            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS



VIKTOR BERISAJ,                                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  February 26, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                 No. 341401
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
LTF CLUB OPERATIONS COMPANY, INC.,                                LC No. 16-007140-NO
doing business as LIFETIME FITNESS, and
GREGORY PEDERSEN,

              Defendants-Appellees.


Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and BORRELLO and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff, Viktor Berisaj, appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting summary
disposition in favor of defendants, LTF Club Operations Company, Inc., doing business as
Lifetime Fitness (Lifetime), and Gregory Pedersen, in this action involving allegations of gross
negligence and willful and wanton misconduct in the provision of personal training services. We
affirm.

        Plaintiff initially joined Lifetime in March 2007. Several years later, on September 22,
2015, plaintiff began individual fitness training sessions at Lifetime with Pedersen, a personal
trainer. Plaintiff had been involved in a car accident in November 2014, after which he received
physical therapy for low back pain. Plaintiff participated in 17 personal training sessions with
Pedersen and then stopped attending because of back pain. Thereafter, plaintiff brought this
action in ordinary negligence, gross negligence, and willful and wanton misconduct. The trial
court dismissed plaintiff’s ordinary negligence claims based on two waivers plaintiff signed
when he joined Lifetime and when he purchased the personal training package. The trial court
also granted summary disposition on the remaining claims after concluding that no genuine issue
of material fact remained. Plaintiff now appeals as of right.

      We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition.
Cichewicz v Salesin, 306 Mich App 14, 21; 854 NW2d 901 (2014). “A motion brought under
MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a party’s claim.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich
109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). When reviewing a motion for summary disposition brought
under subrule (C)(10), the court must examine all documentary evidence presented to it, and
drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, determine whether a genuine
issue of material fact exists. Dextrom v Wexford Co, 287 Mich App 406, 430; 789 NW2d 211
(2010). The court reviews the evidence but may not make findings of fact or weigh credibility in
deciding a summary disposition motion. Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 161; 516 NW2d
475 (1994). “A question of fact exists when reasonable minds could differ as to the conclusions
to be drawn from the evidence.” Dextrom, 287 Mich App at 416. The nonmoving party may not
rest upon its pleading, but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for
trial. MCR 2.116(G)(4). A trial court properly grants the motion when the evidence fails to
establish any genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). “A
genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to
the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” Id.; see
also Debano-Griffin v Lake Co, 493 Mich 167, 175; 828 NW2d 634 (2013).

        Plaintiff argues that this Court should reverse the trial court’s grant of summary
disposition on his gross negligence and willful and wanton misconduct claims because when
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, without making credibility
determinations, and drawing all inferences in plaintiff’s favor, a reasonable juror could conclude
that defendants’ conduct constituted gross negligence and/or willful and wanton misconduct.
We disagree.

        Gross negligence occurs where a party’s “conduct was so reckless as to demonstrate a
substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.” Xu v Gay, 257 Mich App 263, 269;
668 NW2d 166 (2003) (citation and quotations omitted). “Evidence of ordinary negligence does
not create a question of fact regarding gross negligence.” Id. at 271. A plaintiff cannot satisfy a
gross negligence claim by merely stating that a defendant could have taken additional
precautions. Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich App 80, 90; 687 NW2d 333 (2004). Gross negligence
occurs where “if an objective observer watched the actor, he could conclude, reasonably, that the
actor simply did not care about the safety or welfare of those in his charge.” Id. In contrast,
willful and wanton misconduct is not simply a higher degree of carelessness, but rather “is made
out only if the conduct alleged shows an intent to harm or, if not that, such indifference to
whether harm will result as to be the equivalent of a willingness that it does.” Burnett v City of
Adrian, 414 Mich 448, 455-456; 326 NW2d 810 (1982).

        Here, reasonable minds could not differ regarding whether defendants’ conduct rose to
the level of gross negligence. Accepting as true plaintiff’s claim that neither Pedersen nor his
supervisor performed a formal physical assessment of plaintiff before beginning the personal
training sessions at Lifetime, plaintiff still has not shown a reckless disregard for his safety. The
record is clear that plaintiff presented himself to defendants at the Lifetime personal training area
and they could clearly see he was overweight and had poor posture. Plaintiff testified that he
told Pedersen about his back injury and that his goal was to do a little bit of cardio and to lose
some weight. Plaintiff told defendant that he did not want to do any strenuous exercises because
he did not want to injure his back. Plaintiff testified that, at his very first training session,
Pedersen had plaintiff stretch while lying on the floor, and had plaintiff put a foam roller under
his back and a ball between his knees to squeeze. This testimony is consistent with Pedersen’s

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testimony that, in order to assess plaintiff’s capabilities, he put plaintiff in different positions and
watched him move and gauged his strength and fitness level before they began training.

        Plaintiff testified that Pedersen focused on stretching, improving plaintiff’s posture, and
the importance of warming up before working out. Plaintiff testified that Pedersen repeatedly
told him to use the foam roller on his back to release his back muscles even at home. Plaintiff
did not contradict Pedersen’s testimony that he created a low intensity fitness regimen for
plaintiff with modified exercises that considered the condition of plaintiff’s back. Both plaintiff
and Pedersen described the exercises as including stretching, working with wobble balls, cardio
on the elliptical machine and treadmill, and modified weight lifting either on the incline bench in
which plaintiff’s back was fully supported or on a flat bench in which plaintiff was lying on his
stomach lifting from the floor so as not to put pressure on his back.

         Plaintiff testified that he did complain to Pedersen about the intensity of the cardio, that
some of the exercises were difficult, and that Pedersen was pushing him too hard. Plaintiff stated
that Pedersen would respond by encouraging him and saying things like, “yeah, you’ll do it, just
go ahead and try it, you’ll make it,” which is, in fact, exactly the job of a personal trainer—to
boost a client’s confidence and inspire him to continue to improve his health. Plaintiff chose to
participate in 17 training sessions and stated that he was trying to motivate himself by telling
himself that he could do it, to try harder, and made himself go to the training sessions. Plaintiff
testified that he never refused to do an exercise Pedersen told him to do. This was the case even
though plaintiff was the only person who could feel the condition of his back, his pain level, and
knew his own tolerance. Choosing whether to participate in the training sessions and do
particular exercises was within plaintiff’s sole discretion. Plaintiff acknowledged that he knew
he could stop doing any exercise that caused him pain, leave at any time, or simply not go to the
gym.

        Plaintiff stated that Pedersen spoke to him about his eating habits, they discussed healthy
eating, and over the course of the sessions they continued to discuss what plaintiff was eating
during the day. The content of text messages exchanged over the course of the training
relationship between the parties shows that Pedersen was invested in plaintiff’s well-being, and
concerned about plaintiff’s back pain. Text messages indicate that Pedersen checked on plaintiff
and asked him how his back was doing repeatedly throughout their relationship. Plaintiff
sometimes stated that his back was hurting, sometimes indicated that it was not so bad or was
easing up, and ultimately indicated that he could not continue because his back was “very very
bad” and he could barely move. Pedersen also recommended stretching, foam roller work, heat,
and posture correction. Pedersen tried to be encouraging and offered a free stretching session,
and more suggestions like yoga, massage, analgesic cream, a back belt, and rest. Pedersen sent
links to plaintiff with information about spine health. Pedersen also advised plaintiff to see a
chiropractor or get physical therapy. Pedersen continued to check on plaintiff and asked plaintiff
to keep him updated.

       Our careful review of the record reveals that Pedersen kept plaintiff’s limitations in mind
and never forced plaintiff to perform any unsafe or dangerous exercises that would amount to
conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether injury resulted.
See Xu, 257 Mich App at 269. As the trial court rightly pointed out, “[i]t is common knowledge
that personal trainers push and encourage their clients to go beyond their subjective physical

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limitations and it is common for clients to complain during strenuous workout sessions.” The
record reveals that Pedersen was invested in improving plaintiff’s health and fitness, including
the condition of his back both in and out of the gym. Plaintiff also failed to demonstrate that
Pedersen showed an intent to harm him or exhibited an indifference to whether harm would
result during the course of their personal training relationship. See Burnett, 414 Mich at 455-
456.

        Moreover, “[s]imply alleging that an actor could have done more is insufficient under
Michigan law, because with the benefit of hindsight, a claim can always be made that extra
precautions could have influenced the result.” Tarlea, 263 Mich App. at 90. “[S]aying that a
defendant could have taken additional precautions is insufficient to find ordinary negligence,
much less recklessness. Even the most exacting standard of conduct, the negligence standard,
does not require one to exhaust every conceivable precaution to be considered not negligent.”
Id. Plaintiff has produced no evidence that any personal training responsibilities that Pedersen
engaged in were performed so deficiently as to equate with a lack of concern for plaintiff’s
safety. Pedersen’s conduct was far removed from a substantial lack of concern for plaintiff’s
safety and well-being.

       Finally, plaintiff provides no legal support for his assertions that: (1) defendants were
required to keep records of their physical assessment of plaintiff for a specified period of time
and failure to do so was evidence of gross negligence, and (2) defendants’ alleged failure to
administer a health assessment was a deviation from the American College of Sports Medicine
(ACSM) guidelines and could therefore be used to impose tort liability on defendants. As
observed by our Supreme Court:
       It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce a position or
       assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the
       basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then
       search for authority either to sustain or reject his position. The appellant himself
       must first adequately prime the pump; only then does the appellate well begin to
       flow. Failure to brief a question on appeal is tantamount to abandoning it.
       [Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959) (citations
       omitted).]

       In sum, we affirm the trial court’s summary disposition of plaintiff’s gross negligence
and willful and wanton misconduct claims because the evidence does not raise a factual question
on whether defendants disregarded plaintiff’s safety, showed an intent to harm plaintiff, or
showed an indifference as to whether harm would result from the personal training activities.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                            /s/ James Robert Redford



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