[Cite as In re H.S., 2017-Ohio-457.]
                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                               ROSS COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                                               :

        H.S. and T.S.,                                          : Case No. 16CA3569
                                                                           16CA3570
                                                                :
        Adjudicated Dependent                                         DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
         Children.                                              :


                                                        APPEARANCES:

Matthew P. Brady, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellant.

Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jennifer L. Ater, Ross County
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for Appellee.


CIVIL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT, JUVENILE DIVISION
DATE JOURNALIZED: 2-3-17
ABELE, J.

        {¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal from two Ross County Common Pleas Court,

Juvenile Division, judgments that granted South Central Ohio Jobs and Family Services,

Children’s Division (SCOJFS), appellee herein, permanent custody of twelve-year-old H.S.1 and

fourteen-year-old T.S. S.R., the children’s biological mother and appellant herein, raises the

following assignments of error for review:

                    FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                    “THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR IN
                    NOT DETERMINING AND CONSIDERING THE WISHES OF
                    THE MINOR CHILDREN AS PART OF ITS DECISION.”



        1
            H.S. turned 13 in September 2016, after the trial court’s permanent custody decision.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                           2

                 SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED THE DUE PROCESS
                 RIGHTS OF THE MINOR CHILDREN BY NOT
                 ASCERTAINING THEIR WISHES OR ASSIGNING THEM
                 SEPARATE COUNSEL FROM THE GUARDIAN AD LITEM.”

        {¶ 2} On September 24, 2013, appellee sought and received temporary emergency

custody of H.S. and T.S. On that same day, appellee filed dependency complaints and requested

temporary custody. In its attached statement of facts, appellee alleged that on September 23,

2013, a Chillicothe police officer requested appellee to respond to the residence where the

children resided with their father.      The officer informed the case worker that the police

department had received multiple reports of drug activity at the father’s residence. The officer

additionally explained to the case worker that the previous night, a “loud disturbance” occurred

in the father's residence back yard, which involved “‘known’ drug dealers” who possessed

firearms. The father admitted to the officer that the father had been “smoking crack the past 2

weeks” and allowed “known drug dealers to stay at and visit the home.” The case worker

asserted that (1) the children were present during drug use and when drug dealers were in the

home, (2) the children have missed five days of school thus far, and (3) on the date she responded

to the home, the children were home from school because the father overslept.

        {¶ 3} The case worker explained that the father informed her that he did not have any

relatives who could care for the children and that appellant, their mother, is homeless. He

further indicated that appellant often stays at a friend’s house that “has been raided within the last

9 months.” The children reported that appellant “uses drugs, and they have stayed with her at

the Chillicothe Inn before and seen razor blades in the bathroom.” The court subsequently
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                                 3

continued the children in appellee’s temporary custody pending further hearings.

          {¶ 4} On February 12, 2014, the magistrate entered “order[s]” that adjudicated the

children dependent and that ordered them to remain in appellee’s temporary custody.2 The trial

court did not, however, adopt the magistrate’s “order[s]” that adjudicated the children dependent

and did not enter separate judgments that adjudicated the children dependent until September

2016.

          {¶ 5} On March 7, 2014, appellant filed motions that requested the court to place the

children in her care. She alleged that she “has been in full compliance” with the case plan.

Appellant later withdrew her motions.

          {¶ 6} On April 1, 2014, the magistrate entered dispositional decisions that continued the



          2
             Recently, we learned the magistrate has issued “orders” that are, in reality, decisions that require court approval. We thus
remind the court and the magistrate that a magistrate may issue an “order” without court approval when the order is “necessary to regulate
the proceedings” and when the order is “not dispositive of a claim or defense.” Juv.R. 40(D)(2)(a)(i). When the magistrate issues a ruling
regarding a dispositive claim or defense (such as an abuse, neglect, dependency, or delinquency adjudication), then the magistrate must issue
a “decision” that requires court approval to become effective. Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(a); see generally In re C.T., 9th Dist. Medina No.
14CA0007-M, 2014-Ohio-4267. Moreover, the court must enter its own separate and independent judgment. Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(a).
While we understand the time constraints and the overwhelming case loads in juvenile cases, the judge retains ultimate oversight over the
case. As the court explained in Huntington Natl. Bank v. Greer, 3rd Dist. Union No. 14-15-01, 2015-Ohio-3403, 2015 WL 5005095, ¶11:

                      Every member of the judicial system must understand and act accordingly with their position in the system.
           This includes magistrates. “To presume a higher authority, or even to convey an appearance of more authority,
          than that which is authorized by law and the Civil Rules causes participants in the legal system to question the role of
          the trial judge.” Roychoudhury [v. Roychoudhury, 3rd Dist. Union No. 14-1419, 2015-Ohio-2213, ¶28 (Rogers, P.J.,
          concurring). “The final responsibility lies with the trial judge, and no conduct should be permitted which allows
          anyone to question that role.” Id., citing Vian v. Vian, 3d Dist. Mercer No. 10–13–05, 2013–Ohio–4560, ¶54
          (Rogers, J., concurring).
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                         4

children in appellee’s temporary custody. On that same date, the trial court judge signed entries

that repeated the magistrate’s decision and states, in part:

                “It is the finding of the Magistrate [sic] that said child was previously
        adjudicated to be a dependent child.
                The Magistrate [sic] further finds that permitting the child to remain in his
        own home is contrary to the welfare and best interests of the child and that
        reasonable efforts were made to prevent or eliminate the need for removal of the
        child from his home, and therefore orders that the child be committed to the
        temporary custody of [appellee].”



        {¶ 7} On August 29, 2014, appellee filed a motion that requested the court to continue

the children in its temporary custody for six months. To support its motion, appellee attached a

letter from the children’s case worker that stated that the father “has failed to address any of the

agency or this court [sic] concerns.” The case worker explained that the father “often tested

positive for myriad of substances, including ‘crack’ cocaine and various opiates.” The case

worker noted that the father visited with the children, “but not [on] a consistent basis.” The case

worker asserted that although appellee previously “whole-heartedly supported [appellant’s]

efforts for reunification,” appellant now “has been absent from this agency and has not

maintain[ed] consistent visitation with her children.” The case worker noted that appellant

previously had demonstrated sobriety, but “it is rumored that she has relapse[d] and possibly

overdose[d] at one time.”       The case worker stated that appellee presently is working to

substantiate the recent allegations involving appellant. He indicated, however, that appellant

“remains homeless, and absent from her children, this worker, and this agency.” The case

worker stated that due to the parents’ lack of progress, appellee intended to seek permanent

custody of the children.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       5

        {¶ 8} On November 25, 2014, the magistrate issued a decision that noted on September

23, 2014 he held a combined review hearing and hearing to consider appellee’s motion to extend

temporary custody. 3 The magistrate found that the children are “doing well” in appellee’s

temporary custody and that it is in the children’s best interests to continue in appellee’s

temporary custody. The magistrate therefore extended the temporary custody order for no more

than six months.

        {¶ 9} On March 10, 2015, appellee filed a second motion to extend temporary custody

and attached an updated letter from the case worker. In the letter, the case worker stated that

appellant “has moved to the Greenfield area, enrolled into substance abuse counseling in

Hillsboro, currently prescribed Suboxone as an antagonist therapy, and is employed.” The case

worker explained that in February 2015, appellant admitted that “she had relapsed and had

battled thoughts of suicide.” The case worker related his belief that the parents “have exhausted

their more than appropriate time table and have demonstrated their inability to maintain sobriety,

follow recommended case services, and thus, follow their court approved case plan.” The case

worker indicated that appellee would be seeking permanent custody of the children. On March

23, 2015, the trial court extended the temporary custody order for six months.

        {¶ 10} On April 9, 2015, the magistrate entered a decision noting that on March 23, 2015

he held a combined review hearing and hearing to consider appellee’s motion to extend

temporary custody.4 The magistrate again found that the children are “doing well” in appellee’s


        3
            The record does not contain a transcript of the September 23, 2014 hearing.

        4
            The record does not contain a transcript of the March 23, 2015 hearing.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                               6

temporary custody and continued the temporary custody order.5

          {¶ 11} On September 18, 2015, appellee filed a third motion to extend temporary custody

and attached an updated letter from the case worker. In the letter, the case worker stated that (1)

the “parents continue not to engage or complete services,” (2) the father’s last known address is

in Sandusky, Ohio, and (3) the mother is incarcerated and charged with second-degree felony

felonious assault. The case worker related his belief that the parents “have demonstrated their

inability to maintain sobriety, follow recommended case services, and thus, follow their court

approved case plan.” The case worker stated that the agency would seek permanent custody of

the children.

          {¶ 12} On September 21, 2015, the trial court extended the temporary custody order for

an additional six months.6 On that same date, appellee filed motions that requested permanent

custody of the children. Appellee alleged that (1) the children have been in its temporary

custody for more than twelve of the past twenty-two consecutive months; (2) the children cannot

and should not be reunified with either parent within a reasonable time; and (3) placing the


          5
              We observe that the trial court, on March 23, 2015, had entered orders that extended temporary custody.
          6
              R.C. 2151.415(D)(4) prohibits a court from granting “an agency more than two extensions of temporary custody” and from
ordering “an existing temporary custody order to continue beyond two years after the date on which the complaint was filed or the child was
first placed into shelter care, whichever date is earlier, regardless of whether any extensions have been previously ordered pursuant to
division (D) of this section.”
            On March 30, 2016, following the permanent custody decisions, the magistrate entered decisions indicating that it had conducted
a review hearing on September 21, 2015. The magistrate’s decisions extended the temporary custody orders for an additional six months
and set the matter for a hearing to be held on September 19, 2016. We note, however, that on September 21, 2015 the trial court already
had extended the temporary custody orders. Thus, the magistrate’s decisions on the same issue several months later are of no effect.
Furthermore, the magistrate need not order temporary custody to continue for an additional six months when the magistrate had determined
that permanent custody is in the children’s best interests.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                            7

children in appellee’s permanent custody is in their best interests.                                  To support its motion,

appellee attached the case worker’s affidavit. The case worker averred that the children have

been in appellee’s temporary custody since September 22, 2013.7 The case worker alleged that

the father:

          "has failed to maintain stable housing for more than three months, he has lived in
          multiple residences within the past two years and has failed to keep the agency
          informed of the changes in address; has failed to consistently drug screen and has
          failed to present consistently with negative drug screens when he does screen; has
          failed to participate in recommended services including drug and alcohol
          counseling; has failed to consistently visit with the child; and has failed to
          complete the case plan."

          {¶ 13} The case worker stated that appellant “has failed to consistently visit with the

child, has failed to maintain stable housing, has continued to abuse illegal substances and she is

currently incarcerated at the Ross County Jail.” The case worker further asserted that the parents

have not remedied the conditions that led to the children’s removal and that the children cannot

and should not be returned to either parent.                          He also opined that placing the children in

appellee’s permanent custody is in their best interest.

          {¶ 14} On January 6, 2016, the guardian ad litem filed a recommendation that the court

place the children in appellee’s permanent custody.

          {¶ 15} On January 14, 2016, the magistrate held a hearing to consider appellee’s

permanent custody motions. Appellee presented two witnesses, both of whom testified that the

parents failed to comply with the case plan requirements. Greg Parks testified that the father

was referred PRISM Behavioral Health Care, but did not follow through with a treatment plan.


          7
            Appellee’s motions allege that the children have been in its temporary custody since September 24, 2013 (the typeface reads,
“September 22,” but someone wrote “4“ over the second “2,” so that it reads “24.”
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       8

        {¶ 16} SOCJFS case worker Terry Hale testified that the case plan required the father to

maintain housing for at least three months, to seek drug and alcohol counseling, to maintain

sobriety, and to maintain regular contact with children and children services. Hale stated that

the father did not comply with the case plan requirements.

        {¶ 17} Hale explained that for a four-month period during late 2014 and early 2015,

appellant was doing “incredibly well,” but she relapsed in February 2015. Hale testified that

appellant was evicted from her apartment that children services helped her obtain and had been

living with her boyfriend in a motel, until she was arrested in July or August. Hale stated that

appellant remains incarcerated.

        {¶ 18} Hale testified that the children have been in appellee’s custody since September

24, 2013, and that they are in an adoptable placement. Hale stated that appellee did not find any

suitable relatives who could care for the children.        Hale indicated that the father had not

remedied the conditions that led to the children’s removal, and that he did not believe the

children could be reunified with either appellant or their father.

        {¶ 19} At the end of the hearing, the magistrate requested that the parties submit written

arguments. In its written argument, appellee asserted that the children had been in its temporary

custody for more than twelve out of the past twenty-two months and that placing the children in

its permanent custody would be in their best interests. Appellee’s written argument, like the

evidence that it presented at the permanent custody hearing, focused primarily upon the parents’

lack of progress on the case plan over the two-year period.

        {¶ 20} In her written argument, appellant agreed that the children have been in appellee’s

temporary custody for more than twelve out of the past twenty-two months. She asserted,
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                        9

however, that clear and convincing evidence does not support a finding that placing the children

in appellee’s permanent custody is in their best interests.      Appellant argued that she “has

maintained consistent contact with the children.” She recognized that although she had not

completed the case plan, she claims that the evidence shows that she made progress. She

admitted that she is incarcerated with an uncertain release date. Appellant further agreed that

she “had housing issues in the past,” but “she did have substantial periods of time during which

she maintained a stable household.”

        {¶ 21} The guardian ad litem's written statement related his belief that placing the

children in appellee’s permanent custody was the only option. The guardian ad litem thus

opined that placing the children in appellee’s permanent custody would be in their best interests.

        {¶ 22} On March 21, 2016, the magistrate issued decisions concerning appellee’s

permanent custody motions. The magistrate found that the children have been in appellee’s

custody since September 2013 and thus determined that the children have been in appellee’s

temporary custody “for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period.” The

magistrate additionally found that the father (1) “continues to have an untreated drug addiction,”

(2) “failed to complete drug counseling services as directed,” (3) “continues to test positive for

illegal drugs,” and (4) has “not maintained stable housing” that is suitable for the children. The

magistrate found that appellant (1) continues “to suffer from untreated drug addiction,” (2)

“refused to comply with drug addiction counseling services,” (3) “was convicted of Felony

Abduction while these matters were pending,” (4) “is currently incarcerated in CBCF,” and (5)

“failed to maintain suitable housing for the children.” The magistrate further found that (1) the

children need a stable, permanent placement, (2) neither parent can provide the children with a
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                    10

legally secure permanent placement, and (3) the children are adoptable. The magistrate also

observed that the children’s guardian ad litem recommended that the children be placed in

appellee’s permanent custody. The magistrate thus concluded: “Based on the totality of the

circumstances the Magistrate finds by clear and convincing evidence that Permanent Custody is

in the best interest of the children.” Although the magistrate found that permanent custody is

in the children’s best interests, the magistrate’s decisions did not specifically order that the

children be placed in appellee’s permanent custody.

        {¶ 23} On the same date as the magistrate’s decisions, the trial court issued journal

entries regarding appellee’s permanent custody motions.         The court first noted that it

“consider[ed]” the magistrate’s decision, then included findings and the conclusion that

“Permanent Custody is in the best interest of the children.” Like the magistrate’s decisions, the

trial court’s decisions did not specifically order that the children be placed in appellee’s

permanent custody.

        {¶ 24} On August 12, 2016, the magistrate filed “nunc pro tunc” decisions that

essentially repeated his March 21, 2016 decisions, but added the following: “Accordingly, it is

hereby recommended that the child shall be placed in the permanent custody of [appellee] and

that [the parents’] parental rights shall be permanently terminated and severed.” On that same

date, the trial court also entered identical “nunc pro tunc” journal entries. The court also (1)

added language to indicate that it “approved and adopted” the magistrate’s decisions, (2) added

language similar to the magistrate’s: “Accordingly, it is hereby Ordered that the child shall be

placed in the permanent custody of [appellee] and that the [parents’] rights shall be permanently

terminated and severed.”
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       11




        {¶ 25} On September 12, 2016, appellant filed notices of appeal from the court’s August

12, 2016 nunc pro tunc entries. On September 22, 2016, after appellant filed her notices of

appeal, the trial court entered decisions that indicated that the court “consider[ed]” the

magistrate’s decisions regarding the February 14, 2014 adjudicatory hearing and that adjudicated

the children dependent. On that same date, the magistrate and the trial court each entered

additional “nunc pro tunc” decisions that granted appellee permanent custody of the children.

                                                 A

                                FINAL, APPEALABLE ORDERS

        {¶ 26} Before we consider appellant’s assignments of error, we first must address some

procedural matters to ascertain whether we have jurisdiction to hear the appeal.    Courts       of

appeals have jurisdiction to “affirm, modify, or reverse judgments or final orders of the courts of

record inferior to the court of appeals within the district.” Section 3(B)(2), Article IV, Ohio

Constitution. “As a result, ‘[i]t is well-established that an order [or judgment] must be final

before it can be reviewed by an appellate court. If an order [or judgment] is not final, then an

appellate court has no jurisdiction.’” Gehm v. Timberline Post & Frame, 112 Ohio St.3d 514,

2007–Ohio–607, 861 N.E.2d 519, ¶14, quoting Gen. Acc. Ins. Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 44 Ohio

St.3d 17, 20, 540 N.E.2d 266 (1989). “An order is a final, appealable order only if it meets the

requirements of both R.C. 2505.02 and, if applicable, Civ.R. 54(B).” Lycan v. Cleveland, 146

Ohio St.3d 29, 2016-Ohio-422, 51 N.E.3d 593, ¶21, citing Gehm at ¶15. In the event that the

parties involved in the appeal do not raise this jurisdictional issue, then the appellate court must

sua sponte raise it. Chef Italiano Corp. v. Kent State Univ., 44 Ohio St.3d 86, 541 N.E.2d 64
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                             12

(1989), syllabus; Whitaker-Merrell v. Geupel Co., 29 Ohio St.2d 184, 186, 280 N.E.2d 922

(1972).

          R.C. 2505.02(B) defines the characteristics of a final order and states in relevant part:

                  An order is a final order that may be reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed,
          with or without retrial, when it is one of the following:
                  ****
                  (2) An order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding or upon a
          summary application in an action after judgment[.]
                  ****

          {¶ 27} “Actions in juvenile court that are brought pursuant to statute to temporarily or

permanently terminate parental rights are special proceedings, as such actions were not known at

common law.” In re Adams, 115 Ohio St.3d 86, 2007-Ohio-4840, 873 N.E.2d 886, ¶43, citing

In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 161, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990) (Douglas, J., concurring in

syllabus and judgment). Additionally, “it is manifest that parental custody of a child is an

important legal right protected by law and, thus, comes within the purview of a ‘substantial right’

for purposes of applying R.C. 2505.02.” In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d at 157. Therefore, an

order that deprives a parent of custody is a final order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2).

          {¶ 28} “Generally, an appeal of a judgment or final order must be filed within 30 days

from the entry of the judgment or order.” In re H.F., 120 Ohio St.3d 499, 2008–Ohio–6810, 900

N.E.2d 607, ¶10; see App.R. 4(A).           This rule is jurisdictional, and absent exceptions not

applicable here, we cannot consider any appeal filed outside of this thirty-day time period. State

v. Blankenship, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3364, 2013–Ohio–5261, ¶4; accord Robirds v. Stidham,

4th Dist. Scioto No. 16CA3749, 2016-Ohio-5081, 2016 WL 3981020, ¶9; In re W.P.P., 4th Dist.

Washington No. 15CA34, 2016-Ohio-345, 2016 WL 527077, ¶9.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                     13

        {¶ 29} In the case at bar, the trial court entered three sets of decisions concerning

appellee’s permanent custody motions. Appellant filed noticed of appeal within thirty days of

the court’s second set of decisions, i.e., the August 2016 nunc pro tunc decisions. To determine

whether appellant timely appealed, we must examine the trial court’s decisions to ascertain at

what point the trial court entered final orders.

        {¶ 30} The first decisions (March 2016) determined that permanent custody is in the

children’s best interests. The decisions did not, however, expressly grant appellee permanent

custody or otherwise order that the children be placed in appellee’s permanent custody.

Additionally, as of March 2016, the trial court had not adopted the magistrate’s February 2014

dependency adjudication and entered its own independent and separate judgment that adjudicated

the children dependent.

        {¶ 31} In August 2016, the trial court entered “nunc pro tunc” decisions that essentially

repeated the March 2016 decisions, but the court added language that expressly indicated it

“adopted” the magistrate’s decision. The court also added a statement of the relief granted:

“Accordingly, it is hereby Ordered that the child shall be placed in the permanent custody of

[appellee] and that the [parents’] rights shall be permanently terminated and severed.” As of

August 2016, the court still had not adopted the magistrate’s February 2014 dependency

adjudication and entered its own independent and separate judgment that adjudicated the children

dependent.

        {¶ 32} After appellant filed her notices of appeal, the trial court apparently recognized

that it had not adopted the magistrate’s decisions adjudicating the children and entered its own

separate and independent judgment adjudicating the children dependent. Thus, on September
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                     14

22, 2016, the court entered two decisions - one adjudicated the children dependent, and the

other essentially repeated its August 2016 “nunc pro tunc” decisions.

        {¶ 33} Accordingly, to determine whether we have jurisdiction to consider the appeal, we

initially must ascertain whether the trial court’s August 2016 “nunc pro tunc” decisions could be

final orders in the absence of decisions adjudicating the children dependent. If they could be,

then we would need to determine whether the August 2016 “nunc pro tunc” decisions effected

substantive changes that created new rights, or whether the decisions simply corrected what the

court actually decided but failed to carry over to its March 2016 decisions. If the August 2016

decisions could not be final, appealable orders in the absence of decisions adjudicating the

children dependent, then we would need to determine whether the trial court’s September 22,

2016 decisions adjudicating the children dependent cured the defect, which then renders

appellant’s notices of appeal premature. We start by examining the first of these questions, i.e.,

whether the trial court’s August 2016 “nunc pro tunc” decisions could be final, appealable orders

in the absence of decisions adjudicating the children dependent.

                                                B

                             VOID OR VOIDABLE JUDGMENTS

        {¶ 34} Our inquiry regarding whether the trial court’s August 2016 nunc pro tunc

decisions are final, appealable orders in the absence of judgments adjudicating the children

dependent focuses upon whether a trial court’s failure to adopt a magistrate’s adjudication

renders the court’s subsequent dispositional order void or voidable.

               [W]hether a judgment is void or voidable generally depends on “whether
        the Court rendering the judgment has jurisdiction.” Cochran’s Heirs’ Lessee v.
        Loring, 17 Ohio 409, 423 (1848).
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                        15

                “The distinction is between the lack of power or want of jurisdiction in the
        Court, and a wrongful or defective execution of power. In the first instance all
        acts of the Court not having jurisdiction or power are void, in the latter voidable
        only. A Court then, may act, first, without power or jurisdiction; second, having
        power or jurisdiction, may exercise it wrongfully; or third, irregularly. In the first
        instance, the act or judgment of the Court is wholly void, and is as though it had
        not been done. The second is wrong and must be reversed upon error. The third
        is irregular, and must be corrected by motion.”
        Id. at 423, quoting Paine’s Lessee v. Mooreland, 15 Ohio 435, 445 (1846). Thus,

        a judgment is generally void only when the court rendering the judgment lacks

        subject-matter jurisdiction or jurisdiction over the parties; however, a voidable

        judgment is one rendered by a court that lacks jurisdiction over the particular case

        due to error or irregularity. In re J.J., 111 Ohio St.3d 205, 2006-Ohio-5484, 855

        N.E.2d 851, at ¶10, 15.

Miller v. Nelson-Miller, 132 Ohio St.3d 381, 2012-Ohio-2845, 972 N.E.2d 568, ¶12.

        {¶ 35} Despite the apparent clarity of the void-voidable distinction, the Ohio Supreme

Court held that an exception applies in criminal cases: “a sentence that is not in accordance with

statutorily mandated terms is void.” State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 942

N.E.2d 332, ¶8. Thus, “‘[a] sentence that does not include the statutorily mandated term of

postrelease control is void, is not precluded from appellate review by principles of res judicata,

and may be reviewed at any time, on direct appeal or by collateral attack.’” State v. Billiter, 134

Ohio St.3d 103, 2012-Ohio-5144, 980 N.E.2d 960, ¶7, quoting Fischer at paragraph one of the

syllabus.

                [I]f a trial court imposes a sentence that is unauthorized by law, the
        sentence is void. “‘The effect of determining that a judgment is void is well
        established. It is as though such proceedings had never occurred; the judgment is
        a mere nullity and the parties are in the same position as if there had been no
        judgment.’”
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       16


Billiter at ¶10, quoting State v. Bezak, 114 Ohio St.3d 94, 2007-Ohio-3250, 868 N.E.2d 961, ¶12,

quoting Romito v. Maxwell, 10 Ohio St.2d 266, 267–268, 227 N.E.2d 223 (1967). “But if the

sentencing court had jurisdiction and statutory authority to act, sentencing errors do not render

the sentence void, and the sentence can be set aside only if successfully challenged on direct

appeal.” State v. Williams, 2016-Ohio-7658, ¶23, citing Fischer at ¶6–7; State v. Payne, 114

Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306, ¶28.

        {¶ 36} The Ohio Supreme Court has thus far “determined that a sentence is void when

the trial court fails to impose a statutorily mandated term of postrelease control; when it fails to

include a mandatory driver’s license suspension in the offender’s sentence; and when it fails to

include a mandatory fine in the sentence.” Williams, 2016-Ohio-7658, ¶21, citing State v.

Singleton, 124 Ohio St.3d 173, 2009-Ohio-6434, 920 N.E.2d 958, ¶18, 25, 36, State v. Harris,

132 Ohio St.3d 318, 2012-Ohio-1908, 972 N.E.2d 509, paragraph one of the syllabus, and State

v. Moore, 135 Ohio St.3d 151, 2012-Ohio-5479, 985 N.E.2d 432, syllabus.

        {¶ 37} We extended the void sentence doctrine to a juvenile court’s disposition in a

delinquency matter. In re J.C., 4th Dist. Ross No. 15CA3510, 2016-Ohio-5362; In re G.S., 4th

Dist. Pike No. 14CA852, 2015-Ohio-1285. In G.S., the juvenile appealed the trial court’s

decision that revoked his community control and imposed a suspended commitment to the

Department of Youth Services.         Although the magistrate had adjudicated the juvenile

delinquent, the trial court never adopted the magistrate’s delinquency adjudication.            We

determined that the trial court’s failure to adopt the magistrate’s delinquency adjudication meant

that it could not enter a dispositional order. We explained:
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                        17

                 Under Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(a) a magistrate’s decision is not effective unless the
        trial court adopts it. Thus, a magistrate’s delinquency adjudication is of no effect
        unless and until the trial court adopts it. In re C.B., 2nd Dist. Montgomery No.
        23615, 2010-Ohio-2129, ¶34. “[M]agistrate’s decisions * * * have no
        adjudicative force or effect, regardless of the findings or conclusions contained
        therein, unless and until the court adopts them.” Roe ex rel. Roe v. Heap, 10th
        Dist. Franklin No. 03AP–586, 2004–Ohio–2504, ¶36; accord In re P.S., 10th
        Dist. Franklin No. 07AP–516, 2007–Ohio–6644.
                 A court cannot “consider matters relating to disposition” until “there has
        been an adjudication.” Giannelli and Salvador, Ohio Juvenile Law, Section 19.1
        (2014). This means that until a trial court adopts a magistrate’s delinquency
        decision, the trial court lacks authority to consider matters relating to disposition.
        Thus, a dispositional order entered before the court adopts the magistrate’s * * *
        adjudication is void, as being contrary to law. See State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio
        St.3d 92, 2010–Ohio–6238, ¶22, 23; State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502,
        2007–Ohio–4642, ¶27 (“A void [judgment] is one that a court imposes despite
        lacking * * * the authority to act.”); In re C.W., 2013–Ohio–2483, 991 N.E.2d
        1167, (4th Dist.) (“If a juvenile court imposes a sanction that is unauthorized by
        law, then that sanction is void.”), citing State v. Billiter, 134 Ohio St.3d 103,
        2012–Ohio–5144, ¶ 10. See, also In re Brown, 9th Dist. Medina App. No.
        3096–M (Feb. 28, 2001), 2001 WL 196578 (stating that trial court dispositional
        order is invalid until court entered adjudication order).
                 “‘The effect of determining that a judgment is void is well established. It
        is as though such proceedings had never occurred; the judgment is a mere nullity
        and the parties are in the same position as if there had been no judgment.’”
        Billiter at ¶10, quoting State v. Bezak, 114 Ohio St.3d 94, 2007–Ohio–3250, 868
        N.E.2d 961, ¶12, quoting Romito v. Maxwell, 10 Ohio St.2d 266, 267–268, 227
        N.E.2d 223 (1967). When a trial court issues a judgment without authority to do
        so, the court of appeals may vacate the order and dismiss an appeal from that
        order. Painter & Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice (2014–2015 ed.), Section 2:1
        and fn. 7. See also Fifth Third Mtge. Co. v. Rankin, 4th Dist. Pickaway No.
        11CA18, 2012–Ohio–2804, ¶9; State v. Clay, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 11CA23,
        2013–Ohio–4649, ¶76 (noting that an appellate court has inherent authority to
        vacate a void judgment); Infinite Sec. Solutions, L.L.C. v. Karam Properties I,
        Ltd., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L–12–1313, 2013–Ohio–4415, ¶24 (stating that void
        judgment is not a final, appealable order); State v. Bedford, 184 Ohio App.3d 588,
        2009–Ohio–3972, 921 N.E.2d 1085 ¶11 (9th Dist.) (observing that void judgment
        is not a final, appealable order). “A court has inherent power to vacate a void
        judgment because such an order simply recognizes the fact that the judgment was
        always a nullity.” Cincinnati School Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Hamilton Co. Bd. of
        Revision, 87 Ohio St.3d 363, 368, (2000), citing Van DeRyt v. Van DeRyt, 6 Ohio
        St.2d 31, 36, 35 O.O.2d 42, 215 N.E.2d 698 (1966).
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                               18

Id. at ¶17-19.

          {¶ 38} Thus, In G.S. we held that in the absence of a trial court judgment (and not merely

a magistrate’s decision) adjudicating the juvenile delinquent, the trial court’s dispositional orders

were void.

          {¶ 39} In the case at bar, in February 2014 the magistrate adjudicated the children

dependent.          In September 2016, more than two years later, the trial court adopted the

magistrate’s decisions adjudicating the children dependent and entered its own separate and

independent judgments that adjudicated the children dependent.8 If we were to apply the G.S.

logic to the case at bar, any dispositional orders entered between February 2014 and September

2016 would appear to be void. We do not believe, however, that the G.S. logic applies to abuse,

neglect, and dependency cases. Instead, because our holding in G.S. was based upon the Ohio

Supreme Court’s criminal sentencing cases, we limit G.S. to juvenile delinquency cases. As we

explain below, we do not believe that the rationale for extending criminal protections to

delinquency cases also applies to permanent custody cases.

          {¶ 40} We recognize that “parents’ interest in the care, custody, and control of their

children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by [the United

States Supreme] Court.’” In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21 N.E.3d 308, ¶19,

quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). Thus,

“parents who are ‘suitable’ have a ‘paramount’ right to the custody of their children.” Id.,


          8
            We note that the trial court’s April 1, 2014 entries recited that “[i]t is the finding of the Magistrate that [the children were]
previously adjudicated” dependent. The court did not, however, state that it, as opposed to the magistrate, adjudicated the children
delinquent.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                             19

quoting In re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977), citing Clark v. Bayer, 32

Ohio St. 299, 310 (1877); In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990).

Additionally, the Ohio Supreme Court has described the permanent termination of parental rights

as “‘the family law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case.’” In re Hayes, 79 Ohio

St.3d 46, 48, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997), quoting In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16, 601 N.E.2d 45

(6th Dist. 1991). Thus, courts must afford parents facing the permanent termination of their

parental rights “‘every procedural and substantive protection the law allows.’” Id., quoting

Smith at 16; accord B.C. at ¶19.

          {¶ 41} Affording parents “‘every procedural and substantive protection the law allows’”

does not, however, mean that parents facing termination of parental rights share the same

procedural and substantive protection the law affords criminal defendants and juveniles alleged

to be delinquent. In B.C., for instance, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected the argument that “due

process requires that a parent whose parental rights have been terminated be afforded the right to

a delayed appeal from the judgment of termination, comparable to the delayed appeal afforded to

certain defendants by App.R. 5(A).” Id. at ¶1.

          {¶ 42} We therefore believe that limiting G.S. to cases involving juvenile delinquents

makes sense in light of the Ohio Supreme Court’s refusal to find that the rights afforded criminal

defendants and juvenile delinquents are coextensive with parents facing the loss of their parental

rights.9 Moreover, we do not believe that an abuse, neglect, or dependency adjudication carries



          9
           Additionally, we note that the Ohio Supreme Court’s recent Williams decision may render our holdings in J.C. and G.S.
suspect. The Williams court seems to have limited its prior decisions to void sentences, meaning sentences that contradict the express
punishments permitted in the criminal sentencing statutes, and not necessarily to sentences that contradict statutory procedure. Id. at ¶22
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                                  20

the same inherently criminal aspects of a juvenile delinquency adjudication.                                                  In re A.G.,

2016-Ohio-3306, — N.E.3d —, 9, quoting Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 530-351, 95 S.Ct. 1779,

44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975) (stating that “there ‘is little to distinguish’ an adjudicatory hearing in a

juvenile delinquency case from a traditional criminal prosecution”). An abuse, neglect, or

dependency adjudication, in itself, does not necessarily lead to a termination of parental rights.

See R.C. 2151.353(A) (outlining dispositional alternatives for abuse, neglect, and dependency

adjudications, only one of which is permanent custody). A delinquency adjudication, on the

other hand, may result in a juvenile being committed “to the legal custody of the department of

youth services for secure confinement” and being subject to other “rehabilitative” consequences.

See R.C. 2152.01(A), 2152.16, and 2152.19. Thus, although both proceedings are civil in

nature, a juvenile charged with delinquency is entitled to “‘numerous constitutional safeguards

[that] normally [are] reserved for criminal prosecutions.’” State v. Hand, 2016-Ohio-5504, ¶15,

quoting State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 26.

Additionally, “[t]he criminal aspects of juvenile delinquency proceedings require greater

constraints on juvenile courts.” State ex rel. Jean Baptiste v. Kirsch, 134 Ohio St.3d 421,

2012-Ohio-5697, 983 N.E.2d 302, ¶29, quoting In re Cross, 96 Ohio St.3d 328, 2002-Ohio-4183,


(explaining that “courts may impose sentences only as provided by statute”). Yet nearly in the same breath, the Williams court continued:
“‘No court has the authority to impose a sentence that is contrary to law,’ [Fischer] at ¶23, [and] when the trial court disregards statutory
mandates, ‘[p]rinciples of res judicata, including the doctrine of the law of the case, do not preclude appellate review. The sentence may be
reviewed at any time, on direct appeal or by collateral attack.’ Id. at ¶ 30.” Id.; see id. at ¶2 (stating that “[a] court only has authority to
impose a sentence that conforms to law”). The problem, as we see it, is what the phrase, “contrary to law,” means. As we held in G.S.
and J.C., a trial court’s delinquency dispositional order appears “contrary to law,” in the absence of a proper delinquency adjudication.
Under Williams, however, the phrase “contrary to law,” seems to mean contrary to the specific sentencing guidelines set forth in the criminal
sentencing statutes. Until the Ohio Supreme Court further clarifies the meaning of “contrary to law,” however, trial courts would be
well-advised to fully comply with Juv.R. 40.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                                21

774 N.E.2d 258, ¶25. Thus, “a juvenile court’s jurisdiction in a delinquency case is more

limited than in an abuse, neglect, or dependency case.” Id. at ¶31. The Ohio Supreme Court

has not extended the same constitutional safeguards, “constraints,” and jurisdictional limitations

that apply in delinquency proceedings to permanent custody proceedings involving abused,

neglected, or dependent children. Cf. B.C.

           {¶ 43} Furthermore, voiding orders in abuse, neglect, and dependency cases due to

failures to comply with Juv.R. 40 “would inject further uncertainty into the process of placing the

child in a permanent home and postpone resolution of custody, contrary to the child’s best

interest.” Id. at ¶24. Voiding orders could result in delays and prolonged limbo for the child,

and “‘[t]here is little that can be as detrimental to a child’s sound development as uncertainty

over whether he is to remain in his current “home,” under the care of his parents or foster

parents, especially when such uncertainty is prolonged.’” Id. at ¶20, quoting Lehman v. Lycoming

Cty. Children’s Servs. Agency, 458 U.S. 502, 513–514, 102 S.Ct. 3231, 73 L.Ed.2d 928 (1982).

           {¶ 44} Additionally, holding that all orders that do not comply with Juv.R. 40 are void

has “disastrous implications.” 10                    Painter and Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice, Section 2.3.


           10
                Painter and Pollis explain:

                      It is highly likely that the archives of the 88 courts of common pleas and the even-more-numerous municipal
           courts in Ohio contain tens of thousands of trial-court orders that technically are not final because of defective language
           purporting to rule on objections or to adopt a magistrate’s decision. Years or even decades later, one of the parties
           could come forward to demand a truly final order and then begin the appellate process long after the case was thought
           to have been resolved. That result has disastrous implications, and there is reason to suspect that the Ohio Supreme
           Court would not endorse it.

Id., citing Miller v. Nelson-Miller, supra.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                     22

Consequently, we do not believe that the trial court’s failure to adopt the magistrate’s decision

and to adjudicate the children dependent until September 2016 voids all prior dispositional

orders. Cf. Miller v. Nelson-Miller, supra (determining that trial judge’s delegation of signing

divorce decree to magistrate and failure to sign divorce decree in accordance with Civ.R. 58 does

not render decree void); In re J.J., 111 Ohio St.3d 205, 2006-Ohio-5484, 855 N.E.2d 851

(concluding that juvenile court not divested of subject matter jurisdiction in neglect and custody

proceeding even though magistrate exceeded authority by transferring case to a visiting judge).

Rather, upon a timely appeal, the prior dispositional orders would have been voidable. Thus, the

trial court’s August 2016 decisions granting appellee permanent custody of the children are not

void, but merely voidable. Because the decisions are not void, they could constitute final,

appealable orders under appropriate circumstances, which is the next question we consider.

                                                C

                            AUGUST 2016 NUNC PRO TUNC DECISIONS

        {¶ 45} The next part of our analysis involves whether the August 2016 nunc pro tunc

decisions are final, appealable orders.

        {¶ 46} “It is elementary that courts possess inherent common-law power to enter

judgments or orders nunc pro tunc in proper cases.” Natl. Life Ins. Co. v. Kohn, 133 Ohio St.

111, 113, 11 N.E.2d 1020 (1937). “The general purpose of such an entry is to record a prior but

unrecorded act of the court.” Id. “[T]he power to make nunc pro tunc entries is restricted

ordinarily to the subsequent recording of judicial action previously and actually taken. It is a

simple device by which a court may make its journal speak the truth.” Id.; accord State ex rel.

Fogle v. Steiner, 74 Ohio St.3d 158, 163-164, 656 N.E.2d 1288 (1995). A nunc pro tunc entry
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       23

“‘speaks the truth’ by correcting a judicial record that fails to show an order or a judgment of the

court because the order or judgment was not recorded at all in the first instance.” State v.

Breedlove, 46 Ohio App.3d 78, 81, 546 N.E.2d 420 (1st Dist.1988). “[N]unc pro tunc entries

are limited in proper use to reflecting what the court actually decided, not what the court might or

should have decided or what the court intended to decide.” State ex rel. Fogle v. Steiner, 74

Ohio St.3d at 164.

        {¶ 47} “[T]he function of a nunc pro tunc order is, essentially, clerical: it is to record

officially an action or actions of a court actually taken but not duly recorded.” Breedlove, 46

Ohio App.3d at 81 citing Helle v. Pub. Util. Comm., 118 Ohio St. 434, 161 N.E. 282 (1928);

Webb v. Western Reserve Bond & Share Co., 115 Ohio St. 247, 153 N.E. 289 (1926); Reinbolt v.

Reinbolt, 112 Ohio St. 526, 147 N.E. 808 (1925). “Errors subject to correction by the court

include a clerical error, mistake, or omission that is mechanical in nature and apparent on the

record and does not involve a legal decision or judgment.” Lester at ¶18; accord State ex rel.

Cruzado v. Zaleski, 111 Ohio St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-5795, 856 N.E.2d 263. In general, a

clerical mistake is “‘the type of error identified with mistakes in transcription’” rather than with

any legal decision or conclusion. Dentsply Internatl., Inc. v. Kostas, 26 Ohio App.3d 116, 118,

498 N.E.2d 1079 (8th Dist. 1985), quoting In re Merry Queen Transfer Corp., 266 F.Supp. 605,

607 (E.D.N.Y. 1967). Stated another way, clerical errors consist of “blunders in execution.”

Rowell v. Smith, 186 Ohio App.3d 717, 930 N.E.2d 360, 2010–Ohio–260 (10th Dist.), ¶15,

quoting Wardeh v. Altabchi, 158 Ohio App.3d 325, 815 N.E.2d 712, 2004–Ohio–4423 (10th

Dist.), ¶10, quoting Kuehn v. Kuehn, 55 Ohio App.3d 245, 247, 564 N.E.2d 97 (12th Dist. 1988).

        {¶ 48} A trial court may not use a nunc pro tunc entry to effect “[s]ubstantive changes in
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                     24

judgments, orders, or decrees.” Nichols v. Nichols, 2013–Ohio–3927, 997 N.E.2d 1262 (10th

Dist.), ¶12, citing Thurston v. Thurston, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP–555, 2002–Ohio–6746.

“A substantive mistake consists of instances where the court changes its mind, either because it

made a legal or factual mistake in making its original thought, [or because on second thought] it

has decided to exercise its discretion in a different manner.” Lakhi v. Healthcare Choices &

Consultants, LLC, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP–806, 2007–Ohio–4127, ¶36 (internal quotations

omitted); accord Dickerson v. Cleveland Metro. Hous. Auth., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96726,

2011-Ohio-6437, 2011 WL 6287991, ¶11.

        {¶ 49} Because a proper nunc pro tunc entry does not affect substantive rights but merely

corrects a clerical or mechanical error, a proper nunc pro tunc entry does not give rise to a new

final order for purposes of appeal. State v. Lester, 130 Ohio St.3d 303, 2011-Ohio-5204, 958

N.E.2d 142, syllabus (“A nunc pro tunc judgment entry issued for the sole purpose of complying

with Crim.R. 32(C) to correct a clerical omission in a final judgment entry is not a new final

order from which a new appeal may be taken”). “‘Nunc pro tunc’ means ‘now for then’ and is

commonly defined as ‘[h]aving retroactive legal effect through a court’s inherent power.’

Black’s Law Dictionary (9th Ed.2009) 1174. Therefore, a nunc pro tunc entry by its very nature

applies retrospectively to the judgment it corrects.” Id. at ¶19. Thus, proper nunc pro tunc

decisions do not constitute final, appealable orders. State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,

2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶31 (stating that nunc pro tunc entry “does not create a new

final, appealable order”). Nor do they “restart the clock” for purposes of filing a timely appeal.

State v. Damron, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 10CA3375, 2011-Ohio-165, ¶10; accord State ex rel.

Womack v. Marsh, 128 Ohio St.3d 303, 943 N.E.2d 1010, 2011–Ohio–229, ¶15, quoting State v.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                        25

Yeaples, 180 Ohio App.3d 720, 2009-Ohio-184, 907 N.E.2d 333 (3rd Dist.), ¶15 (stating that

“‘[a] nunc pro tunc entry is the procedure used to correct clerical errors in a judgment entry, but

the entry does not extend the time within which to file an appeal, as it relates back to the original

judgment entry’”).

                Only when the trial court changes a matter of substance or resolves a
        genuine ambiguity in a judgment previously rendered should the period within
        which an appeal must be taken begin to run anew. Perfection Stove Co. v.
        Scherer (1929), 120 Ohio St. 445, 449, 166 N.E. 376; Aetna Life & Casualty v.
        Daugherty (Apr. 21, 1983), Cuyahoga App. No. 45368, unreported. The relevant
        inquiry is whether the trial court, in its second judgment entry, has disturbed or
        revised legal rights and obligations which by its prior judgment had been settled
        with finality. See F.T.C. v. Minneapolis & Honeywell Co. (1952), 344 U.S. 206,
        73 S.Ct. 245, 97 L.Ed. 245.

Soroka v. Soroka, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 62739 (June 17, 1993) accord In re J.R., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 92957, 2009-Ohio-4883, 2009 WL 2964368, ¶¶10-11.

        {¶ 50} In the case sub judice, appellant recognizes that she filed her notices of appeal

within thirty days of the trial court’s “nunc pro tunc” decisions and that proper nunc pro tunc

decisions are not appealable. Appellant claims, however, that the trial court’s nunc pro tunc

decisions made “substantial and substantive changes” to its March 2016 decisions by explicitly

ordering that the children be placed in appellee’s permanent custody and by terminating

appellant’s parental rights. Appellant thus asserts that the August 2016 decisions give rise to her

right to appeal.

        {¶ 51} In J.R., the court confronted a similar issue and determined that the trial court’s

nunc pro tunc entry did not substantively change its original decision when the nunc pro tunc

entry added language indicating that the court granted the children services agency’s permanent

custody motion and terminated the appellant’s parental rights. In J.R., in June 2004, the court
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                        26

entered a decision that found “a grant of permanent custody is in the child’s best interest.” Id. at

¶5. In February 2009, the court entered a nunc pro tunc decision that stated: “The Motion to

Modify Temporary Custody to Permanent Custody is granted and the parental rights of [the

children’s parents] are terminated.” Id. at ¶8. The children’s mother appealed from the court’s

February 2009 nunc pro tunc decision. The appellate court determined that the court’s February

2009 nunc pro tunc decision did not change a matter of substance or resolve a genuine ambiguity

and thus, did not create a right of appeal. The court thus concluded that the time for the mother

to appeal the trial court’s June 2004 decision began to run when the court entered the June 2004

decision, and not when it filed the February 2009 nunc pro tunc decision. The court noted that a

nunc pro tunc decision “does not extend the deadline for filing an appeal; it relates back to the

date of the original entry.” Id. at ¶11.

          {¶ 52} The appellant nonetheless asserted that the June 2004 decision “did not

conclusively terminate her parental rights,” but instead, “the February 2009 entry actually

terminated her parental rights and revised the rights enumerated in the June 2004 entry.” Id. at

¶12. The appellate court disagreed. The court recited the trial court’s June 2004 entry, which

stated:

                  “This matter came on for hearing this 2nd day of June, 2004 * * * upon
          the motion for permanent custody as to the children [J.R. and A.A.] and upon the
          motion to modify temporary custody to Planned Permanent Living Arrangement
          as to the child [P.A.] * * *.
                  The order heretofor[e] made committing children to the temporary custody
          of CCDCFS is now terminated. * * *
                  In Re: [A.A. and J.R.]: * * * the Court finds by clear and convincing
          evidence that a grant of permanent custody is in the best interests of the child and
          the children cannot be placed with one of the children's paren’s within a
          reasonable period of time or should not be placed with either parent.
                  The Court further finds that: The children are abandoned. The children are
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       27

        orphaned and there are no relatives of the children who are able to take permanent
        custody. * * * The children [have] been in temporary custody of a public children
        services agency or private child placing agency under one or more separate orders
        of disposition for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two month
        period.
                 The Court further finds that: Following the placement of the children
        outside the children’s home and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and
        diligent efforts by the agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that
        initially caused the children to be placed outside the home, the parents have failed
        continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the
        children to be placed outside the children’s home. The chronic mental illness,
        chronic emotional illness, mental retardation, physical disability, or chemical
        dependency of the parent that is so severe that it makes the parent unable to
        provide an adequate permanent home for the children at the present time and, as
        anticipated, within one year.
                 The parent committed any abuse against the children, caused the children
        to suffer any neglect, or allowed the children to suffer any neglect between the
        date that the original complaint alleging abuse or neglect was filed and the date of
        the filing of the motion for permanent custody.
                 The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the children by
        failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the children when able to
        do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide an adequate
        permanent home for the children.
                 The parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or more
        times due to alcohol or drug abuse and has rejected treatment two or more times
        or refused to participate in further treatment two or more times after a case plan
        issued requiring treatment of the parent was journalized as part of a dispositional
        order issued with respect to the children or an order was issued by any other court
        requiring treatment of the parent. The parent for any reason is unwilling to
        provide food, clothing, shelter, and other basic necessities for the children or to
        prevent the children from suffering physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or
        physical, emotional, or mental neglect.
                 The parent has committed abuse against the children or caused or allowed
        the children to suffer neglect and the court determines that the seriousness, nature,
        or likelihood of recurrence of abuse or neglect makes the children’s placement
        with the children’s parent a threat to the child's safety.”

Id. at ¶12.

        {¶ 53} Although the trial court’s June 2004 decision did not explicitly place the children

in the agency’s custody, specifically state that the court granted the agency’s motion for
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       28

permanent custody, or expressly terminate the mother’s parental rights, the appellate court

nevertheless determined:


                  Clearly, the June 2004 journal entry terminated mother’s parental rights,

        finding that [the child] could not be reunited with her. The nunc pro tunc entry of

        February 2009 did not revise her legal rights but reiterated that permanent custody

        was granted, thereby terminating mother’s parental rights, so it relates back to the

        June 2004 journal entry.           Because the court’s underlying substantive

        determinations were not disturbed or revised in the nunc pro tunc order, we

        conclude that final judgment was entered in 2004.

Id. at ¶14.     The court additionally noted that the trial court stated during the June 2004

proceeding: “And so I grant permanent custody of [the children].”

        {¶ 54} Similarly, in the case at bar, the trial court did not explicitly state in its March

2016 decision that it granted appellee permanent custody of the children.           That result is,

however, readily apparent from the court’s decision. The court noted that the magistrate held a

final hearing concerning appellee’s permanent custody motion. The remainder of the court’s

decision reads:

               The children in the instant case had been in agency custody for twelve or
        more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period. The children were
        removed from their father on September 2013 and have remained in the
        agency[‘s] custody since.
               The father of the children continues to have an untreated drug addiction.
        He has failed to complete drug counseling services as directed. He continues to
        test positive for illegal drugs, when he can be located to test. Father has, in
        addition, not maintained stable housing suitable for his children.
               The mother of the children also has continued to suffer from untreated
        drug addiction throughout. She has refused to comply with drug addiction
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                              29

          counseling services. She was convicted of Felony Abduction while these matters
          were pending. She is currently incarcerated in CBCF in addition the mother too
          [sic] has failed to maintain suitable housing for these children.
                  The children herein are in need of a stable and permanent placement that
          cannot be provided by either parent. The children are adoptable.
                  The Guardian ad Litem has recommended that Permanent Custody be
          granted.
                  Based on the totality of the circumstances the Court finds by clear and
          convincing evidence that Permanent Custody is in the best interest of the children
          herein.

          {¶ 55} Thus, although the trial court did not specifically state that it granted appellee

permanent custody of the children, that result is manifest from its decisions. The court made the

findings R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) requires in order to award a children services agency permanent

custody of a child. The court found that (1) the children had been in appellee’s custody for more

than twelve out of the past twenty-two months (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d)), and (2) that permanent

custody is in the children’s best interests (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)).                                       The court additionally

determined that neither parent could provide the children with a stable and permanent home.

Thus, even though the court did not explicitly state that it granted appellee permanent custody of

the children, that result is implicit within the court’s decision. Accordingly, because the court

made all necessary findings to support an award of permanent custody to appellee, its failure to

specify the relief granted was a mechanical error, or a “blunder in execution,” rather than a

substantive change to its original decisions.                          We further observe that the court expressly

indicated that its March 2016 decisions were “final, appealable orders,” thus evidencing its belief

that nothing remained to be determined.11


          11
              We recognize that a trial court cannot make an order final and appealable simply by uttering “final appealable order.” See
generally In re Estate of Adkins, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 16CA22, 2016-Ohio-5602, 2016 WL 4537814, ¶5, citing Ft. Frye Teachers Assn. v.
Ft. Frye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 87 Ohio App.3d 840 (4th Dist.1993) (stating that “appellate courts are not bound by a trial court’s
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                                    30

           {¶ 56} Moreover, whether the trial court did or did not specify that appellant’s parental

rights were terminated does not affect our decision that the August 2016 nunc pro tunc entries

did not substantively change the court’s March 2016 decisions. By operation of law, a grant of

permanent custody to a children services agency terminates the natural parent’s rights. R.C.

2151.011(B)(32) states:

                      “Permanent custody” means a legal status that vests in a public children

           services agency or a private child placing agency, all parental rights, duties, and

           obligations, including the right to consent to adoption, and divests the natural

           parents or adoptive parents of all parental rights, privileges, and obligations,

           including all residual rights and obligations.

Thus, language in a trial court’s permanent custody decision that terminates a parent’s parental

rights is not necessary in order to divest the parent of all parental rights. See In re Sims, 7th

Dist. Jefferson No. 02–JE–2, 2002–Ohio–3458 (noting that the effect of permanent custody is to

permanently divest the parents of their parental rights).

           {¶ 57} Consequently, we do not believe that the court’s August 2016 entries effected

substantive changes to its original decisions. Instead, the court corrected a mechanical error in

that the court’s original decisions did not expressly state the relief it granted.12 The court’s



determination or statement that a judgment constitutes a final appealable order”). In the case sub judice, we make note of the court’s
classification of its decisions as final, appealable orders merely to show that the court believed it had entered final decisions regarding
appellee’s permanent custody motions and that the August 2016 entries, therefore, did not substantively change the court’s earlier decisions.

           12
               If appellant had timely appealed the trial court’s March 2016 decisions, we questioned whether we would have dismissed the
appeals for lack of final, appealable orders due to the March 2016 decisions’ failure to expressly state the relief granted. In re A.R., 4th Dist.
Ross No. 07CA3000, 2008-Ohio-4822, 2008 WL 4308281, ¶8, citing Yahraus v. Circleville, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 00CA04,
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                                                               31

August 2016 entries did not change its original decisions, but instead, merely ensured that the

record correctly reflected the relief granted. Thus, the August 2016 decisions did not create a

new right of appeal and did not extend the time for appellant to appeal the March 2016 decisions.

 Accordingly, appellant did not timely appeal the trial court’s March 2016 decisions.

                                                                     D

                                              SEPTEMBER 2016 DECISIONS

          {¶ 58} We next consider whether the court’s September 2016 decisions created a right of

appeal and thereby made appellant’s notices of appeal prematurely filed. See App.R. 4(C) (“A

notice of appeal filed after the announcement of a decision, order, or sentence but before entry of

the judgment or order that begins the running of the appeal time period is treated as filed

immediately after the entry.”). After appellant filed her notices of appeal, the trial court filed

two decisions in each case. One adjudicated the children dependent, and the other essentially

repeated its August 2016 nunc pro tunc decisions. For the reasons we set forth below, we

believe that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the September 2016 entries. Therefore,

the September 2016 entries are void and not appealable.

          {¶ 59} “‘[O]nce an appeal is perfected, the trial court is divested of jurisdiction over


2000-Ohio-2019 (“One fundamental principle of the law of judgments is that in order to terminate an action, the judgment must contain a
statement of the relief being afforded.”). Even if we had reached this conclusion, Civ.R. 60(A) would have permitted us to grant leave in
order to permit the trial court to enter nunc pro tunc decisions. Civ.R. 60(A) states: “During the pendency of an appeal, [clerical or
mechanical] mistakes may be so corrected before the appeal is docketed in the appellate court, and thereafter while the appeal is pending may
be so corrected with leave of the appellate court.” Cf. Ballinger v. Ballinger, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100958, 101074, 101655, 101812,
2015-Ohio-590, 2015 WL 754839, ¶64, citing Doe v. Catholic Charities, 158 Ohio App.3d 49, 2004–Ohio–3470, 813 N.E.2d 977 (8th Dist.),
citing Civ.R. 60(A) and App.R. 9(E) (noting that proper nunc pro tunc entries permitted while appeal pending); Ferraro v. B.F. Goodrich
Co., 149 Ohio App.3d 301, 2002-Ohio-4398, 777 N.E.2d 282, 2002 WL 1972599 (9th Dist.), ¶9-11 (concluding that trial court retained
jurisdiction in order to enter nunc pro tunc entry adding Civ.R. 54(B) language so decision would be a final, appealable order).
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                           32

matters that are inconsistent with the reviewing court’s jurisdiction to reverse, modify, or affirm

the judgment.’” State ex rel. Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of

Common Pleas, 129 Ohio St.3d 30, 2011-Ohio-626, 950 N.E.2d 149, ¶13, quoting State ex rel.

Rock v. School Emp. Retirement Bd., 96 Ohio St.3d 206, 2002-Ohio-3957, 772 N.E.2d 1197, ¶8.

Stated differently, once a case has been appealed, the trial court loses jurisdiction except to take

action in aid of the appeal. State ex rel. Special Prosecutors v. Judges, Court of Common Pleas,

55 Ohio St.2d 94, 97, 378 N.E.2d 162 (1978).

        {¶ 60} Additionally, “the determination as to the appropriateness of an appeal lies solely

with the appellate court.” In re S.J., 106 Ohio St.3d 11, 2005-Ohio-3215, 829 N.E.2d 1207,

¶10. Consequently, “a trial court judge’s opinion that the order appealed from is not a final,

appealable order does not alter the fact that the filing of the notice of appeal divests the trial court

of jurisdiction.” State ex rel. Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow at ¶16. Thus, “[a] juvenile

judge has no authority to determine the validity or merit of an appeal.” S.J. at ¶10.

        {¶ 61} In the case at bar, once appellant filed her notices of appeal, the trial court lost

jurisdiction over matters that are inconsistent with our jurisdiction to reverse, modify, or affirm

the judgment. The trial court nevertheless entered dependency adjudications and essentially

refiled its nunc pro tunc decisions that granted appellee permanent custody.              We believe,

however, that the trial court’s decisions interfered with this court’s authority to consider whether

appellant properly invoked our jurisdiction. The trial court apparently entered its September

2016 adjudication and permanent custody decisions based upon its belief that its prior orders

were void due to the judge’s failure to adopt the magistrate’s 2014 dependency adjudications.

The judge’s determination, however, that its prior decisions were void interfered with this court’s
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                         33

ability to determine whether appellant properly invoked this court’s jurisdiction. Therefore, the

trial court’s September 2016 decisions are void and do not create a new right of appeal.

                                                  E

                                          CONCLUSION

        {¶ 62} The trial court’s September 2016 entries are void because the trial court lacked

authority to determine that its prior orders were void and therefore not appealable. The court’s

August 2016 decisions did not substantively change the March 2016 decisions and, thus, did not

create a new right to appeal. Generally, because appellant did not file notices of appeal within

thirty days of the trial court’s March 2016 decisions, appellant’s appeals are untimely.

Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we dismiss these appeals.

        {¶ 63} Additionally, we wish to point out that even if the issues raised in appellant's

assignments of error had been properly preserved and presented in this appeal, we would find no

merit to those arguments. We believe, after our review of the record, that it is in the children's

best interest to grant permanent custody to the agency. This situation is unfortunate and we do

not question appellant's sincere desire to have custody of her children. However, we agree with

the trial court's conclusion that the children's need for legally secure placement could not, in light

of the evidence adduced during the trial court proceedings and the children's custodial history, be

achieved without the award of permanent custody.

                                                              APPEALS DISMISSED.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                       34

Harsha, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:

        {¶ 64} I readily agree with the majority in limiting the application of the voidness rule in

J.C. & G.S. to delinquency cases. However, I cannot join in their holding that the trial court’s

March 2016 entries constituted final appealable orders.

        {¶ 65} In my view the court did not issue a final appealable order until August 12, 2016

when it filed entries explicitly ordering an award of permanent custody to the agency. None of

the entries prior to August 12, 2016 constituted judgments because they did not expressly contain

a statement of the relief granted. In fact at best, they were simply best-interest findings or a

decision that included findings.

        {¶ 66} A decision indicates what the court finds and intends to impose as a result. A

judgment must unequivocally order the relief that court deems appropriate. See Downard v.

Gilliland, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 10CA2, 2011-Ohio-1783, ¶ 11, citing St. Vincent Charity

Hosp. v. Mintz, 33 Ohio st,3d 121, 123, 515 N.e.2d 917 (1987) Consequently, “a purported

judgment that does not specify the relief granted does not terminate the action and does not

constitute a final appealable order.”     Downard at ¶ 10. The judgment entry “must contain

clear language to provide basic notice of the parties’ rights, duties, and obligations.” In re

L.J.S., 4th Dist. Wash. No. 16CA8, 2016-Ohio-8107, ¶ 12.

        {¶ 67} The March 2016 entries never awarded permanent custody of the children to the

agency and permanently severed parental rights. The trial court merely stated in its March 2016

entries that it found “by clear and convincing evidence that Permanent Custody is in the best

interest of the children herein.” The March 2016 entries did not specify the relief granted and

did not contain clear language providing basic notice to the parties that the court was awarding
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                     35

permanent custody and severing the parent’s rights to their children. Thus, they are not final

appealable orders, i.e. they did not determine the action and preclude a judgment in favor of the

appellant under R.C.2505.02(B)(1). Moreover, the March 21, 2016 entries did not affect a

substantial right in a special proceeding under R.C.2505.02(B)(2) because they did not have

“immediate consequences,” i.e. they did not unequivocally order the appropriate relief. Those

entries merely constituted decisions, or mere best-interest findings.

        {¶ 68} In my view the final appeal orders in this case occurred on August 12, 2016 when

the trial court definitively ordered permanent custody be vested with the agency, thus terminating

the appellant’s parental rights. Because the mother filed her notice of appeal from these entries

on September 12, 2016 her appeal is timely and we should therefore address the merits of her

assignments of error. I respectfully dissent.
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                           36

                                      JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the appeal be dismissed and that appellees recover of appellants costs

herein taxed.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

        It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross County

Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

        A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        Hoover, J.: Concurs in Judgment & Opinion
        Harsha, J.: Concurs in Part & Dissents in Part with Opinion

                                                      For the Court




                                                      BY:
                                                      Peter B. Abele, Judge
ROSS, 16CA3569 & 16CA3570                                                                    37


                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
