                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                     )
WILLIAM WESLEY DUTTON, et al.,       )
                                     )
                  Plaintiffs,        )
                                     )
      v.                             )  Civil Action No. 16-1496 (ABJ)
                                     )
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,          )
                                     )
                  Defendant.         )
____________________________________)

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiffs William Wesley Dutton and Judicial Watch, Inc. have brought this action against

the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”),

5 U.S.C. § 552, and the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a. Plaintiffs sought records from the Federal

Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) “concerning, regarding,

or relating to William Wesley Dutton.” Ex. A to Decl. of David M. Hardy [Dkt. # 14-2] (“FBI

Request”); Ex. 1 to Decl. of Deborah M. Waller [Dkt. # 14-1] (“OIG Request”). Defendant has

moved to dismiss or, in the alternative, for summary judgment, and plaintiffs have moved for

summary judgment. For the reasons that follow, the Court will grant defendant’s motion and will

deny plaintiffs’ motion.

                                       BACKGROUND

       Plaintiffs allege that Dutton was an informant who provided the FBI and other law

enforcement agencies with information about illegal narcotics trafficking, fugitives, public

corruption, and terrorism in Texas and New Mexico. Christopher J. Farrell Declaration [Dkt. # 20-

1] (“Farrell Decl.”) ¶ 4. Dutton alleges that he was the subject of an unlawful search and seizure

by FBI and DOJ OIG special agents in February 2014, which was the basis of a Bivens lawsuit he
filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico.1 Id. ¶¶ 2–4; Ex. 1 to Farrell Decl.

In an effort to further investigate the alleged misconduct, Dutton, along with Judicial Watch, a not-

for-profit organization, submitted FOIA and Privacy Act requests to the FBI and DOJ’s OIG in

October 2014. Compl. [Dkt. # 1] ¶¶ 6–7.

        Plaintiffs filed this FOIA and Privacy Act lawsuit on July 21, 2016. Compl. [Dkt. # 1].

At that time, the OIG had produced eight pages of responsive records, and the FBI had produced

none. Id. ¶¶ 9, 10, 11. Once defendant completed processing the FOIA request, it filed a motion

to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and (6), and in the alternative, a motion

for summary judgment under Rule 56. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss or in the Alternative for Summ. J.

[Dkt. # 14]; Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 14] (collectively, “Def.’s Mot.”).

Plaintiffs filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, contending that defendant’s searches were

inadequate and that it failed to properly segregate all non-exempt information. Pls.’ Cross-Mot.

for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 20]; Mem. in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. & in Supp. of Pls.’ Mot. [Dkt. # 20]

(collectively, “Pls.’ Cross-Mot.”). Defendant filed a reply in support of its motion and in

opposition to plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary judgment on August 16, 2017. Def.’s Reply in

Supp. of Def’s. Mot. & in Opp. to Pls.’ Cross-Mot. [Dkt. # 24] (“Def.’s Cross-Opp.”). Then, on

September 14, 2017, plaintiffs filed their reply in support of their cross-motion for summary

judgment. Pls.’ Reply in Supp. of Cross-Mot. [Dkt. # 28] (“Pls.’ Cross-Reply”).

I.     The OIG Request

       On October 30, 2014, defendants submitted a FOIA and Privacy Act request to the U.S.

Department of Justice’s OIG office in Washington, D.C., seeking:




1        Plaintiff Dutton later dismissed the lawsuit. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 20]
at 3 n. 1.
                                                 2
                 Any and all records concerning, regarding, or relating to William Wesley
                 Dutton. Such records include, but are not limited to, records of background
                 checks of William Wesley Dutton, records of communication, contacts, or
                 correspondence between William Wesley Dutton and employees, officials,
                 or agents of the Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, and
                 records of investigations concerning or regarding William Wesley Dutton.

OIG Request. The same request was also sent to the “El Paso Area FOIA/PA Officer.” Id.

Because all FOIA requests are handled centrally by the OIG office in Washington, D.C., Deborah

M. Waller, a Government Information Specialist based in D.C., coordinated the request on behalf

of the OIG. Deborah M. Waller Decl. [Dkt. # 14-1] (“First Waller Decl.”) ¶¶ 1, 5. The OIG

acknowledged receipt of the request by letter dated November 4, 2014. Ex. 2 to First Waller Decl.

       The agency informed plaintiffs that it completed processing their request on July 8, 2015.

First Waller Decl. ¶ 11. The OIG produced eight pages of responsive documents which contained

partial redactions and withheld six pages in their entirety under FOIA Exemption 6 and 7(C). Id.

The letter also informed plaintiffs that they could appeal the agency’s response and alerted them

to the fact that the “OIG located documents that originated with the Federal Bureau of

Investigation” and that it was “referring those documents to the FBI for a direct response.” Ex. 3

to First Waller Decl. Upon determining that some non-exempt information could be segregated,

the OIG later released a partially redacted four-page document that was previously withheld in

full. First Waller Decl. ¶ 13; Email Correspondence between Def.’s Counsel and Pls.’ Counsel

[Dkt. # 14-3]. In the end, the OIG produced 12 pages of responsive documents with partial

redactions and withheld two pages in full.

II.    The FBI Request

       Plaintiffs submitted a FOIA and Privacy Act request to the FBI by letter dated October 30,

2014, seeking:

                 Any and all records concerning, regarding, or relating to William Wesley

                                                  3
               Dutton. Such records include, but are not limited to, records of background
               checks of William Wesley Dutton, records of communication, contacts, or
               correspondence between William Wesley Dutton and employees, officials,
               or agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and records of
               investigations concerning or regarding William Wesley Dutton.

FBI Request. The FBI claims that it acknowledged receipt of the request and informed plaintiffs

in a letter dated November 18, 2014, that it was “unable to identify main file records responsive to

the [request].” David. M. Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 14-2] (“First Hardy Decl.”) ¶ 7; Ex. B. to First

Hardy Decl. The letter also advised plaintiffs of their right to file an administrative appeal with

the DOJ’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”). Id. Plaintiffs claim that this letter was not

postmarked until January 2, 2015. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 10. But plaintiffs received it and filed an

administrative appeal with OIP on January 13, 2015. First Hardy Decl. ¶ 9; Ex. D to First Hardy

Decl.

        The FBI later “reopened” the request after it was notified by the OIG that it had identified

responsive records located within the FBI. First Hardy Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. G of First Hardy Decl. By

letter dated March 10, 2016, the FBI informed plaintiffs that the agency “determined that

potentially responsive documents exist,” and consequently it was in “the process of searching,

gathering, and processing any newly discovered material . . . .” First Hardy Decl. ¶ 13; Ex. H to

First Hardy Decl.

        Ultimately, the FBI identified 1,100 pages of responsive records. First Hardy Decl. ¶ 4.

Of these, 6 pages were released in full, 79 were released in part, and the bulk of the records – 1,015

pages – were withheld in full. Id.; Ex. N to First Hardy Decl. The information was withheld under

the Privacy Act Exemption (j)(2) and under FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, 5, 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and

7(E), as the FBI resisted disclosing information that could cause serious damage to national




                                                  4
security or would interfere with pending law enforcement investigations, including the operations

of the FBI’s informant program. Id.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

        In a FOIA case, the district court reviews the agency’s decisions de novo and “the burden

is on the agency to sustain its action.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Military Audit Project v. Casey,

656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). “[T]he vast majority of FOIA cases can be resolved on

summary judgment.” Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C.

Cir. 2011). 2

        Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the

district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,

which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary

judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine

issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        The mere existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a



2      The Court finds that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) is inapplicable here because the
defendant has already filed an answer to the complaint. Answer to Compl. [Dkt. # 7]. Therefore,
the Court will treat the motion as a motion for summary judgment. See Yates v. Dist. of Columbia,
324 F.3d 724, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (finding that when defendant files an answer to a complaint,
Rule 12(b) is “inapplicable” and the motion should be filed under Rule 12(c); but if the court
considers matters outside of the of the pleadings, the motion should be ruled on as a motion for
summary judgment under Rule 56).
                                                  5
reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is “material” only if it is capable

of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236,

1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

       In the FOIA context, “the sufficiency of the agency’s identification or retrieval procedure”

must be “genuinely in issue” in order for summary judgment to be inappropriate. Weisberg v.

Dep’t of Justice, 627 F.2d 365, 371 n.54 (D.C. Cir. 1980), quoting Founding Church of

Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc., v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1979)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In assessing a party’s motion, the court must “view the facts

and draw reasonable inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary

judgment motion.’” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (alterations omitted), quoting United

States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam).

       “Summary judgment may be granted on the basis of agency affidavits” in FOIA cases,

when those affidavits “contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory

statements,” and when “they are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record

or by evidence of agency bad faith.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215

(D.C. Cir. 2013), quoting Consumer Fed’n of Am. v. Dep’t of Agric., 455 F.3d 283, 287 (D.C. Cir.

2006). However, a plaintiff cannot rebut the good faith presumption afforded to an agency’s

supporting affidavits through “purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability

of other documents.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.

Cir. 1991), quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 692 F.2d 770, 771

(D.C. Cir. 1981).




                                                  6
                                           ANALYSIS

       FOIA requires the release of government records upon request. Its purpose is “to ensure

an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against

corruption and to hold the governors accountable to the governed.” Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. v.

Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978). At the same time, Congress recognized

“that legitimate governmental and private interests could be harmed by release of certain types of

information and provided nine specific exemptions under which disclosure could be refused.” Fed.

Bureau of Investigation v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 621 (1982); see also Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies

v. Dep’t of Justice, 331 F.3d 918, 925 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“FOIA represents a balance struck by

Congress between the public’s right to know and the government’s legitimate interest in keeping

certain information confidential.”), citing John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146, 152

(1989). The Supreme Court has instructed that “FOIA exemptions are to be narrowly construed.”

Abramson, 456 U.S. at 630.

       To prevail in a FOIA action, an agency must first demonstrate that it has made “a good

faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably

expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68

(D.C. Cir. 1990). Second, the agency must show that “materials that are withheld . . . fall within

a FOIA statutory exemption.” Leadership Conference on Civil Rights v. Gonzales, 404 F. Supp.

2d 246, 252 (D.D.C. 2005). Any “reasonable segregable” information in a responsive record must

be released, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), and “non-exempt portions of a document must be disclosed unless

they are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.” Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977).




                                                 7
I.     Legal Standard for an Adequate Search

       Because a fundamental principle behind FOIA “is public access to government

documents,” courts require “agencies to make more than perfunctory searches and, indeed, to

follow through on obvious leads to discover requested documents.” Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast

Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999), citing John Doe Agency, 493 U.S. at 151 and Campbell

v. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 28 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Therefore, an agency only “fulfills its

obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was ‘reasonably

calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Id., quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 540,

542 (D.C. Cir. 1990); see also Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. Although there “is no requirement that an

agency search every record system,” an agency “cannot limit its search to only one record system

if there are others that are likely to turn up the information requested.” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68.

       To demonstrate that it has performed an adequate search for responsive documents, an

agency must submit a reasonably detailed affidavit describing the search. Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68

(finding summary judgment improper where agency’s affidavit lacked sufficient detail); see also

Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 91 (D.D.C. 2009) (same). An affidavit

is “reasonably detailed” if it “set[s] forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and

aver[s] that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.”

Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68; see also Defs. of Wildlife, 623 F. Supp. 2d at 92 (finding declaration

deficient where it failed to detail the types of files searched, the filing methods, and the search

terms used). However, agency affidavits that “do not denote which files were searched, or by

whom, do not reflect any systematic approach to document location, and do not provide

information specific enough to enable [the requester] to challenge the procedures utilized” are

insufficient to support summary judgment. Weisberg, 627 F.2d at 371. Moreover, conclusory



                                                 8
assertions about the agency’s thoroughness are insufficient. Morley, 508 F.3d at 1121; Nat’l Sec.

Counselors v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 849 F. Supp. 2d 6, 11 (D.D.C. 2012) (“The affidavit must

explain the scope and method of the agency’s search in a non-conclusory fashion.”) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       “Agency affidavits are accorded a presumption of good faith,” SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926

F.2d at 1200, which can be rebutted with “evidence of agency bad faith,” Military Audit Project,

656 F.2d at 738, or when “a review of the record raises substantial doubt” that certain materials

were overlooked despite well-defined requests.       Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326, citing

Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc., 610 F.2d at 837; see also Truitt, 897

F.2d at 542 (“If, however, the record leaves substantial doubt as to the sufficiency of the search,

summary judgment for the agency is not proper.”).

       As will be set out in more detail below, the declarations provided by defendant demonstrate

that the agencies conducted searches reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.

II.    The Searches

A.     The FBI Search was adequate.

       To support its contention that it conducted an adequate search and properly applied certain

exemptions under FOIA and the Privacy Act, the FBI offered four declarations from David M.

Hardy, Section Chief of the Record/Information Dissemination Section of the agency’s Records

Management Division. Two of the declarations are public, see First Hardy Decl., Second

Declaration of David M. Hardy [Dkt. # 24-1] (“Second Hardy Decl.”), and the other two were filed

ex parte, in camera with the Court’s permission on the grounds that the information they contained

was classified and/or its public release would have been harmful. See Unopposed Mot. for Leave

to Submit Decl. Ex Parte, In Camera [Dkt. # 15]; Min. Order (May 9, 2017); Mot. for Leave to


                                                9
Submit Second Decl. In Camera, Ex Parte [Dkt. # 26]; Min. Order (Aug. 31, 2017). The Court

has reviewed all four declarations.

       The 59-page declaration from Hardy, filed with the opening motion, provides a detailed

description of how the FBI maintains its records, which databases the agency searched, and the

steps taken to respond to plaintiffs’ request. First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 21–35. The FBI searched the

Central Records System (“CRS”), which consists of records of “applicant, investigative,

intelligence, personnel, administrative, and general files” that spans the entire FBI including its

headquarters, field offices, and legal offices worldwide. Id. ¶ 21. Because CRS “is where the FBI

indexes information about individuals, organizations, events, and other subjects of investigative

interest,” the agency asserts that is where records responsive to plaintiffs’ request would

reasonably be found. Id. ¶ 35.

       The FBI used two case management systems, Automated Case Support (“ACS”) and

Sentinel, to search the vast number of records within CRS. First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 25–27. These

case management systems enable those searching to gain access to multiple indices. Id. ¶¶ 26, 27.

The FBI used the Universal Index (“UNI”), an automated index of the CRS which “provides all

offices of the FBI a centralized, electronic means of indexing pertinent investigative information

to FBI files for future retrievals via index searching.” Def.’s Statement of Material Facts

[Dkt. # 14] (“Def.’s SOF) ¶ 20; First Hardy Decl. ¶ 26. The use of ACS and Sentinel also provided

access to the Electronic Surveillance (“ELSUR”) indices, which “comprise records related to

electronic surveillance sought, administered, and/or conducted by the FBI since January 1, 1960.”

First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 28, 30.

       The FBI’s declarant avers that the agency conducted multiple searches using variations of

the name “William Wesley Dutton” on the FBI’s two case management systems – ACS and



                                                10
Sentinel. First Hardy Decl. ¶ 32. When the searches did not initially identify records, the FBI

conducted additional searches prompted by the OIG’s referral of responsive documents. Id. ¶ 33.

According to the FBI, “upon review of the documents referred by OIG” the “FBI was able to locate

records indexed under identifying information related to Mr. Dutton,” and it directs the Court’s

attention to the first ex parte, in camera declaration it filed which “provides additional details

concerning this additional searching.” Id. ¶ 33 n. 12.3

       Plaintiffs insist that the FBI’s search using Dutton’s name was inadequate because records

related to informants are stored under a code name and/or symbol number and not a person’s birth

name. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 10–11. Plaintiffs also argue that defendant failed to search other

electronic databases that contain records related to informants, and they challenge the agency’s

assertion that it searched ELSUR by using ACS and Sentinel instead of undertaking a separate




3       Plaintiffs object to the Court’s determination of the adequacy of the search based upon
declarations that they cannot review. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 10; Pls.’ Cross-Reply at 1–2. They
contend that that they did not originally oppose the first ex parte, in camera declaration because
the government’s motion claimed that it related to the question of FOIA exemptions, rather than
the adequacy of the search. Plaintiffs demand to know whether the ex parte, in camera declarations
stated whether a search was undertaken of some confidential source filing system. Pls.’ Cross-
Mot. at 10. They argue that they need this information to challenge defendant’s contention that it
conducted a reasonable and complete search under FOIA. Id. at 10 n. 2; Pls.’ Cross-Reply at 1–2.
But courts have inherent authority to review documents in camera. Arieff v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy,
712 F.2d 1462, 1469 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (“[T]he receipt of in camera affidavits is . . . ‘part of a trial
judge’s procedural arsenal.’”), quoting United States v. Southard, 700 F.2d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 1983).
As the D.C. Circuit has recognized, “where the district court could reasonably find that public
itemization and detailed justification would compromise legitimate secrecy interests . . . it [is]
appropriate to receive affidavits in camera rather than in public.” Hayden v. NSA, 608 F.2d 1381,
1385 (D.C. Cir. 1979). The Court of Appeals “recognized that a fuller public record could enhance
the adversary process; but it could also reveal sensitive information.” Id. at 1385; see also Mobley
v. CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 588 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (affirming the use of ex parte, in camera declarations
where agency asserted a national security interest in the records). Because it is well-established
that the receipt and review of in camera and ex parte declarations is permissible in the FOIA
context, and the Court has received all of the declarations applying the appropriate legal standards,
plaintiffs’ objections are not well-founded.


                                                 11
search of ELSUR. Id. In support of their position that the FBI’s search was inadequate, plaintiffs

point out that the FBI failed to produce a certain document that indisputably exists – a consent

form signed by Dutton authorizing the surveillance of certain telephone calls. Id. at 12. Plaintiffs

submitted the declarations of a former U.S. Army Military Intelligence Officer and a former FBI

agent to support their claims. See Farrell Decl. ¶ 8; Michael J. Sharkey Decl. [Dkt. # 19-2] ¶¶ 3–

6.

       Based on the Court’s review of the full record, including the in camera, ex parte

declarations, the Court finds that the search was “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant

documents.” Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 325, quoting Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542. The agency’s

“failure to turn up a particular document . . . does not undermine the determination that the agency

conducted an adequate search for the requested records.” Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 678 (D.C.

Cir. 2004); see also Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003)

(holding that “the failure of an agency to turn up one specific document in its search does not alone

render a search inadequate”). The agency submitted a reasonably detailed set of affidavits that

“set[s] forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and aver[s] that all files likely to

contain responsive materials . . . were searched.” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. The information

proffered by plaintiffs about how the searches should have been undertaken may be based on those

declarants’ previous experience at the agency, but in the end, they simply offer unsubstantiated

opinion or speculation about what could or should have been done and therefore fail to rebut the

good faith presumption afforded to the agency’s affidavits. SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926 F.2d at

1200. Moreover, in its reply, the FBI clarified that the process for searching ELSUR was

streamlined after February 15, 2015, so “one search of ACS via the UNI Application and Sentinel”

simultaneously searches ELSUR. Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 5.



                                                 12
A.     The OIG Search was adequate.

       The two declarations of Deborah M. Waller, a Government Information Specialist, address

the OIG’s search and review of responsive records. First Waller Decl.; Second Decl. of Deborah

M. Waller [Dkt. # 24-2] (“Second Waller Decl.”). According to Waller, the OIG maintains

investigative records relating to complaints of DOJ employee misconduct received by the OIG.

First Waller Decl. ¶ 3. These records can be searched by the name of the individual subject or

subjects of the investigations and/or by the name of the complainant. Id. She avers that she

conducted a search for responsive records in the OIG’s Investigation Data Management System

(IDMS), the electronic database that maintains all of OIG’s investigative records, using a key word

search of variations of Dutton’s name. Id. ¶ 7. Waller also contacted the OIG’s Investigations

Division El Paso Area Office seeking any records communications, contacts, or correspondence

between William Wesley Dutton and the OIG. Id. ¶ 8. Additionally, she requested that the OIG’s

Cyber Investigations Office search records that contained Dutton’s name that were maintained by

OIG personnel associated with the OIG’s Investigations Division Area Office in El Paso, Texas

and the OIG’s Investigations Division Field Office in Dallas, Texas, which oversees the work of

the El Paso Area. Id. ¶ 9.

       Because the Waller declarations set forth a comprehensive description of how the agency

maintains records, which search terms were used, and how the search was conducted, the Court

finds that the search was adequate. See Valencia–Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326. While plaintiffs’

contentions focus primarily on the FBI, they briefly argue that the OIG’s search was also

unreasonable “to the extent the DOJ OIG utilizes a similar separate filing system for records that

pertain to confidential sources and such sources are provided pseudonyms or code names.” Pls.’

Cross-Mot. at 12. In its reply, the OIG explains that the agency does not maintain its databases



                                                13
using code names. Second Waller Decl. ¶¶ 3–4. Thus plaintiffs’ “purely speculative claim” is

irrelevant and fails to rebut the good faith presumption afforded to the agency’s detailed affidavits.

SafeCard Servs., Inc., 926 F.2d at 1200.

III.   The FBI and OIG withholdings are justified, and the agencies disclosed all reasonably
segregable material.

       The general rule in FOIA cases is that “[i]f an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications

for withholding the information with specific detail, demonstrates that the information withheld

logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the

record or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith, then summary judgment is warranted on the basis

of the affidavit alone.” ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011). “[W]hen

an agency seeks to withhold information, it must provide a relatively detailed justification” for the

withholding, Morley, 508 F.3d at 1122, quoting King v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 219

(D.C. Cir. 1987), through a Vaughn index, an affidavit, or by other means. Gallant v. Nat’l Labor

Relations Bd., 26 F.3d 168, 172–73 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Furthermore, where a case turns on classified

material, “[t]he court is to ‘accord substantial weight to an agency’s affidavit concerning the details

of the classified status of the disputed record.’” Jarvik v. CIA, 741 F. Supp. 2d 106, 118 (D.D.C.

2010), quoting Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at 738.

        After asserting and explaining the use of particular exemptions, an agency must release

“[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b), unless the non-exempt

portions are “inextricably intertwined with exempt portions” of the record. Mead Data Cent., Inc.,

566 F.2d at 260; see also Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Attorneys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C. Cir.

2002). “In order to demonstrate that all reasonably segregable material has been released, the

agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for its non-segregability,” although “the agency is

not required to provide so much detail that the exempt material would be effectively be disclosed.”

                                                  14
Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776, citing Mead Data Cent., Inc., 566 F.2d at 261. Just as with the

exemption analysis, “[a]gencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied with the

obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material,” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d

1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007), citing Boyd v. Criminal Div. of Dep’t of Justice, 475 F.3d 381, 391

(D.C. Cir. 2007), and “[a] court may rely on government affidavits that show with reasonable

specificity why documents withheld pursuant to a valid exemption cannot be further segregated.”

Juarez v. Dep’t of Justice, 518 F.3d 54, 61 (D.C. Cir. 2008), citing Armstrong v. Exec. Office of

the President, 97 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1996). A district court must make an express finding

on segregability. Id. at 60, citing Morley, 508 F.3d at 1123.

       As previously noted, the FBI processed 1,100 pages of responsive records to plaintiffs’

request. First Hardy Decl. ¶ 4. Ultimately, the agency released 6 pages in full, 79 pages were

released in part, and the bulk of the responsive pages – 1,015 – were withheld in full. Id. The FBI

justified withholding this information under Privacy Act Exemption (j)(2) and eight FOIA

Exemptions: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7(A), 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). Id. at 5. The FBI provided plaintiffs with a

Vaughn index that explains the basis for withholding each of the 1,1015 pages it identified as

responsive but exempt under FOIA and the Privacy Act. First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 42–113; Ex. O to

First Hardy Decl.

       The Court finds that the FBI’s declarations, including the four declarations from David M.

Hardy as well as the two declarations from Michael T. Heaton, an employee of the United States

Army Intelligence and Security Command (“INSCOM”), see Michael T. Heaton Decl., Ex. P, Ex.

Q to First Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 14-2], and the Vaughn index provide detailed justifications for the

withholdings, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed

exemptions, and is not contradicted by other evidence or shows evidence of bad faith. ACLU, 628



                                                15
F.3d at 619. Together, the records, also support the conclusion that defendant met its segregability

requirement.

       The OIG identified a much smaller set of responsive documents that originated from its

agency – only 14. Of these, the agency produced 12 pages of responsive documents with partial

redactions and withheld two pages in full. The OIG declarant provides detailed explanations for

the withholdings under Exemption 6, 7(C), and 7(E), and also avers that all segregable information

has been produced. First Waller Decl. ¶¶ 16–22.

       Plaintiffs claim that the “evidence is overwhelming” that the FBI and OIG “failed to

properly segregate all non-exempt information in response to Plaintiffs’ request for records,” Pls.’

Cross-Mot. at 12, 16. This again is based on the failure to produce a specific document, which is

not sufficient to establish that the document was unlawfully withheld. Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315.

Otherwise, plaintiffs challenge only the invocation of Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E). But plaintiffs’

arguments do not defeat defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

1.     FOIA Exemption 6 and 7(C)

       FOIA Exemption 6 bars disclosure of “personnel and medical files and similar files when

the disclosure of such information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). FOIA Exemption 7(C) protects from disclosure:

               [R]ecords or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only
               to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or
               information . . . could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted
               invasion of personal privacy.4




4      The FBI’s declarant avers that it is the practice of the agency to assert Exemption 6 in
conjunction with Exemption 7(C). First Hardy Decl. ¶ 65 n. 22.

                                                16
       Because Exemption 7(C) involves a lower threshold than the one set forth in Exemption 6,

which requires a “clearly unwarranted invasion” of privacy, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6), the Court

will address Exemption 7(C) first. See Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press,

489 U.S. 749, 755–56, 763–65 (1989) (comparing Exemption 7(C) and Exemption 6); see

also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep’t of Justice, 365 F.3d 1108, 1125 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (deeming “the

privacy inquiry of Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to be essentially the same”). And because the Court

concludes that the withheld information is properly exempted pursuant to Exemption 7(C), it need

not address whether Exemption 6 would independently justify the FBI withholding the

information. See Simon v. Dep’t of Justice, 980 F.2d 782, 785 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (finding that

because the information fell within another exemption, the court did not need to address whether

Exemption 7(C) would independently justify the withholding of the requested document); see

also Smith v. Sessions, 247 F. Supp. 3d 19, 26 (D.D.C. 2017) (concluding that the court need not

consider Exemption 6 if it has already concluded that Exemption 7(C) applies to the same

information).

       In order for particular records to qualify for Exemption 7(C), the agency must first

demonstrate that the documents were compiled for law enforcement purposes. See Rural Hous.

Alliance v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 498 F.2d 73, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1974). A determination of proper

withholding under Exemption 7 also requires “balanc[ing] the public interest in disclosure against

the [privacy] interest Congress intended the Exemption to protect.” ACLU v. Dep’t of Justice, 655

F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011), quoting Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. at 776.

       The First Hardy Declaration on behalf of the FBI states that all of the information at issue

was compiled “in the course of the FBI’s investigations of subjects associated with Mr. Dutton for

possible violation of federal crimes.” First Hardy Decl. ¶ 64. Thus, “these records were compiled



                                               17
for law enforcement purposes and . . . squarely fall within the law enforcement duties of the FBI.”

Id. The material includes identifying information about FBI Special Agents, local law enforcement

personnel, third party victims, non-FBI government personnel, third-parties of investigative

interest, third-parties who provided information, and third-parties with criminal records. Id. ¶¶ 63–

87. Moreover, Hardy avers that “in each instance where information was withheld pursuant to

Exemption 6 and 7(C), the FBI determined that individuals’ privacy interests outweighed the

public interest, if any, in the information.” Id. ¶ 66.

       Plaintiffs do not challenge whether defendant satisfied the law enforcement purpose

threshold requirement, or whether defendant properly balanced the privacy interest against the

public interest. Instead, plaintiffs center their argument on segregability. Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 12.

Plaintiffs point to instances where Exemption 6 and 7(C) are the sole justification for withholding

entire pages. Id. at 15. They argue that because Exemption 6 and 7(C) generally shield such

information as individual names and identifying data, it is unlikely that the withheld information

consisted solely of identifying information and that no other material could have been segregated.

Id. For example, plaintiffs point to a mostly redacted four-page document produced by defendant

that appears to be a letter addressed to Senator Tom Udall, id.; Ex. 2 to Farrell Decl., as well as

the Vaughn index which shows that three pages were withheld solely based on Exemption 6 and

7(C). Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 15.

       The Second Hardy Declaration explains that the information in the letter to Senator Tom

Udall was redacted “because it is very singular in nature, solely related to a third party, and if

released in part, could still be used to identify the third party individual.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 9.

As to the pages withheld in full solely on the basis of Exemption 6 and 7(C), the agency explained

that those pages “consist completely of pictures and personally identifiable information regarding



                                                  18
third party individuals and no additional information can be released, without risking invasion of

these individuals’ personal privacy.” Id. So, after examining the FBI’s Vaughn index and the

Hardy declarations, including the two ex parte, in camera declarations, the Court is satisfied that

all reasonably segregable material has been released under Exemption 6 and 7(C). Juarez, 518

F.3d at 61.

2.     FOIA Exemption 7(E)

       FOIA Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure law enforcement records “to the extent that

the production of such . . . information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law

enforcement investigations of prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement

investigations of prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk

circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). “Exemption 7(E) sets a relatively low bar

for the agency to justify withholding: Rather than requiring a highly specific burden of showing

how the law will be circumvented, exemption 7(E) only requires that the [agency] demonstrate

logically how the release of the requested information might create a risk of circumvention of the

law.” Blackwell, 646 F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       The FBI’s declarant avers that the information withheld was compiled for law enforcement

purposes, and that the records contain information on investigative techniques and procedures,

including: the informant program; sensitive file numbers; identity and/or location of FBI or joint

units, squads, and divisions; database identifiers/printouts; targets of pen registers/trap & trace

devices; monetary payments for investigative techniques; and information related to polygraphs.

First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 42, 88–104. The Court finds that the declarations logically demonstrate how

disclosure of this information can risk circumvention of the law. Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d at 42.


                                                19
For example, the FBI’s declarant asserts that “releasing [FBI strategies for contacting informants]

would allow criminals opportunities to uncover or intercept the FBI’s communication with its

sources, expose [informants]’ confidential relationships with the bureau, and deprive the FBI of

critical [informant] derived intelligence.” First Hardy Decl. ¶ 89 B. In another part of the

declaration, the agency asserts that “releasing [FBI informant funding techniques] would allow

criminals to detect the FBI’s covert efforts by tracing FBI funds to the agency to its covert

operations and operatives . . . [which] would allow criminals to determine whether or not they are

under investigation,” thus enabling them to “preemptively abort their criminal plot or take further

measures to avoid detection . . . .” Id. D. In sum, the public declarations detail the importance of

the informant program to the FBI’s mission of combating and solving crime and explain that the

program’s success is dependent on the agency’s ability to keep its techniques and procedures secret

under Exemption 7(E). First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 88–104.

       Plaintiffs raise two challenges to the FBI’s use of Exemption 7(E) on segregability grounds.

First, they argue that the OIG failed to properly segregate information in a report concerning

William Dutton and a DOJ OIG investigation into the alleged misconduct by DOJ employees

(“IDMS report”). Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 14. They contend that that the “DOJ OIG provides no

evidence, other than conclusory statements, that the information ‘concerns investigative

techniques and procedures used by the DOJ OIG in conducting the investigation.’” Id.

       But the OIG’s declarant offers a detailed factual basis for the exemption. She asserts that

“the document discusses specific use of an investigative step involving a request to another entity

for confidential information relevant to the investigation,” and that “[t]he use of this investigative

step is not publicly known, and disclosure of the withheld information concerning the details of




                                                 20
this investigative step could hinder law enforcement investigations.” First Waller Decl. ¶ 20. The

Court finds that this is sufficient to support the application of Exemption 7(E) to the IDMS report.

       Next, plaintiffs argue that the FBI unlawfully withheld five pages in full under Exemption

7(E) solely on the basis that the documents contained “database identifiers/printouts.” Pls.’ Cross-

Mot. at 15–16. They contend that “[d]efendant does not provide any evidence that the printout or

database identifier cannot be redacted so that information that does not fall under one of the

exemptions could be segregated and produced to Plaintiffs.” Id. The agency avers that it

“reviewed these documents again and determined that they are, in fact, printouts from protected

FBI databases” and that “revealing the database identity, or specific information relating to the

database, could reasonably be expected to cause harm to the investigation by revealing the type of

data that is useful to the FBI’s law enforcement mission, and could potentially risk circumvention

from the law.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 10. Based on the Court’s review of defendant’s declarations,

including its in camera, ex parte declarations, it finds that the defendant reasonably segregated

and released all of the information it could without revealing exempt information.

3.     The Remaining FOIA Exemptions

       In plaintiffs’ response to defendant’s statement of material facts, they assert that “plaintiffs

do not challenge the information withheld under Exemption 1.” Pls.’ Response to Def.’s SOF

[Dkt. # 20] (“Pls.’ SOF”) ¶¶ 94–122. And plaintiffs do not advance any arguments concerning the

legitimacy of defendant’s withholdings under Exemptions 3, 5, 7(A), and 7(D). The Court finds

with respect to these exemptions, that plaintiffs have failed to raise a “genuine dispute as to any

material fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Plaintiffs’ briefing does not specifically address these

exemptions, and their statement of material facts asserts that these exemptions are “[d]isputed” but

provides no factual support for that claim. See Local Civil Rule 7(h)(1) (“An opposition to such a


                                                 21
motion shall be accompanied by a separate concise statement of genuine issues setting forth all

material facts as to which it is contended there exists a genuine issue necessary to be litigated,

which shall include references to the parts of the record relied on to support the statement.”).

Instead, plaintiffs merely proffer in response to many of defendant’s statements that they object to

“defendant’s statement[s] to the extent that they call for legal conclusions or opinions” and/or that

they are “unable to state whether they dispute or do not dispute the facts asserted because

defendant’s factual assertions concern . . . [defendant’s] internal operations.”5 Pls.’ SOF ¶¶ 129–

30 (addressing Exemption 3); id. ¶¶ 134–39 (addressing Exemption 5); id. ¶¶ 149 (addressing

Exemption 7(A); id. ¶¶ 159 (addressing Exemption 7(D)). This is insufficient to rise to a genuine

dispute of a material fact, and in any event, defendant’s arguments are not based on legal

conclusions.

       Upon review of the full record, including the four Hardy declarations, the two Heaton

declarations, and the two Waller declarations, as well as the Vaughn index, the Court finds that

defendant has carried its legal burden by providing a “relatively detailed justification” for its

withholdings, Morley, 508 F.3d at 1122, under each exemption and there is no contradictory




5      Plaintiffs cite to Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 449 F.3d 141, 146 (D.C. Cir.
2006) but this case does not excuse them of their burden to challenge the facts presented by
defendant.

                                                 22
evidence in the record or evidence of bad faith.6 ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619. Moreover, based on the

full review of the record, the Court also finds that defendant has met its segregability requirement.

4.      Non-disclosure under the Privacy Act

       The Privacy Act provides that “[e]ach agency that maintains a system of records shall . . .

upon request by any individual to gain access to his record or to any information pertaining to him

which is contained in the system, permit him . . . to review the record and have a copy made of all


6        The Court recognizes that in Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, the Court of Appeals held
that “[u]nder the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a motion for summary judgment cannot be
‘conceded’ for want of opposition.” 843 F.3d 503, 505 (D.C. Cir. 2016). The court underscored
that the “District Court ‘must always determine for itself whether the record and any undisputed
material facts justify granting summary judgment.’” Id., quoting Grimes v. Dist. of Columbia, 794
F.3d 83, 95 (D.C. Cir. 2015). However, that ruling arose in the context of a case in which the
district court exercised its discretion under the Local Rules to treat a summary judgment motion
as conceded when the non-moving party failed to file any opposition at all. The Court stated:

               A party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility
               of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying
               those portions of the record which it believes demonstrate the absence of a
               genuine issue of material fact. And then a district court must always
               determine for itself whether the record and any undisputed material facts
               justify granting summary judgment. These standards cannot be satisfied if,
               as allowed by Local Rule 7(b), the District Court simply grants judgment
               “as conceded” when the nonmoving party fails to meet a deadline.

Id. at 507 (internal citations, quotation marks, and edits omitted).

         But that is not what happened in this case. Defendant met its initial responsibility to inform
the Court of the basis of its motion, and it pointed to the portions of the record that demonstrate
the lack of any genuine issue of material fact. And here, unlike in Winston & Strawn, plaintiffs
filed a timely opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Thus, plaintiffs have availed
themselves of the opportunity provided in Rule 56(c) to address all of defendant’s assertions of
fact, and, pursuant to Rule 56(e), the Court may consider facts “undisputed for purposes of the
motion” when “a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address
another party’s assertion of fact . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Since plaintiffs have not presented facts
that would give rise to a genuine dispute of material fact concerning the invocation of Exemptions
1, 3, 5, 7(A), and 7(D), there is no dispute for the Court to adjudicate, and the requirements of Rule
56 have been satisfied. See e.g., Shapiro v. Dep’t of Justice, 239 F. Supp. 3d 100, 105–06 (D.D.C.
2017) (finding that where an exemption under FOIA is not challenged, there is no dispute for the
Court to resolve).

                                                  23
or any portion thereof in a form comprehensible to him . . . .” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)(1). Exemption

(j)(2) protects from mandatory disclosure systems of records “maintained by an agency or

component thereof which performs as its principal function any activity to the enforcement of

criminal law, including police efforts to prevent, control, or reduce crime or to apprehend

criminals.” 5 U.S.C. § 522a(j)(2). Under the Act, agencies may promulgate rules to exempt

systems from provisions of the Act. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d), (j), (k). The DOJ promulgated

regulation 28 C.F.R. § 16.96(a)(1) which exempts FBI law enforcement records maintained in the

Central Records System from the Privacy Act. First Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 37–38. Because the

responsive records to plaintiff’s request were generated in the furtherance of the FBI’s law

enforcement duties and are maintained in the Central Records System, defendant contends that the

records are exempt under (j)(2) of the Privacy Act. Id. ¶ 38. However, defendant avers that “none

of the information exempt from disclosure under the Privacy Act has been withheld from plaintiffs

unless it was withheld under a FOIA exemption.” Id. Plaintiffs have not challenged defendant’s

application of Exemption (j)(2) under the Privacy Act. Since there is no evidence in the record to

rebut the defendant’s affidavit, and the Court has already determined that the FOIA Exemptions

were properly invoked and the segregability requirement was met, this issue has been addressed

under the FOIA discussion.




                                               24
                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant defendant’s motion for summary

judgment, and will deny plaintiffs’ cross-motion. A separate order will issue.




                                             AMY BERMAN JACKSON
                                             United States District Judge

DATE: March 19, 2018




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