                                                                                      02/12/2019
    IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                     AT KNOXVILLE
                          September 26, 2018 Session

             STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JERRY RAY OAKS

             Appeal from the Criminal Court for Carter County
                       No. 23804 Lisa Rice, Judge
                 ___________________________________

                       No. E2017-02239-CCA-R3-CD
                   ___________________________________


ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., dissenting.

       I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court
erred in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress. In my opinion, based on the
proof presented at the suppression hearing and at trial, the trial court correctly
determined that there were exigent circumstances justifying the warrantless blood
draw. For the reasons that follow, I would affirm the defendant’s conviction of
vehicular homicide.

                                    Timeline

      Sometime after 11 p.m. on February 13, 2016, Lieutenant William
Buchanan of the Avery County, North Carolina Sheriff’s Department happened
upon the scene of a horrific, head-on motor vehicle accident in rural Carter
County. At 11:10 p.m., after checking on the drivers, he called 9-1-1 to report the
accident.

       Firefighting crews from three fire departments and multiple Emergency
Medical Services vehicles began to arrive. At 11:16 p.m., deputies with the Carter
County Sheriff’s Department (CCSD) arrived. After determining that a fatality
had occurred, CCSD Lieutenant Larry Vaughn contacted the Tennessee Highway
Patrol (THP) to request assistance.

       At 11:25 p.m., THP Trooper Brad Proffitt arrived at the scene and made a
quick assessment of the situation. Trooper Proffitt radioed his supervisor,
Sergeant Jason Andes, a seventeen-year veteran with the THP who was en route to
the scene, and informed Sergeant Andes that there was a fatality and that alcohol
may have been involved.
       At approximately 11:39 p.m., Sergeant Andes arrived, spoke to witnesses,
and learned that the defendant was already en route by ambulance to Johnson City
Medical Center (JCMC) in Washington County with critical, life-threatening
injuries. Sergeant Andes contacted the THP Critical Incident Response Team
(CIRT). Sergeant Andes knew that the defendant had left the accident scene
sometime after 11:25 p.m. and before 11:39 p.m. and that it was approximately a
thirty-minute drive from the accident scene to JCMC. He attempted to contact
District Attorney General Tony Clark to get advice on how to proceed due to what
he perceived to be a “lack of time” to obtain a search warrant for the defendant’s
blood. General Clark did not answer. Although Sergeant Andes had not
previously sought a search warrant for a blood draw, he had been trained on the
process involved in drafting and obtaining such a warrant, and he had “observed
another officer’s obtaining a blood draw warrant.” He estimated that it would take
“well over an hour” to write the warrant, find a judge, get the warrant executed,
get to the hospital, locate the defendant, serve the warrant, and obtain a blood
draw. Sergeant Andes believed that once the defendant was taken into surgery, it
would be too late to obtain a blood draw.

       At approximately 11:55 p.m., only sixteen minutes after arriving at the
scene, Sergeant Andes contacted Trooper William Shelton, who was on patrol in
Washington County. He instructed Trooper Shelton to go to JCMC, try to talk to
the defendant, and, if possible, obtain a blood sample.

      At 11:59 p.m., the defendant arrived at JCMC.

       At 12:03 a.m. on February 14, Trooper Shelton arrived at JCMC. At 12:13
a.m., he located the defendant in a trauma room where he was being attended by
several medical personnel who were trying to stabilize the defendant so he could
be taken to the operating room. After speaking with the charge nurse, Trooper
Shelton filled out the required paperwork for a mandatory blood draw.

      At 12:25 a.m., Registered Nurse April Douglas drew the defendant’s blood.

       At 12:28 a.m., medical personnel began “massive transfusion protocol” in
an attempt to “resuscitate” the defendant. The defendant received seven units of
fluid and four units of blood via a “rapid infuser” through a “central venous
access” line between 12:28 a.m. and 12:45 a.m.

      At 12:58 a.m., the defendant was taken to surgery.




                                       -2-
                          The Trial Court’s Oral Ruling

        At the end of the suppression hearing, the trial court made an oral ruling.
The trial court implicitly accredited the testimony of the witnesses who testified at
the suppression hearing, including Sergeant Andes. The trial court found that: (1)
law enforcement officers “knew they had a short period of time before this very
critically injured person was going to be taken back to surgery”; (2) “[i]t takes
minutes to get to the scene, assess the circumstances, [and] handle the emergencies
that are taking place”; (3) Sergeant Andes’ attempt to contact the District Attorney
General “shows a good faith effort to get proper guidance on what to do”; (4)
“[t]he information that Sergeant Andes had amassed from his seventeen years of
experience in this job and from being on the scene was that [there were] very
serious injuries” to the defendant”; and (5) “rather than go himself or send Trooper
Proffitt[,]” Sergeant Andes “had the foresight based on his best judgment to radio
Trooper Shelton” and order him “to get to [JCMC] as quickly as he could.”

        In applying the law to the facts, the court concluded that, based on the
totality of the circumstances existing at the time the decision was made to seek a
warrantless blood draw, there was “an objectively reasonable belief that there was
compelling need to act and insufficient time to obtain a warrant.” The trial court
concluded that the “exigent circumstances exception” applied because the “urgent
need for immediate action” was “too compelling to impose upon governmental
actors the attendant delay that accompanies obtaining a warrant.”

                                      Analysis

       “Exigent circumstances are those in which the urgent need for immediate
action becomes too compelling to impose upon governmental actors the attendant
delay that accompanies obtaining a warrant.” State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710,
723 (Tenn. 2008) (footnote omitted). A reviewing court must determine “whether
the circumstances g[a]ve rise to an objectively reasonable belief that there was a
compelling need to act and insufficient time to obtain a warrant.” State v.
Reynolds, 504 S.W.3d 283, 304-05 (Tenn. 2016) (quoting Meeks, 262 S.W.3d at
723) (alteration in original). “Mere speculation is inadequate; rather, the State
must rely upon specific and articulable facts and the reasonable inferences drawn
from them.” Meeks, 262 S.W.3d at 723-24 (footnotes omitted). “To determine
whether a law enforcement officer faced an emergency that justified acting
without a warrant,” courts look to “the totality of the circumstances.” Missouri v.
McNeely, 569 U.S. 141, 149 (2013). If, based on the totality of the circumstances,
officers in drunk-driving investigations cannot “reasonably obtain a warrant before
a blood sample can be drawn without significantly undermining the efficacy of the
search,” then an exception to the constitutional mandate that officers must obtain a
search warrant applies. Id. at 152.

                                        -3-
        In my opinion, the circumstances articulated by Sergeant Andes “g[a]ve
rise to an objectively reasonable belief that there was a compelling need to act and
insufficient time to obtain a warrant.” Reynolds, 504 S.W.3d at 304-05. Trooper
Shelton located the defendant at JCMC at 12:13 a.m. and obtained a draw of the
defendant’s blood at 12:25 a.m., only three minutes before the defendant began
receiving a massive transfusion of blood and fluids and thirty-three minutes before
the defendant was taken to surgery. If Sergeant Andes had delayed his decision to
order Trooper Shelton to seek a warrantless blood draw, the efficacy of the search
would have been undermined. See McNeely, 569 U.S. at 149. Further, contrary to
the majority opinion’s implication that the officers should have made an effort to
seek a warrant by contacting a Washington County judge, the basic underpinning
of the exigent circumstance exception to the warrant requirement is that law
enforcement officers are not required to seek a warrant due to “a compelling need
to act and insufficient time to obtain a warrant.” See Meeks, 262 S.W.3d at 723.
The majority opinion is correct that the defendant’s need for surgery, the
possibility of the defendant receiving a blood transfusion, and the seriousness of
the crash do not, in isolation, establish exigent circumstances. However, when all
these facts are viewed in the totality of the circumstances, as we are required to do
when reviewing a trial court’s suppression decision, see id., these facts and others
emphasized in this opinion support the trial court’s conclusion that exigent
circumstances existed in this case.

                                    Conclusion

       Based on the totality of the circumstances that existed at the time Sergeant
Andes ordered Trooper Shelton to go to JCMC, the trial court determined that,
from an objective viewpoint, there was an urgent need to act in obtaining a blood
draw and insufficient time to obtain a search warrant. Sergeant Andes made a
reasonable decision to order Trooper Shelton to go JCMC and attempt to get a
blood draw based on the totality of the circumstances known to him at the time the
decision was made. In my opinion, the trial court’s decision to deny the motion to
suppress was fully supported by the evidence presented at the suppression hearing.
I would affirm the defendant’s conviction of vehicular homicide.


                                      ____________________________________
                                      ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE




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