                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                         No. 04-12-00600-CV

                                 IN THE MATTER OF D.E., a Child

                     From the 386th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                 Trial Court No. 2011-JUV-00058
                              Honorable Laura Parker, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 12, 2013

AFFIRMED

           D.E., a juvenile, appeals the trial court’s order modifying his disposition by placing him

on probation outside the home. We affirm.

                                            BACKGROUND

           The State filed a petition charging D.E. engaged in delinquent conduct by possessing less

than two ounces of marijuana in a drug free zone. In February 2011, D.E. pled true to the

charges pursuant to a plea agreement, and the State recommended probation. The trial court

accepted the plea, adjudicated D.E., and placed him on probation in the custody of his mother for

a period of nine months. The State subsequently filed four motions to modify the disposition,

alleging D.E. violated conditions of his probation. In each case, D.E. pled true to the allegation.
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The trial court modified D.E.’s disposition in April 2011, June 2011, and February 2012 by

extending the probation period and modifying the conditions.

       The State filed its fourth motion to modify disposition in August 2012, when D.E. was

sixteen, alleging D.E. violated the condition of his probation that required him to avoid

possession or use of illegal drugs, paraphernalia, or alcoholic beverages. D.E. pled true to the

alleged violation and the trial court found he had violated a reasonable condition of his

probation. After a disposition hearing, the trial court modified the disposition to place D.E. on

probation in the custody of the Chief Juvenile Probation Officer of Bexar County until his

eighteenth birthday. D.E. appeals the trial court’s disposition order, arguing the trial court

abused its discretion by placing him outside his home.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Texas Family Code provides that if the trial court modifies a disposition by placing

the juvenile on probation outside the home, the court’s order must include determinations that:

(1) it is in the child’s best interest to be placed outside the home; (2) reasonable efforts were

made to prevent or eliminate the need to remove the child from home; and (3) the child cannot

receive the quality of care and level of support and supervision in his home that is needed to

meet the conditions of probation. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 54.05(m) (West Supp. 2012). The

trial court’s disposition order must also specifically state the reasons for its disposition. Id.

§ 54.05(i).

       We review a trial court’s order modifying juvenile probation under an abuse of discretion

standard. In re J.P., 136 S.W.3d 629, 633 (Tex. 2004); In re K.T., 107 S.W.3d 65, 74 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.) (en banc). This standard requires that we afford almost total

deference to the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by the record. In re K.T., 107

S.W.3d at 74. On the other hand, when the trial court’s resolution of a factual issue is not
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dependent upon an evaluation of credibility or demeanor, “we review the trial court’s

determination of the applicable law, as well as its application of the appropriate law to the facts it

has found, de novo.” Id. at 75.

                                            DISCUSSION

       D.E. pled true to the allegation that he violated his probation by using illegal drugs. The

stipulated evidence showed D.E. was suspended from school in May 2012 because he was under

the influence of Kush/K2 (synthetic marijuana) and had some in his possession. D.E. tested

positive for K2 again in July 2012 when he reported to his probation officer.

       The State recommended D.E. be removed from his home and placed on probation outside

the home and offered the pre-disposition report into evidence. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 54.005(e) (at disposition hearing, court may consider written reports from probation officers,

professional court employees, and consultants, as well as witness testimony).             The report

chronicles D.E.’s continued use and possession of marijuana and K2 after he was originally

placed on probation in February 2011. The court previously extended D.E.’s in-home probation

and ordered him to participate in the 386th District Court Post Adjudication Drug Court

program. D.E. was terminated from that program in January 2012 because of his continued drug

use. The court previously placed D.E. on a GPS monitor, ordered him to participate in a

weekend detention program, and placed him in the Substance Abuse Intensive Supervision

Program. Both D.E. and his mother participated in family counseling and other activities offered

by the Palmer Drug Abuse Program. D.E. nevertheless continued to use illegal substances.

       The report states that D.E. lives with his mother, stepfather, and toddler stepsister. His

mother is very involved and is committed to seeing that D.E. gets the help he needs. However,

D.E. leaves home without permission and has assaulted his mother twice. The report states that

D.E. is intelligent and well-spoken, and can identify his problem behaviors and set realistic
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goals. He also believes he can do as he pleases and that his family and probation officer will

overlook and forgive his violations.

        D.E. testified he wants his life back on track and he is trying very hard. He would like to

go to school, get his grades up, and make his family proud. He believes he can do this if he

continues living with his mother. D.E.’s father 1 testified D.E.’s problems started with the death

of his grandmother several years earlier. He believes D.E. has stopped using drugs and is trying

very hard to turn his life around. His father testified that he had introduced D.E. to God and gave

D.E. a Bible to read. D.E.’s mother testified she believes D.E. truly wants to “be clean” and has

tried very hard. However, she has reached the conclusion that D.E. will not get better if he is at

home. She testified he is “out of control” and she cannot force him to stay clean.

        At the conclusion of the disposition hearing, the trial court found D.E.’s continued drug

use puts him in danger and it is in D.E.’s best interest to place him outside the home. The court

ordered D.E. to continue intensive substance abuse counseling and frequent drug testing, and to

attend school or GED classes. The court advised D.E. that if he truly intends to change and he

actively participates in the program, he will be able to return home sooner. The trial court’s

disposition order also includes findings that reasonable efforts were made to prevent the need to

remove D.E. from the home, that he cannot receive the quality of care and level of support and

supervision he needs to meet the conditions of probation in his home, and that placing D.E.

outside the home is appropriate because of D.E.’s continued drug use and his refusal to follow

the rules of probation.

        The evidence before the trial court at the disposition hearing supports the trial court’s

findings. D.E. was provided numerous opportunities for drug treatment and to successfully

1
  The pre-disposition report states that D.E.’s father has a long criminal history involving drugs, alcohol, and
violence; that he had recently been released from prison; and that he had a pending charge of bringing a prohibited
substance into a prison. He does not live in D.E.’s home.

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complete probation while remaining at home. Nevertheless, he repeatedly violated his probation

and continued his drug use. Although D.E. and his parents both want D.E. to succeed and

believe he is trying, D.E.’s mother testified that she is unable to control him and does not believe

he will stop using drugs if he remains in her home. Under these circumstances, we hold the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in modifying D.E.’s disposition by placing him on probation

outside the home, and we affirm the trial court’s judgment.


                                                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice




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