                                                                    F I L E D
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                                                                    DEC 29 1998
                                  PUBLISH
                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                               Clerk
              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       TENTH CIRCUIT



 RONALD S. HOWELL,

       Plaintiff/Third Party-Defendant,

 v.

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                           No. 97-4014
       Defendant/Third Party-
       Plaintiff/Appellant,

 v.

 EDWARD B. ROGERS,

       Third Party-Defendant/Appellee.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Utah
                             (D.C. No. 93-CV-952)


Marion E.M. Erickson, Attorney (Richard Farber, Attorney, Tax Division,
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; and Scott M. Matheson, Jr., United
States Attorney, Salt Lake City, Utah, Of Counsel, with him on the briefs), Tax
Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendant/Third Party-
Plaintiff/Appellant.

Joseph Jay Bullock (Karen Bullock Kreeck with him on the brief) of Bullock Law
Firm, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Third Party-Defendant/Appellee.
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, EBEL and KELLY, Circuit Judges.


SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.



      The Government appeals the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter

of law in favor of Edward B. Rogers. The court’s ruling was based on its

conclusion that the assessment of a penalty under I.R.C. § 6672 against Mr.

Rogers for willful failure to pay over trust fund taxes was invalid because the

Government had not provided Mr. Rogers with information as required by I.R.C.

§ 6203 and 26 C.F.R. § 301.6203-1. The Government also contends that Mr.

Rogers’ failure to pay the funds over was willful as a matter of law. We reverse

the court’s ruling that the assessment was invalid. We further conclude that a fact

issue exists on whether Mr. Rogers’ conduct was willful. We reverse and remand

for further proceedings.

                                         I

      Mr. Rogers was the president and a director of Utah Title & Abstract

Company from 1968 until he resigned from his various positions about March 1,

1988. He was also a fifty percent shareholder during 1988, the year at issue.

Ronald S. Howell was an employee, director, and corporate secretary of Utah

Title in 1988, and Alfred J. Newman was an employee, director, fifty percent

shareholder, and corporate counsel. Utah Title failed to make payments to the

                                        -2-
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), as required by I.R.C. § 3102(b), of the income

and FICA taxes withheld in 1988 from employees’ wages for the pay periods

ending January 15, February 1, and February 15. On February 13, 1988,

insurance underwriters for whom Utah Title acted as agent seized control of the

company and took over its day-to-day business activities. Following this seizure,

the banks with which Utah Title had general and trust accounts froze the

accounts. The company filed for bankruptcy on February 29, 1988.

        The IRS assessed a penalty in the amount of $58,560 under section 6672

against Mr. Howell in November 1988 and against Mr. Rogers in December 1988

in connection with the unpaid taxes for the first quarter of 1988, alleging that

both men were responsible persons who had willfully failed to pay over the funds

within the meaning of the statute. Mr. Howell thereafter paid $4311 toward the

assessment and filed this refund action on October 26, 1993, against the

Government. The Government counterclaimed against Mr. Howell for the

outstanding amount of the assessment, and filed a claim against Mr. Rogers as

well.

        After the evidence had been presented at trial, the district court denied Mr.

Rogers’ motion to hold the assessment invalid as a matter of law, and granted the

Government’s motion to hold Mr. Rogers a responsible party as a matter of law.

The case went to the jury, which returned a verdict in favor of Mr. Howell but


                                           -3-
was unable to reach a verdict as to Mr. Rogers’ liability. The judge declared a

mistrial and Mr. Rogers renewed his earlier motion for judgment as a matter of

law on the validity of the assessment. The court granted the motion, ruling that

the assessment was invalid because the IRS had failed to comply with the

regulation requiring it to provide information upon request. The Government

contends on appeal that the assessment was valid and that Mr. Rogers was willful

as a matter of law.

                                         II

      We turn first to the issue of the validity of the assessment. The statute

declares:

             The assessment shall be made by recording the liability of the
      taxpayer in the office of the Secretary in accordance with rules or
      regulations prescribed by the Secretary. Upon request of the
      taxpayer, the Secretary shall furnish the taxpayer a copy of the record
      of the assessment.

I.R.C. § 6203. The pertinent regulation provides in part:

      The assessment shall be made by an assessment officer signing the
      summary record of assessment. The summary record, through
      supporting records, shall provide identification of the taxpayer, the
      character of the liability assessed, the taxable period, if applicable,
      and the amount of the assessment. . . . The date of the assessment is
      the date the summary record is signed by an assessment officer. If
      the taxpayer requests a copy of the record of assessment, he shall be
      furnished a copy of the pertinent parts of the assessment which set
      forth the name of the taxpayer, the date of assessment, the character
      of the liability assessed, the taxable period, if applicable, and the
      amounts assessed.


                                        -4-
26 C.F.R. § 301.6203-1 (1997).

      The regulation thus provides that the records supporting the assessment

must identify the taxpayer, the character of the tax liability, the taxable period,

and the amount of the assessment. The taxpayer, upon requesting a copy of the

record of assessment, must be provided the above four items of information as

well as the date of the assessment.

      The circumstances before us are unusual. The district court held that

although documents presented at trial satisfied the requirements for supporting

records, the items furnished by the IRS to the taxpayer post-assessment but pre-

trial pursuant to his request had not provided information on the character of the

liability assessed or the taxable period as required by the regulation. The court

held that the assessment was therefore invalid, in effect ruling that the regulatory

obligation imposed on the IRS to provide information upon request was a

necessary part of the assessment itself. 1 We disagree.

      The district court correctly recognized that when the Government pursues a


      1
        Mr. Rogers also argues that the assessment was invalid because the
supporting documents were allegedly prepared and dated several years after the
assessment date. He argues that supporting documents must be prepared
contemporaneously with or in relation to the assessment, citing Jones v. United
States, 60 F.3d 584, 589-90 (9th Cir. 1995). We have reviewed the record
supplied on appeal and can find no indication that Mr. Rogers presented this
argument to the district court. We decline to consider it for the first time on
appeal. See Gowan v. United States Dep’t of the Air Force, 148 F.3d 1182, 1192
(10th Cir. 1998).

                                          -5-
claim for unpaid taxes in court, as opposed to pursuing the claim administratively,

the Government need not comply with the notice and hearing requirements of

I.R.C. § 6303(a) before obtaining a judgment for tax liabilities. See Marvel v.

United States, 719 F.2d 1507, 1513-14 (10th Cir. 1983); see also United States v.

Chila, 871 F.2d 1015, 1018 (11th Cir.1989) (citing cases). This is so, the court

pointed out, because the lawsuit itself provides that information to the taxpayer.

We see no reason for the district court’s conclusion that although the need for

satisfying the notice and demand requirements is obviated by the pursuit of a

judicial proceeding, the need for prior provision of the information at issue here

is not similarly obviated. 2

       We also agree with the IRS that the validity of an assessment cannot rest on

whether or when the taxpayer invokes his right to request the information set out

in section 301.6203-1. As the IRS points out, no section of the Internal Revenue

Code or the regulations imposes a sanction for the IRS’s failure to comply with

this provision, and we are not willing to construe it in a manner that would

invalidate by implication an otherwise valid assessment. Mr. Rogers cites no



       2
         Mr. Rogers does not argue to this court that he did not in fact have the
substantive information the court ruled was not supplied by the Government.
Indeed, the proceedings before and during trial indicate quite clearly that Mr.
Rogers in fact possessed and knew that information. Rather, he argues, and the
district court agreed, that the form in which the IRS purported to provide the
information to him was in code not decipherable by the ordinary layman.

                                         -6-
cases supporting his assertion that a valid assessment is made invalid by the

failure to provide a requesting taxpayer the supporting information. 3 We hold that

any failure by the IRS to comply with its duty to provide the information set out

in section 301.6203-1 did not render the assessment in this case invalid. We

reverse the district court’s ruling to the contrary. 4

      We turn to the Government’s argument that Mr. Rogers’ failure to pay over

the trust funds was willful as a matter of law. Subsequent to the trial in this case,

we addressed en banc the issue of willfulness under section 6672. See Finley v.

United States, 123 F.3d 1342 (10th Cir. 1997) (en banc). We stated that although

      we agree with the notions that “willful” conduct under § 6672 is not
      the same as “willful” conduct in the criminal context, and that certain
      facts are irrelevant to the determination of whether a responsible
      person willfully failed to pay withholding taxes[,] we are troubled by
      the possibility the courts have transformed 26 U.S.C. § 6672 into a
      strict liability statute, outside the jury’s realm, by (1) broadly
      defining the most likely fact scenarios leading to a failure to pay
      withholding taxes as “willful” conduct as a matter of law, and (2)
      closing the door on any opportunity for a responsible person to

      3
         In holding the assessment invalid on this ground, the district court relied
on Stallard v. United States, 12 F.3d 489 (5th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). That case
is distinguishable in critical respects. There the taxpayer was not assessed at all
with respect to the taxable period for which he was liable before the statute of
limitation expired. Id. at 495. In determining whether the taxpayer was assessed
for the proper period, the court examined the supporting record and simply did
not address the question at issue here.
      4
        We have held, moreover, that the IRS may bring a judicial tax collection
action even if an invalid assessment prevents it from attempting to collect taxes in
an administrative proceeding. See Goldston v. United States, 104 F.3d 1198,
1200 (10th Cir. 1997).

                                           -7-
      distinguish his case from those factual scenarios.

Id. at 1346. Accordingly, we held that

      the better way to protect government revenue and preserve a role for
      the jury in this case and others without undermining existing
      precedent is to continue to apply the established paradigms to
      identify willful conduct as a matter of law, yet expressly recognize a
      reasonable cause exception to the application of those paradigms.

Id. at 1348. We further held that this exception should be narrowly construed,

and “limited to those circumstances where (1) the taxpayer has made reasonable

efforts to protect the trust funds, but (2) those efforts have been frustrated by

circumstances outside the taxpayer’s control.” Id.

      The Government contends the exception recognized in Finley does not

require a remand in this case because Mr. Rogers voluntarily made a decision to

prefer other creditors rather than pay over the trust funds. These undisputed

facts, however, fit one of the paradigms that Finley held is subject to the

reasonable cause exception. The Government’s position, in effect, simply reads

the exception out of existence.

      The Government also argues that Mr. Rogers failed to show circumstances

beyond his control which prevented him from fulfilling his statutory obligation to

pay the funds over. Again we disagree. As we stated in Finley, we can rule on

the availability of the exception as a matter of law “only if [the taxpayer] was

fully heard on the issue of willfulness and, construing the evidence and inferences


                                          -8-
in [the taxpayer’s] favor, we can find no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a

reasonable jury to find his conduct was not willful.” Id. at 1349.

      Here, as in Finley, Mr. Rogers should be given the opportunity to present

evidence to a jury and receive a determination on whether he made reasonable

efforts to protect the trust funds, and whether his efforts were frustrated by events

beyond his control. Mr. Rogers presented evidence at his first trial showing that

his actions with regard to the taxable periods at issue were in keeping with his

past practice and the result of the nature of the company’s business. The

company maintained trust accounts as part of its escrow business through which

over one million dollars passed every working day. Mr. Rogers would leave

about a quarter of a million dollars in the accounts as a cushion to prevent their

closure for lack of funds or bank charges. It was from this cushion that Mr.

Rogers had caught up the taxes in the past. The IRS had previously cooperated

with this past practice. In our view, this evidence creates a fact issue on whether

Mr. Rogers’ efforts to protect the trust funds were reasonable. Mr. Rogers also

presented evidence that he was not able to complete his usual practice and pay the

taxes as he had done previously due to the improper and unauthorized actions of

the underwriters in seizing control of the company and the accounts and directing

the payment of funds in a manner contrary to his past practice. This evidence

creates a fact issue on whether Mr. Rogers’ efforts were frustrated by


                                          -9-
circumstances beyond his control. We therefore reject the Government’s

argument that Mr. Rogers was willful as a matter of law.

      The judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is

REMANDED for further proceedings.




                                       -10-
