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                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                       DIVISION III
                                       No. CV-14-645


XTO ENERGY, INC., AND GILBERT                     Opinion Delivered   April 1, 2015
W. TARVER and BARBARA COOK
                    APPELLANTS                    APPEAL FROM THE VAN BUREN
                                                  COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V.                                                [NO. CV-2010-068]

                                                  HONORABLE MICHAEL A.
MARSHALL RAY THACKER and                          MAGGIO, JUDGE
ELENA MARIE THACKER, AS
TRUSTEES OF THE THACKER                           AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED
FAMILY REVOCABLE LIVING                           AND REMANDED IN PART
TRUST, DATED APRIL 25, 1992, ET
AL.
                       APPELLEES



                         RAYMOND R. ABRAMSON, Judge

       This appeal concerns the validity of a 1984 decree that quieted title to certain mineral

interests in appellees Marshall Ray Thacker and Elena Marie Thacker.1 Appellants Gilbert

Tarver2 and Barbara Cook (collectively, “Tarver”) filed suit challenging the 1984 decree. On

cross-motions for summary judgment, the Van Buren County Circuit Court concluded that

       1
         There are several other appellees in this case. They have various interests in the
mineral estate by virtue of leases with the Thackers. These other appellees include Chesapeake
Exploration, LLC; Chesapeake Investments; BP America Production Co.; Weiser-Brown
Operating Co.; Charles N. Wohlford; Wolf Exploration, Inc.; Glen D. Fritsche; Kenneth L.
Fritsche; Ursula Royalty, LLC; TMR Exploration, Inc. (collectively, Chesapeake); Riverbend
Exploration and Production, LLC; and 4JW, Ltd. Chesapeake and 4JW have filed separate
briefs, in addition to that filed by the Thackers. Riverbend has stated that it is not filing a
separate brief but is adopting all of the arguments made by the other appellees.
       2
       Gilbert Tarver died during the pendency of this action in the circuit court. His heirs
were substituted as parties.
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the earlier decree was valid based on its finding that there had been proper service by

publication in the 1984 case. The circuit court further concluded that a handwritten notation

in the legal description of the deed conveying part of the mineral interest was surplusage and

should not be given effect. Based on those conclusions, the court granted the motions for

summary judgment filed by the Thackers and those claiming through them and denied the

motions for summary judgment filed by Tarver and his oil and gas lessee, appellant XTO

Energy Inc. XTO and Tarver appeal, contending that the prior decree quieting title was

invalid but that the handwritten notation should be given effect. We reverse on the first point,

but affirm on the second point.

                                          Background

       The parties trace their titles back to J.T. Riffey and his wife, Mary Riffey. On

November 16, 1929, the Riffeys executed a mineral deed conveying an undivided one-half

interest in oil, gas, and other minerals to N.H. Tarver and I.R. Timmons. The deed also

includes a handwritten notation as part of the legal description, stating “also the South quarter

of the Northeast quarter, 40 acres.” The Timmons interest is not an issue in this appeal.

       By three deeds, dated August 29, October 6, and November 1, 1930, the Riffeys

conveyed the surface and remaining one-half interest in minerals to V.P. Bumpers. Gilbert

Tarver and Cook are the heirs of N.H. Tarver, who died intestate in 1978. The Thackers are

the successors in title to V.P. Bumpers, having acquired their interest in 1961.

       On April 6, 1984, the Thackers filed a petition to quiet title in the chancery court of




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Van Buren County. N.H. Tarver was named as one of several defendants.3 In their petition,

the Thackers asserted that they had been in “open[,] notorious and adverse possession of the

subject property for a period in excess of Seven years and have paid taxes on all surface

interests in such property.” They further alleged that they owned all of the mineral interests

previously conveyed, including the one-half interest in minerals conveyed to Tarver and

Timmons. They asserted that the grantor of the various mineral interests listed in the

complaint was not the record owner of the property and had no right to convey such

property.

       On the same day, the Thackers’ attorney executed and filed an affidavit in which he

stated that “after diligent inquiry the identity or whereabouts of the following named

defendants is unknown: . . . N. H. Tarver.” The affidavit listed all of the named defendants,

but was otherwise silent with respect to detailing the efforts to locate the named defendants.

The warning order was issued the same day. According to the affidavit of publication, the

warning order was published for four weeks, between April 11, 1984, and May 2, 1984.

       On June 22, 1984, the chancery court entered a decree quieting title in the Thackers.

The decree recites that “Defendants appearing not although having been properly served as

required by law.”


       3
        In addition, the 1984 action also named as defendants three different legal descriptions;
and “Paul Whitten; Pisttsburgh [sic] Royalty Syndicate; J.M. Tate, Trustee; R.C. Martin;
Bruce Whitcomb; I.R. Timmons; L.O. McMillian; O.W. Killian; Frank P. Redfern; John J.
Redfern; Margaret A. Redfern; Frank J. Redfern; Margaret M. Redfern; L. Heston Witwer,
Jr.; John J. Redfern, Jr.; William S. Little, Trustee; W.O. Dunaway; Griffith Moore; Lee
Smith; Bradley Prod. Co.; the unknown heirs and successors of the aforementioned persons,
corporations or partnerships.”

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       On March 30, 2010, Tarver filed this action. The complaint sought to set aside the

1984 quiet-title decree as void for lack of proper service and the failure to join all titleholders

of record. Tarver also sought reformation of the legal description in the 1929 mineral deed

to N.H. Tarver and Timmons and to give effect to the handwritten notation.

       The Thackers and the other appellees answered, denying the complaint’s material

allegations and asserting that the complaint was barred by the earlier quiet-title decree and the

statute of limitations found in Arkansas Code Annotated section 18-60-510(a) (Repl. 2003).

Cross-claims were filed by several of the other appellees against the Thackers based on their

warranting title to their lessees.

       All parties moved for summary judgment. Tarver filed a motion for partial summary

judgment contesting the validity of the quiet-title decree. In a supporting brief, Tarver argued

that the affidavit for warning order was deficient because it contained no information as to the

efforts to discover the identity or the whereabouts of N.H. Tarver or his heirs. Tarver did not

address the issue of the handwritten notation in the legal description of the deed creating the

mineral interest.

       In its motion for summary judgment, XTO asserted that the 1984 quiet-title decree

was void. XTO also sought a declaration that Tarver was entitled to a one-quarter interest in

the minerals in the property. It also argued that the description should be changed from the

“South quarter of the Northeast quarter” to “Southwest quarter of the Northeast quarter.”

XTO also submitted the court’s file from the 1984 quiet-title action as an exhibit in support

of its motion for summary judgment.


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          Following a hearing, the circuit court entered an order denying XTO’s motion for

summary judgment. After setting out the undisputed facts concerning the chain of title leading

to the 1984 quiet-title action and the parties’ arguments, the court found that XTO had failed

to set forth legal argument or facts to support summary judgment voiding the 1984 decree.

The court also found that the handwritten interlineation in the 1929 deed should be given no

effect.

          The court later entered a final order, granting summary judgment to the Thackers and

denying Tarver’s cross-motion for summary judgment. The court found that the 1984 quiet-

title decree complied with the Rules of Civil Procedure as they existed in 1984. The court

also found that Gilbert Tarver and Barbara Cook were provided valid constructive service by

publication. Noting that the parties to the 1929 deed and the clerk who recorded the deed

were deceased, the court further found that the handwritten notation in that deed was mere

surplusage and should not be given effect. The court dismissed Tarver’s complaint with

prejudice and quieted title in the mineral interests in the Thackers. The order also included

a Rule 54(b) certificate in order to preserve the various cross-claims filed against the Thackers.

This appeal followed.

                                      Arguments on Appeal

          On appeal, Tarver and XTO contend that the circuit court erred in not finding the

1984 quiet-title decree was void for lack of proper service and that it erred in not giving effect

to the handwritten interlineation on the 1929 mineral deed.




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                                        Standard of Review

       Our standard of review depends on the grounds argued by the party who moved to

set the decree aside. If the party claims that the judgment is void, then the matter is a question

of law, which we review de novo. Wright v. Viele, 2013 Ark. App. 471, 429 S.W.3d 314.

Otherwise, we review under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. In the petition for

declaratory judgment, Tarver argued that the Thackers failed to obtain proper service in the

1984 case. Lack of service makes a default judgment void. Id. Therefore, our review of the

circuit court’s order is de novo. Id.

       The standard of review on appeal in reformation of written instrument cases is de

novo, but we do not reverse unless the circuit court’s findings were clearly erroneous. Longing

Family Rev. Trust v. Snowden, 2013 Ark. App. 81, 426 S.W.3d 488.

                                            Discussion

       We start with the basic arguments of the Thackers and those claiming through them.

They argue that this is an improper collateral attack on the 1984 decree and that Tarver’s

action to set aside the 1984 decree is barred by the three-year statute of limitations found in

section 18-60-510(a). We disagree. Our supreme court instructs us that

               [a] direct attack on a judgment is an attempt to amend it, correct [it], reform
       it, vacate it, or enjoin its execution in a proceeding instituted for that purpose. An
       attack is direct where the proceeding in which it is made is brought for the purpose
       of impeaching or overturning the judgment, and collateral if made in any manner
       other than by a proceeding the very purpose of which is to impeach or overturn the
       judgment.

Nationwide Ins. Enter. v. Ibanez, 368 Ark. 432, 436, 246 S.W.3d 883, 886 (2007) (citing

Council of Co-Owners for Lakeshore Resort & Yacht Club Horizontal Prop. Regime v. Glyneu, LLC,

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367 Ark. 397, 405, 240 S.W.3d 600, 607 (2006)); see also Davis v. Schimmel, 252 Ark. 1201,

482 S.W.2d 785 (1972). Tarver brought this case for the very purpose of having the 1984

decree declared void ab initio, alleging that there was no service and no notice to N.H.

Tarver or his heirs. Proceedings conducted where the attempted service was invalid render

judgments arising under them void. Wilburn v. Keenan Cos., Inc., 298 Ark. 461, 768 S.W.2d

531 (1989); Edmonson v. Farris, 263 Ark. 505, 565 S.W.2d 617 (1978); Davis, supra; Wright,

supra. Therefore, we conclude that this is a direct, not collateral, attack on the 1984 quiet-title

decree. Davis, supra; Wright, supra. Moreover, the three-year limitation period found in section

18-60-510 does not apply where notice was not given to persons claiming an interest in the

property or minerals. Welch v. Burton, 221 Ark. 173, 252 S.W.2d 411 (1952); accord Gilbreath

v. Union Bank, 309 Ark. 360, 830 S.W.2d 854 (1992) (affirming trial court’s setting aside an

earlier quiet-title decree where the petition to set aside was filed more than four years after

entry of the earlier decree; statute of limitations not discussed).

       The Thackers further rely on the 1984 decree’s recitation that service was had in the

manner required by law, and that this court, in reviewing the circuit court’s decision

upholding the earlier decree, must presume that the chancery court inquired into and found

the existence of the facts authorizing it to render its decree. See, e.g., Phillips v. Commonwealth

Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 308 Ark. 654, 826 S.W.2d 278 (1992). However, as explained below, the

record in the 1984 case reflects areas of noncompliance with Rule 4(f) and the quiet-title

statutes at the time the 1984 decree was entered, thereby rebutting the presumption. See

Adams v. Nationsbank, 74 Ark. App. 384, 49 S.W.3d 164 (2001).


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       The first issue is the validity of the service in the 1984 case. We conclude that service

was not proper. N.H. Tarver was named as a defendant in the caption of the 1984 quiet-title

action. As such, he was required to be subject personally to the jurisdiction of the court.

However, N.H. Tarver was dead at the time of the 1984 quiet-title action. If he was dead,

he could not be made a party, however perfect the constructive notice given as to him. Gill

v. More, 76 So. 453, 456 (Ala. 1917); see also Carr v. Kamins, 60 Cal. Rptr. 3d 196 (Cal. Ct.

App. 2007).

       The fact that N.H. Tarver was deceased is not dispositive because in instances where,

as here, the identity or whereabouts of his heirs is demonstrated to be unknown, Arkansas

Rule of Civil Procedure 4 provides a method of constructive notice that is reasonably

calculated to give the defendant actual notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be

heard. See Horne v. Savers Fed. Sav. and Loan Ass’n, 295 Ark. 182, 747 S.W.2d 580 (1988).

At the time of the 1984 quiet-title action, Rule 4(f), the rule governing constructive service,

provided:

              Service Upon Defendant Whose Identity or Whereabouts Is Unknown: Where
       it appears by the affidavit of a party or his attorney that after diligent inquiry, the
       identity or whereabouts of a defendant remains unknown, service shall be by warning
       order issued by the clerk and published weekly for two (2) consecutive weeks in a
       newspaper having general circulation in a county wherein the action is filed and by
       mailing a copy of the complaint and warning order to such defendant at his last known
       address, if any, by any form of mail with delivery restricted to the addressee or the
       agent of the addressee.

Ark. R. Civ. P. 4(f) (1984).

       As we have long held, statutory-service requirements, being in derogation of the

common law, are strictly construed and compliance must be exact. E.g., Wright, supra. This

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rule applies equally to the service requirements imposed by rules of the court. Id. Proceedings

conducted where the attempted service was invalid render judgments arising under them void.

Id.

       By the time of the 1984 quiet-title action, the supreme court had already held that

Rule 4(f) required more than a conclusory affidavit stating that a diligent inquiry had been

made in order to have valid service by publication. Smith v. Edwards, 279 Ark. 79, 648 S.W.2d

482 (1983); see also Davis v. Schimmel, 252 Ark. 1201, 482 S.W.2d 785 (1972); Roswell v.

Driver, 268 Ark. 819, 596 S.W.2d 352 (Ark. App. 1980). Rule 4(f) permits constructive

service by warning order only if the whereabouts of the defendant is unknown “after diligent

inquiry.” A mere recitation in an affidavit that a diligent inquiry was made is not sufficient.

Smith, supra. The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate to the court that he actually

attempted to locate the defendant. Id.

       Simply stated, the affidavit for warning order in the 1984 case was insufficient because

it was conclusory, containing no indication of what steps were taken as part of the required

“diligent inquiry” as to the whereabouts of N.H. Tarver or his heirs. The Thackers attempted

to cure this defect by submitting an affidavit from Dan Stripling, their attorney in the 1984

case, that, although stating that he had no independent recollection of the 1984 case,

nevertheless listed the steps he believed that he would have taken in making a diligent inquiry

as to the whereabouts of N.H. Tarver and the other named defendants. However, the facts

showing the diligent inquiry were required to be set forth at the time the warning order was

issued. See Davis, supra. Likewise, there is no indication in the case file from the 1984 case that


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a copy of the petition and warning order were mailed to N.H. Tarver’s last known address

by restricted delivery mail. By its plain language, 1984 Rule 4(f) required both the publication

of the warning order and the sending of the copy by mail to the defendant’s last known

address in order to perfect service by publication. Because constructive service is a departure

from common law, compliance with Rule 4(f) must be exact. Wright, supra. However, there

was not strict compliance with Rule 4(f) in this case.

       Also, something more than the mere publication of a warning order is required to

subject the interest of a defendant whose whereabouts or identity is unknown to the

jurisdiction of the court in a proceeding to quiet and confirm title. See Ingram v. Luther, 244

Ark. 260, 424 S.W.2d 546 (1968). There must also be compliance with the requirements of

the quiet-title statutes. Id.

       Arkansas Code Annotated sections 18-60-501 to -505 (Repl. 2003) provide the

statutory framework for actions to quiet title. Specifically, section 18-60-503(a) provides the

procedure by which notification must be given to all persons who claim an interest in the

disputed land. The statute reads in pertinent part:

              (a)(1) Upon the filing of the petition [to quiet title], the clerk of the court shall
       publish a notice of the filing of the petition on the same day of each week, for four (4)
       weeks in some newspaper published in the county. . . .

               (2) The petition shall describe the land and call upon all persons who claim any
       interest in the land or lien thereon to appear in the court and show cause why the title
       of the petitioner should not be confirmed.

Ark. Code Ann. § 18-60-503(a). This statutory notice serves a separate and distinct function

from the warning order. Frank v. Frank, 175 Ark. 285, 298 S.W. 1026 (1927). It has long


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been held that where there is no compliance with the statutory-notice requirements, as well

as service on the named defendants, the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate the rights

to the land. See Eason v. Flannigan, 349 Ark. 1, 75 S.W.3d 702 (2002); Ingram, supra; Frank,

supra; Crain v. Burns, 82 Ark. App. 88, 112 S.W.3d 371 (2003). The file from the 1984 quiet-

title action indicates that a “Notice of Quiet Title Action” was issued by the court clerk on

the same day that the action was filed. Section 18-60-503(a) requires publication for four

weeks. However, the Thackers submitted a copy of an affidavit of publication showing that

the statutory notice of quiet-title action was published for just two weeks. Because there was

no proof of publication of this statutory notice for the required period, the Thackers could

not establish a prima facie case to quiet title to the mineral interest in themselves, and the

chancery court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to enter the quiet-title decree. See Eason,

supra; Crain, supra.

       It is with some reluctance that we conclude that the chancery court lacked jurisdiction

to enter the 1984 quiet-title decree and that the 1984 decree was void and should have been

set aside. We realize that the decree has been relied upon for over thirty years and all of the

ramifications that setting it aside entails. However, our duty to follow the law as set forth by

our supreme court is clear and requires us to do so. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s

order upholding the 1984 decree and remand for entry of an order setting aside the 1984

decree as void. The circuit court should then conduct whatever further proceedings are

necessary to dispose of the remaining issues and claims.

       The second issue concerns the handwritten interlineation to a portion of the legal


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description in the 1929 mineral deed. The mineral deed’s legal description states as follows:

       The Northeast Quarter of the Northwest Quarter of Section 21, Township 9 North,
       Range 12 West, 40 acres. Also the Southeast Quarter of the Northwest Quarter, 40
       acres, and the Northwest Quarter of the Northeast Quarter, except 2 acres previously
       deeded away for Church and Graveyard Purposes All in Section 21, Township 9
       North, Range 12 West.

There is a handwritten notation stating “also the South quarter of the Northeast quarter, 40

acres.” XTO and Tarver sought to reform the mineral deed so that the handwritten

interlineation was to be given effect. The circuit court found that the interlineation was not

to be given any effect.

       There are actually two issues under this argument: first, whether the legal description

should be reformed to read as the Southwest quarter of the Northeast quarter and, second,

whether the handwritten notation should be given effect.

       The first part of this point is not preserved for our review. The circuit court, although

reciting XTO’s argument on this point, never ruled on this issue. It is well settled that issues

not ruled on below will not be considered on appeal because there is no decision of the circuit

court for this court to review. See Morgan v. Chandler, 367 Ark. 430, 241 S.W.3d 224 (2006);

Ark. Wildlife Fed’n v. Ark. Soil & Water Conservation Comm’n, 366 Ark. 50, 233 S.W.3d 615

(2006).

       Tarver and XTO next argue that the handwritten notation in the 1929 deed, while not

a part of the original deed, should nevertheless be given effect because it is part of the land

records entitled to be relied upon by title examiners. The Thackers, relying on Bennett v.

Henderson, 281 Ark. 222, 663 S.W.2d 180 (1984), argue that no effect should be given to the


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handwritten notation.

       When interpreting a deed, the court gives primary consideration to the intent of the

grantor. Osborn v. Tennison, 2014 Ark. App. 175, 434 S.W.3d 1. When the court is called on

to construe a deed, we will examine a deed from its four corners for the purpose of

ascertaining that intent from the language employed. Id. The intent of the grantor should be

garnered solely from the language in the deed unless the language of the instrument is

ambiguous, uncertain, or doubtful. Id.

       With this in mind, we turn to the merits of the argument. We first note that the

description in the notation—the South quarter of the Northeast quarter, 40 acres—is

inaccurate and incomplete. Also, Tarver and XTO concede, as they must, that the parties to

the deed, as well as the clerk who recorded the deed, are deceased, so there can be no parol

testimony explaining who was responsible for the notation or its meaning. Circumstantial

evidence, in the form of the Thackers’ 1961 abstract, indicates that the notation was made

sometime after that date. The fact that the person responsible for the notation, as well as its

timing, is unknown distinguishes this case from Rowland v. Griffin, 179 Ark. 421, 16 S.W.2d

457 (1929), where the parties to that case stipulated that the clerk recording the deed made

an error in the interest conveyed. In this situation, we are left with no choice but to follow

the basic rule of construction of deeds that when subsequent words or markings are of

doubtful import, they cannot be construed so as to contradict preceding words that are

certain. Bennett, supra; Buford v. Dearing, 255 Ark. 538, 500 S.W.2d 931 (1973). We therefore

hold that the handwritten notation is to be given no effect. Accordingly, the circuit court did


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not err in granting summary judgment to the Thackers and those claiming under them on this

point.

         Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.

         VAUGHT and HIXSON, JJ., agree.

       Hardin, Jesson & Terry, PLC, by: Robert M. Honea; and Halstead Law Firm, by: Kelly
Halstead, for appellants.

       Morgan Law Firm, P.A., by: M. Edward Morgan, for appellees Marshall Ray Thacker and
Elena Marie Thacker, as Trustees of the Thacker Family Revocable Living Trust Dated April
25, 1992.

         Danielson Law Firm, PLLC, by: Erik P. Danielson, for appellee 4JW, LTD.

      Daily & Woods, PLLC, by: C. Michael Daily, for appellees Chesapeake Exploration,
LLC; Chesapeake Investments; BP American Production Company; Weiser-Brown
Operating Company; Charles N. Wohlford; Wolf Exploration, Inc.; Glen D. Fritsche;
Kenneth L. Fritsche; Ursula Royalty, LLC, and TMR Exploration.




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