                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     December 11, 2018
In re O. FEDEWA, Minor.

                                                                     No. 344063
                                                                     Ingham Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC No. 16-000325-NA


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Respondent appeals as of right the order of the trial court terminating his parental rights
to his minor child pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). We affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

        In February 2016, petitioner, the Department of Health and Human Services, removed the
child from his mother’s home because she suffered from mental health issues and was
threatening to commit suicide. Respondent indicated that he was not able to take care of the
child on his own because of his work schedule, and the child, then two months old, was placed
with the paternal grandparents. The court assumed jurisdiction over the child after respondent
and the child’s mother admitted to certain allegations, including that he was unable to care for
the child, that he wanted the child to remain in relative placement with his parents until the child
could be returned to the mother, and that criminal charges for domestic violence against the
child’s mother were pending against him. Respondent also admitted that he was aware of the
mother’s mental health concerns and had not safeguarded the child.

        Thereafter, respondent refused to participate in services recommended by petitioner,
other than supervised visitation with the child at his parents’ home. After being ordered by the
court, respondent completed a psychological evaluation, which resulted in a number of
recommendations, including individual therapy to address his anxiety, depression, post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD), and anger issues, participation in parenting classes, and a physician
assessment for possible anti-anxiety medication. Respondent attended one session with a
therapist, and two sessions with a second therapist, but then stopped attending. He indicated that
he wanted to obtain a therapist of his own choosing, but failed to sign releases and failed to
provide documentation that he was attending therapy. He did not participate in parenting classes,
nor in recommended domestic violence classes, and his employment remained unverified.


                                                -1-
        After several months, the evidence indicated, and the child’s mother agreed, that the child
was unable to return to her care due to her mental health concerns. Respondent requested that
the child be placed in a guardianship with the paternal grandparents. That option was considered
by the parties and the trial court, but because the goal in the case remained reunification of the
child with a parent, and because of the child’s young age and need for permanency, petitioner did
not favor a guardianship. The permanency planning goal therefore remained reunification until
September 2017, when the court found that the goal of reunification was no longer appropriate
and should be changed to guardianship.

        In February 2018, the foster care specialist testified that the parents had not taken any
substantial steps toward breaking down the barriers to reunification. The mother admitted that
her mental instability would not allow the child to be placed in her care. Respondent had not
complied with the treatment plan nor maintained regular contact with the foster care worker.
The trial court agreed with petitioner’s recommendation to change the goal to adoption.

        At the time the trial court authorized the supplemental petition for termination of parental
rights in March 2018, the child had been in relative placement for two years. At the termination
hearing, petitioner presented evidence that respondent had failed to participate in individual
therapy to address the barriers to reunification, had failed to attend parenting classes as
recommended, and had failed to sign releases or provide documentation with respect to any
services that allegedly he had obtained on his own. Respondent had not provided verification of
his employment and was not providing support for the child. Respondent’s mother testified that
respondent visited the child regularly and was bonded to the child, but she did not believe that
respondent would be able to handle the day-to-day care of the child. She had previously opposed
a guardianship because of the mother’s mental health issues, and she and her husband had not
discussed the possibility of a guardianship if the mother’s parental rights were terminated. She
and her husband were willing to adopt the child if the parents’ rights were terminated. The trial
court found that the statutory grounds for termination were established by clear and convincing
evidence and that a preponderance of the evidence established that it was in the child’s best
interests to terminate respondent’s parental rights and allow the child to be adopted by the
paternal grandparents.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                  A. STATUTORY GROUNDS

        Respondent argues that the statutory grounds for termination were not established by
clear and convincing evidence. We disagree.

        A trial court may terminate a parent’s parental rights if it finds by clear and convincing
evidence that one or more statutory grounds for termination have been established. In re HRC,
286 Mich App 444, 459; 781 NW2d 105 (2009). This Court reviews for clear error the trial
court’s factual findings as well as its determination that a statutory basis for termination has been
established by clear and convincing evidence. MCR 3.977(K); In re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 152;
782 NW2d 747 (2010). “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ if, although there is evidence to support
it, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” In re HRC, 286
Mich App at 459.

                                                -2-
       In this case, the trial court found that grounds for termination had been established under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j), which permit termination of parental rights under the
following circumstances, if demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence:

                 (c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this
         chapter, 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial
         dispositional order, and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either
         of the following:

                 (i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there
         is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
         time considering the child’s age.

                                               * * *

                 (g) The parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or
         custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be
         able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the
         child’s age. [1]

                                               * * *

                 (j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of
         the child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the
         home of the parent.

Only one statutory ground for termination is necessary to support termination of parental rights.
In re HRC, 286 Mich App at 461.

        Here, the evidence showed that domestic violence was one of the factors that led to
adjudication. The child’s mother testified that domestic violence was occurring in the
relationship with respondent, and at the adjudication respondent admitted that allegations of
domestic violence were pending against him. The psychological evaluator recommended that
respondent participate in individual therapy to address anxiety and anger issues. The testimony
at the termination hearing clearly established that respondent had failed to participate in these
services. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err by finding that the conditions that led to
adjudication continued to exist and that termination was therefore supported under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i).

        Respondent also admitted at the adjudication that he could not provide proper care and
custody for the child. By the time of the termination hearing, the child had been in care for more
than two years and respondent had failed to participate in recommended services to address the
barriers to reunification, including parenting classes. Although he claimed to have engaged in


1
    MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) has since been amended, effective June 12, 2018, by 2018 PA 58.


                                                  -3-
individual therapy on his own and to have taken an online parenting class, he refused to sign
releases to enable petitioner to verify the information. Considering respondent’s lack of
cooperation and unwillingness to comply with recommended services, the court did not clearly
err by finding that the barriers to reunification were not reasonably likely to be rectified, and that
there was no reasonable expectation that respondent would be able to provide proper care and
custody within a reasonable period of time. The evidence therefore supports the trial court’s
findings that termination of respondent’s parental rights was justified under MCL
712A.19b(3)(g).

        The evidence further supports termination under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). The trial court
found that aside from visiting regularly and parenting appropriately during his supervised visits
with the child, there was no evidence that respondent complied with or benefited from the
treatment plan. A parent’s failure to comply with a treatment plan is evidence that the child may
be harmed if returned to the parent’s home. In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 710-711; 846
NW2d 61 (2014). After two years, respondent had not completed parenting classes, had failed to
participate in individual counseling, and continued to deny that he had any need for services.
Although the paternal grandparents reported that his supervised visits with the child went well
and that he acted appropriately with the child, there was no evidence of respondent’s ability to
care for the child on his own. The trial court did not clearly err by finding that the child was
reasonably likely to be harmed if returned to respondent’s home.

                                      B. BEST INTERESTS

        Respondent also contends that the trial court erred in determining that termination of his
parental rights was in the child’s best interests. Specifically, respondent argues that the trial
court failed to consider that the child was placed with relatives, and should have chosen the less-
drastic measure of a guardianship with those relatives rather than termination. We disagree.

        “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not
be made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). “[W]hether termination of parental rights is in the best interests
of the child must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.” In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76,
90; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). We review the trial court’s decision regarding the child’s best
interests for clear error. In re White, 303 Mich App at 713.

        In determining the child’s best interests, the trial court should weigh all the evidence
available, and should consider a wide variety of factors that may include “the child’s bond to the
parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality, and
the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home.” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich
App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012) (citations omitted). Other relevant factors include “a
parent’s history of domestic violence, the parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan,
the parent’s visitation history with the child, the children’s well-being while in care, and the
possibility of adoption.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 714.




                                                 -4-
        Respondent correctly notes that a child’s placement with relatives is a factor that the trial
court is required to consider, and this factor generally weighs against termination. In re Mason,
486 Mich at 164. In that regard, MCL 712A.19a(8)(a) provides:

                If the court determines at a permanency planning hearing that a child
       should not be returned to his or her parent, the court may order the agency to
       initiate proceedings to terminate parental rights. Except as otherwise provided in
       this subsection, if the child has been in foster care under the responsibility of the
       state for 15 of the most recent 22 months, the court shall order the agency to
       initiate proceedings to terminate parental rights. The court is not required to order
       the agency to initiate proceedings to terminate parental rights if 1 or more of the
       following apply:

               (a) The child is being cared for by relatives.

Thus, MCL 712A.19a(8)(a) “expressly establishes that, although grounds allowing the initiation
of termination proceedings are present, initiation of termination proceedings is not required when
the children are ‘being cared for by relatives.’ ” In re Mason, 486 Mich at 164.
MCL 712A.19a(8)(a) does not preclude termination, however, simply because a child is placed
with relatives; rather placement with relatives is a factor to be considered by the trial court when
determining the best interests of the child.

         In this case, the trial court did consider the child’s placement with relatives when
determining the best interests of the child. The trial court also considered the advantages to the
child in that placement, the grandparents’ willingness to adopt the child, the child’s need for
permanence, and respondent’s lack of effort or progress toward reunification. The trial court
stated, in pertinent part:

                Regarding the best interest of the child, there is apparently a bond between
       the father and the child and it appears to be significant. The child is very
       young. . . . He was removed from his biological parents very early and has been
       with the paternal grandparents continuously since then. It does appear that the
       father has some parenting ability, although he did not ever engage in parenting
       classes where he may have learned, if he had done that, how damaging the
       [e]ffects of domestic violence are on a child. This child needs permanence,
       stability, and finality.

              There are many advantages for him in his foster home. He’s being well
       cared for in that home. He’s bonded to his caregivers. There is a possibility of
       adoption in that home.

               The psychological evaluation of the father by Doctor Lowder, which he
       obtained on his own and submitted to the court, does indicate problems. It’s an
       unfavorable psychological exam. The father has continued to engage in a
       relationship involving domestic violence. He hasn’t had much contact with the
       foster care worker. His independent housing and income cannot be verified.



                                                 -5-
       There’s no testimony he provides financial support for the child. So there’s no
       progress, no discernible effort by the father.

               Therefore, it is in the best interest [of the child] for the court to terminate
       his parental rights and free this child for adoption by his caregivers where he has
       his major bond, and those are the people he looks to to have his needs met.

        Thus, contrary to respondent’s assertions on appeal, the trial court did consider the
child’s relative placement with the grandparents when determining the child’s best interests. The
court found that the child was bonded to the grandparents, that he looked to them to have his
needs met, that he was excelling in his environment, and that the grandparents were willing to
adopt him. The court considered that the child had a strong bond to respondent, but also
respondent’s failure to make any effort toward reunification with the child. The trial court also
noted the child’s need for permanence, stability, and finality. We conclude that the trial court
did not clearly err in finding that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in the child’s
best interests.

       Respondent also argues that the trial court erred by failing to consider a guardianship
with the paternal grandparents in lieu of terminating his parental rights. Again, we disagree. A
guardianship may be established in an effort to avoid termination of parental rights. In re TK,
306 Mich App 698, 705; 859 NW2d 208 (2014); see also In re Mason, 486 Mich at 168-169.
MCL 712A.19a(4) states, in relevant part:

              At or before each permanency planning hearing, the court shall determine
       whether the agency has made reasonable efforts to finalize the permanency plan.
       At the hearing, the court shall determine whether and, if applicable, when the
       following must occur:

               (a) The child may be returned to the parent, guardian, or legal custodian.

               (b) A petition to terminate parental rights should be filed.

               (c) The child may be placed in a legal guardianship.

               (d) The child may be permanently placed with a fit and willing relative.

        Respondent argues that because the child’s mother intended to release her parental rights
at the time of the termination hearing, the grandparents were willing to consider becoming
guardians for the child and that the trial court should have taken this into consideration in
determining the child’s best interests. We note that the factual premise of respondent’s argument
regarding the grandparents’ wiliness to provide a guardianship for the child is misplaced. The
grandmother testified at the termination hearing that she and her husband were not in favor of a
guardianship because of the mother and her mental health issues, and that she and the child’s
grandfather had not yet talked about whether they would consider a guardianship if the mother’s
rights were terminated. Moreover, the trial court determined that termination was in the child’s
best interests in light of the child’s need for permanence, the willingness of the grandparents to
adopt him, and respondent’s failure to make any effort to regain custody of the child. Again, we


                                                -6-
conclude that the trial court did not clearly err in finding that termination of respondent’s
parental rights was in the child’s best interests.

       Affirmed.



                                                         /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                         /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                         /s/ Michael F. Gadola




                                             -7-
