[Cite as State v. Moore, 2016-Ohio-828.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                   COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


 STATE OF OHIO                                 :   JUDGES:
                                               :
                                               :   Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                     :   Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                               :   Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
 -vs-                                          :
                                               :   Case No. 14CA0028
                                               :
 VINCENT C. MOORE                              :
                                               :
                                               :
        Defendant-Appellant                    :   OPINION


CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Appeal from the Coshocton County
                                                   Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 13
                                                   CR 0052



JUDGMENT:                                          AFFIRMED




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            March 2, 2016




APPEARANCES:

 For Plaintiff-Appellee:                           For Defendant-Appellant:

 JASON W. GIVEN                                    ALLEN VENDER
 COSHOCTON CO. PROSECUTOR                          OHIO PUBLIC DEFENDER
 318 Chestnut St.                                  250 East Broad St., Suite 1400
 Coshocton, OH 43812                               Columbus, OH 43215
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     2

Delaney, J.

       {¶1} Appellant Vincent C. Moore appeals from the November 19, 2014 Judgment

Entry Jury Verdicts of the Coshocton County Court of Common Pleas. Appellee is the

state of Ohio.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       {¶2} This case arises from an incident on April 7, 2013, when appellant fought

with victim Matt Gadfield at the Cedar Street Inn in Coshocton, Ohio. Appellant fatally

stabbed Gadfield during the fight. The following evidence is adduced from the jury trial.

                       The First Fight: March 24, 2013 at Kids America

       {¶3} Appellant, Gadfield, and K’Marr Cooper knew each other from school,

sports, and athletic training. Gadfield and Cooper trained together at a boxing gym.

       {¶4} On March 24, 2013, Cooper walked to Kids America, an athletic facility, to

play basketball. Appellant drove by and offered Cooper a ride.

       {¶5} At Kids America, appellant and Cooper played basketball with a group of

other men. The other players left and Cooper remained behind with appellant. Cooper

planned to meet Gadfield at the facility because the two planned to run together. Gadfield

arrived and the three started talking. Initially the conversation was friendly. There was

some evidence Cooper and Gadfield wrestled on the floor, although in a friendly manner,

and a dispute arose.

       {¶6} A subsequent conversation between appellant and Gadfield became

heated. Appellant called Gadfield a “bitch,” told him to shut up, and said he didn’t know

what he was talking about. Appellant and Gadfield were arguing nose to nose while

Cooper was seated on a bench about six feet away. Cooper testified Gadfield punched
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                             3


appellant in the face and then “shot on him,” a wrestling move in which Gadfield grabbed

appellant by the legs and both fell to the ground.

       {¶7} Gadfield was on top of appellant on the ground and appellant was bleeding

from the mouth. According to Cooper, appellant said “I’m gonna kill this [expletive]” and

“I got this blade in my pocket and I’m going to go to jail.” Cooper pulled Gadfield off

appellant. Once both were standing, appellant walked toward Gadfield with a knife in his

hand. Cooper saw the blade of the knife which was pointed at the ground. Appellant

advanced on Gadfield and Gadfield jogged backwards out the door. Appellant said “What

now, do you want to fight now?”

       {¶8} Appellant followed Gadfield out of the basketball court area. A manager of

Kids America was at the front desk when Gadfield came running down the hallway and

jumped behind the desk. Appellant followed behind him and the manager observed

appellant’s mouth was bleeding. Appellant told the manager Gadfield “sucker-punched”

him1 and the manager provided appellant with a towel to wipe up the blood. The manager

testified appellant said he had a knife but the manager never saw one. Appellant and

Gadfield were both expelled from the facility for fighting. Neither party wished to file

criminal charges and no one called the Sheriff’s Department.

       {¶9} Cooper remained near the basketball court, where he eventually spoke to

an employee of Kids America and admittedly downplayed the incident.




1 Cooper testified Gadfield did not sucker-punch appellant; instead, appellant and Gadfield argued
face to face and appellant “should have known it was coming.”
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       4


                            The Days Preceding the Second Fight

        {¶10} In the days after the fight, Cooper messaged appellant and said he was

sorry Gadfield and appellant fought, especially because he and Gadfield are not

supposed to fight outside the boxing gym because “their fists are weapons.” Per Cooper,

appellant responded “That’s O.K., he’s going to wish he was fighting lame ass James

Harwell” and during another conversation, after Cooper again apologized, appellant said

“It’s O.K., I got something for him, I’m going to catch him slippin.’” Cooper understood

this to mean appellant would catch Gadfield when he was least expecting it.

        {¶11} Emily Finton knows appellant and dated a friend of Gadfield named Skyler

McCoy. Finton testified that one day after school, she and McCoy went to K.F.C., which

was appellant’s workplace. Appellant was smoking a cigarette in the parking lot on a

break and he and McCoy discussed the fight at Kids America. Finton testified appellant

was very angry about the fight and said “Wait until I see him again, I’m going to kill him.”

Finton recalled this occurred on a Friday because that evening she had a dance recital.

Before the recital, she and McCoy had a phone conversation with Gadfield via

speakerphone and they told Gadfield appellant threatened to kill him. Finton did not take

the threat seriously and did not report the threat to police. She came forward late in the

investigation after speaking to Gadfield’s mother, who encouraged her to report what she

knew.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                   5


                  The Second Fight: Cedar Street Inn, April 6 and 7, 2013

                                        The Witnesses

                                     Bouncer Pete Leach

       {¶12} The same Friday night as the K.F.C. conversation, during the late night

hours of April 6, 2013 into April 7, 2013, Pete Leach worked as a bouncer at the Cedar

Street Inn in Coshocton. Leach said the bar was busier that night than he had ever seen

it. Leach’s job that night included checking I.D.s at the door. He briefly stepped away

from the door to speak to the D.J. and observed Gadfield walk into the bar with others.

Leach immediately suspected Gadfield was underage; Leach caught up to him quickly

and asked for Gadfield’s I.D. but he said he didn’t have one. Leach told him he had to

leave because the bar was 21 and over only after 9:00 p.m. Gadfield said he was

designated driver for his friends but Leach told him he had to leave. Leach testified

Gadfield did not seem upset and turned around and walked out of the bar.

       {¶13} Skyler McCoy also was with Gadfield and Leach suspected he was also

underage, but a bartender said McCoy was “O.K.” so Leach let him stay.

       {¶14} Leach had also observed appellant sitting in the bar throughout the evening

but had no interaction with him.

       {¶15} Leach’s attention was drawn to another patron who dropped a beer bottle

which shattered on the cement floor. Leach was cleaning up the broken bottle when

suddenly most of the people in the bar ran for the door. Leach struggled to get through

the crowd to the door and out of the bar. He described the scene as chaotic.    Outside

the bar, Leach saw Gadfield stumbling toward him with his shirt off. Leach reached for
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       6


Gadfield and tried to catch him but Gadfield fell to the ground and his head struck the

ground.

                                     Women outside the Bar

       {¶16} Michaela Udischas was sitting in a car in the parking lot of the bar while a

friend went inside to look for a lost cell phone. She noticed a group of girls smoking on

the porch and saw a “dark-colored” man go to a car as if to retrieve something from it. He

opened the driver’s door and appeared to be reaching into the car. The man shut the

door and Udischas saw what she described as a “shadow” running through the parking

lot. She next saw people swarming in front of the bar and heard screaming. From her

position inside the car Udischas could see arms flying as though someone was removing

a shirt. She saw the black man run back to the car and lock himself in; the crowd

surrounded the car and people were beating on it.

       {¶17} Tiffanie Clark was one of the girls on the porch. In front of the girls, in the

parking lot in between the cars, Clark saw Gadfield and appellant fighting with their fists.

Clark and her friends screamed for them to stop and the two fell to the ground. Clark

described the fight as very quick and back-and-forth; it was already in progress when she

and her friends noticed what was happening. First Gadfield was on top and then appellant

was. Clark did not see any weapons.

       {¶18} Suddenly appellant took off running away from the bar and Gadfield

staggered toward the girls on the porch. Clark described Gadfield’s face draining of color

and said he looked helpless and desperate. She noticed blood on Gadfield’s torso and

he lifted his shirt and pulled it off. Clark saw “blood pouring” from his chest. She ran
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                    7


inside the bar and screamed to the bartender to call 911 because someone had been

stabbed. In the ensuing chaos, Clark was unable to get back outside.



                                   David Bratton, 911 Caller

      {¶19} David Bratton and a friend were just walking up to the Cedar Street Inn

around midnight when they heard a woman say “quit fighting, this is stupid.” As they

approached the bar entrance, Bratton observed two people fighting on the ground.

Bratton recalled both people getting up from the ground; he saw appellant run to the door

of the bar and Gadfield staggered around the banister and bent over. Bratton saw a wallet

on the ground and told Gadfield “here’s your wallet” as Gadfield put his hands on his

knees. Bratton thought he was out of breath. The Gadfield stood again, turned away

from him, and pulled his shirt off. He heard a girl scream and he reached for Gadfield

because he thought he was about to fight again. Gadfield turned back toward Bratton

and he saw blood spurting from his chest. Gadfield staggered away a short distance and

collapsed on the ground.

      {¶20} Bratton immediately called 911. With the 911 operator, Bratton went back

and forth describing Gadfield’s condition and the silver Ford 300 he observed appellant

get into. Gadfield’s 911 call was played during his testimony; he told of efforts to give

Gadfield C.P.R. and then said Gadfield was no longer breathing. He identified appellant

to the operator as the black male who stabbed the victim and was now sitting in the

passenger seat of the silver Ford 300.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      8


                                       The Investigation

       {¶21} Detective Garrison Bryant of the Coshocton County Sheriff’s Department

was alerted to the stabbing at the Cedar Street Inn in the early morning hours of April 7,

2013. The victim was identified as Matt Gadfield and appellant was already in custody;

he had remained on the scene after the stabbing and was still present when deputies

arrived. Gadfield had already been transported to the hospital and Bryant was aware he

might not survive. Appellant was also treated at the hospital for a self-inflicted wound to

his right upper thigh.   B.C.I. processed the crime scene, which included collecting

evidence, taking photos, and diagramming the scene.

       {¶22} The crime scene included the silver Ford 300 owned by appellant’s

girlfriend. The car was searched and a black Smith and Wesson knife was discovered

on the right passenger side of the vehicle. The knife eventually tested positive for D.N.A.

of both Gadfield and appellant. Appellant’s bloodstained shirt contained his own D.N.A.

and Gadfield’s. Appellant’s jeans had a gash corresponding to the upper right thigh and

also contained D.N.A. of both appellant and Gadfield.

                          Appellant’s Videotaped Statement to Police

       {¶23} Bryant interviewed appellant at 11:00 a.m. on April 7, 2013, the morning

after the incident, with another detective present. The interview was video recorded; the

videotape was played at trial and transcribed into the record. During the interview, Bryant

alternated asking about the Kids America incident and the stabbing at the Cedar Street

Inn.

       {¶24} Appellant described his knife as a black Smith and Wesson folding knife he

used at work for cutting open boxes. The blade opens and the knife locks into place.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      9


Appellant has alternately stated he only carries the knife for work and that he always

carries it. (T. 291, 936).

                  Appellant’s Statements to Bryant about Kids America Incident

       {¶25} During the interview, Bryant inquired whether the Kids America fight set the

stage for the stabbing. Appellant spoke about the fight at Kids America and said Gadfield

had been fighting with K’Marr Cooper when appellant started “trash talking,” saying

Gadfield had to fight by sneaking up on people. Appellant and Gadfield started arguing

and appellant was taken by surprise when Gadfield hit him. Appellant said Gadfield “went

straight to [his] legs” to knock him off his feet, the same move he made in the bar parking

lot the night before.

       {¶26} The conversation went back and forth between the Kids America incident

and the Cedar Street Inn incident. Appellant denied threatening to stab Gadfield at Kids

America, although he acknowledged Gadfield struck him and gave him a “big lip.” He

denied making any threats to Gadfield during the incident or afterward.

       {¶27} Appellant also denied that he had a knife at Kids America. He had his cell

phone in his hand while Gadfield was on top of him and Gadfield thought it was a knife.

Appellant said he would not have had a knife with him because he went to Kids America

to play basketball, not look for a fight, and his knife was something he used for work

anyway. Bryant challenged appellant with K’Marr Cooper’s statement that appellant

threatened Gadfield with a knife but appellant denied doing so.

               Appellant’s Statements to Bryant about Cedar Street Inn Stabbing

       {¶28} Appellant described the Cedar Street Inn fight as completely unexpected.

Appellant and his girlfriend went to the Cedar Street Inn with a friend named Ken from
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                    10


appellant’s work.   They arrived around 10:30 p.m. after going to a comedy club earlier.

The trio had a few drinks and played pool. Ken was intoxicated and threw up inside the

bar; he went outside and played no further role in events.

       {¶29} Appellant said he went to his girlfriend’s car outside the bar to get a Black

and Mild cigar. He retrieved the cigar, shut the car door, and turned back toward the bar

when he observed Gadfield walking between the cars in the parking lot. Appellant said

Gadfield knocked into him, “rushing him” from one side of the bar exterior to the other.

Appellant’s lip still hurt from the Kids America fight. When pressed by Bryant, appellant

said Gadfield swung at him but missed, and appellant hit him first somewhere in the face.

Gadfield “went to [appellant’s] legs” and the two fell to the ground. Appellant described

the two “scooting” across the parking lot as they fought, falling against cars. He said

Gadfield was trying to pick him up.

       {¶30} Appellant had no idea Gadfield was at the bar until he approached him in

the parking lot. Appellant was aware several girls saw what happened, and Bryant

pointed out there were some male witnesses as well. Appellant said he was not lying in

wait for Gadfield, waiting for a chance to attack him. He was on his way back into the bar

to return to his girlfriend when the confrontation occurred.

       {¶31} Appellant said that in a repetition of the move from the Kids America

incident, Gadfield hit him and “went straight to his legs.” This time he was prepared for

Gadfield’s move and he wasn’t knocked down; instead he scooted back against a car.

       {¶32} Appellant acknowledged he did have a knife on him at the Cedar Street Inn.

Appellant said he was trying to get up and his knife was in his pocket. He said he didn’t

know how the knife got out of his pocket and open, although he did recall reaching into
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        11


his pocket and he acknowledged the knife was open. He recalled the knife was in his

right hand. At some point the knife cut him through his pants leg.

       {¶33} Appellant denied lunging at Gadfield with the knife and said he had no

intention of stabbing him; he said he was not trying to kill Gadfield, only to get Gadfield

off of him. Appellant also acknowledged he was just trying to “graze” Gadfield with the

knife. (T. 290).

       {¶34} Appellant said he was not intoxicated; he had maybe six drinks the entire

night, including at the comedy club earlier in the evening. He also described himself as

“tipsy” to explain why he didn’t recall details of the stabbing.

       {¶35} After the fight, appellant re-entered the bar and told his girlfriend it was time

to leave. He heard people say Gadfield had been stabbed and he said he hadn’t stabbed

anyone. Appellant acknowledged he saw Gadfield take off his shirt and observed the

wound in his side, which “shocked” him. Appellant asked police how many times Gadfield

was stabbed and Bryant replied it appeared to be twice but he wasn’t sure.

       {¶36} When asked how the fight ended if appellant didn’t realize Gadfield had

been stabbed, appellant said he kicked Gadfield off of him, chased Gadfield a short

distance, and then left him alone to return inside the bar to retrieve his girlfriend. Bryant

asked where the knife was at that point and appellant said it was in his pocket. When

told B.C.I. found the knife inside his girlfriend’s car, appellant said he didn’t remember

putting it there.

       {¶37} Appellant asked Bryant “how much time [he] was looking at.” Bryant and

another detective told appellant during the interview that Gadfield “didn’t make it” and

appellant broke down crying, stating his life was over.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       12

                        Bryant’s Statements Summarizing his Investigation

       {¶38} At trial, appellee asked Bryant, based upon his investigation including the

interview of appellant, his opinion as to what occurred at Kids America. Bryant testified

over objection appellant and Cooper played basketball and Gadfield arrived after the

game ended. Gadfield and appellant got into a verbal confrontation and Gadfield struck

appellant in the mouth. The two fell to the ground and Gadfield pinned appellant. Bryant

further opined appellant pulled a knife and Gadfield jumped up and ran to the front desk.

Bryant opined the fight was not an ambush; appellant and Gadfield argued back and forth.

       {¶39} Bryant stressed appellant said he wanted to fight Gadfield; appellant said

he knew Gadfield had a reputation as a good wrestler but he was not afraid of Gadfield

and never said Gadfield was known to him as a good fighter. Appellant in fact insisted

he wanted the opportunity to fight Gadfield at Kids America and asked him to “go outside”

but Gadfield refused.

       {¶40} Bryant further opined the incident at the Cedar Street Inn was hand-to-hand

mutual combat. (T. 472). Appellant, however, escalated the fight by pulling a knife. There

was no evidence Gadfield had any weapon. Bryant’s investigation indicated appellant

and Gadfield were hitting each other and Gadfield was trying to pick appellant up. Bryant

testified appellant acknowledged he did try to cut Gadfield but didn’t realize he had

actually done so until he came back out of the bar and saw Gadfield take his shirt off.

       {¶41} Bryant testified on cross examination he did not believe appellant came to

the bar looking for Gadfield and did not think he was lying in wait for Gadfield.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                                13

                                    Indictment, Trial, and Conviction

       {¶42} Appellant was charged by indictment with one count of felony murder

pursuant to R.C. 2903.02(B), an unclassified felony (Count I) and one count of felonious

assault pursuant to R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a felony of the second degree (Count II).

Appellant entered pleas of not guilty and filed notice of his intent to assert the affirmative

defense of self-defense.

       {¶43} Appellant filed motions for appropriation of funds for a consulting

investigation expert at court expense and for a “counseling (sic) defense psychologist” at

court expense. Appellee opposed the motions and the trial court scheduled a hearing on

the motions. On August 21, 2013, the trial court denied the motion for funds for a

consulting defense psychologist and granted the motion for funds for a consulting

investigation expert to the extent that the court authorized appropriation of $1,050.00 to

be paid in increments of $35.00 per hour for 30 hours of investigative work.2 A judgment

entry dated February 25, 2014 authorized a total of $2,500.00 for services of a defense

investigator.

       {¶44} Appellant also filed a motion to suppress his statements to investigators

which appellee opposed; the trial court overruled the motion to suppress after an

evidentiary hearing.

       {¶45} The case proceeded to trial by jury. Appellant moved for judgment of

acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A) at the close of appellee’s evidence and the motion

was overruled.



2 The trial court also initially overruled appellant’s motion for a consulting forensic pathologist at
state expense. The motion was later granted to the extent the trial court authorized expenditure
of up to $1,500.00 for consultation with appellant’s designated forensic pathologist.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                             14

                                      Appellant’s Trial Testimony

       {¶46} Appellant testified on his own behalf at trial.3

       {¶47} His testimony began with the Kids America incident.                  Appellant said

Gadfield and Cooper were fighting initially, perhaps playing around, but they were

wrestling on the ground. Appellant got into an argument with Gadfield and it was Gadfield

who asked if appellant wanted to take it outside. Appellant testified he said yes even

though he didn’t really want to fight. Appellant said Gadfield unexpectedly punched him

in the face, then grabbed him by the legs and took him to the ground. Gadfield was on

top of appellant and he couldn’t get up. Cooper, too, was yelling at Gadfield and telling

him to get off appellant. Eventually, Gadfield jumped up and ran to the front of the facility.

Appellant followed him out to the front and spoke to the manager to request paper towels

for his bloody lip. Appellant testified he did not have a knife at Kids America because he

didn’t work that day and he only carried the knife when he worked. Appellant denied

making the statements Cooper testified to and testified he never said he intended to “kill

that [expletive].” Due to Gadfield striking him, appellant had a busted lip and he was

covered in blood.

       {¶48} Appellant also testified he went to the hospital for a torn meniscus resulting

from the Kids America fight, although he told hospital staff the injury was from basketball.

       {¶49} Appellant testified he knew Gadfield from around town as a fighter because

he saw some of Gadfield’s fights on video. He described Gadfield’s signature move as



3 Appellant also called one other defense witness, Kyle Stubbs, a coworker from K.F.C. Stubbs
testified he was present during the conversation between appellant and Skyler McCoy about the
Kids America incident. Stubbs testified appellant was laughing about the fight and did not threaten
Gadfield. He also said Emily Finton was not present for the entire conversation because she
entered the restaurant at one point and the conversation took place in the parking lot.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                           15


picking up an opponent, slamming him to the ground, laying on top of him, and punching

him. Appellant said he knew Gadfield put an opponent in the hospital after kneeing him

in the face.

       {¶50} Appellant’s account of the conversation at K.F.C. included his claim that he

told Skyler McCoy, Gadfield’s best friend, about his plans with his girlfriend that Friday

night. He said he discussed the Kids America episode with McCoy but they didn’t argue

about it and appellant did not threaten Gadfield during the conversation. Appellant and

McCoy exchanged phone numbers.

       {¶51} Appellant also denied threatening Gadfield to Cooper over Facebook.

       {¶52} Appellant’s account of that Friday evening began with him and his girlfriend

getting haircuts and buying new clothes to wear to the comedy club. They had a few

drinks and went to the Cedar Street Inn around 10:30 with appellant’s co-worker.

       {¶53} Appellant left the bar to go to his girlfriend’s car to get a cigar. He was

returning to the bar with his phone in his hand when he saw Gadfield running toward him

between cars in the parking lot. He didn’t know Gadfield and McCoy were at the bar until

the confrontation in the parking lot and he feared for his life. Gadfield swung at appellant

but only grazed him and then “went to [his] legs.” Appellant acknowledged he told Bryant

he hit Gadfield first during the fight but testified the first contact was actually the “glancing

blow” by Gadfield.

       {¶54} Appellant fell and Gadfield was on top of him pinning his arms.

       {¶55} Appellant heard girls yelling to stop the fight. Gadfield was on top of him

punching him in the face repeatedly. Gadfield then got up; appellant got up and went

inside the bar to get his girlfriend and tell her it was time to leave because “it happened
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     16


again.” When he came out of the bar, he saw Gadfield pulling his shirt off and saw blood

on him. Appellant went to his girlfriend’s car and got in because people were coming

after him and pounding on the car. Appellant then got out of the car and waited for

deputies to arrive. He didn’t realize his leg was cut until he was at the jail and was then

transported to the hospital.

       {¶56} Appellant testified he was scared when he saw Gadfield running at him

because he has seen Gadfield fight. Gadfield was on top of appellant the entire time until

they both got up. He testified he has no recollection of stabbing Gadfield and was

shocked to discover he had done so. He doesn’t remember having the knife in his hand

and doesn’t know how it opened because it requires two hands to open. He does not

remember putting the knife in the car after the fight.

       {¶57} Upon cross examination, however, appellant admitted he took the knife out

to get Gadfield off him because he feared for his life. (T. 1024).

       {¶58} Appellant again moved for judgment of acquittal at the close of all of the

evidence; the motion was overruled. Appellant was found guilty as charged.

       {¶59} The trial court found Counts I and II to be allied offenses of similar import

and appellee elected to sentence upon Count I, felony murder. The trial court imposed a

prison term of 15 years to life.

       {¶60} Appellant now appeals from the judgment entry of his convictions and

sentence.

       {¶61} Appellant raises six assignments of error:
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                  17


                         ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      {¶62} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY PERMITTING A POLICE OFFICER TO

TESTIFY AS TO FACTS BASED ON INADMISSIBLE HEARSAY, AND AS TO

OPINIONS WITHOUT PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNDERLYING FACTS OR

EXPERT QUALIFICATION. [ ].”

      {¶63} “II. THE TRIAL COURT VIOLATED VINCENT MOORE’S RIGHT TO DUE

PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN IT ENTERED JUDGMENTS OF CONVICTION

FOR FELONY MURDER AND FELONIOUS ASSAULT AGAINST THE MANIFEST

WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE. [ ].”

      {¶64} “III. VINCENT C. MOORE RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

COUNSEL BECAUSE HIS ATTORNEYS FAILED TO REQUEST INSTRUCTIONS FOR

VOLUNTARY       MANSLAUGHTER,         INVOLUNTARY   MANSLAUGHTER,   AND

AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, AND FAILED TO DISCLOSE MOORE’S WITNESSES IN

TIME TO PRESENT THEM AT TRIAL, IN VIOLATION OF MOORE’S RIGHTS UNDER

THE SIXTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES

CONSTITUTION; ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 1 AND 10, OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION; [

].”

      {¶65} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN ERROR WHEN IT FAILED

TO    PROVIDE   JURY   INSTRUCTIONS      ON   VOLUNTARY   MANSLAUGHTER,

INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER, AND AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, IN VIOLATION OF

MOORE’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO

THE UNITED STATE CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 16, OF THE OHIO

CONSTITUTION. [ ].”
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      18

       {¶66} “V. THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ABUSED (sic) ITS DISCRETION

WHEN IT REFUSED TO PROVIDE MOORE WITH FUNDING FOR A PSYCHOLOGIST

AND FORENSIC INVESTIGATOR, IN VIOLATION OF MOORE’S RIGHT TO DUE

PROCESS UNDER THE FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED

STATES     CONSTITUTION        AND     ARTICLE     I,   SECTION     16   OF   THE     OHIO

CONSTITUTION. [ ].”

       {¶67} “VI.     THE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF MOORE’S FIRST FIVE

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR DENIED HIM A FAIR TRIAL. [ ].”

                                        ANALYSIS

                                             I.

       {¶68} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court should not

have permitted introduction of testimony of Detective Garrison Bryant that he

characterizes as hearsay and opinion testimony without personal knowledge or expert

qualification. We disagree.

       {¶69} Appellant first challenges appellee’s introduction of the videotape of

Bryant’s interview of appellant.   Before trial, appellant objected to admission of the

videotape because of “hearsay” statements throughout the interview regarding what

Bryant learned from other witnesses. Appellant did not renew the objection during trial

when the tape was played. In State v. Pyo, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 04CAA01009, 2004–

Ohio–4768, at ¶ 19, we explained: “In general, the ruling on a motion in limine does not

preserve the record on appeal and an appellate court need not review the ruling unless

the claimed error is preserved by an objection at trial.” State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199,

503 N.E.2d 142 (1986), paragraph two of the syllabus, citing, e.g., State v. Leslie, 14 Ohio
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        19


App.3d 343, 344, 471 N.E.2d 503 (2nd Dist.1984). Appellant did not properly preserve

the error for appellate review by objecting to introduction of the videotape at trial. We

therefore review admission of the videotape for plain error.

       {¶70} A plain-error analysis pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B) provides that “[p]lain errors

or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to

the attention of the court.” Notice of plain error is to be taken with the utmost caution,

under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.

State v. Granderson, 177 Ohio App.3d 424, 2008-Ohio-3757, 894 N.E.2d 1290 (5th Dist.),

¶ 63, citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of

the syllabus; State v. Cooperrider, 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 227, 448 N.E.2d 452 (1983).

                              “Hearsay” Statements during Interview

       {¶71} During the interview, Bryant tells appellant what he has “heard” about the

fight at Kids America and asks appellant for his version of events. Prompting appellant,

Bryant variously tells appellant he has heard appellant threatened to kill the victim;

appellant pulled a knife at Kids America; Cooper provided a written statement at Kids

America; Gadfield was a good fighter; and appellant had a closed knife at Kids America.

       {¶72} Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). An out-of-court statement is improper hearsay if it is offered

for the truth of the matter asserted. State v. Parker, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 18926,

2002-Ohio-3920, ¶ 50. From our review of the record, we agree with appellee’s assertion

that Bryant’s statements on the videotape regarding other witnesses’ statements were

not offered at trial for the truth of the matter asserted.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                    20

       {¶73} Appellant cites State v. Kemper, 2nd Dist. Clark Nos. 2002-CA-101 and

2002-CA-102, 2004-Ohio-6055, as authority for his assertion that “the court of appeals

reversed because the police referenced inculpatory hearsay while questioning the

defendant.” A reading of Kemper reveals, however, that the Court of Appeals reversed

on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel because no objection was raised to the

statements and because it was such a close case, the statements affected the outcome.

Id. at ¶ 37. The circumstances of Kemper are not analogous to the circumstances here.

In Kemper, defense trial counsel failed to object to admission of the defendant’s

videotaped interview in which a detective stated several witnesses identified the

defendant as the shooter.     The key issue was the identity of the shooter, and the

defendant denied he was the shooter. Id. Here, the basic facts of the Kids America

incident and the Cedar Street Inn stabbing were not at issue, although appellant’s

thoughts and motivations were.

       {¶74} We agree with appellee that Bryant’s statements on the videotape were

admissible for a fundamental reason: the statements are not hearsay because they were

not introduced for the purpose of proving the truth of the matters asserted therein. State

v. Osie, 140 Ohio St.3d 131, 2014-Ohio-2966, 16 N.E.3d 588, ¶ 117, reconsideration

denied, 140 Ohio St.3d 1455, 2014-Ohio-4414, 17 N.E.3d 600, and cert. denied, 135

S.Ct. 1562, 191 L.Ed.2d 649 (2015) [“statement that D made a statement to X is not

subject to attack as hearsay when its purpose is to establish the state of mind thereby

induced in X, such as * * * having knowledge or motive * * *”]. A statement is not hearsay

when offered for a purpose other than to prove the truth of the matter asserted. State v.

Davis, 62 Ohio St.3d 326, 343, 581 N.E.2d 1362 (1991). Here, appellee did not use
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      21


Bryant’s statements to establish the truth of what various witnesses told him about the

two incidents, but for the non-hearsay purpose of establishing appellant’s motive in killing

Gadfield. See Osie, supra.

       {¶75} The issue at trial was not whether appellant was armed with a knife during

the Kids America confrontation, but whether the fight with Gadfield gave appellant reason

to seek an opportunity for revenge for Gadfield’s alleged sucker-punch. Bryant told

appellant what he heard of the earlier incident to draw out appellant’s version of events.

The statements also explained the steps taken in Bryant’s investigation. See, State v.

Tanner, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2003-0005, 2003-Ohio-6866, ¶12 [officer’s testimony

regarding what he was told by a witness was not offered to prove the truth of the matter

asserted and explained the steps taken in the officer’s investigation, especially when the

witness herself testified and her testimony was the same]; State v. Bound, 5th Dist.

Guernsey No. 03 CA 21, 2004-Ohio-6530, ¶ 34 [information officer discovered as a result

of his conversation with witness was merely part of his criminal investigation and not

hearsay].

       {¶76} Kemper’s determination that admission of the videotape rose to the level of

plain error is supported by two elements that are distinguishable from the instant case.

Kemper finds the underlying problem with admission of the videotape in that case to be

a violation of the Confrontation Clause. Id. at ¶ 35. “The court [noted], however, that

‘when the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation Clause

places no constraints at all on the use of his prior (hearsay) statements. The Clause does

not bar admission of a statement so long as the declarant is present at trial to defend or

explain it.” Kemper, 2004-Ohio-6055 at ¶ 36, citing State v. Marbury, 2nd Dist.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                         22


Montgomery No. 19226, 2004-Ohio-1817, ¶ 38. In the instant case, Bryant testified and

was subject to cross examination, as were the Kids America witnesses he spoke of during

the interview, K’Marr Cooper and the Kids America manager. Kemper’s underlying

Confrontation Clause issue is absent here.          Even if the admission of appellant’s

videotaped statement and related testimony constituted a hearsay violation, “[t]he

admission of hearsay does not violate the Confrontation Clause if the declarant testifies

at trial.” State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 64,

citing California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 155, 90 S.Ct. 1930, 26 L.Ed.2d 489 (1970); State

v. Keenan, 81 Ohio St.3d 133, 142, 689 N.E.2d 929 (1998).

       {¶77} The plain-error question further distinguishes the instant case from Kemper.

Even if the admission of the videotaped statement was non-constitutional error, it “is

harmless if there is substantial other evidence to support the guilty verdict.” Powell, supra,

2012-Ohio-2577 at ¶ 64, citing State v. Webb, 70 Ohio St.3d 325, 335, 638 N.E.2d 1023

(1994); Crim.R. 52(A). Kemper was “a close case, as evidenced by the initial trial ending

in a hung jury, and in view of the egregious nature of the hearsay that was admitted

against Kemper, it is a nice question whether its admission rises to the level of plain error.”

Id., 2004-Ohio-6055 at ¶ 37. The court did not reach the issue of plain error, however,

concluding instead the failure of Kemper's trial counsel to have objected to this evidence

rose to the level of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and required reversal of the

conviction. Id. at ¶ 37.

       {¶78} The instant case is not a close one. We find admission of the videotape

does not rise to the level of plain error because the outcome of the trial would not have

been different absent its admission. Plain error or defect under Crim.R. 52(B) does not
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       23


occur unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would have been otherwise.

State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph two of the syllabus.

The fact that appellant stabbed Gadfield and caused his death is not in question because

other properly-admitted evidence provided overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt.

See, Powell, supra, 2012-Ohio-2577 at ¶ 65.

                               Bryant’s Alleged “Expert” Testimony

       {¶79} Appellant next argues the trial court erred in admitting Bryant’s testimony

when Bryant testified as an unqualified expert about appellant’s mental state.

       {¶80} Bryant testified about what he learned from witnesses to the Kids America

fight. Appellant objected on the basis of hearsay and the trial court noted appellant made

statements against interest that are not hearsay. Bryant further testified, based upon his

investigation, as to his opinion of what occurred at Kids America: Cooper and appellant

played basketball, Gadfield arrived after the game ended, Gadfield and appellant got into

a verbal dispute, Gadfield struck appellant in the mouth, both went to the ground, Gadfield

pinned appellant, appellant pulled a knife on him, and Gadfield jumped up and ran to the

front of the facility where the employees were stationed. In Bryant’s estimation, Gadfield’s

striking of appellant was not an ambush or a “sucker punch;” the two were fighting back

and forth. Bryant acknowledged there was no physical evidence appellant had a knife

during the confrontation. Bryant also testified based upon his investigation that appellant

was not afraid of Gadfield, the Kids America incident provided the motive for appellant to

later stab Gadfield, and appellant intended to stab Gadfield.

       {¶81} Bryant was not qualified as an expert witness and did not testify as an

expert. “If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      24


opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (1) rationally

based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding of the

witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” Ohio Evid. R. 701. Lay opinion,

inferences, impressions or conclusions are therefore admissible if they are those that a

rational person would form on the basis of the observed facts and if they assist the jury in

understanding the testimony or delineating a fact in issue. State v. Harper, 5th Dist.

Licking No. 07 CA 151, 2008-Ohio-6926, ¶ 37, citing State v. Kehoe, 133 Ohio App.3d

591, 603, 729 N.E.2d 431 (12th Dist.1999).           Evid.R. 701 affords the trial court

considerable discretion in controlling the opinion testimony of lay witnesses. Id., citing

City of Urbana ex rel. Newlin v. Downing, 43 Ohio St.3d 109, 113, 539 N.E.2d 140 (1989)

and Kehoe, supra, at 603.

       {¶82} Each of Bryant’s challenged statements is based directly upon what he

learned in the course of his investigation. The evidence appellant cites of his mental state

came from appellant’s own statements to Bryant and the detective offered no expert

opinion on appellant’s mental state.      Bryant testified to his extensive training and

experience in criminal investigation in general and to the steps taken in this investigation

in particular. His testimony regarding the Kids America incident was helpful to the trier of

fact in determining appellant’s motive for the confrontation at the Cedar Street Inn.

Bryant’s opinion testimony was rationally based upon his investigation into the underlying

incident. Bryant’s testimony meets the requirements of Evid.R. 701.

       {¶83} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        25


                                             II., III., IV.

       {¶84} Appellant’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error are related

because each argument is premised at least in part upon appellant’s assertion the trial

court should have instructed the jury upon the offenses of voluntary manslaughter,

involuntary manslaughter, and aggravated assault because the evidence at trial better

supported those offenses. We reject appellant’s premise that such instructions were

necessary or appropriate and will address each assignment of error in this context.

       {¶85} Appellant asserts he acted in response to serious provocation by Gadfield

because Gadfield “was a trained fighter who had attacked Moore twice.” (Brief, 13). We

have thoroughly reviewed the record and find it does not support appellant’s self-serving

characterization of the confrontations with Gadfield.

       {¶86} Appellant was found guilty upon one count of felony murder pursuant to

R.C. 2903.02(B), which states, “No person shall cause the death of another as a

proximate result of the offender's committing or attempting to commit an offense of

violence that is a felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section

2903.03 or 2903.04 of the Revised Code.” The underlying offense is felonious assault

pursuant to R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), which states: “No person shall knowingly * * * [c]ause or

attempt to cause physical harm to another * * * by means of a deadly weapon or

dangerous ordnance.”

       {¶87} Appellant asserted the affirmative defense of self-defense and the jury was

instructed thereupon. The trial court’s instruction to the jury upon self-defense explained

in pertinent part, “To establish a claim of self-defense, the defendant must prove by the

greater weight of the evidence that he was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                              26


to the event in which death occurred; and that he had reasonable grounds to believe and

an honest belief, even if mistaken, that he was in immediate danger of death or great

bodily harm and that his only means of retreat from such danger was the use of deadly

force; and he had not violated a duty to retreat to avoid the danger.” See, State v. Petrone,

5th Dist. Stark No. 2011CA00067, 2012–Ohio–911, citing State v. Robbins, 58 Ohio St.2d

74, 80, 388 N.E.2d 755 (1979).

                  Appellant’s Jury Instructions Argued on Appeal but not at Trial

       {¶88} Appellant asserts the jury should have been instructed upon voluntary

manslaughter pursuant to R.C. 2903.03(A);4 aggravated assault pursuant to R.C.

2903.12;5 and involuntary manslaughter pursuant to R.C. 2903.04.6 Appellant did not

request these instructions at trial. Key to appellant’s arguments is his premise that “[t]his

case involves textbook provocation.” (Brief, 15).

       {¶89} Where the testimony and evidence adduced at trial provides a sufficient

basis to believe that a defendant acted under serious provocation, “an instruction on

aggravated assault must be given to the jury.” State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533

N.E.2d 294 (1988), paragraph four of the syllabus. To have warranted an aggravated




4 R.C. 2903.03(A), voluntary manslaughter, states, “No person, while under the influence of
sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on by serious provocation
occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force,
shall knowingly cause the death of another * * *.”
5
  R.C. 2903.12(A), aggravated assault, states, “No person, while under the influence of sudden
passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on by serious provocation occasioned
by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force, shall
knowingly: (1) Cause serious physical harm to another or to another's unborn; (2) Cause or
attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another's unborn by means of a deadly weapon
or dangerous ordnance, as defined in section 2923.11 of the Revised Code.”
6
  R.C. 2903.04(A), involuntary manslaughter, states, “No person shall cause the death of another
or the unlawful termination of another's pregnancy as a proximate result of the offender's
committing or attempting to commit a felony.”
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        27


assault instruction in the present case, there must be serious provocation. “[P]rovocation,

to be serious, must be reasonably sufficient to bring on extreme stress and the

provocation must be reasonably sufficient to incite or to arouse the defendant into using

deadly force.” Id. at paragraph five of the syllabus. Further, “[i]n determining whether the

provocation was reasonably sufficient to incite the defendant into using deadly force, the

court must consider the emotional and mental state of the defendant and the conditions

and circumstances that surrounded him at the time.” Id. See also, State v. Mack, 82 Ohio

St.3d 198, 200, 694 N.E.2d 1328 (1998).

       {¶90} Similarly, in order to warrant an instruction on voluntary manslaughter, a

defendant must present sufficient evidence of serious provocation such that a jury could

reasonably acquit the defendant of murder and convict the defendant of voluntary

manslaughter. State v. Newell, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2004CA00021, 2004-Ohio-6261, ¶

14, citing State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630, 637, 590 N.E.2d 212 (1992); State v. Wilkins,

64 Ohio St.2d 382, 388, 415 N.E.2d 303 (1980). The defendant must show that he was

under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage which was brought about

by provocation that was “sufficient to arouse the passions of an ordinary person beyond

the power of his or her control.” Id., citing Shane, supra. “However, past incidents or verbal

threats do not satisfy the test for reasonably sufficient provocation when there is sufficient

time for cooling off.” Id., citing State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201, 1998-Ohio-375,

694 N.E.2d 1328 and State v. Huertas, 51 Ohio St.3d 22, 31-32, 553 N.E.2d 1058 (1990);

State v. Pierce, 64 Ohio St.2d 281, 414 N.E.2d 1038 (1980).

       {¶91} “Even though an offense may be statutorily defined as a lesser included

offense of another, a charge on such lesser included offense is required only where the
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      28


evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an acquittal on the crime

charged and a conviction upon the lesser included offense.” State v. Conway, 108 Ohio

St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 133, citing State v. Thomas, 40 Ohio St.3d

213, 533 N.E.2d 286, paragraph two of the syllabus. In making this determination, the

court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to defendant. Id., 2006-Ohio-791

at ¶ 34, citing State v. Smith, 89 Ohio St.3d 323, 331, 731 N.E.2d 645 (2000) and State

v. Wilkins, 64 Ohio St.2d 382, 388, 18 O.O.3d 528, 415 N.E.2d 303 (1980). Nevertheless,

an instruction is not warranted every time any evidence is presented on a lesser included

offense. There must be “sufficient evidence” to “allow a jury to reasonably reject the

greater offense and find the defendant guilty on a lesser included (or inferior-degree)

offense.” (Emphasis sic.) Id., citing State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d at 632–633, 590 N.E.2d

272.

       {¶92} If insufficient evidence of provocation is presented such that no reasonable

jury would decide the actor was reasonably provoked by the victim, the trial judge must,

as a matter of law, refuse to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction. State v. Shane,

63 Ohio St.3d 630, 634, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992).

                                    Provocation not a Factor

       {¶93} We note appellant’s theory of the case at trial is inconsistent with his theory

here. At trial, he argued self-defense; now he argues he was provoked into killing

Gadfield. We have observed “[i]n most cases, an aggravated assault instruction is

incompatible with an instruction on self-defense, so that both cannot be given together.”

State v. Owens, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2004-CA-87, 2005-Ohio-4402, ¶ 31, citing State

v. Beaver, 119 Ohio App.3d 385, 397, 695 N.E.2d 332 (11th Dist.1997). However, an
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                         29


aggravated assault instruction could be given in a self-defense case, where

circumstances are such that the defendant exceeded the amount of force necessary for

his defense, out of passion or rage. Id.

       {¶94} We ultimately find insufficient evidence of provocation. Appellant argues

the serious provocation in this case is Gadfield, a trained fighter, started two fights with

him: at Kids America and at the Cedar Street Inn. There is some evidence in the record

Gadfield was a “trained fighter” because Cooper testified he trained with Gadfield at a

boxing gym and Gadfield had an upcoming amateur bout.                  However, based upon

appellant’s recorded interview, there is no evidence Gadfield’s status as an amateur

boxer played any role in appellant’s actions during either incident. He told police the day

after the stabbing that he disliked Gadfield because he had a reputation for “sneak[ing]

up on people,” not that he was afraid of him because of any fearsome reputation as a

boxer (T. 256-257).         Evident in the interview is appellant’s dislike of and disdain for

Gadfield, not any fear of him:

              * * * *.

                         [Bryant:] Could have you or did you like put your hand in your

              pocket and open the blade in case he would do anything? I mean,

              and not bring the knife out—I’m not saying that.

                         [Appellant:] No. I wanted to fight him. I really wanted to fight

              him. Because I already knew he didn’t have no chance to fight me.

              I wanted to fight him.

                         [Bryant:] Okay.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                    30


                   [Appellant:] That’s why he went to my legs, and that’s how we

           ended up on the ground.

                   [Bryant:] Okay.

                   [Appellant:] I only hit him a couple times.

                   [Bryant:] Where did he hit you at?

                   [Appellant:] The mouth.

                   [Bryant:] Again?

                   [Appellant:] Yeah. The same spot but at the bottom.

                   [Bryant:] Okay.

                   [Appellant:] When he hit me in the top, like I said, it caught

                   me offguard. My mouth was open, and my tooth went into my

                   mouth.

                   [Bryant:] Okay.

                   [Appellant:]   So, I mean, every day I had to listen to my

           girlfriend talk shit about, you know what I mean, me getting hit in the

           mouth. It just made me mad every day, just like seeing my mouth. I

           had to go to work with a swollen mouth, wake up in the morning put

           ice on my mouth, go to bed and put ice on my mouth. It was just too

           much.

                   * * * *.

                   [Appellant:] Like I couldn’t believe he did it because it’s never

           happened to me.

                   [Bryant:] You guys used to be friends, right?
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                 31


                  [Appellant:] I was never friends with this kid.

                  [Bryant:] Never friends with him?

                  [Appellant:] I always knew who he was because how he is.

           He is a cocky little fucker. That’s how he is, talk shit to everybody.

           He wants to fight whoever, but he won’t fight them. He will go from

           behind, and he will sneak up because that’s how he is. I have seen

           him do it. I have watched him. That’s why I have never been friends

           with him.

                  [Bryant:] Okay.

                  [Appellant:] I know how he is.

                  [Bryant:] So you guys are coming through. And he hits you

           first or you hit him? Who hits who first?

                  [Appellant:] He tried to swing at me. I hit him first though. I

           know I hit him first.

                  [Bryant:] Okay. Where did you hit him at?

                  [Appellant:] Somewhere in the right side of his face. I was—

           man, I was a little tipsy.

                  [Bryant:] His right side?

                  [Appellant:] His left side.

                  [Bryant:] Okay.

                  [Appellant:] I swung with my right.

                  [Bryant:] Okay.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       32


                     [Appellant:] So, and that’s when he—he hit me in the mouth,

              and then that was it.

                     * * * *.

              T. 282-285.

       {¶95} We reject appellant’s suggestion of provocation.         “[P]rovocation, to be

serious, must be reasonably sufficient to bring on extreme stress and the provocation

must be reasonably sufficient to incite or to arouse the defendant into using deadly force.”

State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294 (1988), paragraph five of the syllabus.

Further, “[i]n determining whether the provocation was reasonably sufficient to incite the

defendant into using deadly force, the court must consider the emotional and mental state

of the defendant and the conditions and circumstances that surrounded him at the time.”

Id. (emphasis added.) See also, State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 200, 694 N.E.2d 1328

(1998). Fear alone is insufficient to demonstrate the kind of emotional state necessary to

constitute sudden passion or fit of rage. State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201, 694

N.E.2d 1328 (1998).

       {¶96} “[P]ast incidents or verbal threats do not satisfy the test for reasonably

sufficient provocation when there is sufficient time for cooling off.” State v. Mack, 82 Ohio

St.3d 198, 201, 1998-Ohio-375, 694 N.E.2d 1328, citing State v. Huertas, 51 Ohio St.3d

22, 31-32, 553 N.E.2d 1058 (1990) and State v. Pierce, 64 Ohio St.2d 281, 414 N.E.2d

1038 (1980). In this case, the Kids America incident does not weigh in provocation

because there was considerable time for “cooling off” between the incident at Kids

America and the fight at the Cedar Street Inn. At the bar, there is no evidence appellant

was under the influence of sudden passion or a fit of rage—in fact, at trial appellant
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      33


wanted the finder of fact to believe he was terrified. The mutual fight at the Cedar Street

Inn, standing alone, does not constitute serious provocation.

       {¶97} Appellant’s testimony that he stabbed Gadfield because he was in fear

supports an instruction on self-defense, which is incompatible with appellant’s claim that

he pulled the knife out of a sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage brought on by serious

provocation occasioned by the victim. State v. Krug, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2008-L-085,

2009-Ohio-3815, ¶ 87.

       {¶98} This case does not present sufficient evidence of serious provocation such

that the jury could reasonably acquit appellant of murder and convict him instead of

voluntary manslaughter, aggravated assault, or involuntary manslaughter. We find jury

instructions upon those offenses were not warranted. Based in part upon this finding, we

will address each of appellant’s assignments of error in turn.

              Appellant’s Convictions not against Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶99} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues his convictions upon

one count of felony murder and one count of felonious assault are against the manifest

weight of the evidence because while he may be guilty of voluntary manslaughter or

involuntary manslaughter, neither of those offenses may form the predicate offense for

felony murder. We disagree with appellant’s framing of the issue.

       {¶100}        In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence, the court of appeals functions as the “thirteenth juror,” and after “reviewing

the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the

credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the

jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      34

conviction must be overturned and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Reversing a conviction as being against the

manifest weight of the evidence and ordering a new trial should be reserved for only the

“exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

       {¶101}       Appellant essentially argues the jury lost its way because he should

have been convicted of voluntary manslaughter, aggravated assault, or involuntary

manslaughter, but the jury did not have those options before it and we have already

concluded those findings are not warranted by the evidence.           We disagree with

appellant’s reading of the felony murder statute and note he has provided no support for

his argument, case law or otherwise. In our review of whether the manifest weight of the

evidence the issue properly raised posed by the assignment of error is whether upon our

review of the entire record, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be overturned and a new trial ordered.

       {¶102}       This is not the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the convictions. Appellant admitted stabbing Gadfield during the fight at the

Cedar Street Inn. The evidence of the eyewitnesses’ supports that this was a mutual fight

that appellant exacerbated with the use of a knife.

       {¶103}       We further note under the felony murder statute a defendant may be

found guilty of murder even if he did not “intend” to cause the victim's death. State v.

Miller, 96 Ohio St.3d 384, 775 N.E.2d 498, 2002–Ohio–4931, ¶¶ 31–34. The critical issue

is whether the defendant had the requisite culpable mental state to support a conviction

for the underlying felony offense. Id. See, also, State v. Berry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     35

83756, 2004–Ohio–5485, at ¶ 35, citing State v. Irwin, 4th Dist. Hocking Nos. 03CA13 &

03CA14, 2004–Ohio–1129.

       {¶104}       Felonious assault is the underlying offense supporting the felony

murder charge in this case. To sustain a conviction for felony murder, appellee had to

prove appellant “knowingly” caused physical harm to Gadfield with a deadly weapon. As

the Ohio Supreme Court explained in Miller, supra, “a person acts knowingly, regardless

of purpose, when he is aware that his conduct will probably cause a certain result or will

probably be of a certain nature.” Miller, supra, 2002–Ohio–4931 at ¶ 31.

       {¶105}       The    evidence    showed    Gadfield   sustained    a   knife   wound

approximately one and a quarter inches deep that penetrated his skin, muscles, and ribs

and entered his heart. Appellant admitted he pulled the knife intending to graze Gadfield

with it to get him off of him. From the surrounding circumstances, reasonable minds could

conclude appellant attempted to cause harm to Gadfield and “[i]t may be reasonably

inferred that [appellant], by holding the knife in his hand, was ready to use it.” State v.

Workman, 84 Ohio App.3d 534, 537, 617 N.E.2d 723, 726 (9th Dist.1992). See also,

State v. Stewart, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2001CA00033, 2002-Ohio-1833; State v. Glossip,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA90-07-138, 1991 WL 35869, *2 (Mar. 18, 1991); State v.

Simmons, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 90CA004949, 1991 WL 172917, *2 (Sept. 4, 1991); State

v. Hill, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010176, 2002-Ohio-1906; State v. Turner, 11th Dist.

Ashtabula No. 2010-A-0060, 2011-Ohio-5098, ¶ 66; State v. Murphy, 2nd Dist. Clark No.

05-CA-71, 2007-Ohio-1747, ¶ 9.

       {¶106}       The jury found defendant guilty of murder as a proximate result of

felonious assault. Engaging in the limited weighing of the evidence we are permitted, we
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     36


cannot say the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that appellant's convictions must be reversed. The jury heard and saw all the evidence,

including appellant’s own testimony. The jury was in the best position to weigh the

credibility of witnesses, especially the credibility of appellant, and they chose, as they

may, not to believe appellant’s self-defense theory. “The jury did not lose its way simply

because it chose to believe appellee’s version of the events, which it had a right to do.”

State v. Morten, 2d Dist. No. 23103, 2010-Ohio-117, ¶ 28.

       {¶107}       The nature of the wound and weapon, appellant's own statements

that he wanted to cut Gadfield, and the remaining evidence concerning circumstances

preceding the stabbing, provided the jury with sufficient, competent, and credible

evidence on which to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

                  Appellant did not receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶108}       In appellant’s third assignment of error, he asserts he received

ineffective assistance of counsel because defense trial counsel did not request jury

instructions for voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and aggravated

assault, and failed to disclose defense witnesses in time to present them at trial. We

disagree.

       {¶109}       To succeed on a claim of ineffectiveness, a defendant must satisfy a

two-prong test. Initially, a defendant must show that trial counsel acted incompetently.

See, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). In assessing such

claims, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the

wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome

the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        37

considered sound trial strategy.’” Id. at 689, citing Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101,

76 S.Ct. 158 (1955).

       {¶110}        “There are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any

given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client

in the same way.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. The question is whether counsel acted

“outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at 690.

       {¶111}        Even if a defendant shows that counsel was incompetent, the

defendant must then satisfy the second prong of the Strickland test. Under this “actual

prejudice” prong, the defendant must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

       {¶112}        The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that “[f]ailure to request

instructions on lesser-included offenses is a matter of trial strategy and does not establish

ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v. Dillon, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. 2008-CA-37,

2009-Ohio-3134, ¶ 119, citing State v. Griffie, 74 Ohio St.3d 332, 333, 658 N.E.2d 764

(1996). In light of our finding that instructions on the lesser-included offenses were not

warranted, we do not consider counsel ineffective in this regard.

       {¶113}        Appellant argues trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request jury

instructions   on   voluntary   manslaughter,    aggravated     assault,   and    involuntary

manslaughter, but as we discussed supra, there was no evidence presented at trial that

would have required the trial court to give instructions on those offenses. Further,

appellant has not demonstrated defense trial counsel's decision not to request those jury

instructions was not valid trial strategy. As we noted supra, the provocation argument is
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                       38


inconsistent with appellant’s self-defense argument at trial. If the jury had believed

appellant’s self-defense argument, he would have had a complete defense and

considerations of provocation would have made that outcome less likely.            Again, a

defendant is not denied effective assistance of counsel when defense counsel chooses,

for strategic reasons, not to pursue every possible trial tactic. Brown, supra; see, State v.

Warthman, 5th Dist. Perry No. 00-CA-11, 2001 WL 575163, *3 (May 18, 2001). Where

the evidence does not support the instruction, defense counsel's failure to request such

instruction does not fall below the standard of reasonableness and appellant is unable to

satisfy the first prong of Strickland. State v. Daviduk, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2001 CA 00340,

2002-Ohio-773, *2.

       {¶114}        Appellant also asserts counsel was ineffective in failing to provide

the report of Kent Harshberger to appellee in accordance to rules of criminal discovery

and in failing to disclose the victim’s mother Pamela Gadfield as a potential defense

witness in time to call her as a witness. While appellant’s trial counsel may have erred in

failing to comply with rules of criminal procedure, appellant has made no attempt to

demonstrate how the result of the proceeding would have been different if either witness

had testified. We thus find no evidence appellant was prejudiced by trial counsel’s error.

       {¶115}        Appellant did not receive ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

                            The Trial Court did not commit Plain Error

       {¶116}        In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court

committed plain error in failing to instruct the jury upon voluntary manslaughter,

involuntary manslaughter, and aggravated assault. We disagree.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                            39


       Jury instructions are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be

disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Martens, 90 Ohio App.3d 338,

344, 629 N.E.2d 462 (3rd Dist.1993). In order to find an abuse of discretion, the reviewing

court must determine that the trial court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5

Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). Crim.R. 30(A) governs instructions and

states a party may file written requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set

forth in the requests, and on appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the

failure to give any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider

its verdict.

       Appellant concedes no objection to the jury instructions was raised at trial.

Accordingly, our review of the alleged error must proceed under the plain error rule of

Crim. R. 52(B), which states: “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be

noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” An alleged error

“does not constitute a plain error ... unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly

would have been otherwise.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978),

paragraph two of the syllabus.

        {¶117}        Appellant bears the burden of demonstrating that a plain error

affected his substantial rights. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770

(1993); State v. Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118, 120, 120 802 N.E.2d 643 (2004). Even if the

defendant satisfies this burden, an appellate court has discretion to disregard the error

and should correct it only to “prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Barnes,

94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002).
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                         40


        {¶118}       “In reviewing a record to ascertain the presence of sufficient

evidence to support the giving of an * * * instruction, an appellate court should determine

whether the record contains evidence from which reasonable minds might reach the

conclusion sought by the instruction.” State v. Dillon, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. 2008-CA-

37, 2009-Ohio-3134, ¶ 88, citing Feterle v. Huettner, 28 Ohio St.2d 54, 275 N.E.2d 340

(1971), at syllabus and State v. Horton, Stark App. No.2007-CA-00085, 2007-Ohio-6469,

¶ 77.


        {¶119}       In light of our finding that the argued instructions were not warranted

by the evidence, the trial court’s failure to give the instructions was not plain error.

Appellant cannot demonstrate the result of the trial would have been different if the

instructions were given.

        {¶120}       Appellant’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error are

overruled.

                                                  V.

        {¶121}       In his fifth assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred

in refusing to provide funds for a psychologist and forensic investigator. We disagree.

        {¶122}       The decision to grant funds for expert assistance to indigent

defendants is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Bays, 5th Dist. Ashland

No. 13-COA-005, 2013-Ohio-4177, ¶16, citing State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 150,

1998–Ohio–370, 694 N.E.2d 932. As a matter of due process, indigent defendants are

entitled to receive the “raw materials” and the “basic tools of an adequate defense.” Ake

v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 77, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985). “While Ake involved

the provision of expert psychiatric assistance only, the case now is generally recognized
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                      41


to support the proposition that due process may require that a criminal defendant be

provided other types of expert assistance when necessary to present an adequate

defense.” Mason, supra, 82 Ohio St.3d at 149. In accordance with the United States

Supreme Court's decision in Ake, the Mason Court held:

                        [D]ue process, as guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth

                Amendments to the United States Constitution and Section 16,

                Article I of the Ohio Constitution, requires that an indigent criminal

                defendant be provided funds to obtain expert assistance at state

                expense only where the trial court finds, in the exercise of a sound

                discretion, that the defendant has made a particularized showing (1)

                of a reasonable probability that the requested expert would aid in his

                defense, and (2) that denial of the requested expert assistance would

                result in an unfair trial. Id.

                State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 149, 1998–Ohio–370, 694

                N.E.2d 932.

       {¶123}           We review appellant's claim under an abuse of discretion standard.

See State v. Jones, 90 Ohio St.3d 403, 414, 2000-Ohio-187, 739 N.E.2d 300. The term

“abuse of discretion” connotes more than an error of law or of judgment; it implies that the

court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore, supra, 5 Ohio

St.3d at 219.

       {¶124}          Decisions as to the appointment of experts are to be made “in the

sound discretion of the court” based upon “(1) the value of the expert assistance to the

defendant's proper representation * * * and (2) the availability of alternative devices that
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     42

would fulfill the same functions.” State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 473 N.E.2d 264

(1984), paragraph four of the syllabus. See, also, Sup.R. 20(IV)(D). This Court has

previously held that “undeveloped assertions that the proposed assistance would be

useful to the defense are patently inadequate.” In the matter of Kristopher F., 5th Dist.

Stark No. 2006CA00312, 2007-Ohio-3259, ¶ 48. We have held “[i]n the absence of a

particularized showing of need, due process as guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution and Section 16, Article I of the Ohio

Constitution does not require the provision of an expert witness.” State v. Babcock, 5th

Dist. Stark No. 2011CA00286, 2012-Ohio-3627, ¶ 30, citing In re B.L., 5th Dist. Licking

No. 09-CA-54, 2009–Ohio–6341, ¶ 41.

       {¶125}        In denying appellant's motion for appropriation of funds for a

consulting defense psychologist, the trial court found an expert would not aid the jury in

determining whether appellant had the mental state required for self-defense. Here,

appellant argues Bryant was able to testify to appellant’s mental state but he was not able

to respond with explanation of the traumatic or stressful event of being “attacked” by

Gadfield twice. Bryant’s testimony was based upon appellant’s statement to him that he

intended to cut Gadfield to get him off of him. Appellant’s claim that a psychologist would

have somehow buttressed his argument for self-defense is speculative and does not

establish the trial court abused its discretion. See, State v. Hughbanks, 99 Ohio St.3d

365, 2003-Ohio-4121, 792 N.E.2d 1081. The trial court was within its discretion to deny

funds for a consulting psychological expert when only appellant’s self-serving statements

supported his claim of self-defense. See, State v. Nichols, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 09-CA-

50, 2010-Ohio-2242, ¶ 36.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                     43


       {¶126}        Regarding appellant’s request for funds for a defense investigator,

appellant acknowledges the trial court did provide funds although not in the amount

requested. Appellant argues the trial court should have provided the $300/hour billed by

an expert in bloodstain analysis and crime scene reconstruction but demonstrated no

particularized need therefor. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in providing a

reasonable amount of funds for an investigator. The facts of this case are not in issue

and appellant’s summary assertions that a bloodstain analysis or crime scene

reconstruction could in any way aid his defense are insufficient to establish an abuse of

discretion.

       {¶127}        Appellant’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                                                VI.

       {¶128}        In his sixth assignment of error, appellant argues the cumulative

effects of his first five assignments of error denied him a fair trial. We disagree.

       {¶129}        In State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656 N.E.2d 623 (1995), the

Ohio Supreme Court held pursuant to the cumulative error doctrine “a conviction will be

reversed where the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the

constitutional right to a fair trial even though each of numerous instances of trial court

error does not individually constitute cause for reversal.” Regarding appellant's

arguments that we have already addressed supra, we do not find multiple instances of

harmless error triggering the cumulative error doctrine. State v. Scott, 5th Dist. Richland

No.11 CA80, 2012–Ohio3482, ¶ 75–76, appeal not allowed, 133 Ohio St.3d 1491, 2012–

Ohio–5459, 978 N.E.2d 910.

       {¶130}        Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                    44


                                      CONCLUSION

       {¶131}          Appellant’s six assignments of error are overruled and the judgment

of the Coshocton County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By: Delaney, J. and

Baldwin, J., concur.

Hoffman, P.J., concurring separately.
Coshocton County, Case No. 14CA0028                                                        45

Hoffman, P.J., concurring

       {¶132}        I concur in the majority’s thorough and well-reasoned analysis and

disposition of Appellant’s second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth assignments of error. I

further concur with most of the majority’s analysis and its disposition of Appellant’s first

assignment of error with the singular exception of its determination the trial court’s

admission of Bryant’s “estimation” [opinion] that Gadfield’s striking of Appellant was not

an ambush or a sucker punch – was not a violation of Evid. R. 701.

       {¶133}        Evid. Rule 701 allows a non-expert witness to testify as to his or her

opinions or inferences which are rationally based on the perception of the witness and

helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in

issue. While I concede Bryant’s testimony was helpful to the determination of a fact in

issue (Appellant’s motive for the confrontation at the Cedar Street Inn), I do not find it was

rationally based on the perception of the witness. I believe “perception of the witness”

means the witness’ first hand observation of an event or events.                     Bryant’s

estimation/opinion of what happened at Kids America was not based upon his personal

observation of the event. I don’t believe the rule allows a non-expert investigatory witness

to speculate about an event not personally observed by that witness. As such, I find the

admission of Bryant’s opinion in this regard to have been error.

       {¶134}        However, I would find the error to be harmless in light of all the

evidence. Accordingly, I concur in the majority’s decision to overrule Appellant’s first

assignment of error in its entirety.



                                                  ________________________________
                                                  HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN
