Filed 2/2/16 P. v. Cabrillo CA2/6
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                   DIVISION SIX


THE PEOPLE,                                                                  2d Crim. No. B252171
                                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 2007032701)
     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                                 (Ventura County)

v.

PAUL CARRILLO, JR.,

     Defendant and Appellant.


                   A jury found Paul Carrillo, Jr. guilty of first degree murder. (Pen. Code,
§§ 187, subd. (a), 189.)1 The jury also found true that Carrillo was a principal in the
offense and that at least one principal discharged a firearm (§ 12022.53, subds. (c) &
(e)(1)), and that the firearm was discharged from a motor vehicle (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(21)).
The jury also found two gang allegations true. (§§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1), 190.2, subd.
(a)(1).) The trial court sentenced Carrillo to life in state prison without the possibility of
parole.
                   We strike the parole revocation fine imposed by the trial court.
(§ 1202.45.) In all other respects, we affirm.




1
    All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
                                            FACTS
               When Edgar Flores was a teenager, he was associated with the 12th Street
Locos gang. After he married in 2004, he did not associate with any gang. His wife,
Maricela, testified she never saw Flores with a gun, and they did not have one in their
house.
               Flores and his family lived on Ferris Drive in Santa Paula. Ferris Drive is a
rural road that dead ends at railroad tracks. There is little traffic on the street, and it is
mainly used by people who live there.
               On August 24, 2007, some relatives and friends of Flores met at his home.
Included in the group were Flores's brother, Ronnie, and their cousin, Victor. The men
stayed in the front yard visiting with Flores.
               At about 3:00 p.m., Ronnie and Victor left in Victor's truck to buy some
pizza to bring back to the house. As they were stopped at a traffic light, Ronnie saw a
black GMC pickup truck stopped on the opposite side of the intersection. Miguel
Gonzalez was driving the truck. Victor and Ronnie had known Gonzalez since
childhood. Manual Rodriguez was in the passenger seat. As the trucks passed in the
intersection, Rodriguez was "mad-dogging" Victor; that is, giving him threatening looks.
Ronnie and Victor returned to Flores's house.
               At about 4:00 p.m., Carrillo entered a sporting goods store and purchased
.380-caliber Winchester ammunition. The clerk put the ammunition in a Big 5 Sporting
Goods plastic bag.
               At about 5:00 p.m., at Flores's house, the men were in the front yard eating
pizza and drinking beer. The black truck drove down Ferris Drive, past Flores's house,
made a U-turn and drove back. The truck stopped by Flores's driveway with the
windows rolled down. Victor saw Gonzalez and Rodriguez in the truck. They asked one
of the men from the party who owned the truck in the driveway, then they drove away.
               Victor told Flores that the men in the black truck were members of the Bad
Boyz gang. Flores took his children inside the house.


                                                 2
              A few minutes later, the black truck drove down Ferris Drive past Flores's
house again. The truck turned around and stopped near Flores's driveway. The back
passenger window was rolled down. Carrillo was sitting in the passenger seat.
              Carrillo asked one of the men at the party where he was from. The man
understood Carrillo to mean what gang does he belong to. The man said he was not a
gang member. The truck then moved in front of Flores's driveway.
              Flores walked down his driveway toward the black truck. He had his hands
in the air. He may have been holding a beer in one hand. He did not have either hand in
his pocket and he was not carrying a weapon.
              As Flores approached the truck, he asked Carrillo why he was disrespecting
his house. He said his children and family lived there. Flores still had his hands raised.
              Carrillo said he was not disrespecting anyone. Then he said, "This is Bad
Boyz gang." He raised a handgun, extended his arm out the window and fired seven
shots directly at Flores. Flores fell to the ground. As the black truck sped away, Carrillo
yelled, "Bad Boyz gang." Flores died at the scene.
              Sheriff's officers arrived within 15 minutes of the shooting. Victor
identified Carrillo as the shooter, Gonzalez as the driver, and Rodriguez as a passenger.
              The next morning sheriff's deputies executed search and arrest warrants at
Carrillo's house. Carrillo, Gonzalez and Rodriguez were present and were arrested.
              Deputies searched the black truck found in Carrillo's garage. They found a
box of Winchester .380-caliber ammunition and four shell casings inside the truck. They
also found a Big 5 Sporting Goods plastic bag and a receipt for the ammunition.
              Deputies also searched a white truck parked in front of Carrillo's house.
The previous night during surveillance deputies had seen a man leave Carrillo's garage,
enter the white truck and return to the garage. During the search, deputies found a .380-
caliber handgun. Forensic analysis showed the handgun fired the shots that killed Flores.
              Thomas Mendez, an investigator with the district attorney's office, testified
as a gang expert. He said Carrillo and Rodriguez are members of the Bad Boyz gang.


                                             3
Some of the primary criminal activities of the gang are firearms possession, shootings
and murders. Gang members equate fear with respect and commit violent crimes to
cause fear. The question "where are you from" is a challenge, and is typically followed
by a violent response. The gang member who asks the question typically has decided on
an action before the encounter occurs. A gang member may shout his gang's name
during the commission of a crime to spread fear and intimidate rival gangs. In Mendez's
opinion, the shooting was committed in association with and for the benefit of the Bad
Boyz gang.
                                           Defense
                Carrillo did not testify on his own behalf or introduce any other evidence,
but elected to stand on the state of the evidence.2
                                        DISCUSSION
                                               I
                Carrillo contends the trial court erred when it ruled Gonzalez's testimony at
a prior trial inadmissible.
                At the first trial, the People called Gonzalez as a witness. Gonzalez had
agreed to testify as part of a plea agreement. Shortly after Gonzalez began his testimony,
the court became concerned that the People might elicit from Gonzalez hearsay
statements admissible against Carrillo but not against his codefendant Rodriguez. That
would violate the Aranda/Bruton rule. (People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518; Bruton
v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123.) The People sought to admit the statements against
both defendants on the ground they were coconspirators. (Evid. Code, § 1223, subd. (a).)
The trial court held a hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402 on the question of
conspiracy.
                At the section 402 hearing, Gonzalez testified as follows: On the day of the
shooting, he was driving Carrillo and Rodriguez around in his truck. Carrillo stated three
times that "he felt like smoking someone that day." "Smoking someone" means to shoot

2
    The trial court granted codefendant Rodriguez's motion for judgment of acquittal.
                                               4
and kill someone. Carrillo purchased ammunition and they went target shooting. Later
in the day, they were driving around when a police car appeared behind them. They
turned onto Ferris Drive to avoid the police. They saw members of the 12 Street Locos, a
rival gang, at Flores's house. They drove by the house, made a U-turn and drove back to
the house. Carrillo put on some black gloves and told Rodriguez to hand him the gun.
Flores walked down the driveway toward them. Carrillo said they were not disrespecting
Flores's house. Flores continued walking toward them. Carrillo lifted the gun and fired
multiple shots at Flores.
              On cross-examination, by codefendant Rodriguez's counsel, Gonzalez
testified as follows:
              "Q Describe what Edgar Flores was doing as he walked up.
              "A He was just saying how come you are disrespecting my house.
              "Q What was in his hands?
              "A He had a beer can in one and his left hand was in his pocket.
              "Q. Were you concerned about his left hand being in his pocket? [¶] . . . [¶]
              "[A] Yes.
              "Q . . . What was your concern?
              "A I thought he might have a gun.
              "Q Did you say anything to anybody about that?
              "A No.
              "Q Did anybody make a comment that he's strapped, anything like that,
that he has a gun?
              "A No.
              "Q How close before the shooting occurred did Mr. Flores get to the car,
truck?
              "A From my view point, he got close enough to where I could no longer
see below his waist."
              On cross-examination by Carrillo's counsel, Gonzalez testified as follows:


                                            5
              "Q From your vantage point in the position that you were in the driver's
seat, you not only heard Mr. Flores but it was loud enough that it caught your attention to
look in the direction?
              "A Yes.
              "Q And he was walking, right?
              "A Right.
              "Q He was walking directly at the truck?
              "A Right.
              "Q Describe the way he was walking.
              "A Well, he was holding a beer can in one hand and his left hand was in
his shorts pocket.
              "Q Why did that cause you concern, if any? Let me put the question about
the pocket.
              "A Why did it cause me concern?
              "Q Yeah.
              "A Well, because the way he had his hand in there, it seemed like he -- I
don't know if he had a gun but he wanted us to think -- it made me feel like he had a
gun."
              The next court day the People informed the trial court that they had
received information that led them to believe Gonzalez was not being truthful in his
testimony. Based on that disclosure and an unrelated discovery violation, Carrillo moved
for a mistrial. The People did not oppose the motion and the trial court declared a
mistrial.
              Prior to the instant trial, the People withdrew their plea agreement with
Gonzalez. Gonzalez asserted his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. At
the instant trial, Carrillo sought to introduce the transcript of Gonzalez's testimony at the
section 402 hearing into evidence under Evidence Code section 1291. The People and
Rodriguez opposed the motion. The trial court denied the motion.


                                              6
              Carrillo relies on Evidence Code section 1291, subdivision (a)(1). That
subdivision provides in part: "Evidence of former testimony is not made inadmissible by
the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness and: [¶] (1) The former
testimony is offered against a person who offered it in evidence in his own behalf on the
former occasion . . . ."
              Here Carrillo wanted admitted into evidence Gonzalez's testimony that
Flores had his hand in his pocket as he approached the truck. That testimony was offered
into evidence by Rodriguez and Carrillo on cross-examination. Thus, it was not "offered
against the person who offered it in evidence." Instead, it was offered for Carrillo, the
person who offered it into evidence. In order for the testimony that Flores had a hand in
his pocket to qualify for admission under Evidence Code section 1291, subdivision (a)(1),
it would have had to have been offered by the People. It was not.
              Thus, in People v. Rice (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 998, 1005-1006, the court
held that a prosecution witness's prior testimony elicited by the defendant on cross-
examination did not qualify as a hearsay exception under Evidence Code section 1291,
subdivision (a)(1) because the testimony was not originally offered by the People.
              Carrillo attempts to distinguish Rice on the ground that there the former
testimony was given in an unrelated case; whereas here the testimony was given in the
same case. But the point is that the prior testimony was not offered against the person
who offered it into evidence. Whether the prior testimony was given in the same case or
an unrelated case is beside the point under Evidence Code section 1291, subdivision
(a)(1). The trial court properly excluded the evidence.
                                             II
              Carrillo contends the trial court erred when it refused his request for an
imperfect self-defense instruction.
              The trial court gave a murder instruction. It also gave a perfect self-defense
instruction. The court stated it was giving a perfect self-defense instruction for two
reasons. First, the murder instruction mentions a non-justified killing and the court


                                             7
wanted the jury to understand what justification means. Second, Carrillo was trying to
develop evidence of self-defense on cross-examination. The court added, however, that
there was no evidence Carrillo had the right to use any force, much less deadly force.
The court declined Carrillo's request for an imperfect self-defense instruction.
              An imperfect self-defense instruction would have informed the jury that
what would have been murder is reduced to voluntary manslaughter if the defendant
acted in imperfect self-defense. (CALCRIM No. 571.) In imperfect self-defense, the
defendant's belief in the need to use deadly force need not be reasonable, but the
defendant must actually have a belief in such need. (Ibid.)
              An instruction need only be given if there is substantial evidence to support
it. (People v. Castaneda (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1292, 1327.) Moreover, imperfect self-
defense cannot be invoked by a defendant whose own wrongful conduct brought about
the perceived need to kill. (People v. Booker (2011) 51 Cal.4th 141, 182.)
              The uncontradicted evidence is that on the day of the murder Carrillo
purchased ammunition of the type used in the shooting. Later, he drove by Flores's house
with a fellow gang member several times. Flores's house is on a little-used dead end
street. Shortly before the shooting, Carrillo challenged one of Flores's friends by asking
where he was from. Then Carrillo stopped in front of Flores's driveway. Carrillo was the
aggressor. When Flores walked toward the truck, he was unarmed and had both hands in
the air. Carrillo did not tell Gonzalez to drive away. Instead, Carrillo shot an unarmed
man who had his hands in the air. Then Carrillo yelled out his gang name and fled.
              There is no substantial evidence to support any self-defense instruction,
whether perfect or imperfect.
                                             III
              Carrillo contends that because the trial court sentenced him to life without
the possibility of parole, it erred when it ordered him to register as a gang member.




                                             8
              But section 186.30 requires "any person" to register where a gang
enhancement pursuant to section 186.22 is found to be true. There is no exception for
persons sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.
              The People concede, however, that because Carrillo was sentenced to life
without the possibility of parole, the trial court erred in imposing a parole revocation fine.
(§ 1202.45; People v. Oganesyan (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1178, 1181-1186.)
              The parole revocation fine is stricken. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed.
              NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.




                                           GILBERT, P.J.


We concur:



              YEGAN, J.



              PERREN, J.




                                              9
                               James P. Cloninger, Judge

                            Superior Court County of Ventura

                           ______________________________


             Robert L. Angres, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.


             Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Margaret E.
Maxwell, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Douglas L. Wilson, Deputy Attorney
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.




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