                                                                           FILED
                                                                      Mar 06 2019, 9:01 am

                                                                           CLERK
                                                                       Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                          Court of Appeals
                                                                            and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael L. Carmin                                         Ryan J. Vershay
Carminparker, PC                                          A. Richard M. Blaiklock
Bloomington, Indiana                                      Derek G. Raymond
                                                          Lewis Wagner, LLP
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana



                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Craig Newforth and Marcia                                 March 6, 2019
Newforth,                                                 Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants-Defendants,                                    60A05-1712-PL-2969
                                                          Appeal from the Owen Circuit
        v.                                                Court
                                                          The Honorable Elizabeth Cure,
Jason Bault,                                              Special Judge
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                       Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          60C02-1609-PL-343




Brown, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019                       Page 1 of 20
[1]   Craig and Marcia Newforth appeal the trial court’s order determining the extent

      of an easement over some of their property. The Newforths raise two issues

      which we restate as whether the judgment is clearly erroneous. We affirm.

                                       Facts and Procedural History

[2]   Jason Bault operates a mulch business and owns approximately five acres in

      Owen County, Indiana (the “Bault Property”). State Road 43 is located along

      the eastern boundary of the Bault Property. Bault also owns several parcels (the

      “Northern Bault Parcels”) located north of the Bault Property. Checkered

      Racing owns a parcel (the “Checkered Racing Parcel”) west of the Bault

      Property. The Newforths own real property containing approximately 19.55

      acres (“Newforth Property”) west of the Checkered Racing Parcel from which

      they operate a trash service, and they own a fifty-foot-wide strip of land

      containing 0.88 acres (the “Easement Area”) subject to an easement (the

      “Easement”) which extends from the 19.55-acre property eastward along the

      southern boundary of the Checkered Racing Parcel and the Bault Property to

      intersect with State Road 43. A gravel industrial access road (the “Access

      Road”) is located in the Easement Area. Bault has an agreement with

      Checkered Racing pursuant to which he may access the Northern Bault Parcels

      using the Checkered Racing Parcel. The Newforth Property, Bault Property,

      and Northern Bault Parcels are part of Franklin Industrial Park.


[3]   By way of background, Cheryl Franklin conveyed property of approximately

      five acres to Jim Sinders by deed dated March 5, 1998, and recorded March 10,

      1998 (the “Franklin Deed”). The Franklin Deed also granted the Easement to

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 2 of 20
      Sinders and included a legal description of the Easement Area. A plat for

      Franklin Industrial Park executed by Cheryl Franklin and recorded on

      December 11, 2000, depicts the five-acre parcel conveyed to Sinders (which is

      now the Bault Property), a 19.55-acre parcel (which is now the Newforth

      Property), the Easement Area, and other parcels adjacent to the Easement

      Area. The 2000 plat in the record depicts the following:




                                                                                 5.00-Acre Parcel
                                                                                 (currently, the
Currently, the                                                                   Bault Property)
Checkered Racing Parcel

                                                                                  State Road 43


    19.55-Acre Parcel
    (currently, the
    Newforth Property)
                                                                                 The Easement
                                                                                 Area




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019     Page 3 of 20
      See Exhibit 3. 1 Sinders conveyed the five-acre parcel and his right to use the

      Easement to John and Peggy Tucker by deed dated August 16, 2006, and

      recorded August 18, 2006 (the “Tucker Deed”). An amended plat of Franklin

      Industrial Park was recorded in May 2009 depicting the five-acre parcel owned

      by the Tuckers (now the Bault Property), the land owned by Cheryl Franklin,

      and the 0.88-acre Easement Area.


[4]   Cheryl Franklin conveyed property to the Newforths by deed dated June 28,

      2011, and recorded June 29, 2011 (the “Newforth Deed”), which included the

      Newforth Property of approximately 19.55 acres and the 0.88-acre Easement

      Area. The Newforth Deed conveyed the Easement Area “[s]ubject to an

      affirmative duty to maintain the easement from the 19.55 acre tract to State

      Road 43 for the benefit of the 19.55 acre tract and the adjacent parcels abutting

      the easement as shown on” the 2000 plat. Exhibit 5. The Tuckers conveyed

      their five-acre parcel and rights under the Easement to Bault by deed dated

      April 29, 2016, and recorded June 13, 2016 (the “Bault Deed”). The southern

      boundary of the Bault Property coincides with the northern boundary of the

      Easement Area.


[5]   At some point, Bault approached Craig Newforth about installing drives over a

      part of the Easement Area in order to connect the Bault Property to the Access

      Road, and Craig Newforth objected. On September 12, 2016, Bault filed a



      1
       The arrows and names of the Checkered Racing Parcel, the Newforth Property, the Bault Property, State
      Road 43, and the Easement Area are supplied by this Court.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019                     Page 4 of 20
      complaint seeking declaratory relief and an injunction. Bault alleged a shallow

      ditch separated his property from the Access Road, that access to and from his

      property by semi tractor trailer vehicles is reasonable and necessary for his

      mulch business, and that he desires to install at his expense a culvert pipe and

      two graded gravel areas within the Easement Area. He requested a permanent

      injunction enjoining the Newforths from interfering with his rights.


[6]   On December 9, 2016, at Bault’s request the trial court conducted a site visit

      with the parties, and in September 2017, it held a bench trial. Bault presented

      numerous exhibits including the relevant recorded instruments, the Owen

      County zoning ordinance and comprehensive plan, proposed drive illustrations,

      traffic notes, and photographs of the Easement Area, his vehicles and mulch

      operation, and the access drives of other mulch businesses. Bault presented

      evidence related to the volume and types of vehicles which would use the access

      drives and proposed a design of two forty-foot-wide drives, a forty-five-foot

      apron on the east side of each drive, 2 and a fifteen-foot apron on the west side

      of each drive, and he presented evidence regarding the reasons for his proposed

      design.


[7]   On November 14, 2017, the court entered Findings of Fact, Conclusions of

      Law and Judgment. It found that Bault’s rights under the Easement include the




      2
        “The ‘apron’ is the area on either side of a driveway which flares wider at its connection point with the
      roadway (here, the Access Road) [and] is intended to allow turning vehicles additional maneuvering space as
      they negotiate the turn.” Appellants’ Appendix Volume 2 at 23.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019                       Page 5 of 20
      right to utilize the entire Easement and Access Road for vehicular access to and

      from the Bault Property; the right to install two one-hundred-foot-wide access

      areas which are reasonably necessary to Bault’s use and enjoyment of the

      Easement; the right to install a drainage culvert under each access area; and the

      right to utilize the Easement and Access Road for vehicular access by Bault’s

      heavy equipment vehicles to and from the Northern Bault Parcels via the

      Checkered Racing Parcel. The court found that the terms of the Easement are

      clear and unambiguous, permit Bault’s intended installation of the access areas,

      and do not restrict the manner in which he can use and develop the Bault

      Property, the type and size of vehicles he and his customers can utilize, the type

      and size of drives or access areas he can install within the Easement Area, or his

      use of the Easement for his heavy equipment vehicles to access the Northern

      Bault Parcels via the Checkered Racing Parcel.


[8]   The court further found it was reasonably foreseeable at the time the Easement

      was created that it would be utilized by semi tractor trailers and heavy

      equipment vehicles. It found that Bault’s intended use will not subject the

      Newforth Property to extra burdens or materially impair or unreasonably

      interfere with the Newforths’ use and enjoyment of the Newforth Property. It

      found that Bault’s anticipated annual volume of vehicles is reasonably

      foreseeable, permissible, and consistent with the historical use of the Access

      Road and Franklin Industrial Park, and that his rights under the Easement

      include the right to utilize the entire 0.88-acre, fifty-foot-wide Easement for

      vehicular access to and from the Bault Property. The court also found that


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 6 of 20
      Bault may use the Easement and Access Road for vehicular access by his heavy

      equipment vehicles to and from Northern Bault Parcels via the Checkered

      Racing Parcel for as long as the current owner of the Checkered Racing Parcel

      allows such access.


[9]   Other findings are that a drive width of forty feet is reasonably necessary for

      semi tractor trailers to safely and sufficiently enter and exit the Bault Property,

      an eastern apron of forty-five feet in width is reasonably necessary for the

      vehicles to enter and exit the Bault Property to and from the east via the Access

      Road and State Road 43, and a western apron of fifteen feet is reasonably

      necessary for Bault’s heavy equipment vehicles to safely and sufficiently exit the

      Bault Property to the west toward the Checkered Racing Parcel and the

      Northern Bault Parcels at all times of day and in all weather conditions. The

      court found the total width of the access areas allows semi tractor trailers to

      enter the Bault Property without having to swing into the oncoming lane of

      traffic in the Access Road or the access area which would present a safety risk

      and create traffic conflicts. Further the court found that Bault established by

      clear and convincing evidence that a second drive prevents vehicles from

      backing up on the Access Road and potentially State Road 43, promotes more

      efficient internal traffic flow on the Bault Property, and creates less stress on the

      semi tractor trailers and their tires, and enjoined the Newforths from interfering

      with Bault’s rights under the Easement.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 7 of 20
                                                    Discussion

[10]   In entering declaratory judgment for Bault, the trial court issued findings of fact

       and conclusions thereon pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52. Our standard of

       review is well-settled:


               First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings
               and second, whether the findings support the judgment. In
               deference to the trial court’s proximity to the issues, we disturb
               the judgment only where there is no evidence supporting the
               findings or the findings fail to support the judgment. We do not
               reweigh the evidence, but consider only the evidence favorable to
               the trial court’s judgment. Challengers must establish that the
               trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous. Findings are clearly
               erroneous when a review of the record leaves us firmly convinced
               a mistake has been made. However, while we defer substantially
               to findings of fact, we do not do so to conclusions of law.
               Additionally, a judgment is clearly erroneous under Indiana Trial
               Rule 52 if it relies on an incorrect legal standard. We evaluate
               questions of law de novo and owe no deference to a trial court’s
               determination of such questions.


       McCauley v. Harris, 928 N.E.2d 309, 313 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citations

       omitted), reh’g denied, trans. denied. The Newforths are appealing from an

       adverse judgment, and the trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous if they are

       not supported by substantial evidence of probative value. See id. We will affirm

       a judgment where we find substantial supporting evidence, unless we are left

       with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.


[11]   The Newforths assert that the extension of the right to use the Easement for

       access to property not identified as the benefited property or dominant estate of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 8 of 20
       the easement, namely, the Northern Bault Parcels, is an improper extension of

       the easement and overburdens the easement. They argue: “The design

       characteristics are not in dispute with the exception of the fifteen foot (15’)

       apron, the sole purpose of which would allow traffic to exit the Bault Real

       Estate westbound, which is an improper enlargement of the easement.”

       Appellants’ Brief at 17. Further, the Newforths argue that the genesis of Bault’s

       desire for two drives was his unspecified plans for stockpiling mulch on his five-

       acre parcel, and that he provided nothing demonstrating a layout for stockpiling

       mulch or why two drives allow greater utilization of his land than one drive.


[12]   Bault maintains the Newforths do not contend on appeal that any ambiguity

       exists in the terms of the Easement. He argues that Checkered Racing has

       consented to his use of its parcel to access the Northern Bault Parcels and that

       the Easement does not require the Newforths’ consent. Bault further maintains

       that the evidence supports the conclusion that the second drive is reasonably

       necessary for his use of the Easement and that a second drive avoids damaging

       vehicles and equipment, promotes traffic flow and safety on the Access Road

       and State Road 43, allows him to store additional mulch, is common in the

       mulch industry, and is consistent with the Easement’s purpose of permitting

       industrial vehicles safe and sufficient access to and from the rural industrial

       park parcels. He also argues that the fifteen-foot western aprons and use of the

       Checkered Racing Parcel enable him to keep his slow-moving heavy equipment

       vehicles off of State Road 43 which would impede the flow of traffic and

       present a risk to driver safety.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 9 of 20
[13]   The owner of an easement, known as the dominant estate, possesses all rights

       necessarily incident to the enjoyment of the easement. Rehl v. Billetz, 963

       N.E.2d 1, 6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Kwolek v. Swickard, 944 N.E.2d 564,

       570 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing McCauley, 928 N.E.2d at 313), trans. denied).

       The owners of the property over which the easement passes, known as the

       servient estate, may use their property in any manner and for any purpose

       consistent with the enjoyment of the easement, and the dominant estate cannot

       interfere with the use. Id. All rights necessarily incident to the enjoyment of

       the easement are possessed by the owner of the dominant estate, and it is the

       duty of the servient owner to permit the dominant owner to enjoy the dominant

       owner’s easement without interference. Id. The servient owners may not so

       use their land as to obstruct the easement or interfere with the enjoyment

       thereof by the owner of the dominant estate. Id. at 6-7. Moreover, the owner of

       the dominant estate cannot subject the servient estate to extra burdens, any

       more than the holder of the servient estate can materially impair or

       unreasonably interfere with the use of the easement. Id. at 7.


[14]   Indiana cases have held that the owner of an easement possesses all rights

       necessarily incident to the enjoyment of the easement, and that the owner may

       make such repairs, improvements, or alterations as are reasonably necessary to

       make the grant of the easement effectual. Duke Energy of Ind., LLC v. City of

       Franklin, 69 N.E.3d 471, 483 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citing Litzelswope v. Mitchell,

       451 N.E.2d 366, 369 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983) (citations omitted)). See also Kwolek,

       944 N.E.2d at 571 (“The dominant estate holder may make repairs,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 10 of 20
       improvements, or alterations that are reasonably necessary to make the grant of

       the easement effectual.”) (citing McCauley, 928 N.E.2d at 313); Metcalf v. Houk,

       644 N.E.2d 597, 601 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“The owner of the easement has a

       right to make such alterations and improvements as to make the grant effectual,

       provided, that an owner in common of an easement may not alter or use the

       land in such a manner as to render the easement appreciably less convenient

       and useful for other co-owners.”) (citations omitted).


[15]   The extent of the easement interest is determined by the purpose served by the

       easement. Howard v. United States, 964 N.E.2d 779, 781 (Ind. 2012) (citations

       omitted). Usually, easements arise to fill some need or serve some purpose. Id.

       (citing Klotz v. Horn, 558 N.E.2d 1096, 1099-1100 (Ind. 1990)). That purpose,

       whether expressed in the grant, implied, or acquired through prescription, is the

       focal point in the relationship which exists between the titleholders of the

       dominant and servient estates. Id. The servient estate is burdened to the extent

       necessary to accomplish the end for which the dominant estate was created. Id.

       See RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF PROPERTY (SERVITUDES) § 4.10 (2000) (the

       holder of the easement “is entitled to use the servient estate in a manner that is

       reasonably necessary for the convenient enjoyment of the servitude”);

       Comment b., § 4.10 (“In resolving conflicts among the parties to servitudes, the

       public policy favoring socially productive use of land generally leads to striking

       a balance that maximizes the aggregate utility of the servitude beneficiary and

       the servient estate.”); Comment e., § 4.10 (easement holder may construct

       improvements on the servient estate “subject to the proviso that the holder . . .


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 11 of 20
       is not entitled to cause unreasonable damage to the servient estate or interfere

       unreasonably with its enjoyment”); Comment g., § 4.10 (“In determining

       whether a particular improvement will cause unreasonable damage to the

       servient estate, aesthetics and the character of the property are important

       concerns. . . . A use that is reasonable when both dominant and servient estates

       are agricultural in character may become unreasonable when they have become

       suburban.”).


[16]   When construing an instrument granting an easement, the trial court must

       ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties. McCauley, 928 N.E.2d at

       314. Any doubt or uncertainty as to the construction of the language of the

       easement will ordinarily be construed in favor of the grantee. Id. at 315 (citing

       Metcalf, 644 N.E.2d at 601).


[17]   To the extent the Newforths do not challenge the trial court’s findings of fact or

       conclusions, including those regarding Bault’s proposed design of the access

       drives, we do not disturb those findings and conclusions.


[18]   We observe, and the parties do not disagree, that the southern boundary of the

       Bault Property coincides with the northern boundary of the Easement Area. As

       such, the gravel access drives requested by Bault are located either on his own

       property or in the Easement Area and do not extend onto any property of the

       Newforths which is not subject to the Easement. The court found that,

       pursuant to the Easement, Bault has the right to use the entire 0.88-acre, fifty-

       foot-wide strip. The language of the granting instruments does not restrict the


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 12 of 20
       width of the Access Road or limit the installation of drives which would

       connect the benefited parcels to the Access Road and allow vehicles to cross

       over the ditch or culvert. The Easement does not benefit the Newforth Property

       alone, which is clear from the instruments recorded prior to the Newforths’

       2011 acquisition of their property. The Franklin Deed was recorded in 1998,

       the Tucker Deed was recorded in 2006, and the Easement is depicted on the

       2000 plat and 2009 amended plat of Franklin Industrial Park. Moreover, the

       2011 Newforth Deed expressly states that the 0.88-acre Easement Area is

       subject to the Easement “for the benefit of the 19.55 acre tract and the adjacent

       parcels abutting the easement” as shown on the plat recorded in December 2000.

       See Exhibit 5 (emphases added). On appeal, the Newforths do not challenge the

       trial court’s rulings that Bault is granted access to his property from the

       Easement Area and that the installation of a drive over the ditch or culvert

       makes the grant effectual. Rather, the Newforths appear to limit their argument

       to Bault’s use of the Checkered Racing Parcel to access the Northern Bault

       Parcels and the installation of a second access drive and the fifteen-foot western

       aprons.


[19]   With respect to access to the Northern Bault Parcels, the trial court found:


               The Court finds Bault’s rights under the [Easement] include the
               right to utilize the [Easement] and Access Road for vehicular
               access by his heavy equipment vehicles to and from Bault’s
               Northern Parcels via the Checkered Racing Parcel for as long as
               the current owner of the Checkered Racing Parcel allows such
               access to his property. The Court finds neither the [Easement],
               nor the principles and case law cited above, prohibit or restrict

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 13 of 20
               Bault from utilizing the [Easement] and Access Road for this
               purpose. If Bault could access his Northern Parcels from his own
               land in the Franklin Industrial Park, it is hard to imagine that he
               would not be allowed to do so directly instead being forced to
               leave out the Newforth easement and going around on SR 43 to
               access the parcels from the SR itself. While Bault could not force
               Newforth to allow Bault to build an access solely for the purpose
               of accessing his Northern Parcels, once such an access is built,
               there is nothing the Court can find that states Bault cannot use
               the access road and area with permission of the owner of the
               property so accessed.


       Appellants’ Appendix Volume 2 at 33-34. The court also found, and the

       Newforths do not dispute, that vehicular access between the Bault Property and

       the Northern Bault Parcels “via the Checkered Racing Parcel and the Access

       Road would enable Bault to keep his slow-moving heavy equipment off of S.R.

       43, and would allow Bault to travel more safely and efficiently,” “[t]he presence

       of slow-moving heavy equipment on S.R. 43 impedes the flow of traffic on S.R.

       43, and presents a potential risk to driver safety on S.R. 43,” and “[f]rom a

       traffic flow and safety standpoint, it is preferable for slow-moving heavy

       equipment to avoid S.R. 43 and use an alternative route, such as the Access

       Road and the Checkered Racing Parcel.” Id. at 20-21.


[20]   The Easement Area abuts both the Checkered Racing Parcel and the Bault

       Property. To the extent Bault’s agreement with Checkered Racing may result

       in an increase in the volume of his vehicles using certain portions of the Access

       Road, we observe the terms of the granting instruments do not limit the use of

       the Easement based on the volume or types of vehicles using the Access Road


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 14 of 20
       or the relative size or use of the benefited parcels or land adjoining the benefited

       parcels. The granting instruments do not require Bault and Checkered Racing

       to obtain the Newforths’ permission to move vehicles or equipment between

       their properties.


[21]   Also, the trial court found, and the Newforths do not dispute, that Franklin

       Industrial Park “was developed for industrial-type uses” and was originally

       developed around a sawmill which was operated on the Newforth Property,

       that the Newforth Property and the Easement Area are zoned “heavy

       industrial” and the Newforths operate a trash business on their property, that

       the Bault Property is zoned “agricultural” and the Owen County Zoning and

       Subdivision Control Ordinance effective in 2003 identifies “forestry” as a

       permitted use of a parcel zoned agricultural, that mulch is a product of the

       forestry industry and its cultivation is a process within the forestry industry, and

       that other parcels adjacent to the Easement are zoned “light industrial.” Id. at

       15, 17. Neither do the Newforths challenge the court’s findings regarding

       Bault’s use of semi tractor trailers or that the vehicles are an integral part of his

       fleet and necessary to his business. The court found that daily traffic volume on

       the Access Road is steady and that, on one day in 2017, ninety-nine vehicles

       used the Access Road including twenty-six trash trucks belonging to Newforth,

       nineteen semi tractor trailers accessing one of the parcels adjacent to the

       Easement Area, and eight heavy equipment vehicles belonging to Bault. The

       court found it is preferable for slow-moving heavy equipment to avoid State

       Road 43 and use a route such as the Access Road and Checkered Racing


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019    Page 15 of 20
       Parcel. The court’s finding that Bault may access the Northern Bault Parcels

       using the Easement and the Checkered Racing Parcel, for as long as the owner

       of the Checkered Racing Parcel allows such access, is not clearly erroneous.


[22]   With respect to the installation of a second drive and the western aprons, the

       trial court found in part:


               82. The Court finds that Bault established by clear and
               convincing evidence that a total of two (2) Access Areas are
               reasonably necessary to promote safety and facilitate traffic flow
               both in the Access Road and in the Access Areas. The Court
               finds that the evidence established that a second Access Area
               allows vehicles to enter the Bault Property whenever the first
               Access Area is blocked or impeded by a vehicle, which facilitates
               traffic flow on the Access Road and prevents vehicles from
               backing up on the Access Road and potentially S.R. 43. It
               became clear that a second Access Area is especially important
               considering the proximity of the Bault Property to S.R 43, the
               size and wide turning radius of Semi’s, and because drivers
               sometimes park their Semi’s in a driveway while asking for
               parking instructions.

               83. The Court finds that Bault established by clear and
               convincing evidence that a second Access Area promotes more
               efficient internal traffic flow on the Bault Property, creates less
               physical stress on the Semi’s and their tires, and allows Bault to
               store approximately two hundred (200) additional fifty-three foot
               (53’) trailer loads of mulch material on the Bault Property.


       Id. at 36. As for the western aprons, the court found that “a west apron of

       fifteen feet (15’) of minimum width is reasonably necessary for Bault’s heavy

       equipment vehicles to safely and sufficiently exit the Bault property to the west

       toward the Checkered Racing Parcel and Bault’s Northern Parcels at all times
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 16 of 20
       of day and in all weather conditions.” Id. at 35. It also found that the total

       width of the drives allows semi tractor trailers to enter the Bault Property

       without having to swing into the oncoming lane of traffic in the Access Road or

       an access area which would present a safety risk and traffic conflicts.


[23]   The evidence before the trial court supports its findings. Bault testified that he

       stores and grinds raw material into mulch, and that he purchased the Bault

       Property because he needed additional space to store bark inventory and

       process mulch. He stated that, when he runs out of room, he drives on the

       mulch and piles it high, which causes the mulch to become more compact and

       does not allow the material to breathe so heat does not escape and it burns. He

       stated that he uses wide rows with spaces between them and that the rows allow

       him to access, rotate, and turn over the mulch. He further indicated his plans to

       have a pond for irrigation on the northern part of his property which could be

       used for dyeing mulch or to extinguish fires. Bault stated that he could store

       approximately two hundred additional loads of mulch if he had a second drive,

       and that, with two drives, “I can bring my mulch, my raw material farther to

       him down the property so that I don’t have to go all the way and turn around

       and go back out.” Transcript Volume I at 149.


[24]   Bault testified that “U-turns on trucks are hard,” “we call it screwing a trailer in

       the ground,” and that a second drive would avoid requiring a vehicle to back

       up. Id. at 167. He testified that it is damaging to drive through the ditch at an

       angle, that he planned to install culvert pipes to preserve the flow of water if any



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 17 of 20
       in the ditch, and that he would pay to install and maintain the drives and the

       culvert.


[25]   Sheila Reeves, the office manager at the Owen County Health and Building

       Department, testified that, from a planning and zoning standpoint, the use of

       semi tractor trailers at Franklin Industrial Park is foreseeable, Bault’s

       installation of two drives is permissible in the Park under the 2003 ordinance,

       Bault’s anticipated volume of semi tractor trailer loads in and out of the

       property is permissible, and Bault’s intended use of his property is consistent

       with the purpose and present use of the Park and the 2003 ordinance.


[26]   Bault also presented the testimony of Jeromy Grenard, a transportation

       engineer, who presented a design for the two access areas. Grenard indicated

       that the purpose of the aprons is for larger vehicles to negotiate turns into and

       out of the drives, the aprons are important for a larger vehicle which has a

       larger turning radius, and it is more important for narrow roads because there is

       not as much negotiation space available for a driver. He testified that there

       needs to be two drives for the maneuverability of multiple vehicles onto and off

       of the Bault Property from the Access Road and that there needs to be a forty-

       five-foot apron on the east side of the drives and a fifteen-foot apron on the west

       side of the drives. He testified that, in designing the drives, he used a software

       program standard in the transportation industry and that the software models

       the turning path, or swept path, of a selected vehicle based on the vehicle’s

       design including its width, number of axles, distance between axles, and king

       pin location or hinge point.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019    Page 18 of 20
                                                    Conclusion

[27]   There is no question that the Easement was intended to benefit the Bault

       Property and that, as the Easement Area and the Bault Property share a

       boundary, Bault’s proposed drives are situated within the Easement Area and

       do not extend onto any property of the Newforths not subject to the Easement.

       The Easement was recorded in the 1998 Franklin Deed, the 2006 Tucker Deed,

       the 2011 Newforth Deed, and the 2016 Bault Deed, and it is depicted on the

       2000 plat and 2009 amended plat of Franklin Industrial Park. Bault presented

       extensive testimony and evidence supporting the trial court’s findings regarding

       Franklin Industrial Park, the impact of Bault’s proposed drives, his access to the

       Northern Bault Parcels, and the installation of a second drive and the fifteen-

       foot aprons.


[28]   Based upon the evidence as set forth above and in the record, and noting we do

       not reweigh the evidence and consider the evidence most favorable to the

       judgment, we conclude that the trial court’s judgment is not clearly erroneous.

       See Rehl, 963 N.E.2d at 8 (holding the trial court did not err in entering findings

       related to the relative use or increased use of the area of an easement and noting

       that the parties presented evidence of the use and changes in the use of the

       easement area) (citing McCauley, 928 N.E.2d at 315 (holding that the trial court

       properly concluded the easement holders had the right to use the easement in its

       entirety and to construct a roadway over all or any part of the easement)).


[29]   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 19 of 20
[30]   Affirmed.


       Altice, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 60A05-1712-PL-2969 | March 6, 2019   Page 20 of 20
