Filed 2/2/16 In re C.L. CA3
                                                NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
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                    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                            THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                          (Sacramento)
                                                                 ----




In re C. L., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile                                                 C078593
Court Law.
THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                   (Super. Ct. No. JV135484)
                   Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

C. L.,

                             Defendant and Appellant.


         In this proceeding under Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 602, the minor,
C. L., admitted hit-and-run and speeding allegations. The juvenile court awarded
restitution to two victims. The minor contends insufficient evidence supported the
restitution award to the second victim. We affirm.




1        Undesignated statutory references are to this code.

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                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On September 4, 2013, the Sacramento County District Attorney filed a
section 602 petition alleging that on or about April 16, 2013, the minor committed the
offenses of hit-and-run, a misdemeanor; driving without a valid license, a misdemeanor;
unlawfully failing to drive within a single lane, an infraction; and speeding, an infraction.
       On June 4, 2014, the minor admitted the hit-and-run and speeding charges and the
remaining counts were dismissed in the interest of justice. The juvenile court referred the
matter to probation.
       The probation report described the offenses as follows, based on the police report:
       “On April 16, 2013, at approximately 0831 hours, a Sacramento Police officer
responded to Florin Road and Serenity Drive to investigate a three vehicle collision in
which one of the parties fled the scene.
       “The officer arrived on scene and contacted Victim #1 (Anurita Devi). Devi’s
vehicle had moderate damage to its front bumper area. Devi indicated she was traveling
eastbound on Florin Road in the #2 lane when a vehicle in front of her suddenly changed
lanes and cut her off. Devi indicated she slammed on her brakes and stopped her vehicle
attempting to avoid a collision. However, the vehicle behind her hit her vehicle, forcing
Devi into the vehicle that cut her off. Devi stated the driver of the vehicle [who] cut her
off, later identified as C[.] L[.] (subject), got out of her vehicle briefly and looked at the
damage. The subject then got back into her vehicle and drove away.
       “At approximately 0845 hours, the officer contacted Victim #2 (Joe Moua).
Moua’s vehicle had moderate damage to its front end area. In summary, Moua related he
was driving east on Florin Road in the far right hand lane (#2 lane) at about 35 miles per
hour. He indicated a tan car passed him on the left and then it cut in front of the white car
that was in front of his vehicle. The tan car then slammed on the brakes. The car in front
of Moua’s vehicle hit the tan car and he struck the white car in front of him. Moua
indicated he pulled over and the girl (subject) got out of the tan car. Moua informed the

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officer that he told the subject to stay but she drove into Burbank High School’s parking
lot.
       “Shortly thereafter, the officer located the subject at Luther Burbank High School.
She was identified by School Administration. At the time, the subject did not have a
valid California Driver’s License. She did have valid proof of insurance. Additionally,
the subject later identified herself as the driver of the vehicle during the time of the
accident.
       “In a statement to the officer, the subject indicated she was traveling eastbound on
Florin Road in the #1 lane by the railroad tracks. She indicated she tried to change lanes
into the #2 lane. The subject indicated the vehicle in front of her slammed on their
brakes. She then thought she was going to hit the vehicle in front of her, so she stopped.
At this time, the vehicle behind her hit her vehicle. She related she left the scene because
she wanted to get her brother to school on time.
       “Based on the facts, statements, and observations, it was the officer’s opinion that
the subject was at fault for the collision due to an unsafe lane change. The officer also
cited the subject for driving without a license and hit-and-run property damage.”
       On June 25, 2014, the probation department recommended that the juvenile court
award restitution to victim Devi in the amount of $2,568.02. Victim Moua had not yet
completed and forwarded his statement of loss and supporting documentation; the
department recommended awarding restitution to him in an amount to be determined.
       At the disposition hearing on July 24, 2014, the juvenile court imposed probation,
ordered restitution to victim Devi in the amount of $2,568.02, and ordered restitution to
victim Moua in an amount to be determined.
       On September 4, 2014, the probation department notified the juvenile court that
Moua had submitted a restitution claim for $1,000, but did not have receipts and had not
provided supporting documentation. However, the report also stated: “The



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documentation has been provided to the District Attorney and Defense Counsel with this
memorandum.”2 The department recommended awarding the amount claimed.
         At a hearing on September 5, 2014, the minor’s counsel stated that he was
surprised by the new restitution memorandum because the prosecutor notified him in
April 2014 that Moua had given the car away and had no repair estimate. However,
when the juvenile court asked if counsel objected to ordering $1,000 in restitution,
counsel replied: “There is a -- and attached, it’s just -- it’s not the actual receipts or
anything, but it does look like it would be [a] generally valid amount for this kind of
damage.” Counsel submitted on the matter. The prosecutor agreed to the proposed
order.
         The juvenile court (Judge David De Alba presiding) stated that it had been
prepared to terminate probation until it learned of the new restitution claim, but wanted to
give the minor the opportunity to contest the claim. The minor’s counsel requested a
one-month continuance, noting that the minor was currently pregnant and about to
deliver. The court set a restitution hearing date of October 3, 2014. The court then
ordered $1,000 in restitution to Moua.3 After numerous continuances, the hearing finally
took place on January 13, 2015.
         At the restitution hearing (Judge Alyson Lewis presiding), Moua testified that the
accident caused by the minor damaged the front bumper, hood, frame, radiator, and lights
of his 1994 Toyota Previa; the car had to be pushed home, and he had not been able to
start it since then. He had not taken it in for repair or for an estimate because he did not


2        Whatever the report was referring to is not in the appellate record.

3      The juvenile court did not state that the order was tentative, and the minor’s
counsel did not object to the form of the order. It appears from subsequent proceedings,
however, that the parties and the court agreed that the order was tentative in effect and
subject to reconsideration should the minor choose to contest it. On appeal, neither party
argues that the court was bound by this order.

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have the money to repair it. He had never had to get a car repaired before and did not
know how much auto repair shops charged; he just knew it would be expensive. He
came up with an estimate of $1,000 because “there’s a lot of damage to the car. The
damage is pretty severe.” Based on information he had found on Craigslist, he thought
the car would be worth around $3,000 if sold for parts. Because he could not get the car
registered without having the repairs done, he gave it to a friend to hold onto, saying that
if the friend could get it fixed he could keep it. He did not know if the friend had done
any repairs; he had not spoken to him since February 2014.
       The minor’s counsel argued that even assuming the minor was at fault, Moua’s
claim was not reasonable because there was no supporting documentation: $1,000 was
“just a number he’s pulling out of his head.” Counsel also stated: “So I just don’t think
we have an appropriate narrowing down of what the value of this damage is either as to
what the cost to repair it or how much it diminished the value of the vehicle if he was
gonna sell it or give it away.”
       The prosecutor replied: (1) The juvenile court had already determined that the
minor’s conduct was a substantial factor in Moua’s injury. (2) Once the prosecution had
put on its witness, the minor had the burden of showing the claimed amount was
unreasonable. (3) Although Moua did “pull that [$1,000] number out of the air,” that
estimate was “probably on the low end,” given the undisputed facts that the car suffered
extensive damage and had been inoperable since the accident.
       After finding that the minor’s liability for Moua’s damages had been determined
but that the amount of restitution was still open to dispute, the juvenile court ruled:
“[T]here is enough evidence of more than a thousand dollars worth of damage, but
without further documentation, that Mr. Moua’s request for a thousand dollars restitution
for a now inoperable car that was previously operable which he believed was valued at
$3,000 with a list of property damage of a bumper, a hood, a frame, a radiator and lights,
that a thousand dollars is a reasonable amount to request based on a preponderance of the

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evidence standard in this case. [¶] And the Court does affirm the previous order of Judge
De Alba, if there was any question as to whether it was ordered or not, for $1,000
restitution to Joe Moua. [¶] The Court will continue to retain jurisdiction on any
additional damages suffered by Mr. Moua pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code
60779 and 730.6(h).” The court then found that the minor had satisfactorily completed
probation and that the restitution orders were converted to civil judgments by operation
of law.
                                         DISCUSSION
       The minor contends the juvenile court abused its discretion by awarding $1,000 in
restitution to Moua because insufficient evidence supported the award. We disagree.
       “It is the intent of the Legislature that a victim of conduct for which a minor is
found to be a person described in Section 602 who incurs an economic loss as a result of
the minor’s conduct shall receive restitution directly from that minor.” (§ 730.6,
subd. (a)(1).)
       “Upon a minor being found to be a person described in Section 602, . . . the court
shall order the minor to pay . . . . [¶] . . . [¶] Restitution to the victim or victims, if any,
in accordance with subdivision (h).” (§ 730.6, subd. (a)(2)(B).)
       “Restitution ordered pursuant to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) of
subdivision (a) shall be imposed in the amount of the losses, as determined. . . . The
court shall order full restitution unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for
not doing so, and states them on the record. A minor’s inability to pay shall not be
considered a compelling or extraordinary reason not to impose a restitution order, nor
shall inability to pay be a consideration in determining the amount of the restitution
order. A restitution order . . . shall be of a dollar amount sufficient to fully reimburse the
victim or victims for all determined economic losses incurred as the result of the minor’s
conduct for which the minor was found to be a person described in Section 602.”
(§ 730.6, subd. (h)(1).)

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       Once the victim has established the replacement or repair cost of his property, the
minor bears the burden of proving that the amount of restitution claimed exceeds that
cost. (In re Travis J. (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 187, 204.) “A property owner’s statements
in the probation report about the value of [his or] her property should be accepted as
prima facie evidence of value for purposes of restitution. (Cf. Evid. Code, § 810 et seq.
[providing ‘ “special rules of evidence applicable to any action in which the value of
property is to be ascertained” ’].)” (People v. Foster (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 939, 946-
947; accord, In re S. S. (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 543, 546-547 [juvenile delinquency
proceeding]; People v. Gemelli (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1543.)
       The juvenile court may use any rational method of determining the restitution
amount, provided it is reasonably calculated to make the victim whole and is consistent
with the purpose of rehabilitation. (In re Alexander A. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 847, 853.)
On review, we uphold a victim restitution order in a juvenile delinquency proceeding
where there is a factual and rational basis for the order, and reverse only for abuse of
discretion. (Id. at pp. 857-858.)
       Here, the victim testified to a damage estimate of $1,000. This claim was based
on a list of the specific parts of his car that incurred damage (not in the appellate record,
but cited by the minor’s counsel and the juvenile court), the undisputed fact that the car
had been inoperable since the accident, and a $3,000 estimate derived from Craigslist of
the car’s value if sold for parts. The minor offered no evidence that the victim’s estimate
exceeded the replacement or repair cost of his car. The court found that in light of the
undisputed evidence, the victim’s estimate was not only reasonable, but low if anything.
This was a rational method of determining the restitution amount based on the facts
before the court, in particular the minor’s failure to offer evidence to counter the victim’s
estimate. (In re Alexander A., supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 853; In re Travis J., supra,
222 Cal.App.4th at p. 204.)



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       Relying chiefly on People v. Vournazos (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 948, the minor
argues that the burden never shifted to her to rebut the victim’s estimate because
documentation must be presented to establish repair or replacement value and the victim
offered none. (Cf. In re Travis J., supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at p. 204.) The minor is
mistaken.
       In Vournazos, the court reversed a restitution award so far as it was based only on
the victim’s undocumented estimate of value. (People v. Vournazos, supra,
198 Cal.App.3d at pp. 958-959.) But later case law, which the minor overlooks, has
sharply criticized Vournazos’s reasoning.
       In Foster, where the record contained no documentary evidence of the
replacement value of the victim’s lost property, the court reasoned: (1) The probation
report gives the defendant notice of the recommended restitution amount, and the hearing
gives him the chance to rebut that amount. (People v. Foster, supra, 14 Cal.App.4th at
p. 946.) (2) Under Evidence Code section 810 et seq., a property owner’s statements in
the probation report about the value of property constitute prima facie evidence of its
value for purposes of restitution. (Foster, at pp. 946-947.) (3) A hearing to establish the
amount of restitution “does not require the formalities of other phases of a criminal
prosecution.” (Id. at p. 947.)4
       In In re S. S., the victim produced a written itemization of losses which was
included in a probation report, but the minor’s counsel argued that it was insufficient
without proof by affidavit or declaration that the victim had actually incurred those
losses. (In re S. S., supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at pp. 545-546.) The juvenile court rejected
this argument, noting that the minor and his counsel could have contacted the victim to


4      The Foster court found Vournazos “unpersuasive” and rejected it on a point not
directly raised in our case. (People v. Foster, supra, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 946.) As we
explain below, however, decisions following Foster have gone further in their criticism
of Vournazos.

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raise any disagreements or questions about the claimed losses. (Id. at pp. 545-546.) On
appeal, the minor asserted, relying on Vournazos, that the victim had provided
insufficient evidence of her losses. (In re S. S., at p. 546.)
       The In re S. S. court questioned the reasoning and the result in Vournazos. “The
Vournazos court professed to acknowledge the rule, adopted in an earlier case, that the
defendant ‘bears the burden of proving that the amount of restitution claimed by the
victim exceeds repair or replacement cost of lost or damaged property.’ (198 Cal.App.3d
at p. 959, citing People v. Hartley (1984) 163 Cal.App.3d 126, 130 [209 Cal.Rptr. 131].)
In fact the Hartley decision stated an even broader rule: ‘ “Since a defendant will learn
of the amount of restitution recommended when he reviews the probation report prior to
sentencing, the defendant bears the burden at the hearing of proving that amount exceeds
the replacement or repair cost.” ’ (163 Cal.App.3d at p. 130, italics added, fn. omitted.)
. . . [T]he decision appears to mean that, at least where the items, amounts, and sources
are adequately identified in or with the probation report, the defendant has the burden of
refuting them.” (In re S. S., supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at p. 546.)
       “We find it difficult to reconcile the holding in Vournazos with the rule just cited.
We are not alone in that difficulty. In People v. Foster . . . the only court to squarely
consider the holding of Vournazos refused to follow it. . . . The court found Vournazos
‘unpersuasive,’ partly because it ‘imposes an unwarranted burden on the trial court, the
prosecutor, and the victim.’ [Citation.] Instead, the court concluded an item’s original
cost can generally be treated as evidence of replacement cost for purposes of restitution.
(Ibid.) Moreover, a property owner’s statements of value, recapitulated in the probation
report, ‘should be accepted as prima facie evidence of value.’ (Ibid.) ‘When the
probation report includes information on the amount of the victim’s loss and a
recommendation as to the amount of restitution, the defendant must come forward with
contrary information to challenge that amount.’ ” (In re S. S., supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 546-547.)

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       Lastly, in Gemelli, the court held: “[T]o the extent Vournazos might be read to
require more than a victim’s statement of loss and a probation officer’s recommendation
as prima facie evidence of value to determine an appropriate amount of restitution, we
decline to follow it for the policy reasons set forth in Foster, supra, 14 Cal.App.4th 939.”
(People v. Gemelli, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1543.)
       Believing the above line of cases to be correctly decided, we also reject Vournazos
to the extent it holds a victim must present documentation to support the claimed amount
of loss before a defendant (or a minor in a delinquency proceeding) is required to produce
contrary evidence. The victim’s estimate, supported by his itemization of the specific
damages inflicted on his property, was sufficient to make a prima facia case of the
amount of his loss and to shift the burden to the minor to rebut it with evidence. The
minor presented none. Thus, the prosecution’s claim for restitution in the amount of
$1,000 was unrebutted, and the juvenile court could reasonably rely on it.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The restitution award of $1,000 to victim Moua is affirmed.



                                                 /s/
                                                 Robie, J.


We concur:



/s/
Blease, Acting P. J.



/s/
Nicholson, J.



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