(Slip Opinion)              OCTOBER TERM, 2014                                       1

                                       Syllabus


         NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
       being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
       The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
       prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
       See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.


SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

                                       Syllabus

  GELBOIM ET AL. v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP. ET AL.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
                 THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 No. 13–1174. Argued December 9, 2014—Decided January 21, 2015
Three legal prescriptions figure in this case. Title 28 U. S. C. §1291
  gives the courts of appeals jurisdiction over appeals from “all final
  decisions of the district courts of the United States,” and its core ap-
  plication is to rulings that terminate an action. Federal Rule of Civil
  Procedure 54(b) permits district courts to authorize immediate ap-
  peal of dispositive rulings on separate claims in a civil action raising
  multiple claims. And 28 U. S. C. §1407 authorizes the Judicial Panel
  on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) to transfer civil actions “involving
  one or more common questions of fact . . . to any district for coordi-
  nated or consolidated pretrial proceedings” in order to “promote the
  just and efficient conduct of such actions,” §1407(a).
     The London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is a reference point
  in determining interest rates for financial instruments in the United
  States and globally. The JPML established a multidistrict litigation
  (LIBOR MDL) for cases involving allegations that defendant-banks
  understated their borrowing costs, thereby depressing LIBOR and
  enabling the banks to pay lower interest rates on financial instru-
  ments sold to investors. Over 60 actions were consolidated for pretri-
  al proceedings in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of
  New York, including a class action filed by petitioners Ellen Gelboim
  and Linda Zacher, who raised the single claim that several banks,
  acting in concert, had violated federal antitrust law. Determining
  that no plaintiff could assert a cognizable antitrust injury, the Dis-
  trict Court granted the banks’ motion to dismiss all antitrust claims,
  including the Gelboim-Zacher complaint’s sole claim. The District
  Court thus dismissed the Gelboim-Zacher complaint, denied leave to
  amend, and dismissed the case in its entirety. Other cases made part
2               GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                                 Syllabus

    of the LIBOR MDL, however, presented discrete claims which re-
    mained before the District Court. Assuming that the Gelboim-Zacher
    plaintiffs were entitled to an immediate appeal of right under §1291,
    the District Court granted Rule 54(b) certifications authorizing the
    plaintiffs in some of the multiple-claim actions to appeal the dismis-
    sal of their antitrust claims while their other claims remained pend-
    ing in the District Court. On its own initiative, the Second Circuit
    dismissed the Gelboim-Zacher appeal because the order appealed
    from did not dispose of all of the claims in the consolidated action.
    The District Court thereafter withdrew its Rule 54(b) certifications.
Held: The order dismissing their case in its entirety removed Gelboim
 and Zacher from the consolidated proceeding, thereby triggering their
 right to appeal under §1291.
    Because cases consolidated for MDL pretrial proceedings ordinarily
 retain their separate identities, an order disposing of one of the dis-
 crete cases in its entirety should qualify under §1291 as an appeala-
 ble final decision. Section 1407 refers to individual “actions” trans-
 ferrable to a single district court, not to a monolithic multidistrict
 “action” created by transfer. See Lexecon Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Ber-
 shad Hynes & Lerach, 523 U. S. 26, 37. And §1407(a)’s language—“at
 or before the conclusion of . . . pretrial proceedings,” each transferred
 action must be remanded to the originating district “unless [the ac-
 tion] shall have been previously terminated”—indicates Congress’ an-
 ticipation that, during the pendency of pretrial proceedings, final de-
 cisions might be rendered in one or more of the actions consolidated
 pursuant to §1407. The District Court’s order dismissing the Gel-
 boim-Zacher complaint was a final decision. The District Court com-
 pleted its adjudication of petitioners’ complaint and terminated their
 action. Petitioners thus are no longer participants in the consolidat-
 ed proceedings. Nothing about the initial consolidation of their civil
 action with other LIBOR MDL cases renders the dismissal of their
 complaint tentative or incomplete.
    To hold, as the banks contend, that no appeal of right accrues until
 a §1407 consolidation ends would leave plaintiffs like Gelboim and
 Zacher in a quandary about the event that triggers the 30-day period
 for taking an appeal. The sensible solution to the appeal-clock trig-
 ger is to allow an immediate appeal in a case such as this, where the
 transferee court in an MDL grants a defendant’s dispositive motion
 on every claim (or the sole claim) in a transferred case. The banks
 are also concerned about allowing plaintiffs with the weakest cases to
 appeal because their complaint states only one claim, while leaving
 those with stronger cases unable to appeal simultaneously because
 they have other pending claims. But that concern is attended to by
 Rule 54(b), which authorizes district courts to grant certifications to
                    Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)                    3

                               Syllabus

 parties with multiple-claim complaints, thereby enabling plaintiffs in
 actions that have not been dismissed in their entirety to pursue im-
 mediate appellate review of discrete claims. The District Court did
 that in this very case. Rule 54(b), however, is of no avail to Gelboim
 and Zacher, who asserted only one claim. See Sears, Roebuck & Co.
 v. Mackey, 351 U. S. 427, 435. Section 1292(b)—which allows district
 courts to designate for review certain interlocutory orders—is also
 inapposite here, for there is nothing “interlocutory” about the dismis-
 sal order in the Gelboim-Zacher action. Pp. 6–10.
Reversed and remanded.

 GINSBURG, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
                        Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)                              1

                             Opinion of the Court

     NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
     preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to
     notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
     ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order
     that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.


SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
                                   _________________

                                   No. 13–1174
                                   _________________


 ELLEN GELBOIM, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. BANK OF
         AMERICA CORPORATION ET AL.
 ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
           APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                               [January 21, 2015]

   JUSTICE GINSBURG delivered the opinion of the Court.
   An unsuccessful litigant in a federal district court may
take an appeal, as a matter of right, from a “final deci-
sio[n] of the district cour[t].” 28 U. S. C. §1291. The ques-
tion here presented: Is the right to appeal secured by
§1291 affected when a case is consolidated for pretrial
proceedings in multidistrict litigation (or MDL) authorized
by 28 U. S. C. §1407?
   Petitioners Ellen Gelboim and Linda Zacher filed in the
United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York a class-action complaint raising a single claim.
They alleged that a number of banks, acting in concert,
had violated federal antitrust law. Their case was consol-
idated for pretrial proceedings together with some 60
other cases, commenced in different districts, raising “one
or more common questions of fact,” §1407(a).
   The defendant banks, respondents here, moved to dis-
miss the Gelboim-Zacher complaint on the ground that the
plaintiffs had suffered no antitrust injury. The District
Court granted the motion, denied leave to amend the
complaint, and dismissed the case in its entirety. Other
2           GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                      Opinion of the Court

cases made part of the multidistrict pretrial proceedings,
however, presented discrete claims and remained before
the District Court.
   The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, acting on
its own motion, dismissed the appeal filed by Gelboim and
Zacher for want of appellate jurisdiction. We reverse the
Second Circuit’s judgment and hold that the Gelboim-
Zacher complaint retained its independent status for
purposes of appellate jurisdiction under §1291. Petition-
ers’ right to appeal ripened when the District Court dis-
missed their case, not upon eventual completion of multi-
district proceedings in all of the consolidated cases.
                               I
   Three legal prescriptions figure in this case: Title 28
U. S. C. §§1291 and 1407, and Federal Rule of Civil Proce-
dure 54(b).
   Section 1291 gives the courts of appeals jurisdiction over
appeals from “all final decisions of the district courts of the
United States.” A “final decision” is one “by which a dis-
trict court disassociates itself from a case.” Swint v.
Chambers County Comm’n, 514 U. S. 35, 42 (1995). While
decisions of this Court have accorded §1291 a “practical
rather than a technical construction,” Mohawk Industries,
Inc. v. Carpenter, 558 U. S. 100, 106 (2009) (quoting Cohen
v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U. S. 541, 546
(1949)), the statute’s core application is to rulings that
terminate an action, see Catlin v. United States, 324 U. S.
229, 233 (1945) (final decision is “one which ends the
litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to
do but execute the judgment”).
   Rule 54(b) permits district courts to authorize immedi-
ate appeal of dispositive rulings on separate claims in a
civil action raising multiple claims:
    “When an action presents more than one claim for re-
    lief . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the
                     Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)                    3

                          Opinion of the Court

     court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or
     more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the
     court expressly determines that there is no just rea-
     son for delay.”1
Rule 54(b) relaxes “the former general practice that, in
multiple claims actions, all the claims had to be finally
decided before an appeal could be entertained from a final
decision upon any of them.” Sears, Roebuck & Co. v.
Mackey, 351 U. S. 427, 434 (1956). The Federal Rules
allow a plaintiff to “state [in one complaint] as many
separate claims . . . as it has.” Rule 8(d)(3). Rule 54(b)
was adopted in view of the breadth of the “civil action” the
Rules allow, specifically “to avoid the possible injustice” of
“delay[ing] judgment o[n] a distinctly separate claim
[pending] adjudication of the entire case.” Report of Advi-
sory Committee on Proposed Amendments to Rules of
Civil Procedure 70 (1946) (explaining that Rule 54(b) was
recast in 1946 to avoid confusion and misapplication); see
Dickinson v. Petroleum Conversion Corp., 338 U. S. 507,
511 (1950) (Rule 54(b) responded to liberalized joinder of
claims and parties under the Federal Rules, which “in-
creased the danger of hardship and denial of justice
through delay if each issue must await the determination
of all issues as to all parties before a final judgment can be
had”). The Rule thus aimed to augment, not diminish,
appeal opportunity.
   Section 1407 is of more recent vintage. Enacted in 1968
in response to a growing number of complex but related
cases filed in multiple districts, §1407 authorizes the
Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (JPML) to trans-
fer civil actions “involving one or more common questions
——————
  1 Compare   Rule 54(b), which lodges discretion to authorize appeals in
district courts, with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f), which au-
thorizes courts of appeals to permit an immediate appeal from a district
court order granting or denying class-action certification.
4           GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                     Opinion of the Court

of fact . . . to any district for coordinated or consolidated
pretrial proceedings” in order to “promote the just and
efficient conduct of such actions.” §1407(a); see H. R. Rep.
No. 1130, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 2 (1968) (§1407 codified
procedures used in the early 1960’s to resolve more than
1,800 separate actions filed against electrical equipment
manufacturers in 33 District Courts, all of the actions
seeking damages for antitrust law violations).
   Transfer under §1407 aims to “eliminate duplication in
discovery, avoid conflicting rulings and schedules, reduce
litigation cost, and save the time and effort of the parties,
the attorneys, the witnesses, and the courts.” Manual for
Complex Litigation §20.131, p. 220 (4th ed. 2004). “Each
action” transferred pursuant to §1407, the provision in-
structs, “shall be remanded by the panel at or before the
conclusion of . . . pretrial proceedings to the district from
which it was transferred unless it shall have been previ-
ously terminated.” §1407(a).
                             II
  The London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is a
benchmark interest rate disseminated by the British
Bankers’ Association based on the rate at which certain
banks predict they can borrow funds. LIBOR is a refer-
ence point in determining interest rates for financial
instruments in the United States and globally.
  In August 2011, the JPML established MDL No. 2262
(LIBOR MDL) for cases involving allegations that the
banks named as defendants understated their borrowing
costs, thereby depressing LIBOR and enabling the banks
to pay lower interest rates on financial instruments sold to
investors. In re Libor-Based Financial Instruments Anti-
trust Litigation, 802 F. Supp. 2d 1380 (JPML 2011). Com-
posing the LIBOR MDL, over 60 actions, commenced in
California, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minne-
sota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas,
                  Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)            5

                      Opinion of the Court

Virginia, and Wisconsin, were coordinated or consolidated
for pretrial proceedings in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York.
   In June 2012, the District Court entertained a motion to
dismiss four categories of cases included in the MDL. The
first three categories involved putative class actions, each
with a single lead case: (1) the Gelboim-Zacher action,
filed on behalf of purchasers of bonds with LIBOR-linked
interest rates; (2) an action filed on behalf of purchasers of
over-the-counter LIBOR-based instruments (OTC plain-
tiffs); (3) an action filed on behalf of purchasers of LIBOR-
based instruments on exchanges (Exchange plaintiffs).
The fourth category, not relevant here, comprised a set of
individual actions filed by Charles Schwab Corporation
and related entities. The Gelboim-Zacher complaint as-
serted a federal antitrust claim under §1 of the Sherman
Act, 15 U. S. C. §1, and that claim only, while the com-
plaints in the other actions asserted a federal antitrust
claim in addition to other differently based federal and
state claims.
   Determining that no plaintiff could assert a cognizable
antitrust injury, the District Court granted the banks’
motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ antitrust claims—the sole
claim raised in the Gelboim-Zacher complaint. Assuming
that the Gelboim-Zacher plaintiffs were entitled to an
immediate appeal of right under §1291 because their suit
had been “dismissed in [its] entirety,” App. to Pet. for Cert.
219a, the District Court granted Rule 54(b) certifications
to the OTC and Exchange plaintiffs authorizing them to
appeal the dismissal of their antitrust claims while their
other claims remained pending in the District Court.
   On its own initiative, the Second Circuit dismissed the
Gelboim-Zacher appeal because the “orde[r] appealed from
did not dispose of all claims in the consolidated action.”
6              GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                          Opinion of the Court

Id., at 2a.2 The District Court thereafter withdrew its
Rule 54(b) certifications in the OTC and Exchange plain-
tiffs’ actions and, “given the reaction of the Second Cir-
cuit,” App. 294, denied petitioners’ request for a Rule 54(b)
certification.
   We granted review of the Second Circuit’s judgment
dismissing the Gelboim-Zacher appeal. 573 U. S. ___
(2014). Before this Court, petitioners Gelboim and Zacher
contend that the order dismissing their case in its entirety
removed them from the consolidated proceeding, thereby
triggering their right to appeal under §1291. Respondent
banks urge that consolidated cases proceed as one unit for
the duration of the consolidation. Consequently, they
maintain, there is no appeal of right from an order dis-
missing fewer than all consolidated claims, thus the sole
avenue for appeal while the consolidation continues is
Rule 54(b). Agreeing with Gelboim and Zacher, we reverse
the Court of Appeals’ judgment.
                             III
  Cases consolidated for MDL pretrial proceedings ordi-
narily retain their separate identities,3 so an order dispos-
——————
   2 The Second Circuit “strong[ly] presum[es]” that a “judgment in a

consolidated [proceeding] that does not dispose of all [consolidated]
claims . . . is not appealable absent Rule 54(b) certification.” Hageman
v. City Investing Co., 851 F. 2d 69, 71 (1988). In this regard, the Circuit
does not differentiate between all-purpose consolidations, see ibid.
(actions “could originally have been brought as one action” and there
was “no indication that the cases were consolidated only for limited
purposes”); Houbigant, Inc. v. IMG Fragrance Brands, LLC, 627 F. 3d
497, 498 (2010) (actions consolidated “for all purposes”), and, as this
case illustrates, §1407 consolidations for pretrial proceedings only. The
presumption may be overcome in “highly unusual circumstances,”
Hageman, 851 F. 2d, at 71, but the Second Circuit has not elaborated
on what those circumstances might be.
   3 Parties may elect to file a “master complaint” and a corresponding

“consolidated answer,” which supersede prior individual pleadings. In
such a case, the transferee court may treat the master pleadings as
                      Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)                     7

                          Opinion of the Court

ing of one of the discrete cases in its entirety should qual-
ify under §1291 as an appealable final decision. Section
1407 refers to individual “actions” which may be trans-
ferred to a single district court, not to any monolithic
multidistrict “action” created by transfer. See Lexecon Inc.
v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 523 U. S. 26, 37
(1998) (§1407 does not “imbu[e] transferred actions with
some new and distinctive . . . character”).4 And Congress
anticipated that, during the pendency of pretrial proceed-
ings, final decisions might be rendered in one or more of
the actions consolidated pursuant to §1407. It specified
that “at or before the conclusion of . . . pretrial proceed-
ings,” each of the transferred actions must be remanded to
the originating district “unless [the action] shall have been
previously terminated.” §1407(a) (emphasis added).
   The District Court’s order dismissing the Gelboim-
Zacher complaint for lack of antitrust injury, without
leave to amend, had the hallmarks of a final decision.
Ruling on the merits of the case, the District Court com-
pleted its adjudication of petitioners’ complaint and termi-
nated their action. As a result of the District Court’s
disposition, petitioners are no longer participants in the
consolidated proceedings. Nothing about the initial con-
solidation of their civil action with other cases in the
——————
merging the discrete actions for the duration of the MDL pretrial
proceedings. In re Refrigerant Compressors Antitrust Litigation, 731
F. 3d 586, 590–592 (CA6 2013). No merger occurs, however, when “the
master complaint is not meant to be a pleading with legal effect but
only an administrative summary of the claims brought by all the
plaintiffs.” Id., at 590.
   4 We express no opinion on whether an order deciding one of multiple

cases combined in an all-purpose consolidation qualifies under §1291 as
a final decision appealable of right. See Brown v. United States, 976 F.
2d 1104, 1107 (CA7 1992) (cases consolidated for all purposes “become a
single judicial unit,” but where the consolidation is for limited purposes
only, “a decision disposing of all the claims in only one of the cases is a
final decision subject to immediate appeal”).
8              GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                           Opinion of the Court

LIBOR MDL renders the dismissal of their complaint in
any way tentative or incomplete. As is ordinarily the case,
the §1407 consolidation offered convenience for the parties
and promoted efficient judicial administration, but did not
meld the Gelboim-Zacher action and others in the MDL
into a single unit. Cf. supra, at 6, n. 3.5
   The banks’ view that, in a §1407 consolidation, no ap-
peal of right accrues until the consolidation ends would
leave plaintiffs like Gelboim and Zacher in a quandary
about the proper timing of their appeals. Under Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 4, which this Court has called
“jurisdictional,” Bowles v. Russell, 551 U. S. 205, 209
(2007), a notice of appeal in a civil case must be filed
“within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order ap-
pealed from,” Rule 4(a)(1)(A). If plaintiffs whose actions
have been dismissed with prejudice by a district court
must await the termination of pretrial proceedings in all
consolidated cases, what event or order would start the 30-
day clock? When pretrial consolidation concludes, there
may be no occasion for the entry of any judgment. Orders
may issue returning cases to their originating courts,6 but
an order of that genre would not qualify as the dispositive
——————
  5 In delineating the narrow scope of the “collateral-order” doctrine, we

have cautioned against permitting piecemeal, prejudgment appeals.
Those admonitions, cited by the banks, Brief for Respondents 18–19,
are not pertinent here. Under the collateral order doctrine, an order
may be deemed “final” if it disposes of a matter “separable from, and
collateral to” the merits of the main proceeding, “too important to be
denied review,” and “too independent of the cause itself to require that
appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated.”
Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U. S. 541, 546 (1949).
The order dismissing the Gelboim-Zacher complaint in its entirety was
in no sense “collateral,” i.e., “independent of the cause itself.” Scarcely
a prejudgment ruling, the dismissal order left nothing still pending
decision in the District Court.
  6 In fact, “[f]ew cases [consolidated pursuant to §1407] are remanded

for trial; most multidistrict litigation is settled in the transferee court.”
Manual for Complex Litigation §20.132, p. 223 (4th ed. 2004).
                  Cite as: 574 U. S. ____ (2015)              9

                      Opinion of the Court

ruling Gelboim and Zacher seek to overturn on appeal.
And surely would-be appellants need not await final dis-
position of all cases in their originating districts, long after
pretrial consolidation under §1407 could even arguably
justify treating the cases as a judicial unit.
  The sensible solution to the appeal-clock trigger is evi-
dent: When the transferee court overseeing pretrial pro-
ceedings in multidistrict litigation grants a defendant’s
dispositive motion “on all issues in some transferred cases,
[those cases] become immediately appealable . . . while
cases where other issues remain would not be appealable
at that time.” D. Herr, Multidistrict Litigation Manual
§9:21, p. 312 (2014).
  The banks express concern that plaintiffs with the
weakest cases may be positioned to appeal because their
complaint states only one claim, while plaintiffs with
stronger cases will be unable to appeal simultaneously
because they have other claims still pending. Brief for
Respondents 46–47. Rule 54(b) attends to this concern.
District courts may grant certifications under that Rule,
thereby enabling plaintiffs in actions that have not been
dismissed in their entirety to pursue immediate appellate
review. That is just what happened in this very case. The
District Court granted Rule 54(b) certifications to the OTC
and Exchange plaintiffs so they could appeal at the same
time Gelboim and Zacher could. See supra, at 5. And if
the MDL court believes that further proceedings might be
relevant to a claim a defendant moves to dismiss, the court
ordinarily can defer ruling on the motion, thus allowing all
plaintiffs to participate in the ongoing MDL proceedings.
  While Rule 54(b) can aid parties with multiple-claim
complaints—here, the OTC and Exchange plaintiffs, su-
pra, at 5—the Rule, properly read, is of no avail to Gel-
boim and Zacher. Rule 54(b) addresses orders finally
adjudicating fewer than all claims presented in a civil
action complaint. It “does not apply to a single claim
10            GELBOIM v. BANK OF AMERICA CORP.

                          Opinion of the Court

action nor to a multiple claims action in which all of the
claims have been finally decided.” Mackey, 351 U. S., at
435; see Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wetzel, 424 U. S. 737,
742–743 (1976) (Rule 54(b) inapplicable where “complaint
advanced a single legal theory which was applied to only
one set of facts”). In short, Rule 54(b) is designed to per-
mit acceleration of appeals in multiple-claim cases, not to
retard appeals in single-claim cases.7
   Section 1292(b), the banks conceded at argument, see
Tr. of Oral Arg. 40–41, is inapposite here. It allows dis-
trict courts to designate for review interlocutory orders
“not otherwise appealable,” where immediate appeal “may
materially advance the ultimate termination of the litiga-
tion.” §1292(b). The designation may be accepted or
rejected in the discretion of the court of appeals. Ibid. See
generally Solimine, Revitalizing Interlocutory Appeals in
the Federal Courts, 58 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1165 (1990);
Note, Interlocutory Appeals in the Federal Courts Under
28 U. S. C. §1292(b), 88 Harv. L. Rev. 607 (1975). It
suffices to note that there is nothing “interlocutory” about
the dismissal order in the Gelboim-Zacher action.
                        *     *    *
  For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgment of the
U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit deeming the
District Court’s dismissal of the Gelboim-Zacher complaint
unripe for appellate review, and we remand the case for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                     It is so ordered.
——————
  7 We need not decide whether or how Rule 54(b) applies to cases con-

solidated for all purposes involving closely related issues, actions that
could have been brought under the umbrella of one complaint. Cf.
supra, at 7, n. 4. The Rule surely was not designed to apply to numer-
ous actions that the MDL panel combines for efficient pretrial proceed-
ings because they have in common “one or more questions of fact,” but
otherwise vary in character.
