                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-4-2009

Soukhona v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 08-3193




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                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 08-3193
                                      ___________

                               IBRAHIMA SOUKHONA,
                                              Petitioner

                                            v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                          Respondent

                      ____________________________________

                      On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A077-835-405)
                   Immigration Judge: Honorable Kenneth Josephson
                     ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     June 1, 2009
          Before: FISHER, JORDAN and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion filed: June 4, 2009)
                                      ___________

                                       OPINION
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM

       Ibrahima Soukhona, a native and citizen of Mauritania, petitions for review from a

decision of the BIA denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal. For

the following reasons, we will deny the petition for review.
       Soukhona was admitted to the United States on a student visa on August 21, 1999.

His visa authorized him to enroll at Ohio Dominican College, but he failed to enroll at the

school. Instead, he filed an affirmative application for asylum on November 30, 1999.

Soukhona claimed that the Mauritanian government repeatedly arrested and detained him

on the basis of his participation in student strikes, his opposition to slavery in Mauritania

and his race. The government initiated removal proceedings and issued a Notice to

Appear on June 27, 2003, charging Soukhona with removability on the basis of failing to

comply with the conditions of his admission under INA § 237(a)(1)(C)(i). (A.R. 476-77.)

At a master calendar hearing on September 30, 2005, Soukhona was represented by

counsel and conceded removability. On July 6, 2006, with the assistance of new counsel,

he filed a supplemental statement in support of his application. A merits hearing was

scheduled for October 4, 2006. On that date, Soukhona and his counsel requested that his

counsel be permitted to withdraw from the representation. The Immigration Judge

informed Soukhona that he could proceed with his current counsel or represent himself at

the hearing, but that he would not continue the hearing to permit Soukhona to find new

counsel. Soukhona stated that he was prepared to proceed pro se, and the IJ granted

counsel’s request to withdraw.

       Proceeding without representation by counsel, Soukhona testified that he was

detained on at least four separate occasions by the Mauritanian government. The first

incident was in 1987, when Soukhona was arrested as a high school student for



                                              2
participating in a student strike. (A.R. 75.) He was detained for two weeks and released

after he signed papers regarding the arrest. As the public school did not permit Soukhona

to continue his studies after this incident, he began attending a private school. The

second incident was in 1991, when “White Moor” policemen detained him and several of

his black Mauritanian friends who were returning from a trip to Senegal. The policemen

allegedly detained them, forced them to undress and ridiculed them because of their race.

In March 1994, Soukhona was arrested for joining an association of black students at the

National Public University of Mauritania. (A.R. 77-78.) He was arrested and detained

from March 29, 1994, to April 30, 1994. After signing papers regarding his arrest,

Soukhona was released. The University subsequently expelled Soukhona, and Soukhona

began suffering from depression.

       In June 1994, Soukhona presented a paper at an anti-slavery conference in

Mauritania. (A.R. 84-85.) He was arrested and detained for twenty days for attracting

negative publicity about slavery in Mauritania, which persists despite its official abolition

in 1981. Following his release, Soukhona joined a group known as “SOS Slavery,” which

fought the enslavement of blacks by White Moors. (A.R. 82.) Soukhona then obtained a

Mauritanian passport and left his country to study in Morocco on September 5, 1994. He

studied in Morocco until 1997. Upon returning to Mauritania, Soukhona re-joined SOS.

Soukhona testified that the organization was formed in 1995, but that he had joined the

group in 1994. (A.R. 83.) When the IJ asked for clarification, Soukhona explained that



                                              3
the organization existed in some form in 1994, but was “officially recognized” by the

government in 1995. When the IJ asked why the government would officially recognize

an organization opposed to its policies, Soukhona stated, “Because you can no longer hide

things.” (A.R. 83.) Soukhona was arrested again detained for two weeks in November

1997 for presenting an article at a conference. (A.R. 90-91.) He did not submit copies of

the article with his application. Soukhona continued to work in Mauritania as a tutor,

undisturbed, until his departure for the United States in 1999. He testified that he was

“doing things in hiding,” although he held a full-time job and lived openly. (A.R. 98.)

He testified that he speaks with his family about once every two months, and they have

not mentioned that government officials are looking for him. (A.R. 100.) He also

testified that he has not sought any medical treatment for his depression, although he has

tried herbal remedies. Since coming to the United States, Soukhona has attended one

protest, back in 2002, regarding the issue of slavery.

       At the end of his testimony, Soukhona requested counsel. The IJ denied his

request for counsel. The IJ then made an adverse credibility determination and denied

Soukhona all relief. The IJ based his adverse credibility determination on the following

inconsistencies or omissions: (1) Soukhona’s failure to list his 1987 and 1991 detentions

in his initial written asylum application; (2) Soukhona’s ability to enter and exit

Mauritania with official papers without incident; (3) his claim that he was arrested in

November 1997 for a period of twenty days, not one week in October 1997, as stated in



                                              4
his supplemental statement; (4) petitioner’s ability to remain in Mauritania from 1997 to

1999 without incident, and his improbable explanation that he was “in hiding” while

working full-time; (5) and that petitioner claims to have encountered problems advocating

a position that is identical to the government’s official position on the issue of slavery.

         Soukhona appealed, but failed to file a brief with the BIA. He also apparently

filed a motion to reopen based on his prior counsel’s alleged ineffective assistance.1 The

BIA denied Soukhona’s motion to reopen and affirmed the IJ’s decision on the basis that

the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was not clearly erroneous, that Soukhona had

not stated a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, that he had not demonstrated that

he had been denied an opportunity to be represented by counsel, and that the IJ’s denial of

a continuance was proper.2 Soukhona filed a timely petition for review.

         We have jurisdiction to review a final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. §

1252(a)(1). Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 547 (3d Cir. 2001). “[W]e review the

IJ’s opinion to the extent the BIA relied upon it.” Lin v. Att’y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 119

(3d Cir. 2008). We will uphold an IJ’s adverse credibility determination if supported by

substantial evidence. Chukwu v. Att’y Gen., 484 F.3d 185, 190 (3d Cir. 2007). As

Soukhona filed his asylum application before the passage of the REAL ID Act, only



  1
      The administrative record does not contain a motion to reopen.
  2
  The BIA determined that Soukhona had waived his claim under the Convention
Against Torture because he failed to raise the claim on appeal to the BIA. Therefore,
Soukhona’s CAT claim is not before us.

                                              5
discrepancies involving the “heart of the asylum claim” may support an adverse

credibility finding. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation

omitted).

       Soukhona’s conflicting statements regarding the length of his 1997 detention are

substantial evidence supporting the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. Because this

inconsistency relates to the nature of the persecution he allegedly experienced, it goes to

the heart of his asylum claim. See Xie v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 246 (3d Cir. 2004)

(petitioner’s inconsistent statements regarding detention after the birth of his second child

went to the heart of his asylum claim). Combined with his failure to mention his 1987

and 1991 detentions in his written application,3 and his ability to travel in and out of

Mauritania while studying in Morocco and to live in Mauritania unharmed for two years

before leaving for the United States, we believe that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s

adverse credibility determination.

       Soukhona also contends that he was denied counsel of his choice, and that the IJ

improperly denied his request for a continuance to enable him to find a new lawyer after

granting his attorney’s motion to withdraw. An IJ may “grant a motion for a continuance

for good cause shown.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29. We review an IJ’s decision to deny a




  3
   Soukhona’s initial application was filed several months after Soukhona arrived in the
United States. His statements were not elicited in a coercive environment and are not
comparable to airport interview statements. Cf. Balasubramanrim v. I.N.S., 143 F.3d 157,
162-63 (3d Cir. 1998).

                                              6
continuance for an abuse of discretion. Hashmi v. Att’y Gen., 531 F.3d 256, 259 (3d Cir.

2008). “[T]he mere inability to obtain counsel does not constitute a violation of due

process.” Ponce-Leiva v. Ashcroft, 331 F.3d 369, 376 (3d Cir. 2003).

       The record reveals that Soukhona had counsel from at least September 2004 until

October 4, 2006. At the merits hearing, Soukhona’s attorney sought to withdraw and the

IJ granted the request. (A.R. 64-65.) However, the IJ noted that the case had been

pending for three years and gave Soukhona the choice of proceeding pro se or being

represented by counsel of record. Soukhona chose to proceed pro se because neither he

nor his attorney wished for his attorney to represent him at the hearing. At the close of

his testimony, Soukhona requested counsel.

       Given that Soukhona had counsel during most of the proceedings and did not seek

counsel’s withdrawal until the date of the merits hearing or shortly before it, we agree that

Soukhona was not denied counsel in violation of due process, and that the IJ did not

abuse his discretion by denying a continuance so that he could find new counsel.

Although Soukhona argues in his brief that he felt “compelled” to represent himself when

his counsel sought to withdraw, we discern no principled distinction between his situation

and that facing the petitioner in Ponce-Leiva. In that case, petitioner’s attorney had eight

months’ notice of the date of the merits hearing; he requested a continuance without

offering any reason, which was denied, and then failed to appear for the merits hearing.

The petitioner was forced to proceed pro se and claimed on appeal that he had been



                                              7
denied counsel in violation of due process. We ruled that there was no due process

violation under those circumstances because petitioner had counsel, but his “attorney

simply failed to come through for him.” Ponce-Leiva, 331 F.3d at 376. Here,

Soukhona’s counsel sought to withdraw on the day of the merits hearing, apparently at

Soukhona’s behest. Where the petitioner seeks to remove counsel for unstated reasons on

the day of a merits hearing, the date of which had been set over a year before, denial of a

continuance to permit the petitioner to seek new counsel does not constitute a denial of

counsel and does not violate due process.

       Soukhona does not raise in his informal brief any argument regarding the BIA’s

decision denying his motion to reopen due to allegedly ineffective assistance of counsel.

Accordingly, we deem that claim waived. Anspach v. City of Phila., 503 F.3d 256, 259

n.1 (3d Cir. 2007).

       For these reasons, the petition for review will be denied.




                                             8
