                                       2014 IL App (1st) 121740

                                                                         THIRD DIVISION
                                                                         October 15, 2014
                                             Modified on Denial of Rehearing December 3, 2014


                                         No. 1-12-1740

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                    IN THE
                        APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                           FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,      )           Appeal from the
     Plaintiff-Appellee,                  )           Circuit Court of
                                          )           Cook County.
      v.                                  )
                                          )           No. 08 CR 3880
JOSE ALVIDREZ,                            )
      Defendant-Appellant.                )           The Honorable
                                          )           Mary Margaret Brosnahan,
                                          )           Judge Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hyman and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     Defendant Jose Alvidrez was tried and found guilty by a jury of the first degree murder of

his 18-month-old son, Joshua Alvidrez, who died as a result of a severe head injury suffered at

home while under defendant's care. Defendant was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment and

now appeals contending the trial court erred when it precluded his expert from testifying about

the amount of force required to cause Joshua's brain injuries. Defendant also contends that the

State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during its closing and rebuttal arguments by

disparaging his character and that of his expert, thereby prejudicing the jury. Lastly, Defendant
No. 1-12-1740


contends that he is entitled to additional days of presentence credit and that the trial court

improperly levied various fines, fees and costs against him. We affirm.

¶2                                     BACKGROUND

¶3     Defendant was charged with first degree murder after his son Joshua perished due to a

severe head injury. Defendant maintained that the child fell off an adult bed from about a knee-

high distance to the bedroom floor, but the State presented evidence demonstrating that the

extent of bruising, brain damage and retinal trauma Joshua suffered would only be attributable to

severe physical abuse and would not occur during the type of fall described by defendant. The

State's case rested on circumstantial evidence that defendant shook and/or beat his child to death

within a one-hour time span when no other individuals were present. That circumstantial

evidence was coupled with the testimony of several treating physicians who opined that Joshua

was the victim of severe abuse that could not have possibly occurred in a simple fall from a bed

onto a carpeted hardwood floor.

¶4     Summarized at some length, testimony at trial revealed the following. Benita Jorge was

Joshua's mother and defendant's girlfriend. On January 10, 2008, as was her then-current routine,

she left Joshua in defendant's care and went to work for the Cook County Youth Outreach

Services, where she oversaw screening cases coming into the system through the child abuse

hotline. Up until about October 2007, Joshua had a babysitter, but thereafter defendant and

Corina Gonzalez (girlfriend of defendant's cousin) became his caretakers. Other than a small

bruise on the innermost corner of Joshua's left eye, Joshua appeared a happy and healthy baby on

January 10. On that date, Corina left for the library, leaving defendant alone in the apartment

with Joshua for about an hour. According to defendant, it was at that time that he placed Joshua

on an adult bed for a nap, propping him on pillows and covering him with a comforter.



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No. 1-12-1740


Defendant then went across the hall to shave for some 15 minutes. Although he did not hear

anything, upon returning, he found Joshua on the floor, facedown with the blanket covering his

lower legs, but his feet still on the bed. Believing Joshua was simply "knocked out," defendant

patted his cheeks and called his name. Joshua was unresponsive, but breathing.

¶5     Defendant testified that he then called Benita. Benita testified that defendant reported he

had "found Joshua on the floor" and "he's not waking up." Benita told defendant to splash water

on Joshua because "it works in the movies." Defendant did so, taking him into the shower,

where Joshua apparently had a bowel movement, something defendant claimed to have not

noticed until days later when he again reviewed the scene. Joshua opened his eyes, moaned, and

then started to cry, according to defendant. Benita subsequently heard Joshua say "mom" after

some whimpers. At that point, she believed Joshua was not harmed. Defendant testified that

Joshua "looked fine." Reading from the Mayo Clinic website, Benita nonetheless instructed

defendant to prevent Joshua from falling asleep in the event he had a concussion. Defendant

again placed Joshua on the bed, propping him up with pillows. Defendant testified Joshua at that

time could point to his nose, chin, and eyes. Corina, who had been gone for about an hour,

returned from the library and entered the bedroom to ask defendant to look over a resume. As

defendant was doing so, Corina gave Joshua a sippy cup, from which he drank.

¶6     Some 30 minutes later, Benita called to check on Joshua. Defendant testified that he

went to retrieve the phone and on his return to the bedroom found Joshua with eyes rolled back

in his head, and stiff like a board. Defendant picked Joshua up from under his arms and shook

him, repeatedly calling his name. Defendant denied severely shaking, throwing or shoving

Joshua at that or any other time. Joshua then began to claw at his own face with one finger

reaching under his eyelid and was grinding his teeth. Defendant testified that he held Joshua's



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No. 1-12-1740


arms to prevent the clawing. Defendant then took Joshua into the shower again, to no beneficial

effect. At this time, Benita talked with her doctor, who instructed her to call 911. Benita called

defendant back and told him to call 911, which he did.

¶7     Joshua was unresponsive when the ambulance arrived minutes later. He was placed in a

cervical collar, securing his head and neck and transported to Cook County Stroger Hospital

(Stroger), where diagnostic testing revealed, among other traumas, an extensive subdural

hematoma (bleeding from the brain under the dura, inside the skull) requiring a craniotomy to

relieve intracranial pressure. Despite the best efforts of medical personnel, on January 18, 2008,

Joshua was pronounced dead. The authorities and defendant then did a "walk-through" at the

house, with defendant describing the events of the incident. Thereafter, defendant was arrested

and charged with the present offense.

¶8     On the crucial issue of the cause of the child's injuries and death, defendant's trial was

mostly a quintessential battle of experts, with several treating physicians testifying that Joshua's

injuries could not have been anything but intentionally caused, and defendant's retained medical

pathology expert stating the injuries could have resulted from an accidental fall as described by

defendant. In particular, the State presented the testimony of Dr. Amanda Fingarson, then a

fellow doing specialty training in child abuse pediatrics at Stroger, who examined Joshua

following his craniotomy. The State also presented the testimony of Dr. Abayomi Akintorin,

Joshua's attending physician who for 22 years had worked as a pediatric intensive care specialist

and anesthesiologist. When Dr. Akintorin saw Joshua, the child was in a medically induced

coma and near death. Both physicians observed bruises on Joshua's body, arms, and chin. As

part of the child's care, Dr. Fingarson interviewed defendant, who appeared devoid of much

emotion, which she found atypical, and Dr. Fingarson remained convinced that "the bruises were



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No. 1-12-1740


certainly not explained and were a concerning finding in and of themselves." That is, they were

not located in places where toddlers would naturally incur bruises.

¶9     Even though defendant claimed to have found Joshua facedown on the floor, potentially

indicative of an accidental fall, Dr. Fingarson noted that chest bruising was actually rare in

accidental trauma. She also testified that the torn vessels and extensive subdural hematoma on

Joshua's brain were quite consistent with major trauma to the head, while being markedly

inconsistent with a shortfall (defined as a fall from a caregiver's arms or changing table). She

explained that a child falling facedown would instinctively extend his arms to prevent a head

injury. In fact, a study of over 1 million children concluded that the likelihood of death from a

shortfall in children was less than 1 in 1 million. Dr. Fingarson opined that Joshua's injuries

resulted from physical abuse, and in particular, abusive head trauma from shaking the child or

slamming the child against something, since there were elements of blunt impact trauma and

intracranial evidence of acceleration and deceleration injury. Dr. Akintorin likewise testified that

many of the children he encountered with traumatic brain injury suffered so because of shaken

baby syndrome. Dr. Akintorin referred the case to an ophthalmologist because he found the

reports that Joshua had fallen from a knee-high level were inconsistent with the degree of

"massive" injuries Dr. Akintorin observed. This led him to also suspect a "non-accidental"

injury or child abuse in the form of shaken baby syndrome.

¶ 10   Dr. Phillip Dray was the aforementioned ophthalmologist who examined Joshua and

confirmed that he discovered various "flame shaped" retinal hemorrhages in Joshua's eye. Dr.

Dray opined that, given the degree of severity in the retinal hemorrhages, the cause was either

abusive head trauma or leukemia, but the latter was medically ruled out in Joshua's case. In his

30 years of experience, he had never seen a fall from less than 10 feet cause such an injury, but



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No. 1-12-1740


he had seen a two-story fall cause it. He testified it would be impossible for a fall from five feet

to cause the injury and that falls off a bed or even down a short flight of stairs would not be a

competent cause for the type of bleeding inside the eye and disruption of tissue seen in Joshua.

Dr. Dray acknowledged that a very small minority, said to be roughly six doctors, believed

shortfalls could cause retinal hemorrhaging. Dr. Akintorin testified that the traumatic head

injury, together with the retinal hemorrhages, were typically present when a child was violently

shaken.

¶ 11   Dr. Mitra Kalelkar was the medical examiner for Joshua. After reviewing all the medical

records and ancillary studies and performing the autopsy, she opined that Joshua died as a result

of blunt head trauma and that the manner of death was a homicide.

¶ 12   The State rested, and the defense called Dr. John Plunkett, an expert in general pathology

and forensic pathology with some 33 years of experience. Dr. Plunkett had testified in court as

an expert over 200 times and specifically on the mechanics of infant head injury at least 75 times.

While he had testified for both the prosecution and the defense as a paid expert, Dr. Plunkett

acknowledged that he primarily served as an expert for the defense. Although he published

numerous articles relating to children or infants, he had never specialized in pediatrics and had

not treated children since 1978. In particular, he had never diagnosed a child with shaken baby

syndrome. In terms of his professional publication, there was considerable time spent discussing

a 2004 article entitled, "Biomechanical Analysis of Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury," which he

co-authored with a biomechanical engineer. Dr. Plunkett acknowledged that while he

understood biomechanics as they related to injury evaluation, he was not a biomechanical

engineer and was not formally educated as a biomechanical engineer. Shortly after publication

of this article, Dr. Plunkett became a full-time consultant on forensic matters in various states.



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No. 1-12-1740


¶ 13   Dr. Plunkett testified there was no definitive way to determine whether Joshua fell from

the bed or sustained an impact injury from another individual or mechanism. In other words, the

injuries themselves could not be used to determine the cause. Nonetheless, after reviewing

Joshua's full medical records, Dr. Plunkett opined that if Joshua had been standing on the bed

and had fallen, striking the nightstand or the floor, that could have caused the subdural

hematoma and brain swelling. This, in turn, could have led to the retinal hemorrhaging. In

support, Dr. Plunkett cited an article he wrote in 2001, wherein he conducted a study of 18

shortfalls on playground equipment (heights between about 2 feet and 8 feet) leading to fatalities.

This data was from three files from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Four out of the six children who were checked for retinal hemorrhaging had them. Dr. Plunkett

also cited several other anecdotal studies to support his opinion. He opined that intracranial

pressure from the brain swelling caused the retinal hemorrhaging. In sharp contrast to the State's

witnesses, he opined there was no difference in how intracranial pressure would affect a child of

Joshua's age versus an adult. Dr. Plunkett concluded that given Joshua's weight of 26 pounds

and Dr. Plunkett's knowledge of shaken baby syndrome, it would not have been possible for

shaking to cause Joshua's injuries. He went so far as to testify that Joshua would have been

"decapitated" before anyone shaking the child could cause the type of brain injury Joshua

sustained.

¶ 14   Dr. Plunkett was of the opinion that the bruises on Joshua's chin and the back of his head

were not trauma from any domestic incident, but had likely been caused by the cervical collar

placed on Joshua by the emergency responders. He also testified the bruising on Joshua's chest

could have resulted from medical devices utilized during surgery. Dr. Plunkett opined that given

Joshua's medical state some hours after being admitted to the hospital, he would have been more



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No. 1-12-1740


prone to bruising. He related that Joshua's mother had a history of easy bruising; Benita in fact

had told the medical staff that Joshua bruised easily. The bruise on Joshua's arm also was most

likely caused by the blood pressure cuff, in Dr. Plunkett's judgment.

¶ 15   In its rebuttal case, the State called Dr. Michelle Lorand, the attending physician at

Stroger in the department of pediatrics who was chair of the division of child protective services,

and who had supervised Dr. Fingarson's care of Joshua. She had treated "tens of thousands" of

children during her career at Stroger, including children who had fallen off beds. Dr. Lorand

specifically disagreed with Dr. Plunkett's opinions on the etiology of Joshua's bruising.

Contrarily, she opined the brain injuries, including torn cortical matter, were "indicative of

significant trauma." Torn cortical matter, together with the bruises, subdural hemorrhage, and

torn and bleeding vessels, could not, in her medical opinion, have resulted simply from falling

off of a bed, even accounting for the defense theory, espoused by Dr. Plunkett, that Joshua had

been standing and may have hit his head on a piece of furniture while falling to the floor.

¶ 16   Instead, Dr. Lorand testified, the injuries were a consequence of shaking and impact. She

testified the defense theory in fact was contrary to the literature and cited studies that analyzed

thousands of children with reported falls, without a single child suffering injuries similar to

Joshua's. One study analyzed 800 infants with falls in the nursery/delivery room, while another

involved more than 500 children who fell out of cribs in hospitals, with none receiving "deep

brain injuries" or a subdural hemorrhage like Joshua's. Dr. Lorand explained that while Dr.

Plunkett's published anecdotal case report was noteworthy, the sample of children reviewed was

not statistically significant in a manner that could affect clinical decision-making. Dr. Lorand

also disagreed that intracranial pressure could cause retinal hemorrhages because that particular

medical phenomenon (Terson's syndrome) was known to only affect adults. Dr. Lorand further



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No. 1-12-1740


disagreed with Dr. Plunkett's assertion regarding decapitation. She explained that Dr. Plunkett

was relying on biomechanical calculations, but nobody had been able to credibly simulate such

an experiment.

¶ 17    Following evidence and argument, the jury found defendant guilty of murder. Defendant

filed a posttrial motion challenging the verdict, which the court denied, and he was sentenced to

25 years' imprisonment. This timely appeal followed.

¶ 18                                   ANALYSIS

¶ 19   Defendant first contends the trial court impermissibly infringed on his constitutional right

to present a defense by limiting the testimony of his defense expert, Dr. Plunkett, thus warranting

reversal of defendant's conviction and a new trial. Defendant argues this limitation occurred

when defense counsel was asking whether, in the context of this child being shaken to the extent

of causing the injuries actually inflicted, "[w]ould you expect to find any other injuries on him?"

Dr. Plunkett responded, "Well, if someone is able to hold a 26 pound baby in front of him or her

and shake him hard enough to cause brain injury, it would require you to be able to shake him at

approximately 10 or 12 cycles per second, 10 or 12 --." At this point, the State successfully

objected to the clearly nonresponsive answer. The capable defense attorney next asked, "[w]hat

other injuries would you expect to find in Josh?" As alluded to above, Dr. Plunkett testified he

would expect Joshua to be "decapitated" before causing such brain damage.

¶ 20   Despite the fact that this specific medical theory was uttered in testimony, defendant now

argues that the trial court's ruling on the nonresponsive answer amounted to an impermissible

and prejudicial "limitation" on his expert's testimony which deprived the jury of the chance to

consider the very theory that the witness testified about in open court. Specifically, it is urged in

this court that the witness would have offered testimony about the amount of "g forces" that



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No. 1-12-1740


would be required to inflict this level of trauma. Notably, the State had earlier noted an

objection to Dr. Plunkett testifying about biomechanical engineering matters beyond his medical

training. More to the point, defense counsel did not attempt to ask a specific question on that

subject after the court sustained the State's objection, and the record reveals that defendant never

made an offer of proof that could be referenced to determine in what way this examination was

hindered.

¶ 21   In the absence of an offer of proof, defendant instead leans on his posttrial motion and Dr.

Plunkett's appended report, in which he stated, "[a] person 'shaking' a 26-pound toddler would

have to exert a force of 260 pounds to the chest or arms in order to accelerate the head at 10g's,

an acceleration well below any established threshold for SDH or traumatic brain damage."

(Emphasis in original.) Defendant argues this statement from his expert's pretrial report

somehow constitutes an offer of proof and testimony rebutting that of Dr. Dray, who opined that

the alleged perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome are "sufficiently strong" to produce the brain

and eye injury.

¶ 22   Put bluntly, this legal construction is both disingenuous and nonsensical. First, as the

State asserts, defendant failed to timely and properly object to this so-called limitation of his

expert's testimony because he did not contemporaneously complain of the alleged error, he did

not request a side bar, or submit a timely offer of proof. Instead, counsel proceeded in his

examination and nonetheless got the gravamen of his theory (minus the "g-force" statistics) in

front of the jury for its consideration. Were there any actual error, the trial court was deprived of

an opportunity to cure it, and this issue has been waived. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176,

186 (1988) (requiring both an objection at trial and posttrial); see also People v. Andrews, 146 Ill.




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No. 1-12-1740


2d 413, 421 (1992) ("The failure to make an adequate offer of proof results in a waiver of the

issue on appeal.").

¶ 23   Even more damning to defendant's argument is the fact that Dr. Plunkett acknowledged

that he was not a biomechanical engineer and had no formal education in biomechanical

engineering. His main familiarity with the subject came via his association with his co-author (a

trained biomechanical engineer) of the above-referenced published article that seems to have

launched his career as a forensic consultant. Thus, he was in no way qualified to render the

opinion that defense counsel never asked him for in open court, despite the fact that it may have

been in his written report. When the court qualified Dr. Plunkett as an expert in general

pathology and forensic pathology, defense counsel did not contest that characterization or seek to

further qualify his expert. Counsel thus again waived any complaint regarding limiting Dr.

Plunkett's testimony on a subject matter in which Dr. Plunkett clearly held no expertise. It is

axiomatic that a trial court's evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of

discretion. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 132 (2007). The subject matter here was couched

in biomechanical terms that he was clearly not qualified to render and would not have assisted

the jury in understanding the evidence or made the question of defendant's guilt more or less

probable. See Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 132 (noting rule); Thompson v. Gordon, 221 Ill. 2d 414,

429 (2006) (noting rule); see also People v. Enis, 139 Ill. 2d 264, 285 (1990) (noting the expert

testimony would not have contributed at trial).

¶ 24   This is because Dr. Plunkett testified that based on Joshua's weight and his knowledge of

"shaken baby syndrome," it would not have been possible for defendant to cause Joshua's

injuries. To support this opinion, he cited reconstruction of real life events (as with the

automotive industry) and experimental studies, where the stretch of the brain was studied.



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Significantly, he opined that to cause the injuries Joshua sustained, defendant would have had to

shake Joshua to such a degree that he would have been decapitated. Not to put too fine a point

on it, one struggles to imagine that the thought of decapitation was somehow insufficient and that

the omission of g-force statistics prevented this defendant from presenting his defense. The jury

considered this dramatic medical theory and apparently rejected it. Based on the foregoing, we

conclude there was no error and, as more fully explained below, no plain error in this case.

¶ 25   Defendant next argues that the prosecutor made inaccurate and improper remarks during

the State's closing argument and the cumulative effect of the remarks denied him a fair trial. At

the outset, we note that defendant failed to object to the issues he now raises. Objections to

closing argument must be made at trial to be preserved for review. People v. Coulter, 230 Ill.

App. 3d 209, 229 (1992). Raising some or all the issues in a posttrial motion is insufficient to

preserve them for appeal. See People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 592 (2008) (both a trial

objection and a written posttrial motion raising the issue are required). Nonetheless, defendant

argues the alleged errors constitute plain error, mandating reversal. This narrow and limited

exception to the general rule of procedural default allows a reviewing court to consider

unpreserved error where the evidence is closely balanced, such that the error threatened to tip the

scales of justice against the defendant, or where the error is so serious that it challenged the

integrity of the judicial process. Id. at 593. "There can be no plain error if there was no error at

all ***." People v. Wilson, 404 Ill. App. 3d 244, 247 (2010).

¶ 26   Turning to the substance of defendant's claim, it is well settled that a prosecutor is

allowed a great deal of latitude in closing argument and has the right to comment upon the

evidence presented and upon reasonable inferences arising therefrom, even if such inferences are

unfavorable to the defendant. People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 441 (1993). The prosecutor



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No. 1-12-1740


may also respond to comments by defense counsel that clearly invite a response. People v. Willis,

2013 IL App (1st) 110233, ¶ 102. However, a prosecutor must refrain from making improper,

prejudicial comments and arguments. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 441. Even if a prosecutor's closing

remarks are improper, they do not constitute reversible error unless they result in substantial

prejudice to the defendant such that absent those remarks the verdict would have been different.

Id. While it is not clear whether the appropriate standard of review for this issue is de novo or

abuse of discretion, we need not resolve the matter, because our holding in this case would be the

same under either standard. People v. Luna, 2013 IL App (1st) 072253, ¶ 125. That is, viewing

the remarks in the context of the entire closing argument, as we must, we conclude there was no

reversible error committed here. See People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 122 (2005).

¶ 27    Defendant specifically contends the prosecutor erroneously accused defendant of

testifying falsely regarding which side of the bed his son fell from. 1 There is some merit in this

suggestion. During trial, defendant testified his son fell off the right side of the bed, even though

the evidence technician had taken a photograph (which the State submitted into evidence) of the

left side of the bed. During closing, the prosecutor asked rhetorically whether the evidence

technician would have photographed the wrong side of the bed during the walkthrough with

defendant, then asserted "defendant can't even keep what side of the bed [his son fell off of]

straight." Contrary to the prosecutor's assertion, during posttrial motion proceedings, the parties

stipulated that the evidence technician had in fact taken the photograph three days before the

walkthrough. There was no evidence that defendant had lied in that regard. The trial court

rejected defendant's posttrial argument that the State intentionally misled the jury, finding the

        1
           Defendant contends he lodged a contemporaneous objection to this line of argument, and thus preserved
the issue, but we disagree. The record reveals that defense counsel objected to the prosecutor's demonstration of
how defendant would have had to reach over Joshua. This demonstration was not identified in the record.
Defendant's assertion is belied by the record.


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prosecutor's comment was a reasonable inference at the time, that it was unintentional error, and

that, regardless, the argument would not have swayed the jury one way or the other.

¶ 28   We note our disagreement with the trial court's suggestion in this regard, insofar as the

argument was actually an unfair inference from the evidence. There was no testimony from the

police or evidence technicians regarding how defendant described the scene when Joshua

allegedly fell or regarding why the technician apparently chose only to photograph that particular

side of the bed. Thus, the argument was based on an assumption and not the trial evidence. The

posttrial proceedings later confirmed this.

¶ 29   Nonetheless, the prosecutor's comment, while improper, does not constitute reversible

error for several reasons. First, rather than objecting, defendant waited and used the opportunity

to respond to the prosecutor's misstatement in his own closing argument. One can easily

conclude that this was a strategic choice on the part of defense counsel, because he masterfully

wove it into his overall argument that the prosecution was inventing facts. See People v. Beard,

356 Ill. App. 3d 236, 244 (2005) (the decision of whether to object to closing argument is a

matter of trial strategy). In this way, one could argue the misstatement by the State was a

rhetorical gift to a defense lawyer who had a difficult case to argue. Counsel asserted to the jury

that the "[S]tate's [A]ttorney mischaracterized half the testimony" and was "playing" on the jury's

"sympathies." This was combined with defense counsel's argument that much of the State's case

was "garbage," which could add only reasonable doubt in the jury's deliberations. This error did

not result in substantial prejudice to defendant. Rather, defense counsel skillfully turned the

remark to defendant's advantage, demonstrating the essence of good advocacy. Given defense

counsel's response, and the court's instructions to the jury immediately before and after closing

that arguments are not evidence, we find that any error was cured. See People v. Willis, 409 Ill.



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App. 3d 804, 814 (2011). Second, the prosecutor's comment was made in passing and on an

undeniably collateral matter. As the trial court noted, defendant testified at length, so the jury

was able to evaluate his credibility. Whether the child fell off the right or left side of the bed is

of no moment when defendant clearly and coherently testified that he was not even in the room

when Joshua fell and that the injuries resulted from the bed fall and not from his intentional

beating or shaking. Significantly, defendant's theory of the case was that the child could have hit

the nightstand on his way to the floor. Since there were nightstands on either side of the bed, the

State's inaccuracy could not have interrupted defendant's theory. In short, the State's improper

comment did not destroy defendant's credibility before the jury or cause substantial prejudice to

warrant reversal.

¶ 30   Furthermore, we find the evidence was anything but closely balanced. Several qualified

witnesses testified for the State that the injuries Joshua sustained were a result of violent shaking

or shaking combined with blunt trauma. These physicians actually treated the child before he

died, and their expertise in dealing with this unfortunate sort of domestic trauma was well

established. Defendant was the only individual at home with Joshua before these substantial

injuries arose. One need not summon up a clever argument to describe the power of

circumstantial evidence in such a tragic circumstance. Here, the medical evidence proffered by

the State was more than compelling evidence of defendant's guilt. While defendant proposed an

alternative theory via Dr. Plunkett's testimony, by any fair measure it would appear to have been

insufficient in light of the State's competent evidence to the contrary. The State's evidence was

substantial.

¶ 31   Defendant next contends the prosecutor impermissibly disparaged the defense expert Dr.

Plunkett in rebuttal argument by referring to him as a "snake oil" salesman, a "hired gun" who



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was being paid a salary to serve as a "professional witness," and repeatedly stating Dr. Plunkett

was "making things up" with regard to his expert opinion. Defendant argues these comments

"effectively charged defense counsel with fabricating a defense." The credibility of an expert

witness is a proper subject for closing argument provided it is based on the evidence or

inferences drawn from it. Luna, 2013 IL App (1st) 072253, ¶ 132. While it is not improper to

call the defendant or a witness a "liar" if conflicts in the evidence provide for such an assertion, it

is impermissible to assert defense counsel is engaging in trickery or misrepresentation. People v.

Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d 384, 394 (1983); see also People v. Beltran, 2011 IL App (2d) 090856, ¶

69 ("It is not inappropriate to call the defendant a liar if the record supports that assertion.").

¶ 32    We do not condone the general tone or sarcasm adopted by the prosecution. It merits

mention, however, that it was defense counsel who introduced the inflammatory term "hired

gun," about which defendant now complains. cf. Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App

(1st) 112412, ¶ 30 (when, during argument at trial, plaintiff's lawyer referred to the retained

medical expert for the defense as a "hired gun," no error occurred where the remark was

grounded in evidence and the term was introduced by the witness himself). Notably, Dr.

Plunkett had made his living solely as a testifying consultant for many years, primarily for the

defense. The evidence suggests he was indeed a professional witness. The State honed in on

this during its principal and rebuttal argument as reason to disbelieve Dr. Plunkett due to bias.

Thus, the prosecution's use of the term, "hired gun," in a larger sense was grounded in the

evidence and was not error. See Luna, 2013 IL App (1st) 072253, ¶ 133. We reach the same

conclusion regarding the other comments suggesting that Dr. Plunkett was "making things up."

The evidence showed that Dr. Plunkett admittedly represented a minority position in the medical

community that shortfalls in children could cause the type of head and eye injuries which Joshua



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sustained, and Dr. Plunkett's position represented the direct opposite of the State's testifying

experts. Unlike the State's witnesses, Dr. Plunkett was not a treating physician to children and

had not treated Joshua. Moreover, the prosecution's rebuttal witness testified that Dr. Plunkett's

2001 study, while noteworthy, was more anecdotal in nature and not statistically significant so as

to influence a doctor's clinical decision. Again, it is not necessarily improper to call an expert a

liar or argue the invalidity of one expert's opinion (see Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 394)), and these

comments were inferences arising from the evidence adduced at trial (see Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at

441). Nonetheless, we wish to emphasize the undeniably caustic nature of these comments,

especially the term "snake oil salesman," which were unnecessary to persuade the jury in this

case. To the extent such comments flirted with impropriety or constituted error, however, they

were insufficient to disturb the jury verdict because they did not cause substantial prejudice to

defendant. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 441. The jury would have reached the same conclusion in the

absence of the comments. Likewise, any error or impropriety was cured by the court's proper

jury instructions, which carry more weight than attorney argument, and also the court's

admonition that arguments are not evidence. See Willis, 409 Ill. App. 3d at 814.

¶ 33   We likewise reject defendant's argument that the prosecution improperly impugned his

character during closing. The prosecutor noted that defendant disappeared from Joshua's life

several weeks after the child was born, missed Joshua's first Christmas, and only reappeared

some months later. The prosecutor noted that defendant was married to another woman the

entire time, so he was not exactly "father of the year." These facts were in evidence, and related

to defendant's interest in caring for his child and thus his credibility. Again, even if they

constituted error, the error would not approach a level warranting reversal. Based on the




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foregoing, the alleged errors do not constitute plain and reversible error. Defendant has failed to

show the cumulative effect of these errors warrants reversal. See Coulter, 230 Ill. App. 3d at 230.

¶ 34   Defendant lastly contends he is entitled to 48 additional days of presentence custody

credit because he was arrested on January 13, 2008, and sentenced on March 23, 2012. See 730

ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2012); People v. Williams, 239 Ill. 2d 503, 509 (2011). The State

notes the arrest report indicates defendant was arrested January 31, 2008. Defendant counters

that both the mittimus and indictment return sheet list his arrest date as January 13, 2008, and

Cook County records, of which we may take judicial notice (see People v. Jimerson, 404 Ill. App.

3d 621, 634 (2010)), indicate his bail was set three days later. In light of the discrepancy, we

credit defendant with the earlier date of January 13, 2008. He is entitled to 48 days of

presentence custody credit, excluding the day the mittimus issued, for a total of 1,531 days. We

direct the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus accordingly. People v. Rivera, 378 Ill.

App. 3d 896, 900 (2008).

¶ 35   Defendant also asserts he is entitled to certain fines, fees, and costs, including

$100 for the methamphetamine law enforcement fund, $25 for the drug traffic prevention fund,

$5 for the court system (violation of the Illinois Vehicle Code), $5 for electronic citation, $10 for

the mental health court, $5 youth diversion/peer court, $5 for the drug court, and $30 for the

children's advocacy center. The State concedes these fines and fees were charged in error. The

State also concedes that the latter four charges may be offset by the $5-per-diem credit for time

spent in pretrial custody. See 725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2012); People v. Jones, 397 Ill. App. 3d

651, 663 (2009) (the credit applies only against a "fine," not a fee); see also People v. Paige, 378

Ill. App. 3d 95, 102 (2007) (mental health court and the youth diversion/peer charges are

characterized as fines). Defendant's fines, fees, and costs are adjusted to reflect a total



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assessment of $850. We direct the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus and fines and

fees order accordingly. Rivera, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 900.

¶ 36                                         CONCLUSION

¶ 37   Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

¶ 38   Affirmed; mittimus corrected; fines and fees order corrected.




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