                            NUMBER 13-08-00093-CR

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                  THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                    CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


DOUGLAS MICHAEL HUBERT,                                                     Appellant,

                                           v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                         Appellee.


                   On appeal from the 214th District Court
                         of Nueces County, Texas.


                                   OPINION

    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides
                   Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

      After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, appellant, Douglas Michael

Hubert, pleaded guilty to the offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. See

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 46.04 (Vernon Supp. 2008). In accordance with a plea bargain,

the trial court signed a judgment of conviction that sentenced Hubert to five years’
imprisonment. By a single issue, which is advanced through two subissues, Hubert claims

the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. We reverse and remand.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

         On July 26, 2004, Hubert was convicted of a third-degree felony offense of driving

while intoxicated and sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment. See id. § 49.04 (Vernon

2003).     Hubert served a portion of the sentence and was released on parole.            In

September 2007, Myron Reed, Hubert’s grandfather and housemate, informed Aaron

Garcia, Hubert’s parole officer, that Hubert had violated several parole conditions. Officer

Garcia issued an arrest warrant and, with Reed’s consent, Nueces County constables

searched the entire home, including Hubert’s bedroom. The constables found guns in

Hubert’s bedroom, and Hubert was indicted for unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon.

Id. § 46.04. Hubert filed a motion to suppress contending that the search violated the

Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article

I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution, and article 38.23 of the code of criminal procedure.

See U.S. CONST . amends. IV, V, VI, XIV; TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9; TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC .

ANN . art. 38.23 (Vernon 2005). A pre-trial hearing on Hubert’s motion to suppress was held

on January 28, 2008, the same date the case was set for trial.

         At the suppression hearing, Garcia testified that in September 2007, he received

information from Reed that Hubert had visited Colorado, driven without a valid driver’s

license, and possessed firearms. Garcia testified that Hubert’s alleged actions were parole

violations, and he issued a warrant for Hubert’s arrest.

         Gilberto Casas Jr., a deputy constable, received Hubert’s arrest warrant. Casas


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testified that Hubert and Reed resided together and that he and other officers went to the

residence to execute the arrest warrant. On direct examination by the State, Deputy Casas

was asked, “Can you tell me whether or not a search of the home was conducted pursuant

to consent by the owner?” He responded, “Yes, it was.” Hubert objected to the State’s

question on hearsay grounds, but his objection was overruled.

       Deputy Casas further testified that he proceeded to Hubert’s home, arrested him

and placed him in a squad car outside the house. Deputy Casas then assisted the other

officers in searching Hubert’s bedroom. On cross-examination, Deputy Casas testified that

Hubert’s bedroom door was closed, and Reed opened the door and allowed the officers

to search Hubert’s bedroom. Inside the bedroom, Deputy Casas found weapons on top

of an entertainment center and inside a closet; he also found ammunition inside a dresser.

       Juan Valverde, a detective with the constable’s department, testified for the State

that on September 27, 2007, he assisted in arresting Hubert and searching his bedroom.

Detective Valverde further testified that he believed Reed owned the residence. On cross-

examination, Detective Valverde testified that Reed stated he did not sleep in Hubert’s

bedroom.

       Rose Marie Carabajar, Hubert’s girlfriend, was called to testify by Hubert. Carabajar

testified that Reed and Hubert jointly owned the house; she lived in Hubert’s bedroom;

Reed was not allowed in Hubert’s bedroom without permission; and Hubert’s bedroom door

was always closed. Hubert offered a certified copy of the deed to the house as evidence,

but the State objected to its admission, and the trial court sustained the State’s objection.

       Hubert testified that he and Reed co-owned the house that was searched. Hubert’s

counsel again offered a copy of the deed, but the State objected to its admission on the

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ground that it was not filed fourteen days before trial. The trial court sustained the State’s

objection.

       The trial court denied Hubert’s suppression motion at the hearing and asked the

parties if they were ready to proceed to trial. Immediately after the trial court’s denial of his

motion, Hubert entered into a plea-bargain agreement with the State, wherein he pleaded

guilty to the offense of unlawful possession of a firearm in exchange for a sentence of five

years’ imprisonment. The agreement provided that Hubert waived “all pretrial motions on

file except those matters ruled on by the court.” Also on January 28, the trial court signed

a judgment in accordance with the agreement. The trial court certified that this a plea-

bargain case, but Hubert has the right to appeal matters that were raised and ruled on

before entry of the agreement. This appeal followed.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       By two subissues, Hubert contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion

to suppress because (1) Reed, an alleged co-owner of the home, lacked actual authority

to consent to the search of Hubert’s bedroom; and (2) Reed lacked apparent authority to

consent to a search. See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(f) (“The statement of an issue or point will

be treated as covering every subsidiary question that is fairly included.”).

A.     Standard of Review & Applicalbe Law

       In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply the bifurcated

standard of review articulated in Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997). We defer to the trial court’s determination of historical facts and review de novo the

trial court’s application of the law. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000) (citing Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 88-89). If the issue involves the credibility of

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a witness, we defer to the trial court’s ruling, as the trial court is in a better position to

evaluate the credibility of witnesses before it. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87, 89. On the

other hand, if the ultimate resolution of the issue depends on application of the law to the

facts and not the credibility of a witness, we review that issue de novo. Id. at 89. If the trial

court files no findings of fact, such as in this case, we view the evidence in a light most

favorable to its ruling and will uphold that ruling on any theory of law supported by the

evidence. Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that:

       [t]he rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
       effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
       and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath
       or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
       persons or things to be seized.

U.S. CONST . amend. IV. Similarly, Article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution states that:

       [t]he people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
       possessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches, and no warrant to
       search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue without
       describing them as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported
       by oath or affirmation.

TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9.

       Warrantless searches are presumed to be unreasonable, but there are recognized

exceptions. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Maryland

v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 466(1999)). One of the well recognized exceptions to the warrant

requirement is consent to search. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973);

Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

       Whether consent is valid is a question of fact to be determined from all the

circumstances. Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281 (citing Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 40
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(1996)). The federal constitution requires the State to prove the validity of the consent by

a preponderance of the evidence; the Texas Constitution requires the State to show by

clear and convincing evidence that the consent was valid. Id.

B.     Actual Authority

       By his first subissue, Hubert claims Reed lacked actual authority to consent to a

search of his bedroom. Consent to search must come from a person who has authority

over the property. See Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 106 (2006); Schneckloth, 412

U.S. at 222. The legal property interest involved is not dispositive in determining whether

a third party, such as Reed, has the authority to consent to a search. Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d

at 281. Instead, we look to whether the third party had common authority over the

property. “Common authority” rests “on mutual use of property by persons generally

having joint access or control for most purposes.” United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164,

171 n.7(1974). A third party may properly consent to a search when the party has equal

control over and equal use of the premises being searched. Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281.

       In this case, the State presented testimony from two law enforcement officers.

Deputy Casas testified that he received consent to search the home from Reed, who was

believed to be the homeowner. Deputy Casas further testified, however, that Hubert’s

bedroom door was closed, that Reed opened it for the officers, and that Hubert, who could

have consented to a search of bedroom, was sitting in a patrol car outside the house.

Detective Valverde testified Reed informed him that only Hubert slept in the bedroom.

Neither Deputy Casas’s nor Detective Valverde’s testimony amounts to any evidence that

Reed exercised actual control over Hubert’s bedroom. This case is similar to a court of

criminal appeals case and two cases from our sister courts.

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       In Becknell v. State, a father authorized a search of his adult son’s bedroom, in the

father’s house. 720 S.W.2d 526, 528 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1986). The father told

authorities he was allowed in the room only when his son was present, and the son had

the only key to the locked room. Id. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found the father

did not have actual authority to authorize the search. Id.

       In Corea v. State, although Corea’s bedroom door was open and his brother-in-law

had access to common areas of the apartment, the brother-in-law told officers at the scene

that no one other than Corea lived in the bedroom.           52 S.W.3d 311, 314 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). The court concluded the brother-in-law did not

have equal control and access to the bedroom that would give him the authority to consent

to a search of the bedroom. Id. at 316. The court further noted that “[a]n unlocked door

is not an invitation to enter.” Id. at 317.

       In Malone v. State, Malone’s deaf-mute brother lived in the same house as Malone,

but stayed in the living room, and one of the State’s officers said that, to his knowledge,

the brother did not live in the same bedroom as Malone. 163 S.W.3d 785, 796 (Tex.

App.–Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d). The court held that the State failed to show that the

brother had actual authority to consent to a search of Malone's room. Id.

       Because the State failed to show that Reed had actual authority to consent to a

search of Hubert’s bedroom, Hubert’s first subissue is sustained.

C.     Apparent Authority

       By his second subissue, Hubert contends the evidence does not establish that Reed




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had apparent authority to consent to the search.1 Under federal constitutional principles,

a third party’s apparent authority to consent to a search will suffice when the facts available

to the officer would lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that the third party had

authority to consent to the search. See Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 188-89 (1990).

If the officers do not learn enough and if the circumstances make it unclear whether the

property is subject to “common authority” of the person giving consent, “then warrantless

entry without further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists.” Id. The State

bears the burden of proving that the person who gave consent had the actual or apparent

authority to do so. Id. at 181. The State cannot satisfy this burden if officers proceed

without making further inquiry into an ambiguous situation. Corea, 52 S.W.3d at 317.

        If officers reasonably believed that the third party had common authority over the

place to be searched, then their good-faith mistake will not invalidate the search. This

deference does not mean, however, that they may rely on consent given in ambiguous

circumstances or that clearly appears unreasonable. Riordan v. State, 905 S.W.2d 765,

771 (Tex. App.–Austin 1995, no pet.). While the apparent authority doctrine should not be

applied so strictly that it places too heavy a burden on police, it cannot allow law

enforcement officers to proceed without inquiry into ambiguous circumstances or to always

accept at face value the consenting party’s apparent assumption or claim of authority to

allow the contemplated search. Id.

        In this case, the officers encountered a closed bedroom door, heard Reed say that

he did not sleep in Hubert’s bedroom, and witnessed Reed open the bedroom door. The


        1
           The court of crim inal appeals has not explicitly accepted the apparent authority doctrine. McNairy
v. State, 835 S.W .2d 101, 105 (Tex. Crim . App. 1991). It has, however, found it helpful. Id. W e, on the other
hand, have em ployed it. See, e.g., Cody v. State, No. 13-00-00402-CR, 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 4288, at *2
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Jun. 28, 2001, no pet.) (m em . op., not designated for publication).
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evidence elicited by the State regarding Reed’s assumption of apparent authority over

Hubert’s bedroom was ambiguous at best, and a reasonable person in the officer’s place

would have inquired further. See Corea, 52 S.W.3d at 317 (“The burden [that the State

bears of proving apparent authority] cannot be met if officers, faced with an ambiguous

situation, nevertheless proceed without making further inquiry.”). The officers’ search of

Hubert’s bedroom was therefore unreasonable. Hubert’s second subissue is sustained.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       Because the State failed to demonstrate a reasonable basis on which consent was

obtained, we sustain Hubert’s first issue and hold that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppression. Furthermore, we reverse the trial court’s judgment, and remand

the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


                                                  ________________________
                                                  ROGELIO VALDEZ
                                                  Chief Justice

Publish. TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Opinion delivered and filed
this the 15th day of January, 2009.




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