                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           MAR 01 2016
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


LARRY WILLARD, Individually and as               No. 13-35984
Personal Representative of the estate of
Dustin Willard; DEBRA WILLARD;                   D.C. No. 2:12-cv-00014-TSZ
CLINT WILLARD,

              Plaintiffs - Appellants,           MEMORANDUM*

 v.

CITY OF EVERETT, a political
subdivision of the State of Washington;
STEPHEN HARNEY; AARON
SHOWALTER; SUNNY RADOSEVICH,

              Defendants - Appellees.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Washington
                 Thomas S. Zilly, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted February 5, 2016
                               Seattle, Washington




        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: O’SCANNLAIN and GOULD, Circuit Judges and BURNS,** District
Judge.

      Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in this civil

rights action. The parties know the facts, so we highlight only what’s important.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      The district court properly granted summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ Fourth

Amendment claim. Police officers may reasonably use deadly force where, as

here, they have “probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious

physical harm, either to the officer or to others.” Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1,

11 (1985); see also Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 704 (9th Cir. 2005) (en

banc) (“[W]here a suspect threatens an officer with a weapon such as a gun or a

knife, the officer is justified in using deadly force.”). And, where the use of deadly

force is reasonable, the Court doesn’t inquire whether less intrusive alternatives

were available. Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 915 (9th Cir. 1994). The officers

never entered Mr. Willard’s home, so they weren’t required to knock and announce

before summoning him outside. See United States v. Bynum, 362 F.3d 574, 579

(9th Cir. 2004).




       **
             The Honorable Larry A. Burns, District Judge for the U.S. District
Court for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.

                                          2
      The district court likewise properly granted summary judgment on

Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment claim because the officers’ conduct doesn’t

shock the conscience. See Hayes v. County of San Diego, 736 F.3d 1223, 1230

(9th Cir. 2013). With Mr. Willard pointing a shotgun at them, it wasn’t practical

for the officers to deliberate on how to react; they had to make a quick judgment.

See id. There’s no evidence in the record from which a reasonable jury could infer

that the officers were acting with a purpose to harm Mr. Willard, unrelated to

legitimate law enforcement objectives. See id.

      The district court was right to grant summary judgment on Plaintiffs’

municipal liability claim because the officers didn’t violate Mr. Willard’s

constitutional rights. See City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986)

(per curiam).

      The district court also properly granted summary judgment on Plaintiffs’

negligence claim because for that claim to be valid under Washington’s public duty

doctrine, it would have to stem from a specific duty owed to Mr. Willard by law

enforcement, not from a generalized duty that is owed to the public. See Munich v.

Skagit Emergency Commc’n Ctr., 288 P.3d 328, 332 & n.2 (Wash. 2012). No

exception to the public duty doctrine applies here. See id.




                                          3
      Finally, the district court didn’t abuse its discretion in excluding Plaintiffs’

human factors expert. Her proposed testimony wasn’t relevant because police use

of force is reviewed from the perspective of an officer on the scene without the

benefit of hindsight, not from others’ perspectives. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.

386, 396 (1989). Moreover, the district court reasonably concluded that the

expert’s testimony wasn’t shown to be reliable.

      AFFIRMED.




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