15-2686-pr
Whitman v. United States


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
York, on the 25th day of October, two thousand sixteen.

PRESENT: JON O. NEWMAN,
         GERARD E. LYNCH,
         CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
                    Circuit Judges,

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DOUG WHITMAN, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 1,
                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                           v.

                                                                           No. 15-2686-pr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                Defendant-Appellee.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

  FOR PETITIONER:                                         DENNIS P. RIORDAN, Riordan &
                                                          Horgan, San Francisco, California
                                                          (Theodore Sampsell-Jones, Sampsell-
                                                          Jones Law, Alexandra A.E. Shapiro,
                                                          Shapiro Arato LLP, on the brief).


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  FOR RESPONDENT:                                  SARAH EDDY MCCALLUM, Assistant
                                                   United States Attorney (Margaret
                                                   Garnett on the brief).



      Appeal from a July 22, 2015, judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Rakoff, J.).

    UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Doug Whitman appeals from the denial of his petition to vacate a prior conviction
under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. He asserts that our decisions in United States v. Newman, 773
F.3d 438 (2d Cir. 2014), and United States v. Martoma, 894 F.3d 64 (2d Cir. 2018),
establish a new rule of law that renders incorrect a jury instruction given at his trial. We
begin with a summary of prior proceedings to explain our decision, but otherwise assume
the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record. For the reasons stated below, we affirm
the district court’s judgment.

       I.     Background

       On August 20, 2012, Whitman was convicted by a jury of two counts of conspiracy
to commit securities fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 371 and two counts of securities fraud under
15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff for his role as a tippee in an insider trading scheme. Whitman
appealed his conviction, challenging “the district court’s evidentiary rulings and jury
instructions,” but, importantly, not the court’s instruction defining “personal benefit,” as
he had done before the trial court. United States v. Whitman, 555 F. App’x 98, 101-07 (2d
Cir. 2014). We affirmed the district court. Id.

       After deciding Whitman’s direct appeal, we decided United States v. Newman, 773
F.3d 438 (2d Cir. 2014), which narrowed the definition of “personal benefit” trial courts
should use to instruct juries in insider trading cases involving tippees, such as Whitman.
On March 25, 2015, Whitman filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, claiming that the
holding announced in Newman entitled him to a new trial because it rendered the jury
instruction in his trial in error. The district court denied his motion. United States v.
Whitman, 115 F. Supp. 3d 439, 446 (S.D.N.Y. 2015). The court explained that Whitman’s
claim was procedurally defaulted because he had not raised it on direct appeal, and
therefore Whitman had to show cause and prejudice to maintain his challenge. Id. at 443.

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Because Whitman had not shown his challenge was “so novel that its legal basis [was] not
reasonably available to counsel” at the time of the procedural default—“indeed he
advanced the[] argument[] . . . during trial before abandoning [it] on appeal”—the court
held that he had failed to show sufficient cause to excuse his default. Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted).

        After the district court denied Whitman a certificate of appealability, we granted
him a certificate on the following questions: (1) “whether the instruction defining ‘personal
benefit’ at [Whitman’s] trial was erroneous under United States v. Newman, and whether
[as a result] [Whitman’]s right to have a jury find each element of the offense was denied
thereby; (2) whether the defendant’s prior counsel’s failure to raise this issue on direct
appeal was justified or excused by cause; and (3) whether the defendant’s prior counsel’s
failure to raise this issue on direct appeal constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.”
ECF Nos. 6, 32.

       While Whitman’s appeal of the denial of his § 2255 petition was pending, our
decision in Newman was abrogated by Salman v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 420 (2016), but,
both parties agree, our subsequent amended decision in United States v. Martoma, 894 F.3d
64 (2d Cir. 2018), has sufficiently narrowed the definition of “personal benefit” to render
Whitman’s jury instruction unlawful if it were given today. We thus treat Whitman’s
appeal of his § 2255 denial as if it had relied on the new rule announced in Martoma.

       We review conclusions of law in a district court’s denial of habeas relief under 28
U.S.C. § 2255 de novo. Harrington v. United States, 689 F.3d 124, 129 (2d Cir. 2012). For
the reasons set forth below, we affirm the district court’s decision.

        I.      Procedural Default

        On appeal, Whitman renews his argument that subsequent legal developments have
rendered his jury instruction on personal benefit in error. Nevertheless, Whitman concedes
that his “[f]ailure to adequately” raise his jury instruction challenge on direct appeal “is
classified as procedural default,” Bloomer v. United States, 162 F.3d 187, 191 (2d Cir.
1998), and he is thus barred from raising it here unless he “can . . . demonstrate . . . cause
and actual prejudice,” Cox v. United States, 783 F.3d 145, 150 (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam)
(internal quotation marks omitted).1


1
  Although actual innocence also will allow a defendant to a raise procedurally defaulted claim, See Schlup
v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298 (1995), Whitman has not argued in this appeal that his default should be excused on
that ground.

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        To demonstrate cause, a defendant must show “that some objective factor external
to the defense,” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986), such as a claim that “is so
novel that its legal basis [was] not reasonably available to counsel” kept him from raising
the claim on direct appeal, Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16 (1984). Novelty, however, “cannot
constitute cause if it means simply that a claim was unacceptable to that particular court at
that particular time.” Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998) (internal quotation
marks omitted).

       Whitman claims that his jury instruction challenge is novel because at the time of
his appeal it “was not available and was not dictated by prior precedent.” App. Br. at 35-
36. But “the question is not whether subsequent legal developments have made counsel’s
task easier, but whether at the time of the default the claim was ‘available’ at all.” United
States v. Thorn, 659 F.3d 227, 233 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527,
537 (1986)). There is no doubt that it was. Our decision in Newman, and then in Martoma,
to substantially narrow the definition of “personal benefit” rested on an argument, raised
on direct appeal in those cases, that our definition of “personal benefit” was too expansive.
And Whitman’s trial counsel raised the same argument in district court. See United States
v. Whitman, No. 12-cr-125, ECF No. 57. If other counsel were able to raise the argument,
including Whitman’s own former attorney, we cannot say the same argument was
unavailable to his appellate counsel.

       As a result, Whitman has not shown that his challenge is “novel,” and therefore he
has not shown cause to excuse his procedural default. We affirm the district court’s
decision on that basis, and therefore need not address the issue of “prejudice.”

       II.    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Whitman also argues that his former counsel’s failure to challenge the jury
instruction on direct appeal constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. A claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel may be raised for the first time in a § 2255 motion
“whether or not the petitioner could have raised the claim on direct appeal.” Massaro v.
United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504 (2003). To succeed with an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim under § 2255 a defendant “must demonstrate that: (1) his counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” McCoy v. United States, 707 F.3d 184, 187 (2d
Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). On appeal,
while our “scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential,” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689, Whitman “may establish constitutionally inadequate performance [of appellate

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counsel] if he shows that counsel omitted significant and obvious issues while pursuing
issues that were clearly and significantly weaker,” Lynch v. Dolce, 789 F.3d 303, 311 (2d
Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Whitman argues that if we conclude the argument regarding the proper instruction
for “personal benefit” was available to his counsel on appeal, then we also should find that
his appellate counsel’s failure to raise the argument constitutes ineffective assistance of
counsel. But even if the argument was available, as we find, it was not “significant and
obvious” given the long-standing prior definition of “personal benefit” at the time, and we
cannot find that choosing to attack Whitman’s conviction on other grounds, such as the
sufficiency of the evidence, was a “clearly and significantly weaker” appellate strategy.
We thus also affirm the district court’s ruling on ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                                 ***

       We have considered Whitman’s remaining arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                   FOR THE COURT:
                                   Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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