UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                          Before
                            BURTON, HAGLER, and SCHASBERGER
                                 Appellate Military Judges

                               UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                            v.
                       Private E2 CHANDLER A. MAJSTOROVIC
                              United States Army, Appellant

                                        ARMY 20180045

                  United States Army Combined Arms Support Command
                             Andrew J. Glass, Military Judge
                    Colonel James D. Levine II, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Captain Steven J. Dray (argued); 1 Colonel Elizabeth G. Marotta, JA;
Lieutenant Colonel Tiffany D. Pond, JA; Major Julie L. Borchers, JA; Captain
Steven J. Dray, JA (on brief); Lieutenant Colonel Christopher D. Carrier, JA; Major
Julie L. Borchers, JA; Captain Steven J. Dray, JA (on reply brief).

For Appellee: Captain Brian Jones (argued); Colonel Steven P. Haight, JA;
Lieutenant Colonel Eric K. Stafford, JA; Major Jeremy Watford, JA; Captain Brian
Jones, JA (on brief).

                                           21 June 2019

                                    ---------------------------------
                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    ---------------------------------

    This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent .

BURTON, Senior Judge:

       Contrary to appellant’s arguments, we conclude he was subject to personal
jurisdiction under the Uniform Code of Military Justice at the time of his court-
martial.

       Before a military judge sitting as a general court-martial, appellant pleaded
guilty to one specification of failing to obey a lawful order, one specification of
making a false official statement, one specification of willfully damaging military

1
 The court heard oral argument on 1 May 2019 at the Rayburn House Office
Building as part of the court’s outreach program.
MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

property, one specification of wrongful appropriation of military property, and one
specification of breaking restriction, in violation of Articles 92, 107, 108, 121, and
134, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 907, 908, 921,
and 934. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence of a bad-conduct
discharge, five months of confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and
reduction to the grade of E-1. Appellant’s case is before us under Article 66, UCMJ.

      Appellant contends that the military lost personal jurisdiction over him on 18
August 2017, when—appellant contends—he was honorably discharged from the
armed forces. We disagree. We conclude appellant was not discharged from the
armed forces because the Department of Defense Form 214 [DD 214] appellant
received was void at the time it was issued. Appellant also failed to fully out-
process his unit, and neither reason nor policy favor the conclusion appellant was
discharged. For these reasons, we conclude appellant was subject to jurisdiction
under the UCMJ at all relevant times and we affirm appellant’s convictions and
sentence.

                                  BACKGROUND

       Private E2 Chandler Majstorovic did not like his unit. Specifically, he
believed his superiors improperly failed to remove a suspension of favorable
personnel actions [flag] from his personnel file. The flag prevented his professional
advancement. Some soldiers might seek to remedy such an issue by using their
commanding officer’s open door policy. Others might file a complaint with the
Inspector General’s office. Private E2 Majstorovic did neither. Instead, around 8
July 2016, he took a M9 pistol from his unit arms room and threw it into the woods.
Though this may seem a curious choice of action, it succeeded in at least one thing;
it caused a substantial inconvenience for everyone concerned.

       Most of appellant’s company spent the better part of a week unsuccessfully
searching for the lost weapon. Appellant lied to law enforcement officials who
investigated the loss of the weapon by telling them he did not know where it was.
Eventually, on 21 September 2016, appellant divulged the location of the M9 and it
was recovered. Alas, the weapon was rusted beyond repair, and appellant was
assessed a debt for its replacement.

      On 14 March 2017, appellant was charged with larceny of the M9, willfully
damaging the M9, and making a false official statement to law enforcement agents.
Subsequently, it was discovered that appellant was storing pistol ammunition in his
barracks room contrary to installation policy. Appellant’s commander then ordered
him to stay on the installation unless he was escorted by a noncommissioned officer.
Appellant violated that order. As a result, on 4 April 2017, appellant was also
charged with violating a general order and violating the lawful order of a
commissioned officer.



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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

       As the wheels of justice slowly crept toward appellant’s court-martial,
appellant’s expiration of his term of service [ETS] swiftly approached. Appellant’s
ETS date was 18 August 2017. Appellant’s unit leadership took steps to out-
process, i.e. “clear,” appellant from the installation “for the purpose of court-martial
proceedings.” Confusion ensued. At least on the installation-level, appellant’s
clearing “for the purpose of court-martial proceedings” appears to have been nearly
indistinguishable from clearing due to an ETS. Appellant did not, however, clear his
battalion or brigade.

       Appellant’s unit initiated a new flag against appellant on account of his
pending court-martial charges. On 24 April 2017, appellant was given a written
counseling from his company commander notifying him of the new flag. Appellant’s
general court-martial convening authority referred the charges to a general court-
martial on 30 May 2017. Appellant was served notice of the referral the next day.
Appellant was arraigned before the court-martial on 9 June 2017. At the
arraignment, the military judge advised appellant of the potential consequences if
appellant was absent for his court-martial.

       On 31 July 2017, appellant’s brigade commander signed a memorandum
purporting to extend appellant past his ETS date by six months. While appellant was
counseled in writing about the extension by his battalion career counselor, the
extension does not appear to have been formally processed, or delivered to anyone
outside appellant’s brigade. As a result of the failure to process appellant’s
extension—combined with various other miscues, errors, and bureaucratic
inefficiency—appellant received a final accounting of his pay from the finance
office, received final clearance from his installation, and was issued a DD 214
purporting to memorialize his honorable discharge from active duty on Friday, 18
August 2017. Appellant’s court-martial was scheduled to begin its merits phase the
following Monday. Appellant left town and did not appear.

       The military judge denied a government motion to court-martial appellant in
absentia. Doing so, the military judge made findings of fact and conclusions of law
relevant to the issue now before us: On 5 June 2017, appellant received transition
orders which stated appellant would be released from active duty on 18 August 2017.
Appellant “finished a clearing process” but “did not appear to clear his brigade or
battalion.” Appellant received his final accounting of pay, and received a DD 214.

       Appellant was eventually located and brought back under military control.
Appellant moved to dismiss the charges against him for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Adopting the findings of fact from his ruling on the motion for trial in absentia, the
military judge found appellant’s purported discharge was void due to the pending
charges and by operation of Army regulations. Accordingly, he denied appellant’s
motion. Having lost on his jurisdictional challenge, appellant pleaded guilty as
described at the beginning of this decision. His case is now before us.



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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

                              LAW AND DISCUSSION

       Appellant argues that he was discharged from the Army at 2400 hours on 18
August 2017, after which time, he was no longer subject to court-martial jurisdiction
under the UCMJ. As appellant was not convicted at court-martial until 25 January
2018, appellant contends his convictions must be set aside and the charges dismissed
for lack of personal jurisdiction. We disagree. Appellant was not eligible to receive
a DD 214 on the date of his putative discharge due to the charges pending against
him. Further, appellant failed to complete the battalion-level clearing process.
While these deficiencies would not necessarily be fatal to appellant’s claim if reason
and policy weighed in his favor, they do not.

       Appellate courts review issues of personal jurisdiction de novo, accepting a
military judge’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous or unsupported by
the record. United States v. Christiansen, 78 M.J. 1, 4 (C.A.A.F. 2018).

       The UCMJ is a legal code of limited application. An individual is only
subject to jurisdiction under the UCMJ if that individual falls into one of several
specific categories set out in the code. The only category under which the
government has asserted jurisdiction over appellant is the first: “Members of a
regular component of the armed forces, including those awaiting discharge after
expiration of their terms of enlistment . . . .” UCMJ, art. 2(a)(1).

       In cases where jurisdiction is asserted under Article 2(a)(1), the military
justice system loses personal jurisdiction over a servicemember upon that
servicemember’s discharge from the military. United States v. Hart, 66 M.J. 273,
275 (C.A.A.F. 2008). This seems a simple rule, but “the UCMJ does not state when
a servicemember’s discharge from the armed forces becomes effective for
jurisdictional purposes, and thus does not specifically address when a
servicemember is no longer subject to being court-martialed.” Christiansen, 78 M.J.
at 4.

        Without controlling law within the UCMJ, our superior court has looked to 10
U.S.C. §§ 1168 and 1169 for guidance on the effective time and date of discharge.
Id. (citing Hart, 66 M.J. at 275). Our superior court “has identified three criteria to
consider when determining whether a servicemember’s discharge has been finalized
for jurisdictional purposes: (1) the delivery of a [DD 214]; (2) a ‘final accounting of
pay;’ and (3) the completion of the ‘clearing’ process that is required under service
regulations.” 2 Id. (citing Hart, 66 M.J. at 276-79).


2
 In Hart, our superior court based the clearing requirement on language from 10
U.S.C. § 1168, which explicitly applies to separations before a servicemember’s

                                                                       (continued . . .)


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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

       Even if a servicemember has not satisfied all three of the requirements from
Hart, he or she may nevertheless be discharged if concluding otherwise would “go
against reason or policy.” United States v. Nettles, 74 M.J. 289, 291 (C.A.A.F.
2015).

       Under the law discussed above, the test for whether a service member has
been discharged—at least for jurisdictional purposes—can be summarized as
follows: If a servicemember has received his DD 214, final accounting of pay, and
has completed clearing, that servicemember is discharged. If any of these three
requirements is not met, the servicemember is nevertheless considered discharged if
reason and policy require a finding of discharge based on the totality of the
circumstances. See Christiansen, 78 M.J. at n.6.

        We conclude appellant has not met two of the three requirements from Hart.
First, appellant did not receive a valid DD 214. Second, appellant did not complete
the required clearing process. 3 Further, reason and policy weigh strongly against
finding appellant was discharged for the purposes of personal jurisdiction under the
UCMJ. We will discuss each issue in-turn.

                    A. Appellant Did Not Receive a Valid DD 214

      While appellant received a DD 214, we conclude the DD 214 was void under
Army Regulation 27-10, Legal Services: Military Justice (11 May 2016) [AR 27-10].
The regulation states, in relevant part:

             After any charge is preferred, the DD Form 458 [Charge
             Sheet] will automatically act to suspend all favorable
             personnel actions, including discharge, promotion, and
             reenlistment. Filing of a DA Form 268 (Report to
             Suspend Favorable Personnel Action), and other related
             personnel actions are still required. Failure to file DA
             Form 268, does not affect the suspension accomplished by
             the DD Form 458, or give rise to any rights to the Soldier
             (see AR 600–8–2). After preferral of a charge, regardless
             of any action purporting to discharge or separate a Soldier,


(. . . continued)
term of service expires. Appellant’s purported discharge, however, was on account
of the expiration of his term of service. Nevertheless, our superior court has not, to
date, limited the clearing requirement to early discharges.
3
  It is not in dispute that appellant had received his final accounting of pay at the
time of his purported discharge.



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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

             any issuance of a discharge certificate is void until the
             charge is dismissed, the Soldier is acquitted at trial by
             court-martial, or appellate review of a conviction is
             complete.

AR 27-10, para. 5-16b.

      Appellant claims the language from AR 27-10 quoted above is not controlling
because: “AR 27-10 is not a personnel regulation and it is peculiar to hide a
proclamation of such import—purporting to void a facially valid DD Form 214 and
involuntarily continue active duty service—within a legal regulation when there is
no support for such provisions in any personnel regulation.”

       While we agree with appellant that paragraph 5-16b is of great import, we
disagree that any such import is “hidden” by placing it within a legal regulation.
True, Army Regulation 635-200, Personnel Separations: Active Duty Enlisted
Administrative Separations (19 Dec. 2016), is the primary regulation dealing with
administrative separations, but AR 27-10 is the primary regulation dealing with
military justice. The effect of preferring charges under the UCMJ falls under the
latter more squarely than the former.

       Appellant relies heavily on our superior court’s decision in Smith v.
Vanderbush, 47 M.J. 56, 59-61 (C.A.A.F. 1997) for the proposition that neither
preferral, nor referral, nor arraignment on charges under the UCMJ automatically
prevents administrative discharge from the Army. Vanderbush, however, was
decided before the language preventing appellant’s discharge was first added to AR
27-10 in 2002. Compare Army Regulation 27-10, Legal Services: Military Justice,
para. 5-14 (24 June 1996), and Army Regulation 27-10, Legal Services: Military
Justice, para. 5-14 (20 Aug. 1999), with Army Regulation 27-10, Legal Services:
Military Justice (6 Sep. 2002), and AR 27-10, para. 5-16b. Moreover, in
Vanderbush, our superior court explicitly anticipated that amending relevant
regulations could change the outcome of future cases. See id. at 61. Precisely such
an amendment informs the outcome of appellant’s case.

        The initial charges against appellant were preferred on 14 March 2017, and
were still pending at the time appellant was issued a DD 214 on 18 August 2017. 4
Therefore, appellant’s DD 214 was—under the plain language of AR 27-10 para. 5-
16b—void at the time it was issued. For this reason, appellant did not satisfy the
first requirement for a valid discharge under Hart.


4
 Indeed, between preferral of the original charges and the issuance of appellant’s
DD 214, additional charges were preferred, the charges were referred to a court-
martial, and appellant was arraigned at that court-martial.



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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

     B. Appellant Did Not Complete Clearing Under the Relevant Service Regulation

       The third requirement for a valid discharge under Hart is “the completion of
the ‘clearing’ process that is required under service regulations.” Christiansen, 78
M.J. at 4. In appellant’s case, the relevant service regulation is Army Regulation
600-8-101, Personnel-General: Personnel Readiness Processing (In-, Out-, Soldier
Readiness, and Deployment Cycle) (19 Feb. 2015) [AR 600-8-101]. 5

       Under the relevant regulation, out-processing has separate and distinct
battalion-level requirements and installation-level requirements. Compare AR 600-
8-101, para. 3-4, 6 with AR 600-8-101, para. 3-5. 7 While appellant appears to have
been cleared at the installation level, the military judge found that he did not appear
to have cleared either his battalion or brigade. The military judge’s finding in this
regard is not clearly erroneous as it is supported by both documentary evidence and
witness testimony.

       Perhaps appellant’s failure to clear his battalion was an oversight and perhaps
it was intentional—we need not decide which. Appellant’s failure to clear his
battalion means that he did not complete the clearing process required by the
relevant service regulation. In this case the failure is important. Battalion-level
offices are those most-likely to be aware of military justice actions pending against
the battalion’s own soldiers. Had appellant attempted to out-process his battalion—
or, for that matter, his brigade—it is entirely likely that his leadership would have
prevented his clearing the installation on account of appellant’s imminent court-
martial.

       We do not mean to suggest that every de minimis omission in the clearing
process extends court-martial jurisdiction over a soldier indefinitely. Failing to
have clearing papers signed by some offices—e.g. a dental clinic—plainly has little
to do with jurisdiction under the UCMJ. By contrast, appellant’s wholesale failure
to complete one of the two forms of out-processing required by the relevant service
regulation is not de minimis. For this reason, we conclude appellant did not satisfy
the third requirement for a valid discharge under Hart.




5
 This regulation was superseded by an updated version on 6 March 2018. The
version cited above was applicable at the time of appellant’s purported discharge.
6
    Titled, “Battalion or unit out-processing requirements.”
7
    Titled, “Installation- or community-level out-processing.”



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MAJSTOROVIC—ARMY 20180045

      C. Reason and Policy Weigh Against Finding Appellant was Discharged

       Even if a servicemember has not satisfied all three requirements for a valid
discharge under Hart, he or she may still be discharged if so required by reason and
policy. Christiansen, 78 M.J. at 4. For example, in Christiansen, the accused had
not received his final accounting of pay at the time he was taken into military
custody approximately four months after he received his DD 214. Nevertheless, our
superior court found that, under the totality of the circumstances, he was discharged
prior to the preferral of charges against him and his subsequent court-martial. As a
result, the military had no jurisdiction over him; he was no longer a
servicemember—he was Mr. Christiansen. This case is entirely different.

       Mr. Christiansen had every reason to believe he received a valid discharge;
appellant did not. Mr. Christiansen was not charged with an offense at the time he
received his DD 214. By contrast, appellant had been charged, arraigned, and a trial
date was set. Mr. Christiansen completed his clearing process. By contrast,
appellant did not complete his battalion clearing process. Mr. Christiansen was
administratively separated by his unit and a unit representative told him that he was
out of the Army. By contrast, appellant’s unit initiated a flag and counseled
appellant that he would be staying in the Army for his court-martial. In nearly every
way reason and policy cut in favor of finding Mr. Christiansen was discharged, in
appellant’s case, they cut the opposite. Under the totality of these circumstances,
neither reason nor policy favor a conclusion that appellant was discharged prior to
his conviction at court-martial.

                                  CONCLUSION

      Appellant was not discharged based on the three requirements of Hart, and
was not discharged based on reason and policy.

      The findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED.

      Judge HAGLER and Judge SCHASBERGER concur.

                                          FOR THE
                                          FOR THE COURT:
                                                  COURT:




                                          MALCOLM
                                          MALCOLM H.  H. SQUIRES,
                                                         SQUIRES, JR.
                                                                  JR.
                                          Clerk
                                          Clerk of
                                                of Court
                                                   Court




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