          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA



                                 January 2015 Term                       FILED
                                 _______________                      June 10, 2015
                                                                     released at 3:00 p.m.

                                                                   RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                                                                 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                    No. 13-1084                       OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                  _______________


           CONSTELLIUM ROLLED PRODUCTS RAVENSWOOD, LLC,

                         AND MELVIN LAGER,

                       Defendants Below, Petitioners


                                          v.

                    SHARON GRIFFITH AND LOU ANN WALL,

                         Plaintiffs Below, Respondents


       ____________________________________________________________

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County

                       Honorable Thomas C. Evans, III, Judge

                              Civil Action No. 11-C-26


               AFFIRMED, IN PART, AND REVERSED, IN PART

       ____________________________________________________________


                               Submitted: April 7, 2015

                                Filed: June 10, 2015


Ancil G. Ramey, Esq.                           Walt Auvil, Esq.
Christopher Slaughter, Esq.                    Michele Rusen, Esq.
Steptoe & Johnson, PLLC                        Rusen & Auvil, PLLC
Huntington, West Virginia                      Parkersburg, West Virginia
Attorneys for Petitioners                      Attorneys for Respondents

W. Henry Jernigan, Jr., Esq.
Jill Cranston Rice, Esq.
Andrew T. Kirkner, Esq.
Dinsmore & Shohl, LLP
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for Amicus Curiae
West Virginia Chamber of Commerce

Lonnie C. Simmons, Esq.
DiTrapano, Barrett, DiPiero, McGinley &
Simmons, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for Amici Curiae
West Virginia Foundation for Rape and
Information Services, American Civil
Liberties Union of West Virginia
Foundation, West Virginia Employment
Lawyers Association, WV Free, and West
Virginia Association for Justice

JUSTICE BENJAMIN delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE DAVIS and JUSTICE WORKMAN concur in part and dissent in part and
reserve the right to file separate opinions.

JUSTICE KETCHUM AND JUSTICE LOUGHRY concur in part and dissent in part and
reserve the right to file separate opinions.
                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT



             1.     “The appellate standard of review for an order granting or denying a

renewed motion for a judgment as a matter of law after trial pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the

West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] is de novo.” Syl. pt. 1, Fredeking v. Tyler,

224 W. Va. 1, 680 S.E.2d 16 (2009).



             2.     “Although the ruling of a trial court in granting or denying a motion

for a new trial is entitled to great respect and weight, the trial court’s ruling will be

reversed on appeal when it is clear that the trial court has acted under some

misapprehension of the law or the evidence.” Syl. pt. 4, Sanders v. Georgia-Pacific

Corp., 159 W. Va. 621, 225 S.E.2d 218 (1976).



             3.     “When reviewing an award of punitive damages in accordance with

Syllabus point 5 of Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897

(1991), and Syllabus point 5 of Alkire v. First National Bank of Parsons, 197 W. Va. 122,

475 S.E.2d 122 (1996), this Court will review de novo the jury’s award of punitive

damages and the circuit court’s ruling approving, rejecting, or reducing such award.” Syl.

pt. 16, Peters v. Rivers Edge Min., Inc., 224 W. Va. 160, 680 S.E.2d 791 (2009).



             4.     “The West Virginia Human Rights Act, W. Va. Code 5-11-9(1)

(1992), imposes a duty on employers to ensure that workplaces are free of sexual


                                            i
harassment from whatever source.” Syl. pt. 8, Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W. Va. 99, 464

S.E.2d 741 (1995).



              5.     “An employee may state a claim for hostile environment sexual

harassment if unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or

physical conduct of a sexual nature have the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering

with an individual’s work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive

working environment.” Syl. pt. 7, Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W. Va. 99, 464 S.E.2d 741

(1995).



              6.     “To establish a claim for sexual harassment under the West Virginia

Human Rights Act, W. Va. Code, 5-11-1, et seq., based upon a hostile or abusive work

environment, a plaintiff-employee must prove that (1) the subject conduct was

unwelcome; (2) it was based on the sex of the plaintiff; (3) it was sufficiently severe or

pervasive to alter the plaintiff’s conditions of employment and create an abusive work

environment; and (4) it was imputable on some factual basis to the employer.” Syl. pt. 5,

Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W. Va. 99, 464 S.E.2d 741 (1995).



              7.     “In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support a jury

verdict the court should: (1) consider the evidence most favorable to the prevailing party;

(2) assume that all conflicts in the evidence were resolved by the jury in favor of the

prevailing party; (3) assume as proved all facts which the prevailing party’s evidence

                                            ii
tends to prove; and (4) give to the prevailing party the benefit of all favorable inferences

which reasonably may be drawn from the facts proved.” Syl. pt. 5, Orr v. Crowder, 173

W. Va. 335, 315 S.E.2d 593 (1983).



              8.     “When this Court, or a trial court, reviews an award of punitive

damages, the court must first evaluate whether the conduct of the defendant toward the

plaintiff entitled the plaintiff to a punitive damage award under Mayer v. Frobe, 40 W.

Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895), and its progeny. If a punitive damage award was justified, the

court must then examine the amount of the award pursuant to the aggravating and

mitigating criteria set out in Garnes v. Fleming Landfill, Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413

S.E.2d 897 (1991), and the compensatory/punitive damage ratio established in TXO

Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W. Va. 457, 419 S.E.2d 870 (1992)[,

aff’d, 509 U.S. 443, (1993)].” Syl. pt. 6, Perrine v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 225

W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d 815 (2010).



              9.     “In actions of tort, where gross fraud, malice, oppression, or wanton,

willful, or reckless conduct or criminal indifference to civil obligations affecting the

rights of others appear, or where legislative enactment authorizes it, the jury may assess

exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages; these terms being synonymous.” Syl. pt. 4,

Mayer v. Frobe, 40 W. Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895).




                                            iii
Benjamin, Justice:



              Petitioners,   Constellium     Rolled     Products     Ravenswood,       LLC

(“Constellium” or “the company”) and Melvin Lager (hereinafter “CEO Lager” or “the

CEO”) appealed the September 3, 2013, final order of the Circuit Court of Jackson

County. In its order, the circuit court denied Constellium’s post-trial motion for judgment

as a matter of law or for a new trial following a jury trial. The jury awarded respondents

Sharon Griffith and Lou Ann Wall compensatory damages in the amount of $250,000

each and punitive damages in the amount of $250,000 each for their hostile work

environment claims.



              By a memorandum decision filed on October 17, 2014, this Court affirmed

the circuit court’s denial of the petitioners’ post-trial motion. The petitioners

subsequently filed a petition for rehearing. This Court granted the petition for rehearing

and also permitted the parties to file supplemental briefs specifying the precise facts that

support their positions on the issues of punitive damages and whether the petitioners’

wrongful conduct was based upon the respondents’ gender.



              Based upon the parties’ supplemental briefs and oral arguments, the

designated appendix record, and the pertinent authorities, we affirm the circuit court’s

final order to the extent that it denied the petitioners’ motion for judgment as a matter of



                                             1

law or for a new trial on the issue of the award of compensatory damages.1 However, we

reverse the circuit court’s order to the extent that it denied the petitioners’ motion for

judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial on the issue of the award of punitive

damages.



                                       I. FACTS

             Respondents Griffith and Wall are long-time employees of Petitioner

Constellium which is located in Ravenswood, West Virginia. Petitioner Melvin Lager

was the CEO of Constellium at the time of the events in this case. Ms. Griffith and Ms.

Wall work in the Project Maintenance Department where they are the only two females

among seventeen employees.



             From September 2009 until February 2010, the company had a suggestion

box into which employees could submit comment cards anonymously.2 The company’s

policy was to post the comments from every comment card submitted after the cards were

retyped and the names of individual employees redacted. Also posted with the comment

      1
         This Court acknowledges the briefs of amici curiae. The West Virginia Chamber
of Commerce filed a brief in support of the petitioners, and in support of the respondents
the West Virginia Foundation for Rape and Information Services, American Civil
Liberties Union of West Virginia Foundation, West Virginia Employment Lawyers
Association, WV Free, and West Virginia Association for Justice filed a brief. This Court
has considered the arguments of amici curiae in our decision herein.
      2
         At trial, CEO Lager stated that the purpose of the comment cards was “to try to
get the cooperation between the management, the leadership, the salary workforce, and
the people working on the shop floor, to make sure everybody could come together to try
to turn and save the business.”
                                            2

cards were the CEO’s response to each comment. Specifically, the original hand-written

comment cards, with redactions, were posted on a bulletin board beside the redacted,

typed versions with the typed response of CEO Lager. The bulletin board was located at

the entrances of the plant where the comments and responses could be read by all of

Constellium’s employees, contractors, and vendors coming into and leaving the plant.

Evidence was adduced at trial below that in October 2009, approximately 43 employee

comments with the corresponding CEO responses were posted on the bulletin board.



             On or about October 12, 2009, a Constellium employee, Larry Keifer,3

wrote three comment cards about Ms. Griffith and Ms. Wall which were subsequently

posted on the bulletin board with the response of CEO Lager. These cards stated as

follows:

             (1)    Ask _______ supervisor what he had his crew doing in
             Project Maintenance on Oct. 9th on evening shift! I
             understand Project has at least 3 extra buggies. One of their
             buggies was missing on that shift I understand. ______
             (hourly employee) and another lady spent 4 hours hunting for
             that missing buggy. They (Project) had no supervision that
             evening; seems like lazy a____ like them don’t need to be
             here especially on overtime looking for one of their extra
             buggies. They need to give up their extra buggies to Plate
             dept. maint. So they don’t have to walk and carry their tools.

             CEO RESPONSE:
                   This doesn’t seem to be the best use of time or
             equipment.



      3
        The respondents initially named Mr. Keifer as a party to the lawsuit, but he was
voluntarily dismissed during the underlying litigation.
                                           3

             (2)   Lazy a__ _____ (employee) was here on overtime
             again on Saturday, 9th doing “Nothing.” Smoking cigarettes
             and drinking coffee again and sitting on her a__ in the
             lunchroom. This is b___ s___. And will be here on Sunday on
             double time 10th doing the same!

             CEO RESPONSE:
                  We need everyone fully engaged and productive.

             (3)    _____ (employee) (Project Maint) comes in on
             weekends to work (overtime) time and a half on Saturdays
             and double time on Sundays and sits on her a__ both days in
             the lunchroom and does “Nothing.” “This is b___ s___”. I’m
             tired of carrying her big lazy a__ around. This is not fair to
             the company or the union workers. If the lazy worthless
             b____ can’t do the work she needs to stay home. She comes
             in here and drinks coffee and smokes cigarettes all weekend.
             Stop this s___.

             CEO RESPONSE:
                   As I responded to a similar comment, we need
             everyone to be fully engaged and productive.



             Although the respondents’ names were redacted from the comments that

were posted on the bulletin board, the references to two women in the Project

Maintenance Department were understood as identifying the respondents. Also, the

parties agree that although the offensive terms in the comments were partially redacted,

these terms were readily identifiable. At trial, the company acknowledged that the

redactions “could have been done more effectively,” given that the redactions did not

keep the respondents from being identified. After the union complained about the

comments, the company immediately removed them. The comments appeared on the

bulletin board for two or three days. In addition to being posted on the bulletin board,


                                           4

there was very brief testimony by one witness that the comments were placed on the

company’s intranet.4 There was additional testimony that after the comments were

removed from the bulletin board, the comments were copied and passed around at lunch

tables, taped to the walls and shower room, and circulated around the plant. The

respondents also presented general testimony that prior to the postings of the comments,

the atmosphere at work was friendly. After the postings, however, respondents were

shunned by co-workers and the atmosphere became one of “male against female.”



             The respondents filed their complaint against Constellium in February 2011

in the Circuit Court of Jackson County alleging gender discrimination in violation of the

West Virginia Human Rights Act, W. Va. Code §§ 5-11-1, et seq. The respondents

subsequently amended their complaint to allege claims for sexual harassment based on a

hostile work environment. A three-day jury trial was conducted in December 2012, upon

the conclusion of which the respondents were awarded $250,000 each for emotional

distress as compensatory damages and $250,000 each in punitive damages, for a total

verdict against Constellium in the sum of $1,000,000. Constellium timely filed post-trial

motions for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial, and requested a review of the

punitive damages award. By order entered September 3, 2013, the circuit court denied

Constellium’s motions. Constellium appealed to this Court. In an October 17, 2014,




      4
         The company’s intranet was described at trial as the company’s internal
electronic communication system.
                                           5

memorandum decision, this Court affirmed the circuit court’s order. We subsequently

granted the petitioners’ petition for rehearing which we will now consider.



                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

               This is an appeal of a circuit court order that denied the petitioners’ motion

for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial. This Court has held that “[t]he

appellate standard of review for an order granting or denying a renewed motion for a

judgment as a matter of law after trial pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the West Virginia Rules

of Civil Procedure [1998] is de novo.” Syl. pt. 1, Fredeking v. Tyler, 224 W. Va. 1, 680

S.E.2d 16 (2009). Further, “[a]though the ruling of a trial court in granting or denying a

motion for a new trial is entitled to great respect and weight, the trial court’s ruling will

be reversed on appeal when it is clear that the trial court has acted under some

misapprehension of the law or the evidence.” Syl. pt. 4, Sanders v. Georgia-Pacific

Corp., 159 W. Va. 621, 225 S.E.2d 218 (1976). In addition, we are called upon to to

review the propriety of granting punitive damages in this case. In doing so, we are

mindful that

                       [w]hen reviewing an award of punitive damages in
               accordance with Syllabus point 5 of Garnes v. Fleming
               Landfill, Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991), and
               Syllabus point 5 of Alkire v. First National Bank of Parsons,
               197 W. Va. 122, 475 S.E.2d 122 (1996), this Court will
               review de novo the jury’s award of punitive damages and the
               circuit court’s ruling approving, rejecting, or reducing such
               award.




                                              6

Syl. pt. 16, Peters v. Rivers Edge Min., Inc., 224 W. Va. 160, 680 S.E.2d 791 (2009).

Having set forth the proper standards of review, we now proceed to consider the issues

herein.



                                   III. ANALYSIS

              A. Sufficiency of Evidence of Hostile Work Environment

             As noted above, the respondents brought their action under the Human

Rights Act as a claim for sexual harassment based on hostile work environment. This

Court has explained that “[t]he West Virginia Human Rights Act, W. Va. Code, 5-11­

9(1) (1992), imposes a duty on employers to ensure that workplaces are free of sexual

harassment from whatever source.” Syl. pt. 8, Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W. Va. 99, 464

S.E.2d 741 (1995). We further have indicated that

                   [a]n employee may state a claim for hostile
             environment sexual harassment if unwelcome sexual
             advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or
             physical conduct of a sexual nature have the purpose or effect
             of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work
             performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive
             working environment.

Syl. pt. 7, Id. The elements of a hostile environment sexual harassment claim are as

follows:

                     To establish a claim for sexual harassment under the
             West Virginia Human Rights Act, W. Va. Code, 5-11-1, et
             seq., based upon a hostile or abusive work environment, a
             plaintiff-employee must prove that (1) the subject conduct
             was unwelcome; (2) it was based on the sex of the plaintiff;
             (3) it was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
             plaintiff’s conditions of employment and create an abusive

                                           7
              work environment; and (4) it was imputable on some factual
              basis to the employer.

Syl. pt. 5, Id. Having reviewed the applicable law, we now proceed to consider the

petitioners’ assignments of error.



              The petitioners’ first assignment of error challenges the second and third

factors in syllabus point 5 of Hanlon. Specifically, the petitioners assert that the evidence

at trial clearly establishes that the allegedly wrongful conduct was not based upon the

respondents’ gender but was directed at their perceived work ethic. Also, the petitioners

aver that the acts complained of by the respondents completely fail the “severe and

pervasive” test for a hostile work environment.



              In support of their argument, the petitioners contend that the gist of Mr.

Keifer’s comments about the respondents is in regard to their work ethic. Specifically,

Mr. Keifer characterized the respondents as earning overtime wages for doing nothing

but sitting around smoking cigarettes and drinking coffee. Second, the petitioners note

that CEO Lager’s responses to Mr. Keifer’s comments made no reference whatsoever to

gender. Third, the petitioners point to Mr. Keifer’s testimony at trial that it was the

respondents’ actions, not their gender, that caused him to write the comments. Next, the

petitioners cite numerous cases from other jurisdictions which they say support the

proposition that statements about an employee’s work ethic, including the term “lazy,”

are insufficient to support a claim for hostile work environment discrimination even if the


                                             8

targeted employee is a member of a protected classification. Finally, the petitioners

emphasize the fact that the three comment cards complained of by the respondents were

among forty some cards posted at the same time referencing primarily male employees.



              In reviewing the evidence below, we are mindful that this case was

presented to a jury for a three-day jury trial, after which the jury found that the

respondents presented sufficient evidence to establish a hostile work environment based

on gender. As a result,

                      [i]n determining whether there is sufficient evidence to
              support a jury verdict the court should: (1) consider the
              evidence most favorable to the prevailing party; (2) assume
              that all conflicts in the evidence were resolved by the jury in
              favor of the prevailing party; (3) assume as proved all facts
              which the prevailing party’s evidence tends to prove; and (4)
              give to the prevailing party the benefit of all favorable
              inferences which reasonably may be drawn from the facts
              proved.

Syl. pt. 5, Orr v. Crowder, 173 W. Va. 335, 315 S.E.2d 593 (1983). When we apply these

standards to the evidence presented at trial, we find sufficient evidence to support the jury

verdict below regarding the presence of a hostile environment based on gender.



              First, one of the comment cards referred to Respondent Griffith as a “bitch”

which this Court and other courts have found to be a gender-specific pejorative term that

can be considered evidence of sexual harassment. In Fairmont Specialty v. Human Rights

Commission, 206 W. Va. 86, 95, 522 S.E.2d 180, 189 (1999), this Court indicated that the

use of the word “‘bitch’ certainly has overtones of gender discrimination.” See also

                                             9

Passananti v. Cook Cnty., 689 F.3d 655, 666 (7th Cir. 2012) (“the word [bitch] is gender-

specific, and it can reasonably be considered evidence of sexual harassment”). The

petitioners point out Mr. Keifer’s testimony that he had called a male co-worker “a lazy,

worthless bitch” and had used the term “bitches” to refer to both male and female

employees. This evidence, however, does not negate the gender-specific nature of the

term “bitch.” See Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594 F.3d 798, 813 (11th Cir.

2010) (explaining that referring to a man as a “bitch” “insults the man by comparing him

to a woman, and, thereby, could be taken as humiliating to women as a group as well”).

In the instant case, the gender-specific derogatory term “bitch” was used against the

female respondents and constitutes evidence of a hostile work environment based on

gender.



             A jury could also have found that the language used in the comment cards

was gender-biased based on evidence that the two respondents were criticized more

harshly than their male counterparts. In addition to the three comment cards that were

critical of the respondents, two comment cards were critical of a male employee. One

comment card criticizing a male employee provided that

             ______ foreman has a bad attitude when you ask about a
             truck that you bring in or one that has been sitting there for 1
             to 6 months. We need trucks to move metal not a smart a__
             answer from the ________ foreman. (He cusses a lot, I don’t
             like that.).

The second comment referring to a male employee stated:



                                           10

              There is [sic] a lot of dirty and bad batteries in the Battery
              shop and they also need water. What does the Battery Shop
              person do besides read magazines and ride around and sell
              gun raffle tickets. We need someone to take care of the
              batteries.

It is significant that there are no gender-based epithets or offensive descriptions of these

two male employees whereas the respondents were referred to by gender-specific

pejorative language and specific parts of their bodies were characterized in a derisive

manner. Specifically, the respondents were characterized as “lazy worthless bitches” with

“big lazy asses.” Therefore, a jury could conclude that while both genders were criticized

for their work ethic, the criticism of the respondents was much harsher and of a more

personal nature because of their gender.



              Moreover, the jury could have inferred that CEO Lager endorsed the

offensive criticism of the respondents. The jury could have inferred as much from the fact

that CEO Lager posted the comments without adequately redacting the comments both to

conceal the identity of the respondents as well as to remove the offensive terms used to

describe the respondents.



              Finally, there was testimony that after the offensive comment cards about

the respondents were posted, the environment in the workplace went from being a

friendly, family-type atmosphere to becoming “almost a class thing, almost male against

female.” The respondents adduced evidence that they were shunned by other employees

and scheduled to work only with each other. There also was brief testimony that on one

                                            11

occasion, Ms. Wall was not provided a “fire watch” to assist and watch over her while

she was welding, and as a result she was injured. While the evidence indicates that

neither the respondents nor the union complained about this conduct to management, the

jury may have inferred that CEO Lager’s publication of the offensive comments and his

silent endorsement of gender-specific pejorative language encouraged an abusive

environment based on gender. Therefore, we believe that there was sufficient evidence to

support the jury verdict that the offensive treatment of the respondents was based on their

gender.



              The petitioners also contend that the evidence at trial was insufficient to

meet the Hanlon “severe and pervasive” test for a hostile work environment. Again, we

disagree. The offensive comments about the respondents were placed on a bulletin board

where plant employees and others coming into and leaving the plant could read them.

Also, Sharla Rose, an employee at the plant, testified that she saw the offensive

comments on the company intranet after she saw them on the bulletin board. In addition,

after the comment cards were removed from the bulletin board, copies of them were

disseminated throughout the plant, including being passed around at lunch tables and

taped to walls. We find that this evidence is sufficient to meet the severe and pervasive

element of a hostile environment sexual harassment claim.



              In sum, while the respondents’ evidence at trial is far from overwhelming,

this Court, giving to the respondents the benefit of all favorable inferences which

                                            12

reasonably may be drawn from the evidence, concludes that the evidence is sufficient to

support the jury verdict that the petitioners’ wrongful conduct was based on the

respondents’ gender and was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create an abusive work

environment. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s order that denied the petitioners’

motion for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial on the jury’s finding of liability

against the petitioners.



           B. Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Punitive Damages Award

              In their second assignment of error, the petitioners aver that the circuit court

erred in determining that there was sufficient evidence to satisfy the standards for the

imposition of punitive damages under the facts of this case.



              At the outset, we note that our review of whether a punitive damages award

was proper involves a two-step inquiry:

                      When this Court, or a trial court, reviews an award of
              punitive damages, the court must first evaluate whether the
              conduct of the defendant toward the plaintiff entitled the
              plaintiff to a punitive damage award under Mayer v. Frobe,
              40 W. Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895), and its progeny. If a
              punitive damage award was justified, the court must then
              examine the amount of the award pursuant to the aggravating
              and mitigating criteria set out in Garnes v. Fleming Landfill,
              Inc., 186 W. Va. 656, 413 S.E.2d 897 (1991), and the
              compensatory/punitive damage ratio established in TXO
              Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp., 187 W. Va.
              457, 419 S.E.2d 870 (1992)[, aff’d, 509 U.S. 443 (1993)].”




                                             13

Syl. pt. 6, Perrine v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 225 W. Va. 482, 694 S.E.2d 815

(2010). The question of whether the petitioners’ conduct toward the respondents entitled

the respondents to punitive damages is governed by syllabus point 4 of Mayer v. Frobe,

40 W. Va. 246, 22 S.E. 58 (1895), which states:

                    In actions of tort, where gross fraud, malice,
             oppression, or wanton, willful, or reckless conduct or criminal
             indifference to civil obligations affecting the rights of others
             appear, or where legislative enactment authorizes it, the jury
             may assess exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages; these
             terms being synonymous.



             In its order denying the petitioners’ motion for relief from the award of

punitive damages, the circuit court reviewed the respondents’ evidence adduced at trial

and concluded that “the jury could properly have concluded that [the petitioners’] posting

of [the comment cards about the respondents] was motivated by malice and criminal

indifference to the [respondents’] rights without regard to any basic notion of fairness.”

The petitioners contend that the facts of this case do not give rise to punitive damages.

According to the petitioners, the essential facts are that the petitioners posted a single

comment card containing the term “bitch” and three comment cards characterizing the

respondents as “lazy.” The petitioners posit that while they should have done a better job

redacting the comment cards, they immediately removed the cards after two or three days

in response to the union’s request to do so. Regarding their failure to investigate

occurrences of harassment subsequent to the removal of the comment cards, the




                                           14

petitioners emphasize that neither the respondents nor the union made any complaints

after the cards were removed.



              The respondents reply that their evidence at trial indicates that they were

subjected to more than the posting of unflattering comments about themselves. Instead,

the posting of the comments with the CEO’s endorsement signaled to the respondents’

coworkers that it was “open season” on the two women in the workplace whom the CEO

agreed were “lazy worthless bitches.” In addition, say the respondents, because the

petitioners undertook no investigation and corrective action to resolve the problems

caused by the posting of the comment cards, the respondents were left on their own and

forced to endure hostile workplace conditions for an extended period of time.



              As noted above, the circuit court found that the evidence demonstrates the

petitioners’ malice and criminal indifference to the respondents’ rights. With regard to

malice, this Court has said that “[t]he foundation of the inference of malice is the general

disregard of the rights of others, rather than an intent to injure a particular individual.”

Addair v. Huffman, 156 W. Va. 592, 603, 195 S.E.2d 739, 746 (1973). Because the

respondents claimed a hostile work environment based on gender in violation of the

Human Rights Act, in order to receive punitive damages the respondents had to

demonstrate that the petitioners showed a disregard of their rights as women under the

law. Similarly, in order to show criminal indifference to civil obligations affecting the

rights of others, the respondents had to demonstrate that the petitioners acted with

                                            15

knowledge that they may be violating the respondents’ rights as women under the law.

See Kolstad v. Am. Dental Ass’n, 527 U.S. 526, 536 (1999) (finding that Title VII’s

requirement of showing “malice” or “reckless indifference to the federally protected

rights of an aggrieved individual” in order to qualify for punitive damages means the

complaining party must demonstrate that the employer discriminated “in the face of a

perceived risk that its actions will violate federal law”).5



              While the respondents met the standard for establishing a right to

compensatory damages, we find that they failed to meet the higher standard required of

plaintiffs in order to qualify for punitive damages under the Human Rights Act. See

Kolstad, 527 U.S. at 534 (“Congress plainly sought to impose two standards of liability –

one for establishing a right to compensatory damages and another, higher standard that a

plaintiff must satisfy to qualify for a punitive award.”). The evidence in this case simply

fails to indicate the kind of repeated and continuing wrongdoing by the employer that

demonstrates the employer’s criminal indifference to the rights of women in the

workplace recognized by the Human Rights Act. For this reason, we find that the circuit

court erred in denying the petitioners’ motion for judgment as a matter of law on the issue

of punitive damages.


       5
        This Court indicated in Human Rights Comm’n v. Wilson Estates, 202 W. Va.
152, 158, 503 S.E.2d 6, 12 (1998), that “Title VII is the federal analogue to our Human
Rights Act.” Also, this Court has a “longstanding practice of applying the same analytical
framework used by the federal courts when deciding cases arising under the Human
Rights Act.” Id. (citation omitted).

                                              16

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

              For the reasons stated above, this Court affirms the September 3, 2013,

order of the Circuit Court of Jackson County to the extent that it denied the petitioners’

motion for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial on the respondents’ award of

compensatory damages for their hostile work environment claims. However, we reverse

the circuit court’s order to the extent that it denied the petitioners’ motion for judgment as

a matter of law on the respondents’ award of punitive damages.

                                                    Affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part.




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