                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

___________________________________
                                    )
MELVIN BROWN,                       )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
      v.                            )                  Civil Action No. 14-0140 (TSC)
                                    )
SANDRA HILL, et al.,                )
                                    )
                  Defendants.       )
___________________________________ )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION


       This matter is before the court on the defendants’ motions to dismiss. For the reasons

discussed below, the motions will be granted.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed his initial complaint on

December 11, 2013, and an Amended Complaint [ECF No. 13] on November 21, 2014. The

defendants include So Others Might Eat, its President, and several of its staff members

(collectively, “S.O.M.E.”), see Am. Compl. at 1-2, Green Door, its President and several staff

members (collectively, “Green Door”), id. at 2, and David Walker (“Walker”), a District of

Columbia government employee, see id. at 2, 4-5. Although the bases of the plaintiff’s claims

are not entirely clear, the court begins with its understanding of the relevant facts.

       The plaintiff received services from S.O.M.E., Green Door, and the District of Columbia

Department of Behavioral Health (“DBH”), formerly known as the Department of Mental

Health. See Compl. at 3. The District of Columbia contracted with Green Door, which the


                                                  1
Plaintiff identifies as “his core service agency,” presumably to provide mental health services for

District residents such as the Plaintiff. 1 Id.; see Am. Compl. at 6. The Plaintiff lived at Shalom

House, a residence operated by S.O.M.E. 2 See Am. Compl. at 6-7. He apparently was

dissatisfied with certain S.O.M.E. employees and services, and he “filed grievance(s)/complaints

against [S.O.M.E.].” Id. at 7; see Compl. at 5. According to the Plaintiff, S.O.M.E. not only

ignored his grievances, but also retaliated against him, beginning with Margaret Simmons’s call

to the DBH’s Health’s Access Helpline on December 2, 2010, Compl. at 2; see Am. Compl. at 7,

“purportedly seeking cris[i]s assistance for [the Plaintiff],” Am. Compl. at 4.

         Walker took the call, and in the course of his conversation with Simmons, Walker

allegedly “disclosed the plaintiff’s mental health information,” id. at 4-5, and Simmons

wrongfully obtained this information, id. at 12, without the Plaintiff’s permission, see id. at 5, 8,

12-13; Compl. at 2. Walker referred Simmons to Green Door, whose staff members in turn

“disclosed protected health information . . . to Margaret Simmons [and] Ann Chauvin,” Compl.

at 3, S.O.M.E.’s Chief Medical Officer, Am. Compl. at 1. In the course of these conversations,

either Green Door or DBH staff “told or disclosed that [the Plaintiff] had not taken his meds for

months[,]” and disclosed his diagnosis. Compl. at 3.




1
  The Plaintiff has been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. See Pl.’s Mot. Opposing
Green Door’s Mot. to Dismiss at 33 (page numbers designated by ECF); Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Moving Parties[’]
Motion to Dismiss at 40, 45 (page numbers designated by ECF).
2
  The events described in the Plaintiff’s pleadings allegedly were part of “a vendetta” against him “hatched by
[S.O.M.E.] (administrators) simply because he filed a grievance against their organization[.]” Pl.’s Mot. Opposing
Moving Parties[’] Mot. to Dismiss at 24. In addition to the December 2, 2010 telephone call to the Access Helpline
and the January 13, 2011 incident, the Plaintiff points to eviction proceedings initiated by S.O.M.E. in the Superior
Court of the District of Columbia, see Compl. at 4-5; Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green Door’s Mot. to Dismiss at 38-39,
as another retaliatory act, see Compl. at 4-5; Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green Door’s Mot. to Dismiss at 4. The Plaintiff
disputes S.O.M.E.’s claim that he threatened a night manager with physical harm on November 28, 2010, Compl. at
4, and “pulled a razor” on S.O.M.E. staff members, id. at 5. He considers these claims as evidence of their efforts to
‘“get rid of [him]’ (not for threatening behavior, but for filing grievances/complaints against S.O.M.E., hoping that
they would breeze thru LTC (Landlord Tenant Court[]) figuring that [he] would be at St. Elizabeth[’s Hospital,]” id.

                                                          2
       According to the Plaintiff, “Ann Chauvin, Suzanne Bond and Belinda Sealey ‘concocted

a story,’” Compl. at 3, and “made false allegations to the [Metropolitan Police Department],

causing [him] to be deprived of his liberty,” Am. Compl. at 5. “Chauvin initiated [a] referral (as

if the plaintiff is bi-polar or psychotic),” prompting the Department of Behavioral Health to

dispatch a Mobile Crisis Team to Shalom House on January 13, 2011. Am. Compl. at 5; see

Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green Door’s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. 2. Chauvin reported that she and two

other S.O.M.E. staff members found notes under their office doors from the plaintiff using

“threatening words such as ‘murder’ and ‘die.’” Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Moving Parties[’] Motion

to Dismiss at 30 (page numbers designated by ECF). The Plaintiff reportedly became

“increasingly agitated,” id. at 31, and these staff members felt “threatened and sufficiently

concerned such that [they] made a call to the [Department of Behavioral Health] Mobile Crisis

Team,” id. at 30.

       The Mobile Crisis Team arrived at Shalom House with police officers. Id. They

handcuffed the Plaintiff and transferred him to the Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency

Program (CPEP), described by the Plaintiff as “a psych ward,” Am. Compl. at 4, by ambulance

and accompanied by police officers, see id. at 6; Compl. at 4. According to Amelia Villaruz,

M.D., who conducted a psychiatric evaluation of the plaintiff on January 13, 2011, the Plaintiff’s

“speech [was] rambling and pressured with disorganized thoughts and loose associations.” Pl.’s

Mot. Opposing Moving Parties[’] Motion to Dismiss at 40. She reported that the Plaintiff had

“no insight to his illness,” and he “refused medications ordered.” Id. This was the Plaintiff’s

fifth admission to CPEP. Id. He refused to take prescribed medications over the next two days,

and “continue[d] to be delusional and [easily] agitated when approached.” Id. at 41. Dr.

Villaruz certified that the Plaintiff exhibited symptoms of mental illness and, as a result, he was



                                                 3
likely to injure himself and others if he were not detained immediately. See id. at 42. He was

subsequently “transferred to PIW (Psychiatric Institute of Washington) for 4 days [and was]

forced [to take] meds (in heavy dosages.).” Am. Compl. at 4; see Compl. at 4. The Plaintiff was

discharged on January 19, 2011, at which time he was “stable and improved” and “compliant

with the medications.” Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Moving Parties[’] Motion to Dismiss at 45. He no

longer “[met] criteria for [involuntary] commitment and refuse[d] to be a voluntary inpatient.”

Id.

       The Plaintiff appears to bring two claims. First, he alleges that “the defendants conspired

to deprive him of his liberty.” Am. Compl. at 4 (emphasis omitted); see id. at 9; see Compl. at 4.

The court construes these allegations as a civil rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations

of rights protected by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Second, insofar as the defendants obtained and disclosed mental health information about the

Plaintiff without his permission, the Court construes the Amended Complaint as bringing claims

under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), see 42 U.S.C. §

1320d-6, and the District of Columbia Mental Health Information Act (“DCMHIA”), see D.C.

Code § 7-1201.01 et seq. The Plaintiff demands compensatory and punitive damages totaling

$16,500,000. Am. Compl. at 12.

       The Clerk of Court received the Plaintiff’s original complaint and application to proceed

in forma pauperis on December 11, 2013. The court granted the Plaintiff’s application by order

signed on January 7, 2014, and the Clerk of Court officially filed these documents on the Court’s

electronic docket on January 30, 2014. The Court dismissed the complaint, and the Plaintiff

appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

The Circuit ordered:



                                                4
                 that the case be remanded for the district court to reconsider the
                 dismissal of [the plaintiff’s] complaint for lack of subject matter
                 jurisdiction. [The plaintiff’s] complaint alleges that the defendants,
                 at least one of whom is alleged to be a District of Columbia
                 employee, wrongfully disclosed his medical information and
                 deprived him of his liberty by making false allegations to the police.
                 The civil cover sheet accompanying the complaint cites 42 U.S.C. §
                 1983 as the civil statute under which the case of action was filed. It
                 appears, therefore, that [the plaintiff] was attempting to invoke the
                 district court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question
                 jurisdiction) . . . . But if [the plaintiff] were to file a new complaint
                 stating the basis for the district court’s jurisdiction, the complaint
                 would be time-barred . . . . Accordingly, in the interest of justice,
                 the district court is directed to allow [the plaintiff] to amend his
                 complaint to clearly state the jurisdictional basis for this action and
                 all of the claims [he] is attempting to raise . . . .
Brown v. Hill, No. 14-7028 (D.C. Cir. filed July 25, 2014) (per curiam). The Plaintiff filed his

Amended Complaint on November 21, 2014.

                                             II. DISCUSSION 3

                         A. There Is No Private Right of Action Under HIPAA

        Green Door and Walker move to dismiss the Plaintiff’s HIPAA claims on the ground that

there is no private cause of action under that statute. S.O.M.E. moves to dismiss the Plaintiff’s

HIPAA claim on the ground that his amended complaint fails to allege facts to show that

S.O.M.E. is a covered entity that is required to protect his health care records.

        “HIPAA generally provides for confidentiality of medical records.” Acara v. Banks, 470

F.3d 569, 571 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320d-1 to d-7). It does not create a private

right of action. Id.; Hudes v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 806 F. Supp. 2d 180, 196 (D.D.C. 2011) (“In

light of the statutory language of § 1320d–5 and the apparent consensus among the courts that



3
  For purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, the court presumes without deciding that all the defendants have been
served with process.


                                                       5
have considered the question, this Court finds that Plaintiff has no private HIPAA right of

action.”), aff’d, 493 F. App’x 107 (D.C. Cir. 2012); Runkle v. Gonzales, 391 F. Supp. 2d 210,

237 (D.D.C. 2005) (concluding “that there is no private right of action under HIPAA of which

the plaintiff can avail himself”). Rather, an individual’s “only redress for an alleged HIPPA

violation is to lodge a written complaint with the Secretary of Health and Human Services,

through the Office for Civil Rights, which has the discretion to investigate the complaint and

impose sanctions, both civil and criminal.” Johnson v. Kuehne & Nagel Inc., No. 11-cv-02317,

2012 WL 1022939, at *5 (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 26, 2012) (citing 45 C.F.R. § 160.306); see Royce v.

Veterans Affairs Regional Office, No. 08-1993, 2009 WL 1904332, at *6 (D. Colo. July 1, 2009)

(noting that “HIPPA expressly provides the penalties for improper disclosures of medical

information . . . and limits enforcement to the Secretary of HHS”); Hudes, 806 F. Supp. 2d at 196

(noting that it is “the Secretary’s prerogative to impose penalties for violations of HIPAA”).

       In light of the foregoing legal authority and the Plaintiff’s subsequent clarification that he

“is not suing the blameworthy defendants for violating HIPAA,” Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green

Door’s Mot. to Dismiss at 10, the Court will dismiss the Plaintiff’s HIPAA claims.

               B. The D.C. Mental Health Information Act Claim Is Time-Barred

       A claim under the DCMHIA, see D.C. Code § 7-1201.01 et seq., must be brought within

one year. D.C. Code § 12-301(9). It appears that any claim the Plaintiff could have brought

under the DCMHIA accrued as early as December 2, 2010, the date of Simmons’s call to the

Access Helpline, but not later than January 13, 2011, the date on which the Plaintiff was taken

away from Shalom House in handcuffs. In these circumstances, the filing of the Plaintiff’s initial

complaint on December 11, 2013, roughly three years after his cause of action arose, is untimely.

Therefore, the Court will dismiss the Plaintiff’s claim under the DCMHIA.


                                                 6
                           C. The Plaintiff Fails to Allege § 1983 Claims

                                  1. Dismissal Under Rule 12(b)(6)

        A complaint is subject to dismissal if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A plaintiff need only provide a “short and plain statement of

[his] claim showing that [he] is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), that ‘“give[s] the

defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,’” Erickson v.

Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curium) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

555 (2007)). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). In other words,

it must “plead factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Patton Boggs LLP v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d

397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal quotation omitted). Although a complaint filed by a pro se

plaintiff is “to be liberally construed,” Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94 (internal citation omitted), it, too,

must set forth factual allegations that “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

                                    2. Elements of a § 1983 Claim

        In relevant part, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides:

                Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation,
                custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of
                Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the
                United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the
                deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
                Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action
                at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.




                                                    7
Id. Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights; rather, it is a method of vindicating

federal rights conferred elsewhere. Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 807, 811 (1994); Baker v.

McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979).

       To state a claim under § 1983, a complaint must allege facts sufficient to show that a

person acting under color of State or District of Columbia law committed an action which

deprived the plaintiff of rights protected under the United States Constitution or federal law. See

West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). A “person” for purposes of § 1983 can be a municipality,

such as the District of Columbia, see Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City of New York, 436

U.S. 658, 690 (1978) (defining “person” to include municipalities and local government entities),

and a private party may act under color of state or District of Columbia law if it is “a willful

participant in joint activity with the State or its agents,” Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S.

144, 152 (1970) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       The court begins by identifying the specific constitutional right that the defendants

allegedly infringed. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989); see also Baker v. District

of Columbia, 326 F.3d 1302, 1306 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“All that is being established at this stage is

that there is some constitutional harm suffered by the plaintiff, not whether the municipality is

liable for that harm.”). Based on the Plaintiff’s allegations that the defendants conspired to

deprive him of his liberty, see generally Am. Compl. at 4-6, as stated above, the court will read

the complaint to allege violations of his rights under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the

United States Constitution.

                      3. The Claims Against Green Door and Walker Are Not Time-Barred

       Green Door and Walker note that they became parties to this action when the Plaintiff

filed his Amended Complaint on November 12, 2014. The claim against Green Door pertains to



                                                  8
Plaintiff’s alleged false imprisonment on January 13, 2011, see Green Door Mot. at 9, and the

claim against Walker arises from a telephone conversation occurring on December 2, 2010 of

which the Plaintiff learned on January 11, 2011, see Am. Compl. at 4, 19. Green Door and

Walker argue that a three-year statute of limitations applies to a claim under § 1983, and that the

claims set forth against them in the Amended Complaint are time-barred. See Green Door Mot.

at 8-9; Walker Mot. at 3-4.

       “Since Section 1983 does not have a built-in statute of limitations, the general three-year

statute of limitations imposed by District of Columbia law on claims for personal injury, see

D.C. Code § 12-301(8), applies.” Proctor v. District of Columbia, 74 F. Supp. 3d 436, 457

(D.D.C. 2014) (citations omitted); see Earle v. District of Columbia, 707 F.3d 299, 305 (D.C.

Cir. 2012) (applying three-year residual statute of limitations to § 1983 claim). However,

Plaintiff relies on D.C. Code § 7-1205.04, which authorizes an action in the Superior Court to

compel access to a client’s mental health records if a mental health professional denies access to

them within six months of the denial of access. See Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green Door’s Mot. to

Dismiss at 14. Without his health records, Plaintiff argues, he “could not effectively bring his

cause of action.” Id. He argues that, because he filed this action within six months of the

Superior Court’s July 7, 2014 order, his claims are timely. See id. However, as Walker points

out, the Plaintiff cites no authority either for the proposition that a six-month statute of

limitations applies to a claim under § 1983, or that the limitations period began to run after the

Superior Court’s decision. Def. David Walker’s Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n to his Mot. to Dismiss at 1,

       The court is mindful of the D.C. Circuit’s remand order, particularly its observation that,

if Plaintiff were to have filed a new complaint with 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as a basis for this Court’s

jurisdiction, the complaint would have been time-barred. In the interest of justice, the D.C.



                                                   9
Circuit directed this court to allow Plaintiff an opportunity to amend his complaint. Under these

circumstances, the court will treat the allegations of the Amended Complaint as relating back to

the original complaint filed on December 11, 2013. Therefore, the Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims

against Green Door and Walker are timely filed. 4

         Although the court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims as time-barred, there are

other grounds on which to dismiss them.

                                                  4. Green Door

         Green Door summarizes Plaintiff’s claim as one alleging that it “supplied his individually

identifiable health information to the [DBH and S.O.M.E.],” and from this he “loosely concludes

that [their] action was a conspiracy . . . resulting in the denial of his liberty interest within the

Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.” Green Door Mot. at 6. It

moves to dismiss on two grounds: that the complaint fails to allege the existence of a civil rights

conspiracy, id., and that it is not a “state actor” for purposes of § 1983. See id. at 7.

         “A person may be considered a state actor for purposes of section 1983 if he is a willful

participant in joint activity with the State or its agents, if there is such a close nexus between the

State and the challenged action that seemingly private behavior may be fairly treated as that of

the State itself, or where there is a transfer of State authority.” Edwards v. Okie Dokie, Inc., 473

F. Supp. 2d 31, 40-41 (D.D.C. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Nothing

in the Plaintiff’s complaint suggests that any action by Green Door or its staff is attributable to

the District of Columbia itself.




4
   To the extent that the Plaintiff may intend to raise a false imprisonment claim, see Am. Compl. at 9, it would be
time-barred. The statute of limitations for this tort claim is one year, D.C. Code § 12-301(4), which would have
expired on or about January 13, 2012, assuming that the statute of limitations would not have been tolled, for
example, due to the Plaintiff’s disability, see D.C. Code § 12-302(a).

                                                         10
       The Plaintiff’s success also depends on the existence of a conspiracy, and to this end his

complaint must allege “(1) an agreement between two or more persons; (2) to participate in an

unlawful act, or a lawful act in an unlawful manner; (3) an injury caused by an unlawful overt act

performed by one of the parties to the agreement; (4) which overt act was done pursuant to and

in furtherance of the common scheme.” Halberstam v. Welch, 705 F.2d 472, 477 (D.C. Cir.

1983) (citation omitted). Plaintiff’s conclusory assertions of the existence of an agreement

among the purported conspirators cannot sustain a conspiracy claim. Furthermore, the Plaintiff

clarifies that he “never stated nor alleged that Green Door and the [DBH] did anything together.”

Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Green Door’s Mot. to Dismiss at 2. Rather, he contends, Green Door

supplied his mental health information to the “chief conspirators,” referring to Ann Chauvin and

S.O.M.E. Id. At most, the Plaintiff alleges that Green Door conspired with S.O.M.E., and

collusion between private entities is not state action for purposes of § 1983. The court therefore

will grant Green Door’s motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim.

                                            b. S.O.M.E.

       S.O.M.E. asserts that the Plaintiff does not allege that it violated his constitutional rights;

rather, according to his pleadings, “the District of Columbia police with representatives of the

District of Columbia Mental Health Mobile Crisis Service. . . removed plaintiff . . . without any

further intervention by [S.O.M.E.].” S.O.M.E. Mot. at 4-5. It points to the DBH and the

Metropolitan Police Department as the culprits, who independently “determined that plaintiff

required removal to CPEP,” and necessarily rejected alternative courses of action, such as

leaving the scene or arresting the Plaintiff. Id. at 5. Even though a S.O.M.E. staff member “may

have made the initial call” to the DBH, S.O.M.E. was “not the proximate cause of plaintiff’s

being held” either at CPEP or later at the Psychiatric Institute of Washington. Id.



                                                 11
       Plaintiff deems S.O.M.E. “the ‘actual cause’ of the plaintiff being held at CPEP and

PIW.” Pl.’s Mot. Opposing Moving Parties’ Mot. to Dismiss at 5-6. “[T]heir lies or false

allegations made to the police and to the Dep[artment] of [Behavioral] Health . . . officials[,]

misleading them to act,” caused him to be handcuffed and taken to CPEP. Id. at 6.

       “Tort law proximate cause principles apply to § 1983 action,” and “[p]roximate cause

requires both a causal relationship between the [wrongful] act and the plaintiff’s injury and

foreseeability of the injury.” Elkins v. District of Columbia, 610 F. Supp. 2d 52, 61 (D.D.C.)

(citations omitted), clarified on denial of reconsideration, 636 F. Supp. 2d 29 (D.D.C. 2009),

aff’d, 690 F.3d 554 (D.C. Cir. 2012). However, “if there exists a superseding cause, or ‘an act of

a third person or other force which by its intervention prevents the actor from being liable for

harm to another which his antecedent wrongful act was a substantial factor in bringing about.’”

Murray v. Earle, 405 F.3d 278, 291 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Restatement 2d of Torts § 440-41

(1965)). The court agrees with the S.O.M.E.’s position that their call to the Access Helpline was

not the proximate cause of the alleged violations of the Plaintiff’s Fourth and Fifth Amendment

rights. Rather, based on the Plaintiff’s own submissions, it appears that the mental health

professionals and police officers determined based on their interaction with the Plaintiff on

January 13, 2011, that his involuntary commitment was warranted. “Only those who cause a

violation of a right secured by the Constitution are liable.” Elkins v. District of Columbia, 690

F.3d 554, 564 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676), and the Plaintiff does not set forth

sufficient factual allegations to show S.O.M.E.’s liability.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       The Court concludes that the Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state claims under the Health

Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the District of Columbia Mental Health


                                                 12
Information Act, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The defendants’ motions to dismiss will be granted. An

Order is issued separately.



                                           Tanya S. Chutkan
DATE: March 28, 2016                       TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                           United States District Judge




                                             13
