                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 15a0082n.06

                                          No. 14-3245
                                                                                    FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 Jan 27, 2015
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


LADISLAO PADILLA-OCHOA,                               )
                                                      )
       Petitioner,                                    )
                                                      )   ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.                                                    )   FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                      )   BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,                )   APPEALS
                                                      )
       Respondent.                                    )
                                                      )
                                                      )


       BEFORE: GIBBONS, SUTTON, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.



       PER CURIAM. Ladislao Padilla-Ochoa, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions this

court for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal

from the denial of his applications for asylum and withholding of removal.

       Padilla last entered the United States in April 1997. In July 2008, the Department of

Homeland Security (DHS) served Padilla with a notice to appear in removal proceedings,

charging him with removability as an alien present in the United States without having been

admitted or paroled. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Padilla appeared before an immigration

judge (IJ) and conceded removability. Padilla subsequently applied for cancellation of removal

on the basis that his removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his

United States–citizen children. Padilla also applied for asylum and withholding of removal

based on his membership in a “particular social group,” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), asserting
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Padilla-Ochoa v. Holder

that he worked as a teacher when he lived in Mexico and that the Mexican drug cartels are now

targeting teachers for extortion.

       After a hearing, the IJ denied Padilla’s applications for relief and ordered his removal to

Mexico. The IJ found that Padilla’s testimony was “credible but unpersuasive.” In denying

asylum and withholding of removal, the IJ concluded that Padilla had suffered no persecution in

Mexico and that he had failed to demonstrate either a well-founded fear of persecution or a clear

probability of persecution in Mexico if he returned. The IJ also discredited the particular social

group to which Padilla purportedly belonged: “teachers in Mexico with a regular income that

could be extorted by cartel members.” The IJ determined that such a group was not cognizable

because the group was inappropriately defined solely by the persecution allegedly inflicted upon

it as opposed to by reference to its “social visibility” in Mexico. The IJ went on to find that

Padilla had not demonstrated the requisite nexus between his membership in the group and

persecution, as he had failed to show that the drug cartels targeted teachers for any reason other

than their regular income. Finally, even if the drug cartels did target teachers, the IJ found that

Padilla had failed to show that he would be targeted when he is not a teacher and has not been a

teacher since 1991. In denying cancellation of removal, the IJ concluded that Padilla had failed

to demonstrate the requisite continuous physical presence, good moral character, and hardship.

       Padilla appealed the denial of his applications for asylum and withholding of removal.

The BIA dismissed Padilla’s appeal and affirmed the IJ’s decision. With respect to asylum, the

BIA agreed that Padilla had not established past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution. According to the BIA, Padilla had expressed a subjectively genuine fear of being

harmed upon his return to Mexico but had not demonstrated that his fear was objectively

reasonable. The BIA further determined that, assuming a cognizable social group of teachers


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and teachers’ union members in Mexico, Padilla had failed to show that he would be perceived

as a member of that group because he had not worked as a teacher in Mexico in over twenty

years. The BIA also noted that fear of general violence in Mexico is not a basis for asylum.

Finally, the BIA concluded that Padilla’s failure to establish eligibility for asylum precluded him

from establishing his entitlement to a withholding of removal.

       Padilla petitions this court for review of the denial of his applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. Where, as here, “the BIA reviews the immigration judge’s decision and

issues a separate opinion, rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we

review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429,

435 (6th Cir. 2009). We review the agency’s factual determinations for substantial evidence,

reversing only if “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”

8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Dieng v. Holder, 698 F.3d 866, 871–72 (6th Cir. 2012).

       Padilla first contends that the BIA erred in supporting the IJ’s finding that his particular

social group of teachers and teachers’ union members lacked social visibility. But the BIA did

not address social visibility. It instead assumed that Padilla’s proposed group qualified as a

particular social group. The BIA went on to conclude that Padilla had not demonstrated that he

would be perceived as a member of that group because he had not worked as a teacher in Mexico

in over twenty years.

       Padilla next argues that the BIA ignored his credible testimony regarding the persecution

of two family members because of their status as teachers in Mexico. “[A]bsent a pattern of

persecution tied to the asylum applicant himself or herself, acts of violence against family

members do not necessarily demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution.”             Akhtar v.

Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 405 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Gebremaria v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 734, 739


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(8th Cir. 2004)). Padilla did not establish a pattern of persecution tied to him, given that he

worked as a teacher in Mexico for less than three months in 1991, he has not worked as a teacher

since then, and he does not have a teaching job waiting for him in Mexico.

       Finally, Padilla asserts that his due process rights were violated because the IJ

erroneously stated that he never belonged to a teacher’s union when he testified that he did. To

establish a due process violation, Padilla must show that there was a defect in the removal

proceedings and that he was prejudiced by that defect. See Abdallahi v. Holder, 690 F.3d 467,

472 (6th Cir. 2012).    Considering that union membership was not a factor in the BIA’s

decision—the final agency determination—Padilla has failed to demonstrate that the IJ’s

misstatement “led to a substantially different outcome.” Id.

       Substantial evidence supports the denial of Padilla’s applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.




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