                                 IN THE
                         TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                No. 10-14-00156-CR

MICHAEL DON POGUE,
                                                           Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                           Appellee



                          From the 413th District Court
                             Johnson County, Texas
                             Trial Court No. F48332


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION


      A jury convicted Appellant Michael Don Pogue of five counts of sexual assault of

a child and one count of indecency with a child and assessed his punishment at fifteen

years’ imprisonment and a $5,000 fine for each count. The trial court ordered the

sentences for the sexual-assault-of-a-child counts to run consecutively to each other and

the sentence for the indecency-with-a-child count to run concurrently with the sexual-

assault-of-a-child counts. This appeal ensued.
                                    Motion to Suppress

        In his first issue, Pogue contends that the trial court erred in denying the motion

to suppress his statement because the statement was not made freely and voluntarily.

        We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a

bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not engage in our own factual review.

Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Best v. State, 118 S.W.3d 857,

861 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and

judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Wiede

v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2000), modified on other grounds by State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006). Therefore, we give almost total deference to the trial court’s rulings on (1)

questions of historical fact, even if the trial court’s determination of those facts was not

based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor; and (2) application-of-law-to-fact

questions that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at

673; Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v. State, 68

S.W.3d 644, 652-53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). But when application-of-law-to-fact questions

do not turn on the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses, we review the trial court’s

rulings on those questions de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652-

53.

        When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we must view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24;

Pogue v. State                                                                          Page 2
Kelly v. State, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court makes

explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those fact findings. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818-

19. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo unless its explicit fact findings

that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. Id. at 819.

        Before trial, Pogue filed a motion to suppress any oral statement given by him on

May 28, 2013. He alleged that, on that date, Cleburne Police Detective Sean Bagwell

interviewed him at the Wood & Associates Polygraph Service offices and that he made

statements during the interview concerning an investigation of sexual assault that

allegedly occurred in Johnson County.         Pogue alleged, however, that he did not

knowingly, intelligently, freely and voluntarily waive the rights set out in section 38.22

of the Code of Criminal Procedure and that the evidence was taken in violation of the

United States and Texas Constitutions.

        The trial court held a Jackson v. Denno hearing. Bagwell testified that he met with

Pogue at the police department and explained the allegations against him. Pogue was not

under arrest at that time. Pogue denied the allegations against him and agreed to submit

to a polygraph examination to prove that he was telling the truth. Bagwell did not

threaten arrest, violence, or restraint to get Pogue to agree to take the exam. Bagwell

called Wood & Associates and scheduled an appointment for that afternoon. Bagwell did

not take Pogue to the exam; Pogue travelled to the exam with his wife and stepson.

        Clayton Wood, a polygraph examiner at Wood & Associates, testified that Pogue

arrived separately from Bagwell for the polygraph examination. Before the exam, Wood

Pogue v. State                                                                           Page 3
reviewed a release form with Pogue. The release explained the voluntariness of the

polygraph examination, described the different phases of the exam, explained to whom

the results would be released, and included a liability waiver. Pogue signed the release.

Wood also read Pogue a waiver of rights drafted in accordance with article 38.22 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure. Pogue acknowledged that he understood those rights,

signed the waiver, and agreed to speak with Wood. Wood then conducted the polygraph

exam. Wood did not make Pogue any promises or threaten him, and Pogue did not

appear intoxicated, tired, or confused. At the conclusion of the exam, Wood briefly spoke

with Pogue about the results and gave Pogue an opportunity to make any additional

admissions. Wood then told Bagwell, who was in a separate conference room during the

exam, the results of the exam. The results were: “Deception indicated.” Wood also

observed what appeared to be attempts by Pogue to change his physiological functions

during the exam. Bagwell then spoke to Pogue.

        Bagwell testified that while the exam was being conducted, he was not able to

view or hear anything that was going on. Wood came out of the exam room at one point

and told Bagwell that Pogue was using classic countermeasures and that Wood was

going to discuss the countermeasures with Pogue and attempt to get a valid exam. After

more time passed, Wood came out of the exam room again, said that they did get a valid

exam, and said that Pogue showed to be deceptive in answering relevant questions.

Wood said that he had talked to Pogue about the results and that Pogue maintained his

denial of the allegations. Bagwell then went into the room where Pogue was waiting and

asked him for consent to sit and talk with him. Pogue consented. Bagwell also read

Pogue v. State                                                                     Page 4
Pogue his Miranda warnings and made sure that Pogue understood that he was not under

arrest or detained and that Bagwell could not compel him to speak. Pogue then made

some admissions to Bagwell that corroborated the allegations made against him. Bagwell

took a phone call from the district attorney’s office and confirmed that there were no

issues with making an arrest. At that point, Bagwell decided that Pogue was no longer

free to leave but did not arrest Pogue immediately. Bagwell continued the interview but

then eventually arrested Pogue. An audio recording of the interview was admitted into

evidence.

        Pogue testified that he agreed to go to the police station on May 28, 2013, and

agreed to take a polygraph exam. He drove himself to the exam, along with his wife and

stepson. At the conclusion of the exam, Wood left the room, then came back, and told

him that he was being deceptive.           Wood never mentioned anything about

countermeasures. Bagwell then came in, and Pogue agreed to talk to him. Pogue said

that Bagwell basically told him that if he did not do something that day, Pogue would

never have a chance to defend himself or make himself believable to anyone. Bagwell

also told Pogue that he appeared arrogant and selfish and that the evidence was

overwhelming because of the alleged victim’s statement and the results of the polygraph.

Pogue stated that he felt pressure to go along with what Bagwell was saying to benefit

himself. He did not feel like he could leave or that the interview was voluntary.

        The trial court denied Pogue’s motion to suppress and made the following

findings of fact and conclusions of law:




Pogue v. State                                                                      Page 5
                The Court finds that on May 28, 2013, the Defendant, Michael Don
        Pogue, met with Clayton Wood at Wood’s Polygraph Service in Arlington,
        Tarrant County, Texas. The Defendant, arrived at Wood’s Polygraph on his
        own accord and was not in police custody at the time he arrived. The
        Defendant was then interviewed by Clayton Wood. The Defendant was not
        in custody during the course of this interview or at the conclusion of the
        interview. When the interview with Clayton Wood concluded, the
        Defendant was interviewed by Detective Sean Bagwell of the Cleburne
        Police Department and provided Detective Bagwell with an oral statement
        (State’s Exhibit No. 1). Before providing this statement, Detective Bagwell
        read the Defendant his rights in accordance with Article 38.22 Section 2(a)
        of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. After hearing these rights, the
        defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived those rights
        directly or implicitly and agreed to talk with Detective Bagwell and did
        then and thereafter provide an oral statement to Detective Bagwell. This
        oral statement, including the reading and subsequent waiver of the
        Defendant’s rights, were recorded by a device that was capable of making
        an accurate recording. The Defendant was not in custody during the course
        of this interview. After the Defendant provided this statement, he was
        placed into custody. The court finds that the Defendant was not in custody
        when he provided this oral statement, State’s Exhibit No. 1, to Detective
        Bagwell.

                 ….

               The Defendant, Michael Don Pogue, did knowingly, intelligently
        and voluntarily provide an oral statement, State’s Exhibit No. 1, to
        Detective Sean Bagwell, on May 28, 2013.

        Article 38.21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides: “A statement of an

accused may be used in evidence against him if it appears that the same was freely and

voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion, under the rules hereafter

prescribed.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.21 (West 2005). A defendant may claim

that his statement was not freely and voluntarily made, and thus may not be used as

evidence against him, under several different theories: (1) article 38.22, section 6—

general voluntariness; (2) Miranda, as expanded in article 38.22, sections 2 and 3; or (3)


Pogue v. State                                                                        Page 6
the Due Process Clause. Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

        A statement may be involuntary under the Due Process Clause or Miranda only

when there is police coercion or overreaching. Id. at 169-70. Trickery or deception does

not make a statement involuntary unless the method was calculated to produce an

untruthful confession or was offensive to due process. Creager v. State, 952 S.W.2d 852,

856 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The court of criminal appeals in Oursbourn noted that the

United States Supreme Court in Colorado v. Connelly collected cases in which courts found

statements involuntary under Miranda or the Due Process Clause. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d

at 170 (citing Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 163 n.1, 107 S.Ct. 515, 520 n.1, 93 L.Ed.2d

473 (1986)). These cases involve police overreaching and involve fact scenarios such as

the following:

        (1) the suspect was subjected to a four-hour interrogation while
        incapacitated and sedated in an intensive-care unit; (2) the suspect, while
        on medication, was interrogated for over eighteen hours without food,
        medication, or sleep; (3) the police officers held a gun to the head of the
        wounded suspect to extract a confession; (4) the police interrogated the
        suspect intermittently for sixteen days using coercive tactics while he was
        held incommunicado in a closed cell without windows and was given
        limited food; (5) the suspect was held for four days with inadequate food
        and medical attention until he confessed; (6) the suspect was subjected to
        five days of repeated questioning during which police employed coercive
        tactics; (7) the suspect was held incommunicado for three days with little
        food, and the confession was obtained when officers informed him that
        their chief was preparing to admit a lynch mob into the jail; (8) the suspect
        was questioned by relays of officers for thirty-six hours without an
        opportunity for sleep.

Id. at 170-71 (footnotes omitted).

        Sections 2 and 3 of article 38.22 apply to an accused’s custodial-interrogation

statements and provide that only “warned and waived” statements may be admitted. Id.

Pogue v. State                                                                          Page 7
at 171; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, §§ 2, 3 (West Supp. 2014). That is, an

accused’s custodial-interrogation statement is not admissible unless, before making the

statement, he received the warnings provided in article 15.17 or article 38.22, section 2(a)

or section 3(a) (which incorporate the requirements of Miranda), and he knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily waived those rights. Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 171-72; see

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, §§ 2, 3; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

15.17 (West 2015) (requiring magistrate to give warnings consistent with Miranda after

accused’s arrest).

        Under the Court of Criminal Appeals’ precedents, section 6 of article 38.22 applies

to both an accused’s custodial and non-custodial statements. Id. at 171. Claims of

involuntariness under article 38.22, section 6 can be, but need not be, predicated on police

overreaching of the sort required under a due-process analysis. Id. at 172. Under articles

38.21 and 38.22, section 6, we may consider, in addition to any allegedly coercive police

conduct, factors such as the suspect’s youth, intoxication, mental retardation, or other

disability that would not raise a federal due-process claim. Id. at 172-73. Under articles

38.21 and 38.22, fact scenarios that can raise a state-law claim of involuntariness include

the following:

        (1) the suspect was ill and on medication and that fact may have rendered
        his confession involuntary; (2) the suspect was mentally retarded and may
        not have “knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily” waived his rights; (3)
        the suspect “lacked the mental capacity to understand his rights”; (4) the
        suspect was intoxicated, and he “did not know what he was signing and
        thought it was an accident report”; (5) the suspect was confronted by the
        brother-in-law of his murder victim and beaten; (6) the suspect was
        returned to the store he broke into “for questioning by several persons
        armed ‘with six-shooters.’”

Pogue v. State                                                                        Page 8
Id. (footnotes omitted).    “’Voluntariness’ under both constitutional and state law

doctrines is to be measured according to the totality of the circumstances.” Smith v. State,

779 S.W.2d 417, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

        Pogue argues that his statement was involuntary because he was coerced into

giving it based on the fact that he failed the polygraph exam. Pogue supports his

argument by citing Judge Price’s concurring opinion in Martinez v. State, 272 S.W.3d 615,

629 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (Price, J., concurring), which includes the statement, “A failed

polygraph is practically as effective as a coerced confession in so demoralizing a suspect

that subsequent Miranda warnings will lack their intended efficacy.”

        In Martinez, police arrested Martinez for his involvement in a robbery and murder.

Id. at 617-18. He was not given Miranda warnings upon arrest; nevertheless, he was

brought to police headquarters and questioned about the crimes, which he denied

knowing anything about. Id. at 618. Officers then took Martinez to a police polygrapher

who spent three to four hours administering a polygraph test to him. Id. After the

polygraph test, officers again took Martinez into custody, informed him that he had failed

the polygraph test, and took him to municipal court, where a magistrate gave him

Miranda and other statutory warnings for the first time. Id. Upon Martinez’s “prompt

return” to the central holding station, officers again questioned him about the robbery

and murder.      Id.   Officers repeated the Miranda warnings, and Martinez gave a

videotaped statement regarding the incident in which he made incriminating statements.

Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded, however, that “the absence of Miranda


Pogue v. State                                                                        Page 9
warnings at the beginning of the interrogation process was not a mistake based on the

interrogating officers’ mistaken belief that appellant was not in custody, but rather a

conscious choice.” Id. at 624. The court held that because no curative measures were

taken to offset the damage done by the failure to warn at the outset, the second statement

given to the police was involuntary and should have been excluded. Id. at 627.

        This case is distinguishable from Martinez. Here, Pogue had not been arrested

when he agreed to take the polygraph exam. In fact, he drove himself to the location to

take the exam. Also, Pogue was advised of his Miranda warnings both before taking the

polygraph exam as well as before the interview with Bagwell, and Pogue elected to

proceed. We conclude that, based on the totality of the circumstances, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in concluding that Pogue’s statement was voluntarily given.

Because we have concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding

that Pogue’s statement was voluntarily given, we hold that the trial court did not err in

denying Pogue’s motion to suppress his statement. We overrule Pogue’s first issue.

                              Objection to Strike Venire Panel

        In his second issue, Pogue contends that the trial court erred in overruling his

objection to strike the venire panel.

        The relevant facts are as follows. Outside the presence of the venire panel just

before the jury was impaneled, the following exchange took place:

                       [Defense Counsel]: Okay. Let me read [Pogue’s objection]
        into the record: That the Defendant would ask the Court to strike the panel
        based on the conduct of the transport officers in front of the venire or the
        prospective jurors that could have indicated that he was in custody.
        Specifically, that they stood beside him on either side, his left and right side,

Pogue v. State                                                                              Page 10
        while prospective jurors were still in the courtroom, and discussed whether
        or not who was going to watch the Defendant while they went to the
        bathroom, or something like that. And that’s all I have on it.

                     [Prosecutor]: Can I address the Court?

                     THE COURT: Please.

                      [Prosecutor]: We would ask the record to reflect that the
        transport officer was seated behind the Defendant over here next to the wall
        in an inconspicuous position, and there is no evidence that any jurors heard
        any such conversations nor that the conversations ever took place. And the
        Court may have some observations on what the Court’s observed during
        the proceedings about - -

                      THE COURT: The placement of transport officers and the
        Deputy in this courtroom during a trial is pursuant to a plan. It’s not a
        random thing. It’s not any different in this trial than any other trial.
        Transport officers, one has been stationed at the back of the room which is
        my requirement, and the other one has been here in the chair next to the
        wall. And my Deputy has actually been on the opposite side of the room
        from where he’s normally stationed at his desk. He’s been on the opposite
        side of the room over by the door where the Jury is, but they’re spread out,
        one on the left side of the courtroom, one at the back of the courtroom, one
        by the Jury door, which is where I like for them to be. They’ve been quiet.
        They’ve not said anything. They’ve not approached the Defendant.
                      In other cases I’ve had twice as many transport officers and
        Deputies in the courtroom when a situation requires it. They’re here for a
        number of reasons. They’re here primarily to protect Mr. Pogue from
        anybody in the audience who decides they want to do him any harm.
        That’s the primary goal that I have for them is when we get into a situation
        where we might have relatives of someone who perceives there to be a
        victim. I don’t want them coming across the railing and coming into a
        situation where they would hurt Mr. Pogue. I have no - - from any of my
        dealings with Mr. Pogue, I have no real concerns about his threat to
        anybody’s safety, but they’re also here for that particular reason if that
        should become necessary. So I’ve got a very standard arrangement. I
        would overrule the objection.

                     ….

                    [Prosecutor]: Judge, we would also ask the record to reflect,
        and maybe the Court did that while I was thinking, you may have been

Pogue v. State                                                                         Page 11
        talking, but the Defendant is in plain clothes, he’s not handcuffed nor
        shackled in any shape, form or fashion, and is - - appears to be a person
        not in custody as far as his dress and the lack of handcuffs or shackles.

                      THE COURT: That’s correct. In different cases where I’ve
        had - - assessed the situation to be of a different level of threat, I have
        required restraints on the legs of Defendants or a shock belt that I use for
        people who are - - have demonstrated a reluctance to control themselves
        in the courtroom. Neither of those devices are being used today.

        Unlike the shackling and handcuffing of a defendant at trial, or the trying of a

defendant in prison garb, the presence of armed guards during a trial is not inherently

prejudicial and thus a defendant who wishes to assert error in the trial court must

demonstrate actual prejudice. Sterling v. State, 830 S.W.2d 114, 117-18 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992) (citing Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 106 S.Ct. 1340, 89 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986)). Pogue

argues that the deputies standing on either side of him discussing which one was going

to watch him while the other went to the bathroom prejudiced the venire panel because

the panel then knew that he was in custody. We disagree. Assuming Pogue’s allegations

are true and that prospective jurors were still in the courtroom during the deputies’

discussion, the record does not indicate that the prospective jurors heard the discussion.

The record in this case does not reflect that the deputies caused any distraction or

confusion to the venire panel. We thus conclude that the trial court did not err in

overruling Pogue’s objection to strike the venire panel. See id. at 118. We overrule

Pogue’s second issue.

                             Improper Jury Argument

        In his third issue, Pogue contends that the trial court erred in overruling his

objection to the State’s closing argument. Pogue argues that the State’s closing argument

Pogue v. State                                                                         Page 12
improperly shifted the burden of proof to him. The standard of review for a trial court’s

ruling on an objection asserting improper jury argument is abuse of discretion. Whitney

v. State, 396 S.W.3d 696, 705 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, pet. ref’d).

        The relevant exchange was as follows:

                      [Prosecutor]: ….
                      There was discussion about - - there was discussion about
        witnesses to the case and who wasn’t called and who was called. [Defense
        Counsel] mentioned that why doesn’t the State call the Defendant’s sons,
        Jimmie and Dale and whoever else is in the house. Well, as [Defense
        Counsel] also mentioned, the State and the Defense have equal subpoena
        power. Equal subpoena power. They’re relatives of the Defendant, so if
        they had anything good to say for the Defendant, what do you think would
        have happened?

                     [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I object to that. That’s a[n]
        unlawful shifting of the burden of proof to the Defendant, and I object to it.

                      [Prosecutor]: Response. Equal subpoena power. He has the
        power to call the witness as well.

                      THE COURT: Overruled.

                      [Prosecutor]: I guarantee you, use your common sense, who
        has access to those individuals? If they had anything good to say, they
        would have been here for him.
                      ….
                      In regard to the pills and the medicine, he never told Detective
        Bagwell that he was on pills or medicine that day. And, in fact, like
        [Prosecutor] mentioned, Defense has equal subpoena power. They can
        subpoena documents. They can subpoena pharmacy records to show that
        he had a prescription. We never saw that. We never even heard of any sort
        of ailment that he would have - -

                      [Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I object to him unfairly
        shifting the burden of proof to the Defendant to prove his innocence. I
        object to it.

                     THE COURT: The Jury Charge has the specific instructions
        on the burden of proof. Overrule.

Pogue v. State                                                                           Page 13
                      [Prosecutor]: The Defense has the power to subpoena these
        records, and the Defense brought it up in opening. There’s no evidence, no
        evidence whatsoever. Again, I guarantee you, if it were there, you would
        see it, and we didn’t see records of him receiving his prescriptions because
        they don’t exist.

        A prosecutor may comment on a defendant’s failure to produce witnesses and

evidence so long as the comment does not fault the defendant for exercising his right not

to testify. Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In this case, Pogue

waived his right not to testify and testified during the guilt/innocence phase.

Furthermore, the prosecutor’s comments were directed toward Pogue’s ability to

subpoena his sons as witnesses and to subpoena his pharmacy records, not toward

Pogue’s testimony or lack thereof. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by overruling Pogue’s objection. We overrule Pogue’s third issue.

                                  Cumulative Sentences

        In his fourth issue, Pogue contends that the trial court erred in overruling his

objection to assessing cumulative sentences.

        Before trial, the State filed a motion for cumulative sentences. On May 21, 2014,

the jury returned its punishment verdict. The court read the verdict in open court and

accepted the verdict. The trial court released the jury, and the following exchange then

took place:

                     THE COURT: I prefer we set the sentencing at 9 a.m., that
        way I can be prepared for the pending motion [for cumulative sentences]
        and each side will have an opportunity to make an argument on that.

                     [Defense Counsel]: Yes, sir.


Pogue v. State                                                                         Page 14
                     THE COURT: So the sentencing for Mr. Pogue will be at 9
        a.m. in the morning.

                     THE COURT: We’ll be in recess until tomorrow morning at
        9.

        The next day, on May 22, 2014, the trial court conducted the sentencing hearing.

The trial court heard brief arguments on the State’s motion for cumulative sentencing and

then stated as follows:

                      THE COURT: Mr. Pogue, please stand. This case was tried
        before this Court and a Jury this week. Michael Don Pogue came before the
        Court and a Jury and entered a plea of not guilty to the six counts against
        him in the indictment. The evidence was submitted and the Jury was
        charged by this court, and after deliberating, the Jury returned a verdict of
        guilty on each count charged against you. The Court has - - accepts the
        Jury’s verdict and has accepted the Jury’s verdict, and the Punishment
        Phase was heard. The evidence was submitted, the Jury was charged and
        returned a verdict assessing your punishment. The Jury did not
        recommend probation. The Court accepts the Jury’s verdict.
                      It is the judgment of this Court that you are guilty of each
        offense alleged against you in the indictment. You should be punished in
        accordance with the Jury’s instructions and the Jury’s verdict.
                      Do you have any legal reason why sentence should not be
        pronounced against you at this time?

                     [Defense Counsel]:     Without surrendering my objections,
        otherwise, no, sir.

                       THE COURT: Finding nothing to bar the pronouncement of
        the sentence against you, I hereby sentence you in Count One to a term of
        15 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution Division. I
        further assess a fine of $5,000. That sentence will start today and you will
        be given credit against that sentence for any time that you have served to
        date.
                       With regard to Count Two of the indictment, I sentence you
        to a term of 15 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution
        Division. The sentence in Count Two will start when the sentence in Count
        One ceases to operate. I further assess a fi[n]e of $5,000.
                       With regard to Count Three in the indictment, I sentence you
        to a term of 15 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution

Pogue v. State                                                                          Page 15
        Division. The sentence in Count Three will start when the sentence in
        Count Two ceases to operate. I further assess a fine of $5,000 in Count
        Three.
                       With regard to Count Four in the indictment, I sentence you
        to a term of 15 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution
        Division. The term in Count Four will start when the term in Count Three
        ceases to operate. I further assess a fine of $5,000 in Count Four.
                       With regard to Count Five in the indictment, I sentence you
        to a term of 15 years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution
        Division. The sentence in Count Five will start when the sentence in Count
        Four ceases to operate. I further assess a fine of $5,000 with regard to Count
        Five.
                       With regard to Count Six, I’ll sentence you to a term of 15
        years in Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institution Division, and the
        sentence in Count Six will run concurrent with Count One, Two and Three,
        if need be. I further assess a fine of $5,000.
                       At this time, I’ll remand you into the custody of the Johnson
        County Sheriff for transport to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice
        Institution Division to carry out your sentence.

That same day, the trial court signed an order cumulating sentences in accordance with

the oral pronouncement. On May 23, 2014, the trial court signed judgments imposing the

sentences orally pronounced.

        If a trial judge wants to “stack” a defendant’s sentences so that they run

consecutively, he must make such an order at the time and place that sentence is orally

pronounced. Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Once the

defendant is removed from the courtroom and begins serving his sentence, it is too late

to cumulate. Id.

        Pogue argues that the trial court did not have authority to cumulate his sentences

because he began serving his sentence on May 21st when he left the courtroom after the

trial court read the jury’s verdict and accepted it. We disagree. “The sentence is that part

of the judgment … that orders that the punishment be carried into execution in the

Pogue v. State                                                                           Page 16
manner prescribed by law.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.02 (West 2006). While

the trial court read the jury’s verdict and accepted it on May 21st, the trial court did not

orally pronounce the sentence in Pogue’s presence until May 22nd.              In the oral

pronouncement, the trial court ordered the sentences for the sexual-assault-of-a-child

counts to run consecutively to each other. The trial court then entered the same sentences

in its written judgment. We conclude that the trial court did not err in assessing

cumulative sentences. We overrule Pogue’s fourth issue.

        Having overruled all of Pogue’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.



                                                 REX D. DAVIS
                                                 Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed September 17, 2015
Do not publish
[CRPM]




Pogue v. State                                                                       Page 17
