            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


    PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       June 18, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

    v                                                                  No. 344591
                                                                       Kent Circuit Court
    WILLIAM ALONZO BURRIS,                                             LC No. 17-010339-FH

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and GLEICHER and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        The Sixth Amendment right to counsel commands that an accused “be defended by the
counsel he believes to be best.” United States v Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 US 140, 146; 126 S Ct 2557;
165 L Ed 2d 409 (2006). The right to counsel is so vital that the United States Supreme Court
deems it “the root meaning of the constitutional guarantee” to a fair trial. Id. at 147-148. “A
choice-of-counsel violation occurs whenever the defendant’s choice is wrongfully denied.” Id. at
150 (emphasis in original). Erroneous deprivation of the right to choose one’s counsel is structural
error, necessitating a new trial. Id.

        Only a handful of grounds allow a court to lawfully deny a defendant’s right to be
represented by a retained lawyer. Relevant here, a court may reject chosen counsel in the interests
of protecting the court’s trial calendar. But “an unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon
expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay” violates the Sixth Amendment right.
Morris v Slappy, 461 US 1, 11-12; 103 S Ct 1610; 75 L Ed 2d 610 (1983) (cleaned up).1 The trial
court’s rulings in this case epitomize “unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness




1
  This opinion uses the new parenthetical “cleaned up” to improve readability without altering the
substance of the quotation. The parenthetical indicates that nonsubstantive clutter such as brackets,
alterations, internal quotation marks, and unimportant citations have been omitted from the
quotation. See Metzler, Cleaning Up Quotations, 18 J App Pract & Process 143 (2017).


                                                -1-
in the face of a justifiable request for delay.” Therefore, we must vacate defendant William
Burris’s convictions and remand for a new trial.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The prosecution charged that while babysitting his young daughter, AM, and several other
children, Burris showed two of the girls adult pornography on his cell phone and asked whether
they would like to engage in the acts depicted. AM testified that Burris also touched her breasts
and “private part” over her clothing.

        AM recounted that she first reported Burris’s acts to Jacora Seymore, Burris’s girlfriend,
in Burris’s presence. Seymore denied that any such conversation took place. AM next reported
the incident to her mother, Shaunda Carter-Matthews. During this conversation, AM disclosed
that Burris had been molesting her for the past two years. Carter-Matthews called the police.
Detective Jennifer Wordelman referred AM to the Children’s Advocacy Center, where a forensic
interviewer, Amy Minton, interviewed her and two of the other girls. Detective Wordelman also
referred AM for an examination with a sexual assault nurse examiner.

       The prosecutor charged Burris with one count of CSC-II for assaulting AM and two counts
of accosting a minor for immoral purposes, one count with regard to AM and one with respect to
another of the girls. At the preliminary examination, the prosecutor advised that the prosecution
would not pursue the charge of accosting the second girl, but would seek to add a second count of
CSC-II for assaulting AM. Burris was bound over for trial. A jury found him guilty of one count
of CSC-II and the sole count of accosting a minor for immoral purposes

                    II. DENIAL OF THE RIGHT TO CHOSEN COUNSEL

                              A. GUIDING LEGAL PRINCIPLES

        The United States Supreme Court’s Sixth Amendment jurisprudence leaves no doubt but
that representation by counsel of choice should be regarded as the default position when a judge
is asked to consider a substitution request. Trial courts “must recognize a presumption in favor
of” counsel of choice, and that a litigant’s decision to hire his own counsel may be overcome only
in limited circumstances. Wheat v United States, 486 US 153, 164; 108 S Ct 1692; 100 L Ed 2d
140 (1988). Our Supreme Court, too, has forcefully underscored the importance of honoring this
right.

        In People v Williams, 386 Mich 565, 568; 194 NW2d 337 (1972), the defendant’s attorney
moved to withdraw from representation on the first day of trial because the defendant had retained
a different lawyer. The trial court denied the motion and declared that no continuance would be
granted. Id. Even though it applied a far more deferential standard of review than the standard




                                               -2-
operative today, the Supreme Court held that the trial court reversibly erred by issuing both
rulings.2

       Our Supreme Court reached that result by applying the rule set forth in Ungar v Sarafite,
376 US 575, 589; 84 S Ct 841; 11 L Ed 2d 921 (1964), which acknowledges that although
continuance decisions are traditionally within the trial court’s discretion, “a myopic insistence
upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay can render the right to defend
with counsel an empty formality.” The Court summarized in Williams, 386 Mich at 575-576:

       The defendant requested a continuance in this case to obtain a new lawyer. The
       right to assistance of counsel is a precious constitutional right. It is probably the
       most important right of any defendant in a criminal trial. . . . This right has been
       jealously protected by the courts and is of critical importance to any defendant in a
       criminal trial. Hence, whenever this right is asserted, the trial court must take
       special care to insure that it is protected.” [Id. at 576.]

Acknowledging that the trial court’s docket may well have been “heavily burdened” due to other
events, the Supreme Court nevertheless held that “the desire of the trial courts to expedite court
dockets is not a sufficient reason to deny an otherwise proper request for a continuance.” Id. at
577.

                                    B. UNDERLYING FACTS

        On January 22, 2018, attorney Edwin Johnson filed a notice of substitution of counsel,
signaling that Burris wished to replace his appointed attorney, Edward J. Lis, with Johnson. The
case had reached the circuit court just two months earlier. The trial court dismissed Johnson’s
appearance after a brief hearing conducted on February 26. The transcript reveals that the trial
court made no effort to accommodate Johnson’s need for extra time to prepare for trial. Rather,
the court insisted on going to trial in 30 days, a timeframe resisted by both Johnson and the
prosecutor. After the hearing concluded, the court set the trial for April 23, 2018, more than 60
days out—a period of adjournment never offered to Johnson.

        A few weeks before the April trial date, Johnson tried to substitute back into the case. The
trial court again denied Burris his right to be represented by counsel of choice. We review the two



2
  In People v Williams, 386 Mich 565, 568, 571-572; 194 NW2d 337 (1972), the Supreme Court
relied on the abuse of discretion standard described in Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382, 384-
385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959), which permitted an appellate court to reverse only when the trial court’s
decision was “so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise
of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of
reason but rather of passion or bias.” The Spalding standard entitled the trial court’s decision to
“the utmost level of deference.” People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 266; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).
The standard that now governs provides that “[a]n abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s
decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Johnson, 502
Mich 541, 564; 918 NW2d 676 (2018) (cleaned up).

                                                 -3-
events separately and in detail, as their illumination reveals the arbitrary nature of the court’s
rulings and its failure to attribute any legal relevance to Burris’s Sixth Amendment right.

                       1. THE FEBRUARY ADJOURNMENT REQUEST

        Attorney Lis represented Burris during the November preliminary examination. At the
outset of the exam, Burris expressed dissatisfaction with Lis. Burris complained that Lis had not
contacted several witnesses and “he just keeps advising me to waive my preliminary exam[.]”
Burris declared, “I don’t wanna waive it,” despite that the lawyer he intended to hire had asked “to
have Mr. Lis postpone it.” Because that lawyer had not entered an appearance, the exam went
forward. On November 14, Burris waived arraignment in the circuit court.

         On December 28, 2017, the circuit court issued a notice setting the case for trial on
February 12, 2018. As it happened, Johnson had visited the courthouse the day before to review
the file; the trial notice had not yet been issued and did not appear in the file. Johnson was unaware
of the February trial date when he filed a substitution of counsel on January 22, 2018. After filing
a formal appearance and a discovery demand on February 9, Johnson learned of the February 12
trial date.

        On February 12, Johnson appeared before the trial judge and requested an adjournment;
this hearing has not been transcribed. An order reflects that the trial court set the matter for trial
on February 26. On February 16, Johnson filed a motion to adjourn the trial. He averred that he
had a trial scheduled in Kalamazoo County set to begin on February 27, which he expected “to
continue for two weeks.” Additionally, Johnson asserted, discovery in Burris’s case was
incomplete, and more investigation was necessary:

               [T]he Prosecution’s case is based primarily on information gathered in two
       Family Court cases that have been dismissed, with Defense having no information
       regarding why these two lower standard [sic] cases were dismissed, or access to
       any of the investigators that developed the case.

       The parties appeared before the trial court on February 23 to consider the adjournment
motion. The transcript reflects that the trial court repeatedly interrupted Johnson, misstated facts,
and telegraphed that Johnson would not be permitted to represent Burris. The court made no
mention of Burris’s Sixth Amendment right at any point during the lengthy colloquy and never
sought Burris’s input regarding his reasons for seeking the substitution:

              The Court: All right. Mr. Johnson, we’re set for trial in this matter. This
       was our second trial date for next Monday. It’s now Friday before. And you filed
       a motion for an adjournment, again. You asked for an adjournment last time. We
       gave you a couple of weeks. Why are we back here today on an adjournment?

                Mr. Johnson: We’re back here today because, as I informed Your Honor at
       the last adjournment, I had a prior case scheduled for trial. It’s going forward next
       week as scheduled. I believe the Kalamazoo Circuit Court made contact with you
       regarding that. At least, that was their intent yesterday.



                                                 -4-
               And, quite frankly, Your Honor, I have not had an opportunity to fully
       investigate, do witness lists, do anything in this case.

              The Court: Well, sir, the Court Rule requires that you submit witnesses
       within 28 days of trial, is that correct?

               Mr. Johnson: That is correct, sir. It isn’t - -

                The Court: And, sir, when you filed your appearance, you knew there was
       a trial date, is that not correct?

               Mr. Johnson: No, I did not sir. That is not correct.

               The Court: You didn’t check the . . . court file?

               Mr. Johnson: I - - Your Honor, I came to Grand Rapids and pulled a registry
       of actions on the 27th of December. And there was no trial scheduled at that point
       in time.

               The Court: Well sir, that’s not quite correct, according to the Court file.

               Mr. Johnson: Well, I’ve got the registry of actions.

             The Court: Sir, I’m . . . looking at the first trial date, the notice was sent out
       on December 28th for February 12th. According to the court file.

               Mr. Johnson: And as I said, Your Honor, I came in - - of course I wasn’t
       on the case at that time. But I am in on the - -

               The Court: Well, sir, also, the - - at the preliminary exam, your client was
       represented by an attorney, Mr. Ed Lis. But . . . he said on the record, that you were
       the attorney and you had asked for . . . a waiver of the hearing.

               Mr. Johnson: That is untrue, sir.

               The Court: Well, that’s what the transcript says.[3]

              Mr. Johnson: Well, . . . I don’t care what the transcript says because as you
       probably know, . . . my substitution of attorney was dated - -

               The Court: Jan 19th.

               Mr. Johnson: - - January 19th.



3
 Johnson was correct. At the outset of the exam, Burris stated that Lis sought the waiver; Johnson
had asked that Burris communicate a desire for an adjournment.

                                                   -5-
       The Court: Okay. And - -

       Mr. Johnson: And I received notice that it was signed on January 24th.

        The Court: And 28 days from January 19th was last week. And you have
not filed a witness list, is that correct?

        Mr. Johnson: That is correct, Your Honor. How could I - - Your Honor, I
think the Court’s being a bit unreasonable with this. I did not receive discovery on
this case until January 24th. And this is quite a complicated case, Your Honor. And
from what I can see, very little was - - was done. A witness list was not developed
by Mr. Lis. There is the issue of potential collateral estoppel in this case. This case
began - -

       The Court: Explain your collateral estoppel in a criminal case, counsel.

        Mr. Johnson: This case was started in June of 2017 by a referral from Grand
Rapids Police Department to [Child Protective Services] CPS. CPS conducted an
investigation, put together a petition, and this petition was dismissed against Mr.
Burris - -

       The Court: This wasn’t a criminal case.

       Mr. Johnson: - - on - - I understand it wasn’t charge[d] - -

       The Court: That was - - that was a CPS.

       Mr. Johnson: - - I understand what it was, Your Honor. The case was
dismissed on - -

       The Court: Well, counsel you’ve been on - -

       Mr. Johnson: Sir, you’re not letting me explain.

        The Court: Sir, you’ve been on here 28 days. Over 28 days. And you’re
telling me you’ve done nothing on this case?

       Mr. Johnson: I - - that’s essentially what I’m telling you, Your Honor.

        The Court: Well, then why should I allow you to continue as an attorney
on this case?

        Mr. Johnson: If you want to cause me to withdraw, Your Honor, then that’s
your choice, but I’m - - I’m saying again, that I’m the choice of this young man to
be his attorney, and I have not had an opportunity to do what needs to be done in
this case, and, in fact, I’m asking for at least 90 days because we have to pierce the
issues of privilege, and subpoena as far as the family court case is concerned.



                                         -6-
              The fact of the matter is, Your Honor, the State has had this case since June.
       They’re [sic] complaint is based entirely on CPS report that they are mimicking as
       they go. That case - -

                     The Court: Have you had - -

                     Mr. Johnson: - - has been dismissed, Your Honor - -

                     The Court: Counsel. Have you read the transcript in the preliminary exam?

                     Mr. Johnson: Yes, I have, Your Honor.

                     The Court: Okay. They don’t make any reference to the CPS case, do
               [4]
       they?

                     Mr. Johnson: I have the discovery - -

                     The Court: Isn’t this case based on the testimony of a young girl?

              Mr. Johnson: Based on the testimony of a young girl in the CPS case, Your
       Honor. That case was dismissed on September 6th. The - - the State took action
       and filed a complaint against this defendant in October, entirely based on
       information that was provided in the - - on - - on a abuse and neglect case which
       was dismissed on a preponderance of evidence standard.

              We have to pierce that. I need those witnesses, and I’m sure Your Honor is
       aware that we have to - - we have to take care of privilege, subpoena, it has to go
       through Lansing. We’re at least 60 - -

                     The Court: Sir, you - - you - -

                     Mr. Johnson: - - days away from that.

              The Court: - - you have known all this and you’re telling me you’ve done
       nothing.

                Mr. Johnson: No, I have not told you I’ve done nothing. I said nothing was
       done until I got this case. And Your Honor, I was in a murder case in Saginaw. I
       run a one-man office. I do the research. I do the writing. I do the windows. I think
       it’s unreasonable of this Court to demand that less than 30 days after I gave notice,
       I got notice that my substitution of attorney was signed, that we were supposed to
       be at trial. And it’s just a little over 30 days since I received notice that we were
       supposed to be here for the second trial.



4
 A detective called as a witness at the preliminary exam testified to having received copies of the
CPS reports.

                                                       -7-
       As I said, Your Honor, I’m not ready and can’t be ready for at least 90 days
because of the work that has to be done on this case - -

        The Court: Sir - -

        Mr. Johnson: - - in order for my client to be able to exercise his rights.

        The Court: - - one of the things that concerns me is - - I notice in your motion
to adjourn, you stated that you have a trial in Kalamazoo that will continue for two
weeks.

        Mr. Johnson: I said, “estimated.”

        The Court: It’s interesting that in Kalamazoo, they say they’ll be - - they’re
starting it on Wednesday and they’ll be done next week. . . .

       Mr. Johnson: Well, Your Honor, I’m only going by what the prosecution
estimated the time of the trial would be. I have two witnesses. We have to go
through their - -

        The Court: Well, I want to hear from the Prosecutor on this matter.

        Ms. Richardson: Well, Your Honor, when it comes to cases with children,
I usually give more leeway due to the fact that the last thing I want is it to come
back on appeal because he’s not prepared, and he does a poor job at trial because
of that. And it’s ineffective assistance of counsel. Because of his continued
statements to me that he’s not ready, I have waited to meet with this little girl again
to get her prepped up for trial until this afternoon, pending the outcome of this case.

       So I do not have an objection for an adjournment. I don’t know about 90
days. I think that’s a bit lengthy.

        The Court: It’s never going to be 90 days.

        Ms. Richardson: But I don’t have an objection for an adjournment.

        Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, if I may?

        The Court: Go ahead.

        Mr. Johnson: I’m requesting 90 days because this case is entirely based on
CPS - - CPS case that was dismissed, and in order for me to pierce privilege and be
able to get the information that I need, what we have, Your Honor - - and I want to
explain to you. What I have is a petition that sounds horrible. Witness statements
that sound horrible. And then, all of a sudden, I have this case being dismissed on
a preponderance of evidence standard. Apparently something happened in between
the time that this petition was filed and the time it was dismissed that we’re not
aware of. I can tell you, in going through the file, that Mr. Lis requested a specific

                                          -8-
CPS report from Sequoya Hudnell that has never been received. I can tell you that
I have gone - -

       The Court: Counsel, why haven’t you - -

       Mr. Johnson: - - Your Honor - -

       The Court: - - filed a motion - -

       Mr. Johnson: - - may I finish?

       The Court: - - with regards to that?

       Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, I just got on the case. I was in a murder case - -

       The Court: You’ve been on the case a month.

       Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, I was in a murder case in Saginaw. Okay? I run
a one-man office. I can’t do it all at one time.

        The Court: Counsel, if you can’t handle your responsibilities, you shouldn’t
be assigned to a case.

       Mr. Johnson: Then, Judge, you shouldn’t sign the appointment - - I mean,
the substitution, then.

        The Court: Well, I’m going to think twice about it next time. You can
guarantee it. And as Chief Judge here, I will make sure that everybody in this
Circuit is aware of that.

         Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, I have done work here before, and I think that
the Court is being absolutely unreasonable. I am not ready and won’t be ready for
at least 60 and I’m asking for 90 days.

       The Court: Renee, what’s our schedule look like for 30 days out?

      Mr. Johnson: I want the record to reflect that I won’t be ready in 30 days,
Your Honor. I have a trial that I’m going to be conducting starting next Wednesday.

        The Court: All right. I’m going to adjourn this 30 days. If you’re not going
to be ready, I’m going to remove you from this case, and we’ll appoint him a new
attorney.

      Mr. Johnson: Well, Your Honor, I’m not going to be ready in 30 days, so
we might as well do that now.

       The Court: You’re not - - all right. Then we’ll do that now.

       Mr. Johnson: Thank you.

                                           -9-
                 The Court: Okay? You’re - - excused from this case. We’ll appoint Mr.
          Lis who was on this case previously. We’ll try it in 30 days.

                 Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, and I want the Court to know that if this case
          goes sideways, I’m going to be addressing this action, too. I think this is totally
          unreasonable.

                The Court: Well, counsel, the next time you file into a case, you ought to
          know where the case is, when the trial dates are and what’s going on.

                  Mr. Johnson: Your Honor, it shouldn’t make a difference.

                  The Court: And if you say another word, you’ll be held in contempt and put
          in lock up, sir. [Emphasis added.]

         Shortly after the hearing concluded the trial court entered an order removing Johnson as
Burris’s counsel and reappointing Lis. That same day, the trial court entered an order setting the
trial date for April 23, 2018, two months later.

        The lengthy colloquy transcribed above is notable for the absence of any explanation on
the trial court’s part for its unwillingness to adjust its trial schedule. Neither the court nor the
prosecutor claimed that any witness would be inconvenienced by a delay; the case was then barely
three months old.

        The abuse of discretion standard requires us to examine whether the trial court’s decision
to deny an adjournment, thereby precluding representation by Burris’s chosen counsel, fell within
“the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” The trial court expressed no reason for its
denial of the motion that we can perceive, and its ruling lacked any discernable principle other
than, perhaps, some unstated form of docket control. Rather, the court appeared myopically intent
on exercising its power and expressing hostility mixed with annoyance toward Johnson. Concern
for the protection of Burris’s constitutional rights was lost in the skirmish. This error, standing
alone, mandates a new trial.

                                       2. THE APRIL EVENTS

        On March 2, 2018, after learning of the April trial date, Johnson attempted to substitute
back into the case. Lis informed him on March 7 that the trial court would not sign the proposed
substitution order. On April 16, Johnson filed a motion he styled as one “for reconsideration.”
His accompanying brief recounted what had occurred in February and explained why he believed
more investigation needed to be done at that time.5 Johnson argued that the trial court’s February


5
    In the brief, Johnson asserted that he
          discovered that the case against Defendant[] was built entirely upon two Abuse and
          Neglect cases that have been withdrawn or dismissed. Knowing that the standard
          for Abuse and Neglect cases is “a preponderance of the evidence”, Petitioner


                                                 -10-
“conduct was arbitrary, particularly given the prosecution’s lack of objections, the desires of the
Defendant, the age of the case, and the fact that the trial was rescheduled within the timeframe that
Petitioner had requested.” He continued, “Given the complexities of the case and the difficulties
in getting necessary information from the Department of Health and Human Services, the request
for [60] to [90] days to prepare [was] not unreasonable.” The trial court denied the reconsideration
motion in a written opinion and order, finding that it was improperly filed more than 21 days after
the challenged order was entered, and that it presented the same issues ruled on in February.

        In his April motion, Johnson made no request for additional time to prepare for the
upcoming trial. As retained counsel for Burris, Johnson sought to substitute for Lis. Instead of
giving Johnson an opportunity to demonstrate that he was prepared and ready to start trial on April
28, the court summarily dismissed the substance of the motion based on its form.

        In People v Aceval, 282 Mich App 379, 386-387; 764 NW2d 285 (2009) (cleaned up), this
Court explained that the right to be represented by counsel of choice is not absolute, but is subject
to “a balancing of the accused’s right to counsel of his choice and the public’s interest in the prompt
and efficient administration of justice . . . .” A trial court has “wide latitude” to “balanc[e] the
right to counsel of choice against the needs of fairness and against the demands of its calendar[.]”
Id. at 387 (cleaned up).

        The trial court failed to engage in any balancing when it denied Johnson’s request to re-
enter the case. “Balancing” means considering both sides of a question, weighing their strengths
and weaknesses, and articulating a finding that considers the competing interests. The trial judge
did not acknowledge Burris’s Sixth Amendment right to be represented by counsel of choice, and
failed to explain why its calendar or the needs of public would be disserved by allowing Johnson
to represent Burris. The trial court abused its discretion in April as well as in February, and in so
doing denied Burris his constitutional right to be represented by counsel of choice.

                                   II. ADDITIONAL ERRORS

       In addition to his Sixth Amendment argument, Burris raises several evidentiary issues on
appeal. To provide guidance for the proceedings on remand, we address them briefly.

                                          A. MRE 404(b)

       Burris first challenges the admission of other-acts evidence. The trial court admitted the
evidence under MRE 404(b); it failed to analyze the evidence under MCL 768.27a, despite that
both parties presented argument regarding its admissibility under the statute.

       The evidence in dispute involves two factual scenarios. The first is that Burris began a
sexual relationship with the complainant’s mother, Shaunda Carter-Matthews, when Carter-



       immediately began attempts to find out why the case was withdrawn or dismissed,
       and then picked up for criminal prosecution, where the much higher standard, of
       “beyond a reasonable doubt” is in play.

                                                 -11-
Matthews was 15 years old. Burris was 31 years old at the time. AM, the complainant, was born
of this relationship.

        The second factual scenario involved Burris’s sexual activity with NE, then age 15, in a
hotel room. NE testified that she accompanied Burris to a hotel at the insistence of her cousin,
Stacy, who told NE to lie about her age. Burris bought alcohol for NE, and at the hotel supplied
her with cocaine and marijuana. Stacy instructed her to take her clothes off; Burris was also naked.
Burris asked NE if could perform oral sex on her and invited her to join him in a hot tub, but NE
refused both offers. Burris touched her breasts before leaving the hotel.

        If this evidence is offered under MRE 404(b) on remand, the trial court must consider
whether it is material to an issue other than propensity. “In the context of prior acts evidence, . . .
MRE 404(b) stands as a sentinel at the gate: the proffered evidence truly must be probative of
something other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the crime.” People v Crawford, 458
Mich 376, 390; 582 NW2d 785 (1998) (emphasis in original). “[T]he prosecution bears the initial
burden of establishing the relevance of the evidence to prove a fact within one of the exceptions
to the general exclusionary rule of MRE 404(b).” People v Knox, 469 Mich 502, 509; 674 NW2d
366 (2004). “Relevance is a relationship between the evidence and a material fact at issue that
must be demonstrated by reasonable inferences that make a material fact at issue more probable
or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Crawford, 458 Mich at 387. Evidence is
“material” if it is related to any fact that is of consequence to the action. People v Denson, 500
Mich 385, 401; 902 NW2d 306 (2017). When the proffered evidence demonstrates only
propensity, it must be excluded. Knox, 469 Mich at 510.

        The prosecutor argued that evidence of both scenarios was relevant to defendant’s “intent”
to have sexual contact with AM and therefore admissible under MRE 404(b). However, Burris
never claimed that he accidently or inadvertently touched AM. Rather, his defense was a general
denial that the touching occurred. On remand, if the prosecution offers the evidence under MRE
404(b), the trial court must consider whether the other acts evidence is material to the facts actually
under contention in the case.

       The prosecution may again offer the evidence under MCL 768.27a. If so, the trial court
should articulate an analysis of the “considerations” set forth in People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450,
487-488; 818 NW2d 296 (2012), which guide whether other-acts evidence admitted under MCL
768.27a is nevertheless subject to exclusion under MRE 403:

       (1) the dissimilarity between the other acts and the charged crime, (2) the temporal
       proximity of the other acts to the charged crime, (3) the infrequency of the other
       acts, (4) the presence of intervening acts, (5) the lack of reliability of the evidence
       supporting the occurrence of the other acts, and (6) the lack of need for evidence
       beyond the complainant’s and the defendant’s testimony.                   This list of
       considerations is meant to be illustrative rather than exhaustive.

        The trial court failed to analyze any of the items in this list. Several factors weigh against
admitting the evidence. The other acts bore little similarity to the charged acts. Burris’s sexual
relationship with then 15-year-old Carter-Matthews began nearly a decade before. The other acts


                                                 -12-
involved older females, were few in number, isolated in time, and appear unrelated. On remand,
the trial court will have an opportunity to reconsider the evidence in this light.

                                         B. MRE 803A

        Over Burris’s counsel’s objection, the trial court allowed Carter-Matthews to testify
regarding statements AM made a day or two after the charged crimes. Counsel raised a hearsay
objection, and the prosecutor responded by arguing that the statements were admissible under
MRE 803(3), as depicting AM’s “then-existing state of mind and her emotional state.” The court
admitted them on that basis.

       MRE 803(3) provides a hearsay exception for the following evidence:

               A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,
       sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental
       feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief
       to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,
       revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s will.

“[T]he general use of statements of mind that are based on past events . . . violate the purpose of
the rule.” People v Moorer, 262 Mich App 64, 73; 683 NW2d 736 (2004). AM’s statements
regarding the assaults constituted recollections of past events or, in other words, statements of
memory that were being used by the prosecution to prove remembered facts. The trial court erred
by admitting the evidence under MRE 803(3).

       The prosecutor now contends that the statements were admissible under the tender-years
exception to hearsay, MRE 803A, which provides, in relevant part, as follows:

                A statement describing an incident that included a sexual act performed with
       or on the declarant by the defendant or an accomplice is admissible to the extent
       that it corroborates testimony given by the declarant during the same proceeding,
       provided:

               (1) the declarant was under the age of ten when the statement was made;

             (2) the statement is shown to have been spontaneous and without indication
       of manufacture;

              (3) either the declarant made the statement immediately after the incident
       or any delay is excusable as having been caused by fear or other equally effective
       circumstance; and

               (4) the statement is introduced through the testimony of someone other than
       the declarant.

              If the declarant made more than one corroborative statement about the
       incident, only the first is admissible under this rule . . . .


                                               -13-
        AM testified that she spontaneously told Jacora Seymore that Burris had touched her.
Seymore denied that AM had made any such statement. The prosecutor argues that AM’s
revelations to Carter-Matthews must be considered the “first” under MRE 803A(4).

       MRE 803A(4) provides in relevant part:

               A statement may not be admitted under this rule unless the proponent of the
       statement makes known to the adverse party the intent to offer the statement, and
       the particulars of the statement, sufficiently in advance of the trial or hearing to
       provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet the statement.

The prosecution neglected to file a notice of its intent to offer AM’s statements under MRE 803A.
Consequently, the facts surrounding the proffered evidence—which were critical to its
admissibility—were never evaluated or ascertained by the trial court. On remand, when
considering the admissibility of the evidence under MRE 803A, the trial court must evaluate
whether the proffered statements were, in fact, the “first” corroborative statements made. That is
a question of fact and not a question of law. Similarly, the court must determine whether the
statements were “spontaneous,” as also required under the rule. See People v Gursky, 486 Mich
596, 614; 786 NW2d 579 (2010).

                                         III. SUMMARY

         The trial court deprived Burris of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel of choice, and that
error, standing alone, merits a new trial.

        We vacate Burris’s convictions and sentence, and remand for a new trial. We do not retain
jurisdiction.




                                                             /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                             /s/ Michael J. Kelly




                                               -14-
