
767 F.Supp.2d 244 (2011)
CONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION, INC., Charles River Watershed Association, Inc., and Leominster Land Trust, Inc., Plaintiffs,
v.
Deval PATRICK in his official capacity as Governor of Massachusetts; John Cogliano, in his official capacity as Secretary of Transportation; and Luisa Paiewonsky, in her official capacity as Commissioner of Massachusetts Highway Department, Defendants.
Civil Action No. 06-11295-WGY.
United States District Court, D. Massachusetts.
March 4, 2011.
*246 Cynthia E. Liebman, Peter Shelley, Conservation Law Foundation, Boston, MA, Christopher M. Kilian, Carol Lee Rawn, Conservation Law Foundation, Montpelier, VT, John M. Padilla, Shearman & Sterling LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs.
*247 Julie B. Goldman, Tori T. Kim, Office of the Attorney General, Deirdre Roney, State Ethics Commission, Boston, MA, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
YOUNG, District Judge.

I. Introduction
After long and contentious litigation, the Conservation Law Foundation ("CLF") moves for the award of interim attorneys' fees based upon this Court's order of May 11, 2010. On that date, this Court stated:
[I]t's unmistakable that the Conservation Law Foundation is a prevailing party in this, in this proceeding and it may within 60 days of today's date submit its full application for attorneys' fees. Not, not to complete, because there may be more litigation, but what was necessary to bring us to this point. The order that I enter today is because of the work, the groundwork that you did. I hoped for, I expected compliance. There has not been compliance. You prevail. You should be . . . compensated for the time.
Conference Tr. May 11, 2010, 4-5, ECF No. 103.
Without CLF's diligent efforts, there would not have been grounds to find that the Commonwealth had not complied with the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq. (the "Act"). Because the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, through its knowing acquiescence in bureaucratic inertia, disobeyed this Court's order, this Court awards CLF interim attorneys' fees.

II. Factual and Procedural Background
The following outline of the factual and procedural background of this case is provided in order to make clear the reasoning behind this Court's May 11, 2010 order.
This case began on July 27, 2006, when CLF, the Charles River Watershed Association, and the Leominster Land Trust filed suit in this Court alleging that the Commonwealth and its administrative agencies had violated the Act by discharging polluted storm water into rivers without the requisite permits.

A. Statutory and Regulatory Framework
The Clean Water Act's purpose is "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a). To carry out this lofty and admirable goal, an extremely complex scheme of statutory and regulatory rules, permits, and licenses has been devised. Of particular importance to the case at bar is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES"), 33 U.S.C. § 1342, and its application to Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems ("small MS4"). The NPDES permit system allows the discharge of pollutants but controls "the quantity and concentration of discharged pollutants as well as the rate of discharge." Rhode Island v. Environmental Prot. Agency, 378 F.3d 19, 21 (1st Cir.2004).
Under the Act, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") can authorize states to issue NPDES-equivalent permits subject to EPA review. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). Massachusetts has not obtained such authorization, so this trial proceeded within the framework of the EPA's federal regime. City of Pittsfield, Mass. v. Environmental Prot. Agency, 614 F.3d 7, 9 (1st Cir.2010).
Because the Massachusetts Highway Department's storm sewer discharge systems are covered by the Act, see 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(16)(iii), and these storm sewer discharge systems require a general or individual NPDES permit, see 40 C.F.R. *248 122.33, any release by the systems that violates the water quality standards set by the EPA is a violation of the Act. See 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a). CLF initiated this litigation under this theory. See Compl. ¶¶ 16-19, 33.

B. Pre-Trial Proceedings
Pre-trial motions successfully narrowed the issues for trial. The Commonwealth, through its ongoing negotiations with the EPA, successfully defeated CLF's allegation that it was in complete non-compliance. In January 2006, the EPA and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection authorized the Massachusetts Highway Department to "discharge storm water from its designated Small MS4 in accordance with the provisions of the Small MS4 permit." Letter from Stephen S. Perkins, Director of the Office of Ecosystem Protection, to Louisa M. Paiewonsky, Commissioner, Massachusetts Highway Department, Jan. 25, 2006. Upon receipt of this approval, the Commonwealth sought to dismiss the complaint as moot. See Defs.' Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 18. This Court denied the Commonwealth's motion on September 11, 2007.
CLF then shifted its theory: it posited that even though the Commonwealth was granted approval to discharge, it could not do so without the EPA's approval of a Storm Water Management Plan ("SWMP"). The Commonwealth moved for summary judgment, arguing that EPA approval of the SWMP was not required by the Act, see Defs.' Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 23, but the Court denied that motion. The case proceeded to trial on this issue.

C. The Trial
The bench trial in this case took place over the course of six days spread between February and May 2008. At the conclusion of the trial, on May 30, 2008, the Court found in favor of CLF, ruling that the Commonwealth was in violation of certain provisions of the Act's NPDES permit scheme. The Court instructed the Commonwealth, specifically the Massachusetts Highway Department,[1] to change its SWMP in order to bring it into compliance with the NPDES permit conditions. A remedial plan was to be submitted to the Court by January 2010, and structural remediation of the SWMP was to take place over the course of five years. See Trial Tr., Findings and Rulings, May 30, 2008, ECF No. 94-1.
Additionally, the Court found that the Commonwealth had violated the NPDES permit by causing discharges that exceeded instream water quality standards in three specific locations. The Court ordered the Commonwealth to remediate those three sites within a year of the January 2010 submission of the remedial plan. Following these findings, rulings, and orders, the Court administratively closed the case, subject to reopening on motion by either party. See Order, ECF No. 85.

D. Post-Trial Proceedings
Following the trial, the parties remained in contact concerning the Commonwealth's compliance with this Court's orders. See Pls.' Mot. Reopen and Request Status Conference 2-3, ECF No. 87. CLF, believing that the Commonwealth was not on target to comply with the Court's instructions, moved in October 2009 to reopen the case. Id. At CLF's request, the Court held a status conference on November 4, 2009, at which the Commonwealth assured *249 the Court that it was complying with the Court's orders.
CLF continued to be dissatisfied with the Commonwealth's progress and petitioned this Court to issue a further order regarding the Commonwealth's compliance. See Pls.' Renewed Mot. Entry Order, ECF No. 99. The Court agreed with CLF that the Commonwealth had not taken adequate steps to comply with the Court's orders; in fact, the Commonwealth had made no definitive plans to remediate the three critical sites and had merely incorporated them within a more leisurely general plan of remediation. At a status conference on May 11, 2010, this Court ordered the Commonwealth to submit, within three weeks, a detailed engineering plan concerning the three specific areas at issue, to have equipment at those three sites by June 8, 2010, and to submit a detailed report setting forth its compliance by June 8, 2010. The Court also instructed the Commonwealth that further failure to comply with its orders would result in sanctions. See Conf. Tr., May 11, 2010.
Following this May 11, 2010 status conference, CLF filed the present motion for attorneys' fees. See Pls.' Mot. Interim Award Costs Litigation, ECF No. 117.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Attorneys' Fees & the Clean Water Act

1. Legal framework
Under the Act, "prevailing" or "substantially prevailing" parties are entitled to be compensated for their litigation costs and attorneys' fees. 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d). A prevailing or substantially prevailing party is one who has "succeeded on `any significant issue in the litigation which achieves some of the benefit' sought." Earth Island Inst., Inc. v. Southern Cal. Edison Co., 838 F.Supp. 458, 464 (S.D.Cal.1993) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)). Differently stated, under the Act, a "`prevailing party' is one that achieves `a material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties.'" Greenfield Mills, Inc. v. Carter, 569 F.Supp.2d 737, 743 (N.D.Ind.2008) (quoting Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Va. Dep't of Health & Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 604, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001)).
An award of attorneys' fees during the pendency of litigation is the "exception rather than the rule." Greenfield Mills, 569 F.Supp.2d at 744. Although the First Circuit has stated that the award of attorneys' fees need not "await full litigation of a case and the entry of a final judgment," Hutchinson ex rel. Julien v. Patrick, No. 10-1268, 636 F.3d 1, 12, 2011 WL 540538, at *7 (1st Cir. Feb. 17, 2011), this Court is mindful of the need to avoid piecemeal litigation, c.f. Appeal of Licht & Semonoff, 796 F.2d 564, 572 (1st Cir.1986). Nonetheless, the central inquiry is "whether the plaintiffs, at this stage, can be said to have succeeded on significant claims affording them some of the desired relief." Hutchinson, 636 F.3d at 12, 2011 WL 540538, at *7.
The Sixth Circuit has also articulated a helpful description of the law concerning an award of interim attorneys' fees:
Interim attorney fees awarded during the pendency of litigation are permissible and thus within the authority of the district court when the court has entered a concrete order that "`determines substantial rights of the parties,'" meaning "when a party has prevailed on the merits of at least some of his claims." Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 757-58, 100 S.Ct. 1987, 64 L.Ed.2d 670 (1980) (per curiam) (quoting Bradley v. Richmond Sch. Bd., 416 U.S. 696, 723 n. *250 28, 94 S.Ct. 2006, 40 L.Ed.2d 476 (1974)). Interim fees are "especially appropriate" when a party has prevailed on "an important matter" in a case, even if the party ultimately does not prevail on all issues. Hampton, 446 U.S. at 757, 100 S.Ct. 1987 (quoting S.Rep. No. 94-1011, at 5 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5908, 5912). The Supreme Court has declared that, particularly in complex cases of long duration, delaying a fee award until the conclusion of litigation "would work substantial hardship on plaintiffs and their counsel" and discourage the institution of actions that Congress intended to encourage by passage of attorney fee statutes. Bradley, 416 U.S. at 723, 94 S.Ct. 2006.
Webster v. Sowders, 846 F.2d 1032, 1036 (6th Cir.1988).

2. Entitlement to attorneys' fees
Although CLF did not prevail on the theory that it advanced at the start of the case, it is nonetheless a prevailing party. CLF achieved it ultimate goal: it obtained a Court ruling mandating remediation of certain storm water sites and instructing the Commonwealth to develop a plan to prevent future violations. The Court's rulings and orders detailed abovewhich were brought about as a result of CLF's litigationhave significantly changed the legal relationship between the parties. See Tri-City Cmty. Action Program, Inc. v. City of Malden, 680 F.Supp.2d 306, 312 (D.Mass.2010) (Gertner, J.); see also Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc., 532 U.S. at 604, 121 S.Ct. 1835. CLF certainly "ha[s] succeeded on significant claims affording [it] some of the desired relief." Hutchinson, 636 F.3d at 12, 2011 WL 540538, at *7.
The award of interim attorneys fees here is particularly appropriate due to the case's duration and complexity. Were no fees awarded at this time and CLF forced to wait indefinitely for a final judgment in order to receive compensation for its expenses, future plaintiffs would be discouraged from pursuing this type of action because of the great toll such lengthy litigation takes on institutional resources. See Greenfield Mills, 569 F.Supp.2d at 744. Moreover, the Commonwealth has needlessly prolonged this litigation through its failure to comply with the instructions issued by this Court and with the assurances it made to this Court at the conclusion of trial. This noncompliance led to the re-opening of this case and the expenditure of further resources by CLF. Thus, this Court holds that attorneys' fees are appropriate and allows CLF's motion for interim attorneys' fees.

B. Determination of Reasonable Attorneys' Fees
It is well settled that the lodestar approach is the proper method to calculate attorneys' fees. Marrotta v. Suffolk Cnty., 726 F.Supp.2d 1, 4 (D.Mass.2010). This approach requires the calculation of "the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate." Gay Officers Action League v. Puerto Rico, 247 F.3d 288, 295 (1st Cir.2001) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933). The movant bears the burden of establishing and documenting the hours expended and the hourly rates charged. Torres-Rivera v. O'Neill-Cancel, 524 F.3d 331, 340 (1st Cir.2008).
CLF has submitted to this Court affidavits and billing records of the attorneys who have worked on this litigation. These affidavits document the hours worked and the rates charged. Ultimately, CLF requests: 1) $1,025,103 for 2,748 hours worked by CLF attorneys and staff at rates between $120 and $660 per hour, Kilian Decl. ¶¶ 16-18, ECF No. 119; 2) *251 $415,968 for 1114 hours worked by Shearman & Sterling attorneys at rates between $190 and $580 per hour, Padilla Decl. ¶¶ 4-5, 8, ECF No. 120; 3) $196,935 for 412.5 hours worked by CLF volunteer attorney Wendy Miller at rates between $470 and $510 per hour, Miller Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 122; and 4) $71,887.50 for 266 hours worked by CLF volunteer attorney Leah Kelly at $270 per hour, Kelly Decl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 121.
The Commonwealth objects to these requests, arguing that they are excessive and would constitute a windfall for CLF. Defs.' Mem. Opp'n Pls.' Mot. Interim Award Costs Litigation 8, ECF No. 133. Additionally, the Commonwealth cautions the Court that the award of attorneys' fees against a "public entity . . . performing an essential job at a time of strained resources" should be strictly scrutinized. Id. (quoting LaPlante v. Pepe, 307 F.Supp.2d 219, 223 (D.Mass.2004) (Gertner, J.)). This Court is mindful of these considerations in making the following calculations.

1. Reasonable hours expended
When calculating appropriate attorneys' fees using the lodestar method, "only hours that were reasonably expended on the litigation ought be included." Dixon v. International Bhd. of Police Officers, 434 F.Supp.2d 73, 78 (D.Mass.2006) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933). Because only reasonably expended hours are to be used in the calculation, this Court may reduce the number of hours billed if inadequately documented or "excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary." Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433-34, 103 S.Ct. 1933. Here, CLF has submitted contemporaneous time records for all of its attorneys who worked on this litigation. Additionally, the New York law firm of Shearman & Sterling, which participated in the trial portion of this lawsuit, has submitted its contemporaneous time records. The total hours claimed by each attorney and staff member and the requested fee for each attorney are summarized in Table 1 below.


                                    Table 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name                        Position                  Hours    Fee Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Conservation Law Foundation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carol Lee Rawn              Staff Attorney            193.25   $   70,437.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris Kilian                Senior Attorney          1063.92   $  620,040.80
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cynthia Liebman             Staff Attorney            797.01   $  241,499.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rebekah Pazmino             Paralegal                  79.50   $   12,720.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summer Zeh                  Legal Intern               97.00   $   10,670.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yan Au                      Staff Assistant           137.50   $   23,325.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danica Anderson             Legal Intern              173.50   $   20,820.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Omar Gonzalez-Pagan         Legal Intern              119.00   $   14,280.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bryan Berge                 Legal Intern               34.00   $    4,420.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adrienne Bossi              Legal Intern               53.00   $    6,890.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leah Kelly                  Volunteer Attorney        266.25   $   71,887.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wendy Miller                Volunteer Attorney        412.50   $  196,935.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        SubtotalConservation Law Foundation   $1,293,925.30
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Shearman & Sterling
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Christopher Halfnight       Associate                 138.90   $   45,142.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Padilla                Associate                 314.40   $  162,630.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kathleen Schmid             Associate                 162.20   $   52,715.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Owen Russell                Associate                 134.60   $   70,665.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------



*252
Robert Whitener             Associate                 115.90   $   37,695.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
James Diaz                  Legal Assistant           248.00   $   47,120.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SubtotalShearman & Sterling   $  415,967.50
____________________________________________________________________________
                                        Total Requested Fees   $1,709,892.80
----------------------------------------------------------------------------


a. Mathematical error
The Commonwealth brings the Court's attention to discrepancies in Attorney Chris Kilian's time log, noting that the total hours claimed is not equal to the sum of the individual entries. After reviewing Attorney Kilian's time log, this Court agrees with the Commonwealth that the arithmetic used in preparing it was faulty. For example, in 2006 Attorney Kilian claimed a total of 60.35 hours worked. Kilian Decl., Ex. A, at 8. But the sum of each entry totalled 12.58 hours. Id. Recalculating all of Attorney Kilian's hours based on the individual entries in his time log, the total number of hours that he worked on the litigation decreases markedly. Instead of the claimed total of 1063.92 hours, Attorney Kilian actually logged 295.92 hours, a difference of 768.06 hours.[2]

b. Unsuccessful claims
The Commonwealth argues that the total number of hours compensated ought not include the hours spent on unsuccessful claims. Defs.' Mem. Opp'n 9-10. A Court may deduct time spent working on "unsuccessful, severable claims." Coutin v. Young & Rubicam P.R., Inc., 124 F.3d 331, 339 (1st Cir.1997). But "the Court is not obliged to discount for the unsuccessful plaintiffs and claims, and the Court will not use its discretion to do so because the core facts and the successful core theory dominated the litigation from start to finish." System Mgmt., Inc. v. Loiselle, 154 F.Supp.2d 195, 209-10 (D.Mass.2001). CLF's theory of the case evolved and was narrowed by this Court's rulings throughout the litigation. All of the facts found, however, stemmed from the initial allegation that the Commonwealth was releasing "stormwater containing pollutants, including without limitation discharges that contribute to instream exceedance of water quality standards, from [the Massachusetts Highway Department's] separate storm sewer system into waters of the United States without authorization under any NPDES permit." Compl. ¶ 33. Because the initial facts alleged "were interconnected with the common core of facts that ultimately furnished the basis for the successful claim," Dixon, 434 F.Supp.2d at 83-84, this Court will not reduce the total hours expended.

c. Non-contemporaneous record keeping
CLF cannot recover attorneys' fees without properly documented contemporaneous time records. In the First Circuit, "the absence of detailed contemporaneous time records, except in extraordinary circumstances, will call for a substantial reduction in any award or, in egregious cases, disallowance." Grendel's Den, Inc. v. Larkin, 749 F.2d 945, 952 (1st Cir.1984). Here, the Commonwealth asks this Court to deny any recovery for the claimed work of two CLF volunteer attorneys because their billing records were post hoc attempts to catalogue their work.
Volunteer attorney Leah Kelly participated in this litigation from January to April 2008. During that time, she claims *253 to have worked approximately 266 hours. Attorney Kelly, in her declaration to this Court, states that she has not been able to locate her original record keeping documents and made this time log at the request of CLF, for the purposes of this motion for attorneys' fees. See Kelly Decl. ¶ 3-4. Attorney Kelly's declaration is rife with recollections of how many hours she generally worked and that she "thought" she may have stayed late or left early on certain occasions. This type of record based on recollection cannot be considered "a full and specific accounting of . . . time." See Calhoun v. Acme Cleveland Corp., 801 F.2d 558, 560 (1st Cir.1986). Accordingly, Attorney Kelly's claimed 266.25 hours are disallowed.
Additionally, CLF seeks compensation for volunteer attorney Wendy Miller's 412.50 hours of work on this matter. Recovery for Attorney Miller's work, however, suffers from the same deficiency as that of Attorney Kelly: she did not keep a contemporaneous record of her billable hours. See Miller Decl. ¶ 4. For the same reasons articulated above, Attorney Miller's hours are disallowed.

d. Block billing
Shearman & Sterling billed their time using the block-billing method. "`Block billing' can be defined as the time-keeping method by which an attorney lumps together the total daily time spent working on a case, rather than itemizing the time expended on specific tasks." Torres-Rivera v. Espada-Cruz, No. 99-1972, 2007 WL 906176, at *2 (D.P.R. Mar. 22, 2007) (citing Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1283 n. 9 (10th Cir.1998)), rev'd on other grounds, 524 F.3d 331 (1st Cir.2008). This Court disfavors block-billing, as it requires "decipher[ing]." Marrotta, 726 F.Supp.2d at 7 n. 7.
The Commonwealth suggests that this Court apply a global reduction of twenty percent to the hours claimed by Shearman & Sterling. Such global reductions have been upheld by the First Circuit. See Torres-Rivera, 524 F.3d at 339-40. After examination of the block-billed records of the Shearman & Sterling attorneys, this Court accepts the Commonwealth's reasonable suggestion that the overall time billed for each attorney be reduced by twenty percent. Cf. Sea Spray Holdings, Ltd. v. Pali Fin. Group Inc., 277 F.Supp.2d 323, 326 (S.D.N.Y.2003) ("Because of . . . the inherent difficulties the Court would encounter in attempting to parse out reasonable hours and manpower for appropriate tasks, the Court finds that a fifteen percent `flat' reduction of fees . . . is warranted."); Torres-Rivera, 2007 WL 906176 at *2 ("A review of the case law reflects that the method most often used to compensate for block billing is a flat reduction of a specific percentage from the award."). This twenty percent global reduction will be applied after the specific deductions discussed below.

e. Excessive billing
The Commonwealth further argues that Shearman & Sterling engaged in overstaffing and excessive billing. A party's "claim that several lawyers were required to perform a single set of tasks [is treated with] healthy skepticism." Lipsett v. Blanco, 975 F.2d 934, 938 (1st Cir. 1992). The presence of multiple attorneys either in conference or in the courtroom when one would suffice may be discounted. Hart v. Bourque, 798 F.2d 519, 523 (1st Cir.1986). Shearman & Sterling requests compensation for a total of 1,114 hours worked by five attorneys and one paralegal. Padilla Decl., Ex. A, at 2, ECF No. 120-1. The Court agrees with the Commonwealth that this number is inflated due to redundant and unnecessary billing.
Four attorneys and a paralegal all billed time for trial observation; none of them *254 had any speaking part. Billing for observation is inappropriate. Although the attorneys observing the trial gain knowledge of trial technique and practice, their presence in the courtroom is inconsequential to the trial. Because attorneys' fees ought be granted sparingly, time billed for trial observation cannot be considered a cost which ought be borne by the losing party. After reviewing the submitted time logs, the Court determines that the following hours ought be deducted from Shearman & Sterling staff members: 20 hours from Paralegal Diaz, 20 hours from Attorney Schmid, 16 hours from Attorney Whitener, 8 hours from Attorney Padilla, and 4 hours from Attorney Halfnight.[3]
Additionally, the Shearman & Sterling attorneys spent an inordinate amount of time conferring among themselves regarding certain research topics. "[C]onferencing, to a significant but not excessive extent, [is] simply a necessary element of managing . . . litigation competently." Rosie D. ex rel. John D. v. Patrick, 593 F.Supp.2d 325, 332 (D.Mass.2009) (Ponsor, J.). Thus, not all internal conferencing ought be deducted. Excessive conferencing, however, cannot be a cost forced upon the Commonwealth. Because the Shearman & Sterling billing entries are block billed, it is impossible to discern the exact amount of time spent conferencing. This Court is content that the twenty-percent flat rate reduction discussed above accounts for the excessive conferencing.

f. Administrative and clerical tasks
"Fees for work done by secretaries and administrative staff are not compensable," as they are "considered part of the overhead included in counsel's fee." McLaughlin by McLaughlin v. Boston Sch. Comm., 976 F.Supp. 53, 66, 69 (D.Mass.1997) (Garrity, J.). Whether performed by attorneys or legal assistants, purely administrative work ought be either eliminated or paid at lower rates. See, e.g., Lipsett, 975 F.2d at 939-40.
Attorneys Liebman and Kilian billed time for non-legal tasks. "[C]lerical or secretarial tasks ought not to be billed at lawyers' rates, even if a lawyer performs them." Id. at 940 (citing Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989)). Attorney Liebman billed for "send[ing] clients copies of MHD docs," "prep[aring] list of items requested from opposing expert," "prepar[ing] documents for pickup," "schedul[ing] a depo," "organization," and "admin issues," among other similar entries, for a total of 5.5 hours. See Kilian Decl., Ex. A, at 13-20, ECF No. 119-1. This Court will allow this time to be compensated at half Attorney Liebman's normal rate. See Lipsett, 975 F.2d at 938 ("[Non-legal] hours should not be completely eliminated but should be compensated at a less extravagant rate."). Similarly, Attorney Kilian billed one hour for calls to the Boston Globe. "Reported federal cases are unanimous in denying awards of attorneys' fees for media-related time. . . ." McLaughlin, 976 F.Supp. at 72. Accordingly, this time is disallowed.
CLF claims fees for work done by Yan Au as a legal assistant or office manager. All of Mr. Au's logged work is clerical in nature. For example, Mr. Au's time log includes tasks such as "copying discovery docs," "logistics prep," "organizing," and "scanning." See Kilian Decl., Ex. A, at 23. Fees for such administrative work must be denied.
*255 CLF also requests compensation for work done by paralegal Rebekah Pazmino. Ms. Pazmino's time entries are a collection of clerical and administrative tasks with minimal legal work. Only 8 of her 79.50 hours contained legal work. In those entries, she helped analyze emails disclosed by the Commonwealth. All other entries were clerical as she helped organize discovery material. Id. at 21. Accordingly, 8 of Ms. Pazmino's hours are recoverable. See Lipsett, 975 F.2d at 938.
CLF seeks the recovery of fees for work done by its legal interns. The vast majority of the work done by these interns was clerical or unnecessary. Intern Omar Gonzalez-Pagan billed 119 hours. Only 49.75 of these hours can be considered legal work such as "Worked of Pls Motion for Judicial Notice" and "Finalized Memo re: motion for attorneys fees." Kilian Decl., Ex. A, at 25. All other claimed hours were either spent observing trial, organizing exhibits, or compiling briefs. Accordingly, 49.75 hours of Mr. Gonzalez-Pagan's work are recoverable.
All of Intern Danica Anderson's billed hours are non-recoverable as the tasks were either clerical, unnecessary, excessive, or vaguely described. She billed time for "g[etting] up to speed on MHD trial" and "prepp[ing] & attend[ing] trial." Id. at 24. Other entries are likewise too vague to be recoverable. They include 16 hours for "memos" and 42.50 hours of "post-trial filing cleanup, memos on closure order & next steps." Id.
Intern Bryan Berge spent approximately 34 hours researching and writing a memo regarding a preliminary injunction from July, 22, 2009 to July 31, 2009. Id. at 26. While this may not be the most efficient exemplar of legal research and writing, Mr. Berge was an intern. He spent all his logged time performing legal work. This court will compensate CLF for all of Mr. Berge's reported hours.
Lastly, Shearman & Sterling seeks recovery for work done by Paralegal James Diaz. Mr. Diaz's time logs primarily consist of clerical tasks such as "coordinating preparation of trial exhibits" and "organiz[ing] binders and documents for trial." Padilla Decl., Ex. A, at 7, 13, ECF No. 120-1. This cannot be considered legal work. Thus, CLF will not recover for any work done by Diaz.

g. Travel expenses
Both Attorneys Kilian and Liebman billed for their travel time. See Kilian Decl., Ex. A, at 8-20. Attorney Kilian billed 61.5 hours for travel between Vermont and Boston, id. at 8-12, while Attorney Liebman billed 5 hours for travel to the CLF New Hampshire Office, id. at 13. If an attorney is simultaneously traveling and working on the case, the attorney may be compensated at his normal rate. See Ryan v. Raytheon Data Sys. Co., 601 F.Supp. 243, 256 (D.Mass.1984) (Keeton, J.). If the attorney is merely traveling and not working on the case, however, courts in this circuit normally reduce the rate charged by fifty percent. See id.; see also Maceira v. Pagan, 698 F.2d 38, 40 (1st Cir.1983); Chestnut v. Coyle, No. 99-10236, 2004 WL 438788, at *3 (D.Mass. Mar. 09, 2004) (Zobel, J.); Horney v. Westfield Gage Co., 227 F.Supp.2d 209, 216 (D.Mass.2002) (Neiman, M.J.). Here, Attorneys Liebman and Kilian only documented that they traveled for purposes of this case, not that any substantive work was performed during the travel. Thus, this Court will reduce by half the rate at which the hours spent traveling will be compensated.

2. Summary of hours to be compensated
Based on the above determinations, Table 2, below, indicates the number and *256 type of hours for which each attorney, paralegal, and legal intern will be compensated.


                                  Table 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name                         Position                   Hours     Hours
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                          Conservation Law Foundation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carol Lee Rawn               Staff Attorney              193.25        193.25
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris KilianLegal           Senior Attorney            1063.92        233.42
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris KilianOther[4]      Senior Attorney                N/A         61.50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cynthia Liebman-Legal        Staff Attorney              797.01        786.51
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cynthia LiebmanOther        Staff Attorney                 N/A         10.50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rebekah Pazmino              Paralegal                    79.50          8.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summer Zeh                   Legal Intern                 97.00         97.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yan Au                       Staff Assistant             137.50             0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danica Anderson              Legal Intern                173.50             0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Omar Gonzalez-Pagan          Legal Intern                119.00         49.75
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bryan Berge                  Legal Intern                 34.00         34.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adrienne Bossi               Legal Intern                 53.00         53.00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leah Kelly                   Volunteer Attorney          266.25             0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wendy Miller                 Volunteer Attorney          412.50             0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Shearman & Sterling
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Christopher Halfnight        Associate                   138.90        107.92
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
John Padilla                 Associate                   314.40        245.12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kathleen Schmid              Associate                   162.20        113.76
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Owen Russell                 Associate                   134.60        107.68
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert Whitener              Associate                   115.90         79.92
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James Diaz                   Legal Assistant             248.00             0
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3. Reasonable rates

a. Boston rates
The Court must next determine reasonable rates at which the above-identified individuals will be compensated for the hours they worked on this case. A reasonable rate is one which is "in line with those prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation." Porter v. Cabral, No. 04-11935, 2007 WL 602605, at *12 (D.Mass. Feb. 21, 2007) (Woodlock, J.) (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984)). "[The] [p]laintiff bears the burden of justifying the reasonableness of the requested rates by producing evidence of the prevailing market rate." Id.
In attempting to meet this burden, CLF has provided the Court with affidavits from two attorneys at large Boston law firms. See Decl. Ana M. Francisco, ECF No. 119-2; Aff. William J. Curry, ECF No. 119-3. These affidavits aver that the hourly rate for commercial litigators in the Boston area range from $150 to $990 per hour based on the experience of the individual attorney. They also opine that the rates requested by CLF and Shearman & Sterling attorneys for the work done on this case are reasonable.
*257 The Court, however, finds these affidavits unconvincing. CLF has provided no reason why the rates charged by commercial litigators are relevant to reasonable rates for this litigation under the Clean Water Act. In fact, courts in the First Circuit that have addressed the issue of reasonable rates for Boston attorneys in litigation more similar to the present case have awarded fees well below CLF's requested rates. See, e.g., Cerqueira v. American Airlines, Inc., 484 F.Supp.2d 241, 250 (D.Mass.2007), rev'd on other grounds, 520 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.2008); United States Pub. Interest Research Grp. v. Stolt Sea Farming, Inc., 301 F.Supp.2d 46, 48-49 (D.Me.2004) (approving rates ranging from $170 to $310 per hour for Clean Water Act litigation). Accordingly, this Court rules that the rates requested by CLF are not reasonable rates for attorneys working on this type of litigation in the Boston market.
In line with the above cited cases, this Court holds that the following Boston rates apply to the CLF attorneys: senior attorneys will be compensated $310 per hour for legal work; assisting or staff attorneys, will be compensated $175 per hour for legal work; paralegals and legal interns will be compensated $75 per hour for legal work. Among CLF attorneys, Attorney Kilian is considered a senior attorney; Attorneys Lee Rawn and Liebman are considered assisting or staff attorneys. All remaining CLF personnel are considered paralegals or legal interns.

b. Shearman & Sterling
CLF argues that Shearman & Sterling attorneys should be compensated using reasonable New York market rates, rather than the above-determined Boston market rates. Pls.' Mem. 13-14. The Court rejects this argument. "Under First Circuit law, there is a presumption that the proper rate to be applied to the work of out-of-town counsel is that of the forum community, rather than that which the attorney charges in the community in which he or she practices." Vieques Conservation & Historical Trust, Inc. v. Martinez, 313 F.Supp.2d 40, 46 (D.P.R.2004) (Garcia-Gregory, J.). An out-of-town specialist may be entitled to a higher hourly rate if a similarly specialized lawyer would not have been available in the forum community. See Maceira, 698 F.2d at 40. CLF, however, has made no showing that Shearman & Sterling possessed any special expertise relevant to this case or that any such specialization was not available among Boston attorneys. Accordingly, the Shearman & Sterling attorneys who assisted CLF in its litigation will be compensated at the Boston rate for assisting attorneys identified above.

C. Fee Award
Per the above determinations, CLF is entitled to recover attorneys fees as set forth in Table 3 below.


                                 Table 3
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Name                      Position             Allowed   Hourly   Fee Amount
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                      Conservation Law Foundation
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Carol Lee Rawn            Staff Attorney        193.25     $175     $ 33,818.75
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Chris KilianLegal        Senior Attorney       233.42     $310     $ 72,360.20
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Chris KilianOther[5]   Senior Attorney        61.50     $155     $  9,532.50
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Cynthia LiebmanLegal     Staff Attorney        786.51     $175     $137,639.25
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Cynthia LiebmanOther     Staff Attorney         10.50      $88     $    924.00
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Rebekah Pazmino           Paralegal               8.00      $75     $    600.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------



*258
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summer Zeh                Legal Intern           97.00      $75     $  7,275.00
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Yan Au                    Staff Assistant            0      $75     $      0.00
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Danica Anderson           Legal Intern               0      $75     $      0.00
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Omar GonzalezPagan       Legal Intern           49.75      $75     $  3,731.25
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Bryan Berge               Legal Intern           34.00      $75     $  2,550.00
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Adrienne Bossi            Legal Intern           53.00      $75     $  3,975.00
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Leah Kelly                Volunteer Attorney         0     $175     $      0.00
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Wendy Miller              Volunteer Attorney         0     $175     $      0.00
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                    SubtotalConservation Law Foundation            $272,405.95
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                              Shearman & Sterling
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Christopher Halfnight     Associate             107.92     $175     $ 18,886.00
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John Padilla              Associate             245.12     $175     $ 42,896.00
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Kathleen Schmid           Associate             113.76     $175     $ 19,908.00
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Owen Russell              Associate             107.68     $175     $ 18,844.00
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Robert Whitener           Associate              79.92     $175     $ 13,986.00
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James Diaz                Legal Assistant            0      $75     $      0.00
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                              SubtotalShearman & Sterling          $114,520.00
_______________________________________________________________________________
                                                    Total Fees      $386,925.95
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D. Costs
CLF is also entitled to recover the reasonable costs of its litigation. To compensate for money expended by both CLF and Shearman & Sterling, CLF requests total costs of $97,911. Pls.' Mem. 15. These requested fees cover transcripts and filing fees, expert witnesses, travel, legal research, and administrative costs. The Court addresses each of these categories below.

1. Transcripts and filing fees
The Commonwealth does not dispute CLF's request to be reimbursed for the cost of obtaining transcripts of depositions and court proceedings and the original cost of filing this suit. See Defs.' Mem. Opp'n 20. CLF has also included on its list of costs the fees paid by several attorneys in order to appear pro hac vice in this matter. This Court will not reimburse those fees, as they are properly borne by those attorneys. Accordingly, the Court awards a total of $2,611.45 for money CLF expended on transcripts and filing fees.

2. Expert Witnesses
Under the Clean Water Act, a prevailing party is entitled to recover "costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees)." 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d). Here, CLF made use of two experts, Dr. Vladimir Novotny and Mr. Tom Schueler. CLF and Shearman & Sterling paid these experts a total of $44,012.96. The Commonwealth argues that this amount should be reduced because of the "limited success" achieved by CLF. See Defs.' Mem. Opp'n 20. As discussed above, however, this Court declines to discount the amount recovered by CLF due to the unsuccessful aspects of its litigation. CLF's core theory dominated the litigation and ultimately prevailed. It therefore is entitled to recover the full $44,012.96 that it spent on expert fees.

3. Travel Expenses
Attorneys from both Shearman & Sterling and CLF request reimbursement for travel expenses. Shearman & Sterling requests $13,181.59 for money spent to travel to Boston for various court dates. This Court rejects these costs since they were not necessary to the litigation. As an exemplar, Shearman & Sterling sent four attorneys and a paralegal to Boston for *259 four days of the trial in May 2007. Each of these individuals stayed in the Hilton hotel in Boston for at least four nights. None of the attorneys from Shearman & Sterling spoke at trial; most of them merely observed the proceedings. Although such observation is certainly valuable to the education and development of attorneys, it is not the responsibility of the Commonwealth to pay for such education. Thus, this Court declines to award any compensation for travel expenses paid by Shearman & Sterling.
CLF attorney Chris Kilian also requests reimbursement for travel expenses. The requested reimbursement covers both travel on dates of proceedings before this Court and trips on other days, presumably to go to the CLF Boston office. Attorney Kilian is already being reimbursed for his time spent traveling from his Vermont office to Boston and is being compensated at the Boston rate rather than the lower Vermont rate. This Court will not reimburse him for travel expenses when he was traveling merely to confer with his colleagues or to visit the CLF Boston office. The Commonwealth ought not suffer additional liability because CLF chose to use a Vermont attorney to work on a Boston case.
Attorney Kilian is, however, entitled to reimbursement for the travel that was necessary in order for him to attend sessions of this Court. Reviewing the expense logs submitted by CLF, this Court determines that Attorney Kilian incurred a total of $2,442.97 in travel expenses in order to appear before this Court. He is therefore entitled to recover this amount.

4. Legal research
Shearman & Sterling documents a total of $10,650.70 spent on legal research services such as Westlaw and LexisNexis. Under First Circuit law, "computer-assisted research should be . . . reimbursed under attorney's fee statutes . . . so long as the research cost is in fact paid by the firm to a third-party provider and is customarily charged by the firm to its clients as a separate disbursement." InvesSys, Inc. v. McGraw-Hill Cos., Ltd., 369 F.3d 16, 22 (1st Cir.2004). Accordingly, CLF is entitled to recover $10,650.70 for money Shearman & Sterling spent on legal research.

5. Administrative costs
Both CLF and Shearman & Sterling request reimbursement for administrative expenses, including photocopying, postage, and office supplies.[6] Such costs are properly considered the overhead associated with running a law firm, and this Court considers them included in the hourly rates paid to the attorneys. Therefore, CLF will receive no reimbursement for these expenses.

6. Total costs
In light of the above, this Court finds that CLF is entitled to recover a total of $59,718.08 in litigation costs.

IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, CLF's Motion for Interim Award of Costs of Litigation, ECF No. 117, is ALLOWED.
The defendants shall compensate the plaintiffs in the amounts of $386,925.95 for attorneys' fees and $59,718.08 for litigation costs.
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  On November 1, 2009, the Massachusetts Highway Department was integrated into the newly formed Massachusetts Department of Transportation, Division of Highways. Defs.' Status Report 1 n. 1, ECF No. 95.
[2]  By declaration on November 5, 2010, Attorney Kilian acknowledged the miscalculation and affirmed that 295.92 hours was the correct amount of time worked on the litigation. Kilian Decl., ECF No. 139.
[3]  Due to Shearman & Sterling's block billing, it is impossible to determine exactly how many hours each person spent observing trial. Therefore, because the Court sits on trial from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. each day, four hours were deducted from each person for each day on which their block billing included any trial attendance.
[4]  "Other" includes hours spent traveling and attorney hours spent on non-legal tasks.
[5]  "Other" includes hours spent traveling and attorney hours spent on administrative tasks.
[6]  CLF also requests $889 for temporary paralegals that were hired for two weeks in December 2007 and January 2008. No time logs are provided regarding what these paralegals worked on during their time at CLF, so this Court declines to reimburse CLF for this amount.
