     Case: 17-10040   Document: 00514348864     Page: 1   Date Filed: 02/15/2018




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT   United States Court of Appeals
                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                    FILED
                                                                February 15, 2018
                                 No. 17-10040
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk
FORT WORTH 4TH STREET PARTNERS, L.P.; KSM MINERALS, L.L.C.;
MOJITO ENERGY, L.L.C.; 4TH STREET MINERALS, L.L.C.; REILLY
FAMILY MINERALS, L.L.C.,

             Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.

CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORPORATION; CHESAPEAKE OPERATING,
L.L.C.; CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L.L.C., as Successor by Merger to
Chesapeake Exploration, L.P.; CHESAPEAKE LAND COMPANY, L.L.C.;
CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L.P.,

             Defendants - Appellees




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Texas


Before DENNIS, CLEMENT, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge:
      Fort Worth 4th Street Partners, L.P. (FWP) and its designees brought
suit against Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C. (Chesapeake) and related entities
to recover payment allegedly due under a provision of a Surface Use Agreement
governing Chesapeake’s use of FWP’s land. Before this payment came due,
FWP sold the surface of this land to Chesapeake Land Company, L.L.C. The
district court determined that the payment provision was a covenant that ran
with the surface of the land and that FWP accordingly forfeited the benefit of
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this covenant when it sold that land. We AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
                                           I

         In 2005, FWP leased mineral rights in a plot of its land (“FWP Lands”)
to   Dale     Resources,    L.L.C.,    Chesapeake’s     predecessor    in   interest.
Contemporaneously, the parties entered into a Surface Use Agreement (SUA)
governing Dale’s use of the surface of the FWP Lands while conducting oil and
gas operations. Paragraph 17 of the SUA included a payment provision that
stated:
         On or before the expiration of six (6) years from the date of this
         Surface Use Agreement (the “Damage Payment Date”), the
         Working Interest Owner shall pay to the Surface Owner a sum
         equal to Six Dollars ($6.00) per square foot (the “Base Price”) for
         each square foot included in an Operation Site, the Central
         Facility, the Water Supply Pit and all roads and pipeline
         easements appurtenant to any of the same (collectively the
         “Occupied Lands”); provided, however, if, before the Damage
         Payment Date, Working Interest Owner has drilled and completed
         at least eight (8) wells on and from an Operation Site, then the
         “Base Price” shall be reduced from Six Dollars and No/100 ($6.00)
         per foot to Three Dollars and No/100 ($3.00) per foot.
In the subsequent and final section, the SUA additionally established that:
“[t]he terms, provisions and conditions hereof shall be covenants running with
land and shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Working Interest
Owner, the Surface Owner, and each of their respective successors, legal
representatives, heirs, assigns, lessees, and sublessees.”
         Subsequently, Chesapeake succeeded to Dale’s interest in the mineral
lease and the SUA.         Then, in 2007, before the “Damage Payment Date,”
established in Paragraph 17, FWP sold the entirety of the surface of the FWP
Lands to Chesapeake Land Company L.L.C., a related entity, for


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approximately $34 million.     In the real estate agreement, FWP expressly
reserved its mineral rights, but otherwise conveyed the surface “together with
all improvements and fixtures thereon and all rights, privileges, easements,
benefits and agreements appurtenant thereto.” In connection with the sale of
the FWP Lands, FWP and Chesapeake entered into a Master Amendment to
amend the lease and SUA to accord with Chesapeake’s ownership of the
surface rights. Among other amendments, the Master Amendment made the
following change to the SUA:
      Elimination of Surface Use Restrictions. . . . FWP shall no longer
      be entitled to restrict or limit where or how operations for drilling,
      operation and producing oil, gas or other minerals under the Lease
      are conducted. Therefore, any provision of the Surface Agreement
      which purports to limit or restrict the “Working Interest Owner’s”
      right to enter upon or use any surface of the FWP Lands are hereby
      deleted and terminated, including, but not limited to Paragraphs
      1 through 13.
The Master Amendment also reiterated: “The terms, provisions, covenants,
and conditions” of the SUA “are intended to be, and shall be deemed to be
covenants running with the FWP Lands.” Finally, this document included a
“Non-Merger Clause” that stated: “The parties hereto acknowledge and agree
that the terms and provisions of the Lease, the [SUA], and the Joint Operating
Agreement, as amended, shall remain in full force and effect.”
      In 2014, three years after the “Damage Payment Date” in Paragraph 17,
FWP brought the instant lawsuit against Chesapeake and related entities
asserting multiple breach-of-contract claims. The parties settled all claims
except FWP’s claim for payment of $2,503,346.85 under Paragraph 17, on
which the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court
granted summary judgment to Chesapeake, holding that Paragraph 17 created
a covenant that ran with the land and, alternatively, that the Master

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Amendment’s deletion of terms essential to calculate the amount of payment
rendered the provision indefinite and thus unenforceable.
                                        II

      We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Johnson v. World All. Fin. Corp., 830 F.3d 192, 195 (5th Cir. 2016). The
determination that a contract is unambiguous and the interpretation of that
contract are legal questions also reviewed de novo. Clardy Mfg. Co. v. Marine
Midland Bus. Loans Inc., 88 F.3d 347, 352 (5th Cir. 1996). The parties agree
that Texas contract and property law govern FWP’s claim. See, e.g., Gasperini
v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996) (“[F]ederal courts sitting
in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.”).
      In Texas, a covenant runs with the land when four requirements are met:
(1) it touches and concerns the land; (2) it relates to a thing in existence or
specifically binds the parties and their assigns; (3) it is intended by the original
parties to run with the land; and (4) the successor to the burden has notice. In
re Energytec, Inc., 739 F.3d 215, 221 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing Inwood N.
Homeowners’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Harris, 736 S.W.2d 632, 635 (Tex. 1987)).
Otherwise, the agreement is a personal covenant that remains with the
original parties to the contract and does not run to successors. In re El Paso
Refinery, LP, 302 F.3d 343, 356–57 (5th Cir. 2002).            FWP argues that
Paragraph 17 does not satisfy the first and third elements, touch and concern
and parties’ intent. Instead, according to FWP, Paragraph 17 is a “beneficial
personal covenant” that obligated the “Working Interest Owner” to make a
deferred payment to FWP at the predetermined date as additional
consideration for the contemporaneous gas and oil lease.
      As a preliminary matter, FWP contends that the benefit of a covenant
does not necessarily run with the land even if the burden does. FWP explicitly
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concedes that the burden of Paragraph 17 runs with the land, but argues that
the district court erred by not analyzing the burden and the benefit separately.
Assuming without deciding that the burden of a covenant can run with the
land while the benefit does not under Texas law, we nevertheless conclude that
the benefit of this covenant runs with the land to the current owner of the
surface.
                                        A
      The tests governing when a covenant touches and concerns land under
Texas law “are far from absolute.” Westland Oil Dev. Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp.,
637 S.W.2d 903, 911 (Tex. 1982). Some Texas courts have said that the benefit
of a covenant runs with the land when it “affected the nature, quality or value
of the thing demised, independently of collateral circumstances, or if it affected
the mode of enjoying it.” Id. (cleaned up); see El Paso, 302 F.3d at 356. Other
courts have stated that “if the promisee’s legal relations in respect to that land
are increased—his legal interest as owner rendered more value by the
promise—the benefit of the covenant touches or concerns the land.” Westland,
637 S.W.2d at 911 (cleaned up); see Mobil Oil Corp. v. Brennan, 385 F.2d 951,
953 (5th Cir. 1967).
      Under either of these tests, the benefit of Paragraph 17 touches and
concerns the land because it affects the value of the surface of the FWP Lands
and specifically renders its owner’s legal interest in the land more valuable.
FWP fails to acknowledge that the benefit of Paragraph 17 is not merely the
right to receive payment but also how the method of calculating this payment
preserves the land’s value to its owner. By basing the payment due on the
square footage occupied by the lessee, the terms of the provision operate to
incentivize the lessee to use, and consequently, damage, as little of the surface
land as possible. Critically, structuring the payment in this way does not

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merely compensate FWP for any such damage; it impacts how the lessee will
use the land, thereby preserving its value to its owner. By incentivizing the
lessee to disturb as little of the FWP Lands as possible with its extraction
operations, Paragraph 17 ensures that one’s “legal interest as owner [is]
rendered more value by the promise.”          Westland, 637 S.W.2d at 911.
Accordingly, the benefit of Paragraph 17 touches and concerns the FWP Lands.
                                       B
      To create a real covenant, the contracting parties must also intend at the
time of the agreement that the covenant run with the land. Inwood, 736
S.W.2d at 635. Courts judge intent by first looking to the text of the instrument
itself to determine if there is language expressly stating that the covenant
binds successors. See Billington v. Riffe, 492 S.W.2d 343, 346 (1973). Texas’s
parol evidence rule “precludes consideration of extrinsic evidence to contradict,
vary or add to the terms of an unambiguous written agreement absent fraud,
accident or mistake.” In re H.E. Butt Grocery Co., 17 S.W.3d 360, 369 (Tex.
App. 2000) (citations omitted); see TEX. BUS. & COMMERCIAL CODE ANN.
§ 2.202. “If a written contract is worded in a manner that allows it to be given
a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation, then the contract is not
ambiguous. . . . [P]arol evidence is not admissible to render a contract
ambiguous, which on its face, is capable of being given a definite certain legal
meaning.” EOG Res., Inc. v. Killam Oil Co., 239 S.W.3d 293, 298 (Tex. App.
2007) (citations omitted).
      Here, the SUA unambiguously declares that: “[t]he terms, provisions and
conditions hereof shall be covenants running with land and shall be binding
upon and inure to the benefit of the Working Interest Owner, the Surface
Owner, and each of their respective successors.”       No portion of the SUA
purports to exempt the right to payment in Paragraph 17, which immediately

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precedes this language, from this characterization. As the district court noted,
the Master Amendment also reiterated that “[t]he terms, provisions,
covenants, and conditions” of the SUA “are intended to be, and shall be deemed
to be covenants running with the FWP Lands.” This express, unambiguous
language sufficiently “evidences the intent of the original parties that the
covenant run with the land.” Inwood, 736 S.W.2d at 633, 635.
      FWP contends that this court should consider an affidavit from a
beneficial owner of FWP that supports FWP’s assertions that Paragraph 17
was intended as a “beneficial personal covenant,” not a covenant running with
the land.   To the extent FWP contends that this affidavit contradicts
unambiguous intent finally expressed in both the SUA and the Master
Amendment that Paragraph 17 was a covenant running with the land, it is
inadmissible parol evidence and we will not consider it. The district court
correctly concluded that the parties intended Paragraph 17 to be a real
covenant running with the land.
                                      ***

      For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that the
disputed payment provision constituted a covenant running with the land.
Because FWP consequently forfeited its right to payment under this paragraph
when it sold the surface of the land at issue to Chesapeake, we do not address
the district court’s alternative holding that the Master Amendment rendered
the provision unenforceable for vagueness.
      AFFIRMED.




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