                       United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 99-3213
                                     ___________

United States of America,                 *
                                          *
             Appellee,                    *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the
                                          * District of Minnesota.
Eric Michell Hunter,                      *
                                          *         [UNPUBLISHED]
             Appellant.                   *
                                     ___________

                            Submitted: May 5, 2000

                                 Filed: May 16, 2000
                                     ___________

Before McMILLIAN, LOKEN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Following a conditional guilty plea to possessing with intent to distribute cocaine
base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), Eric Michell Hunter appeals
the district court’s1 denial of his suppression motions, arguing (1) that because he was
a “mere visitor” at the apartment being searched pursuant to a premises warrant, a
duffel bag and pair of pants he had in a bedroom of the apartment were outside the

      1
        The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota, adopting the report and recommendation of the Honorable
Raymond L. Erickson, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Minnesota.
scope of the warrant; (2) that the district court should not have credited the testimony
of a law enforcement officer who said he could see what appeared to be crack cocaine
inside Mr. Hunter’s partially opened duffel bag; and (3) that Mr. Hunter’s statements
to the officers were “fruit of the poisonous tree.” After reviewing the district court’s
findings of historical fact for clear error and its determinations of probable cause and
reasonable suspicion de novo, see United States v. Perez, 200 F.3d 576, 579 (8th Cir.
2000), we affirm.

       We are unpersuaded by Mr. Hunter’s argument that he was a “mere visitor” at
the apartment, given the presence of his belongings in the bedroom, the lack of clothing
on him when he attempted to exit from the second-story bedroom window at the time
of the mid-December search, and an airline tag on his duffel bag indicating he had
arrived in town more than two weeks before the search. See United States v. Giwa,
831 F.2d 538, 544-45 (5th Cir. 1987) (evidence appellant was overnight visitor to
searched apartment--e.g., he was partially clad and had been sleeping when agents
arrived--indicated his was more than temporary presence and he was not “mere
visitor”; thus, agents could search his bag pursuant to premises warrant);
Hummel-Jones v. Strope, 25 F.3d 647, 651-52 (8th Cir. 1994) (noting Giwa approach
and focusing on relationship between visitor and place, and whether that relationship
is such that it is reasonable for searchers to believe warrant overcomes visitor’s privacy
rights); cf. Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 91 (1979) (“mere propinquity to others
independently suspected of criminal activity” does not give rise to probable cause to
search patron; suppressing evidence in part because Ybarra “made no gestures
indicative of criminal conduct”). Thus, we conclude Mr. Hunter’s belongings in the
bedroom were within the scope of the warrant.

       Furthermore, we cannot say the district court erred in crediting the officer’s
testimony that he observed what he believed to be crack cocaine inside the partially
opened duffel bag, notwithstanding the omission of this information from the officer’s
written report. See United States v. Beatty, 170 F.3d 811, 814 (8th Cir. 1999) (“plain

                                           -2-
view” doctrine allows police to seize item without search warrant if officer did not
violate Fourth Amendment in arriving at place from which evidence could be plainly
viewed, object’s incriminating character is immediately apparent, and officer has lawful
right of access to object); United States v. Behler, 187 F.3d 772, 777 (8th Cir. 1999)
(district court’s assessment of credibility is “virtually unreviewable”); United States v.
Weinbender, 109 F.3d 1327, 1330 (8th Cir. 1997) (probable cause demands not that
officer be sure or certain but only that facts available to reasonably cautious person
would warrant belief that certain items may be contraband).

       Having concluded probable cause existed to search Mr. Hunter’s duffel bag and
pants, we do not reach his argument that his statements were “fruit of the poisonous
tree.”

      Accordingly, we affirm.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                           -3-
