                                                                     [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                  FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                   ________________________                 FILED
                                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                           No. 10-14495              ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                       Non-Argument Calendar             JUNE 3, 2011
                                     ________________________             JOHN LEY
                                                                           CLERK
                                       Agency No. A079-476-431


GERMAN A. CASTELLANOS,
CONSTANZA HURTADO,
JULIANA CASTELLANOS,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                 Petitioners,

                                               versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                                 Respondent.

                                     ________________________

                              Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                                   Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   ________________________

                                            (June 3, 2011)

Before HULL, PRYOR and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Dr. German A. Castellanos, a Colombian citizen proceeding pro se,

petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeal’s (BIA’s) decision

denying his application for asylum and his petition for withholding of removal

under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and relief under the United

Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). Castellanos argues that the BIA

erred in determining that he had not suffered past persecution based on his

membership in a social group or based on his political opinion. He also argues

that the BIA erred in determining that he was ineligible for CAT relief. Because

we conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision that Castellanos

was not persecuted because of membership in a social group or because of his

political opinions and that he was not entitled to CAT relief, we deny his petition.

                                                 I.

       Castellanos came to the United States in 2000 with his wife and daughter,

because he had received threats from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC) after refusing the guerrillas’ request that he join them and

attend to their members’ medical needs. Shortly before his visa expired,

Castellanos filed an asylum application.1 In 2007, the Department of Homeland



       1
          Castellanos is the lead petitioner in this asylum case; his wife and daughter are
derivative petitioners.

                                                 2
Security began removal proceedings against Castellanos. The Immigration Judge

and BIA both denied Castellanos’s asylum application and his claims for

withholding of removal under the INA and for CAT relief.

                                         II.

      We review any legal conclusions made by the BIA de novo, but we may not

reject its factual findings unless they are so unsupported by evidence that the

record compels it. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350–51 (11th

Cir. 2009).

      The INA allows the Attorney General to grant asylum to any refugee, that is,

someone who is unable or unwilling to return to his home country “because of

persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8

U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42), 1158(b)(1)(A). Similarly, to qualify for withholding of

removal, an alien must establish that upon return to his home country it is more

likely than not that his life or freedom would be threatened because of his race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir. 2005). If an alien

cannot meet the standard for asylum, he is usually unable to meet the “more

stringent” standard for withholding of removal. Id. at 1232–33. The BIA

                                          3
concluded that Castellanos had failed to establish that he was persecuted by the

FARC because of his membership in a social group or because of his political

opinion and as such was not entitled to asylum or withholding of removal. We

agree.

         Castellanos argues that the FARC persecuted him because of his

membership in a social group and his imputed political opinion.2 We first address

Castellanos’s political-persecution claims and then turn to his social-group claims.

We need not address whether the acts committed by the FARC rise to persecution

because we conclude that the BIA’s determination that he was not persecuted on

account of a protected ground was supported by “reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence” in the record, when considered in its entirety. INS v. Elias-

Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992).

         Castellanos claims that he was persecuted because of his refusal to join the

FARC. This refusal, Castellanos says, is the ultimate expression of political

opinion. The government notes that the FARC’s interest in Castellanos was due to

his medical training and the guerillas never expressed any knowledge of his



         2
         Castellanos also argues that he was persecuted based on a mixed-motive of social-group
membership and political opinion. But because this argument was not raised before the BIA, we
are without jurisdiction to consider it. Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247,
1250 (11th Cir. 2006).

                                              4
political opinion or his family’s association with the Liberal Party in Colombia.

This court has held that an alien’s refusal to cooperate with guerrillas is not

enough to establish that the alien was persecuted due to his political opinion.

Rodriguez Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 884, 890 (11th Cir. 2007). And

given that the evidence in the record suggests that the FARC’s interest in

Castellanos was only due to the fact he is a doctor and their persecution arose only

after he refused to join them, we cannot say that the record compels a

determination that the FARC persecuted Castellanos because of his political

opinion.

      Castellanos also claims that the FARC persecuted him because of his

membership in a social group. The social group Castellanos claims he was a

member of is comprised of doctors who have refused to join the FARC. To

establish persecution on account of membership in a social group, an alien must

show that the group’s members share immutable characteristics and are socially

visible. Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1194 (11th Cir. 2006).

Although past experiences are immutable, that “does not mean that any past

experience that may be shared by others suffices to define a particular social group

for asylum purposes.” Id. Relying on the Supreme Court’s opinion in Elias-

Zacarias, the BIA concluded that persecution for one’s refusal to join the FARC

                                          5
could not be a defining characteristic of a social group. Furthermore, the BIA

concluded that there was no evidence that the FARC persecuted Castellanos

because of his membership in a social group; rather, the evidence demonstrated

that he was persecuted because he refused to join the FARC. We agree that the

record does not compel a contrary conclusion.

      Because Castellanos has failed to demonstrate that the record compels a

determination that he was persecuted on account of any protected ground, we deny

his petition for review. And because Castellanos has failed to demonstrate that the

record compelled a determination that he qualified for asylum, he has also failed to

show the record compelled a determination that he qualified for the higher

withholding-of-removal standard. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232–33.

      We now turn to Castellanos’s claim for CAT relief. To establish eligibility

for CAT relief Castellanos had to demonstrate that it were more likely than not

that he would be tortured by Colombian government or with its acquiescence or

instigation. 8 C.F.R. § 208.18. The BIA concluded that Castellanos failed to

present any evidence about the likelihood that he would be tortured in Colombia.

We agree. Accordingly, the record does not compel that we reverse the BIA’s

determination and we cannot grant him relief.

PETITION DENIED.

                                         6
