                                    FINAL REPORT1


                           Amendments to Pa.R.Crim.P. 205
                     Revisions to the Comment to Pa.R.Crim.P. 209

                SEARCH WARRANTS FOR ELECTRONIC MATERIALS


       On July 31, 2017, effective October 1, 2017, upon the recommendation of the
Criminal Procedural Rules Committee, the Court amended Rule 205 (Contents of
Search Warrant) to clarify that electronic storage data may be seized or copied for later
analysis. The Court also revised the Comment to Rule 209 to correct a cross-reference
to Rule 205.
       The intention of the amendment is to eliminate any confusion that, when a search
warrant is for the seizure of electronically stored information and that information must
be extracted, reviewed or analyzed, these additional processes do not need to be
performed within the period set for execution of the search warrant. This change is
based on language that is contained currently in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
41(B). The Committee examined the history of Federal Rule 41 and the specific
provision related to electronically stored data which reads:

       (B) Warrant Seeking Electronically Stored Information. A warrant
       under Rule 41(e)(2)(A) may authorize the seizure of electronic storage
       media or the seizure or copying of electronically stored information.
       Unless otherwise specified, the warrant authorizes a later review of the
       media or information consistent with the warrant. The time for executing
       the warrant in Rule 41(e)(2)(A) and (f)(1)(A) refers to the seizure or on-site
       copying of the media or information, and not to any later off-site copying or
       review.

       Federal Rule 41 (“the federal rule”) was amended in 2009 to add this provision
regarding warrants for electronically stored information. Searches of electronic storage

1
 The Committee's Final Reports should not be confused with the official Committee
Comments to the rules. Also note that the Supreme Court does not adopt the
Committee's Comments or the contents of the Committee's explanatory Final Reports.




Search Warrants for Electronic Materials Final Report: 07/31/2017
media are problematic because computers and external electronic storage devices
contain an almost incomprehensible amount and variety of data. The use of computers
in all stages of life and business has become ubiquitous. This is only further
complicated by the storage of electronic data on networks and, with increasing
frequency, “cloud” servers. Additionally, the information is stored as lines of code, often
of little practical use without some type of program to convert into a usable form. As a
result, it is often impossible to conduct a search on-site for evidence within the computer
or server and necessitating analysis by specialists. The federal rule was amended to
recognize the need for a two-step process: officers either may seize or may copy the
entire storage medium and conduct a review of the storage medium later to determine
what electronically stored information falls within the scope of the warrant.
       The Committee recognized that Pennsylvania search warrant procedures differ
from federal procedures. However, the Committee concluded that the same concerns
that prompted the change to the federal rule are applicable to search warrant practice in
Pennsylvania and that a similar solution would be beneficial in Pennsylvania. For that
reason, the language being added to Rule 205 is similar to that in the federal rule.
       The term “electronically stored information” is derived from Rule 34(a) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which states that it includes “writings, drawings,
graphs, charts, photographs, sound recordings, images, and other data or data
compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained.” The
Committee concluded that this description is an apt one and is intended to cover all
current types of computer-based information and to encompass future changes and
developments.
       The federal rule contains references to the “copying of electronically stored
information” in addition to its “seizure.” The Committee believes that the term “seizure”
used in a search warrant context encompasses the copying of the information and that
to retain this terminology would unduly emphasize this single aspect. Therefore, the
term “copying” is not used but a statement has been added to the Comment to ensure
that it is understood that this is included in the “seizure” of the information.




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       As in the federal rule, the Committee rejected adding a specific time period within
which any subsequent off-site copying or review of the media or electronically stored
information would take place. Given the vast divergence in the media being searched,
there will be wide differences in the amount of time required for forensic analysis and
review of information. The Committee concluded that if a time limit were set for these
processes it would be highly arbitrary and result in frequent petitions for additional time.
       One of the concerns raised during the development of the federal rule change
was the ability of an aggrieved party to pursue the return of property associated with
electronic media. In the note to the 2009 change to the federal rule, it was observed
that Federal Rule 41(g), which provides for a motion for return of property, applies to
electronic storage media. Pennsylvania Rule 588 provides a similar motion for return.
However, the only cross-reference in Chapter 2 that refers to Rule 588 is in the
Comment to Rule 211 (Sealing of Search Warrant Affidavits). Therefore, a cross-
reference to Rule 588 has been added to the Rule 205 Comment to emphasize the
availability of this remedy.
       Finally, two technical corrections have been made to cross-references to Rule
205 that are contained in the Comment to Rule 209.




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