
No. 04-00-00867-CV
Armer EARWOOD, et al.,
Appellants
v.
Neville G. SMART, Jr., et al.,
Appellees
From the 63rd Judicial District Court, Edwards County, Texas
Trial Court No. 3,266
Honorable George M. Thurmond, Judge Presiding
Opinion by:	Phil Hardberger, Chief Justice
Sitting:	Phil Hardberger, Chief Justice
		Tom Rickhoff, Justice (1)
		Paul W. Green, Justice
Delivered and Filed:	January 9, 2002
AFFIRMED
	The cause underlying this appeal involves a dispute over whether a conflict exists between two
land patents issued by the State of Texas.  The appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of the appellees on the defenses of limitations and estoppel by deed.  The
appellants further contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion for summary judgment
because no vacancy existed between two surveys.  The appellees assert a cross-issue contending that
the summary judgment could also be affirmed on the defense of adverse possession.  Because we
conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment based on estoppel by deed, we do
not reach the other issues asserted by the parties.  See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (opinion should only
address issues necessary to final disposition of appeal).
Background
	In 1880, Surveys 15 and 16 were located and filed in Edwards County, Texas.  A land patent
was issued for the Survey 15 land in 1881.  In 1901, a patent application was filed for the Survey 16
land.  In 1902, G.C. Earwood ("Earwood") acquired equitable title to the Survey 16 land from the
owner of Survey 16.  In 1911, the appellees' predecessor in title, R.C. Walker ("Walker"),
commissioned a resurvey of the area (the "Walker Survey") and asserted that a vacancy existed
between Surveys 15 and 16 and the surveys immediately to the east (the "Walker Property").
	In 1911, Earwood purchased the surface rights to the Walker Property from Walker.  A deed
was recorded to reflect this purchase.  In 1926, Earwood sold a portion of the Walker Property's
surface rights to Walter F. Whitehead, and the deed contained a reservation reflecting Walker's
ownership of the mineral rights.  After this sale, the General Land Office issued Walker a patent for
the Walker Property.  In 1927, Earwood acquired the Survey 15 land.  In 1936, a patent was issued
to Earwood for the Survey 16 land.  The patent was issued to Earwood as assignee of J.W. Putnam.
	In 1997, gas was discovered.  The appellants filed a lawsuit asserting a trespass to try title
claim and requesting a judgment be rendered confirming that the appellants were the owners of the
Walker Property.  EEW Minerals, L.L.C., which is an appellant, intervened in the lawsuit seeking a
judgment "clearing [its] title of the cloud caused by [the appellees'] adverse claims and quieting title
to the mineral estate of the Walker Survey in [the appellants]".
	The appellants filed a motion seeking summary judgment on the basis that no vacancy existed.
An expert's affidavit stating that no vacancy existed was attached to the motion.  The appellees
responded with an expert's affidavit stating that a vacancy existed.  The appellees also filed a motion
seeking summary judgment based on the defenses of statute of limitations, estoppel by deed, and
adverse possession.  The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of appellees based on the
statute of limitations and estoppel by deed defenses.
Standard of Review
	The party moving for summary judgment carries the burden of establishing that no material
fact issue exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 
997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999).  A defendant moving for summary judgment on an affirmative
defense has the burden to conclusively establish that defense.  Id.  When reviewing a summary
judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant.  Id.  We indulge every reasonable
inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant's favor.  Id.  
	When competing motions for summary judgment are filed, and one is granted and the other
denied, the reviewing court must review the summary judgment evidence presented by both sides and
determine all questions presented.  Commissioners Court of Titus County v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77,
81 (Tex. 1997).  We are required to consider all summary judgment grounds the trial court ruled on
and the movant preserved for appellate review that are necessary for final disposition of the appeal.
Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex. 1996). 
Estoppel by Deed
	The appellants contend that the trial court also erred in granting summary judgment on the
basis of the appellees' estoppel by deed defense.  The appellees contend that the appellants are
estopped by the recitals in the 1911 deed from Walker to Earwood, the 1926 deed from Earwood to
Whitehead, and the Survey 16 patent.
	With regard to the Survey 16 patent, the appellees contend that the land described in the
patent recognized the Walker Property.  However, the field notes from the original survey controls
over the field notes in the patent for purposes of determining the actual land conveyed.  Atlantic
Refining Co. v. Noel, 443 S.W.2d 35, 38 (Tex. 1968) (quoting Morrill v. Bartlett, 58 Tex. 644, 649
(1883)).  The commissioner of the General Land Office is not authorized to change the call of the
field notes from the original survey's field notes in issuing a patent, and the commissioner is not
authorized to divest property rights by accepting a resurvey.  Id. at 38-39.  Accordingly, the
appellants are not estopped from relying on the property rights acquired based on the original survey
even if the field notes in the patent vary from the original survey's field notes.
	With regard to the deeds, the appellees assert that the appellants are estopped from denying
Walker's ownership interest in the Walker Property because the deeds recognized that ownership
interest.  The appellees rely on Greene v. White, 137 Tex. 361, 153 S.W.2d 575 (Tex. 1941), which
in turn relies on Waco Bridge Co. v. City of Waco, 85 Tex. 320, 20 S.W. 137 (Tex. 1892).  
	In Waco Bridge Co., the plaintiff, Waco Bridge Co., purchased the land at issue from W.B.
and S.B. Trice.  See id. at 137.  Waco Bridge Co. introduced a series of deeds and testimony into
evidence in an effort to show that title to the land passed from A.J. Buchanan to the Trices, but no
written instrument was executed to reflect that conveyance.  See id. at 138-39.  The defendant
introduced into evidence a deed from D.C. and J.D. Giddings that the defendant claimed was the
source of plaintiffs' title and which contained a reservation of three public roads.  Id. at 137.  In
analyzing the two possible sources of the Trices' title to the land conveyed to Waco Bridge Co., the
court noted:
	Plaintiff's only evidence of title to the entire two acres was through the deed to it
from the Trices, and the Giddings deed is the only conveyance shown by the evidence
to have ever been made to the Trices, or either of them.  The only evidence that we
find of title in the Trices from any other source was given by Buchanan.  The evidence
showing that he only claimed an undivided interest in one and a half acres of the land,
and that he never had a deed for that, and that he made none to the Trices, but that
he did convey it to another person, who is not shown to have conveyed it to Trice,
falls very much short of proving title in the Trices through Buchanan, notwithstanding
his testimony that he made a parol sale of his interest to one of them, and put him in
possession.
Id. at 139.
Waco Bridge Co. did not offer the Giddings deed into evidence claiming that it was not claiming title
under that deed.  The court concluded: 
	Under these circumstances, the mere fact that the plaintiff failed to offer the deed in
evidence, and that, in order to prevent the defendant from doing so, it disclaimed
holding under it, was properly held by the court not to be a sufficient reason for
excluding the deed.  The deed clearly reserved and dedicated a street, as was
contended by the city.  If the plaintiff had accepted it and held under it, or it if was a
link in its chain of title, it was bound by it.  Even if it is was not a necessary link in its
chain of title, if it acquired the title of those holding under it for the purpose of
quieting its title or removing clouds or conflicting claims, it must be held to have
taken it with and become bound by its reservations.  ...  The plaintiff, it seems to us,
failed to prove a legal or equitable title to the land, either with or without the
introduction of the deed, but the use proposed to be made of it by the defendant, and
permitted by the court, did not depend upon its effect in establishing plaintiff's title.
It was sufficient, for the purposes of this case, if it appears that it was one of the
sources under which the plaintiff claimed the land.
Id. at 140.  The court held that the Giddings deed was properly admitted as evidence, and the Trices
assented to the reservation by accepting the Giddings deed.  Id.
	In Greene v. White, title to the oil, gas, and mineral interest of 133 acres was at issue.  137
Tex. 361, 153 S.W.2d 575 (Tex. 1941).  The plaintiffs claimed title to the mineral interest by adverse
possession and through a deed, but the effectiveness of the deed required the determination of a
boundary dispute.  See id. at 578.  One of the theories alleged by the defendants was that the plaintiffs
were estopped to deny the reservation of a mineral interest in a deed from F.M. Greene, the
defendants' predecessor-in-interest, to Alex Garrett, the plaintiffs' predecessor-in-interest.  See id.
at 583.  The court noted that the deed was executed in settlement of conflicting claims of the parties.
Id.  The court concluded that it was not necessary to show that Greene had good title at the time the
deed was executed in order for the reservation to be effective.  Id. at 585.  The court held that as
between Greene and Garrett and those in privity with them, the reservation of minerals was binding
and effective.  See id. at 585.
	This court has distinguished the holding in Greene in two cases.
	In Lambe v. Glasscock, 360 S.W.2d 169, 170 (Tex. Civ. App.--San Antonio 1962, writ ref'd
n.r.e.), the trustees of North Starr Petroleum Corporation brought suit contending they were entitled
to be paid an overriding royalty on a lease.  The lease was acquired from Amalia R. de Canales
("Canales") by George R. Boyle, who assigned the lease to North Starr.  See id.  In 1949, North Starr
assigned the lease to C.G. Glasscock.  See id.  A question arose as to whether Canales had been paid
a delay rental payment which was required to extend the lease.  See id.  In light of this question,
Glasscock and North Starr entered into an escrow agreement giving Glasscock the right to reassign
any lease for which Glasscock could not determine that a delay rental had been paid.  See id.
Glasscock never reassigned the lease to North Starr.  In 1949, Glasscock assigned a one-half interest
in the lease to Pontiac Refining Corporation warranting that the delay rental had been paid.  See id.
Pontiac's interest was subsequently reassigned to Glasscock.  See id.  Canales refused to
acknowledge payment of the delay rental and subsequently entered into a new lease with Clark.  See
id.  Clark assigned the lease to Glasscock. See id.
	The trial court found the delay rental was not paid, causing the lease to Boyle to expire before
North Starr's assignment of the lease to Glasscock.  See id. at 171.  As a result, the assignment to
Glasscock was a nullity.  See id.  The appellants, as successors-in-interest to North Starr, asserted
that Glasscock was estopped from asserting the invalidity of the Boyle lease based on the Texas
Supreme Court's holding in Greene.  See id. at 172.  This court held:
	The general rule in Texas is that recitals in a deed are binding only when the parties
thereto claim under such deed.  The rule in Greene v. White, supra, does not apply
when the parties to the deed in question never attempted to use same in their chain
of title.  Here the trial court found that the senior Boyle lease had expired and that
therefore production was had under the junior Clark lease.  We, therefore, hold that
Glasscock was not estopped as a matter of law from asserting the expiration of the
senior lease.
Id. at 172-73 (citations omitted).
	As authority for its distinction of Greene v. White, the Lambe court cited Dean v. Hidalgo
County Water Improvement Dist. No. Two, 320 S.W.2d 29 (Tex. Civ. App.--San Antonio 1959, writ
ref'd n.r.e.).  In Dean, a tract of land was owned by W.E. Pope.  See id. at 30.  The water district
brought suit to foreclose a tax lien on the land.  See id.  While the suit was pending but prior to the
sale, Pope conveyed the land to the water district.  See id.  The water district proceeded with the
foreclosure sale, and Pope purchased the land at foreclosure.  See id.  Subsequently, a school district
brought a suit to foreclose its tax lien against the property.  See id.  The school district purchased the
property at foreclosure and subsequently conveyed the surface and a one-half mineral interest to Emil
Richard.  See id.  The water district then conveyed Richard the land reserving a one-half interest in
the minerals.  See id.  Richard conveyed the surface rights and the one-half mineral interest to the
appellants.  See id.  Appellants then purchased the other one-half mineral interest from the school
district.  See id.
	The appellants brought a trespass to try title suit against the water district which asserted that
it owned a one-half interest in the minerals.  The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of
the water district.  See id. at 30.  The appellate court noted that Pope acquired fee simple title as a
result of his purchase at the water district's foreclosure.  See id. at 31-32.  Accordingly, when the
water district conveyed the land to Richard, the water district owned no interest in the land.  See id.
at 32. 
	The critical distinguishing factor between the instant case and this court's prior holdings in
Lambe and Dean is the reason for the execution of the deed in question.  In Lambe and in Dean, the
deed in question was not executed to resolved conflicting claims to the land by the parties to the deed.
In Greene, however, there were various possible sources of title depending on the resolution of a
boundary dispute and an adverse possession claim.  In Greene, the deed was viewed as having value
as between the parties because it served as a settlement of the parties' conflicting claims.  See Greene,
153 S.W.2d at 583; see also Waco Bridge Co., 20 S.W. at 140 (noting deed effective as between the
parties if acquired for purpose of removing clouds or conflicting claims).    
	Similarly, in this case, the 1911 deed was executed after Walker asserted that a vacancy
existed thereby giving rise to a possible conflict in claims between Walker and Earwood because
Earwood also claimed equitable title to a portion of the lands included in the Walker Survey.  At the
time the deed was executed, it had value to the parties by resolving the conflicting claims.  Even if
the appellants could prove that no vacancy exists so Walker did not have good title at the time the
1911 deed was executed, it is "not necessary to show that [Walker] had good title at the time the
deed was executed in order for the reservation to be effective."  Green, 137 Tex. 361, 153 S.W.2d
at 585.  As the Texas Supreme Court stated in Waco Bridge Co., "Even if [the 1911 deed is] not a
necessary link in [the appellants'] chain of title, if [Earwood] acquired the title of those holding under
[the 1911 deed] for the purpose of quieting [Earwood's] title or removing clouds or conflicting
claims, [Earwood] must be held to have taken [the 1911 deed] with and become bound by its
reservations."  20 S.W. at 140.  Accordingly, the appellants are estopped by the recitals in the 1911
deed to disclaim Walker's ownership. 
Conclusion
	The trial court's judgment is affirmed.
							PHIL HARDBERGER,
							CHIEF JUSTICE
PUBLISH
1. Justice Tom Rickhoff not participating.
