                                       In The

                                 Court of Appeals
                     Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                              _________________
                               NO. 09-13-00285-CV
                              _________________

                       GODADDY.COM, LLC, Appellant

                                          V.

                       HOLLIE TOUPS, ET AL, Appellees

________________________________________________________________________

                    On Appeal from the 260th District Court
                           Orange County, Texas
                         Trial Cause No. D-130018-C
________________________________________________________________________

                                     OPINION

      GoDaddy.com, LLC (“GoDaddy”) filed a petition in this Court seeking an

order permitting an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order denying

GoDaddy’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims on the basis that such claims are

barred by section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (the “CDA”). See 47

U.S.C. § 230. We granted GoDaddy’s request to file an interlocutory appeal. After

consideration of the appeal, we reverse the trial court’s order.




                                          1
                              I.    BACKGROUND

      Plaintiffs filed the underlying action on behalf of a putative class of women

who allege that other defendants, not a party to this appeal, who owned two

“revenge porn” websites, published sexually explicit photographs of plaintiffs

without their permission or consent. GoDaddy, as an interactive computer service

provider, hosted the revenge porn websites. In their brief to this Court, plaintiffs

admit that GoDaddy did not create the defamatory and offensive material at issue.

Plaintiffs argue that because GoDaddy knew of the content, failed to remove it, and

then profited from the activity on the websites, GoDaddy is jointly responsible for

plaintiffs’ damages. In their petition, plaintiffs allege that these revenge websites

“engage[d] in the publication of obscenity and child pornography” in violation of

Texas Penal Code. Plaintiffs further allege that GoDaddy hosted the websites

despite having knowledge that the developers were engaged in illegal activities.

Plaintiffs assert causes of action against GoDaddy “for intentional infliction of

emotional distress, for its severe, extreme, intentional, and unlawful misconduct in

violation of the Texas Penal [Code], and for its gross negligence in violation of

Texas Penal Code[.]” Plaintiffs further contend,

      [b]y its knowing participation in these unlawful activities, GoDaddy
      has also committed the intentional Texas tort of invasion of privacy
      upon these Plaintiffs, as well as . . . intrusion on Plaintiffs’ right to
      seclusion, the public disclosure of their private facts, the wrongful
      appropriation of their names and likenesses, false light invasion of

                                         2
         Plaintiffs’ privacy, and a civil conspiracy . . . to perpetrate these
         intentional state law torts.

         GoDaddy filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 91a of the Texas Rules

of Civil Procedure. In its memorandum of law filed in support of its motion to

dismiss, GoDaddy argued that it is immune from civil liability for plaintiffs’ claims

under section 230 of the CDA because GoDaddy is a provider of interactive

computer services and cannot be treated as a publisher of content created by a third

party. Plaintiffs responded that the websites were “‘revenge porn’ websites” and by

their nature not protected by the First Amendment; and, therefore, the website

owners were not entitled to immunity under the CDA. Plaintiffs further argued

that the CDA does not preempt their state law tort claims. After a hearing, the trial

court denied GoDaddy’s motion to dismiss.

         GoDaddy filed a motion to certify the trial court’s order denying the motion

to dismiss for interlocutory review in accordance with Rule 168 of the Texas Rules

of Civil Procedure and section 51.014(d) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies

Code. The trial court certified the following issues for interlocutory appeal to this

Court:

         (1) [W]hether immunity under Section 230 of the Communications
             Decency Act (the “CDA”) bars each of the claims asserted against
             [GoDaddy] as a matter of law based on Plaintiffs’ admission that
             [GoDaddy] did not create, develop, or publish the content at issue;
             and


                                           3
      (2) [W]hether, as a matter of law, Plaintiffs have alleged facts that, if
          true, state a claim against [GoDaddy].

This appeal followed.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      Rule 91a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure allows a party to move the

court to dismiss a groundless cause of action. Tex. R. Civ. P. 91a. The rule

provides in pertinent part:

      [A] party may move to dismiss a cause of action on the grounds that it
      has no basis in law or fact. A cause of action has no basis in law if the
      allegations, taken as true, together with inferences reasonably drawn
      from them, do not entitle the claimant to the relief sought. A cause of
      action has no basis in fact if no reasonable person could believe the
      facts pleaded.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 91a.1. We review the trial court’s ruling on a question of law de

novo. See El Paso Nat’l Gas Co. v. Minco Oil & Gas, Inc., 8 S.W.3d 309, 312

(Tex. 1999). Before Rule 91a, Texas procedure did not have a counterpart to Rule

12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Fort Bend Cnty. v. Wilson, 825

S.W.2d 251, 253 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ). In 2011, this

deficiency was remedied when the Legislature promulgated section 22.004(g) of

the Texas Government Code, which provides that the “supreme court shall adopt

rules to provide for the dismissal of causes of action that have no basis in law or

fact on motion and without evidence.” See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.004(g)

(West 2013). While not identical, Rule 91a is analogous to Rule 12(b)(6);

                                         4
therefore, we find case law interpreting Rule 12(b)(6) instructive. See Tex. R. Civ.

P. 91a; Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

      Rule 12(b)(6) allows dismissal if a plaintiff fails “to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). For a complaint to survive

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, it must contain “enough facts to state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007). Facial plausibility requires facts that allow the court “to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Essentially, under the federal rules,

the complaint is liberally construed in favor of the plaintiff and all well-pleaded

facts are taken as true. Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678-79; Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S.

89, 94 (2007). That said, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at

678. Likewise, in determining whether the trial court erred in denying a

defendant’s motion to dismiss, we take all plaintiff’s allegations as true and

consider whether a plaintiff’s petition contains “enough facts to state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face.” See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. Rule 12(b)(6)

dismissal is appropriate if the court determines beyond doubt that the plaintiff can

prove no set of facts to support a claim that would entitle him to relief. Scanlan v.

Tex. A & M Univ., 343 F.3d 533, 536 (5th Cir.2003). Just as a motion to dismiss

                                          5
for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is a proper vehicle to assert a claim

of immunity under the federal rules, a motion to dismiss under Rule 91a is a proper

vehicle to assert an affirmative defense of immunity under section 230 in the state

court. See Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 416 (1976) (prosecutorial immunity);

Mowbray v. Cameron Cnty., 274 F.3d 269, 276, 279 (5th Cir. 2001) (prosecutorial

immunity and witness immunity).

      On appeal, GoDaddy argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion to

dismiss under Rule 91a because it is immune from suit for plaintiffs’ asserted

causes of action. Plaintiffs contend that their claims against GoDaddy are not

precluded by the CDA because their state law intentional tort causes of action stem

from GoDaddy’s knowledge of the illegal content of the websites and its refusal to

shut the websites down. Plaintiffs further assert that GoDaddy is not entitled to

immunity under section 230 of the CDA because the underlying content is

unlawful or not entitled to First Amendment protection.

                                 III.    ANALYSIS

      To support its argument that it is entitled to immunity, GoDaddy relies on

the following language in section 230:

      No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the
      publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information
      content provider.



                                          6
47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1).1 The statute defines an “‘interactive computer service’” as

“any information service, system, or access software provider that provides or

enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server, including

specifically a service or system that provides access to the Internet[.]” Id. §

230(f)(2). The statute defines an “‘information content provider’” as “any person

or entity that is responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or development of


      1
          Subsection (c) of section 230 of the CDA states in full:

   (c) Protection for “good samaritan” blocking and screening of offensive
   material

      (1) Treatment of publisher or speaker

      No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated
      as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another
      information content provider.

      (2) Civil liability

      No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held
      liable on account of --

           (A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to
           or availability of material that the provider or user considers to
           be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent,
           harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such
           material is constitutionally protected; or

           (B) any action taken to enable or make available to information
           content providers or others the technical means to restrict access
           to material described in paragraph (1).

47 U.S.C. § 230(c).
                                            7
information provided through the Internet or any other interactive computer

service.” Id. § 230(f)(3).

      GoDaddy asserts that it is a provider of an interactive computer service as

defined by the CDA, that the content at issue was provided by another information

content provider, and plaintiffs’ allegations improperly seek to treat GoDaddy as a

publisher of the content posted on the websites by third parties. Plaintiffs argue

that GoDaddy is not entitled to immunity because section 230 does not preempt

state law intentional torts, and because the immunity provision in section 230 only

applies if the website content qualifies for protection under the First Amendment.

Plaintiffs argue that the CDA “does not protect conduct that is illegal or in

violation of a federal or state penal statute.” We address these arguments in turn.

                  A. Survival of State Law Intentional Tort Claims

      Citing our opinion in Milo v. Martin, 311 S.W.3d 210 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont 2010, no pet.), plaintiffs assert that we have previously held that the

CDA does not preempt state law intentional torts. Plaintiffs’ reliance on Milo is

misplaced. In Milo, plaintiffs filed suit against individual defendants, who ran a

website called “The Watchdog[,]” seeking damages resulting from the alleged

publication of derogatory comments that were posted by anonymous users on the

website’s “‘Guest Book.’” 311 S.W.3d at 211-12. The Watchdog filed a no

evidence motion for summary judgment arguing that section 230 of the CDA

                                          8
prevented plaintiffs from asserting claims against The Watchdog that treated it as a

publisher of the comments made on the guest book. Id. at 212. On appeal of the

trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of The Watchdog, we explained

that section 230 generally controls claims regarding an internet service provider’s

republication of a third party’s statement. Id. at 214. We recognized that the

federal statute “‘overrides the traditional treatment of publishers, distributors, and

speakers under statutory and common law.’” Id. at 214-15 (quoting Batzel v. Smith,

333 F.3d 1018, 1026 (9th Cir. 2003)). We noted the broad application of section

230 in federal courts and stated that in enacting section 230 “Congress apparently

made a choice ‘not to deter harmful online speech through the separate route of

imposing tort liability on companies that serve as intermediaries[.]’” Id. at 215

(quoting Zeran v. Am. Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327, 330 (4th Cir. 1997)). We

explained:

              Regardless of the grave potential that false and defamatory
      posts can have on the lives of its citizens, Congress apparently
      decided to prevent states from utilizing state libel law to impose
      liability on website providers when they republish false and
      defamatory content created and developed by third parties without the
      internet service provider’s material involvement.

Id. at 218. We concluded The Watchdog could not be held liable for the posting of

slanderous comments because there was no evidence that it was an information

content provider or that it otherwise developed the offensive posts. Id. at 217.


                                          9
      In support of their claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the

plaintiffs in Milo also alleged that The Watchdog’s failure to respond to their

request to remove the posts constituted extreme and outrageous conduct. Id. at

218. Significantly, we expressly refrained from answering the question of whether

plaintiffs’ state law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was

outside the scope of section 230, stating that it was “a matter we need not decide”

because there was no summary judgment evidence to support plaintiffs’ allegation

that The Watchdog’s failure to remove the posts constituted extreme and

outrageous conduct. Id. at 217-18. We noted our concern “that section 230 does

not provide a right to request a website’s owner to remove false and defamatory

posts placed on a website by third parties, and does not provide the injured person

with a remedy in the event the website’s owner then fails to promptly remove

defamatory posts[.]”    Id. at 218. We did not hold, as plaintiffs contend, that

plaintiffs’ state law claims were outside the scope of section 230’s immunity

provision. Id.2



      2
         In their appellate brief, plaintiffs cite to and rely on the concurring opinion
in Milo to support their argument that this Court has previously ruled on this issue.
However, a concurring opinion has no precedential value and does not bind this
Court. See Live Oak Cnty. v. Lower Nueces River Water Supply Dist., 446 S.W.2d
14, 20 (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont 1969, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“We have not, in our
recitation of the holdings of the several courts, included the remarks found in the
concurring opinion on the Summary Judgment Appeal . . . . It has been said that a
concurring opinion has no binding effect as precedent since it represents only the
                                             10
      Plaintiffs also cite to Fair Hous. Counsel v. Roommates.com, LLC, 521 F.3d

1157 (9th Cir. 2008) and Cisneros v. Sanchez, 403 F. Supp. 2d 588 (S.D. Tex.

2005) in support of their argument that their intentional tort claims fall outside the

purview of section 230. Neither case supports plaintiffs’ contention.              In

Roommates the court found the website operator was not entitled to immunity for

the website’s discriminatory questions, answer choices, and registration process

that the website operator designed and developed. 521 F.3d at 1164-1170, 1172.

As to this portion of the website content, the court concluded the website operator

was an “information content provider” as defined by section 230. Id. at 1164.

With regard to the “Additional Comments” section on the website, the court found

the website operator was entitled to immunity because that portion of the website

merely published comments made by third parties. Id. at 1173-74. In this case, it

is undisputed that GoDaddy acted only as a hosting company and did not create or

develop the third party content on the websites. Roommates is inapposite to the

present case.

      Likewise, in Cisneros, the plaintiff sued the defendant “‘for his role in being

a source of the defamatory material’” on the website, alleging that he authored

some of the defamatory material, and that he “used his control of the website to

add and remove certain comments by others, effectively shaping the messages

personal views of the concurring judge and does not constitute the law of the
case.”)
                                     11
conveyed on the website.” Cisneros, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 590. The defendant

removed the case to federal court on the basis of complete preemption. Id. at 589-

90. In determining whether plaintiff’s claims were completely preempted by the

CDA, the court first considered whether plaintiff’s libel claim was precluded by

the CDA. Id. at 590. The court concluded that a valid libel claim had been alleged

against the defendant because section 230 “only prevents a provider from being

treated as the author of ‘information provided by another[,]’” and the defendant

had been sued as the author of the defamatory statements. Id.

      The court then turned to the question of whether plaintiff’s libel claim was

completely preempted by the CDA, such that removal to federal court was proper.

Id. at 590-91. The court concluded that “the CDA is clearly not intended to

completely preempt state law in any given area because [section] 230(e)(3) is

narrowly tailored to allow state and local laws within the same field, so long as

they are consistent” with section 230. Id. at 592. The court held “a state law libel

claim seeking to hold the author of a defamatory statement liable for statements he

allegedly made is not preempted by the CDA[,]” and remanded the plaintiff’s libel

claim back to the state court. Cisneros, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 593. The court ignored

plaintiff’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress “because such a

claim cannot be brought independently in Texas and is wholly dependent on the

success of [p]laintiff’s libel claim.” Id. at 590 (citing Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d

                                        12
593, 594 (Tex. 1993)); see also Creditwatch, Inc. v. Jackson, 157 S.W.3d 814, 816

(Tex. 2005) (noting that when plaintiff’s complaints fall within the purview of

other legal remedies, plaintiff cannot assert an intentional infliction of emotional

distress claim merely because those other avenues of relief are barred). It is

undisputed in this case that plaintiffs are not suing GoDaddy as the author or

creator of the website content. Cisneros lends no support to plaintiffs’ argument

that GoDaddy is not entitled to immunity from plaintiffs’ claims.

      Plaintiffs argue that their intentional infliction of emotional distress claim is

not a “‘gap filler tort’” and can be brought independently when the victim has no

other recognized theory of redress. We note that here, the recognized theory of

redress appears to be a defamation claim. See Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 61

(Tex. 2013) (“[I]t is a well-settled legal principle that one is liable for republishing

the defamatory statement of another.”); Milo, 311 S.W.3d at 214 (“Under Texas

law, a person who repeats a defamatory statement made initially by another can be

held responsible for republishing the libelous statement.”); see also RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS §§ 576 (Harm Caused by Repetition), 577 (What Constitutes

Publication), 578 (Liability of Republisher), 581 (Transmission of Defamation

Published by Third Person) (1977). However, under the facts of this case, we need

not decide whether plaintiffs’ may bring their intentional infliction of emotional

distress claim independently of other recognized theories. All of plaintiffs’ claims

                                          13
against GoDaddy stem from GoDaddy’s publication of the contested content, its

failure to remove the content, or its alleged violation of the Texas Penal Code for

the same conduct. Allowing plaintiffs’ to assert any cause of action against

GoDaddy for publishing content created by a third party, or for refusing to remove

content created by a third party would be squarely inconsistent with section 230.3

See 47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(3) (“[N]o liability may be imposed under any State or local

law that is inconsistent with this section.”); see also Zeran, 129 F.3d at 332-33

(concluding that the distributor theory of liability was “merely a subset” of

publisher liability, the court held that AOL was immune from suit for claims that it

was liable as a distributer when AOL was given notice of defamatory content

posted by a third party and unreasonably delayed removing it from the website).

         The Ninth Circuit elaborated on this principle in Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc., in

determining that Yahoo was immune from suit for plaintiff’s negligent undertaking

claim:

         [A] plaintiff cannot sue someone for publishing third-party content
         simply by changing the name of the theory from defamation to
         negligence. Nor can he or she escape section 230(c) by labeling as a
         “negligent undertaking” an action that is quintessentially that of a
         publisher. . . . And what is the undertaking that Barnes alleges Yahoo
         3
         Moreover, allowing plaintiffs to bring a private cause of action against
GoDaddy for its alleged violations of the Texas Penal Code would be contrary to
legislative intent. See 47 U.S.C. § 230(a); Reeder v. Daniel, 61 S.W.3d 359, 362-
64 (Tex. 2001); see also Brown v. De La Cruz, 156 S.W.3d 560, 567 n.39 (Tex.
2004); A.H. Belo Corp. v. Corcoran, 52 S.W.3d 375, 379 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).
                                        14
      failed to perform with due care? The removal of the indecent profiles
      that her former boyfriend posted on Yahoo’s website. But removing
      content is something publishers do, and to impose liability on the
      basis of such conduct necessarily involves treating the liable party as a
      publisher of the content it failed to remove.

570 F.3d 1096, 1102-03 (9th Cir. 2009). The court in Barnes concluded that failing

to remove or de-publish the offensive content constituted “publishing conduct”

from which Yahoo was immune from suit under the CDA. Id. at 1103 (quoting

Roommates, 521 F.3d at 1170-71); see Zeran, 129 F.3d at 332 (explaining that

communication of a defamatory statement and the failure to remove a defamatory

statement are publications, and “[i]n fact, every repetition of a defamatory

statement” constitutes publication).

      Because GoDaddy acted only as an interactive computer service provider

and was not an information content provider with regard to the material published

on the websites, plaintiffs cannot maintain claims against GoDaddy that treat it as a

publisher of that material. Moreover, plaintiffs cannot circumvent the statute by

couching their claims as state law intentional torts.

                    B. Obscene or Illegal Nature of the Material

      Plaintiffs spend a considerable portion of their brief arguing that GoDaddy

cannot receive immunity under section 230 for publishing content that is unlawful

or unprotected by the First Amendment. Plaintiffs contend the website’s content

does not qualify for First Amendment protection as legal pornography, and the

                                          15
CDA “was never intended to bless criminal activities occurring on websites.”

Plaintiffs fail to cite to any authority that supports their position that only

constitutionally protected content gives rise to immunity under section 230.

      There is no provision in the CDA that limits its application to suits involving

constitutionally protected material.      See 47 U.S.C. § 230. Reading such an

exception into the statute would undermine its purpose.

      The amount of information communicated via interactive computer
      services is . . . staggering. The specter of tort liability in an area of
      such prolific speech would have an obvious chilling effect. It would
      be impossible for service providers to screen each of their millions of
      postings for possible problems. Faced with potential liability for each
      message republished by their services, interactive computer service
      providers might choose to severely restrict the number and type of
      messages posted. Congress considered the weight of the speech
      interests implicated and chose to immunize service providers to avoid
      any such restrictive effect.

Zeran, 129 F.3d at 331. In section 230, Congress set forth the specific policies

behind the enactment of the CDA:

   It is the policy of the United States --

      (1) to promote the continued development of the Internet and other
         interactive computer services and other interactive media;

      (2) to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently
         exists for the Internet and other interactive computer services,
         unfettered by Federal or State regulation;

      (3) to encourage the development of technologies which maximize
         user control over what information is received by individuals,
         families, and schools who use the Internet and other interactive
         computer services;
                                     16
      (4) to remove disincentives for the development and utilization of
         blocking and filtering technologies that empower parents to restrict
         their children’s access to objectionable or inappropriate online
         material; and

      (5) to ensure vigorous enforcement of Federal criminal laws to deter
         and punish trafficking in obscenity, stalking, and harassment by
         means of computer.

47 U.S.C. § 230(b). A construction of the CDA that yields a broad application of

its provisions, without regard to the nature of the content at issue, is supported by

its stated policies. See id.

      The plain language of the CDA also supports such an interpretation. See 47

U.S.C. § 230. The CDA provides that nothing in section 230 “shall be construed to

impair the enforcement of section 223 or 231 of this title, chapter 71 (relating to

obscenity) or 110 (relating to sexual exploitation of children) of Title 18, or any

other Federal criminal statute.” Id. § 230(e)(1). Likewise, the CDA provides that

“[n]othing in this section shall be construed to prevent any State from enforcing

any State law that is consistent with this section.” Id. § 230(e)(3). Therefore, the

plain language of the statute contemplates application of immunity from civil suit

under section 230 for interactive computer service providers even when the posted

content is illegal, obscene, or otherwise may form the basis of a criminal

prosecution. See id. § 230(e)(1), (3); see also Doe v. Bates, No. 5:05-CV-91-DF-

CMC, 2006 WL 3813758, at **1, 3-5, 21-22 (E.D. Tex. 2006) (dismissing claims

                                         17
against Yahoo for knowingly allowing the posting of child pornography in a

registered e-group); see also Doe v. GTE Corp., 347 F.3d 655, 657-661 (7th Cir.

2003) (holding plaintiffs’ claims against GTE for providing web hosting services

to sites such as “youngstuds.com,” at which unauthorized, hidden-camera video

footage taken of athletes were offered for sale, were barred under section 230); see

generally Barnes, 570 F.3d at 1098-99, 1105-1106 (holding plaintiff’s negligent

undertaking claim against Yahoo for failing to remove indecent profiles, posted by

plaintiff’s former boyfriend on a website, was barred under section 230); cf.

Prickett v. InfoUSA, Inc., 561 F. Supp. 2d 646, 647-48, 652 (E.D. Tex. 2006)

(holding plaintiffs’ state law claims against infoUSA, which stemmed from

unauthorized postings of plaintiffs’ names, address and telephone number on adult

entertainment websites, were barred under section 230).

      In Bates, plaintiffs filed suit against Bates and Yahoo for violations of 18

U.S.C. § 2252A (a civil remedy available for violation of federal child

pornography laws), negligence, negligence per se, intentional infliction of

emotional distress, invasion of privacy, and civil conspiracy. Bates, 2006 WL

3813758, at *5. The plaintiffs alleged Yahoo had knowledge of an e-group called

“Candyman” that provided a forum for sharing, posting, emailing, and transmitting

hard-core, illegal child pornography. They asserted they could maintain a claim

against Yahoo under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A, for violation of federal criminal statutes.

                                        18
Id. at **6, 20-22. The plaintiffs argued that the civil remedy available under

section 2252A was exempt from the immunity provision in section 230. Id. at *3.

      In rejecting the plaintiffs’ argument, the court found that “immunity from all

private civil liability comports with the clear Congressional policies to avoid

disincentives to innovation and to encourage self-regulation. Congress made these

policies explicit in the language of the statute[.]” Id. The court elaborated:

             Section 230 does not, as [p]laintiffs propose, provide that an
      intentional violation of criminal law should be an exception to the
      immunity from civil liability given to internet service providers. Such
      a finding would effectively abrogate the immunity where a plaintiff
      simply alleged intentional conduct. Instead, “lawsuits seeking to hold
      a service provider liable for its exercise of a publisher’s traditional
      editorial functions-such as deciding whether to publish, withdraw,
      postpone or alter content-are barred.”

Id. at *4.   The court concluded that “‘Congress decided not to allow private

litigants to bring civil claims based on their own beliefs that a service provider’s

actions violated the criminal laws.’” Id. at *5 (quoting Magistrate’s Report and

Recommendation). The court granted Yahoo’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims

and dismissed the case with prejudice. Id.

      Plaintiffs’ contention that GoDaddy is not entitled to immunity from

plaintiffs’ state law claims because of the alleged obscene or unlawful nature of the

material posted on the websites is without merit. See Bates, 2006 WL 3813758, at

**1, 3-5, 22; see generally Barnes, 570 F.3d at 1098-99, 1106; see also GTE, 347

F.3d at 657-62.
                                         19
                          C. Plaintiffs’ Request to Replead

      Plaintiffs argue for the first time on appeal that GoDaddy violated its

internal policies, as set forth in its “Universal Terms of Service Agreement,” which

according to plaintiffs, prohibit the use of websites for any purpose that is illegal or

promotes or encourages illegal activity. Plaintiffs argue GoDaddy’s violation of its

service agreement “further [corroborates] the plausibility of [plaintiffs’] claims

against GoDaddy.” The service agreement plaintiffs rely on is not in the record

before us, and this argument is not properly before this Court. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1. Based on the provisions of the alleged service agreement, plaintiffs request

that we permit them to replead their case after considering the merits of

GoDaddy’s appeal. We decline to do so.

      We recognize federal courts often give plaintiffs at least one opportunity to

cure pleading deficiencies before dismissing a case under Rule 12(b)(6). Great

Plains Trust Co. v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 313 F.3d 305, 329 (5th

Cir. 2002). However, the courts do not grant leave to amend a complaint when the

claims being repled are unable to overcome the deficiencies that led to their

dismissal. See Simmons v. Sabine River Auth. La., 732 F.3d 469, 478 (5th Cir.

2013) (“Clearly, if a complaint as amended is subject to dismissal, leave to amend

need not be given.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because we have held that

GoDaddy is entitled to immunity from suit for its alleged conduct as an interactive

                                          20
computer service provider, plaintiffs’ request to replead their claims against

GoDaddy, as indicated in their brief, would be futile. See id.

         Were plaintiffs allowed to amend their petition to assert a further cause of

action against GoDaddy for allegedly violating the terms of its service agreement,

such claims would likewise be precluded by section 230. Plaintiffs contend that

GoDaddy’s knowledge of the illegal or defamatory nature of the content of the

websites and its subsequent failure or refusal to remove the offensive material or

otherwise shut the accounts down violated the terms of its service agreement.

However, as previously discussed the courts treat a party who intentionally and

unreasonably fails to remove defamatory matter that it knows to be exhibited on its

website as a publisher under the CDA, thus subject to the immunity provision.

         Moreover, in this case, plaintiffs have already amended their petition three

times.     Plaintiffs filed their second amended petition after GoDaddy filed its

motion to dismiss, but prior to the trial court’s hearing on the motion. Plaintiffs

filed their third amended petition after the trial court’s hearing and initial order

denying GoDaddy’s motion to dismiss, but prior to the trial court’s amended order

certifying the issues for interlocutory appeal. Plaintiffs relied on their third

amended petition in making their arguments to this Court. Therefore, plaintiffs

have been allowed an opportunity to reshape their claims in an effort to avoid

GoDaddy’s assertion of immunity under section 230. Allowing plaintiffs to once

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again replead their case, at this late stage, would be an inefficient use of the

parties’ and the court’s resources, would unduly prejudice GoDaddy, and would be

contrary to the policies set forth in the CDA. See Schiller v. Physicians Res. Grp.

Inc., 342 F.3d 563, 567 (5th Cir. 2003). Under these circumstances, we deny

plaintiffs’ request to replead their case. See Simmons, 732 F.3d at 478.

                               IV.    CONCLUSION

      Plaintiffs seek to hold GoDaddy liable as the publisher of the contested

website content; therefore, plaintiffs’ claims are barred under 47 U.S.C. § 230.

Even taking plaintiffs’ allegations as true, plaintiffs’ have failed to state a viable

claim against GoDaddy. We sustain both of GoDaddy’s appellate issues and

reverse the order of the trial court denying GoDaddy’s motion to dismiss. We

remand the cause to the trial court for entry of judgment in favor of GoDaddy.com,

LLC and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.



                                                ___________________________
                                                    CHARLES KREGER
                                                          Justice

Submitted on November 5, 2013
Opinion Delivered April 10, 2014

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.


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