                     NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
 UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                 AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                    IN THE
             ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION ONE


                    LAURA G., MANUEL A., Appellants,

                                        v.

  DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, E.H., Y.G., M.G., Y.G., I.G., D.G.,
                        Appellees.

                             No. 1 CA-JV 15-0212
                              FILED 1-28-2016


           Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                             No. JD505167
               The Honorable Karen L. O’Connor, Judge

                                  AFFIRMED


                                   COUNSEL

Robert D. Rosanelli Attorney at Law, Phoenix
By Robert D. Rosanelli
Counsel for Appellant Laura G.

The Stavris Law Firm PLLC, Scottsdale
By Christopher Stavris
Counsel for Appellant Manuel A.

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Mesa
By Nicholas Chapman-Hushek
Counsel for Appellee DCS
                    LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court



                       MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Kenton D. Jones delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Samuel A. Thumma and Judge Peter B. Swann joined.


J O N E S, Judge:

¶1            Laura G. (Mother) and Manuel A. (Father) (collectively, the
parents) appeal the juvenile court’s order terminating their parental rights
to M.A., I.A., and D.A.,1 arguing the Department of Child Safety (DCS)
failed to prove the statutory grounds for severance by clear and convincing
evidence. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                FACTS2 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2            In March 2013, DCS removed six children, ages twelve, ten,
seven, four, three, and one, from the care of Mother and Father after
discovering the children were being left unattended for extended periods
of time; the one-bedroom apartment in which the family lived was filthy
and infested with cockroaches; Mother and the children were reportedly
subject to violence and verbal abuse by Father; both parents refused to
submit to urinalysis testing; and Mother admitted recent
methamphetamine use. DCS filed a petition alleging the children were
dependent as to both parents in early April 2013. The juvenile court found
the children dependent and adopted a case plan of family reunification.

¶3             After being removed from the custody of Mother and Father,
all six children reported additional instances of abuse and neglect and/or
displayed behaviors consistent with trauma suffered while in the parents’
care. E.G., Y.G., M.A., and I.A. all reported observing Mother and Father
engage in domestic violence and/or physical abuse of their siblings. M.A.


1     Mother’s parental rights to E.G., Y.G., and Y.R. were also terminated.
Neither Mother nor these children’s fathers contest that determination.

2      We view the facts in the light most favorable to upholding the
juvenile court’s order terminating parental rights. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.
v. Matthew L., 223 Ariz. 547, 549, ¶ 7 (App. 2010) (citing Manuel M. v. Ariz.
Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 218 Ariz. 205, 207, ¶ 2 (App. 2008)).



                                     2
                  LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court

reported he had seen Mother hold a knife to Father’s throat and hit him in
the head with a frying pan. M.A. was routinely punched in the stomach by
Father and had his hand broken when Father hit him with the buckle end
of a belt. Y.R. was repeatedly struck with a belt by both Mother and Father,
confined in a closet for “embarrassing the family” when her kindergarten
teacher made a home visit to talk about her problems in school, and had her
hand burned on the stove as a form of discipline. Y.G. also reported being
hit by Father and confined in a closet.

¶4            M.A. reported the parents would lock themselves in their
bedroom and leave the children to care for themselves and each other while
roaches crawled on the walls and in their food. M.A., at only five years of
age, was observed by his foster parents attempting to change his youngest
brother’s diaper on multiple occasions, and E.G. and Y.R. also displayed
characteristics of parentification. M.A. experienced bedwetting following
visitation with Father, D.A. had frequent night terrors, and Y.G. reported
self-injurious behavior while in Mother’s care. The children expressed a
fear of roaches and I.A. used profanity and displayed disrespect and
aggression toward women, purportedly resulting from being raised
primarily by Father. Additionally, the children’s medical needs were
ignored, and they did not attend school regularly while in their parents’
care. Prior to being removed, D.A. “lived his life in a playpen,” and at
sixteen months old, did not walk or talk.

¶5           Mother acknowledged a long history of violent relationships,
including one with Father when the children were present. Mother also
reported a history of substance abuse, spanning more than twenty years,
starting with alcohol and then progressing to cocaine and daily
methamphetamine use.           Mother admitted being addicted to
methamphetamine and explained she used the drug to cope with her
parenting responsibilities. Indeed, by 1999, Mother had three children
under the age of ten, including E.G., in her care. Mother gave birth to Y.G.
in 2003 and another child in 2004; both tested positive for
methamphetamine at birth.

¶6             After a failed suicide attempt, Mother completed a thirty-day
inpatient substance abuse treatment program in 2004, but by 2005, gave
birth to Y.R., who likewise tested positive for methamphetamine. Later that
year, when Mother was thirty-one, the juvenile court terminated her
parental rights to two children and appointed a permanent guardian for a
third child based, in part, upon Mother’s chronic substance abuse and




                                     3
                   LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

failure to engage in services. The three other children, E.G., Y.G., and Y.R.
were sent to live with their father.3

¶7               In early 2008, M.A. was born substance-exposed to
methamphetamine. In December 2008, the parents agreed to an in-home
dependency, which was dismissed upon completion of prescribed services.
In 2009, Mother gave birth to I.A.; in 2010, the three older children returned
to live with her; and in 2011, Mother gave birth to D.A. At some point,
Mother relapsed into drug use and admitted using methamphetamine
consistently, even while participating in substance abuse treatment
throughout the first nine months of the immediate dependency proceeding.
She disclosed to her adult daughter that “this [drug use] is how she copes
with life . . . how she deals with chaos.”

¶8              Father also acknowledged a long history of abusing
substances, including alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine, which led
to six arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol.

¶9            Although DCS offered numerous services to Mother and
Father, their initial participation in services was sparse. Mother did
participate in supervised visitation, but her attendance was inconsistent
and her interaction with the children was limited or non-existent; instead,
Mother spoke with the parent aide while allowing the older children to take
care of the younger. She also devoted most of her attention to one child and
largely ignored the others, except when she made fun of one of the older
children for not doing well on her homework and being unable to read. The
parent aide service was closed out as unsuccessful because Mother did not
complete the requirements.

¶10           Mother was assessed with methamphetamine dependence
and began outpatient substance abuse treatment, but stopped attending,
started using methamphetamine again, and was closed out of the service in
August 2013 for lack of participation. Shortly thereafter, Mother was
hospitalized for several days for suicidal ideation apparently resulting from
a reaction between her use of methamphetamine and prescription
medication.      And, although Mother expressed some interest in
discontinuing her relationship with Father in order to address her own
personal challenges and focus on regaining custody of her children, she did
not do so.



3       Mother’s seventh child, born in 2007, is in the care of his father, and
is not a party to this action.

                                      4
                  LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court

¶11           Meanwhile, Father did not attend any scheduled intake for
parent aide services, and the referral was closed. He was allowed to attend
visits with Mother for a few months, but after telling Y.R. he hated her and
“she better not come near him,” his visitation was limited to only his
biological children. He again failed to attend the intake, and visitation
stopped. Between March 2013 and January 2014, Father missed several
scheduled psychological exams, only occasionally submitted to urinalysis
testing, and refused to participate in substance abuse treatment.

¶12           In September 2013, the juvenile court approved a concurrent
case plan of severance and adoption. The five oldest children, including
M.A. and I.A., expressed unequivocally throughout these proceedings they
did not wish to be returned to their parents’ care, and the juvenile court also
suspended visitation upon recommendation of the children’s therapist,
who reported the visits were emotionally damaging to the children.

¶13           After DCS reported the parents had made “no significant
progress” toward reunification, in January 2014, the case plan was changed
to severance and adoption, and DCS filed a motion to terminate. The
motion sought to terminate Mother and Father’s parental rights on the
grounds that: (1) the parents substantially neglected or willfully refused to
remedy the circumstances that caused the children to be in an out-of-home
placement for a period of nine months or longer; (2) the parents
substantially neglected or willfully refused to remedy the circumstances
that caused a child under the age of three, D.A., to be in an out-of-home
placement for a period of six months or longer; and (3) Mother was unable
to discharge her parental responsibilities because of a history of chronic
abuse of dangerous drugs. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. (A.R.S.) § 8-533(B)(3),4 (8)(a)-
(b).

¶14           When the case plan was changed to severance and adoption,
the parents increased their participation in services. Mother completed a
ninety-day inpatient substance abuse treatment program in April 2014, self-
referred for outpatient treatment afterwards, and successfully maintained
sobriety through trial. However, Mother discontinued taking prescribed
medications to address her depression and did not follow up on obtaining
further care.

¶15           In May 2014, parent aide services and supervised visitation
were re-initiated with the youngest child, D.A., and both parents exhibited


4     Absent material changes from the relevant date, we cite a statute’s
current version.

                                      5
                  LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court

appropriate skills and behavior toward him during weekly visits. But, both
the DCS case worker and the children’s therapist continued to object to
visitation with the other children for several reasons, including the parents’
failure to take responsibility for the trauma the children had experienced in
their care. Despite the lack of face-to-face contact, Mother admitted she did
not take the opportunity to write to her children very often. And, although
the DCS caseworker recommended Father write letters to the children,
particularly M.A. and I.A., with whom he had no other contact since
January 2014, he did not do so.

¶16           Following the change in case plan, Father tested positive for
methamphetamine three times before finally exhibiting an interest in
addressing his substance abuse in February 2014. Father was assessed with
amphetamine abuse disorder and began outpatient substance abuse
treatment. His prognosis was described as guarded and his relapse
potential high because he was unaware of relapse triggers, was exposed to
substances in his daily life, and had few to no “non-using associates.”
Father did not test positive for any illegal drug after February 2014, but
missed many drug tests. He also denied having ever engaged in any
domestic violence with Mother or the children. Father ultimately
completed outpatient substance abuse treatment in November 2014 and a
recovery maintenance program in January 2015.

¶17          Father completed a psychological exam in June 2014 after
missing three prior scheduled appointments. The psychologist assessed
Father with depressive disorder, described Father’s prognosis to become a
minimally adequate parent as “guarded,” and expressed concern the
parents, together, would be unable to provide a safe home, free from
domestic violence, for the children.

¶18          The parents attended nine sessions of couple’s counseling,
which they completed in November 2014, but the parties did not disclose
the circumstances of their violent relationship to the treatment provider,
and the counseling sessions did not address domestic violence. Mother also
completed an eight-week domestic violence course in December 2014.

¶19           Mother underwent a psychological evaluation in October
2014 and a psychiatric evaluation in January 2015. She was assessed with a
severe stimulant disorder in early remission, recurrent major depressive
disorder in partial remission, and generalized anxiety disorder. The
psychiatrist also observed traits of post-traumatic stress disorder and
antisocial and dependent personality disorders. Both professionals
described the prognosis for Mother’s ability to be a minimally adequate


                                      6
                  LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court

parent in the foreseeable future as “poor” for the older children, and
“slightly better” relative to D.A., the only one of the six children with whom
she had any contact since January 2014. But, even then, they expressed
concern, given Mother’s history and the interplay of her substance abuse,
mental health issues, and social challenges, that she would replicate issues
of substance abuse, domestic violence, and inappropriate living conditions
in the future. These challenges exacerbated Mother’s already high risk of
relapse in light of her admission to using methamphetamine to cope with
the stress of day-to-day parenting.

¶20            The psychologist also expressed concern regarding Mother’s
ongoing relationship with Father, which reflected an inability to prioritize
the needs of the children, and stated he did not believe the children could
be safely returned to Mother. The psychiatrist opined Mother’s conditions
were likely to continue for a prolonged, indeterminate period given her
history of difficulties, lack of insight, and failure to end the relationship
with Father, and agreed that, even if Mother completed the recommended
services, the children could not be safely returned to her care.

¶21           At that time, nearly two years after the dependency was filed,
the parents had not obtained appropriate housing for the children or taken
any steps to address DCS’s concerns regarding domestic violence. The two
were reportedly self-employed, working together “do[ing] cash for junk
cars.” In December 2014, DCS amended its petition to include, as grounds
for severance, that the parents had been unable to remedy the
circumstances that caused the children to be in an out-of-home placement
for a period of fifteen months or longer, and there was a substantial
likelihood they would be unable to exercise proper and effective parental
care and control in the near future. See A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(c).

¶22          At the six-day severance trial, the DCS caseworker testified
both Mother and Father had substantially neglected or willfully refused to
remedy the circumstances giving rise to the dependency within a
reasonable time and had not properly participated in services or adequately
addressed the children’s past trauma or current fear of returning to their
care. Additionally, Mother’s psychologist expressed concern regarding
returning any children to Mother for an extended period of time, noting the
once weekly visitation “only demonstrate[s] parenting during a brief
period of time.”

¶23          In June 2015, the juvenile court granted the motion to
terminate. As to Mother, the court granted severance based upon her
chronic substance abuse and the length of time the children had been in out-


                                      7
                   LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

of-home care. See A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(3), (8)(a)-(c). As to Father, the court
granted severance based upon the length of time in out-of-home care. See
A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(a)-(c).

¶24          Mother and Father timely appealed. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 8-235, 12-120.21(A)(1), and -2101(A)(1).

                                 DISCUSSION

¶25            To terminate parental rights, the juvenile court must find by
clear and convincing evidence the existence of at least one of the statutory
grounds for termination enumerated in A.R.S. § 8-533(B) and must find by
a preponderance of the evidence that termination would serve the child’s
best interests. Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 66(C); Michael J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.,
196 Ariz. 246, 249, ¶ 12 (2000). We “will affirm a juvenile court’s order
based on findings of clear and convincing evidence unless no reasonable
evidence supports those findings.” Jennifer B. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 189
Ariz. 553, 555 (App. 1997).

¶26           Mother and Father do not challenge the juvenile court’s best
interests finding or that DCS provided appropriate reunification services.
Rather, each argues on appeal that DCS did not prove by clear and
convincing evidence any of the statutory grounds for severance
enumerated in A.R.S. § 8-533(B).

I.     The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Terminating
       Mother’s Parental Rights.

¶27            A parent’s rights may be terminated if: “the parent is unable
to discharge parental responsibilities because of . . . a history of chronic
abuse of dangerous drugs, controlled substances or alcohol and there are
reasonable grounds to believe that the condition will continue for a
prolonged indeterminate period.” A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(3); see also Raymond F.
v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 224 Ariz. 373, 377, ¶ 15 (App. 2010). To sever on
this ground, there must be evidence and a finding that reasonable efforts
were made to reunify the family, or that such efforts would not restore the
parent’s ability to care for a child within a reasonable time. See Jennifer G.
v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 211 Ariz. 450, 453, ¶ 12 (App. 2005) (citing Mary
Ellen C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 193 Ariz. 185, 191-92, ¶¶ 31-34 (App.
1999)).

¶28          Mother acknowledges her history of substance abuse and its
corresponding deleterious effect upon the children. She contends,
however, the juvenile court erred in determining the condition would likely


                                        8
                  LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                        Decision of the Court

continue because “[t]he evidence regarding [the potential for relapse] is
based upon studies of the general population and is not specific to
[Mother].” This contention is not supported by the record.

¶29          The psychiatrist explained in his written evaluation that:

      As a result of the depression and anxiety or the substance
      abuse and particularly in light of dysfunctional and abusive
      relationships with significant others and her grandfather,
      [Mother] is likely to have recurrence of the mood disorders
      and the substance abuse. Each of the conditions is likely to
      increase the likelihood of recurrence of the other conditions.
      That is to state that, with enough depression, she may be more
      likely to abuse drugs and, with drug abuse, she may be more
      likely to have a mood disorder.

He also testified the likelihood Mother would relapse on
methamphetamine remained high, even after a year of sobriety, given her
mental health issues, the multitude of stressors in her life, and her lack of
insight into her past behavior. The psychologist likewise described
Mother’s prognosis to become a minimally adequate parent to the older
children as poor, noting “her history suggests that [Mother] replicated
similar concerns after her parental rights were terminated to [previous]
children.” At trial, the psychologist testified, based upon the “intensity,
frequency, and duration of concerns” regarding Mother’s substance abuse,
“there is a significant risk of it reoccurring in the future.” This trial
testimony was consistent with the written assessments, even upon learning
that Mother had participated in services and made some improvements.

¶30           Mother’s period of sobriety at the time of trial is not
dispositive. “[D]rug abuse need not be constant to be considered chronic”
and, “in considering the impact of drug addiction, [the juvenile court] must
consider the treatment history of the parent to gauge the likelihood the
parent will be in a position to parent the child in the foreseeable future.”
Raymond F., 224 Ariz. at 377-78, ¶¶ 16, 25 (quoting In re N.F., 579 N.W.2d
338, 341 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998)). A “temporary abstinence from drugs and
alcohol does not outweigh [a parent’s] significant history of abuse.” Id. at
379, ¶ 29. Mother reported periods of sobriety in the past, including five
years from 2009 to 2013 and almost three months in 2013 after the children
were removed, only to resort yet again to illegal drugs with a corresponding
negative impact on the well-being of her children. According to the
psychologist who evaluated her, Mother’s history suggests “that without




                                     9
                   LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

monitoring or oversight . . . that could also increase the risk for relapse in
the future.”

¶31           Moreover, Mother did not establish any period of sobriety at
a time when she had even one child in her care. This is particularly
significant given Mother’s admission to using methamphetamine to cope
with the stress of parenting. Thus, the record does not demonstrate Mother
has been, or would be able to, refrain from using drugs “in a non-custodial
and unstructured setting, similar to that in which a [mother] would be
expected to raise [her] children.” Id. This is particularly relevant given that
Mother’s mental health and history of domestic violence — both factors
increasing her risk of relapse — were largely unaddressed at the time of
trial. Additionally, Mother’s “failure to remedy [her] drug abuse despite
knowing the loss of [her children] was imminent, is evidence [s]he has not
overcome [her] dependence on drugs.” Id.

¶32           We defer to the juvenile court’s evaluation of the evidence
and the inferences to be drawn therefrom. Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec., 203 Ariz. 278, 282, ¶ 13 (App. 2002). Here, the children had been in
out-of-home care for more than two years. While Mother’s recent efforts
are laudable, her mental health and the incidents of domestic violence with
Father, identified as triggers for substance abuse, remained largely
unaddressed. In such cases, “[t]he interests in permanency for [the
children] must prevail over [a parent’s] uncertain battle with drugs.”
Raymond F., 224 Ariz. at 379, ¶ 29 (quoting In re N.F., 579 N.W.2d at 341); see
also Maricopa Cnty. Juv. Action No. JS-501568, 177 Ariz. 571, 577 (App. 1994)
(affirming severance after one year of out-of-home care where parent
eventually made successful efforts at rehabilitation in eight months before
trial, concluding those efforts, “while commendable, were ‘too little, too
late’ for purposes of this severance action”). We conclude reasonable
evidence was presented upon which the court could find DCS proved by
clear and convincing evidence that severance was warranted based on
Mother’s chronic substance abuse.5




5       Because reasonable evidence supports the juvenile court’s
conclusion that severance was warranted upon the grounds of substance
abuse, we need not address Mother’s claims pertaining to other grounds.
See Jesus M., 203 Ariz. at 280, ¶ 3 (citing Michael J., 196 Ariz. at 251, ¶ 27, and
Maricopa Cnty. Juv. Action No. JS-6520, 157 Ariz. 238, 242 (App. 1988)).

                                        10
                   LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

II.    The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Terminating
       Father’s Parental Rights.

¶33           A parent’s parental rights may be terminated if:

       [DCS] has made a diligent effort to provide appropriate
       reunification services and . . . [t]he child has been in an out-
       of-home placement for a cumulative total period of nine
       months or longer pursuant to court order . . . and the parent
       has substantially neglected or wil[l]fully refused to remedy
       the circumstances that cause the child to be in an out-of-home
       placement.

A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(a). Father argues DCS failed to demonstrate by clear
and convincing evidence he had substantially neglected or willfully refused
to remedy the circumstances that caused the children to be in out-of-home
care. In doing so, he focuses on his eventual participation in services
beginning in March 2014. That, however, is not the full story.

¶34           The efforts Father made during the first nine months after the
children’s removal comprise a short list — namely, accompanying Mother
on her weekly supervised visits. During this period, Father failed to engage
with the parent aide, refused to participate in any substance abuse testing
or treatment, and failed to attend three scheduled psychological exams.
Father continued to deny any domestic violence despite the numerous
reports of verbal and physical abuse within the home. Only after the
children had been in out-of-home care for almost a year did Father begin
actively participating in services.

¶35           In JS-501568, we rejected a similar argument “that termination
was unfair in light of [the parent’s] successful efforts at rehabilitation in the
eight months prior to the severance hearing,” holding instead that
severance is proper “even though the parent eventually begins a successful
recovery before the severance hearing.” 177 Ariz. at 577. The statute sets a
reasonable time period for parents to assume their parental responsibilities
and is intended to prevent children from “being shuttled from one foster
family to the next for as long as it takes their biological parents to assume
their responsibilities and take positive steps toward recovery” and
reunification. Id. Thus, “[l]eaving the window of opportunity for
remediation open indefinitely is not necessary, nor do we think that it is in
the child’s or the parent’s best interests.” Id. When those efforts do not
occur within the statutory period, they may be “too little, too late” for
purposes of severance. Id.



                                       11
                   LAURA G., MANUEL A. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

¶36             While Father’s eventual progress is commendable, it was too
little too late. By the time the severance trial completed, the children, only
seven, six, and three years old, had been in out-of-home care for well over
two years. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to
upholding the juvenile court’s order, as we are required to do, reasonable
evidence supports the court’s conclusion that Father substantially neglected
or willfully refused to remedy the circumstances leading to the children’s
out-of-home care within the statutory period.6

                               CONCLUSION

¶37            The juvenile court’s order terminating the parents’ parental
rights is affirmed.




                                   :ama




6       Based on this conclusion, we need not address Father’s claims
pertaining to other grounds. See Jesus M., 203 Ariz. at 280, ¶ 3 (citing Michael
J., 196 Ariz. at 251, ¶ 27, and JS-6520, 157 Ariz. at 242).

                                      12
