MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                                FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                Apr 14 2020, 9:04 am

court except for the purpose of establishing                                    CLERK
                                                                          Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                      Court of Appeals
                                                                               and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Thomas B. O’Farrell                                      Christopher J. Evans
McClure | O’Farrell                                      Dollard Evans Whalin LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana                                    Noblesville, Indiana


                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

P.G.,                                                    April 14, 2020
Appellant-Respondent,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         19A-DR-2177
        v.                                               Appeal from the Hamilton
                                                         Superior Court
M. G.,                                                   The Honorable Michael A. Casati,
Appellee-Petitioner                                      Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         29D01-1511-DR-9608



Crone, Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020                     Page 1 of 13
                                             Case Summary
[1]   P.G. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s order which addressed, among other

      things, cross-petitions for modification of child custody and parenting time

      regarding A.G., the minor child Mother shares with her ex-spouse, M.G.

      (“Father”). Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion in

      admitting certain evidence at the modification hearing and in modifying the

      original custody order and granting primary physical custody of A.G. to Father.

      Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.


                                 Facts and Procedural History
[2]   A.G. was born to Mother and Father on August 15, 2013. Mother and Father

      married approximately two years later on June 20, 2015. Less than six months

      after the marriage, the parties separated, and Father petitioned for dissolution of

      the marriage in November 2015. In March 2017, the parties entered into a

      settlement agreement wherein they agreed to share joint legal custody of A.G.,

      with Mother having primary physical custody. The trial court approved the

      settlement agreement and incorporated it into the dissolution decree on March

      27, 2017.


[3]   In June 2018, Father filed a motion for leave to perform discovery seeking

      discovery of certain records and information related to Mother’s medical and

      mental health treatment following the dissolution of the marriage. Father cited

      his concerns surrounding what appeared to be a decline in Mother’s mental

      health since the dissolution, and its impact on the welfare of A.G. while in


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 2 of 13
      Mother’s care. The motion provided that the discovery was an attempt to avoid

      the filing of a premature or unnecessary petition for custody modification in the

      hopes that the discovery would alleviate Father’s concerns. The trial court

      granted Father’s motion permitting discovery of the records.


[4]   Thereafter, in August 2018, Father filed a petition to modify child custody and

      parenting time. Father alleged that there had been a substantial and continuing

      change in Mother’s mental health, including her lack of honesty with Father

      about the same, and that it was in A.G.’s best interests for Father to be granted

      primary physical custody. Father also filed a petition for release of Mother’s

      mental health records and a motion for rule to show cause stating that Mother

      had refused to release the records despite previous requests and court orders.

      Mother filed an objection to Father’s petition for release of her mental health

      records as well as motion for a protective order. Mother subsequently filed a

      cross-petition for modification of child custody seeking, in addition to physical

      custody, full legal custody of A.G.


[5]   The trial court held a hearing on the parties’ cross-petitions for modification of

      child custody and Father’s motion for rule to show cause on August 16, 2019.

      On September 9, 2019, the trial court entered its order which stated in relevant

      part:


              25. LEGAL CUSTODY: The parties shall continue to share
              joint legal custody of the minor child.

              26. PHYSICAL CUSTODY: Physical custody shall be modified
              such that Father shall receive primary physical custody of the

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 3 of 13
        minor child.

        27. PARENTING TIME: Mother shall receive parenting time
        in accordance with the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines,
        which are incorporated herein by reference, and which the parties
        are ordered to follow. As a modification to the guideline
        parenting time, the Sunday of Mother’s weekend parenting time
        shall be overnight with Mother taking the minor child to school
        the following Monday morning.

        a. Mother shall not permit [A.G.’s] maternal grandfather to drive
        [A.G.] or to provide sole care for [A.G.]

        b. Mother shall comply with her treatment recommendations of
        her therapist and the person who prescribes her medication.

        c. If Mother seeks in-patient treatment or takes a leave of absence
        from work she must immediately inform Father.

        ….

        31. Mother is in contempt for her knowing and willful failure to
        comply with the Court’s Order and for failing to offer the
        opportunity for additional parenting time to Father. …

        32. Due to Mother’s actions in hiding information from Father,
        fighting and objecting at every step of the process to provide
        Father with relevant and necessary information about her
        treatment and due to Mother’s contempt, Mother shall pay a
        portion of Father’s reasonable attorney fees in the amount of
        $2,500.00 within 120 days of the Court’s Order. The same to be
        reduced to a judgment in the event it is unpaid. The Court finds
        that based upon the evidence presented, Mother has the ability to
        pay the ordered attorney’s fees.


Appealed Order at 6-8 (underlining omitted). This appeal ensued.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 4 of 13
                                     Discussion and Decision

         Section 1 – Mother was not prejudiced by the admission of
                             certain evidence.
[6]   Mother first asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain

      medical and mental health records into evidence during the modification

      hearing over her hearsay objections. We review a trial court’s decision to admit

      or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. In re S.W., 920 N.E.2d 783, 788

      (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is

      clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id. A

      claim of error in the admission or exclusion of evidence will not prevail on

      appeal unless a substantial right of the party is affected. Ind. Evidence Rule

      103(a). “[E]rrors in the admission of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless

      error unless they affect the substantial rights of a party.’” In re Des.B., 2 N.E.3d

      828, 834 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). To determine whether the admission of evidence

      affected a party’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of the

      evidence upon the finder of fact. Id.


[7]   Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of

      the matter asserted. Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). Although hearsay evidence is

      generally inadmissible, see Ind. Evidence Rule 802, Father sought admission of

      the challenged medical and mental health records pursuant to Indiana Evidence

      Rule 803(6). That rule provides that the following records are not excluded as

      hearsay regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness:



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 5 of 13
              Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity. A record of an act,
              event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if:


              (A) the record was made at or near the time by--or from
              information transmitted by--someone with knowledge;


              (B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted
              activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling,
              whether or not for profit;


              (C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity;


              (D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the
              custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that
              complies with Rule 902(9) or (10)[ 1] or with a statute permitting
              certification; and


              (E) neither the source of information nor the method or
              circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.


      Ind. Evidence Rule 803(6). “In essence, the basis for the business records

      exception is that reliability is assured because the maker of the record relies on

      the record in the ordinary course of business activities.” In re Termination of

      Parent–Child Relationship of E.T., 808 N.E.2d 639, 643 (Ind. 2004).


[8]   On appeal, Mother does not claim that the entirety of her medical and mental

      health records constituted inadmissible hearsay. Rather, she contends that




      1
        Mother concedes that the challenged documents were properly authenticated by affidavit of the custodian of
      records pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 902.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020                  Page 6 of 13
      certain portions of the records were inadmissible pursuant to the business

      records exception because they contained medical opinions and/or diagnoses

      regarding her mental health. Our supreme court has stated, “Although Rule

      803(6) accommodates the inclusion of ‘opinions’ in business records our courts

      have long recognized, at least in the context of medical or hospital records, that

      the expertise of the opinion giver must be established.” Id. at 644 (citing Fendley

      v. Ford, 458 N.E.2d 1167, 1171 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984) (“Expressions of

      opinion within medical or hospital records historically have not been admissible

      under the business records exception because their accuracy cannot be

      evaluated without the safeguard of cross-examination of the person offering the

      opinion.”)). Mother complains that Father did not call the opinion givers to

      testify and establish their expertise, and their opinions were not subject to cross-

      examination.


[9]   To the extent that the medical records here contained certain inadmissible

      hearsay expressions of opinion regarding Mother’s mental health, Mother has

      not demonstrated that she suffered prejudice. It is well settled that the improper

      admission of evidence is harmless error when the judgment is supported by

      substantial independent evidence to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no

      substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed to the judgment.

      E.T., 808 N.E.2d at 646. Based upon our thorough review of the record before

      us, we are confident that the trial court need not have relied upon the

      questioned evidence to arrive at its custody modification decision. As we

      discuss more fully below, we conclude that there is ample independent evidence


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 7 of 13
       provided by the other portions of the questioned documents, as well as witness

       testimony, to support the trial court’s order. Accordingly, any error in the

       admission of the records was, at most, harmless.


            Section 2 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
                     modifying the original custody order.
[10]   Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it modified the

       original custody order and granted Father primary physical custody of A.G.

       We review custody modifications only for an abuse of discretion. Werner v.

       Werner, 946 N.E.2d 1233, 1244 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. There is a

       well-established preference in Indiana for granting significant latitude and

       deference to our trial judges in family law matters. Steele-Giri v. Steele, 51 N.E.3d

       119, 124 (Ind. 2016). Appellate courts “are in a poor position to look at a cold

       transcript of the record, and conclude that the trial judge, who saw the

       witnesses, observed their demeanor, and scrutinized their testimony as it came

       from the witness stand, did not properly understand the significance of the

       evidence.” Kirk v. Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002). Therefore, on appeal

       we will not “reweigh the evidence nor reassess witness credibility, and the

       evidence should be viewed most favorably to the judgment.” Best v. Best, 941

       N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind. 2011). We will reverse the trial court’s custody

       determination only if the decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of the

       facts and circumstances or the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.” In re

       Paternity of C.S., 964 N.E.2d 879, 883 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. “[I]t is

       not enough that the evidence might support some other conclusion, but it must

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 8 of 13
       positively require the conclusion contended for by appellant before there is a

       basis for reversal.” Kirk, 770 N.E.2d at 307.


[11]   Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-21 provides that a trial court may not modify an

       existing custody order unless (1) the modification is in the best interests of the

       child, and (2) there has been a substantial change in one or more statutory

       factors that are outlined in Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8. Those factors are:


               (1) The age and sex of the child.


               (2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.


               (3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the
               child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.


               (4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:


               (A) the child’s parent or parents;


               (B) the child’s sibling; and


               (C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best
               interests.


               (5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:


               (A) home;


               (B) school; and



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 9 of 13
               (C) community.


               (6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.


               (7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either
               parent.


               (8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto
               custodian ....


       Ind. Code § 31-17-2-8.


[12]   In interpreting section 31-17-2-21, this Court has held that “all that is required

       to support modification of custody ... is a finding that a change would be in the

       child’s best interests, a consideration of the factors listed in I.C. § 31–17–2–8,

       and a finding that there has been a substantial change in one of those factors.”

       Nienaber v. Nienaber, 787 N.E.2d 450, 456 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Here, it appears

       that neither party requested special findings under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A).

       Instead, the parties submitted proposed orders. We therefore treat the trial

       court’s order as sua sponte findings of fact. Piles v. Gosman, 851 N.E.2d 1009,

       1012 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). “As to the issues covered by the findings, we apply

       the two-tiered standard of whether the evidence supports the findings, and

       whether the findings support the judgment.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1287

       (Ind. 2014). We review any remaining issues under the general judgment

       standard, where the judgment will be affirmed if it can be sustained on any legal

       theory consistent with the evidence. Id. “[W]e may look both to other findings

       and beyond the findings to the evidence of record to determine if the result is

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 10 of 13
       against the facts and circumstances before the court.” Stone v. Stone, 991 N.E.2d

       992, 998 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), aff’d on reh’g, 4 N.E.3d 666.


[13]   Here, there is ample evidence in the record to establish that a change in custody

       was in A.G.’s best interests due to a substantial change in Mother’s mental

       health, as well as Mother’s lack of transparency regarding recent declines in her

       mental health. Witness testimony, which included the parties, Mother’s sister,

       and Mother’s therapist, indicates that Mother has attempted suicide since the

       original custody order was entered, and that she suffers from continued suicidal

       ideation and depression. She has been hospitalized and has taken leaves of

       absence from work due to the decline in her condition. The record further

       establishes that Mother has not been forthright with Father, her therapist, or the

       trial court regarding her mental health. During her testimony, Mother

       continued to downplay the seriousness of her depression and suicidal ideation,

       describing suicide as a “[v]ery fluid” concept in medical terms. Tr. Vol. 2 at

       142-44. Rightfully so, the trial court expressed “substantial concerns” regarding

       Mother’s “lack of honesty/self-awareness of her mental health history and

       condition.” Appealed Order at 6. The evidence supports a finding that a

       decline in Mother’s mental health, and her lack of transparency about it,

       constitutes a substantial change in circumstances.


[14]   Still, Mother maintains that “there is no evidence” that the recent change in her

       mental health has “had any effect whatever[sic] on A.G.” Appellant’s Br. at

       26. Simply put, this assertion is incorrect. As noted by the trial court, Mother’s

       extreme denial regarding the seriousness of her decline in mental health since

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020   Page 11 of 13
       the dissolution is evident from her November 2018 hearing testimony that she

       “did not think it was dangerous for [A.G.] to have a suicidal parent.” Appealed

       Order at 4. Indeed, her denial continued during the modification hearing when

       she admitted that A.G. had declared concern for her prior to Mother’s

       hospitalization by stating, “Mommy, I just want you to live,” despite

       supposedly knowing nothing about, and being unaffected by, Mother’s

       depression and thoughts of suicide. Tr. Vol. 2 at 120. Moreover, the record

       establishes that Mother has continually tried to hide her struggles from Father

       rather than considering what is best for A.G. 2 The evidence is clear that not

       only has Mother’s decline in mental health affected A.G., but Mother’s

       complete failure to acknowledge the decline has negatively affected A.G. This

       evidence convinced the trial court, and convinces us, that a change in the

       current custody arrangement is in A.G’s best interests.


[15]   Rather than challenging the evidence supporting the trial court’s custody

       modification, Mother simply and repeatedly asserts that we must reverse the

       trial court’s modification order because it “lacks the requisite findings” that

       there has been a substantial change in one of the enumerated statutory factors

       and that a change in custody would be in A.G.’s best interests. Appellant’s Br.

       at 22, 26. Contrary to Mother’s assertion, absent a request by a party, the trial

       court does not have to enter special findings that specify which factor(s) has

       substantially changed and explain why a change in custody is in the best


       2
         The record indicates that Mother participated in extended inpatient treatment without notifying Father and
       allowing Father to aid in caring for A.G. by exercising parenting time.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020                  Page 12 of 13
       interests of the child. In re Paternity of P.R., 940 N.E.2d 346, 351 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2010). The trial court’s modification order is supported by the evidence. 3

       Because Mother has failed to show that the court’s order is clearly against the

       logic and effect of the facts and circumstances or the reasonable inferences

       drawn therefrom, we affirm.


[16]   Affirmed.


       Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.




       3
         The trial court’s modification order provided that, during her parenting time, “Mother shall not permit
       [A.G.’s] maternal grandfather to drive [A.G.] or to provide sole care for [A.G.]” Appealed Order at 7.
       Mother claims that the trial court violated and/or interfered with maternal grandfather’s due process rights
       by entering such order without notice and an opportunity to be heard. In essence, Mother seeks to enforce
       the rights of a third person who is not a party to this action. She may not do so. Constitutional rights are
       personal to an individual, and Mother cannot claim a violation of maternal grandfather’s due process rights
       on his behalf. Richardson v. Richardson, 34 N.E.3d 696, 702, n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-DR-2177| April 14, 2020                   Page 13 of 13
