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                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 18-12210
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                           Agency No. A094-210-917



JOSE LUIS CASTELLON BARILLAS,

                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                        Respondent.

                          ________________________

                     Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                           ________________________

                                 (May 28, 2019)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Jose Luis Castellon Barillas petitions for review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’s (“BIA”) final order. The BIA dismissed Castellon Barillas’s appeal,
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agreeing with the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that Castellon Barillas was barred from

receiving special rule cancellation of removal under § 203 of the Nicaraguan

Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (“NACARA”). Because we

conclude substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision, we deny Castellon

Barillas’s petition.

                                          I.

      On October 14, 1995, Castellon Barillas, a native and citizen of El Salvador,

applied for asylum in the United States. He stated he “was in political party

militar” and was mistreated for having been in that group. On March 3, 2009, an

immigration officer interviewed Castellon Barillas regarding his application.

      Based on information from the application and interview, on March 23,

2009, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) notified

Castellon Barillas that it would deny his application. Prior to entering the country

without inspection in June of 1989, Castellon Barillas had served in the Salvadoran

military from 1981–1988, during the Salvadoran Civil War. Castellon Barillas said

he would, if he returned to El Salvador, be persecuted by guerrillas, the Salvadoran

military’s opponents during the civil war. USCIS concluded Castellon Barillas had

failed to establish a well-founded fear of persecution: neither he nor his family had

been harmed or received threats, and he knew of no former Salvadoran soldiers

who had been killed by former guerrillas after returning to El Salvador following


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the war. In addition, USCIS noted Castellon Barillas may have been barred from

receiving asylum as a possible persecutor himself—the “persecutor bar” to asylum

relief. Country condition reports showed that military members in El Paraiso,

where Castellon Barillas served, “committed serious human rights abuses” during

the relevant time period.

       On April 28, 2009, Castellon Barillas was issued a notice to appear for being

an alien present in the United States without being admitted or paroled. Castellon

Barillas admitted to that status, and the IJ found him removable as charged in the

notice to appear.

       About a year later, on April 26, 2010, Castellon Barillas withdrew his

asylum application. On August 13, 2013, he filed an application for cancellation

of removal under NACARA. The government requested time to investigate the

persecutor-bar issue, which applies to NACARA as it does to asylum. 1

       Castellon Barillas’s NACARA hearing before the IJ was held on January 9,

2017. Castellon Barillas was the sole testimonial witness. Castellon Barillas


       1
           NACARA, Pub. L. No. 105-100, 111 Stat. 2160, 2196–99 (1997), amended by Pub. L.
No. 105-139, 111 Stat. 2644 (1997), provides that certain nationals from Guatemala, El
Salvador, and former Soviet bloc countries are eligible to apply for special rule cancellation of
removal. See NACARA § 203(f). But even if a NACARA applicant satisfies the statutory
criteria, he may yet be ineligible for cancellation of removal if he falls within one of six
mandatory bars. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(c). One of those six bars is the persecutor bar, which
provides that an alien is ineligible for special rule cancellation “if the Attorney General decides
that the alien ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of an
individual because of the individual’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” Id. §§ 1229b(c)(5), 1231(b)(3)(B)(i).
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testified that he was recruited into the military and was assigned to the 4th Brigade

infantry unit.

      The 4th Brigade had a troubling history. USCIS’s Country of Original

Information Research Section (“COIRS”) prepared a report cataloguing human

rights violations of the 4th Brigade between 1982 and 1986. Some of the

violations were unique to certain battalions within the 4th Brigade, but others

“could have involved any of the units of the 4th Brigade.”

      Each brigade had an intelligence unit called Sección 2 (“S-2”). S-2 units

carried out a variety of human-rights abuses, including disappearances, attempted

murder, extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate military attacks (attacks that did

not distinguish between armed guerrillas and unarmed citizens). COIRS, quoting

the United Nations Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, said S-2 units

“operated on the death squad model.”

      At his NACARA hearing, Castellon Barillas testified that he was a

uniformed guard sergeant and that his duties included keeping civilians from

coming onto or leaving the base without permission. He further testified that S-2

operatives would bring civilians and suspected guerrillas back to the base.

Although Castellon Barillas testified at the hearing that he did not know what S-2

did with the people they brought onto the base, in his asylum interview he had

admitted he knew S-2 harmed prisoners. Finally, he also stated in his application


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that if he suspected someone was a guerrilla, he would “report it to another group

that took care of that.” At the hearing, he confirmed that he would hold suspected

guerrillas in place before another unit came and collected them.

      On June 19, 2017, the IJ issued a written order denying cancellation of

removal under NACARA. Specifically, the IJ explained that the record evidence,

particularly the COIRS report on the 4th Brigade, indicated the persecutor bar to

NACARA relief might apply. Thus, Castellon Barillas bore the burden of proving

“by the preponderance of the evidence that he did not persecute or order, assist or

otherwise participate in the persecution” of guerrillas based on their political

opinion. The IJ found Castellon Barillas’s status as a uniformed, armed guard,

preventing people from leaving the base, was sufficient under our precedent, Chen

v. United States Attorney General, 513 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2008), to qualify as a

participant in the persecution. The IJ, as factfinder, chose to credit Castellon

Barillas’s sworn statement in his asylum application that he knew S-2 operatives

would hurt people. Therefore, as “a guard of the base where these people were

held, [Castellon Barillas] acted in a direct and integral way to ensure those

persecuted did not escape from the base.” Also significant to the IJ was the fact

that Castellon Barillas helped other units pick up suspected guerrillas, even if he

did not do so himself. 2


      2
          The IJ, noting that this Court has not done so, discussed other circuits that have adopted
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       On April 25, 2018, the BIA agreed with the IJ and dismissed Castellon

Barillas’s appeal. It pointed out that where the evidence indicates the persecutor

bar may apply, the applicant bears the burden of proving that he did not engage in

persecution. Under our precedent in Chen, an alien may engage in persecution

even where he does not personally harm a victim. 3 Although Castellon Barillas

testified that he did not know what the S-2 unit did, his sworn statement during the

asylum process, credited by the IJ, contradicted that testimony. Castellon Barillas

was also a guard who prevented people from leaving the base, where S-2 was

committing its human-rights violations. In short, the BIA explained:

       It is not [Castellon Barillas’s] “mere” membership in a Salvadoran
       military unit that engaged in persecution that allows us to reach this
       conclusion, but instead it is because [he] reported guerrilla members
       and turned them over for interrogations that were persecutory on
       account of political opinion and prevented civilians and other military
       members from leaving the base, even though he knew there was an

a subjective knowledge requirement in persecution-bar cases. Assuming arguendo that this
Court might adopt such a requirement, the IJ found that Castellon Barillas’s knowledge of the
persecution and torture by the S-2 unit had been established. We do not reach this alternative
basis for the IJ’s holding because Castellon Barillas does not contest it on appeal.
       3
          The “standard for determining whether an asylum applicant is ineligible for asylum and
withholding of removal due to assistance or participation in persecution is a particularized, fact-
specific inquiry into whether the applicant’s personal conduct was merely indirect, peripheral
and inconsequential association or was active, direct and integral to the underlying persecution.”
Chen, 513 F.3d at 1259. Although mere membership in an organization engaged in persecution
is not enough, see Matter of Rodriguez-Majano, 19 I. & N. Dec. 811, 814–15 (1988), abrogated
on other grounds by Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511 (2009), the alien need not have directly
assisted in the persecution. See Chen, 513 F.3d at 1260. In Chen, the alien had a job guarding a
facility where women were subjected to forced abortions. 513 F.3d at 1260. We explained:
“Those who perform the detention—whether by the use of force, threat of force, or expression of
authority meant to dominate and control—are assisting in the underlying persecution.” Id. Thus,
the alien’s “conduct as a guard at the family planning facility certainly [rose] to the level of
culpability that qualifies as assistance in persecution.” Id.
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      “S-2” unit on the base that was known for systematically abusing
      human rights.

The BIA thus held he did not meet his burden of showing he was not a persecutor.

      This timely petition for review followed.

                                         II.

      We review only the decision of the BIA, except to the extent that the BIA

expressly adopts or explicitly agrees with the IJ’s opinion. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 605 F.3d 941, 947–48 (11th Cir. 2010). Here, the BIA issued its own

decision without relying on the reasoning of the IJ. Thus, we will review only the

BIA’s decision. See id.

      Castellon Barillas challenges only the way the BIA weighed the facts. We

review the BIA’s “fact findings under the highly deferential substantial evidence

test.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1026–27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

Under that standard, we will reverse the BIA’s factual findings only if the record

compels it. Id. at 1027.

      Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Castellon

Barillas was a persecutor. Castellon Barillas’s argument is that it was improper to

infer from the facts that he was an active participant in any persecution. But the

BIA concluded otherwise, finding that Castellon Barillas “reported guerilla

members and turned them over for interrogations that were persecutory on account

of political opinion.” In addition, he “prevented civilians and other military
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members from leaving the base, even though he knew there was an ‘S-2’ unit on

the base that was known for systematically abusing human rights.” The BIA

applied Chen, evaluated the facts, and determined those facts supported the IJ’s

finding that Castellon Barillas participated in persecution. Nothing in the record

compels us to reverse the BIA’s determination.

      PETITION DENIED.




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