           Case: 17-10896   Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 1 of 10


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 17-10896
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                        Agency No. A088-076-091



EDWIN POSADA PABON,

                                                                       Petitioner,

                                   versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.

                       ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                        ________________________

                            (November 15, 2017)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, FAY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
             Case: 17-10896     Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 2 of 10


      Edwin Posada Pabon petitions for review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing his appeal from the immigration judge’s (“IJ”)

denial of his claim for withholding of removal. We deny his petition.

                               I. BACKGROUND

      Pabon, a native and citizen of Colombia, entered the United States on

January 23, 2001, on a B2 nonimmigrant visa for a visitor for pleasure, for a

temporary period not to exceed July 22, 2001. In June 2009, Pabon was issued a

notice to appear by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), charging that

he was removable under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”)

§ 237(a)(1)(b), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(b). Pabon admitted the allegations contained

in the notice to appear and conceded removability.

      In April 2013, Pabon filed an application for asylum and withholding of

removal based on membership in a particular social group, as well as for relief

under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). Pabon alleged that he had received death

threats and many members of his family had been assassinated in Colombia.

Pabon described how many of his uncles and other relatives had been murdered by

the Cali drug cartel in the 1980s and 1990s, how he was threatened and attacked on

several occasions, and how he only survived because he had fled from Colombia.

In 2015, Pabon filed an amended application and a replacement fact statement that


                                         2
             Case: 17-10896     Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 3 of 10


corrected inaccuracies in his original statement; he also moved for an exception to

the one-year filing deadline for asylum claims.

      At the merits hearing, Pabon testified that he had left Colombia because his

“family had lots of problems” there. R. at 138. Pabon testified that his maternal

uncles, Luis and Jorge Londoño, had been associated with the Medellin drug cartel.

Luis was murdered by a member of the Cali cartel in 1988 or 1989; Jorge was

murdered a year later. Pabon’s four other maternal uncles also were murdered in

Colombia between 1988 and 1992. Additionally, one of Pabon’s maternal aunts

was murdered and another disappeared. Pabon did not know where his other three

maternal aunts were, but he knew they had fled from Colombia.

      Pabon testified that in the late 1980s, his family constantly moved to avoid

threats. He did not know much about his uncles’ cartel involvement; he only knew

that his family was targeted because of cartel problems. Pabon was never involved

in a cartel and was never politically active in Colombia. In 1988, gunmen made an

attempt on Pabon’s life while he was driving in Medellin, breaking all of the

windows in his car and hitting his friend in the arm and leg. Pabon survived

because he drove to a restaurant where there were police; the gunmen also shot at

the police car. In 1989, Pabon was attacked when armed men entered a restaurant

he was in and began firing in his direction. Additionally, Pabon described an

attack in a bar where armed men shot at a group he was with, killing his friend who


                                         3
              Case: 17-10896     Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 4 of 10


was right next to him. Pabon did not know the identity of the gunmen in any of the

three situations.

      Pabon testified that he came to the United States in 2001 because three of his

cousins were killed in Colombia between 1990 and 2000. Pabon did not apply for

asylum until 2013 because he did not think he would remain in the United States

when he arrived; he decided to stay when he saw the problems in Colombia and he

became afraid to return. Pabon testified that he did not know if the Cali cartel still

existed at the time of the hearing; however, in his statement in support of his

asylum application, he had claimed that the Cali cartel was dismantled in the early

2000s, through the efforts of the United States and Colombian governments.

      Pabon believed he would be harmed if he returned to Colombia because a

Cali cartel member, Guillermo Restrepo Lara, who had ordered the murders of

several of his family members and offered a bounty for the murder of his family,

had been asking about him. While Pabon had never received direct threats, people

he knew would tell him that people were looking for him in order to kill him. In

2012, friends or distant family members called and told him that Lara was looking

for him. Pabon did not believe that the Colombian government could protect him

from Lara; he believed that he would be in danger if he returned.

      Pabon’s mother was never involved in a cartel and, at the time of the

hearing, she lived in Bogota. His mother had worked in beauty salons and suffered


                                           4
              Case: 17-10896    Date Filed: 11/15/2017    Page: 5 of 10


the same persecution and threats that everyone else in his family did at that time.

Pabon’s sister had lived in Cali for twenty-five years and had never been

physically harmed in Colombia. Pabon’s son lived with his mother in Medellin,

had completed school, was working, and also had never been harmed. Pabon’s

daughter visited Colombia in 2005 and 2014; she went alone to Colombia in 2014

because Pabon did not see any danger as her mother’s family did not have any

problems. The last murder of a relative occurred in 1995, but Pabon had heard of

threats against his family in 2012.

      The IJ issued an oral decision denying Pabon’s application. The IJ found

that parts of Pabon’s testimony were credible and other parts were not. Pabon’s

testimony that he had received a call in 2012 saying that his family was being

threatened was not credible because Pabon would not say who the call came from,

there had been no other threats communicated since he left Colombia in 2001, the

alleged phone call did not occur until he was in removal proceedings, and he had

sent his ten-year-old daughter alone to Colombia in 2014. Accordingly, the IJ

found that Pabon had failed to establish an exception to the one-year deadline and

concluded that his asylum application was barred on that basis.

      The IJ found that Pabon was credible with respect to his claims about the

deaths of his family members, his uncles’ involvement with the Medellin cartel,

and the three shootings he had described. However, the IJ concluded that Pabon


                                          5
              Case: 17-10896    Date Filed: 11/15/2017    Page: 6 of 10


had failed to establish that he had suffered past persecution on account of a

protected ground based on these incidents. The IJ also concluded that Pabon did

not show that he would more likely than not be persecuted if he returns to

Colombia. Although Pabon may subjectively fear returning to Colombia, his fear

was not objectively reasonable given his family’s ability to remain in Colombia

unharmed, the fact that the Cali cartel had been dismantled, and that his relatives

who formerly were involved with the cartels were now deceased. Accordingly, the

IJ denied Pabon’s application for withholding of removal. The IJ also denied

Pabon’s request for CAT relief, finding that Pabon did not establish that the

government of Colombia or its agents, or someone else acting with its

acquiescence, would more likely than not torture him upon his return.

      Pabon filed a notice of appeal to the BIA, asserting that the IJ erred in

denying withholding of removal, because his testimony had established past

persecution and the presumption of future persecution was not rebutted. The BIA

dismissed Pabon’s appeal. The BIA determined that Pabon did not challenge the

IJ’s denial of his application for asylum and had thereby waived any challenge to

that determination. The BIA further concluded that Pabon had not established that

he suffered past persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground, citing the

IJ’s findings that he did not know who shot at him or why, that the Cali cartel was

dismantled in the early 2000s, and that the incidents at issue occurred more than 20


                                          6
              Case: 17-10896    Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 7 of 10


years before. The BIA determined that Pabon had not established it was more

likely than not that he would be persecuted upon returning to Colombia because his

mother, father, sister, and son lived safely in Colombia and had not received any

threats or harm, because he had allowed his wife and daughter to travel to

Colombia in 2005, and because he had allowed his then ten-year-old daughter to

travel alone to Colombia in 2014. Finally, although it noted that Pabon did not

specifically challenge the denial of CAT relief, the BIA agreed with the IJ that he

had not established that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured upon

his return to Columbia, by or with the consent or acquiescence of the government.

      On petition for review, Pabon argues that the BIA and IJ erred in denying his

withholding of removal claim because he had established past persecution in

Colombia based on his testimony that he was shot at by unknown gunmen on three

different occasions, during a time when several members of his extended family

had been killed by the Cali drug cartel.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that the BIA

expressly adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001). Where the BIA agrees with the IJ’s reasoning, we also will

review the IJ’s decision to that extent. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941,

947-48 (11th Cir. 2010). Because the BIA issued its own decision in this case, we


                                           7
               Case: 17-10896    Date Filed: 11/15/2017   Page: 8 of 10


review the BIA’s opinion. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. Because the BIA

explicitly agreed with several determinations made by the IJ, we review the

decisions of both the BIA and the IJ to the extent of that agreement. Ayala, 605

F.3d at 948.

      Factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial-evidence test,

which requires that we view the record in the light most favorable to the agency’s

decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision. Adefemi v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). We should affirm

the BIA’s decision if, considering the record as a whole, it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence. Id. at 1027. In order to reverse

administrative factual findings, we must determine that the record “compels”

reversal, not merely that it supports a different conclusion. Id.

      Under the INA, an alien shall not be removed to a country if his life or

freedom would be threatened in such country on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. INA

§ 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). The burden of proof is upon the alien to show

his eligibility for withholding of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). “The alien bears

the burden of demonstrating that it is more likely than not [he] will be persecuted

or tortured upon being returned to [his] country.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

401 F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).


                                          8
               Case: 17-10896        Date Filed: 11/15/2017      Page: 9 of 10


       An alien may satisfy his burden of proof in either of two ways. Tan v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir. 2006). First, an alien may establish

past persecution in his country based on a protected ground. Id. If the alien

establishes past persecution, it is presumed that his life or freedom would be

threatened upon returning to that country unless DHS shows by a preponderance of

the evidence that, among other things, the country’s conditions have changed such

that the alien’s life or freedom would no longer be threatened upon his removal. 8

C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1); Tan, 446 F.3d at 1375. Second, “[a]n alien who has not

shown past persecution . . . may still be entitled to withholding of removal if he can

demonstrate a future threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his

country.” 1 Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003).

       Although neither the INA nor the regulations define “persecution,” we have

stated that “persecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated

incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and that mere harassment does not

amount to persecution.” Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1232

(11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231). Being intentionally shot at

is sufficiently extreme to establish persecution, even if the attack is unsuccessful,

and there is no strict physical harm requirement to establish persecution. See id. at

1
 In his petition for review, Pabon only challenges the BIA’s past persecution finding and does
not specifically challenge the future persecution finding independent of the rebuttable
presumption. Thus, the only issue is whether substantial evidence supports the finding that
Pabon did not establish past persecution.
                                               9
              Case: 17-10896       Date Filed: 11/15/2017      Page: 10 of 10


1233 (“[A]ttempted murder is persecution.”). However, threatening acts or harm

against an alien’s family members does not constitute or imply persecution of the

alien where the threats and harm were not directed at him. Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 735 F.3d 1302, 1308-1309 (11th Cir. 2013).

       Here, there was no evidence suggesting that the murders of Pabon’s

extended family members were committed to harm or threaten him. See id. at

1309. Accordingly, the murders of his family members did not constitute

persecution of Pabon, and any past persecution that he experienced must have been

based on events that directly happened to him. Id. Furthermore, while attempted

murder qualifies as persecution, the record, when all facts and inferences are drawn

in favor of the agency decision, does not compel the conclusion that the shootings

to which Pabon testified were attempted murders. See Sanchez Jimenez, 492 F.3d

at 1233. Pabon inferred that he was the target of the three shootings to which he

testified, but the record does not compel a reasonable factfinder to accept these

inferences. See Adefemi, 386 F.3d at 1027. Because substantial evidence supports

the BIA’s determination that Pabon did not establish past persecution in Colombia,

his petition for review is denied. 2

       PETITION DENIED.

2
 Pabon has abandoned any potential arguments regarding asylum or CAT relief by failing to
brief them. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228 n.2. Further, any such potential arguments would
be unexhausted because they were not made to the BIA. See Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).
                                             10
