                                                         NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                              ___________

                                  No. 18-1799
                                  __________

                        CARMENCITA MARIA PEDRO,
                                           Appellant

                                       v.

   CITY FITNESS, LLC; KENNETH DAVIES, Personally and in His Professional
       Capacity; CARL GEIGER, Personally and in His Professional Capacity;
  STEPHANIE HICKS, Personally and in Her Professional Capacity; JEFF QUINN,
Personally and in His Professional Capacity; KATHRYN BLESSINGTON, Personally
    and in Her Professional Capacity and Bombay Yoga Company; RUBEN DIAZ,
   Personally and in His Professional Capacity; EVIN FORD, Personally and in His
 Professional Capacity; JANET HARRIS-FORD, Personally and in Her Professional
        Capacity; GAIL KOTEL, Personally and in Her Professional Capacity;
        KRISTINA SYMBULA, Personally and in Her Professional Capacity;
       HARRISON TREEGOOB, Personally and in His Professional Capacity;
       ANNE ROGERS; STEPHANIE STOYER; EDITA ZLATIC-STUCKEY;
MAXWELL STUCKEY; 1148 WHARTON STREET FITNESS, LLC; 400 WALNUT
 STREET FITNESS, LLC, Any/All Other Affiliated Entities Doing Business as City
   Fitness Philadelphia; FIT PERX, LLC; CITY FITNESS MANAGEMENT, INC.;
 C. RICHARD HORROW, ESQUIRE, Personally and in His Professional Capacity;
   MARIE HILFERTY, Personally and in Her Professional Capacity; 2101 SOUTH
              STREET FITNESS, LLC; BOMBAY YOGA COMPANY
                     ____________________________________

                 On Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:15-cv-04964)
                   District Judge: Honorable Joel H. Slomsky
                  ____________________________________

                 Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                               February 14, 2020

             Before: KRAUSE, MATEY, and COWEN, Circuit Judges
                             (Opinion filed: February 20, 2020)
                                       ___________

                                         OPINION*
                                        ___________

PER CURIAM

         Carmencita Maria Pedro appeals pro se from the District Court’s March 30, 2018

order dismissing her civil action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

For the reasons that follow, we will affirm that decision in part, vacate it in part, and

remand for further proceedings.

                                              I.1

         Pedro describes herself as “dark-skinned and of Puerto Rican ancestry.” (Second

Am. Compl. 2.) In August 2010, Philadelphia-based City Fitness hired her to serve as a

group exercise instructor at its 200 Spring Garden Street location (“the Spring Garden

Club”). When City Fitness opened a club at 2101 South Street (“the South Street Club”)

in January 2012, Pedro asked to teach classes there.2 Carl Geiger, who is City Fitness’s


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
 Pedro’s 145-page second amended complaint is the operative pleading in this case.
Because this is an appeal from an order granting motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6),
“we take the following factual background directly from [that operative pleading] and
accept as true all facts set forth therein, drawing all reasonable inferences from such
allegations in favor of the Appellant.” Fair Hous. Rights Ctr. in Se. Pa. v. Post Goldtex
GP, LLC, 823 F.3d 209, 212 (3d Cir. 2016).
2
    City Fitness “operates under multiple affiliated entities.” (Second Am. Compl. 3.) The
                                                2
managing partner, denied her request, stating, “[y]ou know, the demographic in that

neighborhood is very white-bred and I just don’t think you would fit in.” (Id. at 18

(emphasis omitted).) However, in June 2012, Deanna Santiago, who was City Fitness’s

group exercise manager, asked Pedro to serve as a substitute teacher for classes at the

South Street Club. Shortly thereafter, Santiago resigned from her position. In August

2012, Geiger filled that position by hiring Pedro.

       Pedro’s duties as the group exercise manager included, inter alia, teaching classes.

Beginning in September 2012, she taught the “Silver Sneakers” class at the South Street

Club, earning $25 per class. But during a meeting on October 1, 2013, Geiger told her, “I

have decided to assign another [i]nstructor to teach the Silver[]Sneakers class . . . because

the demographic is more white.” (Id. at 28 (emphasis omitted).) Geiger explained that

Pedro could continue teaching that class until he found a “suitable replacement.” (Id.

(emphasis omitted).) He also told her that she could continue teaching at the Spring

Garden Club because “[t]here are more black people over there, so you fit in better

[there].” (Id. (emphasis omitted).) Pedro objected, and when she started crying, Geiger

laughed at her. On October 29, 2013, she taught her last Silver Sneakers class at the

South Street Club. Thereafter, the class was taught by a white instructor.

       On November 6, 2013, Geiger told Pedro that Jeff Quinn (City Fitness’s vice

president) “wants me to fire you because you’re black . . . and hire a white manager.”


Spring Garden Club is operated by City Fitness, LLC, while the South Street Club is
operated by 2101 South Street Fitness, LLC.
                                           3
(Id. at 44 (emphasis omitted).) Later that month, City Fitness received several written

complaints about Pedro from certain club members and group exercise instructors. Two

of those complaints were made by club member Edita Zlatic-Stuckey. Zlatic-Stuckey’s

first complaint stated that, during a yoga class, Pedro “picked on” her, used an

“aggressive tone,” and was “[e]xtremely unprofessional and condescending.” (Ex. to

Mot. to Dismiss, located at Dist. Ct. docket # 60-3, at 6.)3 Zlatic-Stuckey filed her

second complaint six days later, stating that, the night after filing her first complaint,

Pedro “ambushed my husband and [me] at the Whole Food[s] store trying to resolve the

issue in the middle of the store.” (Id. at 8.) The second complaint expressed Zlatic-

Stuckey’s “concern[] that [Pedro] is one of the managers reading this form[] and stalking

us in public.” (Id.)

       On December 10, 2013, Geiger told Pedro by phone that he would be removing

her from the group-exercise-manager position and reducing her teaching workload to two

classes per week. In support of this decision, Geiger said,

              [r]emember when you first asked me about teaching on South
              Street after the club opened I told you I didn’t think you’d fit
              in because the neighborhood is very white-bred, well
              Carmencita it’s just not working out. You are always late to
              all of your classes, I have the members complaining that you
              are being disrespectful to them in yoga and accosting and
              stalking them in Whole Foods Market. []I’m moving City


3
  “[W]e may consider documents integral to or explicitly referred to in the [plaintiff’s
pleading] without turning a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” In
re Lipitor Antitrust Litig., 868 F.3d 231, 249 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
                                              4
                Fitness in a different direction and I’m seeking fresh, new
                blood and younger energy . . . .

(Second Am. Compl. 46 (emphasis omitted).) When Pedro asked Geiger if he really

believed that she would accost and stalk someone, he replied in the affirmative and said,

“[y]ou’re black and you were probably angry that she didn’t like your class, so you saw

her in the market and confronted her. Now she’s mad and threatening to cancel her

membership if we don’t do something about you.” (Id. at 47 (emphasis omitted).)

         Pedro objected to her demotion. Thereafter, on December 16, 2013, she lodged a

charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(“EEOC”) and then informed Geiger, Quinn, and others via email that she had done so.

Later that day, Geiger fired her, and a white woman was subsequently hired to fill

Pedro’s group-exercise-manager role.

         After obtaining a right-to-sue notice from the EEOC,4 Pedro commenced this

action. Her sweeping second amended complaint, which was brought against City

Fitness, Geiger, Quinn, and a host of other entities and individuals, raised numerous

claims under various federal and state statutes. The defendants moved to dismiss that

pleading under Rule 12(b)(6). On March 30, 2018, the District Court granted those

motions and directed the District Court Clerk to close the case. This timely appeal

followed.




4
    It appears that the EEOC took no action on Pedro’s claim.
                                              5
                                               II.

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we

exercise de novo review over the District Court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. See Estate of

Roman v. City of Newark, 914 F.3d 789, 795 (3d Cir. 2019). “When conducting our

review, we accept all factual allegations as true [and] construe the [operative pleading] in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Id. (first alteration in original) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “To survive dismissal [under Rule 12(b)(6)], a complaint must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Wisniewski v. Fisher, 857 F.3d 152, 155 (3d Cir. 2017) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “[P]lausible does not mean probable,” and “we ask only if we

have enough fact[s] to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence

of each element.” United States ex rel. Bookwalter v. UPMC, No. 18-1693, --- F.3d ----,

2019 WL 7019394, at *3 (3d Cir. Dec. 20, 2019) (precedential) (second alteration in

original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       We begin with Pedro’s claims for discrimination and retaliation under Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964.5 The District Court evaluated these claims by applying the


5
  Pedro also alleged discrimination and retaliation in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and
the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (“PHRA”), both of which are analyzed under the
same standard as Title VII claims. See Castleberry v. STI Grp., 863 F.3d 259, 263 (3d
Cir. 2017) (comparing Title VII and § 1981 claims); Goosby v. Johnson & Johnson Med.,
Inc., 228 F.3d 313, 317 n.3 (3d Cir. 2000) (comparing Title VII and PHRA claims). As
for her claims under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”),
those claims were properly dismissed because she did not allege facts demonstrating that
she has a plausible claim under that statute. Although Geiger allegedly told Pedro that he
                                              6
burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792

(1973), the first step of which requires determining whether the plaintiff has made a

prima facie showing of discrimination and/or retaliation. See Jones v. Se. Pa. Transp.

Auth., 796 F.3d 323, 325-26 (3d Cir. 2015). But “[a] prima facie case is an evidentiary

standard, not a pleading requirement, and hence is not a proper measure of whether a

complaint fails to state a claim [under Rule 12(b)(6)].” Connelly v. Lane Constr. Corp.,

809 F.3d 780, 789 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Again,

the proper question to ask at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage is simply whether the plaintiff’s

pleading has alleged enough facts to “raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will

reveal evidence of each element.” Bookwalter, 2019 WL 7019394, at *3 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Here, Pedro has alleged facts indicating that Geiger stripped her of her role

teaching the Silver Sneakers class at the South Street Club because of the color of her

skin. Geiger then told Pedro that Quinn wanted to fire her for that same reason. When

Geiger subsequently demoted her, he made remarks that might lead one to infer that the


was seeking “younger energy,” she alleges that her successor for the group-exercise-
manager position was actually older than her, and that some of the instructors who took
over her classes were older than her, too. See Potence v. Hazleton Area Sch. Dist., 357
F.3d 366, 370 (3d Cir. 2004) (explaining that a plaintiff seeking relief under the ADEA
must demonstrate, inter alia, that “her replacement was sufficiently younger to permit a
reasonable inference of age discrimination” (emphasis added)). Finally, to the extent that
Pedro sought relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1981a, we note that this statute does not create a
freestanding cause of action; rather, it merely adds to the remedies available to a Title VII
plaintiff. See, e.g., Huckabay v. Moore, 142 F.3d 233, 241 (5th Cir. 1998), overruled on
other grounds by Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101 (2002).
                                              7
color of her skin played a role in that decision, too. And Geiger fired her only hours after

she told him that she had lodged a charge of discrimination with the EEOC.6 We

conclude that these alleged facts are enough to state claims for discrimination and

retaliation. See Connelly, 809 F.3d at 787-91. Accordingly, we will vacate the District

Court’s dismissal of Pedro’s discrimination and retaliation claims, with the following

qualifications. To the extent that Pedro seeks relief under Title VII, her claims are

reinstated against City Fitness (i.e., City Fitness, LLC, and 2101 South Street Fitness,

LLC, see supra note 2) only.7 To the extent that she seeks relief under the PHRA, her

claims are reinstated against City Fitness, LLC, 2101 South Street Fitness, LLC, and

Geiger only.8 Lastly, to the extent that she seeks relief under § 1981, her claims are




6
  The District Court determined that Pedro could not show that her termination on
December 16, 2013, was the product of retaliation because she did not actually file her
discrimination claim with the EEOC until December 19, 2013. We disagree. The letter
that Pedro submitted to the EEOC raising her discrimination claim is dated December 16,
2013, and it appears that it was submitted to the EEOC via mail. (See Ex. to Mot. to
Dismiss, located at Dist. Ct. docket # 60-3, at 21.) That is consistent with Pedro’s
allegations that she submitted her EEOC claim on December 16 and then notified Geiger
and others via email later that day. Although the EEOC may not have received Pedro’s
letter until December 19, that does not prevent her from showing retaliation.
7
 For the reasons explained by the District Court, Pedro cannot state a claim for relief
under Title VII against the remaining defendants. (See Dist. Ct. Mem. entered March 30,
2018, at 12, 15-17.)
8
 For the reasons explained by the District Court, Pedro cannot state a claim for relief
under the PHRA against the remaining defendants. (See Dist. Ct. Mem. entered March
30, 2018, at 12, 15-19.)
                                            8
reinstated against City Fitness, LLC, 2101 South Street Fitness, LLC, Geiger, and Quinn

only.9

         We now turn to the remaining claims included in Pedro’s second amended

complaint. Her claims for “wrongful demotion” and “wrongful termination,” which are

set forth in Count IV, are duplicative of her discrimination and retaliation claims.10

Accordingly, there is no need for us to vacate the dismissal of Count IV. The rest of

Pedro’s claims concern a wide variety of issues, including, inter alia, an alleged violation

of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and allegations of unequal pay,

defamation, and tortious interference with business relationships. Each of these claims

(1) has been forfeited based on Pedro’s failure to raise it in her 36-page opening brief, see

Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 145-46 (3d Cir.




9
 If directors, officers, and/or employees “are personally involved in the discrimination
against the [plaintiff], and if they intentionally caused the [employer] to infringe on [the
plaintiff’s] Section 1981 rights, or if they authorized, directed, or participated in the
alleged discriminatory conduct, they may be held liable [under § 1981].” Al-Khazraji v.
Saint Francis Coll., 784 F.2d 505, 518 (3d Cir. 1986). We conclude that Pedro has
alleged enough facts to support a plausible § 1981 claim against Geiger and Quinn, but
not as to the remaining individuals who are named as defendants. As for the entities that
are named as defendants, we agree with the District Court that Pedro cannot proceed
against any of them other than City Fitness, LLC, and 2101 South Street Fitness, LLC.
(See Dist. Ct. Mem. entered March 30, 2018, at 12, 15-16.)
10
  Count IV alleges discrimination and retaliation, and it relies on the same statutes that
underlie Pedro’s aforementioned discrimination and retaliation claims.

                                              9
2017),11 and/or (2) was properly dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) for substantially the

reasons provided by the District Court.

       In light of the above, we will (1) vacate the District Court’s dismissal of Pedro’s

discrimination and retaliation claims to the extent delineated above, (2) affirm the

remainder of the District Court’s March 30, 2018 dismissal order,12 and (3) remand this

case to the District Court for further proceedings.13




11
   To the extent that Pedro’s reply brief seeks permission to file supplemental briefing
addressing issues that were not addressed in her opening brief, that request is denied. See
Barna, 877 F.3d at 147 (“Because of the important interests underlying the preservation
doctrine, we will not reach a forfeited issue in civil cases absent truly exceptional
circumstances.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
12
  In reaching this result, we have carefully considered each of the various arguments that
Pedro has preserved on appeal, some of which are, at best, ancillary to the District
Court’s motion-to-dismiss analysis. To the extent that Pedro challenges any District
Court orders other than its March 30, 2018 dismissal, we see no reason to disturb any
such orders.
13
   The Honorable Joel H. Slomsky has presided over the District Court proceedings in
this case. On appeal, Pedro takes issue with Judge Slomsky’s handling of the case,
alleging, inter alia, that he is not “trustworthy,” is biased against her, and has “aided and
abetted” “fraudulent activities” committed by the appellees’ attorneys. We find no merit
to these allegations, and we see no reason for this case to be reassigned to a different
district judge on remand.
                                                10
