                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 12-2561
                         ___________________________

                                Larry W. Covington

                         lllllllllllllllllllllMovant - Appellant

                                           v.

                              United States of America

                       lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
                                       ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Missouri - Springfield
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: September 27, 2013
                             Filed: January 9, 2014
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Larry W. Covington pleaded guilty, pursuant to a written plea agreement, to
conspiracy to commit mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1349; mail
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341; theft from an organization receiving federal
funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(1)(A); and conspiracy to commit money
laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). The district court1 applied § 2C1.1
of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) to determine Covington’s
base offense level and sentenced Covington to a term of 108 months’ imprisonment.
Covington later petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255,
arguing among other things that his counsel was ineffective for failing to assert
during plea negotiation and at sentencing that § 2C1.1 did not apply to his 18 U.S.C.
§ 1341 convictions for mail fraud. The district court denied Covington’s petition but
granted him a certificate of appealability on the sentencing issue. We affirm.

                                         I.

      Covington was employed by the city of Nixa, Missouri, as Superintendent of
the Street Department. In that position, Covington supervised employees,
recommended the purchases of goods, prepared purchase orders, and received
delivery of goods and services. From October 2004 to February 2009, Covington
defrauded the city. He first conspired with another person to create fake companies.
Then, as Superintendent, he signed purchase vouchers confirming that the city had
received goods and services from the fake companies. The city subsequently paid for
the goods that were never received and for the services that were never rendered.
Covington and his coconspirator split the proceeds from the city’s payments to the
fake companies.

       Covington was indicted on fifty-one criminal counts and two forfeiture
allegations. Covington pleaded guilty on June 1, 2010, to the four counts set forth
above: conspiracy to commit mail fraud, mail fraud, theft from an organization
receiving federal funds, and conspiracy to commit money laundering. In the written
plea agreement that Covington’s counsel negotiated, Covington agreed that § 2C1.1


      1
      The Honorable Richard E. Dorr, late a United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
should be used to calculate his sentence. According to the Guidelines Commentary,
§ 2C1.1 provides the base offense level for mail fraud “if the scheme or artifice to
defraud was to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services of a public
official[.]” The presentence investigation report (PSR) and the district court both
applied § 2C1.1 to determine Covington’s base offense level. Covington’s counsel
did not object to the PSR or to the application of § 2C1.1 at sentencing. At a hearing
on November 16, 2010, the district court sentenced Covington to 108 months’
imprisonment.

       Sometime after sentencing, Covington came to believe that § 2C1.1 did not
apply because his convictions did not involve honest-services fraud and that his base
offense level should therefore have been calculated pursuant to § 2B1.1, the
Guidelines section that applies to “offenses involving fraud or deceit[.]” Covington
had waived his right to pursue a direct appeal in his plea agreement but reserved the
right to challenge his sentence based on the ineffective assistance of counsel. This
§ 2255 action followed.

                                          II.

       Covington alleges that his trial counsel was ineffective both during plea
negotiation and at sentencing. Specifically, Covington alleges that § 2C1.1 did not
apply to his conduct and that his counsel should have challenged its application to his
convictions at both stages of the proceeding. The standard set forth in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), provides the framework for evaluating an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Under Strickland, a defendant must show that
his counsel’s performance was both deficient and prejudicial. Id. at 687. That is, “the
movant must show that his lawyer’s performance fell below the minimum standards
of professional competence (deficient performance) and that there is a reasonable
probability that the result of the proceedings would have been different if his lawyer
had performed competently (prejudice).” Alaniz v. United States, 351 F.3d 365, 367-

                                         -3-
68 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 694). “When addressing post-
conviction ineffective assistance claims brought under § 2255, we review the
ineffective assistance issue de novo and the underlying findings of fact for clear
error.” Tinajero-Ortiz v. United States, 635 F.3d 1100, 1103 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting
United States v. Regenos, 405 F.3d 691, 692-93 (8th Cir. 2005)).

       Covington first challenges his guilty plea based on ineffective assistance of
counsel during plea negotiation. He contends that his counsel was deficient by
agreeing that § 2C1.1 applied to his § 1341 mail fraud convictions. Covington argues
that he should have been sentenced under § 2B1.1 because § 2C1.1 applies only to
§ 1341 convictions involving honest-services fraud and not to generic mail fraud or
embezzlement.

       Assuming that counsel was deficient during plea negotiation by agreeing to the
application of an improper Guidelines section, Covington has failed to show that this
deficiency prejudiced him. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“If it is easier to dispose
of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we
expect will often be so, that course should be followed.”); DeRoo v. United States,
223 F.3d 919, 925 (8th Cir. 2000). “[I]n order to satisfy the ‘prejudice’ requirement,
the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.”
Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). Covington has not demonstrated or even
alleged that had counsel informed him that § 2C1.1 was not the proper Guidelines
section, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have demanded a trial. Nor has
Covington shown that going to trial would have resulted in a lower sentence.
Furthermore, in exchange for Covington’s guilty plea, the government agreed to
dismiss the remaining forty-seven counts of the indictment. See Roberson v. United
States, 901 F.2d 1475, 1478-79 (8th Cir. 1990) (holding that the defendant did not
demonstrate that he suffered any prejudice because, had he gone to trial, his
inculpatory statements would have been used against him and because in exchange

                                         -4-
for his guilty plea, the government agreed to dismiss the remaining counts of the
indictment). Thus, Covington’s claim that his counsel was ineffective during plea
negotiation fails for want of a showing of prejudice.

       Covington next alleges that his counsel was ineffective at sentencing. He
contends that his counsel should have objected to the application of § 2C1.1 to his
convictions, particularly in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Skilling v. United
States, 130 S. Ct. 2896 (2010).2 According to Covington, Skilling underscored that
§ 2C1.1 applies to convictions under § 1341 only to the extent that they involve
honest-services fraud.

       Assuming, again, that Covington’s counsel was deficient, Covington cannot
show prejudice. Covington’s plea agreement provided that “[t]he parties agree that
the applicable guideline section . . . is § 2C1.1.” Further, the plea agreement stated
that as to any Guidelines issues not agreed upon in the plea agreement, “the parties
are free to advocate their respective positions at the sentencing hearing.” This
language implies that the parties were not free to advocate their positions with regard
to any Guidelines issues agreed upon, such as the application of § 2C1.1 to
Covington’s convictions. Contract law governs plea agreements, United States v.
Mosley, 505 F.3d 804, 808 (8th Cir. 2007), and by objecting at sentencing to the
application of § 2C1.1, counsel would have been advocating against an agreed upon
term of the contract, see United States v. Thompson, 403 F.3d 1037, 1040-41 (8th
Cir. 2005) (holding that the prosecutor breached the plea agreement by advocating


      2
       In Skilling, the Supreme Court limited the definition of the “intangible right
of honest services” under 18 U.S.C. § 1346 to offenses involving either bribery or
kickback schemes. 130 S. Ct. at 2928, 2933. Section 1346 does not create a separate
substantive offense; it merely defines the term “scheme or artifice to defraud”
contained in §§ 1341 and 1343. See United States v. Redzic, 627 F.3d 683, 688 (8th
Cir. 2010). Skilling was decided approximately a year after Covington entered into
the plea agreement and four months prior to Covington’s sentencing hearing.

                                          -5-
against the applicability of the agreed upon Guidelines section because the plea
agreement stipulated the applicable Guidelines section for the offense). Accordingly,
an objection by counsel to the application of § 2C1.1 would have breached the plea
agreement.

       A breach of the plea agreement by Covington would have released the
government from its obligations under the plea agreement and would have allowed
the government to proceed in any manner it desired with respect to Covington’s
charges. For example, the government could have pursued one or more of the forty-
seven counts it agreed to dismiss. Covington cannot know how the government
would have proceeded, and therefore he cannot show that his counsel’s failure to
object prejudiced him. Covington’s argument assumes that the government would
have waived its right to terminate the plea agreement, but Covington cannot establish
that this would have been the case. Accordingly, because Covington has not
demonstrated that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to object at sentencing,
we need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




                                         -6-
