Filed 3/14/16

                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION


                 COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                   STATE OF CALIFORNIA



MIKE HERNANDEZ et al.,                          D067091

        Plaintiffs and Respondents,

FRANCESCA MULLER,                               (Super. Ct. No.
                                                 37-2008-00094395-CU-BT-CTL)
        Plaintiff and Appellant;

        v.

RESTORATION HARDWARE, INC.,

        Defendant and Respondent.


        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, William S.

Dato, Judge. Appeal dismissed.

        Law Office of Lawrence W. Schonbrun and Lawrence W. Schonbrun for Plaintiff

and Appellant.

        Patterson Law Group, James R. Patterson, Allison H. Goddard; Stonebarger Law

and Gene J. Stonebarger for Plaintiffs and Respondents.

        No appearance for Defendant and Respondent.
       In this class action, the class representatives alleged defendant Restoration

Hardware, Inc. (RHI), committed numerous violations of Civil Code section 1747.08,

also known as the Song-Beverly Credit Card Act. After a bench trial, the trial court

found RHI was liable for as many as 1,213,745 violations of that statute and set a penalty

recovery in the amount of $30 per violation, subject to RHI's right to dispute any specific

claim. Under that judgment, RHI faced a total maximum liability of $36,412,350.

       In posttrial proceedings, class representatives requested the court order an award

of attorney fees of $9,103,087.50 (25 percent of the total maximum fund of $36,412,350

created by the judgment) to be payable to class counsel from the fund. RHI agreed it

would not contest that request. Francesca Muller, a class member and the person

prosecuting the present appeal, requested the court order notice of the attorney fee motion

be sent to all class members. The court denied Muller's request, granted the attorney fee

motion, and entered judgment in the action. Muller then filed a notice of appeal from the

judgment.

       Muller asserts the court erred when it declined to order that notice be given to all

class members of the hearing on the attorney fee award, and that the award was

calculated in violation of applicable standards and procedures. Muller also claims the

court's award was an abuse of its discretion. Class representative Hernandez asserts

Muller does not have standing to appeal the judgment and that the appeal should

therefore be dismissed. Hernandez alternatively argues (1) no notice to the class of the

attorney fee hearing was mandated and (2) the amount awarded as fees, as well as the



                                             2
procedure employed by the trial court for determining the amount of the attorney fees

award, was proper.

                                              I

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A. The Class Action

       Michael Hernandez filed this action in 2008 alleging defendant RHI violated Civil

Code section 1747.08 by requesting and recording ZIP codes from consumers who used a

credit card in purchase transactions in RHI's California retail stores. After years of

litigation, the court ultimately certified the case as a class action, appointed Michael

Hernandez and Amanda Georgino as class representatives (together Hernandez), and

appointed Patterson Law Group and Stonebarger Law as counsel for the class.

       The June 2013 notice to potential class members advised them of the pending

class action and explained they had the option of (1) remaining as part of the class and

being bound by the judgment, or (2) excluding themselves from the class and not being

bound by any judgment. It also advised that, if they elected to remain in the class, they

had the option of entering an appearance through counsel. Two weeks later, attorney

Schonbrun entered an appearance in the action on behalf of Muller. However, Muller did

not move to intervene in the action, or to join as an additional class representative, or to

be substituted for Michael Hernandez and Amanda Georgino as class representative.

       B. The Verdict and Common Fund Award

       After a bench trial, the court issued its decision in favor of the class. The court

found RHI committed "as many as" 1,213,745 violations of section 1747.08, subdivision

                                              3
(a)(2), for credit card transactions that occurred during the class period because RHI

requested, obtained and recorded the customer's ZIP code as part of the credit card

transaction.1 The court also concluded the appropriate penalty under section 1747.08,

subdivision (e), for each violation would be $30, for a total recovery by the class of up to

$36,412,350.

       Because the court's decision ordered the parties to meet and confer regarding an

appropriate claims process, the parties met and agreed on a claims process, and a process

for distributing the total award (the claims procedures). The parties' stipulation proposed

the final judgment award of $36,412,350 be "treated as a common fund inclusive of any

attorneys' fees, costs, and class representative enhancements" subsequently ordered by

the court, and also include administrative costs associated with administering the claims

process. The parties proposed that, after deduction of attorney fees, costs, and class

representative enhancements, the net remaining fund (the Net Fund) would be distributed

to class members as (1) a prorated share of the Net Fund up to $30 per violation cash

payment to persons submitting valid claims and who elected cash payments, and (2) the

"coupon option" to persons submitting valid claims (if they did not elect the cash award)


1      However, the court's decision specified the maximum number of violations was
"subject to reduction" if information obtained during the claims process provided RHI
with evidence to show that a particular credit card transaction did not result in a violation
of section 1747.08, subdivision (a)(2), because RHI inaccurately recorded the customer's
ZIP code. The court accepted class counsel's suggestion that RHI could be given the
opportunity to challenge an individual class member's claim during the claims process if
RHI could show the ZIP code recorded by RHI for the particular customer did not match
the customer's actual ZIP code. The court ordered the parties to meet and confer "on the
scope and particulars of an appropriate claims process, including a means for RHI to
challenge the accuracy of any recorded ZIP codes."
                                              4
for 33 percent off of an up to $10,000 purchase of nonexcluded RHI merchandise valid

for one year from issuance of the coupon. The parties' proposal also contained a

provision that, at the end of coupon period, if the payouts from the Net Fund in cash or

from coupon savings did not exhaust the Net Fund, an additional coupon would be issued

with a dollar cap sufficient to exhaust the Net Fund.

       C. The Attorney Fees Determination

       Hernandez subsequently moved for an attorney fees award seeking an award of

attorney fees equivalent to 25 percent of the total judgment recovered for the class.2 The

court, although acknowledging a percentage award might ultimately be the appropriate

method to calculate the fee award, also directed class counsel to supplement the motion

for fees with a filing that employed a traditional "lodestar" calculation. Hernandez

subsequently submitted the lodestar calculation and analysis, which showed class counsel

had spent over 3500 hours, totaling nearly $2.7 million in costs advanced and fees

incurred, and detailed the attorneys involved, the tasks performed, and the reasonableness

of the hourly rates for those attorneys. Hernandez's submission also articulated the

reasons that supported application of a "multiplier" to the lodestar calculation.

       Muller, who was served with the attorney fee motions, did not file any objection

contesting the propriety of the amount sought by Hernandez as attorney fees. Instead,



2      Class counsel declared RHI agreed not to oppose a court award of the requested
amount as long as class counsel sought the minimum 25 percent amount and, absent that
stipulation, class counsel would have requested a higher amount. Analogous "clear
sailing" stipulations have been determined to be appropriate by other courts. (See, e.g.,
Consumer Privacy Cases (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 545, 552-556.)
                                              5
Muller filed an August 29, 2014, "Request for Clarification," asking for clarification on

whether class members would receive notice of the fee application and the right to appear

and comment on the application.3 Prior to the hearing on the attorney fees, the court

issued its tentative ruling determining (1) a percentage award in a "common fund" case

was permitted by California law, (2) a 25 percent fee was a percentage courts use as a

"starting benchmark," and (3) a fee at or above that benchmark was "particularly

appropriate" considering the risks undertaken, and results obtained, by counsel in this

action.

          At the hearing on the attorney fee application, Muller objected that considering the

attorney fees application without first giving class members notice of the fee application

and the right to appear and comment on the application was a violation of class action

procedures because this fee award was "a settlement as regards to the attorneys' fees . . .

[because] [class] counsel and defendants negotiated a settlement on the question of

attorneys' fees." Muller also argued, for the first time at the hearing, that a court must use

the "lodestar multiplier approach" (rather than a percentage of the fund approach) when

calculating the fee award, but did not argue the amount the court's tentative ruling

proposed to award was excessive.




3      Muller also sought clarification of whether class counsel would be required to file
"lodestar information." However, the court had already ordered class counsel to file
lodestar information and, on August 29, 2014, Hernandez did file and serve the required
lodestar information.
                                               6
       D. The Judgment

       The court's final judgment, which apparently tracked the parties' proposed claims

procedures process, provided for awarding $36,412,350, to be "treated as a common fund

inclusive of any attorneys' fees, costs, and class representative incentive enhancements

ordered by the Court and any administrative costs associated with administering the

claims process . . . ." The court awarded attorney fees of $9,103,087.50, or 25 percent of

the total maximum fund of $36,412,350 created by the judgment, as well as litigation

costs and class representative incentive enhancements, and directed the remainder of the

fund (less administrative costs of administering the claims process) be distributed as

specified by the judgment. Muller filed her notice of appeal within the time specified by

law.

                                             II

                                        ANALYSIS

       Muller raises numerous claims of alleged error in the judgment entered below.

First, she claims the court could not adjudicate the attorney fee motion without first

giving notice to the class of Hernandez's motion to set the appropriate attorney fee award,

and giving all class members an opportunity to object to the motion, and the failure to do

so in this case violated both due process protections and California's class action

procedures. Second, Muller argues the court, by calculating the award based on a

percentage of the common fund rather than by a properly rigorous lodestar multiplier

approach, transgressed controlling California precedent. Finally, Muller argues class



                                             7
counsel breached its fiduciary duty to the class by "negotiating" with RHI over the

amount of fees to be paid by the common fund.

       Hernandez contests each of Muller's claims of error. However, Hernandez raises a

jurisdictional challenge to this court's ability to entertain the appeal, arguing that because

Muller was neither a "party" nor "aggrieved" by the judgment, she does not have standing

to pursue this appeal and the appeal must therefore be dismissed. Because this claim is

jurisdictional (Life v. County of Los Angeles (1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 1287, 1292, fn. 3

["standing to appeal is jurisdictional"]; In re Marriage of Tushinsky (1988) 203

Cal.App.3d 136, 141-143), we begin with our analysis of whether Muller may prosecute

this appeal.

       A. General Principles

       Only a "party aggrieved may appeal" from a judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 902.)

As a general rule, only parties of record may appeal (County of Alameda v. Carleson

(1971) 5 Cal.3d 730, 736), and the courts have interpreted section 902 to require the

appellant both to have been a "party" below and to have been "aggrieved" by the

judgment. (See, e.g., Marsh v. Mountain Zephyr, Inc. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 289, 295

["to have standing to appeal, a person generally must be both a party of record and

sufficiently 'aggrieved' by the judgment or order"] (Marsh).)

       A class action is one prosecuted by named representative plaintiffs, who have a

fiduciary responsibility to prosecute the action on behalf of the absent parties. (Earley v.

Superior Court (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1420, 1434.) The class action structure relieves

the unnamed class members of the burden of participating in the action, hiring counsel,

                                              8
and incurring costs. (Ibid.) Indeed, "[t]he structure of the class action does not allow

absent class members to become active parties, since 'to the extent the absent class

members are compelled to participate in the trial of the lawsuit, the effectiveness of the

class action device is destroyed.' " (Ibid., fn. omitted.) Although unnamed class

members may be deemed "parties" for the limited purposes of discovery (Southern

California Edison Co. v. Superior Court (1972) 7 Cal.3d 832, 840), unnamed class

members are not otherwise considered "parties" to the litigation. (Cf. National Solar

Equipment Owners' Assn. v. Grumman Corp. (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1273, 1282

["unnamed class members do not 'stand on the same footing as named parties' "].)

       B. Analysis

       Hernandez argues that, because Muller is not a party, the appeal should be

dismissed under Eggert v. Pac. States S. & L. Co. (1942) 20 Cal.2d 199 (Eggert).4 In

Eggert, the court addressed whether an unnamed class member could appeal from a



4       Hernandez also argues the appeal should be dismissed because Muller was not
"aggrieved" by any of the purported errors committed below, and the parties vigorously
contest whether the "aggrieved" element is satisfied here. It is unnecessary to address the
"aggrieved" element of appellate standing, and we do not examine the bulk of the cases
relied on by Muller addressing that issue, because we conclude the separate "party"
element is absent here. (See, e.g., Marsh, supra, 43 Cal.App.4th at p. 295 ["to have
standing to appeal, a person generally must be both a party of record and sufficiently
'aggrieved' by the judgment or order"]; In re Miguel E. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 521, 538-
544 [although grandparents were aggrieved by order, grandparents' appeal dismissed
because they were not parties to action]; Rose v. Rose (1952) 110 Cal.App.2d 812, 813
[child appealed from order denying mother's application for increased child support for
child; court ordered appeal dismissed because, although child's beneficial interest in such
increase was harmed by order, child "was not named as a party to the action, did not take
any appropriate steps to become a party to the record, and since the court did not order
her brought into the action, she has no right to appeal from the order"].)
                                             9
judgment entered in the class action. There, the named plaintiff (Eggert) commenced an

action against the savings and loan company on behalf of himself and some 1,500

persons who were certificate holders. The court held the suit a proper class action, and in

its judgment for Eggert and the other certificate holders whom he represented decreed

that they recover from the defendant over $1.8 million to be apportioned pro rata among

them after deduction of expenses and fees, and reserved jurisdiction to determine the fees

to be paid plaintiff's attorneys. After appointing a receiver to facilitate the collection and

payment of the judgment, the court also issued an order, directed to plaintiff and all other

persons interested, to show cause why it should not make an order fixing reasonable

attorneys' fees. Two certificate holders appeared and objected to the amount ordered as

attorneys' fees for plaintiff's attorneys, and subsequently appealed from the order

rejecting their objections. (Eggert, supra, 20 Cal.2d at pp. 199-200.) The class

representative moved to dismiss the appeal, and our Supreme Court granted the motion to

dismiss the appeal, explaining "it is a settled rule of practice in this state that only a party

to the record can appeal. [Citations.] Appellants were not named as parties to the action

nor did they take any appropriate steps to become parties to the record. The fact that their

names and the extent of their interest in the action appeared in an exhibit attached to the

complaint and the judgment did not make them parties . . . . [Citations.] Although their

attorney appeared at the hearing on the petition for the payment of the money to

plaintiff's attorneys and objected to such payment, he did not ask that appellants be made

parties, nor did the court order them brought into the action. [Citation.] Appellants had

ample opportunity even after the court had made its orders to become parties of record by

                                               10
moving to vacate the orders to which they objected. They could then have appealed from

the order denying the motion." (Eggert, at p. 201.) Accordingly, the Supreme Court

ordered the appeal dismissed. (Ibid.)

       Eggert appears to be on "all fours" with the present action: both involved a class

action; both involved a matter litigated to judgment; both involved a challenge to the

postjudgment attorney fee award to the counsel for the named plaintiff; both involved

appellants who were members of the class, but not named parties, and who had appeared

through counsel to object to the attorney fee award; and both involved members who took

no steps to be added as named plaintiffs.5 Accordingly, under Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v.

Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, we must adhere to Eggert and dismiss the appeal.

       Muller argues we may disregard Eggert and entertain this appeal, but we are

unpersuaded by her arguments. Muller argues, for example, that Eggert was decided

before the 1966 revisions to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and those

federal rules are persuasive in modern California class action jurisprudence (see, e.g.,

Arias v. Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 989 [conc. opn. by Werdeger, J.]), and

because Eggert predated those rule changes it is no longer relevant to the issue of

appellate standing. However, Muller cites no authority suggesting that changes to federal

procedural rules for managing class actions at trial undermine the analysis of a state



5      On appeal, Muller asserts Hernandez has "ignore[d] the legal ramifications" of
entering an appearance and of objecting to the attorney fees award and "never . . .
provide[d] legal authority . . . for a proposition that [such actions are] insufficient to
confer appellate standing." However, we believe Eggert does explain the legal effect
such actions have on appellate standing, and is fatal to Muller's contrary argument.
                                              11
statute that limits the standing of parties entitled to appeal, and we are aware of no

relevant authority that does so.

       Muller also cites several cases in which California appellate courts stated a class

member who was not a party to the action obtains appellate standing to challenge the

judgment merely by interposing an objection to the judgment below. However, neither of

the cases cited by Muller, Consumer Cause, Inc. v. Mrs. Gooch's Natural Food Markets,

Inc. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 387 and Wershba v. Apple Computer, Inc. (2001) 91

Cal.App.4th 224, made any effort to reconcile their conclusions with Eggert, and instead

rooted their conclusions in the analysis contained in Trotsky v. Los Angeles Fed. Sav. &

Loan Assn. (1975) 48 Cal.App.3d 134 (Trotsky). (See Wershba, at pp. 235-236 [citing

only Trotsky on issue of standing]; Consumer Cause, at pp. 395-396 [citing Trotsky and

Wershba on issue of standing].) Accordingly, we examine Trotsky.

       In Trotsky, the appellants were unnamed members of the affected class who

appeared at a settlement hearing and objected to a proposed settlement of a class action

lawsuit. Trotsky, discussing the standing to appeal issue, stated:

          "[A]ppellant is a party aggrieved, and has standing to appeal.
          [Citing Code of Civil Procedure section 902.] This is true even
          though appellant could instead have 'opted out,' I.e., requested
          exclusion from the judgment. [Citation.] As stated by the court in
          Ace Heating & Plumbing [Co.] v. Crane [Co.] [3d Cir. 1971] 453
          F.2d 30, 33], deciding a similar question under rule 23 of the Federal
          rules of Civil Procedure,' . . . It is possible that, within a class, a
          group of small claimants might be unfavorably treated by the terms
          of a proposed settlement. For them, the option to join is in reality no
          option at all. Rule 23 recognizes the fact that many small claimants
          frequently have no litigable claims unless aggregated. So, without
          court approval and a subsequent right to ask for review, such
          claimants would be faced with equally unpalatable alternatives—

                                             12
           accept either nothing at all or a possibly unfair settlement. We
           conclude that appellants have standing to appeal . . . .' [Citations.]
           Were the rule otherwise, a class member who objected in the trial
           court to the terms of the settlement would be unable to secure
           appellate review of the court's order approving the settlement."
           (Trotsky, supra, 48 Cal.App.3d at pp. 139-140.)

       Thus, Trotsky focused primarily on whether an objector to a settlement was

"aggrieved" within the meaning of Code of Civil Procedure section 902, concluding

objectors were aggrieved because " '[i]t is possible that, within a class, a group of small

claimants might be unfavorably treated by the terms of a proposed settlement. For them,

the option to join is in reality no option at all,' " and reasoning that because those

claimants might be forced to choose between "equally unpalatable alternatives"—of

accepting either nothing or an unfair settlement—those parties were sufficiently

aggrieved for purposes of the right to appeal. (Trotsky, supra, 48 Cal.App.3d at pp. 139-

140.) However, Trotsky did not examine the distinct "party" element of Code of Civil

Procedure section 902, nor make any effort to reconcile its conclusion with Eggert's

holding that unnamed class members whose only appearance was to object to the

attorneys' fees had no standing to appeal because they were not "parties" and did not avail

themselves of the "ample opportunity . . . to become parties of record . . . ." (Eggert,

supra, 20 Cal.2d at p. 201.) Because Eggert teaches the "party" requirement of Code of

Civil Procedure section 902 is not met merely because the "aggrieved" requirement of

section 902 might also be satisfied as to a nonparty class member, we conclude Trotsky's

analysis of standing is flawed and that Trotsky and its progeny (which includes both

Consumer Cause, Inc. v. Mrs. Gooch's Natural Food Markets, Inc., supra, 127


                                              13
Cal.App.4th 387 and Wershba v. Apple Computer, Inc., supra, 91 Cal.App.4th 224)

should not be followed.

       Trotsky's analysis is also flawed because it relied primarily on federal cases,

including Ace Heating & Plumbing Co. v. Crane Co., supra, 453 F.2d 30, in which the

federal courts concluded an objecting class member had standing to appeal without

seeking to be made a party to the proceedings below. However, it appears numerous

federal courts have subsequently held that nonparty class members may not appeal a

judgment. (See Croyden Assocs. v. Alleco, Inc. (8th Cir. 1992) 969 F.2d 675, 678, 678-

680 [noting the "circuits are divided on this issue, and some have inconsistent holdings";

holding nonparty class member lacks standing to appeal]; see also Felzen v. Andreas (7th

Cir. 1998) 134 F.3d 873 [class members must intervene as parties in order to appeal from

adverse decisions]; Walker v. Mesquite (5th Cir. 1988) 858 F.2d 1071 [nonparty class

member lacks standing to appeal].)6 The rationale, as explained by the Croyden court, is



6      We acknowledge the federal decisions, even from the United States Supreme
Court (compare Marino v. Ortiz (1988) 484 U.S. 301 [nonparty class members who did
not seek to intervene may not appeal approval of settlement] with Devlin v. Scardelletti
(2002) 536 U.S. 1 [reaching opposite conclusion without disapproving Marino]), are not
uniform. For example, in Powers v. Eichen (9th Cir. 2000) 229 F.3d 1249, the court
concluded that, at least in the context of a court approval of a proposed settlement of a
class action, a nonparty class member could appeal without intervening. (Id. at p. 1256.)
However, the principal rationale for Powers's conclusion appears to have been the
conclusion that conditioning the right to appeal on a class member's motion to intervene
under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 24 would "create[] a procedural hurdle that
would delay the ultimate resolution of the case and unnecessarily burden those involved."
(Powers, at p. 1256.) Powers ignored that permitting unnamed class members to appeal a
judgment without seeking to intervene would create the same delays and burdens,
because a judgment could be delayed and burdened by appellate challenges mounted by
numerous (or, as here, over 400,000) notices of appeal by disgruntled class members.
                                             14
threefold. First, unnamed class members cannot represent the class absent the procedures

outlined in Rule 23 because the trial court has not conducted hearings to determine

whether the appellants would satisfactorily represent the interests of the other class

members. (Croyden Associates v. Alleco, Inc., supra, 969 F.2d at p. 678.) Second,

Croyden observed that unnamed class members who disagree with the class action have

other adequate procedures through which their interests can be protected, pointing out

that class members may move to intervene and, if their motion to intervene is denied,

they may appeal that decision. Croyden observed that merely objecting to the settlement

did not confer standing to appeal; rather, the unnamed class member must still move to

intervene. (Croyden, at pp. 678-679; accord, Felzen v. Andreas, supra, 134 F.3d 873

[class members must intervene as parties in order to appeal from adverse decisions].)

Alternatively, a dissatisfied class member may opt out. (Croyden, at p. 678.) Finally,

Croyden pointed out that class actions would become unmanageable and unproductive if

each class member could individually appeal. (Ibid.) The purpose of class actions is to

"render manageable litigation involving numerous class members who otherwise would

all have access to the court through individual lawsuits" (ibid.) and it would defeat the

purpose of instituting the litigation as a class action in the first place if any and all class

members could appeal from rulings and judgments. (Ibid.) Thus, because Trotsky relies

Moreover, whatever merit Powers's rationale might have in the context of a proposed
settlement of a class action, the present action involved a court judgment in which the
amount of the recovery and the amount of the attorney fees award was not made by the
parties during negotiations to which unnamed class members were not privy, but was
instead made by the court as part of adversarial proceedings, which brings this action
squarely within the holding of Eggert and also obviates one of the concerns articulated by
Powers. (See Powers, at p. 1256.)
                                               15
on federal authority that has been at least undermined by contrary federal authority, and

disregarded Eggert's contrary (and controlling) approach, we conclude the cases on

which Muller relies should not be followed.

       Even were we free to disregard Eggert, which we are not (Auto Equity Sales, Inc.

v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d 450), adhering to Eggert's approach would not leave

nonparty class members without protection or appellate recourse. Under California law,

where class members are given the option of opting out, they are not bound by the

judgment in the class action but instead may pursue their own action. (Home Sav. &

Loan Assn. v. Superior Court (1974) 42 Cal.App.3d 1006, 1010.) Even if they remain,

California law provides that a person who is a nonparty may acquire appellate standing

by intervening, and moving to vacate the judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 378; Marsh,

supra, 43 Cal.App.4th at p. 295.) They may then appeal the order denying the motion to

vacate. (Eggert, supra, 20 Cal.2d at p. 201.) Based on these rationales, Muller's

argument—that merely filing a notice of appearance (and subsequently objecting to the

attorney fee award) conferred standing on her to appeal from the court's judgment—must

fail. Intervention in the instant action would have permitted Muller to oppose the

attorney fee award and preserve the objectives of the class action: orderliness, efficiency,

and fairness to other class members. Similarly, we do not see how intervention would

fail to address the "unpalatable alternatives" that animated the Trotsky court. Intervention

would have the effect of giving Muller a clear avenue from which to challenge the

attorney fee award, because as a party Muller could not be ignored by the court, the class

plaintiffs, or the class defendant; furthermore, intervention would put the class defendant

                                             16
on notice of a possible appeal from the judgment. Moreover, we believe a bright-line

rule requiring party status to appeal a class action would be appropriate where the cost of

intervention is minimal and benefits, to both the parties and to the court system, are

substantial.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The appeal is dismissed. Class representatives shall recover costs on appeal.




                                                                           McDONALD, J.

WE CONCUR:


HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.


NARES, J.




                                             17
