[Cite as Stanley Miller Constr. Co. v. Ohio School Facilities Comm., 2010-Ohio-1528.]
                                                      Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                                    The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                            65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                                       Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                             614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                                        www.cco.state.oh.us




STANLEY MILLER CONSTRUCTION CO.

       Plaintiff

       v.

OHIO SCHOOL FACILITIES COMMISSION, et al.

       Defendants
       Case No. 2006-04351

Judge Joseph T. Clark

DECISION




        {¶ 1} Plaintiff, Stanley Miller Construction Company (Stanley Miller), brought
this action against defendants, Ohio School Facilities Commission (OSFC) and State of
Ohio, alleging breach of contract, negligence, and unjust enrichment.1 The case was
tried to the court on the issues of liability and damages.
        {¶ 2} Stanley Miller entered into a contract with OSFC and Canton City School
District Board of Education in January 2003 for the construction of what was to be the
Lehman Middle School (Lehman project). During the construction phase, ownership of
the proposed middle school was to be shared by OSFC (77 percent) and Canton (23
percent).2



        1
          OSFC and the State of Ohio will be referred to collectively as “OSFC” throughout this decision.
        2
           Stanley Miller and OSFC are involved in substantially related litigation with Canton City School
District Board of Education in another action before this court. See Stanley Miller Constr. Co. v. OSFC,
Ct. of Cl. No. 2006-05632-PR. Although the two cases were combined for trial, the court will issue a
separate decision for each case.
        {¶ 3} Stanley Miller was a prime contractor on the project having been awarded
a contract for numerous divisions of the work, including the division for masonry, which
was the largest single component of the project. Jeffrey Tuckerman, OSFC’s project
administrator, selected Ruhlin Construction (Ruhlin) as construction manager for the
Lehman project.    According to Tuckerman, Ruhlin was an extension of OSFC with
respect to the management of the Lehman project.
        {¶ 4} Stanley Miller alleges that their work on the Lehman project was plagued
by a myriad of costly inefficiencies that were caused by factors outside of its control.
For example, Stanley Miller alleges that the combined effect of a hopelessly flawed
construction schedule and the persistent meddling of Ruhlin resulted in delays and extra
work.
        {¶ 5} On July 2, 2004, the scheduled project completion date, Stanley Miller
submitted a one-page document to OSFC wherein Stanley Miller demanded that OSFC
make an equitable adjustment to the contract price of more than $1.1 million in order to
compensate Stanley Miller for unanticipated additional costs it had incurred on the
project. The document was authored by Stanley Miller Vice President and Co-owner,
Steve Miller,   and became known at trial as the “one-page, $1.1 million claim.”
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 64.) The document reads as follows:

                                       Est.                Actual      Difference
 Masonry costs including
 labor, material and
 equipment                          2,274,738.00     2,751,130.77      (476,392.77)
 Cold Weather Protect                         0.00         35,973.27    (35,973.27)
 Backfill Retaining Walls              17,400.00           51,707.84    (34,307.84)
 Concrete Costs                       404,200.00       507,029.96      (102,829.96)
 Clean Up Costs                        23,000.00           56,583.29    (33,583.29)
 Temp. Roads, Repair Sub-
 grade                                   8,500.00          25,973.04    (17,473.04)
 Sewer Work                            53,700.00           71,364.53    (17,664.53)
 Roof Trusses                         221,600.00       291,974.39       (70,374.39)
                                                     Total Losses      (788,598.79)
                                                       Total OH &      (350,000.00)
                                                             Profit
                                                                      (1,138,598.79
                                                                                  )


                                                           Current    5,923,846.19
                                                          Contract
                                     Costs as of this date (7/1/04)   (6,660,747.80
                                                                                  )
                                                                       (736,901.61)
              Estimated costs to complete, (Concrete bills yet to       (51,697.18)
 arrive and labor to install curb and sidewalk along Broad St.)
                                                                       (788,598.79)


        {¶ 6} Although there were some subsequent communications between the
parties regarding the claim and a brief meeting which occurred in July 2004, it is clear
that no payment was made. Plaintiff now seeks to recover these additional costs under
theories of breach of contract, negligence, and unjust enrichment.


I. THE LEHMAN PROJECT
        {¶ 7} As stated above, following a competitive bidding process, Stanley Miller
was awarded a contract for multiple divisions of the work on the Lehman project,
including the following :
        {¶ 8} “1.    Bid Package 2B - Site Work is generally all labor, equipment,
material and supervision as required to complete: site development, removal of existing
concrete and asphalt, earthwork, asphalt paving, concrete walks and curbs, sewer
collection systems, bicycle parking racks, landscape work, and site concrete.
        {¶ 9} “2.    Bid Package 3B - Interior Concrete Slabs is generally all labor,
equipment, material and supervision as required to complete: slab on grade and slab of
deck.
        {¶ 10} “3.   Bid Package 4A - Masonry is generally all labor, equipment,
material and supervision as required to complete:         exterior and interior masonry,
including site work masonry, insulation, caulking and related work as shown on the
Contract Documents.
       {¶ 11} “4.   Bid Package 5B - Miscellaneous Metals is generally all work
required to provide materials and complete installation of materials such as ladders,
stairs, handrails, etc which includes offloading, shakeout, raising, bolting, cutting,
welding, alignment, shop priming, galvanizing and touch-up.          The Prime Contractor
responsible for this work shall be termed the Miscellaneous Steel Installation Contractor
(MSIC).
       {¶ 12} “5.   Bid Package 9A - General Trades Package is generally all labor,
equipment, material and supervision as required to complete:             Rough and finish
carpentry, insulation, EIFS, shingled and metal roof, all interior and exterior doors,
frames, and hardware, rolling security gates, glass and glazing, studs and drywall, all
flooring, finish carpentry, caulking, gypsum board walls, acoustical ceilings, paint,
division 10 specialties, stage equipment, projection screens, athletic equipment, and
gym bleachers.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2.)
       {¶ 13} As is evident from the quantity of work that Stanley Miller was responsible
to complete on the Lehman project, the construction of the Lehman Middle School was
essentially a Stanley Miller project.      The Lehman project was scheduled to be
completed on or before July 2, 2004, but work continued until early 2005. There is no
argument that the project was substantially completed by the start of the school year
and that the building was open for classes in August 2004.


II. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
       {¶ 14} OSFC contends that Stanley Miller’s cause of action for breach of contract
accrued at the time the breach occurred. OSFC argues that the latest date when a
breach could have occurred was when Stanley Miller incurred the additional costs it
seeks to recover. Steve Miller testified that a majority of additional costs reflected in the
one-page, $1.1 million claim were incurred by Stanley Miller in 2003. As noted above,
Stanley Miller filed this action in the court of common pleas on June 30, 2006, more
than two years after such costs were incurred.
       {¶ 15} For the following reasons, OSFC’s argument is without merit. First, as a
general rule, a party’s failure to raise an affirmative defense either by motion before
pleading pursuant to Civ.R. 12, a responsive pleading pursuant to Civ.R. 8(C), or a
timely amendment under Civ.R. 15, waives the party’s right to subsequently raise the
defense. Marok v. The Ohio State Univ. (June 26, 2008), Franklin App. No. 07AP-921,
2008-Ohio-3170, citing Mills v. Whitehouse Trucking Co. (1974), 40 Ohio St.2d 55.
Here, OSFC did not assert the defense until the second day of trial, when it orally
moved to amend its pleading.
       {¶ 16} OSFC attempts to excuse its failure to earlier assert the affirmative
defense of the statute of limitations by claiming that it discovered only after the trial had
commenced that a portion of Stanley Miller’s one-page, $1.1 million claim included
costs that were allegedly incurred in 2003. However, given the sheer size of the claim,
and the fact that some of the elements of the claim necessarily relate to work that was
completed early in the Lehman project, OSFC should have been aware of the potential
defense well ahead of the trial. Thus, OSFC’s failure to earlier assert the defense is not
excusable.
       {¶ 17} Moreover, the evidence in this case shows that the one-page, $1.1 million
claim was never formally rejected by OSFC. The parties briefly met to discuss the claim
and it is clear that OSFC asked Stanley Miller for more information about the claim, but
no further action was taken. Thus, with respect to the portions of the one-page, $1.1
million claim that have not been waived by Stanley Miller, Stanley Miller’s cause of
action for breach of contract was timely filed. See The Painting Co. v. The Ohio State
Univ., Franklin App. No. 09AP 78, 2009-Ohio-5710.


III. MASONRY WORK
       {¶ 18} For this division of the work, Stanley Miller was to provide “all labor,
equipment, material and supervision as required to complete exterior and interior
masonry, including site work masonry, insulation, caulking and related work as shown
on the Contract Documents.” Inasmuch as the majority of Stanley Miller’s claim is for
additional masonry costs, the court will begin its discussion with that element of the
claim. As noted above, Stanley Miller claims that OSFC breached the contract by failing
to provide it with a workable construction schedule and by wrongfully interfering with
Stanley Miller’s work.


       A. The Schedule
       {¶ 19} Article 4.3.2 of the contract provides in relevant part:
       {¶ 20} “The Contractor shall cooperate with the Construction Manager to prepare
a Construction Schedule which shall include, without limitation, the following
information.
       {¶ 21} “* * *
       {¶ 22} “4.3.2.5 The critical path of the Work
       {¶ 23} “4.3.6       Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, the
Construction Manager shall update the Construction Schedule on a monthly basis and
upon any approval of all Contractors in accordance with subparagraph GC 4.3.5.4.”
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2.)
       {¶ 24} The court heard a great deal of testimony regarding the quality of the
schedule.      Joel Reot, Ruhlin’s construction superintendent, prepared the original or
baseline schedule. By Reot’s own admission, his prior experience with construction
scheduling does not qualify him as an expert in the critical path method (CPM).
Although Ruhlin does have employees on its payroll who possess such scheduling
expertise, Ruhlin chose not to consult such employees in developing the schedule for
the Lehman project. Reot also admitted that the Lehman project was twice the size of
any project for which he had previously developed a schedule.
       {¶ 25} Steve Miller testified that he had serious reservations about the baseline
schedule. In Miller’s view, the Lehman project was a masonry-driven project which
meant that the masonry walls were its primary component. In his opinion, the schedule
for the Lehman project should have been formulated to best accommodate that division
of the work. Given the weather in Ohio, Miller also believed that the exterior masonry
walls should have been made a scheduling priority.
       {¶ 26} Stanley Miller President, David Miller, also questioned the logic of the
baseline schedule stating that “masonry must lead the work on this type of project.”
Greg Davis, Stanley Miller’s project superintendent, agreed stating that the schedule
should have been formulated with the masonry work as the “lead aspect.” He also
believed that an efficient schedule for the Lehman project would prioritize the
completion of exterior masonry walls in area B inasmuch as such walls were “below
grade,” and thus, difficult to access later in the project. He described area B as the
“lynchpin” of the masonry division. Davis believed that the schedule was mistakenly
formulated to accommodate the division of the work pertaining to structural steel, a
relatively small portion of the work.     Although Davis did not believe that the faulty
schedule prevented Stanley Miller from performing the masonry work, he was certain
that it made performance more labor intensive, more time consuming, and costlier.
According to Davis, the baseline schedule “was not a workable schedule.”
       {¶ 27} Donnie Kramer took over for Davis as project superintendent when the
Lehman project was 15 percent to 20 percent complete.               When he reviewed the
baseline schedule, he determined that more than 100 activities lacked either
predecessor or successor activities and that certain activities which were identified as
“critical” were clearly not priorities. For example, the schedule identified the completion
of certain interior walls as a critical activity at a point in time when the exterior walls had
not yet been completed.
       {¶ 28} Another criticism of the schedule voiced by Kramer was the fact that it
required certain interior walls to be completed during the summer months while the
construction of exterior walls in other areas was left for the winter months when such
construction was more costly. Kramer stated that interior walls are better left to the
winter months after the entire structure is enclosed. He testified that a good CPM
schedule “is a blessing; it makes life much easier for me.” Kramer opined that Ruhlin’s
baseline schedule could not even be considered a true CPM schedule.
       {¶ 29} The most enlightening testimony regarding the schedule was that of
Stanley Miller’s expert, Trisha Gardina. Gardina’s credentials include a Bachelor of Arts
degree in construction engineering, post-graduate work towards a Master’s in Civil
Engineering, and significant experience as a scheduler while employed by Ruhlin. As a
principal in TG Consulting, Inc., Gardina now instructs others in the construction
industry in CPM and she is leading an effort to have the field of construction scheduling
recognized as a profession in Ohio.          Gardina testified that in the course of her
experience and training, she had become expert in the use of construction scheduling
software known as Prima Vera, which she referred to as “the Cadillac of CPM
scheduling software.”
       {¶ 30} Gardina was first contacted about the Lehman project in August 2003,
when Keith Hoffman, Stanley Miller’s project manager, asked her to review the Lehman
project schedule. According to Gardina, after spending only a short time reviewing the
baseline schedule, she was able to determine that it was “grossly inadequate.” She
made some suggestions to Hoffman regarding improvements that could be made, but
she was not retained as a consultant at that time.
       {¶ 31} Thereafter, Hoffman     met with Reot for the purposes of revising the
schedule. The result of the meeting was a revised schedule that Hoffman believed
would resolve some of the issues with the original schedule. However, Hoffman was
still of the opinion that the revised schedule was inadequate to meet Stanley Miller’s
needs. Although four subsequent updates to the schedule were drafted, Hoffman was
never satisfied that the schedule was workable.         At trial, Reot acknowledged that
Hoffman had a good understanding of CPM scheduling.
       {¶ 32} After this action was filed, Stanley Miller once again contacted Gardina.
Gardina thoroughly dissected the Lehman baseline schedule and the four schedule
updates that were generated by Ruhlin and, in the course of her testimony, she
educated the court regarding general principles of CPM scheduling as well as the
intended benefits of such a schedule.      According to Gardina, the goal of the CPM
schedule is to identify those activities that are critical to the completion of the work and
to develop both a logical sequence and a reasonable time-frame within which such
activities must be completed. With the help of the scheduling software, predecessor
and successor activities are assigned to each critical activity and individual float values
are calculated. The “float” represents the number of days between the earliest possible
date on which an activity may commence and the last acceptable date on which the
activity must be completed. Gardina testified that when the float values are inaccurate
the schedule is unreliable. She opined that the baseline schedule developed by Ruhlin
contained a negative overall float value which meant that the individual float values
were wrong. The schedule was also missing numerous predecessor and successor
activities which, according to Gardina, undermined the logic of the schedule.
       {¶ 33} In Gardina’s opinion, the strict implementation of a schedule such as the
one generated by Ruhlin for the Lehman project would seriously impact the efficiency of
the contractor’s work. Specifically, Gardina stated that the contractor working under
such circumstances would be expected to work on activities with float values when it
should be working on predecessors to critical activities. An inevitable result of a faulty
schedule such as the one developed by Ruhlin is that the contractor will appear to be
behind schedule in completing a particular activity even before the true float value for
that activity has been exhausted. Gardina testified that another inevitability of such a
poor schedule is that the contractor will be forced to put more effort into each activity,
whether it be extra time, labor, or equipment, “just to keep up.” Gardina’s review of the
correspondence and e-mails between Ruhlin and Stanley Miller convinced her that
Stanley Miller experienced all of these difficulties during the Lehman project.              The
court’s review of the relevant materials leads the court to the same conclusion.
       {¶ 34} Although OSFC pointed out that construction scheduling has not yet been
nationally recognized as an accredited profession, the court finds that Gardina was
qualified to testify as an expert in the field of construction scheduling by virtue of her
knowledge, skill, experience, and training in that field. The court also found her
testimony to be both credible and persuasive. Although OSFC also presented the
testimony of a scheduling expert with fine credentials, the court was not persuaded by
his testimony.
       {¶ 35} OSFC contends, in the alternative, that even if the schedule was faulty,
Stanley Miller must share the blame for the alleged deficiencies in the schedule
inasmuch as Stanley Miller failed timely to provide feedback to Ruhlin regarding the
baseline schedule and thereafter failed timely to notify Ruhlin of any perceived problems
with the schedule. The evidence does not support OSFC’s argument.
       {¶ 36} Although it is true that Stanley Miller did not provide certain preliminary
scheduling information to Ruhlin within the time required by the contract, the testimony
established that none of the contractors did so on this project and that such a
circumstance is not uncommon. Additionally, as previously stated, Stanley Miller did
inform Ruhlin of problems with the schedule well before the masonry work was to
commence. The court is also convinced that a mere extension of time would not have
mitigated the problems inherent in the faulty schedule or have otherwise prevented the
inefficiencies and extra costs that were a foreseeable result of such a schedule. For
similar reasons, the court does not believe that earlier intervention by Stanley Miller
would have made any difference. The contract provided that Ruhlin was to draw up the
schedule; Ruhlin chose Reot for that task; and Reot chose not to consult with
scheduling experts on Ruhlin’s payroll.
       {¶ 37} Based upon the totality of the evidence, the court finds that the schedule
developed by Ruhlin was both logically flawed and hopelessly incomplete. Thus, it is
the conclusion of the court that OSFC breached the contract, by and through Ruhlin, by
failing to provide Stanley Miller with a workable CPM schedule as required by Articles
4.3.2 – 4.3.6.
       {¶ 38} Having determined that OSFC breached the contract by not providing
Stanley Miller with a workable CPM schedule, the question becomes whether the
schedule resulted in compensable extra costs to Stanley Miller.
       {¶ 39} Article 2.1.1 provides “[t]he Contractor shall be responsible for and have
control over all construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures
for all portions of the Contractor’s Work * * *.”
       {¶ 40} Stanley Miller claims that Ruhlin’s slavish devotion to a flawed and
unworkable schedule caused Stanley Miller to perform the work in an inefficient manner,
thus raising its costs. Stanley Miller further contends that Ruhlin’s project
superintendent, Brad Way, stubbornly refused to allow it to deviate from the schedule,
which had the effect of usurping Stanley Miller’s right to exercise control over the
means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures (means and methods)
regarding the masonry division.
       {¶ 41} Article 4.1.6 of the contract provides: “The Contractor shall supervise the
Work in conformity with the coordination of the Construction Manager and shall take
orders and directions from the Construction Manager as provided in the Contract
Documents. Orders and direction from the Construction Manager for the coordination of
the Work of the Contractors shall not relieve the Contractor from the Contractor’s duty to
supervise the Contractor’s Work in accordance with the Contract Documents.”
       {¶ 42} According to Stanley Miller, whenever its efforts to exercise control over
the means and methods of the masonry work conflicted either with Ruhlin’s schedule or
the work of other contractors, Brad Way ordered Stanley Miller’s employees to move to
another area. According to Stanley Miller, when it resisted Brad Way’s directives, it was
threatened either with the unjustified assessment of liquidated damages or the wrongful
withholding of progress payments.
       {¶ 43} Stanley Miller’s management team on the Lehman project consisted of
Carl Weithman (masonry foreman), Ron Nichols (site foreman), Norman George
(concrete foreman), Hoffman, and Davis. Donnie Kramer replaced Davis as project
superintendent when he became available in July 2003 whereupon Davis returned to
his usual duties as a general project manager.
       {¶ 44} Kramer described Stanley Miller’s intended approach to the masonry work
on the Lehman project:
       {¶ 45} “A. Every building is different, but myself, when I have high sections, if
they are combined like this particular project was in the center of the building, I always
try to build in the high part first and work away from it, because you need the access to
reach that. And the most efficient way of reaching it is with a forklift, a new Pettibone or
Lull. You do not want to use a crane in servicing masonry. And if you get blocked out,
that’s what you end up doing.
       {¶ 46} “And I will also – there again, every building’s different. If it’s possible, I
will start the crews at one end, say, it be north, and try to work it to the south so that all
the other crews can follow and stay out of the way of the progress going in that
direction, finishes – the rough, the roof, everything can just – everybody follows and
moves, and they are staying out of each other’s work areas, and they are able to
perform efficiently, because you are not working around other trades or other materials.”
(Transcript, Page 39, Line 5 - Page 40, Line 2.)
       {¶ 47} A number of Stanley Miller’s employees were asked about the progress of
the masonry work on the Lehman project and each told a similar story. For example,
Stanley Miller’s masonry foreman, Carl Weithman, testified that he and his crew were
constantly being pushed by Way. He testified that each day he developed and then
began to implement a plan for his crew but that, “three hours in,” Way would move his
crew out of that location. Weithman also related that he wanted to first work on section
B (penthouse) because access to that area would be more difficult later in the project,
but that Way would not let his crew work in that area. Weithman’s plan to install
masonry block and brick in succession at any given location was also thwarted by Way.
       {¶ 48} According to Weithman, Way’s fiery disposition caused Weithman to
consider leaving the job on several occasions. Weithman once observed Way
screaming at a contractor at the top of his lungs while throwing and then kicking his own
hard hat. Weithman testified that because of Way’s behavior, he decided to leave the
job shortly before its completion.
       {¶ 49} One of Weithman’s crew, a 45-year union bricklayer by the name of
Charlie Mize, testified that being moved from one area of the project to another before
completing the work was “very unusual” but that it happened frequently on the Lehman
project. He believed Way intentionally made things as difficult on Stanley Miller as he
could. For example, Mize stated that Way waited until the roof of one of the building’s
units was completed before informing Stanley Miller that it needed to re-grout the
masonry walls; a task that is much more difficult when the wall is under roof.
       {¶ 50} Davis testified that Stanley Miller’s preferred method was to lay concrete
block in one area and then lay brick in that same area so that his masons could
efficiently complete an entire masonry wall. According to Davis, Way would often
demand that his masons cease work in the middle of the day and order them to remove
all of their materials and equipment from a location in order to accommodate other
contractors. On many such occasions, Way refused Davis’ request to leave scaffolding
in place and ordered that it be torn down. Thus, when Stanley Miller returned to
complete the work it was required to reassemble scaffolding and/or tents and redeliver
sand and mortar to the site.
       {¶ 51} According to Kramer, due to the Ruhlin schedule and the demands of
Way, Stanley Miller was not permitted to finish masonry walls in the penthouse of area
B as planned; that when Stanley Miller returned to area B to finish the work, other
trades were found to have blocked access to the site resulting in no choice but to
employ a crane to move materials into place. Stanley Miller also experienced delays in
performing such work inasmuch as other contractors were often performing work below.
Kramer explained that it is unsafe for Stanley Miller to use a crane to move materials
when other contractors are working below. Kramer believed that Way “used the
schedule as a weapon” against Stanley Miller.
      {¶ 52} Even Reot admitted that Way was more difficult to work with on the
Lehman project than he had been on past projects. Reot testified that he and Way
“worked differently” and that “he [Reot] was not out to get anyone.”
      {¶ 53} Way’s recollection of the Lehman project was quite a bit different than that
of Stanley Miller’s employees. Way testified that he had a good working relationship
with Kramer and Stanley Miller’s other foreman. He even commended Weithman and
his masons on the quality of their work, referring to Weithman as “very competent.”
Way denied ordering Stanley Miller’s masons to cease work and move to other areas of
the site. He stated that it was Stanley Miller’s employees who often sought him out for
guidance when their own foreman was not on site. Way admitted that he frequently
questioned why Stanley Miller’s masons were working certain areas and he
acknowledged that Stanley Miller’s employees seemed to be “jumping around a lot.”
Although Way agreed that Stanley Miller had a contractual right to control the means
and methods of the work, he believed that Ruhlin had the right to dictate the sequence
of such work.
      {¶ 54} Way attributed the extra masonry costs allegedly incurred by Stanley
Miller to Weithman’s decision to tear down and then rebuild two masonry walls that
were not built to Weithman’s standards. Way also criticized Stanley Miller for not
keeping a foreman at the site at all times and he believed this may have contributed to
the extra costs. When questioned by counsel about his involvement in the current
dispute and Stanley Miller’s criticism of his management style Way simply responded, “I
was just doing my job.”
      {¶ 55} In Sherman R. Smoot, Co. v. Ohio Dept. of Adm. Serv. (2000), 136 Ohio
App.3d 166, a masonry contractor established a right to recovery from the owner by
showing that the failure of another contractor to timely complete its work caused the
masonry contractor to proceed at less than peak efficiency. The masonry contractor
introduced evidence showing that “masonry crews were often unable to complete one
task before moving on to the next task.” Id. at 181. According to the testimony of the
contractor’s vice president and project manager, the contractor “was forced to have its
masonry crews move back and forth between uncompleted jobs in order to keep them
working” and that “moving masons back and forth between jobs dramatically increased
the amount of preparatory masonry work, such as dismantling and erecting scaffolding,
which the mason-helpers had to perform.” Id. at 182. The contractor’s expert stated
that “having the masonry’s crews move back and forth between partially completed
masonry jobs caused the crews to operate at less than peak productivity.” Id. The
Tenth District Court of Appeals held that the masonry contractor was entitled to
damages representing the additional labor costs for both the masons and mason-
helpers, plus the extra costs attributable to the increased ration of masons to mason-
helpers. Id. at 181-182.
       {¶ 56} Based upon the totality of the evidence and weighing the credibility of the
witnesses, the court finds that Stanley Miller’s employees provided the court with the a
more reliable recollection of events. Indeed, the court finds that Way’s mistaken belief
that Ruhlin had the right to control the sequence of the masonry work and his zealous
exercise of that control during the project exacerbated the difficulties inherent in the
logically flawed and incomplete schedule. The court also has no doubt that Stanley
Miller’s desire to perform the masonry work on the Lehman project by the means and
methods it believed to be the most efficient, often conflicted with Way’s desire to
proceed in accordance with the schedule. As a result of this conflict, the court finds that
an unhealthy antagonism developed between Way and Stanley Miller which stifled
effective communication and made any dispute resolution extremely difficult.
       {¶ 57} In short, the court finds that OSFC, by and through Ruhlin, breached
Articles 2.1.1 and 4.3.2 - 4.3.6 of the contract. The court also finds that the breach of
contract caused Stanley Miller to incur extra costs.


       B. Waiver
       {¶ 58} Having determined that OSFC breached the agreement and that Stanley
Miller incurred extra costs as a result of the breach, the question becomes whether
Stanley Miller waived its right to an equitable adjustment to the contract by failing to
strictly comply with the requirements of Article 8.
         {¶ 59} Article 8 details the procedure for requesting additional payment. The
relevant provision of the parties’ agreement reads as follows:
         {¶ 60} “8.1.1 Any request for equitable adjustments of Contract shall be made in
writing to the Architect, through the Construction Manager, and filed prior to Contract
Completion, provided the Contractor notified the Architect, through the Construction
Manager, no more than ten (10) days after the initial occurrence of the facts which are
the basis of the claim. To the fullest extent permitted by law, failure of the Contractor to
timely provide such notice and a contemporaneous statement of damages shall
constitute a waiver by the Contractor of any claim for additional compensation or for
mitigation of Liquidated Damages.
         {¶ 61} “8.1.2 In every such written claim filed in accordance with paragraph GC
8.1.1, the Contractor shall provide the following information to permit evaluation of the
request for equitable adjustment of the Contract.
         {¶ 62} “8.1.2.1 Nature and amount of the claim;
         {¶ 63} “8.1.2.2 Identification of persons, entities and events responsible for the
claim;
         {¶ 64} “8.1.2.3 Activities on the Construction Schedule affected by the claim or
new activities created by any delay, interference, hindrance or disruption and the
relationship with existing activities;
         {¶ 65} “8.1.2.4 Anticipated duration of any delay, interference, hindrance or
disruption;
         {¶ 66} “8.1.2.5 Recommended action to avoid or minimize any future delay,
interference hindrance or disruption.
         {¶ 67} “8.2.1 To avoid or minimize the filing of requests for equitable adjustment
of the Contract, the Contractor and the Construction Manager, with the assistance of the
Architect, shall endeavor to timely and proactively identify, address and resolve matters
involving persons, entities or events which may give rise to a request for equitable
adjustments of the Contract.
       {¶ 68} “8.2.2 The Construction Manager, with the assistance of the Architect,
shall within 30 days of receipt of a request for equitable adjustments of the Contract
filed pursuant to paragraph GC 8.1.1, schedule a meeting with the Contractor to
implement the job site dispute resolution procedures the parties agreed to implement as
a result of the partnering arrangement.” (Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 69} Stanley Miller concedes that it did not strictly comply with Article 8, but it
argues that OSFC either waived strict compliance with the claims process or that other
circumstances excused noncompliance.
       {¶ 70} In Craft General Contractors, Inc. v. City of Urbana (Feb. 2, 1982),
Franklin App. No. 81AP-346, a project engineer required a contractor to purchase a
more expensive type of backfill than was specified in the project plans. Although the
dispute about the backfill arose in April 1979, the contractor did not file a written claim
until July 1979. The owner rejected the contractor’s claim because it was filed beyond
the one-week time period set forth in the contract. The trial court found that the
contractor had waived the claim and granted summary judgment in favor of the owner.
The court of appeals held that the contractor’s “delay in filing [a] written claim beyond
the one-week time period stipulated in * * * the contract did not defeat its claim since
[the owners] had independent knowledge of the condition complained of and had oral
notice of [the contractor’s] complaint and [the owners] were not prejudiced by lack of
earlier written notice.” Id. at 23.
       {¶ 71} The court acknowledges that the facts alleged in this case are different
from those in Craft General, supra. For example, the nature of the masonry claim made
by Stanley Miller involves inefficiencies rather than material costs. Nonetheless, the
court finds that the logic of Craft General is applicable herein.
       {¶ 72} The evidence shows that Stanley Miller made an effort at the earliest
stages of the project to inform Ruhlin of its problems with the baseline schedule and that
it later became involved in reworking the schedule, to little or no avail. Steve Miller
informed Ruhlin in February 2003, that there was insufficient time built into the schedule
for Stanley Miller to complete critical activities. Miller requested an extension of 174
days but when it was given only 44, it sent a prompt reply, wherein Miller explained his
position as follows: “I cannot sign your schedule in its present form. With regard to the
masonry, I asked for an additional 174 days. In return you gave me 44, of those 44
days most have little affect [sic] on the critical path. On three (3) items which do affect
the critical path, you decreased my time by 40 days. On other critical path items you
gave me a total of 24 days. The bottom line is that I need more days especially on
bearing CMU walls & brick veneer.”
       {¶ 73} Stanley Miller continued to voice specific concerns about the schedule in
July 2003 when Hoffman wrote to Reot that the schedule was “illogical at best.” In his
letter, Hoffman complained that the schedule erroneously required interior masonry
walls to be completed before the structure was fully enclosed. Hoffman also stated that
the schedule “is only seventy-five 75% complete and cannot be used effectively.”
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 20.) Hoffman advised Reot that proceeding with the work pursuant to
the schedule was not efficient. Finally, Hoffman offered to meet with Reot to revise the
schedule and asked Reot for an electronic copy of the schedule to facilitate that end.
       {¶ 74} With regard to the interference of Brad Way, although Reot testified that
he did not specifically recall any Stanley Miller complaints about Way, and that he
“vaguely remembers” Stanley Miller’s request that Way be removed from the project,
the evidence proves that Stanley Miller frequently expressed serious concerns about
Way. For example, in a September 4, 2003 letter to Reot, Hoffman requested that “any
communication between Ruhlin and Stanley Miller be directed either through this office
or our job-site superintendent, Donnie Kramer. Please do not give direction to any other
field personnel.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 23.) The evidence establishes that this letter was in
reference to Way’s interference. The very next day, Hoffman wrote Reot complaining
that “there is no money in our bid to pay field personnel to discuss the job with [Way].
This disruption in work-flow adds up over the length of the job and is not recoverable.”
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 24.) David Krutz, Ruhlin’s project executive, testified that he had
oversight responsibility for all Ruhlin/OSFC projects, of which there were many.
Although he visited the Lehman project job site on only a half-dozen occasions, he
testified that in early 2004 he was aware that Stanley Miller was having trouble with
Way.
       {¶ 75} When Stanley Miller’s complaints were not addressed, Hoffman requested
that Way be removed from the project. In his March 11, 2004 letter to Reot, Hoffman
recommended Way’s removal to “avoid or minimize any future interference, disruption,
hinderance or delay.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 43.) The trial testimony given by both Ruhlin
and OSFC personnel involved in the project convinces the court that the
recommendation was not seriously considered by OSFC. Thus, the court finds that
OSFC was well aware of the negative impact upon Stanley Miller caused by the
combined effect of the faulty schedule and the interference of Way with Stanley Miller’s
means and methods.
       {¶ 76} With regard to the issue of prejudice, OSFC argues that plaintiff’s late
presentation of the one-page, $1.1 million claim for extra compensation, combined with
the lack of a detailed accounting of the items comprising the claim, prevented OSFC
from conducting a meaningful investigation into the claim and thwarted OSFC’s defense
of the claim. With respect to the masonry division, OSFC’s argument rings hollow. The
effect of the faulty schedule upon Stanley Miller’s prosecution of the masonry work
became known to Ruhlin early in this project, but OSFC made no meaningful effort to
mitigate the damage. The effect of Ruhlin’s interference with Stanley Miller’s means
and methods was also communicated to OSFC at an early stage of the project, but
nothing was done. Under the circumstances, OSFC was not unfairly prejudiced by the
lack of earlier notice of the claim, at least as it relates to the masonry division, inasmuch
as OSFC has not demonstrated that it would have further investigated the nature and
extent of such claim.
       {¶ 77} With regard to the lack of detail, OSFC established that it was possible for
Stanley Miller to use its own method of job costing “by phase” to track the extra costs
attributable to the inefficiencies caused by the poor schedule or the interference caused
by Brad Way. The court is not convinced however, that such a procedure would have
yielded a more reliable estimate of Stanley Miller’s extra costs given the nature of the
inefficiencies and the difficulty inherent in measuring the actual cost per occurrence.
Moreover, the evidence establishes that Ruhlin never fully appreciated or understood
Stanley Miller’s difficulties with the schedule and further exacerbated those difficulties
by interfering with Stanley Miller’s preferred means and methods. Consequently, the
absence of detail regarding the specific occurrences comprising Stanley Miller’s
masonry claim did not unfairly prejudice OSFC in its defense of the claim.
       {¶ 78} Based upon the totality of the evidence, the court finds that OSFC was
aware of the circumstances that led to the masonry claim, that Stanley Miller gave
OSFC both oral and written notice that a claim was contemplated, and that OSFC was
not unfairly prejudiced by the failure of Stanley Miller to strictly comply with the
contractual dispute resolution process. In fact, given the nature of the masonry claim
and the antagonistic relationship between Ruhlin and Stanley Miller, the court further
finds that any effort by Stanley Miller to employ the contractual claims process with
regard to the extra masonry costs would have been futile. As a general rule, courts will
not require a party to perform a vain act in order to preserve contractual remedies. See,
e.g. Galayda v. Lake Hosp. Sys., Inc., 71 Ohio St.3d 421, 1994-Ohio-64; Conti Corp. v.
Ohio Dept. of Administrative Services (1993), 90 Ohio App.3d 462, 470-471; George
Wiedemann Brewing Co. v. Maxwell (1908), 78 Ohio St. 54, 66.
       {¶ 79} OSFC next contends that the opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio in
Dugan & Meyers Const. Co., Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Admin. Servs., 113 Ohio St.3d 226,
2007-Ohio-1687, strengthens the waiver rule as it pertains to state contracts and thus,
requires judgment in its favor. In Dugan & Meyers, the primary issue for the court was
whether a clause in the contract precluding the contractor from recovering damages for
delay was valid and enforceable. A secondary issue in the case was whether the
contractor’s failure to request an extension of time within ten days of the occurrence
necessitating an extension of time constituted a waiver of the contractor’s right to
recover damages for the delays. The court held that “[t]he record lacks evidence of
either an affirmative or implied waiver by [the owner] of the change-order procedures
contained in the contract.” Id. at ¶41.
       {¶ 80} Contrary to OSFC’s assertion, Dugan & Meyers does not hold that there
are no circumstances under which there may be a waiver of strict compliance with
Article 8. Rather, the court in Dugan & Meyers simply found that the contractor in that
case had failed to demonstrate that it was excused from strict compliance with the
contractual claims process. Id. The court does not read Dugan and Meyers as an
implied rejection of the rule of law set forth in either Craft General Contractors, supra, or
Conti, supra.
       {¶ 81} In the final analysis, the court finds that Stanley Miller has proven both that
it is entitled to an equitable adjustment to the contract to compensate it for extra
masonry costs and that it did not waive its claim by failing to strictly comply with Article
8. The court is aware that the parties followed the contractual claims procedure on
numerous occasions during the Lehman project and that the process resulted in change
orders and adjustments to the contract price totaling approximately $100,000. The court
is also aware that time was of the essence on this project and that, on many occasions,
the parties agreed that Stanley Miller would perform certain work and that either a
change order or agreed adjustment to the contract price would be negotiated at a later
date. The parties and the contract referred to the later practice as “partnering.”
       {¶ 82} Given the circumstances surrounding the breach of contract, the court
finds that a failure of strict compliance with the contractual claims process by Stanley
Miller did not bar a subsequent claim for extra costs incurred in the masonry division. As
Hoffman explained at trial, when Stanley Miller first began experiencing inefficiencies in
its masonry operation as a result of the faulty schedule and Way’s interference, Stanley
Miller “had no idea that this would snowball into the mess that it did.”


       C. Damages
       {¶ 83}    As a general rule, in a breach of contract action, the measure of
damages is the amount it takes to place the plaintiff in the position it would have
occupied had the breach not occurred. Charles R. Combs Trucking, Inc. v. International
Harvester Co. (1984), 12 Ohio St.3d 241; Fouty v. Dept. of Youth Services, 167 Ohio
App.3d 508, 2006-Ohio-2957; Textron Fin. Corp. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. (1996),
115 Ohio App.3d 137. Where a party seeks expectation damages, such damages are
limited to actual loss, which means that the loss must be established with reasonable
certainty. Id.
       {¶ 84}    OSFC argues Stanley Miller’s efforts to recover its extra costs after
completion of the work perverts the parties’ contractual intent by treating a lump sum
contract as if it were a total cost contract. However, a number of Ohio courts, including
the Tenth District Court of Appeals, have recognized a total cost theory of recovery,
under certain limited circumstances, as a viable method for determining a contractor’s
damages. See Cleveland Constr., Inc. v. Ohio Pub. Emps. Retirement Sys., Franklin
App. No. 07AP-574, 2008-Ohio-1630; Tony Zumbo & Son Constr. Co. v. Ohio Dept. of
Transp. (1984), 22 Ohio App.3d 141; High Voltage Systems v. Ohio Dept. of Transp.
(Dec. 19, 1978), Franklin App. No. 78AP-88. Generally, in order for the contractor to
recover under a total cost theory, the contractor must establish the following: 1) that it
was impossible or highly impracticable for the contractor to prove their actual losses
directly; 2) that their bid was reasonable; 3) that the actual costs they sought from the
owner were reasonable; and 4) that breach was the sole cause of the contractor’s
damages. Cleveland Constr., supra, at ¶39.
         {¶ 85}   With respect to the first prong of the total cost analysis in this case, the
court is convinced that it was impractical if not impossible for Stanley Miller to prove the
actual extra masonry costs attributable to the combination of the faulty schedule and the
interference by Ruhlin. As stated above, given the nature of the inefficiencies, Stanley
Miller’s customary job-cost phasing practices would have been difficult to apply and, in
the opinion of the court, would not have resulted in a more accurate estimate of actual
costs.
         {¶ 86}   As to the second prong of the analysis, OSFC argues that Stanley Miller
cannot recover upon a total cost theory inasmuch as its bid significantly underestimates
the costs of the masonry work on the Lehman project. According to OSFC, it was
Stanley Miller’s faulty bid that was the cause of its losses on the project. Once again,
the evidence does not support OSFC’s contention.
         {¶ 87}   The court heard extensive testimony regarding Stanley Miller’s process
for arriving at its bids for the various divisions of the work on the Lehman project. Carl
Weithman testified that he personally reviewed the project plans and specifications and
that he employed his own computerized digitizing table and computer software known
as “EMc2” to arrive at an estimate both of the quantity and the type of masonry units
needed to complete the Lehman project. Weithman had joined Stanley Miller as a
masonry foreman in 1998. According to Weithman, he brought with him more than 34
years of experience as a brick mason and 20 years of full-time estimating experience.
He testified that he had estimated 50 to 70 bids per year as a principal in Weithman
Brothers Construction and that he had recently begun estimating for Stanley Miller.
According to Weithman, once he determined the number and type of masonry units
needed for the job, he contacted Stanley Miller’s suppliers to obtain material costs.
Weithman obtained labor costs from Dave Miller and then calculated total masonry
costs in preparing the bid. Stanley Miller is a union shop and its labor rates are fixed by
agreement.
       {¶ 88}   OSFC claims that Weithman omitted the cost of labor for the brick facing
in formulating the bid for the masonry division and that Weithman was mistaken as to
the total number of masonry units both for brick and block. However, when one
considers the entirety of Stanley Miller’s records, as well as the testimony regarding
those records, OSFC’s criticisms of the Stanley Miller bid are not sustained by the
evidence. Moreover, the case law requires a reasonable bid, not a perfect one. See
Cleveland Constr., supra.
       {¶ 89}   In short, the court is convinced that Weithman’s methodology for
estimating the quantity and type of masonry units needed to complete the job and the
costs to install those units was reliable and that he produced a reasonably accurate
estimate. Indeed, a simple comparison of Stanley Miller’s bid price to those submitted
by its competitors for the various divisions of the work, supports the conclusion that
Stanley Miller submitted a reasonable bid inasmuch as Stanley Miller was not a low
bidder on any of the divisions of the Lehman project, including masonry. In fact, it was
only when Stanley Miller submitted its combination bid that it became the low bidder.
Steve Miller testified that the costs for a combination bid are generally lower than the
sum of the individual bids because of the fact that the same materials, equipment, labor,
and supervision can be employed in multiple divisions of the work, which results in a
meaningful cost savings to Stanley Miller and a resulting lower bid price.
       {¶ 90}   Based upon the totality of the evidence, the court is persuaded that
Stanley Miller’s masonry bid was reasonable. For the court to conclude otherwise
would require a finding either that Stanley Miller’s overhead costs and anticipated profits
were significantly greater than those of its competitors or that Stanley Miller’s
competitors also underbid the job. The evidence does not support either finding.
       {¶ 91}   With respect to the reasonableness of the actual masonry costs sought
by Stanley Miller, OSFC does not seriously maintain that Stanley Miller was incapable
of efficiently completing the masonry work. Both Way and Reot acknowledged that
Stanley Miller was a competent masonry contractor. There is also no dispute that
masonry work was, in fact, completed by Stanley Miller and that such work was of good
quality. In short, Stanley Miller has convinced the court that it possessed the capability
to timely complete the project at or near its bid price. Thus, it is permissible to infer that
the costs associated with the extra work were reasonable.
       {¶ 92}   OSFC, however, points to discrepancies in Stanley Miller’s job-cost
reports as proof that Stanley Miller’s costs were exorbitant. For example, OSFC
identified an obvious error in Stanley Miller’s job-costing reports whereby the cost of
“legal work” was mistakenly included as part of Stanley Miller’s masonry costs.
Although the court agrees that such discrepancies impact the credibility of Stanley
Miller’s total cost estimate for some divisions of the work, the discrepancies do not
require the conclusion that the actual masonry costs contained in the one-page, $1.1
million claim are so unreliable that recovery under a total cost theory is inappropriate.
Again, the case law requires a reasonable estimate of actual costs, not a perfect
accounting. Cleveland Constr., supra.
       {¶ 93}   OSFC argues, in the alternative, that even if Stanley Miller incurred
compensable extra masonry costs as a result of OSFC’s breach of contract, Stanley
Miller is not entitled to rely on the total cost theory inasmuch as such extra masonry
costs were not solely caused by OSFC. However, the total cost theory can be modified
such that a contractor may yet recover its extra costs so long as an exclusion is made
for extra costs not attributable to the owner. See Cleveland Const., supra.; Phillips
Constr. Co. v. United States (1968), 184 Ct. Cl. 249, 394 F.2d 834; Servidone Const.
Corp. v. United States (1991), 931 F.2d 860; Youngdale & Sons Constr. Co. v. United
States (1993), 27 Fed. Cl. 516; Net Constr., Inc. v. C & C Rehab. & Constr., Inc. (2003),
256 F.Supp.2d 350.
       {¶ 94}   Here, although Stanley Miller established that extra masonry costs were
attributable to OSFC’s breach of contract, OSFC established that some of the costs
were not attributable. For example, the evidence establishes that two partially
constructed masonry walls were razed and then reconstructed as a result of Stanley
Miller’s errors. Weithman admitted that Stanley Miller erred in the framing of a doorway
and that the fix “took about one full day.” Steve Miller acknowledged, upon cross-
examination, that he did not reduce Stanley Miller’s claim for additional masonry costs
to account for any of these costs.
         {¶ 95}   Additionally, as OSFC correctly points out, poor weather also contributed
to the costs of the Lehman project. In an e-mail string dated April 2004, Hoffman
referred to the summer of 2003 as “the rainiest summer in over 100 years.” In a
subsequent meeting with OSFC regarding the one-page, $1.1 million claim, Steve Miller
complained to Krutz that costs were elevated by a cold winter and a wet spring. At trial,
Hoffman admitted that a portion of the extra time required to complete the masonry
work was due to rainy weather but he estimated that portion to be only ten percent.
Based upon the totality of the evidence, the court finds both that Hoffman’s estimate
was low and that Steve Miller made no weather-related deductions from the masonry
claim.
         {¶ 96}   Finally, Stanley Miller was aware that contracts were awarded on the
Lehman project to numerous prime contractors for the several divisions of work. Thus,
Stanley Miller knew that numerous prime contractors would be working simultaneously.
The contract requires that each prime contractor coordinate its work with the work of the
others. Consequently, as OSFC correctly points out, even if Stanley Miller had
conceived of a plan for constructing the school that would have achieved peak
efficiency for Stanley Miller’s masonry operation, the execution of such a plan was not
guaranteed by the contract.
         {¶ 97}   Stanley Miller is seeking a total of $476,392.77 for extra labor and
equipment costs in the masonry division, plus overhead and profit. Based upon the
foregoing, the court finds that Stanley Miller has proven that it incurred extra masonry
costs as a result of the flawed schedule and the interference by Ruhlin with its means
and methods. However, the court further finds that Stanley Miller’s estimate of such
costs must be reduced in order to more accurately reflect the extra costs attributable to
the breach by OSFC. Accordingly, in assessing Stanley Miller’s damages the court
finds that the $476,392.77 figure requested by Stanley Miller must be reduced by one-
half to account for causes other than OSFC’s breach of contract. The reduction results
in total compensable extra costs of $238,196.39.
       {¶ 98}   With respect to overhead and profit, Stanley Miller’s one-page, $1.1
million claim includes profit and overhead of $350,000, which represents the total
overhead and profit Stanley Miller expected to recover on the project had the work
progressed according to plan. For a number of reasons, the $350,000 sought by
Stanley Miller misstates compensable overhead and profit.
       {¶ 99}   First, there is a difference of $130,000 between the overhead and profit
which Steve Miller testified that Stanley Miller intended to recover on the project, and
the $350,000 figure contained in the one-page, $1.1 million claim. Second, simply
tacking on an additional $350,000 in overhead and profit to Stanley Miller’s claim will
result in a partial double recovery inasmuch as the original bid necessarily included
Stanley Miller’s anticipated profit and overhead, whatever that figure may have been.
Third, as noted above, not all of the extra costs in the masonry division are recoverable
under the modified total cost theory.
       {¶ 100} The parties’ contract speaks to the issue of allowable overhead and
profit. Pursuant to Articles 7.4.1 and 7.4.9, where a change order is warranted,
overhead of “up to ten percent” and profit of “up to five percent” is generally added to
the total cost. In this instance, ten percent for overhead and five percent for profit is
reasonable in light of Steve Miller’s testimony regarding Stanley Miller’s bid.
       {¶ 101} Accordingly, adjusting compensable costs upward by ten percent
($23,819.64) to account for overhead and another five percent ($11,909.82) for profit
results in an equitable adjustment to the contract of $273,925.85. In short, the court
finds that this figure represents a reasonable and necessary adjustment to the contract
price to account for the compensable extra costs of masonry division.


IV. CONCRETE COSTS
       {¶ 102} The portion of Stanley Miller’s claim related to “concrete costs” is more
difficult to analyze inasmuch as concrete work was required on more than one division
of the work; the concrete division, the general trades division, and the site work.


       A. Concrete Division
       {¶ 103} For the concrete division of the work Stanley Miller was required to
furnish “all labor, equipment, material and supervision as required to complete: slab on
grade and slab of deck.” As was the case with masonry, Stanley Miller claims that the
faulty schedule combined with the interference by Ruhlin added to the costs of the
concrete division. Stanley Miller’s concrete foreman, Norman George, testified that he
was unaware of any interference by Way with Stanley Miller’s prosecution of the work.
His only complaint was that he believed his crew was required to do more leveling on
the Lehman project than was required on other similar projects. George remembered,
however, that during his work on the concrete floors he observed Way storm out of a
meeting and exclaim “nobody calls me an asshole and gets away with it; you guys are
gonna pay.” George surmised that Way was referring to Stanley Miller.
       {¶ 104} Hoffman testified that on certain unspecified occasions, his crews were
prevented by Way from pouring concrete in large quantities at one time; that concrete
was poured in a “piecemeal” fashion. According to Kramer, Way also prohibited Stanley
Miller from pouring any concrete at all in certain areas even though Stanley Miller had
already “set up” the area. In Kramer’s opinion, Way’s interference turned 40 days of
concrete work into 60 days, significantly increasing Stanley Miller’s labor costs. Kramer
also attributed extra costs to Ruhlin’s decision to restrict contractor ingress and egress
to a single set of doors.                 Although logic suggests that the poor schedule
combined with the interference by Ruhlin to produce inefficiencies in the prosecution of
the concrete work, there is a dearth of evidence as to the nature and extent of such
inefficiencies. However, under Ohio law, the uncertainty which prevents a recovery of
damages is generally uncertainty as to the fact of the damages, not the amount.
Beemes v. Public Emp. Retirement Sys. (1995), 102 Ohio App.3d 782, 789, citing 22
American Jurisprudence 2d (1988, Supp. 1995) Damages, Section 601. Where it is
certain that damages have resulted, mere uncertainty as to the amount will not preclude
the right of recovery. Id. As to the amount of damages, only a reasonable certainty is
required, which has been defined as that degree of certainty as the nature of the case
permits. Id.
       {¶ 105} Stanley Miller’s one-page, $1.1 million claim seeks an equitable
adjustment for “concrete costs” of $102,829.96. As stated above, “concrete costs”
includes extra costs incurred in the concrete division, the general trades division, and
the site work division. Plaintiff’s Exhibit 64 does not, however, specify the extra costs
that were incurred in each affected division and neither the evidence nor the briefs shed
much light on the issue.
       {¶ 106} If Kramer’s testimony is to be believed, Stanley Miller’s work on the
concrete division was approximately 50 percent less efficient as a direct result of
interference by Way. For a number of reasons, the court finds Kramer’s estimate to be
unreliable. First, the testimony regarding the inefficiencies in the concrete division is
much less compelling than the testimony regarding inefficiencies in the masonry
division. For example, there was testimony that OSFC placed reasonable limits on the
size of concrete “pours” in an effort to maintain quality. There was also testimony and
other evidence to support the conclusion that ingress and egress was restricted in order
to protect finished flooring. The court finds that Ruhlin and OSFC acted reasonably with
respect to these concerns.
       {¶ 107} Second, the labor costs reflected in Stanley Miller’s bid for the concrete
division total $200,227. If Stanley Miller was 50 percent less efficient, those labor costs
would have soared by $100,114. This would mean that Stanley Miller’s $102,829.96
claim for “concrete costs” is composed almost entirely of the additional labor costs
incurred in the concrete division. Such a conclusion does not square with the evidence
presented, nor does it support Stanley Miller’s own contention that it incurred substantial
extra concrete costs in the other two divisions.
       {¶ 108} For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that Stanley Miller’s claim for
additional labor costs in the concrete division must fail due to a lack of necessary proof.
In short, Stanley Miller has failed to establish that any of its extra costs in this division
were directly attributable either to the faulty schedule or to the improper interference of
Ruhlin with Stanley Miller’s means and methods.


       B. Site Work Division
       {¶ 109} With respect to concrete costs associated with the site work division,
Stanley Miller claims that incomplete plans provided by the architect delayed Stanley
Miller’s prosecution of the work. Steve Miller testified that the plans did not provide
sufficient reference points to enable Stanley Miller to lay out the concrete sidewalks.
Miller estimated that his crews were delayed by approximately one month while they
waited for additional information from the architect and that, when work resumed,
Stanley Miller was required to put more men on the job in order to complete the work in
the allotted time.
       {¶ 110} Stanley Miller, however, has failed to convince the court that it was
unfairly prohibited from filing an acceleration claim under the contractual claims process
or that filing such a claim would have been a vain act. Indeed, both the length and the
cause of the delay were known to Stanley Miller prior to the time it resumed the affected
work, and the extra labor costs could have been tracked by Stanley Miller with little
difficulty. In other words, even if the court were to conclude that OSFC breached the
contract by failing to provide Stanley Miller with complete and accurate project plans
and by thereafter failing to timely reply to Stanley Miller’s requests for information,
Stanley Miller waived its claim for damages by failing to comply with the contractual
claims process.
       {¶ 111} Moreover, unlike the inefficiencies experienced by Stanley Miller with
regard to the masonry and concrete divisions of the work, the extra labor costs incurred
by Stanley Miller for concrete in the site work division were not caused by scheduling
errors or Ruhlin interference. Rather, the stated cause was errors and/or omissions in
the project plans. As noted above, Stanley Miller could and should have tracked the
actual labor costs associated with the delay. Thus, recovery under a total cost theory is
unavailable to Stanley Miller for this element of the one-page, $1.1 million claim. See
Cleveland Constr., supra.


       C. General Trades Division
       {¶ 112} The testimony regarding the concrete costs allegedly incurred by Stanley
Miller in the general trades division is scant. As noted above, Stanley Miller was
required by the contract to furnish “all labor, equipment, material and supervision as
required to complete: rough and finish carpentry, insulation, EIFS, shingled and metal
roof, all interior and exterior doors, frames, and hardware, rolling security gates, glass
and glazing, studs and drywall, all flooring, finish carpentry, caulking, gypsum board
walls, acoustical ceilings, paint, division 10 specialties, stage equipment, projection
screens, athletic equipment, and gym bleachers.” (Article 9A.)
       {¶ 113} It is not evident to the court from the above quoted description of the
work that any meaningful portion of the general trades division involved concrete, and
the testimony did not enlighten the court on this point. Accordingly, Stanley Miller has
not satisfied its burden of proof on this issue.
       {¶ 114} In sum, Stanley Miller has not proven that it is deserving of an equitable
adjustment to the contract in order to compensate it for the additional concrete costs
allegedly incurred as a result of OSFC’s breach of contract.


V. SITE WORK
       {¶ 115} With respect to the division pertaining to site work, Stanley Miller agreed
to provide “all labor, equipment, material and supervision as required to complete: site
development, removal of existing concrete and asphalt, earthwork, asphalt paving,
concrete walks and curbs, sewer collection systems, bicycle parking racks, landscape
work, and site concrete.” (Article 2B.)
       {¶ 116} Stanley Miller claims that when it arrived at the job site to begin the
construction of a retaining wall, the conditions were materially different than those that
were represented to bidders. Specifically, Stanley Miller asserts that a substantial
amount of fill was either missing from the site or unuseable, and that it was required to
purchase additional fill and provide additional labor and equipment in order to restore
the site to the proper grade. According to Stanley Miller, additional costs of $34,307.84
were incurred in this process.
       {¶ 117} Way testified that sufficient fill material was, in fact, on site but that
Stanley Miller was not permitted to use the fill due to its own negligence in allowing the
material to become saturated with water. OSFC also claims that Stanley Miller has
waived this claim inasmuch as it agreed to assume such costs as evidenced by a
correspondence dated March 21, 2003. (Defendants’ Exhibit P.) Defendants’ Exhibit P
is a letter drafted by Reot memorializing his understanding as to the resolution of certain
site work issues. Although this correspondence provides some evidence of an
agreement, it is not conclusive given the fact that: 1) the correspondence was neither
generated nor signed by Stanley Miller; and, 2) the correspondence conflicts with
credible testimony from Stanley Miller’s employees that the issue of costs was not
resolved upon completion of the work.
       {¶ 118} The contract provided at Article 7.5.3: “The Architect and the
Construction Manager will promptly investigate the conditions and if the Architect or the
Construction Manager finds that such conditions do materially differ from those upon
which the Contract Documents permit the Contractor to rely and differ materially from
those ordinarily encountered and generally recognized as inherent in Work of the
character provided for in the Contract, causing an increase or decrease in the cost of
the Contract, an appropriate Change Order shall be processed.”
       {¶ 119} When Defendants’ Exhibit P is considered in conjunction with the trial
testimony, the court is convinced that the site conditions were materially different than
those represented in the bid documents. Specifically, the fill material left on site was
either insufficient to perform the work or was unuseable due to factors beyond the
control of Stanley Miller. The court is not persuaded by the testimony that Stanley Miller
was at fault for the lack of useable fill.
       {¶ 120} Both Way and Reot recalled that a change order was issued for the work
on the retaining wall in the amount $10,000 or $12,000; neither witness identified the
specific change order. Way believed the change order compensated Stanley Miller for
the costs incurred to thaw soil left on site. Based upon the totality of the evidence, the
court finds that the parties elected to proceed with the work and resolve the issue
informally rather than to resort to the change order procedures. Consequently, the
issue of waiver is not dispositive of this portion of Stanley Miller’s site work claim.
       {¶ 121} Furthermore, the court finds that Stanley Miller has proven that the cost
to purchase the additional backfill and the additional labor associated with the fill was a
cost to Stanley Miller that was not contemplated by the agreement. It is simply not
reasonable to believe that Stanley Miller agreed to absorb this extra cost without
compensation.
       {¶ 122} The one-page, $1.1 million claim shows that Stanley Miller lost
$34,307.84 for the line item “back fill retaining wall.” However, Stanley Miller’s
controller, Kathy Kneisel, testified that according to Stanley Miller’s company records,
the estimated cost to back-fill the retaining wall was $44,400 and the actual cost was
$50,929, resulting in a loss of only $7,529. The court finds this figure to be the more
reliable estimate. Adding allowable overhead and profit results in a total equitable
adjustment of $8,658.35.


VI. SITE CLEAN-UP
       {¶ 123} The relevant Articles of the contract provide in part:
       {¶ 124} “2.10.2     If the Contractor fails to clean up during the progress of the
Work, the provision of paragraph GC 5.3 may be invoked.
       {¶ 125} “2.10.3     If the Contractor fails to maintain the areas adjacent to the
Project clean and free of waste materials and rubbish, upon written notification by the
Architect or the Construction Manager, the School District Board shall direct the local
jurisdiction having responsibility for the area to clean the area.
       {¶ 126} “2.10.3.1    The cost of cleaning the area adjacent to the Project shall be
deducted from the responsible Contractor as the Architect or the Construction Manager
recommend and the State determines to be appropriate.
       {¶ 127} “2.10.3.2    The decision of the State shall be final.
       {¶ 128} “5.3.1      If the Contractor provides Defective Work or fails or neglects
to prosecute the Work with the necessary diligence so as to complete the Work within
the time specified in the Contract Documents or any portion of the Work by the
applicable milestone date as set forth in the Construction Schedule, the Construction
Manager shall notify the Contractor in writing of such failure or neglect.”
       {¶ 129} Stanley Miller claims that it was constantly pressured by Ruhlin to clean
the site even though, in many instances, the debris had been discarded by other
contractors. Although the contract contained a provision for Ruhlin to bring in another
contractor for the specific purpose of cleaning excess debris from the site, Stanley Miller
claims that it alone was required to do such work.
       {¶ 130} There was little or no specificity provided by Stanley Miller with regard to
those instances when Stanley Miller was required to clean debris left by other
contractors nor was the extent of such work described with any particularity. Stanley
Miller did not take any photographs to support the claim nor did it otherwise document
the claim. Kramer acknowledged that his crew completed “clean-up slips” whenever
such work was done but that his crew made no effort to describe the debris removed or
apportion the costs to the responsible party. Given the paucity of evidence to support
this claim, the court finds that Stanley Miller has failed to prove that OSFC breached the
contract with respect to site clean-up.


VII. ROOF TRUSSES
       {¶ 131} As part of the general trades division, Stanley Miller installed metal roof
trusses throughout the project. Hoffman testified that prior to the installation of the
trusses, he cautioned Way that the project plans called for trusses to be installed in
such a way that they would block access to some of the duct work. According to
Hoffman, Way told Stanley Miller to install the trusses as specified in the plans, and the
evidence establishes that Stanley Miller did so. When the HVAC contractor
subsequently informed Way that access to the duct work was blocked by the trusses,
Way instructed the contractor to cut the trusses. According to Ron Nichols, Way then
demanded that Stanley Miller “fix it.”
       {¶ 132} OSFC’s first defense is that the trusses were delivered to the site in a
defective condition in that they were not manufactured by Stanley Miller’s supplier in
accordance with the project specifications. However, the weight of the evidence does
not support this contention.
       {¶ 133} OSFC’s only other defense to this claim is that Stanley Miller must
recover its damages from the HVAC contractor. According to Hoffman, when he
broached the subject of repair costs with Way, Way told him to send a bill to the HVAC
contractor. Steve Miller testified that the ordinary and usual practice in the construction
industry under such circumstances is for the aggrieved contractor to assert its claim
against the owner and for the owner to “back-charge” the responsible party. Reot
acknowledged that OSFC uses this practice in resolving intra-contractor delay claims.
In this instance, the responsible party is OSFC, by and through Ruhlin, inasmuch as
Way instructed the HVAC contractor to cut the trusses.
       {¶ 134} Based upon the foregoing, the court finds both that Stanley Miller is
entitled to an equitable adjustment to the contract for the additional costs to repair the
damaged trusses, and that resort to contractual claims process would have been a
waste of time. Stanley Miller calculated these costs at $70,374, and the accuracy of
such calculation was not challenged convincingly by OSFC. Adding ten percent profit
and five percent overhead results in an equitable adjustment of $80,930.10.


VIII. COLD WEATHER PROTECTION
         {¶ 135} Stanley Miller’s claim is based upon its assumption that, but for the
scheduling issues attributable to Ruhlin, the Lehman project would have been under
roof before the winter of 2003-2004. OSFC argues that Stanley Miller should not
recover the costs of additional cold weather protection inasmuch as its bid estimate for
cold weather protection exceeds the total actual costs incurred by Stanley Miller.
Stanley Miller counters that even though it overestimated weather protection, it was still
required to pay for extra cold weather protection in the winter of 2003-2004.
         {¶ 136} Putting the merits of Stanley Miller’s claim aside, the court finds that
Stanley Miller waived its claim to additional cold weather costs inasmuch as it did not
timely assert a claim for such costs pursuant to the contractual claims process. The
one-page, $1.1 million claim was submitted in July 2004, many months after the extra
costs were incurred. Stanley Miller has provided no justifiable reason for the lengthy
delay.
         {¶ 137} Moreover, even if there were waiver, Stanley Miller has not satisfied its
burden of proof under either a total cost or modified total cost theory. Indeed, unlike the
inefficiencies associated with the masonry and concrete, the actual costs of additional
cold weather protection could have been calculated by Stanley Miller with relative ease.
Additionally, Stanley Miller’s apparent overbid presents a bar to recovery under either
theory. See Cleveland Constr., supra.
         {¶ 138} In short, Stanley Miller has not proven that it is entitled to an equitable
adjustment to the contract in order to compensate it for additional cold weather
protection.


IX. TEMPORARY ROADS
         {¶ 139} The relevant language in division 2B of the contract states:
       {¶ 140} “Bid Package #2B [Stanley Miller] shall provide and maintain the
construction entrance off of Broad Ave. This contractor shall maintain the construction
entrance and construction road that was installed by the #2A contractor. This contractor
is [sic] shall remove these two (2) temporary site entrances when required by CM.
Temporary roads for access around the site are the responsibility of each Prime
Contractor requiring such. Bid Package #2B shall remove all site access roads
(whether installed by 2A or not) prior to completing landscaping and final site
improvements.”
       {¶ 141} Although the contract is not crystal clear, the court finds that Stanley
Miller was required to construct and maintain the temporary road at Broad Road and
that it was required to maintain a temporary road ending at 13th Street.
       {¶ 142} The dispute regarding the temporary roads is two-fold. First, Stanley
Miller claims that the site conditions in the area where it was to construct Broad Road
differed significantly from those represented in the specifications. Second, Stanley
Miller claims that the extensive repairs made to the temporary road ending at 13th
Street far exceeded what could be reasonably considered “maintenance.”
       {¶ 143} Nichols testified that when he arrived at the site to begin construction of
Broad Road he found that the grade was too high; the previous site contractor had not
removed sufficient material for the area to receive limestone and asphalt. According to
Nichols, Kramer was concerned about the tight time-frame and that Kramer simply told
him to perform the necessary additional work and that he (Kramer) would work out the
payment details later.
       {¶ 144} The evidence does not show that Stanley Miller made an attempt to
comply with the contractual claims process in regard to Broad Road. Although the
evidence shows that the relationship between Stanley Miller and Ruhlin was strained,
Stanley Miller has not demonstrated that it was either told not to file a claim or told that
the filing of a claim would be futile. The construction of Broad Road was completed in
2003. As stated above, the one-page, $1.1 million claim was not submitted to OSFC
until July 2004. Stanley Miller has not provided the court with a justifiable reason for
such a delay. At a minimum, the filing of an unsuccessful claim would have resulted in
a contemporaneous estimation of costs.            With respect to the repair of the sub-
grade at 13th Street, Davis testified that the temporary road was damaged either by
excessive water runoff or by the activities of another contractor. Davis stated that he
informed Way that repair of the sub-grade was not Stanley Miller’s obligation. Steve
Miller testified that when he raised the issue with Way in May 2004, Way threatened to
assess liquidated damages against Stanley Miller unless and until the damage was
repaired. Miller subsequently brought in equipment to make the necessary repairs,
“under protest.”
       {¶ 145} Even if the court were to determine that Stanley Miller did not waive the
13th Street portion of the temporary roads claim, the evidence does not support
recovery based upon the total cost theory. First, as noted above, the extra costs
associated with the temporary road ending at Broad Road were not compensable.
Those costs are included in the temporary road claim and no apportionment is made.
Second, the testimony is that the contract specifications called for the temporary road
ending at 13th Street to be built on a steep slope. Thus, the possibility of extraordinary
maintenance costs should have been contemplated by Stanley Miller at the time it bid
the Lehman project. Third, the evidence supports a finding that Stanley Miller could
have determined its actual equipment and labor costs with relative ease and to a
reasonable degree of certainty. Fourth and finally, the damage to the road was not
caused by OSFC.
       {¶ 146} In short, Stanley Miller has not proven an entitlement to an equitable
adjustment to the contract for the extra costs allegedly incurred in regard to the
temporary roads.


X. SEWER WORK
       {¶ 147} The evidence establishes that the contractor responsible for the building
foundation was required to leave voids in the concrete so that Stanley Miller could later
run down spouts for the sanitary sewer. Stanley Miller contends that Way intentionally
permitted the contractor to omit the openings; Way testified that he simply “missed it.”
In either event, the foundation contractor left extra materials (90 degree elbows) so that
Stanley Miller could run the down-spouts outside the foundation. Although Stanley
Miller was able to complete the work, Kramer testified that the process required
additional labor as well as the purchase of additional down-spouts.
          {¶ 148} According to Kramer, Way did not dispute Stanley Miller’s entitlement to
an equitable adjustment and he agreed to take care of payment at a later date.
Hoffman testified that Way later reneged on his promise and told him not to bother to
make such a claim because it would be denied. Way admitted that he agreed to
arrange for payment but he insists that Stanley Miller never got back to him with a
figure.
          {¶ 149} In light of this testimony, the court finds that any effort by Stanley Miller
to employ the contractual claims process would have been futile. See, e.g., Galayda,
supra; Conti Corp., supra; George Wiedemann Brewing Co., supra. Thus, Stanley
Miller did not waive its claim for an equitable adjustment to the contract regarding the
additional sewer work. The court finds that Stanley Miller established an entitlement to
compensation for the extra sewer work.
          {¶ 150} According to Steve Miller, the $17,473.04 figure set forth in the one-
page, $1.1 million claim for “sewer work” represents the costs of 30 additional down-
spouts. However, upon cross-examination Miller conceded that he was mistaken and
that there were only seven extra down-spouts installed. Thus, the court finds that
Stanley Miller’s claim must be reduced to $4,077.04. Adding the requisite profit and
overhead results in an equitable adjustment of $4,688.60.


XI INTEREST
          {¶ 151} As stated above, Stanley Miller has asserted a claim for interest earned
but not paid on sums that, by agreement of the parties, became due and owing to
Stanley Miller in or about 2004. OSFC did not remit the funds until after this lawsuit was
filed in 2006. OSFC has not asserted a legal defense to the interest claim nor has it
challenged the amount of such claim. Accordingly, Stanley Miller shall be awarded
damages representing the interest earned in the total amount of $36,074.04.


XII. OTHER CLAIMS
       {¶ 152} With respect to Stanley Miller’s claim for unjust enrichment, absent proof
of bad faith or fraud, an equitable action for unjust enrichment will not lie when the
subject of the claim is governed by an express contract. See Kucan v. Gen. Am. Life
Ins. Co., Franklin App. No. 01AP-1099, 2002-Ohio-4290, ¶35, citing Rumpke v. Acme
Sheet & Roofing, Inc. (Nov. 12, 1999), 2d Dist. No. 17654. Additionally, Stanley Miller
may not pursue a claim for relief sounding in negligence where the loss is purely
economic in nature. See Chemtrol Adhesives, Inc. v. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. (1989), 42
Ohio St.3d 40, 45; Inglis v. Am. Motors Corp. (1965), 3 Ohio St.2d 132, paragraph one
of the syllabus. Accordingly, these claims are without merit.


CONCLUSION
       {¶ 153} Based on the foregoing, the court finds that OSFC breached the contract
with Stanley Miller and that the breach proximately caused Stanley Miller damages in
the form of unanticipated extra costs. Thus, the court finds that Stanley Miller is entitled
to an equitable adjustment to the contract as follows: $273,925.85 for masonry;
$8,658.35 for site work; $80,930.10 for roof trusses; $4,018.79 for sewer work; and
$36,074.04 for interest earned. Accordingly, judgment shall be rendered in favor of
plaintiff in the total amount of $404,276.93.




                                                Court of Claims of Ohio
                                                                          The Ohio Judicial Center
                                                                  65 South Front Street, Third Floor
                                                                             Columbus, OH 43215
                                                                   614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
                                                                              www.cco.state.oh.us




STANLEY MILLER CONSTRUCTION CO.

      Plaintiff

      v.

OHIO SCHOOL FACILITIES COMMISSION, et al.
         Defendants
         Case No. 2006-04351

Judge Joseph T. Clark

JUDGMENT ENTRY




         This case was tried to the court on the issues of liability and damages. The court
has considered the evidence and for the reasons set forth in the decision filed
concurrently herewith, judgment is rendered in favor of plaintiff in the total amount of
$404,276.93. Court costs are assessed against defendants. The clerk shall serve upon
all parties notice of this judgment and its date of entry upon the journal.



                                                      _____________________________________
                                                      JOSEPH T. CLARK
                                                      Judge

cc:


Jon C. Walden                                           Matthew Yackshaw
Paula Luna Paoletti                                     Robert J. McBride Sr.
Scott Branam                                            Millennium Centre, Suite 300
William C. Becker                                       200 Market Ave., N., P.O. Box 24213
Assistant Attorneys General                             Canton, Ohio 44701-4213
150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130

LP/cmd
Filed March 1, 2010/To S.C. reporter March 30, 2010
