[Cite as K & D Farms, Ltd v. Enervest Operating, L.L.C., 2015-Ohio-4475.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                      STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                             JUDGES:
K AND D FARMS, LTD, ET AL                            :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
                                                     :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                     Plaintiffs-Appellants           :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                                     :
-vs-                                                 :
                                                     :       Case No. 2015CA00038
ENERVEST OPERATING, LLC, ET                          :
AL                                                   :
                                                     :       OPINION
                  Defendants-Appellees




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                                 Civil appeal from the Stark County Court of
                                                         Common Pleas, Case No.2013CV01867

JUDGMENT:                                                Affirmed


DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                  October 26, 2015


APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellants                                For Defendants-Appellees

ERIC JOHNSON                                             LEONIDAS PLAKAS
12 W. Main Street                                        COLLIN S. WISE
Canton, OH 44406                                         BRANDON S. TRENT
                                                         220 Market Avenue South
For Appellee Enervest Operating LLC                      Canton, OH 44702
JOHN K. KELLER
THOMAS H. FUSONIE                                        For Appellees Stephen & Debra Vaughan
STEVEN A. CHANG                                          DAVID LUNDGREN
52 E. Gay Street                                         526 East Main St.
Columbus, OH 43216                                       Alliance, OH
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                     2

Gwin, P.J.

      {¶1}     Appellant appeals the February 27, 2015 judgment entry of the Stark

County Common Pleas Court granting appellees' motions for judgment on the

pleadings.

                                  Facts & Procedural History

      {¶2}     On March 6, 1954, appellants' predecessors-in-interest executed an oil

and gas lease in favor of appellee Enervest's predecessor-in-interest, leasing

approximately one hundred and seventeen (117) acres of land located in Marlboro

Township in Stark County, Ohio ("Vaughan lease"). Adjoining the property under the

Vaughan lease are lands owned by the Rohrers. The Rohrers entered into a similar oil

and gas lease with Enervest's predecessor-in-interest on February 1, 1954, leasing

approximately one hundred and eleven acres (111) of land, also located in Marlboro

Township ("Rohrer lease"). Appellees Sable Creek Enterprises, LLC, ("Sable Creek")

and Robert, Mary, David, and Gretchen Frase are the successors-in-interest to the

Rohrer lease.

      {¶3}     The identical granting clauses of both the Vaughan and Rohrer leases

provide that the leases were executed for, "exploring, drilling and operating for oil and

gas, and all constituents thereof, and all rights necessary, convenient and incident

thereto * * *." Each lease has the following clause with regards to consolidation in

paragraph 7:

      It is hereby agreed that the lands herein leased are to be consolidated

      with other lands in Marlboro Twp., Stark [County, State] of Ohio, which are

      or hereafter leased to the Lessee for oil and gas or their constituents and
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       3


       the said Lessee is hereby appointed Agent of the Lessor to consolidate

       said lands provided that such consolidation shall not exceed 231 acres * *

       * I and/or we, said Lessor or Lessors do ratify and confirm the acts of the

       said Lessee as such agent in preparing and filing such declaration of

       consolidation as herein provided and the said declaration of consolidation

       shall have the same force and effect and bind the premises herein leases

       as though I and/or we had signed the acknowledgment of the same.

       {¶4}   The leases both additionally provide that, upon consolidation, all royalties

in the oil and/or gas produced from any well that is drilled in the consolidated unit must

be divided amongst the lessors in the respective proportion of the acreage/interest they

own in the consolidated area ("Upon said consolidation the royalty in the oil and/or gas

produced from the consolidated area shall be payable to the Lessor on the basis of the

rate in this lease specified, but only in such proportion as the interest or acreage in the

whole of the consolidated area * * *). Further, both leases state that, "[a]ll covenants

and conditions between the parties hereto shall extend to their heirs, executors,

successors and assigns * * *." The Vaughan lease provides that, "any consolidation as

mentioned in paragraph 7 shall be with the lands of E. Rohrer." The Rohrer lease

contains no such restriction.

       {¶5}   On April 6, 1954, the Vaughan lease and Rohrer lease were consolidated

into a single unit pursuant to a Declaration of Consolidation that was recorded on April

8, 1954. The Consolidation repeated the lessee's obligation to distribute any royalties

from the wells drilled in the 228-acre unit to each lessor in proportion to their

interest/acreage in the entire unit and stated as follows:
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       4


        It is further declared that all of the acreage covered by said leases shall be

        considered as an entity as though covered by a single lease and the

        commencement of a well upon any of the acreage covered by any such

        lease shall be deemed a well commenced upon each of the leases

        hereinabove set forth. That the royalty provided to be paid in each of said

        leases from each such well shall be owned by and distributed to the

        Lessor in each of said leases in the proportion that the acreage owned by

        said Lessor as set forth in each lease bears to the acreage covered by all

        of such leases.

        {¶6}   From 1954 to 1980, five (5) Clinton sandstone wells were drilled in the

consolidated unit. Two of the wells were drilled on the acreage subject to the Rohrer

lease and three on the acreage subject to the Vaughan lease. Royalties from these

wells were paid to all lessors, including appellants and their predecessors-in-interest, in

the proportion of ownership of acreage in the consolidated unit.

        {¶7}   In 1984, the Vaughan No. 3 well was drilled. In 2011, the Hall No. 3 well

was drilled. It is undisputed that both of these wells were drilled outside the 228-acre

consolidated unit; however, both included acreage within the consolidated unit. For the

Vaughan No. 3 well, acreage was utilized from the northwest corner of the Rohrer

lease. For the Hall No. 3 well, acreage was utilized from the Rohrer lease. Appellants

did not object to these wells and have received their proportional share of royalties from

them.

        {¶8}   In October of 2006, Enervest filed an application with the Ohio Department

of Natural Resources ("ODNR") for a permit to drill a well in the Rose Run formation.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       5


Enervest listed the successors-in-interest under the Vaughan lease on the application

as prospective royalty owners. However, it did not list the successors-in-interest under

the Rohrer lease as royalty owners.      In 2011, Enervest applied for and received a

second well permit to drill another well in the Rose Run formation which listed all the

members of the unit as royalty owners. Enervest drilled two separate Rose Run wells in

2007 and 2012 (Vaughan 1A and 2K wells), both located on the Vaughan lease land.

From 2007 to 2011, royalties for the first well were paid exclusively to appellants,

proportionally to their acreage contributions, instead of to all lessors. In 2012, Enervest

informed appellants of the error and informed appellants the royalties would be

distributed pursuant to the terms of the leases and the consolidation to all lessors,

including appellees, in the consolidated unit. Further, that the royalty overpayment from

the previous years would be "recaptured" out of future royalty payments from both Rose

Run wells.

       {¶9}   On July 16, 2013, appellants filed a complaint against appellees for:

breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty/wrongful unitization, conversion of

hydrocarbons, quiet title, and declaratory judgment under R.C. 2721 to obtain a judicial

determination of the construction/validity of the Vaughan lease and determination

whether Enervest is in compliance with state statutory, regulatory, and public policy

requirements. After appellees filed answers to the complaint, Enervest filed a motion for

judgment on the pleadings on all of appellants’ claims. Sable Creek and the Frases'

filed a response in support and motion to join Enervest's motion. Appellants filed a

response to the motion. In their response, appellants conceded that the arguments of

Enervest regarding claims for conversion and quiet title were "well taken and
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       6


[appellants'] do not object to the dismissal of such claims. Accordingly, the trial court

dismissed, with prejudice, the claims for conversion and quiet title.

       {¶10} The trial court issued a judgment entry on the motion for judgment on the

pleadings on February 27, 2015. The trial court found as follows: appellants' claims for

declaratory relief and breach of contract fail as a matter of law because the leases

unambiguously require that royalties be distributed to all lessors who have an interest in

the consolidation; that a well permit application submitted to ODNR that fails to list a

party with contractual right to receive royalties does not abrogate and modify the

contractual relationship of the parties; appellants' claim that their lease and

consolidation were limited to the Clinton-Sandstone Formation is contrary to the

language of the instruments; appellants' breach of fiduciary claim fails as a matter of law

because any duties owed to appellants were solely contractual in nature; and

appellants' fiduciary duty claim also fails because the economic loss rule bars it.

Accordingly, the trial court granted appellees' motion for judgment on the pleadings and

dismissed appellants' claims for declaratory judgment, breach of contract, and breach of

fiduciary duty.

       {¶11} Appellants appeal the February 27, 2015 judgment entry of the Stark

County Common Pleas Court and assign the following as error:

       {¶12} "I.   THE   TRIAL    COURT      ERRED      BY   DISMISSING      PLAINTIFFS'

COMPLAINT ON THE PLEADINGS."
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                        7


                                                I.

                             Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

       {¶13} Motions for judgment on the pleadings are governed by Civil Rule 12(C),

which states, "[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the

trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings." Pursuant to Civil Rule 12(C),

"dismissal is [only] appropriate where a court (1) construes the material allegations in

the complaint, with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in favor of the

nonmoving party as true, and (2) finds beyond doubt that the plaintiff could prove no set

of facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief." State ex rel. Midwest

Pride IV, Inc. v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St.3d 565, 664 N.E.2d 931 (1996). The very nature

of a Civil Rule 12(C) motion is specifically designed for resolving solely questions of law.

See Peterson v. Teodosio, 34 Ohio St.2d 161, 297 N.E.2d 113 (1973). Reviewing

courts will reverse a judgment on the pleadings if the plaintiffs can prove any set of facts

that would entitle them to relief. Flanagan v. Williams, 87 Ohio App.3d 768, 623 N.E.2d

185 (4th Dist. Washington 1993), abrogated on other grounds by Simmerer v. Dabbas,

89 Ohio St.3d 856, 2000-Ohio-232, 733 N.E.2d 1169.              The review will be done

independent of the trial court's analysis to determine whether the moving party was

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

       {¶14} Further, while the abuse of discretion standard applies to dismissals of

declaratory judgment action as not justifiable, once a trial court determines that a matter

is appropriate for declaratory judgment, its holdings regarding questions of law are

reviewed de novo. Orwell Natural Gas Co., Inc. v. Fredon Corp, 11th Dist. Lake No.

2014-L-026, 2015-Ohio-1212.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                        8

                                Interpreting Oil and Gas Leases

       {¶15} With respect to oil and gas leases, the Ohio Supreme Court stated in

Harris v. Ohio Oil Co., 57 Ohio St. 118, 48 N.E.2d 502 (1987):

       [T] he rights and remedies of the parties to an oil and gas lease must be

       determined by the terms of the written instrument, and the law applicable

       to one form of lease may not be, and generally is not, applicable to

       another and different form. Such leases are contracts, and the terms of

       the contract with the law applicable to such terms must govern the rights

       and remedies of the parties.

       {¶16} A contract is to be interpreted to give effect to the intention of the parties.

Morrison v. Petro Evaluation Serv., Inc., 5th Dist. Morrow No. 2004 CA 0004, 2005-

Ohio-5640, citing Employer's Liab. Assur. Corp. v. Roehm, 99 Ohio St. 343, 124 N.E.

223 (1919). It is a fundamental principle in contract construction that contracts should

"be interpreted so as to carry out the intent of the parties, as that intent is evidenced by

the contractual language." Id., quoting Skivolocki v. East Ohio Gas Co., 38 Ohio St.2d

244, 313 N.E.2d 374 (1974). "The intent of the parties to a contract is presumed to

reside in the language they chose to employ in the agreement." Id., quoting Foster

Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin County Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio

St.3d 353, 1997-Ohio-202, 678 N.E.2d 519.

       {¶17} Appellants admit that they received the benefit of royalty payments for at

least two wells drilled in the consolidation unit located exclusively on the Rohrer lease

acreage. However, appellants now seek to retain all the royalties for the wells drilled

exclusively on the Vaughan acreage.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                              9

                                      Breach of Contract Claim

       {¶18} Appellants first argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their breach of

contract claim because Enervest breached the contract by failing to timely pay them

royalties for the Vaughan 1A and 2K wells.            In order to demonstrate a breach of

contract, the plaintiff must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) that a

contract existed; (2) that the plaintiff fulfilled its obligations; (3) that the defendants failed

to fulfill their obligations; and (4) that damages resulted from this failure. Moore v.

Adams, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2007AP090066, 2008-Ohio-5953.

       {¶19} The leases at issue are binding on the parties, as they were entered into

by their predecessors-in-interest and the leases state that the covenants and conditions

shall “extend to their heirs, executors, successors and assigns * * *.” Because the

leases are contracts, we look to the contractual language to determine the intent of the

parties. The leases provides that, upon consolidation, the royalties shall be payable,

“on the basis of the rate in this lease specified, but only in such proportion as the

interest or acreage in the whole of the consolidated area * * *.” Further, the Declaration

of Consolidation provides that the royalties are to be paid, “in the proportion that the

acreage owned by said Lessor as set forth in each lease bears to the acreage covered

by all of such leases.”

       {¶20} Looking at the leases and Declaration of Consolidation, the unambiguous

language expressly sets forth that all royalties from wells drilled on the acreage of the

consolidation must be split proportionally amongst all owners in the consolidation.

Because the terms of the lease agreement and Declaration of Consolidation are clear

and unambiguous, there is no need to resort to parole evidence to glean the intent of
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                      10


the parties. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in granting judgment on the

pleadings as Enervest did not breach the lease by failing to timely pay royalties for the

Vaughan 1A and 2K wells.

       {¶21} Appellants further contend that the trial court erred in dismissing their

breach of contract claim because Enervest breached the Vaughan lease by drilling the

Vaughan No. 3 and Hall No. 3 wells. Appellants argue that a well drilled outside the

consolidated area that utilizes land within the consolidated area violates the plain

language of the Vaughan lease because it states that, “any consolidation as mentioned

in paragraph 7 shall be with the lands of E. Rohrer.” We disagree.

       {¶22} First, the clause relied on by appellants merely provides that “any

consolidation as mentioned in paragraph 7 shall be with the lands of E. Rohrer.” This

plain language does not broadly prohibit the usage of any lands in the consolidation

from being pooled with other lands for the purposes of drilling after the consolidated unit

was created.    Paragraph 7 of the Vaughan lease merely provides that the 1954

consolidation must be only with Rohrer lands, which it was. The plain language of the

lease also anticipates that acreage in the consolidated unit may be used for wells not

physically inside the consolidation area as it specifically provides that, “* * * the

commencement of any well and/or production of oil or gas on any part of the

consolidated area shall have the same effect in keeping this lease in force as though

such wells are commenced and/or production had on the premises leased therein.” The

phrase “or production” would be meaningless if the consolidated unit was restricted to

wells drilled inside the consolidated area.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                     11


       {¶23} Next, the clause cited by appellants is contained only in the Vaughan

lease, not in the Rohrer lease. There is no dispute that both of the No. 3 wells included

only Rohrer acreage and not Vaughan acreage. Since the Rohrer acreage was not

subject to the alleged prohibition contained in the Vaughan lease, the drilling of the No.

3 wells is not a breach of the Vaughan lease because the No. 3 wells did not include

any acreage subject to the Vaughan lease.

       {¶24} Finally, the fact that the No. 3 wells were drilled outside the consolidated

area but utilize land within the consolidated area has no bearing on the re-allocation of

royalties of the Vaughan 1A and 2K wells, the damages which appellants claim under

their breach of contract action.      Even if the Vaughan lease prohibited Enervest’s

actions, appellants do not identify any damages relating to the alleged breach of the

lease from the No. 3 wells. The complaint contains no allegations that appellants were

damaged by the drilling, operation of, or payment of royalties from the No. 3 wells.

Rather, appellants admit that they “did not object to the variance from the rule and have

received their proportionate share of royalties from the subject wells.” Appellants thus

have set forth no allegations that “damages resulted from” Enervest’s “failure to fulfill

their obligations” with regards to the No. 3 wells.

       {¶25} The Vaughan 1A and 2K wells were both drilled on the Vaughan property

and, as noted above, based upon the plain language of the leases and consolidation,

the royalties from these wells were to be allocated in proportion to the ownership

interest in the consolidated unit.

       {¶26} Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court did not err in dismissing

appellants’ breach of contract claim.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                           12

                                    Declaratory Judgment Claim

       {¶27} As stated by appellants in their brief, their complaint asked the trial court

to determine: (1) an interpretation of the relevant language from the Vaughan lease and

(2) whether Enervest's payments of royalties complied with R.C. 1509.06, which

requires operating oil and gas wells in compliance with assertions made in a lessee's

drilling application.

       {¶28} Appellants first argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their claim for

declaratory relief because the Vaughan lease was executed in contemplation of drilling

Clinton wells and the lease did not contemplate deeper formations to find isolated pools

of oil. We disagree.

       {¶29} There is no language contained in the leases or the consolidation that

limits the formations from which oil and gas can be extracted. Paragraph 7 of each of

the leases provides that "the lands herein leased" are to be consolidated. There is no

limitation or reference to any specific geological formation. The granting clause of each

lease states that the lease is for the "sole and only purpose of exploring, drilling, and

operating for oil and gas * * * all that certain tract of land * * *." If a granting clause does

not contain terms limiting the depth or formation, the rights are granted to all depths.

Marshall v. Beekay Co., 4th Dist. Washington No. 14CA16, 2015-Ohio-238. Further,

the consolidation states that it applies to "any of the acreage covered by any such

lease." The language is not ambiguous and expressly conveys to Enervest the right to

explore, drill, and commence operations for extracting oil and gas on the entire acreage,

without limitation.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       13


       {¶30} Appellants further argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their

declaratory judgment claim due to the fact that the No. 3 wells were drilled outside the

consolidated area, but utilized land within the consolidated area.        Based upon our

discussion as detailed above, we find appellants’ argument to be not well-taken.

       {¶31} Appellants contend that R.C. 1509.06 requires Enervest to issue royalties

to only those landowners included in its permit application and that, by filing an

application for a drilling permit with ODNR that omitted the names and addresses of the

Rohrer lease royalty owners, Enervest modified the terms of the parties' contract and

thus appellants are entitled to keep the overpayments.

       {¶32} R.C. 1509.07 provides, in part, that an application for a mandatory pooling

order "shall be accompanied by an application for permit," and further provides that an

application "shall be filed with the chief of the division of mineral resources

management" and shall contain "the names and addresses of all persons holding the

royalty interest in the tract upon which the well is located or is to be drilled or within a

proposed drilling unit." R.C. 1509.27. In construing the requirements of R.C. 1509.27

and R.C. 1509.06, including the requirement that an application contain the names and

addresses of all persons holding a royalty interest, an Ohio court has stated that, "the

purpose of such provisions is to provide all interested parties notice and an opportunity

to have any concerns and objections heard." Martz v. Chief, Div. of Mineral Resource

Mgmt., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-12, 2008-Ohio-4003. Further, that this requirement

is "little more than a formality" and there is no statutory requirement that the chief deny

a permit solely because the application contains incorrect information. Id.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                      14


      {¶33} Another court stated that in following the procedure for an application for

an oil and gas permit, " * * * the legislature clearly contemplated that issuance of a

permit would be a relatively straightforward and ministerial act * * *" and not a

declaration of the parties' rights. Barclay Petroleum, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Natural

Resources, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP-592, 2001 WL 242567 (March 13, 2001).

There is no provision in R.C. 1509.06 that provides any authority for a court to alter the

terms of a lease. The cases cited by appellants involve orders for compulsory pooling

that upheld the state's authority to order a compulsory unit. In this case, ODNR has not

ordered a compulsory pooling unit or conservation order. The well permits attached to

the complaint are not mandatory pooling orders that could potentially supersede an

existing unit. The omission of certain royalty owners on a single well permit application

does not alter the provisions of the parties' lease or consolidation agreement.

      {¶34} Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court did not err in granting

judgment on the pleadings on appellants' declaratory judgment action.

                                    Breach of Fiduciary Duty

      {¶35} Appellants argue that it was improper for the trial court to dismiss their

breach of fiduciary claim because Enervest violated the fiduciary duty of good faith

when it redistributed royalties from the Vaughan 1A and 2K Rose Run wells to other

landowners within the 1954 unit who did not own that discrete pool of oil.

      {¶36} The elements for a breach of fiduciary duty claim are: (1) the existence of

a duty arising from a fiduciary relationship; (2) a failure to observe the duty; and (3) an

injury resulting proximately therefrom. Grossniklaus v. Waltman, 5th Dist. Holmes No.

09 CA 15, 2010-Ohio-2937. "A claim of breach of fiduciary duty is basically a claim for
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                       15

negligence that involves a higher standard of care." Id. A "fiduciary relationship" is one

which special confidence and trust is reposed in the integrity and fidelity of another and

there is a resulting position of superiority or influence acquired by virtue of this special

trust. In re: Termination of Employment, 40 Ohio St.2d 107, 321 N.E.2d 603 (1974).

The burden of proving the existence of a fiduciary relationship is on the party asserting

it. Craggett v. Andell Ins. Agency, 92 Ohio App.3d 443, 635 N.E.2d 1326 (8th Dist.

Cuyahoga).

       {¶37} Appellants argue that since the word “agent” is utilized in the lease, a

fiduciary duty is created between appellants and Enervest.              Without additional

allegations that would establish a fiduciary relationship, solely using the word “agent”

does not establish a fiduciary duty between the lessor and the lessee in a lease.

Rather, the relationship is governed by the principles of contract.        See Shaver v.

Standard Oil, 135 Ohio App.3d 242, 733 N.E.2d 645 (6th Dist. Huron 1999); Amoco

Production Co. v. Heimann, 904 F.2d 1405 (10th Cir. 1990).

       {¶38} Further, even if we were to find that the word “agent” created a fiduciary

relationship between the parties, it is clear from the plain language of the lease that

such duty was limited to the creation and filing of the consolidation unit in 1954.

Paragraph 7 of the Vaughan lease specifically provides that Enervest's predeccessor-in-

interest is "hereby appointed Agent of the Lessor to consolidate said lands provide that

such consolidation shall not exceed 231 acres * * * I and/or we, said Lessor or Lessors

do ratify and confirm the acts of the said Lessee as such agent in preparing and filing

such declaration of consolidation * * *." Appellants allege no damages with regard to

the creation of the consolidated unit in 1954 and concede that Enervest satisfied these
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                     16


duties when it created the unit. Accordingly, there is no "injury resulting proximately

therefrom."

       {¶39} Even assuming the existence of a fiduciary agreement, any obligations

Enervest has are derived solely from the lease agreement. "A tort claim based upon the

same actions as those upon which a claim of contract breach will exist independently of

the contract action only if the breaching party also breached a duty owed separately

from that created by contract * * *." Textron Financial Corp. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.,

115 Ohio Ap.3d 137, 684 N.E.2d 1261 (9th Dist. 1996). A breach of contract alone will

not give rise to an action in tort and Ohio courts have "repeatedly have stated that it is

no tort to breach a contract, regardless of the motive." Hoskins v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 6

Ohio St.3d 272, 452 N.E.2d 1315 (1983); Castle Hill Holdings, LLC v. Al Hut, Inc., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86442, 2006-Ohio-1353.

       {¶40} In this case, appellants' breach of fiduciary duty claim is based on alleged

breaches of contract promises purportedly in the Vaughan lease and the obligations

owed by Enervest grew out of the contract/lease. The breach of contract claim and

breach of fiduciary duty claim seek the same damages: payment of royalties from the

Vaughan 1A and 2K wells. Accordingly, because the claim is based upon an existing

alleged contractual duty, it fails as a matter of law as a separate tort claim.

       {¶41} We further find that appellants' breach of fiduciary duty claim is barred by

the economic loss doctrine. The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the economic-loss

rule generally prevents recovery in tort damages of purely economic loss as, "the well-

established general rule is that a plaintiff who has suffered only economic loss due to

another's negligence has not been injured in a manner which is legally cognizable or
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                     17

compensable." Chemtrol Adhesives, Inc. v. American Manufacturers Mut. Ins. Co., 42

Ohio St.3d 40, 537 N.E.2d 624 (1989); Corporex Dev. & Contr. Mgmt., Inc. v. Shook,

Inc., 106 Ohio St.3d 412, 2005-Ohio-5409, 835 N.E.2d 701. The rule stems from the

recognition of a balance between tort law and contract law.        Id.   "Tort law is not

designed * * * to compensate parties for losses suffered as a result of a breach of duties

assumed only by agreement." Floor Craft Floor Covering, Inc. v. Parma Community

General Hospital Assn., 54 Ohio St.3d 1, 560 N.E.2d 206 (1990); Potts v. Safeco Ins.

Co., 5th Dist. Richland No. 2009CA0083, 2010-Ohio-2042.

      {¶42} In this case, appellants fail to claim a breach of any duty imposed that

would justify recovery of purely economic damages in tort. Instead, appellants merely

allege a breach of contractually created duties. See Corporex Dev. & Contr. Mgmt., Inc.

v. Shook, Inc., 106 Ohio St.3d 412, 2005-Ohio-5409, 835 N.E.2d 701.            Appellants

expressly allege economic loss in their complaint because they seek, as damages for

the breach of fiduciary duty, "damages in that the royalties rightly due to them have

been given to others." These damages arising from the calculation and distribution of

royalties are purely economic losses and thus the breach of fiduciary duty action is

barred by the doctrine of economic loss.

      {¶43} Appellants argue that since Enervest was within its rights under the

Vaughan and Rohrer leases to take portions of the Rohrer-Vaughan unit and include it

within other units, it could also create other, smaller units only using Rohrer-Vaughan

lands. Further, since Enervest had this right, Enervest had a fiduciary duty to create

these smaller units and issue royalties only to the owners whose land contains the

deeper formations with isolated pools of oil. We disagree with appellants’ assertion that
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                     18


Enervest has a “duty” to create smaller units to appellants' economic advantage and in

contravention of the Rohrer and Vaughan leases’ plain language simply because

Enervest created smaller units with wells that were not drilled on Rohrer or Vaughan

leases. As noted above, any “duty” created by the lease applies only to the 1954

consolidation and not to any other smaller units. Any re-consolidation would have to be

completed via a recorded consolidation agreement rather than a drilling permit to

ODNR. Further, the smaller units utilizing the Rohrer land are dissimilar to the smaller

units that appellants want Enervest to create, as the wells in the smaller units were not

drilled on any Rohrer or Vaughan land. The smaller units appellants seek have wells

drilled on the Rohrer or Vaughan land that are subject to the Rohrer and Vaughan

leases. Finally, appellants allege no damages as a result of this alleged breach of

fiduciary duty, as they are receiving royalties from the No. 3 wells and are receiving

royalties from the 1A and 2K wells in proportionate share, as required by the plain

language of the leases.

       {¶44} Based on the forgoing, we find the trial court did not err in finding

appellants’ breach of fiduciary duty claim fails as a matter of law.

                                       Wrongful Unitization

       {¶45} Appellants contend the trial court erred in dismissing their wrongful

unitization claim. Further, that their declaratory judgment and breach of fiduciary claims

required the trial court to determine whether the unitization was wrongful.

       {¶46} With regards to appellants’ argument as to a “claim for wrongful

unitization,” appellants failed to plead a separate claim in their complaint. Rather, the

term “wrongful unitization” appears only in their claims for declaratory judgment and
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                        19


breach of fiduciary duty. Accordingly, any claim for wrongful unitization as a separate

cause of action was not raised in the trial court. The failure to raise such issue in the

trial court results in a waiver of their right to raise such issue on appeal. Potts v. Safeco

Ins. Co., 5th Dist. Richland No. 2009CA0083, 2010-Ohio-2042.

       {¶47} We further find appellants’ argument that the trial court had to determine

whether the unitization was wrongful to review their breach of fiduciary claim and/or

declaratory judgment claim to be not well-taken based upon the legal standards for

these claims as discussed above. As detailed above, Enervest did not alter the lease

by omitting royalty owners in an ODNR application; thus, Enervest did not “wrongfully

unitize” appellants’ acreage by changing the royalty owners in the drilling applications.

Also as discussed above, appellants seek only damages arising from the calculation

and distribution of royalties from the 1A and 2K wells, pure economic loss, which relies

on the same course of conduct as the breach of contract claim. Thus, any wrongful

unitization as part of a breach of fiduciary duty claim fails. Further, the complaint lacks

facts or allegations as to wrongful unitization, as the facts pled in the complaint indicate

that both the Vaughan and the Rohrer leases are currently and have been held by

production.   Finally, the plain language of both the Vaughan and Rohrer leases

authorized the unitization in question and required Enervest to distribute royalties in

proportion with each lessor’s interest in the entire acreage of the consolidation.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00038                                                   20


      {¶48} Based upon the foregoing, we find the trial court did not err in dismissing

appellants’ complaint. Appellants’ assignment of error is overruled and the February 27,

2015 judgment entry of the Stark County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.



By Gwin, P.J.,

Wise, J., and

Baldwin, J., concur
