                                         2015 IL App (3d) 130467

                                 Opinion filed June 2, 2015
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                  IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            THIRD DISTRICT

                                                A.D., 2015

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF            )    Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                             )    of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                           )    Peoria County, Illinois.
           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                           )
                                                Appeal No. 3-13-0467
           v.                              )    Circuit No. 11-CF-870
                                           )
     ASTRIA POLLARD,                       )    The Honorable
                                           )    Stephen Kouri,
           Defendant-Appellant.            )    Judge, presiding.
     ______________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justice Schmidt concurred in the judgment and opinion.
           Presiding Justice McDade dissented, with opinion.
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                OPINION

¶1          After a bench trial, defendant, Astria Pollard, was found guilty of first degree murder

     (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2010)), involuntary manslaughter (720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2010)),

     and endangering the life or health of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-21.6(a) (West 2010)) relating to the

     death of her two-month-old son. Defendant was sentenced on the first degree murder charge to

     29 years in prison. Defendant appeals the first degree murder conviction, arguing that she was

     not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the State failed to prove that she knew that
     her conduct created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to her child. We affirm

     the trial court's judgment.

¶2                                                   FACTS

¶3           On September 13, 2011, defendant was charged with two counts of first degree murder

     and one count of endangering the life and health of a child in connection with the death of her

     two-month-old son, J.P. Count I of the indictment alleged that defendant, without lawful

     justification and while under a duty to provide care for J.P., committed first degree murder in

     that she knowingly withheld adequate nutrition and hydration from J.P., knowing those acts

     would cause great bodily harm or death to J.P. and thereby causing the death of J.P. Count II of

     the indictment alleged that defendant, without lawful justification and while under a duty to

     provide care for and monitor the health of J.P., committed first degree murder in that she

     knowingly withheld adequate nutrition and hydration from J.P. and ignored his heart and apnea

     monitor knowing those acts would cause great bodily harm or death to J.P. and thereby causing

     the death of J.P. Count III of the indictment alleged that defendant committed the offense of

     endangering the life and health of a child in that she willfully caused or permitted the life or

     health of J.P. to be endangered by failing to provide adequate nutrition and hydration to J.P. and

     by ignoring his heart and apnea monitor functions and that those violations were a proximate

     cause of the death of J.P.

¶4           Defendant's case proceeded to a bench trial in September 2012. The evidence presented

     at trial established that at the age of 15, defendant gave birth to S.P., the first of her three

     children. S.P. was cared for by defendant's mother. Shortly after the birth of S.P., defendant

     dropped out of high school in her freshman year. At the age of 16, defendant gave birth to her

     second child, L.J. The father of L.J., Landrean J., was not the father of S.P. L.J. lived with, and


                                                         2
     was cared for by, Leslie J., Landrean's mother. At the time, defendant lived with her mother,

     who was still caring for S.P.

¶5          On July 6, 2010, the then-18-year-old defendant gave birth to her third child, J.P., the

     infant who died in this case. J.P. was born prematurely at just under 30 weeks gestation and

     weighed only 2½ to 3 pounds. According to defendant, she did not know that she was even

     pregnant at the time. Because of his fragile condition, J.P. remained in the hospital for about a

     month and was provided with around-the-clock medical care from the hospital staff. During that

     time period, defendant visited J.P. at the hospital on occasion but was not a daily visitor, even

     though she lived only a few miles from the hospital.

¶6          On August 7, 2010, J.P. was healthy enough to be discharged from the hospital and to

     defendant's care. J.P. weighed a little over four pounds, was growing appropriately, and was

     feeding from a bottle. Because of defendant's lack of frequent visits to the hospital, the hospital

     staff members were concerned about defendant's ability to care for J.P. To assist defendant in

     doing so and to alleviate some of those concerns, the hospital provided to defendant at no cost to

     her: (1) a heart and apnea monitor; (2) a car seat/carrier (carrier); (3) baby formula; (4) bottles;

     (5) diapers; (6) a prescription of caffeine, which would help stimulate J.P.'s breathing; (7)

     information on public aid sources for refilling the prescription; and (8) access to home health

     nurses who would regularly visit defendant to assist her with J.P. and to monitor J.P.'s condition.

     In addition, the hospital staff made sure that defendant knew how to feed J.P. a bottle, to add

     caffeine to the bottle, and to change J.P.'s diaper. The hospital staff members had defendant

     perform those tasks in their presence so that they could confirm that defendant was able to

     perform the tasks correctly.




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¶7             Defendant was also given numerous instructions to follow in caring for J.P. A training

     session was scheduled for defendant to be trained on the use of the heart and apnea monitor, but

     defendant failed to show up for that session. A second training session was scheduled, for which

     defendant arrived late. Defendant was told during the training session that the heart and apnea

     monitor was to be kept on J.P. at all times, except when he was being bathed, and that the

     monitor's alarm would sound if J.P. stopped breathing or if his heart rate was too high or too low

     (collectively described as an event). When the alarm sounded, lights on the monitor would light

     up to indicate the type of event that was occurring. The alarm on the monitor would continue

     going off until the event had ended, but the indicator light would remain lit until the monitor was

     reset. Defendant was told that if the alarm went off and she could not quickly resolve the

     problem with J.P., she was to immediately call 9-1-1. Defendant was also given a 24-hour

     hotline number to call if she had any questions or concerns about the functioning of the monitor.

¶8             Additional instructions that defendant received pertained to the carrier and to feedings.

     Defendant was told not to leave J.P. in the carrier for an extended period of time beyond 90

     minutes and to never place J.P. in the carrier facedown. Defendant was also instructed that J.P.

     had to be fed (given a bottle of formula) every three hours around the clock and that she was to

     wake J.P. up to be fed if he was sleeping at a time when a feeding was due. Defendant was told

     to put a certain amount of the caffeine into J.P.'s bottle each morning or in the afternoon if she

     forgot.

¶9             Upon leaving the hospital with J.P., defendant resided at Leslie's residence with Leslie,

     Landrean, Shirley J. (Leslie's mother), and L.J. (defendant and Landrean's daughter).

     Defendant's other child, S.J., continued to reside with defendant's mother. While living at

     Leslie's residence, defendant slept in an upstairs bedroom on a mattress on the floor with


                                                        4
       Landrean, and, at times, with L.J. Despite the instructions she had been given, defendant had

       J.P. sleep next to them on the floor in his carrier.

¶ 10           During the first three weeks of defendant and J.P.'s stay at Leslie's house, Leslie provided

       a substantial amount of J.P.'s care and did many of the feedings. J.P. remained healthy and

       continued to grow during that time period. At a doctor appointment on August 25, 2010, J.P.

       was examined from head to toe and was considered to be healthy and doing well. His weight

       had climbed to 4.62 pounds. After that three-week period, however, Leslie decided to step back

       and to let defendant take on a larger role in caring for J.P.

¶ 11           After defendant started being the primary caregiver for J.P., J.P.'s health began to

       deteriorate. Defendant had to be prompted repeatedly by other members of the household to feed

       and check on J.P., although she did make efforts to do so after the prompting had occurred.

       When the prescription for caffeine ran out, defendant did not have the prescription refilled

       because she allegedly did not have the money. Defendant's only source of income at the time

       was $200 per month that her mother would give her from a public assistance account, and she

       did not attempt to use the public aid sources that the hospital had given her to have the

       prescription refilled. At times, J.P. would not feed well for defendant. Leslie, however, still

       tried to feed J.P. when she had time and apparently had no problem doing so. On one occasion a

       few days before J.P.'s death at about 10 or 10:30 a.m., Leslie went into the bedroom after she

       heard J.P. making a muffled crying sound and found J.P. facedown in the carrier struggling for

       breath. J.P. had his heart and apnea monitor on his body, but the monitor itself was turned off.

       Leslie woke up defendant, who was sleeping in the bed.

¶ 12           On September 20, 2010, at 4:49 a.m., the heart and apnea monitor sounded a series of

       alarms because J.P.'s heart rate was over 230 beats per minute. The alarm sounded 7 times in a


                                                          5
       50-minute period before being shut off at 5:39 a.m. The monitor was turned back on about two

       hours later. During that day, Leslie fed J.P. at least one of his bottles. According to Leslie, J.P.

       fed well at that time and she did not notice anything about J.P. that caused her concern.

¶ 13          The following day, on September 21, 2010, defendant took J.P. to see defendant's mother.

       During the visit, defendant's mother told defendant that the J.P. did not look well and that she

       should take J.P. to the doctor. Defendant did not do so. Defendant tried to feed J.P a bottle later

       that night at about 8 or 9 p.m., but J.P. would not take the bottle.

¶ 14          On September 22, 2010, at 5:38 a.m., the heart and apnea monitor sounded an alarm

       approximately 10 times in a 14-minute period because J.P.'s heart was beating over 230 beats per

       minute. Defendant woke up, turned the alarm off, and went back to sleep. Shortly after 8 a.m.,

       defendant got up and went downstairs. She left J.P. in his carrier in the upstairs bedroom.

       Present at the residence at that time were Leslie, Landrean, defendant, L.J., J.P., and Landrean's

       cousin, Da'Rian B., who had stopped by earlier that morning. Leslie left for work at about 8:35

       a.m., and Da'Rian's friend or girlfriend, Daejunique B. (Daja), arrived at the residence at about

       9:30 a.m. According to Landrean, at some point between 11 and 11:30 a.m., he told defendant to

       go check on J.P. because J.P. was not moving like he normally did. Defendant later denied that

       Landrean told her any such thing. At about 11:30 a.m., Landrean left the residence to go to the

       plasma center. While he was at the plasma center, Landrean had a text-message conversation

       with defendant. Defendant told Landrean that she missed him, that she was "horny," and that she

       would perform oral sex on him when he got home. At about 12 p.m., while defendant, Da'Rian,

       and Daja were all in the living room, Da'Rian told defendant to go check on J.P. According to

       Daja, prior to that time, she was not even aware that there was a baby in the house. Defendant

       went upstairs and came back down a short while later with J.P. in the carrier. As soon as


                                                         6
       defendant came into the living room, J.P.'s heart and apnea monitor sounded an alarm.

       Defendant was in a panic. J.P.'s face was blue, his hands were balled up, and he was not

       breathing. Daja took J.P. out of the carrier and tried to determine what was wrong with him,

       while defendant or Da'Rian called 9-1-1. Following the instructions of the 9-1-1 operator,

       Da'Rian performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on J.P. until help arrived shortly thereafter.

       Defendant told the first emergency person that arrived that she did not know what had happened

       and that J.P. was moving less than 10 minutes earlier. J.P. was rushed to the hospital and

       resuscitation efforts were made, but they were unsuccessful. While trying to treat J.P., the

       emergency room doctor noticed that rigor mortis had already set in and that J.P.'s body

       temperature was only 89 degrees. J.P. was declared dead on September 22, 2010, at 1:10 p.m.

       J.P.'s weight at the time of his death was 4 pounds, 6.6 ounces.

¶ 15          Officials began to question defendant at the hospital because of J.P.'s death and his

       condition at the time of his death. J.P. was extremely dehydrated and emaciated, his ribs and

       vertebrae were showing, and his fontanel and eyes were sunken in. Defendant was unemotional

       at the time. Defendant initially stated that she had fed J.P. at 8 or 9 o'clock that morning and

       again at 11:30 a.m. or 12:30 pm. and that J.P. appeared to be fine at those times. A later

       conducted autopsy indicated, however, that J.P. had been dead for several hours and that he had

       died from dehydration and malnourishment due to neglect, with J.P.'s prematurity being a

       contributing factor.

¶ 16          The forensic pathologist who conducted the autopsy on J.P. found no food in J.P.'s

       stomach or small intestine and only one drop of urine in J.P.'s bladder. Based upon the lack of

       any type of food (formula) in J.P.'s stomach or intestines, the forensic pathologist opined,

       conservatively, that J.P. had not had anything to eat for a minimum of 6 to 12 hours and that J.P.


                                                        7
       had missed 2 to 4 of his last feedings and possibly a lot more. According to the forensic

       pathologist, J.P. was starving—he had no fat stores and his muscle tissue had atrophied. The

       malnutrition was a chronic condition that had gone on for some time. In addition, J.P. was

       dehydrated to the point where his blood had become sludge-like, and blood pooling in J.P.'s body

       indicated that J.P. had been lying on his stomach when he died. Based upon the level of

       dehydration present in J.P.'s body, the forensic pathologist estimated that J.P. had not had any

       liquids for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours before he died. When told about the series of alarms on

       J.P.'s heart and apnea monitor at 5:38 a.m. on September 22, the forensic pathologist opined that

       the high heart rate was caused by dehydration and that J.P. likely died a few minutes thereafter.

       The forensic pathologist opined further, however, that J.P. could have been saved if he had been

       brought to the hospital immediately after the alarms had sounded that morning.

¶ 17          Expert testimony presented at trial indicated that because of J.P.'s premature condition, he

       had a very tight window of required care and had to be fed every three hours, around the clock.

       Without such feeding, J.P. would become dehydrated and would suffer malnutrition within a 12-

       to 24-hour period. Once dehydration and malnutrition set in, a baby in that condition could

       become too weak to take food from a bottle and would rapidly starve to death. According to the

       experts, however, even under those circumstances, if professional medical care was sought

       promptly, treatment providers would likely be able nourish the baby back to health through rapid

       intravenous feeding.

¶ 18          Defendant gave two lengthy video-taped statements to police, one on September 22,

       2010, and the other on October 1, 2010. During those statements, defendant gave numerous

       different accounts on what had happened in the day or days leading up to J.P.'s death.

       Defendant's version of events changed repeatedly as to how often she would put J.P. in the


                                                        8
       carrier, how long she would leave J.P. in the carrier, whether she would lay J.P in the carrier

       faceup or facedown, when she last tried to feed J.P., when she checked on J.P. during the

       morning of September 22, whether the heart and apnea monitor was working properly, and how

       the monitor got turned off that morning. After watching defendant's videotaped statements, the

       trial judge characterized defendant's demeanor during those statements as unemotional.

¶ 19           The records from the monitor itself showed that the monitor had been turned off at 5:52

       a.m. on September 22 and that it was not turned back on until 12:45 that afternoon. Additional

       testimony indicated that as a safety feature to prevent accidental turn off, two buttons or switches

       on the monitor had to be pushed at the same time to turn the monitor off. According to the

       expert who reviewed the monitor records, there had been four or five nights during the

       approximately one-month period leading up to J.P.'s death when the monitor had been shut off

       for the entire night.

¶ 20           Additional evidence presented at trial, some of which was defendant's own statements,

       showed that defendant had not used the home health nurses that the hospital had arranged for

       her. Defendant gave the nurses her mother's address, rather than Leslie's address, and did not

       return the nurses' phone calls when they called her and tried to set up home health visits.

       Defendant commented in her statement that she chose not to use the home health nurses because

       she wanted to feel like she could take care of J.P. on her own.

¶ 21           During the bench trial, after all of the evidence had been presented, the trial court asked

       the attorneys to provide authority on the question of whether defendant's conduct constituted first

       degree murder or involuntary manslaughter. The attorneys did so. The trial court later issued a

       lengthy written decision. The trial court found as to count I, which alleged only the failure to

       provide adequate nutrition and hydration, that defendant was guilty of the lesser-included offense


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       of involuntary manslaughter. In so doing, the trial court stated that it could not find that the

       withholding of food and water, under the totality of the evidence, was done with knowledge by

       defendant of a strong probability of death. As to count II, however, which alleged both the

       failure to provide adequate nutrition and hydration and the failure to provide medical care by

       reason of defendant ignoring the heart and apnea monitor alarms, the trial court found that

       defendant was guilty of first degree murder because there was a high probability that death or

       great bodily harm would result to a premature infant, such as J.P., under those circumstances.

       The trial court stated that defendant's conduct in this case was similar to an example in a legal

       treatise regarding a person firing a gun into a crowded room—in that a high probability of death

       or great bodily harm was likely to follow. The trial court opined that it was not a mitigating

       factor that defendant had turned off the alarm just two days earlier during a similar incident with

       no death occurring and stated that a kindergarten teacher could not ignore a fire alarm and

       continue to teach simply because two days earlier there was a false fire alarm. According to the

       trial court, "[w]hen defendant dismissively turned the alarm off at 5:52 a.m., as if it were a

       snooze button on an alarm clock, she knew her actions created a strong probability of death or

       great bodily harm." As noted above, the trial court also found defendant guilty of count III,

       endangering the life and health of a child.

¶ 22          Defense counsel subsequently filed a motion for new trial, alleging that defendant had not

       been proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court denied the motion and proceeded

       to sentencing on the first degree murder charge. Because the victim, J.P., was under the age of

       12, defendant faced a sentencing range of 20 to 100 years in prison. The evidence presented at

       the sentencing hearing showed, among other things, that defendant suffered from a physical

       disability and was unable to use her left arm; that defendant had no criminal history; that


                                                        10
       defendant had only a borderline intelligence; that defendant functioned at about a third- or

       fourth-grade reading and comprehension level; and that defendant's judgment, insight, and ability

       to reason abstractly were all mildly impaired because of her limited cognitive ability. The

       evidence also showed that in June 2009, defendant gave birth to stillborn twins in her then-

       boyfriend's home. Defendant placed the fetuses in plastic bags, set them outside the house, and

       did not contact medical personnel or authorities until about six hours later. In June 2011, before

       she was charged in this case, defendant gave birth to her sixth child. In considering the

       appropriate sentence to impose, the trial court commented that the "reality [was] that [defendant]

       couldn't care for a child, much less a child in the condition of [J.P.], a baby," and that it did not

       believe that defendant could even take care of herself. At the conclusion of the sentencing

       hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to 29 years in prison. After her motion to reconsider

       her sentence was denied, defendant filed this appeal.

¶ 23                                                ANALYSIS

¶ 24          On appeal, defendant argues that she was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of

       the first degree murder of her infant son, J.P. Defendant asserts that the State failed to prove that

       she had the requisite mental state for first degree murder as charged in count II of the indictment

       in the present case—knowledge that her actions created a strong probability of death or great

       bodily harm to J.P. At worst, defendant contends, her conduct was done recklessly, not with the

       mental state of knowledge. More specifically, defendant contends that: (1) it was impossible for

       the trial court to find that the knowledge element had been proven under count II of the

       indictment based upon both defendant's failure to provide adequate nutrition and hydration for

       J.P. and defendant's ignoring of J.P.'s heart and apnea monitor when the trial court had already

       found that the first half of that conduct—the failure to provide adequate nutrition and


                                                         11
       hydration—was done recklessly, rather than with knowledge that it would cause death or great

       bodily harm to J.P., as evidenced by the trial court's finding of guilty to the lesser-included

       offense of involuntary manslaughter on count I of the indictment; (2) a rational trier of fact could

       not have found from the facts of this case that defendant knew that her failure to respond to the

       series of alarms from the heart and apnea monitor on September 22 created a strong probability

       of death or great bodily harm to J.P., especially since defendant's past experience with the

       monitor during the similar incident on September 20 had shown her that a series of alarms did

       not necessarily mean that J.P. was in danger of imminent harm; (3) the analogies made by the

       trial court in making its decision regarding a person firing a gun into a crowded room and a

       teacher ignoring a fire alarm were not applicable and had no basis in the facts of this case or in

       the law; (4) the State failed to prove that defendant ignoring the heart and apnea monitor was the

       cause of J.P.'s death, as the State had charged in count II of the indictment; (5) the lack of any

       published case with a comparable fact pattern to the instant case shows that the circumstances of

       J.P.'s death were unique and that defendant could not have foreseen that her actions in this case

       would lead to such dire consequences; and (6) defendant's conduct as alleged in count II of the

       indictment much more closely approximated involuntary manslaughter, rather than first degree

       murder, as the trial court correctly found as to count I of the indictment. For all of the reasons

       stated, defendant asks that we reverse her first degree murder conviction outright, or, if we

       believe that defendant had acted recklessly, that we reduce her first degree murder conviction to

       involuntary manslaughter and that we remand this case for defendant to be sentenced on that

       charge.

¶ 25             The State argues that the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that

       defendant acted with knowledge that her conduct, as alleged in count II of the indictment,


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created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to J.P. and that defendant's conviction

for first degree murder, therefore, should be upheld. The State asserts the trial court's ruling that

the knowledge element had been proven was supported by the following findings of fact, made

by the trial court, which were not manifestly erroneous: (1) when J.P. was discharged from the

hospital on August 7, 2010, he was a healthy, growing, premature baby; (2) because of J.P.'s

premature condition, he had to be fed every three hours around the clock; (3) without such

feedings, J.P. would become dehydrated and suffer malnutrition within 6 to 12 hours; (4) once

dehydration and malnutrition set in, J.P. could have become too weak to take food from a bottle;

(5) although defendant had been told of the reason for adding caffeine to J.P.'s bottle, had been

instructed how to do so, had been given a prescription for caffeine, and had been given public aid

resources to refill that prescription, she failed to obtain more caffeine after the initial prescription

ran out one to two weeks prior to J.P.'s death; (6) defendant had not fed J.P. every three hours,

even though she had been instructed to do so; (7) defendant did not use the services of a home

health nurse, even though those services had been arranged for her by the hospital staff; (8)

defendant kept J.P. in the carrier much longer than what she was instructed was permissible; (9)

defendant had put J.P. in the carrier facedown although she had been instructed not to do so; (10)

defendant was provided with a heart and apnea monitor for J.P., instructed on its use, and told to

keep it connected to J.P. at all times, except when J.P. was being bathed, but she did not do so;

(11) defendant was told to call 9-1-1 if the alarm on the monitor went off and the problem with

J.P. could not be resolved immediately, but she failed to do so; (12) defendant had been given a

24-hour hotline number to call if she had any questions or concerns about the monitor; (13)

defendant had provided a number of untrue versions of what had occurred prior to J.P.'s death;

(14) defendant knew that J.P. had been on his stomach in the carrier for seven hours without



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       feeding and that the alarm had sounded numerous times in a row when she shut the monitor off

       and went back to sleep instead of checking on J.P. or calling for help; (15) after shutting the

       monitor off at 5:52 a.m. on September 22, defendant did not turn the monitor back on until 12:45

       p.m. that day; and (16) defendant lied to the medical treatment providers and to police, insisting

       that J.P. had been feeding well every three hours. The State asserts further that it disagrees with

       defendant's claim that she could not have known that turning off J.P.'s monitor on September 22

       created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to J.P. since she had done the same

       thing two nights before with no harm resulting to J.P. According to the State, if that claim were

       taken to its logical conclusion, there would be no need for defendant to even connect J.P. to the

       monitor because her past experience had taught her that a monitor alarm did not necessarily

       indicate a threat of imminent harm to J.P. The State asserts in addition that because of J.P.'s

       failure to feed, defendant knew that J.P.'s condition was much worse on September 22 (the

       second incident of repeated alarms) than it was on September 20 (the first incident of repeated

       alarms). The State also does not agree with defendant's claim that it failed to prove that turning

       off the heart and apnea monitor was the cause of J.P.'s death. In response to that claim, the State

       points out that the medical experts testified that J.P.'s medical issues could have been reversed

       and that J.P. could have been saved if defendant would have sought prompt medical treatment

       after the alarms sounded on September 22. For all of the reasons set forth, the State asks that we

       reject defendant's argument on this issue and that we affirm defendant's conviction of first degree

       murder.

¶ 26          Pursuant to the Collins standard (People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985)), a

       reviewing court faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence must view the evidence

       in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether any rational trier of fact could


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       have found the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Jackson, 232

       Ill. 2d 246, 280 (2009). Under the Collins standard, "a reviewing court must allow all reasonable

       inferences from the record in favor of the prosecution." People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d 318, 326

       (2005). The reviewing court will not retry the defendant. People v. Austin M., 2012 IL 111194,

       ¶ 107. Determinations of witness credibility, the weight to be given testimony, and the

       reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence are responsibilities of the trier of fact, not

       the reviewing court. People v. Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d 12, 43 (1989). Thus, the Collins standard of

       review gives " 'full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the

       testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate

       facts.' " Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

       This same standard of review is applied by the reviewing court regardless of whether the

       evidence is direct or circumstantial or whether defendant received a bench or a jury trial, and

       circumstantial evidence meeting this standard is sufficient to sustain a criminal conviction.

       Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281; People v. Kotlarz, 193 Ill. 2d 272, 298 (2000). In applying the

       Collins standard, a reviewing court will not reverse a conviction unless the evidence is so

       improbable, unsatisfactory, or inconclusive that it leaves a reasonable doubt of the defendant's

       guilt. Austin M., 2012 IL 111194, ¶ 107.

¶ 27           A defendant is guilty of first degree murder when he kills a person without lawful

       justification and knows at the time that his acts created a strong probability of death or great

       bodily harm. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2010); Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No.

       7.02 (4th ed. 2000); People v. DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d 239, 249-50 (1998). A defendant is guilty

       of involuntary manslaughter, on the other hand, when he unintentionally kills a person without

       lawful justification by recklessly performing acts that are likely to cause death or great bodily


                                                          15
       harm. 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2010); Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 7.08 (4th

       ed. 2000); DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 250. The difference between first degree murder and

       involuntary manslaughter is the mental state that accompanies the conduct resulting in the

       victim's death. DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 249. " 'The mental state for murder is knowledge,

       while the mental state for involuntary manslaughter is recklessness.' " People v. Weeks, 2012 IL

       App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34 (quoting People v. Jones, 404 Ill. App. 3d 734, 742 (2010)). A person

       acts knowingly or with knowledge when he is consciously aware that his conduct is practically

       certain to cause a particular result (720 ILCS 5/4-5(b) (West 2010); Illinois Pattern Jury

       Instructions, Criminal, No. 5.01B (4th ed. 2000); Weeks, 2012 IL App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34),

       whereas a person acts recklessly or with recklessness when he consciously disregards a

       substantial and unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow and such

       disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care a reasonable person would use

       in that situation (720 ILCS 5/4-6 (West 2010); Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No.

       5.01 (4th ed. 2000); Weeks, 2012 IL App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34). The mental state required may be

       inferred from the character of the defendant's acts and from the circumstances surrounding the

       commission of the offense (People v. Tye, 141 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (1990); DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at

       252; Weeks, 2012 IL App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34), and the trier of fact is in the best position to

       determine whether a particular mental state is present (see DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 252).

¶ 28          In the instant case, there is no dispute that J.P. died as a result of defendant's conduct.

       The only question is whether that conduct amounted to the mental state of "knowledge" as

       required for first degree murder, the mental state of "recklessness" as required for involuntary

       manslaughter, or some lesser mental state as required for an outright reversal. The distinction is

       based upon the level of certainty that death or great bodily harm would result from defendant's


                                                        16
       conduct. See 720 ILCS 5/4-5(b), 4-6 (West 2010); DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 252; Weeks, 2012

       IL App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34. When we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State

       and consider that defendant was told at the hospital that J.P. had to be fed every three hours and

       that the heart and apnea monitor was not to be turned off unless she was giving J.P. a bath, we

       find that the evidence was sufficient to establish that defendant acted with "knowledge" that her

       acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to J.P. See Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at

       280; DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 249-52; Weeks, 2012 IL App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34. Despite the

       instructions defendant had been given, she had not provided nutrition or hydration to J.P. for

       several hours, had stopped drawing a dosage of caffeine into J.P.'s bottles as necessary to

       stimulate his breathing, had placed J.P. in his carrier facedown for a lengthy period of time, had

       shut off the heart and apnea monitor during a period of repeated alarms, had left the monitor off

       for several hours, and had gone back to sleep without checking on J.P. and without seeking

       immediate emergency medical treatment for J.P. We, therefore, affirm the trial court's ruling that

       defendant was guilty of first degree murder.

¶ 29          We are not persuaded to reach a conclusion to the contrary by the fact that defendant had

       only borderline intelligence; by the fact that the trial court found that the failure to provide

       nutrition and hydration was done recklessly, rather than knowingly; or by a concern over

       whether the trial court's analogies were applicable. Our role in this case is merely to determine

       whether, under the Collins standard of review, any rational trier of fact could have found that the

       knowledge element of the first degree murder charge had been proven beyond a reasonable

       doubt. See Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 280. Viewing the evidence in this case in the light most

       favorable to the State, as we are required to do, we believe that a rational trier of fact could have

       so found. See Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 280; DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 249-52; Weeks, 2012 IL


                                                         17
       App (1st) 102613, ¶ 34. The evidence of defendant's knowledge, although circumstantial in this

       case as it often is (see Tye, 141 Ill. 2d at 15; DiVincenzo, 183 Ill. 2d at 252; Weeks, 2012 IL App

       (1st) 102613, ¶ 34), was not so improbable, unsatisfactory, or inconclusive as to leave a

       reasonable doubt of defendant's guilt. See Austin M., 2012 IL 111194, ¶ 107. As the trier of

       fact, the trial court was in the best position to determine whether defendant had the requisite

       mental state for first degree murder as alleged in count II in the indictment. See DiVincenzo, 183

       Ill. 2d at 252. Under, the Collins standard of review, we cannot find that the trial court's

       determination in that regard was erroneous. See Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 280; Austin M., 2012 IL

       111194, ¶ 107.

¶ 30                                             CONCLUSION

¶ 31          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County.

¶ 32          Affirmed.

¶ 33          PRESIDING JUSTICE McDADE, dissenting.

¶ 34          The majority affirms the defendant's conviction for first degree murder despite the fact

       that the circuit court found in count I that the defendant recklessly failed to provide adequate

       nutrition and hydration to her son, but then found the same conduct to be performed knowingly

       with respect to count II. Because I cannot agree with this conclusion, I respectfully dissent from

       the majority's decision.

¶ 35          When faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, "the relevant question is

       whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

       trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt."

       (Emphasis in original and internal quotation marks omitted.) Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261.

¶ 36          At the time of J.P.'s death, the first degree murder statute provided, in relevant part:

                                                        18
                             "(a) A person who kills an individual without lawful

                      justification commits first degree murder if, in performing the acts

                      which cause the death:

                                               ***

                                     (2) he knows that such acts create a strong

                             probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual

                             or another[.]" 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 2010).

       An act need not be the sole and immediate cause of death to prove first degree murder, only that

       the act contributed to the victim's death. People v. Brown, 169 Ill. 2d 132, 152 (1996).

¶ 37          The involuntary manslaughter statute provided, in relevant part, that “[a] person who

       unintentionally kills an individual without lawful justification commits involuntary manslaughter

       if his acts whether lawful or unlawful which cause the death are such as are likely to cause death

       or great bodily harm to some individual, and he performs them recklessly.” 720 ILCS 5/9-3(a)

       (West 2010).

¶ 38          The difference between first degree murder and involuntary manslaughter, in essence, is

       the mental state behind the conduct that causes the victim's death. People v. Leach, 405 Ill. App.

       3d 297, 312 (2010). First degree murder requires knowledge, which the Criminal Code of 1961

       (Code) defines as:

                             "A person knows, or acts knowingly or with knowledge of:

                                     (a) The nature or attendant circumstances of his or

                             her conduct, described by the statute defining the offense,

                             when he or she is consciously aware that his or her conduct

                             is of that nature or that those circumstances exist.

                                                       19
                              Knowledge of a material fact includes awareness of the

                              substantial probability that the fact exists.

                                      (b) The result of his or her conduct, described by

                              the statute defining the offense, when he or she is

                              consciously aware that that result is practically certain to be

                              caused by his conduct." 720 ILCS 5/4-5 (West 2010).

¶ 39          Involuntary manslaughter requires recklessness, which the Code defines as:

                      "A person is reckless or acts recklessly when that person

                      consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that

                      circumstances exist or that a result will follow, described by the

                      statute defining the offense, and that disregard constitutes a gross

                      deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would

                      exercise in the situation." 720 ILCS 5/4-6 (West 2010).

¶ 40          I believe the State failed to prove the defendant committed first degree murder. There is

       a dearth of evidence—circumstantial or otherwise—in the record to suggest that the defendant

       was "consciously aware" that J.P.'s death was "practically certain to be caused by [her] conduct"

       (720 ILCS 5/4-5(b) (West 2010)). Contrary to the majority's view, this lack of evidence is not

       satisfied in favor of a conviction simply because she "was told at the hospital that J.P. had to be

       fed every three hours and that the heart and apnea monitor was not to be turned off unless she

       was giving J.P. a bath." Supra ¶ 28.

¶ 41          In addition, while the majority may not have been influenced by the defendant's

       borderline intelligence (supra ¶ 29), it certainly was not lost on the circuit court, as evidenced by

       the court's comment at sentencing that it did not believe the defendant could take care of J.P., or


                                                        20
       even herself. I agree with the circuit court that the defendant's borderline intelligence was an

       important factor in this case—one that, in my opinion, ought to be relevant to the question of

       whether the defendant acted knowingly or recklessly. But cf. People v. Hulitt, 361 Ill. App. 3d

       634, 640-41 (2005) (discussing the doctrine of diminished capacity and noting that while Illinois

       does not recognize it as a defense, it may be used to counter the State's evidence that a defendant

       possessed the mental state required for a conviction). As the majority noted, testimony presented

       at sentencing indicated that the defendant functioned at the reading and comprehension level of a

       third- or fourth-grade child and that her judgment, insight, and capacity for abstract thought were

       mildly impaired due to her limited ability. Supra ¶ 22. I find it disturbing that, in essence, this

       case results in an adjudication that an individual who functioned at the age of an eight- or nine-

       year-old formed the requisite mental state to commit first degree murder.

¶ 42          More significantly, the circuit court found that the defendant did not act with knowledge

       when she withheld nutrition and hydration from J.P. with regard to count I but, rather, that she

       acted recklessly. However, for count II, the court raised her mental state to knowledge for that

       same conduct when it was combined with the additional allegation of her shutting off the heart

       and apnea monitor. I am not persuaded by the majority's claim that the Collins standard of

       review forgives this inconsistency in the court's reasoning, and this inconsistency leads me to the

       conclusion that no rational trier of fact could have concluded that the defendant committed first

       degree murder as alleged in count II after the court made the finding with regard to count I that

       her acts of withholding nutrition and hydration from J.P. were done recklessly. See, e.g., People

       v. Fornear, 176 Ill. 2d 523, 531 (1997) (holding that "recklessness and knowledge are mutually

       inconsistent culpable mental states").




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¶ 43          For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent. I would reverse the defendant's

       conviction for first degree murder and remand for the circuit court to resentence the defendant

       for involuntary manslaughter.




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