                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-3462
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                         Dico, Inc.; Titan Tire Corporation

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellants
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 15, 2019
                               Filed: April 11, 2019
                                  ____________

Before BENTON, MELLOY, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

    Dico and Titan appeal the district court’s1 finding that they violated the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA), that they are jointly and severally liable for response costs, and that Dico

      1
       The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
is liable for punitive damages. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court
affirms.

                                          I.

       Dico, Inc. owned several buildings in Des Moines contaminated with
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the insulation. In 1994, the Environmental
Protection Agency issued an administrative order that Dico remove some of the PCB
contamination, encapsulate the remaining insulation, and submit a long-term
maintenance plan for EPA approval. See 42 U.S.C. § 9606(a) (authorizing the EPA
to issue “such orders as may be necessary to protect public health and welfare and the
environment”). The order also required ongoing testing, annual reports to the EPA,
and immediate notification if changes in site conditions threatened further release of
PCBs. Without informing the EPA, Dico—through its corporate affiliate Titan Tire
Corporation—sold the buildings to Southern Iowa Mechanical (SIM) in 2007. Titan
did not tell SIM that the buildings were contaminated with PCBs and subject to an
EPA order. SIM tore down the buildings and stored them in an open field, where the
EPA later found PCBs.

       The EPA sued Dico to recover damages for its cleanup costs. It alleged Dico
violated the CERCLA by arranging to dispose of a hazardous substance. See 42
U.S.C. § 9607(a)(3) (establishing liability for those who “arrange[] for disposal . . .
of hazardous substances”). The EPA also alleged Dico violated the 1994 order by
circumventing the long-term maintenance plan, failing to prevent the additional
release of PCBs, and failing to notify the EPA of changed site conditions. See 42
U.S.C. § 9606(b)(1) (establishing liability for those who violate the terms and
conditions of an EPA order). The district court granted summary judgment, finding
CERCLA arranger liability and a violation of the 1994 order. United States v. Dico,
Inc., 892 F. Supp. 2d 1138, 1163 (S.D. Iowa 2012). After a bench trial, it imposed
civil penalties and punitive damages. United States v. Dico, Inc., 4 F. Supp. 3d 1047,

                                         -2-
1068 (S.D. Iowa 2014). This court affirmed summary judgment on Dico’s violation
of the 1994 order and civil penalties, but held that questions of fact precluded
summary judgment on arranger liability and punitive damages. United States v. Dico,
Inc., 808 F.3d 342, 354–355 (8th Cir. 2015).

       On remand, the district court conducted a bench trial. United States v. Dico,
Inc., 265 F. Supp. 3d 902, 906 (S.D. Iowa 2017). It found that Dico and Titan
arranged to dispose of a hazardous substance in violation of the CERCLA, and held
them jointly and severally liable for $5,454,370 in response costs. Id. at 967, 970.
It held Dico liable for the same amount in punitive damages, an amount equal to the
costs incurred from Dico’s violation of the 1994 order. Id. at 970–71. It also found
Dico and Titan jointly and severally liable for all costs not yet reported, all future
costs, all enforcement costs, and attorney’s fees. Id. at 970. Dico and Titan appeal.

                                           II.

      The CERCLA imposes strict liability for environmental contamination upon
an entity that “arrange[s] for disposal . . . of hazardous substances.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 9607(a)(3). “[U]nder the plain language of the statute, an entity may qualify as an
arranger under § 9607(a)(3) when it takes intentional steps to dispose of a hazardous
substance.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. United States, 556 U.S. 599, 611
(2009). Dico and Titan qualify as arrangers if they “entered into the sale . . . with the
intention that at least a portion of the product be disposed of” as a result of the
transfer. Id. at 612.

      “[T]he determination whether an entity is an arranger requires a fact-intensive
inquiry.” Id. at 610. “After a bench trial, this court reviews the district court’s
findings of fact for clear error.” Schaub v. VonWald, 638 F.3d 905, 915 (8th Cir.
2011). This court will affirm “the district court’s account of the evidence” if it is


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“plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Id., citing Anderson v. City
of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573–74 (1985).

       Dico and Titan argue that the district court gave insufficient weight to evidence
that the transaction was legitimate. For example, the terms of the 2007 sale mirror
the terms of Dico and Titan’s 2004 sale of a Weld Shop to SIM. Dico and Titan
argue that because the 2004 sale was legitimate, the 2007 was legitimate too. The
district court properly found that similarities in the transactions are “by no means
conclusive evidence that [Dico and Titan’s] intent regarding the former was the same
as their intent regarding the latter.” Dico, 265 F. Supp. 3d at 966.

       Next, Dico and Titan argue the usefulness of part of the buildings is evidence
of a legitimate transaction. The district court found that the contaminated buildings’
structural-steel beams were reusable if sampled and decontaminated. Dico, 265 F.
Supp. 3d at 957. An entity that “enter[s] into a transaction for the sole purpose of
discarding a used and no longer useful hazardous substance” is liable under the
CERCLA. Burlington N., 556 U.S. at 610. But, “an entity could not be held liable
as an arranger merely for selling a new and useful product if the purchaser of that
product later, and unbeknownst to the seller, disposed of the product in a way that led
to contamination.” Id.

       SIM’s disposal of the contaminated insulation was not “unbeknownst to the
seller.” Id. The district court found that Dico and Titan Tire “knew the buildings
would be dismantled once they were sold” and “sold the buildings with the intention
they would be dismantled and removed from the real property on which they were
located.” Dico, 265 F. Supp. 3d at 954–55. Though “knowledge alone is insufficient
to prove” arranger liability, “an entity’s knowledge that its product will be leaked,
spilled, dumped, or otherwise discarded may provide evidence of the entity’s intent
to dispose of its hazardous wastes.” Burlington N., 556 U.S. at 612.


                                          -4-
       Dico and Titan argue that the district court erred by failing to presume that the
sale of useful products is a legitimate transaction. Even if there were a “presumption
that persons selling useful products do so for legitimate business purposes,” Team
Enterprises, LLC v. W. Inv. Real Estate Tr., 647 F.3d 901, 908 (9th Cir. 2011), it is
not determinative. “[T]he usefulness of a product—however defined—is an
important but not dispositive factor to consider in determining the seller’s intent.”
Dico, 808 F.3d at 349. Sellers of useful products may be liable as arrangers if they
intend to dispose of hazardous substances through the sale. See Burlington N., 556
U.S. at 612. Here, the district court found that the commercial usefulness of the
beams “weigh slightly in favor of concluding Defendants did not intend to arrange
for the disposal of hazardous substance by selling the contaminated buildings to
SIM.” Dico, 265 F. Supp. 3d at 957. But, the district court found this factor
outweighed by evidence that Dico and Titan intended to dispose of the PCB
contamination through the sale. See id. at 966–67.

       “A party may sell a still ‘useful’ product . . . with the full intention to rid itself
of environmental liability rather than a legitimate sale, for example where the cost of
disposal or contamination remediation would greatly exceed its purchase price.”
Dico, 808 F.3d at 349. Here, the cost of disposal or contamination remediation
greatly exceeded the contaminated buildings’ purchase price. The district court found
that the removal, disposal, and sampling costs Dico avoided from the sale exceeded
by ten times the value received from SIM in exchange. Dico, 265 F. Supp. 3d at 963.
“Consequently, . . . the balance of the value Defendants received from SIM compared
to costs Dico avoided for proper disposal or remediation constitutes strong evidence
of Dico’s intent to avoid environmental liability through the sale of the contaminated
buildings to SIM.” Id. The district court found that the costs avoided were also
strong evidence of Titan’s intent to assist Dico in avoiding environmental liability,
because Titan knew of the magnitude of the costs avoided by the sale, and Titan acted
on behalf of Dico for environmental matters on the Dico site and the sale to SIM. See
id.

                                            -5-
       Dico and Titan argue that the district court gave too much weight to costs
avoided, because the precise costs avoided are debatable, and there is no evidence
that Dico and Titan actually calculated costs avoided before the sale. To calculate
costs avoided, the district court relied on a feasibility study—prepared for the
EPA—evaluating remedial alternatives at the contaminated Dico site. This 1996
study estimated that proper removal and disposal of the contaminated insulation in
two buildings would cost about $988,567. The district court found that the costs
avoided by selling the three buildings far exceeds this estimate. According to the
feasibility study, building removal/disposal would be more expensive than insulation
removal/disposal. Further, the estimate covered two of the three buildings, but not
the costs of source-layer removal/disposal or residual contamination. Regardless of
the precision of the estimate, the record supports the finding that proper disposal or
remediation would have cost Dico hundreds of thousands of dollars, far exceeding the
$117,000 SIM paid for the buildings. These costs avoided are evidence of Dico and
Titan’s intent to arrange for the disposal of the contaminated buildings, even without
evidence they made the same calculations as the district court. The EPA gave the
feasibility study to Dico and made it publicly available. Dico and Titan had access
to the estimates the district court relied on. And even if they did not review the
details of all these documents, the district court properly found they were aware of the
general magnitude of the costs of complying with EPA regulations and that the sale
would avoid significant costs.

       Substantial further evidence supports the district court’s conclusion that Dico
and Titan intended to arrange for the disposal of a hazardous substance by selling the
buildings to SIM. For example, the buildings were no longer commercially useful
and required costly repairs, upkeep, and compliance with the EPA order. Dico and
Titan did not have the buildings appraised, advertise their sale, or seek another buyer.
They did not tell SIM the buildings were contaminated or subject to an EPA order.
They had reason to believe SIM would not discover the contamination before



                                          -6-
purchasing the buildings. These findings are sufficient to conclude that Dico and
Titan arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances in violation of the CERCLA.

       The clear-error standard of review governs this appeal. Dico and Titan object
to the district court’s weighing of the evidence, but ample evidence supports the
court’s findings of fact. “Under the clear-error standard of review, this court may not
reverse the findings of the district court simply because it would have weighed the
evidence differently or decided the case differently if sitting as the trier of fact.”
Schaub, 638 F.3d at 920, citing Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573. “[T]he district court’s
account of the evidence is plausible in light of the entire record,” and its findings are
not clearly erroneous. Id. at 923.

                                           III.

       Dico argues that the district court erred in awarding punitive damages. The
CERCLA authorizes punitive damages against “any person who is liable for a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance [and who] fails without sufficient cause
to properly provide removal or remedial action upon order of the President.” 42
U.S.C. § 9607(c)(3). The punitive damages award may be “at least equal to, and not
more than three times, the amount of any costs incurred by the Fund as a result of
such failure to take proper action.” Id. “[P]unitive damages are available only if the
Fund incurs costs cleaning up the damage caused by a release or threat of release of
hazardous substance.” Dico, 808 F.3d at 352, citing 42 U.S.C. § 9607(c)(3).

       “In this case, the Fund incurred cleanup costs at the SIM site . . . . from locating
the Dico building debris at the SIM site, conducting sampling at the SIM site,
overseeing the SIM cleanup, and enforcing this action for cost recovery and penalties
at the SIM site.” Id. This court previously reversed an award of punitive damages
because it could not say as a matter of law that the sale precipitating these costs


                                           -7-
violated the CERCLA. Id. at 354. Now affirming the finding that the sale violated
the CERCLA, this court also affirms the punitive damages award.

                                         IV.

       Dico and Titan argue in the alternative that this court should reduce the
arranger liability award to exclude enforcement costs. They argue the CERCLA does
not authorize the award of enforcement costs, and that Titan should not be liable for
enforcement costs incurred in the government’s claims against Dico. This court
rejects these arguments. The CERCLA provides that an arranger of the disposal of
a hazardous substance is liable for “all costs of removal or remedial action incurred
by the United States Government . . . not inconsistent with the national contingency
plan.” 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Dico and Titan do not dispute that the government’s
response costs are consistent with the national contingency plan. The terms
“removal” and “remedial action” “include enforcement activities related thereto.” 42
U.S.C. § 9601(25). The CERCLA “was designed to promote the timely cleanup of
hazardous waste sites and to ensure that the costs of such cleanup efforts were borne
by those responsible for the contamination.” Burlington N., 556 U.S. at 602. See
also United States v. Dico, Inc., 266 F.3d 864, 877 (8th Cir. 2001) (“CERCLA is a
remedial statute designed to make parties responsible for introducing hazardous waste
into the environment pay for cleaning up the messes they have created.”). The
CERCLA authorizes the recovery of all enforcement costs, and “attorney fees are
recoverable as response costs under CERCLA.” Id. at 878.

      The district court properly held Dico and Titan jointly and severally liable for
enforcement costs. “‘[W]here two or more persons cause a single and indivisible
harm, each is subject to liability for the entire harm.’” Burlington N., 556 U.S. at
614, quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 875. “CERCLA defendants seeking
to avoid joint and several liability bear the burden of proving that a reasonable basis
for apportionment exists.” Id. In a CERCLA case, once the government has

                                         -8-
established liability, the burden shifts to the defendants to demonstrate that the harm
is divisible. United States v. Hercules, Inc., 247 F.3d 706, 717 (8th Cir. 2001).
Carrying this burden is “very difficult.” Id. The district court did not err in finding
that Dico and Titan did not carry that burden.

                                    *******

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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