                                   NO. 07-11-00363-CR

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                      AT AMARILLO

                                         PANEL B

                                    OCTOBER 3, 2012


                            JERRY LEE SALAS, APPELLANT

                                             v.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE


               FROM THE 121ST DISTRICT COURT OF TERRY COUNTY;

                   NO. 6083; HONORABLE KELLY G. MOORE, JUDGE


Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.


                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Appellant, Jerry Lee Salas, appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled

substance, methamphetamine, in an amount of one gram or more but less than four

grams with intent to deliver and resulting sentence of confinement in the Institutional

Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ) for 30 years. 1 Through

a single issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

suppress the evidence seized during the execution of a search warrant on his

residence. We affirm.


1
    See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a), (c) (West 2010).
                             Factual and Procedural Background


         Appellant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to support his

conviction; therefore, only those facts necessary for our consideration of the issue

before us will be recited.


         On June 9, 2010, a magistrate in Terry County, Texas, signed a search warrant

authorizing the search of appellant’s residence in Brownfield, Texas. When the search

warrant was executed, an amount of suspected methamphetamine was found.

Appellant was indicted for possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine, in

an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams. Appellant filed a motion to

suppress the evidence seized pursuant to the search warrant.             After conducting a

hearing on the suppression motion, the trial court overruled the motion. The State later

amended the indictment to allege that the possession was with the intent to deliver the

methamphetamine.


         On August 31, 2010, appellant entered a plea of guilty to the amended indictment

and a plea of true to two prior felony enhancement paragraphs. Appellant’s pleas were

without benefit of a plea bargain. After conducting a sentencing hearing on September

9, 2011, the trial court sentenced appellant to serve 30 years in the ID-TDCJ.

Appellant appeals, contending that the affidavit filed in support of the search warrant did

not contain enough information for the magistrate to have determined that there was

probable cause to issue the search warrant. 2 We disagree and will affirm.




2
    The State did not favor the Court with a brief replying to appellant’s argument.
                                               2
                                   Standard of Review


       When a trial court is determining probable cause to support the issuance of a

search warrant, there are no credibility determinations, rather the trial court is

constrained to the four corners of the affidavit. See State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268,

271 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). We are thus instructed to review the magistrate’s decision

to issue the search warrant with a high degree of deference.          Id.   This degree of

deference is due to the constitutional preference for searches conducted pursuant to a

search warrant rather than a warrantless search. Id. The facts alleged in the affidavit

filed in support of the issuance of a search warrant must be sufficient to justify the

conclusion that the object of the search is probably to be found on the premises to be

searched. See State v. Duarte, No. PD-1511-11, 2012 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1180, at

*9 (Tex.Crim.App. Sept. 12, 2012) (citing Ilinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct.

2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)). This determination is to be made from a totality of the

circumstances. See id.


       We are further instructed to review the affidavit realistically with common sense.

See id. at *11. This is but another way of saying that we are not to view the affidavit in a

hyper-technical manner.      See McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. Additionally, we are

instructed that we must recognize that the magistrate is allowed to make reasonable

inferences from the information furnished in the affidavit. See id. When in doubt about

a magistrate’s inference, we defer to all reasonable inferences the magistrate may have

made. Id.




                                             3
                                         Analysis


      Appellant’s issue on appeal contends that the affidavit filed in support of the

issuance of a search warrant failed to reach the legal threshold of probable cause.

Appellant contends that this is so because the affidavit relies upon information provided

by a confidential informant who had no history of providing information to law

enforcement and was not shown within the four corners of the affidavit to be reliable.


      We begin our analysis with a recitation of the salient facts set forth in the

affidavit. The affidavit describes the place to be searched by municipal address and

physical description. Further, the affidavit states that a vehicle known to be driven by

appellant will be found at the property. The affidavit goes on to describe the items to be

searched for as methamphetamine. It then states that, within 72 hours of the filing of

the affidavit, appellant was seen in possession of methamphetamine.           All of this,

according to the affidavit, is supported by the probable cause set forth in paragraph 5 of

the affidavit. Paragraph 5 sets out the following information:


      1. Affiant is identified as Tye Langehening, a city of Brownfield police
      officer with over 10 years experience in law enforcement. Affiant
      described his training in the area of narcotics and that during his tenure in
      law enforcement he has participated in several narcotics investigations;
      2. Affiant averred that he received information within the previous week
      that appellant was selling methamphetamine at the residence, and,
      further, this information was similar to information the affiant had received
      in the month previous about appellant’s activities at his other residence;
      3. Affiant stated that he had observed known drug users at both
      residences occupied by appellant;
      4. Based upon surveillance activity and information received, affiant
      initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle seen leaving the residence to be
      searched. As a result of this traffic stop, a package of methamphetamine
                                            4
      and a meth pipe were seized. The person stopped informed affiant that
      they had just purchased the methamphetamine from appellant. Further,
      the person stopped gave information about the location of the
      methamphetamine in the residence to be searched;
      5. In addition to affiant receiving information about appellant’s sale of
      methamphetamine, the Police Chief and several other officers on the
      Brownfield Police Department had received similar information about
      appellant’s activities;
      6. Through surveillance activity, the Brownfield Police Department
      observed known drug users coming and going from the residence to be
      searched. Further, the traffic pattern at the residence was indicative of
      drug transactions;
      7. Appellant had a previous record of assaulting a public servant, resisting
      arrest, evading arrest, and possession of a controlled substance listed in
      penalty group 1.
It is from this information that we must review the magistrate’s determination that there

was probable cause to issue a search warrant.


      We begin by noting that we review the totality of the circumstances set forth in

the affidavit to determine whether there is probable cause. Duarte, 2012 Tex. Crim.

App. LEXIS 1180, at *9. Also, we are mindful that the magistrate may make reasonable

inferences from the facts stated in the affidavit. See McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. We

are reviewing an affidavit based upon hearsay information provided by a first time

informant. Accordingly, our inquiry is, does this affidavit provide enough corroboration

for us to credit what the informant has told the affiant. See Duarte, 2012 Tex. Crim.

App. LEXIS 1180, at *11-12.


      We believe that the total facts surrounding the confidential informant’s hearsay

information support the conclusion that there was a probability that methamphetamine

would be found at the residence of appellant. In arriving at this conclusion, we observe

                                           5
that appellant had been the subject of several different incidents of reported trafficking

in methamphetamine. As a result of these reports, appellant’s residences had been

placed under surveillance. During the surveillance of appellant’s residences, known

drug users were observed coming and going from each residence. As to the residence

where the methamphetamine was found, surveillance shortly before the stop of the

confidential informant revealed known drug users coming and going from the residence

in a pattern indicative of the sale of drugs. These observations, by the affiant and other

members of the Brownfield Police Department, corroborate the information provided by

the confidential informant.     Appellant’s previous arrest for possession of controlled

substances also lends corroboration to the statements of the confidential informant.

We, like the magistrate, can infer from this information that there is a fair probability that

appellant was in possession of methamphetamine at the time the affidavit was signed.

See Duarte, 2012 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1180, at *9.


       Appellant takes the affidavit to task for all of the things that are not shown in the

affidavit, specifically, regarding the reliability of the informant.   However, such criticism

ignores all of the surrounding facts recited above. Further, we review the affidavit for

what information it contains, not for the information that it could have contained. See

Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 62 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). When the decision of the

magistrate to issue a search warrant based on the information contained in the affidavit,

and the reasonable inferences from that information, is given proper deferential

treatment, we find that there was probable cause to issue the search warrant.

Accordingly, appellant’s issue is overruled.


                                                6
                                       Conclusion


         Having overruled appellant’s single issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.




                                         Mackey K. Hancock
                                              Justice


Do not publish.




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