                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                               December 12, 2012 Session

   CELIA MOODY RODGERS and SHERRY MOODY GONZALEZ, Sole
    Survivors of Joan Lois Moody v. GCA SERVICES GROUP, INC. And
                    WEAKLEY COUNTY TENNESSEE

              Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Weakley County
                     No. 2011-CV21      William B. Acree, Judge


               No. W2012-01173-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 13, 2013


This appeal involves injuries allegedly sustained by an employee as a result of her
employment. The heirs of the deceased employee filed this lawsuit asserting numerous
common law tort claims against the deceased employee’s employers. The employers filed
separate motions to dismiss, arguing that the exclusive remedy for the alleged injuries was
pursuant to the workers’ compensation law, and that the plaintiffs’ common law tort claims
were barred. The trial court granted the motions to dismiss. Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.


  Tenn. R. App.P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J., and J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Larry E. Parrish, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants, Celia Moody Rodgers and Sherry
Moody Gonzalez

Bridgid M. Carpenter, Caldwell G. Collins, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, GCA
Services Group, Inc.

Jeffery T. Washburn, Dresden, TN, for the appellee, Weakley County, Tennessee
                                               OPINION

                              I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

       Joan Lois Moody (“Mrs. Moody”) was a long-time custodian at Westview High
School. She began working for Weakley County in that capacity in 1975.1 In 1997,
Westview High School relocated to a new building, and Mrs. Moody began rendering her
services there.

        In 1998, there was a malfunction with the HVAC system at the new Westview High
School, which caused vast amounts of water to infiltrate the premises inside Westview. For
reasons not clear from the complaint, the water remained undiscovered and undisturbed for
weeks. When the condition was discovered, there was a “slime”-like layer of mold and
mildew growing on vent covers, walls, floors, ceilings, library books, chairs, desks and other
fixtures. The County initially attempted to remediate the problem with fans and janitorial
efforts, with little success. Weakley County then retained a restoration company to conduct
emergency dehumidification in the school from August to September 1998. The restoration
company, with the aid of an industrial hygienist, conducted an inspection of Westview in
order to determine how to remediate the mold problem and eliminate the source of water
intrusion. The restoration company estimated that the cost to remediate these conditions
would be nearly $1.3 million. It was later determined that the losses incurred at Westview
would not be covered by insurance. Weakley County did not engage anyone to perform the
extensive remediation recommended by the restoration company. It did, however, file a
lawsuit against entities that were involved in the construction of Westview High School,
apparently seeking to recover its losses in that manner.

       In the years after the 1998 malfunction, Mrs. Moody and her janitorial co-workers
were required to work in close proximity to the mold by disinfecting and wiping visible mold
spores on Westview’s walls and by replacing any discolored ceiling tiles. At some point after
2000, Weakley County “contracted out” its cleaning and janitorial services to a third-party
contractor, and Mrs. Moody became employed by the contractor rather than by Weakley
County. However, her duties basically remained the same. She routinely cleaned up mold
and mildew until she ceased working on or about October 30, 2010. Mrs. Moody was
admitted to a hospital on November 3, 2010, and was informed that she had pneumonia.
Mrs. Moody died at a nursing home on January 19, 2011.



        1
          Because this case was resolved on a motion to dismiss, the facts recited in this opinion are taken
from the complaint, which must be accepted as true at this stage of the proceedings. See Webb v. Nashville
Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011).

                                                    -2-
        Mrs. Moody’s two daughters filed this lawsuit against Weakley County “d/b/a
Weakley County Board of Education” and against GCA Services Group, Inc., the “cleaning
company” contractor with whom she was employed during the latter years of her service at
Westview. The Plaintiffs’ initial complaint was 97 pages in length. It basically alleged that
Mrs. Moody’s mold exposure at Westview caused her to suffer from mycotoxin poisoning
and that such condition ultimately led to her death. Numerous causes of action were asserted
against Weakley County and against GCA. Plaintiffs later filed an amended complaint, and
then a second amended complaint, which totaled 122 pages and contained 619 paragraphs
of allegations.2 The eleven causes of action asserted against Weakley County and GCA were
described as:

       •       “Conspiracy, Aiding, Abetting, Etc.”
       •       “Creation/Maintenance Of Public Nuisance: Strict Liability”
       •       “Creation/Maintenance Of Public Nuisance: Negligence”
       •       “Breach of Confidential Relationship” between employer and employee
       •       “Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress”
       •       “Battery”
       •       “Intentional Failure To Remediate Contamination of Property: Premises
               Liability”
       •       “Common Law Willful, Wanton, Reckless, Intentional Negligence”
       •       “Punitive Damages”
       •       “Wrongful Death”
       •       “Destruction of Parental Consortium”

The complaint sought over $11 million in compensatory and punitive damages from Weakley
County and GCA, and it also sought the appointment of a special master to devise a plan “for
complete remediation necessary to eliminate mold from inside Westview and to render
Westview free of water/moisture intrusion from outside Westview and leaking water and
moisture/condensation inside Westview, to create a court-monitored Westview maintenance
protocol to assure no recurrence of mold contamination inside Westview and to prepare a
thorough written report detailing the remediation of Westview to be filed as part of the public
record in the instant case.”

       Weakley County filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on several grounds, alleging,
among other things, that it was not a proper party to the complaint, that the Plaintiffs lacked
standing to bring a public nuisance claim, and that Plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the


       2
          The amended complaints asserted an additional cause of action against Weakley County and GCA
and also added other “nursing home defendants.” The claims against the nursing home defendants were
dismissed for improper venue, and they are not at issue on appeal.

                                                 -3-
exclusive remedy provision of Tennessee’s workers’ compensation law. GCA likewise filed
a motion to dismiss, asserting that Plaintiffs’ common law claims were barred by the
exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation law. Several responses and replies
were filed.

        Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order of dismissal granting both
defendants’ motions to dismiss. The trial court found that all of the Plaintiffs’ tort claims
were barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation law. The court
also found that the nuisance claim was subject to dismissal on the alternative ground that the
Plaintiffs lacked standing to pursue such a claim. Although the trial court found that
Weakley County was a proper party to the lawsuit, it nevertheless dismissed the Plaintiffs’
complaint for the reasons stated above. Plaintiffs timely filed a notice of appeal, and
Weakley County later filed a notice of cross-appeal.3

                                        II.   I SSUES P RESENTED

      On appeal, the Plaintiffs present a total of twelve issues for review.4 However, the
determinative issues, as we perceive them, can be summarized as follows:

1.      Did the trial court err in dismissing the Plaintiffs’ common law tort claims upon
        finding that the complaint failed to allege facts showing that Weakley County and/or
        GCA actually intended to injure Mrs. Moody, within the meaning of the intentional
        tort exception to the exclusive remedy requirement of workers’ compensation law;
        and
2.      If so, did the Plaintiffs have standing to pursue a nuisance claim against Weakley
        County as successors-in-interest to a cause of action that accrued to Mrs. Moody, due
        to the fact that the nuisance allegedly caused her death.

        3
           Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(a) provides that “any question of law may be brought
up for review and relief by any party,” and “[c]ross-appeals, separate appeals, and separate applications for
permission to appeal are not required.” Pursuant to Rule 5(c), “If more than one party files a notice of appeal
in an action appealed to the Court of Appeals pursuant to Tenn. R. App. P. 3, the first party filing a notice
of appeal shall be deemed to be the appellant, unless otherwise directed by the court.” Tenn. R. App. P. 5(c)
(2012); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 3, 1999 Adv. Comm’n Cmt. (“It is the policy of the appellate court clerk's
office in cases involving cross appeals to consider the appellant to be the party who first files a notice of
appeal[.]”)
        4
            Plaintiffs filed an appellant's brief, a reply brief, and also a lengthy "cross-appellees' brief."
According to their "cross-appellees' brief," it was filed to respond to the issue raised on appeal by
"appellee/cross-appellant" Weakley County. As previously noted, cross-appeals are not required by the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. Accordingly, the Rules do not contemplate that a party in the
Plaintiffs' position will file three separate briefs on appeal.

                                                     -4-
In its posture as appellee, Weakley County also raises an issue regarding whether the trial
court erred in holding that it was a proper party to this lawsuit, rather than the Weakley
County Board of Education, a separate entity. For the following reasons, we affirm the
decision of the circuit court.

                                   III.   S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        The resolution of a Rule 12.02(6) motion to dismiss is determined by an examination
of the pleadings alone. Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d
422, 426 (Tenn. 2011). Such a motion challenges only the legal sufficiency of the complaint,
not the strength of the plaintiff’s proof or evidence. Id. “A defendant who files a motion to
dismiss ‘admits the truth of all of the relevant and material allegations contained in the
complaint, but ... asserts that the allegations fail to establish a cause of action.’” Id. (quoting
Brown v. Tenn. Title Loans, Inc., 328 S.W.3d 850, 854 (Tenn. 2010)). “In considering a
motion to dismiss, courts ‘must construe the complaint liberally, presuming all factual
allegations to be true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences.’” Id.
(quoting Tigg v. Pirelli Tire Corp., 232 S.W.3d 28, 31-32 (Tenn. 2007)). However, “‘[t]he
facts pleaded, and the inferences reasonably drawn from these facts, must raise the pleader's
right to relief beyond the speculative level.’” Id. at 427 (quoting Abshure v. Methodist
Healthcare–Memphis Hosps., 325 S.W.3d 98, 104 (Tenn. 2010)). “We review the trial
court's legal conclusions regarding the adequacy of the complaint de novo.” Id. at 426 (citing
Brown, 328 S.W.3d at 855; Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945 S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tenn. 1997)).

                                          IV.    D ISCUSSION

        Plaintiffs concede that the injuries allegedly suffered by Mrs. Moody occurred as a
result of her employment. As such, both defendants, GCA and Weakley County, contend that
Tennessee’s workers’ compensation law provides the exclusive remedy for Mrs. Moody’s
injuries and that Plaintiffs’ common law tort claims are barred. It is undisputed that
defendant GCA was the immediate employer of Mrs. Moody. According to the complaint,
Mrs. Moody became employed by GCA, rather than Weakley County, after Weakley County
“contracted out the cleaning and janitorial services” previously performed by its own
employees such as Mrs. Moody. Plaintiffs concede that Weakley County was the “principal
contractor,” or “statutory employer,” of Mrs. Moody, pursuant to the workers’ compensation
law, Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-113, and therefore, Weakley County is also treated as an
employer of Mrs. Moody for purposes of liability.5


        5
          “Under the Tennessee Workers’ Compensation Act, an employee injured in an accident while in
the course and scope of employment is generally limited to recovering workers’ compensation benefits from
                                                                                            (continued...)

                                                   -5-
      Tennessee’s workers’ compensation law “provides the exclusive remedy for an
employee who is injured during the course and scope of his employment, meaning the
employee is precluded from seeking tort damages for the injury.”6 Valencia v. Freeland &
Lemm Constr. Co., 108 S.W.3d 239, 242 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Stevenson, 212 Tenn. 178, 368 S.W.2d 760 (1963)). This is because of a statutory
“exclusivity” provision, which provides, in pertinent part:

        The rights and remedies granted to an employee subject to this chapter, on
        account of personal injury or death by accident . . . shall exclude all other
        rights and remedies of the employee, the employee's personal representative,
        dependents or next of kin, at common law or otherwise, on account of the
        injury or death.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-108(a).

        Like other jurisdictions, however, “Tennessee courts have created an exception to the
exclusivity provision for intentional torts committed by an employer against an employee;
these torts give rise to a common-law tort action for damages.” Valencia, 108 S.W.3d at 242
(citing Mize v. Conagra, Inc., 734 S.W.2d 334, 336 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987); King v. Ross Coal
Co., 684 S.W.2d 617, 620 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984); Estate of Schultz v. Munford, Inc., 650
S.W.2d 37, 40 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1982); Cooper v. Queen, 586 S.W.2d 830, 833 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1979)). The theoretical basis for this exception is that the employer cannot allege an
accident when he has intentionally committed the act. Cooper, 586 S.W.2d at 833. By way
of example, under the exception, “[i]t is evident that an intentional tort by the employer in
person upon the employee will afford a ground for common law action for damages.” Id.
(citing Boek v. Wong Hing, 180 Minn. 470, 231 N.W. 233 (1930) (involving an employer
who intentionally and maliciously struck an employee with a broom handle). However, the

       5
        (...continued)
the employer.” Murray v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 46 S.W.3d 171, 175 (Tenn. 2001) (emphasis
added). However, for injuries sustained by employees of subcontractors, our legislature has extended
workers’ compensation liability to principal contractors under certain circumstances. Id. Tennessee Code
Annotated section 50-6-113(a) provides:

        A principal contractor, intermediate contractor or subcontractor shall be liable for
        compensation to any employee injured while in the employ of any of the subcontractors of
        the principal contractor, intermediate contractor or subcontractor and engaged upon the
        subject matter of the contract to the same extent as the immediate employer.
       6
         Like the immediate employer, a statutory employer is immune from suit in tort as well. Troup v.
Fischer Steel Corp., 236 S.W.3d 143, 148 (Tenn. 2007); Campbell v. Dick Broadcasting Co., Inc. of
Tennessee, 883 S.W.2d 604, 606 (Tenn. 1994).

                                                  -6-
employee cannot sustain a tort action against the employer under the intentional tort
exception unless he can prove the employer acted with “actual intent” to injure. Valencia,
108 S.W.3d at 240. In the absence of “actual intent,” the plaintiff is limited to his workers’
compensation remedies. Id. In sum, “the provisions of the workers' compensation statute
are the exclusive remedy for employees to obtain relief from employers for injuries occurring
in the course and scope of employment, unless ‘actual intent’ to injure has been established.”
Id.

        Cases applying the “actual intent” requirement illustrate that this is a “narrow
exception” to the exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation act. Coltraine
v. Fluor Daniel Facility Servs. Co., No. 01A01-9309-CV-00419, 1994 WL 279964, at *2
(Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Jun. 22, 1994). Our Supreme Court was asked to expand the scope of
the exception, to include a broader definition of “actual intent,” in Valencia v. Freeland &
Lemm Constr. Co., 108 S.W.3d 239, 240 (Tenn. 2003). In that case, a construction worker
was working in an open construction trench, which collapsed and buried him alive, causing
his death. Id. at 241. Safety regulations required that companies using construction trenches
either slope the sides of the trenches or use “trench-boxes” to ensure that the trenches did not
collapse, but this employer did neither, although trench boxes were available and on-site.
The employer had been cited twice for violating these regulations before the accident at
issue, but in spite of the citations, it continued to construct trenches that were neither sloped
nor reinforced. The employer also failed to provide a stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe
means of egress from the trench, which was another violation of safety standards. The
collapse that killed the worker was “likely” a result of these safety violations. The worker’s
next of kin filed a tort suit against the employer, asserting claims for intentional
misrepresentation, negligence, strict liability, wrongful death and assault. The complaint
alleged that the employer “acted with the ‘actual intent’ to injure [the worker].” Id.
Nevertheless, the trial court granted the employer’s motion to dismiss the tort claims, finding
that although the complaint “indicated that the employer's conduct was ‘substantially certain’
to cause death, . . . the employer's conduct was not indicative of an ‘actual intent’ to injure
[the worker].” Id. On appeal to the Supreme Court, the plaintiffs argued that “actual intent”
should be broadly interpreted to include an employer's conduct that was “substantially
certain” to cause injury or death, but the Court disagreed. The Court explained the reason
for the “seemingly strict” rule requiring “actual intent” to injure:

       The Workers' Compensation Law takes away from the employee his common
       law rights and gives him others, on the guarantee that these substituted rights
       shall be generously awarded, both for foregoing his common law rights and in
       consideration of the obligations of his employer to keep his employee from
       becoming a public charge. The legislature has made the rights of the employee
       and the employer the exclusive remedy. Those who accept benefits under an

                                               -7-
       act of this kind must likewise take the burdens.

Id. at 243 (quoting King, 684 S.W.2d at 619) (citations omitted). The Court also explained
the parameters of the “actual intent” requirement and the Court’s reasons for rejecting the
broad interpretation suggested by Plaintiffs:

       The court in Mize explained the reason for this exception as:

              Since the legal justification for the common-law action is the
              nonaccidental character of the injury from the defendant
              employer's standpoint, the common law liability of the employer
              cannot be stretched to include accidental injuries caused by the
              gross, wanton, wilful, deliberate, intentional, reckless, culpable,
              or malicious negligence, breach of statute, or other misconduct
              of the employer short of general intentional injury.... Even if the
              alleged conduct goes beyond aggravated negligence, and
              includes such elements as knowingly permitting a hazardous
              work condition to exist, knowingly ordering claimant to perform
              an extremely dangerous job, wilfully and unlawfully violating
              a safety statute, this still falls short of the kind of actual
              intention to injure that robs the injury of accidental character.
              [King,] 684 S.W.2d at 619.

       Mize, 734 S.W.2d at 336 (alteration in original). Further, proof of actual intent
       goes beyond that sufficient to prove gross negligence or even criminal
       negligence. Gonzales v. Alman Constr. Co., 857 S.W.2d 42, 45 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 1993)[.]

              Plaintiff contends that public policy requires us to hold that when an
       employer acts in a manner substantially certain to cause death or injury it acts
       intentionally and such action falls within the intentional tort exception. While
       the traditional definition of intent used in tort law denotes the tortfeasor's
       desire to cause the consequences of his or her actions or the belief that the
       consequences are substantially certain to result from those actions, Hodges v.
       S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 (Tenn. 1992), that definition is not
       applicable in workers' compensation cases. Gonzales, 857 S.W.2d at 45.
       Rather, the definition of actual intent is the actual intent to injure the
       employee. King, 684 S.W.2d at 619.
              ....
              We would radically depart from precedent were we to hold that an

                                              -8-
        employer is exposed to tort liability if its conduct made injury substantially
        certain. This we cannot do. The statute at issue here, as judicially interpreted,
        mandates that the Workers' Compensation Law provides the exclusive
        remedies for all injuries occurring to an employee by way of accident during
        the course of and in the scope of employment, unless “actual intent” is alleged.
        This is the majority rule. See 6 Larson's Workers' Compensation Law §
        103.03 (2001).

Id. at 242-243. The Valencia Court ultimately held that “workers' compensation is an
employee's exclusive remedy unless the employee can show that the employer actually
intended to injure the employee. Proof of gross or criminal negligence is insufficient in this
regard.” Id. at 243. Applying these principles to the complaint filed on behalf of the
deceased construction worker, the Court held that the trial court properly granted the
employer’s motion to dismiss, despite the fact that the complaint alleged that the employer
“acted with the ‘actual intent’ to injure [the worker],” because, according to the Court, “the
amended complaint [did] not allege facts showing that the employer actually intended to
injure the employee.” 7 Id. (emphasis added).

       In the case before us, the 122-page complaint filed by Plaintiffs contained over 600
paragraphs and set forth numerous common law tort claims.8 Aside from the sheer volume
of allegations, the facts are in non-chronological order, and some allegations are simply
unclear.9 Nevertheless, we will repeat what we deem to be some of the most relevant
allegations here. The complaint repeatedly alleged that the “acts/omissions” of Weakley


        7
          We note that Plaintiffs' brief on appeal listed as one of the issues presented: “Should intentional
acts/omissions, by Appellees, that were substantially certain to cause injury to Mrs. Moody[,] be equated
with or the same as actual intent of Appellees to injure Mrs. Moody?” The Supreme Court in Valencia
considered that issue and answered in the negative. It is not necessary to discuss the issue further in this
opinion. We also note that, because of the abundant Tennessee caselaw addressing the issues raised on
appeal, we reject the Plaintiffs’ invitation to look to Mississippi law to resolve the issues before us or to
determine what Tennessee law “should be,” according to Plaintiffs.
        8
          In considering the motion to dismiss, the trial court looked to the second amended complaint filed
by Plaintiffs, and we have done the same on appeal.
        9
          Throughout the complaint, there are lengthy cross-references and “tags” to somewhat “defined”
terms in other paragraphs. For example, paragraph 126 states:

        126. After February 10,1999, Weakley, by and through Weakley's Board, at no time, before
        or after 2009, were employees or other agents assigned to Weakley's Board or otherwise
        rendering to perform Remediation, more particularly described in enumerated paragraphs
        121,154, 202, 218, 222, 228, 231-233, 531-532, 544-545 and 547 herein.

                                                    -9-
County and GCA were “intentional,” “deliberate,” “willful,” and “reckless.” As for the
specific facts alleged, the complaint stated that Mrs. Moody was routinely assigned to clean
up mold and mildew, and that the particular type of mold present in Westview was harmful
to “Susceptible Persons,” meaning, those who have or develop a compromised immune
system. The complaint alleged that Mrs. Moody was a “Susceptible Person.” Plaintiffs
alleged that Weakley County knew “that unremediated mold inside Westview created a clear
and present danger to the health and safety of students, faculty and invitees who are
susceptible (hereinafter ‘Susceptible Persons’) so that exposure of Susceptible Persons to
harmful mold and endotoxin-producing bacteria, was hazardous, unreasonably dangerous
and/or ultrahazardous (hereinafter ‘Clear/Present Danger’).” Plaintiffs alleged that the
Defendants “caused Deceased to be exposed to ultra-hazardous conditions, thereby,
subjecting Deceased to imminent personal injury.” More specifically, the complaint alleged
that the defendants “caused Deceased to be physically exposed, by inhalation, dermal
penetration and/or ingestion, to molds that cause Mold Harm, including Harmful Mold and
endotoxin-producing bacteria.” Plaintiffs claimed that Weakley County “knew or should
have known” that the maintenance program it implemented was not effectively resolving the
mold problem.

        The Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that the Defendants “fraudulently induced” Mrs.
Moody to work in this harmful environment. The complaint alleged that Weakley County
disseminated information to suggest that there was no harmful mold inside Westview when
it “kn[ew] or should have known same to be false.” According to the complaint, when Mrs.
Moody asked GCA whether the mold was harmful, GCA “recklessly and/or falsely
informed” Mrs. Moody and her co-workers that the mold was not harmful. The complaint
alleged that the defendants “employed Deceased's Services, knowing that Deceased was
untrained, unequipped and uninformed” about the effects of mold. Plaintiffs alleged that the
defendants “assign[ed] Deceased tasks that created a potentially life-threatening risk not
obvious to Deceased.” They claimed that the defendants “willfully, recklessly and
intentionally, placed Deceased and Deceased's co-workers, unaware, in harm's way.”

        We are required at this stage of the proceedings to “construe the complaint liberally,
presuming all factual allegations to be true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of all
reasonable inferences.” Webb, 346 S.W.3d at 426. Even so, we find that the Plaintiffs’
complaint fails to allege facts showing that either Weakley County or GCA actually intended
to injure Mrs. Moody. As the Court said in Valencia, “the common law liability of the
employer cannot be stretched to include accidental injuries caused by the gross, wanton,
wilful, deliberate, intentional, reckless, culpable, or malicious negligence, breach of statute,
or other misconduct of the employer short of general intentional injury.” Valencia, 108
S.W.3d at 242 (quoting Mize, 734 S.W.2d at 336). “Even if the alleged conduct goes beyond
aggravated negligence, and includes such elements as knowingly permitting a hazardous

                                              -10-
work condition to exist [or] knowingly ordering claimant to perform an extremely dangerous
job, . . . this still falls short of the kind of actual intention to injure that robs the injury of
accidental character.” Id.

        As Professor Larson explains, it is not enough “merely to allege” actual intent; rather,
“there must be alleged facts constituting an actual [] intent to bring about injury.” 6 Larson's
Workers' Compensation Law, § 103 (2002). “Absent allegations of facts which support
actual intent, an employee cannot maintain a common law action against his employer for his
work-related injuries.” Gonzales v. Alman Constr. Co., 857 S.W.2d 42, 48 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1993) (holding that a common law tort action was properly dismissed for failure to state a
claim because the “plaintiff's allegations [were] insufficient as a matter of law to constitute
the actual intent to injure which is necessary to avoid the exclusive remedy provisions of the
Tennessee Workers' Compensation Act”). Here, Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that Weakley
County depended on employees like Mrs. Moody to provide “superficial maintenance
services . . . to fix-up and clean inside Westview” as a “reckless substitute for [the]
Remediation” recommended by the restoration company, knowing that the recommended
plan was estimated to cost $1.3 million. Plaintiffs alleged that this was a “willful, reckless
and deliberate” decision that was made in “an effort by Weakley, by and through Weakley's
Board, to secure Remediation, without expenditure of Weakley's Funds.” 10 At another point
in the complaint, Plaintiffs allege that Weakley County utilized the cleaning services of Mrs.
Moody and her co-workers during one particular period in order to destroy and “spoiliate”
evidence of mold that would be relevant in lawsuits filed by students. These allegations, and
the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, do not suggest that the defendants acted with an
actual intent to injure Mrs. Moody and her co-workers.

        Plaintiffs compare this case to Doe v. Walgreens Company, No. W2009-02235-COA-
R3-CV, 2010 WL 4823212 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 24, 2010), which was recently decided by
this Court. In Doe, an employee of Walgreens filed numerous claims against her employer
after her co-workers used the pharmacy’s secure database to access her prescription records
and then informed her fiancé and others that she was HIV-positive. Id. at *2. Walgreens
filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that her exclusive remedy was a workers’ compensation
claim. This Court disagreed. The employee’s complaint alleged that her co-workers
“deliberately” accessed her records “without medical or legal justification, and without it
being job related or a business necessity.” Id. Based upon these allegations, we found that
it was “reasonable to infer that [the co-workers’ deliberate acts] were made with the actual
intent to injure” the plaintiff. Id. at *9. We find that Doe is easily distinguishable from the
case at bar. Here, there was no allegation that the injurious acts were undertaken “without


       10
           Counsel for Plaintiffs suggested during the hearing below that Weakley County wanted to save
its money in order to build a new football field.

                                                 -11-
it being job related or a business necessity,” and there was no similar allegation giving rise
to a reasonable inference that Mrs. Moody’s employer actually intended to injure her. See
Webb, 346 S.W.3d at 426 (explaining that on a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff is entitled to
“the benefit of all reasonable inferences”) (emphasis added). In fact, the complaint in this
case lists more than one “job related” or “business” justification for the defendants’ conduct,
including the desire to avoid the expenditure of county funds, and the desire to remove
evidence of mold that would be relevant in another lawsuit. The factual allegations in the
Plaintiffs’ complaint, like those in Valencia, did not demonstrate an actual intent to injure.

       A similar argument was rejected in Gonzales, 857 S.W.2d at 43-44, where an
employee lost his leg after his employer directed him to go into a hole where untrained
workers had just detonated dynamite and to jackhammer a rock that remained, and an
undetonated stick of dynamite exploded. The workers used improper equipment and had no
way of counting the explosions to assure that the number of sticks that had been wired
actually exploded. The plaintiff asked the Court to infer an actual intent to injure from the
fact that untrained persons were using explosives after previous citations for the same
conduct, making injury substantially certain. The Court declined to make such an inference,
stating that the plaintiff’s allegations “[did] not logically result in the conclusion that
defendant intended to harm plaintiff,” and therefore, they were “insufficient as a matter of
law to support the common law action.” Id. at 48. The Court reiterated that “knowingly
ordering claimant to perform an extremely dangerous job,” or willfully violating safety
statutes, “does not provide a sufficient basis to infer actual intent to injure the plaintiff.” Id.
“The law in this State provides that a breach of the employer's duty to provide a safe place
to work is not equated with an actual intent to injure.” Id.

       Plaintiffs also argue that this case is unique and distinguishable from previous
Tennessee cases addressing the intentional tort exception because, according to Plaintiffs,
“In no prior Tennessee case . . . ha[s] an employer known that a directive given by the
employer to the employee would cause the employee injury and, upon inquiry from the
employee, lied to the employee by informing the employee that the directive would not place
the employee in harm’s way.” Plaintiffs claim that in previous Tennessee cases, the risk to
the employee was “obvious.” We disagree. We encountered a situation quite analogous to
the one before us in Coltraine v. Fluor Daniel Facility Servs. Co., No. 01A01-9309-CV-
00419, 1994 WL 279964, *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jun. 22, 1994), where the plaintiffs sued their
employer for various claims arising out of their exposure to asbestos at a construction project.
They alleged that the employer “fraudulently misrepresented that exposure to the asbestos
was of no danger to plaintiffs,” because the asbestos was being removed by another team of
workers in the vicinity, who wore protective clothing. The plaintiffs alleged that the
employer “possessed the knowledge” that the asbestos was “toxic and hazardous and
extremely dangerous to persons who were exposed to it and not protected. Yet, even with this

                                               -12-
knowledge, the defendant . . . intentionally misled the plaintiffs about the hazards of
exposure of asbestos[.]” We affirmed the trial court’s order granting the employer’s Rule
12.02(6) motion to dismiss on the basis that the plaintiffs’ exclusive remedy was under the
workers’ compensation act. We explained:

               Under Tennessee case authority, a plaintiff's allegations that an
       employer knowingly permitted dangerous working conditions to exist is
       insufficient to subject an employer to common law liability. Mize, 734 S.W.2d
       at 336; Gonzales, 857 S.W.2d at 47. “Proof of gross negligence or even
       criminal negligence is insufficient to establish the requisite and actual intent
       to injure that allows an employee to maintain a common law action against his
       employer.” Cooper, 586 S.W.2d at 833; King, 684 S.W.2d at 619; Gonzales,
       857 S.W.2d at 46.
               Plaintiffs contend that their allegation of intentional fraudulent
       misrepresentation takes their case out of the exclusive remedy provision of the
       Tennessee Workers' Compensation Act. Plaintiffs' contention is that “[b]y the
       very nature of fraud, the tortfeasor intends to bring harm to another.” We
       disagree. Tennessee case law establishes that the existence of defendant's
       actual intent to injure, not the nature of the tort, is determinative of whether the
       exception to the exclusive remedy provision applies. . . .
               ....
               Under the workers' compensation cases discussed supra, allegations
       that an employer knowingly permitted a dangerous working condition to exist
       is insufficient to support a cause of action against an employer. Plaintiffs in
       the case at bar, however, allege that they asked their supervisors about the
       dangers of asbestos and that their employer said that the asbestos was of low
       grade and of no danger to them. Plaintiffs allege that defendant knew that the
       asbestos was dangerous to plaintiffs. We conclude that the allegations of
       plaintiffs' complaint are insufficient to bring plaintiffs' case within this
       exception because the allegations at most support only an inference of a
       tortious intent. There is no allegation of intent to cause a harmful result.
       Plaintiffs allege intentional and knowing exposure as opposed to an intentional
       harmful result, and under the law in Tennessee this is insufficient to state a
       claim against an employer.

Id. at *3-4. We likewise conclude that the Plaintiffs in the instant case cannot avoid the
exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation act simply by labeling their causes
of action as claims for battery, fraudulent concealment, public nuisance, premises liability,




                                              -13-
wrongful death, and the like.11 It is not enough for the plaintiff’s allegations to support only
an inference of a tortious intent, as opposed to an actual intent to injure. See id.; see also
Valencia, 108 S.W.3d at 243 (explaining that “the traditional definition of intent used in tort
law . . . is not applicable in workers' compensation cases”).12 For instance, we have
previously explained that the standard for “actual intent” in this context “is far more stringent
than that for civil assault and battery.” Forsythe v. Gibbs, No. M2001-02055-COA-R3-CV,
2002 WL 1869415, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2002) (finding that although evidence
of an employer’s horseplay satisfied the requirements for civil assault and battery, it came
short of demonstrating actual intent to injure, and therefore the employee’s sole remedy was
workers’ compensation). It is “the existence of defendant's actual intent to injure, not the
nature of the tort, [that] is determinative of whether the exception to the exclusive remedy
provision applies.” Coltraine, 1994 WL 279964, at *4; see, e.g., Valencia, 108 S.W.3d at
241 (affirming dismissal of claims for “intentional misrepresentation, negligence, strict
liability, wrongful death and assault” because the facts alleged in the complaint did not show
that the employer actually intended to injure the employee); Lancaster v. B.H. Craig Constr.
Co., Inc., Henry Law No. 3, 1990 WL 70756, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 30, 1990) perm.
app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 1, 1990) (affirming dismissal of wrongful death claim against an
employer because there was no allegation of actual intent to injure the employee, and noting
that “The Workers' Compensation Act provides the exclusive remedy for the entire injury and
all of its damages.”). The exclusivity provision of the workers’ compensation law provides
that the rights and remedies granted to employees under such law “shall exclude all other
rights and remedies of the employee, the employee's personal representative, dependents or
next of kin, at common law or otherwise, on account of the injury or death.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 50-6-108(a) (emphasis added). In the absence of an actual intent to injure within the
meaning of the intentional tort exception, the plaintiff is limited to his workers’
compensation remedies. Valencia, 108 S.W.3d at 240. Finding no facts demonstrating an
actual intent to injure Mrs. Moody, we affirm the trial court’s decision to dismiss the
Plaintiffs’ complaint for failure to state a claim. All other issues are pretermitted.

        11
           For example, Plaintiffs alleged that the defendants' actions involving Westview created a “public
nuisance,” whereby the defendants “intentionally” caused Mrs. Moody to suffer personal injuries, property
damage, and death. On appeal, Plaintiffs acknowledge that “the same issue exists” with regard to the
nuisance claim “as with the other tort claims.” Namely, “Did Weakley [County] create and maintain the
public nuisance with the actual intent to injure Mrs. Moody?”
        12
            Plaintiffs argued on appeal that this case is distinguishable from other cases because, here, the
employer operated a school system, and we recognized in Dean v. Weakley County Bd. of Educ., No.
W2007-00159-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 948882 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2008), that school systems owe a
“special duty” to students. Plaintiffs argue that this duty should be extended to school employees, and that
it should affect the analysis in this case. Dean was a negligence suit. We find no basis or authority for
altering the analysis applicable to certain employers under the judicially created exception to the exclusive
remedy requirement of workers’ compensation law on the ground alleged by Plaintiffs.

                                                    -14-
                                    V.   C ONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby affirmed.
Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellants, Celia Moody Rodgers and Sherry Moody
Gonzalez, and their surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




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