            United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit


Nos. 14-1692
     14-1870
     14-1919
     14-2098


                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                                 v.

MANUEL DE JESÚS ROSARIO-PÉREZ; JORGE GÓMEZ-GONZÁLEZ, a/k/a Jorge
 Cara de Truck; BRYANT SETIAWAN-RAMOS, a/k/a Chino; and SANTIAGO
               HERNÁNDEZ-ROSA, a/k/a Chago Coyote,

                       Defendants, Appellants.


            APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

           [Hon. Daniel R. Domínguez, U.S. District Judge]


                               Before

                        Howard, Chief Judge,
                 Torruella and Dyk,* Circuit Judges.


     José R. Olmo-Rodríguez for appellant Manuel de Jesús Rosario-
Pérez.
     Rafael F. Castro Lang for appellants Jorge Gómez-González,
Bryant Setiawan-Ramos, and Santiago Hernández-Rosa.
     William A. Glaser, Attorney, Appellate Section, Criminal
Division, U.S. Department of Justice, with whom Leslie R. Caldwell,
Assistant Attorney General, Sung-Hee Suh, Deputy Assistant

     *   Of the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.
Attorney General, Rosa E. Rodríguez-Vélez, United States Attorney,
Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney,
Appellate Chief, G. Andrew Massucco, Assistant United States
Attorney, and Elba Gorbea, Assistant United States Attorney, were
on brief, for appellee.


                         April 29, 2020
           HOWARD, Chief Judge.    After a thirty-five-day trial, a

jury convicted Manuel De Jesús Rosario-Pérez ("Rosario"), Jorge

Gómez-González ("Gómez"), Bryant Setiawan-Ramos ("Setiawan"), and

Santiago Hernández-Rosa ("Hernández") of various drug and weapons

charges.   On appeal, these defendants argue that reversible errors

infected nearly every stage and aspect of their trials.     Finding

most of the claims without merit, we affirm as to Rosario, Gómez,

and Hernández but vacate Setiawan's convictions and remand his

case for a new trial.

                           I.   Background

           We present the facts in the light most favorable to the

jury verdict, see United States v. Naranjo-Rosario, 871 F.3d 86,

90 (1st Cir. 2017), reserving some details to our analysis of the

issues raised on appeal.

           The defendants were convicted for their participation in

a massive drug-trafficking conspiracy that operated various drug

distribution points in Puerto Rico, including one in Old San Juan's

La Perla community called "La Boveda." Each defendant was indicted

for conspiracy to distribute drugs within 1,000 feet of a school

(Count One) and possession with intent to distribute heroin (Count

Two), cocaine (Count Three), and marijuana (Count Four).        The

indictment also charged everyone but Rosario with carrying and

using firearms in relation to drug trafficking (Count Five).




                                - 3 -
            The defendants' joint trial featured testimony from

several cooperating witnesses, including "Flow," "Willyboy," and

"Cascote." Rosario, a street-level seller, was convicted on Counts

One, Three,1 and Four, and was sentenced to time served.              Setiawan,

a "little boss," was convicted on all counts and sentenced to life

imprisonment plus five years.           Hernández, the "owner" of certain

"brands" sold at La Boveda, was convicted on all five counts and

received a 30-year concurrent sentence on Counts One through Four,

plus five years on Count Five.          Gómez, the conspiracy leader, was

convicted   on   Count   One    and   sentenced   to   a    30-year    term   of

imprisonment.

            For ease of exposition, we will first discuss arguments

specific to each individual defendant and then move to those

arguments common to all the appellants.

                                II.     Rosario

            Rosario   assails     his    conviction    on    two   individual

grounds: evidentiary sufficiency and prejudice from eventually

stricken flight evidence.       Neither argument succeeds.

A.   Sufficiency

            Rosario argues that the evidence was insufficient to

convict him on Count One (conspiracy) and Count Four (marijuana



      1As we discuss below, the district court granted Rosario a
judgment of acquittal on this count due to an inconsistency in the
jury's special verdict.


                                      - 4 -
possession).       "When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we

reverse only if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable

to the government, could not have persuaded any trier of fact of

the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."                      United States

v. Tavares, 705 F.3d 4, 17–18 (1st Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).

In other words, "[w]e need not conclude that no verdict other than

a guilty verdict could sensibly be reached but must only be

satisfied that the verdict finds support in a plausible rendition

of the record."       United States v. Liriano, 761 F.3d 131, 135 (1st

Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).                    When conducting this de novo

review,     see    id.,      we    will     not    "weigh    evidence       or   assess

credibility."        Tavares, 705 F.3d at 18.

              1.   Count One: conspiracy

              To convict Rosario of conspiracy to distribute drugs,

"the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that an

agreement     existed       to    commit   the     underlying    offense     and    that

[Rosario]     elected       to    join    the   agreement,      intending    that    the

underlying offense be committed." Liriano, 761 F.3d at 135 (citing

United States v. Paret-Ruiz, 567 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2009)).

Rosario's agreement to join the conspiracy could have been "express

or   tacit"    and    the    government         could   prove    it   by   "direct    or

circumstantial evidence."            Id. (citation omitted).          "In conducting

our sufficiency analysis, we remain aware that the government may

provide evidence sufficient to convict without showing that: (1)


                                           - 5 -
each conspirator knew of or had contact with all other members;

(2) each conspirator knew of all the details of the conspiracy or

participated   in   every   act    in    furtherance     of   it;   or   (3)   the

conspiratorial 'cast of characters' remained intact throughout the

duration of the entire enterprise."               United States v. Cruz-

Rodríguez, 541 F.3d 19, 28 (1st Cir. 2008).

          Rosario argues that there was no evidence linking him to

any of the conspirators: although he was arrested allegedly selling

drugs at La Boveda, the drugs attributed to him did not have a

seal or other marking belonging to one of the "brands" commonly

sold at the drug point.           At most, Rosario claims, he was an

independent seller operating at the drug point.

          Not so.     Although we agree that "'mere presence at the

scene of the crime' or 'mere association with conspirators' is not

enough to establish guilt," United States v. Llinas, 373 F.3d 26,

32 (1st Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Gómez-Pabón, 911 F.2d

847, 853 (1st Cir. 1990)), we have long recognized that "the mere

presence defense is not so ubiquitous as to envelop every drug-

trafficking case in which the government lacks direct evidence of

a   defendant's     complicity,"        id.   (quoting    United     States     v.

Echeverri, 982 F.2d 675, 678 (1st Cir. 1993)).                 Like Echeverri

itself, this is a case in which "a defendant's 'mere presence'

argument will fall [because] the 'mere' is lacking."                982 F.2d at

678.


                                    - 6 -
             A reasonable jury could conclude that Rosario sold drugs

at La Boveda and that he did so as part of the conspiracy.                     One

police officer testified that he had seen Rosario "[s]elling

controlled substances in La Perla, at La Boveda."                Another officer

testified that when he arrested Rosario after a chase at La Boveda,

Rosario possessed eighty-one baggies of marijuana, twenty-six

baggies of cocaine, and over $100 in cash.                 Flow testified that he

had seen Rosario "hanging out" at the drug point.2                  And Willyboy

told the jury that he had seen Rosario selling "mostly cocaine and

marijuana" at the drug point on multiple occasions.

             Evidence    also      showed    that    the   conspiracy's    leaders

established certain rules for sellers operating at La Boveda, from

establishing standard drug prices to dictating where sellers could

market their drugs.          Sellers also pooled their money to hire

lookouts.     The jury could have inferred that Rosario, as a seller

at La Boveda, was also subject to these rules and therefore

participated in the conspiracy.             See United States v. Mena-Robles,

4   F.3d    1026,    1032    (1st    Cir.    1993)    (noting    that,    in   some

conspiracies,       "there   are    circumstances      where    presence   itself

implies participation" (quoting United States v. Ortiz, 966 F.2d



      2Rosario interprets Flow's testimony as establishing that
Rosario "was not a member" of the conspiracy. We disagree. Flow
never testified that Rosario "was not a member," nor did he
contradict other witnesses who testified that Rosario was, in fact,
selling as part of the conspiracy.


                                       - 7 -
707, 712 (1st Cir. 1992))).       "While these factual conclusions are

not the only ones the jury could have reached, we find them . . .

reasonable."     Id.    Therefore, we find the evidence sufficient to

support Rosario's drug-conspiracy conviction.

           2.    Count Four: marijuana

           Rosario claims that the evidence was insufficient on

this count because there is no way that the jury could have

believed testimony that he sold marijuana and cocaine at the drug

point.   The jury convicted Rosario of possession with intent to

distribute cocaine but found no amount of cocaine attributable to

him.   This inconsistency, Rosario maintains, establishes that the

jury did not believe the witnesses who connected Rosario to

cocaine; so, to the extent that the same witnesses connected

Rosario to marijuana, the jury must have disbelieved them on the

marijuana question too.      Once we eliminate this testimony, Rosario

concludes, there is not enough evidence left to convict him on the

substantive marijuana count.

           We disagree.      Inconsistent verdicts "often are a product

of jury lenity."       United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (1984).

Therefore, sufficiency review on one count "should be independent

of the jury's determination that evidence on another count was

insufficient."     Id. at 67; see also Mena-Robles, 4 F.3d at 1031

("[T]he jury is empowered to accept or reject, in whole or in part,

any testimony.").      Furthermore, Rosario was arrested while fleeing


                                   - 8 -
La Boveda with eighty-one baggies of marijuana.                      "[I]ntent to

distribute    drugs    can     legitimately       be    inferred    from   factors

[including] quantity . . . ."             Echeverri, 982 F.2d at 678.           The

evidence was sufficient to support Rosario's conviction on the

substantive marijuana count.

B.   Prejudice from stricken flight evidence

             Before trial, the court sent Rosario to an inpatient

drug-treatment program.          Shortly thereafter, Rosario absconded

from the treatment center and evaded capture for nearly two weeks.

Over Rosario's objection, a deputy marshal testified at trial that

he   subsequently     found    and    arrested    Rosario.         Initially,   the

district court indicated that it was planning to instruct the jury

that flight evidence could be probative of consciousness of guilt,

but ultimately it instructed the jury that the marshal's testimony

was "not to be taken into consideration."               Moreover, when charging

the jury, the court offered this reminder: "Anything I have

excluded from evidence or ordered stricken and instructed you to

disregard is not evidence.           You must not consider such items."

             On   appeal,     Rosario    argues    that,    because    the   other

evidence against him was so weak, the jury probably convicted him

based on impermissible flight evidence.                Not only do we doubt that

the district court abused its discretion by initially admitting

the flight evidence, see United States v. Benedetti, 433 F.3d 111,

116 (1st Cir. 2005), but the court also mitigated any potential


                                        - 9 -
damage with its later curative instruction.                  As we have recognized

time and again, "within wide margins, the potential for prejudice

stemming from improper testimony or comments can be satisfactorily

dispelled    by    appropriate       curative       instructions,"      even    if   the

instructions       do    not     follow    immediately     upon   the    problematic

remark.     United States v. Ayala-Vázquez, 751 F.3d 1, 26 (1st Cir.

2014) (quoting United States v. Pagán-Ferrer, 736 F.3d 573, 587

(1st Cir. 2013)).

             In    light    of    both    the    court's    instructions       and   the

evidence against Rosario, which was sufficient to convict even

without the flight evidence, we see no reason to believe that the

jury convicted Rosario based on the stricken flight evidence.                        See

id. at 25–27 (presumption that jury followed court's curative

instruction       is    overcome    only    in     "rare   circumstances       implying

extreme prejudice" (emphasis omitted) (quoting United States v.

Freeman, 208 F.3d 332, 339 (1st Cir. 2000)).

                                   III.     Setiawan

             As part of its conspiracy case, the government presented

evidence that Setiawan shot and killed "Teton," a drug seller

indebted to Setiawan. On appeal, Setiawan claims that the district

court erred by: (1) admitting evidence that Setiawan killed Teton;

(2) excluding evidence that Cascote killed Teton; and (3) making

its sentencing determinations.                  In short, we conclude that the

district court's decision to admit the murder evidence while


                                          - 10 -
excluding the exculpatory evidence was not proper and that the

cumulative effect of the decision warrants a new trial. Because we

remand for a new trial, we do not reach Setiawan's sentencing

claims.

A.   Admitting Murder Evidence

           Setiawan argues that the district court constructively

amended the indictment by admitting evidence that he killed Teton.

Essentially, Setiawan argues that he was charged with a conspiracy

to distribute drugs -- not the separate offense of killing someone

during the course of a drug crime -- so evidence of Teton's murder

could not be presented as an overt act of the drug-distribution

conspiracy.   Setiawan did not preserve this claim at trial, so as

both parties agree, we review for plain error.    See United States

v. Brandao, 539 F.3d 44, 60 (1st Cir. 2008).

           Although   Setiawan    makes   a   constructive-amendment

argument, it is unclear whether his complaint would be described

more appropriately as a variance from the indictment.    See United

States v. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, 663 F.3d 53, 58 n.6 (1st Cir. 2008)

("The line [between the two doctrines] is inherently fuzzy.")

(citation omitted).    A constructive amendment occurs when the

difference between the indictment and the proof at trial is so

great that the defendant was essentially convicted of a charge for

which he was not indicted; a variance occurs when the charge is

unchanged, but the facts proved at trial are different from those


                                 - 11 -
alleged in the indictment.    See United States v. Fisher, 3 F.3d

456, 462 (1st Cir. 1993).    Ultimately, it does not matter whether

we construe Setiawan's argument as one of constructive amendment

or variance -- neither occurred here.

          The introduction of evidence at trial that Setiawan

murdered Teton did not constructively amend the indictment, which

charged Setiawan with, among other things, conspiracy to possess

with intent to distribute controlled substances under 21 U.S.C.

§ 846. The government is not required to allege or prove any overt

act as an element of a § 846 conspiracy.      See United States v.

Vega-Figueroa, 234 F.3d 744, 754 (1st Cir. 2000) (citing United

States v. Shabani, 513 U.S. 10, 13 (1994)).           Therefore, the

government's gratuitous proof of an overt act relevant to the

conspiracy -- Teton's murder -- "does not involve an alleged

constructive amendment of [the indictment] to include an 'offense

not charged by the grand jury.'" United States v. Fornia-Castillo,

408 F.3d 52, 66 (1st Cir. 2005).   "(quoting United States v. Dunn,

758 F.2d 30, 35 (1st Cir. 1985))."

          Setiawan is mistaken in his argument that this is the

first time that murder evidence has been introduced as an overt

act in a drug conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846.

We have recognized, but found unavailing, the contention that

admitting this sort of evidence "arguably carrie[s] the risk of

turning a drug conspiracy case into a murder case."    United States


                               - 12 -
v. Rivera Calderón, 578 F.3d 78, 99 (1st Cir. 2009).                 Here, the

murder evidence does "not appear to have been calculated to arouse

the passions of the jury," so its admission is not reversible

error.     Id. at 98.    Setiawan merely asserts without development

that the murder evidence was unfairly prejudicial.                Even if his

argument were not waived, see United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d

1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990), after careful review, we note that the

relevant testimony was presented in a manner similar to that

approved of in Rivera Calderón -- the witnesses "described the

murder[]    matter-of-factly,       stating   that   [Teton   was]   shot   but

leaving out graphic details."         578 F.3d at 98.

               Further, "[t]here is no variance" when, as here, a

defendant "does not contend that the government failed to prove

[the indictment's] allegations at trial" but "argues that he was

charged only with [those] acts, and that the government 'varied'

from the indictment by offering additional evidence."                    United

States    v.    Innamorati,   996   F.2d   456,   477–78   (1st   Cir.   1993)

(emphasis in original).

               In Vega-Figueroa, we rejected a variance claim like

Setiawan's.      There, the defendant claimed that the trial evidence

of his involvement in a drug-trafficking conspiracy -- including

his involvement in an uncharged murder -- impermissibly varied

from the indictment, which did not mention the murder.                234 F.3d

at 753.     We determined that there was "no basis" for a variance


                                     - 13 -
claim because the government was not limited at trial only to those

overt acts alleged in the indictment.    Id. at 754.   Differently

stated, "[t]he fact that the government proved aspects of the

conspiracy beyond those recited in the indictment . . . simply

does not constitute a variance."   Fisher, 3 F.3d at 463.

           Finally, even if there had been a constructive amendment

or variance, Setiawan could not demonstrate prejudice under the

plain-error standard because he does not dispute that he had

advance notice of the murder evidence.    See Brandao, 539 F.3d at

62–63 (finding that the constructive amendment did not "seriously

jeopardize" the defendant's rights when, among other things, he

"was provided adequate notice of the charges against him"); Fornia-

Castillo, 408 F.3d at 67 (concluding that the variance was not

prejudicial when the defendant "had ample notice of and ample

opportunity to prepare to meet the government's evidence before

trial").

           In Rivera-Donate, for instance, we declined to find a

prejudicial variance when the defendant could not 'credibly claim

surprise' about the government's proof at trial.    Id.     At 130

(quoting United States v. Marrrero-Ortiz, 160 F.3d 768, 773 (1st

Cir. 1998)).     Setiawan knew that he was under indictment for

participating in a drug-distribution conspiracy, and "he knew that

his central defense needed to be that he was not part of that

[conspiracy]."    United States v. Alicea-Cardoza, 132 F.3d 1, 6


                              - 14 -
(1st Cir. 1997).     Therefore, he cannot demonstrate prejudice under

the plain-error standard.

B.   Excluding Exculpatory Evidence

            Setiawan maintains that the district court improperly

excluded evidence supporting his defense that Cascote, rather than

Setiawan, killed Teton.        First, Setiawan argues that the district

court improperly excluded hearsay testimony admissible under the

statement-against-interest exception.               Second, Setiawan argues

that the district court erred by striking a witness's testimony

following   the    witness's     refusal    to   answer    the    prosecution's

questions on cross-examination. We review for abuse of discretion.

See United States v. Monserrate-Valentín, 729 F.3d 31, 52 (1st

Cir. 2013); United States v. Baskin, 424 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 2005).

            1.    Hearsay statement

            Setiawan    wanted    Luis     Rivera-Melendez        ("Rivera"),   a

codefendant who had pleaded guilty, to testify that he was present

at Teton's murder and that Cascote, not Setiawan, was the killer.

But Rivera invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to testify.

The district court ruled that Rivera's testimony risked self-

incrimination and deemed Rivera unavailable as a witness.                    See

Fed. R. Evid. 804(a)(1).

            Setiawan then attempted to call a defense attorney,

Miriam   Ramos-Grateroles      ("Ramos"),     who    had   been    present   when

Setiawan's attorney interviewed Rivera in prison.             Ramos testified


                                   - 15 -
outside the jury's presence that Rivera told Setiawan's counsel

that he witnessed Cascote shoot Teton at a drug point.             Setiawan

argued    that    Ramos's    testimony   relaying   Rivera's   out-of-court

statement    was   admissible    under   the   statement-against-interest

exception because the statement placed Rivera at a drug point,

exposing him to criminal liability.          See Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3).

             The district court excluded the statement.          The court

reasoned that Ramos's testimony would be "inherently unreliable"

because she would not be subject to cross-examination about the

drug-trafficking conspiracy or the murder.          The court's ruling did

not depend on either criterion relevant to admitting evidence under

Rule 804(b)(3), namely, that the hearsay statement must be against

the out-of-court declarant's interest and the statement must be

corroborated.      See id.

             The court's basis for excluding the hearsay statement

i.e., that Ramos would not be subject to cross-examination about

the conspiracy or murder -- was improper.           In-court witnesses who

relay hearsay statements are never subject to cross-examination

about the substance of out-of-court statements.          The Federal Rules

of Evidence exclude hearsay statements generally, see Fed. R. Evid.

802, in large part because of an opponent's inability to cross

examine the in-court witness on the substance of the out-of-court

statement.       See Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594, 598

(1994).     The Rules provide exceptions to admit certain hearsay


                                    - 16 -
statements,     however,     because       either   the    substance      of     the

statement, see, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 803(4) (statement made for

medical diagnosis or treatment), or the way the declarant makes

the statement, see, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 803(2) (excited utterance),

provides a measure of reliability sufficient to warrant admission,

even though neither the out-of-court witness nor the in-court

witness   is    subject     to    cross-examination       on   the    statement's

substance.     See Williamson, 512 U.S. at 598–99.

             Additionally,       when    the   district   court      excluded    the

testimony    because   it    was    "inherently     unreliable,"       the     court

usurped the jury's role.          Reliability and credibility of in-court

witnesses are matters for the jury to determine. See, e.g., United

States v. Barone, 114 F.3d 1284, 1300 (1st Cir. 1997).                   In fact,

we have rejected precisely what occurred in this case.                  In United

States v. Seeley, this court agreed with a Second Circuit decision

holding that Rule 804(b)(3) does not require the trial court to

make a special assessment of the credibility of a witness who

relays an out-of-court declaration against penal interest.                       See

United States v. Seeley, 892 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1989) (citing

United States v. Katsougrakis, 715 F.2d 769, 777 (2d Cir. 1983)).

Undoubtedly, a district court may exclude evidence on grounds other

than credibility, see, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 403, but credibility of

in-court witnesses is exclusively the jury's province, see Seeley,

892 F.2d at 3. As a result, the district court improperly excluded


                                        - 17 -
Ramos's    testimony    when    it   concluded       the    testimony     would   be

"inherently unreliable" because the government would not be able

to cross examine her about the murder or conspiracy.                   The district

court erred by excluding testimony that should have been admitted

under Rule 804(b)(3).

            2. Striking Colon's Testimony

            Setiawan's       attorney      also    called      David   Colon-Geigel

("Colon"), a coconspirator, as a witness to rebut the murder

accusation.     In response to questioning from Setiawan's attorney,

Colon explained that he was Cascote's right-hand man, that Cascote

is the godfather of his oldest son, and that Colon sold drugs for

Cascote.    Colon also testified that he witnessed Cascote shoot

Teton and that Flow, the government's only purported eyewitness to

the   murder,   was    not   near    the    site    of   the    shooting.     After

Setiawan's attorney finished questioning Colon, the three other

defense attorneys each asked whether their clients had any role in

the drug trafficking in La Perla; Colon responded that none of

them did.

            On cross-examination, the government asked about Colon's

drug-trafficking       activities     and    the    defendants'        involvement.

Then, the government asked further questions about other members

of the conspiracy who had been indicted in this case and pleaded

guilty, including Flow who had testified that Setiawan shot Teton.

Colon answered the questions.              When the government began asking


                                     - 18 -
about unindicted members of the conspiracy, Colon refused to answer

the questions:    "Well, what happens is I don't want to be talking

like this.   I don't want to incriminate anyone else."                After

dismissing the jury and summoning Colon's attorney, the judge and

attorneys reconvened, at which point the prosecutor explained that

he planned to show Colon one hundred photographs and seven videos

to probe his knowledge of the conspiracy generally covering the

unindicted coconspirators.          The government requested that the

district court strike Colon's entire testimony because he was

refusing to answer questions about the conspiracy.

          With    his    attorney   present,   Colon   was   asked   by   the

district court about what questions he intended to answer:

     The Court:  Sir, you testified and you stated that
     you were not going to testify anything further
     relating to any other defendant but these four
     defendants.

     The Witness:       Yes.

     The Court:    Is that still the case?

     The Witness:       I am not going to testify.

In a bench conference, Colon's attorney stated that "[Colon] has

stated clearly that he [wa]s going to refuse to testify to any

further questions."       The district court continued to discuss the

question whether Colon's testimony should be stricken.               Colon's

attorney apparently left the courtroom.         The district court then

asked Colon two more questions:



                                    - 19 -
      The Court:   So that means that you are not going to
      answer any questions as to Setiawan?

      The Witness:      No.

      The Court:   And that means that you are not going to
      answer any further questions as to any further
      defendants that are here?

      The Witness: I would answer questions if I wasn't asked
      questions regarding people that are not present here.


Colon's statements were ambiguous about whether he was refusing to

answer questions about only unindicted coconspirators or also

questions involving Teton's murder.              Even Colon's "no" answer to

the first question regarding Setiawan is unclear whether he meant

to   say   he   would    or   would    not     answer   questions   about   him.

Nonetheless, the district court ordered Colon's testimony stricken,

subject to reconsideration if Colon's attorney "allows him to

talk."     The attorney for Colon later reappeared and stated that "I

went to the cellblock and I spoke with David Colon Geigel.                    He

reiterated      his    position   to    testify     about    anyone."       This

representation did little to clarify Colon's intention and appeared

inconsistent with Colon's last statement that "I would answer

questions if I wasn't asked questions regarding people that are not

present here."        Nevertheless, the district court made no further

effort to clarify the scope of Colon's refusal.

             Despite the ambiguity of Colon's refusal, the district

court granted the government's request to strike his testimony.



                                      - 20 -
The court initially reasoned that attorneys for the defendants

other than Setiawan opened the door to the conspiracy questions.

Ultimately, however, the court concluded that Setiawan's attorney's

having asked Colon about Cascote and Colon's responses opened up

all questions related to the conspiracy, because Cascote was a

leader of the conspiracy.       Further, the court explained, even the

murder-related questioning opened the door for cross-examination

about the entire conspiracy because the murder was part of the

conspiracy. On this basis, the district court struck Colon's entire

testimony, including his direct testimony about Teton's murder.3

            "The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the

right to present a defense, but that right is subject to the

government's legitimate interest in testing the truth of testimony

offered by the defense through cross-examination."          United States

v. Bartelho, 129 F.3d 663, 673 (1st Cir. 1997).           Therefore, "[a]

trial judge may strike a witness's direct testimony if he flatly

refuses   to    answer   cross-examination    questions   related   to   the

details of his direct testimony."          Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).      But if the prosecution asks about collateral matters -

- matters that are not "of consequence to the case" -- the district

court should "protect the defendant's right to present his defense,



     3Striking the entire testimony, the district court instructed
Setiawan's attorney: "I am sorry. Appeal the ruling. There you
have a very good potential appeal issue."


                                  - 21 -
if possible."    Id. (citing United States v. Gary, 74 F.3d 304, 310

(1st Cir. 1996); United States v. Morla-Trinidad, 100 F.3d 1, 5

n.4 (1st Cir. 1996)).

            In certain circumstances, a district court may strike a

witness's    testimony       in    its      entirety,   rather    than    merely

restricting the scope of cross-examination.                See, e.g., United

States v. De La Cruz, 996 F.2d 1307, 1313 (1st Cir. 1993).                  But

here,   unlike   in    De     La    Cruz,     "effective   government     cross-

examination" about Teton's murder would not have been "seriously

impaired" if the prosecutor was not allowed to ask Colon about

nearly one hundred other coconspirators who had no relation to the

murder-related testimony.            The prosecutor could still inquire

about Colon's relationships with Setiawan and Cascote and Colon's

version of events on the night of the murder.

            Colon's testimony presented the district court with a

challenging situation.        Before the government was able to finish

cross   examining     Colon       about   Teton's   murder,      Colon   stopped

answering questions.        As discussed earlier, it is unclear from the

record whether Colon was refusing to answer questions covering

unindicted members of the conspiracy, a matter collateral to

Teton's murder, or broader questions concerning the murder.

            While the murder was part of the conspiracy, the extent

of the conspiracy and the participation, or lack thereof, of

hundreds of coconspirators constitute issues collateral to the


                                      - 22 -
murder.     In other words, the murder is "within the scope" of the

conspiracy, but the conspiracy is not "within the scope" of the

murder,     and     the   coconspirators'        participation    is    not    "of

consequence to the resolution of the issue[]" of who murdered

Teton. United States v. Castro, 129 F.3d 226, 231 (1st Cir. 1997).

Because the record was unclear whether Colon was refusing to answer

questions relating only to such collateral issues, the district

court     clearly    erred      by   striking    Colon's    testimony    without

ascertaining whether his refusal pertained to the murder or not

just collateral matters relating to unindicted coconspirators.

See Bartelho, 129 F.3d at 673.

C. Cumulative Prejudicial Effect

            Because       the   court    admitted   evidence     that   Setiawan

committed the murder, we hold that under the Constitution or,

failing that, under the court's supervisory power to make the rules

of   evidence     just    and   fair    in   application,   Setiawan    must   be

permitted to offer evidence to show that he did not commit the

murder.     Under the current record, the district court erred by

precluding Setiawan from doing so by excluding the testimonies of

Ramos and Colon.

            In a nutshell, it is not appropriate that prejudicial

and highly inflammatory evidence -- here, that Setiawan killed

Teton in the course of the conspiracy -- could be admitted without

giving Setiawan an opportunity to show by reasonable evidence that


                                        - 23 -
he did not commit the murder. The rules of evidence are instituted

not for the splendor of their being but rather to make courts

administer fair and just trials.       See Fed. R. Evid. 102 ("These

rules should be construed so as to administer every proceeding

fairly, eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay, and promote the

development of evidence law, to the end of ascertaining the truth

and securing a just determination.").        Where the stakes are very

high, it is a court's job to make sure that the rules themselves

are not made an instrument of injustice.

           We should not be read to overly fault the highly capable

trial judge.   In the high-speed context of trial, a trial judge

can do little else than make quick rulings and go where the

proceedings lead him or her.       But with the time and space to see

the whole trial in context, we are not merely free but bound to

prevent a manifest injustice.      Cf. United States v. Sepulveda, 15

F.3d 1161, 1195–96 (1st Cir. 1993).       And while appeals courts do

not often have to exercise this function, they do it when they

must, offering various explanations depending on what occurred at

the   lower-court   proceedings.      See,   e.g.,   United   States   v.

Sanabria, 645 F.3d 505, 516–19 (1st Cir. 2011); United States v.

Dwyer, 843 F.2d 60, 65 (1st Cir. 1988).

           The matter can be put in many different ways, and one

way may be more apt than others depending on the precise issue.         A

perfectly admirable example is our ruling in United States v.


                                - 24 -
Lombard in which the combined application of individually well-

accepted sentencing doctrines violated the Due Process Clause.

See United States v. Lombard, 72 F.3d 170, 175–87 (1st Cir. 1995).

The opinion in that case invoked the common-sense adage that the

whole is sometimes greater than the sum of its parts and that the

whole is what matters.        See, e.g., id. at 175, 177.

           We think the most certain basis for ordering a new trial,

albeit a basis that rarely has to be invoked, is what we have just

said: that reexamined in the leisure of an appeal, to allow

evidence   that   Setiawan     murdered      Teton   and   disallow   plausible

evidence   that   he    did   not    based    on   erroneous   rulings   is   an

unacceptable result.      On that basis, Setiawan's convictions must

be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial.

                               IV.    Hernández

           Hernández raises one argument specific to his case: that

the district court should have declared a mistrial, or at least

given a curative instruction, after a police officer testified

about a Glock handgun and white powder recovered during a search

of Hernández's home.      Hernández neither contemporaneously objected

to the evidence's admission nor moved for a mistrial, so we review

for plain error.       See United States v. Walker, 665 F.3d 212, 229

(1st Cir. 2011) (unpreserved lay opinion objection reviewed for

plain error); United States v. Panet-Collazo, 960 F.2d 256, 260

(1st Cir. 1992) (same for belated mistrial request).


                                     - 25 -
            At trial, the officer testified that, while searching

Hernández's home pursuant to a warrant, he found "controlled

substances[, i.e.] a white, powdery substance" and a 9mm Glock

hidden in a secret compartment in some furniture.4                    Hernández

argues that the officer's statements identifying the white powder

as drugs constituted inadmissible lay-opinion testimony under

Federal Rule of Evidence 701 because the government did not build

a   foundation    sufficient     to    establish   that    the    officer    could

identify the powder as drugs simply by looking at it.

            We    need   not   reach    this   question,    however,    because

Hernández    cannot      establish     prejudice   under     the    plain-error

standard.        Multiple    witnesses    testified   that       Hernández    sold

thousands of dollars' worth of heroin every week and that he

carried a handgun at the drug point.           We will not find plain error

when "the challenged testimony constituted a tiny part of the

government's case."         Walker, 665 F.3d at 230 (further noting that

"it is wildly implausible that the jury would have reached a

different conclusion . . . in the absence of [the challenged]

testimony").




      4We do not address Hernández's other claims of error, which
"lack arguable merit," relating to the evidence seized from this
search. United States v. Rose, 802 F.3d 114, 117 (1st Cir. 2015).


                                      - 26 -
                                  V.    Gómez

             Gómez   principally       argues   that    the    district     court

deprived him of his constitutional rights to present a defense and

to   a   fair   trial   by   refusing    to   allow    the   jury   to   consider

voluminous Spanish-language documents related to his defense that

he was too busy being a community leader to have the time to be a

drug-conspiracy leader.       The district court provisionally admitted

the Spanish-language exhibits, delayed jury deliberations for

nearly one week to allow for translation, and ultimately instructed

the jury not to consider the untranslated documents.

             Gómez objected at trial, so the government urges us to

apply the abuse-of-discretion standard.                See United States v.

Pires, 642 F.3d 1, 13 (1st Cir. 2011).                 Under any standard of

review, the district court did not err when it complied with its

statutory duty to refuse to allow the jury to consider untranslated

documents.

             The Jones Act requires "[a]ll pleadings and proceedings"

in the District of Puerto Rico to be "conducted in the English

language."      48 U.S.C. § 864.       We have been clear that this is an

"independent duty of the district court" grounded in a policy of

integrating Puerto Rico with the rest of the United States and

that this duty is "too great to allow parties to convert [the

district] court into a Spanish language court at their whim."

United States v. Millán-Isaac, 749 F.3d 57, 63 (1st Cir. 2014)


                                   - 27 -
(citation omitted).      "[T]he duty of the [district] court to ensure

compliance with the Jones Act is not lessened in cases where

counsel . . . encourages the district court to set aside the

English-language requirement."      Id. (citation omitted).      Here, the

district court, mindful of its duty, appropriately denied Gómez's

request.5

                   VI.    District court's behavior

            Collectively, the defendants claim a passel of errors

based on the district court's behavior at trial.6           In short, we

find no reversible error.

A.   Reference to a potential appeal

            Attempting    to   resolve   a   computer   glitch   affecting

contemporaneous transcription of witness testimony, the district

court told the prosecutor "I know you are satisfied, but if the

record says contrary . . . Boston is going to hear something else,

right? If it goes on appeal." The defendants moved for a mistrial,

arguing that this fleeting reference to a potential appeal signaled

to the jury that the judge believed they were guilty.            We review

the district court's denial of the defendants' mistrial motion for

abuse of discretion.     Ayala-Vazquez, 751 F.3d at 23.      Upon review,


      5We note that Gómez was able to present this theory through
multiple witnesses at trial, notwithstanding the documents'
exclusion.
      6After careful review, we do not address several of these
claims, which "lack arguable merit." Rose, 802 F.3d at 117.


                                  - 28 -
it is clear that the district court sought only to ensure the

accuracy of its record; it did not give "the jury an impression

that the court believe[d] the defendant[s were] guilty."             United

States v. Laureano-Peréz, 797 F.3d 45, 70 (1st Cir. 2015)(citation

omitted).   There was no error here.

B.   Court's comments at trial

            According   to   the   defendants,   some   of    the   district

court's comments at trial (and its questioning of witnesses in

particular) "tipped the scales in favor of the prosecution" and

deprived them of a fair trial.      We review for abuse of discretion.7

Ayala-Vazquez, 751 F.3d at 23.         In so doing, we must consider

"isolated incidents in light of the entire transcript so as to

guard against magnification on appeal of instances which were of

little importance in their setting."        United States v. Candelaria-

Silva, 166 F.3d 19, 35 (1st Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v.

Montas, 41 F.3d 775, 779 (1st Cir. 1994)).

            "It cannot be gainsaid that [a] fair trial in a fair

tribunal is a basic requirement of due process.              Accordingly, a



      7Abuse-of-discretion review also applies to Hernández's
favoritism argument: that the district court pressured the defense
to finish quickly. See United States v. Romero-López, 695 F.3d
17, 21 (1st Cir. 2012). Such abuse will be "found only where the
Court exhibited an unreasonable and arbitrary insistence upon
expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay."
Id. (quoting United States v. Mangual-Santiago, 562 F.3d 411, 429–
30 (1st Cir. 2009)). Upon thorough review, we find no abuse of
discretion here.


                                   - 29 -
trial judge should be fair and impartial in his or her comments

during a jury trial."     Ayala-Vázquez, 751 F.3d at 23–24(alteration

in original) (quoting United States v. de la Cruz-Paulino, 61 F.3d

986, 997 (1st Cir. 1995)).           We recognize, however, that "mere

active participation by the judge does not create prejudice nor

deprive the party of a fair trial."             Id. at 24 (quoting Deary v.

City of Gloucester, 9 F.3d 191, 194 (1st Cir. 1993)).                     Therefore,

the defendants must both "demonstrate that the trial court's

actions rise to the level of bias," and "meet [their] burden of

demonstrating serious prejudice."             Candelaria-Silva, 166 F.3d at

36.

            Although    our    careful    review           of    the     briefs    and

transcripts leads us to believe that the district court's approach

was evenhanded and thus not improper, cf. United States v. Santana-

Pérez, 619 F.3d 117, 124–25 (1st Cir. 2010) (holding it improper

to    question    defendant-witness      in    a        different      "tenor"     than

prosecution      witnesses),   we   ultimately          need    not    determine    the

propriety of each and every comment, because the defendants cannot

show serious prejudice.        See Ayala-Vázquez, 751 F.3d at 25.

            The district court's repeated curative instructions were

sufficient to ward off any serious prejudice.                   See id. at 26 ("We

have long recognized in this Circuit that 'within wide margins,

the potential for prejudice stemming from improper . . . comments

can    be   satisfactorily       dispelled         by     appropriate       curative


                                    - 30 -
instructions.'" (quoting Pagán-Ferrer, 736 F.3d at 587)).              During

its questioning of one witness, for example, the district court

told the jurors that "[they could] throw [the court's questions]

in the wastepaper basket."           And when charging the jury, the

district court reiterated that sentiment:

        During the course of trial, I occasionally asked
        questions of a witness in order to bring out facts not
        fully covered in the testimony. Do not assume that I
        hold any opinion on the matters to which my questions
        are related. Remember that at all times, you as jurors
        are at liberty to disregard all comments of the Court in
        arriving at your own findings of the facts.

As in Candelaria-Silva, "the strong instructions given by the trial

court during and at the end of the trial . . . eliminated any

conceivable prejudice."       166 F.3d at 36.

C.   Flow's cross-examination

               The   defendants   contend    that     the   district      court

impermissibly limited Flow's cross-examination in three areas:

charges pending against him, uncharged murders, and recorded jail

calls.    Although the defendants preserved only the second of these

challenges, all three would fail even if preserved.            So, favorably

to the defendants, we will review these three areas for abuse of

discretion, while reviewing de novo whether the defendants had "a

reasonable opportunity to impeach" Flow.            United States v. Casey,

825 F.3d 1, 24 (1st Cir. 2016).

               The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the

right     of   cross-examination;    a   district     court,   however,    has


                                    - 31 -
"considerable discretion to impose reasonable limits" on it.                            Id.

at 23–24 (citation omitted). "To establish that the district court

has abused its discretion, the defendant[s] must show that the

limitations imposed were clearly prejudicial."                    United States v.

Ofray-Campos, 534 F.3d 1, 37 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting United States

v. Williams, 985 F.2d 634, 639 (1st Cir. 1993)).                       "The ultimate

question    is     whether       'the   jury    is    provided    with       sufficient

information . . . to make a discriminating appraisal of a witness's

motives and bias.'"          United States v. Landrón-Class, 696 F.3d 62,

72 (1st Cir. 2012) (quoting DiBenedetto v. Hall, 272 F.3d 1, 10

(1st Cir. 2001)).         We consider the three challenged areas in turn.

            1.     Pending charges

            The district court's restriction of cross-examination

into     Flow's        pending    state-court        charges     was       not    clearly

prejudicial.           The defendants were able to inform the jury of:

Flow's    prior        criminal    convictions;       the   existence        of    Flow's

cooperation agreement with the government (potentially reducing

Flow's    incarceration          from   a   term     of   life   to    a    government-

recommended       87    months);    and     Flow's    personal    dislike         for   the

defendants.

            2.     Uncharged murders

            Seeking to discredit Flow at trial, the defense implied

that Flow had killed five people, which he denied.                          At sidebar,

Gómez's counsel claimed to have witnesses who could testify about


                                          - 32 -
these uncharged murders.               The district court ultimately struck

these questions and answers based on Federal Rule of Evidence 608.

On appeal, the defendants argue that "involvement in murders where

there   has    been    no    conviction       is    a   proper     subject    of    cross-

examination        since     it   is   part    of       the   benefits   received       by

cooperating."        The district court's contrary decision was not an

abuse of discretion.          See United States v. Thomas, 467 F.3d 49, 56

(1st Cir. 2006) (stating that evidence rules allow judge to exclude

extrinsic evidence on a collateral matter, whether offered to prove

character for truthfulness or some other impeachment ground, like

bias or contradiction).

              3.    Jailhouse calls

              The     same    rationale       suffices        to    dispose        of   the

defendants' argument that the district court erred by not admitting

certain of Flow's jailhouse phone calls.                       See United States v.

DeCologero, 530 F.3d 36, 60 (1st Cir. 2008) (noting judge's

discretion under Federal Rule of Evidence 403 to exclude extrinsic

evidence of witness's bias). In any event, Flow admitted on cross-

examination to many statements contained in the recordings that

informed his motivation to testify, such as: that "these people

from La Perla, they treated me really bad;" that he "hate[d]" some

of the defendants; and that if he "talk[ed]," he expected to get

a sentence between "two, three or four years only."                      The jury had




                                        - 33 -
sufficient information to discern Flow's possible bias.          There was

no reversible error here.

D.   Uvaldo-Gomez's testimony

      Manuel Uvaldo-Gomez8, a government informant, testified that

he tried to get involved in the conspiracy by approaching a woman,

Drucaste, who told him about the conspiracy's operations, such as

bringing drugs into the community through the piers.             Gómez and

Hernández, both of whom worked at the piers at various times

relevant to the charged conspiracy, objected to these statements'

admission   as   hearsay.   The    district   court   admitted    them   as

nonhearsay party-opponent statements by a coconspirator under

Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E).

            As the statements' proponent, the government must prove

by a preponderance of the evidence that "the declarant," Drucaste,

"and the defendant[s]," Gómez and Hernández, "were members of a

conspiracy when the hearsay statement was made, and that the

statement was in furtherance of the conspiracy."       United States v.

Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20, 23 (1st Cir. 1977).           We review the

defendants' preserved challenges for clear error.         United States

v. Ciresi, 697 F.3d 19, 25–26 (1st Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).




      8The witness's name       appears as "Osvaldo-Gomes" in the
appellants' briefs but as       "Uvaldo-Gomez" in the government's
brief.


                                  - 34 -
             Although a closer question than the government admits,

the     district    court's     determination      that     Drucaste    and     the

defendants were members of the same conspiracy was not erroneous.

Because of the deferential standard of review, a defendant seeking

to overturn a trial court's Petrozziello ruling carries a heavy

burden:

        A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is
        evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire
        evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction
        that a mistake has been committed. Where the evidence
        is susceptible of two plausible interpretations, the
        trier of fact's choice between them cannot be clearly
        erroneous.

United States v. Newton, 326 F.3d 253, 257 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting

Reich v. Newspapers of New England, Inc., 44 F.3d 1060, 1080 (1st

Cir. 1995)).

             "[A]       coconspirator's    statement,      standing    alone,   is

insufficient       to    meet   the   preponderance     standard      [and]   some

extrinsic proof of the declarant's involvement in the conspiracy

[is required]."         Id. at 258 (quoting Sepulveda, 15 F.3d at 1181).

Such proof exists here:         Uvaldo testified to his own knowledge of

Drucaste's involvement in the drug-trafficking conspiracy; indeed,

that is why he went to her to inquire about how he himself could

join the conspiracy.         The defendants conceded as much at trial --

their     objections        concerned     not    whether     Drucaste     was    a

coconspirator, but whether her statements were in furtherance of

the conspiracy.


                                        - 35 -
          Drucaste's   statements    were   in   furtherance    of   the

conspiracy because they "tend[ed] to promote one or more of the

objects of the conspiracy." Ciresi, 697 F.3d at 28 (quoting United

States v. Piper, 298 F.3d 47, 54 (1st Cir. 2002)).9            She told

Uvaldo to talk to "a Dominican who was a runner for Cascote" if he

wanted to "become a pusher."        Such a statement "made for the

purpose of inducing or continuing participation in the conspiracy

[is] in furtherance of the conspiracy."     Id. at 29 (quoting United

States v. Pelletier, 845 F.2d 1126, 1128 (1st Cir. 1988)).           And

she told Uvaldo that incarcerated conspiracy members' families

would be provided money and that the drugs came in through the

piers. "[S]haring . . . pertinent information about a conspiracy's

mode of operation furthers the conspiratorial ends."     Id. (quoting

Sepulveda, 15 F.3d at 1181).

                   VII.   Prosecutor's behavior

          The defendants collectively raise about a half-dozen

claims of prosecutorial misconduct throughout the trial. We review

preserved claims de novo and unpreserved claims for plain error.

United States v. Sepúlveda-Hernández, 752 F.3d 22, 31 (1st Cir.

2014) (citations omitted).     Either way, we may first consider

whether the government's conduct was, in fact, improper.             See



     9 For Rule 801's purposes, it matters not that Uvaldo was a
government informer when Drucaste spoke to him about the
conspiracy. See Ciresi, 697 F.3d at 28 & n.5.


                               - 36 -
United States v. Duval, 496 F.3d 64, 78 (1st Cir. 2007).     If so,

we will only reverse if the misconduct "so poisoned the well that

the trial's outcome was likely affected."         United States v.

Vázquez-Larrauri, 778 F.3d 276, 283 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting United

States v. Kasenge, 660 F.3d 537, 542 (1st Cir. 2011)).           Four

factors guide our analysis:

      (1) the severity of the prosecutor's misconduct,
      including whether it was deliberate or accidental; (2)
      the context in which the misconduct occurred; (3)
      whether the judge gave curative instructions and the
      likely effect of such instructions; and (4) the strength
      of the evidence against the defendant.

Id. (quoting Kasenge, 660 F.3d at 542) (alteration omitted).

           In short, we find the well untainted.        Most of the

defendants' claims "lack arguable merit," so we do not discuss

them further.    Rose, 802 F.3d at 117.   The arguably closer calls,

to which we turn next, miss the mark for reversible error.

A.   Withdrawing the Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) request

           The government indicated that it intended to introduce

prior-bad-acts evidence relating to drug-trafficking convictions

against Gómez and Hernández.     The district court instructed the

jurors that they were "about to be presented documentary evidence

[that Gómez and Hernández] committed acts similar to those charged

in this case."    After a brief recess, the government changed its

mind and told the district court that it would not seek to

introduce this evidence after all.      Gómez and Hernández maintain



                               - 37 -
that the prosecutor committed misconduct by allowing the jury to

hear the judge's instruction and then not presenting the evidence

-- and that this misconduct led the jury to speculate as to the

defendants' previous trafficking activities, thereby leaving them

in a worse position than they would have been in had the actual

evidence been introduced.

            We are unconvinced.          Assuming only for argument's sake

that withdrawing a valid Rule 404(b) request and not presenting

prior-bad-acts evidence is misconduct, the district court gave two

curative    instructions     (one    immediately      after   the   government

announced that it would not introduce the evidence, and one when

charging the jury). And the defendants concede that the government

"had sufficient direct evidence to obtain a conviction" without

the Rule 404(b) evidence.          In these circumstances, there was no

reversible misconduct.

B.   Government objections during defense direct examination

            Gómez argues that the prosecutor's constant objections

during his direct examination of two defense witnesses disrupted

the testimonies' flow and undermined his case.                  There was no

misconduct here: the district court sustained nineteen of the

prosecutor's twenty-three objections during the first witness's

direct examination and overruled five of ten objections during the

second witness's direct examination.          See Sepúlveda-Hernández, 752

F.3d   at   32   (stating   that    no   misconduct   when    "[m]ost   of   the


                                     - 38 -
objections . . . were either sustained by the court or elicited

clarifications"            and    further          noting    that       "the      failed

objections . . . do not seem so groundless as to be vexatious").

C.   Closing argument

             The       defendants     argue    several      different      theories    of

prosecutorial misconduct during the government's closing argument,

none of which constitutes reversible error.

             1.    Parties' roles

             First,        the    defendants        claim    that   the     prosecutor

improperly commented on the parties' roles and strengthened his

personal credibility by, among other things, telling the jury "I

represent        the     United   States      government."          After      carefully

reviewing the record and the parties' briefs, we conclude that the

prosecutor's simple factual statement did not improperly "place[]

the prestige of [his] office behind the government's case," United

States v. Vizcarrondo-Casanova, 763 F.3d 89, 95 (1st Cir. 2014)

(quoting United States v. Pérez-Ruiz, 353 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir.

2003)), nor did it improperly describe the parties' roles.                            Cf.

United States v. Manning, 23 F.3d 570, 573 n.1 (1st Cir. 1994)

(noting     it     was     improper    to     "liken     [defense     attorneys]       to

Shakespeare's          players,     full      of    sound    and    fury    signifying

nothing").




                                        - 39 -
            2.    Vouching

            The    defendants'   second     claim,   that   the   prosecutor

improperly vouched for the credibility of government witnesses, is

a closer call.       Improper vouching can occur when a prosecutor

implies "that the jury should credit the prosecution's evidence

simply because the government can be trusted."                Vizcarrondo-

Casanova, 763 F.3d at 95 (quoting Pérez-Ruiz, 353 F.3d at 9).

Here, in his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor discussed the

defense's    closing   arguments    relating    to   the    credibility   of

government witnesses:

     They want you to believe the bad things that don't
     implicate their client, but they want you to know the
     good things. You makes [sic] that choice. You are the
     judges. You decide who you want to believe, what you
     want to believe, and how you want to believe it. But in
     order to find any of these defendants not guilty, you
     are going to have to disbelieve all the cooperators. In
     other words, where are we getting our witnesses if the
     only witnesses that we can get in this case are all
     liars?

            As in Vizcarrondo-Casanova, we think that the prosecutor

"unwisely put his toes up to the line."          763 F.3d at 96 (finding

no "clear and obvious" error when the prosecutor argued that

government witnesses' inconsistent statements enhanced credibility

because the government could have gotten the witnesses into a room

together and had them create a consistent story). But we recognize

that "[t]he line between the legitimate argument that a witness's

testimony is credible and improper 'vouching' is often a hazy one,



                                   - 40 -
to be policed by the trial court in the first instance."                 Id.

(quoting Innamorati, 996 F.2d at 483).           And here, the district

court did not sustain the defense objection to the prosecutor's

argument.

            Even if this argument were improper, it did not likely

affect the trial's outcome, so it would not warrant reversal.

First, any misconduct was not severe: though "one might read into

the rebuttal here a suggestion that the government itself concluded

that the stories were credible," id., this is a far cry from the

sorts of credibility arguments that merit reversal.            See Vázquez-

Larrauri, 778 F.3d at 284 (collecting cases).         Second, the context

militates against reversal.          At closing, the defendants argued

extensively that the government witnesses were "bought and paid

for witnesses" whose testimonies "have to be rejected completely"

because "[t]here is no reason to trust a liar."             Cf. Vizcarrondo-

Casanova, 763 F.3d at 96 (noting hesitance to find misconduct when

defense counsel "pretty much invited the rebuttal" by suggesting

that the government's witnesses were liars).          Third, not only did

the judge instruct the jury that the lawyers' arguments were not

evidence,   but   the   prosecutor    himself,   in   the    very   statement

complained of, also told the jurors that they alone were "the

judges" of witness credibility.           In these circumstances, any

prosecutorial misconduct did not "so poison the well that the




                                 - 41 -
trial's outcome was likely affected."            Vázquez-Larrauri, 778 F.3d

at 283.

              3.   Teton's murder

              Finally, Gómez and Setiawan argue, albeit with different

points of emphasis, that the prosecutor committed misconduct by

referring to Teton's murder in his closing argument. We can easily

dispose of Gómez's argument.         The prosecutor argued that the jury

could find that Gómez could have foreseen that "drug traffickers

would be carrying weapons and doing what drug traffickers do, like

Bryant Setiawan Ramos [sic] and Teton."            The prosecutor clarified

on rebuttal that "in no way did [he] suggest that Mr. Jorge Gómez

Gonzalez [sic] was involved in the murder of Teton."            The district

court gave a prompt instruction that there was "no evidence that

Jorge Gómez Gonzalez [sic] was anywhere near that overt act." Even

if the statement were improper, this instruction was enough to

cure any prejudice.      See Olszewski v. Spencer, 466 F.3d 47, 59–60

(1st Cir. 2006) ("This court has consistently held that where the

prosecutor unintentionally misstates the evidence during closing

argument, a jury instruction ordinarily is sufficient to cure any

potential prejudice, particularly where, as here, the instruction

was   given    immediately   after    the     statement.")   (quoting   United

States v. Bey, 188 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation

marks omitted).




                                     - 42 -
             Setiawan objects, for the first time on appeal, that the

prosecutor     repeatedly    referred     to    Teton's   murder    for   the

impermissible    purpose    of   inflaming     the   jury's   passions.   In

addition to the remark that Gómez points out, the prosecutor also

said that "Teton is dead. . . . [He is a] victim[] of drug

trafficking;" and "[one witness] testified that he was there that

evening Bryant Setiawan Ramos [sic] ended the life of another

seller named Teton.        And Teton hasn't come back."          Although we

vacate Setiawan's convictions on separate grounds, we note that

these comments were not improper because they served a non-

inflammatory purpose.       Cf. Arrieta-Agressot v. United States, 3

F.3d 525, 527–28 (1st Cir. 1993) (citing examples of inflammatory

language).     The prosecutor introduced evidence at trial linking

Setiawan to Teton's murder, which was presented as an act in

furtherance of the conspiracy.          Therefore, commenting on Teton's

murder at several points in closing argument did not impermissibly

"interject issues broader than [Setiawan's] guilt or innocence."

Id. at 527 (quoting United States v. Machor, 879 F.2d 945, 956

(1st Cir. 1989)).

             In conclusion, we find no basis in the prosecutor's

conduct on which to disturb the convictions.

                         VIII.   Cumulative error

             Perhaps   sensing   that   they   are   fighting   a   rearguard

action, all of the defendants contend that we must set aside their


                                   - 43 -
convictions on a cumulative-error theory.              Because we vacate

Setiawan's    convictions    for   the   reasons     discussed   above,   we

consider the cumulative-error theory only as applied to Rosario,

Hernández, and Gómez.

             "[C]umulative-error analysis is inappropriate when a

party complains of the cumulative effects of non-errors."             United

States v. Stokes, 124 F.3d 39, 43 (1st Cir. 1997) (citation

omitted).     And even if there were a few isolated incidents of

concern during this eight-week trial, "we will order a new trial

on   the    basis   of   cumulative   error   only    if   multiple   errors

synergistically achieve 'the critical mass necessary to cast a

shadow upon the integrity of the verdict.'"            Williams v. Drake,

146 F.3d 44, 49 (1st Cir. 1998) (quoting Sepulveda, 15 F.3d at

1196). Therefore, we cannot reverse these convictions on the basis

of cumulative error either.

             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the convictions of

Rosario, Hernández, and Gómez but vacate Setiawan's convictions

and remand his case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                   - 44 -
