                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         August 21, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                         No. 18-5032
                                              (D.C. Nos. 4:17-CV-00234-CVE-JFJ &
ANTHONY RAMON HALL,                                  4:14-CR-00170-CVE-1)
                                                           (N.D. Okla.)
      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
                   _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, MATHESON, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Anthony Ramon Hall, a federal prisoner appearing pro se, seeks a certificate of

appealability (“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255

motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B)

(requiring a COA to appeal an order denying a § 2255 motion). Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we deny a COA and dismiss this matter.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      Mr. Hall pled guilty to conspiracy to participate in a racketeering enterprise in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) and to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute

and to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and

      *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
841(b)(1)(A)(viii). He did not file a direct appeal. In his § 2255 motion, he alleged

two claims. First, he alleged:

              counsel failed to investigate leads, interview witnessess
              [sic] prior to plea recommendations, subpoena witnessess
              [sic], failed to bring attention to the Court as to mitigating
              witnessess [sic] and evidence, failed to compel and review
              all relevant prosecution evidence prior to plea, failure to
              discuss content of PSR with defendant and lodge relevant
              objections prior to sentencing, failure to object to final
              sentence as unreasonable, error in advising client not to
              appeal final sentence, failure to communicate with client,
              failure to file motion to suppress, failure to file
              constitutional challenge to conspiracy statute of RICO act,
              and attorney conflict of intrest [sic].

       Second, he alleged:

              Prosecutor witheld [sic] and failed to reveal exculpatory
              evidence that would have affected the degree of Movant’s
              culpability. Prosecutor also threatened potential
              witnessess [sic] who could have spoken to defendant’s
              innocense [sic] and/or lack of involvement.1

       Mr. Hall’s motion provides no further information about his allegations. He

did not attach an affidavit, and he did not file a brief.

       In its response to the § 2255 motion, the Government argued that Mr. Hall had

provided no factual basis for his ineffective assistance claims and that the record

contradicted his claims. The Government argued that Mr. Hall also had provided no




       1
        The record on appeal is not paginated. Mr. Hall’s motion appears in volume
I and was document 464 in the district court docket. The quoted passages appear on
pages 5 and 6 of the motion, respectively.
                                             2
factual basis for his prosecutorial misconduct claims and that those claims are

procedurally barred.2

      In his three-page reply brief, Mr. Hall asserted, in apparent reference to his

§ 2255 motion, that he had listed “multiple facts” to support his ineffective assistance

and prosecutorial misconduct claims. He also alleged that his counsel had a conflict

based on her representation of a co-defendant of “Michael Minko,” without

explaining how there was a conflict, and that his counsel did not investigate an

allegation that he had improperly used a cell phone in the “Holdeville prison,” for

which he was penalized at sentencing.3

      The district court denied relief,4 stating that Mr. Hall’s “vague and conclusory

allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel do not state a colorable claim for

relief, and his § 2255 motion should be denied without an evidentiary hearing.” The

court also pointed out that the record contradicted Mr. Hall’s complaints about his

counsel’s performance.5 Although it did not specifically address the prosecutorial


      2
        The Government’s response was document 473 in the district court docket
and is part of volume II of the record on appeal.
      3
         Mr. Hall’s reply brief was document 476 in the district court docket and is
part of volume I of the record on appeal. The quoted material appears on page 2 of
his brief.
      4
        The district court’s order denying relief was document 482 in the district
court’s docket and is part of volume I of the record on appeal.
      5
         On page 8 of the order, the district court said, “For example, defendant now
claims that [counsel] failed to review the PSR with defendant before his sentencing
hearing, but he specifically admitted at his sentencing hearing that he had met with
his attorney to discuss the PSR. Dkt. #470, at 2.”
                                           3
misconduct claim, the court said it had “considered each of the claims . . . and finds

that his motion should be denied in its entirety.”6 Quoting United States v. Moya,

676 F.3d 1211, 1214 (10th Cir. 2012) (“District courts are not required to hold

evidentiary hearings in collateral attacks without a firm idea of what the testimony

will encompass and how it will support a movant’s claim.”), the court declined to

hold an evidentiary hearing. Finally, the court denied a COA.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

                                 A. Legal Background

      Five legal background points guide our disposition of Mr. Hall’s COA request.

      First, a COA is a jurisdictional pre-requisite to our review. Miller–El v.

Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). We will issue a COA only if Mr. Hall makes a

“substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).

To make this showing, he must establish that “reasonable jurists could debate

whether . . . the petition should have been resolved [by the district court] in a

different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve

encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)

(quotations omitted).

      Second, the Supreme Court established the ineffective assistance of counsel

standard in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland, a

defendant is entitled to relief if (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the



      6
          The quoted passages appear on pages 8 and 9 of the order, respectively.
                                            4
defendant was prejudiced by it. Id. at 687–88. The defendant bears the burden of

establishing both components. Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 285–86 (2000). A

defendant establishes the first Strickland requirement by showing counsel’s

performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 688. To meet this requirement, the defendant must overcome a “strong

presumption that counsel’s conduct [fell] within the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance . . . [and] might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689

(quotations omitted). A defendant establishes the second requirement by showing

“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.

      Third, a movant is procedurally barred from raising issues in a § 2255 motion

that were raised on direct appeal or, absent a showing of cause and prejudice, should

have been raised on direct appeal. See United States v. Warner, 23 F.3d 287, 289

(10th Cir. 1994). But see United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1242 (10th Cir.

1995) (en banc) (holding that this procedural bar rule does not apply to claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel).

      Fourth, conclusory allegations alone, without supporting factual averments, are

insufficient to state a valid claim under § 2255. See United States v. Fisher, 38 F.3d

1144, 1147 (10th Cir.1994); United States v. Rollow, 357 F. App’x 966, 968 (10th

Cir. 2009) (unpublished); United States v. Moser, 570 F. App’x 800, 802 (10th Cir.




                                            5
2014) (unpublished).7 Moreover, general conclusory allegations of ineffective

assistance of counsel impose no obligation on the district court to conduct an

evidentiary hearing. See Anderson v. United States, 367 F.2d 553–54 (10th Cir.

1966). We review a district court’s refusal to hold an evidentiary hearing in a

collateral attack proceeding for abuse of discretion. See Anderson v. Attorney Gen. of

Kan., 425 F.3d 853, 858 (10th Cir. 2005).

      Fifth, and related to our fourth point, because Mr. Hall is a pro se movant, we

liberally construe his filings. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). But

we may not “assume the role of advocate,” Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1

(10th Cir. 2008) (quotations omitted); see also United States v. Pinson, 584 F.3d 972,

975–76 (10th Cir. 2009), and we do not “fashion . . . arguments for him,” Fisher,

38 F.3d at 1147.

                                     B. Analysis

      Mr. Hall’s brief on appeal contains (1) a section numbered vii to xii that

includes parts on “Statement of Issues” and a “Statement of Facts” and traces the

procedural history of his case; and (2) a section numbered 1 to 12 that includes parts

on “Jurisdiction,” “Review Standard,” and “Argument.” The “Review Standard” part

discusses cases about the requirement to obtain a COA to appeal the denial of § 2255

relief. The “Argument” part discusses the standards for ineffective assistance of

counsel and for an evidentiary hearing. He does not point to any facts that might


      7
         We cite unpublished cases here for their persuasive value. See Fed. R. App.
P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                            6
support his claims. At the end of his brief, Mr. Hall states: “In the case at bar,

Appellant’s Affidavit enunciates facts in support of the issues raised in this request to

grant a COA.” Aplt. Br. at 11. Attached to his brief is Appendix D, his undated

affidavit contending that his constitutional rights “were violated due to ineffective

representation and prosecutorial misconduct in the following particulars.” Mr. Hall

then lists, almost verbatim, the allegations from his § 2255 motion quoted above.

      Mr. Hall has failed to show that reasonable jurists could debate the district

court’s denial of his § 2255 motion. First, he failed to provide factual support for his

litany of allegations regarding ineffective assistance of counsel. When the

Government challenged him on this point in the district court, Mr. Hall continued to

rely on his bare allegations in his § 2255 motion and the inadequate references in his

reply brief described above. In the face of the district court’s denial of his ineffective

assistance claim, Mr. Hall now seeks a COA but points to nothing in the record to

support his claim, and his affidavit merely repeats his conclusory allegations.

      Second, he similarly fails to provide factual support for his prosecutorial

misconduct claim. He does not describe any of the exculpatory evidence the

prosecutor allegedly withheld or how he was prejudiced, see Strickler v. Greene, 527

U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999) (showing of prejudice required), nor does he identify any

witness the prosecutor allegedly threatened. In any event, because his prosecutorial

misconduct claim could have been raised on direct appeal, and he has not shown

cause or prejudice for his failure to do so, it is procedurally barred in this § 2255

proceeding.

                                            7
      In sum, Mr. Hall has not made the required showing to receive a COA. The

district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion is not reasonably debatable.

      Finally, in light of Mr. Hall’s failure to demonstrate a factual basis for his

allegations or to show how an evidentiary hearing would enable him to do so, the

district court did not err when it declined to conduct an evidentiary hearing.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      We deny a COA and dismiss this matter.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




                                           8
