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                                                        - 395 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          304 Nebraska R eports
                                                  STATE v. ROBERTS
                                                  Cite as 304 Neb. 395




                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                         Jason D. Roberts, appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed November 1, 2019.   No. S-18-1196.

                 1. Moot Question: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Because mootness is
                    a justiciability doctrine that operates to prevent courts from exercising
                    jurisdiction, appellate courts review mootness determinations under the
                    same standard of review as other jurisdictional questions.
                 2. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question
                    that does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate
                    court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate court to reach a
                    conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision.
                 3. Moot Question: Appeal and Error. An appellate court may choose to
                    review an otherwise moot case under the public interest exception if it
                    involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other rights or
                    liabilities may be affected by its determination.
                 4. ____: ____. When determining whether a case involves a matter of pub-
                    lic interest, an appellate court considers (1) the public or private nature
                    of the question presented, (2) the desirability of an authoritative adjudi-
                    cation for future guidance of public officials, and (3) the likelihood of
                    future recurrence of the same or similar problem.

                 Appeal from the District Court for Pierce County: James G.
               Kube, Judge. Appeal dismissed.
                    Melissa A. Wentling for appellant.
                  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Nathan A. Liss
               for appellee.
                 Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, and
               Papik, JJ.
                              - 396 -
           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. ROBERTS
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 395

   Papik, J.
   Jason D. Roberts was convicted of a felony offense in one
district court and multiple felony and misdemeanor offenses in
another. His sentences in both courts included terms of incar-
ceration and terms of postrelease supervision and were ordered
to be served consecutively. After Roberts had served the incar-
ceration portion of his sentences and had been released, the
State filed a motion in one court alleging that he had violated
the terms of his postrelease supervision and asking that his
postrelease supervision be revoked. The district court did so
and ordered that he serve the entirety of the time remaining on
his postrelease supervision term in jail. Roberts appeals, con-
tending that the court ordered him to serve more time in jail
than was permitted by law.
   At this point, however, Roberts has completely served his
sentence. The parties agree that this renders Roberts’ appeal
moot. And although Roberts asks that we nonetheless decide
the merits of his appeal under exceptions to the mootness doc-
trine, we decline to do so and dismiss the appeal.

                         BACKGROUND
Roberts’ Convictions and Sentences.
   In April 2016, Roberts was sentenced in the district court
for Madison County for possession of morphine. The court
sentenced him to 364 days in jail plus 9 months’ postrelease
supervision. His sentence was ordered to run consecutive to
any sentence imposed or being served in other cases.
   Two months later, in June 2016, Roberts was sentenced in
the district court for Pierce County for his convictions of driv-
ing under suspension, reckless driving, and two counts of child
abuse. For these convictions, the court imposed an aggregate
sentence of 394 days in jail, 18 months’ postrelease supervi-
sion, and a 1-year suspension of his driver’s license. Again, the
court ordered that his sentence be served consecutively to any
sentences imposed or being served in other cases.
   Roberts did not appeal his convictions or sentences.
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. ROBERTS
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 395

   Roberts served the Madison County jail term and then the
Pierce County jail term. He was released on June 18, 2017,
and began serving postrelease supervision. Nine months later,
in an order filed March 21, 2018, the district court for Madison
County released Roberts from postrelease supervision for the
Madison County conviction, effective March 18.
Revocation of Postrelease Supervision.
   On April 10, 2018, the State charged Roberts in the dis-
trict court for Pierce County with violating the terms of his
postrelease supervision for the Pierce County convictions.
The State alleged that Roberts’ 18-month term of postrelease
supervision for those convictions began on March 18 and that
Roberts had violated the terms of that postrelease supervision
in multiple respects shortly thereafter. The State asked that the
court revoke Roberts’ postrelease supervision and sentence
him accordingly.
   In response, Roberts filed an “Objection & Motion to
Determine the Term of Post-Release Supervision.” In it, he
asserted that the term of postrelease supervision for the Pierce
County sentence should have begun upon his release from
the incarceration portion of that sentence on June 18, 2017,
and end on December 18, 2018. He pointed to language in
the district court’s June 2016 journal entry that “[f]ollowing
release from incarceration, [Roberts] is hereby sentenced to 18
months of Post-Release Supervision.” He also suggested that
if the court revoked his postrelease supervision, it was prohib-
ited by statute from imposing a term of incarceration extend-
ing beyond December 18, 2018. The court held a hearing on
Roberts’ motion in which his counsel stated that “you can’t
have consecutive terms of post-release supervision.”
   The district court issued a written order rejecting Roberts’
position. It explained that the two sentences were ordered to
be served consecutively and that, in that situation, the terms
of postrelease supervision run consecutively. Accordingly, the
district court reasoned, Roberts’ term of postrelease supervi-
sion for the Pierce County sentence did not begin until he had
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. ROBERTS
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 395

served the term of postrelease supervision for the Madison
County conviction and was thus scheduled to end 18 months
later on September 18, 2019.
   The district court later found Roberts had violated the
terms of postrelease supervision. It revoked his postrelease
supervision and ordered him to serve the time remaining
on his term of postrelease supervision in jail with a release
date of September 18, 2019. Roberts filed a timely appeal of
this order.
   Prior to oral argument, we issued an order directing the
parties to be prepared to address whether the appeal was
moot in light of the fact that Roberts was scheduled to com-
plete his sentence on September 18, 2019. At oral argument,
the parties confirmed that Roberts has completely served his
sentence.
                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
   Roberts assigns one error on appeal. He contends that the
district court erred by ordering him to remain in jail until
September 18, 2019, as a consequence of violating conditions
of postrelease supervision.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] Because mootness is a justiciability doctrine that oper-
ates to prevent courts from exercising jurisdiction, we review
mootness determinations under the same standard of review as
other jurisdictional questions. State ex rel. Peterson v. Ebke,
303 Neb. 637, 930 N.W.2d 551 (2019). A jurisdictional ques-
tion that does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an
appellate court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate
court to reach a conclusion independent of the lower court’s
decision. Id.
                          ANALYSIS
   Under the version of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2268(2) (Reissue
2016) that was in effect at the time Roberts’ postrelease super-
vision was revoked, if a district court finds that an individual
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. ROBERTS
                         Cite as 304 Neb. 395

serving a term of postrelease supervision has violated a condi-
tion of postrelease supervision, it may revoke the postrelease
supervision and order the offender to a term of imprisonment
“up to the remaining period of post-release supervision.” But,
see, 2019 Neb. Laws, L.B. 686, § 8 (amending “remaining”
to “original” in § 29-2268(2), effective September 1, 2019).
The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court ordered
Roberts to serve too much time in jail when it found he vio-
lated conditions of his postrelease supervision and ordered that
he be incarcerated until September 18, 2019.
   By the time this case reached us, however, Roberts had
completely served his sentence and had been released. This
raises a question of whether this appeal should be dismissed
as moot.
   An action becomes moot when the issues initially presented
in litigation cease to exist or the litigants lack a legally cogni-
zable interest in the outcome of the litigation. See State ex rel.
Peterson v. Ebke, supra. A moot case is one which seeks to
determine a question which does not rest upon existing facts
or rights or in which the issues presented are no longer alive.
See id. The central question in a mootness analysis is whether
a change in circumstances during the course of the litigation
has made it impossible for the court to provide any meaningful
relief. See id. We have applied these principles to hold that,
generally, an appeal of a conviction is moot when a criminal
defendant has completely served his or her sentence. See State
v. Patterson, 237 Neb. 198, 465 N.W.2d 743 (1991). See, also,
Al-Ameen v. Frakes, 293 Neb. 248, 876 N.W.2d 635 (2016)
(holding appeal of dismissal of petition for writ of habeas
corpus was moot because at time of appeal, petitioner was no
longer in custody).
   The parties agree that because Roberts has completely
served the sentence at issue, this appeal is moot. They dis-
agree, however, as to whether we should reach the merits of his
appeal. The State argues we should dismiss the appeal without
addressing the merits. Roberts argues that we should address
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. ROBERTS
                        Cite as 304 Neb. 395

the merits by way of the public interest exception to the moot-
ness doctrine.
   [3,4] An appellate court may choose to review an otherwise
moot case under the public interest exception if it involves
a matter affecting the public interest or when other rights or
liabilities may be affected by its determination. Bramble v.
Bramble, 303 Neb. 380, 929 N.W.2d 484 (2019). When deter-
mining whether a case involves a matter of public interest,
we consider (1) the public or private nature of the question
presented, (2) the desirability of an authoritative adjudication
for future guidance of public officials, and (3) the likelihood of
future recurrence of the same or similar problem. Evertson v.
City of Kimball, 278 Neb. 1, 767 N.W.2d 751 (2009). Roberts
argues that this case qualifies because there is a public interest
in our clarifying whether courts may, consistent with Neb. Rev.
Stat. §§ 29-2204.02(7)(d) and 29-2246(13) (Reissue 2016),
order terms of postrelease supervision to run consecutively to
each other.
   Even if it might be in the public interest for us to determine
whether a court may order terms of postrelease supervision
to be served consecutively, we do not believe that question
is properly before us in this appeal. We have held on several
occasions that in an appeal of an order revoking probation,
a party may not attack an aspect of their underlying convic-
tion. See, e.g., State v. Englehart, 231 Neb. 579, 437 N.W.2d
468 (1989); State v. Osterman, 197 Neb. 727, 250 N.W.2d
654 (1977); State v. Williams, 194 Neb. 483, 233 N.W.2d 772
(1975). In those decisions, we reasoned that a party wishing to
challenge some aspect of his or her underlying conviction must
do so in a timely appeal of the conviction.
   Roberts’ argument in this appeal is not meaningfully differ-
ent from those we refused to address in Englehart, Osterman,
and Williams. He is attempting to challenge an aspect of
his original sentence—that the terms of postrelease supervi-
sion were to run consecutively—in an appeal of an order
revoking his postrelease supervision. We have recognized that
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   304 Nebraska R eports
                         STATE v. ROBERTS
                         Cite as 304 Neb. 395

postrelease supervision is a form of probation. See State v. Dill,
300 Neb. 344, 913 N.W.2d 470 (2018). And just as allowing
parties to challenge their convictions in an appeal of a revo-
cation of probation would allow parties to make an end run
around the normal deadline for filing a notice of appeal, so too
would allowing parties to challenge their underlying convic-
tion or sentence in an appeal of an order revoking postrelease
supervision. Permitting such challenges would also be incon-
sistent with the “‘fundamental principle’” that “‘[t]he need
for finality in the criminal process requires that a defendant
bring all claims for relief at the first opportunity.’” See State v.
Paulsen, ante p. 21, 31, 932 N.W.2d 849, 856 (2019).
   Because we would not reach Roberts’ argument in a case
that was not moot, we believe it would be inappropriate to
decide its merits via the public interest exception to the moot-
ness doctrine. Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal.
                        CONCLUSION
   Because Roberts’ completion of the sentence at issue has
rendered his appeal moot and we do not believe it appropri-
ate to reach the merits of his appeal under an exception to our
mootness doctrine, we dismiss the appeal.
                                             A ppeal dismissed.
   Freudenberg, J., not participating.
