       In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                    No. 12-312
                                Filed: July 29, 2015
                     Reissued for Publication: October 27, 20151


    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
    KATIE LAMARE,                 *
                                  *
                   Petitioner,    *
              v.                  *
                                  * Motion for Review; Redaction;
    SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND       * Interim Fees Award.
    HUMAN SERVICES,               *
                                  *
                   Respondent.    *
                                  *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
                               ORDER


HORN, J.

        Paul S. Dannenberg, Paul S. Dannenberg Law Offices, Huntington, VT, for the
petitioner.

       Voris E. Johnson, Assistant Director, Torts Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the respondent. With him were Benjamin
C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney, Rupa Bhattacharyya, Director, Torts
Branch, and Vincent J. Matanoski, Deputy Director, Torts Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

                                  FINDINGS OF FACT

       The only issue before this court is whether or not to grant petitioner’s request for
redaction of the Special Master’s Decision issued on December 8, 2014, denying an
interim fees petition submitted by petitioner’s attorney. On May 11, 2012, petitioner Katie
Lamare filed a claim for compensation for injuries allegedly resulting from administration
of the Human Papillomavirus Virus (HPV) Gardasil vaccinations, as well as attorneys’

1 This opinion was issued under seal on July 29, 2015. The parties did not file a proposed
redacted version of the opinion pursuant to Rule 18(b) of the Rules of the United States
Court of Federal Claims (RCFC), Appendix B (2015) (Vaccine Rules). After subsequent
review of the opinion by the court, the court believes no redactions are warranted, and,
therefore, the original opinion is hereby unsealed and reissued without redaction.
fees and costs, under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, which was
established by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660,
100 Stat. 3743 (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-1 et seq. (2012)) (the Vaccine
Act). Ms. Lamare stated that she received the vaccines on May 18, 2009, August 18,
2009, and February 9, 2010.

        On September 24, 2014, petitioner’s counsel filed an Interim Petition for Attorney
Fees and Costs under the Vaccine Act with the Special Master. The fee request claimed
$50,210.69 in interim fees and costs. Citing to Avera v. Secretary of Health and Human
Services, 515 F.3d 1343, 1352 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.
2008), petitioner’s counsel argued that the case had been in litigation for two years and
that the protracted nature of the proceedings warranted interim fees and costs.
Petitioner’s attorney also attempted to suggest that the case had been ongoing for two
years prior to the date on which it was filed with the court.2 Respondent objected to an
award of interim fees and costs, arguing that interim fees and costs were not appropriate
at the current juncture of the case. Respondent also asserted that any protracted
proceedings were due to petitioner’s repeated requests for extensions, including at least
nine motions for time extensions, and not due to the nature of the proceedings.
Respondent further argued that petitioner had not made a “special showing” that the
particular cost of an expert warranted an interim award of fees and costs, and that
petitioner had not demonstrated she would suffer “undue hardship” if fees and costs were
not awarded at the current juncture of the case.

        On December 8, 2014, the Special Master issued a Decision denying the petition
for interim fees and costs. The Special Master found that the decision to grant an interim
fees award is within the broad discretion of the Special Master, and that an interim fees
award was not appropriate at the current posture of petitioner’s case. The Special Master
indicated that petitioner has “had a hand in delaying the matter,” and that “nothing about
Petitioner’s experience with her expert suggests that an interim award is appropriate
under the circumstances.” The Special Master noted that petitioner’s expert report “is
itself brief by Program standards, and appears minimally (if adequately) compliant” with
the Order issued by the Special Master offering guidelines for the contents of the expert
reports to be filed. The Special Master concluded that “[t]he case has not been notably
litigious or difficult to prosecute,” and “[i]t is simply not evident to me that it would work an
undue hardship on the Petitioner to deny her interim fee request at this time.” On January
8, 2015, a judgment was entered denying petitioner’s request for interim attorneys’ fees
and costs.

       In a footnote on the first page of the Decision, the Special Master stated:

       Because this decision contains a reasoned explanation for my action in this
       case, it will be posted on the United States Court of Federal Claims’ website,

2 In his rejection of the interim fees request, the Special Master pointed out, however, that
in the two years prior to the May 2012 filing of the vaccine petition on behalf of Ms.
Lamare, the attorney had charged less than fifteen hours of billable time.

                                               2
       in accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002 . . . . [H]owever, the
       parties may object to the decision’s inclusion of certain kinds of confidential
       information. Specifically, under Vaccine Rule 18(b), each party has fourteen
       days within which to request redaction “of any information furnished by that
       party . . . that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which
       would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.”[3]

        On December 22, 2014, petitioner filed a timely Motion for Redaction of the Special
Master’s Interim Fees Decision pursuant to the Vaccine Rule 18(b). Petitioner requested
that portions of the Interim Fees Decision, including her name, and/or information
regarding her medical condition, be redacted. She argued that the publication of the
medical information contained in the Decision denying interim fees and costs would
constitute an “unwarranted invasion of petitioner’s privacy” if disclosed. Petitioner claimed
that the included information regarding her medical condition “could result in a negative
impact on any future attempt at employment.” Petitioner further argued that “there is no
public purpose to be gained by including the petitioner’s name in the decision and it would
not inhibit the purposes of the Vaccine Act” to redact her name. Specifically, she
requested “that her name be replaced by her initials to protect her privacy, or in the
alternative remove all medical information.” Respondent did not oppose petitioner’s
Motion for Redaction, and instead stated in the last line of its Response to Petitioner’s
Motion for Redaction: “Respondent defers to the Special Master’s judgment as to whether
petitioner’s motion should be granted.”

        On February 27, 2015, the Special Master denied petitioner’s Motion for
Redaction, finding that petitioner had “failed to make a proper showing that the requested
information should be redacted.” According to the Special Master, petitioner had argued
that disclosure “could” cause a negative impact on future employment, but did not “back
up these assertions with any particularized showing that her personal circumstances or
employment would cause the disclosure of such information to be more invasive or
harmful to her than to other Vaccine Program petitioners.” The Special Master stated that
because “Ms. Lamare has not substantiated her concern that disclosure of her name or
her illnesses would be harmful to her personally or professionally,” the Motion for
Redaction was denied.

        On March 20, 2015, petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the Special
Master’s Order denying petitioner’s Motion for Redaction. Petitioner argued that the
Special Master did not “take notice of the particular circumstances of petitioner’s illness,
despite the fact that petitioner’s motion explicitly explained that petitioner was concerned
that disclosure of petitioner’s identifying information ‘could result in a negative impact on
any future attempt at employment.’” Petitioner also argued that there is “no benefit to the
public or public purpose in disclosing the names of injured petitioners, and the underlying

3 It appears from a search of published records, however, that during the pendency of
these redaction request proceedings, no publication of the Special Master’s Decision
denying petitioner’s Interim Petition for Attorney Fees and Costs, Order denying
petitioner’s Motion for Redaction, or Order denying petitioner’s Motion for
Reconsideration has occurred to date.
                                              3
opinions are not damaged by such name redactions.” In petitioner’s Motion for
Reconsideration, petitioner’s attorney asked the Special Master to “protect this injured
petitioner’s privacy and help her secure all possible future benefits of life and liberty by
granting redaction of her name and any other identifying information, and replacing her
name with her initials only.”

       Petitioner attached an affidavit to her Motion for Reconsideration, in which she
stated:

       I have experienced employment discrimination since developing [the
       condition] and fear that this discrimination can only get worse with public
       release of my medical records. . . . I personally have been discriminated
       against in my employment when I was fired from my job as a lifeguard after
       reporting to my supervisor that I may have been having [manifestations of
       the condition].

In her affidavit, petitioner broadened her redaction request to include:

       any identifying information which could lead to my identification . . . my
       medical history . . ., my name, my mother’s name, the names of any member
       of my family, my address, my date of birth, my Social Security number, the
       names or locations of my schools or treating physicians and any other
       identifying information.

The court notes that the majority of the additional redaction requests included in
petitioner’s affidavit, beyond petitioner’s request to redact her name or medical history,
are not referenced in the Special Master’s Interim Fees Decision, which is the document
currently under review by this court for a determination of whether redaction is
appropriate. As noted above, in her original redaction request, petitioner only requested
that “her name be replaced by her initials to protect her privacy, or in the alternative
remove all medical information.”

       On March 27, 2015, prior to the Special Master’s ruling on petitioner’s Motion for
Reconsideration, petitioner also filed a Motion for Review of the Special Master’s Order
denying her Motion for Redaction in the United States Court of Federal Claims. Because
her earlier-filed Motion for Reconsideration was still pending before the Special Master
when the Motion for Review was filed with this court, this court remanded the case to the
Special Master on April 14, 2015, and directed the Special Master to rule on the Motion
for Reconsideration before this court would consider petitioner’s Motion for Review.

       On May 22, 2015, the Special Master again denied petitioner’s renewed request
for redaction included in her Motion for Reconsideration. In the May 22, 2015 second
denial of petitioner’s request to redact, the Special Master indicated that Ms. Lamare’s
affidavit:

       does not significantly strengthen her grounds for seeking redaction. At best,
       she identifies a particular occasion in which she was terminated from her
       job as a lifeguard after her own independent disclosure of some of the
                                             4
       symptoms she alleges occurred after she received the HPV vaccine. That
       anecdote does not, however, establish that the nonredacted publication of
       the Interim Fees Decision would similarly cause her harm.

(emphasis in original, internal citation omitted). The Special Master asserted that “Ms.
Lamare has not established that her career as a lifeguard is threatened by a glancing
reference to one of her alleged symptoms in a decision otherwise having nothing to do
with the merits of her claim,” and that “[s]he has similarly made no showing that her future
employment is threatened.” The Special Master stated that the Interim Fees Decision
“referenced Ms. Lamare’s alleged injuries (and they are at this point only allegations – not
determined-to-be-true facts) only in passing” and that “the Interim Fee Decision does not
sufficiently address the facts pertinent to the merits of Ms. Lamare’s claim to raise the
kind of privacy concerns that have justified redaction in other cases.” The Special Master
noted in his Order denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration that the timing of
petitioner’s request “remains premature.” According to the Special Master:

       Given the above, Ms. Lamare’s privacy interests are outweighed by the
       Vaccine Act’s presumption that petitioner names should be associated with
       a case until it is more evident that a “clearly unwarranted” privacy invasion
       has been demonstrated, based upon the contents of the decision, as well
       as the personal circumstances of the relevant petitioner. Again – and as
       special masters in Langland [v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 07-
       36V, 2011 WL 802695 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb 3, 2011) (unpublished),
       mot. for rev. denied, 109 Fed. Cl. 421 (2013)], Anderson [v. Sec’y of Health
       & Human Servs., No. 08-0396V, 2014 WL 3294656 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
       Jun. 4, 2014) (unpublished)], and other cases have exhaustively
       demonstrated through painstaking review of the Vaccine Act and its
       subsequent history – that presumption is woven into the Act’s privacy
       provisions. Anderson, 2014 WL 3294656, at *9 (“Congress could have
       provided the anonymity petitioners seek. It did not”). Rare circumstances
       are conceivable in which a petitioner might be able to establish that even
       the most circumspect reference to her symptoms in an early ruling raised
       sufficient privacy concerns to justify redaction before a full entitlement
       decision – but the affidavit accompanying Ms. Lamare’s Reconsideration
       Motion does not do so.

       The Vaccine Rules themselves do not contemplate redaction merely
       because a claim alleges an injury the petitioner would prefer remain
       confidential – but Ms. Lamare in effect asks for the adoption of such a
       standard. The better approach is to maintain the practice (consistent with
       the Vaccine Act) of permitting redaction only after a substantive decision
       has been issued that discusses the petitioner’s symptoms in sufficient detail
       to constitute a “clearly unwarranted” invasion of privacy.

(emphasis in original).



                                             5
        On May 26, 2015, after the Special Master’s denial of petitioner’s Motion for
Reconsideration, petitioner filed a status report in this court, asking the court now to
consider her earlier-filed Motion for Review. In her March 23, 2015 Motion for Review,
petitioner argues that the Special Master’s Order denying redaction is contrary to law,
and that the information contained in the Special Master’s Interim Fees Decision
“constitutes medical information which if disclosed would be a clear unwarranted invasion
of petitioner’s privacy.” Petitioner argues that she has a “sound basis for having concerns
that her future employment prospects may be compromised if her confidential medical
conditions are published and available to the public.” Petitioner further argues that her
medical condition “can be and is perceived to be a handicap by many employers,
therefore making her less competitive in the job market and subjecting her to employment
discrimination.” Petitioner asserts that she “had experienced employment discrimination
since developing [her condition],” having been fired from her job as a lifeguard when she
reported to her supervisor that she had manifestations of the condition. Petitioner,
therefore, asserted that she has a “sound basis for requesting redaction of her private
medical information.” Petitioner suggests that, “[t]here is no public purpose to be gained
by including the petitioner’s name in the [Interim Fees] Decision and it would not inhibit
the purposes of the Vaccine Act if redacted.” She further argues that “[t]he special
masters’ current practice of routinely denying motions for redaction can only have an
increased chilling effect on petitioners filing to seek compensation and redress for their
injuries.” Petitioner’s attorney concludes, “[t]here is absolutely no reason the public needs
to know Katie Lamare’s identity. It is possible to fully understand the case if her name
was redacted to initials.”4



4 The court notes that on the first two pages of the Motion for Review filed in this court,
petitioner and her counsel request “redaction of petitioner’s name, family names, the
name of her schools, and any other identifying information. In the alternative, petitioner
requests the court redact all medical information.” (emphasis in original). The court further
notes, as also indicated above, that much of this information does not even appear in the
Special Master’s Interim Fees Decision. In the final sentence of petitioner’s Motion for
Review, however, petitioner makes a sole request for this court to order that petitioner’s
“name be redacted from the Decision and replaced with K.L. only.” Prior to filing the
Motion for Review in this court, petitioner’s requests for redaction also were not
consistent. In petitioner’s original redaction request filed with the Special Master,
petitioner requested only that her name and or medical condition be redacted. In the
affidavit attached to petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration filed with the Special Master,
petitioner, however, requested redaction of:

       any identifying information which could lead to my identification . . . my
       medical history . . ., my name, my mother’s name, the names of any member
       of my family, my address, my date of birth, my Social Security number, the
       names or locations of my schools or treating physicians and any other
       identifying information.


                                             6
        On June 18, 2015, the government responded to petitioner’s Motion for Review in
this court, arguing that, “petitioner has not shown that the special master’s determinations
were arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise contrary to law.”
Respondent argues that the Vaccine Act’s “use of the term ‘clearly unwarranted invasion
of privacy’ to define which information is suitable for redaction requires a petitioner to
show some additional privacy interest to justify redaction of a decision,” and that petitioner
has failed to do so. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(b)(ii)). Respondent also argues
that the Special Master’s ruling “reflects a reasoned and reasonable balancing of the
applicable public and private interests, consistent with the language and structure of the
Act,” and asks that this court affirm the Special Master’s Order denying the Motion for
Redaction and the Order denying the Motion for Reconsideration. As instructed by the
court, on July 2, 2015, petitioner submitted a reply brief, which essentially reiterated the
earlier arguments offered by Ms. Lamare and which only requests that “her name be
redacted to her initials, K.L. in all instances.”

                                       DISCUSSION
       Congress passed the Vaccine Act in 1986 and established a forum in which
individuals who were injured by vaccines could bring claims. See generally 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12 et seq. (2012). “[W]ithin the United States Court of Federal Claims an office
of special masters” was created. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(c)(1). The Vaccine Act granted
the United States Court of Federal Claims and the Court of Federal Claims Special
Masters jurisdiction to conduct proceedings under the Vaccine Act. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(a).
       When a Special Master is assigned a petition for review, the Vaccine Act directs
that the Special Master “shall issue a decision on such petition with respect to whether
compensation is to be provided under the Program and the amount of such
compensation.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(3)(A). The United States Court of Federal
Claims was given authority to “review the decision” of the Special Master. 42 U.S.C.
§ 300aa-12(e)(1). Review by a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims is
conducted in accordance with 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2), which states:
       [T]he United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to
       undertake a review of the record of the proceedings and may thereafter --
              (A) uphold the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the special
              master and sustain the special master’s decision,
              (B) set aside any findings of fact or conclusion of law of the special
              master found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
              otherwise not in accordance with law and issue its own findings of
              fact and conclusions of law, or
              (C) remand the petition to the special master for further action in
              accordance with the court’s direction.
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2). Whether the Court of Federal Claim’s review pursuant to the
statute is limited to decisions on “compensation” by the Special Master, or is broader and
includes review of all decisions, has been interpreted differently by judges of this court
                                              7
and Special Masters. The statute, however, indicates that the court may “set aside any
findings of fact or conclusion of law of the special master found to be arbitrary, capricious,
an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(e)(2)(B), suggesting broader jurisdiction to review all decisions by the Special Masters,
perhaps leaving only an issue of timing as to whether review of decisions by a Special
Master must await issuance of a decision regarding compensation first.
         A judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims previously interpreted
jurisdiction over a decision of a Special Master not to be confined to review of the Special
Master’s decision granting or denying compensation for a vaccine injury. See Bernhardt
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 82 Fed. Cl. 287, 292 (2005). The judge determined
that jurisdiction extends to all determinations of a Special Master for which relief may be
sought under RCFC 60 governing relief from a judgment or order. Id. The court in
Bernhardt reasoned that the Vaccine Program was established in the Court of Federal
Claims by the Vaccine Act, that the Office of Special Masters is merely an “instrumentality
of the court,” and that “there is nothing in the language of the [Vaccine] Act to suggest
that this division of adjudicatory responsibility between court and special master was
intended to suspend or displace the court’s underlying jurisdiction under the Vaccine Act.”
Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(c)(1) (“There is established within the United States Court
of Federal Claims an office of special masters.”)). The court in Bernhardt concluded by
stating, “we read section 12(e)’s reference to the court’s jurisdiction to consider a motion
for review of a special master’s decision as an iteration of the court’s existing jurisdiction
under the Vaccine Act rather than as a proclamation of its only jurisdictional grant under
the Act.” Id. Other judges of the court, however, have declined to review decisions of
Special Masters that were not “final” decisions, finding that the court does not have
jurisdiction to review decisions of the Special Masters that do not decide an issue of
compensation. See Spratling v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 37 Fed. Cl. 202, 203
(1997) (finding that the Court of Federal Claims does not have jurisdiction to review
Special Masters’ interim decisions); see also Lemire v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
60 Fed. Cl. 75, 80 (2004) (finding that the Court of Federal Claims does not have
jurisdiction to review a Special Master’s decision reinstating a claim after it had been
dismissed because it was not a final decision); Weiss v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
59 Fed. Cl. 624, 627 (2004) (finding that the Court of Federal Claims lacked jurisdiction
over a Special Master’s decision rejecting an expert opinion).
        Although this court endorses the broader view articulated in Bernhardt, such
conclusion is not necessary to exercise jurisdiction over the Motion for Review currently
before the court, given the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s
decision in Shaw v. Secretary of Health and Human Services., 609 F.3d 1372 (Fed. Cir.
2010). In Shaw, the Federal Circuit interpreted 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e) to confer the
Court of Federal Claims with jurisdiction to review interim Special Master’s decisions on
petitions for interim attorneys’ fees. See Shaw v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 609
F.3d at 1376 (finding that the Court of Federal claims has jurisdiction to review an Interim
Petition for Attorneys’ Fees because an interim attorneys’ fees decision is a separate
decision on compensation). Although petitioner’s request for redaction does not challenge
the Special Master’s rejection of the request for interim fees and costs on the merits, the
Decision of the Special Master on petitioner’s Interim Petition for Attorney Fees and Costs

                                              8
was a final Decision by the Special Master on an issue regarding compensation. A request
for redaction also suggests that immediate review by the court of a Motion for Redaction
is appropriate in the spirit of the Vaccine Act to protect information and avoid a “clearly
unwarranted invasion of privacy” in the appropriate case. See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(d)(4)(B)(ii).
        Underlying how to approach requests for redaction is the general congressional
intent that, in order to advance public health and public awareness about vaccines, and
to collect and disseminate information about vaccines, including adverse reactions and
injuries, Congress specifically required in the Vaccine Act that Special Masters’ decisions
be made available to the public. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B). In section 12 of the
Vaccine Act, Congress indicated: “A decision of a special master . . . in a proceeding shall
be disclosed,” subject to limited exceptions for certain types of information, such as “trade
secret or commercial or financial information which is privileged and confidential,” 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B)(i), and “medical files and similar files the disclosure of which
would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
12(d)(4)(B)(ii). Congress, however, did not specify when the disclosure of such
information would constitute a “clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.”
       Pursuant to the Vaccine Act, the United States Court of Federal Claims
promulgated the Vaccine Rules which govern practice before the Office of Special
Masters, including a rule regarding requests for redaction of decisions issued by Special
Masters. Vaccine Rule 18(b) mirrors the language of 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B),
stating:
       A decision of the special master or judge will be held for 14 days to afford
       each party an opportunity to object to the public disclosure of any
       information furnished by that party:

              (1) that is a trade secret or commercial or financial in substance and
              is privileged or confidential; or
              (2) that includes medical files or similar files, the disclosure of which
              would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.

       An objecting party must provide the court with a proposed redacted version
       of the decision. In the absence of an objection, the entire decision will be
       made public.

Vaccine Rule 18(b). This Rule, like the statute, provides no specific guidance concerning
the type of disclosure that constitutes a “clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” The
decision of whether or not to redact information included in a Special Master’s order or
decision is left to the discretion of the Special Master, with an opportunity reserved to the
parties “to object to public disclosure of any information furnished by that party.” Vaccine
Rule 18(b).

       By their very nature, cases brought under the Vaccine Act involve individual,
personal, and medical information. Congress, however, did not direct that all records,
orders, or decisions in Vaccine Act cases automatically should be sealed. To the contrary,

                                              9
Congress indicated its intention that certain types of information developed as a result of
Vaccine Act litigation should be in the public domain, while also expressing a cautionary
note regarding the publication of an individual’s name. See S. Rep. No. 99-483, at 17-18
(1986) (The Senate Committee “believes that information regarding the adverse reactions
to childhood vaccines including locality and State of immunization, date of the vaccination,
information concerning reported symptoms, manifestation of resulting illness, disability,
or injury and name of the health care provider should be a matter of public record. But the
Committee does not believe that the name of the individual who suffered an adverse
reaction need be available to the public and the bill contains a prohibition against
releasing information which may identify the individual to the general public.”). The
Vaccine Act, as passed, also does not direct that a petitioner’s name or medical
information must be included in all Decisions or Orders issued by a Special Master.
According to the statute, the only time that a petitioner’s name generally is made public
is when a petitioner’s name is included in the Federal Register upon the filing of a petition,
in which instance no substantive medical information is included in the posting. See 42
U.S.C. § 300a-12(b)(2) (“Within 30 days after the Secretary receives service of any
petition filed under section 300aa-11 of this title the Secretary shall publish notice of such
petition in the Federal Register.”).
       In his denial of petitioner’s Motion for Redaction, the Special Master considered
whether the information he had included in his Decision to deny the interim fees request
should not be disclosed because such disclosure “would constitute a clearly unwarranted
invasion of privacy.” See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B)(ii). The Special Master
determined that petitioner only had asserted “in conclusory fashion that disclosure in the
Interim Fee Decision of her name and/or information about the illnesses she alleges she
has experienced after receipt of the HPV vaccine would constitute an unwarranted
invasion of privacy.” He also determined that petitioner had not identified reasons or a
specific privacy interest that would render disclosure of her medical condition particularly
harmful in her circumstances, nor had petitioner demonstrated any greater privacy
interest than any other petitioner under the Vaccine Act.
        In their briefs to this court on petitioner’s Motion for Review, petitioner and
respondent both reference two of the most frequently cited cases on this issue, W.C. v.
Secretary of Health and Human Services, 100 Fed. Cl. 440 (2011) (a decision issued by
a judge of the Court of Federal Claims), aff’d, 704 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2013), and
Langland v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, No. 07-36V, 2011 WL 802695
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb 3, 2011) (unpublished), mot. for rev. denied, 109 Fed. Cl. 421
(2013) (a decision issued by a Special Master), which offer two distinct approaches to
requests for redaction of a Special Master’s decision on the merits of a petitioner’s
entitlement claim. In W.C. v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Special Master
denied the Motion to Redact, arguing that there is a common law right to public access to
judicial files. See W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. at 459-60. The
reviewing United States Court of Federal Claims judge declined to defer to the discretion
exercised by the Special Master in the decision on redaction, finding that the case
involved an issue of statutory interpretation and, therefore, was subject to de novo review.
See id. at 457. The judge indicated that:


                                             10
       Notwithstanding the fact that the special master’s Redaction Decision
       turned virtually entirely upon issues of statutory interpretation, the
       government urges the court to regard the special master’s decision to deny
       redaction as an exercise of discretion. The court cannot accept this
       contention by the government. It is axiomatic that the court “owe[s] no
       deference to the . . . special master on questions of law.” Statutory
       construction is a matter of law, reviewed de novo. In the circumstances of
       this case, the court treats the issue of redaction as a question of law with a
       relatively minimal attendant question of applying law to the facts.
Id. (internal citations omitted). The W.C. judge compared the privacy provisions of the
Vaccine Act to provisions in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). See 5
U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) (2012) (stating that the government must make information publicly
available except “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which
would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy”). The W.C. judge
relied on the FOIA “balancing of interests” test for the basis of his decision, stating, section
552(b)(6) “requires the Court to balance ‘the individual's right of privacy’ against the basic
policy of opening ‘agency action to the light of public scrutiny.’” W.C. v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 100 Fed. Cl. at 459 (quoting United States v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 175
(1991)). He stated that the purposes of the Vaccine Act are not served by requiring a
petitioner’s name to be disclosed to the public. The W.C. judge argued that “[s]uch
disclosure may discourage potential petitioners from filing new cases, thus tending to
inhibit public awareness of vaccines and their risks.” Id. at 460. The W.C. judge cited the
Senate Committee Report, quoted above, which discussed the bill that became the
Vaccine Act when it was passed into law in 1986, and which indicated that the Committee
did not believe that an individual’s name, who filed a vaccine case, must be available to
the public. Id. at 457 (citing S. Rep. No. 99–483, at 18 (1986)). Weighing the petitioner’s
privacy interest against the public interest in disclosure under the Vaccine Act, the judge
in W.C. overturned the Special Master’s denial of the Motion to Redact and redacted the
petitioner’s name to initials in the entitlement decision, as well as in the decision reviewing
the Special Master’s entitlement decision and the Special Master’s denial of the Motion
to Redact. Id. at 461.
        In Langland v. Secretary of Health and Human Services,5 the petitioners requested
redaction of all medical information, or in the alternative, redaction of their names and
their injured minor child’s name, as well as other identifying information, from the Special
Master’s decision denying compensation under the Vaccine Act. Langland v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 2011 WL 802695, at *1. The Special Master in Langland denied
the request to redact medical information and denied redaction of identifying information
for the minor’s parents. Id. at *11. In accordance with RCFC 5.2, however, the Special
Master redacted the minor petitioner’s name to initials and the child’s birth date to the
birth year. Id. at *10. The Special Master noted that section 12(b)(2) of the Vaccine Act
requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to publish all vaccine claims in the


5The petitioner’s counsel in Langland v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, Paul
Dannenberg, is also counsel for petitioner in the case currently before the court.

                                              11
Federal Register. Id. at *6. The Special Master further indicated in Langland that
Congress specifically ensured that all information submitted in the course of adjudication
of a vaccine claim would be protected, see 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(a), and pointed
out that despite protecting information during adjudication, Congress mandated
publication of Special Masters’ decisions. Langland v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
2011 WL 802695, at *6; see also 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(b). Finally, the Special
Master indicated that Congress had conferred authority on the Special Masters to redact
only a specific subset of information as outlined in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B)(i) and
(ii). Langland v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 2011 WL 802695, at *6. According to
the Langland Special Master, redacting medical information would “render special
masters’ decisions meaningless,” and she found that the petitioners had not satisfied the
criteria for redaction of medical information or made a special showing that disclosure
was “clearly unwarranted.” Id. at *8. The Special Master speculated that there may be
situations when disclosure would amount to an unwarranted invasion of privacy, such as
when the decision involved “sexual misconduct or dysfunction,” but found that the instant
case was not one of those situations. Id. at *9. The Langland Special Master also found
that the E-Government Act of 2002, in conjunction with the Vaccine Act, limited the scope
of identifying information that should be redacted.6 Id. at *9-10. The Special Master also
pointed out that it was consistent with the Special Masters’ regular practice not to redact
medical or identifying information. Id. at *11.
      In his Order denying petitioner’s Motion for Redaction of his Interim Fees Decision,
the Special Master in Ms. Lamare’s case briefly discussed both W.C. and Langland. While

6 The E-Government Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-347, 116 Stat. 2899 (2002), instructs
the federal judiciary to make records available to the public electronically, but it also
recognizes that some information should not be publicly disclosed. See E-Government
Act § 205(c)(3)(A) (“The Supreme Court shall prescribe rules . . . to protect privacy and
security concerns relating to electronic filing of documents and the public availability . . .
of documents filed electronically.”). In response to the E-Government Act, the United
States Court of Federal Claims adopted RCFC 5.2 “Privacy Protection For Filings Made
with the Court,” which states:
       (a) Redacted Filings. Unless the court orders otherwise, in an electronic or
           paper filing with the court that contains an individual’s social-security
           number, taxpayer-identification number, or birth date, the name of an
           individual known to be a minor, or a financial-account number, a party
           or nonparty making the filing may include only:

          (1) the last four digits of the social-security number and taxpayer-
              identification number;
          (2) the year of the individual’s birth;
          (3) the minor’s initials; and
          (4) the last four digits of the financial-account number.

RCFC 5.2(a). (emphasis in original). Ms. Lamare was not a minor at the time her case
was filed, and, therefore, redaction of her name is not required under RCFC 5.2.

                                             12
he recognized that the two cases presented inconsistent results, the Special Master
concluded, “I need not, however, harmonize these two competing authorities, or
conclusively adopt one or the other in ruling on Ms. Lamare’s motion – for I find that under
either approach, Petitioner has failed to make a proper showing that the requested
information should be redacted.” The Special Master also stated that decisions by the
Court of Federal Claims, such as W.C., are not binding on the Special Masters, and
argued that even when a Special Master follows the lenient standard for redaction set
forth in W.C., requests for redaction have been denied because they failed to substantiate
the basis for the request.
        In his Order denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration, the Special Master
repeated much of the language discussing the two competing authorities he had
discussed in his previous Order denying the original Motion for Redaction. The Special
Master stated that “even though W.C. and Langland remain in opposition, they are alike
in a critical respect: both require a petitioner to make some kind of affirmative showing to
establish the purported privacy interest threatened by publication of names or facts about
a petitioner’s medical history in an entitlement decision.” The Special Master
distinguished W.C. from the current case by stating that in W.C.,
       the petitioner requesting redaction of his name explained that he regularly
       testified as a government expert in other legal proceedings, and was thus
       reasonably concerned that disclosure of facts relating to his illness would,
       if linked to his name, potentially provide grounds for attacking his credibility
       as an expert – thus harming him professionally and economically.
The Special Master also distinguished both W.C. and Langland from petitioner’s case in
that W.C. and Langland both involved redaction of entitlement decisions “in which the
petitioner’s claim had been discussed in great detail in the process of determining the
petitioner’s ultimate right to compensation.” The Special Master noted that he was
“unaware of any other published decisions or orders granting a request to redact under
such circumstances” as those in the instant case, which involve an interim decision, as
opposed to a final entitlement decision.
        In the above captioned case, the Special Master exercised his discretion to deny
petitioner’s redaction request. The Special Master’s decision not to redact petitioner’s
name or medical information included in his Decision denying interim fees and costs is
not contrary to binding law or precedent of the United States Supreme Court, the United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or the United States Court of Federal
Claims. His decision also does not violate any provisions of the Vaccine Act, the Vaccine
Rules, or the Rules of this court. The Special Master based his decision on what he
deemed the petitioner’s failure to provide sufficient cause to justify redaction. See, e.g.,
Anderson v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., No. 08-0396V, 2014 WL 3294656, at *5
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jun. 4, 2014) (denying redaction because petitioner desired
anonymity but did not provide a sufficient reason for redaction) (unpublished); Eisler v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 10-786V, 2013 WL 221522, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Jan. 11, 2013) (denying redaction when petitioner argued that she did not want her
estranged father to learn about her compensation award, finding that petitioner’s
concerns were only speculative and not sufficient for redaction) (unpublished); House v.

                                             13
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-406V, 2012 WL 402040, at *6 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Jan 11, 2012) (denying redaction because petitioner failed to identify a specific
reason for redaction) (unpublished); Pearson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 03-
2751V, 2011 WL 4863717, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 22, 2011) (denying redaction
when petitioner claimed he did not want his name and award information disclosed,
finding that the request for anonymity without justification was not sufficient for redaction)
(unpublished); Castagna v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 99-411V, 2011 WL
4348135, at *14 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 25, 2011) (denying redaction because
petitioner failed to identify a specific reason for redaction beyond a preference for privacy)
(unpublished).
         Although judges of the Court of Federal Claims and the Vaccine Special Masters
have allowed redaction of individual identifying information in cases such as Ms. Lamare’s
involving an individual’s concern regarding current and future employment, the Special
Master based his Decision on what he perceived to be an unsubstantiated request for
redaction by Ms. Lamare. See, e.g., W.C. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 100 Fed.
Cl. at 461; see also C.S. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 07-293V, 2013 WL
4780019, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 19, 2013) (finding that an individual’s concern
that disclosure of his condition could jeopardize his effectiveness at his job outweighed
public interest in disclosure and was sufficient to justify redaction of his name to his
initials) (unpublished); A.K. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 09-605V, 2013 WL
322918, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 17, 2013) (finding that petitioner’s concern that
disclosure of her inflammatory arthritis could affect her candidacy with future employers
was a sufficient reason to redact her name to her initials) (unpublished). The issuance of
some decisions allowing redaction because of concerns about future employment impact,
however, does not mandate a Special Master to consider employment concerns as
requiring redaction. Each Special Master must review every case and exercise his or her
discretion, given the specific facts presented in that particular case.
        If the undersigned had been the original reviewer of petitioner’s Interim Petition for
Attorney Fees and Costs, the court would not have included the medical information the
Special Master gratuitously inserted at the beginning of his Interim Fees Decision, which
denied the petitioner’s request for such fees and costs. The medical information included
by the Special Master was not of any relevance to the reasoning offered in support of his
rejection of the interim fees and costs award, and his Decision on the subject of interim
fees and costs does not further the purposes of the Vaccine Act to disseminate medical
information. See H.R. Rep. No. 99-908 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344,
6344 (stating that the purpose of the Vaccine Act is to advance public health and
awareness through collection and dissemination of information about vaccines, including
adverse reactions and injuries). Moreover, the undersigned would not have chosen the
words the Special Master used, twice characterizing his reference to petitioner’s medical
information as a “glancing reference to one of her alleged symptoms” in his Order Denying
Motion for Reconsideration. Nonetheless, the court does not find that the Special Master
abused his discretion to deny petitioner’s requests for redaction of the Special Master’s
Interim Fees Decision. Petitioner’s independent disclosure of her condition to her
employer suggests that she is responsible for managing her condition and weakens her
claim that her primary concern is that employers might find out from public court

                                             14
documents that she has a medical condition. Moreover, the Special Master left the door
open in his Order denying the Motion for Redaction and his Order denying the Motion for
Reconsideration to a future request to redact medical information or other information
from the record and future opinions, once the case has progressed further. The Special
Master explained his standard, stating that redaction may be appropriate if petitioner
offers a “particularized showing that her personal circumstances or employment would
cause the disclosure of such information to be more invasive or harmful to her than to
other Vaccine Program petitioners,” or “after a substantive decision has been issued that
discusses the petitioner’s symptoms in sufficient detail to constitute a ‘clearly
unwarranted’ invasion of privacy.” (emphasis in original). Although the undersigned is not
convinced a comparative standard between petitioners, rather than a case-by-case
analysis, is appropriate, the Special Master did invite petitioner to continue to more
explicitly demonstrate any potential negative impacts on her current or future
circumstances at a later date in order to convince him that all or part of the record warrants
redaction. The undersigned also is not convinced that waiting for a final entitlement
decision is proper, if redaction otherwise would be appropriate.
       Given what appears to be an unnecessary reference to petitioner’s medical
information in the Interim Fees Decision, in which the medical information is not germane
to the subject of the Decision, the court reluctantly denies petitioner’s request for
redaction. The court believes that the inclusion by the Special Master of the medical
information in his Decision denying interim fees and costs is unfortunate, but his refusal
to redact cannot be determined to be obviously arbitrary and capricious. As noted above,
the medical descriptions the Special Master included in his interim fees and costs
Decision offer no valuable, substantive, or relevant information to serve the purposes of
the Vaccine Act to gather and disseminate information regarding adverse reactions to
vaccines, nor is it in any way necessary or helpful to allow a reader to understand his
Interim Fees Decision. Although not directing the Special Master to redact his Interim
Fees Decision, the court strongly urges the Special Master to reconsider his refusal to do
so, and to consider redacting the medical information before the Special Master’s Interim
Fees Decision and related documents submitted and decided as part of the Special
Master’s consideration of the Motion for Redaction and the Motion for Reconsideration
are released to the public, which, after investigation, it appears has not yet occurred.
Different considerations may or may not be relevant when the Special Master issues a
decision on the merits of petitioner’s case. This court addresses only petitioner’s request
with respect to the Special Master’s Interim Fees Decision and subsequent litigation
regarding that Decision.
                                      CONCLUSION

      Petitioner’s Motion for Review of the Special Master’s Order denying petitioner’s
Motion for Redaction, dated March 27, 2015, is, reluctantly, DENIED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                         s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                         MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                  Judge

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