                                                                         FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                          JUN 11 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

AZZAREL OLEA TOLEDO, AKA                         No. 19-70940
Azzarel Olea,
                                                 Agency No. A208-411-806
             Petitioner,

 v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General

             Respondent.


                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals

                            Submitted April 15, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and HARPOOL,*** District Judge.



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            We unanimously conclude this case is suitable for decision without
oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
       ***
            The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for
the Western District of Missouri, sitting by designation.

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      Azzarel Olea Toledo, a Mexican national, petitions for review of the Board

of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) denial of his application for asylum and

withholding of removal. We review questions of law de novo and factual findings

for substantial evidence. Villavicencio v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 658, 663–64 (9th Cir.

2018) (as amended). We deny the petition for review.

      1. An asylum applicant must file within a year of arrival in the United States

unless the applicant can demonstrate changed circumstances affecting their asylum

eligibility. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2). Olea Toledo concedes his asylum application

was untimely but claims that changed circumstances excuse the delay. The BIA

determined Olea Toledo did not show a material change in circumstances that

excused his untimely application. Whether an applicant’s circumstances have

changed is a mixed question of law and fact, which we review for substantial

evidence. See Ramadan v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 646, 650 (9th Cir. 2007) (per

curiam). Olea Toledo points to three potential changed circumstances: the release

of “El Mochi” from prison, the revelation of his sexual orientation to his family,

and the death of his grandmother.

      Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that the release of El Mochi

was not a changed circumstance affecting Olea Toledo’s eligibility for asylum.

Even if it were, Olea Toledo has not demonstrated that the government would be

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unwilling or unable to control El Mochi or his family as the Mexican police were

previously responsive to Olea Toledo’s complaints. See Bringas-Rodriguez v.

Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1062 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc).

      Second, Olea Toledo claims that coming out to his family in Hawaii was a

changed circumstance excusing his untimely application. The record shows Olea

Toledo revealed his sexual orientation to his family in January 2016 and applied

for asylum in January 2017. Accepting arguendo that this event was a changed

circumstance, Olea Toledo was nonetheless obligated to file within a reasonable

amount of time after the changed circumstance. See Husyev v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d

1172, 1182 (9th Cir. 2008). A delay of over six months is presumptively

unreasonable. Id. Here, the delay was a full year, with no explanation supplied to

overcome the presumption of unreasonableness. Therefore, this circumstance

cannot excuse his late filing.

      Third, Olea Toledo claims the death of his grandmother in March 2014 was

a changed circumstance excusing his untimely application. The record shows this

argument was raised for the first time before the BIA. Applicants for asylum must

raise issues for the first time before the immigration judge (“IJ”). See Honcharov

v. Barr, 924 F.3d 1293, 1297 (9th Cir. 2019). The BIA declined to consider this

circumstance on that basis and, in declining to do so, it did not err. Id.

                                           3
      2. Olea Toledo next argues he established eligibility for withholding of

removal on the basis of his membership in two particular social groups: (1) crime

witnesses or victims in Mexico whose testimony led to the conviction of a criminal

and (2) out gay men. The BIA conceded these were valid particular social groups,

but determined Olea Toledo did not establish a clear probability of future

persecution because he did not establish it to be more likely than not that he would

be persecuted because of his membership in these groups.

      Olea Toledo’s claim arising from his status as a crime witness and victim

rests on his fear of private actors, namely El Mochi and his family. To satisfy his

burden on this claim, he must establish the Mexican authorities are or would be

unable or unwilling to protect him from those actors. See Reyes-Reyes v. Ashcroft,

384 F.3d 782, 788 (9th Cir. 2004). In light of the record evidence, the BIA

concluded that the Mexican authorities were neither unable nor unwilling to protect

Olea Toledo, as demonstrated by the police’s decision to detain El Mochi for four

years on the basis of his complaint and their attentiveness to his three later

complaints concerning El Mochi’s family. Substantial evidence supports the

BIA’s decision on this point.

      The BIA also concluded that there was insufficient evidence to show that

Olea Toledo suffered past persecution based on his status as an out gay man.

                                           4
Persecution is an “extreme concept that does not include every sort of treatment

regarded as offensive,” Korablina v. INS, 158 F.3d 1038, 1044 (9th Cir. 1998)

(quotation marks omitted), or “mere discrimination, as offensive as it may be.”

Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 962 (9th Cir. 1996) (en banc). “We cannot say . . . that

a reasonable factfinder would be compelled to conclude” that the mistreatment

Olea Toledo suffered amounts to past persecution. Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d

1049, 1060 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation marks omitted).

      Because Olea Toledo has not demonstrated past persecution, he is not

entitled to a presumption of future persecution. Molina-Estrada v. INS, 293 F.3d

1089, 1096 (9th Cir. 2002). “To establish eligibility for withholding of removal in

the absence of past persecution, an applicant must demonstrate” an objectively

reasonable fear of future persecution by showing either that he will be “singled out

individually for persecution” or a “pattern or practice of persecution against the

group to which he belongs.” Wakkary, 558 F.3d at 1060 (quotation marks

omitted). The BIA determined Olea Toledo did not adduce credible, direct, and

specific evidence that would support either showing. Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d

1012, 1018 (9th Cir. 2003). Because substantial evidence supports the BIA’s




                                          5
finding that Olea Toledo failed to show an objectively reasonable fear of future

persecution, we deny the petition.1

      3. Finally, for the same reasons outlined in this memorandum, Olea

Toledo’s Motion to Stay Removal (Dkt. No. 5) is DENIED.

      PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.




1
 To the extent Olea Toledo challenges the IJ’s denial of Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”) relief, we deem that challenge waived as Olea Toledo did not
meaningfully challenge the denial before the BIA. Abebe v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d
1203, 1208 (9th Cir. 2009).

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