                                                            FILED
                                                             JUN 05 2012
                                                         SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                           U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 1
 2
 3                 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                             OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                             )   BAP Nos. EW-11-1524-DHPa
                                        )            EW-11-1550-DHPa
 6   LLS AMERICA, LLC,                  )            (Related Appeals)
                                        )
 7                       Debtor.        )   Bk. No. 09-06194-PCW11
     ________________________________   )
 8                                      )
     TEAM SPIRIT AMERICA, LLC,          )
 9                                      )
                           Appellant,   )
10                                      )
     v.                                 )   M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                      )
     BRUCE PETER KRIEGMAN, Chapter 11   )
12   Trustee,                           )
                                        )
13                       Appellee.      )
     ________________________________   )
14                                      )
     D&D AND ASSOCIATES,                )
15                                      )
                           Appellant,   )
16                                      )
     v.                                 )
17                                      )
     BRUCE PETER KRIEGMAN, Chapter 11   )
18   Trustee,                           )
                                        )
19                       Appellee.      )
     ________________________________   )
20
                     Argued and Submitted on May 16, 2012
21                          at Pasadena, California
22                             Filed - June 5, 2012
23
24        1
               This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
25   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
26   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                        1
 1               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                     for the Eastern District of Washington
 2
         Honorable Patricia C. Williams, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
 3
     Appearances:
 4
     BAP Case No. EW-11-1524: Conrad C. Lysiak, Esq. argued for the
 5                            Appellant, Team Spirit America, LLC.
                              Daniel J. Gibbons, Esq., of Witherspoon
 6                            Kelley argued for the Appellee, Bruce Peter
                              Kriegman, Chapter 11 Trustee.
 7
     BAP Case No. EW-11-1550: Michael Joseph Beyer, Esq. argued for the
 8                            Appellant, D&D and Associates; Daniel J.
                              Gibbons, Esq., of Witherspoon Kelley argued
 9                            for the Appellee, Bruce Peter Kriegman,
                              Chapter 11 Trustee.
10
11   Before:   DUNN, HOLLOWELL, and PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judges.
12
13        Without an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court, applying
14   the standards set forth in In re Bonham, 229 F.3d 750 (9th Cir.
15   2000), ordered the substantive consolidation of chapter 112 debtor,
16   LLS America, LLC (“LLS America”) (1) with chapter 11 debtor D&D and
17   Associates, LLC (“D&D”), and (2) with numerous non-debtor entities,3
18
19        2
               Unless otherwise specified, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
20   all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
21   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
     are referred to as “Civil Rules.”
22
          3
               The order granting substantive consolidation applies to
23   the following entities: TSA; LLS Canada, LLC; Little Loan Shoppe
     America, LLC; Little Loan Shoppe Ltd.; 639504BC Ltd.; Little Loan
24
     Shoppe Canada, LLC; 0738106BC, Ltd.; 0738116BC, Ltd.; 0738126BC,
25   Ltd.; 360 Northwest Networks, LLC; and LLS North America, LLC
     (collectively referred to as the “Non-Debtor Companies”). It also
26   applies to D&D. We bold the references to the entities that are
                                                           (continued...)

                                       2
 1   including Team Spirit America, LLC (“TSA”).    TSA and D&D filed
 2   separate appeals.4   We AFFIRM.
 3                                  I.   FACTS
 4   The “Little Loan Shoppe” Consumer Loan Business
 5        In September 1997, Doris Nelson (“Doris”) opened a payday loan
 6   store, Little Loan Shoppe, Ltd., in Abbotsford, British Columbia,
 7   Canada.   By 1999, Doris had opened three other stores in the Fraser
 8   Valley of British Columbia.
 9        Although Doris moved to Spokane, Washington in 2001, she
10   continued to operate three payday loan stores in Canada.   In 2002,
11   Doris opened a new business, 639504BC Ltd., dba Little Loan Shoppe,
12   to take telephone loan applications in Canada for Canadian
13   customers.   Doris thereafter closed the payday loan stores in
14   Canada.   In 2005, Doris registered Little Loan Shoppe Canada, LLC in
15   Nevada for the purpose of conducting the Canadian telephone loan
16   business.    After the Canadian loan business expanded to the internet
17   in 2006, LLS Canada, LLC was registered in Nevada to conduct the
18   telephone and internet loan business in Canada.   The Canadian
19
20        3
           (...continued)
21   subject to the substantive consolidation order in an effort to aid
     the reader in separating them from other entities that are not.
22        The other entities not subject to substantive consolidation are
     numerous. Four are identified by name in the record. In addition,
23   there are 42 Nevada companies and 25 Utah companies formed in 2008
24   for future business needs that never have been “activated.”
          4
25             Mr. Beyer’s employment as bankruptcy counsel for
     chapter 11 debtor D&D never was approved by the bankruptcy court.
26   Nevertheless he filed and argued this appeal on behalf of D&D.

                                         3
 1   consumer loan business ended in June 2009.5
 2        In late 2001, Doris opened the first of three payday loan
 3   stores she would eventually operate in Spokane under the name Little
 4   Loan Shoppe America, LLC. In November 2005, Doris registered LLS
 5   America, LLC, to conduct telephone and internet lending in the
 6   United States.
 7        Team Spirit America, LLC (“TSA”) was formed in June 2006.     It
 8   is a Washington limited liability company solely owned by Doris.
 9   TSA began operations in August 2006 to perform all administrative
10   and call center functions for the consumer loan business in the
11   United States (LLS America) and in Canada (LLS Canada).   TSA
12   provided the following operating services: employing and paying all
13   employees who perform the work of the consumer loan business;
14   purchasing and paying for all supplies, utilities, and services;
15   performing the accounting function; owning the business equipment;
16   and holding unspecified software licenses.6   TSA charged LLS America
17   and LLS Canada for all services, allocated between them based on the
18   relative number of loans each generated.   However, LLS Canada did
19
20        5
               It appears that both the Canadian business and the U.S.
21   business maintained their banking relationships with Wells Fargo
     Bank. After Wells Fargo Bank changed the way it processed ACH
22   debits to collect payments from consumer borrowers, the banking
     transactions with Wells Fargo Bank terminated. The U.S.
23   business(es) moved all accounts to U.S. Bank. Because U.S. Bank was
24   not able to process ACH debits in bank accounts in Canada, the
     Canadian consumer loan business ceased.
25        6
               TSA performed the same services for the Canadian
26   business until the Canadian business terminated in 2009.

                                      4
 1   not pay for its share of the TSA operating costs.     Instead, LLS
 2   America paid all TSA costs, either by paying vendors directly or
 3   otherwise transferring sufficient cash to TSA to pay the operating
 4   costs for both LLS America and LLS Canada.
 5        In October 2009, TSA and LLS America entered into a Service
 6   Agreement, the validity of which is in dispute.   See infra.
 7        The store front businesses were expensive to operate.     In 1999,
 8   Doris began funding Little Loan Shoppe, Ltd. with small loans from
 9   individuals.   By 2005, Doris began financing both the Canadian
10   telephone loan business and the Spokane payday loan business through
11   significant loans from a large number of individuals, referred to by
12   the parties as the “Lenders.”
13        For each Lenders loan, Doris executed a promissory note
14   (“Notes”) as the managing member for the limited liability company
15   (“LLCs”) to which the loan was extended.   The record reflects a
16   sampling of the various LLCs to which funds were advanced, including
17   0738126BC Ltd.; LLS America; 0738106BC Ltd.; Atlantic LLS, LLC;
18   Pacific LLS, LLC; LLS-A, LLC; and Little Loan Shoppe America, LLC.
19   Significantly, each Note contained language authorizing the use of
20   funds by “any associated company.”    The quid pro quo for the broad
21   authority for the use of funds was broad liability:
22       Parties agree that this money may be used by Little Loan
         Shoppe America, LLC in [LLS America] or in any other
23       company that may be established from time to time and that
         all of such companies including those that are not herein
24       listed are automatically included in the liability for
         such note.
25
26   In the case of some Notes, there was no express concession of

                                       5
 1   liability, merely a disclosure that the funds were at Doris’
 2   disposal in the operation of her business:   “The undersigned hereby
 3   warrants that this money is being borrowed for business purposes for
 4   LLS-A, LLC and any associated company controlled by Doris Elizabeth
 5   Nelson.”
 6   The Primary Bankruptcy Case
 7        The proceedings at issue in these appeals commenced on July 10,
 8   2009, when some of the Lenders filed a chapter 11 involuntary
 9   petition in the Eastern District of Washington against one of Doris’
10   companies, LLS-A, LLC (“LLS-A”).   In response to the LLS-A
11   involuntary petition, LLS America filed a voluntary chapter 11
12   petition in the District of Nevada on July 21, 2009.7   The LLS
13   America case is the primary bankruptcy case in the appeals before
14   the Panel.
15
16        7
               The voluntary petition filed to initiate the LLS America
     case reflects that the involuntary petition had been filed against
17   LLS-A, an affiliate of LLS America, in the Eastern District of
18   Washington, on July 10, 2009 (09-03910-PCW). An order for relief
     was entered in the LLS-A chapter 11 case on August 12, 2009.
19   Nothing substantive has occurred in the LLS-A case. Various minute
     entries on the docket reflect that LLS-A was not operating, and that
20   the parties were waiting to see what developed in the LLS America
21   case before proceeding in the LLS-A case. Because of the lack of
     progress in the LLS-A case, the LLS-A chapter 11 case was dismissed
22   May 15 2012 on the motion of the United States Trustee (“U.S.
     Trustee”). Little of this background is in the Excerpts of Record
23   provided by the parties to these appeals. We therefore reviewed the
     bankruptcy court’s dockets as we are authorized to do in order to
24
     sort out the interrelationships of the proceedings. See O’Rourke v.
25   Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58
     (9th Cir. 1989); Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re
26   Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).

                                        6
 1        LLS America’s Schedule F - Creditors Holding Unsecured
 2   Nonpriority Claims, filed with the petition, consisted of 277 pages
 3   listing creditors.   The claim for each creditor was scheduled as
 4   “disputed” and, except for approximately twenty of those scheduled
 5   creditors, the amount for each claim was scheduled as “unknown.”
 6   The dollar amount for the remaining twenty unsecured claims
 7   aggregated to $24,013,837.29.    With the exception of a substantial
 8   disputed claim owed to Wells Fargo Bank, the unsecured claims arise
 9   from the Notes for loans nominally made to LLS America, LLS-A,
10   and/or other related entities.   Central to this appeal is the
11   language of the Notes which raises substantial issues as to the
12   identity of the borrower(s).
13        On October 22, 2009, the LLS America case was transferred to
14   the Eastern District of Washington on the motion of some of the
15   LLS-A petitioning creditors, who also were creditors in the LLS
16   America case.   The LLS-A petitioning creditors then sought the
17   appointment of a chapter 11 trustee in the LLS America case.      Their
18   motion was resolved by the appointment of an examiner (“Examiner”)
19   in the LLS America case on the joint motion of LLS America and the
20   Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (“Creditors’ Committee”).8
21        The Examiner’s charge was
22
23        8
               While the LLS America case still was pending in the
     District of Nevada, the U.S. Trustee appointed the Creditors’
24
     Committee, which included two of the LLS-A petitioning creditors.
25   The attorneys for the LLS-A petitioning creditors later were
     appointed as attorneys for the Creditors’ Committee in the LLS
26   America case.

                                        7
 1        5. ... to investigate the acts, conduct, assets,
          liabilities, and financial condition of [LLS America],
 2        including but not limited to:
               a. sales or transfers of assets and any related
 3        transactions between [LLS America] and any affiliate or
          insider as those terms are defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(2)
 4        and (31);
               b. any transfer or transaction involving [LLS
 5        America] and any insider, affiliate, or member of
          management of [LLS America] which was improper or a
 6        misappropriation of funds of [LLS America]; and
               c. [LLS America’s] present financial operations and
 7        business model to determine if the business model is
          profitable and to analyze the profitability of the
 8        business on a go-forward basis.
 9        6. ... to investigate the current management of [LLS
          America] and whether such management can be relied upon to
10        maintain business operations, act as a fiduciary to the
          creditors, and formulate, propose, and implement a plan of
11        reorganization which will include taking appropriate legal
          action against appropriate parties for the benefit of the
12        estate;
13        7. ... to investigate and report on any transactions
          involving [LLS America] and any companies affiliated with
14        [LLS America], including, but not limited to [Team Spirit]
          and Global Edge Marketing;
15
          8. ... to investigate and report on transactions
16        involving [LLS America] and any insider as defined in
          § 101(31). . . .
17
18        The Examiner issued his preliminary report (“Preliminary
19   Report”) on May 17, 2010,9 after which the U.S. Trustee filed its
20   own motion for the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee.   Ultimately,
21   on April 7, 2011, the bankruptcy court, with the agreement of LLS
22   America, the Creditors’ Committee, and the U.S. Trustee, directed
23
24        9
               In addition to the Preliminary Report, the Examiner filed
25   his first interim report (“First Interim Report”) on August 12, 2010
     and his second interim report (“Second Interim Report”) on
26   February 9, 2011.

                                      8
 1   the U.S. Trustee to appoint a chapter 11 trustee in the LLS America
 2   case.    Bruce Kriegman was appointed as the chapter 11 trustee
 3   (“Trustee”) on April 18, 2011, and the bankruptcy court approved the
 4   Trustee’s appointment on April 21, 2011.
 5           In his reports, the Examiner determined that during the six-
 6   month period prior to the commencement of the LLS America bankruptcy
 7   case:
 8       [M]ost of the operating cash generated by LLS America was
         transferred to TSA without regard to the monthly cost of
 9       services provided to LLS America by TSA. Additionally,
         cash was transferred monthly from LLS America to LLS
10       Canada to cover any cash shortfall arising out of the
         operation of LLS Canada. Cash transfers were made
11       frequently and in varying amounts and, in most cases,
         without regard to any particular transaction.
12
13   First Interim Report at p. 11.      Based on this reality, the Examiner
14   reported that “[f]rom a cash utilization point of view, these three
15   entities [LLS America, TSA, and LLS Canada] were treated as a single
16   entity during the period.”    Id.    In addition, LLS America
17   transferred cash to LLS Canada “as necessary to cover the amounts
18   paid to Lenders by LLS Canada.”      Id. at p. 12.
19           Relying upon the Examiner’s reports, on June 30, 2011, the
20   Trustee filed a motion to consolidate (“Substantive Consolidation
21   Motion”) the LLS America case with (1) the chapter 11 case of D&D,
22   and (2) numerous Non-Debtor Companies, including TSA.      The
23   Substantive Consolidation Motion was premised on the assertions that
24   LLS America, D&D, and the Non-Debtor Companies were operating a
25   single enterprise, i.e., a consumer loan business, the Little Loan
26   Shoppe, and that most of the claims in the LLS America case were

                                          9
 1   loans made to facilitate that consumer loan business.
 2   The Consolidated Entities
 3          D&D and the Office Building
 4          LLS America and TSA conducted their business operations from a
 5   building (“Office Building”) located on W. Broadway Street in
 6   Spokane.    D&D purchased the Office Building in August 2006 for the
 7   purchase price of $650,000.    D&D is solely owned by Doris’ husband,
 8   Dennis Nelson.
 9          To facilitate D&D’s purchase of the Office Building, Doris
10   withdrew funds from LLS America and TSA, and loaned the funds to
11   D&D.    When the building later was renovated, LLS America paid the
12   $500,462 renovation costs.    Between August 2006 and June 2009, rent
13   to D&D was overpaid by $408,764.
14          Notwithstanding D&D’s ostensible ownership of the Office
15   Building, on December 20, 2006, Doris informed the Lenders of the
16   Little Loan Shoppe’s purchase and proposed renovation of the Office
17   Building:
18          “Little Loan Shoppe” recently bought the building we were
            renting in Spokane, Washington. We are currently in the
19          middle of an extensive remodeling project. Once this is
            complete we intend to schedule a grand opening. I want to
20          invite all of you to come for this event! I would like to
            be able to thank you personally for the support and trust
21          you have displayed both in me and the company while we
            were going through our growing stages. I will keep you
22          posted on the dates of the opening so you can plan
            accordingly.
23
24          In 2009, Michael Schneider and certain other Lenders who had
25   extended loans to Doris' business in the approximate aggregate of
26   $885,000 (collectively "Schneider Creditors"), sued D&D in state

                                          10
 1   court, asserting that D&D had benefitted from the money loaned
 2   either as a partner of the Little Loan Shoppe business or as its
 3   affiliate.   On November 16, 2010, the state court issued an opinion
 4   finding that (1) Doris had used the Lenders' funds both to purchase
 5   and to renovate the Office Building, and (2) rental funds generated
 6   by the Office Building were at times deposited into the joint
 7   personal checking account of Doris and Dennis rather than into D&D's
 8   account.   In light of the language in the Notes authorizing Doris to
 9   use the funds loaned in any associated company she controlled, the
10   state court held that D&D was in effect an agent or partner of Doris
11   and therefore responsible for repayment of the Notes.
12        D&D filed its voluntary chapter 11 petition in the Eastern
13   District of Washington (Case No. 11-00785-FLK11) on February 21,
14   2011, to prevent entry of a judgment on the state court's opinion,
15   which the Schneider Creditors could then have used to execute
16   against the Office Building.   The Schneider Creditors filed a motion
17   for relief from the automatic stay in the D&D bankruptcy case
18   ("Schneider RFS Motion") to allow them to seek entry of a judgment
19   on D&D's liability on their Notes and to pursue a judgment for
20   damages.   The Trustee objected to the Schneider RFS Motion.   No
21   hearing ever was scheduled on the Schneider RFS Motion.10
22
23
          10
               The order granting substantive consolidation was entered
24
     on the docket in the D&D case on September 8, 2011. Thereafter,
25   other than D&D's request for entry of an order authorizing
     employment of its attorney, and the Trustee's objection thereto,
26   nothing further is on the D&D docket.

                                       11
 1           The Non-Debtor Companies and Peripheral Services
 2           In addition to TSA, which provided operating services to LLS
 3   America, the following Non-Debtor Companies provided peripheral
 4   services or support to the Little Loan Shoppe business.
 5           Business Leads
 6           Until 2006, LLS America generated business primarily through
 7   advertising on Google.    In 2006, LLS America began purchasing loan
 8   leads from other providers.     In May 2008, Doris formed Global Edge
 9   Marketing, LLC dba Adworkz (“GEM”), which was used to generate
10   additional consumer loan leads through an advertising strategy that
11   created fictitious store fronts on Google maps.    Start-up funding
12   for GEM came from TSA in the form of equipment and services.     None
13   of those funds had been repaid as of May 19, 2010.    GEM is owned by
14   D&C Lead Marketing, LLC, which is owned 59% by Dennis, 35% by Doris’
15   son, Alex Foster, and 6% by Evan Ernst.    GEM charges LLS America
16   $85.00 for each lead; approximately 60% of those leads translate
17   into loans.    GEM provides services to other businesses as well.     In
18   2010, less that 34% of GEM’s gross revenue came from providing leads
19   to LLS America.
20           License and Copyright
21           Doris is the sole owner of LLS North America LLC, formed in
22   2005.    Its assets are limited to (1) the software license for the
23   TRAN system (the software which enabled full consumer loan
24   processing to be conducted on the internet), and (2) the copyright
25   for the name “Little Loan Shoppe.”
26

                                         12
 1        Internet Service Provider
 2        360 NW Networks, LLC is owned by Dennis.   Its sole function is
 3   to act as the internet service provider that hosts the network
 4   address for LLS America.   Although it at one time had its own bank
 5   account, at the time of the Examiner’s investigation prior to the
 6   issuance of the Preliminary Report, the account had been closed.
 7        0738106BC, Ltd., 0738116BC, Ltd., and 0738126BC, Ltd.
 8        Three companies were licensed in Canada in the fall of 2005 for
 9   the purpose of making payments to the Lenders, and to pay certain
10   expenses of the consumer loan business in Canada:     0738106BC, Ltd.,
11   0738116BC, Ltd., and 0738126BC, Ltd.
12   Proceedings on the Substantive Consolidation Motion
13        The Schneider Creditors objected to the consolidation of the
14   D&D bankruptcy case with that of LLS America.   The Schneider
15   Creditors also requested (“Continuance Motion”) that the hearing on
16   the Substantive Consolidation Motion be continued for a period of
17   45 days to permit discovery and the scheduling of an evidentiary
18   hearing on the Substantive Consolidation Motion.    D&D filed its own
19   objection to the substantive consolidation of its case with the LLS
20   America case, but did not request a continuance or an evidentiary
21   hearing with respect to the Substantive Consolidation Motion.    TSA
22   filed (1) an objection11 to the Substantive Consolidation Motion,
23
          11
               The same attorney who filed the TSA Objection also filed
24
     objections on behalf of the following related entities: LLS Canada,
25   Little Loan Shoppe America, LLC, Little Loan Shoppe, Ltd., 639504BC
     Ltd., Little Loan Shoppe Canada, LLC fka LLS Ltd., 0738106BC Ltd.,
26                                                         (continued...)

                                       13
 1   and (2) a “joinder” to the Continuance Motion.
 2        The bankruptcy court denied the Continuance Motion at the
 3   hearing held August 9, 2011 (“August 9 Hearing”), and proceeded to
 4   hear argument on the Substantive Consolidation Motion at that time.
 5   At the conclusion of the August 9 Hearing, the bankruptcy court
 6   orally granted the Substantive Consolidation Motion.      Hearings on
 7   the form of orders were held August 26, 2011 (“August 26 Hearing”)
 8   and August 29, 2011 (“August 29 Hearing”).       The bankruptcy court
 9   thereafter entered its order denying the Continuance Motion
10   (“Continuance Order”) on September 1, 2011, and its order granting
11   the Substantive Consolidation Motion (“Substantive Consolidation
12   Order”) on September 8, 2011.
13        TSA filed a timely notice of appeal on September 21, 2011
14   (#835).     D&D also filed a notice of appeal on September 30, 2011
15   (#918).12    The Schneider Creditors did not appeal the bankruptcy
16   court’s orders at issue before us.
17                               II.   JURISDICTION
18        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
19
          11
           (...continued)
20   0738126BC Ltd., LLS North America, LLC, 0738116BC Ltd. Because the
21   objections of these related entities were not addressed at the
     hearing on the Substantive Consolidation Motion and because no
22   appeal has been taken by any of the related entities, we deem these
     objections to have been waived.
23
          12
               The D&D appeal is timely pursuant to Rule 8002(a): “If a
24
     timely notice of appeal is filed by a party, any other party may
25   file a notice of appeal within 14 days of the date on which the
     first notice of appeal was filed, or within the time otherwise
26   prescribed by this rule, whichever period last expires.”

                                         14
 1   §§ 157(b)(1) and (b)(2)(A) and (O).        We have jurisdiction under
 2   28 U.S.C. § 158.
 3                                  III.   ISSUES
 4        Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion when it
 5   denied the Continuance Motion.
 6        Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion when it
 7   failed to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the Substantive
 8   Consolidation Motion.
 9        Whether the bankruptcy court erred when it ordered the
10   substantive consolidation of D&D with LLS America.           Whether the
11   bankruptcy court erred when it ordered the substantive consolidation
12   of the Non-Debtor Companies with LLS America.
13                           IV.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
14        A decision to deny a request for continuance is reviewed for
15   abuse of discretion.    Orr v. Bank of Am., 285 F.3d 764, 783 (9th
16   Cir. 2002).   A bankruptcy court’s decision whether to hold an
17   evidentiary hearing also is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
18   Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. Int’l Fibercom, Inc. (In re Int’l Fibercom,
19   Inc.), 503 F.3d 933, 939 (9th Cir. 2007).
20        We apply a two-part test to determine whether the bankruptcy
21   court abused its discretion.    United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d
22   1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009)(en banc).        First, we consider de novo
23   whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standard to
24   the relief requested.   Id.    Then, we review the bankruptcy court’s
25   fact findings for clear error.    Id. at 1262 & n.20.      We must affirm
26   the bankruptcy court’s fact findings unless we conclude that they

                                           15
 1   are “(1) ‘illogical,’ (2) ‘implausible,’ or (3) without ‘support in
 2   inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.’” Id. at
 3   1262.
 4           Under the abuse of discretion standard, we must have a definite
 5   and firm conviction that the bankruptcy court committed a clear
 6   error of judgment in the conclusion it reached before reversal is
 7   appropriate.    Hopkins v. Cerchione (In re Cerchione), 414 B.R. 540,
 8   545 (9th Cir. BAP 2009).
 9           A mixed question exists when the facts are established, the
10   rule of law is undisputed, and the issue is whether the facts
11   satisfy the legal rule.    Murray v. Bammer (In re Bammer), 131 F.3d
12   788, 792 (9th Cir. 1997).    Mixed questions require consideration of
13   legal concepts and the exercise of judgment about the values that
14   animate legal principles.    Id.    We review mixed questions of law and
15   fact de novo.    Wechsler v. Macke Int’l Trade, Inc. (In re Macke
16   Int’l Trade, Inc.), 370 B.R. 236, 245 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).
17           De novo means review is independent, with no deference given to
18   the trial court's conclusion.      See First Ave. W. Bldg., LLC v. James
19   (In re Onecast Media, Inc.), 439 F.3d 558, 561 (9th Cir. 2006).
20           In this case, the “rule of law” is articulated by the Ninth
21   Circuit’s decision in Alexander v. Compton (In re Bonham), 229 F.3d
22   750 (9th Cir. 2000).    We therefore must determine whether the facts
23   support substantive consolidation as ordered by the bankruptcy
24   court.    We may affirm the bankruptcy court on any ground supported
25   by the record.    Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916, 922
26   (9th Cir. 2004).

                                          16
 1                                 V.   DISCUSSION
 2   I.   The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Did
          Not Continue the Hearing On the Substantive Consolidation
 3        Motion.
 4        A.   The Continuance Motion
 5        The Schneider Creditors, as creditors of D&D who opposed
 6   substantively consolidating the D&D bankruptcy case with that of LLS
 7   America, filed the Continuance Motion asserting that they needed an
 8   additional forty-five days to conduct discovery for an evidentiary
 9   hearing on the Substantive Consolidation Motion.      The bankruptcy
10   court ruled that the Schneider Creditors were judicially estopped
11   from opposing the Substantive Consolidation Motion based upon their
12   contrary position, upon which they prevailed, taken before the state
13   court, i.e., that D&D was liable on the Notes issued by LLS America
14   and other related entities.    Because the Schneider Creditors were
15   estopped from opposing the Substantive Consolidation Motion, the
16   bankruptcy court ruled that no additional discovery was necessary
17   and denied the Continuance Motion.
18        The Schneider Creditors have not appealed the Continuance Order
19   (or the Substantive Consolidation Order).       Instead, D&D filed the
20   appeal.   In its opening brief, D&D states “D&D also requested a
21   continuance [sic] hearing or trial so that discovery could be
22   conducted with respect to the proposed consolidation.”       D&D Opening
23   Brief on Appeal at 8:12-14.    This is patently untrue.     D&D cites to
24   its excerpts of record in support of this statement.      However, the
25   pleading to which it cites is not a pleading filed by D&D but rather
26   the Continuance Motion filed by the Schneider Creditors, on their

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 1   own behalf.   Having not sought a continuance from the bankruptcy
 2   court, D&D cannot complain on appeal that one was not granted to it.
 3        B.   TSA’s Joinder in the Continuance Motion
 4        TSA did not file an independent motion for a continuance of the
 5   hearing on the Substantive Consolidation Motion.    Instead, it filed
 6   a “joinder,” which stated in its entirety:   “[TSA], a party in
 7   interest herein, hereby joins the motion for continuance filed . . .
 8   on behalf of [the Schneider Creditors].   This joinder is based upon
 9   the records and files herein and upon the Affidavit of Conrad C.
10   Lysiak filed herewith.”   The Affidavit of Conrad C. Lysiak stated
11   only that TSA believed that it should be given forty-five days to
12   conduct reasonable discovery in order to determine the factual and
13   legal basis for the Substantive Consolidation Motion.
14        In denying the Continuance Motion as to TSA, the bankruptcy
15   court determined that the only discovery sought by TSA appeared to
16   be evidence of transfers between LLS America and TSA.    The
17   bankruptcy court was unpersuaded that TSA required additional
18   discovery with respect to those transfers where (1) the Examiner’s
19   reports, submitted as evidence in support of the Substantive
20   Consolidation Motion, contained specifics about those transfers, and
21   (2) TSA had taken no steps to take the deposition of the Examiner in
22   an effort to dispute the Examiner’s findings during the year in
23   which the Examiner was investigating the relationship between TSA
24   and LLS America.
25        On the record before us, we cannot say that the bankruptcy
26   court abused its discretion when it denied the Continuance Motion as

                                       18
 1   to TSA, based upon those factual determinations.    No clear error has
 2   been demonstrated.
 3   II.   The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Did
           Not Conduct an Evidentiary Hearing On the Substantive
 4         Consolidation Motion.
 5         D&D asserts on appeal that the bankruptcy court abused its
 6   discretion when it failed to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the
 7   Substantive Consolidation Motion.    In its opening brief, D&D states
 8   that in the Continuance Order, the bankruptcy court determined that
 9   there was no need for an evidentiary hearing as requested by D&D.
10   D&D Opening Brief at 9:1-3.   However, nowhere in the order does the
11   bankruptcy court refer to an evidentiary hearing having been
12   requested by D&D, and as we discussed above, D&D did not request an
13   evidentiary hearing.
14         Further, it is disingenuous of D&D to represent to the Panel
15   that it somehow was harmed by the bankruptcy court’s failure to
16   conduct an evidentiary hearing.     D&D’s objection to the Substantive
17   Consolidation Motion was “based on the fact, but not limited to
18   [sic], that [D&D] is not an affiliate of [LLS America] as defined by
19   11 USC § 101(2), its members are not the same, nor are it’s [sic]
20   assets or liabilities the same as [LLS America].”     Counsel for D&D
21   appeared at the August 9 Hearing and was provided an opportunity to
22   argue.   The full presentation of D&D’s case on the Substantive
23   Consolidation Motion was as follows:
24         Okay. My objection is the fact that, first of all, I
           represent the D&D estate. D&D filed [its] chapter 11 to
25         prevent the possible entry of an order, which would then
           cause execution against the sole asset of D&D, which is in
26         fact a building on West Broadway. Although, I would agree

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 1       that the state court found that there might be liability
         of D&D on the notes, I don’t think the court at the state
 2       court level, and this is my argument, nor under the
         Bankruptcy Code, under section 101(2), that D&D is in fact
 3       an affiliate as defined.
 4       If you look at that the – the entity, LLS, Little Loan
         Shop doesn’t directly own or control any power to vote on
 5       D&D. D&D is solely owned by Dennis Nelson, not by Ms.
         Nelson.
 6
         LLS America doesn’t own any stock or any securities. It’s
 7       – there’s no fiduciary or agency. There’s no debt secured
         by D&D to LL– LLS. And, in fact as Mr. Lysiak pointed
 8       out, D&D never produced any notes, D&D never executed any
         notes, D&D never collected on any notes. The only purpose
 9       that D&D was that it operated as a building to provide
         office space for Team America [sic].
10
         I don’t believe it is considered an entity, and in fact,
11       the trustee had an emergency motion not too long ago in
         front of Judge Kurtz, who D&D actually was assigned, so
12       that they could file a complaint, a fairly substantial
         complaint alleging a number of things, such as
13       preferences, fraudulent conveyances, unjust [enrichment],
         et cetera.
14
         And it would be my argument that, not only are not we an
15       affiliate, but if this motion to consolidate is allowed to
         occur, then D&D is brought into the fold and ipso facto
16       they have no ability to defend itself, and the trustee’s
         adversary case is already done and over with, because they
17       now have D&D. So, that’s why I’m opposing the motion,
         Your Honor.
18
19   Tr. of August 9 Hearing at 38:24-40:7.
20        Neither in its objection nor at the hearing on the Substantive
21   Consolidation Motion did D&D assert that it had evidence to present
22   or that it wanted the bankruptcy court to conduct an evidentiary
23   hearing.   By not making a request for an evidentiary hearing on the
24   Substantive Consolidation Motion, as other parties had done, D&D
25   waived its right to complain about the lack of an evidentiary
26   hearing.   It cannot now step into the shoes of the Schneider

                                       20
 1   Creditors and complain that the bankruptcy court abused its
 2   discretion in not granting them an evidentiary hearing.
 3        Unlike D&D, TSA did request an evidentiary hearing.     On appeal,
 4   TSA asserts that it was precluded from cross-examining the Examiner
 5   with respect to his reports.   It now asserts that the reports are
 6   “replete with conflicting . . . statements that actually support the
 7   legal separateness of [TSA] and [LLS America].”   However, TSA never
 8   advised the bankruptcy court that it wanted an opportunity to cross-
 9   examine the Examiner.   In fact, it was the bankruptcy court that
10   pointed out to TSA’s counsel that TSA never had undertaken to
11   challenge the Examiner or his reports, despite having had plenty of
12   opportunity to do so.   Moreover, in its objection to the Substantive
13   Consolidation Motion, TSA relied nearly exclusively on the findings
14   of the Examiner in his reports.
15        For the first time on appeal, TSA asserts that because
16   substantive consolidation is “tantamount to an involuntary
17   petition,” TSA was entitled to the same protection offered by the
18   provisions of § 303, which includes an evidentiary hearing.     TSA did
19   not raise this issue before the bankruptcy court, either in its
20   objection to the Substantive Consolidation Motion, or in its joinder
21   to the Continuance Motion.   In its argument on the Substantive
22   Consolidation Motion, TSA addressed only the legal standard for
23   substantive consolidation set forth in Bonham.    Moreover, at the
24   subsequent hearings on the form of the order granting the
25   Substantive Consolidation Motion, in response to the bankruptcy
26   court’s direct invitation for additional comment or argument on

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 1   substantive consolidation, TSA’s counsel declined:
 2        I have nothing to add, Your Honor. You were patient last
          week when I made my arguments and there’s nothing else to
 3        add. Thank you.
 4   Tr. of August 26 Hearing at 83:11-13.
 5        THE COURT: Mr. Lysiak, I haven’t heard from you.      Did you
          want to add anything to this?
 6
          MR. LYSIAK:   No, I don’t, Your Honor.   Thank You.
 7
 8   Tr. of August 29 Hearing at 115:5-7.
 9        TSA did not inform the bankruptcy court that it claimed that it
10   was entitled to an evidentiary hearing because substantive
11   consolidation “is tantamount to an involuntary bankruptcy,” thereby
12   entitling TSA to the due process opportunities afforded through
13   § 303.    Significantly, nothing in its presentation to the bankruptcy
14   court on the merits of substantive consolidation suggests TSA ever
15   informed the bankruptcy court that TSA believed the bankruptcy court
16   was applying an incorrect rule of law, i.e., application of Bonham
17   to determine whether substantive consolidation was appropriate
18   versus application of § 303 standards to determine whether TSA was
19   subject to an involuntary bankruptcy proceeding.    The failure to
20   assert § 303 as a defense on the merits of the Substantive
21   Consolidation Motion is a clear reflection that TSA never intended
22   to prepare for an evidentiary hearing on § 303 issues.     TSA cannot
23   now assert that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in not
24   holding an evidentiary hearing on that basis.13
25
26        13
                 The record reflects that the issue was raised by Doris’
                                                             (continued...)

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 1        In connection with the need for an evidentiary hearing, the
 2   bankruptcy court made the following finding:
 3       There is ample evidence in the record, including but not
         limited to, the evidence identified [previously in the
 4       order] for the Court to determine the [Substantive
         Consolidation Motion] without holding an evidentiary
 5       hearing. No party submitted any evidence or identified
         any evidence that controverted the factual or legal basis
 6       relied upon by the moving party in the [Substantive
         Consolidation Motion]. No party established existence of
 7       any additional evidence which would have controverted the
         factual or legal basis of the [Substantive Consolidation
 8       Motion].
 9   Substantive Consolidation Order at 5:25-6:7.
10        Federal judges have discretion as to the method by which
11   evidence is taken, including wholly by affidavit.   See Civil
12   Rule 43.   Civil Rule 43 is applicable in bankruptcy cases pursuant
13   to Rule 9017.   In the Eastern District of Washington, LBR 9073-1
14   contemplates that parties will provide evidence by affidavit prior
15   to the scheduled hearing.   The version of LBR 9073-1 in effect at
16   the time of the August 9 Hearing provides:
17       (d)    Filing of Documents to be Considered at Hearings
18       (1) Except as provided in LBR 4001-2, an application or
         motion, supporting affidavits or statements under penalty
19       of perjury shall be served and filed no later than seven
         (7) days prior to the hearing on an application or motion.
20       An opposing party shall serve and file any objections,
         counter-affidavits or statements under penalty of perjury
21       or other responding documents not later than three (3)
         days prior to the hearing on the application or motion.
22
23
                13
                (...continued)
24
     attorney at the August 9 Hearing. However, the issue was not
25   preserved for our review because Doris did not file an appeal in her
     own name. TSA cannot adopt on appeal a position asserted by another
26   party to the proceedings, which that party has abandoned.

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 1       (2) A document intended to be considered by the Court in
         connection with a scheduled hearing shall be served and
 2       filed in accordance with subparagraph (1) above.
 3   Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the bankruptcy court
 4   abused its discretion when it determined it had an adequate record
 5   upon which to rule without an evidentiary hearing.
 6   III. The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Err When It Granted the
          Substantive Consolidation Motion.
 7
 8        “The primary purpose of substantive consolidation ‘is to ensure
 9   the equitable treatment of all creditors.’”   Bonham, 229 F.3d at 764
10   (internal citation omitted).   It is well-settled under Ninth Circuit
11   law that bankruptcy courts have the equitable authority to order the
12   substantive consolidation (1) of a debtor’s case with non-debtor
13   entities, (2) nunc pro tunc.   See generally In re Bonham.    Our role
14   is limited to a determination of whether, on the record before us,
15   substantive consolidation is consistent with the rule of law set
16   forth in Bonham.
17        Bonham authorizes a bankruptcy court to order the   substantive
18   consolidation of entities if “(1) [] creditors dealt with the
19   entities as a single economic unit and did not rely on their
20   separate identity in extending credit; or (2) [] the affairs of the
21   debtor are so entangled that consolidation will benefit all
22   creditors.”   Bonham, 229 F.3d at 766 (citation omitted, emphasis
23   added).   These factors are considered in the disjunctive:   only one
24   needs to be present to support substantive consolidation.    In this
25   case, both factors are satisfied.
26        D&D contends that to satisfy the first factor, the bankruptcy

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 1   court was required to find that under Washington law, D&D was not a
 2   separate legal entity.    It further contends that the record before
 3   the bankruptcy court was not sufficient to do so.   We disagree as to
 4   D&D’s premise.   The first Bonham factor does not address an issue of
 5   law.   Rather, it looks to the intent of the Lenders when the loans
 6   were made.
 7          The record before us demonstrates that the Lenders,
 8   overwhelmingly the largest creditor body both in number and in
 9   dollar amount, “dealt with the entities as a single economic unit,”
10   the Little Loan Shoppe.   Clear evidence in support of this factual
11   determination is contained in the language of the Notes Doris signed
12   when the loans were made.    That language gave Doris unfettered use
13   of the funds loaned with respect to any of her companies.    In
14   addition to the Notes, the state court’s findings and the Examiner’s
15   reports all evidence the reality of the broad discretion Doris had
16   in using the loaned funds.
17          As to the second Bonham factor, the state court findings
18   establish preclusively that the affairs of D&D were entangled with
19   LLS America, and with Dennis and Doris.    Despite D&D’s protestations
20   to the contrary, its entanglement with the affairs of LLS America
21   was pervasive.    LLS America, TSA, and Doris provided the funds for
22   D&D to purchase the Office Building.    The monies flowing between and
23   among the entities have no relationship either to the purported
24   ownership of the Office Building by D&D or to any lease of the
25   premises to LLS America and/or TSA.
26          TSA attempts to establish that its affairs are separate from

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 1   those of LLS America through the Service Agreement it entered into
 2   with LLS America dated October 23, 2009.        Doris signed that Service
 3   Agreement wearing two hats, i.e., on behalf of each of the parties.
 4   Further, as the Trustee has pointed out, at the time Doris executed
 5   the agreement on behalf of LLS America, LLS America was a debtor-in-
 6   possession, incapable of entering into an agreement that was outside
 7   the ordinary course of its business, unless the agreement was
 8   subject to scrutiny by its creditors and approval by the bankruptcy
 9   court.       See §§ 1108, 363(b).   For purposes of this appeal, whether
10   the Service Agreement is valid is not important.        What is important
11   is that Doris took steps to identify and define the financial
12   relationship between LLS America and TSA only after the LLS America
13   bankruptcy had been filed.      Up to that point, the records available
14   to the Examiner established that Doris treated LLS America and TSA
15   (and LLS Canada) as a single entity from a cash utilization point of
16   view.
17           We observe again that substantive consolidation is an equitable
18   remedy available for the benefit of creditors.       Notably, it is only
19   Doris (through her solely-owned company, TSA) and Dennis (through
20   his solely-owned company, D&D) who have appealed the Substantive
21   Consolidation Order.      No creditor has appealed.14
22           The record reflects both that the Lenders extended credit
23
24           14
                While the Schneider Creditors opposed the Substantive
25   Consolidation Motion in the first instance, their motivation was to
     keep other Lenders from reaching the Office Building as an asset
26   from which their claims might be satisfied.

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 1   generally to Doris and to the Little Loan Shoppe business,
 2   irrespective of the legal entity she created to conduct such
 3   business.    The record also reflects that the financial affairs
 4   between and among Doris, Dennis, LLS America, D&D, and the Non-
 5   Debtor Companies were so entangled that all creditors are benefitted
 6   by the Substantive Consolidation Order.
 7                               VI.   CONCLUSION
 8        On the facts before us, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
 9   discretion when it denied the Continuance Motion or when it failed
10   to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the Substantive Consolidation
11   Motion.   Under the Bonham factors, the bankruptcy court did not err
12   when it entered the Substantive Consolidation Order.   Accordingly,
13   we AFFIRM.
14
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