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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 MICHELLE COHEN and INVISION
 3 OPTOMETRY, INC.,

 4          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 5 v.                                                                            No. 32,391

 6 CONTINENTAL CASUALTY COMPANY,

 7          Defendant-Appellee,

 8 and

 9   JOSHUA BOONE, JOHN KELLEY,
10   DAVIS AND KELLEY, LLC, DAVIS,
11   KELLEY & BOONE, LLC, and DARWIN
12   NATIONAL ASSURANCE COMPANY,

13          Defendants.

14 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
15 Valerie A. Huling, District Judge

16 The Davis Law Firm, LLC
17 Ben Davis
18 Albuquerque, NM

19 for Appellants

20 Dixon, Scholl & Bailey, P.A.
 1 Gerald G. Dixon
 2 Lisa Joynes Carrillo
 3 Albuquerque, NM

 4 Wiley Rein LLP
 5 Richard A. Simpson
 6 Washington, D.C.

 7 for Appellee


 8                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

 9 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.

10   {1}   Appellants sued their former attorneys and associated law firms for malpractice

11 and—in the same action—sought a declaratory judgment against Defendants’ insurer

12 to determine the extent of its liability coverage. The district court found that

13 established case law prohibited direct suits against insurers by an injured party. On

14 appeal, Appellants make several policy-based arguments for why this case law is

15 obsolete or inapplicable here. Concluding that we are bound by Supreme Court

16 precedent in this matter, we affirm dismissal of Appellants’ complaint against the

17 insurer.

18 BACKGROUND




                                              2
 1   {2}   Defendants Boone, Davis, and Kelley, as well as the law firms Davis and

 2 Kelley, LLC and Davis, Kelley & Boone, LLC1 (Attorneys) represented Appellants

 3 Cohen and Invision Optometry, Inc. (Appellants) in a prior suit filed against

 4 Appellants. The prior suit was resolved when the district court entered judgment

 5 against Appellants because they failed to participate in good faith in court-annexed

 6 arbitration. After judgment was entered, Appellants sued Attorneys, alleging that

 7 Boone committed malpractice in representing them and that Kelley and Davis failed

 8 to adequately supervise Boone, among other claims. After Continental Casualty

 9 Company (Continental) and Darwin National Assurance Company (Darwin) denied

10 coverage of Attorneys, Appellants amended the complaint to add Continental and

11 Darwin as defendants. In addition to the allegations against Attorneys, Count V of the

12 amended complaint sought a declaratory judgment as to “the rights, status[,] and

13 liabilities of the parties under insurance coverage provided by Defendants Continental

14 and Darwin pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act [(DJA)], NMSA 1978[, §§] 44-

15 6-1 [to-]15 [(1975)].”

16   {3}   Continental filed a motion to dismiss asserting failure to state a claim (Rule 1-

17 012(B)(6) NMRA) and lack of subject matter jurisdiction (Rule 1-012(B)(1)). The



         1
18         During the period in question, Boone was first an employee of Davis and
19 Kelley, LLC, and later became a member of Davis, Kelley & Boone, LLC.

                                               3
 1 district court granted Continental’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim,

 2 stating that “[Appellants] have no present rights under the insurance policies” because

 3 they “have yet to obtain a judicial determination of liability against [Attorneys.]” The

 4 district court rejected Appellants’ arguments that it should disregard the holding of

 5 Rhodes v. Lucero, 1968-NMSC-137, ¶ 4, 79 N.M. 403, 444 P.2d 588. The district

 6 court did not reach Continental’s arguments regarding subject matter jurisdiction.

 7 Following dismissal of Continental from the suit, Appellants’ claims against Darwin

 8 were dismissed without prejudice by stipulation.

 9 DISCUSSION

10   {4}   Appellants make two related arguments on appeal. First, they argue that “any

11 liability claimant has the same right to seek declaratory relief with respect to coverage

12 disputes that parties to the insurance contract [have.]” Second, they argue that a

13 liability “claimant’s declaratory judgment action may be joined together with an

14 underlying legal malpractice action[.]” Both of these contentions are contrary to the

15 general rule in New Mexico, which is that “absent a contractual or statutory provision

16 authorizing the action, an insurance carrier cannot be sued directly and cannot be

17 joined as a party defendant.” Chapman v. Farmers Ins. Grp., 1976-NMCA-128, ¶ 11,

18 90 N.M. 18, 558 P.2d 1157. Appellants do not argue that there is a contractual

19 provision permitting them to sue Continental or join Continental in a suit against


                                               4
 1 Attorneys. Neither do they have a judgment against Attorneys. Thus, Appellants’

 2 arguments focus on aspects of declaratory actions that Appellants argue remove those

 3 actions from the ambit of the general rule and whether there is a statutory right to sue

 4 or join Continental.

 5   {5}   Although Appellants make interesting policy arguments for their position, none

 6 of their arguments permit us to depart from binding precedent. See id. ¶ 12 (“A

 7 change in public policy rests in the discretion of the Supreme Court.”). We address

 8 Appellants’ arguments in turn.

 9 Direct Action

10   {6}   Appellants acknowledge that “[t]he general rule is that there is no privity

11 between an injured party and the insurer of the negligent defendant in the absence of

12 a contractual provision or statute or ordinance to the contrary; therefore, the injured

13 party has no claim directly against the insurance company.” Raskob v. Sanchez, 1998-

14 NMSC-045, ¶ 3, 126 N.M. 394, 970 P.2d 580. Nevertheless, they assert that a

15 declaratory judgment action against an insurer should be permitted.

16   {7}   Appellants first argue that “a declaratory judgment action regarding coverage

17 issues is not a ‘direct action,’ ” and that therefore the prohibition of actions against

18 insurers does not apply. See Bankers Trust Co. v. Old Republic Ins. Co., 959 F.2d

19 677, 682 (7th Cir. 1992) (stating that a declaratory action “is not a direct action suit


                                              5
 1 against an insurer” and therefore the prohibition against direct actions by injured

 2 parties against insurers does not apply).

 3   {8}   In their second argument, Appellants rely on Gallegos v. Nevada General

 4 Insurance Company, 2011-NMCA-004, 149 N.M. 364, 248 P.3d 912, to argue that an

 5 injured party has a “legally protected interest sufficient to confer standing with respect

 6 to [a] coverage controversy [involving the insurer].”           In Gallegos, this Court

 7 considered “whether an injured third party may participate in an action brought under

 8 the [DJA] . . . by an automobile insurer to deny coverage to its insured.” Id. ¶ 6. The

 9 Court concluded that the injured party in that case had to be joined because the DJA

10 states that “all persons shall be made parties who have or claim any interest which

11 would be affected by the declaration[.]” Id. ¶ 9; see § 44-6-12. It determined that this

12 conclusion was consistent with both “[t]he policies underlying New Mexico’s

13 Mandatory Financial Responsibility Act” and, under the facts of that case, Rule 1-019

14 NMRA (indispensable parties). Gallegos, 2011-NMCA-004, ¶¶ 12, 13; see NMSA

15 1978, §§ 66-5-201 to -239 (1978, as amended through 2013). The Court also noted

16 that “[m]ost (if not all) courts to address the issue have found that injured third parties

17 are proper participants in declaratory actions brought by insurers to deny coverage.”

18 2011-NMCA-004, ¶ 15. Those cases recognized “that the argument for allowing a

19 third party to proceed [in a declaratory action] is especially powerful in the context of


                                                6
 1 third-party liability insurance, where the insured may lose interest and the injured

 2 party has the primary motivation to pursue the claim.” Id. ¶ 14 (internal quotation

 3 marks and citation omitted). Thus, the Gallegos Court held that “when an automobile

 4 insurer brings a declaratory action to deny coverage, both the insured and the existing

 5 plaintiffs against the insured are required parties.” Id. ¶ 18. Appellants ask that we

 6 extend the Gallegos holding to permit the injured party to initiate the action.

 7   {9}   Appellants’ third argument is a policy assertion that allowing injured parties to

 8 bring declaratory actions would “prevent the waste of parties’ and judicial resources.

 9 . . . Equal ability to know whether a provable loss is subject to insurance

10 indemnification will be a positive step toward settlement and will make litigation

11 outcomes dispositive, collectible[,] and credible.” Wilson v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 778

12 N.E.2d 849, 852 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). They point to cases in other jurisdictions which

13 have held that an injured party may bring a declaratory action against an insurer. See,

14 e.g., Harford Mut. Ins. Co. v. Woodfin Equities Corp., 687 A.2d 652, 659 (Md. 1997)

15 (“[I]t is not necessary that there be a final judgment against an insured tortfeasor . . .

16 before an injured claimant may bring an action against the tortfeasor’s liability

17 insurer.”); White v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 644 N.Y.S.2d 590, 590 (App. Div.

18 1996) (recognizing that the injured person may bring a declaratory judgment action

19 against the insured and the insurer); cf. Teague v. Bakker, 931 F.2d 259, 260-61 (4th


                                               7
 1 Cir. 1991) (holding that the plaintiffs had a right to intervene in a declaratory

 2 judgment action initiated by the defendants’ insurer); United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v.

 3 Simpson, 485 S.E.2d 337, 341 (N.C. Ct. App. 1997) (same).

 4   {10}   Appellants’ arguments are resolved by examination of the holding in Rhodes,

 5 which we are obliged to follow. In that case, the Supreme Court held that dismissal

 6 of a declaratory action was not error when there was no “justiciable controversy”

 7 because plaintiffs “h[eld] no judgment against [the] defendant . . . [,] their rights of

 8 recovery against him [were] contingent[,]” and neither the insurance policy nor statute

 9 authorized the suit. 1968-NMSC-137, ¶ 4. Appellants’ first contention as to the

10 differences between “direct” and “declaratory” actions is unpersuasive, because

11 Rhodes itself addressed a declaratory action. Id. Under Rhodes, even if there is a

12 difference between “direct” and “declaratory” actions against insurers, the latter is still

13 prohibited.

14   {11}   Application of Rhodes also concludes Appellants’ second assertion in favor of

15 Continental. Initiation of a declaratory action requires an “actual controversy”

16 between adverse parties. City of Las Cruces v. El Paso Elec. Co., 1998-NMSC-006,

17 ¶ 16, 124 N.M. 640, 954 P.2d 72; see § 44-6-2. In addition, the interest of the plaintiff

18 must be “real.” City of Las Cruces, 1998-NMSC-006, ¶ 16 (internal quotation marks

19 and citation omitted). Although Appellants maintain that because “potential interests”


                                                8
 1 sufficed to require joinder in Gallegos, such interests should be sufficient to permit

 2 initiation of an action, Rhodes once more binds us to the opposite conclusion because

 3 it made clear that interests dependent on a later determination of liability are not real

 4 interests when it stated that because the interest there was “contingent” there was no

 5 justiciable controversy. 1968-NMSC-137, ¶ 4.

 6   {12}   Finally, Appellants’ third argument is unavailing because, although the

 7 decisions in other jurisdictions present compelling policy arguments, we are not bound

 8 by their conclusions. We are bound instead to the expression of the public policy of

 9 New Mexico found in Rhodes. Although Appellants urge us to reconsider this policy,

10 we decline to do so because “[a] change in public policy rests in the discretion of the

11 Supreme Court.” Chapman, 1976-NMCA-128, ¶ 12.

12 Joinder

13   {13}   With respect to joinder, Appellants argue that “the ‘common law rule’ against

14 joinder . . . is obsolete” because more recent cases have established that the lack of

15 privity between an injured party and the insurer is not a barrier to an action because

16 “a third-party claimant has a legal interest in the outcome of coverage disputes

17 between the insurer and insured.” They also argue that they should have a right to join

18 the insurer because the three-part test for joinder has been satisfied. Neither argument

19 is availing.


                                               9
 1   {14}   In support of their first argument, Appellants rely on Hovet v. Allstate Insurance

 2 Co., 2004-NMSC-010, 135 N.M. 397, 89 P.3d 69, and Russell v. Protective Insurance

 3 Co., 1988-NMSC-025, 107 N.M. 9, 751 P.2d 693, abrogated by Cruz v. Liberty

 4 Mutual Insurance Co., 1995-NMSC-006, 119 N.M. 301, 889 P.2d 1223. They argue

 5 that those cases stand for the proposition that “[t]he insurance contract is no longer the

 6 exclusive and only relevant text on the issue of third-party beneficiary status” and that

 7 other evidence may be used to determine if a third party is an intended beneficiary to

 8 an insurance policy. Appellants contend that, consistent with Hovet and Russell, the

 9 Rules of Professional Conduct are evidence that an injured party is the intended

10 beneficiary of a professional liability insurance contract and consequently has a legal

11 interest in a coverage dispute.

12   {15}   It is true that the Court in Russell observed that “[t]he law has expanded on

13 many fronts to the point where third[]parties who have made no formal contractual

14 obligation with either the promisor or promisee to a contract are nonetheless capable

15 of asserting standing as beneficiaries to the contract.” 1998-NMSC-025, ¶ 15. But

16 this observation is tempered by the fact that both Hovet and Russell ultimately

17 depended on construction of a statutory right to sue found in the Insurance Code.

18 Hovet, 2004-NMSC-010, ¶ 9 (“[T]he Legislature intended to provide a statutory cause




                                                10
 1 of action under the Insurance Code to third-party claimants.”); Russell, 1988-NMSC-

 2 025, ¶ 14. There is no comparable statutory right at work here.

 3   {16}   The limitations of the Hovet and Russell holdings have been recognized in more

 4 recent cases. In Jolley v. Associated Electrical and Gas Insurance Services, Ltd.

 5 (AEGIS), 2010-NMSC-029, ¶ 21, 148 N.M. 436, 237 P.3d 738, Hovet and Russell

 6 were described as promulgating “carefully[]drawn exceptions . . . where statutory

 7 mandates required insurance coverage for the primary benefit of those whose

 8 standing to sue was recognized” to the general rule that there is no “right to sue by a

 9 stranger to the insurance contract in the absence of . . . mandatory coverage.”

10 (Emphasis added). Similarly, in Martinez v. Cornejo, this Court held that “Hovet and

11 Russell merely held that the [Trade Practices and Fraud Act of the New Mexico

12 Insurance Code] should be broadly construed to allow third-party claimants to bring

13 a private action against an insurer that violates the [Act].” 2009-NMCA-011, ¶ 31,

14 146 N.M. 223, 208 P.3d 443.

15   {17}   We disagree that the Declaratory Judgment Act itself provides a statutory right

16 to sue an insurer analogous to that addressed in Hovet and Russell. In Rhodes, the

17 plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment against the defendant’s insurer. 1968-

18 NMSC-137, ¶ 3. The Court affirmed dismissal in favor of the insurer because there

19 was not yet a judgment against the defendant, but also because there was no right to


                                              11
 1 sue “authorized by statute.” Id. ¶ 4. Obviously, the Court did not recognize the

 2 Declaratory Judgment Act as creating a right to sue so as to avoid the general rule

 3 against direct actions or joinder of insurers. Neither do we.

 4   {18}   In their last argument, Appellants argue that “[j]oinder should be permitted for

 5 public policy reasons” under Raskob. In that case, the Court acknowledged the

 6 general rule against joinder of insurers, but held that “where the insurance coverage

 7 is mandated by law for the benefit of the public, generally the insurance company is

 8 a proper party.” 1998-NMSC-045, ¶ 3 (emphasis omitted). “Thus, joinder will be

 9 permitted if 1) the coverage was mandated by law, 2) it benefits the public, and 3) no

10 language of the law expresses an intent to deny joinder.” Id. Appellants assert that

11 the district court erred in concluding that because the liability insurance here was not

12 mandated by law, the Raskob test was not met. We disagree.

13   {19}   Appellants admit that professional liability insurance for attorneys is not strictly

14 mandatory. They contend, however, that it is “effectively mandat[ory]” under the

15 Rules of Professional Conduct and is therefore “coverage mandated by law.” But

16 nothing in the Rules of Professional Conduct requires attorneys to purchase liability

17 insurance. See Rule 16-104(C) NMRA. Rule 16-104(C) merely requires that

18 attorneys disclose to clients if and when they do not have coverage at or above a

19 certain amount. Rule 16-104 (C)(1) (“If, . . . the lawyer does not have a professional


                                                 12
 1 liability insurance policy with limits of at least one-hundred thousand dollars

 2 ($100,000) per claim and three-hundred thousand dollars ($300,000) in the aggregate,

 3 the lawyer shall inform the client in writing using the form of notice prescribed by this

 4 rule.”) We agree with the district court that this rule does not make professional

 5 liability insurance “coverage . . . mandated by law.” Since the first part of the Raskob

 6 test was not met, there was no reason for the district court to proceed to examine the

 7 other parts. Similarly, we need not reach Appellants’ arguments as to those issues.

 8 CONCLUSION

 9   {20}   The district court did not err in following the binding precedent found in

10 Rhodes nor in determining that the facts of this case did not require joinder as a matter

11 of public policy. This is not to say that Rhodes does not merit reconsideration; it is

12 simply that any such review must be undertaken by the Supreme Court. Accordingly,

13 we affirm.

14   {21}   IT IS SO ORDERED.



15
16                                          MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

17 WE CONCUR:


18
19 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

                                              13
1
2 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge




                          14
