                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 17-1526
                              Filed March 20, 2019


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

CEDRIC R. WHITMIRE,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Timothy

O’Grady, Judge.



      Cedric Whitmire appeals his convictions for sexual abuse in the third

degree, pimping, willful injury causing bodily injury, domestic abuse assault by

strangulation causing bodily injury, and possession of marijuana. AFFIRMED.



      Katherine Kaminsky Murphy of Kate Murphy Law, PLC, Glenwood, for

appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Darrel Mullins, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.



      Considered by Vogel, C.J., Vaitheswaran, J., and Mahan, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
                                            2


MAHAN, Senior Judge.

       Cedric Whitmire appeals his convictions for sexual abuse in the third

degree, pimping, willful injury causing bodily injury, domestic abuse assault by

strangulation causing bodily injury, and possession of marijuana. Upon our review,

we affirm.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       From the evidence presented at trial, the jury could have found the

following. M.C. lived with her “boyfriend,” Cedric Whitmire. M.C. worked as a

prostitute, and Whitmire was her pimp. They posted ads on the internet, and

clients (“johns”) would arrange to meet M.C. for “dates.”1 M.C. “had sex with johns

for money and then [she] would give all [the] money to [Whitmire].”

       On November 7, 2016, M.C. told Whitmire she “didn’t want to do it

anymore.” Whitmire got upset and punched her in the face. M.C. was “bleeding

everywhere.” She asked Whitmire to take her to the hospital because she knew

her nose was broken, but Whitmire refused and “hit [her] harder.” M.C. used a

blanket to try to stop the bleeding and laid down on the bed and “kind of passed

out a little bit.” She woke up to Whitmire on top of her, “having anal sex with [her].”

He said she “had been a bad girl” and needed to be punished. M.C. told him to

stop, but he refused.

       When he finished, Whitmire took M.C.’s phone and told her, “[D]on’t go

anywhere, you’re locked in.” Whitmire left to go to work at his job at a roofing

company. M.C. got up and “cleaned the blood up”; “the blood was everywhere.”


1
  Whitmire drove M.C. to hotels, and he waited in his truck or in the lobby while M.C. met
the john for a date.
                                            3


When Whitmire came home, “he was mad” because he had lost money at the

casino, and he told M.C. she “had to work.” M.C. “didn’t want to,” and they “got

into another fight.”

         Eventually, they arranged for M.C. to meet with Greg Jones. Because

M.C.’s face “was a mess,” Whitmire came up with the idea to have the contact take

place at his apartment. Whitmire gave M.C. tattoo-covering makeup to apply to

her face to cover the bruises. Jones recalled M.C. appeared to have bruises under

her eyes and a swollen nose; M.C. told him she had been in a car accident. Jones

and M.C. had sex, and he left money on the counter before leaving. Whitmire

came back, took the money, and told M.C. “good job.” Then M.C. showered and

they “went and got dope” at a friend’s house. 2 When M.C. went inside the house

to get drugs, people made comments about her face looking “like that guy off of

Goonies.” She “lied to them and said [she] was in a car accident” because she

“didn’t want them to go out to the car and beat [Whitmire] up.”

         Whitmire and M.C. had sex at some point the next day. M.C. told him to

stop, and Whitmire “got really angry.” He called her a “meth whore,” said she had

“sex with animals,” and told her “no man will ever want [her].” Whitmire kicked her

while she was on the ground crying, and he “was just laughing.”

         Later, they got into another fight because M.C. “wanted to leave.” Whitmire

hit her in the face, choked her, and kicked her while she was on the ground. When

M.C. grabbed her stuff and piled it up, Whitmire grabbed her by the throat so hard

she “could not breathe.” M.C. was “really, really scared” and “didn’t know if [she]



2
    M.C. testified she was “addicted to methamphetamines.”
                                          4


was gonna get out of there alive.” She started screaming, and Whitmire told her

to take a shower to “get all those demons off you.” Whitmire told M.C. to “hurry up

and get ready” because she “had to go on a call at the Super 8 motel.” M.C. tried

“to talk him out of it” because she “didn’t want to go.” Whitmire grabbed her by the

hair and told her, “You’re gonna make this money,” “you’re gonna do this call.”

       Whitmire drove M.C. to the Super 8, gave her a condom, and said he would

“be out here waiting.” M.C. walked in and “acted like [she] was gonna walk up the

stairs.” Then she went to the hotel clerk and asked if she could call the police.

M.C. called 911 and her grandmother. An ambulance took her to the hospital. She

said Whitmire had assaulted her. Initially, M.C. denied that she had been sexually

assaulted, but then she realized that even though she loved and cared about

Whitmire, she “said no” and she “didn’t want to have sex with him.”

       M.C. spent “four, maybe five” days in the hospital after being admitted on

November 10. Upon her admittance, officers observed she was “scared,” “crying,”

“very fearful, shaken,” and in “a lot of physical pain.” She had injuries to her ribs,

back, face, shoulder, neck, leg, and arms. Her nose was broken. Seminal fluid

was found near her rectum and in her vagina.

       Police found M.C.’s phone in Whitmire’s vehicle.         The phone records

showed arrangements for meetings and sexually-explicit texts. Marijuana and

drug paraphernalia were found inside his apartment.            The apartment also

contained blood splattered on the walls and floor, bloody paper towels in the trash,

and a bloody towel in a hamper.

       Whitmire told police M.C. had lived with him for “about . . . two weeks,” and

he was “trying to help her out, get her out of the prostitution/drug game.” Whitmire
                                          5


said the Super 8 arrangement was a “ruse” to get M.C. out of the apartment. He

said M.C.’s money “was her money,” but she gave him “a couple bucks here or

there from the prostitution.” Whitmire mentioned that M.C. “had been beat up in

the past.”

       The State filed a trial information setting forth a number of charges against

Whitmire. Following a four-day trial, a jury found Whitmire guilty of sexual abuse

in the third degree, pimping, willful injury causing bodily injury, domestic abuse

assault by strangulation causing bodily injury, and possession of marijuana. A jury

subsequently found him to be a habitual offender. The trial court denied Whitmire’s

motions for new trial and arrest of judgment and entered judgment and sentence.

       Whitmire appeals. Additional facts specific to the claims raised on appeal

will be set forth below.

II.    Scope and Standards of Review

       “Our review is de novo when the defendant alleges a conflict of interest

implicating the right to counsel.” State v. Smitherman, 733 N.W.2d 341, 345 (Iowa

2007). However, “[w]hether the facts show an actual conflict of interest or a serious

potential for conflict is a matter for trial court discretion.” State v. McKinley, 860

N.W.2d 874, 878 (Iowa 2015) (citation omitted). “We review these conflict-of-

interest determinations for an abuse of discretion.” Id.

       We review ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims de novo. Nguyen v.

State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 750 (Iowa 2016).          Whitmire must show (1) counsel

breached an essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted.            See Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
                                            6


         The district court’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion.

State v. Neiderbach, 837 N.W.2d 180, 190 (Iowa 2013).

         We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence for correction of

errors at law. State v. Howse, 875 N.W.2d 684, 688 (Iowa 2016). “In reviewing

challenges to the sufficiency of evidence supporting a guilty verdict, courts

consider all of the record evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the State,

including all reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the evidence.”

State v. Showens, 845 N.W.2d 436, 439–40 (Iowa 2014) (citation omitted). The

jury’s verdict is binding on appeal unless there is an absence of substantial

evidence in the record to sustain it. State v. Leckington, 713 N.W.2d 208, 213

(Iowa 2006). Evidence is substantial if it would convince a rational trier of fact the

defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See Howse, 875 N.W.2d at 688.

III.     Effective-Counsel Challenges

         The Council Bluffs public defender’s office was initially appointed to

represent Whitmire but was relieved due to a conflict of interest because it had

represented M.C.3 The Sioux County public defender’s office was then appointed

to represent Whitmire, and he was represented by attorneys Jennifer Solberg,

Sharese Manker, and Jason Dunn. Through counsel, Whitmire pled not guilty and

asserted his right to speedy trial. He filed a motion to suppress, which the district

court denied. He filed a motion to dismiss and motion in limine, which the district

court also denied. He waived, and then reasserted, his right to speedy trial. Trial

was set for April 25, 2017.



3
    An appointed attorney, Michael Hooper, was also allowed to withdraw.
                                          7


       On March 6, 2017, attorney Solberg alerted the court that Whitmire no

longer wanted Solberg and Manker to represent him.4 Following a hearing, the

district court denied the motion. On April 10, Solberg moved to withdraw citing a

conflict of interest. At the hearing, Solberg explained that a recent deposition

revealed that M.C. was represented by the Council Bluffs public defender’s office

at a time when Solberg had also worked in the office. Solberg stated she “had

zero contact with [M.C.] when the office here in Council Bluffs represented her.

She was represented by a misdemeanor attorney. I didn’t even know her name

existed.” However, according to Solberg, the deposition shed light on M.C.’s

involvement “with the FBI and her credibility,” which Solberg believed created an

“integral issue” and “a conflict as being a part of that office.” Manker, although she

had not worked in the Council Bluffs office, felt that she was also conflicted

because she had been working closely on the case with Solberg. Ultimately, the

district court allowed the Sioux City public defender’s office to withdraw and, on

April 11, entered an order appointing attorney Chad Primmer.

       Attorney Primmer requested trial be continued to May 16, 2017, the last day

within the 90-day speedy trial limit, in order to prepare and “climb through” “the

sheer volume of discovery” and also to file additional motions on behalf of

Whitmire. Primmer acknowledged Whitmire did not want to continue trial but

stated, “[I]f he wants to find a sooner date that his lawyer will not be as prepared




4
 Attorney Jason Dunn of the Sioux County public defender’s office also represented
Whitmire, but Whitmire does not appear to challenge Dunn’s representation.
                                            8


as he can be and it would be in his best interests to not have a trial date any sooner

than May 16th.” The court granted Primmer’s request, and trial began on May 16.5

       On appeal, Whitmire contends he was denied effective assistance of

counsel because Solberg and Manker represented him for “nearly five months”

while under a conflict of interest. Whitmire points out that Solberg had previously

been employed in the Council Bluffs public defender’s office, which was initially

appointed to represent him but was relieved due to a conflict of interest. According

to Whitmire, because Solberg had worked at the Council Bluffs public defender’s

office, “[s]he had a conflict of interest from the beginning of the case, and her

association with her co-counsel [Manker] poisoned her as well.” As a result, he

claims he was “prejudiced by not having attorneys who were well-prepared, who

had honed a positive relationship with him, who knew his case, and who were

ready to proceed.”

       We disagree. Solberg informed the court she neither knew nor represented

M.C. when she was employed by the Council Bluffs public defender’s office. When

Solberg later realized M.C. may have had more involvement with that office than

merely a misdemeanor offense, Solberg, in an abundance of caution, relayed her

concerns to the court. Moreover, at all times during her representation of Whitmire,

Solberg was employed by the Sioux County public defender’s office—not the

Council Bluffs public defender’s office. But see State v. Watson, 620 N.W.2d 233,

239 (Iowa 2000) (concluding concurrent representation of a defendant and an


5
 Following trial, at Whitmire’s request, Primmer was allowed to withdraw, and the court
appointed attorney Drew Kouris to represent Whitmire for the habitual-offender sentencing
enhancement. Kouris moved to withdraw, stating he was “unable to explain the
defendant’s legal situation to the defendant’s satisfaction.” The court denied the motion.
                                              9


adverse witness in a criminal case created divided loyalties and burdened the

defense’s pretrial investigation and trial strategy). There was no actual or serious

potential for a conflict of interest. Cf. McKinley, 860 N.W.2d 874, 882 (Iowa 2015)

(finding “other public defenders’ past representation of the witnesses on matters

unrelated to the crime charged . . . presents no risk of materially limiting [different

public defenders’] representation”).

          In any event, Whitmire had conflict-free counsel for trial. Attorney Primmer

was appointed on April 11, and trial began on May 16. See State v. Vaughan, 859

N.W.2d 492, 502 (Iowa 2015) (“It is undisputed that Vaughan received conflict-free

counsel well before trial. Thus, even assuming his prior counsel labored under an

actual conflict, Vaughan must show that this arrangement was somehow

insufficient to cure the prior conflict. He has not done that.”); State v. Hicks, 277

N.W.2d 889, 896 (Iowa 1979) (“Hicks was represented for over two months before

trial and at trial by experienced, independent counsel; any conflicts of interest

vanished once new counsel was appointed.”).

          But Whitmire claims as a result of the conflict of interest, “[i]t was impossible

for [Primmer] to be prepared for trial, and he wasn’t.” 6 At the outset, we note that

Whitmire refused to waive speedy trial, even after Primmer was appointed. We

further conclude Whitmire has not shown Primmer was adversely affected by the

alleged conflict of interest. There is nothing in the record to suggest Primmer’s

performance was affected by a conflict of interest. Whitmire alleges a more

zealous defense would have exploited the weaknesses in the State’s case or



6
    We view this claim as one of ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to Primmer.
                                         10


produced more defense witnesses. “This, however, is not a showing that his

counsel was adversely affected by a conflict of interest.        There is simply no

connection between the alleged conflict and the alleged deficiencies in [Whitmire’s]

defense.” Smitherman, 733 N.W.2d at 349.

       Whitmire also contends Primmer was ineffective in denying him the right to

testify on his own behalf. We find the record inadequate to resolve this claim.

Accordingly, we preserve it for possible postconviction relief proceedings. See

State v. McNeal, 867 N.W.2d 91, 105 (Iowa 2015).

IV.    Evidentiary Rulings

       Prior to trial, Whitmire filed a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Evidence

5.412 seeking to admit evidence of “specific instances of the alleged victim’s past

sexual behavior,” including evidence that M.C. “was working” for “at least three

separate pimps” before and after she met Whitmire and while she was on probation

for a prostitution conviction, and that Whitmire “contracted a sexually transmitted

disease [(STD)] from [M.C.]” See Iowa R. Evid. 5.412(a) (providing that evidence

of the past sexual behavior of the alleged victim of sexual abuse is not admissible).

According to Whitmire, the proffered evidence was “constitutionally necessary to

his right to confront [M.C.] and to challenge her credibility.” See Iowa R. Evid.

5.412(b)(1)(C) (providing exception for “[e]vidence whose exclusion would violate

the defendant’s constitutional rights”). The State resisted Whitmire’s motion.

       Following a hearing, the district court entered an order excluding most of

the requested evidence, determining:

       Whitmire has not established that this evidence is relevant. [It] is not
       evidence of a fact of consequence in determining the action with a
       tendency to make the fact more or less probable than it would be
                                         11


       without the evidence. The risk of unfair prejudice arising from
       presentation of this evidence to the jury is far greater than any
       probative value that it could arguably carry. This proffered evidence
       does not bear on [M.C.]’s credibility.

       However, the court concluded Whitmire “may present evidence that [M.C.]

had other pimps working with her during the time frame of November 7, 2016

through November 11, 2016,” determining it “may be evidence of a fact of

consequence in determining the action with a tendency to make the fact more or

less probable than it would be without the evidence.”

       Whitmire challenges both facets of the court’s ruling on appeal. He claims

his “entire theory of the case concerned [M.C.’s] decision to lie to officers because

she was violating her probation.” He further contends evidence that M.C. had an

STD was relevant because Whitmire “admonished [her] not to engage in sexual

activity as a result.” Whitmire argues the court “permitted only such evidence

under rule 5.412 that the State needed to make its case.”

       We disagree. Whether M.C. worked for different pimps before and after she

met Whitmire was not relevant to whether she worked for Whitmire during the times

alleged. M.C. testified she sometimes made her own arrangements to meet with

clients, and she acknowledged working a job for someone other than Whitmire

during the times alleged. And the court’s ruling to allow evidence that M.C. worked

with other pimps between November 7 and 11, 2016, further dispelled Whitmire’s

concern in that regard. Finally, whether M.C. had an STD is highly inflammatory

and has little relevance to the issues before the jury. Upon our review, we conclude

the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the challenged evidence.

See generally State v. Ogilvie, 310 N.W.2d 192, 195 (Iowa 1981) (noting the
                                           12


purposes of rule 5.412 are to (1) protect the privacy of victims; (2) encourage the

reporting and prosecuting of sex offenses; and (3) prevent time-consuming and

distracting inquiry into collateral matters).

V.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Whitmire challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s

verdicts. He claims, “[T]he only nexus for evidence identifying [him] was the

testimony of the alleged victim and her statements to others.” He argues, “Much

of the State’s case relied on [M.C.’s] word that [Whitmire] had used her phone

because all of prostitution ‘dates’ were made using [M.C.’s] phone” and “that

[Whitmire] was actually the operator of [M.C.’s] phone.” According to Whitmire,

“The jury could not have found her testimony reasonable, and it could not have

reasonably reached its verdicts.”

       The jury was presented with evidence that M.C. lived with Whitmire and she

worked as a prostitute. The two posted ads on the internet, and clients would

arrange to meet M.C. for sex by text message. According to M.C., Whitmire’s

phone did not work because the battery was “swollen.” Whitmire used M.C.’s

phone “a lot,” “[a]lmost all the time.” M.C. used the phone “sometimes,” “like, one

time [she] got to use the phone for a few hours, but otherwise, he used it almost

all the time.” M.C. acknowledged she occasionally set up her own meetings

because “[she] was told [she] had to.” When M.C. told Whitmire she did not want

to do a job, he assaulted her. He helped cover her bruises with tattoo-covering

makeup so she could go on her next call.

       In denying Whitmire’s motion for judgment of acquittal, the district court

noted the “conflicting evidence,” observing, “There’s evidence on both sides.”
                                            13


However, the trial court concluded, “[I]t’s the jury’s job to sort out conflicting

evidence and make assessments of credibility.” See State v. Laffey, 600 N.W.2d

57, 59 (Iowa 1999) (“[I]t is for the jury to judge the credibility of the witnesses and

weigh the evidence.”). We, like the district court, determine the record contains

substantial evidence to support the jury’s findings of guilt. We affirm on this issue.

VI.    Pro Se Claims

       Whitmire challenges the circumstances surrounding the admission of

defense exhibit 200, an “extraction report” from M.C.’s cellphone for the period

between November 7 and November 10, 2016. The State initially objected to the

admission of exhibit 200, stating, “[I]t could be used to impeach her, but it’s hearsay

. . . .” The district court admitted the exhibit, finding, “[I]t’s not offered to prove the

truth of the hearsay that’s asserted. It’s simply a record of what he took off the

phone.” Whitmire takes issue with the fact the State “continued to prosecute [him]

while knowing [M.C.]’s phone contained information that could exonerate [him]”

and the fact the State, defense counsel, and the court discussed the contents of

exhibit 200 outside the presence of the jury. Whitmire’s claim is not supported by

law, and he suffered no prejudice because exhibit 200 was admitted.

       Whitmire next challenges certain statements made by attorney Primmer

during closing argument, claiming they made the jury believe he “is a bad person

which honestly is the farthest thing from the truth.”7 The State counters, arguing

the statements were counsel’s tactical choice: “Counsel evidently believed his


7
  Specifically, Whitmire challenges the following statements by Primmer: “Folks, I’m not
asking you to say that this is a good guy. I’m not asking you to invite him over for dinner.
I’m not asking you to tell him that he deserves an award. He has a collectable lifestyle.
He’s out hiring hookers. He did some drugs with her.”
                                           14


client’s best chance at an acquittal lay in not ‘overselling’ his virtue. Whitmire may

have preferred a different approach. This is not the same as conceding guilt on

the charged offense.” Because we find the record inadequate to resolve this claim,

we preserve it for postconviction relief. See McNeal, 867 N.W.2d at 105.

       Whitmire takes issue with Detective Greg Chase’s statements that he was

“initially lied to by [M.C.]” and that it is “kind of common” for females to lie about

having sex for money. Whitmire challenges the fact that the detective “knew that

it was a possibility that she could be lying yet he labels her reliable.” As the district

court observed, “conflicting evidence” was presented at trial, particularly on M.C.’s

credibility. But again, it was for the jury to decide the credibility of the witnesses.

See Laffey, 600 N.W.2d at 59.

VII.   Conclusion

       Upon consideration of the issues raised on appeal, we affirm Whitmire’s

convictions for sexual abuse in the third degree, pimping, willful injury causing

bodily injury, domestic abuse assault by strangulation causing bodily injury, and

possession of marijuana.

       AFFIRMED.
