      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
                IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY


SUSAN DURKIN LAUGELLE,                      )
individually and as personal                )
representative of the Estate of Joseph      )
Laugelle, Jr., deceased, and as Next        )
Friend to Anna Grace Laugelle and           )
Margaret Grace Laugelle,                    )
                                            )
                           Plaintiffs,      )
v.                                          )     C.A. N10C-12-054 PRW
                                            )
BELL HELICOPTER                             )
TEXTRON, INC., et al.,                      )
                                            )
                           Defendants.      )


                             Submitted: October 1, 2014
                              Decided: October 6, 2014

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Upon Defendants’ Joint Motion in Limine to Exclude or Limit the
              Expert Opinion Testimony of Donald E. Sommer,1
               DENIED, IN PART; GRANTED, IN PART.

                Upon Defendants’ Joint Motion to Exclude Certain
                  Opinions of Plaintiffs’ Expert David Young, 2
                                   DENIED.




1
      Dkt #404; Trans. I.D. #54061772.
2
      Dkt #401; Trans. I.D. #54060146.
                  Upon Defendants’ Joint Motion to Exclude Certain
                    Opinions of Plaintiff’s Expert Stephen Early 3
                   GRANTED, IN PART; DENIED, IN PART.

    Upon Defendants’ Joint Motion to Exclude Expert Testimony of William Muzzy 4
                                     DENIED.

                       Upon Defendants’ Joint Motion to Exclude
                        Expert Testimony of Eric Van Iderstine5
                                      DENIED.

      Upon Plaintiffs’ Motion in Limine to Preclude Reference to Irrelevant and
        Prejudicial Matters Concerning Plaintiffs’ Expert Donald Sommer 6
                                    GRANTED.

          Upon Defendants’ Motion to Preclude Evidence of Other Accidents
                   Without First Showing Substantial Similarity7
                                   GRANTED.

             Upon Defendants’ Motion in Limine Regarding Evidence of
                    Rotor Blade Damage in Other Accidents 8
                                   DENIED.

              Upon Defendants’ Motion in Limine to Exclude as Hearsay
                 Third Party Statements Made to Donald Sommer 9
                                   GRANTED.


3
        Dkt #400; Trans. I.D. #54059600.
4
        Dkt #380; Trans. I.D. #54049379.
5
        Dkt #383; Trans. I.D. #54052436.
6
        Dkt #490; Trans. I.D. #54320950.
7
        Dkt #499; Trans. I.D. #54322849.
8
        Dkt #496; Trans. I.D. #54322841.
9
        Dkt #498; Trans. I.D. #54322846.
Upon Plaintiffs’ Omnibus Motion in Limine to Preclude Impact Velocity Opinions
Presented by Defense Experts Jean Slane, Robert Winn, Joe Syslo, Doug Stimpson,
        Vern Albert, David Laananen, Greg Feith, and C. Dennis Moore 10
                                  DENIED.
Gary W. Aber, Esquire, Law Offices of Gary W. Aber, Wilmington, Delaware;
Bradley J. Stoll, Esquire, (pro hac vice), and Cynthia M. Devers, Esquire, (pro hac
vice) The Wolk Law Firm, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Jeffrey L. Moyer, Esquire, Travis Hunter, Esquire, Richards, Layton & Finger, PA,
Wilmington, Delaware, John O’Flanagan, Esquire, (pro hac vice), L. Robert
Bourgeois, Esquire, (pro hac vice), and Petra L. Justice, Esquire (pro hac vice),
Banker Lopez Gassler, Tampa, Florida., Attorneys for Bell Helicopter Textron Inc.
DE Corp., Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Limited, Textron Inc. 11

WALLACE, J.




10
       Dkt #392; Trans. I.D. #54050529.
11
       The Court earlier granted summary judgment to Defendant Rolls Royce Corporation.
Laugelle v. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc., 2014 WL 2699880 (Del. Super. Ct. June 11, 2014).
And the Plaintiffs have settled their claims with Bristow-Air Logistics (Dkt. #746; Trans. I.D.
#55969639) and Honeywell International (Dkt. #755; Trans. I.D. #56091085). Bell Helicopter is
the only Defendant remaining.
     I.       INTRODUCTION

           This Court discussed the background of this case extensively in an earlier

opinion.12 In turn, only a brief summary will be provided here. This wrongful

death action arises out of a helicopter crash that occurred on December 11, 2008,

in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Sabine Pass, Texas. Joseph Laugelle, Jr.,

the helicopter’s pilot (“Pilot”), was transporting four passengers to an oil rig when

the helicopter went down about two miles offshore. There were no survivors.

           The Pilot’s wife, Susan Durkin Laugelle, brought suit against several

defendants. She did so individually, as a personal representative of Mr. Laugelle’s

estate, and as next friend to the Laugelles’ two minor daughters (collectively,

“Plaintiffs”).

           This omnibus opinion addresses a number of motions in limine seeking to

exclude certain accident reconstruction expert testimony arguing lack of

qualification, unreliable methodology, or both. In addition, this opinion resolves

certain other motions in limine related to that expert testimony.

     II.      Daubert Analysis

           Delaware Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admission of expert testimony:

                 [i]f scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge
                 will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or
                 to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an

12
           Laugelle, 2014 WL 2699880.

                                             -2-
              expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or
              education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or
              otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient
              facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable
              principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied
              the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the
              case.

D.R.E. 702 is substantially similar to Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence,

which is governed by Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceaticals, Inc., 13 and Kumho

Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael. 14          The Delaware Supreme Court has expressly

adopted the holdings in Daubert and Kumho. 15

       When its admission is challenged, a trial judge must ensure that expert

testimony is both reliable and relevant. 16 Expert testimony is relevant if it assists

the fact finder in “understand[ing] the evidence or . . . determin[ing] a fact in

issue.” 17   Reliable expert testimony is premised on scientific or specialized

knowledge, which requires the testimony to be grounded in scientific methods and




13
       509 U.S. 579 (1993) (addressing scientific testimony).
14
        526 U.S. 137 (1999) (extending Daubert’s holdings to all scientific, technical, and
specialized matters).
15
      Bowen v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 906 A.2d 787, 794 (Del. 2006) (citing
M.G. Bancorporation, Inc. v. Le Beau, 737 A.2d 513, 522 (Del. 1999)).
16
       Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597 (1993).
17
       Id. at 591 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702).

                                                 -3-
procedures and “supported by appropriate validation—i.e., ‘good grounds,’ based

on what is known.” 18

       The trial judge functions as a gatekeeper for relevant and reliable scientific

testimony by inquiring: (1) whether the theory or technique has or can be tested;

(2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and

publication; (3) whether the technique has a rate of error and what that rate of error

is; and (4) whether the theory or technique has gained a general acceptance within

the relevant scientific community. 19 These four factors are not meant to be a

“definitive checklist.” 20 Instead, a trial judge enjoys broad latitude in determining

whether expert testimony is both reliable and relevant. 21 The goal of this inquiry is

not “wholesale exclusion” of testimony because it has not been “generally

accepted;” rather, “cross examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and

careful instruction on the burden of proof” are, more often, the appropriate

methods of attacking scientific, technical, or other testimony based on specialized

knowledge.22

18
       Id. at 590.
19
       Id. at 592-94.
20
      Tumlinson v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 81 A.3d 1264, 1269 (Del. 2013) (quoting
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593).
21
       Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. LaGrange Properties, LLC, 2012 WL 6840625, at *20 (Del.
Super. Ct. Dec. 7, 2012); see also Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141-42 (1999).
22
       Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596.

                                            -4-
       Consistent with Daubert, Delaware requires the trial judge to engage a five-

step test to determine the admissibility of expert testimony. 23 The trial judge must

determine that:

               (1)     the witness is qualified as an expert by knowledge,
                       skill experience, training or education;
               (2)     the evidence is relevant;

               (3)     the expert’s opinion is based upon information
                       reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular
                       field;
               (4)     the expert testimony will assist the trier of fact to
                       understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
                       issue; and
               (5)     the expert testimony will not create unfair
                       prejudice or confuse or mislead the jury. 24

It is the burden of the party seeking to introduce the expert testimony to establish

its admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence. 25

       At the outset, the Court notes that a rigid application of the Daubert factors

simply cannot be engaged to determine testimonial reliability in every field of

expertise. 26 For example, many scientific, technical, or specialized fields are not


23
       Bowen v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 906 A.2d 787, 795 (Del. 2006).
24
       Id.
25
       Id.
26
        See, e.g., Watkins v. Telsmith, Inc., 121 F.3d 984, 990 (5th Cir. 1997) (noting “[n]ot every
guidepost outlined in Daubert will necessarily apply to expert testimony based on engineering
principles and practical experience”).

                                                -5-
subject to peer review and publication. That is why the test of reliability is

“flexible,” and the trial court has “broad latitude when it decides how to determine

reliability.” 27

       Accident reconstruction is one such example of an area that calls for

“technical or other specialized knowledge,” but is ill-suited for a strict observance

of the Daubert factors. 28 Still, Daubert’s general principles for examining such

experts’ reliability apply. Here, particularly, the Court must evaluate whether there

is “an adequate ‘fit’ between the [underlying] data and the opinion[s] proffered.”29

Too great of an “analytical gap” between the two, and the Court must conclude that

the opinion testimony fails to meet the reliable methodology or principles




27
       Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141-42 (1999).
28
         See Durnan v. Butler, 2004 WL 1790117 (Del. Super. Ct. July 21, 2004) (finding the
field of accident reconstruction would not “necessarily fit all of the Daubert criteria” due to lack
of peer review, publication, and “definitive guidelines as to the amount of training and
experience necessary”). See also Desert Falcon-Special Mar. Enter. v. E. Coast Terminal Co.,
2004 WL 5612966, at *2 (S.D. Ga. Jan. 5, 2004) (“. . . with accident re-constructionists . . .
reliability is found by looking ‘at the physical and factual information available, appl[ying]
standard engineering principles to this information, and determin[ing] the most probable
sequence of events.’”) (quoting Clay v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 663, 668 (6th Cir. 2000)); 5
Mod. Sci. Evidence § 44:9 (2013-2014 Edition) (“[T]he five-factor test for reliability is not
always appropriate for judging some kinds of expert testimony, [especially with] accident
reconstruction testimony, in which the case-specific nature of the inquiry makes it rarely
publication worthy, subject to error rate calculations, or even testable in practice.”).
29
        Moore v. Ashland Chem. Inc., 151 F.3d 269, 276 (5th Cir. 1998) (citing Gen. Elec. Co. v.
Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997)).

                                                -6-
requirement. 30 But only if the expert opinion is so fundamentally unsupported that

it can offer no assistance to the jury must such testimony be excluded. 31

     III.   DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS          IN   LIMINE   TO   EXCLUDE    OR   LIMIT EXPERT
            OPINIONS

            A. Testimony of Donald E. Sommer

        The Plaintiffs offer Donald E. Sommer as an expert in the field of aviation

accident reconstruction, mechanical engineering, piloting, and aviation. 32              Mr.

Sommer offered numerous opinions relevant to the cause of the accident in this

case in a report, a supplemental report, and two sessions of deposition testimony.

        Defendant Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (“Bell”) seeks to exclude or limit

three particular aspects of Mr. Sommer’s proffered expert testimony: 1) his opinion

that the pilot was presented with an engine failure mid-flight and attempted an

autorotation—the “operational impact” and autorotation testimony; 2) his opinion

on how the power turbine governor (“PTG”) in the accident helicopter became

contaminated—the source and “accumulation theory;” and 3) his opinion that an




30
       Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997) (recognizing that “[t]rained experts
commonly extrapolate from existing data,” but this does not warrant admitting opinion based
“only by the ipse dixit of the expert”).
31
       Perry v. Berkley, 996 A.2d 1262, 1271 (Del. 2010) (citing Porter v. Turner, 954 A.2d
308, 313 (Del. 2008)).
32
       See Joint Pretrial Stipulation, Dkt #730, Trans. I.D. 55902370, Ex. F [hereinafter
“Pretrial Stip.”].

                                              -7-
alternate PTG design (one including a lockout feature) could have prevented the

accident—the “alternate design” theory.

                1. Mr. Sommer’s Qualifications

         Mr. Sommer has his Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering, and he

holds many Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) ratings, including one as a

commercial pilot in rotorcraft/helicopter and one as an airframe mechanic. He has

experience piloting both winged aircraft and rotorcraft, including performing an

autorotation in a rotorcraft.33 Mr. Sommer received in-flight training to operate a

Bell 206 helicopter (the same model as the accident helicopter) and reviewed the

“manuals, operating characteristics, operational charts, and emergency procedures

for the helicopter.” 34       Additionally, Mr. Sommer has investigated over 120

helicopter accidents, some of which included mid-size helicopters such as the Bell

206.35

                2. Operational Impact and Autorotation Opinions

         The Plaintiffs seek to prove through Mr. Sommer’s testimony that, as a

result of contamination in the PTG, the engine suffered mid-flight power failure,


33
       See Deposition of Donald E. Sommer, May 22, 2013, at 54:19-25; 55:1-9, Ex. C to Defs.’
Opening Br. Supp. Defs.’ Mot. in Limine Exclude or Limit Expert Op. Test. Donald E. Sommer
[hereinafter “Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer”].
34
         Pltfs. Br. Opp’n Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer, at 20.
35
         Id.

                                               -8-
forcing Pilot to attempt an autorotation. Mr. Sommer further opines that Pilot’s

reaction to the power failure was reasonable under the circumstances, and that the

accident was not a product of an unintentional or controlled flight into the Gulf

waters. Bell claims these opinions are not the product of objective and reliable

methodology. Moreover, Bell claims that Mr. Sommer is not qualified to render an

opinion as to the possibility of an autorotation being performed.

              a. Mr. Sommer is qualified to render operational impact and
                 autorotation testimony

       As to Mr. Sommer’s qualification, the Court finds that he is qualified to

testify as to the operational impact of power loss and the need for or possibility of

performing an autorotation in that situation. Additionally, Mr. Sommer is qualified

to opine on the reasonableness of Pilot’s reaction to the power failure and the

theory that this was not a controlled flight into water. Mr. Sommer’s personal

experience piloting rotorcraft, including performing an autorotation in a

rotorcraft, 36 and his FAA rating as a commercial pilot in Rotorcraft/Helicopter

sufficiently qualify him as an expert to testify as to the procedures for and

possibility of performing an autorotation under the accident circumstances.




36
      See Deposition of Donald E. Sommer, May 22, 2013, at 54:19-25; 55:1-9, Ex. C to Defs.’
MIL Excluding Sommer.

                                            -9-
            b. Evidence of other helicopter crashes from the NTSB database

      As to the substance of Mr. Sommer’s opinions, Bell challenges Mr.

Sommer’s use of a set of reports of seven other helicopter crashes from the

National Traffic Safety Board (“NTSB”) database. Mr. Sommer references the

crash reports to compare the damage to the rotor blades involved in a full engine

power versus low engine power crash. This comparison is support for his theory

that the condition of the rotor blades in the accident indicates low engine power at

impact. Bell claims that Mr. Sommer did not take key factors into account when

selecting these other accident reports.       Plaintiffs counter that Mr. Sommer

deliberately chose other incidents where the engine speed was known to be high

power at impact, and where the helicopter class and angle of impact were

comparative to those at issue here. Plaintiffs intend to offer this testimony to

illustrate the differences in rotor blade damage between high and low engine power

at impact. To the extent the difference in rotor blade damage is illustrative of why

Mr. Sommer believes the crash occurred at low engine power, the Court finds that

there is an adequate fit between the crash reports and Mr. Sommer’s opinion.

Bell’s arguments go more toward the weight and credibility of the evidence, which

are best left for cross-examination and the presentation of contrary evidence.

Bell’s motion to preclude testimony based on the condition of rotorblades in seven

other helicopter accidents is therefore DENIED.


                                       -10-
               c. Service Difficulty Reports and Honeywell warranty claims

       Bell further seeks to exclude Mr. Sommer’s testimony that the PTG

blockage could have led to low power to the extent he relies on FAA Service

Difficulty Reports (“SDRs”) and Honeywell warranty claims describing what Mr.
                                                      37
Sommer calls “symptoms” of PTG failure.                    The Court has excluded the SDRs

from introduction at this trial.38 As to the warranty reports, Plaintiffs have failed to

adequately establish that they refer to the PTG. 39 Those reports, therefore, do not

constitute reliable underlying data under Daubert. Thus, to the extent any of Mr.

Sommer’s opinions as to the cause of this accident are based upon the SDRs and

warranty reports,40 the Court finds this methodology unreliable because use of

those particular reports as underlying data here has not been proven reliable.




37
        Bell challenges Mr. Sommer’s opinion that there were past instances of Pg Restrictors
causing engine loss because he based this opinion on the SDRs, which Bell claims actually did
not pertain to a power turbine governor.
38
       See Dkt #653; Trans. I.D. #55067702 (granting Defendants’ Joint Motion in Limine to
Exclude Reports of Unrelated Incidents Involving Power Turbine Governors (“PTGs”) Including
Service Difficulty Reports); and Dkt #650; Trans. I.D. #55067702 (opinion discussing
inadmissibility of SDRs).
39
        Mr. Sommer’s deposition testimony was that the “DP-VI” reported on the warranty
claims referred to the power turbine governor. But, in fact, as Bell points out and Plaintiffs have
not disputed, “DP-V1” refers to a fuel control unit, not a power turbine governor.
40
        According to the Plaintiffs, Mr. Sommer’s opinions are dependent on the SDRs and
Honeywell warranty claims to “confirm the propensity of the fluctuation and/or erratic fuel flow
within the Power Turbine Governor (PTG) and the resulting degradation in engine power.” Joint
Status Report, at 19 (Dkt #672; Trans. I.D. #55253592) [hereinafter “Joint Status Report”].

                                               -11-
Bell’s motion to preclude testimony regarding Mr. Sommer’s reliance on the SDRs

and Honeywell warranty claims is hereby GRANTED.

              d. Low Helicopter Speed Opinion

       Bell also argues that Mr. Sommer’s opinions on the helicopter’s speed at

impact and the resultant g force calculations should be excluded. Mr. Sommer

opines that the aircraft impacted the water “at a horizontal speed of 30 knots and

vertical and horizontal g-loading of 10-12 g’s.” 41 In support of this, Mr. Sommer

points to the g force calculations set forth by Plaintiffs’ experts William Muzzy

and Eric Van Iderstine, whose “analysis of the crash sequence, operational

parameters of the helicopter and injuries to Mr. Laugelle” he claims is “ultimately

consistent with” his 30 knots opinion. Mr. Van Iderstine testified in his deposition

that he began his analysis of the g forces starting with a speed of 30 knots as given

to him by Mr. Sommer. 42 Bell points to Mr. Sommer’s testimony given prior to



41
       Supplemental Report of Findings of Donald Sommer, August 5, 2013, Ex. 1-C to Pltfs.’
Resp. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer.
42
        Deposition of Eric Van Iderstine, May 31, 2013, Ex. G to Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer,
at 96:3-6.

       A:     . . . I consulted with Mr. Sommer on what he as a pilot and
              reconstructionist would see as a reasonable forward speed from a failed
              autorotation, what realm it could be in.
       Q:     Okay. So as far as this 30 knots that you used, which is the starting point
              for your calculations right?
       A:     For the horizontal component, yes.
       Q:     So as far as that 30 knots, you got that from Mr. Sommer?
       A:     That’s correct, yes.
                                             -12-
Mr. Van Iderstine’s, in which Mr. Sommer claims he cannot calculate the forward

speed of the aircraft at impact. Yet, Mr. Sommer’s opinion that the impact speed

was 30 knots is the product of analyzing aspects of the wreckage, leading him to

conclude that there was an attempted autorotation. 43 Based on his opinion that

there was a failed autorotation, Mr. Sommer used the “normal descent rate during

an autorotation in the accident helicopter . . . [of] approximately 1500 feet/min at a

forward speed of 60 knots”44 to reach the 30 knots impact speed figure. Because

this was a water crash, where normal signatures of speed at impact are missing,

Mr. Sommer used his experience in autorotation as a pilot and the available data

known to him about the height and speed the accident helicopter would be

traveling at before and during the autorotation. The Court notes that experts have

“historically been allowed to testify to an assumed set of factual circumstances,” as



       Q:         He said . . . [“]In my opinion he was going 30 knots full velocity when he
                  hit the water,[”] correct?
       A:         He said that that would be reasonable if there was an autorotation attempt.
                  We certainly see from the physical evidence that there was still a forward
                  velocity component and Mr. Sommer considered 30 knots reasonable.
Id. at 96:7-22.
43
       Supplemental Report of Findings of Donald Sommer, August 5, 2013, Ex C to Pltfs.’
Resp. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer (“According to industry accepted accident investigation
methodology, the relatively straight and undamaged rotor blades and the lack of rotational
scoring on the compressor housing indicates that this impact occurred while the engine was not
under any appreciable power. Furthermore, the rotational energy within the main rotor system
had dissipated prior to impact. These are the classic signatures of an attempted pre-impact
autorotation with little or no engine power.”).
44
       See id.


                                                 -13-
long as the assumed facts are supported.45 The Court finds that the Plaintiffs have

produced sufficient evidence as to the facts Mr. Sommer utilized in forming his

impact velocity opinion.         Again, Bell is really challenging Mr. Sommer’s

conclusion and his credibility. And, again, under Daubert, such challenges are

properly engaged through cross-examination and presentation of contrary

evidence.46 Bell’s motion to preclude Mr. Sommer’s opinion as to the speed of the

helicopter at impact is hereby DENIED.

              e. Remaining operational impact and autorotation opinions

       As to Mr. Sommer’s remaining operational impact and autorotation

opinions, the Court is satisfied that the Plaintiffs have met their burden in

producing sufficient evidence of the reliability of the underlying methodology.

Plaintiffs produced relevant portions from the manuals and handbooks that set

forth accepted aviation accident investigation methodology and that Mr. Sommer

relied upon in conducting his accident reconstruction.47 Plaintiffs have sufficiently

established how Mr. Sommer followed the procedures for accident investigation in

these manuals.      In particular, the International Civil Aviation Organization’s
45
       Crowhorn v. Boyle, 793 A.2d 422, 431 (Del. Super. Ct. 2002).
46
        Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 595 (1993) (Court must focus
“solely on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate”); id. at 596.
47
       Plaintiffs produced portions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (“ICAO”)
Manual on Aviation Accident Investigation, the NTSB Accident Investigation Handbook, and
the methodology endorsed by the United States Navy. See Exs. 15-27, Pltfs.’ Resp. Opp’n Defs.’
MIL Excluding Sommer.

                                             -14-
(“ICAO”) Manual of Aircraft Accident Investigation, which Mr. Sommer relied

upon, describes a “Group Organization” method, where “[t]he primary purpose of

the Group system is to establish the facts pertinent to an accident by making use of

specialized knowledge and practical experience of the participating individuals

with respect to construction and operation of the aircraft involved in the accident . .

.” 48 Plaintiffs have demonstrated that Mr. Sommer collaborated with other experts

specializing in materials sciences, biomechanics, and mechanical engineering

(among others), in addition to relying on his own experience as a pilot and

mechanical engineer to reach his causation opinions.               Consistent with the

procedures for accident reconstruction, Mr. Sommer also analyzed the wreckage,

conducted an inspection of the aircraft, performed an “exemplar flight” of the

accident flight, collected data from witnesses and flight manuals, and collaborated

with other specialists, all while drawing upon his own piloting experience.

      Thus, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs have met their burden in showing

that Mr. Sommer’s remaining opinions as to operational impact of alleged power

loss and autorotation are grounded in reliable methodology. Bell’s motion to

preclude these opinions is hereby DENIED.




48
      Ex. 15, Pltfs.’ Resp. Opp’n Def’s MIL Excluding Sommer., at APP-1166(A).

                                          -15-
             3. Source and Accumulation Theory

      It is Mr. Sommer’s opinion that particles accumulated at and contaminated

the PTG Pg restrictor in the engine. He opines that maintenance performed, daily

flights in the salt-water environment, and daily compressor washes allowed debris

to accumulate in the Pg orifice of the PTG, eventually leading to complete PTG

blockage.

      Bell suggests that Mr. Sommer is not qualified to give these causation

opinions and that these opinions are lacking in some reliably applied methodology.

Additionally, Bell makes a number of specific challenges to Mr. Sommer’s

“accumulation theory:” (1) that it was formed only after his other “melting theory”

was proven virtually impossible by defense experts; (2) that Mr. Sommer did

nothing to test his theory, including evaluating the air, air flow, compressor rinsate,

and how they would have moved within the PTG; and (3) that Mr. Sommer

admitted that he could have, but chose not to, calculate the number of particles that

would be required to fully block the Pg bleed restrictor.          Essentially, Bell’s

challenge is that Mr. Sommer bases his opinion on the mere fact that the particles

allegedly accumulated there.

      In response, the Plaintiffs argue that Mr. Sommer’s theory on how the Pg

bleed became blocked is the product of reliable accident reconstruction

methodology. According to Plaintiffs, he utilized “differential diagnosis within the


                                         -16-
confines of mechanical engineering principles,” an unchallenged material expert’s

test results, and the opinions of PTG and engine experts Stephen Early and David

Young (whose testimony is addressed below) to reach his conclusions. 49 Thus,

they say there was no need to perform testing of the particles or air and airflow as

Mr. Sommer was simply piecing together the evaluations of other experts qualified

to analyze that kind of testing.

       The Court finds that Mr. Sommer’s opinions regarding the accumulation of

foreign particles in the PTG and the derivative opinions of the other experts in this

area are based upon information reasonably relied upon by experts in the accident

reconstruction field. As an accident reconstructionist with experience investigating

other helicopter accidents, the Court also finds Mr. Sommer is qualified to piece

together investigative information from other experts, such as the materials expert

here. Challenges to the factual bases for Mr. Sommer’s opinions go to their

credibility, not their admissibility, and may be explored by Defendants’ cross

examination at trial. 50 Thus, Bell’s motion to preclude Mr. Sommer’s testimony as

to the “accumulation theory” is DENIED.

49
        The reliability of Mr. Sommer’s opinion is derived, in part, from Messers. Early’s and
Young’s engine and PTG function opinions. As discussed below in rendering opinions on those
specific issues, the Court finds those two Plaintiffs’ witnesses are qualified and engaged reliable
methodology.
50
       Perry v. Berkley, 996 A.2d 1262, 1271 (Del. 2010) (citing Porter v. Turner, 954 A.2d
308, 313 (Del. 2008)) (noting cross-examination rather than exclusion can be the proper method
of examining the factual basis of an expert’s opinion).

                                               -17-
              4. Alternate Design Opinions

       Mr. Sommer further opines that the PTG was defectively designed, and that

reasonably feasible alternative designs existed and could have been implemented

here.51 Further, Mr. Sommer opines that appropriate warnings and instructions

were not given to the Pilot about this condition or as to any potential remedial

measures. In his view, this fell below an industry standard of care. Bell argues

that Mr. Sommer is not qualified to testify that the PTG was defectively designed

or to render an opinion as to standard of care in the design and post-sale defect

correction. Moreover, Bell contends that even if Mr. Sommer is qualified, his

conclusions do not rest on reliable methodology.

       The Court agrees that Mr. Sommer is not qualified to render an opinion on

an alternate design of the PTG here.             Although a mechanical engineer with

extensive piloting experience, including an FAA rating as an “Airframe”

mechanic, Mr. Sommer possesses no training or experience in aircraft component

design relevant to this case.52 Furthermore, Mr. Sommer did not perform any


51
       Specifically, Mr. Sommer opines that the engine should have been equipped with a PTG
Lockout System, and that former Defendant Honeywell could have designed a guard around the
Pg Restrictor in the PTG.
52
        Mr. Sommer admitted in his deposition that he had seen “other orifices” (other than Pg
orifices) with guards around them, but that he did not know of any PTG that had a guard for the
Pg restrictor, and had never designed a PTG or a fuel control unit. See Deposition of Donald E.
Sommer, May 22, 2013, at 112:17-25; 113:1-9; 114:7-14, Ex. C to Defs.’ MIL Excluding
Sommer.

                                             -18-
testing regarding any proposed alternate designs.53 “[T]he proper methodology for

proposing     alternative    designs     includes     more     than     just   conceptualizing

possibilities.” 54   And while “[t]esting is not an ‘absolute prerequisite’ to the

admission of expert testimony on alternative designs, . . . Rule 702 demands that

experts ‘adhere to the same standards of intellectual rigor that are demanded in

their professional work.’” 55       This Court is not convinced that Mr. Sommer’s

knowledge, skill, education, or experience qualify him to opine on alternate

designs in this case. Furthermore, though the Court need not reach the issue of

whether his underlying methodology is reliable, it finds that Mr. Sommer’s design

suggestions are speculative and do not comport with the standard for alternate

design expert testimony. Thus, Bell’s motion to preclude Mr. Sommer’s testimony

as to alternate PTG designs, or the ability to place a guard around the Pg restrictor

is hereby GRANTED. 56

53
        These alternate designs include adding a PTG Lockout System, which was available for
installation at the time of the crash, and adding a “guard” around the Pg Restrictor.
54
       Watkins v. Telsmith, Inc., 121 F.3d 984, 992 (5th Cir. 1997).
55
       Id. at 990 (citing Cummins v. Lyle Indus., 93 F.3d 362, 369 (7th Cir. 1996)).
56
        The arguments in Bell’s Motion In Limine precluding Mr. Sommer’s alternate design
opinions, including that a “guard” could have been installed on the Pg Restrictor, also appear in
former Defendant Honeywell’s Motion In Limine to Preclude Opinions and Argument (1) Stating
that a “Guard” Could Have Been Installed Around the PG Restrictor, or (2) Offering Any Other
Alternative Design for the PTG That Has Never Been Disclosed. See Dkt #500; Trans. I.D.
#54322848. Honeywell’s motion was denied as moot, as it is no longer a defendant here. See
(Dkt #757; Trans. I.D. #56100844). But to the extent Plaintiffs attempt to offer any expert
testimony by Mr. Sommer regarding an alternative PTG design or Pg Guard against Bell, this
testimony is excluded, as discussed above.
                                              -19-
           B. Testimony of David Young

       The Plaintiffs offer David Young as an expert in design, operation,

maintenance, and failure analysis of helicopter turbine engines. 57 Mr. Young’s

proffered opinions focus on the impact that fuel system blockage would have on

the engine, the origin of the contaminants in the pneumatic system, and the

condition of the pneumatic lines in the engine.58 He also opines that there should

have been a manual override for the event of a PTG failure,59 and how the manual

override system would have been installed on the engine. 60 Bell generally objects

on the grounds that Mr. Young is not qualified to render these opinions, and that he

did not employ proper methodology. 61

57
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. F.
58
        See id. at 25-28; see also Transcript of October 17, 2013 Hearing, at 4:18-23; 5:1-19. In
more detail, Mr. Young intends to offer the following opinions at trial: (1) the manufacturer
maintenance instructions are misleading and had they been proper this PTG would not have been
on the subject engine; (2) pneumatic lines were worn beyond serviceable limits and susceptible
to leakage detrimental to engine operation caused by improper inspections; (3) the blocked PTG
would cause the engine to go to minimum flow rate; (4) the C30P series engine doesn’t have an
alternative backup system available to the pilot should a failure occur; there is a strong
possibility the requirement not to disconnect the pneumatic line from the scroll to Pc filter during
a water rinse cycle as noted in CSL 3085 would allow impurities or small fragments to enter the
pneumatic system within the governor and fuel control resulting in a reduction in air flow;
pneumatic lines and unions/fittings revealed wear beyond serviceable limits and should have
been replaced during the recent turbine installation; (5) contamination entered the pneumatic
system during turbine blade change or overhaul; and (6) contamination entered the system during
compressor washes.
59
      See Report of David Young, Defs.’ Op. Br. Supp. Defs.’ Joint Mot. Exclude Certain
Opinions Pltfs.’ Expert David Young [hereinafter “Defs.’ MIL Excluding Young”], Ex. A at 8.
60
       See Transcript of October 17, 2013 Hearing, at 5:13-20.
61
       Id.; see also Joint Status Report at 25-29.
                                               -20-
               1. Mr. Young’s Qualifications

       Mr. Young’s highest level of education is high school.                   However, Mr.

Young possesses many years of experience as a mechanic in the industry,

including troubleshooting power failures and working with engine accessories.62

Additionally, he is a certified FAA Power Plant Mechanic, 63 and a Rolls Royce

approved Training Instructor on all model 250 engines. 64 But still, Bell challenges

his qualification to render an opinion on how the pneumatic system works.

       The Court finds that Mr. Young’s lack of higher education does not

disqualify him from testifying as an expert here. Rather, Mr. Young is qualified to

offer opinions on the power failure and engine contamination because of his

experience, skill, and training as a mechanic. Mr. Young has had extensive, hands-

on experience working with various engines over the course of his career. 65 Any

questions regarding Young’s qualifications to render those opinions are best dealt

with on cross-examination. 66 As to Mr. Young’s opinions on the manual override,



62
       Defs.’ MIL Excluding Young at 4.
63
       Id. at 3.
64
       Id.
65
       Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Young, at 10.
66
        Rodriguez v. State, 30 A.3d 764, 770 (Del. 2011) (“an analyst’s lack of proper training or
deficiency in judgment may be disclosed in cross-examination”); see also Minner v. American
Mortg. & Guar. Co., 791 A.2d 826, 857 (Del. Super. Ct. 2000) (discussing that any shortcomings
are best cured by cross-examination); Jones v. Astrazeneca, LP, 2010 WL 1267114, at *10 (Del.
                                              -21-
the Court finds that he is qualified, as a mechanic, to opine on the installation of

that system, but not on how that manual override system should or would be

designed.

              2. Mr. Young’s Methodology

       Bell challenges the factual foundation and methodology Mr. Young employs

to render his opinion on the origin of material found in the Pg restrictor. Plaintiffs

contend that Mr. Young followed appropriate accident reconstruction methodology

used by the ICAO, the NTSB, and the United States Navy when forming his

opinions.67

       This Court finds Mr. Young’s methodology both reliable and relied upon by

experts in the field. Other courts have permitted experts to testify who had utilized

the same sources of methodology as Mr. Young. 68 Additionally, Mr. Young’s

testimony will assist the fact finder in determining the cause of the crash. As to the

Bell’s concern with the factual foundation for Mr. Young’s opinions, the Court




Super. Ct. Mar. 31, 2010) (discussing how cross-examination, in some instances, may effectively
expose a soft expert opinion).
67
       Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Young, at 11-13.
68
       See Pease v. Lycoming Engines, 2011 WL 6339833, at *7 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 19, 2011)
(accepting an expert’s methodology which was set forth in the ICAO Manual and used by the
NTSB); see also Johnson v. Avco Corp., 702 F.Supp.2d 1093, 1102 (E.D. Mo. 2010) (stating that
the ICAO Manual was an appropriate methodology).

                                             -22-
finds, consistent with Delaware law, that here this goes to the credibility of Mr.

Young’s testimony, not its admissibility. 69

       This includes Mr. Young’s opinion on the manner of installing the manual

bypass system in the engine.70 As he bases this opinion on his experience as an

engine mechanic, the Court finds he may testify, from a “maintenance technician

standpoint,” 71 about how a manual bypass system would be installed in the subject

engine.

       Bell’s motion to preclude Mr. Young’s testimony is therefore DENIED.

           C. Testimony of Stephen Early

       The Plaintiffs offer Stephen Early as an expert in design, operation,

maintenance, and failure analysis of a helicopter engine’s power turbine

governor. 72 Generally, Mr. Early’s testimony relates to the fuel control system—


69
        Perry v. Berkley, 996 A.2d 1262, 1271 (Del. 2010) (citing Porter v. Turner, 954 A.2d
308, 313 (Del. 2008)) (“[A]s a general rule, the factual basis of an expert opinion goes to the
credibility of the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is for the opposing party to challenge the
factual basis of the expert opinion on cross examination.”).
70
        Upon the Court’s review of the briefing, hearing transcript, and Joint Status Report, Mr.
Young does not offer an “alternate design” opinion per se; rather, his opinion is that there was no
manual override system. See “Opinion 4” in Joint Status Report, at 27. Counsel argued in the
October 17, 2013 hearing that Mr. Young will “be addressing the manner of installing [the
manual override system], how it could have been installed on this engine. Not that there was a
requirement or a rule broken for not having it.” Transcript of Hearing, October 17, 2013, at
5:14-17. If, however, Mr. Young opines as to the need or requirement for an alternate engine
design, Mr. Young will be precluded from doing so at trial.
71
       See Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Young, at 16-17.
72
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. F.

                                                -23-
that it was improperly overhauled and inspected, and that the blockage in the Pg

bleed led to engine failure.73 Mr. Early also offers opinions on the implications of

the rotor blade damage. Bell challenges his qualifications to render an opinion on

the implications of rotor blade damage, or the origin of the material found blocking

the Pg restrictor.74 Bell also challenges his methodology regarding the source of

the material and that the helicopter suffered an “unscheduled and catastrophic

reduction in power.” 75 They do not dispute his testimony that a complete blockage

of the Pg restrictor will cause the PTG to reset to minimum fuel flow, or his

testimony on how the fuel control system works generally.

               1. Mr. Early’s Qualifications

       Mr. Early’s highest level of education is high school. He has 40 years of

aviation experience, 33 of which he specialized in fuel controls and related

systems. Plaintiffs cite his “intensive” experience with Honeywell fuel systems
73
        According to the Parties’ Joint Status Report, there are seven opinions that Mr. Early
intends to offer: (1) an explanation of the basic operation of the fuel system of the subject
engine; (2) the initial attempt at disassembling the PTG was improper; (3) upon proper
disassembly of the PTG a blockage was noted in the Pg bleed; (4) the pneumatic line fittings
were worn and in a condition of leaking detrimental to engine operation due to improper
inspection; (5) the blockage of the PG bleed caused the PTG to reset the fuel control to a
minimum flow position; (6) the engine on the accident/incident helicopter suffered an
unscheduled and catastrophic reduction in power, which is demonstrated by the lack of leading
edge damage or damage incurred by rotational impact on the rotor blades and the airframe
damage incurred on impact with the water; and (7) PTG bleeds have been contaminated in the
past.
74
       See Defs.’ Br. Supp. Defs.’ Mot. in Limine Exclude Certain Op. Pltfs.’ Expert Stephen
Early [hereinafter “Defs.’ MIL Excluding Early”], at 3-4.
75
       Id. at 4, 11.

                                            -24-
and engines in particular. 76 According to his employment history, Mr. Early has

instructed on the proper assembly, calibration, and mode of operation of a variety

of fuel systems, including those included in this lawsuit. Mr. Early also had

technical training in aviation quality management, helicopter management, and

construction of hydraulic hoses for aviation. 77 Additionally, Mr. Early’s accident

reconstruction experience consists of investigating three helicopter accidents while

being employed in South America. 78 During one of those investigations, Mr. Early

consulted with an accident reconstructionist about the rotor blades’ damage. 79

       The Court finds that Mr. Early’s extensive experience working with fuel

control systems, including the type at issue here, sufficiently qualifies him to

render opinions on the fuel system and foreign contaminant’s impact on the engine




76
       See Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Opp’n. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Early, at 5.
77
       See Deposition of Stephen Early, Ex. B Def’s MIL Excluding Early, at 12:4-13.
78
       See Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Opp’n. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Early, at 7.
79
       See Deposition of Stephen Early, Ex. B Def’s MIL Excluding Early, at 111-114.

        Q:      So it would be fair to say that your knowledge of rotor blade
        analysis is–comes from what this [accident reconstructionist in Colombia]
        said to you on that day?
        A:      From what the trained accident investigator . . . said to me, yes.
        Q:      Beyond that do you have any training in rotor blade damage
        analysis?
        A:      No, I do not.
Id. at 113:17-24.


                                              -25-
power.80 The Court does not find, however, that he is qualified to render opinions

interpreting rotor blade damage. Other than the one prior investigation, Plaintiffs

cite no specific experience or training relating to rotor blades in Mr. Early’s

qualifications. This, standing alone, is insufficient to qualify Mr. Early to give this

opinion. Thus, the Court finds Mr. Early sufficiently qualified to opine on the

workings of and findings regarding the engine fuel system but not the rotor blade

damage.

               2. Mr. Early’s Methodology

       Mr. Early utilizes methodology similar to Mr. Young’s in this case. Mr.

Early appears to have used the materials engineer’s expert opinion along with his

own expertise in the fuel control system to render his opinion that the obstruction

in the Pg bleed caused power loss. 81 As the Court has previously discussed, this

reliance on other experts working as a team to investigate the crash is a reliable

methodology generally accepted in the field of accident reconstruction. Though

the Court notes Mr. Early is not himself an accident reconstructionist, his opinion




80
       Mr. Early’s testimony regarding instances of past PTG bleed contamination will be
limited to his own observations or experience. He will be precluded from discussing any
unidentifiable reports of such from others. See id. at 74:13-5; 75:1-9 (discussing “reports that go
back as far as the ‘70s and ‘80s of the contamination and engine problems as a result of the
contamination of the PG bleed”).
81
       See Pltfs.’ Resp. Br. Opp’n. Defs.’ MIL Excluding Early, at 17-21.

                                               -26-
on the fuel system’s blockage fits into the reconstruction of the accident as a

whole.

       Bell’s motion to preclude Mr. Early’s testimony is therefore GRANTED as

to his rotor blade damage opinions, and DENIED as to his opinions on the

operation of the fuel system and reduction in power.

           D. Testimony of William Muzzy

       Plaintiffs offer William Muzzy as an expert in the field of mechanical

engineering, biomechanics, and occupant kinematics. Mr. Muzzy intends to testify

on the g loading forces Pilot’s body experienced, in support of Plaintiff’s theory

that the helicopter impacted the water at low velocity. 82 Additionally, Mr. Muzzy

will testify that Pilot’s injuries are evidence that he was subject to pain and

suffering before he died.83 Bell challenges the relevance and reliability of Mr.

Muzzy’s g load force opinions, and they argue Mr. Muzzy is not qualified to

render any opinions on Pilot’s injuries due to his lack of a medical degree or

degree in biomechanical engineering. 84

82
        Letter from Counsel (Dkt #758; Trans. I.D. #56100937); Joint Status Report, at 49-51.
Plaintiffs proffer four opinions in the Joint Status Report for Mr. Muzzy: 1) “assessment of the G
forces to the body of [Pilot];” 2) the forward deceleration of the helicopter was in the range of 10
to 13 Gs; 3) the vertical G load, exerted on Pilot’s seat, was in the range of 10-12 Gs; and 4) the
forward G load was 10-12G.
83
       Letter from Counsel (Dkt #758; Trans. I.D. #56100937).
84
       See Letter from Counsel (Dkt #759; Trans. I.D. #56104007). Bell originally moved to
exclude Mr. Muzzy’s opinions on the helicopter’s crashworthiness and testimony that Pilot
would have otherwise survived the crash on the grounds that he was not qualified and his opinion
                                               -27-
                1. Mr. Muzzy’s Qualifications

       Mr. Muzzy holds a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering.

He does not hold a degree in biomechanical or biomedical engineering, 85 but he

has extensive experience researching, conducting, and supervising impact

acceleration studies on humans. He states in his report that he has 24 years of

crash injury testing experience with human volunteers and 22 years of experience

“analyzing the effectiveness of occupant restraints in automotive and aircraft

crashes.” 86 Mr. Muzzy has also published numerous articles on human tolerance to

crash forces.

       Plaintiffs have produced sufficient evidence demonstrating Mr. Muzzy’s

qualifications to render crash force opinions in this case. Although lacking a

degree in biomedical or biomechanical engineering, Mr. Muzzy’s research and

studies have contributed much to his field. Additionally, Mr. Muzzy’s work with

human subjects in analyzing their tolerance to forces while in various restraint

systems sufficiently qualifies Mr. Muzzy here. Under Rule 702’s liberal standard,



was unreliable. As this Court has granted Bell summary judgment on the crashworthiness issue,
and as Plaintiffs do not proffer Mr. Muzzy’s crashworthiness opinions in the Joint Status Report
or correspondence to the Court, the Court need not address this argument.
85
       Mr. Muzzy stated in his deposition that such a degree did not exist when he began his
research in 1967.
86
       Report of William H. Muzzy, III, Ex. A to Defs.’ Br. Supp. Mot. Exclude Expert
Testimony of William Muzzy, [hereinafter “Defs.’ MIL Excluding Muzzy”], at 4.

                                             -28-
an expert may be sufficiently qualified by skill or experience.87 Thus, the Court

finds Mr. Muzzy is qualified to testify as to the g forces Pilot’s body experienced.

              2. Mr. Muzzy’s Methodology

       Mr. Muzzy consulted Pilot’s autopsy report and photographs of the

wreckage to conclude that the impact was not a high velocity impact due to the

bruising and wreckage patterns. He also concluded that the g loading to Pilot’s

back was 10 to 12 g’s based on the severity of Pilot’s spinal injury and Mr.

Muzzy’s experience with human tolerance testing. Bell argues that Mr. Muzzy is

employing prohibited methodology by working “backwards” from the known

injuries to estimate the amount of force needed to inflict them. They argue that is

it improper for a biomechanical engineer to opine as to the cause of a plaintiff’s

injuries, and that because Mr. Muzzy is attempting to work this link backwards—

taking known injuries and rendering an opinion as to the forces necessary to create

them—this line of reasoning is inadmissible. 88 Yet, in Delaware,

              a trial judge may admit biomechanical expert opinion
              that a particular injury did (or did not) result from the
              forces of an accident only where the trial judge
              determines that the testimony reliably creates a
              connection between the reaction of the human body

87
        See In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 741 (3d Cir. 1994) (discussing “Rule
702’s liberal policy of admissibility extend[ing] to the substantive as well as the formal
qualification of experts” and “eschew[ing] imposing overly vigorous requirements of expertise”).
88
        Bell looks to Kelly v. McHaddon, 2001 WL 209858, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 24, 2001),
for the proposition that a biomechanical engineer cannot opine as to the cause of a plaintiff’s
particular injuries.
                                             -29-
               generally to the forces generated by the accident and the
               specific individual allegedly injured or another
               determinative fact in issue. 89

The Court finds that Mr. Muzzy reliably applied his extensive experience in

analyzing crash forces on humans to Pilot’s injuries here. Therefore, Bell’s motion

to preclude his testimony is DENIED.

           E. Testimony of Eric Van Iderstine

       The Plaintiffs have identified Mr. Van Iderstine as an expert in mechanical

engineering and structural analysis.90           Mr. Van Iderstine’s proffered opinions

support Plaintiffs’ accident reconstruction of the helicopter’s speed at impact and

include an impact force analysis based on the assumed impact speed of 30 knots.91

Bell does not challenge his qualifications to render the speed and force opinions,

but they do argue that his methodology is based on unreliable data. 92


89
       Eskin v. Carden, 842 A.2d 1222, 1230 (Del. 2004). “Admissible biomechanical
testimony bridges the gap between the general forces at work in an accident determined by
physical forces analysis (whether it be ‘physics’ or ‘engineering’) and the specific injuries
suffered by the particular person who was affected by those forces.” Id. at 1228.
90
       See Pretrial Stip., Ex. F.
91
        See Letter from Counsel (Dkt #758; Trans. I.D. #56100937); Joint Status Report, at 29-
30. Specifically, Mr. Van Iderstine’s opinions include: (1) “assessment of the structural break up
of the helicopter in the water accident;” (2) that the impact force, based on an impact speed of 30
knots, was about 6.04G’s (max of 12.07G’s for horizontal component, and the downward load,
based on a vertical speed of 1500 feet per minute, averaged 4.6G’s (max of 9.25G’s); and (3) that
defense expert Slane’s sheer force calculations and reconstruction are inaccurate.
92
       Defendants also challenged Mr. Van Iderstine’s qualification to render opinions
regarding the Pilot’s injuries because Mr. Van Iderstine did not have a background in
biomechanics. Plaintiffs do not state in the Joint Status Report or in their correspondence to the
Court that Mr. Van Iderstine will be testifying as to this particular opinion. Thus, the only
                                               -30-
       Mr. Van Iderstine collaborated with Mr. Sommer and Mr. Muzzy to reach an

opinion on the impact force. According to the Plaintiffs, “[t]he impact calculation

opinion comes from the collaboration of a biomechanical expert, Mr. Muzzy, and a

mechanical engineer and structures expert, Eric Van Iderstine.” 93                  Mr. Van

Iderstine testified in his deposition that Mr. Muzzy gave him the vertical and

downward acceleration the Pilot experienced, and that Mr. Van Iderstine was

“interested in doing a calculation to try to ascertain what the craft would have

experienced.”94 To perform this equation, Mr. Van Iderstine needed to know the

speed at which the helicopter was traveling, so he “went to Mr. Sommer for input

on the speeds in order to plug [them] into the calculations.” 95 Mr. Sommer then

provided him with the speeds, based on his belief that the Pilot had attempted an

autorotation: 30 knots horizontally and 1500 feet per minute vertically

downward.96




opinions that the Court will address in ruling on the Defendants’ Motion In Limine are those
regarding the helicopter’s force and impact speed.
93
       Pltfs.’ Resp. Defs.’ Mot. Exclude Expert Tesimony Eric Van Iderstine, (Dkt #428; Trans.
I.D. #54270351), at 4.
94
       Deposition of Eric Van Iderstine, May 31, 2013, Ex. 6 to Pltfs.’ Resp. Defs.’ Mot.
Exclude Expert Testimony Eric Van Iderstine, (Dkt. # 428; Trans. I.D. #54270351), at 105:15-20.
95
       Id. at 20-21.
96
       Id. at 102:6-11; 105:22-25; 106:1-4.

                                              -31-
       The Court finds Mr. Van Iderstine’s collaborative methodology reliable in

the field of accident reconstruction. Mr. Van Iderstine contributed his area of

expertise – calculating the forces on the aircraft – after consulting with other

experts who could provide him components of his calculations. As long as the

proper foundation is laid, “[a]n expert may apply the results of another expert’s

calculations.”97 That is what Mr. Van Iderstine did here. “[M]ere disagreements

with the assumptions an expert makes or the choice of which variables to consider

are not grounds for exclusion.”98           The Court is satisfied that Plaintiffs have

demonstrated that Mr. Van Iderstine’s methodology was proper and thus, focusing

on the methodology rather than conclusions generated, 99 Mr. Van Iderstine’s

impact force analysis is admissible. Bell’s Motion to preclude Mr. Van Iderstine’s

testimony on impact forces is DENIED.




97
       Johnson v. Avco Corp., 702 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1103 (E.D. Mo. 2010).
98
       Id.
99
        See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 595 (1993); see also In re
Asbestos Litig., 911 A.2d 1176, 1200-01 (Del. Super. Ct. 2006) (“Proponents do not need to
demonstrate to the judge by a preponderance of the evidence that the assessments of their experts
are correct, they only have to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that their opinions
are reliable.”) (citing In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 733 (3d Cir. 1994); Gen.
Elec. Co. v. Ingram, 513 U.S. 1190 (1995)).
                                              -32-
      IV.   MOTIONS IN LIMINE RELATED TO DONALD E. SOMMER

            A. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Preclude Reference to Irrelevant and
               Prejudicial Matters Concerning Plaintiffs’ Expert Donald E.
               Sommer

        Plaintiffs seek to preclude the following evidence relating to their expert,

Mr. Sommer: (1) a settlement agreement with the FAA following a suspension of

his certificate 100 for failing to include a form connected with an inspection in an

aircraft file; (2) an investigation into the truthfulness of Mr. Sommer’s application

to the International Society of Air Safety Investigators (“ISASI”); and (3) the

Younan v. Rolls-Royce Corp. case. 101 Plaintiffs argue that the FAA suspension

occurred over 20 years ago and is not probative of Mr. Sommer’s truthfulness or

qualifications.     Additionally, they contend that the ISASI investigation was

prompted by a false allegation of another expert witness and lawyer involved in a

separate lawsuit, and that Mr. Sommer’s standing with the ISASI was never

affected by this allegation. Finally, Plaintiffs claim that the Younan case involved

a disqualification of Mr. Sommer’s testimony regarding helicopter flight training,

which is irrelevant to the issues in this case.

        Under the Delaware Rules of Evidence, relevant evidence is any evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of a fact in question more or less likely
100
       Plaintiffs claim the suspension was for 90 days, while Bell alleges the suspension was for
180 days.
101
        2013 WL 1899919 (S.D. Cal. May 7, 2013).

                                              -33-
to be true. 102 All relevant evidence is admissible, unless it is excluded by another

evidentiary rule or statute, and all irrelevant evidence is inadmissible.103 And the

Court must exclude even relevant evidence where its “probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues

or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” 104

      As applied here, although evidence of Mr. Sommer’s suspension might be

relevant toward his qualification, and although credible evidence of a lack of

truthfulness in an application to a professional organization such as the ISASI is

also relevant and probative for truthfulness, the Court finds that any value of the

impeachment evidence here is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice and misleading the jury. The FAA suspension is too remote in time, and

the evidence of the application to the ISASI invites the danger of a mini-trial on

that issue, thus misleading and confusing the jury. As to the Younan case, which

also involved a helicopter accident case in which Mr. Sommer served as Plaintiffs’

expert witness, cross examination into what Mr. Sommer could and could not

testify to in that case will also likely confuse and mislead the jury.         Thus,
102
      D.R.E. 401.
103
      See D.R.E. 402.
104
      D.R.E. 403.




                                        -34-
Plaintiffs’ motion to preclude Bell from referencing the FAA suspension, the

ISASI investigation, and the Younan case is GRANTED.

           B. Bell’s Motion to Preclude Evidence of Other Accidents Without
              First Showing Substantial Similarity

       Bell seeks to preclude Plaintiffs from offering “any and all references to any

other aviation accidents” unless Plaintiffs can prove those accidents are

substantially similar to the accident at issue. 105 Bell first claims that references to

other aviation accidents are irrelevant under Delaware Rules of Evidence 401 and

402, and, in the alternative, that the probative value of this evidence is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, and

misleading the jury under Rule 403.

       Plaintiffs claim that they will be able to lay a foundation that the evidence of

other accidents is substantially similar to the accident at issue, and that they are

relevant because they will show that Bell was on notice of a defect in the PTG and

Pg bleed restrictor. To support this claim, however, the Plaintiffs point to the

Affidavit of their accident reconstructionist, Donald Sommer, who says he relied

on FAA Service Difficulty Reports (“SDRs”) and Honeywell warranty claims. 106


105
       Defs.’ Mot. In Limine, Dkt #499, Trans. I.D. 54322849) at 1.
106
        See Affidavit of Donald E. Sommer, Ex. 1 to Pltf’s Response to Deft’s Motions In Limine,
at ¶ 19. His Affidavit states that he reviewed “over a 1000 of pages of accident reports relating
to helicopter crashes in the Gulf of Mexico.” Id. Of these reports, Mr. Sommer mentions
Honeywell warranty claims and FAA SDRs.

                                              -35-
The Court’s earlier ruling 107 that the SDR evidence is inadmissible to prove that

Bell was on notice of a potential defect in the PTG system is thus applicable here:

the Plaintiff’s cannot present testimony of other helicopter accidents to the extent

that testimony is based on the SDRs. And for the reasons discussed earlier, any

reliance on the Honeywell warranty claims discussed by Mr. Sommer in his May

22, 2013 deposition 108 is misplaced.109 Thus, Bell’s motion is GRANTED.

          C. Bell’s Motion to Exclude Evidence of Rotor Blade Damage in
             Other Accidents

       Bell also takes issue with the set of seven other helicopter accidents that Mr.

Sommer references to support his theory that the condition of the rotor blades

indicate low engine power at impact. The Court incorporates its analysis set forth

more fully above in Part III.A.2.b addressing the issue of operation impact and

autorotation.     To the extent Mr. Sommer uses these seven other helicopter

accidents to illustrate his opinion on rotor blade damage impacted by low versus

high engine power, Bell’s Motion In Limine to preclude reference to these other

incidents is hereby DENIED.


107
      See Order (Dkt #653; Trans. I.D. #55067702) and Opinion (Dkt #650; Trans. I.D.
#55067702).
108
       Deposition of Donald E. Sommer, May 22, 2013, Ex. C to Defs.’ MIL Excluding Sommer,
114:15-24; 115:12-18; 117:6-11; 119-127 (discussing warranty reports in relation to symptoms
of blocked Pg bleeds in what he believed were PTG units).
109
       See Part III.A.2.c of this opinion.

                                             -36-
           D. Bell’s Motion to Exclude as Hearsay Third Party
              Statements Made to Donald E. Sommer

       Bell anticipates Plaintiffs’ expert Mr. Sommer will testify at trial as to

certain statements made to him by helicopter pilots in the Gulf of Mexico area.

Plaintiffs claim that these conversations include information that serves as “basis

evidence” for Mr. Sommer’s opinions.                  Plaintiffs make no further showing,

however, as to which of Mr. Sommer’s opinions are based on these conversations,

or how he relied upon them in forming his opinions.

       Experts may rely on hearsay while forming their opinions, as long as that

hearsay evidence is reasonably relied upon by experts in the field.110 But, experts

are not to serve as a “conduit” for otherwise inadmissible hearsay statements.111

Knowing nothing more as to how Mr. Sommer relied upon these conversations, or

whether it is reasonable for Mr. Sommer to rely on conversations with other




110
       See Brandt v. Rokeby Realty Co., 2005 WL 1654362l, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. May 9,
2005) (finding expert’s reliance on inadmissible hearsay evidence is limited by Rule 703’s
requirement that it also be reasonably relied upon by others in the field).
111
        See id. at *5 (“An expert may not, however, rely on hearsay evidence alone to
substantively prove the truth of his statement or opinion. If the expert is merely acting as a
mouthpiece or conduit for another’s opinions or statements, he cannot be said to be acting in his
capacity as an expert in the matter and the hearsay evidence is inadmissible.”); United States v.
Mejia, 545 F.3d 179, 197 (2d Cir. 2008) (“The expert may not . . . simply transmit . . . hearsay to
the jury”). See also Gannett Co. v. Kanaga, 750 A.2d 1174, 1187-89 (Del. 2000) (cautioning
against allowing experts to bring in “back-door” hearsay and finding “[i]nadmissible facts that
form the basis for an expert’s opinion are not simply elements of proof subject to the jury’s
‘weighing’ option”).

                                               -37-
helicopter pilots in the Gulf area, Bell’s motion to preclude these “conversations”

is GRANTED.

      V.      PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION IN LIMINE        TO   PRECLUDE IMPACT VELOCITY
              OPINIONS

              A. Plaintiffs’ Challenges to “Examination and Experience”
                 Methodology

           Plaintiffs seek to preclude certain defense experts from testifying that:

(1) the impact speed was 90 knots forward and 600 to 800 feet per minute

vertically downward; (2) the condition of the wreckage indicates a higher impact

velocity than the 30 knots opinion Plaintiffs’ experts proffer and, in fact, indicates

a high velocity impact; (3) the high velocity theory is supported by the rotor blades

skipping off the water surface and an immediate fuel interruption. 112 They claim

that calculating an impact velocity cannot be established through examination of

the wreckage and reliance on decades of experience in aviation accident

reconstruction. 113 Plaintiffs challenge a number of Bell’s experts whose testimony

is used to support Bell’s reconstruction of the accident.

           Bell counters that its experts are not offering a specific impact velocity

speed, and that Plaintiffs thus mischaracterize the extent of its proffered expert


112
         See Pltfs.’ Omnibus Mot. in Limine Preclude Impact Velocity Opinions [hereinafter
“Pltfs.’ MIL”] at 32.
113
           See id.

                                          -38-
testimony.      Rather, Bell argues, its impact velocity experts draw on their

experience in analyzing specific features of the wreckage to estimate that the

impact velocity was high versus low. The Court’s reading of the briefs and the

supplemental submissions is that the defense impact velocity experts are not

offering an opinion as to the specific speed of 90 knots and are instead opining that

the impact velocity was high—higher than the Plaintiffs’ experts’ 30 knots

opinion.114 Therefore, the Court will consider whether Bell’s experts followed an

acceptable methodology to reach their high velocity impact opinion.

           B. Opinions and Testimony of Jean Slane (and Robert Winn)115

       Bell offers Jean Slane as an expert in aeronautical and mechanical

engineering.116 Ms. Slane intends to testify that the Plaintiffs’ low-speed impact

theory is inconsistent with the damage and injuries presented, and that the

helicopter impacted the water at a high speed. 117 To reach her conclusions, she

inspected and reviewed photographs of the wreckage, academic literature, and

114
        See Transcript of Hearing, October 17, 2013, at 85:17-20 (“And for the plaintiffs to
actually ask this Court to enter an order saying, look, they can’t say 90 knots. I agree with you
they can’t say 90 knots and they are not saying 90 knots.”).
115
       Robert Winn reviewed and signed the reports Ms. Slane submitted. See Investigative
Reports of 7/3/13 and 8/19/13, Exs. 1 and 2, Defs.’ Opp’n Plf.’s Omnibus Mots. In Limine
Preclude Ops. Regarding Impact Velocity Jean Slane and Robert Winn, Dkt #425; Trans. I.D.
#54270111 [hereinafter “Defs.’ Opp’n Slane”]. In its response, Bell refers only to Dr. Slane who
is expected to testify at trial.
116
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
117
       See Joint Status Report, at 103-09.

                                              -39-
reports by various experts, including Plaintiffs’ experts.118 She analyzed and re-

performed Plaintiffs’ expert’s load and g force calculations. 119 She based her

opinions on these calculations, her observation of the wreckage, and her experience

in reconstructing aircraft flight paths.120        Plaintiffs specifically challenge her

“subjective observation” that the impact speed of 90 knots is more consistent with

the extent of the damage she observed, rather than the Plaintiffs’ experts’ figure of

30 knots. 121 Plaintiffs do not challenge Ms. Slane’s qualifications to render her

impact velocity opinion.

         C. Opinions and Testimony of Joe Syslo

      Bell offers Joe Syslo as an expert in aviation accident investigation and

reconstruction. 122 Mr. Syslo investigated the helicopter wreckage and proffers

opinions concerning the speed, direction, and sequence of the impact. 123 Plaintiffs

challenge his impact velocity opinions to the extent that he relies on his experience




118
      See Investigative Reports of 7/3/13 and 8/19/13, Exs. 1 and 2, Defs.’ Opp’n Slane.
119
      See id.
120
      See id.; Jean H. Slane Curriculum Vitae, Ex. 3 Defs.’ Opp’n Slane.
121
      See Pltfs.’ MIL at 15.
122
      Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
123
      Joint Status Report, at 63-79.

                                            -40-
and observation of the wreckage.124 They do not challenge his qualification as an

aviation accident investigator and reconstructionist.

        Bell argues that Mr. Syslo’s methodology is “used repeatedly in accident

reconstructions.”125 His methodology includes physically inspecting the aircraft

wreckage, observing impact signatures and damage patterns on the wreckage, and

drawing on his 32 years of investigating helicopter accidents. 126 Because this crash

occurred on water, Mr. Syslo lacks other data that would normally be used in

calculating the impact velocity.

           D. Opinions and Testimony of Doug Stimpson

        Bell offers Doug Stimpson as an expert in aviation accident investigation,

reconstruction, aviation maintenance, piloting, and aviation operations. 127              Mr.

Stimpson opines that the helicopter’s speed at impact was 90 knots with a vertical

descent rate of 600-800 feet per minute. 128 He bases this opinion on more than 30

years of aviation accident investigation and reconstruction, as well as his




124
        See Pltfs.’ MIL at 15-16, 27-31.
125
        Defs.’ Resp. Opp’n Pltfs.’ Mot. Preclude Joseph Syslo, Dkt #419; Trans. I.D. #54269141,
at 4.
126
        See id.
127
        Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
128
        Affidavit of Douglas E. Stimpson, Ex. A to Def.’s Br. Op., at ¶8.

                                               -41-
inspection of the helicopter wreckage. 129                    Plaintiffs do not challenge his

qualifications to render this opinion, but dispute its reliability. They argue that due

to a supposed lack of analysis, calculations, and testing, Mr. Stimpson’s impact

speed opinion is simply guesswork and not based on reliable methodology. 130 Bell

contends     that    Mr.     Stimpson’s       experience,       including   investigating   and

reconstructing land and water Bell Model 206 accidents, and observation of the

wreckage condition is generally accepted methodology in the field of aviation

accident reconstruction.131

           E. Opinions and Testimony of Vern Albert

       Bell offered Vern Albert as an expert in piloting and aviation operations.

The parties have agreed that Mr. Syslo will address the issues covered in the expert

report of Vernon Albert. 132 Mr. Albert was expected to offer testimony on his

investigation of the crash, the accident mission and the Gulf conditions, and the

Pilot’s actions and reactions under the control inputs.                 The Plaintiffs do not

challenge his qualifications. But, Plaintiffs challenge Mr. Albert’s use of the 90

129
      Id. (noting condition of the fuselage, control tube, vertical fins, rotor blades, skid
assembly and flotation system, and windscreens).
130
       See Pltfs.’ MIL, at 16-17; Pltfs. Reply Br., at 8-9.
131
      See Defs.’ Resp. Opp’n Pltfs.’ Mot. Preclude Doug Stimpson, Dkt #431; Trans. I.D.
#54270668, at 3-4.
132
      See Order of September 15, 2014, Dkt #750; Trans. I.D. 56030658 (confirming parties’
agreement).

                                                -42-
knot figure and opinion that the floats would have ripped off had they deployed

before impact.133 Bell argues that Mr. Albert had no independent opinion on the

helicopter’s speed and that he simply explained that a higher velocity at impact

will lead to more damage to the aircraft, including ripping off deployed floats.134

Bell further contends that his methodology—combining his 35 years of experience

investigating aviation accidents and his observations of the wreckage conditions—

is generally accepted in the field. 135

           F. Opinions and Testimony of David Laananen

       Bell offered David Laananen as an expert in mechanical engineering. 136 His

opinions generally relate to how the damage to seat pan, cushion, and safety lap

belt indicate an accident with “a significant frontal component.” 137                Plaintiffs

specifically challenge his use of the 90 knots figure to conclude that the subject

helicopter met applicable crashworthy standards. Bell argues in response that he

did not need to rely on this specific 90 knots figure to reach his survivability

opinion, and that his crashworthiness opinions are derived separately from the 90

133
       See Pltfs.’ MIL at 18.
134
      Defs.’ Resp. Opp’n Pltfs.’ Mot. Preclude David Laananen, Dkt #429; Trans. I.D.
#54270476, at 9.
135
       Id. at 4, 9.
136
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
137
        See Joint Status Report, at 102-03. The Court will not consider Mr. Laananen’s opinions
to the extent they relate to the crashworthiness of the aircraft, as this issue is now moot.

                                             -43-
knots figure. As the Court cannot discern which opinions Mr. Laananen intends to

offer that are separate from the Bell’s crashworthiness arguments – which are now

moot – the Court will consider Plaintiffs’ motion to preclude impact velocity

opinions MOOT as to Mr. Laananen.

          G. Opinions and Testimony of Gregory Feith

       Bell offers Gregory Feith as an expert in aviation safety and “aircraft

accident reconstruction investigation.” 138          Among other various opinions, Mr.

Feith’s proffered testimony in the area of impact velocity is that the wreckage

shows horizontal, forward movement, consistent with Bell’s theory of high

velocity at impact. 139 Plaintiffs challenge Mr. Feith’s opinions on the basis that he

did not perform speed calculations, conduct an assessment of the wreckage to

determine forces imparted to the structure, or engage any otherwise reliable

methodology.       Bell argues in response that Mr. Feith did, in fact, perform a

detailed study of the wreckage, including many key “damage signatures.”140

Furthermore, Bell counters that testing was not required in this accident

investigation.



138
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
139
       Mr. Feith’s opinions are set out more fully in the Parties’ Joint Status Report, at 129-153.
140
      See Defs.’ Resp. Pltfs.’ Mot. in Limine to Preclude Gregory Feith, Dkt #439; Trans. I.D.
#54272307, at 9.

                                              -44-
            H. Opinions and Testimony of C. Dennis Moore

       Bell offers C. Dennis Moore as an expert in aerospace and mechanical

engineering, and “aviation accident investigation and reconstruction.” 141     His

proffered testimony is primarily offered as rebuttal to the Plaintiffs’ expert

testimony that the aircraft was cruising at an estimated 700 foot altitude and 105

knots of airspeed.142 Plaintiffs seek to preclude his opinion that the wreckage

indicates a high speed, powered impact with no evidence of autorotation on the

grounds that they are, in Plaintiffs’ estimation, “nothing but guesswork” and

devoid of any calculations or testing in support.143 In response, Bell argues that

Mr. Moore uses the very same methodology as Plaintiffs’ own accident

reconstructionist, Mr. Sommer’s.

            I. Analysis of Impact Velocity Opinion Testimony

       Plaintiffs argue that for an expert to opine about the speed of a vehicle at

impact, that expert must consider certain factors, such as the co-efficient of

friction.    They argue that merely looking at post-impact photographs of or

examining the wreckage is not, itself, reliable methodology for an accident

reconstructionist. Plaintiffs cite numerous cases where courts have disallowed


141
       Pretrial Stip., Ex. G.
142
       See Joint Status Report, at 195-203.
143
       See Pltfs.’ MIL, at 19.

                                              -45-
accident reconstructionist testimony where the expert did not use the appropriate

factors in calculating speed. 144 These cases primarily involve land accidents where

such data as coefficient of friction, or skid marks were available, but not employed,

by the experts, thus warranting their exclusion. As both parties note, the accident

at issue here occurred on water, not land, making a precise calculation of the

impact velocity nearly impossible given the lack of indicators typically used to

calculate speed for land-based crashes. And courts have accepted the use of “crush

analysis” where the expert has only photographs of the wreckage to rely on in

estimating speed. 145 Moreover, while an expert’s opinions on time and distance

may be “shaky,” this presents more of a credibility issue for the fact finder. 146


144
        See, e.g., Johnson v. Attkisson, 722 S.W.2d 390, 392-93 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) (requiring
expert to state for record facts necessary to estimate speed of vehicle based on length of skid
marks); Fairley v. Clarke, 2004 WL 877102 (E.D. La. Apr. 22, 2004) (questioning basis of
accident reconstructionist’s post impact speed calculations where he did not inspect vehicle,
bumper was straightened post-accident, he only reviewed photographs of vehicle’s damage, and
he did not use skid marks to determine co-efficient of friction); Maslankowski v. Beam, 259 So.
2d 804, 813 (Ala. 1972) (“Skid marks before impact, the point of impact and the damage to the
vehicles are three factors upon which an expert can validly predicate his opinion as to speed.”);
Texas Dep’t of Transp. V. Martinez, 2006 WL 1406571, at *6-7 (Tex. App. May 24, 2006)
(accident reconstructionist’s opinion on the road’s uneven friction coefficient was unreliable);
Smithers v. C&G Custom Module Hauling, 172 F.Supp.2d 765, 771-72 (E.D. Va. Apr. 25, 2000)
(finding expert misapplied momentum analysis to calculate vehicle’s pre-impact speed and
disallowing testimony).
145
      See, e.g., Furtado v. Levrault, 2010 WL 3160177 (Mass. Dist. Ct. Aug. 2, 2010) (vehicles
no longer available for inspection; expert performed “crush analysis” based on graph and
damage photographs to calculate vehicle speeds).
146
       See Denham v. Holmes ex rel. Holmes, 60 So. 3d 773, 786 (Miss. 2011) (accident
reconstructionist was permitted to calculate time and distance using basic mathematics where
there was a lack of physical evidence).


                                              -46-
      The testimony challenged here is technical in nature, and will assist the jury

in understanding the evidence and determining facts in issue, particularly whether

this accident occurred at low or high velocity. Although courts should be careful

not to allow “evidentiary weaknesses stemming from a lack of physical evidence . .

. [to] induce the introduction of unreliable expert testimony,” 147 the Court finds

that here, there is sufficient underlying information in the wreckage to warrant a

general opinion that the speed of the aircraft at impact was either “high” or “low.”

The Court further finds that, to the extent the defense experts rely on their

extensive and unchallenged experience to render these opinions, Bell must first lay

a foundation at trial as to what, exactly, from their experience allows them to draw

their conclusions.

      Plaintiff’s motion to preclude these various impact velocity opinions is

hereby DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.



                                      /s/ Paul R. Wallace
                                      PAUL R. WALLACE, JUDGE


Original to Prothonotary
cc: All counsel via File & Serve


147
      Id.

                                       -47-
