             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS
                                                       NO. AP-76,207


                                  JAMES GARFIELD BROADNAX, Appellant

                                                                 v.

                                                THE STATE OF TEXAS


                                              On Direct Appeal from the
                                            Criminal District Court No. 7 of
                                                    Dallas County


                   WOMACK, J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.


       In January, 2009, a jury convicted the appellant of the murder of Stephen Swan in the

course of committing robbery, which is a capital offense.1 Pursuant to the jury’s findings on

future-dangerousness and mitigation special issues,2 the trial court sentenced the appellant to




       1
           See T EX . P EN AL C O D E § 19.03(a)(2).

       2
           See T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071 § 2(b)(1), (e)(1).
BROADNAX                                                                                                                 --2

death. On direct appeal to this Court,3 the appellant raises fifty-six points of error. Finding no

reversible error, we affirm the judgment and sentence of the trial court.

                                                  I. BACKGROUND

         A man riding his bicycle home from work saw the bodies of Stephen Swan and Matthew

Butler in the street outside their recording studio in Garland shortly after 1:00 a.m. on June 19,

2008. The man alerted Garland firefighters at a nearby fire station. Upon arriving at the scene, the

firefighters quickly determined that both Swan and Butler were recently deceased. At the

appellant’s trial, the medical examiner testified that Swan had suffered an intermediate-range

gunshot wound to the head, in addition to a gunshot wound to the left chest.

         Later that day, the appellant and his cousin, Demarius Cummings, arrived at the

Southeast Dallas apartment where the appellant had been staying with family members. While

there, the appellant boasted of “hit[ting] a lick” – street slang for committing a robbery – and

displayed Swan’s driver’s license. The appellant and Cummings left the apartment in Swan’s

Ford Crown Victoria, after telling those present that they planned to sell the vehicle. Fifteen

minutes after the appellant and Cummings left, the appellant’s aunt’s friend who had been

present in the apartment saw news reports of the double homicide. She realized that the appellant

and Cummings were likely involved, and she called the Garland Police.

         That evening, police officers in Texarkana (which is about 150 miles from Garland) saw

Swan’s car in a high-crime area. After a check of the license plates returned information for a

Cadillac, rather than a Ford, officers pulled the vehicle over. The appellant gave the officers his



         3
           See T EX . C O DE C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071, § 2(h) (“The judgment of conviction and sentence of death shall be
subject to automatic review by the Court of Criminal Appeals.”).
BROADNAX                                                                                              --3

name, and after they learned that there were warrants for the appellant’s arrest, the officers placed

the appellant in custody. The arresting officer testified that the appellant did not appear to be

intoxicated when he was pulled over.

         After being returned to Dallas, the appellant gave multiple interviews to television

broadcasters in the Dallas area. These interviews became the crux of the State’s case at trial. In

them, the appellant confessed to murdering and robbing Swan and Butler, and he provided

explicit details of the crimes. He said that he and Cummings had traveled to Garland that day

with the specific intent of committing a robbery. The appellant said that while Cummings had

participated in the robberies, the appellant, alone, had murdered the victims. The appellant told

reporters that he had no remorse for his actions, and that he hoped a jury would sentence him to

death.

         At trial, the defense conceded that the appellant had shot Swan and Butler, but argued that

the appellant was under the influence of marijuana and PCP at the time of the murders. The

defense further posited that the appellant was still intoxicated at the time of his multiple

television interviews and confessions four days after his arrest. Several of the State’s witnesses

were skeptical of the appellant’s theory. In addition to the arresting officer’s testimony that the

appellant was lucid at the time of his arrest, the reporters who interviewed him described the

appellant as intelligent and rational. The jail nurse, too, testified that the appellant did not appear

to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
BROADNAX                                                                                                           --4

                                            II. JURY SELECTION ISSUES

                                                  A. Batson Violations

            In points of error one through seven, the appellant argues that the State exercised

peremptory challenges to strike six black venire members and one Hispanic venire member in

violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. The appellant also

argues that because one Batson objection was sustained, the entire jury selection was invalidated.

                                                 1. Standard of Review

            In Batson v. Kentucky, the United States Supreme Court held that “the Equal Protection

Clause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race ....”4

The Supreme Court articulated the procedure for bringing a Batson objection in Purkett v. Elem:

            Under our Batson jurisprudence, once the opponent of a peremptory challenge has
            made out a prima facie case of racial discrimination (step one), the burden of
            production shifts to the proponent of the strike to come forward with a race-
            neutral explanation (step two). If a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial
            court must then decide (step three) whether the opponent of the strike has proved
            purposeful racial discrimination.5

The ultimate burden of persuasion rests with the opponent of the strike to establish by a

preponderance of the evidence that the strike was the product of the proponent’s purposeful

discrimination.6 Here the State offered race-neutral explanations for the seven challenged venire

members, which the trial court accepted, but the appellant argues that those explanations were a

pretext for racial discrimination. Therefore, the only issue before us is whether the trial court



            4
                476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986).

            5
                514 U.S. 765, 767 (1995); see also Watkins v. State, 245 S.W .3d 444, 447 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008) (quoting
Purkett).

            6
                Watkins, 245 S.W .3d, at 447.
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --5

erred in finding that the appellant did not prove purposeful racial discrimination by a

preponderance of the evidence.

        On appeal, a trial court’s ruling on the issue of discriminatory intent must be sustained

unless it is clearly erroneous.7 This deferential standard of review is due to the trial court’s ability

to make determinations about an attorney’s credibility and demeanor: “Step three of the Batson

inquiry involves an evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility and the best evidence of

discriminatory intent often will be the demeanor of the attorney who exercises the challenge.”8

                                                     2. Analysis

        This Court has identified a number of relevant factors that may be considered by a trial

court in determining discriminatory intent.9 The appellant argues one of these factors on appeal:

that in response to voir dire questioning, the minority venire members who were struck gave

answers that were similar to answers given by non-minority venire members who were not

struck. Additionally, the appellant argues that because a Batson challenge was sustained to one

prospective juror, the entire jury selection was invalidated.

                                         a. Comparative Juror Analysis

        In 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit extracted key principles

from the United States Supreme Court decision in Miller-El v. Dretke10 to help guide

comparative juror analyses:


        7
         Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 477 (2008); see also Gibson v. State, 144 S.W .3d 530, 533-34 (Tex. Cr.
App. 2004).

        8
            Snyder, 522 U.S., at 478 (citing Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352 (1991)).

        9
            See, e.g., Watkins, 245 S.W .3d, at 448-49; Keeton v. State, 749 S.W .2d 861, 868 (Tex. Cr. App. 1988).

        10
             545 U.S. 231 (2005).
BROADNAX                                                                                                                --6

         First, we do not need to compare jurors that exhibit all of the exact same
         characteristics. If the State asserts that it struck a black juror with a particular
         characteristic, and it also accepted nonblack jurors with that same characteristic,
         this is evidence that the asserted justification was a pretext for discrimination,
         even if the two jurors are dissimilar in other respects. Second, if the State asserts
         that it was concerned about a particular characteristic but did not engage in
         meaningful voir dire examination on that subject, then the State’s failure to
         question the juror on that topic is some evidence that the asserted reason was a
         pretext for discrimination. Third, we must consider only the State’s asserted
         reasons for striking the black jurors and compare those reasons with its treatment
         of the nonblack jurors.11

         The primary reason asserted by the State for striking Venire Members McCraney, Riser,

and Jackson was that they were among those venire members who circled a specific answer to a

specific question on the jury questionnaire.12 The question asked, “With reference to the death

penalty, which of the following statements best represents your feelings?” McCraney, Riser, and

Jackson chose the answer, “Although I do not believe that the death penalty ever ought to be

invoked, as long as the law provides for it, I could assess it under the proper circumstances.” A

venire member’s responses to a written questionnaire can be valid grounds for a peremptory

challenge.13 Here, the State struck all venire members who answered this way. Because the

appellant has not shown that these three minority venire members were treated differently from

non-minority venire members, he has not demonstrated that the prosecutor’s stated reason was a

pretext for discrimination.



         11
              Reed v. Quarterman, 555 F.3d 364, 376 (5 th Cir. 2009).

        12
              In the appellant’s brief, he incorrectly states that one of the three, McCraney, circled a different answer.

        13
           Jasper v. State, 61 S.W .3d 413, 422 (Tex. Cr. App. 2001). In particular, we have previously denied a Batson
claim where the State’s reason for using a peremptory challenge was that a venire member circled an identical answer.
In Camacho v. State, 864 S.W .2d 524, 529 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996), we held that the appellant did not satisfy his burden
of persuasion in a comparative juror analysis where all venire members who circled a “bad” response to this question,
including non-black venire members, were struck by the State.
BROADNAX                                                                                           --7

        The State said that it struck Venire Members Vation and Morrison for affirmatively

stating on the jury questionnaire that they opposed the death penalty. Here, too, the State struck

all venire members who answered this way. Therefore, the appellant has again failed to

demonstrate that the prosecutor’s stated reason was a pretext for discrimination.

        The remaining two minority venire members of whose strikes the appellant complains

provided unique and distinguishing answers during the voir dire process.

        Venire Member Long said that a defendant’s voluntary intoxication would preclude her

from assessing the death penalty. Contrary to the appellant’s assertions, such a definitive position

was not taken by a fellow venire member whom the State did not strike.

        Venire Member Rivera made inconsistent and contradictory statements about her beliefs

on capital punishment, including, at one point, stating that she had religious and moral

convictions against the death penalty. The appellant fails to cite any similarly situated venire

member whom the State did not strike.

        Therefore, comparative analysis does not support the appellant’s contention that the trial

court’s rulings were erroneous.

                                           b. Juror Patterson

        While the trial court denied seven of the appellant’s Batson challenges, it upheld his

challenge to the State’s striking of Venire Member Patterson. The trial court granted the

challenge because “there [were] no African-American jurors on this jury and there was a

disproportionate number of African-Americans who were struck.” The court cautioned, however,

that its ruling did not stem from a belief that the State had used its strikes in a racially

discriminatory manner, but instead was a result of the court’s obligation to seat a racially diverse
BROADNAX                                                                                                              --8

jury.

         Now, on appeal, the appellant argues, “The exercise of even one peremptory challenge for

racial reasons invalidates the entire jury selection and mandates a new trial” (emphasis in

original). In response, the State urges that the trial court’s grant of the Batson challenge was in

error, and, regardless, that the grant of one Batson challenge does not automatically make the jury

selection erroneous.

         As the State correctly notes, the trial court’s reasoning was in error. “Under Batson,

courts are not to be occupied principally with the extent to which members of any identifiable

race are actually represented on the jury, but with whether the State was racially motivated in the

exercise of its peremptory challenges against even one venire member of discernible race.”14

Here, the trial court explicitly stated that it did not find the State’s peremptory strike of Patterson

to be racially motivated. The trial court’s grant of the defense’s Batson motion, then, does not

invalidate the entire jury selection. Moreover, even if the State’s peremptory challenge of

Patterson had been racially motivated, it would be but one factor in the determination of whether

the entire jury selection was invalid.15 It would not, as the appellant contends, automatically

indicate that all other peremptory strikes were racially motivated. Thus, because neither

comparative-juror-analysis on the other seven Batson challenges nor the granted Batson



         14
              Linscomb v. State, 829 S.W .2d 164, 167 (Tex. Cr. App. 1992) .

         15
             See Watkins, 245 S.W .3d at 455 (“On balance, we agree with the appellant that the trial court’s action in
placing [a struck juror] back on the jury is a circumstance that cuts in favor of a conclusion that the prosecutor’s other
peremptory challenges were race-based. But, given the colloquy above, we do not think it necessarily compels that
conclusion, even in combination with other factors that support an argument of pretext. W e regard it as a circumstance
that weighs tenuously in the appellant’s favor, to be factored into the totality of circumstances in deciding whether the
trial court clearly erred in failing to find that prospective jurors... were excluded on account of their race.”).
BROADNAX                                                                                                            --9

challenge for Patterson weighs in favor of a finding that the trial court’s rulings were clearly

erroneous, points of error one through seven are overruled.

                                             B. Challenges for Cause

         After seven weeks of examining venire members, the trial court qualified 47 from whom

to select a jury. The appellant used his 15 statutorily allotted peremptory strikes and was granted

one additional strike by the court. In 16 points of error, he now argues that 13 of the venire

members he struck, in addition to 3 venire members for whom he requested, but was not granted,

additional peremptory challenges, should have been excused for cause.

                                               1. Standard of Review

         A venire member may be challenged for cause for having a bias for or against the

defendant, or against the law.16 The trial court should grant a challenge for cause if these biases

would be so strong as to substantially impair the panelist’s ability to carry out his oath and follow

the court’s legal instructions.17 The proponent of a strike does not meet his burden “until he has

shown that the venireman understood the requirement of the law and could not overcome his

prejudice well enough to follow it.”18

         When reviewing the grant or denial of a challenge for cause, we examine the record of the

voir dire to determine if there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s ruling.19 Because

the trial court is present to observe the venire member’s tone and demeanor, we give great

         16
             T EX . C O D E C RIM P ROC . art 35.16; see also Sadler v. State, 977 S.W .2d 140, 142 (Tex. Cr. App. 1998)
(interpreting “bias against the law” to mean “refusal to consider or apply the relevant law”).

         17
              Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W .3d 654, 667 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004).

         18
              Feldman v. State, 71 S.W .3d 738, 747 (Tex. Cr. App. 2002).

         19
              Id., at 744.
BROADNAX                                                                                                    --10

deference to decisions made regarding venire members whose answers are vacillating, unclear, or

contradictory.20

        To show harm for the erroneous denial of a challenge for cause, the appellant must show

that the trial court’s failure to strike a challengeable juror forced him to use a statutorily-allotted

peremptory strike on the challengeable juror, which left him unable to strike an objectionable

juror who then sat on the jury.21 Because the trial court in this case granted the appellant one

peremptory strike in addition to his statutory allotment of 15, the appellant must show that the

trial court improperly denied two challenges for cause.22

                                                  2. “Mitigation Impaired”

        For most of the 16 challenged venire members, the appellant raises multiple issues.

Before addressing the appellant’s complaints about specific venire members, we shall first

address an issue that the appellant raises regarding fifteen of the venire members we discuss

below, namely that they were “mitigation impaired.” What the appellant seems to mean by this

phrase is that the venire members would be biased against the mitigation special issue.23 One

venire member, Vessels, could not think of circumstances that would sufficiently mitigate against

a death sentence for someone convicted of capital murder. Fourteen other venire members –

Desmond, Noble, Henry, McGuire. Davison, McDonald, Randeals,24 Cantwell, Konkle, Bedford,


        20
             Id.

       21
             Saldano v. State, 232 S.W .3d 77, 91 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007).

        22
             Id.

       23
             See T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071(e)(1).

       24
             Both parties spell this venire member’s name “Randleas.” In the trial record, however, it is spelled
                                                                                                (continued...)
BROADNAX                                                                                                               --11

Livingston, Stockton, Hodges, Winfield – said that they did not believe that particular factors

mentioned by the appellant, such as voluntary intoxication, age, upbringing, or a history of abuse

could ever sufficiently mitigate against a death sentence for someone convicted of capital

murder.

         Each of these fifteen, however, said that they could listen to the mitigating evidence and

answer the special issues in accord with the law and the facts. There is no requirement that venire

members be able to think of sufficiently mitigating circumstances on their own, or that they find

any particular circumstance to be sufficiently mitigating.25 We do not find the appellant’s

allegation of mitigation-impairment for any of these fifteen venire members to be evidence of a

bias against the law. As mitigation impairment was the only basis for points of error 15, 18, 20,

and 21, we overrule these points.

                                               3. Specific Challenges

                                                      a. Desmond

         In his eighth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Desmond should

have been struck for cause because he would always answer the future-dangerousness special

issue “yes” if he found the appellant guilty. The appellant did not present this complaint to the

trial court; therefore we will not address it.26 We overrule point of error eight.



         24
              (...continued)
“Randeals.”

         25
            See, e.g., Threadgill v. State, 146 S.W .3d 654, 668 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004); Standefer v. State, 59 S.W .3d 177,
181 (Tex. Cr. App. 2001) (also noting, “whether a juror considers a particular type of evidence to be mitigating is not
a proper area of inquiry”); see also Raby v. State, 970 S.W .2d 1, 3 (Tex. Cr. App. 1998).

         26
            See T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1(a)(1); Lovill v. State, 319 S.W .3d 687, 691 (Tex. Cr. App. 2009) (a complaint will
not be preserved if the legal basis of the complaint raised on appeal varies from the complaint made at trial).
BROADNAX                                                                                           --12

                                                     b. Noble

        In his ninth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Noble should have

been struck for cause because she: 1) would always answer the future-dangerousness special

issue “yes,” 2) would always find a police officer more credible than other witnesses, and 3) had

heard about the case on television and had discussed the case with co-workers. The appellant

raised only the first of these complaint to the trial court, though, and it is thus the only claim that

is preserved for our review.27

        Throughout her extensive individual voir dire examination, Noble gave conflicting

answers about her ability to refrain from automatically answering the first special issue “yes.”

During questioning by the State she asserted that she would be able to follow the law and the

“presumption that the life sentence is the proper thing to do.” Later, during questioning by the

defense, however, Noble stated that if presented with evidence that one person had killed

another, she thought her answer to the future dangerousness issue “would be yes.”

        In reviewing challenges for cause, particular deference is given to the trial court’s ruling

where, as here, the potential juror’s answers were vacillating, unclear or contradictory.28 The trial

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the appellant’s challenge to Venire Member Noble.

We overrule point of error nine.

                                                     c. Henry

        In his tenth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Henry should have

been struck for cause because he: 1) would always find a police officer more credible than any


       27
            See T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1(a)(1).

       28
            Threadgill, 146 S.W .3d, at 667(citing Feldman, 71 S.W .3d at 744).
BROADNAX                                                                                         --13

other witness, 2) would automatically give the death penalty if he found the appellant guilty, and

3) strongly believed in the death penalty. The second and third grounds were not objected to

before the trial court, and are therefore not preserved for our review.29 Thus, we will analyze only

the appellant’s first complaint.

         In Henry’s jury questionnaire and during his voir dire examination he stated that he

would automatically believe a police officer over a defendant. Later, however, after an

admonishment by the trial judge, Henry reversed course and stated that he would wait to assess a

witness’s credibility until after the witness was on the stand. The trial court overruled the

defense’s challenge for cause. We find that Henry’s potential prejudices were not so clear as to

make the trial court’s decision an abuse of discretion. We overrule the appellant’s tenth point of

error.

                                                    d. McGuire

         In his eleventh point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member McGuire should

have been struck for cause because he would always answer the future-dangerousness special

issue “yes,” and rated himself a “10” when asked how strongly he supported the death penalty.

The appellant did not object on these grounds before the trial court, and they have therefore not

been preserved for our review.30 Point of error eleven is overruled.

                                                    e. Davison

         In his twelfth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Davison should

have been struck for cause because of the member’s very strong support of the death penalty. The


         29
              See T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1(a)(1).

         30
              Id.
BROADNAX                                                                                           --14

appellant did not object on this ground before the trial court. Therefore the point has not been

preserved for our review, and we will not address it.31 We overrule the appellant’s twelfth point

of error.

                                             f. Randeals

        In his fourteenth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Randeals should

have been excused for cause because she would automatically answer the future-dangerousness

issue “yes” if she found the appellant guilty of capital murder, and because she had a bias toward

law enforcement. The appellant’s second contention was not presented to the trial court, and

therefore it is not preserved for our review.32

        During her individual voir dire examination, Randeals initially stated that she would

automatically answer the future-dangerousness issue “yes” if she found the appellant guilty of

capital murder. Later during her voir dire examination, however, Randeals stated that she would

wait to hear all evidence before deciding the issue. We find that Randeals’s potential prejudices

were not so clear as to make the trial court’s decision an abuse of discretion. We overrule the

appellant’s fourteenth point of error.

                                              g. Konkle

        In the appellant’s sixteenth point of error, he argues that Venire Member Konkle should

have been struck for cause because he would automatically answer the future-dangerousness

special issue “yes.”

        During his individual voir dire examination, Konkle stated that he would not need to hear


        31
             Id.

        32
             Id.
BROADNAX                                                                                                             --15

anything more than the facts of the offense to find that the appellant would be a future danger to

society. Contrary to the appellant’s contention, this did not make Konkle unfit to serve, as the

facts of the offense alone can be sufficient to support a finding of future dangerousness.33

Moreover, these were not Konkle’s only statements on the subject. Later, he stated that he would

listen to the evidence before making any decisions as to the future-dangerousness special issue.

We overrule the appellant’s sixteenth point of error.

                                                      h. Bedford

         In his seventeenth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Bedford was

challengeable for cause on numerous grounds. The appellant did not challenge Bedford for cause

during jury selection, however.34 The appellant has therefore failed to preserve his claim, and we

overrule his seventeenth point of error.35

                                                      i. Stockton

         In his nineteenth point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Stockton should

have been struck for cause because she could not give the trial her fair attention due to the

“pressures of work and finances,” and was “very pro-death penalty.”

                                                i. Personal Pressures

         The appellant first argues that Stockton should have been struck for cause because she



         33
           See Cooks v. State, 844 S.W .2d 697, 712 (Tex. Cr. App. 1992) (citing Santana v. State, 714 S.W .2d 1 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1986)).

         34
           In the appellant’s brief, he quotes to a portion of the record where he allegedly challenged Bedford for cause.
The cited portion, however, is the appellant’s challenge for cause of venire member Cantwell The appellant did not
challenge Bedford for cause, though he did exercise a peremptory strike on Bedford.

         35
            To preserve error on denied defense challenges for cause, an appellant must demonstrate that he “asserted
a clear and specific challenge for cause.” Sells v. State, 121 S.W .3d 748, 758 (Tex. Cr. App. 2003).
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --16

would have had to work each day after serving on jury duty. The appellant reasons that this

would have made it difficult for Stockton to give her full attention to the trial.

           Personal financial issues are not specifically enumerated in the Code of Criminal

Procedure as a ground of challenge for cause.36 A challenge for cause may be properly asserted

on grounds which are not specifically enumerated in the Code of Criminal Procedure, however, if

it is based on facts that show that the prospective juror would be “incapable or unfit to serve on

the jury.”37 These challenges, though, are ordinarily addressed to the sound discretion of the trial

judge.38

         During Stockton’s voir dire examination, the trial judge questioned her on her ability to

serve as a juror:

         Court:                 Do you think serving on this jury would pose such a severe economic
                                hardship on you that it might affect your ability to sit as a juror in this
                                case?

         Stockton:              If it went beyond two weeks, it would.

         Court:                 Well, we don’t necessarily think it will.

         Stockton:              Okay.

         Court:                 But we kind of say that will be our cutoff date. It might, but for the
                                purposes of our conversation, we are saying up to two weeks. So, you just
                                tell me.

         Stockton:              I can probably manage two weeks, but beyond that I can’t. It would pose a
                                financial hardship.


         36
              See T EX . C O D E C RIM . P RO C . art. 35.16.

        37
            Allridge v. State, 850 S.W .2d 471, 484 (Tex. Cr. App. 1991) (venireman preoccupied with business); Nichols
v. State, 754 S.W .2d 185, 193 (Tex. Cr. App. 1988) (venireman preoccupied with personal problems).

         38
              Allridge, 850 S.W .2d, at 484-85; Nichols, 754 S.W .2d, at 193.
BROADNAX                                                                                            --17

In her juror questionnaire, Stockton made similar pronouncements. Most notably, she stated that,

though she would have to work nights if selected as a juror, it would not affect her concentration.

        Venire Member Stockton was very clearly anxious about the prospect of serving on a jury

for a lengthy trial, and the potential impact it could have on her family’s well-being. Yet, she was

also very clear that this would not affect her ability to serve as a juror. We are not convinced by

the evidence of her hesitation to find that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find her

disqualified.

                                  ii. Support of Capital Punishment

        The appellant next argues that Venire Member Stockton was unfit to serve as a juror

because of her statements indicating a strong support for capital punishment. He offers no

authority supporting this proposition, though, and, moreover, provides no excerpts from the

record that demonstrate that Stockton improperly favored capital punishment. Instead, the

appellant provides only a few brief quotations indicating that Stockton did not approve of her tax

dollars being used to pay for the “luxuries” enjoyed by prison inmates. Furthermore, our own

review of the record did not find any impermissible bias. The appellant has failed to provide us

with sufficient law and facts to overrule the trial court’s determination that Stockton was fit to

serve as a juror. The appellant’s nineteenth point of error is overruled.

                                               j. Vessels

        In his twenty-second point of error, the appellant argues that Venire Member Vessels

should have been struck for cause because he automatically would answer the future-

dangerousness special issue “yes.”

        During his individual voir dire examination, Vessels stated that he believed there was a
BROADNAX                                                                                                        --18

probability that criminals would repeat their crimes. Later, however, Vessels stated that he would

decide the future-dangerousness issue based on all of the evidence. We afford great deference to

the trial court in determining whether vacillating venire members are fit to serve as jurors.39 We

overrule the appellant’s twenty-second point of error.

                                                    k. Blevins

         In his twenty-third point of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying

his challenge for cause against Venire Member Blevins. The appellant did not challenge Blevins

for cause during jury selection, however. The appellant has therefore failed to preserve his claim,

and we will not address his twenty-third point of error.40

                                                   l. McDonald

         Because the appellant must show that the trial court erroneously denied at least two

challenges for cause in order to be entitled to relief,41 we need not address the appellant’s

remaining point of error regarding venire member McDonald. We overrule point of error

thirteen.

                                   C. Constitutional Challenges to the Jury

         In his twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth points of error, the appellant asserts that “the jury as

constituted was biased or prejudiced which deprived appellant of a fair trial” in violation of “the

United States Constitution” and Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution. He asserts that

the statutory voir dire errors he complained of are also constitutional errors. The appellant

        39
             Feldman, 71 S.W .3d, at 744.

        40
            To preserve error on denied defense challenges for cause, an appellant must demonstrate that he “asserted
a clear and specific challenge for cause.” Sells v. State, 121 S.W .3d 748, 758 (Tex. Cr. App. 2003).

        41
             See Saldano, 232 S.W .3d, at 99.
BROADNAX                                                                                                         --19

provides us with no authority for these propositions. Having found no error in voir dire, we

overrule these points of error.

                                                 III. TRIAL ISSUES

                                    A. Expert Witnesses on Diminished Capacity

         In his twenty-sixth point of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying

his request to present expert testimony on the subject of his diminished capacity at the time of the

offense. There is no defense of “diminished capacity” in Texas, other than insanity.42 Evidence of

a mental disease or defect may be relevant and admissible to rebut or disprove the defendant’s

culpable mens rea,43 but the present case, involving a question of voluntary intoxication, is

governed by a specific statute.

         Penal Code section 8.04(a) says, “Voluntary intoxication does not constitute a defense to

the commission of crime.”44 Intoxication is further defined as a “disturbance of mental or

physical capacity resulting from the introduction of any substance into the body.”45 In Ramos v.

State, we construed this statute as prohibiting any attempt to use intoxication to rebut or disprove

a defendant’s mens rea.46 We held that the defendant’s contention was contrary to long-standing




        42
              Ruffin v. State, 270 S.W .3d 586, 593 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008).

        43
           Id., at 594. Such evidence may still be excluded under other evidentiary rules, however, such as Texas Rule
of Evidence 403. Id. at 595.

         44
              T EX . P ENAL C O D E § 8.04(a).

         45
              Id., § 8.04(d)

         46
              547 S.W .2d 33, 33-34 (Tex. Cr. App. 1977).
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --20

Texas law that was recodified by section 8.04 of the Penal Code.47 We have since relied upon

Ramos and the statute in subsequent cases to reject legal-sufficiency claims based upon

intoxication,48 and we said in Skinner v. State that “Texas Penal Code § 8.04(a) bars the use of

evidence of voluntary intoxication to negate the culpable mental state of a crime.”49

         The appellant requested that the trial court make an advance ruling on the admissibility of

two expert witnesses, Dr. John Roache and Dr. Lance Platt. The appellant sought to introduce

testimony that he was under the influence of marijuana and PCP at the time of the victims’

shootings, calling into question whether he possessed the necessary mens rea to commit capital

murder. Because the experts’ testimony was proffered at the guilt stage of trial to show that

appellant’s intoxication from marijuana and PCP use prevented him from forming the applicable

mens rea, the evidence was inadmissible. Point of error twenty-six is overruled.

                                       B. The Appellant’s Television Interviews

         In his twenty-seventh point of error, the appellant argues that the numerous interviews he

granted to television news reporters should not have been admitted during the State’s case-in-

chief. Specifically, the appellant argues that these reporters were de facto agents of the State, and,

as such, were required to properly Mirandize the appellant in compliance with the United States

Constitution and the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

         The appellant offers no authority to support this contention. The only authority cited by

         47
              Id., at 33-34, 34 n.2.

         48
            Tijerina v. State, 578 S.W .2d 415 , 416-17 (Tex. Cr. App. 1979); Hawkins v. State, 605 S.W .2d 586, 588-89
(Tex. Cr. App. 1980). See also Rojas v. State, 986 S.W .2d 241, 247 (Tex. Cr. App. 1998)(“argument that [the
defendant’s] intoxication made him incapable of forming the necessary intent is not viable under a legal sufficiency
analysis”).

         49
              956 S.W .2d 532, 543 (Tex. Cr. App. 1997).
BROADNAX                                                                                                              --21

the appellant is State v. Hernandez,50 a case in which a news reporter was found not to be an

agent of the State. Further undermining the appellant’s argument is the description of the conduct

of the journalist in Hernandez, which was more suspect than that of the reporters in the

appellant’s case and yet was still deemed not to have risen to the level of State agency.51

         The State, on the other hand, relies on our decision in Escamilla v. State.52 In Escamilla,

we examined the Hernandez opinion and concluded that creation of an agency relationship

between law enforcement and non-law enforcement personnel depends on the existence of an

agreement between them at the time of the elicitation.53 Here, all four interviewers testified that

they had no such agreement with law enforcement personnel, and the appellant points to no

evidence of any agreement. We overrule the appellant’s twenty-seventh point of error.

                             C. Photographs of Items Seized from the Appellant’s Cell

         In his twenty-eighth point of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in

overruling his objection to the introduction of photographs of items seized from his jail cell. The

appellant acknowledges that prisoners have no right of privacy in their cells.54 He argues that,

because he was a pre-trial detainee rather than a prisoner, and because the search was conducted

at the behest of the district attorney’s office for purposes of trial preparation, it violated his



         50
              842 S.W .2d 306, 315-316 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 1992, pet. ref’d).

         51
            In Hernandez, a sheriff on duty at the jail passed a note from the reporter to the defendant with the reporter’s
phone number and a request for a television interview. The appellant then called the reporter and made self-incriminating
statements. Hernandez, 842 S.W .2d at 309-310.

         52
              143 S.W .3d 814 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004).

         53
              Id., at 824.

         54
              Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 525-526 (1984).
BROADNAX                                                                                                              --22

limited right to privacy. In support of this argument, the appellant cites to United States v.

Cohen,55 in which the Second Circuit held that a prison detainee retains an expectation of privacy

in his cell sufficient to challenge an investigatory search initiated by the prosecution.56

         We are not bound by that court’s decisions,57 however, and we agree with the State that

our opinion in Soria v. State58 is instructive. In Soria, we held, broadly, that a shakedown search

of a pretrial detainee’s cell does not violate the Fourth Amendment or due process.59 The facts of

this case do not persuade us to create an exception to that holding. The record reflects that the

District Attorney’s investigator requested that an already-planned shakedown be rescheduled for

earlier in the day, when he could attend and take photographs. We overrule the appellant’s

twenty-eighth point of error.

                                              D. Photographs of Prison

         In the appellant’s twenty-ninth point of error, he argues that photographs of the Polunsky

Unite of the Texas prison system offered by the State at the punishment phase of trial were

irrelevant and had prejudicial impact substantially outweighing probative value.60


         55
              United States v. Cohen, 796 F.2d 20 (2d Cir. 1986).

         56
              Id., at 24.

         57
            See Ex parte Evans, 338 S.W .3d 545, 552 (2011) (citing Magouirk v. Phillips, 144 F.3d 348, 361 (5th Cir.
1998) (state courts are not bound by United States Circuit Court precedent when making a determination of federal law)).

         58
              933 S.W .2d 46, 60 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996) .

         59
              Id.

         60
            The State urges that we dismiss this point of error as inadequately briefed for failing to clearly set forth any
argument. W hile we agree that it is not entirely clear on what grounds the appellant complains, we believe we can
ascertain the appellant’s intended argument from context clues.
         The trial court ruled the photographs admissible based on relevance and probative value outweighing any
prejudicial impact, indicating an analysis according to Texas Rules of Evidence 401 and 403. In his brief, the appellant
                                                                                                         (continued...)
BROADNAX                                                                                                            --23

                                               1. Standard of Review

         A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard.61 If the ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement, an appellate

court will not disturb it.62 When a trial court decides not to exclude the evidence, finding that the

probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

this decision will also be given deference.63

                                                      2. Rule 401

         Only relevant evidence is admissible.64 Relevant evidence is “evidence having any

tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the

action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”65 Therefore, to be

relevant, evidence must be material and probative.66 Evidence is material if it is “shown to be

addressed to the proof of a material proposition, i.e., any fact that is of consequence to the




         60
              (...continued)
cites to Rule 401 itself, and to Sells v. State, 121 S.W .3d 748 (Tex. Cr. App. 2004), a case including Rule 401 and Rule
403 analyses. Because we conclude that the appellant means to argue that the admission of the photographs violated
Texas Rules of Evidence 401 and 403, we will analyze the claim under that framework and decline to dismiss this point
of error as inadequately briefed.

         61
              Moses v. State, 105 S.W .3d 622, 627 (Tex. Cr. App. 2003).

         62
              Id.

         63
              Id.

         64
              T EX . R. E VID . 402.

         65
              T EX . R. E VID . 401.

         66
              Miller v. State, 36 S.W .3d 503, 507 (Tex. Cr. App. 2001).
BROADNAX                                                                                        --24

determination of the action.”67

       During the punishment phase of trial, the State introduced 29 photographs of the

Polunsky Unit of the Texas prison system, which houses male prisoners who have been

sentenced to death. In arguing that the photos were not relevant, the appellant lifts a block quote

from Sells v. State,68 replacing “videotape” with “multitude of photographs”:

       The multitude of photographs was not offered as information about the individual
       defendant or about how the individual defendant might be handled. It portrayed only one
       aspect of an entire system and offered only general information about some procedures
       used in that system. That others have been controlled in the prison system or that certain
       procedures are in place without specifically connecting those procedures to appellant was
       not evidence of consequence to the jury’s factual determination of whether appellant
       would pose a continuing threat to society.

In response, the State argues that the photographs were relevant to the jury’s required

determination of the probability that the appellant would commit criminal acts of violence that

would constitute a continuing threat to society. As the State correctly notes, we have held that

“society” includes both prison and non-prison populations.69 The State further urges that the

photographs offered by the State were exhaustive in their detail of life in prison, and were used

by the State to aid the assistant warden in his testimony concerning life at the Polunsky Unit. We

agree with the State.

                                                   3. Rule 403

       Under Texas Rule of Evidence 403, evidence, although relevant, “may be excluded if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the


       67
            Id.

       68
            121 S.W .3d 748 (Tex. Cr. Ap. 2004).

       69
            Estrada v. State, 313 S.W .3d 274, 281 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010).
BROADNAX                                                                                                       --25

issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of

cumulative evidence.”70 A trial court, when undertaking a rule 403 analysis, must balance (1) the

inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for

that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis,

(4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any

tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to

evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the

evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already

admitted.71 These factors may well blend together in practice.72

        We understand the extent of the appellant’s argument to be that we should follow our

earlier opinion in Sells and find that the photographs of the Polunsky Unit had prejudicial impact

substantially outweighing their probative value. The State responds that the Sells opinion is

entirely distinguishable, and we agree. In Sells, we held that it was not an abuse of discretion for

the trial court to exclude the defense’s 57-minute video of the administrative segregation unit of

a Texas prison.73 Here, the trial court allowed the State’s photographs of the entire prison unit.

Moreover, while urging us to follow our Sells decision, the appellant never specifies how the

photographs were prejudicial. Our own analysis of the record and exhibits does not reveal any

prejudicial impact. We overrule the appellant’s twenty-ninth point of error.

        70
            T EX . R. E VID . 403; see also Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W .2d 372, 389 (Tex. Cr. App. 1991) (rule 403
carries presumption probative value of relevant evidence is not substantially outweighed by other factors).

        71
             Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W .3d 637, 641-42 (Tex. Cr. App. 2006).

        72
             Id., at 642.

        73
             Sells, 121 S.W .3d, at 766.
BROADNAX                                                                                                               --26

                                             E. Crime Scene Photographs

         In his thirtieth through thirty-third points of error, the appellant argues that the trial court

erred in allowing the State to introduce various photographs of the murder victims’ autopsies and

the crime scene. The appellant’s argument begins by describing 29 photographs that defense

counsel challenged, unsuccessfully, on various grounds at trial. The appellant then provides a

sampling of case law explaining Texas Rule of Evidence 403. He concludes that “the trial court

erred in allowing the State to introduce these 12 color photographs.”74

                                       1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

         Rule of Evidence 403 provides:

         Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
         outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
         jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative
         evidence.75

A court may consider many factors in determining whether the probative value of photographs is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, including: the number of exhibits

offered, their gruesomeness, their detail, their size, whether they are in color or black-and-white,

whether they are close up, whether the body depicted is clothed or naked, the availability of other

means of proof, and other circumstances unique to the individual case.76 The admissibility of




         74
             In arguing that the appellant’s thirtieth through thirty-third points of error are improperly briefed, the State
notes that, after listing 25 allegedly unduly prejudicial photos, the appellant argues that an unspecified twelve should not
have been admitted. W e count 29 photos in the appellant’s initial list. Further complicating matters is the discovery that
the appellant’s complaints on appeal do not, exactly, match the photographs objected to at trial. Additionally, the trial
judge’s rulings do not always comport with the appellant’s objections.

         75
              T EX . R. E VID . 403.

         76
              Davis v. State, 313 S.W .3d 317, 331 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010) .
BROADNAX                                                                                                           --27

photographs over an objection is within the sound discretion of the trial court,77 and we will not

reverse the trial judge’s decision so long as the ruling was within the zone of reasonable

disagreement.78

                                             2. Autopsy Photographs

         Autopsy photographs are generally admissible unless they depict mutilation of the victim

caused by the autopsy itself.79 Nonetheless, at trial, the appellant objected to the admission of

several autopsy photos of the victims. The State responded that the photographs were “necessary

for the medical examiner to explain her findings,” and the trial court ruled that the photographs

were more probative than prejudicial. The trial court further commented that “[m]urder cases are

gruesome by their very nature .... There is nothing we can do about that .... It is what it is.”

         Each of the 25 autopsy photographs offered by the State at trial depicts a victim and his

wounds in differing angles and scope. They were selected from over a hundred photographs for

their usefulness in assisting the medical examiner’s testimony. They are gruesome, clearly, but

they portray no more than the gruesomeness of the injuries inflicted by the suspect. Thus, we find

that the trial court’s decision to admit them was within the zone of reasonable disagreement and

was not an abuse of discretion.

                                          3. Crime Scene Photographs

         The appellant also complains of seventeen crime-scene photographs of the victims

offered at trial. As with the autopsy photographs, each photograph is a unique depiction of the

         77
              Id.

         78
              Kemp v. State, 846 S.W .2d 289, 306 (Tex. Cr. App. 1992).

         79
           Williams v. State, 301 S.W .3d 675, 690 (Tex. Cr. App. 2009) (citing Santellan v. State, 939 S.W .2d 155, 172
(Tex. Cr. App. 1997).
BROADNAX                                                                                         --28

wounds inflicted by the suspect. The State argued that it selected each photograph from more

than seventy original crime-scene photographs because of their usefulness in assisting testimony

and indicating the appellant’s specific intent in murdering and robbing the victims. Like the

autopsy photographs, the crime-scene photographs are gruesome, but they are no more gruesome

than necessary to show the extent of the appellant’s crimes. We find that the trial court’s decision

to admit the exhibits was within the zone of reasonable disagreement and was not an abuse of

discretion. We overrule the appellant’s thirtieth through thirty-third points of error.

                                        F. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In his thirty-forth point of error, the appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to

support his conviction. Specifically, the appellant argues that the State failed to prove a nexus

between the victims’ murder and the accompanying robbery, as is required to prove capital

murder.

                                            1. Standard of Review

       Under Jackson v. Virginia, when assessing whether evidence is legally sufficient to

support a conviction, we assess all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether “any rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.”80 This standard accounts for the factfinder’s duty “to resolve

conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic

facts to ultimate facts.”81 Therefore, in analyzing legal sufficiency, we “determine whether the

necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the


       80
            443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original).

       81
            Id.
BROADNAX                                                                                                        --29

evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.”82

         Our review of “all of the evidence” includes evidence that was properly and improperly

admitted.83 When the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the factfinder

resolved the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and defer to that determination.84 Direct and

circumstantial evidence are treated equally: “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient

to establish guilt.”85

                                             2. Applicable Law and Analysis

         A person commits the offense of capital murder if he intentionally commits murder in the

course of committing or attempting to commit robbery.86 A person commits robbery if, in the

course of committing theft, he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to

another.87 The State must prove a nexus between the murder and the theft, i.e., the murder was

committed in order to facilitate the taking of the property.88 The appellant argues that the State

failed to prove this nexus.

         The appellant told three Dallas journalists that he, alone, had murdered the victims, and



        82
             Hooper v. State, 214 S.W .3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007).

        83
             Conner v. State, 67 S.W .3d 192, 197 (Tex. Cr. App. 2001).

        84
             Jackson, 443 U.S., at 326.

        85
             Hooper, 214 S.W .3d, at 13.

        86
             See T EX . P EN . C O D E § 19.03(a)(2).

        87
             See id. § 29.02(a)(1).

        88
          Cooper v. State, 67 S.W .3d 221, 223 (Tex. Cr. App. 2002); Ibanez v. State, 749 S.W .2d 804, 807 (Tex. Cr..
App. 1986).
BROADNAX                                                                                                             --30

that he and his cousin had specifically traveled to Garland that day with the intent to commit a

robbery. The appellant further told the journalists that he had rifled through the victims’ pockets

after shooting them. Each of these journalists testified at his trial, accompanied by video

recordings of their interviews with the appellant. Additionally, the appellant’s conviction is

supported by circumstantial evidence, most notably the victims’ empty pockets and the

appellant’s possession of Swan’s identification card and vehicle.89 A rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

        The appellant further contends that “the evidence shows that [the appellant was] high on

PCP at the time of the offense,” and that “[t]here was no DNA belonging to [the appellant] on the

weapon.” These contentions do not negate the evidence of guilt. We overrule the appellant’s

thirty-fourth point of error.

                                        G. Testimony on Gang Affiliation

        In his thirty-fifth point of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting

testimony during the punishment phase of trial regarding his gang affiliation. In his thirty-sixth

point of error, he argues that, after having been admitted, this testimony should have been subject

to a limiting instruction.

        First, the appellant argues that Detective Barrett Nelson of the Dallas Police Department

Gang Unit was not qualified as an expert on the subject of gang affiliation. The appellant did not

object to Detective Nelson’s testimony on this basis at trial.90 The appellant has therefore failed


        89
            See Cooper, 67 S.W .3d, at 223-224 (theft occurring immediately after a murder will support an inference
that the murder occurred during the course of a robbery).

        90
             At a pre-trial hearing, the appellant objected to Detective Nelson’s testimony as invalid under Rules 401 and
                                                                                                        (continued...)
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --31

to preserve this argument, and it will not be considered.91

         The appellant next argues, “‘Guilt by associaton’ has been rejected in Texas,” and that the

admission of testimony regarding the appellant’s gang affiliation was thus more prejudicial than

probative. It is unclear on what grounds, exactly, he complains, but given the prejudicial-versus-

probative language, and the appellant’s Rule 401 and Rule 403 objections at a pre-trial hearing,

we interpret the appellant’s argument to be that the introduction of evidence of his gang

membership violates Rules 401 and 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence.

                                                    1. Relevance

         Evidence of a defendant’s gang membership may be relevant and admissible at the

punishment stage of a trial to show the character of the accused.92 Evidence of gang membership

allows the jury to make an informed decision regarding the character of the guilty party when

determining the appropriate punishment to assess.93

         Once evidence of gang membership is established, the prosecution must then present to

the jury evidence of the activities of the gang generally.94 “It is essential for the jury to know the



         90
              (...continued)
403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, as well as under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution. The appellant did not explain how, exactly, Detective Nelson’s proffered testimony would run afoul of the
First and Fourteenth Amendments. The appellant further requested a limiting instruction from the trial judge should
Detective Nelson’s testimony be admitted. Before Detective Nelson testified during the punishment phase of trial, the
trial judge ruled that he would not give a limiting instruction.

         91
              See T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1(a).

         92
           Jones v. State, 944 S.W .2d 642, 652-53 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996); Beasley v. State, 902 S.W .2d 452, 456 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1995).

        93
              See Anderson v. State, 901 S.W .2d 946, 950 (Tex. Cr. App. 1995).

        94
          See Beasley, 902 S.W .2d, at 456; Anderson, 901 S.W .2d at 950 (“Although relevant, gang membership alone
would be meaningless to a jury which has no knowledge of the gang’s purpose or activities.”).
BROADNAX                                                                                         --32

types of activities the gang generally engages in so that they can determine if [the defendant’s]

gang membership is a positive or negative aspect of his character, and subsequently his character

as a whole.”95 It is not necessary to link the accused to the bad acts or misconduct generally

engaged in by gang members, so long as the jury is (1) provided with evidence of the defendant’s

gang membership, (2) provided with evidence of the character and reputation of the gang, (3) not

required to determine if the defendant committed the bad acts or misconduct, and (4) only asked

to consider reputation or character of the accused.96

       In the instant case, Detective Nelson testified that a great deal of evidence indicated the

appellant was a member of the Gangster Disciples of the Folk Nation network of gangs: 1) The

appellant made statements and hand signals self-identifying himself as a member. 2) The

appellant had several tattoos indicating membership in the gang. 3) Notebooks found in the

appellant’s possession at the time of arrest contained numerous drawings linking the appellant to

the gang. 4) Drawings on the walls of the appellant’s cell linked the appellant to the gang.

Detective Nelson then described the activities and reputation of the gang itself, testifying that the

Gangster Disciples were “impressive” in their organization, and explaining that “they’re teaching

their younger generation how to be a gang member.” Detective Nelson further testified that the

gang was heavily involved in criminal enterprises in order to fund their organization; specifically,

he testified that they “turned to violence, selling drugs, robberies and murders.”

       Through Detective Nelson’s testimony, the State established evidence of the appellant’s

gang membership, evidence of the activities of the gang generally, and evidence of the character


       95
            Beasley, 902 S.W .2d, at 456.

       96
            Id., at 457.
BROADNAX                                                                                         --33

and reputation of the gang. The State did not ask Detective Nelson for evidence linking the

appellant to specific bad acts or misconduct, nor did the State ask the jury to consider anything

beyond the appellant’s reputation or character in light of his association with the gang. Thus, the

State successfully met the requirements for admitting evidence of the appellant’s gang

membership,97 and we find that Detective Nelson’s testimony was, indeed, relevant.

                                     2. Probative Value and Prejudicial Effect

       Having determined that evidence of the appellant’s gang membership was relevant, we

are still left to determine whether its probative value outweighed its prejudicial effect.98 Rule 403

favors the admission of relevant evidence and carries a presumption that relevant evidence will

be more probative than prejudicial.99 “The term ‘probative value’ refers to the inherent probative

force of an item of evidence – that is, how strongly it serves to make more or less probable the

existence of a fact of consequence to the litigation – coupled with the proponent’s need for that

item of evidence.”100 “‘Unfair prejudice’ refers to a tendency to suggest decision on an improper

basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.”101 It is only when there exists a clear

disparity between the degree of unfair prejudice of the offered evidence and its probative value

that Rule 403 is applicable.102



       97
            See Beasley, 902 S.W .2d, at 456-457.

       98
            See T EX . R. E VID . 403.

       99
            Williams v. State, 958 S.W .2d 186, 196 (Tex. Cr. App. 1997).

       100
             Casey v. State, 215 S.W .3d 870, 879 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007).

       101
             Id., at 880.

       102
             Davis v. State, 313 S.W .3d 317, 331 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010) .
BROADNAX                                                                                            --34

       Evidence of the appellant’s gang membership was obviously unfavorable to the appellant,

but it was not unfairly prejudicial. It came as part of a larger examination of his character and

behavior, in which rap lyrics written by the appellant were pored over in detail. All of this

evidence, taken together, revealed a man whose life was rife with violence, drug dealing, and

pride in living as a modern-day outlaw. The evidence of the appellant’s gang membership was

but one of the factors that allowed the jury to rationally gauge the probability that appellant

would be a danger in the future. It was not so unfairly prejudicial that there was a clear disparity

between the degree of the prejudice and its probative value. The trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting this evidence. The appellant’s thirty-fifth point of error is overruled.

                                            3. Limiting Instruction

       In the appellant’s thirty-sixth point of error, he argues that, having been admitted, the

testimony on gang affiliation should have been subject to a limiting instruction. Rule of Evidence

105(a) states that, “when evidence which is admissible ... for one purpose but not admissible ...

for another purpose is admitted, the court, upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper

scope and instruct the jury accordingly.”103 One purpose of limiting instructions is to ensure that

the jury does not rely on admitted evidence for an impermissible purpose.104

       While the parties and the trial court discussed a “limiting instruction” at the pre-trial

hearing, it is not clear from the record how the appellant wanted to limit the use of the gang




       103
             T EX . R. E VID . 105(a).

       104
             Lewis v. State, 815 S.W .2d 560, 566 (Tex. Cr. App. 1991).
BROADNAX                                                                                                        --35

evidence. From the cases105 that were cited to the trial court, and now in the appellate briefs, it

appears the appellant may have wanted the jury instructed on how to consider evidence of

extraneous offenses. Assuming, without deciding, that this point of error is properly preserved in

the record and presented in the appellant’s brief, and that the trial court erred in not giving a

limiting instruction, that error would be subject to a harm analysis.106

         When a trial court errs in failing to provide a limiting instruction, reversal of the

judgment of the trial court is warranted only if the error affected the substantial rights of the

parties.107 A substantial right is affected “when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or

influence in determining a jury’s verdict.”108 We will not overturn a verdict if we have fair

assurance that the error in question either did not influence the jury or, if it did influence the jury,

that its effect was only slight.109

         In the instant case, if there were error, we do not believe that the error provided anything

more than a slight influence on the jury, if any influence at all. Detective Nelson’s testimony did

not improperly implicate the appellant in any extraneous offenses, and, more significantly, his

testimony was only a small part of the State’s case at punishment. We hold that the trial court’s

refusal to provide a limiting instruction did not have a substantial and injurious effect or

influence on the jury’s verdict. We overrule the appellant’s thirty-sixth point of error.


        105
            Beasley v. State, 902 S.W .2d 457 (Tex. Cr. App. 1995); Anderson v. State, 901 S.W .2d 946 (Tex. Cr. App.
1995); Siena v. State, 266 S.W .3d 72 (Tex. App. – Houston [1 st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).

        106
              Jones v. State, 944 S.W .2d 642, 653 (Tex. Cr. App. 1996).

        107
              T EX . R. A PP . P. 44.2(b).

        108
              King v. State, 953 S.W .2d 266, 271 (Tex. Cr. App. 1997).

        109
              Johnson v. State, 967 S.W .2d 410, 417 (Tex. Cr. App. 1998).
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --36

                              H. Sufficiency of the Evidence – Future Dangerousness

         In the appellant’s thirty-seventh point of error, he argues that the evidence was legally

insufficient to support the jury’s affirmative answer to the future-dangerousness special issue.110

Specifically, the appellant argues that the jury’s finding was unreasonable because he had “no

prior violent criminal background,” and because a defense witness testified that the appellant

“essentially was a low risk for future dangerousness.”

         The State responds that the brutal nature of the appellant’s crimes, alone, was sufficient to

support a finding of future dangerousness, and that, moreover, the appellant’s conduct since his

arrest supports the jury’s finding. We agree.

         In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support future dangerousness, we

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s findings.111 We must determine

whether any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a

probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a

continuing threat to society whether in or out of prison.112

         Sometimes, sufficient evidence of future dangerousness can be inferred from the offense

itself.113 Here, the appellant confessed to murdering two defenseless men in order to steal their

car so he could return home. The appellant described to reporters how he shot each man a second


         110
               T EX . C OD E C RIM . P RO C . art. 37.071.

         111
               Estrada v. State, 313 S.W .3d 274, 284 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010)

         112
               Druery v. State, 225 S.W .3d 491, 506-07 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007)

        113
             See Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W .2d 330, 359-61 (Tex. Cr. App. 1995) (evidence of premeditated and brutal
murders of two women, including multiple gunshot wounds at close range of one of the victims, was sufficient to support
affirmative answer to future-dangerousness special issue and the “character evidence uniformly favorable to” the
defendant was “alone insufficient to mitigate the premeditation and brutality of the offense”).
BROADNAX                                                                                                          --37

time after their initial wounds failed to kill them immediately. Then, when the appellant was sure

the victims had expired, he rifled through their pockets.

         The probability of appellant’s future dangerousness also can be inferred from evidence

showing a lack of remorse.114 In the same television interviews discussed above, the appellant

coldly and calmly walked reporters through the murders. When asked if he had anything to say to

the victims’ families, the appellant responded, “Fuck ‘em.” To the specific question by the

interviewer, “Do you have any remorse, none whatsoever?” the appellant only shook his head.

         Finally, in one of the interviews the appellant discussed the probability that he would

commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society:

         Reporter:                  What do you think’s going to happen to you now?

         Appellant:                 Whatever they throw at me. Hopefully the death penalty.

         Reporter:                  Hopefully?

         Appellant:                 Yea. ‘Cuz they give me life I’ma’ kill somebody else. Straight up.
                                    I’m telling you right now. I can’t do no motherfuckin’ life. I’ma’
                                    go crazy.

         Reporter:                  So you want the death penalty?

         Appellant:                 They better. Pick one [the appellant holds up each arm, presumably
                                    referencing the lethal injection method of execution]. Or you gon’
                                    have some more bodies.

         Reporter:                  Oh, in here you’re gonna kill someone?

         Appellant:                 Nah. Whichever penitentiary they send me to. They better put me
                                    on death row. Tell you just like I’ma tell the judge.

         We hold that the State presented sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that the


        114
            See Martinez v. State, 327 S.W .3d 727, 735 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010); Trevino v. State, 991 S.W .2d 849, 853-54
(Tex. Cr. App. 1999).
BROADNAX                                                                                                       --38

appellant posed a future danger to society. The appellant’s thirty-seventh point of error is

overruled.

                                                  I. Court Costs

       In the appellant’s thirty-eighth point of error, he argues that the court costs imposed by

the trial court – and later garnished from his inmate trust fund – violated his right to due process.

In the appellant’s thirty-ninth point of error, he argues that these court costs violated the Texas

Government Code because he was not sufficiently notified of their imposition. In the past,

however, we have held that issues stemming from the garnishment of inmate trust fund accounts

are not criminal in nature, and that we therefore lack jurisdiction to consider such arguments.115

Our sister court has agreed.116 The appellant has not persuaded us otherwise. We overrule the

appellant’s thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth points of error.

       In the appellant’s fortieth point of error, he argues that the evidence was legally

insufficient to support the imposition of these court costs. Unlike issues related to the collection

of costs, challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the imposition of costs are

criminal law matters.117 Here, however, the appellant offers in support of his contention only one

off-topic case citation.118 Furthermore, we agree with the State that there is no evidence that the

imposed $460.00 in court costs is “anything more than the statutorily-imposed costs the trial

court was obligated to order [the appellant] to pay.” We overrule the appellant’s fortieth point of



       115
             Johnson v. Tenth Judicial District Court of Appeals at Waco, 280 S.W .3d 866, 874 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008).

       116
             Harrell v. State, 286 S.W .3d 315, 318 (Tex. 2009).

       117
             Armstrong v. State, 340 S.W .3d 759, 766 (Tex. Cr. App. 2011).

       118
             Mayer v. State, 309 S.W .3d 552 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010).
BROADNAX                                                                                           --39

error.

                                              IV. FEDERAL ISSUES

         In points of error forty-one through fifty-six, the appellant raises various constitutional

challenges to Texas’ death-penalty statutes already decided by this court,119 and invites us to

revisit our prior holdings.

         Point of error forty-one is, “The statute under which [he] was sentenced to death is

unconstitutional in violation of the cruel and unusual punishment prohibition of the Eighth

Amendment because it allows the jury too much discretion to determine who should live and

who should die and because it lacks the minimal standards and guidance necessary for the jury to

avoid the arbitrary and capricious imposition of the death penalty.”

         Point of error forty-two is, “The statute under which [he] was sentenced to death” violates

the Eighth Amendment “because the mitigation special issue sends mixed signals to the jury

thereby rendering any verdict reached in response to that special issue intolerable and unreliable.”

         Point of error forty-three is, “The statute under which [he] was sentenced to death”

violates “the due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment because it implicitly puts

the burden of proving the mitigation special issue on Appellant rather than requiring a jury

finding against Appellant on that issue under the beyond a reasonable doubt standard.”

         Point of error forty-four is, “The trial court erred in denying [his] motion to hold Article

37.071 Sec. 2([e]) and ([f]) concerning burden of proof unconstitutional as a violation of Article

One Sec. 10 and Sec. 13 of the Texas Constitution.”

         Point of error forty-five is, “The Texas death penalty scheme violates due process

         119
               See Saldano v. State, 232 S.W .3d 77, 107-109 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007) .
BROADNAX                                                                                          --40

protections of the United States Constitution because the punishment special issue related to

mitigation fails to require the State to prove the absence of sufficient mitigating circumstances

beyond a reasonable doubt, contrary to Apprendi [v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000),] and its

progeny.”

       Point of error forty-six is, “The Texas death penalty scheme violated [his] rights against

cruel and unusual punishment and [to] due process of law under the Eighth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution by requiring at least ten ‘no’ votes for the jury to

return a negative answer to the punishment special issues.”

       Point of error forty-seven is, “The Texas death penalty scheme violated [his] rights

against cruel and unusual punishment, [to] an impartial jury and to due process of law under the

Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution because of vague,

undefined terms in the jury instructions at the punishment phase of the trial that effectively

determine the difference between a life sentence and the imposition of the death penalty.”

       Point of error forty-eight is, “The Texas death penalty scheme denied [him] due process

of law, and imposed cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Fifth, Eighth and

Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution because of the impossibility of

simultaneously restricting the jury’s discretion to impose the death penalty while also allowing

the jury unlimited discretion to consider all evidence militating against the imposition of the

death penalty.” In point of error forty-nine, the appellant claims that this also “denied [him] due

course of law, and imposed cruel and unusual punishment, in violation of Article I, §§ 13 and 19,

of the Texas Constitution.”

       Point of error fifty is, “The trial court erred in overruling appellant’s motion to hold Art.
BROADNAX                                                                                         --41

37.071 Sec. 2(e) and (f) unconstitutional because said statute fails to require the issue of

mitigation be considered by the jury.”

       Point of error fifty-one claims that the mitigation special issue is “unconstitutional

because it fails to place the burden of proof on the State regarding aggravating evidence.” In

point of error fifty-two, the appellant claims that the mitigation special issue is “unconstitutional

under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution because it

permits the very type of open-ended discretion condemned by the United States Supreme Court

in Furman v. Georgia[, 408 U.S. 238 (1972)].”

       Point of error fifty-three is, “Texas’ statutory capital sentencing scheme is

unconstitutional under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments because it does not permit

meaningful appellate review.”

       Point of error fifty-four is, “The trial court erred in overruling appellant’s motion to quash

the indictment as being unconstitutional based on the enumerated constitutional defects of the

Texas capital murder death penalty law.”

       Point of error fifty-five is, “The cumulative effect of the above-enumerated constitutional

violations denied appellant due process of law in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments of the United States Constitution.” Finally, in point of error fifty-six, the appellant

claims that this also denied him “due course of law under Article I, § 19, of the Texas

Constitution.”

       We decline the appellant’s invitation to review our prior decisions on these issues. Points

of error forty-one through fifty-six are overruled.

                                         V. CONCLUSION
BROADNAX                                           --42

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




Delivered December 14, 2011.
Do not publish.
