                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-09-00204-CV


TERRY GLENN AND MONICA                                            APPELLANTS
GLENN

                                         V.

ROBERT J. PACK, JR.                                                  APPELLEE


                                      ----------

          FROM THE 393RD DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

                                      ----------

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1
                                      ----------

                                   I. Introduction

      In eighteen issues, Appellants Terry and Monica Glenn appeal the trial

court’s judgment awarding Appellee Robert Pack damages and attorneys’ fees

for his breach of contract and tortious interference with contract counterclaims.




      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
We affirmed in part, reversed and rendered in part, and reversed and remanded

in part.

                           II. Factual and Procedural History

       On March 29, 2007, the Glenns signed a contract (Pack-Glenn contract) to

purchase Robert Pack’s residence. A temporary residential lease, incorporated

into the contract, allowed the Glenns to take possession of the property on March

31. Closing, scheduled for April 4, did not occur. 2 On April 3, Pack entered into

a contract (Pack-Funk contract) to sell the property to another couple, the Funks,

to close on April 17.

       On April 9, the Glenns’ then attorney, Daryl Washington, filed a lawsuit

against Pack for breach of contract and a motion to temporarily enjoin the

property’s sale. On April 16, at a hearing on the injunction, Washington learned

of the Pack-Funk contract and the April 17 closing date. At 4:30 p.m. on April 16,

Washington filed a lis pendens on Pack’s residence. On April 17, Washington

sent a copy of the lis pendens and a letter asserting that a constructive lien had

been placed on Pack’s residence to both Pack’s real estate agent, Lisa DeLeon,

and Pack’s attorney, Roger Yale.3 The April 17 closing did not occur. On May

25, the Funks, citing the lis pendens as the reason, terminated the Pack-Funk



       2
           Both parties cite the other’s breach for the failure to close on the contract.
       3
       Pack cites Washington’s letter as the basis for his tortious interference
claim. Relevant portions of the proceedings and evidence are set forth below.


                                         2
contract.4   In response to the Glenns’ suit, Pack requested a declaratory

judgment that the Glenns breached the Pack-Glenn contract and that the lis

pendens constituted a fraudulent filing.       Pack also filed counterclaims for

damages and attorneys’ fees based on chapter 12 of the civil practice and

remedies code, breach of the Pack-Glenn contract, and tortious interference with

the Pack-Funk contract.

      During the charge conference, the trial court dismissed Pack’s chapter 12

and declaratory judgment claims and submitted the breach of contract, tortious

interference, and attorneys’ fees claims to the jury. The jury returned a verdict in

Pack’s favor, awarded him damages on all submitted claims, and awarded Pack

appellate, but not trial, attorneys’ fees.   The trial court set aside the $0 trial

attorneys’ fees award and awarded Pack $82,500. The trial court denied the

Glenns’ motion for new trial. This appeal followed.

                       III. Legal and Factual Sufficiency

      The Glenns bring eighteen issues on appeal.         In issues eight through

fifteen, the Glenns challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to

support the jury’s findings that they breached the Pack-Glenn contract and

tortiously interfered with the Pack-Funk contract. The Glenns also argue that the

trial court erred by allowing the acts of an attorney to be imputed to a client and

the client’s wife (issues one and two); allowing the jury to consider damages on

      4
      Ultimately, Citimortgage foreclosed on the property and sold it in
September 2007.


                                     3
Pack’s tortious interference claim (issue three); failing to apply the one

satisfaction rule (issue four); submitting a jury instruction awarding the Glenns’

earnest money to Pack as damages (issue five); responding incorrectly to juror’s

questions during deliberations (issue six); failing to require Pack to segregate his

attorneys’ fees among his four counterclaims (issue sixteen); and failing to grant

a mistrial due either to adverse publicity (issue seventeen) or to the court

reporter’s actions in taking the record with her on vacation (issue seven). And, in

issue eighteen, the Glenns contend that the cumulative impact of these errors

requires reversal.

A. Standards of Review

      We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred

by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital

fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1988),

cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999); Robert W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and

“Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 361, 362–63 (1960). In

determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support a finding under

review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a

reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co., Inc. v. Islas, 228

                                     4
S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex.

2005).

      When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to

support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing

all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the

evidence is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence,

that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor

Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986) (op. on reh’g); Garza v. Alviar, 395

S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965); In re King’s Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660,

661 (1951).

B. Breach of Contract

      To recover for breach of contract, a plaintiff must prove (1) a valid contract,

(2) that the plaintiff performed or tendered performance under the contract, (3)

that the defendant breached the contract, and (4) that the plaintiff suffered

damages as a result of the breach. See Muenster Hosp. Dist. v. Carter, 216

S.W.3d 500, 505 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). The parties dispute

each other’s claim to performance and claim that the other party breached. Both

sides also point to the other side’s alleged breach as an excuse for their own

non-performance. The Glenns argue that Pack breached the contract by failing

to deliver possession of the residence on the morning of March 31. Additionally,

Monica Glenn claims that she could not have breached the contract because of

her limited involvement in the transaction. Pack blames his late departure from

                                     5
the residence on the Glenns’ late escrow payment and argues that Terry’s text

messages and the Glenns’ failure to take possession the night of March 31 show

that the Glenns unequivocally breached the contract.

      1. Evidence at Trial

      The Pack-Glenn contract called for the Glenns to deposit $50,000 into an

escrow account upon contract execution. Terry Glenn testified that the Glenns

deposited the funds into escrow after 5:00 p.m. on March 30. Pack testified that

late in the afternoon on March 30, prior to the Glenns’ escrow fund deposit,

because he was unsure of the Glenns’ intentions in pursuing the contract, he

cancelled his moving company reservation. After Pack received notice of the

Glenns’ escrow fund deposit, he arranged for a rental truck and enlisted friends

and family to assist him in packing and moving.

      Beginning at 9:00 a.m. on March 31, the parties, in increasingly frustrated

text and email messages, negotiated numerous revised possession deadlines.

Around 2:30 p.m., Craig Rozen, acting as Terry’s agent, sent an email to Pack

declaring the contract ―null and void‖ for Pack’s failure to be ―off the property

Friday night March 30.‖ Despite this email, the parties continued to negotiate

possession.

      Around 9:30 p.m. on March 31, after a day-long exchange of tense

communications, Robert DeLeon sent Terry a text stating that he could take

possession and that Terry should bring his checkbook with him.       Terry, after

another heated exchange, indicated that Pack could ―[k]eep [his] [expletive]

                                   6
house! I’ll biuld [sic]!‖ DeLeon replied that Terry could pick up his earnest money

from the title company. Terry then responded, ―[Expletive] that I might sue and

still get the house!‖ Neither of the Glenns appeared at Pack’s house to take

possession on the night of March 31.

      Terry testified that his text messages and statements were made in

frustration; that he did not take possession after it was offered late on March 31

because he needed to be home with his family; that, regardless of his or Rozen’s

communications on March 31, he still wanted the house; and that on April 1, he

attempted to finalize his possession and purchase of Pack’s residence. Pack

testified that he authorized Robert DeLeon to accept Terry’s contract termination.

Robert DeLeon testified that on April 1, the day after the Glenns terminated the

Pack-Glenn contract, he met with the Funks to negotiate a contract and that the

parties signed the Pack-Funk contract on April 3. Robert DeLeon also testified

that in the common course of business, possession of the property is due

anytime on the date listed in the contract.

      Monica testified that she signed, but had not read, the Pack-Glenn

contract; that she relied on Terry to handle everything related to the contract; that

she did not remember when she realized she would not be moving into the house

on March 31; and that, after March 31, she had very little to do with the house.

She also stated that she did not attend the closing scheduled for April 4.




                                     7
      2. Analysis

      Terry’s text messages amount to an anticipatory repudiation and establish

more than a scintilla of evidence to support Pack’s breach of contract claim. See

Jenkins v. Jenkins, 991 S.W.2d 440, 447 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet.

denied) (noting repudiation is conduct that shows a fixed intention to abandon,

renounce, and refuse to perform the contract).        Further, even though Terry

indicated that he would take possession, he became angry when asked to bring

his checkbook and did not take possession. Thus, Terry cannot claim that his

repudiation was due to a genuine misunderstanding as to matters of fact or law.

See id.

      The Glenns rely on Monica’s relative lack of involvement to challenge the

trial court’s finding that Monica breached the Pack-Glenn contract. But a party to

a contract is not absolved from the legal effect of the instrument by her willful

ignorance of a contract’s terms, her failure to affirmatively involve herself, or by

relying on the actions of others to fulfill her obligations.    See Hampshire v.

Hampshire, 485 S.W.2d 314, 316 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1972, no writ.)

(stating that, absent fraud, a party signing a contract is charged with knowledge

of its contents and its legal effect); see also Vandeventer v. All Am. Life & Cas.

Co., 101 S.W.3d 703, 712 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (requiring

novation before a party may be relieved of its contractual obligations).

      The record shows that Pack’s delayed departure was caused by the

Glenns’ late escrow deposit and supports the conclusion that Pack made every

                                     8
effort to, and did, meet the terms of the contract. Moreover, Rozen’s email and

Terry’s text messages support Pack’s claim that Terry terminated, and thus

breached, the contract. And even though Monica was not personally involved in

the communications or events on March 31, her admitted lack of involvement

with the property after March 31 shows an abandonment of her contractual

obligations because she did not attempt to continue with the transaction.

      Based on the above, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient because

the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict as to the Glenns’ breach of contract is

more than a mere scintilla. See Uniroyal, 977 S.W.2d at 334. Furthermore, we

conclude that the evidence is also factually sufficient because, considering all the

evidence in the record pertinent to this finding, it is not so weak, or so contrary to

the overwhelming weight of the evidence, that the jury’s answer should be set

aside and a new trial ordered. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635; VingCard a.s. v.

Merrimac Hospitality Sys., Inc., 59 S.W.3d 847, 860–61 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2001, pet. denied).

      Accordingly, we overrule the Glenns’ eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh

issues.

C. Tortious Interference

      To recover for tortious interference with contract, a plaintiff must show (1)

the existence of a contract subject to interference; (2) a willful and intentional act

of interference; (3) that was a proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages; and (4)

actual damage or loss. Tex. Beef Cattle Co. v. Green, 921 S.W.2d 203, 210

                                      9
(Tex. 1996) (op. on reh’g). The record supports the jury’s determination that the

Pack-Funk contract was valid and that Pack suffered damages by the contract’s

termination. Therefore, we must consider whether the Glenns’ actions were willful

and intentional and whether their actions were the proximate cause of Pack’s

damages.

      1. Evidence at Trial

      At 4:30 p.m. on April 16, the Glenns’ then attorney, Daryl Washington, filed

a lis pendens on Pack’s residence.5 On April 17, Washington sent a copy of the

lis pendens and a letter stating that a ―constructive lien‖ had been placed on

Pack’s property to Pack’s attorney, Yale, and to Lisa DeLeon. Washington’s

letter also stated that Lisa and Yale were ―required to give any and all potential

purchasers notice of any liens on the property.‖            On May 25, the Funks

terminated the Pack-Funk contract because Pack was ―unable to remove the [l]is

[p]endens from the title to the property. . . .‖ The Funks’ termination letter does

not mention Washington’s letter or a ―constructive lien.‖

      Pack testified that Lisa told him that the Funks cancelled the Pack-Funk

contract because a lien had been placed on Pack’s residence and that

Washington, in an effort to stop Pack from selling to the Funks, had represented

himself as a member of Pack’s team in a call to the Funk’s title company. Pack



      5
       Washington learned of the Pack-Funk contract and scheduled closing at
the April 16 hearing on the Glenns’ motion to enjoin the sale of Pack’s residence.


                                     10
also stated that Washington sent a copy of the April 17 letter to him and to the

Funk’s title company.6

       Lisa testified that she never met with the Funks, that her husband wrote

the Pack-Funk contract, that her knowledge of the Pack-Funk contract came from

her husband, that ―there was a lien on the property,‖ that liens create a cloud on

the title, and that ―if there was any type of lien or anything attached to the

property, you cannot sell it.‖ Lisa did not testify about the phone call that, per

Pack’s testimony, Washington made to the Funks’ title company.

       Robert DeLeon testified that he thought the lis pendens was filed as a ―lis

pendens lien.‖7 He also alternatively stated that (1) the ―lis pendens‖ and (2) the

―lien‖ kept the Funks from closing on Pack’s house.

       The Funks, a representative of the Funks’ title company, and Washington

did not testify at trial.8

       2. Proximate Cause

       Proximate cause is that cause, unbroken by any new and independent

cause, that produces injury and without which the injury would not have occurred.


       6
      The copy of Washington’s letter that Pack entered into evidence is
addressed to Yale and lists Lisa DeLeon as the only party copied.
       7
        The copy of the filed document entered into evidence states that it was
filed as a ―lis pendens,‖ not as a ―lis pendens lien.‖ The document requests that
the ―court impose a constructive lien on‖ Pack’s residence, but it does not assert
that a constructive lien, in fact, existed.
       8
        Both Funks were subpoenaed but not called to testify.


                                    11
Portlock v. Perry, 852 S.W.2d 578, 583 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, writ denied);

see also Hill v. Heritage Res., Inc., 964 S.W.2d 89, 126 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1997, pet. denied) (noting that the classic proximate cause test applies to tortious

interference cases). It consists of two elements: cause in fact and foreseeability.

Portlock, 852 S.W.2d at 583. Both elements must be present and may be proven

by direct or circumstantial evidence, but proximate cause may not be established

by mere guess or conjecture. Id. ―Cause in fact‖ means that the act or omission

complained of was a substantial factor in producing the injury and without it no

harm would have resulted.      Id.   ―Foreseeability‖ means that the actor, as a

person of ordinary intelligence, should have anticipated the dangers that his act

created for others. Id.

      A lis pendens is available to a party seeking affirmative relief during the

pendency of an action involving title to real property. Tex. Prop. Code Ann.

§ 12.007(a) (Vernon 2004).     A lis pendens does not prevent conveyance; it

merely puts the purchaser on notice as to the status of the land. See Collins v.

Tex Mall, L.P., 297 S.W.3d 409, 418 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) As

part of the judicial process, a lis pendens enjoys an absolute privilege and cannot

serve as a basis for a tortious interference claim. See Chale Garza Invs., Inc. v.

Madaria, 931 S.W.2d 597, 600–01 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied).

      3. Analysis

      Pack based his tortious interference claim on Washington’s letter, arguing

that the ―constructive lien‖ language constituted a second, unstated cause of the

                                     12
Funks’ contract termination. Prior to the jury charge, the Glenns moved for an

instructed verdict on Pack’s tortious interference claim.          The trial court

acknowledged the lis pendens’ absolute privilege,9 but it denied the motion.

      Considering the evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable factfinder

could, we cannot say that more than a scintilla of evidence supports the trial

court’s denial of an instructed verdict on Pack’s tortious interference claim. Both

Lisa DeLeon and Pack testified that they had no personal knowledge of the

reason the Funks cancelled the Pack-Funk contract; their testimonies cannot

serve as basis for Pack’s cause of action. See Tex. R. Evid. 602; In re Christus

Spohn Hosp. Kleberg, 222 S.W.3d 434, 440 (Tex. 2007) (noting that lay

witnesses may only testify about matters within their personal knowledge); Wal-

Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 937–38 (Tex. 1998) (indicating

that a witness’ testimony unsupported by personal knowledge was ―mere

speculative, subjective opinion of no evidentiary value.‖). Pack’s testimony about

what Lisa told him about Washington’s phone call to the Funks’ title company is

likewise speculative because Pack did not have personal knowledge of

Washington’s actions.    Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 968 S.W.2d at 938; Savage v.


      9
       The jury charge’s relevant portion reads:

      The filing of a [l]is [p]endens is absolutely privileged and can form no
      basis for a claim of interference. A [l]is [p]endens is a court
      document that places potential purchasers on notice that there is a
      claim pending in court which would entitle the person bringing the
      claim to the property.


                                     13
Psychiatric Inst. of Bedford, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 745, 753–54 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 1998, pet. denied).

      Robert DeLeon’s testimony amounted to his speculation as to why the

Funks terminated the contract and cannot ascribe intent or motive to the Funks.

See Armstrong-Berger, Inc. v. Dickson/Wells Architects, Inc., No. 05-94-01225-

CV, 1995 WL 464283, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 31, 1995, writ dism’d w.o.j.)

(not designated for publication) (stating that a ―witness cannot testify to another

person’s intent or motive‖); Found. Reserve Ins. Co. v. Starnes, 479 S.W.2d 330,

334 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1972, no writ) (indicating a witness should

neither testify to the significance or propriety of another’s conduct nor be

permitted to state his opinion with respect to another’s intent, motive, or

purpose); Medina v. Sherrod, 391 S.W.2d 66, 69 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio

1965, no writ) (same); Danaho Ref. Co. v. Pan Am. Petroleum Corp., 383 S.W.2d

941, 946 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e) (stating that proximate

cause of damage is not ordinarily the proper province of lay opinion evidence in

tort cases).   Therefore, Robert DeLeon’s testimony cannot show that the

―constructive lien‖ language was a substantial factor in bringing about the Funks’

contract termination and that without it the Funks would not have cancelled the

contract.

      This leaves Pack’s testimony that both he and the Funks’ title company

received a copy of Washington’s letter, but it is not enough to show more than a

scintilla of evidence ascribing a secondary reason to the Funks’ actions in light of

                                     14
the reason stated in the Funks’ termination letter. The Funks’ termination letter

conclusively established that the Funks cancelled the Pack-Funk contract

because Pack failed to remove the lis pendens.          The Funks’ actions were a

natural and logical result of a lis pendens filing. Cf. King v. Tubb, 551 S.W.2d

436, 444 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1977, no writ.) (stating that a lis

pendens’ purpose is to notify a party of a competing claim to real property).

Thus, Pack failed to show as a matter of law that the constructive lien language

in Washington’s letter was a cause in fact of the Funks’ contract termination. By

extension, Pack has failed to prove that the Glenns proximately caused the

termination of the Pack-Funk contract.

      Having concluded that Pack failed to meet the burden of proving proximate

cause, we sustain the Glenns’ twelfth and thirteenth issues and reverse that

portion of the trial court’s judgment on the jury’s finding that the Glenns tortiously

interfered with the Pack-Funk contract.10

D. Attorneys’ Fees

      Glenn complains that Pack failed to properly segregate attorneys’ fees.

Pack’s attorney testified that he and Pack had a contingent fee agreement and

that he had incurred attorneys’ fees of approximately $92,500 throughout

preparation of the entire case for trial. Of that $92,500, Pack’s attorney testified


      10
       Based on our disposition of the Glenns’ twelfth and thirteenth issues, we
do not reach the Glenns’ first, second, third, fourth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and
eighteenth issues. Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.


                                      15
that approximately $10,000 was incurred in furthering Pack’s tortious interference

claim, and that the remaining $82,500 was incurred prosecuting the remaining

claims for breach of contract, declaratory judgment, and fraudulent filing (Chapter

12).   Pack’s attorney did not segregate the $82,500 between the breach of

contract, declaratory judgment, and fraudulent filing claims.

       The trial court dismissed Pack’s claims for declaratory judgment and

fraudulent filing before sending the tortious interference and breach of contract

claims to the jury. The jury found for Pack on both claims, but it awarded Pack

$0 for his pretrial and trial attorneys’ fees.   The trial court granted judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) on the jury’s pretrial and trial amount of $0,

replacing it with $82,500.

       A trial court may disregard a jury verdict and render a JNOV if no evidence

supports the jury finding on an issue necessary to liability or if a directed verdict

would have been proper. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 301; Tiller v. McLure, 121 S.W.3d

709, 713 (Tex. 2003); Fort Bend Cnty. Drainage Dist. v. Sbrusch, 818 S.W.2d

392, 394 (Tex. 1991).        A directed verdict is proper only under limited

circumstances: (1) when the evidence conclusively establishes the right of the

movant to judgment or negates the right of the opponent; or (2) when the

evidence is insufficient to raise a material fact issue. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.

v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000); Farlow v. Harris

Methodist Fort Worth Hosp., 284 S.W.3d 903, 919 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009,

pet. denied). To determine whether the trial court erred by rendering a JNOV, we

                                     16
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict under the well-settled

standards that govern legal sufficiency review.      See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.

Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex. 2003).

      The $0 award is clearly wrong because the jury found both tortious

interference and breach of contract. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 38.001(8) (Vernon 2008) (stating that a person ―may recover‖ reasonable

attorneys’ fees, in addition to the amount of a valid claim, if the claim is for an

oral or written contract); Smith v. Patrick W.Y. Tam Trust, 296 S.W.3d 545, 547

(Tex. 2009) (indicating that if attorneys’ fees are proper under 38.001(8), the trial

court has no discretion to deny them); Cale’s Clean Scene Carwash, Inc. v.

Hubbard, 76 S.W.3d 784, 787, 787 n.4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no

pet.) (indicating that attorneys’ fees are distinct from damages and that attorney’s

comment in opening statement that he was willing to let the jury decide whether

he ought to get attorneys’ fees has no bearing on statutorily awarded attorneys’

fees in breach of contract claim). However, Pack’s attorney only segregated

$10,000 for the tortious interference claim. Thus, we cannot say what amount of

attorneys’ fees beyond the $10,000 that Pack would be entitled to because

Pack’s attorney did not otherwise segregate the fees. See Tony Gullo Motors I,

L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 311 (Tex. 2006) (requiring fee claimants to

segregate fees between claims for which they are recoverable and for which they

are not). When, as here, segregation is required, Pack’s failure to segregate

fees does not mean that he cannot recover any fees; evidence of unsegregated

                                     17
attorneys’ fees for the entire case is some evidence of what the segregated

amount should be, and remand is required to calculate the segregated award.

Id. at 313–14.

      Therefore, we sustain the Glenns’ sixteenth issue and reverse and remand

for further proceedings on the issue of attorneys’ fees.11

                             IV. Trial Court’s Actions

      In issues five, seven, and seventeen, the Glenns complain that the trial

court abused its discretion by allowing the jury to award Pack the Glenns’ earnest

money and by failing to grant a mistrial. We will consider issue seven, in which

the Glenns assert that the unavailability of the reporter’s record warranted a

mistrial, with issue six, in which they allege the trial court erred in its responses to

questions passed by the jury after submission of the case.

A. Standard of Review

      To determine whether a trial court abused its discretion, we must decide

whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles;

in other words, we must decide whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable.

Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d

835, 838–39 (Tex. 2004). An appellate court cannot conclude that a trial court

abused its discretion merely because the appellate court would have ruled



      11
        We express no opinion on Clause 17 of the Pack-Glenn contract relative
to any claim of contractually-based attorneys’ fees.


                                      18
differently in the same circumstances.     E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v.

Robinson, 932 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995); see also Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620.

      An abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its

decisions on conflicting evidence.    In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex.

1998) (orig. proceeding). Furthermore, an abuse of discretion does not occur as

long as some evidence of substantive and probative character exists to support

the trial court’s decision. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex.

2002).

B. Jury Instruction on Earnest Money

      In issue five, the Glenns argue that the Pack-Glenn contract prohibited the

jury from awarding the Glenns’ earnest money to Pack as compensation for his

breach of contract claim.

      To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must have

presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that

states the specific grounds for the desired ruling, if they are not apparent from

the context of the request, objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). If a

party fails to do this, error is not preserved, and the complaint is

waived.   Bushell v. Dean, 803 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex. 1991) (op. on reh’g).

The objecting party must get a ruling from the trial court. This ruling

can be either express or implied. Frazier v. Yu, 987 S.W.2d 607, 610 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied).




                                     19
         The Glenns contend that the judgment is defective because it awards

money not properly before the court. But the Glenns have not preserved this

contention for our review because even though they initially objected to the

instruction in the charge conference, the Glenns later agreed that the jury could

decide the issue. At the end of the parties’ discussions on the breach of contract

damages instruction, the Glenns waived their prior objection to the inclusion of

the escrow funds when they narrowed the focus of their objection to the issue of

treble damages:

         The jury can decide [if Pack] gets the $50,000 [escrow funds].
         That’s fine. If that’s what they decide, we will have to accept it. But
         they should not have then the right to say we will give you three
         times the amount when they did not do that portion . . . . They
         should not get the issue of giving them triple damages . . . . That’s
         what we’re talking about. That’s the only thing I am talking about.

See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Civ. P. 274 (requiring objecting party to

raise all objections to the charge prior to submission of the charge to the jury);

Barnett v. Coppell N. Tex. Court, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 804, 825 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2003, pet denied) (indicating alleged error in jury charge must be preserved by

distinctly designating the error and the grounds for objection).

         Because the Glenns failed to preserve this objection, we overrule their fifth

issue.

C. Response to Jury Questions and Absent Reporter’s Record

         During deliberations, the jury asked for a list describing each compact disc

containing the parties’ text and audio messages entered into evidence. Because



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no list had been entered into evidence, the trial court denied the request. The

jury then asked for a copy of Craig Rozen’s testimony so they could create a

timeline. At the time of the jury’s request, the court reporter’s transcript was

unavailable.12   The trial court did not abate deliberations; instead, the court

instructed the jury that if they disagreed as to specific testimony, the jury could

request to have that testimony read to them. The Glenns objected to the trial

court’s responses to the jury, and they requested that deliberations be abated

until the court reporter returned. The trial court overruled the Glenns’ objection

and denied their abatement request. The jury returned to deliberations without

asking any additional questions about the compact discs or Rozen’s testimony.

      There is no evidence that the jury disagreed on specific aspects of Rozen’s

testimony. Thus, the trial court properly responded to the jury’s questions. See

Tex. R. Civ. P. 287; Bellino v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 124 S.W.3d 380,

390 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (noting that the jury must disagree

before witness testimony can be read back to the jury); see also Caterpillar

Tractor Co. v. Boyett, 674 S.W.2d 782, 793 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1984, no

pet.) (stating that rule 287 does not require reading back witness testimony

because some of the jurors have failed to remember the testimony). Having

concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in its responses, we

overrule the Glenns’ sixth and seventh issues.

      12
        The court reporter had gone on vacation out of state, taking her computer
containing the trial record with her.


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D. Adverse Publicity

      In issue seventeen, the Glenns argue that the trial court erred by denying

their motion for mistrial due to adverse publicity.

      Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 324 requires that to appeal a complaint of

jury misconduct, a party must first raise the point in a motion for new trial. See

Tex. R. Civ. P. 324(b)(1), 327(a),(b). The Glenns failed to raise the issue in

either their motion for new trial or in the hearing on the motion.         Thus, we

overrule the Glenns’ seventeenth issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Tex. R. Civ. P.

324(b)(1); Weaver v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 739 S.W.2d 23 (Tex. 1987).

                                   V. Conclusion

      We sustain the Glenns’ twelfth, thirteenth, and sixteenth issues, overrule

their fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and seventeenth issues,

and decline to reach the remaining issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Therefore,

we affirm the portion of the trial court’s judgment that the Glenns breached the

Pack-Glenn contract and award of the $50,000 escrow funds, reverse the trial

court’s judgment pertaining to Pack’s tortious interference claim and render

judgment that Pack take nothing on his tortious interference claim, and remand

this case to the trial court for further proceedings to determine attorneys’ fees.


                                                      BOB MCCOY
                                                      JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MCCOY and MEIER, JJ.

DELIVERED: January 13, 2011


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