United States Court of Appeals
           For the Eighth Circuit
       ___________________________

               No. 18-1165
       ___________________________

            United States of America

       lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                          v.

                  Terry L. Hager

     lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
       ___________________________

               No. 18-1166
       ___________________________

            United States of America

       lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                          v.

                  Terry L. Hager

     lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                     ____________

   Appeals from United States District Court
for the Western District of Missouri - St. Joseph
                ____________
                           Submitted: December 10, 2018
                               Filed: April 9, 2019
                                  [Unpublished]
                                  ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Terry Hager, while on supervised release from incarceration for a 1991 federal
bank robbery conviction, committed a second robbery. Hager’s crime violated 18
U.S.C. § 2113(a) and the conditions of his supervised release. The district court1
sentenced Hager to a prison term of 100 months for the offenses, an upward variance
from the recommended Guidelines range of 57 to 71 months. On appeal, he
challenges the sentence as substantively unreasonable. We affirm.

                                   I. Background
       On March 5, 2016, Terry Hager robbed two tellers at United Missouri Bank in
St. Joseph, Missouri. Hager entered the bank wearing a baseball cap, sunglasses, and
a bandanna covering his face. He ordered the tellers to empty their cash drawers and
place the money into a bag he carried. Hager fled with nearly $14,000 after ordering
everyone in the bank to lie on the ground.

      Using descriptions supplied by witnesses, a detective located Hager’s truck.
The detective attempted to stop the vehicle with his lights and sirens activated. Hager
did not stop but fled at a high rate of speed through residential neighborhoods.



      1
      The Honorable Fernando J. Gaitan, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

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Concerned for public safety, the detective discontinued pursuit. Police arrested Hager
the following day.

       Hager eventually confessed and pleaded guilty to one count of bank robbery,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Hager committed this offense while on
supervised release from a 1991 armed bank robbery conviction. He served over 20
years in federal prison for that offense. The United States Probation Office filed a
presentence investigation report (PSR) with the court, recommending a Guidelines
imprisonment range of 92 to 115 months, based on a total offense level of 26 and a
criminal history category of IV.

       Prior to sentencing, Hager objected to the PSR’s Guidelines range and filed a
sentencing memorandum requesting a below-Guidelines prison sentence of 60
months. Hager argued that 60 months would meet the goals of federal sentencing
because it would reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide a just punishment, and
promote respect for the law. He cited several mitigating circumstances in support of
his request, including his difficult upbringing; his physical and mental health issues;
and his eventual confession, which helped recover much of the stolen cash.

       In response, the government filed its own sentencing memorandum asking the
court to vary upward from the Guidelines range to 180 months’ imprisonment,
followed by three years of supervised release. In support, the government discussed
the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors as applied to Hager’s case. It emphasized
that Hager was on supervised release for his first federal bank robbery when he
committed another one; that he had previously committed domestic assault, a violent
Missouri state felony; and that he had an extensive criminal history with multiple
prior state and municipal convictions. Not surprisingly, the government argued that
the upward variance would reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for
the law, and provide just punishment for the offense.



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       The government also argued that an upward variance would better address the
obvious need for deterrence of this defendant, given Hager’s prior conviction for the
same crime—despite now having a job, a place to live, and a probation officer, along
with family and community support. Finally, the government argued that the upward
variance would help protect the public from Hager’s potential recidivism and
effectively provide Hager with an opportunity to rehabilitate.

      At the sentencing hearing, the court ruled on Hager’s objections to the PSR,
then recalculated the Guidelines sentencing range, setting it at 57 to 71 months’
imprisonment. The parties reiterated their positions from their filed sentencing
memoranda. The court stated on the record that it had read the parties’ filings and the
PSR. The court acknowledged that Hager experienced a challenging upbringing but
nonetheless found that Hager was a “danger to [him]self and to society” and that “the
government ha[d] made persuasive arguments . . . with regard to 3553 factors.”
Sentencing Tr. at 43, United States v. Hager, No. 4:91-CR-00084-FJG-1 (W.D. Mo.
Feb. 2, 2018), ECF No. 87. These arguments convinced the court that an upward
variance was appropriate. The court varied upward and sentenced Hager to 100
months’ imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release.

                                   II. Discussion
      On appeal, Hager challenges his sentence as substantively unreasonable. He
argues the district court (1) failed to give any weight to Hager’s mitigating
circumstances; and (2) based the variance solely on his risk of recidivism, which was
already accounted for by the advisory Guidelines range.

       “When we review the imposition of sentences, whether inside or outside the
Guidelines range, we apply ‘a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.’” United
States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (quoting United
States v. Hayes, 518 F.3d 989, 995 (8th Cir. 2008)). “A district court abuses its
discretion when it (1) ‘fails to consider a relevant factor that should have received

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significant weight’; (2) ‘gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor’;
or (3) ‘considers only the appropriate factors but in weighing those factors commits
a clear error of judgment.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Kane, 552 F.3d 748, 752 (8th
Cir. 2009)).

       When a sentence falls outside the advisory Guidelines range, we “must give
due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole,
justify the extent of the variance.” Id. at 461–62 (quoting Gall v. United States, 552
U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). Our review is “narrow and deferential” in sentencing cases, and
“it will be the unusual case when we reverse a district court sentence—whether
within, above, or below the applicable Guidelines range—as substantively
unreasonable.” Id. at 464 (quoting United States v. Gardellini, 545 F.3d 1089, 1090
(D.C. Cir. 2008)).

       Hager argues that the district court failed to give any weight to his traumatic
childhood and mental health problems in fashioning his sentence. Because these
mitigating factors were presented both in his sentencing memorandum and in his
arguments at the sentencing hearing, we may presume that the court considered them
and found them unpersuasive. See United States v. Timberlake, 679 F.3d 1008, 1012
(8th Cir. 2012). Here, we need not presume, because the court explicitly
acknowledged that Hager had faced “challenges in [his] upbringing.” Sentencing Tr.
at 43. But the court also acknowledged the government’s persuasive arguments to
vary upward. Specifically, the court took into account the serious nature of the
offense, Hager’s extensive criminal history, and the inadequacy of deterrence
achieved by his prior lengthy sentence. “The court’s emphasis on the defendant’s
criminal history and the nature of the offense falls within a sentencing court’s
‘substantial latitude to determine how much weight to give the various factors under
§ 3553(a).’” Timberlake, 679 F.3d at 1012 (quoting United States v. Ruelas-Mendez,
556 F.3d 655, 657 (8th Cir. 2009)). We discern no clear error of judgment in the
court’s weighing of the relevant factors.

                                          -5-
       Hager also argues that the court erred by imposing the upward variance based
exclusively on the danger he posed to himself and to society, because his risk of
recidivism was already accounted for by the advisory Guidelines range. We disagree.
The court did not rely exclusively on Hager’s recidivism. As noted above, the district
court considered other sentencing factors as well to justify the variance. Regardless,
this court has “stated repeatedly that ‘factors that have already been taken into
account in calculating the advisory Guidelines range can nevertheless form the basis
of a variance.’” United States v. Thorne, 896 F.3d 861, 865 (8th Cir. 2018) (per
curiam) (quoting United States v. David, 682 F.3d 1074, 1077 (8th Cir. 2012)).
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
imposing the upward variance.

                                III. Conclusion
      We affirm the sentence imposed by the district court.
                      ______________________________




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