                       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Fifth Circuit

                                                                                        FILED
                                                                                      June 19, 2009
                                      No. 07-11303 c/w 08-10071
                                                                                 Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                                         Clerk

ALASKA ELECTRICAL PENSION FUND;
MASSACHUSETTS STATE CARPENTERS
PENSION FUND

                                                          Plaintiffs - Appellants
v.

FLOWSERVE CORPORATION; C SCOTT GREER;
RENEE J HORNBAKER; BANC OF AMERICA
SECURITIES LLC; PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP;
CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LLC

                                                          Defendants - Appellees



                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                                for the Northern District of Texas



Before O’CONNOR, Associate Justice (Ret.),* and WIENER and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
        Plaintiffs-Appellants Alaska Electrical Pension Fund and Massachusetts State Carpenters
Pension Fund (collectively, “Alaska”) brought a putative class action against Defendants-
Appellees Flowserve Corporation, Scott Greer, Renee Hornbaker, Banc of America Securities
LLC, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and Credit Suisse First Boston LLC (collectively,
“Flowserve”) for violations of §§ 10 and 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the
“Exchange Act”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j and 78t, and §§ 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 (the


*

  The Honorable Sandra Day O’Connor, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Ret.), sitting by
designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(a).
“Securities Act”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 77k and 77o. The district court denied Alaska’s motion for class
certification, which ruling is before us in appeal number 07-11303, and granted the defendants
summary judgment on all claims, which ruling is before us in appeal number 08-10071.
       In 07-11303, Alaska claims that the district court erred when it refused to certify
Alaska’s proposed class, because in reaching its decisions the court (1) conducted the Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 23 certification hearing under a preponderance-of-the-evidence
standard, rather than under a reasonable-trier-of-fact standard, and (2) applied an incorrect
standard of loss causation to Alaska’s Exchange Act claims, resulting in an erroneous
“predominance” determination under Rule 23(b)(3). In 08-10071, Alaska asks us to reverse the
district court’s grant of Flowserve’s motion for summary judgment on the merits of Alaska’s
actions, contending that the court (1) was precluded from acting on the merits of Alaska’s claims
during the pendency of its class-certification appeal in 07-11303, (2) erroneously concluded that
the merits of Alaska’s Exchange Act claim were resolved by the court’s own resolution of loss
causation for class-certification purposes, and (3) ignored the presumption of loss causation for
Securities Act claims. Flowserve counters that even if the district court thus erred, its judgment
should be affirmed because (1) the safe-harbor provision of the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act (the “PSLRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1)(A)-(B), applies to the forward-looking
projections at issue, and (2) the Securities Act’s one-year statute of limitation, 15 U.S.C. § 77m,
bars Alaska’s §§ 11 and 15 claims. We reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand for further
proceedings in the district court.
                                I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       Flowserve Corporation manufactures pumps, seals, and valves, along with providing
flow management services. In January 2000, the company made C. Scott Greer its CEO. Any
honeymoon for Greer was brief: On February 9, 2000, Flowserve reported net earnings of $12.2
million for fiscal year (“FY”) 1999, a 70% decline from its 1998 earnings, after which its stock
closed at a 52-week low.
       To help address its financial difficulties, Flowserve undertook acquisitions in 2000 and
2002 that were designed to create synergies and to yield other benefits in a consolidating
industry. Flowserve acquired Ingersoll Dresser Pump Company (“IDP”) in August 2000 for
$775 million and the Flow Control Division of Invensys plc (“IFC”) in May 2002 for $535
2
million. To finance these acquisitions, Flowserve entered into a $1.1 billion credit agreement
and twice offered public stock, once in November 2001 and again in April 2002.1
       The parties’ versions of Flowserve’s conduct diverge from there. Alaska claims that
Greer, Renee J. Hornbaker, the CFO during the class period, and Flowserve Corp. through its
officers schemed to misrepresent the company’s financial condition by making “inextricably
related” false statements concerning (1) earnings forecasts, (2) historical financial performance,
(3) past and future integration costs and savings related to the acquisitions of IDP and IFC, and
(4) debt-covenant compliance. Flowserve disputes this characterization.
       As an example of this alleged scheme, Alaska points to a press release issued on the date
that it selected to begin the putative class period, February 6, 2001. Flowserve’s release reported
earnings of $13.2 million for FY2000, in which its true earnings were $5.4 million (140% lower
than reported), a fact not known publicly until Flowserve restated its earnings in 2004. The
same press release announced reduced fourth-quarter 2000 earnings and a FY2001 projection
lower than analysts’ expectations.       According to Alaska, the FY2001 projection included
fraudulent misstatements designed to increase expectations about integration synergies from the
IDP acquisition; yet, Flowserve’s stock price declined 8% in response to the inflated earnings
estimate.
       In addition to a variety of Flowserve’s other public statements that Alaska claims were
fraudulent, it highlights an April 24, 2001 announcement of positive first-quarter 2001 earnings
that overstated earnings and understated costs, in response to which Flowserve’s stock climbed
8%. The second-quarter 2001 earnings statement, released on July 24, 2001, was inflated as
well, but also reduced 2001 earnings guidance, causing the stock to slip 10.8% (although it
rebounded by 7.7% the next day). According to Alaska, Flowserve again engaged in fraud when
it knowingly released overly optimistic FY2002 earnings guidance on October 22, 2001, the
same day that it released inaccurate third-quarter 2001 results.2 Flowserve’s stock rose 6.8% in
response to these releases.
1

1
  The registration statements filed in connection with these stock offerings form the basis of Alaska’s
claims against Banc of America, Credit Suisse First Boston, and PricewaterhouseCoopers, as well
as the Securities Act claims against Flowserve Corp., Greer, and Hornbaker.
2


 Flowserve projected that FY2002 earnings would range from $1.90-$2.30 per share.
3
       After repeating the same FY2002 guidance on February 4, 2002 — the same day that it
had released misstated fourth-quarter 2001 results, including a 600% understatement of loss —
Flowserve downwardly revised its FY2002 guidance in July and September 2002.3 After the
July downward revision of the FY2002 guidance, Flowserve's stock declined 37.4%, and
declined another 38.3% after the September disclosure.        Both releases blamed the reduced
earnings on industry and market factors and did not disclose facts that Alaska contends were the
real reasons for the decline, namely Flowserve’s failure to comply with debt covenants,
misstated historical financial performance, and problems in extracting synergies from
Flowserve’s acquisitions.     Alaska introduced expert testimony to show that statistically
significant proportions of those declines in share price were attributable to company-specific
factors, not to market-wide factors.
       On February 3, 2004, Flowserve announced that it would downwardly restate earnings
for 2000-2003 by $11 million. No statistically significant decline in share price occurred after
this disclosure. The actual amount of the eventual restatement totaled almost $60 million, and
Flowserve admitted that it had not been in compliance with its debt covenants.
       Alaska filed suit in federal district court against Flowserve Corp., Greer, and Hornbaker
on August 7, 2003.      An amended complaint filed on May 14, 2004 named as additional
defendants (1) Banc of America and Credit Suisse First Boston, two of Flowserve’s underwriters
for the stock offerings made during the class period, and (2) PricewaterhouseCoopers,
Flowserve’s auditor during the class period. Alaska filed its final amended complaint on
February 22, 2005, suing Flowserve, Greer, and Hornbaker under § 10 of the Exchange Act and
17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5; suing Greer and Hornbaker under § 20 of the Exchange Act and § 15 of
the Securities Act as controlling persons; and suing all defendants under § 11 of the Securities
Act for making stock offerings under a defective registration statement.
       All defendants moved to dismiss Alaska’s complaint under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6). The district court denied these motions and, in a detailed opinion,
denied the defendants request to file an interlocutory appeal. Ryan v. Flowserve, 444 F. Supp.
2d 718, 730 (N.D. Tex. 2006). Alaska then moved to certify a class on May 30, 2006. It defined
3


The July revision projected FY2002 earnings of $1.70-$1.90 per share. The September revision
projected $1.45-$1.55 per share.
4
the class as “[a]ll persons who purchased the publicly-traded equity securities of Flowserve
Corporation between February 6, 2001 and September 27, 2002,” subject to the customary
exclusions.   The district court conducted a class-certification hearing after which it denied
certification in an opinion filed on November 13, 2007. Ryan v. Flowserve, 245 F.R.D. 560, 577
(N.D. Tex. 2007). In that same opinion, the court granted the defendants’ pending summary-
judgment motions, thereby resolving the case on the merits as well.4 On December 26, 2007, we
granted Alaska’s timely motion in 07-11303 for permission to appeal the denial of class
certification under Rule 23(f). On January 4, 2008, the district court entered final judgment on
the merits, dismissing all of Alaska’s claims, from which judgment Alaska timely appealed in
08-10071. We consolidated the two appeals here.
                                          II. ANALYSIS
       We review the district court’s decision not to certify the putative class for abuse of
discretion, but legal questions implicated by that decision are considered de novo. Gene & Gene
LLC v. BioPay LLC, 541 F.3d 318, 325 (5th Cir. 2008). We review a grant of summary
judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard as the district court. Miller v. Gorski
Wladyslaw Estate, 547 F.3d 273, 277 (5th Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is appropriate if the
record demonstrates that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED . R. CIV . P. 56(c).
       A. Class certification.
       Alaska’s Exchange Act claim requires it to show, in connection with the purchase or sale
of a security, that the defendants made (1) a misstatement or omission, (2) of a material fact, (3)
with scienter, (4) on which Alaska relied, and (5) that proximately caused Alaska’s loss.
Greenberg v. Crossroads Sys., Inc., 364 F.3d 657, 661 (5th Cir. 2004).             Alaska’s class
certification appeal concerns the application of Rule 23(b)(3)’s “predominance” requirement to
the reliance element of Alaska’s Exchange Act claims.5
4


  In fact, the district court only granted Flowserve summary judgment on the Securities Act claims.
It determined that Alaska’s Exchange Act claims were “moot” because of the court’s loss-causation
ruling during the class-certification hearing and dismissed them.
5


 Although Alaska moved for class certification of both its Exchange Act claims and its Securities
Act claims, the district court denied certification of only the Exchange Act claims. We thus leave
the Securities Act claims to the district court on remand.
5
       Class certification requires that “questions of law or fact common to class members
predominate over any questions affecting only individual members.” Rule 23(b)(3)(c). As to
the reliance element of Alaska’s claims, “[i]f the circumstances surrounding each [class
member’s] alleged reliance” on the purported misrepresentations differ, “then reliance is an issue
that will have to be proven by each plaintiff, and the proposed class fails [the] predominance
requirement.” Unger v. Amedisys Inc., 401 F.3d 316, 322 (5th Cir. 2005). Alaska can “establish
a class wide rebuttable presumption of reliance” using “the fraud on the market theory” of
collective reliance. Id. at 322. “Under this theory, . . . it is assumed that all public information
concerning a company is known to the market and reflected in the market price of the company’s
stock.” Greenberg. 364 F.3d at 661 n.6. Thus, “when someone purchases a company’s stock,” a
court “can presume that he relied on the supposition that the market price [was] validly set and
that no unsuspected manipulation ha[d] artificially inflated the price.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted).
       To establish the rebuttable presumption, the Supreme Court has explained, a plaintiff
must prove that: “(1) the defendant made public material misrepresentations, (2) the defendant’s
shares were traded in an efficient market, and (3) the plaintiffs traded shares between the time
the misrepresentations were made and the time the truth was revealed.” Id. at 661 (discussing
Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224 (1988)). We have “tighten[ed] the[se] requirements.”
Oscar Private Equity Invs. v. Allegiance Telecom, Inc., 487 F.3d 261, 265 (5th Cir. 2007). Most
notably, we require a plaintiff additionally to “prove that the defendant’s non-disclosure
materially affected the market price of the security.” Nathenson v. Zonagen Inc., 267 F.3d 400,
414 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting Abell v. Potomac Ins. Co., 858 F.2d 1104, 1120-21 (5th Cir. 1988).
As we have explained, this essentially requires a plaintiff to demonstrate “loss causation.”
Oscar, 487 F.3d at 265. To establish loss causation, a plaintiff must prove “(1) that the negative
‘truthful’ information causing the decrease in price [was] related to an allegedly false, non-
confirmatory positive statement made earlier and (2) that it is more probable than not that it was
this negative statement, and not other unrelated negative statements, that caused a significant
amount of the decline.” Greenberg, 364 F.3d at 666.




6
       The district court concluded that Alaska failed to prove loss causation and that Alaska
thus was not entitled to the rebuttable presumption of class wide reliance. Consequently, it held,
Alaska did not satisfy Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement. It is this holding that Alaska
challenges on appeal. We conclude that the district court failed to apply the proper legal
standard, and we remand the case so that it may do so.
               1.   Alaska was required to prove loss causation by a preponderance of the
               evidence.
       Before addressing the merits of Alaska’s class certification appeal, we address its
argument that the district court applied an erroneous standard of proof. The district court
required Alaska to prove loss causation by a preponderance of the evidence. Alaska contends
that the court should instead have inquired whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found
loss causation by a preponderance of the evidence—a substantially less stringent standard.
       Our precedents foreclose that position.         In Oscar Private Equity Investments v.
Allegiance Telecom, Inc., we held “that loss causation [as an issue of predominance] must be
established at the class certification stage by a preponderance of all admissible evidence.” 487
F.3d, at 269; see also Teamsters Local 445 Freight Division Pension Fund v. Bombardier, Inc.,
546 F.3d 196, 202 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[T]he preponderance of the evidence standard applies to
evidence proffered to establish Rule 23’s requirements.”); In re Hydrogen Peroxide Antitrust
Litigation, 552 F.3d 305, 320 (3d Cir. 2008) (“Factual determinations necessary to make Rule 23
findings must be made by a preponderance of the evidence.”). And “the plain text of Rule 23
requires the court to find . . . the facts favoring class certification,” Unger, 401 F.3d at 321, not
to inquire whether a jury reasonably could do so.
       Alaska contends that reading our cases “so broadly” would create “conflict with Rules 23
and 56” and would have “the potential for intruding on plaintiffs’ [Seventh Amendment] right to
a jury trial.” Appellants’ Opening Brief 63. Its argument proceeds as follows: When assessing a
defendant’s Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, a district court is required to inquire whether
a reasonable jury could find loss causation by a preponderance of the evidence. But a plaintiff
cannot present that evidence to the jury if the district court denies class certification under Rule
23 for lack of predominance. Thus, if the district court may assess predominance at the class


7
certification stage under a higher standard of proof than that required under Rule 56, the plaintiff
may be denied the opportunity to present sufficient evidence to the jury.
       This argument fails because it conflates the issue of loss causation for purposes of
establishing predominance under Rule 23 with the issue of loss causation on the merits. “ ‘In
determining the propriety of a class action, the question is not whether the plaintiff or plaintiffs
have stated a cause of action or will prevail on the merits, but rather whether the requirements of
Rule 23 are met.’ ” Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 178 (1974) (quoting Miller v.
Mackey International, 452 F.2d 424, 427 (CA5 1971) (Wisdom, J.)); see also Appellants’
Opening Brief 64 (“ ‘an evaluation of the probable outcome on the merits is not properly part of
the certification decision’ ” (quoting FED . R. CIV . P. 23(c) advisory committee’s notes)). The
Rule 23 analysis “must focus on the requirements of the rule, and if findings made in connection
with those requirements overlap findings that will have to be made on the merits, such overlap is
only coincidental.” Bell v. Ascendant Solutions, Inc., 422 F.3d 307, 312 (5th Cir. 2005). The
denial of class certification does not prevent a plaintiff from proceeding individually. And “the
court’s determination for class certification purposes may be revised (or wholly rejected) by the
ultimate factfinder.” Unger, 401 F.3d at 323; see also Oscar, 487 F.3d at 269 n.40 (“[L]oss
causation, as an element of a 10b-5 claim, can[] be reexamined at summary judgment.”). In
short, Alaska bore the burden of establishing loss causation by a preponderance of the evidence
in order to obtain certification of its proposed class. This burden was independent of Alaska’s
obligation to establish reliance on the merits, and the Rule 23 requirement does nothing to
compromise Alaska’s opportunity to meet that distinct obligation.
               2. The district court applied an improper standard for assessing loss causation.
       Loss causation requires proof of a causal connection between a misstatement and a
subsequent decline in a stock’s price. In Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, the Supreme Court
explained that, though necessary, evidence that a stock was purchased at a fraudulently inflated
price is insufficient to prove causation. 544 U.S. 336, 342 (2005). A plaintiff must also
establish that after the purchase and before the loss there was a disclosure of negative “truthful”
information that was “related to [the] allegedly false, non-confirmatory, positive statement made
earlier.” Oscar, 487 F.3d at 266; see Lormand v. US Unwired, Inc., __ F.3d __, 2009 WL
941505, at *25 n.20 (5th Cir. 2009) (explaining that our “related to” test is in harmony with
8
Dura’s “relevant to” standard). The loss must be caused because this truth “ma[de] its way into
the marketplace,” not as a result of “changed economic circumstances, changed investor
expectations, new industry-specific or firm-specific facts, conditions,” or other factors
independent of the fraud. Dura, 544 U.S. at 342–43.
       The central dispute between the parties concerns the definition of relevant corrective
information for purposes of assessing loss causation. Flowserve argues, and the district court
largely agreed, that a plaintiff must show a “fact-for-fact” disclosure of information that fully
corrected prior misstatements. Joint Brief of Appellees Flowserve Corporation, C. Scott Greer,
and Renee J. Hornbaker 23; see also Ryan v. Flowserve Corp., Civ. No. 3:03-CV-1769-BECF
(ND Tex. Nov. 13, 2007) (memorandum order). In other words, under this theory a fraud causes
a loss only if the loss follows a corrective statement that specifically reveals the fraud. The only
statements that meet this definition were made in 2004, when Flowserve restated its earnings and
announced that it had not been in compliance with its debt covenants. Because no statistically
significant decline in Flowserve’s share price followed those disclosures, they did not cause
Alaska any loss. Thus, under Flowserve’s view of relevant disclosures, Alaska has failed to
establish loss causation.
       Alaska contends that loss causation may result when the “true financial condition” of a
company becomes known—regardless of whether the disclosure of the company’s true financial
condition corrects past misstatements. So long as the difference between the market’s erroneous
perception of the financial condition of the company and the company’s true financial condition
is a consequence of the fraud, Alaska argues, a loss that results from a revelation of the
company’s true financial condition is caused by the fraud. Under this view, any disclosure of
Flowserve’s weakening financial condition would relate to its earlier misstatements.
       Neither party is correct; the true standard lies in the middle.       Flowserve’s position
effectively does away with the fraud-on-the-market theory of reliance.           If a fact-for-fact
disclosure were required to establish loss causation, a defendant could defeat liability by refusing
to admit the falsity of its prior misstatements. In re Worlds of Wonder Sec. Litig., 35 F.3d 1407,
1422 (9th Cir. 1994). And if a “complete” corrective disclosure were required, defendants could
“immunize themselves with a protracted series of partial disclosures.” Freeland v. Iridium
World Commc’ns, Ltd., 233 F.R.D. 40, 47 (D. DC 2006).              Thus, “[t]o be corrective, [a]
9
disclosure need not precisely mirror [an] earlier misrepresentation.”        In re Williams Sec.
Litig.—WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d 1130, 1140 (10th Cir. 2009).
       Alaska’s position similarly is untenable, because undisclosed information cannot drive
down the market price of a stock. Only information known to the market can cause a loss. For
this reason, only information known to the market is relevant under the fraud-on-the-market
theory of class wide reliance. As we have explained, to establish loss causation this disclosed
information must reflect part of the “relevant truth”—the truth obscured by the fraudulent
statements.
       Our cases illustrate the application of this standard. For example, in Greenberg v.
Crossroads Systems, Inc., 364 F.3d 657 (5th Cir. 2004), the plaintiffs argued that they relied to
their detriment on several alleged misstatements. Among them were (1) statements reporting the
defendant’s financial results for the first quarter of Fiscal Year 2000 and detailed analysts
earnings estimates for the fiscal second quarter, and (2) statements pertaining to the defendant’s
third quarter earnings. Id. at 667–69. These statements caused a substantial loss, plaintiffs
argued, when the stock price fell in part because of a subsequent press release predicting a
significant revenue shortfall for the defendant’s third fiscal quarter. We explained that the press
release was related to the latter category of statements, but not the former. As to the former,
“there [was] no relationship between” the allegedly false statements and the subsequent release.
Id. at 668. The release did not “report any concern that [the defendant’s] first and second quarter
earnings [were] incorrect.” Id. To the contrary, it “ma[de] no reference at all to [the] first and
second fiscal quarters.”    Id.   Thus, the first category of statements could not support a
presumption of loss causation. The second category of purported misstatements pertained to
third quarter earnings. “Because the . . . release clearly concerned a significant revenue shortfall
for [the] third fiscal quarter, the plaintiffs [had] shown the requisite link between the [release]
and th[ose] earlier statements.” Id. at 669.
       Lormand v. US Unwired, Inc., __ F.3d __, 2009 WL 941505, provides additional
guidance.     The defendant in Lormand, US Unwired, Inc., uttered two general classes of
misstatements. First, it touted becoming a Type II affiliate of Sprint, when in fact it had been
forced into that arrangement by Sprint—and Type II affiliation posed significant financial risks
that were not disclosed. Id. at *10–*11. Second, US Unwired misled the public about the
10
expectations it had for success after Sprint forced the company to enter the subprime cellular
service market. Id. at *11–*13. We discussed a series of disclosures through which some truth
leaked out.    Generally, the disclosures made increasingly clear that there were substantial
problems in the subprime market and that expected subscriber growth in that market was
unlikely to materialize.   Id. at *27.    Upon detailed examination of these disclosures, we
concluded that none related to US Unwired’s conversion to Type II affiliation, and that US
Unwired thus failed to establish loss causation with respect to the misstatements pertaining to
that conversion. Id. at *28. On the other hand, the disclosures did relate to US Unwired’s
misstatements about the subprime market. Id. at *28–*29. For this reason, the plaintiffs could
demonstrate that their losses were caused by those misstatements when the relevant truth leaked
out. Id. at *29.
       Here, the district court appears to have demanded more of Alaska than is required by
Greenberg or Lormand. For example, the district court held that the reductions in July ($1.70-
$1.90 per share) and September 2002 ($1.45-$1.55 per share) of the FY2002 earnings guidance
did not reveal the “relevant truth” concerning the inaccuracy of the October 2001 FY2002
earnings projection ($1.90-$2.30 per share). It must have reasoned that the July and September
2002 statements need not have simply reduced Flowserve’s earnings-per-share guidance, but had
directly to reveal that the October 2001 guidance was fraudulent. That is not required; it was
enough that the market learned that the October 2001 guidance was wrong and that other
negative information unrelated to the reduced FY2002 guidance did not cause the decline in
Flowserve’s share price. See In re Williams Sec. Litig.—WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d at 1140
(“Loss causation is easiest to show when a corrective disclosure reveals the fraud to the public
and the price subsequently drops—assuming, of course, that the plaintiff could isolate the effects
from any other intervening causes that could have contributed to the decline.”). Alaska offered
expert testimony on the latter point, and the district court did not find that Alaska had failed to
segregate loss caused by the “relevant truth” leaking out from loss caused by unrelated factors.
Instead, the district court found that the July and September 2002 guidance did not relate to (or,
in Dura’s terms, was not “relevant” to) the October 2001 guidance or any other alleged
misstatements. This conclusion was erroneous.


11
       Flowserve complains that our approach turns the Exchange Act into a “scheme of
investor insurance.” Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. at 345 (internal quotation marks
omitted). It ignores the Exchange Act’s scienter requirement. Flowserve was free to be wrong
in its October 2001 earnings guidance and even for such error to cause investors loss when it was
revealed in July and September 2002—so long as Flowserve did not commit fraud. Only if
Flowserve’s October 2001 guidance (or another alleged misstatement) was fraudulent would any
loss it caused Alaska be actionable. The Exchange Act is not investor insurance, but neither is
the possibility of recovery for fraud tantamount to insurance.
       The market may never have learned the “relevant truth” of Flowserve’s allegedly
fraudulent statements concerning its past financials, acquisition synergies, and debt-covenant
compliance from the July and September 2002 reduction-in-earnings guidance. Clearly, the
market understood that there was some problem with Flowserve’s business (or its business
environment) when the company reduced earnings guidance and the market reacted by driving
down Flowserve’s share price. But loss caused solely by a general impression in the market that
“something is wrong” is insufficient to establish causation.         See In re Williams Sec.
Litig.—WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d at 1138 (“The inability to point to a single corrective
disclosure does not relieve the plaintiff of showing how the truth was revealed; he cannot say,
‘Well, the market must have known.’ ”). Were this not so, we could have concluded that the
subprime market information in Lormand related to the misstatements about Type II affiliation
because that affiliation was the reason US Unwired was enmeshed in the subprime cellular
market in the first place. Similarly, we could have concluded in Greenberg that the disclosure of
reduced third-quarter earnings related to misstatements about first- and second-quarter earnings
because the earlier shortfalls were surely some cause of the third-quarter shortfall. If Alaska
cannot prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the market learned more than that
Flowserve’s earnings guidance was lower and so its business seemed less valuable, it cannot
establish that its loss was caused by Flowserve’s misstatements pertaining to past financials,
acquisition synergies, or debt-covenant compliance.
       Finally, the district court concluded without analysis that twenty-one of Flowserve’s
misstatements were confirmatory and therefore not actionable. We have held that “[i]f the
market price was not actually affected by the statement, reliance on the market price does not of
12
itself become reliance on the statement.” Nathenson, 267 F.3d at 419. We have also said that
“information already known to the market” will not change a stock’s price. Greenberg, 364 F.3d
at 663. But, those of Flowserve’s statements to which the market “actually” responded by
pushing up the price of Flowserve’s stock are not confirmatory under this standard. Id. at 665.
If Alaska has proved positive “actual effect” on the price of the stock after a statement issued,
that statement is not merely confirmatory because the market’s valuation demonstrates that the
statement revealed new, positive information. We leave it to the district court on remand to
apply this framework in order to determine which statements were confirmatory and which were
not.
       Because the district court conducted its Rule 23 hearing under an erroneous legal
standard for proving loss causation, and we cannot discern the basis of its holding that some of
Flowserve’s statements were confirmatory, we vacate its denial of class certification on Alaska’s
Exchange Act claims and remand for a new class certification hearing.
       B. Summary judgment.
               1. The district court had jurisdiction to enter summary judgment.
       Before turning to the merits of the district court’s grant of summary judgment, we must
address Alaska’s argument that the court lacked jurisdiction to enter that order. “The filing of a
notice of appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance—it confers jurisdiction on the court of
appeals and divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in the
appeal.” Griggs v. Provident Consumer Discount Co, 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982). But “the district
court may still proceed with matters not involved in the appeal.” Alice L. ex rel. R.L. v. Dusek,
492 F.3d 563, 564–65 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). Alaska asserts that after we granted it
permission to appeal the district court’s denial of class certification, that court lost jurisdiction
over the merits of the Exchange Act and Securities Act claims and thus had no authority to enter
summary judgment. This argument rests on Alaska’s contention that Flowserve’s negative-
causation defense to Alaska’s Securities Act claim was “involved in” Alaska’s unsuccessful
effort to certify the putative class because certification was denied on the basis of Alaska’s
failure to establish loss causation. In short, the district court lacked jurisdiction to address
Flowserve’s negative-causation defense, Alaska posits, because the issue of loss causation was
on appeal to this court in connection with the denial of class certification.
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       We disagree. As a matter of law, a district court’s findings in connection with a holding
on class certification do not resolve loss-causation issues on the merits, even when—as
here—the two issues are practically identical. “The findings made for resolving [the] class
action certification motion serve[d] the court only in its determination of whether the
requirements of Rule 23 [were] demonstrated.” Bell v. Ascendant Solutions, Inc., 422 F.3d 307,
312 (5th Cir. 2005); see also Unger, 401 F.3d at 323 (“the court’s determination for class
certification purposes may be revised (or wholly rejected) by the ultimate factfinder”). When it
denied class certification, the district court did not touch on the issue of loss causation for
purposes of the merits of Alaska’s claims. Thus, there is no issue on appeal of the summary
judgment order that was “involved in” the denial of class certification.            Cf. Ry. Labor
Executives’ Ass’n v. City of Galveston, Tex., 898 F.2d 481, 481 (5th Cir. 1990) (a district court
can proceed to resolve the merits of a case during the pendency of an interlocutory appeal from
the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction).
               2. The entry of summary judgment was erroneous.
                       (a) Exchange Act Claims
       The district court held that its “loss causation holding in its denial of class certification
[was] dispositive of Plaintiffs’ Exchange Act claims as a matter of law.” Order at 1, Ryan v.
Flowserve, 245 F.R.D. 560 (N.D. Tex. 2008). For the reasons we have now twice explained, that
holding is erroneous. Even if, contrary to our conclusion, we had found no error in the district
court’s class-certification decision, its loss causation holdings under Rule 23’s preponderance
requirement would not govern the merits of Alaska’s claims. Further, we are convinced that a
genuine fact issue exists on the material element of loss causation under the Exchange Act
because a reasonable trier of fact could at the least conclude that the October 2001 statement
concerning Flowserve’s FY2002 earnings caused some portion of Alaska’s loss after the
“relevant truth” began to leak out in July and September 2002. We therefore reverse the district
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Flowserve Corp., Greer, and Hornbaker on
Alaska’s Exchange Act claims. This ruling does not hamstring the district court during the class
certification proceedings on remand. The district court must make an independent finding on
loss causation for purposes of class certification under the preponderance-of-the-evidence
standard.
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                       (b) Securities Act Claims
       Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case under the Securities Act, loss causation is
presumed. McMahan & Co. v. Wherehouse Entm’t, Inc., 65 F.3d 1044, 1048 (2d Cir. 1995).
Section 11(e) provides a means of rebutting that presumption. 15 U.S.C. § 77k(e) (2006). If a
defendant can show that “any portion or all of such damages represents other than the
depreciation in value of [the] security resulting from [the material misstatement] of the
registration statement,” id., the presumption is rebutted for so much of the loss as is not
attributable to the misstatement. The burden on the defendants to prove the affirmative defense
in § 11(e) is “heavy” and arises out of “Congress’ desire to allocate the risk of uncertainty to the
defendants in these cases,” but it is not insurmountable. Akerman v. Oryx Commc’ns, Inc., 810
F.2d 336, 341 (2d Cir. 1987). This defense is frequently referred to as “negative causation.”
E.g., In re Adams Golf, Inc. Sec. Litig., 381 F.3d 267, 277 (3d Cir. 2004).
       The district court erroneously placed the burden of proving loss causation for the
Securities Act claims on Alaska, even though it recognized the affirmative nature of the defense.
For example, it held that “[w]hile the evidence establishes that the July and September Releases
had a negative effective on the price of Flowserve stock, the Releases, standing alone, do not
demonstrate a corrective effect on the price of Flowserve stock.” Ryan v. Flowserve Corp., 245
F.R.D. at 579. It later held that a “single question is not significant probative evidence and fails
to satisfy Plaintiffs’ summary judgment burden. Providing a scintilla of evidence is not enough;
there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Id. at 581
(internal quotation marks omitted).
       The July and September 2002 releases may not have had a corrective effect, but the
defendants were required to prove that no reasonable juror could believe that any portion of
Alaska’s July and September 2002 losses was caused by the defendants’ alleged
misrepresentations in the registration statements, i.e., the losses were caused by another factor.
This poses quite a different question than the one posed by the loss-causation issue under the
Exchange Act, even at the Rule 56 stage of proceedings.
       In short, even if we were to accept that the defendants may have proved that the July and
September 2002 releases did not cause loss attributable to any misrepresentations in the
registration statements, that does not prove that the July and September losses were unrelated to
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the registration statements. For example, there is analyst commentary in the record (although
not necessarily believed by the analyst discussing it) that suggests concerns about debt-covenant
compliance and perhaps some concern about Flowserve’s financials. This might not have been
enough evidence to avoid summary judgment if Alaska had the burden of proving loss causation,
but it is sufficient to defeat the defendants’ argument that all reasonable jurors must conclude
that the defendants were not responsible for any of Alaska’s loss. We therefore vacate the
district court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing Alaska’s Securities Act claims. We
vacate, rather than reverse, because further proceedings might lead to a finer partitioning of
culpability among the different defendants. For example, Greer, Hornbaker, and Flowserve
Corp. engaged in different acts than those engaged in by Bank of America and Credit Suisse
First Boston, which in turn engaged in acts different from those engaged in by
PricewaterhouseCoopers.        On the briefs and record before us, we are not positioned to
investigate differences between these defendants’ acts. Consequently, to the extent that any
defendant can shoulder the burden of proving negative causation as an affirmative defense at the
summary-judgment stage, the district court is not precluded from reinstating its judgment on
remand as to that defendant.
                3. We decline to reach the defendants’ alternative grounds for affirmance.
        Defendants argue that Alaska’s Securities Act claims are barred by the statute of
limitations and that any forward-looking statements they issued are protected by the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act’s safe-harbor provision. Their arguments implicate disputed
factual issues and are best addressed by the district court in the first instance.
                                        III. CONCLUSION
        To be successful, a securities class-action plaintiff must thread the eye of a needle made
smaller and smaller over the years by judicial decree and congressional action. Those ever
higher hurdles are not, however, intended to prevent viable securities actions from being
brought.    For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary
judgment on Alaska’s Exchange Act claims, VACATE the district court’s denial of class-
certification and the remainder of its grant of summary judgment, and REMAND this case for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


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