[Cite as State v. Alexander, 2020-Ohio-1374.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                      LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STATE OF OHIO                                      JUDGES:
                                                   Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                         Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                   Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs-
                                                   Case No. 19 CA 0099
QUVADUS ALEXANDER

        Defendant-Appellant                        OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                        Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                Pleas, Case No. 18 CR 00882


JUDGMENT:                                       Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                         April 7, 2020



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                          For Defendant-Appellant

WILLIAM C. HAYES                                WILLIAM T. CRAMER
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY                            470 Old Worthington Road
ERIC M. DEPUE                                   Suite 200
ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR                            Westerville, Ohio 43082
20 South Second Street, 4th Floor
Newark, Ohio 43055
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                    2


Wise, John, P. J.

       {¶1}   Defendant-Appellant Quvadus Alexander appeals his conviction by the

Licking County Court of Common Pleas following a guilty plea to one count of aggravated

trafficking in drugs

       {¶2}   Plaintiff-Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                           STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

       {¶3}   The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows:

       {¶4}   Appellant Quvadus Alexander was indicted for drug trafficking involving

over ten grams of heroin in violation of R.C. §2925.03(A)(2)/(C)(6)(e), a second degree

felony. The indictment included a forfeiture specification for currency under R.C.

§2941.1417(A) and R.C. §2981.02(A)(2).

       {¶5}   On February 11, 2019, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the heroin.

       {¶6}   On April 5, 2019, the matter proceeded to a suppression hearing where the

following information was presented:

       {¶7}   Detective Green testified that he was assigned to the Central Ohio Drug

Task Force. Green first learned of Alexander in 2015 when an informant claimed that a

group of young men from Chicago were coming down to Newark, staying at a specific

house, and selling heroin. They were allegedly travelling back and forth every couple of

weeks on a Greyhound bus. The group included several individuals who had been

investigated, been the targets of search warrants, or been arrested for trafficking or

weapons offenses. Det. Green had seen Alexander with a couple of those individuals.

The drug task force had been investigating Alexander since 2015. (T. at 9-11, 14-15).

Alexander's street name was "Kaine." Green verified the nickname on Facebook, where
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                      3


Alexander was listed as "D Block Kaine." Other confidential sources said they purchased

heroin from "Kaine." Over the years, Det. Green heard Alexander referred to by other

names as well, including "Co”, "Cocaine”, or "K." (T. at 9-10).

       {¶8}   On October 11, 2017, Det. Green observed what appeared to be a drug

transaction between Alexander and a known drug user. Green stopped the drug user and

spoke with her, and she admitted purchasing heroin from "Kaine." (T. at 11-13).

       {¶9}   On October 30, 2017, the drug task force executed a search warrant on a

suspect house. They recovered handguns and methamphetamine, and perhaps some

heroin. Det. Green had seen Alexander and at least one of the other Chicago dealers on

the porch of this house before. One of the occupants of the house told the officers that

the homeowner was allowing the Chicago dealers to stay at the house, and they were

travelling back and forth on the Greyhound bus. One of the dealers was named "K." (T.

at 12-13).

       {¶10} In November, 2018, another informant claimed she had purchased heroin

from "Kaine," who comes down from Chicago. The informant said he sometimes stays at

the University Inn or with a man named Ducket, who Det. Green was familiar with. (T. at

15-16).

       {¶11} On November 27, 2018, Ducket was stopped by the Heath P.D. and heroin

was found. Det. Green spoke with Ducket, who said he just purchased the heroin from

Alexander about 45 minutes earlier, and that Alexander probably had 30 grams with him.

Ducket said that Alexander was getting a ride to the University Inn from one of his drivers

named "Big E." (T. at 16-18).
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                     4


       {¶12} Det. Green had an idea who Big E was and located his name on the registry

at the University Inn. The drug task force subsequently began surveillance on the hotel

room. A short time later, another detective saw Big E pull up in front of the room, and

Alexander exited the vehicle and entered the room. (T. at 18-19).

       {¶13} Det. Green went to obtain a search warrant for the hotel room. While he

was doing so, plain clothes officers made contact with Alexander at a McDonald's

restaurant across the street from the hotel. Det. Green subsequently interviewed

Alexander at the station. During the interview, Alexander explained that they use the

Greyhound because there are no dogs or police, and that he comes to Newark because

it is less dangerous then Chicago, his heroin is better than what they have in Newark, and

he can make $2,500 in three days. (T. at 20-23).

       {¶14} Det. Vogelmeier was also assigned to the drug task force and was also

familiar with Alexander and the group of dealers coming down from Chicago. (T. at 29-

31).

       {¶15} On November 27, 2018, Vogelmeier was in uniform when he was called in

to assist with the search warrant at the University Inn. Plain clothes detectives advised

that Alexander had left the Inn and walked to a nearby McDonald's restaurant, where he

was using his telephone and looking around. It was decided that the uniformed officers

would approach Alexander and attempt to speak with him outside the restaurant. (T. at

32-34).

       {¶16} Det. Vogelmeier entered the restaurant while Alexander was in line at the

counter. Alexander looked at Vogelmeier and dropped his receipt. Vogelmeier walked up

to Alexander as if he were getting in line. As Vogelmeier approached, Alexander bent
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                      5


over to pick up his receipt. As he did so, Vogelmeier was able to see a clear plastic

container with marijuana in Alexander's right coat pocket. Vogelmeier was about five or

six feet away at the time. At the same time, Vogelmeier noted an overwhelming smell of

raw marijuana. (T. at 35-37).

       {¶17} At that point, Alexander stood up and put his hand in his left coat pocket.

The detective asked him to remove it, but he continued sticking his hand in his pocket.

Due to the fear of weapons and safety of the restaurant patrons, Alexander was

immediately detained, placed in handcuffs, and taken outside the restaurant. By then, a

couple of plain clothes detectives had joined Vogelmeier. (T. at 38-39). As they were

walking to the patrol car, Vogelmeier asked Alexander if he had any weapons on him,

and he responded something to the effect of ‘only my dope’ or drugs. Vogelmeier

Mirandized Alexander and searched him. In Alexander's right coat pocket, Vogelmeier

found a couple grams of raw marijuana in a clear plastic container, like a sandwich

container, that was sealed with a lid and was about two inches square. In Alexander's left

coat pocket, Vogelmeier found a large bag of heroin, digital scales, and some baggies.

Vogelmeier transported Alexander to the station where Det. Green conducted an

interview. (T. at 40-46).

       {¶18} An inventory sheet from the search indicated that heroin, U.S. currency, and

a cellular phone were found "on his person," meaning Alexander. (T. at 48). The inventory

sheet also listed the plastic container with marijuana, but did not say where it was found.

The inventory sheet indicated that a digital scale was found in the hotel room, but made

no reference to any other digital scales. Det. Vogelmeier testified that Alexander had a

"very small" digital scale on his person and explained that it may have been recorded as
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                          6


generic   "paraphernalia."   Det.   Vogelmeier       further   explained   that   the   generic

"paraphernalia" on the inventory form may also refer to the baggies. (T. at 48-52).

       {¶19} The defense had the inventory form admitted as an exhibit.

       {¶20} Appellant also testified at the suppression hearing. He testified that his

jacket pockets were zipped up that day to make sure none of his possessions fell out.

Appellant admitted that he had a clear plastic container with a white lid in his pocket, but

testified that the lid was snapped shut for the purpose of sealing in any odors, so you

could not smell what was in it. Appellant denied that the container had any marijuana left

because it had been used earlier that day. Appellant also denied having any baggies or

other paraphernalia in his pockets. (T. at 55-59).

       {¶21} At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court took the motion under

advisement.

       {¶22} By Judgment Entry filed August 26, 2019, the trial court denied the motion,

finding: "the State possessed sufficient reasonable suspicion to detain the defendant for

his arrest on the basis of having seen marijuana on his person."

       {¶23} On October 1, 2019, at a change of plea and sentencing hearing, Appellant

entered a plea of no contest. The trial court sentenced Appellant to seven (7) years of

mandatory prison time with 308 days of jail credit, and waived the mandatory fines due to

indigency. The cash that was found on Appellant was forfeited pursuant to the

specification. See also, Judgment Entry 10/1/19.

       {¶24} Appellant now appeals, raising the following assignment of error for review:
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                       7


                               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       {¶25} “I. APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

COUNSEL UNDER THE STATE AND FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONS WAS VIOLATED

WHEN COUNSEL FAILED TO CHALLENGE HIS ARREST AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

BECAUSE IT WAS BASED ON MINOR MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA POSSESSION.”

                                                I.

       {¶26} In his sole assignment of error, Appellant argues he was denied the

effective assistance of counsel. We disagree.

       {¶27} Our standard of review for ineffective assistance claims is set forth in

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Ohio

adopted this standard in the case of State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373

(1989). These cases require a two-pronged analysis in reviewing a claim for ineffective

assistance of counsel. First, we must determine whether counsel's assistance was

ineffective; i.e., whether counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonable representation and was violative of any of his or her essential duties to the

client. If we find ineffective assistance of counsel, we must then determine whether or not

the defense was actually prejudiced by counsel's ineffectiveness such that the reliability

of the outcome of the trial is suspect. This requires a showing there is a reasonable

probability that but for counsel's unprofessional error, the outcome of the trial would have

been different. Id.

       {¶28} Trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption all decisions fall within the

wide range of reasonable professional assistance. State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675,

693 N.E.2d 267 (1998). In addition, the United States Supreme Court and the Ohio
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                     8


Supreme Court have held a reviewing court “need not determine whether counsel's

performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as

a result of the alleged deficiencies.” Bradley at 143, 538 N.E.2d 373, quoting Strickland

at 697, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Even debatable trial tactics and strategies do not constitute

ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 402 N.E.2d 1189

(1980).

      {¶29} Appellant herein argues his counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge

his arrest as unconstitutional because it was based on minor misdemeanor marijuana

possession.

      {¶30} Appellant asserts that, pursuant to State v. Brown, 99 Ohio St.3d 323,

2003–Ohio–3931 and State v. Jones, 88 Ohio St.3d 430, 2000-Ohio-374, his counsel

should have argued that the heroin be suppressed due to an unconstitutional arrest for a

minor misdemeanor offense.

      {¶31} While officers could not arrest Appellant for the minor misdemeanor

possession of marijuana offense, the officers were authorized to detain Appellant. See

Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113, 117 (1998) (concluding that the detention of a person to

be issued a citation does not amount to a full custodial arrest, but is “more analogous to

a so-called ‘Terry stop’ ”). See also State v. Spikes, 11th Dist. No.2005–L–039, 2006–

Ohio–1452, ¶ 23–24 (where the officer did not frisk the suspect as a search incident to

an arrest for a minor misdemeanor, but rather frisked the defendant out of concern that

defendant had a weapon, the pat-down “was not a search incident to an arrest” and the

defendant was “not actually arrested until after Officer Moon discovered a bag of

cocaine”).
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                         9


       {¶32} In determining when an arrest has taken place, courts have found that an

officer requesting that an individual sit in his cruiser does not automatically escalate an

investigative detention into an arrest. State v. Pickett (2000), 8th Dist. No. 76295, 2000

WL 1060653, State v. Carlson (1995), 102 Ohio App.3d 585, 657 N.E.2d 591.

Additionally, courts, including this one, have found that the handcuffing of a defendant

does not automatically transform an investigative detention into an arrest. State v.

Williams (2001), 5th Dist. No. 01–CA–00026, 2001 WL 1744474 “[a] police officer may

use handcuffs in the course of an investigatory detention, as long as the use of handcuffs

is reasonable under the circumstances.”; State v. Mays (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 241,

661 N.E.2d 791; Columbus v. Dials, 10th Dist. No. 04AP–1099, 2005–Ohio–6305.

Additionally, courts have found that the recitation of Miranda rights to an individual under

investigative detention does not necessarily mean that the detention has become an

arrest. State v. Broomfield (1996), 2d Dist. No. 95–CA–0103, 1996 WL 537478.

       {¶33} Here, Det. Green testified he had knowledge that Appellant had previously

been staying in a house where firearms were seized during the execution of a search

warrant. (T. at 13, 15). He also testified that drug dealers were known to carry firearms

and that specifically, individuals from Appellant’s crew from Chicago had been found

possessing firearms. (T. at 14). Detective Vogelmeier testified that he was familiar with

Appellant and other individuals coming in to Licking County from Chicago to traffic heroin.

(T. at 30). He also stated that drug traffickers carry firearms to “protect their investment”.

(T. at 35). Det. Vogelmeier testified that he approached Appellant and attempted a

consensual encounter, at which time he observed marijuana in Appellant’s right coat

pocket. (T. at 38). When Appellant refused to remove his hand from his left coat pocket,
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                                      10


Det. Vogelmeier detained Appellant by placing him in handcuffs. (T. at 39). While Det.

Vogelmeier walked Appellant out to his cruiser, he asked him if he had any weapons on

his person, to which Appellant replied that he only had drugs on him. (T. at 39). At that

time, Det. Vogelmeier Mirandized Appellant, searched him and found heroin in

Appellant’s left coat pocket. Detectives then transferred Appellant to the Newark Police

Department where he was interviewed and subsequently placed under arrest.

       {¶34} We find the nature of the encounter here justified more precautions. State

v. Shirey, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 04 CA 68, 2005-Ohio-5952, ¶ 25 (finding Appellant was

not under arrest even though removed from vehicle at gunpoint, handcuffed, made to

kneel and placed in back of cruiser because the nature of the encounter justified more

precautions).

       {¶35} Based on the totality of these circumstances, we find that the investigative

detention of Appellant was not an arrest, and that the trial court did not err in overruling

the motion to suppress.

       {¶36} As there is a strong presumption all decisions fall within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance, we do not find that Appellant has shown that he was

provided ineffective assistance of counsel.

       {¶37} We further find, based on our analysis, that Appellant has failed to show

that the result in this matter would have been different had counsel made such argument.
Licking County, Case No. 19 CA 0099                                              11


       {¶38} Appellant's sole assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶39} Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas, Licking County,

Ohio, is affirmed.


By: Wise, John, P. J.

Delaney, J., and

Wise, Earle, J., concur.


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