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 1        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel.
 3 VILLAGE OF LOS LUNAS and
 4 VILLAGE OF LOS LUNAS COUNCIL,

 5          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 6 v.                                                                            NO. 33,903

 7   COUNTY OF VALENCIA, BOARD
 8   OF VALENCIA COUNTY COMMISSIONERS,
 9   CITY OF BELEN, and CITY OF BELEN
10   COUNCIL,

11          Defendants-Appellees.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF VALENCIA COUNTY
13 Valerie A. Huling, District Judge

14   Montgomery & Andrews, P.A.
15   Andrew S. Montgomery
16   Stephen S. Hamilton
17   Santa Fe, NM

18 Griego & Guggino
19 Laurence P. Guggino, Jr.
20 Los Lunas, NM

21 for Appellants

22 Robles, Rael & Anaya, P.C.
23 Charles Rennick
 1 Marcus J. Rael
 2 Albuquerque, NM

 3   The Brown Law Firm
 4   Desiree J. Gurule
 5   Kevin M. Brown
 6   Albuquerque, NM

 7 for Appellees

 8                                      DECISION

 9 VIGIL, Chief Judge.

10   {1}   This case concerns the competing efforts of Belen and Los Lunas to have a

11 county hospital built in their community.1 We assigned the case to the expedited bench

12 program based on Belen’s unopposed motion to do so. Thus, this Decision is not to

13 be considered of any precedential value for any other case. See Court of Appeals

14 Miscellaneous Order No. 1-46 (June 23, 2010) (continuing and expanding expedited

15 bench program). Because this is a Decision and the parties are familiar with the facts

16 and procedural posture of the case, we set forth only such facts and law as are

17 necessary to decide the merits.

18 I.      BACKGROUND



           1
19          Plaintiffs are the Village of Los Lunas and the Village of Los Lunas Council.
20   Unless otherwise required, we refer to them as Los Lunas. Similarly, Defendants
21   County of Valencia and Board of Valencia County Commissioners are referred to as
22   Valencia County, and Defendants City of Belen and City of Belen City Council are
23   referred to as Belen, unless otherwise required.
                                              2
 1   {2}   In late 2006 Valencia County voters approved a mill levy tax for eight years to

 2 build and operate a county hospital. The mill levy went into effect in 2007 and

 3 currently has about $15 million. Shortly after the mill levy tax went into effect, a

 4 group of citizen taxpayers filed an action to enjoin the Board of Valencia County

 5 Commissioners from entering into a hospital management agreement and from using

 6 mill levy funds to construct a hospital. The district court denied relief, and we

 7 affirmed. Cordova v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Valencia Cnty., 2010-NMCA-039, ¶ 13,

 8 148 N.M. 460, 237 P.3d 762.

 9   {3}   On July 17, 2013, Valencia County approved a contract with Belen that

10 provided for transfer of the mill levy funds to a provider selected by Belen to operate

11 and maintain a hospital in Valencia County. The vote was three to two. Valencia

12 County agreed to enter into a health facilities contract with a provider selected by

13 Belen provided that Belen: (1) issued a request for proposals (RFP) for a provider to

14 operate and maintain a hospital in Valencia County pursuant to the health facilities

15 contract attached to the RFP; (2) submitted a financing plan for the construction and

16 equipping of the hospital; and (3) required the provider to contract with Valencia

17 County under the health facilities contract attached to the RFP.

18   {4}   On August 16, 2013, Los Lunas filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, quo

19 warranto, and preliminary and permanent injunction against Valencia County and

20 Belen. Los Lunas sought a judgment declaring that the vote approving the contract

                                              3
 1 was invalid because (1) a Valencia County Commissioner who voted to approve the

 2 contract with Belen sold his home pursuant to a real estate contract on July 12, 2013,

 3 and “upon information and belief” did not reside in his district on July 17, 2013, “but

 4 resided in another state”; and (2) the contract between Belen and Valencia County was

 5 an impermissible delegation of authority to Belen. Los Lunas sought an order

 6 declaring the contract to be invalid and impermissible under the Hospital Funding Act,

 7 NMSA 1978, §§ 4-48B-1 to -29 (1947, as amended through 2003) and injunctive

 8 relief to prohibit Valencia County from entering into the hospital facilities contract

 9 with the provider to be chosen by Belen.

10   {5}   Valencia County and Belen filed motions to dismiss on the basis that Los Lunas

11 lacked standing to bring the action and failed to present a case of actual controversy

12 as required by the Declaratory Judgment Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 44-6-1 to -15 (1975).

13 The district court concluded that (1) Los Lunas had no standing because it failed to

14 allege “any injury-in-fact resulting from the county commission’s action in approving

15 the agreement” and “have alleged only speculative economic harm to the [V]illage”;

16 and (2) “this is not a matter of great public importance” because the vote by a

17 commissioner who did not live in the district “does not involve a clear threat to the

18 essential nature of government guaranteed to the citizens of the State of New Mexico

19 by the Constitution.” The complaint was dismissed, and Los Lunas appeals.

20 II.     DISCUSSION

                                              4
 1 A.      Standard of Review

 2   {6}   A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 1-012(B)(6) NMRA tests the legal

 3 sufficiency of the complaint. We review a district court’s order granting Defendants’

 4 motion to dismiss de novo and accept as true all facts properly pleaded. See

 5 Healthsource, Inc. v. Xray Assocs. of N.M., P.C., 2005-NMCA-097, ¶ 16, 138 N.M.

 6 70, 116 P.3d 861. A question of standing presents a question of law, which is

 7 reviewed de novo. Prot. & Advocacy Sys. v. City of Albuquerque, 2008-NMCA-149,

 8 ¶ 17, 145 N.M. 156, 195 P.3d 1.

 9 B.      Analysis

10   {7}   Assuming without deciding that Los Lunas does not have traditional standing,

11 we conclude that Los Lunas has standing under the great public importance exception

12 and reverse the district court on this basis. The great public importance doctrine is “an

13 overarching exception” to general standing requirements that allows us “to reach the

14 merits of a case even when the traditional criteria for standing are not met, either by

15 an individual or an organizational plaintiff.” ALCU of N.M., 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 12;

16 , 144 N.M. 471, 188 P.3d 1222; see Piedra, Inc. v. N.M. Transp. Comm’n, 2008-

17 NMCA-089, ¶ 44, 144 N.M. 382, 188 P.3d 106 (“Denial of standing under the

18 guidelines may not prevent enforceability of a claim that involves a question of great

19 public importance.”).



                                               5
 1   {8}   Issues of great public importance generally involve “clear threats to the

 2 essential nature of state government guaranteed to New Mexico citizens under their

 3 Constitution—a government in which the three distinct departments, legislative,

 4 executive, and judicial[] remain within the bounds of their constitutional powers[,]”

 5 or “election cases implicating the guarantee of ‘free and open’ elections under Article

 6 II, Section 8 of the New Mexico Constitution.” ALCU of N.M., 2008-NMSC-045, ¶ 33

 7 (omission, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). When conduct is alleged

 8 that “threatens the integrity of state government[,]” the public interest doctrine may

 9 be invoked to confer standing. Forest Guardians v. Powell, 2001-NMCA-028, ¶ 35,

10 130 N.M. 368, 24 P.3d 803.

11   {9}   Los Lunas contends that the case raises issues of great public importance

12 because, accepting the allegations in the complaint as true, the deciding vote cast in

13 favor of the contract with Belen was void. See N.M. Const. art. V, § 13 (“All . . .

14 county commissioners . . . shall be residents of the political subdivision or district

15 from which they are elected or for which they are appointed.”); N.M. Const. art. X,

16 § 7 (stating that a county commissioner’s “[c]hange of residence to a place outside the

17 district from which a county commissioner was elected shall automatically terminate

18 the service of that commissioner and the office shall be declared vacant” (emphasis

19 added)); NMSA 1978, § 4-38-3(A) (2002) (“If a commissioner permanently removes

20 his residence from or maintains no residence in the district from which he was elected,

                                              6
 1 he shall be deemed to have resigned.”); Velasquez v. Chavez, 1984-NMSC-109, ¶ 1,

 2 102 N.M. 54, 691 P.2d 55 (affirming the district court’s decision that a candidate was

 3 ineligible to seek or hold the office of county commissioner because he was not a

 4 resident of the district). Los Lunas argues that an act by a government body that fails

 5 to represent its electors is a clear threat to the essential nature of state government

 6 guaranteed by the Constitution.

 7   {10}   Valencia County and Belen on the other hand argue that the current case does

 8 not rise to the level of great public importance. Instead, they contend this case

 9 involves the qualification of a county commissioner in the context of a single action

10 by the commission, that this is a matter purely of local interest, and does not threaten

11 the essential nature of government or the separation of powers. They contend that

12 because the case involves the validity of a single contract, based on the vote of a

13 single county commissioner at a single point in time, standing should not be

14 recognized under the great public importance doctrine.

15   {11}   We conclude that this case presents a clear case of great public importance. As

16 we have already noted, our Constitution specifically and unambiguously requires

17 county commissioners to reside in the political subdivision or district from which they

18 are elected, and a change of residence outside the district automatically terminates the

19 service of commissioner, and the office is deemed vacant. The Legislature has

20 followed suit and adopted legislation that specifically and unambiguously states that

                                               7
 1 a commissioner is deemed to have resigned upon permanently removing from or

 2 failing to maintain a residence in the district from which the commissioner was

 3 elected. Thus, based on the allegations of the complaint, the injury in this case is not

 4 merely commercial or economic. Democratic self-government is nullified when the

 5 deciding vote to commit citizens’ tax monies to a third party is void. Nothing less than

 6 the integrity of the democratic process itself is at stake, and the alleged conduct

 7 constitutes a clear threat to “the essential nature of state government guaranteed to

 8 New Mexico citizens under their Constitution.” Piedra, Inc., 2008-NMCA-089, ¶ 44

 9 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Our Constitution gives specific

10 recognition to these concepts in stating, “All political power is vested in and derived

11 from the people: all government of right originates with the people, is founded upon

12 their will and is instituted solely for their good.” N.M. Const, art. II, § 2.

13 III.     CONCLUSION

14   {12}   For the reasons stated, we reverse the district court ruling that this was not a

15 matter of great public importance. The district court order of dismissal is reversed and

16 this matter is remanded for proceedings consistent with this Decision.




                                                8
1   {13}   IT IS SO ORDERED.




2                                     ______________________________
3                                     MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge

4 WE CONCUR:


5 _________________________________
6 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge


7 _________________________________
8 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge




                                  9
