                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2017-IA-00219-SCT

CITY OF CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI AND OFFICER
MICHAEL KELLY

v.

PATRICE TORNES


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        01/27/2017
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. LARITA M. COOPER-STOKES
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                   AAFRAM YAPHET SELLERS
                                         ROBERT O. ALLEN
                                         JOHN CHADWICK WILLIAMS
                                         KELLY MARIE WILLIAMS
                                         WILLIAM ROBERT ALLEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               HINDS COUNTY COUNTY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                ROBERT O. ALLEN
                                         JOHN CHADWICK WILLIAMS
                                         WILLIAM ROBERT ALLEN
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                  KELLY MARIE WILLIAMS
                                         AAFRAM YAPHET SELLERS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION:                             REVERSED AND RENDERED - 08/30/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:



      BEFORE WALLER, C.J., MAXWELL AND ISHEE, JJ.

      MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   This is an interlocutory appeal from the denial of summary judgment. Because the

defendants—a municipality and its police officer—cannot be held liable for the plaintiff’s
claims under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (MTCA),1 we reverse the denial of summary

judgment and render judgment in the defendants’ favor.

                        Background Facts and Procedural History

¶2.    On the afternoon of May 11, 2015, Officer Michael Kelly was responding to a call that

an intoxicated person was lying unconscious on the sidewalk outside the Days Inn in Clinton,

Mississippi. While en route, his police vehicle collided with Patrice Tornes’s car.

¶3.    According to Officer Kelly, he drove south through the neighboring parking lot, which

belongs to Tractor Supply Inc. Because some items in the parking lot blocked his view of

the Day’s Inn, “he pulled out further [sic] than normal so as to be able to see the subject that

was the reason for his being there.” Officer Kelly “stopped so he could survey the area and

visually locate the individual from a distance before making personal contact with the

subject.” And as he was stopped, Tornes, who was traveling west on the road between the

Day’s Inn and Tractor Supply, clipped the push bumper of his police vehicle with her right

wheels. But according to Tornes, Officer Kelly’s vehicle was not stopped. Instead, Tornes

“was proceeding in a travel lane in the parking lot when suddenly and without warning [her

rear bumper] was struck by Officer Kelly’s vehicle.”

¶4.    Tornes sued Officer Kelly and his employer, the City of Clinton, in the County Court

of Hinds County. She claimed Officer Kelly’s “reckless and negligent actions directly

caused the subject accident.” Specifically, she alleged Officer Kelly “caused his vehicle to

be driven in a careless, negligent, and reckless manner and without due regard for the safety



       1
           Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-1 et seq. (Rev. 2012 & Supp. 2017).

                                               2
and convenience of Patrice Tornes, and without giving any warning sign or proper signal of

the approach of said vehicle.” And she asserted the City of Clinton was “vicariously liable

for its employee’s careless, negligent, and reckless operation of his vehicle while acting in

the course and scope of his employment as an officer for the City of Clinton Police

Department.” She also claimed the City was liable for its own actions—specifically, “its

negligent training of its employee in how to properly operate his motor vehicle in accordance

for the safety of others” and its negligent entrustment of the subject vehicle to Officer Kelly

on the day the wreck occurred.

¶5.    Both Officer Kelly and the City moved for summary judgment, claiming immunity

from suit. See Mitchell v. City of Greenville, 846 So. 2d 1028, 1029 (Miss. 2003)

(“[I]mmunity is a question of law and is a proper matter for summary judgment.”). Because

Tornes alleged—and the uncontradicted evidence supported—that Officer Kelly was acting

within the course and scope of his employment at the time of the wreck, Officer Kelly

asserted that he could not be held individually liable under the MTCA. So he asked to be

dismissed as an individual defendant. The City, also citing the MTCA, argued it could not

be vicariously liable for Officer Kelly’s actions. Officer Kelly was engaged in a police-

protection activity when the wreck occurred.         So the City enjoyed police-protection

immunity, because his alleged actions did not rise to the level of reckless disregard. Further,

the City argued Tornes’s claims based on the City’s own allegedly negligent actions were

barred by discretionary-function immunity. After a hearing focused on the City’s police-




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protection-immunity claim, the county court denied summary judgment to both defendants

on all claims.

¶6.    Officer Kelly and the City sought an interlocutory appeal, which this Court granted.

See id. (holding that, because MTCA immunity “is an entitlement not to stand trial rather

than a mere defense to liability,” this issue “should be resolved at the earliest possible stage

of litigation”).

                                           Discussion

¶7.    This Court reviews the denial of summary judgment de novo, viewing all evidence

in the light most favorable to the nonmovant—in this case Tornes. Mitchell, 846 So. 2d at

1029-30. But even when the evidence is viewed in her favor, Tornes’s claims cannot survive

summary judgment. The MTCA provides the exclusive remedy for Tornes’s action. Miss.

Code Ann. § 11-46-7(1) (Rev. 2012). And under the MTCA, neither Officer Kelly nor the

City of Clinton can be held liable.

       I.        No Individual Liability

¶8.    First, Officer Kelly cannot be held individually liable. While the MTCA permits a

government employee to “be joined in an action against a governmental entity in a

representative capacity if the act or omission complained of is one for which the

governmental entity may be liable,” the MTCA makes clear “no employee shall be held

personally liable for acts or omissions occurring within the course and scope of the

employee’s duties.”      Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-7(2) (Rev. 2012) (emphasis added).

Indisputably, Officer Kelly was acting within the course and scope of his employment as a



                                               4
police officer when the wreck occurred. So his presence as a named defendant stems only

from his being a representative of the City. Tornes has no claim against him individually.

       II.      Police-Protection Immunity

¶9.    Second, to the extent Tornes seeks to hold the City liable for Officer Kelly’s actions,

the City enjoys police-protection immunity.

¶10.   The MTCA generally waives “the immunity of the state and its political subdivisions

from claims for money damages arising out of the torts of such governmental entities and the

torts of their employees while acting within the course and scope of their employment[.]”

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-5(1) (Rev. 2012). But it exempts certain claims from that

immunity waiver. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 (Rev. 2012). Specifically:

       A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope
       of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim . . . [a]rising out
       of any act or omission of an employee of a governmental entity engaged in the
       performance or execution of duties or activities relating to police or fire
       protection unless the employee acted in reckless disregard of the safety and
       well-being of any person not engaged in criminal activity at the time of
       injury[.]

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(c). Again, it is not disputed that, when the wreck occurred,

Officer      Kelly had   been    engaged     in       the   performance   of   police-protection

activities—responding to a call about an unconscious person. So unless he “acted in reckless

disregard of the safety and well-being of any person not engaged in criminal activity at the

time of the injury,”2 the City cannot be held liable. Id.




       2
        It has never even been suggested that Tornes was engaged in criminal activity at the
time she was injured.

                                                  5
¶11.   Quoting Maye v. Pearl River County, Tornes suggests “‘reckless,’ according to the

circumstances, may mean desperately heedless, wanton or willful, or it may mean only

careless, inattentive or negligence.” Maye v. Pearl River Cty., 758 So. 2d 391, 393 (Miss.

1999) (emphasis in original). And because Officer Kelly’s actions fall in that latter careless,

inattentive, or negligent category, there is no police-protection immunity.

¶12.   But what Tornes overlooks is that, in the very next sentence in Maye, the Court

clarifies that, while reckless generally may mean wanton or willful or it may mean

negligence, “[i]n the context of the statute”—i.e., Section 11-46-9(1)(c)—“reckless must

connote ‘wanton or willful,’ because immunity lies for negligence.” Id. at 393-94 (emphasis

added). See also Maldonado v. Kelly, 768 So. 2d 906, 909 (Miss. 2000) (“Police officers and

fire fighters are more likely to be exposed to dangerous situations and to liability, therefore,

public policy requires that they not be liable for mere negligence.”).

¶13.   Thus, to be “reckless” for purposes of Section 11-46-9(1)(c), the conduct must be

“willful or wanton,” not merely negligent. Maye, 758 So. 2d at 393-94. “Reckless disregard

occurs when the conduct involved evinced not only some appreciation of the unreasonable

risk involved, but also a deliberate disregard of that risk and the high probability of harm

involved.” City of Laurel v. Williams, 21 So. 3d 1170, 1175 (Miss. 2009) (internal

quotations and citation omitted). While the conduct does not have to be intentional,

“[r]eckless disregard usually is accompanied by a conscious indifference to consequences,

amounting almost to a willingness that harm should follow.” Rayner v. Pennington, 25 So.




                                               6
3d 305, 309 (Miss. 2010) (quoting Miss. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Durn, 861 So. 2d 990, 995

(Miss. 2003)).

¶14.   In Maye, this Court applied this higher-than-negligence standard to find a deputy

sheriff had acted with reckless disregard when he blindly backed out of a parking space, up

an incline, and rammed into a car that had turned into the parking lot. In that case, “[w]ith

conscious indifference to the consequences,” the deputy sheriff had “backed out knowing he

could not see what was behind him.” Maye, 758 So. 2d at 395. Further, when he “backed

out of the parking space and up the incline,” he “knew he could not see cars coming into the

lot,” and “he knew checking his mirrors would not let him see cars pulling into the lot.” Id.

And from the severity of damage to the car and injuries to the passenger, it was obvious the

deputy was “going much too fast to be backing up the entrance to the parking lot when he

could not see what was behind him.” Id. Based on the evidence, this Court held “these

actions rise above simple negligence to the level of reckless disregard of the safety and

well-being of others.” Id. (emphasis added).

¶15.   Here, the facts do not support the same level of conscious indifference to the

consequences. Since this is the summary-judgment stage, we assume Tornes’s version of

events is true—that Officer Kelly hit her bumper and not vice versa. But unlike Maye, from

the level of damage to Tornes’s car, it is not obvious he was going “much too fast.” Id.

Further, the reason he, in his own words, “pulled out further [sic] than normal” was because

his view was obstructed by objects in the parking lot. Instead of Maye, this case is more akin

to Maldonado. There, a police officer stopped at a two-way stop, looked both ways, and



                                              7
pulled out into the intersection. Maldonado, 768 So. 2d at 908. This intersection was a

known dangerous intersection, because the sight line to approaching traffic was partially

blocked. Sure enough, the officer did not see an approaching car and hit it. While the officer

“may have been negligent,” this Court held that his actions did “not rise to the level of

reckless disregard.” Id. at 911.

¶16.   Similarly, in Joseph v. City of Moss Point, 856 So. 2d 548, 550 (Miss. Ct. App.

2003), a city police officer was reading a warrant while stopped at a red light. When the cars

to his left started moving, he assumed the light had turned green and instinctively hit the gas.

But the cars to his left were in a turn lane that had been given a green arrow. The light for

his lane remained red. And the officer rear-ended the stationary car in front of him. While

the officer had certainly been “remiss in paying attention to traffic directly in his lane,” he

had not been reckless. Id. at 551. Instead, the Court of Appeals found that he had been

“guilty of simple negligence and nothing more, which kept him under the immunity umbrella

of the [MTCA].” Id.

¶17.   The evidence, when viewed in Tornes’s favor, shows Officer Kelly had been remiss

but not reckless as he drove through the parking lot to the Days Inn. Because his actions did

not rise above simple negligence, police-protection immunity applied. And the City is

entitled to summary judgment on Tornes’s claims based on Officer Kelly’s actions.

       III.   Discretionary-Function Immunity

¶18.   Finally, the City is entitled to summary judgment on Tornes’s claims it acted

negligently in training Officer Kelly and entrusting him with one of its police vehicles.



                                               8
¶19.   We note prior opinions have found that training police officers and equipping them

with police vehicles are “activities relating to police protection” entitled to police-protection

immunity. See, e.g., McGrath v. City of Gautier, 794 So. 2d 983 (Miss. 2001) (holding that

the maintenance of a police vehicle was a police-protection activity entitled to police-

protection immunity); Hayes v. Univ. of S. Miss., 952 So. 2d 261 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006)

(holding that the training of a student police corps was a police-protection activity entitled

to police-protection immunity). But for its own allegedly negligent actions, the City did not

assert police-protection immunity. Instead, citing City of Jackson v. Powell, 917 So. 2d 59

(Miss. 2005), the City has claimed discretionary-function immunity.

¶20.   Under Section 11-46-9(1)(d), the City “shall not be liable for any claim . . . [b]ased

upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary

function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee thereof, whether or not the

discretion be abused[.]” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(d). Very recently, this Court

returned to its traditional, two-part, public-policy function test to determine when Section 11-

46-9(1)(d) applies. Wilcher v. Lincoln Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 243 So. 3d 177 (Miss.

2018). Under this test, “[t]his Court first must ascertain whether the activity in question

involved an element of choice or judgment.” Id. at 187 (quoting Miss. Transp. Comm’n v.

Montgomery, 80 So. 3d 789, 795 (Miss. 2012)). “If so, this Court also must decide whether

that choice or judgment involved social, economic, or political-policy considerations.” Id.

¶21.   Applying this test to the claim of negligent supervision of police officers, this Court

has answered both questions affirmatively. Powell, 917 So. 2d at 74. This Court has held



                                               9
that a municipality must “exercise its judgment in the manner in which it chooses to

supervise its officers.” Id. And “[t]here is no doubt that the choice to employ and the

manner of supervision of police officers does affect public policy[.]” Id. Thus, “[t]he

manner in which a police department supervises, disciplines and regulates its police officers

is a discretionary function of the government[.]” Id.

¶22.   Tornes’s claims that the City was negligent in training Officer Kelly to operate a

police vehicle and entrusting Officer Kelly with a police vehicle both challenge “[t]he

manner in which a police department supervises, disciplines and regulates its police

officers[.]” Id. So through these claims, Tornes seeks to hold the City liable for its exercise

of a discretionary function—actions which are clearly immune under Section 11-46-9(1)(d).3

                                         Conclusion

¶23.   Because the MTCA exempts both Officer Kelly and the City from liability on

Tornes’s claims, the trial court erred in denying their motion for summary judgment. We

reverse the judgment of the trial court and render a judgment in both defendants’ favor.

¶24.   REVERSED AND RENDERED.

    WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., KING, COLEMAN,
BEAM, CHAMBERLIN AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.




       3
        Notably, Tornes does not attempt to rebut or refute the City’s discretionary-function-
immunity claim on appeal. Instead, she merely argues that she presented sufficient evidence
to the trial court to support her claim of negligent entrustment. But the fact she can
otherwise establish a negligence claim against the City matters not. Discretionary-function
immunity shields the City from liability “whether or not the discretion be abused.” Miss.
Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(d).

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