J-S35003-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.C., A MINOR,       :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
APPEAL OF: F.B., MOTHER                  :   No. 489 EDA 2019

              Appeal from the Order Entered January 22, 2019
            in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Family Court at No(s): CP-51-DP-0002632-2018

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.C., A MINOR,       :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
APPEAL OF: F.B., MOTHER                  :   No. 490 EDA 2019

              Appeal from the Order Entered January 22, 2019
            in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Family Court at No(s): CP-51-DP-0002633-2018

IN THE INTEREST OF: I.C., A MINOR,       :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
APPEAL OF: F.B., MOTHER                  :   No. 491 EDA 2019

              Appeal from the Order Entered January 22, 2019
            in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Family Court at No(s): CP-51-DP-0002634-2018

BEFORE:     OLSON, J., STABILE, J. and STRASSBURGER, J.*

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.:

                                                  FILED OCTOBER 29, 2019

      I agree with the Majority that the trial court did not err by adjudicating

Children dependent and granting legal and physical custody of Children to

Father. However, I disagree with two aspects of the Majority memorandum,

and offer the following analysis.



*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S35003-19

      First, with respect to the consideration of hearsay testimony, at issue

is Ms. Tyrell’s testimony about a December 10, 2018 report, where it was

alleged that Mother hit Kb.C. with a cup. Counsel for Mother objected to this

testimony as hearsay, and the trial court overruled that objection.        The

Majority declines to address the issue of whether the trial court improperly

considered this testimony as substantive evidence, and concludes that even

if this testimony were hearsay, Mother was not prejudiced.

      I would conclude that this testimony was indeed hearsay, and that the

trial court erred by considering it as substantive evidence. However, I agree

with the Majority that Mother was not prejudiced.

      On appeal, it is Mother’s position that the trial court erred by

overruling her objections, and permitting Ms. Tyrell to testify about a child

abuse report alleging that Mother had struck Kb.C. with a cup. Mother’s Brief

at 16. Hearsay is an “out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of

the matter asserted.” Pa.R.E. 801(comment).         This report was clearly an

out-of-court statement, and a review of the trial court’s opinion reveals that

the trial court utilized this evidence in support of its conclusion that Mother

abused Child. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/15/2019, at 16 (relying on several

pieces of evidence, including “the concerns identified in the Report of

12/10/2018, which alleged Mother had struck the Child with a cup.”). In

other words, the trial court considered this incident as substantive evidence

of child abuse.


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      Nevertheless, I agree with the Majority that the admission of this

hearsay did not prejudice Mother.      The trial court had ample other non-

hearsay evidence to establish child abuse by clear and convincing evidence.

See id. Therefore, the trial court’s consideration of this testimony was not

reversible error, and I agree with the Majority that Mother is not entitled to

relief on this issue.

      I now consider whether the trial court erred by suspending Children’s

visitation with Mother. According to Mother, DHS did not establish that visits

with Mother would result in “grave harm” to the Children. Mother’s Brief at

15-16.

      Our standard of reviewing a juvenile court’s visitation order
      depends on the child’s goal. When reunification is contemplated,
      a juvenile court cannot deny or reduce visitation absent a “grave
      threat” to the dependent child. This standard underscores the
      importance of each parent’s maintaining a meaningful and
      sustaining relationship with the child. In contrast, when the goal
      is an alternative to reunification, the juvenile court may limit or
      deny visitation as long as the reduction satisfies the best interest
      of the child. This alternative standard recognizes that when
      reunification is unlikely, the parent-child relationship is no longer
      paramount. We have indicated that “The ‘best interests’
      standard, in this context, is less protective of parents’ visitation
      rights than the ‘grave threat’ standard.” In re L.V., 127 A.3d
      831 (Pa. Super. 2015).

In Interest of L.T., 158 A.3d 1266, 1283 (Pa. Super. 2017) (some citations

and internal quotation marks omitted).

      Instantly, there is no dispute that the goal for Children is “return to

parent or guardian.” See Order (Kb.C.), 1/22/2019; Order (Ky.C.),



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1/22/2019; Order (I.C.), 1/22/2019. Thus, the trial court was required to

utilize the grave-threat standard in assessing visitation.

      It is evident that the trial court was, at a minimum, confused with

respect to the aforementioned standard. After Mother’s courtroom outburst,

the trial court stated, “visitation would not be in the best interest of

[C]hildren at this point.” N.T., 1/22/2019, at 37. In addition, in the orders

adjudicating Children dependent, the trial court specifically stated that

“[v]isitation with Mother is not in the Child’s best interest.” Order (Kb.C.),

1/22/2019; Order (Ky.C.), 1/22/2019; Order (I.C.), 1/22/2019. However, in

its later-filed opinion, the trial court recognizes that the proper standard to

consider is the aforementioned grave-threat standard. Trial Court Opinion,

3/15/2019, at 13. However, in that same opinion, the trial court concludes

that “not allowing any contact between Mother and the Children was in the

best interest of the Children.” Id. at 19.

      In order for the trial court not to order visitation, the trial court had to

determine that Mother met the grave-threat standard.

      The “grave threat” standard is met when the evidence clearly
      shows that a parent is unfit to associate with his or her children;
      the parent can then be denied the right to see them. This
      standard is satisfied when the parent demonstrates a severe
      mental or moral deficiency that constitutes a grave threat to the
      child.

In re C.B., 861 A.2d 287, 293–94 (Pa. Super. 2004) (some citations and

internal quotation marks omitted).



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      Our review of the trial court opinion does not reveal any analysis with

respect to this standard, nor does the trial court discuss how Mother has

demonstrated “a severe mental or moral deficiency.” Id. To the extent the

trial court was concerned about Mother’s admission that she may cause

harm to Children in the future, the trial court does not explain how

supervised visitation, with appropriate security measures, would not

alleviate that legitimate concern. See In re Mary Kathryn T., 629 A.2d

988, 995 (Pa. Super. 1993) (“Unless the state demonstrates with clear and

convincing evidence that even supervised visitation would severely endanger

the child, the court must deny the complete foreclosure of parental visitation

as being contrary to the Act’s goal of family preservation.”).

      At this juncture, Mother’s goal is reunification with Children.       By

considering the wrong standard and suspending visitation, the trial court

erred. This error may well result in much more than the denial of a visit or

series of visits. It ultimately can affect a custody determination or even the

termination of parental rights. A parent denied any visitation can be “behind

the eight ball” for a child’s entire minority. Accordingly, I would remand this

case to the trial court to order supervised visitation.




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