[Cite as State v. Jackson, 2018-Ohio-1285.]


STATE OF OHIO                     )                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:              NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

STATE OF OHIO                                       C.A. No.       28691

        Appellee

        v.                                          APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                    ENTERED IN THE
ANDREW JACKSON, III                                 COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                    COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                   CASE No.   CR-2016-03-0737-B

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: April 4, 2018



        TEODOSIO, Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Andrew Jackson III, appeals from his convictions in the Summit

County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.

                                               I.

        {¶2}     Based on a drug trafficking investigation focusing on Mr. Jackson and 1016

Beardsley Street in Akron, police officers obtained a search warrant for the residence at 1016

Beardsley Street.      On the day the search warrant was to be executed, police watched the

residence and waited until they saw Mr. Jackson and his sister leave the residence together in a

rental car. Police conducted a traffic stop of the vehicle several blocks away from the residence

and arrested Mr. Jackson. Officers returned Mr. Jackson to the residence, read him his Miranda

rights, and questioned him during the search of the residence. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.

436 (1966).
                                                   2


       {¶3}    Police discovered large amounts of drugs, cash, and other evidence of drug

trafficking in a bedroom. A letter addressed to Mr. Jackson with 1016 Beardsley Street listed as

his address was found on a bedroom dresser amongst the contraband. A firearm was also found

in a woman’s purse in the bedroom. While speaking to police at the scene, Mr. Jackson admitted

that the drugs were his and, before anyone told him that a gun had been found, he asked if his

sister had taken ownership of the gun.

       {¶4}    Mr. Jackson filed a motion to suppress and a supplemental motion to suppress,

which were denied by the trial court. The case proceeded to a jury trial and Mr. Jackson was

found guilty of aggravated trafficking in drugs, aggravated possession of drugs, trafficking in

heroin, possession of heroin, and having weapons while under disability. The possession counts

merged into the trafficking counts, and the trial court sentenced Mr. Jackson to an aggregate total

of six years mandatory prison time.

       {¶5}    Mr. Jackson now appeals from his convictions and raises four assignments of

error for this Court’s review.

                                                II.

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO SUPPRESS ALL
       EVIDENCE AND STATEMENTS OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF
       APPELLANT JACKSON’S FOURTH, FIFTH, AND SIXTH AMENDMENT
       RIGHTS UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I,
       SECTIONS TEN AND FOURTEEN OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.

       {¶6}    In his first assignment of error, Mr. Jackson argues that the trial court erred in

failing to grant his motion to suppress. Specifically, he argues that his statements to the police

were made involuntarily and the search warrant for 1016 Beardsley Street was defective as it

failed to establish probable cause. We disagree.
                                                3


       {¶7}    A motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact:

       When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
       fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate
       the credibility of witnesses. Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial
       court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.
       Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently
       determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts
       satisfy the applicable legal standard.

State v. Oberholtz, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27972, 2016-Ohio-8506, ¶ 5, quoting State v. Burnside,

100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8.

                               Mr. Jackson’s Statements to Police

       {¶8}    Mr. Jackson filed a motion to suppress and sought suppression of all statements

made to the police. He conceded in his motion that the police initially read him his Miranda

rights before he made any statements, but argued that they failed to read him his Miranda rights

again when he spoke to the police a second time prior to being transported to jail. He also

argued that his statements were involuntary because the police threatened to arrest both his

mother and sister and further threatened to have his mother’s house seized and forfeited.

       {¶9}    Akron Police Detective Brian Callahan testified at the suppression hearing that

Mr. Jackson was handcuffed and in custody. Detective Callahan testified that, prior to any

questioning, he read Mr. Jackson his Miranda rights off of the Akron Police Department’s

“Miranda card.” He testified that Mr. Jackson verbally acknowledged that he understood each

and every right individually. Akron Police Sergeant Jason Mallick testified that he was present

when Detective Callahan read Mr. Jackson his Miranda rights. Sergeant Mallick testified that

Mr. Jackson indicated he understood all of his rights. Detective Callahan testified that he then

asked Mr. Jackson if he was willing to speak to him and Mr. Jackson replied, “Yes.” The

detective questioned Mr. Jackson for two or three minutes. Twenty minutes later, while Mr.
                                                 4


Jackson was in the back of a police vehicle outside waiting to be transported to jail, he asked to

speak to Detective Callahan again. The detective did not Mirandize Mr. Jackson again, but

spoke to him for another minute or two. Detective Callahan and Sergeant Mallick both testified

at the hearing that they did not threaten Mr. Jackson in any way, nor did they observe any other

officers threaten Mr. Jackson. The officers also testified that no one threatened to seek forfeiture

of the house or to arrest any of Mr. Jackson’s family members.

       {¶10} The trial court found that Detective Callahan read Mr. Jackson his Miranda rights

and that Mr. Jackson verbally acknowledged that he understood his rights and waived them.

After reviewing the record, we conclude that the trial court’s findings are supported by

competent, credible evidence.

       {¶11} The State must prove by a preponderance of evidence that a waiver of Miranda

rights is knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. State v. Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d 165,

2016-Ohio-1581, ¶ 107. To determine whether a confession was involuntary, courts “‘consider

the totality of the circumstances, including the age, mentality, and prior criminal experience of

the accused; the length, intensity, and frequency of interrogation; the existence of physical

deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of threat or inducement.’” Id., quoting State v.

Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31 (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus, death penalty vacated on

other grounds, 438 U.S. 911 (1978). “[W]e will not conclude that a waiver was involuntary

‘unless there is evidence of police coercion, such as physical abuse, threats, or deprivation of

food, medical treatment, or sleep.’” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 107, quoting State v. Wesson, 137

Ohio St.3d 309, 2013-Ohio-4575, ¶ 35.

       {¶12} Here, Mr. Jackson offered no evidence at the suppression hearing of any threats or

otherwise improper conduct by the police. On the contrary, two officers testified specifically
                                                  5


that they did not threaten Mr. Jackson and did not observe any other officers threaten him. The

officers further testified that no one threatened to seek forfeiture of the house or to arrest any of

Mr. Jackson’s family members. Therefore, as the trial court was in the best position to hear the

testimony and evaluate the credibility of witnesses, we defer to the trial court’s assessment of

this matter and conclude that any statements made by Mr. Jackson during police questioning at

the scene were voluntarily made.

       {¶13} In his merit brief, Mr. Jackson also argues for the first time that he was

continually questioned by police “in spite of his clear request to contact his attorney.” However,

he improperly cites to the trial transcript in support of this argument, the contents of which were

not available to the trial court at the time it ruled on the motion to suppress. Mr. Jackson did not

testify at the suppression hearing or present any evidence at all. We cannot consider any

testimony procured during trial in rendering a decision on an assignment of error that focuses

solely on a motion to suppress. See State v. Kurjian, 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0010-M, 2006-

Ohio-6669, ¶ 13. Furthermore, as Mr. Jackson did not raise this particular issue in his motion to

suppress or at the suppression hearing, he may not now argue it for the first time on appeal. See

State v. Nestor, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27800, 2016-Ohio-1333, ¶ 18. Accordingly, Mr. Jackson

has forfeited this particular argument for purposes of appeal and we decline to address it. See

State v. Palmer, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28303, 2017-Ohio-2639, ¶ 11.

                             Search Warrant and Supporting Affidavit

       {¶14} As to the search warrant and supporting affidavit, Mr. Jackson’s stated

assignment of error initially gives us pause as it challenges the trial court’s failure to suppress his

statements, but it does not state with specificity his challenge to the search warrant or supporting

affidavit. This Court has consistently held that an appellant’s captioned assignment of error
                                                  6


provides us with a roadmap on appeal and directs our analysis. E.g., State v. Martynowski, 9th

Dist. Lorain No. 17CA011078, 2017-Ohio-9299, ¶ 18. “This Court will not address arguments

that fall outside the scope of an appellant’s captioned assignment of error.” Id. While we could

conceivably decline to address Mr. Jackson’s challenge to the search warrant and supporting

affidavit on this basis alone, we will instead liberally construe his statement in this assignment of

error that the trial court “failed to suppress all evidence and statements” as challenging the

admissibility of his statements as well as the search warrant and supporting affidavit. (Emphasis

added.)

          {¶15} In his supplemental motion to suppress, Mr. Jackson argued that the search

warrant was defective on its face, as it failed to establish probable cause. He challenged the

affidavit in support of the search warrant, including the credibility of the confidential informant,

the two controlled buys, the knowledge and experience of the affiant, and the lack of a link

between himself and the residence to be searched.

          {¶16} “To determine if an affidavit in support of a search is supported by probable

cause, a judge must ‘make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the

circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him [or her], including the “veracity” and “basis of

knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband

or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’” State v. Myers, 9th Dist. Summit No.

27576, 2015-Ohio-2135, ¶ 10, quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-239 (1983). Courts

should give “great deference” to the determination of probable cause made by the judge or

magistrate who issued the search warrant. Myers at ¶ 10. The applicable standard of review is as

follows:

          In reviewing the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted in support
          of a search warrant issued by a magistrate, neither a trial court nor an appellate
                                                 7


       court should substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate by conducting a de
       novo determination as to whether the affidavit contains sufficient probable cause
       upon which that court would issue the search warrant. Rather, the duty of a
       reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for
       concluding that probable cause existed. In conducting any after-the-fact scrutiny
       of an affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant, * * * doubtful or
       marginal cases in this area should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.

Id., quoting State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶17} “‘Probable cause means the existence of evidence, less than the evidence that

would justify condemnation, such as proof beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance; in

other words, probable cause is the existence of circumstances that warrant suspicion.’” State v.

Tejada, 9th Dist. Summit No. 20947, 2002-Ohio-5777, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Young, 146 Ohio

App.3d 245, 254 (11th Dist.2001). Under that definition, while a prima facie showing of

criminal activity is not required, we must instead look for the probability of criminal activity.

Myers at ¶ 11. “When conducting a review of the probable cause behind a search warrant, we

are mindful that we are ‘limited to the four corners of the search warrant affidavit.’” Id., quoting

State v. Russell, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26819, 2013-Ohio-4895, ¶ 9.

       {¶18} In the case sub judice, the trial court found that there was probable cause for the

issuing judge to sign the search warrant.

       {¶19} Detective Callahan is a member of the Akron Police Department, has been

employed there for the past nineteen years, and is currently assigned to the Akron Narcotics

Detail. In the affidavit supporting the search warrant, he avers that “the information source * * *

has provided [the detective] with information concerning the possession and sale of controlled

substances in the [Akron area], which information has been corroborated by [the detective].” He

further avers that “the information source has displayed [] specific knowledge as to the uses,

effects[,] and distribution patterns of controlled substances in the [Akron area].” “‘It is not
                                                 8


essential that the affiant swear that the informant supplied reliable information in the past, but it

is generally held that a statement that the informant has been reliable in the past is sufficient.’”

State v. Beauford, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25767, 2011-Ohio-5628, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Karr, 44

Ohio St.2d 163, 166, (1975).

       {¶20} Regarding the first controlled buy, which was performed within eight days of the

affidavit, Detective Callahan avers that the confidential source was searched and then provided

with money to purchase heroin. He avers that the police observed a black male exit 1016

Beardsley Street and get into a black Ford Fusion with a specific Florida license plate number.

Surveillance units followed the vehicle to the area of Wilbur Avenue and Stanton Avenue.

Detective Callahan avers that he observed the confidential source meet with the vehicle.

Afterward, the source returned a quantity of heroin to the detective, which the source stated he

purchased from Mr. Jackson.

       {¶21} Regarding the second controlled buy, which was performed within three days of

the affidavit, Detective Callahan avers that the confidential source was again searched and

provided with money to purchase heroin. He avers that the police observed a black male exit

1016 Beardsley Street and get into a black Ford Fusion with a specific Florida license plate

number, which was parked in front of the residence. Surveillance units followed the vehicle, but

lost sight of it near Grant Street and South Street. Fifteen minutes later, police saw the vehicle

pull into the driveway of 1127 Wilbur Avenue and meet the source. Police observed the source

walk up to the vehicle. Detective Callahan avers that, shortly thereafter, he followed the source

back to their meeting location. The source returned a quantity of heroin to the detective, which

the source stated he purchased from Mr. Jackson.
                                                 9


       {¶22} Detective Callahan also avers that when Mr. Jackson was arrested several months

ago for carrying concealed weapons and having weapons while under disability, he provided an

address of 1016 Beardsley Street, Akron, Ohio. He further avers that the grey Porsche Cayenne

currently parked near 1016 Beardsley Street is registered to Mr. Jackson, whose listed address on

the vehicle’s registration is 1016 Beardsley Street, Akron, Ohio.

       {¶23} In giving great deference to the issuing judge’s determination, we conclude that,

given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit, there was a substantial basis for determining

that probable cause existed to search Mr. Jackson’s residence located at 1016 Beardsley Street.

The affidavit provided information supporting the probability that drugs or evidence of drug

trafficking would be found at Mr. Jackson’s residence. Even considering the fact that officers

lost sight of Mr. Jackson for fifteen minutes during one of the two controlled buys, doubtful or

marginal cases should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant. See Myers, 2015-Ohio-

2135, at ¶ 10, quoting George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, at paragraph two of the syllabus. We

therefore conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that there was sufficient probable

cause to sign the search warrant.

       {¶24} Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Mr. Jackson’s

motion to suppress and supplemental motion to suppress.

       {¶25} Mr. Jackson’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO

       EXHIBIT 22A SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ADMITTED INTO EVIDENCE
       BECAUSE IT PROVIDED DIRECT EVIDENCE OF “OTHER ACTS” AND
       ITS PROBATIVE VALUE WAS SUBSTANTIALLY OUTWEIGHED BY ITS
       PREJUDICIAL EFFECT

       {¶26} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Jackson argues that the trial court erred by

admitting prejudicial “other acts” evidence, specifically a redacted letter addressed to him from
                                                 10


his attorney. We decline to address this assignment of error as Mr. Jackson has not properly

preserved his “other acts” argument for appeal and has furthermore made no meaningful

argument in support of his claim of prejudice.

       {¶27} “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character

of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for

other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Evid.R. 404(B). “Proof of one of these purposes

must go to an issue which is material in proving the defendant’s guilt for the crime at issue.”

State v. Auerswald, 9th Dist. Medina No. 11CA0053-M, 2013-Ohio-742, ¶ 10. Trial courts

conduct a three-step analysis in determining whether to admit other acts evidence:

       The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making
       any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less
       probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to
       consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to
       prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity
       therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose,
       such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the
       probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the
       danger of unfair prejudice.

State v. Baskerville, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28148, 2017-Ohio-4050, ¶ 7, quoting State v.

Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 20.

       {¶28} “The admission or exclusion of evidence rests soundly within the trial court’s

discretion.”   State v. Scheck, 9th Dist. Medina No. 05CA0033-M, 2006-Ohio-647, ¶ 13.

Therefore, we review a trial court’s decision regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence

for an abuse of discretion. Id. “The term ‘abuse of discretion’ connotes more than an error of

law or judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.”

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When applying an abuse of discretion
                                                11


standard, a reviewing court is precluded from simply substituting its own judgment for that of the

trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993).

       {¶29} Upon review of the record, we note that Mr. Jackson’s trial counsel made two

general objections to the admission of the redacted letter into evidence, simply claiming that it

was prejudicial and not relevant to the case. He later renewed these objections. “Evid.R. 402

limits the admission of evidence to relevant evidence.” State v. Ellis, 9th Dist. Summit No.

27013, 2014-Ohio-4186, ¶ 26. “Evid.R. 403(A) prohibits the admission of relevant evidence ‘if

its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice * * *.’” Id.,

quoting Evid.R. 403(A). However, at no time did Mr. Jackson’s trial counsel specifically object

to the letter as being improper “other acts” evidence under Evid.R. 404(B). See State v. Kuhar,

9th Dist. Medina No. 15A0053-M, 2016-Ohio-5280, ¶ 14-15 (concluding that two general

objections, without a specific objection to evidence as “other acts” evidence pursuant to Evid.R.

404(B), forfeits all but plain error as to any Evid.R. 404(B) challenge). Consequently, Mr.

Jackson has forfeited all but plain error as to his Evid.R. 404(B) argument. See id. at ¶ 15. Mr.

Jackson has not argued plain error on appeal and this Court will not create a plain error argument

on his behalf. See id.

       {¶30} Mr. Jackson also briefly references Evid.R. 403 as prohibiting unfairly prejudicial

evidence, but he makes no meaningful argument as to the rule’s application to this case beyond

stating: “[E]ven if the other acts evidence was not barred by Evidence Rule 404(B), it should

have been excluded under Evidence Rule 403, since it was unfairly prejudicial.” See App.R.

16(A)(7) (“The appellant shall include in its brief * * * [a]n argument containing the contentions

of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in

support of the contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on
                                                 12


which appellant relies”); accord Loc.R. 7(B)(7); see also App.R. 12(A)(2) (“The [C]ourt may

disregard an assignment of error presented for review if the party raising it fails to identify in the

record the error on which the assignment of error is based or fails to argue the assignment

separately in the brief, as required under App.R. 16(A)”); accord Loc.R. 7(F). This Court will

not construct an Evid.R. 403 argument on Mr. Jackson’s behalf. See Cardone v. Cardone, 9th

Dist. Summit Nos. 18349 & 18673, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 2028, *22 (May 6, 1998) (“If an

argument exists that can support this assignment of error, it is not this [C]ourt’s duty to root it

out”).

         {¶31} Accordingly, Mr. Jackson’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE

         THE EVIDENCE IN THIS CASE WAS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF
         LAW TO SUPPORT THE CONVICTIONS AND, AS A RESULT,
         APPELLANT JACKSON’S RIGHTS AS PROTECTED BY ARTICLE I,
         SECTION 16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION AND FIFTH AMENDMENT
         OF THE UNITED STATES CONSITUTION (SIC) WERE VIOLATED

         {¶32} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Jackson argues that his convictions were

based on insufficient evidence. We disagree.

         {¶33} “A sufficiency challenge of a criminal conviction presents a question of law,

which we review de novo.” State v. Spear, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28181, 2017-Ohio-169, ¶ 6,

citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). “Sufficiency concerns the burden of

production and tests whether the prosecution presented adequate evidence for the case to go to

the jury.” State v. Bressi, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27575, 2016-Ohio-5211, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins

at 386. “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id., quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991),
                                               13


paragraph two of the syllabus. However, “we do not resolve evidentiary conflicts or assess the

credibility of witnesses, because these functions belong to the trier of fact.” State v. Hall, 9th

Dist. Summit No. 27827, 2017-Ohio-73, ¶ 10.

       {¶34} Mr. Jackson was convicted of both aggravated trafficking in drugs and trafficking

in heroin under R.C. 2925.03(A), which states in relevant part: “No person shall knowingly * * *

[p]repare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for distribution, or distribute

[methamphetamine or heroin], when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that

the [methamphetamine or heroin] is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another

person.” “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the

person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature.”

R.C. 2901.22(B). As the amount of methamphetamine equaled or exceeded five times the bulk

amount, but was less than fifty times the bulk amount, aggravated trafficking in drugs was a

felony of the second degree. See R.C. 2925.03(C)(1)(d). As the amount of heroin equaled or

exceeded five grams, but was less than ten grams, trafficking in heroin was a felony of the third

degree. See R.C. 2925.03(C)(6)(d).

       {¶35} Mr. Jackson was also convicted of both aggravated possession of drugs and

possession of heroin under R.C. 2925.11(A), which states in relevant part: “No person shall

knowingly obtain, possess, or use [methamphetamine or heroin].”              As the amount of

methamphetamine equaled or exceeded five times the bulk amount, but was less than fifty times

the bulk amount, aggravated possession of drugs was a felony of the second degree. See R.C.

2925.11(C)(1)(c). As the amount of heroin equaled or exceeded five grams, but was less than

ten grams, possession of heroin was a felony of the third degree. See R.C. 2925.11(C)(6)(c).
                                               14


       {¶36} Finally, Mr. Jackson was convicted of having weapons while under disability

under R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), which states in relevant part: “Unless relieved from disability * * *,

no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm * * * [if t]he person is under

indictment for or has been convicted of any felony offense of violence * * *.”

       {¶37} Mr. Jackson argues that the State did not present any evidence that he

constructively possessed the firearm or drugs found inside of a bedroom at 1016 Beardsley

Street. Furthermore, he claims the State did not present any evidence to support his two

trafficking convictions.

       {¶38} “‘Possess’ or ‘possession’ means having control over a thing or substance, but

may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance through ownership or

occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance is found.” R.C. 2925.01(K). “[A]

person may knowingly possess a substance or object through either actual or constructive

possession.” State v. Hilton, 9th Dist. Summit No. 21624, 2004-Ohio-1418, ¶ 16. “Constructive

possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object,

even though that object may not be within his immediate physical possession.”            State v.

Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87 (1982), syllabus. “Inherent in the notions of dominion and control

is some authority over the object, not merely the ability to have access to it.” State v. Carlton,

9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010219, 2013-Ohio-2788, ¶ 11. “The State may prove dominion and

control through circumstantial evidence.” State v. Rucker, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25081, 2010-

Ohio-3005, ¶ 30. Ownership need not be established to demonstrate constructive possession.

Hilton at ¶ 16. “Some facts standing alone, such as access to drugs, are insufficient to establish

constructive possession on their own, but when viewed together, these factors may constitute

circumstantial evidence that demonstrates constructive possession.” State v. Mack, 9th Dist.
                                               15


Summit No. 26859, 2014-Ohio-1387, ¶ 9.         Furthermore, “‘[p]ossession of a drug includes

possessing individually or jointly with another person. Joint possession exists when two or more

persons together have the ability to control an object, exclusive of others.’” State v. Figueroa,

9th Dist. Summit No. 22208, 2005-Ohio-1132, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Alicea, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 78940, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4662, *17 (Oct. 18, 2001).

       {¶39} At trial, the State introduced into evidence a redacted letter addressed to Mr.

Jackson at 1016 Beardsley Street from his attorney, which was dated approximately one week

earlier and found on a bedroom dresser amongst large quantities of drugs, $8,322.00 in cash, and

various other evidence indicative of drug trafficking such as digital scales and plastic baggies.

Large pieces of methamphetamine and heroin were found as well as hundreds of individual

packets or doses of the two drugs. Officer Chris Carney testified that no evidence was found

which would indicate the use of drugs in the residence. Mr. Jackson testified in his own defense

at trial and admitted that he had been a drug dealer and had sold heroin prior to this case. A

firearm was also found in a woman’s purse in the same bedroom where the other contraband was

discovered.

       {¶40} The testimony presented at trial established that police watched Mr. Jackson leave

1016 Beardsley Street and soon conducted a traffic stop of Mr. Jackson’s vehicle several blocks

from the residence. This was done for safety purposes for execution of the search warrant at the

residence. When he was arrested and searched during the traffic stop, Mr. Jackson had keys for

the residence at 1016 Beardsley Street, $710.00 in cash, and three cell phones on his person.

Most of the cash recovered in this case consisted of twenty-dollar bills, which Officer Carney

testified is a standard denomination indicative of narcotic sales and distribution. Detective

Callahan also testified that drug traffickers often carry multiple cell phones, including their
                                                16


regular cell phone and a “burner” phone for conducting business. He further testified that the

Ford Fusion Mr. Jackson was driving was a rental car and that drug traffickers often use rental

cars because they are reliable, do not have equipment violations, are less likely to be pulled over,

and can be “switched out.” Mr. Jackson used 1016 Beardsley Street as his address when he

rented the vehicle.

       {¶41} Detective Callahan testified that Mr. Jackson confessed that “all the drugs that

were recovered in that bedroom were his.” The detective further testified that Mr. Jackson said

he had a bag of “ice” in the bedroom, which is a term that refers to methamphetamine. Mr.

Jackson used his hand to indicate to the detective the approximate size of the bag, which

Detective Callahan testified was a golf-ball-sized shape. This was very similar to the size of the

large piece of methamphetamine that was actually seized from the bedroom. Detective Callahan

testified that Mr. Jackson admitted he gets methamphetamine from a man in Seattle, Washington.

Mr. Jackson further told the detective that the individual from Seattle came to Akron

approximately two weeks ago and “fronted” him two ounces of “ice.” The detective testified

that that term means the supplier gave Mr. Jackson the drugs to sell first with an agreement to be

paid for the drugs later. Detective Callahan also testified that, although no gun was ever

mentioned to Mr. Jackson, he asked the detective if his sister took ownership of the firearm.

When the detective said that his sister did not take ownership of it, Mr. Jackson replied, “Damn.”

       {¶42} Mr. Jackson’s statements and admissions to the police, along with the location of

the letter, his access to the residence, and the myriad of additional evidence presented at trial,

sufficiently established Mr. Jackson’s dominion and control and, therefore, constructive

possession of the drugs found in the bedroom. Furthermore, although the firearm was found in a

woman’s purse in the bedroom, Mr. Jackson was never informed by police that any gun was
                                                17


seized during the search. Nonetheless, he unwittingly asked about the firearm and said, “Damn”

when he learned that his sister had not told the police it was hers. These statements, along with

the location of the letter and Mr. Jackson’s admission of ownership to the contraband found in

the same bedroom, were enough to establish that Mr. Jackson knew of the firearm, had access to

it, had some authority over it, and had the ability to exercise dominion and control over it.

Therefore, the evidence sufficiently established Mr. Jackson’s constructive possession of the

firearm.

       {¶43} After viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we

conclude that the State presented sufficient evidence, if believed, that Mr. Jackson constructively

possessed the firearm and drugs and was trafficking methamphetamine and heroin. Any rational

trier of fact could have found all the elements of these offenses proven beyond a reasonable

doubt. Mr. Jackson admitted that he would occasionally stay at 1016 Beardsley Street, he had

keys to the residence, and he even used it as his home address for mailing purposes and for

registering his rental vehicle. The letter addressed to Mr. Jackson listed 1016 Beardsley as his

address and tied him to the bedroom, as it was found on the bedroom dresser amongst a vast

amount of contraband. Large amounts of drugs and cash were discovered in the bedroom,

including hundreds of individually-packaged doses of methamphetamine and heroin and many

twenty-dollar bills, along with digital scales and plastic baggies. Mr. Jackson was driving a

rental car and carrying three cell phones on his person when he left the house, and testimony at

trial established that this was indicative of drug trafficking. He admitted ownership of the drugs,

accurately identified the size of the large piece of methamphetamine that was seized, and

explained who and where he got it from and when he received it. He further inquired about the

gun when no one had even mentioned the existence of a gun to him. Mr. Jackson even admitted
                                                 18


at trial that he had been a drug dealer prior to this case and had sold heroin before. We conclude

that Mr. Jackson’s sufficiency argument lacks merit.

       {¶44} Mr. Jackson’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR

       THE VERDICTS IN THIS CASE WERE AGAINST THE MANIFEST
       WEIGHT EVIDENCE (SIC) AND, AS A RESULT, APPELLANT JACKSON’S
       RIGHTS AS PROTECTED BY ARTICLE I, SECTION 16 OF THE OHIO
       CONSTITUTION AND FIFTH AMENDMENT OF THE UNITED STATES
       CONSTITUTION WERE VIOLATED

       {¶45} In his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Jackson argues that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

       {¶46} This Court has stated:

       In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
       evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
       and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
       whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
       and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
       reversed and a new trial ordered.

State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). “[W]hen reversing a conviction on the

basis that it was against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court sits as a

‘thirteenth juror,’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.”

State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0035-M, 2006-Ohio-6914, ¶ 5. This discretionary

power “should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997), quoting State v.

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). See also Otten at 340.

       {¶47} Here, Mr. Jackson briefly directs us to his third assignment of error and states,

“[T]here was not sufficient evidence presented to the jury to convict[.]” However, “sufficiency

and manifest weight are two separate, legally distinct arguments.” State v. Vincente-Colon, 9th
                                                19


Dist. Lorain No. 09CA009705, 2010-Ohio-6242, ¶ 20.             Mr. Jackson then claims that his

convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence by simply stating, “In this case, the

manifest weight of the evidence balances in favor of Appellant Jackson.” Although he sets forth

the standard of review for a manifest weight challenge, he does not cite to the record or present

any argument in support of his claim. See App.R. 16(A)(7) (“The appellant shall include in its

brief * * * [a]n argument containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each

assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with

citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant relies.”); accord

Loc.R. 7(B)(7). We are permitted to disregard this assignment of error for that reason alone. See

App.R. 12(A)(2) (“The [C]ourt may disregard an assignment of error presented for review if the

party raising it fails to identify in the record the error on which the assignment of error is based

or fails to argue the assignment separately in the brief, as required under App.R. 16(A).”);

accord Loc.R. 7(F). This Court will not create or develop a manifest weight argument on Mr.

Jackson’s behalf. See State v. Sadeghi, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 14AP0051, 2016-Ohio-744, ¶ 32.

       {¶48} Mr. Jackson’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

                                                III.

       {¶49} Mr. Jackson’s first, second, third, and fourth assignments of error are overruled.

The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                               Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
                                                20


       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                     THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
                                                     FOR THE COURT



HENSAL, P. J.
CARR, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

DONALD R. HICKS, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and RICHARD S. KASAY, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
