[Cite as State v. Magnone, 2016-Ohio-7100.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                      :
                                                    :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                         :   Appellate Case No. 2015-CA-94
                                                    :
 v.                                                 :   Trial Court Case No. 2015-CR-150
                                                    :
 CHAD MAGNONE                                       :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                    :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                        :
                                                    :

                                               ...........

                                              OPINION

                         Rendered on the 30th day of September, 2016.

                                               ...........

MEGAN M. FARLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0088515, Assistant Clark County Prosecuting
Attorney, 50 East Columbia Street, Fourth Floor, Springfield, Ohio 45502
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JON PAUL RION, Atty. Reg. No. 0067020, NICOLE RUTTER-HIRTH, Atty. Reg. No.
0081004, P.O. Box 10126, Dayton, Ohio 45402
     Attorneys for Defendant-Appellant

                                              .............




WELBAUM, J.
                                                                                          -2-




       {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Chad Magnone, appeals from his conviction in the

Clark County Court of Common Pleas after pleading no contest to two counts of

Pandering Sexually-Oriented Matter Involving a Minor and two counts of Illegal Use of a

Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance. Specifically, Magnone challenges the

trial court’s decision overruling his motion to suppress statements he made during an

interview with detectives in which he admitted to downloading and saving child

pornography onto his computer.       Magnone also argues that the trial court erred in

accepting his no contest plea to the pandering charges and in finding him guilty of those

charges. Magnone further claims the definition of “nudity,” as that term is used in the

illegal use statute, R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), is unconstitutionally vague. Lastly, Magnone

contends in a supplemental assignment of error that his conviction and sentence for the

two counts of illegal use should be reversed on grounds that he was improperly advised

at the plea hearing that those offenses were felonies of the fourth degree and was

improperly sentenced for that offense level when the illegal use offenses were actually

felonies of the fifth degree. For the reasons outlined below, the judgment of the trial court

will be affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.



                           Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 2} On March 23, 2015, the Clark County Grand Jury returned a 20-count

indictment charging Magnone with multiple counts of Pandering Obscenity Involving a

Minor, Pandering Sexually-Oriented Matter Involving a Minor, and Illegal Use of a Minor
                                                                                        -3-


in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance. Magnone initially pled not guilty to the

charges and then filed a motion to suppress. In his motion, Magnone sought to suppress

statements he made to detectives in which he admitted to downloading and saving child

pornography onto his computer.       Magnone argued that his statements should be

suppressed because they were made during a custodial interrogation without Miranda

warnings.

      {¶ 3} On July 17, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on Magnone’s motion to

suppress.   At the hearing, the trial court heard testimony from both Magnone and

Detective Sandra Fent of the Springfield Police Department. Their testimony indicated

that on December 16, 2014, Magnone’s girlfriend found child pornography on Magnone’s

computer and brought a copy of it to the police department.             After interviewing

Magnone’s girlfriend and reviewing the material, Detective Fent executed a search

warrant at Magnone’s home and took possession of his computer, which was later sent

away for a forensic examination.

      {¶ 4} Following the search, Detective Fent and her partner, Detective Pergram,

made contact with Magnone at the post office in Enon, Ohio, where Magnone worked as

postmaster. Detective Fent testified that Magnone voluntarily agreed to speak with her

and Detective Pergram about his computer and, due to privacy concerns, opted to discuss

the matter with them at a nearby police station. In addition, Detective Fent testified that

she made it clear to Magnone that he would be returned to work following the interview.

Magnone testified that he agreed to speak with the detectives, but that he did not recall

whether he was given an option to have the interview somewhere other than the police

station. He did, however, recall Detective Fent telling him he would be taken back to
                                                                                        -4-


work after the interview.

       {¶ 5} Both Detective Fent and Magnone testified that Magnone was transported to

the police station in a police cruiser and was patted down before entering the cruiser.

The cruiser was driven by a third officer, Lieutenant Holler, who also conducted the pat-

down search. Detective Fent testified that Lieutenant Holler arrived after the detectives

contacted the Enon Police Department as a courtesy to let the department know that the

detectives were going to be in its jurisdiction.

       {¶ 6} Magnone testified that upon arriving at the police station, he was taken to a

small interview room. He claimed that during the interview, Detective Pergram was

positioned in front of the room’s door, which made him feel as though he could not leave.

Magnone also testified that Detective Fent took his cell phone and told him that, based

on his statements, he was subject to felony charges. Magnone further claimed that he

was never told that he could leave the interview and believed that he was in custody.

       {¶ 7} The State presented a video recording of the interview as State’s Exhibit No.

1 and played it for the trial court at the suppression hearing.       The interview was

approximately 24 minutes long and showed a relaxed, casual conversation between

Magnone and the detectives. The video confirmed Detective Fent’s testimony that she

ensured the interview-room door was unlocked and that Magnone was never handcuffed

or placed under arrest on the day of the interview. Indeed, Magnone was returned to the

post office after the interview and was not arrested until March 25, 2015, three months

after the interview took place.

       {¶ 8} As to the substance of the video, five minutes into the interview, Detective

Fent asked Magnone: “Is there anything on your computer that’s questionable as to
                                                                                        -5-


photographs, videos, um, any downloads or anything?” In response, Magnone admitted

to opening up pornographic webpages “that looked like there was young people in them.”

Magnone estimated that the “young people” were probably 12 to 14 years of age, but later

admitted that some were possibly as young as 7 years old. Magnone told the detectives

that he deleted some, but not all of the child pornography from his computer, and indicated

that he had saved more than 50 pictures or videos.

      {¶ 9} After Magnone’s admission, Detective Fent asked Magnone if he had a cell

phone. Upon learning that he had a cell phone, Detective Fent said “we’re going to need

to take that.” Detective Fent then provided Magnone with a consent form allowing the

detectives to search his phone, which Magnone read and signed. Thereafter, Magnone

asked the detectives about the possible charges and punishment.            Detective Fent

responded that, based on his statements, he could be subject to anywhere between a

second and fourth-degree felony. She also told Magnone that she did not know what the

punishment would be, as it depended on what was found on his computer and whether

he had a criminal record.

      {¶ 10} Following the suppression hearing, the trial court issued a written decision

overruling Magnone’s motion to suppress on grounds that he was not subject to a

custodial interrogation that required Miranda warnings. After the trial court denied the

motion, Magnone negotiated a plea agreement with the State and pled no contest to two

second-degree-felony counts of Pandering Sexually-Oriented Matter Involving a Minor in

violation of R.C. 2907.322(A)(1) and two fourth-degree-felony counts of Illegal Use of a

Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3). At sentencing, the

trial court classified Magnone as a Tier II Sex Offender and sentenced him to serve 6
                                                                                           -6-


years in prison on both pandering counts and 18 months in prison on both illegal-use

counts, with all counts to be served concurrently for a total term of 6 years in prison.

       {¶ 11} Magnone subsequently appealed from his conviction and filed an appellate

brief raising three assignments of error for this court’s review.         The matter then

proceeded to oral argument where Magnone presented an issue not raised in his brief.

We permitted the parties to submit briefs on the new issue, which Magnone designated

as a supplemental assignment of error. For purposes of clarity, we will begin our review

with Magnone’s supplemental assignment of error.



                          Supplemental Assignment of Error

       {¶ 12} Magnone’s Supplemental Assignment of Error is as follows:

       MR. MAGNONE’S CONVICTIONS AND SENTENCES FOR ILLEGAL USE

       OF A MINOR IN NUDITY-ORIENTED MATERIAL WERE IMPROPER AS

       THE OFFENSES WERE FELONIES OF THE FIFTH DEGREE, NOT

       FELONIES OF THE FOURTH DEGREE.

       {¶ 13} Under his Supplemental Assignment of Error, Magnone contends that his

conviction and sentence for the two counts of Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented

Material or Performance in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) should be reversed on

grounds that he was improperly advised at the plea hearing that those offenses were

felonies of the fourth degree, and, after pleading no contest, was improperly sentenced

for that offense level when the offenses were actually felonies of the fifth degree.

Magnone also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for allowing him to plead no

contest to the higher offense level.
                                                                                          -7-


       {¶ 14} R.C. 2907.323(B) provides the penalties for offenses under that statute and

states as follows:

       Whoever violates this section is guilty of illegal use of a minor in a nudity-

       oriented material or performance. * * * Except as otherwise provided in this

       division, whoever violates division (A)(3) of this section is guilty of a felony

       of the fifth degree. If the offender previously has been convicted of or

       pleaded guilty to a violation of this section or section 2907.321 or 2907.322

       of the Revised Code, illegal use of a minor in a nudity-oriented material or

       performance in violation of division (A)(3) of this section is a felony of the

       fourth degree. * * *

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 15} From the foregoing statute, it is clear that a violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3)

is a felony of the fifth degree unless the defendant has a prior conviction for a child

pornography charge.       The State concedes that Magnone does not have a prior

conviction for a child pornography charge and agrees that his conviction and sentence

for the two illegal use counts should be reversed and remanded for a new hearing on

those charges.

       {¶ 16} We agree with the parties and find that Magnone was improperly convicted

and sentenced for two fourth-degree felony counts of Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-

Oriented Material or Performance, as it is clear that the offenses are felonies of the fifth

degree. We therefore need not address Magnone’s ineffective assistance claim as it is

now rendered moot.

       {¶ 17} Magnone’s Supplemental Assignment of Error is sustained.
                                                                                           -8-




                                First Assignment of Error

       {¶ 18} Magnone’s First Assignment of Error is as follows:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING MAGNONE’S MOTION TO

       SUPPRESS BECAUSE HE WAS IN CUSTODY WHEN INTERROGATED

       AT THE POLICE STATION, REQUIRING MIRANDA WARNINGS.

       {¶ 19} Under his First Assignment of Error, Magnone contends the trial court erred

in failing to suppress the statements he made to the detectives at the police station.

Magnone maintains that at the time he was questioned by the detectives, he was subject

to a custodial interrogation that required Miranda warnings. He claims that because the

detectives failed to Mirandize him, his statements are inadmissible and should have been

suppressed. We disagree.

       {¶ 20} When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, “an appellate

court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent,

credible evidence.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d

71, ¶ 8, citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). “Accepting

these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without

deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal

standard.” Id., citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539 (4th

Dist.1997). Thus, “[i]n reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence,

this court is governed by the de novo standard of review and must accept the findings of

fact made by the trial court if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.”

(Citation omitted.) State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23693, 2010-Ohio-6224,
                                                                                       -9-


¶ 10.

        {¶ 21} “The right to [Miranda] warnings is grounded in the Fifth Amendment’s

prohibition against compelled self-incrimination.” State v. Strozier, 172 Ohio App.3d

780, 2007-Ohio-4575, 876 N.E.2d 1304, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.), citing Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S.

412, 420, 106 S.Ct. 1135, 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986).            “The procedural safeguards

prescribed by Miranda apply only when persons are subjected to ‘custodial

interrogation.’ ” State v. Thomas, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20643, 2005-Ohio-3064,

¶ 27, citing Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

“ ‘Custodial interrogation’ means questioning initiated by the police after the person has

been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom to the degree associated

with a formal arrest.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Vineyard, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

25854, 2014-Ohio-3846, ¶ 32.

        {¶ 22} “In order to determine whether a person is in custody for purposes of

receiving Miranda warnings, courts must first inquire into the circumstances surrounding

the questioning and, second, given those circumstances, determine whether a

reasonable person would have felt that he or she was not at liberty to terminate the

interview and leave.” State v. Hoffner, 102 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-3430, 811 N.E.2d

48, ¶ 27, citing Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383

(1995). Therefore, “the test for custody is an objective test.” State v. Chenoweth, 2d

Dist. Miami No. 2010 CA 14, 2011-Ohio-1276, ¶ 8, citing California v. Beheler, 463 U.S.

1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983). “The subjective views of the

interviewing officer and the suspect are immaterial to the determination of whether a

custodial interrogation was conducted.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Earnest, 2d Dist.
                                                                                        -10-

Montgomery No. 26646, 2015-Ohio-3913, ¶ 22.             Accord State v. Gray, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26139, 2016-Ohio-1419, ¶ 74.

      {¶ 23} “The factors a court should consider in applying this reasonable person test

include whether the encounter takes place in surroundings that are familiar to the suspect;

the number of law enforcement officers present, as well as their conduct and demeanor;

the degree of physical restraint imposed; and the duration and character of the

interrogation.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Farrell, 2d Dist. Miami No. 99-CA-24, 1999

WL 812249, *3 (Oct. 8, 1999). The following are some other more specific factors that

this court has considered:

      1) What was the location where the questioning took place—i.e., was the

      defendant comfortable and in a place a person would normally feel free to

      leave? For example, the defendant might be at home as opposed to being

      in the more restrictive environment of a police station;

      2) Was the defendant a suspect at the time the interview began * * *;

      3) Was the defendant’s freedom to leave restricted in any way;

      4) Was the defendant handcuffed or told he was under arrest;

      5) Were threats * * * made during the interrogation;

      6) Was the defendant physically intimidated during the interrogation;

      7) Did the police verbally dominate the interrogation;

      8) What was the defendant’s purpose for being at the place where

      questioning took place? * * *;

      9) Were neutral parties present at any point during the questioning;

      10) Did police take any action to overpower, trick, or coerce the defendant
                                                                                        -11-


       into making a statement.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Estepp, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16279, 1997 WL 736501,

*4 (Nov. 26, 1997).

       {¶ 24} In Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977),

the United States Supreme Court found no custodial interrogation where the defendant

voluntarily came to the police station in response to a detective leaving his card at the

defendant’s apartment. Id. at 493-495. The defendant initially called the detective and

the detective asked the defendant where it would be convenient for them to meet. Id. at

493. After the defendant indicated that he had no preference, the detective suggested

that they meet at the police station, to which the defendant agreed. Id. The officer

subsequently interviewed the defendant at the police station in a closed office for half an

hour, telling him at the outset that he was not under arrest. Id. Once the interview was

over, the defendant left the station. Id.

       {¶ 25} The court in Mathiason stated that:

       In the present case, * * * there is no indication that the questioning took

       place in a context where respondent’s freedom to depart was restricted in

       any way.       He came voluntarily to the police station, where he was

       immediately informed that he was not under arrest. At the close of a 1/2-

       hour interview respondent did in fact leave the police station without

       hindrance. It is clear from these facts that Mathiason was not in custody

       “or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.”

Id. at 495.

       {¶ 26} In addition, the court explained that:
                                                                                           -12-

       Such a noncustodial situation is not converted to one in which Miranda

       applies simply because a reviewing court concludes that, even in the

       absence of any formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement, the

       questioning took place in a “coercive environment.” Any interview of one

       suspected of a crime by a police officer will have coercive aspects to it,

       simply by virtue of the fact that the police officer is part of a law enforcement

       system which may ultimately cause the suspect to be charged with a crime.

       But police officers are not required to administer Miranda warnings to

       everyone whom they question. Nor is the requirement of warnings to be

       imposed simply because the questioning takes place in the station house,

       or because the questioned person is one whom the police suspect.

       Miranda warnings are required only where there has been such a restriction

       on a person’s freedom as to render him “in custody.” It was that sort of

       coercive environment to which Miranda by its terms was made applicable,

       and to which it is limited.

Id.

       {¶ 27} In State v. Bowman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18176, 2001 WL 43099, (Jan.

19, 2001), we found no custodial interrogation where two detectives first questioned the

defendant at his apartment in the presence of his girlfriend and then asked the defendant

if he would accompany them to the police department for further questioning. Id. at *5.

The defendant testified that when the detectives asked him to come down to the station,

he said, “I am going to get my shirt. Tell [my girlfriend] I will be back.” Id. The defendant

further said that the detectives repeatedly told him they would bring him back in a couple
                                                                                          -13-

of hours. Id. The record was devoid of any evidence that the defendant was prevented

from leaving the police station once he arrived. Id. Based on these facts, we held that

a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would not have believed he was under

arrest or under restraint of freedom of the degree “associated with a formal arrest” at the

time he was interviewed by the detectives. Id.

       {¶ 28} In State v. Stahl, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004-CA-69, 2005-Ohio-2239, we

found no custodial interrogation where the defendant voluntarily appeared at the Xenia

police station to meet with a detective to discuss the molestation of his five-year-old niece.

Id. at ¶ 7-9. At the time of the interview, the defendant had not been arrested and police

still were investigating the case. Id. at ¶ 9. Nothing in the record suggested that the

detective prevented the defendant from leaving the interview room or in any way restricted

his freedom of movement. Id. The defendant also returned home after speaking with

the detective. Id. In light of these facts, we found the record devoid of any facts from

which we reasonably could conclude that the defendant was in custody for purposes of

Miranda. Id.

       {¶ 29} In this case, Magnone argues that he was subject to a custodial

interrogation requiring Miranda warnings because he was: (1) confronted by detectives

at his place of employment; (2) questioned at a police station; (3) transported to the police

station in a police cruiser; (4) patted down before entering the cruiser; (5) taken to a small

interview room and positioned in a manner that prevented him from leaving the room; and

(6) never told he was free to leave the interview. Magnone also argues that after he

admitted to downloading the offending photos, the detectives took his cell phone and

advised him that, based upon his statements, he faced felony charges. As a result of
                                                                                          -14-


these circumstances, Magnone claims he did not feel free to terminate the interview and

leave, and contends that a reasonable person in his situation would feel the same.

        {¶ 30} In overruling Magnone’s motion to suppress, the trial court found that

Magnone voluntarily chose to be questioned at the police station for purposes of

discussing the issue of child pornography in private, as opposed to at the post office

where he worked.      In addition, the court found that Magnone was never placed in

handcuffs, was never arrested or otherwise detained, and was free to leave at any time.

Moreover, the court found that, prior to questioning Magnone, Detective Fent promised

to return Magnone to the post office and then fulfilled that promise once the interview was

over.

        {¶ 31} The aforementioned findings of fact made by the trial court are supported

by competent, credible evidence in the record.        Specifically, during the suppression

hearing, Magnone testified that he agreed to speak to the detectives about material on

his computer when they made contact with him at the post office. Detective Fent testified

that when she spoke with Magnone at the post office, she gave him the option to speak

there or at the police station and Magnone chose the police station for a more private

setting. Detective Fent also testified that she advised Magnone that the questioning

would not take long and that he would be returned to work after the interview. Magnone

further testified that when he agreed to speak with the detectives, the detectives gave him

a few minutes to finish up his work at the post office before leaving for the police station.

        {¶ 32} While Detective Fent testified that she did not expressly tell Magnone that

he was free to leave the interview, she claimed that during the interview she reiterated

her promise to return him to work. The video of the interview confirmed Detective Fent’s
                                                                                          -15-


testimony, as well as Magnone’s testimony that he never asked to leave the interview and

never told the detectives that he did not want to speak with them. The video also

confirmed Detective Fent’s testimony that Magnone was not handcuffed or arrested

during the interview. Rather, the record indicates that Magnone was not arrested until

March 25, 2015, three months after the interview took place. In addition, both Detective

Fent and Magnone testified that the detectives indeed returned him to the post office after

the interview was finished.

       {¶ 33} The trial court did not make a finding with regard to Magnone’s

transportation to the police station. However, we do not find that the circumstances

surrounding his transportation would lead a reasonable person in Magnone’s position to

believe that he or she was in custody. Magnone testified that he had originally planned

on driving himself to the police station, but when he saw that the detectives were waiting

for him in the front lobby of the post office, he chose to meet them in the lobby instead of

going out the back entrance to his car. From there, Magnone testified that he was

transported three blocks to the police station in a police cruiser and was patted down

before entering the cruiser. Detective Fent testified that it was conveyed to Magnone

that the pat down was merely for officer safety. Magnone also testified that he never

asked to drive himself to the police station. Accordingly, the facts indicate that Magnone

voluntarily entered the cruiser for transportation to the police station and was subject to a

routine pat down as a result.

       {¶ 34} The trial court also did not make a finding with respect to Magnone’s claim

that he was questioned in a small interview room and positioned in a manner that

prevented him from leaving the room. Magnone testified that Detective Pergram was
                                                                                       -16-


“where the door was at” and that he “wouldn’t feel comfortable getting up and trying to

squeeze by her with the handle being right behind her head basically.” Suppression

Hearing Trans. (July 17, 2015), p. 24. The video of the interview, however, does not

show that anyone was blocking the door to the interview room. Although the interview

room was small, the video shows that there was at least two or three feet of space

between Detective Pergram and the doorway. We also note that Detective Fent ensured

the interview-room door was unlocked.

      {¶ 35} Regardless, Magnone’s subjective discomfort does not render him in

custody.   The fact remains that Magnone was not physically restrained during the

interview and was never told that he could not leave the interview room. Magnone also

never attempted to excuse himself from the interview room and was not blocked from

leaving the room as he claimed.       Under these circumstances, we do not find that

Detective Pergram’s positioning and the size of the interview room would have signaled

to a reasonable person in Magnone’s position that he or she was not free to terminate the

interview and leave the room.

      {¶ 36} With respect to Magnone’s claim that he was in custody because Detective

Fent took his cell phone and told him he faced felony charges, we note that the video

shows these acts took place well after Magnone made the incriminating statements he

wants suppressed. Furthermore, Detective Fent told Magnone that his cell phone would

be returned to him at his residence later that evening. While Magnone’s cell phone was

actually returned to him the following day at the post office, Detective Fent’s promise to

return the cell phone to his residence would lead a reasonable person in Magnone’s

position to believe that he or she was free to leave and not in custody.
                                                                                         -17-


       {¶ 37} We further note that the two case examples Magnone cites in support of his

claim that he was in custody, In re T.F., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009449, 2009-Ohio-

3141 and State v. Robinson, 98 Ohio App.3d 560, 649 N.E.2d 18 (8th Dist.1994), are not

binding on this court and are distinguishable. Unlike Magnone, the defendant in In re

T.F. was only 12 years old and did not voluntarily go to the police station for questioning.

In re T.F. at ¶ 13. Although the defendant in Robinson did voluntarily go to the police

station to speak with detectives, there is no indication that the defendant was given a

choice to speak somewhere other than the police station like Magnone was here.

Robinson at 563-564.

       {¶ 38} Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Magnone was not subject to a

custodial interrogation at the time he made his incriminating statements.          Magnone

voluntarily agreed to be questioned by the detectives, chose to have the interview

conducted at the police station, and did not object to being transported in a police cruiser.

Magnone never asked to drive himself to the police station and was subject to a pat down

merely as a routine procedure for officer safety. Magnone was not handcuffed, arrested,

or otherwise physically detained by the detectives during the entire encounter. Most

importantly, prior to being questioned, Detective Fent told Magnone that he would be

returned to the post office after the interview and he was returned as promised. In telling

Magnone this, Detective Fent implicitly advised Magnone at the inception of their

encounter that he was not under arrest, which is analogous to Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492,

97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714.

       {¶ 39} In addition, the video establishes that Magnone voluntarily admitted to

downloading child pornography during the first five minutes of the interview after Detective
                                                                                        -18-


Fent merely asked: “Is there anything on your computer that’s questionable as to

photographs, videos, um, any downloads or anything?” The detectives did not coerce,

threaten, intimidate, or trick Magnone into making this admission. While there were two

detectives in the interview room with Magnone, which could be considered by some to be

somewhat coercive, the interview was only 24 minutes long and was relaxed and friendly

throughout.

      {¶ 40} Under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person in Magnone’s

position would not have believed that he or she was not free to terminate the interview

and leave. Therefore, we find that Magnone was not subject to a custodial interrogation

and that Miranda warnings were not required for his statements to be admissible.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in overruling Magnone’s motion to suppress.

      {¶ 41} Magnone’s First Assignment of Error is overruled



                             Second Assignment of Error

      {¶ 42} Magnone’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows:

      EVIDENCE THAT MAGNONE MERELY POSSESSED IMAGES DOES

      NOT SUSTAIN A CONVICTION UNDER R.C. 2907.322(A)(1), WHICH

      REQUIRES       ADDITIONAL       ACTION     BY    THE    OFFENDER,        AND

      THEREFORE THE PLEA SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ACCEPTED.

      {¶ 43} Under his Second Assignment of Error, Magnone challenges his conviction

for two counts of Pandering Sexually-Oriented Matter Involving a Minor in violation of R.C.

2907.322(A)(1). That statute provides that “[n]o person, with knowledge of the character

of the material or performance involved, shall * * * [c]reate, record, photograph, film,
                                                                                        -19-


develop, reproduce, or publish any material that shows a minor participating or engaging

in sexual activity, masturbation, or bestiality[.]”

       {¶ 44} Magnone contends that at the plea hearing the State merely alleged that he

“possessed” the prohibited material in R.C. 2907.322(A)(1) as opposed to creating,

recording, photographing, filming, developing, reproducing or publishing it. Magnone is

under the impression that pursuant to R.C. 2937.07, the State was required to present

the trial court with an explanation of the circumstances surrounding the charges sufficient

to support his conviction.      Accordingly, he claims that because the State failed to

establish an element of the offense necessary to support the conviction at the plea

hearing, the trial court erred in accepting the no contest plea and in finding him guilty.

We again disagree.

       {¶ 45} The statute Magnone relies on, R.C. 2937.07, governs the action on guilty

and no contest pleas in cases involving misdemeanors. “The requirements regarding no

contest pleas in misdemeanor cases are different than the rules in felony cases.” State

v. Adams, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22493, 2009-Ohio-2056, ¶ 14. In misdemeanor

cases, R.C. 2937.07 requires the trial court “to hear an explanation of the circumstances

surrounding the offense and then determine whether the facts are sufficient to convict on

a misdemeanor offense following a no contest plea.” Id. “In a felony case, however,

Crim.R. 11 permits a plea of no contest to a criminal charge, and does not require an

explanation of the circumstances. Instead, the rule permits the court to enter judgment

only based upon the facts as alleged in the indictment.” Id. Specifically, the Supreme

Court of Ohio has stated that “where the indictment, information, or complaint contains

sufficient allegations to state a felony offense and the defendant pleads no contest, the
                                                                                          -20-

court must find the defendant guilty of the charged offense.” State v. Bird, 81 Ohio St.3d

582, 692 N.E.2d 1013 (1998), syllabus. Accord State v. Woolridge, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 18086, 2000 WL 1475699, *2 (Oct. 6, 2000).

       {¶ 46} “Under [Crim.R. 11(B)(2)], a no contest plea, while not admitting guilt,

admits the truth of the facts alleged in the indictment, information or complaint.” Id.

“[S]ince in a no contest plea the defendant is admitting the truth of the facts as presented

in the charging document, the state need not deliver a statement of facts.” Id., citing

Crim.R. 11(B)(2) and State v. Bowsher, 116 Ohio App.3d 170, 172, 687 N.E.2d 316 (6th

Dist.1996). Moreover, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “a statement of facts by

a prosecutor does not constitute evidence.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Green, 81

Ohio St.3d 100, 104, 689 N.E.2d 556 (1998). Accord Woolridge at *2.

       {¶ 47} “However, where the prosecutor presents a statement of facts and it ‘ “not

only fail[s] to include, but absolutely negative[s] the existence of, an essential element of

the offense charged in the indictment,” ’ then the trial court errs by convicting the

defendant on his no contest plea to the charge.” Woolridge at *2, quoting State v.

Edward Joseph Lowe, M.D., Inc., 2d Dist. Miami Nos. 93-CA-54, 93-CA-55, 1995 WL

127890 (Mar. 24, 1995), quoting State v. Cohen, 60 Ohio App.2d 182, 184, 396 N.E.2d

235 (1st Dist.1978). “Thus, although the omission of a fundamental fact is permissible,

the trial court may not find a defendant guilty based on his no contest plea if the state’s

statement of facts absolutely negates the existence of an essential element of the

offense.”   (Emphasis omitted.)    Id., citing Lowe.   Accord State v. Beddow, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 18957, 2002 WL 252478, *2 (Feb. 22, 2002) (“[e]ven though an essential

element of an offense is alleged in the indictment to which the defendant pleads no
                                                                                           -21-


contest, it may, nevertheless, constitute an abuse of discretion for the trial court to accept

a plea of no contest to that offense when a recitation by the prosecutor, at the plea

hearing, of the facts of the offense “absolutely negates an essential element of the

offense’ ”).

       {¶ 48} In this case, the indictment charging Magnone alleged the following with

respect to the two counts of pandering at issue:

       That as a continuous course of conduct from on or about September 3, 2014

       to on or about December 15, 2014, * * * CHAD R. MAGNONE * * *,

       knowing the character of the material, did create, record, photograph, film,

       develop, reproduce, or publish any material that shows a minor participating

       or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, or bestiality in violation of

       Section 2907.322(A)(1) of the Ohio Revised Code[.]

Indictment (Mar. 23, 2015), Clark County Court of Common Pleas Case No. 15 CR 0150,

Docket No. 1, p. 2-3.

       {¶ 49} The prosecutor also recited the following at the plea hearing:

               The facts to which the defendant is entering a plea of no contest are

       that as a continuous course of conduct from on or about September the 3rd

       2014, to on or about December 15, 2014, in Clark County, Ohio, Chad

       Magnone did knowingly knowing the character of the material did create,

       reproduce, or publish—excuse me, did knowing with knowledge of the

       character of the material or performance involved did create, record,

       photograph, film, any material that shows a minor participating or engaging

       in sexual activity, masturbation or bestiality.
                                                                                          -22-


              If this matter had gone to trial, the State would have proven that

       Magnone possessed approximately thirty-five (35) images containing

       sexually oriented material involving a minor. That relates to count eight

       and count eleven.

              ***

              The State provided specific file names related to each of the counts.

       With respect to count eight image 01(2)2.avi. With respect to count eleven

       file name is 539.avi. * * *

Plea Hearing Trans. (Sept. 9, 2015), p. 3-5.

       {¶ 50} As previously noted, Magnone claims that the State omitted a necessary

fact of the pandering offense at the plea hearing because the State indicated that he

merely “possessed” the offending material as opposed to either creating, recording

photographing, filming, developing, reproducing, or publishing it.        However, there is

evidence in the record that Magnone admitted to downloading and saving the offending

material onto his computer, and we have previously held that downloading the offending

material from the Internet onto a personal computer is sufficient evidence for a trier of fact

to conclude that the images were “reproduced” for purposes of R.C. 2907.322(A)(1).

State v. Hodge, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2013 CA 27, 2014-Ohio-1860, ¶ 10; State v. Sullivan,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23948, 2011-Ohio-2976, ¶ 33-34.                 The statement that

Magnone “possessed” the offending material and the omission of the fact that Magnone

downloaded it onto his computer does not negate the existence of the “reproduced”

element of the offense since one can obviously both download and possess the offending

images.
                                                                                         -23-


      {¶ 51} Magnone also argues that the bill of particulars merely stated he

“possessed” the offending images; however, he failed to object to the State’s bill of

particulars as required by Crim.R. 12(C)(2). Accordingly, Magnone has waived all but

plain error with respect to the adequacy of the bill of particulars. State v. Turner, 11th

Dist. Ashtabula No. 2010-A-0060, 2011-Ohio-5098, ¶ 34, citing State v. Skatzes, 104

Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 26. “Plain error is present only if

the error is obvious and, but for the error, the outcome of the proceedings clearly would

have been different.” Id., citing State v. Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126,

767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 108.

      {¶ 52} In this case, we do not find that the State’s failure to indicate in the bill of

particulars that Magnone downloaded the offending images to his computer would have

changed the outcome of the proceedings, i.e., that Magnone would not have pled no

contest to the pandering charges. The indictment contained sufficient allegations to

state an offense for violating R.C. 2907.322(A)(1) and thus notified Magnone of the

conduct for which he was pleading no contest. Furthermore, the record indicates that

prior to pleading no contest, Magnone was well aware that child pornography was

discovered on his computer.

      {¶ 53} By pleading no contest, Magnone admitted to the truth of the facts alleged

in the indictment and “where the indictment, information, or complaint contains sufficient

allegations to state a felony offense and the defendant pleads no contest, the court must

find the defendant guilty of the charged offense.” Bird, 81 Ohio St.3d at 584, 692 N.E.2d

1013. Accord Woolridge, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18086, 2000 WL 1475699 at *2.

Because the indictment contained sufficient allegations to state an offense for Pandering
                                                                                        -24-


Sexually-Oriented Material Involving a Minor in violation of R.C. 2907.322(A)(1), the trial

court correctly found Magnone guilty of that offense following his no contest plea.

      {¶ 54} We note that under this assignment of error, Magnone also raises an

ineffective assistance claim.    To establish ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a

defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and fell below an

objective standard of reasonable representation, and that the defendant was prejudiced

by counsel’s performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80

L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). To

succeed on such a claim, there must be a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the defendant’s trial would have been different. Id.

      {¶ 55} Magnone claims his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by permitting

him to enter a no contest plea when there was, according to Magnone, insufficient

evidence to sustain a conviction under R.C. 2907.322(A)(1). However, as previously

discussed, the record indicates there was sufficient evidence to sustain such a conviction

given that Magnone admitted to downloading and saving child pornography onto his

personal computer during his interview with Detectives Fent and Pergram and also had

35 images containing sexually-oriented material involving a minor on two files recovered

from his computer. Accordingly, Magnone’s ineffective assistance claim must fail, as he

has failed to establish that his counsel’s performance was deficient.

      {¶ 56} For the foregoing reasons, Magnone’s Second Assignment of Error is

overruled.



                                Third Assignment of Error
                                                                                         -25-


       {¶ 57} Magnone’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows:

       THE    DEFINITION      OF   NUDITY      IS   VAGUE     AND     THEREFORE

       MAGNONE’S PLEA AS TO COUNTS TWELVE AND FIFTEEN MUST BE

       VACATED.

       {¶ 58} Under his Third Assignment of Error, Magnone challenges his conviction for

two counts of Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material in violation of R.C.

2907.323(A)(3). Magnone claims that the definition of “nudity,” as that term is used in

R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), is unconstitutionally vague.

       {¶ 59} While under the Supplemental Assignment of Error we have already

decided to reverse Magnone’s conviction and sentence for the illegal use offenses as

fourth-degree felonies, we will nevertheless address this argument, as it still applies to

the fifth-degree felony offenses for which Magnone should have been convicted and

sentenced.

       {¶ 60} “When a statute is challenged under the due-process doctrine prohibiting

vagueness, the court must determine whether the enactment (1) provides sufficient notice

of its proscriptions to facilitate compliance by persons of ordinary intelligence and (2) is

specific enough to prevent official arbitrariness or discrimination in its enforcement.”

Norwood v. Horney, 110 Ohio St.3d 353, 2006-Ohio-3799, 853 N.E.2d 1115, ¶ 84, citing

Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983). “The

void-for-vagueness doctrine does not require statutes to be drafted with scientific

precision.” (Citation omitted.) Perez v. Cleveland, 78 Ohio St.3d 376, 378, 678 N.E.2d

537 (1997). “Instead, it permits a statute’s certainty to be ascertained by application of

commonly accepted tools of judicial construction, with courts indulging every reasonable
                                                                                           -26-

interpretation in favor of finding the statute constitutional.” (Citation omitted.) Id. at 378-

379.

       {¶ 61} The statute at issue, R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), provides as follows:

              No personal shall * * * [p]ossess or view any material or performance

       that shows a minor who is not the person’s child or ward in a state of nudity,

       unless one of the following applies:

              (a) The material or performance is sold, disseminated, displayed,

       possessed, controlled, brought or caused to be brought into this state, or

       presented for a bona fide artistic, medical, scientific, educational, religious,

       governmental, judicial, or other proper purpose, by or to a physician,

       psychologist, sociologist, scientist, teacher, person pursuing bona fide

       studies or research, librarian, member of the clergy, prosecutor, judge, or

       other person having a proper interest in the material or performance.

              (b) The person knows that the parents, guardian, or custodian has

       consented in writing to the photographing or use of the minor in a state of

       nudity and to the manner in which the material or performance is used or

       transferred.

(Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 62} The term “nudity” is defined in R.C. 2907.01(H) as “the showing,

representation, or depiction of human male or female genitals, pubic area, or buttocks

with less than a full, opaque covering, or of a female breast with less than a full, opaque

covering of any portion thereof below the top of the nipple, or of covered male genitals in

a discernibly turgid state.”
                                                                                          -27-

       {¶ 63} In State v. Young, 37 Ohio St.3d 249, 525 N.E.2d 1363 (1988), the Supreme

Court of Ohio narrowed the definition of “nudity” as used in R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) in

response to a First Amendment attack on the statute for overbreadth. Specifically, the

Supreme Court construed R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) to prohibit “the possession or viewing of

material or performance of a minor who is in a state of nudity, where such nudity

constitutes a lewd exhibition or involves a graphic focus on the genitals, and where the

person depicted is neither the child nor the ward of the person charged.” (Emphasis

added.) Id. at 252, rev’d on other grounds, Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 110 S.Ct.

1691, 109 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990). Therefore, according to Young, for purposes of violating

R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), the element of nudity must constitute a “lewd exhibition” or involve

a “graphic focus on the genitals.” State v. Martin, 2014-Ohio-3640, 18 N.E.3d 799, ¶ 12

(2d Dist.).

       {¶ 64} In reaching this decision, the Supreme Court explained that while R.C.

2907.323(A)(3) does not expressly limit the prohibited state of nudity to a lewd exhibition

or a graphic focus on genitals, the proper purposes exceptions in subsections (a) and (b)

of the statute, showed a clear purpose to only prohibit conduct that is “not morally

innocent, i.e., the possession or viewing of the described material for p[r]urient purposes.”

(Emphasis sic.) Young at 251-252. “So construed, the statute’s proscription is not so

broad as to outlaw all depictions of minors in a state of nudity, but rather only those

depictions which constitute child pornography.” Id. at 252.

       {¶ 65} In Osborne, the United States Supreme Court endorsed the narrowed

construction of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), although Osborne reversed Young on other

grounds. The court in Osborne found that R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) passed constitutional
                                                                                         -28-


muster on all issues of vagueness and overbreadth and specifically stated that:

       It is obvious from the face of § 2907.323(A)(3) that the goal of the statute is

       to eradicate child pornography. The provision criminalizes the viewing and

       possessing of material depicting children in a state of nudity for other than

       “proper purposes.” The provision appears in the “Sex Offenses” chapter of

       the Ohio Code. Section 2907.323 is preceded by § 2907.322, which

       proscribes “[p]andering sexually oriented matter involving a minor,” and

       followed by § 2907.33, which proscribes “[d]eception to obtain matter

       harmful to juveniles.” That Osborne’s photographs of adolescent boys in

       sexually explicit situations constitute child pornography hardly needs

       elaboration. Therefore, although § 2907.323(A)(3) as written may have

       been imprecise at its fringes, someone in Osborne’s position would not be

       surprised to learn that his possession of the four photographs at issue in

       this case constituted a crime.

Osborne at 116.

       {¶ 66} Accordingly, in reading the definition of “nudity” in R.C. 2907.01(H) in

conjunction with the proper purpose exclusions in sections (a) and (b) of R.C.

2907.323(A)(3), a person of ordinary intelligence would have sufficient notice of what

conduct is proscribed by the statute, i.e., possessing or viewing child pornography. That

the nudity must constitute a “lewd exhibition” or involve a “graphic focus on the genitals”

further clarifies the prohibited conduct so as not to punish morally innocent behavior.

Again, it is clear from the statute what conduct is prohibited, and it is specific enough to

prevent arbitrariness or discrimination in its enforcement.
                                                                                          -29-

       {¶ 67} We note that both Magnone and the State discuss our decision in Martin,

2014-Ohio-3640, 18 N.E.3d 799, which is currently being reviewed by the Supreme Court

of Ohio. In Martin, we declined to apply the narrowed definition of “nudity” in Young to

R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), a statute which prohibits one from photographing, creating,

directing, producing, or transferring any material or performance that shows a minor in

the state of nudity.      We found that First Amendment protection concerns are less

compelling for the conduct prohibited in R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), as opposed to the conduct

in section (A)(3), i.e., merely possessing or viewing an offending image. Id. at ¶ 20.

Therefore, we held that the statutory definition of “nudity” in R.C. 2907.01(H) applies to

section (A)(1), not the narrower “lewd exhibition” and “graphic display of genitals”

definition. Id. at ¶ 21

       {¶ 68} Because the instant case involves R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), the holding in

Martin is inapplicable here. The issue currently before the Supreme Court is: “With

respect to R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), which proscribes the creation or production of nudity-

oriented material involving a minor, which definition of nudity applies: the statutory

definition (R.C. 2907.01(H)), or the narrower definition set forth in State v. Young, 37 Ohio

St.3d 249, 525 N.E.2d 1363, which requires additional elements of ‘lewd depiction’ and

‘graphic focus on the genitals?’ ” State v. Martin, 141 Ohio St.3d 1452, 2015-Ohio-239,

23 N.E.3d 1194 (2015). Therefore, regardless of what the Supreme Court’s holding will

be in Martin, the fact remains that Young requires the nudity in R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) to

constitute “a lewd exhibition” or “involve graphic display of genitals.” As noted above,

such a definition is not unconstitutionally vague given the proper purpose exclusions in

sections (a) and (b) of the statute.
                                                                                         -30-


       {¶ 69} Magnone’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.



                                       Conclusion

       {¶ 70} Given that we have sustained Magnone’s Supplemental Assignment of

Error and overruled his remaining three assignments of error, the judgment of the trial

court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.   The only portion of the trial court’s judgment that is reversed is

Magnone’s conviction and sentence for the two counts of Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-

Oriented Material or Performance in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3). On remand, the

court shall hold a new hearing with respect to those charges only.

                                     .............



DONOVAN, P.J. and FAIN, J., concur.



Copies mailed to:

Megan M. Farley
Jon Paul Rion
Nicole Rutter-Hirth
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter
