                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 17-1339
                                     _____________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                     Appellant

                                             v.

                                   ANDREW RAMEY
                                    _____________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Jersey
                                 (No. 3-16-cr-00121-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable Anne E. Thompson

                    Submitted pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 November 14, 2017

          Before: CHAGARES, VANASKIE, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

                                 (Filed: January 19, 2018)

                                      ____________

                                        OPINION*
                                      ____________




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

       In this appeal, the Government challenges a sentence imposed by the United States

District Court for the District of New Jersey. Andrew Ramey, the appellee and defendant

in the underlying criminal action, argues that the District Court acted within its discretion

when it applied a downward variance and sentenced him to 30 days of imprisonment for

possession of child pornography. For the reasons stated below, we will vacate the

sentence and remand for resentencing.

                                              I.

       As this Opinion is non-precedential and we write mainly for the parties, our

factual recitation is abbreviated. In 2012, a law enforcement investigation discovered

that Ramey possessed over 250 child pornography videos, some of which involved

toddlers. Ramey was arrested and charged with possession of child pornography in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). He pleaded guilty to the offense, admitting in

his plea agreement that the material “involved a prepubescent minor or a minor under the

age of 12” and that “[t]he offense involved 600 or more images.” App. 144. Having

accessed the videos via a peer-to-peer file sharing network, Ramey also admitted that his

offense involved distribution of child pornography. Id. The Probation Department and

the parties agreed that the applicable sentencing range under the United States Sentencing

Commission Guidelines (“the Guidelines”) was 63 to 78 months of imprisonment.

       At his sentencing hearing, Ramey requested that the District Court apply a

variance and sentence him to probation. He argued, inter alia, that the Guidelines are

flawed with respect to child pornography cases, that there were no “sadistic or

                                              2
masochistic images” in his collection, that this is his first offense, and that he “had some

developmental cognitive issues growing up.” App. 12–16. Ultimately, the District Court

imposed a sentence of only 30 days of imprisonment and a subsequent five-year term of

supervised release.

       Providing an explanation for the variance, the District Court theorized that

Congress did not intend to punish defendants like Ramey for the victimization of children

in child pornography:

       The horror of the victims’ suffering, unfortunately, cannot be visited,
       addressed with punishment directly to the persons who actually acted out so
       as to physically assault these children. This is a unique crime because the
       punishment is directed toward persons such as this defendant who were the
       viewers, customers who chose to look at the material that was produced . . .
       from this victimization of these children. So, unfortunately, we do not have
       before the court for punishment the persons who actually physically injured
       and assaulted these children. It’s a unique situation with child pornography
       offenses. We have before us somebody who went into his computer and went
       to software and some mysterious peer-to-peer association and finds images
       and for months was looking, peering at these images of the horror that the
       victims were suffering and his offense is the looking, going into his computer
       to look at this.
               Now, that’s what we have with this kind of offense and the offender
       in this particular case it would seem to me is probably not the person that
       Congress had in mind who should be punished for the horror and the
       suffering that these children went through.

App. 27–28. The District Court’s explanation then concluded with a brief discussion of

the four-year gap between Ramey’s arrest and sentencing, his childhood development,1



1
 The District Court did not specify how Ramey’s developmental issues impacted his
offense or culpability. At sentencing, the court stated that “[t]here was a learning
disability that was spotted” and that Ramey had an “unusual [childhood] behavior of
eating pencils and tissues, a predilection for touching walls and photographs . . . in some
kind of tactile exploration, fixation, as yet unexplained.” App. 29. The court continued,
                                              3
the support of his siblings, the harm that incarceration would inflict on him, and the lack

of deterrent value of incarceration under these circumstances. App. 28–30. The

Government objected and then timely filed this appeal.2

                                             II.

       The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have

jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b). “We review sentences for

abuse of discretion, and review them for both procedural and substantive

reasonableness.” United States v. Grober, 624 F.3d 592, 599 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing

United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 567 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc)).

                                            III.

       Our review of the District Court’s sentencing is deferential; however, that

deference is not limitless. Although the Guidelines are advisory and “there is no

mandatory script for sentencing,” United States v. Goff, 501 F.3d 250, 256 (3d Cir.

2007), a district court must follow a three-step sentencing process. It must first “correctly

calculate the defendant’s Guidelines range.” United States v. Merced, 603 F.3d 203, 215

(3d Cir. 2010). Next, it must “rule on any motions for departures.” Id. Finally, “after


“[r]eading through this presentence report there is something that is not the normal
development that evidently has never been addressed.” Id.
2
  About a month after the Government filed its Notice of Appeal, Ramey submitted a
request to the District Court that, in accordance with Local Appellate Rule 3.1, it issue a
written amplification of its sentencing decision. The District Court responded on May
26, 2017 with a letter addressed to counsel. App. 128–30. The brief letter was untimely
as it was filed more than thirty days after the notice of appeal was docketed. See 3d Cir.
L.A.R. 3.1. Furthermore, it provided little extra explanation and is insufficient for the
same reasons that the justification for the substantial downward variance articulated at the
original sentencing was deficient.
                                             4
giving both parties an opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they deem

appropriate,” the court must exercise its discretion with “meaningful consideration” of

the sentencing factors contained in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id.

       We have twice reversed this same District Court for extraordinary downward

variances in cases involving the possession of child pornography. See Goff, 501 F.3d at

262 (“[A] sentence of four months is a drastic reduction and unreasonable in light of the

facts and circumstances revealed in the record.”); United States v. Lychock, 578 F3d 214,

229 (3d Cir. 2009) (“We conclude that, by ignoring relevant factors and failing to offer a

reasoned explanation for its departure from the Guidelines, the District Court once again

‘put at risk the substantive reasonableness of any decision it reached.’ . . . That risk of

unreasonableness was realized, under the particular circumstances of this case, in

Lychock’s sentence of probation.”) (quoting Goff, 501 F.3d at 256). In both Goff and

Lychock, we detailed the significant harm caused by possession of child pornography, the

seriousness of the offense, and the clarity with which Congress has expressed its view on

the matter.

       On this third occasion to consider the District Court’s drastic sentencing

reductions, we reiterate that the possession of child pornography alone, even absent any

physical contact between the offender and a minor, is an extremely serious crime that

causes substantial harm. See United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 307 (2008)

(“Child pornography harms and debases the most defenseless of our citizens.”). As we

noted in Goff, “[t]he simple fact that the images have been disseminated perpetuates the

abuse initiated by the producer of the materials” and “[c]onsumers such as Goff who . . .

                                              5
possess child pornography directly contribute to this continuing victimization.” 501 F.3d

at 259. Moreover, possession creates a market for child pornography that incentivizes

further production of such materials. Id. As such, there is no “mere” or “passive” act of

possessing child pornography. To possess such material is to victimize children in a

significant and active manner.

                                             A.

       We first consider procedural unreasonableness. In this analysis, we must ensure

that the District Court “‘committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to

calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as

mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly

erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence — including an

explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.’” Tomko, 562 F.3d at 567

(quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). A significant variance from the

Guidelines range “requires a more significant justification than a minor one.” Grober,

624 F.3d at 599 (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 50).

       The extraordinary variance here, which is 98% below the bottom of the applicable

Guidelines range, necessitates a careful and significant justification; however, the District

Court proceeded in a conclusory fashion. The conclusion that Ramey “is probably not

the person that Congress had in mind who should be punished for the horror and the

suffering that these children went through” is troubling, particularly because Congress

has criminalized possession of child pornography as a separate offense from the physical

abuse of children.

                                              6
       To the extent that the District Court asserted a policy disagreement with the

Guidelines, that reasoning must fail. Although a district court is permitted to vary from

the Guidelines based on such a policy disagreement, its rationale should “take into

account all of the sentencing factors, not just one or two of them in isolation” and it must

provide “sufficiently compelling reasons to justify” the variance.3 Merced, 603 F.3d at

221. Although the District Court offered a brief discussion of the § 3553(a) factors, it

failed to provide compelling justifications for its sentence based upon the factors as a

whole. Instead, the District Court offered vague descriptions of Ramey’s individual

characteristics and largely unsupported conclusions regarding deterrence and the harm of

incarceration. App. 28–30. Thus, the District Court’s sentencing in the instant case was

procedurally unreasonable.

                                             B.

       Though we may remand based solely upon our conclusion that the District Court’s

sentencing was procedurally unreasonable, we will also consider substantive

unreasonableness as we did in Goff and Lychock. Our substantive review of a sentence

is based upon the totality of the circumstances, Merced, 603 F.3d at 214, and we will

vacate a sentence on substantive grounds only if “no reasonable sentencing court would

have imposed the same sentence on that particular defendant for the reasons the district




3
 A district court need not, however, “recite and make findings as to every one of the §
3553(a) factors, as long as the record makes clear that the factors have been considered in
deciding the sentence.” Merced, 603 F.3d at 222.
                                             7
court provided.” Tomko, 562 F.3d at 568. Our consideration of substantive

unreasonableness is guided by the § 3553(a) factors. Merced, 603 F.3d at 214.

       Although the District Court relied heavily upon the first § 3553(a) factor — the

nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the

defendant — that factor does not support the District Court’s downward variance. The

facts and circumstances here are similar to those in Goff and Lychock: possession of

hundreds of child pornography videos, some depicting prepubescent minors or those

under the age of 12; limited or nonexistent prior criminal history; and the ready support

of family members. In those prior cases, we found that comparable sentencing reductions

were substantively unreasonable, and the facts of this case do not warrant a different

result. Ramey’s learning disability and his exhibition of some unusual childhood

behaviors do not meaningfully distinguish the case, because while these facts might

warrant a reduction in sentencing, they do not support one of this magnitude.

       In addition, as we recognized in Goff, “[s]ubsection (a)(2) requires consideration

of . . . the need . . . to ‘provide just punishment,’” which includes “the avoidance of

unwarranted sentencing disparities, as required by [subsection] (a)(6).” 501 F.3d at 258.

Here, the 98% downward variance from the bottom of the applicable Guidelines range

would provide little punishment at all and create a significant sentencing disparity, which

undercuts the interest in uniform sentencing practices and the perception of fair

sentencing. Thus, the second and sixth of the § 3553(a) factors gravitate strongly in favor

of remand.



                                              8
       On balance, these and the remaining factors simply do not support the extreme

variance in this case. No reasonable court would impose a sentence of 30 days of

imprisonment on these facts. Thus, as we did in Goff and Lychock, we conclude that the

District Court’s sentence is substantively unreasonable.

                                           IV.

       For the reasons stated above, we will vacate the District Court’s sentence and

remand for resentencing in accordance with this Opinion.




                                            9
