                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                              File Name: 06a0309p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                   X
                    Petitioner/Cross-Respondent, -
 TEMP-MASTERS, INC.,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                        Nos. 05-2079/2272
          v.
                                                    ,
                                                     >
 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,                    -
                    Respondent/Cross-Petitioner. -
                                                   N
             On Petition for Review and Cross-Application for Enforcement
                  of an Order of the National Labor Relations Board.
                                   No. 9-CA-40822.
                                             Argued: June 2, 2006
                                      Decided and Filed: July 17, 2006*
                  Before: BATCHELDER, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
                                              _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: David W. Miller, BAKER & DANIELS, Fort Wayne, Indiana, for Petitioner. Jason
Walta, NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
ON BRIEF: Thomas R. Biehl, Jr., BAKER & DANIELS, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Todd M. Nierman,
BAKER & DANIELS, Indianapolis, Indiana, for Petitioner. Jason Walta, Aileen A. Armstrong,
Julie B. Broido, NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
                                              _________________
                                                  OPINION
                                              _________________
        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Temp-Masters, Inc. (“Temp-Masters”)
seeks review of an order of the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB” or “Board”), and the
Board cross-petitions for enforcement of that order. In the order, the Board found that
Temp-Masters violated Sections 8(a)(3) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA” or
“Act”), by transferring four of its employees from jobsites in the vicinity of Georgetown, Ohio, to
a jobsite approximately 250 miles away, in retaliation for union activity that ultimately culminated
in a petition for a union election. For the following reasons, we affirm the Board’s order.



         *
          This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on July 17, 2006. On August 17, 2006,
the court designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.


                                                          1
Nos. 05-2079/2272               Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                   Page 2


                                                I.
         Temp-Masters, a construction business headquartered in Uniondale, Indiana, installs and
services commercial refrigeration systems and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (“HVAC”)
systems. Temp-Masters works on projects in six states: Illinois, Michigan, Kentucky, Iowa, Indiana,
and Ohio. Temp-Masters typically has between twenty and thirty active installation projects, with
each project usually lasting between three and twelve months. Between 2002 and 2004,
Temp-Masters had two installation projects in the vicinity of Georgetown, Ohio. Temp-Masters
contracted to install HVAC systems for the Brown County Engineer’s maintenance and salt storage
facilities (the “Brown County project”) and an Ohio Highway Patrol post (the “OHP project”)
(collectively, the “Georgetown projects”). Both of the Georgetown projects were prevailing wage
projects, which paid general laborers more than $34 per hour.
        Beginning in March 2003, Steven Mitchell was the original supervisor of the Brown County
project. In September 2003, Mitchell was moved to the OHP project, and Michael Fahy took over
as supervisor for the Brown County project. Mark Pack, a project manager at Temp-Masters,
managed the Georgetown projects. Pack reported to Gil Bardige, general manager, who in turn
reported to company president Kenneth Powell. In addition to Mitchell and Fahy, Temp-Masters
hired six other employees to work on the Georgetown projects: Michael Powell (the son of company
president Kenneth Powell), Joseph Stapleton, Curtis Treaux, Matthew Wandstrat, Samuel Lunsford,
and Paul DeVaux. As of December 1, 2003, these eight Temp-Masters’s employees regularly
worked on the Georgetown projects.
        In November or early December 2003, Mitchell contacted Troy Wagner, a representative of
the Sheet Metal Workers International Union, No. 24 (the “Union”), regarding the possibility of an
organizing campaign for employees working on the Georgetown projects. Wagner gave union
authorization cards to Mitchell and Wandstrat, who distributed them to Fahy, DeVaux, and
Lunsford. Authorization cards were not given to Stapleton because of the perception that he was
a friend of Pack (the project manager) or to Treaux because of his vocal opposition to the Union.
Ultimately, Mitchell, Wandstrat, Fahy, DeVaux, and Lunsford all signed authorization cards.
        On December 3, 2003, based on these employees’ support, the Union filed a petition with
the Board, seeking to represent a seven-person unit covering the Temp-Masters’s sheet metal
installation and fabrication workers in Ohio. On December 8, a management labor consultant
informed Temp-Masters’s president Kenneth Powell that the Union had filed this election petition
with the Board. Between December 8 and December 12, Kenneth Powell called Pack and instructed
him to tell Stapleton, DeVaux, and Lunsford to report to a jobsite in Danville, Illinois on the
following Monday morning, December 15. Pack instructed these employees to do so on Friday
afternoon. About one week later, on Sunday, December 21, Pack also instructed Wandstrat to report
to the Danville jobsite the following day.
        The Danville jobsite was approximately 250 miles from Georgetown, Ohio. Moreover,
unlike the prevailing wage projects in Georgetown, the Danville job paid general laborers between
$11 and $13 per hour. Temp-Masters had been installing refrigeration systems at the Danville site
– a Shop Rite store – since August 2003. By mid-November, the lack of progress on the Danville
site had become a source of frustration for the store’s owner, Al Abbed, who was trying to open the
store by Christmas. In mid-November, Abbed began complaining to Temp-Masters on an almost
daily basis. Beginning in mid-November, Temp-Masters began to increase the hours spent on the
Danville job. By the time Stapleton, DeVaux, Lunsford, and Wandstrat were ordered to transfer,
however, work at the Danville site had begun to taper off.
     Three of the four transferred employees were unable to travel to Danville. DeVaux informed
Temp-Masters that he could not relocate because he was a single father and had no one to watch his
Nos. 05-2079/2272                Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                      Page 3


son. Stapleton told Temp-Masters that he could not relocate immediately to Danville because, as
he had previously told the company, he needed to care for the estate of his recently deceased father.
When Stapleton later told Powell that he would be unable to transfer to Danville, he was informed
that there was no work for him in Georgetown. Wandstrat explained that he could not get to
Danville because of the expenses entailed in relocation. Temp-Masters deemed DeVaux, Stapleton,
and Wandstrat as having terminated their employment by refusing to accept assignment in Danville.
Only Lunsford traveled to Danville, arriving on December 17. On December 18, Temp-Masters
transferred several employees from the Brown County site to the OHP site. Those employees
worked long days, including the day after Christmas, which was typically a holiday. Moreover, to
make up for the shortages caused by the discharges of DeVaux, Stapleton, and Wandstrat,
Temp-Masters added two new employees to work at the OHP site.
        On April 30, 2004, the Board’s general counsel issued a complaint against Temp-Masters,
pursuant to an amended charge filed by the Union. The complaint alleged that Temp-Masters
violated Sections 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by transferring the four employees and by terminating
the three employees who refused to accept the transfers, in retaliation for union activity. The
complaint further alleged that Temp-Masters violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by coercively
interrogating an employee as to whether a union representative had met with employees. An
administrative law judge (“ALJ”) conducted a two-day hearing. The ALJ issued a recommended
decision, finding all violations alleged in the complaint. Temp-Masters filed exceptions to the ALJ’s
decision. The Board adopted the ALJ’s finding of a violation with respect to Temp-Masters’s
unlawful transfer and termination of its employees; however, the Board reversed the ALJ’s finding
of a violation based on unlawful interrogation and dismissed that portion of the complaint.
                                                  II.
        We will uphold the Board’s findings if supported by substantial evidence on the record as
a whole. 29 U.S.C. § 160(e), (f). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that “a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Fluor Daniel, Inc. v. NLRB, 332 F.3d 961, 967
(6th Cir. 2003). This court defers to the Board’s reasonable interpretations of the NLRA but reviews
any conclusions of law unrelated to the NLRA de novo. Lee v. NLRB, 325 F.3d 749, 754 (6th Cir.
2003).
        Section 8(a)(3) of the Act makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer “by
discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment
to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization.” 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3). Section
8(a)(1) of the Act makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer “to interfere with, restrain, or
coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section [7].” 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1).
Section 7, in turn, guarantees employees “the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor
organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage
in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining.” 29 U.S.C. § 157. A violation
of Section 8(a)(3) of the Act produces a derivative violation of Section 8(a)(1). Metropolitan Edison
Co. v. NLRB, 460 U.S. 693, 698 n.4 (1983).
       An employer generally commits an unfair labor practice under Sections 8(a)(1) and (3) “by
making an employment decision that discourages union membership or interferes with an
employee’s right to organize.” Kamtech, Inc. v. NLRB, 314 F.3d 800, 806 (6th Cir. 2002). “The
threshold test for determining whether the employment decision constitutes an unfair labor practice
is whether the decision was motivated by anti-union animus.” Id. The Board bears the initial burden
of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the employer’s decision was motivated by the
employee’s union activity. Id. at 807. The Board must show “that the employee’s protected conduct
was a motivating factor in the adverse action.” ITT Automotive v. NLRB, 188 F.3d 375, 387 (6th Cir.
1999) (quoting NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393, 401 (1983)).
Nos. 05-2079/2272                       Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                                 Page 4


“Specifically, the general counsel must establish that (i) an individual was engaged in a protected
activity, (ii) the employer was aware of the protected activity, and (iii) that the employee’s protected
activity motivated the adverse treatment.” Kentucky General, Inc. v. NLRB, 177 F.3d 430, 435 (6th
Cir. 1999).
        Anti-union motivation may be inferred based on a variety of factors, including: the
company’s expressed hostility towards unionization together with knowledge of the employees’
union activities; the proximity in time between the employees’ union activities and the employment
decision; the inconsistencies between the proffered reason for the employment decision and other
actions of the employer; the company’s deviation from past practices in implementing the
employment decision; and any disparate treatment of certain employees compared to other
employees with similar work records or offenses. See Kentucky General, 177 F.3d at 435-36; W.F.
Bolin Co. v. NLRB, 70 F.3d 863, 871 (6th Cir. 1995). “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient
to create an inference of anti-union animus on the part of an employer.” Kentucky General, 177 F.3d
at 436.
        If the Board establishes that the union activity was a motivating factor in the employment
decision, then “the burden of persuasion shifts to the employer to prove, again by a preponderance
of the evidence, the affirmative defense that the same employment decision would have been made
even in the absence of any protected labor activity.” Kamtech, 314 F.3d at 807. This affirmative
defense fails if the employer’s proffered justification for the employment decision is determined to
be pretextual. W.F. Bolin, 70 F.3d at 873.
        Temp-Masters first argues that its transfer of Stapleton, DeVaux, Lunsford, and Wandstradt
was not a sufficiently adverse employment decision to be considered an unfair labor practice under
the Act, regardless of whether or not that employment decision was motivated by anti-union animus.
The Board responds that Temp-Masters failed to preserve the issue of whether the employment
decision was sufficiently adverse to be covered by the NLRA for appellate review.
         Under Section 10(e) of the Act, this court may not consider an “objection that has not been
urged before the Board, its member, agent, or agency.” 29 U.S.C. § 160(e). The “specificity
required for a claim to escape the bar imposed by § 10(e) is that which will ‘apprise the Board of
an intention to bring up the question.’” NLRB v. United States Postal Serv., 833 F.2d 1195, 1202-03
(6th Cir. 1987) (quoting May Dep’t Stores v. NLRB, 326 U.S. 376, 386 n.5 (1945)). Temp-Masters
submitted to the Board ninety-seven objections to the ALJ’s decision. Temp-Masters now claims
that nine of its ninety-seven objections addressed the issue of whether the employment decision was
sufficiently adverse to constitute an unfair labor practice. We disagree. The nine objections relied
on by Temp-Masters constitute objections to the underlying factual findings that the ALJ made
regarding the frequency of employee transfers and to the ALJ’s legal conclusion that the transfers
in this case evinced anti-union animus. We find no mention in these nine objections of the ALJ’s
legal conclusion that the transfer decisions were sufficiently adverse to constitute an unfair labor
practice. In short, Temp-Masters did not “apprise the Board of [its] intention to bring up” its
argument that the transfers were not sufficiently adverse to constitute an unfair labor practice
notwithstanding employer motive.     We are therefore without jurisdiction, pursuant to Section 10(e),
to consider this issue on appeal.1


         1
           Citing an unpublished Sixth Circuit opinion, Temp-Masters argues that, even if it failed to explicitly raise the
issue before the Board, the issue is nevertheless preserved for review because it was a “necessarily considered” issue.
See NLRB v. Twin City Hosp. Corp., Nos. 92-5255/5375, 1993 WL 337562, at *2 (6th Cir. Aug. 31, 1993). In Twin City,
this court stated, “Notably, if consideration of an issue becomes a necessary incident to a case before the Board, review
of that issue will lie even in the absence of explicit argumentation.” 1993 WL 337562, at *2 (citing NLRB v. United
States Postal Serv., 833 F.2d 1195, 1202-03 (6th Cir. 1987)). This court in Twin City misstated the law of Postal Service,
which actually held that the Board had been adequately presented with an issue because the parties had argued the issue
Nos. 05-2079/2272                      Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                                 Page 5


        Even if Temp-Masters preserved the issue for appeal, substantial evidence supports the
Board’s finding that Temp-Masters’s transfers were sufficiently adverse to constitute unfair labor
practices. Under the NLRA, it is clear that the transfers in this case were sufficiently “adverse” to
be considered a covered employment decision. It is well settled that an employer may not transfer
employees for the purpose of discouraging union activity. See NLRB v. Seligman and Assoc., Inc.,
808 F.2d 1155, 1160 (6th Cir. 1986); NLRB v. White Superior Div., White Motor Company, 404 F.2d
1100, 1102 (6th Cir. 1968). Moreover, the Georgetown projects were “prevailing wage” jobs that
paid more than $34 per hour, while the Danville job paid only $11 to $13 per hour. Thus, even if
transfer to a distant location is not itself sufficiently adverse under the NLRA, the transfers here
would have resulted in actual monetary loss to the transferred employees.    In short, the transfers, if
designed to thwart union activity, are covered employment decisions.2
        Temp-Masters next argues that the Board failed to show that its decision to transfer was
motivated by hostility to union activity. Temp-Masters argues that the relative work demands of the
jobsites and store owner Abbed’s complaints dictated the transfers, which it claims were
commonplace for Temp-Masters’ employees. According to Temp-Masters, this legitimate business
reason for the transfer either precludes a finding that it was motivated by anti-union animus or, in
the alternative, establishes the affirmative defense that it would have transferred these employees
even in the absence of any union activity. Moreover, according to Temp-Masters, no anti-union
motivation can be inferred from its conduct because its own president is a former union member,
the company welcomed union workers in Ohio, undertook no anti-union campaign after receiving
notice of the Union’s petition for election, and did not discharge or otherwise continue to harass
employee Lunsford even though he had signed an authorization card.
        Substantial evidence on the record as a whole supports the Board’s finding that
Temp-Masters’s transfer decision was motivated by the employees’ union activities. There is no
dispute that Powell became aware of the employees’ protected union conduct on December 8. If the
election had been successful, Temp-Masters would have been required to enter into a collective
bargaining agreement under Section 9(a) of the Act. No more than four days after becoming aware
of the union petition, Powell ordered three members of the bargaining unit transferred. This direct
involvement by Powell was unusual; he did not personally contact supervisors with regard to any
other transfers to the Danville site. Moreover, although the record indicates that Temp-Masters does
regularly transfer employees between jobsites, it had not transferred the locally-hired Georgetown
employees to any other sites before learning of the protected activity. The Board concluded that the
temporal proximity of the transfers to the protected activity, along with Powell’s unusual direct
involvement in the transfer decision, and the fact that these Georgetown employees had never been


to the ALJ and their briefs to the ALJ were refiled with the Board. See Postal Serv., 833 F.2d at 1202. Additionally,
this court in Twin City misquoted Postal Service. Compare Twin City Hosp. Corp., 1993 WL 337562, at *2 (quoting
Postal Serv. for proposition that Section 10(e) does not bar a “‘necessarily consider[ed],’ dependent issue”) with Postal
Serv., 833 F.2d at 1202 (“We hold that the practice is not illegal, and in doing so we necessarily consider the applicable
law.” (emphasis added)). The notion that a necessary issue before the Board is, without more, always preserved for
review is therefore without support in published precedent. Moreover, such a proposition would largely nullify Section
10(e).
         2
           Temp-Masters does not cite any case concluding that an employer’s decision to transfer an employee does not
constitute a covered employment action under the NLRA when a finding of anti-union animus is present. Instead,
Temp-Masters repeatedly cites cases interpreting employment discrimination statutes and uses the term “adverse
employment action” as it is used in those cases. See Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 886 (6th Cir. 1996)
(interpreting ADA); Timmons v. Boehringer Ingelheim Corp., 132 F. App’x 598, 599-600 (6th Cir. 2005) (interpreting
ADEA and Title VII); Williams v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 85 F.3d 270, 274 (7th Cir. 1996) (interpreting ADEA).
Yet, Temp-Masters fails to point to any case that uses employment discrimination caselaw in this context to interpret
the NLRA. We decline to engage in a comparison of the NLRA’s requirement of a covered employment action and
employment discrimination statutes’ requirement of an adverse employment action, an exercise not pertinent to the issue
here.
Nos. 05-2079/2272                      Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                                Page 6


transferred before, was sufficient to establish that the transfers were motivated by anti-union animus.
This finding is supported by substantial evidence.
        Substantial evidence also supports the Board’s rejection of Temp-Masters’s claim that work
demands dictated the transfer decisions. The Board decided that Temp-Masters’s seemingly credible
explanation for the transfer decision – namely, the dispute with Abbed – did not actually motivate
the transfer. Although Abbed had complained extensively about the progress of the Danville
project, the Board found that the urgency of the Danville job had passed before the transfers were
ordered and that the need for labor on the Danville project was less at that time than that needed on
the Georgetown projects. Indeed, the company payroll records show a spike in hours worked at the
Danville site from early November until mid-December – before Lunsford, DeVaux, and Stapleton
were transferred. Moreover, the work that Lunsford performed once arriving in Danville, only three
days of work consisting largely of clean-up, belies Temp-Masters’s claim of urgency. With respect
to Wandstrat, his transfer is even more difficult to explain, because there was almost no work at the
Danville site by the time he was ordered to transfer. Moreover, during the same3 time period,
Temp-Masters’s need for employees at the Georgetown projects actually increased. The Board’s
determination that work demands did not motivate the transfers is supported by substantial evidence.
        Temp-Masters also argues that some of its actions, irrespective of workload considerations,
compel a finding that the transfers were not motivated by anti-union animus. Temp-Masters argues
that Powell was a former union member and that Temp-Masters historically hired union workers.
These facts have little relevance to the issue of whether these particular transfer decisions were
motivated by anti-union animus. See W.F. Bolin, 70 F.3d at 871 (reasoning that an absence of
“hostility towards unionization per se” cannot overcome an otherwise supported finding of
anti-union motivation for the particular employment decision). Temp-Masters also claims that it
undertook no anti-union campaign when it learned of the Union’s petition for election. This claim
ignores the fact that the decision to transfer the four employees and their subsequent inability to
travel was, by itself, potentially sufficient to defeat any efforts to unionize. Therefore, no further
action was required and the absence of such action is irrelevant. Likewise, Temp-Masters’s
argument that its retention of Lunsford is irrelevant in light of the fact that its dismissal of three
employees meant that it was no longer faced with imminent unionization.
        Temp-Masters also makes a number of legal arguments that are unavailing. Temp-Masters
claims that the Board, in concluding that Temp-Masters acted out of anti-union animus, erroneously
relied on its finding that Temp-Masters’s asserted business reason for the transfers – work
demands – was pretextual. Under the NLRA, the Board can – and indeed, should – examine the
falsity of an asserted business justification when considering whether a discriminatory motive
underlies the employment action. See NLRB v. Gen. Fabrications Corp., 222 F.3d 218, 226-27 (6th
Cir. 2000) (reasoning that falsity of employer’s explanation for termination helped establish
discriminatory motive); W.F. Bolin, 70 F.3d at 871 (“Discriminatory motivation may reasonably be
inferred from . . . inconsistencies between the proffered reason for [the employment decision] and
other actions of the employer”). Temp-Masters also implies that the Board erred by failing to
consider all of the factors that may create an inference of discrimination. In determining whether
discriminatory motivation exists, however, the Board may rely on a subset of the relevant factors
and, often, not all factors will be present in a specific case. See W.F. Bolin, 70 F.3d at 871
(discussing how the presence of certain factors allows for a reasonable inference of discriminatory
motivation notwithstanding the absence of other factors).

         3
           At trial, Powell testified that the dispute with Abbed precipitated the transfers. Thus, although Temp-Masters
now argues that the Board did not make any credibility determinations, the Board did find Powell’s testimony incredible
at least in part. Because credibility determinations are the province of the Board, we will not readily disturb its
determination that Powell was not actually motivated by Abbed’s calls. See Kamtech, 314 F.3d at 812; Pikeville United
Methodist Hosp. of Kentucky, Inc. v. NLRB, 109 F.3d 1146, 1154 n.7 (6th Cir. 1997).
Nos. 05-2079/2272                 Temp-Masters, Inc v. NLRB                                      Page 7


        Temp-Masters next argues that the Board failed to credit its proffered reasons for the
transfer, thereby substituting its own business judgment for that of the company. Contrary to
Temp-Masters’s contention, the Board clearly discredited Temp-Masters’s proffered justification
because it did not believe the justification to be truthful, not because it believed the justification to
be truthful but nevertheless disagreed with the wisdom of it. See Fluor Daniel, 332 F.3d at 973.
Finally, Temp-Masters claims that the Board failed to analyze whether its asserted business
justification would have led it to take the same action absent the employees’ efforts to unionize. The
Board is not obligated to analyze whether Temp-Masters would have taken the same action in the
absence of union activity – essentially, a balancing of mixed motives – after it establishes that the
proffered reason for the transfer was disingenuous; at that point, there is nothing left to balance
against the impermissible motive. See Republic Die and Tool Co. v. NLRB, 680 F.2d 463, 465 (6th
Cir. 1982) (explaining the difference between a case of pretext and a true mixed-motive case
requiring balancing of permissible and impermissible motives). In sum, the legal analysis
undertaken by the Board and the analytical framework employed therein was not erroneous.
                                                   III.
        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s order.
