                                                                                     FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Tenth Circuit

                                                                             February 25, 2013
                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                 Clerk of Court
                                      FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                  _________________________________

     UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                  Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                                   No. 11-1360
                                                              (D.C. No. 1:10-CR-00605-LTB-1)
     TIMOTHY MCGLOTHIN,

                 Defendant - Appellant.



                                  _________________________________

                                               ORDER
                                  _________________________________

            Before HARTZ, MURPHY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
                            _________________________________



            The panel grants Appellant’s petition for panel rehearing for the limited purpose of

     changing the word “completely” on page 23 of the slip opinion to “substantially.”

            The petition for rehearing en banc was transmitted to all of the judges of the court

     who are in regular active service. As no member of the panel and no judge in regular

     active service on the court requested that the court be polled, that petition is denied.
      The revised opinion is being entered nunc pro tunc to the original filing date,

January 24, 2013.

                                                     Entered for the Court




                                                    ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk




                                            2
                                                                             FILED
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit

                                                                       January 24, 2013
                                        PUBLISH                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                         Clerk of Court
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                    TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff - Appellee,
    v.                                                        No. 11-1360
 TIMOTHY McGLOTHIN,

           Defendant - Appellant.


           APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                     (D.C. NO. 1:10-CR-00605-LTB-1)


Gail K. Johnson, Johnson & Brennan, PLLC, Boulder, Colorado, for Defendant -
Appellant.

James C. Murphy, Assistant United States Attorney (John F. Walsh, United States
Attorney, with him on the brief), Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff - Appellee.


Before HARTZ, MURPHY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


MURPHY, Circuit Judge.


   A jury found Timothy McGlothin guilty of possession of a firearm by a felon, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal McGlothin asserts the district court erred

in admitting at trial evidence of past instances in which he possessed a firearm. See Fed.
R. Evid. 404(b); Fed. R. Evid. 403. McGlothin forfeited these arguments by failing to

properly raise them before the district court and cannot satisfy the exacting plain-error

standard. See United States v. Frost, 684 F.3d 963, 971 (10th Cir. 2012) (“Because

[defendant] did not object to the admission of the challenged testimony at trial, we review

the district court’s decision only for plain error.”); id. at 971-72 (noting the plain-error

standard is “difficult to overcome”). Accordingly, exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms the district court’s judgment of conviction.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

A. Events Leading to Arrest and Prosecution

   McGlothin’s indictment on § 922(g)(1) charges originated from an indictment on

unrelated bank robbery charges. Efforts to locate and arrest McGlothin on the bank

robbery charges were initially unsuccessful. Based on a tip McGlothin might be staying

in an apartment in Denver, Detective Jeffrey Hart went to the leasing office to gather

information. While there, he happened upon Darwin Ritchie, the named lessee of the

apartment. Ritchie confirmed McGlothin was staying there and gave law enforcement

officers permission to search the apartment. Officers found McGlothin and his cousin,

Darleise Paden, in the apartment and arrested them. Officers searched the apartment,

which had two bedrooms (one furnished and one empty). In a closet in the furnished

bedroom, officers found a loaded Glock pistol. In that same closet, Officers also found

men’s clothing, a New York Yankees baseball cap, a stack of two-dollar bills, and two




                                               2
letters addressed to McGlothin. McGlothin was ultimately indicted for possessing the

Glock in violation of § 922(g)(1).1

B. Pretrial Proceedings

   Prior to trial, McGlothin requested notice of the government’s intention to utilize

evidence potentially falling within the parameters of Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). In response,

the government identified two prior instances during which McGlothin possessed a

handgun. The first of these instances, the “2007 Incident,” involved the simple

possession of a loaded handgun. The 2007 Incident led to McGlothin’s conviction on

Colorado state charges of illegal possession of a firearm by a felon. See Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 18-12-108. The second instance, the “2009 Incident,” involved an assault by

McGlothin on Ersel Waits. During the assault, McGlothin repeatedly hit Waits on the

head with a pistol. The government argued these prior acts were relevant to, inter alia,

the issue of McGlothin’s identity as the knowing possessor of the Glock. The

government further argued admission of evidence relating to these incidents was

consistent with the four-part test utilized by this court to evaluate the admissibility of

Rule 404(b) evidence. See United States v. Diaz, 679 F.3d 1183, 1190 (10th Cir. 2012).

   McGlothin moved in limine to exclude the 2007 and 2009 Incidents. He argued

neither incident was relevant to the question whether he constructively possessed the

Glock. Instead, according to McGlothin, the evidence would be offered to show mere

       1
       The unrelated indictment charging McGlothin with bank robbery was dismissed
when his co-defendant refused to testify against him.


                                               3
propensity. See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Finally, even assuming relevance of the 2007 and

2009 Incidents, McGlothin asserted the probative value of this evidence was substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Fed. R. Evid. 403.

    The district court rejected McGlothin’s contentions and concluded the “probative

value of this evidence is clear in terms of its tendency to make the existence of possession

of the firearm, be it actual or constructive, more probable than it would be without the

evidence.” It further concluded the “heightened relevancy in this case under a

constructive-possession theory of the prosecution” was not “substantially . . . outweighed

by the potential for unfair prejudice.” Nevertheless, the district court concluded

“relevancy determinations in the final analysis should take place in the context of the trial

itself.” Accordingly, the court “conditionally denied” the motion in limine, reserving a

final ruling until trial.

C. Trial Evidence

    1. Offense Conduct

    Ritchie testified that before he rented the apartment it was completely empty,

specifically including the closet where the Glock was found. McGlothin moved into the

apartment shortly after it was rented by Ritchie.2 Ritchie did not keep clothes at the

apartment because he only stayed there “probably twice a week.” He specifically testified


        2
        Ritchie allowed McGlothin to move into the apartment “to help[] him out.”
Ritchie described McGlothin as a “good friend” who helped him out with money and jobs
when Ritchie was “basically homeless.”


                                              4
that none of the items in the closet where the Glock was found belonged to him. Ritchie

spent most of his time at his “sister’s and mother’s house.” Although Ritchie only stayed

at the apartment infrequently, he testified McGlothin appeared to be using the apartment

as a permanent residence. On those occasions he did stay at the apartment, Ritchie either

slept on the couch or in the empty bedroom because the furnished bedroom was “Tim’s

bedroom.” All the furnishings in the apartment, particularly including the furnishings in

the bedroom where the Glock was found, were purchased by McGlothin. As far as

Ritchie was aware, no one besides McGlothin and Paden stayed at the apartment. Ritchie

and McGlothin were the only people with a key to the apartment. Finally, although he

could legally possess a firearm, Ritchie testified he did not own the Glock.

   Thomas Acierno, a Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office investigator, testified he found

the Glock while searching the closet in the furnished bedroom. Acierno, who was

specifically assigned to search the furnished bedroom, wore gloves during the entirety of

the search to avoid contaminating the scene. The only clothes Acierno found in the closet

were men’s clothing. In close proximity to the Glock, Acierno found the following items:

(1) two pieces of mail, one addressed to McGlothin personally and one addressed to a




                                             5
communications business owned by McGlothin,3 (2) a New York Yankees baseball cap,4

and (3) a stack of two-dollar bills.5

   Detective Jeffrey Hart conducted a post-arrest interview of McGlothin. The interview

was recorded and portions of the recording were played for the jury. During the

interview, McGlothin stated he had been staying in Ritchie’s apartment at the time of his

arrest, and that for most of the time he lived there nobody else stayed at or visited the

apartment. McGlothin admitted during the interview that at some previous point in time

he had held the Glock.6

   2. Other-Crimes Evidence

   As set out in its pretrial notice, the government adduced at trial evidence regarding

both the 2007 and 2009 Incidents.

           a. The 2007 Incident

   The government presented the testimony of two officers as to the 2007 Incident,

Arapahoe County Sheriff Deputies William Foreman and Richard Van Slyke. The


       3
          Ritchie testified McGlothin owned a cell phone store named Your Time
Communications.
        4
          Trial evidence demonstrated McGlothin was from New York and was known by
the moniker “New York.”
        5
          During a post-arrest interview, McGlothin denied owning the two-dollar bills, but
admitted he “did spend some of them.”
        6
          This admission was corroborated by the testimony of DNA expert Susan Berdine.
Berdine testified the DNA of at least three persons was found on the Glock. She further
testified one of the profiles was consistent with McGlothin’s DNA, and the odds of
finding a random, unrelated person in the general population that shared the same DNA
markers as McGlothin was approximately 1 in 110,000.


                                              6
officers testified they responded to a call from Paden in October of 2007. Paden informed

the officers they should look for McGlothin, a black adult male who could be found in an

older light-blue Ford Bronco. Officers drove around the immediate area looking for

McGlothin and found him in a nearby parking lot, sitting in the Bronco and talking on a

cell phone. After a records check revealed McGlothin was subject to immediate

detention, officers placed him in a police vehicle. Officers searched the Bronco and

found a loaded gun in close proximity to the driver’s seat. McGlothin acknowledged the

gun was his; stated he had been drinking and his life was over; and indicated people were

out to get him, but he was not going to hurt anyone.

          b. The November 2009 Incident

   The government adduced evidence relating to the 2009 Incident from Ersel Waits.

Waits testified that in November of 2009, three months before police found the Glock

during the search of Ritchie’s apartment, she received a call from McGlothin asking if she

was romantically involved with Paden. McGlothin threatened to “come over and put [a]

gun down [Waits’s] throat.” After some additional telephone conversations, Waits

observed McGlothin approaching her apartment. She locked her door and called the

police. Waits testified McGlothin kicked in the door, approached her, and hit her on the

head several times with a black pistol.7 Waits heard and saw the loaded clip from the

      7
        At trial, the government showed Waits a picture of the Glock found in
McGlothin’s apartment. Waits testified the Glock did not “appear to be different in any
way” from the pistol McGlothin used to assault her. Nevertheless, Waits could not
positively say it was the same gun.


                                            7
pistol fall to the floor as McGlothin hit her.8 Shortly after McGlothin left Waits’s

apartment, the police arrived and took Waits to the emergency room. It took three staples

to close the wound to Waits’s head. Waits identified a number of pictures taken after the

assault, including a picture of her with blood on the side of her face and two pictures

showing the floor marked with blood. Each of the photos was admitted into evidence

without objection.

                                      II. ANALYSIS

   McGlothin contends the district court erred in admitting at trial evidence of the 2007

and 2009 Incidents. He asserts the evidence was not relevant for any permissible purpose

and was, instead, adduced to show his propensity to possess firearms. See Fed. R. Evid.


       8
        Officer James Anderson testified at trial as to the functionality of the Glock.
Anderson testified the release for the clip was located on the left-hand side of the Glock’s
grip. He further testified that when the clip is full of ammunition, the weight of the
ammunition will cause the clip to “fall out of the bottom of the gun” as soon as the release
is pressed. Based on the testimony of Waits and Anderson, the government argued in
closing as follows:

                      Now, interestingly, Ms. Waits also testified that as the
              defendant was hitting her on the head with this firearm, the
              clip fell out. It fell on the floor. . . . She saw the clip. She
              heard it fall on the floor. And Detective Anderson . . .
              explained just how it is that the clip can be released from this
              particular Glock firearm. He depressed this button right here
              on the side of the firearm (indicating). When he depressed the
              firearm, the clip pops right out.

                    Ask yourselves whether, as Ms. Waits was being
              bludgeoned on the side of the head, whether that button may
              have been depressed and the clip fell out. . . .


                                             8
404(b) (limiting admission of prior bad-acts evidence to those situations not involving

proof of a “person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person

acted in accordance with the character”). Alternatively, even assuming this evidence was

admissible under Rule 404(b), he argues its probative value was substantially outweighed

by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Fed. R. Evid. 403 (allowing exclusion of relevant

evidence “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair

prejudice”).

A. Standard of Review

   This court generally reviews for abuse of discretion a decision to admit evidence

under Rules 403 and 404(b). United States v. Burgess, 576 F.3d 1078, 1098 (10th Cir.

2009). This is only true, however, if the defendant offered up a timely and specific trial

objection. Fed. R. Evid. 103(a). Absent a timely and specific objection, this court

reviews such challenges for plain error. See United States v. Jameson, 478 F.3d 1204,

1212 (10th Cir. 2007). “Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which

(3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Frost, 684 F.3d at 971 (quotation omitted).

   McGlothin concedes he did not object at trial to the admission of evidence regarding

the 2007 Incident.9 He asserts he did, however, object at trial to the admission of

       9
        McGlothin’s motion in limine did not preserve the admissibility of either incident
for abuse-of-discretion review. The district court specifically labeled its denial of the
motion as conditional, placing McGlothin on notice of the need to renew his objection at
trial. Fed. R. Evid. 103(b); United States v. Mejia-Alarcon, 995 F.2d 982, 986 (10th Cir.


                                               9
evidence regarding the 2009 Incident. In support of this assertion, McGlothin points to

the following limited portion of the trial transcript:

          Defense Counsel: Your Honor, I will try not to repeat myself. But our
   position is it is not relevant. It’s uncharged misconduct. And if there is any
   probative value, the prejudicial effect far outweighs any relevance that exists here.

           The Court: Okay.

          Defense Counsel: You know, the issue is whether the firearm in the house
   was his. This alleged firearm allegedly used in the [2009 Incident] is some other
   firearm.

McGlothin’s argument ignores the context within which the above-quoted statement was

made. At the end of the second day of trial, the district court held a conference outside

the presence of the jury. The government began by giving the district court a brief

summary of the evidence it intended to adduce at the next day of trial, including evidence

of the 2007 and 2009 Incidents and videotaped portions of McGlothin’s post-arrest police

interview. In response, the district court indicated it would give the jury a limiting

instruction and engaged in a discussion with the parties as to the appropriate language for

such an instruction. At no point during this discussion did McGlothin object to the

admission of evidence relating to the 2009 Incident.

   Having completed its discussion of the limiting instruction, the district court turned to

an entirely different matter: the admissibility of Exhibit 19, a compilation of distinct

portions of McGlothin’s post-arrest police interview. Before trial, McGlothin filed a

1993) (holding that a motion in limine will preserve an evidentiary objection only if the
motion “is ruled upon without equivocation by the trial judge”).


                                              10
written objection to the admission of Exhibit 19 on the ground that, inter alia, it contained

Rule 404(b) evidence. During the bench conference there was confusion as to whether

there was any mention of the 2009 Incident in any of the clips on Exhibit 19. The

government initially stated, albeit incorrectly, that Exhibit 19 contained some discussion

of the 2009 Incident. It was within this particular context, a hearing on the admissibility

of Exhibit 19, that defense counsel made the statements identified by McGlothin as

preserving the admission of the 2009 Incident for abuse-of-discretion review.10 Given

       10
         The district court and the parties having completed their discussion of the
limiting instruction, the bench conference proceeded as follows:

                       The Court: All right. Now let’s get into this Exhibit 19
              . . . . I went through the transcript . . . while I watched and
              [listened] to the DVD that plays the clips continuously. First
              of all, Mr. Connor [the prosecutor], you indicated that there is
              some reference in this—at least I am looking at the transcript,
              to the [2009 Incident].

                     Government: I believe that the reference that is in this
              transcript is actually to the [2007 Incident].

                    The Court: Right. That is what I thought . . . . You
              told me there was a reference to [the 2009 Incident] in there
              also.

                     ....

                     Government: Then I apologize. I am in error on that.

                     The Court: That clears it up. Okay. And Mr. Reisch
              [defense counsel] has argued that essentially it is irrelevant;
              correct Mr. Reisch?

                     Defense Counsel: That is a good summary Your


                                             11
that context, it is not plausible to read McGlothin’s brief comments about the 2009

Incident as a timely and specific objection to Waits’s proposed testimony. The district

court certainly did not so interpret McGlothin’s comments. That is, at no point during the

remainder of the bench conference did the district court discuss either the 2009 Incident

or Waits’s proposed testimony, let alone announce a definitive ruling on its admissibility.

Instead, consistent with the purpose of that distinct portion of the bench conference, the

district court definitively resolved McGlothin’s pretrial objection by concluding Exhibit

19 was admissible.

   McGlothin concedes he did not preserve his objections to the 2007 incident. As set

out above, the snippet of transcript identified by McGlothin did not preserve his objection

              Honor.

                     The Court: You want to be heard further on that?

                     Defense Counsel: Your Honor, I will try not to repeat
              myself. But our position is it is not relevant. It’s uncharged
              misconduct. And if there is any probative value, the
              prejudicial effect far outweighs any relevance that exists here.

                     The Court: Okay.

                     Defense Counsel: You know, the issue is whether the
              firearm in the house was his. This alleged firearm allegedly
              used in the [2009 Incident] is some other firearm.

                      The Court: But [the 2009 Incident] we just established
              is not part of [the] interview the Government seeks to play to
              the jury.

                     Defense Counsel: That’s correct.


                                             12
to admission of the 2009 Incident, as presented exclusively through Waits’s testimony.

Furthermore, McGlothin did not contemporaneously object to the admission of Waits’s

testimony at the time it was adduced, i.e., when issues of the relevance, probativeness,

and potential for undue prejudice had crystalized. Accordingly, this court reviews the

admission of both the 2007 and 2009 Incidents for plain error.11

B. Merits

   1. Plain Error

   To be admissible, evidence falling within the purview of Rule 404(b) must satisfy the

following four part test:

   (1) evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts must be introduced for a proper
   purpose; (2) the evidence must be relevant; (3) the court must make a Rule 403
   determination whether the probative value of the similar acts is substantially
   outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice; and (4) the court, upon request,
   must instruct the jury that the evidence of similar acts is to be considered only for
   the limited purpose for which it was admitted.

Diaz, 679 F.3d at 1190 (quotation omitted). “Evidence is proper if it tends to prove,

among other things, motive, knowledge, or intent. Exclusion of evidence under Rule 403

       11
         Ultimately, the standard makes no difference in the outcome of this case. As set
out below, the district court did not err in admitting the 2007 and 2009 Incidents. More
importantly, even assuming error, this court has no doubt admission of the 2007 and 2009
Incidents did not prejudice McGlothin. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734
(1993) (holding that the term “affects substantial rights,” as used in both Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 52(a) and 52(b), “means that the error must have been prejudicial: [i]t
must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings”). This is true no matter
which party has the burden of establishing prejudice or lack thereof. See id. at 734-35
(holding that the government has the burden of establishing a preserved error did not
prejudice the defendant-appellant, while a defendant-appellant has the burden of
establishing an unpreserved error did prejudice him).


                                             13
that is otherwise admissible under the other rules is an extraordinary remedy and should

be used sparingly.” Id. (quotation, citation, and alteration omitted).

          a. Relevant for a Proper Purpose

   McGlothin argues the 2007 and 2009 Incidents were neither offered for a proper

purpose nor relevant. This is so, he asserts, because they bear on the issue of his

knowledge only if the jury first draws an inference that in this particular case he acted in

conformity with his criminal propensity to knowingly possess weapons. McGlothin’s

argument is foreclosed by United States v. Moran, 503 F.3d 1135 (10th Cir. 2007).

   Like McGlothin, the defendant in Moran was prosecuted for violating § 922(g)(1). Id.

at 1137-39. During a traffic stop, officers observed “a rifle stock sticking out of an

unzipped rifle case” on the back seat of the car Moran was driving. Id. at 1139. At his

2006 trial, the government adduced evidence Moran was convicted in 1994 of “being a

felon in possession of a firearm.” Id. at 1143. Moran asserted the admission of his 1994

firearm conviction was inconsistent with Rule 404(b). Id. This court rejected Moran’s

arguments, first concluding the 1994 firearm conviction was offered for a proper purpose:

   The Government introduced evidence of Mr. Moran’s prior conviction to prove the
   only challenged element of the felon-in-possession offense: that Mr. Moran
   “knowingly possessed” the firearm. See United States v. Ledford, 443 F.3d 702,
   705 (10th Cir. 2005) (setting forth elements of crime of felon in possession). Mr.
   Moran claimed that he did not know the rifle, which belonged to his girlfriend, was
   in the SUV, his girlfriend’s car. Thus, the Government presented, and the district
   court admitted, evidence of the prior conviction to show “knowledge, intent, and
   absence of mistake or accident,” proper purposes under Rule 404(b).




                                             14
Id. at 1144 (footnotes omitted). Moran further held evidence of the prior firearm

conviction was relevant:

           In addition, the conviction is relevant . . . because it is probative to
   demonstrate that Mr. Moran “knowingly” possessed the firearm. Mr. Moran
   denied knowledge of the rifle in the car, and the government had the burden of
   proving knowing possession of the firearm. To prove the knowledge element of
   the offense, the government offered evidence that Mr. Moran knowingly possessed
   a firearm at another point in time. Because the prior conviction required the same
   knowledge, evidence of the conviction had a “tendency to make the existence of”
   Mr. Moran’s knowledge of the rifle in the present case “more probable . . . than it
   would be without the evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. In other words, the fact that
   Mr. Moran knowingly possessed a firearm in the past supports the inference that
   he had the same knowledge in the context of the charged offense.

Id. (citations omitted). This court also rejected Moran’s argument that the evidence

permitted the jury to draw impermissible inferences about his criminal propensity:

           We acknowledge that the use of Mr. Moran’s prior conviction to prove
   knowledge involves a kind of propensity inference (i.e., because he knowingly
   possessed a firearm in the past, he knowingly possessed the firearm in the present
   case). But the inference is specific and does not require a jury to first draw the
   forbidden general inference of bad character or criminal disposition; rather, it rests
   on a logic of improbability that recognizes that a prior act involving the same
   knowledge decreases the likelihood that the defendant lacked the requisite
   knowledge in committing the charged offense. See United States v. Queen, 132
   F.3d 991, 996 (4th Cir. 1997) (explaining that similar prior act decreases the
   likelihood that the charged offense was committed with innocent intent).
   Moreover, when other-act evidence is admitted for a proper purpose and is
   relevant, it may be admissible even though it has “the potential impermissible side
   effect of allowing the jury to infer criminal propensity.” United States v. Cherry,
   433 F.3d 698, 701 n.3 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). That is, such evidence
   may be admissible under Rule 404(b) as long as it tends to prove something other
   than criminal propensity. See United States v. Tan, 254 F.3d 1204, 1208 (10th Cir.
   2001) (“Rule 404(b) is considered to be an inclusive rule, admitting all evidence of
   other crimes or acts except that which tends to prove only criminal disposition.”
   (quotation omitted)).




                                            15
Id. at 1145 (citations omitted).

   Thus, Moran makes clear that when a defendant places his intent at issue,12 the

defendant’s prior acts of weapon possession are relevant for the proper purpose of

demonstrating the charged act of firearm possession was knowingly undertaken.13

       12
           To obtain a conviction for violating § 922(g)(1), the government must prove:
“(1) the defendant was previously convicted of a felony; (2) the defendant thereafter
knowingly possessed a firearm; and (3) the possession was in or affecting interstate
commerce.” Moran, 503 F.3d at 1144 n.5 (quotation omitted). Section 922(g)(1) is a
general intent crime. Id. at 1144 n.6. “The government need not prove any particular
intent, but must show only that a felon possessed a firearm knowingly.” Id. (quotations
omitted). Thus, in the context of a prosecution under § 922(g)(1), knowledge and intent
are equivalent. Id.
        13
           Moran’s holding in this regard is consistent with the rule adopted in numerous
other circuits. See, e.g., United States v. Halk, 634 F.3d 482, 487 (8th Cir. 2011); United
States v. Williams, 620 F.3d 483, 489-90 (5th Cir. 2010); United States v. McCarson, 527
F.3d 170, 173 (D.C. Cir 2008); United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1281 (11th Cir.
2003). That is not to say, however, that reflexive admission of prior instances of firearm
possession to prove intent is not without substantial danger. As recently noted by the
Seventh Circuit,

              [e]vidence of prior, uncharged gun possessions by felons has
              the potential to be used for impermissible propensity
              purposes. We have analyzed such evidence under Rule
              404(b) and have allowed it, at least where the prior possession
              was recent and involved the same gun. If the prior possession
              was of a different gun, then its value as direct or
              circumstantial evidence of the charged possession drops and
              the likelihood that it is being used to show propensity to
              possess guns rises considerably. Similarly, as the prior
              possession is further removed in time, it becomes less
              probative of possession on the date charged. Courts are
              familiar with this evidentiary balancing. Determinations under
              Rule 404(b) require such an analysis, as when applying Rule
              403.

       United States v. Miller, 673 F.3d 688, 695 (7th Cir. 2012). Were we not bound by


                                            16
   In a footnote in his brief, McGlothin asserts Moran is distinguishable because

knowledge was at issue there, while he “admitted having held the Glock but defended on

the grounds that it did not belong to him and he did not constructively possess it on or

about February 10, 2010.” Appellant’s Br. at 21 n.2. McGlothin’s argument in this

regard is disingenuous. From this portion of McGlothin’s brief it would appear

McGlothin admitted at trial he knew the gun was present in the apartment and defended

the charges solely on the bases the gun did not belong to him and he did not have the

power to exercise dominion and control over the Glock. The record, however, indicates

something entirely different. Prior to trial, McGlothin filed a Notice of Defenses that

included a general denial and an assertion of mistake of fact. As the parties and district

court recognized during the pretrial hearing on McGlothin’s motion in limine, this placed

the issue of McGlothin’s knowledge directly at issue. Further, the issue of McGlothin’s

knowledge was central at trial, as defense counsel sought to develop through cross-

examination of government witnesses that (1) other individuals had access to the

apartment and (2) the gun was not easily found by someone casually looking into the

closet. Likewise, although the prosecution argued a portion of the interview set out in

Exhibit 19 amounted to an admission on the part of McGlothin that he had handled the

Moran’s conclusion that the type of evidence at issue here does not bear on “criminal
disposition” within the contemplation of Rule 404(b), 503 F.3d at 1144-45, we would be
inclined to adopt the approach set out by the Seventh Circuit in Miller. This panel is,
however, bound by the decision in Moran absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding
contrary decision by the Supreme Court. United States v. Mendiola, 696 F.3d 1033, 1040
(10th Cir. 2012).


                                             17
weapon, McGlothin asserted during closing arguments that the statements had nothing to

do with the Glock.14 Just as in Moran, McGlothin’s intent to possess the Glock was the

central issue at trial. That being the case, the rule set out in Moran is applicable here.

Thus, the district court did not err in concluding the 2007 and 2009 Incidents were

relevant to the proper purpose of demonstrating McGlothin’s knowledge.

   Even setting aside the propensity rationale identified as proper and relevant in Moran,

the record makes clear the highly relevant evidence regarding the 2009 Incident was

adduced for a proper purpose. The purpose of Rule 404(b) is to prevent the use of prior

       14
            Defense counsel argued as follows:

                         Let’s talk about the video. You know, there are several
                 instructions that say Mr. McGlothin has an absolute right not
                 to testify; a constitutional right. . . . Well, ladies and
                 gentlemen, you heard what he had to say. “Not my gun.”
                 Because what does the instruction say? You have to have the
                 intention to exercise dominion or control. Did I look at it?
                 Yeah, I am a guy, I looked at it. What did he say? “I didn’t
                 drop the clip out. Didn’t do anything.”

                        That is not possession . . . . You have to have the
                 intent. Think about it. If this was a drug case, we have all
                 these drugs sitting up here, are we in possession of drugs
                 because we can come over and pick it up and get it? No.
                 Why? Because we would all have to have intention . . . .

                        Take a look at clip 2. What the heck are they talking
                 about there? Completely taken out of context. They have 1.5
                 hours talking with Mr. McGlothin, and this is what they bring
                 you. Did they ever bother to say . . . let me run to the other
                 room, just so we are clear about what we are talking about?
                 Let me run to the other room and get this Glock 37 and make
                 sure this is exactly what we are talking about.


                                                 18
bad acts to prove a defendant has a propensity to commit acts of that sort. Fed. R. Evid.

404(b). Despite McGlothin’s arguments to the contrary, no reasonable juror would have

perceived the purpose of Waits’s testimony for anything other than demonstrating

McGlothin possessed the Glock during a time temporally proximate to the possession

alleged in the indictment.15 This testimony then does not have anything to do with

propensity, either the kind identified in Moran or the improper kind identified in Rule

404(b). Instead, it is circumstantial evidence that he knowingly possessed the Glock

found in his closet. Cf. United States v. Carter, 695 F.3d 690, 702 (7th Cir. 2012)


       15
         That the jury would likely have perceived Waits’s testimony in this light is borne
out by the way both the prosecutor and defense counsel dealt with the testimony during
closing argument. See supra n.8 (setting out prosecutor’s arguments). Defense counsel
argued as follows:

                      Now, the Government wanted to bring you Ms. Waits.
              This is why we have trials, ladies and gentlemen, because,
              once again, somebody said something, the Government
              believes it, it must be true. If th[ey] say it, believe it. We go
              through her cross-examination. What did she say, yeah, this
              [cousin of Denise Paden, Donald,] called me. He comes over
              to the house. He comes and stands right next to me. Then
              supposedly Mr. McGlothin comes over, and it’s a black
              firearm. And I asked her point blank, I said, is this the
              firearm that you said were–I can’t say.

                     If I didn’t ask that question, who was going to?
              Because they wanted you to assume it’s the same one. They
              wanted you to assume it was Mr. McGlothin’s. Then think
              about it, ladies and gentlemen. If their possession case
              against Mr. McGlothin was so rock solid, why did we have to
              bring Ms. Waits in? Because that was November of 2009,
              and we are supposedly talking about February 10th.


                                             19
(“[D]efendant’s possession of a gun two months prior to arrest was admissible under Rule

404(b) as circumstantial evidence of his later possession of the same gun”); United States

v. Smith, 101 F.3d 202, 210-11 (1st Cir. 1996) (holding that evidence the defendant

possessed the same weapon earlier in the evening admissible to show knowing possession

of felon-in-possession charge); United States v. Tenorio, 312 F. App’x 122, 127 (10th Cir.

2009) (unpublished disposition cited for persuasive value pursuant to 10th Cir. R. 32.1)

(“If Tenorio possessed the same gun on past occasions, it is considerably more likely that

the gun still belonged to him at the time it was found in . . . [the] car and correspondingly

less likely that the gun belonged to someone else or was simply there when he

entered.”).16 Furthermore, given that McGlothin’s trial defense was he did not own the

Glock, did not know it was in the closet, and did not have the power to exercise dominion

or control over it, Waits’s testimony was exceedingly relevant.17


       16
           Likewise, many aspects of the 2009 Incident which McGlothin argues serve no
legitimate purpose are integral to Waits’s ability to identify the weapon officers found in
McGlothin’s bedroom on February of 2010. That is, Waits’s affair with Paden
illuminated the reason for McGlothin’s attack on Waits and, therefore, supported her
assertion McGlothin was the perpetrator of the attack. Furthermore, the nature of the
attack helped explain how Waits is able to identify the Glock as “not appear[ing] to be
different in any way” to the one McGlothin used to attack her. Moreover, her testimony
that the clip dropped to the floor during the attack, when considered in concert with the
testimony of the government’s functionality expert, supported the government’s argument
the Glock was the weapon McGlothin likely used to assault Waits.
        17
           Surprisingly, the government does not defend the district court’s admission of the
2009 Incident on this basis. The government’s failure in this regard is of no significance,
however, because this court can affirm the district court’s evidentiary rulings on any basis
that finds support in the record. Grace United Methodist Church v. City of Cheyenne, 451
F.3d 643, 665 n.11 (10th Cir. 2006).


                                             20
          b. Substantially More Prejudicial Than Probative

   To determine whether Rule 404(b) evidence is admissible, “the court must make a

Rule 403 determination whether the probative value of the similar acts is substantially

outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice.” Diaz, 679 F.3d at 1190. Evidence is

unfairly prejudicial only if it makes “a conviction more likely because it provokes an

emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury’s attitude

toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the

crime charged.” United States v. Smith, 534 F.3d 1211, 1219 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotation

omitted). The danger of unfair prejudice flowing from admission of the 2007 and 2009

Incidents did not so substantially outweigh the probative value of that evidence that the

district court plainly erred in admitting the evidence under Rule 403.

   The district court did not plainly err in admitting the 2007 Incident. Testimony

regarding the incident was narrowly limited to the following proposition: on a given date

in 2007 McGlothin knowingly possessed a firearm. See Moran, 503 F.3d at 1144-45

(recognizing probativeness of such evidence). There was nothing about the nature of the

evidence presented that would cause the jury to decide the instant case against McGlothin

on an improper emotional basis. Smith, 534 F.3d at 1219. Perhaps tacitly recognizing

this fact, McGlothin does not even discuss the 2007 Incident in the portion of his opening

brief addressing the issue of Rule 403 balancing. Thus, the district court did not err, let

alone plainly err, in refusing to exclude the 2007 Incident under Rule 403.




                                             21
   In contrast to his failure to identify any unduly prejudicial aspects of the 2007

Incident, McGlothin argues at length that Waits’s testimony regarding the 2009 Incident

was substantially more prejudicial than probative. Based on this court’s independent

review of the entire trial transcript, we note McGlothin seriously overstates the

supposedly inflammatory nature of Waits’s testimony and the government’s closing

arguments. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the 2009 Incident undoubtedly had the

potential to be unduly prejudicial. In particular, the 2009 Incident involved a brutal attack

by McGlothin on an unarmed woman, solely because that woman was having a lesbian

affair with McGlothin’s cousin. Nevertheless, given its exceptionally probative value,

this court cannot conclude its potential for undue prejudice so substantially outweighed its

probative value that the district court plainly erred in refusing to exclude Waits’s

testimony. This is especially true given exclusion of evidence under Rule 403 “is an

extraordinary remedy and should be used sparingly.” Diaz, 679 F.3d at 1190 (quotation

omitted).18

            c. Limiting Instruction


       18
         This court struggles to see even the slightest probative value to Exhibit 50, a
bloody picture of Waits taken in the immediate aftermath of the assault. Nevertheless,
McGlothin has not challenged on appeal individual evidentiary aspects of the 2009
Incident. Instead, he has only asserted the district court erred in admitting all aspects of
the 2009 Incident. Consequently, this court will not undertake a piece-by-piece analysis
of the evidence related to the 2009 Incident to determine whether the district court plainly
erred in failing to exclude individual aspects of that evidence. Cf. State Farm Fire &
Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding this court will not
consider issues not raised in a party’s opening brief).


                                             22
   Upon request, a district court must instruct the jury that Rule 404(b) evidence “is to be

considered only for the limited purpose for which it was admitted.” Diaz, 679 F.3d at

1190 (quotation omitted). Despite McGlothin’s failure to request such an instruction, the

district court sua sponte instructed the jury as follows:

   Ladies and gentlemen, at times during the trial evidence may be admitted for a
   limited purpose and for no other purpose. The witness that you are about to hear
   from is such an instance. So you may hear evidence of other alleged acts
   committed by Mr. McGlothin and engaged in by him. You may consider that
   evidence only as it bears on the defendant’s opportunity, knowledge, identity,
   absence of mistake or accident, and for no other purpose. Of course, the fact that
   the defendant may have previously committed an act similar to the one charged in
   this case does not mean that the defendant necessarily committed the act charged
   in this case.

At no point did McGlothin object to the content or form of the district court’s limiting

instruction. Nor did McGlothin come forward with an objection during the bench

conference in which the district court discussed the proposed limiting instruction with the

parties. Thus, this court’s review of the district court’s limiting instruction is limited to

plain error. See United States v. Rizvanovic, 572 F.3d 1152, 1155 (10th Cir. 2009)

(reviewing for plain error when party failed to object to limiting instruction). At no point

in either of his briefs to this court on appeal, however, did McGlothin argue an

entitlement to relief under the plain error standard. By failing to argue his entitlement to

relief under the applicable standard, McGlothin has forfeited the argument in this court.

McKissick v. Yuen, 618 F.3d 1177, 1189-90 (10th Cir. 2010).19

       19
        Even if this court were to ignore McGlothin’s forfeiture and initiate plain error
review sua sponte, McGlothin could not demonstrate the district court’s instruction


                                              23
   2. Substantial Rights

   Even assuming the district court plainly erred in admitting all evidence regarding the

2007 and 2009 Incidents, McGlothin would still not be entitled to relief because any such

error would not have affected his substantial rights. A close review of the transcript in

this case reveals much evidence that McGlothin constructively possessed the Glock on

February 10th. That evidence is so overwhelming that the 2007 and 2009 Incidents had

no effect on “the outcome of the district court proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 507

U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (setting forth standard for determining whether an alleged trial error

affected a defendant’s substantial rights).

   To summarize the evidence set out at greater length above, a search of the apartment

McGlothin was using as a permanent residence revealed a loaded Glock in the open closet

of a furnished bedroom. Although the Glock was partially hidden under clothing on a

closet shelf, it was readily visible to the officer conducting the search of the bedroom.

The closet contained men’s clothing, a New York Yankees baseball cap, a stack of two-

dollar bills, and two letters addressed to McGlothin. McGlothin was from New York and




amounted to plain error. The district court’s limiting instruction is consistent with Tenth
Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction (Criminal) No. 1.30 and this court has previously
approved the admission of Rule 404(b) evidence in the face of similar instructions. See,
e.g., United States v. Davis, 636 F.3d 1281, 1300 (10th Cir. 2011); United States v.
Burgess, 576 F.3d 1078, 1086 n.6 (10th Cir. 2009). Accordingly, any error McGlothin
might be able to identify in the district court’s instruction is certainly not plain. United
States v. Ruiz-Gea, 340 F.3d 1181, 1187 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding that for an error to be
plain it must be clear or obvious under well-settled law).


                                              24
was known as “New York.” Although he asserted he did not own the two-dollar bills, he

admitted having spent some of them.

   Ritchie testified that before he rented the apartment it was completely empty, cleaned

out, and vacuumed. Ritchie did not keep clothes at the apartment and usually stayed

elsewhere. On occasions when he did stay at the apartment, he either slept on the couch

or in the empty bedroom because the furnished bedroom belonged to McGlothin. The

only furniture in the apartment was purchased by McGlothin. Ritchie had no knowledge

of anyone other than McGlothin and Paden staying at the apartment. McGlothin

confirmed during his post-arrest interview with police that none of his friends stayed at

the apartment. Ritchie and McGlothin were the only two people who had a key for the

apartment. Ritchie had no incentive to shift blame onto McGlothin because he was

legally entitled to possess a firearm. Nevertheless, he testified he did not own the firearm

found in McGlothin’s bedroom.

   During his post-arrest interview, McGlothin admitted that he had previously handled

the Glock. This admission was corroborated by the government’s DNA expert. Berdine

told the jury one of three DNA profiles found on the Glock was consistent with

McGlothin’s DNA profile and the odds of finding a random, unrelated person in the

general population that shared the same DNA markers as McGlothin was roughly 1 in

110,000. McGlothin’s ability to handle the Glock on a previous occasion made it




                                             25
exceedingly likely he could exercise dominion and control over the Glock found in his

closet on February 10th.

   In the face of this overwhelming evidence of constructive possession, this court

concludes evidence regarding the 2007 and 2009 Incidents did not affect the jury’s guilty

verdict. Because the evidence did not affect McGlothin’s substantial rights, he is not

entitled to relief on appeal. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(b).

                                      III. Conclusion

   For those reasons set out above, the judgment of conviction entered by the United

States District Court for the District of Colorado is hereby AFFIRMED.




                                              26
