                                                  Filed:   June 27, 2001

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                  No. 99-2252
                                 (CA-98-308-7)



Linda J. Myers,

                                                     Plaintiff - Appellant,

           versus


Hercules, Incorporated, et al.,

                                                    Defendants - Appellees.



                                   O R D E R



     The court amends its opinion filed June 8, 2001, as follows:

     On   page   10,    second   full   paragraph,    line   1   --   the   word

“Finally” is changed to read “Fourth.”

                                               For the Court - By Direction




                                               /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                        Clerk
PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

LINDA J. MYERS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
                                                                 No. 99-2252
HERCULES, INCORPORATED; PROVIDENT
LIFE & ACCIDENT INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
Samuel G. Wilson, Chief District Judge.
(CA-98-308-7)

Argued: January 25, 2001

Decided: June 8, 2001

Before MICHAEL and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
Robert E. PAYNE, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Reversed by published opinion. Judge Michael wrote the opinion, in
which Judge Motz and Judge Payne joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: F. Rodney Fitzpatrick, F. RODNEY FITZPATRICK,
P.C., Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant. David Edward Constine, III,
MAYS & VALENTINE, L.L.P., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Richard F. Hawkins, MAYS & VALENTINE, L.L.P.,
Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

MICHAEL, Circuit Judge:

Because of a debilitating back condition, Linda Myers, an
employee of Hercules Incorporated, was awarded long-term disability
(LTD) benefits under the company's income protection plan (the
Plan). After Myers had received benefits for over seven years, Provi-
dent Life and Accident Insurance Company, the claims fiduciary
under the Plan, terminated her benefits, deciding that she was no lon-
ger disabled. Myers sued Provident and Hercules under ERISA
§ 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), alleging that Provident
had wrongfully terminated her benefits. After a bench trial the district
court concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support Provi-
dent's determination that Myers was no longer disabled. As a result,
the district court held that Provident did not abuse its discretion in ter-
minating Myers's benefits. After reviewing the record, we conclude
that Provident's decision was neither reasoned nor supported by the
evidence (all three doctors who examined Myers opined that she
remained totally disabled). We therefore reverse.

I.

The facts are settled. Myers worked as a radiology technician for
Hercules at an ammunition plant in Radford, Virginia, from 1986 to
1989. In her position Myers performed x-ray and lung capacity exam-
inations, maintained radiology files, and conducted certain laboratory
examinations. The physical demands of the job required Myers,
among other things, to lift and carry film materials and gallon quanti-
ties of chemicals, to pull and push x-ray equipment into position, and
to bend or squat in retrieving and storing film files. In addition, Myers
regularly carried film files up and down a flight of stairs that led to
the basement storage area.

Myers, who was born in 1941, has a long history of severe back
trouble. She had surgeries (laminectomies) in 1981 and 1982 to alle-

                   2
viate the pain. During the three years Myers worked at Hercules, she
had three more back surgeries (all laminectomies). After the fifth
laminectomy in February 1989 Myers did not return to work at Her-
cules because she could not handle the physical demands of her job.
In October 1989 she applied for LTD benefits under the Hercules
Plan. Under the Plan a participant who is "not able to perform [her]
job" is "considered totally disabled" and is eligible for LTD benefits
for two years. After this initial two-year period a participant is "con-
sidered totally disabled" and entitled to continuing benefits until age
65 if she is "not able to engage in any employment for wage or profit
for which [she is] reasonably qualified by training, education, or
experience."

In her application for LTD benefits Myers stated that she could not
do her job because back pain and lack of strength impaired her ability
to walk, change positions (for example, bend or squat), lift objects,
and position the x-ray equipment. In support of her application Myers
submitted medical reports and opinions from her attending physician,
Donald Yoder, M.D., and her neurosurgeon, Harold Young, M.D.
Both doctors concluded that Myers's back condition, which was
marked by severe pain, rendered her totally disabled from performing
any job. Drs. Young and Yoder both noted that Myers could not sit,
stand, or walk, or alternate sitting and standing, for even an hour at
a time. Finally, the LTD application form asked Myers to list any
skills that she had "as a result of prior employment, training, or edu-
cation." She listed "typing, p.c. operations, operation manuals writing,
[and] research technician."

Myers was awarded LTD benefits the same month she applied,
October 1989. The following month Myers, as required by the Plan,
applied for disability benefits under the Social Security Act. (Her
LTD benefits would be reduced by the amount of any Social Security
award.) On May 25, 1990, an administrative law judge awarded
Myers Social Security disability benefits, concluding that Myers's
severe back impairment prevented her from "perform[ing] sustained
work activity at any exertional level." In the meantime, in April 1990,
Myers had back surgery for a sixth time. This last operation included
a lower back arthrodesis procedure (a fusion) and major instrumenta-
tion.

                  3
In 1990, the year following the award of Plan benefits to Myers,
Hercules entered into a contract with Provident under which Provi-
dent would administer the Plan and provide insurance coverage for
disability benefits awarded under the Plan. Hercules, however,
remained liable to pay the disability benefits for participants, such as
Myers, who became disabled before July 1, 1990. The contract named
Provident "Claims Fiduciary" under the Plan. The Plan gives the
Claims Fiduciary the following authority with respect to claims deci-
sions:

        The Claims Fiduciary [shall] have the sole and exclusive
        discretion and power to grant and/or deny any and all claims
        for benefits, and construe any and all issues relating to eligi-
        bility for benefits. All findings, decisions, and/or determina-
        tions of any type made by the Claims Fiduciary shall not be
        disturbed unless the Claims Fiduciary has acted in an arbi-
        trary and/or capricious manner.

Under the Plan, LTD benefits end once a participant is "no longer
disabled." Thus, a participant who receives benefits must periodically
submit statements of "proof of continuance of disability" to the
Claims Fiduciary. Myers submitted these statements, which included
reports from Dr. Young, to Provident on a yearly basis. From 1990
through 1993 Dr. Young stated in his reports that while Myers's pain
problem was improving, she remained totally disabled from perform-
ing any job. In 1994 Dr. Young noted that Myers had some leg pain
and numbness and that she could not sit or stand for more than two
hours total during a work day. In 1995 Dr. Young reconfirmed that
Myers was totally disabled from performing any job. In her 1995
statement Myers said for the first time that her condition allowed her
to do "light activities," specifically, to use a stationary exercise bike
and swim. In 1996 Dr. Young said once again that Myers was totally
disabled. In his diagnosis the doctor noted that Myers had "chronic
back pain"; however, in reporting her subjective symptoms, the doctor
said that she had "no pain at this time." In describing the extent of
Myers's disability, the doctor said that she was completely incapable
of lifting, stooping, bending, crawling, and prolonged standing.

The 1996 report from Dr. Young led Provident to reevaluate
whether Myers was still totally disabled. In November 1996 Provident

                  4
sent Myers a rehabilitation survey form. The information Provident
sought would assist it in determining whether Myers was an appropri-
ate candidate for the Plan's rehabilitation program, which is aimed at
returning eligible participants to the workplace. Myers responded to
the rehabilitation survey in March 1997. With respect to her tolerance
for physical activity, Myers reported that she could sit or stand for
only one hour at a time. She could, however, walk two miles and lift
six to ten pounds. According to Myers, she could not return to her old
job at Hercules because she was unable to do "the standing, lifting,
carrying and reaching [that was] necessary." Indeed, Myers felt that
she could not work at any job because "considera[ble] time is needed
daily for rest of my back." Moreover, Myers reported that extended
activity or overexertion caused pain and numbness in one leg. After
receiving the completed survey from Myers, Provident did not sug-
gest rehabilitation.

Provident next arranged for Myers to have an independent medical
examination. The examination was conducted by Dr. Kerry Donnelly
on April 17, 1997. Dr. Donnelly examined Myers and concluded that
she suffered from "[f]ailed back syndrome, with good result from L4
to sacrum anthrodesis, but with persistent pain and functional limita-
tions." Myers was "otherwise in excellent health," according to this
doctor. In a form assessing Myers's "physical capacities," Dr. Don-
nelly noted that in a single eight-hour work day Myers could stand for
five hours, walk for six hours, sit for four hours, or drive for four
hours. Dr. Donnelly concluded his report as follows:

        It is my opinion that this patient remains disabled from her
        work as an x-ray technician. She has no other training or
        education that would enable her to easily perform any type
        of work outside of this field. I think that given the fact that
        she has recurrent back and leg symptoms, with prolonged
        walking, sitting or strenuous activity, that this patient should
        continue to be considered permanently disabled from this
        problem.

In the final step of reevaluating Myers's disability, a Provident rep-
resentative interviewed her over the telephone on May 21, 1997.
When the representative called Myers's residence, she answered the
phone, "Promoline." Myers explained that Promoline is the name of

                  5
her husband's business and that she always answers the phone that
way. Myers told the representative that she was able to climb stairs
and do light housekeeping work, but she said that her activities were
limited because of the pain in her back.

Provident terminated Myers's LTD benefits on June 2, 1997. Prov-
ident based its decision on the independent medical report of Dr. Don-
nelly and the annual reports of Dr. Young, her neurosurgeon. The
company interpreted Dr. Donnelly's report to mean that Myers is
"physically able to work full time" and Dr. Young's reports to mean
that Myers is "limited only from significant lifting, stooping, bending,
crawling and prolonged standing." Provident concluded that Myers's
education, skills, and experience gave her the capability to perform
several jobs, such as receptionist, bank teller, teacher's aid, and "gen-
eral clerk." In a supplemental letter to Myers's lawyer, Provident
expanded on its interpretation of Dr. Donnelly's report. Provident
implicitly acknowledged that Dr. Donnelly found Myers to be perma-
nently disabled. Nevertheless, Provident contended that Dr. Donnelly
was not aware that Myers had job skills other than those required for
a radiology technician. Provident focused on Dr. Donnelly's state-
ment that Myers had "no other training or education that would enable
her to easily perform any type of work outside of[the radiology]
field." Of course, in her initial LTD application in 1989 Myers said
she had the following skills: typing, p.c. operations, operation manu-
als writing, and research technician. Provident concluded that if Dr.
Donnelly had been aware that Myers possessed these skills, he would
have found that she was not totally disabled. In other words, Provi-
dent read Dr. Donnelly's report as indicating only that Myers was
totally disabled from performing her prior job as a radiology techni-
cian. In support of this interpretation Provident contended that Dr.
Donnelly had said that Myers was capable of standing for five hours
during a work day and sitting for four hours. According to Provident,
this meant that Myers could sit and stand "for over a full 8 hour work
day."

Myers asked Provident's ERISA Committee to review the termina-
tion of her LTD benefits. During the review process Myers acknowl-
edged, through her lawyer, that she had the skills and education "to
perform numerous sedentary positions." She insisted, however, that
she lacked the physical capacity to perform a sedentary job on a full-

                  6
time basis. She pointed out that she attempted to do two hours of cler-
ical work each morning at home for her husband's business. This,
however, required her to lie down for an extended period before she
could attempt any further work. Myers submitted additional reports
from Drs. Young and Yoder to the review committee. Dr. Young con-
firmed that Myers "has been disabled to return to her former occupa-
tion as X-ray Technician since 1992 due to severe spine disease." Dr.
Young added that Myers "must limit her standing, sitting, and driving
to one hour intervals" and that she must lie down for one hour inter-
vals three times a day. Dr. Yoder said that Myers "is unable to sit for
any extended period of time." Moreover, Dr. Yoder said that she is
unable to stay in one position for more than thirty minutes without
completely changing positions. "This would include sitting to stand-
ing, standing to walking, walking to sitting," the doctor explained. For
its part in the review process, Provident asked one of its medical con-
sultants, William C. Dowell, M.D., to review Myers's file and offer
any comments. Dr. Dowell said only the following:

       It would seem that although [Myers] has significant orthope-
       dic limitations, she would be a good candidate for voca-
       tional rehabilitation since she is in excellent health
       otherwise. A sedentary occupation would be probable.

Provident's ERISA Committee conducted its review and upheld the
decision to terminate Myers's LTD benefits.

Myers then sued Provident and Hercules in federal court under
ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), alleging the
wrongful termination of her benefits. After a bench trial the district
court concluded that Provident did not abuse its discretion in deciding
to terminate Myers's benefits because the decision was supported by
sufficient evidence. "Specifically," the court said, "Dr. Donnelly's
Physical Capacities form, Dr. Dowell's report, and Myers's transfer-
able employment skills sufficiently support Provident's decision to
terminate Myers's LTD benefits." Myers now appeals.

II.

A.

We start off with the standard of review. Provident, as Claims
Fiduciary under the Hercules Plan, had "the sole and exclusive discre-

                  7
tion" to make decisions about eligibility for benefits. As a general
proposition, a fiduciary's discretionary decision will not be disturbed
if it is reasonable, even if we would have reached a different conclu-
sion. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115
(1989). To assist courts in determining the reasonableness of a fidu-
ciary's discretionary decision, we have developed a (non-exclusive)
list of eight factors that may be considered. See Booth v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 210 F.3d 335, 342-43 (4th Cir. 2000). Only two of the
factors are implicated in this case: whether the fiduciary's decision-
making process was reasoned and principled and whether the fidu-
ciary's conclusion was supported by the evidence before it. See id.

B.

We now turn to whether Provident's discretionary decision to ter-
minate Myers's LTD benefits was reasonable. We begin with the Plan
language. A Plan participant, like Myers, is "considered totally dis-
abled" and entitled to LTD benefits if she is "not able to engage in
any employment for wage or profit for which [she is] reasonably
qualified by training, education, or experience." Provident concluded
that Myers was able to work full time in a sedentary job such as
receptionist, bank teller, teacher's aid, or "general clerk."1
                                                             1

Provident contends first (and foremost) that its decision to termi-
nate Myers's LTD benefits is supported by the physical capacities
assessment form filled out by Dr. Donnelly. Dr. Donnelly indicated
that in a single eight-hour work day Myers could stand five hours,
walk six hours, sit four hours, or drive four hours. Provident picked
two of these categories, standing and sitting, and concluded that
Myers could alternate between standing and sitting straight through
an eight-hour work day and beyond. This is an unreasonable reading
of the form. When the hours Dr. Donnelly listed for each of the activi-
ties are added together, they total nineteen. Thus, if Provident is cor-
rect that the work activities can be combined in a single day, then
Myers would be able to alternate among standing, walking, sitting,
_________________________________________________________________

1 The Plan provides that a participant's benefits may be reduced if she
qualifies for part-time work at a certain level of earnings. Provident did
not attempt to reduce Myers's benefits on the ground that she could work
part time.

                  8
and driving on a job for nineteen hours straight without lying down
to rest her back. It would be hard for anyone, let alone someone with
a serious back condition, to do that. What Dr. Donnelly surely meant
was that if a job was limited to the designated activity, such as stand-
ing or sitting, then Myers could perform it on a given day for the
hours listed. Thus, Myers could either stand on a job for a total of five
hours or sit for four. There is no indication that Dr. Donnelly meant
that Myers could alternate between standing and sitting on a job for
nine hours straight, as Provident contends. Indeed, Dr. Donnelly's
ultimate conclusion was that "given the fact that [Myers] has recur-
rent back and leg symptoms, with prolonged walking, sitting or stren-
uous activity . . . this patient should continue to be considered
permanently disabled from this problem." Provident also argues that
Dr. Donnelly's conclusion that Myers was "permanently disabled"
must be discounted because it was based on his erroneous assumption
that she was only qualified to work as an x-ray technician. Provident
thus contends that Dr. Donnelly would have said, if Provident had
asked the right question, that Myers could work full time in a seden-
tary job. Again, Provident misreads Dr. Donnelly's report. Dr. Don-
nelly noted that prolonged sitting -- the very thing required in most
sedentary jobs -- aggravated Myers's symptoms. This, among other
factors, led to his conclusion that she was totally disabled.

Second, Provident claims that certain statements by Dr. Young, one
of Myers's attending physicians, indicate that she could work in a
sedentary job. A review of these statements indicates that Provident
has taken each of them out of context. Provident notes that in a 1995
report Dr. Young checked a box indicating that Myers had some
capacity for sedentary work. On the same form, however, Dr. Young
reported that Myers was "now disabled" from engaging either in her
regular occupation or in "any other work." Dr. Young added that
Young could not be rehabilitated into any other work. Provident also
points to a 1996 letter Dr. Young sent to an orthopedic specialist who
was scheduled to see Myers. Dr. Young wrote, "I am happy to say
[Myers] is one of our very best results [from lumbar instrumentation
and fusion] and has little or no pain with good activity." Provident
conveniently overlooks the very next sentence in which Dr. Young
acknowledged that Myers "has never been able to return to work."
Finally, Provident points to Dr. Young's 1996 report in which he said
that Myers had "no pain at this time," but was incapable of "lifting,

                  9
stooping, bending, crawling or prolonged standing." This, Provident
contends, meant that Myers could sit or stand while performing a sed-
entary job. Again, Provident ignores the thrust of Dr. Young's 1996
report: his diagnosis was "chronic back pain," and he concluded that
Myers remained disabled from working at any full-time job.

Third, Provident argues that Myers's descriptions of her activities
and a review of her x-rays provide evidence to support its decision to
terminate her benefits. As for Myers's activities, Provident points to
statements by her or her lawyer (1) that she could engage in "light
activities," specifically, use an exercise bike and swim, (2) that she
could do light housekeeping work, and (3) that she could do clerical
work at home for about two hours a day for her husband's business.
Although Myers did engage in certain light activities, she repeatedly
emphasized to Provident that she needed considerable time each day
to rest her back. Moreover, her lawyer reported to Provident that
although Myers attempted to do clerical work at home for "up to two
hours" each morning, "she must then lie down for an extended rest
period before attempting an additional period of sedentary work in the
afternoon." In short, there is nothing in the statements of Myers or her
lawyer that supports Provident's decision. With respect to Myers's x-
rays, Provident spends just three sentences in its brief to argue that
certain x-ray reports provide evidence to support the conclusion that
Myers is capable of sedentary work. This argument is not supported
by the opinion of any doctor. For example, Dr. Donnelly, who exam-
ined Myers and reviewed her x-rays at Provident's request, concluded
that she was permanently disabled.

Fourth, Provident argues that additional evidence submitted during
the ERISA Committee review process supported the company's con-
clusion that Myers was not disabled from doing sedentary work.
Provident points to certain statements by Dr. Young in 1997. Dr.
Young said that Myers had good range of motion in her back and that
"[o]verall, she is doing well with clinical evidence of lumbar and cer-
vical spondylosis." Provident emphasizes that Young did not say that
Myers was disabled from doing sedentary work. This, however,
ignores what Dr. Young did say in 1997. Dr. Young said that Myers
"must limit her standing, sitting, and driving to one-hour intervals"
and that she must lie down for one hour intervals three times a day.
The restrictions noted by Dr. Young in 1997 are entirely consistent

                  10
with his longstanding opinion that she is totally disabled from per-
forming any full-time job, even a sedentary one. Finally, Provident
cites the last sentence from the report of its medical consultant, Dr.
Dowell, who said: "A sedentary occupation would be probable" for
Myers. This last sentence must be read in light of what Dr. Dowell
said before it. He first said that Myers "has significant orthopedic lim-
itations" and that "she would be a good candidate for vocational reha-
bilitation." These observations led Dr. Dowell to his last comment, "A
sedentary occupation would be probable." Dr. Dowell appears to be
saying that a sedentary position would be probable only after rehabili-
tation. After all, Dr. Dowell had before him the reports of three other
doctors who had examined Myers, all of whom said that she was pres-
ently disabled from doing any full-time work.

Our review of the record, which we have just detailed, reveals that
the process by which Provident reached its decision to terminate
Myers's LTD benefits was not reasoned and that its decision was not
supported by the evidence. See Booth, 201 F.3d at 344. Provident
reached its decision only by misreading some evidence and by taking
other bits of evidence out of context. Reasonably read, the evidence
does not support Provident's conclusion that Myers could work full
time in a sedentary job. The company therefore abused its discretion
when it terminated Myers's LTD benefits on June 2, 1997.2
                                                        2

The judgment of the district court entered in favor of Provident and
Hercules is reversed. The case is remanded with the instruction that
judgment be entered in favor of Linda Myers.

REVERSED AND REMANDED
_________________________________________________________________

2 Nothing in this opinion prevents Provident from continuing to under-
take periodic reviews of Myers's disability status in accordance with the
terms of the Plan.

                  11
