         [Cite as State v. Burgett, 2019-Ohio-5348.]

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                  FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                            HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO




STATE OF OHIO,                                     :   APPEAL NO. C-180029
                                                       TRIAL NO. B-1602360
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                        :
                                                          O P I N I O N.
  vs.                                              :

MONIKA ENRIQUEZ BURGETT,                           :

        Defendant-Appellant.                       :




Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Sentence Reversed in Part, and
                           Cause Remanded

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 27, 2019




Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Ronald Springman,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Sarah E. Nelson,
Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS




MOCK, Presiding Judge.

       {¶1}    After a jury heard testimony that Monika Burgett mispresented

symptoms her young son was allegedly experiencing causing doctors to provide

unnecessary treatment and that she misrepresented, on the crowdfunding website,

GoFundMe, that her son suffered from a terminal illness, had a brain tumor and no

longer had medical insurance, a jury found her guilty of child endangering in

violation of R.C. 2919.22(A), a first-degree misdemeanor, and telecommunications

fraud in violation of R.C. 2913.05(A), a third-degree felony. The trial court sentenced

her to five years of community control, with mandatory psychotherapy treatment

and restricted travel outside of Ohio. The court also ordered her “to make restitution

in the amount of $26,381 to Go Fund Me through the probation department.”

       {¶2}    Burgett now appeals, challenging both convictions and the award of

restitution.

                             History and Background

       {¶3}    Defendant-appellant Monika Burgett is married to Jonathon Burgett,

and they have three children. Their primary residence is in Texas, where their

youngest child, J.B., was born prematurely, at 25 weeks gestation. He spent the first

100 days of his life in the neonatal intensive care unit. In late 2015, Mrs. Burgett and

J.B., then aged three, moved to Cincinnati seeking medical care at Cincinnati

Children’s Medical Center (“CCMC”) for J.B.’s genetic disorder, neurofibromatosis

(“NF1”). NF1 is a genetic disorder that causes an accumulation of proteins, or benign

tumor-like growths, in various parts of the body. While living in Texas, J.B. had a

growth on the roof of his mouth, which caused him pain and difficulty eating and




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swallowing. To alleviate these symptoms, Texas medical providers inserted a feeding

tube into J.B.’s stomach. J.B. also has Chiari malformation, a condition where the

base of the brain connected to the spinal cord sits too low and enters into the spinal

canal. This condition can cause a compression of nerves, and can limit cognitive

function and cause pain.      J.B. has not suffered any effects from the Chiari

malformation.

       {¶4}   Prior to moving to Cincinnati, J.B. began treatment for NF1 at Dell

Children’s Hospital Comprehensive Care Clinic (“the CCC”) in Austin, Texas. Three

medical professionals from Texas testified at trial. Dr. Rachel Berhane and nurse

practitioner Valerie Maclaurin testified at trial that Mrs. Burgett exaggerated J.B.’s

symptoms, falsely represented herself as a doctor and would see other physicians or

specialists, without referral, even though the CCC had advised no treatment was

warranted. The CCC consulted with Dr. George Edwards, an expert in pediatrics and

medical child abuse, who reviewed J.B.’s medical history and found that (1) Mrs.

Burgett had misrepresented herself to providers, undermining their confidence in

her reporting of J.B.’s symptoms; (2) she had self-referred to other providers without

the CCC’s knowledge, when the CCC was responsible for coordinating J.B.’s care; and

(3) this fragmentation of care caused J.B. to receive unnecessary procedures, which

carry a risk of harm. Dr. Edwards advised the CCC to consult with the Burgetts in

person and in writing about the doctors’ concerns.       If that was unsuccessful in

resolving their concern over J.B.’s care, then Dr. Edwards advised the CCC to contact

child-protective services.

       {¶5}   Dr. Berhane testified that she provided a letter to Mrs. Burgett on

March 27, 2014, and scheduled a follow-up meeting with the Burgetts and Dr.




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Edwards, but that Mrs. Burgett canceled the meeting. The CCC contacted child-

protective services, but after investigating, the Texas agency closed the case finding

the medical-child-abuse claim unsubstantiated.

       {¶6}   Jonathon Burgett testified that he and his wife sought second opinions

because they wanted the best care for their son and the most noninvasive treatment

for him. He said that the family only sought a second opinion in two instances. He

testified that they left the CCC and sought treatment in Ohio, believing CCMC could

provide the best care for J.B. He explained that their family was suffering financially

because of the cost of medical care and living expenses for the family in Texas and

Cincinnati. Finally, Jonathon testified on cross-examination that he was unaware

that the CCC had provided a letter to Mrs. Burgett detailing their medical

professionals’ concerns, including the fact that she was exaggerating J.B.’s

symptoms.

       {¶7}   J.B. began receiving care in Cincinnati in April 2015. He met with a

team of doctors, which included Dr. Steven Smith, Dr. Alexandra Szabova, and Dr.

Vincent Mukkada. All three physicians testified as experts at trial and noted that

medical professionals rely on a caregiver’s report of symptoms, especially with young

children, in developing a diagnosis and treatment plan.       Each doctor expressed

concern that Mrs. Burgett’s symptom reporting was inconsistent with behaviors the

doctors had observed in the clinic, particularly with respect to reports of pain,

vomiting, difficulty eating, and J.B.’s need for increased oxygen intake. Because of

Mrs. Burgett’s symptom reporting, J.B., had a different, “longer,” type of feeding

tube placed, was prescribed narcotics for pain, and was kept on oxygen, 24 hours a

day, limiting his mobility.




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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



        {¶8}    Dr. Mukkada reported his concerns to Dr. Robert Shapiro, the director

of the Mayerson Center for Safe and Healthy Children, a clinic affiliated with CCMC.

Dr. Shapiro, an expert in pediatrics and child abuse, investigated J.B.’s medical

history and determined that there was a difference between Mrs. Burgett’s symptom

reporting and what doctors and nurses were observing during J.B.’s visits. In May

2016, he contacted the Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services

(“HCJFS”) to notify it of three specific concerns of potentially unnecessary treatment

related to J.B.’s care: (1) pain-management; (2) oxygen intake; and (3)

feeding/eating issues. HCJFS began an investigation, which resulted in a

“therapeutic separation” between J.B. and Mrs. Burgett. During this separation, J.B.

was admitted to CCMC where the doctors treated J.B. based on observation,

symptoms, and test results. They discovered that J.B. did not require narcotic pain

medication, that he was able to eat by mouth, and that J.B. only required oxygen

intake at night.

        {¶9}    Chris Lah, the senior director of the revenue cycle at CCMC testified

that J.B.’s medical services cost $490,000, and that J.B.’s private insurance and

Ohio Medicaid paid most of it. J.B.’s insurance changed to Medicaid after he was

removed from Mrs. Burgett’s care. There was a family balance of $4,916 remaining

at the time of trial.

        {¶10} Dr. Hala Sabry is the founder of Physician Moms Group (“PMG”), a

physician’s-only networking group organized on the social-media platform

Facebook. Dr. Sabry testified that she became acquainted with Mrs. Burgett after she

had posted on PMG’s Facebook page her frustration that J.B. had a terminal illness

and that she was trying to get him admitted into a clinical trial in Cincinnati but was




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having trouble figuring out how to apply for Medicaid. Dr. Sabry reached out to Mrs.

Burgett to see if PMG could help. After several emails, text messages and phone

calls, a GoFundMe campaign was created to raise money for J.B.’s medical care. Dr.

Sabry posted the GoFundMe campaign on both of her Facebook accounts–PMG and

her personal account. She did not donate to the campaign.

       {¶11} Dr. Sabry became suspicious of Mrs. Burgett’s physician status and

began inquiring into her professional background, discovering that Mrs. Burgett was

not a physician. Dr. Sabry then removed the GoFundMe campaigns from her social-

media accounts.

       {¶12} MJ Guttman, a volunteer with Jewish Family Services, which provides

services to families with children treating at CCMC, testified that she had assisted

Mrs. Burgett with housing, babysitting and groceries while Mrs. Burgett was in

Cincinnati. In March 2016, Mrs. Burgett sent Guttman a text message with the link

to her GoFundMe campaign asking her to post it on her social-media accounts.

       {¶13} Mrs. Burgett admitted to detective Dana Jones that she had posted a

picture of J.B. with no eyebrows and his hair shaved off on her GoFundMe webpage

and had misrepresented that J.B. suffered from a brain tumor and that the family

had no insurance coverage for J.B.’s treatments. She also admitted to telling Dr.

Sabry and MJ Guttman that J.B. had cancer and that she had asked them both to

post the GoFundMe pages on their social-media accounts.

       {¶14} Mrs. Burgett’s GoFundMe campaign raised $26,381. Mrs. Burgett

transferred that money to her personal bank account at JP Morgan Chase. The

Burgetts stated that they used the money for medical and living expenses for the

family in both Ohio and Texas. The state introduced GoFundMe corporate records




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into evidence, which listed the individual donor names and the amount donated to

the campaign for J.B.’s medical care. GoFundMe has a guarantee to pay back donors

who donate to a fraudulent campaign and has a system in place to refund money. At

the time of sentencing, GoFundMe had begun to refund those donors who had

contributed to Mrs. Burgett’s campaign.

                                        Restitution

       {¶15} In her first assignment of error, Mrs. Burgett argues that the trial court

erred by awarding restitution to GoFundMe because it does not meet the definition

of “victim” under R.C. 2929.18(A)(1).

       {¶16} R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) allows a trial court to order restitution “by the

offender to the victim of the offender’s crime * * * in an amount based on the victim’s

economic loss.” If the court imposes restitution, the statute further provides that

restitution may be made “to the victim in open court, to the adult probation

department that serves the county on behalf of the victim, to the clerk of courts, or to

another agency designated by the court.”

       {¶17} The issue of who constitutes a “victim” under R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) or to

whom restitution may appropriately be awarded under the statute is a question of

law that is reviewed de novo. State v. Cartwright, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2016-11-

018, 2017-Ohio-7212, ¶ 11.

       {¶18} Because “victim” is not defined in R.C. 2929.18, this court has applied

the definition of “victim” found in R.C. 2930.01(H)(1), which defines a “victim” as

“[a] person who is identified as the victim of a crime * * * in a police report or in a

complaint, indictment, or information that charges the commission of a crime and

that provides the basis for the criminal prosecution * * * and subsequent proceedings




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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



to which this chapter makes reference.” State v. Thornton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-

160501, 2017-Ohio-4037. Thus, this court, applying Thornton, has held that unless a

person or entity is a named victim as set forth in R.C. 2930.01(H)(1), a trial court

may not order a defendant to pay restitution to that party. See State v. Adams, 1st

Dist. Hamilton No. C-180337, 2019-Ohio-3597, ¶ 15. Here, GoFundMe was named

in the indictment.

       {¶19} But while this appeal was pending, the Ohio Supreme Court released

State v. Allen, Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-4757, which makes clear that the

definition of victim found in R.C. 2930.01(H)(1) is not applicable in determining

whether a person or entity is a victim for purposes of ordering restitution under R.C.

2929.18. Id. at ¶ 13 (under R.C. 2930.01’s express terms, the definitions in the

victim’s rights chapter are limited to that chapter and do not govern the provisions in

R.C. 2929.18).

       {¶20} In Allen, the Ohio Supreme Court held that a bank was a victim (and

not a third party) for purposes of ordering restitution where the bank cashed a forged

check and then recredited the depositor’s account. In reaching that holding, the

court noted that when a word is not defined in a statute, the courts are to “look to its

ordinary meaning—that is, how it would commonly be understood in the context in

which it occurs.” Id. at ¶ 4. The Supreme Court cited to the definition of victim set

forth in Black’s Law Dictionary—a person or entity “harmed by a crime, tort, or other

wrong”—in determining that the bank in Allen was a victim statutorily entitled to

restitution. Id. To support its holding, the court set forth three reasons as to how the

bank was harmed by the defendant’s crime of theft, and thus, a victim: (1) the bank

had a property interest in the money deposited into the bank; (2) the bank had a duty




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                        OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



to correct its erroneous deductions from a depositor’s account; and, (3) the bank had

been “duped” by the defendant when he had presented the forged check to the bank

teller. Id. at ¶ 6-9.

        {¶21} In light of the decision in Allen, which sets forth the proper analysis to

use in determining whether an entity is a victim for purposes of restitution, we

remand this matter to the trial court to determine, under Allen, whether GoFundMe

is a victim statutorily entitled to restitution1, and if so, to then determine

GoFundMe’s economic loss. The first assignment of error is sustained.

                                 Telecommunications Fraud

        {¶22} In her second assignment of error, Mrs. Burgett contests the

sufficiency of the evidence to support raising the offense of telecommunications

fraud to a third-degree felony.

        {¶23} In a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the question is

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, any

rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the crime proved

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492

(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

        {¶24} Typically, the offense of telecommunications fraud is a fifth-degree

felony. Nevertheless, the level of the felony can be raised to a third-degree felony

where the evidence demonstrates that the benefit obtained by the offender is more

than $7500 but less than $150,000. R.C. 2913.05(C). Here, the state presented the

corporate records of GoFundMe, which lists the name of each donor to Mrs.



1 A new judicial ruling is applicable to cases that are pending on the announcement date. Ali v.
State, 104 Ohio St.3d 328, 2004-Ohio-6592, 819 N.E.2d 687, ¶ 6, citing State v. Evans, 32 Ohio
St.2d 185, 186, 291 N.E.2d 466 (1972).


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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



Burgett’s campaign and the amount he or she donated. The sum of all the donations

was $26,381. Given that the business records of GoFundMe were admitted into

evidence to show the benefit that Mrs. Burgett gained by misrepresenting the status

of J.B.’s health and health-insurance coverage, there was not a need for each donor

to the campaign to testify as to the individual amount donated.

       {¶25} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the state, we hold

that there was sufficient evidence presented to demonstrate that Mrs. Burgett

benefited from her offense in an amount over $7500 but less than $150,000. The

second assignment of error is overruled.

                            Out-of-State Medical Testimony

       {¶26} In her final assignment of error, Mrs. Burgett maintains that the trial

court erred by admitting testimony regarding out-of-state medical care for J.B. An

appellate court “will not disturb a trial court’s ruling on evidentiary issues on appeal

absent an abuse of discretion and proof of material prejudice.” State v. Buck, 1st

Dist. Hamilton No. C-160320, 2017-Ohio-8242, ¶ 109, citing State v. McKelton, 148

Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 181.

       {¶27} At trial, Mrs. Burgett objected to the testimony of the Texas medical

professionals, arguing that the testimony was irrelevant to the charges of child

endangering filed in Cincinnati. We disagree.

       {¶28} Evid.R. 401 states broadly that “relevant evidence” is evidence “having

any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence.” All relevant evidence is admissible. See Evid.R. 402. Here, the Texas

medical professionals testified as to J.B.’s issues as a premature infant, his diagnosis




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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



and prognosis, and the treatment he had received while in their care. This testimony

gave the jury J.B.’s medical history, which helped the jury evaluate whether Mrs.

Burgett was violating a duty of care to her son by continuing to seek unnecessary

treatment and/or whether she was exaggerating J.B.’s medical symptoms to the

doctors in Cincinnati. Although this evidence is relevant to the child-endangering

offense, out of an abundance of caution, the trial court gave a limiting instruction to

the jury reminding them that only conduct that occurred in Cincinnati, Ohio, could

be considered in determining whether Mrs. Burgett had committed any of the

charged offenses.

       {¶29} Given the foregoing, we cannot say that the trial court erred in

admitting the testimony of the Texas medical professionals based on relevancy.

       {¶30} Next, Mrs. Burgett argues that the testimony of the Texas medical

professionals regarding her conduct while at the CCC—exaggerating symptoms,

mispresenting that she was a physician, being investigated by child-protective

services in Texas—was improper other-acts evidence, which denied her a fair trial.

However, Mrs. Burgett did not object to the testimony of the Texas medical

professionals as other-acts evidence and, thus, she has forfeited all but plain error.

For this court to reverse on plain error, we must find that (1) there was an error, (2)

the error was plain, i.e., an obvious defect in the trial court proceedings, and (3) the

error affected substantial rights, i.e., it affected the outcome of the trial. State v.

Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).

       {¶31} Evid.R. 404(B) states that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts

is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in

conformity therewith.”     Such evidence, may, however, be admissible for other




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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



purposes, including “as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio

St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d 818, ¶ 68; see R.C. 2945.59.

       {¶32} Generally, other-acts evidence is admissible if (1) it is offered for a

purpose other than to prove the character of a person in order to show action in

conformity with that character, Evid.R. 404(B), (2) it is relevant when offered for

that purpose, and (3) the danger of unfair prejudice does not substantially outweigh

the probative value, Evid.R. 403. Kirkland at ¶ 68, citing State v. Williams, 143 Ohio

St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 20.

       {¶33} Based on a review of the record, we cannot say that the trial court

committed plain error by admitting the testimony of the Texas medical professionals.

First, it was not error to admit the testimony of the Texas medical professionals.

Their testimony demonstrated Mrs. Burgett’s knowledge of what type of treatment

J.B. required and demonstrated the absence of mistake or accident in Mrs. Burgett’s

reporting of J.B.’s symptoms and decision to seek care at CCMC. The evidence

showed that she was aware that medical professionals rely on a caregiver’s report of a

child’s symptoms in determining treatment and that exaggerating symptoms could

put J.B. at risk of receiving unnecessary treatment. Further, even if it was error to

admit that testimony, there was no indication that that the outcome of the trial

would have been different without it. In fact, the complete picture of J.B.’s medical

needs as well as the fact that the Texas child-protective service agency’s investigation

did not result in criminal charges actually supported Mrs. Burgett’s defense that she

was merely seeking the best care for J.B.

       {¶34} Accordingly, we overrule the third assignment of error.




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                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



       {¶35} In conclusion, we reverse the award of restitution and remand the

matter to the trial court to employ the Allen analysis to determine whether

GoFundMe is a victim for purposes of restitution, and if so, to determine

GoFundMe’s economic loss.         We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other

respects.

                                                                   Judgment accordingly.
ZAYAS and CROUSE, JJ., concur.

Please note:
       The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.




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