   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE


PINE RIVER MASTER FUND LTD.              :
AND PINE RIVER FIXED INCOME              :
MASTER FUND LTD.,                        :
                                         :
                        Plaintiffs,      :
                                         :
               v.                        :     C.A. No. 2017-0145-JRS
                                         :
AMUR FINANCE COMPANY, INC.               :
AND AMUR FINANCE IV LLC,                 :
                                         :
                        Defendants.      :


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION


                       Date Submitted: July 10, 2017
                      Date Decided: September 13, 2017


C. Barr Flinn, Esquire, Emily V. Burton, Esquire, Lakshmi A. Muthu, Esquire and
Meryem Y. Dede, Esquire of Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor, LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware and Michael M. Krauss, Esquire, Jane E. Maschka, Esquire and Michael F.
Doty, Esquire of Faegre Baker Daniels LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Attorneys for
Plaintiffs.

Garrett B. Moritz, Esquire and Nicholas D. Mozal, Esquire of Ross Aronstam &
Moritz LLP, Wilmington, Delaware and Christopher D. Kercher, Esquire,
Andrew M. Berdon, Esquire, Julia M. Beskin, Esquire and Marlo A. Pecora, Esquire
of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for
Defendants.



SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
      Plaintiffs, Pine River Master Fund Ltd. and Pine River Fixed Income Master

Fund Ltd. (collectively, “Pine River”), have brought a litany of claims against

Defendants, Amur Finance Company, Inc. (“AFC”), Amur Finance IV LLC

(“Amur IV”), Amur Aviation LLC, PMC Aviation 2012-1 LLC, and Mostafiz

ShahMohammed (collectively, “Amur”), arising from an allegedly failed

lender/borrower relationship. In happier times, Pine River and Amur entered into a

Secured Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) whereby Pine River

made loans to Amur that Amur, in turn, used to make investments in various

operating companies. Needless to say, that relationship has since broken down, and

Pine River has brought claims against Amur for various breaches of the Credit

Agreement, fraud, indemnification, unjust enrichment and tortious interference with

contract.

      This decision addresses Pine River’s motion for partial summary judgment

with respect to one aspect of the parties’ broader dispute: whether Amur has

breached certain provisions of the Credit Agreement by using loaned funds to pay

legal fees incurred by various Amur-related entities with regard to litigation in which

Amur is involved, and whether such payments constitute an Event of Default under

related provisions of the Credit Agreement. For the reasons explained below, I find

that Amur has breached the Credit Agreement by making these indemnity payments,

but the payments do not constitute an Event of Default.

                                          1
                                  I. BACKGROUND1

          The facts are drawn from the parties’ pleadings and the evidence and affidavits

gathered in appendices to the parties’ briefs submitted in connection with their cross-

motions for summary judgment.2

      A. Relevant Parties

          Plaintiff, Pine River, is a global alternative investment firm that is

headquartered in Minnetonka, Minnesota.3 Pine River extended credit to Amur IV

pursuant to the Credit Agreement, as described in more detail below.

          Defendant, AFC, is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business

in White Plains, New York.4 It is a diversified investment company that has

investments and operations in several sectors, including aviation, general equipment,

energy, shipping and logistics, and industrials.5




1
 All capitalized terms not expressly defined herein follow the definitions assigned in the
Credit Agreement. Verified Supplemental and Am. Compl. (“Compl.”) Ex. A (“Credit
Agreement”).
2
    See Ct. Ch. R. 56(c).
3
    Compl. ¶ 26.
4
    Id. at ¶ 27.
5
 Aff. of Mostafiz ShahMohammed in Supp. of Defs.’ Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J.
and in Supp. of Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“ShahMohammed Aff.”) ¶ 4.

                                             2
         Defendant, Amur IV, is a Delaware limited liability company with its

principal place of business in White Plains, New York.6 It is a special purpose

vehicle that was created by AFC to make loans to, and investments in, businesses

and assets in the transportation and commercial equipment financing and leasing

industries.7

         Defendant, Mostafiz ShahMohammed, is an individual residing in Putnam

Valley, New York.8 He is alleged to control the management of AFC and Amur IV

and was personally involved in the negotiation of the Credit Agreement.9

      B. The Credit Agreement

         The Credit Agreement, dated August 5, 2013, was executed by Amur IV as

Borrower, AFC as Administrative Agent, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas

as Collateral Agent and Pine River as Lender.10 The loan balance currently stands

at approximately $150 million,11 with a maturity date in August, 2023.12 As



6
    Compl. ¶ 30.
7
    ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 8.
8
    Compl. ¶ 33.
9
    Compl. ¶ 37; ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 5.
10
     Credit Agreement, at Preamble.
11
     Compl. ¶ 1.
12
     Credit Agreement, at § 1.01.

                                          3
provided for in the Credit Agreement, Amur IV was to use the loaned funds to make

investments in operating companies (the “Operating Companies”).13

      The Credit Agreement provides that the interest rate to be paid on the loans

will be based on the weighted yield of Amur IV’s investments in the Operating

Companies.14 The interest is divided between Cash Interest Accrual, which is

“immediately payable in cash” on every Payment Date, and pay-in-kind interest (or




13
   ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 15; Compl. ¶¶ 3–4. The “Operating Companies” at this point
are Amur Equipment Finance, Inc. (“Amur EF,” f/k/a Axis Capital, Inc.), Amur JMW
Aviation LLC (“AJMWA”), Amur Aviation LLC, PMC Aviation 2012-1 LLC (“PMC”)
and Amur Helicopter Financial Services LLC (“Amur HFS”). ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 15;
Compl. ¶ 4. To invest in an Operating Company, Amur IV had to satisfy certain criteria,
including unanimous approval of the board of directors of the Administrative Agent. Id. at
§ 2.03. At the time the investments were made, AFC was the Administrative Agent and
Pine River had a seat on AFC’s board of directors. See Compl. ¶ 8 (“A Pine River
representative serves on the board of AFC, and the board’s unanimous consent was
required to approve the terms of Amur IV’s loans and preferred investments in the
Operating Companies . . . .”). According to Amur, this aspect of the Credit Agreement, as
well as others that limited Pine River’s direct control over investments that Amur IV made,
was structured to prevent Pine River from being engaged in an “active trade or business”
in the United States for federal income tax purposes. ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 13.
14
   Credit Agreement, at § 2.08(a); ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 12. As of March 2017, the
interest was approximately 14.9% per annum. Aff. of Lakshmi A. Muthu Transmitting
Exs. to the Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. on Counts II and VI. (“Muthu Transmittal
Aff.”) Ex I.

                                            4
“PIK Accrual”), which is added to the outstanding principal.15 Both are included in

the Credit Agreement’s definition of “Interest.”16

          As noted, Amur IV’s sole purpose is to make investments in the Operating

Companies using funds it receives from the credit facility and then to receive certain

designated distributions from the Operating Companies.17 Pursuant to the Credit

Agreement, Amur IV will then take the payments it receives from the Operating

Companies and deposit them into the Collections Account.18 All funds in the

Collections Account are then to be distributed by the Administrative Agent on the

Payment Date in accordance with a waterfall of priority payments set out in

Section 6.04 of the Credit Agreement (the “Waterfall”).19



15
   Credit Agreement, at § 2.08(b), (d). The Borrower will also be charged Additional
Interest on any amounts due but not paid, which amounts are due along with the Cash
Interest Accrual on each Payment Date. Id. at § 2.08(d).
16
     Id. at § 1.01.
17
     Id. at § 2.03; ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 17.
18
     Credit Agreement, at § 6.02.
19
  Id. at §§ 6.02, 6.04. In full, the Waterfall provides that the Administrative Agent will
distribute the Available Collections pursuant to the following priorities:

          First, to the Administrative Agent, the Administrative Fee and to the Collateral
          Agent, the Collateral Agent Fee, pro rata;

          Second, to the Collateral Agent and the Administrative Agent, to pay any unpaid
          costs, expenses and indemnities payable under the Operative Agreements (including
          without limitation those incurred in connection with enforcement of such Operative
          Agreements), pro rata;

                                              5
      Third, Asset Operation Fees, if and when otherwise payable to the Persons due such
      payments, and pro-rata if less than all such amounts can be paid;

      Fourth, Participation Accrual and Excess Proceeds amounts, if and when otherwise
      payable, and pro rata if less than all such amounts can be paid;

      Fifth, to each Lender, accrued and unpaid Cash Interest Accrual on its respective
      Loan, including past-due and current Cash Interest Accrual, pro-rata if not all Cash
      Interest Accrual may be paid;

      Sixth, to each Lender, Additional Interest if any, due on its Loan, pro-rata if not all
      Additional Interest may be paid;

      Seventh, to the Reserve Account, to fund the Initial Reserve Amount or the Required
      Reserve Amount, as applicable;

      Eighth, to repay outstanding principal of Loans to the extent of PIK Accrual
      amounts then outstanding (including PIK accrual previously capitalized);

      Ninth, when, after giving effect to a payment made hereunder and in the absence of
      a Default or an Event of Default, the equity of the Borrower will be at least 17.5%
      of its capital, and the cash equity of the Borrower will be at least 10.0% of its capital,
      any dividends and distributions to the Parent which the Borrower may declare;

      Tenth, to Lenders to repay all remaining outstanding principal of the Loans, pro-
      rata if not all such principal may be repaid;

      Eleventh, so long as any Lender remains in its Availability Period, to the Reserve
      Account as a supplemental contribution thereto without regard to the usual upper
      limitation upon the amount of such Reserve Amount;

      Twelfth, to the Borrower (including disbursement to the Borrower of any amounts
      in the Reserve Account.

Id. “Operative Agreements” is defined to mean “this [Credit] Agreement, the Notes and
each Security Document, and each other agreement, document or instrument entered into
or delivered in connection therewith.” Id. at § 1.01. “Notes” is defined as “the promissory
notes executed by Borrower in favor of a Lender from time to time evidencing the Loan
made by such Lender.” Id. “Security Documents” is defined as “this [Credit] Agreement,
the Security Agreement, UCC financing statements, any mortgage, and any other
agreement, document or instrument entered into or delivered creating or expressing to
create any security interest over all or any part of Borrower’s assets in respect of the
                                              6
          Section 7.01(a) of the Credit Agreement provides that an Event of Default

occurs when “the Borrower shall fail to pay any Interest on any Loan when and as

the same shall become due and payable, and such failure shall continue unremedied

for a period of sixty (60) days.”20 Section 7.01(b) provides that an Event of Default

will also be declared when “the Borrower shall fail to pay any Interest on any Loan

when and as the same shall become due and payable (without giving effect to any

grace period provided under Section 7.01(a)) on two or more Payment Dates.”21

      C. The Administrative Agent

          The parties to the Credit Agreement appointed AFC to serve as the initial

Administrative Agent for the Lender.22 The Administrative Agent is charged with

the power to “take such action on [Pine River’s] behalf under the Operative

Agreements and to exercise such powers and perform such duties as expressly are

delegated to them [sic] by the Operative Agreements, together with such powers as

are reasonably incidental thereto.”23         The Credit Agreement provides that the



obligations of the Borrower under this Agreement or any of the Operative Agreements.”
Id.
20
     Credit Agreement, at § 7.01(a).
21
     Id. at § 7.01(b).
22
 Id. at Preamble. The Credit Agreement provides, however, that the Administrative Agent
will not be “deemed to have any fiduciary relationship with [Pine River] . . . .” Id. at § 8.01.
23
     Id. at § 8.01.

                                               7
Administrative Agent shall not “have duties or responsibilities, except those

expressly set forth herein or in any other Operative Agreement.”24

           As among its designated roles, the Administrative Agent is responsible for

calculating the distributions under the Waterfall set out in Section 6.04 and then

directing those distributions through its issuance of an Administrator Report.25 The

Administrator Report is due on the Determination Date, which the Credit Agreement

defines as the third business day prior to the Payment Date.26 The Administrative

Agent is then required to distribute the amounts paid into the Collections Account

in accordance with the Waterfall set forth in Section 6.04.27

           The Credit Agreement provides for indemnification of the Administrative

Agent for certain expenses incurred in connection with its role as Administrative

Agent under the Credit Agreement and the Operative Agreements.28 Specifically,

Section 9.03(b) of the Credit Agreement provides that:


24
     Id.
25
     Id. at §§ 6.03, 6.04.
26
  Id. at §§ 6.03, 1.01. The Payment Date is the 15th calendar day of the month, unless that
day is not a business day, in which event the Payment Date will be the next succeeding
business day. Id. at § 1.01.
27
  Id. at § 6.04. The Administrative Agent also has additional duties upon the occurrence
of an Event of Default, see id. at §§ 7.02(a), 7.03, 8.05, 2.11, and a variety of ministerial
duties on behalf of the lenders, see id. at §§ 7.09(g), 2.03, 2.06(a), 2.06(c), 2.09(b), 2.09(d),
2.10(b), 2.11(d), 2.12(a), 3.01(q), 4.01(h), 4.03, 5.01, 5.04, 6.01(c), 9.0.
28
     Id. at § 9.03(b).

                                               8
           The Borrower shall pay all reasonable (A) expenses incurred by the
           Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent, including the
           reasonable fees, charges and disbursements of counsel for the
           Administrative Agent and the Collateral Agent, in connection with the
           administration of this Agreement and each other Operative Agreement
           or any amendments, modifications or waivers of the provisions hereof
           or thereof, and (B) reasonable fees and expenses incurred by the
           Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Lenders, including
           the fees, charges and disbursements of any counsel for the
           Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent or the Lenders, in
           connection with the enforcement or protection of its rights in
           connection with this Agreement or any other Operative Agreement,
           including its rights under this Section, or in connection with the Loans
           made, including all such expenses incurred during any workout,
           restructuring or negotiations in respect of such Loans.29

This right to indemnification “continue[s] to inure to [the former administrative

agent’s] benefit as to any actions taken or omitted or to be taken by the [former

administrative agent] hereunder.”30 Payments under this provision are to be made

under the Second priority of the Waterfall.31

      D. The Operating Company Lawsuits

           In late 2015 and early 2016, Amur caused various Operating Companies and

other Amur-affiliated entities to either commence or defend litigation in Virginia,

New York and Delaware (the “Operating Company Lawsuits”).32 AFC is a named


29
     Id.
30
     Id. at § 8.06.
31
     Id. at § 6.04.
32
 See Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. P (Verified Pet. For Judicial Dissolution of Amur JMW
Aviation LLC for the Purpose of Conducting a Private Auction Pursuant to 6 Del. C. § 18-
                                              9
party in only one action in New York and, in that action, AFC is named only in its

capacity as a party to a servicing agreement to one of the Operating Companies.33

In the remainder of the lawsuits, Amur IV and PMC, of which Amur IV is a

managing member, are the named parties in the suit.34 According to Amur, AFC

caused these lawsuits to be brought or defended in its capacity as Administrative

Agent under the Credit Agreement in order to “protect Pine River’s investment as a

Lender, because any recoveries from the Operating Company Lawsuits will flow

into the Collections Account for distribution, through the Credit Agreement’s

Waterfall and on to Pine River (after payment of expenses).”35 Pine River disagrees

and maintains that the lawsuits are not authorized by, nor subject to indemnification

under, any provision of the Credit Agreement.




802, In re Amur JMW Aviation LLC, C.A. No. 12281-VCS (Del. Ch. April 29, 2016)),
Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. Q (Compl., Alpha Zulu AV LLC v. Amur JMW Aviation LLC,
No. 65118/2016 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. July 27, 2016)), Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. R (First Am.
Compl., PMC Aviation 2012-1 LLC v. Dynamic Int’l Airways, LLC, C.A. No. CL15-2512
(Va. Cir. Ct. May 9, 2016)); Aff. of Emily V. Burton Transmitting Exs. To the Reply Br.
in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. on Counts II and VI and Answering Br. in Opp’n to Cross-
Mot. for Summ. J. (“Burton Transmittal Aff.”) Ex. E (First Am. Verified Compl., PMC
Aviation 2012-1 LLC, et. al., v. Jet Midwest Gp. LLC, et. al., No. 65404/2015 (N.Y. Sup.
Ct. Feb. 3, 2016)).
33
 Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. Q (Compl., Alpha Zulu AV LLC v. Amur JMW Aviation LLC,
No. 65118/2016 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. July 27, 2016)).
34
     Id.; Makam Aff. ¶¶ 10–14.
35
     Defs.’ Opp’n Br. 22 (citing Makam Aff. ¶¶ 13, 25; ShahMohammed Aff. ¶ 17).

                                           10
           The legal bills in these four cases have, to date, totaled approximately

$7 million.36 Between November 2016 and February 2017, Amur-affiliated entities

received $3,118,009.97 from the Collections Account under the Second priority of

the Waterfall for purported indemnities of the Administrative Agent under

Section 9.03 of the Credit Agreement.37 The undisputed record evidence reveals that

the expenses were incurred to pay the legal fees of counsel for Amur IV and other

Amur affiliates, but not AFC itself.38 These indemnity payments decreased the

amount of PIK Accrual paid under the Eighth priority of the Waterfall, thereby

increasing the outstanding principal under the Credit Agreement.39

      E. Pine River Removes AFC as Administrative Agent under the Credit
         Agreement
           Pine River has the power under the Credit Agreement to remove and replace

the Administrative Agent in its sole discretion.40       It exercised this power on

November 22, 2016, and replaced AFC as Administrative Agent with Lighthouse




36
     Makam Aff. ¶ 13.
37
     See Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. B–E, F, G, H.
38
     Id.
39
  See Muthu Transmittal Aff. Ex. B–E (Administrator Reports for November 2016 through
February 2016 prepared by AFC showing the increase in PIK Accrual added to principal).
40
     Credit Agreement, at § 8.06.

                                            11
Management Group, Inc.41 The effective date of the replacement was agreed to be

January 20, 2017, meaning that Lighthouse was to act as Administrative Agent for

the February 2017 Payment Date.42 After assuming the role as Administrative

Agent, it is alleged that Lighthouse failed to provide an Administrator Report when

due for the February 2017 Payment Date.43 When no report was forthcoming, AFC

feared that the Borrower would be unable to make the required payments under the

Waterfall since the calculation of these payments was to have occurred in the

Administrator Report. Accordingly, it took on that responsibility (including the

calculation of the Waterfall payments) to prevent Pine River from declaring an Event

of Default.44 Amur IV made its February 2017 payments from the Collections

Account in accordance with the calculations set forth in AFC’s February

Administrator Report.45

      F. Procedural Posture

         On February 23, 2017, Plaintiffs, Pine River Master Fund Ltd. and Pine River

Fixed Income Master Fund Ltd., filed their Verified Complaint (the “Original



41
     Compl. ¶ 19; Makam Aff. ¶ 21.
42
     Muthu Aff. Ex. A; Compl. ¶ 143; Makam Aff. ¶¶ 30–31.
43
     Makam Aff. ¶ 32.
44
     Id. at ¶¶ 33–34.
45
     Makam Aff. ¶ 34.

                                          12
Complaint”) seeking a declaratory judgment as to various alleged breaches of the

Credit Agreement by Amur, injunctive relief to prevent future breaches and money

damages. The parties later resolved Pine River’s request for a temporary restraining

order by various stipulations, the most recent of which was entered on March 30,

2017.46 Amur filed a motion to dismiss the Original Complaint on March 16, 2017.

Pine River then sought a preliminary injunction, which was set to be heard on

June 13, 2017.47

         On March 31, 2017, Pine River filed the present motion for partial summary

judgment on Counts II and VI of its Original Complaint for breach of contract due

to AFC’s payment of counsel fees in the Operating Company Lawsuits under the

Second priority of the Waterfall and for a declaration that an Event of Default had

occurred due to the failure to pay interest that was “due and payable” under

Section 7.01(a) and (b) of the Credit Agreement. On April 25, 2017, the Court

entered a Stipulation and Order Resolving Pine River’s Anticipated Motion for a

Preliminary Injunction. Amur filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment as

to Counts II and VI of the Original Complaint on May 1, 2017. The Court heard

Oral Argument on the cross-motions on July 10, 2017.


46
  Second Am. Stip. and Order Resolving Pine River’s Mot. for a TRO (the “Second
Amended TRO Order”) (DI 40). The initial order was entered on March 3, 2017, DI 27,
and amended for the first time on March 13, 2017, DI 32.
47
     See Stip. and Order Regarding Disc. and Briefing Schedule (DI 51).

                                             13
       On August 22, 2017, Pine River filed Plaintiffs’ Verified Supplemental and

Amended Complaint (the “Amended Complaint”). At the Court’s request, the

parties advised the Court by letter dated August 30, 2017, that the Amended

Complaint did not affect the submitted cross-motions for summary judgment, except

that the claim for Event of Default under Section 7.01(a) and (b) of the Credit

Agreement under Count VI of the Original Complaint is now set forth in Count II of

the Amended Complaint along with the breach of contract claims relating to the

payment of indemnification for counsel fees incurred by Amur-affiliated entities.48

                                  II. ANALYSIS

       For the reasons that follow, I find that Amur breached Section 6.04 of the

Credit Agreement through the payment of indemnities for the Operating Company

Lawsuits, but this breach did not constitute an Event of Default under Section 7.01(a)

and (b). I explain these findings below after first addressing the standard of review.

     A. Standard of Review on Summary Judgment

       Pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 56(c), summary judgment will be granted

where “there are no questions of material fact and the moving party is entitled to




48
   I note that the Amended Complaint, at Count III, alleges that Amur IV breached
Section 5.07(d) and (f) of the Credit Agreement by paying the legal fees at issue in this
motion, and that this breach constitutes an Event of Default under Section 7.01(f).
Summary judgment with respect to that claim has not been briefed and is not addressed
here.

                                           14
judgment as a matter of law.”49 When considering a motion for summary judgment,

“the burden is on the movant, and the Court reviews all of the evidence in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party.”50 When a party seeks summary judgment

based on its proffered construction of a contract, the court must remain mindful that:

         A contract may be enforced summarily where its terms are
         unambiguous. Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law[,]
         and extrinsic evidence may not be considered unless the document itself
         is ambiguous. Furthermore, extrinsic and parol evidence is not
         admissible to create an ambiguity in a written agreement which is
         complete and clear and unambiguous on its face.51




49
  Senior Tour Players 207 Mgmt. Co. LLC v. Golftown 207 Hldg. Co., LLC., 853 A.2d
124, 126 (Del. Ch. 2004).
50
     United Rentals, Inc. v. RAM Hldgs., Inc., 937 A.2d 810, 830 (Del. Ch. 2007).
51
   Vitullo v. New York Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 51 N.Y.S.3d 768, 770 (N.Y. App. Div.
2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). See also United Rentals, 937 A.3d
at 830 ([S]ummary judgment is appropriate only if the contract in question is unambiguous.
Therefore, the threshold inquiry when presented with a contract dispute on a motion for
summary judgment is whether the contract is ambiguous. Ambiguity does not exist simply
because the parties disagree about what the contract means. Moreover, extrinsic, parol
evidence cannot be used to manufacture an ambiguity in a contract that facially has only
one reasonable meaning. Rather, contracts are ambiguous ‘when the provisions in
controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have
two or more different meanings.’ (citations omitted)). As one might gather, the Credit
Agreement is governed by New York law. Credit Agreement, § 9.09(a). Even so,
Delaware law is instructive here. There is no need to choose, however, since there is no
conflict of laws here. See Viking Pump, Inc. v. Century Indem. Co., 2 A.3d 76, 90 (Del.
Ch. 2009) (“Fortunately, [Delaware and New York] apply the same general principles of
contract interpretation.”).

                                             15
If the language in a contract is ambiguous, however, the court will not resolve the

ambiguity on summary judgment.52 When cross-motions for summary judgment are

filed and neither party has presented an argument leaving material facts in dispute,

Court of Chancery Rule 56(h) provides that “the Court shall deem the motions to be

the equivalent of a stipulation for decision on the merits based on the record

submitted with the motions.”53 If, however, a material factual dispute does exist, the

Court must deny summary judgment.54

      B. Amur has Breached Section 6.04 of the Credit Agreement through the
         Indemnification of Legal Fees for the Operating Company Lawsuits
         Amur contends that, as Administrative Agent, AFC was entitled to

indemnification under the Second priority of the Waterfall set forth in Section 6.04

for the payment of the legal expenses incurred through the enforcement or protection

of the rights of Amur IV (the Borrower) in connection with the Operative

Agreements. Specifically, Amur invokes Section 9.03(b)(B), which provides:

         The Borrower shall pay all . . . (B) reasonable fees and expenses
         incurred by the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the
         Lenders, including the fees, charges and disbursements of any counsel
         for the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent, or the Lenders, in
         connection with the enforcement or protection of its rights in
         connection with this Agreement or any other Operative Agreement,
         including its rights under this Section, or in connection with the Loans

52
     Shadlich v. Rongrant Assocs., LLC, 887 N.Y.S.2d 228, 229 (N.Y. App. Div. 2009).
53
     Ch. Ct. R. 56(h).
54
     Comet Sys., Inc. S’holder Agent v. MIVA, Inc., 980 A.2d 1024, 1029 (Del. Ch. 2008).

                                             16
         made, including all such expenses incurred during any workout,
         restructuring or negotiations in respect of such Loans.55

         Amur’s reliance upon this provision of the Credit Agreement to justify the

payment of legal fees begs the fundamental question: who does “its” refer to – i.e.

whose rights may the Administrative Agent seek to enforce or protect subject to the

Borrower’s obligation to pay fees and expenses? Pine River contends that “its”

refers to the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent or the Lenders; Amur

contends that “its” refers to the Borrower. Pine River cites to Garner’s Modern

American Usage for the proposition that “its” should refer to the nearest referent—

in this case, “the Administrative Agent, the Collateral Agent and the Lenders.”56

Amur counters that Garner’s actually supports its construction of Section 9.03(b)(B)

because “a relative pronoun [in this case “its”] is supposed to agree with its

antecedent in both number and person.”57




55
     Credit Agreement, at § 9.03(b)(B) (emphasis supplied).
56
  Reply Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. on Counts II and VI and Answering Br. in Opp’n
to Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pls.’ Reply Br.”) 15–16 (citing Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s
Modern American Usage, at 540 (3d ed. 2009) (“When a word such as a pronoun points
back to an antecedent or some other referent, the true referent should generally be the
closest appropriate word[.]”)).
57
  Defs.’ Reply Br. in Supp. of Defs. Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”) 11
(quoting Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s American Usage, at 196 (4th ed. 2016). See also id.
(“Proximity isn’t the only signal of what referent a word is pointing to, though. Number
and gender are often clear signals.” (quoting Garner’s American Usage, at 598 (4th ed.
2016)).

                                             17
         While, in isolation, these competing views of the proper construction of “its”

may portend ambiguity, any notion of ambiguity falls away when Section 9.03(b)(B)

is considered in the context of the entire agreement. It is, of course, a central tenant

of contract construction that a contract must be read as a whole, and “all portions of

a contract should be read together to determine its meaning.”58 Indeed, “[t]he entire

contract must be reviewed and ‘[p]articular words should be considered, not as if

isolated from the context, but in the light of the obligation as a whole and the

intention of the parties as manifested thereby.’”59

         As Pine River points out, in the preamble of the Credit Agreement, the

Administrative Agent is said to act as agent for the Lenders.60 While Amur noted at

oral argument that the Credit Agreement disclaims any “fiduciary relationship”

between the Administrative Agent and the Lender,61 this does not negate that the

Credit Agreement still provides for an agency relationship between the




58
  Banos v. Rhea, 25 N.Y.3d 266, 278 (N.Y. 2015). See also Salamone v. Gorman, 106
A.3d 354, 368 (Del. 2014).
59
  Riverside South Planning Corp. v. CRP/Extell Riverside, L.P., 13 N.Y.3d 398, 404 (N.Y.
2009).
60
  Tr. of Oral Arg. Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Tr.”) 24:13–15. See. Pls.’ Opening Br. 14–
16 (describing the role of the Administrative Agent under the Credit Agreement). See also
Credit Agreement, at § 8.01 (describing duties owed by Administrative Agent to the
Lender).
61
     Tr. 70:19–71:10 (citing Credit Agreement, at § 8.01).

                                              18
Administrative Agent and the Lender; nowhere in the Credit Agreement does it say

anything about the Administrative Agent acting as agent for or on behalf of the

Borrower. Amur’s interpretation, which would have the Administrative Agent

enforcing the rights of the Borrower, implies an agency relationship that is not

provided for or even suggested within the four corners of the Credit Agreement.

         Additionally, Amur’s construction of the Credit Agreement would require the

Borrower to indemnify the Administrative Agent for the fees and expenses incurred

when enforcing the Borrower’s rights under the Credit Agreement, including

enforcement of the Borrower’s rights against the Administrative Agent’s principal,

the Lender. As Pine River points out, “[t]he Lenders would never incur expenses to

enforce the Borrower’s rights against themselves.”62 And any construction that

would sanction this result would be “absurd.”63

         Amur attempts to downplay this absurdity by arguing that the indemnification

rights extend to all Operative Agreements, and there may be Operative Agreements

where the Lender and Borrower are not adverse.64 While that may be so, this does

not alter the fact that Amur’s proffered construction also contemplates a scenario


62
     Pls.’ Reply Br. 16.
63
   See Greenwich Capital Fin. Prods., Inc. v. Negrin, 903 N.Y.S.2d 346, 415 (N.Y. App.
Div. 2010) (“[A] contract should not be interpreted to produce a result that is absurd . . . .”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
64
     See Defs.’ Reply Br. 8.

                                              19
where Pine River’s agent (the Administrative Agent) would be enforcing the

Borrower’s rights against Pine River. This construction cannot stand. When read

as a whole, giving effect to the clear and exclusive agency created between the

Administrative Agent and the Lender, it is clear that Section 9.03(b)(B) does not

allow the Administrative Agent to pay out legal fees and expenses incurred in

protecting or enforcing the rights of the Borrower.

         Amur next contends that Pine River’s construction of Section 9.03(b)(B)

renders Section 9.03(c) of the Credit Agreement superfluous65 because, under this

construction, both provisions would provide for the indemnification of the

Administrative Agent’s expenses incurred in asserting or defending the indemnified

parties’ rights under the Operative Agreements. Section 9.03(c), however, provides

that the Borrower will indemnify Indemnitees (which includes, inter alia, the

Administrative Agent) against

         any and all liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, claims
         actions, suits, settlements, demands judgments, Taxes, . . . out-of-
         pocket costs, expenses and disbursements (including, without
         limitation, reasonable legal fees and expenses (including with respect
         to enforcement of this indemnity or any other provision of the Operative
         Agreements) . . . ) . . . arising out of or resulting from or attributable to
         (A) any of the Operative Agreements . . . .66


65
  See LNR P’rs LLC v. C-III Asset Mgmt. LLC, 2014 WL 1312033, at *21 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 31, 2014) (applying New York law and stating that contracts will be construed to
avoid rendering a clause superfluous).
66
     Credit Agreement, at § 9.03(c)(i)(A).

                                              20
Reading Section 9.03(c) together with Section 9.03(b)(B), it is clear that

Section 9.03(c) addresses defensive actions (third-party claims brought against the

Administrative Agent) while Section 9.03(b) addresses offensive actions (those the

Administrative Agent brings against others to enforce its rights or those of the

Lender).

      Implicit in Amur’s argument is its acknowledgment that the Operating

Company Lawsuits were brought to enforce the Borrower’s rights.67 Therefore,

because the Operating Company Lawsuits seek to vindicate the Borrower’s rights

and not the Administrative Agent’s rights, the improper payment of indemnities

through the Second priority of Section 6.04 in November 2016, December 2016,




67
   See, e.g., Defs.’ Reply Br. in Supp. of Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. 7 (“Amur’s
interpretation of 9.03(b)(B) as indemnifying AFC as Administrative Agent for fees
incurred in enforcing or protecting the rights of the Borrower is not a
‘misconstruction.’”), 16 (“[S]ection 9.03(b)(B) authorizes the satisfaction of the
Administrative Agent’s indemnities for legal expenses incurred in connection with the
enforcement or protection of the Borrower’s rights under the Operative Agreements, and
the direction of the Operating Company Lawsuits is ‘incidental’ to the enforcement and
protection of these rights.”). Amur also contends that the Operating Company Lawsuits
“protect Pine River’s investment as Lender, because any recoveries from the Operating
Company Lawsuits will flow into the Collections Account for distribution, through the
Credit Agreement’s Waterfall and on to Pine River (after payment of expenses.)”
Defs.’ Opp’n Br. 22. While this may be true, the indemnification provision in
Section 9.03(b)(B) does not provide for indemnification rights so expansive as to cover
any expenses incurred by the Borrower for claims that may ultimately benefit Pine River.

                                          21
January 2017 and February 2017 were not authorized by, and constituted a breach

of, Section 6.04 of the Credit Agreement.68

     C. There Has Been no Event of Default under Section 7.01(a) or (b)
        because the PIK Accrual was not “Due and Payable”
       Having found that Amur breached Section 6.04, I turn now to the question of

whether this breach caused an Event of Default under Sections 7.01(a) or 7.01(b) of

the Credit Agreement. According to Pine River, an Event of Default occurred

because the money paid out as “indemnification” to Amur under the Second priority

of the Waterfall should have been paid out to Pine River under the Eighth priority as

PIK Accrual.69 Pine River maintains that these misdirected payments, which were

made on November 15, December 15, January 17 and February 15, constituted an

Event of Default under both Section 7.01(a), which states that an Event of Default

occurs when there is a failure to pay Interest that is not cured within 60 days, and




68
  Having found this breach of Section 6.04, I need not address Pine River’s arguments that
Section 6.04 was also breached because: (1) the Second priority only allows distributions
to be made to AFC as Administrative Agent, and not distributions for other Amur entities,
(2) indemnification is only available to enforce the “Operative Agreements,” which are not
at issue in the Operating Company Lawsuits, and (3) the February distribution was not
directed by the Administrative Agent, which at the time was Lighthouse. Additionally,
because the Court has reached its determination of breach based on the unambiguous
language of the Credit Agreement, there is no need to address Amur’s argument that the
motion should be denied pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 56(f) so that it may conduct
discovery of extrinsic evidence.
69
  PIK Accrual is included in the definition of Interest in the Credit Agreement. Credit
Agreement, at § 1.01.

                                           22
under Section 7.01(b), which states that an Event of Default occurs where there is a

failure to pay Interest on two consecutive Payment Dates.70 Amur counters that even

if it did breach Section 6.04 through its payment of indemnities, these payments did

not constitute an Event of Default because the PIK Accrual was not Interest that was

“due and payable,” as is required for an Event of Default to occur under

Sections 7.01(a) and (b).

      Amur is correct that Events of Default under Section 7.01(a) and (b) occur

only when Interest is “due and payable.” While not defined in the Credit Agreement,

Black’s Law Dictionary defines “due and payable” as “owed and subject to

immediate collection because a specified date has arrived or time has elapsed, or

some other condition for collectability has been met.”71 With this definition in mind,

I disagree with Pine River that the breach of Section 6.04 constitutes an Event of

Default because, while the money paid as indemnities should have flowed through

the Waterfall and been paid as PIK Accrual under the Eighth priority, this was not a

failure to pay Interest that was “due and payable” under the Credit Agreement. The


70
   According to Pine River, an Event of Default occurred under Section 7.01(b) on
December 15, 2016, because this was the second consecutive date on which PIK Accrual
was not paid, and under Section 7.01(a) on January 14, 2017, because 60 days elapsed after
the first date upon which PIK Accrual was not paid.
71
   Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). New York courts, like Delaware courts, will
refer to dictionaries to assist in the construction of undefined terms within a contract
without offense to the parol evidence rule. Mazzola v. Cty. of Suffolk, 533 N.Y.S.2d 297,
297 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988).

                                           23
Credit Agreement provides that any PIK Accrual not paid in any given month is

added to the principal, and therefore due upon the maturity of the loans.72 In contrast,

the Credit Agreement specifically provides that the Cash Interest Accrual is due

immediately as a monthly installment on the Payment Date.73

         When the Borrower fails to pay PIK Accrual, the amounts owed are

capitalized into principal and cease to become “Interest.” Thus, the non-payment of

PIK Accrual cannot constitute an Event of Default under Sections 7.01(a) and (b).

Indeed, the Eighth priority of Section 6.04—the very provision upon which Pine

River relies to declare an Event of Default due to the non-payment of PIK Accrual—

characterizes PIK Accrual as principal when it provides that outstanding collections

will at that point be used “to repay outstanding principal of Loans to the extent of

PIK Accrual amounts then outstanding.”74 Therefore, because the PIK Accrual was

converted to principal as a result of the non-payment, even though it would have

been paid under the Eighth priority of the Waterfall but for Amur’s breaches of




72
     Credit Agreement, at § 2.08(d).
73
     Id. Any Additional Interest also must be paid monthly on the Payment Date. Id.
74
  Id. at § 6.04 (emphasis added). The Tenth priority then provides that funds in the
Collections Account will go to any remaining principal, meaning principal above the
month’s PIK Accrual. Id.

                                            24
Section 6.04, these amounts were not “due and payable” as required for an Event of

Default to be declared under Section 7.01(a) and (b).75

                                 III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons Pine River’s motion for summary judgment is

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as to Count II of the Amended Complaint.

Amur’s cross motion for summary judgment as to Count II is likewise GRANTED

in part and DENIED in part. Amur shall be enjoined from “distributing further

amounts from the Collections Account and Amur IV [shall be enjoined from]

reducing the amounts that the Operating Companies are required to distribute to the

Collections Account or otherwise interfering in distributions to Pine River.”76 The

parties shall confer and submit an implementing order within 10 days.


75
   Having found that an Event of Default has not occurred because the PIK Accrual was
not “due and payable,” I need not reach Amur’s arguments that an Event of Default
additionally did not occur because Amur IV was simply complying with payment
directives in the Administrator Report or that it would be “commercially unreasonable” to
declare an Event of Default due to its failure to pay a portion of PIK Accrual.
76
  Pls.’ Opening Br. 29. Amur did not address this request for injunctive relief in its initial
opposition to Pine River’s motion for summary judgment, and issues not briefed are
deemed waived. See Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 2003 WL 21003437, at *43 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28,
2008), aff’d, 840 A.2d 641 (Del. 2003). Amur later argued that it “squarely” addressed the
point because “Pine River’s request for injunctive relief depends on showing that Amur
breached section 6.04, a (mistaken) contention that Amur has rebutted multiple times.”
Defs.’ Reply Br. 28 (citations omitted). While Amur may have addressed whether there
was a breach of Section 6.04, it did not address the requested injunctive relief in its initial
brief and, therefore, its untimely argument in opposition to such relief is waived.
Regardless of waiver, injunctive relief is appropriate here given the recurring nature of the
breach. See Cheese Shop Int’l Inc. v. Steele, 311 A.2d 870, 871 (Del. 1973) (“The nature
of the contract creates an imminent threat of a multiplicity of actions. It is conceivable
                                              25
that, absent an equitable remedy, the plaintiff will be obliged to institute separate
proceedings at law for each month the defendant fails to account for profits. Where, as
here, the remedy at law is clearly inadequate because of the necessity of a multiplicity of
actions, equitable relief will be granted.”).
