               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 10a0492n.06

                                   Nos. 09-3402 and 09-3403                             FILED
                                                                                     Aug 11, 2010
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


KYLE LAUKUS,                                             )
                                                         )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )        COURT     FOR     THE
v.                                                       )        NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                         )        OHIO
RIO BRANDS, INC.; a.k.a. ALL-LUMINUM, INC.;              )
WAL-MART STORES, INC.; SAM’S CLUB; BJ’S                  )                 OPINION
WHOLESALE CLUB, INC.; LOWE’S HOME                        )
CENTERS, INC.,                                           )
                                                         )
       Defendants-Appellees.                             )




BEFORE: NORRIS, COOK, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.


       ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Kyle Laukus (“Laukus”) filed a complaint

against defendants Rio Brands, Inc. (“Rio”); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and Sam’s Club (collectively,

“Wal-Mart”); B.J.’s Wholesale Club, Inc. (“B.J.’s”); and Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc. (“Lowe’s”).

Laukus asserted federal claims of trademark infringement and trademark counterfeiting, as well as

state-law claims for unfair competition, common law trademark infringement, and unjust

enrichment. Laukus sought both monetary damages and injunctive relief.

       In separate orders, dated September 24, 2008 and January 14, 2009, the district court granted

partial summary judgment to defendants. The orders disposed of all but three of Laukus’s claims.

The district court denied summary judgment on the claims for federal trademark infringement,
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

common law trademark infringement, and state unfair competition to the extent that they sought

injunctive relief. Thereafter, defendants, without admitting liability, stipulated to the entry of an

injunction against their use of the disputed mark.1 Concluding that no issue remained for trial, the

district court entered final judgment. This appeal followed. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                            I.

         Laukus operates a business that sells and installs flags and flag poles under the name

“American Pride” in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Laukus owns a registration on the Principal Register

of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) for the service mark “American Pride”

for use in connection with “retail store services in the field of flags, flag poles, pennants and

streamers, in class 42 (U.S. C.L. 101).” Although he does not own a separate “American Pride”

trademark registration for the flags and flag-related goods sold in such retail stores, he uses the mark

on the flag products sold from his retail store.

         Rio is a manufacturer of various outdoor products, including patio furniture, flags, and flag-

related products. Sometime in the spring of 2003, Rio ceased selling its flag products under the

name “Rio Outdoor Living” and started using the name “American Pride” instead. Rio claims that

at the time it adopted “American Pride” for its flag products, it was not aware of Laukus’s service

mark registration.




         1
           Defendants also stipulated to the dismissal of their counterclaims for cancellation of Laukus’s trademark. That
issue is not on appeal.

                                                          -2-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

       Later that year, Rio submitted a trademark application to the USPTO for “American Pride”

for “[w]all mounted flag holders, rail mounted flag holders, flag poles, flags and banners.” The

USPTO refused the application based upon the likelihood of confusion with Laukus’s registered

mark for retail store services. Rio filed a response to the refusal notice. The USPTO then sent a

Notice of Suspension to Rio, continuing its refusal of Rio’s trademark application and stating, in

pertinent part:

                  The applicant primarily argues that the goods/services are unrelated.

               The goods/services of the parties need not be identical or directly competitive
       to find a likelihood of confusion. They need only be related in some manner, or the
       conditions surrounding their marketing be such, [sic] that they could be encountered
       by the same purchasers under circumstances that could give rise to the mistaken
       belief that the goods/services come from a common source.
       ...

                                                       ....

               On the basis of the facts that the mark is identical and the goods/services are
       related, the likelihood of confusion exists.

       Despite receiving two refusals from the USPTO to register the mark “American Pride” for

its flags and flag-related products, Rio took the position that its use of the mark for goods did not

infringe upon Laukus’s registered mark for retail store services. Rio therefore continued to sell its

flag-related goods under the mark “American Pride.” Among those who purchased Rio’s goods to

sell at retail were the chain stores Wal-Mart, B.J.’s, and Lowe’s.2




       2
           Laukus voluntarily dismissed Lowe’s as a party to this action on November 8, 2007.

                                                        -3-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

         Upon discovering that Rio was using the “American Pride” mark in connection with its

marketing and sales of flag products, and that at least one retail store, Lowe’s, was selling those

products under the “American Pride” name, Laukus’s attorney sent Rio’s counsel a “cease and

desist” letter on February 28, 2005. Rio’s counsel responded on March 11, 2005, refusing to cease

and desist use of the mark and rejecting Laukus’s claim that he had a proprietary right to use the

mark in connection with flag-related goods.3

         According to his affidavits, Laukus, he was prepared to file suit in the fall of 2006 but, after

conducting on-site investigations of several retail stores in Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana and

discovering no flag products being sold under the name “American Pride,” he concluded that Rio

had in fact ceased using the “American Pride” name for its flag products, thereby making a lawsuit

unnecessary. In late May or early June 2007, however, Laukus learned that one or more retailers

were selling flags (that he had not manufactured) under the name “American Pride.”

         On July 31, 2007, Laukus filed this action. In his second amended complaint, Laukus

asserted five claims for relief: (1) federal trademark infringement and unfair competition under §

43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (2) common law trademark infringement; (3) federal

trademark counterfeiting under § 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1114; (4) unjust enrichment;

and (5) unfair competition under Ohio Revised Code § 4165.02, et seq. Laukus contended that

numerous customers who bought Rio’s flags under the “American Pride” mark discovered those

products to be faulty and contacted Laukus by e-mail or telephone after ascertaining his contact


         3
          The record contains no evidence that any of the retailers eventually made parties to this action received a copy
of the “cease and desist” letter.

                                                          -4-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

information through his website, www.americanprideflags.com, to request that his company repair

the allegedly defective and inferior flag products. Laukus claimed that these customers mistakenly

believed that the “American Pride” products they had bought were manufactured by Laukus, when

in fact Rio was the manufacturer. In addition to monetary damages, Laukus sought injunctive relief

and attorneys’ fees.

       In an order granting in part defendants’ first motion for summary judgment, the district court

dismissed on the merits Laukus’s claim for trademark counterfeiting (Count III) and dismissed as

barred by laches his claim for unjust enrichment (Count IV) in its entirety. In the same order, the

district court also dismissed as barred by laches Laukus’s federal trademark infringement claim and

his state trademark infringement and unfair competition claims (Counts I, II, and V) insofar as those

claims sought damages for past infringement. In a separate order granting in part defendants’ second

summary judgment motion, the district court determined that Laukus was not entitled to recover any

monetary damages–specifically actual damages or disgorgement of profits attributable to

infringement–on his trademark infringement and unfair competition claims. After these rulings, the

only issue left for trial was whether Laukus was entitled to injunctive relief on his trademark and

unfair competition claims.

       Rather than proceed to trial, defendants entered a stipulation in which they, without admitting

liability or wrongdoing, agreed to the entry of an injunction against Rio’s use of the “American

Pride” mark for its flags and flag-related products. In light of defendants’ stipulation and the court’s

previous determination that Laukus was not entitled to monetary damages, the district court

concluded that Laukus was without further remedy for his trademark infringement and unfair

                                                 -5-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

competition claims. Thus, the district court deemed as moot the question of whether defendants

were in fact liable for trademark infringement and unfair competition and, accordingly, dismissed

Laukus’ complaint.

       On appeal, Laukus raises three issues for review: (1) whether the district court erred in

finding that defendants were entitled to benefit from the affirmative defense of laches; (2) whether

the district court erred in dismissing the federal trademark counterfeiting claim on the merits; and

(3) whether the district court erred in precluding Laukus from seeking an award of profits under his

trademark infringement claims.

                                                  II.

       We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Sigley v. City of Parma

Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 532 (6th Cir. 2006); Johnson v. Karnes, 398 F.3d 868, 873 (6th Cir. 2005).

Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and

any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). To overcome a motion for summary

judgment, the non-moving party must point out specific facts in the record that show more than a

scintilla of evidence of the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Ciminillo v. Streicher, 434

F.3d 461, 464 (6th Cir. 2006).

      A. Claims Dismissed as Barred by Laches for Past Infringement and for Failing to Show
Monetary Damages

       In dismissing Laukus’s claims for federal trademark infringement (Count I), common law

trademark infringement (Count II), and Ohio unfair competition (Count V), the district court


                                                 -6-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

determined in its September 24, 2008 order that Laukus’s delay in bringing suit barred those

claims–to the extent that they sought actual damages for past infringement– under the equitable

doctrine of laches. The district court later held that Laukus was not entitled to an award of

defendants’ profits attributable to the infringing conduct, in part because of his delay in asserting his

rights. Thus, the district court found that laches barred those claims insofar as Laukus sought

monetary relief. Similarly, the district court dismissed in its entirety Laukus’s claim for unjust

enrichment (Count IV) based upon its determination that laches barred that claim.

        On appeal, Laukus contends that the district court impermissibly weighed the evidence and

improperly construed it against Laukus in determining whether the presumption of laches applied

to this action in the first place, and then, having concluded that it did, in determining whether Laukus

rebutted the presumption. We agree in part. Although the district court committed no error in

finding that the presumption of laches applied to this action, it improperly weighed the evidence in

finding that Laukus failed to rebut the presumption.

        Claims arising out of alleged trademark infringement may be barred by laches where the party

alleging infringement has negligently and unintentionally failed to protect its rights. Nartron Corp.

v. STMicroelectronics, Inc., 305 F.3d 397, 408 (6th Cir. 2002). “Unlike statutes of limitations,

‘laches is not . . . a mere matter of time[,] but principally a question of the inequity of permitting the

claim to be enforced.’ ” Ford Motor Co. v. Catalanotte, 342 F.3d 543, 550 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting

Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 396 (1946)).

        To benefit from the defense of laches, the party asserting it must show: (1) lack of diligence

by the party against whom the defense is asserted, and (2) prejudice to the party asserting it.

                                                  -7-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

Nartron, 305 F.3d at 408. In this circuit, a plaintiff’s delay in initiating a claim based upon

trademark infringement is subject to a strong presumption of reasonableness as long as the analogous

state statute of limitations has not elapsed. Id. However, when a plaintiff files suit outside that

period, a rebuttable presumption arises that the delay was unreasonable and prejudicial to the

defendant. Id.

                 1. Application of Laches

        The district court concluded that laches applied to this action because Laukus brought his

claims outside the statutory period, rendering them presumptively unreasonable and prejudicial. To

determine whether a plaintiff’s delay in bringing a trademark claim gives rise to the application of

laches, courts in this circuit look to the state-law statute of limitations for injury to personal property.

Id. at 408. The general rule is that where Congress has not provided a statute of limitations, the trial

court should borrow the statute of limitations from the forum state that provides the closest analogy

to the federal cause of action. International Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers v. Tenn.

Valley Auth., 108 F.3d 658, 661 (6th Cir. 1997). Here, the forum state is Ohio and the relevant

statute of limitation is two years. See Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.10(A) (“[A]n action for . . . injuring

personal property shall be brought within two years after the cause accrues.”). The period of delay

begins to run when plaintiff had “actual or constructive knowledge of the alleged infringing activity.”

Nartron Corp., 305 F.3d at 408 (quoting Dana Corp. v. IPC Ltd. Partnership, 674 F.Supp. 581, 583

(E.D. Mich. 1987)). Thus, in this action, the period of delay began to run no later than February 28,

2005, the date of the “cease and desist” letter Laukus’s counsel sent to Rio because, as of that date,

Laukus had actual knowledge of the alleged infringing activity. Accordingly, under the analogous

                                                   -8-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

Ohio statute of limitations, Laukus was required to file suit by February 27, 2007. However, he

waited until July 31, 2007–approximately five months after the statute of limitations had run. We

therefore agree with the district court’s conclusion that Laukus’s delay was presumptively

unreasonable and prejudicial to defendants.

        In reaching this conclusion, we reject Laukus’s contention that Rio was not entitled to raise

the laches defense under the doctrine of unclean hands because Rio engaged in egregious conduct

by using similar trade dress for its products, including using the “®” symbol for the “American

Pride” mark that it did not own, and by continuing to use the mark after its application for the mark

was twice denied by the USPTO based upon likely confusion with Laukus’s service mark. This

court has previously noted that “refusal by the United States Patent Office to register a mark is not

of itself evidence of bad faith.” Nalpac, Ltd. v. Corning Glass Works, 784 F.2d 752, 755 (6th Cir.

1986). And, quoting from an opinion from the Second Circuit, we further observed that merely

because “‘the Patent Office had refused the defendants’ application for registration[,] . . . it did not

follow that the defendants could not have honestly believed that on a weighing of all the relative and

variable pertinent factors a court of competent jurisdiction would not permit them to use the

trademark.’” Id. (quoting Triumph Hosiery Mills, Inc. v. Triumph Int’l Corp., 308 F.2d 196, 199

(2d Cir. 1962)). Here, Rio has consistently taken the position that its use of the “American Pride”

mark for flags and flag-related goods did not infringe upon Laukus’s registered mark “American

Pride” for retail store services in the field of flags, flag poles, pennants and streamers because the

use of a mark for goods is distinct from the use of a mark for services. In addition, the record is

devoid of evidence that Rio knew of Laukus’ registration when it adopted the “American Pride”

                                                 -9-
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

mark or that it continued to use the “®” symbol next to the mark after receiving the application

denials from the USPTO.

               2. Rebuttal of the Presumption of Laches

       Having determined that defendants successfully established a presumption of unreasonable

delay and material prejudice, we now consider whether Laukus presented sufficient rebuttal evidence

to defeat defendants’ motion for summary judgment. A party against whom laches is asserted based

upon a delay beyond the statutory period may defeat the defense by “(1) rebu[ting] the presumption

of prejudice; (2) establish[ing] that there was a good excuse for its delay; or (3) show[ing] that the

defendant engaged in ‘particularly egregious conduct which would change the equities significantly

in plaintiff’s favor.’” Nartron, 305 F.3d at 409 (quoting Dana Corp., 647 F.Supp. at 583).

       As noted above, Laukus has not provided evidence of egregious conduct by defendants with

respect to use of the protected mark. Thus, to defeat the laches defense, he must establish good

cause for delay or lack of material prejudice to defendants.

       As a threshold matter, we note that “the essence of the defense of laches is prejudice to a

defendant through unconscionable delay by a plaintiff in the assertion of his claim.” Ute Indian

Tribe of Uintah v. Probst, 428 F.2d 491, 496 (10th Cir. 1970) (citing Costello v. United States, 365

U.S. 265, 282 (1961)). Underpinning the bar to relief based upon such delays is the policy that “[t]he

lapse of time carries with it the memory and life of witnesses, the muniments of evidence, and other

means of proof.” Brown v. County of Buena Vista, 95 U.S. 157, 161 (1877). Guided by this policy,

in the context of trademark infringement actions, we have observed that “[a] reasonable businessman

should be afforded some latitude to assess both the impact of another’s use of an allegedly infringing

                                                - 10 -
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

trademark [and] the wisdom of pursuing litigation on the issue.” Tandy Corp. v. Malone & Hyde,

Inc.,769 F.2d 362, 366 (6th Cir. 1985). Moreover, absent significant material prejudice to a

defendant, courts are generally hesitant to conclude that trademark infringement claims are barred

by laches for such a short period as presented here. Compare McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair

Competition, § 31:29 (collecting cases holding time delays of between three months and thirteen

years not sufficient for laches defense) with McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition, §

31:30 (collecting cases holding time delays of between three years and sixty-nine years sufficient for

laches defense). This is particularly true where the defendant was put on notice of the allegedly

infringing conduct. See Tisch Hotels, Inc. v. Americana Inn, Inc., 350 F.2d 609, 615 (7th Cir. 1965)

(“It is only . . . where the delay is so prolonged and inexcusable that it amounts to a virtual

abandonment of the right by the plaintiff for a long period of time that the balance of equities would

favor the knowing infringer.”)

       In this action, Laukus provided sworn affidavits stating that he did not file suit within the

statutory period because, in an effort to confirm that his infringement claims remained viable, he and

others on his behalf conducted visual inspections of retail stores in Michigan and Ohio that had

previously carried the allegedly infringing products. His affidavit stated that, as a result of those

inspections, he believed the infringement had ceased. At the summary judgment stage, the district

court was required to view this evidence in the light most favorable to Laukus as the non-moving

party, and to draw all reasonable inferences in his favor.

       In order for the district court to reach its conclusion that the roughly two-and-a-half-year

delay in bringing suit warranted the application of laches, one must conclude that it impermissibly

                                                - 11 -
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

weighed the evidence in order to find that Laukus did not have a good reason for filing suit five

months after the statutory limitations period and that his evidence did not show the absence of

prejudice to defendants. In addition, the district court neglected to view the evidence and all

reasonable inferences derived therefrom in the light most favorable to Laukus. For example,

although the district court concluded that the retail defendants sold Rio’s flag products year-round,

it nevertheless determined that no reasonable person could find that Laukus reasonably believed Rio

had ceased its alleged infringement because his visual inspections of the retail stores–which were

made within the two-year statutory period and which yielded no evidence of continued

infringement–occurred during the “off-season” for flag sales. The district court reached this

conclusion notwithstanding the fact that Laukus first discovered the infringing products during a

period that fell within what the court deemed the off-season. Moreover, whether a “flag-selling

season” even exists and when it occurs is itself a factual determination beyond the scope of summary

judgment.

       In a similar vein, the district court identified several questions left unanswered by the

affidavits that Laukus and his counsel submitted concerning the methods and thoroughness with

which the inspections were undertaken. For example, the district court questioned whether Laukus

and his acquaintances inspected every aisle or merely “enter[ed] the front of each store and [took]

a quick look around,” and whether they asked a sales associate if the store carried Rio’s flags. Those

questions invaded the province of the factfinder in weighing the evidence to determine the

reasonableness of Laukus’s decision to delay filing suit.



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No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

         Finally, had Laukus initiated this action in Michigan (his state of residence and the place of

harm), his claims would have fallen well within that state’s three-year statute of limitations, and he

would have enjoyed a strong presumption of reasonableness in delaying suit. See Mich. Comp.

Laws § 600.5805(10). We observe that, as the owner of a Michigan-based business, Laukus could

reasonably have relied on the longer statutory period in calculating how long he could wait before

asserting his claims in a court of law. The district court neglected to recognize this inference in

Laukus’s favor.

         Because genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether Laukus had good cause for

his delay in bringing suit, the district court erred in ruling otherwise.

                    3. Award of Profits

         After its September 24, 2008 order concluded that laches barred Laukus’s trademark

infringement and unfair competition claims to the extent they sought damages for past infringement,

the district court then determined in its January 14, 2009 order that Laukus failed to offer sufficient

evidence warranting statutory damages for disgorgement of defendants’ profits attributable to past

use of the protected mark.4 Laukus claims the district court erred by requiring a showing of

wilfulness, contrary to the law of this circuit. He also contends that, to the extent wilfulness is a

proper consideration, he presented evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact that the district

court erroneously disregarded in ruling in favor of defendants.




         4
             The January 14, 2009 order also found that Laukus failed to offer any evidence of actual damages. Laukus
does not appeal that aspect of the district court’s judgment .

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No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

       A prevailing plaintiff in a trademark infringement case may, under certain circumstances,

recover a defendant’s profits subject to the principles of equity. 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). In the

trademark infringement context, we have previously recognized that an award of profits may be

warranted under various rationales, such as unjust enrichment, deterrence, and compensation. Wynn

Oil Co. v. Am. Way Serv. Corp., 943 F.2d 595, 606-07 (6th Cir. 1991); see also Basketball Mktg.

Co., Inc. v. Upscale Entm’t and Mktg. Group, 227 F. App’x 492, 493 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Wynn

Oil and reaffirming that, after the amendments to Lanham Act in 1999, a showing of willful

infringement is not required for equities to weigh in favor of an award of profits). Although

showing willfulness is not required, willfulness is one element that courts may consider in weighing

the equities. See Gucci America, Inc. v. Daffy’s, Inc., 354 F.3d 228, 241 (3d Cir. 2003); Quick

Technologies, Inc. v. Sage Group PLC, 313 F.3d 338, 349 (5th Cir. 2003).

       In weighing the equities in this action, the district court looked to the six factors identified

by the Fifth Circuit in Quick Technologies: “(1) whether the defendant had the intent to confuse or

deceive, (2) whether sales have been diverted, (3) the adequacy of other remedies, (4) any

unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in asserting his rights, (5) the public interest in making the

misconduct unprofitable, and (6) whether it is a case of palming off.” Quick Techs., 313 F.3d at

348-49. The district court found that defendants had no intent to confuse or deceive, that the record

contained no evidence of diverted sales, and that Laukus had not shown that an injunction would be

inadequate to protect his rights. It also found, as discussed in detail above, that Laukus

unreasonably delayed in asserting his rights. The district court made no finding concerning the

public’s interest in making the misconduct unprofitable. Based upon these findings, it concluded

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Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

that the equitable considerations at play did not support a finding that Laukus was entitled to recover

defendants’ profits.

        Contrary to Laukus’s assertion, the district court did not require a showing of willfulness.

Rather, the court appropriately considered that element among other factors it deemed relevant to

the weighing of the equities in this action. Moreover, the district court did not err in considering

willfulness as a relevant factor, nor did it err in looking to the factors identified by the Fifth Circuit

in Quick Technologies. We agree with Laukus, however, that he produced sufficient evidence to

create a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether Rio intended to confuse or deceive,

given Rio’s continued use of the “American Pride” mark after receiving notice from the USPTO that

Laukus had a protected right to that mark and that Rio’s use of the mark was likely to cause

confusion among customers.

        In addition, as discussed above, since Laukus created a genuine issue of material fact

concerning the reasonableness of his delay in filing suit, the district court erred in weighing Laukus’s

delay against him in balancing the equities on his trademark counterfeiting claim.

        Finally, the district court improperly placed the burden on Laukus to show lost profits

attributable to past infringement. The United States Supreme Court has made clear that “[t]he

burden is the infringer’s to prove that his infringement had no cash value in sales made by him. If

he does not do so, the profits made on sales of goods bearing the infringing mark properly belong

to the owner of the mark.” Mishawaka Rubber & Woolen Mfg. Co. v. S.S. Kresge Co., 316 U.S. 203,

206-07 (1942).



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Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

       B. Claim Dismissed on the Merits

       The district court summarily dismissed Laukus’s trademark counterfeit claim (Count III)

based upon its conclusion that the alleged misuse of Laukus’s registered mark was for goods (flag-

pole kits) unrelated to the purpose for which his mark was issued (retail store services in the field

of flags, flag poles, pennants, and streamers). According to the district court, the plain language of

the Lanham Act defining “counterfeit mark,” see 15 U.S.C. § 1116, and the distinction between

goods and services operate to defeat Laukus’s trademark counterfeiting claim.

       The Lanham Act prohibits the use of “any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable

imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale . . . of any goods or services [where] such

use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.” 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a). To

recover on a federal trademark counterfeiting claim, a plaintiff must show that: (1) the defendant

infringed a registered trademark in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1114; and (2) the defendant intentionally

used the mark knowing it was a counterfeit as the term counterfeit is defined in 15 U.S.C. § 1116.

15 U.S.C. § 1117(b). Section 1116 defines “counterfeit mark” as a mark that is registered on the

principal register in the United States Patent and Trademark Office for such goods or services sold,

offered for sale, or distributed and that is in use, whether or not the person against whom relief is

sought knew such mark was so registered.” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(1)(B)(i). Elsewhere, the statute

provides additional clarification, defining “counterfeit” as a spurious mark which is identical with,

or substantially indistinguishable from, a registered mark.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127.

       In the present action, the district court dismissed Laukus’s trademark counterfeiting claim

because it concluded that defendants used the mark for purposes unrelated to Laukus’s protected

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Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

registration in that Laukus used the protected mark in connection with services whereas Rio used it

in connection with goods. None of the authority cited by the district court or the parties, however,

addresses the question of whether the distinction between goods and services precludes an action for

trademark counterfeiting where, as here, the protected mark is registered for services and the

allegedly counterfeit mark is used on or in connection with goods.

       For purposes of a counterfeiting claim, the statute in no way distinguishes registered marks

for services from registered marks for goods. The use of a counterfeit of either type of registered

mark, whether in connection with the sale of goods or in connection with the sale of services, is

actionable under the circumstances described by the statute.

       In view of the plain language of the statute, we conclude that the district court erred in

determining that defendants’ alleged misuse of the mark was unrelated to the purpose for which

Laukus’s service mark was issued merely because defendants used the “American Pride” mark in

connection with the sale of flag-pole kits, not in connection with retail store services. Laukus has

a registered mark for “retail store services in the field of flag, flag poles, pennants, and streamers,”

and he has used that mark both to identify his retail store and to designate the source of his flag

products. Rio used an identical mark on its flag products, which the retailers then sold at retail.

Because defendants used Laukus’s protected service mark– which mark he registered for “retail store

services in the field of flag, flag poles, pennants, and streamers”–in connection with the sale of its

flag products, we conclude that Laukus has made a prima facie counterfeit trademark claim.




                                                 - 17 -
No. 09-3402/3403
Laukus v. Rio Brands, Inc.

                                              III.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed in part and reversed in part and the cause

remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion




                                             - 18 -
