                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________                 FILED
                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 09-12684                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          DECEMBER 29, 2009
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                          THOMAS K. KAHN
                       ________________________
                                                               CLERK

                    D. C. Docket No. 08-21116-CR-JLK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

STEVENSON CHARLES,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                           (December 29, 2009)

Before BIRCH, BLACK and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Stevenson Charles appeals his conviction and 240-month sentence for

possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon. For two reasons we

reject Charles’ appeal. First, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), on its face and as applied to

Charles, does not violate the Commerce Clause. Second, the Supreme Court has

held that a defendant’s prior convictions do not need to be alleged in an indictment

or proved to a jury in order to be used to enhance a sentence, and we have applied

that ruling to sentences enhanced pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Accordingly, we

AFFIRM.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      A federal grand jury returned an indictment alleging that Charles was a felon

in possession of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1)

and 924(e). See R1-8. At trial, Miami Dade Police Department Detective Dario

Socarras testified as follows. R2 at 63. On 3 December 2008, Socarras stopped a

car after it failed to stop at a stop sign. Id. at 64-65. While talking to the car’s

driver, Socarras smelled marijuana and noticed that the passenger was reaching

towards his feet. Id. at 68. Socarras identified Charles as the car’s passenger. Id.

      After another officer, Speck, arrived at the scene, Socarras approached the

passenger side of the car, and asked Charles to step out. Id. at 69. After Charles




                                            2
stepped out of the car, he ran away from the officers. Id. at 70. Both Speck and

Socarras pursued him. Id.

       During the chase, Socarras noticed that Charles’s hands were near his waist.

Id. Socarras then saw Charles drop or throw a gun magazine to the ground. Id. at

72. Socarras later learned that the magazine was loaded. Id. at 74. Charles

continued fleeing, and just before Charles dove to the ground, Socarras saw him

throw a gun into the air. Id. at 77-78. Shortly thereafter, Socarras arrested Charles.

Id. at 80.

       Socarras searched Charles, and recovered a bag of marijuana and $962. Id.

at 80-81. Socarras then recovered the gun Charles threw away. Id. at 81.

Socarras also recovered a bag of marijuana under the passenger seat of the car from

which Charles had fled. Id. at 84.

       Jason Gambill, an officer with the Miami Dade Police Department’s

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives task force, testified as follows. Id. at

126. Gambill did not find Charles’s fingerprints on the gun. Id. at 128, 140.

During a post-arrest interview, Charles told Gambill that a girl had given him the

gun, and when he was pulled over, he was on the way to give the gun to a friend.

Id. at 132. Charles also told Gambill that there was no way the officers could have




                                          3
seen him throw the gun to the ground, and that his fingerprints and DNA would

have been on the gun. Id.

      The parties stipulated that, prior to 3 December 2008, Charles was

previously convicted of a felony offense. Id. at 142. Next, Charles stipulated that

the gun and magazine introduced in the instant case were manufactured outside the

State of Florida and had moved in interstate or foreign commerce prior to the day

in question. Id. Lastly, Charles stipulated that, in April 1998, he was convicted of

a felony offense involving a firearm. Id. at 142-43. At the close of evidence,

Charles moved for a judgment of acquittal, which the court denied. Id. at 147. The

jury found Charles guilty. Id. at 185-86; R1-27.

      In preparing the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”), the probation

officer calculated a base offense level of 24 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2).

Noting that Charles was subject to an enhanced sentence under the provisions of 18

U.S.C. § 924(e), the probation officer characterized Charles as an armed career

criminal pursuant to § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B), and reset his base offense level to 33. The

probation officer further noted that Charles’s statutory minimum term of

imprisonment was fifteen years and the maximum term of imprisonment was life.

See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Based on a total offense level of 33, and a criminal




                                          4
history category of VI, Charles’s guideline imprisonment range was 235 to 293

months.

      At sentencing, Charles did not object to the PSI or his armed career criminal

designation. See R3. The court adopted the PSI’s guidelines calculations, stating

that Charles’s guidelines range was 235-293 months of imprisonment. Id. at 2.

Charles’s sister spoke on behalf of his family. See id. at 2-4. She asked the court

to be lenient, stating that Charles had two children and that his community loved

him. Id. at 3. She emphasized that Charles was his mother’s only son, and that she

did not believe their mother would live through his entire sentence. Id. Next,

Charles personally apologized for his actions. Id. at 4. Charles stated that he only

wanted to pursue his musical career and care for his children. Id. Charles

requested a 180 month sentence. Id. at 6. The government opposed Charles’s

request, arguing that his extensive criminal history warranted a sentence at the high

end of the advisory range. See id. at 6-8. After considering the guidelines and the

statutory sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553, the court sentenced

Charles to 240 months of imprisonment. Id. at 9. Charles did not object to the

sentence. Id. at 10. This appeal followed. R1-36.

      On appeal, Charles argues that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), on its face and as applied

to him violates the Commerce Clause. Charles concedes that his arguments are



                                          5
precluded by our precedent, but raises the arguments to preserve further review.

Charles contends that § 922(g) is a general criminal statute that bears no relation to

commercial activity. Charles argues that § 922(g) is not limited to interstate or

foreign commerce, which is beyond Congress’s scope. According to Charles,

§ 922(g) also violates the Commerce Clause because it does not require a showing

that the firearm possession substantially affected interstate commerce. Next,

Charles argues that his possession of a firearm did not affect interstate commerce.

Charles maintains that any link between his possession and interstate commerce is,

at best, attenuated. Charles further contends that, because the government never

showed that his possession substantially affected interstate commerce, his

conviction cannot be sustained. Charles concludes that his conviction constitutes

plain error.

       Because Charles raises this constitutional challenge for the first time on

appeal, it is within our discretion to either address his arguments de novo or

consider them waived. See United States v. Dupree, 258 F.3d 1258, 1259 (11th

Cir. 2001). However, when an objection is raised for the first time on appeal, we

review for plain error. See United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th

Cir. 2005). Under plain error review, the appellate court may only correct forfeited

errors if the defendant establishes: (1) an error, (2) that is plain, (3) that affects



                                             6
substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings. Id.

       In United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387 (11th Cir. 1996), we found that

because § 922(g) expressly requires that the felon possess a firearm or ammunition

“in or affecting interstate commerce,” the statute is constitutional on its face, and

that it also was constitutional as applied to McAllister because the government

demonstrated that the gun he possessed had traveled in interstate commerce. Id. at

390. Because McAllister remains controlling on this issue, Charles’s argument

must be rejected. See United States v. Dunn, 345 F.3d 1285, 1297 (11th Cir.

2003); see also United States v. Hogan, 986 F.2d 1364, 1369 (11th Cir. 1993) (“[I]t

is the firmly established rule of this Circuit that each succeeding panel is bound by

the holding of the first panel to address an issue of law, unless and until that

holding is overruled en banc, or by the Supreme Court.”).

       Charles also argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment

rights by using prior convictions, which were neither found by a jury nor admitted

by him, to enhance his sentence pursuant to § 924(e). Charles concedes that this

issue is arguably foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Almendarez-Torres

v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 239-47, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 1228-33 (1998), but

nonetheless argues that we should re-evaluate the constitutionality of Almendarez-



                                             7
Torres. Charles next argues, in the alternative, that Almendarez-Torres is

inapplicable here because the jury never specifically found that he had previously

been convicted of qualifying offenses.

       Because Charles raises this objection for the first time on appeal, we review

for plain error. See Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1298. Charles was sentenced pursuant

to § 4B1.4(a), which states, “A defendant who is subject to an enhanced sentence

under the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) is an armed career criminal.” U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.4(a). Section 924(e) states in relevant part that “a person who violates

section 922(g) of this title and has three previous convictions by any court . . . for

a . . . serious drug offense . . . shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less

than fifteen years.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).

       In Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court held that factors, such as prior

convictions, that are “relevant only to the sentencing of an offender found guilty of

the charged crime,” need not be charged in an indictment or proved to a jury

beyond a reasonable doubt. 523 U.S. at 228, 118 S. Ct. at 1223. The Supreme

Court stated explicitly in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 489-90, 120 S.

Ct. 2348, 2362 (2000) (holding in which it held that it is a Sixth Amendment

violation for a sentencing court to enhance a defendant’s sentence beyond the

statutory maximum based on facts that were not proven to a jury beyond a



                                             8
reasonable doubt or expressly admitted by the defendant), that its decision in that

case did not question the validity of its holding in Almendarez-Torres.

      We reiterated in United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325 (11th Cir. 2005),

that the holding in Almendarez-Torres was not affected by Apprendi or the

Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220,

125 S. Ct. 738 (2005) (holding that mandatory enhancements under the Sentencing

Guidelines must be based on facts found by a jury or admitted by the defendant),

and that a district court does not err when it uses prior convictions to enhance a

defendant’s sentence. Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1329. Finally, in United States v.

Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006), we specifically held that prior

convictions did not have to be found by a jury in order to be used to enhance a

sentence pursuant to § 924(e). Accordingly, because the district court followed

precedent from both the Supreme Court and this court when it used Charles’s prior

convictions to enhance his sentence, it did not plainly err.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated above we find no merit in Charles’ appeal.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM.




                                           9
