicle onto the sidewalk,

      opened the car door, and hit Wife in the stomach. He continued to drive away

      and return, making threats and attempting to injure Wife. He threw her in a

      snowbank, slapped her, and hit her leg with the Car. He continued to follow

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016   Page 3 of 7
      Wife and scream at her. He would not allow Wife to take C.B. out of the Car.

      Wife eventually arrived at her parents’ home and called 911. Police later

      located Bird, who was sitting in the driver’s seat of the Car, while it was

      running and parked in an alley, and the officer arrested him.


[7]   The State charged Bird with Count I, Class D felony domestic battery in the

      presence of a child; Count II, Class D felony auto theft; and Count III, Class A

      misdemeanor invasion of privacy. A jury trial was held, and Bird appeared by

      counsel, but failed to appear in person. Wife testified that, because her car was

      “broken down,” her parents had given her permission to drive the Car. Tr. at

      437. She conceded that, “when things were good” between Bird and her, she

      let him drive the Car, but she did not let him use it after she sought and

      obtained the November 2013 protective order. Id. Wife explained that there

      was one occasion, sometime after November 2013, when she left the Car at

      Bird’s aunt’s home, where C.B. was having visitation with Bird. Wife told the

      aunt that only she could use the Car, if necessary, while Wife was at work, but

      that Bird was not allowed to drive it.


[8]   Wife’s father, David, also testified. He stated he and his wife gave Wife

      permission to use the Car, but at no time did they ever give Bird permission to

      use it. David stated that Bird “knew he didn’t have my permission to drive that

      car,” because David had told Bird, while the two of them were at some point

      discussing a “situation” involving the Car, that “I didn’t want him touching my

      property.” Id. at 312.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016   Page 4 of 7
[9]    The jury found Bird guilty as charged. He now appeals the auto theft

       conviction.


                                      Discussion and Decision
[10]   Bird’s sole argument on appeal is that the evidence was insufficient to support

       his auto theft conviction. When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, we

       neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility, considering instead

       only the evidence supporting the conviction and any reasonable inferences that

       the factfinder may have drawn from that evidence. Donovan v. State, 937

       N.E.2d 1223, 1224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied; Gonzalez v. State, 908

       N.E.2d 338, 340 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). We will affirm if there is probative

       evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty

       beyond a reasonable doubt. Donovan, 937 N.E.2d at 1224. Circumstantial

       evidence alone may support a conviction if inferences may reasonably be drawn

       that allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

       Gonzalez, 908 N.E.2d at 340.


[11]   To convict Bird of Class D felony auto theft, the State was required to prove

       beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly or intentionally exerted

       unauthorized control over the motor vehicle of another person, with intent to

       deprive the owners of the vehicle’s value or use. Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2.5(b).

       Here, Bird was charged with “knowingly exert[ing] unauthorized control over

       the motor vehicle of . . . David Williams, with the intent to deprive David

       Williams of value or use of said vehicle.” Appellant’s App. at 14. Bird contends


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016   Page 5 of 7
       on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to convict him, claiming that

       because in the past he had driven the Car, he did not exert “unauthorized

       control” when he forced Wife out of the Car and drove away with it. He also

       claims that because he took the Car from Wife, who was borrowing the Car

       from her parents, the owners were not deprived of its use or value. We are not

       persuaded by either argument.


[12]   On the night in question, Wife was using the Car with her parents’ permission.

       At no time had her parents given Bird permission to use the Car. In fact, David

       had told Bird that he was not to touch his property, which included the Car. By

       pushing Wife out of the Car against her will, and driving away with it, Bird

       clearly exerted unauthorized control over the Car, which he knew was owned

       by Wife’s parents. Bird notes that Wife, in the past, sometimes allowed him to

       drive the Car, and he suggests that those “instances of authority to use the

       vehicle” constituted authorization for him to use it on the night in question.

       Appellant’s Br. at 5. However, whether he sometimes drove the Car prior to the

       parties’ separation in October 2013 is neither relevant nor determinative as to

       whether he exercised unauthorized control over it in February 2014, which was

       well after the parties’ separation and after Wife had obtained a protective order

       against him.


[13]   Bird also asserts that, because Wife was borrowing the Car, “only [Wife] could

       be said to have been deprived of [the] use or value[.]” Id. Stated differently, he

       argues, “[T]he owners deprived themselves of the use of and value of [the Car]

       by lending the car to [Wife].” Id. We reject this claim. Wife was the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016   Page 6 of 7
       authorized user of the Car pursuant to the owners’ express permission; her

       permissive use was not the equivalent of deprivation of its use or value.

       Moreover, as the State points out, “To support a theft conviction, the State is

       not required to prove ownership ‘in the title sense.’” State’s Br. at 8-9 (citing

       Raines v. State, 514 N.E.2d 298, 299 (Ind. 1987)). Rather, it is sufficient “if the

       evidence shows the alleged owner to be properly in possession[.]” Id. We

       recognize that Raines was addressing our theft statute, not the auto theft statute,

       but as the language of the statutes is virtually identical, it follows that the same

       reasoning applies in the auto theft context. See Girdler v. State, 932 N.E.2d 769,

       771 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (recognizing that because language of theft and auto

       theft statutes is virtually identical, there was “no reason why a different rule of

       law would apply to theft/receiving stolen property as would apply to auto

       theft/receiving stolen auto parts”). Here, Wife was properly in possession of

       the Car pursuant to the owners’ permission, Bird forcefully took it from her,

       and he thereby deprived the owners of its use or value. The evidence is

       sufficient to sustain Bird’s conviction for auto theft.


[14]   Affirmed.


       Mathias, J., and Brown, J, concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1503-CR-88 | January 29, 2016   Page 7 of 7
