                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 5 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALLEN PANGELINAN,                               No.    17-56822

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 3:15-cv-01730-L-KSC

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   M. James Lorenz, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 14, 2019
                              Pasadena, California

Before: LIPEZ,** WARDLAW, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

      Allen Pangelinan appeals from the dismissal of his Federal Tort Claims Act

(FTCA) claim against the United States. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291. Our review is de novo. Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 937



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

      **
              The Honorable Kermit V. Lipez, United States Circuit Judge for the
First Circuit, sitting by designation.
(9th Cir. 2008). We vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for further

proceedings.

                                         I.

      Pangelinan was injured when a tree branch fell on him while he was attending

his son's graduation ceremony at the United States Marine Corps Recruit Depot in

San Diego, California. He sued the United States under the FTCA, alleging that his

injury was caused by the government's negligent maintenance of its property. The

district court dismissed the action, concluding that it was barred because a private

landowner in similar circumstances would be immunized from liability in a similar

suit under California Civil Code § 846 ("section 846"). Under that provision, known

as the Recreational Use Statute, a landowner "owes no duty of care to keep [a]

premises safe for entry or use by others for any recreational purpose." Cal. Civ.

Code § 846(a).     The court found that attending a graduation ceremony is a

"recreational purpose" under that section.

                                         II.

      The FTCA, under which Pangelinan sues, waives the sovereign immunity of

the United States, see Mattice By & Through Mattice v. U.S. Dep't of Interior, 969

F.2d 818, 820 (9th Cir. 1992), and creates a cause of action for tortious conduct

"under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable

to the claimant" pursuant to the law of the place where the conduct occurred, 28


                                        -2-
U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). Under California law, a landowner is generally liable "for an

injury occasioned to another by his or her want of ordinary care or skill in the

management of his or her property." Cal. Civ. Code § 1714(a); see Alcaraz v. Vece,

929 P.2d 1239, 1257 (Cal. 1997). However, section 846 "protects landowners . . .

from liability for negligence to those who enter or use their land for recreational

purposes." Mattice, 969 F.2d at 820–21.

      Attending a graduation ceremony is not a "recreational purpose" under section

846. The activities covered by that statute include vigorous "activities such as . . .

sport parachuting . . . animal riding, snowmobiling, . . . [and] hang gliding" as well

as more relaxed activities like "sightseeing, picnicking . . . and viewing or enjoying

. . . sites." Cal. Civ. Code § 846(b). That statutory list is non-exhaustive. See

Ornelas v. Randolph, 847 P.2d 560, 563 (Cal. 1993). In determining whether an

unlisted activity has a "recreational purpose" under section 846, California courts

look to the "nature of the activity" and whether it is "recreational" in the commonly

understood sense of the word. See Jackson v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 114 Cal. Rptr.

2d 831, 834 (Ct. App. 2001) (subsequent history omitted) (concluding that “a kite-

flyer[’s actions] to retrieve his wayward kite” were recreational based on “the nature

of the activity”—“the joy of the sport”); see also Gerkin v. Santa Clara Valley Water

Dist., 95 Cal. App. 3d 1022, 1027–28 (Ct. App. 1979) (looking to “the commonly

understood recreational sense of the word” hiking to determine whether section 846


                                         -3-
applied), disapproved of on other grounds by Delta Farms Reclamation Dist. v.

Superior Court, 660 P.2d 1168, 1173–74 (Cal. 1983); cf. Sebelius v. Cloer, 569 U.S.

369, 376 (2013) ("[S]tatutory terms are generally interpreted in accordance with

their ordinary meaning.").

      Attending a graduation ceremony is not "recreational" in the ordinary sense

of the word. "Recreation," as commonly understood, refers to “any form of play,

amusement, or relaxation used for the purpose of refreshment in body or mind such

as games, sports, or hobbies.” United States v. Migi, 329 F.3d 1085, 1088 (9th Cir.

2003) (internal quotation marks omitted) (interpreting “recreation” under 21 U.S.C.

§ 860(e)(1)). In one dictionary, “recreation” is defined as “refreshment by means of

some pastime, agreeable exercise, or the like;" and "a pastime, diversion, exercise, or

other resource affording relaxation and enjoyment." Recreation, Random House

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd ed. 1997). Similarly, Roget's International

Thesaurus offers "refreshment" and "amusement" as synonyms for "recreation."

Recreation, Roget's International Thesaurus (5th ed. 1992). The purpose of attending

a graduation ceremony, while likely joyous, is not to enjoy oneself, play, or relax.

Instead, a graduation marks an accomplishment. Its purpose is ceremonial or




                                         -4-
commemorative—not recreational. It therefore falls outside the scope of section 846

immunity.1

      The judgment of the district court is therefore vacated. We remand for

further proceedings in accordance with this disposition.




      1
        Because we find that attending a graduation ceremony is not a recreational
purpose under section 846, we do not address Pangelinan's argument that he falls
within section 846's exception for express invitees.

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