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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 19-13656
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                        Agency No. A200-240-343



JUANA MARIA PORTILLO-BAUTISTA,

                                                                       Petitioner,

                                    versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                        ________________________

                             (August 6, 2020)

Before BRANCH, GRANT, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Juana Portillo-Bautista seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) final order affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of her

application for asylum. First, she argues that the BIA should have dismissed the

removal proceedings because her putative notice to appear (“NTA”) violated the

claims processing rule set out in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14. Second, she argues that the

immigration judge and BIA erred in making an adverse credibility determination

and denying her asylum application. After careful review, we dismiss in part and

deny in part her petition.

                                   I. Background

      Portillo-Bautista, a native and citizen of El Salvador, entered the United

States without inspection on or about July 30, 2011. On August 1, 2011, the

Department of Homeland Security served her with a NTA, which charged that she

was removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), for being an alien present

in the United States without being admitted or paroled. The NTA ordered her to

appear “on a date to be set at a time to be set.” Subsequently, she received a notice

of hearing that provided the day and time of her hearing. After transferring the

case from California to Florida, Portillo-Bautista received another notice of hearing

providing an updated day and time for her individual hearing.

      In March 2012, Portillo-Bautista filed her application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and withholding of removal under the Convention Against


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Torture (“CAT”) based on her political opinion, membership in a particular social

group, and nationality. 1

       At a hearing in November 2013, Portillo-Bautista presented evidence that

she came to the U.S. because she feared harm from her stepfather. She said that

she experienced problems with gang members because they wanted her to join and

become their girlfriend. She also testified that the police came by the watermelon

stand where she worked to question her about her brother, and that, although she

told the police nothing, she heard from her brother and a family friend that the

gang thought she was an informer and wanted to kill her. The IJ issued an oral

decision which found that Portillo-Bautista did not establish that she was eligible

for asylum or withholding of removal. Portillo-Bautista appealed to the BIA,

arguing, in relevant part, that the IJ erred in denying her application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and withholding of removal under CAT. The BIA

remanded the case for further factual development based on the limited time

afforded to Portillo-Bautista to present evidence and testimony, particularly related

to her proposed social groups and her eligibility for CAT protection.




       1
          Portillo-Bautista attached a sworn personal statement to her application, along with
other materials, which the IJ relied on in assessing her credibility. She also attached a police
report from El Salvador from when she had gone to police about being threatened by a gang as a
ploy to get her to join.
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      At her second hearing before the IJ in August 2017, Portillo-Bautista

testified to the following. When she was 15, her mother left her with her

stepfather, and he abused her almost every day. Ultimately, she left her

stepfather’s house and went to live with her grandmother. She had a permanent

scar from her stepfather’s abuse on her right ankle. She testified that her stepfather

was killed after she fled to the United States, though she did not know by whom.

She stated that she specifically feared the Gang 18 in El Salvador and whoever

killed her stepfather.

      Portillo-Bautista presented testimony that she began to have problems with

Gang 18 when she was 18 and living with her grandmother. Initially, members of

the gang had asked her to join the gang and be their girlfriend. She refused. Later

that year, the police came by, asking if she knew where the gang members would

be. The police spoke to her because her brother was in the gang, but she was not

aware that her brother was in the gang and did not have any information for them.

The police came by more than six times. Her uncle told her to be careful with the

gangs, and her friend Roberto Erazo called and told her that he heard the gang was

going to kill her. Rafael, one of her brother’s friends, also told Portillo-Bautista

that the gang was trying to kill her because they thought she would tell the police

about their whereabouts. Two days after Rafael warned her, he was killed.




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      One day a group of young men started to approach her on bicycles, saying

that they were coming to kill her, but the police arrived, and they did not do

anything to her. When asked why this incident was not recorded in any of her

sworn statements, Portillo-Bautista stated that she never talked about the bicycle

incident because she was “focusing on other things” and that she “overlooked it.”

She stated that the police officer told her that the men on bicycles were coming to

kill her. The bicycle incident was the last time she interacted with the police.

      Portillo-Bautista testified that she feared being tortured if she returned to El

Salvador because the person that killed her stepfather knows he has children

(herself) and because her brother was a member of the gang. She also feared that,

if she returned, the gang would kill her and harm her children. On cross

examination, Portillo-Bautista admitted she had not included some of the incidents

mentioned during her testimony, including the one where the gang members

approached her on bicycles, in her initial sworn statement to the Border Patrol.

      The IJ issued a written decision. First, the IJ found Portillo-Bautista’s

testimony not credible and listed examples of what prompted this finding,

including that: (1) her testimony was inconsistent between her November 2013 and

August 2017 hearings as it related to how Gang 18 tried to recruit her, (2) her

testimony was inconsistent with the record evidence because she testified that she

feared harm if she returned to El Salvador but she stated at the border that she had


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no fear of returning, (3) there were several material omissions between Portillo-

Bautista’s testimony and written statements—namely, her assertion that five

members of the gang approached her on motorcycles, and (4) her testimony was

generally vague. Further, the IJ found that Portillo-Bautista failed to provide

sufficient corroborative evidence to support her claim because the police report

was inconsistent with her testimony, and the other supporting evidence did not, in

and of itself, support her claims that either her stepfather or the Gang 18 ever

harmed her. Because the IJ found her testimony not credible, the IJ found that she

failed to meet her burden of proof for relief under asylum, withholding, or CAT. 2

       Portillo-Bautista appealed to the BIA, arguing, in relevant part, that the IJ

erred in finding that her testimony was not credible and in finding that she was not

eligible for asylum. She argued that her inconsistent testimony was because she

“lacks the intelligence level to give self-serving testimony,” and that she was not


       2
          The IJ made additional holdings in the alternative. The IJ held that, even if she were
credible, Portillo-Bautista still did not qualify for asylum because her proposed social groups—
Salvadorian female youth who have resisted gang activity and is subject to intimidation and
young Salvadoran women who have been subject of sexual advances from gangs—were not
cognizable because the groups are defined by the fact that its members have been subjected to
harm, they are not sufficiently distinct, and the term “sexual advances” is too ambiguous and
highly subjective. Further, the IJ found that her claim that she was persecuted on account of an
imputed political opinion based on the gang’s belief that she was a police informant is not
cognizable because the IJ found no evidence to demonstrate that the gang attributed a political
opinion to her. The IJ further held that even if it were to find that Portillo-Bautista belonged to a
cognizable social group or that the gang imputed a political opinion to her, she still failed to
establish that she was persecuted “on account of” either ground. Lastly, the IJ found that she did
not have a well-founded fear of future persecution for the same reasons as above, and further
because she failed to establish her fear of persecution on account of a protected ground—namely,
that she fears future persecution on account of her familial connection.
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given a chance to sufficiently clarify the inconsistencies. She maintained that she

met all four prongs to establish that she was eligible for asylum. Portillo-Bautista

also argued that her case should be remanded to allow consideration of a motion to

terminate removal proceedings based on her defective NTA under Pereira v.

Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018).

       The BIA adopted and affirmed the decision of the IJ. The BIA found that

the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not clearly erroneous because the IJ gave

specific, cogent reasons, “citing inconsistencies within [Portillo-Bautista’s]

testimony and between her testimony and documentary evidence.” Further, the

BIA found that, in the absence of credible testimony, she did not establish her

eligibility for asylum because the evidence was not sufficient to meet her burdens

of proof. 3 Additionally, the BIA declined to terminate her removal proceedings

based on Pereira because she received a subsequent notice of hearing specifying

the time, date, and place of her hearing and appeared at her hearing. Accordingly,

the BIA dismissed the appeal. This petition for review followed.

                                    II. Standards of Review

       On appeal from the BIA’s decision, we review legal questions de novo.

Zhou Hua Zhu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 703 F.3d 1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2013). Factual



       3
         Additionally, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s findings in the alternative that, even if credible,
Portillo-Bautista did not establish she qualified for asylum or other relief.
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determinations are reviewed under the substantial evidence test, which requires us

to “view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision

and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft,

386 F.3d 1022, 1026–27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). We “must affirm the BIA’s

decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the

record considered as a whole.” Id. at 1027 (quotation marks omitted). To reverse

factual findings, we must find that the record not only supports a different

conclusion but compels it. Id.

      We “review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion. Insofar as the Board adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will

review the IJ’s decision as well.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th

Cir. 2001). Here, the BIA expressly adopted the IJ’s opinion. Thus, we will

review both decisions to that extent. See id.

                                   III. Discussion

   A. The Deficient Notice to Appear Did Not Deprive the Immigration Judge of
      Jurisdiction

      Portillo-Bautista argues that the BIA should have dismissed the entire

proceedings against her because the IJ lacked jurisdiction on account of the




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defective notice to appear she received which omitted the date and time of her

hearing. We disagree. 4

       Regarding the initiation of removal proceedings, the alien must be served

with an NTA specifying “[t]he time and place at which the proceedings will be

held.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). In Pereira, the Supreme Court concluded that

a putative NTA that did not specify either the time or place of the removal

proceedings was “not a notice to appear under section 1229(a)” and did not trigger

the stop-time rule for cancellation of removal, an administrative procedure not at

issue here. Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2110, 2113–14 (quotation marks omitted).

       We have since addressed Pereira’s impact on jurisdiction. In Perez-Sanchez

we addressed a petitioner’s claim under Pereira that the IJ “never had jurisdiction

over his removal case” because the NTA “did not include either the time or date of

his removal hearing.” Perez-Sanchez v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 935 F.3d 1148, 1150

(11th Cir. 2019). We determined that the NTA was “unquestionably” deficient



       4
           The government contends that we lack jurisdiction to decide this argument. We lack
jurisdiction to consider a claim raised in a petition for review unless the petitioner has exhausted
all administrative remedies related to that claim. See 8 U.S.C.A. § 1252 (West); see also Amaya
Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006). “[W]hen a petitioner has
neglected to assert an error before the BIA that he later attempts to raise before [our Court], the
petitioner has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.” Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 F.3d
792, 800 (11th Cir. 2016). Here, however, Portillo-Bautista did raise the defective notice to
appear jurisdictional issue before the BIA. Thus, we have jurisdiction to address that argument.
We also note that the BIA addressed the argument on the merits, rather than citing a failure to
exhaust. See Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 870–71 (11th Cir. 2018)
(“Generally we have jurisdiction to consider appeals of the grounds upon which the BIA based
its decision.”). Further, we note that the government did not attempt to argue exhaustion below.
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under § 1229(a) for failing to specify the time and date of the removal hearing. Id.

at 1153. However, we determined that this failure did not deprive the agency of

jurisdiction over the removal proceedings because the statutory “time-and-place

requirement,” like 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14, did not “create a jurisdictional rule,” but

was instead a “claim-processing rule.” Id. at 1154–55. In coming to that

conclusion, we reasoned that “[p]rinciples of administrative law dictate that an

agency cannot define its own authority to hear cases; only Congress can.” Id. at

1155. Thus, Portillo-Bautista’s argument that a deficient NTA deprives an IJ of

jurisdiction is squarely foreclosed by binding precedent, and we deny her petition

based on this claim.

       To the extent Portillo-Bautista attempts to argue that the violation of the

claim-processing rule was a deprivation of due process, this claim was not

presented to the BIA. Therefore, it was not exhausted, and we lack jurisdiction.

See Bing Quan Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 868 (11th Cir. 2018)

(applying exhaustion rule to procedural due process claim). And to the extent

Portillo-Bautista argues that the case should be remanded despite her failure to

exhaust the claims processing due process argument, our case law allows for no

such exception.5 See Jeune v. U.S. Att’y. Gen., 810 F.3d 792, 800 (11th Cir. 2016)


       5
         Even the case that Portillo-Bautista relies on to argue that we should remand because of
this new claim processing argument recognizes that this same argument can be waived:
“Applying that analysis to the situation before us, we see a statute (8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i))
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(“Petitioner never raised before the BIA the discrete arguments concerning the past

persecution claim that he now makes to us. Consequently, he failed to exhaust this

claim.”); Perez-Sanchez, 935 F.3d at 1157 (declining to remand the case to the

BIA where claim processing argument was not exhausted). Even if we were to

find that the NTA requirements are a “mandatory” claim processing rule, the

petitioner would still be unable to raise the argument now: “[u]nlike jurisdictional

rules, mandatory claim-processing rules may be forfeited.” Manrique v. United

States, 137 S. Ct. 1266, 1272 (2017).

       Therefore, we dismiss for want of jurisdiction Portillo-Bautista’s claims

regarding the mandatory claims processing violation of the NTA.

   B. Portillo-Bautista Cannot Demonstrate Eligibility for Asylum

       To be eligible for asylum, an applicant must present “specific and credible”

evidence that demonstrates either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution on account of a protected ground. Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y. Gen.,

492 F.3d 1223, 1232 (11th Cir. 2007); 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). Because of the

“credible evidence” requirement, “[a]n adverse credibility determination coupled



that . . . simply sets out the information that must be included in a Notice to Appear. . . . It simply
means that an aggrieved party can forfeit any objection she has by failing to raise it at the right
time.” Ortiz-Santiago v. Barr, 924 F.3d 956, 963 (7th Cir. 2019). Although the Seventh Circuit
recognized that Pereira represented a significant change in the law, it declined to excuse the
petitioner from forfeiture: “Relief will be available for those who make timely objections, as well
as those whose timing is excusable and who can show prejudice.” Ortiz-Santiago, 924 F.3d at
965.
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with a lack of corroborating evidence for a claim of persecution means that the

applicant’s claim fails.” Lyashchynska v. U.S. Att’y. Gen., 676 F.3d 962, 967 (11th

Cir. 2012). The burden is on the applicant to prove credibility. Id.

      Here, the IJ made an adverse credibility determination, which the BIA

adopted. On appeal, we must give deference to a credibility determination by the

IJ, because it is a fact-finding determination that is subject to substantial evidence

review. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006). “This test

requires us to ‘view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s

decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.’” Tang v.

U.S. Atty. Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting Adefemi, 386 F.3d

at 1029). “Under this highly deferential standard of review, the IJ’s decision can

be reversed only if the evidence ‘compels’ a reasonable fact finder to find

otherwise.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir. 2005);

see also Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001) (“We have

repeatedly emphasized that the test is highly deferential.”). Once the IJ makes an

adverse credibility finding, the burden is on the applicant to demonstrate that the

decision was not supported by “specific, cogent reasons” or was not based on

substantial evidence. Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255.




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      Here, we find there was substantial evidence to support the IJ’s adverse

credibility determination, and that the IJ had “specific, cogent reasons” in reaching

that conclusion. The IJ may base a credibility determination

      on the demeanor, candor, or responsiveness of the applicant or
      witness, the inherent plausibility of the applicant’s or witness’s
      account, the consistency between the applicant’s or witness’s written
      and oral statements . . . , the internal consistency of each such
      statement, the consistency of such statements with other evidence of
      record . . . , and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements,
      without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood
      goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.


8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). We have previously held that inconsistencies within

testimony, as well as between testimony and external evidence, are sufficient

justifications for an adverse credibility finding. See Chen v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 463

F.3d 1228, 1232 (11th Cir. 2006); Mohammed v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 547 F.3d 1340,

1345–46 (11th Cir. 2008) (failure to mention incident of past persecution in either

asylum application or credible fear interview was probative to credibility

determination). The IJ’s adverse credibility finding is supported by substantial

evidence and specific, cogent, and consistent reasons—namely, the omission of the

bicycle incident from Portillo-Bautista’s written statements and her November

2013 testimony, the inconsistencies between her November 2013 and August 2017

testimony as it related to how the gang tried to recruit her, the inconsistency in her

statements to the Border Patrol and her testimony about whether she feared


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returning to El Salvador, and the inconsistencies in her statements and the record

evidence, i.e., conflicting information contained in the police report and a

supporting letter from a family friend, concerning where she was living before

coming to the United States. These inconsistencies and omissions constitute both

substantial evidence and specific, cogent reasons to support the adverse credibility

finding. See Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255. Further, Portillo-Bautista’s explanations

regarding these omissions and discrepancies do not compel a finding that her

testimony was fully credible. Chen, 463 F.3d at 1233.

      An adverse credibility determination alone may be sufficient to support the

denial of an asylum application, though it does not alleviate the IJ’s duty to

consider other evidence produced by the applicant. Ruiz, 440 F.3d at 1255. But a

“denial of asylum relief can be supported solely by an adverse credibility

determination” if the applicant “fails to produce corroborating evidence.”

Tang, 578 F.3d at 1276–77. Here, the IJ looked at the other evidence presented by

Portillo-Bautista, which consisted of country reports and affidavits not based on

personal knowledge. These documents are not sufficient to corroborate testimony

deemed unreliable or independently establish a basis for asylum.




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       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the BIA’s decision that Portillo-

Bautista cannot establish her eligibility for asylum in light of the adverse

credibility ruling against her. 6

       PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




       6
          Because we hold that Portillo-Bautista cannot meet the standard for asylum, she
necessarily cannot meet the standard for withholding of removal: “Where ‘an applicant is unable
to meet the “well-founded fear” standard for asylum, he is generally precluded from qualifying
for either asylum or withholding of deportation.’” Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292–93 (quoting
Nkacoang v. INS, 83 F.3d 353, 355 (11th Cir. 1996)). The same is true for CAT eligibility. Id.
at 1303.
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