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                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                               Nos. 04-08-00003-CR & 04-08-00004-CR

                                          Robert Julian RIOS,
                                              Appellant

                                                    v.

                                         The STATE of Texas,
                                               Appellee

                      From the 406th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas
                       Trial Court Nos. 2006-CRS-874-D4 & 2006-CRS-876-D4
                              Honorable Oscar J. Hale Jr., Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 20, 2009

AFFIRMED

           Appellant Robert Julian Rios appeals his convictions for aggravated sexual assault, engaging

in organized criminal activity, and aggravated kidnapping. In five issues, Rios contends the evidence

was legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction for engaging in organized criminal

activity, and the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress and admitted certain

testimony at trial. We overrule these issues and affirm the trial court’s judgments.
                                                                             04-08-00003-CR & 04-08-00004-CR

                                                  BACKGROUND

       On the evening of September 7, 2006, police were dispatched to the 2200 block of West

Anna in Laredo, Texas, to respond to an assault-in-progress. Rios, a suspect in the assault,1 was

found in a house located at 2218 West Anna and arrested by police without a warrant. In the house,

police found the two other assault suspects and three women who told police they had been

kidnapped by Rios and others and held for ransom. One of the women told police she was also

sexually assaulted by Rios. Thereafter, police seized various items of evidence found in the house,

including articles of clothing, belts, bedding, and a toy shotgun, which were later admitted at trial.

       In two separate indictments, Rios was charged with four counts of aggravated sexual assault

and three counts of engaging in organized criminal activity by committing the predicate offenses of

aggravated kidnapping. Rios pled not guilty to the offenses charged in the indictments and moved

to suppress his warrantless arrest and the tangible evidence seized in connection with his arrest. The

motion to suppress was denied by the trial court. No findings of fact were filed.

       The offenses charged in the indictments were tried together to a jury. The jury convicted Rios

of four counts of aggravated sexual assault, one count of engaging in organized criminal activity, and

two counts of aggravated kidnapping. This appeal ensued.

                                       SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       In issues one and two, Rios asserts the evidence was legally or factually insufficient to

support his conviction for engaging in organized criminal activity because there was no evidence or

insufficient evidence that one of the co-defendants named in the indictment, Olga Maria Martinez,

was involved in the offense. Rios does not assert there was no evidence or insufficient evidence that



       1
           This assault was not adjudicated in the underlying proceedings.

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he and the two other co-defendants named in the indictment were involved in the offense.

        The sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction is not measured by the jury charge

actually given but by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct charge.

Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). A hypothetically correct jury charge

“would be one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not

unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of

liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Malik

v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

        The law provides that a person commits the offense of engaging in organized criminal

activity “if, with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination or in the profits of

a combination or as a member of a criminal street gang, he commits or conspires to

commit...aggravated kidnapping.” TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 71.02 (Vernon Supp. 2008). Under

section 71.02 of the Texas Penal Code, “combination” means “three or more persons who

collaborate in carrying on criminal activities, although” “participants may not know each other’s

identity;” “membership in the combination may change from time to time;” and “participants may

stand in a wholesaler-retailer or other arm’s-length relationship in illicit distribution operations.”

TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 71.01 (Vernon 2003). In proving the existence of a combination, the State

needs to prove the participation of at least three of the named combination members or

participants—including the defendant; however, the State need not prove the participation of all of

the named combination members or participants. Rodriguez v. State, 90 S.W.3d 340, 354 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2001, pet. ref’d) (stating the State need only prove the participation of at least three

of the named members of the combination); Crum v. State, 946 S.W.2d 349, 356 (Tex.



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App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d) (holding evidence was not insufficient to support

conviction for engaging in organized criminal activity because the State failed to prove all eleven

people named in the jury charge were combination members or participants); Jones v. State, 907

S.W.2d 850, 854 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d) (holding State was not required

to prove all of the individuals named in the jury charge participated in the criminal combination).

         Here, Rios argues the State was required to prove the involvement of Rios and the three other

individuals named in the application paragraph of the jury charge, including Olga Maria Gonzalez.2

Rios acknowledges that generally the State is not required to prove the participation of all of the co-

defendants named in the charge; however, he argues this case is different. Emphasizing the language

in Malik which states that the hypothetically correct jury charge is one that is “authorized by the

indictment,” Rios suggests the indictment here elevated the State’s burden to require a showing of

Olga Maria Martinez’s participation in the combination. We disagree. Although the hypothetically

correct jury charge may not be used “to wholly re-write the indictment to charge a different offense,”

it “may disregard certain unnecessarily pled indictment allegations on sufficiency review.” See

Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 253. Here, the sufficiency of the evidence must be measured against a

hypothetically correct jury charge which would disregard any unnecessarily pled allegation that Olga

Maria Martinez was involved in the offense.3

         2
          Here, the charge instructed the jury on the statutory definition of the term “combination,”i.e., “three or more
persons who collaborate in carrying on criminal activities.” T EX . P EN AL C O D E A N N . § 71.01 (Vernon 2003). Thereafter,
the charge instructed the jury that to find Rios guilty of the offense of engaging in organized criminal activity, it had to
find that “[] Rios, Raul Ramos, Damaso Peche, and Olga Maria Gonzalez” committed the offense of aggravated
kidnapping “with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination or in the profits of a combination . . . .”


         3
             Count I of the indictment alleged:

               ROBERT JULIAN RIOS [], RAUL RAM OS, DAM ASO PECHE AND OLGA M ARIA
               GONZALEZ, did then and there, with the intent to hold “Estella” for ransom or reward,
               intentionally or knowingly abduct “Estella” by restricting the movements of said “Estella” without

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       Rios further relies on Fee v. State, 841 S.W.2d 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), which also

involved a conviction for engaging in organized criminal activity. In Fee, the court of criminal

appeals held the sufficiency of the evidence should have been measured against the jury charge

actually given. Id. at 396. (“[S]o long as the State does not object to a jury charge that [] enhances

its burden, sufficiency of the evidence will be measured against that charge.”). Id. On appeal, Rios

contends “[t]his rule has not been modified by Malik or Gollihar.” Again, we disagree. Although not

expressly overruled in Malik or Gollihar, Fee is no longer viable for the principle cited. See Posada

v. State, No. 03-99-00520-CR, 2001 WL 987541, at *10 (Tex. App.—Austin August 30, 2001, no

pet.) (“Appellant overlooks that Fee and Ortega were a part of the Benson Boozer line of cases

which was overruled by Malik....”) (mem. op., not designated for publication). We conclude the

evidence was not legally or factually insufficient to support a conviction of engaging in organized

criminal activity as argued by Rios. Accordingly, we overrule issues one and two.

                                        LEGALITY OF THE ARREST

       In issue three, Rios argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because

Rios was arrested without a warrant, probable cause, or other lawful authority. In response, the State

argues Rios’s arrest was authorized under Article 14.03 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure

because Rios was found in a suspicious place and under circumstances which reasonably show he




          her consent so as to interfere substantially with her liberty, by confining her, with the intent to
          prevent her liberation, by secreting or holding her in a place where she was not likely to be found.
                   And the defendant’s [sic] did then and there commit said offense with the intent to
          establish, maintain, or participate in a combination or in the profits of a combination who
          collaborated in carrying on said criminal activity.



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was guilty of an offense listed in Article 14.03(a)(1), namely a breach of the peace.4 See CODE CRIM .

PROC. ANN . art. 14.03(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

          For a warrantless arrest to be proper under article 14.03(a)(1), the State must establish the

officer had probable cause to arrest the defendant and the defendant was in a suspicious place. Dyar

v. State, 125 S.W.3d 460, 467-68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); State v. Parson, 988 S.W.2d 264, 266

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, no pet.). Probable cause exists when the police have reasonably

trustworthy information, considered as a whole, sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe

a particular person has committed or is committing an offense. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87

(Tex. Crim. App.1997). Probable cause requires more than mere suspicion but far less evidence than

that needed to support a conviction or even that needed to support a finding by a preponderance of

the evidence. Id.

          Courts engage in a two-part test in determining whether an arrest is proper under article

14.03(a)(1). Dyar, 125 S.W.3d at 467-68. First, courts examine the facts and circumstances known

to the officer that would reasonably show the defendant has committed an offense listed in article

14.03(a)(1). See id. Second, courts examine the facts and circumstances in relation to a particular

place to determine whether the defendant was found in a suspicious place. See id. In determining if

an arrest is proper under article 14.03(a)(1), courts examine the totality of the circumstances. Id.



          4
              Article 14.03 provides in part:

          (a) Any peace officer may arrest, without warrant:

          (1) persons found in suspicious places and under circumstances which reasonably show that such
          persons have been guilty of some felony, violation of Title 9, Chapter 42, Penal Code, breach of the
          peace, or offense under Section 49.02, Penal Code, or threaten, or are about to commit some offense
          against the laws;

C O D E C RIM . P RO C . A N N . art. 14.03(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

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       A “breach of the peace” includes all violations of the public peace or order. Woods v. State,

213 S.W.2d 685, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 1948). The term encompasses “a disturbance of public order

by an act of violence” and the offense may consist of acts of “an invasion of the security and

protection which the laws afford to every citizen.”Id.; see also Miles v. State, 241 S.W.3d 28, 40

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Whether an act constitutes a breach of the peace must be determined on a

case-by-case basis, looking to the facts and circumstances surrounding the act. Cunningham v. State,

No. 04-03-00935-CR, 2004 WL 2803220, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 8, 2004, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication).

       Like probable cause, the determination of whether a place is a “suspicious place” is highly

fact-specific. Dyar, 125 S.W.3d at 468. Few places are inherently suspicious, but a place may

become suspicious because of facts and circumstances known to the arresting officers and any

reasonable inferences which can be drawn from those facts. Parson, 988 S.W.2d at 268 (concluding

front yard was a suspicious place when police found defendant there standing next to damaged truck

and defendant smelled of alcohol and he became upset when informed that persons had been injured

in a hit and run accident); Crowley v. State, 842 S.W.2d 701, 703 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1992, pet. ref’d) (concluding defendant’s garage was a suspicious place when eyewitness followed

her there after defendant fled the accident). Different factors have been used to determine if a place

is suspicious. Parson, 988 S.W.2d at 268-69. A place can be suspicious because: (1) an eyewitness

or police officer connected the place to the crime; (2) a crime occurred there or the police reasonably

believed a crime occurred there; (3) specific evidence directly connected the defendant or the place

with the crime; or (4) the defendant’s behavior was a factor in determining whether a place was

suspicious. Id.



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        We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of discretion. State v.

Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We give almost total deference to a trial court’s

determination of historical facts and review de novo the court’s application of the law to those facts.

Id. When the trial court makes no explicit findings of historical facts, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume the trial court made implicit findings of fact

supporting its ruling, if those findings are supported by the record. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d

323, 327-28 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

        Here, the suppression hearing evidence showed that on September 7, 2006, Laredo police

officers responded to an assault-in-progress call in the 2200 block of West Anna in Laredo, Texas.

When the officers arrived on the scene, they found a man who had been badly beaten and a woman

who had witnessed the assault. The officers learned from the assault victim and the eyewitness that

three men had beat up the man in the middle of a public street and then had run into a nearby house

located at 2218 West Anna. The assault victim and the eyewitness gave police descriptions of the

three men. One of the men was described as having multiple tattoos. After talking to the assault

victim and the eyewitness, police officers went to the house at 2218 West Anna, announced their

presence, and knocked on the front and back doors. No one answered. An officer then noticed a side

door which was ajar and blocked by furniture, making access to the house troublesome. Peering

through this open door, the officer noticed a man with multiple tattoos who matched the description

of one of the assault suspects. Another officer recognized the man as Rios and knew he was a member

of the “Los Pistoleros” gang. The officers asked Rios to show them his hands and Rios refused to

comply. After repeated requests, Rios finally showed the officers his hands and the officers entered

the house. Rios was taken out of the house and handcuffed. The officers then checked the house for



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other suspects, threats, or victims. Once Rios was taken outside, the assault victim and the eyewitness

identified Rios as one of the men involved in the earlier assault.

         Viewing the suppression hearing evidence in a light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,

and based on the totality of the circumstances, we are of the opinion that the trial court could have

properly concluded Rios’s arrest was authorized under Section 14.03(a)(1). The facts and

circumstances known to police reasonably show Rios committed a breach of the peace. See Woods,

213 S.W.2d at 687-88 (finding breach of peace when one person assaulted another in a public place

in the presence of others). After finding a man who had been “badly beaten” in the middle of the

street by three men and obtaining descriptions of the assault suspects, officers went to the house

where the assault suspects reportedly fled. Police then observed Rios inside the house, and he

matched the description of one of the assault suspects.

         Additionally, the facts and circumstances known to police reasonably show Rios was found

in a suspicious place. Of particular importance here is the information provided by the eyewitness and

the assault victim about the house at 2218 West Anna and Rios’s own behavior in failing to comply

with police requests. Rios was seen inside the house where the three assault suspects reportedly fled,

and Rios matched the description of one of the assault suspects. Plus, the partially opened door

appeared to be barricaded by furniture, and Rios repeatedly refused to comply with requests from

police that he show them his hands. We conclude the facts and circumstances known to the officers

and reasonable inferences to be drawn from these circumstances show Rios was found in a suspicious

place.

         Rios argues there was no probable cause to arrest Rios because there was no showing the

eyewitness provided the police with reasonably trustworthy information. We disagree. As previously


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stated, probable cause exists when the police have reasonably trustworthy information, considered

as a whole, sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to believe a particular person has committed or

is committing an offense. Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87. Here, police observed the injuries inflicted on

the assault victim themselves and spoke with both the eyewitness and the assault victim at the scene.

The eyewitness and the assault victim provided information about the assault, gave descriptions of

the three suspects, and told police the suspects ran into the house at 2218 West Anna. When

considered as a whole, the record shows there was reasonably trustworthy information to support

Rios’s arrest. We, therefore, overrule issue three.

                                     LEGALITY OF THE SEARCH

       In issue four, Rios argues the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress because

he established his standing to contest the search of the house at 2218 West Anna, and the initial entry

and subsequent search was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment of the United States

Constitution. In response, the State argues the trial court properly denied Rios’s motion to suppress

because the initial entry into the house was made under exigent circumstances, and the subsequent

search of the premises was an authorized protective sweep.

1. Standing to Contest the Search of 2218 West Anna

       As a preliminary matter, the burden was on Rios to establish his standing to contest the search

at 2218 West Anna. See Handy v. State, 189 S.W.3d 296, 299 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (stating

defendant seeking to suppress evidence obtained during a search always has the burden of proving his

standing to contest the search). To establish standing, Rios had the burden of proving he had a

legitimate expectation of privacy in the place searched. See Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (holding non-overnight guest did not have standing to object to search of


                                                 -10-
                                                                        04-08-00003-CR & 04-08-00004-CR

house). Because Rios, as the party asserting a privacy interest, had greater access to the relevant

evidence, Rios had the burden of proving facts establishing a legitimate expectation of privacy. See

id. To establish a legitimate expectation of privacy, Rios was required to show that (1) Rios, by his

conduct exhibited an actual, subjective expectation of privacy in the place searched, and (2) Rios’s

expectation of privacy was one that society accepts as reasonable. See Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S.

735, 740 (1979). In determining whether Rios’s alleged expectation of privacy is one that society

accepts as reasonable, we must consider (1) whether Rios had a property or possessory interest in the

place invaded; (2) whether Rios was legitimately in the place invaded; (3) whether Rios had complete

dominion or control and the right to exclude others; (4) whether, prior to the intrusion, Rios took

normal precautions customarily taken by those seeking privacy; (5) whether Rios put the place to some

private use; and (6) whether Rios’s claim of privacy is consistent with historical notions of privacy.

See Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). None of these factors is

dispositive; rather, we examine the circumstances surrounding the search in their totality. See id.

        An appellate court generally reviews the issue of standing to contest a search de novo. Parker

v. State, 182 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). However, at a suppression hearing, the trial

court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of witnesses. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855

(Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Therefore, “the [trial court] may believe or disbelieve all or any part of a

witness’s testimony, even if that testimony is not controverted.” Id. As the reviewing appellate court,

we must afford almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of a witness’s credibility. Id.

at 856. Thus, when the issue of standing turns solely on the credibility of a witness, we must afford

almost total deference to the trial court’s determination. See id.




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       The only evidence offered to establish Rios’s standing was his own conclusory testimony that

he was living at 2218 West Anna on the day he was arrested and had been living there for three months.

Rios, however, provided no details about this living arrangement. Rios did not explain who owned or

rented the house. Nor did Rios state he was an invited guest, or indicate he kept any personal belongings

at the house. Plus, as to the factors related to whether the expectation of privacy was one that society

accepts as reasonable, Rios presented no evidence that he had a property or possessory interest in the

house at 2218 West Anna; that he was legitimately in the house at 2218 West Anna; that he had

complete dominion or control and the right to exclude others; that, prior to the search, he took normal

precautions customarily taken by those seeking privacy; that he put the place to some private use; and

that his claim of privacy was consistent with historical notions of privacy.

       Moreover, although the State did not offer any controverting evidence, the State certainly

disputed Rios’s claim that he lived at 2218 West Anna. On cross-examination, the State elicited

testimony that Rios did not know the zip code or the phone number for 2218 West Anna; that none of

the bills were under Rios’s name; and that even though Rios claimed he lived at the house with his

friend Damaso Peche and Peche’s uncle, Rios could not recall Peche’s uncle’s name.

       The trial court observed Rios’s demeanor and was free to disbelieve any or all of Rios’s

testimony. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856. If the trial court disbelieved Rios’s testimony that he was living

at 2218 West Anna at the time of the search, it could have properly denied the motion to suppress

because Rios failed to prove his standing to contest the search.

2. Exigent Circumstances and Protective Sweep

       Even assuming Rios proved his standing to contest the search, the trial court still could have

denied the motion to suppress because the State established the initial entry into the house was made


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under exigent circumstances and the subsequent search of the premises was an authorized protective

sweep.

         The purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to safeguard an individual’s legitimate expectation

of privacy from unreasonable governmental intrusion. Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138. Reasonableness

depends on a balance between the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests and the promotion of

legitimate governmental interests. Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 331 (1990). There are a number of

exigent circumstances under which a warrantless entry into a residence is a reasonable reaction by a

police officer. McNairy v. State, 835 S.W.2d 101, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). These exigent

circumstances usually involve factors pointing to some danger to an officer or victims, an increased

likelihood of apprehending a suspect, or possible destruction of evidence. Id.

         Additionally,“[t]he Fourth Amendment permits a properly limited protective sweep in

conjunction with an in-home arrest when the searching officer possesses a reasonable belief based on

specific and articulable facts that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those

on the arrest scene.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 337. A protective sweep is a quick and limited search of

premises, incident to an arrest and conducted to protect the safety of police officers or others. Reasor

v. State, 12 S.W.3d 813, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The sweep must not be a full search of the

premises. Id. at 816. Rather, it may only extend to a cursory inspection of those spaces where a person

may be found and may only last long enough to dispel the reasonable suspicion of danger. Id. at 816-17.

         Here, Rios’s primary argument is police could have waited to enter the house until they obtained

a search warrant because the officers were investigating “a mere street brawl.” Nevertheless, when

viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, the record shows there were exigent

circumstances here to justify the officers’s warrantless entry into the house. The record shows the police


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went to the house at 2218 West Anna to investigate a breach of the peace and this investigation

intensified quickly. Once the officers arrived at the house, they spotted Rios through the partially-

opened and obstructed door, realized Rios matched the description of one of the assault suspects,

identified Rios as a known gang member, and saw that Rios repeatedly refused to comply with police

requests. Of additional concern to the officers was the fact that the other two assault suspects were not

visible and the officers did not know where they were. Given that the officers had announced their

presence and knocked on the front and back doors, the officers could have reasonably believed the other

assault suspects were aware of the officers’s presence and posed an imminent threat to the safety of the

officers. Thus, the trial court could have properly concluded the State established the existence of

exigent circumstances to justify the officers’s warrantless entry in the house.

       The trial court could have also concluded the search of the premises immediately following the

Rios’s arrest was reasonable as a protective sweep to ensure the safety of the officers at the scene. At

the suppression hearing, an officer testified that the purpose of the subsequent search of the premises

was to “check for other threats, suspects, or victims.” This was reasonable given that police had

information that three assault suspects had fled into the house, the assault suspects had been made

aware of the police presence, and Rios had exhibited uncooperative behavior toward police. Based on

the record before us, the trial court could have concluded the State established exigent circumstances

justifying the officers’s warrantless entry into the house and their need to perform a protective sweep

of the premises in conjunction with Rios’s arrest.

       We conclude the trial court could have properly denied the motion to suppress on the ground

the initial entry was justified by exigent circumstances and the subsequent search of the premises was

an authorized protective sweep. We, therefore, overrule issue four.


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                                      ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

       In issue five, Rios argues his Confrontation Clause rights were violated when the trial court

allowed Laredo police officer Rene Rolando Alvarado to testify at trial about certain statements made

by the assault eyewitness. Rios objected to the admission of these statements on both hearsay and

Confrontation Clause grounds. Both objections were overruled. The hearsay objection was overruled

based on the excited utterance exception. See TEX . R. EVID . 803(2). On appeal, Rios complains only

about the overruling of the Confrontation Clause objection. In response, the State argues the trial court

properly overruled the Confrontation Clause objection and admitted the eyewitness’s statements

because they were nontestimonial in nature. We agree with the State.

       At trial, Alvarado testified he was one of the first officers to respond to the assault-in-progress

call on September 7, 2006, and he testified as follows. Upon arriving at the 2200 block of West Anna,

Alvarado saw a woman, who was excited, waving her arms at him. Alvarado approached the woman,

who was referred to as Ms. Mendoza at trial, and she immediately stated that three men had attacked

her son and then ran toward the house at 2218 West Anna. Alvarado saw and spoke to Mendoza’s son,

the assault victim, who Alvarado described as “badly beaten” with “blood all over his head” and who

“appeared disoriented.” After talking to Mendoza and the assault victim, Alvarado radioed for an

ambulance and additional officers.

       Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under

circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police

assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). Here, the

record shows not only that Mendoza was seeking assistance from Alvarado, but also that the primary

purpose of Alvarado’s inquiry was to allow police to provide assistance to an ongoing emergency. See


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Vinson v. State, 252 S.W.3d 336, 339-40 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (concluding trial court could have

concluded that assault victim’s initial statements made while an officer was assessing the situation and

the assault suspect was not secured were nontestimonial in nature). Because Mendoza’s statements that

three men had attacked her son and then ran toward the house at 2218 West Anna were nontestimonial

in nature, the trial court did not err in admitting this evidence. We, therefore, overrule issue five.

                                             CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s judgments are affirmed.


                                                          Karen Angelini, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH




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