                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


10-25-2005

Shi v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-4319




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                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                  No. 04-4319


                                 BI LING SHI,
                                          Petitioner

                                        v.

               ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES;
                   BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS,
                     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
                                     Respondents




                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                       United States Department of Justice
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (BIA No. A77-977-673)


                   Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                              September 29, 2005

             Before: RENDELL, FUENTES and WEIS, Circuit Judges.

                            (Filed: October 25, 2005 )


                          OPINION OF THE COURT




RENDELL, Circuit Judge.
       Petitioner Shi, Bi Ling (“Ling”) challenges the order of the Board of Immigration

Appeals ("BIA"), which affirmed the decision of the Immigration Judge ("IJ") to deny

Ling's application for asylum, withholding of removal and protection under Article III of

the Convention Against Torture. Our jurisdiction arises under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. For the

reasons that follow, we will deny the petition for review.

                                         FACTS

       Ling, a citizen of the People's Republic of China, came to the United States in

August 2001. Under former counsel, Ling filed applications for asylum, withholding of

removal and relief under Article III of the Convention Against Torture. The original

asylum application specified that Ling suffered persecution because her cohabitation with

a boyfriend in China led to her expulsion from school and orders to attend a birth control

education camp. After obtaining current counsel, Ling supplemented her original

application by claiming she was forced to undergo an abortion by Chinese authorities

when she became pregnant during her relationship with her boyfriend. Ling allegedly

became pregnant while underage and unmarried and thus was forced to abort her baby.

       The IJ concluded that the original application was not fabricated, but questioned

why the supplemental information regarding the pregnancy and forced abortion was not

provided in the original application. Ling argues that she did not provide the information

originally on the advice of the smugglers who helped her enter the United States and on

the advice of her former counsel. The Government argues that when Ling realized that


                                             2
her original application did not support relief, she supplemented the application with the

abortion story because it would more likely support her claims. The Government also

notes inconsistencies in Ling's story, including discrepancies in the name of the school

she attended and the fact that her mother's letter to the court in support of her daughter's

claim mentioned her expulsion from school and the orders to attend birth control

education camp, but not Ling's supposed pregnancy and forced abortion.

       In an oral decision, the IJ denied Ling's claims for relief, stating that her

supplemental information lacked corroborating evidence to support her pregnancy and

forced abortion story. Additionally, the IJ stated that even if Ling's testimony were true,

her story would likely not support a claim for asylum. In a brief one-paragraph opinion,

the BIA stated:

       We do not concur with the Immigration Judge's comments on whether the
       respondent would have a well founded fear if all parts of her testimony were
       believed (I.J. at 10-11). However, we agree with the Immigration Judge that
       the respondent has not established past persecution based on one of the five
       protected grounds under the Immigration and Nationality Act. In particular,
       she has failed to sufficiently corroborate those aspects of her claim in which
       it is reasonable to expect corroboration. See Diallo v. INS, 232 F.3d 279, 286
       (2d Cir. 2000); Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542 (3d Cir. 2001). Accordingly,
       the appeal is dismissed.

BIA Opinion at App. 2.

                           STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Determining whether an asylum applicant has established past persecution or fear

of future persecution is a factual determination by the court analyzed under a substantial


                                               3
evidence standard. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002). The court will

uphold BIA or IJ findings “to the extent that they are supported by reasonable, substantial

and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole, and will reverse those

findings only if there is evidence so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could

conclude as the BIA did.” Kayembe v. Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003).

“[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would

be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. §1252(b)(4)(B).

       Also, in immigration cases where the BIA adopts findings of the IJ and discusses

some of the bases for the IJ’s opinion, the court has the authority to review both the BIA

and IJ opinions. He Chun Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004); Xie v.

Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir. 2004); see also Wang v. Attorney General of the

United States, No. 04-2866, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 20227, at *16 (3d Cir. Sept. 21,

2005) (reviewing IJ’s opinion to extent that BIA relied on IJ opinion in the BIA’s one-

paragraph opinion). Therefore, in this case, we will look at the BIA and IJ opinions in

tandem.

                                  DISCUSSION

       Neither the BIA nor the IJ made an explicit adverse credibility finding. Minor

inconsistences and discrepancies in an applicant’s testimony and story do not support an

adverse credibility finding. Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314, 323 (3d Cir. 2004).

Rather, adverse credibility involves discrepancies that go to the heart of the asylum claim.


                                             4
Id.1 There are discrepancies between Ling’s asylum application and documentation that

Ling submitted, but the IJ stated that the cited inconsistencies, such as where Ling

attended school and the discrepancies between her household directory card and her

asylum application, were not critical to the decision that she should not be granted relief.

Rather, both the IJ and the BIA emphasized lack of corroboration as the reason for

denying Ling relief.

       An applicant may be required to provide corroborating evidence in certain

situations. See Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 545 (holding BIA may “sometimes require

otherwise-credible applicants for asylum or withholding of removal to present evidence

corroborating their stories in order to meet their burden of proof”). The Court in Abdulai

held that regulations that state that testimony of an applicant "if credible, may be

sufficient to sustain the burden of proof without corroboration," 8 C.F.R. § 208.13, do not

indicate that the BIA may never require corroborating evidence of otherwise credible

testimony. Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 552. This Court in Abdulai affirmed the BIA's rule in In

re SMJ that corroborating evidence may be required if it is reasonable to expect


  1
    The REAL ID Act has amended the credibility provisions 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1) (the
asylum statute) for applications filed after May 11, 2005. Section 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) now
provides that the trier of fact should consider “the totality of the circumstances, and all
relevant factors [listing factors] . . . without regard to whether an inconsistency,
inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim.” See Zheng v.
Gonzales, 417 F.3d 379, 381 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining change to credibility
standard). The section also adds a “rebuttable presumption of credibility on appeal”
where no adverse credibility determination has been explicitly made. Since this case was
filed before May 11, 2005, the REAL ID standard does not apply.

                                              5
corroboration and if it is reasonable to require such corroboration. In such cases, an

applicant who can neither introduce evidence or offer a satisfactory explanation as to why

the applicant cannot do so may fail to meet his or her burden of proof. Id. at 551.

       In Abdulai, we approved of a three-part inquiry that the IJ should apply with regard

to requiring corroborating evidence:

        (1) an identification of the facts for which 'it is reasonable to expect
        corroboration;' (2) an inquiry as to whether the applicant has provided
        information corroborating the relevant facts; and, if he or she has not, (3) an
        analysis whether the applicant has adequately explained his or her failure to
        do so.
Id. at 554 (citing In re S-M-J, Interim Decision 3303 (BIA 1997), available at 1997 WL

80984). We held in Abdulai that the BIA in that case did not adequately apply this three-

part inquiry because it did not state the particular aspects of the alien's testimony that

reasonably needed to be corroborated.

       Corroboration is particularly important in this case because Ling added a

supplemental affidavit discussing her pregnancy and forced abortion as the basis for her

claim. Her original application did not mention these facts and was only based on her

expulsion from school due to cohabiting with her boyfriend and being forced to attend

birth control camp. Corroboration of her pregnancy and forced abortion is crucial to her

asylum claims because her original claim was insufficient to grant her asylum. See IJ

Opinion at App. 33 (stating that “the prior information was basically no claim at all”).

       The types of facts that generally should be corroborated are place of birth, media



                                               6
accounts of large demonstrations, medical treatment documentation and “it is generally

reasonable to expect applicants to produce letters from family members remaining in the

applicant’s home country.” Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 554. The IJ did identify the facts in

need of corroboration, namely that Ling had had a forced abortion and that presenting

some evidence other than Ling’s testimony regarding the forced abortion was something

that Ling “could have done during the period of time that she was here in the United

States, to try to help establish her claim, that she had a prior abortion.” IJ Opinion at

App. 38. Ling presented a letter from her mother supporting Ling’s claim that she was

expelled from school and forced to attend birth control classes and routine gynecological

checkups. However, the letter did not discuss Ling’s claims of a pregnancy and forced

abortion. It is reasonable to expect Ling’s claims to have been corroborated in her

mother’s letter.

       The IJ also satisfied the second prong of the Abdulai test when the IJ explicitly

stated that Ling failed to corroborate her abortion story. The IJ stated that no information

was given, other than Ling’s own real testimony, as to her pregnancy and abortion story.

Although it was reasonable to expect Ling to corroborate the story, at least in her

mother’s letter, Ling failed to provide this documentary evidence.

       Although the IJ satisfied the first two prongs of the Abdulai test, the IJ did not

specifically discuss whether Ling had adequately explained her reason for not providing

corroborating evidence required by the third prong of the test. Under Abdulai, if an



                                              7
applicant does not offer “a satisfactory explanation as to why he or she cannot” offer

corroborating evidence, the applicant may have failed to meet his or her burden of proof.

Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 551. We cannot help but conclude that, although not specifically

referenced, the IJ answered the third prong in the negative. The reason proffered by Ling

for not providing corroborating evidence made no sense. At the IJ hearing, Ling was

asked by opposing counsel why her mother’s letter did not discuss Ling’s pregnancy or

forced abortion. Ling first stated that she did not know why her mother did not mention it

in the letter. Ling then stated that her former counsel told her that her mother should not

mention anything about the abortion in the letter since Ling did not mention it in her

asylum application. When asked by opposing counsel why Ling did not obtain a letter

from her mother after her new counsel supplemented her claim with her pregnancy and

forced abortion, Ling responded that her new attorney told her that if the judge believed

what she said in court, the judge would trust her and it was unnecessary to obtain another

letter from her mother. This is not an adequate reason why Ling could not ask her mother

to provide a corroborating letter. Moreover, the letter from her mother was of little

relevance without corroboration of the forced abortion. To proceed with such a letter that

did not refer to the forced abortion was to reinforce the notion that her initial story was

false. Thus, not only did the letter not corroborate, but even worse, it detracted from her

case.

        Accordingly, we believe the agency’s determination that, absent some



                                              8
corroboration, Ling failed to meet her burden of proof, is supported by substantial

evidence. We will deny the petition for review.




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