                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                 EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      EL PASO, TEXAS

 PANAMERICAN OPERATING, INC.,                   §
                                                                No. 08-12-00036-CV
                               Appellant,       §
                                                                   Appeal from the
 v.                                             §
                                                             97th Judicial District Court
 MAUD SMITH ESTATE, A TEXAS                     §
 GENERAL PARTNERSHIP,                                          of Archer County, Texas
                                                §
                               Appellee.                      (TC#2009-0000028A-CV)
                                                §

                                            OPINION

       In this breach-of-contract action, PanAmerican Operating, Inc. (“PanAmerican”) appeals

from the trial court’s judgment in favor of the Maud Smith Estate (“Maud Smith”). In three

issues, PanAmerican challenges the sufficiency of the trial court’s findings of fact regarding

apparent authority and ratification and the correctness of its conclusions of law concerning breach

and ratification. We affirm.

                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Maud Smith is in the business of leasing mineral interests it owns to companies like

PanAmerican. To help it acquire leases from mineral owners like Maud Smith, PanAmerican

hires landmen as independent contractors. One of the landmen hired by PanAmerican to obtain

oil and gas leases from mineral owners in Archer County, Texas was Robert Wormser.
       In mid-May 2008, Wormser called William T. Elder, the attorney responsible for

negotiating leases on Maud Smith’s behalf. Without disclosing that he was an independent

contractor, Wormser identified himself as a representative of PanAmerican. Wormser informed

Elder that PanAmerican was interested in leasing minerals owned by Maud Smith and the two men

began negotiating. After agreeing on terms such as the bonus and royalty payment, Elder asked

Wormser to send him an offer in writing. Wormser responded by sending an email to which he

attached a form lease. The email, sent from the address “r.wormser@panamop.com” and dated

May 28, 2008, read:

       Mr. Elder

       Here is the lease form and our offer includes $150.00 per net mineral acre for a 3
       year primary term, 1/5th royalty and a 2 yr option at $200.00 per net mineral acre.
       If you would fill in the lessor’s address and make sure i put the correct name on
       there and if not change it to the capacity they would neet [sic] to sign the lease in.

       Thank you
       robert wormser
       806-535-8576

       During the next four days, Elder and Wormser exchanged several emails in which they

discussed the lease’s format and its contents. Believing the lease had been drafted to both parties’

satisfaction, Elder sent Wormser an email on June 2, 2008, accepting the offer and asking for the

lease bonus on Maud Smith’s behalf. When the lease bonus was not paid promptly, Elder began a

two-month campaign to secure its payment. Despite exchanging more emails with Wormser,

providing Wormser with a copy of the signed lease, and mailing the original lease to Wormser at

PanAmerican’s office, Elder failed to obtain the lease bonus.



                                                 2
        Approximately seven months later, Maud Smith sued PanAmerican for breach of contract

and a declaratory judgment alleging it was entitled to the lease bonus and PanAmerican was

obligated to pay it. PanAmerican answered, denying Wormser was an employee or held a general

power of agency and the communications between Wormser and Elder formed a basis for a

contract between Maud Smith and PanAmerican. Only then did Maud Smith learn Wormser was

an independent contractor. Following a bench trial, the trial court awarded Maud Smith damages

and attorney’s fees and, upon PanAmerican’s request and prompting, issued findings of fact and

conclusions of law.

                                        FINDINGS OF FACT

        In its first and second issues, PanAmerican challenges the trial court’s findings of fact

concerning apparent authority and ratification.

                                        STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Findings of fact in a bench trial have the same force and dignity as a jury’s verdict, and we

review them for legal and factual sufficiency by the same standards applied in reviewing evidence

supporting a jury’s answer. See Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).

        In reviewing the legally sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding

contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802,

822, 827 (Tex. 2005). Evidence is legally insufficient when: (1) there is a complete absence of a

vital fact; (2) the rules of law or evidence bar the court from giving weight to the only evidence

offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla;


                                                    3
or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact. City of Keller, 168

S.W.3d at 810. Less than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence is “so weak as to do no

more than create a mere surmise or suspicion” that the fact exists. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway,

135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004). More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence

furnishes some reasonable basis for differing conclusions by reasonable minds about the existence

of a vital fact. Rocor Int’l, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 77 S.W.3d 253, 262

(Tex. 2002).

       In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all the evidence and set

aside a finding only if it is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be

clearly wrong and unjust. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996).

                                      APPARENT AUTHORITY

       In its first issue, PanAmerican contends the trial court’s findings of fact concerning

apparent authority are factually and legally insufficient. We disagree.

                                       1. Applicable Law

       Apparent authority arises when a principal either knowingly permits its agent to hold

himself out as having authority or acts with such a lack of ordinary care as to clothe its agent with

indicia of authority. Gaines v. Kelly, 235 S.W.3d 179, 182 (Tex. 2007). Only the principal’s

conduct is relevant in determining whether apparent authority exists and it is gauged by the

standard “of a reasonably prudent person, using diligence and discretion to ascertain the agent’s

authority.” Id. at 182-83. Such conduct, however, “is not limited to spoken or written words

. . . . Silence may constitute a manifestation when, in light of all the circumstances, a reasonable


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person would express dissent to the inference that other persons will draw from silence. Failure

then to express dissent will be taken as a manifestation of affirmance.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF

AGENCY § 1.03, cmt. b (2006).1

                                                    2. Discussion

           Evidence adduced at trial established that a reasonably prudent person would have

believed Wormser possessed the authority to contract on PanAmerican’s behalf because

PanAmerican acted with such a lack of ordinary care as to clothe Wormser with indicia of

authority.2




1
  See generally RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 1.03 cmt. b (“[A]n agent is sometimes placed in a position in an
industry or setting in which holders of the position customarily have authority of a specific scope. Absent notice to
third parties to the contrary, placing the agent in such a position constitutes a manifestation that the principal assents to
be bound by actions by the agent that fall within that scope. A third party who interacts with the person, believing the
manifestation to be true, need not establish a communication made directly to the third party by the principal to
establish the presence of apparent authority . . . .”).
2
    The following are the trial court’s findings concerning apparent authority:

           a. Defendant provided Robert Wormser with a PanAmerican Operating, Inc. email address, phone
           line and physical office, in order to negotiate mineral leases on behalf of Defendant.

           b. As a result of Defendant providing Robert Wormser with a PanAmerican Operating, Inc. email
           address, phone line and physical office and knowingly allowing him to utilize same on behalf of and
           in the name of Defendant, Defendant gave Robert Wormser the appearance of an agent/employee of
           Defendant to Plaintiff and of having the authority which he purported to exercise in negotiations
           with Plaintiff.

           c. Robert Wormser did utilize the email address, phone line and physical office provided by
           Defendant in a manner and purpose to benefit Defendant by obtaining an Oil and Gas Lease in
           Archer County, Texas, in the name of Defendant on Plaintiff’s minerals.

           d. Defendant PanAmerican Operating, Inc. failed to require Robert Wormser in his use of the
           provided email address, phone line and physical office to inform Plaintiff that he lacked authority to
           bind Defendant in any negotiations or that any agreement reached required approval by any others,
           which caused Plaintiff to conclude that Robert Wormser actually held the authority which he
           purported to exercise.

                                                             5
       It is undisputed that Wormser had authority to obtain oil and gas leases on PanAmerican’s

behalf and to negotiate terms on its behalf.                Geary Trigleth, founder and president of

PanAmerican, admitted as much at trial.

       It is also undisputed that PanAmerican used Wormser as the point man in obtaining a lease

from Maud Smith.         Elder testified he dealt exclusively with Wormser in negotiating and

finalizing the lease in issue and that they communicated primarily by email. Trigleth conceded

not only that PanAmerican provided Wormser with a “@panamop.com” email address, a cubicle

in the office, and a company landline to use in his efforts to obtain leases on PanAmerican’s

behalf, but also he knew Wormser was negotiating a lease with Elder. 3 Indeed, Wormser

described his efforts in securing the lease from Maud Smith in reports he was required to submit.

       Although disputed by PanAmerican, it is likewise evident PanAmerican endorsed

Wormser’s actions. Trigleth boasted of his ability to monitor emails to and from PanAmerican’s




       e. Defendant failed to produce any evidence that Defendant required Robert Wormser to disclose
       that he was not an agent/employee of Defendant, or acting as an agent/employee of Defendant.

       f. Defendant knowingly permitted Robert Wormser to negotiate with Plaintiff on the Oil and Gas
       Lease while utilizing Defendant’s address, email domain, and telephone without either requiring
       Robert Wormser to communicate his lack of binding authority or notifying Plaintiff directly that
       Wormser lacked such authority.

       g. Neither Defendant, nor Robert Wormser, ever notified Plaintiff or its authorized representative
       that Robert Wormser lacked authority from Defendant.

       h. The Plaintiff relied on Robert Wormser’s representations of his authority and on Defendant’s
       allowing Robert Wormser to engage in such negotiations on its behalf without a disclaimer of
       authority.

       i. Defendant’s conduct clothed Robert Wormser with the indicia of authority that Robert Wormser
       purported to have.


                                                       6
employees and independent contractors, though denied monitoring Wormser’s communications

with Elder. Whether true or not, the fact remains that the emails sent by Wormser from his

“@panamop.com” email address contain no disclaimers that he was not authorized to negotiate

contracts on PanAmerican’s behalf and, in fact, suggest otherwise. 4 In his emails to Elder,

Wormser repeatedly used the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “they,” and “our attorney.” Pointedly, one

of the emails introduced into evidence by Maud Smith, which was authored by a PanAmerican

attorney and dated August 12, 2008, states: “I have gone over all curative with Robert Wormser

in detail. This is also to confirm that we now have copies of executed leases on all mineral

owners except . . . .” Yet as acknowledged by Trigleth, at no point during the negotiations with

Elder or even shortly after PanAmerican received the lease did he or anyone else at PanAmerican

inform Maud Smith that Wormser lacked authority to execute a lease on PanAmerican’s behalf.

It was only when the price of oil dropped precipitously that PanAmerican asserted that Wormser

had no authority to execute leases on its behalf.

        Thus, from all outward appearances, Elder had no reason to believe Wormser did not have

the authority to execute leases on PanAmerican’s behalf and nothing in the record indicates

PanAmerican dissuaded Elder from so believing.

        On appeal, PanAmerican advances four arguments in support of its contention that the trial

court erred in finding Wormser had apparent authority to bind PanAmerican.                    None are

persuasive, however.

        First, PanAmerican asserts the trial court erroneously considered only Wormser’s acts,


3
  The email address “r.wormser@panam.op” itself was unremarkable––Trigeleth assigned “@panamop.com” email
addresses to all PanAmerican officers, employees, and independent contractors.
                                                    7
rather than those of PanAmerican, and, further, there was no evidence Maud Smith relied on

PanAmerican’s conduct to believe Wormser had apparent authority. This assertion is belied by

our discussion of the evidence.

       Second, PanAmerican contends that as a matter of law, the “@panamop.com” email

address provided to Wormser did not cloak Wormser with apparent authority. In support of its

contention, PanAmerican cites CSX Transp., Inc. v. Recovery Express, Inc., 415 F.Supp.2d 6 (D.

Mass. 2006), as authority. PanAmerican’s reliance on CSX is misplaced, however.

       At its core, CSX Transp., Inc. is a case about a credulous third party who is taken advantage

of by a scheming individual with no formal business relationship to the entity sued. In that case,

CSX received an email from an individual stating he was from Recovery Express and another

entity and interested in purchasing rail cars for scrap.      415 F.Supp.2d at 7.     After a few

subsequent phone calls, CSX delivered the rail cars to the individual, who disassembled and

transported them away. Id. at 7-8. When the individual’s check bounced, CSX sought recovery

from Recovery Express and the other entity. Id. at 8. However, by the time suit was brought, the

other entity was no longer in existence allegedly because of fraudulent conduct by the individual.

Id. at 8 n1. CSX asserted Recovery Express, with which the individual and the other entity shared

office space, was liable as a principal because Recovery Express had assigned the individual an

email address containing its domain name. Id. at 8-9. In concluding apparent authority did not

exist because CSX’s inference of the individual’s authority was unreasonable as a matter of law,

the federal district court reasoned: “Granting an e-mail domain name, by itself, does not cloak the

recipient with carte blanche authority to act on behalf [of] the [grantor]. Were this so, every


                                                8
subordinate employee with a company e-mail address – down to the night watchman – could bind

a company to the same contracts as the president.” CSX Transp., Inc., 415 F.Supp.2d at 11.

       This case, on the other hand, is about a principal who employs an agent to carry out its

business but, regretting the outcome of the agent’s actions, opportunistically denies the agent acted

with authority. PanAmerican, unlike Recovery Express, had a formal business relationship with

its agent, knew its agent would be contacting third parties on its behalf for the express purpose of

carrying out its business objectives, and outfitted him with the tools necessary to accomplish his

task. As discussed above, these tools included more than just an email address and gave rise to

the reasonable inference that Wormser was authorized to execute leases on PanAmerican’s behalf.

Moreover, unlike CSX, Elder dealt frequently and extensively with the purported principal’s agent

in consummating the deal and in seeking payment, receiving numerous emails from that agent

informing him that once “they” resolved some issues payment would be forthcoming. As noted

above, PanAmerican asserted Wormser had no authority to execute leases on its behalf only after

the price of oil had dropped precipitously.

       Third, PanAmerican posits the trial court erred in “presum[ing] that PanAmerican had an

affirmative obligation to require its independent contractor agents to expressly disclaim authority

. . . when dealing with third parties” because “[t]hat is not the law in Texas.” However, not only

does PanAmerican fail to cite any authority in support of its position, it is also wrong. See

Funderburg v. Sw. Drug Corp., 210 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1948, no

writ)(“When an agent acts within the apparent scope of his authority, a duty rests upon his

principal to give notice of any limitations which affect the rights of parties dealing with the agent,”


                                                  9
citing TEX.JUR.2d p. 408, sec. 24); Sealy Oil Mill & Mfg. Co. v. Bishop Mfg. Co., 235 S.W. 850,

852 (Tex.Comm’n App. 1921, opinion adopted)(“That the powers of an agent are prima facie

coextensive with the business intrusted to his care, and that they will not be narrowed by

limitations not communicated to the person with whom he deals.”).

       Fourth, PanAmerican argues Elder’s belief that Wormser had apparent authority was

unreasonable and his reliance on this belief was unjustifiable. In support of this argument,

PanAmerican cites case law holding that a third party who fails to ascertain both the fact and the

scope of an agent’s authority cannot rely on apparent authority. See e.g., Humble Nat. Bank v.

DCV, Inc., 933 S.W.2d 224 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, writ denied); Suarez v. Jordan,

35 S.W.3d 268 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). However, these cases are

distinguishable and thus inapposite. In Humble Nat. Bank, the third party knew that the agent was

not the individual who had authority to cash checks for the principal. 933 S.W.2d at 237-38.

Here, Maud Smith did not know that Wormser could not execute a lease on PanAmerican’s behalf.

In Suarez, there was no evidence whatsoever suggesting that a son who signed a settlement

agreement signed it on his father’s behalf. 35 S.W.3d at 273-74. Here, there was ample

evidence suggesting that Wormser had the apparent authority to bind PanAmerican to a lease

negotiated by him.

       Having disposed of PanAmerican’s arguments, we hold that the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that PanAmerican clothed Wormser with the

indicia of authority he purported to have and on which Maud Smith relied by knowingly failing to

take any action to dissuade Elder from believing Wormser had the authority to bind PanAmerican.


                                                10
See Walker Ins. Servs. v. Bottle Rock Power Corp., 108 S.W.3d 538, 550-52 (Tex.App.--Houston

[14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.)(holding that individual who helped obtain a bond for the principal had

apparent authority to negotiate or contract on principal’s behalf because most of the negotiations

were conducted through the individual, the individual was actively involved in securing the bond,

and the individual’s efforts were accepted and ratified by the principal.)

        Issue One is overruled.

                                            RATIFICATION

        In its second issue, PanAmerican argues the trial court’s findings of fact regarding

ratification are factually and legally insufficient. We disagree.

                                         1. Applicable Law

        Ratification is the adoption or confirmation, by a party with actual knowledge of all

material facts, of a prior act that did not then legally bind that party and which that party had a right

to repudiate. Thomson Oil Royalty, LLC v. Graham, 351 S.W.3d 162, 165 (Tex.App.--Tyler

2011, no pet.). A party ratifies a contract by acting under it, performing under it, or affirmatively

acknowledging it. Id. at 166. Where silence is the basis of ratification, the party seeking to hold

a principal liable for an unauthorized act of his agent must show that the principal had knowledge

of all material facts. Thermo Products Co. v. Chilton Independent School District, 647 S.W.2d

726, 733 (Tex.App.--Waco 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Diamond Paint Company of Houston v. Embry,

525 S.W.2d 529, 535 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1975, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The critical

focus is on the actions taken by the party seeking to avoid a contract after he or she becomes aware

of the contract. Thomson Oil Royalty, 351 S.W.3d at 166.


                                                   11
                                                      2. Discussion

           The evidence shows that PanAmerican was aware of the circumstances surrounding the

acquisition of the lease in dispute and chose not to repudiate the validity of the lease until doing so

approximately three months after receiving the lease.5

           It is undisputed that PanAmerican received the lease in issue. Elder testified he mailed the

original signed lease to Wormser at PanAmerican’s business address. In an email, counsel for

PanAmerican acknowledged the lease had been received by PanAmerican and Trigleth did not

contend otherwise at trial. So too is it undisputed that PanAmerican did not repudiate the lease

immediately after receiving it, but instead remained silent for a number of months afterwards. As

demonstrated above in our discussion of apparent authority, PanAmerican knew of all the material

facts surrounding Wormser’s acquisition of the mineral lease. Thus, by keeping the lease and




5
    These are the trial court’s findings on ratification:

           a. Plaintiff emailed a copy of the signed Oil and Gas Lease to Defendant on June 2, 2008.

           b. Plaintiff sent the original signed Oil and Gas Lease to Defendant on or about July 21, 2008.

           c. Defendant’s prior counsel, Mr. Buchan, acknowledged receipt of the Oil and Gas Lease on
           August 12, 2008.

           d. Defendant received and retained the Oil and Gas Lease after being made fully aware of the terms
           surrounding the Oil and Gas Lease.

           e. Defendant failed [to] take any action to dispute the validity of the Oil and Gas Lease within a
           reasonable time.

           f. Defendant failed to return the original Oil and Gas Lease within a reasonable time.

           g. Defendant’s possession of the Oil and Gas Lease prevented Plaintiff from leasing its mineral
           rights to a third party or from mitigating their damages.
                                                            12
failing to repudiate it when presented with the opportunity to do so, PanAmerican affirmatively

acknowledged its validity, thereby ratifying it.

         PanAmerican contends the trial court’s findings are factually insufficient because there is

no clear evidence PanAmerican intended to ratify the lease. But Maud Smith was required to

demonstrate only that PanAmerican performed an intentional act that was inconsistent with any

intention to avoid the lease. Old Republic Ins. Co., Inc. v. Fuller, 919 S.W.2d 726, 728 n.1

(Tex.App.--Texarkana 1996, writ denied). As recognized by this Court, that intent may be

inferred from the acceptance of benefits under the lease after having full knowledge of the act that

would make the lease voidable.         See Williams v. City of Midland, 932 S.W.2d 679, 685

(Tex.App.--El Paso 1996, no pet.)(stating that intentional ratification may be shown by party’s

acceptance of benefits under agreement, after becoming fully aware of fraud). The benefit

PanAmerican received here was obtaining a signed lease without having to pay until PanAmerican

could determine whether, based on the future price of oil, it made economic sense to honor the

lease.

         Second, PanAmerican asserts the trial court’s findings are legally and factually insufficient

because the record does not reflect “that PanAmerican, as an entity, had full knowledge of the

terms of the agreement.” This assertion is belied by Trigelth’s testimony that as president and

founder of PanAmerican, he knew Wormser was negotiating a lease with Elder and by the email

authored by the PanAmerican attorney confirming that PanAmerican had copies of executed

leases on all mineral interest owners except one.




                                                   13
       Third, PanAmerican argues the trial court’s findings are legally and factually insufficient

because PanAmerican “never received, much less retained, a benefit.” As mentioned above,

PanAmerican received the benefit of a signed lease to minerals it could have developed had it

made economic sense to do so.

       Having disposed of PanAmerican’s arguments, we hold that the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that PanAmerican ratified the lease by

failing to take any action to dispute its validity after receiving the lease with full knowledge of the

circumstances surrounding its acquisition.

       Issue Two is overruled.

                                    CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

       In its third and final issue, PanAmerican contends the trial court’s conclusions of law that

PanAmerican ratified and breached the contract are clearly erroneous because the evidence

supporting these conclusions is legally and factually insufficient. We disagree.

       We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo and uphold them if the judgment can

be sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v.

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). Although a trial court’s conclusions of law may not

be challenged for factual sufficiency, we may review the legal conclusions drawn from the facts to

determine whether the conclusions are correct. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 794. If a conclusion of

law is erroneous, but the trial court nevertheless rendered the proper judgment, the error does not

require reversal. Id.




                                                  14
         As demonstrated above, the evidence adduced at trial was legally and factually sufficient to

support the trial court’s finding of fact supporting its conclusions of law. The trial court’s

conclusions are therefore correct.

         Issue Three is overruled.

                                          CONCLUSION

         Having overruled all three of PanAmerican’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.



July 24, 2013
                                                       YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before Rivera, J., Rodriguez, J., and Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)
Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)(Sitting by Assignment)




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