                                 United States Court of Appeals,

                                        Eleventh Circuit.

                                          No. 96-2292.

                       UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                v.

            John Wayne LUMLEY a.k.a. Jackie Ray Lumley, Defendant-Appellant.

                                          Feb. 20, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. No. 95-39-CR-T-
25(B), Henry Lee Adams, Judge.

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges.

       HATCHETT, Chief Judge:

       In this criminal case, appellant challenges his conviction under the amended federal

carjacking statute. We affirm.

                                        BACKGROUND

       In January 1995, a gunman entered a Winn Dixie food store in Dade City, Florida, and

pointed a .380 caliber pistol at Wayne Anderson, a Wells Fargo guard who was collecting the store's

money for transfer. The gunman demanded the money bag from Anderson and shot Anderson in

the side when Anderson tried to push him away.1 The gunman, with the money bag in hand, then

fled from the store and ran across the parking lot, exchanging gunfire with Anderson's partner, who

had been waiting in an armored vehicle. When the gunman saw Carlyn Williams getting into her

red Dodge Ram truck, he pointed his pistol at her and ordered her to exit the truck and to give him

the keys. Williams complied without resistance. As the gunman was attempting to drive away,



   1
    Anderson was wearing a protective vest.
Anderson exited the store and shot at the truck, striking the windshield. Anderson's partner then

attempted to block the gunman's exit with the armored vehicle. The gunman rammed the armored

vehicle with the truck and escaped. Law enforcement authorities recovered Williams's truck a short

distance away, which contained, among other things, blood and the money bag.

        In September 1995, a federal grand jury in the Middle District of Florida returned a

superseding indictment in connection with the incident, charging appellant John Lumley with

carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119 (Count One); possessing ammunition in his status as

a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count Two); and knowingly using and

carrying a firearm during and in relation to a federal crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

924(c)(1) (Count Three).2 Although Congress amended 18 U.S.C. § 2119 in September 1994—prior

to the instant offense and indictment—Count One contained the language of the pre-amendment

statute.3

        At trial, the government presented Lumley's former stepsister, Barbara Jones, who testified

that Lumley arrived at her home in Surrency, Georgia, on the day after the robbery. According to

Jones, Lumley stated that he had been shot while robbing a Wells Fargo truck and that the bullet

remained in his cheek. Lumley also stated that he had shot a guard but did not know whether he had

killed him, and that he had escaped in a red truck that he had taken from a woman. A jury convicted

Lumley on all counts. The district court sentenced him to 180 months of imprisonment on Count

One, a concurrent 120-month term on Count Two, and a consecutive term of 60 months of

imprisonment on Count Three.

                                          DISCUSSION


   2
    The State of Florida prosecuted Lumley for the robbery.
   3
    Lumley does not challenge the sufficiency of the indictment.
         The sole issue we discuss is whether the government presented sufficient evidence to

establish that Lumley had the specific intent to cause death or serious bodily harm during the

carjacking, as required under 18 U.S.C. § 2119.4 In general, we review the sufficiency of evidence

de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and drawing all

reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury's verdict. United States v. Chirinos,

112 F.3d 1089, 1095 (11th Cir.1997).5 We also review questions of statutory interpretation de novo.

United States v. Grigsby, 111 F.3d 806, 816 (11th Cir.1997).

        Title 18 U.S.C. § 2119 provides:

        Whoever, with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm takes a motor vehicle that has
        been transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign commerce from the person or
        presence of another by force and violence or by intimidation, or attempts to do so, shall—

                (1) be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both,

                (2) if serious bodily injury ... results, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more
                than 25 years, or both, and


   4
     Lumley also contends that the court violated Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) in admitting
evidence of his prior criminal conduct, and plainly erred in instructing the jury with regard to
this evidence. In addition, Lumley argues that this court should reverse his conviction on Count
Three because insufficient evidence supports the conviction for the underlying crime of violence,
and his conviction on Count Two because the government did not prove the element of identity
at trial. We find these arguments to be without merit and thus affirm on these issues without
discussion. See 11th Cir. R. 36-1. Finally, Lumley asserts that the district court plainly erred in
instructing the jury under the pre-amendment version of section 2119. Because we find that
sufficient evidence supports Lumley's section 2119 conviction, we conclude that the erroneous
instruction did not affect his "substantial rights." See Johnson v. United States, --- U.S. ----, ----
- ----, 117 S.Ct. 1544, 1548-50, 137 L.Ed.2d 718 (1997) (reviewing the district court's failure to
submit an essential element of the charged crime to the jury, to which the defendant failed to
object, for plain error).
   5
    The government, citing United States v. Gonzalez, 940 F.2d 1413, 1426 (11th Cir.1991),
cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1047, 112 S.Ct. 910, 116 L.Ed.2d 810 (1992), contends that because
Lumley failed to renew his sufficiency of the evidence objection in his post-verdict motion for
judgment of acquittal, this court should review this claim for plain error. Assuming that Lumley
preserved this objection, we conclude that sufficient evidence supports his section 2119
conviction.
                (3) if death results, be fined under this title or imprisoned for any number of years
                up to life, or both, or sentenced to death.

18 U.S.C. § 2119 (1994). After reviewing the record, we conclude that the government presented

sufficient evidence to support Lumley's conviction for carjacking under section 2119. In so

concluding, we find the chain of events immediately preceding the carjacking to be relevant. See

United States v. Anderson, 108 F.3d 478, 485 (3d Cir.) (concluding that the government presented

sufficient evidence to satisfy section 2119's specific intent requirement "[b]ased upon the totality

of all the surrounding facts and circumstances" of the case), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 123,

--- L.Ed.2d ---- (1997). As Lumley was fleeing from the robbery he ran across the parking lot, firing

shots at the Wells Fargo guard. Lumley then took Williams's truck at gunpoint and escaped from

the scene only by ramming the armored vehicle that was blocking his exit. We decline to interpret

section 2119 to require a perpetrator to have "the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm" only

as to the person from whom the perpetrator takes the motor vehicle.

        Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

        AFFIRMED.
