                                             KEN PAXTON
                                        ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS


                                                 May 11, 2015



The Honorable Myra Crownover                                  Opinion No. KP-0017
Chair, Committee on Public Health
Texas House of Representatives                                Re: Construction of article III, section 49-k
Post Office Box 2910                                          of the Texas Constitution, related to the
Austin, Texas 78768-2910                                      Texas Mobility Fund, in light of the 2001
                                                              ballot language proposing the constitutional
                                                              amendment (RQ-1229-GA)

Dear Representative Crownover:

         Your predecessor asked about a 2001 ballot proposition concerning the creation of the
Texas Mobility Fund ("Mobility Fund"). 1 The proposition, Proposition 15, resulted in the addition
of article III, section 49-k to the Texas Constitution. See Tex. S.J. Res. 16, § 1, 77th Leg., R.S.,
2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 6694, 6694-96. Article III, section 49-k created the Mobility Fund, which
is used to provide a method of financing state highways. TEX. CONST. art. III, § 49-k(b). Article
III, section 49-k also authorized the issuing and selling of state obligations that are secured by all
or part of the money in the Mobility Fund. Id. art. III, § 49-k(d). In addition, Proposition 15
resulted in the amendment of article III, section 52-b to repeal the requirement to use toll revenue
to repay certain expenditures of the State Highway Fund ("Highway Fund"). 2 See Tex. S.J. Res.
16, § 2, 77th Leg., R.S., 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 6694, 6696.

        Your predecessor stated that the Texas Department of Transportation ("TxDOT") "now
routinely uses [revenue from] gas taxes to construct toll projects, as well as to pledge it for
repayment of bonds if toll revenues fall short." Request Letter at 3. Your predecessor's request


         1
          See Letter from Honorable Lois W. Kolkhorst, Chair, House Comm. on Pub. Health, to Honorable Greg
 Abbott, Tex. Att' y Gen. at 1 (Nov. 6, 2014), https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinion/requests-for-opinion-rqs
 ("Request Letter"); see also Email from Honorable Myra Crownover, Chair, House Comm. on Pub. Health, to Op.
 Comm. (Feb. 13, 2015) (requesting this office to continue with the opinion request submitted by the former chair of
 the House Committee on Public Health, Honorable Lois Kolkhorst) (on file with Op. Comm.).
          2
            The Legislature enacted two bills in conjunction with Proposition 15 : Senate Bill 4 provided for the
 operation of the Mobility Fund and the issuance of highway bonds, and Senate Bill 342 provided for state
 participation in highway toll projects. See Act of May 24, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1213, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws
 2775, 2775-78, Act of May 27, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1237, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2910, 2910- 15.
The Honorable Myra Crownover - Page 2                    (KP-0017)



letter cites to several articles describing current toll projects and asserts that the projects are funded
by gas tax revenue. Id. at 3 nn.5-8. The request letter also asserts that the ballot language for
Proposition 15 "makes no direct connection for the authorization of the State Highway Fund-i.e.,
gas tax and vehicle registration fees-to be used for toll projects." Id. at 3. In this context, your
predecessor asked about the sufficiency of the ballot language of Proposition 15. 3

        The standard by which to determine the sufficiency of constitutional ballot language is
whether the language "identifies the amendment, showing its character and scope, that is, its intent,
import, subject matter, or theme." Rooms with a View, Inc. v. Private Nat'/ Mortg. Ass'n, Inc., 7
S.W.3d 840, 850 (Tex. App.-Austin 1999, pet. denied). The Texas Supreme Court has said that
"[t]he Constitution requires that certain publicity shall be given a proposed amendment prior to an
election. This is done to identify the amendment and to show its character and purposes, so that
the voters will be familiar with the amendment and its purposes when they cast their ballots." R.R.
Comm'n v. Sterling Oil & Ref Co., 218 S.W.2d 415, 418 (Tex. 1949). Moreover, the supreme
court has acknowledged the impracticability of printing an entire amendment on a ballot:
Exactitude is not required because it would often "be impracticable to print an entire amendment
on a ballot." Id. Thus, in setting the sufficiency standard, Texas courts have consistently
determined that it "is not necessary to include all relevant details or to print the entire proposed
amendment on the ballot." Rooms with a View, 7 S.W.3d at 850; see also Sterling Oil, 218 S.W.2d
at 418 (stating that ballot language must show an amendment's "character and purposes"); accord
Hardy, 849 S.W.2d at 358. And as voters are presumed to be familiar with the contents of a
measure on a ballot, "[a] ballot adequately describes a proposed amendment if it gives fair notice
to the voter of average intelligence by directing him to the amendment so that he can discern its
identity and distinguish it from other propositions on the ballot." Brown v. Blum, 9 S.W.3d 840,
848 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th. Dist.] 1999, pet. dism'd w.o.j.) (quotation marks omitted); accord
Rooms with a View, 7 S.W.3d at 850; see also Hill v. Evans, 414 S.W.2d 684, 692 (Tex. Civ.
App.-Austin 1967, writ refd n.r.e.). A determination about the sufficiency of ballot language is
judged against the "facts at the time the legislature adopted the resolution proposing the
amendment." Hill, 414 S.W.2d at 687.

        The November 2001 ballot contained the following language as Proposition 15:

                 The constitutional amendment creating the Texas Mobility Fund and
                 authorizing grants and loans of money and issuance of obligations
                 for financing the construction, reconstruction, acquisition,
                 operation, and expansion of state highways, turnpikes, toll roads,
                 toll bridges, and other mobility projects.




           3 Y our predecessor did not expressly ask and we do not address whether any particular revenues are being

 used improperly to fund current TxDOT toll projects. Such a question would require the resolution of myriad fact
 questions that are outside the purview of an attorney general opinion. See Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-1033 (2013)
 at I (noting that fact questions cannot be resolved in the opinion process).
The Honorable Myra Crownover - Page 3                     (KP-0017)



Tex. S.J. Res. 16, § 3, 77th Leg., R.S., 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 6694, 6696. The amendment
described by Proposition 15 created the Mobility Fund and moved the state away from the then-
current "pay-as-you-go" system to one of using state funds to secure long-term obligations to
finance Texas state highway projects. 4 Proposition 15 described both of these changes and
expressly connected the state's new financing obligations to "state highways, turnpikes, toll roads,
toll bridges, and other mobility projects." Id.

        Importantly, the preelection publicity for the November 2001 election included at least two
State government publications designed to educate the voters about the full extent of Proposition
15.     The Texas Legislative Council and the House Research Organization published
comprehensive guides analyzing all of the proposed amendments, including arguments for and
against each proposed amendment. 5 These publicly available guides include a complete discussion
about Proposition 15's proposed funding mechanism as well as its limitations. TLC Report at
121-24; HRO Report at 44-48. Both of these publications expressly note the changes and removal
oflimitations on the use of the Highway Fund. See TLC Report at 122 (noting that the amendment
would remove existing limitations on use of state money for toll road purposes); HRO Report at
44-45 (noting limitation on dedicated fund sources to Highway Fund as well as the repeal of
requirement that Highway Fund be repaid from toll and other turnpike revenue). A court
addressing the question could be expected to presume the preelection publications educated the
public so that a voter understood the full impact of Proposition 15, including any impact on the
Highway Fund. See Brown, 9 S.W.3d at 848. Furthermore, as Proposition 15 was the only one of
the nineteen proposed amendments on the November 2001 ballot with transportation financing as
its subject, the same court could be expected to conclude that the ballot language enabled a voter
to discern Proposition 15 's identity and distinguish it from the other propositions on the ballot.
See id. That Proposition 15 did not include or refer to every minor detail of the proposed
amendment does not impact the validity of the proposition presented to the voters. See Rooms
with a View, Inc., 7 S.W.3d at 850. Accordingly, it is likely that a court would conclude that the
language used to describe Proposition 15 on the ballot, adding article III, section 49-k to the Texas
Constitution, sufficiently expressed the scope and character of the proposed amendment and set
its subject matter apart from the other amendments to satisfy constitutional standards. 6




          4See
             TEX. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS, NOVEMBER 6,
 2001 ELECTION at 122 (Sept. 2001) (discussing background) ("TLC Report").
          5
         See id; HOUSE RESEARCH ORG., Focus REPORT No. 77-12, CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED
 FOR NOVEMBER 2001 BALLOT (Aug. 13, 2001) ("HRO Report").
          6Typically, courts do not look to ballot language to construe an amendment and instead look to the language

 of the amendment to determine its meaning. See Sterling Oil, 218 S.W.2d at 418 (recognizing that ballot language
 does not serve to limit the "natural meaning of the language of the amendment itself'); see also In re Al/cat Claims
 Serv., L.P., 356 S.W.3d 455, 466 (Tex. 2011) (recognizing that courts try to ascertain and give effect to the plain
 language of the framers and voters of the constitution).
The Honorable Myra Crownover - Page 4            (KP-0017)



                                      SUMMARY

                       A court would likely conclude that the language used to
              describe Proposition 15 on the 2001 November ballot, adding article
              III, section 49-k to the Texas Constitution, sufficiently expressed the
              scope and character of the proposed amendment and set its subject
              matter apart from the other amendments to satisfy constitutional
              standards.

                                             Very truly yours,



                                             ~?~
                                             KEN PAXTON
                                             Attorney General of Texas



CHARLES E. ROY
First Assistant Attorney General

BRANTLEY STARR
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

VIRGINIA K. HOELSCHER
Chair, Opinion Committee

CHARLOTTE M. HARPER
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
