                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 15a0629n.06

                                           No. 14-6051

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                               FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )                Sep 09, 2015
                                                         )            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                       )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )        COURT FOR THE WESTERN
SHAWN WASHINGTON,                                        )        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                         )
       Defendant-Appellant.                              )
                                                         )


BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GIBBONS, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Shawn Washington challenges on insufficiency

grounds his drug conspiracy and firearm convictions and asserts that prosecutorial misconduct

during rebuttal closing argument violated his due process rights. We affirm.

                                                I.

       A superseding indictment charged Washington and two co-defendants, Tario Johnson

(aka Tario Jordan) and Georglvekio Hampton, with conspiring to possess with intent to distribute

at least 500 grams of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 846; aiding and abetting the possession of a firearm in

furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and aiding and

abetting the carrying of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c). PID 166-69. The superseding indictment also charged Washington with a fourth

count, felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

       Co-defendants Johnson and Hampton pleaded guilty to the drug conspiracy charge;

Washington proceeded to trial and the jury convicted him on all four counts. PID 224, 344, 414,

444; 166-69. The district court imposed an aggregate sentence of 300 months’ imprisonment.

PID 446. Washington timely appealed. PID 450.


                                          A. Trial Testimony


       Former co-defendant Tario Johnson testified that he and Washington lived in the same

neighborhood and have known each other since childhood. Johnson and Hampton are cousins.

PID 633-34. Johnson testified that he met Montrell Partee while both were serving time in the

Shelby County Jail, and that he contacted Partee in May 2013 to purchase kilos of cocaine. PID

636, 693. Partee told Johnson that he had a cousin coming to town with kilos for sale. PID 637.


       Special Agent Michael Ciesliga testified that Partee, a confidential informant (CI), called

him after hearing from Johnson. Ciesliga and Partee met to discuss setting up a reverse buy and

Partee placed phone calls to Johnson to arrange the reverse buy, which Ciesliga monitored and

recorded. PID 856-57, 859, 584. Ciesliga, who led the investigation, testified that he was aware

that CI Partee had a criminal record and was on probation. PID 858.1


       Bartlett Police Department Undercover Officer Terry Brewer testified that his role in this

operation was to sell cocaine to Johnson. PID 524. Brewer had worked as an undercover agent

with the Task Force and with CI Partee once before and found Partee credible. PID 522-23.


       Brewer testified that in the early afternoon of May 29, 2013, he and CI Partee met

Johnson at the food court of the Wolfchase Galleria Mall in Cordova, Tennessee. PID 525, 527,

1
  Ciesliga testified that after listening to the phone calls, Tario Johnson and his brother, Christopher
Jordan, (not Washington) were targets of the investigation. PID 862.

                                                  -2-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

638. Brewer testified that he had told Johnson in advance of this meeting not to bring any

weapons or money and that Brewer would have no drugs with him. PID 528. When they

finished eating, the three men walked out of the mall to a vehicle that Brewer had waiting in the

parking lot. PID 527, 639. The vehicle had been wired for sound in preparation for this meeting.

PID 863.


       Brewer testified that he patted Johnson down2 and that he and Johnson entered the

vehicle while CI Partee waited outside. PID 528. Brewer and Johnson then negotiated the price

of the cocaine and, at one point, Johnson called someone and put that person on speakerphone.

PID 530. Johnson testified that although he told Brewer that the person on the phone was his

brother, in fact, the person on the phone was “Big,” whose real name he did not know. PID 640.

Johnson denied talking to his brother. PID 695-98.


       Brewer and Johnson agreed that Brewer would sell Johnson three kilograms of cocaine at

$29,000 per kilogram, PID 530; 589-90, and Brewer showed Johnson one of the kilos of cocaine.

PID 531, 587, 612. Johnson exited the vehicle and walked back towards the mall. PID 534.

Partee and Brewer went to meet with Agent Ciesliga at a different location. PID 863. Other

agents saw Johnson re-enter, walk through, and exit the mall, but did not follow him in order to

avoid alerting him to the operation. PID 589, 863. Brewer testified that Johnson called him

shortly after and said “We’re gathering the money together,” and that he wanted to meet later

that evening. PID 534.




2
  On cross-examination, Brewer testified that he did not have a weapon on his person but had one in the
vehicle. PID 563. Agent Lytal testified as to the importance of Johnson’s knowledge of the absence of
drugs, money, and weapons at the initial meeting. PID 585-87.
                                                 -3-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

       Between 3:00 and 4:00 that afternoon, Brewer and CI Partee met with other Task Force

officers, including Agent Ciesliga, at the Microtel Inn, reserved two hotel rooms, set up

surveillance in parking lots surrounding the Microtel, and arranged to meet Johnson there for the

cocaine/money exchange. PID 534, 866.


       Before the exchange occurred, Johnson called Brewer and reached a new agreement; to

buy two rather than three kilograms of cocaine. PID 536. Johnson testified that “Big” thought

Johnson was dealing with the police and no longer wanted to fund the deal. PID 642-43.

Johnson therefore concocted a scheme to create a “money bag,” piles of paper with one real bill

on top of each pile, to trick Brewer and Partee into giving him the cocaine. Johnson drove to

“the neighborhood,” saw Hampton on the street and Washington across the street, and recruited

them to “play [Brewer] out of” the kilos of cocaine. The arrangement was that Johnson would

keep one kilo for himself, while Hampton and Washington would split the second kilo. PID 644-

48.


       When Johnson told Hampton and Washington that Brewer was carrying a firearm,

Hampton and Washington said they had to have guns as well. The three men drove to the home

of Javier Jones, who loaned Washington a gun. PID 645-48. Johnson testified that Washington

concealed the gun borrowed from Jones in his waistband. PID 649. The three next went to the

home of “Little Mike,” who provided a gun for Hampton. PID 649-50. Next the three went to

the home of “Nuck,” who helped them create the money bag. PID 650. Johnson testified that

he, Hampton, and Washington were involved in cutting the newspaper to the size of U.S.

currency and making the fake money bag. PID 651. While they were cutting the newspaper,

Terrence Norton, who knew Johnson, pulled up and asked what they were doing. Johnson told



                                               -4-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

him their plan, and asked if he had any hundred dollar bills on him. Norton provided one. PID

652.


       Around 7:00 or 7:30 p.m. that evening, May 29, 2013, Johnson arrived at the Microtel

parking lot driving a Nissan Maxima. Agents Brewer and Ciesliga, who were in second-floor

Microtel rooms, testified that they saw another person in the front passenger seat, but did not see

anyone in the back seat of Johnson’s vehicle. PID 537-40, 869. Agent Lytal testified that he

could not see anyone in the vehicle, and only knew people were inside because the vehicle was

moving. PID 615.


       A second Nissan Maxima followed Johnson into the parking lot. Both Agents Brewer

and Ciesliga saw two people in the second vehicle and testified that one appeared to be female.

PID 539, 869. Johnson testified that Norton was following in the second car because he had

been promised something in exchange for his $100 bill. PID 654.


       Brewer testified that the vehicles parked for about ten seconds, then started circling the

parking lot, and that he then received a phone call from Johnson saying that they were spooked

and leaving. PID 541.       Johnson testified that once the two cars parked, he called Partee

repeatedly but Partee did not answer. Norton then got nervous and thought he saw police parked

in the lot, and the two vehicles left. PID 654-55.


       Johnson testified that he drove to a Popeye’s Chicken and the three men discussed what

to do. At some point, Partee returned Johnson’s calls and convinced Johnson to come back to

complete the deal. Johnson testified that Norton did not return to the Microtel because he was in

his girlfriend’s car and had to go pick her up, PID 655-56, and that before returning to the

Microtel, Hampton stashed the gun he had borrowed at a gas station, having remarked that the

                                                -5-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

three of them were convicted felons and there were too many guns to get rid of if anything

happened. PID 706.


        Around 9:30 that evening, Johnson returned to the Microtel in the Nissan Maxima and

called Brewer. PID 542, 591. Brewer could not see how many persons were in the vehicle from

the hotel room. PID 545. Brewer instructed Partee to go down to the parking lot and make sure

Johnson had the money before they came up to get the cocaine. PID 542. Brewer and Ciesliga,

still in the hotel rooms, watched the action in the parking lot and radioed what was happening to

Lytal. PID 618-19. Brewer testified that the agents had pre-arranged that Johnson would be

taken down in the parking lot before the exchange actually occurred. PID 574.


        When Partee got to the parking lot, Johnson grabbed the fake money bag from

Washington, showed it to Partee, and passed it back to Washington. 3 Partee then got into the

backseat of Johnson’s car. PID 657. Partee called Brewer and said that the men had the money

but wanted to see the cocaine, at which point Brewer had Partee tell the three men to come up to

the hotel room. PID 545, 658. Agent Lytal testified that Ciesliga alerted him that Johnson and

the others in the vehicle were about to exit the vehicle. At that point, Lytal ordered the take

down.    PID 617-18.      Johnson testified that as the three men got out of the car, he told

Washington to keep the gun hidden in his waistband. PID 659. By the time Agent Lytal and

other agents arrived, Johnson was standing by the driver’s door, Hampton by the front passenger

door, Partee by the rear driver’s side door, and Washington by the rear passenger door. PID 592-

93.


3
  Johnson testified that when he handed the money bag back to Washington, as Partee was getting into the
car via the rear driver side door, Washington covered the bag with his hands so that Partee could not see
that the money was fake. “Washington knew, like, to cover. He put his hands over it like he – like he
covered it up. He knew what to do. He kn[e]w exactly what to do.” PID 703.
                                                  -6-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

       Johnson testified that Washington grabbed the money bag when he got out of the car. As

Johnson began to walk away from the vehicle, he noticed a black truck approaching with its

lights off and, thinking it was the police, told Washington to throw the gun. Instead, Washington

threw the bag into the Nissan, pulled the gun out as he was getting back in, and closed the door.

Hampton also jumped back into the Nissan and locked the doors.4 PID 659-60.


       Agent Lytal testified that as he approached Washington, he noticed Washington was

holding a plastic bag. PID 594. Lytal saw Washington run back to the vehicle and throw the

bag. PID 594. Washington got back into the car, locked the door, and bent over in the seat,

reaching for his belt. Lytal attempted to break the vehicle window with his weapon, screaming

at Washington to sit up and show Lytal his hands. PID 595, 735. Lytal also yelled out “Gun,

gun” to let the other officers know that Washington had a weapon. PID 595-96. Lytal testified

that the plastic bag contained approximately $140 wrapped around bundles of newspaper cut to

the size of U.S. currency. PID 601-02.


       Special Agent Johnie Carter testified that as Washington was sitting in the rear passenger

side of Johnson’s Nissan, Carter saw Washington take a gun from under his shirt and move his

hand toward the floorboard. PID 736. Agent Lytal testified that when Washington finally sat

up, raised his hands, and unlocked the car door, Lytal saw a gun on the floorboard between

Washington’s feet. PID 597. Carter testified that once Washington raised his hands and began

complying with Lytal’s commands, Washington began “shuffling his feet, trying to kick the

weapon up under the seat in front of him.” PID 736. At this point, Lytal took Washington out of

the Nissan. PID 597. Carter cuffed Washington and retrieved the gun. PID 736. Carter testified


4
 With the attention drawn to Hampton and Washington, Johnson escaped. He was eventually arrested on
October 3, 2013. PID 661.
                                                -7-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

that there were car parts under the front seat that would have prevented the gun from sliding

from the front floorboard to the rear. PID 738.


       Johnson testified regarding his plea agreement that had he gone to trial, his guidelines

range would have been 262 to 327 months, but since he pleaded guilty his guidelines range is

188 to 235 months and the Government agreed to give full consideration to his testimony in

determining whether to file a substantial-assistance motion under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. PID 688-

693. He also identified the gun found at Washington’s feet as the gun Javier Jones loaned

Washington. PID 649.


                                                        B.


       Washington moved for a judgment of acquittal on insufficiency grounds, Fed. R. Crim. P.

29, at the close of the Government’s proofs and at the close of all the evidence. Both motions

were denied. PID 804, 807; 928, 936-37. The jury found Washington guilty on all four counts

of the superseding indictment. PID 1089-90.


                                 II. Insufficiency Challenges


       We review de novo a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge in a criminal case. United

States v. Garcia, 758 F.3d 714, 718 (6th Cir. 2014). Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, we ask whether any rational trier of fact could have found the

contested elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. “Circumstantial evidence alone

is sufficient to sustain a conviction under this deferential standard of review.” United States v.

Fekete, 535 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2008).




                                                  -8-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

                                           A. Drug Conspiracy


       Washington contends that, without former co-defendant Johnson’s testimony, there was

insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of participating in a drug conspiracy. He asserts

that no rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly agreed with

Johnson to possess with intent to distribute cocaine because only Johnson testified as to the

conspiracy facts and Johnson’s testimony was “wholly unreliable” because it was motivated by

desire to “get a lighter sentence and protect his cousin, Hampton.” Appellant Br. 27-28, 33.


       Problematic for Washington is that “[a]ttacks on witness credibility are simple challenges

to the quality of the government’s evidence and not the sufficiency of the evidence.” United

States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408, 424 (6th Cir. 1999). When reviewing the denial of a motion for

acquittal, this court “can neither independently weigh the evidence, nor make our own

assessment of the credibility of the witnesses who testified at trial.” Garcia, 758 F.3d at 718.


       Defense counsel argued to the jury that Johnson was not believable. The jury could, and

apparently did, reject this argument and its choice to do so was a rational one. See United States

v. Arnold, 486 F.3d 177, 182 (6th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (finding sufficient evidence to convict on

a felon-in-possession charge, observing that “[a]s in all criminal trials, the jury did not have to

draw these inferences. But it reasonably could have reached these conclusions–and when that is

the case we must respect the jury’s inferences over our own . . . . our mandate is to affirm when

the jury’s choice was a rational one.”).


       Another flaw in Washington’s argument is that Johnson was not the only witness to

testify regarding Washington’s participation in the drug conspiracy; other witnesses testified that

Washington was riding in the same vehicle as the person who arranged the deal, showed up at

                                                 -9-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

the time and place a two-kilogram cocaine sale was supposed to occur, and had in his possession

a loaded firearm and a plastic bag of cut-up newspaper made to look like real money.


        Inconsistencies in Johnson’s testimony notwithstanding,5 any rational juror could have

found beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of a drug conspiracy, 21 U.S.C. § 846, 1) an

agreement to violate drug laws, 2) knowledge and intent to join the conspiracy, and 3)

participation in the conspiracy. United States v. Allen, 619 F.3d 518, 522 (6th Cir. 2010); United

States v. Welch, 97 F.3d 142, 146, 148 (6th Cir. 1996).


                             B. § 924(c) and § 922(g) firearm convictions


        Washington’s insufficiency argument as to his firearm convictions is the same as to the

drug conspiracy conviction:          that only Johnson’s testimony establishes that Washington

possessed, used and carried a firearm in furtherance of a drug crime. He argues that without

Johnson’s testimony, all that was established was that his presence at the scene was surplusage

and that the crime would have transpired whether he was present or not. Appellant Br. 41-46.




5
  Washington points to the following inconsistencies in Johnson’s testimony: (1) Johnson stated that in
the parking lot of Wolfchase Mall, Johnson was actually talking to someone called “Big,” rather than his
brother, PID 640, 694-95; (2) Johnson’s testimony that he told Washington and Hampton that Brewer was
registered to carry a firearm, which contradicts the testimony of Agent Lytal, who testified that all parties
knew that no weapons, money, or drugs would be present at the initial meeting at Wolfchase Mall, PID
585, and the testimony of Agent Brewer, who testified that though he patted Johnson down for a gun,
Johnson did not request to pat Brewer down, PID 563; (3) Johnson was unable to provide an address for
“Little Mike,” who lived only a couple of streets away from Johnson and from whom he secured a gun for
Hampton; and (4) though Johnson said that Norton did not return to the Microtel with him because
Norton needed to pick his girlfriend up, Agent Brewer testified to seeing two individuals in Norton’s car,
one with long hair and likely a female. PID 656, 539. Washington asserts that the remaining testimony
establishes that his name was never mentioned in the initial phone calls and meetings, that he was not
present during the negotiations at Wolfchase Mall, and that no one definitively saw him in Johnson’s car
the first time it arrived at the Microtel.

                                                    -10-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

          To establish a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1),6 the Government must prove that

Washington 1) carried or used a firearm, 2) during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, or

that Washington 1) possessed a firearm, 2) in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. United

States v. Gill, 685 F.3d 606, 611 (6th Cir. 2012). Washington challenges only the possessed or

carried element.


          To establish a violation of § 922(g), the Government must prove that Washington had a

previous felony conviction, knowingly possessed the firearm specified in the indictment, and that

the firearm traveled in or affected interstate commerce. United States v. Morrison, 594 F.3d 543,

544 (6th Cir. 2010). Again, Washington challenges only that he possessed the firearm.


          Detective Carter, as well as Johnson, testified that Washington had the firearm on his

person and the jury properly could believe them. In addition, officers found the firearm on the

floorboard of Johnson’s vehicle, where Washington was sitting. Under these circumstances, we

conclude that the jury acted rationally in deciding that Washington possessed the gun and we

affirm Washington’s firearm convictions.


                                                        III.


          Washington asserts that the Government violated his due process rights when it

impermissibly shifted the burden to him during rebuttal closing argument by indirectly

commenting on his failure to testify or produce evidence, and when it belittled defense counsel.


6
    18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) provides in pertinent part:

          any person who, during and in relation to any . . . drug trafficking crime . . . for which the
          person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, or
          who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the
          punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime--
          (i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years . . .
                                                        -11-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

       Washington acknowledges that our review is for plain error because no objection was

made below. Appellant Br. 47; United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006).

Washington must show that the district court erred, and that the error was plain and affected his

substantial rights, that is, that it affected the outcome of the proceedings. United States v. Davis,

514 F.3d 596, 615 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993)).


                                                 A.


       “It is axiomatic that a defendant in a criminal trial need not testify or produce any

evidence, and that a prosecutor may not comment on the absence of such.” United States v.

Gonzalez, 512 F.3d 285, 292 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal citation omitted).


       Reversal based on a prosecutor’s improper indirect comment on a defendant’s
       silence requires one of two findings: manifest intent to comment on the failure to
       testify; or the remark was “of such a character that the jury would naturally and
       necessarily take it to be a comment on the failure of the accused to testify.”
United States v. Wells, 623 F.3d 332, 338–39 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Robinson,

651 F.2d 1188, 1197 (6th Cir. 1981)). Yet, “[i]n determining whether the prosecuting attorney’s

remarks were improper, they must be considered within the context of the trial as a whole, with

particular attention to whether they may have been invited by defense counsel’s conduct.”

Gonzalez, 512 F.3d at 292.


       Washington first challenges the prosecutor’s remark in rebuttal closing argument that the

defense promised to put on wire calls and recorded calls:


       “I think [the defense] even promised in opening you’re going to hear all these wire calls
       [between Partee and Johnson]. You’re going to hear recorded phone calls, all this other
       stuff. Well, they had them. You heard that. I mean, they had all that. I mean, they could
       have – they could have accessed this evidence. Okay. They chose to put proof on. It’s
       just meant to confuse you and just question what you heard.”


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No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington



PID 1023. Washington asserts that “[p]articularly, the last statement implied that, because the

defense [did not] put any proof on, the defense had an obligation not to remain silent regarding

all proof.” Appellant Br. 50.


       In opening statement, defense counsel had stated:


       I believe that you’ll hear or hear about phone calls between Montrell Partee and
       not Shawn Washington and not Mr. Hampton, the codefendant, only with Tario
       Johnson. That’s it. There will be about 12 of them, and hopefully you’ll get to
       here [sic] them all. I expect you’ll hear something. You’ll not hear one time,
       even one time the mention of Shawn Washington, not one time. I believe you’re
       going to hear from Mr. Partee because he’s looking down the barrel at a bunch of
       time because of that violation of probation. The proof’s going to show that. He’s
       desperate.
PID 1185-86. Defense counsel argued in closing:
       The first guy that [defense counsel (Washington was represented by two
       attorneys)] told you about – and, yeah, she made some promises to you. She said
       you’re not going to be able to trust Montrell Partee . . . Yeah, she made some
       allegations. Yeah, she anticipated that the Government was going to call Mr.
       Partee. Why? He’s the guy who started the whole train rolling.
       Did we hear from Mr. Partee? Absolutely not. Maybe [AUSA] French will say,
       “Hey, the defendant could have called them.” I guess we could have. But you
       know what? We don’t have the power that the US Attorney has . . . . We don’t
       have the power to give people motions for substantial assistance.
       . . . . So, yeah, we talked a lot about Montrell Partee. We did ’cause we
       anticipated that he would be called, but he wasn’t. So, you know what? I guess
       we can just kind of forget about Mr. Partee. I guess we do know he set up a drug
       deal. We do know that he apparently, according to the Government’s theory,
       went down inside the car and was there when all this happened. For some reason
       we don’t have that testimony from Mr. Partee.
       So, we’re really left to guess what the heck he would say. We don’t know. It’s
       just guesswork. Everything you heard about Mr. Partee observing is complete
       pure hearsay. It came from other people. So, he’s gone . . . . he wasn’t called and
       you have to ask yourself why.




                                              -13-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

PID 983. Defense counsel in closing also identified other witnesses the Government did not call,

including “Big,” “Little Mike,” and “Javier Jones,” and asked the jury to “think about all the

stuff you didn’t hear about.” PID 1003, 1006.


       Given defense counsel’s remarks in opening statement that the jury would likely hear

phone calls between Partee and Johnson and that Partee would likely testify, and remarks in

closing questioning why Partee did not testify, the prosecutor’s rebuttal remarks could be seen as

responsive to the defense and there was no plain error. See United States v. Farrow, 574 F.

App’x 723, 728 (6th Cir. 2014) (noting that “when the defense has questioned why the

prosecution has not called a particular witness, the prosecution may respond that the defense also

could have called that witness to testify,” and that the prosecution’s statements did not shift the

burden to the defendant by making it appear that the defendant was obligated to call witnesses to

prove his innocence).


       Washington also complains of the prosecutor’s attack on “the defense’s supposed theory

that everyone lied, even the officers,” Appellant Br. 50, arguing that defense counsel actually

accused only one Government witness, Johnson, of lying. The record belies this claim. For

example, defense counsel suggested to the jury that Agent Lytal did not see Washington with a

gun, did not truly believe Washington had a gun, and that Lytal’s depiction of the takedown did

not actually occur. PID 1000-01. Defense counsel also challenged various officers’ testimony

that they could not be sure whether someone was in the back seat of Johnson’s vehicle the first




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No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

time it arrived at the Microtel parking lot. PID 984-86. There is thus no merit to Washington’s

claim that “the defense never posited the theory that the officers lied.” Appellant Br. 52.7


        Washington also asserts that the following prosecutorial remarks in rebuttal closing were

improper:


               I think it’s very telling that, you know, at this point . . . we finally are
        hearing what the defense is which was, well, everybody’s lying. Everybody lied.
        Decorated officers lied and, really, you know, Mr. Johnson fled and the CS
        [confidential source/confidential informant] fled before the CS even got in the car
        and the whole money bag is a lie and the gun’s a lie.
               Well, why didn’t they ask him that on cross? Have you thought about
        that? Isn’t that weird? Isn’t that weird that now we hear this after all the officers
        are gone and can’t defend themselves?
                 It’s actually what has happened here in degrading them and calling them
        liars, ’cause that’s what he called them, it’s offensive. It’s offensive with their
        years of experience and what they did.
PID 1018.


        The remark, “we finally are hearing what the defense is which was, well, everybody’s

lying,” (emphasis added) comes close to indirectly commenting on Washington’s silence. But,

when considered in context with the defense’s remarks in closing argument, Washington has not

shown that the prosecutor either had a manifest intent to comment on his silence or that the

prosecutor’s remarks were “of such a character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take

it to be a comment on the failure of the accused to testify.” Wells, 623 F.3d at 338–39.




7
 Washington also asserts that the defense did in fact cross-examine Johnson, for example, regarding
“Little Mike’s” address, suggesting that there was no “Little Mike.” That is true, but the prosecution did
not argue that the defense did not cross-examine Johnson at all. See PID 1018.
                                                  -15-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

       The prosecutor responded to defense counsel’s arguments in closing 1) that many of the

officers were lying, and 2) suggesting an alternative version of what actually occurred. 8

                                                 B.


       Next, Washington asserts that the Government attacked and belittled defense counsel

during closing argument, impermissibly calling defense counsel’s character and truthfulness into

question. Appellant Br. 53.


       A prosecutor should not directly or implicitly impugn the integrity or institutional role of

defense counsel. United States v. Jamieson, 427 F.3d 394, 414 (6th Cir. 2005). Again, we view

the prosecution’s remarks in context. Gonzalez, 512 F.3d at 292.


       The prosecutor argued that the jury should not be confused by defense counsel’s

arguments, characterized defense counsel’s arguments as “nonsense” and “smoke and mirrors”

designed to obfuscate the Government’s evidence, and argued that the defense was attempting to

confuse or distort the issues with arguments not supported by the evidence. Similar remarks

have been held proper when they are responsive to defense counsel’s closing argument. See e.g.,

United States v. Bedford, 567 F.3d 225, 233 (6th Cir. 2009) (prosecution’s remarks that some of

defendant’s arguments were “Mickey Mouse defenses,” that some were attempts to confuse the

jury, and that defense counsel hoped that the jury would lose sight of the real issues in the case,

8
 For example, defense counsel strongly suggested in closing that prosecution witnesses had fabricated
much of what transpired in the parking lot of the Microtel Inn:

       If you want to try and figure out what happened, use your common sense. Is it possible
       that the CI comes down, sees the car, and takes off running before any of this meeting
       ever happened? . . . . And that Tario Johnson sees the CI run as he’s getting out of the
       vehicle and said, “Uh-oh, this is a setup,” and he runs, too. That makes sense. Why?
       Because when these police officers descend upon the scene, guess who’s gone? Tario
       Johnson’s completely disappeared.

PID 997.
                                                -16-
No. 14-6051
United States v. Washington

“did no more than respond to [defendant’s] actual and reasonably likely contentions and

tactics.”); Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 536 (6th Cir. 2000) (prosecutor’s suggestion that

defense counsel was hiding something from the jury was not improper disparagement where it

“was clearly a suggestion of a reasonable inference to be drawn from defense counsel’s

presentation of evidence and argument.”).


       Given defense counsel’s suggestion in closing argument that prosecution witnesses

fabricated that Washington had a gun, the prosecution’s remarks regarding the lack of evidence

supporting defense counsel’s rendition were not improper.          See United States v. Forrest,

402 F.3d 678, 686 (6th Cir. 2005) (observing that prosecution’s comments were “made in

response to factual theories presented in the closing argument for the defense, and the prosecutor

was entitled to point out the lack of evidence supporting those theories.”)


       The district court did not plainly err by failing to find sua sponte that the Government

shifted the burden or indirectly commented on Washington’s failure to testify. Nor did the

district court plainly err by failing to find that the prosecutor’s remarks directly or implicitly

impugned the integrity or institutional role of defense counsel; the prosecutor’s remarks were

directed at the merit of defense counsel’s arguments, not at defense counsel.

       We affirm.




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