Filed 8/7/20




                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                     DIVISION THREE


In re I.B., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

ORANGE COUNTY SOCIAL SERVICES
AGENCY,
                                                    G058814
    Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                    (Super. Ct. No. 17DP0184)
        v.
                                                    OPINION
A.B. et al.,

    Defendants and Respondents;

I.B., a Minor, etc.,

    Appellant.




                 Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Jeremy D.
Dolnick, Judge. Affirmed.
                 Donna P. Chirco, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor and
Appellant.
              Leon J. Page, County Counsel, Karen L. Christensen and Deborah B.
Morse, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
              Rich Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Respondent A.B.
              William Hook, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Respondent A.M.
                                         *    *   *
                                                       1
              The trial court granted A.B.’s (Mother) Welfare and Institutions Code
section 388 petition (all further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions
Code), to return her three-year-old son (I.B.) to her care. The court ordered that I.B.’s
older brother A.B. (five-years-old) would remain with foster parents who had been
interested in adopting both boys. I.B.’s counsel filed this appeal asserting the siblings
should not have been separated. In addition, I.B.’s counsel and the Orange County Social
Services Agency (SSA), agree the juvenile court erred because Mother did not
demonstrate a change in circumstances or that changing I.B.’s custody was in his best
interests. Mother and A.M. (Father) filed briefs asserting the court’s ruling should not be
disturbed. Mother also filed a request asking this court to take judicial notice of a recent
order showing the attorney representing both I.B. and A.B. declared a conflict of interest
and now only represents A.B.
              After carefully reviewing the record, while it is a close case, we cannot say
the trial court abused its discretion. We affirm the order granting Mother’s section 388
petition. We grant her request for judicial notice of the juvenile court’s order dated April
3, 2020.




1
                Mother and her oldest son share the same initials. To avoid confusion, we
will refer to the parent as “Mother” and to her child as “A.B.”

                                              2
                                          FACTS
I. The Previous Case
              In May 2014, the parents began participating in voluntary services.
Mother, who is legally blind, was a non-minor dependent through extended foster care.
She lived in an apartment with Father and newborn A.B. She and Father received
                        2
WrapAround’s services for a year including domestic violence classes, anger
management classes, parenting classing, and couples’ therapy. The case closed in
January 2015.
II. The Current Case
              In February 2017, Father called the police to report Mother attacked him
while he was holding then seven-month-old I.B. He alleged Mother was angry and threw
a baby monitor at his head, causing a laceration that bled. A.B., who was then two-years
old, witnessed the domestic violence. The police arrested Mother, issued an emergency
restraining order for Father and the children, and notified SSA. Father declined to press
charges or extend the restraining order. Mother moved back into the apartment with
Father and the children.
              Soon thereafter, the social worker requested a protective custody warrant to
remove the children from their parents’ custody after speaking with Mother’s social
worker, Monica Wilson, who was part of the Non-Minor Dependents Extended Foster
Care Program. Wilson reported Father was not supposed to be living in the apartment
with Mother. Wilson stated the parents had ongoing issues with domestic violence, but
Mother’s disability made Mother feel she needed Father’s help to care for the children.
When the couple was receiving WrapAround’s services, staff noted Father would push


2
               “[T]the Wraparound service program . . . provide[s] ‘family-based service
alternatives to group home care using intensive, individualized services . . . .’ The target
population for the program is children in or at risk of placement in group homes....” (In
re W.B. Jr. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 30, 41, fn. 2.)

                                              3
Mother’s “buttons” and she would lash out aggressively and physically towards Father.
Wilson’s other concern was Father was taking advantage of Mother’s state disability
checks, using the money for beer and marijuana instead of food.
              Before seeking the warrant, the social worker also interviewed the parents.
Father stated Mother often accused him of infidelity, and this was the trigger for many of
their arguments. The social worker noted Father was appropriate, loving, and patient
with the children. A.B. hugged Father throughout the entire interview. Mother reported
Father was verbally abusive and constantly made her upset by saying he was going to
find someone else to be with. She reported Father had previously thrown things. Mother
admitted she hit Father in front of the children. Both parents wanted to resolve their
issues and agreed to a safety plan.
              Less than a week later, the social worker took the children into protective
custody after receiving additional reports of domestic violence and that the home was
unsanitary. Specifically, the social worker claimed the parents were not properly
throwing away soiled diapers and dog feces. SSA prepared a petition alleging the
children were at risk of harm (§ 300, subd. (b)) due to ongoing domestic violence and
because their home was unsanitary. SSA also included in the petition allegations of a
safety concern, relating to an incident that took place in November 2016. Due to
Mother’s visual impairment, she did not notice A.B. was covered in purple dye one
evening because it was dark. When Father saw the child’s condition, he argued with
Mother and left the house. Mother called her youth partner and paramedics, who
transported A.B. to the hospital due to concerns he swallowed iodine. Father “was the
last person to use iodine” and although he typically stored it in a cabinet out of the child’s
reach, he “did not recall where it was last and he could not find the bottle until the day
following the incident.”
              At the detention hearing, the court determined the children were at risk of
harm and detained them in a group home. The following month, the social worker

                                              4
reported I.B. was doing well but A.B. was struggling in the group home. A.B. did not
like to share. He would also hit other children and took their toys. The staff at the Boys
Town facility were working with him on his behavior issues. The social worker
recommended the court order family reunification services including parenting classes,
counseling, and anger management services. She referred Mother to a Personal
Empowerment Program (PEP).
              In April 2017, the court held a combined jurisdiction/disposition hearing. It
determined the petition’s allegations were true and removed the children from their
parents’ custody. The court ordered the parents to participate in SSA’s recommended
reunification services and ordered monitored visits.
              In the social worker’s next report, prepared in July 2017, she recommended
continuing the six-month review hearing. A.B. continued to exhibit “behavioral
challenges” and he was referred to counseling. In just two months, A.B. had 13 Special
Incident Reports (SIRs) and the social worker was concerned about his development.
The social worker was having difficulty placing the siblings together in a foster home and
she asked Mother if the children could be separated for future placement. Mother was
not supportive of this plan.
              The social worker reported that although Mother was participating in
court-ordered services, Father was not. The social worker believed Mother needed an
additional parenting class because she was struggling with A.B.’s behavioral challenges.
On two occasions, Mother pushed A.B. because he was being aggressive with I.B. while
she was holding the infant.
              Several months later, in October 2017, the social worker recommended the
court continue reunification services. The children moved to a foster home, however, the
foster mother requested removal in less than one month due to A.B.’s aggressive
behavior. The children were moved into another group home, the Tustin Family Campus
(TFC). A.B. was described as being aggressive towards other children, “specifically his

                                             5
brother,” and he did not respect boundaries. He whined to get attention, was impulsive,
and exhibited aggression “towards animals (strangling).” A therapist diagnosed A.B. as
having an “adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct.” One-year-old I.B. was
healthy and developmentally on target.
              The social worker noted the parents were making moderate progress with
their reunification case plans. Mother completed the PEP, a parenting class, and attended
counseling. Father was not participating in services but was employed and visited the
children regularly. He and Mother were no longer living together. The social worker
concluded the parents lacked insight because they asked for unsupervised joint visits even
though they were unable to address their domestic violence issues or A.B.’s aggression.
She noted Mother was unable to care for the children because she did not understand the
following: (1) how her relationship with Father has impacted the children; (2) how her
actions led to SSA’s intervention; (3) how to control her anger; or (4) how to develop
skills to address A.B.’s negative behavior.
              The court ordered additional reunification services, as well as a
psychological evaluation of Mother because her therapist expressed concern about her
mental health. In an interim report, the social worker stated the parents were no longer
visiting the children together. During a visit in November 2017, Mother hit Father and he
requested future visits be without Mother. Mother said she was doing better and taking
her medication. She claimed Father told A.B. to hit Mother like she had hit Father. The
social worker noted Mother participated in domestic violence services but was struggling
to manage her anger. As for Father, the social worker stated he was not visiting the
children for as much time as was permitted by the court’s order.
              The social worker filed a report in February 2018, marking one year of
these dependency proceedings. She noted the psychologist completed Mother’s
psychological evaluation and diagnosed Mother with having a mild intellectual



                                              6
          3
disability. The psychologist clarified this diagnosis would not interfere with Mother’s
ability to be a parent or benefit from services. The psychologist recommended Mother
participate in a weekly domestic violence program and visit the children separately from
Father because they had a toxic relationship. The social worker reported the parents
agreed to separate visits, and she referred them to conjoint counseling sessions.
              At the end of March 2018, the social worker prepared a report for the
12-month review hearing and recommended additional family reunification services. The
parents were participating in services but there were concerns about Mother’s ability to
respond to certain situations and separate permanently from Father. Mother’s therapist
opined Mother lacked insight on how she could manage the children alone or respond if
they had tantrums. The social worker noted Mother completed two parenting programs
and showed improvement with her parenting skills. Both parents were consistently
visiting the children 11 hours each week and acting appropriately. Although the reports
lacked specific details about Mother’s positive interactions with the children, the social
worker reported Mother usually arrived early and was observed playing games, modeling
how to play, and singing and reading to the children. She kissed them, changed their
diapers, rocked I.B. to sleep, comforted A.B. when he fell, ate with them, played catch,
taught them manners, showed A.B. how to wash a carrot and his hands, told the children
she loved them, and danced with I.B. Mother would ask the caregivers if the children
had eaten and she brought them food and presents. The reports contained detailed
accounts of Mother’s struggles in disciplining A.B., her difficulty keeping track of the

3
              We will not adopt the social worker’s use of the outdated term
“retardation,” although we recognize this terminology is still used by some medical
professionals. In recent years, there has been a shift in favor of using the term intellectual
disability because retardation “has itself become pejorative” and to many the term
“mental retardation is scientifically worthless and socially harmful.” (Nash, What’s in a
name? Attitudes surrounding the use of the term ‘mental retardation’ (Feb. 17, 2012)
Pediatrics Child Health, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299349/> [as
of July 15, 2020].)

                                              7
children’s location in the large visitation room, and her history of crying in front of them.
SSA gave Father one hour of unsupervised visits. On one occasion Father rewarded A.B.
when Mother was trying to discipline the child with a time out.
               The social worker reported A.B. was participating in counseling and his
therapist noted he was making mild progress. Then three-year-old A.B. would get
overexcited when it was noisy, and he was not potty-trained. He did not like to flush the
toilet. He would crash into others at the group home, whine to get attention, and
displayed aggression towards animals. In contrast, the social worker stated there were no
concerns about I.B.
               A few months later, in May 2018, the social worker reported Mother
completed individual counseling and the therapist was not recommending additional
sessions. The therapist explained Mother had not made progress because she was often
argumentative and in denial about her issues. The social worker noted Mother and Father
started joint counseling and they wanted to reunify for the children’s benefit.
               Mother was on a waitlist for a parent mentor from the Braille Institute and
to complete a second in-home parenting program. Mother continued to visit the children
at New Alternatives on Tuesdays and Thursdays. She fed the children and “engaged with
them.” In April 2018, SSA approved one hour unmonitored visitation for Mother in a
separate smaller room at the New Alternatives Campus. The social worker stated that if
Mother did well, she would increase the time and permit Mother to take the children to a
different location. The social worker noted there were plans to have Mother visit the
children at their group home, but the home rejected this plan due to staffing issues. To
avoid losing track of her children or holding an unrelated child, Mother was instructed to
use bells to locate her children. Mother also dressed them in dark clothing to help her
locate them.
               The social worker reported A.B.’s ability “to follow instructions and accept
decisions” was improving with the help of his group home staff. He was communicating

                                              8
better and responded well to immediate reinforcement. However, he struggled and
required “one on one attention.” He was unable to use calming down strategies due to his
developmental delays. His behavior regressed when he was with Mother.
              In May 2018, the social worker visited Mother at home. She observed the
rooms were clean and “free of health and safety hazards.” Mother was appropriate with
the children during visits and requested additional unsupervised time. Mother reported
she would benefit from a guide dog, but the process involved traveling to the Bay Area
for three weeks, and she did not want to miss visits with the children.
              In June 2018, the social worker learned the parents had been living together
for a month, and Mother was pregnant. Because Father was living at the house, Mother
was at risk of losing the housing. Mother’s landlord reported Father yelled obscenities at
Mother and was told to leave on a regular basis. On one occasion Father pulled Mother’s
hair and called her names. The police had once been called to investigate following a
verbal argument. The therapist terminated the joint counseling sessions due to Father’s
lack of attendance. The therapist noted Father had unaddressed power and control issues.
Mother later disclosed Father was telling her what to say during conjoint therapy.
Mother completed her batter’s treatment program, however, the provider wrote Mother’s
skill level was impaired and without continued support she may return to her past
behaviors.
              The court continued services and scheduled a review hearing for August
2018. It ordered that the parents maintain separate housing and participate in joint
therapy “for parenting purposes.” A new social worker was assigned to the case.
              The couple did not comply and continued to live together. Mother received
an eviction notice. Mother attended one of Father’s unsupervised visits at the park to
show the children her new service dog. In addition, the social worker caught Mother
texting Father after she agreed to stop contacting him.



                                             9
              During her visits with the children, Mother continued to struggle with
addressing A.B.’s tantrums and aggressive behavior. During one visit in June 2018, the
social worker observed A.B. eating his own feces while I.B. was spreading feces on the
floor “during a diaper change, while [Mother] was focused on talking about [Father].”
During I.B.’s birthday party, A.B. pushed I.B., causing him to fall back and hit his head
while they were sitting next to Mother.
              In an addendum report, prepared in September 2018, Mother reported she
believed A.B. was doing better because he was not hitting her as often and he made a
friend at the visitation center and he did not hit his new friend. Mother claimed the visits
were going well and the children enjoyed playing, watching television, and sharing meals
with her. Mother noted she often baked and made lemonade with the children. However,
there were two troubling instances during visitation when A.B. was naked due to a diaper
change. On one occasion, he sat on I.B.’s face and a different time put his penis on I.B.’s
face. The social worker also reported Father stated Mother served him with a restraining
order, and they were no longer in a romantic relationship.
              The juvenile court held the 18-month review hearing on September 25,
2018. It determined the parents had made minimal progress with their case plans and
scheduled a section 366.26 hearing (permanency hearing) to select a permanent plan for
the children. The court terminated reunification services. However, it also ordered SSA
to keep open existing service referrals until the permanency hearing.
              Ordinarily, the permanency hearing takes place and concludes within a few
months after the court terminates reunification services. In this case, the hearing
originally scheduled for January 16, 2019, was not completed until the following year,
January 28, 2020. The delay was caused in part due to SSA’s inability to locate
prospective adoptive parents for the boys due to A.B.’s behavioral issues.
              We take a moment to briefly summarize the instability the boys have
experienced for the past three years in four different placements, because it is relevant to

                                             10
our later analysis of the court’s ruling. The boys stayed in their first group home (Boys
Town) for only six months and SSA was having difficulty finding a foster home. In
August 2017, the boys temporarily lived in a foster home, but were removed after only
one month due to A.B.’s behavioral issues. Next, the boys were placed in a group home
where they remained until February 13, 2019. In those 16 months, SSA could not find a
suitable placement due to A.B.’s behavioral problems. Starting in July 2018, SSA began
to regularly submit 15-day review reports about failed efforts to find a foster home.
Before the 18-month review hearing held in September 2018, SSA had filed seven 15-day
review reports stating SSA was unable to find a suitable placement. In the months
leading to the permanency hearing, scheduled in January 2019, SSA filed seven more
15-day review reports about the inability to find a suitable placement because of A.B.’s
behavioral problems. In the January 2019, 15-day review report (the 14th report filed),
SSA noted the group home’s “house parents” agreed to taking the children under an
“emergency placement.” In the social worker’s next report prepared for the permanency
hearing, he requested a 30-day continuance to place the boys with prospective adoptive
parents. The court continued the case and the boys remained in the group home because
the foster parents previously lived out of state which led to a delay in approving the
adoptive placement. SSA requested a hearing in its next 15-day review but on January
16, 2019, the social worker reported a suitable home was not yet available. The court
ordered an emergency placement into the care of the foster parents. In February 2019,
the children were placed with the foster parents. Because the boys had worked with the
house parents for two years, the boys adjusted to the placement quickly. When the court
made its ruling on Mother’s section 388 motion the following January 2020, the children
had been living with the foster family for approximately 11 months.
              During the year of services provided before the permanency hearing, the
social worker filed multiple reports about the status of the family. As for A.B., his
behavioral problems only minimally improved. In November 2018, the social worker

                                             11
reported A.B. was potty trained at school and home, but not for Mother during her visits.
Several times he had been sent home from school due to “incidents of aggression.” A.B.
continued to be aggressive towards his brother. The therapist noted A.B. regressed
regarding his ability to follow instructions and accepting boundaries. Mother stated A.B.
may be jealous of his younger brother who needs more attention. The social worker
noted I.B. had been aggressive towards staff but took “re-direction well.”
              Mother’s therapist, Jane Canseco reported Mother attended sessions
regularly, she was highly motivated to reunify, and she was resolved to keep away from
Father. Mother had “rekindled healthy relationships with old friends from high school
and they [had become] a support system for her.” Canseco stated Mother developed
more self-esteem and self-hope for herself. However, Father’s therapy was terminated
because he was uncooperative and combative.
              The parents continued regular visits with the children but struggled with
A.B.’s behavioral issues. Mother never missed a visit and saw the children for six hours
on Tuesdays and five hours on Thursdays. The social worker reported Mother always
arrived to visits on time and with food for the children. She interacted with them by
playing and doing activities. Frequently, A.B.’s physically aggressive behavior made it
difficult for Mother to interact. She attempted to disciple A.B., by putting him in
time-outs, but these appropriate techniques often made the tantrums worse. She allowed
herself to be slapped in the face and pushed. Staff noticed Mother did not always use her
eyeglasses or put bells on the children to ensure their safety.
              In February 2019, Father filed a section 388 petition requesting the children
be returned to his custody or that the court order further reunification services. Father
maintained he completed an anger management class and started individual therapy. In
March 2019, Mother also filed a modification petition requesting return of the children
with family maintenance services. She maintained that through weekly therapy sessions
she had gained insight into her toxic relationship with Father. She understood he was

                                             12
controlling, manipulative, jealous, and angry any time she interacted with men. She
learned the relationship created an unhealthy environment for herself and her children.
She was not in a relationship with anyone and her therapist taught her how to cope with
Father’s negative behaviors. Mother added she had benefited greatly from additional
classes at the Braille Institute after the court terminated reunification services. She
learned how to read Braille, which allowed her to become more independent. She could
now read articles and books about parenting. Mother also enrolled in cooking classes to
learn how to prepare nutritious meals for her children in a safe way. Additionally,
Mother enrolled in a class on “Safety Inside my Home,” which taught her how to take
care of her children as a single parent. She believed these classes allowed her to be more
independent and a better parent. Mother was working, rented a room, and received
disability benefits.
               In her petition, Mother described visits with the children, where she is
responsible for all their needs for a lengthy period of time (six hours on Tuesday and five
hours on Thursday). Finally, Mother explained it would be in the children’s best interests
to live with her because she was no longer in a domestic violence relationship and they
were “extremely bonded.” The court determined there was prima facie evidence for a
hearing on both petitions and scheduled them to take place the same day as the
permanency hearing.
               In an addendum report prepared at the end of March 2019, the social
worker noted A.B. was physically aggressive towards I.B. and there was a growing
concern about I.B.’s safety. The following month, the foster parents reported I.B. had
started to retaliate against his brother and was also instigating physical aggression. The
foster mother reported A.B. was more aggressive at school and during visits with his
parents. The social worker noted Mother continued with counseling and the therapist
noted she was doing well.



                                             13
                When the funding for therapy ceased, the therapist’s request for an
extension was denied. The social worker reported A.B. continued to be aggressive
towards his younger brother, especially when I.B. received attention. In school, A.B.
started to become aggressive with the other children. His teacher reported that whenever
she asked A.B. to do work he would act out by walking around the classroom and
screaming he does not want to do the work. In June and August 2019, the social worker
reported Mother was not using her special eyeglasses and not consistently using bells on
the children.
                In September 2019, A.B. was suspended from school for two days due to
aggressive behavior towards his classmates and the teacher. The school developed a
                     4
“section 504 plan” for A.B. which shortened his school schedule (8:00 a.m. to 11:00
a.m.) and provided him with the assistance of a special one-on-one aide.
                The court took 14 days to consider evidence and argument related to the
parents’ modification requests, and due to continuances, the hearing lasted from April
2019 to January 2020. The court considered testimony from Mother, her therapist,
Mother’s mentor, Mother’s youth support specialist, the foster mother, and the social
worker.
                Amy Carrillo, a youth support specialist at the Orangewood Foundation,
stated Mother was one of her clients. She would help Mother obtain needed services,
housing, and transportation. She saw Mother approximately three times a month but had
not observed her with the children. She stated Mother was employed and applied for
transitional living services.
                Michelle Koontz, a volunteer mentor at Orangewood Foundation, stated she
had mentored Mother for three years. She visited with Mother two to four times per

4
              Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the federal implementing
regulations require public schools to provide a plan of accommodation for children with
qualifying disabilities to satisfy their special needs.

                                              14
month for a few hours. She helped Mother fill out job applications, explore housing
options, and provided her with transportation. She and Carrillo would discuss Mother’s
progress. Koontz observed Mother with the boys for approximately 10 months before
they were taken into protective custody. During her visits with Mother, the children
would often join them on outings. She did not have any safety concerns and stated
Mother took care of her children’s needs. When asked to elaborate, Koontz said she saw
Mother feed the children, change their diapers, and play with them. She never saw
Mother harm the children although she noticed sometimes Mother looked frustrated.
              In addition, Koontz joined Mother on approximately 10 supervised visits.
She was never concerned for the children’s safety. She opined A.B.’s behavior had
become worse after he was removed from Mother’s care. She explained he would throw
temper tantrums anytime he was told to do something. She saw staff members intervene
when A.B. would not listen to Mother. She also observed Mother losing track of the
children. She did not see the children being aggressive towards each other. Koontz
concluded now that Mother was 21 years old, she had matured and was more responsive
to help and guidance from others.
              Mother testified she had been legally blind since the fourth grade and
glasses did not help her vision but rather created stress and pain. She claimed her doctor
told her to stop wearing the glasses because they were damaging her eyes by drying them.
Mother stated she could take care of her children and meet their needs. She was the
primary caregiver before they were detained because Father worked and would not come
home until late at night. She stated that when she was living at a group home, A.B. was a
baby, and staff from the Braille Institute taught her how to clean, feed, bathe, and cook
for her baby and other parenting skills.
              Mother understood the children were removed from her care because they
were being exposed to a harmful cycle of domestic violence. After attending anger
management programs and a batterer’s treatment program, Mother claimed she had

                                            15
learned the “‘red flags’” and her relationship with Father was not healthy. She realized
he was controlling, minimized problems, and always placed the blame on her. She added
Father even tried to control the information Mother gave to her therapist, telling her to
lie. Mother described how Father taught A.B. it was okay for him to treat Mother badly
like Father treated her. She knew Father was not a good influence in her life and she had
ended her relationship with him approximately eight months prior. She had not
communicated with him for three months.
              Mother obtained a temporary restraining order but could not attend the
hearing to make it a permanent order because she was dealing with extreme eye pain
requiring hospitalization. Mother reported Father had shown up twice at her visits and he
was texting her until she blocked his messages.
              Mother testified she attended individual counseling once a week, working
on how to truthfully and better communicate with others, and better understand how
domestic violence impacted the children. Mother wanted to continue therapy. Mother
also discussed the reason why monitored visits with the children were difficult, especially
when they were not wearing bells. The visitation room was large and was occupied by
approximately 10 families, each having multiple children. During unsupervised visits,
she was in a separate room and this less crowded arrangement also made A.B. less
anxious and aggressive. Mother stated visits in the smaller room were preferable because
the children listened to her and would not fight. She believed A.B. would become
anxious when they were in a crowd and would ask to go outside, but this was not possible
due to lack of staffing to supervise. Mother recalled one visit with only I.B. because A.B.
was on a vacation. Mother reported the visit went well, there was no reason for timeouts,
and I.B. “loves Mommy . . . [and h]e likes the attention.”
              Mother discussed A.B.’s behavioral challenges, noting he hit and bit
teachers and children at school. Sometimes he had to be picked up early from visits
because he was out of control. Mother claimed that before she did not know how to

                                             16
control A.B. but now with help she does better. She believed it would be easier to care
for the children in her apartment, because the children did not understand what was going
on at visits but at home, they would know they were with Mother and have more
freedom. Mother understood she would need to use bells consistently and use a safety
gate to keep the children out of the kitchen when she was cooking. Mother stated she
planned to use resources at the Braille Institute as well as help offered by her mentor and
her roommate, who offered to babysit. Mother was determined to keep her children away
from negative people and influences. She learned how to child proof her home and the
Orangewood Foundation would help her address any safety issues. She had considered
getting a harness when she had unsupervised visits, because she planned to take them on
outings, and the harness would keep them from running away.
              Social worker, Michael Cos, testified he had been assigned to the case since
August 2018. Cos discussed how I.B. did not have the same behavioral concerns as A.B.
For the next school year, A.B. would have an Individualized Educational Plan “IEP
behavioral assessment,” provided to children with disabilities. A.B.’s behaviors had
recently started to escalate at school and during visitations. A.B.’s behaviors were more
controlled at home with the foster parents, but he was defiant and aggressive towards his
younger brother, often causing scratches and bruises. Cos noted the foster parents were
trying to qualify for Therapeutic Behavior Services (TBS) designed for children with
serious emotional challenges. I.B. had started to retaliate against his brother. Cos stated
the foster parents followed through with disciplining A.B. and were committed to
adopting both children. At the time of the hearing, A.B. had again been suspended from
school, and the social worker apologized this information was not in his last report. A.B.
was suspended for hitting an aide in the face.
              Cos recognized Mother’s visits at a center with other families (noise and
many distractions) was not the ideal setting for Mother or A.B. During visits at the park,
A.B. was not aggressive and there were no reports of misconduct by the children. Cos

                                            17
was concerned about Mother’s ability to protect the children because she was not using
her eyeglasses or the bells on a regular basis. She also had trouble disciplining A.B.
during visits. He admitted Mother understood her children’s basic needs and what was
required of her. Cos opined Mother could not keep her children safe if they were
returned to her care, explaining if they are crossing the street the children could run off.
He clarified this concern was not because Mother was blind. He also admitted A.B. ran
away in settings apart from being with Mother.
              In addition, Cos opined it was not safe to return the children because Father
was still bothering the family. Mother had not filed a permanent restraining order against
him. Specifically, Father twice went to the visitation center with food for the children
during Mother’s visitation time, and she rejected the food. He recalled Mother also
reported there was an incident Father showed up at her home when she had friends over,
and he allegedly broke a friend’s truck’s window.
              Canseco testified she saw the couple for joint therapy from May through
September 2018, and then Mother attended therapy by herself until May 2019. Canseco
stated she supported Mother’s assertion her circumstances had changed. In her sessions
with Mother, they discussed parenting, and, in particular, Mother’s role as being a single
parent. They also discussed how domestic violence was impacting Mother and the
children, and Mother was focused on creating a safe environment for the children. She
acknowledged and took responsibility for her past decisions. Mother discussed how
situations could have been handled differently. A lot of therapy was spent building
self-esteem, a trait necessary to make healthy decisions.
              Canseco testified she and Mother also discussed A.B.’s difficult behavior
and Mother did not want to give up on him. Mother was working on how to move
forward and determine what should be done to avoid A.B.’s triggers. She was working
on redirecting A.B. and had the goal of decreasing the impact of domestic violence.
Mother was resolved to stay away from Father and determined to do everything possible

                                             18
to protect herself. She had cut off negative relationships with some other friends as well
as Father. The therapist noted Mother attempted to get a restraining order in the past, but
due to an issue with her eyes, missed the court hearing. The therapist stated this fact did
not affect her opinion about Mother’s resolve and understanding of the need to protect
herself. Canseco believed Mother improved her self-esteem and strengthened her belief
in her own abilities, and Mother’s positive changes would continue. She concluded
Mother had achieved many treatment goals, such as separating herself from a toxic
relationship, no longer being in denial about her challenges, developing newfound
self-esteem, and understanding safety requirements and her children’s needs. She would
be willing to provide additional therapy if the children were returned to Mother.
              The foster mother testified she provided day-to-day care for the children
since February 2017, because she worked in the children’s group home as a house parent.
The foster mother stated she disciplined the children by using time-outs, taking away
privileges, and calming them down. She admitted A.B. could be very difficult to handle
and would sometimes hit I.B. with a toy for no reason. Although the frequency of these
events had improved, the foster mother had hoped for better. She recalled one occasion
when A.B. put his younger brother in a headlock, causing red marks on the child’s neck.
Despite seeing a therapist, A.B. had to switch schools because no one could manage his
aggressive behaviors in class at his first preschool. He would be disruptive, throw toys,
and refuse to listen. At his new preschool, A.B. was suspended for dumping out his
school items, turning over a table, and attempting to throw a chair at the teacher. His
behavior issues would “spike” when the teachers would start the curriculum for the day.
His outbursts at school would happen once or twice a week.
              The foster mother was preparing A.B. for kindergarten, and she hired a
tutor. She spoke with the school psychologist and noted A.B. would be assessed for an
IEP. She opined he was less aggressive than in the beginning of his placement, and she
noticed he was now more likely to seek help from an adult rather than act out. However,

                                             19
he would become anxious and act out if his routine changed. He would express anger
when he felt Mother ignored him, and he once cried because he wanted to stay with
Mother at the visitation center.
              The foster mother described I.B. as being genuinely nice, and he liked to
share. He was attending preschool and loved going to class and was doing well. The
foster mother noted I.B. acted the same before and after visits. She believed the boys
were bonded to each other.
              After all the evidence was presented, minors counsel argued nothing had
changed because A.B.’s behavior was still out of control and getting worse. Counsel
noted A.B.’s aggression towards his younger brother also had not improved, and it was
clear I.B. was “almost a punching bag at these visits.” I.B. sat close to his Mother
because he was “terrified of his older brother” who repeatedly hit I.B.’s head and
stomach. Counsel stated, “I understand that Mother loves the children and she wants to
have them enjoy visits with her, but she, in her inability to intervene, places I.B. at risk
. . . .” SSA joined in minors’ counsel’s arguments. The parties also presented arguments
regarding the permanency hearing. The court continued the matter and asked the
attorneys to address two issues relating to evaluating the children’s best interests in a
situation where only one child was returned to a parent.
              At the next hearing, Mother’s counsel argued the children were not
similarly situated. She read from visitation logs demonstrating A.B.’s relentless abusive
actions towards I.B. and Mother. Every visit described bites, kicks, punches, curses, and
violent pushes. She also read visitation logs describing these same behavioral issues
occurring during visits with Father. Counsel stated the foster mother also testified about
the abuse. She recounted the following two incidents: (1) in October 2018, the foster
mother recalled she heard muffled screams and found A.B. had pinned I.B. down and
choking him; and (2) A.B. was suspended from school after he stabbed another student
with a pencil, flipped over a chair which hit a teacher, and kicked a teacher. Counsel

                                              20
noted A.B. was “a 504 child at school” and required one-on-one supervision by an aide
trained in handling special needs kids, yet he was not being controlled at school.
Mother’s counsel concluded A.B.’s extremely aggressive behavior put I.B. at great risk of
being injured. She added that in answer to the court’s question about the best interests
analysis, she was unable to find any case law placing restrictions on the court separating
the children. She maintained it was not in the children’s best interests to keep them
together.
              Mother then changed her modification request, asking the court return only
I.B. to her custody. She stated all the visitation logs demonstrated a change of
circumstances because, aside from A.B.’s dangerous behavior, there was nothing
mentioned about Mother’s inability to care for I.B. “It has always been [A.B.] And that
has always been the huge shadow that has been cast on this case, about the fact that
[Mother] has so much difficulty, and Father, during the visits in reference to [A.B.] [¶]
So it’s completely . . . ignored, about the fact of how is Mother parenting [I.B.]. And
there’s no evidence that she can’t parent I.B. Clearly, there’s a lot of evidence--I don’t
know of anyone, arguably, can parent [A.B.], but I’m not asking for [A.B.] to be placed
with [Mother].” Father’s counsel joined with Mother’s argument that there was ample
evidence the children were “separately situated with their behavior issues and their well
being.” Father’s counsel asserted Mother met her burden as to her section 388
modification petition.
              The children’s attorney argued it was not in the children’s best interests to
be separated. He conceded the reports mostly discuss A.B.’s behavior as he “kind of
sucks the energy out of the room.” He noted the reports also show Mother forgot her
bells to keep track of the children and she was not wearing her glasses. He recalled a
report stating Mother once struggled to calm I.B. down and “scold[ed] him, while looking
at her phone.” Counsel argued the domestic violence in the case “was extensive” and
took place in front of the children. He added A.B. swallowed iodine while in Mother’s

                                             21
care before this case was filed. There was a history of an untidy home and Mother
struggled with the children’s behavior. He concluded the boys were placed in a home
able to control the behaviors “better than anyone else had been able to control them” and
they both have the best chance of “having a successful life” if adopted by the foster
parents. He added, I.B. should not be returned to Mother simply because the boys are
difficult together. Counsel added it was not in I.B.’s best interests to be returned to
Mother who has never had a full day with him unmonitored. During visits, she needed
the monitors’ assistance and was at best viewed as a friendly visitor.
              SSA requested the court deny Mother’s 388 petition because she could not
provide I.B. appropriate care and it would not be in his best interests. Counsel urged the
court to consider the sibling bond and a child’s need for permanency and stability when
ruling on section 388 petition.
              The court denied Father’s section 388 petition but granted Mother’s
petition, concluding Mother had demonstrated a change in circumstances and it was in
I.B.’s best interests to return to her care. The court reviewed the case’s history and
commented that due to all the continuances, the parents ultimately had an additional year
to prove they were ready for the return of their children. Based on its analysis of the case
law discussing section 388, the court concluded Father failed to demonstrate changed
circumstances. In contrast, the court determined “Mother’s efforts in this case are
genuine, appear to be permanent, and [Mother] is prepared to take on the role of a
parent.” The court concluded that in addition to completing her case plan, Mother
continued her efforts after services were terminated. She asked for additional funds to
continue counseling. The court found significant Mother could articulate what she
learned in therapy regarding surviving domestic violence and developing parenting skills
needed for a single mother with mental and physical disabilities. The court noted
Mother’s testimony was “bolstered” by Canseco’s testimony.



                                             22
              Moreover, the court found relevant Mother had significantly distanced
herself from Father, recognizing he was a negative influence. It stated, “The [c]ourt does
not attribute any blame to [Mother] for Father’s appearance at her visitation hours, noting
that [she] refused even his offer to provide food for the kids. Furthermore, there’s no
evidence [Mother] invited Father to the visits, or otherwise encouraged his presence.”
The court stated it also considered Mother’s failure to pursue a permanent restraining
order against Father in 2018 and 2019. It reasoned, “from all appearances, Father has
since left her alone, notwithstanding his appearances at her visits, which she’s rejected.”
The court believed Mother was aware of how to protect her kids and if Father were to
harass her in the future Mother would either call the police or obtain a temporary
restraining order.
              The court also appreciated Mother’s efforts “to improve herself through the
Braille Institute, and [she] can articulate how she can be protective if the court returns”
one or both boys. On the subject of Mother’s use of bells and glasses, the court found
“no issues” because the glasses were not beneficial, and the bells did not have to be
placed on the children’s shoes to be audible. The court noted Mother consistently visited
the children for long periods of time twice a week, and despite difficulties with A.B., she
was sincere in her commitment to the children.
              On the best interests prong, the court first looked at the factors discussed in
In re Kimberly F. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519 (Kimberly F.).) After discussing the case,
the court stated the list of factors in the case were “not exhaustive” but were helpful in
considering a section 388 petition. The court was confident the problems that led to
detention would not reoccur. It concluded Mother was in a position to properly parent
I.B. and keep him safe. Additionally, the court determined I.B. was bonded to Mother
and the foster parents. It acknowledged Mother’s visits were supervised but noted visits
also lasted a substantial length of time each week. The court determined Mother made
every attempt possible to stay connected to her children.

                                             23
              The court recognized the foster parents also had a “strong relationship”
with the children because they were involved as house parents in the boy’s group home
for a long time. In examining I.B.’s best interests, the court stated the following: “[I.B.]
may be bonded to [A.B.], but at what expense? The court believes that [I.B.’s] continued
exposure to [A.B.] puts him at significant risk of harm, which has already occurred both
at visitation and at the caregiver’s own home, and that harm is at the hands of [A.B.] The
court finds that there’s a significant risk of [I.B.] having continued exposure to [A.B.],
mimicking the behaviors of his older brother.” In addition, the court stated it was relying
on many witnesses who agreed I.B. was a trigger for A.B.’s acting out. The court
concluded that while there may be some emotional difficulty separating the boys, “I.B.
should not be subjected to continued physical abuse at the hands of his brother, while
[A.B.] hopefully works out his issues. [¶] Furthermore, [I.B.] should be permitted to
have the opportunity to be a child, and allow his own behaviors to grow positive.”
              The court ordered family reunification services for Mother and therapy
services for her and I.B. to address any separation issues and new behavioral issues
mimicking his brother. The court was unsure what to do about A.B.’s permanency
hearing because it was unclear if the foster parents were willing to adopt just one child.
In addition, the court wanted to resolve the issue of whether there was a parental bond or
sibling bond exception to terminating parental rights. It continued the permanency
hearing.
              SSA’s counsel asked the court to clarify which standard it was using to
grant the section 388 petition. It replied it used the Kimberly F. framework. It also
stated, “The court finds that continued supervision is necessary, and I find pursuant to
section 366.21, [subdivision (f)] that by a preponderance of the evidence standard, return
of the child to the mother would not create a substantial risk of detriment to the safety,
protection or physical or emotional well being of the child and the child’s placement in



                                             24
foster care is no longer necessary and appropriate.” The court granted the minors’
counsel’s request for a seven day stay to file a writ petition.
              Mother’s counsel pointed out the court did not need to make a finding
under section 366.21 subdivision (f), if it already followed the two-prong analysis
required under section 388. The court indicated it understood the different standards and
the reason it referred to section 366.21 was because it wanted to make sure the case was
not closed after I.B. was returned to Mother’s care. “I do believe that services are still
necessary in this situation. I think it appropriate for social services to still supervise
[Mother].” The court stated it used the appropriate section 388 two-prong standard in
concluding the child should be returned to Mother.
              I.B.’s counsel filed a petition for a writ of supersedeas. This court denied
the writ petition in March 2020.
                                        DISCUSSION
              Under section 388, subdivision (a)(1), the parent of “a dependent child of
the juvenile court” may, “upon grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence,”
petition the juvenile court “for a hearing to change, modify, or set aside any order of
court previously made . . . .” The juvenile court must hold the hearing “[i]f it appears that
the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted by the proposed change of order,
. . . .” (§ 388, subd. (d).) “Generally, the petitioner must show by a preponderance of
the evidence that the child’s welfare requires the modification sought. [Citation.]” (In re
B.D. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1228 (B.D.).) “To support a section 388 petition, the
change in circumstances must be substantial. [Citation.]” (In re Ernesto R. (2014)
230 Cal.App.4th 219, 223.)
              We review the juvenile court’s decision to grant or deny a section 388
petition for abuse of discretion. (In re Y.M. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 892, 920.) “[T]he
trial court’s ruling should not be disturbed on appeal unless an abuse of discretion is
clearly established. [Citations.] As one court has stated, when a court has made a

                                              25
custody determination in a dependency proceeding, ‘“a reviewing court will not disturb
that decision unless the trial court has exceeded the limits of legal discretion by making
an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd determination [citations].”’ [Citations.] And
we have recently warned: ‘The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the
trial court exceeded the bounds of reason. When two or more inferences can reasonably
be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision
for that of the trial court.’ [Citations.]” (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-
319 (Stephanie M.).)
              The nature and role of section 388 was best described by our Supreme
Court in In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295 (Marilyn H.). “Essentially, Marilyn H.
teaches us that section 388 really is an ‘escape mechanism’ when parents complete a
reformation in the short, final period after the termination of reunification services but
before the actual termination of parental rights. [Citation.] As such, section 388 is vital
to the constitutionality of our dependency scheme as a whole, and the termination statute,
section 366.26, in particular. [Citation.] [¶] Marilyn H. . . . arose out of poor living
conditions. . . . The two children who were the subjects of the case lived in a [14]-foot
trailer with broken windows and holes in the open desert with no electricity or running
water. [Citation.] The case progressed through an 18-month hearing where reunification
services were terminated because the parents had only shown ‘moderate compliance’
with the reunification plan. Then—as so often happens in dependency cases—the parents
began to get their act together in the 120 days between the 18-month review and the
permanency planning hearing: They completed programs which were part of the
reunification plan regarding a third child born during the pendency of the proceedings
concerning the first two children.” (In re Kimberly F., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 528.)
              In the Marilyn H. case, the court refused to return the minors to their
mother at the permanency hearing and the appellate court affirmed the decision.
(Marilyn H., supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 298.) The Supreme Court agreed, holding the

                                             26
placement options set forth in section 366.26 were exclusive and did not violate the
parent’s due process rights when read in conjunction with section 388. (Marilyn H.,
supra, at p. 300.) The high court explained, “Section 388 provides the ‘escape
mechanism’ that mother maintains must be built into the process to allow the court to
consider new information.” (Id. at p. 309.) “Even after the focus has shifted from
reunification, the scheme provides a means for the court to address a legitimate change of
circumstances while protecting the child’s need for prompt resolution of his custody
status.” (Ibid., emphasis added.) The Supreme Court added, “the Legislature has
provided the procedure pursuant to section 388 to accommodate the possibility that
circumstances may change after the reunification period that may justify a change in a
prior reunification order.” (Ibid.)
A. Change of Circumstances Prong
              In the case before us, SSA removed the children due to their exposure to
domestic violence and a messy home. As well documented in the record, this case
languished for several years because the sibling set was difficult to place in a foster home
due to A.B.’s extreme behavioral issues. Moreover, Mother struggled to escape her
abusive relationship and develop the confidence and self-esteem to carry on as a single
parent.
              Unlike most dependency cases we encounter, Mother had much longer than
120 days “to get [her] act together” (In re Kimberly F., supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 528),
between the 18-month review and the permanency planning hearing. Mother took
advantage of an additional year of services. For reasons explained in more detail below,
we conclude she presented substantial evidence that supports the trial court’s finding of
changed circumstances.
              With respect to the dependency petition’s allegation of unsanitary living
conditions, this concern was remedied early in the case. Most of the reports do not
mention this issue. When the social worker visited Mother in May 2018, she reported the

                                            27
rooms in Mother’s home were clean and “free of health and safety hazards.” Mother
testified that after services were terminated, she enrolled in additional classes at the
Braille Institute to continue learning about ways to make her home safe for young
children. She discussed what additional measures she would take to baby proof each
room if the children were returned to her care. It was reasonable for the court to
determine this circumstance had changed.
              The most serious allegation in the petition was the children’s exposure to
domestic violence. Mother presented evidence that in addition to completing all aspects
of her case plan, she was highly motivated to achieve several personal goals with therapy.
SSA and I.B.’s counsel both argue the fact that Mother completed her reunification case
plan cannot be evidence of changed circumstances. While this is true, completing her
reunification case plan was relevant evidence regarding Mother’s forward progress over
the past two years in separating herself from Father. The enormous difficulty in
separating from a controlling and dominating abuser, particularly for someone with
learning and physical disabilities, cannot be overstated. (See Stoever, Transforming
Domestic Violence Representation (2013) 101 Ky. L.J. 483 (Transforming Domestic
Violence).)
              As part of her case plan, Mother completed two parenting programs, a PEP,
a domestic violence program, a psychological evaluation, individual therapy, a mentor
program, and classes/services provided by the Braille Institute. Mother’s progress over
the past year must be viewed in the context of what she had already achieved, because the
path to independence from an abusive relationship is neither linear nor the same for
everyone. (See Dutton, Understanding Women’s Responses to Domestic Violence: A
Redefinition of Battered Woman Syndrome (1993) 21 Hofstra L.Rev. 1191, 1225 [“All
women exposed to violence and abuse in their intimate relationships do not respond
similarly, contradicting the mistaken assumption that there exists a singular ‘battered
woman profile.’ Like other trauma victims, battered women differ in the type and

                                              28
severity of their psychological reactions to violence and abuse, as well as in their
strategies for responding to violence and abuse”].)
              After the court terminated services, Mother voluntarily continued with
therapy, where she strove to learn how to be a better parent and achieve lasting
independence from Father. There was evidence to support Mother’s claim she had
changed her outlook on relationships with toxic people, dropping unbeneficial friendships
while at the same time actively developing a caring network of new friends and
appreciating the positive influences offered by her mentor. Mother testified she now
could identify the “red flags” and the harm created by domestic violence. Canseco’s
testimony supported Mother’s claim that she was determined to keep her distance from
Father and maintain permanent separation from his abusive cycle. Canseco confirmed
Mother’s improved self-esteem was necessary to make these healthy decisions. It was
also undisputed Mother enrolled in additional classes at the Braille Institute, where in
addition to learning more life skills, she came to realize her blindness need not stop her
from raising a happy and healthy child as a single parent. Based on all the above, we
cannot say the court abused its discretion in concluding Mother demonstrated changed
circumstances with respect to domestic violence.
              I.B. and SSA maintain the court should have denied Mother’s section 388
petition because there was no “true” change of circumstances based on her “history.”
Both attorneys repeatedly refer to Mother’s “pervasive and long standing” denial about
her situation and her past failures to separate herself from Father as conclusive proof the
abusive relationship will persist. SSA asserts there is no evidence Mother’s “compulsive
involvement with him ceased” particularly because she previously lacked a support
system and failed to follow through by obtaining permanent restraining orders. SSA
quips Mother’s temporary restraining orders “were largely cosmetic” and demonstrated
no changed circumstances. I.B.’s counsel echoes these allegations and added Mother’s
testimony lacked credibility because her “conjoint therapy was based on a web of lies.”

                                             29
Both attorneys argue, without any supporting legal or scientific authority, that eight
months of separation was insufficient evidence of changed circumstances.
              We reject these arguments because they fail to consider our standard of
review and improperly rely only on evidence unfavorable to Mother. To the extent the
juvenile court credited Mother’s testimony and other witnesses, we do not upset those
credibility determinations on appeal. Moreover, these arguments reflect a shocking lack
of understanding about survivors of domestic violence. Terms such as “compulsive
involvement” perpetuate the myth of the helpless and weak battered women. (Kohn,
Barriers to Reliable Credibility Assessments: Domestic Violence Victim-Witnesses (2003)
11 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 733, 734 [describing society’s preconceptions
damaging the “credibility of victim-witnesses who present on the stand in atypical and
non-paradigmatic fashions”].)
              It should go without saying that not all abusive relationships end the same
way. Yet I.B. and SSA suggest there should be solid evidence of something other than
eight months of separation. Noticeably missing from the briefing is any discussion of
what length of time would have been enough. When evaluating the complexity of
domestic violence relationships, not every case will be the same. Unlike drug and
alcohol addiction, there are no Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meeting cards, coins, or
clean tests to measure success. We conclude the court properly relied on other measures
to evaluate Mother’s assertion she permanently ended her toxic relationship with Father.
              While courts are very familiar with experts testifying in criminal cases
about the “Power and Control Wheel,” and the “Cycle of Violence,” these theories focus
on the abuser partner’s wrongful acts and the effect on the victim, not about the victim’s
needs and efforts to end violence. (Transforming Domestic Violence, supra, 101 Ky. L.J.
at p. 486.) As highlighted in one treatise, there are five distinct stages domestic violence
survivors follow when seeking an end to the relationship. (Id. at p. 518.) The path is not
linear but cyclical. (Ibid.) “Studies have found that many abuse survivors attempt to

                                             30
leave a violent relationship five to seven times before they are able to fully do so.
Domestic violence survivors, like all people, want their relationships to be successful and
want ‘both to be safe, free, and unafraid, and to live with the partner they love or the
partner they feel is needed to provide financial security for themselves and their
children.’” (Id. at p. 523, italics added.)
              “[L]eaving an abusive relationship or ending violence is a complex
process.” (Transforming Domestic Violence, supra, 101 Ky. L.J. at p. 525.) “Batterers’
tactics ‘are more than physical violence and induce a penumbra of threats and actions to
induce fear, humiliation, social isolation, and resource deprivation.’ . . . All of these
tactics have one purpose: controlling the victim.” (24 UCLA Women’s L.J. 41, fn.
omitted.) Thus, signs of real progress are difficult to quantitively measure and may
require expert assistance, such as the testimony of a therapist or abuse counselor.
              The case before us began with a single incident of violence, where Mother
lashed out at her abuser by throwing something at him. As the case progressed, the true
story about the unequal balance of power between the couple was revealed. There was
evidence Father used jealous rages to isolate her, physical abuse to anger her, verbal
abuse to harm her self-esteem and independence, and taunts to knowingly trigger a
physical reaction. There was also evidence suggesting Father exerted financial control
over Mother’s disability payments. Untangling herself from this high level of
manipulation and control was an enormous task. The court reasonably concluded
Mother’s ability to maintain separation from Father for eight months was only possible
because his controlling tactics were no longer effective.
              The court correctly saw other evidence indicating Mother understood what
was necessary to permanently leave Father. Mother’s therapist also gave several reasons
for Mother’s change of outlook. Specifically, through counseling Mother had gained
self-esteem and confidence. By developing new friendships, finding a babysitter, and
relying on positive relationships she was less isolated. Classes at the Braille Institute

                                              31
taught her to stop feeling shame as well as provided an excellent support system for her
journey as a single parent with a physical disability. She testified the new classes, which
included learning how to read and write Braille, gave her new access to written resources.
The classes helped Mother become independent. She regained financial control of her
income and arranged for her own housing, demonstrating she no longer needed to be
dependent on Father for life’s necessities. These kinds of achievements were important
benchmarks of success for a survivor of domestic violence, in addition to counting the
months/years of separation. “Knowing how domestic violence operates is important in
understanding how women might succeed in decreasing it. Because domestic violence is
the operation of power and control over the woman, it makes sense that the woman’s
ability to exercise agency and autonomy within the abusive situation is related to her
ability to address the abuse.” (Johnson, Redefining Harm, Reimagining Remedies, and
Reclaiming Domestic Violence Law (2009) 42 U.C. Davis L.Rev. 1107, 1126.)
              I.B.’s counsel and SSA also improperly measured Mother’s lack of success
by her failure to pursue certain legal remedies. Like the trial court, we are not troubled
by this evidence. As noted by the court, Mother did not invite or encourage Father to
attend her visitation time. She rejected his offer of food, and there was no evidence he
continued to harass her thereafter. Mother’s therapist stated the omission did not change
her opinion about Mother’s ability to protect and care for her children. The trial court
found this testimony credible. We do not reweigh the credibility of these witnesses. (In
re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 52, [trial court’s role to assess credibility of
various witnesses].) Moreover, taking legal action is not always a good measure of
success because “the legal system frequently provides an incomplete remedy to the
violence” due to the “limited types of relief available, the short duration of court orders,
and the challenges of the courtroom atmosphere.” (Transforming Domestic Violence,
supra, 101 Ky. L.J. at p. 530.) SSA seemed certain Father’s unexpected appearance at



                                             32
visitation to bring pizza would be enough to justify a permanent restraining order. We
are not so confident.
              We are also untroubled by Mother’s admission she lied during conjoint
therapy because Father told her what to say in June 2018. Mother’s conduct while under
the control of an abusive spouse should not be held against her indefinitely. The record
shows she discontinued conjoint therapy and with the benefit of individual therapy, she
learned to accept and learn from her past mistakes. Moreover, we question the wisdom
of conjoint therapy as a requirement of reunification for a disabled Mother struggling to
separate herself from an abusive relationship.
              Finally, we are not persuaded by I.B.’s counsel’s assertion Mother did not
show a change of circumstances regarding her parenting ability because she did not
progress past monitored visitation. The record shows Mother was given a period of
unsupervised visitation in a separate smaller room and there were no concerns with her
parenting skills. The parties do not discuss why Mother’s unsupervised visits stopped,
why she was not permitted to visit the children separately, or why she could not be
accommodated for supervised visits in a less noisy, crowded room due to her disability.
What the parties discuss at length are the reports full of evidence Mother could not
control or discipline A.B., and it is appears this was the primary reason she did not
progress to unsupervised visits.
              As noted by the trial court, there was also ample evidence in the record that
the inability to control or discipline A.B. was not due to Mother’s lack of parenting skills.
A.B.’s caregivers and teachers also struggled with A.B.’s behavioral issues. He qualified
for “504 services” at school and received one-on-one supervision in school with a
specially trained aide. Despite the extra attention, he could not be controlled at school
and terrorized students and the teachers. The caregivers could not stop him from bullying
his younger brother.



                                             33
              On a topic related to visitation, I.B.’s counsel asserts the court erred
because it ignored Mother’s history of forgetting her glasses and to put bells on the
children during visits. The court saw the evidence on this issue differently, concluding
the glasses were not beneficial and Mother would successfully use the bells at home. We
are mindful of our limited standard of review and will not reweigh the credibility of
witnesses. “‘When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the
reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial court.’
[Citations.]” (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 318-319.)
              In summary, the record reflects the juvenile court became very familiar
with the parties in this case. Unlike a typical dependency case, the proceedings lasted
three years, involved multiple SSA reports, fifteen 15-day review hearings, and two
weeks of testimony leading up to the 388 petitions. After carefully considering the
evidence, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in determining Mother’s
petition presented new evidence of a change in circumstances satisfying the first prong
under section 388.
B. Best Interests Prong
              “In any custody determination, a primary consideration in determining the
child’s best interest is the goal of assuring stability and continuity. [Citation.] ‘When
custody continues over a significant period, the child’s need for continuity and stability
assumes an increasingly important role. That need will often dictate the conclusion that
maintenance of the current arrangement would be in the best interests of that child.’
[Citations.]” (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317.) However, the potential
disruption of a current placement “is not dispositive” and other relevant factors to be
considered is the child’s age, length of the placement, and other factors related to
permanency and stability. (In re R.T. (2015) 232 Cal.App.4th 1284, 1305-1306.)
              “After the termination of reunification services, the parents’ interest in the
care, custody and companionship of the child are no longer paramount . . . and in fact,

                                              34
there is a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the best interest of the
child. [Citation.] A court hearing a motion for change of placement at this stage of the
proceedings must recognize this shift of focus in determining the ultimate question before
it, that is, the best interest of the child.” (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317.)
              Here, Mother rebutted the presumption that continued out-of-home
placement was in I.B.’s best interests. The court reasonably relied on evidence I.B., who
was only three years old, was bonded to both Mother and his foster parents. Mother was
I.B.’s primary caregiver for the first seven months of his life, and thereafter, remained a
constant and positive presence every week. She never missed or was late for a visit. The
foster family saw I.B. daily while he lived at the group home, and he transitioned easily
to becoming a member of their family for nearly one year. I.B.’s bond to both Mother
and his foster parents was not disputed by the parties. In addition, there was evidence to
support the conclusion both Mother and the foster family were ready and able to provide
I.B. with a permanent safe and loving home. I.B.’s need for permanency and stability
was significant because he had been in four placements over a three-year period.
              If our analysis were to stop here, it would be difficult to say Mother
rebutted the presumption that adoption by the foster family was not in his best interests.
What tipped the scales, and was discussed at length at the hearing, was that both potential
placements had disadvantages. On one hand, there was evidence of a high risk of future
harm to I.B. by his older brother at his current placement. If A.B. was one of the foster
parent’s biological children or an unrelated foster child, there would be little discussion
about the appropriateness of placing I.B. somewhere he was being treated as a “human
punching bag,” sustaining bruises, scratches, and red marks on his neck. I.B.’s counsel
and SSA argue there was a need to preserve the sibling bond, but they do not suggest how
this relationship benefitted I.B.’s best interests and, in particular, his need for a stable
home environment. Without a bonding study or expert opinion, there is little to
contradict the overwhelming evidence the abusive nature of the sibling relationship was

                                               35
unhealthy. Living in an abusive environment can provide permanency but not
necessarily a healthy and stable situation. As noted by the court, I.B. needs and deserves
a stable environment and “the opportunity to be a child, and allow his own behaviors to
grow positive.”
              I.B.’s counsel correctly discusses many provisions recognizing the
importance of maintaining beneficial sibling relationships “to the psychological health of
dependent children” separated from their parents. (In re Hector A. (2005)
125 Cal.App.4th 783, 794.) This case is different because I.B. was being separated from
a sibling to be reunited with his mother. While there was evidence of a significant
beneficial relationship between I.B. and Mother, the same could not be said about I.B.’s
relationship with his brother. Rather, I.B. was terrified of his brother. “Not all sibling
relationships are strong or healthy.” (Schwartz, Family Law Siblings Torn Apart No
More (2001) 32 McGeorge L.Rev. 704, 708.) “Many siblings have a relationship with
each other, but would not suffer detriment if that relationship ended.” (In re L.Y.L.
(2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 942, 952 [discussing significance of sibling relationship in
                                                                      5
context of statutory exception to termination of parental rights].)
              On the other hand, the court weighed the evidence showing Mother had not
cared for I.B.’s daily needs since he was an infant. She did not progress past monitored
visitation. And as SSA and I.B.’s counsel repeatedly pointed out, she could not control
or successfully discipline A.B. Mother addressed each of these concerns. Mother
testified, and Koontz confirmed, Mother was able to take care of the daily needs of her
young family (an infant and a toddler) before they were detained. As mentioned,
numerous visitation logs show Mother engaged in typical parenting activities with the


5
               We need not address Mother’s tangential arguments premised on the theory
the minors’ attorney should have been removed for representing two children who had
conflicting interests. We took judicial notice of the court’s order noting counsel declared
a conflict of interest and no longer represents I.B., rendering these issues moot.

                                             36
boys and there were no concerns about her ability to play, sing, feed, read, or show
affection. She was loving and attentive, and protected I.B. as best she could from attacks
by his aggressive brother.
              I.B.’s counsel asserts the court’s finding was an abuse of discretion because
there was absolutely no evidence Mother could provide unsupervised extended care.
This is untrue. She provided excellent care during a time of unsupervised visits that took
place in a smaller room, away from the chaos of other families. She testified her
apartment was baby proofed and was a safe place for I.B. to play. There was no evidence
suggesting her home was unsafe, or that Mother was unable to care for her child as she
had done in the past. The court could reasonably conclude from the social worker’s
reports, Mother’s testimony, and her therapist’s testimony that Mother could provide a
permanent, loving, and stable home for I.B. As discussed above, Mother’s failure to
progress past monitored visitation was primarily due to issues controlling A.B.’s behavior
and aggressive outbursts, not her ability to attend to I.B.’s needs.
              I.B.’s counsel suggests A.B. likely learned his aggressive behavior by being
exposed to domestic violence, Mother’s aggressive actions, and lack of parenting skills.
Counsel speculates, “[I.B.] will surely suffer the same fate in [M]other’s care.” This
allegation is completely unfounded. There is no evidence showing Mother is entirely to
blame for A.B.’s unstable emotional health. A.B.’s aggressive behaviors have continued
and worsened despite therapy, one-on-one school aides, appropriate parenting, and the
additional loving support of the foster family. A.B. has qualified for special
accommodations at school, has a history of becoming agitated and triggered in noisy
environments, refuses to follow instructions, and requires a strict routine to remain calm.
I.B., who also remained in close contact with Mother his entire life, exhibited none of
these extreme emotional and behavioral issues.
              Mother addressed the initial concerns about her ability to provide a safe
living environment free from domestic violence. At the 18-month review hearing, the

                                             37
court recognized her progress and did not terminate services when it scheduled the
permanency hearing. None of the parties objected to keeping Mother in I.B.’s life while
helping her take steps forward towards her goal of regaining custody. We will not disturb
the juvenile court’s ruling unless the parties clearly establish the court abused its
discretion. (Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 47; In re Robert L. (1993)
21 Cal.App.4th 1057, 1067 [reviewing court cannot interfere unless “‘we find that under
all the evidence, viewed most favorably in support of the trial court’s action, no judge
could reasonably have made the order’”].)
C. The Correct Legal Standard
              We turn next to SSA’s argument the court utilized the wrong legal standard
in evaluating I.B.’s best interests, which meant its order was necessarily an abuse of
discretion. Counsel cites to the court’s statement it was applying section 366.21,
subdivision (f), which should be used at the 12-month review hearing and places the
burden of establishing detriment on SSA. We conclude the court’s reference to this
provision was a harmless misstatement, because the record clearly shows the court
applied the appropriate two-prong test used for section 388 motions.
              At the end of the hearing on Mother’s motion, the court made a statement
regarding section 366.21, subdivision (f): “The court finds that continued supervision is
necessary, and I find pursuant to section 366.21, subdivision (f)[,] that by a
preponderance of the evidence standard, return of the child to the mother would not
create a substantial risk of detriment . . . and the child’s placement in foster care is no
longer necessary and appropriate.” As noted by the parents in their briefing, the court
appropriately recognized Mother had the burden of proof to show changed circumstances
and modification was in I.B.’s best interests. At the beginning of the hearing, the court
correctly stated the applicable law. Mother, not SSA, carried her burden of proof as
required under section 388, presenting evidence by directly examining several witnesses.
At the end of the hearing, Mother discussed the two-prong test and the court made

                                              38
detailed findings regarding those two factors, referring to pertinent and relevant case
authority. There was no indication the court applied section 366.21, subdivision (f), in
determining any of its findings or orders regarding the section 388 petition.
              SSA does not mention that Mother’s counsel asked the court to clarify why
it mentioned section 366.21 because she was concerned the matter would be appealed and
it would be unclear what standard the court applied in ruling on the motion. She asked if
the court was “relying just on the [section] 388 standard that’s in the code when the court
made its finding.” The court replied, “[Y]es. The reason I was making findings is . . .
I’m not just simply returning and closing the case on [Mother.]” It wanted to make sure
services continued and SSA supervised Mother.
              It appears that the court was grappling with making its ruling without the
benefit of an applicable code section to justify additional services. It borrowed language
from section 366.21 saying “continued supervision is necessary” after I.B. was placed in
Mother’s care. We are confident the court did not apply the standards set forth in section
366.21 when ruling on the modification petition, and therefore, any error was harmless.
              SSA also faults the court for referring to factors outlined in the Kimberly F.
case, noting this court has determined those factors do not apply because they do not take
into account the factors set forth by the Supreme Court in the Stephanie M. case. (In re
J.C. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 503, 527 (J.C.).) This argument oversimplifies our analysis
in the J.C. case. In that case, the mother made no effort to establish how modification
would advance her child’s need for permanency and stability as required by the Stephanie
M. decision. Instead, she focused on her own progress and the Kimberly F. factors,
suggesting her reunification efforts should be given more weight in evaluating her child’s
best interests. We concluded the child’s best interests would not be to delay a permanent
home “in favor of rewarding Mother for her hard work and efforts to reunify.” (J.C.,
supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 527.) We declined to apply the Kimberly F. factors because
the mother failed to address the more important concepts of permanency and stability. In

                                             39
the case before us now, Mother’s services continued, and she established she could
immediately provide I.B. a permanent and stable home. Because Mother met her burden
of proof required by the Stephanie M. case, the court did not abuse its discretion in also
considering the Kimberly F. factors which involved looking retrospectively at the
parent’s past conduct and bond with the child. Those factors added to the holistic
evaluation of I.B.’s best interests, which in this case was particularly challenging. The
court’s lengthy discussion on the record shows it earnestly undertook the difficult task of
evaluating all relevant factors in deciding which placement would provide I.B. with a
permanent and stable home. We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in
returning I.B. to Mother’s care.
                                      DISPOSITION
              We affirm the court’s order granting Mother’s section 388 petition for
modification. We grant Mother’s request for judicial notice of the juvenile court’s order
dated April 3, 2020.




                                                  O’LEARY, P. J.

WE CONCUR:



MOORE, J.



FYBEL, J.




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