            Case: 16-13918         Date Filed: 08/02/2016        Page: 1 of 15




                                                                                 [PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT




                             Nos. 16-13918-J, 16-14643-J


IN RE: DEVON CHANCE,

                                                                                   Petitioner.




               Application for Leave to File a Second or Successive
                             Motion to Vacate, Set Aside,
                      or Correct Sentence,28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)


Before TJOFLAT, WILSON,and JILL PRYOR,Circuit Judges.

JILL PRYOR,Circuit Judge:

      Devon Chance seeks authorization to file a 28 U.S.C.§ 2255 motion based on

Johnson v. United States^ 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). Because Mr. Chance already
filed one § 2255 motion, his new motion must be "certified as provided in section
2244 by a panel ofthe appropriate court of appeals to contain ...a new rule of
constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme
Court,that was previously unavailable."^ 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). "The court of

        The rule announced in Johnson is retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review.
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appeals may authorize the filing ofa second or successive application only if it
determines that the application makes a prima facie showing that the application
satisfies the requirements ofthis subsection." Id. § 2244(b)(3)(C).
       Mr. Chance was sentenced under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), which requires a longer

prison sentence whenever a defendant uses a firearm during a "crime ofviolence or
drug trafficking crime." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The statute provides more
than one definition of"crime of violence," including a felony "that by its nature,
involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of
another may be used in the course ofcommitting the offense. Id. § 924(c)(3)(B).
Mr. Chance contends this definition,the so-called "residual clause" of§ 924(c),^ is
unconstitutional in light ofJohnson, which held that the phrase "involves conduct
that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another"—the "residual
clause" in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)—is unconstitutionally vague.
        Recently, we ruled that Johnson^s holding may invalidate the very similar
 § 924(c)(3)(B)residual clause. See In re Pinder, No. 16-12084, — F.3d _,2016
 WL 3081954, at *2(11th Cir. June 1,2016). At the same time, we recognized that

 Welch V. United Statesy 136 S. Ct. 1259(2016).
        2 An offense also qualifies as a "crime of violence" under § 924(c)if it"has as an element
 the use,attempted use, or threatened use ofphysical force against the person or property of
 another." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). This definition is known as the "elements clause or the
 **use-of-force clause."
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the "law is unsettled" on this question and left it to the district court to decide in the
first instance what effect Johnson had on § 924(c)'s residual clause. Id, Pinder

involved a § 924(c)sentence that was based on the companion conviction of
conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery.
                                            I.


       Mr. Chance was, like Mr.Pinder, convicted of conspiracy to commit Hobbs

Act robbery(Count 1). This conviction served as a companion to a conviction for
conspiracy to possess a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence,in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o)(Count 2). Mr. Chance was also convicted ofsix
counts ofsubstantive Hobbs Act robbery(Counts 26,28,30,32,34,and 36),

accompanied by six counts of possession ofa firearm during and in relation to a
crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(Counts 25,27,29,31,33,
and 35). The sentencing court imposed a total sentence of 1,794 months'
imprisonment.

       After we decided that conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery might not
 qualify as a valid companion conviction to a § 924(c)conviction after Johnson, we
 held that the substantive offense ofHobbs Act robbery still qualifies as a valid
 companion conviction notwithstanding Johnson. See In re Saint Fleur,No.
 16-12299, _F.3d__,2016 WL 3190539, at *3-4(11th Cir. June 8,2016). The
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Saint Fleur panel noted the indictment charged that Mr. Saint Fleur committed

Hobbs Act robbery as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1)and did so "by means of

actual and threatened force, violence, and fear ofinjury," which satisfied § 924(c)'s

elements clause. Id. at 3. As to the Hobbs Act robberies and corresponding

§ 924(c)convictions in Counts 25 through 36, here, as in Saint Fleur, Mr. Chance's

indictment stated that he committed robbery as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1),

"by means ofactual and threatened force, violence, and fear ofinjury." Thus,as in

Saint Fleur, Mr. Chance's companion convictions for Hobbs Act robbery still

qualify as crimes of violence and support his § 924(c)convictions in Counts 25,27,

29,31,33,and35. SeeInreGordon,^os. 16-13681 & 16-13803,                  F.3d   ^,2016

WL 3648472,at *4(11th Cir. July 8,2016)(concluding that this Court's decision in

Saint Fleur did not conflict with its decision in Finder).

      Finder, however, governs Mr. Chance's § 924(o)conspiracy to possess a

firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence conviction because its

companion conviction was conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery. Under

Finder, Mr. Chance's Count 1 conviction for conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act

robbery may no longer be a valid companion to his Count 2 conviction in light of
Johnson. He therefore has made a prima facie showing that his request to file a

§ 2255 motion satisfies § 2255(h)as to his Count 2 conviction.
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      Mr. Chance's 1,794-month sentence consisted ofconcurrent 210-month

sentences on Counts 1 and 2, as well as the other substantive Hobbs Act robbery

convictions; an 84-month sentence on one ofthe § 924(c)convictions(Count 26),to

be served consecutively; and 300-month sentences on Counts 28,30,32,34,and 36

(the other § 924(c)convictions), to be served consecutively to each other and to all
other sentences. But"the sentences on [Counts 1,2,25, 27,29,31,33, and 35]

were not in fact fully concurrent." Pinkus v. United States^ 436 U.S. 293,304
(1978). That is because, although the terms ofimprisonment were concurrent,"the
$[1]00 fines on each ofthe counts were cumulative, totaling $[800], so that a
separate fine of$[1]00 was imposed on" both Count 1 and Count 2. Id. at 304-05.
With an additional $100 fine for the other counts(with consecutive terms of

imprisonment), Mr. Chance's total fine was $1400. "Petitioner thus had at least a
pecuniary interest in securing review of his conviction on each ofthe counts. Id.
Thus,this case is unlike In re Williams, Nos. 16-13013,16-13232,       F.3d ,2016
 WL 3460899(11th Cir. June 24,2016), in which this Court recently relied on a
'"rule ofjudicial convenience,"'the concurrent sentence doctrine,Benton v.
 Maryland,395 U.S. 784,791(1969),to deny a request to file a § 2255 motion based
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on Johnson even though the applicant had made the requisite prima facie showing

under § 2255(h).^ Accordingly, we grant Mr. Chance's request for authorization.

       As usual, nothing about our ruling here binds the district court, which must

decide every aspect ofthe case "jfresh, or in the legal vernacular, de novo" Jordan

V. Sec'y, Dep't ofCorr.,485 F.3d 1351, 1358(11th Cir. 2007). "And when we say

every aspect, we mean every aspect." In re Jackson,               F3d. ,2016 WL

3457659,at *6(11th Cir. June 24,2016). This includes the merits of Mr. Chance's

motion, along with any other issues that may arise.

                                               II.


       Although our published opinions repeatedly have emphasized that the district

court is to consider Mr. Chance's § 2255 motion de novo, in the whirl oforders

addressing Johnson,a recent published order jOrom this Court discussed in dicta what

districts courts purportedly "must" do in adjudicating Johnson claims in § 2255(h)

motions. In re Moore,No. 16-13993,              F.3d ,2016 WL 4010433,at *3-4(11th


        ^ In Williams,the concurrent term ofimprisonment was a mandatory minimum sentence of
life and was wholly unrelated to Mr. Williams's Johnson-diffcctQd sentence. 2016 WL 3460899,
at *4;see In re Davis,Nos. 16-13779,16-14615, F.3d 2016 WL 4070987,at *2(11th Cir.
July 13,2016)(granting a request to file a § 2255 motion when an applicant had a concurrent
sentence that"was neither mandatory nor unrelated to his[Armed Career Criminal Act]sentence"
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, not only were the sentences "not in fact fully
concurrent," Pinkus,436 U.S. at 304, but the concurrent term ofimprisonment, p in Davis, was
not dictated by a mandatory minimum. Moreover,the sentencing court's decision on the length
ofimprisonment for the concurrent terms likely was informed by Counts 1 and 2. For these
additional reasons, we will not apply the concurrent sentence doctrine to deny Mr. Chance relief.
See Davis,slip op. at 4.
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Cir. July 27,2016). Like we have here,the Moore panel acknowledged that"the
district court is to decide the § 2255(h)issues fresh, or in the legal vernacular,de

novo" Id. at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted and alteration adopted). But in
the very next sentence, the Moore panel seemed to contradict that instruction by
telling the district court that it"must decide whether or not Moore was sentenced
under the residual clause in 2000."^^ Id. The panel then added "one further

thought," also in the form ofa command about whatthe district court can and cannot
do: that"the district court cannot grant relief in a § 2255 proceeding unless the

movant...proves that he was sentenced using the residual clause." Id. at *4.
        The Moore panel phrased its commentary in terms of what courts "must" and
"cannot" do, but that commentary undoubtedly is dicta. The Moore panel
acknowledged as much with its preceding quote from Jordan. See id. at *3.
Critically, when an inmate asks a court of appeals to certify a second or successive
§ 2255 motion,§ 2255(h)is our sole source ofauthority to do or say anything in the
case. That means any discussion oftopics beyond "the § 2255(h)issues" is

        ^ Mr. Moore was arrested, tried, and sentenced in 2005,so he could not have been
"sentenced under the residual clause in 2000." We assume the panel meant 2005. Thistle of
error is probably among the smaller ones our Court has made in our"massive effort to decide the
 merits ofhundreds ofhabeas cases within 30 days each,all over a span ofjust a few weeks." In re
 Clayton,No. 16-14556 F.3d _,2016 WL 3878156(11th Cir. July 18,2016),at *1(M^n,J.,
 concurring). By pointing out an error by the Moore panel, we in no way mean to imply that we
 ourselves are not making mistakes, both large and small,in deciding these motions under the Ume
 and other constraints that are imposed upon us at the request-for-authorization stage. See injra
 Part III.
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irrslcvant to a. case and therefore dicta. Jic/.(Internal quotation marks omitted),s€€

Edwards v. Prime,Inc.,602 F.3d 1276,1298(11th Cir. 2010);            also United States
V. Hunter, 172 F.3d 1307, 1310(11th Cir. 1999)(Games,J., concurring)("The
holdings ofa prior decision can reach only as far as the facts and circumstances
presented to the Court in the case which produced that decision.").
      Indeed, Moore's discussion of what the district court must do followed its
case-dispositive conclusion that Mr. Moore made a prima facie showing. That
subsequent dicta does not bind either the district court,see Jordan,485 F.3d at 1358,
or a merits panel if an appeal is filed. As our ChiefJudge recently said about
another order certifying a Johnson motion:"[s]hould an appeal be filed from the
district court's determination, nothing in this order shall bind the merits panel m the
 appeal. Nothing." In re Gomez,No. 16-14104,_ F.3d —,2016 WL 3971720,at
 *4(11th Cir. July 25,2016)(Games,C.J.,concurring)(intemal quotation marks and
 citation omitted).

       Not only is Moore's dictajust that—dicta—^but it also seems quite wrong.
 Ofcourse, we recognize that what we are about to say has no more legal force than
 the Moore panel's commentary(that is: none). But we also appreciate the
 challenging task that district courts in our circuit face in dealing with Johnson issues,
 with hundreds ofinmates trying to file § 2255 claims and new published
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certification opinions coming from our Court almost every day in the recent weeks.

On top ofthat, Johnson and Welch together make for the "rare case in which th[e

Supreme] Court announces a new rule ofconstitutional law and makes it retroactive

within one year." Dodd v. United States^ 545 U.S.353,359(2005). Indeed, Welch

is the Supreme Court's first ever § 2255 case to make a new rule ofconstitutional
law retroactive less than a year after the rule was announced. Because this situation

is so rare, there is very little authority on how to analyze the application of a"new

rule" ofthat kind. For that reason, we feel a need to tell the other side ofthe story

told in Moore.

      Moore suggests that the district court must make the.inmate prove"whether or
not[he] was sentenced under the residual clause." Moore,2016 WL 4010433,at
*3. We think this is wrong,for two reasons.

      First, it implies that the districtjudge deciding Mr.Chance's upcoming § 2255
motion can ignore decisions from the Supreme Court that were rendered since that
time in favor ofa foray into a stale record. Assuming that Johnson does apply to
§ 924(c)'s"very similar" residual clause,see Pinder,2016 WL 3081954,at *2,then
district courts must determine "*categorically'—^that is, by reference to the elements
ofthe offense, and not the actual facts of[the defendant's] conduct"—whether that
 offense qualifies as a crime of violence. United States v. McGuire,706 F.3d 1333,
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1336(11th Cir. 2013). In other words, if only § 924(c)'s elements clause remains

standing after Johnson^ then a crime must"ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted

use, or threatened use of physical force" to support a § 924(c)conviction. 18

U.S.C.924(c)(3)(A). In applying the categorical approach, it would make no sense

for a district court to have to ignore precedent such as Descamps v. United States,

133 S. Ct. 2276(2013), dinAMathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243(2016), which
are the Supreme Court's binding interpretations ofthat approach. And yet, the
Moore panel suggested that the sentencing court must ignore that precedent unless
the sentencing judge uttered the magic words "residual clause."

      Applying the categorical approach,the Eleventh Circuit or Supreme Court
may determine that conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery lacks "as an element
the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force." 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(3)(A). Such a determination necessarily would mean that this conspiracy
conviction could only have counted as a crime of violence under the residual clause
in the past, irrespective of what the sentencing judge said or did not say. In other
words,such a ruling would be conclusive proofthat"[the defendant] was sentenced
using the residual clause." Moore,2016 WL 4010433,at *4. Under the Moore
panel's rule, however, a defendant could not benefit from that binding precedent
except in the rare instances where the sentencing judge thought to make clear that
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she relied on the residual clause. That is not right.

      There is a second problem with Moore's command that an inmate must prove

whether the district court used the words "residual clause" at his potentially

decades-old sentencing. Nothing in the law requires a judge to specify which

clause of§ 924(c)—^residual or elements clause—^it relied upon in imposing a

sentence. Mr. Chance's own case is a prime example ofhow unworkable the

Moore panel's proposed rule is(and it is only a proposal, not precedent). Mr.

Chance's superseding indictment charged him with conspiracy to use or carry a

firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence,"in violation of... Section

924(c)(1)(A), all in violation of... Section 924(o)." No mention ofthe residual or
elements clause there. And even ifthere were, it would not prove that the

sentencing judge "sentenced [the defendant] using the residual clause." Mr.
Chance'sjudgment ofconviction simply lists the statute under which he was
convicted,§ 924(o), so we cannot glean helpful information there either. And,
doubtlessly unaware that the sentencing transcript would later be combed for the
words "elements clause" or "residual clause," the sentencing judge failed to utter

those phrases.

       Suppose now that another inmate received an identical § 924(c)or § 924(o)
sentence as Mr. Chance on the same afternoon from the exact same sentencing

                                          11
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judge. Only this time,the sentencingjudge thought to mention that she was
sentencing the defendant under § 924(c)'s residual clause. Based on the rule the
Moore panel proposed, that inmate would be eligible for § 2255 relief based solely
on a chance remark(again, a sentencing court was nowhere required to choose
between the elements and residual clause). Surely this "selective application of

new rules violates the principle oftreating similarly situated defendants the same.
league v. Lane,489 U.S. 288,304(1989)(intemal quotation marks omitted).
      In our view, it makes no difference whether the sentencing judge used the
words "residual clause" or "elements clause," or some similar phrase. IfJohnson

means that an inmate's § 924(c)(or § 924(o))companion conviction should not have
served as such,then the text of§ 924(c)no longer authorizes his sentence and his
imprisonment is unlawfiil. More specifically, a conclusion that Johnson s rule
 applied to § 924(c)'s residual clause would mean that inmate's sentence was lawful
 up until the day Johnson was decided,but no longer is. To be sure,the inmate is the
 one who has to make the showing that his sentence is now unlawful. But we
 believe the required showing is simply that § 924(c) may no longer authorize his
 sentence as that statute stands after Johnson—^not proofof what the judge said or
 thought at a decades-old sentencing. No matter what the judge said, it is precedent
 from the Supreme Court and this Court that dictates which offenses meet § 924(c)'s
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definitions. See Rivers v. Roadway Express,Inc., 511 U.S. 298,312—13(1994)("It

is this Court's responsibility to say what a statute means,and once the Court has
spoken, it is the duty ofother courts to respect that understanding ofthe governing
rule oflaw. Ajudicial construction ofa statute is an authoritative statement ofwhat
the statute meant before as well as after the decision ofthe case giving rise to that
construction.^^(emphasis added)). So,ifthe Supreme Court has said an inmate s
conviction does not meet one ofthe definitions that survive Johnson,then the inmate
may have a plaim that he has "the right to be released upon the ground that the
sentence was imposed in violation ofthe Constitution or laws ofthe United States..
.or that the sentence was in excess ofthe maximum authorized by law." 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255(a).'
                                             III.


       In sum,when Mr.Chance's § 2255 motion is filed in the district court,the
 district court should hear fi'om the parties and apply the law to the facts as it thinks
 best. The Moore opinion lays out one option. This one lays out another. Of

      'In dicta in another recent Johnson case,our Court suggested thatjudges can i^ote
 Descamps when ruling on Johnson motions because "[i]t wodd be arbitr^
 nermit petitioners who now can cite Johnson to pursue second or successive § M55 motioM
 bSto^enhancements are only ultimately invalidated by ^scamps,noUo^on at^
 See In re Hires,No. 16-12744,2016 WL 3342668,at *5 n.4(11th Cir. June 15,2016). Jhis'^ea
 troubles us Nothing requires courts to construe federal statutes against an iimate bas^ on a
 the other direction. Also,an inmate's sentence that was valid up unUl the moment Johnson was
  decided was not"only ultimately invalidated by13Descamps,"id,it was invalidated by Johnson.
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course, both cases were decided based on a few lines in a form filled out by an

inmate, with no input from a lawyer, within 30 days offiling, and in a crush ofclose

to two thousand similar applications. See Clayton, 2016 WL 3878156, at *8

(Martin, J., concurring);In re Jones, No. 16-14053,      F.3d ,2016 WL 4011143,
at *1-10(11th Cir. July 27,2016)(Rosenbaum and Jill Pryor, JJ., concurring in

result). Or perhaps there is another approach out there that neither we nor the
Moore panel has considered. That too is up to the district court to decide "fresh, or
in the legal vernacular, de novo" Jordan,485 F.3d at 1358. And,as always,
whatever


             determination that the district court makes about whether
             Mr.[Chance] has satisfied the requirements for filing a
             second or successive motion, and any determination it
             makes on the merits, if it reaches the merits, is subject to
             review on appeal from a final judgment or order if an
             appeal is filed. Should an appeal be filed from the district
             court[']s determination,nothing in this order shall bind the
             merits panel in that appeal.

In re Moss,703 F.3d 1301,1303(11th Cir. 2013).

       APPLICATION GRANTED.




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TJOFLAT,Circuit Judge:

I concur in the granting ofthe application.
