
208 Mich. App. 545 (1995)
528 N.W.2d 783
PEOPLE
v.
MEZY
Docket No. 143092.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Submitted August 2, 1994, at Lansing.
Decided February 6, 1995, at 9:30 A.M.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Richard Thompson, Prosecuting Attorney, Joyce F. Todd, Chief, Appellate Division, and Robert C. Williams, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Laurence R. Imerman, for the defendant.
Before: MICHAEL J. KELLY, P.J., and CAVANAGH and M.J. SHAMO,[*] JJ.
MICHAEL J. KELLY, P.J.
Defendant appeals as of right his conviction of and sentence for conspiracy *548 to possess with intent to deliver more than 650 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(i); MSA 14.15(7401)(2)(a)(i); MCL 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1). The trial court imposed the statutory sentence of mandatory life imprisonment without parole. We reverse.
I
In August 1988, defendant was indicted in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine in violation of 21 USC 841(a)(1) and 846. Defendant entered into a plea agreement and pleaded guilty of laundering monetary instruments, 18 USC 1956(a)(2)(B)(ii), in exchange for a dismissal of the conspiracy charge. Defendant was sentenced to thirty-three months in federal prison.
In June 1989, defendant was indicted once again in a federal court, this time in the Middle District of Florida, for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine, 21 USC 841(a)(1) and 846, and interstate travel to facilitate a cocaine conspiracy, 18 USC 1952(a)(3). In July 1990, he was convicted of one count of the former and two counts of the latter and sentenced to one prison term of 264 months and two terms of sixty months, respectively. The terms were to run concurrently with each other but consecutively to the term already being served by defendant.
In July 1990, defendant was charged in the Oakland Circuit Court along with eight others in a single-count indictment alleging thirty-one overt acts as part of a conspiracy to violate § 7401(2)(a) (i). Before trial, defendant filed a motion to quash the indictment on double jeopardy grounds, which he later amended. The circuit court denied the *549 motion nine months after the defendant had been found guilty as charged by a jury on July 3, 1991.
II
Defendant argues that his double jeopardy rights were violated because his indictment in the state court arose out of the same transaction on which his convictions in the federal court were based. However, with respect to the federal prosecution in Florida, our review of the record reveals no material distinction between the facts of this case and those in People v Hermiz, 207 Mich App 449; 526 NW2d 1 (1994), in which another panel of this Court rejected a similar double jeopardy challenge by one of defendant's coconspirators, Issam Hermiz. We are bound under Administrative Order No. 1994-4 to follow the holding in Hermiz.
The Hermiz decision, however, does not address the prosecution in Michigan federal court, because Issam Hermiz based his double jeopardy challenge only on the Florida federal prosecution. Unlike this defendant, Hermiz was not named in the Michigan federal indictment. We must determine whether defendant's conviction in Michigan federal court barred his subsequent conviction in Michigan state court under double jeopardy principles. We hold that it did.
A
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Michigan Constitution[1] prohibits prosecution of an offense arising out of the same criminal act that forms the basis of a prior prosecution in another jurisdiction unless it appears from the record that the interests of Michigan and those of the jurisdiction that *550 initially prosecuted are substantially different. People v Cooper, 398 Mich 450, 461; 247 NW2d 866 (1976). Thus, the threshold question in this case is whether defendant's conviction under Michigan law arose out of the same conspiracy or, in the words of Cooper, the "same criminal act" as his conviction in Michigan federal court. The Michigan Constitution requires resolution of this issue case by case under the "same transaction test." People v McMiller, 202 Mich App 82, 85; 507 NW2d 812 (1993). This test looks at whether the charges grow out of a "continuous time sequence" and demonstrate a "single intent and goal." Id.
The "same transaction test" is broader than its federal counterpart, the "same elements test." See United States v Dixon, 509 US ___, ___; 113 S Ct 2849; 125 L Ed 2d 556, 568 (1993), overruling Grady v Corbin, 495 US 508; 110 S Ct 2084; 109 L Ed 2d 548 (1990); McMiller, supra at 84-85. Nonetheless, we find the factors considered under the federal test useful in applying the Michigan test, particularly in the context of conspiracies. The test used by a majority of federal courts focuses on the totality of the circumstances and considers the following factors: (1) time, (2) persons acting as coconspirators, (3) the statutory offenses charged in the indictments, (4) the overt acts charged by the government or any other description of the offense charged that indicates the nature and scope of the activity that the government sought to punish in each case, and (5) the places where the events alleged as part of the conspiracy took place. See United States v Thomas, 759 F2d 659, 662 (CA 8, 1985); United States v Marable, 578 F2d 151, 154 (CA 5, 1978).
The trial court reviewed these factors and determined that the Michigan state and federal prosecutions arose out of the same transaction. However, *551 ever, it ultimately concluded that defendant's double jeopardy rights were not violated because, under the second prong of the Cooper analysis, the state interests in prosecuting defendant were substantially different from the federal interests. While review de novo applies to a trial court's holdings concerning whether there was a single criminal transaction and whether the state interests are substantially distinct, see McMiller, supra at 84-85; People v Bero, 168 Mich App 545, 558-559; 425 NW2d 138 (1988), the court's findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, People v Stoughton, 185 Mich App 219, 227; 460 NW2d 591 (1990); United States v Thomas, supra at 662. Giving all due deference to the trial court's findings of fact under the "same transaction test," we find no error in its conclusion that defendant's state and federal prosecutions arose out of the same transaction.
The record in this case indicates that the conspiracy charges in the Michigan state and federal indictments clearly arose out of the same transaction. Most notably, the time frame of the state indictment, January 1985 to August 1989, completely encompasses the time frame of the federal indictment, January 1987 to October 1988. Under the federal indictment, defendant was alleged to have been part of a drug conspiracy along with several others who were also listed, though not named, in the state indictment as participants in the drug transactions. Defendant further was alleged to have "met with coconspirators at various locations and obtained quantities of cocaine for distribution in the Eastern District of Michigan and elsewhere." A similar allegation in the same paragraph charged that defendant "met with coconspirators at various locations where he delivered the proceeds of cocaine distribution to others." *552 In the following paragraph, Basam Jarges, one of defendant's coconspirators, was alleged to have done the same.
The charges against defendant in the state indictment were strikingly similar. Although the time frame of the state indictment was broader, the most specific of the few overt acts attributed to defendant occurred between November 27, 1987, and January 30, 1988  well within the time frame of the federal indictment. Furthermore, much like the charges in the federal indictment, these acts consisted of meetings "with Jaime Giraldo and Norberto Giraldo, in various locations, including Southfield, Michigan. The purpose of the meetings was to obtain cocaine and to return money to pay for the cocaine." In the same paragraph, coconspirator Basam Jarges was alleged to have done the same. Jaime and Norberto Giraldo were named in the federal indictment and alleged to have obtained cocaine on a periodic basis.
The only other paragraphs of the state indictment referring to defendant simply stated, first, that defendant began working for the Kalasho organization in 1986, second, that defendant traveled with several conspirators to a home in Sterling Heights, Michigan, in December 1988 to recover two kilograms of cocaine stolen from the Kalasho organization, and third, that defendant worked as a "lieutenant" in the Kalasho organization during 1988, delivering cocaine on behalf of the organization. We consider these additional references either too isolated or too general to undermine the trial court's ruling concerning double jeopardy. The transcripts from defendant's trial and other hearings also fail to provide reasons for reversing the ruling of the trial court. Infact, the transcripts provide support for its finding that the state and federal indictments were made *553 possible by a joint state-federal task force investigation of the drug conspiracy.
The other parties named in each indictment were also strikingly similar. Defendant and coconspirator Basam Jarges were charged in both indictments. Six others named as participants, but not charged, in the state indictment were charged in the federal indictment. A witness at defendant's trial in state court was also named in the federal indictment. The significant overlap bolsters the trial court's conclusion that the state and federal prosecutions arose out of the same transaction.
B
We next review the trial court's application of the second prong of the Cooper double jeopardy test: Whether the federal prosecution satisfied Michigan's interest in prosecuting defendant under § 7401(2)(a)(i). Cooper, supra at 461. In Cooper, the Supreme Court noted three factors relevant to this issue:
[W]hether the maximum penalties of the statutes involved are greatly disparate, whether some reason exists why one jurisdiction cannot be entrusted to vindicate fully another jurisdiction's interests in securing a conviction, and whether the differences in the statutes are merely jurisdictional or are more substantive. [Id.]
These factors are nonexclusive; other factors favoring a defendant's constitutional right are appropriately considered. People v Gay, 407 Mich 681, 695; 289 NW2d 651 (1980).
With respect to the first factor, only a great disparity in the sentences authorized by the state and federal drug delivery statutes would suffice to allow a subsequent prosecution in Michigan. People *554 v Formicola, 407 Mich 293, 298; 284 NW2d 334 (1979). The maximum penalty to be considered is the potential statutory sentence, not the actual sentence. Gay, supra at 695. Here, the maximum penalty under the federal charge, 21 USC 841(b)(1) (A)(ii), was life imprisonment. The maximum penalty under state law is the same. Section 7401(2)(a) (i). Although the Michigan penalty differs in being mandatory, that does not make the sentences "greatly disparate." In theory, the potential maximum punishments are the same. See Gay, supra at 697.
With respect to the second factor, there is no reason why the federal government cannot be entrusted to vindicate fully Michigan's interest in securing a conviction. The fact that a conviction was never obtained on the drug-delivery charge is irrelevant. What is relevant is the fact that the federal government had the ability to prosecute defendant on that charge. People v Tyler, 100 Mich App 782, 791; 300 NW2d 411 (1980). That the prosecutor agreed to dismiss the drug-delivery charge during plea negotiations can be ascribed to a variety of alternatives within a district attorney's discretion but, we surmise, not to a lack of commitment to combat drug crimes, the same commitment that fueled the state prosecution.
Finally, with respect to the third factor, the only difference between the statutes in this case is the amount of cocaine required for conviction  five kilograms under 21 USC 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) and 650 grams under § 7401(2)(a)(i). This alone does not constitute a substantive difference.[2] Clearly, a conviction *555 under the Michigan statute is supported by a conviction under the federal statute.
The trial court believed that the "policy and reasoning behind Michigan's statute makes [sic] it substantively different than the federal statutes." The court noted that, unlike Michigan, Congress allowed for the possibility of rehabilitation. However, this reasoning ignores the rule in Gay, supra, regarding maximum penalties. The "policy and reasoning" of the Michigan statute is reflected in the maximum sentence, which, we have concluded, is not "greatly disparate" from the sentence under the federal statute.
We conclude that the federal prosecution satisfied Michigan's interest in prosecuting defendant under MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(1); MSA 14.15(7401)(2)(a) (1). Accordingly, defendant's conviction violates the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Michigan Constitution. Because of our holding on this issue, we need not address the remainder of defendant's arguments. Suffice it to say, we find them all meritless.
Reversed.
NOTES
[*]  Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1]  Const 1963, art 1, § 15.
[2]  Obviously, the federal quantum is significantly greater  in fact, about eight times greater  than the amount required for conviction under the Michigan statute. The reverse argument  i.e., that dealers are subject to life imprisonment more readily under Michigan law  is not on point here.
