                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 13-2490
                        ___________________________

                                    Mike McCarty

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

               Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Helena
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: June 10, 2014
                               Filed: July 11, 2014
                                 ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BYE and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

      This dispute involves the standard flood insurance policy (SFIP) Mike McCarty
purchased from Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Co. (Farm Bureau) shortly
before the Mississippi River flooded his riverside hunting cabin. SFIP coverage is
provided by the federal government’s National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP),
which is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). See
42 U.S.C. § 4011(a). Farm Bureau serves as fiscal agent for the government for a fee,
but has no direct financial stake in the program. See id. § 4071(a)(1); 44 C.F.R.
§ 62.23(g). To recover for flood damage, an SFIP policyholder must submit a timely
proof of loss. See 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. VII(J)(4). Although McCarty
failed to comply with this requirement, the district court—finding waiver based on
a non-waiver agreement—ruled in McCarty’s favor after a bench trial. We reverse.

I.     BACKGROUND
       Amid major flooding along the Mississippi River in spring 2011, McCarty
visited his cabin in Desha County, Arkansas, and found the access road waterlogged,
forcing him to reach his cabin by boat. Five days later, McCarty bought federal flood
insurance through Farm Bureau, simultaneously applying for a loan secured by the
hunting property to evade the NFIP’s standard 30-day waiting period, which does not
apply to insurance tied to certain loans, see 42 U.S.C. § 4013(c)(1)-(2)(A); 44 C.F.R.
§ 61.11(b). The bank estimated the property’s value at $25,000, but McCarty needed
a larger loan to insure the property for a higher amount. Thus, he pledged the
property, plus a $60,000 certificate of deposit, as collateral. At the time, his net worth
exceeded $5 million, and he admits “the whole purpose for getting the loan” was “to
get around the 30-day waiting period set by FEMA.”

       After floodwaters damaged McCarty’s hunting cabin, Farm Bureau assigned
adjusters to process his claim. The only document McCarty signed to validate his
claim was a “Non-Waiver Agreement.” Although the SFIP requires policyholders to
submit a “signed and sworn” proof of loss within 60 days, McCarty never signed any
proof of loss at any time. 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. VII(J)(4). Nor did McCarty
sign any document listing the necessary information, including loss amounts, required
by the proof of loss form. In some cases, the SFIP allows an insurer at its discretion
to “accept the adjuster’s report of the loss instead of [the insured’s] proof of loss,” but
the insured “must sign the adjuster’s report.” Id. art. VII(J)(9) (emphasis added).
McCarty never did so.

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       After the denial of his claim, McCarty filed a complaint against Farm Bureau
in the Eastern District of Arkansas, alleging a state bad faith claim and federal breach
of contract. At the conclusion of a bench trial (jury trials are not permitted for SFIP
disputes, see Gunter v. Farmers Ins. Co., 736 F.3d 768, 773 (8th Cir. 2013)), the
district court found in McCarty’s favor on the breach of contract claim and awarded
$47,059.32 in damages. The district court concluded strict compliance with the proof
of loss requirement was not necessary, reasoning Farm Bureau waived the
requirement by accepting McCarty’s signature on the non-waiver agreement. Farm
Bureau appeals, invoking our 28 U.S.C. § 1291 appellate jurisdiction over the district
court’s final judgment.

II.      DISCUSSION
         This federal flood insurance “case is governed to some extent by rules quite
different from those that would apply in a normal insurance dispute.” Mancini v.
Redland Ins. Co., 248 F.3d 729, 733 (8th Cir. 2001). Promulgated by FEMA in its
role as administrator of the NFIP, the SFIP “is more than a contract: it is also a
regulation . . . stating the conditions under which federal flood-insurance funds may
be disbursed to eligible policy holders.” Id.; see 44 C.F.R. § 61.13; 44 C.F.R. pt. 61,
app. A(1). FEMA authorizes certain private insurers, such as Farm Bureau, to issue
SFIPs to the public. See 42 U.S.C. § 4071(a)(1); 44 C.F.R. § 62.23; id. pt. 62, app. B.
FEMA’s regulations make each insurer “a fiscal agent of the Federal Government, but
not . . . its general agent.” 44 C.F.R. § 62.23(g); see 42 U.S.C. § 4071(a)(1). Without
“express written consent of the Federal Insurance Administrator” by “amendatory
endorsement,” no insurer, such as Farm Bureau, can alter, vary, or waive any
provision of the SFIP. 44 C.F.R. § 61.13(d).

      The insurers deposit all premiums into the U.S. Treasury, which pays claims
and the insurers’ litigation costs. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 4017(a), (d), 4071(a)(1); 44
C.F.R. § 62.23(i)(3), (6), (9). Taxpayers are liable for these expenses when payouts
exceed premiums. See Van Holt v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 163 F.3d 161, 165 n.2

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(3d Cir. 1998). As the NFIP offers insurance at subsidized prices below actuarial
rates, it is no surprise “[t]he potential losses generated by NFIP have created
substantial financial exposure for the federal government and U.S. taxpayers.” U.S.
Gov’t Accountability Office, GAO-13-283, High-Risk Series: An Update 261 (2013);
see also U.S. Gov’t Accountability Office, GAO-14-532T, Dep’t of Homeland Sec.:
Progress Made; Significant Work Remains in Addressing High-Risk Areas 18 (2014)
(“As of December 2013, FEMA owed the Treasury $24 billion . . . and had not made
a principal payment since 2010.”).

       Unlike the usual insurance case in which federal courts apply the substantive
state law governing the insurance contract, NFIP disputes are governed exclusively
by substantive federal law. See 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. IX. “It is well settled
that federal common law governs the interpretation of the SFIP.” Linder & Assocs.,
Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 166 F.3d 547, 550 (3d Cir. 1999). Because federal
common law should be uniform, we follow standard insurance law principles and
strive to maintain consistency among the circuits. See Nelson v. Becton, 929 F.2d
1287, 1291 (8th Cir. 1991). “Undoubtedly, federal programs” like the NFIP “that ‘by
their nature are and must be uniform in character throughout the Nation’ necessitate
formulation of controlling federal rules.” United States v. Kimbell Foods, Inc., 440
U.S. 715, 728 (1979) (quoting United States v. Yazell, 382 U.S. 341, 354 (1966)).

      Applying these principles and reviewing the district court’s legal conclusions
de novo, see Urban Hotel Dev. Co. v. President Dev. Grp., L.C., 535 F.3d 874, 879
(8th Cir. 2008), we hold the district court committed reversible legal error by
excusing McCarty from complying with the SFIP’s proof of loss requirement.

      A.    Proof of Loss Requirement
      We “must strictly construe the statutory or regulatory limits upon
disbursements of funds through federal insurance programs. Like our sister circuits,
we are unable to avoid the conclusion that the proof-of-loss provision in the SFIP

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states such a limit and must therefore be strictly construed.” Mancini, 248 F.3d at
733 (internal citation omitted). Strict compliance with the proof of loss provision is
mandatory: policyholders “‘may not sue . . . to recover money under th[eir] policy
unless [they] have complied with all the requirements of the policy.’” Dickson v.
Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla., 739 F.3d 397, 399 (8th Cir. 2014) (alterations and
omissions in original) (quoting 44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1), art. VII(R)). The proof
of loss “serves as a condition precedent to recovery under the SFIP.” Gunter, 736
F.3d at 773.

       Given the unique nature of the NFIP, precise adherence to the SFIP’s
requirements is necessary as a constitutional matter to prevent the judiciary from
drifting beyond Article III. Only Congress can appropriate funds from the U.S.
Treasury, and any judicial decision ordering disbursement of federal funds on terms
not authorized by Congress would breach constitutional barriers. See, e.g., Mancini,
248 F.3d at 735. In fact, “[t]he SFIP’s procedural requirements” have jurisdictional
implications because these requirements “constitute conditions precedent to a waiver
by the federal government of its sovereign immunity.” Wagner v. Dir., FEMA, 847
F.2d 515, 518 (9th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added) (citing, inter alia, United States v.
Mottaz, 476 U.S. 834, 841 (1986)).

      As “Justice Holmes declared[,] ‘men [and women] must turn square corners
when they deal with the Government.’” U.S. Marshals Serv. v. Means, 741 F.2d
1053, 1059 (8th Cir. 1984) (en banc) (quoting Rock Island, Ark. & La. R.R. Co. v.
United States, 254 U.S. 141, 143 (1920)). When people seek benefits from a
taxpayer-funded program, it is fair to require them to fill out the correct
form—especially one that is only one page and easily accessible online, see FEMA,
Proof of Loss, Form No. 086-0-9 (Oct. 2010), available at
http://www.fema.gov/media-l i b rary-d at a/ 2 0 1 3 0 7 2 6-1 6 01 -2 0 490-
7838/086_0_9_previously_ff81_42.pdf. McCarty acknowledges Farm Bureau
promptly provided him with a short FEMA handbook informing him the proof of loss

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is the “official claim for damages” and “must be fully completed and signed and in
the hands of [his] insurance company within 60 days after the loss occurs.” Yet he
failed to follow this simple instruction.

      B.     Waiver
      Seeking to circumvent the proof of loss requirement, litigants in a throng of
cases have deluged our court with creative theories purporting to show why the
requirement should not apply to their case. Adhering to the law, we have steadfastly
refused to adopt those theories and open the floodgates. See, e.g., Dickson, 739 F.3d
at 400-01; Gunter, 736 F.3d at 771-75; Mancini, 248 F.3d at 735. In this case, we
refuse once again to expose U.S. taxpayers to claims from policyholders who have
not complied with the SFIP’s clear and easy requirements.

       McCarty’s theory—adopted by the district court—is that Farm Bureau, by
having McCarty sign a non-waiver agreement, effectively waived the proof of loss
requirement. This theory attempts to squeeze through a discretionary exception in
Article VII(J)(9) of the SFIP:

      At our option, we may accept the adjuster’s report of the loss instead of
      your proof of loss. The adjuster’s report will include information about
      your loss and the damages you sustained. You must sign the adjuster’s
      report. At our option, we may require you to swear to the report.

44 C.F.R. pt. 61, app. A(1) (emphasis added). But this theory collapses for three
reasons.

       First, even if Farm Bureau wanted to exercise an option to accept the adjuster’s
report, McCarty did not sufficiently comply with this provision. He never signed the
“adjuster’s report.” The district court read “adjuster’s report” broadly to include the
non-waiver agreement.         Yet this document by its title—“NON-WAIVER



                                         -6-
AGREEMENT”—and its terms precluded waiver of the SFIP’s proof of loss
condition:

      IT IS AGREED, that any action taken heretofore or hereafter by the
      insurance company . . . in ascertaining . . . the amount of the loss and
      damage which occurred . . . to MIKE MCCARTY . . . shall not waive or
      invalidate any of the conditions of the policies of insurance.
      ....

      THE SOLE OBJECT AND INTENT of this agreement is to provide for
      the determination of . . . the amount of loss and damage . . . without
      regard to the liability, if any, of [the] insurance companies.

(Emphasis added). We do not interpret this document to waive one of the policy’s
most important requirements when the text plainly says the opposite. We must
employ the strict mode of construction required by federal common law. See Gunter,
736 F.3d at 773-74.

      Second, even if Farm Bureau wished to waive the proof of loss, FEMA has not
authorized waiver in this case. FEMA interprets Article VII(J)(9) as follows:

      P. PROOF OF LOSS REQUIREMENTS AND WAIVER

      The NFIP Proof of Loss Form . . . may be waived on claims under
      $7,500. When a Proof of Loss is waived, the insured’s signature must
      be obtained on the NFIP Final Report Form . . . . If the loss is over
      $7,500, . . . a Proof of Loss must be obtained.

FEMA Adjuster Claims Manual VII-7(P) (2010) (emphasis added). McCarty never
signed “the NFIP Final Report Form,” and anyway FEMA prohibits waiver of
McCarty’s proof of loss because his claim—more than $47,000—is well “over
$7,500.” Id. “FEMA’s interpretation of its own regulation is entitled to great
deference by a reviewing court.” Criger v. Becton, 902 F.2d 1348, 1351 (8th Cir.
1990). Because FEMA’s interpretation is fully consistent with the regulation, we

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defer to that reasonable interpretation. See, e.g., Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S.
36, 45 (1993).

       Third, McCarty’s theory has already been rejected by the only other circuit to
consider the issue. See Suopys v. Omaha Prop. & Cas., 404 F.3d 805, 809-11 (3d Cir.
2005). We agree with the Third Circuit that “in the absence of a written waiver from
FEMA, [the insurer is] barred from accepting the adjuster’s report in place of proof
of loss” for a claim greater than $7,500. Id. at 811. FEMA’s regulations expressly
prohibit insurers from altering, varying, or waiving any “provision” of the SFIP
“other than by the express written consent of the Federal Insurance Administrator
through the issuance of an appropriate amendatory endorsement, approved by the
Federal Insurance Administrator as to form and substance for uniform use.” 44
C.F.R. § 61.13(d). No express written consent was granted in Suopys or in
McCarty’s case. We firmly decline to create a circuit split in this area of federal
common law where uniformity is the goal. See, e.g., Nelson, 929 F.2d at 1291.

III.   CONCLUSION
       Emphasizing that “strict construction of the SFIP is needed to protect sovereign
immunity when federal funds are in question and to ensure uniformity in the diverse
jurisdictions inundated with flood insurance disputes in the aftermath of natural
disasters,” Gunter, 736 F.3d at 774 (internal quotation omitted), we reverse and
remand for entry of judgment in favor of Farm Bureau.
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