          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 19-1719

ALTHEA JOHNSON, individually and as Heir and Natural Guardian of
                Carlton Johnson; CARLTON JOHNSON,

                     Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                v.

          HORACE JOHNSON; STATE ROAD AUTO SALES, INC.;
                ARBELLA MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

                      Defendants, Appellees.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND

       [Hon. John J. McConnell, Jr., U.S. District Judge]


                              Before

                   Thompson, Stahl, and Barron,
                          Circuit Judges.


     Ronald J. Resmini, with whom Law Offices of Ronald J. Resmini,
Ltd. was on brief, for appellants.
     Thomas A. Pursley, with whom Stephen E. Navega, II and Lynch
& Lynch were on brief, for appellee Arbella Mutual Insurance.
     Lisa De Mari, with whom Heffernan & De Mari, P.C. was on
brief, for appellees Horace Johnson and State Road Auto Sales.



                          March 13, 2020
          Per Curiam.   A car accident involving Horace Johnson

("Horace"), who was the driver, and Horace's cousin, Carlton

Johnson ("Carlton"), who was the sole passenger, is what led to

this lawsuit, which was filed through Carlton's mother to recover

damages for serious injuries Carlton sustained in the accident.1

Deciding the appeal now before us will require us to resolve

whether a settlement contract under Rhode Island law was formed

and the potential applicability of a Rhode Island statute.   These

determinations rest on an important question of state law -- one

which the Rhode Island Supreme Court has not yet had occasion to

answer.

          So, "[b]ecause the Rhode Island Supreme Court is the

ultimate arbiter of matters of Rhode Island law, we certify th[is]

unsettled question[] to that court for guidance."   W. Reserve Life

Assur. Co. of Ohio v. ADM Assocs., LLC, 737 F.3d 135, 136 (1st

Cir. 2013), certified question answered, 116 A.3d 794 (R.I. 2015);

R.I. Sup. Ct. R. 6.2




     1 We note that Carlton's mother, Althea, sought to recover
damages in her individual capacity via loss of consortium and
intentional infliction of emotional distress claims, but the
dismissal of those claims is not challenged on appeal.
     2  Rule 6(c) of the Rhode Island Supreme Court Rules of
Appellate Procedure requires that the certifying court "set forth
(1) the questions of law to be answered; and (2) a statement of
all facts relevant to the questions certified and showing fully
the nature of the controversy in which the questions arose."


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                                I. Background

             On December 17, 2017, Horace, a Massachusetts resident,

was driving in Providence, Rhode Island with Carlton, a Rhode

Island resident then 28 years old, as Horace's passenger.               The car

struck a utility pole, and both Horace and Carlton were seriously

injured.     Horace was driving a car leased to him by State Road

Auto Sales ("State Road"), and he was insured by Arbella Mutual

Insurance Company ("Arbella") under an automobile insurance policy

that provided a limit of $100,000 of bodily injury coverage for

guest occupants injured in accidents outside Massachusetts.3

             Just over a month after the accident (January 25, 2018),

Carlton's counsel sent a letter to Arbella demanding a settlement

for his bodily injury claims at the $100,000 policy limit.                In a

letter   dated     February   28,   2018,   Arbella   sent   a   response   to

Carlton's counsel in which Arbella accepted Carlton's demand to

settle for the policy limits of $100,000.

             Soon after, on March 6, 2018, Carlton and his mother

filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of Rhode Island against the

appellees.        Arbella removed the case to federal court.            See 28

U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441.         In time, the appellees moved for summary

judgment, and the district court granted it.           In so doing (as is

relevant     to    our   question-certification),     the    district    court


     3 We will sometimes refer to Horace, Arbella, and State Road
collectively as "the appellees."


                                    - 3 -
rejected     Carlton's     argument     that       Rhode    Island's       Rejected

Settlement Offer Interest Statute, R.I.G.L. § 27-7-2.2, applied to

the case and operated to render Arbella's acceptance of the

settlement    offer     invalid    because    it    occurred       more    than    the

statutorily prescribed thirty days after his settlement offer

(under the statute, the "written offer shall be presumed to have

been rejected if the insurer does not respond in writing within a

period of thirty (30) days"). Rather, after careful consideration,

the district court determined that the statute's "[i]n any civil

action" language requires that a legal proceeding in court needs

to be underway to trigger the statute's application.                    Accordingly,

the district court concluded that since Carlton did not file suit

until    after    the   settlement-offer-and-acceptance             episode,       the

statute did not apply, and the parties had otherwise entered into

a valid settlement contract for policy limits, meaning Carlton's

claims for bodily injury could not be brought in court.

             Carlton timely appealed the dismissal of two counts in

his complaint, each of which rests on the premise that no valid

settlement    contract    was     formed:      Count    I   seeks       damages   for

Carlton's    "severe    personal    injuries,      which    continue       to   date"

causing    "significant    hospitalization,         medical       treatment,      home

health    care,   rehabilitation,      lost    wages,      loss    of   consortium,

permanent injuries, as well as loss of earning capacity"; and Count

III claims that the appellees disregarded Rhode Island insurance


                                      - 4 -
settlement law and violated and breached Massachusetts insurance

settlement law.

                                  II. The Issues

              Much     of   the   appeal    now   before       us     rests    on     the

applicability of § 27-7-2.2.           Let's break that down, starting with

the full language of the statute:

        In any civil action in which the defendant is covered by
        liability insurance and in which the plaintiff makes a
        written offer to the defendant's insurer to settle the
        action in an amount equal to or less than the coverage
        limits on the liability policy in force at the time the
        action accrues, and the offer is rejected by the
        defendant's insurer, then the defendant's insurer shall
        be liable for all interest due on the judgment entered
        by the court even if the payment of the judgment and
        interest totals a sum in excess of the policy coverage
        limitation.   This written offer shall be presumed to
        have been rejected if the insurer does not respond in
        writing within a period of thirty (30) days.

              Before    us,   Carlton      rehashes     his    argument       below    in

insisting that, contrary to the district court's conclusion, the

parties never entered into a valid settlement contract:                        § 27-7-

2.2 applies, and it renders the settlement contract unenforceable

because Arbella failed to accept his settlement offer within the

thirty-day window the statute lays out.                   To his thinking, the

statute applies even though he hadn't filed a complaint yet because

"'any civil action' means from the time a torts or contracts-based

cause    of   action    begins    to   accrue"    (he    did    not    propose      this

definition before the district court).                Further, he says that the

Rhode     Island       Supreme     Court's      jurisprudence          has     assumed


                                        - 5 -
applicability of the statute to matters like his, i.e. fact

patterns involving a pre-suit settlement offer, followed by an

insurer's failure to respond in writing within the thirty-day

window.   See, e.g., Summit Ins. Co. v. Stricklett, 199 A.3d 523

(R.I. 2019); DeMarco v. Travelers Ins. Co., 26 A.3d 585 (R.I.

2011).

          The appellees respond by arguing that the district court

was correct to conclude that the statute is inapplicable:       it

requires a civil action be underway, and because no lawsuit had

been filed at the time the parties' settlement correspondence was

playing out, Arbella simply was not bound by the statute's thirty-

day deadline. To the appellees, this means the offer and Arbella's

acceptance were valid under Rhode Island law, and the enforceable

settlement agreement that resulted categorically bars Carlton from

pursuing his claims in court.

          Clearly, whether Carlton's case can succeed hinges on

whether § 27-7-2.2 applies to his case.   In order to perform that

analysis, however, we need to pin down the meaning of "[i]n any

civil action" as it appears in § 27-7-2.2.       The Rhode Island

Supreme Court has not yet provided a definition of "civil action"

as it relates to the statute, but it is precisely this definition

that will determine whether the statute applies to Carlton's case.

And while we are aware of the considerations and tools at our

disposal to decide upon a definition for ourselves, we think it


                                - 6 -
more   prudent   to   afford   the    Rhode   Island   Supreme   Court   the

opportunity to lay out its controlling take on this matter of state

law.    This is particularly so because of Rhode Island case law

that involves § 27-7-2.2 in cases that also had their genesis in

pre-suit settlement negotiations.        See, e.g., Stricklett, 199 A.3d

at 527, 533; DeMarco, 26 A.3d at 617.

                          III.   Certification

            In light of the foregoing, we certify to the Rhode Island

Supreme Court the following question:

       (1) What is the definition of "civil action" in R.I.G.L.
       § 27-7-2.2?

            We would welcome further guidance from the Rhode Island

Supreme Court on any other relevant aspect of Rhode Island law

that it believes would aid in the proper resolution of the issues

pending in this matter.

            The clerk of this Court is directed to forward to the

Rhode Island Supreme Court, under the official seal of this Court,

a copy of the certified question, this opinion, the district

court's opinion, and the merits briefs and appendices filed by the

parties. We retain jurisdiction over this issue pending resolution

of this certified question.




                                     - 7 -
