                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


State of West Virginia,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent                                                      FILED
                                                                            November 22, 2017
vs) No. 16-1199 (Hampshire County 16-F-57)                                    EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA
Johnnie Franklin Wills,
Defendant Below, Petitioner


                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioner Johnnie Franklin Wills, by counsel Jonie E. Nelson, appeals the Circuit Court
of Hampshire County’s December 7, 2016, order sentencing him as a recidivist to life
imprisonment with mercy following his grand larceny conviction. Petitioner was also sentenced
to an indeterminate term of not less than one year nor more than five years of incarceration for
his conspiracy to commit grand larceny conviction, which was ordered to run concurrently with
his life sentence. The State of West Virginia, by counsel Benjamin F. Yancey III, filed a
response in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit
court’s imposition of a life sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate to his crimes.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under
Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       On May 3, 2016, petitioner was indicted on one felony count each of burglary,
conspiracy to commit burglary, grand larceny, and conspiracy to commit grand larceny, and one
misdemeanor count of destruction of property.1 Petitioner proceeded to trial on these charges on
August 24, 2016. A jury found petitioner guilty of grand larceny and conspiracy to commit grand
larceny, but he was acquitted of the other charges.

        Following the jury’s verdict, the State filed a “Recidivist Information” detailing
petitioner’s prior felony convictions. Specifically, in addition to his grand larceny and conspiracy
to commit grand larceny felonies, petitioner was convicted on October 28, 2013, of the felony

       1
         These charges stemmed from an incident during which petitioner and a codefendant
entered onto another individual’s property without permission. Petitioner claimed that while he
was looking for a spare car part, his codefendant burgled the individual’s home. Petitioner’s
codefendant was charged with the same crimes as petitioner, pled guilty to all of them, and
testified against petitioner at petitioner’s trial.
                                                 1

offense of third-offense driving on a license revoked for driving under the influence (“DUI”).2
On April 18, 2011, petitioner was convicted of the felony offense of attempted grand larceny. On
January 24, 2007, petitioner was convicted of the felony offense of third offense DUI.3 On
March 6, 2006, petitioner was convicted of the felony offense of being a felon in possession of a
firearm. Again, on June 6, 2006, petitioner was convicted of the felony offense of being a felon
in possession of a firearm. On April 22, 2002, petitioner was convicted of three separate felonies
that arose from separate incidents: one third offense DUI conviction and two driving while on a
license revoked for DUI, third offense, convictions. Due to these prior felony convictions, the
State requested that petitioner be sentenced to life in prison for his most recent grand larceny
conviction.

        On October 21, 2016, the circuit court held a hearing on the “Recidivist Information.”
Petitioner admitted that he was the same person convicted of the crimes listed above. On
November 10, 2016, due to petitioner’s prior felony convictions, the circuit court sentenced
petitioner to life imprisonment with parole eligibility after fifteen years for his grand larceny
conviction. Petitioner was also sentenced to an indeterminate term of not less than one year nor
more than five years of incarceration for his conspiracy to commit grand larceny conviction. This
sentence was ordered to run concurrently with his life sentence. The circuit court entered its
“Sentencing Order” memorializing petitioner’s sentence on December 7, 2016. It is from this
order that petitioner appeals.

        On appeal, petitioner argues that his recidivist life sentence is disproportionate to his
crimes. Petitioner argues that the triggering offenses of grand larceny and conspiracy to commit
grand larceny were nonviolent offenses. Although he was originally charged with burglary and
his codefendant pled guilty to burglary, petitioner states that he did not break into the home from
which the goods were stolen and that he “was at another area of the property looking for a piece
of pipe to fix his muffler.” Petitioner recognizes that “a propensity for violence may have
existed” while petitioner’s codefendant burgled the home, but states that “no violence occurred.”
Petitioner also argues that he “does not have a conviction for actual crimes of violence.”
Petitioner urges this Court to give “minimal weight” to his felony DUI convictions because of
the age of some of his convictions. In sum, petitioner argues that his criminal record “only
involves convictions that demonstrate a propensity for violence.”4

         The portion of our recidivist statute applicable to petitioner’s case provides that “[w]hen
it is determined . . . that such person shall have been twice before convicted in the United States
of a crime punishable by confinement in a penitentiary, the person shall be sentenced to be
confined in the state correctional facility for life.” W.Va. Code § 61-11-18(c). This Court has
previously stated that the primary purpose of this statute “is to deter felony offenders, meaning

       2
        At this same time, petitioner was also convicted of the misdemeanor offenses second-
offense DUI, domestic battery, and escaping while in custody.
       3
         Petitioner was also then convicted of the misdemeanor offense of driving on a suspended
license. These convictions were obtained in Virginia.
       4
           Petitioner also admits to “numerous misdemeanors that involve crimes of violence[.]”
                                                 2

persons who have been convicted and sentenced previously on a penitentiary offense, from
committing subsequent felony offenses.” Syl. Pt. 3, in part, State ex rel. Appleby v. Recht, 213
W.Va. 503, 583 S.E.2d 800 (2002) (citation omitted). Further, “West Virginia Code § 61-11-18
is designed to deter those who are incapable of conforming their conduct to legitimately enacted
obligations protecting society[,]” and we have noted that “[s]tates have a valid interest in
deterring and segregating habitual criminals[.]” Appleby, 213 W.Va. at 517, 583 S.E.2d at 814
(citations omitted).

        Nonetheless, sentences imposed may not run afoul of Article III, § 5 of the West Virginia
Constitution, which provides, in relevant part, that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. Penalties shall be
proportioned to the character and degree of the offense.” We have held that “a criminal sentence
may be so long as to violate the proportionality principle implicit in the cruel and unusual
punishment clause of the Eight Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article III, § 5
of the West Virginia Constitution.” State v. Davis, 189 W.Va. 59, 61, 427 S.E.2d 754, 756
(1993) (citations omitted). Therefore, we utilize the following framework to determine whether a
life sentence imposed pursuant to our recidivist statute violates the proportionality principle:

               We give initial emphasis to the nature of the final offense which triggers
       the recidivist life sentence, although consideration is also given to the underlying
       convictions. The primary analysis of these offenses is to determine if they involve
       actual or threatened violence to the person since crimes of this nature have
       traditionally carried the more serious penalties and therefore justify application of
       the recidivist statute.

Syl. Pt. 7, in part, State v. Beck, 167 W.Va. 830, 286 S.E.2d 234 (1981). “[A]lthough sole
emphasis cannot be placed on the character of the final felony, it is entitled to closer scrutiny
than the other convictions, ‘since it provides the ultimate nexus to the sentence.’” State v. Miller,
184 W.Va. 462, 465, 400 S.E.2d 897, 900 (1990) (citations omitted). We also “generally require
that the nature of the prior felonies be closely examined. While not exclusive, the propensity for
violence is an important factor to be considered before applying the recidivist statute.” Id.

        Applying these pronouncements to petitioner’s case, we do not find that petitioner’s life
sentence violates the proportionality principle. We begin by noting petitioner’s ten prior felony
convictions and that the purpose of our recidivist statute is to “deter those who are incapable of
conforming their conduct to legitimately enacted obligations protecting society.” Appleby, 213
W.Va. at 517, 583 S.E.2d at 814. In other words, the recidivist statute was designed to deter and
put a stop to habitual criminals.

       In analyzing petitioner’s specific convictions, and looking first to his triggering offense
of grand larceny, we note that while petitioner was not convicted of burglary, his codefendant
pled guilty to that charge. Petitioner acknowledges that his codefendant burgled the victim’s
home while he was at a different spot on the victim’s property and that “a propensity for violence
may have existed.” We have previously held that “burglary and grand larceny [are] crimes that
by their very nature involve[] the threat of harm or violence to innocent persons[,]” where the
defendant burgled a home and took approximately $6,000 in personal property. State v. Housden,

                                                 3

184 W.Va. 171, 175, 399 S.E.2d 882, 886 (1990). Petitioner admits to being on the victim’s
property while his codefendant burgled the victim’s home; thus, the potential for harm or
violence, had the property owner returned home, existed. See id. at 174, 399 S.E.2d at 885 (“The
potential for threatened harm or violence to either the victim, had he returned home at the time
the crime was committed or to another innocent person such as the victim’s son, who testified
that he was regularly checking on the home for his father, still existed at the time the appellant
committed the crime.”)

        However, even if we ignore the fact that petitioner was present during the burglary his
codefendant was convicted of committing and accept petitioner’s contention that his grand
larceny neither threatened nor actually involved violence, we have also held that “sole emphasis
cannot be placed on the character of the final felony” and that prior felonies must be “closely
examined.”5 In so doing, we note that petitioner, having twice been convicted of third offense
DUI, has had no less than six DUI convictions. We have previously stated that “[t]he dangers
inherent in driving on the public streets while under the influence of an intoxicant are obvious.”
State ex rel. Appleby v. Recht, 213 W.Va. 503, 516, 583 S.E.2d 800, 813 (2002) (citation
omitted). “[O]perating an automobile while under the influence is reckless conduct that places
the citizens of this State at great risk of serious physical harm or death.” Id. (internal quotations
and citation omitted). Accordingly, we have had “little trouble in finding that driving under the
influence is a crime of violence supporting imposition of a recidivist sentence.” Id. Thus, given
petitioner’s numerous prior crimes, including these crimes of violence, we find no error in the
imposition of a recidivist sentence.

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s December 7, 2016, sentencing order is
hereby affirmed.


                                                                                           Affirmed.

ISSUED: November 22, 2017

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker




       5
        We also reiterate that, while the propensity for violence is an important factor to
consider in applying the recidivist statute, it is not the exclusive factor. Miller, 184 W.Va. at 465,
400 S.E.2d at 900.
                                                  4

