                               FOURTH DIVISION
                                 DOYLE, P. J.,
                            MILLER and DILLARD, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/


                                                                       July 11, 2014




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A14A0474. SAMPSON v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF
     JUVENILE JUSTICE.

      DILLARD, Judge.

      Thomas G. Sampson II (“Sampson”) appeals the trial court’s grant of the

Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice’s (“DJJ”) motion to dismiss his complaint

alleging violations of the Georgia Open Records Act.1 Sampson contends that the trial

court erred in (1) finding that res judicata barred his complaint, (2) finding that the

complaint should be dismissed for insufficient service, and (3) failing to find an

ongoing violation of the Open Records Act and, instead, concluding that same was

irrelevant as to whether res judicata barred the action. Because we agree with

Sampson that the trial court erred in dismissing his complaint, we reverse.


      1
          See OCGA § 50-18-70 et seq.
      The record reflects that Sampson filed suit against the DJJ, alleging violations

of the Open Records Act with regard to more than 20 requests for records from

different juvenile-detention centers. Sampson asked that the trial court issue an

injunction ordering production of the requested documents, a declaration that the

DJJ’s alleged failure to respond was unlawful, as well as an award of attorney fees

and expenses.

      The DJJ filed a special appearance and motion to dismiss, in which it

contended that Sampson was the attorney who represented plaintiffs in a virtually

identical action against a DJJ staff attorney with regard to the very same Open

Records Act requests, which had previously been dismissed by the trial court. The

DJJ contended that, as the attorney for the prior plaintiffs, Sampson was on notice for

more than 30 days prior to the dismissal order in the previous action that the plaintiffs

lacked standing to bring the claim and that the DJJ staff attorney was an improper

party. The trial court ultimately found the same in its decision to dismiss the prior

action, concluding that the action was initiated “without substantial justification.”

Accordingly, the DJJ argued that Sampson’s action was barred by res judicata. The

DJJ further contended that the action should be dismissed for failure to properly serve

the DJJ, as well as for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

                                           2
      The trial court granted the DJJ’s motion to dismiss Sampson’s action, finding

that res judicata applied to bar the action and that Sampson failed to properly serve

the DJJ. Sampson now appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his action, which we

review de novo.2

      1. Sampson first contends that the trial court erred in finding that the doctrine

of res judicata barred his action because (1) there is no privity between the parties

and (2) the cause of action is not identical. We agree that there is no privity between

the plaintiffs in the prior action and the current action and, accordingly, res judicata

cannot bar this lawsuit.3




      2
       See Lee v. Owenby & Assocs., Inc., 279 Ga. App. 446, 447 (1) (631 SE2d 478)
(2006) (“We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss.”).
      3
         Because we hold that there is no privity between the plaintiffs, we need not
address Sampson’s remaining contentions as to why res judicata should not apply.
And because we reverse the trial court’s ruling on this ground, we also need not
address Sampson’s third enumeration of error, which is that the trial court erred in
failing to address whether the DJJ engaged in an ongoing Open Records Act violation
when the trial court ended its inquiry on grounds of res judicata. Suffice it to say, as
a general rule, an appellate court should avoid deciding issues that are unnecessary
to the resolution of the suit at hand. See Johnson v. Morris, 557 P.2d 1299, 1305
(Wash. 1976) (“As a general rule, this court will decide only such questions as are
necessary for a determination of the case presented for consideration, and will not
render decisions in advance of such necessity . . . .”).

                                           3
      The record reflects that the prior action was brought by Quindarious Fleming

and Demarko Moss against Andre Castaing in his official capacity as a staff attorney

for the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice for alleged violations of the Open

Records Act regarding the same record requests at issue here. It is undisputed that

Fleming and Moss were represented by Sampson in that action. And in granting

Castaing’s motion to dismiss, the trial court found that the record requests were made

by Sampson and Demetra Ford, his co-counsel, and that no request indicated that it

was made on behalf of Fleming or Moss. The trial court determined that the named

plaintiffs in the prior action had interposed no Open Records Act requests and were

instead “attempting to enforce requests interposed by other persons, more

specifically, their attorneys in this action.” Accordingly, the court concluded that

because no existing law permitted a “derivative” prosecution of an Open Records Act

request, the action required dismissal because Fleming and Moss lacked standing.4



      4
        See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (II) (95 SCt 2197, 45 LEd2d 343)
(1975) (“In essence the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have
the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues.”); Feminist Women’s
Health Center v. Burgess, 282 Ga. 433, 434 (1) (651 SE2d 36) (2007) (“In the
absence of our own authority, we frequently have looked to United States Supreme
Court precedent concerning Article III standing to resolve issues of standing to bring
a claim in Georgia’s courts.”).

                                           4
      The trial court in the previous action went on to conclude that, even if Fleming

and Moss had standing, they failed to sue the proper defendant, and, further, that

“[d]espite the notice provided to them by Defendant’s answer and motion to dismiss,

[Fleming and Moss] [had] not sought to substitute a proper party plaintiff or

defendant in this action in the more than thirty days that [had] since expired.”5 Thus,

the trial court granted Castaing’s motion to dismiss on May 1, 2013.

      On May 14, 2013, Sampson filed the present action in the trial court with

himself named as plaintiff and the DJJ named as defendant. And, as further described

supra, the DJJ subsequently filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on, inter alia, the

grounds of res judicata. The trial court granted the motion, which we now reverse.

      In Georgia, OCGA § 9-12-40 represents a codification of the common-law

doctrine of res judicata, and provides as follows:

      A judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction shall be conclusive
      between the same parties and their privies as to all matters put in issue
      or which under the rules of law might have been put in issue in the cause


      5
          See OCGA § 9-11-17 (a) (“No action shall be dismissed on the ground that
it is not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time has
been allowed after objection for ratification of commencement of the action by, or
joinder or substitution of, the real party in interest; and such ratification, joinder, or
substitution shall have the same effect as if the action had been commenced in the
name of the real party in interest.”).

                                            5
      wherein the judgment was rendered until the judgment is reversed or set
      aside.


And the purpose of this doctrine is to prevent the “re-litigation of claims which have

already been adjudicated, or which could have been adjudicated, between identical

parties or their privies in identical causes of action.” 6 Thus, three prerequisites must

be satisfied before res judicata acts as a bar to subsequent litigation, those being the

identity of the cause of action, identity of the parties or their privies, and a previous

adjudication on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction.7 The party invoking

the doctrine of res judicata, of course, bears the burden of proving the defense.8

      Here, despite the trial court’s determination to the contrary, the first

prerequisite has not been and cannot be established in this case.9 And as a result, the


      6
        Crowe v. Elder, 290 Ga. 686, 688 (723 SE2d 428) (2012); see also Body of
Christ Overcoming Church of God, Inc. v. Brinson, 287 Ga. 485, 486 (696 SE2d 667)
(2010) (same).
      7
          Crowe, 290 Ga. at 688; Brinson, 287 Ga. at 486.
      8
       Sanders v. Trinity Universal Ins. Co., 285 Ga. App. 705, 707 (3) (647 SE2d
388) (2007); see also Callaway v. Irvin, 123 Ga. 344, 351 (4) (51 SE 477) (1905)
(“Upon the party setting up an estoppel by judgment rests the burden of proving it.”).
      9
         We note that both below and on appeal, the DJJ’s sole argument in support
of this prerequisite was that the plaintiffs in both suits were in privity because, as the
original plaintiffs’ attorney, Sampson “claimed to make the open records requests on

                                            6
DJJ is unable to satisfy its burden of proof on this affirmative defense because, on the

very face of the prior adjudication (and by the trial court’s own determination in

dismissing the action), there is no privity between Sampson and the named plaintiffs




behalf of the [original] [p]laintiffs in the first case as well as the second case.” And
the DJJ relied upon the factually and procedurally inapposite case of Ruth v.
Herrmann, 291 Ga. App. 399, 401 (2008) (noting, for purposes of recovering under
a lien, that an attorney was in privity with the client because “[i]t is a well-established
principle that an attorney has the same right over an action, judgment or decree as his
client had or might have had for the amount due the attorney” (emphasis supplied)),
in support of this contention. In its motion to dismiss filed with the trial court (and
also in its brief before this Court) the DJJ made no argument that Sampson was in
privity with the prior plaintiffs by reason of controlling the prior litigation. We are
cognizant of the fact that some jurisdictions consider an attorney to be in privity with
a former client for purposes of res judicata due to the control the attorney asserted
over the prior litigation. See, e.g., Kinsky v. 154 Land Co., LLC, 371 SW3d 108, 113
(Mo. Ct. App. 2012); Smith v. Jenkins, 562 A2d 610, 615-16 (II) (A) (2) (D.C. App.
1989); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 39 (1982) (“A person who is not a party
to an action but who controls or substantially participates in the control of the
presentation on behalf of a party is bound by the determination of issues decided as
though he were a party.”). But see Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 39 cmt. e
(1982) (“A person who undertakes to control litigation on behalf of another is
affected only in the capacity in which he does so. Thus, a trustee who takes control
of litigation involving another in order to protect the trust is not on that account
bound in a subsequent action in which he appears in his individual capacity . . . .”).
However, because this argument was not raised before the trial court in the DJJ’s
effort to prove its affirmative defense, nor was it raised by the DJJ in its appellee
brief, we do not address it under the unique circumstances of this case and leave
consideration of that question for another day.

                                            7
in the prior suit.10 The trial court dismissed the prior action, inter alia, on the basis

that Fleming and Moss lacked standing to pursue an alleged violation of the Open

Records Act based on record requests made by Sampson.11

       And in looking to the identity of parties for purposes of res judicata, our

Supreme Court has held that “it is not required that all the parties on the respective

sides of the litigation in the two cases shall have been identical, but it is sufficient as

to identity of parties if those by and against whom the defense of res judicata is

invoked in the latter case were real parties at interest or privies as to the controversy

       10
         Cf. Waggaman v. Franklin Life Ins. Co., 265 Ga. 565, 566 (1) (458 SE2d
826) (1995) (“As [the proponent of the defense] clearly showed that [she] and the
party against whom it was asserted were the parties engaged in the earlier action, the
trial court did not err when it sustained the affirmative defense against the attack on
identity of parties.”). See generally Comment, “Privity and Mutuality in the Doctrine
of Res Judicata, 35 Yale L.J. 607, 608-09 (1926) (noting that “[a] privy within this
rule must be one who claims an interest in the subject-matter affected by the judgment
through or under one of the parties,” the concepts of privity and mutuality are “of
ancient origin, being found in the Year Books and in the Roman law,” and that “[n]o
satisfactory explanation for [the privity requirement] has been discovered other than
some supposed and unprovable principle of ‘natural’ fairness”).
       11
         We make no determination as to the appropriateness of this conclusion by the
trial court because that order of dismissal is not on appeal before us. And in that
regard, we note that Fleming and Moss did not appeal the trial court’s dismissal of
their action and, as to Fleming and Moss, that dismissal is indeed res judicata. See
Laosebikan v. Lakemont Community Ass’n, 302 Ga. App. 220, 221 (1) (690 SE2d
505) (2010) (holding that unappealed ruling in lower court was conclusive and “any
claim raised concerning the merits of that ruling is barred by res judicata”).

                                            8
in the former case.” 12 Indeed, just as a State may not, consistent with the dictates of

the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, “enforce a judgment

against a party named in the proceedings without a hearing or an opportunity to be

heard, so it cannot, without disregarding the requirement of due process, give a

conclusive effect to a prior judgment against one who is neither a party nor in privity

with a party therein.” 13 And while there is a recognized exception to this general rule

when, “in certain limited circumstances, a person, although not a party, has his

interests adequately represented by someone with the same interests who is a party,”14

the trial court in the prior action determined that Fleming and Moss could not

represent any interest in that proceeding. As such, because the trial court made this

determination, Fleming and Moss cannot be said to be in privity with Sampson, and

res judicata does not bar Sampson’s action in the case sub judice.15


      12
           Darling Stores Corp. v. Beatus, 199 Ga. 215, 215 (3) (33 SE2d 701) (1945).
      13
       Richards v. Jefferson County, Ala., 517 U.S. 793, 797 (II) n.4 (116 SCt 1761,
135 LE2d 76) (1996) (citations omitted); accord Postal Telegraph Cable Co. v. City
of Newport, Ky., 247 U.S. 464, 476 (38 SCt 566, 62 LEd 1215) (1918).
      14
           Richards, 517 U.S. at 798 (II) (punctuation omitted).
      15
        Cf. In re Cutty’s-Gurnee, Inc., 133 B.R. 969, 973 (2) (Bank. N.D. Ill. 1991)
(applying principles of res judicata and “finding that there is no such identity since
Great American lacked standing to litigate the Trustee’s avoidance claim as his agent

                                           9
      2. Sampson further contends that the trial court erred in dismissing his

complaint due to insufficient process. The DJJ moved to dismiss Sampson’s

complaint on the ground that the service copy of the complaint lacked pages

containing five paragraphs and the signature page with prayers for relief, and the trial

court also granted dismissal on this ground pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (4).

      To begin with, we note the distinction between OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (4) and

OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (5), the former permitting dismissal for insufficient process and

the latter for insufficient service of process. Neither the DJJ in its appellate brief nor

the trial court in its order of dismissal cite to any case in support of the proposition

that a motion to dismiss may be granted pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (4) when

a service-copy of a complaint is missing pages. And this Court’s own research has

discovered no such authority.16 Instead, rather than deal with irregularities in a

complaint, insufficiency of process challenges irregularities in the contents of the




and this Court expressly held in the prior proceeding that it could not decide the
avoidance issue on the merits absent some action by the Trustee”).
      16
         But see Faulknor v. Virgin Islands, Case No. ST–13–CV– 137, 2014 WL
773055, at *3 (I) (V.I. Feb. 19, 2014) (discussing a motion to dismiss based on
missing page in complaint while citing to Rule 12 (b) (4) but analyzing in terms of
“insufficient service of process”).

                                           10
summons alone,17 whereas “insufficient service of process deals with the manner of

delivery of summons and complaint.”18 At least insofar as federal courts are

concerned, “[f]or sufficiency of process, a summons satisfies due process when it

complies with the provisions of [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 4 (b)] or any




      17
          See Fairfax v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 312 Ga. App. 171, 173-74 (2) (718
SE2d 16) (2011) (“Any deficiency in the summons is in the nature of the defense of
‘insufficiency of process.’”); accord In re Endeavor Highrise, L.P., 432 B.R. 583,
667 (iii) (Bank. S.D. Tex. 2010) (“Insufficiency of process challenges irregularities
in contents of summons.”). Cf. Brown v. Way, 33 Ga. 190, 191 (1862) (“Process is a
mandatory precept, issuing from a Court. The mandate is set forth in the body of the
instrument, which we call a process, and this may be printed, or written out by any
scrivener, but it is the signature of the proper officer which gives it efficacy. From the
instrument itself, the person to whom it is addressed, or who is to be affected by it,
learns what is required of him; from the official signature he learns that it emanates
from a Court authorized so to command him.”); PHILIP WELTNER II, GEORGIA
PROCESS & SERVICE § 1-1 (1993 ed.) (“Prior to the enactment of the Civil Practice
Act of 1966, the summons was known as ‘process.’”); RICHARD C. RUSKELL,
GEORGIA PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 8:1 (2013-2014 ed.) (“Technically, . . . process
is the means whereby the court compels the appearance of a defendant before it for
compliance with its demands. The term ‘process,’ in fact, includes any and every writ,
rule, order, notice, or decree, including any process of execution, that may issue in or
upon any action, suit, or legal proceedings. The object and purpose of process is to
bring the defendant into court.”).
      18
         In re Endeavor Highrise, L.P., 432 B.R. at 667 (iii); see also In re Dairy
Farmers of Am., Inc. Cheese Antitrust Litigation, 767 FSupp2d 880, 892 (2) n.5 (N.D.
Ill. 2011) (“Essentially, a motion under 12 (b) (4) challenges the form of the
summons, whereas a 12 (b) (5) motion challenges the service of the summons.”).

                                           11
other applicable provision that deals specifically with the content of the summons.”19

Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting the motion to dismiss on the ground of

insufficient process when the DJJ made no allegation as to any insufficiency in the

summons.20

      Nevertheless, service of an incomplete complaint can certainly constitute

insufficient service of process.21 Indeed, a defendant is required to admit or deny each

allegation contained within a complaint, and when a defendant fails to clearly deny

an allegation, the defendant is deemed to have admitted same.22 Suffice it to say, a


      19
           In re Endeavor Highrise, 432 B.R. at 667 (iii) (punctuation omitted).
      20
        Cf. In re Endeavor Highrise, L.P., 432 B.R. at 667 (iii) (finding that process
was sufficient when answer “[did] not allege any defect in the summons which would
prevent it from complying with [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 (b)] or any other
applicable provision that deals specifically with the content of the summons”).
      21
         Compare Cherry v. Spence, 249 F.R.D. 226, 229 (II) (E.D. N.C. 2008)
(dismissing action when plaintiff served defendants with only one page of the
complaint), with Young v. Car Rental Claims, Inc., 255 FSupp2d 1149, 1153 (I) (D.
Haw. 2003) (declining to dismiss action when defendants were initially served with
partial complaint but were later served with complete amended complaint and
“suffered no great prejudice”).
      22
         See OCGA § 9-11-8 (b) (“A party shall state in short and plain terms his
defenses to each claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which the
adverse party relies.”); see also Cherry, 249 F.R.D. at 229 (II) (“This rule is
important, because a defendant is required to admit or deny each allegation contained
in the complaint, and where a defendant fails to clearly deny an allegation, he is

                                          12
defendant who does not possess a complete copy of the complaint cannot possibly

admit or deny each allegation contained therein.23 Accordingly, it is certainly

conceivable that service of an incomplete complaint amounts to insufficient service

of process.24

      A court’s finding of insufficient service of process is affirmed absent a showing

of an abuse of discretion, and we will not disturb the trial court’s findings if they are

supported by any evidence.25 But when a defendant in a lawsuit challenges the

sufficiency of service, the defendant bears the burden of showing improper service.26


deemed to have admitted it.”).
      23
        Cherry, 249 F.R.D. at 229 (II); see also Am. Mobile Imaging, Inc. v. Miles,
260 Ga. App. 877, 878 (581 SE2d 396) (2003) (“Due process requires notice
reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the
pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”
(punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied)).
      24
          See Furness v. Mills, No. 2:12-cv-00256 DN, 2013 WL 3995258, at *3, *4
(D. Utah Aug. 5, 2013) (acknowledging dearth of case law on this issue but
concluding that “[a] complaint missing a page of alleged facts and the beginning of
the first claim would likely not constitute sufficient service of process in the Utah
courts”).
      25
         See Nesmith v. Landmark Dodge, Inc., 302 Ga. App. 315, 315 (691 SE2d
240) (2010) (“Absent a showing of an abuse of discretion, a trial court’s finding of
insufficient service of process must be affirmed. Those findings will not be disturbed
on appellate review when supported by any evidence.” (punctuation omitted)).
      26
           Nesmith, 302 Ga. App. at 316 (punctuation omitted).

                                           13
And although a return of service provides prima facie proof of proper service, “it is

not conclusive and may be traversed by proof that such facts are untrue.”27

Nevertheless, the return of service can only be set aside “upon evidence which is not

only clear and convincing, but the strongest of which the nature of the case will

admit.”28

      And here, as the party challenging the sufficiency of service of process, the DJJ

was required to support its contention with such evidence.29 This, it did not do. To be

sure, attached to DJJ’s motion to dismiss was a copy of the service-copy complaint

with missing pages; however, the DJJ did not attach an affidavit of the person who

received service on its behalf.30 Accordingly, the DJJ did not submit sufficient


      27
        Oglesby v. Deal, 311 Ga. App. 622, 626 (1) (716 SE2d 749) (2011)
(punctuation omitted).
      28
           Id. (punctuation omitted).
      29
         See Nazli v. Scott, 203 Ga. App. 523, 524 (2) (417 SE2d 187) (1992)
(“Appellants were required to support their defenses of insufficiency of process and
service of process with evidence.”).
      30
         See Patterson v. Brown, Civil No. 3:06cv476, 2008 WL 219965, at *9 (III)
(C) (1) (W.D. N.C. 2008) (defendants who claimed insufficient service by receipt of
incomplete complaints attached to motion to dismiss affidavits averring same in
addition to the partial copies), reversed on other grounds by Patterson v. Whitlock,
392 Fed. Appx. 185, 191 (II) (4th Cir. 2010) (holding that defendants waived right
to assert insufficient service of process with incomplete complaint). Cf. Bohorquez

                                          14
evidence to show improper service of process, and we will not affirm the trial court’s

dismissal under the right-for-any-reason standard.31

      For all of the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

      Judgment reversed. Miller, J., concurs. Doyle, P. J., concurs fully in Division

1 and concurs in judgment only as to Division 2.




v. Strother, 287 Ga. App. 98, 99 (650 SE2d 765) (2007) (recognizing that “‘a return
of service may be impeached by sworn statements made on personal knowledge’” and
citing cases in which sworn affidavits provided sufficient evidence to contradict
return of service).
      31
         See C.C. Leasing Corp. v. Bd. of Tax Assessors of Hall County, 143 Ga. App.
520, 520 (239 SE2d 204) (1977) (affirming motion to dismiss when judgment was
right for any reason).

                                         15
