                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2002 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


4-15-2002

USA v. Covert
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket No. 01-3098




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Recommended Citation
"USA v. Covert" (2002). 2002 Decisions. Paper 273.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2002/273


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                                            NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                            No:   01-3098

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                     v.

                           LEE A. COVERT,

                                     Appellant


        On Appeal from the United States District Court
            for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                 D.C. Criminal No. 00-cr-00248
                District Judge: Hon. Yvette Kane

        Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                         April 8, 2002
           Before: McKee, Barry, Circuit Judges, and
                 Alarcon, Senior Circuit Judge

                    (Filed: April 15, 2002)

                        OPINION OF THE COURT

McKee, Circuit Judge.

     The defendant appeals from the sentence of incarceration which was imposed
following his plea of guilty to violating the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 U.S.C. 703.
For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
     Inasmuch as we write only for the parties, we need not set forth the facts
underlying this appeal except as maybe necessary to our brief discussion. The defendant
first claims that the sentencing court committed legal error by imposing a sentence that
was, at least partially, the result of the government’s letter writing campaign. However,
the record is devoid of any conclusive support for the defendant’s allegation that the Fish
and Wildlife service, or any other governmental agency, instigated or orchestrated the
letter writing campaign which the defendant complains of. The Assistant United States
Attorney handling this matter has denied this allegation both in the district court and in
his brief to us, and that denial goes unrebutted. Moreover, we note that sentencing courts
may properly "conduct an inquiry broad in scope, largely unlimited either as to the kind
of information [that may be considered] or the source from which it may come." United
States v. Baylin, 535 F.Supp. 1145, 1151 (D.Del. 1982), remanded on other grounds 696
F.2d 1030 (3d Cir. 1982). The court’s ability to consider such information is
circumscribed only by considerations of due process including considerations of the
accuracy of information considered when imposing a sentence. United States v. Harris,
558 F.2d 366, 373 (7th Cir. 1977).
     Given the emotional nature of the symbol which the defendant admitted slaying
and mutilating, it is not the least bit surprising that members of the public were outraged
by his conduct and moved to write letters of protest to the sentencing court. Although the
sentencing court would have had the discretion to ignore such sentiment in imposing
sentence had it chosen to, the law clearly did not require her to do so.
     Although the defendant attempts to attack the accuracy of the letters that were
written and alleges instances of plagiarism and mere copying of form letters from a
website, the government points out without contradiction in its Brief, that the letters
contained only a single inaccuracy which was subsequently corrected by the author of
that letter sending a second letter clarifying her own independent opinion. That was done
without resort to any form or website. See Appellee’s Brief at 14. Moreover, although
the defendant’s sentence was not insubstantial, we note that many, if not most of the
persons who wrote letters to the sentencing court asked the court to impose the maximum
sentence allowable for the defendant’s conduct. The defendant’s sentence was
substantially less than the maximum sentence that could have been imposed.
Accordingly, it is easy to see that although the sentencing court considered the letters that
were written on this matter of public interest, it did not surrender its own independent
discretion in determining the sentence.
     Defendant attempts to elevate his challenge to the sentence that was imposed, the
strict liability requirements of the statute which he violated, and the numerous letters that
were sent, into an argument that his sentence was unconstitutional and that he was denied
the due process of law. This argument is based at least in part upon the defendant’s
assertion that the strict liability statute has never been affirmed by the U.S. Supreme
Court and that the resulting imprisonment implicates "grave damage to a defendant’s
reputation" thereby raising due process concerns. See Appellant’s Brief at 25 citing
United States v. Engler, 806 F.2d 435 n.5 (3d Cir. 1986). However, even assuming that
injury to one’s reputation based upon a correct determination of guilt could somehow rise
to level of a due process violation, it is clear that any damage to defendant’s reputation
arose from his own criminal conduct, and the cruelty it embodied, and not from the
sentence that was imposed. It is indeed ironic that the defendant would assume that any
embarrassment caused his family results from the fact that he was sentenced to 100 days
imprisonment and not from the fact that he took it upon himself to kill and mutilate a
Migratory Bird which many in this society hold to be symbolic of the history and
traditions of this country.
     Accordingly, for all the reasons set forth herein, we will affirm the conviction and
judgment of sentence.
TO THE CLERK:
     Please file the foregoing opinion.
                              By the Court
                              /s/ Theodore A. McKee
                              CIRCUIT JUDGE
