                        IN THE
                TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                     No. 10-12-00087-CV
                     No. 10-12-00186-CV

ULLJA KUNTZE,
                                           Appellant
v.

MICHELLE HALL, LYDIA MUELL,
DEBORAH PIERCE, ELIZABETH WAIT,
MATHILDA O'KELLEY, HOLLY MCCONNELL,
HEIDI BOND, AMBER AYISHA VAN METER,
DARLEEN MICHAEL-BAKER, SANDRA COWAN,
KANDICE CORDINGLY-SEEBER, SUE HARMON-KING,
TOM KIES, DEBORAH KAUZLARICH,
TRACI CRABTREE, DESA GILMORE,
JOANNE SOROKA, MELISSA WILLETTE,
SALLY SPITZNAGEL, RENEE CATHERINE WIGGINS,
CHRISTINE A. KLEIN, DONNA DARICE FELKNER,
BRENDA LEE SCATA AND LISA LAVELLE NEW
                                     Appellees



                 From the 170th District Court
                   McLennan County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. 2010-2279-4


                MEMORANDUM OPINION
        In three issues, appellant, Ullja Kuntze, pro se, challenges summary judgments

granted in favor of appellees, Mathilda O’Kelley; Sandra Cowan; Holly McConnell;

Heidi Kay Bond; Amber Ayisha Van Meter; Darleen Michael-Baker; Kandice

Cordingley-Seeber; Sue Harmon-King; Traci Crabtree; Deborah Kauzlarich; Desa

Gilmore; Renee Catherine Wiggins; Christine A. Klein; Donna Darice Felkner; Brenda

Lee Scata; Lisa Lavelle New; Michelle Hall; Tom Kies; Lydia Muell; Deborah Pierce;

Joanne Soroka; Sally Spitznagel; Elizabeth Wait; and Melissa Willette. For the reasons

stated herein, we affirm.

                                          I.      BACKGROUND

        This dispute commenced with the filing of appellant’s original petition on June

25, 2010.1 In her original petition, appellant alleged that, beginning on or about June

2008, appellees and six other defendants “repeatedly posted fraudulent and malicious

comments on the internet about Plaintiff in an effort to destroy her business

reputation.”2 Specifically, appellant contended that:

        [S]ince Summer 2009 and continuing until present day, Defendants
        collaboratively have also stalked Plaintiff on the internet, as well as
        through other means, and intentionally planned to have all Plaintiff’s
        jewelry selling sites and its business relations with customers, current and
        prospective, to be terminated. Defendants have repeatedly contacted
        individuals in McLennan County and elsewhere, and spread the same
        false and disparaging statements about Plaintiff’s business that they have
        been writing on various websites, blogs[,] and forums intentionally trying

        1   Appellant was represented by counsel—David N. Deaconson—at the time of filing her original
petition.

        2  The six defendants—Nancy Robinson, Kathleen Urato, Laurie Whitney, Kalera Stratton, Corri
Harper, and Virginia Hampton-Schmidt—are no longer parties to this case. Robinson, Urato, Whitney,
and Stratton were dismissed from the case because the McLennan County District Court lacked personal
jurisdiction over them. On the other hand, Harper and Hampton-Schmidt were non-suited from the case.

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                                 Page 2
        to convince as many people as possible from not doing business with
        Plaintiff and have the business relation to be [sic] cancelled.[3]

Appellant asserted causes of action for tortious interference with existing and

prospective business contracts, conspiracy to interfere with appellant’s existing business

contracts, and business disparagement.4

        Appellees, most of who live outside the State of Texas, objected to the McLennan

County District Court exercising personal jurisdiction over them. The trial court denied

the jurisdictional objections filed by appellees, though, as noted earlier, the trial court

did grant the objections and subsequently dismissed four of the original defendants

who are not parties to this appeal.

        For all remaining defendants, appellant’s counsel served them with a request for

production with eighty separate categories of documents sought to be produced.


        3  Appellant admitted in her fourth amended petition that, in retaliation for appellees’ alleged
behavior, she wrote on the internet that appellees “are tax evaders and doing illegal business.” In an
affidavit attached to her original answer, appellee Lydia Muell averred that this dispute pertained to the
following:

                During the summer of 2008, Ullja Kuntze published a brochure stating her
        lampwork beads were made in Italy. In May 2007, I sold some hand[-]crafted beads on
        eBay. I was surprised to find the beads I created and sold to Ullja Kuntze via online
        auction, (Ebay), being featured and misrepresented as “specially made for Ullja’s on the
        outskirts of Venice, Italy.” My beads were made in the U.S., not in Italy. I was
        distraught by the misrepresentation that Ullja Kuntze made of my hand[-]crafted art
        work.

                In September of 2009, I started the website called www.uzillasenvy.com in order
        to refute the inaccurate information posted online by Ullja Kuntze. I owned and
        operated the website until it was taken offline by me in the fall of 2009.

                After Ullja Kuntze contacted my local property tax office requesting an audit of
        my property, and after she contacted the local fire marshal regarding my bead making, I
        reported Ullja Kuntze’s harassing behavior to the local law enforcement in Davidson
        County, North Carolina.

        4   Appellant later dropped her conspiracy claim.

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                                     Page 3
Appellant’s counsel also sent a request for disclosure to appellees at this time.

Appellees filed responses to appellant’s discovery requests, though many of the

responses contained objections. The trial court sustained some of appellees’ objections

and overruled others. Appellees then tendered supplemental discovery responses.

       On January 6, 2012, approximately a year and a half after filing appellant’s

original petition, appellant’s trial counsel, David N. Deaconson, filed a motion to

withdraw as appellant’s counsel. In his motion, Deaconson stated the following with

regard to the status of the case:

       Discovery has been ongoing. A deposition of a non-party witness (Etsy)
       has been set for January 27, 2012. A Motion to Compel and For Sanctions
       is pending against the Defendants and is currently set for hearing at 9:00
       a.m. on January 26, 2012. As part of that Motion, Plaintiff is seeking to
       have the court quash the Etsy deposition until defendants comply with
       the previously[-]ordered discovery.

Nevertheless, Deaconson indicated that:

       Plaintiff has made it abundantly clear that she is unhappy with the efforts
       of her attorney of record and believes that her attorney is aligned with
       counsel for the Defendants. Plaintiff is also unsatisfied with the current
       Motion filed on her behalf and has apparently lost faith and trust in her
       current counsel. . . . To require this attorney-client relationship to
       continue could be detrimental to the desires of Plaintiff and the direction
       she believes the prosecution of her claims should proceed. Plaintiff and
       the undersigned have some fundamental disagreements that materially
       affect the potential course of this litigation.

       In response to Deaconson’s motion to withdraw, appellant, now acting pro se,

made several allegations of professional misconduct against Deaconson, yet she

requested that the trial court deny Deaconson’s motion to withdraw and impose




Kuntze v. Hall                                                                       Page 4
sanctions against Deaconson and the law firm with which he is associated. In any

event, on January 26, 2012, the trial court granted Deaconson’s motion to withdraw.

       After Deaconson’s withdrawal as counsel, appellant began to vigorously

represent herself in the trial court. She filed several amended original petitions and a

“Motion for an Order on Defendant’s Objections to Plaintiff’s Amended Master Set of

Request[s] for Production,” seeking the production of “withheld documents and

information” by March 12, 2012. Later, appellant filed a “Motion for an Order to

Compel Discovery Requests and Motion for Sanctions.”

       In response to appellant’s repeated requests for production, counsel for appellees

tendered a privilege log, asserting that various privileges, including the attorney work-

product privilege, pertained to several categories of information sought by appellant.

In addition, counsel for appellees attached to his privilege log an email from appellant,

wherein appellant complained that many of appellees’ discovery responses were

“evasive and incomplete” and that many of the documents produced were out of order

and “not marked to which question they belong.”

       On February 3, 2012, appellees Klein, Bond, Cordingley-Seeber, Cowan,

Crabtree, Felkner, Gilmore, Kauzlarich, Harmon-King, McConnell, Michael-Baker,

New, O’Kelley, Scata, Van Meter, and Wiggins responded to appellant’s motions by

filing motions of their own—no-evidence motions for summary judgment. Appellees’

no-evidence summary-judgment motions are substantially similar to one another, and

each assert that: “More than an adequate time for discovery has passed; yet, Plaintiff

has no evidence on one or more of the essential elements of her claims asserted

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                     Page 5
herein . . . .” The no-evidence summary-judgment motions were set to be argued at a

hearing scheduled for February 24, 2012.

         Appellant subsequently filed motions for continuance and responses to

appellees’ motions.5 In her motions for continuance, appellant argued that she found

out on February 3, 2012 that “Defendants’ counsel had already scheduled a hearing for

[February 24, 2012] with the court coordinator for these 16 defendants’ motion for no[-]

evidence summary judgment behind her back without mutually agreeing on a hearing

date.”       She also contended that:     “Defendants are fully aware of several pending

discovery issues not addressed and yet, they knowingly sent Plaintiff un-filed No-

evidence Motion for Summary Judgments [sic].”

         In her February 13, 2012 responses to appellees’ summary-judgment motions,

appellant argued that appellees did not serve her with copies of their motions more

than twenty-one days prior to the scheduled February 24, 2012 hearing. She once again

argued that she had not had sufficient time to conduct discovery; thus, the granting of

summary judgment “would be unfair, unjust[,] and not impartial and would cause

Plaintiff a severe adverse effect in this lawsuit.” In support of her response, appellant

attached copies of the no-evidence summary judgments and copies of her live pleading.

Appellant did not tender any summary-judgment evidence.

         After a hearing on February 10, 2012, the trial court denied appellant’s motion for

continuance and “Motion for an Order to Compel Discovery Requests and Motion for

         5Appellant titled her responses to appellees’ motions for summary judgment as motions
objecting to defendants’ no-evidence summary-judgment motions. And to the extent that appellant’s
response is truly an objection to appellees’ summary-judgment motions, we note that appellant did not
obtain explicit rulings on these filings.

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                                Page 6
Sanctions.”6 At a subsequent hearing conducted on February 24, 2012, the trial court

granted summary judgments in favor of Bond, Cowan, Cordingley-Seeber, Crabtree,

Gilmore, Felkner, McConnell, Kauzlarich, Harmon-King, Klein, O’Kelley, Michael-

Baker, New, Van Meter, Wiggins, and Scata.

        Thereafter, on March 6, 2012, appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal in this

Court, seeking to challenge the trial court’s February 24, 2012 summary judgments. See

Kuntze v. Hall, No. 10-12-00126-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 4213, at **1-2 (Tex. App.—

Waco May 23, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). This appeal was docketed and assigned the

following appellate cause number: 10-12-00087-CV. See id. at *2.

            While appellate cause number 10-12-00087-CV was pending in this Court,

appellees Hall, Kies, Muell, Pierce, Soroka, Spitznagel, Wait, and Willette filed no-

evidence motions for summary judgment on March 7, 2012. Twenty-one days later, on

March 28, 2012, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees Hall,

Kies, Muell, Pierce, Soroka, Spitznagel, Wait, and Willette. In its summary judgment

orders, the trial court specifically noted that appellant did not timely file a response to

appellees’ summary-judgment motions.

        On April 9, 2012, appellant filed in the trial court a motion to vacate the trial

court’s March 28, 2012 summary-judgment orders and a motion for sanctions. The trial



        6  Appellant informed this Court that the reporter’s record is unnecessary to decide this case;
therefore, we are not privy to the arguments made at the hearings on appellant’s motions for
continuance, for sanctions, and to compel discovery. See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.6(b); see also Christiansen v.
Prezelski, 782 S.W.2d 842, 843 (Tex. 1990) (explaining that the burden is on the appellant to ensure that a
sufficient record is presented to show error); CMM Grain Co. v. Ozgunduz, 991 S.W.2d 437, 440 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.) (presuming that the evidence supports the trial court’s judgment in the
absence of a complete reporter’s record or compliance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 34.6(c)).

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                                      Page 7
court conducted a hearing on appellant’s motions on April 19, 2012. Unlike the other

hearings conducted in this matter, we have a transcript of the April 19, 2012 hearing,

which appellees arranged to be filed in this Court.

       At the April 19, 2012 hearing, appellant argued the following:

              On March 29th, I had received an envelope from defense counsel,
       David Tekell, certified and with return receipt requested, arrive [sic] at my
       house, and in it were [sic] the eight summary judgments granted to eight
       of the defendants by this Court on March 28, 2012.

             Defense counsel, Mr. David Tekell, has obtained these summary
       judgments for his eight clients by fraudulent service and through illegal
       means behind my back. I was never served with none of the eight
       motions for the summary judgments and neither the notice of the hearing.

               In fact, besides this fraudulent service act, he has also last week
       wrote me an e-mail, and I have it here, stating that these motions allegedly
       were left in my private mailbox at my residence, which is not true,
       because I have never received these. Not only does this prove other two
       illegal means, avoiding postal fee is a federal crime, but also touching my
       private mailbox in my private residence without my permission is also
       [an] invasion of my privacy.

             I would like this attorney not to be allowed to receive these
       summary judgments through means of fraudulent act, and therefore, I
       would respectfully ask this Court to grant my motion to vacate and also
       grant my motion for sanctions.

       Appellees’ counsel responded:

              What I’ve got, Your Honor, is Exhibit 1, a copy of the letter that was
       the cover letter for service of the motions from my office dated March 7,
       2012 addressed to Ms. Kuntze at her address . . . in Woodway. It includes
       the eight summary judgment motions along with notice that those
       motions were set for hearing on Wednesday, March 28, 2012, at 1:30 p.m.
       here in the 170th District Court. This letter was hand-delivered to Ms.
       Kuntze’s mailbox.

              Exhibits 2—or excuse me—3 and 4 are photographs of the envelope
       enclosing both the motions and the letter that’s Exhibit 1 in her

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                         Page 8
         mailbox . . . in Woodway, which were taken at approximately 4:25 p.m. on
         the afternoon of March 7, 2012, to show that the envelope was placed in
         her mailbox.

                And then Exhibit 2 is an e-mail that I sent to Ms. Kuntze on the
         morning of March 7th advising her that I was filing these motions, that I
         would hand-deliver them to her today, inviting her to come to my office
         to pick them up if she would like to do that, or telling her that if that
         didn’t happen, that they would be delivered to her home. I never received
         a response to that e-mail.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motions to vacate

and for sanctions.

         On April 23, 2012, appellant filed a second notice of appeal in this matter,

challenging the eight summary judgments granted on March 28, 2012. This appeal was

docketed and assigned the following appellate cause number: 10-12-00126-CV. See id.

at *2.

         Later, on May 3, 2012, appellant amended her pro se notice of appeal in appellate

cause number 10-12-00087-CV to indicate that she wished to appeal a “Final Judgment”

entered by the trial court. Id. The “Final Judgment,” which was signed by the trial

court on May 3, 2012, stated the following: (1) appellant’s claims against Robinson,

Urato, and Whitney were dismissed on March 30, 2011; (2) appellant’s claims against

Stratton were dismissed on June 16, 2011; (3) appellant’s claims against Harper were

dismissed on June 28, 2011; (4) appellant’s claims against Hampton-Schmidt were

dismissed on February 9, 2012; (5) it granted summary judgment in favor of Bond,

Cordingley-Seeber, Crabtree, Felkner, Gilmore, Kauzlarich, Harmon-King, Klein,

McConnell, Michael-Baker, New, O’Kelley, Scata, Van Meter, and Wiggins on February


Kuntze v. Hall                                                                       Page 9
24, 2012; and (6) it granted summary judgment in favor of Hall, Kies, Muell, Pierce,

Soroka, Spitznagel, Wait, and Willette on March 28, 2012. Id. at **2-3.

       In a memorandum opinion issued on May 23, 2012, this Court dismissed

appellant’s complaints in appellate cause number 10-12-00126-CV because she sought to

appeal from eight summary judgments that were not final, and because “appellant’s

appeal in this appellate cause number [10-12-00126-CV] appears to have been rendered

moot by appellant’s amending of her notice of appeal in appellate cause number 10-12-

00087-CV to challenge the trial court’s ‘Final Judgment,’ which disposed of all parties

and claims.” Id. at *4.

       However, on June 1, 2012, appellant filed yet another notice of appeal, which was

docketed and assigned the following appellate cause number: 10-12-00186-CV. See

Kuntze v. Hall, Nos. 10-12-00087-CV, 10-12-00126-CV, 10-12-00186-CV, 2012 Tex. App.

LEXIS 5190, at *5 (Tex. App.—Waco June 27, 2012, order) (per curiam). In appellate

cause number 10-12-00186-CV, appellant challenged the same order—the trial court’s

May 3, 2012 “Final Judgment”—as in appellate cause number 10-12-00087-CV. See id.

We concluded that all of appellant’s appellate complaints should be considered in

appellate cause number 10-12-00087-CV and that appellant’s appeal in appellate cause

number 10-12-00186-CV was superfluous. See id. As such, we consolidated appellant’s

appeal in appellate cause number 10-12-00186-CV with her appeal in appellate cause

number 10-12-00087-CV.      See id. at **5-6.   We now turn to appellant’s appellate

complaints.



Kuntze v. Hall                                                                   Page 10
                                       II.     ANALYSIS

A.     Appellant’s Motion for Continuance

       In her first issue, appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying her motion to continue the February 24, 2012 hearing on appellees’ summary-

judgment motions.      Specifically, appellant argues that the trial court abused its

discretion in denying her motion for continuance because she was not afforded

sufficient time to conduct discovery, especially considering that she represented herself

for a portion of the underlying proceedings.

       A party may not move for a no-evidence summary judgment until after the

opposing party has had an “adequate time” to conduct discovery. See TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i). However, the rules do not require that the discovery period applicable to the

case have to have ended before a no-evidence summary judgment may be granted. See

id.; see also Rest. Teams Int’l, Inc. v. MG Secs. Corp., 95 S.W.3d 336, 339 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2002, no pet.). Whether a non-movant has had an adequate time for discovery is case

specific. MG Secs. Corp., 95 S.W.3d at 339; McClure v. Attebury, 20 S.W.3d 722, 729 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.). To determine whether an adequate time for discovery

has passed, we examine such factors as: (1) the nature of the case; (2) the nature of

evidence necessary to controvert the no-evidence motion; (3) the length of time the case

was active; (4) the amount of time the no-evidence motion was on file; (5) whether the

movant had requested stricter deadlines for discovery; (6) the amount of discovery that

had already taken place; and (7) whether the discovery deadlines in place were specific

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                        Page 11
or vague. Martinez v. City of San Antonio, 40 S.W.3d 587, 591 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2001, pet. denied). And, while a litigant normally has the right to conduct discovery

after suit is filed, the trial court is nonetheless entitled to presume that plaintiffs, such as

appellant here, investigated the legitimacy of their claims before pursuing them.

Levinthal v. Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, P.A., 902 S.W.2d 508, 511 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1994, no writ).

       We review a trial court’s determination that there has been an adequate time for

discovery for an abuse of discretion. Specialty Retailers, Inc. v. Fuqua, 29 S.W.3d 140, 145

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied); see Wal-Mart Stores Tex., L.P. v.

Crosby, 295 S.W.3d 346, 356 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). A trial court abuses

its discretion by making a decision that is arbitrary or unreasonable.              Downer v.

Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985).

       In any event, if a continuance is sought to pursue further discovery, the motion

must either be verified or supported by affidavit describing the evidence sought,

explaining its materiality, and showing the party requesting the continuance has used

due diligence to obtain the evidence. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 251, 252; Tenneco, Inc. v. Enter.

Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. 1996); Crosby, 295 S.W.3d at 356. Conclusory

allegations are not sufficient. Lee v. Haynes & Boone, L.L.P., 129 S.W.3d 192, 198 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied). We must presume that a trial court does not abuse its

discretion in denying a motion for continuance when the motion is not verified or

supported by affidavit. See Serrano v. Ryan’s Crossing Apartments, 241 S.W.3d 560, 564

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, pet. denied); City of Houston v. Blackbird, 658 S.W.2d 269, 272

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                           Page 12
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1983, writ dism’d); see also Burns v. Seascape Owners

Ass’n, Inc., No. 01-11-00752-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7732, at **23-24 n.3 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).

        In the instant case, appellant’s motion for continuance was not verified, and she

did not file an affidavit explaining the need for further discovery. Accordingly, we

must presume that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s

motion for continuance. See Serrano, 241 S.W.3d at 564; Blackbird, 658 S.W.2d at 272; see

also Burns, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7732, at **23-24 n.3. We therefore overrule appellant’s

first issue.

B.      The Trial Court’s Summary Judgments

        In her second and third issues, appellant contends that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of appellees. In particular, appellant complains

that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of appellees because

appellees allegedly failed to properly serve their summary-judgment motions on her

twenty-one days prior to the hearing on the motions, as required by Texas Rule of Civil

Procedure 166a(c). See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

        The right to summary judgment exists only when the requirements of Rule 166a

are satisfied. See Tanksley v. CitiCapital Commercial Corp., 145 S.W.3d 760, 763 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied). In other words, because summary judgment is a harsh

remedy, we must strictly construe the notice requirements of the rules of civil

procedure. Etheredge v. Hidden Valley Airpark Ass’n, Inc., 169 S.W.3d 378, 381 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. denied). Rule 166a(c) states that: “Except on leave of

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                    Page 13
court, with notice to opposing counsel, the [summary-judgment] motion and any

supporting affidavits shall be filed and served at least twenty-one days before the time

specified for hearing.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). The purpose of this twenty-one-day

interval is to allow the non-movant a full opportunity to respond on the merits. See

Stephens v. Turtle Creek Apartments, Ltd., 875 S.W.2d 25, 26 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1994, no writ); see also Meadows v. FIA Card Servs., No. 09-12-00051-CV, 2012 Tex.

App. LEXIS 7595, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Sept. 6, 2012, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).

        Rule 21a sets out the service requirements. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a. A motion may

be served on a party by delivering a copy via certified or registered mail to the party’s

last known address. Id. Rule 21a also authorizes hand delivery of documents. See id.;

see also Amaya v. Enriquez, 296 S.W.3d 781, 784 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, pet. denied)

(“Service by personal delivery is complete when the document is delivered to the

person or office to which it is addressed.”). Furthermore, the Texas Supreme Court has

held that the hearing on a summary-judgment motion may be set as early as the twenty-

first day after the motion is served by hand or twenty-four days if served by mail. Lewis

v. Blake, 876 S.W.2d 314, 316 (Tex. 1994).

       A certificate of service by a party or attorney of record is prima facie proof of the

fact of service. Id.; see Thomas v. Ray, 889 S.W.2d 237, 238-39 (Tex. 1994); Rabie v. Sonitrol

of Houston, Inc., 982 S.W.2d 194, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.).

“[N]otice properly sent pursuant to Rule 21a raises a presumption that notice was

received.” Mathis v. Lockwood, 166 S.W.3d 743, 745 (Tex. 2005). The opposing party may



Kuntze v. Hall                                                                         Page 14
attempt to rebut this presumption of receipt by offering proof that the notice or

document was not received. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a.

       Moreover, the Texas Supreme Court has stated that, applying Texas Rule of

Appellate Procedure 4 to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c), “the day of service is

not to be included in computing the minimum 21-day notice for hearing, and the day of

the hearing is.” Lewis, 876 S.W.2d at 316; see TEX. R. APP. P. 4; TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

       Each of appellees’ no-evidence motions for summary judgment contain a

certificate of service indicating that appellant was served with a copy of the motions at

her residence on February 3, 2012 for the first sixteen summary-judgment motions and

on March 7, 2012 for the last eight summary-judgment motions. Once again, we note

that appellant did not arrange for reporter’s records to be filed with respect to any of

the hearings conducted by the trial court. However, appellees arranged for a transcript

of the hearing on appellant’s motion to vacate to be filed with this Court. The transcript

of this hearing indicated that appellant did not offer any evidence, besides her bald

allegations, that appellees did not timely serve her with notice of their March 7, 2012

summary-judgment motions in accordance with Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21a and

166a. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a, 166a. Appellees’ counsel, on the other hand, tendered

photographs of documents in appellant’s mailbox and argued that these documents

were the summary-judgment motions, thus supporting the contention in his certificate

of service that he served appellant by hand delivery. In addition, appellees’ counsel

also submitted an email sent to appellant on March 7, 2012, wherein counsel explained:



Kuntze v. Hall                                                                          Page 15
“I have a package of new Motions to hand deliver to you [appellant] today. Would you

like to come by the office and pick them up or should we deliver them to your home?”

        Appellant did not tender any evidence, beyond her bald assertions, to rebut

appellees’ counsel’s evidence of hand delivery of the summary-judgment motions.7

Further, on appeal, appellant argues that appellees’ counsel’s service method did not

constitute proper hand delivery of notice; however, appellant does not cite any

authority supporting her contention. Therefore, because hand delivery is authorized by

Rule 21a as a proper means of service, and because appellant did not present evidence

to rebut the contention made by appellees’ counsel in the certificate of service of each of

the summary-judgment motions, we must presume that notice was received.                                  See

Mathis, 166 S.W.3d at 745; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a (“Every notice . . . may be served by

delivering a copy to the party to be served . . . either in person or by agent or by courier

receipted . . . delivery or by certified or registered mail, to the party’s last known

address, or by telephonic document transfer to the recipient’s current telecopier

number, or by such other manner as the court in its discretion may direct.”); Amaya, 296

S.W.3d at 784. Furthermore, in the absence of evidence rebutting appellees’ counsel’s

evidence, we must also presume that appellant was properly served with notice of the

        7   We also note that at least one Texas appellate court has held that:

        Even when a party does not receive actual notice, if the serving party has complied with
        the requirements of Rule 21a, “constructive notice” may be established if the serving
        party presents evidence that the intended recipient engaged in instances of selective
        acceptance or refusal of certified mail relating to the case or that the intended recipient
        refused all deliveries of certified mail.

See In re E.A., 287 S.W.3d 38, 41-42 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007), rev’d on other grounds by 287 S.W.3d 1
(Tex. 2009) (quoting Etheredge v. Hidden Valley Airpark Ass’n, Inc., 169 S.W.3d 378, 381-82 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2005, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g) (citations omitted)).

Kuntze v. Hall                                                                                        Page 16
first sixteen summary-judgment motions on February 3, 2012 and of the last eight

summary-judgment motions on March 7, 2012. See id.; Thomas, 889 S.W.2d at 238-39;

Lewis, 876 S.W.2d at 316; see also Amaya, 296 S.W.3d at 784; Rabie, 982 S.W.2d at 196.

And, using those dates of service to calculate the applicable twenty-one day period, we

conclude that the trial court’s February 24, 2012 and March 28, 2012 hearings on the

summary-judgment motions were timely and proper within the context of Rule 166a.

See Lewis, 876 S.W.2d at 316; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 4; TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).

Accordingly, we reject appellant’s assertion that summary judgment was improper

because she was not afforded sufficient notice. As such, we overrule appellant’s second

and third issues.

                                     III.   CONCLUSION

         Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgments of the trial

court.




                                                 AL SCOGGINS
                                                 Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed October 18, 2012
[CV06]




Kuntze v. Hall                                                                    Page 17
