[Cite as Fleming v. Kent State Univ., 2014-Ohio-3471.]
                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

James M. Fleming,                                    :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant/                :
                 Cross-Appellee,
                                                     :                      No. 13AP-942
v.                                                                     (Ct. of Cl. No. 2011-09365)
                                                     :
Kent State University,                                               (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                                                     :
                 Defendant-Appellee/
                 Cross-Appellant.                    :


                                           D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on August 12, 2014



                 John F. Myers, for appellant.

                 Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Randall W. Knutti and
                 Christopher P. Conomy, for appellee.

                             APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio

O'GRADY, J.

        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant/cross-appellee, James M. Fleming, and defendant-
appellee/cross-appellant, Kent State University ("KSU"), appeal from a judgment of the
Court of Claims of Ohio finding KSU breached the parties' employment contract but
awarding Fleming no damages beyond his filing fee. For the following reasons, we affirm
in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        {¶ 2} In July 2011, Fleming filed a complaint against KSU for breach of an
employment contract.1 Under the contract, KSU agreed Fleming "shall be employed by
[KSU] as its Football, Defensive Coordinator." (R. 1, exhibit A.) The contract was for a

1 Fleming also alleged claims for defamation and invasion of privacy under the false light theory; however, he

dismissed these claims before the liability trial began.
No. 13AP-942                                                                                2


period of 28 months to terminate on June 30, 2012. Fleming's starting salary was
$71,500 per year, but he could receive cost of living or merit-based raises. In addition, the
contract provided if the football team achieved certain accomplishments, Fleming would
receive bonuses of specific amounts depending on the type of accomplishment. For
example, Fleming was entitled to a $6,000 bonus if the team made a bowl appearance.
The contract also stated a "suitable automobile" would be provided for Fleming's use. (R.
1, exhibit A.)
       {¶ 3} Fleming agreed to abide by all National Collegiate Athletic Association
("NCAA") rules and, "on an annual basis, report all athletic-related income from sources
other than [KSU], including but not limited to, income from annuities, sports camps,
housing benefits, complimentary ticket sales, television and radio programs,
endorsements or consultation Contracts with athletic shoe, apparel, or equipment
manufacturers." (R. 1, exhibit A.) Also, the contract provided that, subject to Fleming's
continuing compliance with NCAA and KSU rules, if the contract was terminated prior to
June 30, 2012, except for cause, the initiating party had to pay the other party an "agreed
upon early termination cost." (R. 1, exhibit A.) KSU agreed if it was the initiator, "it shall
pay the balance of the then in effect base salary due for the remaining term." (R. 1, exhibit
A.)
       {¶ 4} The Court of Claims bifurcated the issues of liability and damages. At the
liability trial, Fleming testified KSU hired him as an assistant defensive coach in the last
year of head coach Doug Martin's contract. In December 2010, Darrell Hazell became the
new head coach. Fleming interviewed for a position on Hazell's staff. Fleming testified
that sometime in the first two weeks of January 2011, Tom Kleinlein, KSU's executive
associate athletic director, orally told him "as a courtesy" that Hazell had "completed his
staff" and "there would be no football coaching job available for [Fleming] at [KSU]." (Tr.
69.) On January 21, 2011, Kleinlein sent Fleming a letter stating:
                 With the new leadership of the football program in the
                 Athletic Department, your position in the department is being
                 reassigned. Attached is the position description for your
                 reassignment. Your reassignment is effective on Monday,
                 February 14, 2011.

                 Should you choose not to accept your new assignment, we will
                 consider your decision as your resignation.
No. 13AP-942                                                                             3



(Plaintiff's exhibit D.) The description was for assistant to the athletic director, a non-
coaching position.
       {¶ 5} Fleming testified Kleinlein's letter was "not the first I heard of the
reassignment. Through telephone conference, upon being told I would no longer be - -
have a football coaching job at [KSU], I asked the question subsequent to that, how are we
going to handle my exit from [KSU], because of my understanding of the contract." (Tr.
69-70.) Fleming did not accept the new position.
       {¶ 6} On February 18, 2011, Joel Nielsen, KSU's director of athletics, sent Fleming
the following letter:
              Our attorney has been in communication with your attorney
              but despite our attorney trying to somewhat accommodate
              your situation, those negotiations failed. It is now necessary to
              make [KSU's] final, formal position regarding your status
              clear.

              You are expected to show up for work at 9:00 a.m. Monday,
              February 21 at the office of Thomas Kleinlein. I have attached
              the job description which outlines the duties you are to
              undertake and for which we will provide you an office space
              and phone. You will continue to receive the same salary and
              health and welfare benefits that you have been receiving. We
              will provide you appropriate release time for job interviews
              and travel to them.

              Be advised that failure to report for work would be an act of
              insubordination for which you would be disciplined up to and
              including termination. Termination would include removing
              you from the payroll and cancellation of all benefits.

(Plaintiff's exhibit E.) Fleming did not go to work on February 21, 2011.
       {¶ 7} On March 7, 2011, Lester Lefton, KSU's president, sent Fleming a letter
purporting to terminate Fleming's employment as the assistant to the athletic director
because of insubordination, effective March 10, 2011.         KSU paid Fleming through
March 15, 2011. KSU took his vehicle, but he could not recall precisely when. However,
Fleming introduced evidence KSU cancelled his salary deduction for vehicle-related
expenses effective February 17, 2011.
No. 13AP-942                                                                               4


       {¶ 8} Nielsen testified Hazell decided to not retain Fleming as a football coach in
early January 2011. Nielsen and Laing Kennedy, KSU's former director of intercollegiate
athletics, agreed the assistant to the athletic director position was not a coaching job.
KSU did not advertise the position or fill it after Fleming rejected it.
       {¶ 9} After the liability trial, the Court of Claims found the contract was silent on
the issue of reassignment.       The Court of Claims found Fleming could reasonably
anticipate reassignment within the coaching staff but not to a non-coaching position. The
Court of Claims found the reassignment amounted to a constructive discharge, so KSU
breached the contract, and Fleming was entitled to judgment.
       {¶ 10} In lieu of a damages trial, the parties filed briefs. Fleming sought liquidated
damages under the contract's stipulated damages clause. KSU argued the clause was an
unenforceable penalty because when the parties signed the contract, damages in the event
of a breach were not uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof. KSU argued damages
should be the amount Fleming would have earned if he completed the contract less what
he earned or could have earned with reasonable efforts to secure another job. KSU argued
Fleming mitigated his damages by securing a higher paying job at another university
where he earned more than he would have if he completed the contract with KSU. The
Court of Claims agreed with KSU and awarded Fleming $25 for his court filing fee.
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       {¶ 11} Fleming appeals and presents three assignments of error for our review:
              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

              In the liability phase, the trial court erred in finding that
              Appellee's act of reassigning Appellant constituted a breach of
              the employment contract.

              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

              In the liability phase, the trial court erred in finding that
              Appellant was constructively discharged from employment
              with Appellee.

              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III

              In the damages phase, the trial court erred in finding that the
              stipulated damages clause of the Employment Contract was
              an unenforceable penalty clause.
No. 13AP-942                                                                               5


          {¶ 12} In his brief, Fleming only presents one argument for his first two
assignments of error.            "Under App.R. 12(A)(2), we may choose to disregard any
assignment of error an appellant fails to separately argue." Glasstetter v. Rehab Servs.
Comm., 10th Dist. No. 13AP-932, 2014-Ohio-3014, ¶ 12, citing State v. Hubbard, 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-945, 2013-Ohio-2735, ¶ 15. Nonetheless, we will consider his contentions.
          {¶ 13} Kent State cross-appeals and presents one cross-assignment of error for our
review:
                   EMPLOYEES WHO ARGUE THAT CHANGES IN THEIR
                   JOB DUTIES EFFECTED A CONSTRUCTIVE DISCHARGE
                   MUST PROVE THAT THOSE CHANGES MADE THEIR
                   JOBS SO DIFFICULT OR UNPLEASANT THAT A
                   REASONABLE PERSON IN THEIR POSITION WOULD
                   HAVE FELT COMPELLED TO RESIGN.

III. DISCUSSION
A. Breach of Contract
          {¶ 14} In his first assignment of error, Fleming contends the Court of Claims erred
when it found KSU's act of reassigning him constituted a breach of contract. In his second
assignment of error, Fleming claims the Court of Claims erred when it found KSU
constructively discharged him. In its cross-assignment of error, KSU also argues no
constructive discharge occurred. We will address these assignments of error together.
          {¶ 15} Fleming contends KSU breached the contract when Kleinlein told him
Hazell completed his staff and there would not be a coaching position for Fleming.
Fleming argues his reassignment was not a constructive discharge or breach of contract
because KSU had already terminated him, and, in any event, the change in his duties
would not have made working conditions so intolerable a reasonable person would have
felt compelled to resign. Fleming views the "reassignment" as an offer he never accepted.
          {¶ 16} In response, KSU argues for the first time it could not have breached the
contract through the actions of Hazell or Kleinlein because, under R.C. 3341.04,2 only
KSU's board of trustees had authority to fire Fleming. However, "[a] party may not
change its theory of the case and present new arguments for the first time on appeal."
Clifton Care Ctr. v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-709, 2013-


2   KSU cites R.C. 3341.05 but quotes from R.C. 3341.04 in its argument.
No. 13AP-942                                                                                  6


Ohio-2742, ¶ 13, citing State ex rel. Gutierrez v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Elections, 65 Ohio
St.3d 175, 177 (1992). Therefore, we will disregard this contention.
       {¶ 17} KSU also suggests it could reassign Fleming because the contract did not
address reassignment. KSU maintains Fleming's new duties were consistent with his
qualifications and not so unpleasant as to amount to a constructive discharge. According
to KSU, Fleming abandoned his employment by refusing to report for work.
       {¶ 18} "The construction of a written contract is a matter of law for a trial court."
Hodge v. Prater, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-838, 2014-Ohio-3152, ¶ 10, citing Alexander v.
Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus.
" 'Because the "interpretation of written contracts, including any assessment as to whether
a contract is ambiguous, is a question of law," it is subject to de novo review on appeal.' "
Id., quoting Sauer v. Crews, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-320, 2012-Ohio-6257, ¶ 11, quoting State
v. Fed. Ins. Co., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-1350, 2005-Ohio-6807, ¶ 22. "The cardinal purpose
for judicial examination of any written instrument is to ascertain and give effect to the
intent of the parties." N. Coast Premier Soccer, L.L.C. v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 10th Dist.
No. 12AP-589, 2013-Ohio-1677, ¶ 12, citing Aultman Hosp. Assn. v. Community Mut. Ins.
Co., 46 Ohio St.3d 51, 53 (1989). " 'The intent of the parties to a contract is presumed to
reside in the language they chose to employ in the agreement.' " Id., quoting Kelly v. Med.
Life Ins. Co., 31 Ohio St.3d 130 (1987), paragraph one of the syllabus.
       {¶ 19} Under the contract, KSU agreed Fleming "shall be employed by [KSU] as its
Football, Defensive Coordinator." (R. 1, exhibit A.) The contract plainly obligates KSU to
employ Fleming as a defensive coordinator. The contract does not allow KSU to employ
him as an assistant to the athletic director, a non-coaching position. In light of this
determination, we next address the issue of breach.
       {¶ 20} "Where facts are undisputed, the determination of whether conduct
constitutes a breach of contract is a question of law." Maghie & Savage, Inc. v. P.J. Dick
Inc., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-487, 2009-Ohio-2164, ¶ 29, citing Corna/Kokosing Constr. Co.
v. South-Western City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 10th Dist. No. 02AP-624, 2002-Ohio-
7028, ¶ 12, citing Luntz v. Stern, 135 Ohio St. 225 (1939), paragraph five of the syllabus.
       {¶ 21} Here, the Court of Claims found KSU breached the contract when it
reassigned Fleming, an act the court characterized as a constructive discharge.
No. 13AP-942                                                                             7


"[C]onstructive discharge is a legal principle frequently applied to employment
discrimination cases." Mustafa v. St. Vincent Family Ctrs., Inc., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-305,
2012-Ohio-5775, ¶ 17, citing King v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 112 Ohio App.3d 664,
669 (6th Dist.1996), citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578 (1996). "The
test for determining whether an employee was constructively discharged is whether the
employer's actions made working conditions so intolerable that a reasonable person
under the circumstances would have felt compelled to resign." Mauzy at paragraph four
of the syllabus.
       {¶ 22} Fleming maintains KSU breached the contract prior to his reassignment
when in early January 2011, Kleinlein informed him "there would be no coaching position
for him under the new head coach." (Appellant's Brief, 20.) However, it is not clear KSU
actually removed Fleming as a football defensive coordinator at that time. Fleming's
testimony suggests Kleinlein only notified him as a "courtesy" that such a move was
imminent based on Hazell's selections. This conclusion is supported by the January 21,
2011 reassignment letter, KSU's continued payment of Fleming after the conversation
with Kleinlein, and the fact that KSU did not cancel deductions from Fleming's salary for
vehicle-related expenses until February 17, 2011.
       {¶ 23} However, it is apparent KSU breached the contract on February 14, 2011,
the effective date of Fleming's reassignment. The parties agree Fleming's reassignment
would not have made working conditions intolerable. However, any error in the trial
court's application of the principle of constructive discharge was harmless. See Civ.R. 61;
Reid v. Plainsboro Partners, III, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-442, 2010-Ohio-4373, ¶ 20, citing
Columbus Steel Castings Co. v. King Tool Co., 10th Dist. No. 08AP-385, 2008-Ohio-
6309, ¶ 7 (stating "an appellate court need not reverse an otherwise correct judgment
merely because the trial court utilized different or erroneous reasons as the basis for its
determination"). KSU had to employ Fleming as a football defensive coordinator under
the contract. Regardless of how tolerable his new position would be, KSU's reassignment
of Fleming breached the contract because KSU was no longer employing Fleming in the
position to which it had agreed to employ him. Thus, the Court of Claims correctly found
the act of reassignment constituted a breach of contract even if the court's constructive
No. 13AP-942                                                                               8


discharge analysis was in error. Accordingly, we overrule Fleming's first and second
assignments of error and KSU's cross-assignment of error.
B. Liquidated Damages
       {¶ 24} In his third assignment of error, Fleming contends the Court of Claims
erred when it found the contract's stipulated damages clause provided for an
unenforceable penalty instead of liquidated damages.
       {¶ 25} "As a general rule, parties are free to enter into contracts that contain
provisions which apportion damages in the event of default." Lake Ridge Academy v.
Carney, 66 Ohio St.3d 376, 381 (1993); see Triangle Properties, Inc. v. Homewood Corp.,
10th Dist. No. 12AP-933, 2013-Ohio-3926, ¶ 37, citing Samson Sales, Inc. v. Honeywell,
Inc., 12 Ohio St.3d 27, 28 (1984) ("In Ohio, clauses in contracts providing for reasonable
liquidated damages are recognized as valid and enforceable."). However, "[i]n certain
circumstances * * * complete freedom of contract is not permitted for public policy
reasons. One such circumstance is when stipulated damages constitute a penalty." Lake
Ridge Academy at 381. Whether a stipulated-damages provision constitutes enforceable
liquidated damages or an unenforceable penalty is a question of law for the court. Fox v.
Roscoe, 10th Dist. No. 98AP-670 (Mar. 9, 1999), citing Lake Ridge Academy at 380.
       {¶ 26} "Determining whether stipulated damages are punitive or liquidated is not
always easy: '[I]t is necessary to look to the whole instrument, its subject-matter, the ease
or difficulty of measuring the breach in damages, and the amount of the stipulated sum,
not only as compared with the value of the subject of the contract, but in proportion to the
probable consequences of the breach, and also to the intent of the parties ascertained
from the instrument itself in the light of the particular facts surrounding the making and
execution of the contract.' " Lake Ridge Academy at 381-82, quoting Jones v. Stevens,
112 Ohio St. 43 (1925), paragraph one of the syllabus. "[W]hen a stipulated damages
provision is challenged, the court must step back and examine it in light of what the
parties knew at the time the contract was formed and in light of an estimate of the actual
damages caused by the breach. If the provision was reasonable at the time of formation
and it bears a reasonable (not necessarily exact) relation to actual damages, the provision
will be enforced." Id. at 382, citing 3 Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts, Section
356(1), at 157 (1981).
No. 13AP-942                                                                                 9


       {¶ 27} The test developed in Ohio to determine a stipulated damages provision is
as follows: " 'Where the parties have agreed on the amount of damages, ascertained by
estimation and adjustment, and have expressed this agreement in clear and unambiguous
terms, the amount so fixed should be treated as liquidated damages and not as a penalty,
if the damages would be (1) uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof, and if (2) the
contract as a whole is not so manifestly unconscionable, unreasonable, and
disproportionate in amount as to justify the conclusion that it does not express the true
intention of the parties, and if (3) the contract is consistent with the conclusion that it was
the intention of the parties that damages in the amount stated should follow the breach
thereof.' " Lake Ridge Academy at 382, quoting Samson Sales, Inc. at paragraph one of
the syllabus, citing Jones at paragraph two of the syllabus.
       {¶ 28} At the trial level, KSU argued the stipulated damages clause did not satisfy
the first part of this test; the Court of Claims agreed. Fleming contends when the parties
entered into the contract, the damages he might suffer if KSU breached the agreement
were uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof. Fleming highlights the fact that
bonuses under the contract were dependent on the football team's academic and athletic
performance. Also, he could receive merit-based and cost of living salary increases.
Fleming also argues the contract contemplated the possibility his coaching position would
lead to income from sources such as television programs and endorsement or
consultation contracts with manufacturers of athletic equipment. In addition, he argues it
is difficult to value use of the "suitable automobile" to which the contract entitled him.
       {¶ 29} KSU counters that the loss of a car lease is not hard to value. KSU also
argues that Fleming did not have a television or radio show, did not have a contract
related to athletic equipment, presented no evidence he earned income from any source
aside from KSU during the 2010 season, and presented no evidence he would have earned
income from any source aside from a third-party if he coached for KSU during the 2011
season. In addition, the Court of Claims found it relevant that Fleming presented no
evidence he would have been entitled to any bonuses had he not been terminated.
       {¶ 30} However, the proper focus is on whether the damages the parties could
anticipate Fleming would incur if KSU breached the contract were uncertain in amount
and difficult of proof at the time the parties entered the contract. See Lake Ridge
No. 13AP-942                                                                                     10


Academy at 382; Kurtz v. W. Property, L.L.C., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1099, 2011-Ohio-
6726, ¶ 2, 30-32 (case involving breach of real estate contract, finding damages were
uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof because of difficulties in assessing, at time of
amendment of contract, what the fair market value of the property would be at time of
breach); Herrin v. First Community Village, 10th Dist. No. 89AP-1013 (Apr. 19, 1990) (in
liquidated damages analysis, evaluating certainty of amount of damages at the time the
parties entered into the contract).      Even putting the issue of raises and the automobile
aside, at the time of contracting, the parties could not predict whether the football team
would achieve any of the goals that would entitle Fleming to bonuses under the contract.
See generally O'Brien v. Ohio State Univ., 139 Ohio Misc.2d 36, 2006-Ohio-4346, ¶ 3,
30-31 (finding damages head basketball coach would suffer if terminated other than for
cause were uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof at time of contracting, in part,
because contract contained numerous incentive clauses that impacted amount of
compensation and duration of employment).
       {¶ 31} Moreover, the contract's provision about NCAA rules on reporting athletic-
related income from other sources suggests the parties were aware that, as a KSU football
coach, collateral business opportunities might be available to Fleming. The value of those
opportunities would be difficult to predict. See generally id. at ¶ 31 (finding damages
uncertain and difficult of proof, in part, because liquidated damages clause expressed
parties' "understanding that as coach of the men's basketball program, certain collateral
business opportunities were available to plaintiff from third-party sources, and that the
value of those opportunities would be difficult to predict"). Thus, we conclude at the time
of contracting in this case, damages were uncertain as to amount and difficult of proof.3
       {¶ 32} KSU claims because the stipulated damages clause only entitled Fleming to
recover his base salary, Fleming cannot argue the clause was intended to compensate him
for lost bonuses and collateral business opportunities. However, it is unclear how this
argument relates to the issue of whether damages were uncertain as to amount or difficult
of proof at the time of contracting.




3We note that even at the time of breach, the parties could not know what future bonuses or business
opportunities Fleming was missing out on due to the early termination.
No. 13AP-942                                                                               11


       {¶ 33} Next, Fleming contends the stipulated damages clause satisfied the other
two parts of the Samson Sales, Inc. test. However, the Court of Claims never ruled on
these parts of the test. After incorrectly finding the first part of the test was not met, the
Court of Claims ended its analysis. We decline to address whether the remaining parts of
the test were satisfied in the absence of their consideration in the first instance by the
Court of Claims. Instead, we limit our holding to the confines of the Court of Claims'
decision.
       {¶ 34} Therefore, to the extent the Court of Claims erred when it found the
stipulated damages clause was an unenforceable penalty because it did not satisfy the first
part of the Samson Sales, Inc. test, we sustain Fleming's third assignment of error.
However, we remand to the Court of Claims to determine whether the stipulated damages
clause satisfies the other two parts of the test and to award damages consistent with its
determination.
IV. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 35} We overrule Fleming's first and second assignments of error and KSU's
cross-assignment of error. We sustain Fleming's third assignment of error to the extent
the Court of Claims erred in finding the stipulated damages clause did not satisfy the first
part of the Samson Sales, Inc. test. However, we decline to address the other two parts of
that test in the first instance. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Claims' judgment in
part, reverse it in part, and remand this matter to the Court of Claims of Ohio for further
proceedings consistent with this decision.
                                                               Judgment affirmed in part,
                                                                        reversed in part,
                                                    and cause remanded with instructions.

                          SADLER, P.J., and TYACK, J., concur.
