                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                                   May 11, 2011 Session

         JAMES Q. HOLDER ET AL. v. WESTGATE RESORTS LTD.

          Appeal by Permission from the Court of Appeals, Eastern Section
                         Circuit Court for Sevier County
                   No. 2004-0477-II    Richard R. Vance, Judge


                No. E2009-01312-SC-R11-CV - Filed December 12, 2011


During a trial of the plaintiffs’ premises liability claim, the trial court excluded as hearsay
a portion of the testimony of the defendant’s expert. The expert would have testified that he
consulted an authoritative source whose interpretation of the applicable building code was
consistent with that of the testifying expert. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and
the defendant appealed. The Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred because the
expert’s testimony was admissible pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703. The Court
of Appeals concluded that the trial court’s error was harmless, however, and affirmed the
judgment. We hold that the Court of Appeals improperly applied an amended version of
Rule 703 that was not in effect at the time of trial. We hold that the trial court properly
excluded as hearsay portions of the proffered testimony of the testifying expert. We vacate
the judgment of the Court of Appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                    Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission;
          Judgment of the Court of Appeals Vacated; Trial Court Affirmed

J ANICE M. H OLDER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C ORNELIA A. C LARK,
C.J., and G ARY R. W ADE, W ILLIAM C. K OCH, J R., and S HARON G. L EE, JJ., joined.

John M. Lawhorn and Matthew A. Grossman, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Westgate Resorts Ltd.,a Florida Limited Partnership d/b/a Westgate Smoky Mountain Resort
at Gatlinburg.

James H. Ripley, Sevierville, Tennessee, for the appellees, James Q. Holder and Laura C.
Holder.

James Bryan Moseley, Nashville, Tennessee, pro se, as amicus curiae.
                                            OPINION

                                 I. Facts and Procedural History

        James Holder sustained multiple injuries when he fell down a stairway while
attempting to exit a condominium owned and operated by Westgate Resorts Ltd.
(“Westgate”). Mr. Holder and his wife, Laura Holder, filed a complaint against Westgate in
the Circuit Court for Sevier County alleging that the configuration of the stairs, the corridor
at the top of the stairs, and the doorway through which Mr. Holder was attempting to exit the
condominium constituted an unsafe condition.1 Mr. Holder further alleged that Westgate
knew or should have known of the unsafe condition and that Westgate’s failure to warn Mr.
Holder or correct the condition caused his injuries. Mrs. Holder asserted a claim for loss of
consortium.

       During a jury trial, the Holders and Westgate presented competing expert testimony
concerning the corridor where Mr. Holder fell and its compliance with the applicable
building code. Westgate presented the expert testimony of James Horner II, the deputy
building official for the City of Gatlinburg, that the corridor complied with the applicable
code. The trial court, however, excluded a portion of Mr. Horner’s testimony that related to
a telephone conversation with officials of the International Code Council, the body that
drafted the building code at issue.

        The jury returned a verdict finding Westgate ninety percent at fault and Mr. Holder
ten percent at fault. The jury assessed damages in the amount of $220,000,2 which the trial
court reduced by ten percent for the comparative fault attributed to Mr. Holder. See
McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d 52, 57 (Tenn. 1992) (discussing modified comparative
fault in Tennessee); see also Tuggle v. Allright Parking Sys, Inc., 922 S.W.2d 105, 109
(Tenn. 1996) (discussing derivative loss of consortium claims for the purposes of
comparative fault). The trial court entered a judgment for the Holders in the amount of
$198,000.

       On appeal, a majority of the Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred by
excluding Mr. Horner’s testimony as to the instructions he received from officials of the
International Code Council because his testimony was admissible pursuant to Tennessee Rule


       1
         The Holders also brought suit against Westgate Smoky Mountain Resort at Gatlinburg Owners
Association, Inc. but voluntarily dismissed these claims prior to trial.
       2
        The jury awarded damages in the amount of $217,479.94 for Mr. Holder’s claim and $2,520.06 for
Mrs. Holder’s claim.

                                                 -2-
of Evidence 703.3 Holder v. Westgate Resorts Ltd., No. E2009-01312-COA-R3-CV, 2010
WL 2889260, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 23, 2010). The Court of Appeals nevertheless
concluded that the error was harmless and affirmed the trial court’s judgment. Id. We
granted permission to appeal.

                                               II. Analysis

        The issue before us is whether the trial court properly excluded Mr. Horner’s
testimony relating to his discussion with officials of the International Code Council. A trial
court’s ruling admitting or excluding expert testimony may be reversed only if the trial court
abused its discretion. Brown v. Crown Equip. Corp., 181 S.W.3d 268, 273 (Tenn. 2005).
A trial court abuses its discretion by applying an incorrect legal standard or by reaching an
illogical or unreasonable outcome resulting in prejudice to the complaining party. Id.

        Mr. Horner testified extensively concerning the applicable building code and his
interpretation of the code. The Holders’ expert had testified that the applicable building code
required a landing width of forty-four inches. Contrary to the testimony of the Holders’
expert, Mr. Horner testified that the building code required a landing width of thirty-six
inches. Following this testimony, counsel for Westgate asked Mr. Horner whether he
consulted any professional resources in his evaluation of this issue. Mr. Horner replied, “To
be perfectly honest with you, I felt that I was correct in my reading of it, but I did call the
International Code Council and I spoke with them.” The trial court then sustained an
objection to Mr. Horner’s testimony and ordered that “the last question” be disregarded. The
trial court held a bench conference after the objection, but the bench conference is not a part
of the record.

       At the conclusion of Mr. Horner’s testimony, the trial court conducted a hearing
outside the presence of the jury. During this hearing, the Holders stated on the record that
they objected to Mr. Horner’s testimony as hearsay because he “was attempting to refer to
a conversation he had had with someone from another state who shared the same opinion that
Mr. Horner had.” Westgate then made an offer of proof. See Tenn. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). The
offer of proof states that Mr. Horner received instruction from officials at the International
Code Council and that Mr. Horner and other experts in his field consult officials at the
International Code Council and rely on their instructions as an authoritative resource for “the
proper interpretation of” the code. The offer of proof further states that Mr. Horner’s
measurement of the corridor “conformed to the instruction he received from” the




       3
           Judge Charles D. Susano, Jr., filed a dissenting opinion.

                                                     -3-
International Code Council.4 Westgate did not assert that Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703
was a basis for the admission of the evidence.5

       We first address the trial court’s conclusion that the proffered testimony was hearsay.
“‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid.
801(c).

       The trial court sustained an objection to the question in which Mr. Horner was asked
if he consulted any professional resources available to building code inspectors. The
question asked did not elicit hearsay testimony from Mr. Horner, who responded that he
spoke to unnamed officials of the International Code Council. As an expert, he was
permitted to state that he consulted professionals in his field. The trial court, however,
instructed the jury to disregard “the question.”



        4
            In its entirety, Westgate’s offer of proof stated:

        The proof was excluded following a sustained hearsay objection by [plaintiff’s counsel].
        The proof that would have been offered through Mr. Horner was that Mr. Horner consulted
        certain professional resources available to building code inspectors to assist him in making
        the determinations that he made and for which he testified. He would have testified that he
        consulted professional representatives of the International Code Council, Birmingham,
        Alabama. He would have testified that he regarded this resource as authoritative and
        reliable in his field in that the International Code Council is responsible for drafting the
        building codes pertinent to the issues in this case, as well as the commentary to those codes.
        He would have testified that the consultation he would have received from that resource is
        something that he regularly does. From time to time he requires assistance, as do other
        members of his profession. He would have testified that information he would have
        received from this resource is of a type reasonably relied upon by members in his particular
        field in forming opinions regarding the proper interpretation of the standard building code.
        He would have testified that after making that contact, the manner by which he evaluated
        this landing area and the manner by which he measured this landing area, he received
        instruction on how to do that from his resource, and the way he did it conformed to the
        instruction he received from the [International Code Council], which drafted the code and
        content.
        5
         It is arguable that the admissibility of this evidence pursuant to Rule 703 was waived because Rule
703 was not asserted as a ground for admission of the evidence at the time of trial. See Williams v. Delvan
Delta, Inc., 753 S.W.2d 344, 347 (Tenn. 1988) (holding a party waives consideration of admission of
evidence when the record contains the incorrect grounds for admission); see also State v. Adkisson, 899
S.W.2d 626, 635 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (“[A]n appellate court will limit its decision to the ground asserted
when the trial court made its ruling.”). We will address the issue, however, because both the majority and
dissenting opinions of the Court of Appeals relied entirely on this rule in deciding this case.

                                                        -4-
      The offer of proof indicates that Mr. Horner would have testified that the International
Code Council is an authoritative resource relied upon by professionals in his field and that
he regularly relies upon this resource when interpreting the code. This testimony is not
hearsay because it is not an out-of-court statement. Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). If Mr. Horner had
been asked questions eliciting this testimony, his answers would have been appropriate
foundation testimony.

       The offer of proof also indicates that Mr. Horner would have testified that his
measurements of the corridor “conformed to the instructions” of the unnamed officials of the
International Code Council. If it was offered for the truth of the matter asserted, Mr.
Horner’s statement that other, out-of-court statements attributed to individuals at the
International Code Council confirmed Mr. Horner’s interpretation of the applicable code was
hearsay. The trial court determined that the evidence was offered for the truth of the
information provided to Mr. Horner. We conclude that the trial court did not err in
determining that this testimony was hearsay.6

       A determination that this statement was hearsay, however, does not end our analysis.
Although generally inadmissible, hearsay is admissible as provided by the Tennessee Rules
of Evidence or otherwise by law. Tenn. R. Evid. 802; see also Arias v. Duro Standard Prods.
Co., 303 S.W.3d 256, 262 (Tenn. 2010). Neither of the parties in this case asserted that the
hearsay exceptions found in Tennessee Rules of Evidence 803 and 804 are applicable.
Westgate asserts on appeal that the hearsay testimony is admissible because Mr. Horner is
an expert witness testifying as to the basis of his opinion.

        Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703 address the qualification of experts and the
permitted bases of their opinions. Tennessee Rule of Evidence 702 permits a witness who
is qualified as an expert to provide opinion testimony if the witness’s “scientific, technical,
or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact . . . to determine a fact
in issue.” The trial court qualified Mr. Horner as a testifying expert based on his experience
and training as the deputy building official for the City of Gatlinburg. In this capacity, he
regularly applied the building code governing the corridor in which Mr. Holder fell. The trial
court correctly determined that Mr. Horner’s opinion was admissible to assist the jury in
determining whether the configuration of the stairs, corridor, and doorway complied with the
applicable code. See Brown, 181 S.W.3d at 274 (“The trial court, therefore, must determine



        6
         Following Mr. Horner’s testimony, the Holders’ expert conceded that Mr. Horner’s interpretation
was correct and that the code required the landing to be thirty-six inches wide. He also conceded that Mr.
Horner “certainly seems to know his code requirements.” The significance of the confirmation of the
measurement by the International Code Council is therefore considerably reduced by the concession.

                                                   -5-
that the expert testimony is reliable in that the evidence will substantially assist the trier of
fact to determine a fact in issue . . . .”).

        Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703 describes the types of evidence on which an expert
may base an opinion. When the trial was conducted on February 11 and 12, 2009, Rule 703
stated,

       The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
       or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or
       before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
       particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or
       data need not be admissible in evidence. The court shall disallow testimony
       in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data indicate
       lack of trustworthiness.

        More than four months after the trial, Rule 703 was amended to include a sentence
stating, “Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the
proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that their probative value
in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert’s opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial
effect.” Tenn. R. Evid. 703 (effective July 1, 2009). The Court of Appeals applied Rule 703
as amended in its analysis of the issues in this case. Holder, 2010 WL 2889260, at *6-7.
Although neither party raises this issue on appeal, we conclude that the Court of Appeals
erred in applying a version of Rule 703 that was not in effect on the date of the trial and
could not have been considered by the trial court.

        We therefore apply the rule that was in effect at the time of trial. The interpretation
of the rules of evidence is a question of law, which we review de novo. Cf. Thomas v.
Oldfield, 279 S.W.3d 259, 261 (Tenn. 2009) (interpreting the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure). Rule 703 is designed to permit an expert witness, who by definition has useful
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge, to base an opinion on the wide range
of knowledge that he has developed in gaining his expertise.

        Rule 703 provides that an expert opinion may be based on inadmissible evidence. An
expert opinion based on inadmissible evidence is permitted if the facts or data on which the
opinion is based are trustworthy and “of a type reasonably relied upon by experts” in the
field. Tenn. R. Evid. 703; see State v. Lewis, 235 S.W.3d 136, 151 (Tenn. 2007) (permitting
an expert to testify to an opinion based on inadmissible hearsay evidence).

       However, the basis of an opinion, if not otherwise admissible, may be admitted only
for the limited purpose of assisting the jury in understanding the opinion. Admission of

                                               -6-
otherwise inadmissible foundation evidence to assist the jury in understanding the opinion
should be rare and should be accompanied by a limiting instruction. See State v. Jordan, 325
S.W.3d 1, 54 (Tenn. 2010) (“Where an expert witness is referring to hearsay statements not
otherwise admissible . . . the trial court should instruct the jury that the hearsay statements
are to be used only for evaluating the expert witness’s testimony and should not be relied on
as substantive evidence.”). According to the rule in effect at the time of the trial, any
admission of the basis of an opinion for the purpose of assisting the jury in understanding the
opinion was subject to the provisions of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 403.7 See Tenn. R.
Evid. 703 adv. comm. cmt. (“Unfairly prejudicial facts or data should be dealt with under
Rule 403.”).8

        Turning to the facts of this case, the trial court prevented Mr. Horner from continuing
his testimony concerning his call to the International Code Council. The offer of proof states
that Mr. Horner would have testified that he received instruction from the International Code
Council and that he conformed his evaluation to the instructions he received. Although this
proffer does not directly state the substance of the instructions from the International Code
Council, the testimony indirectly does so by confirming the method used by Mr. Horner. The
trial court determined that the evidence was offered for the truth of the information provided
to Mr. Horner and was therefore hearsay. As such, its admission was not to assist the jury
in understanding Mr. Horner’s opinion but to insert the opinion of another expert.9

        Experts routinely consult other experts when forming their opinions. Rule 703,
however, does not permit a testifying expert to act as the “mouthpiece” of a non-testifying
expert by simply parroting the non-testifying expert’s opinion. See Loefell Steel Prods., Inc.
v. Delta Brands, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 2d 794, 808 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (observing that Federal Rule
of Evidence 703 does not permit “a witness, under the guise of giving expert testimony, to
in effect become the mouthpiece of the witnesses on whose statements or opinions the expert
purports to base his opinion”); see also Mike’s Train House, Inc. v. Lionel, L.L.C., 472 F.3d

        7
         “Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of
undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403 (emphasis
added).
        8
          We observe that the 2009 amendment to Rule 703 changed the analysis under which inadmissible
foundation evidence may be admitted to assist the jury in understanding the expert’s opinion. The new
standard is that evidence may be admitted only if the court determines that its probative value substantially
outweighs its prejudicial effect. Tenn. R. Evid. 703.
        9
          Because Rule 703 was not offered as a basis for the introduction of Mr. Horner’s hearsay
statements concerning the instructions he received, we cannot fault the trial court for failing to conduct a
balancing test pursuant to Rule 403.

                                                    -7-
398, 409 (6th Cir. 2006) (construing Federal Rule of Evidence 703) (“Other circuits have
squarely rejected any argument that Rule 703 extends so far as to allow an expert to testify
about the conclusions of other experts.”). The opinion to which an expert testifies must be
his own.

                                      III. Conclusion

        We hold that a portion of Mr. Horner’s testimony was inadmissible as hearsay. We
vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court. Costs
of this appeal are assessed against the appellant, Westgate Resorts Ltd., and its surety, for
which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                   _________________________________
                                                   JANICE M. HOLDER, JUSTICE




                                             -8-
