             If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


 VITA S. SHANNON,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       March 12, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                                     Nos. 350094; 350110
                                                                       Oakland Circuit Court
                                                                       Family Division
 ARON L. RALSTON,                                                      LC No. 2017-852916-DC

                Defendant-Appellee.


Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and JANSEN and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 350094, plaintiff appeals as of right an order confirming an arbitration award
that granted defendant’s motion to change primary physical custody of the parties’ minor child,
ES, to defendant. In Docket No. 350110, plaintiff appeals as of right a revised order confirming
the same arbitration award. The appeals were consolidated. Shannon v Ralston, unpublished order
of the Court of Appeals, entered August 19, 2019 (Docket Nos. 350094 and 350110). We affirm.

              I. RELEVANT FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

        The present appeals constitute the eighth and ninth appeals that plaintiff has filed in this
extremely contentious domestic relations action. This Court consolidated plaintiff’s appeals in
Docket Nos. 339944, 343213, 343886, 344356, 344418, and 346344, and issued a 32-page opinion
on May 23, 2019, rejecting all of plaintiff’s arguments in those appeals. See Shannon v Ralston,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued May 23, 2019 (Docket Nos.
339944, 343213, 343886, 344356, 344418, and 346344) (Shannon I). Those appeals concerned
plaintiff’s repeated unsuccessful attempts to disqualify the arbitrator and to circumvent various
unfavorable procedural rulings by the arbitrator. In rejecting plaintiff’s arguments, this Court
characterized some of plaintiff’s contentions as “grasping at straws” and “last ditch efforts[.]” Id.
at 23, 32. In a seventh appeal, in Docket No. 348481, plaintiff filed a delayed application for leave
to appeal the trial court’s order denying plaintiff’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under
the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), MCL 722.1101 et seq..
On June 19, 2019, this Court denied that delayed application for leave to appeal for lack of merit.



                                                 -1-
Shannon v Ralston, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 19, 2019 (Docket No.
348481) (Shannon II).

       The basic underling facts are set forth in this Court’s opinion in Shannon I:

               The parties were never married, but they have a five-year-old [now six-year-
       old] daughter [i.e., ES]. At the time the child was born, the parties lived in
       Colorado. When the child was approximately six months old, the parties agreed to
       a Parenting Plan in the District Court for the County of Denver, Colorado. The
       District Court also entered a related Order for Allocation of Parental
       Responsibilities. When the parties entered into the parenting plan, plaintiff was
       anticipating a move to Michigan. The parenting plan provided that, given the
       child’s young age, plaintiff would have primary custody and defendant would have
       reasonable and liberal parenting time when he came to Michigan to visit. The Plan
       also provided that in the event of a controversy, the parties would agree to use a
       mediator and/or arbitrator to settle any disputes. Plaintiff and the child moved to
       Michigan in May 2014.

              Michigan courts did not get involved in the matter until May 2017. Plaintiff
       alleged that the child made statements of sexual abuse against defendant in
       February 2017. Defendant’s parenting time was limited during an investigation by
       Child Protective Services (“CPS”). On May 3, 2017, plaintiff moved to register the
       Colorado Parenting Plan as a foreign judgment in the Oakland County Circuit
       Court, Family Division and the Colorado Parenting Plan was registered as a foreign
       judgment on May 9, 2017.

               As will be discussed in greater detail below, the court appointed an
       investigative GAL [i.e., a guardian ad litem] to help determine whether the child’s
       alleged statements could be substantiated.[1] After resolution of the matter, the
       parties, in accordance with their parenting plan, selected a mediator and arbitrator
       to resolve parenting time issues, including plaintiff’s imminent move to California.
       Plaintiff moved with the child to California without court permission or permission
       from defendant. She continues to reside there with the child. The California courts
       have refused to take jurisdiction over the custody dispute, instead deferring to
       Michigan to resolve the matter. This has created rather an anomaly in which none
       of the parties reside in Michigan. Plaintiff lives in California with the child and
       defendant continues to reside in Colorado. [Shannon I, unpub op at 2-3.]

        The present appeals arise out of defendant’s December 2017 motion to change custody.
Defendant argued that a change of circumstances existed because plaintiff had moved with ES to
California without the approval of the trial court or defendant. Also, defendant alleged that
plaintiff repeatedly interfered with defendant’s parenting time. For example, plaintiff kept



1
  The GAL found no evidence of sexual abuse, and CPS declined to pursue the matter following
the child’s interview by Care House. Shannon I, unpub op at 5-6.

                                               -2-
changing her plans regarding where she and ES would be staying during the holiday period in
December 2017, thus preventing defendant from seeing ES. Further, plaintiff enrolled ES in a
preschool without defendant’s consent and then withdrew her from the preschool without notice
on the day that defendant arrived for a classroom visit. Defendant asked for physical custody of
ES.

        A hearing on defendant’s motion to change custody was held in Michigan before the
parties’ chosen arbitrator (“the arbitrator”) on April 16 and 17, 2018. Defendant appeared at the
arbitration hearing on both dates. He testified on the first date of the arbitration hearing. Plaintiff
failed to appear on the first date but appeared and testified on the second date of the arbitration
hearing.

        On March 14, 2019, the arbitrator issued his 39-page opinion and award granting
defendant’s motion to change custody. Although the arbitrator ruled in defendant’s favor,
defendant later filed with the arbitrator a motion to correct errors and omissions, essentially
seeking clarification of certain aspects of the arbitrator’s decision. Plaintiff did not file her own
motion to correct errors and omissions but filed a response to defendant’s motion, and in her
response, plaintiff requested certain relief. Even though plaintiff’s requests for relief were
untimely, the arbitrator considered them anyway. On May 15, 2019, the arbitrator issued an
opinion and award that clarified certain aspects of his March 14, 2019 opinion and award but did
not alter the central decision to grant defendant’s motion to change custody.

        Defendant then filed in the trial court a motion to confirm the arbitration award. Plaintiff
filed a response opposing defendant’s motion and filed a motion to vacate the arbitration award.
The trial court confirmed the arbitration award and stayed the change of custody pending appeal.
These appeals ensued.

           II. DELAYED ISSUANCE OF ARBITRATION OPINION AND AWARD

        Plaintiff first argues that the delay in the arbitration proceedings between the April 2018
arbitration hearing and the issuance of the March 14, 2019 opinion and award requires vacating
the arbitration award. We disagree.

         “This Court reviews de novo a circuit court’s decision to enforce, vacate, or modify an
arbitration award.” Cipriano v Cipriano, 289 Mich App 361, 375; 808 NW2d 230 (2010). In child
custody cases, “all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be affirmed on appeal unless the
trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of the evidence or committed a palpable
abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a major issue.” MCL 722.28.

       Three different standards govern our review of a circuit court’s decision in a child-
       custody dispute. We review findings of fact to determine if they are against the
       great weight of the evidence, we review discretionary decisions for an abuse of
       discretion, and we review questions of law for clear error. A clear legal error occurs
       here when the circuit court incorrectly chooses, interprets, or applies the law. De
       novo review applies to underlying issues of statutory interpretation. [Kubicki v
       Sharpe, 306 Mich App 525, 538; 858 NW2d 57 (2014) (quotation marks, ellipsis,
       and citations omitted).]

                                                 -3-
“The court’s factual findings are against the great weight of the evidence if the evidence clearly
preponderates in the opposite direction.” In re AP, 283 Mich App 574, 590; 770 NW2d 403
(2009).

        This Court has explained:

        Under the domestic relations arbitration act (DRAA), [MCL 600.5070 et seq.,]
        parties to a domestic-relations proceeding may stipulate to submit their disputed
        issues to binding arbitration, pursuant to a written contract that defines, dictates,
        and limits the powers of the arbitrator. By default, the trial court is required to
        enforce the arbitrator’s award. However, the trial court is required to vacate the
        award under MCL 600.5080(1) if the trial court finds the award adverse to the best
        interests of the child or, relevant to the instant matter, under MCL 600.5081(2)(c),
        if the arbitrator exceeded his powers. An arbitrator exceeds his or her powers if the
        arbitrator acts in contravention of controlling law, or exceeds the powers that the
        parties’ agreement granted to him. The phrase “exceed his powers” is essentially
        longstanding shorthand for deviating from the contract or controlling law. In order
        for a court to vacate an arbitration award because of an error of law, the error must
        have been so substantial that, but for the error, the award would have been
        substantially different. Any such error must be readily apparent on the face of the
        award without second-guessing the arbitrator’s thought processes, and the
        arbitrator’s findings of fact are immune from review altogether. [Eppel v Eppel,
        322 Mich App 562, 571-572; 912 NW2d 584 (2018) (quotation marks and citations
        omitted).]

        Plaintiff argues that the delay in the arbitration process requires vacating the arbitrator’s
award granting defendant’s motion to change custody. Plaintiff notes that the arbitration hearing
occurred in April 2018 and that the award was issued almost a year later, on March 14, 2019.
Therefore, plaintiff reasons, the arbitrator and the trial court failed to consider evidence concerning
the period after the April 2018 arbitration hearing. Plaintiff says that the trial court must hold an
evidentiary hearing in order to satisfy its obligation to determine that the arbitration award is in
the best interests of ES. We disagree with plaintiff’s arguments.

        Initially, it must be observed that plaintiff caused the delay in the arbitration process. At
the conclusion of the April 2018 arbitration hearing, the arbitrator directed the parties to file closing
briefs within 21 days. In addition, the parties and the arbitrator agreed that, within 21 days, the
parties would share certain financial information related to the computation of child support, which
the parties agreed would be decided in conjunction with the custody issue. Plaintiff was directed
to provide “a copy of her 17-1040 and all attached schedules along with a copy of her W-2.”
However, plaintiff never provided the required financial information. Instead, plaintiff made a
series of unavailing challenges to the arbitrator’s authority to decide issues in this case and to the
jurisdiction of Michigan courts in this matter.2 The arbitrator’s March 14, 2019 opinion discusses


2
  Many of the issues plaintiff raised, including efforts to disqualify the arbitrator and to challenge
the jurisdiction of Michigan courts, were the subjects of prior appeals, and plaintiff has failed to


                                                  -4-
in detail plaintiff’s obstructionist behavior in repeatedly refusing to turn over the financial
information that she had previously agreed to share. In addition, the arbitrator correctly noted in
his May 15, 2019 opinion that he asked the parties to provide proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law, that defendant complied with this request, and that plaintiff failed to comply.3
Therefore, because plaintiff’s refusal to provide the required financial information and proposed
findings of fact and conclusions of law led to the delay about which she now complains, she is
barred from claiming on appeal that she is entitled to appellate relief on the basis of this delay.
See Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich App 175, 210; 670 NW2d 675 (2003) (error requiring reversal
may not be predicated “upon alleged error to which the aggrieved party contributed by plan or
negligence[]”). This issue is therefore waived. Id.

        Moreover, plaintiff has not established the applicability of any ground for vacating the
arbitrator’s award. “Judicial review of arbitration awards is usually extremely limited, and that
certainly is the case with respect to domestic relations arbitration awards.” Washington v
Washington, 283 Mich App 667, 671; 770 NW2d 908 (2009) (citation omitted). “Indeed, . . . a
court’s review of an arbitration award is one of the narrowest standards of judicial review in all of
American jurisprudence.” Id. at 671 n 4 (quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted).

         As she does in a later argument, plaintiff argues in connection with the present issue that
the trial court failed to satisfy its obligation to ensure that the arbitrator’s custody decision was in
the best interests of ES. Plaintiff asserts that the trial court was required to hold an evidentiary
hearing in order to determine what is in ES’s best interests. We disagree.

       “The Child Custody Act [of 1970 (“CCA”), MCL 722.21 et seq.,] governs all child custody
disputes and gives the circuit court continuing jurisdiction over custody proceedings.” Harvey v
Harvey, 470 Mich 186, 189; 680 NW2d 835 (2004). “The [DRAA] permits parties to agree to
binding arbitration of child custody disputes.” Id. However, “[r]egardless of the type of alternative
dispute resolution that parties use, the [CCA] requires the circuit court to determine independently
what custodial placement is in the best interests of the children.” Id. at 187.

        The trial court’s duty to make an independent determination regarding child custody does
not require the court to conduct an evidentiary hearing in every case. “[A]s long as the circuit
court is able to determine independently what custodial placement is in the best interests of the
child[], . . . an evidentiary hearing is not required in all cases.” MacIntyre v MacIntyre, 472 Mich


prevail in any of her appellate arguments. See Shannon I, unpub op at 31-32; Shannon v Ralston,
unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 19, 2019 (Docket No. 348481).
3
  Plaintiff correctly notes that, at the end of the April 2018 arbitration hearing, the arbitrator did
not directly ask for proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. Instead, the arbitrator asked
for “some follow-up” that would include closing briefs. However, on September 24, 2018, the
arbitrator explicitly directed the parties to file proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law by
October 15, 2018. The arbitration process was still ongoing at the time of the September 24, 2018
directive, given the parties’ agreement to share financial information pertinent to the issue of child
support, which was to be decided in conjunction with the custody issue, and given plaintiff’s
continuing failure to provide that financial information.

                                                  -5-
882, 882 (2005) (quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted). In MacIntyre, our Supreme
Court concluded that the circuit court in that case was able to make an independent custody
determination without an evidentiary hearing. Id.

        In this case, the trial court made an independent determination regarding ES’s best
interests, and an evidentiary hearing was not required to make that independent determination.
The trial court amply demonstrated its familiarity with the facts of this case, and the court indicated
that it had reviewed the entire record, including the transcripts of the arbitration hearing, the
motions and briefs filed before the arbitrator, and the arbitrator’s lengthy and detailed opinions.
The trial court repeatedly emphasized its independent determination that the arbitrator’s award
was in ES’s best interests. The trial court correctly recognized that it was not required to hold an
evidentiary hearing in making that independent determination in this case, given the extensive
record that exists.

        Plaintiff’s contention that an evidentiary hearing was required to consider updated evidence
in light of the delay in the issuance of the arbitration award is highly suspect. As noted, plaintiff
herself created that delay by her repeated and obstinate refusal to provide the required financial
information that she had earlier agreed to produce, as well as by her failure to provide proposed
findings of fact and conclusions of law. In addition, during the period between the April 2018
arbitration hearing and the issuance of the March 14, 2019 arbitration award, plaintiff never sought
to present any updated evidence concerning the issue of custody. It was only after the unfavorable
arbitration award was issued that she began to argue that updated evidence was needed. In effect,
plaintiff harbored error as an appellate parachute by asking to submit updated evidence regarding
custody only after the issuance of an arbitration award with which she was dissatisfied. See
Valentine v Valentine, 277 Mich App 37, 39-40; 742 NW2d 627 (2007) (a party could not harbor
error as an appellate parachute by waiting until after an arbitration award was issued before making
an untimely claim challenging an order to arbitrate). Overall, in the present circumstances, the
trial court correctly concluded that it was able to make an independent determination regarding
best interests in this case without conducting an evidentiary hearing.

        Further, to the extent plaintiff is suggesting that the arbitrator exceeded his powers because
he failed to issue his opinion and award within 60 days after the end of the hearing, plaintiff’s
argument fails. MCL 600.5078(1) provides, “Unless otherwise agreed by the parties and arbitrator
in writing or on the record, the arbitrator shall issue the written award on each issue within 60 days
after either the end of the hearing or, if requested by the arbitrator, after receipt of proposed
findings of fact and conclusions of law.” As discussed, the arbitrator requested proposed findings
of fact and conclusions of law, which plaintiff never provided. Moreover, the parties agreed that
they would share certain financial information that would be used to decide the issue of child
support in conjunction with the issue of custody, but again, plaintiff refused to provide the
information that she had previously agreed to share. Therefore, the 60-day period was not
triggered, and the arbitrator did not violate MCL 600.5078(1). Overall, plaintiff has failed to
establish that the arbitrator committed an error of law readily apparent on the face of the award
without second-guessing the arbitrator’s thought processes and that the error was so substantial
that, but for the error, the award would have been substantially different. Eppel, 322 Mich App at
572. The arbitrator therefore did not exceed his powers.



                                                 -6-
             III. FAILURE TO HOLD INDEPENDENT EVIDENTIARY HEARING

       In her next argument, plaintiff again contends that the trial court failed to make an
independent determination that the arbitrator’s custody award was in ES’s best interests. We again
disagree.

        Some of plaintiff’s arguments for this issue are repetitive of her contentions discussed
earlier. Plaintiff asserts that the trial court failed to independently determine that the arbitrator’s
custody award was in ES’s best interests. And she again argues that the arbitrator and the trial
court failed to consider information regarding ES that concerns the period after the April 2018
arbitration hearing. Plaintiff repeats her claim that an evidentiary hearing before the trial court is
required. These arguments lack merit for the reasons already discussed.

        Plaintiff cursorily claims there was insufficient evidence of a change of circumstances or
proper cause to warrant revisiting the existing custody arrangement. This argument fails for
multiple reasons. Plaintiff has cited no authority establishing judicial authority to review an
arbitrator’s determination regarding whether proper cause or a change of circumstances exists. “A
party may not leave it to this Court to search for authority to sustain or reject its position.” Magee
v Magee, 218 Mich App 158, 161; 553 NW2d 363 (1996). This argument is therefore abandoned.
Id. Although a trial court has authority to modify or vacate an arbitration award that is not in the
child’s best interests, Harvey, 470 Mich at 193, we have not been provided with any citation of
authority allowing a trial court to revisit the arbitrator’s determination whether proper cause or a
change of circumstances exists. Further, it is well recognized that the trial court is not authorized
to review the arbitrator’s findings of fact. Eppel, 322 Mich App at 572; Washington, 283 Mich
App at 672, 675. In any event, the arbitrator more than adequately explained his determination
that plaintiff has been obstructionist in preventing defendant from exercising parenting time and
that this comprised a significant change of circumstances that warranted revisiting the custody
arrangement. See generally, Gerstenschlager v Gerstenschlager, 292 Mich App 654, 657; 808
NW2d 811 (2011) (“To establish a change of circumstances, the moving party must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that since the entry of the last custody order, the conditions
surrounding custody of the child, which have or could have a significant effect on the child’s well-
being, have materially changed.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

         Plaintiff argues that the arbitrator’s findings on various best interest factors are against the
great weight of the evidence. This argument fails. Although the trial court has authority to modify
or vacate an arbitration award that is not in the best interests of the child, Harvey, 470 Mich at 193,
the trial court lacks authority to review the arbitrator’s findings of fact, Washington, 283 Mich App
at 672, 675; see also Eppel, 322 Mich App at 572 (noting that “the arbitrator’s findings of fact are
immune from review altogether[]”). Under MCL 600.5080(1), the trial court “shall not vacate or
modify an award concerning child support, custody, or parenting time unless the court finds that
the award is adverse to the best interests of the child who is the subject of the award . . . .” As
noted, the trial court in this case reviewed the extensive record and independently determined that
the arbitrator’s custody award was in ES’s best interest. Hence, in these circumstances, no judicial
review of the arbitrator’s factual findings is allowed. In any event, we have reviewed each of
plaintiff’s particular arguments that the arbitrator’s factual findings on the best interest factors are
against the great weight of the evidence, and we discern no merit in any of plaintiff’s arguments.


                                                  -7-
        In addition, plaintiff says that the arbitrator’s decision to “flip” the existing parenting time
schedule “is patently not child focused[]” and that the arbitrator failed to consider the effect of this
“flip” on ES. Plaintiff identifies nothing in the record to support her assertion on this point. As
discussed, the arbitrator issued a careful, lengthy, and detailed opinion that focused on the best
interests of ES. Plaintiff has failed to establish the applicability of any ground to vacate the
arbitrator’s decision.

                          IV. DISQUALIFICATION OF ARBITRATOR

        Plaintiff finally argues that, if the case is remanded for further proceedings, the case should
not be referred back to arbitration or to the arbitrator; rather, plaintiff contends, any proceedings
on remand must be held before the trial court. We need not reach this issue because the trial court’s
orders confirming the arbitrator’s awards are affirmed and there is no reason to remand the case
for further proceedings. In any event, we note that plaintiff’s arguments on this issue lack merit.

       Affirmed.

                                                                /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                                /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                                /s/ Michael J. Kelly




                                                  -8-
