                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 06a0136p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                          X
                                    Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 ALBERT M. HIGLEY COMPANY,
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                               No. 05-3393
            v.
                                                           ,
                                                            >
 N/S CORPORATION,                                          -
                                  Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                          N
                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                          No. 04-02014—Paul R. Matia, District Judge.
                                     Argued: March 16, 2006
                               Decided and Filed: April 17, 2006
                    Before: MARTIN, NELSON, and COLE, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Roy J. Schechter, LICHKO & SCHECHTER, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. William
B. Leahy, BUCKINGHAM, DOOLITTLE & BURROUGHS, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Roy J. Schechter, LICHKO & SCHECHTER, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.
William B. Leahy, Mark F. Craig, BUCKINGHAM, DOOLITTLE & BURROUGHS, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. N/S Corporation appeals the district court’s denial
of its motion to stay litigation and compel arbitration in a diversity action between itself and the
Albert M. Higley Company. The issue before this Court is the interpretation of the arbitration clause
in a contract between these two companies. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district
court’s decision denying N/S’s motion to stay the litigation and compel arbitration.
                                                 I.
       Higley is a primary contractor on a project with the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit
Authority. Higley hired N/S as a subcontractor to perform work on the project. The two parties
entered into a written agreement (herein referred to as “Subcontract”), authored by Higley. During
the course of performance of the Subcontract, N/S notified Higley that it would be unable to comply
with the “Buy America” provisions of the Subcontract. These provisions of the Subcontract were

                                                 1
No. 05-3393            Albert M. Higley Co. v. N/S Corp.                                          Page 2


of particular importance to Higley because it affected the use and availability of Federal Transit
Administration funds. After pursuing negotiation and mediation procedures in the hope of
resolution of this conflict, Higley sued N/S in October 2004 for material breach of the terms of the
Subcontract in federal district court, under diversity jurisdiction. N/S filed a motion to stay the
litigation and compel arbitration, arguing that to be the appropriate action according to the terms of
the Subcontract. The district court denied N/S’s motion to compel arbitration on March 7, 2005.
N/S has brought a timely appeal of that decision before this Court.
                                                   II.
        We have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal based on 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1), which
states that an appeal may be taken from an order refusing to compel arbitration or refusing to stay
an action pending arbitration. We review de novo a district court’s denial of such a motion. Fazio
v. Lehman Bros., Inc., 340 F.3d 386, 392 (6th Cir. 2003).
        This Court examines arbitration language in a contract in light of the strong federal policy
in favor of arbitration, resolving any doubts as to the parties’ intentions in favor of arbitration.
Great Earth Cos., Inc. v. Simons, 288 F.3d 878 (6th Cir. 2002). Additionally, we have previously
noted the large number of cases from the Supreme Court encouraging arbitration in a wide variety
of contexts and emphasizing the federal policy in favor of arbitration. Wilson Elec. Contractors, Inc.
v. Minnotte Contracting Corp., 878 F.2d 167, 169 (6th Cir. 1989). The Supreme Court has
“interpreted the Federal Arbitration Act as establishing that, ‘as a matter of federal law, any doubts
concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.’” Id. (quoting
Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983)).
        However, the federal policy in favor of arbitration is not an absolute one. Arbitration under
the Federal Arbitration Act is “a matter of consent, not coercion.” Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs.
of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 479 (1989). “While ambiguities in the language of
the agreement should be resolved in favor of arbitration, we do not override the clear intent of the
parties, or reach a result inconsistent with the plain text of the contract, simply because the policy
favoring arbitration is implicated.” E.E.O.C. v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 294 (2002)
(internal citation omitted). This Court has recently stated that “no matter how strong the federal
policy favors arbitration, arbitration is a matter of contract between the parties, and one cannot be
required to submit to arbitration a dispute which it has not agreed to submit to arbitration.” Simon
v. Pfizer Inc., 398 F.3d 765, 775 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal citations omitted).
         The arbitration clause in the Subcontract of this case reads as follows: “Should [N/S] and
[Higley] be unable to resolve said dispute(s) through mediation, any and all dispute(s), at the sole
discretion of [Higley], shall be decided by arbitration in accordance with the Construction Industry
Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.” The dispute between the two parties
in this case rests on differing interpretations of the “at the sole discretion of [Higley]” clause. Higley
interprets this clause to mean that they retain discretion over when to decide an issue through
arbitration. This would result in a choice for Higley, after mediation, to decide whether to continue
the dispute resolution through either arbitration or litigation. In support of their interpretation,
Higley points to later language in the Subcontract reading “[a]ll disputes not resolved by arbitration
pursuant to the terms of [the arbitration clause] will be resolved by litigation in any court having
jurisdiction thereof, after compliance with [the negotiation and mediation subsections] hereof.” N/S,
conversely, argues that the clause means Higley has sole discretion of whether a dispute continues
to exist after mediation. This interpretation would result in Higley’s choice, after mediation, to
decide either that no dispute exists between the two or that the dispute must go to arbitration. N/S
explains the litigation clause as pertaining only to disputes which were not covered by the arbitration
clause.
No. 05-3393               Albert M. Higley Co. v. N/S Corp.                                                       Page 3


        Higley relies on Wilson Elec. Contractors in support of its interpretation of the arbitration
clause. 878 F.2d 167. In that 1case, this Court upheld a clause giving one party sole discretion over
whether to pursue arbitration. The primary issue in Wilson was not the meaning of the clause, but
whether separate consideration was required to support the uneven terms of the arbitration
provisions. In upholding the clause as enforceable, we noted that Wilson (like N/S, in this case)
“made no claim of fraud or that it was coerced into signing the contract or that the contract was
unconscionable” and “the contract as a whole did not lack consideration.” Id. at 169. However,
Wilson is distinguishable from this case, as the final result – enforcement of the arbitration clause
– resulted in a stay of the litigation and a promotion of the federal policy favoring arbitration.
         N/S relies on an interpretation by the Fourth Circuit of an arbitration clause in Technosteel
LLC v. Beers Constr. Co., 2712 F.3d 151 (4th Cir. 2001). Its argument is that the language in the
arbitration clause of that case demonstrates how Higley could have clearly established that they
wished for sole discretion of arbitration. However, hindsight is 20/20 and no contract could possibly
hold up to the scrutiny of the inquiry N/S would have us undertake — that is N/S asks us to consider
whether the clause could have been written better given the dispute that developed between the
parties.
        Given the arguments of the two parties and our Court’s precedent, Higley’s interpretation
of the contract appears correct. The most intuitive method of coming to this result is to closely
examine N/S’s interpretation that the clause is intended to give Higley discretion over whether a
dispute even exists. This leads to the irrational result of giving one party absolute control over
whether there is any dispute between the two parties. Higley could, therefore, be able to perpetually
stall any resolution of any dispute by simply denying the existence of a dispute.
        Additionally, the existence of the litigation clause in this case is telling. N/S’s argument that
this clause is only in effect for issues not covered by the arbitration is absurd. The arbitration clause
specifically states “any and all disputes,” leaving no additional disputes to be covered exclusively
by the litigation clause, as argued by N/S. Additionally, any issue which goes to arbitration will be
settled by the arbitrator and will no longer remain after the arbitration.
        In order for the litigation clause to have any semblance of logic and relevance to the
Subcontract, Higley’s interpretation of the arbitration clause must be correct. The Subcontract is
consistent in giving Higley sole discretion when it comes to a number of issues, including power to
select the commercial mediation service and the power to decide the location of the mediation or
arbitration. It is consistent that Higley also has retained the power to decide whether a dispute may
be decided by arbitration or litigation.
       Finally, N/S argues that the arbitration clause is ambiguous and “[a]mbiguous contractual
language will be construed against the drafter of the contract.” Mead Corp. v. ABB Power
Generation, Inc., 319 F.3d 790, 798 (6th Cir. 2003). However, a contract is only ambiguous if it can
be reasonably interpreted to support two different positions. Id. For the reasons stated previously,
N/S’s interpretation of the arbitration clause is not reasonable. Therefore, Higley’s interpretation



         1
          That clause read: “[e]xcept as otherwise specifically provided for in this Subcontract, any controversy or claim
arising out of or relating to this Subcontract, or the breach thereof which is not disposed of by agreement, shall, at the
election of Contractor, be settled by arbitration . . .” Wilson Elec. Contractors, 878 F.2d at 168 n.1.
         2
          The clause in that case stated: “[any disputes] shall be decided by litigation unless the Contractor, at its sole
opinion, advises the Subcontractor within 30 days of the dispute or claim arising that the Contractor elects to have the
dispute or claim decided or resolved by way of arbitration.” Technosteel, 271 F.3d at 163.
No. 05-3393               Albert M. Higley Co. v. N/S Corp.                                                   Page 4


is the correct one and it is at their sole discretion whether the dispute is to be resolved through3
arbitration or litigation. The district court was correct to deny N/S’s motion to compel arbitration.
                                                         III.
         For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to deny N/S’s motion to stay
the litigation and compel arbitration, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.




         3
           There has been some discussion within this Court as to the correct amount of deference an appellate body
should give an arbitration award and whether this Circuit’s four-part test as enumerated in Cement Divs., Nat’l Gypsum
Co. v. United Steelworkers, Local 135, 793 F.2d 759, 766 (6th Cir. 1986), appropriately follows the Supreme Court’s
instructions in this area. See Mich. Family Res., Inc. v. Employees Int’l Union, Local 517M, 438 F.3d 653, 658-672 (6th
Cir. 2006) (Sutton, J. concurring). However, this case does not bring that question before us today. We have been
merely asked to interpret an arbitration clause of a contract, an analysis no different from that of any other contract
interpretation.
