            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



DANIELLE R. ROYDES,                                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     January 15, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 343114
                                                                     Iron Circuit Court
JACK M. ROYDES II,                                                   Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 16-005417-DM
               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals by delayed leave granted the trial court’s order denying plaintiff’s
motions for reconsideration and to reopen proofs following the court’s earlier decision in which
it awarded the parties joint physical and legal custody of the parties’ three children and declined
to change the children’s domicile from Michigan, where defendant resides, to Texas, where
plaintiff resides. On appeal, plaintiff challenges the trial court’s custody ruling, but she does not
present any argument against the court’s domicile ruling. We reverse and remand for further
proceedings.

        The parties were married in August 2004 in Georgia. The parties have three minor
children, ER, born in 2005, JR, born in 2007, and MR, born in 2009. Plaintiff asserted that in
August 2016, an incident occurred in which defendant pushed her hard against a counter,
resulting in an arm injury. Defendant’s account of the incident is that plaintiff jumped on his
back when he tried to leave the marital home, that he was able to get outside, that he then heard a
crash behind him, and that he went back inside the house and discovered that plaintiff “had
backed up on this counter.” Plaintiff left the marital home with the three children and obtained a
personal protection order (PPO) against defendant. Defendant was charged with domestic
assault, but the charge was dismissed when plaintiff apparently did not pursue it. And the PPO
was terminated when, according to defendant, plaintiff agreed to dismiss it.

       In September 2016, plaintiff filed a complaint for divorce. At that time, plaintiff and
defendant were both residing in Iron County, Michigan. Thereafter, plaintiff, who had no
relatives in Michigan, moved to Texas, where she had many family members. The minor
children joined plaintiff in Texas. In October 2016, defendant filed an answer to the complaint
along with a counterclaim for divorce. The Friend of the Court (FOC) held a conciliatory
conference in November 2016, which plaintiff participated in via phone. The FOC
recommended that the parties have joint legal custody of the children and that physical
placement of the children be with plaintiff “at her current residence listed at the commencement
of this action.” The FOC recommended that defendant have reasonable parenting time. The
FOC recommendation further provided that “[a] parent whose custody or parenting time of a
child is governed by this order shall not change the legal residence of the child to a location that
is more than 100 miles from the child’s legal residence at the time of the commencement of the
action.”

        In December 2016, defendant filed objections to the FOC recommendation. On June 16,
2017, a trial was conducted in regard to domicile, custody, parenting time, and child support. At
the conclusion of the trial, the court established an interim parenting-time arrangement pursuant
to which the children were to return to Michigan and defendant on July 1, 2017. On July 25,
2017, the trial court rendered a decision from the bench. The court first tackled the issue of
domicile, examining the factors set forth in MCL 722.31(4) and determining that the children’s
domicile would remain in Michigan. With respect to custody, the trial court first ruled that the
children’s established custodial environment was with both parties. The court then examined,
considered, and weighed the statutory best-interest factors, MCL 722.23. The court concluded
that there was no clear and convincing evidence that the joint custodial environment should be
changed. The trial court determined that “the factors are relatively equal.” The court further
observed, “I think weighing the factors suggests that there[] still should be a joint physical
custody environment.” On an interim basis, the trial court awarded plaintiff parenting time with
the children from August 5, 2017, through August 27, 2017, at which time defendant would be
“permitted to enroll and have the parties’ minor children attend school in Iron County,
Michigan.” The court indicated that a final decision on the specifics of parenting time and child
support would be issued at a later date, noting that parenting time might be influenced by
whether plaintiff decided to stay in Texas or return to Michigan in light of the domicile ruling.

        On September 1, 2017, plaintiff filed motions for reconsideration and to reopen proofs
which focused on defendant’s care of the children in July and early August 2017. Plaintiff
asserted that defendant had quit his job in Michigan and took the children to Wisconsin to
engage in logging operations. She claimed he would leave the children unattended through the
day at a lakeside campground, relying on 12-year-old ER to care for her siblings in dangerous
conditions. She further alleged that defendant ignored the children’s medical needs and
complaints, and failed to obtain appropriate medical care for them. On October 13, 2017, a full
evidentiary hearing was commenced on the motions. It was continued on November 2, 2017.
We discuss below the nature of the evidence presented at the hearing.

      On November 6, 2017, the trial court rendered a ruling from the bench on plaintiff’s
motions for reconsideration and to reopen proofs. The court revisited the issue of domicile under
MCL 722.31, but found, as it had earlier, that plaintiff’s move to Texas would not serve to
improve the quality of the children’s lives. The trial court determined that plaintiff’s income
from her job in Texas was not substantially different from what her income had been in
Michigan. The court agreed that defendant’s care of the children while they were in his custody

                                                -2-
in Wisconsin was completely inappropriate, but it reaffirmed its earlier decisions regarding
domicile and custody. The trial court stated that plaintiff had “not demonstrated by clear
and convincing evidence that [the established custodial] environment should be changed.”
But the trial court also observed:

               I believe what I have done is make a decision that’s based on the law,
       it’s based on facts, and it’s based on evidence and I am not reversing or going
       to go into a best interest analysis all over again because the evidence just has
       not risen to the level that would allow this [c]ourt to find that there’s been a
       significant change of circumstances or proper cause for me to re-evaluate. Nor
       has there been palpable error that I believe needs to be corrected.

       Following the evidentiary hearing, an order was entered on November 27, 2017, in
which the trial court ruled:

              Plaintiff’s motions to modify custody/physical placement of the
       children and/or the domicile of the children and for reconsideration and
       request to reopen proofs are denied for the reason that no palpable error
       and/or no material change of circumstances have been shown that would
       require the [c]ourt to modify or change its original ruling on the issue of
       physical placement/custody of the children or the domicile of the children.

        We note that plaintiff did not technically file a motion to modify physical custody or the
children’s domicile. But at the start of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court had indicated that
plaintiff’s motions for reconsideration and to reopen the proofs could also be characterized as a
request to modify prior rulings on custody and domicile.

        A judgment of divorce was entered on December 7, 2017. The divorce judgment
awarded the parties joint legal and physical custody. With respect to parenting time, the
judgment provided that the matter “shall be referred to the Friend of the Court to make a
determination.” The divorce judgment also provided that “[t]he children’s primary residence
shall be in Iron County, Michigan[.]” Pursuant to an order entered on December 14, 2017, which
was predicated on a conciliatory conference, a parenting time arrangement was set forth by the
court. Plaintiff was awarded parenting time during Christmas breaks, spring breaks, summer
breaks, and Thanksgiving breaks relative to the children’s school schedules. This Court
subsequently granted plaintiff’s delayed application for leave to appeal. Roydes v Roydes,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 14, 2018 (Docket No. 343114).

        On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by failing to award her custody of the
children when defendant repeatedly left the children alone for eight or more hours at various
campgrounds with little food and inadequate cellphone service, and where the children were
instructed to use an open fire and allowed to swim and use a power boat without an adult present.

        In Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App 149, 155; 729 NW2d 256 (2006), this Court,
relying primarily on MCL 722.28, addressed the standards of review applicable in child custody
cases, observing:



                                                 -3-
               There are three different standards of review applicable to child custody
       cases. The trial court's factual findings on matters such as the established
       custodial environment and the best-interests factors are reviewed under the great
       weight of the evidence standard and will be affirmed unless the evidence clearly
       preponderates in the opposite direction. In reviewing the findings, this Court
       defers to the trial court's determination of credibility. A trial court's discretionary
       rulings, such as the court's determination on the issue of custody, are reviewed for
       an abuse of discretion. Further, pursuant to MCL 722.28, questions of law in
       custody cases are reviewed for clear legal error. [Citations and quotation marks
       omitted.]

        This case presents quite a procedural quagmire given the events that transpired in the trial
court; therefore, we must initially set the proper procedural framework for our review. On the
basis of evidence presented at the trial on June 16, 2017, the trial court found that an established
custodial environment existed with both parties, that the statutory best-interest factors were
relatively equal, and that plaintiff did not present clear and convincing evidence that the joint
established custodial environment should be altered. Thus, the trial court ordered that the parties
have joint physical custody of the children, which ruling was later incorporated into the
judgment of divorce.

        MCL 722.27(1)(c) provides that in a custody dispute, a trial court, for the best interests of
the child at the center of the dispute, may “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders for
proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances.” However, the court is not
permitted to “modify or amend its previous judgments or orders or issue a new order so as to
change the established custodial environment of a child unless there is presented clear and
convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child.” Id. “These initial steps to
changing custody—finding a change of circumstance or proper cause and not changing an
established custodial environment without clear and convincing evidence—are intended to erect
a barrier against removal of a child from an established custodial environment and to minimize
unwarranted and disruptive changes of custody orders.” Vodvarka v Grasmeyer, 259 Mich App
499, 509; 675 NW2d 847 (2003) (quotation marks omitted).1




1
 In Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 92-93; 782 NW2d 480 (2010), our Supreme Court touched
on the next step of the analysis, explaining:

               If the proposed change would modify the established custodial
       environment of the child, then the burden is on the parent proposing the change to
       establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that the change is in the child's best
       interests. Under such circumstances, the trial court must consider all the best-
       interest factors because a case in which the proposed change would modify the
       custodial environment is essentially a change-of-custody case.

The statutory best-interest factors are set forth in MCL 722.23.


                                                -4-
         Given that the trial court ordered joint physical custody based on the evidence presented
at the trial on June 16, 2017, and that plaintiff essentially sought a modification or amendment of
that custody ruling based on events that occurred later, in July and early August 2017, plaintiff’s
motions for reconsideration and to reopen proofs must be viewed as a request to change custody
subject to the demands of MCL 722.27(1)(c). As such, the first step in the analysis is to
determine whether plaintiff had established proper cause or a change of circumstances, applying
a preponderance of the evidence standard. Vodvarka, 259 Mich App at 508-509.

        Because the trial court determined that plaintiff had failed to establish a change of
circumstances or proper cause, it refused to revisit the statutory best-interest factors.2 We note
that in her brief on appeal, plaintiff jumps straight to the issue of whether there was clear and
convincing evidence under the statutory best-interest factors to change the established custodial
environment. She neither raises nor addresses the preliminary step of establishing proper cause
or change of circumstances. However, considering the fairly convoluted procedural history of
this case, we nonetheless address the threshold issue of whether there was a change of
circumstances or proper cause. In McRoberts v Ferguson, 322 Mich App 125, 131-132; 910
NW2d 721 (2017), this Court explained:

               Proper cause means one or more appropriate grounds that have or could
       have a significant effect on the child’s life to the extent that a reevaluation of the
       child’s custodial situation should be undertaken. In order to establish a change
       of circumstances, a movant must prove that, since the entry of the last custody
       order, the conditions surrounding custody of the child, which have or could have a
       significant effect on the child’s well-being, have materially changed. To constitute
       a change of circumstances under MCL 722.27(1)(c), the evidence must
       demonstrate something more than the normal life changes (both good and bad)
       that occur during the life of a child, and there must be at least some evidence that
       the material changes have had or will almost certainly have an effect on the child.
       [Citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted.]

        With respect to the issue of “proper cause,” the criteria outlined in the statutory best-
interest factors “should be relied on by a trial court in deciding if a particular fact raised by a
party is a ‘proper’ or ‘appropriate’ ground to revisit custody orders.” Vodvarka, 259 Mich App
at 512. In regard to “change of circumstances,” the relevance of facts presented should also
“be[] gauged by the statutory best interest factors.” Id. at 514.

        The events that took place in Wisconsin are troubling and easily established a change of
circumstances and proper cause as necessary to revisit the issue of custody and the best-interest
factors. Indeed, the fact that defendant quit his job and went to Wisconsin with the children to


2
  Although the trial court’s ruling was a bit unclear at times, the court did state from the bench
that it was not “going to go into a best interest analysis all over again” or “re-evaluate” the
factors because plaintiff had not made a sufficient showing of a change of circumstances or
proper cause. And the trial court’s order on the matter indicated that there was no change of
circumstances or proper cause, as would be required to modify or change its original ruling.


                                                -5-
pursue a logging opportunity probably sufficed in and of itself to satisfy the statutory threshold
to modify a prior custody order. Regardless, defendant’s serious failure to properly care for the
children while in Wisconsin demands further proceedings.

        At the evidentiary hearing in the fall of 2017, defendant testified that he quit his full-time
job in Michigan, which paid $18 per hour, to go to Wisconsin to take over a logging business,
that he took the children with him, that they lived in a tent for the first four or five days, that he
left 12-year-old ER to care for her younger siblings while he worked during the day, that he
allowed the children to use a motorboat absent his or any adult’s presence, and that he taught ER
to drive and allowed her to do so on a private logging road. Defendant further testified that he
and the children then moved into a cabin in the area, where he again relied on ER to watch her
siblings while he worked.

       ER testified that defendant would call to check on them periodically during the day, but
he did not return for lunch. If ER could not get a fire going, she and her siblings would eat
Beefaroni out of the can or cold hot dogs. ER testified that during the day she and eight-year-old
MR would swim in the lake and catch frogs, occasionally joined by JR, who stayed at a friend’s
house a few days a week. ER explained that she used a microwave when they moved into the
cabin. ER further testified that she gave JR his medication until defendant started doing it;
however, defendant often forgot to give JR his medicine. ER indicated that there were no
showers at the campsite and that she developed a skin infection “on her private area,” which
defendant essentially did not address. ER also complained about stomach pain that she was
experiencing, and when she told defendant that she needed Mira LAX, he failed to get it for her.
ER believed that MR was having constipation issues.

        Plaintiff testified that when the children were returned to her care, she took MR and ER
to the doctor. The doctor, who was told by ER that she had bathed in a lake, informed plaintiff
that ER’s rash was caused by a hygiene problem. The doctor told plaintiff that MR had
constipation.

        The evidence presented at the evidentiary hearing was certainly relevant to defendant’s
“capacity and disposition” to provide the children with “guidance,” MCL 722.23(b), and to
provide them “with food, . . . medical care, or other remedial care,” MCL 722.23(c). The
evidence also seriously called into question whether the environment defendant established for
the children was “stable [and] satisfactory.” MCL 722.23(d). In sum, plaintiff established a
change of circumstances and proper cause for purposes of MCL 722.27(1)(c), and we conclude
that the trial court failed to adequately weigh and consider the living situation and events that
transpired in Wisconsin.

        Because plaintiff established both a change of circumstances and proper cause, the trial
court erred in not revisiting the best-interest factors and must do so on remand. On remand, the
trial court is also free to review the domicile question, especially if the court awards physical
custody of the children to plaintiff.




                                                 -6-
        We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction. Having fully prevailed on appeal, plaintiff may tax costs under MCR 7.219.

                                                          /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                          /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                          /s/ Brock A. Swartzle




                                              -7-
