                                            Slip Op 08 - 51

 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

                                                :
GILDA INDUSTRIES, INC.,                         :
                                                :
                               Plaintiff,       :
                                                :
                    v.                          :              Before: MUSGRAVE, Senior Judge
                                                :              Court No. 07-00474
UNITED STATES,                                  :
                                                :
                               Defendant.       :
                                                :

                                     OPINION AND ORDER

[Plaintiff importer Gilda Industries filed a complaint (and a motion for class certification) asserting
that the 100% duties assessed pursuant to HTSUS 9903.02 should have terminated as a matter of law
on July 29, 2007, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c) (2000). The government filed a motion to dismiss
on the grounds that (1) Gilda lacked “prudential standing” to bring the claim and (2) section 2417(c)
does not apply to USTR actions implemented over 4 years ago. The court denied Plaintiff’s motion
for class certification and denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss.]

                                                                                Dated: May 14, 2008

       Peter S. Herrick for Plaintiff Gilda Industries, Inc.

        George G. Katsas Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson Director, Patricia
M. McCarthy Assistant Director, (David S. Silverbrand) Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, U.S. Department of Justice; Office of General Counsel, Executive Office of the President,
Office of the United States Trade Representative, (William Busis) of counsel, for Defendant United
States.

       Plaintiff Gilda Industries, Inc. (“Gilda”), is an importer of toasted breads from Spain. On

December 17, 2007, Gilda filed with the Court a complaint for damages for the 100% duties that

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) has collected on Gilda’s imports of toasted breads

since July 29, 2007. Gilda alleges that Customs has no legal authority to collect the 100% duties
Court No. 07-00474                                                                              Page 2


because pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c) the “retaliation list” established by the United States Trade

Representative (“USTR”) for the imposition of the 100% duties on certain imports from the

European Community (“EC”) expired by operation of law on July 29, 2007. Compl. at 2. Gilda

requests that the court (1) make a finding that Customs has had no legal authority to collect the duties

since July 29, 2007; (2) award to Gilda a refund, with interest, of all duties collected pursuant to the

retaliation list since that date; and (3) “issue an order to prevent Customs from collecting 100%

duties from Gilda on its toasted breads imported from Spain since on or about July 29, 2007.”

Compl. at 3. Also before the Court is Gilda’s motion for class certification, wherein Gilda contends

that there are 212 other importers affected by the HTSUS 9903.02 retaliation list, and that all of these

importers should be certified as a class. Mot. for Class Certification at 3.

       The government filed a motion to dismiss Gilda’s claim on the ground that Gilda, as an

importer, does not possess “prudential standing” to maintain the current action; alternatively, the

government moves for dismissal for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. Def.’s

Mot. to Dismiss and Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Class Certification at 1 (“Mot. to Dismiss”). The

government opposes Gilda’s motion for class certification and asserts that the Court should deny the

motion because Gilda has “failed to demonstrate that this is a suitable case for class certification as

a class action lawsuit.” Id. For the reasons set forth below, the court will deny Gilda’s motion for

class certification and deny the government’s motion to dismiss.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                            Page 3


                                          I. Background

       This case stems from a dispute between the EC and the United States over the EC’s ban on

imports of U.S. meat products from animals treated with hormones. In response to the EC’s failure

to comply with the findings of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body, which

determined that the EC’s ban on hormone-treated meat to be in contravention of its trade obligations,

the USTR, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2416, imposed 100% ad valorem retaliatory duties on a variety

of EC exports to the United States. See Implementation of WTO Recommendations Concerning EC-

Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), 64 Fed. Reg. 14,486 (USTR Mar. 25,

1999). Among the products selected for the retaliatory list were those falling under subheading

HTSUS 9903.02.35, which includes “rusks, toasted bread, and similar products.”

       In 2003, Gilda filed protests with Customs contesting the imposition of the retaliatory duties

on various grounds. Customs denied the protests and Gilda ultimately filed suit in this Court.

Before the Court, Gilda asserted, inter alia, that it should not be required to pay the 100% duties

because the retaliation list had terminated as a matter of law pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c), and

alternatively, that Gilda should be removed from the retaliation list because the USTR failed to

implement the “carousel provision” found in 19 U.S.C. § 2416. See Gilda Industries, Inc., v. United

States, 28 CIT 2001, 353 F.Supp.2d 1364 (2004) (“Gilda I”). The Court dismissed Gilda’s

complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because (1) the domestic

producers timely requests for the continuation of the retaliation list had prevented the list from

terminating pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c), and (2) implementation of the carousel provision would

not necessarily result in Gilda’s removal from the retaliation list. Id. On appeal, the U.S. Court of
Court No. 07-00474                                                                               Page 4


Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit’) affirmed the relevant holdings of Gilda I, but

raised the question, sua sponte, as to whether Gilda possessed “prudential standing” under the

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) to challenge the actions of the USTR. Gilda Industries Inc.,

v. United States, 446 F.3d 1271, 1279-80 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Gilda II”).

                                           II. Jurisdiction

        Gilda’s claim facially invokes this Court’s jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1581(i)(2) (2000) in that Gilda’s claim arises out of a law “providing for . . . tariffs, duties, fees,

or other taxes on the importation of merchandise for reasons other than the raising of revenue,” and

because no other basis for jurisdiction is available or the basis that is available will yield a remedy

which is manifestly inadequate. Nat'l Corn Growers Ass'n v. Baker, 840 F.2d 1547, 1555 (Fed. Cir.

1988); see Gilda II, 446 F.3d at 1277.

                                           III. Discussion

                                        A. Class Certification

        Pursuant to CIT Rule 23(a), there are four prerequisites to class action. First, the class must

be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable. Second, there must be questions of law

or fact common to the class. Third, the claims or defenses of the representative parties must be

typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and finally, the representative parties must fairly and

adequately protect the interests of the class. In addition to these prerequisites, CIT Rule 23(b) states

that one of the three conditions pursuant to Rule 23(b)(1-3) must also be met.

        According to Gilda’s motion, the “class” that it purports to represent is the class of importers

that have continued to pay 100% duties pursuant to the HTSUS 9903.02 “retaliation list” subsequent
Court No. 07-00474                                                                             Page 5


to July 29, 2007. The court notes that in Gilda I, this court denied the plaintiff’s motion for class

certification under circumstances almost identical to those present in this matter. In that case the

court held:


               Because no other class members can be identified the court cannot
               determine whether joinder is practicable; there are no identifiable
               common questions of law or fact; and it is unclear whether Plaintiff's
               claims and defenses are typical of a putative class. It is therefore
               impossible to determine whether the requirements of class
               certification can be met. Even assuming that Plaintiff's claims to the
               contrary are true and a class of plaintiffs does exist, as a discretionary
               matter a class action should not be maintained. See, e.g. Baxter
               Healthcare Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 552, 925 F.Supp. 794
               (1996). As Plaintiff has been unable to point to any other pending
               litigation concerning this issue, conflicting decisions are not a
               concern. There is also no limited fund problem, as the defendant is
               not a private litigant.

Gilda I, 28 CIT at 2005, 353 F.Supp.2d at 1368.

       In the current matter, Gilda appears to contend that class certification is now warranted

because the class members have been “identified.” To this end, Gilda explains that, pursuant to a

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request, “the government identified 212 importers who were

paying the 100% duties,” citing Gilda Industries, Inc., v. U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 457

F. Supp. 2d 6, 8 (D.D. C. 2006), the case it brought against Customs to enforce the FOIA request

(which Customs had denied).

       The court does not agree that the circumstances in this matter are appropriate for class

certification. Although Gilda’s proposed class of plaintiffs appears to meet the numerosity

requirement, the fact that 212 potential plaintiffs may exist in a class does not, by itself, equate to

those class members being “identified.” In Gilda’s FOIA case against Customs, Gilda indicated that
Court No. 07-00474                                                                                Page 6


it had submitted a request that Customs provide “the names and addresses for all importers for the

quarter ending September 30, 2003” who were paying the 100% duties pursuant to HTSUS 9903.02.

Customs responded that there were 212 importers subject to the 100% duty at that time, but

otherwise refused to divulge the identities of the importers pursuant to FOIA’s confidentiality

exception. The District Court upheld the denial on the ground that disclosure of the information

sought by Gilda “could be used to inflict competitive injury on the companies,” and noted that

several of the importers in question had submitted letters to Customs requesting that the information

remain confidential. Id. at 11, 12.

        Knowing the probable number of importer-plaintiffs that might ultimately involve themselves

in a class action (assuming that data from the last quarter of 2003 accurately represents the number

of potential plaintiffs in 2007) does not identify the other plaintiffs in a manner that enables the court

to determine whether joinder of those plaintiffs is practicable, whether there are necessarily

questions of law or fact common to the class, or whether Gilda’s claims and defenses are typical of

the class. Further, because neither party is aware of any other plaintiff with pending litigation on this

issue, there is no danger of conflicting decisions, and no indication that class action would be

superior for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy, see CIT Rule 23(b)(1), (3). Finally,

the government has not refused to act on any grounds such that injunctive or declaratory relief would

be appropriate to a class as a whole, see CIT Rule 23(b)(2). Accordingly, Gilda’s motion for class

certification will be denied.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                                Page 7


                             B. Prudential Standing - Zone of Interest

        Title 5 section 702 (Section 10(a) of the APA), provides that “[a] person suffering legal

wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the

meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review.” However, despite the APA’s generous

review provisions,“it was [never] thought . . . that Congress, in enacting § 702, had . . . intended to

allow suit by every person suffering injury in fact.” Clarke v. Sec. Indus. Ass’n, 479 U.S. 388, 395

(1987). Accordingly, courts have supplied “gloss” to the language of the APA, by adding to the

requirement that the complainant be ‘adversely affected or aggrieved,’ i.e., injured in fact, the

additional requirement that “the interest sought to be protected by the complainant [be] arguably

within the zone of interests to be protected or regulated by the statute . . . in question.” Id. at 395-96

(emphasis added) (quoting Ass’n of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. v. Camp, 397 U.S.

150, 152-153 (1970)).

        The most widely-cited discussion of the zone of interests test is set forth in Clarke v. Sec.

Indus. Ass’n, where the Supreme Court held:

                The “zone of interest” test is a guide for deciding whether, in view of
                Congress’ evident intent to make agency action presumptively
                reviewable, a particular plaintiff should be heard to complain of a
                particular agency decision. In cases where the plaintiff is not itself
                the subject of the contested regulatory action, the test denies a right
                of review if the plaintiff’s interests are so marginally related to or
                inconsistent with the purposes implicit in the statute that it cannot
                reasonably be assumed that Congress intended to permit the suit.

Clarke, 479 U.S. at 399-400.

        In applying the “zone of interests” test, the court does not ask whether, in enacting the

statutory provision at issue, Congress specifically intended to benefit the plaintiff. Instead, the court
Court No. 07-00474                                                                            Page 8


must first discern the interests “arguably . . . protected or regulated” by the statutory provision at

issue; then the court must “inquire whether the plaintiff's interests affected by the agency action in

question are among them.” Nat’l Credit Union Admin. v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 522 U.S.

479, 492 (1998). In the instant case, therefore, the court must initially determine what interests

section 2417(c) arguably protects. We must then ask whether the interests that Gilda alleges have

been affected by the challenged agency action are among the interests arguably protected or regulated

by section 2417(c).

         1. The Interests Arguably Protected by the Statutory Provision in Question

       The Supreme Court’s instruction that the courts consider “the overall context” of the relevant

statutory framework in deciding which interests are arguably protected, Clarke, 479 U.S. at 401, was

not meant to narrow the award of prudential standing, but to broaden it. Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S.

154 (1996) reaffirmed a well-established doctrine that a plaintiff’s suit need not “vindicate the

overall purpose” of a statutory regime so long as the plaintiff’s interest is arguably regulated or

protected by “the specific provision which they alleged had been violated.” Bennett, 520 U.S. at 176.

Hence, although an examination of the overall context of the pertinent statutory framework would

be relevant, the focus here is ultimately on the specific provision under which Gilda asserts

protection: 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c). See Id. See also Data Processing, 397 U.S. at 154 (holding that

“where statutes are concerned, the trend is toward enlargement of the class of people who may

protest administrative action.”).

       The relevant statutory sections are found in The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

of 1988 (“the Act”) which provides, in pertinent part:
Court No. 07-00474                                                                             Page 9


               SEC. 1001. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

               (b) PURPOSES. -- The purposes of this title are to --
               (1) authorize the negotiation of reciprocal trade agreements;
               (2) strengthen United States trade laws;
               (3) improve the development and management of United States trade
               strategy; and
               (4) through these actions, improve standards of living in the world.
                                              * * *
               SEC. 1301. REVISION OF CHAPTER 1 OF TITLE III OF THE
               TRADE ACT OF 1974
                                              * * *
               CHAPTER 1– ENFORCEMENT OF UNITED STATES RIGHTS
               UNDER TRADE AGREEMENTS AND RESPONSE TO CERTAIN
               FOREIGN TRADE PRACTICES

100 P.L. 418, 1001. As the above-quoted passage indicates, the broad purpose of Chapter 1 (sections

301-309, as amended, codified at 19 U.S.C. §§ 2411-2419 (2000)) is to strengthen U.S. trade laws

by providing a means for the enforcement of United States rights, such as the imposition of certain

retaliatory measures against foreign countries that violate trade policies. See generally section 2411.

Much of the Senate testimony offered in consideration of the Section 301 amendments highlights

the broad purpose of achieving foreign compliance with trade laws (through various retaliatory

measures); however, that purpose was balanced by an acute concern that, because retaliation often

backfired, any retaliatory action must be implemented with the utmost care, and without causing

undue harm to broader national economic interests. As noted in the floor statements of Alan

Holmer, then USTR General Counsel:

               In considering any amendment to Section 301, I hope that you will
               ask one key question: Will this amendment help or hurt the ability of
               U.S. negotiators to pry open a foreign market to U.S. exports? It
               really comes down to this issue: Is Section 301an import relief law,
               or is it a negotiating tool? If you believe, as I do, that it is a
               negotiating tool, I would implore you to avoid mandatory retaliation.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                           Page 10




               Retaliation really means failure. It may make us feel better
               temporarily. It may provide import relief for another U.S. industry.
               But . . . the U.S. Industry that brought the case is generally not going
               to sell a nickel’s more goods in that foreign market simply because
               we have retaliated. In fact, their sales may go down because of subtle
               or sometimes not so subtle counter-retaliation.
                ...

               [R]etaliation is not cost-free. We retaliated against the Europeans in
               the citrus case. They hit us back on nuts and lemons. We announced
               retaliation in the EC enlargement case. They threatened counter-
               retaliation on corn-gluten feed. Legislatively, it seems to me you
               need to give us the tools which we already (for the most part) have
               under Section 301, and then use your political leverage to make sure
               that this Administration and future administrations act.

Senate Hearing 100-474, March 17, 1987 (testimony of Alan Holmer, General Counsel, USTR).

       The balancing of concerns reflected in this statement reinforces the notion that although the

broad purpose of the Act is to strengthen trade policy by providing an effective means of retaliation,

Congress was also keenly aware that such retaliation might cause more problems than it solved.

Accordingly, sections 301-308 were equipped with several provisions requiring the USTR to

consider any potential economic consequences prior to, and subsequent to, the implementation of

retaliatory actions. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 2411(a)(2)(iv) (providing that the USTR is not required to take

action under section 301 if such action “would have an adverse impact on the United States economy

substantially out of proportion to the benefits of such action”); 2416(d) (providing that in revising

the retaliation list, the USTR “shall act in a manner that is most likely to result in the country or

countries implementing the recommendations adopted in the dispute settlement proceeding”); see

also Proceedings Concerning the [EC’s] Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of

Bananas and the [EC’s] Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products, 65 Fed. Reg. 34,786-87
Court No. 07-00474                                                                          Page 11


(May 31, 2000) (describing the function of USTR’s Section 301 Committee as “to closely monitor

actions taken under section 301 to ensure that such actions remain practicable and effective in terms

of obtaining the elimination of the acts, policies, or practices of foreign governments that are the

subject of the 301 investigation.”).

               a. Interests Arguably Protected or Regulated by Section 2417(c)

       Section 2417(c) provides

               (c) Review of necessity.
                 (1) If--
                       (A) a particular action has been taken under section 301
               [19 U.S.C. § 2411] during any 4-year period, and
                   (B) neither the petitioner nor any representative of the domestic
               industry which benefits from such action has submitted to the Trade
               Representative during the last 60 days of such 4-year period a written
               request for the continuation of such action,
                 such action shall terminate at the close of such 4-year period.
                 (2) The [USTR] shall notify by mail the petitioner and
               representatives of the domestic industry described in paragraph (1)(B)
               of any termination of action by reason of paragraph (1) at least 60
               days before the date of such termination.
                 (3) If a request is submitted to the [USTR] under paragraph (1)(B)
               to continue taking a particular action under section 301, the [USTR]
                shall conduct a review of--
                  (A) the effectiveness in achieving the objectives of section 301 of-
                        (i) such action, and
                        (ii) other actions that could be taken (including actions against
                        other products or services), and
                 (B) the effects of such actions on the United States economy,
               including consumers.

19 U.S.C. § 2417(c)(2000). Although there is very little discussion of this subsection in legislative

history, section 2417(c) fits easily into the scheme of provisions requiring the USTR to assess (or

periodically reassess) the effectiveness of actions taken pursuant to section 301. First, the

“Termination” provision becomes effective only where, after having been in effect for 4 years,
Court No. 07-00474                                                                              Page 12


“neither the petitioner nor any representative of the domestic industry which benefits from the action

has submitted . . . a written request for the continuation of such action.” Id. (emphasis added). The

court finds that this provision is consistent with the expressed congressional intent that retaliatory

actions be closely monitored to ensure that the intended beneficiaries continue to reap some benefit;

where no beneficiary requests the continuation of an action, a question is raised as to whether the

action is continuing to have the desired effect.1 If the representatives of the domestic industry

maintain their silence even after the USTR provides to them notice pursuant to section 2417(c)(2),

the 301 action terminates.

        Further, section 2417(c)(3) provides that even where the intended beneficiary of the USTR’s

action submits a request for the continuation of the action, the USTR must perform a review to

determine the action’s “effectiveness in achieving the objectives of section 301" and “the effects of

such actions on the United States economy, including consumers.”

    2. Whether Gilda’s Interests Affected by the USTR’s Failure to Act are Among the
             Interests Arguably Protected or Regulated by Section 2417(c).

        Gilda asserts that it has an interest in remaining competitive, and an interest in not paying the

100% duties if it is not legally required to do so. Reply at 2. To this end, Gilda “seeks the protection

of section 2417(c)(1)(B).” The government argues that Gilda does not have prudential standing to

sue because Gilda “cannot prove an indication of congressional intent, explicit or implicit, in section

301 to grant protection to importers.” As supporting evidence for that conclusion, the government



       1
           This distinguishes section 2417(c) from the carousel provision discussed by the Federal
Circuit in Gilda II which required the USTR to review (but not necessarily modify) the retaliation
list every 180 days, with no request from the domestic industry prompting such action. See section
3 discussion, infra.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                            Page 13


points out that the definition of “interested persons” set forth in section 301(which apparently

includes importers) does not apply to § 2417(c). Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss and Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for

Class Certification at 8. See section 307(c) (19 U.S.C. § 2417(c)).

       This argument is insufficient for at least two reasons. First, it directly contravenes the

Supreme Court’s directive that “there need be no indication of congressional purpose to benefit the

would-be plaintiff,” and that a “cause of action for review of [agency] action is available absent some

clear and convincing evidence of legislative intention to preclude review.” Clarke at 398. Second,

the argument seems to have ignored that the Data Processing zone of interests test also consists of

inquiry into “regulated” interests, not merely “protected” interests. Although few courts have had

occasion to decide prudential standing issues by inquiry into whether a plaintiff’s interests were

within the “regulated” zone of interests, the court does not see that as a reason to discard that term

from the zone-of-interest test. However, considering the paucity of case law discussing what it

means to be “regulated” in this context, the court must take guidance from the general policy that

review under the APA is “generous,” and that the “zone” considered adequate to sustain judicial

review “is particularly broad in suits to compel federal agency compliance with the law.” FAIC

Securities Inc. v. U.S., 768 F.2d 352, 357 (D.C. Cir. 1985).

       The court finds that Gilda’s interest is arguably regulated by sections 2411-2417. Because

Gilda is required to pay duties pursuant to actions taken under those provisions, those provisions

regulate Gilda’s implicit interest in maintaining profit, remaining competitive, and in transacting

in imported merchandise. Although the statute is not directed to importers and does not by its terms

compel action by them or impose penalties upon them because of certain acts or failures to act, the

USTR’s actions taken pursuant to section 2411 (such as imposing 100% retaliatory duties) certainly
Court No. 07-00474                                                                           Page 14


does compel action, either in the payment of the duties or in the modification of business plans.

Hence, Gilda is still arguably regulated by the statute indirectly. See Cotovsky - Kaplan Physical

Therapy Assoc., Ltd. V. United States, 507 F.2d 13631367 (7th Cir. 1975). Further, section 2417(c)

regulates when the USTR must act to terminate, modify, or review actions (such as retaliatory duties)

in effect pursuant to section 2411. Because section 2417(c) sets the standards for when the USTR

must take action to terminate a retaliatory measure, the USTR’s failure to follow the directive of the

statute results in the continued payment of retaliatory duties that may no longer be desired by the

domestic industry beneficiaries.

       Finally, although it is true that Gilda is not designated as one of the parties to be consulted

if the USTR received a request to continue the action, importers such as Gilda were encouraged to

submit comments and testimony at several stages before the implementation of the retaliation list.

See 64 Fed.Reg. at —, —,—. As such, the USTR cannot argue that the interests of importers played

no part in the consideration of retaliation lists, or that importers were excluded from an analysis of

“the effects of such actions on the United States economy.” 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c)(3). The

government states correctly that the definition of “interested persons” found in section 2411(d)(9)

specifies that it applies “only for the purposes of sections 2412(a)(4)(b), 2414(b)(1)(A), 2416(c)(2),

and 2417(a)(2) of this title.” 19 U.S.C. § 2411(d)(9) (2000). However, the court does not find this

fact to be particularly revealing of congressional intent because the term “interested persons” is

simply not found in section 2417(c). Furthermore, because the term “interested persons” is used

(and defined somewhat differently) in several other sections of Ttitle 19, the court is unconvinced

that the definition in section 2411(d)(9) should be seen as anything more than a simple clarification.

Accordingly, the court is unable to find the fact that “interested persons” as defined in section
Court No. 07-00474                                                                          Page 15


2411(d)(9) does not apply to section 2417(c) is “convincing evidence of legislative intention to

preclude judicial review.”

           3. Gilda’s Interests are not Contrary to the Purpose of Section 2417(c).

       The government next asserts that Gilda does not have prudential standing to challenge the

USTR’s failure to act because Gilda’s interests are contrary to the purpose of the statute. Mot. to

Dismiss at 8-9. In support of this contention, the government quotes the Federal Circuit’s decision

in Gilda II, where that Court considered, but did not decide, the issue of prudential standing as it

related to 19 U.S.C. § 2416 (the “carousel” provision). In that case, the Federal Circuit observed:

               On the one hand, the injury Gilda complains of is precisely the “pain”
               Congress intended to inflict through the carousel provision. Senator
               DeWine made that point clearly in the course of the Senate debate on
               the Trade and Development Act of 2000:

                  What is a nation to do if its current list of imports subject to
               retaliatory tariffs is not working to move the offender such as the E.U.
               into compliance? The solution, I believe, is to seek other products to
               target and at tariff levels that will impose the kind of pain that will
               cause the European Union to see compliance as the remedy . . . That
               is what this amendment is about.

               145 Cong. Rec. 26,933-34 (1999). Thus, Gilda’s suit may be viewed
               as seeking relief that is contrary to, and would frustrate, the objectives
               of the statute.

Gilda II, 446 F.3d at 1280.

       The Federal Circuit brings up an important point: Are Gilda’s interests as an importer so

“inconsistent with the purpose implicit in the statute” that Congress must have intended to preclude

judicial review? The court is dubious as to whether a plaintiff’s interests could be “arguably

regulated” by the relevant statute on the one hand, but on the other hand have those interests be so

“inconsistent” with the purposes of the statute that standing should be denied. The court need not
Court No. 07-00474                                                                             Page 16


decide that question here, however, because for the reasons stated below, the court finds that Gilda’s

interests are not “inconsistent with the purposes of the statute” and that Gilda does indeed possess

prudential standing to pursue the present cause of action.

        First, the court does not agree that the purpose of section 2417(c) is accurately described as

simply or rather only to “impose . . . pain.” As noted above, the purpose of section 2417(c) is to set

certain standards for when a 2411 “action” should be terminated – standards that reflect the

underlying legislative intent that the retaliatory provisions be implemented only when and continue

only so long as necessary; at the very least, the intended beneficiaries must express their support for

the continuation of a 301 action when it is proper to do so.

        In this case, Gilda’s interest in not paying the retaliatory duties – particularly when none of

the intended beneficiaries has come forward to request the continued imposition of those duties –

is not contrary to the purpose of the statute. Although Congress apparently did not intend to protect

importers specifically, one of the interests arguably to be protected by the statute was the interest in

ensuring actions pursuant to 2411 effectively continue to serve their purpose. Requiring action by

the USTR pursuant to 2417(c) when the domestic industry beneficiaries have failed to request

continuation of the action is hardly contrary to that purpose; moreover, even though it is clear that

Gilda’s objectives have nothing to do with ensuring the effectiveness of retaliatory actions, that fact

is not fatal to Gilda’s claim, but considered “beside the point.” Nat’l Credit Union, 522 U.S. at 499.

        Additionally, the court notes that the few Supreme Court cases that deal with the

“inconsistent with the purposes implicit in the statute” aspect of the zone-of-interests test seem to

focus less on the plaintiff’s underlying interests and more on the disruptions to the statutory scheme

that would occur if the Court were to afford judicial review to the interloping party. In Block v.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                           Page 17


Community Nutrition Institute, 467 U.S. 340 (1984), the Court noted:

               Allowing consumers to sue the Secretary would severely disrupt this
               complex and delicate administrative scheme. It would provide
               handlers with a convenient device for evading the statutory
               requirement that they first exhaust their administrative remedies. A
               handler may also be a consumer and, as such, could sue in that
               capacity.

Block, 467 U.S. at 347-48. Hence the Court found that because allowing consumers to sue under

the statute would be so disruptive to the administrative scheme, Congress could not have intended

consumers to be proper parties to sue under the statute. The Fourth Circuit used a similar line of

reasoning in Leaf Tobacco Exporters v. Block, 749 F.2d 1106 (4th Cir. 1984). In that case, the Leaf

Tobacco Exporters Association challenged the decision of the Secretary of Agriculture to permit a

growers’ cooperative to sell its tobacco directly to foreign purchasers. The Court noted that the

relevant statute was designed to ensure minimum revenues for growers and was created for “the

purpose of stabilizing, supporting, and protecting farm income and prices.” Id. at 1116. The Court

denied standing, holding that “[w]here Congress has in this manner clearly defined the class to be

protected, the zone of interest test works to prevent groups outside of the class from usurping the

legislative entitlement. The goal is especially urgent when, as here, such usurpation would come at

the expense of the intended beneficiaries.”2 Id.

       In this case Gilda’s interests are not contrary to the purpose of section 2417(c), and allowing

Gilda to sue the government over its failure to enforce the statute would not, as far as the court can


       2
          The ruling in this case may also relate to when a plaintiff should be denied prudential
standing under the “suitable challenger” test referenced in Clarke, where the Supreme Court further
described the zone of interest test as an inquiry as to “whether Congress intended for [a particular]
class [of plaintiffs] to be relied upon to challenge agency disregard of the law.” Clarke at 399.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                               Page 18


see, “disrupt” a complex scheme of enforcement, nor would it allow Gilda to “usurp legislative

entitlement” at the expense of the intended beneficiaries. On the contrary, where an action is

supposed to terminate under section 2417(c), the intended beneficiaries may be presumed no longer

benefitted, rendering the continuation of that particular section 301 action ineffectual. Accordingly,

the court finds no reason to deny Gilda prudential standing to compel the USTR to take action

pursuant to the mandate of section 2417(c).

                                 C. 12(b)(5) Motion to Dismiss

        In deciding a USCIT R. 12(b)(5) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted, the Court assumes all factual allegations to be true and draws all reasonable

inferences in the plaintiff's favor. Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Watkins, 11 F.3d 1573, 1583-84 & n. 13

(Fed. Cir. 1993); Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 797 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (subject matter

jurisdiction); Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935 F.2d 1271, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (failure to state a

claim). Dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is proper if the

plaintiff’s factual allegations are not “enough to raise the right to relief above the speculative level

on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. __ (2007) (citations omitted).

        The government contends that Gilda’s claim must fail as a matter of law because the

termination provision contained in section 2417(c) is not applicable in this matter, and that “Gilda’s

contentions are contrary to the plain language of the statute.” Mot. to Dismiss at 12. Specifically,

the government argues that the phrase “a particular action . . . under section 2411” refers only to the

initial “action” undertaken by the USTR to impose the retaliation list. “Contrary to Gilda’s

contention, actions taken pursuant to section 2411 do not include the continuation of a particular
Court No. 07-00474                                                                               Page 19


action under section 2411.” Id. at 4 (emphasis added). Under the government’s interpretation of the

statute,

                  to “take action” pursuant to Section 301means the exercise of authority
                  under section 2411(c) to modify the tariff schedule of the United
                  States to increase duties on certain imported products. That action
                  must be taken by a certain statutory deadline, after consultation with
                  interested persons, and may not be modified or terminated unless the
                  USTR takes further action, pursuant to specific statutory procedures
                  that include consultation with specific persons. Gilda’s contention –
                  that the USTR is “taking action” each day that an action remains in
                  effect – is, thus, inconsistent with the statutory structure that provides
                  specific deadlines for taking action, requirements for public
                  consultation before taking action, and that new action is required to
                  modify or terminate a prior action. If, as Gilda contends, Congress
                  intended for USTR to review an action every four years, Congress
                  would have used such language in the statute.

Def’s Reply at 6. The Government ultimately concludes that “because the USTR has not taken “a

particular action” pursuant to section 2411 in the past four years, termination pursuant to section

2417(c) is inapplicable to the retaliation list.” Id. at 7.

           In examining the text of the statute and its legislative history, as well as using plain common

sense, the court finds no support for the government’s interpretation of section 2417. First, the notion

that “an action under section 2411” refers only to the initial USTR decision to implement the

retaliatory duties – and not the continued imposition of those duties – is contrary to the language of

the statute itself. Section 307 (19 U.S.C. § 2417) is entitled “Modification and Termination of

Actions.” If, as the government argues, the “actions” to be modified or terminated pursuant to §2417

refer only to isolated acts and “do not include the continuation of a particular action under section

2411,” how those actions could be “modified” or “terminated” is indeed a puzzle. Indeed, even the

specific section at issue (2417(c)) provides that if the conditions pursuant to subsections (A) and (B)
Court No. 07-00474                                                                             Page 20


are met, “such action” – that is, the particular action taken under section 301– “shall terminate at the

close of such 4-year period.” 19 U.S.C. § 2417(c). Because an action cannot terminate unless the

action is somehow continuing, the court is unable to accept that the “action” to which the statute

refers is not a continuing one.

       For good measure, the court notes that the legislative history regarding 2417(c) also directly

contradicts the government’s interpretation of the statute. The House of Representatives Conference

Report describing the Senate amendment to modify section 307(c) (eventually codified at 19 U.S.C.

§ 2417(c)) from a biennial review to its current version states:

               The Senate amendment also provides that any action will
               automatically terminate if it has been in effect during any four-year
               period and neither the petitioner nor any representative of the domestic
               industry submits to the USTR a written request for continuation during
               the last 60 days of the four-year period. USTR must notify by mail the
               petitioner and representatives of the domestic industry at least 60 days
               before the date of termination.

House of Representatives Report 100-576 at 564. The House Report states expressly that the actions

will terminate “if it has been in effect during any four-year period.” The House Report makes no

reference to when the USTR’s decision to implement the action took place. Moreover, the court is

unable to see how an action that has been “in effect,” can be interpreted as anything other than

continuous.

       Finally, common sense does not support the government’s interpretation. Although Customs

may collect the duties pursuant to actions implemented pursuant to section 2411, that duty is only

ministerial; the legal authority to collect those duties continually emanates from USTR. The

government’s interpretation would have us believe that, once implemented, the authority of the USTR

is at an end, or that the USTR bears no more responsibility for the matter. Such is hardly the case.
Court No. 07-00474                                                                            Page 21


See Gilda II (holding that challenge to Customs action to collect the duties is unnecessary).

Accordingly, the court cannot accept the government’s interpretation of section 2417(c) as

“inapplicable” to this matter, and the government’s motion to dismiss will be denied.

                                          IV. Conclusion

       Upon consideration of the foregoing analysis, the court hereby (1) denies the plaintiff’s motion

for class certification; and (2) denies the government’s motion to dismiss. The government shall

timely file an answer to the allegations set forth in the plaintiff’s complaint in accordance with the

Court’s Rules.

       SO ORDERED.



                                               /s/ R. Kenton Musgrave__________________
                                                 R. KENTON MUSGRAVE, Senior Judge

Dated: May 14, 2008
       New York, New York
                                            ERRATA

                  Gilda Industries, Inc., v. United States, Court No. 07–00474,
                                 Slip Op. 08-51 (May 14, 2008)



On page 14, line 3, replace “507 F.2d 13631367” with “507 F.2d 1363, 1367”.

On page 14, line 12, replace “See 64 Fed. Reg. at __, __,__” with “64 Fed. Reg. at 14,487”.

On page 17, footnote 2, line 4, add “, 479 U.S.” after “Clarke”.

On page 18, line 16, after “Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. ___” add “, ___, 127 S. Ct. 1955,
1965”.


Dated: May 20, 2008.
