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            DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                       Nos. 14-AA-0623 & 14-AA-0636


            MICHAEL JOSEPH LEVY, PETITIONER/CROSS-RESPONDENT,
                                       &
CARMEL PARTNERS, INC. D/B/A QUARRY II, LLC, RESPONDENT / CROSS-PETITIONER,
                                       V.

      DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA RENTAL HOUSING COMMISSION, RESPONDENT.

    On Petition and Cross-Petition for Review of a Decision and Order of the
               District of Columbia Rental Housing Commission
                    (RH-TP-06-28,830 & RH-TP-06-28,835)

(Argued September 22, 2015                         Decided November 19, 2015)

      Michael Joseph Levy, pro se.

     Debra F. Leege, with whom Richard W. Luchs was on the brief, for
Respondent/Cross-Petitioner.

      James C. McKay, Jr., Senior Assistant Attorney General, with whom Karl A.
Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Todd S. Kim, Solicitor
General, and Loren L. AliKhan, Deputy Solicitor General, were on the brief, for
Respondent.

      Before THOMPSON, EASTERLY, and MCLEESE, Associate Judges.
                                        2

      MCLEESE, Associate Judge:       Petitioner/cross-respondent Michael Joseph

Levy and respondent/cross-petitioner Carmel Partners, Inc., d/b/a Quarry II, LLC,

seek review of a decision by respondent District of Columbia Rental Housing

Commission (“RHC”). In that decision, the RHC concluded that Quarry had not

timely notified Mr. Levy that his apartment was exempt from statutory rent control

before increasing Mr. Levy’s monthly rent. The RHC therefore voided Quarry’s

claimed exemption, awarded Mr. Levy a rent refund, and reduced Mr. Levy’s

monthly rent to its prior level.    In this court, Quarry argues that the RHC

misinterpreted the Rental Housing Act in voiding the exemption, while Mr. Levy

argues that the RHC failed to provide him an adequate opportunity to submit

evidence of the full extent of his damages. We affirm.



                                        I.



      In 1995, Mr. Levy and a prior owner signed a six-month lease for rental of a

basement apartment in a multi-unit building. The lease provided that after the

initial term expired Mr. Levy could retain possession as a month-to-month tenant.

When Quarry acquired the building in 2004, Mr. Levy apparently was a month-to-

month tenant.
                                          3

      The Rental Housing Act of 1985, D.C. Code § 42-3501.01 et seq. (2012

Repl.), regulates the rental rate landlords can charge for covered housing units.

Certain rental units, however, are exempt from the Act’s rent-control provisions,

including those that were “added to an existing structure or housing

accommodation and covered by a certificate of occupancy for housing use issued

after January 1, 1980.” D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (a)(2).



      Before raising the rental rate on an exempt unit, the housing provider must

file a claim of exemption with the Rent Administrator. 14 DCMR § 4101.3 (a)

(2015). Additionally, “prior to or simultaneously with the filing,” the housing

provider must either mail a copy of the claim of exemption to each affected tenant

or post a copy at the affected rental unit. Id. at § 4101.6. Unless and until a

housing provider complies with those requirements, the provider “shall not be

eligible for . . . [a]ny of the benefits which accrue to the housing provider of rental

units exempt from” the Act. Id. at § 4101.9 (c).



      Mr. Levy’s apartment was added to the apartment building in 1981, when a

prior owner of the building converted the basement into new apartments. Because

the certificate of occupancy for the apartments was issued after January 1, 1980,

Mr. Levy’s apartment was eligible for an exemption from the Act’s rent-control
                                         4

provisions. D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (a)(2). When Quarry acquired the building in

2004, however, no claim of exemption had been filed with the Rent Administrator

regarding Mr. Levy’s apartment. Thus, the rental rate for Mr. Levy’s unit was still

subject to rent control under the Act.



      In 2005, Quarry filed a claim of exemption. Quarry did not provide Mr.

Levy with notice of the claim of exemption until almost a year and a half after the

filing of the claim of exemption, in August 2006, when Quarry sent a letter to Mr.

Levy enclosing a copy of the claim of exemption and stating that the apartment

was exempt from rent control. Two weeks later, Quarry sent a second letter,

reiterating that the apartment was exempt from rent control and notifying Mr. Levy

that his monthly rent would increase from $718 to $1250 as of October 1, 2006.



      In November 2006, Mr. Levy filed two petitions alleging among other things

that Quarry had failed to provide Mr. Levy with timely notice of the claim of

exemption. Mr. Levy asked that Quarry’s exemption be revoked, that Quarry

refund the difference between Mr. Levy’s $1250 monthly payments and the

previous $718 monthly rent, and that any future rent increases be consistent with

the Act.
                                         5

      In June and July 2007, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) held two

evidentiary hearings on Mr. Levy’s consolidated petitions.       In a post-hearing

pleading, Mr. Levy submitted among other things a copy of an October 2007

notice of rent increase. In December 2008, the ALJ issued a final order concluding

that Quarry’s exemption was valid and dismissing all of Mr. Levy’s claims. Mr.

Levy appealed to the RHC. Before the RHC’s hearing on Mr. Levy’s appeal, Mr.

Levy mailed to the RHC a copy of a January 2009 notice of rent increase.



      In August 2008, while Mr. Levy’s 2006 petitions were still pending before

the ALJ, Mr. Levy filed another petition, alleging that Quarry had substantially

reduced or eliminated facilities and services at Mr. Levy’s building and that Quarry

had retaliated against Mr. Levy in violation of the Act. That petition was set to be

heard by a different ALJ. In January 2010, while Mr. Levy’s appeal relating to the

2006 petitions was pending before the RHC, the second ALJ dismissed the 2008

petition with prejudice, concluding among other things that Quarry’s claim of

exemption was valid as of 2006. Mr. Levy did not appeal from that decision, and

neither party notified the RHC of that decision.



      In March 2012, the RHC issued a decision with respect to the 2006 petitions,

concluding that Quarry had violated the Act by failing to give Mr. Levy timely
                                        6

notice of the claim of exemption. The RHC therefore concluded that the claimed

exemption was void ab initio and remanded the case for further proceedings.



       On remand, the ALJ issued a final order in August 2012, holding that Quarry

had not given Mr. Levy adequate notice of the claim of exemption, that the

claimed exemption was void, that Mr. Levy’s apartment was still subject to rent

control under the Act, and that the August 2006 rent increase was therefore

unlawful. The ALJ ordered that Quarry reduce Mr. Levy’s rent to $718 per month

(the pre-October 2006 rental rate) and that Quarry refund to Mr. Levy overpaid

rent between October 1, 2006 (the date of the unlawful rental increase) and July

13, 2007 (the date of the last evidentiary hearing), for a total of $5,011.10 plus

interest.



       Both parties appealed to the RHC. Quarry argued that the rent reduction

violated the Act’s three-year statute of limitations, D.C. Code § 42-3506 (e); that

the RHC should give preclusive effect to the second ALJ’s holding, in denying the

2008 petition, that the claim of exemption was valid; and that in any event the

apartment was properly subject to an exemption under the Act. Mr. Levy argued

that the RHC’s prior decision had implicitly required the first ALJ to hold a new

evidentiary hearing on the total extent of damages Levy suffered, including rental
                                         7

payments made after the last evidentiary hearing. Mr. Levy presented to the RHC

the same January 2009 notice of rent increase he had submitted during the

pendency of his first appeal.



      The RHC issued its decision in 2014. Addressing Quarry’s claims, the RHC

first concluded that the rent reduction did not violate the Act’s statute of

limitations, because Mr. Levy had filed the 2006 petitions within three years of the

challenged rent increase. The RHC also declined to give preclusive effect to the

ALJ’s ruling with respect to the 2008 petition, because Quarry had not raised the

issue of preclusion at any previous stage of the proceedings. Finally, the RHC

determined that the law-of-the-case doctrine precluded reconsideration of the

RHC’s earlier ruling that Quarry’s failure to give Mr. Levy timely notice of the

claim of exemption rendered the claim of exemption void.



      As to Mr. Levy’s claims, the RHC explained that its prior decision did not

require the ALJ on remand to hold an additional hearing on damages. Moreover,

the RHC noted that it has consistently permitted an award of damages only “up to,

and including, the date of the final evidentiary hearing.” Finally, the RHC did not

sua sponte remand to the ALJ for another evidentiary hearing or consider on appeal

new evidence of Mr. Levy’s damages.
                                         8



                                        II.



      “Our role in reviewing agency decisions is a limited one.” Jerome Mgmt.,

Inc. v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 682 A.2d 178, 181 (D.C.

1996). We normally defer to the agency’s decision “so long as it flows rationally

from the facts and is supported by substantial evidence.” American Broad. Co. v.

District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 822 A.2d 1085, 1089 (D.C. 2003).

This Court will defer to an agency’s reasonable interpretation of ambiguous

language in a statute that the agency administers. Morpho Trust USA, Inc. v.

District of Columbia Contract Appeals Bd., 115 A.3d 571, 583 (D.C. 2015); see

also, e.g., Federal Express Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 403 (2008) (“Filling

. . . gaps in ambiguous statutes involves difficult policy choices that agencies are

better equipped to make than courts.”) (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted). We also give “considerable deference” to the RHC’s interpretation of the

RHC’s implementing regulations. Sawyer Prop. Mgmt. of Md., Inc. v. District of

Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 877 A.2d 96, 102 (D.C. 2005).
                                         9

                                         A.



      Quarry first challenges the RHC’s conclusion, in reliance on 14 DCMR

§ 4101.6, that Quarry’s claim of exemption was void ab initio because Quarry

failed to provide Mr. Levy with notice of the claim “prior to or simultaneously

with” the filing of the claim. Quarry does not dispute that it failed to give Mr.

Levy prior or simultaneous notice of the filing of the claim of exemption.1 Rather,

Quarry contends that (1) the Act does not require that the notice of a claim of

exemption be given prior to or contemporaneously with the filing of the claim of

exemption; (2) the Act does not state that the failure to provide such notice renders

a claim of exemption void ab initio; (3) section 4101.6, as interpreted by the RHC,

is contrary to the Act and unreasonable; and (4) the RHC’s interpretation of section

4101.6 in this case impermissibly conflicts with prior decisions of this court and

the RHC.

      1
          The Act does not appear to explicitly require filing of a claim of
exemption with respect to rental units exempt from rent control under D.C. Code
§ 42-3502.05 (a)(2). The Act does explicitly require that a “prospective tenant”
must be given notice that a rental unit is exempt from rent control “[p]rior to the
execution of a lease or other rental agreement.” D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (d).
Quarry was required by regulation, however, to file a claim of exemption with the
Rent Administrator. 14 DCMR § 4106.1 (2015). Quarry does not challenge that
requirement, nor does Quarry dispute that it was required to provide Mr. Levy with
notice of the claim of exemption at some point before increasing Mr. Levy’s rent.
We therefore limit our discussion to the question whether the RHC permissibly
treated Quarry’s claim of exemption as void ab initio because Quarry did not serve
Mr. Levy before or simultaneously with the filing of the claim.
                                        10



      We uphold section 4101.6 as interpreted and applied by the RHC in this

case. Taking as a given that Quarry was required to give Mr. Levy notice of the

claim of exemption at some point, see supra note 1, we view section 4101.6’s

timing requirement as reasonable and within the RHC’s authority.           The Act

explicitly requires housing providers to give “notice in writing” of a unit’s exempt

status to prospective tenants before the signing of a lease.            D.C. Code

§ 3502.05 (d).   That provision supports the RHC’s contention that the Act is

intended to provide tenants with early notice that a unit is exempt from rent

control. Promptly informing tenants that their landlord claims that a unit is exempt

both permits timely challenges by tenants and provides tenants with the ability to

make decisions in advance about whether to remain in a unit or begin to look

elsewhere.



      We also view as reasonable the RHC’s interpretation of section 4101.6 as

rendering an untimely notice void ab initio. Notice of a claim of exemption long

after the claim is filed can thwart the purposes of the notice requirement, by

foreclosing prompt challenges to the claim and by preventing tenants from

planning and preparing for possible rent increases. In principle, the RHC could

have adopted a less categorical approach, deeming untimely notices to be effective
                                          11

unless the tenant was prejudiced by the untimeliness. As the RHC points out,

however, considerations of administrative efficiency provide support for a bright-

line rule rather than an approach that requires case-specific inquiries into prejudice.

See Mary V. Harris Found. v. FCC, 414 U.S. App. D.C. 21, 28, 776 F.3d 21, 28

(2015) (“An agency does not abuse its discretion by applying a bright-line rule

consistently in order both to preserve incentives for compliance and to realize the

benefits of easy administration that the rule was designed to achieve.”).



      Quarry suggests, however, that the RHC’s interpretation of section 4101.6 is

unreasonable, because under that interpretation a landlord who fails to provide

notice of a claim of exemption before or simultaneously with the filing of the claim

forever loses the ability to file for an exemption. The RHC expressly disavows

such an interpretation, however, explaining that in its view a housing provider can

simply file a new claim of exemption and give timely notice of that filing.2



      Thus, we conclude that section 4101.6, as interpreted by the RHC in this

case, reasonably advances the dual goals of administrative efficiency and

procedural fairness reflected in the Act. Cf. Charles E. Smith Mgmt., Inc. v.

      2
          Mr. Levy to a degree disputes the RHC’s position on that issue,
contending that D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (d) precludes a unit from being exempted
from rent control in the middle of a tenancy. We have no occasion in this case to
address that issue. See infra note 5.
                                          12

District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 492 A.2d 875, 878 (D.C. 1985)

(noting that Act’s “registration measures for landlords and accompanying tenant

monitoring provisions . . . play an essential role in ensuring compliance with the

rent laws”); Temple v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 536 A.2d 1024,

1037 n.21 (D.C. 1987) (RHC has “substantial interests in the efficient

administration of the rental housing laws”).



      We also conclude that the disputed aspects of section 4101.6 are within the

scope of the RHC’s rulemaking authority. The Act confers on the RHC “express

power to promulgate rules and procedures that will effectuate the administration of

rental housing laws.”      Sawyer, 877 A.2d at 106 (citing D.C. Code § 42-

3502.02 (a)(1)). Accordingly, we have upheld RHC regulations that fill gaps in the

Act and that are “necessary for [the] proper and efficient administration of the Act

and help[] to effectuate its purposes.” Dorchester House Assocs. v. District of

Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 938 A.2d 696, 705 (D.C. 2008) (as amended on

reh’g). For example, in Dorchester House, we reviewed an RHC regulation that

treated petitions to increase rent ceilings as petitions to increase rent, which require

housing providers to demonstrate substantial compliance with housing regulations.

Although the Act did not explicitly require a showing of substantial compliance for

petitions to increase rent ceilings, we upheld the regulation as “a rational exercise
                                        13

of [RHC’s] authority as an overseer of the Act.” Id. at 705 (internal quotation

marks omitted). We reach a similar conclusion as to section 4101.6, which in the

respects at issue in this case simply selects the time at which notice must be given

and determines the consequences of a failure to provide timely notice.



      Quarry argues, however, that the RHC’s decision in this case conflicts with

our decisions in Seman v. District of Columbia Rental Housing Commission, 552

A.2d 863 (D.C. 1988), and Revithes v. District of Columbia Rental Housing

Commission, 536 A.2d 1007 (D.C. 1990). We disagree. In neither of those cases

did the parties dispute the timeliness of notice of a claim of exemption, and this

court therefore did not address the issue. See, e.g., In re Q.B., 116 A.3d 450, 455

(D.C. 2015) (“[S]tare decisis is never properly invoked unless in the decision put

forward as precedent the judicial mind has been applied to and passed upon the

precise question.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).



      Finally, we do not agree with Quarry’s claim that the RHC’s interpretation

of section 4101.6 in this case contradicts prior RHC decisions. In none of the

decisions on which Quarry relies did the RHC expressly conclude that a claim of

exemption was valid despite the housing provider’s failure to provide timely notice

of the claim as required by section 4101.6. See, e.g., Young, TP 21,976, 1992 D.C.
                                         14

Rental Housing Comm. LEXIS 196, at *3 (RHC Jan. 28, 1992) (failure to give

“timely notice . . . by posting or by mail” not remedied when tenant “belatedly

learn[s] that a claim of exemption was filed”); Chaney, TP 20,347, 1989 D.C.

Rental Housing Comm. LEXIS 340, at *2 (RHC March 24, 1989) (“The failure to

notify the tenant makes the claim of exemption void until proper notification is

given.”). We see no conflict between the RHC’s prior application of section

4101.6 and RHC’s application of that provision in this case.



      In sum, we are satisfied that section 4101.6, as interpreted and applied by the

RHC in this case, is not “unreasonable or in contravention of the language or

legislative history of the statute and[] regulation[].”    Foggy Bottom Ass’n v.

District of Columbia Zoning Comm’n, 979 A.2d 1160, 1167 (D.C. 2009); see also

1330 Conn. Ave., Inc. v. District of Columbia Zoning Comm’n, 669 A.2d 708, 714-

15 (1995) (“When the construction of an administrative regulation rather than a

statute is at issue, deference is even more clearly in order.”) (internal quotation

marks omitted). We therefore uphold the RHC’s conclusion that Quarry’s failure

to provide Levy with a copy of the claim of exemption prior to or simultaneously

with the filing rendered the claim of exemption void ab initio.
                                         15

                                         B.



      Quarry further argues that the Act’s three-year statute of limitations

precluded the ALJ from reducing Mr. Levy’s rent to the pre-October 2006 rate.

We conclude otherwise.



      The Act’s statute of limitations provides that “[n]o petition may be filed with

respect to any rent adjustment . . . more than 3 years after the effective date of the

adjustment . . . .” D.C. Code § 42-3502.06 (e). Mr. Levy filed the petitions in this

case in November 2006, less than two months after the rent increase at issue.

Under the plain language of the Act, Mr. Levy’s petitions were timely. Quarry

points out, however, that the ALJ ordered a rent reduction to the pre-October 2006

level in August 2012. Moreover, without providing any details, Quarry claims that

it had imposed other rent increases on Mr. Levy’s apartment after October 2006

and more than three years before the August 2012 ruling. Thus, Quarry argues,

reducing the rent to the pre-October 2006 level violated the statute of limitations

by not only undoing the challenged 2006 rent increase but also undoing subsequent

rent increases that Mr. Levy should no longer be permitted to challenge.
                                         16

      One difficulty with Quarry’s argument is that both during the administrative

proceedings and in this court Quarry does not appear to have identified evidence in

the record of specific rent increases implemented between October 2006 and

August 2009. In fact, the only specific information about such rent increases of

which we are aware was presented, albeit untimely, by Mr. Levy. In a ruling that

Quarry defends in this court, the RHC did not consider that information, which had

not properly been presented. The absence of properly introduced evidence of post-

2006 rent increases appears to explain the RHC’s statement, in denying Quarry’s

statute-of-limitations claim, that the record reflects that “the only rent increase

invalidated by the ALJ,” presumably the October 2006 increase, “occurred within

the three (3) years prior to the filing of the Tenant Petition.”3 Moreover, the ALJ

ordered a rent refund only through July 2007, and thus did not grant monetary

relief with respect to rent increases after that point. Finally, the relief granted by

the ALJ did not preclude Quarry from implementing rent increases going forward

by properly filing another claim of exemption and providing Mr. Levy with timely

notice of that filing. Under the circumstances, and particularly given the way

Quarry presented its statute-of-limitations claim to the RHC, we find that the RHC




      3
       The ALJ further stated, and the RHC reiterated, that Quarry could charge a
rent above the pre-October 2006 amount if “a proper rent increase is
implemented.”
                                        17

reasonably concluded that the relief granted by the ALJ in this case did not violate

the Act’s statute of limitations.



                                        C.



      Finally, Quarry argues that the RHC was required to give preclusive effect to

the unappealed ALJ ruling that denied Mr. Levy’s 2008 petition.          The RHC

declined to consider that argument on the merits, concluding that Quarry defaulted

the argument by failing to present it at any point before the second appeal to the

RHC. We uphold the RHC’s decision to treat the claim as defaulted. Although the

allegedly preclusive order was issued in 2010, Quarry did not raise a claim of

preclusion before the RHC decided the first appeal in March 2012, did not raise

such a claim in its motion to reconsider the RHC’s 2012 decision, and did not raise

the issue before the ALJ on remand. The RHC acted well within its authority in

treating Quarry’s claim as defaulted because Quarry did not timely raise the claim

during the administrative proceedings. See generally, e.g., Brown v. District of

Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 83 A.3d 739, 748 (D.C. 2014) (“[A]n

administrative tribunal has wide latitude in adopting rules of procedure for the

proceedings before it. This authority extends to rules of issue preservation and

forfeiture . . . .”) (footnote omitted); Cocome v. District of Columbia Lottery &
                                          18

Charitable Games Control Bd., 560 A.2d 547, 550 (D.C. 1989) (upholding agency

decision that party defaulted argument by failing to present argument to initial

agency decisionmaker); cf., e.g., Christoffel v. United States, 94 U.S. App. D.C.

168, 170, 214 F.2d 265, 267 (1954) (issue raised for first time in second appeal

was untimely).



                                          D.



       We turn now to Mr. Levy’s challenge to the amount of the rent refund

awarded by the ALJ.       As we have previously noted, the ALJ initially held

evidentiary hearings in June and July of 2007. After the RHC remanded the case

to the ALJ, the ALJ issued a final order without holding another evidentiary

hearing. Citing 14 DCMR § 3826.2 (2015) and Canales, TP 27,535, 2005 D.C.

Rental Housing Comm. LEXIS 339 (RHC June 29, 2005), the ALJ determined that

she could only award damages based on rent payments up to and including July 13,

2007, the date of the last evidentiary hearing.
                                          19

                                           1.



        First, Mr. Levy contests the RHC’s practice of limiting damages to the date

of the last evidentiary hearing. Specifically, Mr. Levy notes that neither the Act

nor RHC regulations impose such a limit. Mr. Levy submits that it would be more

sensible to require ALJs to infer that “rent demanded equals rent paid,” absent

evidence that a tenant had stopped paying rent or no longer resided at the relevant

unit.   Because the ALJ found that Mr. Levy had “resided in the basement

apartment . . . since August 4, 1995,” and because the ALJ mailed its final order

after remand to Mr. Levy’s apartment, Mr. Levy argues there was substantial

evidence in the record to support a conclusion that Mr. Levy had overpaid rent

during the period from 2007 to 2012.



        Mr. Levy’s argument is unavailing. Although neither the Act nor RHC

regulations explicitly require that damages be calculated up to and including the

date of the last evidentiary hearing, it is a basic principle of administrative law that

decisions “should rest solely upon evidence appearing in the public record of the

agency proceeding.” Harris v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 505

A.2d 66, 69 (D.C. 1986). The RHC’s approach comports with that principle, as
                                         20

well as with the requirement that administrative decisions be based on substantial

evidence. D.C. Code § 2–510 (a)(3)(E) (2012 Repl.).



      Mr. Levy contends, however, that the RHC’s approach is unreasonable

because it prevents tenants from establishing the full measure of their damages in

cases in which there is a delay between the evidentiary hearing and the ALJ’s

ruling. In support of that contention, Mr. Levy makes the reasonable point that he

could not present evidence at the July 2007 hearing that did not yet exist -- namely,

future rent increases and rent payments. But it does not follow that tenants in Mr.

Levy’s position have no way of addressing this problem.            Rather, a tenant

concerned about such a situation could request in advance that the ALJ convene a

separate hearing on damages. Alternatively, the tenant could file a prompt motion

to reopen the proceeding to more accurately establish damages. See 1 DCMR

§ 2828.5 (e) (2015) (party may seek reconsideration or new hearing where “[n]ew

evidence has been discovered that previously was not reasonably available”).

Finally, in this case, Mr. Levy could have raised this issue with the ALJ after

remand. Given these alternatives, we uphold as reasonable the RHC’s general

approach of limiting damages to the date of the last evidentiary hearing.
                                        21

                                         2.



      Second, Mr. Levy argues that the RHC should have inferred the full extent

of his damages on appeal. During both appeals to the RHC, Mr. Levy submitted

documents that refer to rent increases after the July 2007 hearing. The RHC did

not consider this new evidence in either appeal, consistent with 14 DCMR

§ 3807.5 (2015) (“The Commission shall not receive new evidence on appeal.”).4

Mr. Levy nevertheless argues that the RHC should have awarded him a greater rent

refund on appeal, based on the notices of rent increase not admitted into evidence

at the hearings and the ALJ’s findings that Mr. Levy continuously resided in the

apartment at issue as of 2012.




      4
         The record indicates that Mr. Levy presented a January 2009 notice of rent
increase during the first and second appeal to RHC. Mr. Levy also asserts that he
presented the RHC with an October 2007 notice of rent increase in the second
appeal, though the record does not appear to support that assertion. The record
does reflect, however, that Mr. Levy mailed the October 2007 notice to the ALJ
about four months after the July 2007 evidentiary hearing. Mr. Levy has not
argued, here or at any stage of the administrative proceedings, that the ALJ should
have considered the October 2007 notice as evidence of Mr. Levy’s damages --
indeed, Mr. Levy sent the document in an effort to impeach testimony by one of
Quarry’s witnesses on an unrelated matter not raised in this appeal. Nor has Mr.
Levy argued at any stage of the proceedings that the ALJ should have considered
the October 2007 notice as properly admitted evidence. Rather, Mr. Levy notes in
this court that he would need to admit this evidence “for the first time” if he were
afforded an additional evidentiary hearing, and that the RHC should have
considered this new evidence on appeal.
                                          22

      The RHC’s unwillingness to consider the new information presented by Mr.

Levy on appeal was supported by the plain language of 14 DCMR § 3807.5. Cf.,

e.g., Howard Univ. Hosp. v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Emp’t Servs., 960 A.2d

603, 612-13 (D.C. 2008) (agency’s refusal to consider new evidence on review not

abuse of discretion). It is true that Mr. Levy was proceeding pro se before the

RHC. We have noted that in some circumstances “special care” may be warranted

before rigidly enforcing procedural rules in cases involving pro se litigants.

MacLeod v. Georgetown Univ. Med. Ctr., 736 A.2d 977, 980 (D.C. 1999). We

have also noted that “it is appropriate . . . to keep in mind the remedial character of

the [Rental Housing Act] and the important role which lay litigants play in its

enforcement.” Goodman v. District of Columbia Rental Hous. Comm’n, 573 A.2d

1293, 1299 (D.C. 1990). In the present case, however, we do not see the kind of

“manifest injustice” that would raise concerns about the RHC’s enforcement of its

procedural rules. Id. at 1303.



      In finding no manifest injustice, we note that it is undisputed that Mr. Levy’s

apartment meets the requirements of D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (a)(2) and thus in

principle could be subject to an exemption from rent control. Moreover, Mr. Levy

in fact was given notice of the claim of exemption before Quarry attempted to raise

the rent on Mr. Levy’s apartment. Finally, Mr. Levy apparently was a month-to-
                                         23

month tenant at the time of the attempted rent increase, and thus would have had

information about the exemption before deciding each month whether to renew as

a tenant. Although we uphold the RHC’s determination that Quarry’s failure to

provide timely notice of the claim of exemption renders the claim void, we note

that Quarry’s failure does not appear to have substantially prejudiced Mr. Levy.

But for that failure, it appears that Mr. Levy lawfully could have been required to

pay increased rent beginning in 2006.5 Therefore, we see no manifest injustice in

limiting Mr. Levy’s recovery to the period up to July 2007, which is the amount

Mr. Levy properly established under the RHC’s reasonable procedures.



                                         3.



      Finally, Mr. Levy argues that the RHC’s refusal to consider new evidence on

appeal or to afford him a chance to present new evidence to the ALJ violated his


      5
           In his reply brief, Mr. Levy contends that D.C. Code § 42-3502.05 (d)
precludes a unit from being exempted from rent control in the middle of a tenancy
where the tenant was not notified of the exemption before the execution of the
original lease. If Mr. Levy’s contention were correct, Mr. Levy might have been
entitled to a rent-controlled rate for the duration of his tenancy. Mr. Levy’s
contention on this point, however, was not decided on the merits by the RHC and
was not raised in this court until Mr. Levy’s reply brief. Moreover, it is not at all
clear that Mr. Levy’s contention is correct as a matter of law. Under the
circumstances, we cannot say it would work a manifest injustice to apply RHC’s
procedural rules to Mr. Levy in this case, particularly given Mr. Levy’s apparent
status as a month-to-month tenant.
                                        24

constitutional due-process rights.   The RHC responds that Mr. Levy did not

preserve this claim because he did not raise it in his second appeal to the RHC.

Mr. Levy counters that he did not need to preserve his constitutional claim because

the RHC would have lacked authority to decide the claim in the first instance. We

need not decide these issues. As we have already explained, the RHC’s procedures

provide ample opportunity for tenants to prove up the full measure of their

damages. Those procedures thus satisfy the requirements of due process.



                                       III.



      For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Rental Housing Commission is

                                                   Affirmed.
