J-S35010-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                           :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                           :
              v.                           :
                                           :
                                           :
 JAMES WATTS                               :
                                           :
                    Appellant              :   No. 3721 EDA 2017

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 17, 2017
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0005858-2016


BEFORE:    OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                                FILED JULY 12, 2019

      Appellant, James Watts, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

on October 17, 2017. We affirm.

      On appeal, Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it denied his

motion to suppress. Because the Commonwealth prevailed at the suppression

hearing, we “consider only the Commonwealth’s evidence and so much of the

evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context

of the record as a whole.” Commonwealth v. Russo, 934 A.2d 1199, 1203

(Pa. 2007) (quotations and citations omitted). Further, “the record” refers to

“the evidentiary record that was created at the suppression hearing.”

Commonwealth v. Cruz, 166 A.3d 1249, 1254 (Pa. Super. 2017); In re

L.J., 79 A.3d 1073 (Pa. 2013). Viewed in this manner, the facts are as follows.

      At the time of the August 18, 2017 suppression hearing, Philadelphia

Police Officer Richard Nicoletti was a 28-year veteran of the Philadelphia Police

____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S35010-19



force and a 23-year veteran of the Philadelphia Police Department’s Narcotics

Field Unit. N.T. Suppression Hearing, 8/18/17, at 5. Officer Nicoletti testified

that, at around 4:00 p.m. on June 1, 2016, he and his partner were on-duty,

but in plain clothes and sitting in an unmarked vehicle that was parked on the

400 block of St. Vincent Street. Id. at 6-7 and 19. The officer testified that

the 400 block of St. Vincent Street is a residential block and that he and his

fellow officers were “[c]onducting an investigation of a target location . . . in

reference to a drug complaint.” Id.

      Officer Nicoletti testified:

        I was watching the target location . . . and about 4:10 p.m.,
        [Appellant] drove up westbound on St. Vincent [Street] and
        pulled over just before Oakley Street. He actually pulled over
        almost directly across the street from me. I was facing
        eastbound on the other side of the street, he was facing
        westbound on St. Vincent.

        [Appellant] had his window down and he was the only
        occupant in the car. And just for a note, he was not the target
        of my investigation or why I was there in the first place.

        Right at that time, a white male came out wearing a white
        T-shirt and tan shorts out of a house to the right of me, which
        would've been on the south side of St. Vincent Street. He
        approached [Appellant’s] car, got into the passenger side. At
        that time, I could see [Appellant] was holding a clear
        sandwich baggie.

        Now, when he had crossed my vehicle, the white male, he
        actually walked directly in front of my truck. I was in a pickup
        truck. He was holding money. When he got into the
        passenger side, [he and Appellant] spoke very briefly. . . .
        The white man handed that money he had held in his hand
        to [Appellant, Appellant] reached into that clear sandwich
        baggie, appeared to give small items to the white male, the
        white male got out and started walking back across the street

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        into the house. Almost at the same time, [Appellant] then
        pulled off westbound on St. Vincent and went one block and
        then southbound on Shelbourne Street, which is the next
        block over, west from Oakley.

        At that point, I had other officers in the area, Officer Bogan,
        Officer Fitzgerald, and I managed to turn around, myself
        along with Officer Bogan and Fitzgerald and Officer Sumter,
        followed [Appellant’s] vehicle, which was a silver Monte
        Carlo.

        We followed him south on Shelbourne, and then he got stuck
        in traffic right at Longshore, where Longshore kind of cuts
        into another street there.

        And at that point, myself and the other officers exited our
        vehicle to conduct an investigation. . . . So, we got out of
        our cars, walked up [to Appellant’s vehicle, and] identified
        ourselves as officers. . . .         [When] we approached
        [Appellant’s] vehicle, . . . in the cup holder right next to
        [Appellant], I could observe a clear sandwich baggie and U.S.
        currency in the cup holder.

        Officer Bogan actually made a physical recovery of those
        items from the passenger side of the vehicle. And the clear
        baggie did contain four clear packets of crack cocaine and
        one small pill. The money was counted and totaled, I believe
        it was $468[.00] U.S. currency.

Id. at 7-9 and 15 (some capitalization omitted).

     Officer Nicoletti specifically testified that, based upon his experience, he

“believed [he witnessed] a narcotics transaction” between Appellant and the

white male.   Id. at 16.   Officer Nicoletti also testified that he witnessed

“thousands” of “hand-to-hand transaction[s]” in his career as a Philadelphia

Police Officer and personally experienced “that type of transaction [himself]

making undercover purchases.” Id. at 10. Further, he testified that, “over




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the years,” he made “maybe [a] half [] dozen” narcotics arrests in “[a] one to

two block radius of” the 400 block of St. Vincent Street. Id. at 11.

        Appellant was arrested and charged with possession of a controlled

substance with the intent to deliver (“PWID”) and possession of a controlled

substance.1     Prior to trial, Appellant moved to suppress the evidence on

grounds that “the officers did not have probable cause to stop and arrest

[Appellant], nor did they have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to

warrant the stop of [Appellant’s] car.” See id. at 4.

        On August 18, 2017, the trial court held a suppression hearing, where

it heard the above-summarized evidence.          Moreover, during the hearing,

Appellant’s counsel questioned Officer Nicoletti and intimated that, since the

officer did not actually see the contraband being passed between Appellant

and the white male, it was possible that Appellant was simply handing the

white male a piece of candy from the clear sandwich baggie. Officer Nicoletti

testified:

          Let me go back [to] when you say a piece of candy[.] I’ve
          been doing narcotics investigations a long time, I’ve never
          seen anybody get a piece of candy like that ever.

N.T. Suppression Hearing, 8/18/17, at 17.

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied Appellant’s

suppression motion and Appellant proceeded to a bench trial. The trial court

found Appellant guilty of PWID and simple possession and, on October 17,

____________________________________________


1   35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30) and (16), respectively.

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2017, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve a term of one to three years

in prison, followed by five years of probation, for the PWID conviction. N.T.

Sentencing, 10/17/17, at 20.

      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. He makes one claim on appeal:

        Whether the court erred in failing to grant the motion to
        suppress the physical evidence?

Appellant’s Brief at 4 (some capitalization omitted).

      “Once a motion to suppress evidence has been filed, it is the

Commonwealth’s burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of the defendant’s

rights.” Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d 1040, 1047-1048 (Pa. Super.

2012) (en banc); see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H). With respect to an appeal

from the denial of a motion to suppress, our Supreme Court has declared:

        Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial
        court’s denial of a suppression motion is whether the factual
        findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
        conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. When
        reviewing [such a ruling by the] suppression court, we must
        consider only the evidence of the prosecution and so much of
        the evidence of the defense as remains uncontradicted when
        read in the context of the record. . . . Where the record
        supports the findings of the suppression court, we are bound
        by those facts and may reverse only if the legal conclusions
        drawn therefrom are in error.

Commonwealth v. Eichinger, 915 A.2d 1122, 1134 (Pa. 2007) (citations

omitted). “It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to

pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their




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testimony.” Commonwealth v. Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa. Super.

2006).

      As we have explained, “[t]he Fourth Amendment to the [United States]

Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of [the Pennsylvania] Constitution protect

citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. To safeguard this right,

courts require police to articulate the basis for their interaction with citizens

in [three] increasingly intrusive situations.” Commonwealth v. McAdoo, 46

A.3d 781, 784 (Pa. Super. 2012). Our Supreme Court has categorized these

three situations as follows:

         The first category, a mere encounter or request for
         information, does not need to be supported by any level of
         suspicion, and does not carry any official compulsion to stop
         or respond. The second category, an investigative detention,
         derives from Terry v. Ohio and its progeny:            such a
         detention is lawful if supported by reasonable suspicion
         because, although it subjects a suspect to a stop and a period
         of detention, it does not involve such coercive conditions as
         to constitute the functional equivalent of an arrest. The final
         category, the arrest or custodial detention, must be
         supported by probable cause.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 836 A.2d 5, 10 (Pa. 2003).

      Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it denied his suppression

motion because the police did not have reasonable suspicion to subject him

to an investigatory detention or probable cause to search his vehicle. We will

analyze the claims separately.

      First, Appellant claims that, when the police initially approached his

vehicle, the police subjected him to an investigatory detention; he claims that



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the police did not possess the requisite reasonable suspicion to subject him to

that investigatory detention. Appellant’s Brief at 11. This claim fails.

      We agree with the trial court that Appellant was subjected to an

investigatory detention when the four officers initially approached his vehicle

on foot, from both sides, while the vehicle was stopped in traffic, and identified

themselves as police officers. See Trial Court Opinion, 12/7/18, at 7. At that

point, “a reasonable person in Appellant’s position would not have felt free to

leave.”   See Commonwealth v. Parker, 161 A.3d 357, 364 (Pa. Super.

2017). Since Appellant was subjected to an investigatory detention at this

point, the Commonwealth was required to prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that the detention was at least supported by reasonable suspicion.

Our Supreme Court has explained:

          Reasonable suspicion is a less stringent standard than
          probable cause necessary to effectuate a warrantless arrest,
          and depends on the information possessed by police and its
          degree of reliability in the totality of the circumstances. In
          order to justify the seizure, a police officer must be able to
          point to specific and articulable facts leading him to suspect
          criminal activity is afoot. In assessing the totality of the
          circumstances, courts must also afford due weight to the
          specific, reasonable inferences drawn from the facts in light
          of the officer's experience and acknowledge that innocent
          facts, when considered collectively, may permit the
          investigative detention.

Commonwealth v. Holmes, 14 A.3d 89, 95 (Pa. 2011) (quotations,

citations, and emphasis omitted).

      Here, the trial court properly concluded that the officers (at least) had

reasonable suspicion to initially stop Appellant. To be sure, Officer Nicoletti


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testified that he witnessed the following: Appellant parked his vehicle on a

residential block “almost directly across the street from” the officer; when

Appellant parked his vehicle, he “had his window down and he was the only

occupant in the car;” almost immediately after Appellant parked his vehicle,

“a white male came out . . . of a house” visibly holding money in his hand;

the male got into the passenger side of Appellant’s car, spoke briefly with

Appellant, handed Appellant the money, and, after he handed Appellant the

money, Appellant “reached into [a] clear sandwich baggie” and handed the

male what appeared to be “small items;” and, after the transaction concluded,

the male exited Appellant’s vehicle, walked back towards his house, and

Appellant drove away.      N.T. Suppression Hearing, 8/18/17, at 7-9 (some

capitalization omitted). Further, Officer Nicoletti testified that: he is a 23-year

veteran of the Philadelphia Police Department’s Narcotics Field Unit; he has

witnessed “thousands” of “hand-to-hand transaction[s]” in his career as a

Philadelphia Police Officer and participated in this type of transaction while

making undercover purchases; and, based upon his experience, he “believed

[he witnessed] a narcotics transaction” between Appellant and the white male.

Id. at 5, 10, and 16.

      Given these specific and articulable facts, we agree that “an objectively

reasonable police officer would have reasonably suspected” that Appellant sold

narcotics to the male. Holmes, 14 A.3d at 95 and 96. As such, we agree

that the investigatory detention was properly supported by reasonable

suspicion. Appellant's first claim on appeal thus fails.

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      Next, Appellant claims that the search of his vehicle was unsupported

by probable cause. See Appellant’s Brief at 12. This claim also fails.

      As we recently explained:

        In [Commonwealth v. Gary, 91 A.3d 102 (Pa. 2014)
        (plurality)], the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania reinterpreted
        Article I, § 8 [of the Pennsylvania Constitution] as paralleling
        the Fourth Amendment's protections against warrantless
        searches of automobiles, because “it is desirable to maintain
        a single, uniform standard for a warrantless search of a motor
        vehicle, applicable in federal and state court, to avoid
        unnecessary confusion, conflict, and inconsistency in this
        often-litigated area.” [Gary, 91 A.3d at 138]. Hence,
        Pennsylvania now follows federal law on this issue; “where
        police possess probable cause to search a car, a warrantless
        search is permissible.” In re I.M.S., 124 A.3d 311, 317 (Pa.
        Super. 2015).

Commonwealth v. Davis, 188 A.3d 454, 457-458 (Pa. Super. 2018)

(footnote omitted); see also Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940

(1996) (“[i]f a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it

contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment [] permits police to search the

vehicle without more”).

      As to the probable cause standard, we have explained:

        The level of probable cause necessary for warrantless
        searches of automobiles is the same as that required to
        obtain a search warrant. The well-established standard for
        evaluating whether probable cause exists is the “totality of
        the circumstances” test. This test allows for a flexible,
        common-sense approach to all circumstances presented.
        Probable cause typically exists where the facts and
        circumstances within the officer's knowledge are sufficient to
        warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that an
        offense has been or is being committed. The evidence
        required to establish probable cause for a warrantless search


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         must be more than a mere suspicion or a good faith belief on
         the part of the police officer.

         The question we ask is not whether the officer's belief was
         correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we require only
         a probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal
         activity.

Commonwealth v. Runyan, 160 A.3d 831, 837 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations,

emphasis, and some quotations omitted); see also Maryland v. Pringle,

540 U.S. 366, 370 (2003) (“the probable[] cause standard is a practical,

nontechnical    conception   that   deals     with   the   factual   and   practical

considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not

legal technicians, act”) (quotations and citations omitted).

      Our Supreme Court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985

A.2d 928 (Pa. 2009), guides our resolution of this matter. In Thompson, our

Supreme Court applied the probable cause standard to a factual scenario

similar to the one at bar. The Thompson Court summarized the relevant

facts of its case:

         On January 21, 2005, in the evening, Philadelphia Police
         Officer Orlando Ortiz was on duty in the 2400 block of
         Leithgow Street. Officer Ortiz knew the neighborhood as a
         high crime area in which narcotics, and specifically heroin,
         regularly were sold. The area was designated by the
         Philadelphia Police Department as an “Operation Safe
         Streets” neighborhood. Officer Ortiz, a nine-year veteran of
         the police force, and his partner, Officer Correa, were in
         plainclothes and driving an unmarked vehicle. Officer Ortiz
         saw a car parked by the sidewalk and observed [the
         defendant] standing in the street by the driver's side door.
         Officer Ortiz watched [the defendant] hand the male driver
         some money and saw the driver give [the defendant] a small
         object in return. Based on what he saw on the street and
         what he knew, including the fact that he had made several

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         hundred narcotics arrests of this very type, Officer Ortiz
         believed the men were engaged in a drug transaction. Officer
         Ortiz stopped [the defendant] and recovered from his pocket
         a packet of heroin. Officer Correa approached the driver and
         ultimately recovered two packets of heroin from his hand and
         an additional 14 packets from his person.

Id. at 930.

     The Commonwealth charged the defendant with possession of a

controlled substance and the defendant filed a motion to suppress the physical

evidence against him, claiming that the police “lacked the probable cause

necessary to support the search and seizure.” Id. The trial court denied the

motion and the defendant was found guilty of possessing a controlled

substance. After this Court affirmed the defendant’s judgment of sentence,

the Pennsylvania Supreme Court granted allowance of appeal to determine

“[w]hether the initial seizure and immediately ensuing search lacked probable

cause.” Id. at 931.

     In affirming the defendant’s judgment of sentence, the Thompson

Court reiterated that a probable cause analysis demands a court consider the

totality of the circumstances. Id. Thus:

         [t]he time is important; the street location is important; the
         use of a street for commercial transactions is important; the
         number of such transactions is important; the place where
         the small items were kept by one of the sellers is important;
         the movements and manners of the parties are important.

Id. at 932, quoting Commonwealth v. Lawson, 309 A.2d 391, 394 (Pa.

1973).




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     Moreover, the Thompson Court held that “a police officer’s experience

may fairly be regarded as a relevant factor in determining probable cause.”

Thompson, 985 A.2d at 935. However, as to the factor of officer experience,

the Supreme Court cautioned “that an officer’s testimony in this regard shall

not simply reference training and experience abstract from an explanation of

their specific application to the circumstances at hand.” Id. (quotations and

citations omitted). Rather, the Court held, “the officer must demonstrate a

nexus between his experience and the search, arrest, or seizure of evidence.”

Id. (quotations and citations omitted).

     In applying the law to the facts of the case before it, the Thompson

Court held that the police had probable cause to arrest the defendant. The

Court explained:

        The evidence at the suppression hearing established that
        Officer Ortiz was a nine-year veteran of the police force who
        was on undercover patrol in a high crime area that had been
        designated by the Philadelphia Police Department as an
        Operation Safe Streets neighborhood. In addition to this
        designation by the department, Officer Ortiz was personally
        familiar with heroin sales activity in the neighborhood, heroin
        packaging, and hand-to-hand drug exchanges on the street.
        In drawing a nexus between his experience and the
        observation he made, Officer Ortiz testified that he had seen
        this type of “exchange done several hundred times” on the
        street and had made several hundred narcotics arrests of this
        very type.

        Because we have determined that a police officer's
        experience may be fairly regarded as a relevant factor in
        determining probable cause, and due to the presence of
        additional factors in support of Officer Ortiz's conclusion that
        he was witnessing a drug transaction, we find no error in the
        Superior Court's conclusion that probable cause was present

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        in this case. We do not base our decision solely on Officer
        Ortiz's experience and the connection he articulated between
        that experience and what he observed. We also rely on the
        fact that the transaction at issue occurred in the nighttime
        hours, on the street, in a neighborhood that the police
        department selected for the “Operation Safe Streets”
        program.

Id. at 936-937 (footnotes omitted).

      Similar to Thompson, the totality of the circumstances in the case at

bar establishes that the police had probable cause to believe that the clear

plastic sandwich baggie in Appellant’s vehicle contained contraband. First, as

required by Thompson, Officer Nicoletti “demonstrate[d] a nexus between

his experience and the search, arrest, or seizure of evidence.” See id. at 935

(quotations and citations omitted). Certainly, during the suppression hearing,

Officer Nicoletti testified that: he was a 28-year veteran of the Philadelphia

Police force and a 23-year veteran of the Philadelphia Police Department’s

Narcotics Field Unit; he had witnessed “thousands” of “hand-to-hand

transaction[s]” in his career as a Philadelphia Police Officer and participated

in this type of transaction while making undercover purchases; and, based

upon this experience, he       believed that this particular hand-to-hand

transaction between Appellant and the white male was a narcotics transaction.

N.T. Suppression Hearing, 8/18/17, at 5, 10-11, and 16.

      As already explained above, supporting Officer Nicoletti’s belief were the

following facts:   Appellant parked his vehicle on a residential (not a

commercial) block “almost directly across the street from” the officer; when

Appellant parked his vehicle, he “had his window down and he was the only


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occupant in the car;” almost immediately after Appellant parked his vehicle,

“a white male came out . . . of a house” visibly holding money in his hand;

the male got into the passenger side of Appellant’s car, spoke briefly with

Appellant, handed Appellant the money, and, after he handed Appellant the

money, Appellant “reached into [a] clear sandwich baggie” and handed the

male what appeared to be “small items;” and, after the transaction concluded,

the male exited Appellant’s vehicle, walked back towards his house, and

Appellant drove away.      Id. at 7-9 and 15 (some capitalization omitted).

Further, immediately before the officers seized the contraband from

Appellant’s vehicle, the officers observed the clear sandwich baggie and a

large amount of money – $468.00 – sitting in the vehicle’s cup holder. Id. at

9.

      It is true that Officer Nicoletti did not testify that the 400 block of St.

Vincent Street was a “high crime area,” as in Thompson.            Nevertheless,

Officer Nicoletti did testify that, at the time he witnessed the transaction, he

was on the block because he was “[c]onducting an investigation of a target

location . . . in reference to a drug complaint” and he also testified that, over

his 28-year career as a police officer, he made “maybe [a] half [] dozen”

narcotics arrests in “[a] one to two block radius of” the 400 block of St. Vincent

Street. Id. at 6 and 11-12. Further, although the transaction in Thompson

occurred at night, while the one in the instant case occurred during the

afternoon, this distinction is not dispositive, as probable cause must be

determined by viewing the totality of the circumstances.      The totality of the

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circumstances in this case includes the facts that: the transaction occurred

on a residential (and not a commercial) street; Appellant kept the suspected

contraband in a clear plastic baggie, in his vehicle, right next to a large amount

of money; the fact that, immediately after Appellant parked on the street, the

white male exited his house with money visibly in hand and entered

Appellant’s vehicle; the transaction occurred in a quick, hand-to-hand

manner; the transaction consisted of Appellant reaching into the clear plastic

baggie and exchanging what appeared to be small items for money;

immediately after the transaction, the male exited Appellant’s vehicle and

Appellant drove away; and, Officer Nicoletti’s experienced belief – from

witnessing “thousands” of “hand-to-hand transaction[s]” in his career as a

Philadelphia Police Officer and participating in these types of transactions

while making undercover purchases – that this particular hand-to-hand

transaction between Appellant and the other male was a narcotics transaction.

      In accordance with Thompson, we conclude that, prior to the seizure,

the totality of the circumstances in this case establishes that the police had

probable cause to believe that the clear plastic sandwich baggie in Appellant’s

vehicle contained contraband. Therefore, we conclude that the police lawfully

seized the contraband from the vehicle and that the trial court properly denied

Appellant’s suppression motion. Appellant’s claim to the contrary, thus, fails.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.




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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 7/12/19




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