                                                             iJiUi'ir. ' 1^   '•••'   J'




      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the Reinterment of
the Remains of Kyril Faenov,                     DIVISION ONE

                                                 No. 72948-9-1
MARINA BRAUN,

                      Appellant,                 PUBLISHED OPINION


                 v.



LAUREN SELIG, MARTIN SELIG, and
TEMPLE DE HIRSCH SINAI,

                      Respondents.
                                                 FILED: May 16, 2016


       Dwyer, J. — Under the General Cemetery Act, chapter 68.50 RCW, the
right to control the disposition of human remains, in the absence of evidence of a
decedent's expressed wishes regarding the disposition of that person's remains,
"vests in" an "order named" that places the decedent's surviving spouse at a

higher level of statutory kinship priority than the decedent's surviving parent.1
When a private request for exhumation of human remains is made, a corollary
statute provides that the same kinship hierarchy governs the request.2
       In this case, in the absence ofestablished testamentary intent, Kyril
Faenov's surviving spouse, Lauren Selig, arranged for him to be buried at the

       1 RCW 68.50.160(3).
       2 RCW 68.50.200.
No. 72948-9-1/2



Hills of Eternity Cemetery in Seattle. More than two years later, Mr. Faenov's

mother, Marina Braun, filed a petition requesting the superior court's permission

to exhume Mr. Faenov's remains and reinterthem in Portland, Oregon. Ms.

Selig opposed Ms. Braun's request. Following a hearing, the superior court
denied Ms. Braun's petition on the merits, with prejudice. Given that—absent

evidence of a decedent's expressed wishes regarding the disposition of that

person's remains—the pertinent statutes do not provide a decedent's parent with
the authority to request a court order authorizing the exhumation of the
decedent's remains overthe objection of a surviving spouse, we affirm the

superior court's dismissal of Ms. Braun's petition.
                                             I


           Kyril Faenov suffered from mental illness. Throughout his later life, he
repeatedly received psychiatric treatment.
           On March 25, 2012, Mr. Faenov succumbed to his mental illness, dying by
suicide. He was survived by his wife, Lauren Selig, and two young children. Mr.
Faenov did not make his desires known with respect to the disposition of his

 remains upon his death.

           On March 29, Ms. Selig arranged for her husband to be buried at the Hills
 of Eternity Cemetery in Seattle. The Hills of Eternity Cemetery is owned and
 operated by the Temple De Hirsch Sinai (the Temple). Ms. Selig's father, Martin
 Selig, paid $13,200 to the Temple to cover costs associated with Mr. Faenov's
 burial.

           More than two years later, on June 26, 2014, Mr. Faenov's mother, Marina
                                            -2-
No. 72948-9-1/3



Braun, filed a petition seeking the superiorcourt's permission to exhume her
son's remains and reinter them in Portland, Oregon. The Seligs and the Temple

were named as adversarial parties.

      On August 6, the Seligs filed a joint motion to dismiss Ms. Braun's petition
pursuant to CR 12(b)(6). The Temple later joined in the motion. The superior
court converted the CR 12(b)(6) motion to a CR 56 summary judgment motion
because all parties submitted declarations in support of their contentions.
       The superior court was presented with over 600 pages of material.
Therein, the parties discussed their beliefs regarding the proper construction of
the applicable statutes as well as the merits of Ms. Braun's petition. Ms. Braun
presented the superior court with adeclaration (in the nature of an amicus brief)
wherein her expert witness, an east coast law school professor, offered a legal
analysis of the proper construction of chapter 68.50 RCW.
       On November 21, the superior court heard oral argument on the motion to
dismiss. After hearing the argument of counsel, the superior court granted the
 motion to dismiss on the merits—dismissing Ms. Braun's petition for exhumation
 of Mr. Faenov's remains with prejudice.

       Ms. Braun now appeals.

                                           II


        Title 68 RCW sets forth the law pertaining to "Cemeteries, Morgues, and
 Human Remains." Within this title, chapter 50 governs "Human Remains." In
 order to resolve Ms. Braun's appeal, we are called upon to analyze various
 provisions of this chapter.

                                           -3-
No. 72948-9-1/4



        "The meaning of a statute is a question of law reviewed de novo." Dep't of

Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn. LLC. 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). We

review de novo an order of summary judgment, performing the same inquiry as

does the trial court. Whitney v. Cervantes. 182 Wn. App. 64, 69, 328 P.3d 957

(2014). Because this case involves mixed questions of law and fact, we review
both the meaning of the applicable provisions of chapter 68.50 RCW and the
superior court's grant of summary judgment de novo.

        "Our primary duty in interpreting a statute is to discern and implement
legislative intent." Johnson v. Recreational Equip.. Inc., 159 Wn. App. 939, 946,
247 P.3d 18 (2011) (citing Campbell &Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9). "[I]f the statute's
meaning is plain on its face, then the court must give effect to that plain meaning
as an expression of legislative intent." Campbell &Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10.
"[Ujnder the 'plain meaning' rule, examination of the statute in which the
provision at issue is found, as well as related statutes or other provisions of the
same act in which the provision is found, is appropriate as part of the
determination whether a plain meaning can be ascertained." Campbell &Gwinn,
146 Wn.2d at 10. "'It is a fundamental cannon of statutory construction that the
words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in
the overall statutory scheme.'" Sturgeon v. Frost, 577 U.S.        , 136 S. Ct. 1061,
 1070, 194 L. Ed. 2d 108 (2016) (quoting Roberts v. Sea-Land Servs.. Inc., 566
 U.S.      , 132 S. Ct. 1350, 1357, 182 L. Ed. 2d 341 (2012)).
         "Further, a court must not add words where the legislature has chosen not
 to include them. Acourt also must construe statutes such that all of the
No. 72948-9-1/5



language is given effect, and 'no portion [is] rendered meaningless or

superfluous.'" Rest. Dev.. Inc. v. Cananwill. Inc.. 150 Wn.2d 674, 682, 80 P.3d

598 (2003) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

State v.J.P.. 149 Wn.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003)). "[I]f, after this inquiry,

the statute remains susceptible to more than one reasonable meaning, the

statute is ambiguous and it is appropriate to resort to aids to construction,

including legislative history." Campbell &Gwinn, 146Wn.2d at 12.
       "The entire sequence of statutes enacted by the same legislative authority,
relating to the same subject matter, should be considered in placing a judicial
construction upon any one of the acts." In re Marriage of Little, 96 Wn.2d 183,
189, 634 P.2d 498 (1981). In doing so, we presume that the legislature is aware
of its past legislation and any judicial interpretations thereof. Little, 96 Wn.2d at
189-90.

       RCW 68.50.110 sets forth the law governing burial or cremation of human

remains, stating that,

       [ejxcept in cases of dissection provided for in RCW 68.50.100, and
       where human remains shall rightfully be carried through or removed
       from the state for the purpose of burial elsewhere, human remains
       lying within this state, and the remains ofany dissected body, after
       dissection, shallbe decently buried, orcremated within a
       reasonable time after death.

 (Emphasis added.)

        To aid in effectuating section .110's dictate to bury or cremate human
 remains "within a reasonable time after death," the right to control the disposition
 of human remains, the liability of a funeral establishment or cemetery authority

                                           5-
No. 72948-9-1/6



when effectuating the disposition, and the liability for the cost of disposition of

human remains is set forth in RCW 68.50.160.

       (1) A person has the right to control the disposition of his or her
       own remains without the predeath or postdeath consent of another
       person. A valid written document expressing the decedent's
       wishes regarding the place or method of disposition of his or her
       remains, signed by the decedent in the presence of a witness, is
       sufficient legal authorization for the procedures to be accomplished.
              (2) Prearrangements that are prepaid, or filed with a licensed
       funeral establishment or cemetery authority, under RCW 18.39.280
       through 18.39.345 and chapter 68.46 RCW are not subject to
       cancellation or substantial revision by survivors. Absent actual
       knowledge of contrary legal authorization underthis section, a
       licensed funeral establishment or cemetery authority shall not be
       held criminally nor civilly liable for acting upon such
       prearrangements.

               (3) If the decedent has not made a prearrangement as set
       forth in subsection (2) of this section or the costs of executing the
       decedent's wishes regarding the disposition of the decedent's
        remains exceeds a reasonable amount or directions have not been
       given by the decedent, the right to control the disposition ofthe
        remains of a deceased person vests in, and the duty of disposition
        and the liability for the reasonable cost ofpreparation, care, and
        disposition ofsuch remains devolves upon the following in the order
        named:

                (a) The person designated by the decedent as authorized to
        direct disposition as listed on the decedent's United States
        department of defense record of emergency data, DD form 93, or
        its successor form, if the decedent died while serving in military
        service as described in 10 U.S.C. Sec. 1481(a) (1)-(8) in any
        branch of the United States armed forces, United States reserve
        forces, or national guard;

              (b) The designated agent of the decedent as directed
        through a written document signed and dated by the decedent in
        the presence of a witness. The direction of the designated agent is
        sufficient to direct the type, place, and method of disposition;
                 (c) The surviving spouse or state registered domestic
        partner;
No. 72948-9-1/7




             (d) The majority of the surviving adult children of the
      decedent;

             (e) The surviving parents of the decedent;

             (f) The majority of the surviving siblings of the decedent;

             (g) A court-appointed guardian for the person at the time of
      the person's death.

            (4) If any person to whom the right of control has vested
      pursuant to subsection (3) of this section has been arrested or
      charged with first or second degree murder or first degree
      manslaughter in connection with the decedent's death, the right of
      control is relinquished and passed on in accordance with
      subsection (3) of this section.

             (5) If a cemetery authority as defined in RCW 68.04.190 or a
      funeral establishment licensed under chapter 18.39 RCW has
      made a good faith effort to locate the person cited in subsection
      (3)(a) through (g) of this section orthe legal representative of the
      decedent's estate, the cemetery authority or funeral establishment
       shall have the right to rely on an authority to bury or cremate the
       human remains, executed by the most responsible party available,
       and the cemetery authority or funeral establishment may not be
       held criminally or civilly liable for burying or cremating the human
       remains. In the event any government agency or charitable
       organization provides the funds for the disposition of any human
       remains, the cemetery authority or funeral establishment may not
       be held criminally or civilly liable for cremating the human remains.
              (6) The liability for the reasonable cost of preparation, care,
       and disposition devolves jointly and severally upon all kin of the
       decedent in the same degree of kindred, in the order listed in
       subsection (3) of this section, and upon the estate of the decedent.
(Emphasis added.)

       RCW 68.50.200 sets forth the law governing the authority to disinter

 human remains when made upon a private request.




                                          7-
No. 72948-9-1/8



      Human remains may be removed from a plot in a cemetery with the
      consent of the cemetery authority and the written consent of one of
      the following in the order named:

             (1) The surviving spouse or state registered domestic
      partner.

             (2) The surviving children of the decedent.

             (3) The surviving parents of the decedent.
             (4) The surviving brothers or sisters ofthe decedent.
             If the required consent cannot be obtained, permission by
      the superior court of the county where the cemetery is situated is
      sufficient: PROVIDED, That the permission shall not violate the
      terms of a written contract or the rules and regulations of the
       cemetery authority.

(Emphasis added.)
       RCW 68.50.210 sets forth the requirement of notice when permission to

disinter human remains is sought by application to the court.
       Notice of application to the court for such permission shall be given,
       at least ten days prior thereto, personally, or at least fifteen days
       prior thereto if by mail, to the cemetery authority and to the persons
       not consenting, and to every other person on whom service of
       notice may be required by the court.

 (Emphasis added.)

       RCW 68.50.220 sets forth the circumstances in which RCW 68.50.200
 and 68.50.210 are inapplicable.

       RCW 68.50.200 and 68.50.210 do not apply to or prohibit the
       removal of any human remains from one plot to another in the
       same cemetery or the removal of [human] remains by a cemetery
        authority from a plot for which the purchase price is past due and
        unpaid, to some other suitable place; nor do they apply to the
        disinterment of human remains upon order of court or coroner.


                                          8-
No. 72948-9-1/9



      However, a cemetery authority shall provide notification to the
      person cited in RCW 68.50.200 before moving human remains.

(Emphasis added.)

       Careful analysis of these provisions is required. The language of

subsection .160(1) establishes that "[a] person has the right to control the

disposition of his or her own remains without the predeath or postdeath consent
of another person." In the absence of such an expression of intent, subsection
.160(3) grants "the right to control the disposition of the remains of a deceased
person" to a person or group of persons designated therein. This right "vests in"
such a person or persons in an enumerated "order named" that places a
surviving spouse at a higher level of statutory kinship priority than a surviving
parent. In order to determine the extent of an individual's right of control within
the statutory kinship hierarchy, an examination of the meaning of "vest" is
necessary.

       We begin by resorting to a standard, often-referenced dictionary.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary provides, in pertinent part, that

 vest" means:

       1 a : to place or give into the possession or discretion ofsome
       person or authority <the regulation of the waterways . . . was ~ed
       in the corporation — Edwin Benson>; esp : to give to a person a
       legally fixed immediate right of present or future enjoyment of (as
       an estate) <a deed that ~ s a life estate in the grantee and a
        remainder in his children> b : to grant, endow, or clothe with a
        particular authority, right, or property <~ a court with the right to try
        criminal cases> <the retirement plan ~ ed the workers absolutely
        with the company's contribution after 10 years of continuous
        employments . .3 : to lay out (money): invest ~ w 1 : to become
        legally vested <normally title to real property ~s in the holder of a
        properly executed deed>. . .
No. 72948-9-1/10




Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2547 (2002).3

       As evidenced, "vest" is used in a variety of related ways in common

parlance. Thus, "vest" means, in one respect, "to place or give into the

possession or discretion of some person or authority." This is a right ofa
particular type: "a legally fixed immediate right of present orfuture enjoyment."
Stated differently, the authoritative and discretionary power of the word is
conveyed by the definition, "to grant, endow, or clothe with a particular authority,
right, or property." To state that "vest" means "to become legally vested,"
although somewhat circular, is consistent. These various definitions establish
that the focus of the word "vest" is on the discretion given to a person or group of

persons to make a decision respecting a "particular authority, right, or property."
Further, the right granted is immediate, legally enforceable, and pertains to
"present or future enjoyment." In this way, the right to control burial
circumstances that "vests" under subsection .160(3) is a perpetual right.

        As a condition ofexercising this vested right, subsections .160(3) and (6),
respectively, require that the designated person or group of persons assume "the

        3Our analysis requires us to consider the meaning of several definitions. The
lexicographic notes to Webster's Third New International Dictionary sets forth the manner in
which we should consider these definitions, providing:

        The system of separating by numbers and letters reflects something of the
        semantic relationship between various senses ofa word. It is only a lexical
        convenience. It does notevaluate senses or establish an enduring hierarchy of
        importance among them. The best sense is the one that most aptly fits the
        context of an actual genuine utterance.

 Webster's Third New International Dictionary 17(a) (note 12.4) (2002). We have
 previously recognized the significance of this lexicographic note. See State v. Rodriguez, 187
 Wn. App. 922, 933, 352 P.3d 200 (2015).

                                              -10-
No. 72948-9-1/11



duty of disposition and the liability for the reasonable cost of preparation, care,

and disposition of such remains," and that "liability for the reasonable cost of

preparation, care, and disposition devolves jointly and severally upon all kin of
the decedent in the same degree of kindred, in the order listed in subsection (3)

of this section, and upon the estate of the decedent." (Emphasis added.)

       These assignments offinancial responsibility for the decisions made well
indicates that the legislature intended both the right to decide and the financial
responsibilities attendant thereto to be effective and meaningful for more than
one day.4 This reading is strengthened by the fact that, when a request for a
private exhumation is made, section .200 does not provide a method for
reimbursing the money previously paid pursuant to the subsections .160(3) and
(6) mandates. Thus, requiring payment of expenses as a condition of exercising
the subsection .160(3) vested right can be seen as evidencing the legislature's
intent that the grant of authority set forth in subsection .160(3) was a grant of
perpetual control.

        Our analysis also requires further examination of section .200, governing
the exhumation of human remains. That provision allows for the private

exhumation of human remains when there is "the consent of the cemetery

 authority and the written consent of one of the following in the order named."
 The "order named" in section .200 is the same statutory kinship hierarchy as is
 set forth in subsection .160(3). This kinship hierarchy again places a surviving

          4As will be later discussed, Ms. Braun's appellate argument rests upon the assertion that
 the right bestowed by subsection .160(3) terminates upon burial.

                                               -11 -
No. 72948-9-1/12



spouse at a higher level of statutory priority than a surviving parent. Accordingly,

a person or group of persons seeking the exhumation of human remains must

obtain consent from the decedent's surviving kin "in the order named." Ifthat

consent is not forthcoming, the exhumation cannot proceed.

       The language of the last sentence of section .200 does not alter our

conclusion. That sentence begins, "[i]f the required consent cannot be obtained,

permission by the superior court of the county where the cemetery is situated is
sufficient." Consistent with the kinship hierarchies set forth in subsection .160(3)

and section .200, we take this language to recognize that all kin are mortal and

that, at some point, none ofthe referenced kin will still survive. This provision

accounts for that possibility.

       The statutory notice provision, RCW 68.50.210, also bears mention. That
section provides that when a private request to exhume human remains is made
pursuant to section .200, notice of the application to the superior court must be
provided "to the cemetery authority and to the persons not consenting." This
provision accounts for the obvious—a decedent may be survived by multiple
parents, multiple children, and multiple siblings. Thus, at each level of the
statutory kinship hierarchy, one kin may disagree with a decision made by other
kin at the same level of priority. In that case, the dissenting kin must be afforded
notice of the court proceeding. Nothing in this provision allows for a
 rearrangement or disregard ofthe statutory kinship hierarchy.
        Case law is consistent. We previously addressed whether a mother could
exhume her son's cremated remains over the objection of his father when the

                                        -12-
No. 72948-9-1/13



parents had reached and acted upon a prior agreement regarding the disposition

of his remains. Woods v. Woods, 48 Wn. App. 767, 740 P.2d 379 (1987). To

answer this question, we looked to the statutory kinship hierarchy, observing that

"[a]s there was no surviving spouse or children, the parents are by this statute

entitled to possession of the cremated remains." Woods, 48 Wn. App. at 769.
After noting that each parent had the same statutory right as the other and that
they had, pursuant to this authority, reached an accord, we held that, "[t]here is
no rule of law that this agreement can be unilaterally rescinded" and that neither

could void the agreement against the wish ofthe other. Woods, 48 Wn. App. at
769. This case well illustrates the need for the section .210 notice requirements,

as we have interpreted them herein.

       We next review section .220, providing, in part, that sections .200 and

.210 do not "apply to the disinterment of human remains upon order of court or
coroner." To properly understand this directive, it must be read in conjunction
with the initial section of chapter 68.50 RCW, which sets forth the circumstances

in which a coroner retains authority over human remains.

       The jurisdiction of bodies of all deceased persons who come to
       their death suddenly when in apparent good health without medical
       attendance within the thirty-six hours preceding death; or where the
       circumstances of death indicate death was caused by unnatural or
       unlawful means; or where death occurs under suspicious
       circumstances; or where a coroner's autopsy or postmortem or
       coroner's inquest is to be held; or where death results from
       unknown or obscure causes, or where death occurs within one year
       following an accident; orwhere the death is caused by any violence
       whatsoever, or where death results from a known or suspected
       abortion; whether self-induced or otherwise; where death
       apparently results from drowning, hanging, burns, electrocution,
       gunshot wounds, stabs or cuts, lightning, starvation, radiation,
                                        -13-
No. 72948-9-1/14



       exposure, alcoholism, narcotics or other addictions, tetanus,
       strangulations, suffocation or smothering; or where death is due to
       premature birth or still birth; or where death is due to a violent
       contagious disease or suspected contagious disease which may be
       a public health hazard; or where death results from alleged rape,
       carnal knowledge or sodomy, where death occurs in a jail or prison;
       where a body is found dead or is not claimed by relatives or friends,
       is hereby vested in the county coroner, which bodies may be
       removed and placed in the morgue under such rules as are
       adopted by the coroner with the approval of the county
       commissioners, having jurisdiction, providing therein how the
       bodies shall be brought to and cared for at the morgue and held for
       the proper identification where necessary.

RCW 68.50.010.

       In stating that a coroner retains jurisdiction over human remains when
death occurs by "unnatural or unlawful means," "suspicious circumstances," or
"unknown or obscure causes," this provision is replete with references to

criminality, unclear causes of death, threats to the public health, and a coroner's
investigative function. When section .220's directive that section .200 does not
apply to exhumations that are made "upon order of court or coroner" is read in
light of section .010, it becomes evident that section .220's directive is
 referencing the involvement of a court or coroner in the investigation of an
 individual's cause of death, potential criminality, or a threat to the public health.
        Scholarly opinion supports this view. In a treatise referenced by Ms.
 Braun's expert witness the two prevailing reasons for allowing exhumations at
 common law are discussed.

              There are two principal grounds for permitting exhumation,
        the one in the public interest (though the particular reason may be
        private) and the other for purely private purposes. The first class of
        cases are usually the subject of statutory law, and include cases of
        exhumation for purposes of ascertaining causes of death to permit
                                          -14-
No. 72948-9-1/15



      criminal prosecution. The second class of cases are those where
      survivors desire to remove the interred body of a relative to some
      other resting place.

Percival E. Jackson, The Law of Cadavers and of Burial and Burial Places

107 (2d ed. 1950). As further explained in the treatise, at common law:
      Though exhumation of a body once permanently buried is
      abhorrent to custom, sentiment, and the law, every disinterment is
      not a desecration of the grave in the eyes of the law. While only
      "circumstances of extreme exigency" and no light reasons will
      suffice to justify disinterment, reasons of public policy dictate
      legislative enactments authorizing exhumation and equity "courts
       have never hesitated to have a body exhumed when the application
      under the particular circumstances appeared reasonable and was
      for the purpose of eliciting the truth in the promotion of justice."
Jackson, supra, at 106 (footnotes omitted).

       These aspects of the common law are present in Washington's
statutory scheme. Sections .200 and .210 pertain to exhumation requests
for purely private purposes. Section .220, on the other hand, regulates
exhumations "for the purpose of eliciting the truth in the promotion of
justice." Jackson, supra, at 106. Such disinterment requests, made for
public purposes, and subject to the authority of either a court or a coroner,
are the object of section .220.
       The comments in the treatise are pertinent to yet another aspect of
 our analysis. As the latter quoted passage makes clear, there was a
 strong common law presumption in favor of repose. Thus did the treatise
 characterize "exhumation of a body once permanently buried [as]
 abhorrent to custom, sentiment, and the law." Jackson, supra, at 106.
 This presumption in favor of repose is consistent with our conclusion that
                                        -15-
No. 72948-9-1/16



the statutory kinship hierarchy set forth in subsection .160(3) grants a

perpetual right that is recognized in section .200.

       Having set forth our reading of chapter 68.50 RCW, we now turn to the

particulars of this case. Because Mr. Faenov did not make his intent known,
subsection .160(3) granted Ms. Selig, his surviving spouse, the right to control
the disposition of his remains. Consistent with this statutory grant, Ms. Selig's
father (on her behalf) paid the Temple $13,200 to facilitate Mr. Faenov's burial at
the Hills of Eternity Cemetery. More than two years later, when Mr. Faenov's
mother requested permission to exhume his remains, the surviving spouse
refused to consent. Given this context, and in light of our reading of the

applicable statutory provisions, the kinship hierarchy set forth in section .200
gave Ms. Selig continued statutory priority and her refusal to consent to the
exhumation request foreclosed Ms. Braun's petition.
                                          Ill

       Notwithstanding the clarity of the foregoing analysis, Ms. Braun asserts a
reading of chapter 68.50 RCW that, she avers, mandates a contrary result.
       As a basic premise of her argument, Ms. Braun insisted to the superior
 court (and continues to assert on appeal) that chapter 68.50 RCW does not alter
 the superior court's unrestrained common law equitable discretion. Thus, her
 argument goes, a decision regarding whether to permit exhumation of human
 remains continues to be a purely equitable one and all parties start on an equal




                                          16
No. 72948-9-1/17



footing in urging their view of the equities.5 We disagree.
       At common law, "the right to bury a corpse and to preserve its remains, is

a legal right, which the courts will recognize and protect." Herzl Congregation v.
Robinson, 142 Wash. 469, 473, 253 P. 654 (1927). "[T]he right to protect the

remains includes the right to preserve them by separate burial, to select the

place of sepulture, and to change it at pleasure." Herzl, 142 Wash, at 473. The
courts recognized that "a person can make testamentary disposition of his
remains if considerations of propriety and decency do not intervene, it has been

declared that, when otherwise doubtful, the chancellor should give heed to the
wishes of the deceased if they can be ascertained." Wood v. E.R. Butterworth &
Sons, 65 Wash. 344, 348, 118 P. 212 (1911).

        "[I]n the absence of testamentary disposition, [the right] belonged]
exclusively to the next of kin." Herzl, 142 Wash, at 473. Indeed, "[t]he right of
the next of kin to control and direct the burial of a corpse and arrange for its
preservation [was] not only a natural right, embracing a high order of sentiment,
 but [had come] to be well recognized as a legal right." Guilliume v. McCulloch,
 173 Wash. 694, 696, 24 P.2d 93 (1933). In this regard, the court acknowledged
 that "there [was] a quasi property right in a dead human body inherent in the
 immediate relatives of the deceased." Herzl, 142 Wash, at 472.



         5Thus it is that Ms. Braun necessarily contends that the applicable kinship priority
 granted by subsection .160(3) expires upon burial. Her construction of the statutes necessarily
 means that if, on Day 1, the decedent is buried pursuant to the wishes of the surviving spouse
 and, on Day 2, a surviving parent petitions for disinterment, the surviving spouse's choice is
 entitled to nojudicial deference in ruling upon the petition.

                                                 -17-
No. 72948-9-1/18



      "If a dispute ar[ose] about it among relatives ... it must be
      determined by principles of equity and such considerations of
      propriety and justice as ar[ose] out of the particular circumstances
      of the case. No general rule to be applied absolutely in all cases
      c[ould] be laid down upon the subject, for what [was] fit and proper
      to be done in each case must depend upon the special
      circumstances of that case. It [was] a jurisdiction which belonged]
      to equity, and the chancellor wfould] exercise it with great care,
      having regard to what [was] due to the natural feelings and
      sensibilities of individuals, as well as to what [was] required by
      considerations of public propriety and decency."

Wood, 65 Wash, at 347-48 (quoting Fox v. Gordon, 16 Phila. Rep. 185, 186-87,

40 Legal Intel. 374 (Pa. Ct. Com. PI. (1883)).

       In support of her contention that these common law principles remain the
controlling law in Washington—notwithstanding the enactment ofthe various
provisions in chapter 68.50 RCW—Ms. Braun cites to Wood v. E.R. Butterworth
&Sons, 65 Wash. 344. In that case, the court addressed whether a widow could

have her husband's remains interred in Seattle (as she preferred) rather than

South Dakota (as his children preferred). Wood, 65 Wash, at 346-47. The
children presented abundant evidence that, at various times during his life, the
decedent had expressed his desire to be buried in South Dakota. In determining
whose wishes should prevail, the court announced that "'[i]t has always been,

and will ever continue to be, the duty of courts to see to it that the expressed
wish of one, as to his final resting place, shall, so far as possible, be carried out.'"
Wood, 65 Wash, at 348 (quoting Thompson v. Deeds, 93 Iowa 228, 61 N.W. 842
(1895)). Hence, the court held that "the will of the deceased, when coupled with
his relation to the state of South Dakota, shall have control over the desire of the
widow that the remains of her husband be interred near her, but far from the

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place he called home." Wood, 65 Wash, at 349. By refusing to permit the burial

of Wood's remains in a manner that was against his expressed will, the court

honored the decedent's wishes. The children prevailed because they advanced

their father's wishes, not their own. Thus, contrary to Ms. Braun's view of the

case, the focus of the decision was on upholding the expressed wishes of the

decedent, not on weighing the equities involved in a dispute between a surviving

spouse and surviving children over the interment of the decedent's remains.6

The provisions of chapter 68.50 similarly place the decedent's wishes at the

highest level of priority.

       Moreover, Ms. Braun's resort to the common law is incomplete. The

Wood case dealt with burial, not exhumation. Once burial was accomplished, a

different common law principle applied: "The courts as a rule will not allow

disinterment against the will of those who have the right to object." Jackson,

supra, at 115. Thus does the treatise cited by Ms. Braun's expert witness

support Ms. Selig in this dispute.

        In addition to Ms. Braun's misplaced reliance on Wood, case law

demonstrates that—contrary to the underlying premise of Ms. Braun's arguments

on appeal—the legislature altered the common law in creating the statutory

kinship hierarchy.

        6 In support of her argument that the superior court herein retained unrestricted equitable
discretion to order exhumation, Ms. Braun also cites to Bellevue Masonic Temple. Inc., v. Lokken,
75 Wn.2d 537, 452 P.2d 544 (1969). Her reliance is misplaced.
         In Lokken, the cemetery authority found it necessary to exhume all of the remains located
in a "Pioneer Cemetery" that had never been formally dedicated as such and reinter them in a
dedicated cemetery. The court approved a process by which the exhumations were to take
place. Contrary to Ms. Braun's assertion, the case does not concern the court's power to order
the act of disinterment. Nothing in the opinion is helpful to resolving the case at hand.

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       As discussed in section II, supra, in Woods v. Woods, 48 Wn. App 767,

we addressed whether a mother could exhume her son's cremated remains over

the objection of his father when the parents had reached and acted upon a prior

agreement regarding the disposition of his remains. Our answer relied on the
statutory kinship hierarchy of subsection .160(3), rather than on common law

principles.

        More recently, in Whitney v. Cervantes, Division Three ofthis court stated:
               While the right to control disposition of a body arose out of
        common law, it is now codified by statute in RCW 68.50.160.t7] A
        person has the right to control the disposition of his or her own
        remains. RCW 68.50.160(1). To execute this right, "[a] valid
        written document expressing the decedent's wishes regarding the
        place or method of disposition of his or her remains, signed by the
        decedent in the presence of a witness, is sufficient legal
        authorization for the procedures to be accomplished." RCW
        68.50.160(1).
                 However, if the decedent has not given directions or made
        prearrangements with a funeral establishment, the right to control
        disposition of the remains vests to the persons in the following
        order: (a) the surviving spouse, (b) the surviving adult children of
        the decedent, (c) the surviving parents ofthe decedent, (d) the
        surviving siblings of the decedent, and (e) [the] person acting as a
        representative of the decedent under the signed authorization of
        the decedent. Former RCW 68.50.160(3) (2010).

182 Wn. App. at 70-71.

         Both Wood and Whitney recognized the importance of the statutory

 kinship hierarchy. In creating this hierarchy, the legislature took it upon itself to
 designate "winners" and "losers" among kin, obviously hoping to decrease future
 discord and enhance consistency of result. By creating the hierarchy in

         7"The Washington Supreme Court in Herzl noted that the right of custody over a dead
 body and disposal of the body has been recognized by Washington statute. HerzJ, 142 Wash, at
 471." (Footnote in original.)

                                             -20-
No. 72948-9-1/21



subsection .160(3) and maintaining it in section .200, the legislature modified the
common law. It so doing, it supplanted the earlier general right of the next of kin
to, in the absence oftestamentary intent, resort to equity in an attempt to control
and direct a decedent's burial, putting in its place the clearer, more specific,

statutory kinship hierarchy. Thus, a general equitable common law cause of
action for exhumation did not survive the legislature's enactment of the

provisions now codified as chapter 68.50 RCW. Those provisions establish and
control such requests for judicial relief.

       Because the creation of the statutory kinship hierarchy of subsection

.160(3) and section .200 modified the common law, and given that these
provisions place Mr. Faenov's surviving spouse at a higher level of statutory
priority than Mr. Faenov's mother, the superior court correctly dismissed Ms.
Braun's petition for exhumation of Mr. Faenov's remains.
                                             IV


        Ms. Braun next asserts that chapter 68.50 RCW does not control the
 resolution of this dispute because RCW 68.50.220 dictates that RCW 68.50.200
 is inapplicable when exhumation is made "upon order of court." Again, we
 disagree.

        This argument fails for two reasons. First, the argument fails as a matter
 of statutory construction. Taken to its logical conclusion, the argument
 postulates that the language of section .220 mandates that section .200 does not
 apply to itself (because it creates a cause of action that would result in a court
 order). This is an absurd construction, which is forbidden. Second, Ms. Braun's
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No. 72948-9-1/22



proposed construction is at variance with our construction of section .220 as

applying only to "public" exhumation requests. Her request is a purely private

one.


                                          A


       First, Ms. Braun's argument that the provisions of section .200 do not

apply when exhumation is allowed "upon order of court" fails as a matter of
statutory construction.

       Primarily, the claim fails because it ignores the complete text. While the
argument cherry-picks the words "upon order of court" from section .220, the full
phrase is "upon order of court or coroner." Ms. Braun's reading is not a plain
reading of the statute.

       It is a well-settled rule of statutory interpretation that a court must avoid a

construction of a statute that results in "unlikely, strained, or absurd

consequences," because we presume that the legislature did not intend an
absurd result. In re Estate of Garwood, 109 Wn. App. 811, 814-15, 38 P.3d 362
(2002): J.P., 149 Wn 2d at 450: State v. Neher, 112 Wn.2d 347, 351, 771 P.2d
330 (1989): Alderwood Water Dist. v. Pope &Talbot. Inc., 62 Wn.2d 319, 321,

382 P.2d 639 (1963).

       Section .200 creates a private cause of action to seek exhumation from
the court "[i]f the required consent cannot be obtained." Because section .200
 allows an individual to request an order authorizing exhumation from the court,
 Ms. Braun's argument that the provisions of section .220 do not apply when
 exhumation is made "upon order of court" is, in fact, a contention that section
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No. 72948-9-1/23



.200 does not apply to itself. This cannot be. The legislature enacted both

section .200 and section .220. In so doing, the legislative intent cannot have

been to create a cause of action in one provision and immediately repeal the

same cause of action in a following provision. Ms. Braun's contention fails

because it leads to an absurd result.

                                          B


       Second, in asserting that the provisions of section .200 do not apply when
exhumation is made "upon order of court," Ms. Braun fails to quote the entire
provision and, as a result, she does violence to the reference in section .220 to
the role of the court or coroner.

       The provision actually declares, in pertinent part, that section .200 does
not apply "to the disinterment of human remains upon order of court or coroner."
RCW 68.50.220 (emphasis added).

       As explained in section II, supra, the legislature was making clear in
section .220 that the statutory cause of action created in section .200 did not
apply in certain, traditional circumstances. These circumstances, concerning the
role ofthe court or coroner, are those arising from an investigation into an
 individual's cause of death, potential criminality, ora threat to the public health.
These have historically been referred to as "public" purposes. Because Ms.
 Braun's request for exhumation is not made for a public purpose, sections .200
 and .210 govern her private request. Pursuant to subsection .160(3) and section
 .200, Ms. Selig, Mr. Faenov's surviving spouse, enjoys statutory priority.
 Accordingly, the superior court correctly dismissed Ms. Braun's petition.
                                          -23-
No. 72948-9-1/24



                                              V


        Finally, Ms. Braun contends that section .210's dictate that notice of the

court proceedings be given to "the persons not consenting" anticipates that a

petitioner may apply to the superior court for permission to exhume a decedent's
remains even when a person possessing a higher degree of statutory kinship

priority refuses to grant such permission. Again, we disagree.

        As set forth in section II, supra, the requirement of notice in section .210

references dissenters at the same level of statutory kinship priority as the

petitioner(s). Given that Ms. Selig enjoys an unshared statutory priority, her
wishes control. Thus, there are no "persons not consenting" who are entitled to

notice pursuant to section .210. Again, there was no error in the superior court's
dismissal of Ms. Braun's petition.8

        Affirmed.


                                                  .X
                                                           ^
We concur:




         8Given our resolution ofthis matter, we need not reach any of the other contentions
 raised in the parties' briefing.

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