                                                                                                 Filed
                                                                                           Washington State
                                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                                            Division Two

                                                                                          November 17, 2015




    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
 In re the Marriage of:                                               No. 45769-5-II


 AMY S. DeVARGAS,
                                Appellant,                      UNPUBLISHED OPINION

         v.

 JOSHUA KLEYMEYER,

                                Respondent.

       BJORGEN, J. — Amy S. deVargas appeals the trial court’s orders of child support for

deVargas’s and Joshua D. Kleymeyer’s minor children and an order finding her in contempt

entered by a superior court commissioner earlier in the proceedings. DeVargas assigns error to

several of the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its orders,

contending that the trial court made various errors in calculating the parties’ obligations.

DeVargas also contends that the trial court erred in holding her in contempt. Finding errors in

the child support orders and in the contempt order, we reverse and remand for further

proceedings.
No. 45769-5-II


                                             FACTS

          I. INITIAL PROCEEDING IN THE OREGON COURTS AND THE KLEYMEYER TRUST

       DeVargas and Kleymeyer have two children together, BK and SK. On January 5, 2001,

the Multnomah County Circuit Court in Oregon entered a judgment awarding custody of both

children to deVargas and ordering Kleymeyer to pay child support. The court also ordered

Kleymeyer “to seek further funds for the purpose of paying [his] basic needs and responsibilities

from the Irrevocable Trust Created By Clifford Kleymeyer for the Benefit of Joshua David

Kleymeyer” (Trust) in the amount of $700 per month “to defray the children’s child care costs.”

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 435. The Trust apparently held substantial assets,1 distributions, and

income, which constituted Kleymeyer’s primary or sole source of support at the time.

                      II. DEVARGAS’S MOVE TO THE UNITED KINGDOM AND
                             KLEYMEYER’S MOVE TO LOS ANGELES

       On October 23, 2001, the Oregon court entered a judgment modifying the January 2001

judgment, allowing deVargas to relocate the boys to the United Kingdom. The modified

judgment required Kleymeyer to pay for the children’s health insurance and $638 per month in

child support “until each child attains the age of 18, or 21 if attending school pursuant to Oregon

Law.” CP at 430. It made deVargas “responsible for the children’s uninsured health costs until

such time that more information is available regarding the children’s health care cost in the

United Kingdom.” CP at 430. The modified judgment also provided for the children to visit

Kleymeyer in the United States for one month each summer, and allowed Kleymeyer to schedule




1
 The record does not establish the exact value of the Trust assets, which passed to Kleymeyer
directly when he turned 30 on August 13, 2004.

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No. 45769-5-II


additional visits in the United Kingdom. It made deVargas responsible for one half of the travel

expenses for the summer visits and Kleymeyer solely responsible for the remainder of the

children’s travel expenses, as well as his own.

       DeVargas married a United Kingdom citizen, Brendon Keenan, and had two more

children. She separated from Keenan in April 2009, returned with all four children to the United

States, and settled in Thurston County. According to a declaration submitted to the trial court,

deVargas received about $57,000 in the property division resulting from her separation from

Keenan, which money she used to relocate, purchase a car, and pay living expenses for the

following year.2

       While deVargas, BK, and SK lived in the United Kingdom, Kleymeyer earned a graduate

degree from American University in Washington, D.C., and worked at various professional jobs

in the United States, Europe, and New Zealand. He eventually moved to Los Angeles,

California, got married, and found employment with The RAND Corporation.

                                   III. BK’S LEGAL TROUBLES

       In early 2011, the State charged BK with several crimes related to a hit and run accident

in Thurston County Juvenile Court. The incident giving rise to the charges occurred in January

2010 and involved a van that went missing from deVargas’s driveway. DeVargas hired a private

attorney to defend BK, at a total cost of over $14,000. The record indicates that BK received a

deferred disposition in December 2011, pursuant to a negotiated plea.




2
  In a 2010 pleading, deVargas asserted that she received between $960 and $1,100 monthly
from Keenan in “voluntary child support.” CP at 362.

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No. 45769-5-II


                      IV. 2010 MODIFICATION OF THE OREGON JUDGMENT

       Meanwhile, on March 10, 2010, Kleymeyer moved in the Oregon court to modify the

2001 custody and support orders. Kleymeyer specifically raised deVargas’s alleged failure to

fulfill her obligation under the 2001 judgments to pay a share of BK and SK’s travel and

uninsured medical expenses.

       In an affidavit, Kleymeyer listed his employment as an administrative assistant at The

RAND Corporation and his total monthly gross income as $4,687.61. Kleymeyer claimed

$2,914.54 in “optional deductions” from his monthly income, including contributions of $417.00

per month to his Roth retirement account savings plan and $2,333.37 to an “Education Fund.”

CP at 384. Kleymeyer also disclosed that his wife, Kathryn Wood, had $5,406.25 in monthly

income. DeVargas asserted that her income, including food stamp benefits and “voluntary child

support” from Keenan, totaled between $2,211.00 and $2,351.00 monthly. CP at 362.

       On September 7, 2010, the Oregon court entered a supplemental judgment modifying the

parenting schedule and child support by stipulation. The court determined Kleymeyer’s monthly

income to be $5,268 and deVargas’s to be $1,455. The judgment specified that Kleymeyer “will

continue to pay all of the children’s transportation expenses for his parenting time” and will pay

“$82 in excess of 4% of his gross monthly income for the children’s health insurance.” CP at

349. The Oregon court adjusted the monthly child support obligation “downward by a total of

$130 per month” for these expenses. CP at 349. The court thus ordered Kleymeyer to pay $910

per month in child support as well as BK and SK’s health insurance costs. It made deVargas

responsible for the first $250 of uninsured or unreimbursed medical expenses per year.




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No. 45769-5-II


        The judgment also awarded the dependent tax exemptions to Kleymeyer and required

him to maintain and make minimum contributions of $1,000 per year to educational savings

accounts he had set up for BK and SK. The record shows that in 2010, the accounts specified in

the order consisted of two education savings accounts with balances of nearly $20,000 each, as

well as two other accounts Kleymeyer held on behalf of BK and SK with balances of around

$70,000 each.

        The judgment included a parenting plan and addressed responsibility for related

transportation as follows:

               Father shall be solely responsible for booking and paying for the children’s
        transportation for his parenting time, and shall provide [deVargas] a copy of all
        transportation confirmations and itineraries as soon as he receives them.
        [DeVargas] shall be responsible for getting the children to and from the
        transportation provider at her end.

CP at 351. The judgment did not, however, award Kleymeyer any amount or offset for his

support obligation based on deVargas’s alleged failure to pay her share of the unreimbursed

medical or transportation expenses under the 2001 judgments. The judgment also specified that

except as otherwise modified, the provisions of the 2001 custody and child support orders remain

in full force and effect.

                             V. KLEYMEYER’S SEPARATION FROM RAND

        The RAND Corporation terminated Kleymeyer’s employment effective January 27,

2012. The notification letter explained that Kleymeyer “had exhausted [his] protected leave time

under the Family and Medical Leave Act” and that RAND’s “Short-Term Disability provider’s

(Sedgwick CMS) adjudication” denied Kleymeyer’s short term disability claim. CP at 597. The

letter further recited that RAND would “proceed with the separation of [Kleymeyer’s]


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No. 45769-5-II


employment as previously communicated” because Kleymeyer had informed the company that

his doctor had not released him to return to work and that he would “not be ready to return to

active employment in the near future.” CP at 597. The record contains no other evidence that

Kleymeyer has suffered from any medical problem.

          A “notice of unemployment insurance award” from California’s Employment

Development Department, dated March 12, 2013, lists Kleymeyer’s “Claim Beginning Date” as

February 24, 2013, his “Claim Ending Date” as February 22, 2014, his “Weekly Benefit

Amount” as $291, and his “Maximum Benefit Amount” as $5,147. CP at 976. The notice states

that Kleymeyer “must look for full time work each week.” CP at 976.

                                 VI. BK’S MOVE TO LOS ANGELES

          At the end of March 2012, deVargas and Kleymeyer agreed in writing to allow BK to

live with Kleymeyer in Los Angeles. After initiating further legal proceedings in the Oregon

court in June 2012, described below, Kleymeyer stopped making child support payments in

August 2012.

                      VII. THE OREGON COURT’S DECLINING OF JURISDICTION

          On June 29, 2012, Kleymeyer moved to modify the 2001 and 2010 Oregon custody and

support judgments. Kleymeyer asked the Oregon court to award him custody of BK, modify the

child support and transportation obligations, and award him costs and attorney fees, among other

relief.

          After receiving service of Kleymeyer’s motion and a notice that the Oregon division of

child support intended to close her case, deVargas initiated these proceedings pro se in the

Thurston County Superior Court. In her “Petition for Modification/Adjustment of Custody


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No. 45769-5-II


Decree/Parenting Plan/Residential Schedule,” filed August 17, 2012, deVargas asserted that

Washington had jurisdiction and that she had requested that the Oregon court decline to exercise

jurisdiction because neither the parties nor their children had resided in Oregon for more than six

years. She filed a motion to dismiss the case at the same time in the Oregon court. On

December 6, 2012, the Oregon court declined to exercise jurisdiction in favor of Washington and

dismissed the proceedings there.

              VIII. DEVARGAS’S PETITION IN THURSTON COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT

       In her modification petition, deVargas requested that the court modify the residential and

child support provisions of the Oregon judgments due to a substantial change in circumstances.

She also requested that the court adjust the transportation and other arrangements.

       In her proposed parenting plan, deVargas asked that BK reside with Kleymeyer during

the 2012-2013 school year—BK’s final year of high school—and visit her for three weeks in the

summer, but that BK be allowed to return to her home if he chose to do so. She proposed that

the court make Kleymeyer responsible for all transportation costs. DeVargas further requested

that the court order Kleymeyer to produce various financial documents, award the dependent tax

exemption for SK to her, and require Kleymeyer to pay deVargas’s costs and attorney fees.

Finally, she requested that Kleymeyer pay his proportional share of BK’s legal defense costs.

       After the Oregon court declined to exercise jurisdiction, Kleymeyer responded to the

petition, asking the court to permanently place BK with him and award him the tax exemptions

for both BK and SK. In June 2013, Kleymeyer amended his response, asking the court to

establish child support in accordance with the “split custody arrangement” and order deVargas to

pay a share of BK’s postsecondary education expenses. CP at 456.


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No. 45769-5-II


          On July 15, 2013, deVargas filed a motion to modify the Oregon court’s 2010 child

support order. She alleged Kleymeyer was voluntarily unemployed, noting that he appears

highly employable,3 and asked the court to impute income to him based on his rate of pay while

working at The RAND Corporation. DeVargas also asked the court to deny Kleymeyer a “split

custody”4 deviation and deviate upward from the standard child support calculation based on

Kleymeyer’s personal wealth, Wood’s income, and substantial hardship to deVargas’s

household.

          DeVargas submitted a financial declaration stating that her total monthly income was

$2,067.78, including $1,000.00 per month in child support from Keenan, and her total expenses

were $2,822.00, and showing debts over $100,000.00, including $82,715.50 in student loans and

a debt to her father for BK’s legal fees. The declaration discloses that deVargas has a Bachelor

of Arts degree and is self-employed.

                                IX. KLEYMEYER’S CONTEMPT MOTION

          On July 22, 2013, Kleymeyer filed a motion to show cause why a contempt order should

not be entered against deVargas, together with motions to amend his response to deVargas’s




3
 Kleymeyer claims to have a decade of professional experience, primarily in communications,
security policy, and international business, and identifies himself as a film producer on his
“LinkedIn” professional networking profile. Among other achievements noted on his résumé,
Kleymeyer graduated summa cum laude from the American University School of International
Studies with a Master’s Degree in International Communication, speaks Spanish and French,
maintains an active security clearance level with the Department of Homeland Security, and has
extensive training with various information technology software.
4
    The nature of the “split custody” determination is explained in part III B of the Analysis.

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No. 45769-5-II


petition to modify the parenting plan.5 Kleymeyer based the contempt motion on deVargas’s

alleged failure to reimburse him (1) $1,294 for her share of medical expenses not covered by

insurance incurred between 2009 and 2013, (2) $6,932 for her share of parenting time related

travel expenses incurred between 2001 and 2009, and (3) $3,070 for the entire cost of eight

flights between 2009 and 2011 that Kleymeyer booked but BK and SK did not take, allegedly

“due to Ms. deVargas not complying with established visitation schedules and act[ing] in an

obstructionist fashion without legal authority to do so constituting an abusive use of conflict.”

CP at 999-1000. Kleymeyer based these claims on deVargas’s obligations under the 2001 and

2010 Oregon judgments.6 The motion also includes a request that the court order deVargas to

pay Kleymeyer’s attorney fees.

       Kleymeyer’s pleading also amended his response to deVargas’s petition concerning BK

and SK’s postsecondary education. Kleymeyer informed the court that BK had been admitted to

Loyola Marymount University (LMU) with a $56,678 estimated annual cost of attendance, of

which a “need-based” financial aid and work study award would cover $21,100, asking that

deVargas be obligated to pay half of the remainder.7 CP at 995-96.




5
  The pleading also included other motions not relevant here, including one to compel deVargas
to obtain a $500,000 life insurance policy, because Kleymeyer wished to obtain policies for BK
and SK as “savings vehicles.” CP at 997-98.
6
  As discussed, Kleymeyer raised the claims regarding medical and travel expenses in the 2010
proceedings, but did not specifically raise the issue of missed flights. Only three of the flights at
issue were missed after entry of the 2010 order.
7
  BK moved out of Kleymeyer’s home and began attending LMU on August 26, 2013. The
record discloses that both deVargas and Kleymeyer received their Bachelor of Arts degrees from
a private institution.

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No. 45769-5-II


       Kleymeyer further requested that the court reduce his child support obligation to reflect

his voluntary contribution to his Roth retirement account of $416.66 per month and the entire

amount of Wood’s health insurance premium, $343.00. Kleymeyer argued in the trial court that

“premiums for the children could not be pro rated” because Wood’s plan had only three different

premium categories, “One Person[,] Two Persons[, and] Three or More.” CP at 1297.

       Kleymeyer also submitted a financial declaration dated August 16, 2013, in which he left

the lines requesting his occupation and highest year of education blank. He gave his total

monthly net income as $1,369.70 and total monthly expenses as $12,446.62. He claimed that he

was unemployed due to administrative separation and that his gross monthly earnings had been

$2,800.00 while working. The record, however, discloses that Kleymeyer admitted to the

Oregon court that he earned $3,721.64 per month at RAND. He acknowledged $210.66 per

month in interest and dividend income, $1,445.00 per month in “Other Income,” and that his

wife earned $6,000.00 per month. CP at 574. He claimed to have no stocks or bonds, cash on

hand, life insurance, or “[o]ther liquid assets,” stating he had only $1,500.00 “[o]n deposit in

banks.” CP at 575. He claimed more than $8,000.00 in debts, on which he was paying

$2,000.00 per month. Finally, he listed $13,000.00 in attorney fees and costs incurred to date.

       DeVargas learned in discovery that Kleymeyer had $592,345.60 in the largest of several

investment accounts with Morgan Stanley financial planners as of 2012, which accounts had

totaled more than $700,000.00 in 2010. DeVargas also learned that Kleymeyer had more than

$8,000.00 in bank accounts, and more than $80,000.00 in his Roth retirement account.

Kleymeyer also had a whole life insurance policy issued in December 2006 with a “Face

Amount” of $1,000,000.00 and an annual premium of $590.00, and over $35,000.00 in his


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No. 45769-5-II


RAND retirement account. In addition, he owned real property generating $1,388.00 in rental

income for 2012, among other assets.

    X. THE TRIAL COURT’S CONTEMPT ORDER AND WITHDRAWAL OF DEVARGAS’S COUNSEL

          The parties, both represented by counsel, argued the petition and motions before a

Thurston County family and juvenile court commissioner on August 20, 2013. The court made

oral rulings on many of the child support and custody issues, including ruling that it would grant

the contempt motion at least as to the travel and medical expenses. The court set the matter over

for presentation, asking Kleymeyer’s counsel to draft an order, and for consideration of the other

issues.

          Near the conclusion of the August 20 hearing, deVargas’s attorney informed the court

that he had “entered a notice of withdrawal in this case that will be effective on the 30th.”

Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Aug. 20, 2013) at 30. Although he signed such a notice

on August 14, 2013, and timely served it on the parties, it was not actually filed until November

8, 2013. The record does not disclose the reason for this delay.

          The court held the hearing on September 10. DeVargas’s attorney informed the court

that he was no longer her attorney of record and filed a notice of limited appearance.

          The court issued a letter ruling on October 25, 2013, noting that it had signed

Kleymeyer’s proposed contempt order, changing only the amount of attorney fees to reflect the

representation of Kleymeyer’s attorney at the hearing. The court addressed the letter ruling to

deVargas’s former attorney, not to her, and mailed it. The attorney did not receive it until

November 4, 2013, and immediately informed deVargas.




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No. 45769-5-II


       The court filed the contempt order on October 25, 2013. The order included a finding

that deVargas “intentionally failed to comply with a lawful order of the court dated on,” but did

not give any date. CP at 7. It did, however identify the order violated as “related to . . . medical

support[,] child care, educational expenses, transportation expenses, or other special expenses.”

CP at 7. The contempt order found that deVargas had violated the prior order as follows:

              Medical expenses not paid in the amount of $663 for the period of 2013 plus
       $38.65 interest, for a total of $701.65; in the amount of $223 for the period of 2012
       plus $56.73 interest for a total of $279.73; and lastly, in the amount of $409 for the
       period of 2009, plus $234.56 interest for that time period for a total of $643.57.
              Delinquent travel expenses for the period of 2001 to 2009 in the amount of
       $6932 plus $3975.64 interest.
              Forfeited travel due to expenses in the amount of $3070 for the period 2009-
       2011 plus $781.01 interest.

CP at 7. The court did not find that she failed to comply with the parenting plan, however. The

court found that she had the past ability to comply with the prior order because “[s]he ha[d]

received funds in another divorce action [and] is capable of earning income,” and that she had

the present ability to comply because she “has income to pay the judgments.” CP at 7-8. In

addition to the attorney fees, the order required deVargas to pay Kleymeyer $10,002.00 for

unpaid child care, educational expenses, transportation expenses and the delinquent and forfeited

travel expenses, $1,574.73 for the unpaid medical expenses, and $5,086.59 in interest.

       DeVargas filed a motion pro se on November 8, 2013, to revise the commissioner’s

contempt order. The court denied it as untimely pursuant to the 10-day limit to file motions to

revise in CR 5. DeVargas timely appealed the denial of her motion to revise.




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          XI. THE INITIAL ORDER ON MODIFICATION OF CHILD SUPPORT AND CUSTODY

       On deVargas’s petition for modification and adjustment, the Thurston County court

commissioner’s letter ruling found Kleymeyer voluntarily unemployed and deVargas voluntarily

underemployed, but also found that Kleymeyer “has significant and substantial financial assets

available in his household as opposed to” deVargas. CP at 674. The court imputed $3,868.00 in

monthly income to Kleymeyer, based on his historical rate of pay, and $9.18 per hour full time to

deVargas. The order required Kleymeyer to pay $16,394.76 in back child support and $9,911.20

for BK’s legal fees.

            XII. CROSS MOTIONS TO REVISE AND THE FINAL MODIFICATION ORDERS

       Both parties timely moved to revise the commissioner’s order on deVargas’s petition.

The court granted Kleymeyer’s motion entirely and denied deVargas’s, except as to her request

that the court award her the dependent tax exemption for SK. The court found Kleymeyer

involuntarily unemployed based on the RAND separation letter and his receipt of California

unemployment benefits. The court thus set his gross income using benefits actually received

until February 22, 2014, when his claim ended, imputing income to him after that date at the

level of those benefits, $10,293.45 annually.

       In granting Kleymeyer’s request for a split custody child support calculation, the court

declined to consider Wood’s income. The court also declined to consider Kleymeyer’s

household wealth in setting his child support obligation. In addition, the court declined to order

Kleymeyer to pay a share of BK’s legal fees:

       [t]here is no basis in case law or statute for the Respondent father to be found
       obligated to pay criminal defense fees for a child of a committed intimate
       relationship when a parentage decree has been filed years before those fees were


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No. 45769-5-II


         incurred, the mother was the custodial parent of the child and the father did not
         assume an obligation for those fees.

CP at 791. With respect to the health insurance premiums, the court concluded that “[a] parent

who pays health care premiums that cannot be pro rated is entitled to a full credit for child

support calculation purposes.” CP at 792.

         The court entered three child support orders to implement its ruling on deVargas’s

petition. The first concerned only support for SK from September 2013 forward. The court

calculated Kleymeyer’s net monthly income at $835.39, setting deVargas’s proportional share of

income at 61.2 percent and Kleymeyer’s at 38.8 percent. Because it set Kleymeyer’s income

below 125 percent of the “Federal Poverty Guideline,” the court set his support obligation at the

statutory minimum of $50.00 per month going forward, entering judgment in favor of deVargas

for back support in the amount of $250.00.

         The second and third orders concerned child support obligations for both children, the

second from July 2012 to December 2012, and the third from January 2013 through August

2013, the month BK left Kleymeyer’s home for LMU. Both orders contained a provision stating

that “[t]he child support amount ordered . . . deviates from the standard calculation . . . due to

split custody.” CP at 813, 829. The second order set Kleymeyer’s monthly net income at

$1,047.35 and the third order set it at $823.97. Thus, both orders assigned the bulk of the child

support obligation to deVargas, assigning Kleymeyer only the statutory minimum. After

performing the “‘Arvey’ Split Custody”8 calculations, the second order required deVargas to pay

Kleymeyer $91.00 per month and the third order required her to pay $65.00 per month for the



8
    In re Marriage of Arvey, 77 Wn. App. 817, 894 P.2d 1346 (1995).

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No. 45769-5-II


periods involved, resulting in judgments for Kleymeyer against her of $637.00 and $520.00

respectively.

       Thus, the court ultimately ordered deVargas to pay Kleymeyer $907 ($637 + $520 -

$250) and obligated him to pay $50 per month in child support going forward. All three orders

state that “[t]he mother’s request for a deviation based on father’s household wealth was denied

because only the father’s income is to be used in calculating any support obligation.” CP at 798.

In all of the orders, the portion of the child support worksheet entitled “Additional Factors for

Consideration,” asking for information about household assets, debts, and other income not part

of the standard calculation, was filled in entirely with zeroes. CP at 807. Although the forms

ask for “Other Children Living In Each Household,” none are listed. CP at 824.

       DeVargas appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       After setting forth the standard of review and briefly describing the relevant statutory

framework, we first address deVargas’s claim that (1) the trial court erred in refusing to impute

income to Kleymeyer based on his earning history. We then consider whether the court erred in

(2) denying deVargas’s request for a deviation from the standard child support calculation and

(3) granting Kleymeyer’s request that it determine support according to the Arvey split custody

formula. Next, we consider whether the court erred in (4) ordering deVargas to pay a share of

postsecondary education costs, (5) deducting Kleymeyer’s Roth retirement account contributions

from his income, (6) crediting him for the entire amount of Wood’s health insurance premium,

and (7) refusing to order him to pay a share of BK’s legal fees. Finally, (8) we address the trial

court’s contempt order.


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No. 45769-5-II


                           I. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND GOVERNING LAW

        Appellate courts review child support orders for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of

Fiorito, 112 Wn. App. 657, 663, 50 P.3d 298 (2002). We will reverse only if the trial court’s

decision was manifestly unreasonable or was based on untenable grounds or reasons, considering

the purposes of the trial court’s discretion. Fiorito, 112 Wn. App. at 663-64; Coggle v. Snow, 56

Wn. App. 499, 507, 784 P.2d 554 (1990). The party challenging the trial court’s decision bears

the burden of demonstrating an abuse of discretion. Schumacher v. Watson, 100 Wn. App. 208,

211, 997 P.2d 399 (2000).

        We will not hold that a trial court’s child support determination constitutes an abuse of

discretion where the record shows that the trial court “considered all the relevant factors and the

child support award is not unreasonable under the circumstances.” State ex. rel. J.V.G. v. Van

Guilder, 137 Wn. App. 417, 423, 154 P.3d 243 (2007). As held in In re Marriage of Littlefield,

133 Wn.2d 39, 47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997),

        [a] court’s decision is manifestly unreasonable if it is outside the range of
        acceptable choices, given the facts and the applicable legal standard; it is based on
        untenable grounds if the factual findings are unsupported by the record; it is based
        on untenable reasons if it is based on an incorrect standard or the facts do not meet
        the requirements of the correct standard.

Consistently with these rules, “[a] trial court . . . necessarily abuse[s] its discretion if it base[s] its

ruling on an erroneous view of the law.” Wash. State Physicians Ins. Exch. & Ass’n v. Fisons

Corp., 122 Wn.2d 299, 339, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993).

        In reviewing an order entered on a motion to revise a commissioner’s ruling, we

generally look to the superior court’s decision, not the commissioner’s, but “when the superior

court denies a motion for revision, it adopts the commissioner’s findings, conclusions, and


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No. 45769-5-II


rulings as its own.” J.V.G., 137 Wn. App. at 423. Evidence suffices to support a finding of fact

if it is of “sufficient quantum to persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the truth of a declared

premise.” Helman v. Sacred Heart Hosp., 62 Wn.2d 136, 147, 381 P.2d 605 (1963). When a

trial court fails to explicitly articulate findings of fact or distinguish them from conclusions of

law, we exercise our discretion in determining what facts the court actually found. Tapper v.

State Emp’t Sec. Dep’t, 122 Wn.2d 397, 406, 858 P.2d 494 (1993).

       Chapter 26.19 RCW governs the amount of child support obligations, establishing a

standardized schedule that sets a presumptive support amount, or “basic support obligation,”

based primarily on each parent’s share of both parents’ total net income. RCW 26.19.071, .080.

We have described the procedure prescribed by the statute as follows:

       The court must adhere to the following procedure in setting support: compute the
       total income of the parents, RCW 26.19.071; determine the standard child support
       level from the economic table, RCW 26.19.020; decide whether to deviate from the
       standard calculation based on specific statutory factors, RCW 26.19.075; and
       allocate the support obligation to each parent based on each parent’s share of the
       combined net income. RCW 26.19.080.

In re Marriage of Maples, 78 Wn. App. 696, 700, 899 P.2d 1 (1995), overruled in part on other

grounds by In re Marriage of McCausland, 159 Wn.2d 607, 152 P.3d 1013 (2007). The statute

also includes the following statement of legislative intent:

       The legislature intends, in establishing a child support schedule, to insure that child
       support orders are adequate to meet a child’s basic needs and to provide additional
       child support commensurate with the parents’ income, resources, and standard of
       living. The legislature also intends that the child support obligation should be
       equitably apportioned between the parents.




                                                  17
No. 45769-5-II


RCW 26.19.001. The legislature has further specified that “[w]hen the rights of basic nurture,

physical and mental health, and safety of the child and the legal rights of the parents are in

conflict, the rights and safety of the child should prevail.” RCW 13.34.020.

       Although in setting the actual child support obligations, “[a]ll income and resources of

each parent’s household shall be disclosed and considered by the court. . . . Only the income of

the parents of the children whose support is at issue shall be calculated for purposes of

calculating the basic support obligation.” RCW 26.19.071(1). Thus, for purposes of calculating

the presumptive obligation, “[i]ncome and resources of any other person shall not be included.”

RCW 26.19.071(1). The statute lists sources of money the court must include in a parent’s gross

income, sources it must exclude from gross income, and expenses the court must deduct from the

parent’s gross income to determine net income. RCW 26.19.071(3)-(5).

       Although courts must calculate the basic support obligation according to the schedule,

they retain some discretion to deviate from it; that is, to set one or both parents’ actual support

obligations at a different amount. The statute provides a nonexclusive list of reasons for which a

court may properly deviate from the basic support calculation, but also limits or prohibits

deviations based on specified grounds. RCW 26.19.075(1). Courts considering whether to

deviate from the schedule must consider, and the parties must disclose, “[a]ll income and

resources of the parties before the court, new spouses or new domestic partners, and other adults

in the households.” RCW 26.19.075(2). The statute mandates that, “[w]hen reasons exist for

deviation, the court shall exercise discretion in considering the extent to which the factors would

affect the support obligation.” RCW 26.19.075(4). Whether the court grants or denies the




                                                 18
No. 45769-5-II


request for deviation, it must enter written findings, supported by evidence, specifying the

reasons for the decision. RCW 26.19.075(3).

                                   II. IMPUTATION OF INCOME

       DeVargas argues that the trial court erred by calculating Kleymeyer’s income based

solely on his unemployment benefits and investment income, rather than imputing income to him

at his historic rate of pay. DeVargas also argues that the court erred by imputing income to

Kleymeyer following the termination of his benefits based on the benefit amount rather than on

one of the methods set forth in the statute. We agree.

       Although the child support statute requires that courts include income from

“[u]nemployment benefits” when calculating child support, it also provides that “[t]he court shall

impute income to a parent when the parent is voluntarily unemployed or voluntarily

underemployed.” RCW 26.19.071(3)(p), (6). The statute enumerates several methods of

imputing income in order of priority:

       (a) Full-time earnings at the current rate of pay;
       (b) Full-time earnings at the historical rate of pay;
       (c) Full-time earnings at a past rate of pay where information is incomplete;
       (d) Full-time earnings at minimum wage in the jurisdiction where the parent resides
       if the parent has a recent history of minimum wage earnings [or] is recently coming
       off public assistance;
       (e) Median net monthly income of year-round full-time workers as derived from
       [government statistics].

RCW 26.19.071(6).

       The statute specifies that “[t]he court shall determine whether the parent is voluntarily

underemployed or voluntarily unemployed based upon that parent’s work history, education,




                                                19
No. 45769-5-II


health, and age, or any other relevant factors.” RCW 26.19.071(6). Thus, the fact that a person

receives unemployment benefits does not alone establish that he is involuntarily unemployed.

       We have interpreted the term “voluntarily” in this context broadly. We held, for

example, that a trial court abused its discretion in refusing to impute income to “a career woman

who voluntarily quit working full time to work part time and care for the two children of her new

marriage.” In re Marriage of Pollard, 99 Wn. App. 48, 52, 991 P.2d 1201 (2000). We also

reversed a trial court’s decision not to impute income to a parent who remarried and stayed at

home to raise children. In re Marriage of Brockopp, 78 Wn. App. 441, 445-46, 898 P.2d 849

(1995); accord In re Marriage of Jonas, 57 Wn. App. 339, 340-41, 788 P.2d 12 (1990).

Similarly, we held that a parent who stopped working to attend school was voluntarily

unemployed. Jonas, 57 Wn. App. at 340-41.

       Goodell v. Goodell, 130 Wn. App. 381, 122 P.3d 929 (2005), is particularly instructive.

The unemployed parent had found a job, but left after a few months because it demanded a long

commute that “adversely affected her ability to secure daycare.” Goodell, 130 Wn. App. at 385.

Even though she “present[ed] evidence of attempts to obtain employment,” we held that she had

not “provide[d] any reasonable explanation about why she failed to hold a job” for 16 months.

Goodell, 130 Wn. App. at 390. We therefore held that the trial court “abused its discretion when

it failed to find [the unemployed parent] voluntarily unemployed and failed to impute income to

her according to [chapter] 26.19 RCWA.” Goodell, 130 Wn. App. at 390.

       As discussed, the trial court here found Kleymeyer involuntarily unemployed based on

the separation letter and his receipt of California unemployment benefits, for which his award

letter stated that he had to seek full time work. The separation letter, however, at most


                                                20
No. 45769-5-II


establishes that Kleymeyer told RAND that his doctor had not released him to return to work.

The same letter indicates that RAND’s own internal process determined that Kleymeyer did not

qualify for disability leave. No other evidence in the record shows that Kleymeyer had a medical

problem, or what the nature of the problem might be. Even were we to accept that the letter

provides sufficient evidence to support a finding that Kleymeyer could not work at that particular

job for medical reasons, it fails to establish that he could not perform any gainful employment.

As noted above, the statutory factors other than “health,” such as “work history, education, . . . .

and age,” suggest that Kleymeyer is highly employable. RCW 26.19.071(6).

       Under the cases discussed above, Kleymeyer’s receipt of California unemployment

benefits also fails to justify the trial court’s decision not to impute income to him. While

recipients of such benefits must look for work, that search is limited to “suitable work,” that is,

“work in the individual’s usual occupation or for which he is reasonably fitted.” CALIFORNIA

UNEMPLOYMENT INS. CODE §§ 1253, 1257-58 (West). In addition, the California Supreme Court

interpreted these provisions to mean that a person remains eligible for benefits despite refusing

actual offers of suitable employment for reasons such as “conflict with the performance of [the]

duties of [parenthood]” and “conflict with the requirements of a full-time law student.” Glick v.

Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd., 23 Cal.3d 493, 500, 591 P.2d 24 (1979) (discussing Sanchez v.

Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd., 20 Cal.3d 55, 69, 569 P.2d 740 (1977)).

       Thus, even if Kleymeyer refused offers of remunerative employment in his usual

occupation due to a voluntary choice, such as to take care of children or pursue a law degree, he

would remain eligible for unemployment benefits in California. In contrast, the Washington

cases discussed above make clear that such decisions do not render a parent’s unemployment


                                                 21
No. 45769-5-II


“involuntary” for purposes of determining child support obligations under RCW 26.19.071(6).

The record contains no evidence as to whether Kleymeyer (1) complied with the mandate to seek

work, (2) received job offers, or (3) if he did, why he refused them. The record does show that

he has significant job skills and experience and is 41 years old, but did not obtain work for nearly

two years after leaving RAND in January 2012.

       For these reasons, substantial evidence in the record does not support the trial court’s

determination that Kleymeyer’s unemployment was involuntary, and the trial court abused its

discretion in declining to impute income to him. We reverse and remand with instructions to

impute income to Kleymeyer consistently with RCW 26.19.071(6).

       Also, although the orders do not show his income as imputed, the record makes clear that

the court did impute some income to Kleymeyer. Kleymeyer’s benefits ended on February 22,

2014. Thus, the trial court could not have been using his actual income for the period after that,

and was necessarily imputing income. When imputing income, the statute requires the court to

use one of the enumerated methods in the order of priority. Thus, the trial court also erred by not

imputing income to Kleymeyer consistently with RCW 26.19.071(6).

       We further note that the record indicates that Kleymeyer had some income during the

relevant time, such as capital gains, which the statute required the court to include in his gross

income, but which do not appear in the court’s calculations. RCW 26.19.071. On remand, the

trial court must consider, and require Kleymeyer to disclose, all sources of income required by

RCW 26.19.071.




                                                 22
No. 45769-5-II


     III. DENIAL OF DEVARGAS’S REQUEST FOR DEVIATION AND THE ARVEY SPLIT-CUSTODY
                                    CALCULATION

       DeVargas contends that the trial court erred by (1) denying her request for a child support

deviation and (2) granting Kleymeyer an “Arvey split-custody” deviation without considering

Kleymeyer’s greater financial resources and deVargas’s obligation to support two children from

another relationship. We address these in turn.

A.     DeVargas’s Request for a Deviation

       DeVargas contends that the trial court erred in denying her request for a deviation by

failing to consider Kleymeyer’s household wealth and deVargas’s duty to support the children

from her marriage to Keenan. We agree.

       In her July 15, 2013 motion for modification of the Oregon child support order, deVargas

requested that the court consider not only her “support of other children in [her] house,” but

Kleymeyer’s personal wealth and Wood’s income. CP at 461-70. The child support statute

includes among the reasons for deviation from the standard calculation, “[s]ources of income . . .

[and c]hildren from other relationships.” RCW 26.19.075(1)(a), (e).

       The “[s]ources of income” category includes the “[i]ncome of a new spouse . . . if the

parent who is married to the new spouse . . . is asking for a deviation based on any other reason.”

RCW 26.19.075(1)(a)(i). The statute specifies that “[i]ncome of a new spouse . . . is not, by

itself, a sufficient reason for deviation.” RCW 26.19.075(1)(a)(i). Here, deVargas requested a

deviation based on other grounds as well, so this provision would justify a deviation in her favor

if Kleymeyer were also requesting a deviation “based on any other reason.” RCW

26.19.075(1)(a)(i). In part III B, below, we conclude that Kleymeyer’s request for a split-



                                                  23
No. 45769-5-II


custody calculation should be deemed a request for a deviation. Therefore, under RCW

26.19.075(1)(a)(i), the trial court should have considered Wood’s income.

       As for “[c]hildren from other relationships,” RCW 26.19.075(1)(e) grants the court

discretion to deviate from the standard calculation based on such children if “the parent owes

[them] a duty of support.” RCW 26.19.075(1)(a), (e). The parties do not dispute that deVargas

owes a duty to support the two children Keenan fathered who live with her. Thus, the trial court

also had a duty to consider her support of these two children in its deviation decision.

       Kleymeyer maintains that this provision would only entitle deVargas to a deviation if she

owed Kleymeyer child support payments. His brief does not explain how he derives this

conclusion from the language of the statute. Furthermore, two of the three orders entered did, in

fact, result in deVargas owing support payments to Kleymeyer. Thus, even under Kleymeyer’s

own reasoning, the court erred in not considering deVargas’s duty to support the children of her

marriage to Keenan.

       Turning next to Kleymeyer’s other wealth, RCW 26.19.075(1)(a)(vi) requires the court to

consider, in deciding a request for a deviation, “[p]ossession of wealth, including but not limited

to savings, investments, real estate holdings and business interests, vehicles, boats, pensions,

bank accounts, insurance plans, or other assets.” Kleymeyer admittedly possesses many of these

types of wealth. Therefore, they should have been considered.

       The trial court’s only stated reason for denying deVargas’s request was that “[t]he

mother’s request for a deviation based on father’s household wealth was denied because only the

father’s income is to be used in calculating any support obligation.” CP at 798. As just shown,

RCW 26.19.075(1)(a) requires the court to consider more than just the father’s income.


                                                 24
No. 45769-5-II


       The court had a duty to consider “[a]ll income and resources of the parties before the

court, new spouses . . . , and other adults in the households” in deciding whether the reasons

given justified a deviation. RCW 26.19.075(2). If the court found a deviation warranted, it had a

duty to “exercise discretion in considering the extent to which” Kleymeyer’s household wealth

and deVargas’s obligation to support children from other relationships “would affect the support

obligation.” RCW 26.19.075(4). Instead, the court presumed that it could not consider

Kleymeyer’s wealth or Wood’s income and did not even acknowledge deVargas’s other

children. Kleymeyer’s assets and deVargas’s children do not even appear on the preprinted lines

designated for these matters on the forms the court used. The court thus applied the wrong legal

standard and failed to exercise its discretion as RCW 26.19.075(2) requires. By not considering

deVargas’s duty to support her other children, the court also failed to exercise its discretion as

required by RCW 26.19.075(1)(a)(iv).

       Case law also supports the conclusion that the trial court abused its discretion. The facts

presented here resemble those in Brandli v. Talley, 98 Wn. App. 521, 991 P.2d 94 (1999).

There, the appellant father moved to modify the support obligation after the mother married a

wealthy man. Brandli, 98 Wn. App. at 522-23. The father asked for a deviation from the

standard calculation based on the mother’s wealth, which the trial court denied on the ground

that “[u]nder RCW 26.19.071(1), income of the parents of the children is what is to be

considered in setting child support; the court finds that the possession of wealth is that the

individual themselves [sic] may have had.” Brandli, 98 Wn. App. at 525.

       On appeal, the mother defended the trial court’s decision on the ground that RCW

26.19.075(1)(a)(i) specifies that income from a new spouse cannot by itself justify a deviation


                                                 25
No. 45769-5-II


and that allowing a deviation based on wealth accumulated from the new spouse’s income would

defeat the purpose of that provision. Brandli, 98 Wn. App. at 525. We reversed, holding that the

“wealth [derived from the new husband’s income] constitutes something more than the income

of a new spouse and may be a sufficient reason for deviation.” Brandli, 98 Wn. App. at 525.

We further specified that “even if [the mother] does not have a significant interest in her

husband’s assets, his significant wealth and the benefit to her from that wealth, may properly be

considered by the trial court in deciding whether a deviation from the standard calculation is

warranted.” Brandli, 98 Wn. App. at 527.

       Kleymeyer attempts to distinguish Brandli on the ground that he did not accumulate his

wealth from his new spouse’s income. The Brandli court held, though, that “even if [the mother]

does not have a significant interest in her husband’s assets,” the trial court had still erred by

refusing to consider those assets. 98 Wn. App. at 527 (emphasis added). Thus, the source of

Kleymeyer’s wealth does not blunt the force of Brandli.

       Kleymeyer also seeks to distinguish Brandli on the ground that Kleymeyer’s wealth was

not new: the Oregon court knew about that wealth when it set the original obligation. This

assertion is irrelevant, as it relates only to whether the parties’ circumstances had changed

sufficiently to warrant modification, a matter not at issue here. The parties do not dispute the

trial court’s finding that BK’s change of residence provided grounds for a modification. See In

re Marriage of Arvey, 77 Wn. App. 817, 820-21, 894 P.2d 1346 (1995). “[O]nce a basis for

modification has been established, a court may modify the original order in any respect.” In re

Marriage of Scanlon & Witrak, 109 Wn. App. 167, 171-72, 34 P.3d 877 (2001).




                                                  26
No. 45769-5-II


       Finally, in determining whether a trial court has abused its discretion, we look to the

purposes for which the legislature has granted that discretion. Coggle, 56 Wn. App. at 507. The

statute makes clear that purposes of granting discretion in setting child support are “to insure that

child support orders are adequate to meet a child’s basic needs and to provide additional child

support commensurate with the parents’ income, resources, and standard of living,” as well as to

ensure that the support obligations “[are] equitably apportioned between the parents.” RCW

26.19.001.

       Here, the orders entered resulted in Kleymeyer—a parent with substantial resources and

earning potential—owing the statutory minimum, while requiring deVargas—who apparently

had substantial debts, supported two children from another relationship, and to whom the court

imputed income at the minimum wage—to pay hundreds of dollars in back support to Kleymeyer

on behalf of BK. This result is unlikely to ensure support for SK commensurate with

Kleymeyer’s resources and standard of living and is an inequitable way to apportion the support

obligation between deVargas and Kleymeyer. See In re Marriage of Casey, 88 Wn. App. 662,

666-67, 967 P.2d 982 (1997) (noting that “the comparative economic circumstances of the

parents remains an essential factor in allocating the responsibility for child support” and

affirming a downward deviation based on the fact that “assessing a support obligation against

[the noncustodial parent] would cause her financial hardship”); In re Marriage of Glass, 67 Wn.

App. 378, 385-86, 835 P.2d 1054 (1992) (affirming a trial court’s upward deviation based on

wealth and the income of a new spouse in part because the obligor “remained relatively

comfortable” while the custodial parent and the children “were struggling to make ends meet”).




                                                 27
No. 45769-5-II


       The trial court’s written findings shall include “reasons . . . for . . . denial of [a party’s]

request for deviation . . . [from the] standard calculation.” RCW 26.19.035(4). A trial court’s

failure to exercise discretion when presented with a discretionary decision constitutes an abuse of

discretion. See, e.g., Bowcutt v. Delta N. Star Corp., 95 Wn. App. 311, 320, 976 P.2d 643

(1999). As shown, the only reason given for the trial court’s denial of deVargas’s request is

contrary to governing statutes and indicates that the court believed it had no discretion to

consider Kleymeyer and Wood’s wealth, Wood’s income, or deVargas’s duty to support her

other children in setting the parties’ support obligations. In light of the statute’s purposes and

terms, the court acted for untenable reasons. Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d at 47. We hold that the trial

court abused its discretion in denying deVargas’s request for a deviation.

       On remand, the trial court shall require Kleymeyer to disclose the full extent of his and

Wood’s wealth, as well as any assets he holds on behalf of BK and SK. The court shall then

consider all matters as required above, including but not limited to Kleymeyer and Wood’s

wealth, Wood’s income and deVargas’s children from her marriage to Keenan.

B.     The Arvey Split Custody Calculation9

       In part III A, above, we concluded that if Kleymeyer’s request for a split custody

calculation is deemed a deviation, Wood’s income should have been considered in deVargas’s

request for a deviation under RCW 26.19.075(1)(a). We agree with deVargas that a split custody

calculation should be considered a deviation from the standard calculation.




9
 This section pertains only to the two orders involving back support obligations. Because BK
had turned 18 and moved out of Kleymeyer’s home by the time of the hearings below, the third
order, concerning only prospective support for SK, did not involve a split custody situation.

                                                  28
No. 45769-5-II


        In Arvey, we addressed an apparent oversight on the part of the child support statute’s

drafters:

        When the Legislature enacted Washington’s child support statute, RCW 26.19, it
        did not establish a method for calculating child support when each parent has
        primary residential care of one or more of the children. Washington courts have
        therefore been faced with the task of fleshing out an acceptable method that is
        consistent with the overall purpose of the act.

77 Wn. App. at 823. We face the same situation here: for a significant portion of the period

covered by the orders addressing the parties’ obligations to support BK—July 2012 to August

2013—deVargas retained the majority of the residential time with SK, while BK spent the

majority of his residential time with Kleymeyer.

        The Arvey court relied on our earlier decision in In re Marriage of Oakes, 71 Wn. App.

646, 651, 861 P.2d 1065 (1993). Both the Oakes and Arvey courts recognized that application of

the formulae they discussed provides “a basis for a deviation if strict application of the Table

would result in a significant disparity in the amount of support available for the children in each

household.” Arvey, 77 Wn. App. at 824; Oakes, 71 Wn. App. at 651-52. This language, of

course, could be read to mean only that the Arvey calculation may provide the basis for a

deviation on some other ground. However, in a portion of a subsequent decision, State ex rel.

M.M.G. v. Graham, which our Supreme Court ultimately affirmed, we treated the Arvey

calculation as a deviation by stating, “We remand for recalculation of the basic child support

obligation and consideration of any deviation not based on Arvey that the court deems

appropriate.”10 123 Wn. App. 931, 941, 99 P.3d 1248 (2004) (emphasis added), aff’d in part,



10
  As discussed, the trial court plainly recognized that its split custody calculations amounted to
deviations from the schedule and labelled them as such.

                                                 29
No. 45769-5-II


rev’d in part, 159 Wn.2d 623, 152 P.3d 1005 (2007), abrogated on other grounds by

McCausland, 159 Wn.2d 607 (2007).

       We follow this approach of treating the Arvey split custody calculation as a deviation.

With that, RCW 26.19.075(1)(a) requires that Wood’s income be considered in deciding

deVargas’s request for a deviation.

       The court’s orders make clear that the court believed it could not consider Wood’s

income even though it performed a split custody calculation. The court thus applied the incorrect

legal standard, requiring reversal. Fisons Corp., 122 Wn.2d at 339. We hold that the trial court

abused its discretion by not considering Wood’s income and other resources available to

Kleymeyer.

                       IV. POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION SUPPORT AWARD

       DeVargas next contends that the trial court erred in ordering her to pay more than one-

third of BK’s college related expenses without considering the effect on her household financial

situation and the wealth disparity between her and Kleymeyer. We agree.

       The child support statute provides that “[t]he child support schedule shall be advisory and

not mandatory for postsecondary educational support.” RCW 26.19.090(1). The statute

specifies, however, how the trial court should exercise its discretion in imposing and setting the

amount of such obligations:

       When considering whether to order support for postsecondary educational
       expenses, the court shall determine whether the child is in fact dependent and is
       relying upon the parents for the reasonable necessities of life. The court shall
       exercise its discretion when determining whether and for how long to award
       postsecondary educational support based upon consideration of factors that include




                                                30
No. 45769-5-II


       but are not limited to the following: Age of the child; the child’s needs; the
       expectations of the parties for their children when the parents were together; the
       child’s prospects, desires, aptitudes, abilities or disabilities; the nature of the
       postsecondary education sought; and the parents’ level of education, standard of
       living, and current and future resources. Also to be considered are the amount and
       type of support that the child would have been afforded if the parents had stayed
       together.

RCW 26.19.090(2). Furthermore, we have held that “postsecondary support must be

apportioned according to the net income of the parents as determined under the” child support

statute. In re Marriage of Daubert & Johnson, 124 Wn. App. 483, 505, 99 P.3d 401 (2004)

abrogated on other grounds by McCausland, 159 Wn.2d 607. That is, unless the court decides

to deviate from the standard calculation, it must apportion postsecondary education support in

the same ratio as the basic support obligation.

       The child support statute provides that “[n]either parent’s child support obligation owed

for all his or her biological or legal children may exceed forty-five percent of net income except

for good cause shown.” RCW 26.19.065. It defines “good cause” as “possession of substantial

wealth, children with day care expenses, special medical need, educational need, psychological

need, and larger families.” RCW 26.19.065(1)(c). We recently held that “postsecondary

educational support is part of a parent’s ‘child support obligation’ for the purposes of the 45

percent limitation.” In re Marriage of Cota, 177 Wn. App. 527, 542, 312 P.3d 695 (2013).

       Here, the trial court denied deVargas’s motion to revise the commissioner’s

determination that the circumstances warranted an award of postsecondary support. Thus, the

court adopted the commissioner’s findings and conclusions, and we review the decision on that

basis. RCW 2.24.050; J.V.G., 137 Wn. App. at 423. The court found in relevant part as follows:




                                                  31
No. 45769-5-II


              13. Both parties discussed and agreed that their children would attend
       college and this fact was considered in the Oregon order in 2010.
              14. It was anticipated by the father and the child that [BK] would enroll at
       [LMU].
              15. The Oregon modified support order from 2010 provided for post-
       secondary support in that the father was ordered to establish and fund educational
       accounts for the children’s educational expenses, but the Court did not define how
       the funds in the accounts would be attributed.

CP at 674. The court set the resulting support obligation as follows:

               The costs for post-secondary education for the parties’ children shall be
       attributed as follows:
                        a. Two thirds (2/3) shall be divided between the parties based on
               their relative incomes on the child support order.
                        b. One third (1/3) shall be paid by the child; and
                        c. In the event that the child is unable to meet any expenses, those
               costs shall be paid from the educational accounts maintained by the father.

CP at 676.

       We generally construe the absence of a finding against the party having the burden of

proof on the relevant factual issue, unless undisputed evidence in the record compels otherwise.

Mitchell v. Straith, 40 Wn. App. 405, 412, 698 P.2d 609 (1985); Lobdell v. Sugar ‘N Spice, Inc.,

33 Wn. App. 881, 887, 658 P.2d 1267 (1983). Where the trial court enters no findings on a

particular matter, however, “an appellate court may look to the oral opinion to determine the

basis for the trial court’s resolution of the issue.” In re Marriage of Booth & Griffin, 114 Wn.2d

772, 777, 791 P.2d 519 (1990).

       Here, Kleymeyer, the party requesting postsecondary support, bore the burden of

establishing deVargas’s obligation. The evidence in the record and the court’s findings may

justify some award of postsecondary support. See Sprute v. Bradley, 186 Wn. App. 342, 356,




                                                32
No. 45769-5-II


344 P.3d 730 (2015); Stern, 57 Wn. App. at 720. The amount ordered, however, required

deVargas to pay 135.6 percent of the net income imputed to her solely for BK’s support.

         Since the court set her obligation to support SK at $329 per month, and deVargas

supports two other minor children, the order plainly sets her total obligation to support all her

biological children at more than 45 percent of her net income. This the court could do only if it

found good cause under RCW 26.19.065(1)(c). The orders contain no such finding, and the

court’s oral ruling reflects no consideration of the relevant factors.

         The trial court failed to enter necessary findings in support of its order or to consider

several of the relevant factors. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing the

postsecondary support obligation on deVargas, and remand for reconsideration of Kleymeyer’s

request under the correct legal standard.

                               V. THE ROTH RETIREMENT DEDUCTION

         DeVargas argues that the trial court erred by deducting $417 per month from

Kleymeyer’s net income based on voluntary contributions to his Roth retirement account,

because the commissioner found no evidence of a pattern of such contributions and because the

contributions were made for the purpose of reducing Kleymeyer’s support obligation.

Kleymeyer contends the court properly deducted the amount because the statute requires it and

he showed a pattern of such contributions in the year preceding the action.

         The child support statute requires the court to deduct from a parent’s gross monthly

income

         [u]p to five thousand dollars per year in voluntary retirement contributions actually
         made if the contributions show a pattern of contributions during the one-year period
         preceding the action establishing the child support order unless there is a


                                                   33
No. 45769-5-II


       determination that the contributions were made for the purpose of reducing child
       support.

RCW 26.19.071(3)(g). Kleymeyer presented evidence prior to entry of the commissioner’s order

that he made contributions similar to those at issue during the relevant period.

       On the question of whether contributions were made for the purpose of reducing child

support, we recognize that a party’s intent presents a question of fact, and this court will not

disturb a finding of intent supported by substantial evidence. See In re Riddell Testamentary

Trust, 138 Wn. App. 485, 491-92, 157 P.3d 888 (2007). Nevertheless, a full resolution of

Kleymeyer’s purpose should be made while taking into account our holdings above on his other

actions. We remand for the trial court to reconsider this issue in light of our holdings above.

                               VI. BK’S LEGAL DEFENSE EXPENSES

       DeVargas next argues that the trial court erred by declining to order Kleymeyer to pay a

share of legal fees deVargas incurred to defend BK from criminal charges. We disagree.

       The child support statute requires the court to allocate “special child rearing expenses”

between the parents “in the same proportion as the basic child support obligation,” and gives it

“discretion to determine the necessity for and the reasonableness of all amounts ordered in

excess of the basic child support obligation.” RCW 26.19.080(2), (3), (4). No reported case

addresses the meaning of this provision in the context presented here.

       The meaning of a statute is a question of law this court reviews de novo. Dep’t of

Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). The “fundamental

objective” of statutory interpretation “is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature’s intent.”

Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. Where a statute’s meaning is plain on its face, “the



                                                  34
No. 45769-5-II


court must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent.” Campbell &

Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. Such plain meaning “is discerned from all that the Legislature has

said in the statute and related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in

question.” Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11. If “the statute remains susceptible to more

than one reasonable meaning” after such inquiry, it is ambiguous and this court must “resort to

aids to construction, including legislative history.” Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 12.

       The commissioner found the expense necessary and reasonable and ordered Kleymeyer

to pay a share of it, which decision the trial court reversed for the following reasons:

       [t]here is no basis in case law or statute for the Respondent father to be found
       obligated to pay criminal defense fees for a child of a committed intimate
       relationship when a parentage decree has been filed years before those fees were
       incurred, the mother was the custodial parent of the child and the father did not
       assume an obligation for those fees.

CP at 791. As deVargas points out, the fact that BK was born from a committed intimate

relationship is irrelevant to whether the legal defense fees were reasonable or necessary, or

constituted child rearing expenses, and the court should not have considered it. Children of such

relationships enjoy the same right to support as children born of marriages:

       A child born to parents who are not married to each other or in a domestic
       partnership with each other has the same rights under the law as a child born to
       parents who are married to each other or who are in a domestic partnership with
       each other.

RCW 26.26.106.

       The court also relied on relevant considerations, however, such as whether Kleymeyer

assumed an obligation to pay the fees. See VanderVeen, 62 Wn. App. at 865-67 (holding in the

analogous context of private school tuition that a trial court may order such an obligation over



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the obligor parent’s objection only if other conditions provide an adequate legal basis for the

obligation). In these circumstances, deVargas fails to establish that the trial court abused its

discretion in declining to order Kleymeyer to pay a share of BK’s legal fees.

                            VII. THE HEALTH INSURANCE DEDUCTION

       DeVargas next contends that the trial court erred by allowing Kleymeyer to deduct the

entire cost of Wood’s health insurance, because the plan covers not only BK and SK but also

Kleymeyer and Wood. We agree.

       Although it is true that, “[i]n reaching a net child support transfer payment, a parent who

pays for health insurance is allowed a credit against his or her basic support obligation equal to

the cost of the insurance,” we have made clear that the “credit may not include . . . any portion of

premium not covering the children at issue.” Scanlon, 109 Wn. App. at 175. In Goodell, we

followed Scanlon in a situation similar to that here, describing a trial court’s decision to allocate

a bundled premium by evenly dividing it between three children as reasonable, but only because

it deducted some amount for the parent’s own coverage. Goodell, 130 Wn. App. at 393.

       Wood’s health insurance premiums could reasonably have been prorated. Wood’s plan

offered a rate for two persons and another rate for three or more. The difference between the two

categories would yield the extra cost attributable to insuring BK and SK. Alternatively, the trial

court could simply have divided the premium amount in half. Either method would present a

reasonable way to avoid crediting Kleymeyer for the cost of insurance not provided to the boys.

       The trial court’s method, allowing Kleymeyer to deduct the entire amount of Wood’s

medical coverage, plainly violated the rule articulated in Scanlon by crediting Kleymeyer for a

“portion of [the] premium not covering the children at issue,” an amount that does not constitute


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a child rearing expense. 109 Wn. App. at 175. The trial court thus applied the incorrect legal

standard and therefore necessarily abused its discretion. Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d at 47. We

remand for recalculation of the deduction under the proper standard.

                                   VIII. THE CONTEMPT ORDER

       As an initial matter, deVargas’s failure to seek revision of the commissioner’s contempt

order within 10 days of its entry has no bearing on our review. RCW 2.24.050 states that unless

a demand for revision is made within 10 days of entry, the order becomes the order of the

superior court, “and appellate review thereof may be sought in the same fashion as review of like

orders and judgments entered by the judge.” Accord State v. Mollichi, 132 Wn.2d 80, 93, 936

P.2d 408 (1997). Thus, after 10 days from entry of the commissioner’s order deVargas’s only

route of review was with the Court of Appeals.

       As to the merits of the contempt order, deVargas first contends that the trial court erred

because certain of the claims underlying Kleymeyer’s motion were precluded by the 2010

litigation. She further contends that the court erred by holding her in contempt without finding

she acted in bad faith or identifying the order she allegedly violated. Finally, she maintains that

the trial court erred in determining that she had the ability to pay the amount ordered.

A.     Claim Preclusion

       DeVargas argues that certain of the claims underlying the contempt motion were

precluded by a final judgment favorable to her in a prior proceeding in which Kleymeyer raised

or had the opportunity to raise them. We agree.

       The interpretation of a child support order presents a question of law that this court

reviews de novo. In re Marriage of Sagner, 159 Wn. App. 741, 749, 247 P.3d 444 (2011).


                                                 37
No. 45769-5-II


Whether res judicata bars a claim also presents a question of law we review de novo. Jumamil v.

Lakeside Casino, LLC, 179 Wn. App. 665, 680, 319 P.3d 868 (2014). Res judicata, or claim

preclusion,

       encompasses the idea that when the parties to two successive proceedings are the
       same, and the prior proceeding culminated in a final judgment, a matter may not be
       relitigated, or even litigated for the first time, if it could have been raised, and in
       the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been raised, in the prior
       proceeding.

Kelly-Hansen v. Kelly-Hansen, 87 Wn. App. 320, 328-29, 941 P.2d 1108 (1997) (internal

footnotes omitted). The doctrine thus applies not only to matters actually raised in the prior

proceeding, “‘but to every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which

the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time.’” Golden v.

McGill, 3 Wn.2d 708, 720, 102 P.2d 219 (1940) (quoting Currier v. Perry, 181 Wash. 565, 44

P.2d 184 (1935)).

       A child support order plainly qualifies as a final order for purposes of claim preclusion.

Furgason v. Furgason, 1 Wn. App. 859, 860-61, 465 P.2d 187 (1970). The Furgason court

refused to order the obligor under a temporary support order to pay unpaid child support amounts

that the obligee could have brought to the court’s attention in the subsequent divorce proceeding.

Furgason, 1 Wn. App. at 861.

       The 2010 litigation in Oregon involved the same parties and issues in dispute here: the

obligations of the parents regarding parenting and support of BK and SK. The record establishes

that deVargas’s alleged failure to reimburse Kleymeyer for travel expenses was a contested

issue. The judgment contained various provisions addressing transportation and specified that




                                                 38
No. 45769-5-II


Kleymeyer “will continue to pay all of the children’s transportation expenses for his parenting

time.” CP at 349-52 (emphasis added).

       Kleymeyer certainly could have and apparently did raise deVargas’s claimed failure to

reimburse him for transportation expenses in the 2010 proceedings. The litigation resulted in a

final judgment favorable to deVargas on the issue. The resulting order recites that “the parties

reached agreement on all issues before the court, which agreement was recited into the record

and affirmed by both parties.” CP at 347 (emphasis added).

       The 2010 order also expressly addressed uninsured medical expenses and the duty to

provide the boys for scheduled visitation travel. It further recited that “[a]ll child support due

through February 2010 from [Kleymeyer] to [deVargas] pursuant to any order entered in this

case has been paid in full” and awarded Kleymeyer the tax exemptions for both boys. CP at 354-

55.

       Thus, the stipulated judgment plainly resulted from negotiations on all the various

matters at issue between deVargas and Kleymeyer involving parenting and support of BK and

SK. Any claim Kleymeyer had for amounts deVargas may have owed under the 2001

judgments, or her failure to provide the boys for scheduled travel, thus belonged to the subject of

the 2010 litigation, and Kleymeyer, exercising reasonable diligence, might have brought such

claims forward at that time.

       The order entered September 7, 2010, also provided that except as modified, the

provisions of the 2001 judgments shall remain in full force and effect. Nonetheless, res judicata

bars any claim Kleymeyer had regarding deVargas’s obligations under the 2001 judgments of

which he, with reasonable diligence, could have raised during the 2010 proceeding.


                                                 39
No. 45769-5-II


          Kleymeyer incurred many of the expenses at issue in the contempt motion well before the

conclusion of the 2010 proceedings. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in holding

deVargas in contempt for failure to fulfill obligations that arose under the 2001 judgments prior

to September 7, 2010.

B.        Failure To Identify the Orders Violated or Find Bad Faith

          DeVargas also argues that the trial court erred by holding her in contempt without

identifying the order she allegedly violated or finding she failed to provide the boys for

scheduled travel in bad faith. We agree that the contempt order is unclear and rests largely on

improper bases.

          We review a trial court’s decision in a contempt proceeding for an abuse of discretion. In

re Marriage of Eklund, 143 Wn. App. 207, 212, 177 P.3d 189 (2008). Appellate courts will

“uphold a finding of contempt even though the trial court did not rely on any particular theory as

long as a proper basis can be found.” State v. Boatman, 104 Wn.2d 44, 46, 700 P.2d 1152

(1985).

          We strictly interpret orders the “violation of which provides the basis for contempt

proceedings[.]” Graves v. Duerden, 51 Wn. App. 642, 647, 754 P.2d 1027 (1988). Thus,

          [i]n contempt proceedings, an order will not be expanded by implication beyond
          the meaning of its terms when read in light of the issues and the purposes for which
          the suit was brought. The facts found must constitute a plain violation of the order.

Johnston v. Beneficial Mgmt. Corp. of Am., 96 Wn.2d 708, 712-13, 638 P.2d 1201 (1982).

          Contempt of court means, in relevant part, “[d]isobedience of any lawful judgment,

decree, order, or process of the court.” RCW 7.21.010(1)(b). The statute defines two types of

sanctions: punitive sanctions, which are “imposed to punish a past contempt of court for the


                                                   40
No. 45769-5-II


purpose of upholding the authority of the court,” and remedial sanctions, which are “imposed for

the purpose of coercing performance when the contempt consists of the omission or refusal to

perform an act that is yet in the person’s power to perform.” RCW 7.21.010(2), (3).

       Another statute specifically governs contempt orders in child support proceedings and

provides various bases for holding a parent in contempt. RCW 26.09.160. The contempt order

at issue here expressly relies on this statute for its authority. CP 6-13. The statute provides in

relevant part that

       [a]n attempt by a parent . . . to refuse to pay ordered child support, to refuse to
       perform the duties provided in the parenting plan, or to hinder the performance by
       the other parent of duties provided in the parenting plan, shall be deemed bad faith
       and shall be punished by the court by holding the party in contempt of court and by
       awarding to the aggrieved party reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incidental in
       bringing a motion for contempt of court.

RCW 26.09.160(1). The statute contains a separate provision governing violations of the

residential provisions of a parenting plan. RCW 26.09.160(2). That provision imposes specific

remedies, including additional time with the child equal to the time missed, court costs and

reasonable attorney fees incurred as a result of the noncompliance, and “any reasonable expenses

incurred in locating or returning a child[,]” and a civil penalty. RCW 26.09.160(2).

       The order at issue here contains a section entitled “How the Order was Violated,” which

lists the following items: “Medical expenses not paid . . . , delinquent travel expenses for the

period of 2001 to 2009 . . . , [and] [f]orfeited travel due to expenses in the amount of $3070 for

the period of 2009-2011.” CP at 7. As discussed, the court could not properly hold deVargas in

contempt for failure to pay medical expenses if Kleymeyer could, with reasonable diligence,

have raised the failure to pay in the 2010 proceedings. The 2010 order addressed uninsured



                                                 41
No. 45769-5-II


medical expenses, among other topics. Therefore, the court erred in holding deVargas in

contempt for failing to pay medical expenses.

        As for the delinquent travel expenses, the 2010 order plainly required Kleymeyer to

“continue to pay all of the children’s transportation expenses for his parenting time.” CP at 349.

Thus, deVargas could not have violated that order by failing to pay travel expenses.

        The contempt order also rests on forfeited travel. The Oregon orders, however, say

nothing about deVargas reimbursing Kleymeyer for any missed flights.11 Thus, the only way she

could be in contempt under RCW 26.09.160(1) for the boys missing flights would be if she

attempted to cause them to do so in bad faith, which would constitute failure to comply with the

Oregon orders’ parenting plan. The court made no finding, however, that deVargas did anything

to cause the children to miss the flights, let alone that she did so in bad faith.

        Further, the record discloses no basis for such a finding. Kleymeyer’s e-mails regarding

the 2009 and 2010 flights show that he acquiesced in the boys’ refusal to go, if only reluctantly.

One of these e-mails refers to the possibility of rescheduling the flight, indicating that Kleymeyer

may not actually have forfeited the fare. With respect to the 2011 flight to Los Angeles, which

BK missed because the juvenile court prohibited him from leaving Washington, we are aware of

no authority establishing that a parent has a duty to seek modification of a juvenile court order to

facilitate visitation. Nor does the record establish that deVargas could have obtained the juvenile




11
   Another problem with the “forfeited” travel is that the evidence on which the court relied does
not establish that Kleymeyer forfeited any travel expenses. The ticket confirmation documents
Kleymeyer submitted contain language indicating that Kleymeyer could have postponed the
flights or used the funds expended for future visitations.


                                                  42
No. 45769-5-II


court’s consent had she sought it. Thus, were we to imply in the contempt order the finding

necessary to support the trial court’s ruling, substantial evidence would not support it.

       Under the strict construction rule articulated in Johnston, 96 Wn.2d at 712-13, deVargas

could not be in contempt for failing to do something unless the Oregon orders clearly required

her to do it. The trial court’s contempt order is unclear, but appears to find her in contempt for

something the Oregon orders did not require: neither the court’s oral ruling nor the written order

contain any finding that deVargas improperly attempted to cause the children to miss flights.

       Contrary to Kleymeyer’s suggestion, these are not problems that a court can fix nunc pro

tunc: “The purpose of a nunc pro tunc order is to record some prior act of the court which was

actually performed but not entered into the record at that time.” State v. Rosenbaum, 56 Wn.

App. 407, 410-11, 784 P.2d 166 (1989) (emphasis omitted). Here, the court’s order simply fails

to make the reasons for its ruling clear. To the extent that it does give reasons for its contempt

ruling, they do not properly support it.

       We vacate the contempt order and remand for reconsideration of Kleymeyer’s motion in

light of this opinion. We also vacate the trial court’s attorney fee award to Kleymeyer. If the

trial court again finds deVargas in contempt on remand, it must clearly specify which order she

violated and how. Resolving the issue on these grounds, we decline to consider deVargas’s

argument that the trial court erred in ruling that she had the ability to pay the amounts at issue.

                                  IX. ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

       Both parties request attorney fees on appeal, and devote sections in their briefs to the

issue, as RAP 18.1 requires. Kleymeyer, however, fails to identify what provision of law entitles

him to a fee award, instead referring to various matters not in the record and asking us to


                                                 43
No. 45769-5-II


consider them under RAP 9.11. Because he failed to identify any basis for a fee award, we do

not consider it further.

        DeVargas bases her fee request on RCW 26.09.140, which gives family courts discretion

to shift fees “after considering the financial resources of both parties,” and appellate courts

discretion to “order a party to pay for the cost to the other party of maintaining the appeal and

attorneys’ fees in addition to statutory costs.” The record shows that Kleymeyer has far more

resources than deVargas, who supports three minor children in her household. Further,

deVargas’s appeal raises almost entirely meritorious issues. Therefore, we grant deVargas’s

request and deny Kleymeyer’s.

                                          CONCLUSION

        The trial court erred by (1) declining to impute income to Kleymeyer consistently with

the statute, (2) failing to consider Kleymeyer’s possession of wealth, his spouse’s income, and

deVargas’s duty to support the children from her marriage to Keenan in ruling on the parties’

requests for deviations from the child support schedule, (3) ordering deVargas to pay

postsecondary support in excess of 45 percent of her net income without a finding of good cause

and without considering the effect on her household, (4) allowing Kleymeyer to deduct the entire

cost of his wife’s health insurance plan, and (5) holding deVargas in contempt.

        We vacate the trial court’s order on show cause for contempt/judgment, filed October 25,

2013, the three orders of child support filed February 28, 2014, and the findings of fact,

conclusions of law, and order on cross motions for revision, also filed February 28, 2014; and we

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We vacate the trial court’s fee




                                                 44
No. 45769-5-II


award to Kleymeyer, grant deVargas’s request for fees on appeal, and deny Kleymeyer’s request

for fees on appeal.

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.



                                                    BJORGEN, J.
 We concur:



 JOHANSON, C.J.




 MELNICK, J.




                                               45
