Note: Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.



                                           ENTRY ORDER

                           SUPREME COURT DOCKET NO. 2013-279

                                          JUNE TERM, 2014

 State of Vermont                                      }    APPEALED FROM:
                                                       }
                                                       }    Superior Court, Rutland Unit,
    v.                                                 }    Criminal Division
                                                       }
                                                       }
 Gregory McKirryher, Jr.                               }    DOCKET NO. 875-6-12 Rdcr

                                                            Trial Judge: Theresa S. DiMauro

                          In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

       Defendant appeals from convictions stemming from drug charges, arguing that the
evidence was insufficient to establish his guilt. We affirm.

        In June 2012, the State charged defendant with aiding in the sale of cocaine and aiding in
the sale of a non-controlled drug that was represented as a controlled substance. The charges
stemmed from an undercover drug transaction in which defendant allegedly aided another person
in selling what turned out to be one piece of crack cocaine and two pieces of an undetermined
substance to a confidential informant. A bench trial was held in November 2012, after defendant
waived his right to a jury trial. Following the trial, the court found defendant guilty of both
charges. In so ruling, the court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy all of the
elements of the charged crimes, including defendant’s intent to sell cocaine.

        On appeal, defendant’s sole argument is that the State failed to establish that defendant
knowingly handed the informant anything more than a cigarette pack during the drug transaction.
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must determine “whether the evidence,
viewed in the light most favorable to the State and excluding any modifying evidence, fairly and
reasonably tends to convince a reasonable trier of fact that the defendant is guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” State v. Hammond, 2012 VT 48, ¶ 14, 192 Vt. 48 (quotation omitted). As
found by the court, the evidence showed that defendant: (1) drove the person who was targeted
by police to the location where she had agreed to meet the buyer, who turned out to be a
confidential informant; (2) spoke to the informant when he approached the car and directed him
to move aside for a minute while she retrieved it from her person (3) shortly thereafter signaled
the informant to return to the car; (4) took $150 in cash from the informant; and (5) handed to the
informant a cigarette pack that the target previously had handed to him. There was also evidence
that when the informant queried the target about having placed the cigarette pack in her crotch,
she responded that she did so because she was scared after having seen a sheriff on her way over
to their arranged location. Moreover, there was evidence that defendant admitted to police that
he had sold drugs numerous times with the target within the past three-to-six months, during
which time the instant transaction took place.
        These facts are sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to determine beyond a reasonable
doubt that defendant knowingly sold a controlled substance to the informant. See State v. Cole,
150 Vt. 453, 456 (1988) (recognizing that intent is rarely proved by direct evidence and may be
inferred from defendant’s acts, words, and other circumstantial evidence); cf. United States v.
John-Baptise, 747 F.3d 186, 206 (3d Cir. 2014) (determining that jury could reasonably conclude
that police officers “had enough common sense and knowledge to understand that if [defendant]
expected $3500 for the sale of whatever was in the paper bag, . . . the bag surely didn’t contain a
tuna fish sandwich”).

       Affirmed.



                                                BY THE COURT:


                                                _______________________________________
                                                Paul L. Reiber, Chief Justice

                                                _______________________________________
                                                Marilyn S. Skoglund, Associate Justice

                                                _______________________________________
                                                Geoffrey W. Crawford, Associate Justice




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