[Cite as In re G.M., 2017-Ohio-8144.]


                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                               ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO


IN THE MATTER OF: G.M.                          :         OPINION

                                                :
                                                          CASE NO. 2016-T-0027




Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, Case No.
2009 JP 00064.

Judgment: Affirmed.


Christopher A. Maruca, The Maruca Law Firm, LLC, 201 E. Commerce Street, Suite
#316, Youngstown, OH 44503 (For Appellant).

Daniel G. Keating, Keating, Keating & Kuzman, 170 Monroe Street, N.W., Warren, OH
44483 (For Appellee).

Roklyn M. DePerro Turner, 3685 Stutz Drive, Suite #100, Canfield, OH                44406
(Guardian ad litem).



THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.


        {¶1}     Appellant, Benjamin Ward, appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to

reallocate the parties’ parental rights. He maintains that the trial court erred in finding

there was no change of circumstances. We affirm.

        {¶2}     G.M. was born on February 5, 2009. Appellee is her mother and appellant

is her father.
       {¶3}   Early on, the parties filed motions for the initial allocation of parental rights

and ultimately resolved all issues.       In an agreed judgment entry, appellee was

designated as the child’s residential parent and legal custodian. As to visitation, the

parties agreed that, every other week, appellant would have G.M. from Thursday at 6:00

p.m. through the following Tuesday at 3:30 p.m. They also agreed that they would

confer with each other on all non-emergency medical issues involving G.M., and each

parent would give the other advanced notice of any scheduled medical appointments.

       {¶4}   In August 2013, appellee informed appellant that she was taking steps to

enroll G.M. in a preschool program funded by Head Start. According to appellee, G.M.

needed preschool to prepare her for kindergarten, improve her speech, and develop her

social skills. Appellee also told appellant that, since G.M. would be attending preschool

five days a week, it would be necessary to modify his visitation to every other weekend.

She asked him to execute a document, prepared by her attorney, acknowledging that

he could no longer have visitation on school days.

       {¶5}   Appellant refused to sign the document, arguing that the child did not need

the preschool program and his visitation rights should remain the same until she began

kindergarten. Therefore, consistent with his prior behavior, he went to appellee’s home

on the first Thursday after Labor Day, expecting to pick up G.M. for her typical five-day

visit. Appellee and G.M. were not there. Furthermore, appellee did not return any of

appellant’s phone calls over the next few days. He was, therefore, unable to see the

child throughout the entire five-day period.

       {¶6}   Over the next three months, that pattern of behavior continued: appellant

would try to pick G.M. up every other Thursday, and appellee would refuse to release

the child into his custody.    Thereafter, appellant moved the trial court to reallocate

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parental rights and designate him as the residential parent and legal custodian. In

addition to asserting the preschool issue, he also alleged that appellee was continuing

to make decisions about the child’s health without conferring with him and was not

providing proper notice of scheduled medical appointments.

       {¶7}   The initial hearing on the motion was scheduled for October 30, 2013.

Due to service issues, that hearing was postponed until December 17, 2013. On that

date, a court magistrate appointed a guardian ad litem to investigate the “parenting

time” problems and ordered the parties to follow the existing visitation order until a final

decision was issued. In light of the latter order, appellee immediately moved the trial

court to modify appellant’s visitation so that G.M. would be able to attend preschool.

       {¶8}   An evidentiary hearing on the two pending motions was held on February

5, 2015 and June 11, 2015. The magistrate also conducted an in camera interview with

the child on September 16, 2015. After receiving the guardian ad litem’s final report, the

magistrate issued his decision on November 23, 2015, recommending that judgment be

entered in favor of appellee on both motions. First, the magistrate found that appellant

failed to prove a change of circumstances warranting a modification of custody; as a

result, appellee would remain residential parent and legal custodian.         Second, the

magistrate found that the best interest of the child dictated that appellant’s visitation

rights be modified so that, during the school year, he would have custody of her two

weekends each month.

       {¶9}   On the same date this decision was released, the trial court issued its own

judgment approving the decision and restating the magistrate’s rulings on both pending

motions. Two weeks later, appellant filed objections to the decision, arguing that the

magistrate’s finding as to no change of circumstances was not supported by the

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evidence. He asserted that appellee’s own testimony established that she violated the

existing visitation provision for a three-month period when she refused to permit him to

take G.M. on Thursday and return her the next Tuesday.

       {¶10} After a transcript of the evidentiary hearing was filed, the trial court issued

a second judgment overruling appellant’s objection to the “no change of circumstances”

finding. Thus, the trial court upheld its prior determination denying appellant’s motion to

reallocate parental rights.

       {¶11} In appealing the second judgment, appellant asserts one assignment for

review:

       {¶12} “The trial court and the magistrate abused their discretion in failing to find

that a change in circumstances had occurred, despite the overwhelming weight of the

evidence.”

       {¶13} In maintaining that the trial court erred by not engaging in a “best interest”

analysis to determine if he should be residential parent, appellant contends that

appellee’s willful violation of the custody order establishes a change of circumstance.

In part, he notes that the trial court found appellee guilty of contempt for violating the

custody order.

       {¶14} A juvenile court has the exclusive authority to decide custody issues when

the child is not a ward of another Ohio court. Robinson v. Guitierrez, 3rd Dist. Logan No

8-16-11, 2017-Ohio-39, ¶15, quoting Redmond v. Davis, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 14

Co. 37, 2015-Ohio-1198, ¶33. In exercising this jurisdiction, the juvenile court must act

in accordance with the provisions of R.C. 3109.04. Id., citing R.C. 2151.23(F)(1). As to

the reallocation of parental rights, R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) states the governing standard:

       {¶15} “The court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and

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responsibilities for the care of children unless it finds, based on facts that have arisen

since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree,

that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child’s residential

parent, or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree, and that the

modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. In applying these

standards, the court shall retain the residential parent designated by the prior decree or

the prior parenting decree, unless a modification is in the best interest of the child and

one of the following applies:

       {¶16} “(i) The residential parent agrees to a change in the residential parent or

both parents under a shared parenting decree agree to a change in the designation of

residential parent.

       {¶17} “(ii) The child, with the consent of the residential parent or both parents

under a shared parenting decree, has been integrated into the family of the person

seeking to become the residential parent.

       {¶18} “(iii) The harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is

outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the child.”

       {¶19} The statute sets forth a two-step process for deciding motions to modify

child custody. The threshold issue/step is whether the circumstances of the child or the

residential parent have changed. Robinson, 2017-Ohio-39, at ¶27. Given that the term

“change of circumstances” is not statutorily defined, case law states that “the phrase is

intended to represent an event, occurrence, or situation which has a material and

adverse effect upon a child.” Valentine v. Valentine, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2004-12-

314, 2005-Ohio-6163, ¶9. To constitute a proper basis for reallocating parental rights,

the change of circumstances cannot be slight or inconsequential, but must be of

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substance. Sheppeard v. Brown, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2017-CA-43, 2008-Ohio-203, ¶15.

       {¶20} “‘It is well settled that a custodial parent’s interference with visitation by a

noncustodial parent may be considered a “change of circumstances” which would allow

for a modification of custody.’ Wilburn v. Wilburn (2001), 144 Ohio App.3d 279, 760

N.E.2d 7, quoting Mitchell v. Mitchell (1998), 126 Ohio App.3d 500, 710 N.E.2d 793.”

Id. at ¶18. See, also, Robinson, 2017-Ohio-39, at ¶31; Valentine, 2005-Ohio-6163, at

¶13.

       {¶21} It is undisputed that appellee interfered with visitation. In the trial court’s

judgment overruling appellant’s objections to the change-of-circumstances finding, the

court reversed the magistrate’s finding that appellee was not guilty of contempt for

violating the visitation provision. During appellee’s testimony, she admitted she did not

allow visitation between appellant and the child on numerous occasions throughout the

fall of 2013 as ordered, but instead, offered alternative visitation.

       {¶22} However, that appellee was guilty of contempt does not necessarily

constitute a “change of circumstances.” The reason for appellee’s actions must be

contextually considered.      Appellee did not send their child to preschool to deny

appellant visitation.   As noted, when appellee informed appellant of her preschool

decision, she offered alternative visitation.

       {¶23} Moreover, in sending G.M. to preschool, appellee was acting in the child’s

best interests. Appellant believed that the preschool program would be beneficial for

G.M. to improve her speech, develop her social skills, and prepare her for kindergarten.

Given that G.M. was working with a speech therapist and was not spending much time

with children her age, the preschool decision was reasonable. Also, in making the

decision, appellee was exercising her schooling rights as the custodial parent.

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       {¶24} “The standard of review for a determination of whether there has been a

change of circumstances is abuse of discretion. Davis v, Flickinger (1997), 77 Ohio

St.3d 415, 674 N.E.2d 1159.         When applying an abuse of discretion standard, a

reviewing court is not free to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. In re Jane

Doe 1 (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137-138, 566 N.E. 2d 1181.                * * * This highly

deferential standard of review rests on the premise that the trial judge is in the best

position to determine the credibility of witnesses because he or she is able to observe

their demeanor, gestures, and attitude. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio

St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.3d 1273.” Wine v. Wine, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 04 CA F 10068,

2005-Ohio-975, ¶25.

       {¶25} It is reasonable to conclude that there is little risk that appellee will fail to

follow court orders in the future.     The court’s no change-of-circumstances finding,

therefore, is not an abuse of discretion.

       {¶26} Appellant’s sole assignment lacks merit. The judgment of the Trumbull

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J., concurs,

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.


                                 ____________________



COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion.

       {¶27} I concur with the majority’s well-written opinion but write separately to note

that parenting plans, companionship orders or standard visitation orders have multiple



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conditions and requirements, all of which are designed to document the various rights

and responsibilities of the parents. Parenting time is an important part of the case plan.

The custodial parent is charged with balancing school, medical appointments, social

activities and developmental matters under the plan. The parents are charged with

acting in good faith to coordinate with the other parent. Mother’s good faith offer of an

alternative time for the child to attend pre-school was consistent with the requirements

of cooperation contained in the parenting plan and does not amount to contempt.




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