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                                                ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                              June 22, 2020

                                   2020 CO 65

No. 20SA115, People v. Wheeler—Investigatory Stop—Reasonable and
Articulable Suspicion—Seizure—Extrinsic Corroborating Evidence not
Required.

      In this interlocutory appeal, the supreme court considers whether the

district court correctly granted the defendant’s pretrial motion to suppress after

finding that deputies conducted an unlawful investigatory stop of the Subaru in

which he was a passenger. The supreme court holds that the specific facts,

considered together with the rational inferences that could have been drawn from

those facts, provided the deputies reasonable and articulable suspicion to believe

that the occupants of the Subaru were committing, had committed, or were about

to commit a crime. Accordingly, the suppression order is reversed.
                  The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                  2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

                                    2020 CO 65

                     Supreme Court Case No. 20SA115
                  Interlocutory Appeal from the District Court
             Huerfano County District Court Case No. 19CR289
                    Honorable Leslie J. Gerbracht, Judge
________________________________________________________________________

                               Plaintiff-Appellant:

                       The People of the State of Colorado,

                                         v.

                              Defendant-Appellee:

                             Walter Wheeler.
________________________________________________________________________
                             Order Reversed
                                 en banc
                              June 22, 2020
________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant:
Henry L. Solano, District Attorney, Third Judicial District
Rex B. Delmas, Deputy District Attorney
      Walsenburg, Colorado

Attorney for Defendant-Appellee:
Jonathan S. Willett
      Boulder, Colorado



JUSTICE SAMOUR delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1    In this interlocutory appeal brought by the People, we consider whether the

district court correctly granted Walter Wheeler’s pretrial motion to suppress after

finding that deputies with the Huerfano County Sheriff’s Office conducted an

unlawful investigatory stop of the Subaru in which he was a passenger. Although

this is a close call, we ultimately conclude that the court erred. We hold that the

totality of the circumstances, and the rational inferences therefrom, provided the

deputies reasonable and articulable suspicion to believe that the occupants of the

Subaru were committing, had committed, or were about to commit a crime.

Therefore, the suppression order is reversed.

                        I. Facts and Procedural History1

¶2    In early November of 2019, while driving his marked patrol car on the

outskirts of Walsenburg at about 3:00 in the morning, Deputy Morgan Chapman

observed a Subaru turn left on County Road 525 from Highway 69. County Road

525 is in a remote area; there are no structures, facilities, or buildings around it. In

fact, in the eighteen months since joining the Huerfano County Sheriff’s Office,

Deputy Chapman had never seen a car on that road “at that time of night.”

Because the Subaru’s location at such a late hour raised red flags, Deputy




1This factual recitation is based on the district court’s findings of fact and the
uncontroverted evidence introduced during the suppression hearing.


                                           2
Chapman took County Road 525 as well. As he did so, he contacted Captain Craig

Lessar and Deputy Bill LaPorte by radio, and they responded in separate vehicles.

¶3    Deputy Chapman momentarily lost sight of the Subaru. But Captain Lessar

indicated that he had a visual on the Subaru, which had taken a two-track road

and stopped on private property belonging to a Raymond Faris. He added that

the Subaru had turned off its lights and was parked next to a stock tank and a

windmill. With Captain Lessar’s assistance, Deputy Chapman located the Subaru.

Concerned about possible poaching “due to the time of year” and possible

tampering with the stock tank and windmill, Deputy Chapman approached the

Subaru to contact its occupants. As he neared, the driver turned the headlights

back on, shifted into reverse, and started driving backwards. Deputy Chapman

thus activated his patrol car’s emergency equipment. The Subaru stopped.

¶4    Deputy LaPorte arrived shortly thereafter. He contacted the driver of the

Subaru, Mia Raymond, and Deputy Chapman contacted her boyfriend, Wheeler,

who was in the front passenger seat. On the dashboard of the vehicle, Deputy

Chapman observed in plain view a white crystalline substance that he suspected

was methamphetamine.       He then noticed a bag of what appeared to be

methamphetamine protruding from the top of Wheeler’s shoe. After stepping out

of the Subaru for a weapons pat-down, Wheeler admitted that he was in

possession of methamphetamine. And during subsequent searches of his person



                                       3
and the Subaru, the deputies recovered approximately 38.5 grams of

methamphetamine and $4,700 in cash. Wheeler was arrested and transported to a

police station.

¶5    The People subsequently charged Wheeler with multiple crimes, including

drug-related offenses. Before trial, he moved to suppress the evidence found on

his person and in the car, arguing that it was seized in violation of the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution.          The district court held an

evidentiary hearing during which Deputy Chapman and Wheeler both testified.

After the hearing, the court issued a written order granting the motion on the

ground that the deputies lacked reasonable and articulable suspicion to conduct

an investigatory stop of the Subaru.

¶6    The People then brought this interlocutory appeal pursuant to section

16-12-102(2), C.R.S. (2019), and C.A.R. 4.1(a).

                                  II. Jurisdiction

¶7    Under Colorado law, the People may lodge an interlocutory appeal of a

district court’s order in limited circumstances. People v. Allen, 2019 CO 88, ¶ 12,

450 P.3d 724, 728. As pertinent here, section 16-12-102(2) and Rule 4.1(a) permit

the People to do so if the district court grants a defense motion to suppress

evidence and the People certify both that the appeal is not taken for a dilatory

purpose and that the evidence is a substantial part of the proof of the charges



                                          4
pending.   Id.   We conclude that the People have satisfied these threshold

requirements here.

                            III. Standard of Review

¶8    Our review of the district court’s suppression order involves “a mixed

question of fact and law.” People v. Berdahl, 2019 CO 29, ¶ 18, 440 P.3d 437, 442.

We give deference to the district court’s findings of fact and refrain from

disturbing them if they are supported by the record. Id. This deference extends to

a district court’s credibility findings, again assuming record support. People v.

Clark, 2020 CO 36, ¶ 21, __ P.3d __. We assess the legal effect of factual findings

de novo. Berdahl, ¶ 18, 440 P.3d at 442.

                                  IV. Analysis

¶9    This case presents a straightforward question: Did the deputies have

reasonable and articulable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop of the

Subaru? After discussing the relevant legal principles, we determine that they did.

We thus conclude that the deputies did not violate Wheeler’s Fourth Amendment

rights.

                         A. Relevant Legal Principles

¶10   The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects

individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by police.         People v.

Threlkel, 2019 CO 18, ¶ 16, 438 P.3d 722, 727. However, the Fourth Amendment



                                           5
does not outlaw all contact by police. Id. Instead, it prohibits police contact that

arbitrarily and oppressively interferes “with the privacy and personal security of

individuals.” Id. (quoting Immigration & Naturalization Serv. v. Delgado, 466 U.S.

210, 215 (1984)).

¶11   The United States Supreme Court has recognized that the Fourth

Amendment sanctions two different levels of seizure of a person: an investigatory

stop and an arrest. See People v. Fields, 2018 CO 2, ¶ 12, 411 P.3d 661, 665 (citing

Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 207–13 (1979)). The former, the less intrusive

of the two, is justified when an officer has “reasonable articulable suspicion to

believe that the detainee is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a

crime.” Id. The latter, the more intrusive of the two, is justified when an officer

has “probable cause to believe a crime has been committed by the detainee.” Id.

In this case, we concern ourselves with the less intrusive type of seizure, an

investigatory stop. Id.

¶12   The People bear the burden of justifying an investigatory stop. Florida v.

Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983). To comport with the Fourth Amendment, an

investigatory stop must meet three criteria: (1) there must be “an articulable and

specific basis in fact for suspecting (i.e., a reasonable suspicion) that criminal

activity has taken place, is in progress, or is about to occur”; (2) the purpose of the

intrusion must be reasonable; and (3) the character and scope of the intrusion must



                                          6
be “reasonably related” to the purpose of the intrusion. Threlkel, ¶ 18, 438 P.3d at

727 (quoting People v. Reyes-Valenzuela, 2017 CO 31, ¶ 11, 392 P.3d 520, 522–23). As

it bears on Wheeler’s seizure, the district court found that the People failed to

establish the first prong—reasonable and articulable suspicion—and we limit our

review accordingly.2

¶13   In assessing whether an officer had reasonable and articulable suspicion to

conduct an investigatory stop, we ask whether there were “facts known to the

officer,” which “taken together with rational inferences from those facts,” gave rise

to “a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal activity” justifying the

intrusion into the defendant’s personal privacy. People v. Funez-Paiagua, 2012 CO

37, ¶ 9, 276 P.3d 576, 578–79. Thus, reasonable suspicion must be based on more

than a mere generalized suspicion or hunch. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)

(“And in determining whether the officer acted reasonably . . . due weight must

be given, not to his inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ’hunch,’ but to the

specific reasonable inferences which he is entitled to draw from the facts in light




2 In the penultimate paragraph of its order, the district court mentioned, in passing,

that the deputies had failed to establish the other two prongs “at the time of the
investigatory stop.” But it neither made findings nor provided an explanation
with respect to either prong. Moreover, elsewhere in the order, the court made
clear that “[t]he central issue” before it was “whether . . . deputies had a
reasonable articulable suspicion . . . to justify the investigatory stop of Ms.
Raymond and Mr. Wheeler.” And this was the only issue briefed by the parties.


                                          7
of his experience.”). This standard requires us to consider the totality of the

circumstances at the time of the intrusion. Threlkel, ¶ 19, 438 P.3d at 727. But we

rely on “an objective analysis,” not on an analysis driven by the subjective intent

of the officer. Reyes-Valenzuela, ¶ 12, 392 P.3d at 523.

¶14   An officer is entitled to draw appropriate inferences from all the

circumstantial evidence, regardless of whether such evidence “might also support

other inferences.” Threlkel, ¶ 20, 438 P.3d at 727 (quoting Reyes-Valenzuela, ¶ 14,

392 P.3d at 523). Reasonable and articulable suspicion may exist “even where

innocent explanations are offered for conduct.” Id. (quoting Reyes-Valenzuela, ¶ 14,

392 P.3d at 523). Courts must guard against engaging in a “divide-and-conquer

analysis” that leads to the dismissal of factors merely because they are

accompanied by plausible innocent explanations. Id. (quoting Reyes-Valenzuela,

¶ 14, 392 P.3d at 523). It follows that we may not discount acts which, in isolation,

seem innocent. Id. Several such acts “may add up to a reasonable, articulable

suspicion of criminal activity.” Id. (quoting Reyes-Valenzuela, ¶ 13, 392 P.3d at 523).

Indeed, the Supreme Court has acknowledged that “innocent behavior frequently

will provide the basis for a showing of probable cause,” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.

213, 243 n.13 (1983), and probable cause is a more demanding standard than

reasonable and articulable suspicion, Threlkel, ¶ 20, 438 P.3d at 727–28. Thus, the

focus should not be on whether the defendant’s conduct is innocent or guilty, but



                                          8
rather, on “the degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal

acts.” Threlkel, ¶ 20, 438 P.3d at 728 (quoting Reyes-Valenzuela, ¶ 13, 392 P.3d at

523).

                                  B. Application
¶15     The district court determined that “the only evidence [in] the record to

support the investigatory stop . . . [was] the notion that it is unusual for a vehicle

to turn left off of Highway 69 onto County Road 525 at 3 a.m.” In so doing, the

court appeared to concentrate on the point in time at which Deputy Chapman

decided to follow the Subaru on County Road 525. But the deputy’s suspicion did

not constitute a seizure and, consequently, did not trigger the protections of the

Fourth Amendment. See California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991) (“The word

‘seizure’” in the Fourth Amendment “readily bears the meaning of a laying on of

hands or application of physical force to restrain movement,” and thus, cannot

“remotely apply . . . to the prospect of a policemen yelling ‘Stop, in the name of

the law!’ at a fleeing form that continues to flee.”); see also People v. Archuleta,

980 P.2d 509, 514 (Colo. 1999) (relying on Hodari D. for the proposition that “a

police officer’s chase of a suspect does not trigger the protections of the Fourth

Amendment because it is not a seizure”). A seizure within the contemplation of

the Fourth Amendment occurs “when an officer, by means of physical force or

show of authority, terminates or restrains [a person’s] freedom of movement



                                          9
through means intentionally applied.” Tate v. People, 2012 CO 75, ¶ 7, 290 P.3d

1268, 1269.

¶16   Wheeler wasn’t seized until Deputy Chapman activated his patrol car’s

emergency equipment and stopped the Subaru. See id. By then, the deputies had

acquired knowledge of additional facts. However, because the district court

applied an erroneous analytical framework, it did not consider these facts or the

rational inferences the deputies may have drawn from them.

¶17   Here are all the facts the deputies had knowledge of when they seized

Wheeler:

      • It was 3:00 in the morning.

      • The Subaru was on County Road 525, in the outskirts of Walsenburg.

      • County Road 525 is in a remote area; there are no structures, facilities, or
        buildings around it.

      • Deputy Chapman had never seen a car on County Road 525 at that time
        of night in the eighteen months since joining the Huerfano County
        Sheriff’s Office.

      • The Subaru took a two-track road and then entered private property.

      • The Subaru parked next to a stock tank and a windmill.

      • The Subaru’s headlights had been turned off.

      • Deputy Chapman was concerned about tampering with the stock tank
        and the windmill; as well, he was concerned about poaching given the
        time of year.




                                        10
      • When Deputy Chapman approached in his patrol car, the driver of the
        Subaru turned the headlights back on, shifted into reverse, and started
        driving backwards.

¶18   Though not an easy call, we conclude that the totality of these circumstances

and the rational inferences that may be drawn therefrom sufficed to provide the

deputies reasonable and articulable suspicion to believe that the occupants of the

Subaru had committed, were committing, or were about to commit poaching or

tampering with property. The Subaru took a remote road in rural Colorado at 3:00

in the morning, proceeded to a two-track road that led it to private property,

parked next to a windmill and a stock tank, and turned off its headlights. Then,

when Deputy Chapman’s patrol car approached, the driver turned the headlights

back on, shifted into reverse, and started driving backwards. 3 And it was hunting

season. In our view, under these circumstances, Deputy Chapman’s suspicion of

criminal activity was objectively reasonable.

¶19   We acknowledge that before granting Wheeler’s motion to suppress, the

district court considered Deputy Chapman’s concerns regarding poaching and

tampering.   However, it dismissed them because the People didn’t present

extrinsic corroborating evidence. For example, as it relates to Deputy Chapman’s




3 While not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, “evasive behavior is a pertinent
factor in determining reasonable suspicion.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124
(2000).


                                        11
concern about poaching, the court observed that the People failed to introduce any

evidence that there had been reports of “spot-lighting” (nocturnal hunting) or 911

calls of shots being fired in the area. But the court didn’t find Deputy Chapman

generally incredible. Nor did it find incredible his testimony that, given the

totality of the circumstances (including the time of year), he was concerned that

the occupants of the Subaru were poaching. And the Supreme Court has never

required the prosecution to present extrinsic evidence in a suppression hearing to

substantiate an officer’s credible testimony regarding his reasonable and

articulable suspicion that criminal activity had occurred, was afoot, or was about

to occur.

¶20   To the extent the district court disbelieved Deputy Chapman’s testimony,

that assessment is not reflected in the suppression order. Had the district court

explicitly found that Deputy Chapman’s ostensible concerns about poaching and

tampering were fabricated or otherwise unreliable, the posture of this appeal

would likely be different.4 Given the record before us, and given further that we




4 We, of course, recognize that an officer’s subjective intent “is not relevant to a
determination that he has reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop.”
People v. Cherry, 119 P.3d 1081, 1083 (Colo. 2005). But, while Deputy Chapman’s
subjective motivation for conducting the investigatory stop is irrelevant, his
testimony regarding concerns about poaching and tampering based on the rational
inferences that may be drawn from the specific and articulable facts present at the
time of the stop, is not. See id.


                                        12
are not at liberty to make our own credibility findings, we must accept that Deputy

Chapman’s relevant testimony was credible.

¶21   Because the totality of the circumstances present at the time of the stop and

the rational inferences that may be drawn from those circumstances provided the

deputies with reasonable and articulable suspicion to believe that the occupants of

the Subaru were committing, had committed, or were about to commit poaching

or tampering, the investigatory stop of Wheeler did not violate his Fourth

Amendment rights. Therefore, the district court erred in granting the motion to

suppress.

                                 V. Conclusion

¶22   For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court erroneously

found that Deputy Chapman and his fellow deputies violated Wheeler’s Fourth

Amendment rights. Accordingly, we reverse the suppression order and remand

the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                        13
