Filed 6/23/15




                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                               FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                       DIVISION THREE


JOSEPH SEMIR MUTWAKIL AMIN,

    Petitioner,

        v.                                              G050191

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF ORANGE                            (Super. Ct. No. 12HM10360)
COUNTY,
                                                        O P I N I ON
    Respondent;

THE PEOPLE,

    Real Party in Interest.



                  Original proceedings; petition for a writ of mandate to challenge an order of
the Superior Court of Orange County, Brett London, Judge. Petition granted.
                  Frank Ospino, Public Defender, Mark S. Brown, Assistant Public Defender,
and Scott Van Camp, Deputy Public Defender, for Petitioner.
                  No appearance for Respondent.
                  Tony Rackauckas, District Attorney, and Matthew Lockhart, Deputy
District Attorney, for Real Party in Interest.
               In this writ proceeding, we examine whether the People of the State of
California, real party in interest, should be allowed to rescind a misdemeanor plea
agreement under which they agreed not to pursue certain felony charges against petitioner
Joseph Semir Mutwakil Amin. The People contend the agreement is voidable due to
mistake of fact and for other reasons, but we disagree and grant petitioner‟s request to
enforce the deal.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
               On July 17, 2012, petitioner was at an Albertson‟s grocery store in Irvine.
He snuck up behind a woman in the frozen food isle, reached under her dress with his cell
phone and started videotaping. When the woman asked petitioner what he was doing, he
said he was sorry and quickly departed. Although petitioner fled the scene, the store
manager called the police and provided responding Irvine Police Officer T. Goodbrand
with a surveillance DVD of the incident.
               Upon watching the DVD, Goodbrand immediately recognized petitioner
from a prior incident involving a woman who had been groped at a park near petitioner‟s
residence. Goodbrand went to petitioner‟s residence and asked him about the Albertson‟s
incident. Petitioner admitted using his cell phone to videotape underneath the victim‟s
dress. He also admitted doing the same thing to various other women at the store about
six times in the previous three months. He voluntarily relinquished his cell phone to
Goodbrand, who booked it into evidence and prepared a report containing the above
information.
               Goodbrand‟s report was the primary police report in the case, but it was not
the only report. On July 18 and August 1, Police Officers J. McDonald and A. Guo
prepared supplemental reports detailing their work on the case. Their reports are not
germane to the issues before us, but on August 9, Police Officer S. Crawford prepared a
four-page supplemental report that has become important in how this case has played out.



                                              2
              On the first page of his report, Crawford stated he was familiar with
petitioner and knew he “was listed as a subject of interest in previous investigations that
pertained to the inappropriate touching of females.” Crawford summarized those
investigations as follows: 1) In case number 11-09255, a suspect inappropriately touched
a female and then fled into petitioner‟s residence. However, the suspect could not be
identified; 2) in case number 11-14086, petitioner was identified as a person of interest in
the “inappropriate touching of two 12-year-old females,” but the girls were unable to
identify petitioner from a photo lineup they were shown; and 3) in an unreported incident
Crawford learned about, petitioner allegedly touched a female inappropriately while she
was exercising at a community gym. There is no information in Crawford‟s report as to
whether any of these investigations were active or ongoing at the time he prepared the
report.
              Crawford also reported that he had reviewed the results of the forensic
examination that was conducted on petitioner‟s cell phone. The examination not only
revealed the video of the above-described incident that occurred at Albertson‟s on July
17, 2012, but several other episodes in which petitioner surreptitiously videotaped
women and girls at public locations. Crawford observed, “The focus of these videos . . .
appears to [be] the buttocks area of females, and on at least two occasions, [petitioner]
was able to place his cell phone under a female‟s skirt/dress.”
              Based on this information, the District Attorney of Orange County charged
petitioner with two misdemeanor offenses stemming from the Albertson‟s incident.
Count 1 alleged petitioner secretly videotaped underneath the victim‟s clothing for the
purpose of sexual gratification, and count 2 alleged petitioner unlawfully prowled in
Albertson‟s for the purpose of committing that offense. (Pen. Code, § 647, subds. (j)(2),
(h).)
              Petitioner retained Brian Gurwitz, a former senior deputy district attorney,
to represent him on the case. On September 11, 2012, Gurwitz personally requested

                                             3
discovery from deputy district attorney Tina Patel while she was handling misdemeanor
arraignments in the superior court. At that time, Patel called for petitioner‟s case file and
read a factual summary of the misdemeanor charges that was prepared by the filing
deputy, Carolyn Carlisle-Raines. Patel then provided Gurwitz with Officer Goodbrand‟s
police report, which as described above, actually contained information from several
different officers. However, Patel did not read the police report at that time.
              The following week, at petitioner‟s arraignment, Patel and Gurwitz agreed
that petitioner would plead guilty to the charges in exchange for three years‟ probation.
Although the crimes did not require mandatory sex offender registration, petitioner
agreed to lifetime registration and to stay away from all Albertson‟s stores. He also
agreed to complete 52 counseling sessions within 2 years of his plea. In return, Patel
expressly agreed petitioner‟s plea would “resolve[] all incidents referenced in [the] police
report, charged & uncharged.” These terms and conditions were memorialized in the
parties‟ plea agreement, and after petitioner waived his right to trial and pleaded guilty,
the Honorable Brett London sentenced him in accordance with the agreement.
              That wasn‟t the end of the story, however. Not long after petitioner was
sentenced, Patel received a call from the Irvine police informing her they were now able
to “make [a] case” against petitioner in case number 11-14086, which involved the two
12-year-old girls who were allegedly molested. Therefore, the district attorney filed a
two-count felony complaint against petitioner on October 9, 2012. The complaint alleged
petitioner committed a forcible lewd act against two girls under the age of 14, in violation
of Penal Code section 288, subdivision (b)(1).
              A week later, Gurwitz filed a nonstatutory motion to dismiss the complaint.
Because case number 11-14086 was referenced in the police report in petitioner‟s
misdemeanor case, Gurwitz argued it was resolved by virtue of petitioner‟s plea in that
case. In its opposition papers, the prosecution argued the plea was unenforceable and
subject to rescission because it was based on fraud and mistake of fact. The prosecution

                                              4
also claimed it would violate public policy to read the plea agreement so as to preclude
prosecution of the felony child molestation charges.
                On October 22, 2012, Judge Derek G. Johnson conducted an evidentiary
hearing on the matter. Gurwitz testified that on the day petitioner pled guilty, he and
Patel talked about the terms of the plea agreement. In light of the counseling and
registration requirements petitioner was willing to accept, Gurwitz asked Patel if she
would agree not to prosecute petitioner for any of the “other shit” that was mentioned in
the police report. When Patel said yes, Gurwitz added the term about the plea resolving
all incidents that were referenced in the police report. He then showed Patel what he
wrote, she said it was fine, and that was the end of their discussion. According to
Gurwitz, at no point did he state or imply to Patel that the other incidents referenced in
the police report were limited to surreptitious videotaping. Nor did Patel ask him if that
was the case.
                On cross-examination, the prosecution probed about why Gurwitz did not
volunteer that information to Patel. (The questioning was designed to test Gurwitz‟s
credibility regarding the circumstances under with plea was made.) Gurwitz testified he
did not talk to Patel about the police report because he presumed she was familiar with
the report and knew it referenced alleged incidents of felony child molestation by
petitioner. It just never occurred to him that a prosecutor would ever agree not to
prosecute a defendant for conduct referenced in a police report without reading the report
beforehand. Therefore, even though he and Patel did not specifically discuss the fact the
police report referenced felony child molestation, he understood their plea agreement to
foreclose future prosecution for that offense, as well as all of the other alleged crimes
referenced in the report.
                That was not Patel‟s understanding of the agreement. In fact, her testimony
as to what transpired on the day of petitioner‟s plea differed considerably from Gurwitz‟s
version of events. Explaining how things played out, Patel testified she had not read the

                                              5
police report before she and Gurwitz started discussing the terms of the plea agreement.
And the factual summary prepared by filing deputy Carlisle-Raines did not mention any
crimes other than the subject misdemeanor charges. So when Gurwitz brought up the
term about not prosecuting petitioner for all other incidents referenced in the police
report, she asked Gurwitz what he was talking about. According to Patel, Gurwitz told
her the incidents involved “similar stuff.” She asked Gurwitz if that meant the same “up
the skirt stuff” involved in the present misdemeanor case, and Gurwitz told her “yes,
similar stuff.”
              Knowing Gurwitz was a former prosecutor, Patel trusted him to a certain
extent. However, she felt she had a professional responsibility to independently verify
his representations. Therefore, she decided to look through her case file, which included
Officer Goodbrand‟s report. Patel testified that, even though her misdemeanor
arraignment calendar was quite busy that day, and she was the only prosecutor on hand,
she had “as much time as [she] wanted” to review Goodbrand‟s report “to determine . . .
what . . . other similar stuff” Gurwitz was talking about. In fact, she admitted she could
have read the entire report if she wanted to, and she did not have to rely on what Gurwitz
told her. Patel also admitted she knew Goodbrand‟s police report included supplemental
reports from other officers and that she understood the term “police report” in the plea
agreement to include not only Goodbrand‟s report, but all of those supplemental reports
as well.
              Yet, when Patel reviewed the police report, she did not read it in any great
detail. Instead, she just “perused” it to see if it was consistent with Gurwitz‟s
representation or whether it contained information about any other alleged crimes that
were perhaps more serious in nature. When she got to the part in Crawford‟s report about




                                              6
the police finding videos of multiple up-skirt incidents on petitioner‟s cell phone, she was
satisfied with the plea agreement and the particular terms that Gurwitz added.1
                  It is undisputed the reference to those particular videos appears in Officer
Crawford‟s report right after his factual description of the subject felony child
molestation incident. Although the date and case number of that incident are in bold
type, Patel testified she simply did not notice Crawford‟s factual description of that
incident, even though she was reviewing the report for the very purpose of determining
whether it contained any information of that sort. Consequently, when she signed the
plea agreement, she thought it only shielded petitioner from future prosecution for
misdemeanor up-skirt picture taking, not felony child molestation. Had she known the
police report referred to such felony conduct, she never would have agreed to the plea
bargain.
                  Based on this testimony, Judge Johnson made several findings. First, there
was no fraud or duress on Gurwitz‟s part. (In other words, the judge impliedly rejected
Patel‟s testimony that Gurwitz misled her about the contents of the police report.)
Second, the term “police report” in the plea agreement was unambiguous because the
parties clearly understood that term to include all four of the police reports that were
prepared in the case. Third, although Patel was negligent for failing to read the police
report more carefully, she was not reckless, nor did she operate outside the boundaries of
good faith and fair dealing. And fourth, it would be unconscionable to construe the plea
bargain to preclude the prosecution of the felony child molestation charges. The latter
two findings were key to the court‟s ultimate ruling that the plea agreement was subject
to rescission due to mistake of fact. The court simply did not believe the People should



         1        Patel initially testified she did not read any part of Crawford‟s report during the plea negotiation
process. However, she eventually admitted she did read parts of the report in order to verify Gurwitz‟s
representations. The admission came after defense counsel pointed out to Patel that Crawford‟s report is the only
one that mentions the fact petitioner had multiple up-skirt videos on his phone.


                                                           7
have to bear the risk for the misunderstanding that resulted from Patel‟s negligent
behavior. It thus denied petitioner‟s motion to dismiss the complaint.
              Following the preliminary hearing, petitioner renewed his request to
dismiss in the trial court before David A. Hoffer. Judge Hoffer agreed with Judge
Johnson that the plea agreement was voidable due to mistake of fact. Therefore, he too
denied petitioner‟s motion to dismiss the felony charges.
              Petitioner then sought writ relief in this court and we directed Judge
London, the original sentencing judge, to hold a hearing on whether petitioner‟s
misdemeanor plea agreement should be rescinded. At the hearing, the prosecution
accused Gurwitz of fraud and trying to “pull[] a fast one” on Patel. Judge London did not
reach that issue, but he did find Patel signed the plea agreement based on a mistake of
fact and it would be unconscionable to enforce the agreement as written. He therefore
granted the People‟s request to rescind the agreement. After the appellate department of
the superior court refused to disturb that ruling, petitioner filed the instant petition for a
writ of mandate.
                                        DISCUSSION
                                        Mistake of Fact
              The main issue before us is whether petitioner‟s plea agreement is
rescindable due to mistake of fact. Because Patel entered into the agreement knowing
full well that she had limited knowledge of what was written in the police report, we do
not believe the mistake of fact doctrine applies in this case.
              Plea bargaining is an essential component of our criminal justice system.
(Santobello v. New York (1971) 404 U.S. 257, 261.) It is based on the notion of fairness
and the understanding the parties will honor all the terms they agreed to. (Ibid.) Indeed,
“[o]ur Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that „“[w]hen a guilty plea . . . is entered
in exchange for specified benefits . . . both parties . . . must abide by the terms of the



                                               8
agreement.”‟ [Citations.]” (People v. Collins (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 849, 862; accord,
Santobello v. New York, supra, 404 U.S. at p. 262.)
              As representatives of the government, it is particularly important for
prosecutors to live up to any and all promises that persuade a defendant to give up his
constitutional right to trial and plead guilty to a criminal offense. (See People v.
Mancheno (1982) 32 Cal.3d 855, 860 [emphasizing due process and the integrity of the
plea bargaining system require the state to “keep its word when it offers inducements in
exchange for a plea of guilty”].) Courts expect prosecutors to honor their plea promises,
even though prosecutors are often overworked and sometimes make innocent mistakes in
the course of the plea bargaining process: A “heavy workload may well explain [such
mistakes], but it does not excuse them.” (Santobello v. New York, supra, 404 U.S. at p.
260 [prosecutor‟s innocent mistake insufficient basis to justify government‟s breach of
plea agreement].)
              Given the stakes involved in plea bargaining, some courts do not even
allow prosecutors to raise mistake of fact as a defense to nonperformance of a plea term.
(See, e.g., United States v. Partida-Parra (9th Cir. 1988) 859 F.2d 629, 633-634.)
Although contract principles generally apply to plea bargains (ibid.), and mistake of fact
is a traditional contract defense, there are two reasons why the rules governing contracts
may require tempering in the context of a plea agreement: “First, the defendant‟s
underlying „contract‟ right is constitutionally based and therefore reflects concerns that
differ fundamentally from and run wider than those of commercial contract law.
[Citation.]” (United States v. Harvey (4th Cir. 1986) 791 F.2d 294, 300.) And second,
plea bargains implicate the “„honor of the government, public confidence in the fair
administration of justice, and the effective administration of justice . . . .‟ [Citation.]”
(Ibid.)
              In light of these considerations, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has
declined to extend the contract law analogy to invalidate a plea agreement based on

                                               9
mistake of fact. (United States v. Partida-Parra, supra, 859 F.2d at p. 634.) Indeed, the
Ninth Circuit has long held that a prosecutor‟s “subsequent discovery that [his or her]
decision to enter into [a particular] plea agreement was based on mistake of fact [does]
not nullify the agreement or excuse the government from compliance with its terms.
[Citation.]” (United States v. Fagan (9th Cir. 1993) 996 F.2d 1009, 1013; see also United
States v. Hammond (9th Cir. 2014) 742 F.3d 880, 883; United States v. Barron (9th Cir.
1999) 172 F.3d 1153, 1158-1159.) Although we are not bound by lower federal court
decisions (People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 120, fn. 3), the People have not
provided us with any legally cognizable reason to depart from this approach.
              Instead, the People simply assume that standard contract principles apply in
determining whether petitioner‟s plea agreement should be enforced in this case. In
arguing in favor of this approach, the People rightly note that rescission is available as a
remedy under California law if a mistake of fact material to a contract has been shown.
(Civ. Code, §§ 1577, 1689, subd. (b)(1).) However, even assuming the mistake-of-fact
doctrine applies in the context of a criminal plea bargain, we do not believe the doctrine
applies to the particular situation presented in this case.
              The contours of the mistake-of-fact doctrine were examined in Donovan v.
RRL Corporation (2001) 26 Cal.4th 261 (Donovan). In that case, the California Supreme
Court determined that a defendant in a contract dispute who is claiming unilateral
mistake of fact “must establish the following facts to obtain rescission of the contract:
(1) the defendant made a mistake regarding a basic assumption upon which the defendant
made the contract; (2) the mistake has a material effect upon the agreed exchange of
performances that is adverse to the defendant; (3) the defendant does not bear the risk of
the mistake; and (4) the effect of the mistake is such that enforcement of the contract
would be unconscionable.” (Id. at p. 282.)
              The parties readily agree the first two requirements for rescission are met.
Indeed, it is clear Patel agreed to the plea bargain upon the mistaken assumption the

                                              10
police report only referenced misdemeanor up-skirt picture taking, and this mistake
would have a material adverse effect on the People‟s performance because it would
preclude them from prosecuting petitioner for the felony child molestation referenced in
the report.
                  There is, however, no consensus on the third prong of the Donovan test,
which requires us to ascertain whether Patel bore the risk of her mistake regarding what
type of information was contained in the police report. Per Donovan, section 154 of the
Restatement Second of Contracts governs this issue. (Donovan, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p.
283.) Under that section, “„A party bears the risk of a mistake when [¶] (a) the risk is
allocated to him by agreement of the parties, or (b) [¶] he is aware, at the time the
contract is made, that he has only limited knowledge with respect to the facts to which
the mistake relates but treats his limited knowledge as sufficient, or [¶] (c) the risk is
allocated to him by the court on the ground that it is reasonable in the circumstances to do
so.‟” (Ibid., quoting Rest.2d Contracts, § 154 (hereinafter Section 154).)
                  Because the risk of Patel‟s mistake about what the police report contained
was not allocated to her by the parties‟ agreement or the court, only the second criteria is
at issue in this case.2 Speaking to the second criteria, the comment to Section 154
explains: “Even though the mistaken party did not agree to bear the risk, he may have
been aware when he made the contract that his knowledge with respect to the facts to
which the mistake relates was limited. If he was not only so aware that his knowledge
was limited but undertook to perform in the face of that awareness, he bears the risk of
the mistake. It is sometimes said in such a situation that, in a sense, there was not
mistake but „conscious ignorance.‟”
                  Section 154 recognizes that risk allocation is an important aspect of all
contracts: “Every time parties enter a contract, they act with incomplete information.

          2        In comparison, the result in Donovan turned on the applicability of the third criteria, making that
case of limited utility to us as far as the risk factor is concerned. (Donovan, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 283.)


                                                          11
They make judgments about the desirability of acquiring (and waiting for) additional
information, and of creating specific contractual provisions to handle particular
eventualities. Where they have been explicitly concerned about an issue, but decide to
press forward without further inquiry or explicit provision, it is reasonable to suppose that
they intend the contract to dispose of the risk in question, i.e., to bar any reopening at the
behest of the party who, it turns out, would have done better without the contract.”
(Harbor Ins. Co. v. Stokes (D.C.Cir. 1995) 45 F.3d 499, 502.)
              Consequently, rescission is not available if the purported mistake “„relate[s]
to one of the uncertainties of which the parties were conscious and which it was the
purpose of the compromise to resolve and put at rest.‟ [Citations.]” (Harbor Ins. Co. v.
Stokes, supra, 45 F.3d at p. 502; accord, Stermer v. Board of Dental Examiners (2002) 95
Cal.App.4th 128, 134 [“the kind of mistake which renders a contract voidable does not
include „mistakes as to matters which the contracting parties had in mind as possibilities
and as to the existence of which they took the risk‟”].) Rather, rescission is warranted
only when “the subject of uncertainty has not been a concern of the parties, i.e., where the
post-contract discovery comes out of left field . . . . [Citation.]” (Harbor Ins. Co. v.
Stokes, supra, 45 F.3d at p. 502.)
              Here, both parties knew the police report referenced various alleged
incidents of criminal conduct by petitioner. Patel‟s mistake related only to the particular
type of conduct that was referenced in the report. To find that out, Patel looked over the
police report before agreeing to the plea bargain. She was not only looking for references
to other up-the-skirt incidents, she wanted to see if there were any references to “any
other sex crimes” that might be impacted by the plea agreement, such as felony child
molestation. Despite this, Patel only perused the report, she did not read it word for
word. And after so doing, she expressed her satisfaction with the terms of the agreement.
She was willing to go through with the agreement even though she knew she only had
limited knowledge of the contents of the report. Given that Patel contemplated the report

                                              12
might contain references to felony sex crimes when she entered into the agreement, this
prospect cannot be said to have “come out of left field” after the agreement was formed.
              Nevertheless, as the People point out, the judges below were not convinced
Patel was acting in conscious ignorance of her mistake for purposes of Section 154.
Speaking to that issue, Judge Hoffer opined that while Patel “had limited knowledge of
other up-the-skirt incidents” in the police report, she “was not aware that she had limited
knowledge of felony sex offenses. She didn‟t think there were any, and she was not
aware of that fact. If she had, she never would have entered into this agreement. It is
ludicrous to think that a misdemeanor deputy district attorney in a busy arraignment court
would be bargaining away felony sex offenses . . . against kids[.]”
              However, the issue is not whether Patel intended to bargain away the felony
offenses referenced in the police report. Instead, we must decide whether the prosecution
should have to bear the risk of the mistake that resulted from her failure to read the report
more carefully. This turns on whether she was aware she had limited knowledge of the
facts to which the mistake related but decided to go through with the plea agreement
anyway. She did. She knew there were other offenses involved. She perused the report
because she wanted to know what they were. She failed to read it closely enough to learn
they were potential felonies, but she had to know how limited her knowledge of those
cases was. The choice was to decline the deal until she had a chance to fully review
those reports or act in conscious ignorance to get an agreement that involved registration
as a sex offender. She chose the latter – not unreasonable – course.
              In finding otherwise, the trial judge made much of the fact Patel acted in
good faith and her mistake resulted from mere negligence. However, while this
consideration is relevant to whether the People were eligible to seek rescission in the first
place (see Donovan, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 283-284 [a defendant‟s failure to act in good
faith and in accordance with the standards of fair dealing automatically precludes a
mistake-of-fact defense]), it has no bearing on Patel‟s state of mind vis-à-vis the facts on

                                             13
which her mistake was based, which is the key issue in this case. Because Patel was
willing to go along with the plea bargain dispute knowing she had only limited
knowledge of those facts, the law requires her to bear the risk of her mistake.
              While only petitioner can be satisfied with this result, case law fully
supports it. Although the issue of mistake of fact arises most often in civil cases, the
above principles have been applied in criminal cases, as well. Absent evidence of fraud,
an issue we discuss below, the prevailing view is that “a prosecutor may not rescind his
[or her] end of [a plea] bargain due to unilateral mistake on his [or her] part.” (Herman,
Plea Bargaining (1997) § 10.05, p. 194.) While there is a dearth of cases in California on
this issue, our examination of cases from other jurisdictions reveals that, when it comes to
prosecutors‟ factual mistakes, it doesn‟t matter what the mistake is about or what the
consequences of the mistake may be. It can be a mistake about the nature of the
defendant‟s crimes that results in the prosecution being unable to charge the defendant
with a serious sex offense (e.g., People v. Martinez (Mich.App. 2014) 861 N.W.2d 905),
or it can be a mistake about the nature of the victim‟s injuries that results in the
prosecution being unable to charge the defendant with murder (e.g., State v. Thomas (N.J.
1972) 294 A.2d 57). So long as the mistake concerns a fact the prosecutor had the ability
to ascertain before entering into the plea bargain, the prosecutor‟s purported ignorance of
or mistake about that fact will not suffice to void the agreement. (Ibid.; see also United
States v. Floyd (3d Cir. 2005) 428 F.3d 513 [prosecutor‟s mistake about the defendant‟s
potential sentence insufficient basis to invalidate plea bargain]; United States v. Atkinson
(7th Cir. 1992) 979 F.2d 1219 [same]; State v. King (N.C.App. 2012) 721 S.E.2d 327
[prosecutor‟s mistake about the status of certain forfeited funds insufficient basis to
invalidate plea bargain]; State v. Palmer (W.Va. 1999) 524 S.E.2d 661 [prosecutor‟s
mistake about the extent of the defendant‟s criminal behavior insufficient basis to
invalidate plea bargain]; Ex parte Johnson (Ala. 1995) 669 So.2d 205 [prosecutor‟s
mistake about the legal consequences of the defendant‟s conduct insufficient basis to

                                              14
invalidate plea bargain]; Epperson v. State (Ind.App. 1988) 530 N.E.2d 743, 746
[prosecutor‟s mistake about a witness‟s willingness to cooperate insufficient basis to
invalidate plea bargain]; Perkins v. Third District Court of Appeals (Tex.Crim.App.
1987) 738 S.W.2d 276 [prosecutor‟s mistake about the extent of the defendant‟s
involvement in the alleged offense insufficient basis to invalidate plea bargain]; Ex parte
Cassady (Ala. 1986) 486 So.2d 453 [prosecutor‟s mistake about the number of charges
pending against the defendant insufficient basis to invalidate plea bargain].)
              As part of the plea agreement in our case, Patel knew she was giving up the
state‟s right to prosecute petitioner for the alleged crimes referenced in the police report.
And even though she was in the midst of a busy courtroom calendar when she made the
agreement, she admitted she could have taken as much time as she needed to read the
police report and ascertain what those offenses were. These facts present an even weaker
case for rescission than the facts presented in the above-cited cases, because unlike the
prosecutors in those cases, Patel had all of the information pertinent to the plea available
when she accepted it. So her failure to consider the plea agreement more carefully is not
grounds for excusing compliance with its stated terms. (See generally Stewart v. Preston
Pipeline, Inc. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1565, 1589 [in rejecting mistake-of-fact defense,
court reiterates long-established rule that one who agrees to a contract is generally
presumed to know its contents and cannot escape its terms simply by contending he or
she did not read them].)
              The People argue Patel should be forgiven for failing to read the police
report more carefully because Gurwitz lied to her about the type of conduct that was
reflected in the report. (See generally United States v. Partida-Parra, supra, 859 F.2d at
p. 634, fn. 6 [noting courts have the inherent “power to undo a plea agreement in a case
where the defendant has obtained the agreement through fraud or misrepresentation”].)
However, Judge Johnson, the trier of fact at the evidentiary hearing, rejected the notion
Gurwitz misled Patel about the police report. Although Patel testified Gurwitz assured

                                              15
her the report only referenced incidents of surreptitious up-skirt picture taking, Gurwitz
testified he made no such representation, and Judge Johnson ultimately sided with
Gurwitz on this issue. Although Judge Johnson did not make any express credibility
determinations, he explicitly rejected the People‟s claim Gurwitz acted in a deceitful
manner during the plea process. Finding no evidence to support that claim, Judge
Johnson specifically ruled out fraud or duress as a basis for invalidating the agreement.
This can only mean that Judge Johnson impliedly rejected Patel‟s testimony Gurwitz
misled her into believing the police report only referenced conduct that was similar to the
current misdemeanor charges. As an appellate court, we are in no position to second-
guess Judge Johnson‟s determination in that regard. (See generally People v. Collins,
supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 862, fn. 8 [whether fraud has been employed so as to
undermine the validity of a plea agreement is a question of fact for the trial court].)3
                 But the People‟s attempt to blame Gurwitz for Patel‟s failings is
unpersuasive for other reasons. Even if Gurwitz did tell Patel the police report only
referenced misdemeanor up-skirt picture taking, it is clear Patel did not take that
representation at face value. She knew she had an obligation to independently review the
police report to determine whether that was the case, and that‟s exactly what she did.
Since she was reviewing the report to find out what type of criminal conduct it referred
to, she obviously had the opportunity to verify whether the information Gurwitz allegedly
told her was true or not. While it may not have been particularly convenient for Patel to
take the time to read the entire police report in a busy courtroom setting, she could have
requested to trail the case to the following day to give her sufficient time to do so. There
is no indication time was of the essence in negotiating petitioner‟s misdemeanor plea, and
no indication Gurwitz‟s representations affected her research.


         3         Judge Hoffer and Judge London understood this principle, as well. Although the People urged
them to revisit Judge Johnson‟s factual determinations and find the plea bargain unenforceable due to fraud and
misrepresentation, they declined to do so and instead based their rulings on other grounds.


                                                        16
              The fact is, Patel knew before accepting the plea agreement that she had not
read the police report in its entirety, and thus she knew she only had limited knowledge
about the type of offenses mentioned in the report. Nevertheless, she went ahead and
agreed to resolve all incidents referenced in the report. Under these circumstances, it
would not be accurate to characterize Patel‟s failure to realize the police report referenced
felony child molestation as a mistake of fact. Instead, her decision to go ahead with the
plea bargain having only perused the report shows she was consciously ignorant of the
facts to which her alleged mistake related. Therefore, she bore the risk of that mistake.
              Because of that, we need not consider whether enforcement of the plea
agreement would be unconscionable, which is the fourth requirement under Donovan.
Given that the People failed to satisfy the third requirement regarding the allocation of
risk, they are not entitled to rescind the plea agreement under the mistake of fact doctrine.
(See Donovan, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 282 [a necessary perquisite for obtaining rescission
of a contract based on unilateral mistake of fact is that the party seeking rescission did not
bear the risk of the mistake].)
                  Alternative Arguments for Voiding the Plea Agreement
              Nevertheless, the People contend the plea agreement is unenforceable
because 1) Patel did not consent to the provision that precludes them from prosecuting
petitioner for the felony child molestation referenced in the police report, 2) the provision
was procured through fraud and misrepresentation, 3) the provision is ambiguous, and 4)
the provision violates public policy. None of these theories is persuasive.
              The People‟s lack-of-consent and fraud theories are based on the
assumption Gurwitz misled Patel about the contents of the police. If that were true, we
would not hesitate to find the plea agreement unenforceable. (See People v. Collins,
supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 862, fn. 8.) But as explained above, Judge Johnson flatly
rejected the notion Gurwitz acted fraudulently in procuring the plea agreement. That



                                             17
finding, which is amply supported by Gurwitz‟s testimony, precludes us from
invalidating the contract based on lack of consent or fraud.
              The People also accuse Gurwitz of misrepresentation, based on his failure
to volunteer the information that petitioner had been a suspect in a child molestation
incident. But the victims in that case had been unable to make an identification. And it is
hard to fault Gurwitz for failing to divulge that information, since it was clearly set forth
in the police report and Patel took it upon herself to read the report. As one court has
aptly noted, “[T]he function of defense counsel is to represent his client to the best of his
ability. While the zeal displayed in the course of this representation must not transcend
bounds imposed by law or by those ethical standards and professional proprieties which
govern the conduct of all members of the bar at all times, yet it forms no part of the duties
of defense counsel to alert the State to imminent pitfalls or warn of possible missteps.”
(State v. Thomas, supra, 294 A.2d at pp. 60-61 [prosecutor‟s mistake of fact insufficient
basis to void plea agreement].) Given the circumstances respecting the plea agreement in
this case, as found by the trier of fact, there is no basis for impugning Gurwitz‟s conduct
or rescinding the agreement based on anything he did or did not do.
              The People also attack the plea agreement on the basis the term “police
report” is ambiguous. They claim it would defy the parties‟ expectations and common
sense to interpret the term to include all the police reports included within Officer
Goodbrand‟s report. Yet the records shows all four of the police reports that were
generated in this case related to the underlying misdemeanor charges that were
investigated by Goodbrand. His report, labeled “Consolidated Occurrence Report,”
contains the basic factual information underlying the charges. And the other three
reports, including Officer Crawford‟s report, clearly reference – and were designed to
build on – Goodbrand‟s report. That is why they are labeled “supplemental” reports and
that is why they were included in the packet of information that both attorneys had in this
case. Patel not only had all of the reports in her possession, she actually read some of

                                              18
Crawford‟s report because she believed the term “police report” referenced in the plea
agreement included his report. Given Patel‟s subjective understanding of that term,
which Gurwitz shared, the People‟s attempt to impose a more restrictive meaning on the
term at this late date is unpersuasive. (See generally United States v. Clark (9th Cir.
2000) 218 F.3d 1092, 1095 [if the terms of a plea agreement are not clear on their face,
we look to the facts of the case to determine what the parties understood them to mean].)
              Invoking the rights of the children who were allegedly molested by
petitioner in his felony case, the People argue it would violate public policy if we were to
interpret petitioner‟s misdemeanor plea agreement to prevent the People from prosecuting
that case. In so arguing, the People point out that both individual crime victims and the
California citizenry as a whole have the right to expect that criminal activity will be
punished to the fullest extent of the law. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (a).) But our
state also has a compelling interest in ensuring that the prosecutors who represent it in
court will honor the promises they make in negotiating plea agreements. This is so
despite the fact negotiated pleas sometimes have negative unintended consequences for
the prosecution. (See People v. Martinez, supra, 861 N.W.2d at p. 912 [generally “„even
unwise plea bargains are binding on the prosecutor‟”].)
              “Were courts free to reexamine the wisdom of plea bargains with the
benefit of hindsight, the agreements themselves would lack finality and the benefits that
encourage the government and defendants to enter into pleas might prove illusory[.]”
(United States v. Ritsema (7th Cir. 1996) 89 F.3d 392, 401.) Indeed, no plea bargain
would ever truly be secure if trial courts were allowed to rescind them after they have
been accepted and executed. (V.C. v. Superior Court (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1455,
1467, disapproved on other grounds in In re Greg F. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 393, 415.) “Only
if it is generally believed that performance on the part of the [s]tate will not disappoint a
defendant‟s reasonable expectations will plea bargaining . . . remain a truly effective
device in criminal administration.” (State v. Thomas, supra, 294 A.2d at p. 61.)

                                              19
              Moreover, “to allow the state to revoke plea agreements through negligence
on the part of the district attorney‟s office might well encourage such negligence.
Requiring the district attorney to know the pertinent facts in a given case before entering
a plea bargain will prevent such negligence and will ensure fairness to both the [s]tate
and the defendant.” (Ex parte Johnson, supra, 669 So.2d at p. 207.) In this regard, we
must remember plea bargaining implicates more than just the liberty of the defendant; at
stake is the very honor of the government, the integrity of the judicial process, and the
public‟s confidence in the fair administration of justice. (People v. Walker (1991) 54
Cal.3d 1013, 1026; People v. Mancheno, supra, 32 Cal.3d at p. 866; People v. Vargas
(2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 506, 534.)
               These considerations underscore why courts often feel compelled to hold
prosecutors to their plea agreement promises. Doing so in this case may seem harsh,
given that Patel simply made an innocent, good-faith mistake in the midst of a busy
courtroom setting. But if the shoe were on the other foot, and petitioner himself had
made a mistake about what the police report contained, we would not hesitate to enforce
the plea agreement in that situation either. The truth is, “defendants are rarely released
from their agreements, despite the fact that the plea bargain has turned out not to be such
a bargain after all. [Citation.]” (United States v. Ritsema, supra, 89 F.3d at p. 401; see,
e.g., Machado v. Carey (E.D.Cal. 2006) 2006 WL 3762046 [defendant‟s subjective
misunderstanding of potential prison term insufficient to justify rescission of plea
agreement based on mistake of fact].) There is no reason in logic or the law to afford
prosecutors preferential treatment when it comes to determining the enforceability of plea
agreements that are allegedly based on mistake of fact.
              In arguing for rescission of the plea agreement in this case, the People also
claim the sentencing court failed to make the necessary findings to ensure petitioner is
subject to the sex offender registration requirements set forth in Penal Code section 290
et seq. However, the People did not raise this claim at the time petitioner entered his

                                             20
misdemeanor plea, nor did they try to attack the plea on that basis before filing the
subject felony charges against petitioner. The alleged oversight is therefore not grounds
for overturning petitioner‟s plea bargain at this stage of the proceedings. (See Ellsworth
v. Superior Court (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 967, 974.)
              In Ellsworth, this court recited an adage that is apt here as well: “„If the
People had their pockets picked in [this] criminal case, it was because they neglected to
button down the flaps.‟ [Citation.]” (Ellsworth v. Superior Court, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d
at p. 974.) Not only were the People remiss for failing to raise any deficiencies in the
plea below, they were neglectful on a more fundamental level for failing to heed the “old
saying” that “„[b]efore a prosecutor disposes of his [or her] case, he [or she] should know
as much about the case as is possible so that he [or she] will be informed about the
case[.]‟” (Perkins v. Third District Court of Appeals, supra, 738 S.W.2d at p. 277.)
These miscues have resulted in the consumption of considerable judicial resources and
left us with a vexing dilemma that pits the right of the state to carry out its fundamental
duty to prosecute alleged criminal activity against the right of criminal defendants to
expect fundamental fairness in plea proceedings.
              As much as it pains us to reach a conclusion that results in the dismissal of
felony child molestation charges against petitioner, we feel the People have left us no
choice in the matter. In order to preserve the fairness and integrity of the plea bargaining
process, the process by which the vast majority of criminal cases are adjudicated in this
day and age (see Lafler v. Cooper (2012) __ U.S. __ [132 S.Ct. 1376, 1381] [recognizing
the criminal justice system “is for the most part a system of pleas, not a system of
trials”]), we are compelled to hold the People to the promises they made as part of
petitioner‟s plea bargain in his misdemeanor case. Because the People agreed to refrain
from prosecuting petitioner for all incidents referenced in the police report in that case,
and because that police report clearly and specifically refers to the conduct underlying the
felony charges petitioner is currently facing, those charges cannot stand.

                                             21
                                      DISPOSITION
              The petition for a writ of mandate is granted and the trial court is ordered to
vacate its order granting the People‟s motion to rescind the plea agreement in case
number 12HM10360 and to reinstate petitioner‟s guilty plea to the misdemeanors charges
alleged in that case. For the reasons explained above, reinstatement of petitioner‟s guilty
plea in that case precludes the prosecution from pursuing the felony charges alleged
against him in case number 12HF2926.



                                                  BEDSWORTH, J.

I CONCUR:



O‟LEARY, P. J.




                                             22
Moore, J., Dissenting.
              I respectfully dissent. I actually agree with most of what the
majority says, but I draw different conclusions from the facts.
              This is what happened. In a busy misdemeanor arraignment court,
the prosecutor and defense lawyer agreed to the disposition of a case where
defendant was using his cell phone to look up women‟s skirts. The two lawyers
agreed defendant would plead guilty in exchange for three years‟ probation.
While memorializing the agreement in a writing, the defense lawyer added an
additional term, that defendant‟s guilty plea would “resolve[] all incidents
referenced in [the] police report, charged & uncharged.”
              To a great extent, what happened next is a he said /she said situation.
He is the defense lawyer and she is the prosecutor. She said she asked him what
the additional term was about, and he told her the other incidents involved “similar
stuff.” The prosecutor then perused the police report, which was actually four
reports, found “similar stuff” throughout the four reports and agreed to the
additional term. Defendant pled guilty and the judge sentenced him according to
the agreement.
              What the prosecutor did not read in her perusal of the police reports
was a police officer‟s statement that defendant was a person of interest in the
inappropriate touching of two 12-year-old girls. Shortly after defendant was
sentenced, the prosecutor was contacted by police and told the police department
was ready to file against defendant for molesting the two girls. A felony
complaint alleging defendant committed two counts of forcible child molestation
was filed. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (b)(1).)
              Defendant made a motion to have the felony complaint dismissed.
In denying the motion to dismiss, the judge made a finding there was no fraud on

                                          1
the defense lawyer‟s part when he answered the prosecutor‟s questions about the
new term he added to the plea agreement in the underlying case. A reviewing
court must defer to factual findings. (People v. Cissna (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th
1105, 1118.) Assuming there was no fraud, both looking up women‟s skirts and
felony child molestation are both sexual crimes, and might be described by some
as “similar stuff.”
              Why the prosecutor did not read the police reports more carefully is
not at issue here. Nor is the defense lawyer‟s reason for doing what he did,
although his actions may be understandable. He was between the rock and the
hard spot to a certain extent. If he brought the notation in the fourth police report
about the 12-year-old girls to the attention of the prosecutor, he might
inadvertently cause his client to be further prosecuted. Yet at the same time, he
wanted to wrap up everything, if possible.
              What is at issue here is that, unlike the typical private contract,
which is insulated from judicial interference because it‟s nobody‟s business to
what terms private parties agree (see Brisbane Lodging, L.P. v. Webcor Builders,
Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1263 [contract involving “sophisticated give-
and-take” over terms of contract should not be interfered with by the courts], this
particular contract is somebody‟s business. It‟s the People‟s business. Even
though it doesn‟t matter why both counsel acted as they did, as a result of their
actions, charges are being dismissed against a sexual deviant who may be in the
process of escalating his crimes, having graduated from looking up women‟s skirts
to forcible child molestation. It is in the public interest to determine whether that
portion of the plea agreement dealing with foreclosing further prosecution should
be rescinded under contract principles or whether the plea agreement should be



                                          2
enforced despite a mistake of fact, and the forcible child molestation charges
should be dismissed.
              There are four requirements to rescission. The party seeking
rescission must demonstrate that “(1) [she] made a mistake regarding a basic
assumption upon which [she] made the contract; (2) the mistake has a material
effect upon the agreed exchange of performances that is adverse to [her]; (3) [she]
does not bear the risk of the mistake; and (4) the effect of the mistake . . . would be
unconscionable.” (Donovan v. RRL Corp. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 261, 282.) As the
majority notes, the parties agree the first two elements are present. (Maj. opn.,
ante, at p. 10.) Unlike the majority, I find the prosecutor does not bear the
assumption of the risk here.
              A party bears the assumption of the risk of her mistake if “„[s]he is
aware, at the time the contract is made, that [s]he has only limited knowledge with
respect to the facts to which the mistake relates but treats [her] limited knowledge
as sufficient . . . .‟” (Donovan v. RRL Corp., supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 283.) In this
case, it cannot be said the prosecutor bore the risk of making a bad contract
because she knew she had limited knowledge. She “knew” no such thing. She
perused the four police reports and felt assured they contained nothing but “up the
skirt stuff.” That is what she was looking for, and that is what she found.


Unconscionability in General
              The principles of unconscionability involve both a substantive and a
procedural element, the former focusing or overly harsh or one-sided results and
the latter on oppression or surprise. (Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc. (2003) 29 Cal.4th
1064, 1071.) The ultimate question of whether or not a contract is unconscionable



                                          3
is a question of law. (A & M Produce Co. v. FMC Corp. (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d
473, 489.)


Substantive Unconscionability
              “The substantive element of the unconscionability analysis focuses
on overly harsh or one-sided results. [Citation.]” (Gatton v. T-Mobile USA, Inc.
(2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 571, 586.) “No precise definition of substantive
unconscionability can be proffered. Cases have talked in terms of „overly harsh‟
or „one-sided‟ results. [Citations.] One commentator has pointed out, however,
that „. . . unconscionability turns not only on a “one-sided” result, but also on an
absence of “justification” for it.‟ [Citation], which is only to say that substantive
unconscionability must be evaluated as of the time the contract was made.
[Citation.] The most detailed and specific commentaries observe that a contract is
largely an allocation of risks between the parties, and therefore that a contractual
term is substantively suspect if it reallocates the risks of the bargain in an
objectively unreasonable or unexpected manner. [Citations.]” (A & M Produce
Co. v. FMC Corp., supra, 135 Cal.App.3d at p. 487.)
              A provision in a contract is substantively unconscionable if it
“„involves contract terms that are so one-sided as to “shock the conscience,” or
that impose harsh or oppressive terms.‟ [Citation.] The phrases „harsh,‟
„oppressive,‟ and „shock the conscience‟ are not synonymous with „unreasonable.‟
Basing an unconscionability determination on the reasonableness of a contract
provision would inject an inappropriate level of judicial subjectivity into the
analysis. „With a concept as nebulous as “unconscionability” it is important that
courts not be thrust in the paternalistic role of intervening to change contractual
terms that the parties have agreed to merely because the court believes the terms

                                           4
are unreasonable. The terms must shock the conscience.‟ [Citations.]” (Morris v.
Redwood Empire Bancorp (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1322-1323.)
              As already noted, I must defer to the trial judge‟s determination
there was no fraud in the inducement here. Nonetheless, even if the defense
lawyer did not intend to mislead the prosecutor, it is clear to me the prosecutor
was, indeed, misled into believing the only crimes involved were “up the skirt
stuff,” as she says she was told or led to believe. She found “up the skirt stuff”
throughout the police reports, but did not see the references to inappropriate
touching of two 12-year-old girls. Under the circumstances I find in this record, I
must conclude the term added by the defense lawyer is harsh, oppressive, one-
sided in favor of defendant and shocks the conscience.


Procedural Unconscionability
              The procedural element of the unconscionability analysis concerns
the manner in which the contract was negotiated and the circumstances of the
parties at the time. It focuses on oppression or surprise. (Walnut Producers of
California v. Diamond Foods, Inc. (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 634, 646.) Oppression
may not apply here, but surprise does. Surprise involves the extent to which the
supposedly agreed-upon terms of the bargain are hidden in the contract by the
party seeking to enforce the disputed terms. (Gatton v. T-Mobile USA, Inc. (2007)
152 Cal.App.4th 571, 581.)
              I do not suggest the prosecutor should have been surprised, but
surprised she was. She had been told to expect nothing in the police report but
“similar stuff,” so when she saw “similar stuff” throughout, her expectations were
met. But the added contractual term had ramifications she never suspected.



                                          5
              No doubt the substantive unconconscionability element here is
greater than the procedural unconscionability element, but the law recognizes a
sliding scale with regard to substantive and procedural unconscionability. “[T]he
greater the degree of substantive unconscionability, the less the degree of
procedural unconscionability . . . is required to annul a contract or clause.
[Citations.]” (Carboni v. Arrospide (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 76, 83, fn. omitted.) In
Carboni, the reviewing court had little trouble finding a 200 percent interest rate
charged on funds borrowed to pay for medical bills was substantively
unconscionable, but struggled with whether there was procedural
unconscionability in light of an argument the borrower had other sources of credit.
(Id. at pp. 84, 86.) The court concluded: “Finally, we note that even if the
procedural aspect of unconscionability in this case was slight, the substantive
unconscionability was severe. A compelling showing of substantive
unconscionability may overcome a weaker showing of procedural
unconscionability. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 86.)


Conclusion
              This is not a situation where the district attorney is trying to back out
of a deal it made because circumstances have changed. Neither is this a situation
where the case was assigned to a deputy district attorney for trial, in which case
we could easily presume the trial lawyer was fully aware of the contents of the file
before making an offer. Rather, this case involves a perfect storm. The plea
agreement was made at the misdemeanor arraignment stage, the safety of children
is at stake, and the People‟s lawyer did not read all of the police reports, missing
the significance of the term added by the defense lawyer. Thus, at the time the
contract was entered, the possible effect that a felonious child molester, who

                                          6
would ordinarily face a long prison term, would avoid prosecution, was not even
considered. Under the circumstances in this record, I find that added term to be
both substantively and procedurally unconscionable. The unconscionable term
can easily be severed from the agreement.
              “As noted, Civil Code section 1670.5, subdivision (a) provides that
„[i]f the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to
have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce
the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the
unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable
clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.‟” (Armendariz v. Foundation Health
Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 121-122.) (Italics added.)
              I think the trial court‟s ruling was correct for the most part. The
added term to the plea agreement here shocks the conscience, and I do not think
we should enforce it. The prosecution of defendant for forcible child molestation
should proceed without interference by this court.
              I disagree, however, with the remedy applied by the trial court. The
court withdrew defendant‟s guilty plea in the misdemeanor matter. Whether the
guilty plea should be withdrawn or whether the plea should remain, with the
unconscionable provision severed, should be defendant‟s option. After all, the
prosecutor offered the defendant the no time disposition prior to defense counsel‟s
including the unconscionable provision.




                                           MOORE, J.




                                           7
