                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-0220

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                     Corey Gordon,
                                      Appellant.

                                 Filed January 19, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                     Hooten, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CR-13-18645

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda M. Freyer, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jenna Yauch-Erickson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and Hooten,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HOOTEN, Judge

         Appellant challenges his conviction of third-degree criminal sexual conduct,

arguing that (1) the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the complainant
was mentally impaired and thus unable to consent as a matter of law; (2) his prosecution

infringed upon A.S.’s right to procreate; and (3) the district court committed reversible

error by refusing to give clarifying instructions to the jury. Appellant raises additional

issues in his pro se supplemental brief. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       For the first 23 years of her life, A.S. had normal intellectual capacity and cognitive

function. She worked as a hair stylist for a few years after earning a degree in cosmetology

and later worked at Wells Fargo in the finance department. She was planning on going

back to school to get a degree in finance, but her behavior changed abruptly in early 2005.

After exhibiting symptoms of confusion, memory problems, migraine headaches, blurry

vision, and dizziness, she was diagnosed with Susac’s disease.

       Susac’s is a very rare neurological disorder that affects the brain, the eyes, and the

ears. Because the immune system of a Susac’s patient attacks the blood vessels within the

brain, eyes, and ears, the disease can cause small strokes in parts of the brain. Susac’s

patients may suffer multiple attacks, which may cause permanent deficits. Due to damage

to the brain, Susac’s can affect thinking, cognition, memory, and judgment. Susac’s can

also cause depression, anxiety, and hallucinations.

       A.S. suffered her first Susac’s attack in 2005, which caused her to have memory and

thinking problems, depression, some speech impairment, and mild motor problems. After

receiving treatment, her condition improved, but she did not return to her level of

functioning prior to the attack. Neuropsychological tests conducted after her first attack in

2005, which measured her memory and thinking, indicated that she was functioning at the


                                              2
level of a fifth grader. She suffered a second attack in June 2007, which further affected

her memory and thinking. Again, she improved and her condition stabilized, but she did

not return to her level of functioning prior to the 2007 attack. A.S. suffered a third attack

in 2010, which caused further deficits, including “a lot of motor deficits, walking balance

deficits.” According to her neurologist, she continued to exhibit significant problems with

her thinking and judgment. Again, although there was some improvement, she did not

return to her level of functioning prior to the 2010 attack.

       A.S. continues to suffer physical and cognitive deficits as a result of her Susac’s

attacks. She uses a walker and wears leg braces on both legs. Due to damage to her eyes

and ears, she wears hearing aids and glasses. The disease has also damaged her frontal

lobe, which is the area of the brain that controls reasoning, planning, organization,

understanding consequences, and emotional control. According to A.S.’s neurologist, her

judgment, ability to reason, critical-thinking skills, and insight are impaired because of her

disease. A.S. is easily manipulated, lacks the capacity to live independently or make

medical or financial decisions for herself, and lacks emotional control. She struggles with

calculations, has trouble remembering words, and is unable to hold a competitive job or

participate in formal schooling.

       A.S. lives with her mother, M.R., who is her court-appointed guardian. Under the

guardianship, M.R. is responsible for A.S.’s medical care, financial management, and

residence.

       In October 2012, appellant Corey Gordon approached A.S. at the Mall of America

and told her that she looked like a model. Gordon helped her find a coffee shop where she


                                              3
had arranged to meet her mother and waited with her there. While at the coffee shop,

Gordon asked A.S. about her condition, and after she told him that she had Susac’s, he

looked up the disease on his computer. A.S. told Gordon that her disease made her

confused and that she went to speech therapy and physical therapy at the Courage Center.

A.S. gave Gordon her phone number, and the next day he called and asked to see her.

       Soon after they first met, Gordon began having sex with A.S. Gordon had sex with

her in the assisted bathrooms at the Mall of America and at her house. Posing as her

personal care attendant, Gordon accompanied A.S. when she went to her physical therapy

appointments at the Courage Center three times a week. While there, he had sex with A.S.

before her appointment. Gordon also made videos of himself sexually penetrating A.S.

vaginally, anally, and orally. According to A.S., Gordon told her to not tell anyone that he

was having sex with her, explaining that since she was a vulnerable adult, he could be

arrested for rape.

       Shortly after he met A.S., Gordon called M.R. on her cell phone and let her know

that he had been talking to A.S. When M.R. asked Gordon why he had been talking with

A.S., he explained that “he has a soft spot in his heart for people with disabilities.” M.R.

told Gordon about A.S.’s condition and told him that it was not “a good idea for him to be

talking with [A.S.].” Sometime after her initial telephone conversation with Gordon, M.R.

became concerned that A.S. was still having contact with Gordon because she saw “weird”

texts “that made [her] feel very uncomfortable” on A.S.’s phone from a number she did not

recognize. When M.R. called the number, Gordon answered. During that conversation,

M.R. again informed Gordon of A.S.’s limitations and told him not to contact A.S. After


                                             4
being alerted to their mother’s concerns about Gordon, A.S.’s two sisters and the boyfriend

of one of the sisters called Gordon and told him to stop contacting A.S., explaining her

limitations, her condition, and the fact that she was under a legal guardianship.

       On May 24, 2013, M.R. drove A.S. to the Courage Center and saw Gordon there.

M.R. did not recognize Gordon at first and asked him, “Are you Corey?,” to which he

replied, “[N]o.” Realizing that the individual was Gordon, M.R. became very upset and

told the front desk staff to call security, but Gordon left while M.R. was speaking with the

staff. After leaving the Courage Center, M.R. brought A.S. to a police station. A.S. told a

police detective that Gordon had sex with her at the Mall of America, at her house, and at

the Courage Center. A.S. told the detective that Gordon knew about her disease and that

he had told her not to tell anyone or he would be arrested.

       After an investigation, Gordon was arrested. Law enforcement seized several

electronic devices during Gordon’s arrest and several more when his residence was

searched pursuant to a search warrant. The Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension

preserved three video files from Gordon’s digital camera that showed Gordon sexually

penetrating A.S.

       Gordon was charged in Hennepin County District Court with one count of third-

degree criminal sexual conduct. Gordon was charged by indictment, which allowed the

state to seek a life sentence under Minn. Stat. § 609.3455 (2012), which mandates life

sentences for certain dangerous sex offenders.

       After a jury trial, Gordon was found guilty of third-degree criminal sexual conduct.

In a separate proceeding, the jury found that an aggravating factor existed, namely that


                                             5
Gordon’s sexual penetration of A.S. involved multiple forms of penetration. At the

sentencing hearing, the state provided evidence of Gordon’s criminal history, and the

district court imposed a life sentence. This appeal followed.

                                     DECISION

                                             I.

       Gordon argues that sufficient evidence does not support his conviction because the

state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that A.S. was mentally impaired and

therefore unable to consent as a matter of law.

       Gordon was convicted under Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(d) (2012), which

provides that a person who engages in sexual penetration with another person is guilty of

third-degree criminal sexual conduct if “the actor knows or has reason to know that the

complainant is mentally impaired.” Being mentally impaired means that “a person, as a

result of inadequately developed or impaired intelligence or a substantial psychiatric

disorder of thought or mood, lacks the judgment to give a reasoned consent to sexual

contact or to sexual penetration.” Minn. Stat. § 609.341, subd. 6 (2012).

       Gordon argues that the circumstantial evidence test applies here because mental

impairment is proved by circumstantial evidence. Mental impairment may be proven,

however, by direct evidence through expert testimony. See State v. Hitch, 356 N.W.2d

820, 822 (Minn. App. 1984) (utilizing expert testimony of psychologists in evaluating

whether the complainant was “mentally defective”). Here, the state presented direct

evidence of A.S.’s impairment through the testimony of A.S.’s neurologist and her

psychologist. Because direct evidence of A.S.’s mental impairment was provided by the


                                             6
state through expert testimony, the general principles regarding sufficiency of the evidence

challenges apply.

       When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court

“make[s] a painstaking review of the record to determine whether the evidence and

reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict,

were sufficient to allow the jury to reach its verdict.” State v. Pendleton, 706 N.W.2d 500,

511 (Minn. 2005). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction,

assuming that the jury believed the state’s witnesses and disbelieved any evidence to the

contrary. State v. Brocks, 587 N.W.2d 37, 42 (Minn. 1998). Viewed in the light most

favorable to the conviction, the following facts regarding A.S.’s impairment were

established at trial.

       A.S. has Susac’s disease, which can cause brain damage that may affect motor skills,

cognition, memory, judgment, and thinking. As a result of her disease, A.S. suffered

damage to her frontal lobe. Neuropsychological tests administered to A.S. in 2005, which

test memory and thinking, showed that A.S. was “very impaired” and that she functioned

at a fifth grade level. A.S. had two more Susac’s attacks after 2005. After each attack, she

suffered further deficits and never returned to the level she was at before each attack. Even

before the third attack, A.S. was not deemed able to live on her own, to make decisions, or

to handle finances. A.S.’s judgment, thinking, ability to reason, and insight are impaired,

and she is easily manipulated. While A.S. would like to go back to school, she does not

understand that, given her cognitive deficits, such an attempt would be a failure. A.S. does

not have the capability to make reasoned financial or medical decisions or to live on her


                                             7
own. In March 2013, during her sexual relationship with Gordon, A.S. continued to exhibit

“severe cognitive difficulties” and was unable to live independently.

       Despite this evidence, Gordon points to a number of facts that, he argues,

demonstrate that A.S. possesses the judgment to give reasoned consent to sex. Gordon

notes that A.S. is left at home alone at times, she can bathe and dress herself, and she takes

her own medications. Gordon also notes that A.S. wants to live alone, go to school, and

does not want her mother to have guardianship of her. But, both her neurologist and

psychologist testified that A.S. is incapable of living on her own, of making reasoned

financial or medical decisions or returning to school, and she lacks understanding of her

deficits.

       Gordon also notes that A.S. understands that pregnancy could trigger a Susac’s

attack and has repeatedly voiced her desire to undergo tubal ligation surgery as

demonstrating her capacity to make reasoned judgments about sex.              M.R. testified,

however, that A.S.’s desire to undergo the surgery stems from the fact that her mother and

both of her sisters underwent tubal ligation surgery, explaining that A.S. just “want[ed] to

do what we all are doing.” Moreover, A.S.’s neurologist testified that A.S. fixated on

certain topics, like undergoing tubal ligation, and often was “more interested in wanting to

pursue getting the tubal ligation, in the middle of other medical issues that were more

pertinent to what is going on with her.” A.S.’s neurologist testified that such a fixation is

called perseveration and is a symptom related to A.S.’s disease. He also testified that he

would not have pursued the possibility of A.S. getting tubal ligation surgery based solely

on her desire to have the surgery.


                                              8
       Gordon points out that A.S. testified that her brother-in-law made a sexual advance

toward her and that she told him to leave and argues that this incident demonstrates A.S.’s

understanding that some sexual acts are inappropriate. But, A.S.’s psychologist testified

that he suspected that the incident might be a delusion because A.S. had suffered from

hallucinations in the past. The psychologist stated that even if the incident was not a

hallucination, it would not change his opinion regarding A.S.’s impairment because “she

has ongoing frontal lobe dysfunction” and remains vulnerable and easily manipulated.

       Gordon argues that A.S. was a “willing and informed participant” in sexual acts

with him because A.S. used “adult sexual language during sex and expressed her

preferences to Gordon.” Although A.S.’s use of sexual language and expression of sexual

preferences indicate her sexual desire, they do not indicate that she had the judgment to

give reasoned consent to sex.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, the evidence at trial

established that A.S. was mentally impaired and therefore unable to consent as a matter of

law.



                                            II.

       Gordon next argues that “the [s]tate has essentially restricted A.S.’s right to

procreate in violation of the Bill of Rights for Wards” by prosecuting Gordon for sexually

penetrating A.S. Under the Minnesota Bill of Rights for Wards, wards retain the right to

“marry and procreate, unless court approval is required.” Minn. Stat. § 524.5-120(11)

(2012).


                                            9
       However, where a ward lacks the capacity to consent to sex, as was the case here,

any right that the ward has to marry and procreate is contingent upon court approval. In re

Guardianship of O’Brien, 847 N.W.2d 710 (Minn. App. 2014) (holding that any mentally

disabled ward’s right to marry is predicated upon the mental competence of the ward,

which is a fact question for the district court); see also Minn. Stat. § 517.01 (2012)

(“Marriage . . . is a civil contract . . . to which the consent of the parties, capable in law of

contracting, is essential.”); Minn. Stat. § 517.02 (2012) (“Every person who has attained

the full age of 18 years is capable in law of contracting marriage, if otherwise competent.”).

As evidenced by the jury’s verdict, A.S. lacked the capacity to consent to engage in a sexual

relationship, much less marry or procreate. To the extent that Gordon attempts to use this

“bill of rights for wards” to justify his own criminal sexual conduct, he subverts the purpose

of the act and his argument is without merit.

                                              III.

       Gordon argues that the district court committed reversible error by refusing to give

clarifying instructions in response to the jury’s questions. “The [district] court has the

discretion to decide whether to amplify previous instructions, reread previous instructions,

or give no response at all.” State v. Murphy, 380 N.W.2d 766, 772 (Minn. 1986). “[I]f a

jury is confused, additional instructions clarifying those previously given may be

appropriate since the interests of justice require that the jury have a full understanding of

the case and the rules of law applicable to the facts under deliberation.” Id. (quotation

omitted). We review a district court’s refusal to give a jury instruction for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Swanson, 707 N.W.2d 645, 653 (Minn. 2006).


                                               10
       Appellate courts presume that juries follow the instructions given by the district

court. State v. Matthews, 779 N.W.2d 543, 550 (Minn. 2010). Appellate courts “will

assume that jurors are intelligent and practical people who take the district court at its word,

and are guided by the plain language of the court’s instructions.” In re Welfare of D.D.R.,

713 N.W.2d 891, 903 (Minn. App. 2006).

       Here, both the prosecutor and defense counsel stated that they noted no errors or

omissions in the district court’s instructions. The jurors were provided with copies of the

instructions which they were allowed to take with them to the jury room. At the end of the

first day of deliberations, the jury submitted the following question to the district court:

              (1). If a person says that he feels that [A.S.] was capable of
              giving consent to sexual penetration.
              (2). Would this have any impact on the second charge?
              (Element of the charge)
              (3). Does the State have to prove without a reasonable doubt
              that [A.S.] was not capable of making the decision for consent
              to sexual penetration?

At the beginning of the second day of deliberations, the district court, with the agreement

of defense counsel, directed the jury to the instructions regarding the elements of the crime,

including the second element, which requires that “the [d]efendant knew or had reason to

know that [A.S.] was mentally impaired,” and the definition of mental impairment.

       Approximately two hours after resuming their deliberations, the jury sent a second

note to the district court, which read as follows:

                     We have one juror who is adamant that the level of
              [A.S.’s] mental impairment is central to our decision to convict
              [Gordon].




                                              11
                     The remainder of the jury is adamant that it was
              [Gordon’s] decision to have sex and that he knew or had reason
              to know that [A.S.] was mentally impaired.
                     The lone juror insists that the level of [A.S.’s]
              impairment is [germane].
                     The majority believes that the dissenter is not following
              the law.
                     Can we legally get around this issue?

Defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the grounds that the jury was “hung” and stated

that if the district court did not grant a mistrial, it would request that the court “advise the

[j]ury that the level of [A.S.]’s mental impairment is an element of – is the second element

of the offense and the [s]tate is required to prove that beyond a reasonable doubt.” The

district court refused to declare a mistrial, reminded the jury that the state had to prove each

of the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, and read a portion of the

instructions concerning reaching a verdict. The district court also directed the jury’s

attention to the second element and the definition of mental impairment.

       Approximately four hours later, the district court received two notes from the jury,

the first of which read as follows:

                     I have a concern that one juror lacks the ability to judge
              the facts of this case and apply those facts to the law as you
              have instructed us to do.
                     He has used such phrases as:
              “I don’t care what the law says”
              “Whether he knew (she was impaired) it or not does not
              determine the crime.”
                     He is unwilling to work towards reaching an agreement
              as he also said he is unwilling to see it another way.
                     He is being governed by the sympathy he has for [A.S.]
              and not by the evidence presented.
                     It is for these reasons that we are at an impasse and
              unable to come to a unanimous decision as you have requested.



                                              12
The district court stated that it had received a second note that read as follows, with the

first sentence in one person’s handwriting, and the foreperson, in different handwriting,

writing the second sentence and signing her name:

                    No one said I do not care about the law.
                    I was told I HAD to give this to you. I apologize for the
              inconvenience.

In response to the two notes, the district court reread the instruction regarding following

and applying the law, reread the instruction about performing their duties as jurors without

bias or prejudice, and reminded the jury to deliberate with a view toward reaching an

agreement. The jury returned a verdict of guilty at 3:55 p.m. the following day.

       Gordon argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to give a

clarifying instruction because the jury’s questions demonstrate that it was confused about

the “central disputed element in this case” and its confusion was not alleviated by rereading

the original instructions.

       In response to the jury’s notes, the district court directed the jury’s attention to and

reread portions of the jury instructions. “[A] trial court may properly refer to its initial

charge when that charge provides the jury with the guidance necessary to resolve its

confusion.” State v. Crims, 540 N.W.2d 860, 864–65 (Minn. App. 1995), review denied

(Minn. Jan. 23, 1996). Neither party argues that the jury instructions misstated the law.

By rereading the jury instructions and directing the jury’s attention to the second element

of the offense and the definition of mental impairment, the district court provided the jury

with sufficient guidance to resolve its confusion.




                                              13
       Gordon cites to State v. Shannon, 514 N.W.2d 790, 792–93 (Minn. 1994), for the

proposition that it is prejudicial error for a district court to respond to a jury request for

clarification by refusing to correct the confusion if the jury is obviously confused. Shannon

is distinguishable, however, because it is not clear in the present case that the jurors were

“obviously confused.” Furthermore, in Shannon, the supreme court held that there was

prejudicial error when the jury became confused after the “experienced prosecutor” made

an “improper, misleading, and confusing argument” in his closing argument, and the

district court failed to correct the resulting confusion. 514 N.W.2d at 793. There are no

similar prosecutorial misstatements in this case. In fact, the prosecutor stated in his closing

argument that, with regard to the second element, there are “actually kind of two elements

within the one element,” namely, “[w]as [A.S.] able to give consent to sexual activity and

was [Gordon] on notice that she was unable to.”

       Because the jury was not obviously confused, the jury instructions correctly stated

the law, and the prosecutor made no misleading statements, the district court did not abuse

its discretion in directing the jury’s attention to and rereading portions of the jury

instructions.

                                             IV.

       In his pro se supplemental brief, Gordon argues that his conviction should be

reversed because: (1) the state’s witnesses testified falsely; (2) his counsel “could have

performed better”; (3) his First Amendment rights of free speech and association were

violated; and (4) his due process rights were violated.




                                              14
       All of Gordon’s pro se arguments lack legal arguments and authority. See State v.

Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d 8, 22 (Minn. 2008) (“[Appellate courts] will not consider pro se

claims that are unsupported by either arguments or citations to legal authority.”). But even

if we review them, none of his claims have merit.

       Gordon first argues that a number of the state’s witnesses testified falsely at trial.

The factfinder is the exclusive judge of witness credibility and the weight given to a

witness’ testimony.      State v. Mems, 708 N.W.2d 526, 531 (Minn. 2006).            Witness

“credibility is not an issue for this court to consider on appeal.” State v. Garrett, 479

N.W.2d 745, 747 (Minn. App. 1992), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 1992). The jury’s

verdict indicates that it found the witnesses’ testimony to be credible, and this court defers

to that determination.

       Gordon next alludes to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel by stating that

his counsel “could have performed better,” apparently referring to the fact that certain

evidence was not presented at trial and that particular witnesses were not called. Generally,

appellate courts will not review challenges to trial strategy. Opsahl v. State, 677 N.W.2d

414, 421 (Minn. 2004). “What evidence to present and which witnesses to call at trial are

tactical decisions properly left to the discretion of trial counsel.” Mems, 708 N.W.2d at

534. As Gordon’s claim merely concerns his disagreement with the tactical decisions of

his counsel, we conclude that Gordon has failed to establish that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel.

       Gordon did not raise the issue of the alleged violation of his constitutional rights at

trial. This court generally does not consider issues that were not raised before the district


                                             15
court.     Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996).             Therefore, Gordon’s

constitutional issues are waived.

          Even if this court were to address the merits of Gordon’s constitutional issues, his

arguments would fail. Gordon seems to argue that his First Amendment rights of speech

and association were violated because he had a right to speak with and associate with A.S.

Gordon was not prosecuted, however, because of his speech or because he assembled with

others. Gordon was prosecuted because he violated a Minnesota statute prohibiting sexual

penetration of an individual “the actor knows or has reason to know . . . is mentally

impaired.” Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(d).

          In claiming that his due process rights were violated, Gordon contends that he,

instead of the state, “had to prove that A.S. did have the capacity to consent.” However,

the district court specifically instructed the jury that Gordon was presumed to be innocent

and that the state had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gordon was

guilty.

          Gordon also argues that his due process rights were violated because the prosecutor

failed to introduce certain evidence at trial, which was favorable to him. The prosecution

is required to disclose to the defense “evidence favorable to an accused . . . where the

evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment.” State v. Hunt, 615 N.W.2d 294, 299

(Minn. 2000) (quoting Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196–97

(1963)). Gordon does not argue that the prosecution failed to disclose certain favorable

evidence to the defense. Instead, he only argues that the prosecution failed to introduce

this evidence at trial. Because Gordon has not cited any authority that the prosecution has


                                               16
an obligation to introduce this allegedly more favorable defense evidence at trial, we

conclude that Gordon has failed to show any violation of his due process rights.

      Affirmed.




                                           17
