[Cite as Jones v. Action Now Pest Control, 2010-Ohio-1543.]
                            STATE OF OHIO, HARRISON COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                        SEVENTH DISTRICT


ROBERT E. JONES, et al.,         )
                                 )                        CASE NO. 08 HA 6
     PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,      )
                                 )
     - VS -                      )                              OPINION
                                 )
ACTION NOW PEST CONTROL, et al., )
                                 )
     DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.       )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                                 Civil Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                          Court, Case No. 02-352-CR.

JUDGMENT:                                                 Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellants:                                Attorney Aaron Berg
                                                          Caravone & Czack, PPL
                                                          50 Public Square, The Terminal Tower
                                                          Suite 1900
                                                          Cleveland, OH 44113

                                                          Attorney Michael Shaheen
                                                          227 E. Main Street
                                                          St. Clairsville, OH 43950

For Defendants-Appellees:                                 Attorney Patrick McCaffrey
                                                          Attorney Audrey E. Varwig
                                                          Golian & McCaffrey, LLC
                                                          2109 Stella Court
                                                          Columbus, OH 43215


JUDGES:
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Dated: March 29, 2010
                                                                                        -2-


DeGenaro, J.
       {¶1}    This timely appeal comes for consideration upon the record in the trial court,
the parties’ briefs, and their oral arguments before this court. Plaintiff-Appellant Jones
appeals the October 17, 2008 decision of the Harrison County Court of Common Pleas
that granted summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee, Action Now Pest Control.
Jones asserts that his negligence claim should not have been dismissed via summary
judgment, because he presented a genuine question of material fact as to whether Action
Now had negligently performed its contractual duty to "seal building for bats."
       {¶2}    Upon review, the trial court correctly concluded that the duties of Action Now
claimed by Jones were not included in the contract between Action Now and the Conotton
Valley School District. Action Now did not owe Jones a duty to complete a more thorough
inspection of the interior of the school building in excess of its contractual duties.
Because there is no factual dispute that Action Now satisfactorily completed its
obligations according to the plain meaning of the contract terms, and because Action Now
did not owe Jones any legal duty to affirmatively act, the trial court's summary judgment
dismissal of Jones's negligence claim is affirmed.
                               Facts and Procedural History
       {¶3}    Jones began his position as the principal of the Bowerston Elementary
School in 2000. The custodian at the school, Elizabeth F. West, pointed out the presence
of bats to Jones shortly after he began working at the school. According to West’s
deposition testimony, there was already a bat infestation on the school building when
West began working at Bowerston around 1988. Jones noticed bat droppings on the
back end of the school building's exterior, and did not notice any droppings inside the
building. Jones reported the problem to the Conotton Superintendent, Thomas A. Wolfe,
in 2000. Between 2000 and 2002, as the accumulation of bat droppings outside the
building worsened, Jones repeatedly reported the issue to Wolfe. Wolfe advised Jones to
find a pest control company to expel the bats, and Action Now was contacted to come to
the school to provide an estimate.
       {¶4}    In September 2002, Action Now sent a representative to Bowerston. Jones
indicated to the representative where he thought the bats were exiting at the rear of the
                                                                                     -3-


building, asked Action Now to make sure that was the only place they were accessing the
building, and asked them to clean off the guano that had accumulated on the window
ledges. Jones did not ask Action Now to look inside the school building or ventilation
system for bats or droppings. After meeting with Jones, Action Now sent a service
agreement to Wolfe at Conotton, stating that Action Now would seal the building for bats
and clean the guano off of the rear of the building for $900.00. Wolfe believed that the
instructions to seal the building for bats and clean the rear exterior were an accurate
description of the work that Conotton wanted Action Now to do. Conotton agreed to the
service agreement, and Action Now completed the bat exclusion service at Bowerston
over one weekend.
       {¶5}   Daniel L. Tope, the then maintenance supervisor for Conotton, was present
at Bowerston while Action Now performed their services. Tope provided access to the
school building if it was needed for Action Now to get to the roof of the building, though
Action Now was able to access the bat roosting areas without entering the building. Tope
did not recall any reports of bat problems after Action Now completed their job. Wolfe did
not receive any reports of bat problems after Action Now completed the work, and did not
see further presence of bats at Bowerston. West did not remember any further presence
of bats at the school afterwards. However, Jones noticed approximately four bats inside
the building during the week following Action Now's services, and stated that he reported
the issue to Wolfe and Tope. Jones did not notice any further presence of bats following
that time. Jones ceased working at Bowerston in June of 2003, and in March of 2004,
Jones was diagnosed with Histoplasmosis.
       {¶6}   Jones's 2005 complaint alleged that Conotton Valley Union Local Schools
("Conotton") had hired Action Now "for purposes of maintenance and/or inspection and/or
pest control of Bowerston Elementary School * * * which included sealing the building for
bats, washing and/or otherwise removing bat droppings from the ventilation air ducts and
other areas throughout the building," and that Action Now negligently and/or recklessly
performed such services, causing Jones to contract Histoplasmosis.
       {¶7}   Action Now filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, supported by
depositions, claiming that Jones had failed to allege that Action Now negligently
                                                                                       -4-


performed its contractual duties, and that Action Now did not have the duty to inspect or
clean Bowerston's ventilation system. Action Now further stated that the foreseeable
risks of their undertaking included the return of a bat infestation, which did not occur. In
his Brief in Opposition, which also included deposition testimony, Jones argued that a
reasonably prudent person in Action Now's position would have foreseen that people in
the school were at risk of contracting Histoplasmosis, and that after taking on the
responsibility of providing pest control services for the school, Action Now was obligated
to conduct a more thorough inspection and warn Bowerston personnel of the risks of
exposure to bat guano.
       {¶8}     After further reply and sur-reply from each party, the trial court filed a
judgment entry on October 17, 2008, granting Action Now's motion for summary judgment
and dismissing Jones's claim. The trial court held that, in a light most favorable to Jones,
Action Now's duty existed pursuant to its contractual terms, it did not breach its duty of
care in completing the contract, and it did not have the duty to complete more
comprehensive or beneficial services to the school outside those services specifically
requested in the contract.
                                Negligence – Scope of Duty
       {¶9}     In his sole assignment of error, Jones asserts:
       {¶10} "The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of defendant-
appellee and dismissing the negligence claim of plaintiffs-appellants."
       {¶11} In deciding Jones's negligence claim against Action Now, the trial court
concluded that Jones failed to establish that Action Now owed Jones a duty of care
outside the contractual agreement between Action Now and Conotton Schools, and that
no evidence was presented that Action Now breached its limited duties under the
contract.     Jones argues that the duties claimed in his complaint were within the
contractual duties of Action Now, and that a question of material fact remained as to
whether Action Now negligently performed those duties.
       {¶12} An appellate court reviews a trial court's summary judgment decision de
novo, applying the same standard used by the trial court. Ohio Govt. Risk Mgt. Plan v.
                                                                                         -5-


Harrison, 115 Ohio St.3d 241, 2007-Ohio-4948, 874 N.E.2d 1155, at ¶5. A motion for
summary judgment is properly granted if the court, upon viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the party against whom the motion is made, determines that: (1) there
are no genuine issues as to any material facts; (2) the movant is entitled to a judgment as
a matter of law; and (3) the evidence is such that reasonable minds can come to but one
conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the opposing party. Civ.R. 56(C); Byrd v.
Smith, 110 Ohio St.3d 24, 2006-Ohio-3455, 850 N.E.2d 47, at ¶10. Only the substantive
law applicable to a case will identify what constitutes a material issue, and only the
disagreements "over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing
law" will prevent summary judgment. Byrd at ¶12, citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.
(1986), 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202.
       {¶13} When moving for summary judgment, "the moving party bears the initial
responsibility of informing the trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those
portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a
material element of the nonmoving party's claim." Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
296, 1996-Ohio-107, 662 N.E.2d 264. The nonmoving party has the reciprocal burden of
specificity and cannot rest on the mere allegations or denials in the pleadings. Id. at 293.
       {¶14} In order to establish an actionable claim of negligence, a plaintiff must
establish "(1) the existence of a legal duty, (2) the defendant's breach of that duty, and (3)
injury that is the proximate cause of the defendant's breach." Wallace v. Ohio Dept. of
Commerce, 96 Ohio St.3d 266, 2002-Ohio-4210, 773 N.E.2d 1018, at ¶22. The duty
element of negligence is a question of law for the court to determine. Id. "In Ohio it is
well-established that liability in negligence will not lie in the absence of a special duty
owed by the defendant." Gelbman v. Second Natl. Bank of Warren (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d
77, 78, 9 OBR 280, 458 N.E.2d 1262.
       {¶15} The existence of duty depends on the relationship between the parties.
Generally, a contracting party owes no duty to a third party who is not privy to a contract.
See Vistein v. Kenney (1990), 71 Ohio App.3d 92, 106, 593 N.E.2d 52. However, in the
absence of contractual privity, a party to a contract may be liable to a third party if he
                                                                                          -6-


performs his contractual duties in a negligent manner which would foreseeably cause the
third party's injuries. Durham v. The Warner Elevator Mfg. Co. (1956), 166 Ohio St. 31, 1
O.O.2d 181, 139 N.E.2d 10. In other words, by agreeing to perform certain services
pursuant to a contract, the service provider has assumed the affirmative duty to exercise
ordinary care to avoid injury to others as a result of its execution of its contractual duties.
       {¶16} Outside the general legal duty of all people not to injure others through
willful or wanton misconduct, the scope of the service provider's duty to the third party is
limited, as a matter of law, by the agreement between the contracting parties. See
Heneghan v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. (1990), 67 Ohio App.3d 490, 494, 587 N.E.2d 854,
citing Durham, supra. See, also, Church v. Fleishour Homes, Inc., 172 Ohio App.3d 205,
2007-Ohio-1806, 874 N.E.2d 795, at ¶69 ("The scope of the contractor's duties to third
parties is limited to the duties assumed under the contract."). A service provider does not
have a duty to third parties to act outside the scope of their contract, even if such action
could have prevented injury. See, e.g., Sabolik v. HGG Chestnut Lake Ltd. Partnership,
180 Ohio App.3d 576, 2009-Ohio-130, 906 N.E.2d 488, at ¶29 (setting the maximum
temperature of water heater was outside the scope of the energy-savings-system
installer’s work, even with the knowledge of the dangers of scalding). Moreover, "the
mere omission to perform a contract obligation is never a tort unless the omission is also
the omission to perform a legal duty." Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Sonitrol, Inc. of
Cleveland (1996), 109 Ohio App.3d 474, 485, 672 N.E.2d 687, quoting Bowman v.
Goldsmith Bros. Co. (1952), 63 Ohio Law Abs. 428, 431, 109 N.E.2d 556.
       {¶17} Jones is alleging that Action Now negligently performed its contractual
duties and that Jones's contraction of Histoplasmosis was a foreseeable result. Action
Now argues that it completed all of its contractual duties with the reasonable care owed
Jones, and that Jones is claiming negligence for failure to either perform activities outside
the scope of the contract, or for negligent failure to enter into a more comprehensive
contract with Conotton. In order to identify Action Now's duties under its contract, its
terms should be reviewed.
                                                                                       -7-


       {¶18} The purpose of a reviewing court's examination of a contract is to determine
the intent of the parties. Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216, 2003-Ohio-
5849, 797 N.E.2d 1256, at ¶11. The assumption is that the intent of the parties is
reflected in the language used in the contract. Id. If the terms of the contract are clear
and unambiguous, then the contract can be interpreted as a matter of law. Id. Contract
terms should be given their ordinary meaning, unless it would render an absurd result or if
another meaning is clearly apparent from the contents of the agreement. Id.
       {¶19} The contract between Action Now and Conotton stated that it was a "pest
control service agreement," and that the pests to be controlled were bats. The contract
included the following: "Special instruction: Seal building for bats & wash droppings off
back of building." The contract also states that it is a "one time treatment" with a one-
year guarantee.
       {¶20} Jones asserts that these terms include the obligations to address all bat
entrance areas on the building, inspect to determine if guano removal and parasite
treatment should be performed, inspect the entire exterior and interior of the building, and
not limit the scope of the exclusionary work to one night. Jones seems to concede that
the work completed, although insufficient in view of the alleged larger contractual
obligations, was done "in a satisfactory manner."
       {¶21} The language used by the parties to the contract does not support Jones's
claims. The plain language of the contract indicates that Action Now was to seal the
building to exclude the bats; i.e., so that the bats would no longer access the building.
The parties do not dispute that, shortly after Action Now completed their work, bats
ceased to access the school building. There is nothing in the plain language of the
contract indicating that Action Now should perform an interior inspection of the building to
detect guano or parasites. Instead, the contract language limits Action Now's guano
cleaning duties to the back side of the building's exterior. The plain language of the
contract also indicates that Action Now promised to perform further bat-control work
within one year in the event that Bowerston found the work to be unsatisfactory, which
would indicate that individuals at Bowerston would contact Action Now to communicate
any dissatisfaction.
                                                                                     -8-


       {¶22} The evidence and deposition testimony demonstrate that Action Now
ascertained the bats' point of access from information provided by Jones and Tope, that
Action Now sealed the area indicated as the source of the bat infestation, and that no one
communicated dissatisfaction or any need for follow-up services to Action Now. The
record also indicates that Action Now cleaned up the guano on the rear of the building
pursuant to the contract.
       {¶23} Jones’s argument implies that the issue in this case is not whether Action
Now negligently performed the actions described in the contract, but whether the
company was negligent in failing to do more. Jones does not necessarily claim that the
language of Action Now's contract obligated Action Now to inspect the interior of the
building or warn its occupants of the hazards of exposure to bat guano. Rather, because
Action Now entered a pest control contract, and because they allegedly held themselves
out to be experts, they had the duty, based on their expertise and knowledge of the
hazards of bat guano, to affirmatively act on reasonable inferences from the presence of
bats in the building.
       {¶24} However, Action Now did not owe Jones the affirmative duty to enter into a
more comprehensive contract with the Conotton School District, nor did they owe Jones
the duty to perform or even recommend further services outside the scope of the contract,
even if they would have reduced the possibility of Jones's injury. Imposing such a duty
would imply that, due to the possession of specialized knowledge in an industry, a
company would have the affirmative duty to take preventative action not requested, and
exercise the highest degree of care. Such a legal duty does not exist in Ohio, and would
be unduly burdensome on a service provider. See, e.g., Risk v. Woeste Eastside Motors,
Inc. (1997), 119 Ohio App. 3d 761, 764-765, 696 N.E.2d 283 (stating that a car repair
service is not obligated to detect problems in the absence of a request for inspection
thereof, and is not obligated to inform a customer of further recommended repairs). See,
also, Landon v. Lee Motors, Inc. (1954), 161 Ohio St. 82, 53 O.O. 25, 118 N.E.2d 147, at
paragraph seven of the syllabus (holding similarly); Sant v. Hines Interests Ltd.
Partnership, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-586, 2005-Ohio-6640, at ¶29 (a service provider is
                                                                                       -9-


obligated to take a reasonable course of action, not the best possible course of action);
Sabolik, supra. Thus, Action Now’s alleged status as an expert on bat exclusion did not
create a legal duty to perform an unrequested interior inspection for bat guano.
       {¶25} As outlined in the foregoing discussion, Action Now sealed the Bowerston
school building for bats, Action Now’s exclusion efforts were successful as the bat
infestation did not return to the building, and Action Now cleaned the bat guano off of the
back of the school building as instructed in the contract. The services that Jones claims
Action Now should have completed, namely an inspection of the interior and ventilation
system for bat guano as well as some provision of warnings to school personnel, were
outside the terms of the contract. Action Now did not breach any duty owed to Jones by
failing to perform those additional services. Action Now did not owe a duty to Jones to
affirmatively act outside the scope of its contractual duties with the school, or to avoid a
contract with limited terms. The scope of Action Now's duty to Jones was limited to the
exercise of reasonable care in performing the limited duties of its contract with the
Conotton School District. Jones's negligence claim therefore fails as a matter of law.
                                           Conclusion
       {¶26} The plain meaning of the contract terms between Action Now and the
Conotton School District did not impose the additional duties claimed by Jones in his
complaint or on appeal. Because Jones has failed to demonstrate the legal duty element
of his negligence claim, Jones's sole assignment of error is meritless. Accordingly, the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Vukovich, P.J., concurs.
Donofrio, J., concurs.
