  [Cite as State ex rel. McBee v. Indus. Comm., 132 Ohio St.3d 209, 2012-Ohio-2678.]




        THE STATE EX REL. MCBEE, APPELLEE, v. INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
                               OF OHIO, APPELLANT, ET AL.

                      [Cite as State ex rel. McBee v. Indus. Comm.,
                          132 Ohio St.3d 209, 2012-Ohio-2678.]
Workers’ compensation—Temporary total disability compensation—Overpayment
       declared due to claimant’s fraud in working while receiving benefits—
       “Work” defined—Unpaid activities may constitute work—Fraud declaration
       overturned—No evidence that claimant knew that unpaid activities could
       qualify as work.
        (No. 2010-2288—Submitted April 24, 2012—Decided June 19, 2012.)
        APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County, No. 09AP-239,
                                      2010-Ohio-5547.
                                   __________________
          Per Curiam.
          {¶ 1} A claimant cannot receive temporary total disability compensation
  (“TTC”) for any period in which he or she worked. R.C. 4123.56(A). Appellee,
  Garry K. McBee, received TTC from October 30, 2004, through March 9, 2006.
  During that time, he also helped his wife with her business, but he was not paid
  for his services.     Appellant Industrial Commission of Ohio learned of these
  activities, determined that they constituted work, and concluded that TTC should
  not have been paid. Consistent with those findings, the TTC award was vacated,
  and an overpayment was declared. In addition, the commission found that McBee
  had committed fraud by submitting disability paperwork to the commission and
  the Bureau of Workers’ Compensation between October 30, 2004, and March 9,
  2006, in which he certified that he was not working.
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        {¶ 2} McBee responded with a complaint in mandamus in the Court of
Appeals for Franklin County. The court upheld the finding that McBee had
worked while receiving TTC, but it overturned the finding of fraud after
concluding that the evidence cited in the commission’s order did not prove that
McBee knew that his unpaid activities for his wife’s company constituted work
for purposes of TTC eligibility.
        {¶ 3} Seeking to reinstate its declaration of fraud, the commission now
appeals to this court as a matter of right.
        {¶ 4} “Work” in this context is generally considered to be labor
exchanged for pay. State ex rel. Griffith v. Indus. Comm., 109 Ohio St.3d 479,
2006-Ohio-2992, 849 N.E.2d 28, ¶ 10.              There is, however, an important
exception: unpaid activities that directly generate income for a separate entity can,
in some situations, be considered work for purposes of TTC eligibility. This
principle can be extracted from our holding in State ex rel. Ford Motor Co. v.
Indus. Comm., 98 Ohio St.3d 20, 2002-Ohio-7038, 780 N.E.2d 1016.
        {¶ 5} The employer in Ford sought to recoup TTC, arguing that the
claimant was improperly receiving compensation while working in his own lawn-
care business. Evidence showed that after his industrial injury, the claimant hired
workers to do the lawn care, while his participation was limited to signing
paychecks, fueling lawnmowers weekly, and driving the mowers onto a truck.
There was no showing that claimant did any of the landscaping work while
receiving TTC. Id. at ¶ 3. All clerical work besides signing checks was performed
by the claimant’s girlfriend. Id. at ¶ 8.
        {¶ 6} We held that the claimant’s activities did not amount to work so as
to disqualify him from TTC. “[T]his claimant’s activities did not, in and of
themselves, generate income; claimant’s activities produced money only
secondarily, e.g., claimant signed the paychecks that kept his employees doing the




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tasks that generated income.” Id. at ¶ 23. His activities were “truly minimal and
only indirectly related to generating income.” Id. at ¶ 24.
       {¶ 7} It follows, therefore, that activities that are not minimal and that
directly generate income for a separate entity may be considered work and may
disqualify a claimant from receiving TTC even when the claimant is not paid.
The court of appeals adopted its magistrate’s conclusion that McBee’s activities
for his wife’s company directly generated income and were consistent and
ongoing. Thus, his activities, though unpaid, constituted work, precluding TTC.
McBee has not appealed that determination to this court.
       {¶ 8} We now consider whether McBee engaged in fraud when he
received TTC while working. The absence of remuneration factors into this issue
as well. Fraud requires a knowing misrepresentation of a material fact. Gaines v.
Preterm-Cleveland, Inc., 33 Ohio St.3d 54, 55, 514 N.E.2d 709 (1987). McBee
received TTC because of his contemporaneous certification that he was not
working. For this to qualify as a knowing misrepresentation, however, it must be
shown that McBee was aware that his unpaid activities could be considered work.
We must determine whether the evidence cited in the commission’s order
demonstrates such an awareness. We find that it does not.
       {¶ 9} The documents that McBee used to apply for ongoing TTC advised
only that a claimant is “not permitted to work” while receiving TTC.           The
documents did not define “work,” nor did they indicate that unpaid activities
could sometimes be classified as work. The commission insists, however, that
such knowledge can be inferred from the hearing testimony of McBee and his
wife. We disagree.
       {¶ 10} The commission has substantial leeway to draw inferences from
the evidence before it, but its authority is not unlimited. State ex rel. Lawson v.
Mondie Forge, 104 Ohio St.3d 39, 2004-Ohio-6086, 817 N.E.2d 880, ¶ 34. The
knowledge that the commission seeks to impute to McBee involves what can be a



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complicated exception to Griffith’s general principle that “work” entails
remuneration. The Ford exception is not intuitive, nor is it within the realm of the
average claimant’s experience, dealing as it does with unpaid activities within the
context of a secondary business enterprise.
       {¶ 11} Mindful of these considerations, our examination of the evidence
reveals nothing from which we can infer that McBee recognized that the activities
in question could be construed as work. If McBee was asked at the hearing
whether he knew that work included some unpaid activities, the commission’s
order does not reflect it. The relevant portions of the order focused exclusively on
why McBee’s activities were work, not on whether he knew that they were work
for purposes of TTC eligibility. As for Mrs. McBee, the order does not cite any
testimony from her, so there is nothing to review.
       {¶ 12} Ultimately, there is no evidence that McBee knew that his unpaid
activities constituted work that would preclude TTC. Thus, there is no evidence
that he knowingly misled the commission or the bureau. Absent such knowledge,
a fraud declaration cannot stand.
       {¶ 13} The judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed.
                                                                Judgment affirmed.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, CUPP,
and MCGEE BROWN, JJ., concur.
       LANZINGER, J., not participating.
                              __________________
       John F. Potts, for appellee.
       Michael DeWine, Attorney General, and Sandra E. Pinkerton, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellant.
                            ______________________




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