                               ATTORNEY GENERALOF                        TEXAS
                                            GREG        ABBOTT


                                                August 182005



The Honorable Leticia Van de Putte, R. Ph.                      Opinion No. GA-0347
Chair, Committee on Veteran Affairs
    and Military Installations                                  Re: Correct interpretation   of the Texas
Texas State Senate                                              citizenship requirement in Education Code
Post Office Box 12068                                           section 54.203 (RQ-0309-GA)
Austin, Texas 787 1 l-2068

Dear Senator Van de Putte:

        You ask how to correctly interpret the Texas citizenship              requirement     in Education     Code
section 54.203.’

        Section 54.203(a) requires an institution of higher education’s             governing board to exempt

                 the following persons from the payment of all dues, fees, and charges,
                 including fees for correspondence courses but excluding property
                 deposit fees, student services fees, and any fees or charges for
                 lodging, board, or clothing, provided the persons seeking the
                 exemptions were citizens of Texas at the time they entered the
                 services indicated and have resided in Texas for at least the period of
                 12 months before the date of registration:

                        (1) all nurses and honorably discharged members of the
                 armed forces of the United States who served during the Spanish-
                 American War or during World War I;

                         (2) all nurses, members of the Women’s Army Auxiliary
                 Corps, members of the Women’s Auxiliary Volunteer Emergency
                 Service, and all honorably discharged members of the armed forces
                 of the United States who served during World War II . . . ;

                          (3) all honorably discharged men and women of the armed
                  forces of the United States who served during the national emergency



            ‘See Letter from Honorable Leticia Van de Putte, R. Ph., Chair, Committee on Veteran Affairs and Military
Installations, Texas State Senate, to Honorable Greg Abbott, Texas Attorney General (Jan. 10, 2005) (on file with the
Opinion Committee, also avaiZubZeat http://www.oag.state.tx.us)     [hereinafter Request Letter].
The Honorable Leticia Van de Putte, R. Ph. - Page 2                  (GA-0347)




                 which began on June 27,1950, and which is referred to as the Korean
                 War; and

                           (4) all persons who were honorably discharged from the
                 armed forces of the United States after serving on active military duty
                 . . . for more than 180 days and who served a portion of their active
                 duty during:

                                 (A)    the Cold War. . . ;

                                 (B)    the Vietnam era . . . ;

                                 (C)    the Grenada and Lebanon era . . . ;

                                 (D)    the Panama era . . . ;

                                 (E)    the Persian Gulf War . . . ;

                                 (F) the national emergency by reason of
                          certain terrorist attacks that began on September 11,
                          2001; or

                                 (G) any future national emergency declared in
                           accordance with federal law.*

TEX. EDUC.CODEANN. 4 54.203(a)3 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05) (emphasis       added). Under subsection
(d), “every applicant claiming the benefit of an exemption” must prove that he or she “fulfills the
necessary citizenship and residency requirements.” Id. 4 54.203(d).

          You indicate that institutions and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (the
“Board”) “interpret the criterion of Texas citizenship to mean residing in Texas for 12 months
immediately prior to entering the military.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; see also FISCAL
NOTE,Tex. S.B. 392,79th Leg., R.S. (2005) (stating that eliminating the statutory “requirement that
a military veteran be a resident of Texas at the time of enlistment . . . will cost higher education
institutions revenue beginning in fiscal year 2006 and the state beginning in fiscal year 2008”);
SENATESUBCOMM.ON HIGHEREDUC., BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. S.B. 392, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005)
(stating that, “[hlistorically,” the Board has interpreted the statutory citizenship requirement “as a
12-month residency period prior to entering the military”). You question the correctness of this


          ‘We use the term “veteran” to encompass members of the United States armed forces as well as nurses and
members of the women’s auxiliaries who are included under section 54.203(a)(1)-(2). See TEX. EDUC. CODEANN. $
54.203(a)(1)-(2) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).

          ‘The Seventy-ninth Legislature, by the passage of House Bill 503, renumbered the previous subsection (F) as
subsection(G) and inserted a new subsection(F).   The bill was signed into law and became effective May 20,2005. See
Act of May 10, 2005, 79th Leg., RX, H.B. 503, 5 1 (to be codified at TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 9 54.203(F)-(G)).
The Honorable Leticia Van de Putte, R. Ph. - Page 3            (GA-0347)




interpretation. You believe it significant that section 54.203 requires “both Texas citizenship and
residency,” which may indicate, you continue, “that lawmakers viewed citizenship and residency as
distinct requirements.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. According to your argument, the distinct
citizenship and residency requirements may have been “conflated because” the statute does not
expressly define the phrase “citizen of Texas.” Id.

         As you suggest, section 54.203 does not define the phrase “citizen of Texas.” See id.; see
also TEX. EDUC. CODEANN. 3 54.203 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). Although several other statutes refer
to “citizens of Texas” or “citizens of this state,” only the Alcoholic Beverage Code defines it: “In
this code . . . ‘[clitizen of Texas’ and ‘citizen of this state’ mean a person who is a citizen of both
the United States and Texas.” TEX. ALCO. BEV. CODEANN. 3 1.04(20) (Vernon 1995); see, e.g.,
TEX. AGRIC.CODEANN. 3 55.002(b)( 1) (V emon 2004) (stating that an incorporator of a cooperative
credit association must “be a citizen of this state”); TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 0 58.002(a)(l)(B)
(Vernon 1996) (limiting the term “resident physician” to citizens of Texas); TEX. GOV’T CODEANN.
5 306.004(a) (Vernon 1998) (limiting the public disclosure of communication between “a citizen of
this state” and a member of the legislature or the lieutenant governor). While a definition from the
Alcoholic Beverage Code does not necessarily apply in the context of the Education Code, we
believe the definition is helpful in clarifying that a citizen of Texas must be a United States citizen.
Otherwise, the Alcoholic Beverage Code is tautological, defining the term “citizen of Texas” as a
citizen of Texas.

        This office observed in Attorney General Opinion WW-575, in the context of construing a
statute relating to a person’s eligibility for public welfare benefits, that “a citizenship requirement
is more restrictive than a mere residence requirement.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. WW-575 (1959)
at 7. And in Attorney General Opinion H-481, this office considered the phrase “citizen of this
State” in the statute setting out eligibility standards for appointments to the position of notary public,
under which only “a citizen of this State” was eligible for appointment. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No.
H-48 1 (1974) at 2. Opinion H-48 1 concludes that a citizen of Texas is “a citizen of the United States
and a resident of Texas.” Id. at 3.

          We believe Opinion H-481’s construction applies to Education Code section 54.203(a) as
well. This construction maintains a distinction between section 54.203(a)‘s citizenship requirement
and the requirement that the veteran have “resided in Texas for at least the period of 12 months
before the date of registration.” TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 5 54.203(a) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).
Consequently, on its face, section 54.203(a) exempts from the payment of higher-education tuition
and certain fees a veteran who (1) was a United States citizen and a Texas resident at the time he or
she entered the service and (2) has resided in Texas for at least 12 months “before the date of
registration.”    Id. The phrase “[tlhe date of registration” refers to the date of the veteran’s
registration in an institution of higher education. See id. 5 54.009 (prohibiting an institution of
higher education from raising tuition once a student has registered for a semester or summer term);
see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. O-4200 (1941) at 3 (construing the statutory predecessor to section
54.203(a) to require a veteran to have lived in the state for 12 months before registering in a
particular institution of higher education). Only the residency requirement is attached to a 12-month
requirement; the statute does not specify any particular length of time that a veteran must have been
a Texas citizen at the time he or she entered the service.
The Honorable Leticia Van de Putte, R. Ph. - Page 4          (GA-0347)




                                        SUMMARY

                        The phrase “citizen of Texas” in section 54.203(a) of the
               Education Code refers to a person who is a United States citizen and
               who resides in Texas. Thus, on its face, section 54.203(a) exempts
               from the payment of higher-education        tuition and certain fees a
               veteran who (1) was a United States citizen and a Texas resident at
               the time he or she entered the service and (2) has resided in Texas for
               at least 12 months “before the date of registration” in an institution of
               higher education.




BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

DON R. WILLETT
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Kymberly K. Oltrogge
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
