                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


LARRY KLAYMAN,

               Plaintiff,
       v.                                            Civil Action No. 17-34 (TJK)
JUDICIAL WATCH, INC.,

               Defendant.


                            MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       This Opinion concerns the latest in a long line of disputes between Plaintiff Larry

Klayman and Defendant Judicial Watch, Inc. Klayman accuses Judicial Watch’s President,

Thomas Fitton, of having perjured himself in a declaration submitted to the Court. Based on this

purported misconduct, Klayman has moved for entry of judgment in his favor. ECF No. 29

(“Mot.”). As explained below, Klayman’s motion will be denied.

       Background

       This Opinion assumes familiarity with Klayman’s allegations as summarized in a prior

opinion by Judge Kollar-Kotelly, to whom this case was previously assigned. Klayman v.

Judicial Watch, Inc., 267 F. Supp. 3d 81 (D.D.C. 2017). In a nutshell, this case concerns the

legal representation of Jose Basulto in his attempt to enforce a judgment against the Cuban

government. See id. at 83. For a brief time, Klayman allegedly represented Basulto in that

matter. Id. Klayman alleges that, on or about November 30, 2016, Judicial Watch told Basulto

that Klayman lacked the resources to carry out the representation, inducing Basulto to drop

Klayman as his attorney and hire Judicial Watch. Id. This, Klayman claims, constituted a

breach of his severance agreement with Judicial Watch, defamation, and tortious interference

with prospective economic advantage. Id. at 85-86.
       The parties’ current dispute arose from a discovery motion that Klayman filed on January

9, 2018. ECF No. 26. The motion sought to compel the depositions of several Judicial Watch

officers, including Fitton. Id. Judicial Watch cross-moved for a protective order seeking, among

other things, to quash Fitton’s deposition. ECF No. 27. It argued that Fitton did not have any

relevant information about this case, and expressed concern, in light of the years-long history of

contentious litigation between the two parties, that Klayman would misuse the deposition as an

opportunity to harass Fitton. ECF No. 27-1 at 4-6. In support of its cross-motion, Judicial

Watch submitted a declaration by Fitton. ECF No. 27-2 Ex. B (“Fitton Decl.”). In his

declaration, Fitton stated:

               5.       I have had no communication (written, oral or otherwise)
               with Basulto in several years, except that Judicial Watch did send
               him a Christmas card each year that I signed. I have no knowledge
               regarding Klayman’s alleged representation of Basulto nor was I
               ever aware, prior to the lawsuit, that Klayman alleged he
               represented Basulto regarding the Cuba Judgment. At no time did
               I direct or authorize anyone to communicate with Basulto
               regarding Klayman’s alleged representation of Basulto, nor am I
               aware of any such communications. In summary, I do not possess
               any knowledge or information relevant to this dispute.

               6.     If compelled to appear at a deposition, I will not be able to
               answer any questions regarding this lawsuit as I do not have any
               information.

Fitton Decl. ¶¶ 5-6.

       In order to resolve the parties’ discovery dispute, the Court held a telephone conference

on the record on January 16, 2018. As a result of the conference, the Court authorized Klayman

to depose Fitton for one hour. See Minute Order of January 16, 2018.

       On March 1, 2018, Klayman filed the instant motion seeking entry of judgment in his

favor. Mot. Klayman claims that Fitton perjured himself in his declaration and that entry of

judgment is an appropriate sanction. Id. at 1-2. The factual basis for this claim is the deposition



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testimony of another Judicial Watch officer, Paul Orfanedes, who testified that, in December

2016, Fitton signed a representation agreement between Judicial Watch and Basulto. Id. at 4-5

(citing Orfanedes deposition transcript). Klayman argues that Fitton therefore lied, because the

representation agreement constituted a “communication” with Basulto, and because it

demonstrated that Fitton must have had relevant information about the litigation. Id. at 5. This

conduct, Klayman claims, amounted to a fraud on the court and perjury, suborned by Judicial

Watch and its counsel. Id. at 5-7.

       Klayman raised these perjury allegations during Fitton’s deposition. See, e.g., ECF No.

31 Ex. A (“Fitton Dep.”) at 33:6-15. Fitton testified that, at the time he signed the declaration,

he no longer recalled the 2016 representation agreement. Id. at 19:22-20:5, 21:9-12. Indeed,

while not disputing that he had signed the agreement, Fitton testified at his deposition that he had

no personal recollection of having signed it, even after Klayman had attempted to refresh

Fitton’s recollection as to the existence of the agreement. Id. at 21:19-22, 22:9-18. Fitton further

testified that the declaration was accurate because (1) the representation agreement was not a

“communication” between himself and Basulto, (2) he had not himself sent the agreement to

Basulto, and (3) he had no knowledge of Judicial Watch’s communications with Basulto that

allegedly induced Basulto to fire Klayman. Id. at 26:15-19, 30:15-18.

       Based in large part on Fitton’s testimony, Judicial Watch argues that Klayman’s claims of

perjury are groundless. In Judicial Watch’s view, Fitton’s declaration is true—or at the very

least, true to the best of Fitton’s knowledge at the time he signed it. ECF No. 31 at 3. Moreover,

even if the declaration contained misstatements, Judicial Watch argues, they would not have

been material. Id. at 5-6.




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       On April 2, 2018, Klayman filed a “Supplement” to his motion. ECF No. 38 (“Pl.’s

Supp.”).1 In the supplement, Klayman argues that Judicial Watch has improperly invoked the

attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine during the course of discovery, and that this

purported discovery abuse further warrants entry of judgment in his favor. Id. He rests this

argument upon Judicial Watch’s invocation of privilege during the January 2018 depositions of

Fitton, Orfanedes, and another Judicial Watch employee. See ECF No. 38-1 (exhibits to

supplement).

       Legal Standard

       “[C]ourts have an inherent power at common law to ‘protect their institutional integrity

and to guard against abuses of the judicial process with contempt citations, fines, awards of

attorneys’ fees, and such other orders and sanctions as they find necessary, including even

dismissals and default judgments.’” Parsi v. Daioleslam, 778 F.3d 116, 130 (D.C. Cir. 2015)

(citation omitted) (quoting Shepherd v. ABC, 62 F.3d 1469, 1472 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). Courts may

impose “issue-related” sanctions—“such as barring admission of evidence or considering an

issue established for the purpose of the action”—based on a preponderance of the evidence. Id.

at 131. More severe, “penal” sanctions—including dismissal of the case or entry of a default

judgment—require the Court to “find bad faith by clear and convincing evidence.” Id.; see

Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1476-78. “The clear and convincing standard ‘generally requires the trier

of fact, in viewing each party’s pile of evidence, to reach a firm conviction of the truth on the

evidence about which he or she is certain.’” Parsi, 778 F.3d at 131 (quoting United States v.

Montague, 40 F.3d 1251, 1255 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).


1
  The Court notes that this “Supplement” is incorrectly described on the docket sheet as a
“supplemental motion.” In fact, the document does not purport to be a separate motion, but
rather to provide additional arguments in support of Klayman’s instant motion for an entry of
judgment.


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       On its own, a clear and convincing showing of bad faith, fraud, or other litigation

misconduct is not sufficient to warrant dismissal or entry of default judgment. Shepherd, 62 F.3d

at 1478. “Because disposition of cases on the merits is generally favored, . . . a default judgment

must be a ‘sanction of last resort,’ to be used only when less onerous methods (for example,

adverse evidentiary determinations or other ‘issue-related sanctions’) will be ineffective or

obviously futile.” Webb v. District of Columbia, 146 F.3d 964, 971 (D.C. Cir 1998) (quoting

Shea v. Donohoe Constr. Co., 795 F.2d 1071, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 1986)). Therefore, the court “also

must provide a specific, reasoned explanation for rejecting lesser sanctions, such as fines,

attorneys’ fees, or adverse evidentiary rulings.” Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1478.

       The D.C. Circuit has identified “three basic justifications that support the use of dismissal

or default judgment as a sanction for misconduct.” Id. at 971. The first is whether “the errant

party’s behavior has severely hampered the other party’s ability to present his case.” Id. The

second is “the prejudice caused to the judicial system where the party’s misconduct has put ‘an

intolerable burden on a district court by requiring the court to modify its own docket and

operations in order to accommodate the delay.’” Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1075). The third

is “the need ‘to sanction conduct that is disrespectful to the court and to deter similar misconduct

in the future.’” Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1077). Only “flagrant or egregious misconduct by

the defendant” can support using a sanction as severe as default judgment as a deterrent measure.

Webb, 146 F.3d at 975 (quoting Bonds v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 801, 809 (D.C. Cir.

1996)). The D.C. Circuit has also suggested that entry of a default judgment would not be

appropriate where the alleged misconduct “did not go to the heart of plaintiffs’ case.” Shepherd,

62 F.3d at 1480.




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       Because such sanctions are grounded in the inherent power of the federal courts, they are

governed by federal law even when the district court sits in diversity. See Chambers v. NASCO,

Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 51-55 (1991).

       Analysis

       Klayman argues that the Court should, pursuant to its inherent powers, impose the

extraordinary sanction of a default judgment in his favor. Mot. at 2-3. But Klayman has not

provided clear and convincing evidence of perjury or other egregious misconduct that would

warrant such a sanction. Indeed, the Court cannot find on the record before it that Judicial

Watch has committed any misconduct at all.

       The Court agrees with Judicial Watch that Klayman has not shown that Fitton’s

declaration was false. Fitton declared that he had not communicated with Basulto and did not

have any information relevant to this action. The only contradictory evidence Klayman has

introduced is testimony stating that Fitton, in his capacity as President, signed Judicial Watch’s

December 2016 representation agreement with Basulto. But signing a contract does not

necessarily involve a “communication,” which means the “interchange of messages or ideas by

speech, writing, gestures, or conduct.” Communication, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).

Fitton testified under oath that he did not himself send Basulto the agreement or otherwise

communicate with Basulto about it. Fitton Dep. at 26:15-19. That is a plausible explanation for

the content of Fitton’s declaration, and Klayman has done nothing to rebut it.

       Nor can the Court find that Fitton’s declaration misled the Court in any material way.

The ultimate point of Fitton’s declaration was to establish that he lacked testimony relevant to

this action. The transcript of Fitton’s deposition bears that out. While the December 2016

representation agreement perhaps has some relevance to Klayman’s claims, Fitton testified that

he had no independent recollection of the agreement. Id. at 24:21-25:1. Nor did Klayman’s


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questioning appear to elicit any other facts relevant to the claims in this lawsuit. Indeed, most of

Fitton’s deposition was spent on tangential matters, such as who founded Judicial Watch, id. at

10:5-13:22, a judgment entered against Judicial Watch in a prior case that Klayman successfully

litigated, id. at 49:19-58:4, whether Klayman’s severance agreement obligates Judicial Watch to

pay for his children’s health insurance, id. at 58:21-59:20, and Klayman’s efforts to get Fitton to

testify that he had perjured himself, id. at 17:19-45:4.

       In any event, even if Klayman had established by clear and convincing evidence that

Fitton had perjured himself in his declaration, that showing alone would be insufficient to

warrant the relief Klayman seeks. In order to enter a default judgment, the Court would have to

find that no lesser sanction would adequately address the conduct at issue, in consideration of the

three basic justifications that the D.C. Circuit has identified for such severe sanctions. Webb,

146 F.3d at 971-72; Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1478. Klayman has not addressed this issue in his

briefing, instead asserting (incorrectly and without acknowledging controlling cases holding

otherwise) that the Court need not consider lesser sanctions. Mot. at 3-4. Given Klayman’s

failure to address this critical issue, the Court would not be in a position to enter a default

judgment in his favor even if he had made a sufficient evidentiary showing of perjury.

       The Court will not consider Klayman’s argument, first raised in his “Supplement,” that

Judicial Watch should be sanctioned for improperly asserting the attorney-client privilege and

work-product doctrine. Pl.’s Supp. at 2-5. “The Local Rules of this Court contemplate that there

ordinarily will be at most three memoranda associated with any given motion: (i) the movant’s

opening memorandum; (ii) the non-movant’s opposition; and (iii) the movant’s reply.” Kim v.

United States, 840 F. Supp. 2d 180, 191 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing Local Civil Rule 7), aff’d, 707

F.3d 335 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Klayman had already submitted a reply (ECF No. 34) before filing




                                                   7
his “Supplement,” which he filed without leave of the Court. Even if the Supplement is

considered part of Klayman’s reply, “it is a well-settled prudential doctrine that courts generally

will not entertain new arguments first raised in a reply brief.” Benton v. Laborers’ Joint

Training Fund, 121 F. Supp. 3d 41, 51 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Lewis v. District of Columbia,

791 F. Supp. 2d 136, 140 n.4 (D.D.C. 2011)). This case is no exception, and so the Court will

not entertain this argument in connection with the instant motion. Indeed, the Court would be

poorly positioned to evaluate the merits of this argument even if it intended to do so, because the

parties’ briefing discusses this issue at far too high a level of generality to determine whether

Judicial Watch has properly invoked the attorney-client privilege and work-product doctrine,

much less whether Judicial Watch’s conduct is sanctionable. Moreover, Klayman raised this

argument with the Court during a telephone conference on the record regarding other discovery

matters on May 15, 2018, and the Court ordered the parties to meet and confer about it before

requesting the Court’s intervention.

       In addition to civil sanctions pursuant to the Court’s inherent powers, Klayman also

suggests two other bases for sanctions, but neither has merit. First, Klayman suggests that the

Court could award the sanctions he seeks under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b). Mot. at

2. But that is plainly incorrect. “‘[A] production order is generally needed to trigger’ sanctions”

under Rule 37(b). Parsi, 778 F.3d at 128 (quoting Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1474). The purported

misconduct at issue—Fitton’s supposedly fraudulent declaration—did not involve the violation

of a production order, and so Rule 37(b) does not apply.

       Finally, Klayman requests that the Court initiate a criminal contempt proceeding against

Judicial Watch. Mot. at 1. But Klayman has not come close to convincing the Court that it is

appropriate to do so. As explained above, Klayman has not satisfied the “clear-and-convincing”




                                                  8
standard for awarding civil penal sanctions, such as entry of a default judgment, which means he

also cannot satisfy the higher, “beyond-a-reasonable-doubt” standard for criminal contempt. See

Alexander v. FBI, 186 F.R.D. 128, 135 (D.D.C. 1998). Therefore, the Court declines to hold an

evidentiary hearing on that issue.

       Conclusion and Order

       For all of the above reasons, Klayman’s Motion for Entry of Judgment (ECF No. 29) is

hereby DENIED.


       SO ORDERED.

                                                           /s/ Timothy J. Kelly
                                                           TIMOTHY J. KELLY
                                                           United States District Judge

Date: May 18, 2018




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