                                FIRST DIVISION
                                BARNES, P. J.,
                            MERCIER and BROWN, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    September 9, 2019




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A19A1477. WILSON v. THE STATE.

       MERCIER, Judge.

       A jury found Samuel Wilson guilty of aggravated assault with the intent to rape

(as a lesser included offense of the charged crime of rape), aggravated sodomy and

false imprisonment. Following his convictions, Wilson filed a motion for new trial,

which the trial court denied. Wilson appeals, claiming that the trial court erred by

failing to give certain jury charges, that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

request those jury charges, and that the trial court erred by admitting hearsay and

bolstering testimony. Finding no error, we affirm.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence at trial showed

the following. See Herrington v. State, 300 Ga. 149 (1) (a) (794 SE2d 145) (2016).

On October 13, 2014, the victim met Malcom White, whom she was dating, and
Wilson, a friend of White’s, at the Five Points MARTA station. The three of them

went to White’s apartment, where they smoked marijuana. After they finished

smoking, White and the victim went into White’s bedroom and had consensual sexual

intercourse. All three spent the night at the apartment. Wilson slept in another

bedroom, and the following morning all three smoked marijuana together. Thereafter,

White left the apartment, telling the victim that he needed to go to the store. The

victim stayed at the apartment and took a nap in White’s room. She awoke to find

Wilson next to her on the bed, watching a movie. Wilson asked the victim if he could

perform an oral sex act on her. The victim said no, rose from the bed, grabbed her

purse to make sure Wilson had not stolen anything from her and asked him where

White was. Wilson responded that White was “not coming back,” then he reached for

the victim’s neck and pinned her to the bed. Wilson then grabbed her wrists and

performed oral sex on her. The victim fought with Wilson and he turned her over so

that she was lying on her stomach. Wilson pulled out a condom, which the victim

grabbed from him thinking that he would not continue the sexual assault without a

condom, but Wilson produced a second condom. The victim testified that Wilson

wore the second condom while raping her. The victim continued to fight with Wilson

throughout the assault and tried to move off of the bed. Wilson eventually stopped the

                                          2
assault, and the victim ran from the apartment. As she left the apartment, the victim

realized that she still had the first condom in her hand, and she threw it over the

apartment building stairwell into some nearby bushes.

      The victim called a friend, who drove to pick her up. The victim’s friend

testified that when she picked the victim up, the victim was crying and seemed scared.

The victim’s friend called the police and reported what happened.

      Following the phone call, police officers met the victim at White’s apartment.

The victim then went to Grady Hospital for a sexual assault examination. However,

she used the restroom prior to the examination. The physician who conducted the

sexual assault exam testified that the victim was “pretty tearful” during the exam and

he had to stop a few times. He stated that the exam did not reveal any obvious signs

of physical trauma, but the physician noted that such is “quite often” the case in

sexual assault exams.

      The detective investigating the case testified that he obtained a search warrant

for White’s apartment. During the search of the area outside the apartment, a condom

was found where the victim had described throwing the first condom, and two

condom wrappers, matching the description provided by the victim, were found next



                                          3
to the bed. The victim identified Wilson in a photographic line up and during trial as

the individual who assaulted her.

      The State called White to testify. He testified that he dated the victim, but that

Wilson was his “best friend” and on the morning of the incident he told Wilson “if

he can work his mojo, if he wanted to he could try [the victim] up[.]” He stated that

he told Wilson that he could “try” the victim because White “share[s] everything with

[Wilson]” and that they had “shared” female partners before. White testified that he

then left the apartment and went to work. Later that evening, Wilson contacted White

and told him that “he tried [the victim] up and she wasn’t going for it, and she had got

upset at him . . . . She said that he had raped her[.]” Wilson told White that he did not

rape the victim but that he tried to perform oral sex on her, the victim “got mad,” they

“got into a tussle,” and “he didn’t let her leave.” White testified that he did not want

to see his best friend go to jail and that he believed Wilson’s account. White stated

that he was testifying because he was under subpoena and the State had not promised

him any leniency regarding his pending criminal indictments for forgery and theft by

receiving stolen property.

      1. Wilson claims that the trial court erred by failing to provide a jury instruction

regarding leniency granted to witnesses in exchange for testimony and a jury

                                           4
instruction regarding accomplice testimony. Because Wilson admittedly failed to

request these charges or raise these objections at trial,

      his claim[s are] reviewed on appeal only for plain error, meaning that we
      will reverse the trial court only if the instructional error[s were] not
      affirmatively waived, [were] obvious beyond reasonable dispute, likely
      affected the outcome of the proceedings, and seriously affected the
      fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.


Herrington, supra at 151 (2) (citation and punctuation omitted); see OCGA § 17-8-58

(b) (failure to object to the failure to charge the jury precludes appellate review unless

the charge constitutes plain error); Shaw v. State, 292 Ga. 871, 872-873 (2) (742

SE2d 707) (2013).

      (a) Wilson complains that the trial court did not instruct the jury regarding

leniency that could have been granted to White in exchange for his testimony.

Specifically, he claims that the trial court should have given the following charge, sua

sponte: “In assessing the credibility of a witness, you may consider any possible

motive in testifying, if shown. In that regard you are authorized to consider any

possible pending prosecutions, negotiated pleas, grants of immunity or leniency, or

similar matters. You alone shall decide the believability of the witnesses.” Suggested

Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2019), § 1.31.80.

                                            5
      White specifically testified that he was not promised any leniency regarding his

two pending criminal indictments. Additionally, the detective testified that White was

not promised any leniency in exchange for his testimony at Wilson’s trial, and that

White’s pending criminal prosecution was not discussed at all. As there was no

evidence that White testified in exchange for immunity or leniency, the trial court did

not err by not giving the charge. See Hunter v. State, 281 Ga. 693, 695-696 (4) (642

SE2d 668) (2007).

      (b) Wilson claims that White was an accomplice and as such the trial court

erred by not charging the jury on accomplice testimony. Wilson claims that the

following unrequested charge should have been given:

      An exception to [the single witness] rule is made in the case of (specify
      felony charge), where the witness is an accomplice. The testimony of the
      accomplice alone is not sufficient to warrant a conviction. The
      accomplice’s testimony must be supported by other evidence of some
      type, and that evidence must be such as would lead to the inference of
      the guilt of the accused independent of the testimony of the accomplice.


      It is not required that supporting evidence be sufficient to warrant a
      conviction or that the testimony of the accomplice be supported in every
      material particular.


Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2019), § 1.31.92.

                                          6
       “It is error to fail to give a jury instruction on accomplice liability where there

is slight evidence supporting a finding that a witness was an accomplice.” Walter v.

State, 304 Ga. 760, 766 (3) (b) (822 SE2d 266) (2018) (citation omitted). A witness

is an accomplice if he, in relevant part, “[i]ntentionally aids or abets in the

commission of the crime; or [i]ntentionally advises [or] encourages . . . another to

commit the crime.” OCGA § 16-2-20 (b); see Walter, supra. “Mere presence or

approval of a criminal act is not sufficient to render one a party to the crime, and a

conviction as a party to a crime requires proof that the defendant shared a common

criminal intent with the principal perpetrator of the crime.” Walter, supra (citation and

punctuation omitted). Criminal intent “may be inferred from that person’s conduct

before, during, and after the commission of the crime.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Wilson argues that White was an accomplice because he told him “if he can

work his mojo, if he wanted to he could try [the victim].” Therefore, Wilson claims

that the trial court committed plain error by failing to instruct the jury that accomplice

testimony must be corroborated, given that the court instructed the jury that “[t]he

testimony of a single witness, if believed, is sufficient to establish a fact[.]” But White

did not testify that he encouraged Wilson to assault the victim; rather he testified that

if Wilson could “work his mojo” he could “try” the victim and that he and Wilson had

                                            7
“shared” sexual partners in the past. Additionally, White was not present during the

commission of the crime, and he testified at trial that he did not believe that Wilson

had assaulted the victim. Wilson points to no evidence that White knew that Wilson

was planning on assaulting the victim, and he fails to cite precedent requiring an

accomplice-corroboration instruction under circumstances similar to those presented

here. See Walter, supra at 766-767 (3) (b). “An error is plain if it is clear or obvious

under current law. An error cannot be plain where there is no controlling authority on

point.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). As such, we cannot conclude that the

trial court committed obvious error in failing to instruct the jury on the need for

corroboration of accomplice testimony. See id. (the trial court’s failure to give a jury

charge on accomplice testimony was not plain error even when the alleged

accomplice drove the defendants to the crime scene, some of whom she knew were

armed, when she did not know what the defendants were planning); see generally

Herrington, supra.

      2. In related enumerated errors, Wilson complains that he did not receive

effective representation at trial because his counsel did not request the leniency and

accomplice jury charges. “In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of

trial counsel, [Wilson] must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient, and

                                           8
that the deficient performance was prejudicial to his defense.” Hunter, supra at 696

(6) (citations omitted). As discussed in Division 1, the leniency and accomplice jury

charges were not warranted by the evidence. As such, Wilson failed to meet his

burden to show that trial counsel’s failure to request the instructions was deficient

performance. See id.

       3. Wilson claims that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay and bolstering

testimony through three witnesses: the physician, the detective, and the victim’s

friend. The three witnesses all testified and repeated what the victim told them

regarding the assault in the immediate aftermath.1 “We review the admission of

evidence for an abuse of discretion.” Adkins v. State, 301 Ga. 153, 158 (3) (a) (800

SE2d 341) (2017) (citation omitted).

      (a) “The credibility of a witness shall be a matter to be determined by the trier

of fact[.]” OCGA § 24-6-620. “A witness, even an expert, can never bolster the

credibility of another witness as to whether the witness is telling the truth.” Adkins,

      1
         The witnesses testified with differing degrees of specificity regarding the
assault. The physician stated that the victim told him that she had consensual sex with
“a friend or ex-boyfriend,” then a different friend “performed oral sex on her and then
raped her[.]” The detective testified that the victim had recounted the events in detail,
which closely mirrored the victim’s trial testimony. The victim’s friend merely
testified that the victim told her that “the person that was there with her forced
himself upon her.”

                                           9
supra (citations omitted). “When a witness’s statement does not directly address the

credibility of another witness, however, there is no improper bolstering. And when

we evaluate whether testimony constitutes improper bolstering, we consider the

disputed testimony in context.” Brown v. State, 302 Ga. 454, 460-461 (2) (b) (807

SE2d 369) (2017) (citations omitted). Here, none of the three witnesses opined or

spoke directly about the victim’s truthfulness. Instead they recounted what the victim

had told them. This type of testimony does not constitute improper bolstering. See

generally Abney v. State, ____ Ga. _____ , 13 (3) (b) (Case No. S19A0741) (decided

August 5, 2019).

      (b) “[A]n out-of-court statement made by a witness is not hearsay if the witness

testifies at the time of trial or hearing, is subject to cross-examination concerning the

statement, and the statement is admissible as a prior consistent statement under

OCGA § 24-6-613.” Brown, supra at 458 (2) (a); OCGA § 24-8-801 (d) (1) (A). “[A]

witness’s prior consistent statement is admissible only when . . . the veracity of a

witness’s trial testimony has been placed in issue at trial[.]” Dimauro v. State, 341

Ga. App. 710, 725 (5) (801 SE2d 558) (2017) (citation omitted). While a prior

consistent statement can be admitted to rehabilitate a witness if it logically rebuts

“any attack on a witness’s credibility,” it cannot be admitted “for attacks upon [her]

                                           10
character for truthfulness or evidence of [her] prior convictions.” Walters v. State,

335 Ga. App. 12, 14 (780 SE2d 720) (2015). Here, the victim testified at trial and was

subject to-cross examination. See Brown, supra. And, for reasons that follow, her

prior consistent statements were admissible.

      A review of the record reveals that part of Wilson’s trial strategy was to

discredit the victim by attacking her memory of the assault. In his opening argument,

Wilson claimed that the victim could not remember what had happened because she

had smoked marijuana. During his cross-examination of the victim, Wilson’s trial

counsel repeatedly asked about her use of marijuana prior to the assault, and the affect

of marijuana on her memory.

      Thus, while Wilson did not call the victim a “liar,” he nevertheless attacked her

credibility by suggesting that her account of the events was not believable due to her

use of marijuana. See Walters, supra at 17. Because the victim’s credibility was

attacked, her prior consistent statements to the physician, the detective and her friend

were admissible if they “logically rebutted” the attack. See Walters, supra at 17

(citing OCGA § 24-6-613 (c)). The victim’s three prior statements, given within

hours of the assault, that Wilson performed non-consensual oral sex on her and then

raped her logically rebutted Wilson’s claims that the victim’s marijuana use had so

                                          11
clouded her memory that she could not remember what happened. See generally id.;

United States v. Evans, 754 Fed. Appx. 898, 902-903 (II) (B) (11th Cir. 2018)

(defendant attacked the victim’s credibility by, inter alia, focusing on the victim’s

alleged inability to remember details based on his mental and drug issues; prior

consistent statements were therefore admissible to show consistency in the victim’s

memories of the event).2 Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

the testimony of the physician, the detective and the victim’s friend regarding the

victim’s prior consistent statements. See Walters, supra at 17.

      Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Brown, J., concur.




      2
        As many provisions of Georgia’s Evidence Code were borrowed from the
Federal Rules of Evidence, including the hearsay provisions, when we consider the
meaning of these provisions, we may look to decisions of the federal appellate courts
construing and applying the Federal Rules, especially the decisions of the United
States Supreme Court and the Eleventh Circuit. See Bolling v. State, 300 Ga. 694, 698
(2) (797 SE2d 872) (2017); Olds v. State, 299 Ga. 65, 69 (2) (786 SE2d 633) (2016).

                                          12
