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                 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
                                        No.   CR-16-228


                                                  Opinion Delivered: April   20, 2017
WILLIE NOBLE
                                 APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
                                           COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V.                                         [NO. 60CR-2014-1089]

STATE OF ARKANSAS                           HONORABLE ERNEST SANDERS,
                                   APPELLEE SPECIAL CIRCUIT JUDGE
                                                  AFFIRMED.



                            RHONDA K. WOOD, Associate Justice

        A Pulaski County jury convicted the appellant, Willie Noble, of first-degree murder

 and six counts of terroristic acts. It also found him guilty of using a firearm during the

 commission of a felony on each count. He was sentenced to 240 months for first-degree

 murder with an additional 120 months’ enhancement for use of a firearm to be served

 consecutively. In addition, he was fined $1,000 for each of the six felony terroristic acts and

 was sentenced to 36 months for each of the firearm enhancements to be served concurrently.

 On appeal, Noble argues that the circuit court erred in not granting his motions for directed

 verdict on all charges. We affirm Noble’s convictions.

        In February 2014, several teenagers went to Noble’s home to play a prank on Noble’s

 son by throwing toilet paper, leaves, and mayonnaise on his son’s car. Noble was alerted

 by his dog barking, but by the time he looked outside and saw the toilet paper and leaves

 on the car, the teenagers had left. However, they returned later that night with eggs to

 throw at Noble’s house and at a neighbor’s house. This time, as the teenagers were leaving
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in their car, Noble came outside with a gun and began shooting in the direction of the

teenagers’ car. Noble fired multiple shots at the car, shattering the driver’s-side window,

cracking the windshield, and leaving several bullet holes in the vehicle. Adrian Broadway,

who was seated in the front passenger seat, was shot in the head and killed by one of Noble’s

shots.

         The jury convicted Noble of first-degree murder and six terroristic acts. It also found

him guilty of using a firearm during the commission of a felony with regard to each count.

On appeal, Noble contends the circuit court erred by denying his motions for directed

verdict because the evidence did not demonstrate that his purpose in firing his weapon was

to cause property damage and because Broadway’s death was not caused “in furtherance of”

the terroristic acts as required by the felony-murder statute, Arkansas Code Annotated

section 5-10-102(a)(1) (Repl. 2013).

         We treat a motion for directed verdict as a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence. Kinsey v. State, 2016 Ark. 393, 503 S.W.3d 772. The test for determining the

sufficiency of the evidence is whether the verdict is supported by substantial evidence. Id.

Substantial evidence is evidence that is of sufficient force and character that it will, with

reasonable certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other, without resorting to

speculation or conjecture. Id. In reviewing a sufficiency challenge, we view the evidence

in the light most favorable to the State, considering only evidence that supports the verdict.

Id.

         Noble contends the circuit court should have granted his directed-verdict motions

in regard to the terroristic acts. He argues there was insufficient evidence that he shot the

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vehicle occupied by the victim with the intent to cause property damage. He asserts that

the only testimony regarding his intent was the statement he gave to the police in which he

claimed that he shot with the purpose of scaring away the people in the car. However, the

jury was not required to accept his statement as true and was free to believe the testimony

of other witnesses. Indeed, a person’s state of mind at the time of a crime is seldom apparent

and ordinarily cannot be proven by direct evidence. Rollins v. State, 2009 Ark. 484, 347

S.W.3d 20. For this reason, members of the jury are allowed to draw upon their common

knowledge and experience to infer it from the circumstances. Id. Because of the difficulty

in ascertaining a person’s intent, a presumption exists that a person intends the natural and

probable consequences of his or her acts. Davis v. State, 2009 Ark. 478, 348 S.W.3d 553.

       From the trial testimony, a jury could have concluded that Noble’s actions showed

that he shot the vehicle with the purpose of causing property damage. One of the teenagers

testified at trial that Noble pointed the gun and shot at the car four or five times. He did

not see Noble aim the gun toward the ground. Another teenager similarly stated that she

saw Noble aim and shoot the gun at the car. In addition, police officers testified to the

damage to the car as the result of the shooting, including a shattered driver’s-side window,

cracked windshield, and bullet holes in the driver’s-side door and in the rear quarter panel.

We hold that this evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s inference that Noble shot the

vehicle with the intent to cause property damage.

       Next, Noble argues that under the circumstances of this case, he did not shoot and

kill Broadway in furtherance of the commission of the terroristic acts. The felony murder

statute provides,

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              A person commits murder in the first degree if, acting alone or with one or
              more other persons, the person commits or attempts to commit a felony and,
              in the course of and in furtherance of the felony or in immediate flight from
              the felony, the person or an accomplice causes the death of any person under
              circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life.

Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-102(a)(1).

       Noble argues that in order for the State to prove that he caused Broadway’s death

“in the course of and in furtherance of” committing a terroristic act, it must demonstrate

that the murder was done to facilitate the terroristic act. Noble cites Parker v. State, 292

Ark. 421, 731 S.W.2d 756 (1987), and Craig v. State, 70 Ark. App. 71, 14 S.W.3d 893

(2000), in support of this argument. He contends that Parker stands for the proposition that

the language “in the course of and in furtherance of” requires that the death facilitated the

felony. This is simply a misinterpretation of Parker. In Parker, the defendant was convicted

of the felony murder of James Warren and Sandra Warren. 292 Ark. 421, 731 S.W.2d 756.

Parker drove to the home of James Warren, his ex-wife’s father, and as Warren and his

daughter were getting into their vehicle, Parker began shooting at them. Id. He ultimately

chased Warren into his home where he killed him and his wife, Sandra Warren. Id. The

court reversed because the felony-murder statute could not be read to encompass the facts,

which clearly showed that Parker entered the Warren house, which was the felony, with

the sole purpose to commit murder. Id. at 425, 731 S.W.2d at 758. The court explained,

              For the phrase “in the course of and in furtherance of the felony” to have any
              meaning, the burglary must have an independent objective which the murder
              facilitates. In this instance, the burglary and murder have the same objective.
              That objective, the intent to kill, is what makes the underlying act of entry
              into the home a burglary. The burglary was actually no more than one step
              toward the commission of the murder and was not to facilitate the murder.



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Id. at 427, 731 S.W.2d at 759 (emphasis added). Thus, the felony-murder statute does not

include a fact pattern where “in the course of and in furtherance of” a murder, one commits

a felony and thus can be charged with felony murder. Those were the facts in Parker. The

burglary and the murder had the same objective: to kill. The killings could not be in

furtherance of a burglary because the burglary was only a means of achieving the murders.

       Likewise, in Craig v. State, the defendant, after a series of disagreements and

arguments with Jake McKinnon, beat him so severely that he died. 70 Ark. App. 71, 14

S.W.3d 893 (2000). Craig was convicted of first-degree felony murder. Id. The court of

appeals noted that the trial evidence showed that Craig “assaulted, beat, and kicked Jake

McKinnon in furtherance of the homicide, not in furtherance of committing an

independent felony.” Id. at 79, 14 S.W.3d at 899. Accordingly, Parker and Craig establish

that in order to be convicted of felony murder, the defendant must have an intent or

objective to commit the underlying felony as opposed to the primary goal of murder.

       Looking at the plain language of the statute, “a person commits murder in the first

degree if, . . . in the course of and in furtherance of the felony [terroristic act] . . . , the

person . . . cause[s] the death of any person . . . .” Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-102(a)(1). Here,

after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that there

was substantial evidence that Noble “in the course of and in furtherance of” committing

the terroristic acts of shooting at an occupied vehicle with the intent to cause property

damage, caused the death of Broadway. Thus, unlike Parker and Craig, the death occurred

“in the course of and in furtherance of” the felony, as opposed to the felony occurring “in

the course of and in furtherance of” the murder. Noble had an independent objective to

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commit terroristic acts, and his intent related to the acts of terrorism, not to murder. See

Perry v. State, 371 Ark. 170, 177–78, 264 S.W.3d 498, 503(2007) (“[T]he culpable intent

or mens rea relates to the crime of the underlying felony . . . and not to the murder itself.).

As we cannot find that the circuit court erred in denying the directed-verdict motions, we

affirm.

          Affirmed.

          HART, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

          JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

The majority has misconstrued the Arkansas felony-murder statute, ignoring this court’s

well-settled construction of the word “furtherance.” In Parker v. State, 292 Ark. 421, 731

S.W.2d 756 (1987), Sellers v. State, 295 Ark. 489, 749 S.W.2d 669 (1988), and Allen v. State,

296 Ark. 33, 751 S.W.2d 347 (1988), this court construed the word “furtherance” to mean

“facilitate.” The majority has not explained how the shooting of Adrian Broadway, while

heart-wrenching, facilitated the underlying felony.1

          To understand the proper application of the Arkansas felony-murder statutory

scheme, one need only look to Allen v. State, supra, where this court affirmed a conviction



          In pertinent part, the underlying felony that Mr. Noble was charged with,
          1

Terroristic Act, is codified at Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-13-310 as follows:
                 (a) A person commits a terroristic act if, while not in the commission of a
          lawful act, the person:
                  (1) Shoots at or in any manner projects an object at a conveyance which is
          being operated or which is occupied by another person with the purpose to cause
          injury to another person or damage to property



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for felony murder. After acknowledging that, in accordance with Parker and Sellers, the

murder must “facilitate” the underlying felony, the Allen court stated:

       In the instant case, the appellant, in his confessions, said that in order to steal Verser's
       car, he entered Verser’s house to get the keys. He stated that he had not intended to
       kill Verser, but took a piece of angle iron with him in case Verser caught or tried to
       shoot the appellant. Clearly, the facts here support the state’s charges of theft being
       the underlying offense and object of the burglary, and unquestionably appellant’s
       murder of Verser resulted in facilitating his theft of property.

Allen, 296 Ark. at 40, 751 S.W.2d at 350. To put it in the vernacular, the murder in Allen

helped the perpetrator commit his crime because it stopped the homeowner from

preventing or otherwise interfering with it. Conversely, in the case before us, killing Adrian

Broadway did not help Mr. Noble to commit a terroristic act in any way. Ms. Broadway

was not the driver of the vehicle, she was not armed, and she did not in any way represent

a threat to Mr. Noble as he fired at the vehicle. In short, there is absolutely no evidence

that Ms. Broadway’s death facilitated the terroristic act. Accordingly, the majority has failed

to properly apply the felony-murder statute.

       It is not enough to look at the plain wording of the statute, as the majority claims to

have done—it must also give effect to every word. Obviously, the majority has focused on

“in the course of” and neglected to consider the element of “furtherance.” This faulty

construction of the Arkansas felony-murder statute stands in stark contrast to the language

of the Parker court:

       [I]n the course of and in furtherance of the [underlying felony], . . . are elements
       required by our statutes. “If we can, we give legislation a construction to [e]ffect
       legislative intent ... However, this is a criminal statute which must be strictly
       construed with doubt being resolved in favor of the accused.” Knapp v. State, 283
       Ark. 346, [347,] 676 S.W.2d 729 [,730] (1984). In strictly construing our statutes, as
       we must do, it is apparent that in order to constitute capital felony murder, the

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       murder must be in the course of, and in furtherance of the [underlying felony], which
       is not the case before us.

292 Ark. at 427, 731 S.W.2d at 759. The majority has, in effect, rewritten the felony-

murder statute by ignoring the “furtherance” element and this court’s interpretation of the

word “furtherance,” as used in the statute, to mean “facilitate.”

       To achieve this patently wrong result, the majority mischaracterizes Mr. Noble’s

argument.    Contrary to the majority’s representation, Mr. Noble concedes that Ms.

Broadway’s death occurred in the course of his committing a terroristic act. He focuses

only on the furtherance element and argues that shooting Ms. Broadway did not facilitate

the underlying felony.

       Finally, the majority’s citation of Perry v. State, 371 Ark. 170, 177–78, 264 S.W.3d

498, 503 (2007) (“[T]he culpable intent or mens rea relates to the crime of the underlying

felony . . . and not to the murder itself.) is of no moment. Perry is a State appeal regarding

the propriety of giving an instruction on felony manslaughter as a lesser-included offense of

first-degree murder. The analysis in that case focused on the mens rea of the two offenses,

which is not even remotely an issue in the case before us.

       In my view, Mr. Noble’s argument with regard to his first-degree felony-murder

conviction is compelling. I would reverse and remand this case, as this court did in Parker

and Sellers, when the felony-murder statute was correctly applied.

       With regard to Mr. Noble’s terroristic-act convictions, I agree that his argument does

not warrant reversal. Nonetheless, I am concerned that Mr. Noble was convicted of six

felonies when the evidence showed that, at worst, he fired only five rounds, and two of



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those rounds were found to have hit his front lawn. However, inasmuch as this is not an

argument made by Mr. Noble, I concur in the result.

      Ronald L. Davis, Jr. Law Firm, PLLC, by: Ronald L. Davis, for appellant.

      Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Brad Newman, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.




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