                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           NOV 25 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


ONTARIO FOOD AND BEVERAGE,                       No.   18-56090
LLC, a California limited liability
company,                                         D.C. No. 5:18-cv-00753-SJO-SP

              Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
 v.

ANDRE SCHOORL, Director of the State
of California Department of Industrial
Relations, and DAVID M. LANIER,
Secretary of the California Labor and
Workforce Development Agency,

              Defendants-Appellees.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California,
                  S. James Otero, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted November 8, 2019
                              Pasadena, California



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Virginia M. Kendall, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
Before: FARRIS and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges, and KENDALL,** District

Judge.

         Ontario Food and Beverage, LLC (“Ontario Food”), owner of Deja Vu Bar

and Nightclub in Ontario, California, appeals the District Court’s dismissal of its

(1) motion for preliminary injunction, and (2) claims for declaratory and injunctive

relief against California state officials. Ontario Food alleges that the definition of

“gratuity” in California Labor Code § 350(e), as amended by 2000 Cal. Assembly

Bill No. 2509 (“AB 2509"), is unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth

Amendments and preempted by the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.,

Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., and Consumer Credit Protection

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.

         The District Court (1) denied the preliminary injunction, finding that Ontario

Food failed to satisfy any of the required factors laid out in Winter v. Nat’l Res.

Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). It then (2) granted Defendants’ motions

to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction without reaching the

merits, finding that Ontario Food lacked standing and that its claims were not ripe.

It further found Defendants to be immune from suit under the Eleventh

Amendment, and it denied leave to amend. We review the District Court’s order

granting a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de novo,


                                            2
Maronyan v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 658 F.3d 1038, 1039 (9th Cir.

2011), and we affirm.

      To establish standing, a plaintiff must show (1) an injury in fact that is both

concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent, (2) causation, and (3)

redressability. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). A

plaintiff not presently subject to prosecution must demonstrate a “reasonable threat

of prosecution” that is “not imaginary or wholly speculative.” Thomas v.

Anchorage Equal Rights Comm’n, 220 F.3d 1134, 1143 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal

quotations omitted). “‘[G]eneral threat[s] by officials to enforce those laws which

they are charged to administer’ do not create the necessary injury in fact.” Lopez v.

Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 787 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting United Pub. Workers of Am.

v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 88 (1947)).

      Ontario Food fails to allege an injury in fact, as any potential threat of

prosecution under AB 2509 is not imminent and is wholly speculative. Neither

Defendants nor the agencies they represent have attempted to enforce AB 2509

against Ontario Food; nor does Ontario Food allege that Defendants have

threatened enforcement, warned of it, or enforced AB 2509 in any way since its

January 2001 inception sufficient to establish injury. See San Diego Cty. Gun

Rights Comm. v. Reno, 98 F.3d 1121, 1127–28 (9th Cir. 1996); Darring v.


                                           3
Kincheloe, 783 F.2d 874, 877 (9th Cir. 1986). The California Department of

Industrial Relations’ June 2001 letter regarding AB 2509 is merely an

acknowledgment by the agency that it is charged with administration of the law in

question. See Lopez, 630 F.3d at 787.

      Ontario Food cites Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 442 U.S.

298, 301–02 (1979), for the notion that Defendants’ failure to “disavow”

enforcement of AB 2509 is sufficient to establish injury in fact. But in Babbitt,

plaintiffs had in fact been forced to chill their protected speech for fear of violating

a labor statute. See id. In contrast, Ontario Food fails to allege that it has curtailed

its speech or changed its behavior in any meaningful way in response to AB 2509.

Indeed, it has declined to enforce its own policy that would bring it into

compliance with the law. As a result, the District Court properly dismissed Ontario

Food’s claims for lack of standing.

      We conclude that Ontario Food lacks standing, so we need not reach

whether its claims are ripe or barred by sovereign immunity. For the same reason,

we hold that the District Court’s denial of preliminary injunction was proper. See

Townley v. Miller, 722 F.3d 1128, 1136–37 (9th Cir. 2013); Vegan Outreach, Inc.

v. Chapa, 454 Fed.App’x 598, 600 (9th Cir. 2011).

      AFFIRMED.


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