                                                                       FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                   April 19, 2012
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                        No. 11-1375
 v.                                            (D.C. No. 07-CR-00182-REB-2)
                                                          (D. Colo.)
 BRICE E. HANNS, a/k/a Brice Hans,

          Defendant - Appellant.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, TYMKOVICH, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges. **


      Defendant-Appellant, Brice E. Hanns, appeals his status as a career

offender, based upon two prior state convictions for second-degree assault that

were classified as “crimes of violence” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3731(a), and we affirm.




      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
                                   Background

      Mr. Hanns was charged in May 2007 with carjacking and firearms offenses,

1 R. 14-23, and pled guilty to one count of carjacking (count five), 18 U.S.C.

§ 2119, and one count of use of a firearm during a crime of violence (count

seven), 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A), 1 R. 24-37. The presentence investigation

report (“PSR”) revealed, inter alia, two prior state convictions for second-degree

assault and classified these offenses as crimes of violence. 3 R. 11, 15. Due in

part to this classification, Mr. Hanns was found to be a career offender as defined

by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a)—thus increasing his Guidelines range. 3 R. 11. Mr.

Hanns objected to the PSR, 1 R. 51-66, and the government responded, 1 R. 67-

74. The district court overruled Mr. Hanns’s objections. See Order Overruling

Objections to PreSentence Report, United States v. Hanns, No. 07-cr-00182-REB-

02, ECF No. 321 (D. Colo. July 29, 2011) (hereinafter “Order”). He was

sentenced to 157 months’ imprisonment, with three years’ supervised release for

count five and five years’ supervised release for count seven to run concurrently.

1 R. 99-100.



                                    Discussion

      We review the district court’s determination that a prior conviction

qualifies as a crime of violence under the Guidelines de novo. See United States

v. Thomas, 643 F.3d 802, 804 (10th Cir. 2011).

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      Under § 4B1.2(a) of the Guidelines, a “crime of violence” is defined as:

      any offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for
      a term exceeding one year, that--

             (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
             physical force against the person of another, or

             (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of
             explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
             potential risk of physical injury to another.

In Colorado, an individual commits second degree assault when:

      For a purpose other than lawful medical or therapeutic treatment, he
      intentionally causes stupor, unconsciousness, or other physical or
      mental impairment or injury to another person by administering to him,
      without his consent, a drug, substance, or preparation capable of
      producing the intended harm.

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(e).

      In determining whether a crime is a “crime of violence,” we first take a

categorical approach and “look[] only to the statutory definition[] of the prior

offense[], and not to the particular facts underlying those convictions.” See

United States v. Perez-Vargas, 414 F.3d 1282, 1284 (10th Cir. 2005). If the

statute is broad enough to encompass both violent and nonviolent crimes,

however, “a court can look beyond the statute to certain records of the prior

proceeding, such as the charging documents, the judgment, any plea thereto, and

findings by the sentencing court.” See id. (internal quotations omitted). This

court has already decided that Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(e) does not

proscribe a crime of violence, as defined in U.S.S.G. §

                                         -3-
2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii)—meaning that it does not necessarily involve the use,

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force. 1 See United States v.

Rodriguez-Enriquez, 518 F.3d 1191, 1195 (10th Cir. 2008). Therefore, as argued

by Mr. Hanns, second degree assault in Colorado does not meet the definition of a

“crime of violence” set forth in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1), which shares the “use,

attempted use, or threatened use of physical force” language with U.S.S.G. §

2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). Furthermore, again as argued by Mr. Hanns, it is not one of

the enumerated felonies listed in § 4B1.2(a)(2). Thus, in order to be classified as

a “crime of violence,” the second-degree assault statute must qualify under the

“residual clause” of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).

      Mr. Hanns argues that the second-degree assault statute does not qualify

under the residual clause because it does not involve risk of physical injury, but

even if it does, it still would not qualify because it does not involve violent and


      1
        For purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), “crime of violence” is
defined as:

      any of the following offenses under federal, state, or local law: Murder,
      manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses
      (including where consent to the conduct is not given or is not legally
      valid, such as where consent to the conduct is involuntary, incompetent,
      or coerced), statutory rape, sexual abuse of a minor, robbery, arson,
      extortion, extortionate extension of credit, burglary of a dwelling, or
      any other offense under federal, state, or local law that has as an
      element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
      against the person of another.

U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 n.1(B)(iii).

                                        -4-
aggressive conduct.

      Whether Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(e) constitutes a crime of violence

under the residual clause of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2) is an issue of first impression

for this court. The Supreme Court, however, recently considered whether an

Indiana law criminalizing vehicle flight from police constituted a crime of

violence under the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”),

18 U.S.C. § 924(e), which is identical to the residual clause at issue here. In

Sykes v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2267 (2011), the Court held that vehicle flight

is a crime of violence because it can “cause serious potential risk of physical

injury to another,” Id. at 2274. Addressing the argument that “vehicle flights do

not involve the kinds of dangers that the [ACCA’s] residual clause demands,” the

Court distinguished Begay v. United States, 553 U.S. 137 (2008), upon which Mr.

Hanns relies heavily. Sykes, 131 S. Ct. at 2275-76. Begay held that driving

under the influence is not a violent felony under the residual clause of the ACCA

because the crimes listed in the residual clause all involve “purposeful, violent,

and aggressive conduct”—suggesting a “higher degree of intent than negligent or

merely accidental conduct” usually present in a DUI. 553 U.S. at 144-45 (internal

quotations omitted). Sykes distinguished Begay by explaining that vehicle flight

“has a stringent mens rea requirement and violators must act knowingly or

intentionally.” Sykes, 131 S. Ct. at 2275 (second emphasis added) (internal

quotations omitted). The “purposeful or intentional” mens rea requirement in the

                                         -5-
state statute concerning vehicle flight was therefore similar to the enumerated

crimes listed in the ACCA’s residual clause and precluded application of the

Begay exception. Id. at 2276. The Court also found that “[s]erious and

substantial risks are an inherent part of vehicle flight,” making vehicle flight a

crime of violence for purposes of the ACCA. Id.

      This court applied Sykes in United States v. Smith, 652 F.3d 1244 (10th

Cir. 2011), and held that a person in the custody of a juvenile officer commits a

“crime of violence” under the ACCA by violating Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 650.2.

Holding that the conduct at issue was “roughly similar, in kind as well as in

degree of risk posed to the enumerated examples preceding the [residual clause],”

Smith, 652 F.3d at 1247 (quoting United States v. Williams, 559 F.3d 1143, 1147

(10th Cir. 2009)), we held that assaulting a state official requires a “stringent

means rea requirement . . . beyond strict liability” and results in a sort of “powder

keg” situation, which could result in physical injury at any moment, id. at 1248-

49.

      Additionally, this court has applied Sykes in determining whether a crime

constitutes a “crime of violence” under the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2). In

Thomas, we relied on Sykes to hold that a defendant’s willful refusals to stop for

police under Kansas law were crimes of violence under the residual clause for

substantially the same reasons that the Supreme Court articulated in Sykes. 643

F.3d at 806. In Thomas, like in Sykes, we noted that the Begay exception for

                                         -6-
strict liability and negligence crimes did not apply. Id. Similarly, in United

States v. Armijo, 651 F.3d 1226, 1237 (10th Cir. 2011), we held that “only those

versions of manslaughter that involve intentional or purposeful behavior qualify

as crimes of violence for purposes of § 4B1.2(a),” excluding Colorado’s

manslaughter statute that addressed only reckless conduct.

      We hold that the statute at issue in this case includes an “intentional” mens

rea requirement, thus fulfilling the Sykes standard and precluding Begay’s

exception. The crime is also similar in risk, as well as in degree, to the

enumerated crimes listed in § 4B1.2(a)(2). See James v. United States, 550 U.S.

192, 203 (2007). As the district court noted:

      a person who is in a stupor or who is suffering from physical or mental
      impairment is at significant risk of physical injury from falling and
      from assaults or other harmful actions taken by others who may choose
      to take advantage of the victim’s impairment or impairments. In
      addition, a person suffering from mental impairment is at risk of
      physical injury also from the exercise of impaired judgment about what
      actions to take, including in the operation of a motor vehicle. Like the
      excessive consumption of alcohol, these conditions present a serious
      potential risk of physical injury to both the victim of the assault in the
      second degree and to those persons in the presence of the victim.

Order at 6. Moreover, the administration of drugs by someone who is not a

licensed doctor to a victim whose medical history and other physical

characteristics are unknown to the perpetrator poses a substantial risk of physical

injury to the victim. Therefore, the district court correctly held that a violation of

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-203(1)(e) is a crime of violence for purposes of U.S.S.G.


                                         -7-
§ 4B1.2(a).

      AFFIRMED.

                  Entered for the Court


                  Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                  Circuit Judge




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