                     NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE


         DAVID H. CAIN, an unmarried man, Plaintiff/Appellant,

                                        v.

FIDELITY NATIONAL TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY; JOSEPH WARD
  and KARI L. WARD, husband and wife; ELIZABETH MCGINNITY, an
      unmarried woman; SNELL AND WILMER, L.L.P.; WILLIAM N.
 POORTEN, III, and CONNIE L. POORTEN, husband and wife; ROBERT
   C. GARCIA, an unmarried man; ANDREW JACOBS and SHELLA P.
   JACOBS, husband and wife; COOPER & RUETER, L.L.P., an Arizona
 L.L.P.; STEPHEN R. COOPER and KARA CRAMER-COOPER, husband
   and wife; RAVEN II HOLDINGS, L.L.C., an Arizona limited liability
 company; HANNA 120 HOLDINGS, L.L.C., an Arizona limited liability
   company; CLYDE L. BAWDEN and JAYME BAWDEN, husband and
 wife; CLYDE L. BAWDEN, Trustee of THE CLYDE LEE BAWDEN AND
    JAYME BAWDEN REVOCABLE TRUST; FIRST AMERICAN TITLE
   INSURANCE COMPANY; DOUGLAS J. THIEL and MARIA THIEL,
   husband and wife; BINGHAM ARIZONA LAND, L.L.C., an Arizona
 limited liability company; QUARLES AND BRADY, L.L.P., a Wisconsin
 L.L.P.; CRAIG H. KAUFMAN and LAURA JANE KAUFMAN, husband
   and wife; JEREMY A. LITE and SHARON J. LITE, husband and wife;
  NORMAN MONTGOMERY and CHERYL MONTGOMERY, husband
       and wife; LEVERAGED LAND CO., LLC, Defendants/Appellees.

                             No. 1 CA-CV 14-0594
                               FILED 11-17-2015


           Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                          No. CV2010-052354
            The Honorable Thomas L. LeClaire, Retired Judge

                                  AFFIRMED
                                 COUNSEL

David H. Cain, Scottsdale
Plaintiff/Appellant

Gallagher & Kennedy, P.A., Phoenix
By Michael K. Kennedy, Mark C. Dangerfield
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Snell & Wilmer, LLP, William Poorten III,
Connie Poorten, Andrew Jacobs and Shella Jacobs, and Robert C. Garcia

Ramras Legal, PLC, Phoenix
By Ari Ramras
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Raven II Holdings, L.L.C., Hanna 120
Holdings, L.L.C., and the Bawden Defendants

Lake & Cobb, P.L.C., Tempe
By Richard L. Cobb, Kiel S. Berry
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees First American Title Insurance Company,
Douglas J. and Maria Thiel, and Bingham Arizona Land, L.L.C.

Cooper & Rueter, L.L.P., Casa Grande
By Stephen R. Cooper
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Cooper & Rueter, LLP and
Stephen and Kara Cooper

Gust Rosenfeld, P.L.C., Phoenix
By Scott A. Malm, Frank S. Tomkins
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Fidelity National Title Insurance Company,
Joseph Ward, Kari L. Ward, and Elizabeth McGinnity

Osborn Maledon, P.A., Phoenix
By Geoffrey M.T. Sturr, Thomas L. Hudson, Eric M. Fraser
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Quarles & Brady, LLP, Craig H. Kaufman and
Laura Jane Kaufman, and Jeremy A. Lite and Sharon J. Lite

Nussbaum Gillis & Dinner, P.C., Scottsdale
By David A. McCarville, Suzanne L. Diaz
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Leveraged Land Co., L.L.C., Norman and
Cheryl Montgomery




                                      2
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court



                        MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Maurice Portley delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Margaret H. Downie and Judge Patricia A. Orozco joined.


P O R T L E Y, Judge:

¶1            David H. Cain (“Cain”) appeals the summary judgment
entered in favor of the defendants and the denial of his motion for summary
judgment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. Prior Litigation

¶2             Norman and Cheryl Montgomery, and Leveraged Land
Company (collectively “LLC”) filed a complaint in March 2005 against
Michael Hodges (“Hodges”) seeking to foreclose Hodges’ right to redeem
tax liens held by LLC, and to quiet title to the property. Leveraged Land Co.
v. Hodges (“Hodges I”), 2 CA-CV 2006-0210, 2007 WL 5556356, at *1, ¶ 2 (Ariz.
App. Aug. 8, 2007) (mem. decision). After Hodges was served by
publication and failed to appear, LLC obtained a default judgment against
him. Id. LLC subsequently sold the property to Raven II Holdings, L.L.C.
and Hanna 120 Holdings, L.L.C. (collectively “Raven”), and Raven
subsequently conveyed a partial interest in the property to Bingham
Arizona Land, L.L.C. (“Bingham”). Leveraged Land Co. v. Hodges (“Hodges
III”), 224 Ariz. 442, 445, ¶ 2, 232 P.3d 756, 759 (App. 2010).1

¶3            Hodges filed a motion for a new trial under Arizona Rule of
Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 59(j), arguing that because he was “ready, willing,
and able to redeem the property,” he had established good cause for a new
trial.2 Hodges I, 2 CA-CV 2006-0210, at *3, ¶ 10. In response, LLC
successfully argued that Hodges was not “ready, willing, and able” to


1 The opinion was vacated on other grounds in Leveraged Land Co. v. Hodges
(Hodges IV), 226 Ariz. 382, 249 P.3d 341 (2011).
2 Rule 59(j)(1) provides that “[w]hen judgment has been rendered on service

by publication, and the defendant has not appeared, a new trial may be
granted upon application of the defendant for good cause shown by
affidavit, made within one year after rendition of the judgment.”

                                     3
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court

redeem because he had secured the funds from Cain, a third party. Id. at
*1, 4, ¶¶ 3, 14. On appeal, the ruling was reversed and the case remanded
“for further proceedings.” Id. at *5, ¶ 19.

¶4             The trial court subsequently granted Hodges a new trial and
the right to redeem the tax liens. Leveraged Land Co. v. Hodges (“Hodges II”),
2 CA-CV 2009-0057, 2009 WL 3087551, at *1, ¶ 4 (Ariz. App. Sept. 24, 2009)
(mem. decision). And he redeemed the tax liens. Hodges III, 224 Ariz. at
445, ¶ 4, 232 P.3d at 759. Soon thereafter, LLC filed a complaint challenging
the validity of the redemption. Id. Raven intervened, as did Cain, as
Hodges’ successor, because he had provided the funds for redemption and
later acquired the property. Hodges II, 2 CA-CV 2009-0057, at *2, 6, ¶¶ 6, 19.
Cain subsequently filed a third-party complaint against Bingham. Cain and
Hodges then successfully filed a motion for summary judgment against
LLC, and LLC appealed. Id. at *2, ¶ 7. The judgment was affirmed. Id. at
*6, ¶ 20.

¶5            While Hodges II was pending, Hodges and Cain moved for
summary judgment to quiet title against Raven and Bingham. Hodges III,
224 Ariz. at 445, ¶ 5, 232 P.3d at 759. After rejecting the arguments that
Raven and Bingham were bona fide purchasers for value, the trial court
granted the motion for summary judgment. Id. Raven and Bingham
appealed, and the judgment was affirmed. Id. at 446, ¶ 9, 232 P.3d at 760.

B. This Litigation

¶6            Cain filed a complaint against several of the parties and
lawyers (“Defendants”) involved in the Hodges I, II, and III litigation in July
2010, alleging, among other things, wrongful institution of civil
proceedings (“WICP”). Cain v. Fidelity Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 1 CA-CV 10-0858,
2013 WL 988106, at *2, ¶ 7 (Ariz. App. Apr. 3, 2013) (amended mem.
decision). The trial court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a
claim. Id. at *3, ¶ 9. On appeal, we affirmed the dismissal of all claims
except for the WICP claims, id. at *9, ¶ 33, because “the complaint
sufficiently allege[d] Defendants lacked probable cause to institute or
continue their claims against Cain.” Id. at *6, ¶ 20.

¶7          On remand, the parties filed cross-motions for summary
judgment on the issue of objective probable cause. The trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of Defendants. We have jurisdiction over




                                      4
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court

Cain’s appeal under Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 12-
2101(A)(1).3

                               DISCUSSION

¶8             The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred by
finding that there was objective probable cause for the prior litigation, a
complete defense that bars the WICP claims. See Carroll v. Kalar, 112 Ariz.
595, 596, 545 P.2d 411, 412 (1976) (citations omitted).4 We review the grant
of summary judgment de novo. Chaplin v. Snyder, 220 Ariz. 413, 418, ¶ 17,
207 P.3d 666, 671 (App. 2008) (citation omitted). We view the evidence and
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Id. Summary judgment is appropriate where no genuine dispute of
material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Id.

¶9            To prove a WICP claim, a plaintiff must show the defendant
(1) instituted a civil action, (2) that was motivated by malice, (3) begun
without probable cause, (4) terminated in the plaintiff’s favor, and (5)
damaged plaintiff. Bradshaw v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 157 Ariz. 411,
416-17, 758 P.2d 1313, 1318-19 (1988) (citation omitted). The determination
of whether probable cause exists is a “two-fold inquiry requiring
consideration of both objective and subjective factors.” Wolfinger v. Cheche,
206 Ariz. 504, 509, ¶ 26, 80 P.3d 783, 788 (App. 2003). The objective-
probable-cause factor focuses on whether the party filing the lawsuit
reasonably believed he had a good chance of establishing his case to the
satisfaction of the court.5 Chaplin, 220 Ariz. at 423, ¶ 38, 207 P.3d at 676
(citing Bradshaw, 157 Ariz. at 417, 758 P.2d at 1319). And where lawyers are



3 We cite to the current version of the statute unless otherwise noted.
4 Although the terms “malicious prosecution” and “wrongful institution of
civil proceedings” are sometimes used interchangeably, the more
appropriate legal term when the underlying case was a civil action is
“wrongful institution of a civil proceeding,” while “malicious prosecution”
is the appropriate term where the underlying action is a criminal
proceeding. Lane v. Terry H. Pillinger, P.C., 189 Ariz. 152, 153 n.1, 939 P.2d
430, 431 n.1 (App. 1997).
5 Quarles argues the test for determining objective probable cause is a

modified version of the test used to determine whether a party complied
with Rule 11. However, in Chaplin, we reiterated that Bradshaw remains the
controlling test, and our supreme court has not altered the test. 220 Ariz. at
421, ¶ 31, 207 P.3d at 674.

                                      5
                         CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                          Decision of the Court

sued, the focus is whether a reasonably prudent lawyer would have
instituted or continued the proceeding. Id. (citation omitted).

¶10            Cain alleges LLC, two attorneys at Quarles & Brady, L.L.P.
(collectively “Quarles”), and Fidelity National Title, the title insurer who
issued a policy for the LLC - Raven transaction, initiated and continued
legal proceedings against him in Hodges II, knowing their actions were
groundless. Specifically, he contends that because Hodges I gave Hodges
the right to redeem the property, LLC and its lawyers did not have objective
probable cause to subsequently challenge Hodges’ redemption.

A. Hodges II, Count I - Redemption Foreclosed

¶11            In the complaint, LLC first alleged that Hodges did not have
a good faith defense when the original default judgment was entered, and,
as a result, Hodges had no right or claim to the property. Hodges II, 2 CA-
CV 2009-0057, at *1, ¶ 5. And in response to Cain’s summary judgment
motion, LLC explained its position by pointing out that Hodges had
admitted that he lacked the funds to redeem the tax liens at the time of the
default judgment. Id. at *3, ¶ 10.

¶12             Although Hodges I set aside the default judgment, Cain argues
that it also resolved whether Hodges was entitled to redeem the tax liens
without the need to first prove he had the ability to redeem them at the time
the court entered default judgment. Id. at *1, ¶ 3. Nowhere in Hodges I did
the court state that Hodges had the automatic right to redeem without first
proving he had the ability to do so at the time of the default judgment; the
decision merely set aside the default judgment and the matter was
remanded for a new trial. Hodges I, 2 CA-CV 2006-0210, at *5, ¶ 19. In fact,
in Hodges II we noted that Hodges I can be read to support the contention
that “on remand Hodges was required to prove he was ready, willing, and
able to redeem the tax liens . . . and that LLC was entitled to probe that
ability through discovery and trial.” Hodges II, 2 CA-CV 2009-0057 at *3, ¶
11. As a result, because Hodges I did not preclude LLC from challenging
Hodges’ contention that he was ready, able, and willing to redeem the tax
liens at the time of the default judgment, there was objective probable cause
for LLC to challenge Hodges’ right of redemption in Count I of its
complaint.

B. Hodges II, Count II – Void Redemption

¶13          LLC also alleged Hodges’ redemption should be set aside as
null and void because Hodges had conveyed the property to Cain before
redeeming the tax liens. Id. at *5, ¶ 18. And LLC alleged that the result is


                                     6
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court

that Hodges lacked standing to redeem the liens under A.R.S. § 42-18151.
Id. at *2, *5, ¶¶ 5, 18.

¶14           Although summary judgment was entered in favor of Cain
and Hodges and subsequently affirmed on appeal, id. at *1, ¶ 1, LLC and its
successors did not have the details of the Hodges-Cain transaction when
the complaint was filed. They knew from the record the deed conveying
the property to Cain was dated March 14 and Hodges redeemed the
property on March 19, which raised questions about Hodges’ ownership of
the property at the time of redemption. Moreover, Cain and Hodges
refused to participate in discovery or be deposed, and, instead, submitted
an affidavit signed by Hodges’ attorney to factually support their motion
for summary judgment. Id. at *6, ¶ 19. Consequently, because there was a
factual question about whether Hodges owned the property when it was
redeemed, LLC and its lawyers had objective probable cause to allege that
the redemption was void.

C. Hodges III

¶15            Cain also alleges Raven and its attorneys at Snell & Wilmer,
L.L.P. (collectively “Snell”), Bingham and its attorney at Cooper & Reuter,
L.L.P. (“Cooper”), and First American Title Company, the title insurer,
participated in the LLC lawsuit against him without probable cause, which
resulted in Hodges III. We disagree.

¶16          In response to the motion for summary judgment, Raven and
Bingham argued they were bona-fide-purchasers for value and owned or
had an interest in the property. Hodges III, 224 Ariz. at 445, ¶ 6, 232 P.3d at
759. Raven, the intervener, posited that at the time it purchased the land
from LLC, Hodges merely had a potential interest in the property but had
not actually asserted a claim to it. Id. And Bingham, the third-party
defendant, added that it did not have notice because neither Hodges nor
Cain recorded a lis pendens. Id.

¶17           On appeal, we concluded that because LLC recorded its
treasurer’s deed, with the attached default judgment, it provided
constructive notice to anyone looking at the property that the default
judgment could be challenged. Id. at 446, ¶ 8, 232 P.3d at 760. And because
LLC was aware “the judgment obtained would remain vulnerable to a Rule
59(j) motion for a new trial for up to one year,” “the risk of disruptions to
any subsequent conveyances of the foreclosed property [would fall]
squarely on LLC and its successors-in-interest” if the property was




                                      7
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court

conveyed and the judgment was successfully challenged. Id. (quoting
Hodges II, 2 CA-CV 2009-0057, at *5, ¶ 16).

¶18            Although we found that Raven and Bingham had
constructive notice of Hodges’ interest in the property and were not bona
fide purchasers, the lawyers for Raven and Bingham argue they had
objective probable cause to bring the claim based on the facts of Sprang v.
Petersen Lumber, Inc., 165 Ariz. 257, 798 P.2d 395 (App. 1990). In Sprang,
Western States Development Co. (“Western”) acquired the property at a
public auction after property taxes had not been paid. 165 Ariz. at 260, 798
P.2d at 398. Western filed a judicial foreclosure action, served the former
owner Albert Sprang by publication, and obtained a default judgment. Id.
Western sold the property to Petersen Lumber and, after Sprang learned
that Petersen owned the property, he successfully set aside Western’s
default judgment because it was void for insufficient service of process. Id.
After Sprang redeemed the property, Western filed a lawsuit claiming it
was a bona fide purchaser for value, and Petersen Lumber intervened
making the same claim. Id. The trial court granted Petersen Lumber’s
motion for summary judgment claiming it was an innocent third-party
purchaser for value. Id. at 260-61, 798 P.2d at 398-399. We reversed the
ruling on appeal after finding the service by publication was improper and,
as a result, that the default judgment was void. Because the judgment was
void, “the conveyance based on the void judgment conveyed nothing.” Id.
at 262, 798 P.2d at 400. Consequently, neither Western nor Petersen Lumber
could be considered a bona fide purchaser for value. Id. at 263, 798 P.2d at
401.

¶19           The lawyers obviously thought that Sprang turned on the fact
that a party acquiring property acquired by a tax lien sale could be a bona
fide purchaser for value if there was no challenge to service by publication
and a determination that the default judgment was void. Although we
subsequently found that Raven and Bingham were not bona fide
purchasers for value for different reasons, Hodges III, 224 Ariz. at 445, ¶ 6,
232 P.3d at 759, given the record that suggested that Hodges transferred the
property before redeeming it and that there was no challenge to service by
publication, it was not objectively unreasonable for Raven, Bingham and
their lawyers to believe they could prevail on the bona fide purchaser for
value theory. They took their interest after reviewing the public record and
finding the treasurer’s deed with the attached judgment, and there was no
indication that service by publication was inappropriate. Consequently, in
light of Sprang, the attorneys for Raven and Bingham had a reasonable
theory that their clients were bona fide purchasers for value.



                                      8
                          CAIN v. FIDELITY et al.
                           Decision of the Court

¶20            Although the record does not reveal any consideration of
Rule 59(j), it was not unreasonable for the lawyers to believe that Hodges
could not demonstrate good cause to set aside the default judgment.
Moreover, after listening to the oral argument, the trial court recognized the
issues were “a dark area of the law” where there was need for guidance
from our court or the supreme court. Therefore, because the lawyers for
Raven and Bingham had a reasonable chance of establishing their case to
the satisfaction of the court based on the then-current state of the facts and
law, they had objective probable cause to institute and continue their claim.
See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 675 (1977); W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser
and Keeton on Torts § 120, at 893 (5th ed. 1984).6

                              CONCLUSION

¶21           Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment.




                                 :ama




6Because we have addressed and affirmed the summary judgment ruling,
we need not address Cain’s Rule 11 argument on appeal.

                                        9
