      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

THAD SNIDER,                                   )
                                               )        Supreme Court No. S-15613
                      Appellant,               )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 3AN-13-07848 CI
              v.                               )
                                               )        OPINION
MICHELE SNIDER,                                )
                                               )        No. 7055 – September 25, 2015
                      Appellee.                )
                                               )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Anchorage, Paul E. Olson, Judge.

              Appearances: Terry C. Aglietti, Aglietti, Offret & Woofter,
              Anchorage, for Appellant. Ian Wheeles, Law Office of Ian
              Wheeles, Anchorage, for Appellee.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              A father filed for divorce and sought sole physical custody of the couple’s
only child. Shortly before trial the father moved for a continuance. The court vacated
the first scheduled trial day, used the second to take testimony from out-of-state
witnesses, then continued taking evidence a few days later. Partway through that day’s
proceedings the court informed the parties it was their last opportunity to present
evidence. The father objected, and in post-trial pleadings he presented the affidavit
testimony of two other witnesses he had intended to call. The superior court denied his
requests to present additional evidence.
              Because the lack of clarity in the proceedings led the father to reasonably
believe he would have another opportunity to call witnesses, we hold that the superior
court abused its discretion when it failed to give him that opportunity. We remand the
case to the superior court for a limited presentation of additional testimony. We reject
the father’s arguments that the superior court erred by denying a motion for recusal and
in its weighing of the best interest factors relevant to the award of physical custody.
Finally, we outline the legal principles relevant to the treatment of one property issue on
remand.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Thad and Michele Snider were married in 2008 and had a son in 2009. In
2013 Michele took the child with her to visit her family in Washington. Deciding she
did not want to return to Alaska or her marriage, she informed Thad by telephone that
she wanted a divorce. Nonetheless, she invited Thad to their son’s upcoming birthday
party in Washington and bought him a round-trip plane ticket for the occasion.
              By agreement, Thad had a few days alone with their son after he arrived in
Washington. But before the birthday party he took the child back to Alaska without
Michele’s knowledge or consent. He filed for divorce the next day. His attorney later
contacted Michele, who at the time was unrepresented, and the couple signed an interim
agreement that granted primary physical custody to Thad and gave Michele limited
visitation.




                                           -2-                                       7055

              The court held a pretrial conference in October 2013, and, although Thad’s
counsel mentioned a few scheduling and health-related issues, the court set a two-day
divorce and custody trial for December 18 and 19 without objection.1
              In mid-December, however, Thad moved for a continuance. His counsel
claimed to be “absolutely underprepared” for trial because he had only recently received
Michele’s discovery; he was still affected by an injury to his leg; he had just finished a
criminal trial; and — based in part on his interactions with Michele’s counsel — he
thought “it was kind of presumed that we were going to [be] continuing this matter.” He
had not yet written a trial brief or filed a witness list.
              Michele’s counsel agreed that the two lawyers had discussed a continuance.
He explained, however, that before he could consult with Michele about it she had
purchased airline tickets for herself and her mother to attend the December trial. He
suggested that they use part of the two days set aside for trial to “at least tak[e] their
testimony while they’re in town.” The court agreed: it vacated the first day of trial and
set aside two hours on the second day, December 19, to hear the testimony of Michele
“and grandma, if she’s a witness . . . , and preserve the testimony.” The court noted,
“They’re up here. That’s the only way I’ll be able to judge their credibility.” The court
also stated, twice, that the parties would “hold off on the property division” if that was
“a real issue.”
              The proceedings on December 19 accordingly consisted of the testimony
of Michele and her mother and focused largely on custody. Although Michele’s
testimony addressed a few property issues, the court reminded the parties that their time
was limited and they could deal with property “at a different time,” with the witnesses
on the phone if necessary. But at the end of the day the court informed the parties there
was time available on December 24 if they wanted to continue putting on evidence while

       1
              Thad had different counsel in the trial court than he has on appeal.
                                          -3-                                      7055
the out-of-state witnesses were present. Although Thad’s counsel had planned to close
his office on Christmas Eve and spend the holiday at a lodge in the Bush, the parties
agreed to continue with the testimony on the 24th.
              On December 24 Michele testified primarily about the couple’s property.
She identified as marital property a cabin that had been deeded to her and Thad by his
father Robert. During cross-examination, the court asked Thad’s counsel whether he was
going to call Robert as a witness; Thad’s counsel replied, “Not today. We will. I suspect
we’re not getting it finished today.” The court then stated, “I plan on finishing today.”
A few minutes later the court reiterated that they were in their last day of trial: “We’re
going to finish today. This is the only other trial day you have. . . . And this is not going
to turn into a three-day trial.” The court explained that the parties had originally been
offered two afternoons to try the case, that it had afforded them that much time, and that
it had no more trial days available until June. Thad’s lawyer objected that “that’s going
to be unfair to Mr. Snider,” but the parties nonetheless continued with their presentation
of evidence (including, in addition to the testimony of Michele, testimony from Thad and
from Michele’s sister) and closing arguments.
              Just before the court recessed, Thad’s counsel asked that the judge recuse
himself. The attorney offered nothing but his opinion as a basis for the motion, stating
that “I do not believe you can be unbiased or objective.” The court denied the motion,
and Thad’s counsel responded, “Okay. I’ll put that motion in writing.” Thad did not
follow up with any written recusal motion.
              In January 2014 Thad filed an affidavit from his father Robert, attesting that
the deed to the cabin discussed at trial was actually a security agreement and that Robert
had never intended title to pass to Thad and Michele. Michele objected, and Thad filed
a response describing his perspective on the proceedings and why he was surprised that
December 24 was the last trial day. According to Thad, if he had known it was his last

                                            -4-                                        7055

opportunity to put on evidence, he would have had Robert available to testify about the
cabin, and he would have had his brother, Jeremiah deSilva, available to testify that
Michele’s mother had once contacted him for the illicit purchase or sale of prescription
narcotics.2 Thad attached deSilva’s affidavit outlining this testimony. He asked that the
court “schedule additional time so that a more complete and adequate picture of this case
may be presented before this court issues [its] final decision.”
             Michele moved to strike the affidavits, and Thad filed a response which
again explained why he thought he had been unfairly surprised by the course of
proceedings. The superior court granted Michele’s motion to strike, also stating that
while Thad had not filed a formal motion for more trial time, his “constructive request
for additional time is denied.”3
             The superior court put an oral decision on the record in May 2014,
awarding the parties joint legal custody of their son. For physical custody, the court
evaluated the child’s best interests in light of the relevant statutory factors4 and found
them all equal between the parties except “the willingness and ability of each parent to
facilitate and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the other parent and
the child.”5 The court found this factor to favor Michele, and it therefore awarded her
primary physical custody. In its division of property, the court found the cabin to be




      2
            Michele had testified that she and the child would live at her mother’s
house in Washington.
      3
             Though not by separate motion, Thad did explicitly ask for more trial time
in both his response to Michele’s objection to the Robert Snider affidavit and his
response to Michele’s motion to strike the two affidavits.
      4
             See AS 25.24.150(c).
      5
             AS 25.24.150(c)(6).
                                           -5-                                      7055

marital because it was titled in the parties’ names and because “Mr. Snider failed to meet
his burden to show that it was something else.”
              Thad moved for reconsideration. He argued once more that the superior
court had led him to believe he would have the opportunity to present more evidence
after December 24. The superior court denied the motion and entered written findings
of fact and conclusions of law reflecting its oral decision.
              Thad appeals.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              We review a superior court’s ruling on a party’s request to reopen evidence
for abuse of discretion.6 Also, “[a] judge’s decision that he is actually capable of
conducting a fair trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion. The separate question whether
a judge’s participation in a case would lead reasonable people to question his ability to
be fair is a question of law reviewed de novo.”7
              “Trial courts have broad discretion in determining child custody,” and
“[w]e will set aside the superior court’s custody determination only if the court abused
its discretion or if its findings of fact are clearly erroneous.”8




       6
               Sanguinetti v. Sanguinetti, 628 P.2d 913, 916 n.3 (Alaska 1981) (“[R]ulings
of the trial court on . . . re-opening of a case will be disturbed on appeal only where there
has been an abuse of discretion.”); Yang v. Yoo, 812 P.2d 210, 217 (Alaska 1991)
(stating that “[t]he standard of review of the trial court’s admission or exclusion of
evidence is abuse of discretion” while analyzing request to admit affidavit after close of
evidence); see also Miller v. State, 462 P.2d 421, 428 (Alaska 1969) (“The trial court has
a large discretion with respect to order of proof in permitting a party to reopen after it has
rested.” (quoting Massey v. United States, 358 F.2d 782, 786 (10th Cir. 1966))).
       7
              Heber v. Heber, 330 P.3d 926, 934 (Alaska 2014) (footnote omitted).
       8
              Ebertz v. Ebertz, 113 P.3d 643, 646 (Alaska 2005).
                                          -6-                                           7055

IV.	   DISCUSSION
       A.	   It Was An Abuse Of Discretion To Refuse Thad’s Request To Reopen
             The Evidence.
             Thad argues that the superior court led him to believe he would be allowed
to present additional evidence after December 24 and that it should have scheduled time
for the testimony of his father and brother. We agree and hold that it was an abuse of
discretion to refuse to reopen the evidence on Thad’s request.
             At the outset we emphasize that if the superior court had simply denied
Thad’s motion for a continuance outright at the December 16 hearing, it is very unlikely
we would have found an abuse of discretion.9 “A party who seeks to continue a case set
for trial must show that he acted with due diligence upon the grounds for which the
continuance is sought,”10 and the record in this case reveals no such showing.11
             But the court did not deny the motion to continue trial; instead it scheduled
one day of proceedings to take the testimony of the two out-of-state witnesses,


       9
              As with a request to reopen evidence, “we review for abuse of discretion
a refusal to grant a continuance.” Shooshanian v. Dire, 237 P.3d 618, 622 (Alaska
2010).
       10
               Sparks v. Gustafson, 750 P.2d 338, 341 (Alaska 1988); see also Ben M. v.
State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 204 P.3d 1013, 1019
(Alaska 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in denial of continuance when party made
“no claim that representation was inadequate or ineffective, instead arguing only that he
feels that his attorney possibly could have been better prepared”); Mack v. Mack, 816
P.2d 197, 198 (Alaska 1991) (“[W]e believe that the trial court here had reason to
discount the hardship that [the wife] might suffer if denied a second continuance, because
her, or her original attorney’s, lack of due diligence actually caused that hardship.”
       11
             Thad’s argument for a continuance was based largely on his counsel’s
health issue and trial schedule, both of which he had noted when he agreed to the
December 18-19 trial. And although the parties agreed that there had been some
miscommunication about whether to continue trial, the superior court correctly observed
that — two days before trial — there was no agreement to continue.
                                         -7-	                                      7055

explaining, “I’m going to allow [Michele’s counsel] to put on his testimony, for his client
and [whatever other] witness that he has up here. They’re up here. That’s the only way
I’ll be able to judge their credibility. We’ll hold off on the property, if that’s a real
issue.” Michele’s counsel confirmed that the proceeding would be for “just my two
witnesses” and offered to schedule it for the later of the two available days, December
19, to give Thad’s counsel more time to prepare.
              On December 19, as contemplated, Michele and her mother testified largely
about custody. When questioning by Thad’s counsel strayed into property issues, the
superior court noted that “these are some items we can deal with at a different time”; the
court repeated that “the purpose of this” was that “[w]e have these witnesses up in
person,” and “I’d like to see them today. . . . I’d like to wrap it up pretty quick and get
to redirect. And get the grandmother in here to testify, so I can judge her credibility.”
And when Michele completed her testimony, the court advised her, “We’ll hear from you
again, when you’re on the phone sometime, on the other issues.”
              It was at the end of the day that the superior court suggested taking more
evidence on December 24. Again, the court was focused on the availability of the out-of­
state witnesses: “[I]f you wish to have a hearing[] while your client is here . . . I can do
it the afternoon on the 24th. . . . It’s Christmas Eve, but if you want to have your clients
here and the parties are available, we’ll take Christmas Eve afternoon to accommodate
the out-of-state witnesses.”12 Although Thad’s counsel was taken by surprise by the
court’s suggestion — he explained he had planned to release his staff on Christmas Eve,



       12
               The superior court referred to the out-of-state witnesses repeatedly in
explaining why it hoped to continue taking evidence on December 24: “[Starting early
in the afternoon will] give you as much time as possible, while the parties are here from
out-of-state to take testimony and put whatever evidence you wanted on. . . . It’s helpful
to the court because . . . it’s significant to have the parties present to testify if at all
possible. And they’re here and they only are here for such a short period of time.”
                                             -8-                                      7055

close his office, and spend the holidays at a lodge — he did consent to it, and the court
thanked him “for [his] accommodation while they’re here.” It could be inferred from bits
of conversation that the participants had different views of what was planned for
December 24.13 But the superior court did not say that it would be Thad’s last
opportunity to present evidence. In light of the narrow focus of the proceedings on the
19th, and the lack of clarity as to the court’s intentions for the 24th, we cannot say it was
unreasonable for Thad’s counsel to assume that the general plan was unchanged: that
is, the parties would take as much testimony as they could while the out-of-state
witnesses were in town but would have time for other witnesses later.
              It was only partway into Michele’s testimony on December 24 that the
superior court clarified it was the last day of trial. Thad’s lawyer said he had expected
to call other witnesses later, and he protested that closing the evidence would be unfair
to his client. He laid out his objection with more detail in three post-trial memoranda:
his response to Michele’s objections to the post-trial filing of Robert Snider’s affidavit
(in which he asked for more trial time), his response to Michele’s motion to strike the
deSilva affidavit (again asking for more trial time), and his motion for reconsideration
of the court’s oral decision (in which he asserted that the proceedings had denied him
due process). He outlined the procedural basis for his belief that December 24 was not
going to be his last opportunity to present evidence, and he described the testimony from
Robert Snider and Jeremiah deSilva that he had been prevented from introducing.


       13
              At one point Thad’s counsel remarked that “we can try and get some more
of something on anyway”; the court responded that “[i]f you move quickly through the
essential things, you may be able to take the whole process in the morning and then
you’re good to go the rest of your day”; and Michele’s counsel said, “I don’t have any
reason to think we couldn’t finish.” But it is not clear whether by “the whole process”
the court meant the entire case, the custody issue, or the testimony of the out-of-state
witnesses; and it is not clear what Michele’s counsel was suggesting could be
“finish[ed]” that day.
                                          -9-                                     7055

              In deciding whether to hold the record open for additional evidence, a court
should consider the importance of the evidence, the diligence of the proponent of the
evidence, and the possible prejudice to the other party.14 The additional evidence that
Thad offered could make a difference to the superior court’s decision. Thad explained
in his post-trial filings that Robert Snider — grantor of the deed to the disputed cabin —
would testify that the deed reflected a security interest rather than a transfer of title to the
marital estate; this was an issue to which the parties devoted significant trial time but
which was decided against Thad specifically because he failed to produce sufficient
evidence of the parties’ intent. DeSilva was to testify about alleged substance abuse by
a member of Michele’s household who would have some responsibility for the child’s
care. The superior court found the relevant best interests factor15 equal between the
parties, finding no “evidence of substance abuse [that would] . . . affect the emotional,
physical well[-]being of the child. So this is neutral.” Because all factors but one were




       14
              See Aransas Project v. Shaw, 775 F.3d 641, 655 (5th Cir. 2014) (“In
deciding whether to reopen evidence, a court should weigh ‘the importance and
probative value of the evidence, the reason for the moving party’s failure to introduce
the evidence earlier, and the possibility of prejudice to the non-moving party.’ ” (quoting
Chieftain Int’l (U.S.), Inc. v. Southeast Offshore, Inc., 553 F.3d 817, 820 (5th Cir.
2008))); S.E.C. v. Rogers, 790 F.2d 1450, 1460 (9th Cir. 1986) (“A district court should
take into account, in considering a motion to hold open the trial record, the character of
the additional testimony and the effect of granting the motion. The court should also
consider the diligence of the moving party, and any possible prejudice to the other
party.” (citing 6A J. Moore, M OORE ’S FEDERAL PRACTICE , ¶ 59.04 [13] at 59-31 to 32
(2d ed. 1985) and Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 331-32
(1971))).
       15
              See AS 25.24.150(c)(8) (“In determining the best interests of the child the
court shall consider . . . evidence that substance abuse by either parent or other members
of the household directly affects the emotional or physical well-being of the child.”).
                                             -10-                                     7055

equal in the superior court’s analysis, according different weight to any one of them may
have affected the court’s decision to grant primary physical custody to Michele.16
              Furthermore, our review of the hearing transcripts convinces us that Thad’s
belief that he would have more time to present evidence was reasonable. The superior
court’s instructions to the parties were unclear as to the purpose and scope of the
proceedings, and the court did not clarify that the evidence was to close on December 24
until that day’s proceedings were already underway. And we can perceive no unfair
prejudice to the opposing party if Thad were allowed to present the testimony of these
two witnesses, subject to cross-examination.
              Under these circumstances, once Thad had submitted the post-trial
affidavits of the witnesses he would have presented given the chance, it was an abuse of
discretion to deny his request to reopen the evidence.17 Given the potential importance
of the evidence we cannot say that the error was harmless.18 We therefore vacate the
superior court’s decisions on child custody and marital property and remand for further




       16
                See Barton v. N. Slope Borough Sch. Dist., 268 P.3d 346, 353 (Alaska
2012) (“The test for determining whether an error [in excluding evidence] was harmless
is whether on the whole record the error would have had a substantial influence on the
verdict . . . . Some factors relevant to this inquiry are the relative amount of time at trial
devoted to the evidence and whether the . . . evidence was cumulative and largely
replicated other . . . evidence.” (quoting Noffke v. Perez, 178 P.3d 1141, 1147 (Alaska
2008)) (second and third alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(footnote omitted)).
       17
             Thad also argues that the superior court’s refusal to allow him to present
additional testimony deprived him of due process. Because we conclude that the
superior court abused its discretion, we need not reach the constitutional issue.
       18
              Cf. Noffke, 178 P.3d at 1147 (“Even though it was error to exclude the
exhibits, [the party alleging error] must still show that the error was harmful or
prejudicial.”).
                                         -11-                                  7055

proceedings, limited to the testimony of Robert Snider and deSilva and any necessary
rebuttal. Such proceedings shall be completed within 90 days of the date of this opinion.
       B.     The Denial Of Thad’s Motion For Recusal Was Not Error.
              Thad also argues that the superior court erred when it denied his motion for
recusal for bias. “To prove a claim of judicial bias, the claimant must show that the
judge formed an opinion of [him] from extrajudicial sources, resulting in an opinion
other than on the merits.”19 And although a judge must “consider the appearance of
partiality in addition to actual bias, we have also explained that when a party seeks a
judge’s recusal solely due to the appearance of partiality, ‘a greater showing is
required.’ ”20 Thad fails to make that showing here.
              Thad first finds bias in the judge’s failure to provide the additional time
Thad expected for the presentation of evidence. But while we agree that this was an
abuse of discretion, “a ruling against a party, even an incorrect ruling, is not evidence of
judicial bias.”21
              Thad also finds bias in certain of the court’s factual findings, largely about
custody, which he contends were unsupported by the record. While one of the superior
court’s findings — that Thad “worked long hours, oftentimes seven days a week” —


       19
             Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 409 (Alaska 2013) (alteration in
original) (quoting Williams v. Williams, 252 P.3d 998, 1010 (Alaska 2011)); see also
AS 22.20.020(a) (describing matters in which a “judicial officer may not act”); Alaska
Code of Jud. Conduct, Canon 3 (“[A] judge shall disqualify himself or herself in a
proceeding in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”).
       20
           Peterson v. Swarthout, 214 P.3d 332, 339 (Alaska 2009) (quoting
Wasserman v. Bartholomew, 38 P.3d 1162, 1170 (Alaska 2002)).
       21
               Id.; see also Wasserman, 38 P.3d at 1171 (“Although we twice reversed the
trial court for excluding the testimony of three witnesses, we affirmed the trial court’s
rulings on all other appealed issues. . . . We hold that denying the motion for
disqualification was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion.”).
                                           -12-                                     7055

appears to be erroneous,22	 the “controlling findings of fact” are not.23 As a whole, “[t]he
factual findings therefore do not reflect an abuse of discretion, much less any bias.”24
Because the record does not support a contention that the trial judge could not be fair,
we hold that he did not abuse his discretion when denying Thad’s motion for recusal.25
       C.	    Although The Superior Court Must Reconsider Its Custody Decision
              On Remand, There Was No Abuse Of Discretion In Its Weighing Of
              The Best Interest Factors Thad Addresses On Appeal.
              Thad also argues that the superior court erred in awarding primary physical
custody to Michele.      Although we are vacating the custody decision for further
consideration in light of the additional evidence to be heard on remand, Thad’s
arguments are independent of the reasons for remand, and we address them so that he
need not raise them again.26 We find no error in the superior court’s weighing of the best
interest factors that Thad addresses in his appeal.




       22
             Thad testified, apparently without contradiction, that his work schedule was
four 10-hour days a week.
       23
             See Red Elk v. McBride, 344 P.3d 818, 822 (Alaska 2015) (“We will
overturn the superior court’s conclusion on a custody issue ‘only if the entire record
demonstrates that the controlling findings of fact are clearly erroneous or that the trial
court abused its discretion.’ ” (quoting Chesser-Witmer v. Chesser, 117 P.3d 711, 715
(Alaska 2005))).
       24	
              Barlow v. Thompson, 221 P.3d 998, 1005 (Alaska 2009).
       25
               Thad makes no argument on appeal that the superior court erred by failing
to refer the recusal order to the presiding judge for further review. See AS 22.20.020(c).
       26
               See Robinson v. Robinson, 961 P.2d 1000, 1003 (Alaska 1998) (remanding
for further findings on a motion to modify custody but “briefly address[ing] the merits
of [the mother’s] arguments opposing the modification motion in order to provide
guidance to the superior court”).
                                          -13-	                                   7055

               In a divorce proceeding, the superior court “shall determine custody in
accordance with the best interests of the child.”27 “We will set aside the superior court’s
custody determination only if the court abused its discretion or if its findings of fact are
clearly erroneous.”28 “The superior court abuses its discretion if it ‘consider[s] improper
factors in making its custody determination, fails to consider statutorily mandated
factors, or assign[s] disproportionate weight to particular factors while ignoring
others.’ ”29
               Thad first argues that the superior court erred by finding “the love and
affection existing between the child and each parent”30 to favor Michele. Thad’s premise
is simply mistaken; the superior court found this factor equal between the parties.
               Second, Thad challenges the superior court’s finding that “the length of
time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of
maintaining continuity”31 was equal between the parties. Thad argues that because the
child had not lived with Michele in Washington for more than a few days, “the judge
assumed, without evidence, that the [child’s] life would have been stable had he remained
there because Thad submitted no evidence to the contrary.” But the superior court
considered two components of the stability factor, “maintaining geographic continuity
and maximizing relational stability,” and applied the principle that “courts may properly
award primary custody to the relocating parent when that parent offers superior


       27
               See AS 25.24.150(c).
       28
               Ebertz v. Ebertz, 113 P.3d 643, 646 (Alaska 2005).
       29
            Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Barrett v. Alguire, 35 P.3d 1, 5 n.5
(Alaska 2001)).
       30
               AS 25.24.150(c)(4).
       31
               AS 25.24.150(c)(5).
                                           -14-                                       7055

emotional stability.”32 The superior court explicitly noted that “[s]tability, oftentimes,
is not a particular location and instead . . . can be based upon the relationship with the
parties.” And the superior court’s conclusion regarding Michele’s emotional connection
to the child is supported by its factual findings, which in turn are supported by the
evidence.
              Furthermore, since the parties had signed an interim custody agreement
granting Thad physical custody — at Thad’s insistence and before Michele had retained
counsel — Michele could not make the kind of showing of long-term stability that Thad
argues was required. Thad’s argument amounts to a “continuity test centered entirely on
the child’s geographical stability,” which we have specifically disclaimed.33 And to the
extent Thad implicitly argues that Michele bore a burden to introduce evidence on this
point, he is mistaken. There is no presumption against custody in this case, and neither
parent has a greater burden than the other.34


       32
            Meier v. Cloud, 34 P.3d 1274, 1279 (Alaska 2001) (quoting Blanton v.
Yourkowski, 180 P.3d 948, 953-54 (Alaska 2008)).
       33
             Id. at 954 (“A continuity test centered entirely on the child’s geographical
stability would always favor placing the child with the non-moving parent. Yet our
decisions recognize that courts may properly award primary custody to the relocating
parent when that parent offers superior emotional stability.” (quoting Meier, 34 P.3d at
1279)).
       34
               See Johnson v. Johnson, 564 P.2d 71, 75 (Alaska 1977) (stating that neither
parent has “a greater burden than the other in attempting to obtain custody in a
dissolution proceeding”); 1 JEFF A TKINSON , M ODERN CHILD CUSTODY PRACTICE § 4-2
(2d ed. 2014) (“In the majority of states that by appellate court decision or statute do not
give preference to mothers, the burden of proof is placed equally on both parents.
Whichever parent can show by a preponderance of the evidence that it would be in the
child’s best interest to be in his or her custody will obtain custody, even if the difference
in proof is very slight.”) (footnote omitted); see also Harris v. Harris, 240 S.E.2d 30, 31
(Ga. 1977) (“The ordinary burden of proof of the plaintiff in a legal action does not apply
                                                                               (continued...)
                                              -15-                                      7055

              Thad also argues that the superior court abused its discretion by failing to
provide “symmetric consideration” of the effects on the child of separation from Thad
and separation from Michele as required by Moeller-Prokosch v. Prokosch.35 The
mother in that custody case was considering a move to Florida, and, after several
remands from this court,36 the superior court awarded her primary physical custody only
if she remained in Alaska.37 The superior court based its decision in part on its finding
that the child “would be devastated if he had to move to Florida away from his father.”38
              At trial, however, it had been “undisputed that [the child] would be
devastated by either custody choice: living in Alaska without his mother or living in
Florida without his father,” and we concluded that the superior court had improperly


       34
         (...continued)
to the plaintiff in a divorce action seeking the custody of a minor child. The true
objective is the best interest of the child. . . . Where the trial judge exercises a sound
legal discretion looking to the best interests of the child, this court will not interfere with
his judgment unless it is shown that his discretion was abused.”).
       35
              99 P.3d 531 (Alaska 2004).
       36
            See Moeller-Prokosch v. Prokosch, 27 P.3d 314, 316-17 (Alaska 2001);
Moeller-Prokosch v. Prokosch, 53 P.3d 152, 155-57 (Alaska 2002).
              We have previously held that, in making a custody determination when a
parent chooses to relocate outside of Alaska, “a court must consider the best interests of
the children by applying the criteria in AS 25.24.150(c), and in doing so should consider
whether there is a legitimate reason for the move,” and that “[a] proposed move is
legitimate if it ‘was not primarily motivated by a desire to make visitation . . . more
difficult.’ ” Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 402-03 (Alaska 2013) (quoting
Vachon v. Pugliese, 931 P.2d 371, 379 (Alaska 1996) and Moeller-Prokosch, 27 P.3d
at 316 (alterations in original)). Thad has not alleged — either at trial or on appeal —
that Michele’s move was not for a legitimate reason.
       37
              Moeller-Prokosch, 99 P.3d at 533.
       38
              Id.
                                             -16-                                        7055

failed to address the impact on the child if he stayed in Alaska without his mother.39 We
held that “[p]erforming the best interests analysis based on [a parent’s] assumed move
requires symmetric consideration of the consequences to [the child] both if she leaves
with him and if she leaves without him”; we therefore reversed the superior court’s
decision.40
              In this case, although the superior court acknowledged the child’s “stable
environment” in Alaska where he had been living with Thad since shortly after the
separation, it is true that the court discussed more specifically the child’s close emotional
ties to his mother and his maternal grandmother in Washington. But the court ultimately
concluded that the stability factor favored neither parent. Again, the court’s findings are
well supported by the record. And unlike Moeller-Prokosch, we can see from the
superior court’s discussion of the stability factor that it did consider both parents’
situations individually; there was therefore no abuse of discretion.41
              Finally, Thad argues that the superior court erred in finding that “the
willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
relationship between the other parent and the child”42 — the determinative factor —
favored Michele, because its factual findings are not supported by the record. We
disagree. Michelle testified about Thad’s efforts to restrict or condition her visitation,
and Thad himself testified about his many reservations regarding Michele’s living
situation and general stability, concerns the superior court could reasonably have


       39
              Id. at 535.
       40
              Id. at 535-36.
       41
              See Silvan v. Alcina, 105 P.3d 117, 121-22 (Alaska 2005) (“Unlike
Moeller-Prokosch . . . there is no evidence to indicate that the superior court did not
individually address and consider both parents’ situations.”).
       42
              AS 25.24.150(c)(6).
                                            -17-                                       7055

concluded were overstated.       Furthermore, the superior court was clear that its
conclusions on this factor especially were based on credibility, and “[w]e give ‘particular
deference’ to the trial court’s factual findings when they are based primarily on oral
testimony, because the trial court, not this court, performs the function of judging the
credibility of witnesses and weighing conflicting evidence.”43
              Without considering the additional evidence that on remand may affect the
superior court’s award of custody, we see no abuse of discretion in the superior court’s
weighing of the best interest factors that Thad addresses on appeal.
       D.	    Whether The Cabin Is Marital Property Must Be Determined By
              Reference To Circumstances Relevant To The Parties’ Intent.
              Finally, because the character of the cabin formerly titled in the name of
Thad’s father will be a focus of the proceedings on remand, we take this opportunity to
describe the parameters of that decision. The evidence already adduced shows that
Robert signed a quitclaim deed to the property in the names of Thad and Michele. Thad
testified that he and Michele helped Robert pay his past-due taxes, and to secure Robert’s
repayment of this debt (at Michele’s insistence) Robert put the cabin in Thad and
Michele’s names. Thad testified that Robert still considered the cabin his residence.
              As the superior court recognized in its decision,“[d]eeds absolute on their
face can be reformed into security agreements based on clear and convincing evidence
that a security was intended.”44 Here, however, the superior court found that Thad had
failed to carry his burden to prove the existence of a security agreement, and the cabin
was marital property.


       43
             Nancy M. v. John M., 308 P.3d 1130, 1133 (Alaska 2013) (quoting Misyura
v. Misyura, 242 P.3d 1037, 1039 (Alaska 2010)); see also James R. v. Kylie R., 320 P.3d
273, 281-82 (Alaska 2014).
       44
            Griffin v. Weber, 299 P.3d 701, 704 (Alaska 2013) (citing Rizo v. MacBeth,
398 P.2d 209, 211 (Alaska 1965)).
                                        -18-	                                    7055

              In deciding whether a security interest was intended, Alaska courts “look
to the intention of the parties at the time of execution,” and “[i]n the absence of any
writing the intention is to be determined from all of the facts and circumstances of the
transaction in which the deed was executed, in connection with the conduct of the parties
after its execution.”45 In making that determination,
              [s]ome of the various circumstances that may be considered
              are: The adequacy or inadequacy of consideration as
              compared to the value of the property, which is often stated
              to be the single most important factor. Retention or
              nonretention of possession. The conduct of the parties before
              and after the execution of the instrument. The financial
              condition of grantor at the time of execution of the
              instrument. The overall relationship of the parties —
              financial, business, debtor-creditor, etc. Whether the grantor
              or grantee paid the taxes. The construction of improvements
              after the execution of the deed. Whether or not revenue
              stamps were affixed to the instrument.[46]
And “[t]here are others. Generally it can be said that no one of the circumstances is
necessarily controlling, but that all present are to be considered.”47
              On remand, and with the addition of Robert’s testimony, the superior court
will need to consider the cabin’s status as marital property in light of all relevant
evidence of the parties’ intent.




       45
              Rizo, 398 P.2d at 211-12.
       46
              Id. at 212 (footnotes omitted); see also Griffin, 299 P.3d at 704 n.4.
       47
              Rizo, 398 P.2d at 212 (footnotes omitted).
                                          -19-                                         7055

V.    CONCLUSION
             We VACATE the superior court’s decisions on child custody and the
division of marital property and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion, to be completed within 90 days. We retain jurisdiction.48




      48
              Alaska Rules of Appellate Procedure 507(b) and 512(a) aside, this decision
takes effect immediately and the clerk of the appellate courts shall return the record to
the superior court without waiting for expiration of the time for filing a petition for
rehearing.
                                          -20-                                      7055

