Affirmed and Opinion filed March 27, 2012.




                                           In The
                       Fourteenth Court of Appeals
                                    NO. 14-11-00353-CV


 MAYOR ANNISE PARKER, IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY, AS MAYOR OF
               THE CITY OF HOUSTON, Appellant
                                             V.
                           AFEWORK HUNEGNAW, Appellee



                          On Appeal from the 11th District Court
                                  Harris County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause No. 2010-39565


                                      OPINION

          In this interlocutory appeal, Mayor Annise Parker, in her Official Capacity, as
Mayor of the City of Houston, appeals an order denying her plea to the jurisdiction in
appellee, Afework Hunegnaw’s, suit to “quiet title” regarding certain real property. We
affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

          According to the allegations in Hunegnaw’s live petition, during pertinent times,
he travelled abroad for extensive periods. In 2003, he executed a “Durable General
Power of Attorney,” appointing Charles A. Herbert as Hunegnaw’s “Attorney-in-Fact”
and vesting Herbert with

       full power to do any and every act and exercise any and every power that I
       might or could do or exercise through any other person and that my
       Attorney-in-Fact, in such Attorney-in-Fact’s discretion, shall deem proper
       and advisable, intending hereby to vest in my Attorney-in-Fact a full and
       universal power of attorney, and not by way of limitation but as illustration,
       and including, but not limited to the following described real property:
              7404 Scott Street Houston, Texas 77021
       and more particularly described as:
              TRS 36F & 36G (001 *TR 63B) INSTITITE PLACE-GLADITCH
       with full power to [among other listed acts]:
       . . . sell, exchange, convey with or without covenants . . . or otherwise
       dispose of an estate or interest in real property or a right incident to real
       property . . .
Hunegnaw also gave Herbert a rubber stamp of Hunegnaw’s signature. In 2004, Herbert
caused Hunegnaw to transfer certain lots of real property referred to as 36A, 36B, 36F,
36G, and 36H to Treasa Antony via general warranty deeds executed using Hunegnaw’s
rubber-stamped signature. In 2008, Antony sold Lots 36A, 36B, and 36H (hereinafter
“the property”) to the City of Houston (“the City”) and effected this transfer via a general
warranty deed.

       Hunegnaw alleges that the transfers to Antony were unauthorized, unlawful, and
fraudulent because Herbert’s authority under the power of attorney relative to disposition
of real property was limited to Lots 36F and 36G and any transfers effected with
Hunegnaw’s rubber-stamped signature constituted forgeries; therefore, the deed that
Antony subsequently executed “[f]ailed to transfer true title” to the City. Hunegnaw
further alleges that he first discovered these transactions after they occurred and he
received no consideration from any of the transactions.

       Hunegnaw sued various parties involved in these transactions, including Herbert,
Herbert’s law firm, Antony, the notary of Hunegnaw’s rubber-stamped signature on the

                                               2
deeds transferring the property to Antony, and the City. Hunegnaw eventually omitted
the City, named its sitting mayor, Parker, as a defendant, and also sued the Texas Land
Commissioner.

       In his live pleading (the sixth amended petition), Hunegnaw’s only cause of action
against Parker is a “Claim of Quiet Title.”1 Hunegnaw alleges Parker is “wrongfully
withholding . . . possession” of Hunegnaw’s property as a City official asserting a claim
that the City holds title.       Hunegnaw seeks declarations that the deeds purportedly
transferring title to Antony and subsequently to the City are void and an injunction
precluding Parker from continuing to possess the property. Hunegnaw asserts that “the
land itself” is the only remedy he seeks against Parker, although he requests monetary
damages from other defendants.

       Parker filed a plea to the jurisdiction (“the plea”), contending the claim is barred
by governmental immunity. Hunegnaw filed a response to the plea and a “Motion for
Evidentiary Hearing In Lieu Of Hearing On Mayor Parker’s Plea To The Jurisdiction,”
requesting the trial court to abate or deny the plea pending an “evidentiary hearing” on
the merits of the title dispute. The trial court conducted a hearing on the plea, but there is
no reporter’s record of the hearing. On April 5, 2011, the trial court signed an order
denying the plea. Parker then filed this interlocutory appeal. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(8) (West Supp. 2011); Tex. A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233
S.W.3d 835, 840–46 (Tex. 2007).

                                           II. ANALYSIS

A.     Preliminary Matters

       To resolve Parker’s appellate challenge to the order denying her plea, we initially
clarify several matters regarding the nature of Hunegnaw’s claim.



       1
         Hereinafter, all references to Hunegnaw’s “action” or “claim” mean the cause of action against
Parker because it is the only cause of action that is the subject of this appeal.

                                                  3
        First, in Hunegnaw’s live petition, he names Parker as a defendant in both her
official and individual capacities; but in the previous petition, he named Parker in only
her official capacity. However, there were no changes in the body of the live petition
relative to Parker’s alleged status. Substantively, Hunegnaw alleges a claim against
Parker in only her official capacity; he alleges that Parker wrongfully possesses the
property under a claim that the City holds title, and he does not complain of any acts
committed by Parker on her own behalf or seek monetary damages. See State Bar of Tex.
v. Heard, 603 S.W.2d 829, 833 (Tex. 1980) (stating that court considers substance of
pleading, not merely form of its title, to determine nature of plea for relief).

        Second, the term “suit to quiet title” has been used broadly in reference to legal
disputes regarding (1) title to, and possession of, real property—a trespass-to-try-title
action, and (2) validity of other “clouds” which indirectly have an adverse effect on an
undisputed owner’s title to real property. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc. v. Groves,
No. 14-10-00090-CV, 2011 WL 1364070, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr.
12, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.).              A trespass-to-try-title action is the method for
determining title to lands, tenements, or other real property and the exclusive remedy for
resolving competing claims to property. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 22.001 (West 2000);
Groves, 2011 WL 1364070, at *3. Hunegnaw effectively alleges a trespass-to-try-title
action because this is not a situation in which his title is undisputed and he seeks only to
remove a cloud created by the City on that title. Instead, this dispute involves competing
claims by Hunegnaw and the City of title to the property.2

        Third, for purposes of resolving the jurisdictional challenge, the underlying nature
of Hunegnaw’s action as trespass to try title is not altered by the fact that he requests
declaratory and injunctive relief. See Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Sawyer Trust, 354

        2
          As discussed below, our disposition of the jurisdictional issue is unaffected by whether
Hunegnaw’s claim should more specifically be denominated a “trespass-to-try-title” action. Nonetheless,
Parker suggests that principles relied on by Hunegnaw to support jurisdiction apply only to an action
against an official to remove a cloud asserted by a governmental entity on a plaintiff’s undisputed title, as
opposed to a situation involving competing claims of title by the plaintiff and a governmental entity.
Thus, we will properly refer to Hunegnaw’s claim as “ trespass-to-try-title” based on its substance.

                                                     4
S.W.3d 384, 388 (Tex. 2011) (recognizing declaratory-judgments act does not alter trial
court’s jurisdiction or underlying nature of claim but is merely procedural device for
deciding cases already within court’s jurisdiction). By requesting declarations that the
transfers from Hunegnaw to Antony and subsequently to the City are void and an
injunction precluding Parker from possessing the property, Hunegnaw effectively seeks
adjudication of the title dispute in his favor. See id. at 388–90 (evaluating plea to
jurisdiction on suit as trespass-to-try-title action based on nature of dispute—rival claims
to ownership of property—despite plaintiff’s pleading declaratory-judgment action).

        Accordingly, we will determine whether the trial court erred by denying Parker’s
plea on Hunegnaw’s trespass-to-try-title action against Parker in her official capacity.3

B.      Parker’s Plea

        In her plea and on appeal, Parker contends the trial court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over Hunegnaw’s claim under the doctrine of governmental immunity. See
Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex. 2004)
(recognizing contention that sovereign immunity deprives court of subject matter
jurisdiction may be raised through plea to the jurisdiction). Sovereign immunity deprives
a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over claims against the State or a state agency
unless the Legislature has consented to suit.              See id. at 224.       In a suit against a
governmental entity, the plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate the court’s jurisdiction
by alleging a valid waiver of immunity. See Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Miller, 51
S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. 2001); Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d
440, 446 (Tex. 1993). A home-rule city, such as Houston, has the same governmental
immunity in performance of its governmental functions as the sovereign immunity


        3
          Parker filed her plea between Hunegnaw’s fifth and sixth amended petitions. Substantively, in
the sixth amended petition, Hunegnaw did not add any claims against Parker or factual allegations
altering the nature of the existing claim; in fact, Hunegnaw clarified that he does not seek monetary
damages against Parker—a remedy she challenged in her plea. Therefore, we will review the plea as
applicable to this live petition. See Morris v. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, 226 S.W.3d 720, 727 n.6 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.) (reviewing plea to jurisdiction against plaintiff’s subsequently
amended petition because issues raised in plea were inclusive of allegations in amended petition).
                                                    5
enjoyed by the State unless the city’s immunity is limited by statute.           See City of
Galveston v. State, 217 S.W.3d 466, 469 (Tex. 2007); see also Wichita Falls State Hosp.
v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003) (stating, although courts often use terms
“sovereign immunity” and “governmental immunity” interchangeably, sovereign
immunity refers to State’s immunity from suit and liability, in addition to protecting its
various divisions of state government, including agencies, boards, hospitals, and
universities, whereas governmental immunity protects political subdivisions of the State,
including counties, cities, and school districts).

       Parker argues she is entitled to the same governmental immunity enjoyed by the
City. She cites authority holding that a suit against a government officer in her official
capacity “‘is, in all respects other than name . . . a suit against the entity’” of which the
official is an agent and the official has the same immunity enjoyed by the entity unless
she has acted ultra vires. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at San Antonio v. Bailey, 332
S.W.3d 395, 401 (Tex. 2011) (quoting Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d at 844 and citing City of El
Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 380 (Tex. 2009)).             To satisfy this ultra vires
exception, a plaintiff “must not complain of a government officer’s exercise of discretion,
but rather must allege, and ultimately prove, that the officer acted without legal authority
or failed to perform a purely ministerial act.”        See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372.
Although suit against the governmental entity is barred by immunity, a successful
claimant in an ultra vires suit against a government official may obtain prospective
declaratory or injunctive relief, but it may not recover retrospective relief, such as
monetary damages. Id. at 373–76.

       Based on these principles, Parker contends Hunegnaw’s claim against Parker is
effectively a suit against the City, which is barred by governmental immunity, because
Hunegnaw does not allege any waiver of immunity or allege that Parker acted without
legal authority or failed to perform a purely ministerial act as required to satisfy the ultra
vires exception. Accordingly, in her plea, Parker challenged Hunegnaw’s pleadings.
When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the plaintiff’s pleadings, the trial court must

                                               6
determine if the plaintiff alleges facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court’s
jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. Whether the plaintiff has met this burden is a
question of law that we review de novo. Id. We construe the pleadings liberally in favor
of the plaintiff, consider the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual allegations in
the pleadings. Id.

C.     Hunegnaw’s Jurisdictional Contention—State v. Lain

       In Hunegnaw’s live petition, he relies on State v. Lain, 349 S.W.2d 579 (Tex.
1961), to support the trial court’s jurisdiction over his claim. In fact, the trial court made
the following handwritten notation on its order denying Parker’s plea: “See Lain
[citation]” and another case, Fleming v. Patterson, 310 S.W.3d 65 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2010, pet. struck), in which the court applied Lain.

       In Lain, the plaintiffs brought a trespass-to-try-title suit against the State of Texas
and various state officials and employees (collectively “the officials”), complaining that
the defendants constructed a ferry landing and dredged a channel over the plaintiffs’
submerged land and seeking to enjoin the defendants’ operation of ferries over this land.
349 S.W.2d at 580. The property was undisputedly owned by the plaintiffs, but the
defendants claimed the plaintiffs’ title was subject to certain public rights. Id. at 581.
The trial court dismissed the claims against the State pursuant to its plea to the
jurisdiction and denied the pleas to the jurisdiction filed by the officials. Id. at 580.
Subsequently, the trial court rendered summary judgment on the merits in favor of the
plaintiffs, awarding them title and possession and enjoining operation of the ferries. Id.
On appeal, the officials contended, among other grounds, that the claims against them
constituted claims against the State; thus, they were entitled to sovereign immunity
because there was no legislative consent to sue. Id.

       The Supreme Court of Texas held that legislative consent was not prerequisite to
maintaining suit against the officials:

       When suit for recovery of title to and possession of land, filed without
       legislative consent, is not against the state itself, but is against individuals

                                              7
       only, the mere assertion by pleading that the defendants claim title or right
       of possession as officials of the state and on behalf of the state, will not bar
       prosecution of the suit.
       ...
       One who takes possession of another’s land without legal right is no less a
       trespasser because he is a state official or employee, and the owner should
       not be required to obtain legislative consent to institute suit to oust him
       simply because he asserts a good faith but overzealous claim that title or
       right of possession is in the state and that he is acting for and on behalf of
       the state.
Id. at 581.

       The court cited “well-reasoned and authoritative” decisions of the United States
Supreme Court supporting the conclusion that a plea of sovereign immunity by
governmental officials will not be sustained in a suit by the owner of land with right of
possession when the governmental entity has neither title nor right of possession. Id. at
581–82 (citing United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196 (1882); Stanley v. Schwalby, 19 S.W.
264 (1892), rev’d on other grounds, 147 U.S. 508 (1893); Imperial Sugar Co. v. Cabell,
179 S.W. 83 (Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1915, no writ); Whatley v. Patten, 31 S.W. 60
(Tex. Civ. App.—Galveston 1895, writ ref’d)). The Lain court further explained the
rationale for this rule: possession is not held for the sovereign but is “wrongfully held.”
Id. at 582.

       The Lain court then outlined the procedures applicable in such a suit based on the
above-cited rationale:

       When in this state the sovereign is made a party defendant to a suit for land,
       without legislative consent, its plea to the jurisdiction of the court based on
       sovereign immunity should be sustained in limine. But . . . when officials
       of the state are the only defendants, or the only remaining defendants, and
       they file a plea to the jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity, it is the
       duty of the court to hear evidence on the issue of title and right of
       possession and to delay action on the plea until the evidence is in. If the
       plaintiff fails to establish his title and right of possession, a take nothing
       judgment should be entered against him as in other trespass to try title
       cases. If the evidence establishes superior title and right of possession in
       the sovereign, the officials are rightfully in possession of the sovereign’s

                                              8
       land as agents of the sovereign and their plea to the jurisdiction based on
       sovereign immunity should be sustained. If, on the other hand, the
       evidence establishes superior title and right of possession in the plaintiff,
       possession by officials of the sovereign is wrongful and the plaintiff is
       entitled to relief. In that event the plea to the jurisdiction based on
       sovereign immunity should be overruled and appropriate relief should be
       awarded against those in possession. That those wrongfully claiming title or
       the right of possession are sued in their official capacities as well as
       individually cannot alter the rule.
Id. Applying these procedures, the court addressed the merits of the plaintiffs’ claim,
held that their title was not subject to public rights, and affirmed summary judgment in
their favor. Id. at 582–86.

       As Hunegnaw suggests, the Lain court clearly distinguished a suit against a
governmental entity, which is barred by sovereign immunity, from a suit against an
official of the governmental entity, for which resolution of the jurisdictional issue
depends on the merits of the claim. See id. at 581–82. Therefore, Hunegnaw contends he
is not required to plead a waiver of immunity or an ultra vires action; rather, he pleads
allegations supporting jurisdiction by suing a governmental official for wrongful
possession of Hunegnaw’s property, and the trial court may not grant Parker’s plea unless
the court hears evidence and Parker proves the City holds superior title.

D.     Application of Lain to the Present Case

       In her plea, Parker suggested that the Lain holdings relative to suits against
governmental officials are no longer viable or are inapplicable to the present case because
the holdings were limited to the particular facts of Lain.4 In her two appellate issues,
Parker reiterates this argument, thus contending the trial court erred by denying her plea
based on Hunegnaw’s pleadings. However, on appeal, Parker also intersperses with the
above-cited arguments a suggestion that Lain remains viable and is applicable to the



       4
          Parker suggests Lain remains viable only to the extent that the court held “a suit for land”
against a governmental entity is barred by sovereign immunity. Thus, the issue in the present case is
whether Lain remains viable in such a suit against a governmental official.

                                                  9
present case but she did prove the City’s superior title. We will consider separately these
arguments, which we construe as alternative positions.

         1.    Viability and Applicability of Lain

         Parker suggests Lain is no longer viable because it conflicts with the more general
jurisdictional principles subsequently announced by the supreme court, as cited above,
that a suit against an official in her official capacity is effectively a suit against the
governmental entity, which is barred by immunity unless the official has acted ultra
vires.

         However, after appellate briefing in the present case, the supreme court confirmed
the continued viability of Lain in suits against governmental officials. In Sawyer Trust,
the plaintiff sued the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department seeking, among other relief, a
declaratory judgment that a stream across the plaintiff’s property was not navigable
water, whereas the State of Texas claimed the stream was navigable water. 354 S.W.3d
at 386–87.     The State owns the soil under navigable streams, and the Department
regulates removal of sand and gravel from state-owned waters and beds; the plaintiff
wished to sell sand and gravel from the streambed without the Department’s interference.
Id. The trial court denied the Department’s plea to the jurisdiction in which it alleged,
among other grounds, the plaintiff had not pleaded a claim that fell within a waiver of
sovereign immunity. Id.

         After concluding the plaintiff’s request for declaratory relief was in essence a
trespass-to-try-title action, the supreme court held that the request was barred by
sovereign immunity because there was no legislative consent to suit. See id. at 388–90
(citing Lain, 349 S.W.2d at 582). However, the plaintiff requested the court to remand
for the plaintiff to add state officials as parties if the court determined the claims against
the Department were barred by sovereign immunity. Id. at 393. When agreeing to this
request, the court reiterated the Lain holding that a trespass-to-try-title suit against the
State is barred by sovereign immunity but “in some instances a party may maintain a


                                             10
trespass to try title action against governmental officials acting in their official
capacities.” Id. (citing Lain, 349 S.W.2d at 581).

       Some sister courts of appeals had previously applied Lain as precedent despite
expressing that “‘[s]ome of [its] conceptual underpinnings . . . are not easily reconciled
with contemporary Texas sovereign immunity jurisprudence.’” See Fleming, 310 S.W.3d
at 70 (quoting State v. BP Am. Prod. Co., 290 S.W.3d 345, 356–57 (Tex. App.—Austin
2009, pet. denied)). However, the Sawyer Trust court actually analogized the Lain
holding to the ultra vires exception more recently defined in Heinrich. See Sawyer Trust,
354 S.W.3d at 393. Specifically, the Sawyer Trust court included its discussion of Lain
under a section entitled “Ultra Vires Claim.”        Id.   The court cited Heinrich when
explaining that an official possessing a plaintiff’s property under an incorrect claim that
the governmental entity holds title is acting without legal authority; thus, the plaintiff’s
suit to recover possession is essentially a suit to compel the official to act within her
statutory or constitutional authority and the official’s claim that title or possession “is on
behalf of” the entity will not bar the suit. See id. (citing Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 370–74;
Lain, 349 S.W.2d at 581–83).

       The court then reiterated the procedures set forth in Lain for resolution of a plea to
the jurisdiction in a trespass-to-try-title action against a governmental official. Id. at 394
(citing Lain, 349 S.W.2d at 582). The court found “no good reason that the process and
principles we set out long ago in Lain should not apply” to the dispute regarding whether
the stream on the plaintiff’s property was navigable water and thus owned by the State.
Id. The court remanded so that the plaintiff could exercise the opportunity to amend its
pleading and sue appropriate governmental officials. Id. Accordingly, based on Sawyer
Trust, Lain remains binding precedent. See id. at 393–94.

       Parker also suggests that Lain is inapplicable to the present case even if it remains
viable in some circumstances because the Lain holding was limited to its particular facts,
which are distinguishable from Hunegnaw’s factual allegations. Parker notes that the
Lain plaintiffs undisputedly held title to the property at issue and sued the state officials

                                             11
merely to prevent their trespass via using the property for the public right; thus, the
plaintiffs’ action against the officials did not involve adjudication of any claim involving
the State.   In contrast, the present case involves rival claims of title asserted by
Hunegnaw and the City. In an apparently interrelated argument, Parker contends that a
judgment against her would not bind the City.             Parker apparently advances these
arguments to again support the proposition that Hunegnaw’s claim is barred by
governmental immunity because he essentially seeks to adjudicate a claim against the
City and bind the City to his requested relief.

       The Sawyer Trust court did not directly address these contentions.              See 354
S.W.3d 384. However, the court implicitly rejected the contention that Lain applies only
when the plaintiff undisputedly holds title to the property and the State merely claims a
right of use or occupancy because (1) Sawyer Trust involved rival claims of ownership to
the streambed by the plaintiff and the State, see id. at 386–94, and (2) the court reiterated
that Lain applies when the official claims “title or possession” on behalf of the
governmental entity. See id. at 393 (emphasis added); see also BP Am., 290 S.W.3d at
354, 357–58 (rejecting direct contention that Lain applies only to “cases, like Lain, where
the plaintiff claims title to property and the State does not” and asserts only rights of use
and occupancy because the Lain court expressed its rationale applies when the official
asserts the State’s “‘title or right of possession’” and trial court must hear evidence on
“‘issue of title and right of possession’”).

       Further, by holding that Lain applies even when an official claims “title or
possession” on behalf of the governmental entity, the Sawyer Trust court implicitly
rejected the suggestion that a trespass-to-try-title suit against an official is barred by
immunity because the plaintiff essentially seeks relief binding the governmental entity—
not the official. See Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 393. Moreover, the court implicitly
rejected this suggestion by analogizing a trespass-to-try-title action against an official to
an ultra vires suit. See id. at 393–94. Specifically, in Heinrich, the court recognized that
an ultra vires suit against an official “is, for all practical purposes, against the state,” yet,

                                               12
the court held that the remedy of prospective declaratory or injunctive relief is available
to a successful claimant. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 369–77. Consistent with Heinrich, the
Sawyer Trust court expressed that a successful claimant in a trespass-to-try-title suit
against a governmental official may “compel[] return of land illegally held”—a form of
prospective relief allowed under Heinrich. See Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 393 (citing
Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 370–74); see also BP Am., 290 S.W.3d at 356 n.19 (noting that
rule set forth in Heinrich allowing successful plaintiff prospective relief in ultra vires suit
would arguably permit BP America plaintiff to sue land commissioner to compel return
of land to which State had no valid claim although sovereign immunity would bar claim
for compensatory damages).

        Finally, when noting Lain does not apply, Parker suggests she committed no
unlawful act with respect to the property because she became mayor after the City’s
purchase. However, as we construe Hunegnaw’s petition, he does not merely complain
about an official’s act of purchasing the property on behalf of the City; rather, he alleges
that Parker, as current mayor, continues to wrongfully possess the property under an
incorrect claim that the City holds superior title.                 Accordingly, we conclude that
Hunegnaw pleads a claim within the trial court’s jurisdiction and is not required to plead
a waiver of immunity or separate ultra vires action. See Lain, 349 S.W.2d at 581–82.5

        2.      Parker’s Contention that She Proved the City’s Superior Title

        On appeal, Parker also suggests that Lain remains viable and is applicable to the
present case but the trial court heard evidence and Parker proved the City holds superior
title to the property. Accordingly, Parker apparently presents an alternative contention
that the trial court erred, even when applying Lain, by failing to decide the merits of
        5
           In his petition, Hunegnaw states that, when Lain applies, it is irrelevant whether a governmental
official committed an ultra vires act and Heinrich does not apply. As discussed above, the supreme court
subsequently analogized a trespass-to-try-title suit against a governmental actor in his official capacity to
an ultra vires suit. See Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 393. Nevertheless, we conclude Hunegnaw
sufficiently pleads an action within the trial court’s jurisdiction by alleging Parker wrongfully possesses
Hunegnaw’s property under an incorrect claim that the City holds superior title notwithstanding his
incorrectly distinguishing such action from an ultra vires suit, as subsequently clarified by the supreme
court.

                                                     13
Hunegnaw’s claim and thereby the plea in Parker’s favor. In her appellate brief, Parker
argues she established the City’s superior title at the hearing on her plea by presenting the
deed transferring the property to the City. In her brief, Parker also challenges the merits
of Hunegnaw’s claim that the initial transfers to Antony were invalid. Specifically,
Parker contends that Herbert had authority under the power of attorney to make the
transfers, Herbert’s use of Hunegnaw’s rubber-stamped signature did not render the deeds
forgeries, and, regardless, the City was a bona fide purchaser of the property.

       There is no reporter’s record of the hearing conducted by the trial court. Parker
seems to characterize the proceeding as a hearing on the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim.
However, in his appellate brief, Hunegnaw suggests the trial court has not yet heard
evidence on the merits and thus properly denied the plea. We agree with Hunegnaw. In
particular, the record indicates, at most, that the trial court conducted a hearing to
consider Parker’s jurisdictional challenge to Hunegnaw’s pleadings and denied the plea
pending resolution of the title dispute, as required under Lain.

       Specifically, in her plea, Parker did not challenge Hunegnaw’s jurisdictional facts
pertaining to the merits of his claim because Parker challenged only Hunegnaw’s
pleadings.   See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226–27 (distinguishing plea to jurisdiction
challenging plaintiff’s pleadings from plea challenging plaintiff’s alleged jurisdictional
facts on which trial court must consider evidence relevant to jurisdictional dispute).
Parker did not request the trial court to hear evidence and adjudicate the title dispute in
order to resolve the plea because she focused instead on arguing that Lain is not viable or
applicable in the present case. The entire gist of Parker’s plea was an argument that she
has the same immunity enjoyed by the City irrespective of the merits of Hunegnaw’s
allegations because he effectively sues the City, he does not plead a waiver of immunity
or ultra vires act, and Lain does not negate this pleading requirement.

       We acknowledge that, in her plea, Parker cited the deed transferring the property
to the City and stated that the City holds “record title.” However, this citation of
evidence did not transform her challenge to Hunegnaw’s pleadings into a challenge to his

                                             14
jurisdictional facts.       In particular, Parker seemed to cite the deed to support her
arguments, addressed above, that (1) the claim against her is essentially an action against
the City which is necessarily barred by governmental immunity because Parker asserts
the City’s claim to title, and (2) Lain is limited to situations in which the plaintiff
undisputedly holds title and seeks to prevent the governmental official from asserting
rights of use or occupancy. Further, it is undisputed that the City holds “record title”; but
Hunegnaw alleges that the deed through which the City holds such “record title” is void
because the earlier transfers to Antony were unauthorized, fraudulent, and effected via
forgery of Hunegnaw’s signature.                In her plea, Parker did not mention, much less
challenge, these allegations, or argue that, as a matter of law, such facts, even if true, do
not void the subsequent transfers to the City. Likewise, Parker’s statement on appeal that
she presented the deed at the hearing does not demonstrate the trial court considered the
merits of the title dispute; without a record, we cannot foreclose the possibility that
Parker merely presented the deed to posit Hunegnaw’s claim is barred by immunity
solely because Parker asserts the City’s claim to title—consistent with the reason she
cited the deed in her plea.6


        6
            In her plea, Parker did refer to the City as a “bona fide purchaser”—a contention that would
arguably pertain to the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim if raised in the plea as a challenge to the merits.
However, Parker did not request the trial court to address bona-fide-purchaser status in order to resolve
the title dispute or advance contentions regarding the effect of any such bona-fide-purchaser status on the
title dispute. Instead, Parker apparently mentioned this purported status to again emphasize that any
claim against Parker relative to the title dispute is effectively an action against the City: “It is clear from .
. . the petition that Parker was sued in her official capacity because [Hunegnaw] alleges that Parker ‘in her
official capacity as Mayor of the City of Houston’ was a ‘bona fide purchaser[] in this real property
transaction.’ Therefore, Parker has the same immunity from suit as Houston.” In fact, in a footnote,
Parker effectively stated the bona-fide-purchaser issue was not relevant to the jurisdictional challenge
because it concerned the merits of the case: “Although this point bears on equity rather than jurisdiction,
[Hunegnaw] also admits that [the City] was a bona fide purchaser on the property and paid Antony ‘a
considerable sum of money’ therefore.” Even if Parker had referenced the City’s purported bona-fide-
purchaser status to challenge the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim, Parker presented no evidence to establish
all elements of such status. See Madison v. Gordon, 39 S.W.3d 604, 606 (Tex. 2001) (stating bona fide
purchaser is one who acquires property in good faith, for value, and without notice of any third-party
claim or interest). In the plea, Parker asserted that Hunegnaw admitted the City was a bona fide
purchaser. Hunegnaw did make such a direct admission in his superseded fifth amended petition, but he
removed this admission in his live petition, alleging only that any such status afforded no protection in the
present case because the original deeds transferring the property to Antony were forged.

                                                       15
       Additionally, in its order, the trial court indicated that it denied Parker’s plea
because it had not yet heard evidence on the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim. The court
noted that Lain is applicable and ruled,

       . . . The Court, having considered the plea and the plaintiff’s response, if
       any, as well as reviewing all matters of record in this suit, is of the opinion
       that [Parker’s] Plea is not meritorious and should be denied The Court
       hereby FINDS that it does have jurisdiction over [Parker] in this suit. . . .
Because Parker challenged only the pleadings, the trial court’s ruling the plea was “not
meritorious” indicates it determined only that Hunegnaw has pleaded a claim within the
court’s jurisdiction. Consequently, the trial court correctly ruled that it has jurisdiction
under Lain to adjudicate the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim and thereby resolve the
jurisdictional issue.

       Even if the hearing conducted by the trial court were a hearing on the merits,
Parker could not demonstrate that the court erred by failing to resolve the title dispute in
her favor; because there is no record of the hearing, we would presume that the evidence
supports the trial court’s order. See Wilson v. Patterson, No. 14-10-00943-CV, 2011 WL
4924252, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 18, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(citing Bennett v. Cochran, 96 S.W.3d 227, 229 (Tex. 2002); Middleton v. Nat’l Fam.
Care Life Ins. Co., No. 14–04–00428–CV, 2006 WL 89503, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] Jan. 17, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Hiroms v. Scheffey, 76 S.W.3d 486,
489 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.)).
       Finally, we note that, since Lain, the Supreme Court of Texas in Miranda further
refined the applicable standard when a plea challenging jurisdictional facts implicates the
merits of the plaintiff’s claim. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28. The defendant must
meet the summary-judgment standard of proof for its assertion that the trial court lacks
jurisdiction by negating a genuine issue of material fact regarding existence of a
jurisdictional fact.    See id.   If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the
jurisdictional issue, the trial court may not grant the plea, and the fact issue will be
resolved at trial by the fact finder. Id. However, if relevant evidence is undisputed or


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fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea as a
matter of law. Id. at 228.

        On appeal, Parker does not specifically argue that she proved the City’s superior
title through the summary-judgment-like procedures authorized under Miranda. Instead,
Parker primarily suggests she was entitled to prevail on the merits based on evidence
presented at the hearing. However, according to Parker, this evidence was the same deed
referenced in her plea. Nonetheless, to the extent Parker suggests the trial court erred by
failing to resolve the merits and thereby the plea in Parker’s favor under the summary-
judgment-like procedures authorized under Miranda, Parker did not invoke application of
those procedures because, for the reasons discussed above, she challenged only
Hunegnaw’s pleadings.7

        Accordingly, Parker has not demonstrated she is entitled to prevail on the issue of
title or right of possession—either in a hearing or through the summary-judgment-like
procedures authorized under Miranda. We do not hold that Parker is foreclosed from
hereafter presenting a plea to the jurisdiction challenging the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim
and invoking the procedures for resolving such a plea. However, at this juncture, because
Parker has challenged only the pleadings, which affirmatively demonstrate jurisdiction,
the trial court did not err by denying the plea. See BP Am., 290 S.W.3d at 358 (affirming
denial of land commissioner’s plea to jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity because
he had not demonstrated right to prevail on issue of title or right of possession, as
required under Lain, by presenting evidence to trial court in a hearing or through the
summary-judgment-like procedures since authorized under Miranda; instead, because
commissioner merely claimed title on behalf of the State to support plea and had not

        7
           As mentioned, Hunegnaw filed both a response to the plea and a “Motion for Evidentiary
Hearing In Lieu Of Hearing On Mayor Parker’s Plea To The Jurisdiction,” arguing that, pursuant to Lain,
he had pleaded a claim within the trial court’s jurisdiction and requesting the trial court to abate or deny
the plea pending an “evidentiary hearing” on the title dispute—the action apparently taken by the trial
court. In these filings, Hunegnaw did reference evidence to support the merits of his claim. Regardless,
his citation of evidence is immaterial to our resolution; because Parker did not challenge, much less
negate, the merits of Hunegnaw’s claim, the burden never shifted to Hunegnaw to raise a genuine issue of
material fact on the claim. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28.

                                                    17
challenged whether plaintiff’s facts, if proved, would establish title in the plaintiff as a
matter of law, trial court had jurisdiction to adjudicate merits of trespass-to-try-title claim
to decide “interwoven” issues of whether sovereign immunity applies and whether
plaintiff entitled to relief).

       We overrule both of Parker’s issues and affirm the trial court’s order.




                                           /s/     Charles W. Seymore
                                                   Justice




Panel consists of Justices Frost, Seymore, and Jamison.




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