                                   WHOLE COURT

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/


                                                                     March 30, 2015




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A14A1884. NORWICH et al. v. THE SHRIMP FACTORY, INC.

      BRANCH, Judge.

      Franceska and Leonard Norwich brought this premises liability action against

the Shrimp Factory, Inc., a Savannah restaurant, after Mrs. Norwich fell from a

platform upon exiting a toilet stall in the women’s restroom. The trial court granted

summary judgment to the Shrimp Factory on the ground that the uncontroverted

evidence showed that Mrs. Norwich had equal knowledge of the allegedly hazardous

condition of the platform because she had previously negotiated the platform when

she entered the toilet stall. On appeal, plaintiffs argue that a genuine issue of material

fact remains as to whether Mrs. Norwich had equal knowledge of the hazard posed

by the platform. We disagree and therefore affirm.
      “On summary judgment, a trial court is not authorized to resolve disputed

issues of material fact.” (Citation omitted.) Ly v. Jimmy Carter Commons, LLC, 286

Ga. 831, 833 (1) (691 SE2d 852) (2010). Summary judgment is proper if the

pleadings and evidence “show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” OCGA § 9-11-

56 (c). “A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of summary

judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences

drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” (Citation omitted.)

Gayle v. Frank Callen Boys & Girls Club, 322 Ga. App. 412 (745 SE2d 695) (2013).

      So viewed, the evidence shows that the women’s restroom at Shrimp Factory

includes two toilet stalls constructed on top of a raised platform at the far end of the

restroom. To reach either of these stalls, a patron must walk across the main floor of

the restroom, step up onto the platform, and then step up into the stall. The platform

is 6 inches higher than the main floor, and the stall floors are 6½ inches higher than

the platform. The platform has the same wood flooring as the main floor, but the stall

floors are made of tile.

      Each stall has a door that opens outward. The step from the platform to the stall

floor is located at the stall door. On the inside and outside of each stall door is a sign

                                            2
that says “Watch Your Step.” There is a yellow stripe on the floor across the threshold

of the entrance to the stalls, demarcating the step from the platform to the stall floor.

The platform has two non-skid black strips on the surface in front of each bathroom

stall, one of which is nearly flush with the edge of the step. A handrail extends from

a wall between the two bathroom stalls to the end of the platform, to which the

handrail is attached.

      On the day of the accident, a hostess seated Mrs. Norwich and her husband in

the restaurant, and Mrs. Norwich then went to the women’s restroom. After she

entered the restroom, Mrs. Norwich stepped up onto the platform and then stepped

up into one of the bathroom stalls. While in the stall, she saw the sign on the inside

of the door warning patrons to watch their step. She also noticed the yellow stripe on

the floor marking the threshold of the bathroom stall. As she exited from the stall,

Mrs. Norwich stepped down onto the platform while holding the handrail. Believing

that she was on the main floor of the restroom, Mrs. Norwich took her hand off the

handrail when she came to the end of it, and she looked and stepped towards the sink.

She then fell onto her right foot, dislocating and fracturing her ankle.

      Mrs. Norwich and her husband brought this action against the Shrimp Factory,

contending that the women’s restroom was negligently designed and constructed and

                                           3
that the Shrimp Factory had failed to take appropriate measures to make the restroom

safe. The Shrimp Factory answered, denying liability, and thereafter moved for

summary judgment on the ground that as a matter of law, Mrs. Norwich had equal

knowledge of any alleged hazardous condition in the restroom. In opposing summary

judgment, Mrs. Norwich and her husband cited her deposition testimony and the

affidavits of two experts. The first expert, an engineer, averred that several building

code violations in the construction of the women’s restroom “contributed to” Mrs.

Norwich’s fall. Mrs. Norwich and her husband also submitted the affidavit of a

professor of psychology, who testified that the absence of physical features at the

edge of the platform created an “apparent continuity” of the floor and platform

surfaces amounting to a failure in the design of the women’s bathroom and the cause

of Mrs. Norwich’s fall.

      The trial court granted the Shrimp Factory’s motion for summary judgment on

the ground that Mrs. Norwich had equal knowledge of the hazard gained when she

successfully negotiated the step up from the main floor to the platform on her way

into the bathroom stall. This appeal followed.

      A premises liability plaintiff “must plead and prove that: (1) the defendant had

actual or constructive knowledge of the hazard; and (2) the plaintiff, despite

                                          4
exercising ordinary care for his or her own personal safety, lacked knowledge of the

hazard due to the defendant’s actions or to conditions under the defendant’s control.”

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Perkins v. Val D’Aosta Co., 305 Ga. App. 126,

128 (699 SE2d 380) (2010); see also American Multi-Cinema v. Brown, 285 Ga. 442,

444 (2) (679 SE2d 25) (2009).

      In cases involving allegations of a static, dangerous condition such as the step

at issue here, an invitee’s actual knowledge of the condition relieves a proprietor of

any duty to warn that invitee of that condition or hazard because “the invitee has as

much knowledge as the proprietor does.” Perkins, 305 Ga. App. at 128. Thus “a claim

involving a static defect differs from other slip and fall cases in that when a person

has successfully negotiated an alleged dangerous condition on a previous occasion,

that person is presumed to have equal knowledge of it and cannot recover for a

subsequent injury resulting therefrom.” Id. (Citations and punctuation omitted;

emphasis supplied); see also Cocklin v. v. J. C. Penney Corp., 296 Ga. App. 179, 181-

182 (674 SE2d 48) (2009); Trans-Vaughn Dev. Corp. v. Cummings, 273 Ga. App.

505, 508 (615 SE2d 579) (2005); Newell v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 222 Ga.

App. 884, 885 (476 SE2d 631) (1996). This rule imputing knowledge to an invitee

of the danger posed by a premises feature is limited, however, “to cases involving a

                                          5
static condition that is readily discernable to a person exercising reasonable care for

his own safety.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Strauss v.

City of Lilburn, 329 Ga. App. 361, 364 (1) (765 SE2d 49) (2014); see also Perkins,

305 Ga. App. at 128-129; Rutherford v. Revco Discount Drug Centers, 301 Ga. App.

702, 704 (689 SE2d 59) (2009); Cocklin, 296 Ga. App. at 180; Newell, 222 Ga. App.

at 885. This limitation of the rule imputing knowledge of a hazard is simply a

restatement of the truism, still applied, that a plaintiff is held to have knowledge of

“an open and obvious condition.” See Wright v. K-Mart Corp., 286 Ga. App. 765

(650 SE2d 300) (2007) (no error in granting a store summary judgment as to

plaintiff’s claim arising from a trip over store’s shelf corner) (emphasis supplied);

Music v. Steamco, Inc., 265 Ga. App. 185, 186 (593 SE2d 370) (2004) (plaintiff was

held to have had equal knowledge of water on steps leading from restaurant); Becton

v. Tire King of North Columbus, 246 Ga. App. 57, 59 (539 SE2d 551) (2000)

(plaintiff was held not to have exercised due care when she walked backward into a

planter that was “an open and obvious condition”).

      The appeal before us thus turns on the question whether, shortly after Mrs.

Norwich had ascended the step marked by black non-skid tape from the main floor

to the platform without incident, any hazard posed by the same step downward from

                                          6
the platform to the main floor was “obvious” or “readily discernable” to her as a

matter of law.

      When a case involves a second approach to a static hazard soon after successful

traversal of the same hazard, we have consistently resolved the matter of equal

knowledge as a matter of law. In Gantt v. Dave & Busters of Ga., 271 Ga. App. 457

(610 SE2d 116) (2005), for example, we held that a plaintiff who had previously

stepped up to a platform to play a video game had acquired equal knowledge of the

hazard posed by the step even when “a white border across the vertical portion of the

top level” was visible “only from the bottom level,” and when “the top level was

marked with a brown strip along its edge,” just as the top level of this step was

marked with a black strip along its wooden edge. Id. at 458. Likewise, in Orff v.

Stonewood Restaurant Group, 285 Ga. App. 488 (646 SE2d 702) (2007), a plaintiff

who had previously traversed a step up from a restaurant floor to an elevated booth

“fell on the same step she used to reach her booth.” Id. at 490. We emphasized that

“it is the plaintiff’s knowledge of the specific hazard which caused the fall that

determines whether the plaintiff can prevail on a premises liability claim,” and

concluded that having looked down to step up into the booth, the plaintiff should

have known that she would have to step down such that she had equal knowledge of

                                         7
the hazard posed by the step. Id. (citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in

original).

      Here, Mrs. Norwich twice noted “Watch Your Step” signs on both the inside

and the outside of the bathroom stall before falling off the platform shortly after

ascending it. Two black non-skid strips marked the platform between the stall and the

main floor, with one placed near the edge of the platform; both strips are “readily

discernable” even in the poor-quality copy of a photograph included in this appellate

record. Norwich’s experts testified that the irregular depth of this step, the lack of a

proper handrail, and the use of the same wood in the platform and the main floor all

contributed to her fall. Norwich herself testified, however, that nothing had changed

in the condition of the steps between her ascent and her attempted descent, and that

she looked to her left in the direction of the bathroom sinks, let go of the handrail, and

stepped into the air, at which moment she fell. In light of this positive evidence from

the only person present at the time of the fall as to the conditions under which it took

place, expert opinion as to how Norwich may have perceived the step is both

speculative and irrelevant. See Pennington v. WJL, Inc., 263 Ga. App. 758, 760 (1),

(2) (589 SE2d 259) (2003) (affirming grant of summary judgment when evidence did



                                            8
not show that plaintiff actually tripped over hoses near doorway; circumstantial

evidence as to the cause of his fall was speculative and properly disregarded).

      When, as here, a plaintiff has successfully negotiated a specific and static

condition only moments before encountering it again, our law reasonably imputes

knowledge of that condition to her because it presents no new hazard. The cases cited

by the dissent are thus inapposite, and its reliance on expert testimony about an

“apparent continuity” appearing from one angle but not another would gut the

longstanding rule that the successful negotiation of an obvious, static, and specific

hazard, including a step up, bars recovery for injuries sustained in a fall on the way

back down the same hazard. Although there was some evidence in Perkins, for

example, that the plaintiff had previously negotiated the curb over which he fell, his

descent off the curb took place some hours after his previous ascent, with the result

that he was traversing a hazard rendered substantially different by either changed

conditions, the passage of time, or both. Id. at 126-127; see also Cocklin, 296 Ga.

App. at 180 (plaintiff falls on entry to salon she had visited “four or five times

before,” with the elapsed time between the previous visits and the fall not specified).

As we emphasized in Strauss, moreover, and although the plaintiff in that case had

previously visited a restaurant, she had never entered from the point she did on the

                                          9
day of her fall, and thus had not “actually walked either up or down the single-step

riser [on which she fell] before [that] fall.” 329 Ga. App. at 364. Likewise, there was

no evidence in Rutherford that the plaintiff entered the store by walking up the same

ramp down which she exited: as we noted, “the fact that Rutherford had walked into

the store once [did] not as a matter of law give her actual or constructive knowledge

of the hazard she faced walking out of the store directly onto the steep ramp.” Id. at

703. Our decision in Hatcher v. City of Albany, 147 Ga. App. 843 (250 SE2d 537)

(1978), which reversed a grant of a directed verdict as to a claim arising from a fall

from a set of exterior steps, issued almost ten years before the static defect rule and

its limitation as stated above, which first appeared in 1996 and 1995 respectively. See

MARTA v. Fife, 220 Ga. App. 298, 300 (2) (469 SE2d 420) (1996); Martin v.

Dunwoody-Shallowford Partners, 217 Ga. App. 559, 561 (458 SE2d 388) (1995). The

two remaining cases cited by the dissent are not binding precedent. See Pinder v. H

& H Food Svcs., 326 Ga. App. 493 (756 SE2d 721) (2014) (physical precedent only);

Murray v. West Building Materials of Ga., 243 Ga. App. 834 (534 SE2d 204) (2000)

(physical precedent only).

      We understand that an invitee like Mrs. Norwich “[is not] required, in all

circumstances, to look continuously at the floor, without intermission, for defects.”

                                          10
American Multi-Cinema v. Brown, 285 Ga. 442, 447 (2) (679 SE2d 25) (2009)

(footnote omitted). But “the ultimate issue” in this case is whether the owner of this

property “was negligent in maintaining a hazardous condition on the property,” which

fault cannot arise from a failure to warn an invitee of “the obvious.” McLemore v.

Genuine Parts Co., 313 Ga. App. 641, 644 (722 SE2d 366) (2012) (citation and

punctuation omitted). After all, as we repeated a short time ago, “in everyday life,

persons are required to negotiate floors, steps, and doorways.” Id. This trial court did

not err when it concluded that Mrs. Norwich had equal knowledge of the allegedly

hazardous step she had successfully traversed shortly before her fall. We therefore

affirm the grant of summary judgment to The Shrimp Factory.

      Judgment affirmed. Doyle, P. J., Miller, Dillard, and Boggs, JJ., concur.

Barnes, P. J., and Ellington, P. J., dissent.




                                          11
 A14A1884. NORWICH et al. v. THE SHRIMP FACTORY, INC.



      BARNES, Presiding Judge, dissenting.

      A genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the hazardous condition

of the bathroom platform was readily discernible to Mrs. Norwich, in the exercise of

ordinary care, from her vantage point at the time of her fall. Consequently, whether

Mrs. Norwich exercised ordinary care for her own safety, and thus whether she had

equal knowledge of the hazard posed by the platform, are questions of fact that

should be resolved by a jury. The trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the

Shrimp Factory thus should be reversed, and because the majority concludes

otherwise, I respectfully dissent.

      Construed in favor of Mrs. Norwich as the nonmoving party, the evidence

shows that the floor in the women’s restroom at the Shrimp Factory has three levels:

a main wooden floor, a raised wooden platform that is 22 ½ inches in length, and two

bathroom stalls with tile floors. The step from the platform to the bathroom stall floor

                                          12
is located immediately at the stall doors, which have “Watch Your Step” signs on

them. While there is a yellow stripe on the floor at the entrance to the stalls that marks

where the stall floor drops off to the platform, there is no corresponding stripe

marking the edge of the platform where it drops off to the main floor. The platform

has two non-skid black strips in front of each bathroom stall, but the strips clearly do

not reach the edge of the platform and do not demarcate where it drops off to the main

floor. A handrail extends from a wall between the two bathroom stalls, but it stops at

the end of the platform.

      When Mrs. Norwich exited one of the bathroom stalls, she stepped down onto

the platform as she held the handrail. Because she thought she was on the main floor,

Mrs. Norwich injured her right foot as she unexpectedly dropped from the platform

to the main floor upon stepping towards a bathroom sink to wash her hands.

      One of Mrs. Norwich’s experts, a professional engineer, opined that there were

multiple building code violations in the construction of the women’s restroom that

contributed to Mrs. Norwich’s accident. According to the expert, the fact that the

platform was less than 44 inches in length made it difficult for patrons like Mrs.

Norwich walking out of a bathroom stall to “appreciate the fact that they are on a

[platform] and the fact that there is another step to negotiate” downward. Moreover,


                                           13
the expert opined, the lack of a proper handrail extension to the main floor

contributed to patrons like Mrs. Norwich failing “to apprehend the fact that the floor

was one step down from the platform.” The expert further opined that the uniform

color and wooden texture of the platform and main floor affected the visibility of the

step from the platform to the main floor, and that the placement of the yellow strip

where the bathroom stall dropped off to the platform would cause patrons to

reasonably expect a similar strip where the platform dropped off to the main floor.

      Mrs. Norwich’s second expert, a professor of psychology who specialized in

the study of human perception and performance, opined that:

      In the specific case of [Mrs.] Norwich’s accident, there were no physical
      features at the edge of the platform in the area in which she fell that
      would have served as a visual cue for the presence of the second step
      that she encountered that would have attracted her attention to it. That
      is, the edge of the platform was not demarcated by means of paint or
      other markings that would have allowed it to be visually discriminated
      from the base floor below the step. The color and texture of the platform
      that Mrs. Norwich was standing on at that point was identical to the
      color and texture of the area below it, so that visually there was an
      apparent continuity of surfaces. Insofar as the riser connecting the
      platforms was not visible from the direction that Mrs. Norwich
      approached it, the rise also could not serve as a visual cue for the
      discontinuity in the surface. Additionally, the end of the handrail at the
      edge of the platform provided a misleading cue to Mrs. Norwich that she

                                         14
      had reached the base level of the floor. . . . [Furthermore,] [t]he bright
      yellow paint demarcating the edge of the first step and an accompanying
      warning sign would have created an expectation that edges in this
      environment would have some form of demarcation.


Given the lack of demarcation at the edge of the platform where it dropped off to the

main floor, combined with the allegedly misleading cues provided by the length of

the handrail and presence of a demarcation only at the edge of the bathroom stall, the

expert concluded that the failure in the design of the women’s bathroom was the

direct and proximate cause of Mrs. Norwich’s accident.

      After considering the submissions of the parties, the trial court granted the

Shrimp Factory’s motion for summary judgment, and the majority now affirms based

on the rule that a person who has successfully negotiated a hazardous condition

before is presumed to have equal knowledge of it and cannot recovery for any injuries

resulting from the hazard. See Perkins v. Val D’Aosta Co., 305 Ga. App. 126, 128

(699 SE2d 380) (2010). But “the rule imputing knowledge of a danger to a person

who has successfully negotiated an alleged dangerous condition before applies only

to cases involving a static condition that is readily discernible to a person exercising

reasonable care for his own safety.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in



                                          15
original.) Strauss v. City of Lilburn, 329 Ga. App. 361, 364 (1) (765 SE2d 49) (2014).

See Perkins, 305 Ga. App. at 128-129.

      Given the “readily discernible” requirement, even if the plaintiff previously

negotiated a step or ramp, a question of fact still remains as to whether the plaintiff

should have detected the change in elevation at the step or on the ramp at the time of

his or her fall, if there is evidence that the change in elevation, from the plaintiff’s

vantage point when the fall occurred, was hidden or difficult to see because of

irregularities or unique characteristics of the step or ramp. See Perkins, 305 Ga. App.

at 129 (genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the plaintiff had equal

knowledge of hazard posed by curb, even though the plaintiff had stepped down from

the curb two or three times before, given that the step down from the curb “was

difficult to see when approached from above due to lighting conditions, darkened

surfaces and lack of warning”); Rutherford v. Revco Discount Drug Centers, 301 Ga.

App. 702, 704 (689 SE2d 59) (2009) (genuine issue of material fact existed as to

whether the plaintiff had equal knowledge of hazard posed by ramp he had previously

ascended a few minutes before when entering store, given that “the ramp was not

painted or marked in any way to make it stand out from the sidewalk,” “the ramp

declined almost at the threshold of the door” to the store, and the closed door blocked


                                          16
the plaintiff’s view of the ramp);1 Murray v. West Bldg. Materials of Ga., 243 Ga.

App. 834, 835-836 (534 SE2d 204) (2000) (physical precedent only) (fact that

plaintiff had previously negotiated steps upon entering store did not warrant grant of

summary judgment to defendant who fell when exiting from the store, given the

hazards posed by descending the steps caused by “a combination of the steps’ lack

of uniformity, their excessive combined height and width, and the too-short handrail

compounding the first two irregularities”); Hatcher v. City of Albany, 147 Ga. App.

843, 845 (2) (250 SE2d 537) (1978) (summary judgment inappropriate where plaintiff

fell while walking down steps that were irregular in depth and were concealed by the

dark, although he had previously ascended and descended the steps shortly before the

fall occurred).2


      1
         The majority claims that “there was no evidence in Rutherford that the
plaintiff entered the store by walking up the same ramp down which she exited.” But
we pointed out in Rutherford, 301 Ga. App. at 704, that the store “had a single entry”
with a ramp and “[n]o landing outside the door.” Moreover, the dissent in Rutherford
emphasized that there was “no evidence . . . that [the plaintiff] gained entrance to the
store except by means of the same ramp she fell down on exiting” and that it was
“undisputed” that she had “negotiated the ramp successfully on entering the store.”
Id. at 706 (Andrews, P. J., dissenting).
      2
        Although the majority states that Hatcher was “issued almost ten years before
the static defect rule and its limitation,” Hatcher is consistent with our more recent
static defect cases and remains good law, as made clear by our recent citation to the
case with approval in Rutherford, 301 Ga. App. at 703-704.

                                          17
      Likewise, if the change in elevation is hidden or difficult to see from the

plaintiff’s vantage point because of an optical illusion, summary judgment is

inappropriate even if the plaintiff has previously negotiated the step or ramp. See

Strauss, 329 Ga. App. at 362, 364-365 (1) (even if plaintiff had previously negotiated

step, summary judgment would be inappropriate, where change in elevation at step,

“especially when viewed in descent,” was “‘invisible’ on sunny days” such that the

step “appear[ed] ‘continuous’ or like ‘one flat surface’ when walking down towards

the street”); Pinder v. H & H Food Svcs., 326 Ga. App. 493, 503 (3), n. 9 (756 SE2d

721) (2014) (physical precedent only) (noting that even if plaintiff had previously

walked up the ramp, summary judgment was inappropriate where plaintiff could not

see change in elevation when descending the ramp because of an optical illusion).

      When these principles are applied to the present case, although Mrs. Norwich

had previously stepped onto the platform when walking to the bathroom stall, there

is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the change in elevation from the

platform to the main floor should have been readily discernible to her, in the exercise

of reasonable care, when walking away from the stall. Mrs. Norwich presented

evidence, including expert testimony, from which a jury could find that the drop from

the platform to the main floor, from the vantage point of a patron walking away from


                                          18
the bathroom stall, was extremely difficult to see in light of the fact that the platform

and main floor were the same color wood, and there were no lines or marks

demarcating the edge of the platform. Additionally, a jury could find that the short

length of the platform and the failure of the handrail to extend down to the main floor,

when combined with the previously mentioned irregularities, created an illusion to

a patron standing on the platform that he or she was standing on the main floor. A

jury could further find that the bright yellow line demarcating the edge of the

bathroom stall and accompanying warning sign could have led a patron to reasonably

believe that other drop-offs in this environment would have some form of

demarcation, and that the absence of such a demarcation at the edge of the platform

thus was misleading.

      Under these circumstances, whether Mrs. Norwich exercised ordinary care for

her own safety, and thus whether she had equal knowledge of the hazard posed by the

platform, are questions of fact to be resolved at trial. See Strauss, 329 Ga. App. at

362, 364-365 (1) (material issues of fact remained as to whether hazard was readily

discernible to plaintiff, where, among other things, plaintiff’s expert testified to

“camouflaged hazard” posed by step where plaintiff fell); Cocklin v. JC Penney

Corp., 296 Ga. App. 179, 182 (674 SE2d 48) (2009) (material issues of fact remained


                                           19
as to whether hazard was readily discernible to plaintiff, where, among other things,

plaintiff’s flooring expert testified to difficulty in observing edge of ceramic tile

where plaintiff fell).

        In affirming the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the Shrimp

Factory, the majority relies upon Orff v. Stonewood Rest. Group, 285 Ga. App. 488,

489-490 (646 SE2d 702) (2007), but that case is distinguishable. In Orff, the plaintiff

walked up a step to reach a booth in a restaurant and later fell from the step when

leaving the restaurant. Id. at 488-489. We affirmed the grant of summary judgment

to the restaurant on the ground that the plaintiff had previously negotiated the

hazardous condition posed by the step without incident and thus was presumed to

have knowledge of the condition. Id. at 489-490. However, Orff involved a single

step up to a booth, whereas the present case involved two steps, one of which had a

sharply contrasting demarcation, which could have misled a patron standing on the

platform looking away from the bathroom stall into believing that he or she was

standing on the main floor, as indicated by the expert testimony presented.

      Additionally, the plaintiff in Orff admitted that if she had been paying attention

she would not have fallen, conceding that she had been looking over at her dinner

companions when she fell and that “if she had looked down, she likely would have


                                          20
seen the step as there was nothing obstructing her view and she knew she had to

descend a step to reach the hostess stand.” 285 Ga. App. at 489. In contrast, Mrs.

Norwich testified in her deposition that she was not distracted before she fell from the

platform and instead had fallen simply because she had thought she was on the main

floor. According to Mrs. Norwich, she had been holding onto the handrail upon

exiting the bathroom stall and had come to the end of the rail when she looked over

at the sinks and stepped towards them, believing she was on the main floor. And

when asked if she would have seen the step from the platform to the main floor if she

had looked down at the ground immediately before her fall, Mrs. Norwich testified

that she was not sure that she would have, given that the platform and main floor were

the same color. Given these differences between the two cases as reflected by Mrs.

Norwich’s deposition testimony, the majority’s reliance on Orff is misplaced. See

Strauss, 329 Ga. App. at 364 (1) (distinguishing Orff on the ground that the plaintiff

had previously traversed the same hazard and had “admitted that she was not paying

attention at the time of the fall”).

       The majority also relies upon Gantt v. Dave & Buster’s of Ga., 271 Ga. App.

457 (610 SE2d 116) (2005), which involved a single step that “was marked with a

brown strip along its edge.” Because the step from which the plaintiff fell had a strip


                                          21
on its edge that demarcated the drop off from the step to the main floor, Gantt is

distinguishable from the instant case. Here, the non-skid black strips on the platform

from which Mrs. Norwich fell did not extend to the edge of the platform, and, as

previously discussed, a jury could find that this lack of demarcation along the edge

contributed to the difficulty in seeing the drop from the platform to the main floor

when walking away from the bathroom stall.

      For these combined reasons, we should reverse the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment to the Shrimp Factory so that the factual issues arising in this case

can be decided by a jury. As our Supreme Court has emphasized, “the ‘routine’ issues

of premises liability, i.e., the negligence of the defendant and the plaintiff, and the

plaintiff’s lack of ordinary care for personal safety are generally not susceptible of

summary adjudication.” Robinson v. Kroger Co., 268 Ga. 735, 748 (2) (b) (493 SE2d

403) (1997). Summary judgment is proper “only when the evidence is plain,

palpable, and undisputed,” and that simply is not the situation here. Id.

      I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Ellington joins in this dissent.




                                          22
