                       Illinois Official Reports

                               Appellate Court



                    People v. Voss, 2014 IL App (1st) 122014



Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption           CORNELIUS VOSS, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.    First District, Third Division
                  Docket No. 1-12-2014



Filed             December 17, 2014




Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-CF-3696; the
Review            Hon. Thomas Joseph Hennelly, Judge, presiding.




Judgment          Affirmed.




Counsel on        Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Benjamin Wimmer, all of
Appeal            State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                  Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                  Janet C. Mahoney, and Monique Patton, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
                  counsel), for the People.
     Panel                     JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Justices Lavin and Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                                 OPINION

¶1          Before a trial on drug possession and related charges, defendant-appellant Cornelius Voss
       moved for a hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), seeking to quash a search
       warrant that led to the evidence against him. The trial court denied the motion and held a bench
       trial. The trial court found Voss not guilty of possession with intent to deliver, but guilty of the
       lesser included offense of possession of cannabis. Voss filed a posttrial motion, arguing that
       the trial court erred in denying his motion for a Franks hearing. The trial court denied the
       motion, and Voss was sentenced to one year in prison. On appeal, Voss contends that he made
       a “substantial preliminary showing” that the statements made in the affidavits supporting the
       search warrant were untruthful and, thus, the trial court erred in denying his motion for a
       hearing under Franks. We disagree and affirm.

¶2                                            BACKGROUND
¶3         On April 17, 2011, Officer Joseph Papke submitted a sworn affidavit in support of a
       warrant to search Voss’s apartment located at 1046 North Monitor in Chicago. In the
       complaint, Officer Papke summarized his experience as a police officer and included
       information obtained from a confidential informant referred to as “J. Doe.” Officer Papke
       detailed the facts as provided by the confidential informant:
                    “On 14 Feb 2011, J. Doe went to 1046 N Monitor Ave to meet ‘C-Time’ to
                purchase Cannabis. J. Doe knocked on the front window, at which time ‘C-Time’ came
                to the door, and brought J. Doe to front room. After talking, ‘C-time’ asked J. Doe,
                ‘how many of them do you want?’ J. Doe told ‘C-Time’, ‘let me get 10’ and handed
                ‘C-Time’ $100.00 usd. ‘C-Time’ then walked into the kitchen along with J. Doe. On
                the table, J. Doe saw (5) large freezer plastic baggies containing cannabis packaged for
                street distribution. ‘C-Time’ then reached into one of the bags and removed (10)
                smaller plastic baggies containing suspect cannabis[,] turned and handed them to J.
                Doe. As J. Doe continued to talk to ‘C-Time’ in the kitchen, J. Doe observed on the
                table (2) semi automatic handguns, (1) a small blue steel .40mm handgun, and the other
                a chrome semi automatic. J. Doe stated to ‘C-Time’ ‘those are some nice stingers,’
                where ‘C-Time’ responded ‘that aint shit!’ ‘C-Time’ then walked J. Doe out the front
                door, and told J. Doe ‘come back when you need more.’ J. Doe then left the area. J. Doe
                then smoked the cannabis and received the same euphoric sensation he always receives
                from ingesting cannabis. J. Doe has bought from ‘C-Time’ every other day for the past
                three years. Every time he has bought he has received the same euphoric sensation. J.
                Doe also knows the handguns to be real, because he has seen, held and shot handguns
                in the past and knows them to be real.”
¶4         Officer Papke averred that he drove J. Doe by 1046 North Monitor and J. Doe pointed to
       the first-floor window at that address and stated that was where he bought the cannabis from


                                                    -2-
       “C-Time” and where he saw the two handguns. Officer Papke ran the name “C-Time” through
       a Chicago police department database and found that Voss was listed as having that alias.
       Officer Papke showed the informant a picture of Voss, who identified the picture as the person
       he knows as “C-Time.” The officer also ran a criminal history check on Voss and found him to
       be a convicted felon for possession of a controlled substance.
¶5         Both the informant and Papke appeared before the issuing judge, and the warrant was
       issued. Pursuant to the warrant, police searched Voss’s apartment and found cannabis and
       three documents bearing Voss’s name and address. This evidence was introduced at trial.
¶6         Before trial, Voss filed a motion for a Franks hearing seeking to quash the search warrant
       and suppress the evidence found in the search. In the motion, Voss challenged the veracity of
       the statements contained in the affidavit in support of the search warrant. Voss claimed that no
       purchase had occurred at the apartment on February 14, 2011, that he was not in the apartment
       for the majority of the day, and when he was there, he did not sell cannabis to anyone. In
       support of his motion, Voss attached his own affidavit as well as affidavits from the other
       residents of the apartment, including his girlfriend and the mother of his two daughters
       (Christine Ballard), and two other roommates (Pierre McDonald and Brittany Patterson).
¶7         In Voss’s affidavit, he stated that on February 14, 2011, he was at home between midnight
       and 8:15 a.m. At 8:15 a.m., he left with Ballard and their two daughters to drop them off at
       school and daycare, went to the dollar store to purchase balloons and flowers for Valentine’s
       Day, and then went to Portillo’s restaurant around 10:30 or 11 a.m. Once he and Ballard left the
       restaurant, they returned home at noon and stayed until 1:45 or 2 p.m., at which time they left
       to go to a movie theater. Voss and Ballard left the movie theater at around 2:45 or 3 p.m. when
       they went to pick up one daughter from daycare and the other daughter from school at 4 p.m.
       According to Voss’s affidavit, he and Ballard were out of their apartment from 4 p.m. until
       they returned home at around 8 or 9 p.m. During the times he was home that day, there were no
       other persons present in the apartment besides its residents. Voss denied that he sold cannabis
       to anyone in the apartment on February 14, 2011.
¶8         Ballard essentially attested to the same facts in her affidavit, including not having seen
       anyone sell or buy cannabis in the apartment and that there were no drugs or handguns in the
       apartment. In his affidavit, McDonald stated that on February 14, 2011, he did not leave the
       apartment at any time and that no other person besides the residents visited the apartment.
       Patterson also stated that she was at the apartment for the entire day except when she went to
       the store around 1 to 1:15 p.m. and did not see any visitors come into the apartment. Both
       McDonald and Patterson stated that they did not sell or buy any cannabis while in the
       apartment or see anyone else sell or buy cannabis in the apartment.
¶9         Voss argued that the affidavits made a substantial preliminary showing that Officer Papke
       and the confidential informant had included false statements in the complaint for a search
       warrant either deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth and that the false statements
       were necessary to the finding of probable cause that led the court to issue the warrant.
¶ 10       The court held argument on Voss’s motion on February 6, 2012. At the hearing, the State
       argued that (i) Franks did not apply because the informant appeared before the magistrate, who
       had the opportunity to assess his credibility; (ii) a deliberate falsehood from a testifying
       confidential informant cannot be used to attack a warrant under Franks; (iii) the attached
       affidavits failed to make a substantial preliminary showing that the warrant contained false
       statements which were made knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard for the

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       truth; and (iv) Office Papke corroborated Voss’s identity and residence. The State also argued
       that the affidavits were from interested parties and did not eliminate the possibility that Voss
       engaged in a drug transaction with the confidential informant, and that nothing suggested that
       Officer Papke, the affiant, either knew or should have known that the informant gave him false
       information.
¶ 11       The trial court denied Voss’s motion, finding that the information presented in the
       affidavits attached to the motion was insufficient to make a substantial preliminary showing of
       deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth. Voss only presented a self-serving
       statement that he did not make a drug sale and the potentially biased affidavits from his
       girlfriend and friends and roommates. The trial court noted that there were no receipts from
       any of Voss’s activities that day and Voss did not provide any additional objective indicia of
       reliability.
¶ 12       The trial court noted an apparent conflict between People v. Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d
       203 (2007), and People v. Caro, 381 Ill. App. 3d 1056 (2008), on the issue of whether the
       confidential informant’s personal appearance and testimony before the issuing judge render
       Franks inapplicable, with Gorosteata finding that it did and Caro declining to follow that
       holding. While inclined to follow Caro, the trial court questioned whether a defendant seeking
       a Franks hearing could overcome the presumption of validity attaching to an affidavit in
       support of a search warrant through affidavits merely denying the factual support for the
       warrant. Ultimately concluding the statements of Voss, his girlfriend, and his roommates as to
       Voss’s whereabouts on February 14, 2011, did not satisfy the substantial preliminary showing
       required by Franks, the court denied Voss’s motion for a Franks hearing.
¶ 13       Following a bench trial, the court found Voss guilty of possession of cannabis, but found
       that the State had not proved intent to deliver beyond a reasonable doubt. Voss filed a posttrial
       motion, arguing that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a Franks hearing. The trial
       court denied the motion and sentenced Voss to one year in prison. Voss timely appealed.

¶ 14                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 15       The sole issue Voss raises on appeal is the trial court’s claimed error in denying his motion
       for a Franks hearing. Voss contends the affidavits he provided in support of his motion
       attesting to his whereabouts and the lack of visitors to the apartment on February 14, 2011,
       show that the drug transaction described by the confidential informant could not have
       occurred. Thus, Voss contends the affidavits were sufficient to make a substantial preliminary
       showing that “the statements from [the confidential informant], upon which the search warrant
       [was] issued, were either deliberately false or made with reckless disregard for the truth.”
       Further, Voss claims that the “additional corroboration” that the court suggested Voss should
       have provided would have been unreasonable and not significantly corroborative, making the
       burden for a Franks hearing “so onerous as to be unachievable.” People v. Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d
       133, 152 (1987). We disagree.
¶ 16       In Franks, the United States Supreme Court recognized a right under limited circumstances
       to a hearing to challenge the veracity of an affidavit supporting a search warrant. The Court
       held that to overcome the presumption of validity that attaches to a warrant affidavit and obtain
       a hearing, a defendant must make “a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement
       knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by the
       affiant in the warrant affidavit” and that “the allegedly false statement is necessary to the

                                                   -4-
       finding of probable cause.” Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56. A defendant makes a “substantial
       preliminary showing” when he offers proof that is “somewhere between mere denials on the
       one hand and proof by a preponderance on the other.” Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at 152.
¶ 17       This court reviews a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s motion for a Franks hearing under
       an abuse of discretion standard. People v. Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d 203, 212 (2007). A trial
       court abuses its discretion where its ruling “is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable to the degree
       that no reasonable person would agree with it.” People v. Rivera, 2013 IL 112467, ¶ 37. As we
       discuss further below, Illinois case law demonstrates this standard of review is particularly
       important in the context of appellate review of a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a Franks
       hearing.
¶ 18       In Lucente, the State obtained a search warrant based on an affidavit from a police officer
       stating that a reliable informant had purchased marijuana from Lucente in Lucente’s apartment
       at 8:30 p.m. on August 23. Lucente submitted affidavits in support of a Franks hearing from
       himself, his wife, and his sister, all stating that Lucente was at his sister’s home at the time the
       alleged drug transaction occurred in Lucente’s apartment. Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at 140. The trial
       court granted and held a Franks hearing, after which the warrant was quashed. Our supreme
       court affirmed the trial court’s decision to hold a Franks hearing, finding that Lucente had not
       presented merely his own affidavit asserting “ ‘I didn’t do it,’ ” but had made a showing that
       was “essentially an alibi,” which was corroborated with two affidavits besides his own, even if
       those affidavits were from obviously biased parties–his sister and his wife. Id. at 154. The
       court recognized that because the determination of whether to grant a hearing is unavoidably
       subjective, there may be some cases where a trial court will deny a hearing when in fact a
       warrant was issued on the basis of false statements and other cases where a hearing is held
       when none was warranted. Id. at 153. But as long as the trial court’s judgment is exercised
       within permissible limits, that judgment should not be disturbed on appeal. Id. Because “[o]n
       balance, the showing made was such that the trial judge could permissibly conclude that an
       evidentiary hearing was warranted,” the court declined to disturb that conclusion. Id. at 154.
¶ 19       In Gorosteata, a police officer submitted an affidavit in support of a search warrant stating
       that an informant had told him that the informant had purchased drugs from a man on June 24
       at 4849 S. Honore Street. Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 205-06. During a search, police found
       drugs at the address and Gorosteata was charged with possession. Gorosteata moved for a
       Franks hearing, offering affidavits denying the informant’s allegations. The trial court denied
       the motion. The appellate court affirmed the denial, finding that the trial court had not abused
       its discretion in determining that Gorosteata failed to make the substantial preliminary
       showing required to warrant a Franks hearing. Id. at 212. Where the affidavits were from
       interested parties and the informant’s allegations were not shown to be “so contradictory or
       outrageous that [the officer] would have engaged in misconduct merely by believing [the
       confidential informant],” the court found Gorosteata had failed to make the required showing.
       Id. at 213. Further, the court held that because the confidential informant personally appeared
       before a judge during the hearing on the complaint for a search warrant, and thus the issuing
       judge had the opportunity to personally assess the informant’s credibility, Franks did not apply
       in any event. Id.
¶ 20       The State challenged the trial court’s grant of a Franks hearing on appeal in People v.
       Caro, 381 Ill. App. 3d 1056 (2008). In that case, a confidential informant also appeared before
       the issuing judge in support of a complaint for a search warrant. Id. at 1058. The informant

                                                    -5-
       testified he witnessed a drug transaction in Caro’s home. Id. at 1057. In support of his motion
       for a Franks hearing, Caro offered affidavits from himself and his roommates stating that he
       was at work for most of the day and had not engaged in any drug transactions as alleged by the
       confidential informant. Id. at 1058. Affirming the trial court’s determination that Caro made
       the necessary showing to warrant a Franks hearing, the appellate court found no abuse of
       discretion by the trial court in granting the hearing. Id. at 1063. The Caro court also declined to
       follow Gorosteata’s alternative holding regarding the effect of the informant’s appearance
       before the issuing judge, noting that Gorosteata involved an appeal taken by defendant
       following the denial of a Franks hearing, whereas Caro involved an appeal by the State from
       the grant of a Franks hearing. Id. at 1065. Distinguishing Gorosteata, the court stated “the
       issue in the present case is whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting the Franks
       hearing where the informant had earlier testified before the judge issuing the search warrant,”
       and it declined to hold that the informant’s testimony before the issuing judge categorically
       precluded a Franks hearing. Id. Instead, the informant’s testimony “was but one factor to
       consider in determining whether to grant a Franks hearing.” Id.
¶ 21       Finally, People v. Chambers, 2014 IL App (1st) 120147, appeal allowed, No. 117911 (Ill.
       Sept. 24, 2014), is one of the few recent Illinois cases where this court has disturbed the trial
       court’s decision whether to grant or deny a Franks hearing. In that case, in support of his
       motion for a hearing, Chambers submitted an affidavit from the confidential informant
       claiming the informant was coerced by a police officer to provide a false affidavit in support of
       the warrant and to testify falsely before the issuing judge. Id. ¶¶ 11, 18. Under those
       circumstances, this court found that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to conduct a
       Franks hearing, despite the confidential informant having appeared before the issuing judge,
       because an opposite conclusion could frustrate the purpose of Franks to ferret out those
       presumably rare cases of misconduct by law enforcement officers in obtaining warrants.
       Id. ¶ 17. In our view, Chambers illustrates why a confidential informant’s appearance before a
       judge is a factor to consider in determining whether a defendant has made a substantial
       preliminary showing to warrant a Franks hearing but does not take the case outside of the
       ambit of Franks.
¶ 22       What emerges from these cases is not a litmus test that will determine whether a trial court
       must in any given case grant or deny a motion for a Franks hearing but, rather, a framework
       consisting of a variety of relevant facts a court should consider in determining whether a
       substantial preliminary showing has been made. These factors include:
                    (1) whether defendant’s motion is supported by affidavits from interested parties or
                disinterested third persons (Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 213);
                    (2) whether defendant has available any objective evidence to corroborate the
                affidavits such as records of hours worked or receipts for travel or other activities;
                    (3) whether the information in the affidavits, accepted as true, renders it impossible
                for the confidential informant’s testimony to be true (see People v. Phillips, 265 Ill.
                App. 3d 438, 444-46 (1994) (finding no substantial preliminary showing where the trial
                court was presented with affidavits from interested parties and “[m]ore importantly, the
                affidavits do not establish that that the defendant could not have sold cocaine to the
                informant on the day in question”); People v. McCoy, 295 Ill. App. 3d 988, 997 (1998)
                (“[n]ot only were the affidavits from interested parties, but they did not establish that it
                was impossible for the informant to have bought heroin from the defendant as

                                                     -6-
               described”); People v. Tovar, 169 Ill. App. 3d 986, 992 (1988) (finding no substantial
               preliminary showing where the affidavits were from interested parties and “the
               affidavits did not establish an impossibility of the informant having access to the
               apartment here, but were more in the nature of an ‘I didn’t do it’ type of affidavit”);
               People v. Torres, 200 Ill. App. 3d 253 (1990));
                   (4) whether the matters asserted by defendant are in the nature of an alibi or a
               general denial that he engaged in the conduct giving rise to probable cause (Lucente,
               116 Ill. 2d at 153-54 (finding that an affidavit asserting “I didn’t do it” amounts to an
               unsubstantiated denial, which would be plainly insufficient to support a Franks
               hearing));
                   (5) whether the information supporting probable cause is the result of a police
               investigation or information supplied by an informant or other confidential source;
                   (6) if probable cause is based on information from a confidential source, whether
               the warrant affiant took steps to corroborate that information (Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at
               152 (finding that where the “warrant affidavit recited no independent corroboration of
               the information relied upon,” the greater the likelihood that either the informant lied to
               the officer-affiant or that the affiant exhibited a reckless disregard for the truth in
               putting forth such information));
                   (7) the facial plausibility of the information provided by the confidential source
               (Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 213 (finding that even if defendant’s affidavits, taken
               as true, had shown that defendant had an alibi, they still “would not have shown [the
               confidential informant’s] allegations to be so contradictory or outrageous that [the
               officer] would have engaged in misconduct merely by believing [the confidential
               informant]”));
                   (8) whether the affiant had any prior experience with the confidential source that
               would enhance the source’s reliability (Franks, 438 U.S. at 165 (“If an informant’s tip
               is the source of information, the affidavit must recite ‘some of the underlying
               circumstances from which the informant concluded’ that relevant evidence might be
               discovered, and ‘some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer
               concluded that the informant, whose identity need not be disclosed, ... was “credible”
               or his information “reliable.” ’ [Citation.]”));
                   (9) whether there exist any circumstances that should counsel against believing the
               information provided by the confidential source (Chambers, 2014 IL App (1st)
               120147, ¶¶ 18, 21 (substantial showing found sufficient to show officer offered false
               statements where affidavit of confidential informant stated that he was coerced by the
               officer into testifying falsely against defendant)); and
                   (10) whether the confidential source appeared before the issuing magistrate who
               had the opportunity to examine the source and asses his or her credibility (Gorosteata,
               374 Ill. App. 3d at 213).
¶ 23       This list of relevant factors is not meant to be exhaustive and relevant considerations may
       vary given the circumstances of each case. Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at 153. Given the fluidity of the
       relevant factors, it is obvious that the abuse of discretion standard of review will often be
       determinative. Because there is no formula for determining whether the trial judge made the
       “right” or “wrong” determination, as long as the decision to grant or deny a Franks hearing is


                                                   -7-
       not arbitrary, fanciful or such that no reasonable person would agree with it, the decision
       should be affirmed. Id. Therefore, decisions reversing a trial court’s order granting or denying
       a Franks hearing should be the exception.
¶ 24       Applying the factors to this case, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
       when it denied Voss’s request for a Franks hearing. First, the affidavits attached to Voss’s
       motion were from interested parties. See People v. Phillips, 265 Ill. App. 3d 438, 445 (1994)
       (“An affidavit [from] an interested party tends to be weaker support for a motion to quash the
       warrant.”). As noted by the trial court, Voss failed to indicate that he had available any
       objective evidence to corroborate the affidavits, such as tickets or receipts from the places he
       claims to have visited on the day in question. While such documentary evidence is not a
       prerequisite to satisfaction of the “substantial preliminary showing” required by Franks, and
       we do not so hold, its existence certainly bolsters a defendant’s ability to make that showing.
¶ 25       Additionally, the affidavits did not preclude the possibility that a drug transaction occurred
       on February 14, 2011 or that the informant saw weapons in the apartment. Even accepting the
       affidavits as true, the affidavits simply establish that Voss was away from his home for parts of
       the day but do not preclude the possibility that the transaction could have occurred during those
       periods when he was in the apartment. In their affidavits, Voss’s roommates stated they were
       home all day and did not see any visitors come to the apartment, but they did not state where
       they were in the apartment, that they were in Voss’s presence whenever he was in the
       apartment, or when they were sleeping during the 24-hour period in question. Thus, the
       information contained in the affidavits did not make it impossible for the drug transaction to
       have occurred between midnight and 8:15 a.m., between noon and 1:45 or 2 p.m., or between 8
       p.m. and midnight, when Voss was home and while the affiants-roommates were sleeping or in
       another room. Thus, even if we believe that Voss was away from his apartment for various
       parts of the day, there remain up to 13 hours of time when he was home and for which the
       affiants-roommates do not attest to where they were in the home–allowing ample opportunity
       for Voss to have engaged in a drug transaction. The testimony in the affidavits here does not
       make it impossible for the confidential informant’s testimony to be true. Phillips, 265 Ill. App.
       3d at 445 (affirming trial court’s refusal to grant a Franks hearing where one of defendant’s
       alibi affiants swore only that he was asleep at the time and location of the alleged transaction,
       as transaction could have occurred while affiant was asleep).
¶ 26       Moreover, given Voss’s admission that he was home for part of the day, the narrative
       provided in the affidavits Voss presented, if taken as true, was not in the nature of an alibi, but
       a general denial that he engaged in the conduct alleged in the complaint for a warrant. General
       denials–as opposed to alibis–are less likely to warrant a Franks hearing. Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at
       153-54.
¶ 27       Further, Officer Papke corroborated the confidential informant’s information by running
       the “C-Time” alias in a police database resulting in the identification of Voss. Additionally, the
       officer showed the informant a photo of Voss, and the informant positively identified him as
       the person who sold him the drugs. Voss’s address in the database also corresponded with the
       address the informant provided. Finally, the officer went to the 1046 North Monitor address
       with the informant, who pointed out the same address as the apartment where he purchased
       cannabis from “C-Time” on February 14, 2011.
¶ 28       Although there is no record of Officer Papke having any prior experience with the
       confidential informant that would enhance the informant’s reliability, there is likewise no

                                                    -8-
       record or any other indication that Officer Papke knew that the information provided by the
       confidential informant was false or that he acted in reckless disregard for the truth. Given the
       narrative presented by the confidential informant and the corroboration of that information, the
       facts presented by Voss in the affidavits do not show the confidential informant’s “allegations
       to be so contradictory or outrageous that [the officer] would have engaged in misconduct
       merely by believing [the confidential informant].” Gorosteata, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 213. Finally,
       the confidential informant here appeared before the judge issuing the search warrant and was
       available for questioning before the judge on the information he provided to Officer Papke.
¶ 29       Given that the majority of factors weigh against the finding that Voss made a substantial
       preliminary showing that the statements set forth in the complaint for a warrant were false or
       made with reckless disregard for the truth, and affording the trial court’s decision significant
       deference under the abuse of discretion standard, we cannot say that the trial court abused its
       discretion when it denied Voss’s motion for a Franks hearing.
¶ 30       Voss contends that in People v. Tovar, 169 Ill. App. 3d 986 (1988), and in People v.
       Castro, 190 Ill. App. 3d 227 (1989), this court upheld the denial of a Franks hearing “based
       solely on the fact that the defendant’s showing consisted of affidavits from family or friends,”
       but argues that both of these cases were based upon a misreading of our supreme court’s
       decision in Lucente.
¶ 31       In Tovar, the State obtained a search warrant based on an informant’s claim that he bought
       heroin from Tovar in his apartment. Tovar, 169 Ill. App. 3d at 989. Tovar sought a Franks
       hearing with supporting affidavits from himself and his wife explaining that his wife had been
       home all day, that he had been at home when not at work, and that neither of them had any
       visitors. Id. at 991. This court found that the trial court had not erred in denying the hearing:
                    “Similar to Lucente, the defendant’s affidavits here came from parties with an
               interest in the case, i.e., the defendant and his wife, which was a factor the Lucente
               court found weakened the defendant’s affidavits. Further, the affidavits did not
               establish an impossibility of the informant having access to the apartment here, but
               were more in the nature of an ‘I didn’t do it’ type of affidavit, specifically found
               insufficient in Lucente.” Tovar, 169 Ill. App. 3d at 992.
¶ 32       Voss argues the Tovar court misread Lucente because, although Lucente noted that
       affidavits from disinterested parties would be more probative, it specifically did not hold that
       they were required to make a substantial preliminary showing to support a Franks hearing.
       Further, the Lucente court specifically distinguished an affidavit setting forth an explanation
       for why the purported drug sale could not have happened, and capable of binding the affiants to
       penalties of perjury. In contrast, Voss argues, the Tovar court did not distinguish the affidavits
       offered in that case from those offered by the defendant in Lucente, and therefore Tovar should
       not be followed. Voss claims that Castro is an extension of Tovar’s faulty reasoning.
¶ 33       But Voss misinterprets the reasoning in Tovar. The Tovar court did not read Lucente as
       requiring affidavits from disinterested parties to make a substantial preliminary showing.
       Tovar correctly noted only that Lucente found that affidavits from interested parties
       “weakened” defendant’s position. Tovar, 169 Ill. App. 3d at 992. Additionally, Tovar
       recognized the distinction between an alibi establishing the impossibility of the informant’s
       account and unsubstantiated “I didn’t do it” denials. Id. It concluded that the defendant’s
       affidavits were of the latter type, which was found insufficient under Lucente. Id. And because
       the affidavits did not establish that it was impossible that the informant had access to Tovar’s

                                                   -9-
       apartment, Voss’s contention that Tovar upheld the denial of a hearing “based solely on the
       fact that defendant’s showing consisted of affidavits from family or friends” is demonstrably
       incorrect.
¶ 34       Even if Voss were correct that the facts here are similar to the facts in Lucente or other
       cases where affidavits from interested parties asserting an alibi have been deemed sufficient to
       grant a Franks hearing, it does not follow that the trial court’s denial of a hearing in this case
       must be reversed. As noted above, the fact that another court would have granted a hearing is
       of no importance, as Lucente does not mandate a Franks hearing in all factually similar cases.
       As the Lucente court observed:
               “We earlier rejected the broad assertion that an alibi-type showing is never sufficient
               under these principles. Likewise, neither can it be said that such a showing will always
               be sufficient.
                                                             ***
                   Given the unavoidably subjective nature of these determinations, it may well be
               that in some cases a trial judge will deny a hearing when in fact a warrant was issued on
               the basis of the false statements. It is also true that the same balancing test may result in
               an evidentiary hearing being held when none is warranted. So long as the trial court’s
               judgment is exercised within permissible limits, that judgment will not be disturbed.”
               (Emphases in original.) Lucente, 116 Ill. 2d at 152-53.
¶ 35       Voss failed to make the substantial preliminary showing required to warrant a hearing
       where the affidavits presented in support of his request for a Franks hearing were from
       interested parties and did not preclude the possibility that a drug transaction took place as
       stated by the informant, and the informant’s information was corroborated. Accordingly, we
       conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Voss’s request for a
       Franks hearing.

¶ 36       Affirmed.




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