                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                    May 8, 2013 Session

           LARRY D. WILLIAMS v. CITY OF BURNS, TENNESSEE

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
                   No. 22CC-2008-CV-70      Robert E. Burch, Judge


                No. M2012-02423-COA-R3-CV - Filed, August 12, 2013


A police officer who was terminated for violating chain of command and insubordination
filed suit for retaliatory discharge pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304, alleging that he
had been terminated for reporting illegal activities of the Police Chief to the Mayor.
Following a trial, the court held that the evidence did not establish that the officer had been
terminated solely for his refusal to remain silent about the illegal activities. Finding that the
reasons given for the officer’s termination were pretextual within the meaning of the
applicable statute, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for further
proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                 Case Remanded

R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which F RANK G. C LEMENT,
J R., J., joined. P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P. J., M. S., not participating.

Phillip L. Davidson, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Larry D. Williams.

Stephen W. Elliott and Fetlework Balite-Panelo, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellee, City
of Burns, Tennessee.

                                          OPINION

       This retaliatory discharge case brought by Larry Williams, a former captain with the
City of Burns Police Department, asserting a claim under the Tennessee Public Protection
Act (“TPPA”), comes before us for the second time. In the first appeal, we reversed the grant
of summary judgment to City and remanded the case for trial on the merits. Williams v. City
of Burns, Tennessee, No. M2010-02428-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 504511 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 15, 2012) appeal denied (May 21, 2012). Trial was held on August 30, 2012, and on
September 10 the court entered judgment in favor of the City.

        The facts giving rise to the claim are set forth in the earlier opinion:

        The appellant, Larry D. Williams (“Mr. Williams”), is a former Burns,
        Tennessee Police Captain. Around ten o'clock in the evening of March 21,
        2008, Mr. Williams, who was on patrol, caught the sixteen-year-old stepson
        of Burns's then-Chief of Police, Jerry D. Sumerour, Jr. (“Mr. Sumerour”),
        zooming down Highway 47 East at 33 miles per hour over the speed limit.
        The traffic stop took place close to Mr. Sumerour's home, and Mr. Williams
        immediately telephoned Mr. Sumerour to inform him about it. Mr. Sumerour
        met Mr. Williams at the scene, and Mr. Williams then issued two citations, one
        for speeding and one for reckless driving.

        Later that evening and at Mr. Sumerour's direction, Mr. Williams, under
        protest, changed the citations against Mr. Sumerour's stepson to warnings and
        two days later told the Burns City Mayor that he felt pressured by Mr.
        Sumerour to do so. On March 27, 2008, upon hearing about Mr. Williams's
        conversation with the Mayor, Mr. Sumerour sent Mr. Williams a copy of the
        police department's organizational chart under which he wrote, “Captain, I
        strongly suggest you learn this! No where [sic ] do I see Mayor listed in your
        chain of command. If you go outside your chain of command again, you will
        be terminated.” On or about that same day, the Mayor advised Mr. Sumerour
        to have his stepson's citations reissued or risk termination. On March 28,
        2008, Mr. Sumerour met with Mr. Williams and instructed him to reissue the
        citations to his stepson. Mr. Williams reissued the citations and they were
        ultimately filed with the juvenile court as citations, not warnings.

        On April 9, 2008, Mr. Sumerour terminated Mr. Williams, citing violation of
        policy and procedure and insubordination as the reasons. . . .

Williams v. City of Burns, 2012 WL 504511 at *1.1




        1
           The facts recited in the prior appeal were taken from materials filed in support of and in opposition
to the City’s motion for summary judgment; the testimony and other evidence at trial was consistent with the
factual history set forth in the prior appeal.

                                                       2
       In granting judgment to the City, the trial court held that Mr. Williams “failed to
establish under the [TPPA] that [the City’s] motivation for the discharge of his employment
was based solely on his refusal to participate in the alleged illegal activity.”

       Mr. Williams appeals, articulating the issues as follows:

       1. Did not the court err in ruling that Plaintiff was not terminated solely for
       refusing to fix traffic tickets for his Chief of Police?
       2. Did not the preponderance evidence presented at trial prove that the
       Defendant’s sole reason for terminating the plaintiff was his refusal to fix
       traffic tickets and that Defendant’s proffered reasons for termination were
       pretextual.

I. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        Because this case was tried without a jury, our review of the trial court’s findings of
fact is de novo, accompanied by a presumption of correctness, unless the preponderance of
the evidence is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Our review of the trial court’s
determinations regarding questions of law is de novo with no presumption of correctness.
See Staples v. CBL Associates, Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tenn. 2000); Bain v. Wells, 936
S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn. 1997).

II. D ISCUSSION

        The TPPA , also referred to as the “Whistleblower Statute,” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-
304, is the codification of the common law claim of retaliatory discharge; the Act prohibits
the “discharge or termination of an employee for refusing to participate in or for refusing to
remain silent about illegal activities.” Harman v. Univ. of Tenn., 353 S.W.3d 734, 735
(Tenn. 2011); Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(b). The essential elements for a cause of action
under the TPPA are:

       (1) the plaintiff's status as defendant's employee; (2) the plaintiff's refusal to
       participate in or remain silent about illegal activities; (3) the defendant
       employer's discharge or termination of the plaintiff; and (4) an exclusive causal
       relationship between the plaintiff's refusal to participate in or remain silent
       about illegal activities and the defendant employer's discharge of the plaintiff.

Id. (citing Sykes v. Chattanooga Hous. Auth., 343 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tenn.2011); see also Boyd
v. Edwards & Assoc., 309 S.W.3d 470, 473 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009); Voss v. Shelter Mut. Ins.
Co., 958 S.W.2d 342, 344 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)).

                                               3
       Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(g) sets forth the procedure for resolving a claim arising
under the TPPA and the respective burdens that the parties bear:

       [T]he plaintiff shall have the burden of establishing a prima facie case of
       retaliatory discharge. If the plaintiff satisfies this burden, the burden shall then
       be on the defendant to produce evidence that one (1) or more legitimate,
       nondiscriminatory reasons existed for the plaintiff's discharge. The burden on
       the defendant is one of production and not persuasion. If the defendant
       produces such evidence, the presumption of discrimination raised by the
       plaintiff's prima facie case is rebutted, and the burden shifts to the plaintiff to
       demonstrate that the reason given by the defendant was not the true reason for
       the plaintiff's discharge and that the stated reason was a pretext for unlawful
       retaliation. . . . The plaintiff at all times retains the burden of persuading the
       trier of fact that the plaintiff has been the victim of unlawful retaliation.

      In ruling from the bench, the court discussed the elements of the TPPA cause of action
and concluded:

       The difficult one is the last one. An exclusive causal relationship between the
       plaintiff’s refusal to participate in or remain silent about illegal activities and
       the employer’s termination of the employee.
       ***
       All of these factors, the factors that were put in for both sides are intricately
       interwoven. I don’t think there’s any question but what the plaintiff’s initial
       refusal to modify this ticket, fix this ticket, so to speak, was a factor in his
       discharge. I don’t have a problem accepting that at all. And it’s even likely
       that this refusal began the investigation which ultimately lead to his discharge.

       The proof establishes, however, that the plaintiff had in fact been disloyal to
       his superior, the chief of police, by subverting or attempting to subvert the
       loyalty of his officers. And that’s testified to by more than one officer.

       Another factor may have been the violation of the chain of command. But I
       have a little problem here, and I’m going to differentiate that in a moment.
       There is no proof as to what the chain of command procedure was when the
       complaint was against the chief.

       Former Chief Suremour testified to what he believed the proper procedure
       would have been, but there’s no indication that this was known or
       communicated to the rank and file.

                                                4
        In summary the plaintiff was discharged for refusing to participate, but also for
        subverting the authority of the chief and the violation of the chain of
        command. All these violations arose from the initial refusal. As I say, they’re
        all intertwined. But they are separate instances. And the chain of command
        may not have been sufficient for a legal termination, but the Court finds it was
        an actual reason for termination, as I say, in addition to the disloyalty.2

While we agree with the factual finding that the circumstances surrounding the modification
of the tickets the ticket was a factor in plaintiff’s discharge, for the reasons set forth below,
the evidence does not support the determination that plaintiff’s discharge was not in
contravention of Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(b).

        A. C HAIN OF C OMMAND

       The purpose of the TPPA is to protect employees who refuse to violate a statute,
regulation or rule, but also who report the illegal activities of their employer to the proper
authorities. See Mason v. Seaton, 942 S.W.2d 470, 475 (Tenn. 1997); Wooley v. Madison
County, 209 F.Supp.2d 836, 844 (W.D.Tenn. 2002) (citing Henderson v. Corrs. Corp. of
Am., 918 F.Supp. 204, 210 (E.D.Tenn.1996); Merryman v. Cent. Parking Sys., Inc., No.


        2
            The court stated the following relative to the first three elements:

        First, that the plaintiff’s status as an employee of the defendant, and that’s admitted.

        Second, that the plaintiff’s refusal to participate in or remain silent about illegal activities
        is defined under the Act. The Court rules that the alteration of the traffic citation was an
        illegal act, and I know that the statute that makes an alteration of a ticket illegal says, Or
        solicits the cancellation of any traffic citation. I’m of the opinion that making it a warning
        is a cancellation, so it didn’t even have to be altered for this to be an illegal act, but it was.
        So it was most definitely an illegal act as defined under the Act.

        The plaintiff initially refused to participate in fixing the ticket, but later relented. But that’s
        enough to bring it under the statute. There’s no proof that he was required to be silent,
        asked to be silent, did remain silent, didn’t remain silent. Seems to me there was a whole
        lot of talking about this. So the silence factor just does not apply. It’s whether he refused
        to participate. And again, he initially, the Court finds as a matter of fact, that he initially
        refused to participate.

        Third, he was discharged by his employer, and that is admitted by all parties.

The evidence supports these findings. In the earlier opinion we found that “the ‘ticket-fixing’ complained
of in the instant case constitutes an illegal activity within the meaning of Tennessee Code Annotated section
50-10304(a)(3).” Williams, 2012 WL 504511 at *3.

                                                        5
01A01–9203–CH–00076, 1992 WL 330404 (Tenn.Ct.App. Nov. 13, 1992)). In order to
fulfill its purpose, the statute contemplates that there be a mechanism in place for employees
to report the illegal activities of their employer.

        In this case, the only testimony relating to any such reporting mechanism was the
chain of command testified to by Mr. Sumerour, i.e., the “open door policy” he maintained
which provided that employees come talk with him before talking to the mayor.3 Under the
circumstances presented, however, this policy would require Mr. Williams to report the
conduct to Mr. Sumerour, the person who had directed that Mr. Williams perform the illegal
activity; this would be contrary to the clear intent of the statute for employees to report illegal
activity and to be protected when they do so. As our Supreme Court noted in Mason v.
Seaton, “[i]t is axiomatic that an employer who is engaged in illegal activity does not want
that activity reported to those officials who are responsible for enforcing the law.” 942
S.W.2d at 475.

        By its very nature, the chain of command testified to by Mr. Sumerour could not
function to fulfill the purpose of the statute where Mr. Sumerour’s activities were being
called into question. The communication between Mr. Williams and the Mayor is protected
by the statute irrespective of the chain of command and Mr. Williams’ asserted violation of
the chain of command cannot serve as a ground for his termination consistent with the TPPA.



        3
            Mr. Suremour testified relative to the chain of command violation:

        Q: One of your reasons for terminating Mr. Williams is that he didn’t follow chain of
        command; is that correct?
        A: Correct.
        ***
        Q: So one of the reasons that you used to terminate Mr. Williams (sic) in fact, is not valid.
        He never violated the chain of command, did he?
        A: Well, the open door policy that I had as chief of police, every officer that worked for me
        at the time knew that if they had a problem with me they would could come talk to me. If
        they didn’t get the right resolution that they needed, then they could go to the mayor. Mr.
        Williams did not come to me before going to the mayor.
        Q: Well, my question to you was, you admitted in your deposition that in this situation he
        hadn’t violated chain of command, didn’t you?
        A: What I admitted was that if he had a problem with me, he could go to the mayor.
        Q: Well, he had a problem with you and went to the mayor, didn’t he?
        A: He didn’t come to me either, right.

The trial court expressed a reservation that this procedure “was known or communicated to the rank and file.”


                                                     6
The court found that this was an actual reason for Mr. Williams’ termination and, for the
reasons stated, that reason cannot stand.

       B. INSUBORDINATION

       We now address the court’s holding that Mr. Williams was terminated for subverting
the authority of Mr. Sumerour, conduct which was characterized by Mr. Sumerour as
insubordination, and consider whether the evidence shows that this asserted reason for the
termination was pretextual.

       This court in Versa v. Policy Studies, Inc., a case in which the plaintiff sought to
recover for an alleged racially discriminatory termination, set forth the framework in which
evidence of pretext was to be considered, a framework we find to be equally applicable to
a claim of retaliatory discharge:

       A plaintiff may establish pretext in one of three ways: by showing “(1) that the
       proffered reasons had no basis in fact, (2) that the proffered reasons did not
       actually motivate [the employee's] discharge, or (3) that they were insufficient
       to motivate discharge.”

       An employer's proffered reason for termination of an employee has no basis
       in fact if “the employer's proffered non-discriminatory reasons for [the
       employee's] demotion or discharge are factually false.” The question is not
       whether the employer's decision was sound, but whether the employer's
       asserted reason for the adverse employment decision is pretextual. The
       reasonableness of an employer’s decision may be considered, but only so far
       as it “illuminates the employer’s motivations. The more questionable the
       employer’s reason, the easier it will be for the jury to expose it as pretext.”

       In attempting to show that a defendant's proffered reason did not actually
       motivate discharge, a plaintiff may either (1) produce evidence that the adverse
       employment decision was more likely motivated by discrimination, or (2) show
       that the employer's explanation is not credible.

       To show that a defendant's proffered reason is insufficient to motivate
       discharge, a plaintiff must produce “evidence that other employees,
       particularly employees not in the protected class, were not fired even though
       they engaged in substantially identical conduct to that which the employer
       contends motivated its discharge of the plaintiff.”



                                              7
Versa, 45 S.W.3d 575at 581 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in
original).

       The evidence of insubordination consisted of Mr. Suremour’s testimony that “the
insubordination was the biggest factor with [Mr. Williams] going around the chain of
command, going to the mayor, and bad-mouthing me to the other officers” and that Mr.
Williams was “terminated for insubordination for not following policy” and for “statements
by others officers.” Admitted through the testimony of Mr. Sumerour were written
statements from three other police officers: Officer Tase Sturgill, Officer Stephen Sullivan,
and Officer Ed Richardson. No policy manual or employee handbook defining or detailing
a policy for sanctioning insubordination or, indeed, any performance related conduct was
introduced; neither was there any testimony relative to specific policies regarding
insubordination.

       Officer Richardson’s statement contained the following relevant excerpt:

       I am making this statement in the hope that it will help in putting to rest the
       friction and tension here at the Burns P.D. When I spoke with Captain
       Williams a few weeks ago concerning the situation that occurred between he
       and the Chief, at no time did Captain Williams ever belittle or put down the
       Chief. He stated to me that “he and the Chief had a rough week working
       together” but that he (Chief) was still the chief of police and his supervisor,
       and he would still continue to work for him as directed. He did state to me to
       “continue to do the job I was hired to do and that things would eventually work
       themselves out.”

       I work for the Burns Police Dept. And am proud to be a member of this fine
       department. I have the utmost respect for Chief Sumerour and Capt. Williams
       and for the leadership and professionalism of both. I only hope that this
       situation can and will soon be resolved for the good of this department and the
       citizens of Burns.

Officer Sullivan’s statement contained the following:

       [P]er your request this statement is about a conversation that Captain Williams
       and I had last week. Captain Williams had discussed a traffic stop he had with
       your son and advised that it didn’t go so well. Captain Williams went into
       some detail concerning the law side of the stop and asked my opinion on the
       stop. I advised him of my thoughts about the situation and wished that the
       situation could be resolved. Captain Williams did asked me [sic] if something

                                             8
       did happened [sic] to you and if they asked him to be Chief would I step up
       and be the captain. I advised Captain Williams, as well as I would advise you,
       if any one of you asked me to be the Captain I would say yes and that I would
       thank anyone of you for thinking that highly of me and that I would do my
       best. Captain Williams did say that he hoped it didn’t come out to that Chief.
       Like I said when you hired me “I am not after anybody’s job.”
       I really think that Captain Williams had trust in me as a fellow officer for
       which he has known for over twenty years and also as a friend. I don’t want
       to betray you or the Captain as a subordinate, fellow officer or friend. I hope
       that all of this can be worked out. I will help in any way possible.

Officer Sturgill’s statement was also read into the record:

       On several occasions when someone would make a complaint against me,
       Capt. Williams would counsel me and would always make the statement, “The
       Chief wanted to fire you, but I talked him out of it Tase.” Capt. Williams
       always stressed this, even in normal conversation. Capt. Williams had also
       told me on several occasions that if Burns annexes, and we hire more police
       officers, that I would be promoted to Sargent [sic] if he had anything to do
       with it.
       In the last couple of weeks, Capt. Williams has told me his version of events
       about stopping Chief Sumerour’s step-son Cody. This past Saturday, Capt.
       Williams told me he no longer had any respect for Chief Suremour, that he had
       told the mayor that he should fire Chief Suremour. He also stated that as far
       as he (Capt. Williams) is was concerned Chief Suremour is nothing more than
       his boss, and there is no way he could salvage any respect for Chief Suremour.
       I told Capt. Williams that I didn’t want to be drawn into this, as I had respected
       both him and the Chief.

       Viewed in light of the entire circumstances surrounding the termination of Mr.
Williams, and applying the analytical framework set forth in Versa, we conclude that basing
Mr. Williams’ termination on the conclusion that he was insubordinate to Mr. Sumerour has
no basis in fact and did not actually motivate Mr. Sumerour to terminate him; to the contrary,
the preponderance of the evidence shows the contention that Mr. Williams was guilty of
insubordination was a pretext for unlawful retaliation.

       Mr. Sumerour testified that he asked the officers to prepare the statements shortly
before making the decision to terminate Mr. Williams. He did not state why he solicited the
statements and we can discern no reason for Mr. Sumerour to make the request. In light of
the fact that it was Mr. Sumerour’s conduct that precipitated the sequence of events, along

                                               9
with the absence of employment policies and procedures directing how matters like this
would be handled, we are led to question Mr. Sumerour’s motives, particularly inasmuch as
we are interpreting and applying a statute which is intended to encourage the type of report
Mr. Williams made. Considering the entire circumstances of this matter, to assert that Mr.
Williams was insubordinate on the basis of the remarks attributed to him is simply not
credible.

        Moreover, we have determined that Mr. Williams’ sentiments, as reflected in the
Officer’s statements do not constitute insubordination, which is defined as “disobedient.”
See Webster’s II New College Dictionary, Third Edition.4 The statements contain comments
that Mr. Sumerour determined were critical of him and he determined that the comments
constituted grounds for termination. The comments, however, while critical of Mr.
Sumerour, are Mr. Williams’ feelings and opinions and do not constitute disobedience to or
defiance of Mr. Sumerour or his authority as Chief of Police. Thus, there is no basis in fact
for this asserted ground for Mr. Williams’ termination.

III. C ONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the
matter for a hearing on the relief due Mr. Williams.




                                                      _________________________________
                                                      RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE




       4
         We use this definition in the absence of any policy of the City of Burns or the Burns Police
Department defining the term for employment or job performance purposes.

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