               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                             No. 5 / 04-0864

                           Filed May 12, 2006


JAMES B. WILSON, as Administrator of the Estate of LILY M. WILSON,
Deceased,

      Appellant,

vs.

FARM BUREAU MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

      Appellee.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, David H.

Sivright, Jr., Judge.



      Insured appeals from a district court ruling denying its motion for

summary judgment on its contract claim for underinsurance motorist

benefits and granting the insurer’s motion for summary judgment on the

insured’s bad faith claim. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,

AND CASE REMANDED.



      Sara Riley of Tom Riley Law Firm, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellant.



      Brian C. Ivers of McDonald, Woodward & Ivers, P.C., Davenport, for

appellee.
                                      2

LAVORATO, Chief Justice.

      In an underlying tort suit, an insured obtained a jury verdict against

an underinsured motorist. Following the verdict, the district court reduced

it by the percentage of fault the jury attributed to the insured and entered

judgment for the reduced amount. Following entry of the judgment, the

insured filed a motion to correct the judgment by increasing it to reflect the

jury’s determination regarding loss of consortium claims. The court granted

the motion and entered an amended judgment.

      The insured sued its insurer on a contract claim to recover

underinsured motorist benefits in the amount of the amended judgment

entry less the underinsured motorist’s liability limits pursuant to the

insured’s underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage. The insured also joined a

claim for bad faith against the insurer for its failure to pay the insured’s

demand for the underinsured benefits. The court granted the insured’s

motion for summary judgment on its contract claim in part and denied it in

part. In granting the motion, the court ruled that a consent-to-be-bound

provision under the insured’s UIM coverage was contrary to public policy

and therefore unenforceable. In denying the motion, the court allowed the

insurer to relitigate the issue of damages in the underlying tort suit. The

district court granted the insurer’s motion for summary judgment as to the

insured’s bad faith claim.

      The insured filed an application for interlocutory appeal, which we

granted.

      We conclude the insurer is bound by the original judgment entry but

not bound by the amended judgment entry. We also conclude that as a

matter of law the insurer was not in bad faith in denying the insured’s

demand. Finally, we conclude the consent-to-be-bound provision is valid
                                     3

and enforceable. We therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      On November 30, 1999, Lily M. Wilson walked across a road to

retrieve her mail from a mailbox that was located across the road from her

home. While walking back to her home, Wilson was struck by a vehicle

driven by Margie Carter. Later that day, Wilson died of her injuries suffered

in the incident.

      Wilson had automobile insurance with Farm Bureau Mutual

Insurance Company, which included medical pay coverage of $5000 and

UIM coverage of $100,000.      Carter had automobile insurance through

Hartford Insurance Company with liability limits of $100,000 (each person)

and $300,000 (each occurrence).

      Wilson’s policy provided in part the following:

            REPORTING A CLAIM—INSURED’S DUTIES

            ....

           4. Other Duties Under . . . Under-Insured Motor
      Vehicle . . . Coverage[]
           The person making claim also shall:

            ....

            d. under the . . . under-insured motor vehicle coverage[],
               send us at once a copy of all suit papers when the
               party liable for the accident is sued for these
               damages.

            ....

            Coverage I—Under-Insured Motor Vehicle

            ....

             We will pay damages for bodily injury an insured is
      legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an
      under-insured motor vehicle. The bodily injury must be
                                       4
      caused by an accident and arise out of the ownership,
      maintenance or use of an under-insured motor vehicle.

            ....

          THERE IS NO COVERAGE UNDER COVERAGES H OR I:
          1. FOR ANY INSURED WHO, WITHOUT OUR WRITTEN
      CONSENT, SETTLES WITH ANY PERSON OR ORGANIZATION
      WHO MAY BE LIABLE FOR THE BODILY INJURY.

            ....

            Written Consent Requirement—Coverage H and I
            We are not bound by any judgment against any person
      or organization obtained without our written consent.

[Hereinafter referred to as the consent-to-be-bound provision.]

      A. Suit I. In February 2000 Wilson’s estate sued Carter for damages

to the estate and for loss of consortium suffered by the decedent’s surviving

children. On July 18 the estate’s attorney wrote Farm Bureau notifying it of

the estate’s intention to make a claim for UIM benefits for the estate under

Wilson’s policy. Enclosed with the letter was a copy of the amended and

substituted petition filed on behalf of the estate against Carter and Carter’s

answer to the petition. The letter further notified Farm Bureau that the

estate’s attorney had learned through discovery that Carter’s liability limits

were $100,000/$300,000, which the attorney believed were insufficient to

cover the estate’s damages.

      On February 6, 2002, a jury returned a verdict in the estate’s favor

and against Carter as follows: $7906.81 for interest on reasonable burial

expenses, $6888.50 for the reasonable value of medical expenses, and

$145,000 for loss of consortium suffered by the decedent’s surviving

children for a total of $159,795.31.

      During the trial, the district court submitted an instruction, which

neither party objected to, informing the jury that “[t]he fault of the person

whose injury or death provides the basis for the consortium claim of Lily
                                     5

Wilson’s children does not bar or reduce the consortium recovery.” The jury

verdict form relating to the consortium claims stated in part: “State the

amount of damages sustained by the children due to loss of parental

services or parental consortium proximately caused by defendant’s fault.

Do not take into consideration any reduction of damages due to Lily

Wilson’s fault.” Neither party objected to this verdict form.

      The jury found Wilson twenty percent at fault and Carter eighty

percent at fault.   After the jury returned its verdict, the district court

reduced the total jury award, including the loss of consortium award, by

twenty percent. The court reduced the loss of consortium award by twenty

percent because it believed that it had instructed the jury incorrectly that

the decedent’s fault does not reduce the consortium claims. See Iowa Code

§ 668.3(1)(b) (2005) (any damages for consortium will be reduced by the

percentage of fault attributed to the person who provides the basis for the

consortium damages); id. § 668.3(4) (the court shall determine the amount

of damages payable to each party in accordance with the findings of the

court or jury). This reduced the verdict from $159,795.31 to $127,836.25.

      In response to the court’s action, the estate filed a motion on

February 20 to correct judgment entry.        The estate alleged that the
instruction, even though an incorrect statement of the law, became the law

of the case. For that reason, the estate further alleged, the judgment entry

should be corrected to reflect that the consortium damages are not reduced

by the decedent’s fault.   That same day, the district court entered an

amended judgment entry for the medical expenses and interest on burial

expenses reduced by the percentage of fault attributed to the decedent and

for the full loss of consortium damages as the jury had awarded. The total

amended judgment as entered was $156,836.25, together with interest as

provided by law.
                                     6

      In the meantime, on February 11, Carter’s attorney offered the estate

Carter’s policy limits of $100,000, which the estate conditionally accepted

on February 13. The condition was that Carter was to provide proof of

inability to pay the excess judgment. Carter subsequently provided such

proof, and the estate entered a satisfaction of the judgment in return for

payment of $100,000 on March 14.

      On March 8 the estate made a demand on Farm Bureau for

$56,836.25, which represented the balance of the amended judgment entry

minus Carter’s $100,000 policy limits. In the demand, the estate agreed to

waive pre- and postjudgment interest. Farm Bureau rejected the demand

and offered $22,000 in settlement, which the estate rejected.

      B. Suit II. On May 9, 2002, the estate sued Farm Bureau for breach

of contract for the underinsured damages and for bad faith. The estate later

filed an amended and substituted petition. Farm Bureau’s amended answer

raised several affirmative defenses, the following of which are pertinent to

this appeal: (1) the judgment was not obtained with Farm Bureau’s written

consent, (2) the judgment has no res judicata effect because Farm Bureau

was not a party to the underlying tort suit, and (3) the judgment is not an

amount the insured was “legally entitled to recover,” making the amount
fairly debatable.

      On January 23, 2004, the estate filed a motion for summary

judgment. The estate sought summary judgment on its breach of contract

claim but not on its bad faith claim. As to the latter, the estate maintained

genuine issues of material fact existed on that issue.

      Farm Bureau filed a resistance to the estate’s summary judgment

motion and a counter motion for summary judgment.             Farm Bureau

contended that there were genuine issues of material fact as to the estate’s
                                      7

breach of contract claim and no genuine issue of material fact as to the

estate’s bad faith claim.

      The district court granted the estate’s motion for summary judgment

in part and denied it in part. In granting the motion, the court ruled that

the consent-to-be-bound provision was contrary to public policy and

therefore unenforceable. In denying the motion, the court concluded the

amended judgment entry was correct. However, the court also concluded

that “Farm Bureau would be unfairly prejudiced if bound by a judgment

resulting from erroneous jury instructions, given without objection by

Carter’s attorney, which became the law of the case.” Consequently, the

court allowed Farm Bureau to relitigate the issue of damages in the

underlying tort suit. Finally, the court sustained Farm Bureau’s motion for

summary judgment on the estate’s bad faith claim.

      The estate filed an application for interlocutory appeal and an

application to stay district court proceedings.          We granted both

applications.

      II. Issues.

      In this appeal, the estate’s challenge to the district court’s ruling on

its motion for summary judgment on its contract claim raises two issues.
First, is Farm Bureau bound by the amended judgment entry in suit I?

Second, if Farm Bureau is not bound by the amended judgment entry, is it

bound by the original judgment entry in suit I? The estate also challenges

the district court’s ruling granting Farm Bureau’s motion for summary

judgment on the estate’s bad faith claim.

      III. Scope of Review.

      We review a ruling on a motion for summary judgment for correction

of errors at law. Dickens v. Associated Anesthesiologists, P.C., 709 N.W.2d

122, 125 (Iowa 2006). Summary judgment must be granted
                                      8
      if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
      admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
      that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
      the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3). “Summary judgment is appropriate if the only

conflict concerns the legal consequences of undisputed facts.” Farmers Nat’l

Bank of Winfield v. Winfield Implement Co., 702 N.W.2d 465, 466 (Iowa

2005). We therefore concern ourselves with two questions: whether there

is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the district court correctly

applied the law. Ratcliff v. Graether, 697 N.W.2d 119, 123 (Iowa 2005).

      IV. Is Farm Bureau Bound By the Amended Judgment Entry in

Suit I?

      In denying the estate’s motion for summary judgment, the district

court concluded that

      Farm Bureau would be unfairly prejudiced if bound by a
      judgment resulting from erroneous jury instructions, given
      without objection by Carter’s attorney [in suit I], which became
      the law of the case. Under the unusual facts in this record,
      Farm Bureau should be afforded an opportunity to relitigate
      the issue of underinsured damages due the plaintiff.

      This ruling raises the question whether Farm Bureau is bound by the

amended judgment entry in suit I. On this issue, we must first look to the

language of the UIM provision in the decedent’s policy with Farm Bureau.

See Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Petersen, 679 N.W.2d 571, 584 (Iowa 2004).

      In American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Petersen, we were

concerned with the binding effect of a default judgment in the context of an

uninsured motorist (UM) provision providing that the insurer would pay

damages for bodily injury that the insured is legally entitled to recover from

the uninsured motorist. Id. Although here we are dealing with a UIM

provision, the following language in Petersen applies with equal force to

such a provision:
                                      9
             In considering the binding effect of the judgment, we are
      mindful that the issue is presented only in the context of an
      action to enforce the UM provisions of an insurance policy
      requiring the insurer to pay the insured damages which the
      insured “is legally entitled to recover” from the uninsured
      motorist. Consequently, the binding effect of the tort judgment at
      issue in this case is not necessarily governed by the doctrine of
      res judicata and collateral estoppel; the language of the contract
      between the parties is the primary source of the parties’
      respective rights. If an insured establishes legal entitlement to
      damages against an uninsured motorist, then the insurer is
      contractually obligated to pay the insured the damages as
      specified in the insurance policy. An insured generally satisfies
      the “legally entitled to recover” condition of UM coverage when
      a valid judgment has been entered against the uninsured
      motorist.

Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Thus, assuming the other terms

and conditions of the policy are satisfied, once the insured obtains a valid

judgment against the underinsured motorist, the insurer is obligated

pursuant to the terms of the policy to pay the amount of the judgment that

exceeds the liability coverage of the underinsured motorist up to the limit of

the UIM coverage.

      An insured establishes the legally entitled to recover requirement by

proving the underinsured motorist was liable and the amount of damages.

Id. at 584 n.3. The insured is allowed to meet this burden either in an

action against the underinsured motorist or in an action against the

insurer. Id.; Handley v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 467 N.W.2d 247, 249

(Iowa 1991).

      Although securing a valid judgment against an underinsured motorist

can establish the insured’s right to recover UIM benefits, the UIM coverage

provisions here impose other conditions that could require relitigation of the

liability and damages issues. See Petersen, 679 N.W.2d at 584-85. In

Petersen, we held the default judgment against the uninsured motorist was

not binding on the insurer because the insured had not given adequate

notice to the insurer of its suit against the uninsured motorist as required
                                      10

by the policy.   Id. at 585.    Because the notice issue in Petersen was

dispositive, we did not consider the effect of a policy provision that provided

that the insurer was not bound by any judgment without its “ ‘consent’ to

the suit.” Id.

      In its motion for summary judgment on the contract claim, the estate

contended in the district court as it does on appeal that (1) the amended

judgment entry in suit I conclusively established what the estate is legally

entitled to recover from Farm Bureau and (2) issue preclusion is not an

available defense to avoid the binding effect of the amended judgment entry.

In response, Farm Bureau contends, as it did in the district court, that (1)

the amended judgment entry in suit I did not conclusively establish what

the estate is legally entitled to recover under the policy and (2) Farm Bureau

could only be bound by the principles of issue preclusion.

      As to the amended judgment entry, Farm Bureau raised a number of

defenses to the estate’s motion for summary judgment on its contract claim,

all of which Farm Bureau raises here.        We address only one of those

defenses because we think it is dispositive of the issue. The defense is

based on the written consent-to-be-bound provision pertaining to UIM

coverage. As mentioned, this provision provides as follows: “We are not
bound by any judgment against any person or organization obtained

without our written consent.”

      This requirement is commonly referred to as a “consent-to-sue”

provision, but it is more accurately described as a “consent-to-be-bound”

provision. Peterman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 961 P.2d 487, 491 n.3

(Colo. 1998). The consent-to-be-bound provision has been widely litigated.

Some courts have declared such provisions to be void or invalid and hold

that tort judgments against the underinsured motorists are generally

binding on the insurer. Reasons given by such courts for this holding
                                      11

include the following: (1) “[I]t is generally against public policy for the

insurer to restrict the insured’s right to trial by jury of the action against a

negligent motorist,” Keel v. MFA Ins. Co., 553 P.2d 153, 157 (Okla. 1976); (2)

Such provisions “are contrary to public policy because they present

arbitrary barriers to the recovery of statutorily mandated benefits,” Kwong

v. Depositors Ins. Co., 627 N.W.2d 52, 56 (Minn. 2001); (3) An insurance

company could unreasonably and arbitrarily withhold consent, Kremer v.

Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 501 N.W.2d 765, 768-69 (S.D. 1993); and (4)

Declaring consent-to-be-bound provisions void or invalid promotes the

policy of avoiding a multiplicity of lawsuits, Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Webb, 436 A.2d 465, 473 (Md. 1981). The district court, relying on Kwong,

found the consent-to-be-bound provision in the Farm Bureau policy

contrary to public policy and unenforceable.

      Recognizing that the insurer has some legitimate concerns about

protecting its interests, the court in Kwong concluded that “[t]hose interests

can be adequately safeguarded by requiring that the insurer ‘receive notice

of, and an opportunity to [intervene and] participate in, the insured’s

personal injury claim.’ ”    Kwong, 627 N.W.2d at 57 (citation omitted).

Several courts have followed the same approach. See, e.g., Webb, 436 A.2d
at 475-78; Heisner v. Protective Fire & Cas. Co., 169 N.W.2d 606, 611-12

(Neb. 1969); Keel, 553 P.2d at 157-58; Kremer, 501 N.W.2d at 769.

      Following this approach here would be problematic because of our

decision in Handley v. Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co., 467 N.W.2d 247

(Iowa 1991). We held in that case that it was an abuse of discretion not to

sever the tort claim against the underinsured motorist from the contract

claim against the insurer for UIM benefits. Handley, 467 N.W.2d at 250.

We reasoned that evidence of insurance would cause the jury to return a

larger verdict against the underinsured motorist than it would have if it
                                      12

were unaware that insurance existed. Id. We therefore concluded that

potential prejudice could be avoided by severing the claims against the

insurer from the claim against the underinsured motorist. Id. Facing a

similar problem, the court in Keel simply overruled its prior holding and

permitted the joinder of an insurer as a party defendant in an action against

an uninsured motorist. See Keel, 553 P.2d at 158.

      Other courts have upheld the validity of consent-to-be-bound

provisions. See, e.g., Gulf Am. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Gowan, 218 So. 2d 688,

693-94 (Ala. 1969); MFA Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bradshaw, 431 S.W.2d 252, 256

(Ark. 1968); Moorcroft v. First Ins. Co. of Haw., 720 P.2d 178, 179-80 (Haw.

1986); Baron v. Coronet Ins. Co., 361 N.E.2d 799, 802 (Ill. App. Ct. 1977);

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Pietrosh, 454 P.2d 106, 110-11 (Nev. 1969); Poray v. Royal

Globe Ins. Co., 217 A.2d 916, 920-21 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 1966);

Criterion Ins. Co. v. Brown, 469 S.W.2d 484, 485 (Tex. Civ. App. 1971).

However, in upholding consent-to-be-bound provisions, courts have

recognized that such provisions have the potential to hinder an insured’s

ability to recover damages. 9 Steven Plitt, Daniel Maldonado & Joshua D.

Rogers, Couch on Insurance § 124:3, at 124-8 (3d ed. 2005). Therefore, the

validity of consent-to-be-bound provisions “is often contingent upon an

implied promise on the part of the insurer that it will not arbitrarily or

unreasonably withhold or refuse its consent.” Id.; see also Levy v. Am. Auto.

Ins. Co., 175 N.E.2d 607, 611 (Ill. App. Ct. 1961); Newark Ins. Co. v. Ezell,

520 S.W.2d 318, 321 (Ky. Ct. App. 1975).

      As one court has recognized, one of the purposes of requiring the

insurance company’s written consent to be bound “is to allow the insurance

company to protect itself from a default judgment taken against the

uninsured/underinsured motorist or an insubstantial defense by the

uninsured/underinsured motorist.” In re Koehn, 86 S.W.3d 363, 368 (Tex.
                                    13

App. 2002); see also Pietrosh, 454 P.2d at 111 (Enforcement of the consent-

to-bound provision “may be appropriate in a case where the insured secures

a default judgment against the uninsured motorist, since an adversary

determination of liability and damages is absent.”).      Another reason

includes guarding against collusion between the insured and the

underinsured motorist. See Ezell, 520 S.W.2d at 321.

      We hold that a consent-to-be-bound provision, like the one in this

case, is valid and enforceable provided the insurer does not withhold or

refuse its consent without a reasonable basis to do so. There are several

reasons for our holding. The provision does not require a forfeiture of

benefits if consent is not obtained, a reason some states have given for

holding such provisions valid.    See, e.g., Moorcroft, 720 P.2d at 180.

Additionally, we see nothing in our statutory provisions regarding UIM

coverage that requires such coverage be unqualified. See generally Iowa

Code ch. 516A; see also Moorcroft, 720 P.2d at 180. Moreover, the approach

we take eliminates the previously discussed joinder problem that might

arise were we to declare the consent-to-be-bound provision void or invalid.

See, e.g., Handley, 467 N.W.2d at 250; Keel, 553 P.2d at 158. Finally, our

holding is consistent with how we have treated a similar provision—the

consent-to-settlement clause—in the context of a UIM case. See Bellville v.

Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 702 N.W.2d 468 (Iowa 2005). We held in Bellville

v. Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. that “the consent-to-settlement clause

not only imposes an express duty on the insured to obtain the insurer’s

consent to settlement but also imposes an implied reciprocal duty on the

insurer to consent unless it has a reasonable basis for refusing to do so.”

Id. at 484.

      Our holding that a consent-to-be-bound provision is valid and

enforceable imposes on the insured and the insurer certain duties. Before
                                    14

the insured can satisfy the legally entitled to recover condition under the

UIM coverage, the insured must comply with all of the other conditions of

such coverage. For example, here, the UIM policy provision requires the

insured to provide the insurer a copy of all suit papers when the insured

sues the underinsured motorist.      In addition to complying with this

condition, the insured must obtain a valid judgment against the

underinsured motorist. Implicit in this last requirement is that the suit

must be defended.      Default judgments, insubstantial defenses, and

collusion between the insured and the underinsured motorist will preclude

the insured from satisfying the legally entitled to recover condition. In

short, the insurer will not be bound by a judgment obtained through any of

these means. Once the insured satisfies the legally entitled to recover

condition of the UIM coverage, the insurer has an implied reciprocal duty to

refrain from withholding or refusing its consent to be bound by the

judgment without a reasonable basis to do so.

      These express duties on the part of the insured protect the insurer

against default judgment, insubstantial defenses, and collusion between the

insured and the underinsured motorist. The insurer’s implied reciprocal

duty prevents arbitrary barriers to the recovery of statutorily mandated
benefits and promotes the avoidance of multiplicity of lawsuits.

      With these principles in mind, we turn to the record in this case

regarding the amended judgment entry in suit I. Farm Bureau contended

in the district court, as it does here, that the amended judgment entry was

obtained without Farm Bureau’s written consent in violation of its consent-

to-be-bound provision. For that reason, Farm Bureau argues, it is not

bound by the amended judgment entry.

      It is undisputed that the estate did not obtain Farm Bureau’s written

consent to the amended judgment entry in suit I. In addition, the record is
                                      15

uncontroverted, as Farm Bureau argues, that at the time the estate filed its

motion to correct judgment entry, suit I was undefended, a fact unknown to

Farm Bureau at the time. Thus, there was an insubstantial defense to the

motion.    See Koehn, 86 S.W.2d at 368.           Carter’s attorney filed an

uncontroverted affidavit that confirms these facts. He stated:

         1. I am an attorney licensed to practice law in the state of
      Iowa.
        2. I represented defendant Margie Carter in [suit I] that
      went to trial in February 2002.
          3. I recently learned that [the estate’s lawyer] made two
      telephone calls to [the judge who tried suit I] following the trial
      of [suit I]. I had no knowledge of these telephone calls [before
      they were made].
          4. Following the trial, [the estate’s lawyer] filed a motion to
      correct judgment entry [in suit I]. I filed no resistance to that
      motion because [the estate’s lawyer] already accepted my
      client’s offer to settle the case.
         5. I never made any analysis, one way or the other, of
      whether the motion to correct judgment entry should be
      granted.

      The circumstances in which the amended judgment entry was

granted underscore the very reason for the consent-to-be-bound provision.

But our inquiry does not end here. With regard to consent-to-settlement

provisions, we said in Bellville:

      Our court has held that [consent-to-settlement] clauses are
      permissible under Iowa law as a means to protect the insurer’s
      subrogation rights against the responsible party.              In
      recognition of this limited purpose, we have held that an
      insured’s failure to obtain the insurer’s consent to settlement
      will preclude payment of UIM benefits only if the insurer
      “proves that, absent such a breach, it could have collected from
      the tort-feasor.” Furthermore, the insured’s entitlement to UIM
      benefits will be reduced only by the amount of the subrogation
      recovery lost by the insurance company. We have placed the
      burden of proving prejudice on the insurer: “The insurer must
      establish not only that the claim has been released but also
      that it was collectible and establish within a reasonable
      approximation the dollar amount that might be collected.”

Bellville, 702 N.W.2d at 483 (citations omitted).
                                     16

      Similarly here, as we now hold, consent-to-be-bound provisions are

permissible to protect the insurer’s interests, albeit those interests are

different from subrogation rights. We are convinced the insurer, as with

consent-to-settlement provisions, should bear the burden of proving

prejudice when an insured has not secured the insurer’s consent to be

bound. Farm Bureau has the burden to prove that the amended judgment

entry has prejudiced its rights; otherwise it is bound by it. For reasons that

follow, we think Farm Bureau has met its burden.

      If the district court was correct in amending the judgment, Farm

Bureau has suffered no prejudice; otherwise it has. The estate relies heavily

on our decision in Sullivan v. Wickwire, 476 N.W.2d 69 (Iowa 1991) to

support the district court’s action in entering the amended judgment.

      In Sullivan, all defendants except one settled before trial. Sullivan v.

Wickwire, 476 N.W.2d 69, 70 (Iowa 1991). During the trial, the district

court submitted a jury instruction without objection that failed to advise the

jury that if they assigned fault to a settling defendant, that fault would

reduce the damages awarded to the plaintiff. Id. at 72. The jury returned a

verdict assessing the plaintiff’s damages and assigned a percentage of fault

to the plaintiff and to all of the defendants except one. Id. Despite the
incorrect instruction, the district court reduced the verdict by the settling

defendant’s fault, thereby reducing the plaintiff’s recovery. Id. The non-

settling defendant argued on appeal that the district court was correct in

reducing the verdict while the plaintiff argued that the district court was

powerless to correct the judgment. Id. On this issue, we said:

             There is considerable merit in plaintiff’s claim . . . . In
      Iowa and elsewhere, an instruction submitted to the jury
      without objection becomes the law of the case and will not be
      disturbed on appeal. The [defendant] attempts to discredit the
      rule in the present case by arguing the jurors’ sole task was to
      find damages and allocate percentages of fault, leaving to the
                                       17
      court the job of applying mathematical formulas to achieve the
      correct judgment. We do not believe, however, that the jury’s
      understanding of the impact of its verdict is irrelevant to its
      decision-making responsibilities. In keeping with Iowa Code
      section 668.3(5), our prior decisions make clear that the court
      must instruct the jury with respect to the effect of answers
      given to special interrogatories, and the court’s failure to do so
      may constitute reversible error.

Id. at 72-73 (citations omitted).

      Although the facts in Sullivan are similar to the facts here we need not

follow the reasoning expressed in the foregoing discussion because it was

dicta. This was made apparent in the passage following that discussion:

“We need not decide in the present case whether the court’s error merits a

new trial or merely an amended judgment, because other errors committed

by the court demand a new trial.” Sullivan, 476 N.W.2d at 73. For reasons

that follow, we decide not to follow this dicta.
      In Reese v. Werts Corp., this court recognized that section 668.3(5)

“requires the [district] court to instruct the jury not only on the effect of the

claimant’s contributory fault but also on the effect of the fault of other

parties.” 379 N.W.2d 1, 3 (Iowa 1985). In that case, the district court

instructed the jury that the percentage of negligence it attributed to the

plaintiff (the case was tried in part under comparative negligence) would be

used by the court to reduce the amount of damages the jury found the

plaintiff had sustained. Id. What the court did not tell the jury in that

instruction was that a defendant who bears less than fifty percent of the

total fault was not jointly and severally liable, as the court was required to

do under Iowa Code section 668.3(5). Id. at 3-4. The plaintiff objected to

the instruction because the instruction did not take into account the joint

and several liability rule.    Id. at 3.    The district court overruled the

objection. Id. The jury found that the plaintiff sustained $100,000 in

damages. Id. at 2. The jury attributed five percent of the negligence to the
                                      18

plaintiff, and attributed fifteen percent to the defendant. Id. Following the

verdict, the plaintiff moved for a judgment against the defendant in the

amount of $95,000. Id. Instead the court entered judgment in favor of the

plaintiff in the amount of $15,000. Id. Under the instruction, if it were

true, the plaintiff’s recovery would have been $95,000 instead of $15,000.

Id. at 3.   This court held that because the district court undertook to

instruct the jury on the effect of its determinations it was required to

instruct accurately.    Id.   We reversed and remanded for a new trial,

concluding that the district court had given the jury misleading advice and

had failed to instruct the jury on the effect of its answers to the

interrogatories as required by section 668.3(5). Id. at 4. Obviously, this

court reversed because the verdict was tainted by that error resulting in

prejudice to the plaintiff.

      In Schwennen v. Abell, we also noted that section 668.3(5) requires

that the jury be made aware of the effect of its fault apportionment on the

claimant’s right to recovery. 430 N.W.2d 98, 104 (Iowa 1988). In that case

we said: “In Reese, we found it to be reversible error for the court to fail to

instruct on this matter or to give misleading instructions with respect

thereto.” Id. (citation omitted). We then pointed out in Schwennen that the
instructions given in the case before it were based on the incorrect premise

that one of the defendants could be allocated some fault. Id. We rejected

the plaintiff’s suggestion that such fault should be disregarded and the

jury’s allocation of fault should be reassigned to the remaining defendants

by a process of interpolation. Id. We noted that the plaintiff’s suggestion

would “have a substantially different effect on the [remaining defendants]

than the jury would have perceived them to have under the trial court’s

instructions.” Id. Such a result, we held, required that the apportionment

of fault among the remaining defendants had to be tried anew. Id. Because
                                      19

the verdict was tainted by the district court’s error resulting in prejudice to

the remaining defendants, we reversed. Id.

      Implicit in both Reese and Schwennen was the fact that the erroneous

and misleading instructions tainted the jury verdicts resulting in prejudice

to the parties challenging the verdicts. See Grefe & Sidney v. Watters, 525

N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1994) (“If instructions are erroneous, they must be

prejudicial before we will order reversal.”). Here, the estate did not assail

the jury’s verdict on the grounds of an erroneous and misleading

instruction that prejudiced the consortium claimants. Rather, the estate

accepted the verdict as the correct measure of damages.            Instead of

challenging the verdict, the estate is seeking to uphold it on the grounds

that the incorrect instruction became the law of the case. Because the

consortium claimants were not prejudiced by the instruction and resulting

verdict, the estate had no grounds to prevent the district court from

reducing the verdict as it did. By reducing the loss of consortium claim by

the percentage of fault which the jury attributed to the decedent, the district

court did exactly what it was required to do under the law. See Iowa Code §

668.3(1)(b) (any damages for consortium will be reduced by the percentage

of fault attributed to the person who provides the basis for the consortium

damages); id. § 668.3(4) (the court shall determine the amount of damages

payable to each party in accordance with the findings of the court or jury).

It follows therefore that Farm Bureau is prejudiced by the amended

judgment entry, which restored the jury’s verdict on the loss of consortium

claims.   For that reason Farm Bureau is not bound by the amended

judgment entry. Cf. Carroll v. Martir, 610 N.W.2d 850, 857 (Iowa 2000)

(recognizing that district court has the power to correct its own perceived

errors); see also Iowa Code §§ 668.3(1)(b), 668.3(4).
                                     20

      V. Is Farm Bureau Bound by the Original Judgment Entry in Suit

I?

      In its resistance to the estate’s motion for summary judgment on the

contract claim, Farm Bureau did not raise any policy defenses (for example,

failure to provide suit papers or violation of the consent-to-be-bound

provision) to the original judgment entry in suit I. Nor does Farm Bureau

raise any such defenses here. That is not surprising for three reasons.

First, the estate notified Farm Bureau that it was making a UIM claim

under the decedent’s policy because in the estate’s lawsuit against Carter,

the estate learned that Carter had liability coverage of only $100,000, a sum

the estate believed was insufficient to cover its damages.       Second, the

lawsuit against Carter was being defended. Last, the district court reduced

the verdict by reducing the consortium award by the percentage of fault

attributed to the decedent.

      Moreover, the estate proved Carter’s negligence and its damages.

And, as mentioned, Carter was defended up to and including the entry of

the original judgment.    Therefore at this point the estate had a valid

judgment, and Farm Bureau had no reasonable basis to withhold or refuse

its consent. The fact that Carter’s attorney did not object to the consortium
instruction did not render the defense insubstantial.       In our view an

insubstantial defense equates with no defense at all or one that is imaginary

or illusory. That was far from true in this case. Were we to hold otherwise,

an insured would rarely be able to obtain a judgment meeting the legally

entitled to recover condition of UIM coverage.       This is because, as a

practical matter, a lawsuit is hardly ever perfectly defended.

      For all of these reasons, we conclude the estate satisfied the legally

entitled to recover condition of the UIM coverage provision of the decedent’s
                                       21

policy. Contrary to the district court ruling, Farm Bureau was bound by

the original judgment entry in suit I.
         VI. The Bad Faith Claim.
         As mentioned, in suit II, the district court granted Farm Bureau’s
motion for summary judgment on the estate’s bad faith claim. On appeal,
the estate contends the court erred in dismissing the claim. The claim is
twofold. The estate contends Farm Bureau’s conduct in delaying payment
of the decedent’s medical expenses under the medical pay provision of her
policy constituted bad faith.      Additionally, the estate contends Farm
Bureau’s conduct in denying the estate’s demand to pay the amount of the
amended judgment entry in excess of Carter’s policy limits constituted bad
faith.
         Farm Bureau correctly points out that the bad faith issue regarding

the medical pay expense was not properly preserved for our review. The

estate concedes that the district court’s ruling granting Farm Bureau’s

motion for summary judgment on the bad faith claim was silent on this

issue. Because the estate failed to file a motion requesting a ruling on this

unresolved issue, the issue was not preserved for our review. See Meier v.

Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537-39 (Iowa 2002).

         That leaves for our review that portion of the district court summary

judgment ruling regarding Farm Bureau’s conduct in denying the estate’s

demand to pay the amount of the amended judgment entry in excess of

Carter’s policy limits. To establish Farm Bureau’s bad faith claim, the

estate was required to prove (1) Farm Bureau had no reasonable basis for

denying the estate’s demand to pay the amount of the amended judgment

entry in excess of Carter’s policy limits and (2) Farm Bureau knew or had

reason to know that its denial lacked a reasonable basis. See Bellville, 702

N.W.2d at 473.
                                      22

      In Bellville, we summarized the principles we apply in determining

whether there is a lack of a reasonable basis necessary for the first element

of a bad faith claim:

      A reasonable basis exists for denial of policy benefits if the
      insured’s claim is fairly debatable either on a matter of fact or
      law. A claim is “fairly debatable” when it is open to dispute on
      any logical basis. Stated another way, if reasonable minds can
      differ on the coverage-determining facts or law, then the claim
      is fairly debatable.
              The fact that the insurer’s position is ultimately found to
      lack merit is not sufficient by itself to establish the first
      element of a bad faith claim. The focus is on the existence of a
      debatable issue, not on which party was correct.
              Whether a claim is fairly debatable can generally be
      decided as a matter of law by the court. That is because
      “ ‘[w]here an objectively reasonable basis for denial of a claim
      actually exists, the insurer cannot be held liable for bad faith as
      a matter of law.’ ”

Id. at 473-74 (alteration in original) (citations omitted).

      There are several reasons why Farm Bureau had a reasonable basis

to assert it had no duty to pay the estate’s demand. Whether Farm Bureau

had a good faith duty to consent to be bound by the amended judgment

entry had not been decided by an Iowa appellate court. We agree with Farm

Bureau that with no Iowa law on the issue, its duty to consent to be bound

by the amended judgment entry was fairly debatable. Cf. id. at 484-85

(holding similarly regarding consent-to-settlement clause). Moreover, as we

already concluded, Farm Bureau was not bound by the amended judgment

entry, a fact the estate concedes was necessary to establish the estate’s bad

faith claim. We therefore conclude as a matter of law that Farm Bureau

was not in bad faith for denying the estate’s demand to pay the amount of

the amended judgment entry in excess of Carter’s policy limits.

      VII. Disposition.

      In sum, we reach the following conclusions. Farm Bureau is not

bound by the amended judgment entry in suit I. We therefore affirm the
                                     23

district court ruling denying the estate’s motion for summary judgment on

this issue but for reasons other than those cited by the district court. As a

matter of law, Farm Bureau had a reasonable basis to deny the estate’s

demand to pay the amended judgment entry in suit I in excess of Carter’s

policy limits. We therefore affirm the district court ruling granting Farm

Bureau’s motion for summary judgment on the estate’s bad faith claim.

      Contrary to the district court ruling, the consent-to-be-bound

provision is valid and enforceable. We therefore reverse the district court’s

grant of the estate’s motion for summary judgment on this issue. However,

Farm Bureau is bound by the original judgment entry in suit I.           We

therefore reverse that part of the district court ruling which allowed Farm

Bureau to relitigate damages in the underlying tort suit.

      We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We

have carefully considered all of the issues raised by the parties. Those we

have not addressed we find lack merit or were not properly preserved.

      AFFIRMED      IN   PART,    REVERSED       IN   PART,    AND    CASE

REMANDED.

      All justices concur except Wiggins, J., who concurs in result only.
