                                        STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT                                                             ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
Environmental Division Unit                                                   Docket No. 60-5-15 Vtec

              Chester v Carrara & Carrara Logging & Land Clearing, LLC

                                  ENTRY REGARDING MOTION

Count 1, Municipal Enforcement (60-5-15 Vtec)
Count 2, Municipal Enforcement (60-5-15 Vtec)

Title:           Motion to Dismiss (Motion 1)
Filer:           Jason Carrara
Attorney:        Melvin D. Fink
Filed Date:      July 28, 2015

Response filed on 08/14/2015 by Attorney James F. Carroll for Plaintiff Town of Chester
       Plaintiff's Memorandum in Opposition to Defendant Jason Carrara's Motion to Dismiss
and Certificate of Service

The motion is DENIED.

        Jason Carrara, the owner and operator of Carrara Logging and Land Clearing, LLC, is
alleged to have engaged in an unpermitted commercial use of residential property in the Town
of Chester, Vermont (Town), thus violating the Town’s zoning ordinance. The Town issued a
Notice of Violation (NOV) addressed to “Jason and Cheryl Carrera” by certified mail on March 3,
2015, and served the NOV on Jason Carrara in person on April 28, 2015. The NOV alleged that
“Mr. and Mrs. Carrera” were storing, parking, and servicing commercial vehicles at their
residential property located at 141 Marc’s Drive in Chester, Vermont (Property), without a
permit. According to the Town, Jason Carrara’s unpermitted commercial use of the Property is
in violation of the Chester Unified Development By-Law (CUDB) § 2.8. The NOV requested that
Mr. and Mrs. Carrara “discontinue any use of the Property for the storage, parking or servicing
of commercial vehicles and remove from the Property all equipment, fuel containers, and other
materials used in servicing the commercial vehicles.” (Town of Chester Notice of Violation, filed
on March 3, 2015). The NOV provided that the failure to appeal the NOV within 15 days would
render the NOV a final decision on the zoning violation.
        On July 10, 2015, the Town, having received no notice of appeal, filed an Amended
Complaint for Enforcement (Complaint), naming Jason Carrara and Carrara Logging and Land
Clearing, LLC, as Defendants.1 The Complaint identified Chester and Cheryl Carrara as the
owners of the Property, and alleged that Jason Carrara, an occupant of the Property, was
conducting his trucking business—Carrara Logging & Land Clearing, LLC— from the Property in
violation of CUDB § 2.8. The Town requested the Court award the Town fees of $100 per day of

1
 An earlier complaint was filed on May 27, 2015 that named “Chester (Jason) Carrera and Cheryl Carrera” as
Defendants. (Complaint, Filed on May 27, 2015). Any error in the May 27 Complaint was remedied by the
subsequent Amended Complaint.
violation plus its costs and issue a permanent injunction requiring Jason Carrara to discontinue
any “use of the Property for the storage, parking or servicing of commercial vehicles and for the
removal of all equipment, fuel containers, and other materials used in servicing the commercial
vehicles from the Property.” (Amended Complaint, No. 60-5-15 Vtec, filed on July 10, 2015).
        On July 28, 2015, Jason Carrara filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint, claiming that he
lacked notice of the NOV and thus was deprived of an opportunity to appeal and present a
defense. Jason Carrara maintains that, because the NOV was addressed to “Mr. and Mrs.
Carrera,” he was led to believe it was only intended for his mother and father, Chester and
Cheryl, and did not pertain to him. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss argues only for dismissal on
due process grounds, claiming that the NOV’s inadequate notice deprived him of opportunity to
defend and appeal. For the following reasons, the Court denies Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
and finds that there was adequate notice to apprise Defendant of the reasons for the NOV and
to inform him of the appropriate remedy to challenge the alleged violation.
        It is well recognized that “‘[a]n elementary and fundamental requirement of due
process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under
all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford
them an opportunity to present their objections.’” Town of Randolph v. Estate of White, 166 Vt.
280, 283 (1997) (quoting Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314
(1950)). A party receives adequate notice if the notice of the alleged violation provides: “(1) the
factual basis for the deprivation, (2) the action to be taken against them, and (3) the procedures
available to challenge the action.” Id. at 284. Notice need not be technically perfect in every
respect. As the United States Supreme Court has put it, “The due process of law clause . . . does
not impose an unattainable standard of accuracy.” Grannis v. Ordean, 234 U.S. 385, 395 (1914).
Therefore, “[i]f a defendant within the jurisdiction is served personally with process in which his
name is misspelled, he cannot safely ignore it on account of the misnomer.” Id. at 395; see also
Lively v. Northfield Sav. Bank, 2007 VT 110, ¶ 7, 182 Vt. 428 (“When all of the parties to an
action can plainly identify the person, place, or thing at issue, the misspelling of a name cannot
be said to deprive those parties of notice.”). The keystone for the constitutional inquiry is
whether the notice “apprise[d] the affected individual of, and permit[ed] adequate preparation
for, an impending [enforcement action].” Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1,
14 (1978); see also Sec’y, Vermont Agency of Natural Res. v. Irish, 169 Vt. 407, 411 (2007)
(noting that notice is sufficient if person of ordinary intelligence would understand what is
prohibited).
         Here, Defendant Jason Carrara claims the notice was inadequate because the NOV was
addressed to “Jason and Cheryl Carrera” and began with the salutation “Dear Mr. and Mrs.
Carrera.” (NOV, filed on March 3, 2015). Defendant claims that because the greeting used “Mr.”
instead of “Jason,” and included his mother’s name in the address and greeting, he believed
that the intended recipient of the NOV was his father and mother, and due to the ambiguity he
was not aware of the need to defend and appeal the NOV. He also asserts that the in-person
service of the NOV did not overcome any ambiguity in the NOV because he refused to sign the
Return of Service form and thus did not accept service.
        Defendant’s arguments are unconvincing. Initially, the Court notes that the notice the
Town sent in this case was not actually inaccurate. While it may not be common, it is not
incorrect to address a mother and her adult son as “Mr.” and “Mrs.” While Defendant Jason
Carrara may not be accustomed to such a formal greeting, he is an adult and the use of “Mr.” as
a salutation in a letter is not false. The fact the NOV included his mother’s name, considering
that both he and his mother live at the same location, does not render the NOV so vague as to
prevent a reasonable person from understanding its scope and purpose. See Irish, 169 Vt. at
411.
         Moreover, even if the greeting at the beginning of the notice were considered an
inaccuracy, minor defects do not necessarily render notice constitutionally inadequate. The
NOV, when read as a whole, was sufficiently clear for reasonable person to understand what
conduct was prohibited and to prepare for an impending enforcement action. See id. at 411;
Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div., 436 U.S. at 14. The NOV named Jason specifically, was mailed
to the address Jason maintains as his residence, described Jason’s commercial trucking
activities, and was then served on him in person. The description of the alleged violation clearly
conveyed that the NOV was directed at Jason Carrara and his use of the Property for his
commercial business. Thus, any ambiguity in the greeting was resolved by the specific
description of the alleged violation—activities that only pertained to Jason Carrara and his
commercial business. There is no suggestion that Jason’s father, Chester, ran a separate
commercial trucking business or that there was any confusion about what activities constituted
the alleged violation or the steps necessary to challenge the NOV. Reinforcing the fact that
Jason was the intended recipient, Jason was served in person with the NOV on April 28, 2015.
The fact that he refused to sign the return of service form does not negate the effective notice
resulting from the in-person service.
         Ultimately, while it may be the case that the Town could have addressed the NOV only
to Jason Carrara, the Court finds that the NOV, as it currently exists, adequately informed
Defendant Jason Carrara that the NOV was directed at his commercial use of the Property and
that the Town would proceed with an enforcement action if that commercial use did not cease.
Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, Defendant Jason Carrara’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED.

Electronically signed on October 19, 2015 at 11:06 AM pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d).



_________________________________________
Thomas G. Walsh, Judge
Superior Court, Environmental Division




Notifications:
James F. Carroll (ERN 1907), Attorney for Plaintiff Town of Chester
Melvin D. Fink (ERN 2519), Attorney for Defendant Jason Carrara
Melvin D. Fink (ERN 2519), Attorney for Defendant Carrara Logging & Land Clearing,

praymond
