                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MAR 29 2017
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NATIONAL ABORTION FEDERATION,                   No.   16-15360
NAF,
                                                D.C. No. 3:15-cv-03522-WHO
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

CENTER FOR MEDICAL PROGRESS;
BIOMAX PROCUREMENT SERVICES,
LLC; DAVID DALEIDEN, AKA Robert
Daoud Sarkis; TROY NEWMAN,

                Defendants-Appellants.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
               William Horsley Orrick III, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted October 18, 2016
                           San Francisco, California

Before: CALLAHAN and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and MOLLOY, ** District
Judge.

      1. Plaintiff-Appellee the National Abortion Federation (“NAF”) is a non-



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for the
District of Montana, sitting by designation.
profit professional association of abortion providers whose mission is “ensur[ing]

safe, legal, and accessible abortion care.” NAF conducts annual meetings of its

members and invited guests which are not open to the public. All meeting attendees

must sign confidentiality agreements before obtaining meeting materials and access

to the meeting areas.

      2.    The individual Defendants-Appellants are anti-abortion activists.

Defendant-Appellant David Daleiden founded the Center for Medical Progress

(“CMP”) and later created the “Human Capital Project” to “investigate, document,

and report on the procurement, transfer, and sale of fetal tissue.”

      3. In order to obtain an invitation to attend NAF’s 2014 and 2015 annual

meetings, the individual defendants misrepresented themselves as representatives of

a company, BioMax Procurement Services LLC (“BioMax”), purportedly engaging

in fetal tissue research. Daleiden—purporting to be a BioMax representative and

using an alias—signed “Exhibit Agreements” for both annual meetings in which he

acknowledged, among other things, that all written, oral, or visual information

disclosed at the meetings “is confidential and should not be disclosed to any other

individual or third parties” absent written permission from NAF.1

      4. The individual defendants and several investigators they hired to pose as


1
       In signing the agreement, Daleiden also falsely affirmed that all information
contained in BioMax’s application and other correspondence with NAF was
“truthful, accurate, complete, and not misleading.”

                                          2
BioMax representatives also signed “Confidentiality Agreements” that prohibited:

(1) “video, audio, photographic, or other recordings of the meetings or discussions

at this conference;” (2) use of any “information distributed or otherwise made

available at this conference by NAF or any conference participants . . . in any manner

inconsistent with” the purpose of enhancing “the quality and safety of services

provided by” meeting participants; and (3) disclosure of any such information “to

third parties without first obtaining NAF’s express written consent.”

      5. Notwithstanding these contracts, the defendants secretly recorded several

hundred hours of the annual conferences, including informal conversations with

other attendees.    The defendants attempted in those conversations to solicit

statements from conference attendees that they were willing to violate federal laws

regarding abortion practices and the sale of fetal tissue.

      6. The defendants then made some of the recordings public. After the release

of the recordings, incidents of harassment and violence against abortion providers

increased, including an armed attack at the clinic of one of the video subjects that

resulted in three deaths.

      7. The district court issued a preliminary injunction enjoining the defendants

from, in contravention of their agreements with NAF, “publishing or otherwise

disclosing to any third party”: (1) any “recordings taken, or any confidential

information learned, at any NAF annual meetings;” (2) “the dates or locations of any


                                           3
future NAF meetings;” and (3) “the names or addresses of any NAF members

learned at any NAF annual meetings.”

      8. We have jurisdiction over the defendants’ appeal of that preliminary

injunction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). We review for abuse of discretion, Garcia

v. Google, Inc., 786 F.3d 733, 739 (9th Cir. 2015) (en banc), and affirm. The district

court carefully identified the correct legal standard and its factual determinations

were supported by the evidence. Id.; see also Pimentel v. Dreyfus, 670 F.3d 1096,

1105 (9th Cir. 2012) (asking whether the “district court’s application of the correct

legal standards was (1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without support in inferences

that may be drawn from the facts in the record”).

      9. We add only a few thoughts to the district court’s careful discussion. First,

the defendants do not contest that they engaged in misrepresentation and breached

their contracts. But, they claim that because the information they obtained is of

public interest, the preliminary injunction is an unconstitutional prior restraint. Even

assuming arguendo that the matters recorded are of public interest, however, the

district court did not clearly err in finding that the defendants waived any First

Amendment rights to disclose that information publicly by knowingly signing the

agreements with NAF. See Leonard v. Clark, 12 F.3d 885, 889 (9th Cir. 1994). Nor

did the district court abuse its discretion in concluding that a balancing of the

competing public interests favored preliminary enforcement of the confidentiality


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agreements, because one may not obtain information through fraud, promise to keep

that information confidential, and then breach that promise in the name of the public

interest. See Dietemann v. Times, Inc., 449 F.2d 245, 249 (9th Cir. 1971) (“The First

Amendment is not a license to trespass, to steal, or to intrude by electronic means

into the precincts of another’s home or office. . . . simply because the person

subjected to the intrusion is reasonably suspected of committing a crime.”).

      10. The defendants claim that they were released from their contractual

obligations because they obtained evidence of criminal wrongdoing. But the district

court, having reviewed the recordings, concluded as a matter of fact that they had

not. That determination is amply supported by the record. See Pimentel, 670 F.3d

at 1105.

      11. Our dissenting colleague believes that the district court erred in enjoining

the defendants from voluntarily providing the purloined information to law

enforcement. But even assuming the dubious proposition that the defendants were

entitled to root out what they considered to be illegal activities through fraud and

breach of contract, the district court’s finding that they uncovered no violations of

the law is a sufficient answer to any right claimed by the defendants.2


2
      The dissent cites no authority for the proposition that “our system of law and
order depends on citizens being allowed to bring whatever information they have,
however acquired, to the attention of law enforcement.” Dissent at 3. Even if true,
however, the proposition would confer no right on citizens to obtain that information
through fraud or breach of contract.

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      12.    The preliminary injunction places no direct restriction on law

enforcement authorities.     Rather, it enjoins the defendants from disclosing

information to anyone except in response to a subpoena. If law enforcement officials

obtain a subpoena, the defendants have agreed in a stipulated Protective Order to

notify NAF so that it can decide whether to oppose the subpoena. The preliminary

injunction and protective order explicitly provide that NAF may not “disobey a

lawful . . . subpoena.” The preliminary injunction therefore in no way prevents law

enforcement from conducting lawful investigations.

      13. The dissent, citing S.E.C. v. O’Brien, 467 U.S. 735, 750 (1984), argues

that notifying the target of a third-party subpoena might allow that target to thwart

an investigation by intimidating the third party and destroying documents. But

O’Brien involves investigations in which a target is unaware of an ongoing

investigation and still possesses materials that would be the subject of a subpoena or

potential investigation. Id. Here, by contrast, NAF already knows that some law

enforcement authorities seek this information, the defendants—not NAF—possess

the recordings, and the defendants, who are eager to comply with any subpoena for

their own purposes, are hardly likely to destroy the subpoenaed recordings.

Moreover, the district court has preserved the recordings.

      14. Given the district court’s finding, which is supported by substantial

evidence, that the tapes contain no evidence of criminal activity, and its recognition


                                          6
of several states’ ongoing “formal efforts to secure the NAF recordings,” the

preliminary injunction carefully balances the interests of NAF and law enforcement.

We therefore decline the request by the amici Attorneys General to modify the

injunction.

      AFFIRMED.




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                                                                             FILED
                                                                             MAR 29 2017
CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


      Constrained as I am by the applicable strict standards of review, see Garcia

v. Google, Inc., 786 F.3d 733, 739 (9th Cir. 2015) (en banc), and Pimentel v.

Dreyfus, 670 F.3d 1096, 1105 (9th Cir. 2012), I accept that Defendants have

generally failed to carry their burden of showing that the District Court’s grant of a

preliminary injunction is an abuse of discretion.

      I strongly disagree with my colleagues on the application of the preliminary

injunction to law enforcement agencies. The injunction against Defendants sharing

information with law enforcement agencies should be vacated because the public

policy in favor of allowing citizens to report matters to law enforcement agencies

outweighs NAF’s rights to enforce a contract. This was recognized by the

Supreme Court over thirty years ago in S.E.C. v. Jerry T. O’Brien, Inc., 467 U.S.

735, 743 (1984) (“It is established that, when a person communicates information

to a third party even on the understanding that the communication is confidential,

he cannot object if the third party conveys that information or records thereof to

law enforcement authorities.”).1 Accordingly, I find no justification for not

      1
        See also In re U.S. for Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600, 610 (5th
Cir. 2013); Blinder, Robinson & Co., Inc. v. U.S. S.E.C., 748 F.2d 1415, 1419
(10th Cir. 1984).

                                          1
allowing Defendants to share the tapes with any law enforcement agency that is

interested.

      Moreover, the District Court’s determination that the tapes contain no

evidence of crimes, even if true, is of little moment as the duties of Attorneys

General and other officers to protect the interests of the general public extend well

beyond actual evidence of a crime. In United States v. Morton Salt Co., 338 U.S.

632, 643 (1950), the Supreme Court recognized that “[w]hen investigative and

accusatory duties are delegated by statute to an administrative body, it, too, may

take steps to inform itself as to whether there is probable violation of the law.” See

also Wilson Corp. v. State ex rel. Udall, 916 P.2d 1344, 1348 (N.M. Ct. App.

1996) (noting that New Mexico’s civil investigative demands “enable the Attorney

General to obtain information without first accusing anyone of violating the

Antitrust Act.”); CUNA Mut. Ins. Soc. v. Attorney General, 404 N.E.2d 1219,

1222 (Mass. 1980) (noting that use of civil investigative demands is not limited

only to person being investigated, but extends to seeking information from the

insurer concerning possible violations of that statute by others); Ariz. Rev. Stat. §

44-1524(A) (allowing the Attorney General in investigating a violation to

“[e]xamine any merchandise or sample thereof, or any record book, document,

account or paper as he may deem necessary.”).

                                          2
      Furthermore, disclosure to a law enforcement agency is not a disclosure to

the public. As the Attorneys General amici note: “[l]aw enforcement regularly

handles highly sensitive materials, such as the identity of informants, information

regarding gangs and organized crime, and the location of domestic violence

victims. If law enforcement cannot be trusted to handle information with the

potential to risk bodily harm or even death if it falls into the wrong hands, then it

simply cannot do its job.” Accordingly, our system of law and order depends on

citizens being allowed to bring whatever information they have, however acquired,

to the attention of law enforcement. This case is no exception and the district court

erred in preventing Defendants from showing the tapes to law enforcement

agencies.

      Similarly, the injunction violates this strong public policy by requiring that if

a law enforcement agency contacts Defendants and seeks materials covered by the

injunction, Defendants must notify NAF of the request and allow NAF time to

respond. These conditions inherently interfere with legitimate investigations. See

Jerry T. O’Brien. Inc., 467 U.S. at 750. Moreover, the notice requirement does not

purport to protect NAF from subsequent disclosures by a law enforcement agency

after it had received the materials.

      Whatever the balance between NAF’s contractual rights and the

                                           3
Defendants’ First Amendment rights, law enforcement is entitled to receive

information from citizens regardless of how the citizens procure that information.

Accordingly, I would vacate the preliminary injunction insofar as it purports to

limit Defendants from disclosing the materials to law enforcement agencies and

requires that Defendants notify NAF of any request they receive for the materials

from law enforcement agencies.




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