Filed 3/28/16




      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA


MARIBEL BALTAZAR,                     )
                                      )
           Plaintiff and Respondent,  )
                                      )                             S208345
           v.                         )
                                      )                      Ct.App. 2/1 B237173
FOREVER 21, INC., et al.,             )
                                      )                      Los Angeles County
           Defendants and Appellants. )                    Super. Ct. No. VC059254
____________________________________)


        In this case, we are once again asked to determine the enforceability of an
arbitration agreement under the law of unconscionability. As a condition of her
employment with defendants, plaintiff Maribel Baltazar signed an agreement to
resolve any employment-related disputes by means of arbitration. The agreement
provides that, in the event a claim proceeds to arbitration, the parties are
authorized to seek preliminary injunctive relief in the superior court. The primary
question before us is whether this clause renders the arbitration agreement
unconscionable, and therefore unenforceable, because it unreasonably favors the
employer. We conclude that the clause, which does no more than restate existing
law (see Code Civ. Proc., § 1281.8, subd. (b) (section 1281.8(b))), does not render
the agreement unconscionable. Finding no other basis to support Baltazar‘s claim
of unconscionability, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.




                                           1
                                           I.
       In November 2007, Baltazar was invited to a job interview at a Los Angeles
warehouse operated by Forever 21, a clothing retail merchandiser. When she
arrived for the interview, she was asked to fill out an 11-page employment
application. Pages 8 and 9 of the application consisted of an arbitration
agreement. Several blank spaces on the application were highlighted in yellow,
indicating places where Baltazar should sign. Although Baltazar signed all other
portions of the application, she initially refused to sign the arbitration agreement.
A Forever 21 employee told Baltazar, ―[S]ign it or no job.‖ Baltazar then signed
the arbitration agreement and was hired.
       The agreement provides that the parties ―mutually agree‖ to arbitrate ―any
claim or action arising out of or in any way related to the hire, employment,
remuneration, separation or termination of Employee.‖ The agreement specifies
that the disputes subject to arbitration ―include but are not limited to: claims for
wages or other compensation due; claims for breach of any employment contract
or covenant (express or implied); claims for unlawful discrimination, retaliation or
harassment . . . , and Disputes arising out of or relating to the termination of the
employment relationship between the parties, whether based on common law or
statute, regulation, or ordinance.‖ (Original italics.) In the event the parties
proceed to arbitration, the agreement provides that either party may seek
provisional relief: ―Pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure [section]
1281.8 either party hereto may apply to a California court for any provisional
remedy, including a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction.‖ The
agreement also contains a confidentiality provision: ―Both parties agree that the
Company has valuable trade secrets and proprietary and confidential information.
Both parties agree that in the course of any arbitration proceeding all necessary
steps will be taken to protect from public disclosure such trade secrets and

                                           2
proprietary and confidential information.‖ And finally, as relevant here, the
agreement provides that if a court determines that ―the parties[‘] agreement to
arbitrate under the Model Rules for Arbitration of Employment Disputes of the
American Arbitration Association is not enforceable,‖ then the parties will
arbitrate the dispute under the California Arbitration Act (CAA) (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 1280 et seq.).
       Baltazar resigned from Forever 21 in January 2011. Later that year, she
filed a complaint against defendants in the superior court. Her complaint alleges
that during the course of her employment at Forever 21, she suffered verbal and
physical harassment, race and sex discrimination, and retaliation, all in violation of
California law.1 Defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration under the terms
of the agreement that Baltazar had signed. Baltazar opposed the motion, arguing
that the arbitration agreement was unconscionable and therefore unenforceable.
Agreeing with Baltazar, the trial court denied the motion to compel arbitration.
The trial court found that the agreement was procedurally unconscionable because

1       The complaint contains a total of nine causes of action, six of which arise
under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (Gov. Code, § 12900 et
seq.): (1) hostile work environment based on racial harassment (Gov. Code,
§ 12940, subd. (j)); (2) failure to prevent racial harassment and discrimination (id.,
subd. (k)); (3) race discrimination (id., subd. (a)); (4) hostile work environment
based on sexual harassment (id., subd. (j)); (5) failure to prevent sexual
harassment (id., subd. (k)); (6) retaliation (id., subd. (h)); (7) violations of Civil
Code sections 51.7 and 52, which govern hate violence and threats of hate
violence; (8) constructive discharge in violation of public policy; and
(9) intentional infliction of emotional distress.
        Civil Code section 51.7 was amended in 2014 to provide that any contract
for goods or services entered into after January 1, 2015, that requires arbitration of
an alleged violation of the section as a condition of entering into the contract is, to
that extent, unconscionable. (See Civ. Code, § 51.7, subd. (b)(4) & (8).) The
amendment‘s relevance, if any, to this case is not before us, and we express no
view on the matter.



                                           3
of the parties‘ unequal bargaining power. It explained that Forever 21 had
required Baltazar to sign the agreement, without modification, as a condition of
receiving employment. The trial court also found that the agreement was
substantively unconscionable because (1) it lists only employee claims as
illustrative examples of the types of disputes to which it applies, (2) it gives
Forever 21 the right to protect trade secrets and other confidential information, and
(3) it still requires arbitration even if a court finds the agreement to be
unenforceable insofar as it requires arbitration under the model rules of the
American Arbitration Association (AAA).
       The Court of Appeal reversed. It agreed with the trial court‘s conclusion
that the agreement was ―oppressive and procedurally unconscionable‖ because
Baltazar ―was required to sign the Agreement as a condition of employment, was
unable to negotiate the terms of the Agreement, and had no meaningful choice in
the matter.‖ But the Court of Appeal disagreed with the trial court‘s conclusion
that the agreement was substantively unconscionable. The court rejected
Baltazar‘s argument that the clause of the arbitration agreement permitting either
party to seek provisional relief in superior court was substantively unconscionable
because such relief more often serves the interests of employers than employees.
On this point, the Court of Appeal expressly disagreed with Trivedi v. Curexo
Technology Corp. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 387 (Trivedi). The court similarly
rejected Baltazar‘s arguments that the agreement‘s list of examples of
employment-related disputes subject to arbitration and its confidentiality provision
were unfairly one-sided, rendering the agreement unconscionable. Finally, the
court rejected Baltazar‘s argument that the arbitration agreement at issue here was
unconscionable because it required arbitration even if a court determined the
agreement to be unenforceable, explaining: ―The Agreement states that arbitration
will be conducted pursuant to the rules of the American Arbitration Association

                                           4
. . . , but if those rules are found unenforceable, the arbitration will proceed under
the CAA.‖ That provision, the court concluded, ―simply provides an alternative
means of arbitration if [the AAA] rules are unenforceable for some reason,‖ and
does not require arbitration in the event a court declares the agreement itself to be
unenforceable.2 We granted Baltazar‘s petition for review.
                                          II.
                                          A.
       As a starting point for our analysis, we review general principles of
unconscionability. ― ‗One common formulation of unconscionability is that it
refers to ― ‗an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties
together with contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other
party.‘ ‖ [Citation.] As that formulation implicitly recognizes, the doctrine of
unconscionability has both a procedural and a substantive element, the former
focusing on oppression or surprise due to unequal bargaining power, the latter on
overly harsh or one-sided results.‘ ‖ (Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno (2013)
57 Cal.4th 1109, 1133 (Sonic II).)
       ― ‗The prevailing view is that [procedural and substantive
unconscionability] must both be present in order for a court to exercise its
discretion to refuse to enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine of
unconscionability.‘ [Citation.] But they need not be present in the same degree.
‗Essentially a sliding scale is invoked which disregards the regularity of the
procedural process of the contract formation, that creates the terms, in proportion
to the greater harshness or unreasonableness of the substantive terms themselves.‘

2       In her merits briefing, Baltazar seeks to challenge the Court of Appeal‘s
treatment of this claim. The challenge does not, however, fall within the scope of
the issues on which we granted review, and is therefore not properly before us.



                                           5
[Citations.] In other words, the more substantively oppressive the contract term,
the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the
conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.‖ (Armendariz v.
Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 114
(Armendariz).)
       ―[A] finding of procedural unconscionability does not mean that a contract
will not be enforced, but rather that courts will scrutinize the substantive terms of
the contract to ensure they are not manifestly unfair or one-sided. [Citation.] . . .
[T]here are degrees of procedural unconscionability. At one end of the spectrum
are contracts that have been freely negotiated by roughly equal parties, in which
there is no procedural unconscionability. . . . Contracts of adhesion that involve
surprise or other sharp practices lie on the other end of the spectrum. [Citation.]
Ordinary contracts of adhesion, although they are indispensable facts of modern
life that are generally enforced (see Graham v. Scissor-Tail, Inc. (1981) 28 Cal.3d
807, 817–818), contain a degree of procedural unconscionability even without any
notable surprises, and ‗bear within them the clear danger of oppression and
overreaching.‘ (Id., at p. 818.)‖ (Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443,
469.) We have instructed that courts must be ―particularly attuned‖ to this danger
in the employment setting, where ―economic pressure exerted by employers on all
but the most sought-after employees may be particularly acute.‖ (Armendariz,
supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 115.)
       ―The unconscionability doctrine ensures that contracts, particularly
contracts of adhesion, do not impose terms that have been variously described as
‗ ― ‗overly harsh‘ ‖ ‘ (Stirlen v. Supercuts, Inc. (1997) 51 Cal.App.4th 1519,
1532), ‗ ―unduly oppressive‖ ‘ (Perdue v. Crocker National Bank (1985) 38
Cal.3d 913, 925 . . . ), ‗ ―so one-sided as to ‗shock the conscience‘ ‖ ‘ (Pinnacle
Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Market Development (US), LLC (2012) 55

                                          6
Cal.4th 223, 246 . . . ), or ‗unfairly one-sided‘ (Little [v. Auto Stiegler, Inc. (2003)]
29 Cal.4th [1064,] 1071). All of these formulations point to the central idea that
the unconscionability doctrine is concerned not with ‗a simple old-fashioned bad
bargain‘ (Schnuerle v. Insight Communications Co. (Ky. 2012) 376 S.W.3d 561,
575 . . . ), but with terms that are ‗unreasonably favorable to the more powerful
party‘ (8 Williston on Contracts (4th ed. 2010) § 18:10, p. 91). These include
‗terms that impair the integrity of the bargaining process or otherwise contravene
the public interest or public policy; terms (usually of an adhesion or boilerplate
nature) that attempt to alter in an impermissible manner fundamental duties
otherwise imposed by the law, fine-print terms, or provisions that seek to negate
the reasonable expectations of the nondrafting party, or unreasonably and
unexpectedly harsh terms having to do with price or other central aspects of the
transaction.‘ (Ibid.)‖ (Sonic II, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 1145.)
       ―We further observed in Sonic II . . . that ‗an examination of the case law
does not indicate that ―shock the conscience‖ is a different standard in practice
than other formulations or that it is the one true, authoritative standard for
substantive unconscionability, exclusive of all others.‘ (Sonic II, supra, 57 Cal.4th
at p. 1159.) Nor do we see any conceptual difference among these formulations.
Rather, ‗courts, including ours, have used various nonexclusive formulations to
capture the notion that unconscionability requires a substantial degree of
unfairness beyond ―a simple old-fashioned bad bargain.‖ ‘ (Id. at p. 1160, italics
added.) This latter qualification is important. Commerce depends on the
enforceability, in most instances, of a duly executed written contract. A party
cannot avoid a contractual obligation merely by complaining that the deal, in
retrospect, was unfair or a bad bargain. Not all one-sided contract provisions are
unconscionable; hence the various intensifiers in our formulations: ‗overly harsh,‘
‗unduly oppressive,‘ ‗unreasonably favorable.‘ (See Pinnacle Museum Tower

                                            7
Assn. v. Pinnacle Market Development (US), LLC, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 246 . . . .) . . . [¶] . . . The ultimate issue in every case is whether the terms of
the contract are sufficiently unfair, in view of all relevant circumstances, that a
court should withhold enforcement.‖ (Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC
(2015) 61 Cal.4th 899, 911-912.)
                                           B.
       Here, the trial court concluded that the arbitration agreement was
procedurally unconscionable because it was written on a preprinted form and
offered on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, thus making it a contract of adhesion. The
Court of Appeal agreed. The Court of Appeal noted, however, that while the
contract was adhesive in nature, there was no element of surprise. Baltazar not
only knew about the arbitration agreement, but initially sought to avoid it,
ultimately deciding to accept it because Forever 21 was not willing to offer the job
on other terms. Nor was there any oppression or sharp practices on the part of
Forever 21. Baltazar was not lied to, placed under duress, or otherwise
manipulated into signing the arbitration agreement. The adhesive nature of the
employment contract requires us to be ―particularly attuned‖ to her claim of
unconscionability (see Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 115), but we do not
subject the contract to the same degree of scrutiny as ―[c]ontracts of adhesion that
involve surprise or other sharp practices‖ (Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42
Cal.4th at p. 469).
       Baltazar argues that a somewhat greater degree of procedural
unconscionability is present here — warranting closer scrutiny of the substantive
fairness of the agreement‘s terms — because Forever 21 did not provide Baltazar
with a copy of the AAA‘s rules for arbitration of employment disputes, which, by
the terms of the arbitration agreement, govern any arbitration between the parties.
Baltazar relies on Trivedi, which notes that ―[n]umerous cases have held that the

                                            8
failure to provide a copy of the arbitration rules to which the employee would be
bound supported a finding of procedural unconscionability.‖ (Trivedi, supra, 189
Cal.App.4th at p. 393, citing cases.) But in Trivedi itself and in each of the Court
of Appeal decisions cited therein, the plaintiff‘s unconscionability claim depended
in some manner on the arbitration rules in question. (See id. at pp. 395–396; Fitz
v. NCR Corp. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 702, 721 (Fitz); Harper v. Ultimo (2003)
113 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1406–1407; Gutierrez v. Autowest, Inc. (2003) 114
Cal.App.4th 77, 89–92; Patterson v. ITT Consumer Financial Corp. (1993) 14
Cal.App.4th 1659, 1665–1666.) These cases thus stand for the proposition that
courts will more closely scrutinize the substantive unconscionability of terms that
were ―artfully hidden‖ by the simple expedient of incorporating them by reference
rather than including them in or attaching them to the arbitration agreement.
(Harper, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 1406.) Baltazar‘s argument accordingly
might have force if her unconscionability challenge concerned some element of
the AAA rules of which she had been unaware when she signed the arbitration
agreement. But her challenge to the enforcement of the agreement has nothing to
do with the AAA rules; her challenge concerns only matters that were clearly
delineated in the agreement she signed. Forever 21‘s failure to attach the AAA
rules therefore does not affect our consideration of Baltazar‘s claims of
substantive unconscionability.
                                         C.
       Baltazar‘s petition for review raises three claims of substantive
unconscionability. We address them in turn.
       First, Baltazar argues that the arbitration agreement is substantively
unconscionable insofar as it allows the parties to seek a temporary restraining
order or preliminary injunctive relief in the superior court. Relying on Trivedi,
supra, 189 Cal.App.4th 387, Baltazar argues that the provisional relief clause

                                          9
unfairly favors Forever 21 because Forever 21 is more likely than one of its
employees to seek such relief. In ruling against Baltazar on this point, the Court
of Appeal expressly disagreed with Trivedi.
       In Trivedi, supra, 189 Cal.App.4th 387, the Court of Appeal invalidated an
employment-related arbitration agreement based in part on a provisional relief
clause much like the one at issue here. The Trivedi court noted that the clause was
consistent with a section of the CAA that states in relevant part: ―A party to an
arbitration agreement may file in the court in the county in which an arbitration
proceeding is pending, or if an arbitration proceeding has not commenced, in any
proper court, an application for a provisional remedy in connection with an
arbitrable controversy, but only upon the ground that the award to which the
applicant may be entitled may be rendered ineffectual without provisional relief.‖
(§ 1281.8(b); see Trivedi, supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 397.) The court
nevertheless concluded that in the context of employment arbitration, the
provisional relief clause tended to favor the employer over the employee because
employers are, as a practical matter, more likely than employees to ―invoke the
court‘s equitable jurisdiction in order to stop employee competition or to protect
intellectual property.‖ (Trivedi, at p. 397.)
       Drawing on this reasoning, Baltazar contends that the arbitration
agreement‘s express reference to Forever 21‘s interest in protecting trade secrets
and other confidential information during the pendency of the arbitration tends to
further reinforce the conclusion that the agreement‘s provisional relief clause
would, in practice, likely favor Forever 21 rather than its employees.
       Like the Court of Appeal in this case, we find this argument unpersuasive.
Although Baltazar has supplied us with no empirical data to support her claim, we are
willing to accept for the sake of argument that employers are, in general, more likely
than employees to seek provisional relief during the pendency of an arbitration.

                                          10
       Even so, the provisional relief clause does no more than recite the
procedural protections already secured by section 1281.8(b), which expressly
permits parties to an arbitration to seek preliminary injunctive relief during the
pendency of the arbitration.3 Indeed, the wording of the provisional relief clause,
which explicitly refers to the parties‘ right to seek preliminary injunctive relief
―[p]ursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure [section] 1281.8,‖ makes clear
that the clause merely confirms, rather than expands, rights available to the parties
under that code section. Baltazar does not contend that section 1281.8 itself
unfairly advantages one party; her claim, rather, focuses on Forever 21‘s decision
to make express reference to section 1281.8 in its arbitration agreement. But an
arbitration agreement is not substantively unconscionable simply because it
confirms the parties‘ ability to invoke undisputed statutory rights. And the clause
confirming the availability of provisional relief under section 1281.8(b) confers no
advantage on the drafting party that would otherwise be unavailable in the
litigation context. (Cf. Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 112-113 [holding that
under some circumstances, a provision of an arbitration agreement that employers
and employees share arbitration costs pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section
1284.2 is unenforceable].) Thus, regardless of whether Forever 21 is, practically
speaking, more likely to seek provisional remedies than its employees, simply
reciting the parties‘ rights under section 1281.8 does not place Baltazar at an


3      As previously noted, section 1281.8(b) is a provision of the CAA. The
parties below disputed whether the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.)
governs the arbitration agreement instead of, or in addition to, the CAA. The
Court of Appeal concluded that the CAA governs the agreement. The court‘s
resolution of that issue was not challenged in the petition for review or in the
answer to the petition. We therefore assume, without deciding, that the CAA
governs the arbitration agreement.



                                          11
unfair disadvantage. To the extent Trivedi suggested otherwise (Trivedi v. Curexo
Technology Corp., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th 387, 397), we disapprove it.4
       Second, Baltazar argues that the arbitration agreement at issue is unfairly
one-sided because it lists only employee claims as examples of the types of claims
that are subject to arbitration. As noted, the arbitration agreement states that the
parties mutually agree to arbitrate ―any claim or action arising out of or in any way
related to the hire, employment, remuneration, separation or termination of
Employee,‖ and it further provides that the disputes subject to arbitration ―include
but are not limited to: claims for wages or other compensation due; claims for
breach of any employment contract or covenant (express or implied); claims for
unlawful discrimination, retaliation or harassment . . . , and Disputes arising out of
or relating to the termination of the employment relationship between the parties,


4       The Trivedi court relied on two Court of Appeal decisions: Fitz, supra, 118
Cal.App.4th 702, and Mercuro v. Superior Court (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 167
(Mercuro). (See Trivedi, supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp. 396-397.) Neither of
those opinions supports the Trivedi court‘s conclusion.
        In Fitz and Mercuro, the appellate courts held that the arbitration clauses at
issue in those cases were substantively unconscionable because they ―compel[led]
arbitration of the claims more likely to be brought by [the employee], the weaker
party, but exempt[ed] from arbitration the types of claims that are more likely to
be brought by [the employer], the stronger party.‖ (Fitz, supra, 118 Cal.App.4th
at p. 725; see also Mercuro, supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at p. 176 [the arbitration
agreement ―compels arbitration of the claims employees are most likely to
bring . . . [and] exempts from arbitration the claims [the employer] is most likely
to bring against its employees‖].)
        The arbitration clause in Trivedi, by contrast, did not compel arbitration of
employee-initiated claims while exempting from arbitration employer-initiated
claims; rather, it compelled arbitration of all employment-related claims, while
permitting both parties to seek injunctive relief pursuant to section 1281.8(b).
Nothing in Fitz or Mercuro supports the conclusion that such a provision is
unfairly one-sided merely because one side is, as a practical matter, more likely to
make use of it.



                                          12
whether based on common law or statute, regulation, or ordinance.‖ (Original
italics.) In Baltazar‘s view, this provision makes clear that the kinds of claims
typically brought by employees are all subject to arbitration, but it leaves in doubt
whether the kinds of claims employers typically bring are also subject to
arbitration, thus allowing the employer to litigate that issue when it brings a claim.
       We disagree. The arbitration agreement at issue here makes clear that the
parties mutually agree to arbitrate all employment-related claims: that is, ―any
claim or action arising out of or in any way related to the hire, employment,
remuneration, separation or termination of Employee.‖ That provision clearly
covers claims an employer might bring as well as those an employee might bring.
The illustrative list of claims subject to the agreement is just that; the agreement
specifically states that such claims ―include but are not limited to‖ the enumerated
claims, thus making clear that the list is not intended to be exhaustive. It thus
casts no doubt on the comprehensive reach of the arbitration agreement. It is not
particularly remarkable that the agreement‘s list of examples might highlight
certain types of claims that employees often bring, since part of the purpose of the
agreement is to put employees such as Baltazar on notice regarding the scope of
the agreement, thus eliminating any possible surprise. The examples do not alter
the substantive scope of the agreement, nor do they render the agreement
sufficiently unfair as to make its enforcement unconscionable.
       Baltazar relies heavily on Pinedo v. Premium Tobacco Stores, Inc. (2000)
85 Cal.App.4th 774, which concerned an arbitration agreement covering all
disputes ― ‗relating to Employee‘s employment by Employer including any
changes in position, conditions of employment or pay, or the end of employment
thereof.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 776.) The Pinedo court cited this provision, among several
others, in concluding that the agreement was substantively one-sided. It explained
that the agreement ―addresses only‖ claims ―which would normally be brought by

                                          13
the employee against the employer.‖ (Id. at p. 781.) We need not decide whether
the Pinedo court was correct to read the agreement at issue in that case as
―addressing only‖ claims likely to be brought by employees, since, as explained
above, we think it clear that the differently worded agreement at issue in this case
addresses both employment-related claims likely to be brought by employees and
those likely to be brought by the employer. In any event, the Pinedo court‘s
assessment of the one-sidedness of the agreement at issue in that case rested not
only on the provision‘s list of covered claims, but also on various provisions
sharply restricting the damages a prevailing employee could recover (but not the
damages a prevailing employer could recover) and requiring that all arbitration
costs initially be borne by the employee. (Id. at p. 781.) In other words, the
Pinedo court treated the wording of the provision governing covered claims as
merely one more bit of evidence indicating that the agreement was substantially
one-sided. No comparable circumstances are present here.
       Finally, Baltazar argues that the arbitration agreement here is unduly one-
sided because it provides that, in the course of arbitration, ―all necessary steps will
be taken to protect from public disclosure [Forever 21‘s] trade secrets and
proprietary and confidential information.‖ Baltazar contends that because the
agreement neither defines ―all necessary steps‖ nor specifies what constitutes
―proprietary and confidential information,‖ the agreement unfairly demands that
employees take whatever steps the employer deems ―necessary‖ to protect
whatever information the employer claims to be ―proprietary and confidential.‖
       Baltazar misreads the confidentiality provision. Nothing in the agreement
indicates that an employee must accede to any and all demands Forever 21 might
make for the protection of confidential and proprietary information. As
defendants explain: ―This provision contemplates that if trade secret, confidential
and proprietary information need[s] to be introduced into the arbitration that the

                                          14
parties [will] work with the arbitrator to make sure that such information is not
disclosed to the public.‖ The agreement does not restrict the use of such
information in the proceeding, nor does it pretermit any determination of whether
a particular piece of information is a trade secret or otherwise qualifies as
proprietary and confidential. Agreements to protect sensitive information are a
regular feature of modern litigation, and they carry with them no inherent
unfairness.
       To the extent that Baltazar‘s complaint is instead that the agreement calls
for the protection of an employer’s confidential information without similarly
calling for the protection of the confidential information of employees, we disagree
with the suggestion that this omission renders the arbitration agreement unduly
harsh or one-sided. As we stated in Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at page 117:
― ‗[A] contract can provide a ―margin of safety‖ that provides the party with
superior bargaining strength a type of extra protection for which it has a legitimate
commercial need without being unconscionable. [Citation.]‘ ‖ Here, the basis for
the extra measure of protection is a legitimate commercial need to protect Forever
21‘s ―valuable trade secrets and proprietary and confidential information‖ from
public disclosure. Although Baltazar may dislike the wording of the
confidentiality provision, she does not dispute that it is based on a legitimate
commercial need. Moreover, nothing in the agreement precludes employees from
seeking comparable protection for their personal information during arbitration
proceedings, as circumstances may warrant.




                                          15
                                      III.
      We conclude that the parties‘ arbitration agreement is not unconscionable.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.


                                               KRUGER, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.
CUÉLLAR, J.




                                       16
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 212 Cal.App.4th 221
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S208345
Date Filed: March 28, 2016
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior
County: Los Angeles
Judge: Raul A. Sahagun

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

Paul Hastings, Paul. W. Cane, Jr.; Gilbert, Kelly, Crowley & Jennett, Arthur J. McKeon III, Rebecca J.
Smith and Edward E. Ward for Defendants and Appellants.

Debra J. La Fetra for Pacific Legal Foundation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

Law Offices of Mark Joseph Valencia, Valencia & Cywinska, Mark Joseph Valencia and Izabela Cywinska
Valencia for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Paul W. Cane, Jr.
Paul Hastings
55 Second Street, 24th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105-3441
(415) 856-7000

Mark Joseph Valencia
Valencia & Cywinska
355 S. Grand Avenue, Suite 2450
Los Angeles, CA 90071
(213) 627-9944
