Filed 7/25/13




      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA


THE PEOPLE,                                    )
                                               )
                Plaintiff and Respondent,      )
                                               )                  S080840
                v.                             )
                                               )            Los Angeles County
GLEN ROGERS,                                   )          Super. Ct. No. BA109525
                                               )
                Defendant and Appellant.       )
                                               )


        A jury convicted defendant Glen Rogers of the first degree murder of
Sandra Gallagher (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)),1 and arson of property (§ 451,
subd. (d)). One special circumstance was found true; that defendant was
previously convicted of first degree murder. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(2) [prior-murder-
conviction special circumstance].) Following a penalty trial, the jury returned a
verdict of death. The trial court denied the automatic motion to modify the
penalty verdict (§ 190.4, subd. (e)) and imposed the death sentence for the murder
and a determinate term of two years for the arson conviction. This appeal is
automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).) We affirm the judgment in its entirety.




1       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.


                           SEE CONCURRING OPINION
                                     I. FACTS

                                    Guilt Phase
       A. Introduction
       On September 29, 1995, defendant Glen Rogers, a drifter from Ohio who
had frequented McRed‟s bar in Van Nuys for several weeks, picked up Sandra
Gallagher at the bar and strangled her to death several hours later, burning her
body in the passenger compartment of her pickup truck. Defendant fled from
California to Mississippi,2 then to Bossier City, Louisiana, where, on November 2,
1995, he picked up Andy Lou Sutton at the It‟ll Do Lounge. Defendant spent the
night with Sutton in her apartment and left the following day, telling her he had to
go to Jackson, Mississippi, to retrieve a truck, but would return. Instead,
defendant traveled to Tampa, Florida, where, on November 5, he picked up Tina
Cribbs at the Showtown bar in Gibsonton, on the outskirts of Tampa. Defendant
took Cribbs to his Tampa motel room where he stabbed her to death that same day.
The following day defendant, driving Cribbs‟s car, returned to Sutton‟s apartment
in Bossier City, Louisiana. The next night, on or about November 7, defendant
stabbed Sutton to death in the bedroom of her apartment.


2      On October 9, 1995, defendant met Linda Price in Jackson, Mississippi,
and murdered her three weeks later, on October 31. The prosecution sought to
admit evidence of three out-of-state murders committed by defendant in the six-
week period following Gallagher‟s murder in Van Nuys—the murder of Price in
Jackson, Mississippi, on October 31, 1995; the murder of Tina Cribbs in Tampa,
Florida, on or about November 5, 1995; and the murder of Andy Lou Sutton in
Bossier City, Louisiana, on November 8, 1995—to establish that Gallagher‟s
murder was pursuant to a common design or plan and premeditated. (Evid. Code,
§ 1101, subd. (b).) The trial court ruled evidence of the Cribbs and Sutton
murders admissible on that basis, but excluded evidence of the Price murder from
the guilt phase. Evidence of that murder was, however, admitted as part of the
prosecution‟s case in aggravation at the penalty phase. Accordingly, the facts
surrounding the Price murder are only relevant to the penalty phase and will be
considered below along with the other penalty phase evidence.

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       Defendant fled in Cribbs‟s car from Louisiana through Tennessee to
Kentucky, where he was ultimately apprehended by Kentucky state police after a
high-speed pursuit through several towns.
       B. Prosecution Evidence.
       1. Defendant murders Sandra Gallagher in Van Nuys.
       On September 28, 1995, Sandra Gallagher, age 33, had lunch with her
husband Stephen at a restaurant in West Los Angeles. Gallagher was happy, as
she had won approximately $1,200 in the state lottery. She showed her husband
the lottery ticket claim form, indicating she was going to the lottery office to
submit the form. Gallagher was driving a black and silver Ford F-150 pickup
truck with Colorado license plates she had obtained from her recently deceased
father, who lived in Colorado. Her husband testified she was wearing a pair of
distinctive earrings she had purchased from a Ross department store. An
employee at the California State Lottery office in Van Nuys testified Gallagher
came into the office that afternoon to claim her $1,279 in prize winnings.
       In September 1995, Mamdouh Saliman owned McRed‟s bar on Victory
Boulevard in Van Nuys. McRed‟s was a full service bar that served all varieties of
drinks. Saliman also owned CJ‟s, another bar on Victory Boulevard, one block
west of McRed‟s, that only served beer and wine. Saliman went to McRed‟s on
the afternoon of September 28. When he parked his car, he noticed a truck with
Colorado license plates in the parking lot. Around 3:00 or 4:00 p.m., Gallagher
walked into McRed‟s and said hello to Saliman, asking, “Don‟t you remember
me?” Saliman, who remembered Gallagher because she had previously been a
host at one of his other bars, replied, “I remember your face, but I don‟t recall your
name.” Gallagher told Saliman her nickname, “Sam,” and he gave her a hug.
Gallagher told Saliman she had won a lottery prize. When he asked where she had



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been, she replied that she had moved to Colorado after she left her employment
with him.
       Rein Keener worked as a bartender at McRed‟s in September 1995. Keener
arrived at work at between 5:30 and 6:00 p.m. on September 28 and noticed a
truck with Colorado license plates parked in the lot. Upon entering the bar,
Keener saw Gallagher standing with Saliman, who called her over and introduced
her to Gallagher. Saliman told Keener that Gallagher used to live in the
neighborhood and that she was a “really nice gal.” He asked Keener to look after
Gallagher and “steer [her] away from the loser leeches” at the bar. After Saliman
left the bar, Keener ate dinner and Gallagher played pool. At one point the two
began conversing and Gallagher told Keener her father had passed away and that
she had just gotten back from Colorado. Gallagher also told Keener she had just
won the lottery and was planning to go to Sacramento the following day to see her
three sons.
       At approximately 7:00 p.m. that evening, defendant arrived at McRed‟s.
He had recently become a frequent customer of the bar, showing up two or three
times a week during the latter part of September 1995. The first time defendant
patronized McRed‟s, he approached Keener and asked for her phone number.
Keener told defendant she did not go out with men she did not know. Defendant
showed up at McRed‟s during each of Keener‟s shifts for the next three weeks,
repeatedly asking for her phone number. During one conversation with defendant,
Keener told him she was in law school and wanted to be a prosecutor. Defendant
responded that he thought women made “lousy prosecutors.” He produced a
laminated badge and claimed he worked for the government and traveled from
state to state “looking for people.” Keener did not believe defendant and felt he
was just trying to impress her. Defendant began buying roses for Keener from a
flower lady who frequented the bar. He also tried to impress her by pulling out

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what appeared to be “wads of hundred dollar bills” and buying drinks for everyone
in the bar.
       When defendant entered McRed‟s on the evening in question he was
wearing cowboy boots, blue jeans, and a brown leather belt with “a fancy cowboy-
style buckle.” His bleached-blond hair was long and feathered, and he had a
neatly trimmed beard and moustache. He approached Gallagher, who “brushed
him off” and continued to play pool. Defendant then left the bar. Gallagher‟s
husband testified she called him at around 8:00 or 8:30 p.m. to tell him she was at
McRed‟s and was thinking of staying and singing with the band.
       On September 28, 1995, Cristina Walker and her boyfriend, Michael Flynn,
were staying at defendant‟s apartment at 6645 Woodman Avenue. Walker and
Flynn had moved into defendant‟s apartment a few days earlier after he had
offered to rent them his spare bedroom. September 28 was Flynn‟s birthday, and
he, Walker and defendant had made plans to meet that evening to celebrate.
Walker and Flynn drove to CJ‟s bar and subsequently met defendant in front of the
bar. Walker was driving her car and had her two dogs with her. Defendant,
Walker and Flynn stayed at CJ‟s for approximately one and one-half to two hours.
While there, Walker had two beers and defendant and Flynn each had
approximately four beers. When Walker indicated she liked “mixed drinks,”
defendant told her he knew a bar up the street that served cocktails. Walker told
defendant she was not yet 21 years of age. Defendant told her not to worry,
stating he would tell the bartender (Keener), whom he knew “real well,” that she
was his sister. Defendant told Walker he had spent prior weekends with Keener
and was planning on spending the upcoming weekend with her. Walker drove the
short distance to McRed‟s, where the three arrived at approximately 8:00 to 8:30
p.m. When they arrived the bar was crowded. When Keener saw defendant arrive



                                         5
she gave him an “irritated look.” Defendant told Keener that Walker was his sister
and the three ordered drinks.
       At some point in the evening defendant asked Keener for a ride home,
stating that because he worked for the government he “couldn‟t get caught with a
DUI.” Keener declined. Shortly afterwards, defendant approached her again,
“pinned” her up against the door to the storage room, and put his arm around her
back, “trying to be kissy and huggy.” Defendant told Keener, “I always get what I
want.” Keener ducked out of defendant‟s reach and went back to work.
       Later in the evening defendant pointed to Gallagher, commenting to Walker
and Flynn that he thought she was “cool” and “pretty.” Defendant announced that
he was going to buy Gallagher a drink and approached her table. Walker saw
Gallagher look up at defendant with a “big smile” on her face. Gallagher then
turned toward Walker and Flynn and invited them to join her and defendant at her
table in front of the band. Gallagher introduced herself and defendant began
ordering drinks for everyone at the table. Thereafter, Gallagher joined the group
“off and on,” playing pool and then returning to the table whenever defendant
ordered more drinks.
       Sometime between 10:30 and 11:00 p.m., Gallagher sat down with
defendant, Walker, and Flynn, and remained with the group for the rest of the
evening. Defendant had had approximately six to eight beers; Flynn
approximately three to four beers. Walker was served approximately three to four
mixed drinks, and Gallagher was drinking vodka and grapefruit juice. Keener
testified that after three rounds, she began diluting Gallagher‟s drinks because she
was watching out for her. Between 10:00 and 11:00 p.m., Keener “cut [Gallagher]
off.” Defendant and Gallagher were observed talking, dancing together, and
“being playful.” Keener testified that defendant tried to pull Gallagher onto his
lap and tried to kiss the back of her neck, with Gallagher “playfully” resisting.

                                          6
Keener later saw Gallagher kiss defendant on the cheek and sit on his lap. Keener
put Gallagher‟s large black purse behind the bar for safekeeping.
       Towards the end of the evening, Gallagher and Walker went to the ladies
room where Gallagher told Walker, “I really like your brother,” indicating
defendant had asked her to go home with them. She asked Walker if that would
be all right; Walker said it would be okay. At approximately 1:20 a.m., defendant,
Gallagher, Walker, and Flynn left McRed‟s. Their plan was to return to CJ‟s, then
go to the 7-Eleven to buy some beer, and then go to defendant‟s apartment.
       Defendant and Gallagher left together in Gallagher‟s truck; Walker and
Flynn drove in Walker‟s car. They went to CJ‟s, stayed a short while, then went
to the 7-Eleven store. Walker pulled alongside Gallagher‟s truck while defendant
and Flynn went inside and returned with cigarettes and beer. Walker and Flynn
then drove back to defendant‟s apartment in Walker‟s car; Gallagher followed
with defendant in her truck. Upon arriving, Walker was unable to find a parking
space and double-parked on Woodman Avenue. Walker was not feeling well;
Flynn told her he would park her car and clean it out because the dogs had made a
mess, and meet her up at defendant‟s apartment.
       Defendant and Gallagher, who were also double-parked on Woodman
Avenue, stayed inside Gallagher‟s truck while Flynn, who saw an empty parking
space across the street, attempted to make a U-turn to park Walker‟s car. At that
point, approximately 2:00 a.m., Los Angeles Police Department Officer David
Hovey saw Flynn make an illegal U-turn and detained him. The officer testified
Flynn was “extremely drunk.” He was arrested for driving under the influence and
placed in the back of the patrol car. Flynn testified that as the police car drove off
with him, he looked back towards Gallagher‟s truck and saw silhouettes that
looked like defendant and Gallagher were arguing or fighting, with one of them
holding their arms high over the other‟s head or neck. Flynn testified he told the

                                          7
arresting officer that “something weird” was going on and pointed at Gallagher‟s
truck. Officer Hovey did not recall Flynn trying to draw his attention to anything
as they pulled away.
          Sometime during the night, Walker awoke in her room inside defendant‟s
apartment. She saw defendant lying on the carpet next to her, with no shirt on and
his pants unbuttoned. Defendant was awake and staring at Walker. She asked
defendant, “What the hell are you doing?” Defendant replied, “Where is your
boyfriend?” Walker jumped up and said, “What do you mean, where is my
boyfriend? What time is it?” Defendant told Walker it was 5:00 a.m. Walker ran
to the window and looked for her car, which had been impounded upon Flynn‟s
arrest.
          Walker asked defendant what he was doing in her room. Defendant told
her he went into her room to “check” on her, and asked again, “Where is your
boyfriend?” Walker, believing Flynn had taken her car, began to shout
profanities. Defendant responded, “Oh, don‟t worry, honey, he went to jail.”
Walker asked defendant what he was talking about and began to cry. Defendant
told her Flynn was “a real idiot” and had made an illegal U-turn in front of a cop.
He related that Flynn had been handcuffed and arrested, and her car impounded.
Walker then asked defendant, “Where is that girl?,” meaning Gallagher.
Defendant had a “blank look on his face,” and responded, “I got bigger problems
than you, honey, I got bigger problems.” When Walker asked what he meant,
defendant repeated two or three more times, “I got bigger problems,” and stated, “I
am just going to have to call some people in, I am going to have to do it.” Walker
again asked, “What do you mean? Where is Sam? Where is that girl at?”
Defendant looked at Walker and stated, “She‟s dead.”
          Walker stopped crying because defendant “had this look in his eye.”
Walker asked defendant, “What did she [Gallagher] do to you, what is going on?,”

                                           8
trying to make it seem like she was “on [defendant‟s] side.” Defendant just stared
back at her. Walker tried to act normally by changing the subject and stating she
was unsure how to get Flynn out of jail. Defendant put his arm around her and
leaned forward to kiss her. Walker told defendant “no,” saying she loved Flynn.
Defendant apologized and told Walker that he loved her like a “sister.” Defendant
then stated he was going to try to get Flynn out of jail, and left the room.
       Walker dozed off to sleep; when she awoke it was light outside. She
dressed “as fast as [she] could,” put leashes on her dogs, and opened the door into
the living room where defendant was lying on the living room floor in his
underwear, appearing to be “out cold.” Walker saw Gallagher‟s purse, a
distinctive yellow pack of cigarettes she had been smoking, and her Ford truck
keys on the kitchen bar or counter. Walker took her dogs, left the apartment at
approximately 8:00 a.m., ran to the 7-Eleven store and called her grandmother‟s
house. Her mother‟s boyfriend, Stewart, came to the phone and Walker told him
to come get her right away. He arrived within 15 minutes and Walker got into his
truck with her dogs. She asked him to help get her “stuff” out of defendant‟s
apartment, explaining that Flynn was in jail and that, “I think this guy I am staying
with, he killed this girl last night.”
       Walker and Stewart went back to defendant‟s apartment. Stewart waited in
the hallway while she entered the apartment. Defendant was still sleeping on the
floor. Walker stated, “Glen, Glen, wake up,” and touched his shoulder.
Defendant “came to his feet quickly,” seemed embarrassed his pants were off, and
put his blue jeans on. Walker told him her grandmother was sick in the hospital
and that she needed to go home immediately to babysit her sisters. She told
defendant that her mother‟s boyfriend was outside and that she needed to get her
stuff out of the apartment. Defendant told Walker she did not need to leave, as he



                                          9
was going to Las Vegas and she could have the apartment to herself. She declined
the invitation.
       Stewart assisted Walker in collecting most of Flynn‟s and her belongings
from the apartment and loading them into his truck. Because the truck was full
and Walker wanted to remove all of Flynn‟s and her belongings from the
apartment as soon as possible, she went down the street to the residence of her
friend, Cindy Keller, who also had a truck. Walker explained the situation to
Keller and asked her to help her move the rest of her things out of defendant‟s
apartment right away. Walker and Keller went back to defendant‟s apartment and
got the remainder of Walker‟s belongings as defendant stood in the hallway near
the door watching them. At one point, when Keller was in the hallway and
defendant was in the kitchen, Walker asked defendant, “What happened to that girl
last night?” Defendant told Walker, “You know what, she ran off with some
Mexican last night . . . some Mexican walked up and she walked away with him.”
       Defendant then began going through Gallagher‟s large black purse,
removing numerous items and nonchalantly tossing them over his shoulders with
both hands, which conduct made Walker even more nervous. Walker observed
defendant remove a wallet and checkbook from the purse. Defendant left the
room briefly; during that time Walker looked inside Gallagher‟s purse and also
noticed Gallagher‟s earring on the floor.
       On September 29, 1995, at approximately 6:30 a.m., Hoora Kushan, a nurse
at the Laurel Wood Convalescent Hospital located at 13000 Victory Boulevard,
arrived at work and drove into the hospital‟s rear parking lot. She observed a
pickup truck parked near some trash cans in an area of the lot where no other cars
were parked. The driver‟s side door was partially open, and she could see the arm,
elbow, and part of a leg of a man who was leaning into the truck towards the
passenger side, as if he was reaching for something from the dashboard. He had

                                            10
shoulder-length “blondish” hair and was wearing blue jeans and a shirt with
rolled-up or short sleeves. Kushan testified the man‟s hair resembled defendant‟s
hair. Kushan parked, got out of her car, and again looked toward the pickup truck
and saw the same man with long blond hair leaning towards the passenger side,
but slumped over. As she looked more closely, Kushan saw smoke coming from
the dashboard on the passenger side. She observed that the pickup had Colorado
license plates.
       Kushan went inside the hospital and asked the nurses if they knew who
owned the truck. One of the nurses suggested they go back outside and get the
license plate number so they could announce it on the hospital‟s public address
system. When Kushan went back outside, she saw flames coming from the hood
of the pickup. Another hospital employee tried to put out the fire using a fire
extinguisher. Kushan ran back inside the hospital and asked someone to call 911.
       At approximately 6:40 a.m., fire department personnel arrived and
extinguished the fire. Los Angeles Fire Department arson investigator Tim
Hamson arrived at the scene of the fire at approximately 7:20 a.m. Hamson was
informed by firefighters at that time that there was a body in the cab of the pickup,
which he confirmed. Hamson noted the truck was a 1977 Ford half-ton extended
cab pickup with Colorado license plates.
       Hamson smelled gasoline in the passenger compartment of the pickup. The
lower extremities of the female body inside the truck were charred to the bones,
but the floor carpet underneath the body was mainly intact, indicating gasoline had
been poured over the body and surrounding areas of the passenger compartment
and ignited. In Hamson‟s opinion, the fire had been intentionally set to conceal a
homicide. About 7:10 a.m., Los Angeles Police Department Detective Michael
Coblentz arrived at the scene. A purse containing documents and photographs, as
well as a marriage certificate, was found inside a locked metal compartment in the

                                         11
bed of the pickup. Detective Coblentz discovered that the victim in the truck was
Sandra Gallagher.
       On October 1, 1995, Dr. Frisby, a forensic pathologist with the Los Angeles
County Coroner‟s Office, performed an autopsy on Gallagher‟s body. Dr. Frisby
was supervised by Dr. James Ribe. Dr. Ribe performed most of the dissection of
the neck and Dr. Frisby dissected most of the other parts of the body. Dr. Frisby
prepared the autopsy report and Dr. Ribe reviewed the report. Gallagher‟s back
was “severely charred” down to the muscle. The front portion of her body was
“less charred.” Gallagher‟s right lower leg was severely burned, down to the
muscle and bone.
       Drs. Frisby and Ribe concluded Gallagher died from asphyxia due to
manual strangulation. This conclusion was based on the presence of red bruising
or bleeding on the right and left sternohyoid muscles, a hemorrhage on the right-
hand side of the lower part of the voice box and on the left side of the voice box,
bruising to the thyroid gland, broken cartilage on the left side of the throat, and
multiple hemorrhages inside Gallagher‟s tongue. Drs. Frisby and Ribe also
concluded that Gallagher was already dead at the time her body was burned, as
determined from the lack of carbon monoxide in her bloodstream and the absence
of black material in her windpipe. The absence of any petechiae (blood spots) in
Gallagher‟s eyes suggested there was no shifting or loosening of the position of
the hand at the time of the strangulation. Dr. Ribe opined it would have taken at
least one minute of “continuous compression” for the victim to die of
strangulation, and that the victim would likely lose consciousness within six to 10
seconds of complete neck compression. Gallagher‟s killer would therefore have
needed to continue to strangle her after he saw her lose consciousness in order to
ensure her death. Gallagher was found to have .10 percent by volume of alcohol
in her bloodstream.

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       On October 5, 1995, at 10:30 a.m., Detective Coblentz served a search
warrant at defendant‟s apartment on Woodman Avenue. Nobody was inside the
apartment, which had little furniture. A yellow metal hoop earring belonging to
Gallagher was recovered from the kitchen floor. The earring was identified by
Gallagher‟s husband as one of a set she had purchased at a Ross department store
and which she was wearing when they had met for lunch the day before her
murder. A yellow pack of cigarettes was also found on the kitchen counter. Both
Walker and Flynn testified the pack of cigarettes looked like the type Gallagher
had been smoking when they were together with her and defendant on the night of
her murder.

       2. Defendant travels to Louisiana and meets Andy Lou Sutton.
       In early November 1995, Andy Lou Sutton was living in a one-bedroom
apartment with her roommate, Theresa Whiteside, at the Port Au Prince apartment
complex in Bossier City, Louisiana. Whiteside testified Sutton was a “very
beautiful girl” who had red hair and an “outgoing personality.”
       On November 2, 1995, Whiteside and Sutton went to the It‟ll Do Lounge in
Bossier City. While they were sitting at the bar defendant walked in. He was
dressed in blue jeans, a striped dress shirt, and had long blond hair. Sutton
commented to Whiteside, “I like that.” Whiteside then left to go to Mr. Bill‟s
Lounge, where she worked as a bartender. Later that evening, Sutton called
Whiteside and told her she would have “someone staying over that night,” and that
Whiteside‟s pillow and blanket would be on the couch. Whiteside returned to
their apartment at approximately 3:00 a.m. on November 3, 1995. At that time,
Sutton introduced defendant to Whiteside.
       At approximately 10:00 a.m., Whiteside, Sutton and defendant woke up,
“sat around,” and talked. Defendant told Whiteside and Sutton he was a truck



                                         13
driver and drove “18 wheelers.” Later that day, Sutton told Whiteside that
defendant had to go to Jackson, Mississippi, to retrieve his “18 wheeler,” and
asked if the red pickup defendant was driving would be all right if left in the
apartment complex parking lot. Whiteside told Sutton “yes.” Sutton had no car;
she and Whiteside subsequently drove defendant in Whiteside‟s car to the
Greyhound bus terminal in Shreveport, Louisiana. Defendant told them he would
return in several days and gave Sutton a kiss upon exiting Whiteside‟s car. Sutton
gave defendant her telephone number and defendant asked Whiteside to “take
care” of Sutton.
        3. Defendant travels to Florida and murders Tina Cribbs.
        On the afternoon of November 4, 1995, defendant arrived by taxi and
checked into the Tampa 8 Inn on East Columbus Drive in Tampa, Florida. He
rented a room for two days, indicating his name was Glen Rogers and giving a
home address in Jackson, Mississippi. The clerk on duty testified defendant had
long blond hair and “gorgeous blue eyes.” Defendant claimed his truck had
broken down and stated he was very tired and would “probably sleep the first
day.”
        On the morning of November 5, taxi driver Donald Daughtry picked up
defendant from the motel and drove him to the Showtown bar in Gibsonton,
Florida, a small town on the outskirts of Tampa where a community of carnival
workers spent their winter break. Defendant asked Daughtry to let him off a short
distance away from the bar. Defendant entered the bar a little before 1:00 p.m. At
that time Lynn Jones was working as the bartender. She testified defendant
appeared tall and “good looking,” with long blond hair and “beautiful blue eyes.”
When Jones asked defendant in local parlance if he was “with it,” meaning with
the carnival, defendant did not understand her question. When she explained what



                                         14
she meant, he told Jones he “drove trucks for the carnival,” and began acting
“flirtatious” with her. Defendant stayed at the bar nearly five hours.
       Late in the afternoon, Tina Cribbs and three female friends entered the bar.
Cribbs was 34 years old, had “reddish” hair, and was driving a white Ford Festiva
her mother had purchased for her earlier that year. Cribbs and her friends sat at a
table together. Defendant sent over a round of drinks to the women. Although
defendant had told bartender Jones his name was Glen, she overheard him tell the
women that his name was “Randy.” At one point defendant approached one of
Cribbs‟s friends, Jeanie Fuller, and asked if she was married or single. When
Fuller replied that she had a boyfriend, defendant stated he did not date married
women or girls with boyfriends. Cribbs‟s three friends left the Showtown bar late
in the afternoon; Cribbs remained at the bar with defendant where they talked for
another hour. Cribbs was expecting her mother to meet her at the bar that evening.
At approximately 6:30 p.m., Cribbs told Jones she was going to give defendant a
ride and asked Jones to tell her mother she would return in 20 minutes. Cribbs and
defendant were then seen leaving the bar together.
       Cribbs‟s mother, Mary Dicke, arrived at the bar approximately 20 to 30
minutes after Cribbs had left. Jones told Dicke that her daughter had given
someone a ride and would “be right back.” Dicke waited another 30 to 45
minutes, then began calling Cribbs‟s pager at between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m. Dicke
received no response and became worried. Dicke and Cribbs had a system
whereby if there was an emergency she would input the number 69. Over the
course of the evening, Dicke paged Cribbs with their emergency code over 30
times, getting no response. Dicke eventually returned home and called the police
because she instinctively knew her daughter was “in trouble.”
       At approximately 9:00 p.m. that same evening, Chenden Patel, the owner of
the Tampa 8 Inn, noticed defendant leaning into a small white car in front of his

                                         15
room. Patel walked past the room and saw defendant standing at the door with
two suitcases. A short while later, defendant came into the office and paid Patel
for two additional days, extending his rent to Tuesday morning, November 7. He
asked Patel for a “Do Not Disturb” sign; she told him she did not have one.
Defendant then told Patel he did not want any maid service or anyone going into
his room. The next morning, Monday, November 6, at approximately 9:00 a.m.,
Patel observed defendant drive away in the white car. Later that morning she
noticed a handwritten note on the door of his room that read, “Do Not Disturb.”
       Later that same morning, Monday, November 6, Cribbs‟s purse was found
by an attendant on top of a trash can at a rest stop on Interstate 10, just east of
Tallahassee. At that time, unsuccessful attempts were made to call the telephone
number listed on the identification in the purse.
       On Tuesday, November 7, at approximately 10:00 a.m., a housekeeper
found Cribbs‟s body in the bathtub of the motel room defendant had rented.
Responding Tampa police officers found the handwritten “Do Not Disturb” sign
still on the front door. The bed was unmade and the television was on. Blood-
soaked shoes, pants, and towels were piled on the bathroom floor next to the toilet.
The officers observed blood smeared on a counter and floor of the foyer, as well as
on the bathroom shower stall. Blood had also dripped down from the sink counter
and bathtub and toilet fixtures. Cribbs‟s body was found face-up in the bathtub
with articles of clothing in between her legs. Several cigarette butts and a small
gold bracelet were found in the sink drain.
       Tampa Police Homicide Detective Julie Massuchi examined Cribbs‟s body
and noted numerous stab wounds, including a “very significant stab wound to the
right buttocks area,” a “large stab wound under the left breast,” and smaller nicks
on the chest area. There was also a long “defensive” scratch wound on the wrist
area, as well as numerous bruises to the arms and back. A pair of black jeans and

                                           16
a shirt with tears in them were found in the pile of blood-soaked clothing on the
bathroom floor. The stab wounds on the body corresponded to the tears in the
jeans and shirt. Based on this finding, Detective Massuchi believed the victim was
clothed at the time she was stabbed to death. It appeared the homicide happened
“some time” prior to the discovery of the body, as the body showed lividity,
indicating it had been in the bathtub for some time.
       On that same day, Cribbs‟s mother Mary Dicke was watching the news on
television and learned that a “Jane Doe” had been found murdered in a motel.
Dicke knew from the description of the victim that it was her daughter, and
notified the police. Ernest Bruton, who had possession of Cribbs‟s purse found at
the freeway rest stop, was also alerted to the newscast of the homicide and turned
the purse over to authorities.
       Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of the first degree murder
of Tina Cribbs in Florida on May 7, 1997.

       4. Defendant returns to Louisiana and murders Andy Lou Sutton.
       On Wednesday morning, November 8, 1995, Theresa Whiteside woke up
and Andy Sutton told her defendant had returned to Bossier City and was outside
in the parking lot cleaning up a car he had purchased for her. A neighbor, Sterling
Fontenont, testified he saw defendant walking back and forth between a white
Ford Festiva and a red truck that morning. Defendant entered the women‟s
apartment and, when Whiteside asked what kind of car he had purchased for
Sutton, he replied “some kind of Ford,” “some ‟90 model,” stating he had paid a
friend $8,400 for it. Whiteside made arrangements to meet defendant and Sutton
later that day at the It‟ll Do Lounge, and left the apartment.
       At approximately 3:00 p.m., the three met up at the It‟ll Do Lounge. When
Whiteside arrived, she saw defendant‟s red truck outside the bar. Defendant



                                          17
approached Whiteside, put his arm around her, and told the bartender to get her
“whatever [she] wanted.” Whiteside, who felt uncomfortable with defendant‟s
arm around her, extricated herself and sat down with Sutton, while defendant
remained at the end of the bar. Whiteside told Sutton she did not want defendant
staying at the apartment anymore and that he “needed to go.” Sutton responded
she would “take care of that.” The three then decided to go to the Touch of Class
bar.
       Defendant and Sutton stopped for cigarettes and then met Whiteside at the
second bar at approximately 4:00 p.m. They ordered beers. Defendant began
playing with the back of Whiteside‟s hair. Whiteside motioned that she did not
want defendant to touch her, and told him, “If you can‟t hang, you don‟t need to
be hanging around us,” by which she meant he should leave if he could not handle
his alcohol. By then, defendant appeared drunk. Sutton asked if she could take
defendant back to the apartment and let him “sleep it off.” Whiteside told Sutton
that would be okay, indicating she would call Sutton later. At approximately 4:30
p.m., defendant and Sutton left the bar together and Whiteside went to work.
       Between 10:30 and 11:00 p.m. that night, neighbor Sterling Fontenont
arrived at the apartment complex and observed defendant and Sutton park their
vehicle in the lot, get out of the car, and walk together towards Sutton‟s apartment.
       Despite defendant‟s earlier representation that he and Sutton would meet
Whiteside at the bar where she worked later that night, they never showed up. At
approximately 11:00 p.m., Whiteside called Sutton, but the phone rang
unanswered 10 to 12 times and the answering machine did not pick up the call.
Whiteside arrived home at between 3:00 and 3:30 a.m. on Thursday morning and
noticed defendant‟s red truck still parked in the lot. She had to unlock the
deadbolt to gain entry into her apartment; Sutton was not in the habit of using the
deadbolt. As Whiteside entered the apartment, she heard another door shut. The

                                         18
lights were on in all the rooms, but it appeared to Whiteside that no one was in the
apartment. Whiteside hollered for Sutton, who did not answer. The bedroom door
was shut, but the blanket and pillow had not been left out on the couch for
Whiteside. She turned on the television, lay down on the couch in the living room
and fell asleep.
       Around 8:00 or 9:00 a.m., Whiteside awoke because the television volume
had been turned up to “maximum capacity.” She grabbed the remote control from
the coffee table, turned off the television, and fell back to sleep. At approximately
10:00 a.m. she heard a knock on the door, got up, and let Sutton‟s ex-boyfriend,
Thomas Bryant, into the apartment. Bryant related that he had repeatedly
attempted to call the apartment, only to receive a recording that the phone was out
of service. Whiteside went to the bedroom, knocked on the door, and receiving no
answer, entered the room.
       Sutton‟s bedding was “all wrapped up tightly like a present.” Whiteside
called out “Andy,” then pulled off the bedding and found a body with a pillow
over the head and so much blood around the chest area that Whiteside was unable
to tell if it was a man or a woman. She pulled the pillow off the head and saw “the
most horrible agonizing facial features that she had ever seen.” Sutton‟s arm was
back behind her head and there were cut marks on her right wrist. Bryant entered
the bedroom and attempted to turn on the light, but found it inoperable. The
telephone was on the floor with the receiver uncradled. When Whiteside tried to
call 911 from the telephone in the living room, she was unable to get a dial tone.
       Whiteside and Bryant ran out to the parking lot and called 911 from
Bryant‟s cell phone. While outside, Whiteside noticed defendant‟s red truck was
still parked in the lot. Bossier City police officers arrived and found a knife in the
bedroom under a pile of clothing. The knife had been removed from a butcher
block knife set in the kitchen.

                                          19
       An autopsy performed on Sutton‟s body revealed 14 stab wounds,
including defensive wounds on her fingers and wrist, one of which had penetrated
the muscles. There were stab wounds to Sutton‟s abdomen, upper body, back,
shoulders, and torso. The cause of death was determined to be multiple stab
wounds, some of which were more than six inches deep.
       5. Defendant’s flight to Kentucky, where he is apprehended.
       A registration check on the red pickup left in Sutton‟s apartment complex
parking lot revealed it was registered to defendant in Mississippi. A warrant was
obtained for defendant‟s arrest and an all-points bulletin broadcast for his
apprehension.
       On November 13, 1995, Kentucky State Police set up surveillance on state
Highway 52 in Ravenna, Kentucky, near where defendant was visiting a relative.
Defendant was observed in Cribbs‟s white Ford Fiesta with a Tennessee license
plate and the officers gave chase. Defendant, who was drinking while driving,
began throwing half-full beer cans at the pursuing officers‟ vehicles. The high-
speed pursuit continued for 50 miles, through four towns, with defendant running
red lights and driving on the wrong side of the highway, until his vehicle was
rammed and he was taken into custody. Numerous items recovered from Cribbs‟s
Ford Fiesta were identified as belonging to her. Florida and Mississippi license
plates were recovered from the vehicle. Additional items in the car, including a
cooler packed with food, a comforter, and Social Security cards belonging to
Whiteside‟s two sons, were identified by Whiteside as having been stolen from the
apartment she shared with victim Sutton.
       C. Defense Evidence.
       Defendant took the stand in his own defense. On September 28, 1995, he
had been living at 6645 Woodman Avenue in Los Angeles for a period of several
weeks. His girlfriend was the apartment building manager and he was the


                                         20
maintenance man; when they broke up, he lost the job and sold his furniture. He
confirmed that on September 28 he began drinking beer at CJ‟s at 11:00 a.m.
Christina Walker and Michael Flynn were staying in his apartment. Defendant
called his friend Steve Kele, met him at a bank, and received $1,000 from Kele.
Defendant returned to CJ‟s, then went to his apartment to change clothes, then
went back to CJ‟s and drank more beer. Walker and Flynn met him at CJ‟s at
approximately 5:30 p.m., where they stayed and drank beer for several hours.
They then drove in Walker‟s car the one block to McRed‟s, arriving at
approximately 7:30 p.m.
       Inside McRed‟s, defendant approached Gallagher, who introduced herself
as “Sam,” and invited the three to join her. The four sat together at a table,
defendant purchasing approximately six to eight rounds of drinks for the group.
Defendant and Gallagher danced, and Gallagher kissed him and sat on his lap.
Defendant claimed he had been intimately involved with bartender Rein Keener
during the prior few weeks, and that if she appeared irritated with him it was
because she did not want to reveal her personal life while at work. He denied
Keener resisted his advances at one point in the evening, and denied telling her, “I
always get what I want.”
       Gallagher agreed to leave McRed‟s with defendant, Walker and Flynn, and
the four left shortly before closing, at approximately 1:20 a.m. They went back to
CJ‟s, where defendant intended to meet Steve Kele. Defendant rode in
Gallagher‟s truck; Flynn was with Walker in her car. After having a round of
drinks at CJ‟s, they went in both vehicles to a nearby 7-Eleven, where Flynn and
defendant purchased beer. Flynn and Walker then sped off in Walker‟s car toward
the apartment. According to defendant, Kele pulled up in his Lincoln, and he told
Kele, “Follow us. We‟re going to the apartment.” Kele agreed. As Gallagher and
defendant approached defendant‟s apartment building in Gallagher‟s truck,

                                         21
defendant saw police lights and heard sirens in front of the building. Defendant
testified Gallagher told him there was a warrant out for her arrest for failing to
appear in court and she did not want to be arrested or have her truck impounded.
Gallagher and defendant pulled into a nearby strip mall parking lot, with Kele
pulling in behind them. Defendant and Gallagher got out of the truck and spoke to
Kele, then they both got into Kele‟s car and the three drove to defendant‟s
building, parking in the underground garage.
       According to defendant, Kele and Gallagher went up to the apartment with
him. Walker was lying on her bed with her door open, so he closed the door, and
Kele and Gallagher entered the apartment. The three talked, and at one point
Gallagher stated she wanted to go back down to her truck to change her clothes.
Kele took Gallagher back to her truck. Defendant stayed in the apartment, drank a
few more beers, then passed out. After Kele left with Gallagher, defendant never
saw Gallagher again.
       Defendant woke up at approximately 6:00 a.m. When he awoke, neither
Kele nor Gallagher were in the apartment. At approximately 6:30 a.m., he spoke
with Walker. Defendant admitted telling Walker he had “bigger problems” than
her problem of Flynn being arrested for drunk driving, and admitted telling her
Gallagher was dead. He did not call the police because he did not know “for sure”
if Gallagher was dead. Walker then “passed right back out” or fell asleep.
Defendant denied that Gallagher‟s purse or keys were in the apartment, or that he
searched her purse. Defendant left the apartment, walked to a pay phone, and
called Kele. At approximately 11:00 a.m., Kele went to defendant‟s building and
picked him up. The two then spent the day together.
       Two days after the murder, defendant left on a bus for Jackson, Mississippi,
where he planned to renew his truck driver‟s license, and then head back to his
hometown of Hamilton, Ohio. He had no plans to return to California. He

                                          22
stopped to gamble in Las Vegas, then took a bus to Jackson, Mississippi. Two
weeks after arriving in Jackson, he drove his red truck to Ohio, staying in Ohio for
“a week or two” and then returning to Mississippi. Defendant insisted he did not
kill Gallagher. He confirmed he had been convicted of first degree murder in
Florida in 1997, and of forgery in Ohio in 1987.
                                   Penalty Phase
       A. Prosecution Evidence.
       1. The Murder of Linda Price in Jackson, Mississippi.
       On October 9, 1995 [ten days after Gallagher‟s murder but prior to the
murders of Cribbs in Florida and Sutton in Louisiana], Kathy Carroll, her husband,
her son, and her younger sister, Linda Price, went to the Mississippi State Fair in
Jackson, Mississippi. Price was 34 years old, and Carroll testified she “had long
red hair, and she was slim. She was real pretty. She smiled all the time.” They
arrived at between 6:30 and 7:30 p.m., went to the beer tent, sat at a table drinking
and listening to the band. An hour or two after arriving, Carroll noticed defendant
standing nearby. Defendant had long blond hair and blue eyes. Carroll and her
husband got up from their table and danced. When they returned, defendant was
sitting at the table with Price. Price introduced defendant to Carroll and her
husband. Price asked Carroll “over and over,” “Ain‟t he real good looking?”
Carroll observed defendant and Price drinking beer and dancing before she and her
husband left.
       Three days later, on October 12, Price called her mother, Carolyn Wingate,
and asked her to come to the Sun-N-Sand Motel in downtown Jackson. When
Wingate arrived, Price ran down the stairs and stated, “Mother, I have someone I
want you to meet,” adding, “You will just love him to death. He is precious. I
found the love of my life.” Defendant came down the stairs and Price introduced
him to Wingate as Glen Rogers. Defendant indicated his truck had been stolen at

                                         23
the state fair and asked Wingate if she could give them a ride to “the place where
they take the stolen vehicles.” Wingate, Price and defendant drove in Wingate‟s
car to the impound lot. Defendant and Price looked around the lot and located
defendant‟s red truck. The three went to the police station where defendant
obtained a receipt to retrieve his vehicle, then returned to the impound lot and
recovered the truck.
       On October 16, 1995, defendant and Price rented a two-bedroom apartment
in Jackson, Mississippi. Carroll visited her sister at the apartment five to six
times, and on each occasion Carroll saw defendant‟s truck parked in the lot. Price
drove defendant‟s truck while defendant did some work for a construction
company. Price and defendant went to Wingate‟s house “quite often” during the
following two weeks.
       Wingate went to Price‟s apartment early on the morning of October 30.
She told Price she had been contacted regarding a job Price had applied for, and
that Price was to start work the next morning. Price told her mother she would
stop by her house early the next morning before heading to the job. Caroll also
went to Price‟s apartment on October 30, to tell her an appliance store had called
her as a reference for Linda Price and Glen Rogers in connection with a stereo
they had rented. At that time defendant stated to Carroll in “a mean way,” “I‟m
Glen Rogers.” Carroll made plans to bring her children over to Price‟s apartment
the following evening, which was Halloween.
       That same day, October 30, Price called her second older sister, Marilyn
Reel, who came over with her family and “sat with her all day.” At one point
defendant appeared and stated to Price, “I know that was you talking because I
could hear your big mouth everywhere.” Price was upset by the comment and
cried. Later that evening, Reel‟s husband asked Price if she wanted to go out with
them for a few beers. Price asked defendant if he would come and he stated, “It

                                          24
don‟t matter,” “[w]e can go with him.” The group went to the Sportsmen‟s
Lounge on Highway 80 in Jackson. When defendant overheard Price tell her sister
that she loved her, he commented to Price, “Don‟t be telling her that.” Price
replied, “Glen, I'm always telling my sister that.” Price and her sister then went to
the ladies room, where Price started crying. Price asked Reel to bring her children
to the apartment the next evening for Halloween.
       On the morning of October 31, Price did not go to her mother‟s house as
expected. Wingate went to her daughter‟s apartment at approximately 9:00 a.m.
At that time, Wingate did not see defendant‟s truck in front and no one answered
when she knocked on the door. Wingate waited for Price, but Price never showed
up. As it was out of character for Price not to keep an appointment, Wingate
began looking for her. Later in the evening, at approximately 6:30 p.m., Carroll
brought her children to Price‟s apartment. At that time, Carroll did not see
defendant‟s truck. She knocked on the door but there was no answer. Carroll left
the apartment and called her mother, telling Wingate she could not find Price.
       The next day, November 1, Wingate returned to the apartment and looked
into a window. The apartment was “dimly lit,” but Wingate could see that the
shower curtain in the bathroom was drawn closed around the bathtub. Wingate
became more concerned, as Price was an “immaculate housekeeper” who never
kept the shower curtain drawn around the tub. Wingate called the police and filed
a missing person‟s report the following morning.
       On November 3, Wingate and the police went to the apartment, were
admitted by a maintenance man, and found Price dead in the bathtub. Jackson
Police Detective Chuck Lee arrived and found the living room in “disarray,” with
cassette tapes, beer cans, and ashtrays full of cigarette butts scattered on the floor.
There were blood smears on the kitchen floor and a garbage can that contained
bloody paper towels. A mop on the kitchen counter had blood on the mop head.

                                          25
       Written on the bathroom mirror in red lipstick were the words, “Glen, we
found you.” The shower curtain was drawn closed around the bathtub. Detective
Lee pulled the curtain aside and found Price in the bathtub completely nude, on
her back, with a washcloth covering her face. Her body had several stab wounds,
including a cut to her neck “from ear to ear” that was “completely slashed open,”
two stab wounds under her right breast, one stab wound above her right breast, one
stab wound on her right side just below the armpit, and one stab wound to her
right shoulder blade area.
       When Wingate returned to her house following the funeral several days
later, she received a phone call from a man who asked, “Is this Linda‟s mother?”
When she replied, “Yes it is,” the caller stated, “I‟m Glen‟s brother. I am looking
for Glen Rogers.” Wingate told the caller, “We are looking for him, too.” When
the caller responded, “Why?,” Wingate stated, “My daughter has ended up dead. I
want to know where he is.” The caller then commented, “I am not surprised that
your daughter is dead because anybody that has been around Glen for the last
seven years has ended up dead.” When Wingate replied, “What? What are you
doing? Why are you calling me?,” the caller responded, “Your f—ing daughter is
dead, isn‟t she?” Wingate, who had spoken with defendant “a lot of times” since
meeting him several weeks earlier, then recognized the voice as his.
       2. Other Prior Violent Crimes Evidence.
       The People presented evidence that in March 1991, in his hometown of
Hamilton, Ohio, police were summoned to defendant‟s house twice in one day on
reports that he was “inside tearing up the house,” and later, that he had a gun, had
threatened a live-in girlfriend, and planned to “blow away anybody that came near
his house.” During the initial call, police found the interior walls of the house
broken up from blows with a hammer, with defendant passed out on his bed.
During the second call later that day, defendant was found to be in an

                                         26
“uncontrollable rage” and threatened to “blow away anyone that came to the
door.” Residents from surrounding houses were evacuated. At one point
defendant put the nozzle of a lit acetylene blow torch through a hole in the front
door, within two feet of the face of an officer who was attempting to negotiate his
surrender. When the door caught fire, officers entered the house and arrested
defendant. He was charged with aggravated menacing inducing panic and
attempted arson as a result of the incident.
       In 1994, defendant and Maria Gyore were living together in Hollywood,
California. On one occasion that year, when defendant learned of Gyore‟s former
boyfriend, he beat her up, giving her a black eye and “all kinds of bruises.”
Defendant was arrested as a result of the incident. On another occasion, while still
living with Gyore in Hollywood, defendant again beat up Gyore with his hands
and fists. There was also a fire reported in the apartment that year. In 1995,
defendant and Gyore moved to the Woodman Avenue apartment in Van Nuys,
where Gyore became the apartment manager and defendant the “maintenance
guy.” In August 1995, defendant told Gyore to move out of the apartment,
threatening to kill her, her brother, and her two young sons. Family members
became fearful for Gyore‟s safety and encouraged her to leave the country. Gyore
traveled to Hungary two days later.
       3. Victim Impact Evidence.
       Gallagher‟s mother, Jan Baxter, and a younger sister, Jeri Vallicella,
testified how her murder “totally destroyed” the whole family. Gallagher was 33
years old at the time of her death. She had three sons who were seven, eight, and
15 at that time. When she was 23 years old, Gallagher had joined the Navy,
scoring the highest score in Butte County on the Navy‟s intelligence test. She
worked for the Navy as an aviation electronics technician, and after four years, left
the Navy with an honorable discharge. She met her husband Stephen while both

                                          27
were in the Navy, and they were married in 1985. Gallagher then worked at a
submarine base for a military contractor, where she was in charge of all the
electronics at the base. The couple then moved to San Diego, where she worked
for another military contractor, Ford Aerospace, for two to three years, and then
for Southern Illinois University‟s contracting facility at the San Diego Navy base.
Gallagher‟s sister Jeri, who was five years younger than she, testified Gallagher
had been like a “second mother” to her. Gallagher‟s oldest son, Dustin, was
“devastated” by the loss of his mother and “closed up” emotionally after her death.
       B. Defense Evidence.
       1. Family Background.
       Defendant was one of seven children born to Edna and Claude Rogers.
They lived in Hamilton Ohio, a working-class town north of Cincinnati. The
father, who worked at a paper mill for 16 years, was an alcoholic who drank every
day and was “rarely sober.” He routinely beat his wife and children. He once
threatened to kill his wife if she left him; during one beating he broke her nose and
rendered her unconscious. He kept several guns in the home. He was fired from
the mill for “drinking on the job.”
       Defendant was born shortly after his father lost his job. The family lost
their home and moved to the worst part of Hamilton. The house they moved into
was “rundown,” with only two bedrooms and one bathroom, with peeling paint
and frozen pipes in the winter. Defendant and his siblings were beaten up by other
neighborhood children; their father encouraged them to fight back. There was
testimony that defendant, as a young child, ate paint chips and dirt, wet his bed,
and banged his head on the edge of his bed. Defendant was held back in third
grade and placed in several learning disability classes.
       Defendant‟s oldest brother, Clay, introduced him to alcohol and drugs at
the age of 12. Defendant was beaten by his father more frequently than his

                                         28
siblings because he was “a little more rebellious.” When defendant was 16 years
old, his father became disabled from a heart attack. The defense presented
testimony from several of defendant‟s siblings to establish that he, like several of
them, eventually grew up to become alcoholics.
       2. Mental Health Expert Testimony.
       The defense also presented the testimony of several mental health
professionals. Dr. Roger Light, a neuropsychologist, performed a number of tests
on defendant, and reviewed various educational, hospital and police reports. He
concluded defendant exhibited certain areas of cortical dysfunction in his right
frontal and temporal lobe areas that could account for impulsive behavior. Dr.
Light, however, acknowledged that defendant‟s I.Q. test results were “pretty
average,” and that “for the most part” he performed in the average to “high
average” range of functioning on the administered tests. Dr. Light also reviewed a
CAT scan taken in 1991 when defendant was hospitalized after having been struck
on the head with a pool cue. He concluded the scan revealed a “closed head
[brain] injury” that would have made it more difficult for defendant to control his
behavior, make the “right” decisions, or stop using alcohol. Dr. Michael Gold, a
neurologist, performed a PET scan on defendant‟s brain that revealed diminished
metabolic activity in areas of his frontal lobes corresponding to the injury he
suffered when struck with a pool cue. Psychologist Stuart Hart, who specialized
in the maltreatment and emotional abuse and neglect of children, interviewed
defendant‟s mother and several of his siblings, but not defendant, and reviewed
some of defendant‟s school and criminal history records. Hart concluded
defendant grew up in a “toxic” or “poisonous” social environment which,
combined with poverty and the lack of family values, was likely to produce a
negative outcome for a child. Dr. Jeffrey Wilkins, a psychiatrist, testified that



                                         29
defendant‟s “chronic alcoholism” would affect brain function over the years and
correlate with an inability to control rage.
       3. Seeking Clergy During Flight.
       Last, there was testimony that defendant, while fleeing through Kentucky
immediately following the Sutton murder, briefly stopped at the Kentucky
Mountain Mission, a youth haven Bible camp. He entered the mission, asked for a
chaplain, was told there was none there, and returned to his car looking “really
troubled.” A worker who went outside to talk to defendant reported that when she
approached him he “just sort of grunted and shook his shoulders” and “gave her
the creeps.”
                                    II. Discussion
       A. Pretrial/Jury Selection Issue
          Excusal for cause of Prospective Juror No. 3156.
       Defendant argues that the trial court erred in granting the prosecution‟s
challenge for cause against prospective juror No. 3156. He asserts the prospective
juror‟s responses to the written jury questionnaire, and his follow-up responses
during oral voir dire by the court, at most showed he was uninformed about the
death penalty, and not that he was categorically opposed to voting for a death
sentence. Defendant urges there was insufficient evidence to establish that his
ability to serve as an impartial juror was substantially impaired.
       “Although „a criminal defendant has the right to an impartial jury drawn
from a venire that has not been tilted in favor of capital punishment by selective
prosecutorial challenges for cause,‟ „the State has a strong interest in having jurors
who are able to apply capital punishment within the framework state law
prescribes.‟ (Uttecht v. Brown (2007) 551 U.S. 1, 9.) „[T]o balance these
interests, a juror who is substantially impaired in his or her ability to impose the
death penalty under the state-law framework can be excused for cause; but if the

                                          30
juror is not substantially impaired, removal for cause is impermissible.‟ (Ibid.; see
Wainwright v. Witt (1985) 469 U.S. 412, 424.)” (People v. McKinzie (2012) 54
Cal.4th 1302, 1328 (McKinzie).) “ „[T]he law permits a prospective juror to be
challenged for cause only if his or her views in favor of or against capital
punishment “would „prevent or substantially impair the performance of his [or
her] duties as a juror‟ ” in accordance with the court‟s instructions and the juror‟s
oath. [Citations.]‟ (People v. Blair (2005) 36 Cal.4th 686, 741.)” (People v.
Duenas (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1, 10 (Duenas).)
       “ „The trial court is in the best position to determine the potential juror‟s
true state of mind because it has observed firsthand the prospective juror‟s
demeanor and verbal responses.‟ (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 895
(Clark); see People v. Garcia (2011) 52 Cal.4th 706 (Garcia), 743; see also
Uttecht, supra, 551 U.S. at p. 9 [„Deference to the trial court is appropriate
because it is in a position to assess the demeanor of the venire, and of the
individuals who compose it, a factor of critical importance in assessing the attitude
and qualifications of potential jurors.‟].)” (McKinzie, supra, 54 Cal.4th at
pp. 1328-1329.) Accordingly, “ „[w]hen the prospective juror‟s answers on voir
dire are conflicting or equivocal, the trial court‟s findings as to the prospective
juror‟s state of mind are binding on appellate courts if supported by substantial
evidence. (People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 758, 779 (Wilson); see Wainright v.
Witt (1985) 469 U.S. 412, 424 (Witt); accord, People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th
415, 483 (Lewis) [trial court‟s determination as to prospective juror‟s true state of
mind is binding].)” (Duenas, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 10.)
       Prospective Juror No. 3156 completed the juror questionnaire distributed to
potential jurors prior to oral voir dire. His written responses reflect he was 27
years old, single, resided in Los Angeles, and was employed as a concierge for the
Regal Biltmore Hotel. In the section of the questionnaire entitled, “Attitudes

                                          31
Toward Capital Punishment,” he indicated, “I don‟t know what to think about
capital punishment, if it is good or bad, right or wrong.” He indicated he felt that
way “because there has been a lot of people who received capital punishment who
did not deserve [it,] and then there were others who did.” He characterized the
strength of his views as “like many people whom I talk with.” In response to the
question asking about his views on life without the possibility of parole, he stated,
“Well if you do the crime you must do the time and if you are not capable to be in
city life anymore I am all for it.” In response to the question asking which
penalty, death or life in prison without parole, was “more severe,” he responded,
“you lose your life either way,” and then indicated he would not “always” vote for
one penalty or the other in a given case. When asked if he would want to “hear
and review all of the circumstances and facts of a case” before deciding the
appropriate penalty, as well as “all the circumstances concerning the defendant
and his background,” he answered yes. When asked in what types of cases, and
for which offenses, the death penalty should be imposed, he responded, “I don‟t
know” because “I never had to make that kind of decision.” In response to a
question on whether the death penalty was imposed too frequently in California,
he stated, “I never hear about the death penalty in California.” When asked if he
had any religious views on the death penalty, he responded, “I don‟t follow any
religion.” Last, he stated that if selected to be on a jury he would “just want to do
what is right by law.”
       During oral voir dire, and after both sides had chosen and accepted the jury,
Prospective Juror No. 3156 was orally voir dired as a potential alternate juror. He
elaborated on his response in the questionnaire regarding people who received the
death penalty who “did not deserve it,” explaining that this response was based on,
“[j]ust growing up and just knowing about the few people that I‟ve known that,
you know, just didn‟t get a fair chance.” He then explained, “At this time I really

                                         32
don‟t know too much about the death penalty so I‟m not for it or against it. Well,
I‟m not for it.” When asked by the court, “Are you against it? Your inclination
would be against it?,” he responded, “Yeah. Against it.” He agreed that if the
mitigating evidence was more substantial than the aggravating evidence, it “would
be easy” not to vote for death, but then suggested he could not even vote for life
without parole in that situation. When asked by the court, “Can you conceive of
anything that might cause you to vote for death?,” he responded, “No.” When
asked, “Under any circumstances?,” he responded, “Not at any.” When the court
pointed out that the prospective juror‟s opinions seemed to have become “a lot
stronger” than those he had indicated on his questionnaire, he responded that his
views had changed because, “I had time to think about it, to really think about it.
It‟s a difference when you are talking with your friends.” He then stated, “To
actually have to make that decision, I couldn‟t do it,” further suggesting it would
be “hard” to vote for death even if the defendant was “Jeffrey Dahmer or Richard
Ramirez.”
       Prospective Juror No. 3156 then again reaffirmed that even if the
aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors he could not vote for life
without parole, explaining, “I just don‟t feel like I‟m in the position to really make
a decision on what punishment one should get for their crime.” When the court
observed that earlier it thought the prospective alternate juror had just made a
misstatement when indicating he could not vote for life without parole if the
mitigating evidence outweighed the aggravating evidence, he responded, “I
couldn‟t see myself voting for life or the death penalty.” When asked if it was
“the penalty you don‟t want to deal with?,” he responded, “Exactly.”
       Following oral voir dire, the prosecution challenged Prospective Juror No.
3156 for cause. Defense counsel declined to “argue for him,” choosing to simply
submit the matter to the court. The court found good cause to excuse the

                                          33
prospective juror on the basis that his views had evolved from his answers to the
written questionnaire to the point where it was clear he would refuse to vote for
either life imprisonment without parole or the death penalty.
       The record thus reveals that Prospective Juror No. 3156‟s answers to the
written jury questionnaire and to his oral voir dire were plainly in conflict. We
find substantial evidence that his expressed reticence to deliberate on penalty in a
death case “ „ “would „prevent or substantially impair the performance of his . . .
duties as a juror‟ ” in accordance with the court‟s instructions and the juror‟s oath.
[Citations.]‟ [Citation.]” (Duenas, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 10.)
       B. Guilt Phase Issues
       1. Admission of evidence of Florida & Louisiana murders.
       Defendant contends the trial court improperly admitted evidence of the
Florida (Cribbs) and Louisiana (Sutton) murders as probative on intent and
common design or plan in the commission of Gallagher‟s murder. He asserts the
uncharged murders were inadmissible under Evidence Code section 1101,
subdivision (b) (Evidence Code section 1101(b)) because they were insufficiently
similar to the charged murder, because he did not concede identity, i.e., that he
murdered Gallagher, and because he did not dispute that the charged murder,
viewed objectively, was premeditated, and offered to stipulate as much. He
further asserts that evidence of the uncharged murders should have been excluded
under Evidence Code section 352 (Evidence Code section 352) as unduly
prejudicial, and that admission of such evidence violated his federal constitutional
right to a fair trial. We reject each of these arguments and find the other crimes
evidence properly admitted at the guilt phase.
       The guiding principles are set forth in the following three paragraphs from
People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 1328, 1329 (Foster): “ „Evidence that a
defendant has committed crimes other than those currently charged is not

                                          34
admissible to prove that the defendant is a person of bad character or has a
criminal disposition; but evidence of uncharged crimes is admissible to prove,
among other things, the identity of the perpetrator of the charged crimes, the
existence of a common design or plan, or the intent with which the perpetrator
acted in the commission of the charged crimes. (Evid. Code, § 1101.) Evidence
of uncharged crimes is admissible to prove identity, common design or plan, or
intent only if the charged and uncharged crimes are sufficiently similar to support
a rational inference of identity, common design or plan, or intent. [Citation.]‟
(People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 369.)
       “ „The least degree of similarity (between the uncharged act and the
charged offense) is required in order to prove intent. [Citation.] . . . In order to be
admissible to prove intent, the uncharged conduct must be sufficiently similar to
support the inference that the defendant “ „probably harbor[ed] the same intent in
each instance.‟ [Citations.]” [Citation.]‟ (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380,
402 (Ewoldt).) „A greater degree of similarity is required in order to prove the
existence of a common design or plan. . . . [E]vidence of uncharged misconduct
must demonstrate “not merely a similarity in the results, but such a concurrence of
common features that the various acts are naturally to be explained as caused by a
general plan of which they are individual manifestations.” ‟ (Ibid.) „The greatest
degree of similarity is required for evidence of uncharged misconduct to be
relevant to prove identity. . . . [T]he uncharged misconduct and the charged
offense must share common features that are sufficiently distinctive so as to
support the inference that the same person committed both acts. [Citation.] “The
pattern and characteristics of the crimes must be so unusual and distinctive as to be
like a signature.” [Citation.]‟ (Id. at p. 403.) „ “ „The highly unusual and
distinctive nature of both the charged and [uncharged] offenses virtually
eliminates the possibility that anyone other than the defendant committed the

                                          35
charged offense.‟ [Citation.]” ‟ (People v. Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal.4th 983, 1003
(Hovarter).)
       “If evidence of prior conduct is sufficiently similar to the charged crimes to
be relevant to prove the defendant‟s intent, common plan, or identity, the trial
court then must consider whether the probative value of the evidence „is
“substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission [would] . . . create
substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the
jury.” (Evid. Code, § 352.)‟ (Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 404.) „Rulings made
under [Evidence Code sections 1101 and 352, including those made at the guilt
phase of a capital trial] are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. [Citation.]‟
(People v. Mungia (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1101, 1130.) „Under the abuse of discretion
standard, “a trial court‟s ruling will not be disturbed, and reversal . . . is not
required, unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious,
or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”
[Citation.]‟ (Hovarter, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 1004.)” (Foster, supra, 50 Cal.4th
at pp. 1328-1329.)
       The prosecution argued below that there were numerous common and
distinctive features between the charged murder of Gallagher and the out-of-state
murders so as to warrant the latter‟s admissibility on the issues of intent and
common design or plan.3 These included that: (1) the victims were all women of
approximately the same age (31 to 37 years old); (2) in each instance defendant
went to a local bar to select his victim; (3) in each instance he sought out a woman

3       The prosecution did not seek to introduce the other crimes evidence to
prove identity, i.e., that defendant was Gallagher‟s killer. Moreover, at defense
counsel‟s request, the instructions given to the jury on the limited purpose for
which the Florida and Louisiana murders were being admitted into evidence
instructed them that such evidence was to be considered solely on the question of
intent.


                                           36
unknown to him, and unaccompanied by a man; (4) in each instance he socialized
with the victim, danced and/or talked with her, and bought her drinks in an effort
to gain her trust; (5) in each instance defendant then convinced the victim to give
him a ride or to accompany him to his residence or lodging; (6) each murder was
perpetrated in a room or small enclosed area when defendant and the victim were
alone (the cab of Gallagher‟s pickup truck; Sutton‟s bedroom while roommate
Whiteside was at work; defendant‟s Tampa motel room); (7) after each murder
defendant took property from the victim, including jewelry, money, handbags,
keys, and personal identification documents; (8) after each murder defendant
attempted to conceal the victim‟s body, clean up the crime scene, or otherwise
conceal evidence of the crime in order to buy himself time to escape; (9) after each
murder defendant quickly left town, in each instance crossing state lines within a
few days to thwart his apprehension; and (10) all of the murders were perpetrated
within a short six-week period. The trial court ultimately ruled evidence of the
Cribbs and Sutton murders (but not the Price murder)4 admissible on the issue of
intent, and thereafter reaffirmed that ruling in the face of continued defense
objections on various grounds.
       The trial court was well within its discretion in ruling that the combination
of distinctive marks and similarities in all three murders was sufficient to meet the
standard for admissibility of the other crimes evidence on the element of intent,
i.e., whether the murder of Gallagher was premeditated and deliberate and
committed with express malice. Defendant selected each of his victims in a

4      As noted (ante, at p. 2, fn. 2), shortly after Gallagher‟s murder but before
the murders of Cribbs in Florida and Sutton in Louisiana, defendant traveled to
Mississippi, where he met Linda Price at a “beer tent” at the state fair. The two
cohabitated in a rented apartment in Jackson, Mississippi, for approximately two
weeks before Price was found murdered in the apartment. The trial court ruled
evidence of the Price murder inadmissible at the guilt phase under Evidence Code
section 1101(b).

                                         37
similar manner, used a common ploy to lure them to a place where they would be
alone before murdering them, then acted in similar fashion after each murder;
cleaning up the murder scenes or otherwise attempting to conceal the victims‟
bodies to buy himself time to escape, taking personal property from each victim,
and fleeing across state lines. “ „[T]he recurrence of a similar result . . . tends
(increasingly with each instance) to negat[e] accident or inadvertence or self-
defense or good faith or other innocent mental state, and tends to establish
(provisionally, at least, though not certainly) the presence of the normal, i.e.,
criminal, intent accompanying such an act . . . .‟ (2 Wigmore[, Evidence]
(Chadbourn rev. ed. 1979) § 302, p. 241.)” (People v. Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at
p. 402 (Ewoldt); see also People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1194; People v.
Lewis (2001) 25 Ca1.4th 610, 636-637; People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th
312, 379.) The Cribbs and Sutton murders were “sufficiently similar [to the
Gallagher murder] to support the inference that the defendant „ “probably
harbor[ed] the same intent in each instance.” [Citations.]‟ (People v. Robbins
[(1988)] 45 Cal.3d 867, 879.)” (Ewoldt, at p. 402.)
       Defendant urges that the trial court‟s findings of similarity between the
three murders were overstated and renews his argument that the Cribbs and Sutton
murders were not sufficiently similar to the charged Gallagher murder to warrant
their admission below. He argues that the fact that he met his victims “in a bar”
was an insufficient ground of similarity because “there was nothing distinctive
about the fact that he „talked, danced and drank‟ in bars with women his own age.”
His argument misses the mark. The “features of substantial but lesser
distinctiveness may yield a distinctive combination when considered together.”
(People v. Miller (1990) 50 Cal.3d 954, 987.) Although several of the factors
considered below, e.g., drinking, dancing, and socializing with persons close to
one‟s age in bars, when viewed in isolation, may not appear particularly unusual

                                           38
or distinctive, it was the combination of similar factors common to all three
murders—defendant‟s socializing, drinking, or dancing with women in their 30‟s,
unaccompanied by a male companion, in local bars; buying them rounds of drinks
to gain their trust; convincing them to give him a ride, or to accompany him back
to his home or lodging; killing them in a confined or secluded space (Sutton‟s
bedroom, defendant‟s Tampa motel room to which Cribbs had given him a ride,
and in the case of Gallagher‟s murder, the cab of her pickup under cover of
darkness late at night); hiding the bodies (or in the case of Gallagher, burning her
body) so as to avoid detection and buy further time to escape; fleeing from each
crime scene with the victim‟s property; crossing state lines, in each instance within
two days, to further facilitate his escape; and the fact that all three murders were
committed within the very short time span of approximately six weeks—that
rendered evidence of the out-of-state murders admissible to show that Gallagher‟s
murder was both premeditated and deliberate and committed with express malice.
       Defendant specifically challenges the trial court‟s finding of similarity
between the charged murder of Gallagher and the murder of Andy Lou Sutton in
Louisiana, arguing there was no evidence that Sutton gave him a ride home from a
bar before she was murdered. But the evidence showed that on November 2,
1995, defendant initially met Sutton and her roommate Whiteside at the It‟ll Do
Lounge in Bossier City, Louisiana, and that he spent the night with Sutton in the
women‟s apartment. He then convinced Sutton and Whiteside to give him a ride
to the Shreveport bus terminal, told them he would return in a few days, kissing
Sutton and telling Whiteside to “take care” of her, traveled to Tampa, Florida,
where he murdered Tina Cribbs, and then returned to Louisiana less than a week
later in Cribbs‟s car, telling Sutton he had bought the vehicle for her. Defendant,
Sutton and Whiteside again went out drinking, first to the It‟ll Do Lounge, then to
the Touch of Class bar, and after defendant became intoxicated, Sutton obtained

                                          39
Whiteside‟s permission to take defendant back to their apartment so he could
“sleep it off.” The evidence strongly supported the inference that defendant stayed
in their apartment and murdered Sutton in her bedroom that same night, before
Whiteside returned home from work at 3:00 a.m.
       Thus, although there was a period of approximately one week between the
time defendant first met Sutton in a bar and convinced her to let him spend the
night in her apartment and the point at which he returned to Louisiana after
murdering Cribbs in Florida and murdered Sutton, there was little merit to defense
counsel‟s argument that the facts of Sutton‟s murder did not “fit the pattern of
picking somebody up in a bar and taking somebody home and killing them.”
       Defendant also renews his argument that his offer to stipulate that the
Gallagher murder was “a first degree or nothing type of a case” should have been
accepted by the prosecutor and the trial court because the stipulation would have
“eliminate[d] the need for proving intent . . . or proving premeditation and
deliberation.” Defense counsel represented to the court that the strategy behind
his offer to so stipulate was “a way to keep . . . the Louisiana and Florida fact
pattern[s] out of the guilt phase.” The prosecution objected on several grounds,
including that the other crimes evidence being offered under Evidence Code
section 1101(b) was “much larger in a sense than just first degree murder.”
       The claim is without merit. Neither the prosecutor nor the trial court was
legally obligated to accept defendant‟s proffered stipulation. Indeed, the trial
court was unauthorized to enforce such a stipulation over the prosecutor‟s
objection. A trial court cannot compel a prosecutor to accept a stipulation that
would deprive the state‟s case of its evidentiary persuasiveness or forcefulness.
(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 721, fn. 5; People v. Sakarias (2000) 22
Cal.4th 596, 629; People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 16-17; People v. Arias
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 96, 131; People v Edelbacher (1989) 47 Cal.3d 983, 1007.)

                                          40
“[A] criminal defendant may not stipulate or admit his way out of the full
evidentiary force of the case as the Government chooses to present it.” (Old Chief
v. United States (1997) 519 U.S. 172, 186-187.)
       Although the circumstantial evidence that defendant premeditated
Gallagher‟s murder with express malice was strong, the prosecution had the right
to present all available evidence to meet its burden of proving the requisite mens
rea for first degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Mullaney v. Wilbur
(1975) 421 U.S. 684, 704; People v. Rios (2000) 23 Cal.4th 450, 462.) Although
evidence was presented that Flynn saw “silhouettes” of defendant and Gallagher
possibly fighting in the cab of Gallagher‟s pickup, with one of them holding his or
her hands high above the other‟s head or neck, Flynn was intoxicated when he
made that observation from the backseat of a patrol car after being arrested for
drunk driving. Even though the autopsy evidence revealed Gallagher had been
strangled to death with considerable force by an assailant who held a steady grip
on her neck for at least a minute before she expired, Flynn remained the only
possible eyewitness to a physical altercation that might have led to Gallagher‟s
death. Finally, although a witness testified she saw a man with long blond hair
like defendant‟s leaning into Gallagher‟s pickup and setting fire to the passenger
compartment, this was not a full, positive identification of defendant. And
although considerable other circumstantial evidence pointed to defendant as
having killed Gallagher with premeditation and deliberation and express malice,
including his repeated statement to Walker that he had “bigger problems” than she
did, immediately followed by his admission of knowledge that “[Gallagher] is
dead,” and his callous rifling through Gallagher‟s purse in Walker‟s presence a
short time later, still, it remained the prosecution‟s burden to prove premeditation
and malice beyond a reasonable doubt (See Mullaney v. Wilbur, at p. 704; People
v. Rios, at p. 462), and its right to introduce all relevant and admissible evidence

                                         41
toward that end. As explained, evidence of the Cribbs and Sutton murders was
such additional substantial evidence, admissible under Evidence Code section
1101(b) to further prove that Gallagher‟s murder was premeditated and deliberate
and committed with express malice.
       Defendant also contends that evidence of the out-of-state murders was
inadmissible to prove intent because the identity of Gallagher‟s killer remained in
dispute at the guilt phase. He relies on a civil case, Hassoldt v. Patrick Media
Group, Inc. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 153, in which it was suggested that “where the
identity of the actor is in dispute and the uncharged misconduct fails to satisfy the
stringent „so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature‟ standard enunciated
in Ewoldt, the uncharged conduct is not admissible on such issues as intent,
motive or lack of mistake or accident . . . .” (Id., at p. 166.)
       We have since clarified that the passage from Hassoldt is an incorrect
statement of the law. (Foster, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1332 [“Defendant contends
. . . the evidence could not be admitted for a purpose other than identity if the
identity of the perpetrator was in dispute. We have rejected this argument.”];
People v. Soper (2009) 45 Cal.4th 759, 778 [“There is no requirement . . . that the
defendant was the perpetrator in both sets of offenses.”]; see also Alcala v.
Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1205, 1222-1227; People v. Spector (2011) 194
Cal.App.4th 1335, 1392.)
       We further conclude the trial court did not “ „exercise[] its discretion in an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner . . . result[ing] in a manifest
miscarriage of justice[]‟ ” (Foster, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 1328-1329) when it
refused to exclude the evidence of the two out-of-state murders as unduly
prejudicial under Evidence Code section 352. Defendant suggests the other crimes
evidence unfairly characterized him as a “serial killer.” But defendant was never
labeled a “serial killer” by the prosecution. Because all other crimes evidence in a

                                           42
sense may be viewed as “inherently prejudicial” (see Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at
p. 404), “ „uncharged offenses are admissible only if they have substantial
probative value.‟ ” (Foster, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1331, quoting People v.
Thompson (1980) 27 Cal.3d 303, 318.) We have explained that although the other
circumstantial evidence that Gallagher‟s murder was perpetrated with
premeditation, deliberation and express malice was strong, the People were not
limited to presenting such evidence to the exclusion of the material and probative
other crimes evidence. Evidence of the Florida and Louisiana murders, which
shared numerous distinctive features and similarities with Gallagher‟s murder, and
which were committed within six weeks of her murder, had substantial probative
value to show that her murder was premeditated and committed with express
malice.
       Nor did the possibility of undue consumption of time render the uncharged
murders inadmissible under Evidence Code section 352. A trial court has
discretion to exclude evidence if it concludes presentation of the evidence will
“necessitate undue consumption of time.” (Evid. Code, § 352.) Here, the court
did not abuse its discretion in concluding that admitting this probative evidence
would not be unduly time consuming.
       Moreover, the limiting instructions ultimately given to the jury, as modified
at defense counsel‟s request, ensured that the other crimes evidence would not be
considered for any improper purpose. The jury was specifically instructed only to
consider evidence of the Florida and Louisiana murders for the “limited purpose of
determining if it tend[ed] to show whether defendant committed the murder [of
Gallagher] with express malice aforethought and with premeditation and
deliberation, and not as a result of rage or provocation or other heat of passion.”
In his closing argument, defense counsel emphasized that the cautionary
instructions required the jurors to “follow the law and follow this instruction about

                                         43
evidence admitted for a limited purpose and set aside the emotions and make your
decision based on the facts.”
       Defendant also argues that admission of evidence of the Florida and
Louisiana murders rendered his trial fundamentally unfair in violation of the due
process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constituion.
Not so. Because the evidence was material, probative, and admitted under
Evidence Code section 1101(b) on the legitimate issue of intent, defendant‟s due
process right to a fair trial was not transgressed by the admission of such evidence.
(See People v. Caitlin (2001) 26 Cal.4th 81, 122-123.)
       2. Instruction on flight (CALJIC No. 2.52)
       Section 1127c provides, in relevant part, “In any criminal trial or
proceeding where evidence of flight of a defendant is relied upon as tending to
show guilt, the court shall instruct the jury substantially as follows: [¶] The flight
of a person immediately after the commission of a crime . . . is not sufficient in
itself to establish his guilt, but is a fact which, if proved, the jury may consider in
deciding his guilt or innocence. The weight to which such circumstance is entitled
is a matter for the jury to determine.”
       Pursuant to this section, and without any objection by the defense,5 the trial
court instructed the jury with CALJIC No. 2.52, Flight After Crime, as follows:
“The flight of a person immediately after the commission of a crime, or after he is
accused of a crime, is not sufficient in itself to establish his guilt, but is a fact
which, if proved, may be considered by you in the light of all other proved facts in




5      Challenges to the flight instruction given pursuant to section 1127c are
cognizable on appeal even in the absence of a contemporaneous objection. (See
People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1055; People v. Visciotti (1992)
2 Cal.4th 1, 60.)

                                            44
deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The weight to which this
circumstance is entitled is a matter for you to decide.”
       Defendant challenges the facial validity of the standard flight instruction on
several asserted due process grounds. He argues the instruction is “unfairly
partisan and argumentative,” permits the jury to draw irrational permissive
inferences of guilt, and is unnecessary because it improperly duplicates the
circumstantial evidence instructions. The claims that the instruction is
argumentative and permits the jury to draw arbitrary and/or biased inferences from
isolated items of evidence have long since been rejected and will not be
reconsidered here. (See People v. Bacigalupo (1991) 1 Cal.4th 103, 127-128.)
The instruction “properly advised the jury of inferences that could rationally be
drawn from the evidence,” and “[t]he jury could properly infer consciousness of
guilt from defendant‟s efforts to leave California [citation].” (Id., at p. 128.) Nor
was the flight instruction duplicative of other circumstantial evidence instructions,
as it served to “ „ma[ke] clear to the jury that certain types of deceptive or evasive
behavior on a defendant‟s part could indicate consciousness of guilt, while also
clarifying that such activity was not of itself sufficient to prove a defendant‟s guilt,
and allowing the jury to determine the weight and significance assigned to such
behavior.‟ ” (People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 438, quoting People v.
Jackson (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1164, 1224.)
       Defendant claims the flight instruction, as applied to him, “was not
constitutional under the facts of this case” because it invited the jury to conflate
evidence of his flight from the Florida and Louisiana murders with his prior flight
from California after Gallagher‟s murder. The argument borders on the specious.
The evidence ruled admissible at the guilt phase showed that defendant committed
three murders in three different states over the course of six weeks. After each
murder he fled with the victim‟s property, inferentially so after Gallagher‟s murder

                                          45
because although her earring was found in defendant‟s apartment, her large black
purse and its contents, which Walker observed defendant rifling through, was not
left behind in the apartment and was never recovered. Defendant ultimately fled
through two more states (Tennessee and Kentucky) until finally being
apprehended after a high-speed chase through four towns that ended with police
cruisers ramming his vehicle in order to force him off the road.
       Moreover, defendant took the stand in his own behalf and testified that after
leaving California he was traveling home to Hamilton, Ohio, but stopped off at
Las Vegas, Nevada, to gamble, and then at Jackson, Mississippi, to renew his
truck driver‟s license, before returning to Ohio. The prosecution was entitled to
counter this testimony with evidence that defendant remained in continuous flight
from the time he murdered Gallagher in California until he was apprehended in
Kentucky approximately six weeks later.6 The standard flight instruction given
below properly left it to the jury “ „to determine the weight and significance
assigned to such behavior.‟ ” (People v. Boyette, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 438.)
There was no error in so charging the jury.

       3. Instruction on possession of stolen property as it related to murder and
          arson charges (CALJIC No. 2.15)
       The jury was instructed at the guilt phase with CALJIC No. 2.15, as
follows, “If you find that [defendant] was in conscious possession of recently
stolen property, the fact of that possession is not by itself sufficient to permit an
inference that the defendant is guilty of the crime of murder or arson. Before guilt
may be inferred, there must be corroborating evidence tending to prove his guilt.
However, this corroborating evidence need only be slight, and need not by itself

6       The prosecutor argued to the jury, “He‟s out of there immediately after
killing a person. [¶] He is out of there. He‟s out of Florida, and he‟s out of
Louisiana, and he‟s on the run, and he‟s just not on the run when he‟s arrested
from Louisiana, from Florida, he‟s on the run from all of them.”

                                          46
be sufficient to warrant an inference of guilt. [¶] As corroboration, you may
consider the attributes of possession—time, place and manner, that the defendant
had an opportunity to commit the crime charged, the defendant‟s conduct, or any
other evidence which tends to connect him with the crime charged.”
       Defendant contends that the giving of CALJIC No. 2.15, regarding
inferences to be drawn from evidence of his possession of stolen property, was
reversible error because it “permitted the jury to draw an irrational permissive
inference that improperly lightened the state‟s burden of proof” and “gave the jury
a fundamentally incorrect theory of culpability.” Specifically, he asserts the
instruction impermissibly allowed the jury to find him guilty of murder or arson
“based solely on the alleged fact that he was „in conscious possession of recently
stolen property,‟ ” subject only to the condition that there be “ „slight‟ ”
corroborating evidence of guilt. As explained below, under decisions of this court
filed after defendant‟s trial, the giving of CALJIC No. 2.15 in this murder case
was erroneous. As will further be explained, on this record the instructional error
was manifestly harmless.
       During the prosecutor‟s guilt phase closing argument, he argued that
defendant could be convicted on several theories of first degree murder, including
the theory that Gallagher was killed during the commission of a felony, i.e.,
robbery. The prosecutor specifically referenced the court‟s instruction with
CALJIC No. 2.15, arguing there was sufficient corroborating evidence to support
an inference of guilt based on defendant‟s possession of recently stolen property.
The prosecutor emphasized that defendant was seen with Gallagher‟s purse in his
apartment on the morning of the murder, and that Walker saw Gallagher‟s earring
drop out of the purse. He pointed out the earring was later found in the apartment.
The prosecutor argued further that Walker‟s testimony concerning defendant‟s



                                          47
admission that he had a “bigger problem,” followed by his statement to Walker
that Gallagher was dead, further corroborated the inference of guilt.
       Following the giving of the instruction and the prosecutor‟s argument,
defense counsel indicated he was objecting to the instruction as “improper” on the
ground that “all you need is slight corroboration to go from being in possession of
some stolen property to get to murder and arson.” The court indicated the
instruction was applicable to evidence regarding defendant‟s possession of
Gallagher‟s purse, keys, and other property, as well as his possession of property
owned by Sutton‟s roommate Whiteside and Cribbs that was recovered upon his
arrest. The court concluded the prosecution had carried its burden of proof as to
those facts and that the giving of the instruction was proper.
       CALJIC No. 2.15 is based on the long-standing rule allowing a jury to infer
guilt of a theft-related crime from the fact that a defendant is found in possession
of recently stolen property when such evidence is accompanied by slight
corroboration of other inculpatory circumstances tending to show guilt. (See
People v. McFarland (1962) 58 Cal.2d 748, 754-758.) It is a permissive,
cautionary instruction “generally favorable to defendants; its purpose is to
emphasize that possession of stolen property, alone, is insufficient to sustain a
conviction for a theft-related crime. (People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 131;
People v. Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 176-177; People v. Johnson (1993) 6
Cal.4th 1, 37; cf. People v. Najera (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1132, 1135-1136 [defendant
argued he was prejudiced because the trial court had a duty to give CALJIC No.
2.15 sua sponte in all theft-related cases and failed to do so].)” (People v.
Gamache (2010) 48 Cal.4th 347, 375 (Gamache).)
       On the other hand, in cases decided subsequent to the trial in this case, “we
have . . . cautioned that the instruction is inappropriate for non-theft-related
crimes, and instructing that possession of stolen property may create an inference

                                          48
that a defendant is guilty of murder, as was done here, is error. (People v.
Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 101; People v. Prieto [(2003)] 30
Cal.4th [226] at pp. 248-249.)” (Gamache, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 375.) The
People recognize as much and concede that it was error to give CALJIC No. 2.15
in this case.
       As for defendant‟s argument that instructing the jury with CALJIC No.
2.15 “improperly lightened the state‟s burden of proof,” “we have previously
rejected it. The instruction does not establish an unconstitutional mandatory
presumption in favor of guilt (People v. Yeoman, 31 Cal.4th at p. 131) or
otherwise shift or lower the prosecution‟s burden of establishing guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt (People v. Parson [(2008)] 44 Cal.4th [332] at pp. 355-356;
People v. Prieto, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 248).” (Gamache, supra, 48 Cal.4th at
p. 376.) Defendant offers no persuasive reason to reconsider these decisions.
       Defendant argues that instructing a jury with CALJIC No. 2.15 in a non-
theft case is reversible error because it results in “the prosecution present[ing] its
case to the jury on alternate theories, some of which are legally correct and others
legally incorrect, and the reviewing court cannot determine from the record on
which theory the ensuing general verdict of guilt rested.” (People v. Green (1980)
27 Cal.3d 1, 69.) However, “it is well established the People v. Watson (1956) 46
Cal.2d 818, 836, test applies. (People v. Parson, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 357-358;
People v. Coffman and Marlow, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 101; People v. Prieto,
supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 249.)” (Gamache, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 376.) Under that
test — whether it is reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more
favorable result had the instruction not been given — the error here in extending
CALJIC No. 2.15 to the murder and arson charges was clearly harmless.
Gallagher was last seen alive together with defendant in her pickup truck; Flynn,
although intoxicated at the time, thought he saw defendant and Gallagher in a

                                          49
physical altercation inside the pickup; a short time later Walker woke up in
defendant‟s apartment and he told her, “I got bigger problems than you, honey, I
got bigger problems,” and admitted knowledge that Gallagher was dead; and a
short while after that a man closely resembling defendant was seen setting fire to
the passenger compartment of Gallagher‟s pickup truck, in which her burned body
was later found. Additionally, the other crimes evidence, which established by a
preponderance of the evidence that defendant murdered Tina Cribbs in Florida and
Andy Lou Sutton in Louisiana within six weeks of Gallagher‟s murder in a
manner that shared many distinctive features and similarities to Gallagher‟s
murder, and the forensic results of Gallagher‟s autopsy, which showed that she
was forcibly strangled for a period of at least one minute until she expired, further
supported an inference that Gallagher‟s murder was premeditated, deliberate, and
committed with express malice.

       4. Instruction on burden of proof for out-of-state murders.
          (CALJIC Nos. 2.50 & 2.50.1)
       Defendant contends the other crimes evidence instructions given below
require reversal because they permitted the jury to find him guilty of Gallagher‟s
murder, and find true the prior-murder-conviction special circumstance, by a
preponderance of the evidence rather than by the constitutionally compelled proof
beyond a reasonable doubt standard. The claim is without merit.
       After the court determined to admit the evidence of the Florida and
Louisiana murders, defense counsel submitted a modified version of CALJIC No.
2.50, which read, “Evidence was introduced for the purpose of showing that
[defendant] committed crimes other than that for which he is on trial. This
evidence relates to two homicides alleged to have been committed by [defendant]
in November of 1995 in the states of Florida and Louisiana. [¶] Except as you
will otherwise be instructed, this evidence, if believed, may not be considered by


                                         50
you to prove that the defendant is a person of bad character or that he has a
disposition to commit crimes. It may be considered by you only for the limited
purpose of determining if it tends to show whether [defendant] committed the
murder alleged in Count 1 with express malice aforethought and with
premeditation and deliberation, and not as a result of rage or provocation or other
heat of passion. [¶] For the limited purpose for which you may consider such
evidence, you must weigh it in the same manner as you do all other evidence in
the case. [¶] You are not permitted to consider such evidence for any other
purpose.” The instruction was read to the jury both before presentation of the
other crimes evidence and again before closing arguments and deliberations.
       The jury was further instructed pursuant to former CALJIC No. 2.50.1 (6th
ed. 1996), which read, “Within the meaning of the preceding instruction [CALJIC
No. 2.50, as modified], the prosecution has the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the homicides other
than that for which he is on trial. [¶] You must not consider this evidence for any
purpose unless you find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant
committed the other homicides.”7 Finally, the jury was instructed with CALJIC
No. 2.50.2, which read, in relevant part, “ „Preponderance of the evidence‟ means
evidence that has more convincing force than that opposed to it. If the evidence is
so evenly balanced that you are unable to find that the evidence on either side of
an issue preponderates, your finding on that issue must be against the party who
had the burden of proving it.”

7      Subsequent to the trial in this case, CALJIC No. 2.50.1 was amended with
the addition of the following language: “If you find other crime[s] were
committed by a preponderance of the evidence, you are nevertheless cautioned and
reminded that before a defendant can be found guilty of any crime charged [or any
included crime] in this trial, the evidence as a whole must persuade you beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of that crime.” (CALJIC No. 2.50.1
(7th ed. 2005).)

                                         51
       It is well settled that evidence of other crimes presented in the guilt phase
of a criminal trial may be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. (People v.
Medina (1995) 11 Cal.4th 694, 763 (Medina); People v. McClellan (1969) 71
Cal.2d 793, 804.) “Prior cases explain that the facts tending to prove the
defendant‟s other crimes for purposes of establishing his criminal knowledge or
intent are deemed mere „evidentiary facts‟ that need not be proved beyond a
reasonable doubt as long as the jury is convinced, beyond a reasonable doubt, of
the truth of the „ultimate fact‟ of the defendant‟s knowledge or intent. (People v.
Lisenba [(1939)] 14 Cal.2d [403] at pp. 430-431, and cases cited.)” (Medina, at
p. 763.)
       The jury below was fully instructed on the burden of proof required to
convict defendant of Gallagher‟s murder, arson, and to find true the prior-murder-
conviction special-circumstance allegation. They were charged with the standard
instruction on the presumption of innocence and the prosecution‟s burden to prove
defendant‟s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. (CALJIC Nos. 2.90, 2.91.) They
were instructed on the requisite elements of murder and arson. (CALJIC Nos.
8.10, 8.11, 8.20, 14.80.) They were instructed that the prosecution had the burden
of proving the prior-murder-conviction special circumstance true beyond a
reasonable doubt. (CALJIC No. 8.80.1.) They were specifically instructed that
“each fact which is essential to complete a set of circumstances necessary to
establish the defendant‟s guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In other
words, before an inference essential to establish guilt may be found to have been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt, each fact or circumstance on which the
inference necessarily rests must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” (CALJIC
No. 2.01.) And they were further admonished, “Do not single out any particular
sentence or any individual point or instruction and ignore the others. Consider the
instructions as a whole, and each in light of all the others.” (CALJIC No. 1.01.)

                                         52
       This court has expressly approved of former CALJIC No. 2.50.1 insofar as
it informed juries that other crimes evidence may be proved by a preponderance of
the evidence. (See People v. Carpenter, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 383; Medina,
supra, 11 Cal.4th at pp. 763-764.) Those decisions further specifically recognize
that the People‟s burden to prove a criminal defendant‟s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt is not diminished by such an instruction where it is given in conjunction
with CALJIC Nos. 2.90 (presumption of innocence, reasonable doubt,
prosecution‟s burden of proof) and 2.01 (each fact essential to complete a set of
circumstances necessary to establish guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable
doubt). (Carpenter, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 383; Medina, supra, 11 Cal.4th at
pp. 763-764; see also Estelle v. McGuire (1991) 502 U.S. 62, 72-73.)8

       5. Failure to give a unanimity instruction on theory of first degree
          murder.
       Defendant next argues the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that
“if it found the [charged Gallagher] murder was of the first degree, it had to agree
unanimously on the type of first degree murder.” He acknowledges the many
decisions of this court rejecting the claim and urges us to reconsider them, but
provides no good reason to do so. We decline the invitation to do so. “[A]s long
as each juror is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant is guilty of
murder as that offense is defined by statute, it need not decide unanimously by
which theory he is guilty.” (People v. Santamaria (1994) 8 Cal.4th 903, 918; see

8       Defendant‟s reliance on Gibson v. Ortiz (9th Cir. 2004) 387 F.3d 812) is
misplaced. That case involved the giving of former CALJIC No. 2.50.01, an
instruction specifically tailored to prior sexual offenses, along with a modified
version of CALJIC No. 2.50.1, which instructions together permitted the jury to
“infer that the defendant committed the charged crime if it found „that the
defendant committed a prior sexual offense.‟ ” (Gibson, at p. 822.) The facts and
particular instructions at issue in that case are therefore inapposite to those in issue
here.


                                          53
People v. Morgan (2007) 42 Cal.4th 593, 616-617; quoting People v. Nakahara
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 705, 712 [“ „jurors need not unanimously agree on a theory of
first degree murder as either felony murder or murder with premeditation and
deliberation. [Citations.]‟ ”) The trial court was under no obligation to give a
unanimity instruction in this murder case.9

       6. Instruction on “anti-jury nullification” (CALJIC No. 17.41.1).
       The jurors in this case were instructed at the guilt phase with the so-called
“anti-jury nullification” instruction (see CALJIC No. 17.41.1 (1998 new) (6th ed.
1996)), which advised them that, “The integrity of a trial requires that jurors, at all
times during their deliberations, conduct themselves as required by these
instructions. Accordingly, should it occur that any juror refuses to deliberate or
expresses an intention to disregard the law or to decide the case based on penalty
or punishment, or any other improper basis, it is the obligation of the other jurors
to immediately advise the Court of the situation.”
       Defendant contends that “[t]he instruction . . . assures the jurors that their
words might be used against them and that candor in the jury room could be
punished. The instruction therefore chills speech and free discourse in a forum
where „free and uninhibited discourse‟ is most needed. [Citation.] The instruction
virtually assures „the destruction of all frankness and freedom of discussion‟ in the
jury room. [Citation.] Accordingly, the instruction improperly inhibits the free
expression and interaction among the jurors which is so important to the
deliberative process. [Citation.]”
       As defendant acknowledges, although this court, in People v. Engelman
(2002) 28 Cal.4th 436 (Engelman), out of “caution” disapproved the giving of

9     Defendant‟s jurors were instructed that if they agreed defendant was guilty
of murder, they must unanimously agree whether the murder was first or second
degree. (See CALJIC No. 8.71.)

                                          54
CALJIC No. 17.41.1 in future criminal trials in California (Engelman, at p. 440),
we nonetheless concluded “the instruction does not infringe upon [a] defendant‟s
federal or state constitutional right to trial by jury or his [or her] state
constitutional right to a unanimous verdict” (id. at pp. 439-440; see also People v.
Barnwell (2007) 42 Cal.4th 1038, 1055). We explained that the instruction
properly informed the jury it had a duty to follow the court‟s instructions, and that
“[a] juror who actually refuses to deliberate is subject to discharge by the court
(People v. Cleveland [(2001)] 25 Cal.4th [466] at p. 484), as is a juror who
proposes to reach a verdict without respect to the law or the evidence. (People v.
Williams [(2001)] 25 Cal.4th [441] at p. 463.)” (Engelman, supra, 28 Cal.4th at
p. 442.) We observed that where CALJIC No. 17.41.1 is given together with
CALJIC Nos. 17.40 (“ „The People and the defendant are entitled to the individual
opinion of each juror. [¶] Each of you must decide the case for yourself . . . .‟ ”)
and 17.50 (“instructing that in order to reach a verdict, „all twelve jurors must
agree to the decision‟ ”), the jury is “fully informed . . . of its duty to reach a
unanimous verdict based upon the independent and impartial decision of each
juror.” (Engelman, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 444.)10 And we explained that the
instruction “is not directed at a deadlocked jury” (Engelman, at p. 444) nor does it
encourage “jurors who find themselves in the minority, as deliberations progress,
[to] join the majority without reaching an independent judgment.” (Ibid.)11




10     Both CALJIC Nos. 17.40 and 17.50 were given below.
11      In Engelman, we disapproved giving CALJIC No. 17.41.1 in future
criminal trials because “[t]here is risk that the instruction will be misunderstood or
that it will be used by one juror as a tool for browbeating other jurors.”
(Engelman, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 445.)

                                            55
       C. Special Circumstance

          Challenges to the prior-murder-conviction special circumstance.
       The single special circumstance found true in this case was that “[t]he
defendant was convicted previously of murder in the first or second degree.”
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(2).) The allegation was based on defendant‟s capital conviction
in Florida, on May 7, 1997, of the murder of Tina Cribbs on or about November 7,
1995. Defendant murdered Cribbs in Florida approximately five weeks after he
murdered Sandra Gallagher in California. Defendant‟s Florida conviction was not
yet final on appeal at the time his capital trial for the murder of Gallagher
commenced in California.
       Defendant contends the prior-murder-conviction special circumstance was
invalid on two grounds: (1) the Cribbs murder in Florida was committed after the
murder of Gallagher in California, and (2) the Florida conviction was not yet final
when alleged as a prior-murder-conviction special circumstance in this case. He
argues the invalid special-circumstance finding violated his Eighth Amendment
right to be free from an arbitrary and capricious death sentence. (See Spaziano v.
Florida (1984) 468 U.S. 447, 460, fn. 20.) Respondent asserts that defendant
forfeited or waived the claim on appeal by failing to raise these two specific legal
challenges to the special circumstance allegation in the trial court, and by rejecting
the prosecution‟s offer to continue the trial until the Florida murder conviction was
final on appeal if he would waive time. Respondent further contends both legal
challenges to the special circumstance finding are unsupported at law. We agree
with respondent that the claims are devoid of legal merit.
       1. Procedural Background
       Prior to commencement of trial, defendant filed a motion to strike the prior-
murder-conviction special-circumstance allegation. The motion did not expressly



                                          56
allege the two legal grounds now urged on appeal as invalidating the special
circumstance. Instead, defendant argued the Florida conviction was invalid due to
“numerous errors of federal constitutional dimension” as outlined in defendant‟s
opening brief filed by his attorneys in the Florida capital appeal, a copy of which
was appended to defense counsel‟s two-page motion to strike.
       A full hearing was conducted on the motion with defendant present.12
Defense counsel argued the merits of several federal constitutional claims raised in
the opening brief in the Cribbs murder appeal, urging they required that the special
circumstance allegation based on that Florida conviction be stricken.13 The
prosecutor refuted the merits of each claim in the Florida brief relied on by
defendant as a ground for striking the special circumstance allegation. The
prosecutor nonetheless offered to continue the trial until the Florida high court
decided the merits of the Florida appeal if defendant would waive his right to a
speedy trial in this proceeding. The trial court properly refused to predict how the
Florida Supreme Court might rule on the issues before it in the Florida appeal.


12     “ „[W]hen a defendant seeks to collaterally attack the validity of a prior
conviction underlying a prior-murder special circumstance, he must first allege
facts sufficient to justify a hearing on his motion to strike the special
circumstance—i.e., “allege actual denial of his constitutional rights.” (People v.
Sumstine [(1984)] 36 Cal.3d [909,] 922.) The court shall thereupon conduct an
evidentiary hearing in the manner set forth in Coffey and Sumstine.‟ (Curl v.
Superior Court [(1990)] 51 Cal.3d [1292,] 1306, italics added; see People v.
Coffey [(1967)] 67 Cal.2d [204,] 215 [„the issue must be raised by means of
allegations which, if true, would render the prior conviction devoid of
constitutional support.‟].)” (People v. Homick (2012) 55 Cal.4th 816, 892-893.)
13      In particular, defense counsel argued at some length regarding a claim in
the Florida brief alleging that Florida prosecutors had repeated the same improper
closing argument to a number of juries in Florida capital cases, including the
penalty phase of defendant‟s capital trial. As argued by the prosecutor, however,
this claim, even if meritorious, at most would have invalidated the Florida penalty
determination and would not have invalidated defendant‟s underlying conviction
of the Cribbs murder.

                                         57
Addressing defendant directly, the court stated, “At this point, Mr. Rogers, you
have the option of keeping the jurors from hearing about it [the Florida conviction]
by waiving [your right to a speedy trial]. That‟s your call.” Defendant nodded,
signaling to the court that he understood his choice. The prosecutor‟s offer to
continue the trial if defendant would waive time was declined by the defense. The
court went on to deny the motion to strike the special circumstance allegation.
       2. Discussion
       Both grounds asserted on appeal in support of this claim present pure
questions of law. Respondent urges us to find that defendant forfeited or waived
each ground now asserted as invalidating the special circumstance. We do not
find forfeiture or waiver of the claim. Although defendant did not specifically
argue, either in his written motion to strike the special circumstance allegation or
at the hearing on the motion, that a prior murder conviction must be final on
appeal before it can support a prior-murder-conviction special circumstance, the
gist of his argument conveyed that position insofar as he sought to convince the
court that reversal of the Florida conviction for any of the federal constitutional
errors alleged in the opening brief would necessarily invalidate the prior-murder-
conviction special-circumstance finding. Fundamentally, had the Florida Supreme
Court subsequently reversed defendant‟s conviction of the Cribbs murder for
federal constitutional error, such would have undermined the validity of this prior-
murder-conviction special-circumstance finding regardless of defendant‟s refusal
to waive time below or specifically argue these two grounds in support of his
motion to strike the special circumstance allegation. (See Johnson v. Mississippi
(1988) 486 U.S. 578, 584-586 [holding it would violate the Eighth Amendment to
allow “petitioner‟s death sentence to stand although based in part on a reversed
conviction.”].)



                                          58
         In any case, neither ground now urged in support of invalidation of the
special circumstance finding has legal merit. With regard to the first ground—the
fact that the murder of Cribbs in Florida was committed after the murder of
Gallagher in California—numerous decisions of this court have concluded the
controlling factor under the express language of section 190.2(a)(2) is whether
“[t]he defendant was convicted previously of murder in the first or second degree”
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(2), italics added.) The “order of the commission of the
homicides is immaterial.” (People v. Hendricks (1987) 43 Cal.3d 584, 596
(Hendricks); see also People v. Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839, 879; People v.
Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 636; People v. McLain (1988) 46 Cal.3d 97, 107-
108; People v. Grant (1988) 45 Cal.3d 829,848.)
         As explained in Hendricks, supra, 43 Cal.3d 584, “Penal Code section
190.2, subdivision (a)(2) (hereafter section 190.2(a)(2)) defines the relevant
special circumstance as, „the defendant was previously convicted of murder in the
first or second degree.‟ The language of the provision is clear: on its face, it
refers simply and unequivocally to previous convictions. Moreover . . . section
190.2(a)(2) refers to convictions in prior proceedings, in contrast to subdivision
(a)(3) of the same section, which defines another special circumstance as, „The
defendant has in this proceeding been convicted of more than one offense of
murder in the first or second degree.‟ Far from superfluous, the word „previously‟
is thus essential to a harmonious reading of these two subdivisions of section
190.2.
         “The function of section 190.2(a)(2) is also clear—to circumscribe, as the
Eighth Amendment requires (Zant v. Stephens (1983) 462 U.S. 862, 878), the
classes of persons who may properly be subject to the death penalty. Defendant
misconstrues the purpose of the provision, which he inaptly analogizes to statutes
aimed at the habitual criminal. [Citations.] Unlike recidivism statutes, however,

                                          59
section 190.2(a)(2) is directed neither to deterring misconduct nor to fostering
rehabilitation.
       “The unambiguous language and purpose of section 190.2(a)(2) thus
require that a person such as defendant, already convicted of murder in a prior
proceeding, must be considered eligible for the death penalty if convicted of first
degree murder in a subsequent trial. The order of the commission of the
homicides is immaterial.” (Hendricks, supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 595-596,
fn. omitted.)
       Indeed, defendant acknowledges these settled authorities and has conceded
in his opening brief that “[s]ection 190.2, subdivision (a)(2), as interpreted by this
Court, applies even when the murder resulting in the previous conviction was
committed after the charged murder. (People v. Hendricks, supra, 43 Cal.3d at
pp. 595-596.)” He states further, “As [this] Court has ruled, the „convicted
previously‟ phrase simply requires that the conviction be rendered before the trial
on the charged murder. (Ibid.) Thus, the prior-murder-conviction special
circumstance premises death-eligibility on a fact that arises after commission of
the charged murder for which the State seeks to execute the defendant. This Court
has rejected both state law and federal constitutional challenges to the subdivision
(a)(2) special circumstance. (People v. Hinton [, supra,] 37 Cal.4th 839, 879;
People v. Gurule [, supra,] 28 Cal.4th 555, 634-638; People v. McLain [, supra,]
46 Cal.3d 97, 107-108; People v. Grant [, supra,] 45 Cal.3d 829, 848.) Although
[defendant] disagrees with the Court‟s construction of the „convicted previously‟
language of the special circumstance, there is no point in seeking reconsideration
of a ruling the Court has repeatedly reaffirmed. Instead, [defendant] asserts his
federal constitutional claims in order to preserve them for federal habeas corpus
review in the event he does not obtain an order for a new trial in this Court.”



                                          60
       Regarding finality of the prior murder conviction, respondent points to the
absence of any express language in section 190.2, subdivision (a)(2) ascribing a
“finality of judgment” requirement to the term “convicted” as used in the section.
Respondent also argues that “a plain reading of the statute . . . does not support
such an interpretation, as the subsection immediately following section 190.2(a)(2)
permits . . . a special circumstance allegation if „[t]he defendant, in this
proceeding, has been convicted of more than one offense of murder in the first or
second degree.‟ (See Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(3).) As „convictions‟ arising
from the same proceeding would be appealed at the same time, Penal Code section
190.2, subdivision (a)(3) would have no force or application if the statute were
interpreted to require finality in the sense of exhaustion of appellate remedies.”
       Additionally, respondent points out that in the criminal law context,
relevant California decisional law generally treats the term “conviction” as the
entry of a verdict rather than a final judgment: “Thus, in People v. Castello (1998)
65 Cal.App.4th 1242, the appellate court found that „the ordinary legal meaning of
“conviction” is a verdict of guilty or the confession of the defendant in open court,
and not the sentence or judgment‟ (id. at p. 1253), and that the term „conviction is
used throughout the Penal Code to indicate the jury verdict‟ (id. at p. 1254).
Similarly, in People v. Martinez [(1998)] 62 Cal.App.4th [1454] at pp. 1460-1463,
it was concluded that the word „conviction‟ as used in the Evidence Code referred
to an adjudication of guilt for impeachment purposes. (People v. Martinez, supra,
62 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1460-1463.) Indeed, this Court adopted the narrower
definition of the term for purposes of the Three Strikes Law. (People v. Rosbury
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 206, 210; see also People v. Laino (2004) 32 Cal.4th 878, 898.)
In People v. Banks (1959) 53 Cal.2d 370, this Court also held that for the purpose
of determining if the defendant had acquired the status of a person convicted of a
felony, one is „convicted‟ when a verdict is entered. (Id. at p. 391.)”

                                           61
       Defendant acknowleges this court has never ruled that a prior murder
conviction alleged under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(2) must be “final,” i.e.,
affirmed on appeal or no longer subject to appeal. There is good reason for that.
The statute refers to “convicted previously,” not convicted previously and final on
appeal. (Ibid.) “When the language of a statute is clear, we need go no further.”
(People v. Flores (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1059, 1063.) Even criminal convictions final
on appeal remain subject to being overturned many years later in habeas corpus
proceedings. If the Legislature (or electorate) had intended an additional
requirement of finality on appeal, or finality after exhaustion of all avenues of
habeas corpus relief, it could have easily said so. It did not. The plain language of
the statute must control.
       We further take judicial notice of the subsequent decision of the Florida
Supreme Court in Rogers v. State of Florida (2001) 783 So.2d 980, in which the
Florida high court rejected all claims in defendant‟s appeal and affirmed his
convictions of the first degree murder of Tina Cribbs, armed robbery, and grand
theft of a motor vehicle, as well as the judgment of death imposed in that
proceeding.
       D. Penalty Phase Issues

       1. Exclusion of “negative victim impact evidence.”
       At the penalty phase, the prosecution introduced victim impact evidence
regarding Sandra Gallagher, including testimony from her mother and younger
sister, Jeri Vallicella, establishing that she had three sons, ages 7, 8, and 15 years
old at that time of her death; that she had worked for the Navy as an aviation
electronics technician and received an honorable discharge; that she thereafter
worked at a submarine base for a military contractor where she was in charge of
all the electronics at the base; that she subsequently held jobs with two military



                                          62
contractors (Ford Aerospace and Southern Illinois University‟s contracting facility
at the San Diego Navy base); that she was like a “second mother” to Vallicella;
and that her murder “totally destroyed” the whole family and “devastated” her
oldest son.
       Defendant argues the trial court improperly thwarted his efforts to introduce
“ „negative victim impact‟ evidence” about Gallagher “to counter the „false
impression‟ ” created by the People‟s victim impact evidence, including evidence
of Gallagher‟s alleged involvement with a motorcycle gang; her prior convictions
and/or arrests for drunk driving; the alleged circumstance that she was on felony
probation for possession of a firearm at the time of her murder; evidence that she
was a “less-than-perfect mother and spouse”; and evidence that she once came to
work with “black eyes after „moonlighting at a biker bar.‟ ”
       “[A] defendant‟s Sixth Amendment right to present a defense includes the
right not to have the trial court interfere with a defendant‟s ability to receive a fair
trial. The Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments require the jury in a capital case to
hear any relevant mitigating evidence that the defendant offers, including „ “any
aspect of a defendant‟s character or record and any of the circumstances of the
offense that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death.” ‟
([People v.] Frye [(1998)] 18 Cal.4th [894] at p. 1015.) In turn, the court does
have the authority to exclude, as irrelevant, evidence that does not bear on the
defendant‟s character, record, or circumstances of the offense. (Ibid.) „[T]he
concept of relevance as it pertains to mitigation evidence is no different from the
definition of relevance as the term is understood generally.‟ (Id. at pp. 1015-
1016.) Indeed, „excluding defense evidence on a minor or subsidiary point does
not impair an accused‟s due process right to present a defense.‟ (People v. Fudge
(1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 1103 (Fudge).)” (People v. Ramos (2004) 34 Cal.4th 494,
528 (Ramos).)

                                           63
       We first consider the “negative victim impact evidence” the jury was
permitted to consider at the penalty phase of defendant‟s trial. Evidence presented
to the jury separate and apart from the excluded evidence gave them an accurate
picture of Gallagher, her relationship to her husband Stephen Gallagher and her
three children (who were not fathered by him), and the fact that she frequented
bars and drank alcohol to excess. For example, the jury learned from the
testimony of Gallagher‟s sister that “sometimes [Gallagher and her husband]
would have problems.” The jury learned from the guilt phase testimony of the
owner of McRed‟s bar that Gallagher had worked for him in one of his bars in the
past. The jury knew from the testimony of McRed‟s bartender Rein Keener that at
one point during the evening of her murder Gallagher was “cut off” from being
served additional alcoholic beverages. The jury knew from the forensic expert
testimony that Gallagher was found to have a .10 percent blood-alcohol level in
her bloodstream as measured shortly after her death. As suggested to defense
counsel by the trial court at the side bar, “The jury already knows she drinks. The
jury already knows she goes to bars. The jury already knows she is apparently
playing around on her husband and he is playing around on her. There‟s no goody
two-shoes portrait here.”
       Additionally, the jury learned from the testimony of sister Jeri Vallicella
that Gallagher had been hospitalized for psychiatric problems for a short period of
time sometime during the year prior to her murder. Vallicella also testified that
once Gallagher had come to her home to pick up a camping trailer the Vallicellas
had borrowed from her, and on that occasion she was accompanied by men with a
pickup truck who indicated they belonged to the Devil‟s Disciples, a motorcycle
riding group the members of whom Vallicella characterized as “wannabes.”
       The defense also presented the testimony of Sidney Klessinger, the
Assistant Coordinator for Southern Illinois University at the North Island, San

                                         64
Diego Naval Station. Klessinger was Gallagher‟s supervisor in 1989 when she
worked at the facility, six years prior to her murder. The defense was permitted to
elicit testimony from Klessinger that Gallagher was terminated from her
employment after six months, prior to the expiration of her probationary period, on
grounds that she dressed inappropriately in the office, used foul language, was
tardy, exhibited inappropriate displays of affection, argued with her boss, and
made computing errors. As part of Gallagher‟s responsibilities on that job, she
was charged with handling the billing of student accounts. Klessinger testified
Gallagher made “multiple errors” costing “over a hundred thousand dollars,”
requiring the paperwork to be redone and resulting in the late payment of tuition to
the school.
       Against this backdrop of both positive and negative evidence admitted at
the penalty phase to characterize the murder victim, we find no abuse of discretion
and no violation of defendant‟s constitutional rights in the trial court‟s
determination to exclude certain additional evidence, related to the matters
outlined above, as collateral, of marginal probative value, and unduly
inflammatory under Evidence Code section 352. Of course, since Gallagher was
deceased, her credibility was not at issue. Although defense counsel wanted to ask
Klessinger if Gallagher had duplicated “score sheets from pool games at . . . biker
bars” during work hours, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
such evidence under Evidence Code section 352 as cumulative to Vallicella‟s
testimony that she had once seen her sister in the company of members of a
motorcycle group, as well as cumulative to guilt phase testimony that Gallagher
played pool while at McRed‟s, and to Klessinger‟s penalty phase testimony
regarding her questionable performance while employed with Southern Illinois
University.



                                          65
       Similarly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion under Evidence Code
section 352 in excluding evidence that Gallagher had at some point in her past
been arrested and convicted of misdemeanor drunk driving, which was cumulative
to evidence already before the jury that she could drink to excess, or that a gun
was found in her possession on that occasion, which led to a probationary term
and apparently a subsequent probation violation, which evidence was
inflammatory and bore no direct relevance to the circumstances of the offense or
the defendant‟s character and record (see § 190.3; Skipper v. South Carolina
(1986) 476 U.S. 1, 4-8; Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982) 455 U.S. 104, 112-166;
Ramos, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 528), and which further bore no relevance to the
testimony of her family members regarding their devastating loss of their loved
one.
       Finally, assuming defendant‟s right to present relevant mitigating evidence
included the “negative victim impact evidence” excluded below, we conclude
there is no reasonable possibility the penalty verdict would have been different had
defendant presented the additional evidence. (See People v. Gonzalez (2006) 38
Cal.4th 932, 961.) The jury convicted defendant of Gallagher‟s murder beyond a
reasonable doubt at the guilt phase. His Florida conviction of Cribbs‟s murder
was also proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Additionally, evidence of
his murder of Andy Lou Sutton in Louisiana and Linda Price in Mississippi was
before the jury at the penalty phase, as was evidence of his prior acts of violence
toward a former girlfriend that prompted her to leave the country in fear.
Moreover, defense counsel was given considerable leeway to refute the positive
victim impact evidence regarding Gallagher‟s career and family life through
vigorous cross-examination of witnesses before the trial court ruled that any
further such evidence would be excluded as unduly inflammatory, cumulative or
irrelevant to the circumstances of the offense or defendant‟s character and record.

                                         66
(§ 190.3.) There is no reasonable possibility that presentation of additional
evidence in that same vein would have resulted in a different penalty verdict.
       2. Refusal to instruct on lingering doubt.
       Defendant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give the jury a
requested instruction on “lingering doubt” at the penalty phase. There was no
error. “Such an instruction is not required by the federal Constitution. (Franklin
v. Lynaugh (1988) 487 U.S. 164, 174.) „[W]e repeatedly have held that although it
is proper for the jury to consider lingering doubt, there is no requirement that the
court specifically instruct the jury that it may do so. [Citations.]‟ (People v.
Slaughter (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1187, 1219.)” (People v. Thomas (2012) 53 Cal.4th
771, 826 (Thomas).)
       The trial court did instruct the jury that in making its penalty determination,
it could consider “[t]he circumstances of the crime of which defendant was
convicted in the present proceeding and the existence of any special circumstance
found to be true,” as well as “[a]ny other circumstance which extenuates the
gravity of the crime even though it is not a legal excuse for the crime and any
sympathetic or other aspect of the defendant‟s character or record that the
defendant offers as a basis for a sentence less than death, whether or not related to
the offense for which he is on trial.” (CALJIC No. 8.85.) “These instructions
sufficiently encompassed the concept of „lingering doubt,‟ and the trial court was
under no duty to give a more specific instruction. [Citations.]” (People v. Hines
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 997, 1068.)
       Last, defense counsel was permitted to argue lingering doubt in his closing
argument to the jury, and he did so, informing the jurors they could consider any
lingering doubt on the question whether death was the appropriate penalty in this
case. (See People v. Hines, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 1068.)



                                          67
       3. Constitutional challenges to death penalty statute.
       Defendant contends that numerous features of California‟s death penalty
law, alone or in combination with each other, violate the federal Constitution
because the category of offenders who are eligible for the death penalty is
impermissibly broad and because there are insufficient safeguards in the penalty
phase process to ensure a reliable outcome. As he acknowledges, this court has
previously rejected each of his contentions.
       In particular, he contends section 190.3, factor (a), and the jury instructions
pertaining to that factor, are unconstitutionally vague and overbroad. He
additionally urges the following subclaims with regard to the death penalty statute
and accompanying instructions: (1) the penalty phase instructions are
unconstitutional in that they failed to assign to the State the burden of proving
beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of an aggravating factor; (2) the State was
required to bear some burden of proof at the penalty phase, and if not, then the
jury should have been instructed there was no such burden; (3) the instructions
failed to required juror unanimity as to the aggravating factors and “unadjudicated
criminal activity”; (4) the instructions were impermissibly broad by providing that
the aggravating circumstances must be “so substantial” in comparison with the
mitigating factors; (5) the instructions failed to inform the jurors that the central
determination is whether death is the appropriate punishment; (6) the instructions
failed to inform the jury that if they determined that mitigation outweighed
aggravation they were required to return a sentence of life without the possibility
of parole; (7) the instructions failed to inform the jury that even if they determined
aggravation outweighed mitigation, they could still return a sentence of life
without the possibility of parole; (8) the instructions failed to inform the jury
regarding the standard of proof and lack of need for unanimity as to mitigating



                                          68
circumstances; and (9) the instructions failed to inform the jury on the
presumption of life.
       Defendant further contends that the federal Constitution requires the jury to
make written findings regarding the aggravating factors; that the instructions on
mitigating and aggravating factors were unconstitutional because they used
“restrictive adjectives in the list of potential mitigating factors,” failed to delete
inapplicable sentencing factors, and failed to inform the jury that “statutory
mitigating factors were relevant solely as potential mitigators”; that the absence of
intercase proportionality review from California‟s death penalty law violates the
Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment right to be protected from the arbitrary and
capricious imposition of the death penalty; and that California‟s death penalty law
violates the Equal Protection Clause of the federal Constitution because noncapital
defendants are afforded more procedural safeguards than are capital defendants.
       Each of the foregoing claims has been repeatedly rejected by this court.
(See, e.g., Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 835-836, and citations therein to
decisions rejecting each specified claim on their merits.) Defendant offers no
sound reasons for this court to reconsider those decisions here.
       Defendant also urges that California‟s death penalty statute violates
international law and norms of decency. That claim too has been repeatedly
rejected by this court. (Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 837; People v. Jennings
(2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 690; People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 82, 403-404.)
       4. Cumulative prejudice.
       We have found one instance of instructional error at the guilt phase, the
giving of CALJIC No. 2.15 on possession of stolen property as it related to the
murder and arson charges, but found the error harmless. We have found no
penalty phase errors. Accordingly, contrary to defendant‟s final argument, we



                                           69
have no occasion here to make an assessment of the cumulative impact of multiple
guilt and/or penalty phase errors on the penalty determination reached in this case.
                                III. CONCLUSION
       The judgment is affirmed.
                                                        BAXTER, J.




WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
KENNARD, J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.




                                         70
                     CONCURRING OPINION BY CHIN, J.



       I agree entirely with the majority opinion, which I have signed. I write
separately only to comment on defendant‟s argument that the trial court erred in
admitting, at the guilt phase, evidence of two uncharged murders. (See maj. opn.,
ante, at pp. 34-44.) In my view, admitting evidence of only two uncharged
murders, and only for a limited purpose, was unnecessarily favorable to defendant.
       The evidence presented at the guilt and penalty phases shows that
defendant committed four murders in four different states over a six-week period:
the charged murder in California and later uncharged murders in Mississippi,
Florida, and Louisiana. But the trial court admitted at the guilt phase evidence of
only two of the uncharged murders — those committed in Florida and Louisiana.
Evidence of the Mississippi murder was not presented until the penalty phase.
Moreover, the court instructed the guilt phase jury it could consider the two
uncharged murders solely on the question of intent. (Maj. opn., ante, at pp. 2, fn.
2, 36, fn. 3, 37 & fn. 4.)
       The trial court had discretion, however, to admit evidence of all three
uncharged murders on the question of defendant‟s identity as the killer.
       The following facts alone provide a compelling inference that defendant
committed all four murders: Within a six week period four women in four
different states on four different occasions were murdered shortly after they met
defendant, previously a stranger to them, in a bar and socialized with him; and


                                         1
defendant suddenly disappeared from the area at precisely the time each murder
occurred. (As the majority opinion explains (maj. opn., ante, at pp. 36-38), there
were yet other similarities among the murders.) I can conceive of only two
possible scenarios consistent with defendant‟s not being the killer under these
circumstances, both unreasonable: (1) Another person, who left behind no
evidence of his or her existence, followed defendant from state to state and
murdered the women with whom defendant began to socialize at just the time he
chose to leave the area; or (2) it is sheer coincidence that each of the four women
was murdered by someone else shortly after defendant began socializing with
them, and that defendant happened to disappear at precisely the time of each
murder. Perhaps one might accept as coincidence two murders in two different
states under these circumstances. But when the third and then the fourth murders
are added, coincidence cannot be a reasonable explanation.
       The compelling — and entirely legitimate — inference from these facts is
that defendant committed all four murders, including the charged California
murder. The evidence “ „virtually eliminates the possibility that anyone other than
the defendant committed the charged offense.‟ ” (People v. Gray (2005) 37
Cal.4th 168, 203.) These similarities “lead[] to the reasonable inference that
defendant was the person who committed all three [here, four] crimes.” (People v.
Medina (1995) 11 Cal.4th 694, 748.)
       Because the trial court had discretion to admit evidence of all three
uncharged murders for all purposes, including identity, it certainly did not err to
defendant‟s prejudice by admitting evidence of only two of those murders for
limited purposes. Accordingly, I agree with the court‟s rejection of defendant‟s
arguments to the contrary.
                                                         CHIN, J.



                                          2
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Rogers
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal XXX
Original Proceeding
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S080840
Date Filed: July 25, 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Jacqueline A. Connor
__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

William Hassler, under appointment by the Supreme Court; and Michael J. Hersek, State Public Defender,
under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant.

Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Pamela C. Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, John R. Gorey, G. Tracey Letteau
and Keith H. Borjon, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

William Hassler
P.O. Box 2708
Mckinleyville, CA 95519
(7070) 362-1485

Keith H. Borjon
Deputy Attorney General
300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702
Los Angeles, CA 90013
(213) 897-2366
