                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                         444444444444
                                           NO . 10-0316
                                         444444444444


                                CITY OF AUSTIN, PETITIONER,
                                                 v.


                   HARRY M. WHITTINGTON, ET AL., RESPONDENTS.

           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
                            ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
           4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444


                                    Argued December 6, 2011


       JUSTICE GUZMAN delivered the opinion of the Court in which CHIEF JUSTICE JEFFERSON ,
JUSTICE WAINWRIGHT , JUSTICE MEDINA , JUSTICE GREEN , JUSTICE JOHNSON and JUSTICE
LEHRMANN joined.

       JUSTICE HECHT filed a concurring and dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICE WILLETT joined.


       In this appeal from the City of Austin’s (City) condemnation of property to build a parking

garage for a nearby convention center and a facility to chill water to cool nearby buildings, we

examine and define the scope of judicial review of legislative takings. The Texas Constitution and

the Local Government Code authorize takings by municipalities when the municipality determines

the property is necessary for a public use and provides just compensation to the owner. TEX . CONST .

art. I, § 17; TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 251.001(a). We have long held that judicial review is proper

to challenge a taking on the basis of fraud, bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious determinations by
the condemnor. Today we reaffirm that principle. On judicial review of the City’s taking, the

property owners alleged that the City’s determination that the property was necessary for public use

was fraudulent, in bad faith, and arbitrary and capricious. The jury agreed, the trial court entered

judgment on the verdict (invalidating the taking), and the court of appeals affirmed. __ S.W.3d __.

Because we conclude that the City’s determinations were not fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and

capricious, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand for entry of judgment in

accordance with this opinion.

                                     I. Procedure for Takings

       Article I, section 17 of the Texas Constitution requires that condemned property be taken for

a public use and be justly compensated: “No person’s property shall be taken, damaged or destroyed

for or applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless by consent of such

person . . . .” TEX . CONST . art. I, § 17. The Local Government Code imposes an additional

restriction on municipal takings. Section 251.001 of the Local Government Code adds that the

condemnor must consider the taking necessary for public use: “When the governing body of a

municipality considers it necessary, the municipality may exercise the right of eminent domain for

a public purpose to acquire public or private property . . . for any other municipal purpose the

governing body considers advisable.” TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 251.001(a). In short, these

provisions require the municipality to demonstrate: (1) it intends to put the property to public use

(the public use requirement); and (2) the condemnation is necessary to advance or achieve that public

use (the necessity requirement).



                                                  2
       Procedurally, the condemnor typically negotiates with the landowner to purchase the

property. See Hubenak v. San Jacinto Gas Transmission Co., 141 S.W.3d 172, 179 (Tex. 2004);

TEX . PROP . CODE §§ 21.0112(a), 21.012(a). If they are unable to agree on damages, the condemnor

files a condemnation petition in county or district court. TEX . PROP. CODE §§ 21.001, 21.012,

21.013; Hubenak, 141 S.W.3d at 179. The petition must, among other things, describe the property

to be condemned and the purpose for which the condemnor intends to use the property. TEX . PROP .

CODE § 21.012(b). The judge of the court then appoints “‘three disinterested freeholders who reside

in the county as special commissioners to assess the damages.’” Hubenak, 141 S.W.3d at 179

(quoting TEX . PROP . CODE § 21.014). The special commissioners hold a hearing to assess the value

of the property to be condemned (and any damage to the remainder).               TEX . PROP . CODE

§§ 21.014–.015; Hubenak, 141 S.W.3d at 179.

       If any party files written objections to the special commissioners’ findings with the court,

“‘the court shall cite the adverse party and try the case in the same manner as other civil causes.’”

Hubenak, 141 S.W.3d at 179 (quoting TEX . PROP . CODE § 21.018). During that litigation, the

condemnor may take possession of the condemned property by paying the damages determined by

the special commissioners and executing a bond approved by the court to secure payment of potential

additional costs that could be awarded at trial or on appeal. TEX . PROP . CODE § 21.021(a).

                                     II. Factual Background

       Harry Whittington and members of his family (collectively “the Whittingtons”) acquired

Block 38 in Austin, Texas in 1981. Block 38 is cater-cornered to the Austin convention center and

was used for surface parking. The City opened the convention center in 1992. An 1,100 space

                                                 3
parking garage a block west of the west entrance to the convention center has 600 spaces to serve

the convention center and 500 spaces for monthly leases. In 1998, Austin voters approved an

expansion to the convention center to more than double its size, financed by an increase in the hotel

tax. That expansion was completed in 2002 and added an entrance on the north side.

         After the expansion, a feasibility study indicated a lack of hotel rooms in close proximity to

the convention center. The City sought to address not only the hotel room issue but also the need

for additional parking after the doubling in size of the convention center. The City sought to add

approximately 500 parking spaces near the new north entrance to the convention center.

         The City pursued a project that would include an 800-room hotel, residential space, retail

shops, and underground parking that could support the expanded convention center. In 1998, the

City began the process of selecting a developer to design and build the hotel project. The City chose

H.L. Hotels, LLC (a venture between Hilton Hotel Corp. and Landmark Organization, Inc.) as the

developer in July 1999.

         The City created Austin Convention Enterprises, Inc., a nonprofit public facility corporation

that issued tax exempt bonds to fund the project.1 The City also granted $15 million toward the

project from convention center revenue. See TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 380.001(a). The construction

and financing for the project cost approximately $280 million. The developer received a 4.5% fee


         1
             Municipal bonds are often used to finance public capital projects. S ECU RITIES I N D U STRY & F IN AN CIA L
M ARKETS A SSO CIATIO N , T H E F U ND AM EN TALS O F M U N IC IPAL B O N DS 1 (6th ed. 2012). The municipality, or an authority
it creates, issues or sells the bonds to raise proceeds to perform the capital improvement. Id. at 2, 4. The municipality
then pays the holder of the bond the agreed interest (called a coupon) on a fixed schedule, either through the
municipality’s general revenue or a specific revenue stream. Id. at 1, 3, 24. The bonds issued for the hotel project were
funded through the revenue stream of the hotel project. The municipality sometimes uses a sinking fund to collect
revenue to repay the principal to the holder when the bond matures, typically in 1 to 30 years. Id. at 23, 51.

                                                               4
(of the construction portion for the project) in the form of third-tier bonds, totaling approximately

$10.5 million. After the project bonds are retired in 26–30 years from their issuance, the City will

own the hotel (which accounts for 73.52% of the project) and the developer will own the residential

and retail portions (which account for 26.48% of the project).

         Before H.L. Hotels broke ground on the project, the City was investigating ways to make the

project’s debt coverage ratios more favorable (such as increasing revenue or decreasing expenses)

to allow the project bonds to sell on favorable terms. The City had planned to build an underground

garage with 500 spaces to support the hotel and another 500 spaces to support the expanded

convention center. That plan required the garage to extend to the street on three sides and

underneath the street on the west side. However, the close proximity to a train corridor on the south

side of the project and a park on the west side of the project prevented construction of as wide of a

garage as planned and the project encountered water at the fourth level of excavation—making it less

feasible to excavate deeper to accommodate for the smaller footprint of the garage. In October 1999,

the City determined that building a smaller garage was the most feasible option for lowering the

overall project cost in order to obtain favorable financing. The City’s decision to build a smaller

garage had the practical effect of reducing the hotel project budget by $10–12 million.2 H.L. Hotels

broke ground in June 2001 and completed the project in December 2003.


         2
           The W hittingtons state in their briefing that H.L. Hotels benefitted from the decision to not build the larger
underground garage. However, there is no evidence in the record to support this assertion. The W hittingtons did not
call the project developer or an expert to testify as to any alleged benefit the developer might have received. W hen
counsel for the W hittingtons asked the convention center director if the project would take less time to complete with
the smaller underground garage, he testified that he did not know. The only evidence of any impact on the developer
was that the project cost was reduced by $10-12 million, which would have resulted in a lesser fee to the developer of
at least $450,000 in light of its 4.5% fee.

                                                            5
       The City sought to acquire land elsewhere to build a garage to serve the expanded convention

center. The City looked at acquiring Block 38 or a vacant block three blocks south of Block 38.

City staff considered but decided against cancelling the 500 leases in the existing garage near the

west side of the convention center because it relied on the steady stream of income from the monthly

leases and the garage and its elevator were not located near the new north entrance to the convention

center. The City chose to try to acquire Block 38 because of its close proximity to the north

convention center entrance. At the time, the Whittingtons were leasing half of Block 38 to the City

for convention center parking.

       In 2001, Austin Energy, the municipal utility department of the City, approached City

convention center staff about constructing a district cooling plant near the expanded convention

center. A district cooling plant provides chilled water to cool the air in nearby buildings. Utilities

use district cooling plants to shift the demand for electricity from peak usage hours during the day

time to off-peak hours at night to freeze water. During the day, the melting ice chills water that is

piped to cool nearby buildings. By shifting energy demand to off-peak hours, utilities are able to

avoid building more power plants.        District cooling is not regulated by the Public Utility

Commission or the City Council.

       Austin Energy previously built a district cooling plant on the west side of downtown Austin

(District Plant 1). A loop of pipes connects the plant to the buildings it cools, including the

convention center and expansion. Austin Energy predicted that District Plant 1 would reach full

capacity in 2005, but later revised that estimate to 2007 after the economy slowed and fewer

buildings used the program. However, Austin Energy was contractually obligated to meet more

                                                  6
demand than was actually occurring at the time. Austin Energy also sought to build a second district

plant to be able to serve its customers if District Plant 1 required down time.

         Austin Energy entered an agreement with the convention center department for the

department to find a suitable location for a second district plant (District Plant 2). The agreement

set out guidelines for a suitable location. Austin Energy preferred a location near the east portion

of the chilled water loop for two main reasons. First, proximity to the loop was a significant factor

because laying the pipe to connect to the loop costs around $1,500 per linear foot. Second, farther

distances between the loop and District Plant 2 would require more pump horsepower to achieve

sufficient flow of chilled water.

         In addition to Block 38, the City considered several other properties for District Plant 1.3 The

City decided to acquire Block 38 to support a parking garage for the expanded convention center and

District Plant 2. The garage would occupy 70% of the block and the cooling plant would occupy the

remaining 30%.

         The City and the Whittingtons could not agree on a price for Block 38, so the City Council

passed a resolution in August 2001 authorizing a condemnation suit to acquire Block 38.4 On

October 17, 2001, the City wrote a final offer letter to the Whittingtons. The letter stated that the

“plant will be used to provide chilled water necessary to operate the air conditioning systems of the

Convention Center Expansion and” the hotel project. The project manager for District Plant 2, in


         3
          Those other properties included: (1) 5th Street and San Jacinto Boulevard; (2) East Cesar Chavez and Red
River Street, (3) 5th Street and Lamar Boulevard; and (4) several vacant lots the City owned east of Interstate Highway
35.

        4
             The City Council passed previous condemnation resolutions, but the earlier resolutions had procedural defects.

                                                              7
an email to the author of that letter, noted that, “to be completely clear, someone’s pointed out that

actually those buildings are currently going to be served from [District Plant 1] until the new plant

is built . . . . So this new plant is not absolutely necessary for operation of the buildings mentioned

but a redundancy is much better.” District Plant 1 provided service to the convention center

expansion and the hotel project for some time even after District Plant 2 became operational.

        The City filed a condemnation suit in October 2001. The trial court appointed three special

commissioners, who awarded the Whittingtons $7,650,000. Both parties filed objections to the

award. The City deposited that amount into the registry of the court in January 2002 and took

possession of Block 38. TEX . PROP . CODE § 21.021. The City then spent $15–18 million building

a 740-space parking garage on 70% of Block 38, which opened in February 2005, and constructed

District Cooling Plant 2 on the remaining portion of Block 38.

        The trial court granted the City’s motion for partial summary judgment concluding there were

no genuine issues of material fact on the City’s right to take Block 38. The Whittingtons also

asserted that the City had not condemned the twenty-foot strip of land bisecting Block 38.5 The jury

awarded $7,750,000 in damages, and the trial court entered judgment on that award. The judgment

specified that, as a county court, the trial court lacked authority to decide matters regarding title and

made no determination on whether the City also took the twenty-foot strip. The court of appeals

determined that the City failed to meet its summary judgment burden as to either public use or




       5
           The twenty-foot strip of land is essentially an alley but has never been used by the public as an alley.

                                                            8
necessity. Whittington v. City of Austin, 174 S.W.3d 889, 906 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet.

denied) (Whittington I).

       Shortly before the Whittingtons filed that appeal, they filed a declaratory judgment action in

district court. The district court determined that the City had not condemned the twenty-foot strip

of land bisecting Block 38. On appeal, the court of appeals held that the county court judgment,

which failed to adjudicate the issue of the twenty-foot strip, was not final and the district court did

not have jurisdiction to review that judgment. City of Austin v. Whittington, __ S.W.3d __, __ (Tex.

App.—Austin 2007, no pet.) (Whittington II). The court of appeals vacated the district court

judgment and dismissed the case. Id. at __.

       On remand, the case was transferred to district court. The City amended its petition to clarify

that it was also seeking to condemn the twenty-foot strip. The parties agreed to submit this issue to

the trial court separately. The trial court found that the City had not properly condemned the twenty-

foot strip. After a trial on the remaining issues, the jury found that: (1) the taking was not necessary

to advance or achieve a public use; (2) the taking was for economic development purposes; and

(3) the decision to take the property was fraudulent, in bad faith, and arbitrary and capricious as to

the parking garage and the district plant. After post-verdict motions, the trial court concluded as a

matter of law that: (1) the taking was necessary to advance or achieve a public use; and (2) that

Government     Code section 2206.001—the statute prohibiting takings                   for   economic

development—did not apply retroactively to the proceeding (disregarding the jury’s contrary

answers). However, the trial court entered judgment for the Whittingtons because it determined that

legally and factually sufficient evidence supported the jury’s findings that the taking was fraudulent,

                                                   9
in bad faith, and arbitrary and capricious. The trial court awarded the Whittingtons attorney’s fees

of $779,418.57.

        On appeal, the court of appeals upheld the jury’s finding that the City’s taking as to the

district plant was in bad faith because it determined that the City misrepresented the necessity of the

district cooling plant to chill the air of nearby buildings, citing that District Plant 1 performed those

tasks even after the plant was built on Block 38. __ S.W.3d __, __ (Whittington III). The court of

appeals modified the Whittingtons’ attorney’s fee award to $674,418.57. Id.

        The City filed a petition for review, which we granted. 54 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 811 (Tex. Apr.

15, 2011). The City asserts that: (1) there is no exception to invalidate takings for public use, even

if the takings were fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious; (2) legally insufficient

evidence supports the jury’s findings that the taking was fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and

capricious; (3) the City properly took the twenty-foot strip; and (4) the court of appeals opinion in

Whittington III was defective because it only addressed the district cooling plant and not also the

parking garage. Though they did not file a notice of appeal, the Whittingtons assert that (1) the

City’s taking violated Government Code section 2206.001 because it was for economic development

purposes; and (2) the taking was not necessary for a public use.

                                 III. The Scope of Judicial Review

        The parties first ask us to clarify the scope of judicial review. The City asserts that: (1) fraud,

bad faith, and arbitrariness and capriciousness are simply means of proving that the City’s stated use

was actually private; and (2) this inquiry is one for the court, not the jury. We disagree with the first

assertion because this Court has long recognized that fraud, bad faith, and arbitrariness and

                                                    10
capriciousness are exceptions that may invalidate takings, but we agree with the second assertion that

this inquiry is generally a question of law for the Court.

        We held in 1940 that the “question of what is a public use is a question for the determination

of the courts; however, where the legislature has declared a certain thing to be for a public use, such

declaration of the legislature must be given weight by the courts.”6 Hous. Auth. of City of Dallas v.

Higginbotham, 143 S.W.2d 79, 83 (Tex. 1940). We explained that, “‘[w]here the Legislature

declares a particular use to be public use the presumption is in favor of this declaration, and will be

binding upon the courts unless such use is clearly and palpably of a private character.’” Id. at 83

(quoting West v. Whitehead, 238 S.W. 976, 978 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1922, writ ref’d)).

        But the presumption favoring the legislative declarations that the property is being taken for

public use and is necessary for that use does not abrogate judicial review. We held in Higginbotham

that “[t]he law is well established in this state that where the power of eminent domain is granted,

a determination by the condemn[or] of the necessity for acquiring certain property is conclusive in

the absence of fraud.” Id. at 88 (citing West, 238 S.W. at 978). Since Higginbotham, we have

clarified that judicial review may nullify a taking where the condemnor’s decision was fraudulent,

in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious. See FKM P’ship Ltd. v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of

Houston Sys., 255 S.W.3d 619, 629 n.9 (Tex. 2008) (“‘Once the presumption of necessity arises, the

defendant can contest the fact of necessity only by establishing affirmative defenses such as fraud




        6
           Our jurisprudence often refers to these takings as “legislative” ones because the Texas Legislature has
delegated its condemnation authority to legislative bodies of local governments, which determine the public use and
necessity and take the property. See Burch v. City of San Antonio, 518 S.W .2d 540, 542-43 (Tex. 1975).

                                                        11
(that, contrary to the ostensible public use, the taking would actually confer only a private benefit),

bad faith, or arbitrariness.’” (quoting Whittington I, 174 S.W.3d at 898)).

          In the absence of allegations that the condemnor’s determinations of public use and necessity

were fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious, the legislative declaration that a specific

taking is necessary for a public use is conclusive. Coastal Indus. Water Auth. v. Celanese Corp. of

Am., 592 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tex. 1979) (“In the absence of allegations that the condemnor acted

arbitrarily or unjustly, the legislature’s declaration that a specific exercise of eminent domain is for

public use is conclusive . . . .”); see FKM P’ship, 255 S.W.3d at 629–30. If such allegations are

asserted, the trial court must inquire into whether the condemnor’s determinations of public use or

necessity were fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious. See FKM P’ship, 255 S.W.3d

at 630.

          As the parties concede, this inquiry is an affirmative defense and the landowner bears the

burden of proving his allegations as to this defense. See id. at 629 (“we have held that the agency’s

determination of public necessity is presumptively correct, absent proof by the landowner of the

agency’s fraud” (emphasis added)). The inquiry into whether the determinations of public use or

necessity were fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious is a question of law for the court.

See Maher v. Lasater, 354 S.W.2d 923, 925 (Tex. 1962) (“the ultimate question of whether a

particular use is a public use is a judicial question to be decided by the courts”); Higginbotham, 143

S.W.2d at 88 (approvingly noting that question of necessity was not submitted to the jury).7 The trial

          7
           In Higginbotham, we noted that courts and juries should not second guess the advisability of takings because
takings for such projects as railway lines might result in the same taking being upheld in one county and invalidated in
another. 143 S.W .2d at 89 (“The reason for the rule seems to be that: If different courts and juries were allowed to pass

                                                           12
court should only submit the issue to a jury if the underlying facts are in dispute. See Tony Gullo

Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 313 (Tex. 2006); Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952

S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex. 1997). If the court (or the jury when the underlying facts are in dispute) finds

that the condemnor’s determinations of public use or necessity were fraudulent, in bad faith, or

arbitrary and capricious, the taking is invalid.

         Here, the Whittingtons allege that the City’s determinations of public use and necessity were

fraudulent, in bad faith, and arbitrary and capricious. The trial court initially only ruled on whether

the City took the twenty-foot strip and submitted the remaining issues to the jury.8 However, the

City and the Whittingtons do not dispute the underlying facts on these issues; rather, they dispute

the legal effect of those facts (e.g., whether those facts amount to fraud, bad faith, or arbitrariness

and capriciousness). Because these issues are legal questions, we review them de novo. See

Chrysler Ins. Co. v. Greenspoint Dodge of Houston, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 248, 252 (Tex. 2009).9

                                              IV. The Parking Garage


on the necessity or advisability of condemning each tract out of the many which go to make up a right of way for a
railway line, straight courses from point to point, with the consequent lessening of mileage, would in many, if not all,
cases be impossible to secure. So in the case of depot grounds. One jury might hold, on competent evidence, that the
land in question was not necessary to the purposes of the railroad. Another might render a like verdict as to any other
tract sought to be subjected to its uses, and by such a course the company could be excluded altogether.” (quotation
marks omitted)). That rationale likewise necessitates that, although fraud, bad faith, and arbitrariness and capriciousness
are the subject of judicial cognizance, their uniform application necessitates that they are questions of law for the court.

         8
            The trial court ruled as a matter of law after the verdict that the taking was necessary for a public use and that
Government Code section 2206.001 (prohibiting takings for economic development purposes) did not retroactively apply
to this taking.

         9
          The W hittingtons assert that the City waived the argument that fraud, bad faith, and arbitrariness and
capriciousness are questions of law for the court. The City properly objected to these questions in its Motion to Bifurcate
and its Motion to Disregard the Jury Verdict and Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict. See Hoffman-
LaRoche Inc. v. Zeltwanger, 144 S.W .3d 438, 450 (Tex. 2004) (pure legal questions may be raised in post-verdict
motions).

                                                             13
         The City took possession of Block 38 for two distinct public purposes (the parking garage

and the district plant). We analyze each separately.

                                                      A. Fraud

         We first examine whether City’s determination that the parking garage was necessary for a

public use was fraudulent. The parties’ agreed to define fraud as “the taking of property for private

use under the guise of public use, even though there may be no fraudulent intent on the part of the

condemnor.”10 See Higginbotham, 143 S.W.2d at 83 (“‘Where the Legislature declares a particular

use to be public use the presumption is in favor of this declaration, and will be binding upon the

courts unless such use is clearly and palpably of a private character.’” (quoting West, 238 S.W. at

978)); see also Whitfield v. Klein Indep. Sch. Dist., 463 S.W.2d 232, 235 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1971, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding proof of fraud in taking does not require proof of

fraudulent intent).

                            1. Fraud in the Public Use of the Parking Garage

         The parties agreed to define public use as:

         a use which the public is entitled to share indiscriminately in as a matter of right. A
         use is public when the public obtains some definite right or use in the undertaking to
         which the property is devoted. What is important in the public-use determination is
         the character of the right inuring to the public, not the extent to which the public’s
         right is exercised.



         10
            The City objected and proposed an alternate definition of fraud, but has not pursued that issue on appeal. As
our inquiry is a question of law, these definitions in the jury charge should instead have been conclusions of law. W e
may review conclusions of law to determine their correctness. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W .3d
789, 794 (Tex. 2002). But we will not reverse an erroneous conclusion if the trial court rendered the proper judgment.
Id. Because any change in the definition would not yield a different outcome here, we do not address whether the parties’
definition of fraud is legally correct in its entirety.

                                                           14
                 A “public use” is not a private use. A taking may not be used to confer a
         private benefit on a particular private party or parties through the use of the property.
         A taking may not be used for a public use that is merely a pretext to confer a private
         benefit on a particular private party or parties.

This Court has defined public use in similar circumstances as when the public obtains some definite

right or use in the undertaking to which the property is devoted. Coastal States Gas Producing Co.

v. Pate, 309 S.W.2d 828, 833 (Tex. 1958); see also Higginbotham, 143 S.W.2d at 84 (“‘It is

immaterial if the use is limited to the citizens of a local neighborhood, or that the number of citizens

likely to avail themselves of it is inconsiderable, so long as it is open to all who choose to avail

themselves of it.’”(quoting West, 238 S.W. at 978)). Public use, however, does not include a benefit

to the public welfare or good under which any business that promotes the community’s comfort or

prosperity might be benefitted from the taking.11 Pate, 309 S.W.2d at 833.

         In 2001, the City Council authorized a condemnation lawsuit “for the construction of a

parking garage for the Austin Convention Center . . . .” The Whittingtons assert that the taking was

fraudulent as to the parking garage because it “favored one private party over another at public

expense” by “reliev[ing] H.L. Hotels of its obligation to provide parking for the Convention Center.”

         We disagree. The parking garage was to provide parking for the expanded convention center.

This is a public use. Pate, 309 S.W.2d at 833.12 The effect of the City’s decision to take Block 38

         11
           In 2003, the Legislature added section 21.023 to the Property Code, which requires a governmental entity
acquiring property through eminent domain to notify landowners of their right to repurchase the property if the public
use for which the property was acquired is cancelled before the tenth anniversary of the acquisition. T EX . P RO P . C O DE
§ 21.023.

         12
           See T EX . L OC . G O V ’T C O D E § 251.001(a)(1) (authorizing home rule municipalities to “exercise the right of
eminent domain for a public purpose” such as providing, enlarging, or improving auditoriums); id. at § 251.001(a)(5)
(authorizing home rule municipalities to “exercise the right of eminent domain for a public purpose,” including “for any
other municipal purpose the governing body considers advisable”).

                                                             15
rather than build the larger underground garage with the hotel project was, at best, an incidental

benefit to the H.L. Hotels.13 The decision not to build the larger underground garage resulted in a

cost savings to the hotel project of approximately $10–12 million, resulting in fewer bonds being

issued. The direct impact to the project developer was that its fee would be reduced if the overall

project cost was reduced. There was no evidence introduced at trial to prove a benefit to H.L. Hotels

due to the lower cost of the project. We hold that the City’s determination that the parking garage

was a public use was not fraudulent.

                                             2. Response to the Dissent

         The dissent argues that the developer benefitted from the taking because, even though the

project budget was reduced by $10–12 million, the developer took third-tier bonds in lieu of its 4.5%

fee. __ S.W.3d __, __ (Hecht, J., dissenting). The dissent reasons that only a short time elapsed

between the decision to negotiate exclusively with the developer and the decision to not build the

underground garage and that the bonds in lieu of the fee were not adjusted when the plans changed.

Id. But this assertion is devoid of any record support. The only testimony the dissent cites is from

the convention center director stating that the developer took bonds in lieu of its fee. Id. at __, n.15.

But the director never testified that the amount of bonds was not reduced after the parking garage

plans were altered.14 Nor did the Whittingtons put on any evidence proving that it was. The director

        13
          There is no evidence in the record of a benefit to H.L. Hotels, and there is evidence to suggest it received a
diminished fee as a result of the project costing less. See supra note 2.

         14
              The convention center director testified:

         “Q.         How much did [the developer] make out of this project in fees?

         “A.         I’m not sure exactly how much they made at the end. There was—they took— in lieu of fees, they took

                                                            16
merely testified as to an approximate amount of bonds the developer ultimately received. Second,

even if the amount of bonds in lieu of fees had been reduced—and there is no evidence it had—the

dissent assumes the developer received a benefit without corresponding work performed with respect

to the garage. The developer’s fee compensates it for such costs as the design of the structure and

the permitting process. The developer performed sufficient design work on the garage to determine

what variances were needed. The developer then applied for those variances but they were not

granted. In short, there is no evidence, much less proof, that the developer received the same fee

when the plans for the garage were altered, and even if it had, there is evidence that the developer

performed work associated with the fee. In sum, the record plainly refutes the dissent’s assertion that

the Whittingtons proved the developer benefitted from the decision to not build the garage.

                            3. Fraud in the Necessity of the Parking Garage

         We next address whether the City’s determination concerning the necessity of the parking

garage was fraudulent. The Whittingtons assert that the determination of necessity for the garage

was fraudulent because the City could cancel the 500 leases in its existing garage and therefore

would not need to build a garage on Block 38.

         We disagree that the City did not actually consider the garage necessary for parking for the

convention center. The jury charge did not define “necessary.” The statutory constraint on the City’s



some third-tier bonds.

                                                   *      *       *

         “Q.      . . . [D]id you say that they got $10 million worth of bonds for their development fees?

         “A.      That was— yeah, that was in lieu of fees. They got the third-tier bonds.”

                                                         17
right to take here is that the City must “consider[] it necessary.” TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE

§ 251.001(a). When there are allegations of fraud with regard to the necessity of a taking such as

this, the question is whether the condemnor actually considered the taking necessary for the public

use—not whether the court believes the taking was actually necessary. See Higginbotham, 143

S.W.2d at 83. “The city council is the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain and must

itself officially express the intention and necessity to condemn the land in question.” Burch v. City

of San Antonio, 518 S.W.2d 540, 545 (Tex. 1975). We look to official materials such as orders,

resolutions, and minutes to examine the City’s determinations of public use and necessity. See

Horton v. Mills Cnty., 468 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1971, no writ.).

       The City Council declared that public necessity required taking Block 38 for the parking

garage. The evidence confirms that the City’s determination of necessity was not fraudulent.

Testimony from the director of the convention center department indicated that the existing garage

and especially its elevator were too far from the new north entrance to the convention center to serve

the expansion. That belief led the City staff to recommend the taking to the City Council because

they believed it was necessary to accommodate parking requirements for the expanded convention

center. We hold that the City’s determination that the taking was necessary for a public use was not

fraudulent.




                                           B. Bad Faith



                                                 18
         Our second inquiry on the parking garage is whether the City’s determination that the parking

garage was necessary for a public use was in bad faith. The parties agreed to define bad faith as

“more than negligence or lack of diligence. Bad faith implies an intent to injure, or some other

improper motive. Mere bad judgment does not qualify as bad faith. Rather, the Whittingtons must

show that the City knowingly disregarded their rights.”15

                         1. Bad Faith in the Public Use of the Parking Garage

         The Whittingtons assert that the taking was in bad faith as to the parking garage because it

relieved H.L. Hotels of an obligation to provide parking for the expanded convention center. We

disagree. As previously addressed, the City’s decision to take Block 38 rather than build the larger

underground garage with the hotel project was, at best, an incidental benefit to H.L.

Hotels—especially in light of the percentage fee it received as the project developer combined with

the lower project cost of building a smaller garage. See supra Part IV.A.1. The evidence indicates

that this decision was made because $10-12 million in hotel project costs needed to be cut to obtain

favorable financing, and the additional construction difficulties of not obtaining variances and

encountering water in the excavation made the garage a prime candidate for the cost savings to the

hotel project. The City instead pursued the acquisition of Block 38, which was cater-cornered to the

new north entrance to the convention center and was being leased to the City for convention center

parking at the time. This does not prove that the City “knowingly disregarded [the Whittingtons’]




        15
            W e express no opinion as to the complete accuracy of this definition but note that any variation would not
affect our holding. See supra note 10.

                                                          19
rights” or had some intent to injure the Whittingtons. We hold that the City’s determination that the

parking garage was for a public use was not made in bad faith.

                      2. Bad Faith in the Necessity of the Parking Garage

       We next address whether the City’s determination of necessity for the parking garage was

made in bad faith. The Whittingtons assert that the determination of necessity as to the garage was

made in bad faith because the City could cancel the 500 leases in its existing garage, thereby

removing the need to build a garage on Block 38.

       We disagree. The City Council declared that public necessity required taking Block 38 for

the parking garage. The evidence confirms that the City’s determination of necessity was not in bad

faith (defined here as an intent to injure the Whittingtons or some other improper motive). Rather,

testimony indicated that the City was concerned with locating the parking garage close to the new

north entrance of the convention center—which could not feasibly be done in conjunction with the

hotel project due to construction and financing issues. We hold that the City’s determination that

the taking was necessary for the parking garage was not in bad faith.

                                  C. Arbitrary and Capricious

       Our third inquiry is whether the City’s determination that the parking garage was necessary

for a public use was arbitrary and capricious. The parties agreed to define arbitrary and capricious

as:

       a decision not done according to reason or judgment and is a willful and unreasoning
       action, action without consideration and in disregard of the facts and circumstances
       that existed at the time the condemnation was decided upon. When there is room for
       two opinions, an action cannot be deemed arbitrary when it is exercised honestly and
       upon due consideration, regardless of how strongly one believes an erroneous

                                                 20
          conclusion was reached. A showing that alternate plans are feasible or better does
          not make the condemnation determination arbitrary or capricious.

See Ludewig v. Houston Pipeline Co., 773 S.W.2d 610, 614 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, writ

denied); Wagoner v. City of Arlington, 345 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1961,

writ ref’d n.r.e.).16

          The Whittingtons assert that the City’s determination of the necessity for the parking garage

was arbitrary and capricious because the City (1) failed to consider reasonable alternatives to

condemning Block 38; and (2) abdicated its decision on the need to condemn Block 38 to H.L.

Hotels.

                                       1. Consideration of Alternatives

          The Whittingtons rely on Houston Lighting and Power Co. v. Klein Independent School

District to support their assertion that failure to consider alternatives is arbitrary and capricious. 739

S.W.2d 508 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ denied). In Houston Lighting and Power,

a utility sought to condemn school district property for a high-voltage power line. Id. at 511. The

school argued that the decision was arbitrary and capricious because of the potential health risks to

the students resulting from the power line’s magnetic fields. Id. The court of appeals held that the

jury could have found that the utility failed to take these concerns into consideration, which could

be an action “not done according to reason or judgment.” Id. at 518. The Whittingtons assert that

the City Council “wholly failed to consider any alternatives in deciding to condemn,” and acted

arbitrarily and capriciously just as the condemnor in Houston Lighting and Power did.

          16
           We express no opinion as to the legal accuracy of this definition but note that any variation would not affect
our holding. See supra note 10.

                                                           21
        We disagree. The City Council was considering Block 38 as the alternative parking solution

for the hotel project. Testimony indicated that the City was concerned with locating the parking

garage close to the new north entrance of the convention center—which could not feasibly be done

in conjunction with the hotel project due to construction and financing issues. The record also

indicates that City staff considered an additional site for a parking garage as well as cancelling the

500 leases in the existing garage near the west side of the convention center.

        The definition of arbitrariness and capriciousness here does not require the chosen course to

be more feasible or better than the alternative. Rather, it forbids decisions not made according to

reason or judgment. The decision here that a parking garage close to the new convention center

entrance that would not adversely affect the financing for the hotel project was made according to

reason and judgment. Moreover, the rationale of Houston Lighting and Power does not apply to

these facts because the City did, in fact, consider alternatives for the parking garage, such as building

the garage as part of the hotel project, cancelling the leases in the other garage, or building a garage

on an alternate site. We hold that the City’s determination that the parking garage was necessary for

a public use was not arbitrary and capricious due to a failure to consider alternatives.

                              2. Abdicating the Decision to Condemn

        The Whittingtons also rely on Malcomson Road Utility District v. Newsom for their assertion

that a condemnor acts arbitrarily and capriciously by abdicating its decision on the need to condemn

to a private developer. 171 S.W.3d 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). In

Malcomson, the condemnor did not conduct due diligence on where to locate a detention pond but

instead followed the recommendation of a developer to locate the pond on another owner’s property

                                                   22
nearby. Id. at 272–73. The developer agreed to pay the costs of the condemnation in the event it did

not succeed. Id. at 273–74. The court of appeals held that a fact issue existed as to whether the

District declined to exercise its discretion in determining what land to condemn. Id. at 273. The

Whittingtons assert that the City abdicated the decision of the need to condemn to H.L. Hotels here,

which amounts to arbitrariness and capriciousness.

       We disagree. We need not decide here whether a condemnor acts arbitrarily and capriciously

by abdicating the condemnation decision to a developer. Here, the City did not abdicate the decision

to condemn Block 38 to H.L. Hotels. When financing and construction issues for building a larger

underground garage with the hotel project began to surface, the City began negotiating with the

Whittingtons to acquire Block 38. There is evidence that the City staff had a brief conversation with

the developer, and the developer made several phone calls to Harry Whittington in the fall of 1999

to discuss parking—after City staff had already begun negotiating with the Whittingtons. However,

there is no evidence that the developer made the decision to acquire Block 38 or funded the

condemnation of Block 38 as the developer in Newsom did. 171 S.W.3d at 273–74. Rather, the City

undertook the due diligence and did not rely on the developer to determine the new location of the

garage or fund the condemnation. Because the City did consider alternatives and did not abdicate

the determinations to a private developer, its determination that Block 38 was necessary for a parking

garage was not arbitrary and capricious.




                                                 23
                                           V. The District Plant

        The City also took possession of Block 38 to build District Plant 2 for use with its chilled

water program. We assess separately the City’s determinations of public use and necessity as to the

district plant.

                                                 A. Fraud

        We must first decide whether the City’s determination that the district plant was necessary

for a public use was fraudulent. The parties agreed to define fraud as “the taking of property for

private use under the guise of public use, even though there may be no fraudulent intent on the part

of the condemnor.”17

                              1. Fraud in the Public Use of the District Plant

        In 2001, the City Council authorized a condemnation lawsuit “for the construction of . . . a

district cooling plant for Austin Energy . . . .” The Whittingtons assert that the taking was fraudulent

because district cooling is not a public use.

        We disagree. We have defined public use in similar circumstances as when the public

obtains some definite right or use in the undertaking to which the property is devoted. Pate, 309

S.W.2d at 833. “‘It is immaterial if the use is limited to the citizens of a local neighborhood, or that

the number of citizens likely to avail themselves of it is inconsiderable, so long as it is open to all

who choose to avail themselves of it.’” Higginbotham, 143 S.W.2d at 84 (quoting West, 238 S.W.

at 978). Public use, however, does not include a benefit to the public welfare or good under which



        17
             See supra note 10.

                                                    24
any business that promotes the community’s comfort or prosperity might be benefitted from the

taking. Pate, 309 S.W.2d at 833.

         A home rule municipality that provides electric service is serving a public use.18 While the

Local Government Code does not expressly authorize takings for district cooling, it does authorize

takings “as necessary to efficiently carry out” its purposes of providing public utilities and “for any

other municipal purpose the governing body considers advisable.” TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE

§§ 251.001(a)(5), 552.002(b). The City considered district cooling as a method of efficiently

assisting the electric utility by shifting demand from peak to off-peak times, thereby avoiding having

to build more power plants. Moreover, the chilled water service is available to any customer that

applies, though pricing for the service is determined by the cost of connecting the customer to the

chilled water loop. While district cooling may be limited in its geographic scope, it is available to

all who apply and agree on pricing with the City. We hold that the district plant here was serving

a public use. See Pate, 308 S.W.2d at 833; Higginbotham, 143 S.W.2d at 84.

                               2. Fraud in the Necessity of the District Plant

         The Whittingtons assert that the City’s determination of necessity for District Plant 2 was

fraudulent because the City misrepresented to the Whittingtons that it was necessary to serve the

convention center expansion and the hotel project. The City’s final offer letter to the Whittingtons

stated the “plant will be used to provide chilled water necessary to operate the air conditioning

systems of the Convention Center expansion and” the hotel project. As evidence of fraud, the


         18
          See T EX . L OC . G O V ’T C O D E § 251.001(a)(1) (authorizing home rule municipalities to “exercise the right of
eminent domain for a public purpose” such as providing, enlarging, or improving electric power systems).

                                                            25
Whittingtons point to an email from the project manager for District Plant 2 to the author of the final

offer letter stating: “to be completely clear, someone’s pointed out that actually those buildings are

currently going to be served from [District Plant 1] until the new plant is built . . . . So this new plant

is not absolutely necessary for operation of the buildings mentioned but a redundancy is much

better.” (emphasis added). District Plant 1 still provided service to the convention center expansion

and the hotel project for some time even after District Plant 2 became operational due to a decrease

in customer demand as a result of economic market conditions.

        The project manager’s statement is not evidence of fraud for multiple reasons. First, the

statement that the district plant was not absolutely necessary was in a class of communications not

ordinarily relevant to the inquiry of whether the City Council’s determination of necessity was

fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious. To assess the City’s determinations, we look to

official materials such as orders, resolutions, and minutes. See Horton, 468 S.W.2d at 878. Our

purpose in restricting our review to these materials is that the words of one city council member or

city employee do not ordinarily bind the entire city council. See, e.g., AT&T Commc’ns of Tex., LP

v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 186 S.W.3d 517, 528-29 (Tex. 2006) (“But the statement of a single legislator,

even the author and sponsor of the legislation, does not determine legislative intent”). Therefore,

emails by City employees are not among the items we ordinarily consider in undertaking this review.

        Here, the Whittingtons argue that the City Council ratified the acts of its employees, adopting

the email as its own. Specifically, the City’s 2006 resolution stated that the

        public necessity to acquire Block 38 in its entirety . . . is hereby confirmed and
        ratified . . . and all acts done or initiated by employees, attorneys or representatives
        of the City to acquire or condemn Block 38 in its entirety . . . are hereby authorized,

                                                    26
       ratified, approved, confirmed and validated and declared to be valid in all respects
       and purposes as of the respective dates thereof for the public necessity and for the
       public use as a City parking garage, a chilling plant, and other municipal facilities.

       Assuming without deciding that the ratification elevated the email to have the force of a City

Council resolution, we disagree that it demonstrates that the City’s determination of necessity was

fraudulent. As an initial matter, this argument equates “necessary” with “absolutely necessary.” The

Local Government Code only requires that the condemnor consider the taking necessary for the

public use. TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 251.001(a). The email the Whittingtons rely on states that the

district plant was not “absolutely necessary” for the operation of the convention center expansion

and the hotel project. See United States v. Comstock, 130 S.Ct. 1949, 1956 (2010) (differentiating

“necessary” and “absolutely necessary” under the federal constitution’s Necessary and Proper

Clause). Moreover, even had the email stated that the district plant was not necessary, the City

Council expressed a clear belief in its 2006 resolution that the district plant was necessary. This

determination of necessity was one of the two purposes the resolution accomplished (the other being

the inclusion of a twenty-foot strip in the taking, addressed infra at Part VI). We interpret statutes

and ordinances to avoid absurd results. Carreras v. Marroquin, 339 S.W.3d 68, 73 (Tex. 2011).

The Whittingtons invite us to interpret the resolution in a way that negates one of its two purposes.

We decline to do so.

       The evidence instead indicates that District Plant 2 was necessary to perform district cooling

in the future. Consumer demand for the program increased over time, and the City needed additional

capacity to meet not only the demand but also its contractual obligations. In addition, District Plant

2 was needed as a backup in the event that District Plant 1 required down time. This evidence

                                                 27
confirms that the City determined District Plant 2 to be necessary—even if we were to assume the

City did not believe it was absolutely necessary.

                                            B. Bad Faith

       Our second inquiry on the district plant is whether the City determined in bad faith that the

plant was necessary. The charge defines bad faith as “more than negligence or lack of diligence.

Bad faith implies an intent to injure, or some other improper motive. Mere bad judgment does not

qualify as bad faith. Rather, the Whittingtons must show that the City knowingly disregarded their

rights.”19 The Whittingtons argue that the City’s decision to take Block 38 was made in bad faith

because the City misrepresented to the Whittingtons that the district plant was necessary to serve the

convention center expansion and the hotel project.

       We disagree. As previously addressed, the evidence confirmed the City’s representation to

the Whittingtons that the district plant was necessary to serve the convention center expansion and

the hotel project due to future demand and the need for a backup for the existing district plant. See

supra Part V.A.2. Likewise, we hold that the City’s determination that the district plant was

necessary was not made in bad faith as it did not evidence an intent to injure the Whittingtons or a

knowing disregard of their rights.

                                     C. Arbitrary and Capricious

       Our third inquiry as to the district plant is whether the City’s determination that the plant was

necessary was arbitrary and capricious. The charge defined arbitrary and capricious as:



       19
            See supra note 10.

                                                  28
         a decision not done according to reason or judgment and is a willful and unreasoning
         action, action without consideration and in disregard of the facts and circumstances
         that existed at the time the condemnation was decided upon. When there is room for
         two opinions, an action cannot be deemed arbitrary when it is exercised honestly and
         upon due consideration, regardless of how strongly one believes an erroneous
         conclusion was reached. A showing that alternate plans are feasible or better does
         not make the condemnation determination arbitrary or capricious.20

The Whittingtons assert that the City’s determination of the necessity for the district plant was

arbitrary and capricious because the City Council failed to consider reasonable alternatives to

condemning Block 38 for the district plant.

         We disagree. The evidence indicates that City staff investigated multiple alternative

locations for the district plant and that the City Council determined the plant was necessary. See

supra note 2. Because only the City Council has the power to condemn for the City, only it may

make the determinations of public use and necessity. Burch, 518 S.W.2d at 543-45. But this does

not mean that investigation of alternatives must be conducted exclusively by the City Council rather

than by City staff. The Whittingtons cite no authority for this proposition, and we are not aware of

any.21 We hold that the City’s determination that the district plant was necessary was not arbitrary

and capricious.




         20
              See supra note 10.

         21
            Neither Newsom nor Houston Power and Lighting, on which the W hittingtons rely, indicate that a
condemnor’s governing body cannot delegate some due diligence to the condemnor’s staff. Newsom involved a
condemnor delegating all due diligence to a private developer that was interested in the condemnation decision. 171
S.W .3d at 272–73. Here, City staff investigated the alternative locations for District Plant 2. In Houston Lighting and
Power, the condemnor ignored a potential health risk to students of taking school property for a high-voltage power line.
739 S.W .2d at 517-18. The failure by the condemnor to consider a risk is not at issue here.

                                                           29
                                           VI. The Twenty-Foot Strip

         Also at issue in this appeal is whether the City took the twenty-foot strip of land bisecting

Block 38. The City’s original plan in 1830 created Block 38, which indicated there was a twenty-

foot wide alley. In 1929, the Legislature relinquished fee title to the center of the alleys in the City

to owners of the abutting land.22 Act of July 17, 1929, S.B. 18, 41st Leg., 3d C.S., § 1, 1929 Tex.

Gen. Laws 239. The language in the deeds with which the Whittingtons acquired Block 38 referred

to: “Block Thirty-eight . . . being all of Lots One through Eight (1–8), inclusive, in said Block, and

all alleys and easements heretofore existing, none of such alleys having been opened and all such

alleys and easements having been relinquished by the City of Austin, Texas.” Subsequent deeds

among the Whittingtons described the property as: “All of Block Thirty-eight (38), being Lots One

(1) through Eight (8).” The City’s 2001 condemnation resolution described the property to be taken

as “Lots 1–8, inclusive, Block 38.” The City passed a resolution in 2006 stating that public use and

necessity had required the taking of Block 38 (including the strip) in 2001 and that if a court

determined the City did not take the strip, City staff were authorized to negotiate to acquire it and

file a condemnation suit if negotiations were not successful.                         The City then amended its

condemnation pleading to include the twenty-foot strip.

         The issue was tried to the court by agreement of the parties. The trial court found that Harry

Whittington acquired all of Block 38 (including the twenty-foot strip) in 1981, and concluded that:



         22
           The law provided: “there shall be and is hereby relinquished to each owner of land abutting streets, alleys or
highways in the City of Austin, Texas, the fee title to the center of the street, alley or highway upon which the particular
land abuts, and for the distance along such street, alley or highway that the land abuts.” Act of July 17, 1929, S.B. 18,
41st Leg., 3d C.S., § 1, 1929 Tex. Gen. Laws 239. The law preserved any then-existing easements. Id. at § 2.

                                                            30
(1) the City’s 2001 condemnation resolution description of “Lots 1–8, inclusive, Block 38” did not

encompass the twenty-foot strip; and (2) there is no easement on the strip. The City challenges these

last two conclusions. We review conclusions of law de novo. BMC Software Belgium, NV v.

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002).

                                       A. The 2001 Resolution

        The City argues that the 1929 relinquishment law means the Whittingtons took title to the

strip when they acquired Block 38 and the City’s reference to “Lots 1–8, inclusive, Block 38” in the

2001 resolution included the strip. The Whittingtons argue that the 1929 relinquishment law vested

title in alleys to landowners at the time but did not change the legal description of the alleys.

        We agree with the Whittingtons that the 2001 resolution did not include the strip. The 1929

relinquishment law granted fee simple title in the strip to the adjoining landowners. Act of July 17,

1929, S.B. 18, 41st Leg., 3d C.S., § 1, 1929 Tex. Gen. Laws 239. However, the strip was then a

separate parcel of land. As the trial court found, Harry Whittington acquired this strip in 1981 in a

deed referring to “Block Thirty-eight . . . being all of Lots One through Eight (1–8), inclusive, in said

Block, and all alleys and easements heretofore existing, none of such alleys having been opened and

all such alleys and easements having been relinquished by the City of Austin, Texas.” (emphasis

added). The use of “and” in the 1981 deed indicates that “Lots 1–8, inclusive” does not encompass

the strip. The City’s 2001 condemnation resolution only referred to “Lots 1–8, inclusive, Block 38”

and did not include the twenty-foot strip.

        The City points to a line of cases indicating that alleys are presumed to be covered by

descriptions of adjoining lots. See Cox v. Campbell, 143 S.W.2d 361, 362–64 (Tex. 1940);

                                                   31
Amerman v. Missouri, K. & T. Ry. Co. of Tex., 182 S.W. 54, 57 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1915,

writ ref’d). However, these cases refer to alleys that involve easements. See Angelo v. Biscamp, 441

S.W.2d 524, 526 (Tex. 1969). When an easement is abandoned, the landowner is vested with

unencumbered fee simple title, and the presumption of an intent to convey the easement no longer

applies. Id. The 1929 relinquishment law vested fee simple title to the strip in the owners of Lots

1–8 at that time. The presumption that conveying the lots also conveyed the alley no longer

applied.23 See Angelo, 441 S.W.2d at 526. Accordingly, the 2001 resolution did not include the

strip.

                                             B. The 2006 Resolution

         The question then is whether the 2006 resolution and pleading amendment include the

twenty-foot strip and are permissible. The City asserts that the 2006 resolution and pleading

amendment cured any defect and took the strip. The Whittingtons respond that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction to add the strip to the condemnation proceeding because it would prejudice them.24

         We agree with the City. The language of the 2006 resolution clearly indicated the City’s

belief that, as of 2001, public use and necessity required condemning all of Block 38, including the

strip: “The public necessity to acquire Block 38 in its entirety, including, but not limited to, the



         23
           This Court has long recognized a presumption that narrow strips of land that are small in size and value
compared to the adjoining tract are conveyed with the larger, adjoining tract— a policy known as the “strip and gore
doctrine.” Angelo, 441 S.W .2d at 526–27. The City does not assert that doctrine here.

         24
            The W hittingtons also assert that the City Council only authorized taking the strip if the current proceeding
finds the City did not take the strip. W e disagree. The 2006 resolution indicated the City believed in 2001 that all of
Block 38, the strip included, was necessary for public use. W hile the 2006 resolution did authorize separate negotiations
and a condemnation proceeding if this proceeding determined the City did not take the strip, the resolution did not
prohibit its use in this proceeding.

                                                           32
[strip], for the public purpose of a City parking garage, a chilling plant, and other municipal facilities

is hereby confirmed and ratified as of the effective date of [the 2001 resolution].”

        The next inquiry is whether the 2006 resolution and pleading amendment were permissible.

We have held that taking less land than a resolution specified is within a court’s subject matter

jurisdiction if it does not prejudice the landowner. FKM P’ship, 255 S.W.3d at 626. We have also

held that taking additional land is within a court’s jurisdiction if the parties so stipulate because the

stipulation indicates no material prejudice to the landowner. State v. Nelson, 334 S.W.2d 788,

791–92 (Tex. 1960). In FKM Partnership, we left open the question of whether a trial court has

jurisdiction when the condemnor amends its pleadings to take additional land after the

commissioner’s hearing. 255 S.W.3d at 626 n.3.

        As the parties indicate, the inquiry here is whether the Whittingtons were prejudiced by the

pleading amendment that included the strip. The Whittingtons’ expert testified that the strip had no

independent value if the City took Lots 1–8. The jury agreed, finding the same value for Block 38

with or without the strip. Further, there is no indication that the Whittingtons were unprepared to

litigate the issue and were denied a continuance. Therefore, we hold that the inclusion of the twenty-

foot strip in the trial court proceedings did not prejudice the Whittingtons, and the City’s 2006

resolution properly took the twenty-foot strip.

                                    VII. Economic Development

        The Whittingtons raise two other arguments supporting their request that we should

nonetheless affirm the court of appeals conclusion that the taking is invalid: (1) section 2206.001 of

the Government Code invalidates the taking; and (2) the taking was not necessary for a public use.

                                                   33
                                           A. Preservation

        We must first determine whether the Whittingtons may raise such points of error as they did

not file a notice of appeal. Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 25.1 requires that “[a] party who

seeks to alter the trial court’s judgment or other appealable order must file a notice of appeal.” TEX .

R. APP . P. 25.1(c). The rule further provides that “[t]he appellate court may not grant a party who

does not file a notice of appeal more favorable relief than did the trial court except for just cause.”

Id.

        The Whittingtons argue that a litigant is only attacking a judgment (and must only file a

notice of appeal) if it seeks greater relief than awarded in the judgment. See Tex. Disposal Sys.

Landfill, Inc. v. Waste Mgmt. Holdings, Inc., 219 S.W.3d 563, 574 n.11 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007,

pet. denied) (allowing cross-point that did not seek greater relief); Dean v. Lafayette Place (Section

One) Council of Co-Owners, Inc., 999 S.W.2d 814, 818 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no

pet.) (“The independent grounds for affirmance can be raised in a cross-point as long as the appellee

is not requesting greater relief than that awarded by the trial court.”). We agree. Here, the

Whittingtons do not seek greater relief than the judgment provided. They only seek the same relief

the judgment provided in the event that we rule for the City on its points of error. Accordingly, we

address the Whittingtons’ points of error.

                           B. Whether Section 2206.001 Is Retroactive

        The Whittingtons first point of error is that section 2206.001 of the Government Code

invalidates the taking because it was for economic development purposes. Section 2206.001 states:

“A governmental or private entity may not take private property through the use of eminent domain

                                                  34
if the taking . . . is for economic development purposes . . . .” TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 2206.001(b)(3).

The charge asked:

               Does the City of Austin seek to take the Whittingtons’ property for economic
        development purposes?

               The City may not take private property if the taking is for economic
        development purposes.


              A condemnation for “economic development purposes” does not include a
        condemnation for a public building or the provision of utility services.25

The jury answered “yes” as to both the parking garage and the district plant. The trial court

disregarded the answer, holding that section 2206.001 does not apply retroactively to this case.

        We disagree that section 2206.001 is not retroactive, but we hold that the statutory exceptions

apply. Section 2206.001 was added in 2005—after the City filed its condemnation proceeding in

2001. Act of Aug. 31, 2005, 79th Leg., 2d C.S., S.B. 7, Ch. 1, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1. The

Texas Constitution provides that “[n]o bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or any law

impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made.” TEX . CONST . art. I, § 16. We generally

presume that statutes are prospective unless they are expressly made retroactive. TEX . GOV ’T CODE

§ 311.022; State v. Fidelity Deposit Co. of Md., 223 S.W.3d 309, 311–12 (Tex. 2007) per curiam).

Section 2206.001 is not expressly retroactive. Act of Aug. 31, 2005, 79th Leg., 2d C.S., S.B. 7, Ch.

1, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1. However, applying procedural, remedial, or jurisdictional statutes

retroactively does not violate the Constitution’s prohibition on retroactive laws. Univ. of Tex. Sw.


        25
         See T EX . G O V ’T C O DE § 2206.001(c)(4)–(5). The City objected to the lack of a definition of economic
development but does not raise that issue in this Court.

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Med. Ctr. v. Estate of Arancibia, 324 S.W.3d 544, 548 (Tex. 2010). This is because procedural and

remedial laws generally do not affect vested rights, which are property rights that the Constitution

protects like any other property. Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212,

219 (Tex. 2002). Such procedural and remedial laws that do not affect vested rights should be

enforced as they exist at the time judgment is rendered. Tex. Mun. Power Agency v. Pub. Util.

Comm’n of Tex., 253 S.W.3d 184, 198 (Tex. 2007).

       In this context, a condemnor only obtains a vested right in property it seeks to take once it

obtains a judgment in its favor. TEX . PROP . CODE § 21.065 (“A judgment of a court under this

chapter vests a right granted to a condemnor.”); see also Middleton v. Tex. Power & Light Co., 185

S.W. 556, 559 (Tex. 1916) (holding that a vested right is a property right). The City has yet to obtain

a judgment in its favor on the taking of Block 38. Accordingly, we must apply section 2206.001 as

it currently exists. Tex. Mun. Power Agency, 253 S.W.3d at 198.

                      C. Whether Section 2206.001 Invalidates the Taking

       The question then is whether section 2206.001 invalidates the City’s taking. The jury found

that the taking was for economic development purposes as to both the parking garage and district

plant. The trial court’s basis for disregarding this finding (that the law was not retroactive) was in

error. See supra Part VII.B. We must uphold that finding unless the City conclusively proved that

the taking was not for economic development purposes. See Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d

237, 241 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam).

       The City asserts that the parking garage is a public building and the district plant is for the

provision of utility services—both of which are statutory exceptions to section 2206.001’s

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prohibition on takings for economic development purposes that were incorporated into the charge.26

TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 2206.001(c)(4)–(5). The Government Code does not define the “public

building” or “utility services,” and because they have acquired technical or particular meanings, we

construe them accordingly. TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 311.011(b).

         We conclude the evidence conclusively establishes that the parking garage is a public

building. The garage is open to the public, but the primary purpose of the garage is to support the

expanded convention center.27 The City owns the garage and receives the income from those who

park in the garage. Providing, enlarging, or improving auditoriums are public uses under the Local

Government Code, and land may be condemned by a municipality if considered necessary for those

public uses. TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 251.001(a)(1). We have concluded that the parking garage

serving the expanded convention center in this situation is a public use. See supra Part IV.A.1. It

follows that the garage, which is owned by the City and for a public use, is a public building.

         Moreover, the evidence conclusively establishes that the district plant is for the provision of

utility services. The parties do not dispute that electricity is a utility service. The Whittingtons assert

that district cooling provides chilled water, not electricity, and is not a utility because it is not

regulated.

         We disagree. There are two factors that indicate the district plant is assisting the municipal

electric utility. First, district cooling shifts demand from peak to off-peak times, thereby avoiding


         26
              The City has not asserted, and we do not decide, whether the district plant is also a public building.

         27
          See Higginbotham, 143 S.W . 2d at 84(“‘It is immaterial if the use is limited to the citizens of a local
neighborhood, or that the number of citizens likely to avail themselves of it is inconsiderable, so long as it is open to all
who choose to avail themselves of it.’”(quoting West, 238 S.W . at 978)).

                                                             37
the need to build more power plants. Second, the district plant still uses municipal electricity to cool

subscribing buildings by freezing water at night and circulating chilled water during the day.

Without district cooling, those customers would be consuming municipal electricity during the

daytime as there are no other providers of district cooling in the area. We determined that the district

plant here serves a public use by assisting the electric utility. See supra Part V.A.1; see TEX . LOC.

GOV ’T CODE § 552.002(b)(authorizing takings “as necessary to efficiently carry out” the purposes

of providing public utilities). It follows that the district plant is providing utility services by assisting

the City’s electric utility. Because the City conclusively established that the parking garage and

district plant fell within statutory exceptions to section 2206.001 of the Government Code, that

section does not invalidate the City’s taking.

                                    VIII. Necessity for Public Use

        The Whittingtons’ second point of error is that the taking was not necessary for a public use

and is thus invalid. The charge asked: “Is the taking of the Whittingtons’ property necessary to

advance or achieve a public use?” The jury answered “no” as to both the parking garage and the

district plant. The trial court disregarded the jury’s answer, holding that the taking was necessary

to advance or achieve a public use as a matter of law.

        We must note that the proper inquiry for a court is to determine whether the condemnor’s

determinations of public use and necessity were fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious

(if the landowner so alleges). See supra Part III. As part of this inquiry, we have held that the

parking garage and district plant serve public uses. See supra Parts IV.A.1, V.A.1. Further, we have

held that the City’s determinations of necessity as to the parking garage and district plant were not

                                                     38
fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious. See supra Parts IV.A.2, IV.B.2, IV.C, V.A.2,

V.B, and V.C. This ends the judicial inquiry into the legislative determinations of public use and

necessity. See supra Part III. We overrule the Whittingtons second point of error.

                                           IX. Conclusion

        We hold that the City’s determination that Block 38 was necessary for public use was not

fraudulent, in bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious. We further hold that City’s taking included the

twenty-foot wide strip of land bisecting Block 38, and its inclusion in the underlying proceeding did

not prejudice the Whittingtons. Moreover, we conclude that, although section 2206.001 of the

Government Code is retroactive as applied here, it does not invalidate the City’s taking because the

purposes for the taking fall within statutory exceptions to section 2206.001. Because we have

affirmed the City’s right to take the land at issue, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and

remand for entry of judgment in accordance with this opinion.




                                                        ____________________________________
                                                        Eva M. Guzman
                                                        Justice




        OPINION DELIVERED: August 31, 2012




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