                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                      No. 19-2411
                                    _______________

                                 PRISCILLA GIUSEFFI,
                                               Appellant
                                         v.

                         SECRETARY UNITED STATES
                     DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
                                    _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 2:18-cv-00622)
                      District Judge: Honorable Gerald J. Pappert
                                   _______________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1
                                 on January 31, 2020

             Before: CHAGARES, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

                                  (Filed: April 23, 2020)
                                    _______________

                                       OPINION*
                                    _______________




*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

   Retaliation claims require knowledge and action—in that order. One cannot retaliate

without first knowing that the target engaged in protected activity. Priscilla Giuseffi claims

that the federal government rescinded her job offer in retaliation for her complaint about

her previous firing. But the record shows that Janice Barlow, the official responsible for

making and rescinding that job offer, did not know about the prior complaint until after she

decided to pull the offer. Without Barlow’s prior knowledge of Giuseffi’s complaint,

Giuseffi cannot show that Barlow fired her because of the complaint. So there was no evi-

dence of causation and the District Court properly granted summary judgment. We will

thus affirm.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

   A. The rescinded job offer

   On appeal from this summary judgment against Giuseffi, we view the facts in the light

most favorable to her: Giuseffi used to work as a Disaster Reservist for the Chicago office

of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). In October 2010, FEMA fired

her for refusing to accept two deployments. After losing her internal appeal, she filed a

complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). She alleged that

by firing her, FEMA had discriminated against her on account of her disability and retali-

ated against her for filing a prior complaint.

   While that complaint was pending, she applied for a new job with FEMA’s Philadelphia

office. On her application and in her interviews, she did not disclose that she had been fired

by FEMA’s Chicago office. Nor did she tell anyone in the Philadelphia office that she had


                                                 2
filed a complaint with the EEOC after she was fired. So Janice Barlow, the Philadelphia

FEMA official who recommended hiring her, did so under the impression that Giuseffi was

still working in the Chicago office. Barlow also did not yet know that Giuseffi had filed a

discrimination complaint. In November 2011, the Philadelphia office offered her the job.

    Giuseffi then submitted a Form 306 to FEMA’s central human-resources office in Vir-

ginia, not Philadelphia. On that form, Giuseffi disclosed, for the first time, that she had

been fired and had filed a complaint with the EEOC. But nobody in Philadelphia was aware

of it yet.

    After accepting the offer, Giuseffi contacted Kenneth Ragozzino, a FEMA human-

resources specialist who reported to Barlow in Philadelphia, to postpone her start date. As

he had no indication otherwise, Ragozzino thought that Giuseffi still worked for FEMA

and wondered if she could use her annual leave time to delay her start date. So he reached

out to FEMA’s central human-resources team in Virginia to see how much leave time she

had accrued.

    On December 29th, the Virginia office responded that Giuseffi no longer worked for

FEMA and sent him her “termination packet.” App. 96. The packet included her termina-

tion notice and her internal appeal to FEMA. But it did not mention her discrimination

complaint to the EEOC.

    Ragozzino immediately reported this information to Barlow. Until then, she too was

unaware that Giuseffi was not an active FEMA employee. As soon as she found this out,

Barlow decided to rescind Giuseffi’s offer. Barlow considered her firing from the Chicago




                                            3
office “significant”; she would not risk rehiring someone whom FEMA had just fired. App.

90. Still, at this point, Barlow still did not know that Giuseffi had filed an EEOC complaint.

   In a classic example of bureaucratic delegation, Barlow told Ragozzino to have the

Virginia office call Giuseffi and give her the bad news. So later that same day, at

12:40 p.m., Ragozzino emailed the Virginia office, asking how to “move forward expedi-

tiously in rescinding the final offer” and whether that could be done “today.” App. 125.

Then, at 3:31 p.m., he confirmed that “[r]egional management [that is, Barlow] does want

to move forward to rescind the offer” and would “prefer to do so today” by phone. App. 124

(emphasis in original).

   At 3:46 p.m., Ragozzino heard back from Katie Short, a human-resources employee in

the Virginia office, with some new information. She had found Giuseffi’s Form 306 and

told Ragozzino that Giuseffi had lodged “[a] formal complaint” with the EEOC challenging

her firing. App. 221. Short heard nothing further from the Philadelphia office. Just before

3:57 p.m., she called and then emailed Giuseffi to rescind her job offer. Afterwards, Ragoz-

zino emailed Barlow to confirm that the Virginia office had rescinded the offer.

   Years later, in 2014, an EEOC administrative law judge ruled for Giuseffi, finding that

the Chicago office had retaliated against her when it fired her in 2010.

   B. Procedural history

   After Barlow rescinded the job offer, Giuseffi filed another EEOC complaint under

Title VII. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a) (prohibiting an employer from discriminating against

an employee who “has made a charge”). She alleged that the Philadelphia office had re-

scinded her job offer in retaliation for her prior complaint against the Chicago office. A


                                              4
different administrative law judge held a hearing and denied the complaint, finding no

prima facie case of discrimination.

   Giuseffi then filed suit in the District Court. The Court granted summary judgment for

the Government and denied Giuseffi’s motion to alter or amend the judgment.

   Giuseffi now appeals both orders. We review the grant of summary judgment de novo.

Cranbury Brick Yard, LLC v. United States, 943 F.3d 701, 708 (3d Cir. 2019). And we

review the denial of the motion to alter or amend the judgment for abuse of discretion,

except that we review any questions of law de novo. Cureton v. NCAA, 252 F.3d 267, 272

(3d Cir. 2001).

              II. GIUSEFFI CANNOT SHOW THAT HER PRIOR COMPLAINT
                    CAUSED BARLOW TO RESCIND HER JOB OFFER

   To defeat summary judgment, Giuseffi must show that she engaged in a protected ac-

tivity, she later suffered an adverse employment action, and there was a causal link between

the protected activity and the employer’s action. LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr.

Ass’n, 503 F.3d 217, 231–32 (3d Cir. 2007). The Government contests only causation. So

Giuseffi must show a genuine, material dispute about whether her prior wrongful-

termination complaint (the protected activity) caused Barlow to rescind her job offer (the

adverse action).

   To do that, she must show one of four things: (1) a “temporal proximity” between the

protected activity and adverse action that is “unusually suggestive of retaliatory motive,”

(2) a “pattern of antagonism” towards her after she filed her wrongful-termination com-

plaint, (3) inconsistencies in the employer’s explanations for the adverse action, or (4) other



                                              5
evidence in the record as a whole from which a “reasonable factfinder” could otherwise

infer causation. Carvalho-Grevious v. Del. State Univ., 851 F.3d 249, 259–60 (3d Cir.

2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).

   Giuseffi cannot show causation under any theory. Her entire argument rests on suspi-

cious temporal proximity. She shows no inconsistent explanations; Barlow, Ragozzino,

and Short have consistently maintained that Barlow rescinded the offer because she had

been fired, not because of any protected activity. Nor does she point to other evidence in

the record as a whole. Giuseffi does imply that she is troubled by FEMA’s repeated actions

against her. But her case rises or falls on the timing of the decision to rescind her offer.

   A. The temporal proximity does not suggest causation

   A plaintiff can defeat summary judgment on her retaliation claim by showing that “an

employer’s knowledge of [the] protected activity” was “very close” in time to the “adverse

employment action.” Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (per cu-

riam) (quoting O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. 2001)).

But the people “responsible for the adverse action” must know of the protected conduct “at

the time they acted.” Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 196 (3d Cir. 2015).

   Giuseffi argues that Ragozzino “unilaterally made the decision” to rescind the offer.

Appellant’s Br. 18. At most, she suggests, Barlow was just a “cat’s paw” for the decision

that Ragozzino actually made. Appellant’s Br. 17–18 (quoting Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562

U.S. 411, 419 (2011)). If this were true, the timing might seem “unusually suggestive.”

Carvalho-Grevious, 851 F.3d at 260 (quoting Shaner v. Synthes, 204 F.3d 494, 505 (3d




                                              6
Cir. 2000)). After all, Ragozzino learned of the EEOC complaint at 3:46 pm, just minutes

before Short called Giuseffi to rescind the offer.

   But the evidence in the record contradicts Giuseffi’s understanding of the facts. Barlow,

not Ragozzino, was the “deciding official.” App. 88. Once Barlow learned that Giuseffi

had been fired by the Chicago office, she told Ragozzino to have the Virginia office rescind

Giuseffi’s offer. So contrary to Giuseffi’s understanding, Ragozzino and the Virginia office

acted as mere agents to carry out Barlow’s command.

   Thus, when looking for temporal proximity, we must determine what Barlow knew

“when [s]he made [the] decision” to rescind the offer. Sarullo v. U.S. Postal Serv., 352

F.3d 789, 801 (3d Cir. 2003) (per curiam). When Barlow made the decision, she did not

know that Giuseffi had filed a complaint with the EEOC. In fact, Giuseffi conceded at her

deposition that she had no proof that Barlow knew at that time. And while Barlow could

have read Giuseffi’s Form 306 before deciding to rescind the offer, nothing in the record

suggests that she had. The form was in the Virginia office, not in Philadelphia, and Giuseffi

does not show that Barlow could access that office’s files on her own. Finally, even if she

did consult Ragozzino when making her decision, Ragozzino could not have told her about

the EEOC complaint because he did not learn about it until after Barlow made her decision.

   To be sure, when Barlow decided to rescind the offer, she knew that the Chicago office

had fired Giuseffi. This is why she made that choice. But the protected activity was

Giuseffi’s filing of the EEOC complaint, not her firing by the Chicago office. Even after

we draw all reasonable inferences in her favor, the timeline reveals no causal link.




                                              7
   B. There is no pattern of antagonism

   Even when the adverse action is not suspiciously close in time to the protected activity,

“circumstantial evidence of a ‘pattern of antagonism’ following the protected conduct can

also give rise to [an] inference” of causation. Kachmar v. SunGuard Data Sys., Inc., 109

F.3d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 1997) (quoting Robinson v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., Red Arrow Div.,

982 F.2d 892, 895 (3d Cir. 1993)). But the facts here fall well short of the bar that we have

set for a pattern of antagonism.

   For example, in Woodson v. Scott Paper Co., the plaintiff had direct evidence that (1) an

influential human-resources director knew of his EEOC claims, (2) the director had sug-

gested that he drop those claims, (3) the director designed and took part in the ranking

process that led to the plaintiff’s firing, (4) two of the plaintiff’s three evaluators also knew

of his EEOC claims, and (5) two of the three evaluators did not review his personnel file

before giving him a poor rating that led to his firing, suggesting that the ranking was a

sham. 109 F.3d 913, 921–23 (3d Cir. 1997). Even with this troubling pattern, we considered

this a “very close” case. Id. at 924.

   In contrast, Giuseffi does not provide any comparable evidence of a pattern of antago-

nism. From her perspective, it may seem that FEMA has a habit of treating her badly.

Indeed, an administrative law judge later found that the Chicago office had retaliated

against her. But she cannot show that the decisionmakers here acted antagonistically to-

wards her. She points to no evidence showing that any employee in the Philadelphia office

knew about her prior EEOC complaint before Barlow decided to rescind her job offer. And




                                               8
unlike the plaintiff in Woodson, Giuseffi offers no evidence that Ragozzino or Short some-

how engineered that outcome, or even that they knew of her prior EEOC complaint before

Barlow decided to pull the offer. So even reading the record in Giuseffi’s favor, she cannot

defeat summary judgment.

               III. GIUSEFFI FORFEITED HER REQUEST TO ALTER OR AMEND
                            THE DISTRICT COURT’S JUDGMENT

   Giuseffi also challenges the District Court’s order denying her motion to alter or amend

the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). But in her briefs, she mentions

this issue only in passing. So she forfeited it. See, e.g., Geness v. Cox, 902 F.3d 344, 355

(3d Cir. 2018). Regardless, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying this

motion, which merely rehashed the factual arguments that Giuseffi made when opposing

summary judgment. That is “not a proper basis” for a Rule 59(e) motion. Lazaridis v.

Wehmer, 591 F.3d 666, 669 (3d Cir. 2010) (per curiam).

                                        * * * * *

   When an employer retaliates, knowledge always precedes action. To survive summary

judgment, a plaintiff must present evidence at least suggesting that the decisionmaker knew

of the protected activity before taking the adverse action. But as the record shows, Barlow

did not know of the EEOC complaint when she decided to pull the plug on Giuseffi’s offer.

No prior knowledge means no causation. And without causation, Giuseffi cannot show

retaliation. So the District Court correctly granted summary judgment against Giuseffi. We

will affirm.




                                             9
