                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 04-3893
                                   ___________

Kroeplin Farms General Partnership,     *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *    Appeal from the United States
                                        *    District Court for the
      v.                                *    District of South Dakota.
                                        *
Heartland Crop Insurance, Inc.,          *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: September 15, 2005
                                Filed: December 6, 2005
                                 ___________

Before MELLOY, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      The district court1 ruled that Kroeplin Farms General Partnership is entitled to
the proceeds of a Multi-Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) policy. Having jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.




      1
       The Honorable Richard H. Battey, United States District Judge for the District
of South Dakota.
                                           I.

       On September 30, 2001, Bryan Robert Kroeplin received an MPCI policy for
his 2002 winter-wheat crop from Heartland Crop Insurance, a private insurer reinsured
by the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC). The policy is a standard form,
found in 7 C.F.R. § 457.8.

       In December, Bryan, his son Kody and his brother Doug formed Kroeplin
Farms, a general partnership. Two months later, on February 11, 2002, Bryan
withdrew from the partnership and executed a "Transfer of Right to Indemnity" on a
form provided by Heartland's agent.2 According to the form, Bryan assigned his right
to indemnity for his 2002 winter-wheat crop to Kroeplin Farms, indicating any check
should be payable to the partnership. On March 25, 2002, Bryan executed a bill of
sale transferring to Kroeplin Farms his interests in both the crops and the insurance.

      The United States sued Bryan and his wife on June 19, 2002, alleging a false
claim in underreporting their 1999 sunflower crop. The parties entered a settlement
agreement on July 8, 2002. Bryan and his wife did not admit guilt but agreed to a fine
and voluntary debarment and disqualification from all FCIC programs, including
MPCI policies "on all crops in which they have an interest for the 2002 crop year."
The settlement agreement stated that Bryan and his wife understood that their names
would appear on the FCIC debarment/disqualification list for the 2002 crop year only.




      2
        The form apparently was not submitted to, and approved by, Heartland until
May 2002. On the form, however, February 11, 2002, was filled in as the effective
date of transfer. Also, on March 25, 2002, Bryan and the partnership executed a bill
of sale transferring Bryan's interests in both the crops and the insurance policy.
Although this court will treat February 11 as the effective date of transfer, whether the
transfer actually occurred in February, March or May is immaterial.

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       During this time, Kroeplin Farms filed a claim of loss with Heartland. On
September 16, 2002, Heartland calculated the total loss as $205,680 and prepared a
check for $185,364 (after subtracting the premium and fee). However, after reviewing
the settlement agreement, Heartland determined that the policy was void and refused
to send the check to Kroeplin Farms.

       The district court agreed that the contract was void and "never existed," but held
that Heartland could not raise this defense because it had been notified of, and
accepted, the assignment before the settlement agreement. The court invoked
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 336(2): "The right of an assignee is subject to
any defense or claim of the obligor which accrues before the obligor receives
notification of the assignment, but not to defenses or claims which accrue thereafter
except as stated in this Section or as provided by statute." The district court granted
summary judgment for Kroeplin Farms, ordering Heartland to pay the indemnity.

                                           II.



        A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, using the same standard
as applied by the district court. Schoolhouse, Inc. v. Anderson, 275 F.3d 726, 728
(8th Cir. 2002). Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the nonmovant, shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact
and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
The proper construction of an insurance contract is an issue of law, and thus well
suited for summary judgment. See Modern Equip. Co. v. Cont'l W. Ins. Co., 355
F.3d 1125, 1128 (8th Cir. 2004).

      The MPCI policy defines "void" as: "When the policy is considered not to have
existed for a crop year as a result of concealment, fraud, or misrepresentation (see
section 27)." Section 27 of the policy reads:

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      (a) If you have falsely or fraudulently concealed the fact that you are
      ineligible to receive benefits under the [Federal Crop Insurance] Act or if
      you or anyone assisting you has intentionally concealed or misrepresented
      any material fact relating to this policy:
             (1) This policy will be voided;
             ....

        Section 27 thus establishes two types of fraud that void a policy. As for the first
"if" clause, when Bryan applied for and received his winter-wheat policy in September
2001, he did not conceal any facts about his eligibility under the Federal Crop
Insurance Act (FCIA). As to the second clause, the government's concealment and
misrepresentation charges do not relate in any way to Bryan's winter-wheat-crop
policy – the charges involve only his 1999 sunflower crop. Therefore, his policy is
not void under section 27, the linchpin of the definition of "void" in the policy.

      The settlement agreement, however, does address Bryan's policy. Part III,
clause 6 of the settlement agreement states:

             Kroeplins voluntarily agree to a debarment and disqualification from
      all FCIC programs including obtaining federally reinsured multi-peril crop
      insurance policies on their behalf or on all crops in which they have an
      interest for the 2002 crop year. Kroeplins understand their names will
      appear on the FCIC debarment/disqualification list for the 2002 crop year
      only, effective from September 30, 2001, to September 30, 2002.

Although Bryan argues that his ineligibility did not begin until July 8, 2002, citing 7
C.F.R. § 400.681(a)(3), he agreed to debarment and disqualification starting
September 30, 2001. Bryan is subject to the settlement agreement he voluntarily
consented to, even if it is broader than the regulations authorize.




                                           -4-
       His settlement agreement thus waives any contention that his ineligibility
begins only after July 8. Under South Dakota law, a waiver occurs when "[o]ne in
possession of any right, whether conferred by law or by contract, and with full
knowledge of the material facts, does or forbears the doing of something inconsistent
with the exercise of the right." Flugge v. Flugge, 2004 SD 76, ¶ 18, 681 N.W.2d 837,
842, quoting Action Mech., Inc. v. Deadwood Historic Pres. Comm'n, 2002 SD 121,
¶ 18, 652 N.W.2d 742, 749. By agreeing that his name appear on the
debarment/disqualification list effective September 30, 2001, Bryan waived any right
he might have to a different debarment/disqualification date under 7 C.F.R. § 400.681.

       Bryan's policy – if held by him at all relevant times – would be unenforceable
because of his voluntary debarment and disqualification. Heartland argues that the
policy is void from the beginning, and thus cannot be assigned, relying on the advice
of the federal agency that administers the FCIA.

       The binding authority on the policy is not ad hoc advice, but the law and
regulations on the FCIA. See Fed. Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill, 332 U.S. 380, 385
(1947). By the FCIA law, in construing FCIA contracts, state law applies with two
exceptions: 1) when the contract provides state law does not apply; or 2) when state
law conflicts with FCIC contract provisions. See 7 U.S.C. § 1506(l); see also
Alliance Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 384 F.3d 547, 551 (8th Cir. 2004). The policy at issue
only excludes state law to the extent that it conflicts with the policy provisions. See
7 C.F.R. § 457.8 (section 31 of the Common Crop Insurance Policy). In this case
there is no conflict.

      Under South Dakota law, "a void contract is invalid or unlawful from its
inception. It is a 'mere nullity, and incapable of confirmation or ratification.'"
Nature's 10 Jewelers v. Gunderson, 2002 SD 80, ¶ 12, 648 N.W.2d 804, 807, quoting
Black's Law Dictionary 1573 (6th ed. 1990). Heartland relies on Nature's 10
Jewelers for the proposition that the policy here is a void contract that is a nullity from

                                           -5-
the beginning. Heartland omits that Nature's 10 Jewelers recognizes voidable
contracts. A voidable contract is valid unless "legally voided at the option of one of
the parties." Id.; see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 7 (1981).

       The policy here is a voidable contract to the extent that the government had the
option to void it by disqualifying Bryan in accordance with law. By the governing
regulations, a policy voided as a result of ineligibility is not considered a nullity from
the beginning. 7 C.F.R. § 400.681(b) states that a policy becomes void "once the
person has been determined to be ineligible." (emphasis added). Under Section
400.681(b), the policy here is not a void contract because the winter-wheat policy was
not unlawful from its inception – there was no defect at the time of formation. Instead
a policy is void once the person becomes ineligible.

        The issue becomes whether the MPCI policy was properly assigned in this case.
When a contract right is assigned, the assignor's right to performance by the obligor
is extinguished and the assignee acquires that right. See Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 317(1). "[T]he assignee stands in the same shoes as the assignor." In re
Estate of Wurster, 409 N.W.2d 363, 366 (S.D. 1987) (Wuest, C.J., dissenting); see
also Lee v. Sioux Falls Motor Co., 274 N.W. 614, 616 (S.D. 1937). An assignee can
obtain no greater rights than the assignor had at the time of assignment. See
Kobbeman v. Oleson, 1998 SD 20, ¶ 8, 574 N.W.2d 633, 636; Heinzman v. Howard,
348 N.W.2d 147, 148 (S.D. 1984), citing 77 Am. Jur. 2d Vendor and Purchaser §
389 (1975); Tripp v. Sieler, 161 N.W. 337, 340 (S.D. 1917). Thus, an assignee's right
is subject to a defense that the contract was voidable or unenforceable before the
assignment. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 336(1); see also Gilbert v.
United Nat'l Bank, 436 N.W.2d 23, 25–26 (S.D. 1989), citing 6 Am. Jur. 2d
Assignments § 102 (1963). As emphasized by the district court, however, an assignee
is not subject to any defense by the obligor against the assignor that arises after notice
of the assignment. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 336(2); see also
Gilbert, 436 N.W.2d at 26 (explaining assignee is subject to defenses that could have

                                           -6-
been asserted at time of assignment). Where there is an unconditional assignment, an
assignee can recover on an assigned right against the obligor, but the assignor cannot.
See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 331 cmt. a; see also Grady v. Commers
Interiors, Inc., 268 N.W.2d 823, 825 (S.D. 1978) (holding assignee had right to sue
in own name); Valmont Credit Corp. v. McIlravy, 344 N.W.2d 691 (S.D. 1984)
(holding assignee of purchase security agreement was holder in due course and could
bring action against obligor).

      Bryan executed a transfer of right to indemnity effective February 11, 2002.
The transfer was made on a form provided by Heartland, which was mailed back to,
and approved by, Heartland. This assigned to Kroeplin Farms Bryan's right to
indemnity. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 317(2); see also Brown v.
Powell, 2002 SD 75, ¶ 26, 648 N.W.2d 329, 335 (Gilbertson, J., dissenting); Bank of
Toronto v. Lengkeek, 436 N.W.2d 271, 275 (S.D. 1989). The transfer of indemnity
was an unconditional assignment, giving Kroeplin Farms the right to recover against
Heartland. Any defense Heartland had against Bryan did not arise until July 8, 2002
– the date Bryan agreed to disqualification and debarment – because the original
policy was entered into validly. Heartland's defense against Bryan arose after it had
notice of the assignment, and, therefore, it cannot now assert that defense against
Kroeplin Farms.

        Heartland repeatedly argues that this conclusion permits fraudulent schemes.
First, an assignment itself may be voidable for fraud. See Restatement (Second) of
Contracts §§ 331 cmt. a, 336; cf. Delany v. Delany, 402 N.W.2d 701, 706 n.1 (S.D.
1987), citing Meske v. Wenzel, 20 N.W.2d 654, 657 (Wis. 1945) (explaining
Wisconsin court holding that assignee who was party to fraud could not affirmatively
assert right against assignor). There is no evidence that Kroeplin Farms engaged in
fraud against the government that would void the assignment. Instead, the only
evidence is that Bryan sold his winter-wheat field and transferred his right to



                                         -7-
indemnity to Kroeplin Farms, so that if he were to enter into any agreement with the
government, it would not affect the farm.

        Second, the standard policy at issue here provides that a transfer of coverage
is not effective "until approved by us [the insurance company providing insurance] in
writing." See 7 C.F.R. 457.8 (section 28 of the Common Crop Insurance Policy).
This right of approval permits insurance companies to determine the reality of the
transfer requested and to prevent fraudulent schemes.

                                          III.

        The MPCI policy here is not void as a nullity but is voidable to the extent
authorized by the law and regulations of the FCIA. Heartland knew of, and accepted,
the transfer of indemnity to Kroeplin Farms before the July 8, 2002 settlement
agreement. Moreover, there is no evidence of a fraudulent assignment. Heartland is
liable to Kroeplin Farms because its claim against Bryan did not arise until after it had
accepted the assignment.

      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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