                                                    NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                   No. 08-3036


                        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                         v.

                               MERVIN DORIVAL,

                                          Appellant


            On Appeal from the District Court of the Virgin Islands
                     District Court No. 3-04-cr-00154-002
           United States District Judge: The Honorable James T. Giles


                Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 May 3, 2010

          Before: SMITH, CHAGARES, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: May 6, 2010 )


                                     OPINION


SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Mervin Dorival of one count of conspiring to possess with

the intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846, and

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two counts of aiding and abetting possession with the intent to distribute cocaine

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(ii), and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The

District Court sentenced Dorival to, inter alia, 300 months of imprisonment.

Dorival appealed, challenging his sentence. We will affirm.1

      Dorival’s attack upon his sentence is twofold. First, he asserts that the

District Court erred in finding that he was a leader of a criminal activity under

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), which warranted a four-level enhancement of his offense

level.2 The District Court found that Dorival was a “lead facilitator within the

conspiracy.” As support, the District Court explained that: (1) Dorival received

numerous kilograms of cocaine from Maleek Sylvester; (2) he contacted Dion

Brookes to assist in the smuggling by storing suitcases containing cocaine in

Brookes’s office until flight tags were obtained and affixed to each suitcase; (3)

Dorival directed other baggage handlers regarding the number of flight tags to

remove from a suitcase which had been legitimately checked for a flight and to


      1
        The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231 and 48
U.S.C. § 1612(a). We exercise appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and
18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).
      2
         We review for clear error a sentencing court’s finding that a defendant
was an organizer or leader under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). United States v. Antico,
275 F.3d 245, 268 (3d Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207,
217 (3d Cir. 2008) (instructing that “if the asserted procedural error is purely
factual, our review is highly deferential and we will conclude there has been an
abuse of discretion only if the district court’s findings are clearly erroneous”).
                                          2
affix that flight tag to the smuggled suitcase containing the cocaine in Brookes’s

office; and (4) Dorival was ultimately responsible for getting the drugs through the

airport and safely onto a plane. After reviewing the evidence of record, we

conclude that the District Court’s findings were not clearly erroneous.

      Dorival’s second argument is that his sentence is unreasonable. “Our

appellate review proceeds in two stages.” United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558,

567 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc). First, we focus on the procedure employed by the

district court, ensuring, inter alia, that the court considered the factors set forth in

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id. Second, we consider the sentence’s substantive

reasonableness. Id. “The abuse-of-discretion standard applies to both our

procedural and substantive reasonableness inquiries.” Id. “The touchstone of

‘reasonableness’ is whether the record as a whole reflects rational and meaningful

consideration of the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v.

Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 571 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc).

      Dorival’s challenge to his sentence focuses on its procedural

reasonableness. He contends that his sentence is unreasonable because the District

Court failed to meaningfully consider the need for just punishment, 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a)(2)(A), and “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among

defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct,”

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). As we explained in United States v. Parker, 462 F.3d 273

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(3d Cir. 2006), § 3553(a)(6) was enacted “to promote national uniformity in

sentencing rather than uniformity among co-defendants in the same case.” Id. at

277. Nonetheless, we noted that “[e]ven if § 3553(a)(6) were applicable to . . . co-

defendants in the [same] case, § 3553(a)(6) by its terms plainly applies only where

co-defendants are similarly situated.” Id. at 278. In light of Dorival’s role in the

offense, Dorival was not similarly situated with any of his co-defendants. For that

reason, we do not find any error with regard to this sentencing factor.

      Nor do we find any merit to Dorival’s contention that the District Court

failed to meaningfully consider the need for just punishment. Dorival contends

that his sentence of 300 months is harsh. Certainly 300 months is a substantial

sentence. But that fact does not mean that the sentence is not “just punishment.”

We cannot ignore that the sentence is within the guideline range and that the

sentencing range was at the upper end of the sentencing table because of the 97.99

kilograms of cocaine that Dorival had a hand in moving through the airport. The

Court noted that this was a significant amount of contraband, and that Dorival’s

recorded statement indicated that “he was not innocent.” After reviewing the

District Court’s explanation for the sentence it imposed, we conclude that it

meaningfully considered the need for just punishment and that the sentence is




                                          4
procedurally sound.3 Accordingly, there is no reason to disturb the District

Court’s sentence.

      Finally, we address Dorival’s purported adoption of the issues and

arguments raised by his co-appellants. We recognize that Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 28(i) provides that “[i]n a case involving more than one

appellant . . . any party may adopt by reference a part of another’s brief.” This

provision, however, does not excuse compliance with Rule 28(a), which requires

that the “appellant’s brief must contain . . . a statement of the issues presented for

review.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(5). Accordingly, a blanket adoption of all of the

issues raised by all of one’s co-appellants, without any specification of the discrete

issues to be adopted, fails to satisfy Rule 28(a)(5)’s directive to identify the issues

for review. United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990) (rejecting

appellant’s attempt to adopt co-appellants’ arguments by a cursory reference in his

brief that failed to identify which particular issue, out of series of issues, was

being adopted).

      Here, Dorival seeks to adopt the issues raised by his six co-appellants by


      3
        Dorival also submits that the District Court erred because it considered a
factor not found in § 3553(a), i.e. “public outrage,” and “was exacting a form of
retribution.” It is true that the District Court referred to the “outrage of the
community to the offense that has been perpetrated against them.” In the next
breath, however, the Court acknowledged that it must “punish fairly.”
Accordingly, we do not find any error by the District Court in this regard.
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simply citing Rule 28(i). He does not specify the particular issue or issues—out of

more than twenty claims of error asserted by his co-appellants—that is worthy of

adoption. As a result, Dorival’s blanket adoption does not comply with the

requirements of Rule 28(a). For that reason, we conclude that Dorival’s

unspecified, adopted issues are deemed abandoned and waived.4 Kost v.

Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 182 (3d Cir. 1993).

      We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




      4
         Because we conclude that Dorival waived the issues raised by his co-
appellants, we have not considered the merits of these issues as applied to Dorival.
Nonetheless, we note that the majority of the arguments raised by the other co-
appellants rest on facts specific to their own cases, and are therefore arguments
unsuitable for adoption under Rule 28(i). See United States ex rel. LaCorte v.
SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories, Inc., 149 F.3d 227, 237-38 (3d Cir.
1998) (recognizing that adoption under Rule 28(i) may be inappropriate if a co-
appellant’s arguments are fact specific, but considering the adopted argument as it
was readily transferrable to the appellant’s case); see also United States v. Elder,
90 F.3d 1110, 1118 (6th Cir. 1996) (listing cases that recognize that Rule 28(i) has
limitations, one such limitation being the fact specific nature of some issues).
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