                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                    File Name: 18a0430n.06

                                       CASE NO. 17-2062

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  FILED
                                                                                 Aug 21, 2018
  UNITED STATES of AMERICA,                          )                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )
                                                     )
                 v.                                  )     ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                     )     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
  ARNOLD BENNETT CALDWELL,                           )     COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                     )     DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
        Defendant-Appellant.                         )
                                                     )

Before: BATCHELDER, MOORE, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. The defendant appeals the judgment entered

following his guilty plea to failure to register as a sex offender. We AFFIRM.

       According to the PSR, back in the 1990’s, defendant Arnold Caldwell was living in

Tacoma, Washington, with his “common law wife,” Kitt Henderson. Henderson had a young niece

who frequently stayed with them at the residence. When the girl was six or seven years old,

Caldwell molested her; shortly thereafter, Caldwell entered her bedroom at night and raped her.

Caldwell continued to rape her every time she spent the night at the residence, which was “about

every other week” from January 1994 until August 1998. In 2001, when she was 14, the girl

reported the molestation and rapes to a school counselor and eventually the police.

       In March 2004, the State of Washington convicted Caldwell, via guilty plea, of “assault in

the second degree with sexual motivation,” which required Caldwell to register as a sex offender.

The State court sentenced Caldwell to eight months in jail, but released him based on time served.

About two months later, in May 2004, the State convicted Caldwell of failing to register as a sex

offender and he spent another 26 days in jail. In February 2006, the State again convicted Caldwell
No. 17-2062, United States v. Caldwell


of failing to register as a sex offender after he provided a false address (he had registered using the

address of a bowling alley) and he spent another four months in jail. In June 2007, the State of

Washington yet again convicted Caldwell of failing to register as a sex offender after he again

provided a false address, and this time he spent 17 months in prison (charges regarding a second

false address were dismissed as already incorporated). Following his release in 2008, he was

returned to custody several times for various other offenses.

       In October 2011, Caldwell decided to move to Chicago.                       He notified the State of

Washington before departing and, upon arrival, registered with the Illinois Sex Offender Registry

at the Chicago Police Department. But Caldwell did not comply with the annual registration

requirements or ever update his registration. By 2013, Chicago police were looking for him.

Eventually, police discovered that he had moved to Michigan without registering as a sex offender

in Michigan, in violation of both the Federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

(SORNA) and Michigan law. When the police arrested Caldwell in February 2017, he admitted

that he knew the registration requirements and knew that he was in violation, but complained that

he was “tired” and had struggled to get the necessary documentation, particularly a birth certificate.

He also admitted that he had not applied for Michigan identification or for welfare assistance

because that would have given him away.

       In March 2017, the federal grand jury indicted Caldwell on a charge of failing to register

as a sex offender, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a) and 42 U.S.C. § 16901, et seq.1 Caldwell

pled guilty without a plea agreement. Prior to sentencing, the PSR tabulated Caldwell’s criminal

history score at 13, which corresponds to a criminal history category of VI. Coupled with a base

offense level of 10, the PSR’s advisory guideline range was 24 to 30 months in prison.




       1
           On September 1, 2017, 42 U.S.C. § 16901 was re-classified as 34 U.S.C. § 20901.
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No. 17-2062, United States v. Caldwell


       Caldwell objected to the criminal-history-score tabulation’s adding three points from the

two convictions in 2004 (i.e., the “assault in the second degree with sexual motivation” and the

first failure to register). Specifically, he argued that because the present offense occurred when he

moved to Michigan in 2015, the tabulation should not have included the 2004 convictions because

they had occurred over ten years earlier and were sentences of less than 13 months. See U.S.S.G.

§ 4A1.2(e)(1) & (2). The PSR responded that the offense actually began in Chicago in December

2013, on “the date law enforcement discovered [that he] was in violation of SORNA,” and

continued until his apprehension in Michigan in 2017, as “an ongoing offense that involved the

same course of conduct,” which put the 2004 convictions within ten years.

       The PSR also explained that if Caldwell were correct, the new criminal history score would

be ten, the new criminal history category would be V, and—coupled with the base offense level of

ten—the new PSR advisory guideline range would be 21 to 27 months in prison.

       At sentencing, Caldwell argued that the present offense, under SORNA, was based on

interstate travel from Illinois to Michigan in 2015 and was not the same course of conduct as his

failure to register in Illinois in 2013, under Illinois law, which involved no interstate travel. The

district court disagreed, finding that Caldwell’s failures to register on the states’ sex-offender

registries was a continuing course of conduct for which SORNA provides federal jurisdiction;

SORNA does not create a national registry or a separate interstate-travel offense.

       The court adopted the PSR’s advisory guidelines range of 24 to 30 months, opined that a

sentence “within the guideline range” would be appropriate, and sentenced Caldwell to 24 months.

The court’s stated reasons were Caldwell’s repeated convictions for failing to register and the need

for incremental punishment to ensure that he did not receive a lighter sentence for repeating the

same violations. Specifically, the court expressed a need to sentence Caldwell to more than the

17 months in prison that he had received the last time he was sentenced for failing to register.

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No. 17-2062, United States v. Caldwell


       In this appeal, Caldwell contests the relevant-conduct determination that underlies his

sentence. “Because a district court’s relevant-conduct determination involves the application of

law to facts, we review [it] de novo.” United States v. Amerson, 886 F.3d 568, 573 (6th Cir. 2018)

(citation omitted). “The government bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that another offense constituted relevant conduct.” Id. (citation omitted). For our

purposes, “relevant conduct” means that the “acts and omissions . . . were part of the same course

of conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). The Guidelines’ commentary elaborates:

       Same course of conduct. Offenses that do not qualify as part of a common scheme
       or plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same course of conduct if they are
       sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant the conclusion that they
       are part of a[n] . . . ongoing series of offenses. Factors that are appropriate to the
       determination of whether offenses are sufficiently connected or related to each
       other to be considered as part of the same course of conduct include the degree of
       similarity of the offenses, the regularity (repetitions) of the offenses, and the time
       interval between the offenses. . . . The nature of the offenses may also be a relevant
       consideration (e.g., a defendant’s failure to file tax returns in three consecutive
       years appropriately would be considered as part of the same course of conduct
       because such returns are only required at yearly intervals).

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, com. n. 5(B)(ii).

       Caldwell contends that his failure to register as a sex offender in Michigan in 2015 was not

a continuous course of conduct with his failure to maintain his registration as a sex offender in

Illinois in 2013 (after he had originally registered in 2011). He argues that the 2013 and 2015

offenses are not similar, inasmuch as the latter involved interstate travel whereas the former did

not; the former was a failure to update his registration while the latter was a failure to register at

all; the two offenses occurred in different states; and the two offenses occurred two years apart.

The district court was unpersuaded by these same arguments, finding the interstate travel aspect

irrelevant to the substance of the offense and characterizing Caldwell’s conduct as a longstanding

refusal to register as required under the law, which was demonstrated by his repeated and

continuous failures to register in multiple states (i.e., Washington, Illinois, and Michigan) as well


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No. 17-2062, United States v. Caldwell


as his efforts to avoid detection in Michigan by choosing not to acquire Michigan identification or

apply for state welfare assistance.

        Caldwell’s arguments fare no better here. SORNA itself disposes of Caldwell’s contention

that his 2013 Illinois offense and his 2015 Michigan offense are necessarily unconnected or

unrelated because the former involved no interstate travel. While SORNA did not require Caldwell

to inform the sex-offender registry in Chicago that he was departing Illinois, see Nichols v. United

States, 578 U.S. --, 136 S. Ct. 1113 (2016), it nonetheless has two requirements that apply to

Caldwell here: (1) that he maintain his registration while living in Chicago, see 42 U.S.C. §

16913(a) (eff. July 27, 2006 to Aug. 31, 2017) (the “sex offender shall register, and keep the

registration current, in each jurisdiction where the offender resides”); and (2) that he register in

Michigan within three days of his relocation, such that Michigan could inform the Illinois registry

of the change, see § 16913(c) (eff. July 27, 2006 to Aug. 31, 2017). Consequently, the 2013 Illinois

offense and the 2015 Michigan offense are equally violations of SORNA and, given that one led

directly into the other, they are inherently related.

        This same analysis applies to Caldwell’s frivolous argument that the offenses are unrelated

because one was a failure to maintain or update his registration while the other was a failure to

register at all. That distinction is not material. Finally, the fact that the offenses occurred in

different states and, in Caldwell’s view, two years apart, does not necessarily render them

unconnected or unrelated. As the district court recognized, the “2013” offense actually spanned

the time from when Caldwell first failed to update his Illinois registration—at least as early as

October 2012 when his annual update was due—until he left Illinois for Michigan in 2015, at

which point these offenses were separated by only the time it took to make the trip.

        The district court was correct that the 2013 and 2015 offenses were a continuing course of

conduct, i.e., “related conduct,” which put the 2004 convictions within ten years of those offenses,

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No. 17-2062, United States v. Caldwell


so as to include those points in the criminal history tabulation. The court’s advisory guidelines

calculation was, therefore, correct and the within-guidelines sentence was reasonable.

       We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




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