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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          298 Nebraska R eports
                                        STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                                                  Cite as 298 Neb. 203




                          State     of   Nebraska ex rel. Counsel for Discipline
                                of the     Nebraska Supreme Court, relator,
                                         v. William E. Gast, respondent.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed November 9, 2017.   No. S-17-318.

                1.	 Disciplinary Proceedings. A proceeding to discipline an attorney is a
                     trial de novo on the record.
                 2.	 ____. The Nebraska Supreme Court evaluates each attorney discipline
                     case in light of its particular facts and circumstances.
                3.	 ____. To determine whether and to what extent discipline should be
                     imposed in an attorney discipline proceeding, the Nebraska Supreme
                     Court considers the following factors: (1) the nature of the offense, (2)
                     the need for deterring others, (3) the maintenance of the reputation of
                     the bar as a whole, (4) the protection of the public, (5) the attitude of
                     the offender generally, and (6) the offender’s present or future fitness to
                     continue in the practice of law.
                 4.	 ____. For purposes of determining the proper discipline of an attorney,
                     the Nebraska Supreme Court considers the attorney’s acts both under-
                     lying the events of the case and throughout the proceeding, as well as
                     all aggravating or mitigating factors.
                 5.	 ____. The propriety of a sanction must be considered with reference to
                     the sanctions imposed in prior similar cases.
                6.	 Judgments: Records: Judicial Notice. A court has the right to examine
                     its own records and take judicial notice of its own proceedings and judg-
                     ments in a former action.
                7.	 Disciplinary Proceedings. Responding to disciplinary complaints in
                     an untimely manner and repeatedly ignoring requests for information
                     from the Counsel for Discipline indicate a disrespect for the Nebraska
                     Supreme Court’s disciplinary jurisdiction and a lack of concern for
                     the protection of the public, the profession, and the administration
                     of justice.
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              Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                      298 Nebraska R eports
                 STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                           Cite as 298 Neb. 203

  8.	 ____. An attorney’s failure to respond to inquiries and requests for infor-
      mation from the Counsel for Discipline is an important matter and is a
      threat to the credibility of attorney disciplinary proceedings. The failure
      to respond to formal charges in the Nebraska Supreme Court is of even
      greater moment.

   Original action. Judgment of suspension.
   Kent L. Frobish, Assistant Counsel for Discipline, for
relator.
   No appearance for respondent.
   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
   Per Curiam.
                       INTRODUCTION
   This original proceeding arises from formal charges filed by
the Counsel for Discipline (Relator) against attorney William
E. Gast. Relator alleges violations of the Nebraska Rules of
Professional Conduct and Gast’s oath of office as an attorney
arising from (1) the unauthorized practice of law and (2) frivo-
lous pleadings. We granted Relator’s motion for judgment on
the pleadings pursuant to Neb. Ct. R. § 3-310(I) (rev. 2014),
and the facts alleged in the formal charges are deemed admit-
ted. Thus, the only issue we must determine is the appropriate
discipline to be imposed. Given the facts and circumstances
of this case, we adopt Relator’s recommended sanction of an
indefinite period of suspension of at least 1 year, with rein-
statement conditioned on Gast’s demonstrating his fitness to
practice law and addressing the circumstances of the instant
violations. Such sanction shall run consecutively to the suspen-
sion previously imposed by this court.
                    BACKGROUND
  Gast was admitted to the practice of law in the State of
Nebraska on January 22, 1973. At all times relevant to these
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

proceedings, Gast was engaged in the practice of law in
Nebraska. This disciplinary proceeding results from formal
charges filed by Relator on March 24, 2017. See Neb. Ct. R.
§ 3-309(H) (rev. 2011).
   The undisputed formal charges allege that Gast (1) engaged
in the unauthorized practice of law in violation of (a) Neb. Ct.
R. of Prof. Cond. §§ 3-501.4 (failure to communicate with his
client about her case and his suspension), (b) 3-501.16 (failure
to withdraw after suspension), (c) 3-505.5 (rev. 2012) (prac-
ticing law while suspended), and (d) 3-508.4(d) (engaging in
conduct prejudicial to administration of justice) and (2) filed
frivolous pleadings in violation of (a) Neb. Ct. R. of Prof.
Cond. §§ 3-503.1 (meritorious claims and contentions) and
(b) 3-508.4(d) (engaging in conduct prejudicial to administra-
tion of justice). The formal charges further allege that Gast’s
acts and omissions violated his oath of office as an attorney
licensed to practice law in Nebraska. See Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 7-104 (Reissue 2012).

                 Unauthorized Practice of Law
   On June 30, 2015, Gast’s license to practice law in
Nebraska was suspended because Gast failed to report his
mandatory continuing legal education (MCLE) requirements
and failed to pay his mandatory assessment to the Attorney
Services Division.
   Gast had previously filed suit on behalf of Connie Surber in
the district court for Douglas County in case No. CI14-7634.
Although Gast had actual knowledge that his license was
administratively suspended on June 30, 2015, he continued
to represent Surber in that case and did not inform her that
his license had been suspended. Gast did not withdraw from
representing Surber in the district court and did not notify the
district court and opposing counsel of his suspension.
   Gast’s license was later reinstated on January 22, 2016, after
he complied with his MCLE requirements and paid the appro-
priate assessment.
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

   On September 9, 2016, Gast sent a letter informing Relator
that he had represented Surber during his suspension, between
June 30, 2015, and January 22, 2016. Gast sent the letter
after opposing counsel in Surber’s case discovered that Gast’s
license had been suspended during a time Gast represented
Surber and informed Gast that he would report Gast’s conduct
if Gast did not.
   According to the formal charges, on September 9, 2016,
Relator sent the following email to Gast:
         “Mr. Gast,
         “Thank you for your email and letter. I will open a
      new disciplinary grievance based on your self-report of
      your possible unauthorized practice of law during your
      suspension. Please send me copies of all letters and
      emails you sent regarding . . . Surber’s case between July
      1, 2015 and January 22, 2016, when you were reinstated
      to practice law. If you have any time records regarding
      your representation of . . . Surber during your suspension,
      please provide those. Please state whether you informed
      your client that your license was suspended, and if so,
      state the date when you did so. I will probably need
      additional information as we go forward, but we can start
      with this for now.
         “Thank you for your cooperation in this matter.”
Gast did not respond to the email.
   On September 15, 2016, Relator sent a certified letter to
Gast informing him that an investigation had been opened
regarding his unauthorized practice of law. The letter directed
Gast to submit an appropriate written response within the
next 15 working days. See § 3-309(E). Gast signed for the
certified letter on September 22, but he did not submit a writ-
ten response.
   On November 17, 2016, Relator sent a followup email to
Gast directing him to file his response to the certified letter.
On November 21, Gast sent a reply email stating that he would
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

send his written response “‘asap,’” but he did not submit any
such written response.
   Because Gast did not submit a response to Relator, on
December 13, 2016, Relator sent a followup email to Gast
directing him to immediately file a response to the September
15 certified letter or an application for the temporary suspen-
sion of his license to practice law would be filed. Gast did not
file any such response, so on January 12, 2017, the “Chair of
the District Four Committee on Inquiry” filed an application
for the temporary suspension of Gast’s license to practice law.
The application was docketed as case No. S-17-052.
   On January 26, 2017, we issued an order to show cause in
case No. S-17-052, directing Gast to show cause within 7 days
after receipt of the order why we should not enter an order
temporarily suspending his license to practice law in Nebraska.
That order was delivered to Gast by certified mail, and Gast
signed for it on January 28. Gast did not file a response to the
order to show cause.
   On February 15, 2017, we suspended Gast from the practice
of law in the State of Nebraska until further order. Relator
filed these formal charges on March 24.
   On May 19, 2017, we issued our decision in another dis-
ciplinary matter involving Gast, his only previous discipline
for violating the Rules of Professional Conduct. See State ex
rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Gast, 296 Neb. 687, 896 N.W.2d 583
(2017). That disciplinary matter includes facts relevant to the
current charges for the unauthorized practice of law.
   The previous disciplinary matter commenced in November
2014, when a grievance was filed with Relator against Gast
based on a series of communications he sent to Douglas
County District Court Judge Peter C. Bataillon in the course
of litigating State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins.
Agency, 294 Neb. 400, 883 N.W.2d 69 (2016), a lengthy
and complicated case, referred to here as the “Florida v.
Countrywide Truck litigation,” which began in January 1998.
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

The private communications urged Judge Bataillon to rule
based on improper and legally irrelevant grounds. Relator
ultimately filed formal charges on September 1, 2015, alleging
that Gast violated the Rules of Professional Conduct and his
oath of office when he sought to influence the judge by means
prohibited by law and made statements with reckless disregard
for truth or falsity regarding the integrity of the judge.
   According to the record before this court in State ex rel.
Counsel for Dis. v. Gast, supra, in June 2016, Gast gave sworn
testimony at the formal hearing regarding his suspension in
2015, the period during which the current formal charges
allege he engaged in the unauthorized practice of law. Gast
stated that he failed to pay his dues because he was depressed
at the time and he “was not [him]self” due to the “way [he] was
being treated” in matters relating to the Florida v. Countrywide
Truck litigation. Gast further explained that he did not have the
money to pay his $98 dues, because he had not been paid in
the Florida v. Countrywide Truck litigation since 2009 and he
did not have many other cases. He testified that he accepted
these consequences to be a “zealous advocate” for his client.
Regarding the unreported MCLE requirements, Gast again
stated that he “just wasn’t [him]self” at the time and referred
to his frustrations with the Florida v. Countrywide Truck litiga-
tion. Gast denied representing any clients as of July 1, 2015,
when he learned of his suspension for failure to pay dues and
to report MCLE requirements, and he testified that he notified
his clients of his suspension.
   In State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Gast, supra, we sus-
pended Gast from the practice of law for a period of 1 year
retroactive to March 3, 2017, to be followed by a period of 2
years’ probation upon reinstatement.
                     Frivolous Pleadings
  The frivolous pleadings charge also relates to the Florida v.
Countrywide Truck litigation. At all relevant times, Gast repre-
sented two of the defendants in that case.
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
              STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 203

   As mentioned above, the case was filed in the district court
for Douglas County in January 1998; Gast entered his appear-
ance in February 2002. The case was appealed to this court
multiple times. See, State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck
Ins. Agency, 275 Neb. 842, 749 N.W.2d 894 (2008); State of
Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins. Agency, 270 Neb. 454, 703
N.W.2d 905 (2005); State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins.
Agency, 258 Neb. 113, 602 N.W.2d 432 (1999).
   On May 12, 2015, the district court, Judge Bataillon presid-
ing, entered judgment for the plaintiff. According to the formal
charges, on May 29, the district court entered an order find-
ing that Gast filed several frivolous actions over the course of
the litigation:
          “a. As to the Defendant’s [unsuccessful] Motion for
      Recusal of June 2004, and the subsequent [unsuccessful]
      appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court, . . . this Court
      finds that this was a frivolous action by . . . Gast, how-
      ever, this Court awards no fees as the Supreme Court was
      in the best position to award fees and did not do so. [See
      State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins. Agency, 270
      Neb. 454, 703 N.W.2d 905 (2005).]
          “b. After the initial trial in this matter in 2006, the
      [Defendants] appealed this Court’s directed verdict
      for the Plaintiff to the Nebraska Supreme Court. The
      Nebraska Supreme Court reversed the directed verdict
      decision by this Court and remanded for a new trial.
      [See State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck Ins. Agency,
      275 Neb. 842, 749 N.W.2d 894 (2008).] . . . Thereafter,
      . . . Gast filed Motions requesting this Court to limit the
      issues to be tried. This Court refused these requests as the
      Mandate and the opinion of the Nebraska Supreme Court
      did not so direct. Thereafter, . . . Gast [unsuccessfully]
      appealed the decision by a Writ of Mandamus against this
      Court. . . . This Court finds that these actions by . . . Gast
      [were] frivolous, however, this Court awards no fees as
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                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

      the Nebraska Supreme Court was in the best position to
      award fees and did not do so.
         “c. On October 4, 2014, . . . Gast filed a Motion for
      this Court to Recuse itself because of some relationship/
      friendship this Court had with Plaintiff’s counsel. . . .
      This Court finds that this Motion for Recusal was ground-
      less and frivolous. . . .”
The district court sanctioned Gast for the frivolous motion
to recuse filed in 2014 by entering judgment for the plain-
tiff for costs in the amount of $15,000, to be paid personally
by Gast.
    Gast filed an appeal of the sanction order on June 5, 2015.
On August 5, 2016, we affirmed the district court’s sanction
order against Gast. See State of Florida v. Countrywide Truck
Ins. Agency, 294 Neb. 400, 883 N.W.2d 69 (2016). We deter-
mined that the district court had jurisdiction to sanction Gast,
but we did not examine the factual basis for the sanction,
because Gast did not question it.
    As noted above, we later suspended Gast from the prac-
tice of law after Relator made formal charges arising from
Gast’s communications with Judge Bataillon in the Florida v.
Countrywide Truck litigation, but those charges did not address
the frivolousness of any claims. See State ex rel. Counsel for
Dis. v. Gast, 296 Neb. 687, 896 N.W.2d 583 (2017).
    Now with the current formal charges, Relator seeks disci-
plinary sanctions against Gast for rule violations associated
with filing frivolous pleadings.
                 Judgment on Pleadings and
                 R elator’s R ecommendation
   On March 28, 2017, Gast signed a document acknowledging
receipt of the summons and formal charges, which had been
filed on March 24. However, Gast failed to file an answer to
the formal charges.
   On May 4, 2017, Relator filed a motion for judgment
on the pleadings, and on May 30, we granted the motion,
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
              STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 203

limited to facts. We directed the parties to brief the issue
of discipline.
   Gast did not file a brief.
   Relator’s brief recommends that we sanction Gast with an
indefinite suspension of his license to practice law for a mini-
mum of 1 year. Relator’s brief further recommends that any
application for reinstatement filed by Gast after the minimum
suspension period should include a showing under oath which
demonstrates his fitness to practice law and fully addresses the
circumstances of the instant violations.
   Relator bases its recommendation upon the uncontroverted
allegations of misconduct, Gast’s prior disciplinary record,
and similar cases. Relator further notes that in the absence of
responses from Gast, there is no evidence of why he engaged
in misconduct and no evidence of mitigating factors.

                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
  [1] A proceeding to discipline an attorney is a trial de novo
on the record. State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Tonderum, 286
Neb. 942, 840 N.W.2d 487 (2013).

                           ANALYSIS
   In this disciplinary matter, Gast faces formal charges stem-
ming from the unauthorized practice of law and frivolous
pleadings. Because we granted judgment on the pleadings as to
the facts, the only issue before us is the appropriate discipline.
See id. Having examined the facts and circumstances of this
case in conjunction with other pertinent considerations, we
agree with Relator’s recommendation.
   [2-5] We evaluate each attorney discipline case in light of
its particular facts and circumstances. State ex rel. Counsel
for Dis. v. Carbullido, 278 Neb. 721, 773 N.W.2d 141 (2009).
To determine whether and to what extent discipline should be
imposed in an attorney discipline proceeding, we consider the
following factors: (1) the nature of the offense, (2) the need
for deterring others, (3) the maintenance of the reputation of
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   298 Nebraska R eports
             STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                       Cite as 298 Neb. 203

the bar as a whole, (4) the protection of the public, (5) the
attitude of the offender generally, and (6) the offender’s pres-
ent or future fitness to continue in the practice of law. Id. For
purposes of determining the proper discipline of an attorney,
this court considers the attorney’s acts both underlying the
events of the case and throughout the proceeding, as well as
all aggravating or mitigating factors. Id. The propriety of a
sanction must be considered with reference to the sanctions
imposed in prior similar cases. State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v.
Gast, 296 Neb. 687, 896 N.W.2d 583 (2017).
   [6] This decision represents the second time we have
imposed disciplinary sanctions against Gast this year, fol-
lowing several decades with no disciplinary intervention. A
court has the right to examine its own records and take judi-
cial notice of its own proceedings and judgments in a former
action. Burns v. Burns, 296 Neb. 184, 892 N.W.2d 135 (2017).
Thus, in addition to the current formal charges, in our de novo
review we consider the relevant facts from Gast’s previous
disciplinary proceedings, as well as the aggravating nature of
his previous disciplinary offenses. See, State ex rel. Counsel
for Dis. v. Lopez Wilson, 283 Neb. 616, 811 N.W.2d 673
(2012); State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Ellis, 283 Neb. 329,
808 N.W.2d 634 (2012).
   In the previous disciplinary matter, Gast’s behavior toward a
sitting judge showed disrespect for the judicial process, and we
find this to be an aggravating factor.
   In addition, we consider the formal hearing for the previ-
ous disciplinary matter, where Gast denied under oath that
he represented any clients after learning of his administra-
tive suspension for failure to pay dues and to report MCLE
requirements and testified that he notified his clients of his
suspension. This testimony conflicts with the current formal
charges that Gast continued to represent Surber and failed to
withdraw or to inform her or the court of his administrative
suspension. Although Relator did not raise this discrepancy
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              STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. GAST
                        Cite as 298 Neb. 203

in the current formal charges, it does not weigh favorably
for Gast.
   Relator charges Gast with the unauthorized practice of law in
Surber’s case, a case distinct from the Florida v. Countrywide
Truck litigation for which he was previously sanctioned. This
represents a pattern of noncompliance with our disciplinary
rules, and cumulative acts of attorney misconduct are distin-
guishable from isolated incidents, therefore justifying more
serious sanctions. See State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Gast,
supra. And we have said that ordinarily, cumulative acts of
misconduct can, and often do, lead to disbarment. See State ex
rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Carbullido, 278 Neb. 721, 773 N.W.2d
141 (2009).
   On the other hand, there is mitigating evidence that Gast
failed to pay his dues and comply with MCLE requirements
because he was financially and emotionally overwhelmed by
the Florida v. Countrywide Truck litigation. And there is no
evidence that Gast harmed his client, Surber. However, the
cumulative nature of Gast’s past and present violations sug-
gests a risk of future harm and necessitates a sanction that
protects the public and maintains the reputation of the bar as
a whole.
   The second charge of misconduct raised by Relator involves
instances of frivolous claims or filings by Gast in the course
of the Florida v. Countrywide Truck litigation. We note that
one such filing involved a frivolous motion to recuse, for
which the district court sanctioned Gast.
   [7,8] Gast’s lack of participation in the disciplinary process
is also a factor in our analysis. Responding to disciplinary
complaints in an untimely manner and repeatedly ignoring
requests for information from the Counsel for Discipline indi-
cate a disrespect for our disciplinary jurisdiction and a lack of
concern for the protection of the public, the profession, and the
administration of justice. State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Tighe,
295 Neb. 30, 886 N.W.2d 530 (2016). An attorney’s failure
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                        Cite as 298 Neb. 203

to respond to inquiries and requests for information from the
Counsel for Discipline is an important matter and is a threat
to the credibility of attorney disciplinary proceedings. State ex
rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Wickenkamp, 277 Neb. 16, 759 N.W.2d
492 (2009). The failure to respond to formal charges in this
court is of even greater moment. Id.
   In the present disciplinary process, Gast has failed to cor-
respond with Relator, to respond to the formal charges, and
to brief the issue of discipline as directed by this court. These
facts do not reflect positively on Gast’s attitude and lead us to
question his respect for this court’s disciplinary jurisdiction.
See State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Carbullido, supra. And
although Gast initially self-reported his unauthorized practice
of law, this fact has little mitigating impact, because Gast
was prompted to self-report by opposing counsel’s ultimatum
and effectively did not participate in the disciplinary process
thereafter. Consequently, Gast sacrificed the opportunity to
enlighten us about any additional mitigating factors or his cur-
rent or future fitness to practice law. See State ex rel. Counsel
for Dis. v. Tonderum, 286 Neb. 942, 840 N.W.2d 487 (2013).
Under such circumstances, we have declined to disbar the
attorney and instead imposed an indefinite suspension. Id. But
we caution the bar that failing to participate in the disciplinary
process is a very serious matter.
   Finally, we consider the appropriate sanction with refer-
ence to the sanctions imposed in prior similar cases. See State
ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Gast, 296 Neb. 687, 896 N.W.2d
583 (2017). Prior cases, though factually unique, offer some
insight. See, e.g., State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Keith, 286
Neb. 551, 840 N.W.2d 456 (2013) (suspended for approxi-
mately 4 months pursuant to terms of conditional admission
for continuing to represent client after suspension for failure
to pay bar dues); State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Carbullido,
278 Neb. 721, 773 N.W.2d 141 (2009) (disbarment for suc-
cessive instances of unauthorized practice of law, multiple
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convictions for driving under the influence, and failure to
respond to inquiries and charges); State ex rel. Counsel for
Dis. v. Frye, 278 Neb. 527, 771 N.W.2d 571 (2009) (90-day
suspension pursuant to conditional admission for unautho­
rized practice of law, failure to respond, disciplinary actions in
Iowa). We conclude that Relator’s recommended sanction for
Gast harmonizes with our prior disciplinary cases.

                         CONCLUSION
   Having considered the facts and circumstances of Gast’s
case, the prior decisions by this court, and his failure to par-
ticipate in the disciplinary process, and having weighed Gast’s
present case in view of his prior disciplinary matter, we adopt
Relator’s recommended sanction of indefinite suspension from
the practice of law for a minimum of 1 year. Such suspension
shall run consecutively with the suspension previously imposed
by this court and shall commence on March 3, 2018. Any
application for reinstatement filed by Gast after the minimum
suspension period shall include a showing under oath which
demonstrates his fitness to practice law and fully addresses the
circumstances of the instant violations.
   Gast is also directed to pay costs and expenses in accord­
ance with Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 7-114 and 7-115 (Reissue 2012)
and § 3-310(P) and Neb. Ct. R. § 3-323(B) of the discipli­
nary rules within 60 days after an order imposing costs and
expenses, if any, is entered by the court.
                                       Judgment of suspension.
