                                       In The

                                Court of Appeals

                    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                               __________________

                               NO. 09-19-00167-CV
                               __________________

                          IN THE INTEREST OF A.H.

__________________________________________________________________

                On Appeal from the 410th District Court
                     Montgomery County, Texas
                   Trial Cause No. 18-05-06835-CV
__________________________________________________________________

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      After a bench trial, Appellant Father appeals from a judgment terminating his

parental rights to his eight-year-old daughter, A.H. 1 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), (O), (2) (West Supp. 2018). Father was represented by

counsel at the termination proceeding but Father did not testify. In three issues,

Father challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s



      1
       To protect the identity of the minor, we use initials to refer to the child and
a pseudonym for her mother. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).

                                          1
termination of his parental rights under Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N),

and (O). 2 We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                     Background

      CPS Investigator Tara Bauch testified that she investigated allegations of

“neglectful supervision due to the fact that the mother was found deceased in the

hotel room with [A.H.]” In her Affidavit in Support of Removal admitted into


      2
        Subsections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O) provide that the court may order
termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing
evidence that the parent has
       (F) failed to support the child in accordance with the parent’s ability
       during a period of one year ending within six months of the date of the
       filing of the petition; . . .
       (N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent
       or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family
       and Protective Services for not less than six months, and:
             (i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child
             to the parent;
             (ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant
             contact with the child; and
             (iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child
             with a safe environment; [or]
       (O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that
       specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain
       the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary
       managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective
       Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal
       from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the
       child[.]

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O) (West Supp. 2018).

                                          2
evidence, Bauch stated that upon her arrival to the hotel on May 25, 2018, EMS was

administering CPR on A.H.’s mother. A police officer told Bauch that EMS

suspected A.H.’s cause of death to be alcohol poisoning or a heart attack. According

to Bauch, she spoke with A.H. and learned that she and her mother had traveled from

Oklahoma to visit A.H.’s brother for his high school graduation. A.H. informed

Bauch that her grandparents died and she last saw her father two years ago when he

choked her mother. A.H.’s brother told Bauch that he was unaware of any living

relatives on his mother’s side of the family. Bauch spoke to one of A.H.’s mother’s

friends who provided Father’s name, and the friend stated that Father was abusive

towards A.H.’s mother and was likely in jail. Bauch concluded that it was in A.H.’s

interest for the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the Department”) to

be named A.H.’s Temporary Managing Conservator as the Department had made

reasonable efforts to prevent or alleviate the need for A.H.’s removal, A.H.’s father

had not been found, her mother was deceased, and there was no information

regarding relatives to contact. Bauch testified that on the day of removal, A.H. was

placed in the same home as her older brother, with whom she was comfortable and

had previously lived. According to Bauch, A.H. was still placed in the same home

at the time of trial.



                                         3
        Bauch testified that, on the Tuesday after A.H. was removed, Bauch met

Father, A.H.’s paternal grandmother (R.B.), and A.H.’s paternal great grandmother,

who lived in Oklahoma and wanted to take A.H. home with them. Bauch testified

that she did not initially set up visitation with A.H. and Father because “the child did

not want to visit because the last time she saw [Father] he was choking her mom.”

When asked whether any police reports or other documentation corroborated the

alleged choking incident, Bauch responded that although there was no criminal

history or documentation of the incident, “[t]he family has multiple CPS cases out

of the State of Oklahoma, and domestic violence is a part of one of those and drug

use.”

        CPS Supervisor Latasha Hickman testified that she was assigned to the case

“[s]ince the beginning[]” and that Father’s service plan ordered Father to participate

in “[s]ubstance abuse assessment, individual counseling, psychological, parenting,

[and to] maintain contact with the Department.” According to Hickman, the

Department made attempts to contact Father, but Father did not contact the

Department at any time for visitation. She explained that when the Department

would attempt to contact Father, Father’s mother would stop the phone calls, and the

Department had not had any contact with Father in the past year. Hickman clarified

that visits for A.H. and Father required a recommendation from the therapist.

                                           4
According to Hickman, the Department talked to the therapist about contact, but the

therapist did not recommend any contact because “[t]he child doesn’t want any

contact with her father.” Hickman testified that Father did not visit A.H. at all or

provide financial support to the Department for her care during the pendency of the

case. Hickman further testified that Father did not demonstrate the ability to provide

a safe and stable environment for A.H. and Father did not participate in any of the

court-ordered services. Hickman testified that if a parent lives out-of-state, services

are provided for the parent in Texas, but if the parent does not come to Texas for

services then the parent bears the cost of services.

      Hickman had no knowledge whether an acknowledgement of Father’s

paternity had been located, and she did not know whether A.H. lived with Father for

at least two years after her birth. According to Hickman, A.H. had not asked to see

her Father during the case, and to Hickman’s knowledge, A.H. did not have a

relationship with her Father and had not seen him for “three or four years [][,]

[p]ossibly more.” Hickman testified that to her knowledge, the caseworker mailed

Father a copy of the service plan, Father was aware of where A.H. was placed, and

Father never asked that A.H. be placed with him. According to Hickman, Father did

not contact anyone at CPS about how to set up his services.



                                          5
      Hickman testified that she visited A.H. in her current placement on one

occasion and that A.H. is doing well in the home with her half-brother. Hickman

explained that she believed termination of Father’s parental rights is in A.H.’s best

interests because Father has “failed to show that he has any interest in the

well[-]being and safety of [A.H.,] has not made any contact or efforts to contact the

Department[, and] has not show[n] any interest in [A.H.]”

      The court-appointed special advocate (CASA) testified that she has visited

with A.H. monthly since being assigned to the case in June of 2017. According to

the CASA, when she first visited A.H., the child’s emotional state was fragile. The

CASA testified that there were no visitations between A.H. and Father or any of the

grandparents during the pendency of the case. The CASA testified she had no contact

with Father and tried once to call the contact number for him but “the phone number

just, it rang . . . didn’t receive voice mail message or anything[.]” According to the

CASA, Father was present in court on June 6th and available by phone at the July

23rd status hearing. The CASA testified that Father and A.H.’s paternal grandmother

did not attend the permanency conference although the CASA believed they

received notice of the hearing. The CASA testified that Father’s services were court-

ordered at the July 23rd status hearing that Father attended by phone and that Father

never filed anything to ask the court to amend his services or to ask for visitation.

                                          6
The CASA testified that, for as long as she has been assigned to the case, A.H. has

not mentioned her paternal grandmother, and the paternal grandmother has not

visited with A.H. The CASA testified that she provided Father her contact

information on the day she was assigned the case and he has never contacted her.

      The CASA testified that A.H. was placed with her half-brother’s family.

According to the CASA, A.H.’s mother was also the half-brother’s mother. The

CASA testified that A.H. appeared to have a close relationship with her half-brother.

According to the CASA, A.H. has been doing “really well” in her current placement

over the last year, and the CASA’s recommendation is for adoption of A.H. by the

half-brother’s family. The CASA testified that A.H. has not asked to see Father, she

has no relationship with her Father, and the last time she saw Father was “three or

four years ago[,] [p]ossibly more.” The CASA testified that she believed that

termination of Father’s parental rights is in A.H.’s best interest. The CASA indicated

that Father has not met the court’s requirements to get access to A.H. According to

the CASA,“[A.H.] does not want to see him. She has a very traumatic memory of

[Father]. . . . So, she prefers not to see him because of that.” The CASA testified that

at each visit with A.H., she asked A.H. if she wanted to see her paternal grandmother

and she stated she did not. The CASA testified that she hopes that A.H. is adopted



                                           7
by her current placement family because A.H. is “very happy[]” there and is

“adjusting very well.”

      The trial court found clear and convincing evidence of prohibited predicate

acts under Texas Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O), and the trial

court found that termination was in the best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), (O), (2). The trial court terminated Father’s parental

rights, and Father appealed.

                                 Standard of Review

      The decision to terminate parental rights must be supported by clear and

convincing evidence, that is, “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the

mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2019); In re J.L.,

163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). The movant must show that the parent committed

one or more predicate acts or omissions and that termination is in the child’s best

interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); see also In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at

84.

      In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental rights

termination case, we must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the

finding to determine whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief

                                           8
or conviction that the finding was true. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex.

2009) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). We assume the

factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder

could do so, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have

disbelieved. Id. Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary

to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is

in the child’s best interests. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003)

(applying previous version of the statute).

                 Predicate Finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(N)

      In Father’s second issue, he contends that the evidence was legally insufficient

to support terminating his parental rights under Family Code subsection

161.001(b)(1)(N). Subsection N provides that the court may order termination of the

parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the

parent has

      constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or
      temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and
      Protective Services for not less than six months, and:
            (i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child
            to the parent;
            (ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant
            contact with the child; and
            (iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child
            with a safe environment[.]

                                          9
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N). The first element, the Department’s

reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent, “‘focuses on [the Department’s]

conduct; the second and third elements focus on the parent’s conduct.’” In re A.K.L.,

No. 01-16-00489-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 13027, at *19 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Dec. 8, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (quoting In re A.L.H., 468 S.W.3d

738, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.)). The evidence must be

sufficient to support each element set out in subsection N, and the Department bears

the burden of proof. See In re A.L.H., 468 S.W.3d at 744 (citing In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d

625, 633 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied); In re A.S., 261 S.W.3d 76, 90

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)).

      Father does not dispute that the Department had permanent or temporary

managing conservatorship of A.H. for not less than six months. However, Father

specifically argues that no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the

Department made reasonable efforts to return A.H. to Father, that Father had not

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with A.H., and that Father had

demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment.

       As to the first element of subsection N, implementation of a family service

plan is ordinarily considered a reasonable effort by the Department to return a child

to his or her parent. In re N.K.T., No. 01-16-00439-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS

                                         10
11638, at *20 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 27, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.);

In re N.R.T., 338 S.W.3d 667, 674 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.). Father

argues that although the creation of a service plan ordinarily constitutes a reasonable

effort by the Department to return the child to a parent, “the record does not contain

any testimony from a Department representative that Appellant was provided any

direction or reasonable opportunity to complete the service plan” and “zero

testimony was provided as to what services on the service plan[] were available to

Appellant near his home in Oklahoma.” In support of this argument, Father cites to

In re A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d 285, 288 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.).

      In assessing the Department’s efforts, ideal efforts need not be shown—only

reasonable efforts. In re N.K.T., 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 11638, at **20-21; In re

S.R., No. 12-14-00238-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 642, at *7 (Tex. App.—Tyler

Jan. 23, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also In re M.V.G., 440 S.W.3d 54, 61

(Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.) (recognizing, in conducting sufficiency analysis

of reasonable-efforts requirement, that “there probably are things the Department

could have done differently [when implementing mother’s service plan], but the

issue is whether the Department made ‘reasonable efforts’”).

      Here, CPS Supervisor Hickman testified about Father’s court-ordered service

plan. Hickman testified that the plan was mailed to the address Father provided to

                                          11
the Department, that the Department attempted to contact him, and that he never

contacted the Department. According to Hickman, Father could have participated in

services in Texas at no cost or in Oklahoma at his own cost, but that he did not

contact anyone at CPS to find out about how to set up his services, he did not

participate in any court-ordered services, and he did not show any interest in A.H.’s

well-being or safety. The CASA testified that Father was present for one court date

and was available by phone at a later status hearing when his services were court-

ordered, she gave her contact information to Father, and she made an attempt to

contact Father but it was unsuccessful. The CASA also testified that although Father

had the CASA’s contact information, he had never contacted her.

      Father’s reliance on In re A.Q.W. is misplaced because that case is factually

distinguishable. In that case, the San Antonio Court of Appeals stated the following:

      [A]ppellant was not confirmed as A.Q.W.’s father until approximately
      thirty-six days before the termination hearing, and he did not receive
      his service plan until thirty-four days before the hearing. During this
      time he was incarcerated. The record contains no evidence that
      appellant was provided with a reasonable opportunity to enroll in, much
      less complete, any of the requirements that he could have complied with
      while incarcerated. On this scant record, we must conclude the evidence
      is legally insufficient to support a finding that the Department made a
      reasonable effort to return A.Q.W. to his father.

In re A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d at 290. In the present case, Father did not argue to the trial

court and does not assert on appeal that he only learned of paternity shortly before

                                          12
the termination hearing or that he was incarcerated during the pendency of the case.

Here, there was ample evidence for the trial court to have formed a firm belief or

conviction that reasonable efforts had been made by the Department to return A.H.

to Father. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344-45.

      As to the second element of subsection N, Father argues that the court-ordered

suspension of his visits with A.H. prevented him from exercising any right to

visitation and that “there is no testimony or evidence that the Appellant was offered

a single visit with his child, or that he declined it.” Although the Department

acknowledged that he was prevented from seeing A.H. until the therapist

recommended the visits, there is no evidence in the record that Father attempted to

initiate or maintain contact with A.H. in other ways, such as through letters, cards,

or small gifts, nor is there any evidence that Father made any inquiries or requests

to the Department or to the therapist regarding visitation. CPS Supervisor Hickman

testified that Father never contacted the Department at any time for visitation nor

had he provided financial support to the Department for A.H.’s care during the case.

Based on this evidence, the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction

that the Department demonstrated that Father had not regularly visited or maintained

contact with A.H. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344-45.



                                         13
      As to the third element of subsection N, Father argues that the evidence is

insufficient to support a finding that the Department has shown that Father has

demonstrated an inability to provide a safe environment. Father argues that the

Department cannot make such a showing because he has presented evidence that

A.H.’s paternal grandmother is able to provide A.H. with a safe environment. In

support of this argument Father cites to In re D.S.A., 113 S.W.3d 567, 573-74 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.), wherein the Amarillo Court of Appeals stated that

“it is quite conceivable that one in prison may still be able to do so by, at the very

least, leaving the ward in the capable hands of a relative, friend or spouse.”

According to Father, although he was not incarcerated, he arranged for A.H.’s

paternal grandmother to care for A.H. and “[i]t is disputed within the trial record that

the Intervening paternal grandmother is unable, or not competent, to care for

[A.H.].”

      Once again, we find In re D.S.A. factually distinguishable from this case. The

parent in In re D.S.A. argued that subsection N is inapplicable when the parent is in

prison. See id. at 573. The Amarillo Court of Appeals concluded that incarceration

does not render subsection N inapplicable simply because of incarceration, because

an incarcerated person could “work through surrogates, such as relatives, spouses,

or friends, to fulfil th[e] obligation [of providing the child a safe environment].” Id.

                                          14
Here, Father has failed to show that he is incarcerated. The fact that a parent who is

not incarcerated arranges for a relative or someone else to care for the child does not

negate other evidence in the record from which a trial court could conclude Father

is unable to provide a safe environment for the child. Here, Father did not testify at

the termination hearing, and he acknowledges on appeal that it is “disputed” as to

whether A.H.’s paternal grandmother is able or competent to care for A.H.

Moreover, Father does not dispute that he failed to complete his family service plan.

A parent’s “failure to complete a family service plan demonstrates an inability to

provide a child with a safe environment.” In re A.K.L., 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS

13027, at *21). The child’s “‘environment’ includes more than just the physical

condition of his or her home. Rather, [it] ‘refers to the acceptability of the child’s

living conditions, as well as a parent’s conduct in the home.’” Id. at *24 (quoting In

re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 360 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied)).

Father did not argue in the trial court or on appeal that he participated in any services,

nor does he contend he made any attempts to complete portions of the plan. 3 CPS

Supervisor Hickman testified that he did not complete any services, and he failed to

maintain contact with the Department. Hickman testified that Father failed to show



      3
        We note that Father did not challenge the adequacy or appropriateness of the
service plan.
                                         15
that he has any interest in A.H. or in her well-being and safety. According to CPS

Investigator Bauch, A.H. did not want to see Father because her last memory of

Father was him choking her mother. The CASA testified that A.H. prefers not to see

Father because of that traumatic memory. There was sufficient evidence for the trial

court to have formed a firm belief or conviction that Father had demonstrated an

inability to provide A.H. with a safe environment. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at

344-45. Viewing all the evidence in the record in a light most favorable to the trial

court’s finding of constructive abandonment, as we must in a legal sufficiency

review, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support the finding of constructive

abandonment under subsection N. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N).

      Having concluded there is legally sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s finding that termination was justified under subsection N, we need not

address his first and third issues challenging the trial court’s findings under

subsections F and O, respectively. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362 (noting that

“only one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a

judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s

best interest”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Father does not challenge the trial

court’s finding that termination was in the child’s best interest. Accordingly, we

overrule Father’s second issue. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                          16
      AFFIRMED.

                                                  _________________________
                                                      LEANNE JOHNSON
                                                            Justice

Submitted on September 11, 2019
Opinion Delivered October 3, 2019

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.




                                      17
