          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


Nos. 18-2248
     18-2249
                  IN RE DONALD C. KUPPERSTEIN,

                             Debtor.
                      _____________________

                     DONALD C. KUPPERSTEIN,

                           Appellant,

                               v.

 IRENE B. SCHALL, Personal Representative of the Estate of Fred
      Kuhn; EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,

                           Appellees.


          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

           [Hon. Leo T. Sorokin, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                Torruella, Thompson, and Barron,
                         Circuit Judges.


     David G. Baker for appellant.
     Roger Stanford, with whom Irene B. Schall and Moses, Smith,
Markey & Walsh were on brief, for appellee Irene B. Schall.
     Paul T. O'Neill, Assistant General Counsel, for appellee
Executive Office of Health and Human Services.


                        November 15, 2019
            THOMPSON, Circuit Judge.

                                PREFACE

            Five years ago, Thomas Sheedy bought Carol Thibodeau's

house for a pittance and gave it to appellant Donald Kupperstein,

an attorney licensed in Massachusetts.      The state court reversed

the sale, but Kupperstein kept collecting rent.    These appeals are

the latest round in his long fight to keep the money, which he now

owes the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (we'll explain why).       So

far, he's defied seven state court orders, four arrest warrants,

and a mountain of contempt sanctions.     He filed bankruptcy to ward

them off — hoping the Bankruptcy Code's "automatic stay" would

stop the state court from enforcing its orders. But the bankruptcy

court lifted the stay, so Kupperstein skedaddled while his lawyer

appealed.    Fed up, Massachusetts asked the judge to dismiss the

appeal based on the "fugitive disentitlement doctrine" — the rule

that a fugitive (usually a criminal one) forfeits the right to

appeal the judgment (usually a conviction) he's fleeing.         The

district court agreed and dismissed the appeal.

            Kupperstein's serial misconduct and contempt for the

state courts trouble us, too.    And his victims argue (fairly) that

the Bankruptcy Code doesn't shield him from his comeuppance.     But

the district court never reached that issue; it booted the appeal

prematurely.   Because we find this early dismissal was an abuse of

discretion, we reverse and remand for a decision on the merits.


                                 - 2 -
                           HOW WE GOT HERE

                              The House

          When her father died, Carol Thibodeau (Fred Kuhn's only

child) was left with his only significant asset: a house at 346

Reservoir Street in Norton, Massachusetts.        Unfortunately for

Thibodeau, Kuhn's estate also owed approximately $191,747 to the

Massachusetts Office of Health and Human Services, more commonly

known as "MassHealth."1     (For the uninitiated, MassHealth can

recoup paid benefits from a recipient's estate after he dies.   See

Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 118E, §§ 31, 32).        The state had long ago

placed a lien on Kuhn's house to secure the debt.        After Kuhn

passed, MassHealth planned to have Thibodeau, who was also the

Estate's personal representative, sell the house (worth around

$168,000, per the probate court) to pay off the lien.    It filed a

petition in probate court to make that happen.

          Enter Kupperstein and his associate, Thomas Sheedy — who

had other plans.   In November 2014, they showed up at Thibodeau's

home with a sales pitch.     First, they had bad news: the Estate

owed the Town of Norton $3,379.13 in unpaid real estate taxes.

Not to worry – they could help.    All she had to do was hand over

the house to Sheedy, who would take care of the taxes.    Thibodeau

promptly agreed.   And so, without notifying the Estate's attorney


     1 "Personal representative" is Massachusetts' term for an
administrator or executor. See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 190B, § 1-201.


                                - 3 -
(Austin McHoul), Kupperstein notarized a deed that conveyed the

property to Sheedy (as trustee for the "Reservoir Street Realty

Trust") in exchange for "less than $100" and "tax redemption of

$3,379.13."2

                 Unbeknownst to Thibodeau, the deal was against the law

(the probate court would later hold): she could not sell the house

before          paying    MassHealth's       six-figure      claim.      When      McHoul

discovered         what    happened,    he    (in    the   probate     court's     words)

"requested Mr. Kupperstein and Mr. Sheedy return the property to

the    Estate       of    Mr.   Kuhn   due    to    the    improper    nature    of   the

transaction."            The duo refused.

                                The State Court Cases

                 So began the five-year campaign to wrest back control of

the house from Sheedy and Kupperstein, who dug in their heels.

When McHoul told MassHealth of the house swap, MassHealth sued the

pair       in    Massachusetts     state     court.        After   a   year   of    legal

wrangling,3         the probate court voided the transfer to Sheedy,



       2
       The appellees tell us that Kupperstein notarized the deed
in Rhode Island, though he wasn't licensed to do so there, and
falsely attested he'd done it in Bristol to make it seem legit.
       3
       For those willing to walk the procedural maze, MassHealth
first sued Thibodeau, Sheedy, and Kupperstein in Suffolk Superior
Court, which dismissed MassHealth's claim for fraud (because the
complaint   alleged    misrepresentations   to    Thibodeau,   not
MassHealth), and left the sale intact (finding that Thibodeau, who
inherited the house, had the power to sell it in her individual
capacity).


                                           - 4 -
restored the property to the Kuhn estate, and ordered its sale to

pay MassHealth. The court also ordered that Kupperstein and Sheedy

account for "any and all" rents they'd collected from the property

and hand them over to MassHealth.4

            Easier said than done, it'd turn out.     Within a few

months of the probate court's decision (by December 2016), Sheedy

had leased the house for around $1,800 a month.     Mid-way through

2017, Sheedy passed off his claimed ownership to Kupperstein (as

the trustee and beneficiary of the "Norton Realty Trust"), who

kept collecting rent.   All in all, Sheedy and Kupperstein raked in

at least $54,750 from tenants. Despite the district court's order,

they gave none of it to MassHealth or the Estate.

            And so, on August 4, 2017, the probate court held the

two in contempt.      To no effect.     Less than a month later,

Kupperstein had installed two new tenants, whose lease dubbed

Kupperstein's trust "the fee owner of [the] property at 346

Reservoir Street" and charged them the same $1,800 monthly.      In




     However, the judge also held that MassHealth's lien was still
valid and urged the agency to ask the probate court to force the
property's sale to satisfy the debt. MassHealth took the court's
cue and filed its petition.    In granting it, the probate court
voided the transfer to Sheedy, saying it violated MassHealth
regulations.   The superior court later resolved any conflict
between its decision and that of the probate court by adopting the
probate court's conclusion and entering judgment for MassHealth
against Kupperstein.
     4   Kupperstein did not appeal that order.


                                - 5 -
answer, the probate court issued a decree making pellucid that

"[n]either Thomas E. Sheedy nor Donald C. Kupperstein . . . shall

execute or record any further documents concerning 346 Reservoir

Street" and that any documents they executed were "without force

or effect."     Moreover, neither man, nor "anyone acting . . . at

their direction(s)," was to "enter the property for any reason

without further order."

             Unsatisfied with how the probate proceedings were going,

Kupperstein sought a second opinion.          He sued Thibodeau in the

Massachusetts Land Court, asking it to declare him the house's

rightful owner.     In his filings, Kupperstein forgot to mention the

probate court's decisions.      Playing legal whack-a-mole, MassHealth

intervened     to   educate     the    land   court,   which   dismissed

Kupperstein's       complaint     as    "wholly    insubstantial     and

frivolous . . . because he completely ignored" that the probate

court had already "fully and finally adjudicated the title to the

Property" against him.          The court concluded that Kupperstein

"brought [the case] in bad faith" and awarded MassHealth and

Thibodeau over $9,000 in attorneys' fees.

             The next day (December 22, 2017), the probate court

doubled down, finding Sheedy and Kupperstein in contempt again and

ordering them (again) to cough up the rent they'd collected.          It

also ordered them to "surrender all keys and any other means of

access" to the house, along with "any documents, leases or other


                                   - 6 -
instruments," to the Estate by the close of business.            And it

threatened to jail them for 30 days unless they paid MassHealth

$5,400.   In response, Kupperstein and Sheedy surrendered roughly

$3,000 in checks, but not the keys and leases.          Losing patience

(and without being asked), the court directed the pair to explain

why it shouldn't impose the 30-day jail sentence.           It scheduled

the hearing for January 12, 2018.

             On January 11, 2018 — the day before the hearing —

Kupperstein filed this case in the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the District of Massachusetts, listing the Kuhn house as his

own asset worth $350,000.5

             Some   background:   a   bankruptcy   filing   triggers   an

automatic stay that halts lawsuits against the debtor in other

courts until a federal court ends the case or lifts the stay.          See

In re Soares, 107 F.3d 969, 975 (1st Cir. 1997)(citing 11 U.S.C.

§ 362(a)).    The idea is to stop creditors from scrambling for "the

lion's share of the debtor's assets" (so they can be divvied-up

more fairly) and to give the debtor breathing room to manage his

debts (so he can get a fresh start).         Id. at 975, 977.    At his

hearing the next day, Kupperstein claimed that the automatic stay

tied the state court's hands, so it could not sanction him for



     5 To mitigate things, Kupperstein did note that he owned the
house "subject to Probate Court rescission Order and Execution
against prior owner."


                                  - 7 -
failing to produce the rents and keys.              The probate court didn't

see it that way.        It held that Kupperstein had violated its orders

a fourth time, locked him up in a holding cell for the rest of the

day, then gave him another chance to give up the house keys (though

Kupperstein claimed he didn't have them).                At the next court date

(in   March    2018),    after    retrying    the   automatic    stay    argument

(unsuccessfully), Kupperstein pulled $5,400 cash from his pocket

to purge the contempt.        He also produced a set of keys.

              Then Kupperstein went AWOL.            The court held him in

contempt twice more for snubbing his three next court dates as

well as the court's previous orders.            To sum up, the court wrote,

in violation of its orders, Kupperstein and Sheedy had: swapped

and leased the house, installed new tenants, changed the locks,

trespassed,      listed     the    property    as    a     personal     asset   on

Kupperstein's bankruptcy petition, and withheld $54,750 in rent.

The court ordered Kupperstein and Sheedy to pay MassHealth the

outstanding rents, plus (as sanctions) $10,485 in attorneys' fees

and   the   $70,289.65     statutory   interest      on    MassHealth's    unpaid

Medicaid claim.6     It also warned they'd be arrested and jailed for

30 days unless they worked with MassHealth to agree on a payment



      6Also, in November 2018, the superior court entered judgment
ordering Kupperstein to pay all those amounts, plus $6,330 costs
and fees already awarded in the land court case and $575,240.37
(three times the MassHealth claim of $191,746.79), with interest,
to MassHealth.


                                      - 8 -
plan.       To date, Kupperstein has still not complied with those

orders, and the probate court has issued four warrants for his

arrest.      Despite several attempts to locate and arrest him — once

at his last known address — he's remained at large.             During one

attempt, the sheriff reported that Kupperstein's house appeared

"closed up" and "abandoned" with the furniture covered in cloths.

                                 This Case

              Meanwhile, the Estate (through Appellee Irene Schall, a

lawyer      who   replaced   Thibodeau     as   its   representative)   and

MassHealth petitioned the bankruptcy court to grant them relief

from the automatic stay so the state court actions could proceed.7

Kupperstein's counsel shot back with a motion to hold MassHealth

in contempt, arguing that by asking the probate court to hold

Kupperstein in contempt and litigating other motions in that court

after the bankruptcy filing, the agency violated the automatic

stay. While the motions were pending, the bankruptcy court granted

Schall partial relief from the stay to (finally) sell the house,

which she did.

              The bankruptcy court later denied Kupperstein's motion

for contempt and granted MassHealth relief from the stay.               It

reasoned that the probate court's contempt proceedings were exempt


        7
       Schall and MassHealth also filed adversary proceedings
arguing that the bankruptcy court should not discharge the debts
Kupperstein owes them, and should dismiss his bankruptcy petition
outright. Those proceedings are still pending.


                                   - 9 -
from the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. 362(b)(4) because they

aimed       "to   enforce   [a]   governmental   unit's   .   .   .    police   and

regulatory power," citing In re Dingley, 852 F.3d 1143, 1146 (9th

Cir. 2017) and Alpern v. Lieb, 11 F.3d 689, 690 (7th Cir. 1993).

As a result, on August 13, 2018, the bankruptcy court ordered that

all three state court actions (in superior court, land court, and

probate court) could proceed to collect "any restitution and

sanction amounts," including attorneys' fees, from Kupperstein.8

Kupperstein appealed both rulings (the one granting relief from

the automatic stay and the other refusing to hold MassHealth in

contempt for violating it) to the district court.                     He asked the

bankruptcy and district courts to keep the stay in place pending

his appeal, which both those courts denied.9              He then petitioned



        8
       The court caveated, though, that MassHealth could not
attempt to enforce "any judgment with respect to the $191,741.79
MassHealth reimbursement claim or attempt to collect from
Kupperstein all or any part thereof."
        9
       Kupperstein also asks us to review the district court's
September 6, 2018 decision declining to keep the automatic stay in
place while it considered his appeal.      However, his notice of
appeal mentioned only the "orders entered . . . on December 17,
2018" (i.e., the orders dismissing his appeal).       "Even though
notices of appeal are to be liberally construed, if the appellant
chooses to designate specific determinations in [her] notice of
appeal — rather than simply appealing from the entire judgment —
only the specified issues may be raised on the appeal." Santos-
Santos v. Torres-Centeno, 842 F.3d 163, 169 (1st Cir. 2016)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).      Kupperstein does not
explain why we should make an exception to that rule here — waiving
the argument — so we find ourselves without jurisdiction to review
the decision denying him a stay pending his district court appeal.


                                      - 10 -
us to impose our own stay.          We construed that petition as for writ

of mandamus and denied it.

             In the meantime, Kupperstein missed his September 2018

contempt hearing, resulting in another arrest warrant (for his

seventh contempt, for those counting).                  That was the last straw

for MassHealth and the Estate. They moved the district court to

dismiss   both       appeals     based     on     the   fugitive    disentitlement

doctrine, which allows courts to dismiss the appeal "of a fugitive

who is still on the lam."          Walsh v. Walsh, 221 F.3d 204, 214 (1st

Cir. 2000).      MassHealth (joined by the Estate) argued that by

"flouting"     the     probate    court's         orders   and    evading   arrest,

Kupperstein became a "fugitive from justice."                    The agency did not

argue that Kupperstein violated any orders in this federal case.

Nonetheless, in its view, Kupperstein's appeals were just his

latest ploy in his "contumacious" campaign "to frustrate and delay"

the state court's orders.          As such (it urged) the appeal should be

dismissed under our analysis in Goya Foods, Inc. v. Unanue-Casal,

275 F.3d 124, 128 (1st Cir. 2001) (where we tossed two fugitives'

appeals   from   orders        executing    judgment       and    holding   them   in

contempt).




See United States v. Salimonu, 182 F.3d 63, 74 n.10 (1st Cir. 1999)
(holding that parties waive arguments they fail to develop).




                                         - 11 -
             Reserving ruling, the district court promptly directed

MassHealth    to    report   whether     Kupperstein   showed   at   his   next

(December 14, 2018) probate court hearing to purge the contempt.

After Kupperstein missed that hearing, too (triggering another

arrest warrant), the district court dismissed his appeals "for the

reasons stated in [MassHealth's] motion."

      Kupperstein appealed to us.

                   THE FUGITIVE DISMISSAL RULE: A PRIMER

             Federal courts have the discretion to dismiss an appeal

without hearing the merits "if the party seeking relief is a

fugitive while the matter is pending."            Degen v. United States,

517 U.S. 820, 824 (1996).         We've done it "even where the appeal

[was] taken from a civil judgment."             Goya, 275 F.3d at 128–29

(citing   Walsh,     221   F.3d   at    214).   This   so-called     "fugitive

disentitlement doctrine"10 is one of many tools — like the power

to dismiss a case for failure to prosecute, to punish contempt of

court, or to vacate judgments gained by fraud — that spring from

federal courts' "inherent authority to protect their proceedings

and judgments." Degen, 517 U.S. at 823 (citing Chambers v. NASCO,

Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43–46 (1991) (reviewing federal courts' "implied

powers" to "impose . . . submission to their lawful mandates" and



     10 It got the name from Molinaro v. New Jersey, where the
Supreme Court held that a fugitive's escape "disentitle[d]" him to
appeal his criminal conviction. 396 U.S. 365, 365–66 (1970).


                                       - 12 -
sanction "conduct which abuses the judicial process")). It targets

litigants who try to "reap the benefit of the judicial process

without subjecting [themselves] to an adverse determination."

United States v. Pole No. 3172, 852 F.2d 636, 643 (1st Cir. 1988).

            However, discretionary dismissal is a "severe sanction"

that cuts hard against our strong preference to decide disputes on

their merits.      Id. at 642 (internal quotations omitted); see also

Degen, 517 U.S. at 828 (warning that respect for courts "is eroded,

not    enhanced,    by   too   free   a   recourse     to    rules    foreclosing

consideration of claims on the merits").                    And "principles of

deference counsel restraint" when using an inherent power forged

by    unelected    judges.     Degen,     517   U.S.   at   823.     The   fugitive

dismissal rule, like any such power, is "limited by the necessity

giving rise to its exercise."          Id. at 829.     So courts may wield it

only when needed to serve its purposes: to ensure the "judgment on

review" can be enforced, avoid delay or prejudice to the other

side, protect the court's "dignity," and deter flight.                      Id. at

824–25; see also Walsh, 221 F.3d at 215 (reiterating that "the

sanction . . . [of] dismissal" must be "necessary to effectuate

the[se] concerns underlying the fugitive disentitlement doctrine"

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

            Given the stakes, we keep dignity and deterrence in mind

("[b]oth interests are substantial," Degen, 517 U.S. at 828), but

focus on "the kind of practical considerations that inform the


                                      - 13 -
decision whether to dismiss a suit with prejudice as a sanction

for mistakes, omissions, or misconduct." Walsh, 221 F.3d at 215

(quoting Sarlund v. Anderson, 205 F.3d 973, 974 (7th Cir. 2000));

accord Goya, 275 F.3d at 129 (noting that the Court in Degen

"focused attention on practical considerations particular to the

case rather than abstract concerns about court dignity or future

deterrence").     And so, at least in civil cases, the best reasons

to threaten and impose dismissal are to (1) avoid rendering an

unenforceable judgment and (2) prevent unfairness to the other

party resulting from the appellant's fugitive status.           Gao v.

Gonzales, 481 F.3d 173, 177 (2d Cir. 2007).

          All that said, we trust the district court to weigh these

interests and determine what's "necessary" to serve them — within

reason. As in any appeal from a discretionary dismissal imposed as

a sanction, we'll reverse if the judge abused his discretion, but

affirm if not.     See Mastro v. Rigby, 764 F.3d 1090, 1096 & n.5

(9th Cir. 2014) (reviewing dismissal under fugitive disentitlement

doctrine for abuse of discretion); Bano v. Union Carbide Corp.,

273 F.3d 120, 125 (2d Cir. 2001) (same); see also Bachier-Ortiz v.

Colon-Mendoza, 331 F.3d 193, 194 (1st Cir. 2003) (stating on appeal

from a discretionary dismissal for lack of prosecution that we

"review the district court's dismissal of a case as a sanction for

abuse of discretion"); Young v. Gordon, 330 F.3d 76, 81 (1st Cir.

2003)(reviewing     for   abuse   of   discretion   the   discretionary


                                  - 14 -
dismissal of a case for failure to comply with court orders).

Along the way, we review legal conclusions de novo (with no

deference) and factual findings for clear error, Walsh, 221 F.3d

at 214 — meaning we defer to the district judge's take on the facts

unless   our   review   of   the    whole     record   gives   us   "a   strong,

unyielding belief" that he made a mistake.              In re O'Donnell, 728

F.3d 41, 45 (1st Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

All-in-all, the abuse-of-discretion standard "is not appellant-

friendly," and "a sanctioned litigant bears a weighty burden in

attempting to show that an abuse occurred."              Young, 330 F.3d at

81.

                                    OUR TAKE

            As we'll explain, Kupperstein meets that burden here.

But first, we address his first two arguments — and in doing so,

we'll tee up his third, which carries the day.

                                   A Fugitive

            First, Kupperstein is "bewilder[ed] at the suggestion

that he is a fugitive."            According to him, he's "not evading

arrest"; when MassHealth filed its motions to dismiss, he was "at

home in South Easton" Massachusetts.           It's not his fault that "the

sheriff cannot find him," he tells us. However, the district court

had good reason to find that Kupperstein was "a fugitive who

remains in hiding . . . actively evading apprehension by the

Sheriff."   Despite seven contempt orders and an outstanding arrest


                                     - 15 -
warrant   (which    Kupperstein     does   not     dispute      he     knew   about),

Kupperstein remained a no-show in the probate court.                     And so far

as the sheriff could tell, he'd abandoned his house.                    Wherever he

is, Kupperstein is hiding from arrest to shirk the probate court's

sanctions.     That makes him a fugitive.          See Molinaro, 396 U.S. at

365–66 (holding bailed defendant became a fugitive because he

"failed to surrender himself to state authorities" when required);

United    States   v.   Barnette,    129    F.3d    1179,       1184    (11th   Cir.

1997)(ruling appellant became a fugitive "by hiding" from arrest

warrant for contempt of court, even though it wasn't clear he'd

left   the    jurisdiction);   Empire      Blue    Cross    &    Blue    Shield    v.

Finkelstein, 111 F.3d 278, 282 (2d Cir. 1997) (appellants were

fugitives when they disappeared after warrants issued for missing

depositions and disobeying court orders).

                               A Civil Case

             Second, Kupperstein maintains that the fugitive dismissal

rule only applies to fugitives from criminal prosecutions, while

the probate case is a civil matter.           Not so long ago, this swing

would've connected.      In 1992, we rejected an ask to toss an appeal

based on the fugitive dismissal rule because the company-defendant

defied the district court's preliminary injunction and contempt

order; we cautioned that we'd only applied the doctrine to criminal

fugitives, and we were "extremely reluctant to invoke [it] when

[the] appellant ha[d] not committed any criminal act."                        United


                                    - 16 -
Elec., Radio and Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp.,

960 F.2d 1080, 1098–99 (1st Cir. 1992) (holding that the Scottish

company's contempt did not forfeit its right to appeal based on

its   "good-faith   challenges"   to     the   U.S.    district   court's

jurisdiction over it).

          Nonetheless, we later extended the doctrine to dismiss

the appeals of two civil contemnors who frustrated, then fled, the

civil judgment and contempt order they appealed.          Goya, 275 F.3d

at 129.   And we gave two examples of other circuits doing the same.

Id. at 129 n.2 (citing Empire Blue Cross, 111 F.3d at 282 (holding

"that we have discretion to dismiss the appeal of a civil litigant

who becomes a fugitive to escape the effect of a civil judgment")

and Barnette, 129 F.3d at 1186 (ditto)).              We noted that the

appellants' misconduct (they sold their shares in real estate

securing the judgment and absconded with the money) was "extremely

serious," their "flight gr[ew] directly out of [the plaintiff's]

effort to enforce its judgment in the civil proceeding," and the

"appeals [were] themselves little more than devices to frustrate

and delay the enforcement" of that civil judgment.          Id. at 129.

So Kupperstein's bid to cabin the doctrine to criminal fugitives

comes too late.

                               The Rub

           However, unlike in Goya, Kupperstein was a fugitive from

the state court's judgment, not the bankruptcy or district courts'


                               - 17 -
(whose orders he never disobeyed).               So his third argument — that

the district court could not dismiss his case to help enforce the

state court's orders — cuts more ice.             As noted earlier, a federal

court's discretion to dismiss a fugitive's case flows from its

"inherent power" to protect its own "proceedings and judgments" —

not another court's.            Degen, 517 U.S. at 823–24; see Ortega–

Rodriguez v. United States, 507 U.S. 234, 250 (1993)(rejecting

"the faulty premise that any act of judicial defiance, whether or

not it affects" the appellate court's "process, is punishable by

appellate dismissal"); Bano, 273 F.3d at 125–26 (observing that a

"court will ordinarily employ [the doctrine] only to ensure the

enforceability       of   its   decisions;       to   discourage       flouting    its

process . . . or to avoid prejudice to the other side affecting

litigation that is or may be before it").                But the district court

dismissed Kupperstein's appeal because he failed to show in the

Bristol     Probate       Court    and     made       that     court's     judgment

uncollectable.11      And that's the rub.

            The   Supreme       Court    has     twice   rebuffed       courts     for

dismissing one case to punish flight from another, noting that the

escape    wouldn't    frustrate    the     dismissing        court's    judgment   or


     11 Appellees' brief suggests that Kupperstein is flouting
"Bankruptcy Court Orders," but doesn't identify any bankruptcy
court order Kupperstein failed to obey.     Anyway, before the
district court, MassHealth only argued (and the district court
only found) that Kupperstein had frustrated the orders of "the
Bristol Probate Court."


                                        - 18 -
impact its process.        In Ortega-Rodriguez, the Eleventh Circuit had

dismissed the appeal of a "former fugitive" who'd skipped town

before sentencing but was recaptured pre-appeal. 507 U.S. at 242–

44.      The    Court     reversed.      First,    it    said,   there    were   no

"enforceability         concerns":    the   recaptured     defendant     could   be

forced to serve his sentence.          Id. at 44.       Second, the past escape

(while   it     stalled    sentencing)      did   not   impact   "the    appellate

process": it didn't slow the appeal, id. at 245, or handicap the

government in its efforts to win the appeal or any retrial (which

wasn't an option), id. at 249. And third, since the defendant

returned before appeal — when "jurisdiction [ ] vest[s] in the

appellate court" and "any deterrent to escape must flow from

appellate consequences" — the district court had had "a wide range

of penalties" to encourage surrender.             Id. at 247.    In a nutshell,

the defendant had "flouted the authority of the District Court,

not the Court of Appeals," so "it [was] the District Court that

ha[d] the authority to defend its own dignity, by sanctioning an

act of defiance that occurred solely within its domain."                   Id. at

246.

               The Court drove home the point in Degen, whose namesake

also fled a different proceeding.            The district court, relying on

the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, had entered judgment against

Degen in his civil forfeiture case (allowing the government to

commandeer properties he allegedly bought with drug money) because


                                      - 19 -
he'd hightailed to Switzerland to avoid prosecution.     Degen, 517

U.S. at 822.   Again, the Court reversed.   Sure, Degen's Euro trip

waylaid any potential judgment in the criminal case.         But it

wouldn't "frustrat[e]" the government's efforts to prove "the

merits of [its] forfeiture claims" (it'd win unless Degen showed

up) and "the court's jurisdiction over the property [was] secure

despite Degen's absence."   Id. at 825.   So as in Ortega-Rodriguez,

"there [was] no danger the court in the forfeiture suit w[ould]

waste its time rendering a judgment unenforceable in practice."

Id.   Moreover, the escape wouldn't make the (civil) case at hand

unfair to the government; the district court had tools to keep

Degen from using it to gain an unfair advantage in the stalled

prosecution, and if Degen's absence hampered the civil case (e.g.,

if he missed a deposition), the district court could hit him with

"the same sanctions" it'd use on "any other" litigant who failed

to cooperate in a civil case (e.g., use the civil rules to charge

him fees, strike his pleadings, or order dismissal for snubbing

orders in that (civil) case).    Id. at 827.

          Relying on Degen and Ortega-Rodriguez, several courts

have rejected the use of dismissal to sanction litigants for

dodging another court's orders when the snub didn't impact the

case on appeal.    Take Mastro, holding that the district court

blundered when it dismissed a bankruptcy appeal based on the

appellant's "disregard for the authority of a different court"


                                - 20 -
(she fled a related prosecution), since her absence would not

frustrate the judgment against her in the case at hand. 764 F.3d

at 1096 & n.5.    Or Bano, where the Second Circuit held a district

court could not prevent a company from defending itself in a U.S.

lawsuit because the company refused to stand trial in India. 273

F.3d at 126–27.       There was "no question about the enforceability

of any judgment" the U.S. district court might render, and "no

discernible prejudice" to the plaintiff in the U.S. litigation.

Id. at 126–27.    And the district court could only dismiss the case

"to protect its own dignity, efficiency, and efficacy," not the

Indian courts'.       Id. at 127 (emphasis added).             We could go on.

See, e.g., Marran v. Marran, 376 F.3d 143, 148–49 (3d Cir. 2004)

(mother's contempt of state court child custody order was an

"affront [] to the dignity of the Pennsylvania courts, not to [the

Third Circuit]" and "ha[d] no direct effect on the processing" of

her related federal appeal); Daccarett-Ghia v. Comm'r, 70 F.3d

621,   626   (D.C.    Cir.   1995)     (claimant's    flight     from   related

prosecution "neither affect[ed] the [tax] court's ability to carry

out its judicial business nor prejudice[d] the government as a

litigant" in the tax case on appeal).

             On the other hand, the appellees do not cite any post-

Degen case in which a court approved the use of the fugitive

dismissal     power    to    protect    another      court's     judgments   or

proceedings, or to sanction contempt for orders other than the


                                     - 21 -
judgment on review.12     In Goya — as in Empire Blue Cross and

Barnette — the appellants evaded the same orders they appealed.

See Goya, 275 F.3d at 129 (stressing that "the appeal [was] from

actions and orders of the district court designed to enforce th[e]

very judgment" they evaded).       In Empire Blue Cross, the Second

Circuit   emphasized   that    point:   the   appellants'    disappearance

"[did] not affect some related matter; it impact[ed] the very case

on appeal." 111 F.3d at 282.       And the court limited its holding

accordingly:   "a   fugitive   whose    absence   severely   prejudices   a

proceeding may forfeit the right to appeal an adverse judgment

entered in that case."    Id.    We stressed the same fact in Goya —


     12 Courts have applied a statute (the Civil Asset Forfeiture
Reform Act of 2000), passed after Degen, permitting federal courts
to disentitle fugitives in civil forfeiture cases, so long as the
accused "evades the jurisdiction of the court in which the criminal
case is pending against" them. P.L. 106–185, § 14(a), April 25,
2000, codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2466; see, e.g., Collazos v. United
States, 368 F.3d 190, 198 (2d Cir. 2004).      Since this isn't a
forfeiture case, we deal only with the district court's inherent
(non-statutory) disentitlement power.
     And although appellees don't mention it, we note that even
after Degen, other circuits have blessed the doctrine's use against
criminal defendants who seek review of their state indictments or
convictions under habeas corpus and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See, e.g.,
Sarlund, 205 F.3d at 974 (§ 1983 case); Bagwell v. Dretke, 376 F.3d
408, 414 (5th Cir. 2004)(habeas case); Parretti v. United States,
143 F.3d 508, 509 (9th Cir. 1998) (habeas case). Once upon a time,
we applied the fugitive disentitlement doctrine in a similar case:
to dismiss an AWOL soldier's appeal from the denial of his petition
for habeas corpus.    See U.S. ex rel. Bailey v. U.S. Commanding
Officer, 496 F.2d 324, 326 (1st Cir. 1974). He sought review of
— and fled — military custody, not the order from which he directly
appealed. Id. Such cases may present issues distinct from a civil
contemnor's bankruptcy appeal, and we need not address them here.


                                  - 22 -
writing that "the appellants' flight [was] not from some other

proceeding, as in Degen" — and good thing, we said; that would

have "rais[ed] the specter" that we meant to use dismissal "to

coerce appearance" before another court.    Goya, 275 F.3d at 129.

          So that specter haunts us here.   In this case, dismissal

didn't serve the original reason for the fugitive dismissal rule:

to ensure that courts don't waste time affirming a judgment that

can't be enforced against the absconder.    See Degen, 517 U.S. at

824 ("[S]o long as the party cannot be found, the judgment on

review may be impossible to enforce."); Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S.

at 240 (citing Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97, 97 (1876)

(dismissing fugitive's criminal appeal because he was not "where

he [could] be made to respond to any judgment we may render")).

This was the courts' "main concern" in Barnette, 129 F.3d at 1183,

and key to Empire Blue Cross, 111 F.3d at 282 and Goya, 275 F.3d

at 129 (reasoning that the appellants' flight "prevents [the

plaintiff] from discovery that might be used to . . . enforce its

judgment"); see also Yousif v. Yousif, 61 Mass. App. Ct. 686, 689–

90 (2004) (asking whether the fugitive's "status is connected to

the judgment appealed from" and "impairs the enforceability of

[that] judgment").   Here though, the district court (even if it

affirmed, and the automatic stay remained lifted) could not have




                             - 23 -
ordered Kupperstein to pay the state court judgment.13                    So there

was no chance the district court would affirm an unenforceable

order.

             Moreover, though Kupperstein's resistance hobbled the

probate      case,     it    didn't    undermine     the     district      court's

"proceedings [or] judgments," Degen, 517 U.S. at 823, or "affect[]

the appellate process," Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. at 250; it

didn't delay the appeal, skew it in Kupperstein's favor, or

handicap the Estate's or MassHealth's bid to lift the stay (and

keep it up).       In Goya, the appellants' flight (from an action in

the U.S. district court to enforce a judgment against them) not

only represented a "blatant defiance of explicit [U.S. district]

court      orders,"    but   also     "prevent[ed]   [the        plaintiff]    from

discovery that might be used to unearth the proceeds of the sale

or otherwise enforce its judgment."             275 F.3d at 129; see also

Empire Blue Cross, 111 F.3d at 282 (where the appellants "severely

prejudice[d]" appellees because they "made themselves unavailable

for service of process and post-trial depositions" and so "rendered

the     judgment      unenforceable");      Sarlund,       205     F.3d   at    975


      13Though of course, the bankruptcy court could still
determine that the probate court's judgment is non-dischargeable
or that it should be paid from Kupperstein's nonexempt assets as
part of the distribution of his bankruptcy estate. See 11 U.S.C.
§§ 523, 704(a)(1), 726. We express no view on these matters, since
the only orders on appeal to the district court were those lifting
the automatic stay and refusing to hold MassHealth in contempt for
allegedly violating it.


                                      - 24 -
(defendant's absence "severely prejudice[d] . . . his adversaries"

in his civil case because he wouldn't show for depositions or pay

sanctions for his suit, which was frivolous).      But Kupperstein

appeared in the bankruptcy case when required and answered Schall's

questions (in a court-ordered exam) about his financial condition,

the original deal with Thibodeau, and Kupperstein's subsequent

dealings with the house.   So the appellees were able to develop

the facts below.   And they can win on appeal (if the merits be in

their favor) whether or not Kupperstein shows up to watch.

          True, Kupperstein's appeal seeks relief from the probate

court's orders: he asked the district court to reinstate the stay

and stop the probate court from enforcing them. But if Kupperstein

gets that relief, it'll be because the Bankruptcy Code entitles

him to it.   Unlike in Goya, Kupperstein's merits argument — that

his bankruptcy petition stayed the state court's efforts to collect

the contempt sanctions — is a fair one.     Cf. Goya, 275 F.3d at

129–30 (finding appellant's arguments were "clearly frivolous"

because we'd already rejected them).      Several judges in this

circuit agree with him.    See In re McKenna, 566 B.R. 286, 289

(Bankr. D.R.I. 2017) (holding "proceedings to enforce and collect

monetary sanctions" are stayed); In re Birchall, No. 07-13232,

2007 WL 1992089, at *9 (Bankr. D.Mass. July 3, 2007)(holding that

civil contempt proceedings are subject to the automatic stay).

That a debtor hasn't paid his state-court debts outside the


                              - 25 -
bankruptcy process can't be the reason we decline to decide whether

he's supposed to do so in the first place — lest we create a

"fugitive" exception to the automatic stay without analyzing the

statute.   And though it may mean more wrangling for the appellees,

the costs of litigating that reasonable dispute don't offset our

strong preference for decision on the merits, either.              See Pole

No. 3172, 852 F.2d at 642.

           Let's    be   clear:   none   of   this   excuses   Kupperstein's

misconduct, which has a long, harmful history.                 By the state

courts' telling, he and Sheedy ripped off Thibodeau, executed two

sham deeds (one of which he illegally notarized), then — spurning

two years of court orders and arrest warrants — installed two

rounds of tenants, milked over $50,000 in rents, and kept the money

to this day.       By the time he filed his appeal to the district

court, Kupperstein's serial contempt of the state court had already

drawn this dispute into a three-year battle to enforce the probate

court's judgment.14      The Estate lost funds that could've gone to

Thibodeau (Kuhn's sole heir) and MassHealth but for Kupperstein's

"repeated refusal to obey" the probate court's orders.              And the

probate Estate "cannot be closed and final distribution made" while



     14 Kupperstein's conduct is especially troubling because, as
we noted up front, he's an attorney still licensed to practice in
Massachusetts. Despite his various ethical breaches, chronicled
in multiple state court decisions, we're told that this litigation
has, for whatever reason, held up disciplinary action against him.


                                   - 26 -
the state court's "sanction awards are outstanding."            Without a

doubt, Kupperstein's contemptuous behavior has caused the estate

costs to mount.       But unless the district court (or we) reinstate

the automatic stay, it's the probate court's prerogative to decide

how to enforce its own orders and punish disrespect for them.           See

Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. at 246–47.         And "[w]hile [the] case is

pending" before the state courts, continued "flight can be deterred

with the threat of a wide range of penalties available" to them.

Id. at 247.      For example, the probate court could threaten and

(after due process) impose criminal contempt.              See Furtado v.

Furtado, 380 Mass. 137, 141 (1980).         Meanwhile, the federal courts

must apply the bankruptcy laws Congress charged them to enforce.

             And by the way, those laws give the bankruptcy courts

other tools to fight abuse of their processes.               For example,

MassHealth already asked to lift the stay (and dismiss the case)

for "cause," 11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(1) — saying Kupperstein filed in

bad faith.15    Should the district court decide that the automatic

stay applies, the bankruptcy court (on any remand) can grant

appellees whatever relief might be available to them under the

Bankruptcy     Code   —   including   (if   appropriate)   exercising   its

discretion to lift the stay for "cause," see In re Fin. Oversight


     15 Among other things, MassHealth claims Kupperstein listed
few unsecured creditors, filed this case the day before his show-
cause hearing, and "has an open equity line on his home of $300,000
that is untouched and fully available."


                                  - 27 -
& Mgmt. Bd. for Puerto Rico, No. 18-1463, 2019 WL 4667518, at *3

(1st Cir. Sept. 25, 2019) (citing        11 U.S.C. § 362(d)(1)); In re

Unanue-Casal, 159 B.R. 90, 96, 101 (D.P.R. 1993), aff'd, 23 F.3d

395 (1st Cir. 1994), or dismissing Kupperstein's petition, see 11

U.S.C. § 707(a), (b)(1) (permitting dismissal "for cause" or if

granting relief to certain debtors "would be an abuse" of Chapter

7).   These other methods of protecting the courts and appellees

against any abuse of the bankruptcy process by Kupperstein, should

he prevail in his appeal, cinch our conclusion that the blunt

sanction of disentitlement was unneeded to serve the doctrine's

purposes in this case.    See Degen, 517 U.S. at 827 (citing courts'

"alternative means" of ensuring the fugitive could not use the

civil litigation to unfairly one-up the government in the criminal

case as a reason that disentitlement was unnecessary).

                                In Sum

          This   is   a   frustrating   case   —   for   MassHealth,   the

beleaguered probate Estate, and most of all for Carol Thibodeau.

The appellees won in state court but still haven't been able to

collect their judgment.     As the bankruptcy court found, the Code

might clear a path for the state court to enforce its orders.          But

the district court's inherent power to protect its own proceedings

is not implicated here.      And so, we must reverse and remand for

the district court to decide the merits of Kupperstein's appeals.




                                - 28 -
