                        RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                   File Name: 19a0200p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 ANDREA BOXILL,                                        ┐
                                Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                       │
                                                       >      No. 18-3385
       v.                                              │
                                                       │
                                                       │
 JAMES P. O’GRADY; CARRIE E. GLAEDEN; JAMES E.         │
 GREEN; EMILY SHAW; MICHAEL T. BRANDT,                 │
                            Defendants-Appellees.      │
                                                       ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                  No. 2:16-cv-00126—Michael H. Watson, District Judge.

                           Decided and Filed: August 16, 2019

             Before: BOGGS, KETHLEDGE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                   _________________

                                       COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Michael Garth Moore, LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL GARTH MOORE,
Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Linda L. Woeber, Anthony P. McNamara, MONTGOMERY,
RENNIE & JONSON, Cincinnati, Ohio, Paula J. Lloyd, Pamela J. Gordon, COLUMBUS CITY
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees.
 No. 18-3385                                 Boxill v. O’Grady                                      Page 2


                                          _________________

                                                OPINION
                                          _________________

        JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Andrea Boxill brought this suit against four Ohio
 judges and a court administrator at Ohio’s Franklin County Municipal Court (FCMC).1 She
 makes several claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, including First Amendment retaliation, civil
 conspiracy, and creation of a hostile work environment. The district court dismissed her claims.
 We AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

        Boxill worked at FCMC as its Specialty Dockets Coordinator. Four of the Defendants
 below—Michael Brandt, Carrie Glaeden, James Green, and James O’Grady—were state court
 judges at FCMC. The remaining Defendant, Emily Shaw, was FCMC’s Court Administrator.

        Boxill alleges that “the Defendants . . . formulated a concealed plan and policy that
 female FCMC employees asserting complaints about abusive and discriminatory treatment at
 the hands of Judges would be discouraged and intimidated into silence.” Although she says this
 plan originated in 2007, her complaint does not identify any abusive treatment directed at her
 until November 2011, when O’Grady “began making hostile comments” that “mirrored sexist
 and racist allusions [he] had directed at [her] when he had been Bailiff” at the same courthouse
 in the past. She also claims that Brandt was “hostile and intimidating to [her] personally”
 around the same time.

        According to the complaint, Boxill reported her “ongoing harassment” to administrators
 and judges at FCMC—including Green and Shaw—several times between 2011 and 2013. She
 alleges that “[n]o administrator or Judge acted on these reports, but each discouraged [her] from
 action.” In April 2013, the “Defendants began removing [her] responsibilities and diminishing
 [her] abilities to function as coordinator.” Sometime thereafter, she “learned that Defendants

        1Boxilloriginally named FCMC as a defendant, but her amended complaint made no claims against
FCMC. In its opinion, the district court noted that Boxill had not formally withdrawn FCMC as a defendant and
dismissed FCMC from the case. Boxill does not challenge that dismissal.
 No. 18-3385                              Boxill v. O’Grady                                      Page 3


had given a male subordinate a $14,000.00 per year increase in salary with no commensurate
consideration of her contributions.”

       In March 2014, Scott VanDerKarr—a judge at FCMC who was not named as a
defendant—drafted a letter to Brandt (copying Shaw and Glaeden) about O’Grady’s behavior.
Boxill does not provide the contents of VanDerKarr’s letter, but she suggests that it “reported
O’Grady’s creation of a hostile work environment.”             After Brandt reviewed a draft of
VanDerKarr’s letter, he directed Shaw to tell VanDerKarr to “tone it down.” It was Shaw who
then wrote a new draft of the letter.        This revised draft expressed concern that, “if left
unaddressed, Judge O’Grady’s behavior m[ight] result in future litigation that could subject the
Court to liability, possibly for the creation and continuation of a hostile work environment, and
the payment of damages.”

       Boxill alleges that “the Defendants knew” this letter was meant to “memorializ[e]
complaints made” by her against O’Grady. A week after Shaw wrote the letter, Boxill was
“formally demoted by Defendants.” She claims that O’Grady then “recruited ‘a team of Judges’
to monitor [her] and her staff and frankly announced that he was ‘targeting’ Specialty Docket
staff.” The Defendants “began bypassing [her] on issues that were hers to address, and going
directly to the Caucasian male subordinate who lacked her experience and qualifications.” She
eventually resigned in August 2014.

       Boxill later filed this suit. Her complaint alleges that (1) each Defendant retaliated
against her in violation of the First Amendment, § 1983, and § 1981, (2) the Defendants
conspired to retaliate against her, and (3) each Defendant contributed to a hostile work
environment at FCMC. The district court dismissed her claims, and she now appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       A. Jurisdiction

       Before reaching the substance of Boxill’s complaint, we must decide whether we have
jurisdiction to hear this appeal. In dismissing Boxill’s complaint, the district court stated:
 No. 18-3385                                  Boxill v. O’Grady                                       Page 4


        Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED. FCMC is dismissed with prejudice
        as not sui juris. Plaintiff’s § 1981 claims of race discrimination against the
        individual Defendants are dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims,
        however, are dismissed without prejudice for failure to state a claim.

The key distinction here is that Boxill’s claims against FCMC and her § 1981 claims were
dismissed with prejudice, but her § 1983 claims—which comprise the majority of the claims in
her complaint—were dismissed without prejudice for failure to state a claim.

        Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we have jurisdiction over “final decisions of the district courts
of the United States.” When a district court “dismisses an action without prejudice . . . the order
is final and appealable.” In re Ferro Corp. Derivative Litig., 511 F.3d 611, 617 (6th Cir. 2008)
(emphasis added). But when a district court dismisses only the plaintiff’s complaint without
prejudice, the dismissal is ordinarily not final. Id. To determine whether the district court
intended to dismiss the entire action or only the complaint, we first examine the language of the
dismissal order. If that language is “not clear,” then “appellate jurisdiction is also not clear.”
CompuServe Inc. v. Saperstein, 172 F.3d 47, at *3 (6th Cir. 1999) (unpublished table opinion).
The best practice for a district court, then, is to make its intention to dismiss an entire action (or
not) clear in its dismissal order.2

        Although the district court here did not plainly state its intention in the dismissal order,
the clerk of court later entered a judgment dismissing all of Boxill’s claims. That judgment
included a checked box next to the statement: “This action was decided by the Court without a
trial or hearing.” The clerk of court’s reference to the “action,” rather than the complaint, likely
indicates that the district court’s order was final. And even if the clerk of court’s submission
does not alone resolve the jurisdictional question, Boxill has done so on appeal.                      In her
supplemental briefing, she confirms that her decision to “appeal signaled her intent to ‘stand’ on
the dismissed complaint.” See Robert N. Clemens Tr. v. Morgan Stanley DW, Inc., 485 F.3d
840, 845–46 (6th Cir. 2007) (finding judgment was final in part because the plaintiff “intended to
‘stand’ on the dismissed complaint”). Considering the judgment’s reference to dismissal of the


        2See,   e.g., Moore v. Rees, 138 F. Supp. 3d 860, 872 (E.D. Ky. 2015) (stating that “this action is
DISMISSED and STRICKEN from the Court’s docket . . . [and] this is a final and appealable Order and there is no
just cause for delay”).
 No. 18-3385                                     Boxill v. O’Grady                                           Page 5


“action” and the plaintiff’s express intention to stand on her dismissed complaint, we find that
the district court’s dismissal order was final and appealable under § 1291.

         B. Dismissed Claims

         Turning to Boxill’s complaint. We review the district court’s dismissal of Boxill’s claims
de novo and allow those claims to proceed only if they “contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Claims have “facial
plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. While the complaint need
not contain “detailed factual allegations,” it must offer “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-
unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. That means “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a
cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.3

                  1. First Amendment Retaliation

         We begin with Boxill’s First Amendment retaliation claims. Retaliation under § 1983
requires the plaintiff to show that “(1) [she] engaged in constitutionally protected conduct; (2) an
adverse action was taken against [her] that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from
continuing to engage in that conduct; and (3) the adverse action was motivated at least in part by
[her] protected conduct.” Wurzelbacher v. Jones-Kelley, 675 F.3d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 2012).
Speech is constitutionally protected when it touches on “a matter of public concern,” which
includes speech that can “be fairly considered as relating to any matter of political, social, or
other concern to the community.” Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146 (1983).

         Boxill’s complaints of gender and race discrimination qualify as protected speech. See,
e.g., Bonnell v. Lorenzo, 241 F.3d 800, 812 (6th Cir. 2001) (“[I]t is well-settled that allegations

         3
          Boxill incorrectly states the pleading requirements of Rule 12(b)(6). Relying on citations that
substantially predate the Iqbal/Twombly pleading standard, she proposes that we cannot dismiss her complaint
unless we find that she “can prove no set of facts in support of [her] claims that would entitle [her] to relief.” This
standard was announced over 60 years ago in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957), and it was abandoned over
a decade ago. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 562–63 (2007) (noting “Conley’s ‘no set of facts’
language has been questioned, criticized, and explained away long enough,” and concluding that “this famous
observation has earned its retirement”).
 No. 18-3385                             Boxill v. O’Grady                                 Page 6


of sexual harassment[] . . . are matters of public concern.”); Connick, 461 U.S. at 146 (“[I]t is
clear that her statements concerning . . . allegedly racially discriminatory policies involved a
matter of public concern.”). And the adverse actions alleged by Boxill—which include a formal
demotion and reduction in her job responsibilities—would deter a person of ordinary firmness
from engaging in that speech. See, e.g., Dye v. Office of the Racing Comm’n, 702 F.3d 286, 303
(6th Cir. 2012) (“The term ‘adverse action’ has traditionally referred to actions such as
discharge, demotions, refusal to [h]ire, nonrenewal of contracts, and failure to promote.”
(quoting Handy–Clay v. City of Memphis, 695 F.3d 531, 545 (6th Cir. 2012))).

       Boxill has nevertheless failed to state a plausible retaliation claim against Brandt,
Glaeden, Green, or Shaw. These allegations suffer from the same flaw: Boxill does not state
facts specific to those Defendants. Her claims rest on broad, conclusory allegations that the
“Defendants” diminished her job responsibilities; but she offers no facts to support a reasonable
inference that any of these Defendants individually took such an action, much less that he or she
did so in response to Boxill’s protected speech. Summary reference to a single, five-headed
“Defendants” does not support a reasonable inference that each Defendant is liable for
retaliation. See, e.g., Heyne v. Metro. Nashville Pub. Sch., 655 F.3d 556, 564 (6th Cir. 2011)
(“This Court has consistently held that damage claims against government officials arising from
alleged violations of constitutional rights must allege, with particularity, facts that demonstrate
what each defendant did to violate the asserted constitutional right.” (quoting Lanman v. Hinson,
529 F.3d 673, 684 (6th Cir. 2008))).

       Boxill’s claims against O’Grady are more direct. She alleges that in 2014, O’Grady
“announced that he was ‘targeting’ Specialty Docket staff,” assembled a “team of Judges” to
monitor her work, and “began bypassing [her] on issues that were hers to address.” While these
facts would support a reasonable inference that O’Grady took an “adverse action” against Boxill,
they are not enough to state a retaliation claim; she must also allege that O’Grady’s actions were
“motivated at least in part by [her] protected conduct.” Wurzelbacher, 675 F.3d at 583. And
Boxill has offered no plausible, non-conclusory facts to show that O’Grady was even aware of
 No. 18-3385                                 Boxill v. O’Grady                                       Page 7


her complaints against him.4 Without those facts, Boxill cannot demonstrate that O’Grady’s
adverse actions were motivated in part by her protected speech.

                  2. Civil Conspiracy

        Boxill next claims that each Defendant conspired to retaliate against her.                      Civil
conspiracy under § 1983 requires evidence of “an agreement between two or more persons to
injure another by unlawful action.”          Memphis, Tennessee Area Local, Am. Postal Workers
Union, AFL-CIO v. City of Memphis, 361 F.3d 898, 905 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Hooks v.
Hooks, 771 F.2d 935, 943–44 (6th Cir. 1985)). The plaintiff must plead enough facts to support
a reasonable inference “that there was a single plan, that the alleged coconspirator shared in the
general conspiratorial objective, and that an overt act was committed in furtherance of the
conspiracy that caused injury to the complainant.” Id.

        Boxill’s conspiracy claims fall short for the same reason her retaliation claims fail. Once
again, her complaint offers no facts relevant to the individual liability of Brandt, Glaeden, Green,
or Shaw. She alleges, for example, that “the Defendants formulated a concealed plan and policy
that female FCMC employees asserting complaints about abusive and discriminatory treatment
at the hands of Judges would be discouraged and intimidated into silence.” But she states no
plausible, non-conclusory facts to demonstrate that Brandt, Glaeden, Green, or Shaw joined this
conspiracy, shared in the conspiratorial objective, and/or committed specific acts in furtherance
of the conspiracy. Although she now claims that Brandt’s and Shaw’s alleged involvement in
the drafting of the 2014 letter about O’Grady’s behavior is evidence of their participation in the
alleged conspiracy, this letter’s open recognition of concerns about O’Grady’s behavior would, if
anything, undercut the claim that Brandt and Shaw worked to conceal complaints against him.

        While her claims against O’Grady are more specific, Boxill still fails to allege that he was
aware of her complaints against him. O’Grady could not have conspired to retaliate against
Boxill on the basis of complaints he knew nothing about. See Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580,


        4Boxill does allege that the “Defendants knew” the letter drafted about O’Grady’s behavior was
“memorializing complaints made” by her. But again, this vague, conclusory reference to “the Defendants” is not
enough to make a plausible showing that O’Grady was aware of her complaints.
 No. 18-3385                                     Boxill v. O’Grady                                            Page 8


599 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Without an unlawful action . . . Appellant cannot prove the elements
required to support a claim for [civil] conspiracy.”).

                  3. Retaliation Under § 1981

          Boxill makes a final claim of retaliation against each Defendant under 42 U.S.C. § 1981.5
The district court dismissed these claims because “§ 1981 does not provide a cause of action
against state actors in their individual capacities.” While that is true, plaintiffs may still bring
§ 1983 claims premised on violations of § 1981. See, e.g., McCormick v. Miami Univ., 693 F.3d
654, 661–62 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[T]he more specific and express cause of action contained in
§ 1983 provide[s] a mechanism to address a violation of § 1981.”). That is what Boxill did
here—her complaint makes a claim “pursuant [to] 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to vindicate . . . her
correlative rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1981.”

          Even though the district court erred in finding that Boxill could not use § 1983 as a
vehicle to vindicate her rights under § 1981, her claim still fails. The elements of a retaliation
claim under § 1981 are the same as those under Title VII. See Noble v. Brinker Int’l, Inc., 391
F.3d 715, 720 (6th Cir. 2004). To survive dismissal, Boxill must allege that (1) she engaged in
protected activity; (2) her exercise of that activity was known by the Defendant; (3) the
Defendant thereafter took an action that was materially adverse to her; and (4) there was a causal
connection between the protected activity and the materially adverse action. Laster v. City of
Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 730 (6th Cir. 2014). As explained, Boxill’s complaint does not
plausibly allege that any Defendant took an adverse action against her because of her protected
speech.




          5The sixth claim in Boxill’s complaint is ambiguously titled “EQUAL PROTECTION AND SECTION
1981 RACE DISCRIMINATION/RETALIATION.” Although this language could imply that Boxill intended to
bring a claim of retaliation and discrimination under § 1981, on appeal she alleges only retaliation under that statute.
To the extent Boxill ever intended to bring a discrimination claim under § 1981, she has forfeited her right to do so
on appeal.
 No. 18-3385                                  Boxill v. O’Grady                                        Page 9


                 4. Hostile Work Environment

        Boxill’s last claim is that each Defendant contributed to a hostile work environment at
FCMC by making or condoning sexist and racist comments.6 We review § 1983 discrimination
claims brought under the Equal Protection Clause using the same test applied under Title VII.
See, e.g., Deleon v. Kalamazoo Cty. Rd. Comm’n, 739 F.3d 914, 917–18 (6th Cir. 2014). To
succeed, Boxill must allege that “(1) she belonged to a protected group, (2) she was subject to
unwelcome harassment, (3) the harassment was based on [her protected status], (4) the
harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment and create
an abusive working environment, and (5) the defendant knew or should have known about the
harassment and failed to act.” Waldo v. Consumers Energy Co., 726 F.3d 802, 813 (6th Cir.
2013) (quoting Williams v. CSX Transp. Co., 643 F.3d 502, 511 (6th Cir. 2011)).

        Boxill, an African American female, satisfies the first element of this standard. But she
has failed to plead any non-conclusory facts showing that Glaeden, Green, Shaw, or Brandt knew
about her alleged harassment and failed to act. In fact, Boxill’s claim about the letter circulated
among the Defendants indicates that they took proactive steps to address O’Grady’s behavior.
At any rate, Boxill makes only a vague reference to the Defendants’ “facilitati[on]” of “a
continuing hostile work environment.” That is not enough to state a plausible claim against any
of these Defendants.        Nor is Boxill’s conclusory allegation that Brandt was “hostile and
intimidating to [her] personally.” See, e.g., White v. Coventry Health & Life Ins. Co., 680 F.
App’x 410, 415 (6th Cir. 2017) (dismissing plaintiff’s “naked assertions” that she “suffered from
harassment, discrimination, intimidation, berating and a hostile work environment”).

        Boxill’s hostile work environment claim against O’Grady, however, makes the following
specific allegations. She states that shortly after his election to the bench in 2011, “O’Grady
began making hostile comments” that “mirrored sexist and racist allusions [he] had directed at
[her] when he had been Bailiff” at the same courthouse in the past. She later told VanDerKarr

        6
           The district court liberally construed Boxill’s complaint to state two discrimination claims: one for
disparate treatment in employment and another for creation of a hostile work environment. Boxill does not
challenge the district court’s dismissal of her disparate treatment claim, and any such claim is now forfeited.
Regardless, her complaint does not allege that any similarly situated, non-protected co-workers at FCMC were
treated differently. See Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 699 F.3d 884, 893 (6th Cir. 2012).
 No. 18-3385                            Boxill v. O’Grady                               Page 10


that O’Grady’s conduct was “interfer[ing] with her ability to succeed in her work,” though his
behavior continued.    Eventually, in 2014, VanDerKarr drafted a letter—circulated among
Brandt, Shaw, and Glaeden—“in which he reported O’Grady’s creation of a hostile work
environment” at the courthouse. Shaw later “tone[d] [] down” this letter; but even the revised
letter concluded “that, if left unaddressed, Judge O’Grady’s behavior [might] result in future
litigation that could subject [FCMC] to liability, possibly for the creation and continuation of a
hostile work environment, and the payment of damages.” Boxill’s complaint therefore plausibly
alleges that (1) O’Grady made sexist and racist comments directed at her and others for years,
(2) she reported to her superiors that O’Grady’s harassment was interfering with her ability to
work, and (3) this harassment was sufficiently severe and/or pervasive that judges and
administrators at the courthouse felt it necessary to memorialize their concerns about his
behavior in writing. At the pleading stage, these allegations state a plausible hostile work
environment claim against O’Grady.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       We REVERSE the district court’s dismissal of Boxill’s hostile work environment claim
against O’Grady and AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all other respects.               We
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
