                                                                I attest to the accuracy and
                                                                 integrity of this document
                                                                   New Mexico Compilation
                                                                 Commission, Santa Fe, NM
                                                                '00'04- 15:54:06 2018.03.21

        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2018-NMSC-016

Filing Date: February 15, 2018

Docket No. S-1-SC-36225

ENDURO OPERATING LLC,

       Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

ECHO PRODUCTION, INC.; TALUS, INC.;
TWIN MONTANA, INC.; CIMARRON RIVER
INVESTMENTS, LLC; CMW INTERESTS, INC.;
D2 RESOURCES, LLC; ELGER EXPLORATION
INC.; PLAINS PRODUCTION, INC.; SOLIS
ENERGY LLC; THE ALLAR COMPANY;
KEN SELIGMAN; and W. GLEN STREET, JR.,

       Defendants-Petitioners.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
Lisa B. Riley, District Judge

Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.
Edward R. Ricco
Albuquerque, NM

Cotton, Bledsoe, Tighe & Dawson, P.C.
Jared Mark Moore
Terry W. Rhoads
Midland, TX

Michael J. Henry, Attorney at Law, P.C.
Michael J. Henry
Forth Worth, TX

for Petitioners Echo Production, Inc.; Talus, Inc.; Twin Montana, Inc.; Cimarron River
Investments, LLC; CMW Interests, Inc.; D2 Resources, LLC; Elger Exploration, Inc.; Plains
Production, Inc.; Solis Energy LLC; The Allar Company; and W. Glenn Street, Jr.


                                           1
McCormick, Caraway, Tabor & Byers, L.L.P.
Cas. F. Tabor
Albuquerque, NM

for Petitioner Ken Seligman

Hinkle Shanor LLP
Andrew J. Cloutier
Parker B. Folse
Roswell, NM

for Respondent

                                         OPINION

CHÁVEZ, Justice.

{1}     Echo and Enduro are two of several parties to a joint operating agreement1 (JOA).
Under the JOA, Echo, as a party wishing to undertake a new drilling project, had to provide
notice of the proposed project to the other parties to the JOA, who then had thirty days to
decide whether to opt in or out of the project. By opting in, a party agrees to share in the
cost and risk of the project. If a party opts out of the project—as Enduro did in this
case—then the party is deemed “non-consenting,” and is exempt from any of the cost or risk
associated with the new project, but cannot share in any of the profits from the new project
until the consenting parties have recovered four-hundred percent of the labor and equipment
costs invested in the new project. For the consenting parties to recover the nonconsenting
parties’ forfeited share of profits, the consenting parties must “within ninety (90) days after
the expiration of the notice period of thirty (30) days . . . actually commence the proposed
operation and complete it with due diligence.” Together, the JOA’s provisions provide the
consenting parties with 120 days after proposing the project to “actually commence” the
operation, which in this case is the drilling of an oil well. If the consenting parties do not
commence the proposed operation within 120 days, but one or more of them “still desires
to conduct said operation,” then the parties wishing to proceed with the operation must
repropose the operation to the nonconsenting parties “as if no prior proposal had been
made.”

{2}    The question before us is what activities are adequate as a matter of law to satisfy the
contractual requirement that a consenting party actually commence the drilling operation.
The Court of Appeals in Johnson v. Yates Petroleum Corp., 1999-NMCA-066, ¶ 11, 127


       1
        The substance of the parties’ JOA was adopted, with slight modification, from a
model form published by the American Association of Petroleum Landmen (A.A.P.L.) Form
610-1982.

                                              2
N.M. 355, 981 P.2d 288, held that “any activities in preparation for, or incidental to, drilling
a well are sufficient” even if “only the most modest preparations for drilling have been
made.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Howard R. Williams & Charles J. Meyers,
3 Oil and Gas Law § 618.1 at 320-21 (1998)). In Johnson, the Court of Appeals found the
following combination of activities adequate as a matter of law to satisfy the actual
commencement requirement: (1) staking and surveying the location, (2) filing for and
receiving a permit to drill a well, (3) entering into an agreement with a contractor to have the
location of the well prepared for drilling, and (4) beginning the clearing of brush and the
leveling of the area. Id. at ¶ 7.

{3}     In its opinion below, the Court of Appeals concluded that the language in Johnson
indicating that “any” preparatory activities would be sufficient was too permissive. See
Enduro Operating LLC v. Echo Prod., Inc., 2017-NMCA-018, ¶¶ 25, 29, 388 P.3d 990. The
Court of Appeals was persuaded that Echo’s lack of on-site activity at the proposed well site,
other than surveying and staking, and lack of a permit to commence drilling was evidence
as a matter of law that Echo had not actually commenced drilling operations. Id. ¶¶ 22, 29.
The Court of Appeals reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Echo and remanded for an entry of summary judgment in favor of Enduro. Id. ¶ 31. We
reverse the Court of Appeals and hold that the failure to obtain an approved drilling permit
within the relevant commencement period is not dispositive. A party may prove that it has
actually commenced drilling operations with evidence that it committed resources, whether
on-site or off-site, that demonstrate its present good-faith intent to diligently carry on drilling
activities until completion.

I.      DISCUSSION

A.      Commencement of Operations

1.      A party has commenced operations if it engages in actions that demonstrate a
        present good-faith intent to diligently carry on drilling activities until
        completion

{4}     When resolving a dispute over the meaning of terms in a contract, our goal is to
“ascertain the intentions of the contracting parties with respect to the challenged terms at the
time they executed the contract.” Strata Prod. Co. v. Mercury Expl. Co., 1996-NMSC-016,
¶ 29, 121 N.M. 622, 916 P.2d 822. “[I]f the parties attached different meanings to [disputed]
language, the court’s task is the more complex one of applying a standard of reasonableness
to determine which party’s intention is to be carried out at the expense of the other’s.” Allan
E. Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts 285 (3rd ed. 2004). To determine the reasonable
construction of contract terms, “[w]ords and other conduct are interpreted in the light of all
the circumstances, and if the principal purpose of the parties is ascertainable it is given great
weight.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202 (1981).

{5}     Cases interpreting the meaning of commencement clauses in the context of oil and

                                                3
gas lease agreements provide insight into how we should construe the commencement clause
in the parties’ JOA. Only a Texas court has interpreted the meaning of the commencement
provision in the model-form JOA used by the parties in this case, and the Texas court also
relied on several lease agreement cases to determine the meaning of “actually commence”
under the model-form JOA. See Valence Operating Co. v. Anadarko Petroleum Corp., 303
S.W.3d 435, 438-41 (Tex. App. 2010).

{6}      In the context of lease agreements, the majority rule is that a party has commenced
where “modest preparations for drilling have been made” so long as the preparations are
“part of a good-faith effort to obtain production.” See 3 Patrick H. Martin & Bruce M.
Kramer, Williams & Meyers Oil and Gas Law, § 618.1 at 319, 321 (2016). Although actual
drilling would obviously suffice as evidence of “actual commencement,” actual drilling is
not required. See Eugene Kuntz, A Treatise on the Law of Oil and Gas, § 32.3(b) at 75 &
n.4 (1989) (collecting cases supporting the proposition that “it is generally held that acts
which are preparatory to drilling are sufficient to constitute the commencement of a well and
that it is not essential that the lessee be in the process of making a hole”).

{7}    Preparatory activity at the well site is also sufficient to prove that a drilling operation
has actually commenced. As one treatise explained:

                Where the lessee has the ability to drill the well to completion and the
        lessor can make no showing the lessee lacks a present intent to diligently
        carry on drilling activities until completion, very little in the way of physical
        activities must be performed on the site to support a conclusion that the
        lessee has commenced operations . . . . A minimum of physical activities
        seems to include the staking of the well site plus some acts on the land itself
        such as leveling the site and digging slush pits.

Owen L. Anderson, et al., Hemingway Oil and Gas Law and Taxation, § 6.7 at 293 (4th ed.
2004). See also, e.g., Duffield v. Russell, 1899 WL 1336, at *2 (Ohio Cir. Ct. May 1899),
aff’d, 63 N.E. 1127 (1902) (holding that a party demonstrated commencement where on the
last day of the commencement period it staked the well and cut a “portion of the timber” to
be used for the drilling rig); Petersen v. Robinson Oil & Gas Co., 356 S.W.2d 217, 219-20
(Tex. Civ. App. 1962) (holding that a party demonstrated commencement where it staked
the well and, on the last day of the commencement period, moved a maintainer onto land and
spent two hours leveling the well location). In each of these cases, the commitment of
resources at the drilling site was sufficient evidence to prove the operator had actually
commenced drilling operations because the evidence proved the operator’s present good-
faith intent to diligently carry on drilling activities until completion. Other cases have found
a combination of on-site and off-site activity was adequate to prove that an operator has
commenced drilling activities. See Kaszar v. Meridian Oil & Gas Enters., Inc., 499 N.E.2d
3, 4-5 (Ohio Ct. App. 1985) (holding that a party demonstrated commencement where it
staked the well, cleared the well site, and filed paperwork with the Securities and Exchange
Commission); Jones v. Moore, 338 P.2d 872, 874-75 (Okla. 1959) (holding that a party

                                                4
demonstrated commencement where on the last day of the commencing period it staked the
well, dug a slush pit, and signed equipment contracts).

{8}      The question we must still answer is whether the off-site commitment of resources
can ever be adequate evidence of the parties’ present good-faith intent to diligently carry on
drilling activities until completion where the only on-site activity was the surveying and
staking of the well. In its opinion, the Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Valence case
to discount the evidentiary value of off-site activities. See Enduro, 2017-NMCA-018, ¶ 26.
The Valence court held that when “there is doubt or controversy as to the intent of the party
claiming to have commenced operations for drilling by performing preparatory acts, the
question is one of mixed law and fact and should be submitted to the jury.” 303 S.W.3d at
441. More importantly, the Valence court held that the following ‘“backroom preparations’
. . . with no on-site activity except a preliminary staking of wells” were not sufficient, as a
matter of law, to prove the party had actually commenced drilling operations: (1) preparing
an authorization for expenditures, (2) receiving a topographic map of the well locations, (3)
staking locations, (4) photographing the well sites, (5) obtaining a preliminary list of
instruments regarding title, (6) holding several meetings to discuss locations and how to
build on the locations, (7) preparing detailed cost and facility estimates for all wells, (8)
preparing preliminary run sheets, and (9) obtaining drilling permits for all four wells. Id. at
440. Instead, it was for the jury to determine whether these activities “showed a bona fide
intent to commence actual work on the proposed operation before the deadline and proceed
with diligence to the completion of the wells.” Id. at 441.

{9}     Importantly, in Valence, the operator had not signed drilling contracts, built access
roads, restaked the well locations, secured title opinions, and had not actually begun drilling,
before the deadline for actually commencing the drilling operation. Id. at 440. Although the
Valence court made it clear that “[a]ctual drilling is not necessary in order to comply with
an obligation to commence operations for drilling,” id., we do not know if the Valence court
would have held that proof of one or more of the latter activities was sufficient as a matter
of law to prove commencement.

{10} Building access roads and/or restaking well locations involves the commitment of
resources. And, as one commentator explained, the focus of a commencement clause is on
whether a party has taken actions that amount to an “irrevocable commitment to conduct
operations, to completion, on the lease land. The best evidence of this, absent actual drilling
of the premises, is an enforceable contract with a third party to drill a well on the leased
land.” Martin & Kramer, supra, § 618.1 at 318-19 n.10.2 (quoting 1 D. Pierce, Kansas Oil
and Gas Handbook 9.34 (1991)). We agree that an enforceable drilling contract that
commits an operator’s resources is sufficient evidence, as a matter of law, to establish that
the operator actually commenced drilling operations, even in the absence of on-site
activities.

{11} We also conclude that a drilling permit is not essential for an operator to prove that
it actually commenced drilling operations. The Court of Appeals overemphasized the

                                               5
importance of obtaining an approved drilling permit within the commencement deadline.
The Court relied on a provision in the New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) stating
that the purpose of the drilling permit rules was to “require an operator to obtain a permit
prior to commencing drilling” and concluded that it would be condoning unpermitted drilling
by deciding that a party could commence operations without a permit. Enduro,
2017-NMCA-018, ¶ 22 (quoting 19.15.14.6 NMAC) (internal quotation marks omitted).
One jurisdiction has held that commencement cannot occur without a permit. See Goble v.
Goff, 42 N.W.2d 845, 846-47 (Mich. 1950). However, the Texas Court of Appeals, in a later
case dealing with language similar to the language in New Mexico’s permit regulations,
declined to follow Goble and concluded that the absence of a permit would not preclude a
determination that a party commenced operations. Gray v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc., 834
S.W.2d 579, 582 (Tex. App. 1992). The court’s reasoning in Gray is persuasive.

{12} In Gray, the court held that the language in the Texas Administrative Code should
not control the meaning of the language in the party’s contract because the code and the
contract were drafted to serve different purposes. Id. The court explained that an oil and gas
lease is a private agreement between two parties that is designed to allocate property rights
between the lessor and lessee. See id. By contrast, the Gray court concluded that the Texas
Administrative Code provision, which states that “[o]perations of drilling . . . shall not be
commenced until the permit has been granted,” was designed to carry into effect the state’s
conservation laws. Gray, 834 S.W.2d at 579, 582 (omission original) (quoting 16 Tex.
Admin. Code § 3.5(c)).

{13} The difference in purpose between the NMAC provisions and the JOA provisions
convinces us that the intended meaning underlying the phrase “actually commence the
proposed operations” in the JOA is different from the phrase “commencing drilling” in the
NMAC. The NMAC requires a party to file a “[r]eport of commencement of drilling
operations” within ten days following “commencement” and the report “shall indicate the
hour and the date the operator spudded2 the well.” 19.15.7.14(C) NMAC. The majority of
cases that have looked at commencement clauses in private contracts have found that actual
spudding is not required. See, e.g., Kuntz, supra, § 32.3(b) at 75 & n.4 (1989). Hence, the
language in the JOA was not only designed to serve a different purpose than the language
in 19.15.14.6 NMAC but was also likely used with a different intended meaning.

{14} Several courts have upheld findings of commencement when the party had not
obtained a drilling permit within the primary term. See Henry v. Chesapeake Appalachia,
L.L.C., 739 F.3d 909, 912-13 (6th Cir. 2014); Cason v. Chesapeake Operating, Inc., 47,084
pp. 10-11 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/11/12), 92 So.3d 436, 442-43; Gray, 834 S.W.2d at 582. We
also note that even if Echo’s drilling permit was approved prior to the deadline, it would
have said little about its concurrent good-faith intent to diligently carry on drilling activities


        2
        Spudding in is defined as “[t]he first boring of the hole in the drilling of an oil well.”
8 Martin & Kramer, supra, at 996 (2017).

                                                6
until completion because the permit was valid for two years and did not require the spudding
of a well within any particular time period.

{15} Without a clear indication in the JOA that the parties intended to require a permit
before a party can demonstrate commencement, the language in the NMAC should not
control the meaning of the JOA. Here, as in Gray, we conclude that the JOA and the NMAC
serve different purposes. The JOA that the parties used was adopted from a model form
“commonly used in the oil and gas industry in New Mexico and other producing states to set
forth the arrangement between interest owners as to exploration and development of jointly
owned interests.” Nearburg v. Yates Petroleum Corp., 1997-NMCA-069, ¶ 2, 123 N.M.
526, 943 P.2d 560 (discussing A.A.P.L. Form 610–1977). Its purpose is to allocate rights
and responsibilities between the individual parties, whereas the purpose of NMAC
permitting requirements is to carry out the commission’s duty to promulgate rules relating
to “the conservation of oil and gas and the prevention of waste of potash as a result of oil or
gas operations in this state.” NMSA 1978, § 70-2-6(A) (1979). Accordingly, we disagree
with the Court of Appeals and hold that when an operator has applied for but has not
obtained an approved drilling permit within the commencement period, the operator is not
precluded from relying on other activities to demonstrate that it actually commenced drilling
operations.

{16} In summary, unless the parties include language in their contract indicating
otherwise, to prove that an operator has actually commenced drilling operations: (1) actual
drilling is conclusive proof, but is not necessary, (2) obtaining a permit is not essential, (3)
activities such as leveling the well location, digging a slush pit, or other good-faith
commitment of resources at the drilling site will suffice as evidence of the parties’ present
intent to diligently carry on drilling activities until completion, and (4) the off-site
commitment of resources, such as entering into an enforceable drilling contract requiring the
diligent completion of the well, will also suffice as evidence that the operator actually
commenced drilling operations. With these principles in mind we turn next to consider the
summary judgment motions in this case.

2.     Decisions to grant summary judgment motions are reviewed de novo

{17} Almost four years after Echo sent notice of its proposed well operation Enduro filed
a complaint against Echo and the other defendants for breach of contract, conversion,
violation of the Oil and Gas Proceeds Payment Act under NMSA 1978, Sections 70-10-1 to
6 (1985), and declaratory relief. The parties filed a series of cross-motions for summary
judgment, three of which addressed whether Echo had commenced operations under the
terms of the JOA. On January 14, 2015, the district court held a consolidated hearing on all
of the motions for summary judgment. The court granted Echo’s motion for summary
judgment and issued a final judgment in Echo’s favor on February 3, 2015. The court then
awarded attorneys’ fees against Enduro consistent with NMSA 1978, Section 70-10-6
(1991). Enduro appealed both the order granting summary judgment on the issue of
commencement and the order awarding attorneys’ fees.

                                               7
{18} Summary judgment on whether Echo had actually commenced drilling operations
would only be appropriate if “there are no genuine issues of material fact” and either Echo
or Enduro is “entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” See Encinias v. Whitener Law Firm,
P.A., 2013-NMSC-045, ¶ 6, 310 P.3d 611 (quoting Self v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 1998-
NMSC-046, ¶ 6, 126 N.M. 396, 970 P.2d 582) (internal quotation marks omitted). We
review the grant of a summary judgment de novo, viewing “the facts in a light most
favorable to the party opposing summary judgment and draw[ing] all reasonable inferences
in support of a trial on the merits” because summary judgment is a “drastic remedy.” Id. ¶
6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

3.     An issue of material fact pertinent to whether Echo timely commenced drilling
       operations must be resolved by the factfinder

{19} On December 1, 2010, Echo sent Enduro’s predecessor in interest, Conoco Phillips,
notice that Echo was proposing a plan to drill a new well (6H Well). On December 28,
Conoco “elected to not participate in the drilling of the” 6H Well. On December 29, 2010,
Enduro executed an agreement to purchase Conoco’s interests in the property covered by the
JOA. Echo’s 120-day period to commence operations ended on April 2, 2011.

{20} Echo submitted evidence that it had engaged in the following activities prior to April
2, 2011, as proof that it actually commenced drilling operations. On November 30, 2010,
it surveyed and marked the well site, the center line for the access road, and “other points.”
Prior to November 30, 2010, it contacted a petroleum engineer, Joe Janica, to assist with
securing a drilling permit from the New Mexico Oil Conservation Division (OCD). Janica
arranged for activities required to obtain the permit: surveying and marking the 6H Well site,
designing a closed loop waste-removal system for the well, and preparing the drilling permit
application. Echo also began consulting with John Thoma, a geologist with expertise in
horizontal wells. And Echo contacted a fracking contractor who, in January 2011,
“committed” to providing fracking services for the 6H Well sometime between May 15 and
June 15, 2011. On or around March 24, 2011, Echo entered into a contract with JW Drilling
to provide drilling services for the 6H Well and agreed to a $70,000 liquidated damages
clause in favor of the contractor. The contract provided that JW Drilling would be available
to drill the 6H Well on May 20, 2011, or as soon as it finished work on another well in Lea
County, New Mexico. Finally, on March 31, 2011, Echo submitted its drilling permit
application to OCD.

{21} No party disputes what occurred after April 2, 2011. Echo did not repropose the
project to Enduro. Instead, Echo moved forward with the project. OCD approved Echo’s
application for a permit on April 13, 2011. The 6H Well site was prepared for drilling
between May 6 and May 14, 2011. JW Drilling commenced drilling the well on May 25 and
completed drilling by June 10, 2011. The well was prepared for fracking and fracked
between June 16 and July 7, 2011. Finally, the well began pumping on or about August 5,
2011.


                                              8
{22} The Court of Appeals acknowledged that Echo “designed a closed loop system, and
obtained a drilling procedure, spud program, and casing program . . . communicated with . . .
a geologist[] regarding the design and engineering of a lateral for Well 6H . . . , [and] entered
into a drilling contract” all before the end of the 120-day period. Enduro, 2017-NMCA-018,
¶ 16. But the Court wrote that it would be a “mistake” to allow “‘any’ preparations to count
as commencement” and thus held that Echo’s actions could not be “characterized as
‘commencement’. . . as a matter of law.” Id. ¶ 29.

{23} Echo argues that off-site activities relating to the planning and organizing of a
drilling project should be considered when determining whether a party has commenced
operations. Specifically, it contends that the recent changes in industry practices, brought
on by the advent of lateral drilling and hydraulic fracturing, have made the planning and
organizing of oil wells more complicated and that, as a result, the nonphysical activities
involved in well drilling should be given more weight when determining if a party has
commenced operations.

{24} Enduro, on the other hand, asserts that planning, meetings, and other “back-room”
activities cannot substitute for meaningful on-site activity demonstrating commencement.
During oral argument Enduro also argued that on-site physical acts are superior to off-site
activities because “under the JOA, [Enduro] is completely dispossessed of any right to any
record of the operation,” and therefore Enduro “can’t verify” the off-site activities in which
Echo engaged. We are not persuaded by this argument. To the extent Enduro’s argument
is that on-site activities are superior because it could have traveled to the well site and
observed the activities, we note that the only provision in the JOA stating anything about
denying the nonconsenting parties access to business records would also deny the
nonconsenting party any “right to observe such operation . . . until such time as the
Nonconsenting party’s share of the cost of such operation and the non-consent penalty
applicable thereto has been recovered by the Consenting parties as provided for herein.”
(emphasis added).

{25} No provision appears in the plain language of the JOA indicating that only on-site
physical activities should be considered when determining whether a party has commenced
operations. If anything, the JOA can be read as indicating the importance of off-site
activities in demonstrating commencement. For instance, the JOA includes a provision
allowing an operator to unilaterally extend the commencement period if the extension is
“necessary to obtain permits from government authorities, surface rights (including rights
of way) or appropriate drilling equipment, or to complete title examination.”3 Obtaining
permits, surface rights, and completing title examination are all off-site organizational and
planning activities.



        3
         The provision was not available to Echo in this case because it only applied in
situations where all parties to the JOA had consented to the proposed operation.

                                               9
{26} Echo produced verifiable documentary evidence that it surveyed and staked the well
site, entered into a contract for drilling services, prepared and submitted a drilling permit,
and consulted with its geologist regarding the design of the 6H Well. It provided testimonial
evidence that it obtained a commitment for fracking services.4 Of these acts, the most
probative evidence that Echo committed resources demonstrating its intent to diligently carry
on drilling activities until completion was its entry into a drilling contract. Without the
drilling contract, the factfinder would have to weigh Echo’s other off-site activities when
deciding whether Echo actually commenced drilling operations. If it is undisputed that Echo
entered into a binding drilling contract before April 2, 2011, we would conclude as a matter
of law that Echo actually commenced drilling operations.

{27}     However, Enduro contends that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Echo timely accepted JW Drilling’s bid proposal because the signature from Echo’s
agent is not dated. The bid proposal was required to be accepted within ten days of when
JW Drilling signed the proposal. JW Drilling signed the proposal on March 14, 2011.
Arguably because the acceptance date is unknown the proposal might have been accepted
after the April 2, 2011, deadline for commencing drilling operations, and even if it was
signed before the April 2, 2011, deadline, the contract may not have been enforceable. Echo
admits that its contract signature was not dated, but asserts that because the terms of the
proposal required acceptance within ten days of being received, Echo must have accepted
the proposal on or before March 24, 2011. The drilling contractor indicated that he did not
have “any doubt” that the drilling contract was effective in mid-March of 2011, but also
admitted that it was “possible but unlikely” that Echo responded outside the ten-day deadline
because the drilling company might have allowed parties to accept after the ten-day deadline
in the past. Additionally, Echo’s corporate representative could not confirm the date on
which he signed the contract proposal on behalf of Echo. Yet, it remains undisputed that JW
Drilling drilled the well in accordance with the proposal signed by both parties.

{28} Whether Echo and JW Drilling entered into a binding contract before the April 2,
2011, deadline is a genuine issue of material fact that remains in this case. Summary
judgment should not be granted if there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute.
Cebolleta Land Grant, ex rel. Bd. of Trustees of Cebolleta Land Grant v. Romero,
1982-NMSC-043, ¶ 3, 98 N.M. 1, 644 P.2d 515. Accordingly, the district court and Court


        4
          Enduro objected to the admissibility of the testimonial evidence because it came
from affidavits in which the affiants recalled out of court conversations in which the
contractor “commit[ted]” to providing services between May 15 and June 15, 2011. The
statement should have been admissible for the nonhearsay purpose of showing how the delay
in availability of a fracking crew influenced Echo’s coordination and planning for the 6H
Well. See State v. Reyes, 2002-NMSC-024, ¶ 29, 132 N.M. 576, 52 P.3d 948 (“[I]f an
out-of-court statement is offered in evidence merely for the purpose of establishing what was
said at the time, and not for the truth of the matter, the testimony is not hearsay.”), abrogated
on other grounds by Allen v. LeMaster, 2012-NMSC-001, ¶ 29, 267 P.3d 806.

                                               10
of Appeals erred in granting summary judgment.

B.     The Court of Appeals Award of Attorneys’ Fees was Premature

{29} The Court of Appeals should not have issued an order granting attorneys’ fees and
costs to Enduro while a writ of certiorari on the merits of its decision was pending in this
Court. Echo correctly points to NMSA 1978, Section 34-5-14(B) (1972), which states that
“upon filing of the application [for a writ of certiorari], the judgment and mandate of the
court of appeals shall be stayed pending final action of the supreme court.” The statute’s
language indicates that the mere filing of a writ of certiorari automatically stays both the
“judgment and mandate” of the Court of Appeals. Rule 12-403 NMRA states that costs and
fees are only awarded to the “prevailing party.” Whether Enduro was a prevailing party on
appeal would depend on the “judgment and mandate” of the Court of Appeals. But the
Court’s “judgment and mandate” were suspended on December 16, 2016, when Echo
petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari. Therefore, there was no underlying basis on
which the Court of Appeals could award costs and fees on January 10, 2017, when Echo’s
writ of certiorari was still pending in this Court.

II.    CONCLUSION

{30} We reverse the Court of Appeals’ award of summary judgment in favor of Enduro
and its award of appellate costs and attorneys’ fees to Enduro. We also reverse the district
court’s grant of summary judgment to Echo and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

{31}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             ____________________________________
                                             EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice

____________________________________
PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

____________________________________
CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice

____________________________________
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice


                                            11
