      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

                         IN AND FOR KENT COUNTY

STATE OF DELAWARE                     )
                                      )
      v.                              )
                                      )
                                      )
MARLOW E. HOLMES,                     )
1501015446                            )
                                      )
            Defendant.                )

                           Submitted: August 3, 2015
                           Decided: September 3, 2015

                                    OPINION

               UPON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS
                           GRANTED

Zachary A. George, Esquire, Department of Justice, for the State.

J’Aime L. Walker, Public Defender’s Office, for the Defendant

CLARK, J.


                              I. INTRODUCTION

      Before the Court is Marlow Holmes’ (“Defendant’s”) Motion to Suppress all

evidence seized as a result of what the Defendant alleges was an unlawful search and

seizure of his person and property following a traffic stop that coincided with an

independent undercover drug investigation. The Defendant argues that the evidence
was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution

and Article I, §6 of the Delaware Constitution. A suppression hearing was held on

August 3, 2015. At the hearing, the State called one witness to testify– the officer in

charge of the undercover drug investigation. The State did not present as witnesses

the officers involved in the traffic stop or subsequent search and arrest at issue. The

primary issues in this case involve whether the State’s burden in a motion to suppress

can be met solely by hearsay and whether the circumstances of this case require

application of the collective knowledge doctrine. The presentation of evidence at this

suppression hearing provided the inverse of the typical situation involving an

undercover officer. Here, the undercover officer provided all of the testimony and

the arresting and searching officers did not appear or testify at the hearing. In light

of the law, the facts of this case, and the parties’ submissions, the Defendant's motion

is GRANTED.

                             II. FINDINGS OF FACT

      All testimony and evidence in the suppression motion came from the testimony

of Detective Scott Hurd (“Detective Hurd”). In early January 2015, Detective Hurd

was working undercover as a part of the Dover Police Department’s Drug Vice and

Organized Crime Unit. At that time, Detective Hurd was contacted by a confidential




                                           2
informant1 (“CI”) who told him that a black male known as Carolina was selling

cocaine in the downtown Dover area. According to the CI, the man in question had

a prosthetic leg which he used to store and transport cocaine. The CI also informed

Detective Hurd that Carolina drove a blue Ford Crown Victoria with Delaware

registration HP31970. With that information, Detective Hurd conducted a Delaware

Criminal Justice inquiry check that confirmed Defendant Holmes as the registered

owner of the Crown Victoria. Pursuant to that inquiry, Detective Hurd obtained a

picture of Defendant Holmes. Detective Hurd showed the picture to the CI who

positively identified Defendant Holmes as Carolina. A month long investigation of

Carolina followed which culminated on the date in question.

        On January 26, 2015, the CI contacted Detective Hurd and informed him that

the Defendant was in possession of cocaine on Division Street in Dover. Detective

Hurd used the CI’s cell phone to contact the Defendant. According to Detective

Hurd, the Defendant confirmed that he was in possession of cocaine and asked how

much Detective Hurd needed. Detective Hurd asked for a “ball game” which is slang

for 3.5 grams of cocaine. The Defendant said he did not have the requested quantity




        1
            According to Detective Hurd’s testimony, the CI, known as No. 496, was past-proven and
reliable.

                                                 3
at that time, but would go to Smyrna to meet with his “people”2 and return in

approximately an hour with the requested drugs.

        Meanwhile, Detective Hurd and his partner established surveillance in the 300

block of Division Street and identified the Defendant. They observed the Defendant

get into the front passenger seat of a white Chevrolet Tahoe with Delaware

registration. The Tahoe headed West on Division Street and Detective Hurd and his

partner followed. The Tahoe then stopped at the Dover Express Gas Station and the

Hamlet Shopping Center before entering northbound Route One toward Smyrna.

        From there, Detective Hurd followed the Tahoe onto Northbound Route One

and then onto Southbound Route 13 via the North Smyrna exit. From Route 13, the

Tahoe pulled into the Shore Stop Gas station. All the occupants remained in the

vehicle and after a few minutes, the Tahoe left the Shore Stop gas station and

continued Southbound on Route 13 before entering the Valero gas station in Smyrna.

Detective Hurd observed the Defendant exit the vehicle and enter the business

through a side door. After a few minutes, the Defendant returned to the vehicle which

then proceeded North again on Route 13 to the Shore Stop gas station for a second

time.



        2
          According to Detective Hurd’s testimony, “people” is a common term in the drug world
for a dealer’s source of supply.

                                              4
      Detective Hurd watched as the vehicle parked at the gas pumps. The driver

exited the Tahoe and entered the business. Meanwhile, the Defendant exited the

vehicle and walked to a white Chevrolet Silverado parked at the adjacent fuel pump

and entered the front passenger seat. The Defendant remained in the Silverado for

a few minutes before exiting and returning to the Tahoe. The Tahoe exited the gas

station and Detective Hurd followed it. As the Tahoe entered Southbound Route

One, Detective Hurd continued to follow it toward Dover.

      According to Detective Hurd, based on his training and six years of undercover

experience, he believed he had just witnessed the Defendant meet his cocaine

supplier. His belief was grounded in the information described above.

      Detective Hurd testified adamantly that he did not relay the above-mentioned

information to other officers, however. There was no testimony at the hearing

involving contact between Detective Hurd and any other officer. In the police report,

attached as an exhibit to Defendant’s Motion to Suppress, there was a single reference

addressing contact among officers. That lone reference stated that Detective Hurd

radioed other officers when he entered Southbound Route 1 to return to Dover to

make them, including Officer Martinek, “aware of our location.” No other testimony,

evidence, or reference in the police report evidences the sharing of any of the above-

mentioned information. In fact, the testimony at the hearing conclusively established

                                          5
this information was not relayed to other officers outside the undercover vehicle.

      Detective Hurd next testified that Officer Martinek, from the Dover Police

Department, independently observed a seatbelt violation in the Tahoe and stopped

the Tahoe. Due to his undercover capacity, Detective Hurd did not participate in the

stop but watched from a distance of approximately fifty yards. Detective Hurd did

not witness any facts relevant to a seatbelt violation in the Tahoe at issue.

      At some point after the stop of the vehicle by Officer Martinek, Detective

Hurd, still from approximately fifty yards away, observed as Officer Hannon and his

K-9 partner arrived on scene and conducted a sniff of the vehicle. At that time, all

of the occupants were removed from the vehicle. Detective Hurd testified that he was

later informed that the dog alerted the presence of drugs on the front passenger side

door of the Tahoe. Detective Hurd also testified that the officers later informed him

that at the scene they performed background checks on the occupants. Detective

Hurd did not recall the results of the checks. The officers on the scene, not Detective

Hurd, made the decision to take the occupants and the vehicle into custody. Detective

Hurd was unable to testify as to who made the decision for the arrest or the precise

reason for it. He did testify, however, that Officer Stagg later told him that officer

safety was an issue and that the Defendant appeared to be extremely nervous while

still in the vehicle and repeatedly asked to use the bathroom.

                                          6
       The occupants and the vehicle were transported to the Dover Police

Department so a thorough search could be conducted. Once there, Detective Hurd

searched the vehicle but no contraband was located. According to Detective Hurd,

he was told that at some point, his supervisor, Detective Dickinson authorized strip

searches of all the vehicle’s occupants. Detective Hurd indicated he was not present

when the decision was made and did not recall the reasons that were given for

performing the strip searches. He was told by fellow officers that a search of the

Defendant uncovered a clear knotted plastic bag hidden in his left prosthetic leg, and

that a field test returned positive for cocaine at which point the Defendant was read

his Miranda rights. The Defendant was then charged with Aggravated Possession,

Drug Dealing, and Possession of Drug Paraphernalia.

                           III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In evaluating a motion to suppress evidence seized during a warrantless search

or seizure, the State bears the burden of establishing that the challenged search or

seizure was performed in a manner so as to protect the individual rights guaranteed

by the United States Constitution, the Delaware Constitution and state statutes.3 The

State must persuade the Court that an initial stop, arrest and search were lawful by a



       3
         State v. Chandler, 2015 WL 1731508, at *3 (Del.Super. April 2, 2015)(citing Hunter v.
State, 783 A.2d 558, 560(Del. 2001)).

                                              7
preponderance of the evidence.4

                                          IV. DISCUSSION

          A.       Legal standard for a traffic stop

          The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section

6 of the Delaware Constitution, protect individuals from unreasonable searches and

seizures.5 When it comes to a traffic stop, “the State must demonstrate that the stop

and any subsequent police investigation were reasonable under the circumstances.

First, the stop must be justified at its inception by reasonable suspicion of criminal

activity as defined in Terry v. Ohio.”6 Delaware courts consistently define reasonable

suspicion as an “officer's ability to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken

together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.”7

Courts must evaluate the intrusion “through the eyes of a reasonable, trained police

officer in the same or similar circumstances, combining objective facts with such an




          4
        Id. (Citing State v. Abel, 2011 WL 5221276, at *2 (Del. Super. Oct.31, 2011) aff’d, 68 A.3d
1228 (Del. 2012), as Amended (Jan.22, 2013)).
          5
              U.S. Const. amend. IV; Del. Const. art. I, § 6.
          6
         Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d 1037, 1045-46 (Del. 2001) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
16–19 (1968) ( “[T]he police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which,
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.”)).
          7
              Chandler, 2015 WL 1731508, at *4 (quoting Holden v. State, 23 A.3d 843, 847 (Del.
2011)).

                                                     8
officer's subjective interpretation of those facts.”8

       B.        Legal standard for a warrantless arrest where arresting officers had
                 personal knowledge

       In Delaware, a police officer is authorized to make a warrantless arrest for a

felony when there is “reasonable ground to believe that the person to be arrested has

committed a felony ...” “[R]easonable ground to believe,” as used in that statute, has

been construed to mean probable cause.9

       Probable cause “is an elusive concept which avoids precise definition.... It lies

somewhere between suspicion and sufficient evidence to convict."10 Furthermore,

“[a]rresting officers have ‘probable cause’ to make an arrest ... whenever the facts

and circumstances within the officers' knowledge and of which they had reasonably

trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent person in believing that

the arrestees had committed or were committing an offense." 11 The test involves a




       8
         Holden v. State, 23 A.3d 843, 847 (Del. 2011) (citing Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856, 861
(Del. 1999) (emphasis added).
       9
            Thompson v. State, 539 A.2d 1055, 1056 (Del. 1988) (citing 11 Del. C. §1904(b)(1).
       10
            State v. Maxwell, 624 A.2d 926, 929 (Del. 1993) (internal quotations omitted).
       11
         State v. Manley, 706 A.2d 535, 538-39 (Del. Super. 1996) (internal citations
omitted)(emphasis added); see also, Carter v. State, 814 A.2d 443, 445 (Del. 2002) ("For an
arresting officer to have probable cause, the officer's knowledge must be sufficient for a prudent
person to believe that an individual had committed or was committing an offense.") (emphasis
added).

                                                  9
case-by-case analysis of the “totality of the circumstances.”12 As such, “police are

only required to present facts which suggest, when those facts are viewed under the

totality of the circumstances, that there is a fair probability that the defendant has

committed a crime.”13

       C.         Legal standard for a warrantless arrest where arresting officer’s
                  justification in based on knowledge communicated by fellow
                  officers.

       Arresting officers are “entitled to rely on information relayed to [them] through

official channels when arresting [a suspect].”14 In other words, “[t]he arresting officer

himself need not be apprised of the underlying circumstances which gave rise to a

conclusion of probable cause.”15 An arresting officer is free to “act in the belief that

his fellow officer's judgment is correct.”16 However, if “no officer connected to the

arrest knows the facts which might justify it, [i.e., probable cause] no officer




       12
           Maxwell, 624 A.2d at 928; see also Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 479 (1963)
(“The quantum of information which constitutes probable cause—evidence which ‘would warrant
a man of reasonable caution in the belief' that a felony has been committed—must be measured by
the facts of the particular case.").
       13
            Maxwell, 624 A.2d at 930.
       14
            State v. Cooley, 457 A.2d 352, 355 (Del. 1983).
       15
            Id.
       16
            Id.

                                                10
exercises the judgment required as a substitute for judicial approval.”17 In the

absence of communication amongst a team of officers, the stop or arrest of an

individual by an officer not possessing any such knowledge is improper.18

       D.         Detective Hurd had the personal knowledge sufficient to establish
                  probable cause, but it was not relayed to the arresting officers.

       In the present case, the State’s only witness was Detective Hurd. At the

suppression hearing, the thrust of the State’s case centered on the information

obtained by Detective Hurd during his undercover investigation and surveillance of

the Defendant. In light of the aforementioned legal principles, the Court is persuaded

that Detective Hurd had personal knowledge sufficient to support a finding of

probable cause which would have allowed him, or someone at his direction, to arrest

the Defendant without a warrant.19 However, Detective Hurd did not participate in



       17
            Id. (Emphasis added).
       18
            Id.
       19
          As indicated above, Detective Hurd had six years experience as an undercover drug
investigator. On the day in question, Detective Hurd was informed that the Defendant was dealing
cocaine in the Dover area from a past-proven, reliable source. The Defendant was personally
contacted by Detective Hurd and corroborated the fact that he was selling cocaine. The Defendant
himself provided Detective Hurd with his plan to travel to Smyrna and back to acquire the requested
amount of cocaine. Meanwhile, Detective Hurd established surveillance of the Defendant and
followed him on the trip to Smyrna as described. Along the way, the Tahoe carrying the Defendant
stopped for gas in Dover. By the time the Tahoe reached Smyrna, it stopped at two more gas
stations– one of them twice–without getting gas. On the last stop, the Defendant was observed
entering a vehicle parked at an adjacent pump for a brief period of time. After the meeting, the
Defendant got back in the Tahoe and headed directly back to Dover.

                                                11
the stop or subsequent arrest of the Defendant.                       Because the legality of any

warrantless arrest hinges on what was known by the arresting officer at the time of

the arrest, Detective Hurd’s testimony can only be considered if that information was

known by the arresting officers. In other words, if the information uncovered during

Detective Hurd’s investigation was never relayed to his fellow officers, it logically

could not have formed a basis for the arresting officers’ probable cause determination.

          This aspect of the suppression motion is controlled by State v. Cooley.20 In that

case, the Delaware Supreme Court determined whether probable cause existed to

arrest a Defendant and to administer an intoxilyzer test in a driving under the

influence case. On the night in question, in Cooley, State Trooper Shamany arrived

on scene and identified the Defendant as a driver of one of the vehicles involved in

an accident.21 At the scene, Trooper Shamany detected a strong smell of alcohol on

the Defendant’s breath and noted that he appeared to be incoherent.22 Trooper

Shamany helped him into a police car but did not place him under arrest or mention

that he was being detained pending investigation into the accident.23 Other officers


          20
               Cooley, 457 A.2d at 353.
          21
               Id.
          22
               Id.
          23
               Id. (The Court determined that the Defendant was not taken into custody or arrested at that
time.).

                                                      12
arrived on site to aid in the investigation.

      Witnesses on the scene were identified and directed to the nearby State Police

Troop for statements. Two of the witnesses offered to take the Defendant with them

to the Troop, and Trooper Shamany accepted their offer.24 Sometime thereafter, one

of the other officers who later arrived at the scene, Corporal McDerby, established

radio contact with the Troop and directed the desk sergeant, Sergeant Thompson, to

arrest the Defendant when he arrived for driving under the influence of alcohol.

      Sergeant Thompson, at the Troop desk, had no firsthand knowledge to justify

the Defendant’s arrest. The focus of the Court’s inquiry shifted to whether the

directing officer, Corporal McDerby, had probable cause to order the arrest of the

Defendant.25 In carefully reviewing the facts, the Supreme Court held in that case that

since Trooper Shamany (1) was the only officer possessing sufficient facts to reach

a conclusion regarding probable cause and (2) she did not communicate them to either

Thompson or McDerby, and furthermore (3) Trooper Shamany did not direct the

Defendant’s arrest, that there was not probable cause for such an arrest.26 Because

of the absence of communication between officers, it followed that the defendant was


      24
           Id.
      25
           Id. at 355.
      26
           Id.

                                           13
arrested without probable cause. Defendant’s arrest at the Troop by an officer

possessing neither facts shared with him by an officer regarding probable cause nor

an order by a fellow officer possessing such information violated both the United

States and Delaware Constitutions.27

       The Delaware Supreme Court, in Cooley, also rejected the State's alternative

argument that even if the arresting officer, Thompson, did not have knowledge of

sufficient facts amounting to probable cause, Shamany's knowledge could

nevertheless be imputed to Thompson since "the collective knowledge of an entire

organization may be imputed to an individual officer....”28 In rejecting that argument,

while recognizing the viability of the collective knowledge doctrine, the Court

explained that the

       State misunderstands that principle here. To say in the abstract that
       probable cause is to be evaluated on the basis of the collective
       information of the police ignores the underlying assumption—and
       factual reality—that there is some communication between those
       officers, who do know facts amounting to probable cause, and those who
       do not....[I]nformation scattered among various officers in a police
       department cannot substitute for possession of the necessary facts by a
       single officer related to the arrest. 29



       27
            Id. at 356 (internal citations omitted).
       28
            Id. at 355 (quoting State v. Schoenbneelt, 368 A.2d 117, 119 (Conn. 1976)).
       29
         Id. at 355-56 (quoting Com. v. Gambit, 418 A.2d 554, 557 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1980) aff'd, 462
A.2d 211 (Pa. 1983)).

                                                   14
The Court reasoned that the collective knowledge doctrine appropriately applied in

situations where information held by several officers is actually (not constructively)

pooled to make a probable cause determination.30

         In summary, on a motion to suppress challenging the sufficiency of a stop or

warrantless arrest for lack of probable cause, the State can satisfy its burden in one

of two ways. The State can present evidence that the arresting officers themselves

possessed the requisite knowledge to establish probable cause, or by introducing

evidence that a fellow police officer with the requisite knowledge communicated that

information to, and/or directed the officers on scene to make the arrest. Under the

latter, the State must persuade the Court that the requisite knowledge was in fact

communicated in order to rely upon the collective knowledge doctrine. Otherwise,

it follows that the arresting officer acted without reasonable suspicion or probable

cause.

         Turning to the record in the case at hand, there is no evidence that the arresting

officers had the benefit of Detective Hurd’s information or that they arrested the

Defendant at his direction. In fact, Detective Hurd adamantly maintained that he did

not relay this information. The sole reference to any communication between the

officers is found in Detective Hurd’s police report, attached to Defendant’s Motion


         30
              Id.

                                             15
as “Exhibit A.” According to the report, while following the Defendant back to

Dover, Detective Hurd “contacted Officer Anthony Digirolomo, Aaron Dickinson,

Chris Bumgarner, Peter Martinek, Josh Boesenberg, Daniel Stagg, Thomas Hannon

and K-9 partner Mina to making [sic] them aware of our location.” Any potential

inference suggesting that the aforementioned notation is evidence that Detective Hurd

relayed the results of his undercover investigation to his fellow officers, or that it

played a roll in the initial stop and events that followed, is contradicted by his

testimony.

      During the suppression hearing, the following exchange took place on direct-

examination:

      Q.     All right. On the traffic stop topic, what was the reason for the stop?
      A.     I believe Officer Martinek observed a seatbelt violation.
      Q.     Okay.
                                    .     .     .
      Q.     Did Martinek tell you about the seatbelt violation?
      A.     Yes, he did.
      Q.     Was he the one that conducted the actual stop?
      A.     There were several officers there that conducted the traffic stop.
      Q.     Who lead them, though?
      A.     I believe it was Officer Martinek.
      Q.     Did you arrive immediately or shortly after the stop?
      A.     I did not go to the actual traffic stop location. I observed it from an
             undisclosed location due to my undercover capacity.

On cross-examination, Detective Hurd further testified as follows:


                                         16
      Q.     And was that your decision, to take him into custody at that time, or was
             that Officer Martinek?
      A.     There was never really a conversation that was taking place between he
             and I. You'd have to ask Officer Martinek on that scene because he
             might -- I do know that Officer Stagg observed him becoming extremely
             nervous, Mr. Holmes, and he was trying to use the bathroom at that time.
             So for safety concerns for the officers, I know he was taken into
             custody. I never said, take him into custody.
      Q.     Okay.
      A.     If that’s what you’re looking for.
      Q.     Okay. And you never had a conversation with any of the officers
             conducting the traffic stop regarding taking any of the parties present in
             the vehicle into custody at that time?
      A.     That's correct. I did not have any conversation.
                                      .     .     .
      Q.     Okay. Who authorized the strip search of everyone in the vehicle?
      A.     Our supervisor at the time, Detective Aaron Dickinson.
      Q.     And do you recall the reasons that were requested to conduct that strip
             search?
      A.     I don't recall the reasonings of the –
      Q.     I'm sorry?
      A.     No, I don't recall the reasonings. Of the strip search?
      Q.     Yes.
      A.     I do not recall that. I don't know who -- I don't know who even to ask,
             to be honest with you, because I wasn't back to the police department yet
             when they brought everyone back.

      As indicated above, while arresting officers “need not be apprised of the

underlying circumstances which gave rise to a conclusion of probable cause” and are

"entitled to rely on information relayed to [them] through official channels when

arresting [a suspect]", a condition precedent requires that the arresting officers receive



                                           17
the information in the first place.31 The Court is constrained by the record before it.

In the present case, there is no evidence that the arresting officers were privy to the

information discovered by Detective Hurd’s undercover investigation, As such,

Detective Hurd’s information could not have played a role in the arresting officer’s

reasonable suspicion or probable cause determinations.

      E.       The traffic stop

       Apart from the significant incriminating observations of Detective Hurd, the

analyses independently may hinge on the legality of the specific traffic stop and the

drug detection dog’s reported alert and other observations of the Defendant at the

scene of the stop. In order to initiate a traffic stop, the stop must be justified at its

inception by a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity. A police officer

who observes a traffic violation–like the seat belt violation in this case–has probable

cause to stop the vehicle and its occupants.32

      The Defendant argues that the stop was pretextual, and therefore unlawful.

State v. Heath held that when a stop is motivated by an unrelated purpose, and absent

that purpose the stop would not have been made, that stop is pretextual and




      31
           Cooley, 457 A.2d at 355.
      32
           Holden, 23 A.3d at 847.

                                           18
unlawful.33 However, despite opportunities to do so, the Delaware Supreme Court

has declined to adopt the holding in Heath. For instance, in Turner v. State, the

Defendant also argued that the traffic stop was pretextual, and pursuant to the holding

in Heath, that such a stop violates Article 1, Section 6 of the Delaware Constitution.34

The Supreme Court in Turner, declined to follow Heath, noting “[t]hat decision was

not appealed, and Heath has not been followed in any other Superior Court decisions.

[The Defendant] cannot rely on Heath as a basis for his constitutional claim.”35

Instead, the Court focused on the reality of a violation, finding that,

      [the arresting officer] witnessed [the Defendant] in the front passenger
      seat of the Grand Marquis with an unfastened seatbelt, in violation of 21
      Del. C. § 4802(a)(2). These facts constitute a reasonable articulable
      suspicion that Tann, the driver, committed a traffic violation. Therefore,
      the officers had probable cause to conduct a traffic stop.36

Without expressly rejecting Heath, the Court emphasized, “the Delaware Supreme

Court recognizes an officer's discretion in conducting a traffic stop and does not rely

on an officer's actual, subjective motives to determine the reasonableness of an

officer's conduct.”37

      33
           State v. Heath, 929 A.2d 390, 402-03 (Del. Super. 2006).
      34
           Turner v. State, 25 A.3d 774, 777 (Del. 2011).
      35
           Id.
      36
           Id.
      37
           Id.

                                               19
      In light of Turner v. State, the Defendant’s pretextual claim is rejected.

Moreover, the facts of record in this case establish that any information possessed by

Detective Hurd was not relayed to Officer Martinek. Accordingly, the stop could not

be pretextual since there was no other alleged motive for the stop other than what was

later relayed to the testifying officer to be a seatbelt violation.

      Here, because the Court did not hear testimony or receive reports from the

arresting officers, the record is devoid of any first hand account of the incident in

question. The officer who made the stop did not testify. Likewise, the officers who

arrested and searched the Defendant did not testify. Therefore, the Court must

determine if the State is capable of meeting its burden strictly on the basis of the

police officers’ hearsay statements, as relayed by Detective Hurd, who was neither

included in the stop or in contact with the stopping/arresting officers at the time of

the stop.

      F.     Justification for the stop, arrest, and search based solely upon
             uncorroborated hearsay

      Before discussing whether the State can meet its burden for the initial traffic

stop and subsequent arrest and search based entirely on the uncorroborated hearsay

statements between officers, the Court finds it helpful to identify the relevant

testimony. As is often the case with secondhand information, the breadth and



                                           20
specificity of Detective Hurd’s knowledge with regards to the circumstances

surrounding the traffic stop is limited. On cross-examination, Detective Hurd

testified as follows:

      Q.     Okay. Do you have a copy of the traffic citation issued to Mr. Irvin?
      A.     No, I do not. I did not issue the traffic citation, so I don't have a copy of
             it.
      Q.     Would you be able to pull that up?
      A.     I believe Officer Martinek could do that.
      Q.     Okay. You do not have the capability to do that?
      A.     I just got back on the road after six years. I don't know if I can do that
             or not.
      Q.     Okay. How soon after this traffic stop did you and your partner, I guess,
             arrive at the traffic stop?
      A.     We never arrived at the traffic stop location.
      Q.     Okay.
      A.     We observed the traffic stop location from an undisclosed location. If
             you want to get in specifics, it was approximately 50 yards from where
             it took place.
      Q.     Okay. So you don't have any personal knowledge on the IDs that were
             taken from everyone in the vehicle and any warrant checks?
      A.     That's correct. I don't have any knowledge of that.
      Q.     Okay. Do you know if anyone had any outstanding warrants?
      A.     I do not know that.
      Q.     Okay. And then you testified that you don't feel comfortable testifying
             regarding the K-9 sniff or search of the vehicle?
      A.     That's correct.
                                      .    .     .
             Q.     Okay. So you would not be able to testify personally as to any
                    behavior observed of anybody in the vehicle?
      A.     No.


                                      .    .     .
                                           21
      Q.     Okay. Have you had opportunity to review the K-9 activity use of force
             report?
      A.     No, I have not.
      Q.     Okay. Are you familiar with these?
      A.     No, I'm not.
      Q.     Okay. Do you know if they notate the weather conditions in that report?
      A.     I’m not familiar.


      Q.     Okay. Who authorized the strip search of everyone in the vehicle?
      A.     Our supervisor at the time, Detective Aaron Dickinson.
      Q.     And do you recall the reasons that were requested to conduct that strip
             search?
      A.     I don't recall the reasonings of the –
      Q.     I'm sorry?
      A.     No, I don't recall the reasonings. Of the strip search?
      Q.     Yes.
      A.     I do not recall that. I don't know who -- I don't know who even to ask,
             to be honest with you, because I wasn't back to the police department yet
             when they brought everyone back.

The only other reference to the circumstances surrounding the stop and later arrest

was contained in Detective Hurd’s police report. With the exception of a notation to

“See Hannon’s supplement for further”– which was not submitted into the record–

Detective Hurd’s report provides no additional evidence.

      A suppression hearing is not a trial where strict rules of evidence must apply

and where the concern is guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The rules of evidence are

relaxed, because “[t]rials are necessarily surrounded with evidentiary rules developed

to safeguard men from dubious and unjust convictions. But before the trial we deal

                                         22
only with probabilities that are not technical; they are the factual and practical

considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal

technicians, act.”38 As such, during a suppression hearing,"[h]earsay information may

form the basis of probable cause if sufficiently corroborated by other facts within

the officer's direct knowledge.”39

       Generally, when it comes to a probable cause determination at a suppression

hearing, hearsay statements typically come from incriminating reports given to the

police by informants or witnesses. In such scenarios, “[p]robable cause is not

established solely by allegations of past reliability; something more is needed.”40 The

same holds true when the hearsay statement is between two police officers. Put

simply, the Court “may not accept a police officer's conclusion that probable cause

for arrest exists without opportunity to examine in detail the grounds upon the basis

of which he reached that conclusion.”41

       In the present case, all relevant evidence stemming from the stop is based on


       38
            Schramm v. State, 366 A.2d 1185, 1192 (Del. 1976) (internal quotations omitted).
       39
           State v. Demby, 1995 WL 717619, at *5 (Del. Super. Nov. 28, 1995) (emphasis added);
see also Brown v. State, 249 A.2d 269, 272 (Del. 1968) (holding similarly, in the context of a
violation of probation hearing, that pure hearsay, without some additional competent evidence, is
not alone sufficient to support the finding of a violation).
       40
            Garner v. State, 314 A.2d 908, 913 (Del. 1973).
       41
            Id.

                                                23
hearsay which is uncorroborated and lacking in detail. Following the initial stop for

a seatbelt violation, Detective Hurd was told that ID checks were performed on the

occupants of the vehicle. He did not know the results of those inquiries, or if any of

the occupants had outstanding warrants. He was not familiar with any of the arresting

officers’ reports and did not feel comfortable testifying about K-9 procedures because

he was not familiar with them. Additionally, as the stop unfolded, the Court could

not ascertain what the arresting officers said, how the occupants responded, or what

those officers were thinking. Without at least some corroborating details other than

hearsay as to exactly what transpired, the Court is left solely with Detective Hurd’s

assumptions and conclusions. While the State is permitted to rely on hearsay in even

large part to show that police action met the appropriate legal standard(s), under the

circumstances of this case, its burden cannot be predicated entirely on hearsay.

      G.     The Inevitable discovery doctrine does not apply in this case

      In response to questions posed by the Court at the motion hearing, the State

made the alternative argument that even if the Court found that the stop and

subsequent investigation did comport with the Defendant’s Constitutional rights, the

inevitable discovery doctrine should apply to prevent exclusion. Based upon the

record of this case, the Court disagrees.

      The exclusionary rule acts “as a remedy for a violation of a defendant's right

                                            24
to be free of illegal searches and seizures. It provides for the exclusion from trial of

any evidence recovered or derived from an illegal search and seizure.”42 However,

the Delaware Supreme Court has recognized occasions where “official misconduct

should not fatally taint evidence that would have been discovered absent that official

misconduct.” 43 Rather, “taint may be purged and the evidence may be admissible

through one of the doctrinal exceptions to the exclusionary rule, such as the

independent source doctrine, the inevitable discovery doctrine, the exigent

circumstances doctrine, and the attenuation doctrine.” 44

       Delaware accepts and consistently applies the inevitable discovery exception

to the exclusionary rule.45 This exception provides that “evidence, obtained in the

course of illegal police conduct, will not be suppressed if the prosecution can prove

that the incriminating evidence would have been discovered through legitimate




       42
         Jones v. State, 745 A.2d 856, 872-73 (Del. 1999) (citing Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643
(1961); Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471(1963)).
       43
            Id. at 873.
       44
            Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 956 A.2d 1280, 1292 (Del. 2008) (internal citations omitted).
       45
           State v. Lambert, 2015 WL 3897810 at *6-7 (Del. Super. June 22, 2015); State v. Parks,
95 A.3d 42, 51 (Del. Super. 2014) (citing Cook v. State, 374 A.2d 264, 267–68 (Del. 1977); Martin
v. State, 433 A.2d 1025 (Del. 1981); Rew v. State, 1993 WL 61705 (Del. Feb. 25, 1993); Hardin v.
State, 844 A.2d 982 (Del. 2004); Thomas v. State, 8 A.3d 1195 (Del. 2010); Roy v. State, 62 A.3d
1183 (Del.2012)).

                                                25
means in the absence of official misconduct.”46

      In the present case, the Court is not persuaded that the incriminating evidence

would have been discovered through legitimate means in the absence of official

misconduct. There is a significant difference between what could have happened and

what would have happened. According to Detective Hurd, the investigation into the

Defendant was a month-long investigation. On cross-examination, Detective Hurd

testified as follows:

      Q.       Okay. If Officer Martinek had not observed an alleged traffic violation,
               was your plan just to conduct surveillance all day on Mr. Holmes?
      A.       I probably would have watched him a little bit longer just to see if he
               would have went back to that location.
      Q.       What location?
      A.       To the West Division Street area.
      Q.       Okay.
      A.       And depending on what I saw, I might have had someone stop him
               based upon what I saw. I mean, I can't speculate after the traffic stop,
               but the seatbelt violation was observed, so that's what we went with.

      If a plan certain was set in motion to apprehend the Defendant had the traffic

stop not occurred, it cannot be found in the record. Detective Hurd’s testimony

establishes that it was uncertain as to whether an arrest that day would have occurred,

or whether his month-long undercover investigation would have continued. Perhaps

Detective Hurd would have arrested Defendant upon his return to Dover, or on the



      46
           Id. (quoting Cook, 374 A.2d at 267–68) (emphasis added).

                                              26
other hand, the undercover officer may have set up additional buys in an attempt to

apprehend Defendant’s supplier. Speculation does not establish inevitability. There

was no evidence in the hearing permitting even an inference that an arrest was

imminent. Accordingly, the inevitable discovery doctrine is not applicable as a means

to validate the stop of the Defendant or his subsequent arrest and search. Based upon

the aforementioned, it follows that all evidence obtained as a result of that illegal

search and seizure is hereby suppressed.

                                V. CONCLUSION

      For all of the reasons listed above, the Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is

GRANTED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.



                                                /s/Jeffrey J Clark
                                                     Judge




                                           27
