Filed 10/7/14 In re R.E. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



In re R.E. et al., Persons Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                 D065648
SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. EJ3168A-B)
         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

C.E.,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kenneth J.

Medel, Judge. Affirmed.

         Cristina Gabrielidis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County

Counsel, and Tahra C. Broderson, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

         Dependency Legal Group of San Diego and Tilisha Martin for Minors.
       C. E. (Mother) appeals two orders granting Welfare and Institutions Code 1 section

366.26 petitions filed by the San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency

(Agency) to terminate her parental rights to her children, R.E. and I.E., and finding a

permanent plan of adoption is appropriate for them. On appeal, Mother contends the

evidence is insufficient to support the court's finding that the beneficial parent-child

relationship exception did not apply to preclude a permanent plan of adoption for her

children. She argues there is evidence showing her children have a beneficial

relationship with her and would be harmed if that relationship was terminated by their

adoption.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Mother is the mother of R.E., born in 2007, and I.E., born in 2011. Mother has a

history of methamphetamine and alcohol abuse, prostitution, and domestic violence.

When R.E. was two years old, he was removed from her custody based on her domestic

violence with his father. After 18 months of reunification services, Mother reunited with

R.E. and the juvenile court's dependency jurisdiction over him was terminated.

       In 2012, Agency investigated reports that Mother allowed drug use and sales to

occur in the home with R.E. and I.E. present. Mother admitted drinking a 40-ounce

container of beer daily and tested positive for methamphetamine use. Mother could not

identify all of the adults in her home who had access to her children. Mother admitted

there was domestic violence with her boyfriend.


1      All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

                                              2
       Agency filed section 300, subdivision (b), dependency petitions for R.E. and I.E.,

alleging Mother's substance abuse prevented her from adequately caring for them. At the

December 2012 detention hearing, the juvenile court ordered the children detained in out-

of-home care and granted Mother supervised visitation with them. Mother did not call

them for the first nine days and did not visit them for the first month. She visited them

once during the first two months.

       At the February 2013 contested hearing on the petitions, the juvenile court found

the allegations were true, removed custody of R.E. and I.E. from Mother, and ordered

that reunification services be provided. The court also found D.W. was I.E.'s presumed

father and ordered reunification services for him. I.E. was subsequently returned to

D.W.'s care, but was removed 20 days later at D.W.'s request. In April, the children were

placed in the same foster home and bonded with their foster parents. Because Mother did

not participate in services during the reunification period and continued to use

methamphetamine, Agency recommended her reunification services be terminated. At

the September contested six-month review hearing, the court terminated Mother's

services and set a section 366.26 hearing regarding termination of her parental rights and

selection of an appropriate permanent plan for the children.

       At the March 2014 contested section 366.26 hearing, the parties presented no

witnesses; therefore, the juvenile court considered only those documents submitted by

Agency that were admitted into evidence. The court considered the section 366.26 report

of Agency social worker Folake Balogun, along with various addenda to it. Balogun

recommended the court terminate the parental rights of Mother and the respective fathers

                                             3
of R.E. and I.E., and choose a permanent plan of adoption for the children. She stated the

children were adoptable because they were young, healthy, and appropriately developed.

Their current foster parents had an approved home study and wanted to adopt the

children, but were not interested in only guardianship. There also were other families

interested in adopting sibling sets with R.E. and I.E.'s characteristics.

       R.E. participated in individual therapy with James Staunton, who reported R.E.

was sad and worried about Mother, was sometimes sad about not living with her, and

showed signs of displaced anger toward him for Mother's missed visits. However,

Staunton reported that R.E.'s anger and disruptive behavior had subsided since placement

in his current foster home and was usually happy when interacting with him.

       Balogun summarized Mother's visitation history. During the four-month period

following termination of her reunification services, Mother visited her children six times

and only sporadically called them. Mother did not keep in contact with the social worker

to request visits and did not inform the social worker of her new telephone number.

During visits with Mother, R.E. generally played by himself and I.E. preferred that his

caregivers help him, sometimes causing Mother to cry. At times, R.E. would be upset

with Mother for not calling him and would avoid her. After visits with Mother, the

children reacted negatively and threw temper tantrums. R.E. apparently was confused by

visits with Mother and believed there was a possibility he would return to her care. R.E.

believed it was his fault Mother did not visit him more often and that he resided with his

caregivers.



                                              4
         During a December 2013 visit, Mother discussed the case and cried openly in the

children's presence, causing her to leave the area. I.E. began to cry and was consoled by

his caregiver. When asked whether she was free of drugs, Mother replied, "I was a few

days ago." At the end of that visit, the children easily separated from Mother, although

R.E. agreed to hold her hand as they walked away with their caregivers.

         Before another December 2013 visit, R.E. told his caregivers that he did not want

to attend the visit. During that visit, Mother and the children played games and the

children opened gifts from her. They easily separated from her at the end of the visit.

         During the three visits in January and February 2014, the children enjoyed

spending time with Mother, but easily separated from her at the end of the visits.

Although Mother's visitation with the children became more regular for a while, she

missed a February 2014 visit and did not contact the social worker to reschedule that

visit.

         When Balogun asked R.E. how he felt about his foster home becoming his

"forever home," he replied, "not good," explaining he would rather live with Mother.

However, when asked whether he would like to continue living with his current foster

parents if he could not live with Mother again, R.E. indicated that he would. Balogun

explained that he would stay with his foster parents if the court decided Mother could not

take care of him, and reassured him he had not done anything wrong.

         In recommending the court terminate Mother's parental rights, Balogun noted none

of the exceptions, including the beneficial parent-child relationship exception, applied in

this case. In her opinion, the children did not have a beneficial parent-child relationship

                                              5
with Mother. They did not call her "Mommy" and looked to their caregivers to meet

their daily needs. At the end of visits, I.E. ran to his caregivers so they could carry him.

During some visits, R.E. had to be persuaded by his caregivers to show affection to

Mother. Although R.E. stated a preference for living with Mother, Balogun believed his

need for a safe, stable, and permanent home outweighed the sadness he might feel if he

could no longer have contact with Mother. Balogun believed the children's parents

continued to be unable to provide them with a safe, stable, and secure life. Accordingly,

she recommended the court terminate Mother's parental rights and that adoption be

ordered as the most appropriate permanent plan for the children.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court found it likely the children

would be adopted were parental rights terminated, none of the exceptions to termination

apply, and that adoption was in the children's best interests. Accordingly, the court

issued separate orders terminating Mother's parental rights to R.E. and I.E., and choosing

adoption as their permanent plan.2 The court designated the children's current foster

parents as their prospective adoptive parents. Mother timely filed a notice of appeal from

the two orders.




2      The court also terminated the parental rights of R.E.'s and I.E.'s respective fathers.

                                              6
                                       DISCUSSION

                                               I

         Section 366.26 and the Beneficial Parent-Child Relationship Exception

       "At a section 366.26 hearing the court is charged with determining a permanent

plan of care for the child. If a child is likely to be adopted, adoption is the plan preferred

by the Legislature. [Citation.] The Legislature has provided an exception to the general

rule of adoption: the court should not order a permanent plan of adoption when

termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child because '[t]he parents . . .

have maintained regular visitation and contact with the [child] and the [child] would

benefit from continuing the relationship.' " (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 50,

quoting former § 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(A) (now § 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i)).)

       "In the context of the dependency scheme prescribed by the Legislature, we

interpret the 'benefit from continuing the [parent/child] relationship' exception to mean

the relationship promotes the well-being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the

well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents. In

other words, the court balances the strength and quality of the natural parent/child

relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the sense of belonging a new

family would confer. If severing the natural parent/child relationship would deprive the

child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly

harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the natural parent's rights are not

terminated." (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575, italics added.)



                                              7
       "Interaction between [the] natural parent and child will always confer some

incidental benefit to the child. The significant attachment from [the] child to [the] parent

results from the adult's attention to the child's needs for physical care, nourishment,

comfort, affection and stimulation. [Citation.] The relationship arises from day-to-day

interaction, companionship and shared experiences. [Citation.] The exception applies

only where the court finds regular visits and contact have continued or developed a

significant, positive, emotional attachment from [the] child to [the] parent." (In re

Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.)

       "The factors to be considered when looking for whether a relationship is important

and beneficial are: (1) the age of the child, (2) the portion of the child's life spent in the

parent's custody, (3) the positive or negative effect of interaction between the parent and

the child, and (4) the child's particular needs." (In re Angel B. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th

454, 467, fn. omitted.) "[F]or the [beneficial relationship] exception to apply, the

emotional attachment between the child and parent must be that of parent and child rather

than one of being a friendly visitor or friendly nonparent relative, such as an aunt." (Id.

at p. 468.) Frequent and loving contact between parent and child, without the existence

of a parental role to the child, may be insufficient to justify the selection of a permanent

plan other than adoption. (In re Beatrice M. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1411, 1418-1420.)

       "Once the court determines the child is likely to be adopted, the burden shifts to

the parent to show that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child

under one of the exceptions listed in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1) [e.g., the

beneficial relationship exception]." (In re S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, 297.) On

                                               8
appeal, "[w]e determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the [juvenile]

court's ruling by reviewing the evidence most favorably to the prevailing party and

indulging in all legitimate and reasonable inferences to uphold the court's ruling.

[Citation.] If the court's ruling is supported by substantial evidence, the reviewing court

must affirm the court's rejection of the exceptions to termination of parental rights under

section 366.26, subdivision (c)." (Id. at pp. 297-298.) "Under the substantial evidence

rule, we must accept the evidence most favorable to the order as true and discard the

unfavorable evidence as not having sufficient verity to be accepted by the trier of fact."

(In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 53.)

                                             II

              Substantial Evidence to Support Juvenile Court's Finding That
             Beneficial Parent-Child Relationship Exception Does Not Apply

       Mother contends the juvenile court erred by terminating her parental rights to R.E.

and I.E. and selecting a permanent plan of adoption for them because there is substantial

evidence showing the children have substantial, positive, and emotional attachments to

her. She asserts the evidence shows the beneficial parent-child relationship exception

applies, making it detrimental to the children for her parental rights to be terminated.

                                             A

       Mother argues the juvenile court erred by finding she had not maintained regular

visitation and contact with the children within the meaning of section 366.26, subdivision

(c)(1)(B)(i). At the contested section 366.36 hearing, the court stated there were "huge

gaps" in Mother's visitation and contact with the children and found Mother had not


                                              9
maintained regular visitation and contact with them. Therefore, it found the first

requirement of the beneficial parent-child relationship exception did not apply.

       Based on our review of the record, we conclude there is substantial evidence to

support the juvenile court's finding that Mother did not maintain regular visitation and

contact with R.E. and I.E. As discussed above, Mother did not contact the children for

the first nine days after they were detained out of the home and did not visit them for the

first month. She visited them only once during the first two months. She did not

consistently visit them during the reunification period. During the four-month period

between the termination of her reunification services and the initial section 366.26

hearing, Mother visited R.E. and I.E. only five times and called them sporadically. She

did not keep in touch with the social worker to schedule visits and did not update her with

her new telephone number. Although Mother's visitation was more consistent after the

initial section 366.26 hearing, she still did not visit the children between February 14 and

March 6, 2013, the date of the contested section 366.26 hearing when her parental rights

were terminated.

       To the extent Mother argues there is evidence to support a contrary finding that

she regularly visited her children, she misconstrues and/or misapplies the substantial

evidence standard we apply in reviewing the juvenile court's finding. It is not our

function to reweigh the evidence or make inferences or deductions from the evidence.

(In re S.A. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1140.) Those are questions for the juvenile

court. (Ibid.) Mother's recitation of her visitation record does not persuade us the

evidence is insufficient to support the court's finding that she did not maintain regular

                                             10
visitation and contact with her children. She notes that during 2013 she had one visit in

April, three visits in May, four visits in June, no visits in July, three visits in August, one

visit and one call in October, some calls in November, and four visits and one call in

December. During 2014, she apparently had four visits in January and two visits in

February. The children's caregivers reported Mother usually called the children about

once a week. Contrary to Mother's assertion, the evidence regarding her visitation and

other contact with the children does not show the juvenile court could not reasonably

infer from the evidence that she did not maintain regular visitation and contact with R.E.

and I.E. within the meaning of section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i). There is

substantial evidence to support the court's finding that Mother did not meet her burden to

prove the first requirement of the beneficial parent-child relationship exception was met.

                                               B

       Mother also argues the juvenile court erred by finding R.E. and I.E. would not

benefit from continuing their relationship with her within the meaning of section 366.26,

subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i). At the contested section 366.36 hearing, the court stated R.E.

has a bond with, or emotional attachment to, Mother and has "a longing to a degree to

return to [her]." However, it also found R.E. and I.E. have bonded with their foster

parents and benefited from the stability, care, and comfort they have received in the foster

home. The court found that even though R.E. "may have some longing to see [Mother],"

he would "truly be harmed" if he were to be taken out of his foster home and "the benefit

that he would receive by returning to [Mother] is quite insubstantial compared to the

benefit he's getting in the adoptive home." Although the children may have some

                                              11
negative emotional response to never seeing Mother again, the court found that response

did not outweigh "the great benefit of stability, love and care and true parents" the

children would get by remaining with their foster parents. Accordingly, the court

concluded the beneficial parent-child relationship exception did not apply to preclude

termination of Mother's parental rights and selection of a permanent plan of adoption for

R.E. and I.E.

       Based on our review of the record, we conclude there is substantial evidence to

support the juvenile court's finding that the second requirement for the beneficial parent-

child relationship exception was not met. As discussed above, that exception may apply

only if the parent-child "relationship promotes the well-being of the child to such a

degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new,

adoptive parents. In other words, the court balances the strength and quality of the

natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the sense

of belonging a new family would confer." (In re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p.

575, italics added.) Alternatively stated, "[i]f severing the natural parent/child

relationship would deprive the child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such

that the child would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the

natural parent's rights are not terminated." (Ibid., italics added.)

       Regarding I.E., the record shows he was detained out of the home when he was

one year old and spent about 14 months away from Mother prior to the March 2014

section 366.26 hearing. Mother did not progress beyond supervised visits with him.

During visits with Mother, I.E. preferred that his caregivers attend to his needs and easily

                                              12
separated from her at the end of the visits. There is substantial evidence to support a

finding that Mother did not have a parental role in I.E.'s life.

       Regarding R.E., the record shows, as the juvenile court found, he had a bond with,

or an emotional attachment to, Mother. Nevertheless, by the time of the March 2014

section 366.26 contesting hearing, he had lived apart from Mother for almost three of his

seven years during his two dependency cases. Also, Mother did not progress beyond

supervised visits with him in the current case. Balogun stated R.E. did not have a

beneficial parent-child relationship with Mother. During visits with Mother, R.E. often

played by himself, had to be persuaded by his caregivers to show affection toward

Mother, and easily separated from Mother at the end of visits. Although R.E. wanted to

live with Mother, Balogun believed his need for a safe, stable, and permanent home

outweighed the sadness he might feel if he could no longer have contact with Mother.

       Balogun concluded the children did not have a beneficial parent-child relationship

with Mother. They did not call her "Mommy" and looked to their caregivers to meet

their daily needs. Balogun believed the children's parents continued to be unable to

provide them with a safe, stable, and secure life. She recommended the court terminate

Mother's parental rights and that adoption be ordered as the most appropriate permanent

plan for the children.

       Contrary to Mother's assertion, there is substantial evidence to support the juvenile

court's finding that she does not have a parent-child relationship with her children that

promotes their well-being to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the children

would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents. (In re Autumn H., supra,

                                              13
27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.) The court properly balanced the strength and quality of the

natural parent-child relationship in a tenuous placement with Mother against the security

and the sense of belonging adoptive placements would confer on R.E. and I.E. (Ibid.)

Although Mother asserts the court should have chosen a lesser placement plan of

guardianship or long-term foster care, the court reasonably chose the statutorily-preferred

permanent plan of adoption over those lesser placement plans, finding "the great benefit

of stability, love and care and true parents" the children would receive with adoption by

their foster parents outweighed whatever benefit they would receive in a less permanent

placement with continuing contact with Mother. The court reasonably found Mother had

not carried her burden to show R.E. and I.E. would be greatly harmed were their

relationship with her terminated and they were adopted by their foster parents. (Ibid.; cf.

In re Cliffton B. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 415, 425.) Contrary to Mother's assertion, there

is substantial evidence to support the court's finding that any anxiety R.E. would suffer

from separation from Mother and the termination of his relationship with her did not

outweigh the substantial benefit he would receive in a permanent adoptive home with his

foster parents.

                                             C

       Because there is substantial evidence to support the juvenile court's findings that

Mother did not maintain regular visitation and contact with R.E. and I.E. and that they

would not benefit from continuing their relationship with her within the meaning of

section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), the court properly found the beneficial parent-

child relationship exception to a permanent plan of adoption did not apply. The court did

                                            14
not err by terminating Mother's parental rights and choosing a permanent plan of

adoption for the children.

                                    DISPOSITION

       The orders are affirmed.


                                                                        McDONALD, J.
WE CONCUR:


McCONNELL, P. J.


AARON, J.




                                           15
