        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                                August 16, 2011 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JIMMY LEE HEARD

            Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
                       No. F-58542A      Don R. Ash, Judge




                No. M2010-01030-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 5, 2012



The Defendant, Jimmy Lee Heard, was convicted of criminal conspiracy to commit
aggravated robbery, a Class D felony; aggravated robbery, a Class B felony; and evading
arrest, a Class D felony. He pleaded guilty to attempted second degree murder. The trial
court sentenced him as a Range II, multiple offender to an effective sentence of twenty-nine
years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On appeal, he argues that the trial court
erred by denying his motion for recusal and by imposing consecutive sentences. He further
contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for conspiracy to
commit aggravated robbery. Following our review, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

D ONALD P. H ARRIS, S R. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OSEPH M. T IPTON,
P.J., and J ERRY L. S MITH, J., joined.

Brad W. Hornsby (at trial and on appeal), James T. Pinson (on appeal), and J. D. Driver (at
trial), Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jimmy Lee Heard.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Assistant Attorney
General; William C. Whitesell, Jr., District Attorney General; and Jude P. Santana and J.
Paul Newman, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                                       Background

      This case concerns the September 15, 2005, robbery of a Cash Express store in
Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and the subsequent pursuit of the robbers by police. A grand jury
indicted the Defendant for criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery, aggravated
robbery, attempted first degree murder, aggravated assault, felony evading arrest, and felony
possession of a weapon. The State dismissed the felony possession of a weapon charge prior
to jury selection.

      At trial, Murfreesboro Police Officer Mike Luzadder testified that he responded to a
robbery at the Cash Express on the corner of Broad Street and Medical Center Parkway on
September 15, 2005. He took the initial report.

        Gerlinde “Linda” Cupples testified that she was the store manager of Cash Express
on September 15, 2005. She explained that Cash Express provided payday and title loans.
On September 15, she was working alone. The cash balance at the beginning of the day was
$3,003.56, some of which was in a cash drawer while the rest was in a safe. After lunch, a
young black male wearing a “do-rag” came into the store, asking to use the restroom. She
told him that there was not a restroom, and he left. He got into the backseat of a blue-green
car parked outside. Two other passengers were in the car. Approximately one minute later,
the three people in the car came inside the store, one of whom was the Defendant. Ms.
Cupples testified that the Defendant jumped over the store’s counter, took her by the elbow,
and walked her to the break room in the back of the store. She said that he had a gun. He
asked her whether anyone else was there, and when she replied that she was alone, he
returned to the front of the store. The Defendant came back to get her to unlock the cash
drawer. He asked if there was any more money, and she replied that the remainder was in
the safe. The Defendant told her to go back to the break room and undress. When she told
him that she was pregnant, “he said he didn’t want any.” He asked for the surveillance tape,
and she explained that the recording was made at the store’s home office. The Defendant
told her to continue undressing, and she complied. She “heard speeding tires,” and the car
was gone. She called 9-1-1 from her cell phone because the store’s phone “had been ripped
out of the wall.” She also called her district manager and family members. Ms. Cuddles
identified still pictures from the surveillance camera that depicted the Defendant, the other
two robbers, and herself during the robbery. She testified that after the robbery, she
determined that approximately $1300 had been taken from the cash drawer and that the safe,
taken by the robbers, had contained approximately $1900 in cash as well as long distance
phone cards and business checks. Later that day, the police requested her key to the safe.

       Renee Adamson testified that in September 2005, she was the assistant manager at
Cash Express. She was responsible for determining the amount taken in the robbery. The
report she generated showed that $3208 was missing.

      Murfreesboro Police Detective Jennifer West testified that on September 15, 2005,
she was on duty in her unmarked police car. She heard a broadcast about the robbery of
Cash Express and the description of the robbers and their car. Detective West parked on an

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access road parallel to Old Fort Parkway and watched for a car matching the description.
She eventually saw a small blue car with three passengers. She could tell that the two
passengers were male, but she could not tell the gender of the driver. Detective West said
that the driver had long braids and was wearing a yellow shirt. She followed the car and
observed that the passenger in the back seat would turn around “every so often just to look.”
She advised dispatch of the car’s license plate number. She was directly behind the vehicle
when it took the ramp onto Interstate 24. Detective West advised dispatch that she would
pull the car over and initiated her lights and siren. The car continued onto the interstate, and
she pursued. Detective West testified that the car reached a speed of 110 to 120 miles per
hour. Her car could not keep up, so she terminated her pursuit. Fifteen to twenty minutes
later, she learned that the car had crashed, and she went to the scene. Detective West
testified that it appeared to be the same car she had earlier pursued.

         Smyrna Police Sergeant Andy Miller testified that the Murfreesboro Police
Department contacted the Smyrna Police Department on September 15, 2005, to advise them
that it had an officer in pursuit of an armed robbery suspect’s vehicle, traveling on Interstate
24. Sergeant Miller positioned himself on Old Nashville Highway in case the suspect left
the interstate. Another Smyrna officer, Officer Huey, pursued the suspect southbound on Old
Nashville Highway, and Sergeant Miller joined the pursuit. At one point, the vehicle being
pursued slowed almost to a stop and “several shots [were] fired from the suspect[’s] vehicle
at Officer Huey.”

        Murfreesboro Police Sergeant Cary Gensemer testified that he supervised the
investigation of the Cash Express robbery. He sent out a description of the suspects and
authorized Detective West to pursue the vehicle. Over the radio, he heard that the Smyrna
officers chased the suspects and were fired upon. When the suspects drove back into
Murfreesboro, he authorized units to pursue and learned that the suspects were traveling
down a road close to the Cash Express store. He deployed stop sticks onto the road as the
suspects approached and succeeded in flattening the car’s tires. When “the vehicle had a
collision,” he assisted with apprehending the suspects.

       Smyrna Police Officer Casey Huey testified that on September 15, 2005, he and other
Smyrna officers were dispatched to the Interstate 24 exit ramps to assist a Murfreesboro
detective who was pursuing three black males in a blue Dodge Intrepid. He was driving
toward the Almaville exit ramp when he encountered the Intrepid. Officer Huey passed the
Intrepid to verify that it was the correct vehicle and then turned around to follow the car. He
activated his patrol car’s video and emergency equipment. He pursued the vehicle as it
turned right on Old Nashville Highway. At one point, the driver of the Intrepid, identified
by Officer Huey as the Defendant, fired gunshots at him. Officer Huey took evasive
measures but continued the pursuit until the Intrepid ran over spike strips deployed by a
Murfreesboro officer. The Intrepid crashed into a civilian car, and the Defendant and the two

                                              -3-
passengers fled the scene on foot. Officer Huey testified that the Defendant had long braids
and was wearing a yellow shirt. Officer Huey followed the Defendant into a wooded area
where he lost sight of him. When he exited the wooded area, he observed a Smyrna officer
and a Murfreesboro officer handcuffing the Defendant. They placed the Defendant in Officer
Huey’s car. Officer Huey testified that he searched for the gun used by the Defendant but
did not find it. He believed the Defendant told him that he had left it in the car. Officer
Huey said that he returned to the Intrepid and observed a safe in the back seat.
       Murfreesboro Police Detective James Boske testified that he searched Old Nashville
Highway for any type of evidence related to the Cash Express robbery and the subsequent
pursuit. He found three bullet casings near the West Fork Stones bridge. Detective Boske
said that he later viewed the video of the chase and determined that the area where he found
the casings was approximately the same location where shots were fired from the Intrepid.

       Murfreesboro Police Officer Keith Sanders testified that he filled out the accident
report after the Intrepid collided with a Ford F-250. He also made photographs of the
vehicles involved in the collision that were introduced into evidence.

        Murfreesboro Police Lieutenant Sanders Watson testified that he set up a perimeter
after the suspects crashed. He located the Defendant hiding in a row of trees. At first, the
Defendant ran for approximately twenty-five feet, but he followed Lieutenant Watson’s
orders and came out of the trees. Another officer patted the Defendant down in Lieutenant
Watson’s presence but did not find a weapon.

       Murfreesboro Police Officer Chris Waters testified that he searched the Defendant
after he was apprehended. He found a large amount of cash in the Defendant’s right front
pocket, which he turned over to Murfreesboro Police Detective Lieutenant Billy Gay. He did
not count the amount. Detective Lieutenant Billy Gay testified that $1308 was found in the
Defendant’s pocket.

        Murfreesboro Police Investigator Kerry Thorpe testified that he opened the safe found
in the backseat of the Dodge Intrepid with a key obtained from an employee of Cash Express.
He further testified that the safe contained $1900 in cash, Cash Express business checks
number 2096 through 2299, nineteen prepaid phone cards valued at $25 each, ten $10
prepaid phone cards, and a blue bag.

      Smyrna Police Detective-Sergeant Jeff Duke testified that he spoke with the
Defendant after his apprehension. He informed the Defendant of his rights and asked him
where his gun was. The Defendant replied “that he thought he left it in the vehicle.”

      Murfreesboro Police Detective Chris Ashley testified that he spoke with the
Defendant twice, once after he was apprehended at the scene of the crash and once at the

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police station. The Defendant informed him that he drove the vehicle and that he had left the
gun in the car. The Defendant also stated that the other suspects had handled the gun.
Detective Ashley did not locate the gun on September 15, 2005.

       Murfreesboro Police Detective Mark Garvey testified that he searched the area near
the crash scene the following day, September 16. He located a stainless steel .380 semi-
automatic handgun “ten feet inside the woods behind the business of Animal City[,]”
approximately 100 yards from the intersection where the Defendant crashed. The magazine
of the handgun was partially ejected.

        Murfreesboro Police Lieutenant Alvin Baird testified that he transported three bullet
cartridges, the handgun, and the handgun’s magazine to and from the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (“TBI”) crime laboratory. TBI Special Agent Tommy Heflin, a forensic
scientist assigned to the firearms identification unit, testified that his testing revealed that the
three bullet cartridges associated with this case had been fired from the handgun submitted
to the TBI. On cross-examination, Agent Heflin testified that the TBI fingerprint analyst did
not locate any identifiable prints on the handgun. On re-direct examination, he said that it
was uncommon to find fingerprints on handguns because “due to the condition of the
firearm, the oiliness of the firearms, fingerprints do not adhere well to the surface of the
metal.”

       Murfreesboro Police Detective Craig Snider testified that he interviewed Linda
Cupples and the three men arrested for robbing the Cash Express store: the Defendant,
Aaron Giles, and Samuel True. He identified each suspect in a still photograph taken from
the store’s surveillance video of the robbery. Detective Snider also identified a t-shirt
recovered from the Defendant after his arrest, and he testified that the t-shirt appeared to be
the same as the t-shirt worn by the Defendant in the still photograph.

        Following the close of proof and deliberations, the jury convicted the Defendant of
criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery; aggravated robbery; Class D felony
evading arrest; and the lesser-included offense of attempted second degree murder. The jury
acquitted the Defendant of the charge of aggravated assault. The trial court sentenced him
as a Range II, multiple offender to eight years for conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery;
fifteen years for aggravated robbery; fifteen years for attempted second degree murder; and
six years for Class D felony evading arrest. Furthermore, the trial court ordered the
Defendant to serve the sentences consecutively, for an effective sentence of forty-four years.

       The Defendant filed a timely motion for new trial, arguing inter alia, that the trial
court erred in its jury instructions regarding the lesser included offenses of attempted first
degree murder. The trial court granted a new trial as to the Defendant’s conviction for
attempted second degree murder; however, the trial court denied the motion as to the

                                                -5-
Defendant’s other convictions and reserved the determination of the issue of the propriety
of the Defendant’s sentences until after his new trial for attempted first degree murder. The
State appealed the trial court’s grant of a new trial, but this Court upheld the trial court’s
decision. State v. Jimmy Heard, No. M2007-01805-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 723527, at *1
(Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 18, 2009). Rather than having a new trial, the Defendant pleaded
guilty to attempted second degree murder on March 22, 2010, and the trial court sentenced
him to fifteen years as a Range II, multiple offender, to run concurrently with his other
sentences. On April 5, 2010, the trial court issued an order that affirmed the Defendant’s
sentences, dismissed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus relief brought by the Defendant,
and denied the Defendant’s outstanding motions. The Defendant filed a notice of appeal on
May 3, 2010, the timeliness of which is at issue in this appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

       On appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for
recusal and by imposing consecutive sentencing. Additionally, the Defendant avers that the
evidence was not sufficient to sustain his conviction for criminal conspiracy to commit
aggravated robbery. In response, the State contends that the Defendant’s notice of appeal
was untimely and seeks dismissal of the appeal.

                                     I. Notice of Appeal

        Initially, we shall consider the State’s argument that the Defendant’s notice of appeal
was untimely. The Defendant counters that the thirty days to file the notice of appeal began
to run after the trial court’s April 5, 2010, order, which he argues disposed of the Defendant’s
motion for new trial. A notice of appeal must be filed within thirty days after the date of
entry of the judgment from which the petitioner is appealing. Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a). A
notice of appeal is not jurisdictional, and the requirement for a timely notice of appeal may
be waived in the interest of justice. Id. The trial court entered the original judgments in this
case on April 2, 2007. After the State’s appeal and the Defendant’s guilty plea, the trial court
entered the judgment for attempted second degree murder on March 22, 2010. The notice
of appeal for all of the Defendant’s convictions was filed on May 3, 2010, past the thirty-day
limitation and, thus, was untimely. However, we have determined that the interest of justice
requires waiver of the limitation and conclude that the Defendant’s appeal is properly before
this Court.

                                  II. Motion for Recusal

      The Defendant argues that the trial judge abused his discretion by denying the
Defendant’s motion for recusal of the judge. Specifically, he contends that the judge
improperly used a subjective standard rather than an objective standard when ruling on the

                                              -6-
motion. Furthermore, he avers that the facts and circumstances behind the motion required
the judge to recuse himself. The State responds that the Defendant presented no basis for his
allegations against the trial judge and, thus, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in
denying the motion.

        A trial judge should recuse himself whenever the judge has any doubt as to his ability
to preside impartially or whenever his impartiality can reasonably be questioned. Pannell
v. State, 71 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). “The test in determining whether
recusal is necessary is an objective one, ‘since the appearance of bias is as injurious to the
integrity of the judicial system as actual bias.’” State v. Odom, 336 S.W.3d 541, 575 (Tenn.
2011) (quoting Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v. Slavin, 145 S.W.3d 538, 548 (Tenn. 2004)),
cert. denied,__ U.S. __, 132 S.Ct. 397 (2011); Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 810, 820 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1994). “Thus, while a trial judge should grant a recusal whenever the judge has
any doubts about his or her ability to preside impartially, recusal is also warranted when a
person of ordinary prudence in the judge’s position, knowing all of the facts known to the
judge, would find a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s impartiality.” Alley, 882
S.W.2d at 820. The trial judge retains discretion over his recusal. Odom, 336 S.W.3d at 575.
Unless the evidence in the record indicates that the trial judge clearly abused his discretion
by not disqualifying himself, this court will not interfere with his decision. Id.; see also State
v. Hines, 919 S.W.2d 573, 578 (Tenn. 1995).

       On June 21, 2006, the trial court held a hearing to address the Defendant’s motion for
recusal and motion for counsel to withdraw. The motion for recusal is not in the appellate
record before this Court. During the motions hearing, the trial court stated, “Well, I’ll go
ahead and deny the motion to recuse,” and allowed the Defendant to address the other motion
before the court. While addressing the trial judge, the Defendant asked about the motion for
recusal and alleged that the trial judge had ex parte communications. The trial judge stated
that someone from the Sheriff’s Office had informed him of a threat but that he would give
the Defendant a fair trial:

               [T]he motion to recuse [is] in my discretion. I decide whether
               I can give you a fair trial or not. And to be honest[,] I’m not
               being disrespectful. I don’t care if you threatened me or not.
               It’s not the first time. It’s not going to be the last. I’m not angry
               with you at all. I’m going to give you a fair trial. So, no, sir.
               I’m not going to recuse myself.
               ....

               I think they have the right to call me and make me aware of a
               threat.
               ....

                                                -7-
                I disclosed it just like I’m supposed to. And I ruled accordingly.
                I disclosed it in open court. You did what you’re supposed to.
                You filed a motion to recuse. I’ve ruled on it and denied it.

From the transcript of the motions hearing, it is apparent that the trial judge had addressed
the matter on an earlier date, but the record is devoid of any transcript of that proceeding.

       The Defendant complains that the trial judge used a subjective standard when
determining whether to recuse himself, and based on the transcript of the June 21, 2006,
motions hearing, we would agree. The record, however, is totally devoid of any evidence
to support the Defendant’s contention that the trial judge should have recused himself.
Furthermore, the motion for recusal is not in the record, nor is the transcript of the
proceeding alluded to during the June 21 hearing.1 “Where the record is incomplete and does
not contain a transcript of the proceedings relevant to an issue presented for review, or
portions of the record upon which the party relies, an appellate court is precluded from
considering the issue.” State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560-61 (Tenn. 1993). We
conclude that the record is insufficient for this Court to consider the merits of the
Defendant’s argument.




                                  III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction
for criminal conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery. Specifically, he argues that there was
no direct evidence to support the conviction and that the circumstantial evidence fell short
of the requirement that circumstantial evidence be inconsistent with innocence and exclude
every other reasonably theory except that of guilt. The State responds that the evidence was
sufficient under the standard set by State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).

       It is well-established that once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her presumption
of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838
S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Therefore, on appeal, the convicted defendant has the burden
of demonstrating to this court why the evidence will not support the jury’s verdict. State v.
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982). To meet this burden, the defendant must establish that no “rational trier of


        1
          We note that the record contains a motion for the trial judge to recuse himself from presiding over
the Defendant’s second trial on the attempted first degree murder charge; however, that motion is not the
subject of this appeal.

                                                    -8-
fact” could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn.
2003); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). In contrast, the jury’s verdict approved by the trial
judge accredits the state’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in favor of the state. State v.
Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). The state is entitled to the strongest legitimate view
of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from that evidence.
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 558. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses,
conflicts in trial testimony, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual
issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact and not this court. State v.
Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). We do not attempt to re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006). Likewise, we do not replace the
jury’s inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence with our own inferences. State v.
Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002).

        A defendant may be convicted on the basis of direct or circumstantial evidence or a
combination of both. State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003); see
also State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In fact,
circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Tharpe, 726
S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). Moreover, the state does not have the duty to exclude
every other hypothesis except that of guilt. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 380
(Tenn. 2011) (adopting the United States Supreme Court standard that the jury is only
required to weigh evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, against the reasonable doubt
standard); see also State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 455 n. 14 (Tenn. 2010) (noting that
federal courts have rejected the notion that the government has a duty to exclude every other
hypothesis save that of the defendant’s guilt). “Circumstantial evidence in this respect is
intrinsically no different from testimonial evidence.” Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121,
140 (1954). Therefore, when considering the sufficiency of evidence, we treat direct and
circumstantial evidence the same.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-12-103(a) defines conspiracy:
       The offense of conspiracy is committed if two (2) or more people, each having
       the culpable mental state required for the offense that is the object of the
       conspiracy, and each acting for the purpose of promoting or facilitating
       commission of an offense, agree that one (1) or more of them will engage in
       conduct that constitutes the offense.

Aggravated robbery is an intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another
using violence or fear and accomplished with a deadly weapon or an article used to lead a
victim to reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-
401(a), -402(a).



                                              -9-
        Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence at trial showed that one
of the Defendant’s accomplices entered the Cash Express store asking for a restroom. Upon
being informed by Mrs. Cupples that the store did not have one, the accomplice left the store
and sat in the backseat of a car, with two men in the front seat. Soon thereafter, all three men
entered the store. Mrs. Cupples testified that the Defendant had a handgun and ordered her
to open the cash drawer. The Defendant took the cash from the drawer, and he and his
accomplices took the safe. After his arrest, law enforcement officers found an amount equal
to that taken from the drawer in his pocket and found the safe in the car he had been driving.
While there was no direct evidence of an agreement among the three men to commit the
robbery, the evidence that one of the accomplices entered and exited the store immediately
prior to all three men entering and committing the robbery allowed the jury to make a
rational inference of an agreement to commit the robbery. Thus, we conclude that the
evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the Defendant guilty of conspiracy
to commit aggravated robbery.

                               IV. Consecutive Sentencing

        The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentencing
in this matter. Specifically, the Defendant argues that a finding that he has an extensive
criminal record when the court has already found that he is a Range II offender goes against
policy considerations. Furthermore, he argues that the trial court erred by not making factual
findings to support its finding that the Defendant was a dangerous offender.

       An appellate court’s review of a challenged sentence is de novo on the record with a
presumption that the trial court’s determinations are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
401(d). The Sentencing Commission Comments to this section of the statute indicate that
the defendant bears the burden of establishing that the sentence is improper. When the trial
court follows the statutory sentencing procedure and gives due consideration to the factors
and principles relevant to sentencing, this court may not disturb the sentence. See State v.
Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 344-45 (Tenn. 2008).

        The trial court sentenced the Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender. As such, he
was subject to sentences of four to eight years for felony evading arrest (Class D); six to ten
years for conspiracy to commit aggravated robbery (Class C); twelve to twenty years for
aggravated robbery (Class B); and twelve to twenty years for attempted second degree
murder (Class B). After applying enhancement factors, the trial court sentenced the
Defendant to six years for felony evading arrest, eight years for conspiracy to commit
aggravated robbery, fifteen years for aggravated robbery, and fifteen years for attempted
aggravated robbery. The trial court originally ordered all sentences to run consecutively, but
after the State’s appeal and Defendant’s subsequent guilty plea to attempted second degree
murder, the trial court ordered that the Defendant’s fifteen-year sentence for attempted

                                              -10-
second degree murder run concurrently with his other sentences. The remaining sentences
remained consecutive, giving the Defendant an effective sentence of twenty-nine years.
         Generally, it is within the discretion of the trial court to impose consecutive sentences
if it finds by a preponderance of the evidence that at least one of following statutory criteria
apply:

               (2) [t]he defendant is an offender whose record of criminal
               activity is extensive;

               (4) [t]he defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior
               indicates little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation
               about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is
               high;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b).

       Specific findings that an extended sentence is necessary to protect society and is
reasonably related to the severity of the offenses are prerequisites to consecutive sentencing
under the “dangerous offender” category in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
115(b)(4). State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 939 (Tenn. 1995). These findings are not
required for the other categories of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b). State
v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461 (Tenn. 1999). Nevertheless, the general principles of sentencing
require that the length of the sentence be “justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the
offense” and “be no greater than that deserved for the offense committed.” State v. Imfeld,
70 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102(1) and -103(2)).

        In this case, the trial court imposed consecutive sentencing based on findings that the
Defendant had a record of extensive criminal activity and was a dangerous offender. The
record supports the trial court’s finding that the Defendant had an extensive criminal record:
beyond the two felony convictions used to calculate the Defendant’s sentencing range, he had
three felony convictions and four misdemeanor convictions. This Court has previously held
that consideration of prior criminal activity for both enhancement and consecutive sentencing
purposes is allowed. State v. Meeks, 867 S.W.2d 361, 377 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); see also
State v. Davis, 825 S.W.2d 109, 113 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). As such, the record supports
the court’s finding that the defendant had an extensive criminal history. This finding alone
justifies consecutive sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(2).

       We note that the trial court did not cite specific facts to support its finding that the
Defendant was a dangerous offender, but the court stated that it found that the Wilkerson
factors applied. Without the factual support, the trial court erred by finding that the
Defendant was a dangerous offender. See State v. Matthew Joseph Carter, No.

                                              -11-
E2009-00217-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 4324386, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 2, 2010).
Nevertheless, we affirm the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentencing based on the
court’s finding that the Defendant had a record of extensive criminal activity.

                                       Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.


                                                  ____________________________________
                                                  DONALD P. HARRIS, SENIOR JUDGE




                                           -12-
