                      NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
  UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                     IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION ONE


                   ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D., Appellants,

                                         v.

         DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, Y.D., Y.D., Appellees.

           Nos. 1 CA-JV 14-0271, 1 CA-JV 14-0272 (Consolidated)
                              FILED 07-21-2015


            Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                         Nos. JS507490, JD510937
             The Honorable Brian K. Ishikawa, Judge (Retired)

                                   AFFIRMED


                                    COUNSEL

Jeffrey M. Zurbriggen, P.C., Phoenix
By Jeffrey M. Zurbriggen
Counsel for Appellant Rosabelle P.
The Stavris Law Firm, PLLC, Scottsdale
By Christopher Stavris
Counsel for Appellant Artem D.

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Mesa
By Eric Knobloch
Counsel for Appellee Department of Child Safety

Maricopa County Office of the Legal Advocate, Phoenix
By Linda Ann Christian
Counsel for Appellees Y.D. and Y.D.


                      MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Patricia K. Norris delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Patricia A. Orozco and Judge Maurice Portley joined.


N O R I S, Judge:

¶1            Rosabelle P. (“Mother”) and Artem D. (“Father”) separately
appeal from orders entered by the juvenile court adjudicating their children
Y.D. (“infant”) and Y.D. (“toddler”) dependent, and terminating their
parental rights. See generally, Ariz. Rev. Stat. (“A.R.S.”) §§ 8-844 (2014), 8-
533(B)(2) (Supp. 2014).1 For the following reasons, we affirm the juvenile
court’s orders.2




              1Although  the Arizona Legislature amended certain statutes
cited in this decision after the Department of Child Safety removed the
children from the home, the amendments are immaterial to the resolution
of this appeal. Thus, we cite to the current version of these statutes.
              2Because the basis for the juvenile court’s termination of
Mother’s and Father’s parental rights was the same for finding the children
dependent, and because we are affirming the juvenile court’s termination
order, the dependency appeal is moot. And, even if not moot, the evidence
presented amply supported the juvenile court’s dependency order, which
relied on the same evidence as its termination order.



                                      2
                  ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court
              FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2             On March 23, 2013, one month after his birth, Mother called
911 after Father noticed swelling and a “crackle” in infant’s leg. Paramedics
responded, examined infant, and found nothing abnormal.                      The
paramedics offered to transport infant to the hospital for x-rays but Mother
and Father refused their offer. The following day, after Mother and Father
noticed the swelling on infant’s leg was worse, they took him to the
hospital. Hospital staff x-rayed infant and diagnosed him with multiple
fractures to his left and right legs. Hospital staff also noticed a facial bruise
and contacted authorities to investigate suspected child abuse. A child
abuse pediatrician diagnosed infant’s injuries as “non-accidental trauma.”

¶3             On March 28, 2013, the Department of Child Safety (“DCS”)
filed a dependency petition and on April 25, 2013 petitioned to terminate
Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to the children. The juvenile court
conducted a six-day hearing on both petitions. It found the children
dependent and terminated Mother’s and Father’s parental rights pursuant
to A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2), finding they had “willfully abused a child or failed
to protect a child from willful abuse so as to cause a substantial risk of harm
to the child’s health or welfare.”

                                DISCUSSION

I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence: Child Abuse

¶4              Mother and Father first argue DCS failed to present sufficient
evidence to terminate their parental rights under A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2). We
disagree. To terminate parental rights based on willful abuse under § 8-
533(B)(2), DCS was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that
Mother and Father “willfully abused a child.” See Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 66(C).
Willful abuse includes serious physical injury or “situations in which the
parent knew or reasonably should have known that a person was abusing
. . . a child.” A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2).

¶5             Absent an abuse of discretion, this court will affirm the
juvenile court’s termination order. E.R. v. Dep’t of Child Safety, 237 Ariz. 56,
__, ¶ 9, 344 P.3d 842, 844 (App. 2015). As the trier of fact, the juvenile court
is best positioned to observe the witnesses, assess credibility, and weigh the
evidence. Jordan C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 223 Ariz. 86, 93, ¶ 18, 219 P.3d
296, 303 (App. 2009). “Accordingly, we view the evidence and reasonable
inferences to be drawn from it in the light most favorable to sustaining the
court’s decision . . . and . . . we will affirm a termination order unless we
must say as a matter of law that no one could reasonably find the evidence


                                        3
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
supporting statutory grounds for termination to be clear and convincing.”
Id. (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

¶6             Here, DCS presented reasonable evidence supporting the
juvenile court’s finding infant had been abused. During the hearing, Dr.
Q—a child abuse pediatrician who had examined infant the day after his
hospital admission—testified extensively about her conclusion infant’s
injuries resulted from “non-accidental trauma.” She testified that at first,
only three of infant’s four fractures were detected, but subsequent imaging
revealed the fourth. She stated the “most likely” explanation for the missed
fracture was the fractures occurred at—and so began healing at—different
times. She also explained more recent fractures do not appear in x-rays
until they begin to heal.

¶7             Dr. Q testified infant’s fractures occurred because a
“significant force [was] applied” and could have been caused by forcefully
shaking, pulling, turning, or twisting his foot, or a “shearing motion.” The
spiral fracture on infant’s left leg should have caused “significant pain and
swelling for the first few days” because of the location and size of the
fracture, whereas the remaining fractures on infant’s legs were more subtle,
and outward symptoms might not have been noticed. Based on the x-rays,
however, Dr. Q opined that all the fractures occurred within seven to 10
days of March 24, 2013, when the x-rays were taken3 (“abuse period”).

¶8             Parents’ expert, Dr. E, agreed with Dr. Q that it would take a
“fairly significant” force such as a “rapid twist” or “shaking a limb” to cause
infant’s fractures and also agreed the fractures could have happened at
different times.

¶9            Despite Dr. Q’s testimony that infant’s facial bruise was an
injury caused by “blunt force trauma,” Mother testified infant’s bruise was
caused by falling asleep on his pacifier. Mother and Father also suggested
that a bone disorder contributed to infant’s fractures. Medical testing,
however, revealed no metabolic or genetic bone disorders.

¶10            Dr. Q also testified infant could not have sustained the
injuries on his own because he was less than 30 days old and therefore non-


              3Parents’ expert, Dr. E, initially agreed with Dr. Q that infant’s
fractures would have had to occur within 10 days of the x-rays. He later
testified, however, that generally pediatric bones begin calcifying within 10
to 12 days after fracturing and suggested the fractures could have been up
to 14 days old.



                                       4
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
ambulatory when the injuries occurred. She similarly testified toddler, who
was approximately 18 months old when infant was injured, was not strong
enough to cause infant’s injuries. After reviewing all the records, Dr. E
agreed with Dr. Q that child abuse “would be [the] most common cause” of
infant’s injuries.

¶11           Based on the foregoing, DCS presented reasonable evidence
supporting the juvenile court’s finding that infant had been willfully
abused. DCS also presented reasonable evidence supporting the juvenile
court’s finding that, while infant was in the care of Mother and Father, they
had willfully abused him or “knew or reasonably should have known that
such abuse against the child was occurring due to the extent, mechanics,
timing and circumstances of the child’s injuries.”

¶12            From the beginning of DCS’s investigation through the
hearing, Mother and Father consistently denied any responsibility for
causing infant’s injuries and disclaimed any first-hand knowledge of how
he had been injured or who had injured him. Instead, they suggested that
other people could have caused infant’s injuries. For example, the day after
taking infant to the hospital, Mother and Father told hospital staff the rabbi
who conducted infant’s circumcision, the pediatrician at his newborn
checkup, or the hospital staff who drew blood and performed x-rays may
have injured infant.

¶13           With the exception of hospital staff, however, these
individuals did not have contact with infant during the abuse period. See
supra ¶ 7. And, the hospital staff could not have injured infant’s leg because
his leg began to swell before Mother and Father brought him to the hospital.
Indeed, during the 911 call, Mother stated, “My husband’s telling me that
he hears a crackle in my son’s . . . leg and . . . his ankle is a little more
swollen” than the other. She went on to say, “I mean, cause the thing is that
he wouldn’t fall asleep if he has, you know, a broken leg or something,
right?” Dr. Q additionally testified she had never seen a single fracture
result from a blood draw or x-ray, let alone four separate fractures, making
the allegations against hospital staff implausible.4




              4During   the hearing, Mother conceded the rabbi could not
have broken infant’s legs because the circumcision “would not fit within
the time frame of the fractures.” She also acknowledged infant did not have
a bone disorder.




                                      5
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
¶14           DCS case manager K.H. testified it was important for DCS to
receive “accurate information” regarding infant’s injuries so it could “assist
the parents in correcting the situation.” Yet Mother and Father did not
provide DCS with a list of people who had contact with infant until, at the
earliest, February 2014—more than 10 months after DCS filed its
dependency petition.5 During the hearing, Mother named 16 individuals
who were “around” infant before his hospitalization, and said there were
several others “from the community” who came to her home. Nevertheless,
despite the severity of infant’s injuries, Mother never provided any of these
names to the police, claiming they “never asked.”

¶15             Further, Mother made conflicting statements regarding
whether others had taken care of the children within the abuse period. At
first, she told a police detective that no one had helped her take care of the
children. Specifically, during an interview conducted two weeks after DCS
had removed the children, the detective asked Mother, “Who else is helping
take care of the kids? Anybody else?” to which Mother replied, “No.” The
detective then clarified, “So you have nobody else that’s helping take care
of your kids?” and Mother replied, “It’s just me and my husband.” In
contrast to her statements to the detective, however, during the hearing,
Mother, who cared for both children while Father worked, testified her
father and brother would “frequently” babysit “for an hour, two hours,
sometimes three.”6

¶16           As the foregoing reflects, Mother testified inconsistently
regarding who could have abused infant. Under the version Mother told
to police, only she and Father had care, custody, and control of infant. As
Dr. Q testified, there was no possibility infant sustained these injuries on
his own. Infant had no bone disorders, and a “significant force” was
required to cause the fractures. Under the version Mother and Father
principally presented at the hearing, see supra ¶¶ 14-15, other individuals
could have caused infant’s injuries. Mother, however, only testified
generally about these other individuals; with one exception, see supra ¶ 15

              5K.H.testified she did not recall receiving a list of names of
individuals who had contact with infant until approximately two to three
weeks before the hearing.

              6Mother    testified a lot of “people from the community” had
contact with infant during the abuse period, and she described one incident
involving a family friend on March 23, 2013—the day Mother called 911.
Based on Dr. Q’s testimony, however, that incident could not fully explain
infant’s injuries. See supra ¶¶ 6-7.



                                      6
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
n.6, she provided no evidence these other individuals did anything to harm
infant.

¶17            Although the juvenile court did not explicitly state which
version of events it accepted, it implicitly rejected the version Mother and
Father presented at trial, finding they had been unable to provide an
“adequate explanation” for infant’s injuries, and either willfully abused
infant or “knew or reasonably should have known” infant was being
abused because of the “extent,” (infant suffered multiple fractures, possibly
at different times, and bruising) “mechanics,” (a significant force caused
infant’s fractures) “timing,” (the fractures occurred within the abuse
period) and “circumstances” of infant’s injuries (Mother’s original
statement to police that only she and Father had cared for infant). The court
did not abuse its discretion in making these findings and in terminating
Mother’s and Father’s parental rights under A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2).

II.    Best Interests

¶18            Mother and Father next argue DCS failed to prove
termination was in the children’s best interests. A juvenile court must find,
by a preponderance of the evidence, Kent K. v. Bobby M., 210 Ariz. 279, 288,
¶ 42, 110 P.3d 1013, 1022 (2008), that termination of parental rights is in the
child’s best interests; specifically, how the child “would benefit from a
severance or be harmed by the continuation of the relationship.” Maricopa
Cnty. Juv. Action No. JS-500274, 167 Ariz. 1, 5, 804 P.2d 730, 734 (App. 1990);
see also A.R.S. § 8-533(B) (juvenile court shall consider best interests in
addition to statutory termination ground). We review a best interests
decision for an abuse of discretion, see supra ¶ 5, and will not reverse the
juvenile court’s decision if there is reasonable evidence to support it. Jordan
C., 223 Ariz. at 93, ¶ 18, 219 P.3d at 303. The juvenile court found DCS had
shown by a preponderance of the evidence that termination was in the
children’s best interests because “continuation in the care, custody and
control of parents” would have exposed the children to abuse and because
the children were “adoptable.”

¶19           DCS presented reasonable evidence supporting the juvenile
court’s findings. First, as the DCS case manager K.H. essentially testified,
given the unexplained abuse suffered by infant while in the care of Mother
and Father, the children were at risk of abuse if left in their continued care.
And, as she explained, DCS had been unable to “identify” the parents as
safe and appropriate. Second, based on K.H.’s testimony, the court found
termination would provide the children with “permanence and stability”
because their paternal grandmother was “willing to adopt them and [could]



                                      7
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
provide the children with all of their physical, emotional, educational,
medical and social needs.”

III.   Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights to Toddler

¶20           Mother separately argues the juvenile court made no factual
findings regarding toddler, and, relatedly, DCS failed to present any
evidence to support terminating her parental rights to toddler. We disagree
with both arguments.

¶21           The juvenile court terminated Mother’s and Father’s parental
rights to toddler based on willful abuse of a child. See A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2).
In Mario G. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 227 Ariz. 282, 285, ¶¶ 15-16, 257 P.3d
1162, 1165 (App. 2011), this court held a juvenile court may terminate
parental rights to a child who has not been abused when DCS proves a
sufficient nexus between the past child abuse and the potential for future
abuse. One child’s unexplained injuries may be a sufficient nexus for
terminating parental rights to a different child, especially when the parents
know or reasonably should have known the cause of the injuries. Id. at 288,
¶ 25, 257 P.3d at 1168.

¶22           Here, as in Mario G., the juvenile court found Mother “knew
or reasonably should have known” infant was being abused. Like the
parents in Mario G., Mother and Father were unable to provide a plausible
explanation for infant’s injuries, and DCS could not rule out either parent
as the perpetrator of the abuse against infant.

¶23           During the hearing, Mother conceded infant’s injuries had
been caused by abuse, however she continued to assert that she and Father
had kept infant “safe” despite his injuries. Given the numerous,
implausible suggestions offered by Mother and Father as to how infant
sustained the fractures and bruising, see supra ¶¶ 9, 12-14, the juvenile court
concluded a nexus existed between infant and toddler because “parents
[were] so entrenched in denying responsibility for the abuse, it would
[have] put both children at risk of future abuse by parents if returned to
their care.” Reasonable evidence supports this finding.

IV.    Delay in Proceedings

¶24          Mother next argues the juvenile court failed to “address the
extreme delays in the adjudication of the dependency and termination
cases.” As discussed, the juvenile court conducted the dependency
adjudication hearing jointly with the termination adjudication hearing
beginning on June 16, 2014—more than one year after DCS filed its



                                       8
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
petitions. Arizona Rules of Procedure for the Juvenile Court 55(B) and 66(B)
prescribe time limits for conducting dependency and termination
adjudication hearings. These rules, however, authorize the juvenile court
to continue dependency and termination adjudication hearings upon a
written finding of extraordinary circumstances.

¶25           Although the hearing occurred outside of the time limits
prescribed by Rules 55(B) and 66(B), the record reflects, first, that the
juvenile court addressed the delays, second, in large part Mother and Father
caused the delays, and third, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion
in granting the continuances. See Kimberly D.-D. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.,
234 Ariz. 207, 208, ¶ 5, 320 P.3d 823, 824 (App. 2013) (juvenile court’s
decision to grant continuance reviewed for abuse of discretion).

¶26           On April 22, 2013, three days before DCS filed the termination
petition, Father’s counsel moved to withdraw and requested the juvenile
court determine the appropriateness of Mother’s counsel because Mother’s
attorney represented both Mother and Father in an ongoing criminal case
and represented only Mother in the dependency proceeding. On May 22,
2013, the juvenile court relieved Father’s counsel of further responsibility in
the case, took the motion to determine appropriateness of counsel under
advisement, and continued the hearing, finding extraordinary
circumstances.

¶27           On October 9, 2013, Father, with Mother’s agreement, moved
to continue the hearing because disclosure was still in progress, Father had
not yet undergone his psychological evaluation, and genetic testing needed
to be scheduled. During an October status conference the juvenile court
again found extraordinary circumstances and continued the hearing.
During that same status conference Father’s attorney advised the juvenile
court of a potential conflict of interest due to his professional and personal
relationship with the children’s placement. At a November status
conference the court addressed Father’s counsel’s conflict and found the
conflict could not be waived and extraordinary circumstances warranted
an additional continuance.

¶28           During a January 2014 status conference the court set the
dates for the hearing beginning in June and made its final written finding
of extraordinary circumstances. In its termination order, the juvenile court
stated adjudication of the dependency and termination petitions was
“protracted due to extraordinary circumstances including issues related to
the change in attorneys, language needs/interpreters, discovery, witnesses,
and scheduling.”



                                      9
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
¶29           The record amply supports this statement. Accordingly, the
juvenile court acted within its discretion in continuing the dependency and
termination adjudication hearing.

V.     Mother’s Fifth Amendment Rights

¶30            Mother also argues she was “unable to assert her Fifth
Amendment privilege in the initial stages of [the] dependency matter and
was demanded by [DCS] to explain what happened to her child” and that
she “was forced to either incriminate herself or come up with a reasonable
explanation of what happened to her child.” Putting aside Mother’s failure
to raise this issue in the juvenile court, the record does not support her
arguments.

¶31          First, Mother testified she “was not allowed to” speak about
the case with DCS’s investigating case manager and was told “we’re not
going to be talking about the case right now. We’re going to be talking
about a case plan” because of an open police investigation. DCS’s initial
court report dated March 29, 2013 also states, “Parents were not
interviewed by [DCS] about the allegations in order to preserve the
integrity of the open police investigation.”       Therefore, the record
contradicts Mother’s argument she was unable to assert her Fifth
Amendment privilege in the initial stages of the dependency proceeding.

¶32             Second, Mother was not compelled to testify during the
hearing. This court has held that merely facing “difficult choices” does not
necessarily implicate the Fifth Amendment. Minh T. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec., 202 Ariz. 76, 80, ¶ 16, 41 P.3d 614, 618 (App. 2001). Mother decided to
testify at the hearing, and any difficult choices she faced as to the content of
her testimony was “a consequence of [her] actions.” Id. Mother was also
not required to “incriminate herself” during the hearing. Indeed, she did
not do so. The testimony she gave was largely consistent with her earlier
accounts to police and DCS. The juvenile court simply found her testimony
not credible. We therefore reject Mother’s arguments.

VI.    Participation in Services

¶33            Mother next argues the juvenile court failed to consider her
participation in services as a mitigating factor because it did not “mention”
her participation in supervised visits and a psychological evaluation, and
so it must not have considered her participation, “despite mandatory law
to the contrary.” See A.R.S. § 8-844(B) (2014) (court shall consider parent’s
efforts to obtain and participate in services). The juvenile court, however,
explicitly stated it had “heard, considered and weighed all of the testimony


                                      10
                 ROSABELLE P., ARTEM D. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court
and . . . Exhibit 14 (Case Aide Notes [from supervised visitations]); Exhibit
15 (Case Aide Notes [from supervised visitations] dated 08-01-13 – 11-28-
13); [and] Exhibit 16 (Psychological Evaluation for Mother . . .).” During the
hearing, the psychologist who performed Mother’s evaluation, case
manager K.H., and Mother herself discussed Mother’s participation in
services. Mother’s argument is, therefore, not supported by the record.

VII.   Definition of Abuse

¶34           Finally, Mother argues the juvenile court “improperly grafted
the definition of abuse under A.R.S. §8-201 into the definition of abuse
under A.R.S. §8-533(B)(2).” We reject this argument.

¶35           Mother’s argument assumes that because the juvenile court
cited A.R.S. § 8-201(2) (Supp. 2014) in its termination order, it necessarily
found abuse under a “more easily met standard.” Quoting A.R.S. § 8-
533(B)(2), however, the juvenile court found Mother had “willfully abused
a child” or failed to protect a child from willful abuse; infant sustained
“serious physical” injuries; and Mother “knew or reasonably should have
known” that such abuse against the child was occurring. Thus, the juvenile
court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to the governing
statute.

                              CONCLUSION

¶36          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s
orders adjudicating infant and toddler dependent as to Mother and Father,
and terminating their parental rights to the children.




                                   :RT




                                     11
