                                                                          [PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               FILED
                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S.                 COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           JAN 08 2001
                              ________________________                   THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                              CLERK
                                     No. 97-6342
                             ________________________
                            D. C. Docket No. 96-00081-CR-1


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                            versus

JAMES HAROLD DENNIS,

                                                                       Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Alabama
                            _________________________
                                  (January 8, 2001)


Before COX, WILSON and GIBSON*, Circuit Judges.


_______________________
       *Honorable John R. Gibson, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by
designation.


WILSON, Circuit Judge:
       James Harold Dennis appeals his sentences and convictions for bankruptcy

fraud, money laundering, wire fraud and bank fraud. For the reasons below, we

affirm all convictions and sentences except those for bank fraud.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       Dennis was convicted of five counts of bankruptcy fraud in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 152, twenty-nine counts of illegal transfer of funds (money laundering) in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), two counts of wire fraud in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1343 and one count of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344.

He was sentenced to 60 months of imprisonment for the bankruptcy fraud and wire

fraud counts, to be followed by three years of supervised release. He was

sentenced to 125 months of imprisonment for the money laundering counts and

bank fraud to be followed by five years of supervised release. His prison terms

were to run concurrently for a total of 125 months and his supervised release terms

were to run concurrently for a total of five years.1

       In 1988, Dennis formed Callen, Inc. (“Callen”) for the purpose of

establishing and managing several convenience stores in Alabama and Mississippi.

Dennis was the president and 100% owner of Callen. In 1988, Dennis also

       1
         The jury found Dennis not guilty on counts three, seven and eight (one count of
bankruptcy fraud and two counts of money laundering). The government voluntarily dismissed
counts nine and ten for money laundering.

                                             2
established R.A.D., Inc. (“R.A.D.”). Later that year, acting on Callen’s behalf,

Dennis purchased the assets and assumed the debts of Dottley/Garner Investments

(“Dottley”), a Mississippi company that owned and operated convenience stores.

At the time of the transaction, Dottley was involved in Chapter 11 bankruptcy

proceedings. Because Dennis was a convicted felon, he could not obtain a liquor

or gas license in Mississippi, which was necessary to operate a convenience store.

To be able to control Callen’s newly acquired Mississippi convenience stores,

Dennis appointed Doyce Reeves as president and 100% owner of R.A.D. Reeves

later sold all of R.A.D.’s stocks to Dennis for ten dollars. In 1990, Dennis and

Reeves filled out the pertinent Mississippi licensing forms.

      On April 2, 1991, Callen filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. As we shall

discuss in greater detail, the government presented evidence at trial that Dennis (1)

transferred money from Callen’s bank accounts into his personal accounts without

reporting the transfers on his bankruptcy petition; (2) falsely stated that Callen had

no bank accounts; transferred money from Callen bank accounts to his brother and

failed to list them on his bankruptcy petitions; (3) back dated sales receipts to

demonstrate that all of Callen’s assets were sold to R.A.D. so that they could not be

reached by the bankruptcy court; (4) destroyed documents related to Callen’s




                                           3
financial affairs; and (5) wrote bad checks, impersonated a bank official and forged

an attorney’s signature .

      The issues on appeal are: (1) whether the district court amended the

indictment when it instructed the jury on the elements of bankruptcy fraud; (2)

whether there was a variance between the indictment and the evidence presented at

trial; (3) whether there was sufficient evidence to support Dennis’s convictions for

bankruptcy fraud, money laundering, wire fraud and bank fraud; (4) whether the

indictment and district court’s instructions deprived Dennis of a unanimous verdict

and whether count one was duplicitous; (5) whether the district court erred in

applying the money laundering sentencing guidelines; (6) whether the district court

erred in determining the amount of loss; (7) whether the district court improperly

grouped counts and (8) whether the district court erred in computing Dennis’s

criminal history points.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

(1) Jury Instruction on Bankruptcy Fraud

      Dennis contends that the district court amended the indictment when it

instructed the jury on bankruptcy fraud by omitting the term “creditors,” and

substituting the term “custodian of the Bankruptcy Court.” The superseding

indictment charged that Dennis “knowingly and fraudulently did conceal property


                                         4
belonging to Callen, a debtor in a case under Title 11, . . . , from the United States

Bankruptcy Court, . . . and from creditors . . . .” The district court gave the

following jury instruction for bankruptcy fraud:

      The defendant can be found guilty of [bankruptcy fraud] only if all the
      following facts are proved beyond a reasonable doubt . . . Second, the
      defendant knowingly and fraudulently concealed the property
      discussed in the indictment from the custodian of the Bankruptcy
      Court and the property belonged to the estate of the debtor.

Dennis failed to raise this argument before the district court. Therefore, we apply

the plain error standard of review, inquiring whether an error occurred, whether the

error was plain and whether the error “affected substantial rights.” United States v.

Mitchell, 146 F.3d 1338, 1342 (11th Cir. 1998).

      An amendment to an indictment occurs “when the essential elements of the

offense contained in the indictment are altered to broaden the possible bases for

conviction beyond what is contained in the indictment.” United States v. Keller,

916 F.2d 628, 634 (11th Cir. 1990). The jury instruction on bankruptcy fraud did

no such thing. It tracked the language of the statute and comported with the

indictment.

       Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 152(1) “a person who . . . knowingly and

fraudulently conceals from a custodian, trustee, marshal or other officer of the

court charged with the control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case


                                           5
under title 11, from creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging

to the estate of a debtor” shall be fined and/or imprisoned. 18 U.S.C. § 152(1).

      “Custodian” is defined by Title 11 as a “trustee, receiver, or agent under

applicable law . . . that is appointed or authorized to take charge of property of the

debtor for the purpose of . . . general administration of such property for the benefit

of the debtor’s creditors.” 11 U.S.C. § 101 (11)(C). Custodians are appointed by

the bankruptcy court. See id. Lonnie Mixon was appointed as the trustee of the

bankruptcy estate and Travis M. Bedsole was appointed as the bankruptcy

administrator. The trustee and administrator are “custodians” under the plain

meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 101(11)(C). Essentially, the custodian is a “custodian of

the bankruptcy court.” United States v. Greenwood, 74 F.3d 1241 (6th Cir. 1996)

(unpublished). Custodians or trustees “‘are creatures of the Bankruptcy Act.’” In

re Red Carpet Corp. of Panama City Beach v. Miller, 708 F.2d 1576, 1578 (11th

Cir. 1983). As the trial testimonies illustrate, they are entrusted with the

administration of property in the bankruptcy court’s custody. See 11 U.S.C. §

101(11)(C); In re Red Carpet, 708 F.2d at 1578. However, the bankruptcy court is

the “ultimate custodian” of the estate. See id. at 1578-79.

      Under either a strict or broad construction of the term “custodian,” the

indictment’s inclusion of the term “bankruptcy court” rather than “custodian” does


                                           6
not render it infirm. The indictment comports with 18 U.S.C. § 152(1).

Furthermore, the indictment also included the term “creditors” as a victim of the

bankruptcy fraud. It cannot be disputed that the creditors of the bankruptcy estate

were entitled to the concealed monies. See United States v. Levine, 970 F.2d 681,

686 (10th Cir. 1992).

      The jury instruction did not amend the indictment by including the phrase

“custodian of the bankruptcy court.” It comports with 18 U.S.C. § 152(1). The

district court did not plainly err in giving the instruction.

(2) Variance Between Indictment and Evidence at Trial

      Dennis contends that there was a fatal variance between the indictment and

the proof at trial. According to Dennis, the indictment charged him with

knowingly concealing property from the bankruptcy court and creditors; however,

the government proved only that he made a false oath to the bankruptcy court and

not that he concealed anything from creditors.

      Because Dennis failed to raise this argument at the trial level, we review it

under the plain error standard. See Mitchell, 146 F.3d at 1342. “The standard of

review for whether there is a material variance between the allegations in the

indictment and the facts established at trial is twofold: First, whether a material

variance did occur, and second, whether the defendant suffered substantial


                                            7
prejudice as a result.” United States v. Chastain, 198 F.3d 1338, 1349 (11th Cir.

1999). The first prong of this test is not met because no material variance

occurred.

      Counts one, two, four and five of the superseding indictment charge Dennis

with knowingly and fraudulently concealing property belonging to Callen from the

bankruptcy court and creditors in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152. Count six alleges

that Dennis “knowingly and fraudulently did conceal, destroy, and mutilate books,

documents, records and papers relating to the property and financial affairs of

Callen Corporation, a debtor in a case under Title 11, . . . , in violation of” 18

U.S.C. § 152.

      One can violate 18 U.S.C. § 152 if he “knowingly and fraudulently conceals

from a custodian, trustee, marshal, or other officer of the court charged with the

control or custody of property, or, in connection with a case under title 11, from

creditors or the United States Trustee, any property belonging to the estate of a

debtor;” or “knowingly and fraudulently makes a false oath or account in or in

relation to any case under title 11.” 18 U.S. C. § 152(1), (2). The government

charged Dennis with concealment in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152(1) rather than

with making a false oath under 18 U.S.C. § 152(2).




                                           8
      Whether property is part of the bankruptcy estate is a factual issue for the

jury. See United States v. Blane, 375 F.2d 249, 252-53 (6th Cir. 1967) (approving

jury instruction that included requirement of jury finding that property in question

belonged to the bankruptcy estate); Greenwood, 74 F.3d 1241. There was

sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that Dennis concealed assets

belonging to the bankruptcy estate by failing to disclose on his bankruptcy filings

numerous bank accounts in the name of Callen, transfers from Callen to other

accounts, a transfer of inventory to R.A.D., and an account receivable that

Mantissa Corporation owed Callen. The government also proved that Dennis

destroyed documents related to Callen’s financial affairs. Dennis’s failure to

disclose the existence of property belonging to Callen’s (the debtor’s) estate

constitutes concealment. See United States v. Ward, 197 F.3d 1076, 1080 (11th

Cir. 2000) (defendant concealed property belonging to the bankruptcy estate by

failing to disclose it on his bankruptcy petition).

      Upon our careful review of the record, we find no variance between the

indictment and the proof at trial.

(3) Sufficiency of the Evidence

      Dennis contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions




                                           9
for bankruptcy fraud, money laundering, wire fraud and bank fraud. “Whether

there is sufficient evidence to support the convictions is a question of law subject

to de novo review.” United States v. Majors, 196 F.3d 1206, 1210 (11th Cir.

1999), cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 120 S. Ct. 2022 (2000). We review the evidence

in the light most favorable to the government, making all reasonable inferences and

credibility determinations in its favor. See id. Applying this standard of review,

we address each offense in turn.

a.    Bankruptcy Fraud

      Based on the evidence presented at trial, a reasonable jury could have found

Dennis guilty of five counts of bankruptcy fraud for concealing property belonging

to the bankruptcy estate. We need not discuss each of the numerous items that

Dennis was charged with concealing.

      Among other things, Dennis was required to disclose all bank accounts in

which the debtor (Callen) had any interest as well as any transfer of Callen assets

within one year preceding the commencement of the bankruptcy case. See 11

U.S.C., Official Bankruptcy Form 7. The bankruptcy estate includes “all legal or

equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the

[bankruptcy] case.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). Dennis did not disclose the property

alleged in the indictment on his bankruptcy schedules or statement of financial


                                          10
affairs. He indicated that Callen had no bank accounts and no interest in any bank

account. During his deposition, he testified that no bank accounts were in Callen’s

name. However, at trial the evidence established that Callen owned or had an

interest in fifty-five bank accounts. In September, 1991, Dennis’s accounting firm

compiled a quarterly balance statement showing that Callen retained fifty bank

accounts and had extensive assets. At trial, FBI Special Agent Tim Turner

explained that each of the accounts were in the name of Callen or contained funds

transferred from Callen within two years of the bankruptcy filing.

      Dennis contends that none of these accounts belonged to Callen because

R.A.D. purchased them in 1990. This contention is belied by the evidence which

demonstrates that when R.A.D. filed for bankruptcy, none of the accounts

allegedly transferred in 1990 were contained in R.A.D.’s financial disclosure.

Dennis also failed to disclose a transfer of inventory to R.A.D.. The president of

R.A.D. confirmed that no money was paid for the inventory and that he knew

nothing about the sale. R.A.D.’s tax filings showed that it had no income and only

$1,000 in assets.

      The evidence at trial also established that Dennis concealed property from

the bankruptcy court by transferring approximately 1.8 million dollars from Callen

bank accounts to his personal accounts. These transfers were not reported on his


                                         11
bankruptcy filings. At trial, it was further proven that Dennis transferred over four

hundred thousand dollars from Callen accounts to his brother and that his brother’s

company, Mantissa Corporation, owed Callen money as an account receivable.

Neither the account receivable nor the transfers were reported on the bankruptcy

filings.

       At trial, the government proved that Dennis destroyed or concealed financial

documents relating to Callen. He paid someone to shred Callen documents which

were taken to a landfill. He asked Callen’s computer analyst to duplicate Callen’s

books under the name of R.A.D.. He told the computer analyst that lightening

struck Callen’s computer and erased selected files, and he also asked the analyst to

delete more files. When the bankruptcy trustee went to inspect Callen’s

documents, Dennis told him that Callen did not have any documents. The trustee

did not find any documents relating to Callen. However, when the government

subpoenaed Dennis’s accounting firm’s records, they indicated that Callen had

numerous financial records which revealed that Callen had fifty bank accounts

with a total balance of over $500,000 at the time the bankruptcy petition was filed.




                                         12
      Based upon the foregoing evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that

Dennis was guilty of the five counts of bankruptcy fraud for which he was

convicted, beyond a reasonable doubt.

      b. Money Laundering

      Dennis was convicted of twenty-nine counts of money laundering (illegal

transfer of funds) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956 (a)(1)(B)(i). It was alleged that

Dennis

      knowingly and wilfully did conduct and attempt to conduct the below-
      listed financial transactions affecting interstate commerce, that is,
      deposits into the below-listed [personal accounts] . . . , which involved
      the proceeds of a specified unlawful activity, that is bankruptcy fraud,
      a violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 152, knowing that
      the transactions were designed in whole or in part to conceal and
      disguise the nature, the location, the source, the ownership, and the
      control of the proceeds of specified unlawful activity, to wit:
      bankruptcy fraud . . . . and that while conducting and attempting to
      conduct such financial transactions the defendant knew that the
      property involved in the transactions, that is the deposits . . .
      represented the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity . . . all in
      violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1956(a)(1)(B)(i)
      and Section 2.

      A defendant violates 18 U.S.C. § 1956 if “knowing that the property

involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of

unlawful activity, [he] conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction

which in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity. . .knowing that

the transaction is designed in whole or in part . . . to conceal or disguise the nature,

                                           13
the location, the source, the ownership, or the control of the proceeds of specified

unlawful activity . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i); see also Ward, 197 F.3d at

1083 (citation omitted) (“To obtain a conviction under § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), the

government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt ‘that the party engaged in the

transaction knew that the funds used represented, in whole or in part, proceeds of a

specified unlawful activity.’”).

      An element of the offense is a transaction involving a financial institution.

This “‘includes a deposit, withdrawal, transfer between accounts, exchange of

currency, loan, extension of credit, . . . or any other payment, transfer, or delivery

by, through, or to a financial institution, by whatever means effected.’” Id.

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(3)). The statute also requires a “specified unlawful

activity” to predicate money laundering. The phrase “specified unlawful activity”

includes bankruptcy fraud proscribed by 18 U.S.C. § 152. See id. at 1081-82.

      The government proved that Dennis engaged in transfers from the concealed

Callen bank accounts into his personal accounts. At trial, Special Agent Ruth

Frazier traced every check, listed in the money laundering counts of the indictment,

which Dennis sent from a Callen account to his personal brokerage accounts. The

funds were concealed from the bankruptcy court. Dennis failed to disclose these

funds, and thus kept them beyond the reach of the bankruptcy court. See Ward,


                                          14
197 F.3d at 1080 (defendant concealed property belonging to the bankruptcy estate

by failing to disclose it on his bankruptcy filings); United States v. Thayer, 204

F.3d 1352, 1354-55 (11th Cir. 2000) (defendant funneled profits from one

company to other companies and fictitious business accounts and then into her

personal account; evidence was sufficient to prove that she intended to conceal the

funds). Additionally, while under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and therefore under the

control of the trustee, Dennis directed a bank employee to wire funds from a Callen

account to the Mantissa Corporation. Dennis had no authority to make this transfer

and it was not disclosed to the trustee or the bankruptcy court.

      Viewing the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light

most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could have concluded that

Dennis fraudulently concealed property belonging to the bankruptcy estate because

he knowingly withheld information related to the property and acted to prevent the

discovery of the property, thereby intending to deceive the bankruptcy court, the

estate’s creditors, or the custodian. This resulted in financial loss to the estate and

financial gain to Dennis. See Ward, 197 F.3d at 1080; see also Merriam Webster’s

Collegiate Dictionary 238 (10th ed. 1996) (“concealment” is defined as preventing

disclosure or recognition or placing out of site).




                                           15
      The property itemized in the indictment came from an unlawful source

because it “emanated from a bankruptcy fraud.” Levine, 970 F.2d at 686. There

was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Dennis

was guilty of the money laundering offenses beyond a reasonable doubt.

      c. Wire Fraud

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 1343, one who “having devised or intended to devise any

scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false

pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits . . . by means of wire, . . . in

interstate . . . commerce, any writings, . . . or sounds for the purpose of executing

such scheme or artifice” shall be fined and/or imprisoned. 18 U.S.C. § 1343. To

obtain a conviction for wire fraud, the government was required to prove that

Dennis “intentionally participated in a scheme to defraud” and that he “used wire

communications to further that scheme.” United States v. Brown, 40 F.3d 1218,

1221 (11th Cir. 1994).

      The trial evidence established that Dennis wrote numerous checks when

there were insufficient funds in R.A.D.’s account at the People’s Bank. The checks

were made out to Ed Garner for fuel shipments. Dennis called Garner’s bank

impersonating an employee of People’s Bank and told the person he spoke to that

Dennis’s insufficient checks were attributable to a computer error by People’s


                                           16
Bank. The evidence demonstrated that no employee of People’s Bank actually

made the call and that People’s Bank did not have any computer problems.

Dennis’s voice was positively identified as the caller. The evidence established

that Dennis wrote approximately forty-two insufficient fund checks and that

Dennis forged a letter from his attorney stating that the overdrawn account was the

attorney’s fault.

      Presented with the foregoing evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that

Dennis was guilty of wire fraud beyond a reasonable doubt.

      d. Bank Fraud

      Count forty-four of the indictment charges Dennis with bank fraud. Bank

fraud is established under two alternative methods. See United States v. Mueller,

74 F.3d 1152, 1159 (11th Cir. 1996). To prove bank fraud under section 1344(1),

the government must establish “that the defendant (1) intentionally participated in

a scheme or artifice to defraud another of money or property; and (2) that the

victim of the scheme or artifice was an insured financial institution.” United States

v. Goldsmith, 109 F.3d 714, 715 (11th Cir. 1997); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1).

To prove bank fraud under section 1344(2), the government must establish “(1)

that a scheme existed in order to obtain money, funds, or credit in the custody of

the federally insured institution; (2) that the defendant participated in the scheme


                                          17
by means of false pretenses, representations or promises, which were material; and

(3) that the defendant acted knowingly.” Goldsmith, 109 F.3d at 715; see also 18

U.S.C. § 1344(2). A conviction can be sustained under either section when the

indictment and jury instructions, as in this case, charge both clauses. See

Goldsmith, 109 F.3d at 716.

      Dennis contends that the evidence does not establish fraud or that the banks

allegedly defrauded were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC). “Proof of federally-insured status of the affected institution is, for . . .

section 1344 . . . a jurisdictional prerequisite as well as an element of the

substantive crime.” United States v. Key, 76 F.3d 350, 353 (11th Cir. 1996). The

contention that this element was not proved is a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence. See id. Therefore, we view all evidence and reasonable inferences from

the evidence “in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Id.

      The evidence at trial established that Dennis devised a scheme to obtain

money by conducting a check kite where he would deposit insufficient funds

checks drawn on a Callen account at Commercial Bank into his checking account

at Deposit Guaranty National Bank and by writing checks on Callen’s account,

knowing that the account had insufficient funds. Dennis had signatory authority

over both accounts and signed checks from both accounts.


                                           18
      The testimony of FBI Special Agent Charles English was equivocal about

whether Commercial Bank and Deposit Guaranty National Bank were federally

insured. Defense counsel’s cross-examination of Agent English was as follows:

      Q: Are these national banks that are involved in this case, sir?
      A: When you say a “national bank” what are you referring to?
      Q: Nationally chartered bank, banks chartered under the national laws
      of the [U]nited [S]tates.
      A: Federally insured bank sir?
      Q: Yes, sir.
      A: Yes, sir.
      Q: Both of them? Do you know?
      A: I would have to look at the bank-- state certificate, the federal
      certificate to state for sure.
      Q: Is the answer then--
      A: I have not physically looked at the certificate for these banks.
      Q: Is the answer then that you don’t know?
      A: I have been told by bank officials that they are federally insured. I
      cannot–I did not go any further, I took their word for it.
      Q: You are telling this jury that both of these banks are national
      banks?
      A: Federally insured banks.
      Q: What are the name[s] of these banks, sir?
      A: Commercial State Bank.
      Q: Let’s stop on that one, sir. Commercial State Bank, do you see the
      word national in the name of Commercial State Bank?
      A: No, sir.
      Q: Do you?
      A: No, sir.
      Q: Pardon me?
      A: No, sir.
      Q: Are you aware of the law that requires the use of the word national
      in nationally charted (sic) banks?
      A: All I am aware of is that it’s federally insured?
      Q: I do know whether it’s a national bank?


                                         19
       [Assistant U.S.] Attorney: Objection, I think its been asked and
       answered.
       The Court: Yeah, sustained.
       [Defense Counsel]: Q: What is the name of the other bank sir?
       A: Deposit Guarant[y] National Bank.
       Q: Do you know whether it’s a national bank?
       A: The name implies it, until I see the certificate.
       Q: Do you know the difference in float time that would be applicable
       to a state bank as opposed to a national bank?
       ...
       A: I know how the system runs. I know how it pertains on bank
       fraud. I am not an expert on the banking system. Just on bank fraud
       and check kiting as a form of bank fraud.
       Q: Do you know the significance, if any, of one of these banks being a
       state bank, if it is?
       A: I am not aware of how that would change the flow of money at all,
       it does not as far as I am aware.

       Although Agent English’s testimony does not establish beyond a reasonable

doubt that Commercial Bank was federally insured, part of an exhibit admitted into

evidence does. Government’s exhibit thirty-four contains a letter from the vice

president and cashier of Commercial Bank to FBI Special Agent Tim Turner. The

letter is printed on bank stationary and contains the phrase “MEMBER FDIC” on

the bottom.

       In contrast, none of the documents related to Deposit Guaranty National

Bank

give any indication that the bank was federally insured. Even when viewed in the

light most favorable to the government, the evidence and all reasonable inferences


                                         20
drawn therefrom do not establish that Deposit Guaranty National Bank was

federally insured. The agent’s conclusion that the bank was federally insured

appears to be premised upon his belief that because a bank is a “national bank,” it

is necessarily a “federally insured bank.” This reasoning lacks legal support. A

“national bank” is not necessarily “federally insured.” As demonstrated by

pertinent statutory provisions, the two concepts are distinct and not synonymous.

See 12 U.S.C. § 1813.2


       2
          Title 12, section 1813, of the United States Code governs banks and banking. Its
definitional section provides in pertinent part:
        (a) . . .
        (1) Bank
        The term “bank” --
        (A) means any national bank, State bank, and District bank, and any Federal
        branch and insured branch;
        ...
        (2) . . . The term “State bank” means any bank, banking association, trust
        company, savings bank, industrial bank (or similar depository institution which
        the Board of Directors finds to be operating substantially in the same manner as
        an industrial bank), or other banking institution which--
        (A) is engaged in the business of receiving deposits, other than trust funds (as
        defined in this section); and
        (B) is incorporated under the laws of any State or which is operating under the
        Code of Law for the District of Columbia (except a national bank),
        ...
        (c) . . .
        ...
        (4) Federal depository institution
        The term “Federal depository institution” means any national bank, any Federal
        savings association, and any Federal branch.
        (5) State depository institution
        The term “State depository institution” means any State bank, any State savings
        association, and any insured branch which is not a Federal branch.
        (d) . . .
        (1) National member bank

                                               21
        The evidence is insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that

Deposit Guaranty National Bank was federally insured. Because this element of

the offense was not proven, Dennis’s conviction for bank fraud cannot stand.

Accordingly, we reverse Dennis’s conviction for bank fraud, vacate Dennis’s

sentence for bank fraud ---125 months’ imprisonment to be followed by five years

of supervised release-- and remand the case for re-sentencing.

Remaining Issues

        The remaining issues raised by Dennis do not warrant discussion. We

summarily reject Dennis’s contentions with regard to those issues. See 11th Cir.

R. 36-1.3


        The term “national member bank” means any national bank which is a member of
        the Federal Reserve System.
        (2) State member bank
        The term “State member bank” means any State bank which is a member of the
        Federal Reserve System.
        ...
        (h) Insured bank
        The term “insured bank” means any bank (including a foreign bank having an
        insured branch) the deposits of which are insured in accordance with the
        provisions of this chapter; and the term “noninsured bank” means any bank the
        deposits of which are not so insured.

12 U.S.C. § 1813(a), (c), (d), (e), (h).

        3
         11th Cir. R. 36-1 provides:
        When the court determines that any of the following circumstances exist:
               (a) judgment of the district court is based on findings of fact that are not clearly
               erroneous;
               (b) the evidence in support of a jury verdict is sufficient;

                                                 22
                                 III. CONCLUSION

      There was sufficient evidence to sustain all convictions except that for bank

fraud. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand the case for re-sentencing.

Convictions and Sentences for bankruptcy fraud, money laundering, and wire fraud

are AFFIRMED.

Conviction for bank fraud is REVERSED. Sentence for bank fraud is VACATED.

The case is REMANDED for re-sentencing.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED for re-sentencing.




            (c) the order of an administrative agency is supported by substantial evidence on
                the record as a whole;
            (d) summary judgment, directed verdict, or judgment on the pleadings is
            supported by the record;
            (e) judgment has been entered without a reversible error of law; and an opinion
                would have no precedential value, the judgment or order may be affirmed or
                enforced without opinion.


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