                                           Slip Op. 06-116

 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
____________________________________
                                    :
FUJI AMERICA CORPORATION,           :
                                    :
                  Plaintiff,        :
                                    :                   Before: MUSGRAVE, Judge
            v.                      :
                                    :                   Court No. 03-00126
THE UNITED STATES,                  :
                                    :
                  Defendant.        :
____________________________________:

[Plaintiff challenged classification of merchandise by United States Customs and Border Protection
under Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”) heading 8479 as “Machines and
mechanical appliances having functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter, parts
thereof . . . .” Plaintiff claimed that merchandise identified as a “chip placer” was properly classified
under HTSUS heading 8428 as “Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery . . . ,” and
that merchandise identified as a “feeder” was properly classified under heading 8431 as “parts” of
machines of heading 8428. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment was denied in its entirety.
Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment was granted in part and denied in part as the court
found that the chip placers were properly classified under subheading 8479.89 as they did not
passively lift and handle electronic components but, rather, played an active and integral role in
making printed circuit assemblies and, further, that the feeders were properly classified under
subheading 8479.90 as “parts” of those machines.]

                                                                                Decided: July 26, 2006

        Katten Muchin Zavis Rosenman LLP (Mark S. Zolno, Eric R. Rock, and David P. Sanders)
for the plaintiff.

        Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge,
International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice (Arthur J. Gribbin and Bruce N. Stratvert); Office of the Assistant Chief
Counsel, International Trade Litigation, United States Customs and Border Protection (Sheryl F.
French), of counsel, for the defendant.

                                              OPINION

        Before the Court are plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and defendant’s cross-motion

for summary judgment. Plaintiff challenges the classification of the subject merchandise—certain
Court No. 03-00126                                                                               Page 2


specialized machinery—by the United States Customs Service (“Customs”).1 By its cross-motion,

defendant argues that Customs’ classification was correct. The Court has jurisdiction over this

matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (2000).

                                             Background

        The subject merchandise, consisting of machinery identified as “chip placers” and “feeders,”

was entered into the United States between January 3, 2001, and December 10, 2001. Pl.’s

Statement of Material Facts not in Dispute (“Pl.’s Facts”), sec. 1, para. 1; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s

Statement of Material Facts not in Dispute (“DRPF”), sec. 1, para. 1. Customs determined that all

of the subject merchandise was properly classified under heading 8479 of the Harmonized Tariff

Schedule of the United States (2001) (“HTSUS”), which provides for “Machines and mechanical

appliances having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter; parts

thereof . . . ,” which would be assessed a duty rate of 2.5 percent ad valorum. Id. Plaintiff timely

protested Customs’ classification, arguing that the chip placers were properly classified under

HTSUS heading 8428 as “Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery (for example,

elevators, escalators, conveyors, teleferics) . . . ,” which would enter duty free. See Pl.’s Facts, sec.

1, para. 2; DRPF, sec. 1, para. 2. Customs denied the protest, finding that the subject merchandise

was properly classified under heading 8479. Plaintiff then timely commenced this action.

                                         Standard of Review

        Where there is a dispute as to the classification of merchandise, that issue may be resolved

by means of summary judgment. See Essex Mfg. v. United States, 30 CIT __, __, Slip Op. 06-01 at


        1
               The United States Customs Service has been renamed United States Customs and
Border Protection.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                               Page 3


5 (2006) (“Essex”) (citing Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir.

1998) (“Bausch & Lomb”)). In a classification case, summary judgment is appropriate where “the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(c); see Essex, 30 CIT at __, Slip Op. 06-01

at 5. “Summary judgment of a classification issue is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute

as to the underlying factual issue of exactly what the merchandise is.” Essex, 30 CIT at __, Slip Op.

06-01 at 5 (citing Bausch & Lomb, 148 F.3d at 1365; Rollerblade, Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d

481, 483 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“Rollerblade”)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Where jurisdiction

is predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a), Customs’ interpretation of an HTSUS tariff term, a question

of law, is subject to de novo review.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a)(1); E.T. Horn Co. v. United

States, 27 CIT __, __, Slip Op. 03-20 at 4 (Feb. 27, 2003)). It is incumbent upon the Court “to

‘reach the correct decision’ in classification cases . . . .” Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 484 (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Here, the parties agree that there are no material facts in

dispute and, accordingly, resolution of this matter by summary judgment is appropriate.

        The agreed-upon facts are the following. The subject merchandise consists of two types of

machines: “chip placers” and “feeders.” See Pl.’s Facts, sec. 2, para. 1; DRPR, sec. 2, para. 1. A

chip placer is “used in the manufacture/assembly of printed circuit assemblies (PCAs).”2 See Def.’s



        2
                 The HTSUS defines PCAs as “goods consisting of one or more printed circuits . . .
with one or more active elements assembled thereon, with or without passive elements. For the
purposes of this note, ‘active elements’ means diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor
devices . . . and integrated circuits and microassemblies . . . .” Section XVI Additional U.S. Note
1.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 4


Statement of Material Facts as to Which There is No Genuine Issue to Be Tried (“Def.’s Facts”),

para. 1; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute (“PRDF”), para. 1 (“Chip

placers are but one of several machines used in the multi-step process of manufacturing printed

circuit assemblies.”). Chip placers are machines that “are used to place various electronic

components such as resistors, capacitors and circuits onto blank printed circuit boards (‘PCBs’).

This process is often referred to as ‘populating’ the PCBs.” Pl.’s Facts, sec. 2, para. 2 (citing

Headquarters Ruling Letter (“HRL”) 965608 (Sept. 10, 2002)); DRPF, sec. 2, para. 2. A chip placer

is a machine that is composed of several discrete units, including a loading system, a component

placement system, and a parts inspection system. See Pl.’s Facts, sec. 2, para. 33; DRPF, sec. 2, para.

3; Pl.’s Reply to Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Pl.’s Reply to

DRPF”) at 6; Def.’s Facts, para. 3; PRDF, para. 3; see generally Fuji Corp. Video of 3/11/02

(“Video”)4. The loading system receives PCBs from an external conveyor, moves PCBs within the

chip placer, and then disgorges populated PCBs onto a second external conveyor. Def.’s Facts, para.




       3
               See also Mem. In Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at Ex. 5, Attachs. In these
documents, chip placers are stated to have the following system components: “XY-robots, PCB
conveyors, part supply stations, placing heads, and part and fiducial inspection cameras.” See Twin
Station Multi-Function SMD Mounter NP-251E/251E-XL Mach. Specifications at 3; Multi-Function
SMD Mounter QP-351E-MM Mach. Specifications at 2.
       4
                The Video was not filed concurrently with either parties’ papers. Because, however,
the parties reference the content of the Video (see, e.g., Pl.’s Br. In Reply to Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s
Mot. for Summ. J. and Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 5; Def.’s Reply Br. In Supp. of Mot. for
Summ. J. and in Opp’n to Pl.’s Resp. at 2), and Customs reviewed the Video during the protest
process (see HRL 965608), the Court requested that plaintiff file a copy of it, which plaintiff did.
In the Video, Fuji’s Applications Engineering Manager gives a detailed explanation of the functions
of various machines—with an emphasis on chip placers—and the processes involved in making
PCAs.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                            Page 5


3. PRDF, para. 3; see also Video at 9:56:17–:325; id. at 10:04:22–:30 (showing external conveyor

introducing PCB into chip placer). The placement system consists of “numerous vacuum nozzles

and heads, which populate the PCB with great accuracy and speed.” Def.’s Facts, para. 3; PRDF,

para. 3; see Video at 9:56:54–:57:15. The parts recognition system inspects components prior to

placement to ensure that the correct component has been selected for placement. See Video at

9:57:16–:34.

       The feeders at issue consist of two different types of machines: “motor” and “power” feeders.

Pl.’s Facts, sec. 2, para. 4; DRPF, sec. 2, para. 4. The feeders are specifically designed to supply

various electronic components to chip placers via a variety of different systems. See, e.g., Def.’s

Facts, para. 9; PRDF, para. 9; id. at para. 10. These systems include tape and tray feeders. Def.’s

Facts, para. 10; PRDF, para. 10.

                                            Discussion

       The parties argue that classification of the subject merchandise can be resolved by application

of HTSUS General Rule of Interpretation (“GRI”) 1. See Mem. In Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ.

J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 20; Def.’s Mem. In Supp. of Its Mot. for Summ. J. and in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot.

for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 7 (“The classification of the imported merchandise requires a

straightforward application of HTSUS [GRI] 1 . . . .”). GRI 1 provides:

               The table of contents, alphabetical index, and titles of sections,
               chapters and sub-chapters are provided for ease of reference only; for
               legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the
               terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes and,


       5
               These numbers refer to the time stamp on the Video. The stamp apparently refers to
the date and time the Video was recorded. For clarity, the date and “AM” designations are not
reproduced with the citations herein.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 6


               provided such headings do not otherwise require, according to the
               [other general rules of interpretation] . . . .

GRI 1; Nidec Corp. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1333, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Nidec”) (citing GRI 1).

In the case at bar the parties agree that the chip placers are properly classified within HTSUS chapter

84. See Pl.’s Mem. at 16; Def.’s Mem. at 7. The parties differ, however, as to which heading within

chapter 84 the chip placers and feeders fall.

                                                  A

                                                  1

       The Court first examines the classification of the chip placers. Customs classified the chip

placers under HTSUS heading 8479 and, more specifically, subheading 8479.89.9797, which covers

“Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included

elsewhere in this chapter; parts thereof : . . . Other machines and mechanical appliances . . . Other:

Electromechanical appliances with self-contained motor . . . Other . . . Other . . . Other . . . .” See

HRL 965608. Customs stated that classification within heading 8479 was proper because the

function of the chip placers “is not a function described within the terms of heading 8428, HTSUS.”

Customs further stated that the Court of International Trade

               upheld the Customs Service position that the scope of Heading 8428
               covers a wide range of machinery for mechanical handling of
               materials, goods, people and other items. Citing technical sources,
               Customs has maintained that Heading 8428, HTSUS, covers material
               handling equipment[,] which are devices that transport, position and
               store raw materials and finished goods for industrial and commercial
               operations.

HRL 965608 (citing Mitsubishi Int’l Corp. v. United States, 22 CIT 324, 339, 5 F. Supp. 2d 991,

1005 (1998) (“Mitsubishi I”), aff’d, 182 F.3d 884 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“Mitsubishi II”)). Customs
Court No. 03-00126                                                                                  Page 7


reasoned that classification of the subject merchandise under heading 8479 was proper because

                [t]he chip mounter’s function is to manufacture printed circuit
                assemblies by mounting (sometime[s] referred to as “populating”)
                electronic components onto printed circuit boards. This position was
                further confirmed upon reviewing the videotape submitted by counsel
                on behalf of the protestant that demonstrated the chip placers. In the
                videotape, the machine is described as a high speed assembly
                machine. The machine’s function is to populate the PCB with
                electronic components. It populates the PCBs by using a conveyor to
                load and unload a PCB under the vacuum nozzle placing heads.
                These placing heads retrieve the electronic components from one of
                the several types of feeders made by the manufacturer. We find that
                the chip mounters/placers do not meet the terms of Heading 8428, as
                they do not transport, position and store materials. Therefore,
                classification under Heading 8428 is precluded. Based upon our
                holdings in NY 884327 and in NY A88431, we find that the chip
                mounters/placers are classified in Heading 8479, HTSUS.

Id.

        Plaintiff argues that the chip placers should be classified under heading 8428 as “Other

lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery (for example, elevators, escalators, conveyors,

teleferics) . . . .”6 Plaintiff contends that this is the proper classification of the chip placers due this


        6
                In further detail, heading 8428 provides for the classification of:

                8428.00          Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading
                                 machinery (for example, elevators, escalators,
                                 conveyors, teleferics): . . .
                8428.10          Passenger or freight elevators other than continuous
                                 action; skip hoists . . .
                8428.20          Pneumatic elevators and conveyors . . .
                                 Other continuous-action elevators and conveyors, for goods
                                 or materials:
                8428.31                  Specially designed for underground use . . .
                8428.32                  Other, bucket type . . .
                8428.33                  Other, belt type . . .
                8428.39                  Other . . .
                                                                                      (continued...)
Court No. 03-00126                                                                               Page 8


Court’s jurisprudence. See Pl.’s Mem. at 24 (citing Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT 324, 5 F. Supp. 2d 991).

Plaintiff argues that, following Mitsubishi I, “[t]he Chip Placers’ immediate, primary function is to

lift electronic components from the feeder banks by means of the vacuum nozzles and then handle

them in order to place them at the appropriate locations on the blank PCB.” Pl.’s Mem. at 24–25

(emphasis removed; citing Aff. of Dr. Kevin M. Lynch, ¶ 7). While the Court agrees that Mitsubishi

I is instructive on this point, the Court does not agree that Mitsubishi I supports plaintiff’s position.

In Mitsubishi I the Court was presented with the issue of the proper classification of various

machines used in a continuous steel casting process. See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 325, 5 F. Supp. 2d

at 994. The plaintiff argued that classification of certain of those machines under heading 8428 was

not proper because none of them were operated by pulleys, winches or jacking systems and,

moreover, the exemplars listed in the heading moved raw materials, whereas the subject merchandise



        6
            (...continued)
                    8428.40     Escalators and moving walkways . . .
                    8428.50     Mine wagon pushers, locomotive or wagon traversers,
                                wagon tippers and similar railway wagon handling
                                equipment . . .
                  8428.60       Teleferics, chair lifts, ski draglines; traction
                                mechanisms for funiculars . . .
                  8428.90.00           Other Machinery . . .
                  8428.90.00.02        Of a kind used in charging or discharging
                                       furnaces . . .
                  8428.90.00.04        Of a kind used for radioactive materials . . .
                  8428.90.00.06        Woodland log handling equipment (other than
                                       skidders) . . .
                                       Other:
                  8428.90.00.10                 Industrial robots . . .
                  8428.90.00.20                 Oil and gas field machinery . . .
                  8428.90.00.30                 Sidebooms and pipehandlers . . .
                  8428.90.00.40                 Loaders, underground mine type . . .
                  8428.90.00.90                 Other . . . .
Court No. 03-00126                                                                               Page 9


was part of an assembly process. See id. at 338–339, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1005. The defendant

countered that heading 8428 covered a “wide range” of machinery, and that the proper question for

classification was what constituted the “primary function” of each of the machines. Id. at 339, 5 F.

Supp. 2d at 1005–06. The Court agreed that it was the “primary function” of a machine that was the

determining factor for classification, and proceeded to review each article using that standard. See

id. at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007. The Court first examined several machines, including a “torch

approach table,” a “torch roller table,” a “torch runout table,” and a “slab transfer table.” Id. at 340,

5 F. Supp. 2d at 1006. The Court stated that the “tables are used to convey the solidifying steel

during the final forming operations. Each roller table consists of a frame onto which rollers with

bearings and drives are mounted and they advance and discharge the slab at a casting speed . . . .”

Id. The Court found that each of these items were properly classified under heading 8428 because

“the primary function of the components at issue is not making steel slabs but lifting and handling

materials.” Id. at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007; see Mitsubishi II, 182 F.3d at 887 (stating “[w]e

conclude the classifications were correct . . . .”). The Court next examined a machine called a

“deburring table.” Mistubishi I, 22 CIT at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007. The Court, noting that the

plaintiff conceded that “the deburring runout table is similar to the [other roller tables],” found that

it was properly classified under heading 8428 as a conveyor. Id. at 342, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1008

(bracketing in original). The Court next examined several machines, including a “segment change

system,” a “ladle turret,” a “tundish transfer car,” a “ladle-to-tundish shroud changing mechanism,”

a “tundish lifting beam,” a “segment lifting beam,” a “mold and first zone lifting beam,” and a

“segment transfer car.” Id. at 342, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1008. The Court found that these machines were
Court No. 03-00126                                                                            Page 10


all properly classified under heading 8428 because their primary function was to lift and handle

various items. The Court reasoned that the ladle turret was properly classified under heading 8428

because its “primary function is lifting or handling materials.” Id. at 343, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1009. The

Court reasoned that the tundish transfer car and the shroud changing mechanism were properly

classified within heading 8428 because “[i]n their condition as imported . . . these components . . .

perform lifting and handling functions.” Id. at 345, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1010. The Court noted that

there was “no evidence that the tundish transfer car or shroud changing mechanism . . . perform

additional casting operations . . . without parts added after importation.” Id. Finally, the Court

reasoned that the tundish lifting beam, segment changer system, segment lifting beam, mold and first

zone lifting beam, and the segment transfer car were all properly classified under heading 8428

because “these components are described by plaintiff as having functions including aligning,

transporting and removing steel slabs by lifting and handling.” Id. at 347, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1011.

       In the case at bar, plaintiff argues that a chip placer’s primary function is “lifting and

handling” computer components. The Court does not agree. The main difficulty with this position

is that it reduces the overall function of a chip placer to a single process within it. In other words,

plaintiff’s argument does not take into account a chip placer’s entire function within the process of

making PCAs. To better understand this point, the Court finds plaintiff’s Video—which explains

in detail how chip placers function—instructive.7 According to the Video, a chip placer begins its

function in making a PCA by having a PCB moved into the chip placer’s internal loading system.



       7
                The Court uses plaintiff’s model QP-351E-MM as the basis of its discussion, as the
functioning of this model is explained in the Video and plaintiff has included that machine’s design
specifications with its papers. See Pl.’s Mem. at Ex. 5, Attach. 2.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                              Page 11


Video at 10:04:21–:36. The loading system grasps the PCB, moves it into the chip placer’s work

area, lifts it into position, and locks it in place. Id. at 9:56:24–:31. After being locked in place, the

chip placer uses a camera to locate fiducial marks printed on the PCB to determine the PCB’s exact

position within the work space. Id. at :56:34–:44. Using this information, the chip placer calculates

an offset that allows accurate placement of components. Id. at :56:46–:52. Next, the chip placer

selects a placement tool by moving the placement head to a “tooling fixture” where, depending on

the size and type of component to be placed, the placement head is fitted with one of several vacuum

nozzles or mechanical chucks.8 Id. at :55:35–:56:10. The chip placer then moves the tooled

placement head to a feeder station where a variety of components can be selected. Id. at :57:07–:15.

After making a selection, the chip placer moves the placement head to the parts identification

system, which takes a picture of the selected component. Id. at :57:16–:26. The chip placer then

matches the picture of the selected component with a reference image to determine whether the

correct component has been selected. Id. at :57:27–:34. After determining that the selected

component is the correct component, the chip placer makes a calculation as to where the selected

component is to be placed on the PCB. Id. at :57:35–:43 The chip placer then moves the placement

head to the correct spot over the PCB and places the component on the PCB’s surface.9 Id. at

:57:45–:48. After the chip placer places the selected component, it repeats the process. Id. at

:57:50–:52. As the placement process progresses, the chip placer may, depending on the component


        8
               The mechanical chucks are vacuum actuated tools that grasp components with a
pincer action. See Video at 9:55:53–:58.
        9
               Components are held in place during the population process by a variety of methods
including “solder paste, conductive adhesives, and non-conductive adhesives.” Glenn R. Blackwell,
P.E., & James K. Hollomon, Jr., Surface Mount Technology for PC Boards 96 (2d ed. 2006).
Court No. 03-00126                                                                               Page 12


to be selected, return the placement head to the tooling fixture to change the tooling on the placement

head. Id. at :57:52–:58:04. In sum, the Video shows that a chip placer does not merely move

materials (in this case PCBs and electronic components) from one place to another; instead, a PCB

is introduced into a chip placer, the PCB has components placed on it, and the populated PCB exits

the chip placer at the end of the process. In direct contrast to machines at issue in Mitsubishi I, the

chip placers’ primary function is not the passive lifting and handling of materials but, rather, an

active and integral step in making PCAs. See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007

(“[T]he primary function of the [machines] at issue is not making steel slabs but lifting and handling

materials.”). Therefore, because the chip placers’ primary function is not “lifting and handling,” they

cannot be classified under heading 8428 as “Other lifting, handling, loading or unloading

machinery . . . .”

        Plaintiff presents several additional arguments in support of its position that chip placers are

correctly classified within heading 8428. First, plaintiff takes issue with defendant’s position that

the chip placers cannot be classified in heading 8428 because they perform an “assembly” function.

See Pl.’s Mem. at 27 (citing Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s First Set of Interrogs. and Req. for Prod., ¶ 12).

Plaintiff argues that “[t]he jurisprudence of this court and numerous Customs rulings make clear that

the appropriate question is not whether a machine ‘assembles,’ but rather the function it performs

in contributing to that assembly.” Id. at 27. In support of its position plaintiff states that

                          The clearest example of this distinction is in the Mitsubishi
                case . . . . In that case, all of the various machines at issue contributed
                to the assembly (or manufacture) of the steel slabs. The court
                specifically rejected the suggestion that all of the various machines
                should simply be classified as parts of a “steel casting machine”
                simply because they were part of the process whereby steel was cast
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 13


               into slabs. . . . [T]he appropriate inquiry is each machine’s
               immediate, primary function within that process of assembly or
               production.

Pl.’s Mem. at 27. Again, the Court does not agree that Mitsubishi I supports plaintiff’s argument.

Specifically, in Mitsubishi I the plaintiff argued that a prior decision covering similar merchandise

was controlling for the classification of the merchandise at issue. See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT 331–332,

5 F. Supp. 2d at 999–1000. The Court disagreed, finding that the prior action was not controlling

because the merchandise at issue had been classified under provisions of the Tariff Schedule of the

United States (“TSUS”) and not the HTSUS, and that the “special language” of the HTSUS dictated

a different result. See id. at 336, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1003 (examining GRI additional U.S. note 1(c);

TSUS GRI 10(ij); HTSUS section XVI note 2(a)) (“The inclusion of Note 2(a) to Section XVI

provides a ‘context’ which requires this Court to examine whether the components at issue are

‘[p]arts which are goods included in any of the headings of chapters 84 and 85’ and thus whether

they should ‘be classified in their respective headings.’” (bracketing in original)). On appeal, the

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed, stating that “[n]ote 2(a) of Section XVI provides

that ‘parts which are goods included in any of the headings of chapters 84 and 85 . . . are in all cases

to be classified in their respective headings.’ This provision is ‘special language or context’ that

renders Rule of Interpretation 1(c) inapplicable to the extent that they conflict.” Mistubishi II, 182

F.3d at 886 (citing Clarendon Mktg., Inc. v. United States, 144 F.3d 1464, 1469 (Fed. Cir. 1998)).

Here, the issue is not whether a chip placer is part of a larger assembly process. Instead, the issue

has solely to do with the primary function of a chip placer. As previously stated, the classification

of the chip placers within heading 8428 is not proper because they are not, as in Mitsubishi I,
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 14


machines that passively lift and handle materials from one place to another within a larger process.

See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007.

        Next, plaintiff argues that the explanatory notes support its position that the chip placers are

properly classified under heading 8428. Plaintiff argues that the chip placers “are industrial robots,

as that term is used both in the Explanatory Notes and in the robotics industry at large . . . .” Pl.’s

Mem. at 29. Therefore, plaintiff reasons, because the chip placers are industrial robots that perform

the primary function of lifting and handling, they are excluded from heading 8479. Id.; see

Explanatory Note 84.79(I) (“[T]he heading excludes those industrial robots specifically designed to

perform a specific function; these industrial robots are classified in the heading covering their

function . . . .”). Again the Court does not agree. The main problem with this argument is that, even

were it established that the chip placers are industrial robots (a point with which defendant

disagrees), a necessary prerequisite to classifying an article under heading 8428 is that it has as its

primary function the passive lifting and handling of material and, as discussed, this simply is not the

case with chip placers. See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007. Furthermore, were

it agreed that the chip placers are industrial robots, this fact alone would not exclude them from

classification under heading 8479, as that heading specifically provides for the classification of

industrial robots. See HTSUS subheading 8479.50 (“Industrial robots, not elsewhere specified or

included . . . .”).

        Finally, plaintiff argues that the Court should not give deference to the ruling letter that

addresses the classification of the chip placers. See Pl.’s Mem. at 40 (citing HRL 965608). Plaintiff

contends that this ruling letter is not entitled to deference because it is “neither thorough nor well-
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 15


reasoned. [It is] also not consistent with Customs’ prior interpretation of Heading 8428.” Id.

Plaintiff reasons that the ruling letter “lack[s] power to persuade” and, therefore, is not to be

accorded deference. Id. (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1934); United States v.

Mead, 533 U.S. 218, 235 (2001) (“Mead”)); see also Rocknel Fastener v. United States, 267 F.3d

1354, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“Rocknel”) (citing Mead, 533 U.S. at 235). As the chip placers are

correctly classified under heading 8479 the Court does not address the question of whether the ruling

letter has the “power to persuade.”10

       For all the foregoing reasons the Court finds that the chip placers cannot be properly

classified under HTSUS heading 8428.

                                                   2

       The Court next turns to the correct classification of the chip placers. As previously noted,

GRI 1 provides that for “legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of

the headings and any relative section or chapter notes . . . .” GRI 1; Nidec, 68 F.3d at 1335; see

Ciba-Geigy Corp. v. United States, 22 CIT 1155, 1162–63, 44 F. Supp. 2d 207, 213 (1998) (“GRI

1 instructs that in addition to the plain language of the headings themselves, chapter notes are to be

used in fully determining the meaning of tariff headings.”), aff’d, 223 F.3d 1367, 1372–73 (Fed. Cir.


       10
                 The Court notes that were the chip placers not properly classified within heading 8479
plaintiff’s argument might have some merit, as an examination of the ruling letter reveals that at least
one of its main premises is incorrect. Specifically, the ruling letter, citing Mitsubishi I, states that
“Customs has maintained that Heading 8428, HTSUS, covers material handling equipment[,] which
are devices that transport, position and store raw materials and finished goods for industrial and
commercial operations.” See HRL 965608 (citing Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 339, 5 F. Supp. 2d 1005).
A review of Mitsubishi I, however, shows that this was not, in fact, Customs’ “position” in that case.
Instead, the cited language is a synthesis of two quotations from the plaintiff’s brief. See Mitsubishi
I, 22 CIT at 339 nn.6 & 7, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1005 nn.6 & 7. Nowhere in Mitsubishi I is it indicated
that Customs either advocated or adopted these definitions. See generally id.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                            Page 16


2000) (“The plain language of Note 1(a), read in conjunction with Note 2(f) of Chapter 29, can only

be interpreted to mean that Headings 3203 and 3204 are the only acceptable classifications within

Chapter 32 for a ‘separate chemically defined compound.’”). Thus, to classify the chip placers, GRI

1 must be read “in conjunction” with the relevant notes for chapter 84. The chapter notes provide

that

               A machine which is used for more than one purpose is, for the
               purposes of classification, to be treated as if its principal purpose
               were its sole purpose.

               Subject to note 2 to this chapter and note 3 to section XVI, a machine
               the principal purpose of which is not described in any heading or for
               which no one purpose is the principal purpose is, unless the context
               otherwise requires, to be classified in heading 8479. . . .

Chapter 84 note 7.11 Here, the chip placers’ primary function is to perform an active and integral role

in making PCAs. See Mitsubishi I, 22 CIT at 341, 5 F. Supp. 2d at 1007. A review of chapter 84

shows that none of the headings describe this primary function and, therefore, pursuant to note 7, the



       11
               Section XVI note 3 provides:

               Unless the context otherwise requires, composite machines consisting
               of two or more machines fitted together to form a whole and other
               machines adapted for the purpose of performing two or more
               complementary or alternative functions are to be classified as if
               consisting only of that component or as being that machine which
               performs the principal function.

       Chapter 84 note 2 provides, in relevant part:

               Subject to the operation of note 3 to section XVI, a machine or
               appliance which answers to a description in one or more of the
               headings 8401 to 8424 and at the same time to a description in one or
               more of the headings 8425 to 8480 is to be classified under the
               appropriate heading of the former group and not the latter. . . .
Court No. 03-00126                                                                           Page 17


chip placers are properly classified under heading 8479. The fact that the chip placers are to be

classified under heading 8479 does not conclude the classification process, however, as there are

several subheadings within that heading. Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 484; see Diachem Indus., Ltd.,

v. United States, 22 CIT 889, 893 (1998) (citing Alcan Aluminium Corp. v. United States, 21 CIT

1238, 986 F. Supp. 1436, 1443 (1998), rev’d on other grounds, 165 F.3d 898 (Fed. Cir. 1999)) (“If

the chapter notes and headings are dispostitive, the Court need not engage in the analysis of

subordinate rules and other interpretation.”). Pursuant the General Rules of Interpretation:

               For legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of
               a heading shall be determined according to the terms of those
               subheadings and any related subheading notes and, mutatis mutandis,
               to the above rules, on the understanding that only subheadings at the
               same level are comparable. For the purposes of this rule, the relative
               section, chapter and subchapter notes also apply, unless the context
               otherwise requires.

GRI 6. A review of heading 8479 shows that none of the terms of the subheadings describe the chip

placers or their primary function, and, therefore, classification of the subject merchandise under the

“other” subheading of 8479.89.9797 is proper.

       For all the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that chip placers are not “lifting, handling

loading or unloading machinery” that can be classified under heading 8428 but are, rather,

“Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included

elsewhere in this chapter . . .” that are properly classified under heading 8479.

                                                  B

       The Court next turns to the classification of the feeders. Plaintiff argues that the feeders

should be classified under heading 8431, which covers “Parts suitable for use solely or principally
Court No. 03-00126                                                                            Page 18


with the machinery of heading 8425 to 8430 . . . .” See Pl.’s Mem. at 33. In response, defendant

argues that classification of the feeders under heading 8431 is inappropriate “inasmuch as the

machine of which these feeders are parts of is not a Heading 8428 machine.” Def.’s Mem. at 22.

The Court agrees that classification of the feeders within heading 8431 is not appropriate as they are

not “parts” of a machine of one of the headings listed therein.

        The question then becomes the proper classification of the feeders. Defendant argues that

Customs’ classification of the feeders under the same subheading as the chip placers—8479.89—was

proper. See Def.’s Mem. at 22. The Court does not agree. As a preliminary matter, while the parties

differ as to the precise characterization of the feeders (i.e., whether or not they perform an

inseparable function of the chip placers, see DRPF, sec. 2, para. 8; Pl.’s Reply to DRPF, sec. 2, para.

8), they agree that the feeders are “parts” to be used with the chip placers. See Pl.’s Mem. at 33

(citing Bauerhin Techs. Ltd v. United States, 110 F.3d 774 (Fed. Cir. 1997)); Def.’s Mem. at 22

(citing section XVI note 2(a)). Thus, to properly classify these “parts,” the Court turns to the HTSUS

notes for guidance. GRI 1; Mitsubishi II, 182 F.3d at 886. The section notes provide, in relevant

part:

               [P]arts of machines . . . are to be classified according to the following
               rules:

                       (a) Parts which are goods included in any of the
                       headings of chapters 84 and 85 (other than headings
                       8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8485, 8503, 8522,
                       8529, 8538 and 8548) are in all cases to be classified
                       in their respective headings;

                       (b) Other parts, if suitable for use solely or principally
                       with a particular kind of machine, or with a number of
                       machines of the same heading (including a machine of
Court No. 03-00126                                                                          Page 19


                       heading 8479 or 8543) are to be classified with the
                       machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448,
                       8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as
                       appropriate. . . .

Section XVI note 2. Defendant argues that section note 2(a) is controlling because the feeders are

machines that can perform their function independently from the chip placers. See Def.’s Facts,

para. 14 (citing Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Interrogs.; Aff. of David Losche) (“The function of feeding,

which is performed by the Feeders[,] is separate from the function of mounting electrical

components onto a printed circuit board, which is performed by the Chip Placers.”). In contrast,

plaintiff argues that section note 2(b) is controlling because the feeders’ design and function is

inexorably intertwined with that of the chip placers. See PRDF, para. 14 (“[A]vers that, the Chip

Placers cannot operate without having components in place. The components are supplied to the

chip placer by feeders in a manner that allows the Chip Placer to function as designed.”). Plaintiff

contends that, following Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit precedent, the feeders should be

considered integral “parts” of the chip placers. Pl.’s Br. In Reply to Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for

Summ. J. and Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 28 (citing Bauerhin Techs. Ltd.

P’ship v. United States, 110 F.3d 774 (1997) (“Bauerhin”)). As pointed out by plaintiff, in Bauerhin

the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated that “an imported item dedicated solely for use

with another article is a ‘part’ of that article within the meaning of the HTSUS.” Bauerhin, 110 F.3d

at 779 (citing United States v. Pompeo, 43 CCPA 9 (1955)). Here, plaintiff explains that the feeders

are “solely” designed to be used with the chip placers because

               the motor feeders and power feeders are specially designed to attach
               to a Chip Placer and communicate with its programmable controller
               in order to synchronize operation with the Chip Placer exclusively.
Court No. 03-00126                                                                             Page 20


               These feeders cannot be sold for use with any other machine, and
               more importantly, perform no function other than to feed parts to a
               Chip Placer. The feeders are not general equipment which could be
               sold independently for use with other machines.

Pl.’s Reply at 29 (citing Suppl. Wischoffer Aff., ¶ 10); see also Video at 9:54:58–:55:29;

10:01:24–:02:30; 10:10:14–:16:12 (explaining function of feeders). The Court agrees that the

feeders are integral parts of chip placers because they are “an imported item dedicated solely for use

with another article . . . .” Bauerhin, 110 F.3d at 779. Therefore, as they are “suitable for use solely

or principally with a particular kind of machine . . . ,” the feeders “are to be classified with the

machines of that kind or in heading 8409, 8431, 8448, 8466, 8473, 8503, 8522, 8529 or 8538 as

appropriate.” Section XVI note 2(b). Because the feeders cannot be classified under heading 8431

as parts of machines of heading 8428, and as no other heading describes the feeders, they are, thus,

properly classified under the same heading as the chip placers—8479. As previously noted, heading

8479 is divided into several subheadings and, therefore, consideration of each is necessary. GRI 6;

see Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 484 (stating it is the Court’s duty “to ‘reach the correct decision in

classification cases . . . .’”). An examination of the subheadings of heading 8479 shows that

subheading 8479.90 specifically provides for the classification of “parts.”12 A further review of

subheading 8479.90 shows that classification of the feeders is not specifically provided for therein

and, therefore, they are properly classified under subheading 8479.90.9595 as “Machines and

mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this



        12
                While neither alleged in its complaint nor argued in its papers, plaintiff, by its
summons, raises the possibility that the feeders are properly classified under subheading 8479.90.
 See summons. Indeed, plaintiff identified 8479.90 as the proper subheading for classification of the
feeders in its entry papers. See HRL965394 (Sept. 10, 2002).
Court No. 03-00126                                                                                Page 21


chapter; parts thereof . . . Parts . . . Other . . . .”13 The Court, therefore, denies both plaintiff’s and

defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to the classification of the feeders, and finds that they

are properly classified under HTSUS subheading 8479.90.9595. Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 484.

                                              Conclusion

        For all the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the chip placers are properly classified

under HTSUS subheading 8479.89.9797 as “Machines and mechanical appliances having individual

functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter; parts thereof . . . Other machines and

mechanical appliances . . . Other: Electromechanical appliances with self-contained electric

motor . . . Other . . . Other . . . Other . . . ,” and that the feeders are properly classified under HTSUS

subheading 8479.90.9595 as “parts” of such machines. Judgment shall enter accordingly.


                                                             /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave
                                                               R. Kenton Musgrave, Judge

Dated: July 26, 2006
       New York, New York




        13
               Because defendant agrees that the feeders are “parts” of the chip placers, and since
subheading 8479.90 specifically provides for the classification of “parts,” classification of the
feeders under precisely the same subheading as the chip placers—8479.89—is not proper. See
Rollerblade, 112 F.3d at 484.
