              NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                     MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                           IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                           OF FLORIDA

                                           SECOND DISTRICT


CARL WILLIAM COSIO,                        )
                                           )
             Appellant,                    )
                                           )
v.                                         )         Case No. 2D16-2439
                                           )
STATE OF FLORIDA,                          )
                                           )
             Appellee.                     )
                                           )

Opinion filed September 6, 2017.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for
Hillsborough County; Kimberly K.
Fernandez, Judge.

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender,
and Timothy J. Ferreri, Assistant Public
Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Johnny T. Salgado,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa,
for Appellee.


LUCAS, Judge.


             One man's trash is another man's treasure. But sometimes it's just

another man's nuisance. Such was apparently the case with the trash and overgrowth
that had accumulated around Carl Cosio's home. While we might question whether that

nuisance justified the prosecution of a felony charge against Mr. Cosio, on this record

we must affirm his conviction and withhold of adjudication for violating sections

403.413(4) and (6)(c), Florida Statutes (2015). We are concerned, however, about the

State's misreading of the Florida Litter Law in the arguments it has maintained in this

appeal. We take this opportunity, then, to sift through what, under the statute,

constitutes "dumping litter" and what does not.

                                             I.

              Over the years, Mr. Cosio had turned his yard into something of a

repository for what one might charitably call unwanted miscellany—newspapers, bottles,

cans, tubs, barrels, dolls, toys, pickup trucks—all spread out in scattered piles among a

prolific overgrowth of trees, shrubs, plants, and wild vegetation. In 2013, the cluttered

condition of Mr. Cosio's property came to the attention of a City of Tampa code

inspector, Bruce Lucas, who issued a citation to Mr. Cosio. As the months went by, Mr.

Lucas would return to the property frequently and speak with Mr. Cosio several times on

the phone; but whatever Mr. Cosio's efforts may have been at clearing and cleaning the

property, they were, in Mr. Lucas's estimation, insufficient to bring the property into

compliance with the city code.

              In April 2015, the City of Tampa initiated a code enforcement proceeding

against Mr. Cosio concerning the condition of his property. The code enforcement

board determined that Mr. Cosio's yard was "a serious public safety and welfare threat"

and imposed a deadline for him to bring his property into code compliance, as well as a

daily fine if he failed to do so. The deadline came and went, Mr. Lucas inspected the



                                            -2-
property again and, once again, found it to be in an unacceptable condition. The code

enforcement office then initiated an abatement of the property in October 2016—a

three-day process during which city workers cut down the offending trees and brush on

Mr. Cosio's yard, trimmed the overgrowth, and cleaned off all of the accumulated trash

and debris, including the felled trees and brush, from the property. All of these

materials were then collected together into piles and hauled away in dump trucks.

              Shortly after the city's abatement of his property, Mr. Cosio was charged

by information with one count of felony littering. He went to trial before a jury, was

found guilty, and the circuit court withheld adjudication, sentenced him to five years of

probation, and imposed restitution and a fine.

              The principal dispute we will focus on concerns Mr. Cosio's argument in

his posttrial motion for judgment of acquittal challenging the State's measurement of his

litter. He argued below, and now on appeal, that not all the debris taken from his

property was litter under the statute, and that the amount of litter (properly construed)

that was removed was neither five hundred pounds in weight nor one hundred cubic

feet in volume, and thus did not rise to the felonious threshold of littering under section

403.413(6)(c). 1 Mr. Cosio takes particular issue with the inclusion of the trees and

overgrowth that the city cut down, which he maintains cannot be construed as his




              1Subsection     (6)(c) of the statute states that "[a]ny person who dumps litter
in violation of subsection (4) in an amount exceeding 500 pounds in weight or 100 cubic
feet in volume . . . is guilty of a felony of the third degree." In his motion, Mr. Cosio also
attempted to refute that the condition of his property constituted a "nuisance," which is
also a required element under section 403.413(4)(c). Although we note the majority of
his neighbors who testified at his trial did not seem concerned or terribly bothered by
Mr. Cosio's yard, the State presented sufficient evidence on that point such that Mr.
Cosio's motion was properly denied.
                                             -3-
"litter." The State responds that the "overgrown trees come under the definition of litter,"

but that, even without the overgrowth, there was still sufficient evidence of Mr. Cosio's

littered personal effects to sustain the denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal.

              Our record is rather light on this point. There was relatively little evidence

presented as to any precise measure of Mr. Cosio's trash and debris. The code

inspector, Mr. Lucas, testified that an entire line of cherry laurel trees was cut down

during the abatement process and that a total of fifty tons of material was ultimately

removed from the property. Mr. Lucas's estimate in that regard clearly included not only

the piles of effects and personal property Mr. Cosio had scattered across his yard but

also all the trees and vegetation that the city had clear cut as part of the abatement

process. Later, however, Mr. Lucas clarified that the "accumulation of the junk, trash,

and debris" was more than one hundred cubic feet. In addition to the code inspector's

testimony, the State introduced several photographs through Mr. Lucas that depicted

the state of Mr. Cosio's property prior to the abatement process.

                                             II.

              Mr. Cosio argues that the trial court erroneously denied his motion for a

judgment of acquittal because the State improperly included "overgrowth"—that is, the

trees and plants that the city had cut down during the abatement—in its calculation of

the amount of litter that was collected from his property. We review the circuit court's

denial of such a motion de novo. Starks v. State, 42 Fla. L. Weekly D665a, D668a (Fla.

2d DCA Mar. 22, 2017) (citing Pagan v. State, 830 So. 2d 792, 803 (Fla. 2002)). Our

resolution of this argument turns on how the Florida Litter Law is properly construed.




                                            -4-
We begin with a review of its pertinent subsections and a brief observation about its

application to property owners such as Mr. Cosio.

              Section 403.413(4) provides:

              Dumping litter prohibited.—Unless otherwise authorized
              by law or permit, it is unlawful for any person to dump litter in
              any manner or amount:
              (a) In or on any public highway, road, street, alley, or
              thoroughfare, including any portion of the right-of-way
              thereof, or any other public lands, except in containers or
              areas lawfully provided therefor. . . . ;
                      ....

              (c) In or on any private property, unless prior consent of the
              owner has been given and unless the dumping of such litter
              by such person will not cause a public nuisance or otherwise
              be in violation of any other state or local law, rule, or
              regulation.

              "Dump" and "litter" are defined under subsections (2)(d) and (f),

respectively, as follows:

              (d) "Dump" means to dump, throw, discard, place, deposit, or
              dispose of.
                     ....

              (f) "Litter" means any garbage; rubbish; trash; refuse; can;
              bottle; box; container; paper; tobacco product; tire;
              appliance; mechanical equipment or part; building or
              construction material; tool; machinery; wood; motor vehicle
              or motor vehicle part; vessel; aircraft; farm machinery or
              equipment; sludge from a waste treatment facility, water
              supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; or
              substance in any form resulting from domestic, industrial,
              commercial, mining, agricultural, or governmental
              operations.

              Subsection (6) of section 403.413 establishes tiers of penalties for

violation of the statute based upon the amount of litter the offender dumps. Pertinent

here, subsection (6)(c) provides: "Any person who dumps litter in violation of subsection


                                            -5-
(4) in an amount exceeding 500 pounds in weight or 100 cubic feet in volume . . . is

guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s.

775.083."

              Finally, although it might seem, at first blush, somewhat counterintuitive,

we agree with our sister court that dumping litter on one's own private property can, in

certain circumstances, constitute a violation of the Florida Litter Law. See State v.

Davis, 838 So. 2d 696, 699 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (Monaco, J., concurring specially)

(explaining that by reading subsection(4)(c) of the statute conjunctively, "if one is going

to dump litter on one's own property, consent being presumed, that dumping must not

cause a public nuisance or otherwise violate laws, rules or regulations. If it does, it

violates the statute"). As there is no serious dispute that Mr. Cosio's property had

become a "public nuisance" and was in violation of a local rule or regulation, 2 our inquiry

in this appeal becomes two-fold: first, can the State, as it argues on appeal, include the

trees and overgrowth of vegetation that had taken root on Mr. Cosio's property—and

that the city cleared away—in measuring the amount of dumped litter under the statute;

and second, if it cannot, was there still sufficient evidence that Mr. Cosio had dumped

five hundred pounds or one hundred cubic feet of litter on his property to withstand his

motion for judgment of acquittal.



              2Mr.  Cosio never challenged the City of Tampa Code Enforcement Board's
prior ruling, which determined that his property was a public nuisance, a threat to public
health, safety, or welfare, and in violation of sections 19-49 and 19-50 of the Tampa
Code of Ordinances. Those provisions prohibit "any accumulations of debris, rubbish,
trash, garbage, refuse . . . [and] nuisance vegetation which exceeds a height of twelve
(12) inches over the majority of the parcel," Tampa, Fla., Code of Ordinances ch. 19, §
49 (2015), as well as "excessive accumulations of untended growth of weeds,
undergrowth or other dead or living plant life," Tampa, Fla., Code of Ordinances ch. 19,
§ 50 (2015).
                                            -6-
                                               A.

              The first query is an issue of statutory construction. The State maintains

that the various trees and brush the city was required to cut down to abate Mr. Cosio's

property could be deemed "litter" for purposes of the statute. The State notes that

subsection (4)(f) of the statute includes a broad and varied swath of materials that could

potentially constitute litter under the Florida Litter Law. And, as the State points out,

included in that list, we find "building or construction material," "wood," and substances

resulting from "agricultural operations." Under the State's reading of the statute, since

the trees and brush the City cut down were comprised of wood, and wood can be

harvested in agricultural operations or used as a building or construction material, it

follows that all of this felled foliage was litter. In our view, although the State's argument

may hold a whiff of logic, it is not a viable interpretation of the Florida Litter Law.

              The legislature crafted subsection (4)(f) to define litter by referencing a list

of items with progressing particularity. The first four items of the list—"garbage,"

"rubbish," "trash," and "refuse"—are fairly generalized descriptive concepts, but the

remaining items that follow share a common feature: they can all, in some way, be

viewed as potential examples or variants of discarded "garbage," "rubbish," "trash," or

"refuse" of one sort or another. As such, we construe "wood," "building or construction

material" and "substance . . . resulting from . . . [an] agricultural operation" in the light of

those prefatory examples in the subsection—that is, these latter terms illustrate specific

kinds of garbage, rubbish, trash, or refuse. See Stratton v. Sarasota County, 983 So.

2d 51, 56 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("[U]nder the doctrine of noscitur a sociis (a word is

known by the company it keeps), one examines the other words used within a string of



                                              -7-
concepts to derive the legislature's overall intent." (quoting Nehme v. Smithkline

Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 863 So. 2d 201, 205 (Fla. 2003))); see also Yates v.

United States, 135 S.Ct. 1074, 1085-86 (2015) (holding that an illegally caught grouper

could not be deemed a "tangible object" under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

because, applying noscitur a sociis, "[t]he words immediately surrounding 'tangible

object' in § 1519—'falsifies, or makes a false entry in any record [or] document'—also

cabin the contextual meaning of that term" (second alteration in original)); Gustafson v.

Alloyd Co., Inc., 513 U.S. 561, 575 (1995) ("[A] word is known by the company it keeps

(the doctrine of noscitur a sociis). This rule we rely upon to avoid ascribing to one word

a meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its accompanying words, thus giving

'unintended breadth to the Acts of Congress.' " (quoting Jarecki v. G.D. Searle & Co.,

367 U.S. 303, 307 (1961))).

              With that principle in mind, it defies any reasonable understanding of what

could plausibly be characterized as "litter," or "garbage," or "trash," or "rubbish" to

maintain, as the State does here, that live, verdant plant life and forestry falls within the

ambit of any of those words. 3 A living tree is not trash, at least under the Florida Litter




              3Cf.  Litter, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) ("Wastepaper, cans, and
other refuse that people have discarded and left on the ground in a public place.");
Garbage, Ballentine's Law Dictionary (2010) ("The accumulation as refuse of animal,
fruit, or vegetable matter, liquid or otherwise, that attends the preparation, use, cooking,
dealing in, or storing of meat, fish, fowl, fruit, or vegetables; any worthless or offensive
matter."); Stephen Michael Sheppard, Bouvier Law Dictionary (2012) (defining trash as:
"Dry solid waste material. Trash is refuse, garbage, the dry solid waste cast off by
individuals and entities to be destroyed, disposed of, or, potentially, recycled"); Rubbish,
Ballentine's Law Dictionary (2010) ("Refuse. Waste materials collected by a
municipality."); New Oxford American Dictionary 1842 (3d ed. 2010) (defining trash as
"discarded matter; refuse"); id. at 1525 (defining rubbish as "waste material" and
"material that is considered unimportant or valueless").
                                             -8-
Law. To broaden the meaning of litter to include growing things that are rooted in the

earth would imbue more than an "unintended breadth" of definition into the statute's

language, Jarecki, 367 U.S. at 307—it would foist an outright distortion on the common

meaning of "garbage," "rubbish," "trash," or "refuse."

              Nor under these circumstances does the felled state of the trees and

brush on Mr. Cosio's yard transubstantiate their material into litter for purposes of the

statute. To be found in violation of section 403.413, the State had to prove that Mr.

Cosio "dumped" the offending material. To "dump" means to "dump, throw, discard,

place, deposit or dispose of" proscribed litter. § 403.413(4)(d). Mr. Cosio did none of

these things with respect to the trees and overgrowth on his property. A city employee

or contractor was responsible for clear cutting Mr. Cosio's yard of its overgrowth.

Whatever else can be said of Mr. Cosio's attention (or inattention) to the overgrowth on

his yard, it was not a problem that could be characterized as stemming from his

"dumping" plant life across his property.

                                              B.

              Nevertheless, we are satisfied that the State presented admissible

evidence from which a jury could have concluded that Mr. Cosio had dumped a

sufficient amount of litter—of the statutorily proscribed kind—to support his conviction

for this offense. See Pagan, 830 So. 2d at 803 ("If, after viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could find the existence of the

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, sufficient evidence exists to sustain a

conviction." (citing Banks v. State, 732 So. 2d 1065 (Fla. 1999))); Nicholas v. State, 47

So. 3d 297, 300 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) ("The trial court should grant a judgment of



                                             -9-
acquittal if the State fails to present legally sufficient evidence to establish each element

of the crime charged." (citing State v. Odom, 862 So. 2d 56, 59 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003))).

Mr. Lucas had become thoroughly familiar with Mr. Cosio's property by the time of the

trial. Throughout his testimony, he consistently referred to the trees and brush on Mr.

Cosio's yard as "overgrowth." When he was asked whether the accumulated trash on

Mr. Cosio's yard exceeded one hundred cubic yards, he replied (without referencing

overgrowth, trees, or vegetation) that it did. Furthermore, the jury was provided several

photographs that offered various views of Mr. Cosio's yard and his accumulations prior

to the City's abatement. These pictures depict an enormous quantity of accumulated

personal effects—all of which could easily be deemed "garbage," "rubbish," "trash," or

"refuse"—scattered across Mr. Cosio's yard. Collectively, when combined with Mr.

Lucas's testimony, this evidence supported the trial court's denial of Mr. Cosio's motion

for judgment of acquittal.

              Although the State's pursuit of a felony case through a jury trial against an

elderly gentleman who hoarded junk on his overgrown yard strikes us as a rather

questionable expenditure of criminal justice resources, 4 that is not a basis upon which

we can disturb the trial court's ruling, and so we affirm the judgment below.

              Affirmed.



              4Allthe more so given the broad civil remedies the city had at its
disposal—a property lien for abatement, declaratory or injunctive relief—with which it
could have obtained Mr. Cosio's compliance with the city's code. See Tampa, Fla.,
Code of Ordinances ch. 19, § 7(d) (2015) ("If the abatement costs have not been
appealed or paid within thirty (30) calendar days of billing, the city will, by resolution,
impose an abatement assessment lien, and upon recordation in the official records of
Hillsborough County, Florida will establish a lien against the subject real property.");
Rudge v. City of Stuart, 65 So. 3d 645 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (recognizing city's authority
to enforce nuisance abatement ordinance through injunctive relief).
                                           - 10 -
SILBERMAN and CRENSHAW, JJ., Concur.




                                 - 11 -
