                                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                         AUG 30 2000
                                       TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                                  No. 99-3298
 DEMETRIUS R. HARGROVE,                                 (D.C. No. 98-CR-20033-02-GTV)
                                                                    (D.Kan.)
           Defendant-Appellant.




                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before EBEL and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges, and COOK, District Judge.**


       Appellant Demetrius R. Hargrove was convicted of one count of kidnaping and

one count of using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) & 1201. He was sentenced as a career offender and

received 360 months for the kidnaping charge and 5 years to be served consecutively for

the firearm charge. He now appeals the conviction and the district court’s classification



       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders
and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions
of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

       **
         The Honorable H. Dale Cook, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern,
Eastern and Western Districts of Oklahoma, sitting by designation.
of him as a career offender. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C.

§ 3742(a). We affirm.

                                       Background

       Evidence presented at trial showed appellant and Chris Trotter kidnaped the

victim, Tyrone Richards, in April 1998. Appellant, Trotter and a third person, Shedrick

Kimbrel, drove from Kansas City, Kansas to Leavenworth, Kansas. Upon arriving in

Leavenworth, appellant and Trotter left the car and returned approximately fifteen

minutes later with Richards. Richards was crying as he got into the car. Kimbrel testified

appellant and Trotter were both carrying firearms at the time.

       With Richards in the car, appellant drove across a bridge into Missouri to purchase

gas and then drove back into Kansas.

       Back in Kansas, appellant jumped out of the car when a passing police car turned

around to follow and turned on its lights. Kimbrel, Trotter and Richards remained in the

car and were later stopped by Leavenworth police.

       On May 8, 1998, appellant and Trotter were charged with the kidnaping of

Richards and using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence.

Following a jury trial on May 27, 1999, appellant was convicted on both counts. He now

raises six issues on appeal.

                                        Discussion

I.     Whether the district court erred in determining that the time from the filing
       of appellant’s first pretrial motion to the May 3, 1999, hearing was excludable

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       under the Speedy Trial Act.

       The district court’s application of the legal standards of the Speedy Trial Act are

reviewed de novo and its underlying factual findings are reviewed for clear error. United

States v. Hill, 197 F.3d 436, 441 (10th Cir. 1999).

       The Speedy Trial Act requires the commencement of trial within seventy days

from the filing date of the information or indictment or from the date the defendant

appeared before a judicial officer of the court in which the charge is pending, whichever

occurs last. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). Certain periods of delay, including “delay resulting

from any pretrial motion, from the filing of the motion through the conclusion of the

hearing on, or other prompt disposition of such motion,” are excluded in computing the

time within which the trial of an offense must commence. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(F).

       Appellant was first brought before a magistrate November 5, 1998. Appellant’s

attorney, Joe Johnson, filed pretrial motions on his behalf November 24, 1998. From

November 24, 1998, to February 22, 1999, Johnson and his associate, Melanie Morgan,

filed motions on behalf of appellant. Due to differences with appellant, Johnson and

Morgan moved to withdraw as counsel for appellant, February 22, 1999. The district

court granted this motion March 8, 1999, and advised that appellant’s next appearance

would be set after new counsel was appointed. Steven Schweiker was appointed to

represent appellant March 23, 1999. A hearing was set for April 12, 1999. Schweiker

filed additional pretrial motions on behalf of appellant April 23, 1999, including a motion


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to adopt the pending pretrial motions filed by Johnson and Morgan. All motions were

heard on May 3, 1999. Trial commenced May 24, 1999. The district court found the time

from the filing of appellant’s first pretrial motion on November 24, 1998, to the May 3,

1999, hearing was excludable.

       Appellant claims he did not approve the motions filed by Johnson and Morgan

before the motions were filed. However, we find nothing in the Speedy Trial Act that

requires prior knowledge or agreement as a prerequisite to excluding time under 18

U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(F).

       The five-and-a-half month delay from appellant’s first appearance to the

commencement of trial was due to the pretrial motions filed by appellant’s attorneys. 18

U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(F) excludes this period of delay from a speedy trial calculation.

Based upon our de novo review, we conclude the district court did not err in finding the

period of time from November 24, 1998, to May 3, 1999, was excludable.

II.    Whether the court abused its discretion in allowing the government to
       introduce, in violation of the motion in limine, evidence of the kidnap victim’s
       murder and evidence of an attempt to murder a government witness.

       A district court's determination regarding the admissibility of evidence is reviewed

for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Davis, 40 F.3d 1069, 1073 (10th Cir. 1994).

       Before trial, the district court granted a motion in limine excluding, among other

evidence, evidence of the kidnap victim’s death and evidence of a threat made against a

witness. During cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Kimbrel and Joshua Hunt


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about payments each received from the FBI. Through this questioning, defense counsel

attempted to infer that Kimbrel and Hunt were paid witnesses who would testify to

anything to please the FBI. To rebut this inference, the government sought permission

from the district court to question Kimbrel and Hunt about the reasons each witness

received payments from the FBI.

       The government offered a proffer that the FBI paid Kimbrel and Hunt to allow

them to leave town after Richards, the kidnap victim, was killed. Over defense counsel’s

objection, the district court allowed the government to question Kimbrel and Hunt

concerning the reasons for FBI payments stating that irrespective of the court’s earlier

ruling excluding such testimony, defense counsel had opened the door to this evidence

through its questioning concerning the reasons for the FBI payments. The district court

allowed the testimony despite its possible prejudicial effect stating that defense counsel

“asked about it . . . and the Government’s entitled to explain.” The district court also

emphasized that even though it ruled evidence of the kidnap victim’s death was not

admissible to prove appellant’s guilt, its ruling did not preclude the possibility that the

evidence would be admissible for some other purpose. Even though the district court

excluded the evidence before trial, the district court acted within its discretion in

admitting the evidence after defense counsel opened the door on cross-examination. See

McEwen v. City of Norman, Oklahoma, 926 F.2d 1539, 1547 (10th Cir. 1991) (allowing

testimony to rebut inference raised by defense during cross-examination). It is also clear


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that the district court considered the possible prejudicial effects of admission of this

testimony and concluded the testimony was admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence

403.1

        We find no indication that the district court abused its discretion in admitting this

testimony.

III.    Whether the jury’s verdict on Count 1was supported by sufficient evidence
        that the victim was held against his will at the time a state line was crossed?

IV.     Whether the jury’s verdict on Count 1 was supported by sufficient evidence
        that the victim was held for ransom, reward or other reason.

V.      Whether the jury’s verdict on Count 2 was supported by sufficient evidence
        that defendant used a firearm at the time a state line was crossed.

        In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence the Court will examine the evidence

in the light most favorable to the government in order to determine whether the evidence,

both direct and circumstantial, together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn

therefrom is substantial enough to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United

States v. Willis, 102 F.3d 1078, 1083 (10th Cir. 1996).

        Appellant claims the jury’s verdict on the kidnaping charge was not supported by


        1
                 That the district court did not give a limiting instruction or consider “evidentiary
alternatives” under Rule 403 does not establish reversible error. Hargrove neither requested an
instruction nor presented “alternatives” during the course of trial. “[W]e review only for plain
error” when a defendant fails to request a limiting instruction, United States v. Pedraza, 27 F.3d
1515, 1525 (10th Cir. 1994), and the omission of an instruction in these circumstances “is not
plain error unless the error may have caused a verdict not warranted under the law or ‘where it is
apparent on the face of the record that a miscarriage of justice may occur.’” Gilbert v. Cosco,
Inc., 989 F.2d 399, 404 (10th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). Suffice it to say that no “miscarriage
of justice” is apparent on the face of the record in this case.

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sufficient evidence because no evidence was presented that the victim was held against

his will at the time a state line was crossed and no evidence was presented that the victim

was held for “ransom, reward, or otherwise” as required by 18 U.S.C. § 1201.

Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we find sufficient

evidence was presented to support the guilty verdict.

        Kimbrel testified the victim was crying when appellant and Trotter brought him to

the car. Kimbrel also stated appellant and Trotter were both armed when they left the car

and returned with the victim. Kimbrel’s testimony and other evidence presented at trial

was sufficient to support a finding that the victim was held against his will.

        Kimbrel testified that after appellant and Trotter returned to the car with the

victim, appellant drove the car across the bridge into Missouri to purchase gas. This

testimony was sufficient to allow the jury to find that a state line had been crossed during

the kidnaping. See United States v. Floyd, 81 F.3d 1517, 1525 (10th Cir. 1996) (indicating

that in order to prove kidnaping government required to show victim transported across

state line).

        Appellant also claims no evidence was presented to show the victim was held for

“ransom, reward, or otherwise.” We have held that to prove this element, it is sufficient

for the government to show a defendant has kidnaped the victim for any reason which

would be of benefit to the defendant. United States v. Walker, 137 F.3d 1217, 1220 (10th

Cir. 1998); United States v. Sarracino, 131 F.3d 943, 947 (10th Cir. 1997); De Herrera v.


                                              -7-
United States, 339 F.2d 587, 588 (10th Cir. 1964). Hunt’s testimony showed that

appellant was looking for the victim because appellant believed the victim had been

talking to police about a crime for which appellant could have received “a hard 40.”

From Hunt’s testimony, the jury could have determined that appellant sought to kidnap

the victim to keep him from talking about other crimes possibly committed by appellant.

       For appellant’s sufficiency challenge to his conviction for using and carrying a

firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, there is no requirement, despite

appellant’s suggestion to the contrary, that the government must show appellant

possessed a firearm at the precise moment the victim was taken across a state line.

Instead, the government is required to show that a firearm was possessed at some point

during the commission of the kidnaping. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Kimbrel’s testimony

that appellant and Trotter possessed firearms when the two men brought the victim to the

car is sufficient to satisfy the requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

       We conclude the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support the verdict of

guilty on both counts.

VI.    Whether the evidence at sentencing established the appellant was a career
       offender.

       Evidence presented in a sentencing hearing merely needs to be supported by

"sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy." United States v. Tovar,

27 F.3d 497, 499 (10th Cir.1994). We review the district court's factual findings for clear

error. United States v. Beaulieu, 893 F.2d 1177, 1181-82 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 497 U.S.

                                             -8-
1038, 110 S. Ct. 3302, 111 L.Ed.2d 811 (1990).

       Appellant argues the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing was insufficient

to establish that he qualified as a career offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Before

the sentencing hearing, the government filed a sentencing memorandum which included

copies of appellant’s prior convictions. Copies of appellant’s prior convictions were also

introduced during the August 13, 1999, sentencing hearing. Appellant objected to the

introduction of the copies arguing only certified copies of any prior convictions should be

admitted. The district court overruled appellant’s objection under Federal Rule of

Evidence 1101(d)(3) finding the rule of evidence regarding authenticity of conviction

records was not applicable during a sentencing hearing.

       After reviewing the evidence presented, including the non-certified copies of

appellant’s prior convictions, the district court found appellant qualified as a career

offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. We find no error in the district court’s determination.

       AFFIRMED.



                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   H. Dale Cook
                                                   Senior U.S. District Judge




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