MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                       Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2014 ME 42
Docket:   Pen-13-225
Argued:   January 15, 2014
Decided:  March 11, 2014

Panel:          SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, LEVY, SILVER, MEAD, GORMAN, and JABAR,
                JJ.


                                  CLIFFORD LIPPITT

                                           v.

 BOARD OF CERTIFICATION FOR GEOLOGISTS AND SOIL SCIENTISTS


GORMAN, J.

         [¶1]    Clifford Lippitt appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court

(Penobscot County, A. Murray, J.) affirming a decision by the Board of

Certification for Geologists and Soil Scientists, which concluded that Lippitt had

provided a professional opinion “without being as thoroughly informed as might be

reasonably expected,” in violation of the Code of Ethics applicable to geologists

and soil scientists. See 6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(D) (1998). Lippitt argues that

the Board violated his procedural due process rights because there is insufficient

evidence in the record to define the professional standard that he was alleged to

have violated. Additionally, Lippitt argues that the Board abused its discretion in

concluding that he violated section 2(D) and that the Board’s determination is
2

inconsistent with its findings that Lippitt did not breach other provisions of the

Code of Ethics. We vacate the court’s judgment affirming the Board’s decision.

                                I. BACKGROUND

       [¶2] The evidence in the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the

Board’s decision, supports the following facts. See Comm’l Union Ins. Co. v.

Workers’ Comp. Bd., 1997 ME 227, ¶ 2, 704 A.2d 358. Lippitt is a certified

geologist employed at S.W. Cole, Inc. See 32 M.R.S. § 4902(2) (2013) (defining

“[c]ertified geologist”). Some years before Lippitt joined the company in 2003,

Worcester Associates had retained S.W. Cole to provide it with the technical

assistance necessary to complete the closure of a landfill it owns in Southwest

Harbor. That process requires the owners of landfills to coordinate their efforts

with the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP) in accordance

with landfill closure standards.   See generally 38 M.R.S. § 1310-E-1 (2013);

2 C.M.R. 06 096 401-21 to -30 §§ 5-6 (2011) (providing procedures for the closure

of landfills).

       [¶3] Before Lippitt joined the S.W. Cole team that was working on the

closure, Richard Behr, an MDEP employee and certified geologist, had visited the

landfill site and conducted water quality tests of the neighboring residential wells.

Based on the data that he collected from those wells, Behr concluded in 2002 that

some compounds were leaching from the landfill into the neighboring wells. As a
                                                                                    3

result of Behr’s conclusion, the MDEP installed water treatment systems on the

affected wells.

       [¶4] In May of 2004, Lippitt submitted a report to the MDEP containing

tables of data indicating that the wells near the landfill showed sodium,

manganese, and iron at concentrations higher than drinking water standards

allowed and also showed the presence of volatile organic compounds. With regard

to the organic compounds, Lippitt concluded that none of the levels found

exceeded federal drinking water standards or state guidelines. In addition, Lippitt

contradicted Behr’s conclusion about the source of the organic compounds, stating,

“There is no conclusive evidence to link elevated compound levels detected in the

[tested wells] with the landfill.” Lippitt concluded his report by stating,

       It is our opinion that the water quality analyses of the residential wells
       to date do not indicate impact from the landfill on the bedrock aquifer
       at the wells. Additional wells proposed at the margin of the former
       landfill by MDEP are not warranted. Evidence from the recent
       groundwater sampling supports the model that bedrock groundwater
       flow does not impact the residential wells along the tributary to
       Marshall Brook. Further, previous investigations of groundwater flow
       support this data.

Based on his conclusions, Lippitt recommended no further action at that portion of

the landfill.

       [¶5] On January 10, 2005, Behr wrote two memoranda concerning the 2004

Lippitt report to his supervisor at MDEP, Karen Knuuti. In one he wrote, “My
4

evaluation clearly demonstrates that at least two homes along the [neighboring]

[r]oad have been impacted by contaminants leached from the Worcester Associates

landfill.” In the other, he wrote, “The residential water quality data indicate[] that

landfill derived contaminants have impacted both the [neighboring residences’]

water supplies.” Based on his conclusions, Behr recommended that additional

hydrogeological investigations be undertaken “to properly evaluate the magnitude

and extent of contaminants caused by the Worcester Associates Landfill.”

      [¶6] Over the course of the next few months, Behr, Knuuti, and Lippitt

agreed that S.W. Cole would drill additional bedrock wells and conduct additional

testing at locations selected by MDEP. Thereafter, S.W. Cole arranged to have the

wells drilled and collected data from them to comply with MDEP’s requests.

      [¶7] On February 22, 2006, Lippitt submitted a 338-page report presenting

the results of the additional tests “in anticipation of development of a landfill

closure program.” In his January 17, 2008, review of Lippitt’s 2006 report, Behr

opined to Knuuti that Lippitt’s “interpretations and conclusions are fundamentally

flawed and are not supported by the data.” In addition to expressing this opinion to

his supervisor, Behr filed a disciplinary complaint against Lippitt with the Board of

Certification for Geologists and Soil Scientists. See 10 M.R.S. §§ 8001(38)(O),

8003(5-A)(A)(2) (2013) (setting out the Board’s authority to conduct disciplinary

proceedings and impose sanctions on a licensee).
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      [¶8] The Board held a contested hearing on June 8 and 9, 2010, in which it

received testimony from Lippitt; Behr; Knuuti; and the Board’s own expert,

Andrew Reeve, Ph.D., an associate professor of hydrology and environmental

geology at the University of Maine. Two features of Lippitt’s 338-page report

were the subject of the disciplinary proceeding—(1) Lippitt’s conclusion that

S.W. Cole “found no evidence that the landfill is impacting the [neighboring]

residential wells,” and (2) an arrow that Lippitt drew on a map, indicating that the

groundwater beneath the landfill did not flow toward the residential wells. With

regard to Lippitt’s conclusion that the wells were not impacted by the landfill, Behr

testified that he was concerned with Lippitt’s interpretation of the data available

and Lippitt’s “lack of . . . understanding of the importance of characterizing the

groundwater quality immediately adjacent to the landfill and sampling the homes.”

Similarly, Dr. Reeve testified that he “believe[d] it is unreasonable to indicate there

is no evidence that the landfill is responsible for the . . . compounds in the

[residential] well[s].”

      [¶9] With respect to Lippitt’s map of the groundwater flow, Dr. Reeve

testified that there were only two data points and that those points supported two

possible conclusions: either the water moved from the wells toward the landfill, as

Lippitt had indicated, or it moved from the landfill directly into the wells.
6

      [¶10]   Lippitt testified that he believed that the landfill closure process

would continue after he issued his 2006 report, and that he expected the MDEP to

challenge his conclusions and request additional testing, which he viewed as an

ordinary part of the landfill closure process. He explained that he intended his

report to express that, even if some compounds had leached from the landfill into

the neighboring wells, there was no need to extend the investigation or delay the

closure of the landfill because the levels of the compounds found were below the

minimum levels provided in environmental regulations, and because he understood

that those regulations governed landfill closure. See generally 22 M.R.S. § 2611

(2013); 38 M.R.S. § 1310-C(4)(H) (2013) (defining water “[c]ontamination” in

part as exceeding the levels in federal and state drinking water standards);

2 C.M.R. 06 096 400-3 § 1(HH) (2011) (defining “[c]ontamination” and

“[p]ollution”). In addition, Lippitt testified that he qualified his conclusion about

the direction of the groundwater flow, as indicated by the questioned arrow on the

map, by including a notation on the map stating that he was providing an

“interpretation of conditions observed.”

      [¶11] The Board issued its decision on August 12, 2010. It found the

testimony of Behr and Dr. Reeve more persuasive than the testimony of Lippitt.

The Board dismissed the allegations that Lippitt had engaged in gross negligence,
                                                                                                     7

incompetence, or misconduct pursuant to 32 M.R.S. § 4913(1)(B) (2006)1 and that

he made a false statement or provided false information pursuant to 6 C.M.R.

02 070 003-3 § 2(F) (1998).            It concluded, however, that Lippitt had given a

professional opinion “without being as thoroughly informed as might be

reasonably expected, considering the purpose for which the opinion or report is

requested.” See 6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(D). This conclusion was based on the

Board’s determination that (1) Lippitt had stated that he found no evidence that the

landfill impacted neighboring wells despite the report’s water level, hydraulic, and

chemical data, which would “reasonably support” a contrary conclusion—that the

landfill was releasing organic compounds into the neighboring wells, and (2) he

had included with his report potentiometric surface maps showing a flow direction

that was “not reasonably supported by the data in the report.”

       [¶12] The Board issued Lippitt a warning, stating that “[M]DEP shared

some of the blame for the apparent lack of communication between the parties,”

and sanctioned Lippitt $3000 for the costs of the hearing.                         See 10 M.R.S.

§ 8001(38)(O); 10 M.R.S. § 8003(5-A)(B) (2006)2 (authorizing the Board to




   1
     Title 32 M.R.S. § 4913 was repealed and replaced by P.L. 2007 ch. 402, § S-11 (effective Sept. 20,
2007) (codified at 32 M.R.S. § 4913 (2013)).
   2
      Section 8003(5-A)(B) has since been amended, but not in any way that affects this appeal. See
P.L. 2009, ch. 112, § B-4 (effective Sept. 12, 2009).
8

impose disciplinary sanctions including issuing a warning and imposing civil

penalties).

         [¶13] Lippitt sought judicial review of the Board’s decision in the Superior

Court.        See 5 M.R.S. § 11001 (2013); 10 M.R.S. § 8003(5-A) (2013);

M.R. Civ. P. 80C.      The court concluded that the Board had failed to make

prerequisite factual findings regarding the professional standard that Lippitt was

alleged to have violated. The court remanded the case to the Board, instructing it

to make specific findings regarding the legal standards that govern a geologist’s

report in the process of seeking landfill closure and the environmental standards

applicable to landfill closure and residential well contamination.

         [¶14] On remand, the Board determined that reference to the standards

governing landfill closure and contamination of residential wells was unnecessary

because “the Board’s concerns were not centered on specific decisions made on

those standards.” Rather, the Board explained its conclusion—that Lippitt had

violated section 2(D) of the Code of Ethics—as follows:

         The Board responds that its decision was based on the ethical
         standards governing the practice of Geology, not on [M]DEP
         standards for the quality of drinking water or other such standards or
         definitions such as the meaning of the word contaminants. The
         Board, in reaching its conclusion that Clifford Lippitt violated ethical
         standards, considered what should be a reasonable approach for a
         geologist under the facts of the matter which includes the geologic
         process of how a licensee uses available information to draw
         conclusions. The conclusion arrived at by Mr. Lippitt that “We found
                                                                                       9

      no evidence that the landfill is impacting the residential wells,”
      considering the information available to him, was not a reasonable
      one and therefore breached the ethical standard. The words “no
      evidence” and the conclusion of no impact result in a categorical,
      absolute statement without a reference to DEP standards or other
      standards that may have placed those words in context and resulted in
      a different Board decision.

Additionally, the Board concluded that Lippitt’s arrow indicating a southeasterly

direction of groundwater flow “was based on pure speculation,” and that “the

hydraulic and well head data clearly supported a flow direction only in the

southwesterly direction from the landfill towards the wells.”

      [¶15] Lippitt again sought review in the Superior Court, challenging the

Board’s conclusions and arguing that the Board had violated his due process rights

by failing to establish by record evidence the standard of professional competence

that he was alleged to have violated. The court affirmed the Board’s decision,

concluding that its findings were supported by Dr. Reeve’s testimony. The court

also concluded that the Board did not violate Lippitt’s due process rights because

“the risk of erroneous deprivation of [Lippitt’s] rights [to his license] . . . is low[,]

and additional safeguards are unnecessary.” Lippitt timely appealed. See 5 M.R.S.

§ 11008 (2013); M.R. Civ. P. 80C(m).

                                  II. DISCUSSION

      [¶16] “Because the Superior Court was acting in an appellate capacity, we

review the decision of the Board directly.” Cobb v. Bd. of Counseling Prof’ls
10

Licensure, 2006 ME 48, ¶ 10, 896 A.2d 271. We “review[] the Board’s decision

. . . for an abuse of discretion, errors of law, or findings unsupported by the

evidence.” Balian v. Bd. of Licensure in Med., 1999 ME 8, ¶ 9, 722 A.2d 364. A

party seeking to vacate the Board’s decision bears the burden of persuasion on

appeal, and when the facts are not in dispute, we determine whether the Board

“applied the law correctly and whether it exceeded the bounds of its discretion.”

Zegel v. Bd. of Soc. Worker Licensure, 2004 ME 31, ¶ 14, 843 A.2d 18. “An abuse

of discretion may be found where an appellant demonstrates that the decisionmaker

exceeded the bounds of the reasonable choices available to it, considering the facts

and circumstances of the particular case and the governing law.” Forest Ecology

Network v. Land Use Regulation Comm’n, 2012 ME 36, ¶ 28, 39 A.3d 74

(quotation marks omitted).

      [¶17]   Although we generally defer to an agency’s interpretation of an

ambiguous regulation or statute that is within its area of expertise, “[w]e will reject

an agency’s interpretation if it is unreasonable,” or if the statute or regulation

“plainly compels a contrary result.” Fuhrmann v. Staples the Office Superstore E.,

Inc., 2012 ME 135, ¶ 29, 58 A.3d 1083. For example, even where there were two

reasonable interpretations of a statute, we have rejected an agency’s construction

of a statute because “the statutory scheme as a whole and its underlying policy”

compelled a different construction. Id. ¶¶ 26, 35. Similarly, we did not defer to an
                                                                               11

agency’s interpretation of a statute where the plain language of the statute

compelled a contrary result. Scott Paper Co. v. State Tax Assessor, 610 A.2d 275,

277-78 (Me. 1992). “The plain meaning of a statute always controls over an

inconsistent administrative interpretation.”   Nat’l Indus. Constructors, Inc. v.

Superintendent of Ins., 655 A.2d 342, 345 (Me. 1995); see also Scott Paper Co.,

610 A.2d at 277.

      [¶18] With those standards in mind, we consider Lippitt’s assertions and

review the actions of the Board.

      [¶19] Lippitt argues that the Board‘s application of its Code of Ethics

exceeded the bounds of its discretion. Additionally, Lippitt contends that because

the Board found that he did not issue a report containing false information, see

6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(F), or engage in gross negligence, incompetence, or

misconduct, see 32 M.R.S. § 4913(1)(B), the Board could not have found that he

issued an opinion without being as informed as might reasonably be expected in

the circumstances, see 6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(D).

      [¶20] Section 2(D) of the geologists’ Code of Ethics provides:

      A geologist or soil scientist shall not give a professional opinion or
      submit a report without being as thoroughly informed as might be
      reasonably expected, considering the purpose for which the opinion or
      report is requested.
12

6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(D).        The Board heard substantial evidence both

supporting and contradicting the two conclusions at issue in Lippitt’s report. After

considering all of the evidence presented, the Board concluded that Lippitt had not

made a false statement and that his report did not contain false information. See

6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(F). Additionally, the Board concluded that Lippitt had

not violated 32 M.R.S. § 4913(1)(B) by engaging in gross negligence,

incompetence, or misconduct.       Rather, the Board determined that Lippitt’s

conclusion regarding the impact of the landfill on neighboring wells violated

section 2(D) because “it was not justified by the available data.” Similarly, the

Board concluded that the directional arrow included in Lippitt’s report violated

section 2(D) because it found credible Dr. Reeve’s testimony that the data

supported a flow in the opposite direction, and “[t]he Board independently arrived

at the same conclusion.” The Board explained that its decision addressed “how a

geologist should deal with available data.” In other words, the Board determined

that Lippitt violated section 2(D) because it disagreed with the conclusions Lippitt

reached, not because he was not “thoroughly informed.” Indeed, Dr. Reeve and

the Board reached their conclusions based on the information in Lippitt’s report,

not by relying on information that Lippitt should have, but had not, obtained.

      [¶21] Although deference is owed to an administrative body’s interpretation

of its own ambiguous rules, see Fuhrmann, 2012 ME 135, ¶ 29, 58 A.3d 1083, the
                                                                                 13

ethical rule here is not ambiguous. The Board’s disagreement with a geologist’s

opinion, without a concurrent determination that the opinion is false, is based on

false data, or reflects the geologist’s incompetence, cannot be the basis for a

determination that the opinion constitutes a violation of section 2(D) of the

geologists’ Code of Ethics.

      [¶22] The Code of Ethics and the statutes governing the Board’s authority

to impose discipline permit the Board to sanction a geologist for issuing an opinion

that is the result of gross negligence, incompetence, or misconduct, see 10 M.R.S.

§ 8003(5-A)(A)(2); 32 M.R.S. § 4913(1)(B), or that contains a “false statement” or

“false information,” 6 C.M.R. 02 070 003-3 § 2(F). Additionally, section 2(D)

mandates that geologists issue their opinions only in situations where they have

enough information to do so. However, the language of section 2(D) does not

allow for the determination of an ethical breach when the Board’s conclusion is

simply that the geologist’s opinion is not “reasonable” in light of the underlying

data. Because the plain language of section 2(D) compels a contrary interpretation,

we conclude that the Board committed an error of law in determining that Lippitt

violated that section. See Nat’l Indus. Constructors, Inc., 655 A.2d at 345; Scott

Paper Co., 610 A.2d at 277.
14

        The entry is:

                           Judgment vacated. Remanded to the Superior
                           Court for (1) entry of a judgment vacating the
                           Board’s order and (2) remand to the Board for
                           entry of an order in favor of Lippitt.

____________________________

On the briefs:

        Timothy C. Woodcock, Esq., Eaton Peabody, Bangor, for
        appellant Clifford Lippitt

        Janet T. Mills, Attorney General, and Robert C. Perkins, Asst.
        Atty. Gen., Office of Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee
        Board of Certification for Geologists and Soil Scientists


At oral argument:

        Timothy C. Woodcock, Esq., for appellant Clifford Lippitt

        Robert C. Perkins, Asst. Atty. Gen. for appellee Board of
        Certification for Geologists and Soil Scientists



Penobscot County Superior Court docket number AP-2010-18
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY
