                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 15-1806
                               Filed February 22, 2017


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

TONY WANGMENG LEE,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Buena Vista County, Don E.

Courtney, Judge.



      Tony Wangmeng Lee appeals following judgment entered upon

convictions for two counts of forced consent to termination of pregnancy, assault

while participating in a felony, and tampering with a witness or juror.

REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH

DIRECTIONS.



      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Mary K. Conroy, Assistant

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.



      Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Vogel and Vaitheswaran, JJ.
                                         2


DANILSON, Chief Judge.

      Tony Wangmeng Lee appeals following judgment entered upon

convictions for two counts of violating Iowa Code section 707.8(5) (2013) (by

force or intimidation procuring consent to termination of pregnancy),1 one count

of violating section 708.3 (assault while participating in a felony), one count of

violating section 720.4 (tampering with a witness), and two counts of assault,

which were found as lesser-included offenses of other charges.

      The fundamental question presented by this appeal is whether the offense

defined in section 707.8(5) requires the actual termination of a pregnancy. If the

offense requires actual termination of pregnancy, the trial was marred by

instructional error prejudicial to the defendant, and we must reverse.

      Because section 707.8(5) requires a resulting termination of a pregnancy,

and there is no evidence the 2014 pregnancy was terminated before April 25,

2014, the convictions for procuring consent to termination of pregnancy by force

or intimidation and assault while participating in a felony entered on counts 4, 5,

and 8 must be reversed. We affirm the convictions for tampering with a witness

(count 10) and two counts of assault (counts 2 and 9).          We remand for a

corrected judgment, including a conviction of the lesser-included offense of

assault for count 8, and re-sentencing on all remaining convictions in accordance

with this opinion.   Costs on dismissed charges shall not be charged to the

defendant.


1
 Lee was charged with an additional three counts of violating section 707.8(5). One
count alleging conduct on May 25, 2014, was dismissed prior to trial, and the jury
acquitted him on two counts (one concerning a terminated pregnancy in December 2012
and the other concerning allegations occurring in March through April 2014).
                                         3


I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Lee went to Laos in 2010 to meet and marry M.V. When Lee brought

M.V. to the United States in June 2011, Lee’s former wife, O.L.,2 was still living

with him and was pregnant with his child. M.V. did not speak, read, or write

English and had no relatives in the United States.

       In April 2012, M.V. called police and reported Lee had beaten her. Lee

was arrested, and M.V. obtained a domestic abuse no-contact order against Lee.

In May 2012, a letter purportedly prepared on M.V.’s behalf by M.V.’s nephew,

Vamntxawg Lee, was filed with the court in which it was denied there had been

any domestic abuse. The letter requested that the court drop the no-contact

order. The letter was delivered to the district court, M.V. did not appear for a

scheduled hearing, and the no-contact order and domestic abuse case were

dismissed.

       In September 2012, M.V. became pregnant. On October 31, 2012, M.V.

went to a community health center reporting she was pregnant and having

abdominal pain. M.V. stated she had taken medications for headaches, after

which she had begun to cramp and bleed.          An ultrasound showed she was

approximately five weeks pregnant.           On February 4, 2013, however, an

ultrasound found no evidence of pregnancy.

       M.V. was pregnant again at the end of December 2013. On April 21,

2014, Lee took M.V. to the emergency room (ER) and acted as her translator.

M.V. was four months pregnant and presented with symptoms of bleeding and


2
  Lee met and married O.L. in Laos in 2006. O.L. then came to the United States. Lee
divorced O.L. in 2008 but continued to live with and have sex with her until 2011.
                                        4


cramping. The ER records indicate medical personnel initially thought M.V. was

in the process of having a miscarriage.         However, M.V.’s condition was

stabilized, and Lee left her to go to work. The on-call obstetrical physician, Dr.

Jason Huisenga, diagnosed M.V. with an incompetent cervix and recommended

she be evaluated in Omaha for cerclage, that is, “a stitch that can be placed in

the cervix to try to hold it closed.” Through a language line (an interpretation

phone service), it was explained to M.V. that she could be transferred to Omaha

for this procedure to continue her pregnancy.

      The nursing notes indicate:

             Patient states she is worried about her bleeding and if the
      baby’s brain is okay. She states a baby whose brain is not okay is
      very hard to care for. Dr. Huisenga reassures patient there is no
      indication that there is any problem with the baby.
             ....
             This RN continues to reinforce what Dr. Huisenga has
      stated. Patient states she does not want to be transferred and
      wants to be given the medicine to make her baby come out. States
      she is worried about the baby not being okay due to her bleeding
      and baby movement against the cervix.
             This RN informed the patient that baby moving is a sign of
      good baby health and the baby has a strong heartbeat. Informed
      patient that it is likely that the bleeding she has been having is
      potentially from her cervix as it has been shortening. Patient states
      she would like to speak with her husband before deciding to do
      anything. Patient’s husband called at work and asked to return to
      the hospital.

      When Lee returned, he told personnel he and M.V. would “like to sign

papers to allow her to go home so they can do some cultural rituals and

blessings for mom and baby.” The nurse described Lee as “kind of dominating,

appeared to be dominating in the relationship.”      M.V. was released against

medical advice.
                                              5


          Lee brought M.V. to a follow-up appointment with Dr. Huisenga on April

24. Dr. Huisenga’s notes from that meeting state, in part:

          Strongly recommended consultation with perinatologist to see if she
          is a candidate for a cerclage. She continues to decline citing
          religious beliefs but will reconsider if fetus is still viable on Monday.
          I will plan to see her on Monday. Husband served as interpreter
          today and verbalized understanding that failure to act could result in
          a fetal demise.

Dr. Huisenga did not see the two again.

          In June 2014, Lee wrote to the United States Department of Homeland

Security, informing the department that M.V. received her permanent resident

status approval on January 16, 2014, and then “quickly file[d] for a divorce and

move[d] out.”

          On August 11, M.V. reported to police that her car had been vandalized

while she was at work and that she suspected Lee because he had a key to her

car. When questioned, Lee admitted to police he had placed salt in M.V.’s gas

tank because he was angry after seeing M.V. with another man.

          On October 1, 2014, M.V. went to the police, taking with her a large knife

she reported was Lee’s.3 The knife had the name “Tony” written on the handle.

She stated Lee had threatened her with the knife to have sex with him while she

was pregnant and that he had forced her to take pills to end her pregnancy. In a

subsequent police interview, Lee acknowledged the knife was his.                 Lee told

police M.V. had chosen to force her own miscarriages by taking pills. He denied

forcing her to have sex with him or to take pills. He also denied making some

statements that medical personnel had documented in their medical reports.


3
    The police referred to the knife as a machete.
                                            6


         On November 4, 2014, Lee was charged with ten counts, as outlined

below:

    Count 1         Second-degree sexual abuse, using a dangerous weapon
                    (December-April 2014)
    Count 2         Second-degree sexual abuse, using a dangerous weapon
                    (December-April 2014)
    Count 3         Forcibly procuring consent to termination of pregnancy
                    (September-October 2012)
    Count 4         Forcibly procuring consent to termination of pregnancy
                    (February 14, 2014)
    Count 5         Forcibly procuring consent to termination of pregnancy (March
                    2014)
    Count 6         Forcibly procuring consent to termination of pregnancy (March-
                    April 2014)
    Count 74        Forcibly procuring consent to termination of pregnancy (May 25,
                    2014)
    Count 8         Assault while participating in felony (forcibly procuring consent
                    to termination of pregnancy on February 14, 2014)
    Count 9         Assault while participating in felony (forcibly procuring consent
                    to termination of pregnancy in March 2014)
    Count 10        Tampering with witness on May 7, 2012

         The State indicated it intended to call Lee’s former wife, O.L., to testify Lee

had forced her to take pills to end pregnancies in 2008 and 2009. Lee moved in

limine to exclude O.L.’s prior-bad-acts testimony. After hearing oral arguments

on the motion, the trial court ruled O.L. would be allowed to testify, finding “that

the [proposed] evidence is relevant to the facts in dispute,” adopting “the State’s

argument regarding clear proof,” and concluding the probative value outweighed

the prejudice.

         Lee, M.V., and O.L. required Laotian or Hmong interpreters.               The

proceedings were continued on a number of occasions due to the need for and

lack of interpreters. Shortly before the September 15, 2015 trial Lee moved to

continue trial until November 10 on grounds there was only one certified Hmong

4
    Count 7 was dismissed before trial.
                                           7


interpreter available for the trial as scheduled, and two interpreters were needed

(one at defense table and one interpreting witness testimony). After the hearing,

the court denied the motion to continue, finding Kabo Yang, though not certified

in Iowa, was qualified to interpret, and there was no guarantee as to the

availability of certified interpreters for the proposed date of continuance.

       At trial, M.V. testified that when she was pregnant in September 2012, Lee

did not want her to be pregnant and told her to have an abortion. M.V. stated

she did not want to have an abortion. Lee then “brought some medication and

forced me to take it.” She stated, “He said for me to take it. If I don’t take it, then

he was not going to proceed with my documents to stay in this country and he

would send me back to Laos.” M.V. testified that about three or four hours after

taking the pills, she started to bleed and she eventually miscarried.

       M.V. testified she was pregnant again in December 2013. She told Lee.

She testified that in February 2014, “Tony went and got medication and he had

told me—forced me to take medication to take out the child again. And I said,

no, I’m not going to take it and then he had a knife . . .”

               Q. Do you know where he had the medication at? A. The
       medication, he told me he went back to Minnesota to purchase it.
               Q. Did they look like—What did the pills look like? A. Very
       tiny. I believe it looks like the first ones that I took. I’ve never seen
       it before.
               Q. And do you remember how many pills you took this time?
       A. This time Tony forced me to take the medication three times.
               Q. Do you remember how many pills on that first occasion?
       A. The very first time he gave me one first.
               Q. Do you remember when that was—what date it was?
       A. It was February of 2014.
               ....
               A. It was in the evening, but that was after Tony got off work
       so I don’t know what time it was.
               Q. What time does he get off work? A. 1:30.
                                          8


                Q. In the afternoon or morning? A. At night.
                Q. So 1:30 a.m.? A. After he got off work at 1:30.
                Q. So can you tell us what happened when he came to you
       with the pills? A. He said to take it or he was going to kill me and
       he had a knife with him also.
                ....
                A. This is the knife [exhibit 2] that he used to force me to
       take the medications. If I didn’t, he was going to kill me.
                ....
                A. And then he said, you—he said I better eat it. If I don’t
       take it, he says, he’s going to kill me because he bought life
       insurance for me. He had a policy for a hundred thousand dollars.
       He can kill me and then use that money to go buy—to go and
       purchase another girl from Laos to come live with him, and then I
       was so scared that I thought I was even going to die today or
       tomorrow, so I just felt I should take the medication.
                Q. And did you take those medications? A. Yes, I did
       because he forced me to take it so I did. So I had choice of dying
       today right away or dying the next day so I took the medication so I
       could live the next day.
                Q. Can you tell us what happened after you took the pills on
       that occasion? A. After I took it, I felt like I had some stomach pain.
       I felt like I wasn’t able to breathe and then blood starting coming
       out.

       M.V. testified a second incident happened during the same pregnancy

much like the first incident:

               Q. [M.V.], was this the only time that you took the pills during
       the second pregnancy? A. The first time the child didn’t come out.
       He forced me a second and third time.
               Q. I want to talk about the second time. Can you tell us what
       happened the second time? A. Because I was already bleeding
       after the second time and I loved my child and I kept saying, no, I
       don’t want to take it. I kept bleeding but I didn’t miscarry it. And
       then he had me take medication again the second time.
               Q. And during that second time you took it, did he force you?
       A. Yes, he forced me the same way.
               Q. What do you mean by the same way? A. And he had
       done the same thing with the knife. He said I should take it so the
       child is miscarried. He does not want a child.
               Q. I want to ask, is the knife you’re talking about this time, is
       that the same knife as used before? A. Yes. He did the same
       thing, same style.
               Q. Do you remember when the second time was? A. Well, I
       remember he gave me medications between February to April, but I
                                         9


       have a lot of stress so I can’t remember. I took the medication for
       two months when the child was almost four months and the child
       still didn’t miscarry.
                Q. So you mentioned there was a third time? A. Yes. The
       third time also I kept bleeding but the child didn’t miscarry so he
       kept giving me medication so the child would come out.

       M.V. also testified that during this second pregnancy, Lee forced her to

have sex with him despite her saying she did not want to, she was still bleeding,

and she “might die.” She testified further,

               Q. . . . [D]o you remember the last time that occurred?
       A. The last time? I had a lot of stress so I don’t remember. The
       last time he forced me to have sex I almost died.
               Q. What happened after that last time he forced you? A. He
       forced me to have sex again and then the last time I almost died so
       he took me to the hospital.
               Q. Why did he take you to the hospital? A. I almost died.
       My stomach was hurting. I was bleeding.
               Q. Did you know when you got to the hospital, what was
       happening? A. Because he was—It was pretty scary. I almost
       died. That’s why he took me to the hospital. Before he took me to
       the hospital, and then he had put a knife up to me, he said to me,
       we’re going to the hospital. We’re going to save my life only.
       We’re not going to save the child’s life and not only that, not to tell
       the doctors that he gave me the medication and do not tell the
       police or else he will kill me.
               Q. So what hospital did you go to? A. At that time, I was in a
       lot of pain so we went straight to the emergency at the major
       hospital.
               Q. Did you tell the doctors at the hospital why it happened?
       A. He told me not to tell I took the medicine. Tony did not let me
       say anything so when we went there I just said I was bleeding and I
       was pregnant.
               Q. Was Tony with you at this time? A. Uh-huh, Tony went
       with me. And then after they took me—they examined me and said
       they weren’t able to help my child anymore because my cervix had
       already opened, maybe an hour from now maybe my child will
       come out and they will not be able to help me. I was really hurt and
       I was crying. I felt sorry.
               ....
               A. But the doctor advised, he said there’s a way he could
       help me save my child, and then I told the doctor I can’t make that
       decision because I told Tony to come back first.
               Q. Did Tony came back? A. Yes, then Tony came back.
                                          10


              Q. And can you tell us what he told you? A. So when he
       came back, the doctors were not there anymore and Tony said to
       me if we’re going to save the child’s life in Omaha, don’t do that.
       Because that child had—because the child had so much
       medication already that even if the child survived, it might be like
       maybe Downs Syndrome child or might have a lot of birth defects.
       Tony said if I went to Omaha to go save the child’s life, then he was
       going to kill me. And then Tony said to tell the doctor that—to give
       us a few days to think about it, we’ll come home, give medication,
       Hmong herbs, to help me out and if it does not help, then we will go
       back to the hospital. If I didn’t—If I did not do what Tony said, then
       he was going to kill me. I was very scared from what he said to me.

       M.V. testified that when she and Lee returned to their home, Lee told her

he was going to get stronger medication “so the child could just come out,” at

which point she was concerned she “could end up dying” and decided she

“needed to leave the home because I cannot take his torture anymore.” She

testified she did not know exactly when she miscarried, but after leaving Lee’s

home, she “just saw a lot of blood, clots, a lot of blood.”

       M.V. testified Lee had been communicating with another woman in Laos in

December 2013 to January 2014 and that Lee intended to go visit that woman.

M.V. told him he could not go. On cross-examination, M.V. confirmed this was

the remainder of her answer made in a prior deposition:

       He—He was going to go. He was going to go, but then at that time,
       the moment he was going to leave, he found out that I was
       pregnant so he decided to change his plan and wanted me to have
       a miscarriage before he goes because he wouldn’t—excuse me—
       before he goes because then he wouldn’t have to pay child support.

       M.V. also testified about the no-contact order issued in 2012 and the

domestic-abuse-assault case that was filed against Lee. She stated she had

called police because Lee had beaten her and

       the police took Tony to jail. After that, the day before—After that,
       the day before coming to court and Tony had controlled me and he
                                        11


      told me that I better not show up to court, I cannot show my face in
      court. If Tony gets in trouble, he gets charged, then he was going
      to kill me, and he was going to hire people to kill my mom and dad.
      And that’s why I did not come to court and before Tony was going
      on his way to court—Before Tony was suppose[d] to come to court,
      he gave me paper to sign, but I don’t know what the paper said or
      what the paper means. And then Tony came back, he said that
      was the paper that stated I wrote it myself, and then the paper said
      that Tony did not hit me and everything that happened that night
      was not true.
              ....
              Q. I hand you a document marked State's Exhibit 11. What
      is that? A. I don’t—I don't read at all.
              Q. Do you remember signing that document? A. Yes, I do
      remember. This is my signature.
              Q. I think you said earlier that you don’t read or write or
      speak any English; is that right? A. No, I don’t know to speak or
      write English at all.
              Q. In that letter it mentions a Vamntxawg Lee. Do you know
      someone by that name? A. I don’t know that person, never seen
      that person.
              Q. Who asked you or who told you to sign that letter? A.
      Tony Lee gave it to me to sign.
              Q. [M.V.], do you know what happened to that charge for
      assault that Tony was charged with? A. After that, I don’t know
      anything about the case. I don’t know how to read and write
      English. I don’t have any knowledge.

      Over the defense’s standing objection, O.L. testified she was pregnant in

2008. When she told Lee, he said he would not allow her to have the child. O.L.

wanted to have the baby but Lee “said he didn’t want [her] to have [the baby] so

he gave [her] some pills to take.”      O.L. did not know what the pills were.

However, after she took the pills, she “started to have spotting” and did not carry

her pregnancy to term. In 2009, O.L. was pregnant again. She told Lee. O.L.

was having headaches and Lee gave her pills that he claimed were for

headaches—but they looked “just like” the pills that made her miscarry the year

before. She took a total of three pills on two consecutive days. She did not carry

the baby to term. O.L. was pregnant again in 2011. Again, Lee told her she was
                                            12


not allowed to have a baby, and he told her she would have to take the pills

again. O.L. testified she moved out during this pregnancy before she took any

pills and she delivered the child later.

       At the end of the State’s case in chief, defense counsel moved generally

for judgment of acquittal, claiming there was not “sufficient evidence in support of

the charges to proceed further.” The State responded:

               With regards to Count [3, 4, 5, and 6], there’s credible
       testimony that the Defendant forced, by either physical force or
       intimidation, [M.V.] to ingest substances that led to miscarriage.
       The testimony of [M.V.] and [O.L.] demonstrates that this was not
       an accident, is not a coincidence, that the Defendant did have
       substances or access to substances that would result in
       miscarriage.
               With regards to Count [8 and 9], there is credible testimony
       that on both cases charged, the Defendant used a weapon in the
       commission of the forced consent to the termination of pregnancy.
       Under the assault chapter, assault—the use of a weapon is a—is
       an—is an assault under the code and, therefore, while participating
       in the felony of forced consent to termination of pregnancy would
       be guilty as such so far as under the idea of assault while
       participating in a felony.

       Defense counsel then stated, “I need to be a little bit more specific in my

motion for judgment of acquittal.”         Counsel asserted there was not credible

evidence to support the charges: counts 1 and 2 being “based solely upon the

unsubstantiated and uncorroborated statements of the alleged victim here”;

counts 3, 4, 5, and 6 “are also unsubstantiated, uncorroborated,” and O.L.’s

testimony was too remote in time and not relevant; and counts 8, 9, and 10 were

all unsubstantiated, uncorroborated, and based on M.V.’s non-credible testimony.

The motion was denied.

       Lee testified in his own defense, denied any involvement with the letter

that asked the court to drop the no-contact order, and denied knowing a
                                          13


Vamntxawg Lee. He also denied the knife M.V. turned in to police was his,

denied threatening M.V. in any way or forcing M.V. to have sex, and denied

giving M.V. any medication other than pain medication for headaches.               Lee

admitted he placed a substance in M.V.’s gas tank, stating he did it because he

had seen her being carried by her boyfriend and he “felt like my heart was torn

apart so I did it to the car that I bought for her.” He stated M.V. left him on April

25 and would not answer his calls for days. When next he heard from M.V., she

told him she had miscarried and she had buried the child in a yard.

       Lee testified he contacted immigration authorities after M.V. left: “Because

I had sponsor[ed] her from a different country and I wanted to let them know what

was going on because I no longer wanted to be responsible for her. Because

she was living with another person, I wanted to let immigration know that.” He

also testified that when he was questioned about vandalizing the car, he asked

the police officer to help him contact immigration “and have her go back to Laos.”

       On cross-examination, Lee again stated he did not know Vamntxawg Lee,

who was identified in the 2012 letter as M.V.’s nephew. He acknowledged M.V.

had no family in the United States when she arrived here.

       The trial court denied Lee’s renewed motion for judgment of acquittal and

renewed objection to O.L.’s testimony.

       For each count asserting a violation of Iowa Code section 707.8, the

district court provided a preliminary draft jury instruction identical to the following,

with the pertinent dates of the offense substituted:

       Forced Consent to Termination of Human Pregnancy—Count 3
             The State must prove the following elements of the crime of
       Forced Consent to Termination of Human Pregnancy:
                                           14


              1. From on about September 2012 to October 2012 [for
       count 4, “On or about February 14, 2014”; for count 5, “On or about
       March 2014”; for count 6, “From on or about March 2014 to April
       2014”], the defendant procured [M.V.’s] consent to terminate
       [M.V.’s] pregnancy.
              2. The Defendant procured [M.V.’s] consent by force or
       intimidation.

       Concerning the counts of assault while participating in a felony, the court

proposed the following jury instruction:

       Assault While Participating In A Felony—Count 8
               The State must prove the following elements of the crime of
       Assault While Participating in a Felony:
               1. On or about February 14, 2014, [or, for count 9, March
       2014] the Defendant committed the crime of Forced Consent to
       Termination of Human Pregnancy as defined [above].
               2. During the commission of Element No. 1, the Defendant
       committed an assault as defined in Instruction No. 36 against [M.V.]
               If the State has proved all of the elements, the defendant is
       guilty of Assault While Participating in a Felony. If the State has
       failed to prove any one of the elements, the defendant is not guilty
       of Assault While Participating in a Felony and you will then consider
       the charge of Assault as explained in Instruction No. 30

Defense counsel made no objections to the court’s proposed jury instructions

and the preliminary drafts became the final instructions submitted to the jury.

       The following chart summarizes the jury’s finding on each of the charges

brought against Lee:

 Count 1     Sexual abuse, using dangerous weapon         Not guilty
 Count 2     Sexual abuse, using dangerous weapon         Guilty of assault
 Count 3     Forcibly procuring consent to termination    Not guilty
             of pregnancy (2012)
 Count 4     Forcibly procuring consent to termination    Guilty
             of pregnancy (Feb. 14, 2014)
 Count 5     Forcibly procuring consent to termination    Guilty
             of pregnancy (Mar. 2014)
 Count 6     Forcibly procuring consent to termination    Not guilty
             of pregnancy (Mar. to Apr. 4/14)
                                         15


 Count 8     Assault while participating in February Guilty
             2014 felony
 Count 9     Assault while participating in March 2014 Guilty of assault
             felony
 Count 10    Tampering with witness on 5/17/12         Guilty

       Lee filed a motion for new trial claiming newly-discovered evidence, i.e.,

that Lee misunderstood the question during trial concerning Vamntxawg Lee.

Lee stated he knows Vamntxawg Lee as Wager Lee, who is his nephew.

Defense counsel had contacted Vamntxawg Lee after trial, who submitted an

affidavit on October 7, 2015, in which he averred: Lee did not know his Hmong

name but knew him as Wager Lee; on May 17, 2012, M.V. had come to him and

asked him to help her; as a result, Vamntxawg Lee “sat down at [his] computer

and typed the letter”; M.V. signed the letter in his presence and took the letter

with her when she left; and “I identified myself in the letter as the nephew of

[M.V.] I am the blood nephew of Tony Lee. However, in the Hmong culture, I am

also considered the nephew of Tony Lee’s wife.”

       The district court found the purported newly-discovered evidence probably

would not have changed the result of the trial and denied the motion. The court

then sentenced Lee to terms of incarceration as follows: on count 2, thirty days;

on count 4, ten years; on count 5, ten years; on count 8, five years; on count 9,

thirty days; and on count 10, two years. The sentences on counts 2, 4, 5, 9, and

10 were to be served concurrently, but consecutive to the sentence on count 8.

Fines and surcharges were suspended.

       On appeal, Lee argues he was denied the effective assistance of trial

counsel because counsel failed to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of

actual termination of a pregnancy, failed to require the jury instructions to include
                                          16


actual termination of pregnancy as an element of the offense of forcibly procuring

consent to termination of pregnancy, and failed to challenge the trial information

as impermissibly multiplicitous. Lee also asserts the trial court erred in denying

his motion for judgment of acquittal on the counts of forcibly procuring consent to

termination of pregnancy, erred in allowing prior-bad-acts testimony by Lee’s

former wife, and erred in denying his motion for new trial.         In addition, Lee

contends the court erred in denying his request to continue the trial to secure two

certified interpreters.    Finally, Lee maintains the court imposed an illegal

sentence by not combining the two convictions for forcibly procuring consent to

termination of pregnancy and by taxing costs associated with dismissed charges.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

         Because ineffectiveness claims arise from the Sixth Amendment right to

counsel, “[w]e review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo.” State

v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2004) (citation omitted).

         “We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings regarding the admission of

prior bad acts for abuse of discretion.” State v. Cox, 781 N.W.2d 757, 760 (Iowa

2010).     “However, to the extent a challenge to a trial court ruling on the

admissibility of evidence implicates the interpretation of a statute or a rule of

evidence, our review is for errors at law.” Id.

         Rulings on motions to continue will not be set aside unless there has been

an abuse of the trial court’s discretion. State v. Marti, 290 N.W.2d 570, 588

(Iowa 1980). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court exercises its

discretion ‘on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly

unreasonable.’” Cox, 781 N.W.2d at 760 (citation omitted).
                                         17


III. Discussion.

       A. Ineffective assistance of counsel. Generally, ineffective-assistance

of counsel claims are preserved for possible postconviction-relief actions. Iowa

Code § 814.7. However, if we find the record adequate to decide the claim, we

may address it on direct appeal. State v. Fountain, 786 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Iowa

2010). A defendant must prove both that counsel failed in an essential duty and

prejudice resulted. State v. Graves, 668 N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003).

       Our analysis here mirrors that in Fountain, 786 N.W.2d at 263. Lee’s

erroneous-instruction claim is raised in the context of an ineffective-assistance-

of-counsel claim. Counsel has no duty to raise an issue that has no merit. State

v. Wills, 696 N.W.2d 20, 24 (Iowa 2005).        “Therefore, we must first ‘assess

whether the record demonstrates, as a matter of law, the existence or absence of

a meritorious [claim]’ or error.” Fountain, 786 N.W.2d at 263 (quoting Graves,

668 N.W.2d at 869).      Here, that means we must decide whether it can be

determined as a matter of law that Lee’s counsel was ineffective in failing to

object to the preliminary draft of the jury instructions and request the element that

Lee’s conduct resulted in actual termination of the pregnancy in the jury

instructions on counts 4 and 5 (forcibly-procuring-consent-to-termination-of-

pregnancy charges) and counts 8 and 9 (assault while participating in a felony).

       1. Breach of duty.   “In Iowa all crimes are statutory.” State v. Hansen, 55

N.W.2d 923, 923 (Iowa 1952). Because the ineffectiveness claim challenges the

elements of the offense charged, the question is one of statutory interpretation.
                                         18


      The primary purpose of statutory interpretation is to determine legislative

intent. State v. Johnson, 630 N.W.2d 583, 586 (Iowa 2001). We “glean[] this

intent from the words used by the legislature.” Id.

      “We do not speculate as to the probable legislative intent apart from
      the words used in the statute.” State v. Adams, 554 N.W.2d 686,
      689 (Iowa 1996); accord State v. Welton, 300 N.W.2d 157, 160
      (Iowa 1981) (stating, “when a statute is plain and its meaning is
      clear, courts are not permitted to search for meaning beyond its
      expressed terms”). “Although the title of a statute cannot limit the
      plain meaning of the text, it can be considered in determining
      legislative intent.” T & K Roofing Co. v. Iowa Dep’t of Educ., 593
      N.W.2d 159, 163 (Iowa 1999). In addition, “legislative intent is to
      be gleaned from the statute as a whole, not from a particular part
      only.” De More v. Dieters, 334 N.W.2d 734, 737 (Iowa 1983). If the
      language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we apply a plain
      and rational meaning consistent with the subject matter of the
      statute. City of Waukee v. City Dev. Bd., 590 N.W.2d 712, 717
      (Iowa 1999).

State v. Tague, 676 N.W.2d 197, 201-02 (Iowa 2004).

      But, in the event there is more than one plausible interpretation of a

statute, our supreme court has stated,

      [W]e must look beyond the plain language of the statute to resolve
      the ambiguity. See State v. Wiederien, 709 N.W.2d 538, 541 (Iowa
      2006). Our goal is to “ascertain and effectuate the true legislative
      intent.” State v. Carpenter, 616 N.W.2d 540, 542 (Iowa 2000). We
      examine the language of the statute, its underlying purpose and
      policies, and the consequences stemming from different
      interpretations. Id. In doing so, we must construe the statute in its
      entirety. Id. “If more than one statute relating to the subject matter
      at issue is relevant to the inquiry, we consider all the statutes
      together in an effort to harmonize them.” Id.
               In determining the intent of the legislature, we will not
      construe the language of a statute to produce an absurd or
      impractical result. Id. “We presume the legislature intends a
      reasonable result when it enacts a statute.” Id. Additionally, “‘we
      strictly construe criminal statutes and resolve doubts in favor of the
      accused.” State v. McCullah, 787 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa 2010)
      (citation omitted).

State v. Adams, 810 N.W.2d 365, 369 (Iowa 2012).
                                         19


       Lee was convicted of two counts of violating Iowa Code section 707.8(5),

which provides: “A person who by force or intimidation procures the consent of

the pregnant person to a termination of a human pregnancy is guilty of a class ‘C’

felony.” Lee argues that “a termination of a human pregnancy” is an element of

the offense. The State asserts the language of the provision unambiguously

prohibits forcibly “procur[ing] the consent of a pregnant person” and does not

require the actual termination of a pregnancy. We conclude Lee has the better

argument.

       Lee points out that prior to 1978 there was no comparable crime to the

offenses now contained in section 707.8. When the Iowa criminal code was

completely revised in 1978, chapter 707 (entitled “Murder”) included section

707.8, entitled “Nonconsensual termination,” and providing:

               1. A person who terminates a human pregnancy without the
       consent of the pregnant person during the commission of a felony
       or felonious assault is guilty of a class “B” felony.
               2. A person who intentionally terminates a pregnancy without
       the knowledge and voluntary consent of the pregnant person is
       guilty of a class “C” felony. This subsection shall not apply to a
       termination performed without the consent or knowledge of the
       pregnant person by a physician licensed in this state to practice
       medicine and surgery when circumstances preclude the pregnant
       person from providing her consent and the termination is performed
       to preserve the life or health of the pregnant person or of the fetus.
               3. A person who by force or intimidation procures the
       consent of the pregnant person to a termination of a pregnancy is
       guilty of a class “C” felony.

       The title of the section—at the very least—implies termination of a

pregnancy is required. See State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 630 N.W.2d 778, 781 (Iowa

2001) (“Although the title of a statute cannot limit the plain meaning of the text, it

can be considered in determining legislative intent.” (citation omitted)). The 1982
                                          20


uniform jury instructions relevant to this version of the statutory provision

incorporated the requirement of termination of a pregnancy.

       No. 725 NONCONSENSUAL TERMINATION—DEFINITION—
       WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE OR CONSENT OR BY FORCE OR
       INTIMIDATION
       The law provides that a person commits the offense of
       Nonconsensual Termination when he (intentionally causes a
       pregnancy to be terminated without the knowledge and voluntary
       consent), (by force or intimidation, procures the consent) of the
       pregnant person.

       No. 727 NONCONSENSUAL TERMINATION—ELEMENTS—
       CONSENT PROCURED BY FORCE OR INTIMIDATION
               You must find the defendant not guilty of Nonconsensual
       Termination, unless the State proves by evidence beyond a
       reasonable doubt, each of the following elements:
               1.) That on or about the ____ day of ____, 19__, the
       defendant terminated the pregnancy of __________.
               2.) That the defendant obtained the consent to the
       termination by force or intimidation.
               If you find the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt
       each of the elements, then you must find the defendant guilty; but,
       if you find the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
       one or both of the elements, then you shall find the defendant not
       guilty.

       Section 707.8 was amended in 1996. 1996 Iowa Acts ch. 1077, § 2.

Section 707.8 thereafter was entitled “Nonconsensual termination—serious injury

to a human pregnancy.”5 While section 707.8(5) has been renumbered from




5
 This version of section 707.8 was applicable to the counts charged here and remains in
effect:
                 1. A person who terminates a human pregnancy without the
        consent of the pregnant person during the commission of a forcible felony
        is guilty of a class “B” felony.
                 2. A person who terminates a human pregnancy without the
        consent of the pregnant person during the commission of a felony or
        felonious assault is guilty of a class “C” felony.
                 3. A person who intentionally terminates a human pregnancy
        without the knowledge and voluntary consent of the pregnant person is
        guilty of a class “C” felony.
                                          21


section 707.8(3) it is otherwise unchanged. There is nothing in the revision that

suggests the legislature intended to change the prior law with regard to this

subparagraph. See Eggman v. Scurr, 311 N.W.2d 77, 80 (Iowa 1981) (“Revised


               4. A person who unintentionally terminates a human pregnancy by
      any of the means provided pursuant to section 707.6A, subsection 1, is
      guilty of a class “C” felony.
               5. A person who by force or intimidation procures the consent of
      the pregnant person to a termination of a human pregnancy is guilty of a
      class “C” felony.
               6. A person who unintentionally terminates a human pregnancy
      while drag racing in violation of section 321.278 is guilty of a class “D”
      felony.
               7. A person who unintentionally terminates a human pregnancy
      without the knowledge and voluntary consent of the pregnant person by
      the commission of an act in a manner likely to cause the termination of or
      serious injury to a human pregnancy is guilty of an aggravated
      misdemeanor.
               8. A person commits an aggravated misdemeanor when the
      person intentionally causes serious injury to a human pregnancy by the
      commission of an act in a manner likely to cause the termination of or
      serious injury to a human pregnancy.
               9. A person commits an aggravated misdemeanor when the
      person unintentionally causes serious injury to a human pregnancy by
      any of the means described in section 707.6A, subsection 1.
               10. A person commits a serious misdemeanor when the person
      unintentionally causes serious injury to a human pregnancy by the
      commission of an act in a manner likely to cause the termination of or
      serious injury to the human pregnancy.
               11. For the purposes of this section “serious injury to a human
      pregnancy” means, relative to the human pregnancy, disabling mental
      illness, or bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which
      causes serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment
      of the function of any bodily member or organ, and includes but is not
      limited to skull fractures, rib fractures, and metaphyseal fractures of the
      long bones.
               12. As used in this section, actions which cause the termination of
      or serious injury to a pregnancy do not apply to any of the following:
               a. An act or omission of the pregnant person.
               b. A termination of or a serious injury to a pregnancy which is
      caused by the performance of an approved medical procedure performed
      by a person licensed in this state to practice medicine and surgery or
      osteopathic medicine and surgery, irrespective of the duration of the
      pregnancy and with or without the voluntary consent of the pregnant
      person when circumstances preclude the pregnant person from providing
      consent.
               c. An act committed in self-defense or in defense of another
      person or any other act committed if legally justified or excused.
                                           22


criminal code offenses are to be construed as altering prior law only if a

legislative intent to change the prior law is clear.”).

       The State’s argument is that the fifth subparagraph unambiguously

criminalizes only the forcible procurement of consent to terminate a pregnancy

and requires no showing that the defendant’s action caused some effect to the

pregnancy, even though the remaining subparagraphs (1) through (4) and (6)

through (10) do. We do not find this reading of the provision convincing or

harmonizing.

       “When considering the meaning of a criminal statute, courts may consider

the evil sought to be remedied and the purposes or objectives of the enactment.”

State v. Clark, 406 N.W.2d 802, 805 (Iowa Ct. App. 1987) (citing State v.

Sullivan, 298 N.W.2d 267, 271 (Iowa 1980)). Here, the legislature told us of its

objective. In revising section 707.8, the legislature explained it was “[a]n act

relating to nonconsensual termination of or serious injury to a pregnancy and

providing penalties.” 1996 Iowa Acts ch. 1077. We read this purpose as being

aimed at prohibiting certain actions by a defendant that result in a “termination of

or serious injury to a pregnancy.” In this instance, the title provides additional

evidence of the legislature’s intent.      See Iowa Dist. Ct., 630 N.W.2d at 781

(stating the title of a statute can be considered in determining legislative intent).

It is evident the 1996 revision was intended to broaden the scope of prohibited

harms resulting from a defendant’s action.
                                           23


       Reading the provision logically and as a whole, the first seven

subparagraphs refer to various intentional acts by a defendant6 that result in the

nonconsensual termination of a pregnancy in descending seriousness of

consequences (from class “B” felony to aggravated misdemeanor), while the

eighth through the tenth subparagraphs refer to various intentional and

unintentional acts that result in serious injury to a pregnancy, also in descending

seriousness (from aggravated misdemeanor to serious misdemeanor).                    The

eleventh subparagraph defines “serious injury to a human pregnancy,” and the

twelfth subparagraph sets out exceptions.

       While very few criminal cases address section 707.8, the ones that do

support the defense’s position. For example, in State v. Serrato, 787 N.W.2d

462, 469 (Iowa 2010), the supreme court issued a decision in which the

defendant was convicted of a violation of section 707.8(1), stating: “The offense

of nonconsensual termination of a human pregnancy requires that Serrato have

terminated a human pregnancy without the consent of the pregnant person while

committing a forcible felony.” In that case, the court observed: “The fetus was

dependent upon the circulation of Carmona’s body and died as a result of her

death; therefore, the forcible felony required by Iowa Code section 707.8(1)

would be the murder of Carmona.” Id.

       In State v. Hippler, 545 N.W.2d 568, 570 (Iowa 1996), the supreme court

stated:

6
  While subsections 4, 6, and 7 reference “unintentional” termination, the acts referenced
are intentional: subsection 4 references section 707.6A(1), which relates to operating a
motor vehicle while intoxicated; subsection 6 refers to drag racing; and subsection 7
refers to the “commission of an act in a manner likely to cause termination or serious
injury to a human pregnancy.”
                                       24

               A. Applicable law. Iowa Code section 707.8(1) provides that
               [a] person who terminates a human pregnancy
               without the consent of the pregnant person during the
               commission of a felony or felonious assault is guilty of
               a class “B” felony.
       (Emphasis added.)           In pertinent elemental terms, the
       nonconsensual termination of a human pregnancy occurs through
       (1) the termination, (2) of a human pregnancy, (3) without the
       consent of the pregnant person, (4) during the commission, (5) of a
       felony.
               B. The merits. Section 707.8(1) definitely requires a nexus
       or link between the underlying felony and the termination of the
       pregnancy. The nexus requirement is expressed in the phrase
       “during the commission of a felony or felonious assault.”

       This court was presented with a case challenging the jury instructions

used to convict a defendant with a violation of section 707.8(2) in State v.

Wilmer, No. 06-1339, 2007 WL 4322212, at *8 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 12, 2007)

(holding the jury instructions were faulty because they did not allow the court to

determine whether the jury’s guilty verdict under this section was based on a

forcible or nonforcible felony).

       We believe that “in pertinent elemental terms,” a violation of section

707.8(5) requires (1) the termination of (2) a human pregnancy (3) by procuring

the consent of the pregnant person (4) by force or intimidation. Cf. Hippler, 545

N.W.2d at 570. We note that in dicta, the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Iowa reads the provision to require termination of a

pregnancy:

       Iowa Code section 707.8 makes it a crime to “terminate[] a human
       pregnancy without the consent of the pregnant person.” At the time
       Dunn [v. Rose Way, Inc., 333 N.W.2d 830 (Iowa 1983),] was
       decided, section 707.8 prohibited termination of a human
       pregnancy without the mother’s consent during the commission of a
       felony or felonious assault, or by force or intimidation. See Iowa
       Code § 707.8 (1977). In 1996, section 707.8 was rewritten to
       broaden the statute’s scope. Among other things, the statute now
                                               25


          includes criminal penalties for the unintentional termination of a
          human pregnancy by someone operating a motor vehicle while
          intoxicated, or while drag racing. Iowa Code § 707.8(4), (6); see
          Iowa Code § 707.6A(1); Iowa Code § 321.278.

Estate of Storm v. Nw. Iowa Hosp. Corp., No. C06-4070-DEO, 2006 WL

3487620, at *4 (N.D. Iowa Dec. 4, 2006) (emphasis added), subsequently

dismissed, 548 F.3d 686 (8th Cir. 2008).

          If the offense did not require the termination of the pregnancy, there would

be a clear omission in Iowa Code section 707.8 of an offense involving the use of

force to procure the consent of a pregnant person to terminate a human

pregnancy the elements of which did require proof of termination of the

pregnancy.        Moreover, without the termination of the pregnancy, the act of

procuring the consent of a pregnant person to terminate a pregnancy by force,

falls squarely within one of the various offenses defined in Iowa Code chapter

708, pertaining to assault. Clearly, section 707.8 is intended to criminalize acts

that cause a nonconsensual termination of a pregnancy or serious injury to a

human pregnancy. It is absurd to conclude the legislature chose to increase the

penalty for an assault,7 to a class “C” felony where the assault only procures the


7
    Iowa Code section 708.2 provides:
                  1. A person who commits an assault, as defined in section 708.1,
         with the intent to inflict a serious injury upon another, is guilty of an
         aggravated misdemeanor.
                  2. A person who commits an assault, as defined in section 708.1,
         and who causes bodily injury or mental illness, is guilty of a serious
         misdemeanor.
                  3. A person who commits an assault, as defined in section 708.1,
         and uses or displays a dangerous weapon in connection with the assault,
         is guilty of an aggravated misdemeanor. This subsection does not apply
         if section 708.6 or 708.8 applies.
                  4. A person who commits an assault, as defined in section 708.1,
         without the intent to inflict serious injury, but who causes serious injury, is
         guilty of a class “D” felony.
                                          26


pregnant person’s consent to terminate a pregnancy without any proof necessary

that the act affected the safety of the fetus or pregnant person. According to the

State, it is the pregnant person’s mind or opinion that is protected by the statute.

We find this suggested intent of the statute incredulous considering this statute

falls within Iowa Code chapter 707, entitled “Homicide and Related Crimes,” and

because, as we have noted, all other sections of Iowa Code section 707.8 serve

to protect the safety of the human pregnancy.

       Here, the jury instructions given on counts 4, 5, and 6 did not require the

jury to determine whether Lee’s conduct resulted in the termination of M.V.’s

pregnancy.    The State, in fact, argued that the various counts were brought

because the pills M.V. was forced to take did not end her 2014 pregnancy in

February and March. M.V. was four-months pregnant in April when she was

taken to the ER. Lee is correct that the district court erred in failing to instruct the

jury that a termination of pregnancy was required, and defense counsel should

have requested such an instruction. See Fountain, 786 N.W.2d at 266 (“In [State

v.] Schoelerman, [315 N.W.2d 67, 71-72 (Iowa 1982)], this court declared that ‘[a]

normally competent attorney . . . should either be familiar with the basic

provisions of the criminal code, or should make an effort to acquaint himself with

those provisions which may be applicable to the criminal acts allegedly

committed by his client.’”). Especially in light of multiple charges arising from




              5. A person who commits an assault, as defined in section 708.1,
       and who uses any object to penetrate the genitalia or anus of another
       person, is guilty of a class “C” felony.
              6. Any other assault, except as otherwise provided, is a simple
       misdemeanor.
                                         27


M.V.’s 2014 pregnancy (counts 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9), we can think of no strategic

reason that defense counsel did not request such an instruction.

         2. Prejudice. “[I]neffective-assistance-of-counsel claims based on failure

to preserve error are not to be reviewed on the basis of whether the claimed error

would have required reversal if it had been preserved at trial.” State v. Maxwell,

743 N.W.2d 185, 196 (Iowa 2008). Instead, Lee must show a breach of an

essential duty and prejudice. See id. “In ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims

‘the instruction complained of [must be] of such a nature that the resulting

conviction violate[s] due process.’” Id. (quoting State v. Hill, 449 N.W.2d 626,

629 (Iowa 1989)).        Consequently, we must determine whether Lee was

prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to request the jury instructions include the

element of termination of pregnancy. In determining whether the prejudice prong

has been met, “we must consider the totality of the evidence, what factual

findings would have been affected by counsel’s errors, and whether the effect

was pervasive or isolated and trivial.” State v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488, 496 (Iowa

2012).

         When reviewing the jury instructions that were actually given by a district

court, “we are trying to determine whether the instructions actually given by the

district court accurately portray the applicable law to the jury.” State v. Becker,

818 N.W.2d 135, 144 (Iowa 2012). “A jury instruction that omits an element of a

criminal offense is erroneous and not a correct statement of the law.” State v.

Hoyman, 863 N.W.2d 1, 15 (Iowa 2015); see State v. Pearson, 804 N.W.2d 260,

265 n.1 (Iowa 2011) (holding the omission of one element of the offense from a

jury instruction necessitated a new trial); State v. Schuler, 774 N.W.2d 294, 298-
                                        28


99 (Iowa 2009) (finding an instruction that allowed the jury to convict the

defendant without finding all elements of the offense was erroneous and ordering

a new trial); see also State v. Milder, No. 14-0076, 2015 WL 3613338, at *9-12

(Iowa Ct. App. June 10, 2015) (finding trial counsel breached a duty in failing to

object to jury instructions that omitted elements of conspiracy to manufacture,

determining prejudice resulted, and ordering a new trial).

      In a case in which trial counsel fails to object to an erroneous instruction,

certain factors may militate against a finding of prejudice. State v. Miles, 344

N.W.2d 231, 235 (Iowa 1984).        First, prejudice may not exist if a separate

instruction correctly informs the jury of the element omitted from the marshalling

instruction. Id. In this case no separate instructions correctly stated that the

State was required to prove the termination of M.V.’s 2014 pregnancy resulted

from Lee’s procurement of consent by force or intimidation.

      Second, prejudice may not exist if the element in question is not a fighting

issue in the case. Id. That is not the case here as Lee contended he did not give

any medications to M.V. and made a statement to police that M.V. had

terminated her own pregnancy.

      Third, prejudice may not exist where the evidence of guilt is so strong

there is no reasonable probability the result would have been different if the

instruction in question had been correctly stated. State v. Hopkins, 576 N.W.2d

374, 380 (Iowa 1998).     Here, the jury deliberated for several hours over the

course of two days.      The jury asked to review deposition testimony while

deliberating the first day, which request was denied, and asked to review the

transcript of M.V.’s testimony the second day. The jury then returned seemingly
                                         29


perplexing verdicts. The jury found Lee guilty on counts 4 and 5—procuring

consent to termination of a pregnancy by force or intimidation on February 14,

and in March 2014. But the jury found Lee not guilty of count 6—procuring

consent to termination of a pregnancy by force or intimidation “on or about March

to April 2014.” M.V. was still pregnant in late April 2014. Moreover, the jury also

considered two counts of assault while participating in a felony, both underlying

felonies being the forced procurement of consent to the one 2014 termination of

a pregnancy. And the jury found Lee guilty of count 8, assault while participating

in a felony, the felony being count 4; but guilty only of assault as the lesser-

included offense of count 9, which charged assault while committing the felony

Lee was found guilty of on count 5, the March 2014 procurement of consent to

termination of pregnancy by force or intimidation.8

       Moreover, the omission of the element that the pregnancy be terminated

affected five counts—three counts of forcibly procuring consent to terminate

pregnancy and two counts of assault while participating in a felony. Although we

acknowledge the jury rejected Lee’s claim that he did nothing toward M.V., the

jury never addressed the issue of whether Lee’s efforts effectuated a termination

of the pregnancy, if M.V. ultimately miscarried unrelated to Lee’s acts, or if M.V.

subsequently voluntarily chose to terminate the pregnancy. Without such factual

findings, we conclude the effect of counsel’s error was pervasive, not isolated or

trivial. See Clay, 824 N.W.2d 496. And we are unable to conclude the jury

would have convicted Lee if counsel had objected to the instruction and the

8
 We note also that the State’s closing argument misstates the charges on count 8 and 9
were “tied to” counts 3 and 4 (which concern two separate pregnancies). But count 8
and 9 are, in fact, tied to counts 4 and 5 (both concerning the same pregnancy).
                                        30


omitted element had been added to the marshalling instructions to counts 4, 5,

and 6. See State v. Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d 316, 322 (Iowa 2015) (finding no

prejudice if the jury would have still reached the same result with the proper jury

instruction). Thus, we conclude Lee was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to object

to the instructional errors. We therefore reverse Lee’s convictions on counts 4, 5,

and 8.

         B. Discretionary review of assault convictions. There is no right to

appeal from simple misdemeanors, though we may grant discretionary review.

See Iowa Code § 814.6(1)(a), (2)(d). Lee asks that we grant discretionary review

to the extent he is challenging the two assault convictions, which were entered as

lesser-included offenses of filed charges. We grant discretionary review of the

simple misdemeanor assaults pursuant to Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure

6.108. However, we deny the relief sought. Lee does not make any argument

why count 2 should be reversed, and we are unconvinced by the tangential

arguments concerning count 9. We therefore affirm the assault convictions on

those two counts.

         C. Sufficiency of the evidence. Trial counsel failed to preserve error by

the very general statement in support of Lee’s motion for acquittal, “I would

simply say that I don’t believe the State has presented sufficient evidence in

support of the charges to proceed further to make their case to proceed to the

jury.” See State v. Brubaker, 805 N.W.2d 164, 170 (Iowa 2011) (stating “[t]o

preserve error on a claim of insufficient evidence,” the motion for judgment of

acquittal must identify “the specific grounds”). However, Lee argues on appeal

that if error was not preserved we consider his contention his trial counsel was
                                         31


ineffective for failing to properly challenge and preserve this issue and the motion

should have been granted if properly raised. See State v. Schories, 827 N.W.2d

659, 664-65 (2013) (stating prejudice results when the motion would have been

granted if properly raised). We agree.

       If properly raised, a motion of acquittal should have been granted with

respect to counts 4 and 5 (forced consent to termination) and counts 8 and 9 to

the extent of the greater offense of assault while participating in a felony.

However, there was substantial evidence of the lesser-included offense of

assault for both counts 8 and 9.         In regard to both instances, M.V. was

threatened with a knife near her person. Concerning count 8, although the jury

did not reach a verdict on the offense of assault, it did find the State established

all of the elements of the greater offense and, thus, necessarily found the State

had established all of the elements of assault. And with respect to count 9, the

jury found Lee guilty of the lesser offense of assault. Accordingly, we remand for

entry of an amended judgment of conviction to count 8 to the lesser offense of

assault and for resentencing.    See State v. Morris, 677 N.W.2d 787, 788-89

(Iowa 2004).

       D. Prior bad acts.       Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.404(b) provides that

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character

of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity with the prior

criminal acts. The prior criminal acts may, however, be admissible for other

purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Iowa R. Evid. 5.404(b).
                                         32


       Lee contends the district court abused its discretion in allowing O.L.’s

testimony under Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.404(b).        We conclude any error in

admitting this testimony was not prejudicial in relation to the remaining

convictions of assault and tampering with a witness.       Accordingly, we find it

unnecessary to address the issue.

       E. Motions.

       1. Motion for continuance (Interpreter issue). We have also thoroughly

reviewed the arguments and record concerning the trial court’s denial of Lee’s

motion to continue the trial.     We find no abuse of the court’s “very broad

discretion.”    See State v. Melk, 543 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995)

(noting we will reverse on appeal only where we find the trial court abused its

discretion and injustice resulted).

       “Every person who cannot speak or understand the English language and

who is a party to any legal proceeding or a witness therein, shall be entitled to an

interpreter to assist such person throughout the proceeding.”          Iowa Code

§ 622A.2.      Iowa Court Rule 47.2(2)(a) allows non-certified interpreters to be

used. However,

       [b]efore waiving minimum qualifications, the court should
       reschedule a court proceeding if it is likely that the additional time
       will allow court personnel to obtain the services of an interpreter
       who meets at least the minimum qualifications and the delay will
       not result in a failure to meet a statutory or constitutional deadline
       for conducting the court proceeding.

Iowa Ct. R. 47.2(2)(b).
                                           33


       The district court had reason to conclude that additional time would not

allow court personnel to obtain the services of two certified interpreters.9 At the

hearing on the motion to continue, the certified interpreter informed the court:

       [T]he[re] are only five certified Hmong interpreters in the nation and
       one of them is my—my successor who took over my job as full-time
       interpreter. He cannot go out and interpret. The other three
       certified Hmong interpreters have trials in Minnesota so I am the
       only certified interpreter that is available for . . . this trial, and
       supreme court rule says that you have to have certified—tried to
       make diligent effort to find a certified interpreter. If no one is
       available, then you can go onto the next qualification which is roster
       interpreter, and [an available interpreter] Kabo [Yang] has worked
       with me for 19 years in various criminal sex trial, various murder
       trials and I trained her myself as a trainer for the supreme court so
       she is very qualified, and if there’s any questions, I’m certified so if I
       have to do the testimony and she does—she’s at the counsel table,
       we work very well together and there’s no other certified interpreter
       that is available to be here today.

       2. Motion for new trial. “In passing on motions for a new trial based upon

evidence newly discovered, the trial court is vested with wide discretion.” State

v. Compiano, 154 N.W.2d 845, 848 (Iowa 1967). “The trial court is generally in a

better position than we to determine whether evidence, newly discovered, would

probably lead to a different verdict upon retrial, and we have often said we will

not interfere with its ruling unless it is reasonably clear that such discretion was

abused.” Id. at 849. There is little support for Lee’s claim that he could not have

discovered the evidence (that Vamntxawy Lee was Wager Lee, Lee’s nephew)

earlier in the exercise of due diligence. See State v. Allen, 348 N.W.2d 243, 246

(Iowa 1984) (noting four requirements to succeed on newly discovered evidence

9
  Effective July 1, 2015, if an interpreted hearing is expected to last more than four
hours, “the court must appoint more than one interpreter to serve as a team or as relay
interpreters.” Iowa Ct. R. 47.3(12)(b). Here, one Class A interpreter (certified) and one
Class B interpreter (noncertified but on the roster) was used. See Iowa Ct. R. 47.4(1),
(2).
                                          34


claim). And we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling that the

purported newly discovered evidence would not have led to a different verdict on

Count X, tampering with a witness. The jury was presented with evidence from

M.V. that while she signed the May 2012 letter, she did not read or write English,

did not know what was stated therein, and that Lee compelled her to sign the

letter and threatened her if she attended the court hearing.        But Lee denied

writing the letter, denied threatening M.V., and denied even seeing her (which

would have been a violation of the no-contact order in effect). It was for the jury

to determine the credibility of the competing claims, and additional evidence from

the defendant’s “blood relative” seems to have inherent credibility problems. See

State v. Robinson, 288 N.W.2d 337, 341 (Iowa 1980) (“We may infer that the jury

found the testimony given by the State’s witnesses to be more credible than that

given by the witnesses for the defense; determination of the credibility of the

witnesses and the weight of the evidence is the function of the factfinder.”).

       After reviewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, we conclude the record contains substantial evidence to support the

guilty verdict on the charge of tampering with a witness. We affirm the conviction

for tampering with a witness, count 10.

       F. Costs assessed on dismissed charges. Lee also charges that the

assessment of costs associated with charges for which he was not convicted

constitutes a statutorily unauthorized, illegal sentence. The State concedes a

defendant cannot be required to pay costs for charges on which he was

acquitted. See State v. Petrie, 478 N.W.2d 620, 622 (Iowa 1991). Because we

have vacated some of Lee’s convictions and we are remanding count 8 back for
                                        35


an amended judgment of conviction and resentencing, we remand for

resentencing on all of Lee’s convictions.       Accordingly, we need not further

address if any current sentences are illegal.

IV. Conclusion.

      Because section 707.8(5) requires a resulting termination of a pregnancy,

and there is no evidence the 2014 pregnancy was terminated before April 25,

2014, the convictions for procuring consent to termination of pregnancy by force

or intimidation and assault while participating in a felony entered on counts 4, 5,

and 8 must be reversed. We affirm the convictions for tampering with a witness

(count 10) and two counts of assault (counts 2 and 9).         We remand for a

corrected judgment, including a conviction of assault for count 8, and re-

sentencing on all remaining convictions in accordance with this opinion. Costs

on dismissed charges shall not be charged to the defendant.

      REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH

DIRECTIONS.

      Vaitheswaran, Judge, concurs; Vogel, Judge, concurs specially.
                                         36


Vogel, Judge. (specially concurring).

       I agree with the majority that the legislature likely intended Iowa Code

section 707.8(5) (2013) to require the termination of a pregnancy. However, I

write separately to express my concern that the plain language of the statute may

support a different conclusion.

       The majority correctly notes: “The fundamental question presented by this

appeal is whether the offense defined in section 707.8(5) requires the actual

termination of a pregnancy.” “To ascertain legislative intent, we look to what the

legislature said.” State v. Adams, 554 N.W.2d 686, 689 (Iowa 1996). “We do not

speculate as to the probable legislative intent apart from the words used in the

statute.” Id.

       The statute reads: “A person who by force or intimidation procures the

consent of the pregnant person to a termination of a human pregnancy is guilty of

a class ‘C’ felony.” Iowa Code § 707.8(5). When viewed in the context of the

question on appeal, the language is fairly plain and unambiguous. Simply put,

there is no specific requirement that the prohibited act—“procures the consent

of”—actually results in the termination of the pregnancy. If so, the legislature

could well have included a critical phrase: “A person who by force or intimidation

procures the consent of the pregnant person to a termination of a human

pregnancy, resulting in such termination, is guilty of a class ‘C’ felony.” Therefore

without this clarifying phrase, the plain language only prohibits a person from

procuring consent to terminate by force or coercion.

       The ambiguity regarding section 707.8(5) only arises when the

surrounding paragraphs and legislative history are taken into account. As the
                                        37


majority points out, the subsections surrounding section 707.8(5) contain an

explicit requirement that a termination result. See Iowa Code § 707.8(1) (“A

person who terminates a human pregnancy . . . .”), (2) (“A person who terminates

a human pregnancy . . . .”), (3) (“A person who intentionally terminates a human

pregnancy . . . .”), (4) (“A person who unintentionally terminates a human

pregnancy . . . .”), (6) (“A person who unintentionally terminates a human

pregnancy . . . .”), (7) (“A person who unintentionally terminates a human

pregnancy . . . .”). This raises a question as to why section 707.8(5) is different,

with its focus not on the termination of the pregnancy but on unlawfully procuring

the consent of a woman to terminate her pregnancy. The absence of an explicit

requirement that the termination of the pregnancy result could also support the

conclusion the legislature did not intend for such a requirement to exist as to

subsection (5). The evil the legislature could have intended to be criminalized is

“a person who by force or intimidation procures the consent.” See Adams, 554

N.W.2d at 689 (“The wording of the statute, however, is important for what is not

stated as well as for what is stated.     In this regard, we follow the rule that

legislative intent is also expressed by the legislature’s failure to address an

issue.”). This point is particularly powerful when the legislature appears to have

been aware of the significance of utilizing language that leaves no doubt that the

defendant’s action results in a termination of a pregnancy in other subsections of

section 707.8. See Iowa Code § 707.8(1)–(4), (6)–(7).

      The State asserts that, had the actions here—forcing the woman at knife-

point to take pills—actually resulted in the termination of the pregnancy, those

actions would have been covered by another subsection.            See Iowa Code
                                        38


§ 707.8(3) (“A person who intentionally terminates a human pregnancy without

the knowledge and voluntary consent of the pregnant person is guilty of a class

‘C’ felony.”).   But I agree with the majority that it would be unusual for the

legislature to single out the particular harm of using force or intimidation to

procure the consent to terminate a pregnancy regardless of whether a

termination actually resulted and not also single out the incidences where

termination did result from such actions. By either reading, the statute seems to

contain an omission.

       Yet, I believe it is possible section 707.8(5) is unique because the

legislature chose to make it so. The legislature could have targeted the distinct

harm of using force or intimidation to compel a pregnant person to agree to

terminate a pregnancy and made the legitimate policy judgment that such

conduct was particularly reprehensible and deserving of a more serious penalty

than assault under chapter 708. As the majority notes, “section 707.8 serve[s] to

protect the safety of the human pregnancy.” Surely, discouraging a person from

using force or intimidation to compel a pregnant person to agree to termination

“serve[s] to protect the safety of the human pregnancy,” even if the attempt to

terminate the pregnancy ultimately fails.

       Ultimately, I am persuaded by the majority’s comprehensive analysis of

the statute, including the language, legislative history, and relevant case law.

Therefore, despite my concern the plain language of the statute may leave open

the possibility of criminalizing the conduct at issue in this appeal, I specially

concur.
