                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                        ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                             APR 21, 2006
                              No. 04-14148                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                          Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                        ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 04-60024-CR-WPD

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

LESTER NORTON, a.k.a. Davon Lee Wallace,

                                                          Defendant-Appellant.


                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                               (April 21, 2006)

Before HULL, WILSON and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Lester Norton appeals his sentence of thirty months imprisonment, imposed
following his guilty plea for conspiracy to commit bank fraud and bank fraud.

Norton’s sentence included several enhancements based on facts not found by the

jury nor admitted by Norton. Therefore, Norton’s sentence violates the Sixth

Amendment under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 161

L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and we remand for the district court to resentence Norton

under an advisory guidelines scheme. We conclude, however, that the district

court properly denied the reduction for Norton’s alleged minor role in the offense,

and correctly applied the enhancement for identity theft.

      I. Background

      Norton was indicted along with one codefendant, Alfred Davis, for one

count of conspiracy to commit bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and

three counts of bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344. He entered an

unconditional plea to all four counts. According to the record, Davis created an

internet Paypal account (which enables internet payment and money transfers for

purchases) in the name of Donald Hink, who Davis falsely listed as the

administrator of Boca Raton Community Hospital. Davis transferred funds from

the hospital’s account to his Paypal account, and then transferred the money from

Paypal to an account at that Norton had opened at Wachovia using the fake name

of Davon Lee Wallace and another person’s real social security number. Norton



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then withdrew funds amounting to $105,000 from the Wachovia account.

      The probation officer prepared a presentence investigation report (“PSI”),

grouping the offenses together and assigning a base offense level of 7 under

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1), with a 10-level enhancement for the intended amount of

loss of $200,000. According to the probation officer, after the defendants

transferred $105,000, they attempted to transfer an additional $95,000 into the

Paypal account, which Paypal discovered and stopped. The probation officer then

recommended a two-level enhancement for sophisticated means, U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(8)(C), and another two-level enhancement for identity theft under

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)(i). With a 3-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, Norton’s total offense level was 18, and his criminal history

category was III, resulting in a guidelines range of 33 to 41 months imprisonment.

      Norton filed several objections to the PSI. First he claimed that the

enhancements were unconstitutional under Blakely (now Booker). Second, he

made factual objections to the amount of loss, which he conceded should have

been $105,000, and to the enhancements for sophisticated means and identity theft.

Third, he claimed he was entitled to a reduction for his minor role in the offenses.

      At sentencing, Secret Service agent Charles Brad Leopard testified that

Norton had opened the accounts under a fake name due to his criminal history and



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his desire to hide money from his probation officer. Leopard explained that

Norton’s role in the conspiracy was to open the account and withdraw funds

through cashier’s checks, withdrawals, and through giving Davis ATM access and

blank checks. According to Leopard, Norton used the account before the

conspiracy began, although he could not say for what purposes.

      After considering the arguments, the district court sustained the objection to

the amount of loss, finding that the amount was too speculative. The court

overruled the Blakely objection and the objections to sophisticated means and

identity theft, finding that Norton had used another person’s name and another

social security number to open accounts as part of the conspiracy. The court

indicated, however, that these issues presented “close calls.” The court further

denied a reduction for role in the offense, concluding that Norton played an

integral part in the scheme, and, even though his conduct was less culpable than

Davis’s conduct, he was not a minor participant. With a total offense level of 17,

Norton’s guidelines range was 30 to 37 months imprisonment. The court

sentenced Norton to 30 months on each count, to run concurrently, and ordered

him to pay restitution in the amount of $105,000.

      II. Discussion

             A. Booker error



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      In Booker, the Supreme Court held that Blakely applied to the federal

sentencing guidelines and that the Sixth Amendment required that any fact that

increased a defendant’s sentence beyond the maximum sentence authorized by the

facts established by a plea or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or

proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. 125 S.Ct. at 738. This court has

explained that a Booker error also results from the district court’s use of a

mandatory guidelines scheme, even in the absence of any constitutional error.

United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31 (11th Cir. 2005). Notably, after

Booker, the same extra-verdict enhancements remain, and the district court

considers the same factual evidence in applying the enhancements as it would

under a mandatory guidelines scheme. United States v. Williams, 408 F.3d 745

(11th Cir. 2005). Additionally, after Booker, this court applies the same standard

of review for applications of guidelines enhancements. United States v. Crawford,

407 F.3d 1174, 1178 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Because Norton preserved his Booker challenge in the district court, we

review the sentences de novo, but will reverse only if the error was not harmless.

United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005). The burden is on the

government to show that the error was harmless. Id. There are two standards for

the harmless error test. Constitutional harmless error occurs when the error did not



                                           5
affect the defendant’s substantial rights, that is “where it is clear ‘beyond a

reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the [sentence]

obtained.’” United States v. Mathenia, 409 F.3d 1289, 1291-92 (11th Cir. 2005).

Statutory harmless error is a less demanding standard, but requires the government

to show that, viewing the proceedings in their entirety, the error had no effect or a

very slight effect on the sentence. Id.

       Here, the government concedes that the error was not harmless and that

Norton’s case should be remanded for resentencing under an advisory guidelines

scheme.1 Accordingly, we vacate and remand for resentencing. On remand, the

district court is required to sentence Norton under an advisory guidelines regime

and shall consider the guidelines range of 30 to 37 months imprisonment and the

sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) in determining a reasonable sentence.

Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 757; United States v. Devegter, slip op. at 1390-91(No. 04-

14075) (11th Cir. Feb. 16, 2006); Crawford, 407 F.3d at 1178.

               B. Minor-Role Reduction

       We review a district court’s determination of a defendant’s entitlement to a

role reduction for clear error. United States v. Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930,


       1
          Because Norton received extra-verdict enhancements, there was constitutional error in
addition to the statutory error. Given the district court’s statement that the application of these
enhancements presented a close call, the government has not met its burden of showing that the
constitutional error was harmless.

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938 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). The defendant has the burden of establishing his

role by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 939; see also United States v.

Boyd, 291 F.3d 1274, 1277-78 (11th Cir. 2002). Minor-role reductions are to be

given infrequently. United States v. Costales, 5 F.3d 480, 486 (11th Cir. 1993).

      A two-level reduction for playing a minor role in the offense under U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2(b) is warranted if the defendant is less culpable than most other

participants, but his role could not be described as minimal. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2,

comment. (n.3). The district court’s determination concerning a role reduction is

premised on a case-by-case factual inquiry and the court is guided by two

principles. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, comment. (backg’d); De Varon, 175 F.3d at 941.

First, the district court must assess whether a defendant is a minor participant in the

relevant conduct attributed to him in calculating his base offense level. De Varon,

175 F.3d at 941. If a defendant’s relevant conduct is identical to his actual

conduct, then he cannot establish that he was entitled to a minor-role reduction. Id.

Second, the district court may assess a defendant’s culpability as compared to other

participants in the relevant conduct. Id. at 944. It is possible that no one involved

in the offense was a minor participant. Id.

      Here, the court determined that Norton was responsible for his own conduct

of allowing his bank account to be used to transfer funds as part of the bank fraud



                                           7
scheme, which the court determined was an integral part of the conspiracy. Norton

has not met his burden of showing that this finding was clearly erroneous or that he

was entitled to a reduction. Moreover, even if Norton was less culpable than

Davis, it is possible that no one was a minor participant. Therefore, the district

court did not clearly err in denying the reduction.

             C. Identity Theft

      Finally, Norton argues that he should not have received an enhancement for

identity theft under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)(i). We conclude, however, that

Norton’s argument is without merit.

      We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo. Devegter, slip op. at 1390.

      Pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)(i), a defendant receives a two-level

enhancement if his offense conduct involved “the unauthorized transfer or use of

any means of identification unlawfully to produce or obtain any means of

identification.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)(i). According to the commentary,

“means of identification” includes those offenses defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1028.

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.8(B)). According to § 1028(d)(7), “the term

‘means of identification’ refers to any name or number that may be used, alone or

in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual . . . .”



                                           8
18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7); United States v. Auguste, 392 F.3d 1266, 1267-68 (11th

Cir. 2004).

      In this case, the district court applied the enhancement because Norton

admitted that he opened the bank account using a real person’s name and a fake

social security number. Thus, under the guideline, Norton used one means of

identification (the name) to obtain another means of identification (the bank

account number). Auguste, 392 F.3d at 1268. Because Norton’s conduct falls

within the parameters of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7) and U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C)(i),

we conclude that the district court properly applied the enhancement.

      III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE Norton’s 30-month sentence and

REMAND this case for resentencing under an advisory guidelines scheme.




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