                                       In The
                                  Court of Appeals
                         Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

                                          No. 07-18-00366-CR


                              RANDALL LEE BAKER, APPELLANT

                                                    V.

                               THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                             On Appeal from the 89th District Court
                                      Wichita County, Texas
                Trial Court No. 55,364-C, Honorable Charles M. Barnard, Presiding

                                             May 16, 2019

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                      Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.

        Appellant, Randall Lee Baker, appeals from an order “stacking” his sentences for

his convictions of ten counts of promotion of child pornography. Through four issues, he

contends the trial court erred by cumulating the ten sentences assessed in the promotion

convictions.     We reform all twenty judgments to correct clerical errors and affirm the

judgments as reformed.1


         1Because this appeal was transferred from the Second Court of Appeals, we are obligated to apply

its precedent when available in the event of a conflict between the precedents of that court and this Court.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
       Background

       Appellant was charged in a twenty-count indictment involving ten counts of

promotion of child pornography and ten counts of possession of child pornography. He

received a jury trial on all counts and was found guilty on all counts. He, further, went to

the jury for punishment wherein it assessed three years’ imprisonment for each of the ten

promotion charges and five years’ imprisonment for each of the ten possession charges.

However, the five-year prison sentences were suspended, and appellant was placed on

probation for five years for each of the ten possession counts. The trial court then entered

an “Order Stacking Sentences” wherein it set out how each sentence was to be served

one after another until it reached Counts 11 through 20. Regarding counts 11-20, it said

that they “shall run at the same time,” but they were not to begin until after the “judgment

and sentence in Counts 1-10 have ceased to operate.” Appellant objected, saying:

               As applied to this defendant, the accumulation—the order,
               stacking sentences, violates the defendant’s protection
               against double jeopardy under the United States Constitution,
               Amendment 5 and the Texas Constitution, Article 1, Section
               10 and Section 19, and the requirement that the right of a jury
               trial be—remain inviolate under the Texas Constitution.

The trial court responded with “[s]o noted.” Appellant appealed that stacking order.

       Issues One and Two and Four – violation of the “inviolate right to a jury trial”

       Through issues one, two and four, appellant contends that the statutes allowing a

trial court to stack sentences 1) violate his right to a jury trial pursuant to Article 1, section

15 of the Texas Constitution and 2) infringe on his right to have the jury assess

punishment. We overrule the issues.




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        Appellant’s argument is ill founded. Long ago our Court of Criminal Appeals held

that the Texas constitutional right to a jury trial does not include the right to have the jury

assess punishment. Ex parte Marshall, 72 Tex. Crim. 83, 161 S.W. 112, 113-14 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1913). That remains true today. Duran v. State, 363 S.W.3d 719, 725 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d). Given that, those statutes which allow a trial

court to determine whether sentences run concurrently or consecutively cannot

transgress a nonexistent constitutional right.2

        Issue Three – Separation of Powers

        Next, appellant contends that the aforementioned statutes violate the separation

of powers doctrine. The sum total of his argument supporting his issue consists of

alleging that 1) the “legislature did not have the power to delegate to the trial court the

right to substantively and significantly vary the jury’s assessment of a particular penalty”;

2) “[n]either the legislature nor the courts have the right to confer ‘discretion’ upon the trial

court that amounts to the particular penalty . . . when the defendant has elected the jury

for punishment”; and 3) “[t]he conferring of such ‘discretion’ amounts to an amendment

of the Texas Constitution without the required voting process.” Accompanying those

conclusory statements are neither substantive argument nor citation to authority. As

such, the issue presents nothing for review. See Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 896-97




        2The    statutes in question deal with the manner in which the convicted defendant serves his
sentence or sentences. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 3.03(b)(3)(A) (West Supp. 2018) (stating that “the
sentences may run concurrently or consecutively if each sentence is for a conviction of” an offense under
section 43.26 involving the possession or promotion of child pornography); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 42.08(a) (West 2018) (stating that “[e]xcept as provided by Subsections (b) and (c), in the discretion of
the court, the judgment in the second and subsequent convictions may either be that the sentence imposed
or suspended shall begin when the judgment and the sentence imposed or suspended in the preceding
conviction has ceased to operate, or that the sentence imposed or suspended shall run concurrently with
the other case or cases, and sentence and execution shall be accordingly”).

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(Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (stating that the issue presented nothing to review since it was

accompanied by neither argument nor citation to authority).

      Reformation of Judgments

      In our review of the record, it has come to our attention that all twenty judgments

refer to the correct penal code section for the offenses of promotion and possession of

child pornography, that being section 43.26, but not to the subsection pertaining to each

of the separate offense. Each offense, possession or promotion, carries with it a different

range of punishment. For possession of child pornography, generally, the range of

punishment is that for a third-degree felony, or in other words 2-10 years in prison. See

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West 2019), § 43.26(a), (d) (West 2016). However, the

range of punishment for promotion of child pornography is generally 2-20, the range for

a second-degree felony. Id. § 12.33 (West 2019), § 43.26(e), (g). We further note that

the trial court entered a “Stacking Order” which set out how appellant will serve his

sentences.   This order was referenced in the following manner: “Furthermore, the

following special findings or orders apply: See Exhibit A for Order Stacking Sentences.”

The latter statement was found in Judgments for Counts 1-11. However, the Judgments

for Counts 12-20 were missing the same language.

      This Court has the power to modify the judgment of the court below to make the

record speak the truth when we have the necessary information to do so. TEX. R. APP.

P. 43.2(b). Ramirez v. State, 336 S.W.3d 846, 852 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet.

ref’d)(citing Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). Appellate

courts have the power to reform whatever the trial court could have corrected by a

judgment nunc pro tunc where the evidence necessary to correct the judgment appears



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in the record. Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 529 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet. ref’d).

The power to reform a judgment is “not dependent upon the request of any party, nor

does it turn on the question of whether a party has or has not objected in the trial

court.” Id. at 529-30.

       Therefore, we reform the judgments for Counts 1-10 beside the heading “Statute

for Offense:” to include the language “43.26(e), Penal Code.” For Counts, 11-20, we

reform the judgments to include the language “Section 43.26(a), Penal Code” next to the

same header. Furthermore, we reform the Judgments concerning counts 12-20 to include

after the phrase “Furthermore, the following special findings or orders apply:” the following

language “See Exhibit A for Order Stacking Sentences” as it was pronounced by the trial

court in open court.

       Accordingly, the order of the trial court is affirmed, and the judgments are affirmed

as reformed.

                                                         Brian Quinn
                                                         Chief Justice



Do not publish.




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