                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          WESTERN SECTION AT NASHVILLE
                                                               FILED
CONNIE EASTERLY, COUNTY CLERK                )
OF SEQUATCHIE COUNTY, TENNESSEE,             )
                                             )                November 19, 1997
               Plaintiff/Appellee            )      Sequatchie Chancery No. 1663
                                             )
vs.                                          )
                                             )                 Cecil W. Crowson
BILL W. HARMON, COUNTY EXECUTIVE             )      Appeal No. 01A01-9609-CH-00446
OF SEQUATCHIE COUNTY, TENNESSEE,             )               Appellate Court Clerk
                                             )
               Defendant/Appellant.          )




          APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF SEQUATCHIE COUNTY
                           AT DUNLAP, TENNESSEE



               THE HONORABLE JEFFREY F. STEWART, CHANCELLOR



For the Plaintiff/Appellee:           For the Defendant/Appellant:

Graham Swafford                       Thomas A. Greer, Jr.
Jasper, Tennessee                     Dunlap, Tennessee




                                      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED
                                      IN PART, AND REMANDED


                                      HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, JUDGE



CONCUR:


ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.


BEN H. CANTRELL, J.
                                             OPINION



       This is a suit brought by a county clerk against the county executive, seeking additional

remuneration for deputy clerks in the county clerk’s office. The trial court found in part for the

county clerk, awarding some, but not all, of the relief requested. We affirm in part, reverse in part,

and remand.

       Plaintiff/Appellee Connie Easterly (“Easterly”) assumed the duties as Sequatchie County

Clerk in 1990. At that time, the duties of her office primarily involved such tasks as handling

applications for motor vehicle titles and registration, collecting business taxes and issuing business

licenses, issuing marriage licenses, collecting the beer tax, maintaining records of the juvenile clerk

and utility districts, and serving as clerk of the Sequatchie County Commission. These duties are

enumerated in Tennessee statutes. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 18-1-105 (1994); Tenn. Code Ann. § 18-

6-104 through -111(1994); Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-6-105 (Supp. 1997).

       When Easterly initially took office, she was assisted by one full-time deputy clerk, who

worked thirty-two hours per week, and one part-time deputy clerk, who worked twenty hours per

week. The parties dispute whether these deputy clerks were salaried employees or whether they were

paid on an hourly basis. When Easterly first commenced her duties as County Clerk, this staff was

“adequate” to handle the responsibilities of the office.

       Gradually Easterly’s office began to assume duties that are not mandated by statute. One of

these duties was the issuance of hunting and fishing licenses. At the time this duty was added,

Easterly believed that Sequatchie County was the only county that did not issue such licenses. She

claims that Bill Harmon (“Harmon”), County Executive of Sequatchie County, encouraged her to

undertake the task.

       Another non-statutory duty added by Easterly involved the issuance of driver’s license

renewals. Like the issuance of hunting and fishing licenses, this is a task that Easterly contends is

“customary” to be performed by county clerks’ offices throughout the State. According to Easterly,

Harmon helped initiate the idea and was involved in discussions throughout the project’s

implementation.

       Easterly further contends that the County Commission expressly authorized her to issue the
driver’s license renewals. Easterly cites the minutes of a November 18, 1991 meeting of the

Commission:

               The Commission was informed that the State was initiating a six-month pilot
       project to provide two computer terminals and two printers to the Sequatchie County
       Clerk’s office for driver’s license issuance at no cost to the county. A motion to
       participate in said project was made by Bobby Turner, seconded by Randall Phillips,
       and passed by a unanimous vote of the Commission.

As part of this pilot program, the state paid for an additional part-time employee to work in the

County Clerk’s office for a short period of time. When the period of time for the pilot program

expired, Easterly maintains that she received the approval of the Commission’s budget committee

to hire the temporary part-time employee as a permanent full-time employee.

       A third non-statutory duty assumed by the County Clerk’s office during Easterly’s tenure is

the motor vehicle “title print program.” This program allows the county to issue titles more quickly.

When the motor vehicle title print program was implemented, the only other counties in Tennessee

that had the capability of printing titles were Shelby, Davidson, Knox, and Hamilton Counties, all

urban counties. Easterly states that the idea was instigated by the Tennessee Commissioner of

Safety, who was seeking the participation of a rural county. Easterly said that Harmon implicitly

approved the project by helping to finance the purchase of a printer, and that she “explained it” to

the Commission.

           As a result of these additional responsibilities, the growth of the county, and additional

requirements imposed by the state regarding mandated statutory duties of the County Clerk’s office,

the office hours increased, Easterly and her staff were forced to devote more hours, and more

deputies were needed. At the time of trial Easterly’s staff consisted of three full-time deputies and

one part-time deputy.1 The full-time employees’ hours had increased from approximately thirty-two

hours per week to approximately forty hours per week.

       Easterly sought compensation from the County Executive, Harmon, for the additional labor

and other costs. When Harmon refused to tender compensation to the deputy clerks for time worked

in excess of thirty-two hours per week since July 1, 1995, Easterly brought this suit pursuant to




       1
         The part-time deputy began employment a week before the trial. Both parties concede that
the hiring of these deputies was duly authorized by the Commission, and, thus, the employment of
these employees is not an issue in this case.

                                                   2
Tennessee Code Annotated Sec. 8-20-101 (Supp. 1997).         This statute states:

       (a) Where any one (1) of the clerks and masters of the chancery courts, the county
       clerks and the clerks of the probate, criminal, circuit and special courts, county
       trustees, registers of deeds, and sheriffs cannot properly and efficiently conduct the
       affairs and transact the business of such person’s office by devoting such person’s
       entire working time thereto, such person may employ such deputies and assistants as
       may be actually necessary to the proper conducting of such person’s office in the
       following manner and under the following manner and under the following
       conditions, namely: . . .

               (3) The clerks and masters of the chancery courts, county trustees, county
       clerks and clerks of the probate courts, and registers of deeds may make application
       to the chancellor, or to one (1) of the chancellors (if there be more than one (1)),
       holding court in their county by sworn petition as above set forth, showing the
       necessity for a deputy or deputies or assistants, the number required and the salary
       each should be paid.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-20-101(a) & (a)(3). Easterly’s lawsuit sought additional compensation for

present deputies, as well as court approval for the hiring of additional part-time deputies.

       At the trial, Harmon’s testimony suggested that he and the County Commission were under

the impression that the non-statutory duties assumed by Easterly would bring in enough revenues

to be self-sustaining. Harmon indicated, however, that the revenues generated were insufficient to

cover the costs of both implementation and labor. Apart from Easterly’s testimony that she received

outright or tacit approval from Harmon or the County Commission for the assumption of the non-

statutory duties, the only documentary evidence of such approval submitted at trial were the minutes

of the November 18, 1991 County Commission meeting, quoted above, and a newspaper article

regarding the motor vehicle title print program.2 Harmon took the position at trial that the County

Executive is not required to fund the costs of non-statutory duties. Harmon also maintained that full-

time deputies in Easterly’s office were paid on a salary basis for whatever hours they worked, and

that the County Executive was not required to provide funds for the deputies’ increase in hours from

thirty-two per week to forty per week.

       After the trial, the trial court issued a Memorandum Opinion. The trial court discussed the

three additional non-statutory duties assumed by Easterly. It recounted Easterly’s testimony that

Harmon “asked her to begin issuing the hunting and fishing licenses. . . .” Before undertaking the

issuance of driver’s license renewals, the trial court observed that Easterly “sought and received the



       2
          Although Easterly testified that approval by the County Commission of the motor vehicle
title print program was evident in the minutes of a County Commission meeting, the record does not
indicate that these particular minutes were admitted into evidence.

                                                  3
approval” of the County Commission. As to the motor vehicle title print program, the trial court

stated:

          The Plaintiff presented this plan to the County Commission before beginning the
          program. The County Commission took no official action and did nothing to
          discourage the Plaintiff from beginning this program.

The trial court noted Easterly’s testimony that the statutory duties of her office cannot be performed

in a thirty-two hour work week. It stated that Easterly “admits the additional duties undertaken over

and above her statutory duties require about 25 per cent of her deputies[’] time to complete.”

          The trial court recognized the argument that funds could be required only for the performance

of statutory duties, but stated:

          In this case the County Commission was apprised by the Plaintiff of the plan to add
          additional services to her office and the relative cost and expense thereto. In each
          case the County Commission either gave its tacit or out right [sic] approval.

The trial court therefore awarded Easterly funding to pay the deputies for forty hour work weeks.

It found that the part-time employee added shortly before trial was “sufficient to meet the staffing

requirements” and declined to authorize the hiring of additional deputies. From this decision,

Harmon now appeals.

          On appeal, Harmon argues that the trial court erred in awarding the funding sought by

Easterly. Harmon maintains that it was improper to award the funding based on a finding that the

County Commission had “tacitly” or “implicitly” approved the non-statutory duties assumed by

Easterly. Harmon also contends that the trial court erred in finding that the minutes of the November

18, 1991 meeting of the County Commission bound the Commission to fund the costs of issuing

driver’s license renewals.

          The appropriate standard of review for a case involving Tennessee Code Annotated § 8-20-

101 is de novo “based on findings of fact established by a preponderance of the evidence.” Dulaney

v. McKamey, 856 S.W.2d 144, 146 (Tenn. App. 1992). No presumption of correctness, however,

is afforded a question of law. Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn. 1995).

          In Tennessee, the courts are “reluctant arbiters of the budget disputes between certain local

officials and their county government.” Jones v. Mankin, No. 88-263-II, 1989 WL 44924 at *3

(Tenn. App. May 5, 1989) (citing Hunter v. Conner, 152 Tenn. 258, 278, 277 S.W. 71, 76 (1925);

Hickman v. Wright, 141 Tenn. 412, 422-23, 210 S.W. 447, 450 (1919)). The county budgetary

process in particular is an area better suited for the political arena of the county legislative body. See

                                                    4
Mankin, 1989 WL 44924, at *2-4. Therefore, courts should avoid “interfer[ing] with the county

legislative body’s budgetary decisions unless the legislative body is under some legal obligation to

appropriate funds.” Id. at *4.

       However, the courts have been “brought into the budget fray” by the Tennessee legislature’s

enactment of Tennessee Code Annotated § 8-20-101.           Under this statute, a county clerk may

petition a court for approval of the number of employees needed and their pay if he or she “cannot

properly and efficiently conduct the affairs and transact the business of such person’s office.” Tenn.

Code Ann. § 8-20-101(a).

       In cases involving county sheriffs, Tennessee courts have indicated that this provision can

only be utilized to obtain funds for duties that are statutorily mandated. In Smith v. Plummer, 834

S.W.2d 311 (Tenn. App. 1992), a county sheriff brought suit against the county executive pursuant

to § 8-20-101, in order to receive authorization to hire additional personnel. Reversing the trial

court’s approval for the additional personnel, this Court held:

       The authority of the courts to authorize expense of conducting the conduct of a
       sheriff’s office is limited to those activities related to the performance of statutory
       duties for which the collection of a fee is authorized. That is to say, the courts have
       power to authorize the sheriffs to spend monies collected in fees for performing
       statutory duties for the expenses, including personnel, necessary for the performance
       of such duties.

Id. at 314 (emphasis added).

       A similar action was brought by a county sheriff in Cunningham v. Moore County, 604

S.W.2d 866 (Tenn. App. 1980). In Cunningham, non-mandated duties undertaken by the sheriff’s

office included escorting funerals and a dispatcher service. Id. at 868. The Court noted that, in order

to fulfill the statutory requirements set forth in Sec. 8-20-101,3 the plaintiff must:

       prove in numerical quantity the number of times per day, week, month or year the
       Sheriff is called upon to perform the statutory duties of his office, that he and his
       previously authorized employees have devoted their full working time to the
       performance of such duties and that their combined efforts have not been sufficient
       to perform all such duties, some of which have not been performed for this reason.

Id. (emphasis added). Finding “no statutory requirement” for the additional responsibilities

undertaken by the sheriff, the Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of relief. Id. at 868-69; cf.

Roberts v. Lowe, No. 03A01-9610-CC-00333, 1997 WL 189345 (Tenn. App. Apr. 16, 1997)




       3
           At the time of the case, the statutory provision numbered as Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-2001.

                                                   5
(applying the standard set forth in Cunningham and finding that the plaintiff had provided sufficient

evidence to show that it could not fulfill its “statutory duties”).

        Mankin also involved an action pursuant to § 8-20-101 filed by a county sheriff. Mankin,

1989 WL 44924. Consistent with Smith v. Plummer and Cunningham, this Court stated:

        Like other local officials, sheriffs do not have the right to insist upon funds for
        additional personnel until a court has determined that the personnel are necessary for
        the discharge of the sheriff’s statutory duties. . . .Thus, in considering a Tenn. Code
        Ann. § 8-20-101(2) application for increased personnel-related expenditures, the
        courts may consider only those requests that are related to statutory duties for which
        the sheriff collects a fee.

Id. at *4-5 (emphasis added).

        The trial court in the instant case recognized Smith v. Plummer for the proposition that

Easterly cannot seek authority from the courts for funds for duties that are not statutorily mandated.

However, it distinguished Plummer based on the trial court’s finding in this case that the County

Commission “either gave its’ tacit or out right [sic] approval” for the non-statutory duties.

        An act by a county commission is “not complete or effective to bind the county for any

purpose until the record evidencing action by the [commission] has been made.” Epps. v.

Washington County, 173 Tenn. 373, 375-76, 117 S.W.2d 749, 750 (1938). The minutes of the

commission are the “sole witness” and parol testimony is inadmissible. Id., 173 Tenn. at 376, 117

S.W.2d at 750; Bozeman v. State ex rel. Anderson, 206 Tenn. 23, 26, 330 S.W.2d 553, 554 (1959);

State ex rel. Wolfe v. Henegar, 180 Tenn. 425, 432, 175 S.W.2d 553, 555 (1943). Therefore, “tacit”

approval by the County Commission is insufficient to bind the Commission; express approval in the

minutes is essential.4

        In this case, Easterly sought funding for three non-statutory duties: (1) issuing hunting and

fishing licenses, (2) the motor vehicle title print program, and (3) issuing driver’s license renewals.

        As to the issuance of hunting and fishing licenses, Easterly testified that Sequatchie County

was the only county that did not issue such licenses, and that Harmon encouraged her to assume this



        4
         Easterly testified that County Executive Harmon approved some functions. The Plaintiff’s
reliance on approval from County Executive Harmon is misplaced. Even though Harmon presides
over the Commission, his vote is entitled to no more weight than the vote of any other commissioner.
Thus, he alone cannot speak on behalf of the commission; there must be action by the majority,
reflected in the minutes. See Connell v. County Judge of Davidson, 39 Tenn. (2 Head) 189 (1858).
Furthermore, Easterly may not rely on Harmon in his capacity as county executive. The county
executive and county clerk are independent entities and Easterly is not subject to his control. See
Mankin, 1989 WL 44924 at *2.

                                                   6
duty. Likewise, with the motor vehicle title print program, Easterly stated that adoption of this

program was initiated by the Tennessee Commission of Safety, that Harmon implicitly approved it

by helping finance some of the necessary equipment, and that she “explained” the program to the

Commission and they failed to take action.

       As set forth above, in the absence of express approval by the County Commission as set forth

in its minutes, the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s finding of County Commission

approval for Easterly’s assumption of these duties.

       As to the issuance of driver’s license renewals, Easterly testified that this task is

“customarily” performed by county clerks’ offices throughout the State, and that Harmon helped

initiate the idea and was involved throughout its implementation. Easterly also argues that the

County Commission expressly approved her assumption of this duty in the minutes of its November

18, 1991 meeting:

               The Commission was informed that the State was initiating a six-month pilot
       project to provide two computer terminals and two printers to the Sequatchie County
       Clerk’s office for driver’s license issuance at no cost to the county. A motion to
       participate in said project was made by Bobby Turner, seconded by Randall Phillips,
       and passed by a unanimous vote of the Commission.

As noted above, the fact that this duty is customary and Harmon encouraged it is insufficient to

support a finding that the County Commission approved Easterly’s undertaking of this task.

Moreover, the entry in the Commission minutes of its November 18 meeting discuss only

participation in “a six-month pilot project” which would be “at no cost to the county.” This entry

in the minutes is insufficient to support a finding that the County Commission approved Easterly’s

assumption of this duty beyond participating in the pilot program “at no cost to the county.”

       Thus, the evidence in this case is insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that the

County Commission approved Easterly’s voluntary assumption of non-statutory duties.

Consequently, it is unnecessary for us to address the issue of whether this Court has authority to

approve funding for a county clerk’s performance of such duties if approval for the duties is received

from the County Commission.

       The decision of the trial court is affirmed insofar as it approves additional funding to support

the performance of statutorily-mandated duties. The decision is reversed insofar as it approves

funding for the performance of non-statutory duties. Although the trial court alluded to Easterly’s

testimony that performance of the non-statutory duties requires “about 25 per cent” of her

                                                  7
employees’ time, the trial court made no express finding regarding the amounts approved for the

performance of statutory duties and for the performance of non-statutory duties. Therefore, we must

remand the case for the trial court to determine the appropriate amount to approve for Easterly’s

performance of statutorily mandated duties.

       The decision of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion. The costs on appeal are taxed equally to Appellant and

Appellee, for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                      HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.


CONCUR:



ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.




BEN H. CANTRELL, J.




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