Affirm in part; Opinion Filed March 4, 2019




                                                    In The
                                   Court of Appeals
                            Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                            No. 05-17-00088-CV

  EASTON RUTKOSKI, KYLE PALMER, ROBERTO GONZALEZ, AND EPIC ERA
                     INCORPORATED, Appellants
                                   V.
 EVOLV HEALTH, LLC AND EVOLVHEALTH MEXICO SERVICOS, S. DE R.L. DE
                    C.V., Appellees/Cross-Appellants
                                   V.
            MATT STEFFE AND TRAVIS BOTT, Cross-Appellees.

                          On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court
                                      Dallas County, Texas
                               Trial Court Cause No. DC-13-13499

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                             Before Justices Bridges, Evans,1 and Whitehill
                                       Opinion by Justice Evans
        Easton Rutkoski, Kyle Palmer, Roberto Gonzalez, and Epic Era Incorporated (“Epic”)

appeal from a judgment rendered after a jury verdict. The jury did not find misappropriation of

trade secrets, the main theory tried by Evolv Health, LLC, and EvolvHealth Mexico Servicos, S.

De R.L. De C.V. (“Evolv Health” and “EvolvHealth Mexico,” respectively; together “Evolv”).

Instead, the jury found liability and damages against appellants for tortious interference (Epic,

$3,000,000 damages), breach of contract (Gonzalez, $540,000 damages plus $968,000 attorney’s



    1
       The Honorable David Evans, Justice of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas—Dallas, Retired,
sitting by assignment.
fees), and breach of fiduciary duties (Gonzalez, $540,000 damages; Rutkoski, $3,500; and Palmer,

$4,000; Epic aiding and abetting as to each). The trial court entered judgment for each amount

found by the jury against the parties found liable.

       Rutkoski, Palmer, Gonzalez, and Epic timely perfected this appeal filing a single brief on

behalf of all appellants. Evolv timely perfected a cross-appeal contesting a summary judgment in

favor of Matt Steffe and Travis Bott.

       Appellants challenge the judgment in four issues. In their first issue, they challenge the

trial court’s grant of partial summary judgment arguing a release did apply to Gonzalez. In the

three remaining issues, appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting each claim

on which the judgment is based. In the sole issue in its cross-appeal, Evolv contends the trial court

erred when it granted Steffe and Bott’s motions for summary judgment because it filed more than

a scintilla of evidence in response to so those motions. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all

regards except we conclude there is insufficient evidence of the $3 million awarded against Epic

for tortious interference but there is sufficient evidence of $1.2 million, so we suggest a remittitur

of $1.8 million. If remittitur is not filed, we will reverse and remand the tortious interference claim

against Epic for a new trial.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

       Because the parties know well the background facts and the standards of review and

applicable law is well settled, we issue this memorandum opinion “focus[ing] on the basic reasons

why the law applied to the facts leads to the court’s decision.” Gonzalez v. McAllen Med. Ctr.,

Inc., 195 S.W.3d 680, 681 (Tex. 2006); see TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(a), 47.4.

       Evolv Health is a Dallas-based company that sells health products through a multi-level

marketing structure. Evolv Health operated in Latin America through an indirect subsidiary,

EvolvHealth Mexico. Both sides describe Evolv Health’s multi-level marketing structure as

                                                 –2–
“sponsorship trees” where distributors sell product and sponsor more distributors below them in

the tree, called the “downline.” Distributors in the downline also sell product and sponsor more

distributors below them creating their own downline and extending the downline of the distributors

above them. Distributors are paid a commission on product they sell and also on sales generated

by their downline.

       Rutkoski, Palmer, Guillermo Fernando Rovzar Diez Barroso known as Billy Rovzar, Kevin

Keranen, and Matt Steffe joined Evolv Health in February 2012 as a result of Evolv Health’s

acquisition of cPrime, another multi-level marketing company. Also in 2012, Evolv Health hired

Travis Bott as vice-president. Rutkoski, Palmer, Keranen, and Bott were employees. Rovzar was

a distributor. Bott ceased direct employment and became a distributor at the beginning of June

2013. During the spring 2013, Evolv negotiated with Rovzar to form a joint venture.

       Near the end of June while on a cruise for top-performing Evolv distributors, Evolv

management became concerned about Steffe and Bott spreading negative information about Evolv

in an effort to recruit away Evolv’s top distributors. Around the same time, Evolv Health

International and Rovzar formed the joint venture to take over and expand Evolv’s Latin America

market. They also formed EvolvHealth Mexico, which was owned fifty-one percent by Evolv

Health International and forty-nine percent by Rovzar. Rovzar served as chief executive officer,

and Roberto Gonzalez was hired as president or chief operations officer of EvolvHealth Mexico.

In early July, approximately one week after forming the entities, Evolv suspended Juan Carlos

Barrios, the distributor whose revenues were approximately fifty percent of Evolv’s Latin

American sales. Barrios departed and took with him his extensive downline and went to a

marketing company unaffiliated with any party in this suit. Meetings occurred from June through

early August between Steffe, Bott, Gonzalez, and others related to and resulting in the formation

of Epic on August 8, 2013.

                                               –3–
         From August through the fall of 2013, many of Evolv’s distributors terminated their

relationships with Evolv and established business relationships with Epic, taking with them their

downlines. During August, Rovzar informed Evolv he wanted to terminate his relationship. On

August 22, 2013, Evolv Health International, LLC and Rovzar terminated their joint venture.

During August 2013, Rutkoski and Palmer began employment with Epic while continuing their

employment with Evolv, drawing pay from both. In early September, Rutkoski resigned his

employment with Evolv. EvolvHealth Mexico’s product inventory was $1.2 million at that time.

Despite Evolv’s requests, Gonzalez did not take acts that allowed Evolv to access EvolvHealth

Mexico’s offices or bank accounts or acquire the documents or the $1.2 million inventory. Evolv

never acquired the $1.2 million inventory or documents and determined there was no money

remaining in the bank accounts. When Gonzalez abruptly resigned from EvolvHealth Mexico, he

took his executive team to Epic. In September and October, Evolv filed lawsuits, including this

one, alleging numerous causes of action. Evolv lost almost all of its Latin America distributors

and revenue that it made the basis of its lawsuits.

                                                   II. ANALYSIS

         A.       Appellants’ Challenge to the Summary Judgment Dismissing Gonzalez’s
                  Counterclaim for Release

         In appellants’ first issue, they challenge the trial court’s summary judgment that a release

did not apply to Gonzalez. Evolv and Gonzalez filed cross-motions for summary judgment on

Gonzalez’s counterclaim for declaratory judgment in which he asserted he was released from

liability for conduct occurring on or before August 22, 2013 because he was included in the release

in the Termination Agreement between Evolv Health International and Rovzar.2 Gonzalez’s


    2
      Evolv cautiously interprets certain “affirmative defense” statements in appellants’ brief as challenging the trial
court’s granting of partial summary judgment disposing of fourteen affirmative defenses. Evolv argues that because
appellants’ brief does not contain an argument with citation to the record and supporting authorities to challenge the
summary judgment on the fourteen affirmative defenses, they have inadequately briefed that challenge citing Wilhoite

                                                         –4–
pleading stated that “because Gonzales is a ‘member, officer . . . managing member, employee’ of

Evolv Health Mexico” he was “subject to this release that accrued upon entry of the Termination

Agreement.” In its cross-motion for summary judgment, Evolv argued that “the release does not

refer to [Gonzalez] by name or with such descriptive particularity that [his] identit[y] or [his]

connection with any tortious event is not in doubt, such that a stranger could identify [him] as

released parties.” Regarding Gonzalez being an officer and employee of EvolvHealth Mexico,

which was a direct, fifty-one percent-owned subsidiary of Evolv Health International, Evolv

further argued, “Officers and employees of Evolv International’s subsidiaries and parent are not a

released class listed in the release, and members and managing members are not a released class

listed in the release.” The trial court granted Evolv’s motion and denied Gonzalez’s disposing of

Gonzalez’s claim of release. On appeal, neither party argues about the summary judgment

evidence, but they dispute the meaning of the release paragraph in the Termination Agreement.

         “We review a summary judgment de novo.” Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc.

v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). When parties dispute their contract’s meaning, “the

primary concern of the court is to ascertain the true intentions of the parties as expressed in the

instrument.” Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tex. 2005). “In the usual



v. Sims, 401 S.W.3d 752, 760-61 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). It is true we must consider all arguments made
under an issue even those outside the scope of the issue as framed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f), 38.9; Tittizer v. Union
Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 863 (Tex. 2005). Release is an affirmative defense. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94. Gonzalez
pleaded his affirmative defense as a counterclaim for declaratory judgment claiming he was released from liability to
Evolv. (Even Evolv in the title of the summary judgment motion characterized the release as an affirmative defense,
although in the body of their motion Evolv correctly dealt with it as a counterclaim for declaratory judgment on the
release). As Evolv asserts, under their first issue in a few places appellants challenge the summary judgment granted
against Gonzalez’s “affirmative defense,” each time in the immediate context of discussing the release. Because
appellants’ use of “affirmative defense” is in the singular, “affirmative defense” is always in the immediate context of
the release, and Gonzalez pleaded his affirmative defense of release as a counterclaim for declaratory judgment on the
release, there is only one possible construction of appellants’ brief and that is their entire argument under their first
issue is limited to the counterclaim of release. They do not challenge the summary judgment on the fourteen
affirmative defenses. On the other hand, if appellants’ statements in their brief are construed to challenge the summary
judgment on the fourteen affirmative defenses, we agree with Evolv that no argument with citation to the record or
authorities is presented to demonstrate how and regarding which of the fourteen affirmative defenses the trial court
erred in granting summary judgment, so nothing is presented for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h), (i); Wilhoite,
401 S.W.3d at 760-61.
                                                          –5–
case, the instrument alone will be deemed to express the intention of the parties for it is objective,

not subjective, intent that controls.” Matagorda Cty. Hosp. Dist. v. Burwell, 189 S.W.3d 738, 740

(Tex. 2006) (quoting City of Pinehurst v. Spooner Addition Water Co., 432 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex.

1968)). We “presume parties intend what the words of their contract say”—Gilbert Tex. Constr.,

L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 126 (Tex. 2010)—and interpret contract

language according to its “plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning” unless the instrument

directs otherwise. Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). “When

examining an unambiguous contract, courts must construe the meaning of the language used in the

contract. When the language is plain, it must be enforced as written.” Phillips v. Union Bankers

Ins., 812 S.W.2d 616, 618 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, no writ) (citing Republic Nat'l Life Ins. Co.

v. Spillars, 368 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex. 1963)).

        Appellants generally argue in their brief that as a director, officer, or employee of

EvolvHealth Mexico, Gonzalez was one of Rovzar’s directors, officers, or employees. Therefore,

appellants reason, Gonzalez was included in the release, and the release covered the claims in this

lawsuit. Evolv responds that Gonzalez was the director, officer, or employee of the Joint Venture’s

entities, such as EvolvHealth Mexico, and as such he was not Rovzar’s director, officer, or

employee. Evolv further argues, that even if Gonzalez were included in the release, the release is

limited to disputes “arising from the Terminated Agreements,” and none of the claims in this

lawsuit “aris[e] from the Terminated Agreements.” We need only decide whether Gonzalez was

Rovzar’s director, officer, or employee to resolve this issue.3

        The release in the Termination Agreement provided:



     3
       Evolv also responds in its brief that Gonzalez did not argue in his motion for summary judgment that he was
included in the release by being Rovzar’s director, officer, or employee, so that cannot be a basis to reverse the
summary judgment. We do not agree. Evolv is correct only that Gonzalez did not argue in his motion for summary
judgment any basis to decide the release included Gonzalez. However, in Gonzalez’s response to Evolv’s motion for
summary judgment he made every argument appellants now assert on appeal regarding the release.
                                                      –6–
       Further, each of the parties [Rovzar and Evolv Health International] for itself and
       its successors, assigns, heirs, agents, representatives, owners, directors, members,
       officers, partners, managing members, employees, shareholders, consultants,
       advisors, predecessors, experts, and attorneys hereby release the other party, its
       directors, officers, shareholders, employees, assigns, successors, and agents, from
       all causes of action, liabilities, damages, judgments, liens, debts, sums of money,
       accounts, including any loss of profits, indirect, direct, special or consequential
       damages or any other loss incurred or suffered, in law or equity arising from the
       Terminated Agreements.

(Emphasis added).      The text’s inclusion of the parties’ “directors, officers, shareholders,

employees, assigns, successors, and agents,” plainly describes several classes of persons released.

But the text of the release does not include subsidiaries or entities owned in whole or in part by

the parties, nor does it include such entities’ directors, officers, or employees. So the plain text of

the release does not include directors, officers, or employees of entities Rovzar partially owned,

such as officers or employees of EvolvHealth Mexico such as Gonzalez.

       Appellants’ textual argument is that if “its directors, officers, . . . [and] employees” did not

mean Gonzalez as a director, officer, or employee appointed by or hired by Rovzar to work for

EvolvHealth Mexico, then that interpretation would render the inclusion of directors, officers, and

employees “meaningless or superfluous.” Evolv responds that it was possible for Rovzar to hire

people to function as his personal directors, officers, or employees, and had Rovzar done so then

those people would be released. Thus, Evolv argues, the language has meaning even if Gonzalez

is not one of those people because there is no summary judgment evidence that Gonzalez was in

such a relationship with Rovzar.

       For several reasons, we reject appellants’ textual argument. As we stated above, the text

of the release does not include directors, officers, or employees of entities owned in whole or in

part by the releasing parties, such as officers, directors, and employees of EvolvHealth Mexico.

This conclusion is tacitly admitted by appellants’ argument that interpreting the clause literally

renders it “meaningless or superfluous” precisely because it does not apply to Gonzalez. In


                                                 –7–
addition, appellants do not cite any authority, nor are we aware of any, supporting appellants’

argument that each class of released persons must apply equally to both sides of a mutual release

if the text of the release uses one list of the classes of people released for both sides as this release

does. Nor are we aware of authority that each class of persons must actually apply to existing

people or the release is “meaningless or superfluous.” Accordingly, for appellants to show

Gonzalez is included in the release, they must show Gonzalez directly worked for Rovzar

personally as a director, officer, or employee.

         To characterize Gonzalez as Rovzar’s director, officer or employee, appellants argue

Rovzar had the right to appoint two of the five directors for each of the companies in the Joint

Venture. Further, paperwork identified Gonzalez as appointed by Rovzar to be an officer (Chief

Operations Officer) and director and member of the board of directors of EvolvHealth Mexico.

Appellants also argue Rovzar funded the Joint Venture entities, Rovzar was a 49% equity owner

of the Joint Venture entities, and Rovzar had operational control of EvolvHealth Mexico because

he was responsible for managing daily operations, including hiring, training, and payroll.4

Appellants sum up their argument, “In short, for as long as Rovzar jointly owned and fully

controlled the Latin American operation under the Joint Venture Agreement, Gonzalez was

Rovzar’s designated director, officer, or employee.” They also argue,

         Because the joint-venture documents show that Rovzar jointly owned and fully
         controlled the companies comprising the joint venture—including EvolvHealth
         Mexico—and because Gonzalez was Rovzar’s designated director and an officer of
         EvolvHealth Mexico, the trial court should have ruled as a matter of law that



    4
       Evolv argues appellants rely on trial testimony outside of the summary judgment record to argue under this issue
that Rovzar directly paid Gonzalez. Evidence outside the summary judgment record cannot be relied on to evaluate
the trial court’s summary judgment decision. See Horton v. Stovall, No. 05-16-00744-CV, 2018 WL 3359065, at *2
(Tex. App.—Dallas July 10, 2018, pet. filed) (“Unless the appellate record clearly indicates the trial court considered
evidence outside the summary judgment record, we will not consider evidence elsewhere” in the appellate record).
Contrary to Evolv’s contention, however, appellants confined their factual statements under this issue to the summary
judgment record. They only state that Rovzar “was responsible for managing daily operations, including hiring,
training, and payroll” citing to provisions of the Joint Venture Agreement which they accurately summarize.
                                                         –8–
        Gonzalez was one of Rovzar’s “directors, officers,…[or] employees” under the
        Release.

        Viewing the summary judgment record favorably to the non-movant, Rovzar appointed or

hired Gonzalez to be a director, officer, and employee of Joint Venture entities and specifically of

EvolvHealth Mexico. Rovzar owned a minority (49%) equity ownership of the Joint Venture

entities such as EvolvHealth Mexico which Rovzar funded. And Rovzar had operational control

of the Joint Venture entities. But the undisputed summary judgment evidence as acknowledged in

all parties’ briefs was that Gonzalez was EvolvHealth Mexico’s director, officer, or employee and

perhaps served other Joint Venture entities in the same capacities. Contrary to appellants’

argument, there is no proof that Gonzalez was Rovzar’s personal director, officer, or employee.

Absent such evidence, appellants cannot overcome the text of the release that does not include

directors, officers, or employees of entities wholly or partially owned by one of the parties to the

release. Based on this decision, we need not analyze whether the scope of the release covered the

claims in this lawsuit to rule against appellants on their first issue.

        B.      Appellants’ Challenge to the Sufficiency of the Evidence at Trial

        In their next three issues, appellants challenge the sufficiency of evidence supporting the

jury’s verdict. “Evidence is legally insufficient to support a jury finding when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or

of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence

offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes

conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.” Bustamante v. Ponte, 529 S.W.3d 447, 455–56 (Tex.

2017). To determine whether there is no evidence of probative force supporting a jury’s verdict,

we must consider all the evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the verdict and include

in our consideration evidence offered by the party opposed to the verdict that supports the verdict.

Id. at 456. We “must credit favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary
                                                  –9–
evidence unless reasonable jurors could not,” and “every reasonable inference deducible from the

evidence is to be indulged in that party’s favor.” Id. (internal quotation marks removed).

       “When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to support a

finding, a court of appeals sets aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing all of the

evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, it determines that the credible evidence supporting

the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the

answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered.” Crosstex N. Texas Pipeline, L.P. v. Gardiner,

505 S.W.3d 580, 615 (Tex. 2016).

       In all our sufficiency reviews we bear in mind that, “If the evidence at trial would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions, then jurors must be allowed to do

so. A reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the trier-of-fact, so long as the

evidence falls within this zone of reasonable disagreement.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 822 (Tex. 2005).

       There are no challenges to the charge, so we use the unchallenged charge to measure the

sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s verdict. See Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld,

L.L.P. v. Nat’l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 112 (Tex. 2009).

               1.       Sufficiency of Evidence Supporting Breach of Contract

       In their second issue, appellants challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the “evidence

to support the judgment against Gonzalez for damages and attorney’s fees, based on a breach of

contract[.]” But in their argument, they also challenge whether Gonzalez was a party to the

contract on which Evolv based its suit. We must consider all arguments made not just those

identified in the statement of the issue. See Tittizer, 171 S.W.3d at 863. Accordingly, we start

with appellant’s challenge that there is insufficient evidence that Gonzalez was a party to the

contract on which Evolv brought suit.

                                               –10–
                       a.      Evidence Gonzalez Was a Party to the Contract

       Both at trial and on appeal, Gonzalez acknowledged he was a director, officer, and

employee of EvolvHealth Mexico, but he disputed he signed or was otherwise bound by the terms

of the Executive Employment Agreement (sometimes abbreviated by the parties as EEA). The

series of jury questions about breach of contract began with Question 19 which asked whether

Gonzalez entered into the Executive Employment Agreement with EvolvHealth Mexico. The jury

was instructed:

               Parties to a contract may include:
               • the signatories to the contract; or
               • those who have authorized another to sign the contract on their behalf; or
               • those who have otherwise indicated their consent to be bound by the
                 contractual promises. A person can indicate consent to be bound by the
                 contractual promises by, for example, accepting payments pursuant to the
                 contract.
               In deciding whether the parties reached an agreement, you may consider
       what they said and did in light of the surrounding circumstances, including any
       earlier course of dealing. You may not consider the parties’ unexpressed thoughts
       or intentions.

The jury answered, “yes.” In their brief, appellants first assert there was no evidence of any of the

matters about which the jury was instructed: no evidence Gonzalez signed the contract, no

evidence he authorized someone else to sign it for him, and no evidence otherwise indicating

Gonzalez consented to be bound by the contract.

       Evolv presented testimony from its chairman, Roscoe White III, that Rovzar told White

that Gonzalez had executed the agreement and that it was in EvolvHealth Mexico’s files in Mexico

City. White testified he could not obtain a copy of Gonzalez’s signed contract when the Joint

Venture ended even though Evolv Health International was the 51% owner of EvolvHealth

Mexico, because they could not get the files returned. Evolv presented evidence that Rovzar and

Gonzalez prevented Evolv Health International from obtaining any of the computers, files, product


                                                –11–
inventory, financial data, or anything from EvolvHealth Mexico when the Joint Venture was

terminated. An email Rovzar sent to Gonzalez attached a “final document” form of contract.

Evolv argues from this evidence that the jury could have decided Rovzar and Gonzalez retained

or destroyed the agreement so there would be no evidence of the non-compete obligation. In

addition, Evolv also argues the jury had to decide a binary question—either Gonzalez did or did

not sign the Executive Employment Agreement—and the jury’s rejection of Gonzalez’s denial

“constitutes additional evidence in support of the jury’s finding that he did sign it,” citing for

support In re McClendon (McClendon v. Springfield), 765 F.3d 501, 505 (5th Cir. 2014) (rejection

of defendant’s testimony that he did not know defamatory statements were false necessarily

supported conclusion that he did know).

       Appellants marshal the evidence contrary to the jury’s finding: that Evolv did not produce

at trial a final, signed copy of the agreement; Gonzalez testified he accepted and countersigned a

letter offering employment with EvolvHealth Mexico that did contain compensation terms

including a territorial bonus amount but did not contain the non-solicitation and non-compete

provisions Evolv alleged were part of the final agreement; Rovzar’s email transmitting the

Executive Employment Agreement pointed out “the 1% to US Hispanic as additional comp. is

missing, we will add this to the final document,” indicating the attachment was not the final form

of agreement; and Gonzalez testified he had thousands of unopened emails, never opened Rovzar’s

email transmitting the agreement, and he would not have signed an agreement that omitted part of

his compensation (territorial bonus) or one that contained a non-compete agreement. Appellants

challenge that an actual contract document sent by email could not be the final version because,

although it contained the other terms, it did not contain the territorial bonus.

       Appellants’ arguments fail based on Gonzalez’s admission he was employed by

EvolvHealth Mexico, White’s testimony that Rovzar told him the signed contract was in the files

                                                –12–
of EvolvHealth Mexico, and the evidence that Gonzalez and Rovzar prevented Evolv Health from

obtaining the files and records of EvolvHealth Mexico when the Joint Venture ended. Destruction

or otherwise intentionally preventing disclosure of documents as part of the underlying facts of a

case supports an inference that the evidence was unfavorable. See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v.

Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 305–06 (Tex. 2006). “In light of the favorable verdict, we must assume

the jury credited this testimony.” Id. at 306. Additionally, when evaluating and rejecting

Gonzalez’s testimony that the offer letter was his employment agreement, the jury was entitled to

credit the text of the offer letter that stated, “A contract outlining specifics must be completed prior

to the start of your employment,” indicating the offer letter was not the contract. The jury was

entitled to weigh and reject as self-serving Gonzalez’s testimony that he never opened the email

transmitting the contract and never would have signed a contract with the terms contained in the

unsigned contract transmitted by email.5 The jury apparently concluded that Gonzalez acquiesced

to the terms in the contract Rovzar transmitted by email and signed the document. In summary,

the parties each presented evidence about the existence of a contract, neither side presented

overwhelming evidence, and the jury chose to credit Evolv’s evidence and discredit appellants’

evidence. The jury charge correctly instructed the jury, “You are the sole judges of credibility of

the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony,” and on this record the jurors had no

alternative but to do so. But there is legally sufficient evidence and we cannot conclude “that the

credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of

all the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered” for factual




    5
       Evolv argues Gonzalez’s credibility was damaged as a result of inconsistency with documentary evidence and
the lack of credibility of an aspersion he cast on White, both of which are collateral to the contract issue so we do not
recite them here.


                                                         –13–
insufficiency. Crosstex, 505 S.W.3d at 615.6 We reject appellants’ argument that there is

insufficient evidence Gonzalez entered into the Executive Employment Agreement.

                            b.        Challenge to contractual damages of lost profits

         Appellants further challenge the judgment for breach of contract by asserting there was

legally and factually insufficient evidence of lost profits. The jury was charged to consider only,

“[l]ost profits that were a natural, probable, and foreseeable consequence of Gonzalez’ failure to

comply,” when deciding compensatory damages for breach of contract. Appellants argue that

EvolvHealth Mexico was the other party to Gonzalez’s contract, but EvolvHealth Mexico had no

sales so it could not have had lost profits as damages for breach of Gonzalez’s contract with it.

Evolv argued in its responsive brief that appellants’ argument is not preserved for our review

because it was not raised in the trial court in the oral and written motions for instructed verdict,

motion to disregard jury findings, memorandum in opposition to judgment, or motion for new

trial.7 In their reply brief, appellants did not address preservation of this argument so they have

provided no guidance as to where they presented this argument to the trial court and obtained a

ruling, thereby preserving their argument.

         A party must present its argument to the trial judge and obtain a ruling or a refusal to rule

to which the party objects in order to preserve its argument for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP.




    6
      There is also evidence of acceptance by conduct. For example, as to all of Gonzalez’s conduct as an employee,
Evolv argues the evidence indicates he performed pursuant to the signed contract in the files of EvolvHealth Mexico.
Conversely, appellants argue such conduct is consistent with Gonzalez considering the offer letter to be his contract.
As to Gonzalez’s acceptance of his pay, the parties dispute whether Gonzalez’s pay came directly from Rovzar or
from funds Rovzar lent to EvolvHealth Mexico. As to all the evidence, appellants argue the equal inference rule
applies because the inference is at most equally supportive of either the offer letter or email contract being the contract,
so neither can be inferred. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 813 (“When the circumstances are equally consistent
with either of two facts, neither fact may be inferred.”). It is sufficient to note the evidence of Gonzalez’s performance
is not inconsistent with our conclusion that the evidence supports the jury’s determination that he entered into the
agreement.
    7
        In summary, Evolv responded on the merits that Evolv Health was transferring its Latin American sales to
EvolvHealth Mexico so Evolv’s lost profits expert correctly utilized Evolv’s financial records when calculating lost
profits.
                                                          –14–
P. 33.1(a); In re Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. 2003) (“Under Rule 33.1(a)(2) of the Rules of

Appellate Procedure, in order to present a complaint for appellate review, the record must reflect

that the trial court ‘(A) ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly; or

(B) refused to rule . . . and the complaining party objected to the refusal.’”). In other words, “Rule

33.1(a) requires a timely and ruled-upon objection to preserve error.” Seim v. Allstate Texas

Lloyds, 551 S.W.3d 161, 164 (Tex. 2018) (per curiam). There are a very few exceptions to this

requirement and none are applicable here. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852

S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex. 1993) (“Subject matter jurisdiction is an issue that may be raised for the

first time on appeal; it may not be waived by the parties.”).

        We have reviewed the record including those portions Evolv cited as authority for its

argument appellants did not preserve their appellate complaint. We have not found where

appellants argued or obtained a ruling from the trial judge that there was no evidence of contractual

damages of lost profits because there was no evidence EvolvHealth Mexico had revenue. We

agree, therefore, with Evolv that appellants’ appellate complaint that there was no evidence of

EvolvHealth Mexico’s revenue to support a lost profits award for contractual damages is not

preserved for our review. See also Jarvis v. Rocanville Corp., 298 S.W.3d 305, 320 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2009, pet. denied) (party not preserve error when failed to provide record citation showing

it raised argument in trial court and obtained ruling).

        Appellants further argue Evolv made “no effort to establish causation” so the jury was left

to guess about causation of damages resulting from Gonzalez’s breach of contract. Appellants

made clear, “In short, Defendants complain not about the amount of damages awarded (i.e.,

apportionment), but about the fact that any damages were awarded at all (i.e., no causation).” In

response, Evolv points to evidence that EvolvHealth Mexico had $1.2 million of product in its

possession in its Mexico City offices, that Gonzalez’s contract obligated him to return all property

                                                 –15–
upon his cessation of employment and owed Evolv best efforts, and evidence that Gonzalez was

complicit with Rovzar in the failure to make that product available for return upon the cessation

of the joint venture, including inferential evidence that Rovzar and Gonzalez stole that inventory.

(Appellants do not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to whether Gonzalez’s

conduct regarding the inventory constituted a breach of the provisions of Gonzalez’s employment

agreement). Thus, Evolv argues Gonzalez’s breach of contract costing Evolv $1.2 million in

inventory is evidence of causation flowing from breach that supported the jury’s finding of lost

profits. Appellants reply that the jury’s refusal to find Gonzalez violated the Texas Theft Liability

Act or committed conversion precludes consideration of the evidence that Gonzalez stole or

otherwise was responsible for failing to return the inventory upon the cessation of the joint venture.

       We begin by rejecting appellants’ argument that the jury’s refusal to find for Evolv on one

or more causes of action bars consideration of the evidence that supported the rejected claims when

this appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s affirmative

finding as to a different cause of action.         Appellants’ authority is Hunter Buildings &

Manufacturing, L.P. v. MBI Global, LLC, 436 S.W.3d 9, 17 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2014, pet. denied). But in Hunter, the court of appeals decided the trial court erred by impliedly

disregarding a jury’s finding that two officers had zero percentage of responsibility assessing all

the responsibility among three entities because the jury’s zero percentage finding negated joint and

several liability for the only cause of action that could support the judgment—misappropriation of

trade secrets. See id. Hunter does not support appellants’ argument that we should decline to

consider evidence supporting one cause of action on which the plaintiff obtained favorable jury

findings because the evidence also supported a cause of action rejected by the jury.

       We also agree with Evolv’s response that there is a direct causal connection between

Gonzalez’s breach of failing to return or steal the $1.2 million of inventory and Evolv’s damages.

                                                –16–
Such evidence is very direct and not only legally sufficient but is so directly related to the breach

of duties under the employment agreement that we cannot conclude “that the credible evidence

supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence,

that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered” for factual insufficiency. Crosstex,

505 S.W.3d at 615. Because there is a direct causal connection between evidence submitted on

which the jury could have found Gonzalez breached his contract and the damages, we decide

against appellants on their contractual damages arguments.

                       c.      Attorney’s fees

       Finally, as to the judgment for breach of contract, appellants argue “the judgment for

attorneys’ fees should be reversed because there is legally insufficient evidence to support the

award.” Appellants’ legal challenge is that there is no evidence EvolvHealth Mexico incurred

attorney’s fees. Evolv contends appellants made no objection in the trial court at any stage of the

proceedings to the recoverability of attorney’s fees on the basis that there was no evidence they

were incurred by EvolvHealth Mexico. As we stated above, it is incumbent on an appellant to

present to their trial judge an objection or argument and obtain a ruling or refusal to rule to which

appellant objects in order to preserve an argument for our review. See Seim, 551 S.W.3d at 164

(“Rule 33.1(a) requires a timely and ruled-upon objection to preserve error.”). Having reviewed

the record, we agree with Evolv that appellants’ argument was not presented to, or ruled upon by,

their trial judge. Their appellate argument, therefore, presents nothing for us to review.

       Appellants’ brief states, “To be clear, the issue here is not about a failure to segregate fees.

At trial, Evolv’s attorney, Robert Arnett, provided expert testimony about fees and generally

segregated recoverable fees from unrecoverable fees.” Following that unequivocal statement,

appellants then complain in their brief that the only claim Evolv’s attorney indicated he segregated

for was the theft claim, only mentioning breach of contract once in his testimony and then only as

                                                 –17–
an example of the type of claims for which fees are recoverable. Appellants’ brief argues, “Arnett

provided no testimony and no evidence that any fees were incurred to prosecute the contract claim

against Gonzalez—or that the contract claim was intertwined with the claim for civil theft.” Evolv

argues the first quoted statement means appellants do not challenge the award of attorneys’ fees

on the basis of failure to segregate. Although we find appellants’ brief confusing, we liberally

construe it in favor of their having argued Evolv failed to segregate its fees. This argument is

consistent with appellants’ memorandum in opposition to Evolv’s motion for judgment on the

verdict where they argued by way of example: “Plaintiffs failed to present evidence of those fees

incurred on the only claim that could potentially be entitled to attorneys [sic] fees: Gonzalez’

breach of contract.” Accordingly, appellants preserved this argument for our review.

       To resolve this complaint we examine the testimony to which both sides’ briefs direct us:

Evolv’s attorney’s fees expert’s testimony about segregation. The expert, Mr. Arnett, testified:

       There are other claims that do permit the prevailing party to recover attorney’s fees,
       or at least the prevailing plaintiff, like misappropriation of trade secrets, the Texas
       Theft Liability Act, breach of contract.

       So when you have a case like this that involves some claims that permit the recovery
       of attorney’s fees and other claims that don’t permit the recovery of attorney’s fees,
       you’ve got to do what’s called a segregation analysis, which -- and there are
       different approaches to that. But basically what you’re trying to say, okay, if this
       case had only involved claims where you could recover attorney’s fees, what would
       the fees have been. In other words, if you didn’t have to fool with other things that
       you did that were not related to these attorney’s fees-bearing claims, what would
       the overall fees have been?

       Q. Did you perform a segregation analysis in this case?

       A. Yes, I did. So I looked at the case overall, and I also took into account the fact
       that there were some parties who were here, are no longer here. So it was obviously
       some work done on those claims and parties.

       But you look at the case overall, it is essentially a misappropriation of trade secrets
       case and a conspiracy to commit misappropriation of trade secrets. Plus there’s the
       Texas Theft Liability Act. And the factual discovery or the facts that go to all of
       the claims are really pretty much the same. So taking all those factors into
       consideration, I determined that a 25 percent reduction of the overall fee would be
       appropriate to get to the recoverable fees.
                                                 –18–
         Q. In other words, 25 percent of what’s the resulting fee?

         A. It’s $968,000.

The jury awarded $968,000 in accordance with Mr. Arnett’s testimony.

         There were no objections to Mr. Arnett’s testimony.            Through cross-examination,

appellants obtained clarification from Mr. Arnett that his segregation of fees excluded fees related

to several different categories of parties that were not in the case by the time of trial. Neither side

asked Mr. Arnett to clarify what claim or claims he referred to as “recoverable fees” in his

statement, “So taking all those factors into consideration, I determined that a 25 percent reduction

of the overall fee would be appropriate to get to the recoverable fees…. $968,000.” We disagree

with appellants that the context of Mr. Arnett’s compressed testimony indicates he was referring

to the Texas theft liability act because Mr. Arnett had informed the jury they could award

attorney’s fees for the breach of contract claim. So we conclude there was legally sufficient

evidence of segregated fees and any ambiguity was within the province of the jury to resolve.

         Having considered all of appellants’ arguments, we decide against them on their second

issue.

                2.      Sufficiency of Evidence Supporting Epic’s Tortious Interference

         In appellants’ third issue, they challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support

the jury’s finding that Epic tortiously interfered with existing agreements. Appellants challenge

the evidence of existing agreements that could be the subject of interference, proximate causation

of damages, and the $3,000,000 award of damages.

         The jury affirmatively answered Question 26 that asked, “Did Epic intentionally interfere

with the existing contracts of Plaintiffs?” The jury was instructed:

                 To find “Tortious Interference” with an existing contract you must find all
         of the following:
                 1. The plaintiff had a valid contract;
                 2. The defendant willfully and intentionally interfered with the contract;

                                                –19–
               3. The interference proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury; and
               4. The plaintiff incurred actual damage or loss.
                                                  ***
               Interference is intentional if committed with the desire to interfere with the
        contract or with the belief that interference is substantially certain to result.

The jury then answered Question 27, which asked the jury to find the damages that resulted from

the interference pursuant to the instruction and to consider: “(a) The benefit conferred upon Epic

as a result of the interference. (b) The loss suffered by Plaintiffs as a result of Epic’s interference.”

The jury answered, “3,000,000.”

        Appellants challenge the legal sufficiency of the first and third elements in Question 26 by

challenging the existence of valid contracts the interference with which could have proximately

resulted in Evolv’s loss of contractual rights. Evolv introduced some evidence of each agreement

and evidence that each contained confidentiality and non-solicitation provisions. In deciding

appellants’ second issue, we concluded there was sufficient evidence that Gonzalez had entered

into a contract.8 So we reject appellants’ challenge that there was no contract with which Epic

could have tortiously interfered.

        Appellants also challenge the lack of a direct causal link between Epic’s conduct and

Evolv’s expert’s testimony of lost profits pursuant to Hunter (discussed below). But before we

examine appellants’ argument from Hunter, we analyze Evolv’s complaint that appellants did not

preserve any argument about proximate causation in the trial court. Both in the trial court and in

their appellate brief, appellants complain Evolv’s expert’s testimony of a global calculation of

Evolv’s $5.4 million lost profits lacks a connection to Epic’s conduct in causing Evolv to lose

specific distributors. We have examined appellants’ motions for instructed verdict; judgment

notwithstanding the verdict; memorandum in opposition to Evolv’s motion for judgment; motion



    8
       Based on our resolution of appellants’ argument there was no evidence of a direct causal link to support lost
profits, we do not discuss appellants’ further arguments pertaining to contracts other than Gonzalez’s contract.
                                                       –20–
to reform, correct, and vacate the judgment; and reply memorandum supporting that motion. There

are a few instances in which appellants refer to the direct causal link they argue from Hunter as

proximate causation.9 Thus, we conclude appellants made arguments in the trial court substantially

similar to their argument in their brief about proximate causation:10

            But even assuming there was a valid contract between EvolvHealth Mexico and
            Gonzalez (see Section 2.1, above)—and even assuming Epic interfered with that
            contract by, for example, inducing Gonzalez to breach the non-compete and non-
            solicitation provisions by soliciting distributors to leave Evolv and go to Epic—
            there still is no evidence whatsoever to show that any distributor who was part of
            Evolv’s damages calculation actually left Evolv and went to Epic as a result of
            Epic’s (or Gonzalez’s) actions. And with no evidence to show that Epic’s
            interference caused any single distributor to leave, there obviously is no evidence
            to show that Epic’s interference proximately caused $3,000,000 in lost profits.

(Emphasis added). From this and their entire argument, we understand appellants do not challenge

the sufficiency of the evidence of interference, other than the existence of contracts we discussed

above. Further, we understand the end of their statement to mean appellants challenge the lack of

evidence of specific distributors Epic or Gonzalez proximately caused to leave Evolv combined

with an expert’s calculation that aggregated Evolv’s lost profits attributable to each of the departed

distributors. So Epic’s culpability for interference by solicitation of distributors is assumed, but

the sufficiency of the evidence that such conduct proximately caused a calculable damage is

challenged.

            Appellants base their issue on, and urge us to follow, the reasoning and factual analysis of

Hunter, 436 S.W.3d 9. “Recovery for lost profits does not require that the loss be susceptible of


     9
          An example where appellants rely on precedent from this court is in their reply memorandum in which they
state:
            The Texas Court of Appeals in Dallas has also addressed the required causal link: “In order to
            sustain a damage award, a plaintiff must secure a jury finding that the damages, including ‘lost
            profits,’ were causally linked to the wrongful act of the defendant, whether the standard of causation
            be proximate cause or producing cause.” Turner v. PV Intern. Corp., 765 S.W.2d 455, 464 (Tex.
            App.––Dallas 1988)[.]
     10
        We do not decide whether an argument in the trial court about direct causal connection would or would not be
sufficient to preserve an appellate argument about proximate causation because appellants argued direct causal
connection as a specific aspect of proximate causation both in the trial court and on appeal.
                                                           –21–
exact calculation.” Holt Atherton Indus., Inc. v. Heine, 835 S.W.2d 80, 84 (Tex. 1992); see Hunter,

436 S.W.3d at 17. But “the injured party must do more than show that they suffered some lost

profits. The amount of the loss must be shown by competent evidence with reasonable certainty.”

Id.; see Hunter, 436 S.W.3d at 17. “To recover lost profits, the plaintiff must produce evidence

from which the jury reasonably may infer that the lost-profits damages for which recovery is

sought have resulted from the conduct of the defendant.” Hunter, 436 S.W.3d at 17 (citing Haynes

& Boone v. Bowser Bouldin, Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 179, 181 (Tex. 1995), abrogated on other grounds

by, Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 45–46 (Tex. 2007)). The Hunter court then

restated the supreme court’s conclusion, which we quote: “This causal nexus requirement is met

when a jury is presented with pleading and proof that establish a direct causal link between the

damages awarded, the actions of the defendant and the injury suffered.” Bowser Bouldin, Ltd.,

896 S.W.2d at 181); see Hunter, 436 S.W.3d at 18.

       In Hunter, the court pointed out the expert specifically testified he assumed all the conduct

pleaded caused the plaintiff’s lost profits, stated repeatedly he was not testifying about causation,

and did not account for evidence of other factors that could have resulted in lost profits, such as

legitimate competition and reduction of workforce. Hunter, 436 S.W.3d at 21. The court

summarized:

       There is a fundamental difficulty with [the expert’s] testimony. . . . [The expert’s]
       calculation of lost profits was not tied in any way to the portion, if any, of the lost
       profits which may have been caused by the Defendants’ alleged misappropriation
       of [the plaintiff’s] trade secrets, but instead extended globally to all of the
       Defendants’ allegedly actionable conduct. See Houston Mercantile Exch. Corp.,
       930 S.W.2d at 248 (noting that expert’s calculation of lost profits caused by alleged
       unfair competition improperly presumed that every jar sold was sold through unfair
       competition and was not tied to the jars sold through conduct actionable under the
       unfair-competition claim). Under the applicable standard of review and on this
       record, [the expert’s] testimony is legally insufficient to support a finding that the
       Corporate Defendants' misappropriation of trade secrets proximately caused [the
       plaintiff] to sustain lost-profits damages in the past.



                                               –22–
Hunter, 436 S.W.3d at 21 (citing Bowser Bouldin, Ltd., 896 S.W.2d at 181; Houston Mercantile

Exch. Corp. v. Dailey Petroleum Corp., 930 S.W.2d 242, 248 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1996, no)).

         To succeed in their argument, appellants challenge Evolv’s expert’s lost profits damages

testimony as demonstrating at most that during the relevant time period Evolv lost profits in the

amount of $5,400,000 but without connection to departed distributors or Epic’s conduct of tortious

interference.11 Further, appellants assert the lost profits evidence is not connected to individual

distributors that departed as a proximate result of Epic’s conduct as distinguished from conduct of

other defendants.12 Appellants point out that there was no testimony from departed distributors as

to why they left and there were other reasons distributors and their downline left. For example,

there was evidence that Juan Carlos Barrios—the “Michael Jordan” of distributors—and several

other distributors left after they were suspended by Evolv for noncompliance with their agreement

not to promote competing products and companies. There was testimony Barrios solicited for

other products and companies because he was unhappy Evolv arranged its joint venture with

Rovzar when Barrios derived more than half his revenue from sales in Mexico. When Barrios left,

he joined Jeunesse, not Epic. And Barrios’s suspension and departure in early July 2013 was

approximately one month before Epic came into existence in early August 2013 undermining any

connection between Epic and Barrios’s departure.13                  As appellants complain, Evolv’s damages



    11
       Appellants adopt by reference their arguments under their second issue challenging Evolv’s expert’s damages
testimony which we did not have to reach in resolving their second issue.
     12
        According to appellants, this results from Evolv’s emphasis at trial of its central theories of conspiracy to
misappropriate trade secrets which did not differentiate damages caused by individual defendants in reliance on the
joint and several liability of all co-conspirators for damages caused by the putative conspiracy. But the jury rejected
Evolv’s conspiracy theories finding instead Epic individually tortiously interfered with Evolv’s existing contracts.
    13
       In appellant’s reply brief for the first time they articulate their challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in
terms of the temporal impossibility of a connection between Epic, formed on August 8, 2013, and the departure of
Juan Carlos Barrios, suspended and departed in early July 2013. Although this highlights specific facts in the record,
both parties discuss in their briefs Epic’s formation date and Barrios’s departure time frame, so we do not consider it
a new issue or new argument.
                                                         –23–
expert did not separately calculate lost profits related to Barrios, but both sides point out Barrios

brought in approximately fifty percent of Evolv’s Latin America revenue exceeding $1.4 million

each year. So appellants contend even just the lack of evidence linking Epic to Barrios’s departure,

let alone lack of proof his departure was proximately caused by Epic, demonstrates a significant

amount of the revenue in Evolv’s damage calculation is unsupported. Epic urges there is similarly

no evidence as to why other distributors left and how much profit their departure cost Evolv in lost

profits.

           In response, Evolv makes no argument that their damages expert determined the cause of

the loss of profits he calculated, nor that the damages expert attributed specific damages to specific

departed distributors, or specific damages to Epic’s conduct. Nor does Evolv argue there is

evidence elsewhere in the record supporting a decision that Epic proximately caused Evolv’s

distributors to leave. Instead, Evolv argues the jury might have attributed to Epic the loss of

Barrios’s revenue, which alone would support the $3,000,000 finding, while glossing over the

difficulties of proof involving Barrios. Because the record lacks evidence connecting Barrios or

any other departed distributor to Epic’s conduct with an expert’s association of a calculated loss

of profits resulting to Evolv, we agree with appellants that the evidence of lost profits is legally

insufficient to support the $3,000,000 award against Epic.

           But Evolv argues, “[A] substantial portion of the jury’s award can be supported based

solely on the stolen product inventory,” because the jury had evidence connecting Gonzalez’s

breach of contract to Epic’s tortious interference. Indeed, as we pointed out above, appellants do

not challenge the evidence supporting tortious interference liability beyond challenging the

existence of contracts which we resolved against Epic. Nor did the damages question limit the

jury’s consideration to lost profits, but instead instructed the jury to consider, “(b) The loss suffered

by Plaintiffs as a result of Epic’s interference.” The evidence showed that $1.2 million of inventory

                                                 –24–
was not returned or stolen was a loss suffered by Evolv. There was therefore sufficient evidence

of a direct causal link between Epic’s tortious interference and Evolv’s $1.2 million loss supporting

the jury’s necessary finding of proximate causation.

       We have decided there is insufficient evidence of a direct causal link to the $3,000,000

award but sufficient evidence of a direct causal link to $1,200,000 of damages. In such situations,

the proper result is to remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial even though appellants

brought a legal insufficiency issue. See Texarkana Mem’l Hosp., Inc. v. Murdock, 946 S.W.2d

836, 837–38 (Tex. 1997) (where no evidence of “direct causal link” to total damage award but

sufficient evidence of direct causal link to some damages, appropriate appellate remedy is remand

for new trial). However, the court of appeals may suggest a remittitur. TEX. R. APP. P. 46.3. “If

part of a damage verdict lacks sufficient evidentiary support, the proper course is [for the court of

appeals] to suggest a remittitur of that part of the verdict. The party prevailing in the trial court

should be given the option of accepting the remittitur or having the case remanded.” Larson v.

Cactus Util. Co., 730 S.W.2d 640, 641 (Tex. 1987); see Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld,

L.L.P., 299 S.W.3d at 124 (same). Consequently, we suggest a remittitur of $1,800,000 of the

damages awarded by the trial court against Epic for tortious interference. As the prevailing party

at trial, appellees must be given the option of accepting the remittitur or having the case remanded

for a new trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 46.3; Larson, 730 S.W.2d at 641; McLeod v. Gyr, 439 S.W.3d

639, 650 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2014, pet. denied).

       We resolve appellants’ third issue in their favor to the extent that the evidence does not

support $3,000,000 of damages awarded by the trial court.           If the suggested remittitur of

$1,800,000 is timely filed, we will modify and affirm the judgment in accordance with the

remittitur. See TEX. R. APP. P. 46.3; McLeod, 439 S.W.3d at 650. However, if the remittitur is not




                                               –25–
timely filed, we will reverse the judgment and remand for a new trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 46.3;

McLeod, 439 S.W.3d at 650.

               3.      Sufficiency of Evidence Supporting Breach of Fiduciary Duties

       In their fourth issue, appellants assert the record does not contain any evidence supporting

the jury’s damages verdict against Gonzalez, Palmer, and Rutkoski for breaches of fiduciary duties

and against Epic for aiding and abetting. Questions 13 (Palmer and Rutkoski) and 15 (Gonzalez)

asked the jury to find the amount of damages resulting from each individual’s breach of fiduciary

duty, instructing the jury as follows:

       Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none other:
       a. The loss suffered by Plaintiffs as a result of Defendant’s breach.
       b. The benefit conferred upon Defendant as a result of the breach.

       In answer to Question 13, the jury found $3,500 and $4,000, respectively, for Rutkoski and

Palmer. Fulfilling their ethical duties of candor to the court, appellants’ counsel admit those

amounts roughly equal three weeks’ pay received by Rutkoski and Palmer from Epic when they

were dual employees of Evolv and Epic in violation of their fiduciary duties as employees of

Evolv. This supported the jury’s award for the “benefit conferred upon Defendant(s) as a result of

the breach,” in accordance with the jury’s instruction “b” on damages for breach of fiduciary

duties. Appellants argue in their brief the benefit to appellants must have injured Evolv, but we

measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the unchallenged charge, which did not include that

requirement in instruction “b.” See Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P., 299 S.W.3d at

112. We therefore focus our analysis on the judgment against Gonzalez for breach of fiduciary

duties in the amount of $540,000 and Epic for aiding and abetting.

       Challenging the sufficiency of the evidence supporting instruction “a,” appellants reurge

their arguments regarding the insufficiency of the evidence supporting lost profits. We discussed

and agreed with appellants’ argument when analyzing their third issue. But again Evolv responds


                                              –26–
that they are not limited to lost profits from loss of distributors, but their loss of $1.2 million in

inventory with evidence of Gonzalez’s responsibility for that loss as a breach of his fiduciary duties

is evidence that supports the jury’s finding of $540,000 for Gonzalez’s breach of fiduciary duty.

We agree with appellees that instruction “a” to Question 15 instructed the jury to consider the “loss

suffered by” Evolv, which would include Evolv’s loss of $1.2 million of inventory. So, we

conclude there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s award of $540,000 based on instruction

“a.”

       Appellants’ only other argument as to Gonzalez pertains to instruction “b”: “there is no

evidence to support a finding that [Gonzalez] received any ‘improper benefit’ as a result of his

conduct that could support $540,000 in damages for breach of fiduciary duty.” We need not

address whether the law requires any benefit to be an improper benefit because such a requirement

was not included in the unchallenged instruction “b.” See Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld,

L.L.P., 299 S.W.3d at 112.

       Appellants also challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s decision that

Epic aided and abetted Rutkoski, Palmer, and Gonzalez’s breaches of fiduciary duties. Appellants,

however, seek only to apply to Epic any favorable ruling we may have made resulting from their

challenges to Rutkoski, Palmer, and Gonzalez. Having rejected those appellate arguments, there

is nothing further for us to review. Therefore, we have considered and rejected appellants’

arguments in their fourth issue and conclude the judgment as to the breaches of fiduciary duties

should be affirmed.

       C.      Evolv’s Cross-appeal challenging the Summary Judgment Dismissing Breach
               of Contract Claims against Steffe and Bott

       In Evolv’s sole cross-issue, they challenge the summary judgment granted in favor of

Steffe and Bott on each of their combined traditional and no-evidence motions. Evolv contends



                                                –27–
they timely filed evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact. We do not agree, so we affirm

the trial court’s summary judgment.

        We must affirm a summary judgment if any of the grounds asserted in the motion are

meritorious. See Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003).

When traditional and no-evidence grounds are combined, we first review the no-evidence grounds.

See Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). If an appellate challenge fails

to demonstrate the nonmovant produced more than a scintilla of evidence on one essential element

of a cause of action challenged by a no-evidence motion, we affirm the summary judgment and

need not analyze other grounds including traditional grounds. See id.; TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). We

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, drawing every reasonable

inference from the evidence in favor of the non-movant. See Lightning Oil Co. v. Anadarko E&P

Onshore, LLC, 520 S.W.3d 39, 45 (Tex. 2017).

        Steffe and Bott each moved for summary judgment on two grounds, one of which we

analyze. They argued there was no evidence that Steffe and Bott acknowledged receipt of, and

agreed to, Evolv Health’s Statement of Policies and Procedures (“ESPP”). The parties agree the

ESPP contained the confidentiality and non-compete agreements on which Evolv based its breach

of contract claim against Steffe and Bott.

        Evolv claims Hicks’s summary judgment affidavit created a fact issue about whether Steffe

and Bott had agreed to the ESPP as a part of online registration to be distributors. Hicks stated in

his affidavit,

        Matt Steffe was an Evolv distributor and was bound by the Evolv Health, LLC
        Statement of Policies and Procedures (“ESPP”), a true and correct copy of which
        is attached hereto as Exhibit 72. Steffe had to agree to be bound by the ESPP in
        order to complete his registration as an Evolv distributor.

        ***



                                               –28–
        As a distributor Bott was bound by the ESPP, and had to agree to be bound by the
        ESPP in order to complete his registration as an Evolv distributor. Registration is
        generally accomplished online and the registration cannot be completed until the
        distributor checks a box agreeing to be bound by the ESPP, similar to checking a
        box to agree to the terms of a license when downloading software.

Exhibit 72 was a copy of the ESPP with an effective date of September 12, 2012. Steffe and Bott

argue that Hicks’s statements are not more than a scintilla of evidence, “Hicks fails to support this

statement with any evidence that Steffe and Bott actually did check the box and agree to the ESPP,”

Hicks does not state that “Steffe or Bott actually agreed to the ESPP by checking a box,” and Hicks

did not provide supporting evidence that would corroborate his statements making them non-

conclusory. For the following reasons, we agree Hicks’s statement does not amount to more than

a scintilla of evidence.

        Neither party disputes contracts formed over the Internet by requiring a person to click-

through various acknowledgements, sometimes called click-through agreements, can be valid,

enforceable contracts when adequately proven in court. See, e.g., Bundy v. Houston, No. 01-17-

00863-CV, 2018 WL 6053602 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 20, 2018, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (by clicking on and electronically signing a document that included Terms and Conditions

with forum selection clause plaintiff became bound by forum selection clause). In order to prove-

up a click-through agreement, a party may present detailed statements explaining the click-through

process and provide copies of what appears on the screen of a person’s device (“screen prints”)

and the resulting documentation in a company’s file. See, e.g., Kyäni, Inc. v. HD Walz II Enters.,

Inc., No. 05-17-00486-CV, 2018 WL 3545072, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 24, 2018, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (admissibility of evidence of click-through agreement containing arbitration clause).

Steffe and Bott contend this level of detail is required in order to prove-up a click-through

agreement. Evolv contends Hicks’s statements in his summary judgment affidavit is sufficient.




                                               –29–
       Hicks states, “Registration is generally accomplished online.” “Generally” means “in most

cases; usually” and “in general terms, without regard to particulars or exceptions.” Generally,

NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 722 (3d ed. 2010). So Hicks’s statement means in most

cases, without particular reference to Steffe or Bott, distributors registered online using the click-

through agreement to the ESPP. Nowhere does Hicks state that Steffe and Bott registered online,

used the click-through agreement, or otherwise agreed to the ESPP. Hicks does not testify whether

Steffe and Bott agreed to become distributors before or after the effective date of the version of

the ESPP as of September 2012, and if they became distributors before September 2012 whether

there was an ESPP and what terms it contained.           Evolv is correct that Hicks’s statement,

“registration cannot be completed until the distributor checks a box agreeing to be bound by the

ESPP,” means persons who registered online had to click-through the agreement to be bound by

the ESPP. We take as true the non-movant’s evidence, but that statement does not convey the

meaning that Steffe and Bott went through the online distributor registration. Rather, it means if

they had gone through the online registration then they would have had to agree to the ESPP.

There being no evidence of Steffe and Bott’s contractual agreement to the ESPP and that being the

underpinning of their liability on Evolv’s theory of breach of contract, we affirm the trial court’s

grant of summary judgment in Steffe and Bott’s favor.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we resolve appellants’ first, second, and fourth issues against them and

appellees’ sole issue on cross-appeal against them. We resolve appellants’ third issue in their favor

to the extent of suggesting remittitur of $1,800,000 of the award of $3,000,000 of damages against

Epic for tortious interference with existing contractual relations awarded by the trial court. In

accordance with rule of appellate procedure 46.3, if appellees file with this Court within fifteen

(15) days from the date of this opinion a remittitur of $1,800,000 of damages against Epic for

                                                –30–
tortious interference with existing contractual relations, we will modify the trial court’s judgment

to award appellees $1,200,000 in damages against Epic for tortious interference with existing

contractual relations, and affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified. If the suggested remittitur

is not filed timely, we will reverse the trial court’s judgment against Epic for tortious interference

with existing contractual relations and remand that cause of action for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 46.3.




                                                       /David Evans/
                                                       DAVID EVANS
                                                       JUSTICE

170088F.P05




                                                –31–
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        JUDGMENT

 EASTON RUTKOSKI, KYLE PALMER,                        On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District
 ROBERTO GONZALEZ, AND EPIC ERA                       Court, Dallas County, Texas
 INCORPORATED, Appellants                             Trial Court Cause No. DC-13-13499.
                                                      Opinion delivered by Justice Evans,
 No. 05-17-00088-CV          V.                       Justices Bridges and Whitehill
                                                      participating.
 EVOLV HEALTH, LLC AND
 EVOLVHEALTH MEXICO SERVICOS,
 S. DE R.L. DE C.V., Appellees/Cross-
 Appellants
                           V.

 MATT STEFFE AND TRAVIS BOTT,
 Cross-appellees

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED in part.

         We suggest a remittitur in the amount of $1,800,000 with respect to the trial court’s
damages award of $3,000,000 to appellees for their tortious interference claim. In accordance
with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 46.3, if appellees file with this Court within fifteen (15)
days from the date of this opinion a remittitur of $1,800,000, we will modify the trial court’s
judgment to award appellees $1,200,000, along with pre- and post-judgment interest, for
damages on their tortious interference claim and affirm as modified. If the suggested remittitur
is not timely filed, we will reverse the trial court’s judgment with respect to appellees’ tortious
interference claim and remand that claim to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.

       We AFFIRM the trial court’s judgment in all other respects.

       It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.


Judgment entered this 4th day of March, 2019.


                                               –32–
