Filed 6/8/20
                      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

        IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                   DIVISION FOUR


SCOTT WILLIAMS,
        Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                              A156226
v.
U.S. BANCORP INVESTMENTS,                     (City & County of San Francisco
INC., et al.,                                 Super. Ct. No. CGC10499011)
        Defendants and Respondents.


        In a class action, an order denying certification to a proposed class does
not preclude an absent member of the putative class from later seeking to
certify an identical class in a second action. (Smith v. Bayer Corp. (2011) 564
U.S. 299, 312–316 (Smith); Bridgeford v. Pacific Health Corp. (2012) 202
Cal.App.4th 1034, 1041–1044 (Bridgeford).) In this case, we are called upon
to decide a closely related question: whether collateral estoppel bars an
absent member in a putative class that was initially certified, but later
decertified, from subsequently pursuing an identical class action. We
conclude that the rule of Smith and Bridgeford applies equally in this
context. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order dismissing plaintiff’s
class claims and compelling arbitration of his individual claims.
               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Burakoff Action
        Two lawsuits are at issue here. The first of them, Burakoff et al. v.
U.S. Bancorp (Super. Ct., L.A. County, 2008, No. BC341430) (Burakoff), was


                                         1
a class action brought in the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 2005 by
Robert Burakoff and Mohamed Alakozai, seeking restitution of overtime
wages and wage deductions, waiting time penalties, and meal and rest
breaks. In the Burakoff action, the named plaintiffs alleged they worked for
U.S. Bancorp. Subclass A was those “who worked more than 40 hours in a
week or 8 hours in a day, but did not receive overtime pay,” and Subclass B
was those who were illegally required to bear the cost of their business
expenses.
      On May 8, 2008, the Los Angeles County Superior Court granted
Burakoff and Alakozai’s motion for class certification, certifying a class of
“[a]ll individuals who are or were employed by Defendant as Investment
Financial Consultants in the State of California” for a period running
through the date of the order, and certifying the two requested subclasses.
The court ordered that notice be given to class members.
Williams Files the Present Action
      The plaintiff in the present action, Scott Williams, joined U.S. Bancorp
as a financial consultant in May 2007. He immediately became a member of
the Burakoff putative class, and presumably received notice after that class
was certified the following year. Then on April 23, 2010, he filed his own
class action against U.S. Bancorp Investments, Inc. and U.S. Bancorp
(collectively, U.S. Bancorp) in the San Francisco Superior Court, similarly
alleging causes of action for unpaid overtime, unpaid meal-period premiums,
unpaid rest-period premiums, unpaid business expenses, wages not timely
paid, non-compliant wage statements, and unfair business practices. He
alleged U.S. Bancorp employed him as a financial advisor and investment
financial consultant, which are commission-paid positions. His complaint
proposed a class period beginning the day after the Burakoff class period



                                        2
ended, and two subclasses consistent with those in Burakoff: (1) the “Unpaid
Wages Subclass,” defined as “All commission paid employees who worked for
Defendants in California from May 9, 2008 until the date of certification,”
and (2) the “Unreimbursed Business Expenses Subclass,” defined as “All
employees of Defendants who paid for business-related expenses, including
expenses for assistants, client or prospect beverages or meals, or cell phone
expenses, in California from May 9, 2008 until the date of certification.”
      U.S. Bancorp demurred to the first amended complaint on the ground
Williams was part of the certified class in the Burakoff action then pending in
the Los Angeles Superior Court. The trial court determined Williams’s case
was “founded upon the same primary rights, states substantially the same
causes of action, and involves substantially the same parties” as the Burakoff
action, and so it stayed the case until the proceedings in Burakoff concluded.
Decertification and Settlement in Burakoff
      After the parties in Burakoff engaged in extensive discovery around
class issues, U.S. Bancorp moved to decertify the class. In May 2011, the Los
Angeles Superior Court granted the motion as to Subclass A, decertifying this
overtime subclass on the ground its alleged members lacked sufficient
commonality. The court concluded it would be required to conduct numerous
case-by-case inquiries into such matters as the amount of time the individual
class members spent on various job duties and their level of autonomy in
carrying out their work in order to determine whether each individual
member fell within various exemptions from state and federal overtime pay
laws. The court denied the motion as to Subclass B, allowing the claims for
unreimbursed business expenses to go forward on a class-wide basis.
      The following year, the parties settled Burakoff. The named plaintiffs
agreed to release all their claims against U.S. Bancorp, and the members of



                                       3
Subclass B released their claims for unpaid business expenses. The trial
court approved the settlement agreement and entered judgment accordingly.
Williams participated in the Burakoff settlement and received compensation
as a member of Subclass B. But he did not, nor did any of the other absent
members of alleged Subclass A, release his wage and hour claims.
Arbitration Demand and Earlier Appeal
        U.S. Bancorp then demanded in the present action that Williams drop
his class claims and arbitrate his individual claims. U.S. Bancorp cited an
agreement Williams had signed that required arbitration of individual
disputes and that prohibited arbitration of claims alleged as class claims
until class certification had been denied, or the class decertified.1 When
Williams did not agree to arbitrate his individual claims, U.S. Bancorp
brought a motion to compel arbitration and to dismiss the first amended
complaint. It argued the Burakoff decertification order collaterally estopped
Williams from relitigating the appropriateness of class certification because
he was a member of the Burakoff class, and because the two cases raised
substantially the same claims and identical class certification issues.
Williams agreed to the dismissal of his claim for unpaid business expenses
only.



        Specifically, Williams had signed a “Form U4” at the outset of his
        1

employment, which included an agreement to arbitrate claims against U.S.
Bancorp “under the rules of the self-regulatory organizations with which you
are registering.” The applicable Financial Industry Regulatory Authority’s
Code of Arbitration Procedure for Industry Dispute (FINRA rules) prohibits
enforcement of an arbitration agreement against “a member of a certified or
putative class action with respect to any claim that is the subject of the
certified or putative class action” until, inter alia, certification is denied or
the class is decertified. (Former FINRA rule 13204(d) [now FINRA rule
13204(a)(4)].)


                                        4
      The trial court initially denied U.S. Bancorp’s motion to compel
arbitration and dismiss the remaining class claim, concluding that Burakoff’s
Subclass A and the putative class in this case were not identical. They were
comprised of different class members during different time periods, so
collateral estoppel did not apply, the trial court ruled.
      U.S. Bancorp appealed, and a different panel of this division affirmed
the trial court’s order. (Williams v. U.S. Bancorp Investments, Inc. (June 27,
2016, A141199) [nonpub. opn.] (Williams I).) We noted that no record had yet
been developed in connection with a motion for class certification, and
concluded that U.S. Bancorp had not met its burden to show that the job
duties of members of the Burakoff class were identical to those of the current
putative class, covering a later period, or that any differences between the
Burakoff class and the proposed class were immaterial.
The Present Dispute
      On remand, U.S. Bancorp renewed its motion to compel arbitration of
Williams’s individual claims after conducting discovery relevant to class
certification. The trial court granted the motion on October 25, 2018,
concluding that a class decertification order may have collateral estoppel
effect, and that the decertification order in Burakoff barred Williams’s claims
because facts developed in discovery showed brokers’ job duties and time
spent performing those duties were materially the same during both class
periods. On November 21, 2018, the trial court dismissed Williams’s class
claims with prejudice, and then added that it was making no “order
regarding the class claims of absent putative class members.”




                                        5
                                 DISCUSSION
   I. Appealability—Death Knell Doctrine
      A threshold question is whether the order compelling plaintiff to
arbitrate his individual claims is immediately appealable. Normally, an
order compelling arbitration may be challenged only in an appeal from the
ensuing judgment. (Nelsen v. Legacy Partners Residential, Inc. (2012) 207
Cal.App.4th 1115, 1121–1122.) But an exception to this rule is found in the
death knell doctrine.
      According to this doctrine, “ ‘an order which allows a plaintiff to pursue
individual claims, but prevents the plaintiff from maintaining the claims as a
class action, . . . is immediately appealable because it “effectively r[ings] the
death knell for the class claims.” ’ ” (Miranda v. Anderson Enterprises, Inc.
(2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 196, 200; accord In re Baycol Cases I & II (2011) 51
Cal.4th 751, 759 (Baycol Cases).) An order directing a plaintiff to arbitrate
his or her claims individually, rather than pursuing class claims in court,
falls within the scope of the death knell doctrine. (Phillips v. Sprint PCS
(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 758, 766.)
      The scope of the death knell doctrine is limited, however. When an
order does not terminate an action’s class claims entirely, but merely limits
the scope of the class or the claims available, the order does not act as a
death knell and is not immediately appealable. (Baycol Cases, supra, 51
Cal.4th at pp. 757–758.) This may occur, for instance, when a trial court
certifies a class of a lesser size than requested. (General Motors Corp. v.
Superior Court (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 247, 249, 251 [court certified statewide,
rather than nationwide, class]; Green v. Obledo (1981) 29 Cal.3d 126, 149,
fn. 18 [court decertified only a portion of class]; Shelley v. City of Los Angeles
(1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 692, 694, 697 [certification order limited class to 469



                                         6
members].) It may also occur when the court denies class certification of only
some causes of action (General Motors, at pp. 250–251, citing Vasquez v.
Superior Court (1971) 4 Cal.3d 800, 806–807), or when other representative
claims remain (Cortez v. Doty Bros. Equipment Co. (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1,
8–9; Young v. RemX, Inc. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 630, 634–635). Where no
other representative claims are pleaded, the “determinative issue is whether
any ‘viable class claim remains pending in the trial court’ after the
challenged order.” (Williams v. Impax Laboratories, Inc. (2019) 41
Cal.App.5th 1060, 1068.)
      U.S. Bancorp argues the death knell doctrine is inapplicable here
because the trial court expressly “d[id] not make an order regarding the class
claims of absent putative class members.” Thus, U.S. Bancorp contends, the
order merely limits the scope of the putative class by removing plaintiff from
it, without affecting the class claims of other putative class members.
      This argument is unpersuasive for two reasons. First, Williams is the
only named plaintiff in this case. No other purported class members are
present to assert class claims. Thus, the effect of the order terminating
Williams’s class claims is to terminate the action as a class action, leaving no
viable class claims pending. (Baycol Cases, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 757–758.)
      Second, the trial court’s statement that it made no order regarding
absent class members has no legal significance. Having refused to certify the
class, the trial court could make no ruling that would bind absent members of
the purported class. (See Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1044.)
The trial court’s comment, effectively denying U.S. Bancorp’s request that the
court dismiss the class claims of absent class members without prejudice,
merely acknowledged the limits of the trial court’s authority. Nothing about
the court’s refusal to enter a meaningless order alters the scope of the order it



                                       7
did enter, which dismissed all pending class claims and allowed plaintiff to
proceed only on his individual claims.
      Because this order was immediately appealable under the death knell
doctrine, we now turn to the merits of the appeal.
   II. Collateral Estoppel Effect of Decertification Order
      The trial court concluded that, as a member of the certified class in the
Burakoff action, Williams was bound by the order decertifying Subclass A of
that class. Williams makes two challenges to this ruling: first, that
collateral estoppel does not apply to orders decertifying a class as a matter of
law; and second, that even if collateral estoppel may apply to such an order, it
does not apply in this case. Because we agree with Williams on the first
point, we have no occasion to discuss the second.
         A. General Principles
      Class certification requires proof of three things: (1) “ ‘a sufficiently
numerous, ascertainable class,’ ” (2) “ ‘a well-defined community of interest,
and (3) that certification will provide substantial benefits to litigants and the
courts, i.e., that proceeding as a class is superior to other methods.’ ”
(Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1041.) The required community of
interest exists when common questions of law or fact predominate, the class
representatives have claims and defenses typical of the class, and the class
representatives can adequately represent the class. (Ibid.) This community
of interest and, in particular, evidence that common questions of law or fact
predominate, is what the Burakoff court found was missing with regard to
Subclass A.
      Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, bars relitigation of issues
argued and decided in a prior proceeding. (Johnson v. GlaxoSmithKline, Inc.
(2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1497 (Johnson).) Five threshold requirements must



                                         8
be met: “ ‘First, the issue sought to be precluded from relitigation must be
identical to that decided in a former proceeding. Second, this issue must
have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it must have
been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in
the former proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party
against whom preclusion is sought must be the same as, or in privity with,
the party to the former proceeding.’ ” (Id. at pp. 1507–1508; Ayala v. Dawson
(2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 1319, 1326.) Even if these threshold requirements are
met, a court may look “ ‘to the public policies underlying the doctrine before
concluding that collateral estoppel should be applied in a particular setting.’ ”
(Pacific Lumber Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2006) 37 Cal.4th
921, 943–944; Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 343 (Lucido).)
In particular, “ ‘courts will not apply the doctrine . . . if the party to be
estopped had no full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the prior
proceeding.’ ” (Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1042.) The parties
dispute whether Williams was a party to, or in privity with, the named
plaintiffs in Burakoff, such that he had a full and fair opportunity to litigate
class certification in that case.
      U.S. Bancorp, as the party asserting collateral estoppel, has the burden
of establishing it. (Johnson, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 1508.) And because
the trial court’s application of collateral estoppel is a question of law, our
review is de novo. (Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Santa Fe Pacific Pipelines,
Inc. (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 134, 179; Johnson, at p. 1507.)
         B. Collateral Estoppel Effect of Order Denying Certification
      The question before the court is whether these claim preclusion
principles may operate to preclude an unnamed class member in a first action
from relitigating the question of class certification in a second action, if the



                                          9
trial court in the original case certified but then decertified a class. We begin
by reviewing the law on a closely related question, to wit, whether the
unnamed class member may relitigate certification in a subsequent case if
the original trial court simply denied class certification, rather than first
certifying and later decertifying the class.
      A line of cases has considered, and ultimately resolved, this simpler
question. California courts initially adopted the view that an order denying
class certification could preclude absent members of a putative class from
relitigating certification in a subsequent case. (Alvarez v. May Dept. Stores
Co. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1233–1238; Bufil v. Dollar Financial Group,
Inc. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1202, disapproved on another ground in
Noel v. Thrifty Payless, Inc. (2019) 7 Cal.5th 955, 986, fn. 15; see Johnson,
supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 1510, fn. 8 [noting rule of Alvarez and
expressing reservations].)
      Then the United States Supreme Court weighed in, reaching the
opposite conclusion as a matter of federal common law. Smith held that
putative class members in a case where the court refused to certify a class are
not bound by that decision; they may relitigate certification in a subsequent
case. (Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at pp. 312–316.) This conclusion was a specific
application “ ‘of the general rule’ that only parties can be bound by prior
judgments,” a principle the Court called “ ‘fundamental.’ ” (Id. at p. 313,
citing Taylor v. Sturgell (2008) 553 U.S. 880, 898 (Taylor).) The Court
acknowledged a few well-established exceptions to this general rule, most
importantly that unnamed class members in a “ ‘properly conducted class
action[]’ ” are bound by a judgment when they bring subsequent litigation.
(Smith, at p. 314, citing Taylor, at p. 894.)




                                        10
      In Smith, the trial court in a prior case had refused to certify a
comparable class because it found that individual issues predominated.
(Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at p. 304.) Final judgment was entered in the earlier
case, but that judgment did not bind absent members of the putative class.
The high court reasoned, “If we know one thing about the [prior] suit, we
know that it was not a class action. Indeed, the very ruling that Bayer
argues ought to be given preclusive effect is the District Court’s decision that
a class could not properly be certified. So Bayer wants to bind Smith as a
member of a class action . . . to a determination that there could not be a
class action.” (Id. at p. 314.) “In these circumstances,” the Court explained,
“we cannot say that a properly conducted class action existed at any time in
the litigation.” (Id. at p. 315.)
      The Supreme Court rejected Bayer’s argument that the named plaintiff
in the prior case had been “ ‘act[ing] in a representative capacity when he
sought class certification.’ ” (Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at p. 314.) “Neither a
proposed class action nor a rejected class action may bind nonparties,” the
Court emphasized. (Id. at p. 315.) “What does have this effect is a class
action approved under [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] Rule 23 [(Rule 23)].
But [the prior] lawsuit was never that.” (Smith, at p. 315.)
      Although Smith was decided under federal law, its reasoning has since
been applied to class actions brought under California law. In Bridgeford,
the court found Smith’s reasoning persuasive and concluded, as a matter of
California law, that “the denial of class certification cannot establish
collateral estoppel against unnamed putative class members on any issue.”
(Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1044.) Following Smith, the
Bridgeford court reasoned that unnamed members of the putative class in a
prior proceeding “were neither parties to the prior proceeding nor represented



                                       11
by a party to the prior proceeding so as to be considered in privity with such a
party for purposes of collateral estoppel.” (Bridgeford, at p. 1044.)
      Smith and Bridgeford do not directly answer the question before us,
but they light our way as we explore an issue of first impression in California.
         C. Collateral Estoppel Effect of Order Decertifying a
            Previously Certified Class
      Williams characterizes this case as controlled by Smith and Bridgeford.
He argues that as to Subclass A, Burakoff was both “a proposed class action”
and “a rejected class action” not, in the end, a “ ‘properly conducted class
action[]’ ” able to preclude absent class members from relitigating
certification. (Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at pp. 314–315.) Taking the opposite
view, U.S. Bancorp follows the trial court in relying on three facts said to
distinguish this case from those precedents: that absent class members in
Burakoff “were in fact parties, were in fact represented, and did in fact have
an opportunity to litigate the certification issue.” Focusing on Subclass A, we
disagree on all three points.
      First, we reject the view that absent class members in Burakoff were
parties, for purposes of assessing that case’s preclusive effects. As in Smith,
we start with the general proposition that “ ‘[a] “party” to litigation is “[o]ne
by or against whom a lawsuit is brought” ’ [citation], or one who ‘become[s] a
party by intervention, substitution, or third-party practice.’ ” (Smith, supra,
564 U.S. at p. 313.) Williams filled no such role in Burakoff. Smith went on
to conclude that, as a matter of federal law, the “definition of the term ‘party’
can on no account be stretched so far as to cover a person . . . whom the
plaintiff in a lawsuit was denied leave to represent.” (Smith, at p. 313.)
Here, Williams is a person whom, in the final analysis, Burakoff and
Alakozai were denied leave to represent.



                                        12
      To the extent California law differs, it is even stricter than federal law
in requiring formal intervention before an absent class member may be
considered a party. For example, federal law considers “an unnamed member
of a certified class” to be “ ‘a “party” for the [particular] purpos[e] of
appealing’ an adverse judgment,” (Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at p. 313, quoting
Devlin v. Scardelletti (2002) 536 U.S. 1, 7), but the California Supreme Court
has long held the opposite view as a matter of California law. In Hernandez
v. Restoration Hardware, Inc. (2018) 4 Cal.5th 260, our high court reaffirmed
that an unnamed member of a certified class is not a party with a right to
appeal, unless the absent class member has filed a complaint in intervention
(or an appealable motion to set aside class judgment). (Id. at pp. 263, 267,
citing Eggert v. Pac. States S. & L. Co. (1942) 20 Cal.2d 199, 201.) Similarly,
absent class members are not parties for purposes of assessing diversity, for
awarding defense costs, or for obligating class counsel to convey a settlement
offer. (Hernandez v. Vitamin Shoppe Industries Inc. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th
1441, 1460–1461.) Indeed, “[t]he very purpose of the class action is to ‘relieve
the absent members of the burden of participating’ ” as parties. (Earley v.
Superior Court (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1420, 1434.) For that reason, for
almost all purposes “unnamed parties are not considered ‘parties’ to the
litigation,” even after a class is certified. (Hernandez v. Restoration
Hardware, Inc., at p. 266.)
      Second, we reject U.S. Bancorp’s argument that Williams was
adequately represented by class counsel in litigating whether Burakoff’s
Subclass A was properly certified. U.S. Bancorp points out that once a class
is certified, class counsel have a duty to represent the interests of absent
class members competently. (See Janik v. Rudy, Exelrod & Zieff (2004) 119
Cal.App.4th 930, 937.) But although Subclass A was certified for a period, it



                                         13
was ultimately decertified. Only final decisions have preclusive effect
(Johnson, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 1508), and the final determination of
the trial court in Burakoff was that proposed Subclass A could not properly
be certified. Burakoff produced a final judgment and therefore also a final
ruling decertifying the subclass,2 as the trial court correctly understood. The
trial court’s mistake was to analyze collateral estoppel based on the original
certification ruling, instead of from the perspective of this final ruling that
decertified the subclass because common issues did not predominate.
      This lack of common issues meant that Burakoff’s named plaintiffs and
their attorneys may not have adequately represented Williams’s interests. In
a “properly conducted class action[],” “a nonparty may be bound by a
judgment because she was ‘adequately represented by someone with the
same interests who [wa]s a party’ to the suit.” (Taylor, supra, 553 U.S. at
p. 894.) But preclusion requires a “properly certified class” precisely “because
only in those circumstances can the court in the later proceeding conclude
that [prior class members’] interests were adequately represented in the prior
proceeding.” (Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1043–1044.) Where,
as here, the trial court in the prior proceeding determined that individual
issues predominated over common ones, there could be no community of
interest. And where there is no community of interest, a later court can only
speculate as to the extent to which the interests of the named plaintiffs and


      2  Although an order may be “ ‘sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive
effect’ ” before final judgment (Border Business Park, Inc. v. City of San Diego
(2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1564), the facts of this case show the danger of
according any such finality to an order addressing class certification. A class
once certified may be decertified, at least if there has been a change in the
law or—as in Burakoff—newly discovered evidence. (Green v. Obledo, supra
29 Cal.3d at p. 148; Weinstat v. Dentsply Internat., Inc. (2010) 180
Cal.App.4th 1213, 1226.).

                                        14
the absent class members conflicted or aligned. The mechanism of a class
action serves to “ ‘insure that those present are of the same class as those
absent and that the litigation is so conducted as to insure the full and fair
consideration of the common issue.’ ” (Richards v. Jefferson County (1996)
517 U.S. 793, 801 (Richards).) Without this mechanism—i.e., where common
issues do not predominate and no class remains certified—there is no such
insurance.
      Because Burakoff’s Subclass A was, in the end, “a rejected class,” no
judicial finding that the named plaintiffs adequately represented the absent
members of that subclass survived to become final. (Smith, supra, 564 U.S.
at p. 315.) For that reason, the decisions of the Burakoff court can have no
preclusive effect on the absent members of that subclass. (Ibid.; see also
Richards, supra, 517 U.S. at p. 801; Johnson, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1510–1512, fn. 8 [“concept of a ‘properly conducted class action’ suggests a
class action that has been certified . . . and then litigated to judgment or
settled”].) U.S. Bancorp would have us simultaneously accord preclusive
effect to the initial certification order finding that the representative
plaintiffs and their counsel adequately represented absent members of
Subclass A and to the later order reversing certification of that subclass. The
inconsistency in this position should be apparent.
      Third, we disagree with U.S. Bancorp and the trial court that Williams
had an adequate opportunity to litigate class certification here. As we have
seen, we cannot assume that Williams was adequately represented by class
counsel in Burakoff with regard to his Subclass A claims. And as a nonparty
he had no opportunity, once the trial court decertified Subclass A, to appeal
that decertification ruling. (See Hernandez v. Restoration Hardware, Inc.,
supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 273–274.) In sum, we reject all three attempts by the



                                        15
trial court and U.S. Bancorp to distinguish this case from Smith and
Bridgeford.
      Instead, we conclude the logic of Smith controls this case, even as we
recognize a factual difference between the two cases. Williams, unlike the
plaintiff in Smith, had notice of the prior class action and an opportunity to
opt out. (Cf. Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at p. 304.) This difference is not
dispositive, however, because Williams, believing Burakoff was properly
handled as a class action, had no occasion to opt out. The fact that he
remained an absent member of Burakoff’s Subclass A until the trial court
decertified it does not change the fact that the Burakoff court ultimately
concluded, on the basis of newly discovered evidence, that the sub-class was
never proper. U.S. Bancorp now seeks to bind Williams “as a member of a
class action . . . to a determination that there could not be a class action.”
(Smith, at p. 314.) As that was improper in Smith, so it is improper here.
That the Burakoff court originally believed Subclass A met the standard for
certification changes nothing, since in the final analysis it concluded
otherwise.
      In U.S. Bancorp’s attempt to find federal authority3 for the proposition
that decertification is different, it overlooks the most closely analogous
federal case. In Thorogood v. Sears (7th Cir. 2012) 678 F.3d 546 (Thorogood),
the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals also considered the preclusive effect of
an order decertifying a class, and reached a conclusion similar to ours.
      To simplify the procedural posture in Thorogood somewhat, plaintiff
Thorogood brought a putative class action that was certified in the district
court, but then decertified on appeal on the ground that there were no

      3 “Where California courts have not addressed an issue, they look to
federal cases as persuasive authority on class action questions.” (Collins v.
Safeway Stores, Inc. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 62, 73, fn. 6.)

                                        16
common issues of law or fact. An absent member of Thorogood’s putative
class, Murray, brought a copycat class action suit, which, at the direction of
the appellate court, was enjoined as collaterally estopped by the judgment in
the original suit. But the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari
and directed the Seventh Circuit to reconsider the case in light of Smith.
(Thorogood, supra, 678 F.3d at pp. 547–549.) In then concluding that Murray
was not bound by the first judgment, the Seventh Circuit reasoned that a
class action “ ‘existed’ ” for a time but was never “ ‘properly conducted,’ for the
class was decertified on appeal.” (Id. at p. 551.) “If the district judge had, as
we held he should have, refused to certify the class, there would be no
obstacle to Murray’s filing his own class action—and it would be odd if by
virtue of a mistaken ruling by the district judge Murray is barred.” (Ibid.)
      Similarly in Burakoff, the trial court ultimately determined the
unnamed class members did not have the community of interest necessary for
class certification, and it would be “odd” if the court’s originally mistaken
ruling acted to bar Williams from bringing an action he otherwise was
entitled to pursue.
      U.S. Bancorp relies primarily on federal cases that apply collateral
estoppel to decertification orders in collective actions brought under the Fair
Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. (FLSA), rather than class
actions under Rule 23. But because of significant differences between FLSA
cases and class actions—most notably that FLSA collective actions require
members affirmatively to opt into the action—these cases are less helpful.
(See Belle v. University of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr. (W.D.Pa. Sep. 29, 2014, Civil
Action No. 13-1448) 2014 U.S.Dist.Lexis 136936 [vast majority of plaintiffs
opted into previous FLSA action]; Adkins v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co. (N.D.Ill. Mar. 24,
2015, No. 14 C 1456) 2015 U.S.Dist.Lexis 40246, *19–32 [plaintiffs in joint



                                        17
action had opted into earlier FLSA collective action]; but see Velasquez v.
Costco Wholesale Corp. (C.D.Cal. July 14, 2011, No. SACV 11-508 JVS
(RNBx)) 2011 U.S.Dist.Lexis 161590, *3, 9–11 [following Smith to find prior
FLSA decertification order lacked collateral estoppel effect even for opt-in
plaintiffs]; see also Halle v. West Penn Allegheny Health Sys. (3rd Cir. 2016)
842 F.3d 215, 224-225 [discussing differences between class certification
under Rule 23 and conditional certification of collective action under FLSA].)
      We conclude, therefore, that under California law, an order decertifying
a class has no preclusive effect on absent class members. The trial court’s
order dismissing Williams’s class claims with prejudice and compelling
Williams’s individual claims to arbitration must be reversed.
                                  DISPOSITION
      The order dismissing class claims and compelling arbitration is
reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. Williams shall recover his costs on appeal.




                                      18
                                                                    _________________________
                                                                    TUCHER, J.


I CONCUR:


_________________________
BROWN, J.




Williams v. U.S. Bancorp Investments, Inc. et al., (A156226)




                                                               19
POLLAK, P. J., Dissenting.
      I respectfully dissent. I do agree that the order in question is
appealable under the death knell doctrine, but believe that the trial court
properly applied the doctrine of collateral estoppel (or “issue preclusion”) to
deny class certification.
      “[I]n deciding whether to apply collateral estoppel, the court must
balance the rights of the party to be estopped against the need for applying
collateral estoppel in the particular case, in order to promote judicial economy
by minimizing repetitive litigation, to prevent inconsistent judgments which
undermine the integrity of the judicial system, or to protect against vexatious
litigation.” (Clemmer v. Hartford Ins. Co. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 865, 875, overruled
on another ground in Ryan v. Rosenfeld (2017) 3 Cal.5th 124, 131–132.) Here,
Williams seeks to relitigate an issue previously considered at length in a
prior proceeding in which he was at the time a member of a certified class
represented by class counsel.
      There is no dispute that a final determination made in a properly
certified class action binds unnamed members of the class, and that collateral
estoppel, or issue preclusion, precludes them from relitigating issues litigated
and decided in that action. (Taylor v. Sturgell (2008) 553 U.S. 880, 894;
Cooper v. Federal Reserve Bank (1984) 467 U.S. 867, 874; Martorana v.
Marlin & Saltzman (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 685, 694; Alvarez v. May Dept.
Stores Co. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1235; see generally 7 Witkin,
Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2020) Judgment, § 464.) The majority concludes that
because the class in the prior Burakoff1 litigation ultimately was decertified,
Burakoff was not a “properly conducted class action” and, under the rationale

      Burakoff v. U.S. Bancorp (Super. Ct., L.A. County, 2008,
      1

No. BC341430) (Burakoff).


                                        1
of Smith v. Bayer Corp. (2011) 564 U.S. 299 (Smith) and Bridgeford v. Pacific
Health Corp. (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1034 (Bridgeford), rulings in that action
do not have collateral estoppel effect. In my view, the majority focuses on the
wrong point in time in concluding that the class in “in the end [was] ‘a
rejected class’ ” precluding application of collateral estoppel. (Maj. opn. ante,
at p. 15.) The relevant time, I submit, is the point at which the decertification
motion in Burakoff was argued and considered. At that point, the class had
been certified and class counsel had been found to adequately represent the
interests of all class members and authorized to act on their behalves. After
the conduct of discovery, both sides fully presented the question of whether
common issues predominate and, as the trial court’s order in that case
demonstrates, the court carefully and thoroughly considered that question.
Under these circumstances, absent a material difference in the facts, there is
no reason to give Williams, a member of the certified class when the issue
was decided, a second bite at the same apple.
      The fact that the class in Burakoff was ultimately decertified does not
mean that Williams, as a class member, was not fairly and adequately
represented when the predominance issue was considered and decided. Smith
held that because the putative class in that case had never been certified, the
court could not “say that a properly conducted class action existed at any time
in the [prior] litigation.” (Smith, supra, 564 U.S. at p. 315, italics added.)
When our sister Court of Appeal followed Smith in Bridgeford, it denied
collateral estoppel effect to the order in the prior litigation because the prior
court had never certified a class, and so the unnamed members of the
putative class were neither a party nor represented by a party to the prior
proceedings. (Bridgeford, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 1044.) In Burakoff, in
contrast, the court had certified a class of which Williams was a member,



                                         2
after determining that class members’ interests were the same and that class
counsel adequately represented them. When the motion to decertify the class
was argued and considered, both class counsel and the court bore a fiduciary
obligation to act in the best interests of the class. (E.g., Hernandez v.
Restoration Hardware, Inc. (2018) 4 Cal.5th 260, 266, 273.) Thus, unlike the
situation in Smith and Bridgeford, Williams’ interests were adequately
represented when the court determined in the prior proceedings that common
issues do not predominate.
      The prior court’s ultimate determination that common issues do not
predominate was not a rejection of its earlier finding that the interests of
class members do not differ or conflict, or that class counsel could adequately
represent those interests. Rather, based on additional evidence, the court
made a pragmatic determination that resolving the class claims will require
more consideration of factual issues unique to each member than of issues
common to all members of the class. The court’s ruling was the final
determination of that issue. As the majority acknowledge, “a prior
adjudication may be sufficiently final to support preclusion if it ‘is determined
to be sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect.’ ” (Schmidlin v. City of
Palo Alto (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 728, 774, citing Rest.2d, Judgments, § 13.)
      The fact that Williams was not a party entitled to appeal the
predominance ruling is irrelevant. For policy reasons explained in Hernandez
our Supreme Court has decided that, to obtain the right to appeal, an absent
class member must either move to intervene or move to set aside the trial
court’s judgment. (Hernandez v. Restoration Hardware, Inc., supra, 4 Cal.5th
at p. 267.) Neither this long-standing rule reaffirmed in Hernandez nor the
reasons for the rule are inconsistent with the fundamental principle that
class members whose interests have been represented by court-designated



                                         3
class counsel are bound by resulting decisions in the action. Class members
are bound by rulings on the merits of the class claims despite their inability
to appeal those rulings. In my view there is no reason why they should not be
equally bound by a ruling on the issue of predominance, made after
exhaustive consideration was given to the issue in the prior proceedings.
      The decision of the federal court in Thorogood v. Sears (7th Cir. 2012)
678 F.3d 546 not only is not controlling on this court, but also is plainly
distinguishable. In that case, the decertification order in the prior
proceedings was based on the fact that the class had been improperly
certified in the first instance, so that counsel had never properly represented
members of the putative class. Moreover, notice of the pendency of the
putative class action was never given, so that the putative class member who
brought the later action was never notified of his ability to opt out. (Id. at
pp. 551–552.) Here, in contrast, there is no suggestion that the trial court
erred in originally certifying the class and designating class counsel, and
proper notice of the prior action, including presumably of the right to opt out,
was given to all members of the class, including Williams. Thereafter,
additional evidence led the court to determine that common issues do not in
fact predominate, but that determination did not retroactively invalidate the
prior designation of counsel to represent the class so long as the certification
remained in effect.
      For several reasons, denying Williams the right to relitigate this issue
does not violate his right to due process. As just indicated, his interests (and
the interests of the class) were properly presented and advanced in the prior
proceedings by counsel authorized to act on behalf of the class. Williams had
the right to request intervention had he wished to appeal that ruling, but he
did not do so. And, in all events, he retains the right to pursue his personal



                                        4
claim for relief; he has been denied only the right to pursue a claim on behalf
of others, which is hardly a fundamental right warranting constitutional
protection. (See, e.g., Alvarez v. May Dept. Stores Co., supra, 143 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 1233–1234.)
      Before the trial court’s ruling applying collateral estoppel could be
affirmed, it would be necessary to confirm that there is no material difference
between the factual issues considered in Burakoff and those applicable in this
case relating to the similarly described class in a subsequent time period.
Since the majority does not reach this issue and the ruling is not to be
affirmed, there is no need to expand on that question at length. Suffice it to
say that, after careful review of the record before the trial court, I believe
there was ample support for the court’s conclusion that no material
differences would justify denying application of collateral estoppel.
      In short, the issue of predominance has been litigated in prior class
action proceedings in which counsel fairly represented the class of which
Williams was a member, and the court considered at length the contention
that common issues predominate and rejected it. For all of the reasons
underlying the doctrine of collateral estoppel (or “issue preclusion”), I would
affirm the trial court’s order.


                                            _________________________________
                                            POLLAK, P. J.




                                        5
Trial Court:                                    City & County of San Francisco Superior Court

Trial Judge:                                    Hon. Curtis E.A. Karnow

Counsel for Appellant:                          Capstone Law APC, Ryan H. Wu; and John E.
                                                Stobart

Counsel for Respondents:                        K&L Gates LLP, Paul W. Sweeney, Jr.;
                                                Christina N. Goodrich; Kate G. Hummel; and
                                                Zach T. Timm




Williams v. U.S. Bancorp Investments, Inc. et al., (A156226)
