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                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 18-14313
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 5:17-cr-00061-MTT-CHW-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

JASON KENNETH BELL,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Georgia
                     ________________________

                            (January 24, 2020)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, MARTIN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Jason Kenneth Bell was convicted of two counts of making telephone calls

to the offices of United States Senators Charles Schumer and Tim Scott without

disclosing his identity and with an intent to threaten the Senators, in violation of 47

U.S.C. § 223(a)(1)(C). Bell pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement and was

sentenced to 30 months in prison. He timely appealed to us, raising an argument

for the first time on appeal that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him, violates the First

Amendment. We disagree and affirm his conviction.

      Several times in 2017, Bell called the offices of Senators Schumer and Scott.

The Presentence Investigative Report (“PSI”), to which Bell did not object, stated

that Bell left four messages with Schumer’s office on March 1, 2017, in which he

stated that he “hoped Senator Schumer would be the first person ‘hunted down’

when the ‘true patriots’ rise,” that “he wished he could get his hands on Senator

Schumer, and that he would hit Senator Schumer until he could not lift his arms

anymore.” On October 23, 2017, he called Scott’s office and informed a staffer

that “he wanted to bash in Senator Scott’s brain” and that he was going to “kill that

motherfucker.” He also attempted to call attention to the alleged lack of media

attention to “black on white crimes” in the country. In a message left with Scott’s

office, Bell stated that Scott was “content with this anti-white” messaging; that

Bell was “anti-black” and believed that African-Americans “need to be fucking




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exterminated”; and that Dylann Roof “is the greatest American hero that ever

lived.”

      Bell was arrested by FBI agents on October 27, 2017. He eventually

pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement, which included a stipulation of fact

stating that the government could prove Bell’s conduct, including the

aforementioned, beyond a reasonable doubt. The PSI called for a 24–30 month

prison sentence.

      At the sentencing hearing that followed, Bell conceded that he had made

threats to Schumer and Scott, but argued that the content of the calls—save for the

threats—was protected by the First Amendment. He explained that the content of

the calls primarily featured his views on the media’s alleged failure to report on

white victims of crime, and that giving him a 24–30 month sentence for expressing

these views was inappropriate. The government, in turn, argued that a 30-month

sentence, which it was requesting, reflected separate 15-month sentences for each

count, and that Bell was being punished for repeatedly harassing and threatening

Scott, Schumer, and their staffers—not for expressing his beliefs about

disproportionate media coverage. The district court ultimately adopted the

government’s recommendation, sentencing Bell to 30 months in prison. Bell

objected to the procedural and substantive unreasonableness of the sentence, and




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timely appealed. On appeal, he argues that § 223(a)(1)(C), as applied to him,

violates the First Amendment.

       Though we would ordinarily review de novo the constitutionality of a

challenged criminal statute, United States v. Eckhardt, 466 F.3d 938, 943 (11th

Cir. 2006), Bell concedes that he did not raise § 223(a)(1)(C)’s constitutionality

before the district court. Accordingly, plain error review applies. 1 United States v.

Peters, 403 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2005).

       Under plain error review, we can correct an error only if there is (1) an error,

(2) that is plain, and (3) that affects Bell’s substantial rights. United States v.

Williams, 445 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006). If those three conditions are met,



       1
          Bell concedes that plain error review applies. He further argues that we should reach
the merits of his argument because it is “an issue of great public concern.” In Dean Witter
Reynolds, Inc. v. Fernandez, we explained that though “an appellate court generally will not
consider a legal issue or theory unless it was presented to the trial court,” this was a matter of
appellate discretion. 741 F.2d 355, 360 (11th Cir. 1984). We further explained that there were
five “exceptional circumstances in which it may be appropriate to exercise this discretion and
deviate from this rule of practice,” including the situation where the “issue presents significant
questions of general impact or of great public concern.” Id. at 360–61. Bell argues that this case
presents such a significant question, and therefore, that we should consider the merits of his
argument.
        We note that Bell’s argument is not entirely clear in this regard. Though we agree that
we have applied Reynolds in the criminal context, see United States v. Meko, 912 F.3d 1340,
1355 (11th Cir. 2019), whether we will consider an argument and whether plain error review
applies are separate questions, see United States v. Walker, 59 F.3d 1196, 1198 (11th Cir. 1995).
As we explained in Walker, “[a]s a general rule, a party must timely object at trial to preserve an
issue for appeal. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b), however, we review
issues not preserved below for plain error.” Id. (citations omitted). Accordingly, we are
certainly able to review Bell’s arguments in the present appeal, and do so, infra—but only for
plain error. We do not read Bell’s argument as suggesting that Reynolds applies in such a
manner so as to override our well-established plain error jurisprudence where an “issue presents
significant questions of general impact or of great public concern.”
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then we may exercise our discretion to correct the error only if the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. If

the first two prongs of the plain error rule are satisfied, it is a criminal defendant’s

burden at the third prong to demonstrate that the error affected his substantial

rights. United States v. Mitchell, 146 F.3d 1338, 1343 (11th Cir. 1998). Our

power to review for plain error is “limited” and “circumscribed.” Olano, 507 U.S.

at 732. A plain error is one that is obvious and clear under current law. Id. at 734.

An error cannot be plain if there is no precedent from the Supreme Court or our

Court directly resolving the underlying issue. United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319

F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003).

      Bell’s argument fails at the second prong—which requires that the error be

“plain”—because it is not clear from our precedent, or the Supreme Court’s

precedent, that § 223(a)(1)(C) is unconstitutional. We have only considered

§ 223(a)(1)(C), much less its constitutionality, in one case: Eckhardt. There, we

rejected the defendant’s constitutional challenge to the law outright, holding that

§ 223(a)(1)(C) was neither overbroad nor constitutionally vague. 466 F.3d at 943–

44.

      Bell concedes that there is no Eleventh Circuit precedent that directly

addresses the issue that would make his convictions plainly erroneous. While we

theoretically left open the possibility that there could be applications of


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§ 223(a)(1)(C) that might be unconstitutional, see id. at 943 (noting the Sixth

Circuit “noted that while § 223(a)(1)(C) could have unconstitutional applications,

that fact does not warrant facial invalidation”) (citing United States v. Bowker, 372

F.3d 365, 380 (6th Cir. 2004)), Eckhardt certainly cannot be read as concluding

that § 223(a)(1)(C) was unconstitutional. Not only did we not reach that result, but

the context was different—Eckhardt involved a facial challenge, not, as here, an

as-applied challenge. See id. at 943–44. In the absence of controlling precedent on

this issue, any alleged error by the district court was not clear under current law

and, therefore, not plain. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d at 1291.

      Moreover, even if we determined that the error Bell now identifies was

“plain,” he fails to meet his burden at the third prong of the plain error analysis: he

fails to show that his substantial rights were affected. He does not argue that any

error committed by the district court affected his substantial rights. Accordingly,

he has abandoned the argument on appeal. United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d

1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003).

      For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not plainly err. The

district court’s decision is AFFIRMED.




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