                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                              ________________
                              NO. 09-13-00575-CV
                              ________________

        IN RE COMMITMENT OF KEVIN WAYNE EDWARDS
__________________________________________________________________

                On Appeal from the 435th District Court
                     Montgomery County, Texas
                   Trial Cause No. 13-05-05231-CV
__________________________________________________________________

                                    OPINION

      The State of Texas filed a petition to commit appellant Kevin Wayne

Edwards as a sexually violent predator. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§

841.001-.151 (West 2010 & Supp. 2013). A jury found that Edwards is a sexually

violent predator, and the trial court signed a final judgment and an order of civil

commitment. In four appellate issues, Edwards challenges the constitutionality of

Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code as applied to him, the exclusion

of evidence concerning lack of treatment for his mental illness during civil

commitment, the trial court’s requiring him to testify because he is “an ‘insane’

person[,]” and the trial court’s denial of his motion to have counsel present during
                                         1
his post-petition psychiatric examinations. We affirm the trial court’s judgment and

order of civil commitment.

                                    ISSUE ONE

       In his first issue, Edwards contends Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and

Safety Code (the SVP statute) is unconstitutional as applied to him. Specifically,

Edwards asserts that because he suffers from schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type,

“application of Chapter 841 to Mr. Edwards clearly is undisguised punishment . . . .”

According to Edwards, the statute is punitive as applied to him because he would

receive no treatment for his mental illness if he were committed under Chapter

841.

       We first address the State’s contention that Edwards failed to preserve this

issue for appellate review. In its brief, the State contends that although Edwards

filed a motion with the trial court seeking a declaration that the SVP statute is

unconstitutional as applied to him, Edwards did not obtain a ruling on said motion.

However, the record reflects that Edwards’s counsel argued the motion and

obtained a ruling before trial began. Therefore, we conclude that Edwards

preserved the issue for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).

       “Under an ‘as applied’ challenge, the challenging party contends that the

statute, although generally constitutional, operates unconstitutionally as to him or

                                         2
her because of the challenging party’s particular circumstances.” In re Commitment

of Fisher, 164 S.W.3d 637, 656 n.17 (Tex. 2005). Therefore, we must evaluate the

statute as it operates in practice against Edwards. See Tex. Mun. League v. Tex.

Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 74 S.W.3d 377, 381 (Tex. 2002).

      In construing the statute and its effect, we consider several factors,
      including: the statute’s purpose; the circumstances of the statute’s
      enactment; the legislative history; common-law or former statutory
      provisions, including laws on the same or similar subjects; a particular
      construction’s consequences; administrative construction of the
      statute; and the title, preamble[,] and emergency provision.

Id. The party attacking the statute bears the burden of showing that the statute is

unconstitutional. Id.

      In enacting Chapter 841 the Legislature found that:

             [A] small but extremely dangerous group of sexually violent
      predators exists and . . . those predators have a behavioral abnormality
      that is not amenable to traditional mental illness treatment modalities
      and that makes the predators likely to engage in repeated predatory
      acts of sexual violence. The legislature finds that the existing
      involuntary commitment provisions of Subtitle C, Title 7, are
      inadequate to address the risk of repeated predatory behavior that
      sexually violent predators pose to society. The legislature further finds
      that treatment modalities for sexually violent predators are different
      from the traditional treatment modalities for persons appropriate for
      involuntary commitment under Subtitle C, Title 7. Thus, the
      legislature finds that a civil commitment procedure for the long-term
      supervision and treatment of sexually violent predators is necessary
      and in the interest of the state.



                                         3
Fisher, 164 S.W.3d at 639-40 (quoting Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 841.001

(West 2010)). “A person committed under the Act has a behavioral abnormality, a

congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting the person’s emotional or

volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent offense.”

Beasley v. Molett, 95 S.W.3d 590, 607 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied)

(citing Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.002(2), 841.003(a) (West Supp.

2013); Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 362-63 (1997)).

      As previously discussed, Edwards bore the burden of demonstrating that the

SVP statute operates unconstitutionally as applied to him. See Tex. Mun. League,

74 S.W.3d at 381. Edwards attached to his motion deposition testimony from the

State’s experts, psychiatrist Dr. Sheri Gaines and psychologist Dr. Randall Price,

as well as other documents, including a clinical psychologist’s recommendation

that Edwards be found incompetent to stand trial.1 According to Edwards’s motion,

Gaines testified that Edwards is “100 percent psychotic” and his “thought [is] full

of delusional content, both grandiose and paranoid[.]”



      1
       Psychologist Dr. Roger Saunders opined as follows in his report: “With
respect to the Outpatient Sexually Violent Predator Treatment Program, [Edwards]
would be disqualified based on the ‘person exhibits an overt and uncontrolled
psychosis’ criterion for admission. With adequate medication therapy however,
Mr. Edwards could be expected to minimally participate in an SOTP program,
however with moderate difficulty. Some accommodations would be needed.”
                                         4
      In her deposition, Gaines testified that she diagnosed Edwards with

schizoaffective disorder, alcohol abuse, cannabis abuse, sexual abuse of an adult,

sexual abuse of a child, and antisocial personality traits. Gaines also testified in her

deposition that Edwards exhibited some delusional and illogical thinking during

her interview with him. When asked whether she believed Edwards would be able

to complete the sex offender treatment program, Gaines testified, “I work with a lot

of seriously mentally ill people, and I’m a firm believer that everyone has the

ability to benefit from treatment. So I do believe that there’s some treatment out

there that could be helpful for Mr. Edwards. It would need to be customized for

him, however.” Gaines further explained that Edwards would only benefit from

such customized treatment if he were also properly medicated, and he would need

“special guidance.” In addition, Gaines testified that Edwards had previously failed

at sex offender treatment because he committed another sexual offense, and she

opined that he could have reoffended because of his mental status.

      Gaines further opined that medication might not make Edwards less likely to

sexually offend because “he’s demonstrated [an] inability to be properly

medicated. . . . [H]e has had access to medical care and he has been treated with

medications and remained psychotic.” According to Gaines, Edwards’s mental

illness is “part of who he is. It’s part of his whole big picture. And it’s a risk factor

                                           5
for him. And it does impair his impulse control and make him more likely to be

violent.” When asked during the deposition whether Edwards’s schizoaffective

disorder constituted his behavioral abnormality for purposes of the SVP statute,

Gaines explained, “No. A diagnosis is not a behavioral abnormality. . . .

[S]chizoaffective disorder is something that Mr. Edwards has. It’s one of his

diagnoses, and it does contribute to his behavioral abnormality.” Gaines explained

that Edwards’s antisocial features also contribute to his sexual offending.

      In his deposition, Dr. Randall Price testified that during his interview with

Edwards, Edwards’s delusions “intruded on his thinking[,]” but Edwards “didn’t

seem to lose sight of what the evaluation was about.” Price explained that he

diagnosed Edwards with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, alcohol use

disorder, and cannabis use disorder. Price stated that although he did not diagnose

Edwards with antisocial personality disorder, Edwards “certainly has a lot of adult

antisocial behavior and attitudes[.]” Price opined that Edwards’s mental illness

“very well could have” been a factor in Edwards’s inability to complete sex

offender treatment.

      According to Price, schizoaffective disorder can be controlled with proper

medication. When asked whether Edwards could have avoided committing some of

his offenses if he had been properly medicated, Price explained, “I think it was a

                                          6
factor. I think his mental disorder was one factor . . . . [I]f he had been compliant

with the appropriate treatment and not using alcohol or other substances . . . I think

it would have at least reduced the chances of those offenses having occurred.”

Price also opined that “it’s less likely” that Edwards’s denial and lack of empathy

are strongly related to his mental illness. When asked how he differentiated

Edwards’s antisocial features from his mental illness, Price explained, “there is

overlap, but some people with mental illness like his don’t have a criminal history,

don’t engage in criminal conduct, don’t engage in sex offenses. So there’s overlap

there.” Price explained that the congenital or acquired condition Edwards suffers

from is “a constellation of things. The primary part of it is the schizoaffective

disorder, bipolar type, but also involved in that behavior or behavioral abnormality

is a history of substance use problems, antisocial attitudes and behaviors, having

committed two deviant sexual acts, one on a child, one on an adult and then . . . the

non[-]adherence or the lack of compliance with treatment of the schizoaffective

disorder. . . . There can be more than one factor or disorder that comprises that

condition that is defined as a behavioral abnormality. ”

      As discussed above, the SVP statute was created specifically to provide a

commitment procedure for an “extremely dangerous group of sexually violent

predators” who “have a behavioral abnormality that is not amenable to traditional

                                          7
mental illness treatment modalities and that makes the predators likely to engage in

repeated predatory acts of sexual violence.” Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §

841.001. A person committed under Chapter 841 has “a behavioral abnormality, a

congenital or acquired condition that, by affecting the person’s emotional or

volitional capacity, predisposes the person to commit a sexually violent offense.”

Beasley, 95 S.W.3d at 607 (citing Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.002(2),

841.003(a); Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 362-63)). Edwards’s pretrial motion failed to

demonstrate that because of his schizoaffective disorder, Chapter 841 operated

unconstitutionally as applied to him. See Fisher, 164 S.W.3d at 653-54; Tex. Mun.

League, 74 S.W.3d at 381. Therefore, the trial court did not err by denying his

motion. Accordingly, we overrule issue one.

                                   ISSUE TWO

      In his second issue, Edwards argues that the trial court erred by excluding

evidence that a Chapter 841 civil commitment provided no treatment for his mental

illness, while “regular” mental-health civil commitment would provide such

treatment. Specifically, Edwards complains that the trial court permitted Gaines to

testify that “regular” mental health civil commitment did not address sexual

deviance or provide sex offender treatment, but did not permit defense experts to



                                         8
testify that Edwards would not receive mental illness treatment if he were

committed under Chapter 841.

      “We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.”

Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 S.W.3d 887, 906 (Tex. 2000); see In re

Commitment of Salazar, No. 09-07-345 CV, 2008 WL 4998273, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont Nov. 26, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Error may not be

predicated upon a ruling that excludes evidence unless the party’s substantial rights

are affected. Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). We will not reverse a judgment based on an

error of law unless that error probably caused the rendition of an improper

judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case to

the appellate court. Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a).

      Gaines testified that she reviewed records pertaining to Edwards and

conducted an interview of Edwards. Gaines opined that Edwards has a behavioral

abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence.

Gaines testified that she considered Edwards to be sexually deviant based upon his

two convictions for sexual offenses and his sexually inappropriate statements

during her interview of him. When asked how Edwards’s schizoaffective disorder

relates to his history of sexual offenses, Gaines explained as follows:

      I don’t think it’s possible to separate out where the sexual deviance is,
      where the schizoaffective disorder begins, where that ends and the
                                           9
      anti-social traits begin; and it’s not necessary for our purposes here
      today. It might be helpful in treatment to try to understand Mr.
      Edwards better, to try to direct his treatment in a particular area, but
      for our purposes here today, those three things are present in Mr.
      Edwards. Those three things feed off of each other, actually make
      each other worse and make him have a behavioral abnormality.

Gaines testified that although Edwards had been prescribed various types of

medications, Edwards is still psychotic and his symptoms are “certainly not fully

controlled at this time.” Gaines also explained that Edwards had been “consistently

noncompliant” with respect to taking his medication. According to Gaines,

Edwards’s sexual deviancy, schizoaffective disorder, and antisocial personality

traits “all feed off of each other. They all make the next one worse. . . . So, he’s got

hypersexuality from the schizoaffective disorder; and he’s got no regard for people

from the anti-social personality traits.”

      When asked how mental health commitments differed from Chapter 841

commitments, Gaines testified:

             A regular civil commitment for mental health treatment under
      the Texas statute is when someone is imminently dangerous to
      themselves or others or will decompensate to that level if they do not
      get treatments and then they go in-patient for the civil commitment
      and receive psychiatric treatment. . . . They may go to a psychiatric
      hospital . . . with the focus being on medication and getting someone
      to the point where they are no longer dangerous to themselves or
      others; and when they get to the point where they are no longer
      dangerous to themselves or others, then they are released.


                                            10
Gaines explained that regular civil commitments for mental health do not address

sexual deviance and do not provide sex offender treatment. During cross-

examination, when Edwards’s counsel asked whether Edwards would receive

treatment for his mental illness during a commitment under Chapter 841, the trial

court sustained the State’s relevancy objection. Gaines opined that Edwards needs

mental health treatment “for a lot of reasons including deviant behavior.”

      Clinical psychologist Dr. Roger Saunders, who was called as an expert

witness by Edwards, testified that after interviewing Edwards and reviewing

records, he diagnosed Edwards with “a psychotic disorder[,]” and he explained that

a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, is “consistent with the

record.” Saunders explained that psychotic disorder is “recognized as a severe

mental illness.” The trial judge sustained the State’s objection to a question

regarding whether a person who has a major mental illness could complete a sex

offender treatment program. The defense later re-called Saunders to the stand to

make a bill of exceptions. During the bill of exceptions, Saunders opined that

Edwards “would not be capable of participating” in sex offender treatment.

Saunders also opined that without traditional mental health treatment, Edwards

would not be able to participate in sex offender treatment, and that Edwards’s



                                        11
mental illness will preclude him from participating in or benefiting from the type

of treatment that would be ordered under Chapter 841.

      Edwards also called psychologist Dr. Marisa Mauro to testify as an expert

witness on his behalf. Mauro testified that she evaluated Edwards for behavioral

abnormality and determined that Edwards does not have a behavioral abnormality

that makes him likely to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence. Mauro

testified that “paraphilias are the only conditions that obviously relate to problems

with controlling a sexually deviant behavior[,]” and she testified that she did not

diagnose Edwards with any type of paraphilia. Mauro testified that Edwards’s two

convictions constitute the only evidence that Edwards has a sexually deviant

personality.

      Mauro explained that she diagnosed Edwards with schizoaffective disorder,

bipolar type, and that although he does not have antisocial personality, he does

have some antisocial traits. Mauro testified that when she interviewed Edwards, he

was “highly delusional” and “manic.” According to Mauro, “[t]he primary

modality for treatment of schizoaffective disorder is psychiatric medication and

then if the person stabilizes some and is open to working on their thoughts,

feelings, and behaviors at that time in a non-delusional state, therapy as well.”

According to Mauro, Edwards’s schizoaffective disorder affects his emotional

                                         12
volitional capacity and is a congenital or acquired condition, but it does not make

him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. Mauro characterized

Edwards’s risk of sexual re-offense as “low moderate to moderate[.]” The trial

court sustained the State’s relevancy objections to questions that attempted to elicit

from Mauro testimony concerning (1) how the legislative findings in the SVP

statute assist in determining whether someone has a behavioral abnormality, and

(2) the meaning of a person being amenable to traditional mental health treatment

modalities.

      Edwards’s counsel later called Mauro to make an offer of proof. During the

offer of proof, Mauro explained that she is familiar with traditional mental health

commitments. Mauro stated that Edwards’s illness is of the type that would lend

itself to traditional mental health commitment, and she explained that the focus of

the treatment would be to ensure that Edwards would no longer be a danger to

himself or others and would no longer have symptoms that interfere with his ability

to care for himself and make rational decisions. Mauro explained that inpatient

mental health commitment takes place in a more secure facility than sexually

violent predator commitment. In addition, Mauro opined that Edwards would not

benefit from sex offender treatment due to his mental illness. Mauro stated that

Edwards’s schizoaffective disorder is amenable to traditional mental health

                                         13
treatment. When asked whether sexually violent predator treatment would include

mental health treatment, Mauro testified “[i]t is my understanding that he would

receive treatment for any sexual deviancy, but I do not know if he would receive

any mental health treatments that were not on si[te].” Mauro stated that Edwards

does not need treatment for sexual deviancy, and that Edwards is incapable of

benefitting from such treatment because he is delusional. According to Mauro,

Edwards’s psychosis would disqualify him from treatment under Chapter 841.

      Relevant evidence is any evidence that tends to make the existence of a fact

of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Tex.

R. Evid. 401. The SVP statute provides that the issue for the jury to determine was

whether Edwards is a repeat sexually violent offender and suffers from a

behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to commit a predatory act of sexual

violence. 2 Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 841.003(a). The relevant inquiry is

whether Edwards’s behavioral abnormality makes him likely to commit a

predatory act of sexual violence. See id. Therefore, the issue of whether Edwards

would receive treatment for his schizoaffective disorder if placed under a “regular”

mental health commitment was not relevant to the issue before the jury, and the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to admit such evidence. See
      2
        The trial court granted the State a directed verdict with respect to Edwards’s
status as a repeat sexually violent offender.
                                           14
generally Auld, 34 S.W.3d at 906; Salazar, 2008 WL 4998273, at *2. Furthermore,

even if the trial court had erred by excluding the evidence, Edwards must show that

the trial court’s decision probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.

See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). The jury heard evidence concerning Edwards’s two

prior sexual offenses, his diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder, antisocial

personality traits, abuse of alcohol and cannabis, problems complying with the

terms of his probation, as well as Edwards’s scores on actuarial instruments. In

light of the totality of the evidence before the jury, we conclude that Edwards has

not demonstrated that the trial court’s decision not to admit the disputed evidence

probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See id. We overrule issue

two.

                                   ISSUE THREE

       In his third issue, Edwards contends the trial court should not have required

him to testify at trial or by deposition because he is insane and, therefore,

incompetent to testify. Edwards filed a pretrial motion, in which he requested that

he not be required to testify at trial or by deposition due to his alleged insanity. The

trial court overruled the motion and permitted the State to call Edwards as a

witness. During his testimony, Edwards made several delusional statements.

However, Edwards was also able to clearly and coherently testify concerning his

                                          15
name, date of birth, current and past TDCJ numbers, and the details of his two

sexual offenses.

      Rule 601(a) of the Texas Rules of Evidence states as follows:

      (a) General Rule. Every person is competent to be a witness except as
          otherwise provided in these rules. The following witnesses shall be
          incompetent to testify in any proceeding subject to these rules:
          (1) . . . Insane persons who, in the opinion of the court, are in an
             insane condition of mind at the time when they are offered as a
             witness, or who, in the opinion of the court, were in that
             condition when the events happened of which they are called to
             testify.

Tex. R. Evid. 601(a)(1). The party attacking a witness’s competency bears the

burden of proving the witness’s incompetency. Handel v. Long Trusts, 757 S.W.2d

848, 854 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1988, no writ). Witness competency is a

preliminary question for the trial court to determine, and we will not disturb the

trial court’s ruling on appeal unless an abuse of discretion is shown. Tex. R. Evid.

104(a); Solis v. State, 647 S.W.2d 95, 98 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983, no writ).

The Texas Rules of Evidence are intended to promote the ascertainment of truth

and just determinations in legal proceedings. Tex. R. Evid. 102. The issue of

competency under Rule 601 pertains to whether a witness has the ability to

perceive the relevant events, recollect the events, and adequately narrate his

recollection. Rodriguez v. State, 772 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d) (applying former Texas Rule of Criminal Evidence 601). A
                                         16
mental infirmity does not necessarily render a witness incompetent to testify. See

Rodriguez, 772 S.W.2d. at 170 (The testimony of a witness with Alzheimer’s

disease raised “troubling questions,” but the court concluded that her account of

the crime was “lucid and purposeful.”).

      As previously discussed, although Edwards made some delusional

statements during his testimony, he was able to testify clearly and coherently

regarding his name, date of birth, current and past TDCJ numbers, and the details

of his two sexual offenses. On this record, we cannot say that the trial court erred

by determining that Edwards was competent to testify. See Tex. R. Evid. 601(a);

Rodriguez, 772 S.W.2d. at 170. Furthermore, Edwards has not demonstrated that

permitting the State to call Edwards as a witness probably caused the rendition of

an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). For all of these reasons, we

overrule issue three.

                                  ISSUE FOUR

      In issue four, Edwards complains of the trial court’s denial of his request to

have an attorney present at the pre-trial expert examination. We have held that

neither the SVP statute nor the Fourteenth Amendment requires that counsel be

present during a psychiatrist’s post-petition examination. See In re Commitment of

Smith, 422 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, pet. denied). Edwards

                                          17
argues that our holding in Smith was based solely on a concession by Smith that

the SVP statute does not appear to encompass a pre-trial psychiatric examination.

See id. at 806. In Smith, we merely noted that Smith made this concession, and we

did not use this concession to reach our holding. See id. at 804-07. Additionally,

we have upheld our Smith ruling in other cases. See In re Commitment of Speed,

No. 09-13-00488-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 4444, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

Apr. 24, 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op.); see also In re Commitment of Lemmons, No.

09-13-00346-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3888, at **1-2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

Apr. 10, 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op.). We decline to revisit our ruling in Smith and,

for the reasons discussed in Smith, we overrule issue four. Having overruled each

of Edwards’s appellate issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

      AFFIRMED.


                                       ________________________________
                                              STEVE McKEITHEN
                                                  Chief Justice

Submitted on June 23, 2014
Opinion Delivered September 4, 2014

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.




                                         18
