                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 21 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARCOS ANTONIO LOMELI,                          No.    17-72055
                                                       18-70757
                Petitioner,                            18-71601

 v.                                             Agency No. A017-224-401

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
                                                MEMORANDUM*
                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                        Argued and Submitted July 8, 2020
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: FERNANDEZ and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and BOLTON,** District
Judge.

      Marcos Lomeli petitions for review of three decisions of the Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)—two denying motions to reopen and one denying a




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Susan R. Bolton, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
motion for reconsideration.1 Lomeli argues that he is a United States citizen under

Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. 1678 (2017). We have jurisdiction under

8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the consolidated petitions.

      1. Lomeli’s two motions to reopen were time- and number-barred by

statute. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2) (providing

that “a party may file only one motion to reopen deportation or exclusion

proceedings” and that a motion to reopen “must be filed no later than 90 days after

the date on which the final administrative decision was rendered”). The final

administrative order issued on August 3, 2007 and the two motions to reopen—

Lomeli’s fifth and sixth such motions—were filed in 2017 and 2018.

      But Lomeli may still ask the BIA to exercise its sua sponte authority to

reopen his removal proceedings, see Bonilla v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 575, 585 (9th Cir.

2016), and he did so here. We “[have] jurisdiction to review Board decisions

denying sua sponte reopening for the limited purpose of reviewing the reasoning

behind the decisions for legal or constitutional error.” Id. at 588.

      In its order denying Lomeli’s fifth motion to reopen, the BIA concluded that

Morales-Santana did not affect Lomeli’s citizenship claim. The BIA denied

Lomeli’s sixth motion to reopen on the same ground. Thus, under Bonilla, we


      1
        The motion for reconsideration argued that Lomeli’s removal order was
constitutionally defective. By not advancing that argument before this court,
Lomeli has waived it. See Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999).

                                           2
have jurisdiction to review the purely legal issue of whether the BIA correctly

interpreted Morales-Santana.

      2. In Morales-Santana, the Supreme Court held that the statutory

provisions governing the derivative citizenship of a child born abroad to one U.S.-

citizen parent and one non-U.S.-citizen parent, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1401(a)(7), 1409(a),

and 1409(c) (1952), violated equal protection, 137 S. Ct. at 1698. Congress

imposed a ten-year physical-presence requirement for most U.S.-citizen parents,

see 8 U.S.C. §§ 1401(a)(7), 1409(a) (1952), in order to counteract the “foreign”

influence a non-U.S.-citizen parent may impose on a child, 137 S. Ct. at 1692. But

“[f]or unwed [U.S.-]citizen mothers, . . . there was no need for a prolonged

residency prophylactic: The alien father, who might transmit foreign ways, was

presumptively out of the picture.” Id. Thus, unwed mothers—and they alone—

were subject to a less burdensome one-year physical-presence requirement. 8

U.S.C. § 1409(c) (1952). Applying heightened scrutiny, the Court characterized

the differing requirements as “stunningly anachronistic,” 137 S. Ct. at 1693, with

“no ‘exceedingly persuasive’ justification,” id. at 1698.

      As a remedy the Court declined to extend to unwed fathers the more lenient

physical-presence rule of § 1409(c) that had applied only to unwed mothers.

Instead, it applied the more burdensome ten-year physical-presence requirement of

§§ 1401(a)(7) and 1409(a). Id. at 1698–1700. The Court described the “two


                                          3
remedial alternatives” and acknowledged that “[o]rdinarily . . . ‘extension, rather

than nullification, is the proper course,’” id. (quoting Califano v. Westcott, 443

U.S. 76, 89 (1979)), but it chose nullification.

      The Court explained that the choice between the two remedial outcomes was

“governed by the legislature’s intent, as revealed by the statute at hand.” Id. at

1699. The Court concluded that “[p]ut to the choice, Congress . . . would have

abrogated § 1409(c)’s exception, preferring preservation of the general rule [in §§

1401(a)(7) and 1409(a)].” Id. To do otherwise would “render the special

treatment Congress prescribed in § 1409(c) . . . the general rule, no longer an

exception.” Id. at 1701. The statutory framework “evidence[d] Congress’

recognition of ‘the importance of residence in this country as the talisman of

dedicated attachment.’” Id. at 1700 (quoting Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815, 834

(1971)); see also Villegas-Sarabia v. Sessions, 874 F.3d 871, 882 (5th Cir. 2017).

      Contrary to Lomeli’s argument, Morales-Santana does not extend a one-

year physical-presence requirement to Lomeli’s U.S.-citizen mother. Simply put,

Lomeli fails to persuasively explain how the result can be different in his case.2 To


      2
        As Lomeli notes, one additional concern in Morales-Santana—that
extending the one-year requirement to unwed fathers would pose a constitutional
problem as between married and unmarried parents—does not exist in the same
way here. But that one difference does not control; the Court extended the general
rule because “all indicators”—including its recognition of “the importance of
residence in this country as the talisman of dedicated attachment”—convinced it
that Congress would have done the same. 137 S. Ct. at 1700.

                                           4
the contrary, the Court’s conclusion in Morales-Santana regarding Congress’s

intent applies equally here.

      We also reject Lomeli’s alternative argument that the current physical-

presence requirement for derivative citizenship applies to Lomeli.3 According to

Lomeli, the Court’s declaration that the “now-five-year requirement should apply,

prospectively, to children born to unwed U.S.-citizen mothers,” 137 S. Ct. at 1701,

means that the requirement applies to all claims adjudicated after Morales-Santana

issued. But this interpretation is contrary to both the plain language of Morales-

Santana and the plain meaning of the word “prospectively.” The five-year

requirement applies prospectively to children born to unwed U.S.-citizen mothers,

not to new (or in Lomeli’s case, renewed) citizenship claims. To conclude

otherwise would be to apply Morales-Santana retroactively by adjusting the

citizenship status of those born prior to its issuance. See Villegas-Sarabia, 874

F.3d at 883–84. And it would also expressly contradict the statutory framework,

which, as the Morales-Santana Court reaffirmed, provides that the current five-

year requirement “affects only children born on or after November 14, 1986.”

Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1687 n.3 (citing § 8(r), 102 Stat. 2619, §§ 12–13,




      3
       Under the current rule, the physical-presence requirement is five years. 8
U.S.C. § 1401(g).

                                          5
100 Stat. 3657). Because Lomeli was born in 1955, the five-year requirement

cannot apply.

      PETITIONS DENIED.




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