ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                           ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Sarah C. Jenkins                                 Gregg S. Gordon
Indianapolis, Indiana                            McCordsville, Indiana

                                                 John A. Cremer
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana



                                        In the
                         Indiana Supreme Court                              Aug 04 2015, 12:30 pm


                                 No. 89S05-1412-ES-749

DAVID J. MARKEY,
                                                         Appellant (Plaintiff below),

                                            v.

ESTATE OF FRANCES S. MARKEY, DECEASED;
STEPHEN L. ROUTSON, PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE UNDER THE LAST WILL
AND TESTAMENT OF FRANCES S. MARKEY,
DECEASED; STEPHEN L. ROUTSON,
INDIVIDUALLY; AND MADONNA L. REDA,
                                                         Appellees (Defendants below).


           Appeal from the Wayne County Superior Court, No. 89D01-1208-ES-51
                         The Honorable Charles K. Todd, Jr., Judge


      On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 89A05-1402-ES-62



                                      August 4, 2015

Massa, Justice.
               “Man sees but a short way into futurity; a single event, unforeseen,
               deranges all his plans; and teaches us that man with all his wisdom,
               toils for heirs he knows not who.”

               —Chief Justice Andrew Kirkpatrick, Nevison v. Taylor, 8 N.J.L. 43,
               46 (1824) (emphasis in original).

       When he died, John Markey thought half of his assets would eventually pass to his son,
David, pursuant to a contract to make and not revoke a mutual will John executed with his second
wife, David’s stepmother. Sometime after John was gone, however, David’s stepmother breached
that contract, instead leaving everything to her own children. David brought suit to enforce the
contract, but the defendants prevailed on summary judgment: the trial court found that even though
David’s suit was not a “claim” in probate, it was still subject to the three-month statute of
limitations for a claim, relying on Keenan v. Butler, 869 N.E.2d 1284, 1290 n.6 (Ind. Ct. App.
2007), trans. not sought. We find this was error, as our General Assembly added a statutory
definition of “claim” when it enacted our Probate Code in 1953, Ind. Code § 29-1-1-3(a)(2), and
we interpret the plain language of that definition as including an action for breach of a contract to
make and not revoke a will. We thus reverse, and we remand on the question of the timeliness of
David’s claim, considered under the Probate Code.




                                  Facts and Procedural History


       Betty Markey passed away in August of 1998, survived by her husband, John, and their
only child, David. That same month, John married Frances; the two had been seeing each other
for several years while Betty lived in a nursing home. Shortly after reciting their vows, John and
Frances contracted to make mutual wills. Consistent with that contract, the wills provided that
upon the death of whoever died later, the couple’s estate would be divided equally between David




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and Frances’s granddaughter, Gillian. The contract further mandated the wills would not be
revoked, specifying the beneficiaries could bring suit:

               Each of the parties agrees never to revoke or alter in any way, for
               any reason, his or her Will executed pursuant to this Agreement.
               Should any Will required by this Agreement be revoked, either
               party, any beneficiary . . . , or the personal representative of any of
               them may bring an action in law for monetary damages, or an action
               in equity for specific performance or other appropriate equitable
               relief, including the imposition of a constructive trust on the
               property of any estate in the hands of a personal representative or of
               any beneficiaries.

App. at 35. David received a copy of the contract and the mutual wills.


       About a decade later, John died, and all of his assets passed to Frances, including over half
a million dollars in Exxon stock that David’s mother inherited from her parents. Although David
and Frances maintained a relationship for some time, they eventually had a falling out and stopped
communicating. In 2010, unbeknownst to David, Frances executed a subsequent will, revoking
the mutual will with John. In this subsequent will, Frances devised all of her property equally
between her own two children, Madonna Reda and Stephen Routson, and she appointed Stephen
personal representative.


       Frances died on July 29, 2012. Stephen admitted her will to probate on August 22 and
published notice of its administration in the Western Wayne News on September 5 and 12.
Although Stephen had David’s father’s ashes, he made no effort to contact David following
Frances’s death. David did not learn about her death or the subsequent will until April 25, 2013.
Four days later, and nine months after Frances’s death, David sued Frances’s estate, Stephen, and
Madonna to enforce the contract.




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       The parties agree that Frances’s actions were contrary to the valid contract between her and
David’s father. They disagree, however, about the time frame in which David could seek to enforce
it: Madonna moved for summary judgment, arguing David’s complaint was time-barred because it
was filed more than three months after Frances’s will was admitted to probate. In opposition, David
maintained he timely filed because he did so within nine months of Frances’s death. He reasoned
(or, perhaps, conceded) that his claim to enforce the contract constituted a “claim” falling under the
Probate Code, but further argued he was a reasonably ascertainable creditor of the estate entitled to
actual notice, and since he did not receive that notice, he had nine months to file under Indiana Code
section 29-1-7-7(e) (Supp. 2014). The trial court, however, relied on Keenan v. Butler’s holding that
a breach of contract regarding mutual wills is neither a claim in probate nor a will contest. 869
N.E.2d 1284, 1289 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. not sought. And it found persuasive a footnote in
that case concerning the time to file such a breach of contract action:

               We have not been asked to decide whether there is a time limit
               within which an action for breach of contract to make a will must be
               filed. However, statutes of repose, here limiting the time to file to
               three months, govern both claims and will contests. For timely
               administration of an estate, a breach of contract to make a will action
               should similarly be limited. Where the action is challenging the
               distribution pursuant to a probated will, the petition must be filed
               within three months of the order admitting the will to probate.

Id. at 1290 n.6 (internal citations omitted). Because David filed more than three months after
Frances’s will was admitted, the trial court granted summary judgment for Madonna.


       David appealed, arguing the trial court erred in relying upon Keenan because that case
considered the question of subject-matter jurisdiction, not time to file, and it should not be extended
beyond its unique facts. He also contended that a three-month limitation period would violate his
right to due process. But a unanimous panel of our Court of Appeals disagreed, affirming the
outcome below. Markey v. Estate of Markey, 13 N.E.3d 453, 460 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). It held
David’s action for breach of contract was not a “claim” under the Probate Code, so—regardless of


                                                  4
whether or not he was a reasonably ascertainable creditor—“his action was not eligible for the nine-
month limitation period for filing.” Id. at 458. Instead, the panel found his suit barred by the three-
month limitation period suggested in Keenan. Id. It also saw no due process violation since Stephen
published notice and the evidence did not show David was entitled to actual notice. Id. at 459.


       David sought transfer, pointing to—among other things—both lower courts’ improper
reliance on the common law definition of “claim” rather than the more recent statutory definition
enacted by our legislature in the Probate Code. We granted David’s petition to transfer, thereby
vacating the opinion below. Markey v. Estate of Markey, 21 N.E.3d 838 (Ind. 2014) (table); Ind.
Appellate Rule 58(A).




                                        Standard of Review


       Summary judgment is appropriate only when the movant demonstrates there is no genuine
dispute of material fact and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). If
the movant satisfies this burden, the non-movant must come forward with designated evidence
showing a disputed fact exists that precludes summary judgment. Asklar v. Gilb, 9 N.E.3d 165, 167
(Ind. 2014). All evidence, and the reasonable inferences drawn from it, are construed in favor of the
non-movant, as are “all doubts as to the existence of a material issue.” Kroger Co. v. Plonski, 930
N.E.2d 1, 5 (Ind. 2010).


       On appellate review, this analysis remains the same; we stand in the shoes of the trial court.
S. Shore Baseball, LLC v. DeJesus, 11 N.E.3d 903, 907 (Ind. 2014). Of course, we review any
questions of law de novo, and so “we will reverse if the law has been incorrectly applied to the facts.”
Woodruff v. Ind. Family & Soc. Servs. Admin., 964 N.E.2d 784, 790 (Ind. 2012). Otherwise, we
will affirm the trial court’s ruling based on any theory supported by record evidence. Id.



                                                   5
       Markey’s Claim for Breach of Contract Is a “Claim” Under the Probate Code.


       Markey argues his claim for breach of contract to make and not revoke mutual wills
constitutes a “claim” as defined by our Probate Code. We agree.


       In 1953, based upon the work of the Indiana Probate Code Study Commission and guided
by the American Bar Association’s Model Probate Code, our General Assembly enacted our state’s
modern Probate Code, “the first major modification of Indiana law relating to the administration
of decedents’ estates in more than half a century.” Possession and Control of Estate Property
During Administration: Indiana Probate Code Section 1301, 29 Ind. L.J. 251, 252 (1954). Up until
that time, much of our law on the subject came from Chapter 9 of the Acts of 1881. Id. at n.3. The
revisions were substantial; thus, “care must be taken in evaluating court decisions before 1954 in
the probate field because of the extent to which they may have been influenced by principles of
law repudiated or varied by the Probate Code.” 1A John S. Grimes, Henry’s Probate Law and
Practice of the State of Indiana § 5 at 22 (7th ed. 1978).


       Under our current statutory scheme, although claims may be brought against an estate, they
must be brought rather swiftly.      Indeed, one of the basic tenets underlying the procedural
provisions in our Probate Code is “the uniform and expeditious distribution of property of a
decedent.” Inlow v. Henderson, Daily, Withrow & DeVoe, 787 N.E.2d 385, 395 (Ind. Ct. App.
2003) (quoting Kuzma v. Peoples Trust & Sav. Bank, Boonville, 132 Ind. App. 176, 183, 176
N.E.2d 134, 138 (1961)). For this reason, the Non-claim Statute provides that, in general, claims
must be filed within three months of publication about the estate’s administration:

               Except as provided in IC 29-1-7-7, all claims against a decedent’s
               estate . . . whether due or to become due, absolute or contingent,
               liquidated or unliquidated, founded on contract or otherwise, shall
               be forever barred against the estate, the personal representative, the
               heirs, devisees, and legatees of the decedent, unless filed with the


                                                  6
                 court in which such estate is being administered within: (1) three
                 (3) months after the date of the first published notice to creditors[.]

Ind. Code § 29-1-14-1(a) (2004).


        There is an exception to this three-month limit, however, stemming from the personal
representative’s obligation to serve actual notice on a “creditor of the decedent . . . who is known or
reasonably ascertainable.”1 Ind. Code § 29-1-7-7(d) (Supp. 2014). If the personal representative fails
to serve actual notice within one month of the first published notice, the reasonably ascertainable
creditor gets an additional two months to file, once he finally receives actual notice. Ind. Code § 29-1-
7-7(e). But, no matter the notice date, all claims are barred nine months after the decedent’s death. Id.


        So here, for David’s suit to be eligible for filing up until the nine-month bar, he must
(1) have a “claim” and (2) be a reasonably ascertainable creditor.2


        Conveniently, “claims” is defined in the first chapter of the Probate Code, and it “includes
liabilities of a decedent which survive, whether arising in contract or in tort or otherwise, funeral
expenses, the expense of a tombstone, expenses of administration, and all taxes imposed by reason




1
  Although reasonably ascertainable creditor is not explicitly defined, the Code does provide some useful
context: “A personal representative shall exercise reasonable diligence to discover the reasonably
ascertainable creditors of the decedent . . . .” Ind. Code § 29-1-7-7.5(a) (2004). That responsibility includes
(1) reviewing reasonably available financial records, and (2) making reasonable inquiries of individuals who
are likely to know about the decedent’s debts. Ind. Code § 29-1-7-7.5(b). If the personal representative
complies with the two requirements, creditors who are not discovered are presumed not to be reasonably
ascertainable. Ind. Code § 29-1-7-7.5(d).
2
 It is undisputed that Stephen, as personal representative, did not notify David of Frances’s death or of the
administration of her estate.



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of the person’s death.” Ind. Code § 29-1-1-3(a)(2) (Supp. 2014) (emphasis added). That definition
“appl[ies] throughout this article, unless otherwise apparent from the context.” Ind. Code § 29-1-
1-3(a). Turning to the Non-claim Statute at issue here, neither its language nor context give any
indication that the broad definition penned by the enacting legislature should not apply. Indeed,
quite the opposite is true; the Non-claim Statute uses similarly broad language in setting forth the
general limit for “all claims . . . whether founded in contract or otherwise.” Ind. Code § 29-1-14-
1(a) (emphasis added). Relying on this broad definition makes sense: given the goal of swift
administration, all causes of action against an estate should be subjected to shortened filing
limitations laid out in the Code rather than, for instance, the ten-year statute of limitations for
traditional breach of contract claims. See Ind. Code § 34-11-2-11 (2014).


       Despite the statutory definition of claims, cases analyzing this issue have relied upon this
Court’s narrower common law definition, which predated our Probate Code: “The word ‘claims’
. . . is generally construed to mean debts or demands of a pecuniary nature which could have been
enforced against a decedent in his lifetime and could have been reduced to a simple money
judgment.” Williams v. Williams, 217 Ind. 581, 585, 29 N.E.2d 557, 558 (1940), cited by, e.g., In
re Feusner’s Estate, 411 N.E.2d 166, 168 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980); Matter of Williams’ Estate, 398
N.E.2d 1368, 1370 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980); Vonderahe v. Ortman, 128 Ind. App. 381, 387, 146
N.E.2d 822, 825 (1958); see also In re Estate of Whitehead, 718 N.E.2d 1207, 1211 (Ind. Ct. App.
1999); Cardwell v. Estate of Kirkendall, 712 N.E.2d 1047, 1049 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The Court
of Appeals has specifically noted, however, “Our Supreme Court has not analyzed or applied the
definition of claims since the legislature added the definition to the Probate Code in 1953.”
Keenan, 869 N.E.2d at 1288.


       Although the lower courts needed not wait on us, see S. Ry. Co. v. Howerton, 182 Ind. 208,
220, 105 N.E. 1025, 1029 (1914) (“[T]he common law is not continued in force where the same subject
is covered by a statute.”), we hold the statutory definition of claims supersedes the common law



                                                 8
definition we set out 75 years ago. See Dague v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 275 Ind. 520, 529, 418 N.E.2d
207, 213 (1981) (“[O]ne of the acknowledged functions of legislation is to change the common law to
reflect change of time and circumstances.”). Under the plain language of that definition, David
Markey’s claim for breach of contract to make and not revoke mutual wills is a claim governed by the
Probate Code. It is a liability that survives Frances’s death and sounds in contract.


        Of course, David’s having a claim in probate does not answer the question of whether that
claim was timely filed. The general limit for such claims is three months, and he concedes he filed
outside of that window. For his claim to survive, David must not only be a claimant but also a
“creditor” who is “known or reasonably ascertainable.” Ind. Code § 29-1-7-7(e). This issue,
however, was not fully adjudicated below: because the trial court found David’s claim untimely
under Keenan—which applied the wrong definition of “claims”—it did not reach the question of
whether David fits the exception to the Non-claim Statute under Indiana Code section 29-1-7-7.3
And we find the record on appeal inadequate for us to reach a resolution today, as the parties have
not fully briefed whether David is a creditor of the estate4 or whether he was reasonably
ascertainable.5 Moreover, answering this question may very well require that the parties engage




3
  David has said the trial court implicitly found he was not a reasonably ascertainable creditor, but we disagree.
It merely found David did not have a constitutional due process right to actual notice, an issue that we need
not address here since we are remanding to the trial court to consider David’s claim under Indiana Code
section 29-1-7-7.
4
  Indeed, as David’s counsel told this Court, “I can’t stand here right now and tell you that creditor and
claimant are synonymous with one another under the Probate Code.” Oral Arg. Video at 10:16–10:25.
5
  At oral argument, David’s counsel suggested Stephen’s admissions that he made no attempt to notify any
creditors or return John’s ashes as well as Madonna’s admission that she had a copy of Frances’s prior will
and corresponded with David raise at least an inference his claim was known or reasonably ascertainable. But
neither side spilled much, if any, ink on the application of Indiana Code sections 29-1-7-7 and -7.5, focusing
instead on Keenan and merely making conclusory statements as to David’s status for due process purposes.



                                                        9
in further discovery, which the trial court had initially limited based on its review of Keenan that
we reject.6 We thus remand to the trial court to determine whether David’s claim in probate should
proceed as timely filed.



                                               Conclusion


        We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


Rush, C.J., and Dickson, Rucker, and David, JJ., concur.




6
  David did not have the opportunity to depose Madonna or serve discovery on Gillian. On remand, we trust
the trial court to exercise its sound discretion in managing the scope of discovery. Richey v. Chappell, 594
N.E.2d 443, 447 (Ind. 1992).



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