                                                                Filed: December 13, 2012

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON

In the Matter of V. N. W.
and C. A. W., Children.


DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,

                                                                   Respondent on Review,

       v.

G. D. W.,

                                                                     Petitioner on Review.

                 (CC 098109J1, 098109J2; CA A147584; SC S059950)

       En Banc

       On review from the Court of Appeals.*

       Argued and submitted September 20, 2012.

        Angela Sherbo, Youth, Rights and Justice, Portland, argued the cause and filed the
briefs for petitioner on review.

      Inge D. Wells, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for
respondent on review. With her on the brief were Ellen Rosenblulm, Attorney General,
and Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General.


       Margaret McWilliams, Sisters, filed a brief on behalf of amici curiae Oregon Law
Professors (Leslie Harris, Carrie Leonetti, and Tom Lininger).


       DE MUNIZ, J.

       The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. The judgments of the juvenile
court are reversed, and the case is remanded to the juvenile court for further proceedings
in accordance with this opinion.
       *Appeal from Lincoln County Circuit Court, Philip L. Nelson, Judge. 246 Or App
66, 264 P3d 205 (2011).
 1                 DE MUNIZ, J.

 2                 In this juvenile dependency proceeding, a father was found by the court to

 3   have subjected one of his children to sexual abuse. Although the child was unavailable to

 4   testify at the proceedings, the juvenile court admitted into evidence child's out-of-court

 5   statements. Father contends that the juvenile court's theory for admitting the statements -

 6   - that they were the statements of a party-opponent and, therefore, not hearsay -- betrayed

 7   a fundamental misunderstanding of the evidence rule pertaining to statements of party-

 8   opponents, OEC 801(4)(b)(A). Father also argues that the court's admission of child's

 9   out-of-court statements under OEC 801(4)(b)(A) violated his (father's) right to due

10   process and to a proceeding that was fundamentally fair. We agree with father that the

11   juvenile court erred in admitting the child's statements under OEC 801(4)(b)(A), and we

12   conclude that the error was not harmless. Accordingly, we reverse the judgments that

13   incorporate the problematic findings and remand to the juvenile court.

14                                             FACTS

15                 After a verbal and physical altercation with father, mother left the family's

16   home in Lincoln County with the couple's two children -- four-year-old V and six-month-

17   old C -- and went to the police to report that father had assaulted her and that he had

18   sexually abused V. Mother also provided police with evidence that father was keeping a

19   quantity of cocaine in a safe at his place of business. Based on mother's allegations and

20   the evidence that she had supplied, the police went to the family's home, arrested father,

21   and took him to jail.



                                                  1
 1                 The next day, a police detective, Miller, and a child protective service

 2   worker, Page, interviewed mother and V about the sexual abuse allegation. In response

 3   to Page's questions, V indicated that father had touched her vaginal area with his hand.

 4   Page instructed mother that staff from the Department of Human Services (DHS) would

 5   contact her and that she should not allow V or C to have contact with father.

 6                 Two weeks later, V was interviewed at the Lincoln County Child Advocacy

 7   Center. In a taped interview, V told an interviewer that father had "touched [her]

 8   flower."1 In response to specific questions, V stated that father had touched her with

 9   "four fingers" "inside" her "flower" and that he had touched her "one time." A physical

10   examination performed at the Advocacy Center produced no physical evidence of sexual

11   abuse.

12                 Mother remained in the family home with V and C, and obtained a

13   restraining order prohibiting father from contacting them. Father, who had been charged

14   criminally with assault, sexual abuse, and other crimes, remained in jail for a number of

15   months. While father was in jail, he wrote three letters to mother; in one of those letters,

16   he asked mother to withdraw the charges of sexual abuse. Mother insisted that she did

17   not read two of the letters and that she read only a part of the third.

18                 Several months after the initial report to police, Page, the child protective

19   services worker, went to V's school to interview V after a teaching assistant reported to

20   DHS certain disquieting statements that V had made to another child. In the interview, V

              1
                   V apparently learned from her mother to use the word "flower" to refer to
     her vagina.

                                                    2
 1   told Page that "my dad didn't touch me; I lie[d]," but also told Page that "my mom told

 2   me that I lied," and that "my momma said if I say I lie[d], dad can come home." About

 3   the same time, mother informed the police and DHS that she had lied about father

 4   sexually abusing V and that she had coached V to tell third parties that father had touched

 5   her "flower." Page and other DHS staffers became concerned that mother no longer was

 6   motivated to protect V and C from father. Page had the children taken into protective

 7   custody and then placed into foster care. DHS thereafter filed the dependency petitions

 8   (one for each child) that are at the center of the present case.2

 9                 The dependency petitions alleged that (1) mother had failed to provide the

10   children with the necessary care, guidance, supervision and protection, and lacked the

11   skills and motivation needed to assure their safety; and (2) father had engaged in

12   domestic violence, drug and alcohol abuse, and sexual abuse of V, and that that history

13   made the children unsafe in his care. Mother immediately stipulated to the court's

14   jurisdiction over her and the children and she began to receive services from DHS. The

15   juvenile court postponed the adjudication of the dependency petition with respect to

16   father until after the criminal case against father was resolved.

17                 The criminal charges against father ultimately were dismissed after mother



            2
                    After V was removed from her mother's home, she was taken to the
     Children's Advocacy Center for another interview. When questioned about not wanting
     to live with her father, she responded that her father "doesn't be nice" and that "[h]e
     touched my private." This time she told the interviewer that father had touched her
     "outside" her private part but, consistent with the earlier interview, said that the touching
     had happened "one" time.


                                                    3
 1   testified that the alleged assault on her had been a mutual affray and that she had

 2   concocted the sexual abuse story and had coached V to confirm the story because she had

 3   been angry at father.3 Thereafter, the juvenile case was scheduled for trial. In that

 4   proceeding, the court was required to determine (1) the court's jurisdiction over V and C

 5   vis-à-vis father; (2) a permanency plan for the children vis-à-vis mother; and (3) the

 6   merits of the state's request for an "aggravated circumstances" finding against father,

 7   which would relieve DHS of its obligation to make reasonable efforts to make it possible

 8   to return the children to father's care.4

 9                  Before the scheduled trial, the state moved for a ruling on the admissibility

10   of V's out-of-court statements to various third parties regarding alleged sexual abuse by

11   her father. The state asserted in the motion that, although it did not intend to call V as a

12   witness in the proceeding,5 V's out-of-court statements could and should be received into

13   evidence nonetheless because, in accordance with the Court of Appeals decision in State



                3
                    The trial court in the criminal case found that V was not competent to
     testify.
                4
                    ORS 419B.340(1) requires a juvenile court to include in any disposition
     order concerning a child who has been removed from the family home a determination as
     to whether DHS has made reasonable and active efforts to make it possible for the child
     to return home. ORS 419B.340(5)(a) provides that, when a juvenile court determines that
     certain specified "aggravated circumstances" exist, it may make a finding that DHS is not
     required to make such "reasonable efforts." In the present case, the state sought an
     "aggravated circumstances" finding under ORS 419B.340(5)(a)(D), i.e., a finding that
     "[t]he parent has subjected any child to rape, sodomy or sexual abuse."
                5
                   In fact, the juvenile court had ruled -- in response to a question that father
     had raised in an earlier pretrial status proceeding -- that V was not competent to testify in
     the juvenile proceeding.

                                                   4
 1   ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Cowens, 143 Or App 68, 922 P2d 1258, rev den, 324 Or 395 (1996),

 2   the statements were admissible as the statements of a party opponent under OEC

 3   801(4)(b)(A). In response, father argued that Cowens was inconsistent with the theory

 4   underlying OEC 801(4)(b)(A), that Cowens was wrongly decided, and that, in any event,

 5   the admission of V's out-of-court statements when father could not cross-examine her

 6   violated his constitutional right to a fundamentally fair proceeding. Father suggested

 7   that, if the state wished to offer V's statements, it must proceed under OEC

 8   803(18a)(b),which provides an exception to the rule against hearsay for out-of-court

 9   statements of an unavailable child witness "concerning an act of abuse," but "only if the

10   proponent establishes that the time, content and circumstances of the statement provide

11   indicia of reliability." The juvenile court ruled that the statements were admissible as

12   nonhearsay under OEC 801(4)(b)(A), and the state did not attempt to show that the

13   statements would be admissible under the hearsay exception that father had identified.

14                 At the ensuing dependency hearing, the state presented V's out-of-court

15   statements about the alleged sexual abuse through V's videotaped interviews at the Child

16   Advocacy Center and the testimony of three witnesses – child protective service worker

17   Page, police detective Miller, and Saunders, a family friend. The court also heard the

18   testimony of various police officers, social service workers, and friends, to whom mother

19   had reported the sexual abuse of V; mother's testimony that she had concocted the story

20   about the sexual abuse, told it to others, and coached V; and the testimony of various

21   psychologists, counselors, and experts.



                                                  5
 1                 Based on the foregoing evidence, the juvenile court issued a lengthy letter

 2   opinion that contained, among other things, an express finding that "father did at least

 3   one time place his fingers inside [V's] vagina." The court subsequently issued two

 4   judgments that incorporated the finding that father had sexually abused V. One judgment

 5   determined that V and C were within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court with respect to

 6   father (as noted above, mother previously had stipulated to jurisdiction). The other

 7   judgment found that "aggravated circumstances" existed, such that DHS was not required

 8   to make reasonable efforts to reunify V and C with father. The court continued the

 9   existing permanency plan with respect to mother -- substitute care, supervised visitation

10   with the children, and services designed to improve mother's parenting skills -- for an

11   additional 120 days.

12                 Father appealed to the Court of Appeals, arguing that the juvenile court

13   erred in admitting V's out-of-court statements under the OEC 801(4)(b)(A), as interpreted

14   and applied in Cowens, 143 Or App 68. The Court of Appeals rejected father's argument

15   that Cowens was wrongly decided and concluded that V's out-of-court statements had

16   been properly admitted. Dept. of Human Services v. G. D. W., 246 Or App 66, 69-70,

17   264 P3d 205 (2011). We allowed father's petition for review.

18                 During the pendency of father's appeal in this case, V and C have been

19   returned to mother's physical custody (but remain in DHS's legal custody). At some

20   point, mother filed a separate child support and custody action in Lincoln County Circuit




                                                  6
 1   Court,6 which alleged, among other things, that father should not be granted any

 2   visitation with the children because of the sexual abuse findings in the juvenile court's

 3   jurisdictional and aggravated circumstances judgments. The custody and child support

 4   case was consolidated with the juvenile case, and the court ultimately issued a stipulated

 5   judgment in the custody and child support case that awarded sole custody of V and C to

 6   mother with no parenting time to father. A few months later, the state moved to dismiss

 7   the juvenile court's wardship over V and C and to terminate DHS's custody. The

 8   juvenile court granted the motion on April 4, 2012 -- one day before this court allowed

 9   father's petition for review in the juvenile dependency case.

10                 A preliminary question arises out of the juvenile court's granting of the

11   state's motion: Does the fact that the juvenile court has ended its jurisdiction over V and

12   C render father's petition for review moot? The state contends that it does because the

13   release of V and C from the court's jurisdiction makes it is impossible for this court to

14   grant father effective relief. See Hamel v. Johnson, 330 Or 180, 184, 998 P2d 661 (2000)

15   (quoting Greyhound Park v. Ore. Racing Com., 215 Or 76, 79, 332 P2d 634 (1958); case

16   becomes moot when an event occurs that "render[s] it impossible for court to grant

17   effectual relief"). In that regard, the state observes that the ordinary remedy for the error

18   that father claims would be reversal and remand for a new jurisdictional hearing -- a

19   remedy that is not available, given that the juvenile court has determined that the children

20   no longer need its protection.



            6
                   Mother's and father's marriage had been annulled.

                                                   7
 1                 We conclude that, although the order terminating DHS's custody and

 2   dismissing the juvenile court's jurisdiction over the children complicates the issue of

 3   relief, it does not render moot father's challenge to the jurisdictional and aggravated

 4   circumstances order. As a general rule, a case becomes moot when the court's decision

 5   no longer will have a practical effect on the rights of the parties. Brumnett v. PSRB, 315

 6   Or 402, 406, 848 P2d 1194 (1993). Father argues, and we agree, that the judicial finding

 7   that father sexually abused V, which is incorporated into the juvenile court's jurisdictional

 8   and aggravated circumstances judgments and, as such, is a matter of record, can have real

 9   and adverse effects on father, and that those adverse effects may be prevented if the

10   findings are judicially overturned. For example, as long as the judicial finding and

11   judgment that father sexually abused V are in effect, the state more easily can terminate

12   father's parental rights to V and C and any other children he might have in the future. See

13   ORS 419B.502 (rights of parent may be terminated without any effort by social service

14   agency to help parent adjust his or her conduct if court finds that parent is unfit by reason

15   of a single incident of "extreme conduct toward any child"). Moreover, the court's

16   custody and parenting time decision likely was premised on the sexual abuse findings

17   that the court incorporated into the jurisdictional and aggravated circumstances

18   judgments. If the findings and judgments were to be vacated, father's ability to reopen

19   the custody and parenting time judgment might be positively affected. Finally, although

20   perhaps not sufficient by itself to create a justiciable controversy, the social stigma that

21   father suffers as a result of the judicial finding that he sexually abused his daughter is



                                                   8
 1   significant. We therefore conclude that a decision in this case would have a practical

 2   effect on father's rights and prospects, and that father's petition for review is not moot.

 3   We turn to the merits.

 4                 As described above, based on the Court of Appeals decision in Cowens,

 5   143 Or App 68, the juvenile court concluded that V's out-of-court statements were

 6   admissible nonhearsay. In Cowens, the Court of Appeals held that, in dependency

 7   proceedings, the subject child's out-of-court statements are admissible nonhearsay under

 8   OEC 801(4)(b)(A), which provides, in part:

 9                 "(4) A statement is not hearsay if:

10                 "* * * * *

11                 "(b) The statement is offered against a party and is:

12                 "(A) That party's own statement, in either an individual or a
13          representative capacity."

14                 In Cowens, the state had petitioned for wardship of a 13-year-old girl based

15   on her report that her father had been sexually abusing her over a number of months. In

16   the dependency proceeding that ensued, the state sought to introduce, over the father's

17   objection, an audiotaped police interview with the daughter, in which she detailed the

18   alleged abuse. The juvenile court admitted the recorded interview under OEC

19   801(4)(b)(A). The state ultimately prevailed in the proceeding, and the father appealed,

20   challenging the admission of his daughter's out-of-court statements. The Court of

21   Appeals held that the statements were properly admissible under OEC 801(4)(b)(A), as

22   statements by the daughter offered against the daughter. 143 Or App at 71-72.



                                                   9
 1                 The key question in Cowens was whether, in a dependency proceeding like

 2   the one at issue in that case, the state could be said to be offering the out-of-court

 3   statement of the subject child "against" the child.7 The Court of Appeals concluded that,

 4   regardless of how a child might perceive his or her position vis-à-vis the state, the state is

 5   always, in some sense, the child's opponent in a dependency proceeding:

 6                  "When the state files a dependency petition to make the child a ward
 7          of the court, it seeks to interfere with the parent-child relationship and
 8          therefore to infringe on the child's interest in that relationship. In that
 9          sense, the state's position is adverse to the child, and evidence presented by
10          the state to establish jurisdiction is offered 'against' the child. That
11          conclusion is not altered by the fact that [the daughter in the case] sought
12          the protection of the State Offices for Services to Children and Families
13          (SOSCF) and apparently believed that the agency was 'on her side.'
14          Although a child in a particular case may share an interest with the state in
15          being protected from a sexually abusive home environment, it simply
16          cannot be said that the state represents all of the child's interests."

17   143 Or App at 72 (footnote omitted; emphasis in original). As to whether the child's

18   statements also were admissible against the father, who had no part in them, the court

19   appeared to assume the answer was "yes":

20          "We believe that when the state seeks to interfere with the parent-child
21          relationship -- either permanently in a termination proceeding or
22          temporarily in a dependency proceeding -- the child has interests adverse to
23          the state. As such, the state's evidence is offered not only against the
24          parent, but also against the child."8


            7
                There is no question that the child is a "party" to a dependency proceeding.
     ORS 419B.875(1)(a)(A).
            8
                   In a later case, State ex rel Dept. of Human Services v. Meyers, 207 Or App
     271, 140 P3d 1181, rev den 341 Or 450 (2006), the Court of Appeals, in a proceeding to
     terminate a mother's parental rights to her children, affirmed the juvenile court's
     admission of the out-of-court statement of one of her children under the "statement of a
     party opponent" rationale.

                                                   10
 1   Id.

 2                 In the present case, the state adopts the reasoning of Cowens. It argues that

 3   the broad view of party alignment and opposition that Cowens promotes is necessary in

 4   the "unique" context of juvenile dependency proceedings because, in such proceedings,

 5   the parties are never "against" each other in the traditional "pleadings" sense and because

 6   the state's primary objective in juvenile dependency cases -- protecting the welfare of the

 7   child -- causes it to be aligned with the child's interests in certain respects, but opposed to

 8   the child's presumptive interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship. Thus, the

 9   state appears to propose that, when OEC 801(4)(b)(A) refers to a statement being offered

10   "against" a party, it is referring not only to ordinary notions of party opposition that are

11   based on the positions that the parties have announced in their pleadings, but also to a

12   theory of opposition that is based on how the parties' presumed "interests" are aligned

13   within the structure of the litigation.

14                 The first question for this court, then, is whether that interpretation of OEC

15   801(4)(b)(A) is consonant with the legislature's intent when it adopted the rule.9 To

16   determine the legislature's intent, we employ the methodology announced in State v.

17   Gaines, 346 Or 160, 172-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009); that is, we examine the text and

18   context of the rule and any legislative history that appears to be helpful. The text of the

19   rule is uninformative in that regard: The phrase "offered against a party" does not specify




            9
                    "The provision we identify as OEC 801 in fact is a statute, adopted by the
     legislature at Oregon Laws 1981, chapter 892, section 62, and codified at ORS 40.450.

                                                   11
 1   how the suggested opposition must manifest itself. There are no readily apparent

 2   contextual clues. Legislative history, however, is somewhat more helpful. The

 3   Legislative Commentary on the Oregon Evidence Code, which this court considers to be

 4   part of the Code's legislative history,10 explains that, although admissions of a party

 5   opponent previously had been considered hearsay admissible under an exception to the

 6   hearsay rule, OEC 801(4)(b)(A) treated such admissions as admissible nonhearsay, "on

 7   the theory that their admissibility is the result of the adversary system rather than

 8   satisfaction of the conditions of the hearsay rule." Legislative Commentary to OEC 801,

 9   reported in Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Oregon Evidence §801.03[2], Art VIII-28 (4th ed 2002)

10   (emphasis added). In support of that point, the Legislative Commentary cites three

11   sources: "Strahorn, A Reconsideration of the Hearsay Rule and Admissions, in U Pa L

12   Rev 564 (1937); Morgan, Basic Problems of Evidence 265 (1962); 4 Wigmore § 1048."

13   Legislative Commentary at Art VIII-28.

14                 One of those sources, Morgan, provides a slightly more expansive

15          explanation of the Legislative Commentary's reference to the "adversary system":

16          "The admissibility of an admission made by the party himself rests not
17          upon any notion that the circumstances in which it was made furnish the
18          trier [of fact] means of evaluating it fairly, but upon the adversary theory of
19          litigation. A party can hardly object that he had no opportunity to cross-
20          examine himself or that he is unworthy of credence save when speaking
21          under sanction of oath."

22   Edmund M. Morgan, Basic Problems of Evidence 266 (1962 ed). That explanation


            10
                    See State ex rel OHSU v. Haas, 325 Or 492, 506 n 10, 924 P2d 261 (1997)
     (stating that Legislative Commentary on the Oregon Evidence Code should be considered
     part of legislative history).

                                                  12
 1   suggests that, when the Legislative Commentary to OEC 801(4)(b)(A) states that the rule

 2   is based on the "adversary system," it is acknowledging that the purpose of the hearsay

 3   rule -- to ensure that parties can test all the testimony against them through cross-

 4   examination -- is not relevant when the testimony is the party's own.

 5                 The other two cited sources -- Strahorn and Wigmore -- also focus on the

 6   adversary process. However, they discuss the nonhearsay status of admissions of party

 7   opponents in terms of "inconsistency" between such statements at issue and the party's

 8   contentions at trial. According to those sources, the choice to treat a party's prior out-of-

 9   court statements as nonhearsay, if offered against the party, derives, at least in part, from

10   the idea that a party's out-of-court statements that are inconsistent with the party's present

11   contentions have probative value that has nothing to do with whether there has been a fair

12   opportunity to test the trustworthiness of the statements through cross-examination, but

13   flows instead from the very fact of inconsistency. According to their theory, a party's

14   statement is deemed to be offered against that party only if the statement is inconsistent

15   with the party's present contentions, as expressed in the party's pleadings and the

16   testimony on which the party relies on to support those pleadings. See John S. Strahorn,

17   A Reconsideration of the Hearsay Rule and Admissions, 85 U Penn L Rev 564, 573

18   (1937) ("[T]he unfavorable verbal conduct of a party litigant may be offered against him

19   because of the circumstance of the inconsistency with the validity of his present

20   contention by pleading"); John H. Wigmore, 4 Wigmore on Evidence § 1048 at 4-5

21   (Chadbourn rev 1972) ("[A]nything said by the party-opponent may be used against him



                                                   13
 1   as an admission, provided it exhibits the quality of inconsistency with the facts now

 2   asserted by him in pleadings or in testimony.").11

 3                 The Legislative Commentary to OEC 801(4)(b)(A), and the three sources

 4   that it cites, suggest two points about what the legislature's intent in enacting the phrase

 5   "offered against a party." First, insofar as the rule purportedly is rooted in the "adversary

 6   process," it appears to require that the party whose statement is at issue be actively

 7   engaged in that process as an adversary for one side. The logic of truth seeking through

 8   the adversarial system fails when one or both of the "parties" have not declared for one

 9   side or the other, and are only presumed to have "interests," even conflicting interests, in

10   the matter being decided. Second, the citations to Strahorn and Wigmore suggest that the

11   notion of party opposition that the legislature had in mind is the notion that those two

12   commentators discussed – that is, opposition that derives from the parties' pleadings and

13   other overt contentions at trial.

14                 We think it is clear from the Legislative Commentary that when OEC

15   801(4)(b)(A) refers to an out-of-court statement being offered "against" a party, it means

16   that the statement is offered against a position that the party actually has declared in the



            11
                    Wigmore contends that, although "the quality of inconsistency with the
     facts now asserted" is a necessary proviso of the rule admitting statements of a party-
     opponent, "[t]his proviso never needs to be enforced, because no party offers his
     opponent's statement unless it does appear to be inconsistent." 4 Wigmore on Evidence §
     1048 at 4. Wigmore apparently did not foresee a situation like the present one, where the
     state seeks to designate a child with whom it is aligned, for purposes of protecting the
     child from a parent it views as abusive, as an opponent, for purposes of the rule
     pertaining to admissions of party-opponents. Wigmore's assumption that the requirement
     of inconsistency need never be enforced clearly does not operate in this context.

                                                   14
 1   proceeding, by pleadings or otherwise. We reject the Court of Appeals' suggestion in

 2   Cowens that the rule also applies when some presumed "interest" of an undeclared party

 3   is in conflict with the proffered statement itself or the position of the party who offers it.

 4                 The state contends that, in the unique circumstances of a juvenile

 5   dependency proceeding, where the case is "about" a child and none of the parties are

 6   "opposed" to one another in the pleading sense,

 7          "the only application of OEC 801(4)(b)(A) that is workable * * * is the one
 8          established in Cowens; that a child always has interests adverse to the state,
 9          and that the state may offer the child's out-of-court statements against her."

10   That argument, however, depends on an unwarranted assumption -- that there is some

11   necessity that the "admissions of a party opponent" rule be "workable" in the juvenile

12   dependency context, i.e., that it must provide a basis for admission of a child's out-of-

13   court reports of abuse. Furthermore, it is far from clear that OEC 801(4)(b)(A) is not

14   workable in the juvenile dependency context. A child who is the subject of a juvenile

15   dependency proceeding is considered a party to the proceeding and has the rights of a

16   party -- including the right to appear with counsel, the right to request and participate in

17   hearings, the right to call witnesses, and the right to appeal. ORS 419B.875(1)(a)(A), (2).

18   Although it is true that the child rarely, if ever, would enter anything equivalent to a

19   pleading, the child can stake out a position on the issues before the court in the same way

20   that any other party to the proceeding would -- through opening statements and closing

21   arguments, and by offering testimony and other evidence to prove or disprove the




                                                   15
 1   allegations in the petition.12 If the state can show that the child has, through those

 2   devices, declared a position on the issues before the court that is adverse to the

 3   allegations in the dependency petition, then the state, as the proponent of those

 4   allegations, may offer the child's out-of-court's statements against the child under OEC

 5   801(4)(b)(A).13 But, in the absence of evidence that the child has taken an adverse

 6   position, there can be no claim that he or she is a party-opponent and, thus, no basis for

 7   admitting his or her statements under the rule.

 8                 In the present case, the state sought to prove that the allegations of sexual

 9   abuse in the dependency petition and the "aggravated circumstances" motion were true

10   and therefore V was within the court's jurisdiction and that "aggravating circumstances"

11   existed that would relieve DHS of its obligations to father. Father opposed the state's

12   position: He presented testimony and argument against the sexual abuse (and other)

13   allegations. V, through her attorney, did not present a case for her own part. In their

14   opening remarks, neither V's attorney nor V's Court Appointed Special Advocate

15   (CASA) took a position on the question whether the sexual abuse charged in the petition



            12
                   Generally, unless the child were of an age or level of maturity to decide for
     himself or herself, counsel for the child would determine what position, if any, the child
     should take in a juvenile dependency proceeding.
            13
                    Moreover, the state always may attempt to offer a child's out-of-court
     statement about "an act of abuse" under OEC 803(18a)(b) -- although it must then also
     make a reliability showing that is not required when a statement qualifies as nonhearsay
     under OEC 801(4)(b)(A). Here, father suggested in the juvenile proceeding that the state
     might seek admission of V's statements under OEC 803(18a)(b), but the state chose to
     rely entirely on OEC 801(4)(b)(A).


                                                  16
 1   and the "aggravated circumstances" alleged in the state's motion actually had occurred.14

 2   In closing remarks, V's attorney and V's CASA asserted that they did not believe mother's

 3   recantation -- and, to that extent, suggested that child was aligned with the state's position

 4   on the sexual abuse allegation. There is nothing in the record that would support a

 5   conclusion that V took a position in the proceeding that was adverse to the state on the

 6   allegation that father had sexually abused V. As a result, the statements at issue were not

 7   admissible against V under OEC 801(4)(b)(A), and there is no argument that they were

 8   separately admissible against father under that rule.15 The trial court's admission of V's

 9   out-of-court statements was error.

10                 The state contends that we should affirm the challenged judgments

11   nonetheless because the error in admitting the statements was harmless. Evidentiary

12   error is considered harmless and is not a basis for reversal "if there is little likelihood that

13   the particular error affected the verdict." State v. Davis, 336 Or 19, 32, 77 P3d 1111



            14
                    In his opening remarks, V's lawyer stipulated, on V's behalf, to an
     allegation in the petition that V "believe[d] the father is physically, sexually or
     emotionally abusive to her and her mother, making the children unsafe * * * and the
     father requires help from the court and the state to adequately and appropriately parent
     the children." (Emphasis added.) On that basis alone, V's lawyer argued that V and her
     sister should be found to be within the jurisdiction of the court because V clearly would
     need the assistance of the state in dealing with the outfall from that belief.
            15
                   The state's entire theory for admitting the statements against father
     (consistently with Cowens) depends on their admissibility against V under OEC
     801(4)(b)(A). Having concluded that the statements were not admissible against V under
     OEC 801(4)(b)(A), we need not consider father's and amicis' further arguments that their
     admission against father was contrary to the rule and violated father's constitutional
     rights.


                                                    17
 1   (2003). The state contends that that harmless error rule is operative here because, even if

 2   the juvenile court had excluded V's out-of-court reports of sexual abuse, it still is likely

 3   that the court would have found that father had sexually abused V. The state argues that,

 4   in finding that father had sexually abused V, the juvenile court relied in large part on out-

 5   of-court statements by mother that she had observed the abuse, and on its own assessment

 6   that mother's in-court recantation of those statements was not credible.

 7                 However, the state's analysis of the juvenile court's reasoning is incomplete.

 8   Although the court announced in its letter opinion that it believed mother's initial reports

 9   about the sexual abuse and disbelieved her recantation, it also announced, immediately

10   thereafter, that it also had relied on V's out-of-court statements:

11          "I do not believe [V] would be able to repeat the abuse report to as many
12          people as she did in a consistent manner if the story was planted within
13          hours of her reporting it. Despite [father's expert's] discounting the
14          consistency of the child's statements, the fact that she maintained the same
15          theme of what happened when being appropriately interviewed is a strong
16          piece of evidence."

17   In fact, the court made it clear that V's statements were important, perhaps essential, to its

18   conclusion that the alleged sexual abuse actually had occurred:

19          "If [V's] statements varied in different interviews or settings, then I would
20          question whether the abuse happened or was planted by mother. * * *
21          Considering all the pieces together, the petitioner has established the
22          allegations in the second amended petition by a preponderance of the
23          evidence."

24                 In light of those comments, we cannot agree with the state's assertion that

25   there is little likelihood that V's erroneously admitted out-of-court statements influenced

26   the juvenile court's ultimate decision on the allegations that father had sexually abused V.


                                                   18
 1   The error in admitting those statements was not harmless.

 2                 It follows that the two judgments at issue, both of which incorporate a

 3   finding that father sexually abused V, must be reversed and remanded to the juvenile

 4   court. On remand, the juvenile court should vacate its letter opinion dated December 18,

 5   2010, and determine anew whether, without V's inadmissible out-of-court statements, the

 6   state has proved the allegations of sexual abuse of V by father. If it concludes that the

 7   state has not done so, it must vacate the "Aggravated Circumstances Judgment" and

 8   modify the "Jurisdictional Judgment" to remove the sexual abuse finding and order. If

 9   the court concludes that the state has proved the allegations of sexual abuse of V by

10   father, it may draft a new letter opinion that supports that conclusion and reenter the

11   original judgments.

12                 The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed. The judgments of the

13   juvenile court are reversed, and the case is remanded to the juvenile court for further

14   proceedings in accordance with this opinion.




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