                                                                             Filed
                                                                       Washington State
                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                        Division Two

                                                                       August 23, 2016




   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                    DIVISION II
FEARGHAL McCARTHY; FEARGHAL                           No. 47004-7-II
McCARTHY and CASTLETHORNE
CAPITAL LLC, as nominal plaintiffs on
behalf of Venia RE Holdings LLC, Venia
Development LLC, Venia Asset Management
LLC, and Venia Holdings, Inc.; and VENIA
RE HOLDINGS LLC, VENIA
DEVELOPMENT LLC, and VENIA ASSET
MANAGEMENT LLC, by and through its
manager, FEARGHAL McCARTHY,

                            Appellants,

       v.

KEVIN DeFORD and HEATHER DeFORD,                  UNPUBLISHED OPINION
husband and wife and their marital community;
DAVID COPENHAVER and CARYL ANN
COPENHAVER, husband and wife and their
marital community; LAMBEAU LEAP
INVESTMENTS LLC, a Washington limited
liability company; ACORN ACQUISITIONS,
LLC, a Washington limited liability company;
GORGE CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC, a
Washington limited liability company; NEX
GENERATION LLC, a Washington limited
liability company; MARK ICKERT and
PAMELA ICKERT, husband and wife and
their marital community; ACORN CAPITAL,
LLC, a Washington limited liability company;
WHITE STONE DEVELOPMENT LLC, a
Washington limited liability company;
LAMBEAU LEAP PARTNERS, LLC, a
No. 47004-7-II


 Washington limited liability company; JOHN
 DOE COMPANY; and JOHN DOE,

                                Defendants,

 WEST PARK PARTNERS LLC, a
 Washington limited liability company,

                                Respondent,

 VENIA RE HOLDINGS LLC; VENIA
 ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC; VENIA
 DEVELOPMENT LLC; and VENIA
 HOLDINGS, INC.,

                         Nominal Defendants.

          JOHANSON, P.J. — Fearghal McCarthy appeals from a superior court order canceling the

lis pendens he filed against property owned by West Park Partners LLC (West Park). McCarthy

argues that (1) the superior court erred by canceling the lis pendens because he sought quiet title

relief and the action was one that affected title to real property. In the alternative, he argues that

(2) his request to establish a constructive trust provided an independent basis to uphold the lis

pendens. He further argues that the superior court erred by (3) denying his motion to stay the lis

pendens cancellation order and (4) awarding attorney fees to West Park. Finding no error, we

affirm.

                                              FACTS

          In 2010, McCarthy, David Copenhaver, and Kevin DeFord entered into a business venture.

The business partners sought to develop real estate so they formed several corporate entities

including Venia Holdings Inc., Venia RE Holdings LLC, Venia Asset Management LLC, and

Venia Development LLC (collectively “Venia”). The following year, the relationship between the

three partners apparently began to sour. According to McCarthy, DeFord and Copenhaver ceased

                                                  2
No. 47004-7-II


participation in weekly management meetings, declined to inform McCarthy as to new

development opportunities, and withheld his pay.

          In 2012, McCarthy filed suit against his former business partners alleging, among other

matters, that Copenhaver and DeFord had violated certain agreements and breached fiduciary

duties by “diverting business opportunities and investor opportunities” away from the Venia

entities. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 64. The first amended complaint sought money damages, an

accounting, and attorney fees. Meanwhile, Copenhaver and DeFord continued to work together

pursuing real estate business ventures, forming new corporate entities in the process. One such

entity was West Park, which Copenhaver and DeFord formed in 2013. In the course of their

business, West Park purchased property at 610 Esther Street in Vancouver.1 West Park purchased

this property in 2014. West Park’s purchase of the Esther Street property forms the crux of this

appeal.

          McCarthy filed a second amended complaint after he learned that West Park purchased the

Esther Street property. McCarthy added West Park as a defendant and alleged that West Park’s

Esther Street acquisition was one way in which his former partners had diverted business

opportunities and contractual rights away from Venia in violation of prior agreements with Venia.

In McCarthy’s view, West Park had “wrongfully” acquired the Esther Street property that




1
 The entity that originally contracted to purchase the Esther Street property was actually one
owned by Copenhaver, but that entity subsequently assigned its interest in the property to West
Park, which then completed the transaction.

                                                 3
No. 47004-7-II


“rightfully” belonged to Venia because Venia had previously “contemplated” purchasing and

developing the same.2

       The second amended complaint alleged largely the same underlying facts, and McCarthy

maintained his request for money damages. McCarthy’s second amended complaint, however,

also added a new allegation that DeFord and Copenhaver were engaged in a “conspiracy . . . to

commit the acts complained of” and two new requests for relief. CP at 84. McCarthy requested a

finding declaring the existence of a constructive trust on all diverted assets, including business

opportunities and proceeds from the sale or lease of real estate, as well as an order quieting title to

the Esther Street property in his favor. McCarthy then recorded a lis pendens against the Esther

Street property.

       Shortly thereafter, West Park moved to cancel the lis pendens. In West Park’s view,

McCarthy’s action did not involve an “‘action affecting title to real property’” within the meaning

of the applicable law, nor was McCarthy’s request for a constructive trust sufficient to support the

filing of a lis pendens. CP at 106. McCarthy opposed the motion, arguing that his lawsuit

“‘affect[s] title to real property’” because he specifically sought to quiet title. CP at 110.

McCarthy believed that the Esther Street property belonged to the Venia entities because they

specifically contemplated purchasing the property at some time previously. Therefore, should he

prevail on his claim, the title to the property would “indisputably be affected” because title would

be vested in his favor. CP at 115.




2
 McCarthy specifically alleged that Venia was the rightful owner because DeFord and Copenhaver
violated a provision in an earlier Venia agreement that specified that “‘legal title to all Company
property shall be held in the name of the Company.’” CP at 125.

                                                  4
No. 47004-7-II


       In September 2014, the superior court heard argument on West Park’s motion. It ruled that

the substance of McCarthy’s claim, in conjunction with the relief he was requesting, was

“qualitatively distinguishable” from that of a quiet title action, which requires competing claims

to title. Report of Proceedings (Sept. 26, 2014) at 22. As part of its oral ruling, the court noted

that a more appropriate remedy would have been a prejudgment writ of attachment or a request for

injunctive relief. The superior court ruled in West Park’s favor, finding that the lawsuit was not

an action affecting title to real property within the meaning of RCW 4.28.320, canceled the lis

pendens, and awarded attorney fees.

       McCarthy moved for reconsideration of that ruling, asserting largely the same arguments.

Simultaneously, he moved to stay the order cancelling the lis pendens. The superior court denied

McCarthy’s motions. It also awarded West Park additional attorney fees under RCW 4.28.328(2).

       The parties entered stipulated findings for final judgment pursuant to CR 54(b). As part of

the stipulated findings, the superior court specified that its order denying McCarthy’s motion for

reconsideration dismissed his quiet title claim as a matter of law. McCarthy appeals from the

court’s order cancelling the lis pendens and the order denying his motion for reconsideration.3

                                            ANALYSIS

                               I. ORDER CANCELLING LIS PENDENS

       McCarthy argues that the superior court erred in at least two ways by cancelling the Esther

Street lis pendens. First, he asserts that the superior court erred by basing its ruling on McCarthy’s




3
 McCarthy filed a motion requesting that we take judicial notice of certain pleadings that were
previously designated in the record before us. This motion is necessarily granted because the court
properly considers all pleadings properly designated.

                                                  5
No. 47004-7-II


inability to demonstrate that he had a basis to seek quiet title. Second, McCarthy contends that

Washington recognizes “constructive trust theory” as a basis to recover property and to quiet title

and therefore this also serves as an independent basis to assert a lis pendens. For the reasons we

explain below, we disagree.

                                    A. STANDARD OF REVIEW4

       We review CR 12(b)(6) dismissals de novo. Kinney v. Cook, 159 Wn.2d 837, 842, 154

P.3d 206 (2007) (citing Tenore v. AT&T Wireless Servs., 136 Wn.2d 322, 329-30, 962 P.2d 104

(1998)). “‘Dismissal is warranted only if the court concludes, beyond a reasonable doubt, the

plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts which would justify recovery.’” FutureSelect Portfolio

Mgmt., Inc. v. Tremont Grp. Holdings, Inc., 180 Wn.2d 954, 962, 331 P.3d 29 (2014) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Kinney, 159 Wn.2d at 842). All facts alleged in the complaint

are taken as true, and we may consider hypothetical facts supporting the plaintiff’s claim.

FutureSelect, 180 Wn.2d at 962 (citing Kinney, 159 Wn.2d at 842). “Therefore, a complaint

survives a CR 12(b)(6) motion if any set of facts could exist that would justify recovery.” Hoffer

v. State, 110 Wn.2d 415, 420, 755 P.2d 781, 776 P.2d 963 (1988) (citing Lawson v. State, 107

Wn.2d 444, 448, 730 P.2d 1308 (1986); Bowman v. John Doe, 104 Wn.2d 181, 183, 704 P.2d 140

(1985)). But “[i]f a plaintiff’s claim remains legally insufficient even under his or her proffered



4
  The parties disagree as to the proper standard of review. McCarthy argues that the CR 12(b)(6)
standard should apply. West Park argues that McCarthy’s interpretation of the case’s procedural
posture is incorrect. In its view, the only question before this court is whether the superior court
properly granted West Park’s motion to cancel the lis pendens as a matter of law. Although West
Park did not move to dismiss the quiet title claim, the parties stipulated to the entry of an order
dismissing McCarthy’s quiet title claim. In any event, we use the CR 12(b)(6) standard argued by
McCarthy to determine whether the trial court concluded that McCarthy failed to state a quiet title
claim because even under this standard, his arguments fail.

                                                 6
No. 47004-7-II


hypothetical facts, dismissal pursuant to CR 12(b)(6) is appropriate.” Gorman v. Garlock, Inc.,

155 Wn.2d 198, 215, 118 P.3d 311 (2005).

       We review the decision to cancel a lis pendens for an abuse of discretion. See Beers v.

Ross, 137 Wn. App. 566, 575, 154 P.3d 277 (2007). “A trial court abuses its discretion if its

decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons.” Teter

v. Deck, 174 Wn.2d 207, 215, 274 P.3d 336 (2012) (citing In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d

39, 46-47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997)). Untenable reasons include errors of law. Cook v. Tarbert

Logging, Inc., 190 Wn. App. 448, 461, 360 P.3d 855 (2015) (citing Estate of Treadwell v. Wright,

115 Wn. App. 238, 251, 61 P.3d 1214 (2008)), review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1014 (2016).

                                   B. LIS PENDENS STATUTES

       A lis pendens is a mechanism for giving notice that a lawsuit that concerns title to real

property has been filed. RCW 4.28.320. A lis pendens may be filed “[a]t any time after an action

affecting title to real property has been commenced.” RCW 4.28.320. But a party who files a

wrongful lis pendens risks liability in damages for doing so. RCW 4.28.328 governs, and it

provides in pertinent part,

               (a) “Lis pendens” means a lis pendens filed under RCW 4.28.320 . . . or
       other instrument having the effect of clouding the title to real property, however
       named. . . .
               ....
               (2) A claimant in an action not affecting the title to real property against
       which the lis pendens was filed is liable to an aggrieved party who prevails on a
       motion to cancel the lis pendens, for actual damages caused by filing the lis
       pendens, and for reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred in canceling the lis pendens.
               (3) Unless the claimant establishes a substantial justification for filing the
       lis pendens, a claimant is liable to an aggrieved party who prevails in defense of the
       action in which the lis pendens was filed for actual damages caused by filing the lis
       pendens, and in the court’s discretion, reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred
       in defending the action.


                                                 7
No. 47004-7-II


(Emphasis added.)

       Washington courts have not established either a specific definition or guiding criteria to

determine when and whether an action “affect[s] title to real property.” RCW 4.28.320. But our

courts, in construing other aspects of our lis pendens statutes, have relied on persuasive authority

from Arizona, whose own lis pendens law is similar to ours. See Schwab v. Seattle, 64 Wn. App.

742, 748, 826 P.2d 1089 (1992). In determining whether a lis pendens was wrongfully recorded,

their courts also consider whether the action is one “‘affecting title to real property.’” Santa Fe

Ridge Homeowners’ Ass’n v. Bartschi, 219 Ariz. 391, 395-96, 199 P.3d 646 (Ct. App. 2008)

(quoting ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 12-1191(A)).

       “[A] lawsuit affects a right incident to title if any judgment would expand, restrict, or

burden a property owner’s rights as bestowed by virtue of that title.” Santa Fe Ridge Homeowners’

Ass’n, 219 Ariz. at 396. In their view, a court need find only “‘some basis’” that the action is one

affecting title to real property to conclude the lis pendens was not wrongly recorded. Santa Fe

Ridge Homeowners’ Ass’n, 219 Ariz. at 395 (quoting Evergreen W., Inc. v. Boyd, 167 Ariz. 614,

620, 810 P.2d 612, 618 (Ct. App. 1991)). They conclude further that a lis pendens is “groundless

or has no basis only when the claim that the action affects ‘title to real property has no arguable

basis or is not supported by any credible evidence.’” Santa Fe Ridge Homeowners’ Ass’n, 219

Ariz. at 395 (quoting Evergreen W., Inc., 167 Ariz. at 621). Although the Arizona courts have

rejected the notion that a court conducting this inquiry is limited to the manner in which the party

characterizes the action, they have also cautioned against determining who will prevail on the

merits of the underlying claim. Evergreen W., Inc., 167 Ariz. at 620.




                                                 8
No. 47004-7-II


        Here, West Park argues that, notwithstanding the manner in which McCarthy characterizes

his request for relief, his action is “not an ‘action affecting title to real property’” because

McCarthy has not alleged facts sufficient to state a claim for quiet title. CP at 106. With the

aforementioned principles in mind, it is instructive to consider what our law requires to maintain

a quiet title action.

                                       C. QUIET TITLE ACTIONS

        Washington law provides in a quiet title action that “[t]he plaintiff . . . shall set forth in his

or her complaint the nature of his or her estate, claim, or title to the property, and the defendant

may set up a legal or equitable defense to plaintiff’s claims; and the superior title, whether legal or

equitable, shall prevail.” RCW 7.28.120. A quiet title action is equitable and “‘designed to resolve

competing claims of ownership’ to property.” Bavand v. OneWest Bank, F.S.B., 176 Wn. App.

475, 502, 309 P.3d 636 (2013) (quoting Walker v. Quality Loan Serv. Corp., 176 Wn. App. 294,

322, 308 P.3d 716 (2013)); see RCW 7.28.010. “An action to quiet title allows a person in

peaceable possession or claiming the right to possession of real property to compel others who

assert a hostile right or claim to come forward and assert their right or claim and submit it to

judicial determination.” Kobza v. Tripp, 105 Wn. App. 90, 95, 18 P.3d 621 (2001).

        RCW 7.28.010 governs who may bring actions to quiet title and provides in relevant part,

        Any person having a valid subsisting interest in real property, and a right to the
        possession thereof, may recover the same by action in the superior court of the
        proper county, to be brought against the tenant in possession; if there is no such
        tenant, then against the person claiming the title or some interest therein, and may
        have judgment in such action quieting or removing a cloud from plaintiff’s title.

It is a long-standing principle that “‘[a] plaintiff in an action to quiet title must prevail . . . on the

strength of his own title, and not on the weakness of the title of his adversary.’” Walker, 176 Wn.


                                                    9
No. 47004-7-II


App. at 322 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Wash. State Grange v. Brandt, 136 Wn.

App. 138, 153, 148 P.3d 1069 (2006)).

       Accordingly, in order to state a claim to quiet title in his favor, McCarthy must have a valid

subsisting interest in the Esther Street property and a right to possess it. RCW 7.28.010. In his

complaint, McCarthy alleges that DeFord and Copenhaver breached agreements and fiduciary

duties including diverting business opportunities and converting property, assets, goodwill, and

confidential information from Venia. McCarthy alleged specifically that one of the converted

assets was the Esther Street property.

                    D. ACTION DOES NOT AFFECT TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY

       McCarthy suggests that these converted business opportunities and assets rightfully

belonged to Venia. According to McCarthy, Venia had “specifically contemplated” purchasing

the Esther Street property. CP at 115. But McCarthy does not—and apparently cannot—establish

that he (or Venia) ever owned the property, ever made an offer to purchase the property, contracted

to purchase the property, or contributed finances towards its eventual purchase. And McCarthy

does not establish how he has any existing right to possess the property. To the contrary, West

Park, which formed more than a year after McCarthy filed his original complaint, contracted for

the rights to purchase the building and subsequently did so in full. At no time does McCarthy

dispute that West Park is the owner of the property.

       McCarthy asserts that he need show only “some interest” in the property to satisfy the valid

subsisting interest requirement and that no prior ownership is required. Symington v. Hudson, 40

Wn.2d 331, 336, 243 P.2d 484 (1952). He argues that the alleged breaches of fiduciary duties and

conversion of contract rights to purchase the property means that he has shown “‘some interest’”


                                                10
No. 47004-7-II


in the property. Br. of Appellant at 20. But he has alleged only that a business entity with which

he was involved once considered purchasing the Esther Street property. McCarthy does not

address how, even if taken as true, these facts establish that he has a competing claim of ownership

and right to possession of the property as required under the law governing quiet title actions.

       McCarthy cites a number of cases for the proposition that the alleged breach of fiduciary

duties gives rise to sufficient grounds in equity to state a claim to quiet title. But those decisions

are easily distinguishable from the alleged facts here. In each of McCarthy’s cited cases, the

plaintiff had an ownership interest with an accompanying right to possession at one point or

another.5

       McCarthy cites no authority that stands for the proposition that a party who has never

owned nor had a right to possess the property is nevertheless permitted an order quieting title to

property based on the breach of a fiduciary duty. A genuine dispute among competing claims to

title in a suit for quiet title would undoubtedly “affect title to real property” because the outcome

of the suit would vest title in one party or another. But McCarthy has failed to allege any facts

that would properly state a claim for quiet title. Therefore, there is no “arguable basis” that his




5
   See Westerbeck v. Cannon, 5 Wn.2d 106, 119-20, 104 P.2d 918 (1940) (affirming a ruling
rescinding real property contract sales because the defendant fraudulently violated fiduciary duties
concerning property that the plaintiff already owned); Moon v. Phipps, 67 Wn.2d 948, 955-56, 411
P.2d 157 (1966) (holding that a plaintiff was entitled to rescind an agreement regarding the
purchase of her farm following a breach of fiduciary duty); Gustafson v. Gustafson, 47 Wn. App.
272, 273, 734 P.2d 949 (1987) (a pledgee of a majority of shares in a close corporation brought a
derivative suit to void the sale of real property that the corporation itself owned indirectly); In re
Marriage of Lutz, 74 Wn. App. 356, 364, 369, 873 P.2d 566 (1994) (the former wife sought to
quiet title to presumptive community property following her former husband’s breach of fiduciary
duty); White v. White, 33 Wn. App. 364, 365-66, 655 P.3d 1173 (1982) (the subject of the quiet
title dispute was property in which the plaintiff had reserved a life estate).

                                                 11
No. 47004-7-II


claim affects title to the Esther Street property, and, consequently, he cannot demonstrate that this

action is one “affecting the title to real property” as required to support a lis pendens. RCW

4.28.328(2). Accordingly, we reject McCarthy’s argument that the trial court improperly cancelled

the lis pendens because it erred when it dismissed his quiet title action. The trial court properly

dismissed McCarthy’s quiet title claim.6

                                     E. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST7

        McCarthy argues in the alternative that the trial court erred by cancelling his lis pendens

because Washington has historically recognized the use of constructive trusts as a mechanism for

plaintiffs to recover property. He also points out that cases from other jurisdictions support the

proposition that a constructive trust affects title to property such that it is sufficient to justify

recording a lis pendens. We disagree under the facts alleged that a constructive trust here affects

title to property sufficient to support a lis pendens.

        “A constructive trust is an equitable remedy which arises when the person holding title to

property has an equitable duty to convey it to another on the grounds that they would be unjustly




6
  The parties stipulated to the dismissal of the quiet title action because in making its ruling to
cancel the lis pendens, the trial court necessarily had to determine whether McCarthy had stated a
claim “affecting title to real property.” RCW 4.28.320. Thus, although there was no motion to
dismiss the quiet title action, the trial court did enter an order based on the parties’ stipulation
dismissing McCarthy’s quiet title claim.
7
  McCarthy also briefly argues that he is entitled to an order granting quiet title based on
Copenhaver’s breach of the Venia agreement that states that “‘title to all Company Property shall
be held in the name of the Company’” and “no member . . . ‘shall have any right, title or interest
in any Company Property . . . or the right to partition Company Property.’” Br. of Appellant at 24
(emphasis omitted) (quoting CP at 198). But McCarthy cites two cases that are not remotely
analogous to this case and also does not explain how Copenhaver allegedly partitioned “company
property” when Venia did not own the Esther Street property.

                                                  12
No. 47004-7-II


enriched if permitted to retain it.” City of Lakewood v. Pierce County, 144 Wn.2d 118, 126, 30

P.3d 446 (2001) (citing Baker v. Leonard, 120 Wn.2d 538, 547-58, 843 P.2d 1050 (1993)). “‘In

general, whenever the legal title to property, real or personal, has been obtained through actual

fraud, misrepresentations, concealments, or through undue influence, duress, . . . or through any

other similar means or under any other similar circumstances which render it unconscientious for

the holder of the legal title to retain and enjoy the beneficial interest, equity impresses a

constructive trust.’” Baker, 120 Wn.2d at 547 (quoting Kausky v. Kosten, 27 Wn.2d 721, 727-28,

179 P.2d 950 (1947)).

       Here, McCarthy contends that he has alleged facts that support a constructive trust. He

claims that Washington has a long history of recognizing constructive trusts as equitable remedies

and, although that is true, McCarthy cites no Washington authority for the proposition that there

is an “action affecting title” under the lis pendens statute when a constructive trust is impressed

upon property. McCarthy does, however, cite several cases from other jurisdictions that purport

to do so.

       For instance, McCarthy cites Heck v. Adamson, wherein the District of Columbia Court of

Appeals held that a trial court incorrectly cancelled a lis pendens notice where the plaintiff

requested a constructive trust to secure his right to profits from the sale of a jointly owned property

that he contended were converted. 941 A.2d 1028, 1029 (D.C. 2008). But there, the law in effect

permitted the filing of a lis pendens in an action “‘affecting the title to or asserting a mortgage,

lien, security interest, or other interest in real property.’” Heck, 941 A.2d at 1030 (quoting D.C.

CODE § 42-1207(a)). Significantly, the Heck court’s analysis centered on the fact that Heck’s

assertion of “an interest” was all that the applicable statute required in that case. 941 A.2d at 1030.


                                                  13
No. 47004-7-II


The Heck court also noted that the statutory scheme in place there only provided for relief for an

improperly filed lis pendens after judgment was entered, contrary to the common law rules that

permitted a lis pendens to be cancelled if the suit was not prosecuted in good faith. 941 A.2d at

1030. And, of course, another distinguishing fact is that here McCarthy does not allege that he

“jointly owned” the property.

       Likewise, the court in Ross v. Specialty Risk Consultants, Inc., concluded that a party’s

action seeking the imposition of a constructive trust permitted the recording of a lis pendens under

Wisconsin’s lis pendens statutes. 2000 WI App. 258, ¶ 21, 240 Wis. 2d 23, 621 N.W.2d 669.

Importantly, however, the language of the lis pendens statute in effect in Wisconsin permitted a lis

pendens to be recorded in an action that “‘might . . . change interests in the real property.’” Ross,

2000 WI App. at ¶ 13 (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting WIS. STAT. § 840.10)).

The Ross court was not required to determine whether the action there, as this court must here,

“affected title.” Moreover, the plaintiff in that case filed a lis pendens on the subject property only

after the defendant had embezzled funds from the plaintiff that it directly used to acquire that

property. Ross, 2000 WI App. at ¶ 3.

       McCarthy also cites Cap Care Group, Inc. v. McDonald, where a North Carolina Court of

Appeals was asked whether it was appropriate for a party who had been the victim of a breached

partnership agreement to file a lis pendens and request that a constructive trust be imposed. 149

N.C. App. 817, 819, 824, 561 S.E.2d 578 (2002). The Cap Care court concluded that the plaintiff

could properly record a lis pendens, but central to its holding in this regard was the fact that their

courts had previously ruled that a lis pendens was appropriate where (1) a plaintiff could trace

funds into the subject property and (2) the plaintiff alleged either an express or implied trust. 149


                                                  14
No. 47004-7-II


N.C. App. at 824. There, the plaintiffs had shown that their finances were used as part of the

payment to purchase the property. Cap Care Grp., Inc., 149 N.C. App. at 824. But unlike the

facts here, the partners in Cap Care Group had specifically formed an agreement to purchase the

specific property at issue, and the plaintiff could trace its own funds to the property’s purchase.

The cases cited by McCarthy are easily distinguishable and thus not persuasive.

       On the other hand, West Park cites a number of cases from other jurisdictions that stand

for the proposition that an action potentially impressing a constructive trust does not necessarily

affect title to real property for purposes of a properly recorded lis pendens. One such case is

factually similar and persuasive. In BGJ Associates LLC v. Superior Court, a California Court of

Appeals was asked to determine whether an action requesting the imposition of a constructive trust

and the subsequent recording of a lis pendens was permissible where one business partner breached

his fiduciary duties by interfering with contractual relations to purchase property that belonged to

the entity that the same partner had formed with others. 75 Cal. App. 4th 952, 965-66, 89 Cal.

Rptr. 2d 693 (1999).

       There, the California court acknowledged competing policy considerations existed. The

court decided that the recording of a lis pendens was improper because the plaintiffs sought several

different remedies, based on a number of different causes of action, that combined theories of

liability for monetary damages with those for a constructive trust. BGJ Assocs., 75 Cal. App. 4th

at 972. Significantly, the California statute is similar to Washington’s in that a party is permitted

to record a lis pendens when an action has been filed “affecting title or right to possession of the

real property described in the notice.” BGJ Assocs., 75 Cal. App. 4th at 966.




                                                 15
No. 47004-7-II


       The BGJ court recognized the potential for abuse of process by recording lis pendens,

quoting the following language from another one of its cases that

       “[b]ecause the recording of a lis pendens place[s] a cloud upon the title of real
       property until the pending action [is] ultimately resolved . . ., the lis pendens
       procedure [is] susceptible to serious abuse, providing unscrupulous plaintiffs with
       a powerful lever to force the settlement of groundless or malicious suits.”

BGJ Assocs., 75 Cal. App. 4th at 969 (alterations in original) (quoting Malcolm v. Superior Court,

29 Cal. 3d 518, 524, 629 P.2d 495, 174 Cal. Rptr. 694 (1981)). The court also discussed that it

had not previously interpreted the term “affect” literally; rather, it looked to the substance of the

dispute, noting that constructive trust or other equitable causes of action had been appended to

lawsuits centering on money damages. BGJ Assocs., 75 Cal. App. 4th at 970.

       Here, as in BGJ, McCarthy initially sought money damages, an accounting, and attorney

fees. McCarthy later amended his complaint adding West Park as a defendant and asserting a

constructive trust theory. The substance of McCarthy’s complaint is based chiefly in tort and seeks

primarily money damages. Further, the legislative history here reveals similar policy concerns as

those discussed by the BGJ court. See H.B. REP.       ON   H.B. 1009, 53rd Leg. Reg. Sess. (Wash.

1994). Remarks in favor of the enactment of RCW 4.28.328 include the following:

       Lis pendens are being used improperly to hinder sales of real property. Owners of
       real property are being victimized by unscrupulous people. The bill does not
       prevent the proper filing of lis pendens. It simply provides for accountability if it
       is used improperly.

H.B. REP. ON H.B. 1009, at 3.

       For these reasons, we conclude that the reasoning in the cases cited by West Park is more

persuasive, given the factual similarities and the difference in language used in RCW 4.28.328

compared to that employed in the authority that McCarthy cites for support. Accordingly, we


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adopt the reasoning of those courts. Thus, we reject McCarthy’s assertion that a constructive trust

here affects title to property such that it is sufficient to support McCarthy’s recording of the lis

pendens on the Esther Street property.

                                       II. MOTION TO STAY

       McCarthy argues that the superior court erred by denying his motion to stay its order

cancelling the lis pendens during his appeal. West Park responds that the issue is moot. “‘A case

is moot if a court can no longer provide effective relief.’” In re Marriage of Horner, 151 Wn.2d

884, 891, 93 P.3d 124 (2004) (quoting Orwick v. City of Seattle, 103 Wn.2d 249, 253, 692 P.2d

793 (1984)). We decline to address the merits of McCarthy’s argument because the argument is

moot; we can no longer grant relief to McCarthy. McCarthy requests that we reverse the order

cancelling the lis pendens. He does not explain why the trial court’s denial of his motion to stay

should result in a reversal of the order on its merits. McCarthy’s motion to stay the order cancelling

the lis pendens during his appeal was denied by the superior court. We have now determined that

the superior court correctly cancelled the lis pendens. Whether the superior court properly denied

McCarthy’s motion to stay the cancellation order during his appeal is immaterial now. Thus, we

need not address this issue further.

                            III. ISSUES NOT PROPERLY BEFORE THIS COURT

       McCarthy makes several arguments tangentially related to the superior court’s ruling or to

his lawsuit in general. We decline to address these issues because they are not properly before us

for a variety of reasons.




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No. 47004-7-II


                                       A. OTHER REMEDIES

       McCarthy contends that the superior court erred by concluding that a lis pendens

functioned as a lien or restraint on real property similar to an injunction or prejudgment writ of

attachment. Although in its oral ruling the superior court discussed other available remedies and

expressed its belief that those remedies were perhaps more appropriate than the recording of a lis

pendens, it granted West Park’s motion specifically under RCW 4.28.328(2). The superior court’s

remarks regarding injunctive relief were merely the court articulating its view on the record orally.

It was not part of the court’s written ruling.        A written order controls over any apparent

inconsistency with the court’s earlier oral ruling. State v. Mallory, 69 Wn.2d 532, 533-34, 419

P.2d 324 (1966). We do not address this argument further as there is no issue to address.

                                      B. EQUITABLE CLAIMS

       McCarthy also asserts that the superior court erred by not recognizing that he brought his

claims in equity and argues that his claims were not adjudicated. But the only question before the

superior court was whether the cause of action as pleaded was one “affecting title to real property”

and the court ruled that it was not. McCarthy simply reiterates the arguments already discussed

above regarding the breach of fiduciary duties and his request for the superior court to impress a

constructive trust. We do not address this argument further.

                                       C. COMPLAINT AMENDMENT

       McCarthy argues that he should be permitted to amend his complaint to the extent that it

does not state a claim to quiet title. But McCarthy did not request the superior court’s permission

to amend his complaint either before or after the court’s decision to grant West Park’s motion to

cancel the lis pendens. We do not decide issues raised for the first time on appeal unless a party


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No. 47004-7-II


can demonstrate that the alleged errors are manifest errors affecting a constitutional right. RAP

2.5(a)(3). McCarthy undertakes no effort to make that showing here and therefore we decline to

address his argument further.

                                         IV. ATTORNEY FEES

          McCarthy contends that the superior court erred by awarding West Park attorney fees

because this action does affect title to real property. He argues further that if an award of fees was

proper, it should have been entered against Venia instead of himself personally. We disagree.

Finally, McCarthy and West Park request attorney fees on appeal. We grant fees to West Park on

appeal.

          As discussed, RCW 4.28.328(2) provides for an award of actual damages caused by filing

a wrongful notice of lis pendens and for reasonable attorney fees incurred in canceling the lis

pendens. Here, West Park moved to cancel the lis pendens under that provision and prevailed in

doing so.      The statute clearly permits, and in fact requires, an award of reasonable fees.

Accordingly, because the superior court properly granted West Park’s motion to cancel the lis

pendens, its award of attorney fees was also proper. The judgment was also properly entered

against McCarthy himself because the notice of lis pendens lists “FEARGHAL MCCARTHY” as

the person who recorded the notice. CP at 94.

          Also, because McCarthy does not prevail here, he is not entitled to attorney fees on appeal.

West Park, however, is the prevailing party and requests fees pursuant to RAP 18.1. Because

appellate attorney fees are properly awarded following actions upholding a superior court’s

cancellation of improperly filed lis pendens, we award fees to West Park. Richau v. Rayner, 98

Wn. App. 190, 198-99, 988 P.2d 1052 (1999).


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No. 47004-7-II


        We affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.



                                                    JOHANSON, P.J.
 We concur:



 MELNICK, J.




 SUTTON, J.




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