IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

JEREMIAH CHANCE,
Plaintiff, : C.A. No. K18C-01-056 NEP
In and F or Kent County
v.
KRAFT HEINZ FOODS COMPANY,
Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER

 

Submitted: October 24, 2018
Decided: December 17, 2018

Upon Defendant’S Motion to Dismiss
DENIED in Part, GRANTED in Part

Patrick C. Gallagher, Esquire, Jacobs & Crumplar, P. A., Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorneyfor the Plaintiff.

Jennifer C. Jauffret, Esquire, and Lori A. Brewington, Esquire, Richards, Layton &
Finger, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorneys for the Defendant.

Thomas R. Chiavetta, Esquire (pro hac vice), J ones Day, Washington, D.C.; and
Benjamin M. Gavel, Esquire (pro hac vice), Jones Day, Cleveland, Ohio,
Of Counsel for the Defendant.

Primos, J.

Jeremiah Chance v. Kraft Heinz Foods Company
K18C-01-056 NEP
December 17, 2018

Before the Court is the motion to dismiss of Defendant Kraft Heinz Foods
Company (hereinafter “Kraft Heinz”) and the response of Plaintiff Jeremiah Chance
(hereinal°cer “Plaintiff”). Plaintiff filed his initial complaint pro se on January 30, 2018,
regarding his termination of employment from Kraft Heinz. Plaintiff alleged in his
original Complaint that he was terminated after testing positive for marijuana in
violation of Delavvare’s Medical Marijuana Act (“DMMA”),l and in retaliation for his
complaints under the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”).2 Plaintiff
subsequently obtained counsel and filed an Amended Complaint on March 26, 2018,
Which asserted four Counts arising from his termination: (I) violation of the DMMA;
(II) violations of the Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”),3 and the DelaWare’s
Persons With Disabilities Employment Protections Act (“DEPA”);4 (III) violation of
Delaware’s Whistleblowers’ Protection Act (“DWPA”);5 and (IV) common law
Wrongful termination Kraft Heinz’s motion requests dismissal of all Counts asserted
in the Amended Complaint. F or the reasons set forth below, Defendant Kraft Heinz’s

motion is DENIED in part and GRANTED in part.

I. Factual Background and Procedural History
The facts recited are as alleged in Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint.6 Plaintiff Was
employed by Kraft Heinz at its facility in Dover, Delaware, from May 2009 to August
2016. This facility contains railroad tracks on its premises. Plaintiff started out as a

warehouse employee and Was eventually promoted to Yard Equipment Operator. In

 

1 l6 Del. C. § 4901A et seq.
2 29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq.
3 42 U.s.C. §§ 12101 erseq.
4 l9 Del. C. § 720 et seq.
5 l9Del. C. § 1701 et seq.
6 Savor, lnc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (on a motion to dismiss “all Well-
pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true”).
2

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his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that he suffers from a number of medical
ailments of which Kraft Heinz was aware, including various back problems. Plaintiff
obtained a medical marijuana card in 2016 for these medical issues and took leave on
several occasions through the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) and by
utilizing short-term disability benefits.

On August 9, 2016, Plaintiff submitted an incident report to Kraft Heinz
management regarding unsafe conditions of the railroad ties in the railroad yard. The
following day, Plaintiff showed Paul Diebel, a maintenance supervisor employed by
Kraft Heinz, and two bulk operators the unsafe conditions of the railroad ties as well
as other defects. Plaintiff also met with Michael Doughty, the Warehouse Supervisor,
and voiced his concern that the unsafe conditions of the railroad tracks violated the
United Facilities Criteria (the “UFC”). Doughty responded that Kraft Heinz was not
obligated to comply with the UFC. Plaintiff had relied upon the UFC, however,
because he had previously requested from Kraft Heinz the standards that applied to the
rails but had never been provided them.

Later that day, Plaintiff was operating a “shuttle wagon” on the railroad tracks
when it derailed. This prompted Kraf°c Heinz management to request that Plaintiff
undergo a drug test. The test was inconclusive, and Kraft Heinz requested that he
submit to another test. On August 12, 2016, Plaintiff underwent a second drug test,
and on August 16, 2016 a Medical Review Officer (“MRO”) informed Plaintiff that he
had tested positive for marijuana. Plaintiff informed the MRO that he possessed a
medical marijuana card and provided it to the MRO. On August 25 or 26, 2016, Kraft
Heinz terminated Plaintiff for failing the drug test.

Plaintiff subsequently filed a Charge for Discrimination with the Delaware
Department of Labor Office of Anti-Discrimination (“DDOL”) on October 27, 2016,
which was “dual filed” with the Federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

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K18C-01-056 NEP
December 17, 2018

(“EEOC”). The DDOL issued a right-to-sue letter on September 29, 2017, and the
EEOC issued Plaintiff a right-to-sue letter on November l, 2017. Plaintiff filed his
original Complaint within the requisite 90 days on January 30, 2018, and subsequently
filed an Amended Complaint on March 26, 2018.

II. Standard of Review

On a motion to dismiss, the moving party bears the burden of demonstrating that
“under no set of facts which could be proven in support of its [complaint] would the
[plaintiff] be entitled to relief.”7 Upon this Court’s review of a motion to dismiss, “(i)
all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even vague allegations are
well-pleaded if they give the opposing party notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party; and (iv) dismissal is
inappropriate unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably

conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”8

III. Discussion
A. Count I: Plaintiff’s Claims Under the DMMA.
Kraft Heinz argues that federal law preempts the DMMA to the extent that it
authorizes the use of marijuana and requires employers to accommodate that use. Kraft
Heinz cites to the Supremacy Clause9 and a handful of cases in other jurisdictions for

the proposition that the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”),10 under a conflict

 

7 Daisy Constr. Co. v. W.B. Venables & Sons, Inc., 2000 WL 145818, at *l (Del. Super. Jan. 14,
2000).

8 Savor, 812 A.2d at 896_97.

9 U.s. Const. arr. vI.

10 21 U.S.C. § 801 et Seq.

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preemption analysis,11 preempts the DMMA and state medical marijuana laws.
Plaintiff, in response, argues that this analysis is overbroad and that the CSA does not
preempt the specific employment discrimination provisions within the DMMA.

At issue before this Court are two main inquiries: (1) whether the DMMA, and
specifically its anti-discrimination provision, is in conflict with the CSA and is thus
preempted; and (2) whether a private right of action to enforce its non-discrimination
provision is implied in the DMMA.12 Both of these queries appear to be issues of first

impression in Delaware.

1. Whether the DMlVIA is Preempted by the CSA.
ln considering whether the anti-discrimination provision of the DMMA is not
preempted by the CSA, this Court finds persuasive the decision of the United States
District Court for the District of Connecticut in Noffsinger v. SSC Niantic Operating
Co., LLC,13 and that of the Rhode Island Superior Court in Callaghan v. Darlington
Fabrics Corp.14 This Court further finds that the case law cited by Kraft Heinz is
distinguishable from the case at hand.

 

11 A federal statute may preempt a state law in several ways, including Where state law is an obstacle
to the objectives of Congress (“obstacle preemption”) or Where simultaneous compliance with both
federal and state law is impossible (“impossibility preemption”). Nojjfsinger v. SSC Niantic Operating
Co., LLC, 273 F. Supp. 3d 326, 333 (D. Conn. 2017). These two concepts are often referenced
collectively as “conflict preemption.” Callaghan v. Darlington Fabrics Corp., 2017 R.I. Super.
LEXIS 88, at * 40~42 (R.I. Super. May 23, 2017).
12 The DMMA does not expressly permit individuals to sue for violations of the non-discrimination
provision, Thus, this Court must analyze whether a private right of action is implied within the statute.
13 273 F. Supp. 3d 326 (D. Conn. 2017).
14 2017 R.I. Super. LEXIS 88 (R.I. Super. May 23, 2017). Unlike most other states that have enacted
medical marijuana laws, Delaware is one of only nine states (including Connecticut and Rhode Island)
that explicitly bars employers from firing or refusing to hire an employee who uses medical marijuana
in compliance with the requirements of state law. The other states besides the three previously
mentioned are Arizona, Illinois, Maine, Nevada, New York, and Minnesota. See Nojjfvinger, 273 F.
Supp. 3d at 331.

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The CSA regulates the possession and use of certain drugs, including marijuana,
and states that it is “...unlawful to manufacture, distribute, dispense, or possess any
controlled substance except in a manner authorized by the CSA.”15 The CSA classifies
marijuana as a Schedule I substance and does not currently allow any exceptions for
medical use.16 The DMMA, in contrast, expressly authorizes the distribution,
possession, and use of marijuana for medical purposes.17 Moreover, as mentioned
supra, and unlike most other state medical marijuana statutes, the DMMA explicitly
prohibits employers from disciplining employees who use marijuana for medical

reasons, and who fail drug tests because of it:

[A]n employer may not discriminate against a person in hiring,
termination, or any term or condition of employment. . .if the
discrimination is based upon either of the following: a. The person’s
status as a cardholder; or b. A registered qualifying patient’s positive drug
test for marijuana. . .unless the patient used, possessed, or was impaired by
marijuana on the premises of` the place of employment or during the hours
of employment.18

At first glance, it appears that the two statutes are at odds. However, to find
preemption in this case would represent an overbroad approach to that issue.19 While

the CSA classifies marijuana as a Schedule I substance and does not currently make

exceptions for medical use, it does not make it illegal to employ someone who uses

 

15 Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. l, 13 (2005).

16 21 U.S.C. § 812.

17 16 Del. C. § 4903A.

18 16 Del. C. §4905A(a)(3).

19 See Nojj‘singer, 273 F. Supp. 3d at 334 (argument that Connecticut medical marijuana statute stands
as obstacle to CSA is overbroad because it ignores specific provision at issue, i.e., anti-discrimination
provision). This Court must focus upon the DMMA’s specific anti-employment discrimination
provision rather than the statute as a whole. In preemption cases, “state law is displaced only to the
extent that it actually conflicts with federal law [and] a court should not extend its invalidation of
a statute further than necessary to dispose of the case before it.” Nojj%inger, 273 F. Supp. 3d at 334
(quoting Dalton v. Little Rock Family Planning Servs., 516 U.S. 474, 476 (1996)) .

6

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marijuana, nor does it purport to regulate employment matters within this context. In
fact, the CSA itself explicitly confirms Congress’s intent that the statute not preempt a
state law “unless there is a positive conflict between that provision of this subchapter
and that State law so that the two cannot consistently stand together.”20

Therefore, the Court finds that conflict preemption does not apply because the
anti-discrimination provisions of the DMMA do not pose an obstacle to the objectives
of Congress nor do they render compliance with both federal and state law impossible.
The DMMA does not require employers to participate in an illegal activity (the
unauthorized manufacture, dissemination, dispensing or possession of controlled
substances) but instead merely prohibits them from discriminating based upon medical
marijuana use.

Kraft Heinz cites to a number of cases in its opening and reply memoranda for
the proposition that the CSA preempts anti-discrimination provisions of the state
medical marijuana law and that employers are not required to accommodate
employees’ state-licensed marijuana use by continuing to employ them after learning
of the use via employee disclosure or a failed drug test.21 Indeed, very few medical
marijuana statutes prohibit the discipline or discharge of an employee who uses
medical marijuana outside of work and later tests positive on a drug test. Rather, most
such statutes lack any clear statutory protections for medical marijuana users'
employment, which has led to the dismissal of multiple claims of employees who were

discharged based upon their medical marijuana use, even absent evidence that their use

 

20 21 U.s.C. § 903. See also Callaghan, 2017 R.I. super. LExls 88, at *43-44(R.1. super. May 23,
2017) (Congress is aware of state medical marijuana statutes and “has decided to tolerate the
tension. . .between the federal and state regimes.”).
21 See, e.g., Emerald Steel Fabricators, Inc. v. Bureau of Labor & Indus., 230 P.3d 518 (Or. 2010);
Garcia v. Tractor Supply Co., 154 F. Supp. 3d 1225 (D.N.M. 2016).

7

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affected their work performance.22 However, this Court finds the cases cited by Kraft
Heinz distinguishable from this case because the statutory provisions at issue in those

cases are not analogous to the anti-discrimination provision of the DMMA.23

2. Whether a Private Right of Action is Implied in the DMMA.

A private right of action may be implied if there is “strong evidence that the
legislature intended to create it.”24 Delaware courts traditionally apply a three-factor
implied private right of action analysis as first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court
in Cort v. Ash.25 This test analyzes “(l) whether the plaintiff is a member of a class for
whose especial benefit the statute was enacted; (2) whether there is any indication of
legislative intent to grant or deny a private right of action; and (3) whether recognition
of an implied private right of action would advance the statute’s purpose.”26 This Court
has held that “statutory intent is determinative in a private right of action analysis.”27

With regard to the first and third prongs of Cort, this Court finds that these
factors weigh in favor of Plaintiff. Section 4905A prohibits an employer from
discriminating “against a person in hiring, termination, or any term or condition of

employment, or otherwise penaliz[ing] a person, if the discrimination is based upon

 

22 See, e.g., Ross v. RagingWire Telecommc'n, Inc., 174 P.3d 200, 208 (Cal. 2008); Emerald Steel,
230 P.3d at 535; Roe v. Teletech Customer Care Mgmt., LLC, 257 P.3d 586, 591-93 (Wash. 2011).
23 Notably, as Noffsinger notes, the Oregon Supreme Court’s decision in Emerald Steel, Which Kraf°c
Heinz cites repeatedly, is distinguishable, as both the statute at issue in that case, and the question
addressed, are at odds with the question presented here, i. e., whether a medical marijuana employment
anti-discrimation provision is preempted by the CSA. No]j’singer, 273 F. Supp. 3d at 334. Oregon’s
medical marijuana statute does not contain a specific provision barring employment discrimination
and, thus, the Oregon Supreme Court’s analysis focused on a broader issue regarding whether the
CSA preempted a provision of the Oregon statute that authorized the use of medical marijuana,

24 Ray’s Plumbing & Heating Serv., Inc. v. Stover Homes, L.L.C., 2011 WL 3329384, at *4 (Del.
Super. July 26, 2011).

25 Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78 (1975).

26 Ray’s Plumbing, 2011 wL 3329384, at *2 (quoting 0'Neill v. Middlewwn, 2006 WL 205071, at
*16 (Del. Ch. Jan. 18, 2006)).

27 Id. at *4.

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either of the following: a. [t]he person’s status as a cardholder; or b. [a] registered
qualifying patient’s positive drug test. . ..”28 In this case, Plaintiff, as a medical
marijuana cardholder, was terminated after failing a drug test. Clearly, Plaintiff falls
within the class of persons for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted, as
Section 4905A(a)(3) seeks to prohibit discrimination against medical marijuana
patients.

The third Cort prong examines whether recognition of an implied private right
of action would advance the statute’s purpose. Section 4901A(g) provides that “[s]tate
law should make a distinction between the medical and nonmedical uses of marijuana.
Hence, the purpose of this chapter is to protect patients with debilitating medical
conditions, as well as their physicians and providers, from arrest and prosecution,
criminal and other penalties,. . . .”29 (emphasis added). The Court may reasonably infer
that the purpose of the statute is to protect medical marijuana patients from
discrimination based upon their status, and from being penalized based upon that
discrimination, as with termination from employment. Thus, Plaintiff has met the third
prong.

The second Cort factor looks to whether there is any indication of legislative
intent to grant or deny a private right of action. In this case, the analysis is complicated
by the fact that there is no explicit statutory directive. Kraft Heinz fastens upon this
point and asserts four main arguments in opposition to finding an implied private right
of action; (1) had the legislature wanted to create a private right of action, it could have
done so expressly; (2) the DMMA expressly creates a private right of action to enforce
some of its provisions, but not its anti-discrimination provision; (3) the DMMA should

not be construed liberally; and (4) the legislative history contains no indication of an

 

28 16 Del. C. §4905A(a)(3).
29 16 Del. c. §4901A(g).

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December 17, 2018

intent to create an implied private right of action. Most, if not all, of these arguments
were scrutinized and dismissed in the Callaghan case, which, as this Court has already
noted, is germane to this discussion. This Court, likewise, does not find these
arguments convincing.

First, by way of context, it is important to remember that the Court’s duty in
interpreting a statute is to find legislative intent and to give effect to it.30 The Court is
required, under settled rules of construction, to read the statute as a whole and to
harmonize its parts.31 “If a literal interpretation leaves a result inconsistent with the
general statutory intention, the literal interpretation must give way to the general
intent.”32

Here, the purpose of Section 4901A is to protect individuals with debilitating
medical conditions from arrest or prosecution, and from criminal or other penalties
The purpose of Section 4905A is to prohibit employment-related discrimination based
upon either status as a medical marijuana cardholder or a qualifying patient’s positive
drug test. It is a well-settled principle of statutory interpretation that an isolated portion
of a statute should not be construed in a vacuum: rather, every word must be given
meaning and must be considered in the context of the entire statute.33

In the DMMA, no agency or commission has been tasked with enforcement of
the anti-discrimination provision, Under Section 4905A(a)(3), no remedy other than a
private right of action is available to cardholders and qualifying marijuana patients
terminated or discharged from employment for failing drug tests. The fact that an anti-

discrimination provision was included in the DMMA demonstrates legislative intent to

 

30 Murphy v. Bd. OfPension Trustees, 442 A.2d 950, 951 (Del. Super. 1982).
31 Id.
32 Georgeopoulos v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1990 WL 91085, at *2 (Del. Super. June 19,
1990) (citing Nationwide Mutual Insurance C0. v. Krongold, 318 A.2d 606, 609 (Del. Super. 1974)).
33 Doroshow, Pasquale, Krawitz & Bhaya v. Nanticoke Mem. Hosp., Inc., 36 A.3d 336, 344 (Del.
2012).

10

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remedy the problem of discrimination based upon one’s cardholder status. Therefore,
this Court finds that the language of Section 4905A(a)(3) creates an implied private
right of action. Absent a finding of an implied private right of action, Section 4905A
Would be devoid of any purpose within the broader context of the statute.34

ln Callaghan, the Superior Court of Rhode Island examined the Cort factors with
regard to finding an implied private right of action under the anti-discrimination
provisions of the Rhode Island Medical Marijuana Act.35 Rhode lsland’s statute
provides that “no. . .employer. . .may refuse to. . .employ. . .a person solely for his or her
status as a cardholder.”36 The court deemed this “rights-creating language” and held
that because there were no particular remedies established, the “only. . .sensible
interpretation” of the anti-discrimination provisions of the Rhode Island statute was
that there must be “an implied private right of action. Without one, [the
provision]. . .would be meaningless.”37

With regard to Kraft Heinz’s first point that the legislature could have expressly
created a private right of action if it had wanted to, the Court does not find this argument
persuasive. While it is certainly true that the General Assembly has provided express
private remedies in other employment statutes, the General Assembly is also presumed
to know how the statute would be interpreted or construed by the courts. The court in
Callaghan rejected a similar argument, stating that the Rhode Island General Assembly
is presumed to possess knowledge regarding “the ‘state of existing relevant law when

it enacts or amends a statute.”’38 Thus, the absence of an express right of action cannot

 

34 See Nojjfvinger, 273 F.Supp.3d at 340 (holding that “without a private cause of action, [the statute
in question] would have no practical effect, because the law does not provide for any other
enforcement mechanism.”).
33 2017 R.I. Super. LExls 88 (R.I. super. May 23, 2017).
36 R.I. Gen. Laws § 21-28.6-4(6).
37 Callaghan at *23.
33 Id. at*18-19.
ll

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be assumed to preclude an implied private right of action,39 Here, there is no indication
of legislative intent to deny a private cause of action, and the Court finds, as in
Callaghan, that the Delaware General Assembly knew that the right could be implied.
Moreover, this also answers Kraft Heinz’s fourth argument: the absence of any
legislative history on this issue does not prove that the General Assembly wished to
preclude a private right of action.

Kraft Heinz’s second argument for not finding an implied private right of action
is that the DMMA expressly creates a private right of action to enforce some of its
provisions, such as Section 4924A, which authorizes “any citizen” to sue in state court
if the Delaware Department of Labor does not comply with its statutory mandate to
adopt regulations to implement the DMMA. Because there is no such language in the
DMMA’s anti-discrimination provision, Kraft Heinz asserts that the legislature did not
intend for a private right of action f`or that provision, This argument, likewise, lacks
merit.

“[A] cause of action may be implied where a statute defines an unfair
employment practice but does not provide an express method of redress.”4° In another
employment case, Heller v. Dover Warehouse Market, Inc.,41 this Court found that an
implied private right of action exists under a Delaware law prohibiting employers from
requiring submission to polygraph testing. In that case, the plaintiff was an employee
accused of theft.42 Her employer forced her to take a polygraph test despite the statute’s
prohibition that “[n]o person. . .shall require. . .that any employee. . .take. . .a
polygraph. . .as a condition of. . .continuation of employment.”43 This Court, in

analyzing the statute, found that the provision of a criminal penalty in the statute did

 

39 Id.
40 Callaghan at *19 (quoting 45B Am. Jur. 2d Job Discrimination § 1843 (2012)).
41 515 A.2d 178 (Del. super. 1986).
42 Id. ar 180.
43 19 Del. C. §704.
12

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not exclude the possibility of a civil remedy.44 The statute was found to have a dual
purpose - - assuring that employees are not subjected to polygraph testing, and
penalizing employers that require such testing,45 The court concluded that the General
Assembly must have intended a private right of action to accomplish that dual purpose,
given that “[r]edress for damages is not assured unless a private right of action is
implied under the statute.”46

Similarly, in Callaway v. N.B. Downing Co.,47 this Court found an implied
private right of action when examining the state’s minimum wage law. That statute
made it illegal to pay less than the minimum wage and set criminal penalties for
violations, but did not include any provisions regarding civil remedies.48 The Court
found that one of the primary purposes of the statute was to provide employees the
right to a minimum wage, and therefore that the General Assembly would have
intended an implied right of action because the General Assembly would not have
established a right “without a corresponding remedy.”49

Section 4901A clarifies the DMMA’s purpose of protecting individuals with
debilitating medical conditions from arrest or prosecution and from criminal or other
penalties. However, just as in Heller and Callaway, there is no remedy in the DMMA’s
anti-discrimination provision for damages caused by the prohibited discrimination
Although a criminal sanction against the employer might deter future violations, it
would provide little by way of remedy to an employee who was discharged. In fact,
without an implied private right of action, Plaintiff, like the employees in Heller and

Callaway, would have no other recourse.

 

44 Heller, 515 A.2d at 180.

43 ld. at 180-81.

46 ld.a1181.

47 172 A.2d 260 (Del. super. 1961).
48 29 Del. C. § 6913 (1953).

49 172 A.2d ar 262-63.

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In short, while the fact that the General Assembly authorized a private right of
action in Section 4924A may serve as some evidence that a private right of action was
not intended in Section 4905A(a)(3), the Court finds that the other arguments
supporting the provision of an implied private right of action by the General Assembly
outweigh such evidence.

The Court also finds Kraft Heinz’s third argument unconvincing. The fact that
the DMMA does not state that it is to be construed liberally does not establish that this
is so. Statutes prohibiting discrimination are generally deemed remedial, and Delaware
law is clear that remedial statues are granted a liberal construction50

Upon a careful review of the briefings and case law provided by counsel, the
Court finds the case at hand distinguishable from Kraft Heinz’s cited case law, notably
Ray’s Plumbing. In Ray ’s Plumbing, this Court found that the plaintiff, as a
subcontractor, had access to alternative civil remedies such as breach of trust, breach
of contract, and fraud.51 In this case, by contract - - as in Heller and Callaway - - a

private right of action is the only means of effectuating the statute’s remedial purpose.

B. Count II: Plaintiff" s Claims Under the ADA and the DEPA.
Kraft Heinz next moves to dismiss Plaintist claims of violations of the ADA
and the DEPA as untimely. Federal and Delaware law requires that a plaintiff file a

disability discrimination claim within 90 days of receiving right-to-sue notices from

 

30 See Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474, 481 (2008) (referring to anti-discrimination statutes as
“remedial”); Sheehan v. Oblates of St. Francis de Sales, 15 A.3d 1247, 1256 (Del. 2011) (under
Delaware law, remedial statutes to be construed liberally).

31 2011 wL 3329384 at *4. See also Mann v. Oppenheimer & Co., 517 A.2d 1056 (Del. 1986) (in
addition to fact that General Assembly did not expressly authorize private right of action, other
relevant factors, such as whether plaintiffs were members of a class for whose benefit the statute was
created, argued against finding a private right of action).

14

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the agencies responsible for investigating a discrimination charge (in this case both the
EEOC and DDOL).32 Failure to abide by this time frame will bar a claim.33

In this case, Plaintiff filed his initial complaint pro se Within the 90-day time
period. However, the initial complaint alleged violations of the DMMA as well as
retaliation under OSHA, and did not include disability discrimination claims under the
ADA or the DEPA. These claims were not brought before the Court until Plaintiff
subsequently obtained counsel and filed an Amended Complaint on March 26, 2018.

Cognizant of the difficulties faced by pro se plaintiffs, this Court holds a pro
se plaintiffs complaint to a less demanding standard of review.34 However, “there is
no different set of rules for pro se plaintif`fs,”35 and the Court’s leniency cannot go so
far as to affect the substantive rights of the parties.36 Thus, the question before the
Court is whether the Amended Complaint’s assertion of violations of the ADA and the
DEPA raises a new theory of liability that was not set forth in the original complaint,
or whether this theory arises out of the same transaction or occurrence so as to relate
back to the original complaint, which was timely filed.

“An amendment of a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading

when...the claim...asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct,

 

32 See 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1) (requiring ADA claims to be brought
within 90 days of receiving the EEOC’s right-to-sue notice); 19 Del. C. § 714(b) (requiring DEPA
claims to be filed within 90 days of receiving either the EEOC or DDOL’s right-to-sue notice,
whichever is later).
33 See Figueroa v. Buccaneer Hotel Inc., 188 F. 3d 172, 176 (3d Cir. 1999) (“[A] claim filed even
one day beyond this ninety-day window is untimely and may be dismissed. . ..”).
34 Anderson v. ?`c`ng!e, 2011 WL 3654531, at *2 (Del. Super. Aug. 15, 2011).
33 Dmpe»- v. Med. Cir. OfDel., 767 A.2d 796, 799 (Del. 2001).
36 Anderson, 2011 WL 3654531, at *2. To the extent Plaintiff argues for a more lenient standard of
review with regard to alleging his disability discrimination claims, the Court is not convinced and
finds that his status as a pro se litigant does not excuse his failure to bring the disability discrimination
claims in the original complaint, particularly when it appears that Plaintiff knew how to assert such
claims to the EEOC. Cf Thompson v. Brandywine School Dist., 478 F. App’x 718, 720 (3d Cir. 2012)
(claim of discrimination based upon race did not relate back to earlier complaint of discrimination
based on nationality and religion).

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transaction or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original
pleading.”37 In order for an amendment to relate back, there must be “fair notice of the
general fact situation out of which the claim or defense arose.”58 Relation back is
improper when the new claim(s) present a new and independent theory of liability
based upon independent facts that were not set forth in the original complaint.59

Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’ s disability discrimination claims do not relate
back to his initial complaint. The Court also finds that Plaintiff’s original complaint
failed to plead sufficient facts so as to put Kraft Heinz on notice of the general fact
situation out of which the disability discrimination claims arose.

Plaintiff argues that his original complaint pled facts adequately alleging
disability discrimination Plaintiff’ s original complaint alleges that Kraft Heinz
violated the DMMA and retaliated against Plaintiff for reporting safety issues.
Subsection B of the original complaint states that “[w]hile filling out the paperwork for
the drug test, Plaintiff inquired about how to fill out the paperwork considering his
medical marijuana prescription.” The original complaint also alleges that Plaintiff
needed to take multiple drug tests. Thus, Kraft Heinz knew that Plaintiff possessed a
medical marijuana card, which Plaintiff argues is sufficient to establish a nexus
between the allegations in the original complaint and those of the Amended Complaint.

Plaintiff argues that in order to be a cardholder under the DMMA, an individual
must be deemed a “qualifying patient,” which means that he or she must have “been
diagnosed by a physician as having a debilitating medical condition”60 Plaintiff

alleges that because Kraft Heinz knew that he possessed a medical marijuana card, it

 

37 Sup. Ct. Civ. R. 15(c)(2).
38 Mullen v. Alarmguara' of Delmarva, Inc., 625 A.2d 258, 264 (Del. 1993).
39 Moore ex rel. Moore v. Emeigh, 935 A.2d 256, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE); see also Thompson,
478 F. App’x at 720 (race discrimation claims did not relate back to earlier discrimination claims filed
within 90-day period).
60 16 Del. C. §§ 4902A(1) & (13).

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was aware that Plaintiff had been diagnosed with a “debilitating disease” by a
physician Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that Kraf°c Heinz knew that he had used
significant portions of his FMLA and short-term disability benefits over the years.
Thus, Plaintiff" s primary argument for why relation back is proper in this case is that
he was a cardholder under the DMMA and, consequently, that Kraft Heinz knew or
should have known that he was a person “disabled” for purposes of the ADA and the
DEPA. This argument is tenuous and lacks merit for several reasons.

As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that Plaintiff has cited to no legal
authority for the proposition that status as a Delaware medical marijuana cardholder
equates to possessing a “disability” within the confines of the ADA or the DEPA. The
Court notes that the ADA defines an individual with a disability as a person “who has
a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life
activities, has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an
impairment.”61 Notably, the DMMA does not include a definition of “disability”.
Rather, Plaintiff attempts to analogize to a “disability” by referencing the definition for
a “debilitating medical condition,” which includes “[a] chronic or debilitating disease
or medical condition....”62 These two definitions, while similar, are not identical.
Moreover, while it is certainly possible that an individual with a disability under the
ADA may also be a “qualifying patient” under the DMMA, the Court will not simply
infer this correlation or assume that someone is an individual with a disability under
the ADA or DEPA merely because that individual holds a medical marijuana card.

Additionally, even assuming arguendo that Plaintiff’s status as a “qualifying
patient” under the DMMA necessarily classified him as an individual with a

“disability” under the ADA and the DEPA, there is nothing in Plaintiff’s original

 

61 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). The definition of “person with a disability” in the DEPA is nearly identical.
19 Del. C. § 722 (4).
62 16 Del. C. §§ 4902A(3)(b).

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complaint to indicate that Kraft Heinz terminated Plaintist employment due to his
“disability”. Thus, Kraft Heinz cannot be found to have been on notice regarding
potential disability discrimination claims. Rather, the original complaint alleges that
Kraft Heinz terminated Plaintiff because he failed a drug test for medical marijuana
use, and that it retaliated against Plaintiff for reporting safety issues. The Amended
Complaint, conversely, alleges that Plaintiff suffers from hand, wrist, and back
problems that render him “disabled” and that Kraft Heinz terminated his employment
based on his “disability” in violation of the ADA and the DEPA.

Although the Court must accept all “well-pleaded” allegations as true for
purposes of a Rule l2(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court will “ignore conclusory
allegations that lack specific supporting factual allegations.”63 In this case, even
reviewing Plaintiff’ s pro se complaint under the “less stringent standard,” it
nonetheless lacks well-pleaded allegations that would provide a sufficient legal or
factual basis on which Plaintiff may recover from Kraft Heinz for disability
discrimination In making this determination the Court relies upon the analysis laid
out by the Delaware Supreme Court in Moore v. Emeigh.64 In that case, the Supreme
Court affirmed the trial court’s discretionary decision that a claim of negligence against
the defendant for failing to inspect constituted a new claim that did not relate back to a
claim of vicarious negligence pled in the original complaint.65 ln so holding, the
Supreme Court found that the new claim was not based upon facts contained in the
original complaint.66 Here, as in Moore, the Court finds that the new claims of

disability discrimination are not based upon facts contained in the original complaint,

 

63 Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034 (Del. 1998) (citation omitted).
64 935 A.2d 256 (Del. 2007) (TABLE).
63 Ia'. at *2.
66 Id.
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which alleges only discrimination for medical marijuana use and retaliation under

OSHA, and Count II is therefore dismissed.

C. Count III: Plaintiff’ s Claims Under the DWPA.

Kraft Heinz next asserts that Plaintiff did not engage in “protected conduct”
under the DWPA, as the Amended Complaint fails to allege any specific violations of
law, and fails to allege that Plaintiff reported any such violations to management For
the reasons outlined below, Plaintiff` s claim of a violation of the DWPA will survive
Kraft Heinz’s 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss; however, should Plaintiff be unable to
discover evidence to support his allegation, this claim is subject to resolution in Kraft
Heinz’s favor at the summary judgment phase.

The DWPA acts to protect “employees who report violations of the law for the
benefit of the public,” as well as to “provide[ ] a check on persons in positions of
authority, by ensuring that they do not take retaliatory action against subordinates who
disclose misconduct.”67 The DWPA prohibits an employer from discharging or
otherwise discriminating against an employee for reporting a “violation” to the
employer or to the employee’s supervisor, which he/ she “knows or reasonably believes
has occurred or is about to occur.”68 A “violation” is “an act or omission by an
employer...that is...[m]aterially inconsistent with, and a serious deviation from,
standards implemented pursuant to a law, rule, or regulation promulgated under the
laws of this State. ...”69

The elements for a prima facie case of a violation of the DWPA are as follows:
(1) the employee engaged in a protected whistleblowing activity; (2) the accused

official knew of the protected activity; (3) the employee suffered an adverse

 

67 Smi¢h v. Delaware S:a:e Universay, 47 A.3d 472, 476 (Del. 2012).
63 19De1. C. § 1703(1) and (4).
63 19 Del. C. § 1702(6).

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employment action; and (4) there is a causal connection between the whistleblowing
activity and the adverse action70

Kraft Heinz argues that Plaintiff’s DWPA count must be dismissed, as Plaintiff
fails to plead facts showing which law, rule or regulation he believed had been violated
in connection with the unsafe conditions of the railroad ties, and that whether Plaintiff
reasonably believed the conduct was violative is irrelevant.71 Additionally, Kraf°c
Heinz argues that even if Plaintiff had identified some specific law, rule, or regulation
that was violated, Plaintiff did not allege ever reporting it to management,

Plaintiff, in response, argues that an actual “violation” need not be alleged in
order to seek relief under the statute. Rather, pursuant to Kelsall v. Bayhealth, Inc.,72
there need not be an actual violation pled, as long as the reporting employee
“reasonably believes” a violation has occurred or is about to occur.73 Additionally,
according to Plaintiff, the Amended Complaint alleges that he did report the illegal
conditions to management on several occasions via multiple verbal complaints and his
incident report, as well as showing one of his supervisors the defects in the rails.

The Court will address Kraft Heinz’s latter argument first regarding Plaintiff’ s
alleged failure to report a “violation” to management, and may easily dispose of this
argument. In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff pled that he made Kraft Heinz
management aware of the lack of safety of the rails on multiple occasions and informed

management that he believed the rails were in violation of the law. This may be

 

70 Addision v. East Side Charter School of Wilmington, Inc., 2014 WL 4724895, at *3 (Del. Super.
Sept. 19, 2014).
71 See Hanzer v. Nat’l Mentor Healthcare, LLC, 2014 WL 1390889, at *6 (D. Del. 2014) (denying
DWPA claim as the plaintiff “failed to point to any statute, rule or regulation” that the employer’s
conduct violated. “Whether [plaintiff] believed such conduct was violative is irrelevant to the analysis
as the statute requires the violation to be based on a rule, regulation or law.”); see also Smith, 47 A.3d
at 476 (“The [DWPA] protect[s] employees who report violations of law. . . .”).
72 2015 WL 9312477 (Del. Super. Dec. 18, 2015).
73 1a at *2 (citing 19 Del. C. § 1703(4)).

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evidenced by the fact that Plaintiff submitted an incident report to Kraft Heinz
management74 regarding the unsafe conditions of the railroad ties because he believed
that the ties did not comply with the UFC standards. Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that
he had asked for the guidelines or rules that applied to the rails but was never provided
them.

Tuming to Kraf°c Heinz’s first argument, the primary inquiry for this Court is
whether a plaintiff must identify some applicable law, rule, or regulation allegedly
violated, or whether a “reasonable belief” of a law’s being violated or about to be
violated is sufficient Plaintiff does not dispute that his Amended Complaint does not
identify any concrete “violation” of the law within the meaning of the DWPA.73 Rather,
Plaintiff argues that there “does not have to be an actual violation, as long as the
reporting employee ‘reasonably believes’ a violation has occurred or is about to
occur.”76 Plaintiff cites to this court’s opinion in Kelsall for this proposition However,
Kelsall simply held that a plaintiff’s claim could survive a motion to dismiss if the
plaintiff was alleged to have “reasonably believed” that a violation had occurred.77
Kelsall did not address whether liability could ultimately be based upon conduct that
did not constitute a violation

The Court finds the United States District Court for the District of Delaware’s
decision in Hanzer v. National Mentor Healthcare, LLC,78 instructive on this issue. In

Hanzer, the DWPA was interpreted to require an employee to report a violation of law.

 

74 Plaintiff pleads that he submitted an incident report to Kraft Heinz management; that he showed
maintenance supervisor Paul Diebel the defects in the rails; and that he subsequently met with Michael
Doughty, the warehouse supervisor, to again voice his concerns about the railroad ties.
73 Plaintiff has alleged that the condition of the rails violates the UFC standards as well as other laws,
rules, or regulations; however, Plaintiff does not specifically state what other laws or regulations he
is referencing.
76 See 19 Del_ C. § 1703(3).
77 Id. at *2.
78 2014 WL 1390889 (D. Del. 2014).

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The court held that Hanzer’s DWPA claim could not survive summary judgment
because she could not identify a law, rule or regulation that was or that would have
been violated, and that the statute “requires the violation to be based on a rule,
regulation or law.”79 While the DWPA allows for the possibility that the reporting
employee may be uncertain, at the time he or she reports the conduct, of the specific
law, rule, or regulation that has been violated, or even that there is a law, rule, or
regulation applicable to the reported conduct, DWPA liability cannot be based upon
reported conduct that does not ultimately turn out to be a violation, and to the extent
that Kelsall can be construed as holding otherwise, this Court declines to follow it.
Therefore, the Court finds that dismissal at this early stage would be
inappropriate when Plaintiff has alleged that the condition of the rails violates the UFC
standards and when Plaintiff has not had the opportunity to conduct discovery or
support his allegation as to whether the condition of the rail ties did, in fact, constitute
a “violation” under state or federal law. Plaintiff" s allegations must be accepted as true
until such time as the factual record is more developed.80 While the Court finds Hanzer
persuasive, Hanzer involved a plaintiff’s failure to identify a statute, rule, or regulation
at the summary judgment stage. Here, Plaintiff should be allowed to move to discovery
and gather facts to support his claim, particularly insofar as Plaintiff has alleged that
he asked for the guidelines or rules that apply to the rails and was not provided thern
However, should Plaintiff be unable to discover evidence to support his allegation that
the condition of the rails constituted a “violation” - - that is, an actual deviation from a
specific law, rule or regulation - - this claim is subject to resolution in Kraft Heinz’s

favor at the summary judgment phase.

 

79 1a at *5-6.
39 Ferguson v. Wesley Coll_, lnc., 2000 wL 706833, at *2 (Dei. super. Mar. 23, 2000).

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D. Count IV: Plaintiff"s Claims for Common Law Wrongful Discharge

Lastly, Kraft Heinz moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination
on the basis that the DMMA and OSHA do not provide any public policy grounds for
relief. Kraft Heinz asserts that the DMMA is preempted by the CSA and that OSHA
has its own remedial scheme. In response, Plaintiff argues that Delaware law
recognizes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing that allows him to recover
under both statutes.

In general, an at-will employee may be discharged by his/her employer at any
time without cause. However, the Delaware Supreme Court has implemented certain
protections for at-will employees through recognition of a limited covenant of good
faith and fair dealing implicit in every employment contract.81 These protections have
been delineated in four categories by the Delaware Supreme Court in E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Co. v. Pressman, one of which is where the termination violated public
policy.82 In Pressman, the Delaware Supreme Court held that a plaintiff must satisfy a
two-part test in order to establish a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing
under the public policy category: “(i) the employee must assert a public interest
recognized by some legislative, administrative or judicial authority and (ii) the
employee must occupy a position with responsibility for advancing or sustaining that

particular interest.”83

 

31 Merrill v. Crothall-Amerl'can, Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 101 (Del. 1992). Various other jurisdictions have
also recognized wrongful discharge as a separate claim Where the reason for discharge violates public
policy. F or example, the Supreme Court of New Jersey held that a claim for wrongfial discharge will
lie Where the employer violates a “clear mandate of public policy” and directed courts to examine
“legislation, administrative rules, regulations or decisions, and judicial decisions” as potential sources
of public policy. Pierce v. Ortho Pharmaceutl'cal Corp., 417 A.2d 505, 512 (N.J. 1980).
32 E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Pressman, 679 A.2d 436 (Del. 1996).
33 1al_ at 441-42; sea also Loral v. soaaler, 748 A.2d 393, 401 (Del. 2000); Shaarln v. E.F. Hallon
Group, Inc., 652 A.2d 578, 587-88 (Del. Ch. 1994).

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Looking first to Plaintiffs public policy wrongful termination claim under the
DMMA, this Court does not find Plaintiff’ s argument persuasive that as a medical
marijuana cardholder he is innately tasked with “responsibility for advancing or
sustaining that particular interest.” Plaintiff has asserted that the DMMA’s anti-
discrimination provisions establish a public interest in protecting medical marijuana
patients from discrimination by employers Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that as a
medical marijuana patient, the DMMA’s anti-discrimination provisions provide him
with the ability to combat the discrimination himself. In support of this argument,
Plaintiff cites to the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in Schuster v. Del'ocill',‘l4
where the Court held that an employee could maintain a claim for wrongful termination
based upon a public policy against sexual harassment85

In order to determine whether Plaintiff occupies a position with responsibility
for advancing a public interest, the Court must look to the nature of Plaintiff s job
functions Here, Plaintiff worked as a warehouse employee and then as Yard
Equipment Operator. While Plaintiff has certainly alleged public safety
responsibilities, the Court does not find that he has adequately pled whether or how he
was responsible for ensuring Kraft Heinz’s compliance with the DMMA.

The Court finds the Schuster decision distinguishable There, the plaintiff
apparently did not occupy a job position that required her to oversee the
implementation of, or be involved in the enforcement of, laws prohibiting the sexual
harassment that she allegedly experienced Nonetheless, the Delaware Supreme Court
found that as a purported victim of sexual harassment in the workplace, she occupied
a position with responsibility for advancing or sustaining the interest of preventing

sexual harassment in the workplace86 However, in reaching this conclusion, the Court

 

84 775 A.2d 1029 (Del. 2001), superseded by statute, 19 Del. C. § 712(b).
83 Id. at 1039-40.
36 775 A.2d at 1039.

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was careful to note the “unique procedural and factual scenario” of the case,87 The
Court further observed that the Court’s holding that a claim for breach of the implied
covenant arising from a termination allegedly resulting from a refusal to condone
sexual advances “flow[ed] directly from Delaware’s clear and firmly rooted public
policy to deter, prevent and punish sexual harassment in the workplace” and that
recognizing such a unique common law cause of action “provides employees with an
important weapon to advance Delaware’s policy to assure civilized conduct in the
workplace.”88 Finally, the Court noted that sexual harassment is a “systemic social
problem” and therefore that “[p]reventing it is of immense social value” and thereby
promotes Delaware’s public policy. By contrast, this Court does not find that the public
policy against discrimination toward medical marijuana cardholders is so “firmly
rooted,” and addresses such a “systemic social problem,” that allowing a purported
victim of such discrimination to pursue a common law wrongful termination claim
based upon it would be appropriate89 Thus, this claim is dismissed.

With regard to Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim under OSHA, the Court
finds that Plaintiff satisfies the two-part test as laid out in Pressman. OSHA prohibits
an employer from discharging or discriminating against any employee who exercises
“any right afforded by” that law. Section ll(c)(l) provides that “[n]o person shall

discharge or in any manner discriminate against any employee because such employee

 

37 lal. at 1034.

33 1a at 1036, 1039.

89 The Court finds the analysis in Nojfsinger pertinent to this point. ln Nojfsinger, the United States
District Court for the District of Connecticut held that Connecticut’s Palliative Use of Marijuana Act
(PUMA), which, as mentioned supra, is similar to the DMMA in its anti-discrimination provision, is
not preempted by the CSA and does contain an implied private right of action However, the court
dismissed the plaintiff s public policy claim, stating that “if a statute already provides a private right
of action intended to vindicate the relevant public policy, the [public policy] claim will fail.” Id. at
341 (quoting Groth v. Grove Hl`ll Med. Or., P.C., 2015 WL 4393020, at *9 (D. Conn. 2015)). Here,
this Court has already found that a private right of action exists under the DMMA.

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has filed any complaint or instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding under or
related to this Act. . . .”90

In this case, Kraft Heinz argues that OSHA cannot support Plaintiff" s wrongful
discharge claim because the law has its own enforcement mechanisms for remedying
retaliation91 Kraft Heinz cites to a number of cases outside this jurisdiction as well as
to the Delaware Superior Court’s decision in Nelson v. JAED Corp., Inc., for the
proposition that “[w]here a statutory framework is already in place to address wrongful
conduct, [Delaware courts are] reluctant to expand the public policy exception to the
employment at will doctrine.”92 However, Delaware case laW, particularly with regard
to OSHA, is not well-developed in this area, and this Court has not found any binding
authority stating that OSHA does not provide any public policy grounds for relief`.93
Indeed, the plaintiff in Nelson alleged that his termination was in violation of the public
policy behind the Delaware Wage and Collection Payment Act.94 This is wholly
different from alleging a violation of public policy under OSHA.

In Nelson, the Court stated “[t]here is no provision in the Wage Act authorizing
a private right of action for statutory penalties Nor are there any Delaware cases

awarding civil penalties to an employee or suggesting that such an award is feasible

 

99 29 U.s.C. § 660(6).
91 Id. In particular, Kraft Heinz asserts that an individual who believes that his or her employer has
disciplined him or her in retaliation for reporting a safety concern may file a complaint with OSHA.
See 29 U.S.C. § 660(c)(2).
92 Nalson v. JAED Corp., 2013 wL 1092200, at *8 (Dor. supor. Jan. 23, 2013).
93 The closest authority the Court could find on point is Paolella v. Browning-Ferris, Inc., 973
F.Supp. 508 (E.D. P.A. 1997), a]j"’d, 158 F.3d 183 (3d Cir. 1998), discussed in more detail below. In
that case, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the United
States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit both applied Delaware law in holding that
whistleblowing employees were entitled to protection under the public policy exception to the
employment-at-Will doctrine. Admittedly, this case is not binding on the Court and is merely
persuasive authority,
94 Ial. at *8; 19 Dal. C. §§ 1112(b) and 1113.

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under the Wage Act.”93 This Court is not persuaded, however, that similar concerns
preclude a claim for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing related to
OSHA, as long as the requirements recognized by the Pressman court are met.96

In holding that Plaintiff s claim for wrongful termination under OSHA may
survive Kraft Heinz’s motion to dismiss, the Court finds persuasive the decisions of
the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the United
States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Paolella v. Browning-Ferrl's, Inc.,97 as
well as the Supreme Court of Connecticut’s decision in Sheets v. Teddy’s Frosted
Foods, Inc.93

In Paolella, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania examined Delaware law to determine whether whistleblowing employees
were entitled to protection under the public policy exception In that case, a former
employee brought a wrongful discharge claim against his employer under Delaware
law, alleging that he has been terminated for complaining about illegal billing practices
The District Court, based upon the analysis laid out in Pressman, held that Delaware
courts would extend the protection of the public policy exception to an employee who
“blew the whistle” on the employer’s illegal conduct,99 The United States Court of
Appeals for the Third Circuit, in applying Delaware law and upholding the District

 

93 Nolson, 2013 wL 1092200, at *8.
96 Like the Nelson Court, this Court in Ayres v. Jacobs & Crumplar, P.A., held that “it would be
counter-productive to recognize a broader common law exception to the at-will doctrine When there
exist elaborate statutory schemes at both the federal and state levels that address this same public
policy concern.” 1996 WL 769331, at *12 (Del. Super. Dec. 31, 1996). However, the issue in Ayres
was that of racial discrimination Thus, the Court found that “[s]ince both the federal and state
governments have enacted statutory procedures for dealing with the type of racial discrimination
alleged by Ayres, it seems neither desirable nor wise to upset the balance deliberately created by the
federal and state anti-discrimination statutes as they have been construed.” Id. The Court finds this
case wholly inapplicable to the case at hand,
97 973 F.supp. 508 (E.D. P.A. 1997), ajj"a by 158 F.3d 183 (3d Cir. 1998).
98 427 A.2d 385 (Conn. 1980).
99 Paolella, 973 F.supp. at 512.

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Court’s findings, held that a wrongful discharge action under the public policy
exception may be maintained in Delaware and that the employee in that case could
meet the two Pressman factors The Court of Appeals went on to hold that (1) the
employee’s complaints, namely that his employer’s billing scheme was illegally
designed to defraud customers, asserted a public interested recognized by some
legislative, administrative, or judicial authority; and (2) as a sales manager who Was
responsible for negotiating service contracts, billing customers, and handling customer
complaints, the employee had responsibility for the employer’s billing practices.100
Similarly, in Sheetz, the Supreme Court of Connecticut examined “whether to
permit a cause of action for wrongful discharge where the discharge contravenes a clear
mandate of public policy.”101 The plaintiff in that case, a Quality Control Director and
Operations Manager at a frozen food products company, had alleged that he was
discharged because of his conduct in notifying his employer about repeated violations
of the Connecticut Uniform Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, specifically deviations
from the employer’s own standards, as well as pointing out false labels This Act,
which prohibits the sale of mislabeled food, contains criminal penalties and sanctions,
but makes no mention of any private right of action102 The court, in permitting a cause
of action for wrongful discharge, found that the plaintiffs unique position within the
organization may have exposed him to criminal prosecution under the Act and that the
Act was intended to “safeguard the public health and promote the public welfare.”103
Thus, it may be inferred that the plaintiff in that case, like Plaintiff here, must have

asserted a public interest and occupied a position with responsibility for that interest.104

 

199 Paolella, 158 F.3d at 191-92.

191 Shaalz, 427 A.2d at 386.

102 Id. at 388.

103 Id_

104 Cf. Geary v. United States Steel Corp., 319 A.2d 174 (Pa. 1974). In Geary, a salesman at a steel
company, believing the sale of a product to be unsafe, protested its sale to his immediate supervisors

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Plaintiff has asserted in his Amended Complaint that he started out at Kraft
Heinz as a warehouse employee and was eventually promoted to Yard Equipment
Operator. Moreover, Plaintiff has pled that as Yard Equipment Operator, he is a safety
representative and must ensure that everything operates safely and smoothly. Because
of Plaintiffs unique position at Kraft Heinz and because Plaintiff has adequately
asserted that he was concerned about the safety of the railroad ties and other aspects of
the railroad tracks, the Court finds that Plaintiff may make out a colorable claim under
Pressman. At this stage, on Kraft Heinz’s Motion to Dismiss, the allegations of
retaliation in the Amended Complaint must be recognized as leaving open the
possibility that Plaintiff could present evidence sufficient to prove a breach of the
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, based upon the fact that he submitted an
incident report and alleged unsafe conditions of the railroad ties to management Since
there are facts sufficient to raise the possibility that Plaintiff might prevail, he is entitled

to survive a motion to dismiss and offer evidence in support of such claims105

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, Defendant Kraft Heinz’s Motion to
Dismiss is DENIED in part and GRANTED in part as follows:

Defendant’s Motion is DENIED as to Count l of the Amended Complaint;
Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED as to Count ll of the Amended Complaint;

Defendant’s Motion is DENIED as to Count III of the Amended Complaint;

 

and to senior corporate officers The salesman Was ultimately fired for not following orders The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court refused to afford the salesman any relief under a wrongful discharge
theory, holding that the plaintiffs duties as an employee did not extend to matters of product safety
and, thus, no clear public policy concern was implicated in his discharge
193 Soa 1a Ra.- Bw-llogloa Coal Fao:o.»y, s.E.c_ Ll'a'gaaon, 114 F.3d 1410, 1420 (3d cir. 1997).

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Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs common law wrongful
termination claim based upon his status as a medical marijuana cardholder as set forth

in Count IV of the Amended Complaint; and

Defendant’s Motion is DENIED as to Plaintiffs common law wrongful
termination claim based upon retaliation for Plaintiff s complaints of safety concerns

pursuant to OSHA as set forth in Count IV of the Amended Complaint.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

/s/ Noel Eason Primos
Judge
NEP/sz
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oc: Prothonotary
Counsel of Record
file

30

