                                    United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Fifth Circuit.

                                              No. 91-5784.

                          Gertrude BAUMGART, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                                    v.

FAIRCHILD AIRCRAFT CORPORATION and Swearingen Aviation Corporation, Defendants-
Appellees.

                                              Jan. 22, 1993.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, GARWOOD, Circuit Judges, and WERLEIN**, District Judge.

          WERLEIN, Distct Judge:

          These consolidated cases arise from the crash near Kettwig, Germany of a Fairchild

Metroliner III Aircraft owned and operated by Nurenburger Flugdienst ("NFD"), a German airline.

Plaintiffs are nineteen German citizens who originally sought recompense for their injuries in the

Texas state courts. Defendant Fairchild Aircraft Corporation ("Fairchild"), after filing a Chapter 11

bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas,

removed all nineteen cases to federal court. Fairchild then moved the court to dismiss the cases under

the doctrine of forum non conveniens, arguing that Germany is the proper forum for the resolution

of Plaintiffs' claims. Fairchild's motion was granted, and Plaintiffs appealed.

          The major issue on appeal is whether the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act

of 1984, 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5), prohibits the district court from dismissing under the doctrine of

forum non conveniens a bankruptcy-related wrongful death case that arose in a foreign country. We

hold that the Act does not prohibit a forum non conveniens dismissal.

                                                I. FACTS

          On February 8, 1988, a Fairchild Metroliner III Aircraft, owned by the German airline NFD

and operated as NFD Flight 108, was making a regularly scheduled flight from Hanover Airport in


   *
       District Judge of the Southern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
Hanover, Germany to Lohausen Airport in Dusseldorf, Germany. Approximately seven nautical miles

away from landing, the aircraft was struck by lightning, lost electrical power, entered an uncontrolled

descent, and flew in and out of the clouds for several minutes before finally crashing near Kettwig,

Germany. The two pilots and all nineteen passengers perished.

       Personal representatives of the deceased passengers, all of them citizens and residents of

Germany, filed nineteen separate lawsuits against Fairchild1 in sixteen different state district courts

of Bexar County, Texas, alleging causes of action based on strict liability, breach of warranty, and

negligence. Plaintiffs sought damages for wrongful death and survival, pre-judgment interest, and

exemplary damages under Texas state law.

       Fairchild, for reasons unrelated to the personal injury suits,2 filed a voluntary Chapter 11

bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas.

Fairchild subsequently removed all nineteen state court actions to the bankruptcy court, alleging that

the actions related to its bankruptcy proceeding as contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b).

       Plaintiffs, in turn, moved for discretionary abstention under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) or,

alternatively, for remand of the nineteen cases to state court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b). The

Honorable Emilio M. Garza, then United States District Judge, after conducting a de novo review of

the Bankruptcy Judge's recommendation that Plaintiffs' motion be denied, adopted the

recommendation in its entirety. The Court consolidated all nineteen actions in the district court and

issued an Order lifting the automatic stay imposed by 11 U.S.C. § 362.

       Fairchild then moved to dismiss the consolidated cases on the grounds of forum non

conveniens, alleging that Plaintiffs' home country of Germany where the airline crash occurred is the

proper forum for the resolution of Plaintiffs' claims. Plaintiffs replied that 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5)

deprived the district court of any discretion to dismiss bankruptcy-related wrongful death actions

   1
    Appellants also sued Swearingen Aviation Corporation ("Swearingen"), the predecessor in
interest to Fairchild. Although Swearingen is named as a defendant in this action, the parties have
advised the Court that Swearingen no longer exists as a corporate entity.
   2
    Fairchild cites "infighting among Fairchild's competing shareholder groups [leading] to severe
lapses in management, followed by layoffs, and eventual pressure from the company's principal
lender, Sanwa Business Credit" as the reason for Fairchild's Chapter 11 filing.
pursuant to the doctrine of forum non conveniens. The Honorable Edward C. Prado, United States

District Judge, dismissed the consolidated cases and ordered Plaintiffs to file suit in Germany within

120 days.3 It is from this ruling granting Fairchild's Motion to Dismiss that Plaintiffs now appeal.

                                           II. DISCUSSION

        A court's authority to effect foreign transfers through the doctrine of forum non conveniens

"derives from the court's inherent power, under Article III of the Constitution, to control the

administration of the litigation before it and to prevent its process from becoming an instrument of

abuse, injustice, or oppression." In re Air Crash Disaster Near New Orleans, La., 821 F.2d 1147,

1155 (5th Cir.1987), aff'd in part, vacated in part, 490 U.S. 1032, 109 S.Ct. 1928, 104 L.Ed.2d 400

(1989), vacated sub nom. Pan Am World Airways, Inc. v. Lopez, 883 F.2d 17 (5th Cir.1989), citing

Koster v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518, 530, 67 S.Ct. 828, 835, 91 L.Ed. 1067 (1947).

Through this power a federal trial court may decline to exercise its jurisdiction, even though the court

has jurisdiction and venue, when it appears that the convenience of the parties and the court and the

interests of justice indicate that the action should be tried in another forum. Id., citing Piper Aircraft

Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 250, 102 S.Ct. 252, 263, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981); Koster, 330 U.S. at

530, 67 S.Ct. at 835; Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 507, 67 S.Ct. 839, 842, 91 L.Ed.

1055 (1947).

         The court's interest in controlling a crowded docket also provides a basis for the court's

inherent power to dismiss on grounds of forum non conveniens: "the "chosen forum is inappropriate

because of considerations affecting the court's own administrative and legal problems.' " Id., citing

Reyno, 454 U.S. at 241, 102 S.Ct. at 258 (quoting Koster, 330 U.S. at 524, 67 S.Ct. at 831).

"Administrative difficulties follow for courts when litigation is piled up in congested centers instead

of being handled at its origin. Jury duty is a burden that ought not to be imposed upon the people

of a community which has no relation to the litigation." Id., citing Gulf Oil Corp., 330 U.S. at 590-

91, 67 S.Ct. at 921. Although the doctrine "arose in the areas of admiralty and equity," this Court


   3
    By Order dated September 30, 1991, Judge Prado granted Plaintiffs' request that the 120-day
time limit for filing the actions in Germany be stayed pending the outcome of this appeal.
has observed that the doctrine "is now applied in a wide spectrum of cases in both federal and state

courts." Id., citing Syndicate 420 at Lloyd's London v. Early American Ins. Co., 796 F.2d 821, 825

(5th Cir.1986) (maritime insurance contracts case); Watson v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 769

F.2d 354, 359-60 (6th Cir.1985) (strict liability pharmaceuticals case).

         After examining the cases spawned by the crash in Germany of NFD Flight 108, the district

court determined that the convenience of the parties and the court and the interests of justice would

be better served if the wrongful death actions were tried in Germany. While Appellants also take

issue with the district court's findings as a substantive matter, Appellants' primary focus is their legal

argument that the doctrine of forum non conveniens is not available to district courts in

bankruptcy-related wrongful death actions. Appellants contend that the statutory language and

legislative purpose of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) are inconsistent with and thus preclude a forum non

conveniens dismissal. The question appears to be one of first impression.

A. Effect of § 157(b)(5) on the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens

         Title 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) provides that

         [t]he district court shall order that personal injury tort and wrongful death claims shall be tried
         in the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending, or in the district court in the
         district in which the claim arose, as determined by the district court in which the bankruptcy
         is pending.

28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) (West 1991). Appellants insist that the plain meaning and legislative history

of the words, "[w]rongful death claims shall be tried in the district court....," render the doctrine of

forum non conveniens inapplicable to bankruptcy-related wrongful death cases. Thus, argue

Appellants, the district court is required to try these cases even if the convenience of the parties and

the ends of justice would be better served by hearing the cases in a foreign forum in which the claims

arose.

         Although Appellants are correct in stating that the United States Supreme Court and this

Court have held that the doctrine of forum non conveniens is inapplicable when the language and

legislative purpose of a statute are inconsistent with forum non conveniens dismissal, the cases cited

by Appellants for application of this proposition are quite different from the case at bar. United

States v. National City Lines, Inc., 334 U.S. 573, 596, 68 S.Ct. 1169, 1181, 92 L.Ed. 1584 (1948)
("National City Lines I" ), held that a district court could not employ the doctrine of forum non

conveniens to accomplish a domestic transfer of venue in an antitrust suit.4 The National City Lines

cases, as well as the third case cited by Appellants, Industrial Investment Development Corp. v.

Mitsui & Co., 671 F.2d 876 (5th Cir.1982), vacated on other grounds, 460 U.S. 1007, 103 S.Ct.

1244, 75 L.Ed.2d 475 (1983) (a case also involving violations of the Sherman Act),5 apply only in

the limited context of antitrust actions. As explained in Kempe, there is a "crucial point" of difference

between antitrust suits and other types of cases:

        [A]ntitrust cases are unlike litigation involving contracts, torts, or other matters recognized
        in some form in every nation. A plaintiff who seeks relief by means of one of these types of
        actions may appropriately be sent to the courts of another nation where presumably he will
        be granted, at least approximately, what he is due. But the antitrust laws of the United States
        embody a specific congressional purpose to encourage the bringing of private claims in the
        American courts in order that the national policy against monopoly may be vindicated. To
        relegate a plaintiff to the courts of a nation which does not recognize these antitrust principles
        would be to defeat this congressional direction by means of a wholly inappropriate procedural
        device.

Kempe, 876 F.2d at 1142-1143, quoting Laker Airways Ltd. v. Pan American World Airways, 568

F.Supp. 811, 818 (D.D.C.1983) [emphasis added]. These same concerns were present in Mitsui, in

which the court determined that Indonesia, the country to which transfer was sought, would refuse


   4
     National City Lines I was decided before Congress enacted 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), which
specifically authorized the district court, "[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, and in
the interest of justice," to transfer civil actions "to any other district or division where it might
have been brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) (West 1991). As noted by this Court in Kempe v.
Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co., 876 F.2d 1138 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 918, 110
S.Ct. 279, 107 L.Ed.2d 259 (1989):

                [i]n light of the new congressional mandate regarding transfers [§ 1404(a) ], the
                Supreme Court allowed the [National City Lines I ] case to be transferred to
                another district court on later petition. United States v. Nat'l. City Lines, Inc., 337
                U.S. 78 [69 S.Ct. 955, 93 L.Ed. 1226] (1949) (National City Lines II ). In that
                later case, the Court did not indicate what result it would reach in a case where
                application of the forum non conveniens doctrine would lead to dismissal of a
                Sherman Act case in favor of a foreign forum. Such a situation is not covered by
                section 1404, which preserves the action, albeit in a different federal venue.

        Id. at 1144.
   5
     The statute at issue in both National City Lines and Mitsui is 15 U.S.C. § 22, which provides:
"[a]ny suit ... under the antitrust laws against a corporation may be brought not only in the judicial
district whereof it is an inhabitant, but also in any district wherein it may be found or transacts
business."
to entertain the plaintiffs' Sherman Act claims. See Mitsui, 671 F.2d at 891 ("A dismissal for forum

non conveniens, then, would be the functional equivalent of a decision that defendants' acts are

beyond the reach of the Sherman Act.")6

       Unlike the facts in those cases, the district court here found "that German law recognizes

products liability and wrongful death actions under Sections 823 and 844 of the German civil code."

In addition, the record supports the conclusion that all parties—plaintiffs, Fairchild, and also the

potential third parties—are within the jurisdiction of the German courts. Based upon these findings,

the district court concluded that "an adequate and available foreign forum exists" for the resolution

of Appellants' claims in Germany. We agree that this case does not involve issues peculiar to

American jurisprudence, and we conclude that the results reached in National City Lines and Mitsui

are therefore not controlling precedents in this case.

        National City Lines I does lay before us, however, the approach required to be taken in

judging whether Congress, by its enactment of a statute vesting jurisdiction in the courts and

prescribing venue, has thereby deprived the courts of discretionary power to defeat the plaintiff's

choice of venue and has thus rendered the doctrine of forum non conveniens to be of no effect. The

Court wrote:

       [The question] is one not to be answered by such indecisive inquiries as whether the venue
       or jurisdictional statute is labeled a "special" or a "general" one. Nor is it to be determined
       merely by the court's view that applicability of the doctrine would serve the ends of justice
       in the particular case. It is rather to be decided, upon consideration of all the relevant
       materials, by whether the legislative purpose and the effect of the language used to achieve
       it were to vest the power of choice in the plaintiff or to confer power upon the courts to
       qualify his selection.

334 U.S. at 597, 68 S.Ct. at 1182 (emphasis added). We therefore examine the legislative purpose

of the Act, the language used, and whether the legislation is intended to vest power of choice in the

plaintiff or, instead, confers power on the courts to qualify the plaintiff's choice of forum.

        Title 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) is part of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship

Act of 1984 ("the Act"), which statute "[e]stablished a new system of jurisdiction, necessitated by

   6
    The court also noted that the antitrust statutes are penal in nature, and that principles of
international law preclude one country's courts from executing the penal laws of another. Mitsui,
671 F.2d at 891.
the Supreme Court's ruling in Northern Pipeline Constru. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S.

50, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982)...." 130 Cong.Rec. H 6087-6088 (June 20, 1984) (floor

statements) [emphasis added]. In Marathon, the United States Supreme Court had held that a

previous grant to bankruptcy courts of sweeping jurisdiction was unconstitutional because it vested

Article III power in judges who do not enjoy the protections and safeguards specified in that article.

Id. at 62, 102 S.Ct. at 2867. Faced with the possibility that all matters previously delegated to

bankruptcy courts would again be borne by the already overburdened Article III courts, Congress

enacted § 157(b)(5) "to conform the bankruptcy statute to the dictates of Marathon " by excluding

from bankruptcy court jurisdiction subject matter that is not specifically derived from the bankruptcy

laws. Matter of Wood, 825 F.2d 90, 95 (5th Cir.1987).7 This intent is manifested throughout the

statute's legislative history. See 130 Cong.Rec. S 8891 (June 29, 1984) (remarks of Sen. Hatch),

reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 590 ("Title I [which includes § 157(b)(5) ] corrects the

constitutional flaw discerned by the Supreme Court in the Marathon case which prohibited

bankruptcy judges, who lack life tenure, from deciding certain bankruptcy cases grounded in State

law."); 130 Cong.Rec. H 7489 (June 29, 1984) (remarks of Cong. Rodino), reprinted in 1984

U.S.C.C.A.N. at 576 ("Title I creates a new bankruptcy court arrangement to replace the provisions

enacted in the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978—Public Law 95-598—which were found

unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in [Marathon ].") By placing in the district courts

jurisdiction over certain types of cases, specifically personal injury and wrongful death actions,

Congress responded directly to the constitutional infirmities identified by the Court in Marathon while

preserving the Article I administrative court system that it had created to deal with bankruptcy-related

matters.

           Appellants argue that Congress's purpose was to consolidate all bankruptcy related matters

and that Section 157(b)(5) was added as a special venue provision to advance the concept of a "single

   7
    Section 157(b)(5) was drafted to limit the bankruptcy court's authority to so-called "core
proceedings," a term coined in Marathon to refer to "the restructuring of debtor-creditor
relations." Marathon, 458 U.S. at 71, 102 S.Ct. at 2871. Personal injury and wrongful death
actions are "non-core" proceedings and thus cannot be heard by a bankruptcy court. See 130
Cong.Rec. H 7492 (June 29, 1984) (floor statements of Rep. Kastenmeier).
forum" for all bankruptcy related matters. This "single forum" argument is undercut, however, by

the explicit language of § 157(b)(5), which itself specifies a choice of forums in which a

bankruptcy-related wrongful death action may be heard: in the district court for the district in which

the bankruptcy is pending or in the district in which the claim arose. The passages quoted by

Appellants in support of their position actually militate against their "single forum" argument. The

language provides that consolidation of actions in the forum where the bankruptcy is pending is

permissible, but not mandatory. As stated by the First Circuit: "The new structure would make it

possible to the extent constitutionally permissible to hear matters relating to a single bankruptcy in

a single forum." In re Arnold Print Works, Inc., 815 F.2d 165, 167 (1st Cir.1987) [emphasis added].8

        Congress's express conferrence of power on the district court in which the bankruptcy is

pending to fix venue in the jurisdiction in which a plaintiff's cause of action arises, plainly indicates

Congress's recognition (1) that that jurisdiction, as the site of the wrongful death, may have an actual

interest in litigating the matter, and (2) that most eyewitnesses to the incident and at least some

evidence may be located there. In light of such a provision, we cannot fairly impute to Congress an

intention implicitly to remove from the courts their inherent power also to effect the transfer of an

appropriate wrongful death claim to a foreign forum where the cause of action arose.

        The principal cases relied upon by Appellants involve application of § 157(b)(5) to domestic

litigation, which § 157(b)(5) specifically addresses. Thus, for example, in A.H. Robbins Co. v.

Piccinin, 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 876, 107 S.Ct. 251, 93 L.Ed.2d 177

(1986), the district court in which was pending the Chapter 11 bankruptcy of the manufacturer of the

Dalkon Shield, entered a tentative order that all actions against the debtor based upon personal injury

tort or wrongful death claims arising from use of the Dalkon Shield would be tried in that district


   8
     Appellants also argue that the bankruptcy court could maintain some supervision over the
bankruptcy-related claims even while they are being litigated in another federal court, but not if
the dismissal were to a foreign country. The argument is not persuasive. First, there is no sign
that Congress intended for a district court in which the bankruptcy is filed to supervise the
adjudication of a wrongful death action that it permits or directs to be tried in another district.
And second, in this day of instant worldwide communications, the progress of a wrongful death
case pending in Germany can be followed by the district court where the bankruptcy is pending
virtually as easily as following the progress of a case in an adjacent judicial district.
court. The principal issue was whether transfer of the cases from other districts (5000 cases were

pending) could be ordered by the receiving district court in which the bankruptcy was pending, or

whether transfers, if made at all, would need to be ordered by the various district courts where the

cases were pending, pursuant to the general bankruptcy venue statute allowing transfers in the interest

of justice or for the convenience of the parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 1412. The Fourth Circuit had "no

difficulty" in finding that the district court in which the bankruptcy was pending had authority under

§ 157(b)(5) to fix venue of personal injury tort actions against the debtor regardless of the district in

which the controversy was pending. In reconciling § 1412 with § 157(b)(5) the Court wrote that as

to a special group of cases, "to wit, personal injury tort claims against a debtor in Chapter 11

proceedings wherever pending," § 157(b)(5) is "supreme." Appellants in the case at bar emphasize

that statement to argue that § 157(b)(5) is also "supreme" in the sense of denying to the same district

court the power to dismiss a case under the doctrine of forum non conveniens in order to effect an

international transfer to a forum where the action arose. This argument is flawed, first, because §

157(b)(5) clearly confers enlarged powers upon the bankruptcy district court to fix venue, with no

apparent intent to diminish venue powers already held by the court; and second, because the Fourth

Circuit was engaged only in reconciling §§ 1412 and 157(b)(5), and found that between the two

sections the latter was "supreme" in that limited context; the court never had before it a question of

whether enactment of § 157(b)(5) served sub silentio to rescind the doctrine of forum non

conveniens.

        In In re White Motor Credit, 761 F.2d 270 (6th Cir.1985), also relied on by Appellants, the

district court in which the bankruptcy was pending ordered that 160 separate, unliquidated and

contingent products liability cases against the debtor, pending in various state and federal courts,

would be left for adjudication in those courts. On appeal the debtor, similar to Appellants here,

argued that § 157(b)(5) curtailed the district court's discretion over venue. The debtor argued that

the new statute prevented the district court from abstaining as it had done and instead compelled the

court to order trials either before it or in the federal district courts where the claims arose. The Sixth

Circuit wrote,
        [w]hen read in isolation, section 157(b)(5) seems to support the debtor's contention that the
        tort claims may not be liquidated in other courts, as the District Court has ordered; but a
        reading of the entire law in light of its purpose and history leads to the opposite conclusion.

761 F.2d at 271. The court went on to construe § 157(b)(5) in harmony with § 1334(c)(1), which

allows discretionary abstention, and held that the district court had "authority to leave tort cases in

the courts [including state courts] in which they are pending for liquidation there." 761 F.2d at 273.

Thus, in White Motor Credit § 157(b)(5) once again was construed to enlarge the district court's

power to fix venue over personal injury tort cases related to the bankruptcy pending in such court.

        Other provisions of Title 28 demonstrate Congress's intent not to require the district courts

to entertain all bankruptcy-related cases over which they have jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b)

provides that the district court's jurisdiction of such matters is "original but not exclusive. "

Moreover, 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(1) provides: "[n]othing in this section prevents a district court in the

interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from

abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or relating to a case

under title 11." Courts interpreting § 1334(c) have held that that provision "summarizes and

incorporates federal non-bankruptcy abstention doctrines." In re Pan American Corp., 950 F.2d 839

(2d Cir.1991), quoting General American Communications Corp. v. Landsell, 130 B.R. 136, 146

(S.D.N.Y.1991). Again, it does not follow that Congress would expressly allow the federal district

courts to defer by abstention to state courts "in the interest of justice," but would at the same time

implicitly divest them of their inherent power to abstain when the interest of justice would be served

by a case being heard in a foreign tribunal where the action arose.

        An examination of Section 157 in its entirety is also instructive. The several subsections

variously provide for referrals of cases to the bankruptcy judges; allow bankruptcy judges to hear

and determine all cases under Title 11 and all core proceedings arising under Title 11; list numerous

examples of core proceedings; require the bankruptcy judge to determine if a proceeding is a core

proceeding; exempt non-core proceedings from the mandatory abstention provisions of § 1334(c)(2);

outline conditions under which a bankruptcy judge may hear a non-core proceeding related to a case

under Title 11 and make recommendations to the District Judge; authorize the district court to
withdraw any case or proceeding referred to the bankruptcy judge; and similar matters. Embedded

in this procedural section is subsection (b)(5), at issue in this case. Read in the context of Section

157, where it appears, and in the context of the history giving rise to the Act and its remedial purpose,

the language of § 157(b)(5) delineates jurisdiction only as between the bankruptcy courts and the

district courts. In other words, non-core proceedings such as personal injury tort and wrongful death

claims shall not be adjudicated in bankruptcy court, but in the Article III district court. Moreover,

the district court in which the bankruptcy is pending shall have added power to order tried in its own

venue personal injury tort and wrongful death claims filed elsewhere, or to order such cases tried in

the districts where the claims arose. Once a personal injury tort or wrongful death claim is lodged

in the district court where the bankruptcy is pending, however, neither the Act itself nor the legislative

history of the Act evidences any intent on the part of Congress to abrogate the long-standing doctrine

of forum non conveniens in the context of foreign transfers. Indeed, there is no reference to the

doctrine of forum non conveniens anywhere in the statute's legislative history.9

        This Court was confronted with a similar issue in In re Air Crash Disaster. Plaintiff argued

that certain language in the Warsaw Convention implicitly prevented a district court from considering

and applying the doctrine of forum non conveniens. The argument was rejected:

        The party initiating the action enjoys the prerogative of choosing between [several] possible
        [national] forums but that selection is not inviolate. That choice is then subject to the
        procedural requirements and devices that are part of that forum's internal laws.... No
        evidence can be found anywhere that the drafters of the [Warsaw] Convention intended to
        alter the judicial system of any country. We simply do not believe that the United States
        through adherence to the Convention has meant to forfeit such a valuable procedural tool as
        the doctrine of forum non conveniens.

        If we were to adopt the plaintiff's construction ..., American courts could become the forums
        for litigation that has little or no relationship with this country. The plaintiff's interpretation
        ... cuts against the Convention's underlying purpose of ensuring that a dispute arising out of
        an air travel accident is litigated in a forum that has an actual interest in the matter.

Id. at 1162 [citations omitted]. Similarly, the First Circuit held that a special venue provision in the

United States securities laws does not prevent a district court from effecting foreign transfers under


   9
    Likewise, a leading bankruptcy treatise's discussion of § 157(b)(5) does not even mention
forum non conveniens, much less its "implied" repeal. See 1 Collier on Bankruptcy § 3.01 pp. 3,
82, 86 (15th Ed.1990).
the doctrine of forum non conveniens:

          [W]e can find no good policy reason for reading the special venue provisions as if someone
          in Congress really intended them to remove the courts' legal power to invoke the doctrine of
          forum non conveniens in an otherwise appropriat e case. The growing interdependence of
          formerly separate national economies, the increased extent to which commerce is
          international, and the greater likelihood that an act performed in one country will affect
          citizens of another, all argue for expanded efforts to help the world's legal systems work
          together, in harmony, rather than at cross purposes. To insist that American courts hear cases
          where the balance of convenience and the interest of justice require that they be brought
          elsewhere will simply encourage an international forum-shopping that would increase the
          likelihood that decisions made in one country will cause (through lack of awareness or
          understanding) adverse effects in another, eroding uniformity or thwarting the aims of law and
          policy. And, to deprive American courts of their transfer power when, but only when, one
          of more than three hundred special venue statutes applies, would create a hodge-podge that
          would, or would not, bring about American adjudication of an essentially foreign controversy,
          depending upon the pure happenstance that Congress—at some perhaps distant period and
          likely out of a desire to widen plaintiffs' venue choices in typical domestic cases—enacted a
          "special venue" provision. See Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure,
          § 3804 at 28 n. 2 (citing ALI study listing some 330 venue provisions in section of the United
          States Code not in Title 28). Such a result would seem thoroughly unsound.

Howe v. Goldcore Investments, Inc., 946 F.2d 944, 950 (1st Cir.1991). See also Cruz v. Maritime

Co. of Philippines, 702 F.2d 47, 48 (2d Cir.1983) (upholding forum non conveniens dismissal of

Jones Act claim even though Jones Act provides that jurisdiction "shall be" in the district court.)

           From our review of the relevant materials, the legislative purpose, and the effect of the

language used to achieve that purpose, we conclude that § 157(b)(5) was intended to confer new

power upon the district court in which a bankruptcy is pending to qualify the choice of venue made

by a plaintiff, and was not enacted "to vest the power of choice in the plaintiff."10 An enactment

conferring upon the district court additional power to control venue cannot properly be construed

to deprive the courts of their established discretionary powers over venue. Under such circumstances

specific legislation would be necessary to abrogate the doctrine of forum non conveniens. There is

no evidence here of a Congressional intent to do so by enactment of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5), and we

cannot construe the language more broadly than appears to have been intended by Congress to

achieve the purpose of the Act. Especially in view of Congress's expressed intent that district courts

in which the bankruptcy is pending may order nation-wide transfers of cases to permit, for example,

wrongful death claims to be tried in any district where they may arise, we cannot read into the statute

   10
        United States v. Natl. City Lines, 334 U.S. at 597, 68 S.Ct. at 1182.
an implied repeal of the doctrine by which the courts have discretion to effect identical transfers to

foreign tribunals where wrongful death actions arise. Accordingly, we hold that § 157(b)(5) does not

abrogate the doctrine of forum non conveniens in the context of foreign transfers and that the district

court was not precluded by such statute from dismissing the instant action on forum non conveniens

grounds.

        The second issue raised by Appellants, namely, whether abstention and remand are the district

court's only available alternatives to retaining jurisdiction over a bankruptcy-related wrongful death

case, is rendered moot by our holding above. We therefore now consider the third issue raised:

whether the district court committed a clear abuse of discretion in ordering the forum non conveniens

dismissal.

Review of the District Court's Forum Non Conveniens Dismissal

         A district court's grant or denial of a motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non

conveniens may be reversed only where there has been a clear abuse of discretion. Reyno, 454 U.S.

235, 255, 102 S.Ct. 252, 266 ; In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1147. Where the district court

"has considered all relevant public and private interest factors, and where its balancing of these factors

is reasonable, its decision deserves substantial deference." Reyno, 454 U.S. at 257, 102 S.Ct. at 266

(upholding district court's dismissal of a products liability suit for reasons of convenience of trial, and

requiring transfer of the case from Pennsylvania to Scotland despite the presence of Pennsylvania

defendants and the likelihood that Scottish law was less favorable to Plaintiffs).

        Appellants first contend that in granting the forum non conveniens dismissal the district court

abused its discretion by "fail[ing] to consider that Fairchild was estopped from moving to dismiss."

(Appellants' Brief at 22). Specifically, Appellants argue that Fairchild's removal of the case from state

court in Bexar County to federal court in the Western District of Texas precluded Fairchild from later

moving to dismiss or to transfer the case to any other forum. In support of this position, Appellants

rely primarily on Ins. Co. of North America v. Ozean Stinnes-Linien, 367 F.2d 224, 226-227 (5th

Cir.1966), wherein this Court held that a domestic transfer pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)

precluded a subsequent motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens. We find that
Ozean is inapplicable to this case, as this case does not involve a § 1404(a) motion to transfer.

Moreover, the United States Supreme Court has upheld, without any discussion of estoppel, a district

court's dismissal under forum non conveniens even where the case had previously been removed to

federal court and transferred to a different federal forum under § 1404(a). See Reyno, 454 U.S. at

235, 102 S.Ct. at 252; See also Nolan v. Boeing Co. 762 F.Supp. 680 (E.D.La.1989) (forum non

conveniens dismissal granted after removal to federal court).

        Appellant next contends that the district court abused its discretion in its application of the

forum non conveniens analysis. A forum non conveniens analysis involves a three step inquiry. First,

the court must determine whether there exists another forum that is available to the litigants and

would provide an adequate remedy to the prevailing party. Reyno, 454 U.S. at 234 n. 22, 102 S.Ct.

265 n. 22; In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1164. "A foreign forum is available when the entire

case and all parties can come within the jurisdiction of that forum." In re Air Crash Disaster, 821

F.2d at 1165; Syndicate 420, 796 F.2d at 830; Calavo Growers of California v. Belgium, 632 F.2d

963, 968 (2d Cir.1980). "A foreign forum is adequate when the parties will not be deprived of all

remedies or treated unfairly, even though they may not enjoy the same benefits as they might receive

in an American court." In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1165, citing Reyno, 454 U.S. at 253,

102 S.Ct. at 265; Syndicate 420, 796 F.2d at 829.

        The district court determined that the courts of Germany could provide an adequate, available

forum for the resolution of plaintiffs' actions. The court found: (1) that German law recognizes

products liability and wrongful death actions under Sections 823 and 844 of the German civil code,

and (2) that all parties in the case are within the jurisdiction of the German courts. Appellants have

not challenged these findings, and we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's holding.

        The second step in the analysis requires a balancing of "private interest" factors. Such factors

include: (1) the relative ease of access to sources of proof; (2) the availability of compulsory process

for attendance of unwilling, and the costs of obtaining attendance of willing, witnesses;11 (3)

   11
     See De Melo v. Lederle Laboratories Div. of American Cyanamid Corp., 801 F.2d 1058,
1063 (8th Cir.1986) ("It is of considerable importance ... that litigation in the United States would
deprive Lederle of compulsory process....") See also Schertenleib v. Traum, 589 F.2d 1156,
probability of an opportunity to view the premises, if view would be appropriate to the action; and

(4) other factors affecting the ease, speed, and expense of trial or the enforceability of a judgment if

obtained. Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. at 843; In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1162-

1163. While reviewing these private interest factors, the court should also consider whether the

defendant's motion to dismiss was filed in a timely manner. In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at

1165.

         In the case at bar, the district court found that several private interest factors favored

dismissal, including (1) the existence in Germany of almost all of the physical evidence relating to the

accident, including meteorological data, testimony of other pilots and eyewitnesses, cockpit voice

recorder tapes and information from the flight data recorder, photographs of the wreckage, air traffic

controllers' reports, and the results of tests performed by the German Accident Investigation Board

("GAIB") on the components and wreckage of NFD Flight 108; (2) the fact that NFD's headquarters

are in Germany, and thus all evidence about the maintenance of the aircraft, the operational history

of the aircraft, and records concerning the hiring and training practices of NFD are in Germany; (3)

the fact that all evidence required to calculate damages, such as the decedents' health, life

expectancies, educations, and present and future earning capacities, is in Germany, as are all of the

witnesses with knowledge relating to those matters; (4) the fact that the witnesses in Germany are

beyond the reach of the district court's compulsory process, thus requiring the parties, if jurisdiction

over the case were retained, to face the cost of deposing foreign witnesses and the prospect of not

having live witnesses at trial; (5) the inability of Fairchild to implead NFD and the co-pilot's estate

as third-party defendants if the case were retained in the United States; and (6) language problems

that would arise if the case were tried in the United States, including the need to translate into English

all documents and investigation reports created in Germany. On the other hand, the district court

found some factors in favor of retaining jurisdiction, including (1) respect for the plaintiffs' choice of




1165 (2d Cir.1978) ("inability to bring [witnesses] here for live cross-examination before a
fact-finder" is "[p]erhaps the most significant problem" making adjudication in a United States
court inappropriate).
forum;12 and (2) potential difficulties regarding enforcement of any judgment that might be rendered

by a German court.13 (District Court Opinion at 8-12).

          Appellant s contend that the district court failed to give sufficient weight to the fact that

certain of their evidence is located in Texas. Additionally, Appellants stress that GAIB Chief

Inspector Schlegel agreed to testify in Texas and that the GAIB investigation report, which would

contain much of the meteorological and air traffic data, would be admissible in the United States

courts. We find, however, that the district court did give attention to such considerations. In fact,

after outlining the many factors favoring transfer of this case to Germany the trial court wrote:

        To be fair, there is some evidence in the United States as well. Specifically, plaintiffs point
        to the fact that (1) there are nineteen present and former Fairchild employees in San Antonio
        who were responsible for the electrical system design, its testing and analysis, lightning testing
        and analysis, accident investigation, post-crash tests and post-crash remedial measures; (2)
        there are three Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") personnel in Texas who certified the
        aircraft, investigated the crash, and issued the post-crash Airworthiness Directive; and (3)
        there are other experts on similar prior incidents and post-crash review of the lightning system
        of the aircraft who are located in Massachusetts, Ohio and Oregon. Additionally, some of the
        evidence that is in Germany could be made available in Texas.

(District Court Opinion at 9). In short, the trial court gave exhaustive and meticulous consideration

to the private interest factors and concluded that, "on the whole, ... the Court believes that the bulk

of the evidence is in Germany and is more readily accessible there." No abuse of discretion has been

demonstrated in the trial court's holding. Moreover, Fairchild's motion to dismiss, filed less than 130

days after the district court denied Plaintiffs' motion to abstain or remand, was filed in a timely

manner.

          Because we find that the district court did not err in holding that an appropriate alternate

forum exists for Appellants' claims and that the private interest factors weigh in favor of a forum non


   12
     Although there is generally a strong presumption in favor of a plaintiff's choice of forum, the
United States Supreme Court has held that "a foreign plaintiff's selection of an American forum
deserves less deference than an American citizen's selection of his home forum." Reyno, 454 U.S.
at 256, 102 S.Ct. at 265-266.
   13
      In the instant case, the enforcement problem was mitigated substantially by the fact that the
district court imposed conditions upon dismissal of the case, including (1) that Fairchild agree to
satisfy any judgment rendered by the German courts to the extent allowed by the bankruptcy plan;
and (2) that Fairchild submit to the district court's retention of jurisdiction over the matter in the
event that any judgments were not satisfied. (District Court Opinion at 15-16).
conveniens dismissal, we need not reach the third step of the analysis, which involves a consideration

of certain "public interest" factors.14 Empresa Lineas Maritimas v. Schichau-Unterweser, 955 F.2d

368, 376 (5th Cir.1992), citing In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1165 (mandating consideration

of public interest factors only if private interests do not favor dismissal). Nonetheless we find that

the district court considered the public interest factors,15 that it committed no abuse of discretion in

reaching its conclusions, and that Appellants' complaints are without merit.16

         In light of the foregoing, we find no clear abuse of the district court's discretion. The airline

crash itself and other principal events surrounding the accident took place in Germany, the vast

majority of the expected evidence and anticipated witnesses are located in Germany, and Germany

is the residence of all plaintiffs and of three potential third-party defendants. While Appellants

correctly assert that both Germany and the State of Texas have contacts with the subject matter, we

agree with the district court's determination that, "on balance, ... Germany is the focal point of this

case."

         AFFIRMED.




   14
     Such "public interest" factors include: (1) the administrative difficulties flowing from court
congestion; (2) the local interest in having localized controversies resolved at home; (3) the
interest in having the trial of a diversity case in the forum that is familiar with the law that must
govern the action; (4) the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflicts of law, or in application
of foreign law; and (5) the unfairness of burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty.
In re Air Crash Disaster, 821 F.2d at 1162-1163, citing Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. at
843.
   15
     The district court considered the following public interest factors: (1) the heavy caseload of
the Western District of Texas; (2) the strong interest Germany has in ensuring that its citizens are
compensated for harms done to them; (3) the interest of Texas in deterring defective products;
and (4) the likelihood that German law would govern the case. The court then concluded that
these factors favored dismissal.
   16
     Specifically, Appellants argue that the district court (1) failed to consider the interests of the
Western District of Texas as the locus of Fairchild's bankruptcy; (2) failed to recognize a
"significant interest" on the part of Texas with respect to the liability of Texas manufacturers for
products manufactured in Texas; and (3) gave undue weight to the Reyno and Nolan cases. See
Nolan v. Boeing Co., 919 F.2d 1058 (5th Cir.1990). Appellants additionally contest the district
court's determination that the law of Germany, and not that of Texas, applies to this case.
