                                                                     [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                                    ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                            No. 11-12109             NOVEMBER 28, 2011
                                        Non-Argument Calendar            JOHN LEY
                                                                           CLERK
                                      ________________________

                                           Agency No. A087-378-498

RICARDO CALDERON GOMEZ,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                       Petitioner,

                                                   versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                     Respondent.
                                      ________________________

                               Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                                    Board of Immigration Appeals
                                    ________________________

                                             (November 28, 2011

Before HULL, MARCUS and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

         Ricardo Calderon Gomez seeks review of the Bureau of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) final order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application

for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”), and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other

Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). On appeal,

Calderon Gomez argues that the BIA erred in determining that he had failed to

establish past persecution.1 He asserts that the BIA erred by determining that the

persecution that he faced was not on account of one of the five enumerated grounds

for asylum, specifically his imputed political opinion, as he had established that he

had been persecuted because he had actively worked with the U Party by participating

in social campaigns and providing food to displaced communities. Furthermore,

Calderon Gomez argues that he had established that his fear of future persecution on

account of imputed political opinion was reasonable. With respect to the BIA’s

determination that his testimony was not credible, Calderon Gomez asserts that he

had filled out his I-589 application with the assistance of a “non-trained individual,”

and that the BIA was punishing him for not obtaining the assistance of an attorney to

help him with the application.

       We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA has


       1
         On appeal, Calderon Gomez asserts that, in addition to the threats and extortion from
the United Self-Defenses of Colombia (“AUC”), FARC had also threatened him and extorted
money from him. The first time that Calderon Gomez claimed that FARC had threatened him
was in his BIA appellate brief, but at no point in his asylum application, the asylum interview, or
the hearing did he claim to be persecuted in any way by FARC. There is no record evidence
supporting this contention, and we cannot consider facts not raised in the administrative forum.
See Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

                                                 2
expressly adopted the IJ’s decision. Ruiz v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 762, 765 (11th Cir.

2007). In that case, we review the IJ’s decision as well. Id. Here, the BIA did not

expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, and, therefore, we review only the BIA’s decision.

See id.

      The BIA’s factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial evidence

test. Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005). We will

affirm the BIA’s decision “if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262,

1284 (11th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Under this test, we

view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision. Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386

F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). Accordingly, “[t]o conclude the BIA’s

decision should be reversed, we must find that the record not only supports the

conclusion, but compels it.” Ruiz, 479 F.3d at 765 (internal quotations and citation

omitted). When an appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is

abandoned. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005).

      We review our subject matter jurisdiction de novo. See Gonzalez-Oropeza v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 321 F.3d 1331, 1332 (11th Cir. 2003). A petitioner must have

exhausted all administrative remedies that are available as of right. INA § 242(d)(1);

                                          3
8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). We treat the exhaustion requirement as jurisdictional, and so

we must consider whether we have jurisdiction over an issue even if the issue is not

raised by the parties. See Sundar v. INS, 328 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2003)

(noting that this Court “lack[s] jurisdiction to consider claims that have not been

raised before the BIA”). Thus, if an alien fails to challenge an adverse credibility

determination in his appeal to the BIA, we lack jurisdiction to consider such a

challenge in his petition for review, even if the BIA has considered the issue sua

sponte. See Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1249-51 (11th

Cir. 2006).

      An alien who arrives in, or is present in, the United States may apply for

asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The U.S. Attorney General or the Secretary of the

Department of Homeland Security has discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets

the INA’s definition of a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is defined

in the INA as:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
      opinion . . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).         The asylum applicant carries the burden of



                                           4
proving statutory “refugee” status. Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To establish asylum

eligibility the alien must, with specific credible evidence, establish (1) past

persecution on account of a statutorily protected factor, or (2) a “well-founded fear”

that the statutorily listed factor will cause such persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b);

Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Past persecution is established when the applicant shows that (1) he was

persecuted, and (2) the persecution was on account of a protected ground. Silva, 448

F.3d at 1236. An alien who has not shown past persecution may still be entitled to

asylum or withholding of removal if he can demonstrate a future threat in his country

to his life or freedom on the basis of a protected ground. To establish a well-founded

fear, an applicant must demonstrate that his fear of future persecution is subjectively

genuine and objectively reasonable. Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289-90. The alien must

show a nexus between a statutorily protected ground and the feared persecution, and

he can do so by presenting “specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that

he or she will be singled out for persecution on account of” the statutorily listed

factor. Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1286 (quotations and emphasis omitted).

      To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, the applicant must show

that if returned to his country, his “life or freedom would be threatened in that country

because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,

                                           5
or political opinion.” INA § 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The petitioner

must demonstrate that it is more likely than not that he will be persecuted or tortured

upon removal to her country. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir.

2006). Generally, when an alien fails to meet the “well-founded fear” standard for

establishing asylum eligibility, the alien cannot establish the higher burden for

withholding of removal. Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.

      An applicant’s testimony, if credible, may carry the burden of proof without

corroboration. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a). A lack of credibility alone may sufficiently

support a denial of relief, especially if the applicant failed to proffer corroborating

evidence to support the claim. Kueviakoe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d 1301, 1304-05

(11th Cir. 2009). However, even if the IJ makes an adverse-credibility determination,

the IJ must still consider all evidence introduced by the applicant. Forgue, 401 F.3d

at 1287. Generally, “[t]he weaker an applicant’s testimony . . . the greater the need

for corroborative evidence.” Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir.

2005). Even when an applicant’s testimony is credible, the REAL ID Act of 2005

provides that, where the IJ has determined that the applicant should provide

corroborative evidence, “such evidence must be provided unless the applicant does

not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the evidence.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Furthermore, “[n]o court shall reverse a determination made by

                                          6
a trier of fact with respect to the availability of corroborating evidence . . . unless the

court finds . . . that a reasonable trier of fact is compelled to conclude that such

corroborating evidence is unavailable.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).

       After careful review, we deny the petition. The BIA denied Calderon Gomez

relief on five independent grounds: (1) Calderon Gomez did not testify credibly; (2)

he did not provide reasonably available corroborating evidence; (3) the harm alleged

did not rise to the level of persecution; (4) he did not have an objectively reasonable

and substantively genuine fear of returning to Columbia; and (5) he failed to establish

a nexus between the claimed persecution and a protected ground.

       Calderon Gomez properly challenges only the fifth ground on appeal.

Calderon Gomez has abandoned any challenge to the BIA’s determination that he was

not persecuted as a member of a specific social group, that he failed to submit

reasonably available corroborative evidence, that his repeated return to Colombia

after visiting the United States did not support the objective reasonableness or

subjective genuineness of his fear of future persecution, or that he was ineligible for

withholding under CAT, because he has failed to raise these issues on appeal. See

Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228 n.2.

       Moreover, Calderon Gomez’s assertion regarding the BIA’s adverse credibility

determination -- that the BIA was punishing him for not obtaining the assistance of

                                            7
a lawyer in filling out his asylum application -- is not sufficient to preserve a

challenge to the BIA’s adverse credibility determination. Even though the BIA

addressed sua sponte the IJ’s credibility determination, Calderon Gomez failed to

challenge the IJ’s adverse credibility determination in either his notice of appeal or

brief before the BIA, and thus we lack jurisdiction regarding this issue. See Amaya-

Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250-51.2

       Because these unchallenged grounds are independently sufficient to preclude

granting Calderon Gomez relief, we deny the petition.

       PETITION DENIED.




       2
          In any event, even if Calderon Gomez’s testimony was determined to be credible,
substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Calderon Gomez was ineligible for
asylum or withholding of removal because he had failed to establish that he had suffered past
persecution because of his political beliefs or imputed political beliefs or that he had a well-
founded fear of future persecution. Furthermore, the fact that Calderon Gomez returned to
Colombia from the United States on two occasions after the alleged events took place does not
support -- indeed, it strongly undermines -- a conclusion that he had a well-founded fear of future
persecution. Calderon Gomez has also failed to establish any nexus between the alleged
persecution and his political beliefs or any imputed political beliefs because he has failed to show
that the AUC was aware of his political beliefs or that it sought to overcome a political stance
that he held or that the AUC believed he held. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1286. Having failed to
meet the standard for establishing asylum eligibility, Calderon Gomez cannot establish the higher
burden for withholding of removal. See Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.


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