                                      NO. 12-12-00293-CV

                         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                          TYLER, TEXAS

REBECCA R. HORNER, AS TRUSTEE                          §            APPEAL FROM THE THIRD
OF THE REBECCA R. HORNER
REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST,
APPELLANT

V.                                                     §            JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

JOE WELTON HEATHER AND GEORGIE
LEE HEATHER, AS TRUSTEES OF THE
HEATHER REVOCABLE TRUST,
APPELLEES                       §                                   HENDERSON COUNTY, TEXAS

                                                 OPINION
        Rebecca R. Horner, as Trustee of the Rebecca R. Horner Revocable Living Trust
(Horner) appeals a judgment awarding an easement by estoppel to Joe Welton Heather and
Georgie Lee Heather, as Trustees of the Heather Revocable Trust (the Heathers). In two issues,
Horner contends that the evidence is “legally and/or factually insufficient” to support the
judgment of an easement by estoppel, and that the trial court erred in denying her request for
additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. We reverse and render.


                                               BACKGROUND
        In 1945, Joe Welton Heather’s father purchased 256 acres of land in Henderson County,
Texas, and began raising cattle.1 In 1951, Joe Reid, Horner’s father, purchased the property
north of the Heathers’ tract. At the time of Reid’s purchase, a quarter mile dirt roadway began at
the entrance to Reid’s property on Farm-to-Market Road 4072, went through his property, and


        1
           Joe Welton Heather’s father was also named Joe Heather. Therefore, we will refer to him as “Heather’s
father” throughout this opinion.
ended at the Heathers’ tract. Joe Welton Heather (Heather) testified that Reid told Heather’s
father he could go down the road anytime he wanted to, and that Reid did not have any
objections to his going down the road as long as he shut the gates. Horner testified that Reid told
her he let Heather’s father “go down there but he doesn’t bother anything.” However, she noted
that her father also said “but if he ever does[,] I’ll re-route him.”
        Eventually, Horner and the Heathers inherited their respective tracts of land. After
Horner inherited her property, Heather approached her and asked if she would give him an
easement over the roadway at issue. When Horner declined, the Heathers filed suit against
Horner, stating that a right to use the roadway existed, that the representation was communicated
to the Heathers and their predecessors in title, and that the Heathers and their predecessors in title
believed and relied on that representation. After a bench trial, the trial court entered a judgment
awarding an easement by estoppel to the Heathers. Horner timely appealed.


                                      EASEMENT BY ESTOPPEL
        In her first issue, Horner contends that the evidence is “legally and/or factually
insufficient” to support the judgment of an estoppel by easement.
Standard of Review
        In an appeal from a bench trial, the trial court’s findings have the same force and dignity
as a jury’s verdict upon questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794
(Tex. 1991). A trial court’s findings may be reviewed for legal and factual sufficiency under the
same standards that are applied in reviewing evidence to support a jury’s answers. Ortiz v.
Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996); Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
When the appellate record contains a reporter’s record, as it does in this case, findings of fact are
not conclusive and are binding only if supported by the evidence. Fulgham v. Fischer, 349
S.W.3d 153, 157 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). We review the trial court's conclusions of
law de novo. Material P'ships, Inc. v. Ventura, 102 S.W.3d 252, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). The standard of review for conclusions of law is whether they are
correct. Id. We will uphold conclusions of law on appeal if the judgment can be sustained on any
legal theory the evidence supports. Id.
        A party who challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support an issue on which
it did not have the burden of proof at trial must demonstrate on appeal that there is no evidence



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to support the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). When
considering a legal sufficiency challenge after a bench trial, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court's findings, “credit[ing] favorable evidence if reasonable [fact
finders] could, and disregard[ing] contrary evidence unless reasonable [fact finders] could not.”
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). We must indulge every reasonable
inference that would support the trial court’s findings. Id. at 822. “The final test for legal
sufficiency must always be whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-
minded people to reach the decision under review.” See id. at 827.
        When considering the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support an adverse finding on
which, as in this case, the appellants did not have the burden of proof, we examine all of the
evidence and “set aside the [finding] only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” See Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)
(per curiam). When reviewing factual sufficiency issues arising from a bench trial, we remain
mindful that the trial court, as the trier of fact, is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses
and the weight to be given their testimony. Canal Ins. Co. v. Hopkins, 238 S.W.3d 549, 557
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2007, pet. denied).
Applicable Law
        An easement confers upon one person the valuable right to use the land of another for a
specific purpose. Hubert v. Davis, 170 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2005, no pet.).
Since an easement is an interest in land, the grant of an easement should be drawn and executed
with the same formalities as a deed to real estate. Id. The doctrine of equitable estoppel, or
easement by estoppel, provides an exception to prevent injustice and protect innocent parties
from fraud. Allen v. Allen, 280 S.W.3d 366, 381 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, pet. denied).
        “The doctrine of easement by estoppel holds that the owner of the alleged servient estate
may be estopped to deny the existence of an easement by making representations that have been
acted upon by the holder of the alleged dominant estate.” Ingham v. O’Block, 351 S.W.3d 96,
100 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (quoting Holden v. Weidenfeller, 929 S.W.2d
124, 131 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied)). Three elements are necessary to the
creation of an easement by estoppel: (1) a representation communicated, either by word or
action, to the promisee; (2) the communication was believed; and (3) the promisee relied on the
communication. Id.



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       The essence of the doctrine of easement by estoppel is that the owner of a servient estate
may be estopped to deny the existence of an easement by making representations that are acted
on by the owner of the dominant estate. Allen, 280 S.W.3d at 381 (citing Drye v. Eagle Rock
Ranch, Inc., 364 S.W.2d 196, 209 (Tex. 1962)). The gravity of a judicial means of acquiring an
interest in land of another solely by parol evidence requires that equitable estoppel be strictly
applied. Martin v. Cockrell, 335 S.W.3d 229, 237 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, no pet.). The
estoppel should be certain, precise, and clear. Id.
Analysis
       Horner contends that the Heathers failed to prove any of the three elements required to
establish an easement by estoppel.      The Heathers contend that they, and Heather’s father,
acquired an easement over Horner’s tract because they used the claimed easement for more than
sixty-five years, that this use continued, unabated and without objections, to the present time, and
that Joe Reid and his successors in interest, including Horner, acquiescesced in that use. We
agree with Horner.
       Regarding the first element of an easement by estoppel, the evidence shows that there
was no representation by Horner or her father to the Heathers or their predecessors in interest.
Heather’s testimony shows only that Reid did not have any objections to Heather’s father going
down the road as long as he shut the gates. Further, Horner’s testimony shows that her father
made no representation, by word or action, that would have created an easement by estoppel. In
fact, she noted that her father said if Heather’s father bothered anything while using the roadway,
he would “re-route him.” Thus, the Heathers failed to establish the first element of an easement
by estoppel.
       Regarding the second element, the Heathers admitted in a response to Horner’s request
for admissions “that Plaintiffs[ʼ] and their predecessors in interest[ʼs] use of the claimed
easement was a permissive use only.” At trial, Heather testified that their permission to use the
roadway over Horner’s tract was permissive, and that they did not own an interest in the
roadway. He stated that he was not trying to take Horner’s land away from her. Further, he
believed that if Horner or her predecessors told him that he could not use the roadway, he would
not have a right to use it. Heather’s belief is supported by the fact that the evidence showed he
asked Horner several times to grant him an easement over the dirt roadway. When she refused,
the Heathers eventually filed this suit. From this evidence, we conclude that the Heathers did not



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believe any alleged representation of an easement in the roadway from Horner or her
predecessors in interest. Thus, the Heathers failed to establish the second element of an easement
by estoppel.
       Finally, the Heathers failed to show the third element of an easement by estoppel—
detrimental reliance on any representation of an easement in the roadway by Horner or her
predecessors in interest. Heather testified that when he built a barn on his property in 2000, he
did not rely on any representation made by Horner nor did he discuss it with her. Further, he
testified that he did not know if his father relied on anything Joe Reid told him when his father
built a barn on the property in 1955. Additionally, Heather testified that he had not made any
improvements on the surface of the claimed easement. From this evidence, we conclude that the
Heathers did not rely to their detriment on any alleged representation of an easement in the
roadway by Horner or her predecessors in interest. Thus, the Heathers failed to establish the third
element of an easement by estoppel.
       We conclude that the Heathers have not established any of the three elements required to
constitute an easement by estoppel. See Ingham, 351 S.W.3d at 100. However, the Heathers
contend that an easement by estoppel was created by the permissive and acquiescing behavior,
and then silence, of Horner and her predecessors in interest by allowing use of the dirt roadway
since 1945. To support this argument, they rely on Wallace v. McKinzie, 869 S.W.2d 592 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 1993, writ denied). The Heathers’ reliance on McKinzie is misplaced. In
McKinzie, the easement by estoppel claimant acted on his belief that an easement had been
created by executing and filing an affidavit in the deed records of Kent County, Texas, claiming
an easement over the road at issue before suit was filed. Id. at 594. In this case, neither the
Heathers nor Heather’s father took any action indicating that they believed they owned an
easement in the roadway over Horner’s tract. To the contrary, the Heathers admitted that their
use of the roadway was by permission only.
       The Heathers also contend that their position is supported by our opinion in Thompson v.
Houk, No. 12-04-00315-CV, 2005 WL 2035831 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 24, 2005, no pet.)
(mem. op.). The Houk case involved 2.32 acres located on a peninsula that was surrounded on
three sides by Cedar Creek Lake and connected to land only by the Thompson tract. Id., at *1.
The Houks moved a mobile home onto the 2.32 acre tract in 1992 and began using it as their
homestead. Id. Further, they improved the access road over Thompson’s land that led to their



                                                5
property. Id. Thompson, through her representative and agent, acquiesced in these material
improvements on both the access road and the Houk tract. Id., at *2. Thus, we held that the
Houks established all three elements of an easement by estoppel. Id.
         As we have discussed above, the Heathers failed to establish any of the elements of an
easement by estoppel. Consequently, we conclude that the McKinzie and Houk cases are
distinguishable from this case.
         There is no evidence to support the trial court’s finding of an easement by estoppel.
Therefore, the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court’s judgment in granting an
easement by estoppel to the Heathers. Accordingly, we sustain Horner’s first issue. Because
Horner’s legal sufficiency argument is dispositive of this appeal, we do not address her factual
sufficiency argument or her second issue regarding the trial court’s denial of her request for
additional findings of facts and conclusions of law. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.


                                                    DISPOSITION
         Having sustained Horner’s first issue, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and
render judgment that the Heathers take nothing.


                                                                JAMES T. WORTHEN
                                                                  Chief Justice


Opinion delivered March 20, 2013.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.




                                                    (PUBLISH)




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                               COURT OF APPEALS
           TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                         JUDGMENT

                                          MARCH 20, 2013


                                      NO. 12-12-00293-CV

                 REBECCA R. HORNER, AS TRUSTEE OF THE
              REBECCA R. HORNER REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST,
                                   Appellant
                                      V.
            JOE WELTON HEATHER AND GEORGIE LEE HEATHER
            AS TRUSTEES OF THE HEATHER REVOCABLE TRUST,
                                   Appellees
_____________________________________________________________________________
                              Appeal from the 3rd Judicial District Court
                        of Henderson County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. 2011C-0430)
 _____________________________________________________________________________
                         THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and the briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, because it is the opinion of this court that there was error
in the judgment of the court below, it is ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED by this court
that the judgment be reversed and judgment rendered that appellees, JOE WELTON
HEATHER AND GEORGIE LEE HEATHER, AS TRUSTEES OF THE HEATHER
REVOCABLE TRUST, take nothing, and that all costs of this appeal are hereby adjudged
against the appellees, JOE WELTON HEATHER AND GEORGIE LEE HEATHER, AS
TRUSTEES OF THE HEATHER REVOCABLE TRUST, in accordance with the opinion of
this court; and that this decision be certified to the court below for observance.
                         James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.
                      Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.

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