                                                                                             Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                         May 29, 2019
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                        DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                           No. 51118-5-II

                         Respondent,

          v.

    ERIC SANTIAGO ROMERO LEMUS,                              UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                         Appellant.



         SUTTON, J. — Eric Santiago Romero Lemus appeals from his jury trial convictions for nine

counts of second degree identity theft and three counts of forgery.1 He argues that the evidence is

insufficient to support these convictions. He also argues that under the recent amendments to

RCW 36.18.020(2)(h),2 we must strike the criminal filing fee imposed by the trial court. We affirm

the convictions, but we remand for the trial court to strike the interest provision on Romero

Lemus’s legal financial obligations (LFOs) and to determine whether the criminal filing fee can

be imposed under RCW 36.18.020(2)(h).




1
 Romero Lemus was also convicted of one count of second degree possession of stolen property.
He does not challenge that conviction on appeal.
2
    See Laws of 2018, ch. 269, § 17.
No. 51118-5-II


                                             FACTS

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       On March 23, 2017, Pierce County Deputy Sheriffs Chad Helligso and Chris Olson stopped

Romero Lemus shortly after he left the parking lot of a Wells Fargo bank because his car had a

cracked windshield. At the time of the stop, Romero Lemus’s brother Francisco Romero Lemus

was in the passenger’s seat. After arresting Romero Lemus for driving with a suspended license,

Deputy Olson searched Romero Lemus’s wallet and found two checks and what appeared to be

two credit cards that did not belong to Romero Lemus.

       The first check, check number 526, was drawn on James and Sandra Bunting’s Wells Fargo

bank account. Ex. 3A. This check was made out to Jesus Zuniga Lemus, dated March 16, and

appeared to have been signed by “Sandra Bunting.” The second check, check number 280, was

drawn on Sandra Bunting’s KeyBank account. This check was made out to Jesus Zuniga Lemus,

dated March 21, and appeared to have been signed by “Sandy Bunting.”

       The first card was a “VA Equity 100 VA Home Loan” card in the name of Greg Berntsen.

Ex. 5; 3 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 232. The second card was an Amazon Prime Visa card in

the name of Eric R. Jensen.

       Romero Lemus told the deputies that he had found the cards at a casino a few days earlier.

And, despite the two checks being dated within days of the arrest, Romero Lemus told the deputies

that his brother “Jesus” gave him the checks “several weeks prior.” 3 RP at 240-41; 4 RP at 294.

Romero Lemus could not explain why the dates on the checks were inconsistent with his assertion

that his brother had given him the checks several weeks earlier.




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No. 51118-5-II


       With Romero Lemus’s permission, Deputy Olson also searched Romero Lemus’s car.

Between the center console and the front passenger’s seat, Deputy Olson found a receipt for a

deposit at a Wells Fargo bank and another check. He also found two red plastic folders in the car’s

passenger compartment.

       The receipt was dated March 23, and time stamped about an hour before the deputies

stopped Romero Lemus. The receipt included a photograph of check number 274 drawn on Sandra

Bunting’s KeyBank account. The check was issued to a “James Jones,” dated March 20, 2017,

and appeared to have been signed by “Sandra Bunting.” Romero Lemus told the deputies that he

was not the one who had made this deposit, but he refused to say who had made the deposit.

       The check that was found in the car, check number 275, was also from Sandra Bunting’s

KeyBank account. It was dated March 20, was made out to “James Jones,” and appeared to have

been signed by “Sandy Bunting.” Romero Lemus told the deputies that his brother Jesus had left

check number 275 at his (Romero Lemus’s) house before moving to Mexico a month earlier. Once

again, Romero Lemus could not explain why the check was dated more recently.

       According to Deputy Helligso, after the deputies found the two red folders, Romero Lemus

said “that his brother left all of that stuff in [Romero Lemus’s] vehicle, and his brother had a history

of [identity] theft and fraud.” 3 RP at 242-43. Romero Lemus also stated that “he should have

known better than to have that stuff in his vehicle” and that he thought the items in the vehicle

“were stolen items.” 3 RP at 243.

       The deputies later examined the items in each of the two folders. The first folder,

Exhibit 1, contained various financial and medical documents related to Romero Lemus. In

addition, it contained several documents belonging to Greg and Elizabeth Berntsen, including:



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No. 51118-5-II


          Bank statements.
          A pre-approval notification letter addressed to Greg Berntsen’s from Freedom
           Mortgage that had previously included a “VA Equity 100 card” that would verify
           Berntsen’s preapproval. This notification letter matched the information on the VA
           Equity card found in Romero Lemus’s wallet, and the letter appeared to have originally
           had a card attached to it.
          “[A]n invitation to apply for a Delta Sky Miles credit card.” Ex. 11-C; 3 RP at 250.


       In the second folder, Exhibit 2, the deputies found more financial and medical information

related to Romero Lemus. They also found some items bearing Francisco’s3 name. The second

folder also contained numerous documents belonging to other people, including:

          “[A]n empty envelope addressed to somebody named Bunting” from Comcast. Ex. 2-
           4; 3 RP at 258-59.
          A Pierce County property tax statement addressed to Douglas Harbaugh.
          Two property tax payment slips addressed to Douglas Harbaugh.
          Various documents from the Wounded Warrior Project addressed to David Calhoun.
          “[A] special notice from Medicare insurance addressed to a David Calhoun.” 3 RP at
           264.
          A bank notice addressed to Daniel and Suzanne Calhoun.
          A credit union statement addressed to a Sara N. Smith.
          Bank statements addressed to James H. Harmon.
          Bank statements addressed to Sue and Steven Nichols.


                                        II. PROCEDURE

       The State charged Romero Lemus with nine counts of second degree identity theft, three

counts of forgery, and three counts of second degree possession of stolen property. The case

proceeded to a jury trial.


3
 Because the appellant and Francisco share the same last name, we refer to Francisco by his first
name to avoid confusion. We intend no disrespect.


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No. 51118-5-II


A. TRIAL

1. STATE’S WITNESSES

       The deputies testified to the facts described above. Additionally, Sarah Smith, Eric Jensen,

David Calhoun, James Bunting, Sandra Bunting, Douglas Harbaugh, Sue Nichols, James Harmon,

and Greg Allen Berntsen, Sr. testified for the State.

       Each of the civilian witnesses identified and testified about the various financial

documents, checks, and credit cards in their names that were found on Romero Lemus’s person or

in his car. None of these witnesses knew Romero Lemus or gave him permission to possess any

of the documents, checks, or credit cards at issue. Sandra Bunting specifically testified that she

had not written or signed the check depicted on the deposit receipt or the signed checks that the

deputies found in Romero Lemus’s wallet or car.

2. DEFENSE WITNESSES

       Romero Lemus’s mother testified that in February 2017, she was living with her four sons,

Jorge Mariano Bernardino, Salvador Romero Lemus, Francisco, and Romero Lemus. She further

testified that when Bernardino moved out of her house the first part of March, he left a red folder

in the trunk of Romero Lemus’s car.

       Romero Lemus’s mother also testified that when she subsequently cleaned out

Bernardino’s room, which he had previously kept locked, she found documents and paperwork

belonging to family members and to people who did not live in her home. Some of these

documents belonged to David Calhoun, Douglas Harbaugh, Eric Jensen, and Sarah Smith. Romero

Lemus’s mother also testified that Romero Lemus did not help clean out the room. Jordyn Fox,




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No. 51118-5-II


Romero Lemus’s girlfriend, also testified that she had helped clean out the room and that they

found a lot of paperwork, including bank statements, belonging to other people.

       Romero Lemus testified that immediately before his arrest, he had taken Francisco to use

an automatic teller machine at a Wells Fargo bank branch. Romero Lemus stated that Francisco

had returned to the car with a “piece of paper,” but Romero Lemus did not see what was on the

paper. 7 RP at 538.

       Romero Lemus admitted that he had the two checks and two credit cards in his wallet when

he was arrested and testified that he told the deputies he found the cards at a casino. But he further

testified that he had actually found the items in his wallet among other documents in a “storage”

room/unit at his house a couple of days after Bernardino left. 7 RP at 542-43, 546. Romero Lemus

stated that he had put these four items in his wallet because he had intended to show them to his

mother and to talk with her about his brother. Romero Lemus admitted, however, that he had not

talked to his mother about the items in his wallet.

       Romero Lemus further testified that there were other documents, including documents of

family members, with the checks and credit cards that he removed and that he put these documents

in one of the folders and had planned to sort through them later. He admitted to putting one of the

folders in his car, but he testified that did not know the second folder was in his car or know how

it got there. He also testified that he did not know about the check found between the passenger’s

seat and the center console until the State told him about it.

       Romero Lemus denied planning to obtain money using any of the items found in his car

and denied telling the deputies that he believed the items in his car were stolen. He also denied

using the name Jesus Zuniga Lemus, but he testified that he had a cousin with this name.



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No. 51118-5-II


3. VERDICT AND SENTENCING

        The jury found Romero Lemus guilty of the nine counts of second degree identity theft and

the three counts of forgery.

        At sentencing the trial court waived all nonmandatory legal fees, but it imposed a $200

criminal filing fee. The judgment and sentence also stated that interest on the LFOs would “bear

interest from the date of the judgment until payment in full, at the rate applicable to civil

judgments.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 145.

        The trial court also found that Romero Lemus was indigent for purposes of appeal. The

trial court did not, however, say under what subsection of RCW 10.101.010(3) it found Romero

Lemus indigent. Nor does the order of indigency indicate what subsection of RCW 10.01.010(3)

the trial court relied on.

        Romero Lemus appeals.

                                             ANALYSIS

        Romero Lemus argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the second degree

identity theft and forgery convictions. He also argues that under RCW 36.18.020(h), we must

strike the criminal filing fee imposed by the trial court.

        Romero Lemus’s sufficiency arguments fail. But we remand for the trial court to strike the

interest provision from Romero Lemus’s judgment and sentence and to determine whether the

criminal filing fee can be imposed under RCW 36.18.020(h).




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No. 51118-5-II


                                          I. SUFFICIENCY

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

          When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found that

the State proved the crime’s essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Homan, 181

Wn.2d 102, 105, 330 P.3d 182 (2014). We assume that all of the State’s evidence and any

reasonable inferences from it are true, and all reasonable inferences from the evidence must be

drawn in the State’s favor and interpreted most strongly against the defendant. Homan, 181 Wn.2d

at 106.

          Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally reliable. State v. Delmarter, 94

Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980). And we defer to the jury to resolve issues of conflicting

testimony and determining the persuasiveness of the evidence. Homan, 181 Wn.2d at 106.

B. SECOND DEGREE IDENTITY THEFT CONVICTIONS

          To prove second degree identity theft, the State had to prove that (1) Romero Lemus

“knowingly obtain[ed], possess[ed], use[d], or transfer[ed] a means of identification or financial

information of another person, living or dead,” and (2) he did so “with the intent to commit, or to

aid or abet, any crime.” RCW 9.35.020(1) (emphasis added). Romero Lemus argues that the

evidence was insufficient to support the second degree identity theft convictions because the State

failed to prove that he (1) knowingly obtained or possessed the documents other than the items that

were found in his wallet, or (2) possessed any of these items with intent to commit a crime.




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No. 51118-5-II


1. KNOWLEDGE

       Romero Lemus argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he knew that he

possessed the documents found in the folders, because he testified that he had not gone through

the folder he asserts that he found in the storage unit and he was unaware of the other folder found

in his car. But this argument fails to consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the State.

See Homan, 181 Wn.2d at 106.

       A person has knowledge if “he or she is aware of a fact.” RCW 9A.08.010(b)(i). The

evidence here is sufficient to show that Romero Lemus was aware of the documents that were

found in each of the two folders.

       As to the first folder, Exhibit 1, Romero Lemus’s assertion that he did not go through this

folder is not supported by the record. In fact, Romero Lemus identified the documents and testified

that he had gone through this folder, “saw documents that were in [his] name,” removed the items

to show his mother, and that those items were the ones found in his wallet. 7 RP at 543-44.

Additionally, this folder contained financial information belonging to Berntsen that related directly

to one of the cards in Romero Lemus’s wallet as well as the documents belonging to Romero

Lemus. Based on these facts, a rational trier of fact could conclude that Romero Lemus not only

possessed the first folder because it contained some of his own documents, but that he had gone

through its contents and was aware of the nature of its contents. Therefore, a rational trier of fact

could conclude that Romero Lemus knowingly possessed the documents in that folder.

       Romero Lemus’s assertion that he was unaware of the existence or contents of the second

folder is equally unavailing. The second folder contained an envelope related to the Buntings. It

also contained documents belonging to Romero Lemus. As with the first folder, taking this



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No. 51118-5-II


evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the fact that the second folder contained

documents belonging to Romero Lemus would allow a rational trier of fact to conclude that

Romero Lemus owned that folder. And the fact that Romero Lemus had actual possession of items

related to the owners of an item found in the second folder would allow a rational trier of fact to

conclude that Romero Lemus was aware of the folder’s contents. Thus, Romero Lemus’s claim

that the evidence of knowledge was insufficient fails.

2. INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME

       Romero Lemus next argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the second degree

identity theft convictions because it did not show that he possessed the documents with intent to

commit a crime.4 Again, we disagree.

       Our Supreme Court has held that for “crimes where possession and intent are elements of

the crime, Washington courts do not permit inferences based on naked possession.” State v.

Vasquez, 178 Wn.2d 1, 8, 309 P.3d 318 (2013). “When intent is an element of the crime, ‘intent

to commit a crime may be inferred if the defendant’s conduct and surrounding facts and

circumstances plainly indicate such an intent as a matter of logical probability.’” Vasquez, 178

Wn.2d at 8 (quoting State v. Woods, 63 Wn. App. 588, 591, 821 P.2d 1235 (1991)). Possession

alone is not, however, sufficient to infer intent. Vasquez, 178 Wn.2d at 8. But “possession together

with ‘slight corroborating evidence’” can be. Vasquez, 178 Wn.2d at 8 (quoting State v. Esquivel,

71 Wn. App. 868, 870, 863 P.2d 113 (1993)). Such corroborating evidence is present here.




4
  Identity theft requires the possession or use of a means of identification of another person “with
the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, any crime.” RCW 9.35.020(1).


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No. 51118-5-II


        Here, the sheer volume of personal and financial documents belonging to several different

individuals who did not know Romero Lemus and who had not authorized him to possess these

documents strongly suggests an intent to commit a crime. And the fact that someone who had

been in Romero Lemus’s vehicle had deposited one of Sandra Bunting’s checks, a check that she

had not written or signed, also suggests an intent to commit a crime and Romero Lemus’s

connection to that crime. This evidence would allow a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that Romero Lemus possessed these documents with an intent to commit a crime.

Accordingly, Romero Lemus fails to show that the evidence was insufficient to prove intent to

commit a crime.

C. FORGERY CONVICTIONS

        Romero Lemus next argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the forgery

convictions because the State failed to prove that he intended to injure or defraud anyone. Again,

we disagree.

        As noted above, although possession of the forged documents “alone is not sufficient to

infer intent to injure or defraud in forgery cases, . . . possession together with ‘slight corroborating

evidence’ might be.” Vasquez, 178 Wn.2d at 8 (quoting Esquivel, 71 Wn. App. at 870). Here,

Romero Lemus’s possession of the forged checks coupled with the receipt for the deposit of a

similarly forged check is sufficient evidence to allow a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that Romero Lemus intended to injure or defraud someone. Thus, Romero

Lemus’s sufficiency arguments fail.




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No. 51118-5-II


                                    II. CRIMINAL FILING FEE

       Finally, Romero Lemus argues that under the current version of RCW 36.18.020(2)(h), we

must strike the criminal filing fee imposed by the trial court. The State concedes that the current

version of RCW 36.18.020(2)(h) applies, and it also asserts that we must strike the interest

provision in the judgment and sentence under RCW 10.82.090(1).

       In 2018, the legislature amended RCW 10.82.090(1) and RCW 36.18.020(2)(h). LAWS OF

2018, ch. 269 §§ 1, 17. As relevant here, these amendments eliminated interest on non-restitution

LFOs and prohibited imposing the filing fee on defendants found indigent under RCW

10.101.010(3) (a) through (c). RCW 10.82.090(1), RCW 36.18.020(h); State v. Ramirez, 191

Wn.2d 732, 747, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). The 2018 amendments apply to this case because this case

was not final on June 7, 2018, when the amendments took effect. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d at 747.

Accordingly, we remand to the trial court to strike the interest provision and to determine whether

the criminal filing fee can be imposed under RCW 36.18.020(2)(h).




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No. 51118-5-II


                                          CONCLUSION

        We affirm the convictions, but we remand for the trial court to strike the interest provision

and determine whether the criminal filing fee can be imposed under RCW 36.18.020(2)(h).

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.



                                                      SUTTON, J.
 We concur:



 MELNICK, P.J.




 CRUSER, J.




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