                         United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit

            __________

            No. 99-2799
            __________

Howard Evers,                                       *
                                                    *
                    Appellant,                      *
                                                    *
      v.                                            *
                                                    *
Alliant Techsystems, Inc.,                          *
                                                    *
                 Appellee.                          *
            __________
                                                        Appeals from the United
            No. 99-3118                                 States District Court
            __________                                  for the District of Minnesota.

                                                    *
                                                    *
Charlotte Dexter,                                   *
                                                    *
                    Appellant,                      *
                                                    *
      v.                                            *
                                                    *
Alliant Techsystems, Inc.,                          *
                                                    *
                    Appellee.                       *
                                     __________

                                Submitted: May 11, 2000
                                  Filed: March 1, 2001
                                      __________
Before McMILLIAN, ROSS, and WOOD, Jr.,1 Circuit Judges.
                             __________

WOOD, Jr., Circuit Judge.

       Plaintiff-appellant Charlotte Dexter began working for Honeywell, Inc.
(“Honeywell”) in 1964. Plaintiff-appellant Howard Evers began working for
Honeywell in 1979. In 1990, Honeywell spun off its defense business to Alliant
Techsystems, Inc. (“Alliant”). Following the spin-off, both Dexter and Evers
became Alliant employees. Dexter was laid off, effective April 22, 1993, in
connection with a workforce reduction.2 At the time of her termination, Dexter was
fifty-four years old. Evers was also terminated as a part of the reduction in
workforce. His termination was effective May 14, 1993. Evers was sixty-two years
old at the time.

      Both Evers and Dexter filed suit against Alliant alleging that they were
terminated because of their age in violation of the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-34, and the Minnesota Human
Rights Act (“MHRA”), Minn. Stat. § 363.3 The district court granted summary
judgment in favor of Alliant in each case. Plaintiffs filed timely notices of appeal,


      1
      The Honorable Harlington Wood, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the
Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation.
      2
       After the spin-off, in late 1990, Alliant’s Minnesota workforce consisted of
3,558 employees. By the end of 1995, following a succession of workforce
reductions, only 1,350 employees remained. As a part of the reductions in force,
1,333 employees were involuntarily laid off.
      3
       “Both the ADEA and the MHRA prohibit an employer from discharging an
employee within a protected age group (40 years old and over) because of that
employee’s age. 29 U.S.C. §§ 623(a)(1), 631(a); Minn. Stat. § 363.03 subd.
1(2)(b).” Snow v. Ridgeview Med. Ctr., 128 F.3d 1201, 1207 (8th Cir. 1997).
                                          -2-
and the cases were consolidated for argument and submission.4

                                   I. Background

      Dexter began working for Honeywell in 1964 as a switchboard operator. By
1976 or 1977, Dexter had risen to the position of Labor Relations Analyst. After
being promoted to Labor Relations Representative, Dexter made a lateral move in
1983 to become a Cost Estimating Administrator in Honeywell’s Underseas System
Department. From 1989 until her layoff, Dexter’s principal responsibility was to
develop cost estimates for the sale of spare parts for the Mark 46 torpedo to the
U.S. and foreign governments.

       On December 8, 1992, Alliant CEO Toby Warson asked top administrators to
prepare proposals for a reduction in administrative personnel. Each department
head then received a memo providing a “projected headcount reduction” for his or
her department. A short time later, Theresa Haugan, the manager to whom Dexter
reported, was informed that she needed to terminate two employees. Haugan
proceeded to assign ratings to her employees based on Alliant’s Workforce
Reduction Criteria, which contained the following five express criteria: (1)
performance rating, (2) performance ranking, (3) critical skills, (4) cross-functional
capabilities, and (5) leadership.




      4
       The present cases are two of fifteen companion cases that were filed against
Alliant in the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota. In addition to the
decisions in Evers and Dexter’s cases, the district court granted summary judgment
in favor of Alliant in one other case, Dupay v. Alliant Techsystems, Inc., D.C. Civ.
File No. 97-728. Plaintiff Dupay is now deceased, and his widow did not pursue an
appeal. Two of the other cases have settled. The district court has stayed the
proceedings in the nine remaining companion cases pending resolution of the
present appeals.
                                         -3-
       In making her evaluations under the Workforce Reduction Criteria, Haugan
relied in part on the results of self-assessments that had been administered to the
Cost Estimating Administrators under Haugan’s supervision in the summer of 1992.
These self-assessments were created with input from managers, human resource
personnel, and the Cost Estimating Administrators themselves. Haugan compiled
the information from the assessments and provided each Cost Estimating
Administrator with a copy of the results in August 1992. Dexter’s self-assessment
resulted in a total score of 67, the lowest of all the Cost Estimating Administrators
in Haugan’s department. The next lowest point total was 101. In making her
workforce reduction ratings, Haugan also relied on her own observations of each
employee’s work, information contained in each employee’s personnel file, and
input from other managers.5 After completing her ratings, in December 1992,
Haugan met with all of her Cost Estimating Administrators and distributed copies of
the ratings, “to show the Administrators where they ranked.” Dexter did not
approach Haugan with any concerns about her rating or ranking.

       Based on her rating, Haugan ranked Dexter last of the nine employees in her
job category and, as a result, selected Dexter and Pam Christopher, age thirty-five
and the second lowest ranked Cost Estimating Administrator, for termination.
Haugan’s lay-off decisions were approved without change by higher management
and Human Resources personnel.

      Evers began working for Honeywell in November 1979 as a Liaison


      5
        Dexter contends that Haugan “did not obtain any input from Jack Neitz,
Dexter’s long-time manager, in completing the rankings,” citing Neitz’s deposition
as support. Neitz, however, testified that “[i]t could be that if Terri [Haugan] did
this again crossing in the hall, I would say, hey does this look right or something like
that, but I don’t recall any direct hard writing numbers on something like this [the
rating matrix].” Haugan expressly testified that she spoke with Neitz as a part of
determining Dexter’s rating.
                                          -4-
Engineer. In 1981, Evers became a Senior Design Engineer in the Underseas
Systems Division, where he was part of the Torpedo Design Group. Evers
remained in that position without promotion until his termination.

       In late 1992, Mitch Erikson, the head of the Mechanical Design Unit, which
included the Torpedo Design Group, instructed his managers to rank their
employees consistent with the Workforce Reduction Criteria and to make layoff
recommendations. Scott Lenberg, Evers’ manager, completed Evers’ rating. After
the ratings were completed, Evers’ ranked last among engineers in his grade, EN22,
receiving only nine of twenty-five possible points. Jim Belling, age thirty-three,
ranked last among EN23 engineers.6 Based on these rankings, together with a
discussion by the managers, Evers and Bellings were selected for termination.

                                    II. Analysis

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Fisher v.
Pharmacia & Upjohn, 225 F.3d 915, 919 (8th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is
appropriate when the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party, indicates that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

      Age discrimination may be established under either a disparate impact or a




      6
        These low rankings were consistent with prior rankings. Evers and Bellings
had ranked forty-third and forty-second, respectively in a ranking of forty-three
Mechanical Engineering engineers conducted in June 1992. In November 1992,
Evers had ranked thirty-seventh, with Bellings ranking thirty-fifth, in a ranking of
thirty-seven Mechanical Engineering engineers.
                                         -5-
disparate treatment theory.7 Evers and Dexter bring claims under both theories. We
turn first to the disparate impact claims. Under a disparate impact approach, the
plaintiff does not need to prove intentional discrimination. Watson v. Fort Worth
Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 987 (1988). “[T]he necessary premise of the disparate
impact approach is that some employment practices, adopted without a deliberately
discriminatory motive, may in operation be functionally equivalent to intentional
discrimination.” Id.

        A plaintiff in a disparate impact case must first establish a prima facie case of
disparate impact by identifying a specific employment practice and then presenting
statistical evidence of a kind and degree sufficient to show that the practice in
question caused the plaintiff to suffer adverse employment action because of his or
her membership in a protected group. Watson, 487 U.S. at 994. If the plaintiff
succeeds in making this prima facie showing, the burden then shifts to the employer
to produce evidence demonstrating a legitimate business reason for the challenged
practice. Id. at 997-98.8 If the employer successfully establishes a business
justification, the plaintiff may still prevail by demonstrating that a comparably
effective alternative practice would produce a significantly smaller adverse impact
on the protected class. Id. at 998; Minn. Stat. § 363.03, subd. 11.

       Appellants point to three facially-neutral employment practices in an attempt
to establish a prima facie case. Specifically, appellants challenge (1) Alliant’s lay-


      7
        This circuit has recognized the existence of disparate impact claims under the
ADEA. EEOC v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 191 F.3d 948, 950 (8th Cir. 1999).
The MHRA expressly establishes the existence of disparate impact claims. Minn.
Stat. § 363.03, subd. 11.
      8
      Under the MHRA, the employer must show that the challenged practice is
“manifestly related to the job or significantly furthers an important business
purpose.” Minn. Stat. § 363.03, subd. 11.
                                           -6-
off guidelines and ranking process, (2) Alliant’s budgeting process, and (3) the
overall reduction in force.

        With respect to the lay-off guidelines and ranking process, both Evers and
Dexter challenge the guidelines and ranking system in general. We assume without
deciding that appellants can establish a prima facie case of disparate impact. Alliant
points to the need to keep its best employees as a business justification for its
criteria and ranking process. Appellants counter that Alliant had no legitimate
reason for using subjective criteria and for failing to include such considerations as
seniority and historical performance in rating its employees. These arguments,
however, fall under the less discriminatory alternative prong, because appellants are
actually asserting that a less discriminatory rating system could be devised.
Appellants point out that Alliant’s “original ranking procedures” included
“protections for older employees” and argue that, instead of eliminating these
protections from its lay-off criteria, Alliant could have left these protections intact or
replaced them with other similar protections. It is clear that a system with built-in
protection for older employees would result in less of an adverse impact on older
workers. However, appellants provide no evidence that such a system would be
comparably effective in achieving Alliant’s legitimate goal of retaining the best
employees. Without such evidence, appellants’ claims fail.

       Dexter further maintains that the ranking process was faulty because Haugan
relied in part on the “largely-inapplicable self-assessment[s],” failed to consult with
Dexter’s prior manager, and gave Dexter ratings that directly contradicted her prior
evaluations. This claim fails at the prima facie case stage because Dexter cannot
show a statistical disparity resulting from Haugan’s practices, including the use of
the self-assessments. Haugan was responsible for ranking only the nine Cost
Estimating Administrators who worked below her. In Haugan’s ranking, three of
the top four rated Cost Estimating Administrators were over forty years old. The
bottom five rated employees, with the exception of Dexter, were all under forty

                                           -7-
years old. There is no evidence that Haugan’s application of the rating procedures
resulted in a disparate impact on older employees.

        Appellants next argue that Alliant’s budgeting process was discriminatory
because Alliant directed its supervisors to reduce their departmental budgets by a
certain dollar amount and gave them head count reductions as well. Appellants
contend that “the obvious alternative would have been for Alliant to set a monetary
budget, but not a ‘suggested headcount’ reduction.” However, before reaching
alternatives, appellants must show a causal connection between the budgeting
process and the statistical disparity. Appellants argue that “[i]t stands to reason that
if a supervisor were directed to reduce the department budget by $100,000 and to
reduce the headcount by one employee, the supervisor would eliminate one
employee who earned $100,000.” Appellants further contend that “there is a
correlation between salary and years of service, and a correlation between years of
service and age.” Appellants support this contention with the affidavit of former
Alliant employee Vatsal Munshi. Munshi, however, speaks only in generalizations.
In response, Alliant points to statistics, which appellants do not contest, showing
that, at all times relevant, the average salaries of the individuals who were laid off
were lower than the average salaries of those who were retained. Given this fact,
appellants fail to show that the budgeting process resulted in the layoff of older,
more highly paid employees.

       Finally, with respect to the overall reduction in force, we assume, without
deciding, that appellants can establish a prima facie case. It is undisputed that
Alliant experienced a sharp decline in revenue, prompting the overall reduction in
force.9 Alliant, therefore, has established a business justification for the reduction in


      9
       Appellants contend that production in certain areas actually increased during
the time in question. This does not overcome the fact that a decline in revenue is a
legitimate business justification for a reduction in workforce.
                                           -8-
force. Appellants broadly contend that other, less discriminatory means of reducing
costs were available to Alliant. However, to support this assertion, appellants point
only to a document created by Alliant’s Human Resources Department referred to
as the “White Paper.” The White Paper was created in 1994, after both Evers and
Dexter had been terminated, by a member of the Human Resources Department who
had been assigned the task of developing creative methods for reducing Alliant’s
costs. The White Paper sets forth a laundry list of possible options including,
among other things, across the board salary reductions, buyouts into retirement, time
off without pay, extended leave with benefits, forced vacations, elimination of
overtime, discontinuation of the relocation bonus program, and a hiring freeze. The
White Paper merely lists these possibilities and does not address their viability.
Appellants have presented no evidence that any of these alternatives would result in
cost savings comparable to those realized by the overall reduction in force or that
the alternatives would be less discriminatory. Without this showing, appellants
cannot overcome the legitimate business reason proffered by Alliant. The district
court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of Alliant on appellants’
disparate impact claims.

       We turn now to appellants’ disparate treatment claims. “The ultimate
question in every employment discrimination case involving a claim of disparate
treatment is whether the plaintiff was the victim of intentional discrimination.”
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2111 (2000). Under
both the ADEA and the MHRA, disparate treatment claims based on indirect
evidence are governed by the burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Snow v. Ridgeview Med. Ctr.,
128 F.3d 1201, 1208 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing Bevan v. Honeywell, Inc., 118 F.3d
603, 613 (8th Cir. 1997); Feges v. Perkins Rest., Inc., 483 N.W.2d 701, 710 (Minn.




                                         -9-
1992)).10 Under this framework, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of
age discrimination. Fisher, 225 F.3d at 919. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie
case, the burden then shifts to the employer who must “articulate a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for any adverse employment action taken against [the
plaintiff].” Id. “If [the employer] puts forth such a reason, [the plaintiff] must then
present evidence sufficient to raise a question of material fact as to whether [the
employer’s] proffered reason was pretextual and to create a reasonable inference
that age was a determinative factor in the adverse employment decision.” Id.

       We assume that appellants are each able to establish a prima facie case of age
discrimination. Alliant asserts that Evers and Dexter were selected for termination
because business conditions necessitated the implementation of a reduction in
workforce and both Evers and Dexter received low rankings under the Workforce
Reduction Criteria. Appellants challenge this explanation, arguing that there are
material issues of fact as to its truth in two respects. See Reeves, 120 S. Ct. at 2108
(“In appropriate circumstances, the trier of fact can reasonably infer from the falsity
of the explanation that the employer is dissembling to cover up a discriminatory
purpose.”) First, appellants contend that “there are factual issues as to the need for
Alliant to undertake such massive workforce reductions.” However, “when a
company exercises its business judgment in deciding to reduce its work force, ‘it
need not provide evidence of financial distress to make it a ‘legitimate’ RIF.’”
Regel v. K-Mart Corp., 190 F.3d 876, 880 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting Hardin v.
Hussmann Corp., 45 F.3d 262, 265 (8th Cir. 1995)). “A company’s exercise of its
business judgment is not a proper subject for judicial oversight.” Id. (internal
quotations and citations omitted).

      10
         Appellants each include a brief statement that a “mixed motives” approach
would have been more appropriate; however, they proceed to frame their arguments
under the McDonnell Douglas test. We therefore base our analysis on the
McDonnell Douglas framework which applies to claims based on circumstantial
rather than direct evidence. See Fisher, 225 F.3d at 919.
                                         -10-
       Appellants further challenge their low ratings. Dexter argues that Haugan’s
rating was faulty in three respects. Dexter received a rating of two out of five
possible points in the area of critical skills. Dexter argues that this rating was
unsupported because Haugan relied on the self-assessments that had been completed
in the summer of 1992.11 Dexter contends that the self-assessments were faulty
because they addressed many computer skills that were inapplicable to the Cost
Estimating Administrator position and failed to include “the vast majority of the
skills” that Dexter actually used in her position. However, there is nothing
inherently discriminatory in the skills that are included in the self-assessments.
Eight of the nine Cost Estimating Administrators who were evaluated as a part of
the 1993 reduction in force took part in the 1992 self-evaluations. The highest score
on the self-assessments was a 157. The two administrators besides Dexter who
were over forty received scores of 143 and 142, placing them fourth and fifth in the
self-assessment ranking. These scores were within 15 points of the top score and
more than double Dexter’s score of 67. The sixth and seventh place scores, 108 and
101, belonged to employees who were thirty-nine and thirty years old, respectively.

       Dexter next argues that Haugan gave her a “bogus” score in the cross-
functional capabilities category. Haugan rated Dexter a two in this area which
corresponded to a finding that Dexter had a “demonstrated ability to absorb small




      11
        Dexter also challenges the use of the self-assessments based on the fact that
Haugan did not advise her staff at the time they were completing the evaluations that
the assessments would someday be used to decide which employees to lay off. We
are unclear as to how this fact would result in an artificially low score for Dexter. It
stands to reason that, had the employees known that the assessments would be used
in lay-off decisions, they would have had an incentive to artificially inflate their
scores. Under the facts of the present case, there was no incentive for the
employees to be anything but honest in their self-evaluations.
                                          -11-
increments of additional/new responsibilities within the same function.”12 Dexter
argues that her low score was unsupported because (1) Haugan gave two secretaries
higher ratings in this area, (2) Dexter’s last performance evaluation stated that she
consistently met expectations “outside of Cost Estimating,” and (3) Dexter
demonstrated cross-functional capabilities through her previous work in labor
relations. First, it is undisputed that the secretaries were rated based on their own
job family, which is separate and distinct from the Cost Estimating Administrator
position. The fact that Haugan believed that two of the secretaries demonstrated
skills outside of their secretarial duties is irrelevant to her determination regarding
Dexter’s ability to work outside of the Cost Estimating Administrator position.

       Furthermore, Dexter points to a portion of her 1992 performance evaluation
to support the assertion that she consistently met expectations “outside of Cost
Estimating.” An examination of the 1992 evaluation reveals that the quoted portion
of the evaluation is included under the “Teamwork and Involvement” section, which
provides:

      2. Teamwork and Involvement – Involves others as needed to get the
      job done in a timely and efficient manner. Solicits and provides
      constructive feedback, exchanges viewpoints objectively, and shares
      information.

      Within the department, Char seems to operate very well. She solicits
      input either from her work director or other Cost Estimators [to] aid in
      accomplishing estimates. Outside of Cost Estimating Char interfaces
      with individuals in Procurement, Material Evaluation Engineering, and


      12
       Dexter contends that she should have been rated at least a three which
corresponded to a “demonstrated ability to absorb additional/new major work
responsibilities in cross-functional area,” and more likely a four based on her
“demonstrated ability to assume responsibilities of a complex nature in more than
one functional area; evidence of previous successful cross-functional experience.”
                                         -12-
      Subcontracts who need constant surveilance [sic] to assure timely
      submission of their inputs.

      Consistently Meets

Clearly, this portion of the 1992 evaluation deals with communication with other
departments, not with the development of cross-functional skills. Haugan’s rating of
Dexter’s cross-functional capabilities in connection with the reduction in force is not
inconsistent with Dexter’s 1992 performance evaluation which did not address
cross-functional skills. See Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 63 F.3d 771, 780
(8th Cir. 1995) (finding no evidence of pretext when plaintiff failed to identify any
actual conflicts between assessment in question and prior evaluations). Also, with
respect to Dexter’s work in labor relations, it is not the role of this court to sit as a
“super-personnel department” to second guess the wisdom of a business’s personnel
decisions. See Hill v. St. Louis Univ., 123 F.3d 1114, 1120 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing
Hutson, 63 F.3d at 781). It is not unlawful for a company to make personnel
decisions based on erroneous evaluations. Id. While Dexter characterizes her
cross-functional skills as “demonstrated and acknowledged,” she fails to point to
any evidence supporting this assertion. Haugan testified in her deposition that, in
her opinion, the fact that Dexter worked in another department did not necessarily
mean that Dexter had cross-functional capabilities. There is no evidence to support
an inference that Haugan believed that Dexter had cross-functional skills at levels
beyond a two, yet chose to give her a lower rating.

        Finally, Dexter contends that her rating of two in the leadership category was
inconsistent with the 1992 performance review in which she had received a rating of
“consistently exceeds expectations” in a category entitled “Innovation – assumes
initiative to propose and implement new and promising ideas. Shows good
judgment in evaluation alternative approaches for improvement.” Dexter argues that
a rating of “at least a ‘3' would have been consistent.” Under the Workforce
Reduction Criteria, a score of two in leadership corresponds to a finding that the

                                          -13-
employee “[h]as potential to lead in either a technical or team environment.” A
score of three would be appropriate if the employee “[d]emonstrates leadership
skills in affecting desired change in either technical or team environment.” Once
again, we find no inconsistency between the 1992 evaluation and Haugan’s rating.
The 1992 evaluation noted that “[c]reative innovation is one of Char’s strong points.
She does excellent work in developing customized spread sheets on the PC.” The
evaluator cited a recent project as an example of Dexter’s excellent customized
spread sheets. However, the evaluation did not address leadership skills in
connection with the assessment of Dexter’s innovation.

        Evers raises only a general challenge to his low rating, asserting that Alliant
produced no evidence to justify the low scores that Lenberg assigned to Evers.
Evers attempts to challenge these low scores, relying only on his own testimony that
he “performed as well as many of the retained employees.” Evers, however, fails to
produce any affirmative evidence that Lenberg manipulated the rating system. See
Walton v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 167 F.3d 423, 428 (8th Cir. 1999) (stating
that, in order to defeat summary judgment, a plaintiff must present affirmative
evidence rather than simply contend that a jury might disbelieve the defendant’s
evidence). Furthermore, “a comparison that reveals that [the plaintiff] was only as
qualified as the retained employees would not raise an inference of discrimination.”
Lewis v. Aerospace Comm. Credit Union, 114 F.3d 745, 749 (8th Cir. 1997).

       We find sufficient evidence in the record to support Alliant’s proffered
reasons for both terminations. As a result, “any presumption of discrimination
‘drops out of the picture.’” Bogren v. Minnesota, No. 99-3516, 2000 WL 1868282,
at *3 (8th Cir. Dec. 22, 2000) (citing St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502,
511 (1993)). Appellants, therefore, bear the burden of producing sufficient evidence
from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that Alliant’s explanations are
pretextual. Id. at *4.


                                         -14-
       Appellants argue that they have created a material issue of fact as to pretext,
pointing to statistical evidence, Alliant’s rating process, and written and oral
comments as support. As circumstantial evidence of pretext, appellants point to
company-wide statistical studies conducted by their expert, Alliant, and the EEOC
which they claim prove the disproportionate lay-off of older employees. See, e.g.,
Bevan v. Honeywell, Inc., 118 F.3d 603, 611-12 (8th Cir. 1997). One summary of
the statistical analysis of the Alliant layoffs prepared by the EEOC reads as follows,
“The evidence shows that at the end of 1990, employees age 40 and over
constituted 42% of the salaried workforce, yet 58% of the employees laid off over
the next five years were age 40 or over, and more than half of those were age 50
and above.”13 Appellants do not dispute, however, Alliant’s assertion that from
1990 to 1995, the average age of Alliant’s workforce rose from 39.5 years to 43.25
years. Alliant further asserts without contradiction by appellants that, assuming no
hiring and no departures except normal retirement, the projected increase in average
age during that period would have been from 39.5 to 43.27 years.

       Moreover, in order for statistical evidence to be probative of pretext, it must
analyze the treatment of comparable employees. Brown v. McDonnell Douglas
Corp., 113 F.3d 139, 142 (8th Cir. 1997). Appellants’ expert, Dr. David Peterson,
admits that his investigation into “the extent to which employee performance may
account for the disparities . . . has been limited.” Appellants point out that Dr.
Peterson’s report states that “older employees generally received lower ratings than
other people in the pools with which they were compared.” However, Dr. Peterson
recognized, both in his deposition and in a treatise of which he was a co-author, that
because successful employees tend to be promoted, low performers at any level will

      13
         It should be noted that the EEOC analysis compares the percentage of
Alliant’s workforce that was over forty in 1990 to the numbers from lay-offs
conducted over a five-year period from 1990 to 1995 and does not take into account
the fact that, given a static workforce, the percentage of employees over forty would
naturally increase with the passage of time.
                                         -15-
tend to be older than others at the same level. While we recognize that company-
wide statistics can be probative as to the presence of a general climate of age bias,
see, e.g., Bevan, 118 F.3d at 611, we conclude that, given the evidence in this case,
appellants’ statistics are insufficient to create a material issue of fact as to pretext.

       Appellants contend that “Alliant’s layoff decisions were subjective,
uninformed, and reeked of favoritism,” citing testimony that managers often made
changes to lay-off lists at their own whims and that one administrator ordered his
friends’ names removed from lay-off lists. Appellants further challenge Alliant’s
decision to change its rating process, which stripped away built-in protections for
older employees and instituted a “snap-shot” approach of evaluating performance
based only on recent performance. “[T]he presence of subjectivity in employment
evaluations is itself not a grounds for challenging those evaluations as
discriminatory.” Hutson, 63 F.3d at 780. Moreover, “‘[t]here is nothing inherently
discriminatory in an employer choosing to rely on recent performance more heavily
than past performance in deciding which employees to terminate during a [reduction
in force].’” Dammen v. Unimed Med. Ctr., No. 99-2183, 2001 WL 38217, at * 3
(8th Cir. Jan. 17, 2001) (quoting Brown, 113 F.3d at 142). As we have noted, it is
not unlawful for an employer to make “employment decisions based upon poor job
performance, erroneous evaluations, personal conflicts between employees, or even
unsound business practices,” Hill, 123 F.3d at 1120, as long as these decisions are
not the result of discrimination based on an employee’s membership in a protected
class. Appellants have not produced any evidence that Alliant made changes to the
lay-off lists based on employee age.

       Finally, appellants identify several comments and written statements as
evidence of pretext. However, all of this evidence is too remote in time from the
layoffs of Evers and Dexter to be probative. See EEOC v. McDonnell Douglas
Corp., 191 F.3d 948, 953 (8th Cir. 1999); Walton, 167 F.3d at 428 (holding that a
remark by a decisionmaker made two years before termination was too remote in

                                           -16-
time to support a finding of pretext for intentional discrimination). None of these
comments or statements were causally related to Evers and Dexter’s terminations.
Stray remarks, without more, do not give rise to an inference of discrimination.
Fisher, 225 F.3d at 922. A careful review of the record reveals that the facts of
these cases do not support a reasonable inference of discriminatory intent.
Appellants’ disparate treatment claims therefore fail. As we stated in Hill, it must
be remembered that anti-discrimination laws, including the ADEA and the MHRA,
“are not meant to transform ‘at will’ employment into perpetual employment where
equal treatment is guaranteed to all employees and termination is legal only ‘for
cause.’” Hill, 123 F.3d at 1120. The statutes instead “serve the narrow purpose of
prohibiting discrimination based on certain, discreet classifications,” including age.
Id. We have previously recognized the unfortunate fact that “even capable
employees are released when an employer is down-sizing.” Hutson, 63 F.3d at 779.
Because appellants fail to point to any evidence which would support a finding of
age discrimination, the district court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of
Alliant.

      AFFIRMED.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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