                        UNITED STATES, Appellee

                                    v.

                          Evan VELA, Sergeant
                         U.S. Army, Appellant

                              No. 12-0194

                       Crim. App. No. 20080133

       United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

                          Argued May 15, 2012

                        Decided July 18, 2012

BAKER, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
STUCKY, J., and COX, S.J., joined. ERDMANN, J., filed a
separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, in
which RYAN, J., joined.

                                 Counsel

For Appellant: Daniel Conway, Esq. (argued); Lieutenant Colonel
Jonathan F. Potter and Major Richard E. Gorini (on brief);
Captain Matthew T. Grady.

For Appellee: Captain Chad M. Fisher (argued); Lieutenant
Colonel Amber J. Roach (on brief); Major Katherine Gowel.



Military Judge:   R. P. Masterton



       THIS OPINION IS SUBJECT TO REVISION BEFORE FINAL PUBLICATION.
United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


        Chief Judge BAKER delivered the opinion of the Court.

        A general court-martial composed of members was convened in

Iraq.    Contrary to his pleas, Appellant was convicted of

unpremeditated murder, making a false official statement, and

wrongfully placing a weapon with the remains of an Iraqi

national, in violation of Articles 118, 107, and 134, Uniform

Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 918, 907, 934

(2006).    The adjudged and approved sentence included a

dishonorable discharge, confinement for ten years, forfeiture of

all pay and allowances, and reduction to pay grade E-1.      In a

summary disposition, the United States Army Court of Criminal

Appeals affirmed the findings and the sentence with the

exception of the forfeitures.    United States v. Vela, No. ARMY

20080133 (A. Ct. Crim. App. Oct. 13, 2011).    We granted review

on the following issues:

        I. WHETHER THE MILITARY JUDGE ERRED IN DENYING THE
        DEFENSE’S MOTION TO DISMISS OR DISQUALIFY UNDER UNITED
        STATES v. KASTIGAR.

        II. WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT TO
        SUPPORT THE FINDINGS OF GUILTY TO CHARGE III.

                                 FACTS

        On the night of May 10, 2007, Staff Sergeant Hensley was

the leader of a team of snipers ordered to provide over watch

security on a site in Jurf As-Sakhr, Iraq.    The site included

several houses, one of which was thought to harbor a warlord



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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


suspected of storing and shipping weapons.      The team consisted

of Hensley, Appellant, Sergeant Redfern, Sergeant Hand and

Specialist Sandoval.   They departed their patrol base at about

10:00 p.m. and arrived at the objective between 3:00 a.m. and

3:30 a.m. on the morning of May 11.

     After this mission was completed, between 6:30 a.m. and

7:00 a.m., Hensley established a “hide”1 and organized a rest

plan for the team.   The plan called for one soldier to remain

awake to provide security and monitor the radio while the others

slept.   The hide was about six meters wide and was near a pump

house.   According to Sandoval, he began his watch at about 7:00

a.m., and after about an hour he woke Appellant and handed him

the radio and a 9-millimeter (mm) pistol.      Some time later, he

was awakened by a voice and saw an Iraqi man about three feet in

front of him speaking in Arabic.       Sandoval looked over at

Appellant who was “sitting there with his head down.”      Sandoval

called Appellant’s name three times before Appellant responded.

The man was motioned into the hide.      Appellant awakened the rest

of the team while Sandoval held the man under guard.      When

Hensley awoke, he searched the man, who was face down at this

point, and placed a knee on his back as he tried to get the man




1
  Hensley described a hide as a covered and concealed place to
observe and interdict targets.

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to quiet down.   No weapons were discovered on the man, and

Hensley bound the man’s hands with cord.

       A short while later, the man’s teenage son approached the

position and was also ordered into the hide.   After about an

hour, the son was released, and Hensley ordered Redfern and

Sandoval out of the hide and over to the pump house.   Hensley,

Appellant and Hand remained in the hide.   After the boy left,

Hensley, still kneeling on the man’s back, made several radio

transmissions back to the patrol base.   According to Appellant’s

sworn statement, Hensley “radioed to [the patrol base] that we

had a local national walking 400 meters out with an AK-47.”     A

little while later Hensley asked for permission “to execute a

close kill on this guy.”   After apparently receiving such

permission, Hensley told Appellant to “pull out his 9mm and prep

it.”   Hensley pulled the man’s head scarf over the man’s face,

asked Appellant if he was ready and then told Appellant to shoot

the man.   Appellant complied by firing one shot into the

victim’s head from about six inches away and fired a second shot

that apparently missed.    Hensley testified that after the second

shot he, Hensley, “grabbed an AK-47 out of the top map flap of

someone’s ruck” and “routed the sling on the [victim’s] shoulder

and I placed it on top of his body.”

       A short time later, members of the unit’s Sensitive Site

Exploitation (SSE) team arrived to inspect the site while the


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


sniper team members returned to the patrol base.2   It was later

determined that the victim was Mr. Ghani Nasr Khudayyer Al-

Janabi, an Iraqi national who owned the land on which the sniper

team was positioned.   According to the victim’s son, Mr. Al-

Janabi had apparently come upon the hide on his way to turn on

his irrigation pump.

                       THE SUFFICIENCY ISSUE

     Appellant was charged with wrongfully placing the AK-47 on

the body of the victim in violation of Article 134, UCMJ.   The

Government’s theory was that Appellant aided and abetted

Hensley’s placement of the weapon on the body.   Appellant argues

that the evidence on this offense is legally insufficient; he

could not have aided and abetted Hensley because he took no

action.   Specifically, Appellant argues that the record fails to

establish (1) that he had a duty to interfere in this crime (2)

that he took any affirmative step in the commission of the crime

and (3) that he was even aware that Hensley placed the weapon on

the victim’s body.

     The test for legal sufficiency is “whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

2
  A member of the SSE team testified that the purpose of such
teams is to go into a site and conduct an orderly and methodical
search for evidence. Specifically, he stated, “Basically we go
in, search a body for evidence purposes, and make sure that
every thing [sic] that’s on the body goes with the body and
nothing is missing when it gets turned over to whoever it’s
turned over to.”

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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”    Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979).     “This familiar standard gives full

play to the responsibility of the trier of fact . . . to draw

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.”    Id.

“[T]he factfinder’s role as weigher of the evidence is preserved

through a legal conclusion that upon judicial review all of the

evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the

prosecution.”    Id.

       Article 77, UCMJ,3 imposes liability as a principle on one

who (1) “assist[s], encourage[s], advise[s], counsel[s] or

command[s] another in the commission of the offense”; and (2)

“share[s] in the criminal purpose of design.”    United States v.

Gosselin, 62 M.J. 349, 352 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citation and

quotation marks omitted); United States v. Thompson, 50 M.J.

257, 259 (C.A.A.F. 1999).     The elements of aiding and abetting

are:

       (1) the specific intent to facilitate the crime by another;

       (2) guilty knowledge on the part of the accused;

       (3) that an offense was being committed by someone; and

       (4) that the accused assisted or participated in the
       commission of the offense.

Gosselin, 62 M.J. at 351-52.


3
    10 U.S.C. § 877 (2006).

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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


     “Our case law has generally interpreted Article 77[, UCMJ,]

to require an affirmative step on the part of the accused.”

Thompson, 50 M.J. at 259.    The accused must “in some sort

associate himself with the venture, in that he participate in it

as in something that he wishes to bring about, [and] that he

seek by his action to make it succeed.”   United States v.

Mitchell, 66 M.J. 176, 178 (C.A.A.F. 2008); United States v.

Pritchett, 31 M.J. 213, 217 (C.M.A. 1990).    However, while mere

presence is not enough to impose liability as an aider or

abettor, United States v. McCarthy, 11 C.M.A. 758, 761, 29

C.M.R. 574, 577 (1960):

     [i]n some circumstances, inaction may make one liable as a
     party, where there is a duty to act. If a person . . . has
     a duty to interfere in the commission of an offense, but
     does not interfere, that person is a party to the crime if
     such noninterference is intended to and does operate as an
     aid or encouragement to the actual perpetrator.

Gosselin, 62 M.J. at 353 (quoting Manual for Courts-Martial,

United States pt. IV, para. 1.b.(2)(b)(ii) (2008 ed.)).

Finally, intent, like other mental states can be shown by

circumstantial evidence.    United States v. Davis, 49 M.J. 79, 83

(C.A.A.F. 1998).

     In this case, the members were instructed that, “An aider

and abettor must knowingly and willfully participate in the

commission of the crime as something he wishes to bring about

and must aid, encourage, or incite the person to commit the



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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


criminal act.”   Regarding the evidence in the case, the members

were properly instructed that even though they must keep the

evidence of each offense separate, “[i]f evidence has been

presented which is relevant to more than one offense, you may

consider that evidence with respect to each offense to which it

is relevant.”    This is an accurate statement of the law and

Appellant has not challenged the military judge’s instructions.

See United States v. Haye, 29 M.J. 213, 215 (C.M.A. 1989);

United States v. Hogan, 20 M.J. 71, 72 (C.M.A. 1985).

     The record, including facts drawn directly from Appellant’s

statement, indicates that Appellant’s conduct, before and after

Hensley placed the weapon, support a conclusion that Appellant

had the requisite specific intent and knowledge for aiding and

abetting in this instance.   Rational court members could have

found that Appellant was only feet from Hensley who, while

actively restraining the bound victim, falsely informed the

patrol base that a local national was walking 400 meters out

with an AK-47 and then asked to execute a “close kill.”   They

could have further found that after the false radio

transmissions to the base, Hensley told Appellant to “prep” his

9mm and then asked Appellant if he was ready -- presumably ready

to shoot the victim.   Appellant also lied to members of the

Criminal Investigative Division (CID) consistent with Hensley’s

false version of events that Hensley shared with him before


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


Appellant spoke with investigators.   Rational court members

could have concluded that both soldiers intended to kill Mr. Al-

Janabi and stage the scene to make it appear that he was the

combatant earlier described as carrying an AK-47.   Appellant

completed his part by taking the affirmative act of shooting the

victim in the head.   Hensley completed his part by staging the

weapon on the body.   Appellant casts his conduct as inaction

without a duty to interfere, but the evidence, as noted above,

is to the contrary.   Appellant participated in the offense by

setting the stage for the offense and later participating in the

cover-up of the incident.   See United States v. Richards, 56

M.J. 282, 285 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (finding a conviction for

voluntary manslaughter legally sufficient where the accused set

the stage by assaulting the victim before and after the victim

was stabbed by the accused’s friend); United States v. Shearer,

44 M.J. 330, 335 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (upholding guilty plea where

accused aided and abetted friend in fleeing the scene of an

accident because, among other things, he helped to form a cover-

up for the accident).

     The members might also have reasonably concluded that the

discrete act of placing the weapon on the body of Mr. Al-Janabi

was wrongful, not just because it covered up a crime, but

because it could reasonably have caused United States forces to

reach erroneous conclusions about the strength and location of


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

enemy combatants as well as put local civilians at risk.       While

the murder of Mr. Al-Janabi and the placement of the weapon were

charged in a discrete manner, the members were free to review

all the evidence in determining whether Appellant was guilty of

the offenses.

        Based on this evidence as a whole, rational court members

could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant

had the specific intent to facilitate Hensley’s act of placing

the weapon with the body, and that he actively participated in

Hensley’s staging of the scene by ensuring the death of Mr. Al-

Janabi.

                          THE IMMUNITY ISSUE

Background4

        Following investigation into Mr. Al-Janabi’s death the

Government brought charges against Appellant, Hensley, and

Sandoval.     Colonel (COL) Allen was the staff judge advocate

(SJA) for the general court-martial convening authority and

Captains Rykowski and Haugh were detailed as trial counsel for

the cases.    Charges were preferred against Appellant on July 2,

2007.    Appellant waived his right to an Article 32, UCMJ,5

investigation, and the charges were referred to trial on August

4
  This background section is taken from the military judge’s
“Essential Findings and Ruling.”
5
    10 U.S.C. § 832 (2006).



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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

6, 2007.   Around the middle of September, before Appellant was

granted immunity on September 19, COL Allen advised Captains

Rykowski and Haugh that they were no longer detailed to

Appellant’s case and that they were not to discuss the Hensley

and Sandoval cases with anyone else in the office, to include

himself and the new prosecutors that were to be assigned to

Appellant’s case.    After COL Allen’s discussion with Captains

Rykowski and Haugh, on September 20, 2007, a grant of immunity

and an order to testify in the Sandoval case was served on

Appellant.6

     On September 25, 2007, the evidence in Appellant’s case was

sealed.    This evidence consisted of several confessions taken

from Appellant the previous June, statements of others in the

unit corroborating the confessions and the CID reports related

to the case.   All of the sealed evidence had been prepared prior

to Appellant’s grant of immunity.     On September 27, 2007, COL

Allen detailed Captains Nef and Young as trial counsel in

Appellant’s case.7   COL Allen advised these two officers not to

discuss the case with the prosecutors in the Hensley and




6
  A grant of immunity and an order to testify was subsequently
served on Appellant prior to his testimony in the Hensley case
as well.
7
  Later, Captain Young redeployed to the United States and Major
Kuhfahl replaced him on the case.

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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

Sandoval cases and not to learn anything relating to Appellant’s

immunized testimony.

       That same day, Appellant testified in the Sandoval case.

He testified consistently with his prior statements to CID in

which he described his and Hensley’s actions in the hide and his

shooting of the victim.   On November 6, 2007, Appellant

testified in the Hensley case.   Again, his testimony was

consistent with his prior admissions concerning how he shot and

killed the victim.   However, during this testimony, Appellant

claimed that he did not recall Hensley making any statements to

him before he shot the victim.

       In September as well, Appellant prevailed on a motion for

relief on the basis that his Article 32, UCMJ, waiver was

involuntary.   As a result, the charges were withdrawn and an

Article 32, UCMJ, investigation was ordered.   The Article 32,

UCMJ, investigation was held on November 20, 2007, and the same

charges that were referred to trial in August were again

referred to trial on November 26, 2007.

       The defense moved to dismiss the charges, or in the

alternative to disqualify trial counsel, on Kastigar grounds.

See Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972); United

States v. Mapes, 59 M.J. 60 (C.A.A.F. 2003).    Appellant argued

that the Government used his immunized testimony to prosecute

him.


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

     In response, the military judge considered testimony from

COL Allen, Captains Rykowski, Haugh and Nef, and Special Agent

Mitchum of CID, the lead agent in Appellant’s case.   The thrust

of COL Allen’s testimony was that he had not been exposed to

Appellant’s immunized testimony, he had not exposed the

convening authority to immunized testimony during the referral

in Appellant’s case, and that he had no discussions with the

trial counsel detailed to Appellant’s case regarding Appellant’s

immunized testimony after the grant of immunity.    Captain Haugh

testified that after Appellant’s grant of immunity, he did not

discuss Appellant’s case with COL Allen or the new prosecutors,

nor did he discuss the substance of Appellant’s immunized

testimony in the Sandoval and Hensley cases.   Similarly, Captain

Nef testified that he had not discussed Appellant’s immunized

testimony with the prosecutors in the Hensley and Sandoval cases

nor had he been exposed to Appellant’s testimony.   On these

relevant points, Captain Rykowski’s testimony was consistent

with the testimony of COL Allen, and Captains Nef and Haugh.

Special Agent (SA) Mitchum testified that as the lead agent in

the case, he had had no discussions with COL Allen or any of the

prosecutors detailed to Appellant’s case after Appellant was

immunized.

     The military judge concluded that the Government met its

burden demonstrating no direct or indirect use of Appellant’s


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

immunized testimony to prosecute Appellant.   The military

judge’s specific findings, framed around the factors set out in

Mapes, were as follows:

     a. The accused’s immunized statements reveal nothing that
        was not already known to the government by virtue of the
        accused’s own pretrial statements.

     b. The investigation against the accused was completed
        prior to the immunized statement. The only portion of
        the investigation that was completed after the grant of
        immunity was a final report that simply summarized
        statements and similar documents that were gathered
        before the grant of immunity. The accused’s immunized
        statement did not affect the investigation in any way.

     c. The decision to prosecute the accused [had] been made
        long before his immunized statements were made. The
        convening authority and his legal advisors made the
        decision to send the accused’s case to a general court-
        martial in August 2007 based essentially on the same
        evidence that was the basis for the November referral.

     d. The trial counsel who had been exposed to the immunized
        statement did not participate in the prosecution of the
        accused’s case in any way. Once immunity had been
        granted a wall was effectively built between the
        prosecutors in the Sandoval and Hensley cases (Rykowski
        and Haugh) and the other legal advisors in the . . .
        legal office and the convening authority. The
        prosecutors in the current case (Nef and Kuhfahl) have
        not been exposed to the immunized testimony in any way.

On appeal to this Court, Appellant renews his trial arguments

focusing on the Mapes factors.

Analysis

       The Fifth Amendment’s privilege against self-

incrimination provides that “‘[n]o person . . . shall be

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against



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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

himself.’”    Mapes, 59 M.J. at 65 (alteration in original).

“[I]mmunity from the use of compelled testimony and evidence

derived therefrom is coextensive with the scope of the

privilege” and “is sufficient to compel testimony over a claim

of the privilege.”   Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 452-53.   The

government may prosecute an immunized witness where it can

demonstrate that it has made neither direct nor indirect use of

the testimony.   United States v. Morrissette, 70 M.J. 431, 438

(C.A.A.F. 2012).    The government must affirmatively prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that its evidence “is derived from

a legitimate source wholly independent of the compelled

testimony.”   Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 460.   The grant of immunity

must leave the witness and the government in “‘substantially the

same position as if the witness had claimed his privilege in the

absence of a state grant of immunity.’”    Id. at 457 (quoting

Murphy v. Waterfront Comm’n, 378 U.S. 52, 79 (1964)).

     Whether the Government has shown, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that it has based Appellant’s prosecution on sources

independent of the immunized statements is a preliminary

question of fact.    Morrissette, 70 M.J. at 439; Mapes, 59 M.J.

at 67.   We will not overturn a military judge’s resolution of

this question unless it is clearly erroneous or is unsupported

by the evidence.    Morrissette, 70 M.J. at 439.   In reviewing for

clear error, we must ask “whether, on the entire evidence, [we


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

are] left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake

has been committed.”   Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234, 242

(2001) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

     Since Appellant takes particular issue with each of the

military judge’s conclusions on the four Mapes factors, we

discuss each of them in order.

     The first factor is whether Appellant’s immunized testimony

revealed anything not already known to the Government.

Appellant argues that the Government’s theory, that Sandoval was

not in the hide site at the time of the shooting, is information

gleaned from his immunized testimony.   However, this argument

ignores the fact that Appellant’s own statement of June 25,

2007, which was included in the sealed materials, states that

Sandoval was not in the hide site.

     Appellant also asserts that the Government used his

immunized testimony in the prior two courts-martial to decide to

amend the charges before trial from premeditated murder to

unpremeditated murder.   However, at the Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10

U.S.C. § 839(a) (2006), session when the trial counsel moved to

amend, the defense indicated that it had no objection and did

not pursue this claim during the Kastigar hearing.   Appellant

also asserts that CID agents learned from lawyers in the SJA’s

office that the defense might be considering an insanity

defense, and was able to interview potential witnesses with an


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

eye toward this theory.   The problem here is that SA Mitchum,

testified that he never spoke to COL Allen or the prosecutors in

Appellant’s case about Appellant’s prior testimony.

Furthermore, there were other indicators suggesting the

Appellant might raise such a defense, including defense

counsel’s request for a forensic psychologist, a request for a

sanity board and references in the file to post-traumatic stress

disorder.

     The second factor considers whether the investigation, as

it pertained to Appellant, was completed prior to Appellant’s

immunized testimony.   The military judge found that the

investigation, as it pertained to Appellant, was concluded prior

to Appellant’s immunized statement, and this finding is

supported by Captain Nef’s testimony concerning the contents of

the CID file that he received when he was detailed to the case.

In particular, Captain Nef testified that he remembered seeing

SA Mitchum’s final report of investigation which had been

prepared after September 19, 2007.   He stated that this document

was basically a table of contents of the CID file that had been

prepared before Appellant’s immunity grant.8   He also stated that




8
  The military judge erroneously stated in his findings that this
document was issued on October 13, 2007. The document itself,
however, is dated October 3, 2007.


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

this document had no relationship to Appellant’s immunized

testimony.

        Appellant further argues that the investigation was

incomplete because the Government did not locate the victim’s

son until after he, Appellant, testified in the Sandoval case.

However, Appellate Exhibit XIII contains an entry by an

investigator that data concerning the boy was entered on July 4,

2007.    Further, Appellant’s statement of June 25, 2007, contains

detailed information about the boy and how Appellant and Hensley

interacted with him.    There is no evidence that Appellant

testified to the specific whereabouts of the boy and that the

Government acted on that information.

        Regarding the third factor, the military judge found that

the decision to prosecute Appellant was made long before he gave

any immunized testimony, and this finding is amply supported by

the documentary evidence and the testimony of COL Allen that the

re-referral of charges in November was based on the same

evidence as the original August referral.    Likewise, regarding

the fourth factor, the military judge’s finding that the

prosecutors in Appellant’s case were not exposed to immunized

testimony is supported by the lengthy testimony of all the

witnesses at the hearing.    We conclude that none of these

findings is clearly erroneous.    Accordingly, we hold that the




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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR

military judge did not err in concluding that the Government had

met its burden under Kastigar and Mapes.

                            DECISION

     The decision of the United States Army Court of Criminal

Appeals is affirmed.




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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


     ERDMANN, Judge, with whom RYAN, Judge, joins (concurring in

part and dissenting in part):

     I concur with the majority’s determination that the

military judge did not err in denying the motion to dismiss the

charges or to disqualify trial counsel based on Kastigar v.

United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972).   I respectfully dissent,

however, from the majority’s conclusion that the evidence in

this case is legally sufficient to convict Vela under Article

134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934 (2006), of wrongfully placing an AK-

47 on the body of Ghani Nasr Khudayyer Al-Janabi.   While the

majority is correct in stating the panel members were free to

examine all evidence presented in the case when rendering their

verdict, there is no evidence from which a reasonable panel

member could infer that Vela placed the weapon himself, knew

Hensley was going to place a weapon on Al-Janabi’s body,

assisted Hensley in placing the weapon, or had a duty to prevent

Hensley from committing the act.   Accordingly, I would set aside

the findings as they pertain to this charge and specification.

     The starting point in any legal sufficiency analysis is to

compare the plain language of the charge and specification with

the evidence presented at trial.   The charge and specification

here alleged a discrete act –- that Vela wrongfully placed an

AK-47 on Al-Janabi’s body and that conduct was to the prejudice

of good order and discipline in the armed forces or of a nature
United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


to bring discredit upon the armed forces.   At trial, Hensley

testified that he placed the AK-47 on Al-Janabi’s body and that

Vela did not know about the AK-47, nor did he assist Hensley in

placing the weapon on Al-Janabi’s body.   This is consistent with

Vela’s statements to CID.   Additionally, Hensley testified that

he did not discuss the “cover-up” story with the members of his

unit until after they returned to base.   While the specification

charged Vela with wrongfully placing an AK-47 on Al-Janabi’s

body, there was no evidence to support that Vela did so.    The

Government, however, proceeded under an aiding and abetting

theory both at trial and before this court.

     In order to convict under an aiding and abetting theory,

the Government must show:   (1) specific intent to facilitate the

commission of the crime by another; (2) guilty knowledge on the

part of the accused; (3) that an offense was being committed by

someone; and (4) that the accused assisted or participated in

the commission of the crime.   United States v. Gosselin, 62 M.J.

349, 351-52 (C.A.A.F. 2006).   To be convicted, the aider must

share the criminal intent to commit the crime with the

principal.   United States v. Pritchett, 31 M.J. 213, 216 (C.M.A.

1990).   Our case law has generally required the defendant to

take an affirmative step to assist in the crime, but failure to

act when there is a duty to prevent the crime can also be

sufficient to establish intent to aid and abet.   Gosselin, 62


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


M.J. at 352; United States v. Simmons, 63 M.J. 89, 93 (C.A.A.F

2006).    The existence of a duty to prevent the crime, however,

does not per se establish a shared purpose to commit the crime.

Simmons, 63 M.J. at 93.     Additionally, mere presence at the

scene of the crime is not enough to prove aiding and abetting,

even though it is a factor to be considered in deciding whether

the evidence meets the elements of aiding and abetting.

Pritchett, 31 M.J. at 217 (noting that presence is a factor, but

that the court “still must examine the record for other evidence

of [A]ppellant’s purposeful association with [the crime] and

some act of participation, assistance, or encouragement of [the

crime]”).

        In its brief, the Government states Vela’s actions after

the incident, including lying to CID about the events

surrounding the murder, provide a legally sufficient basis on

which a rational panel member could infer that Vela intended to

commit the crime of wrongfully placing an AK-47 on Al-Janabi’s

body.    However, this argument ignores the evidence that Vela had

no knowledge that Hensley had an AK-47 and intended to place it

on Al-Janabi’s body, as well as the fact that covering up the

murder was not discussed until well after the incident occurred.

A person cannot form the requisite intent to aid and abet

another in committing a crime without knowledge that the other

party intends to commit the crime.     Simmons, 63 M.J. at 93.


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


Contrary to the Government’s argument, Vela’s collusion with

Hensley to murder Al-Janabi is not sufficient to infer he also

knew of or agreed to Hensley’s actions in placing the AK-47 on

Al-Janabi’s body.   Gosselin, 62 M.J. at 352 (an affirmative act,

which provides assistance for one offense, does not “translate

into an affirmative act for [a] later separate offense”).

     The majority asserts that a rational panel member could

find the requisite intent to kill Al-Janabi and stage the scene

by examining Vela’s actions before, during, and after the murder

and placement of the weapon.   It goes into great detail

discussing the different interpretations of the evidence panel

members could have used to reach their verdict, including the

suggestion that Vela intended to facilitate Hensley’s commission

of a minor crime -- the placing of the weapon -- by committing a

major crime –- the killing Al-Janabi.   This is similar to the

Government’s theory that the “affirmative step” Vela took in

order to aid and abet Hensley’s wrongful placement of the weapon

was to murder Al-Janabi.   This analysis strains logic.

     There is nothing to support the contention that Vela’s

actions at the hide site were the result of an intention to aid

and abet Hensley in covering up the murder of Al-Janabi by

placing the AK-47 on the victim’s body.   The majority’s reliance

on United States v. Richards, 56 M.J. 282 (C.A.A.F. 2002), and

United States v. Shearer, 44 M.J. 330 (C.A.A.F. 1996), is not


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


persuasive.   In Richards, this court held that while Richards

did not know his codefendant had a knife and intended to use it

to assault the victim, Richards’ intent to aid and abet could be

inferred provided Richards intended the consequence of the

principal’s actions.   Richards, 56 M.J. at 286.      This is

distinguishable from Vela’s case because while a rational

factfinder could conclude someone who was actively and

continuously assaulting a helpless victim intended that the

victim be harmed (as was the case in Richards), there is no

logical way to conclude Vela intended that Hensley would cover-

up the murder by planting an AK-47 on the victim after Vela shot

him, when Vela had no knowledge of that weapon or Hensley’s

intent when he shot Al-Janabi.   As for Shearer, while it is true

that this court found Shearer aided and abetted the fleeing of

the accident scene by helping to cover up the accident, that

case is distinguishable from Vela’s because Shearer actively

encouraged and participated in fleeing the scene and the cover

up of the accident as it was occurring.      That is not the case

with Vela.

     Nor is there any evidence that Vela had a duty to prevent

Hensley from placing the weapon.       The evidence proves beyond a

reasonable doubt that Vela killed Al-Janabi at Hensley’s

direction.    But that is where Vela’s participation ends.      There

is simply no evidence from which a reasonable panel member could


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United States v. Vela, No. 12-0194/AR


infer that Vela intended to assist Hensley in placing the weapon

on Al-Janabi’s body and actually assisted or participated in

that discrete act.   Without this essential element of the crime,

the charge cannot stand.

     A more appropriate charge against Vela may have been

obstruction of justice, in which the accused commits an act with

the belief that there are or will be criminal charges against

him and that act is intended to “influence, impede, or otherwise

obstruct the due administration of justice.”   Manual for Courts-

Martial, United States pt. IV, para. 96.b.(1-3) (2008 ed.).

Vela’s actions during the subsequent criminal investigation may

have supported an intent to impede the investigation at that

time by lying about what actually happened at the hide site.

     While there may be evidence from which a reasonable panel

member could have found Vela guilty of obstruction of justice,

that is not the crime with which he was charged.   Therefore I

would find the conviction for placing the AK-47 on Al-Janabi’s

body to be legally insufficient.




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