                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-1125
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                 Nikolai Monastyrski

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: September 28, 2018
                            Filed: November 8, 2018
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MELLOY and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Nikolai Monastyrski used shell companies and stolen identities to cheat the
states of Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania out of hundreds of thousands of dollars in
unemployment-insurance benefits. Despite the multi-jurisdictional nature of his
operation, the fourteen counts of mail and wire fraud to which Monastyrski pleaded
guilty in this case involved only Iowa. He argues that the geographic limit of his
convictions also serves as the boundary line for his restitution obligations. The
district court1 disagreed and ordered Monastyrski to pay restitution to Illinois and
Pennsylvania too. We affirm.

       Defendants convicted of property crimes must “make restitution to the
victim[s] of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii). When the existence
of a “scheme” is an element of the defendant’s crime, as it is here, the term “victim”
includes “any person directly harmed by the defendant’s criminal conduct in the
course of the scheme.” Id. § 3663A(a)(2); see also id. §§ 1341, 1343 (defining mail
and wire fraud as requiring a “scheme or artifice to defraud” (emphasis added)). This
means that if Illinois and Pennsylvania suffered harm “in the course of” the same
fraudulent “scheme” as Iowa, the district court could award restitution to those two
states as well. Id. § 3663A(a)(2); see also United States v. Welsand, 23 F.3d 205, 207
(8th Cir. 1994) (applying an identical definition of “victim” in a different restitution
statute to a mail-fraud conviction). If, on the other hand, Monastyrski is correct that
he perpetrated “separate, albeit similar, schemes” against each state, then neither state
was entitled to restitution.

       To define the relevant “scheme,” “we look to the scope of the indictment.”
United States v. Ramirez, 196 F.3d 895, 900 (8th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). If “the indictment details a broad scheme encompassing
transactions beyond those alleged in the counts of conviction,” a district court can
order restitution for all of the victims of the scheme, not just those harmed by the
specific conduct charged. United States v. Bush, 252 F.3d 959, 963 (8th Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also, e.g., Welsand, 23 F.3d at
207 (upholding restitution for fraud occurring years before the first charged count,
because the indictment indicated it was part of the same scheme). We are faced with


      1
       The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
this precise situation: the indictment alleged a single broad “scheme and artifice to
defraud . . . the States of Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania,” even though it provided
detail only on the transactions involving Iowa.

       Labeling this a single “scheme” was hardly a stretch. According to the
undisputed facts, the operation looked largely the same across each of the three states.
In fact, Monastyrski recycled some of the same fake companies and employees in
defrauding each state. And even though he defrauded the states one at a time, he was
constantly looking ahead to the next state by registering fake companies and filing
paperwork in one while actively defrauding another. Such preplanned, “interrelated”
conduct easily qualifies as a single ongoing scheme. Welsand, 23 F.3d at 207.

     In short, Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania were all victims of Monastyrski’s
scheme. Monastyrski must therefore repay all three.
                      ______________________________




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