            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                                      AT JACKSON

                            MARCH 1999 SESSION
                                                                   FILED
STATE OF TENNESSEE,               *      C.C.A. # 02C01-9801-CR-00004

             Appellee,            *      SHELBY COUNTY             August 25, 1999

VS.                               *      Hon. Chris Craft, Judge

NGUYON BAO,                       *      (Two Counts of Attempted FirstCrowson, Jr.
                                                                Cecil Degree
                                         Murder and One Count of Attempted
             Appellant.           *      Second Degree Murder)Appellate Court Clerk




For Appellant:                           For Appellee:

Gerald Stanley Green, Attorney           Paul G. Summers
147 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 404          Attorney General and Reporter
Memphis, TN 38103
(on appeal)                              Michael E. Moore
                                         Solicitor General
W. Gary Ball, Attorney
242 Poplar Avenue                        J. Ross Dyer
Memphis, TN 38103                        Assistant Attorney General
(at trial)                               Criminal Justice Division
                                         425 Fifth Avenue North
                                         Nashville, TN 37243

                                         Amy P. Weirich and
                                         Daniel S. Byer
                                         Assistant District Attorneys General
                                         201 Poplar Avenue, Third Floor
                                         Memphis, TN 38103




OPINION FILED:__________________________




AFFIRMED




GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE
                                        OPINION

              The defendant, Nguyon Bao, was convicted on two counts of

attempted first degree murder and one count of attempted second degree murder.

The trial court imposed consecutive Range I sentences of twenty years and fifteen

years respectively on the convictions for attempted first degree murder and a

concurrent ten-year sentence for the attempted second degree murder count. The

effective sentence is, therefore, thirty-five years. In this appeal of right, the issues

presented for review are as follows:

              (1) whether the trial court erred by allowing the state to
              file a notice of its intention to use impeachment testimony
              after the trial had begun;

              (2) whether the defendant was deprived of his right to
              confrontation of a witness; and

              (3) whether the trial court erred by imposing consecutive
              sentences on the attempted first degree murder
              convictions.



              We affirm the judgment of the trial court.



              At 3:00 A.M. on April 22, 1995, Khanh Lam, originally from Vietnam,

arrived from work at a two-bedroom apartment he shared with Linh Nguyen, a co-

worker he identified as Si, and a friend, Thien Nguyen. After showering and eating,

Lam went to sleep in a room he shared with Thien. Lam, who was awakened by the

sound of breaking glass, saw four men, two of whom he recognized, standing in his

bedroom. He knew one of the individuals only as Duc. The other was the

defendant. At trial, Lam testified that he saw the defendant punching or stabbing at

Thien with a shiny object. Lam estimated that the defendant stabbed Thien, who

was bleeding profusely, about six times. Lam testified that he tried to help but was

pulled to the ground; when he tried to rise, the four individuals ran from the

apartment.

                                            2
             Lam called police and Thien was taken to the hospital. After making a

statement at the police station, Lam returned to his apartment and discovered that

he had also been cut by what appeared to be a knife held by the defendant. Lam

described Thien's primary injuries to the arm. As he and Linh treated Thien,

however, they also discovered wounds to his legs, stomach, and his chest. Thien

was hospitalized for four weeks.



             Sergeant J.W. Bouchillon investigated the assault that occurred at the

Lam apartment. He arrived at approximately 5:00 A.M. and confirmed that the

witnesses at the scene had identified the defendant.



             After the incident, Lam moved into the residence of his fiancé,

Kimberly McPherson, who lived with her mother. Thien Nguyen moved into the

same residence after his release from the hospital. On June 7, 1995, Ms.

McPherson was driving Lam's Toyota Supra in the company of Thien Nguyen, who

was on his way to receive physical therapy. During the trip, Ms. McPherson drove

past the defendant, who was in his truck. Afterward, Ms. McPherson looked into her

rear view mirror and observed the defendant shooting a gun in the direction of her

vehicle. Three individuals who were in the back of the truck were also shooting in

their direction. Ms. McPherson recognized Duc Nguyen, who was a passenger

inside the defendant's truck, the same individual who had participated in the first

attack on Thien Nguyen. Ms. McPherson fled in her vehicle. "I pushed my turbo

button and floored it." The Toyota was scratched by the gunfire. Ms. McPherson

drove downtown, got out of her car, and ran to the courthouse building to seek

assistance from the police. Ms. McPherson later called the police after seeing the

defendant's truck parked outside a local pool hall.




                                           3
              Officer Richard Pollard of the Memphis Police Department investigated

this second incident. In response to Ms. McPherson's call, he drove to the pool hall

and arrested Hien Tran, who Ms. McPherson identified as a passenger in the

defendant's truck. The officer impounded the truck, which he learned was stolen,

and conducted an inventory. A .22 caliber weapon was found behind the driver's

seat of the defendant's truck. No tests were made on the weapon found in the

vehicle. In July of 1995, Officer Brian Dehaan apprehended the defendant hiding in

a garage at 120 North Claybrook in Memphis.



              The defendant did not testify and offered no witnesses on his behalf.



                                            I

              Initially, the defendant complains that the state did not provide timely

notice of its intention to use impeachment testimony. After presenting Lam as its

first witness, the state announced that it had just learned that the defendant had

been arrested some five months earlier on an aggravated assault charge. After his

arrest, the defendant informed officers that his name was Long Thanh Tong. Trial

counsel in this case, Gary Ball, represented the defendant in general sessions court

on the earlier charge. The state explained that it had not learned of the prior

incident until the date of trial because the defendant had supplied false

identification. After a brief argument outside the presence of the jury, the trial court

ruled that the state could use the impeachment evidence.



              In pertinent part, Rule 608(b)(3) provides that "[i]f the witness to be

impeached is the accused in a criminal prosecution, the State must give the

accused reasonable written notice of the impeaching conduct before trial, and the

court upon request must determine that the conduct's probative value on credibility


                                            4
outweighs its unfair prejudicial effect on the substantive issues." Tenn. R. Evid.

608(b)(3). "[T]here may be instances where the prosecution would not discover the

accused's bad acts until after the trial begins, making pretrial notice impossible; in

such cases immediate notice and a hearing on the issue before the accused

testifies should satisfy the spirit of the rule." Advisory Commission Comments,

Tenn. R. Evid. 608.



              In this instance, the state was able to establish that the defendant

would not be prejudiced because his trial counsel was fully aware of the arrest on

the aggravated assault charge. It appears that the defendant's use of a false

identification was the very reason the state did not discover the charge until after the

trial began. Moreover, the defendant was unable to show that he had been

prejudiced by the belated notice. While the defendant chose to exercise his right

not to testify on the record and through an interpreter out of the presence of the jury,

he made no mention of the trial court's prior ruling on the impeaching evidence as a

reason for his decision not to testify.



                                            II

              Next the defendant claims that he was deprived of his right of

confrontation because a victim, Thien Nguyen, was not present at trial. The

defendant has not, however, cited any authority for his claim.



              Initially, the issue has been waived for the failure of the defendant to

cite authority. Tenn. R. App. P. 27; R. Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. 10; State v. Aucoin, 756

S.W.2d 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). Moreover, the claim is without merit.

Certainly, the defendant would have been entitled to confront Thien Nguyen had he

been utilized by the state as a witness. The Sixth Amendment to the United States


                                            5
Constitution does not, however, apply in these circumstances. The fact that the

state did not call Thien as a witness does not violate the right to confrontation. State

ex rel. Byrd v. Bomar, 381 S.W.2d 280, 281-82 (Tenn. 1964).



                                           III

              Finally, the defendant claims that consecutive sentences should not

have been imposed. It is the defendant's duty, however, to prepare an adequate

record on appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b). A transcript of the sentencing hearing

was not made a part of this record. In the absence of a sufficient record, this court

must presume that the judgment of the trial court was supported by the evidence.

Smith v. State, 584 S.W.2d 811 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979).



              Had the issue been preserved, well-established principles would apply.

Prior to the enactment of the Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989, the limited

classifications for the imposition of consecutive sentences were set out in Gray v.

State, 538 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1976). In that case our supreme court ruled that

aggravating circumstances must be present before placement in any one of the

classifications. Later, in State v. Taylor, 739 S.W.2d 227 (Tenn. 1987), the court

established an additional category for those defendants convicted of two or more

statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of minors. There were, however,

additional words of caution:

              [C]onsecutive sentences should not routinely be imposed
              . . . and . . . the aggregate maximum of consecutive
              terms must be reasonably related to the severity of the
              offenses involved.

Taylor, 739 S.W.2d at 230. The Sentencing Commission Comments adopted the

cautionary language. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115. The 1989 Act is, in essence,

the codification of the holdings in Gray and Taylor; consecutive sentences may be

imposed in the discretion of the trial court only upon a determination that one or

                                           6
more of the following criteria1 exist:

                    (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has
                    knowingly devoted himself to criminal acts as a major
                    source of livelihood;

                    (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of
                    criminal activity is extensive;

                    (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal
                    person so declared by a competent psychiatrist who
                    concludes as a result of an investigation prior to
                    sentencing that the defendant's criminal conduct has
                    been characterized by a pattern of repetitive or
                    compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to
                    consequences;

                    (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose
                    behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and
                    no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk
                    to human life is high;

                    (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more
                    statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor with
                    consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising
                    from the relationship between the defendant and victim
                    or victims, the time span of defendant's undetected
                    sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts
                    and the extent of the residual, physical and mental
                    damage to the victim or victims;

                    (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense
                    committed while on probation;

                    (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b).



                    In Gray, our supreme court ruled that before consecutive sentencing

could be imposed upon the dangerous offender, as now defined by subsection

(b)(4) in the statute, other conditions must be present: (a) that the crimes involved

aggravating circumstances; (b) that consecutive sentences are a necessary means



         1
             The first four criteria are found in Gray. A fifth category in Gray, based on a specific number

of prior felo ny conviction s, ma y enhanc e the sen tence ra nge bu t is no longe r a listed criterion . See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115, Sentencing Comm ission Comments.

                                                       7
to protect the public from the defendant; and (c) that the term reasonably relates to

the severity of the offenses.



              In State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995), our high

court reaffirmed those principles, holding that consecutive sentences cannot be

required of the dangerous offender "unless the terms reasonably relate[] to the

severity of the offenses committed and are necessary in order to protect the public

(society) from further criminal acts by those persons who resort to aggravated

criminal conduct." The Wilkerson decision, which modified somewhat the strict

factual guidelines for consecutive sentencing adopted in State v. Woods, 814

S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991), described sentencing as a "human

process that neither can nor should be reduced to a set of fixed and mechanical

rules." Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 938.



              The state asserts that the defendant qualified as a dangerous offender

who indicated little regard for human life and unhesitatingly committed crimes

involving risk to human life. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4). The record at the

trial supports that conclusion. By the use of the applicable standards, it would

appear from the information available that consecutive sentences on two of the

three convictions was entirely appropriate.



              Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.



                                         ________________________________
                                         Gary R. Wade, Presiding Judge




                                          8
CONCUR:



_____________________________
Joseph M. Tipton, Judge



_____________________________
Thomas T. Woodall, Judge




                                9
