Filed 10/6/15 Campbell v. Bank of America CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT


GEORKESHIA DENISE CAMPBELL,                                          B256915

         Plaintiff and Appellant,                                    (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC514092)
         v.

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,

         Defendant and Respondent.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Elizabeth Allen White, Judge. Affirmed.


         Georkeshia Denise Campbell, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant.


         Bryan Cave, Glenn J. Plattner, and Nicole Gates, for Defendant and Respondent.


                                      ___________________________
       The trial court sustained defendant Bank of America’s demurrer to Georkeshia
Campbell’s second amended complaint, without leave to amend. Campbell appeals from
the judgment of dismissal. We affirm the judgment.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In June 2013, Campbell filed a complaint against Bank of America, At Your
Service Property Management, and four individual defendants. Although the complaint
was filed on a judicial council form for a contract action, Campbell indicated she was
asserting a cause of action for “professional negligence of the professional corporation to
supervise employees.” She also attached a cause of action for fraud in which she alleged
Bank of America provided a summary of a lending agreement that was not associated
with her lending agreement with the company. The complaint further alleged Bank of
America “intentionally forwarded incorrect, misleading, fraudulent documentation that
concealed the factual lending terms.”
       Bank of America demurred to the complaint. According to the demurrer and
judicially noticed documents, in 2007, Campbell and Kathleen Estes obtained a $74,500
loan from Bank of America, secured by a Deed of Trust against Campbell’s property.
In December 2011, the property was sold at a Trustee sale. Bank of America argued the
cause of action for professional negligence failed because the complaint did not allege
any facts to support the claim, the complaint did not allege a breach of duty or damages
resulting from Bank of America’s conduct, and, in any event, Bank of America could not
be liable because a lender owes no duty of care to its borrower. Bank of America
additionally argued the complaint failed to plead fraud with the requisite specificity and
did not allege facts showing reliance or damages. Finally, Bank of America asserted the
court should sustain a special demurrer to the complaint because it failed to join an
indispensable party—Estes—and was uncertain, ambiguous, and unintelligible.
       The trial court concluded the complaint failed for uncertainty, in that it was
“entirely unclear what Plaintiff is alleging against which defendant.” The court sustained
the demurrer with leave to amend.


                                             2
       In February 2014, Campbell filed a first amended complaint. The complaint again
asserted a cause of action for “professional negligence.” The complaint alleged Bank of
America “altered the existing mortgage loan, and agreement, with respect to how
payments received are allocated; without any prior engagement to do so.” The complaint
further alleged Bank of America “refused to [accept] and process the mortgage
[payments], as submitted by the Plaintiff . . . and co-borrower Kathleen Estes, on three
separate occasions, during the financial fiscal [years] of 2007-2008.” According to the
complaint, in 2008, Bank of America notified Campbell that her lending agreement had
been changed to reflect an interest only loan, but the bank failed to respond to the
“repeated notifications and re-determinations” she sought regarding the loan. Elsewhere,
the complaint alleged Bank of America changed the loan from a conventional mortgage
to an adjustable rate mortgage “that was not associated with, nor sought to be entered” by
Campbell or Estes.
       However, the majority of the complaint contained statements that were disjointed
or conclusory. The complaint alleged all of the other defendants conspired with Bank of
America to deprive Campbell of her rights once she discovered the “lending agreement
package had been altered to include a lending agreement that had not been active,
corresponding account’s [sic] identification, lending agreement terms and conditions of
services[.]”1 The complaint charged the defendants, additional individuals, and the Los
Angeles County Sheriff’s Department were in some way related to Campbell and others
suffering a “home invasion robbery.” The complaint sought $900,000 in damages, and
the return of property removed from her residence. According to the complaint,
Campbell’s mortgage was foreclosed upon in 2006; elsewhere the complaint complained



1
        The first amended complaint alleged Campbell notified various authorities of
Bank of America’s actions. This included a complaint to the United States Department
of Justice, and a complaint filed in the United States District Court. In successive
demurrers, Bank of America asserted Campbell had filed 10 suits in the previous two
years. The demurrers did not indicate whether any of the suits related to the allegations
at issue in the instant matter.
                                             3
of alterations to a mortgage entered in 2007. One page of the complaint simply recounted
the complaints Campbell had filed with Bank of America and various authorities.
       Bank of America demurred, asserting the same arguments advanced in the first
demurrer. The trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend the professional
negligence cause of action. The court concluded the complaint did not allege facts that
would give rise to a duty owed to Campbell, and failed to allege “the manner of the
breach of that duty giving rise to damages.” The court further concluded the complaint
was uncertain because it was still “unclear what Plaintiff is alleging against which
Defendant.”
       In April 2014, Campbell filed a second amended complaint asserting a claim for
“professional negligence and retaliation.” In addition to the allegation that Bank of
America altered Campbell’s “mortgage lending agreement,” the second amended
complaint alleged that in late 2007, Bank of America collected and invoiced Campbell
and Estes for “full property tax fees” despite a reduction in property taxes that resulted
after a property reassessment. In addition, the complaint asserted that in June 2009,
while Campbell was making a payment by phone, Bank of America informed her that the
mortgage agreement and payment had been changed, an optional payment was no longer
available, it would not accept the phone payment, and Campbell was required to remit
payment in excess of the “formal agreement amount.” The complaint alleged that had
Bank of America and the loan servicer acted “as originally agreed,” and “as a
professional organization with standards,” Campbell would not have been the victim of a
home invasion robbery and her minor child would not have suffered “emotional and
mental abuse.”2


2
        The complaint continued: “[F]urthermore, well over $650,000 personal
belongings, $3,000,000 employment violations case proceedings against the Plaintiff’s
Georkeshia Denise Campbell employer being stolen [sic], including the following who
have suffered adversely and monetarily, Kathleen Estes, and Katelyn Anaya Jackson,
from being stolen by the co-defendants within this complaint and their affiliates, also the
illegal transferring of legal rights of property real and otherwise.”

                                              4
       The complaint alleged that at some point before 2006, Campbell and her co-
borrower complained about misappropriation of mortgage payments and unauthorized
alterations to the mortgage agreement. According to the complaint, the lender
“terminated the employees involved and corrected the mortgage account errors
immediately.” However, the complaint asserted that after a merger of Countrywide and
Bank of America, “several adverse actions began to transpire, such as misallocation of
payments, and notification of none [sic] payments as early as 2007-2008.” The
complaint alleged: “Upon notification of these adverse actions being carried out, Bank of
America representatives have been in receipt of these complaints and have failed to act
and cease all retaliation of the current and former employees that had been terminated
and rehired during the merger and immediately after[.]”
       Bank of America demurred to the second amended complaint, asserting primarily
the same arguments advanced in the first and second demurrers. Campbell opposed the
demurrer, but the opposition largely restated the language in the complaint.3 Campbell
also asserted: “The complaint initially filed does hereby assert of non-valid causes of
actions brought about defendant Bank of America, were their negligent act’s has
attributed to the unlawful actions of their employee’s, affialtes, and investors, such as
filing of fraudulent notices of default, where no action was warranted to proceed. As I
shall reiterate for the record, I refuse to be party to any unlawful actions, be party to
committing of any crime. . . . Bank of America and the Court has retaliated against the
plaintiff and co-borrower, for reporting of such actions, of conspiracy with court
employees and law enforcement to induce of fraudulent cases, to extort of funding.”4




3
       Although Campbell filed oppositions to the first and second demurrers, the trial
court order sustaining each demurrer indicated no opposition was filed. The earlier
oppositions appear to have been untimely filed—each was submitted only one or two
court days before the demurrer hearing. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1005(b) [all opposition
papers must be served and filed at least nine court days before the hearing].)
4
       Spelling and grammar is quoted as reflected in the original document.
                                               5
       In June 2014, the trial court sustained the demurrer as failing to plead facts stating
a cause of action for professional negligence against Bank of America. The court again
noted there were “insufficient facts pled to give rise to a duty owed to Plaintiff and the
manner of the breach of that duty giving rise to damages.” The court further concluded
the complaint was fatally vague and uncertain, rendering it impossible for the defendant
to reasonably respond. This appeal followed.5
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     The Trial Court Properly Sustained the Demurrer Without Leave to Amend
       Campbell contends the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer without leave to
amend. We disagree.
       When reviewing an order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend,
“we determine, independently of the trial court, whether, assuming the facts alleged in the
complaint are true, a cause of action has been or can be stated.” (Bushell v. JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 915, 919, citing Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39
Cal.3d 311, 318.) “We construe the complaint ‘liberally . . . with a view to substantial
justice between the parties’ (Code Civ. Proc., § 452) and treat it ‘ “ ‘as admitting all
material facts properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or
law. [Citation.] We also consider matters which may be judicially noticed.’ [Citation.]
Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its
parts in their context . . . .” ’ [Citations].” (Rufini v. CitiMortgage, Inc. (2014) 227
Cal.App.4th 299, 304 (Rufini).)
       “If the complaint states a cause of action under any theory, regardless of the title
under which the factual basis for relief is stated, that aspect of the complaint is good
against a demurrer.” (Quelimane Co. v. Stewart Title Guaranty Co. (1998) 19 Cal.4th 26,

5
        The hearing on the demurrer was held on June 3, 2014. Campbell filed a notice of
appeal on June 12, 2014. On June 20, 2014, the trial court signed an order sustaining the
demurrer without leave to amend. On June 30, 2014, the court entered a judgment of
dismissal with prejudice. Thus, although Campbell’s notice of appeal was prematurely
filed, we treat the notice of appeal as filed immediately after the subsequent entry of
judgment. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(d).)
                                              6
38.) On the other hand, if the trial court relied on an improper ground in sustaining the
demurrer, the reviewing court will still affirm if a proper ground for sustaining the
demurrer exists, “whether or not the defendants asserted the proper ground in the trial
court.” (Cantu v. Resolution Trust Corp. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 857, 880, fn. 10.)
       “When the court sustains a demurrer without leave to amend, ‘ “we decide
whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by amendment: if it
can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, there has been no
abuse of discretion and we affirm. [Citations.] The burden of proving such reasonable
possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.] Whether the plaintiff
will ultimately be able to prove the complaint’s allegations is not relevant. [Citation.]”
(Rufini, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 304.)
       A. The Complaint Failed to Allege Facts Stating a Cause of Action
       Campbell’s second amended complaint (complaint) asserts a negligence claim.
“ ‘To state a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must allege (1) the defendant owed
the plaintiff a duty of care, (2) the defendant breached that duty, and (3) the breach
proximately caused the plaintiff’s damages or injuries.’ ” (Alvarez v. BAC Home Loans
Servicing, L.P. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 941, 944 (Alvarez).)
       As we understand, and liberally construe, Campbell’s complaint, it appears to
revolve around Bank of America’s alleged alteration of the terms of the bank’s loan to
Campbell, without notice or her consent. The complaint further appears to allege the
collection of excessive funds for property taxes, and Bank of America’s refusal to accept
payments in an agreed-upon amount.6 Yet, the complaint does not allege what legal duty


6
        Other portions of the complaint are impossible to decipher. For example, the
“Seventh Cause of Action” states: “Bank of America’s leadership, failed to supervise its
employees actions, and properly Monitor its employees actions, accounts, client services,
and including Brian Moyhiem assistance with refusing or ignoring repeated request to
halt all unlawful actions from taking place; The named defendant Bank of America, has
claimed to have supervised it’s employee’s as specified, and denial of all allegations
stated within the initial complaint, as per the verbal conversations held with the
Defendant Bank of America representative of fraud unit, held on March 25, 2013 with
                                              7
of care Bank of America owed to Campbell or how Bank of America breached that duty.7
The complaint neither clearly identifies the relationship between the parties, nor states
what portions of Bank of America’s conduct were allegedly negligent. We are unable to
discern from the complaint what Campbell alleges Bank of America failed to do that it
had a duty to carry out, or what actions it took in contravention of a duty to act otherwise.
       Even if the complaint could be construed as alleging some actions that
conceivably might breach a duty Bank of America owed to Campbell, the complaint
entirely fails to allege that any such breaches proximately caused damages to Campbell.
The complaint asserts Bank of America’s unspecified actions led to Campbell’s

Tom Alexander, of the Arizona branch fraud unit, and on with a unidentified
representative on March 29, 2013.”
7
        Bank of America has repeatedly relied on the general rule that “a financial
institution owes no duty of care to a borrower when the institution’s involvement in the
loan transaction does not exceed the scope of its conventional role as a mere lender of
money. (Nymark v. Heart Fed. Savings & Loan Assn. (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 1089,
1095–1096; [citations].)” (Alvarez, at p. 945.) However, “ ‘[e]ven when the lender is
acting as a conventional lender, the no-duty rule is only a general rule.’ (Jolley v. Chase
Home Finance, LLC (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 872, 901(Jolley).) ‘ “Nymark does not
support the sweeping conclusion that a lender never owes a duty of care to a borrower.
Rather, the Nymark court explained that the question of whether a lender owes such a
duty requires ‘the balancing of [the factors identified in Biakanja v. Irving (1958) 49
Cal.2d 647, 650].’ ” ’ [Citation.] . . . ‘ “Nymark and the cases cited therein do not
purport to state a legal principle that a lender can never be held liable for negligence in its
handling of a loan transaction within its conventional role as a lender of money.” ’
[Citations.]” (Alvarez, at pp. 945-946, fn. omitted.) Thus, for example, in Lueras v. BAC
Home Loans Servicing, LP (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 49, the court concluded that while a
lender does not have a duty to offer or approve a loan modification, “a lender does owe a
duty to a borrower to not make material misrepresentations about the status of an
application for a loan modification or about the date, time, or status of a foreclosure sale.”
(Id. at p. 68; see also Alvarez, at pp. 948-951 [bank had duty to use reasonable care in the
processing of a loan modification]; Das v. Bank of America, N.A. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th
727, 741 [“A bank may be liable in negligence if it fails to discharge its contractual duties
with reasonable care.”].) To the extent Bank of America argues it could never owe
Campbell a duty of care under any circumstances, we therefore disagree. This does not,
however, aid Campbell’s complaint, which fails entirely to allege what duty of care Bank
of America owed to Campbell or how Bank of America breached that duty.


                                              8
victimization as the subject of a home invasion robbery, and caused unexplained
monetary damages, but without any further allegations that, if true, would establish legal
causation. The complaint states no facts connecting Bank of America’s alleged conduct
to Campbell’s alleged damages and injuries. (Chazen v. Centennial Bank (1998) 61
Cal.App.4th 532, 543 [no negligence claim stated where, among other things, connection
between bank’s alleged breach of duty and appellants’ loss was “tenuous and
unexplained.”].) In this way, the complaint fails to state a claim for negligence.
       On appeal, Campbell contends the trial court erred in concluding her claims were
barred by the statute of limitations. The record contains no indication that the trial court
sustained the demurrer on this ground. This was not one of Bank of America’s
arguments below; it raised the statute of limitations only briefly in its reply to Campbell’s
opposition to the third demurrer. The trial court’s written ruling made no mention of the
statute of limitations. As we understand her briefing, Campbell further argues the trial
court ignored her rights as a borrower. We can only understand this argument as
contesting the trial court’s ruling sustaining the demurrer, which we have concluded
above was proper. Campbell additionally asserts the trial court “conspired” with Bank of
America to deprive her of her right to due process by “failing to hold hearings” regarding
her complaint, and failing to review documentation she submitted. The brief provides no
further explanation identifying such hearings or documents, and the record reveals no
such error.
       Finally, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s order sustaining the
demurrer without leave to amend. The court twice granted Campbell to leave to amend,
yet the complaint continued to fail to allege facts sufficient to state a claim for
negligence. On appeal, Campbell has not requested another opportunity to amend her
complaint, or offered new facts that would remedy the complaint’s defects. (Hamilton v.
Greenwich Investors XXVI, LLC (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1602, 1609; Taliaferro v.
Prettner (1955) 135 Cal.App.2d 157, 160.)




                                               9
                                    DISPOSITION
      The trial court judgment is affirmed. Bank of America shall recover its costs on
appeal.




                                                       BIGELOW, P.J.

We concur:



                    FLIER, J.



                    OHTA, J.*




*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
                                           10
