                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4636-18T3

NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF
CHILD PROTECTION AND
PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

A.C.J.,

          Defendant,

and

E.J.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE
GUARDIANSHIP OF L.Z.J.,

     A Minor.
____________________________

                   Argued telephonically April 27, 2020 –
                   Decided May 22, 2020

                   Before Judges Sabatino and Natali.
              On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
              Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket
              No. FG-07-0055-19.

              Ryan T. Clark, Designated Counsel, argued the cause
              for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender,
              attorney; Robyn A. Veasey, Deputy Public Defender,
              of counsel; Ryan T. Clark, on the briefs).

              Sara K. Bennett, Deputy Attorney General, argued
              the cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
              General, attorney; Jane C. Schuster, Assistant Attorney
              General, of counsel; Sara K. Bennett, on the brief).

              Lynn B. Norcia, Designated Counsel, argued the cause
              for minor L.Z.J. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender,
              Law Guardian, attorney; Meredith Alexis Pollock,
              Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Lynn B. Norcia,
              on the brief).

PER CURIAM

     After a two-day Title 30 guardianship trial, the Family Part issued a lengthy

written decision in July 2019 terminating the parental rights of the mother, A.C.J.,

and the father, E.J., to their son L.Z.J.1

     The father now appeals, contending the Division of Child Protection and

Permanency ("the Division"), failed to meet its burden of proving all four required

elements of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1 by clear and convincing evidence. The mother has


1
  We use initials for the parties and other individuals as necessary to protect the
child's privacy. R. 1:38-3(d)(11).
                                                                            A-4636-18T3
                                             2
not appealed. The Law Guardian joins with the Division in opposing the father's

appeal. We affirm, substantially for the sound reasons comprehensively expressed

in the seventy-three-page written opinion of Judge James R. Paganelli, who presided

over the trial.

                                          I.

     The child was born in August 2017. He is presently two years and nine

months old. He was removed from the hospital by the Division at the time of his

birth on an emergency basis because of his parents’ mental health problems, drug

abuse, homelessness and other issues.

     As the record reflects, the mother has severe and unremitting mental health and

drug abuse issues. She has two older children with different fathers who she has

been unable to care for, including the son’s half-sister as to whom the mother has

surrendered her parental rights.

     As the record also reflects, the father has a long history of adult criminal and

juvenile offenses. He has spent much of his life incarcerated. The father was jailed

in March 2018, about seven months after the son was born. He was charged with

and convicted of third-degree theft and sentenced to prison at Mid-State Correctional

Facility. As of the time of the May 2019 guardianship trial, the father was expected

to be fully released some time in 2020.


                                                                             A-4636-18T3
                                          3
     The father has been diagnosed with mental health issues, including major

depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, impulse control disorder, and bipolar disorder.

Like the mother, the father has a history of drug abuse and homelessness. He has no

stable employment history.

     The son has never lived in the same household as the father. Before the father’s

most recent imprisonment, the Division arranged supervised visits for the father with

his son. However, the father missed many of the visits, which he blamed on the lack

of phone service. He only managed to make seven visits during that seven-month

period.

     The Division initially placed the son with a cousin of the mother, L.H., where

his half-sister also is residing. After the Division received a report of possible sexual

abuse by another adult residing at L.H.’s home, it transferred the son to a different

resource home of a non-relative, M.P. The charges of abuse were not substantiated,

and the son was returned to L.H.’s care in December 2019, post-trial.2 Both L.H.

and M.P. have expressed an interest in adopting him.




2
  We appropriately learned about the son's change in placement back to
L.H. through a letter from the Division's appellate counsel pursuant to Rule
2:6-11(f). We appreciate the attentiveness of counsel in updating us and other
counsel about the child's status while the appeal was pending.
                                                                                A-4636-18T3
                                           4
         The father participated in numerous re-entry and drug rehabilitation programs

while in prison. He has expressed a strong desire to care for his son after he is

released, and his life stabilizes. Pursuant to an order of the Family Part, the Division

provided him with monthly visits with the son at the prison.

     The Division’s psychological expert, Dr. Eric Kirschner, performed bonding

evaluations of the son with the two respective resource parents, and did the same

with the father. The expert found evidence of the child’s attachment with both

resource parents but less so with the father. The expert acknowledged, however, the

child was very young and would be expected to form stronger attachments as he got

older.

     There are no other identified relatives of the child, except for L.H., who showed

promise as an alternative caretaker. A related grandmother suggested by the father

was ruled out because of previous unrelated abuse allegations.

     At trial the Division presented three witnesses: Dr. Kirschner, another

psychologist named Dr. Jonathan H. Mack, and a caseworker. Dr. Kirschner and the

caseworker provided testimony with respect to both the mother and the father. Dr.

Mack's testimony only concerned the mother, and we need not discuss it here.

     The judge found the testimony of both Dr. Kirschner and the caseworker to be

credible.    As to Dr. Kirschner, the judge found he presented "credible and


                                                                               A-4636-18T3
                                           5
uncontroverted testimony that [the son's] safety, health or development has been

or will continue to be endangered by the parental relationship with [the father]."

The judge also noted the psychologist's testimony was "direct, informative, and

tethered to the factual presentations of [the father]." Further, Dr. Kirschner

"made eye contact with questioners, answered all questions in a straightforward

manner, and was not defensive."

    Similarly, the judge found the caseworker's testimony was "direct and

insightful."   He added, "She was fully conversant with the facts and

circumstances surrounding the family. She was not defensive and seemed to

want to provide the court with an honest and reasonable assessment of the

family."

    The father testified in his own behalf. By contrast to the testimony of the

Division's witnesses, the judge did not find the father credible. The judge was

particularly unpersuaded by the father's belief that he could become a capable

caretaker if he were given about a year to stabilize his life after his release from

prison.

    The father did not present a competing expert or any other witnesses. The Law

Guardian did not call any witnesses.




                                                                            A-4636-18T3
                                         6
     After considering the evidence, the judge determined that the Division had

established, by clear and convincing evidence, all four prongs of the Title 30 criteria

for the termination of parental rights. Those well-established statutory prongs are:

             (1) The child’s safety, health or development has been
             or will continue to be endangered by the parental
             relationship;

             (2) The parent is unwilling or unable to eliminate the
             harm facing the child or is unable or unwilling to
             provide a safe and stable home for the child and the
             delay of permanent placement will add to the harm.
             Such harm may include evidence that separating the
             child from his resource family parents would cause
             serious and enduring emotional or psychological harm
             to the child;

             (3) [The Division] has made reasonable efforts to
             provide services to help the parent correct the
             circumstances which led to the child’s placement
             outside of the home and the court has considered
             alternatives to termination of parental rights; and

             (4) Termination of parental rights will not do more
             harm than good.

             [N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a); see also N.J. Div. of Youth &
             Family Servs. v. A.W., 103 N.J. 591, 604-11 (1986)
             (reciting the four controlling standards later codified in
             Title 30).]

      In analyzing these Title 30 factors, the trial judge devoted close attention to

the father's argument that his rights as a parent should not be terminated simply

because of his incarcerated status. The judge was guided in this regard by the

                                                                               A-4636-18T3
                                          7
Supreme Court's opinions on the subject in In re Adoption of Children by L.A.S.,

134 N.J. 127, 143 (1993); as later amplified in N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 556 (2014).

      As the Court stated in R.G., "incarceration alone—without particularized

evidence of how a parent’s incarceration affects each prong of the best-interests-

of-the-child standard—is an insufficient basis for terminating parental rights."

217 N.J. at 556. Even so, the Court also recognized that "incarceration is a

relevant factor in resolving termination of parental rights cases." Id. at 555.

      In L.A.S., the Court remanded a guardianship case for the trial court to

reconsider whether the defendant father’s incarceration was sufficient to

terminate his parental rights, "based on either abandonment, parental unfitness,

or both." 134 N.J. at 143. In so doing, the Court in L.A.S. instructed trial courts

in imprisoned parent cases to take into account the following considerations,

which were later reiterated in R.G.:

            [P]erformance as a parent before incarceration, [and] to
            what extent his children were able to rely on him as a
            parent;

            [W]hat effort, if any, he has made to remain in contact
            with his children since his incarceration;

            [W]hether he will be able to communicate and visit
            with his children;


                                                                           A-4636-18T3
                                        8
            [W]hat effect such communications and visitation will
            have on the children in terms of fulfilling the parental
            responsibility to provide nature and emotional support,
            to offer guidance, advice, and instruction, and to
            maintain an emotional relationship with his children;

            [T]he risk posed to his children by [the parent]’s
            criminal disposition;

            [W]hat rehabilitation, if any, has been accomplished
            since [the parent]’s incarceration, and the bearing of
            those factors on the parent-child relationship

            [W]ith the aid of expert opinion, determine the need of
            the children for permanency and stability and whether
            continuation of the parent-child relationship with [the
            parent] will undermine that need; and

            [D]etermine the effect that the continuation of the
            parent-child relationship will have on the psychological
            and emotional well-being of the children.

            [R.G., 217 N.J. at 555-56 (quoting L.A.S., 134 N.J. at
            143-44).]

      The trial judge in the present case acknowledged that incarceration alone,

without particularized evidence of how it affects the child, is an insufficient

basis for terminating parental rights.       The judge accordingly conducted a

meticulous analysis of the pertinent considerations under L.A.S. and R.G.

      As to the first L.A.S. consideration—past parental performance—the

judge noted that the father has never parented or lived with the son. The father

was taken into custody when the son was seven months old, and he was still in

                                                                        A-4636-18T3
                                         9
prison at the time of the judge’s opinion. The father acknowledged using drugs,

including cocaine, just prior to his arrest in March 2018.

      Moreover, the Division observed the father’s unfamiliarity with children

during the pre-incarceration visits, including times when the father held the son

awkwardly, and told him to "shut up." The judge did recognize that some of

those visits "appeared to be positive." Nonetheless, he found the first L.A.S.

factor supported termination of parental rights.

      The judge next analyzed under L.A.S. "[w]hether [the father] will be able

to communicate and visit with [the son], what effect such communications and

visitation will have on [the son] in terms of fulfilling parental responsibility to

provide nurture and emotional support, to offer guidance[,] advice, and

instruction, and to maintain an emotional relationship with [the son]." The judge

found that because of the son’s age, "meaningful communication [was] not

possible while [the father was] incarcerated."

      Even assuming the fathers anticipated release to a halfway house, the

judge noted the son’s contact with the father will continue to be limited "for a

minimum of six months." The judge found the father "will not be in a position

to fulfill his parental responsibility to provide nature and emotional support, to

offer guidance, advice and instruction and maintain an emotional relationship."


                                                                           A-4636-18T3
                                       10
      The judge also found under L.A.S. that consideration of the risks to the

child weighed against the father. He noted the father’s extensive criminal

history, citing Dr. Kirschner’s expert opinion that "the best predictor of future

behavior is past behavior." As the judge observed, the father’s legal sanctions

and confinements have had "minimal" effect on his behavior, and therefore there

has been "no meaningful rehabilitation."

      Further, the judge expressed concern that the need for the father to enroll

in a halfway house for a minimum of six months, attain sobriety, employment,

and housing, could "strand the son in state foster care for at least the next year."

      The judge next analyzed under L.A.S. the son’s need for permanency and

stability, and whether the father's continued parent-child relationship would

undermine that need. The judge adopted Dr. Kirschner’s credible expert opinion

that the father does not provide the son with permanency, and that "lack of

permanency leaves the child in a state of limbo where they could be removed

and placed somewhere else at any time." The judge reasoned this lack of

permanency negatively affect the child’s self-esteem and emotional stability.

The judge therefore found this consideration under L.A.S. likewise supported

termination.




                                                                            A-4636-18T3
                                        11
      Lastly, the judge applied L.A.S. and considered the effect that the

continuation of the parent-child relationship would have on the psychological

and emotional well-being of the son. The judge noted that the son had been in

placement for nearly two years as of the time of trial. The judge further noted

that Dr. Kirschner’s "uncontroverted and credible opinion is that stranding [the

son] in foster care for at least another . . . year is not in his best interests and

could lead to developmental difficulties and problems with self-regulation."

      After reflecting upon these considerations in accordance with L.A.S. and

R.G., the judge concluded by clear and convincing evidence that the son’s

"safety, health or development has been and will continue to be endangered by

the parental relationship with [the father]." This finding satisfied what is known

as prong one of the Title 30 criteria, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1).

      Moving on, the judge further concluded that the Division had met its

burden of proof as to the remaining prongs of the Title 30 analysis.

      As to prong two, the judge accepted Dr. Kirschner's expert assessment that

the father "would need an additional six to nine/twelve months to establish

communal sobriety," and also would need time to attain employment and

suitable housing. The judge "did not discount" the fact that the father has

participated in several programs in prison. However, the judge found those


                                                                            A-4636-18T3
                                        12
programs "fall short of transitioning [him] into society and transforming him

into a minimally effective parent."

      The judge also found that delay in permanency would add to the son's

harm. In light of these and other pertinent facts, the judge was satisfied that

prong two under Title 30, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(2), had been established.

      With respect to prong three, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3), the judge duly

considered whether the Division proved it had "made reasonable efforts to

provide services to help the parent correct the circumstances which led to the

child’s placement outside the home."        The judge also addressed whether

"alternatives to termination of parental rights" had been sufficiently explored .

Ibid. The judge detailed in his written opinion why the Division had met its

burden on these prong three factors.

      As to services, the judge recited in his opinion a host of services that the

Division provided (or attempted to provide) to the father, both before and during

his incarceration. Among other things, the judge noted the substantial efforts

the Division had made in arranging visits. As the judge recognized, the father

failed to confirm many visits before being incarcerated, which was required by

court order, so that the Division did not needlessly transport the son back and

forth to appointments.     On many occasions, the Division unsuccessfully


                                                                          A-4636-18T3
                                       13
attempted to contact the father at various phone numbers he provided to confirm

the appointments.     Post-incarceration, the Division arranged monthly visits

between the father and the son at Mid-State, despite the substantial distance and

travel time from North Jersey involved.

        The judge also found the Division made reasonable efforts to reunify the

father with     his son, including:      providing psychological     evaluations,

transportation, substance abuse assessment, family placement assessments,

family team meetings, bonding evaluations, and the aforementioned visitation.

        Turning to the other aspect of statutory prong three, the judge considered

alternatives to parental termination, including relative placement, kinship legal

guardianship ("KLG"), independent living, and long-term specialized care. The

father suggested his own mother for a placement assessment. However, she was

a "substantiated" perpetrator, and therefore, the Division could not place the

child with her. The Division was willing to assess other named relatives and

persons, but it was not provided with sufficient contact information for any of

them.




                                                                          A-4636-18T3
                                        14
      The judge also considered KLG, but this was not an option because L.H.

and M.P. each expressed a willingness to adopt the child.3 The judge found that

such adoption was likely and feasible.

      The judge also considered the possibility of independent living, but this

was not viable because the son was not yet two years old. The judge also found

that long-term specialized care was likewise not feasible because the child is not

disabled.

      For these and other reasons detailed in his opinion, the judge found the

Division had met its burden on statutory prong three.

      Lastly, the judge was convinced the Division had sustained its burden

under prong four, known as the "best interests" standard, N.J.S.A. 30:4C-

15.1(a)(4). This prong operates as a "fail-safe against termination even when

the remaining standards are met." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L.,

191 N.J. 596, 609 (2007).      The court examines under this prong whether




3
  The Kinship Legal Guardianship Act, N.J.S.A. 3B:12A-1 to -7, which
authorizes KLG, was enacted because "the Legislature recognized than an
increasing number of children who cannot safely reside with their parents are in
the care of a relative or a family friend who does not wish to adopt the child or
children." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 222-23
(2010).
                                                                          A-4636-18T3
                                       15
terminating parental ties will be more harmful to the child than beneficial. In re

Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 355 (1999).

      The judge cited numerous reasons in his opinion why the Division had

shown that terminating the father's parental rights would be less harmful than

continuing to delay the child's permanency. Among other things, the judge

underscored Dr. Kirschner’s testimony that the son had formed bonds with both

L.H. and M.P. Conversely, the child had not formed a strong bond with the

father.

      The judge reasoned that the child would not experience serious or

enduring psychological harm if his relationship with the father were severed.

Moreover, even if the child were to experience harm by severing his relationship

with the father, Dr. Kirschner predicted that harm could be mitigated by being

cared for by either L.H. or M.P.

      In addition, the judge focused on "Dr. Kirschner’s uncontroverted and

credible opinion . . . that [the child] requires and has a right to permanency,"

and the father does not provide the son with such permanency. Further, "there

is no indication that [the father] . . . ha[s] any ability to care for [the son] in the

foreseeable future." On this point, the judge found persuasive Dr. Kirschner's




                                                                               A-4636-18T3
                                         16
testimony that the father was unable to provide the son with appropriate care, or

meet his basic needs.

                                        II.

      This appeal by the father ensued. As we have already mentioned, the

father challenges the trial court's findings on all four of the statutory criteria.

He especially focuses on prong three, contending the Division should have

provided more services to him while he has been incarcerated. In this regard,

the father asserts that the Division institutionally underfunds such services to

incarcerated parents, relies too much upon programs supplied by correctional

facilities, and should arrange for more outside service providers to come to the

prisons.

      The father also contends that, under prong four, the change in the child's

placement to L.H. reported in December 2019 renders the trial court's "best

interests" findings obsolete. He asserts that the caseworker's records suggest

that L.H. is not willing to adopt the child. The father advocates that, at a

minimum, the case should be remanded for further hearings.

      We reject these contentions, and the other arguments presented on appeal.

Instead, we affirm the final judgment of guardianship, substantially for the

comprehensive reasons set forth in Judge Paganelli's extensive opinion.


                                                                           A-4636-18T3
                                       17
      Our review of this appeal is guided by well-settled standards for

termination cases. In such cases, the trial court’s findings generally should be

upheld so long as they are supported by "adequate, substantial, and credible

evidence." R.G., 217 N.J. at 552. A decision in this context should only be

reversed or altered on appeal if the trial court’s findings were "so wholly

unsupportable as to result in a denial of justice." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 511 (2004).

      We must give substantial deference to the trial judge’s opportunity to have

observed the witnesses first-hand and to evaluate their credibility. R.G., 217 N.J.

at 552. We also must recognize the considerable expertise of the Family Part,

which adjudicates a large volume of cases brought by the Division under Title

9 and Title 30 involving the alleged abuse or neglect of children. See, e.g., N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012); N.J. Div. of

Child Prot. & Permanency v. B.H., 460 N.J. Super. 212, 448 (App. Div. 2019).

That said, we apply de novo review to the Family Part judge's rulings o n pure

questions of law. R.G., 217 N.J. at 552.

      Little needs to be said here about the trial judge's findings of past and

future harm to the child under prongs one and two.          As we have already

mentioned, the judge carefully described and considered the circumstances that


                                                                           A-4636-18T3
                                       18
resulted in the child's plight, and the unlikelihood that his father would be able

to provide a stable home for him in the near future. The judge adhered to the

principles of L.A.S. and R.G., and did not rule against the father solely because

of his incarcerated status.

      Turning to prong three, we are satisfied the judge had ample credible

evidence in the record to conclude that the Division made reasonable efforts to

provide services to the father, and reasonably explored alternatives to

termination.

      The monthly visits arranged at the prison, which required this young child

to be driven there from a substantial distance, bespeak reasonable efforts by the

Division to foster a father-son relationship that might enable reunification. We

recognize the Division delayed several months in following through on certain

recommendations for services, but it appears from the record the services were

ultimately provided substantially in accordance with those recommendations.

      We discern nothing unreasonable about the Division not duplicating

instruction and counseling already provided within the prison by the Department

of Corrections. To be sure, more services might theoretically be beneficial to

imprisoned parents and their children, but those programmatic choices, and their

budgetary impacts, are best considered on a broader scale by policymakers. In


                                                                          A-4636-18T3
                                       19
any event, on this record, we cannot conclude that the judge misapplied the law

in rejecting the father's claim he had been given short shrift.

      We are also satisfied that the court gave due consideration to alternatives

to termination. Apart from the resource parents, no other viable relatives wer e

located.   The Division undertook reasonable steps to find other possible

caretakers.

      Also, the judge did not err in finding that KLG is not an option. The father

asserts that L.H., the son's present resource parent, is not willing to adopt him,

citing a Division contact sheet from July 2, 2018. However, that contact sheet

appears to be about communications the caseworker had with M.P., not L.H. In

any event, the entry goes on to say that, when asked about a perception that she

did not wish to adopt, M.P. said such a perception would be "a lie." Moreover,

closer to the time of trial, both L. H. and M. P. told Dr. Kirschner during their

bonding evaluations they were willing to adopt the child.

      As to prong four, we have no reason to second-guess the judge's first-hand

assessment that termination would do more harm to the child than good. The

judge's assessment is supported by the unrefuted opinions of the only relevant

testifying expert, Dr. Kirschner, who the judge found credible. The child is now

placed in a home with his half-sibling, which can be beneficial. See In re D.C.,


                                                                          A-4636-18T3
                                       20
203 N.J. 545, 563-66 (2010) (finding as a matter of general policy, the Family

Part strives to place siblings and half-siblings in the same household when

feasible and in the children's best interests). The bonding evaluation revealed

that the relative resource parent has developed a good relationship with the child.

      We see no sensible reason to remand the case for more proceedings

because of the recent change in placement back to L.H. The judge's opinion

found that placement with either L.H. or M.P. would be beneficial and in the

child's best interests, as compared with a speculative placement with the father

many months after his release from prison. The child's interests in permanency

weigh against prolonging this litigation any further. L.A.S., 134 N.J. at 143-44.

      All other points raised on appeal lack sufficient merit to warrant

discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). Although we respect the father's constitutional

rights, and his professed desire to parent, the trial evidence provides an ample

basis for the final judgment of termination.

      Affirmed.




                                                                           A-4636-18T3
                                       21
