                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                           No. 04-16-00296-CV

                  IN THE INTEREST OF T.M.C., A.M.C., and N.R.S.C., Children

                     From the 150th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                   Trial Court No. 2014PA02352
                               Honorable Peter Sakai, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Jason Pulliam, Justice

Sitting:          Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                  Jason Pulliam, Justice

Delivered and Filed: September 14, 2016

AFFIRMED

           Tremayne C. appeals the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights to his three

children, T.M.C., A.M.C., and N.R.S.C. In his sole issue on appeal, Tremayne asserts the evidence

is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of his

parental rights was in the children’s best interest. We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                             BACKGROUND

           The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services filed an original petition to

terminate Tremayne’s parental rights to his children on October 3, 2014. The children were five,

four, and three at that time, and were removed from the home based on allegations of physical and

sexual abuse and neglectful supervision. Trial began on February 22, 2016, was recessed, and then

completed on April 29, 2016.
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       When the case was called for trial on February 22, 2016, Tremayne was not present. His

attorney explained Tremayne “has been living in and out of town.” While the case was pending,

Tremayne’s attorney only had three or four phone conversations with Tremayne although the

attorney stated he gave Tremayne at least three different ways to contact him. The attorney stated

that although Tremayne’s wishes to be a part of his children’s lives were consistent, “his actions

have not comported with what he insists he wants to happen.” The attorney explained, “He has

given me no directions in terms of trial strategy. He has given me no directions in terms of what

he desires to see for the children.” The trial court found Tremayne was duly notified of the trial

setting but failed to appear.

       The Department called its investigator as its first witness who testified the children were

seven, six, and five at the time of trial. The investigator stated the investigation began on August

8, 2014, in response to alleged sexual abuse of N.R.S.C., physical abuse of T.M.C., and neglectful

supervision of all three children. Based on the reported abuse, the investigator made contact with

the family and spoke with each family member. The investigator reviewed the family’s prior

history and found the children’s mother had a consistent history of being in abusive relationships

and exposing the children to domestic violence and neglectful supervision. The investigator

testified Tremayne was convicted of injuring T.M.C. in 2010 and sentenced to four years in prison.

Tremayne also beat the children’s mother in front of the children. The investigator further testified

the police were called to arrest the boyfriend of the children’s mother based on N.R.S.C.’s outcry

of sexual abuse, and the police arrested him for possession of marijuana. After implementing a

safety plan, the investigator closed her case on September 11, 2014.

       On October 2, 2014, the Department received another referral for alleged sexual and

physical abuse of N.R.S.C. by the same boyfriend. During the investigation of that referral, the

children informed the investigator they were no longer living with the safety placement but were
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living with their mother and her boyfriend. The children were afraid of the boyfriend and had

again been exposed to domestic violence. The children were removed from the home and placed

in a shelter. At the conclusion of the investigator’s testimony, the trial was recessed and reset

because the Department’s caseworker was on maternity leave.

       When the case was called for the second day of trial on April 29, 2016, Tremayne was

present with his attorney. The children’s mother relinquished her parental rights to the children.

After testifying regarding her relinquishment, the children’s mother expressed her concern about

Tremayne remaining in the children’s lives. She testified he was in prison for four years for beating

their oldest child. She also testified Tremayne was violent toward both her and the children the

entire time they were married.

       The next witness called by the Department was the caseworker who had been the

caseworker since the inception of the case. The caseworker testified Tremayne signed a service

plan containing many requirements, including therapy and parenting classes; however, he did not

complete any of the required services. Tremayne’s last visit with the children was in December

of 2014 which was his only visit with the children since the inception of the case. Tremayne’s last

contact with the Department prior to the week of trial was October of 2015. The caseworker

testified she met with Tremayne on multiple occasions at the onset of the case to offer him services.

Throughout the case, the caseworker spoke with Tremayne approximately ten times by telephone

because there were times when his phone was turned off.

       Tremayne’s service plan was admitted as an exhibit. The plan stated the family had

undergone multiple investigations and a previous case in which the children were removed from

their parents and then reunified. The plan further stated it appears the parents did not learn from

the previously worked services and lack the consistent skills to provide a safe and stable home

environment for the children. The plan provided detailed contact information and locations where
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Tremayne could engage in required services. The caseworker also testified Tremayne had been

convicted for injuring T.M.C., and a judgment documenting the conviction was admitted into

evidence.

       The caseworker testified the children had been in the same foster home since February of

2015. The children were receiving special behavioral and academic interventions in school and

were being seen by a developmental behavioral specialist. The specialist had developed a plan to

transition the children to a permanent home. The caseworker testified terminating Tremayne’s

parental rights was in the children’s best interest because he had not been present in the children’s

lives, had not worked to address his issues, and the children had no bond with him.

       The children’s therapist also testified at trial. The children had been seeing the therapist

for about a year. When the therapist first started seeing the children, they were very angry and

violent, would use a lot of curse words, and acted out violently and sexually during play therapy.

During the year in therapy, the children had improved because they were given structure and a safe

place. The therapist testified he had seen no evidence the children were attached to Tremayne,

and the children had not said anything about Tremayne.

       Tremayne was the final witness to testify. Tremayne admitted he did not complete his

service plan. Tremayne testified he did not complete the services because he was homeless.

Although Tremayne stated he understood the Department paid for the classes, he testified he was

unable to get to the location of the classes. He stated he last saw the children in December of 2014

because he was homeless in 2015; however, he would take gifts for the children to the

Department’s office. Tremayne admitted one reason he did not visit the children was his drug and

alcohol use. Tremayne stated that he would sometimes go three or four days without eating while

he was homeless and would sometimes steal food. Tremayne testified he was living in a faith-



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based home participating in a 90-day program and no longer smoked or drank. Tremayne also

stated he had check stubs from his employment. Tremayne denied beating the children’s mother.

       At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court announced it was terminating Tremayne’s

parental rights. Tremayne appeals.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

       To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 161.001 of the Family Code, the

Department has the burden to prove: (1) one of the predicate grounds in subsection 161.001(b)(1);

and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001

(West Supp. 2016); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). The applicable burden of proof

is the clear and convincing standard. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.206(a) (West 2014); In re

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or

degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to

the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.007.

       In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination of parental

rights, the court must “look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to

determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its

finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “[A] reviewing court must assume that the

factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” Id.

“A corollary to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.” Id.

       In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination of parental

rights, a court “must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have

found to be clear and convincing.” Id. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that

a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a
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factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is

factually insufficient.” Id.

                                          PREDICATE FINDINGS

        Tremayne does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the predicate

statutory grounds for terminating his parental rights. Evidence that proves one or more statutory

grounds for termination may constitute evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s best

interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). The trial court found by clear and convincing

evidence that the following predicate findings supported the termination of Tremayne’s parental

rights: (1) Tremayne constructively abandoned the children for not less than six months, had not

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the children, and had demonstrated an

inability to provide the children with a safe environment; (2) Tremayne failed to comply with the

provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary to obtain the return

of the children who had been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the

Department for not less than nine months as a result of the children’s removal for abuse or neglect;

(3) Tremayne used a controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the

children and failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; and (4)

Tremayne knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in his conviction and confinement

and inability to care for the children.

                                      BEST INTEREST FINDING

        There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best

interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, when the court considers factors

related to the best interest of the child, “the prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe

environment is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a)

(West Supp. 2016). In determining whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child
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with a safe environment, the court should consider: (1) the child’s age and physical and mental

vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude,

frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) whether the child has been the victim

of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention by the Department; (5) whether the child

is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological,

or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members, or others

who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct

by the child's family or others who have access to the child’s home; (8) whether there is a history

of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; (9) whether

the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and ability of the child’s

family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate

an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to

effect positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (12)

whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills; and (13) whether an adequate

social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is available to the child. Id. at

§ 263.307(b).

       Courts also may apply the non-exhaustive Holley factors to shape their analysis. Holley v.

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). Those factors include: (1) the desires of the child;

(2) the present and future emotional and physical needs of the child; (3) the present and future

emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking

custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the

child; (6) the plans held by the individuals seeking custody of the child; (7) the stability of the

home of the parent and the individuals seeking custody; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent



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which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any

excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id.

       The foregoing factors are not exhaustive, and “[t]he absence of evidence about some of

[the factors] would not preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction or belief

that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. “A best-interest

analysis may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence

as well as the direct evidence.” In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013,

pet. denied). “A trier of fact may measure a parent’s future conduct by his past conduct and

determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

       The children were five, four, and three at the time of their removal and were seven, six,

and five at the time of trial. The family had undergone multiple investigations in the past and the

children had previously been removed from the home. The children’s past history made them

particularly vulnerable and in need of a safe environment. There was no evidence the children had

any bond with Tremayne who had only visited the children one time in the almost two years

between the date they were placed in the Department’s care and trial.

       When the case was called for the first day of trial, Tremayne was not present, and his

attorney testified he had been living in and out of town. Although Tremayne testified he had been

living in a faith-based home for approximately a month and a half, he admitted he was homeless

for almost an entire year and sometimes had to steal food. Tremayne offered no testimony

regarding the manner in which he would provide for himself and the children when he completed

the 90-day program in which he was engaged. Although Tremayne testified he was working, he

did not provide any testimony regarding the number of hours he worked, his rate of pay, or the

length of time he had been employed.



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       Tremayne was sentenced to four years in prison for injuring T.M.C. and admitted he had

not engaged in any of the services that could teach him how to parent during the almost two years

the case was pending. Although Tremayne stated he had not engaged in services because he was

homeless, he acknowledged the Department provided services at no cost. The children’s mother

also testified Tremayne beat her and the children.

       The children were receiving therapy and special interventions because of the manner in

which their past affected their behaviors. In the absence of a structured environment, however,

the children would likely relapse. The Department planned to continue providing the children with

special services that would allow them to ultimately transition to a permanent home. Tremayne

offered no testimony regarding his plans for the children.

       Having reviewed the record, we hold the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s

finding that termination was in the children’s best interest.

                                              CONCLUSION

       The trial court’s order is affirmed.

                                                   Jason Pulliam, Justice




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