 This opinion was filed for record                                       FILE
                                                                    IN CLERK'S OFFICE


     ~G..ry\on~f Ol\p
                                                            SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON

at                                                                     0.,~0   1 s 23'16
       ;AN~ARLSON
                                                                  DATE_',"'_"'.)_ _ __



       Supreme Court Clerk




          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON


     LESLIE M. PENDERGRAST, as an        )
     individual,                         )
                                         )       No. 92324-8
                          Respondent,    )
                                         )
     v.                                  )
                                         )
     ROBERT MATICHUK and JANE            )
     DOE MATICHUK, as individuals and)
     in their marital capacity; BLAINE   )
     PROPERTIES L.L.C., a Washington )
     State limited liability company,    )       En Bane
                                         )
                          Petitioners,   )
                                         )
     BANK OF THE PACIFIC, a              )
     Washington State corporation; MARK)
     R. and CYNTHIA A SANFORD,           )
     as individuals and in their marital )
     capacity; and GINA M.               )
     LINGENFELTER and JOl-IN DOE         )
     LINGENFELTER, as individuals and )          Filed    SEP I ri 2016
     in their marital capacity,          )
                                         )
                          Defendants.    )
                                          )

            GONZALEZ, J.-Leslie Pendergrast and Robert Matichuk bought

      adjacent lots separated by a solid wooden fence. The fence enclosed a
Pendergrast v.   Matichul~   et. al., No. 92324-8


venerable cherry tree on Pendergrast's lot. For several years, Pendergrast

and Matichuk maintained their lots as if the fence was the boundary line

between them. Unfortunately, the fence stood several feet from the deed

line and, according to the legal description, on Matichuk's land. The cherry

tree stood on the disputed part of Pendergrast's lot. Instead of suggesting

mediation or arbitration or filing a quiet title suit, and over Pendergrast's

strenuous objection and despite her tearful plea, Matichuk tore down the

fence, built a new one on the deed line, and had the cherry tree cut down.

Litigation ensued, and Pendergrast prevailed at summary judgment, at trial,

and at the Court of Appeals. Matichuk claims the disputed land is his a:nd if

not, the jury gave Pendergrast too much relief. Finding no error, we affirm

the Court of Appeals.

                                            FACTS

       In 2006, Pendergrast and Matichuk bought separate lots in Blaine,

Washington, from Tali and Cyrus Conine. 1 Matichuk bought two lots (one

with a small house, one vacant), intending to build condominiums. Five

months later, Pendergrast bought an adjoining lot that included a 1907 home




'The complaints name Robert Matichuk and his wife, several corporations, and
subsequent grantees as defendants, but as it appears Robert held most ofthe property at
issue as his separate property at the time the controversy arose and was the primary actor
here, we refer to the defendants collectively as Matichuk.


                                                2
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


she intended to turn into a bed-and-breakfast. Pendergrast, who had retired

from a job as a nursing instructor after a car accident left her unable to safely

handle medical equipment, hoped to use the bed-and-breakfast to generate

income for herself and her disabled daughters.

       At some point prior to either sale, a six-foot-tall, solid wooden fence

was built, partially enclosing Pendergrast's parcel and separating her lot

from the vacant parcel owned by Matichuk. The fence had been built about

six to eight feet west of the deed line, enclosing the venerable cherry tree on

the parcel with the 1907 home. The Conines' disclosure statement for the

Pendergrast parcel asserted that there were no "encroachments, boundary

agreements, or boundary disputes," suggesting they believed the fence was

on the property line. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 33. Consistently, the

Pendergrast property was described in the listing agreement as partially

fenced. Id. at 32. The record does not include similar documents from the

Matichuk sale, but at oral argument, Matichuk conceded that the Conines

represented to him that there were no encroachments on his parcel. Wash.

Supreme Court oral argument, Pendergrast v. Matichuk, No. 92324-8 (June

21, 2016) at 39 min., 16 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State's

Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org.




                                            3
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


       The record does include Matichuk's deposition testimony that he

paced off the lot and "came to the conclusion the fence was not on the

property line. Actually, let me rephrase that, I came to the conclusion I

didn't know where the fence was in relation to the property line." CP at 52.

He testified he was not concerned about any discrepancy because he "was

buying on the description of the property." Id. at 53. Nothing in the record

suggests he sought clarification about the relation between the fence and the

deed line before buying the lot.

       Meanwhile, Pendergrast planned a nautically themed bed-and-

breakfast that would make use of the house, several outbuildings, and a tree

fort in the cherry tree she planned to make look like the bow of a ship and

use as a viewing station. At some point, she called Matichuk to ask him if

he would consider selling one ofhis parcels to her. Nothing came of that

conversation, and Matichuk did not use the occasion to alert Pendergrast that

he was concerned the fence between their properties was misplaced. Over

the next few years, she discussed her plans with the city and invested about

$130,000 in remodeling the home. During those years, she used and

maintained the property up to the fence line. From time to time, she would

have casual conversations with Matichuk. They never discussed the




                                            4
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. a!., No. 92324-8


boundary line. Pendergrast's plans suffered a significant setback when a

pipe .on an upper floor burst, necessitating costly repairs.

       In 2008, Matichuk had the property surveyed and determined that the

legal description of his lot extended several feet beyond the fence into the lot

Pendergrast had purchased. The next year, by letter, he informed

Pendergrast that he had discovered that the fence encroached on his land and

that he intended to move it to the deed line, much to her distress.

Pendergrast believed her parcel extended to the fence line and that moving it

would leave her with insufficient room to develop the bed and breakfast.

Via counsel, she informed Matichuk that she claimed the property enclosed

by the fence and instructed him not to move the fence. When the letter was

unavailing, Pendergrast called Matichuk in tears and begged him not to

move the fence. The day after that call, Matichuk had the fence torn down.

Later, Matichuk cut down the cherry tree.

       Pendergrast sued, seeking, among other things, to quiet title in the

strip of land between the old fence line and the new one. She also sought

damages for trespass and timber trespass, including treble damages under the

timber trespass statute, RCW 64.12.030. Both parties moved for summary

judgment. Nothing in the record before us suggests that Matichuk opposed

Pendergrast's summary judgment motion on the grounds that a material



                                            5
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


question of fact was presented by his deposition testimony that he did not

know where the fence was located in relation to the deed line. Instead, he

contei1ded that he was entitled to prevail at summary judgment because

"there is absolutely no evidence that the common grantor ever established a

boundary line different from the deeded botmdary," "no evidence of any .

formal or specific agreement about the boundary," and "[no] evidence that

the parties acted in a way after the sale to suggest that they agreed that the

fence was the boundary." CPat 31 Ocll. Judge Mura granted partial

summary judgment in favor ofPendergrast. in a brief order.

       The parties went to trial on trespass and timber trespass. Pendergrast

testified that she begged Matichuk not to move the fence, that she "felt

violated," that his actions left her in serious financial straits at a time when

she was carrying both of her disabled daughters' mortgages, and that she

could not sell the house while the lawsuit was pending. 2 Verbatim Report

of Proceedings (Jan. 30, 2014) at 51. We have not been provided with

MatiChuk's testimony. The jury was instructed that damages for both

trespass (removing the fence) and timber trespass (cutting the cherry tree)

"include economic and non-economic loss that you find was proximately

caused by the trespass and/or timber trespass," and that if they found




                                            6
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


Matichuk committed either trespass, they should consider whether his

actions caused Pendergrast emotional distress. CP at 196.

       The jury found for Pendergrast. It awarded her $5,200 in economic

and $75,000 in noneconomic damages for the trespass. It awarded her

$3,310 in economic and $40,000 in noneconomic damages for the timber

trespass. The trial judge tripled the timber trespass economic damages under

RCW 64.12.030 and .040, but declined to triple the noneconomic ones

"because such a trebling is not specifically provided in RCW 64.12.030,

which, as a penal or punitive statute, should be interpreted and applied

literally and narrowly." I d. at 237. The judge also ordered equitable relief

in the form of abatement of the trespass and the entry of new legal

descriptions. Matichuk's motion for a new trial or reduction of

noneconomic damages was denied.

       Both sides appealed. The Court of Appeals largely affirmed.

Pendergrast v. Matichuk, 189 Wn. App. 854,355 P.3d 1210 (2015). It

upheld the summary judgment ruling quieting title based on the common

grantor award and declined to reduce the jury's award of noneconomic

damages. !d. at 859. However, it concluded that the plain language of the

timber trespass statute required the court to treble the noneconomic damages




                                            7
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. a!., No. 92324-8


found by the jury. I d. We granted review. 185 Wn.2d 1002, 366 P.3d 1243

(2016).

                                      ANALYSIS

            1. QUIET TITLE AND THE COMMON GRANTOR DOCTRINE

       The quiet title action was decided on cross motions for summary

judgment. We review summary judgment de novo. Becerra Becerra v.

Expert Janitorial, LLC, 181 Wn.2d 186, 194, 332 P.3d 415 (2014) (quoting

Rivas v. Overlake Hosp. Med. Ctr., 164 Wn.2d 261, 266, 189 P.3d 753

(2008)).

       It has long been the law in Washington that "[t]he location of a line by

a common grantor is binding upon the grantees." Turner v. Creech, 58

Wash. 439,443, 108 P. 1084 (1910) (citing McGee v. Stone, 9 Cal. 600

(1858)). A common grantor can "establish[] an 'on the ground' boundary

line between" tracts of land sold to separate parties "that is binding on the

common grantees," even when the deed describes a different boundary.

Thompson v. Bain, 28 Wn.2d 590,593, 183 P.2d 785 (1947). In the opinion

characterized by Washington Practice as best encapsulating the doctrine, the

Court of Appeals wrote:

              A grantor who owns land on both sides of a line he has
       established as the common boundary is bound by that line. Fralick v.
       Clark Cy., 22 Wn. App. 156, 589 P.2d 273 (1978). The line will also
       be binding on grantees if the land was sold and purchased with

                                            8
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


       reference to the line, and there was a meeting of the minds as to the
       identical tract ofland to be transferred by the sale. Kronawetter v.
       Tamoshan, Inc., 14 Wn. App. 820, 545 P.2d 1230 (1976). The
       common grantor doctrine involves two questions: (1) was there an
       agreed boundary established between the common grantor and the
       original grantee, and (2) if so, would a visual examination of the
       property indicate to subsequent purchasers that the deed line was no
       longer functioning as the true boundary? Fralick, 22 Wn. App. at 160.

Winans v. Ross, 35 Wn. App. 238, 240-41, 666 P.2d 908 (1983); 17

WILLIAM B. STOEBUCK & JOHN W. WEAVER, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: REAL

ESTATE: PROPERTY LAW§ 8.22, at 546 (2d ed. 2004). We too find Winans

usefully distills the doctrine.

       In Winans, a common grantor had purchased two lots separated by a

fence that was about 60 feet west of the deed line. Winans, 35 Wn. App. at

239-40. Later, and without moving the fence, the grantor sold each lot to

separate purchasers. I d. The court found the fence had become the legal

boundary between the two parcels despite the fact there was no direct

evidence of an agreement between the parties to treat it as such or evidence

that the grantor intended to move the boundary. !d. at 240-41. Once the

"grantee purchases believing the indicated line is the true line, ... the

indicated line is binding between grantor and grantee. And their successors

in title will also be bound by that line if, when they succeed to title, the

indicated line is physically visible on the ground." 17 STOEBUCK &

WEAVER, supra, § 8.22, at 546. "An agreement or meeting of the minds


                                            9
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


between the common grantor and original grantee may be shown by the

parties' manifestations of ownership after the sale." Winans, 35 Wn. App. at

241 (citing Thompson, 28 Wn.2d 590); see also Turner, 58 Wash. at 444.

       Matichuk presents us with three grounds for reversing judgment in the

quiet title action. First, Matichuk seems to suggest the common grantor

doctrine is inconsistent with RCW 64.04.010, which states that "[e]very

conveyance of real estate ... shall be by deed." See Pet'r's Suppl. Br. at 1.

But the common grantor doctrine has been recognized in this state since at

least 1910 without the legislature indicating disapproval. See Turner, 58

Wash. at 443. This court will not overturn precedent without either "a clear

showing that an established rule is incorrect and harmful," In re Rights to

Waters of Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d 649, 653, 466 P.2d 508 (1970), or a

clear showing that the legal underpinnings of the precedent have been

eroded, W.G. Clark Constr. Co. v. Pac. Nw. Reg'! Council of Carpenters,

180 Wn.2d 54, 66,322 P.3d 1207 (2014) (citing United States v. Gaudin,

515 U.S. 506, 521, 115 S. Ct. 2310, 132 L. Ed. 2d 444 (1995)). Neither

showing has been made here.

       Second, Matichuk suggests that application of the common grantor

doctrine was inappropriate because there was no evidence that the common

grantor "actively and purposefully changed the boundary of his or her



                                           10
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


property, and that change of boundary was made with full knowledge and

recognition by the original grantee." Pet'r's Suppl. Br. at 2. Such evidence

has been found sufficient to establish the first Winans element. See Kay

Corp. v. Anderson, 72 Wn.2d 879, 436 P.2d 459 (1967); Atwell v. Olson, 30

Wn.2d 179, 190 P.2d 783 (1948); Windsor v. Bourcier, 21 Wn.2d 313, 150

P.2d 717 (1944); Angell v. Hadley, 33 Wn.2d 837, 207 P.2d 191 (1949);

Martin v. Hobbs, 44 Wn.2d 787, 270 P.2d 1067 (1954). But we find nothing

in our case law that holds such evidence is necessary. Instead, in several

cases, a boundary by common grantor was found without proof of an active

and purposeful change made with full knowledge and recognition of the

original grantee. See, e.g., Thompson, 28 Wn.2d at 592-93; Strom v.

Arcorace, 27 Wn.2d 478, 481-82, 178 P.2d 959 (1947); Winans, 35 Wn.

App. at 241-42.

       Third, Matichuk argues that the courts below erred by considering the

fact that Pendergrast maintained the property up to the fence line for three

years without Matichuk informing her that he believed it was not the

boundary line. Pet'r's Suppl. Brat 6-7. But courts have looked to "the

parties' manifestations of ownership after the sale" as evidence of the

boundary line before. Winans, 35 Wn. App. at 241 (citing Thompson, 28

Wn.2d 590); see also Strom, 27 Wn.2d at 481-82 (looking to postpurchase



                                           11
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


conduct as evidence of the adjusted boundary). This argument is

unavailing. 2

       Matichuk has shown no error in the trial court's summary judgment

on the quiet title action. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                     2.DAMAGES

       Next, we turn to Matichuk's claim that Pendergrast was not entitled to

statutory treble damages under the timber trespass statute for the loss of her

tree. The timber trespass statute provides in relevant part:

       Whenever any person shall cut down ... any tree ... on the land of
       another person ... without lawful authority, in an action by the person
       ... against the person committing the trespasses ... any judgment for
       the plaintiff shall be for treble the amount of damages claimed or
       assessed.

RCW 64.12.030. 3 The purpose of the timber trespass statute is well

established: "to (1) punish a voluntary offender, (2) provide treble damages,


2
  Generously construed, Matichuk's argument suggests that his testimony that he "didn't
know where the fence was in relation to the property line" created a material question of
fact that should have prevented summary judgment. See, e.g., Pet'r's Suppl. Br. at 6-7;
CP at 52. But, perhaps strategically (at least in the record provided to this court)
Matichuk did not raise his testimony before the trial court as a reason to avoid summary
judgment and did not assign error to the trial court's summary judgment order on that
basis. See Resp'ts'/Cross-Appellants' Opening Br. at 1. Instead, both at summary
judgment and in his assignments of error, Matichuk pursued victory as a matter of law,
not trial on the merits. Accordingly, we decline to consider whether Matichuk's
deposition testimony presented a material question of fact that should have prevented
summary judgment. For similar reasons, we decline to consider his belatedly raised
argument that noneconomic damages should be limited to a multiplier of economic
damages.
3
  This statute was amended during the course of this case to specifically include
Christmas trees. LAWS OF 2009, ch. 349, § 4. The amendment does not affect this case.


                                            12
Pendergrastv. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


and (3) 'discourage persons from carelessly or intentionally removing

another's merchantable shrubs or trees on tbe gamble that the enterprise will

be profitable if actual damages only are incurred."' Broughton Lumber Co.

v. BNSF Ry. Co., 174 Wn.2d 619, 625, 278 P.3d 173 (2012) (quoting LAWS

OF   1869, ch. 48, § 556, at 143). The timber trespass statute does not limit

the types of damages subject to trebling as some more recent statutes do.

Compare RCW 64.12.030 (timber trespass statute), with RCW 48.30.015(2)

(providing for treble damages under the Insurance Fair Conduct Act limited

to actual damages), and RCW 19.86.090 (Consumer Protection Act damages

limited to actual damages and not more than $25,000).

        It is also well established at least since 1997 that emotional distress

damages are available under the timber trespass statute, though, until now,

we have not been properly asked to decide whether those damages are

subject to statutory trebling. Birchler v. Castello Land Co., 133 Wn.2d 106,

110 n.3, 116, 942 P.2d 968 (1997). Pendergrast maintains, and the Court of

Appeals agreed, that she is entitled to treble these damages under the plain

language of the timber trespass statute. Since this requires us to interpret a

statute, our review is de novo. Broughton Lumber Co., 174 Wn.2d at 624-25

(citing State v. Breazeale, 144 Wn.2d 829, 837, 31 P.3d 1155 (2001)).




                                          13
Pendergrast v. Matichuk et. a!., No. 92324-8


       Matichuk argues that since "the timber trespass statute is penal in

nature," it is "subject to strict construction." Broughton Lumber Co., 174

Wn.2d at 633 (citing Skamania Boom Co. v. Youmans, 64 Wash. 94, 96-97,

116 P. 645 (1911)). He is correct that punitive damages are penal in nature

and their award "violat[es] public policy unless expressly authorized by

statute." !d. at 638 n.l4 (citing Barr v. Interbay Citizens Bank of Tampa, 96

Wn.2d 692, 635 P.2d 441, 649 P.2d 827 (1982)). But however strictly we

construe it, the timber trespass statute explicitly authorizes treble damages.

RCW 64.12.030 says that "any judgment for the plaintiff shall be for treble

the amount of damages claimed or assessed." Our goal in statutory

interpretation is to carry out the legislature's intent, and here, that intent is

plainly expressed. Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d

1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002).

       While certainly the legislature would be well within its power to limit

emotional distress damages available under the timber trespass statute, it has

not. We find under the plain language of the statute, Pendergrast is entitled

to treble damages on all damages awarded under the timber trespass statute. 4


4We agree that the legislature is well able to limit punitive damages as described in the
concurring/dissenting opinion. But the fact is, despite almost 20 years to do so, the
legislature has expressed no dissatisfaction with the Birchler opinion and has not limited
the punitive damages to nonemotional distress damages. Without overruling Birchler
(which no party asks us to do), there is no way to limit damages as proposed by the
concurrence/dissent.


                                            14
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


       Matichuk also requests a new trial on the theory that the noneconomic

damages were excessive. The jury awarded Pendergrast $5,200 and $3,310

in economic damages for the trespass and timber trespass respectively and

$75,000 and $40,000 in emotional damages for each wrong. CP at 240. The

trial court denied his motion for a new trial on this ground, and the Court of

Appeals affirmed in a detailed ruling. Pendergrast, 189 Wn. App. at 867-

72. We find no error in either decision. Briefly, a trial court may order a

new trial when the damages awarded are "so excessive or inadequate as

unmistakably to indicate that the verdict must have been the result of passion

or prejudice." CR 59(a)(5). We review the trial court's decision for abuse

of discretion. Brundridge v. Fluor Fed. Servs., Inc., 164 Wn.2d 432, 454,

191 P.3d 879 (2008) (citing Alum. Co. ofAm. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 140

Wn.2d 517, 537, 998 P.2d 856 (2000)). "'An appellate court will not disturb

an award of damages made by a jury unless it is outside the range of

substantial evidence in the record, or shocks the conscience of the court, or

appears to have been arrived at as the result of passion or prejudice."'

Bunch v. King CountyDep'tofYouth Servs., 155 Wn.2d 165, 179, 116 P.3d

381 (2005) (quoting Bingaman v. Grays Harbor Cmty. Hasp., 103 Wn.2d

831, 835,699 P.2d 1230 (1985)).




                                           15
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8


       Matichuk does not dispute that Pendergrast testified at length about

the substantial distress his actions caused her. He argues he was not the real

cause of her distress and instead other misfortunes in her life were the real

cause of the distress she testified about at trial. These are proper arguments

for the jury to resolve, and we decline to disturb its resolution. Matichuk

also emphasizes that Pendergrast did not offer any corroborating testimony

regarding her distress. But a jury's damages verdict may rest on the

plaintiffs testimony alone. Bunch, 155 Wn.2d at 181 (citing Nord v.

Shoreline Sav. Ass 'n, 116 Wn.2d 477,487, 805 P.2d 800 (1991)).

Pendergrast testified that she had spent about $130,000 to turn the house into

a bed-and-breakfast that she intended to use as a source of income for herself

and her disabled daughters. She testified that Matichuk's actions prevented

her from completing the project and caused her severe distress. Matichuk

has not shown that the jury's noneconomic damages award of$115,000 was

outside the range of the evidence presented or that the trial court abused its

discretion in declining to order a new trial. We affirm.

                                     CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court's summary judgment on the quiet title action

and its denial of the motion for a new trial. We affirm the Court of Appeals'

decision on damages under the timber trespass statute. As Matichuk is not



                                           16
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. a!., No. 92324-8


the prevailing party, his motion for attorney fees under the lis pendens

statute is denied. We remand to the trial court for any further proceedings

necessary consistent with this opinion.




                                            17
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et. al., No. 92324-8




WE CONCUR:




                                                ~-~<f?
                                                Yf'lr'J·




                                           18
Pendergrast v. Matichuk, et ux., et al.




                                          No. 92324-8


       MADSEN, C.J.     (concurring/dissenting)~I   concur with the majority in affirming

the Court of Appeals as to the quiet title action and the award of, and reasonability of,

damages. I write separately because I would hold that the respondent is not entitled to

treble damages for emotional distress under the timber trespass statute.

       The timber trespass statute, RCW 64.12.030, provides in relevant part:

       Whenever any person shall cut down ... any tree ... on the land of another
       person ... without lawful authority, in an action by the person ... against
       the person committing the trespasses ... any judgment for the plaintiff shall
       be for treble the amount of damages claimed or assessed.

Emotional distress damages are available under the timber trespass statute. Birchler v.

Castello Land Co., 133 Wn.2d 106, 116, 942 P.2d 968 (1997). And the majority is

correct that the statute "does not limit the types of damages subject to trebling as some

more recent statutes do." Majority at 13. However, the statute does not expressly

authorize the trebling of noneconomic damages, and for this reason I would reverse the

Court of Appeals as to trebling of emotional distress damages under the timber trespass

statute.
No. 92324-8
(Madsen, C.J. concurring/dissenting)


       The timber trespass statute is punitive in nature, and it is therefore "subject to

strict construction." Broughton Lumber Co. v. BNSF Ry. Co., 174 Wn.2d 619, 633, 278

P.3d 173 (2012) (citing Skamania Boom Co. v. Youmans, 64 Wash. 94, 96-97, 116 P. 645

(1911)). Punitive damages "violate public policy unless expressly authorized by statute."

!d. at 638 n.14 (citing Barr v. Interbay Citizens Bank of Tampa, 96 Wn.2d 692, 635 P.2d

441, 649 P.2d 827 (1982)). "Our interpretive approach should account for this

philosophical difference." !d. Although the timber trespass statute does not explicitly

limit the types of damages subject to trebling, the more modern statutes do. See, e.g.,

RCW 48.30.015(2) (providing for treble damages under the Insurance Fair Conduct Act

limited to actual damages); RCW 19.86.090 (Consumer Protection Act damages limited

to actual damages and not more than $25,000). The Consumer Protection Act, Laws of

2007, ch. 498, § 3; and the Insurance Fair Conduct Act, Laws of 1961, ch. 216, § 9;

reflect decades of modern tort law development. The timber trespass statute, on the other

hand, dates back to territorial, prestatehood days. See LAWS OF 1869, ch. 143, §55.

Respondent called nothing to our attention to suggest that the territorial legislature

contemplated that people would have an emotional attachment to their trees and shrubs or

had cause to contemplate whether timber trespass could cause emotional distress, let

alone trebling of those damages. Indeed, the purpose of the statute was to '"discourage

persons from carelessly or intentionally removing another's merchantable shrubs or trees

on the gamble that the enterprise will be profitable if actual damages only are incurred."'

Broughton Lumber Co., 174 Wn.2d at 625 (emphasis added) (quoting LAWS OF 1869, ch.



                                               2
No. 92324-8
(Madsen, C.J. concurring/dissenting)


48, § 556, at 143). Because we construe punitive statutes strictly, and because the timber

trespass statute does not expressly authorize trebling of punitive damages, I cannot say

that the territorial legislature in 1869 intended to discourage the careless or intentional

removal of merchantable timber by trebling damages for emotional distress. Therefore, I

respectfully dissent in part.




                                               3
No. 92324-8
(Madsen, C.J. concurring/dissenting)




                                       4
