                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                              Assigned On Brief June 30, 2005

              JESSICA DIANE TOMS v. JAMES ANTHONY TOMS

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                       No. CT-000085-00     Robert L. Childers, Judge



                    No. W2003-01259-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 4, 2005


This divorce action was dismissed by the trial court after the parties resumed cohabiting. This ruling
was not appealed. The issues on appeal involve Grandparents’ right to intervene, joinder of third
parties, the appointment of an attorney ad litem and the assessment of fees of the guardian ad litem
and attorney ad litem. We affirm.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed; and
                                       Remanded

DAVID R. FARMER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S.,
and HOLLY M. KIRBY , J. joined.

William T. Winchester, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants, Jessica Diane Toms, James
Anthony Toms, William Littlefield and Pamela Littlefield.

William M. Monroe, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Robin and Gerald Williams.

                                             OPINION

       The complaint for divorce was filed by the Plaintiff, Jessica Diane Toms, on February 8,
2000, seeking to dissolve her marriage to the Defendant, James Anthony Toms, on the grounds of
irreconcilable differences and inappropriate marital conduct. The Complaint states that the parties
were married on March 26, 1999, and Ms. Toms sought custody of the parties’ minor child, child
support, alimony and an equitable distribution of the marital property. Mr. Toms filed an answer and
counter-complaint.

        Within days after filing of the complaint, Robin Williams and Gerald G. Williams, the
paternal grandparents of the minor child, filed a motion to intervene in this cause alleging that
neither the child’s mother or father are fit or proper persons to have custody of the minor child, that
the interveners have been consistent and regular care givers of the child and seeking temporary
custody. The motion to intervene was granted and the trial court appointed attorney Susan Hinsley
as Guardian ad Litem to represent and protect the interest of the parties’ minor child.

       The Williams moved for specific visitation and for a change of custody. Ms. Toms filed a
response opposing the Williams’ motion on the basis that the child was in no danger. Mr. Toms filed
a response stating that he was in favor of the Williams being granted temporary custody. On
September 13, 2002, temporary custody was granted to the grandparents, Robin and Gerald
Williams.1

        On September 18, 2002, the Williams filed a Petition For Contempt And Scire Facias And
Emergency Motion To Join Indispensable Parties. The petition recites that the trial court’s order of
September 13, 2002, for immediate change of custody further provided that “all of the parties hereto,
or anyone acting on, for or on behalf of them or in concert with them” be enjoined from threatening
or harassing any of the other parties. The petition recites that Jessica Littlefield Toms, her mother,
Pamela Littlefield and her father, Bill Littlefield, violated the forgoing provisions of the order, as did
Jessica Toms’ brother, Sean Coleman. On September 20, 2002, the Williams filed an Amended
Emergency Motion to Join Indispensable Parties. That same date, the trial court entered an order
joining Pamela Littlefield, Bill Littlefield and Sean Coleman as parties to this matter for the limited
purpose of issuing an injunction prohibiting them or anyone acting in their behalf from threatening,
harming or harassing, or coming within 1,000 feet of Robin Williams, Gerald Williams, the minor
child or other members of their family.

       Ms. Toms applied to the Supreme Court of Tennessee for Extraordinary Appeal pursuant to
Rule 10 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. The application was granted October 22,
2002. This cause was scheduled for oral argument October 13, 2002, and shortly thereafter the Court
rendered an opinion in Toms v. Toms, 98 S.W.3d 140 (Tenn. 2003).

        Ms. Toms asserted before the supreme court that the trial court erred in failing to conduct an
evidentiary hearing and in considering only the Guardian ad Litem’s report in granting temporary
custody of her two children to their paternal grandparents.2 The court affirmed Ms. Toms’ on this
issue and reversed the trial court. In addition, noting that appellate courts must address the issue of
subject matter jurisdiction even though not raised in the trial court, the court addressed Mother’s
claim that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider Grandparents’ request for
custody.

        Mother argued that, because Grandparents first filed their allegations concerning Mother’s
lack of fitness in the juvenile court, that court has exclusive jurisdiction to decide this issue. The
supreme court noted that the juvenile court dismissed grandmother’s petition on March 9, 2000, at
which time that court lost its jurisdiction. The court stated: “At that time, the circuit court, which


        1
            This order was entered by Judge James F. Russell sitting by interchange for Judge Robert Childers.

        2
            A second child was born to Mr. and Mrs. Toms during the course of these proceedings.

                                                          -2-
had jurisdiction over the pending divorce action, properly acquired jurisdiction over Grandparents’
petition for immediate change of temporary custody.” Toms, 98 S.W.3d at 144.

        Shortly after the grant of the interlocutory appeal by the supreme court, the Guardian ad
Litem filed a motion requesting the trial court to appoint an attorney ad litem to assist the Guardian
ad Litem during the course of the interlocutory appeal. That motion was granted and attorney Marc
E. Reisman was appointed attorney ad litem for the purpose of representing the Guardian ad Litem
before the Tennessee Supreme Court. The order further provided that the attorney ad litem
immediately be paid a retainer fee of $1,500 with Ms. Toms being responsible for $500, Mr. Toms
for $500 and Robin and Gerald Williams responsible for $500. Said sums were to be delivered to
the attorney ad litem within seven (7) days from the date of that order.

         By order of April 2, 2003, the trial court dismissed the divorce stating “it having come to the
court’s attention that Jessica Toms and Anthony Toms have cohabitated on and off during the course
of this entire matter, that this cause stands dismissed with the costs to be assessed against Anthony
Toms and Jessica Toms, equally.”3 The trial court further ordered as follows:

                After taking into account payments to date to the Guardian ad Litem by Mr.
         and Mrs. Williams in the amount of $1,250.00, payments in the amount of $500.00
         by Anthony Toms and no payments having been made by Jessica Toms, each party
         shall pay the following towards the Guardian ad Litem’s outstanding fee of
         $7,962.12:

                  Anthony Toms                                  $2,650.71
                  Jessica Toms                                   3,150.71
                  Robin and Gerald Williams                      1,900.70
                  Sean Coleman                                     130.00
                  William and Pam Littlefield                      130.00

                After taking into account payments to date made to the Attorney ad Litem by
         Mr. And Mrs. Williams in the amount of $500.00 and no payments having been
         made by Anthony Toms or Jessica Toms, each party shall pay the following towards
         the Attorney ad Litem’s outstanding fee of $2,160.00:

                  Gerald and Robin Williams                     $   386.68
                  Antony Toms                                       886.66
                  Jessica Toms                                      886.66



         3
           The dismissal has not been appealed. In fact, the attorney representing Jessica Toms made the following
statement in open court: “Your Honor, actually I see no reason not to dismiss the divorce. W e have no objection to the
Court sua sponte dismissing the divorce.” The guardian ad litem advised the court that James Toms had expressed to
her that the parties were attempting to reconcile.

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       The issues presented on appeal, as recited in the appellant brief, are as follows:

       1.      Whether or not third parties have standing to intervene in a divorce.

       2.      Whether or not third parties are properly involuntarily joined in a divorce
               action when there are a variety of remedies available to address the issues
               given as reasons for said third parties to be joined.

       3.      Whether or not an attorney ad litem may be appointed to represent a guardian
               ad litem who herself is an attorney.

       4.      Whether or not the trial court abused its discretion by ordering the Appellants
               to pay a portion of the Guardian ad Litem’s or the Attorney ad Litem’s fees.

         We note that it is somewhat unclear as to exactly which parties are appellants. The notice
of appeal lists Jessica Diane Toms, James Anthony Toms, William Littlefield and Pamela Littlefield
as Appellants. The only appellant brief filed is styled Brief of Appellant Jessica Diane Toms. The
brief is signed by William T. Winchester, her attorney, as “attorney for appellants.” For purpose of
this appeal, we shall consider each of the parties listed on the notice of appeal as appellants in view
of the fact that the brief was signed by the attorney as “attorney for appellants.”

        The record in this cause consists of the Technical Record, an in Chambers proceeding on
September 19, 2002, and an appearance by the attorneys and the Guardian ad Litem before the trial
court on January 13, 2003, neither of which contained any testimony or presentation of evidence.
Findings of fact by the trial court are presumed correct unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bogan v. Bogan, 60 S.W.3d 721, 727 (Tenn. 2001). This
Court reviews legal issues under a de novo standard for review, according no deference to the
conclusions of law made by the lower court. See Southern Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd.
of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001). This Court is unable to review the facts de novo without
an appellate record containing the fact. Therefore, we must assume that the record contained
sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s factual findings. Sherrod v. Wix, 849 S.W.2d 780, 783
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1992).

        With respect to the first issue, Ms. Toms contends that she has found no authority which
allows a third party seeking custody of minor children to intervene in a divorce. As heretofore noted,
the supreme court’s opinion states that “[a]t that time, (referring to the dismissal of the dependency
and neglect petition in juvenile court) the circuit court, which had jurisdiction over the pending
divorce action, properly acquired jurisdiction over Grandparents’ petition for immediate change of
temporary custody.” Toms v. Toms, 98 S.W.3d 140, 144 (Tenn. 2003).

        In view of the fact that the supreme court’s opinion on the interlocutory appeal determined
that the circuit court, which had jurisdiction over the pending divorce action, acquired jurisdiction
over the grandparents’ petition for immediate change of temporary custody, we do not find that the


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trial court was in error in granting the grandparents’ petition to intervene. We find this issue to be
without merit.

       The second issue presents the argument that Pamela Littlefield and Bill Littlefield were
improperly joined in this divorce action. The motion to join Pamela Littlefield, Bill Littlefield and
Sean Coleman was filed on September 20, 2002. Mr. Coleman clearly has not appealed and we find
nowhere in this record where the Littlefields objected to their being joined in the trial court.4 As this
issue was not raised in the trial court, we decline to address it on appeal. See In re Adoption of
Female Child, 42 S.W.3d 26, 31-32 (Tenn. 2001).

        The third issue presented concerns the authority of a trial court to appoint an attorney ad litem
to represent the guardian ad litem in the proceedings before the Tennessee Supreme Court. The
appellees argue that this issue is rendered moot by the fact that the trial court dismissed the
underlying divorce action. However, as this issue impacts upon the award of fees to the attorney ad
litem, we believe that this issue is subject to appeal. It is argued in the appellant brief that there is
no statutory authority under the divorce statutes for the appointment of an attorney ad litem to
represent a guardian ad litem who is also an attorney. The argument continues that there is, however,
statutory authority for the appointment of a guardian ad litem in guardianship proceedings, citing
Tenn. Code Ann. § 34-1-101 and § 34-1-125.

        Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-132 provides for the appointment of a guardian ad litem
in actions for dissolution of marriage involving minor children upon the motion of either party or
upon the court’s own motion. The statute further provides for reasonable fees or costs of the
guardian ad litem to be borne by the parties and assessed by the court as it deems equitable. As
pointed out in the appellant brief, the statutes governing divorce do not specifically address the
appointment of an attorney ad litem. The appellant brief cites no authority to support their argument
that the trial court lacked authority to appoint an attorney ad litem, other than to argue the lack of
statutory authority.

        In her treatise, Professor Richards discusses the roles of a guardian ad litem and an attorney
ad litem as follows:

                 In a custody dispute, the attorney representing each of the competing adults
         must zealously represent the interests of that client. The interests of the adults are not
         always consistent with the best interests of the child. The court, however is
         empowered to appoint a representative for the child in the form of a guardian ad litem
         or an attorney ad litem. The guardian ad litem may be an attorney or a specially
         trained non-lawyer such as the Court-Appointed Special Advocates (CASA). The


         4
           Ms. Toms filed a response to a petition for contempt wherein one of here allegations states that “Respondent
avers that any action to join any other parties in this divorce and custody matter violates due process, is inappropriate,
and is designed by Petitioners to increase Respondent’s legal fees.” However, we find no response having been filed
by the Littlefields.

                                                           -5-
        role of the guardian ad litem, whether attorney or non-attorney, should be the same
        – to protect the child’s interest and to gather and present facts for the court’s
        consideration. The role of the attorney ad litem, however, should be that of any other
        attorney – to represent and advocate the child’s interests before the court, including
        the calling and cross-examining of witnesses, etc. The guardian ad litem may testify,
        the attorney ad litem should not. The guardian ad litem is guided by the child’s best
        interest, irrespective of the child’s wishes; the attorney ad litem should advocate the
        wishes of the client, assuming the child is sufficiently mature to make such a
        decision. Unfortunately, Tennessee does not have a statute that clarifies the different
        roles of the guardian ad litem and the attorney ad litem. Consequently, the roles have
        been blurred, especially when an attorney is appointed as a guardian ad litem.

Janet L. Richards, Richards on Tennessee Family Law § 8-7 (2d ed. 2004). The respective roles
were also addressed by the Texas Court of Appeals in City of Houston v. Woods, 138 S.W.3d 574
(Tex. Ct. App. 2004), wherein the court stated:

        Guardian ad litems and attorney ad litems serve different roles in the representation
        of minors. duPont v. Southern Nat’l Bank, 771 F.2d 874, 882 (5th Cir. 1985). A
        guardian ad litem is not an attorney for the child, but an officer appointed by the
        court to assist in properly protecting the child’s interests. [Jocson v. Crabb, 133
        S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. 2004); American Gen. Fire & Cas. Co. v. Vandewater, 907
        S.W.2d 491, 493 n. 2 (Tex. 1995)]. An attorney ad litem, on the other hand,
        performs the same services as any other attorney - - giving advice, doing research,
        and conducting litigation. duPont, 771 F.2d at 882.

Id. at 582.

         While the motion filed by the guardian ad litem sought to appoint an attorney ad litem to
assist the guardian ad litem during the course of the appeal, in reality the attorney ad litem’s function
was to serve as the legal advocate for the minor children. We believe that it was within the
discretion of the trial court to appoint an attorney ad litem and do not find that the trial court abused
its discretion in ordering the appointment. Therefore, we find this issue to be without merit.

        Finally, it is asserted in the appellant brief that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering
the “appellants” to pay a portion of the fees of the guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem. We first
note that the guardian ad litem fees were taxed to Anthony Toms, Jessica Toms, Robin and Gerald
Williams collectively, Sean Coleman and William and Pam Littlefield collectively. As heretofore
noted, Robin and Gerald Williams and Sean Coleman have not appealed. The attorney ad litem’s
fees were taxed to Anthony Toms, Jessica Toms and Gerald and Robin Williams.

        The argument in support of this issue is that, since the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled
against the grandparents in the interlocutory appeal, remanded to the trial court for an assessment
of attorney’s fees and taxed the cost of that appeal to the grandparents, Robin Williams and Gerald


                                                    -6-
Williams, the trial court was therefore in error in assessing the fees as heretofore described. In
deciding the interlocutory appeal, the supreme court held that the trial court erred in relying upon the
report’s of the guardian ad litem as the sole basis for granting grandparents’ petition for immediate
change of temporary custody. It was on that basis that the trial court’s award of temporary custody
to the grandparents was reversed. We do not interpret that opinion as precluding the trial court, upon
remand and further proceedings in this matter, from assessing the fees of the guardian ad litem and
the attorney ad litem in the manner in which it was done. We find this issue to be without merit.

        The judgment of the trial court is affirmed and the costs of this appeal are taxed to the
appellants, Jessica Diane Toms, James Anthony Toms, William Littlefield and Pamela Littlefield
in equal shares and their surety, William T. Winchester, with the exception of the costs on appeal
of the interlocutory appeal which the supreme court taxed to Robin Williams and Gerald Williams.



                                                        ___________________________________
                                                        DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE




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