                                                                          Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                Lansing, Michigan
                                                    Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                             Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                         Marilyn Kelly
                                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                                         Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                         Brian K. Zahra

                                                                     FILED MAY 17, 2012

                               STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
 QUALITY and DIRECTOR OF THE
 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
 QUALITY,

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v                                                           No. 141810

 WORTH TOWNSHIP,

                Defendant-Appellee.


 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 HATHAWAY, J.
         At issue is whether a municipality such as a township can be held responsible

 under MCL 324.3109(2) of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act

 (NREPA)1 for raw sewage discharged into state waters by private citizens within the

 township’s borders.       We conclude that under NREPA, a municipality can be held



 1
     MCL 324.101 et seq.
responsible for,2 and required to prevent,3 the discharge when the raw sewage originates

within its borders, even when the raw sewage is discharged by a private party and not

directly discharged by the municipality itself.

        Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals because it interpreted

MCL 324.3109(2) in a manner that precludes a municipality from being held responsible

for such a discharge. We remand this case to the Court of Appeals to address defendant’s

remaining arguments on appeal.4

                       I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This case arises from the contamination of surface waters within and surrounding

defendant, Worth Township, including Lake Huron and several of its tributaries.

Plaintiff, the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ),5 conducted surveys of water

quality in the area of concern in 2003, 2006, and 2008. The DEQ collected water

samples to verify and quantify the presence and levels of fecal coliform and E. coli




2
    MCL 324.3109(2).
3
    MCL 324.3115.
4
  We do not decide the issues raised by Worth Township’s two additional defenses,
including whether the remedial action ordered by the trial court violates the Headlee
Amendment, specifically Const 1963, art 9, § 29, and whether MCL 324.3115(1)
authorizes the trial court’s order imposing a schedule for implementing corrective action,
a fine, and an attorney-fee award. Those issues were not addressed by the Court of
Appeals and are to be decided on remand.
5
  The director of the DEQ is also listed as a named plaintiff. For ease of reference, we
refer to the plaintiffs as the DEQ only.



                                             2
bacteria. The DEQ also made sensory observations of privately owned septic systems6

on properties located within the borders of the township. The survey data demonstrated

that the surface waters were contaminated with both fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria.

The survey data also indicated that the conditions were becoming progressively worse.

         There is no municipal “sewerage system”7 located within the township. The

parties agree that the surface waters in the area of concern are contaminated by raw

sewage of human origin.8 The parties also agree that the contamination comes from

septic systems on privately owned properties located within Worth Township. The

private properties at issue are located in a three- to five-mile area along the shore of Lake

Huron. Most of the area was initially developed with summer cottages in mind, but the

6
  A functioning septic system provides an area for household and human waste to be
safely broken down and disposed of in soil. A system generally contains one or more
septic tanks, to which waste initially travels from the home. While in the septic tanks, the
waste breaks down and separates into solids and liquid, or effluent. The solids remain in
the tank. The effluent travels to a soil absorption system, which usually consists of a
series of perforated pipes in a trench of sand or gravel, and the treated water is absorbed
into soil. See Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Worth Twp, 289 Mich App 414, 425; 808
NW2d 260 (2010) (O’CONNELL, J., dissenting).
7
    MCL 324.4101(h) defines a “sewerage system.” It states:

                “Sewerage system” means a system of pipes and structures including
         pipes, channels, conduits, manholes, pumping stations, sewage or waste
         treatment works, diversion and regulatory devices, outfall structures, and
         appurtenances, collectively or severally, actually used or intended for use
         by the public for the purpose of collecting, conveying, transporting,
         treating, or otherwise handling sanitary sewage or other industrial liquid
         wastes that are capable of adversely affecting the public health.

8
 For the remainder of this opinion, the statutory phrase “raw sewage of human origin”
will be referred to as “raw sewage.”



                                             3
cottages have increasingly been converted into year-round residences. According to the

evidence submitted to the trial court, the majority of the septic systems in the area are old,

undersized, and failing. Drain fields are oversaturated with raw sewage, and raw sewage

is being directed into ditches and streams leading to Lake Huron. In at least one instance,

raw sewage was directly discharged over the lake bluff into Lake Huron. As a result of

the contamination, this section of Lake Huron has been included on Michigan’s list of

impaired waters.

       After the first survey was performed by the DEQ, Worth Township and the DEQ

attempted to remedy the problem. In April 2004, they entered into a district compliance

agreement, wherein Worth Township agreed to construct a municipal sewerage system by

June 1, 2008. However, Worth Township did not construct such a system, citing a lack

of funds. As a result, the DEQ filed this case seeking injunctive relief under part 31 of

NREPA, MCL 324.3101 et seq., to compel the township to prevent the discharge of raw

sewage into the waters of the state.

       Worth Township moved for summary disposition, arguing that neither the courts

nor the DEQ has the authority to hold a township liable for the discharge of raw sewage

from private residences into state waters. The trial court denied the motion. The DEQ

then moved for summary disposition, claiming that the undisputed facts entitled it to

judgment as a matter of law. The trial court granted the DEQ’s motion for summary

disposition and directed Worth Township to take necessary corrective measures in a




                                              4
given time frame to prevent the discharge of raw sewage and to pay fines and attorney

fees.9


9
 The remedy was ordered pursuant to MCL 324.3115, which sets forth the remedies and
penalties for a violation of part 31 of NREPA. It provides in pertinent part:

                 (1) The [DEQ] may request the attorney general to commence a civil
         action for appropriate relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction,
         for a violation of this part or a provision of a permit or order issued or rule
         promulgated under this part. An action under this subsection may be
         brought in the circuit court for the county of Ingham or for the county in
         which the defendant is located, resides, or is doing business. If requested
         by the defendant within 21 days after service of process, the court shall
         grant a change of venue to the circuit court for the county of Ingham or for
         the county in which the alleged violation occurred, is occurring, or, in the
         event of a threat of violation, will occur. The court has jurisdiction to
         restrain the violation and to require compliance. In addition to any other
         relief granted under this subsection, the court, except as otherwise provided
         in this subsection, shall impose a civil fine of not less than $2,500.00 and
         the court may award reasonable attorney fees and costs to the prevailing
         party. However, all of the following apply:

               (a) The maximum fine imposed by the court shall not be more than
         $25,000.00 per day of violation.

                (b) For a failure to report a release to the [DEQ] or to the primary
         public safety answering point under [MCL 324.3111b(1)], the court shall
         impose a civil fine of not more than $2,500.00.

                (c) For a failure to report a release to the local health department
         under [MCL 324.3111b(2)], the court shall impose a civil fine of not more
         than $500.00.

                                            * * *

                (7) A civil fine or other award ordered paid pursuant to this section
         shall do both of the following:

                 (a) Be payable to the state of Michigan and credited to the general
         fund.



                                               5
           Worth Township appealed the trial court’s decision. In a published opinion, the

Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s ruling and remanded for an entry of summary

disposition in favor of the township.10 The Court of Appeals majority held that under

MCL 324.3109(2), a municipality cannot be required to prevent the discharge of raw

sewage into state waters when the municipality itself has not discharged the raw sewage11

and the municipality has not otherwise accepted responsibility pursuant to MCL

324.3109(3).12 The Court of Appeals dissent would have affirmed the trial court’s ruling

and adopted the trial court’s decision as its own.13

           This Court granted the DEQ’s application for leave to appeal.14 Our grant order

framed the issue as “whether [NREPA] empowers the [DEQ] to seek, and the circuit

court to grant, an order effectively requiring a township to install a sanitary sewer system

when a widespread failure of private septic systems results in contamination of lake

waters.”15 While NREPA does not specifically authorize a circuit court to compel a

municipality to install a sewerage system to remedy a widespread failure of private septic



                  (b) Constitute a lien on any property, of any nature or kind, owned
           by the defendant.
10
     Worth Twp, 289 Mich App at 424.
11
     Id.
12
     See id. at 420.
13
     Id. at 444 (O’CONNELL, J., dissenting).
14
     Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Worth Twp, 489 Mich 856 (2011).
15
     Id.



                                               6
systems, NREPA does provide that “[t]he court has jurisdiction to restrain [a NREPA]

violation and to require compliance”16 with NREPA.           In this case, the trial court’s

opinion specifically states that it does not compel the construction of a sewerage system.

Consistently with MCL 324.3115(1), the trial court directed Worth Township to take

necessary corrective action to prevent the discharge at issue. However, the parties agree

that the most practical and comprehensive method for restraining the discharge is to

construct a sewerage system. Accordingly, the issue before us is whether a municipality

can be held responsible under NREPA for raw sewage discharged into state waters by

private citizens within the municipality’s borders.

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This case involves the interpretation of a statute, which is a question of law that

this Court reviews de novo.17

                                      III. ANALYSIS

        At issue is whether a municipality can be held responsible under NREPA for raw

sewage discharged into state waters by private citizens within the municipality’s borders.

MCL 324.3109 sets forth the statutory framework regarding violations of NREPA

involving unlawful discharges into state waters. MCL 324.3109 provides:

               (1) A person shall not directly or indirectly discharge into the waters
        of the state a substance that is or may become injurious to any of the
        following:

16
     MCL 324.3115(1).
17
  People v Lee, 489 Mich 289, 295; 803 NW2d 165 (2011); Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens
Constr, Inc, 489 Mich 355, 361; 802 NW2d 33 (2011).



                                              7
       (a) To the public health, safety, or welfare.

       (b) To domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or
other uses that are being made or may be made of such waters.

       (c) To the value or utility of riparian lands.

        (d) To livestock, wild animals, birds, fish, aquatic life, or plants or to
their growth or propagation.

       (e) To the value of fish and game.

       (2) The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or
indirectly, into any of the waters of the state shall be considered prima facie
evidence of a violation of this part by the municipality in which the
discharge originated unless the discharge is permitted by an order or rule of
the [DEQ]. If the discharge is not the subject of a valid permit issued by
the [DEQ], a municipality responsible for the discharge may be subject to
the remedies provided in [MCL 324.3115]. If the discharge is the subject
of a valid permit issued by the [DEQ] pursuant to [MCL 324.3112], and is
in violation of that permit, a municipality responsible for the discharge is
subject to the penalties prescribed in [MCL 324.3115].

       (3) Notwithstanding subsection (2), a municipality is not responsible
or subject to the remedies provided in [MCL 324.3115] for an unauthorized
discharge from a sewerage system as defined in [MCL 324.4101] that is
permitted under this part and owned by a party other than the municipality,
unless the municipality has accepted responsibility in writing for the
sewerage system and, with respect to the civil fine and penalty under [MCL
324.3115], the municipality has been notified in writing by the [DEQ] of its
responsibility for the sewerage system.

         (4) Unless authorized by a permit, order, or rule of the department,
the discharge into the waters of this state of any medical waste, as defined
in . . . MCL 333.13801 to 333.13831, is prima facie evidence of a violation
of this part and subjects the responsible person to the penalties prescribed in
[MCL 324.3115].

        (5) Beginning January 1, 2007, unless a discharge is authorized by a
permit, order, or rule of the department, the discharge into the waters of this
state from an oceangoing vessel of any ballast water is prima facie evidence



                                        8
         of a violation of this part and subjects the responsible person to the
         penalties prescribed in [MCL 324.3115].

                (6) A violation of this section is prima facie evidence of the
         existence of a public nuisance and in addition to the remedies provided for
         in this part may be abated according to law in an action brought by the
         attorney general in a court of competent jurisdiction.
         When interpreting statutes, this Court must “ascertain and give effect to the intent

of the Legislature.”18 The words used in the statute are the most reliable indicator of the

Legislature’s intent and should be interpreted on the basis of their ordinary meaning and

the context within which they are used in the statute.19 In interpreting a statute, this Court

avoids a construction that would render any part of the statute surplusage or nugatory.20

“As far as possible, effect should be given to every phrase, clause, and word in the

statute.”21    Moreover, the statutory language must be read and understood in its

grammatical context.22 When considering the correct interpretation, the statute must be

read as a whole, unless something different was clearly intended.23 Individual words and

phrases, while important, should be read in the context of the entire legislative scheme.24



18
     People v Koonce, 466 Mich 515, 518; 648 NW2d 153 (2002).
19
     People v Morey, 461 Mich 325, 330; 603 NW2d 250 (1999).
20
 People v McGraw, 484 Mich 120, 126; 771 NW2d 655 (2009), citing Baker v Gen
Motors Corp, 409 Mich 639, 665; 297 NW2d 387 (1980).
21
     Sun Valley Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 237; 596 NW2d 119 (1999).
22
     Herman v Berrien Co, 481 Mich 352, 366; 750 NW2d 570 (2008).
23
     Sun Valley, 460 Mich at 237.
24
     Herman, 481 Mich at 366.



                                              9
       We begin by examining the language of MCL 324.3109(1). This subsection sets

forth the manner in which a “person” is deemed to have violated part 31 of NREPA. For

purposes of part 31, a “person” is defined as “an individual, partnership, corporation,

association, governmental entity, or other legal entity.” MCL 324.301(h). Thus, the term

“person” includes a governmental entity such as Worth Township. MCL 324.3109(1)(a)

provides that a person violates part 31 if the person “directly or indirectly discharge[s]

into the waters of the state a substance that is or may become injurious to . . . the public

health, safety, or welfare.”      Accordingly, MCL 324.3109(1) is applicable to a

governmental entity such as Worth Township if the governmental entity directly or

indirectly discharges into state waters a substance that is or may become injurious to

public safety.

       Next, MCL 324.3109(2) provides specific language with regard to violations by

governmental entities. Its first sentence provides that the

       discharge of any raw sewage . . . , directly or indirectly, into any of the
       waters of the state shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of
       this part by the municipality in which the discharge originated unless the
       discharge is permitted by an order or rule of the [DEQ].

There is no dispute that raw sewage is being discharged into state waters from within

Worth Township. Nor is this discharge permitted by an order or rule of the DEQ. Thus,

the phrase “shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of this part by the

municipality in which the discharge originated” is at the core of the dispute before us.

       The Court of Appeals majority interpreted this phrase to mean that when raw

sewage originating within the municipality’s borders is discharged into state waters, this

subsection creates a rebuttable presumption that the municipality itself discharged the



                                             10
sewage. And if the municipality proves that it did not cause the discharge, it avoids

responsibility.25 The majority stated:

              MCL 324.3109(2) clearly does not make a municipality
       automatically and conclusively responsible for a discharge of raw sewage.
       Rather, it merely creates the presumption that the municipality is
       responsible until and unless the municipality is able to establish that it did
       not violate part 31 of NREPA, MCL 324.3101 et seq., which deals with the
       protection of water resources.
                                          * * *

               In sum, we hold that MCL 324.3109(2) does not impose blanket
       responsibility on a municipality for any sewage discharge that occurs
       within its jurisdiction and a corresponding obligation to remedy such
       discharges without regard to cause. Rather, it merely creates the
       presumption that such a discharge originated with the municipality. But
       when, as here, the municipality, [Worth Township] in this case, cannot
       have been the cause of the discharge, it holds no responsibility for the
       discharge. And, therefore, there is no basis to impose on [Worth
       Township] the obligation to pursue the remedy desired by [the DEQ], the
       installation of a public sanitary-sewerage system. [Dep’t of Environmental
       Quality v Worth Twp, 289 Mich App 414, 419, 424; 808 NW2d 260
       (2010).]
       The Court of Appeals dissent opined that MCL 324.3109(2) creates a rebuttable

presumption that part 31 of NREPA has been violated when raw sewage has been

discharged into state waters and that the responsibility for rebutting that presumption falls

on the municipality where the violation took place. The dissent stated:

             [T]he phrase “prima facie evidence” in MCL 324.3109(2) is
       modified by the phrase “of a violation of this part . . . .” This means that
       the discharge of raw human sewage into state waters is prima facie
25
  “Prima facie evidence” is “[e]vidence that will establish a fact or sustain a judgment
unless contradictory evidence is produced.” Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed), p 598.
Thus, the term “prima facie evidence” creates a presumption that may be rebutted by
contradictory evidence.



                                             11
       evidence of a violation of part 31. Part 31 includes MCL 324.3109(1),
       which prohibits the discharge of a substance that is or may become
       injurious to public health, safety, or welfare. Accordingly, this prima facie
       evidence of a violation of part 31 is rebutted by a showing by the
       municipality that the discharges are not injurious to public health, safety, or
       welfare, e.g., that the discharges are nominal or will not cause injury. Yet
       in this case, the discharges are pervasive, extensive, and of such high
       concentrations that they are clearly injurious to the public health, safety, or
       welfare. [Worth Twp, 289 Mich App at 442 (O’CONNELL, J., dissenting).]
       The primary distinction between the two interpretations is that the Court of

Appeals majority held that MCL 324.3109(2) only creates a rebuttable presumption that a

discharge of raw sewage was caused by a municipality in violation of NREPA, whereas

the Court of Appeals dissent would have held that the presumption is that NREPA was

violated and responsibility for the violation is assigned to the municipality where the

violation took place, regardless of who caused the discharge.           We find the latter

interpretation to be correct. When MCL 324.3109(2) is read in conjunction with the

surrounding subsections and in the historical context of statutes governing raw-sewage

disposal, it is clear that the Legislature intended to create a presumption that the

municipality is in violation of NREPA when a discharge originates within its boundaries,

irrespective of who actually caused the discharge.

       The historical obligation of a municipality to oversee the proper disposal of

sewage within its boundaries is reflected in former MCL 323.1 et seq. Specifically,

former MCL 323.6(a), as amended by 1965 PA 328, stated, “It shall be unlawful for any

person directly or indirectly to discharge into the waters of the state any substance which

is or may become injurious to the public health, safety, or welfare . . . .” Former MCL

323.6(b), as amended by that same act, stated:




                                             12
              The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or
       indirectly into any of the waters of the state shall be considered prima facie
       evidence of the violation of [former MCL 323.6(a)] unless said discharge
       shall have been permitted by an order, rule, or regulation of the [Water
       Resources Commission]. Any city, village or township which permits,
       allows or suffers the discharge of such raw sewage of human origin into
       any of the waters of the state by any of its inhabitants or persons occupying
       lands from which said raw sewage originates, shall be subject only to the
       remedies provided for in [former MCL 323.7].

As Judge O’CONNELL noted in his dissent, it is clear that, historically, the Legislature

intended that a local unit of government, such as a township, be responsible for

discharges into state waters involving raw sewage originating within its boundaries. It is

also clear that, historically, the Legislature intended to hold a local unit of government

responsible for such a discharge regardless of whether the governmental unit itself caused

the discharge or whether the discharge was caused by “inhabitants or persons occupying

lands from which” the raw sewage originated.

       Former MCL 323.1 et seq. was repealed by 1994 PA 451. In its place, 1994 PA

451 enacted NREPA, which includes MCL 324.3109. We conclude that, when read as a

whole, MCL 324.3109 continues the historical obligations of MCL 323.6 that allow local

units of government to be held responsible for the discharge of raw sewage that originates

within their borders into state waters, even when the raw sewage is discharged by a

private party and not directly discharged by the local unit itself.26


26
  This conclusion is limited to our interpretation of NREPA. We do not decide whether
the Headlee Amendment, specifically Const 1963, art 9, § 29, precludes the state from
holding a local unit of government responsible for such a discharge. See note 4 of this
opinion.



                                              13
       First, like former MCL 323.6(a), MCL 324.3109(1) prohibits a governmental

entity itself from discharging injurious substances into state waters. If we were to adopt

the Court of Appeals majority’s holding that a municipality is responsible under MCL

324.3109(2) only when the municipality itself causes the discharge, that provision would

be rendered virtually meaningless. The Court of Appeals majority failed to take into

consideration that under MCL 324.3109(1), a person violates part 31 of NREPA by

discharging a substance into state waters that is or may become injurious to the interests

listed in MCL 324.3109(1)(a) through (e)27 and, thus, if a municipality itself causes such

a discharge, it will have violated subsection (1). However, the Court of Appeals also held

that under subsection (2) of MCL 324.3109, a municipality violates NREPA if the

municipality itself causes the discharge. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals interpreted

subsection (2) as providing little more than what is already provided in subsection (1).

Though the Court of Appeals majority’s interpretation does not render subsection (2)

entirely nugatory, it comes close. We therefore reject the Court of Appeals majority’s

interpretation because the language of subsection (2) must be given full effect.

       Second, when reading MCL 324.3109 as a whole, the language in subsections (4)

and (5) form a common theme, along with subsection (2), by listing specific substances

that, when discharged, create a presumption that part 31 has been violated. As noted,

MCL 324.3109(1) provides that a violation occurs when a substance that is or may


27
 The interest that is implicated in this case is “the public health, safety, or welfare.”
MCL 324.3109(1)(a).



                                            14
become injurious is discharged into state waters.        The language at issue in MCL

324.3109(2) provides that “[t]he discharge of any raw sewage . . . into any of the waters

of the state shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of this part . . . .”

Likewise, MCL 324.3109(4) provides that “the discharge into the waters of this state of

any medical waste . . . is prima facie evidence of a violation of this part . . . .”

Additionally, MCL 324.3109(5) provides that “the discharge into the waters of this state

from an oceangoing vessel of any ballast water is prima facie evidence of a violation of

this part . . . .”

        Thus, subsections (2), (4), and (5) all provide specific substances that, when

discharged, provide prima facie evidence that a violation has occurred. In other words,

the listed substances are presumed to be injurious when discharged. As a result of these

subsections, raw sewage, medical waste, and ballast water from oceangoing vessels are

presumptively injurious to the interests enumerated in MCL 324.3109(1)(a) through (e).

In order to rebut that presumption, the responsible entity must demonstrate that the

discharge of one or more of those substances is not, or will not become, injurious to the

interests enumerated in MCL 324.3109(1)(a) through (e).28


28
   The plain language of MCL 324.3109(2) is consistent with the plain language of
former MCL 323.6(b). As the trial court correctly noted:

                [H]ad the legislature wanted to impose a different scheme of
        liability, it could have said that the discharge of raw . . . sewage of human
        origin . . . is prima facie evidence of a violation by the municipality that
        directly discharges it . . . . They said: “By the municipality in which it
        originates.” Their language adds to the clear intent. When you look at the
        possibility of what they could have said, it lends further credence to [sic]


                                             15
        Moreover, while all three subsections identify presumptively injurious substances,

only MCL 324.3109(2) goes further and identifies the party that will be held responsible

for a discharge of such a substance. Subsections (4) and (5) refer to the “responsible”

party, but do not identify who the responsible party is. Subsection (4) states in pertinent

part:

              [T]he discharge into the waters of this state of any medical waste . . .
        is prima facie evidence of a violation of this part and subjects the
        responsible person to the penalties prescribed in [MCL 324.3115]. [MCL
        324.3109(4) (emphasis added).]

Subsection (5) states in pertinent part:

               [T]he discharge into the waters of this state from an oceangoing
        vessel of any ballast water is prima facie evidence of a violation of this part
        and subjects the responsible person to the penalties prescribed in [MCL
        324.3115]. [MCL 324.3109(5) (emphasis added).]

Thus, subsections (4) and (5) state that a “responsible person” will be subject to penalties

for a discharge, but they do not identify who that party may be. While subsection (2)

contains similar language, it goes a step further by actually identifying the party that will

be held responsible for a discharge. It states in pertinent part:

               The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin . . . into any of the
        waters of the state shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of
        this part by the municipality in which the discharge originated . . . . [A]
        municipality responsible for the discharge may be subject to the remedies
        provided in [MCL 324.3115]. [MCL 324.3109(2) (emphasis added).]




        the clear intent here is to impose liability on the municipality where the
        discharge originated.



                                              16
Thus, not only does MCL 324.3109(2) create a presumption that the discharge of any raw

sewage is injurious, it actually identifies the party responsible for the discharge as the

municipality in which the discharge originated.

          Additionally, we disagree with the decision of the Court of Appeals majority

because it conflicts with MCL 324.3109(3), which provides:

                 Notwithstanding subsection (2), a municipality is not responsible or
          subject to the remedies provided in [MCL 324.3115] for an unauthorized
          discharge from a sewerage system as defined in [MCL 324.4101] that is
          permitted under this part and owned by a party other than the municipality,
          unless the municipality has accepted responsibility in writing for the
          sewerage system and, with respect to the civil fine and penalty under [MCL
          324.3115], the municipality has been notified in writing by the [DEQ] of its
          responsibility for the sewerage system.

The Court of Appeals majority reasoned that MCL 324.3109(3) further buttressed its

holding that the municipality must have actually caused the discharge. The majority

stated:

                  The argument that the municipality must actually cause the
          discharge is further buttressed by a third factor. MCL 324.3109(3)
          explicitly states that a municipality is not responsible for a discharge from a
          sewerage system that is not operated [sic: owned] by the municipality
          unless the municipality has accepted responsibility in writing for the
          sewerage system. If the purpose of [MCL 324.3109(2)] were to impose
          liability on a municipality merely because a discharge occurred within its
          boundaries, then subsection (3) would be contradictory. [Worth Twp, 289
          Mich App at 420.]

We disagree because the Court of Appeals’ reasoning ignores important language within

subsection (3). The first phrase of subsection (3), “[n]otwithstanding subsection (2),”

indicates that it is an exception to subsection (2). Thus, the language of subsection (3)

creates an exception to subsection (2) under which a municipality will not be responsible



                                                17
for a discharge originating within the municipality’s boundaries. The exception is that a

municipality will not be responsible for a discharge from a sewerage system that the

municipality does not own.29 “Sewerage system” is a statutorily defined term that does

not include private septic systems.30 There is no sewerage system in Worth Township,

and, as a result, the exception contained in MCL 324.3109(3) is inapplicable to the facts

of this case. The Court of Appeals’ reliance on MCL 324.3109(3) as support for its

holding was misplaced.31

       Accordingly, when reading the subsections of MCL 324.3109 as a whole, we

interpret subsection (2) as placing responsibility for a discharge of raw sewage on the

municipality in which the discharge originated and as giving that municipality the burden

of showing that the discharged raw sewage does not rise to the “is or may become

injurious” standard in order to avoid being subject to the remedies contained in MCL

324.3115. It is clear that by enacting MCL 324.3109(2), the Legislature intended to leave

intact the historical obligations of a municipality under former MCL 323.6. The purpose
29
   Specifically, the exception is that a municipality will not be held responsible for a
sewerage system that it does not own “unless the municipality has accepted responsibility
in writing for the sewerage system and, with respect to the civil fine and penalty under
[MCL 324.3115], the municipality has been notified in writing by the [DEQ] of [the
municipality’s] responsibility for the sewerage system.” MCL 324.3109(3).
30
  MCL 324.4101(h) provides, in pertinent part, that a sewerage system is “a system of
pipes and structures . . . actually used or intended for use by the public for the purpose of
collecting, conveying, transporting, treating, or otherwise handling sanitary sewage . . . .”
(Emphasis added.)
31
  Moreover, the fact that the exception in MCL 324.3109(3) exists illustrates that there is
a general rule. The general rule contained in MCL 324.3109(2) is that the municipality
will be held responsible for a discharge unless an exception applies.



                                             18
of MCL 324.3109(2) is to allow a municipality to be held responsible for any discharges

of raw sewage from within its boundaries into state waters.32 By holding otherwise, the

Court of Appeals frustrated that purpose.

      Furthermore, the Court of Appeals majority erroneously concluded that Worth

Township could not be held responsible as a “municipality” under MCL 324.3109

because the state and townships are municipalities under part 31 and the state has just as

much responsibility as a township to remedy the discharge of raw sewage.33 The Court

of Appeals stated:

             For purposes of part 31 of NREPA, MCL 324.3101(m) supplies a
      particular definition of “municipality”: “this state, a county, city, village, or
      township, or an agency or instrumentality of any of these entities.” Thus,
      the state is as much a municipality as is [Worth Township]. And, by
      extension, the state bears as much responsibility for the unauthorized
      discharges at issue in this case as does [Worth Township]. And the state is
      as liable to the remedies of [MCL 324.3115] as is [Worth Township].
      Thus, even if we were to agree with [the DEQ] that MCL 324.3109(2)
      imposes on a “municipality” the responsibility of installing a sanitary-
      sewerage system to abate a problem with the discharge of raw sewage, [the
      DEQ] offer[s] no compelling reason why [it] should be permitted to shift
      [its] own responsibility to install a sanitary sewer onto [Worth Township].
      [Worth Twp, 289 Mich App at 422-423.]

Thus, the Court of Appeals reasoned that it would be incorrect to assume that the

Legislature intended to allow the state to shift its own responsibility to a municipality




32
   This responsibility is, as noted, subject to the exception contained in MCL
324.3109(3).
33
  In MCL 324.3101(m), “municipality” is defined as “this state, a county, city, village, or
township, or an agency or instrumentality of any of these entities.”



                                             19
such as a township by seeking to enforce an injunction against a township under MCL

324.3109(2) and MCL 324.3115. We disagree.

       While it is correct to say that a discharge occurring in a township also “occurs”

within the county and state within which the township is located, we disagree with the

Court of Appeals’ conclusion that this fact relieves a township of responsibility under

NREPA. A township is within NREPA’s definition of municipality, and it therefore can

be held responsible as a municipality under MCL 324.3109(2).34 Moreover, we disagree

with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion because it overrides the intent of the Legislature

by concluding that no municipalities can be held responsible simply because several

municipalities are responsible under MCL 324.3109(2). This conclusion would always

preclude relief under MCL 324.3109(2) because every square inch of Michigan is layered

by at least several of the types of entities listed in the definition of “municipality.” Such

a result is not what the Legislature intended.

       Additionally, we note that the most localized form of government involved, such

as a township, has the authority to prevent the discharge of raw sewage. Historically,

townships have been responsible for overseeing the disposal of sewage generated within


34
   As the Court of Appeals noted, the Legislature could have used the term “local unit”
instead of “municipality” to ensure that only local governments are held responsible.
Worth Twp, 289 Mich App at 423. “Local unit” is defined as “a county, city, village, or
township or an agency or instrumentality of any of these entities.” MCL 324.3101(l).
However, the Legislature’s reference to a “municipality” in MCL 324.3109(2) does not
mean that the “local units” included in the definition of “municipality” can avoid
responsibility for a discharge within their borders. The definition of “municipality”
encompasses local units and, therefore, local units can be held responsible.



                                             20
the township.35 Under the Township and Village Public Improvement and Public Service

Act, MCL 41.411 et seq., a township has the power to finance, construct, and maintain a

sewerage system.       MCL 41.411(1).36    A township also has the power to condemn

individual properties that are injurious to public health,37 and a township has the authority

to grant franchises to public utilities within its boundaries.38 Moreover, townships have

the authority to adopt ordinances regulating public health, safety, and welfare, including

ordinances that require individual property owners to hook up to a sewerage system.39

There is simply no reason why a township, as a “municipality,” cannot be deemed a

responsible entity under the language of MCL 324.3109(2) when a discharge occurs

within its borders.40 The Court of Appeals majority erred by concluding otherwise.


35
     See former MCL 323.6(b).
36
  Part 43 of NREPA also grants townships, as local units of government, the authority to
construct, operate, and maintain sewers. See MCL 324.4301 et seq.
37
  MCL 41.411(3) grants townships condemnation powers and authorizes them to use the
condemnation provisions applicable to state agencies and public corporations in MCL
213.21 through 213.25. MCL 213.23 authorizes the taking of private property for “public
purposes.” This Court has stated that a “public purpose” promotes “public health, safety,
morals, general welfare, security, prosperity, and contentment of all the inhabitants or
residents within the municipal corporation . . . .” Gregory Marina, Inc v Detroit, 378
Mich 364, 396; 144 NW2d 503 (1966) (opinion by T. M. KAVANAGH, C.J.) (emphasis
added; citation and quotation marks omitted).
38
     See Const 1963, art 7, § 19.
39
     See MCL 41.181, MCL 333.12753(1); see also MCL 324.4301 et seq.
40
   There may be instances in which the responsibility for a discharge could logically be
placed with one of the other entities listed as a municipality, such as the state. In such
instances, it is possible that the DEQ may choose to initiate a suit against that
municipality. MCL 324.3115(1) provides that the DEQ “may request the attorney


                                             21
       Finally, as noted, we hold that the trial court’s decision requiring Worth Township

to take necessary corrective action to prevent the discharge was within the court’s

jurisdiction under part 31 of NREPA. MCL 324.3115(1) grants the trial court jurisdiction

“to restrain the violation and to require compliance” with part 31. Although the trial

court specifically stated that it was not requiring Worth Township to construct a sewerage

system in this case, it appears that the parties agree that the most practical and

comprehensive method to restrain the discharge is for a sewerage system to be

constructed. In fact, in the 2004 district compliance agreement, Worth Township agreed

to construct the necessary sewerage system, although the township did not ultimately

construct that system.

       We note, however, that a sewerage system is not the only method available to

remedy a widespread discharge. As mentioned earlier, properties that produce discharge

could be condemned. Another option would be to institute a pump-and-treat program

requiring individual properties’ septic systems to be pumped and the contents treated off-

site. MCL 324.3115(1) only requires that the method chosen restrain the violation and




general to commence a civil action for appropriate relief . . . for a violation of [part 31 of
NREPA] . . . .” This language implicitly grants the DEQ the discretion to choose the
appropriate parties to hold responsible under part 31. In a suit brought under MCL
324.3109(2), the only limitation on the type of party that may be sued is that the party
must be a “municipality.”



                                             22
comply with the provisions of part 31 of NREPA. The trial court’s injunction in this case

met those requirements.41

       In sum, we conclude that under MCL 324.3109(2), a municipality can be held

responsible for preventing a discharge of raw sewage that originates within its borders,

even when the raw sewage is discharged by a private party and not directly discharged by

the municipality itself. Additionally, we hold that a township, as a municipality, can be

held responsible for such a discharge. Accordingly, we agree with the Court of Appeals

dissent that the trial court correctly interpreted MCL 324.3109(2) by granting an

injunction requiring Worth Township to take necessary measures to stop the discharge of

the raw sewage emanating from private septic systems within its borders. Therefore, we

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.42

                            IV. RESPONSE TO THE DISSENT

       The dissent argues that MCL 324.3109(2) establishes a presumption only that a

municipality caused a discharge and that the municipality can rebut the presumption and

avoid responsibility by showing that the municipality itself did not cause the discharge.

We have considered these arguments, and we respectfully disagree.

41
  This holding does not apply to the schedule, fine, and attorney fees included in the trial
court’s decision.
42
  The Court of Appeals did not rule on Worth Township’s remaining arguments that the
remedial action ordered by the trial court violated the Headlee Amendment, specifically
Const 1963, art 9, § 29, and that MCL 324.3115(1) does not authorize the trial court’s
order imposing a schedule for implementing corrective action, a fine, and an attorney-fee
award. Accordingly, we remand this matter to the Court of Appeals for a decision on
those significant issues to determine the outcome of this case.



                                            23
       First, the dissent asserts that the language “by the municipality” in subsection (2)

supports the argument that, when a discharge is determined to have been committed by a

party other than the municipality itself, the presumption of municipal liability has been

rebutted. However, the actual “discharge” itself constitutes the subject of the first clause

of the first sentence of subsection (2) and is not modified by the language “by the

municipality.”   Rather, “by the municipality” modifies “prima facie evidence of a

violation of this part.” Thus, a discharge under subsection (2) constitutes “prima facie

evidence of a violation of this part” by the municipality. It is the “violation” that is

attributed to the municipality, not the discharge.

       Moreover, any municipality that actually discharges an injurious substance is

already in violation of subsection (1). If the dissent’s interpretation were correct, then

subsection (2) would operate solely to create a presumption of liability, and only in cases

in which human sewage constitutes the discharged substance. Accordingly, under the

dissent’s interpretation, when there has been a discharge of human sewage, there is a

rebuttable presumption that the municipality in which the discharge originated was the

discharging party. Though the dissent’s interpretation does not render subsection (2)

entirely nugatory, it comes close. Our interpretation, on the other hand, provides full

effect to the language in MCL 324.3109.

       Second, the dissent contends that subsection (3) provides the one situation in

which a municipality can avoid a presumption of causation under subsection (2): when

the discharge is caused by a sewerage system not owned by the municipality. However,

evidence that a discharge was caused by another party’s sewerage system would itself be


                                             24
sufficient to rebut the subsection (2) presumption under the dissent’s reasoning because it

shows that a party other than the municipality actually caused the discharge. Thus, the

same evidence required to invoke the exception of subsection (3) would also seemingly

rebut the dissent’s interpretation of the presumption contained in subsection (2). That is,

if the dissent is correct that evidence that a party other than the municipality caused the

discharge rebuts the subsection (2) presumption, it would be entirely unnecessary for

subsection (3) to provide that the subsection (2) presumption does not arise if the

discharge is caused by a sewerage system not owned by the municipality.

       We respectfully disagree with the dissent’s interpretation. Under our holding, the

actual cause of the discharge is irrelevant under subsection (2). Subsection (3) is not

superfluous because it creates a single circumstance in which the actual cause of the

discharge is relevant—when the discharge is caused by a sewerage system not owned by

the municipality.

       Finally, with regard to the dissent’s hypothetical situation concerning a portable-

toilet company engaging in the systematic discharge of waste into state waters, we

emphasize our holding that a municipality deemed responsible under subsection (2) is

only required to restrain a violation and comply with the provisions of part 31 of NREPA.

When there is a single property owner actively causing a discharge in violation of MCL

324.3109(1) and the obvious solution is for the owner to stop the discharge, a

municipality has options available to accomplish this. These options could include, but

are not limited to, passing ordinances, fining the property owner, or obtaining a court




                                            25
order enjoining the discharge. Thus, we disagree with the dissent’s characterization of

our holding as “an extraordinary measure.” Post at 14.

      Accordingly, we are not persuaded by the arguments raised by the dissenting

opinion.

                                  V. CONCLUSION

      We conclude that under NREPA, a municipality can be held responsible for, and

required to prevent, a discharge of raw sewage that originates within its borders, even

when the raw sewage is discharged by a private party and not directly discharged by the

municipality itself. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals because

it interpreted MCL 324.3109(2) in a manner that precludes a municipality from being

held responsible for such discharge. Further, we remand this case to the Court of

Appeals to address Worth Township’s remaining arguments on appeal.


                                                         Diane M. Hathaway
                                                         Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                         Marilyn Kelly
                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                         Brian K. Zahra




                                          26
                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                  SUPREME COURT


DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY and DIRECTOR OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY,

             Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v                                                         No. 141810

WORTH TOWNSHIP,

             Defendant-Appellee.


YOUNG, C.J. (dissenting).

      I respectfully dissent from the majority’s interpretation of MCL 324.3109(2).

MCL 324.3109(2) prohibits the discharge of raw human sewage into state waters and

states that such a discharge “shall be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of

this part by the municipality in which the discharge originated . . . .” The majority

interprets MCL 324.3109(2) to mean that a municipality is presumed responsible for a

discharge of raw human sewage that originated within its borders, that the municipality

may only rebut the presumption of liability by showing that the discharge of raw human

sewage was not injurious, and that the municipality may not rebut the presumption of

liability by showing that it did not cause the discharge. The majority’s decision thus

imposes strict liability on a municipality for every injurious or potentially injurious

discharge of raw human sewage that originates within its borders, even if the
municipality can conclusively establish that some other entity caused the pollutant

discharge.

      Therefore, I respectfully dissent and would conclude that the statutory

presumption contained in MCL 324.3109(2) may be rebutted when a municipality shows

either that the discharge of raw human sewage did not violate part 31 of the Natural

Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.3101 et seq., or that it

was not in fact the discharging party. Because the documentary evidence from the

Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) indicates that Worth Township is not the

actual source of the environmental contamination, and the DEQ in fact concedes that

defendant would prevail if permitted to rebut causation, I believe that defendant is

entitled to summary disposition of the claim brought under MCL 324.3109(2).

                                     I. ANALYSIS

      MCL 324.3109(2) contains a presumption that provides a basis for holding

municipalities liable for discharges of raw human sewage:

             The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or
      indirectly, into any waters of the state shall be considered prima facie
      evidence of a violation of this part by the municipality in which the
      discharge originated . . . .
“‘Prima facie evidence is such as in the judgment of the law is sufficient to establish the

fact, and, if unrebutted, remains sufficient for that purpose.’”1 Therefore, if there has

1
  People v Licavoli, 264 Mich 643, 653; 250 NW 520 (1933), quoting Atlantic Land &
Improvement Co v Lee, 93 Fla 579, 584; 112 So 549 (1927). Likewise, Black’s Law
Dictionary defines “prima facie evidence” as “[e]vidence that will establish a fact or
sustain a judgment unless contradictory evidence is produced.” Black’s Law Dictionary
(9th ed), pp 638-639.



                                            2
been a discharge of raw human sewage into state waters, then the municipality in which

the discharge originated is presumed to have violated part 31 of NREPA. The question

then becomes: How can a municipality rebut that presumption?

        A party can rebut a presumption by introducing evidence that refutes the

supporting facts or the presumed facts.2 The majority concludes that the only way a

municipality can rebut the statutory presumption is by “showing that the discharged raw

sewage does not rise to the ‘is or may become injurious’ standard” set forth in MCL

324.3109(1), thereby proving that no “violation” of MCL 324.3109(1) actually occurred.3


2
    See MRE 301:

                 In all civil actions and proceedings not otherwise provided for by
        statute or by these rules, a presumption imposes on the party against whom
        it is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the
        presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the
        sense of the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains throughout the trial upon
        the party on whom it was originally cast.

See also Reed v Breton, 475 Mich 531, 539; 718 NW2d 770 (2006) (recognizing that
MRE 301 sets forth the general rule regarding presumptions and that “the usual standard
required to overcome a rebuttable presumption [is] competent and credible evidence”);
P R Post Corp v Maryland Cas Co, 403 Mich 543, 552; 271 NW2d 521 (1978) (stating
that “[t]he legal effect of the admission of prima facie evidence is to shift the burden of
proceeding to the party calling the evidence into question,” who must then “come
forward with evidence to rebut or contradict its liability . . . .”); Licavoli, 264 Mich at 653
(“‘Prima facie evidence is such as in the judgment of the law is sufficient to establish the
fact, and, if unrebutted, remains sufficient for that purpose.’”), quoting Lee, 93 Fla at 584
(emphasis added).
3
  Ante at 18. The majority’s brief discussion of how a municipality can rebut the
presumption demonstrates that it assumes that failure to comply with MCL 324.3109(1)
is the only way a municipality can violate part 31. However, a municipality can violate
part 31 in multiple ways. For example, MCL 324.3112 prohibits municipalities from
discharging waste effluent without a permit. Therefore, the method by which a
municipality can show that there has not been a violation of part 31 in order to refute the


                                              3
However, MCL 324.3109(2) does not merely presume there has been “a violation of this

part.” Rather, MCL 324.3109(2) unambiguously presumes there has been “a violation of

this part by the municipality.”4

         When used as a preposition, the word “by” means “through the agency of” and “as

a result or on the basis of[.]”5     Accordingly, MCL 324.3109(2) presumes that the

“violation of this part” occurred as a result of or through the agency of the municipality.

This presumption assumes that some action “by the municipality” caused or contributed

to the violation.     Therefore, under the plain language of MCL 324.3109(2), a

municipality may rebut the presumption in one of two ways: it can show either that no

violation of part 31 occurred or that the violation occurred, but not as a result of or

through the agency of the municipality.

       II. THE MAJORITY’S INTERPRETATION OF MCL 324.3109 IS FLAWED

         In concluding that a municipality may only rebut the presumption of liability by

showing that no violation occurred, the majority’s interpretation of MCL 324.3109(2)

severs the phrase “by the municipality” from the phrases “of a violation” and “of this

part.” However, the phrase “by the municipality” modifies “of this part,” which in turn

modifies “of a violation.” Each subsequent prepositional phrase gives meaning to the

preceding phrase, and they cannot be read independently of each other.          Thus, the


presumption of its liability should depend on the DEQ’s underlying theory of liability.
The majority opinion does not seem to recognize this fact.
4
    Emphasis added.
5
    Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2000), defs 10 and 12.



                                             4
majority errs by concluding that “of this part” is part of the presumption while “by the

municipality” is not.

         The majority attempts to find meaning in “the surrounding subsections and in the

historical context of statutes governing raw-sewage disposal” to support its conclusion

that “the municipality is in violation of NREPA when a discharge originates within its

boundaries, irrespective of who actually caused the discharge.”6 What is noticeably

absent from the majority’s analysis, however, is an in-depth evaluation of the actual

language of MCL 324.3109(2).

         The majority dutifully notes that “[t]he words used in the statute are the most

reliable indicator of the Legislature’s intent and should be interpreted on the basis of their

ordinary meaning”7 and that “the statutory language must be read and understood in its

grammatical context.”8       While the majority recites these canons of statutory

interpretation, it fails to follow them. Rather than focusing on the plain language of MCL

324.3109(2) in its present form, the majority begins its analysis by looking at antecedent

versions of the statute that required “municipalit[ies] to oversee the proper disposal of

sewage within [their] boundaries . . . .”9 As the majority implicitly recognizes by citing

cases holding that the current language of a statute is the most reliable indicator of a



6
    Ante at 12.
7
    Ante at 9.
8
    Ante at 9.
9
    Ante at 12.



                                              5
Legislature’s intent, importing the historical obligations of prior versions of a statute is

completely inappropriate when the statutory language is clear and unambiguous.10

         Moreover, even if the language of a prior statute were a proper indication of the

meaning of the current version of an unambiguous statute, the prior version of MCL

324.3109(2) undercuts the majority’s analysis. Former MCL 323.6, as amended by 1965

PA 328, provided in part:

                (a) It shall be unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to
         discharge into the waters of the state any substance which is or may
         become injurious to the public health, safety, or welfare . . . .

                 (b) The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or
         indirectly into any of the waters of the state shall be considered prima facie
         evidence of the violation of [former MCL 323.6(a)] unless said discharge
         shall have been permitted by an order, rule, or regulation of the
         commission. Any city, village or township which permits, allows or suffers
         the discharge of such raw sewage of human origin into any of the waters of
         the state by any of its inhabitants or persons occupying lands from which
         said raw sewage originates, shall be subject only to the remedies provided
         for in [former MCL 323.7].[11]

Former MCL 323.6(b) had two sentences. The first sentence created a presumption that a

discharge of raw human sewage violated former MCL 323.6(a). Most significantly here,

the second sentence patently imposed liability on municipalities when they merely

10
   See People v Gardner, 482 Mich 41, 65-66; 753 NW2d 78 (2008) (holding that when
interpreting a statute, courts should look to the “statute’s plain language” and that “to
whatever extent courts correctly divined past legislatures’ intents using previously
enacted language, those intents should not guide our interpretation of the unambiguous
language of the current versions of the statutes; the acts of past legislatures do not bind
the power of successive legislatures to enact, amend, or repeal legislation”), citing
Studier v Mich Pub Sch Employees’ Retirement Bd, 472 Mich 642, 660; 698 NW2d 350
(2005).
11
     Emphasis added.



                                               6
allowed or suffered others within their borders to discharge injurious human sewage into

state waters.

        When the statute was repealed and recodified in NREPA in 1994,12 the Legislature

removed the sentence that explicitly imposed liability on the municipalities for the actions

of others and incorporated it into the rebuttable presumption.             In doing so, the

Legislature created a scheme in which discharges of raw human sewage are presumed to

violate part 31 and be caused by the municipalities in which the discharges occurred.

The prior language imposing liability on municipalities is no longer absolute in the

current statute; the language that imposed absolute municipal liability in the previous

statute has been incorporated into the rebuttable presumption provision of the current

statute.   Thus, the amended statutory language provides further support for the

conclusion that the Legislature abolished municipal liability for merely tolerating the

injurious discharges of others and replaced it with a rebuttable presumption of liability

regarding causation. The majority opinion ignores not only the actual language of the

current statute but also how it retreated from its predecessor’s imposition of strict liability

for simply being the locus of a discharge. Both are indications that the majority fails to

give the meaning the Legislature intended by its choice of language, especially given that

it retreated from language imposing absolute liability in a prior version of the statute.

        The majority also errs in its contextual analysis of MCL 324.3109(2). While

understanding MCL 324.3109(2) in the context of the other subsections is beneficial and



12
     MCL 324.90101(1).



                                              7
appropriate,13 the majority’s evaluation of the various subsections is detached from their

plain meaning. The majority concludes that if “a municipality is responsible under MCL

324.3109(2) only when the municipality itself causes the discharge, that provision would

be rendered virtually meaningless” because it would provide “little more than what is

already provided in [MCL 324.3109(1)].”14

         The majority fails to appreciate the evidentiary significance of a presumption.

MCL 324.3109(1) prohibits a person from directly or indirectly discharging

an injurious substance into state waters. MCL 324.3109(2) presumes that human sewage

is injurious and that its discharge was caused by the municipality in which the discharge

occurred. MCL 324.3109(2), therefore, shifts the evidentiary burden and requires the

municipality, rather than the DEQ, to prove that the discharge was either not violative of

part 31 or not caused by the municipality. While the statutory presumption requires the

municipality to refute it in order to avoid the penalties and remedies articulated in MCL

324.3115, the general statutory scheme ultimately requires the DEQ to hold the actual

polluters liable. This distinction appears to be deliberate, given that the DEQ is in a

superior position to prosecute individual polluters.15




13
   See Macomb Co Prosecutor v Murphy, 464 Mich 149, 159-160; 627 NW2d 247
(2001).
14
     Ante at 14.
15
   As seen in this case, the DEQ employs personnel capable of investigating pollutant
discharges. Moreover, the DEQ has the statutory authority to request the Attorney
General to commence a civil action to enforce part 31. MCL 324.3115(1).



                                              8
         The majority also claims that MCL 324.3109(4)16 and (5)17 support its

interpretation of MCL 324.3109(2). MCL 324.3109(4) and (5) presume that discharges

of medical waste and ballast water into state waters are violations of part 31. The

majority observes:

                 [MCL 324.3109(4) and (5)] state that a “responsible person” will be
         subject to penalties for a discharge, but they do not identify who that party
         may be. While [MCL 324.3109(2)] contains similar language, it goes a
         step further by actually identifying the party that will be held responsible
         for a discharge.[18]

On the basis of this observation, the majority abruptly concludes that the presumptive

identification of the responsible party in MCL 324.3109(2) is not rebuttable.            The

majority reaches this conclusion by assuming that the only material difference between

these subsections is the fact that MCL 324.3109(2) identifies who is responsible for the

discharges, while MCL 324.3109(4) and (5) imply that the person who actually caused

16
     MCL 324.3109(4) provides:

                Unless authorized by a permit, order, or rule of the [DEQ], the
         discharge into the waters of this state of any medical waste, as defined in
         part 138 of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.13801 to
         333.13831, is prima facie evidence of a violation of this part and subjects
         the responsible person to the penalties prescribed in [MCL 324.3115].
         [Emphasis added.]
17
     MCL 324.3109(5) provides:

                 Beginning January 1, 2007, unless a discharge is authorized by a
         permit, order, or rule of the [DEQ], the discharge into the waters of this
         state from an oceangoing vessel of any ballast water is prima facie evidence
         of a violation of this part and subjects the responsible person to the
         penalties prescribed in [MCL 324.3115]. [Emphasis added.]
18
     Ante at 16.



                                              9
the discharge is responsible. In doing so, the majority seems to import the grammatical

structure of MCL 324.3109(4) and (5) into MCL 324.3109(2) and thereby interpret MCL

324.3109(2) as if it read:

                The discharge of any raw sewage of human origin, directly or
         indirectly, into any of the waters of the state shall be considered prima facie
         evidence of a violation of this part and subjects the municipality in which
         the discharge originated to penalties as prescribed in MCL 324.3115.

In fact, the phrase “by the municipality” in MCL 324.3109(2) modifies “prima facie

evidence of a violation of this part.” Accordingly, the phrase “by the municipality” is

part of the presumed fact and is subject to rebuttal by production of contradictory

evidence. It is the majority’s failure to recognize this critical grammatical fact that

renders its construction fatally flawed.

         MCL 324.3109(3) lends additional support to the conclusion that causation is

incorporated into the rebuttable presumption. MCL 324.3109(3) provides:

                Notwithstanding subsection (2), a municipality is not responsible or
         subject to the remedies provided in [MCL 324.3115] for an unauthorized
         discharge from a sewerage system as defined in [MCL 324.4101] that is
         permitted under this part and owned by a party other than the municipality,
         unless the municipality has accepted responsibility in writing for the
         sewerage system and, with respect to the civil fine and penalty under [MCL
         324.3115], the municipality has been notified in writing by the [DEQ] of its
         responsibility for the sewerage system.[19]

MCL 324.3109(3) creates an exception to MCL 324.3109(2). In situations in which there

has been an unauthorized discharge from a certain type of sewer within a municipality,

the municipality is liable if it agreed to be responsible for the system, even if the


19
     Emphasis added.



                                               10
municipality can establish that it did not cause the discharge.           Moreover, the

municipality is subject to the civil fines and penalties enumerated in MCL 324.3115 if it

received proper notice from the DEQ. If MCL 324.3109(3) did not exist, a discharge

from the sewer system would “be considered prima facie evidence of a violation of this

part by the municipality in which the discharge originated” pursuant to MCL 324.3109(2)

and the municipality could rebut its presumed liability by showing that it did not cause

the discharge.

          The Court of Appeals held that MCL 324.3109(2) “merely creates the presumption

that . . . a discharge [of raw human sewage] originated with the municipality.”20 The

Court of Appeals held that a municipality could rebut this presumption by showing that

the municipality did not cause the discharge. The Court of Appeals reasoned that “[i]f

the purpose of subsection (2) were to impose liability on a municipality merely because a

discharge occurred within its boundaries, then subsection (3) would be contradictory.”21

          In critiquing the Court of Appeals’ analysis, the majority states that MCL

324.3109(3) “creates an exception to subsection (2) under which a municipality will not

be responsible for a discharge originating within the municipality’s boundaries. The

exception is that a municipality will not be responsible for a discharge from a sewerage

system that the municipality does not own.”22 The majority reasons that because there is


20
  Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Worth Twp, 289 Mich App at 414, 424; 808 NW2d
260 (2010).
21
     Id. at 420.
22
     Ante at 17-18.



                                            11
no sewerage system in Worth Township, MCL 324.3109(3) is inapplicable and the Court

of Appeals should not have relied on it.

       The problem with the majority’s analysis is that it ignores the second half of MCL

324.3109(3).23 The majority seems to assume that the sole purpose of MCL 324.3109(3)

is to create one specific circumstance in which the presumption does not arise: when the

discharge is caused by a private sewer. If the second half of MCL 324.3109(3) did not

exist, I would agree with the majority. This, obviously, is not the case. The second half

of MCL 324.3109(3) imposes liability on the municipality for a discharge it did not

cause—but only if it has accepted responsibility in writing and been notified of its

responsibility.

       A brief illustration may clarify my interpretation of MCL 324.3109(3). Suppose a

private entity owns a sewerage system as defined in MCL 324.4101 and there is an

unauthorized discharge from that system. If the discharge was of raw human sewage, the

municipality in which the discharge occurred is presumed liable under MCL 324.3109(2).

However, the municipality could rebut this presumption and avoid liability by showing

that it did not cause the discharge. In the absence of MCL 324.3109(3), this would be the

end of the matter for the municipality. However, MCL 324.3109(3) continues to impose

liability on the municipality notwithstanding its ability to rebut the presumption of MCL

324.3109(2) if the municipality had accepted responsibility in writing for the sewerage

system and been notified in writing by the DEQ of its responsibility.         Therefore,

23
   For purposes of this discussion, I refer to everything before “unless the municipality
has accepted responsibility” as the first half of MCL 324.3109(3) and everything from
that phrase on as the second half of MCL 324.3109(3).



                                           12
interpreting MCL 324.3109(2) to mean that a municipality can rebut the presumption

created by that subsection by showing that the discharge was not injurious or that it was

not the actual discharging party is perfectly consistent with MCL 324.3109(3), and the

majority errs by concluding otherwise.

         In its response to this opinion, the majority recognizes:

                [T]he actual “discharge” itself constitutes the subject of the first
         clause of the first sentence of [MCL 324.3109(2)] and is not modified by
         the language “by the municipality.” Rather, “by the municipality” modifies
         “prima facie evidence of a violation of this part.” Thus, a discharge under
         subsection (2) constitutes “prima facie evidence of a violation of this part”
         by the municipality. It is the “violation” that is attributed to the
         municipality, not the discharge.[24]

This analysis renders the majority’s position internally inconsistent. The majority seems

to imply that “by the municipality” is not part of the rebuttable presumption because that

phrase does not modify “discharge.” However, if the majority’s implication were correct,

then “of a violation” would also not be part of the presumption because that phrase, like

“by the municipality,” modifies “prima facie evidence” and not “discharge.” This cannot

be.

         The presumption takes effect whenever there is a “discharge of any raw sewage of

human origin” and shifts the evidentiary burden to the municipality. The dispute between

the majority and this dissent is not whether “by the municipality” modifies “discharge,”

but whether the word “by” means that its object—“the municipality”—actually caused its

antecedent—“a violation.” As explained earlier, the ordinary meaning of the word “by”


24
     Ante at 24.



                                               13
contains this causal requirement: “through the agency of” and “as a result or on the basis

of[.]”25 If the municipality fails to rebut the presumption that it caused the discharge,

then I agree with the majority that the “‘violation’ . . . is attributed to the

municipality . . . .”26   However, because the majority would always subject the

municipality to liability for an injurious discharge, even when the municipality proves

that it did not cause the violation, it is the majority’s interpretation that fails to take full

account of the meaning of the word “by” and its causal meaning in relation to the

evidentiary presumption.

       III. CONSEQUENCES OF THE MAJORITY’S INTERPRETATION OF MCL
                                 324.3109
         The majority’s interpretation of MCL 324.3109(2) renders a municipality strictly

liable for the actions of others, even if the municipality has proffered evidence that

conclusively establishes the identity of the polluter. Holding a municipality strictly liable

for the actions of others is an extraordinary measure, especially when strict liability is not

expressly provided by the language of the statute.

         One example will suffice to show the broad implications of the majority’s

interpretation. Suppose that a portable toilet company regularly, but surreptitiously,

dumps its collected human waste into state waters within a township and the township

can conclusively establish that the company, and not the township, caused the discharges.

Under the majority’s interpretation of MCL 324.3109(2), the township may not avoid


25
     Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2000), defs 10 and 12.
26
     Ante at 24.



                                              14
liability for the actions of polluters who are under an independent statutory obligation to

refrain from discharging waste into state waters.             Thus, under the majority’s

interpretation, the underlying municipality is always responsible for every injurious

discharge of human waste into state waters, even though individuals actually responsible

for the discharges have themselves violated MCL 324.3109(1) and are liable for the

penalties provided by law. While the Legislature may be within its authority to enact this

dual imposition of liability (as it apparently did in the predecessor version of this statute),

there is no indication in the text of MCL 324.3109(2) that it intended to do so merely by

imposing a rebuttable presumption that makes it easier for the DEQ to hold somebody

else responsible for the violation.

         The majority concludes that imposing strict liability on municipalities for

discharges caused by others is not onerous because “a municipality deemed responsible

under [MCL 324.3109(2)] is only required to restrain a violation and comply with the

provisions of part 31 of NREPA.”27           Imposing, as the majority opinion does, a

requirement that a municipality such as Worth Township stop others from polluting state

waters is not inconsequential. While a municipality may have the statutory authority to

stop pollutant discharges,28 a municipality may not readily possess the resources to halt

illegal discharges and ensure compliance. Condemnation is not a cost-free remedy, and


27
     Ante at 25.
28
   As the majority recognizes, townships have the authority to condemn individual
properties that are injurious to public health. MCL 41.411(3). Further, townships have
the authority to adopt ordinances that regulate the public health, safety, and general
welfare. MCL 41.181(1).



                                              15
local ordinances designed to prohibit unlawful discharges may be no more effective than

the state law that was obviously violated in this case.        Further, MCL 324.3115(1)

requires the imposition of a “fine of not less than $2,500.00” and gives circuit courts the

authority to impose attorney fees and costs when there has been a violation of part 31.29

Because the majority reads MCL 324.3109(2) as imposing strict liability on the

municipality for any injurious discharge of human waste into state waters that originates

within its borders, the municipality is liable for this mandatory fine even when the

municipality ensures subsequent compliance with part 31 of NREPA.               Thus, the

majority’s unwarranted expansion of liability to municipalities will subject municipalities

to mandatory statutory penalties even when municipalities take active measures to stop

pollutant discharges.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

         There is a saying that “[h]e who chooses the beginning of a road chooses the place

it leads to. It is the means that determine the end.”30 The majority erroneously chooses

to begin its analysis with an examination of the historical context of MCL 324.3109

rather than the plain and unambiguous language of the statute. The majority’s analytical

approach leads it to conclude that a municipality without a proper permit is liable for

every injurious or potentially injurious discharge of raw human sewage that originates

within its borders, even when it can be shown that the municipality was not the cause of


29
   Indeed, the fine imposed by the circuit court may be up to “$25,000.00 per day of
violation” pursuant to MCL 324.3115(1)(a).
30
     Fosdick, Living Under Tension (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941), p 111.



                                             16
the environmental contamination. Accordingly, the majority’s interpretation imposes

strict liability on municipalities that I believe is unsupported by the text of the statute.

       In this case, the DEQ submitted documentary evidence that private residences and

commercial buildings in Worth Township were discharging raw human sewage into state

waters. Pursuant to MCL 324.3109(2), these discharges were prima facie evidence of a

violation of part 31. However, Worth Township challenged the claim that the violation

occurred “by the municipality,” arguing that the discharges did not occur as a result of its

actions, but were caused by the private residences and commercial buildings, as indicated

in the DEQ’s documentation. In fact, at oral argument, the DEQ’s counsel admitted that

if Worth Township were permitted to rebut the statutory presumption by showing that the

discharges were “caused by failing private septic systems,” then Worth Township should

prevail. In light of the DEQ’s evidence and the Attorney General’s concession, I do not

believe that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether Worth Township is

liable pursuant to MCL 324.3109(2).

       Because the majority fails to give meaning to the plain and unambiguous language

of MCL 324.3109(2), I dissent. I would reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision in part31

and remand this case to the circuit court to determine whether there is a basis to impose

liability under the DEQ’s alternative theory of liability pursuant to MCL 324.3112.


                                                           Robert P. Young, Jr.

31
  While the Court of Appeals correctly held that a municipality could rebut the statutory
presumption by showing that it did not cause the discharges, the panel failed to recognize
that the presumption could also be rebutted by showing that the discharges did not
constitute a violation of part 31.



                                              17
