In the Supreme Court of Georgia



                                                                Decided: June 15, 2015


       S14G1780. TURNER v. GEORGIA RIVER NETWORK et al.
     S14G1781. GRADY COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS v.
                 GEORGIA RIVER NETWORK et al.

       BENHAM, Justice.

       This appeal arises from our grant of petitions for certiorari filed by

appellants Judson H. Turner, the Director of the Environmental Protection

Division (EPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and the

Grady County Board of Commissioners (Grady County), requesting our review

of the Court of Appeals’s decision in Georgia River Network v. Turner, 328 Ga.

App. 381 (762 SE2d 123) (2014). Appellees Georgia River Network and

American Rivers are both non-profit organizations. The relevant facts show that

in 2010, Grady County received federal approval to construct a 960-acre fishing

lake.1 The project also entailed building a large dam and inundating 129 acres

of wetlands and nine miles of streams to create the lake. To proceed with the



       1
         See Georgia River Network v. Turner, supra, 328 Ga. App. at 383-384 for a full recitation
of the facts.
project, Grady County was required to apply for a buffer variance through the

EPD in order to disturb the stream waters that would be affected by the project.

Appellees challenged the variance, arguing that Grady County’s application was

deficient because it failed to address buffers for the wetlands that would also be

affected by the project. The Director granted the variance over appellees’

objections. In a separate letter, the EPD advised appellees that wetlands did not

require buffers because they generally lack wrested vegetation and were not

subject to a variance request. Appellees sought review of the Director’s decision

from an administrative law judge (ALJ) in the Office of State Administrative

Hearings. The ALJ overturned the variance, reasoning that OCGA § 12-7-6 (b)

(15) (A) of the Erosion and Sedimentation Act requires a buffer for all state

waters, including wetlands. The Director and Grady County filed appeals

challenging the ALJ’s decision in the superior courts of Fulton County and

Grady County, respectively. On the substantive issue of the construction and

interpretation of OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A),2 both trial courts determined that

the Director’s construction of the statute was correct and that the buffer


       2
         There were also issues concerning whether the appellees had a statutory right and standing
to seek review of the Director’s decision, but those issues are not before us in this appeal.

                                                2
requirement only applies to state waters that have wrested vegetation.

Accordingly, the trial courts reversed the judgment of the ALJ. Appellees then

appealed to the Court of Appeals.

       OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) states as follows: “There is established a 25

foot buffer along the banks of all state waters, as measured horizontally from the

point where vegetation has been wrested by normal stream flow or wave

action....” Citing to principles of statutory construction, the Court of Appeals

concluded that this buffer requirement applies to state waters3 whether or not

their banks have wrested vegetation. The Court of Appeals explained that the

language regarding how the buffer is to be measured did not create an additional

exception to OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A),4 but merely explained the location of

the buffer. 328 Ga. App. at 391. In addition, the Court of Appeals reasoned that

the statute was internally inconsistent and that its finding that the buffer applied

to all state waters, without regard to the existence of wrested vegetation, would

avoid any absurd or unintended result contrary to the legislature’s purpose in

       3
          The Court of Appeals noted that the parties did not dispute that “wetlands” fall within the
statutory definition of “state waters” and stated that it would not reach that issue as it had not been
fully litigated. Id. at 390, n. 4. We likewise do not address this issue on appeal.
       4
         There are six statutory exceptions to the buffer requirement which appear at OCGA §12-7-6
(b) (15) (A) (I)-(vi). These exceptions are not at issue in this appeal.

                                                  3
enacting the legislation. Id. at 392.       Based on this analysis, the Court of

Appeals found the ALJ had not erred and reversed the decisions of the trial

courts. We granted certiorari to determine whether the Court of Appeals erred

in its construction of OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A). Because we find that it did

err, its judgment is reversed.

      The cardinal rule of statutory construction requires this Court to
      look diligently for the intention of the General Assembly (OCGA
      § 1–3–1), and the golden rule of statutory construction requires us
      to follow the literal language of the statute unless it produces
      contradiction, absurdity, or such an inconvenience as to insure that
      the legislature meant something else. Absent clear evidence that a
      contrary meaning was intended by the legislature, we assign words
      in a statute their ordinary, logical, and common meanings.

(Punctuation and citations omitted.) Judicial Council of Georgia v. Brown &

Gallo, LLC, 288 Ga. 294, 296-297 (702 SE2d 894) (2010). Here, the Court of

Appeals erred because the literal language of the statute does not require a

buffer for state waters alongside banks without wrested vegetation. The

language at issue states in pertinent part: “There is established a 25 foot buffer

along the banks of all state waters, as measured horizontally from the point

where vegetation has been wrested....” Had the legislature placed a period after

the word “waters” rather than a comma and had gone no further, then there


                                        4
would be no other conclusion but that buffers are established along the banks

of all state waters, regardless of the existence of wrested vegetation. But that is

not what the legislature did. By adding the phrase “as measured horizontally

from the point where vegetation has been wrested,” the General Assembly

expressly defined how the buffer “is established.” Since the legislature offered

no other method for the buffer to be established but for measuring it horizontally

from the point of wrested vegetation, the buffer necessarily cannot be applied

to state waters that are adjacent to banks without wrested vegetation. No further

interpretation or analysis is required.

      Our plain reading of OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) is in keeping with

longstanding tenets of statutory construction: “expressio unius est exclusio

alterius (expression of one thing implies exclusion of another) and expressum

facit cessare tacitum (if some things are expressly mentioned, the inference is

stronger that those not mentioned were intended to be excluded)....” See

Hammock v. State, 277 Ga. 612 (3) (592 SE2d 415) (2004). The courts cannot

construe OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) to force an outcome that the legislature did

not expressly authorize. “The doctrine of separation of powers is an immutable

constitutional principle which must be strictly enforced. Under that doctrine,

                                          5
statutory construction belongs to the courts, legislation to the legislature. We

can not add a line to the law.” (Punctuation and citation omitted.) Allen v.

Wright, 282 Ga. 9 (1) (644 SE2d 814) (2007). OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A)

simply does not provide for the establishment of a buffer for state waters that are

adjacent to banks without wrested vegetation.5                        In order for the buffer

requirement to apply to state waters alongside banks without wrested vegetation,

       5
           The dissent suggests that it would be absurd to attribute to OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) its
plain meaning because that would leave state waters with no vegetation along their banks
unprotected. The dissent is wrong in two respects. First, it appears that the principal purpose of the
buffer requirement is to protect state waters in a specific way– by protecting whatever natural
vegetation grows alongside state waters. See OCGA § 12-7-3 (2) (defining “buffer” as “the area
of land immediately adjacent to the banks of state waters in its natural state of vegetation, which
facilitates the protection of water quality and aquatic habitat” (emphasis supplied)). See also
OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (B) (“a buffer shall remain in its natural, undisturbed state of vegetation
until all land-disturbing activities on the construction site are completed,” and after “the final
stabilization of the site is achieved, a buffer may be thinned or trimmed of vegetation as long as a
protective vegetative cover remains to protect water quality and aquatic habitat and a natural canopy
is left in sufficient quantity to keep shade on the stream bed”). Where there is no natural vegetation,
there is nothing to preserve, and so the decision of the General Assembly to limit the buffer
requirements to state waters with wrested vegetation is not absurd.

         Secondly, the dissent fails to consider the fact that OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) is not the only
means by which the EPD protects state waters both with and without wrested vegetation. The
establishment of buffers for state waters alongside banks with wrested vegetation is only one of
many tools or “best management practices,” available to accomplish the intent of the Erosion and
Sedimentation Act as stated in OCGA § 12-7-2. See, e.g., OCGA §12-7-6 (a) (1); OCGA § 12-7-6
(b) (1)-(14). See also Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia, Georgia Soil and Water
Conservation Commission (6th Ed. 2014) (manual is specifically referenced by OCGA § 12-7-6 (b)).
There is no basis for the courts to extrapolate the application of OCGA §12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) beyond
its literal terms based on an incorrect assumption that state waters without wrested vegetation are
left without “some level of protection” from land-disturbing activities because the establishment of
a buffer is not required under one subsection of the Act. Moreover, the courts are not equipped to
decide what the “best management practices” are for wetlands, trout streams, or any other state
waters.

                                                   6
the legislature would need to take action to amend the statute. Accordingly, the

judgment of the Court of Appeals as regards its construction of the statute is

reversed.6

       Judgment reversed. Thompson, C.J., Hines, P.J., Hunstein and Blackwell,

JJ., and Chief Judge H. Gibbs Flanders concur. Melton, J., dissents. Nahmias,

J., disqualified.




       6
        Our review is limited to Division 3 of the Court of Appeals’s decision. We express no
opinion regarding the substantive decisions made in Division 2 of the Court of Appeals’s decision.

                                                7
       S14G1780. TURNER v. GEORGIA RIVER NETWORK et al.
     S14G1781. GRADY COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS v.
                 GEORGIA RIVER NETWORK et al.


      MELTON, Justice, dissenting.

      As OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) is currently written, there is no guidance

as to the measurement of a buffer zone for state waters lacking wrested

vegetation. This raises an ambiguity, and, in the presence of such an ambiguity,

this Court must give strong deference to the interpretation of the statute made

by the Director of the Environmental Protection Division (EPD) of the Georgia

Department of Natural Resources. In this case, however, the EPD’s

interpretation that OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) requires no buffer at all for state

waters without wrested vegetation is unreasonable, given the explicit purpose

of the statute to lend some level of protection to all state waters. As a result, I

must respectfully dissent.

      The Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975 was intended to protect state

waters and related wildlife and vegetation from the detrimental effects of

sediment and erosion caused by land disturbing activities. OCGA § 12–7–2

plainly states:
      It is found that soil erosion and sediment deposition onto lands and
      into waters within the watersheds of this state are occurring as a
      result of widespread failure to apply proper soil erosion and
      sedimentation control practices in land clearing, soil movement, and
      construction activities and that such erosion and sediment
      deposition result in pollution of state waters and damage to
      domestic, agricultural, recreational, fish and wildlife, and other
      resource uses. It is therefore declared to be the policy of this state
      and the intent of this chapter to strengthen and extend the present
      erosion and sediment control activities and programs of this state
      and to provide for the establishment and implementation of a
      state-wide comprehensive soil erosion and sediment control
      program to conserve and protect the land, water, air, and other
      resources of this state.

      For this reason, the Legislature established buffer zones to protect state

waters from land disturbing activities in their proximity. OCGA § 12-7-3 (2)

defines a “buffer” as “the area of land immediately adjacent to the banks of state

waters in its natural state of vegetation, which facilitates the protection of water

quality and aquatic habitat.”7 (Emphasis supplied.) The particular buffer at


      7
        In footnote 5, the majority opinion argues that the statute is intended to
protect the natural vegetation growing along state waters. It later states: “Where
there is no natural vegetation, there is nothing to preserve, and so the decision
of the General Assembly to limit the buffer requirements to state waters with
wrested vegetation is not absurd.” This argument is logically untenable, as it
rests on the idea that there will be never be any natural vegetation along any
state waters without wrested vegetation. The absence of wrested vegetation, or
vegetation which has been pulled away from the banks by flowing water, does
not mean that there is no natural vegetation left. To the contrary, where there is
                                         2
issue in this matter is set forth in OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A), which requires

“a 25 foot buffer along the banks of all state waters, as measured horizontally

from the point where vegetation has been wrested by normal stream flow or

wave action.” (Emphasis supplied.) The problem with this statute, however, is

that it does not provide a measurement for a buffer zone along the banks of state

waters without wrested vegetation. As a result, EPD is called upon to interpret

the statute in a way to effectuate its underlying meaning and purpose in the

context where no wrested vegetation exists.

      In the presence of such an overt ambiguity, strong deference must be

given to the interpretation of the statute given by the appropriate administrative

agency. As set forth in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (II) (104 SCT 2778, 81 LE2d 694) (1984):

      The power of an administrative agency to administer a
      congressionally created program necessarily requires the


no wresting action, the natural vegetation remains, likely growing from the
water and up the banks. Even if the purpose of the statute is to protect the
natural vegetation growing along state waters, the absence of wrested
vegetation, which would suggest conditions appropriate for the continued
presence of natural vegetation, would not be an appropriate reason to have no
buffer at all. To the contrary, it would make it even more unreasonable to resort
to an interpretation that provides no buffer to protect natural vegetation.
                                        3
      formulation of policy and the making of rules to fill any gap left,
      implicitly or explicitly, by Congress. If Congress has explicitly left
      a gap for the agency to fill, there is an express delegation of
      authority to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the
      statute by regulation. Such legislative regulations are given
      controlling weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or
      manifestly contrary to the statute. Sometimes the legislative
      delegation to an agency on a particular question is implicit rather
      than explicit. In such a case, a court may not substitute its own
      construction of a statutory provision for a reasonable interpretation
      made by the administrator of an agency.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.)

      With this in mind, deference must be given to the determination by the

Director of the EPD that state waters without wrested vegetation are entitled to

no buffer at all. The required deference, however, is strong, but not absolute.

Here, the EPD’s extreme interpretation of OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A) is

unreasonable and manifestly contrary to the statute, which is intended to

“protect[] water quality and aquatic habitat” of all state waters. Providing no

buffer at all to state waters without sufficient wrested vegetation works to the

detriment of the statutory purpose, and, as such, cannot be considered

reasonable.

      The arbitrariness of the EPD’s interpretation becomes even more evident

when one considers OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (16), which provides, in part: “[t]here

                                        4
is established a 50 foot buffer, as measured horizontally from the point where

vegetation has been wrested by normal stream flow or wave action, along the

banks of any state waters classified as “trout streams” pursuant to Article 2 of

Chapter 5 of this title.” Under the EPD’s interpretation, trout would be protected

based solely on whether they were swimming in a stream with wrested

vegetation- a distinction that makes no sense and one which the Legislature

would not have intended.

      Accordingly, though I do believe that the EPD may reasonably interpret

the ambiguity present in OCGA § 12-7-6 (b) (15) (A),8 that interpretation must

extend at least some level of buffer protection to state waters without wrested

vegetation. Otherwise, the purpose of the Land Erosion Act to protect water

quality and aquatic habitat for all state waters is inappropriately undermined.




      8
        The majority mischaracterizes this plain statement by arguing that this
opinion proposes that the courts should make decisions regarding water
management practices and the size of buffer zones. As plainly stated, this
opinion leaves those decisions to the expertise of the EPD. However, where an
administrative agency makes an unreasonable interpretation of a vague statute,
as in this case, it is the duty of the courts to require the EPD to reassess its
interpretation.
                                        5
