                               RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                           File Name: 05a0417p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                         _________________


                                                        X
                                              Debtor. -
 In re: JOHN FRANKLIN COPPER,
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                              No. 04-6279
 _____________________________________________
                                                         ,
                                                          >
 ATHENA CHEN COPPER; ESTATE OF SUMIKO YAMAOKA,           -
                                 Plaintiffs-Appellees, -
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                         -
          v.
                                                         -
                                                         -
 JOHN FRANKLIN COPPER,
                                Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                        N
                           On Appeal from the Bankruptcy Appellate
                                  Panel of the Sixth Circuit.
                       No. 02-23450—Jennie D. Latta, Bankruptcy Judge.
                                     Submitted: September 14, 2005
                                 Decided and Filed: October 18, 2005
                  Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; NORRIS and COOK, Circuit Judges.
                                           _________________
                                               COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Ted I. Jones, VAUGHN, HALL, JONES & VANDEVEER, Memphis, Tennessee, for
Appellant. R. H. Chockley, Mimi Phillips, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellees.
                                           _________________
                                               OPINION
                                           _________________
        ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. Debtor, John Franklin Copper, appeals from a decision of the
Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“BAP”), In re Copper, 314 B.R. 628 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2004), affirming a
bankruptcy court order denying debtor’s motion to convert his Chapter 7 proceeding to Chapter 13 pursuant
to 11 U.S.C. § 706(a). On appeal, the debtor takes the position that he had an absolute right to convert and
that the BAP erred when it held, “[i]f, upon its review of the facts, the bankruptcy court finds that the
debtor’s request for conversion was made in bad faith or represents an attempt to abuse the bankruptcy
process, the court may deny the requested conversion.” Id. at 636 (quoting In re Brown, 293 B.R. 865, 870
(Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2003)).



                                                     1
No. 04-6279             In re Copper                                                                   Page 2


         This appeal requires us to define this circuit’s position on an issue that has generated two lines of
cases from the bankruptcy courts, including those within our own circuit. On the one hand, a number of
bankruptcy courts have held that the right to convert from Chapter 7 to Chapter 13 contains an exception
for motions filed in bad faith. See, e.g., Copper, supra; Brown, supra; In re Dews, 243 B.R. 337, 340
(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1999) (recognizing no absolute right to conversion); In re Thornton, 203 B.R. 648, 652
(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1996). On the other hand, a number of bankruptcy courts have held that the right is
absolute. See, e.g., In re Gibbons, 280 B.R. 833, 835 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2002) (“The terms of § 706(a) are
not ambiguous and the plain meaning of the section is that a debtor has the automatic right to convert to
Chapter 13 so long as the case has not previously been converted to a Chapter 7 and the debtor is eligible
for relief under Chapter 13.”); In re Miller, 303 B.R. 471, 476-77 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2003).
        Although there are persuasive arguments on both sides of the issue, we adopt the BAP’s opinion for
the reasons outlined below.
                                                      I.
        The bankruptcy court based its denial of debtor’s motion to convert on its finding that he had acted
in bad faith. While the debtor does not seriously contest this conclusion, we believe it necessary to provide
some factual context to illustrate the type of behavior that triggered the bad faith exception. In its opinion,
the BAP drew on the factual findings of the bankruptcy judge to paint the following picture:
               Over the past nine years, the Debtor has taken evasive action to avoid paying his
       ex-wife, Athena Chen Copper, amounts she was awarded under the parties’ divorce
       decree. . . .
              The Debtor is a Stanley J. Buckman Distinguished Professor of International Studies
       at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee, a post he has held since 1984. He is a
       world-renowned expert on China and Taiwan, has authored some 25 books on Asian affairs,
       and travels to Taipei frequently as the guest of various educational and governmental
       agencies. The Debtor’s income from Rhodes College for 2003 was $89,000. In addition,
       the Debtor received income from various activities such as teaching, lecturing and writing.
               The Debtor and Ms. Copper were married in 1967 and divorced on October 15, 1993.
       In the divorce proceeding, Ms. Copper was awarded $2,000 per month in alimony in futuro
       and interests in several annuity contracts. In addition, the Debtor was ordered to pay
       Ms. Copper’s parents the sum of $70,657.60, representing sums found to be taken from
       Ms. Copper’s parents, and interest accrued on those amounts.
             In February 1997, Ms. Copper learned that the Debtor had converted the value of
       some of the annuity contracts awarded to her, some $152,211.65, to his own use. . . .
               ....
               In the Memorandum Order the bankruptcy court states that “[i]n the course of trial,
       the Court discovered a number of serious false statements in the schedules and statement of
       financial affairs filed by the Debtor in this case.” Copper v. Copper (In re Copper), Ch. 7
       Case No. 02-23450-L, Adv. No. 02-0610, slip op. at 5 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. Oct. 31, 2003).
       The next four pages of the bankruptcy court’s Memorandum Order highlight the false
       statements and inconsistencies made by the Debtor in this case both in his schedules and
       during his trial testimony. Even though the Debtor gave several explanations for the
       multitude of false statements and inconsistencies, the bankruptcy court determined that none
       of the explanations was credible. The bankruptcy court stated:
No. 04-6279            In re Copper                                                                       Page 3


                       The Court found the Debtor to be a very difficult witness. He
               refused, for example, to acknowledge the authenticity of his signature on his
               bankruptcy petition or on a Consent Order entered in the state court dealing
               with the payment of [two creditors], claiming that the signatures could have
               been stamped. He claimed that he does not know what Chapter 7 is, even
               though he has filed five Chapter 7 petitions. At times, the Debtor seemed to
               be calculating the likelihood that his statements could be verified. At other
               times he seemed to be inventing excuses and explanations on the spot. The
               Debtor seemed to have virtually no appreciation or respect for the gravity of
               the proceedings initiated by him in the Bankruptcy Court. Given the very
               high level of the Debtor’s education and stature within the educational and
               international communities, the Court found the Debtor’s cavalier attitude and
               lack of candor to be surprising and offensive.
       Id. at 10. Apparently, the Debtor’s bad conduct also had as negative an impact on the
       divorce proceedings as it has had on the proceedings in the bankruptcy court. During the
       two-week trial involving the divorce, the trial judge made the following observations:
               Extensive proof was taken over a two week trial, most of which had to do
               with the property owned by the parties and the extent to which the defendant
               [the Debtor] had infringed upon the marital property by secreting accounts
               in banks and other places and not disclosing the amount of marital assets to
               the plaintiff. The testimony offered by the defendant was riddled by
               inconsistencies to the extent that the Court is unable to believe any of the
               testimony offered by the defendant in his own behalf.
       Id. at 3 (quoting Memorandum Opinion of the trial judge in the divorce proceedings between
       Debtor and Ms. Copper).
               The Panel also notes that at oral argument, the Debtor’s counsel advised the Panel
       that his client was the most sanctioned debtor in the district and that counsel himself is
       probably the most sanctioned attorney in the district. Counsel did not attempt to persuade
       the Panel that any sanctions received by either himself or his client were unjustified but
       presented the statement as if it were a badge of honor. Counsel further conceded that during
       the Debtor’s testimony given at the trial of this matter his client was “swimming around the
       truth.” Then, as if to clarify, counsel advised this Panel that his client had in fact told some
       “egregious lies” during the trial of the adversary proceeding. Counsel’s admissions leave this
       Panel wondering whether the Debtor was even swimming in the same pool as the truth.
       Obviously, the bankruptcy court’s findings regarding the Debtor’s complete lack of
       credibility are well founded.
In re Copper, 314 B.R. at 630-33 (footnote omitted).
                                                     II.
        “We focus our review of cases appealed from the BAP on the bankruptcy court’s decision,
examining findings of fact for clear error, and conclusions of law de novo.” In re Tirch, 409 F.3d 667, 680
(6th Cir. 2005) (citing In re Palmer, 219 F.3d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 2000)). The instant appeal presents an
issue of statutory construction, a legal conclusion that we review de novo. In re Hardenberg, 42 F.3d 896,
988 (6th Cir. 1994).
No. 04-6279            In re Copper                                                                       Page 4


       The statute at issue reads as follows:
       § 706 Conversion
         (a) The debtor may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 11, 12, or 13
       of this title at any time, if the case has not been converted under section 1112, 1208, or 1307
       of this title. Any waiver of the right to convert a case under this subsection is unenforceable.
11 U.S.C. § 706(a) (emphasis added).
        Because this court focuses primarily at the bankruptcy court’s decision on appeal, we turn first to
its reasoning. The bankruptcy court established the debtor’s bad faith based upon more than nine years of
evasive and vexatious litigation. It then concluded that, because of his bad faith behavior, the debtor was
not entitled to discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A). That ruling has not been appealed. Of
interest to us is the bankruptcy court’s reasoning with respect to the motion to convert:
               The Court thus turns to consideration of the Debtor’s motion to convert this case to
       Chapter 13. The motion was filed the Friday before trial commenced on Monday, some
       seventeen months after the filing of the Chapter 7 petition. The Court does not believe that
       the Debtor has had a sudden change of heart and now wants to repay Mrs. Copper. To the
       contrary, his testimony at trial indicates that he never intends to repay her unless forced to
       do so. The Court believes that the Debtor and his counsel wanted to avoid the determination
       of the dischargeability of these debts and the entitlement of the Debtor to a discharge. . . .
               In order for a Chapter 13 plan to be confirmed, a bankruptcy court must find that the
       plan has been proposed in good faith. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(3). Generally, good faith is
       measured in terms of whether the plan proposes to devote all of a debtor’s disposable income
       to repayments under the plan for a period of 36 months. 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(1)(B). But the
       term good faith must encompass more than this simple test. The pattern of abuse exhibited
       by the Debtor over the past nine years leaves little room for doubt that the Debtor’s proposal
       was not made in good faith. The Court believes that the Debtor has always had the ability
       to repay the obligations owed to Mrs. Copper, even though the misstatements in the Debtor’s
       schedules I and J give the impression that the Debtor has no disposable income. Further, the
       Court has little confidence that any of the schedules the Debtor would file in connection with
       a converted case could be relied upon to determine whether the Debtor’s plan meets the best
       interest of creditors’ test or whether the Debtor has proposed to devote all of his disposable
       income to his repayment plan. Finally, it is significant that no other creditors have appeared
       in any of the proceedings in the bankruptcy case. The Court suspects that in fact there are
       no other creditors, but that the Debtor repaid some or all of the claims listed long ago. . . .
       Thus, a Chapter 13 plan for this Debtor would be little different than the installment payment
       plans he has sought and obtained in another court but failed to honor.
Memorandum Opinion, Oct. 31, 2003, at 15-16. While the bankruptcy court did a commendable job
cataloging the facts and explaining the reasons for denying a discharge, the opinion of the BAP provides
a more extensive analysis of the statutory scheme at issue:
              There are two lines of cases interpreting § 706(a). One line does in fact hold that the
       debtor has an absolute right to convert from a chapter 7 to a chapter 13 providing that (i) the
       case has not already been converted from a chapter 11, 12 or 13 and (ii) the debtor meets the
       financial eligibility requirements of § 109(e) to be a chapter 13 debtor. These cases find that
       the bankruptcy court does not have the power to deny conversion. Pequeno v. Schmidt, 307
       B.R. 568 (S.D. Tex. 2004) (providing detailed outline of cases on both sides of the issue).
       The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Tenth Circuit has noted:
No. 04-6279           In re Copper                                                                      Page 5


              The stated policy behind § 706(a) is to provide the debtor with “the one-time
              absolute right of conversion . . . [in order to give] the debtor . . . the
              opportunity to repay his debts. . . .” S.Rep. No. 95-989, at 94 (1978),
              reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5880. Pursuant to the plain language
              of § 706, a debtor may convert at any time if the following two elements are
              met: (1) the debtor has not previously converted his case; and (2) the debtor
              meets the eligibility requirements of the chapter to which the debtor wishes
              to convert.
      Miller v. U.S. Trustee (In re Miller), 303 B.R. 471, 473 (10th Cir. BAP 2003) (alteration in
      original); see also Martin v. Martin (In re Martin), 880 F.2d 857, 858 (5th Cir.1989) (right
      to convert is absolute); see also In re Gibbons, 280 B.R. 833 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2002)
      (same). The Debtor before this Panel has not previously converted his case and the
      Appellees do not dispute that the Debtor meets the income and expense limitations of
      § 109(e). However, the bankruptcy court determined that the Debtor was not entitled to
      convert his case due to his bad faith.
              In re Miller finds that the debtor there had an absolute right to convert even though
      there was substantial evidence of abuse of the system. The panel’s resolution in In re Miller
      indicated that the best place to deal with abuse of process caused by the conversion was
      during the confirmation phase of the debtor’s plan. Id. at 475 (citing Mason v. Young (In re
      Young), 237 F.3d 1168 (10th Cir. 2001)). This line of cases also finds that the converted
      case can be reconverted on the basis of the debtor’s bad faith.
                      While one might consider it frivolous to convert only to reconvert,
              such a procedure allows one to comply with both the Congressional mandate
              of Section 706(a) and the duty to protect the bankruptcy process from abuse.
      Pequeno, 307 B.R. at 580.
              The other – and in our opinion, more reasoned – line of cases, holds that the right to
      convert is not absolute and that in extreme circumstances conversion can be denied. “[T]he
      trend in other jurisdictions, if indeed one is discernable, is to judicially recognize an
      exception to the right to convert in situations of bad faith.” Id. at 578. See Kuntz v. Shambam
      (In re Kuntz), 233 B.R. 580, 585 (1st Cir. BAP 1999) (debtor’s one-time right to conversion
      may be denied in “extreme circumstances” constituting bad faith); Martin v. Cox, 213 B.R.
      571, 572-73 (E.D. Ark. 1996) (conversion denied due to falsification of documents, failure
      to disclose assets and other information, false representations in another court, and other
      misconduct); In re Wampler, 302 B.R. 601, 605-06 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. 2003) (conversion
      denied due to factors including timing of motion, motive for motion, debtor not being
      forthcoming with court and creditors, and lack of need for chapter 13); In re Oblinger, 288
      B.R. 781, 785 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2003) (court “tends to agree with those cases holding that
      conversion might . . . be denied under ‘extreme circumstances,’ such as a debtor’s abuse of
      process,” but finding that such circumstances did not exist in that case); In re Johnson, 262
      B.R. 75 (Bankr. E.D. Ark. 2001) (acknowledging opposing precedent but finding that more
      persuasive view is that conversion from chapter 7 to chapter 13 can be denied in extreme
      circumstance for lack of good faith as an abuse of process); In re Lesniak, 208 B.R. 902,
      906-07 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1997) (conversion denied because schedules were “fraught with
      discrepancies” and because of lack of motivation to pay debts); In re Thornton, 203 B.R.
      648, 652-53 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1996) (conversion denied due to omissions of assets, false
      testimony, and prepetition conduct); see also Finney v. Smith (In re Finney), 992 F.2d 43,
      45 (4th Cir. 1993) (debtor’s fraud and filing of motion to convert only after discharge was
      denied justified immediate reconversion to chapter 7); In re Eugene Alexander, Inc., 191
No. 04-6279           In re Copper                                                                        Page 6


      B.R. 920, 923-24 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1994) (finding that chapter 7 debtor has right to convert
      to chapter 11 but conversion should not be permitted if “cause” exists to convert case back
      to chapter 7 or to dismiss. “To permit conversion to Chapter 11 in those circumstances
      would be futile and a wasted act.”).
              While the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not directly
      addressed this issue, the denial of a motion to convert for bad faith is consistent with Sixth
      Circuit precedent. For example, the Sixth Circuit has held that a bankruptcy court may
      dismiss a chapter 13 petition that was not filed in good faith. Alt v. United States (In re Alt),
      305 F.3d 413, 418-19 (6th Cir. 2002). “If a chapter 13 petition may be dismissed for lack
      of good faith, it is logical to conclude that conversion from chapter 7 to chapter 13 may also
      be denied in the absence of good faith.” In re Brown, 293 B.R. 865, 870 (Bankr. W.D. Mich.
      2003) (after discussing Alt). Accordingly, this Panel agrees with the court in Brown and
      holds that “[i]f, upon its review of the facts, the bankruptcy court finds that the debtor’s
      request for conversion was made in bad faith or represents an attempt to abuse the
      bankruptcy process, the court may deny the requested conversion.” Id.
               The Sixth Circuit has adopted a “totality of the circumstances” analysis in evaluating
      whether a debtor should be permitted to commence a chapter 13 case, Alt, 305 F.3d at 419
      (quoting Society Nat’l Bank v. Barrett (In re Barrett), 964 F.2d 588, 591 (6th Cir. 1992)),
      and the same analysis should apply in evaluating whether a debtor should be permitted to
      convert a case to chapter 13, Thornton, 203 B.R. at 652. The Sixth Circuit in Alt listed some
      of the factors that a bankruptcy court might find appropriate to be considered under the facts
      of a particular case, and stated: “We have also emphasized that good faith is a fact-specific
      and flexible determination.” Alt, 305 F.3d at 419 (citing Metro Employees Credit Union v.
      Okoreeh-Baah (In re Okoreeh-Baah), 836 F.2d 1030, 1032-33 (6th Cir. 1988)).
               The bankruptcy court in the appeal before this Panel found that the motion to convert
      was motivated solely by a desire to avoid a determination that the Debtor was not entitled
      to a discharge (or that his obligations to Ms. Copper are nondischargeable) and not by a
      desire to repay his creditors, and that the motion thus represented an improper attempt to
      “manipulate the Bankruptcy Code.” In re Copper, Ch. 7 Case No. 02-23450-L, Adv. No. 02-
      0610, slip op. at 15. The court also relied on the “pattern of abuse exhibited by the Debtor
      over the past nine years,” the belief that “the Debtor has always had the ability to repay the
      obligations owed to [Ms.] Copper,” and misrepresentations in the Debtor’s schedules. Id. at
      15-16. These findings are clearly supported by the evidence. Indeed, at argument counsel for
      the Debtor all but admitted a lack of good faith, relying solely on his legal position that good
      faith is irrelevant under § 706(a) of the Code. Accordingly, those findings were not clearly
      erroneous and support the bankruptcy court’s conclusions that the Debtor’s actions constitute
      bad faith and abuse of process such as will justify the denial of a motion to convert under
      § 706(a).
              In deciding that this second line of cases is the one that is the more well-reasoned and
      the one that this Panel will follow, it is not enough that we determine that our ruling is the
      best one to prevent abuse of the bankruptcy system. We must also consider the Debtor’s
      argument that the plain language of § 706(a) does not permit us to adopt this position but
      provides the Debtor with a one-time absolute right to convert. See Norwest Bank
      Worthington v. Ahlers, 485 U.S. 197, 206, 108 S.Ct. 963, 969, 99 L.Ed.2d 169 (1988)
      (bankruptcy courts cannot use their equitable powers to override the plain language of a
      provision of the Bankruptcy Code). We do not agree that the language of § 706(a) has such
      an effect.
No. 04-6279           In re Copper                                                                     Page 7


              As one bankruptcy court has noted, neither the language of the statute itself nor the
      legislative history gives a debtor the absolute right to convert. See In re Starkey, 179 B.R.
      687, 691-92 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1995). We agree with the cases finding that the phrase in
      § 706(a) providing that the debtor may convert “at any time” refers to a time frame. The
      phrase does not mean “regardless of circumstances.” Id. at 692; In re Oblinger, 288 B.R.
      at 785 (by use of the phrase “at any time,” Congress disavowed a time component in
      determining a motion to convert from chapter 7 to chapter 13).
             Further, the language protecting the debtor from any waiver of the right to convert
      “is meant to prevent frustration of the Bankruptcy Code by standard provisions in contracts
      of adhesion. . . . This sentence does not apply to any impairment of the right to convert for
      reasons of the debtor’s own misconduct or comparable circumstances, more in the nature of
      estoppel than waiver.” In re Starkey, 179 B.R. at 692.
              Finally, it is also relevant that § 706(a) uses the word “may” meaning “might” or
      “used to express possibility” or “used to express opportunity or permission.” Random House
      Unabridged Dictionary 1189 (2d ed.1993). If Congress had intended to leave the bankruptcy
      courts with absolutely no discretion in the matter, it would have used the more mandatory
      phrase of “shall be able to convert.” See 11 U.S.C. § 1307(b) (“On request of the debtor at
      any time . . . the court shall dismiss a case under this chapter.”).
             Therefore, we find that the plain language of § 706(a) does not grant an absolute right
      to convert.
             The language that specifically refers to debtors having a one-time absolute right to
      convert appears only in the legislative history. In re Miller, 303 B.R. at 475 (citing cases).
      Courts relying on the legislative history, however, must read and interpret the history as a
      whole. That language states:
              Subsection (A) of this section gives the debtor the one-time absolute right of
              conversion of a liquidation case to a reorganization or individual repayment
              case. If the case has already once been converted from chapter 11 or 13 to
              chapter 7, then the debtor does not have that right. The policy of the
              provision is that the debtor should always be given the opportunity to repay
              his debts, and a waiver of the right to convert a case is unenforceable.
      S.Rep. No. 95-989, at 94 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5880 (emphasis
      added). Thus, the legislative history suggests a one-time absolute right to convert but that
      phrase cannot be implemented without also looking at the policy, stated in that same
      legislative history, behind permitting the debtor an absolute right to convert. That is that
      “the debtor should always be given the opportunity to repay his debts.” The bankruptcy court
      here found that the Debtor never intends to pay his debt to Ms. Copper and that he is abusing
      the bankruptcy system to thwart all of her efforts to attempt to collect the debt. As evidence
      of this, the bankruptcy court points out that the Debtor has been given the opportunity in the
      past to make payments under installment plans and utterly failed to comply with those plans.
      Permitting the Debtor in this case to convert to a chapter 13 turns on its head the policy
      reason for providing a debtor with such a right. “The rationale for readily granting
      conversion under § 706 is to encourage debtors to repay their debts; however, Congress did
      not intend to allow or condone abuse of the bankruptcy process.” In re McNallen, 197 B.R.
      215, 219 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1995) (citing In re Starkey, 179 B.R. at 694 (“This Court will
      grant conversion under § 706 readily-but not so readily as to allow and condone abuse.”)).
      Neither will this Panel permit such abuses of the bankruptcy system as those attempted by
      this Debtor.
No. 04-6279             In re Copper                                                                  Page 8


Id. at 634-37 (footnote and citations omitted). We have quoted the BAP at length for the obvious reason:
its opinion does a thorough job of marshaling the case law and advancing the arguments for both positions.
         Given the split of authority with respect to this question, fair arguments can be made for either
position. That said, we adopt the position of the BAP for the reasons outlined in its opinion: in Alt, this
court held that a Chapter 13 petition could be dismissed for lack of good faith and, as the bankruptcy court
pointed out in Brown, if that is so, it is logical to conclude that the conversion from Chapter 7 to Chapter
13 may also be denied in the absence of good faith; the statute itself uses the permissive “may” rather than
“shall”; the legislative history – to the extent we look to it at all – contains certain inconsistencies; and,
finally, common sense dictates that the bankruptcy court should have authority to police the integrity of its
proceedings.
                                                     III.
       The denial of debtor’s motion to convert is affirmed.
