                          Illinois Official Reports

                                 Supreme Court



                         People v. Williams, 2015 IL 117470




Caption in Supreme   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JUAN
Court:               WILLIAMS, Appellee.



Docket No.           117470


Filed                November 19, 2015


Decision Under       Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon. Matthew E.
Review               Coghlan, Judge, presiding.



Judgment             Circuit court judgment reversed.
                     Cause remanded with directions.

Counsel on           Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Anita Alvarez,
Appeal               State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, Michelle Katz, and
                     John E. Nowak, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the
                     People.

                     Amy P. Campanelli, Public Defender, of Chicago (Lester Finkle and
                     Sophia J. Atcherson, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for
                     appellee.


Justices             JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
                     opinion.
                     Chief Justice Garman and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier,
                     Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                                OPINION

¶1       In this appeal, we review the circuit court’s order declaring certain sections of the
     aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) statute (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6 (West 2012))
     unconstitutional. The circuit court of Cook County found that sections 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C)
     and (a)(2), (a)(3)(C) of the AUUW statute, which were based on defendant’s lack of a
     Firearm Owner’s Identification Card (FOID card), violated the proportionate penalties clause
     of the Illinois Constitution. The court determined that the offense of AUUW based on the
     lack of a FOID card was identical to a violation of the Firearm Owners Identification Card
     Act (FOID Card Act) (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2012)), and since the penalties for
     violating the two statutes were different, the court declared the AUUW statute
     unconstitutional and dismissed the charges against defendant. Pursuant to Illinois Supreme
     Court Rule 603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013), the State’s appeal comes directly to this court. For the
     following reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand the cause for
     further proceedings.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3        In April 2013, defendant was arrested for possessing a firearm while in an automobile on
     a public street in Chicago. At that time, he did not have a currently valid FOID card. 1
     Defendant was charged by information with six counts of AUUW (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1),
     (a)(3)(A), (a)(1), (a)(3)(C) (West 2012); 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(2), (a)(3)(A), (a)(2), (a)(3)(C)
     (West 2012)). Subsequently, as a result of our opinion in People v. Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116,
     the State nol-prossed the counts that were based on sections 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A) and
     (a)(2), (a)(3)(A) of the AUUW statute. The counts that remained were based on defendant’s
     lack of a FOID card, pursuant to sections 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C) and (a)(2), (a)(3)(C) of the
     AUUW statute.
¶4        Defendant subsequently filed a motion entitled “Motion To Declare The Sentencing
     Penalties Under 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6 Unconstitutional As To This Defendant.” In the motion,
     defendant argued that the elements of the AUUW statute based on the lack of a FOID card
     (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C), (a)(2), (a)(3)(C) (West 2012)) were the same as a
     violation of the FOID Card Act (430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2012)), but because the statutes
     had disparate sentencing penalties, those sections of the AUUW statute were
     unconstitutional.
¶5        The circuit court granted defendant’s motion finding that the sentencing scheme for
     AUUW based on the lack of a FOID card violated the proportionate penalties clause of the
     Illinois Constitution. The court determined that the elements of the offense of AUUW and a
     violation of the FOID Card Act were identical, but since AUUW was punishable as a Class 4
     felony and the FOID Card Act as a Class A misdemeanor, their penalties were
     disproportionate and the AUUW statute was unconstitutional. In reaching its determination,
     the court interpreted our decision in Aguilar as eliminating the distinction between
     possessing a firearm on the street or in a vehicle and possessing a firearm in one’s home. The

         1
          There is no evidence in the record that defendant was not otherwise eligible to obtain a FOID card
     prior to his arrest.

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       court seemed to base its understanding on a statement in Aguilar that referred to the Seventh
       Circuit’s decision in Moore v. Madigan, 702 F.3d 933 (7th Cir. 2012), that the second
       amendment’s right to keep and bear arms extends beyond the home. See Aguilar, 2013 IL
       112116, ¶¶ 19-20. The court further determined that the AUUW statute was unconstitutional
       as applied to defendant, as well as facially. Lastly, the court concluded that the appropriate
       remedy was to dismiss the charges against defendant. The State’s direct appeal to this court
       followed.

¶6                                              ANALYSIS
¶7         On appeal, the State contends that the applicable elements of the offense of AUUW and a
       violation of the FOID Card Act are not identical so there can be no proportionate penalties
       violation. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that “the statutes are the same, albeit couched
       in different words,” and urges this court to uphold the circuit court’s determination and find a
       proportionate penalties violation.
¶8         A statute is presumed constitutional, and the party challenging the statute bears the
       burden of demonstrating its invalidity. People v. Graves, 207 Ill. 2d 478, 482 (2003).
       Whether a statute is constitutional is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.
¶9         A proportionality challenge derives from article I, section 11, of the Illinois Constitution
       of 1970. Section 11, which is commonly referred to as the proportionate penalties clause,
       provides that “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the
       offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const.
       1970, art. I, § 11. A defendant can raise a proportionate penalties challenge on the basis that
       the penalty for a particular offense is too severe under the “cruel or degrading” standard or
       that the penalty is harsher than the penalty for a different offense that contains identical
       elements. People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 521 (2005). The latter challenge, which is at
       issue here, is evaluated using the identical elements test. Graves, 207 Ill. 2d at 482. The
       identical elements test considers whether offenses with identical elements are given different
       sentences. Id.
¶ 10       The identical elements test was first used in People v. Christy, 139 Ill. 2d 172, 181
       (1990). In Christy, we held that when different offenses contain identical elements, “common
       sense and sound logic would seemingly dictate that their penalties be identical.” Id. Since the
       offenses in Christy had identical elements but different sentences, we held that the penalties
       were unconstitutionally disproportionate and the offense with the greater penalty could not
       stand. Id. We have repeatedly reaffirmed these principles and application of the identical
       elements test. See People v. Lewis, 175 Ill. 2d 412, 422 (1996); Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 521-22;
       People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 53.
¶ 11       Here, we first compare sections 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C) and (a)(2), (a)(3)(C) of the
       AUUW statute with section 2(a)(1) of the FOID Card Act to determine whether the two
       statutes have identical elements.
¶ 12       Section 24-1.6 of the AUUW statute provides:
                   “(a) A person commits the offense of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon when
               he or she knowingly:
                       (1) Carries on or about his or her person or in any vehicle or concealed on or
                   about his or her person except when on his or her land or in his or her abode, legal

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                   dwelling, or fixed place of business, or on the land or in the legal dwelling of
                   another person as an invitee with that person’s permission, any pistol, revolver,
                   stun gun or taser or other firearm[2]; or
                       (2) Carries or possesses on or about his or her person, upon any public street,
                   alley, or other public lands within the corporate limits of a city, village or
                   incorporated town, except when an invitee thereon or therein, for the purpose of
                   the display of such weapon or the lawful commerce in weapons, or except when
                   on his or her own land or in his or her own abode, legal dwelling, or fixed place of
                   business, or on the land or in the legal dwelling of another person as an invitee
                   with that person’s permission, any pistol, revolver, stun gun or taser or other
                   firearm[3]; and
                       (3) One of the following factors is present:
                                                    ***
                   (C) the person possessing the firearm has not been issued a currently valid
               Firearm Owner’s Identification Card[.]” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C), (a)(2),
               (a)(3)(C) (West 2012).
¶ 13       Section 2(a)(1) of the FOID Card Act provides:
                   “(a)(1) No person may acquire or possess any firearm, stun gun, or taser within
               this State without having in his or her possession a Firearm Owner’s Identification
               Card previously issued in his or her name by the Department of State Police under the
               provisions of this Act.” 430 ILCS 65/2(a)(1) (West 2012).
¶ 14       A person violates section 2(a)(1) of the FOID Card Act by acquiring or possessing a
       firearm without also having in his possession a FOID card. A person violates section
       24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C) of the AUUW statute by knowingly carrying on his person or in any
       vehicle, outside the home, a firearm without having been issued a valid FOID Card. A person
       violates section 24-1.6(a)(2), (a)(3)(C) of the AUUW statute by knowingly carrying or
       possessing on his person, upon any public way, a firearm without having been issued a valid
       FOID card. Both sections 24-1.6(a)(1) and (a)(2) of the AUUW statute include a location
       element that the FOID Card Act does not. Section 24-1.6(a)(1) requires proof that a person
       possessed the firearm outside his home. Section 24-1.6(a)(2) requires proof that a person
       possessed the firearm upon any public way. This additional location element in the AUUW
       statute must be proven to establish the offense of AUUW. As noted above, the FOID Card
       Act does not have a location requirement. A person who acquires or possesses a firearm
       without also possessing a valid FOID card violates the FOID Card Act regardless of his
       location. A violation of the FOID Card Act can occur in one’s home; however, such conduct
       would not be a violation of AUUW. Because AUUW has this additional location element, we
       find that the offense of AUUW and a violation of the FOID Card Act are not identical.
       Although the State points to additional differences between the two statutes, we need not

           2
             As this court has previously stated, for purposes of simplicity, hereafter, the language of section
       24-1.6(a)(1) of the AUUW statute will be summarized as “ ‘carrying on his person or in any vehicle,
       outside the home, a firearm.’ ” People v. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 3 n.1.
           3
             Similarly, the language of section 24-1.6(a)(2) of the AUUW statute will be summarized as
       “ ‘carrying or possessing on his person, upon any public way, a firearm.’ ” Id. ¶ 3 n.2.

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       address these in light of our conclusion here. Having determined that the offense of AUUW
       and a violation of the FOID Card Act are not identical, there can be no proportionate penalty
       violation.
¶ 15        We recognize that the circuit court did not have the benefit of our opinion in People v.
       Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, when it determined that the two statutes were identical.
       Specifically, Mosley clarified that subsection (a)(3)(C) of the AUUW statute was severable
       from the subsection found unconstitutional in Aguilar and that subsection (a)(3)(C) was
       constitutional. Id. ¶ 31. Thus, it is clear that the location element in sections 24-1.6(a)(1) and
       (a)(2) of the AUUW statute is constitutional and enforceable when combined with subsection
       (a)(3)(C) of the AUUW statute. Id. ¶ 61. Defendant ignores these relevant parts of Mosley,
       instead focusing on the sentencing provision in subsection (d)(2) of the AUUW statute.
       Subsection (d)(2) has no bearing on subsections 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(2) and (a)(3)(C) of the
       AUUW statute or whether those elements of the AUUW statute are identical to a violation of
       the FOID Card Act.
¶ 16        Notwithstanding Mosley, defendant argues that Aguilar is still relevant here. Defendant
       maintains that Aguilar agreed with the proposition in Moore that “there is no constitutional
       difference between possessing a firearm inside one’s home versus outside the home.”
       However, defendant misconstrues our holding in Aguilar. Our exact language in Aguilar was:
       “[o]f course, in concluding that the second amendment protects the right to possess and use a
       firearm for self-defense outside the home, we are in no way saying that such a right is
       unlimited or is not subject to meaningful regulation.” Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116, ¶ 21. In
       Aguilar, we held section 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A) of the AUUW statute facially
       unconstitutional. Id. ¶ 22. We did not address the constitutionality of any other subsection in
       the statute. Thus, Aguilar is inapplicable here.
¶ 17        Defendant’s additional arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. Defendant cites to
       People v. Christy, 139 Ill. 2d 172 (1990), People v. Lewis, 175 Ill. 2d 412 (1996), People v.
       Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63 (2007), and People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, for support.
       Defendant argues that the above cases illustrate that “the issue is not whether the words of
       the statute are the same, but whether the elements, albeit phrased differently, are the same.”
       However, these cases do not help defendant. They each compare a felony offense to the
       offense of armed violence and do not involve AUUW or the FOID Card Act, the two statutes
       at issue here. Defendant fails to recognize here that the location element in AUUW, which is
       absent from the FOID Card Act, is an additional element that must be proved to establish a
       violation of AUUW. This is not a situation as in the above cases where the words used in the
       statutes were different but they meant the same thing. Since there is no location requirement
       in the FOID Card Act, the two statutes cannot mean the same thing. Thus, it is clear that not
       only are the words in the statutes different, but the elements are as well.
¶ 18        Defendant also argues that the two statutes have identical elements because a person
       possessing a firearm while not possessing a valid FOID card violates both statutes. However,
       this is not always true. As noted above, a person can violate the FOID Card Act by
       possessing a firearm in his home without also having in his possession a FOID card, whereas
       such conduct would not violate the AUUW statute. The offense of AUUW requires proof of
       the additional element that a person be outside his home or on the public way.



                                                   -5-
¶ 19       Defendant further contended during oral argument that the AUUW statute was only
       unconstitutional as applied to him, conceding that it was not facially unconstitutional.
       However, a proportionate penalty analysis under the identical elements test is not a subjective
       determination. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 522. It is an objective and “logic-based test to determine
       whether, consistent with the plain language of our constitution, the legislature has satisfied
       the requirement that a penalty must be determined, in part ‘according to the seriousness of
       the offense.’ ” Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 45 (quoting Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). The
       identical elements test simply compares the elements of the two offenses to determine if the
       offenses are the same. This objective test does not consider the offenses as applied to an
       individual defendant.

¶ 20                                          CONCLUSION
¶ 21       We conclude that the offense of AUUW based on the lack of a FOID card and a violation
       of the FOID Card Act do not have identical elements and thus, there can be no proportionate
       penalty violation.
¶ 22       The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the circuit
       court with directions to reinstate the charges against defendant.

¶ 23      Circuit court judgment reversed.
¶ 24      Cause remanded with directions.




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