                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 15-1292
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                         llllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                   Eric E. Davison

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: September 25, 2015
                             Filed: December 8, 2015
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       Kansas City, Missouri, Police Officer Chad Pickens discovered a loaded
firearm during a stop and frisk of Eric Davison. Charged with being a felon in
possession of a firearm, Davison conditionally pleaded guilty and now appeals the
denial of his motion to suppress. He argues police violated his Fourth Amendment
rights in seizing the firearm because Officer Pickens lacked reasonable suspicion to
make an investigative stop and to conduct a protective frisk for weapons. We affirm.
                                   I. Background.

       We recite the facts as found by the district court1 after a suppression hearing
at which only Officer Pickens testified. At about 1:00 p.m. on November 25, 2013,
the owners of a store located at Ninth Street and Tracy Avenue reported to police that
two occupants of a pickup truck had been doing “donuts” in their parking lot, then
parked the truck in their lot and walked north on Tracy. Police dispatch discovered
the truck had been reported stolen and relayed this information to officers in the area.
Officer Pickens and his partner were in the area investigating a homicide.

      Pickens drove to the lot where the stolen truck was parked to see if the two
occupants would return and called the store owners to gather more information. The
owners reported that the occupants of the truck were a white female in a dark coat and
a white or Hispanic male. After a few minutes of surveillance from a nearby alley,
Pickens decided to drive around the neighborhood to look for individuals fitting this
description. Turning north on Tracy, Pickens saw two individuals walking south who
matched the store owners’ description, later identified as Davison and Kelly Hall.
Davison and Hall saw the police car, avoided eye contact with the officers, and
changed their route, walking west on Eighth Street. Suspicions, but having only a
limited description, Pickens decided to canvass the area, looking for others who
matched the description. He drove past a nearby soup kitchen where a large crowd
of people had gathered; none matched the store owners’ description.

      Officer Pickens then turned south on the street one block east of Tracy, where
he again observed the suspects, now walking north. He considered stopping the pair
to ask why they were walking in a circle but decided to observe further behavior.

      1
       The Honorable Beth Phillips, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, adopting the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable
Robert E. Larsen, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of
Missouri.

                                          -2-
Driving around the block twice more, Pickens became certain the suspects knew they
were being watched by police -- they never broke stride, repeatedly glanced at the
officers before quickly averting their eyes, and appeared “deflated” because they were
about to be stopped. When Pickens saw the suspects walk through the yard of a
residence he knew was a “drug house,”2 he decided to stop and question them about
the stolen vehicle and what they were doing in a high-crime area.

       Davison and Hall cooperated when stopped, but Officer Pickens immediately
frisked Davison for weapons, and his partner frisked Hall, before questioning the pair.
Pickens felt an object consistent with a firearm in the right breast pocket of Davison’s
coat. When Davison said, “I’m so stupid,” Pickens asked if Davison was a felon. He
admitted a prior conviction and release from prison four months earlier. Pickens
arrested Davison and conducted a search incident to the arrest which revealed a
loaded .22 caliber revolver, a box of .22 caliber ammunition, a small amount of
methamphetamine, and a syringe containing a clear liquid.

       At the suppression hearing, Officer Pickens testified that he was a thirteen-year
veteran of the Kansas City Police Department who had performed numerous
investigations and surveillances in high-crime areas. He was aware of shootings in
the area near Ninth and Tracy in the prior few months, one of which had targeted
police. Pickens testified he decided to stop Davison and Hall because:

      they’re walking in circles, attempting to avoid contact with police,
      cutting across a private residence, limitedly matched the description of
      the two people that exited the stolen auto. So, we’re going to stop them.
      We’re going to see what their business is in the area and . . . begin an
      investigation on what they’re doing there.


      2
        Officer Pickens had previously arrested the owner of the house for possession
of methamphetamine. He also knew other officers had conducted a warrant search
after a controlled buy at the house.

                                          -3-
Pickens testified it was “absolutely necessary” to frisk Davison and Hall for weapons
given the past high-crime in the neighborhood and narcotics activity at the private
residence, the recent shooting at police, and the suspects’ evasive behavior. He
testified that he frisked Davison before questioning the pair because, “if I feel like
I’ve generated enough reasonable suspicion to execute a frisk, then I’m going to
generally do that before [questioning] because the whole premise of the frisk is to
make sure that we’re in a safe environment to conduct . . . the investigation.”

       The district court denied Davison’s motion to suppress, concluding that “[t]he
totality of these circumstances constitute reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop,” and
that Pickens had reasonable suspicion to conduct a protective frisk for weapons
because he suspected Davison had stolen a truck, and Davison avoided eye contact
with police when encountered in a high-crime area.

                                  II. Discussion.

       A police officer may briefly stop an individual to make reasonable inquiries
when the officer “has reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot.”
United States v. Hughes, 517 F.3d 1013, 1016 (8th Cir. 2008), citing Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). In conducting a Terry stop, the officer may make a protective
pat-down search “if he has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person may be
armed and presently dangerous.” United States v. Roggeman, 279 F.3d 573, 577 (8th
Cir. 2002), citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 30. Davison argues that his Fourth Amendment
rights were violated because Officer Pickens lacked reasonable suspicion to make an
investigatory stop and to frisk Davison for weapons; therefore, all evidence obtained
from the illegal stop and frisk must be suppressed. We review determinations of
reasonable suspicion de novo, “tak[ing] care both to review findings of historical fact
only for clear error and to give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by
resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517
U.S. 690, 699 (1996).

                                         -4-
       A. The Stop. The government concedes that Officer Pickens conducted a
Terry stop of Davison and Hall; it was not merely a consensual encounter to which
Fourth Amendment protections typically do not apply. See United States v. Jones,
606 F.3d 964, 965 (8th Cir. 2010). To justify a Terry stop, a “police officer must be
able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21.
A reviewing court must look at the totality of the circumstances, allowing “officers
to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and
deductions about the cumulative information available to them that might well elude
an untrained person.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002). Innocent
actions can give rise to reasonable suspicion when considered as part of the totality
of the circumstances. United States v. Johnson, 64 F.3d 1120, 1124 (8th Cir. 1995).

       Officer Pickens was dispatched to investigate persons seen operating a stolen
truck. Davison argues that, when stopped, he “was merely walking around a city
block, on the public sidewalk, with a companion,” which is completely innocuous
behavior. Therefore, Pickens should have used less-intrusive investigative methods,
such as continued observation or a consensual encounter. However, Pickens did
conduct substantial surveillance before deciding to stop and question the only
suspects he saw walking nearby, including canvassing the area to see if other people
matched the store owners’ description. We agree with the district court that, when
he made the Terry stop, Pickens had a sufficient basis to reasonably suspect Davison
and Hall of criminal activity because (1) they matched the description of persons who
had recently operated a stolen truck; (2) they appeared to be walking in a circle near
the stolen truck in a high-crime neighborhood, aware police were watching but
avoiding eye contact, actions suggesting they were trying to avoid police contact; and
(3) their evasive path had taken them through the yard of a known drug house.
Pickens provided specific and articulable facts, together with rational inferences he
made from those facts, that gave him reasonable suspicion to stop Davison and Hall
to question them about the stolen truck.

                                         -5-
       B. The Frisk. Officer Pickens testified that he frisked Davison before
questioning the suspects for reasons of officer safety. “In the case of the self-
protective search for weapons, [an officer] must be able to point to particular facts
from which he reasonably inferred that the individual was armed and dangerous.”
Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 64 (1968). The “sole justification” for frisking a
suspect is the protection and safety of the officers and others. Roggeman, 279 F.3d
at 577, quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 29. Again, the totality of the circumstances is the
touchstone of our analysis -- facts such as the time of day, the suspects’ location, and
their behavior when they become aware of the officer’s presence, considered together
with the inferences and deductions made by the officer. See, e.g., United States v.
Bailey, 417 F.3d 873, 877 (8th Cir. 2005).

      Officer Pickens testified that he believed it was “absolutely necessary” to frisk
Davison before questioning Davison and Hall. We agree with the district court that
the particular facts of this case gave Pickens reasonable suspicion that Davison was
armed and dangerous. First and foremost, Pickens reasonably suspected that Davison
had stolen a truck. “[W]hen officers encounter suspected car thieves, they also may
reasonably suspect that such individuals ‘might possess weapons.’” United States v.
Hanlon, 401 F.3d 926, 929 (8th Cir. 2005), quoting United States v. Rowland, 341
F.3d 774, 784 (8th Cir. 2003). In addition, Pickens stopped Davison and Hall after
observing them walk through the yard of a known drug house in a high-crime area
where recent shootings had occurred, including one that targeted police officers.

       Given the totality of the circumstances present in this record, the district court
did not err in concluding that Officer Pickens had reasonable suspicion to conduct the
stop and frisk and therefore denying Davison’s motion to suppress. Accordingly, the
judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                        ______________________________




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