                                                                        SECOND DIVISION
                                                                          September 25, 2007




                                       No. 1-05-2042


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                         )   Appeal from the
                                                             )   Circuit Court of
                                                             )   Cook County
                     Plaintiff-Appellee,                     )
                                                             )
v.                                                           )
                                                             )
                                                             )
ANDRE RICHARDSON,                                            )   Honorable
                                                             )   Diane Cannon
                     Defendant-Appellant.                    )   Judge Presiding.
                                                             )




       JUSTICE KARNEZIS delivered the opinion of the court:

       Following a jury trial defendant Andre Richardson was convicted of the first

degree murder of his 11-month-old daughter and was sentenced to 40 years’

imprisonment. Defendant now appeals and argues: (1) the trial court erred in denying

his motion to suppress his statement; (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel;

(3) the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of

involuntary manslaughter; and (4) he was denied a fair trial when autopsy photographs
were published to the jury and sent to the jury room during deliberations. For the

following reasons, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

                                    BACKGROUND

      The victim, Diamond Clark, was 11 months old when she was fatally beaten by

her 16-year-old father on February 9, 2001. Defendant was arrested at approximately

3:30 p.m., on February 9, 2001, and ultimately gave a videotaped statement implicating

himself in Diamond’s death. The testimony at trial established that defendant punched,

slapped, shook and bit his daughter. Defendant inflicted 61 injuries, both internal and

external, on his daughter and Diamond died as a result of those injuries.

                                  Motion to Suppress

      Prior to trial, the defense filed a motion to suppress defendant’s videotaped

statement on the grounds that it was involuntary and that defendant was unable to

knowingly waive his Miranda rights because he was physically abused while in police

custody.

      At the hearing on the motion, Detective Edward O’Connell testified that on

February 9, 2001, he was assigned to defendant’s case. At approximately 8:30 that

evening, Detective O’Connell arrived at Area 1 headquarters. At that time, defendant

was brought upstairs to Area 1 from the 2nd District. Youth Investigator Nolan had

defendant in custody. Detective O’Connell interviewed defendant at approximately 9:08

p.m. Present at the interview were youth investigator Nolan, Detective Zalatoris,

defendant, and defendant’s mother, Ellen Jean Brounaugh. Youth investigator Nolan

read defendant his Miranda rights; defendant waived those rights and proceeded to

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make admissions. During the interview, Detective O’Connell noticed that defendant had

a bump over his eye and his eye was swollen. Detective O’Connell asked defendant

about the bump and defendant stated that it happened in the lockup. Detective

O’Connell could not recall if he asked defendant exactly what happened in the lockup

but testified that juveniles only get fingerprinted in the lockup and are not housed there.

Detective O’Connell stated that he did not talk to the lockup keeper and could not

remember if he reported defendant’s injuries to anyone and did not include any

information regarding defendant’s eye injury in his reports. The interview lasted

approximately one hour. Subsequently, Detective O’Connell called Assistant State’s

Attorney John Heil. Heil arrived at approximately 10 p.m. and continued to interview

defendant. During that interview, defendant made statements admitting his participation

in the crime. Assistant State’s attorney Heil asked defendant about the bump on his

eye and defendant told Heil that he was punched in the lockup A videotaped statement

was made the following morning at approximately 9:27 a.m.

       Detective John Zalatoris testified that on February 9, 2001, he and his partner,

Detective O’Connell, were assigned to the murder of Diamond Clark. After going to the

crime scene, he and his partner went back to Area 1. When they arrived there,

defendant was in the 2nd District downstairs. When defendant was brought upstairs to

Area 1, he had a swollen left eye. Defendant stated that he was hit by someone in the

lockup. Detective Zalatoris did not ask for any details regarding the beating, but he did

testify that juveniles are not kept in cells with adults but are housed in cells by



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themselves. Detective Zalatoris subsequently learned that the 2nd District had

contacted the Office of Professional Standards regarding defendant’s eye injury.

      At approximately 9:08 p.m., Detective Zalatoris and Detective O’Connell

interviewed defendant. Youth investigator Nolan first gave defendant his Miranda

rights. Defendant waived those rights and agreed to speak to the detectives.

Defendant made a statement and then Detective Zalatoris confronted him with the bite

marks on the child. Defendant gave a further statement and Assistant State’s Attorney

Heil was called. Detective Zalatoris denied punching or physically abusing defendant.

Representatives from the Office of Professional Standards were allowed to interview

defendant after he made his videotaped confession.

      Assistant State’s Attorney John Heil testified that on February 9, 2001, he

received an assignment regarding the aggravated battery of Diamond Clark.1 Heil

testified that he arrived at Area 1 headquarters at approximately 10 p.m. and spoke with

Detectives O’Connell and Zalatoris and youth investigator Nolan. Heil was informed

that defendant had a swollen left eye as a result of something that happened in the

lockup. Heil did not see defendant at that time but left Area 1 and went back to the

hospital to check on the status of Diamond. After midnight, Heil returned to Area 1 to

interview defendant. With defendant’s mother present, Heil informed defendant of his

Miranda rights and defendant agreed to speak with Heil. Defendant made a statement

to Heil. Subsequently, Heil asked Detectives Zalatoris and O’Connell to leave the room.


      1
        Defendant was initially charged with aggravated battery but when Diamond later
died of her injuries, defendant was charged with first degree murder.

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Heil then asked defendant how he had been treated since arriving in Area 1 and if what

he told Heil regarding the crime had anything to do with his swollen eye. Defendant told

Heil that he had been treated fine and that what he had been telling Heil was the truth

and his statement had nothing to do with what happened earlier regarding his eye.

After the detectives and youth investigator came back into the room, Heil talked to

defendant about his options of memorializing the statement he had previously given to

Heil, youth investigator Nolan and Detectives Zalatoris and O’Connell. Defendant chose

to give a videotaped statement. The videotaped statement was taken at 9:27 a.m. on

February 10, 2001. Heil stated that at no time did he or any of the detectives punch

defendant or otherwise coerce defendant to give a statement.

      The videotaped confession was played in open court. In the video, defendant

stated that he was advised of his Miranda rights and agreed to have his statement

videotaped. Defendant’s mother was present during the statement. Defendant stated

that earlier he had told Assistant State’s Attorney Heil that during the late morning and

early afternoon of February 9, 2001, he bit Diamond three times, struck her numerous

times with a coat hanger and a belt, used his hand to hit her in the face once and struck

her in the ribs and shook her. Assistant State’s Attorney Heil asked defendant about his

swollen eye. Defendant stated that the injuries to his eye occurred in the lockup after

he was taken to the 2nd District police station but before he was brought up to Area 1.

Defendant further stated that the statement he was giving did not have anything to do

with what happened to his eye. Defendant then proceeded to give a detailed account of

the events leading to Diamond’s death.

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       Youth investigator Michael Nolan testified that on February 9, 2001, he was

assigned to defendant’s case. After receiving the assignment, he met with Officer

Hayes, who had arrested defendant in connection with the aggravated battery of

Diamond Clark. He briefly spoke with Officer Hayes and defendant and then went to

the hospital to check the condition of the victim. After arriving back at Area 1, he

noticed that defendant was still downstairs in the 2nd District interview room with Officer

Hayes. Investigator Nolan and Detectives Zalatoris and O’Connell walked in the

interview room to speak with Officer Hayes. Investigator Nolan noticed that the left side

of defendant’s face, around his eye, was swollen. Defendant told Investigator Nolan

that while he was being processed in the lockup, one of the lockup personnel struck him

in the face. Officer Hayes informed him that the Office of Professional Standards was

contacted regarding defendant’s injury. Defendant was then brought to Area 1 and was

placed in an interview room. Defendant’s mother was called and subsequently arrived

at the station. At 9:08 p.m., Investigator Nolan had a conversation with defendant while

his mother was present. Defendant was “Mirandized” and agreed to give a statement.

Defendant later gave another statement after being confronted with evidence of several

bruises and bite marks on his daughter’s body. Assistant State’s Attorney Heil was then

called in and defendant later gave a videotaped statement wherein he inculpated

himself in the death of Diamond Clark.

       After hearing all of the evidence, the trial court denied defendant’s motion,

stating:

              “The evidence is overwhelming that he was advised of his rights,

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       understood his rights, was not threatened or coerced in any manner to give a

       statement implicating himself regarding the death of his daughter.

              Based on the totality of the circumstances, all of those involved with the

       taping of the defendant’s statement, this Court finds that it was given freely

       and voluntarily and not in violation of any of the defendant’s constitutional rights.”

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress

where the State failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that defendant’s eye

injury was not inflicted in order to obtain a confession.

       When a defendant moves to suppress his confession, the State has the burden

of establishing that the confession was voluntary. People v. Woods, 184 Ill. 2d 130, 145

(1998). A confession is voluntary when, based on the totality of the circumstances, the

accused’s will was not overborne at the time he confessed. People v. Kincaid, 87 Ill. 2d

107, 117 (1981). In determining the voluntariness of a confession, the court considers

the totality of the circumstances, including the defendant's age, intelligence,

background, experience, mental capacity, education, physical condition, and experience

with the criminal justice system, the legality of the detention, the duration of the

detention, the duration of questioning, and any promises, threats, deceit, and physical

or mental abuse by police. People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 500-01 (1996). When the

defendant is a juvenile, additional factors such as whether a parent or other interested

adult was present are considered important in determining the voluntariness of a

confession, but no one fact is dispositive. People v. Haynie, 347 Ill. App. 3d 650, 653

(2004). Because the taking of a juvenile’s confession is a sensitive concern, “the

                                             7
‘greatest care’ must be taken to assure that the confession was not coerced or

suggested that ‘ ”it was not the product of ignorance of rights or of adolescent fantasy,

fright or despair.’’ ‘[Citations.] In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37, 54 (2000).

        If, however, a defendant establishes that he was injured while in police custody

suggesting that the confession was involuntarily given, the State must show by clear

and convincing evidence that the injuries were not inflicted as a means of obtaining the

confession. People v. Wilson, 116 Ill. 2d 29, 40 (1987). In determining whether a

confession was given voluntarily, a court of review will give great deference to the trial

court’s factual findings and will reverse those findings only if they are against the

manifest weight of the evidence. In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d at 50.

       In People v. Wilson, 116 Ill. 2d 29 (1987), the defendant filed a motion to

suppress his confession wherein he alleged that police officers physically and verbally

abused him in order to produce his confession to the murder of two Chicago police

officers. The trial court denied his motion. Our supreme court determined that the State

did not establish by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s injuries were not

inflicted as a means of obtaining a confession because “[a]lthough the State presented

evidence that could account for when some of the defendant’s facial injuries occurred,

the others were not explained, and with respect to those injuries, the State essentially

relied on a mere denial of coercion.” Wilson, 116 Ill. 2d at 41. Consequently, the

defendant’s cause was remanded for a new trial. Wilson, 116 Ill. 2d at 41-42.

       In People v. Traylor, 331 Ill. App. 3d 464 (2002), the defendant argued that his

confession should be suppressed because he was injured while in police custody.

                                               8
Photographs of the defendant showed bruising on his nose that was not present prior to

an interrogation. The Traylor court found that once the defendant established that he

was injured while in police custody, the State was required, as outlined in Wilson, to

prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s injuries were not inflicted

as a means of producing a confession. The court found that the State failed to meet its

burden because the defendant was in the presence of officers or in a single-person cell

from the time of his arrest until the time of his booking photograph, which showed an

injury on the bridge of his nose. The State should have been able to prove whether the

defendant sustained his injuries before or after his confession, as well as the cause of

his injuries but could not and therefore failed to meet its burden. Traylor, 331 Ill. App. 3d

at 470.

       Unlike Wilson and Traylor, there is no dispute in this case that defendant was

injured while in police custody and that the injury was sustained prior to his videotaped

confession. The only question that must be answered here is whether the State has

shown by clear and convincing evidence that defendant’s injury was not related in any

way to his confession. The State claims that it has met it’s burden because the

evidence established that defendant’s eye was injured while he was in the lockup in the

2nd District and not while he was being interrogated.

       The facts of People v. Woods, 184 Ill. 2d 130 (1998), are similar to the facts of

this case. In Woods, as in the case at bar, it was undisputed that the defendant had

sustained injuries to his face while in police custody. From the time the defendant

arrived at the police station until he was booked and photographed three days later, the

                                             9
defendant was either in the presence of police officers or in a single-person holding cell.

The defendant moved to suppress his confession on the basis that it was involuntary.

Our supreme court held that given that the defendant was in police custody,

the State should have been able to prove whether the injuries he sustained occurred

before or after his confession, as well as the cause of the injuries. Woods, 184 Ill. 2d at

150. The Woods court ultimately ruled that the defendant’s confession should have

been suppressed because the State failed to adduce clear and convincing evidence as

to when or how the defendant was injured, or that the defendant’s injuries were

unrelated to his confession. Woods, 184 Ill. 2d at 150.

       Likewise here, the State failed to meet its burden to show that defendant’s

injuries were unrelated to his confession. The State’s witnesses for the motion to

suppress consisted of police officers who denied that defendant’s confession was

coerced. The detectives and youth investigator testified that defendant had a swollen

left eye when they began their interview. When they asked defendant about the injury,

they claim that defendant notified them that he had been punched in the face while in

the lockup. Not one of them attempted to elicit additional information from defendant

regarding his injury, nor did any notation of the injury appear in any reports. There

simply was no evidence presented by the State at the hearing on the motion that

explained how or why defendant was injured in police custody.

       The State urges that defendant himself admitted in his videotaped statement that

he was punched in the eye in the lockup. Assuming that defendant was injured while in

the lockup, here, we have a somewhat unintelligent, unsophisticated juvenile who has

                                            10
been injured while in police custody after being arrested on suspicion of murder. After

being arrested, defendant was not free to leave and was therefore at the mercy of the

police personnel involved in this case. We are not convinced that, given the facts of this

case, defendant would be able to separate the fear associated with being punched by

police personnel from any subsequent interactions with police officers or detectives

involved in this case. In addition, it is particularly troubling that personnel from the

Office of Professional Standards were prevented from speaking with defendant

regarding his injury until after defendant gave the videotaped statement.

Consequently, we are not convinced that the injury defendant suffered did not ultimately

result in the statement wherein he inculpated himself in the death of his daughter. In re

G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37, 54 (2000).

       Although the State claims that defendant was repeatedly “Mirandized”, did not

complain of any pain from his eye injury and did not request medical treatment, we find

these facts irrelevant to the ultimate issue. Defendant’s conviction must be reversed

and remanded for a new trial because the use of a coerced confession is never

harmless error. Wilson, 116 Ill. 2d at 41-42. As this issue is dispositive, we need not

reach defendant’s remaining claims.

       Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause

is remanded for a new trial.

       Reverse and remand.

       SOUTH and HALL, J.J., concur.



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