                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                               FILED
                                                                           November 20, 2007

                                                                         Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                         No. 05-30252                            Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                              Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant
v.

OTIS CHARLES JACKSON; TRINA RAUCHELL JACKSON

                                              Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees

JOHN TIMOTHY COTTON

                                              Defendant-Appellant



                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Western District of Louisiana
                             USDC No. 6:00-CR-60029-1-3


Before DENNIS and PRADO, Circuit Judges, and ENGELHARDT, District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM:**



       *
           District Judge of the Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
       **
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should
not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in
5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.

                                                1
                                      No. 05-30252

       In this drug conspiracy case, Defendants-Appellants John Cotton, Trina
Jackson (Cotton’s wife), and Otis Jackson (Cotton’s father-in-law and Trina’s
father) (collectively, “Defendants”), challenge the district court’s denial of their
motions for new trial based on newly discovered evidence. In addition, Otis
Jackson challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for new trial under
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), as well as the sufficiency of the evidence
for his conspiracy conviction. Finally, the United States (“the government”)
cross-appeals the sentences imposed upon Trina Jackson and Otis Jackson,
contending that their sentences of 120 months are unreasonable. For the
reasons that follow, we hold that the district court properly denied Defendants’
motions for new trial and motions for hearings on their new trial motions. In
addition, we find sufficient evidence to support Otis Jackson’s conviction for
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute over fifty grams of cocaine base
or crack. We conclude, however, that the district court applied sentences to
Trina Jackson and Otis Jackson that were unreasonable under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). Therefore, we affirm all Defendants’ convictions but vacate the
sentences of Trina Jackson and Otis Jackson and remand to the district court for
resentencing consistent with this court’s opinion.
                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       By a superseding grand jury indictment returned on November 15, 2000,
Defendants John Timothy Cotton (“Cotton”), Trina Rauchell Jackson (“Trina”),
Otis Charles Jackson (“Otis”), and six co-defendants1 were charged in a five-

       1
         The six co-defendants, who are not parties to this appeal, are Jerry Palmer, Leslie
Jackson, Thomas Latchie, Lester Davis, Hughy Brown, and Roberto Guzman Ortiz (“Roberto
Guzman”). The district court granted Jerry Palmer’s motion for mistrial, and the jury
acquitted Leslie Jackson. Thomas Latchie, Hughy Brown, and Roberto Guzman all pleaded
guilty, and the district court dismissed the conspiracy charge against Lester Davis on the

                                             2
                                      No. 05-30252

count indictment in the Lafayette-Opelousas Division of the Western District of
Louisiana. The indictment alleged conduct spanning from 1990 to 2000 and
involving the procurement and transportation of cocaine and cocaine base from
Houston, Texas, the conversion of cocaine hydrochloride into cocaine base or
crack, and the distribution of cocaine base in Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and
Kansas.
       Cotton was charged in all five counts of the indictment: (1) conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute over fifty grams of cocaine base or crack in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846 (count 1); (2) possession with intent to
distribute over fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(A), and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (count 2); (3) conspiracy to commit money laundering
involving the proceeds of drug trafficking activity in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956(h) (count 3); (4) continuing criminal enterprise (“CCE”) in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 848 (count 4); and (5) forfeiture of all property derived from drug
proceeds to the United States under 21 U.S.C. § 853 (count 5). Trina was
charged with conspiracy, money laundering, and forfeiture (counts 1, 3, 5). Only
the conspiracy and forfeiture charges (counts 1 and 5) implicated Otis.
       Defendants pleaded not guilty to the charges against them. Between July
26, 2004, and August 12, 2004, a jury trial was conducted. The government tried
Trina and Otis on the conspiracy and forfeiture charges (counts 1 and 5) and
Cotton on the conspiracy, CCE, and forfeiture charges (counts 1, 4, 5).2
       At trial, the government sought to show that Cotton operated a cocaine



government’s motion.
       2
         Prior to trial, the remaining counts of the indictment were dismissed on the motion
of the government.

                                             3
                                 No. 05-30252

trafficking business in Houston, Texas, in which he was assisted by his wife and
co-defendant, Trina, and his father-in-law and co-defendant, Otis.           The
government’s case consisted of the testimony of 106 witnesses and the
presentation of over one thousand exhibits. The government presented the
following evidence:
      Cotton’s drug trafficking operation took place at the Pickfair Apartments,
where Cotton lived with Trina and their five children. Cotton sold crack and
powder cocaine from his and Trina’s apartment.         Cotton also “cooked” or
converted powder cocaine into crack cocaine at his apartment, with the
assistance of “Tank” Robicheaux. Cotton’s “cooking” technique permitted him
to stretch the powder cocaine so that a kilogram of powder cocaine would yield
approximately two kilograms of crack. Otis rented an apartment next to Cotton
and Trina’s apartment, and the drug proceeds were stored in a safe located in
Otis’s apartment.
      Cotton and his associates conducted their drug business in and around two
automobile body shops owned in whole or in part by Cotton. These shops were
known as “Houston Auto Works” and “Unified Auto Works.” Cotton started
Houston Auto Works at least in part with drug proceeds and started Unified
Auto Works with co-defendant Jerry Palmer. Cotton maintained as many as
eight “crack houses” used for the distribution of illegal narcotics in and around
Houston and employed between fifteen and twenty people at these houses to sell
drugs.
      Cotton maintained a number of key relationships to assist him in his drug
operation. David Thomas functioned as Cotton’s lead associate in the early
1990s. At that time, Thomas was living near Cotton in the Pickfair Apartments
with Leslie Jackson, who is Trina’s sister and Otis’s daughter, and their

                                       4
                                     No. 05-30252

children.   Prior to his relationship with Cotton, Thomas had developed a
relationship with certain individuals in the Dominican Republic, including
Roberto Guzman,3 who was Thomas’s source for powder cocaine. Guzman
became Cotton’s supplier when Thomas and Cotton began trafficking drugs
together. Guzman supplied Cotton with twelve to fourteen kilograms of powder
cocaine each week. According to Guzman’s testimony, this quantity increased
after 1993 because Cotton had developed major clients outside of Houston.
Guzman also testified that he sold drugs to Cotton on credit.
      Guzman delivered the cocaine either to Cotton and Trina’s apartment or
to Thomas and Leslie’s apartment.           He testified that sometimes when he
delivered the cocaine, he saw Trina at the apartment, and that if Cotton was
unavailable, he would leave the drugs with her. Guzman also testified that
when he went to the Pickfair Apartments to pick up his payment, Cotton
retrieved the money from a safe located inside Otis’s apartment. Otis was
present on at least one occasion when this happened.
      After Thomas and Cotton had a falling out and quit dealing drugs
together,4 Glenn “Slim” Bailey (“Bailey”) began assisting Cotton in his drug
operation. Bailey assisted Cotton with cooking the crack cocaine, conducting
transactions with buyers on his own or with Cotton, and picking up drug
couriers at the airport and transporting them either to Cotton’s apartment or to
Houston Auto Works for drug transactions.
      On December 9, 1993, Cotton and Bailey were stopped by Houston police

      3
      At trial, Guzman testified that his true name is “Rafael Fulgencio” and that
“Guzman” is an alias he used in his drug business.
      4
        Thomas testified that they quit dealing drugs together because he disagreed with
Cotton’s practice of involving his wife, Trina, in his drug business.

                                            5
                                  No. 05-30252

after narcotics officers observed them engage in hand-to-hand drug transactions.
As a result of the stop, officers found approximately $10,000 in cash, $7,500 in
traveler’s checks, two firearms, and 26.3 grams of cocaine. According to the
government, Cotton and Trina were concerned that Cotton would be
incarcerated for a significant period of time, so Bailey took responsibility for the
drugs.
      Cotton and Trina were involved with “the Macara,” an organization in the
Dominican Republic that used “white magic” to invoke the protection and
guidance of “spirits.” Cotton became involved in the Macara through Guzman,
who introduced Cotton to Maria Peralta and her husband, Jose Matos. Cotton
and some other individuals involved in Cotton’s drug operation each paid $8,500
to join the Macara. As part of the initiation ritual held in Houston, Peralta
invoked the protection of the spirits for Cotton’s organization against certain
named law enforcement officers. Cotton and one of his co-conspirators, Dexter
Harmon (one of Cotton’s Louisiana buyers, discussed below), traveled to the
Dominican Republic to participate in a special Macara cleansing ceremony after
turmoil broke out in Cotton’s organization as a result of allegations by Trina that
a courier was stealing drug proceeds. In order to participate in the special
ceremony, Cotton and Harmon paid Peralta an additional $17,000. Sometime
subsequent to this special ceremony, Cotton, Trina, Guzman, Harmon, and one
of Harmon’s couriers named Oris “Soul Man” Boudreaux attended a festival in
the Dominican Republic held at Peralta’s house in honor of the Macara spirits.
      Cotton had extensive clientele in Texas. Tron Washington purchased
cocaine from Cotton, initially in smaller quantities but later in amounts up to a
kilogram. In addition, Derrick Taylor began buying cocaine from Cotton in 1996
at the Pickfair Apartments and the body shops. On at least one occasion, Trina

                                         6
                                 No. 05-30252

facilitated a drug transaction between Taylor and Cotton; on another occasion,
Taylor negotiated with Otis for the purchase of a kilogram of powder cocaine, but
the deal never went through.
      Cotton’s Texas buyers also included Ronald Floyd, who bought eighteen
ounces of crack from Cotton at Houston Auto Works twice a month for a period
of six months in 1996, and Damien Porter from Pittsburgh, Texas, who on three
occasions in 2000 met Cotton in Huntsville, where Cotton converted a kilogram
of powder cocaine into 1.5 kilograms of crack. In addition, Cotton distributed
significant quantities of cocaine to individuals in Austin, Texas, including
Sedrick McArthur, who bought sixty-three ounces of crack cocaine from Cotton
in 1995 in four separate transactions, and Aubry Hart, who purchased ten
kilograms of cocaine from Cotton over the course of seven different transactions
in 1996.
      At least one of the individuals in Cotton’s organization dealt exclusively
with Trina. Regina Booker purchased crack from Trina on ten occasions in 1993
and 1994. The deals took place at the Pickfair Apartments, and each involved
Booker’s purchase of about twenty-eight grams of crack.
      In addition to Cotton’s Texas buyers, he maintained a significant drug
distribution network in Louisiana. Merrick Young headed up one of Cotton’s
networks in Morgan City, Louisiana. Young used several couriers (including
Eric Daniel, Patrick May, Adrienne May, Aldon Johnney, Marlon Haynes,
Robert Bourgeois, and Chad Jones) to transport drugs from Cotton’s Pickfair
apartment or body shops in Houston to Morgan City.
      Young used vehicles with hidden compartments to transport the drugs,
including a blue Cutlass and a 1986 Buick Riviera, the latter of which was
originally owned by Guzman. These vehicles were involved in various traffic

                                       7
                                No. 05-30252

stops by Louisiana law enforcement. On June 27, 1994, police stopped Young
near Morgan City and, using a drug sniffing dog, found a hidden compartment
with $2,800 and a business card for Houston Auto Works. On November 16,
1995, police stopped Young’s blue Cutlass, which was being driven by Robert
Bourgeois, and found $23,760 in a secret compartment. On December 14, 1994,
police again stopped Young, this time driving a green and white Chevrolet
pickup truck, registered in Cotton’s name, which also contained a secret
compartment.
      Dexter Harmon was another one of Cotton’s significant drug customers in
Rayne, Louisiana. Harmon met Cotton in late 1994 through Cotton’s half-
brother, Edwin Cotton. Harmon initially purchased his drugs from Edwin, who
had obtained them from Cotton. However, after Cotton and Edwin had a falling
out, Harmon began purchasing his supply directly from Cotton.
      In early 1995, Cotton organized a meeting at Harmon’s house to discuss
setting up a drug transportation system along Interstate 10. Among those
present were Cotton, Harmon, Young, and Guzman. The parties agreed that one
of Young’s couriers, Robert Bourgeois, would pick up drugs for Harmon in
Houston and drop them off in Rayne. On the first trip, Bourgeois successfully
dropped off 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine in Rayne that he had picked up in
Houston, but was stopped on the return trip by Louisiana police. The police
seized $23,760, Harmon’s payment to Cotton for the cocaine. Because of the loss
of his payment, Harmon stopped using the transportation system involving
Young’s courier.
      Harmon continued to buy cocaine from Cotton using his own courier,
Boudreaux. Boudreaux testified that he made monthly trips to Houston to pick
up kilograms of crack, which were, according to what Harmon told him, supplied

                                      8
                                       No. 05-30252

by Cotton. Boudreaux picked up drugs at Houston Auto Works, where he would
drive around to the back of the shop and exchange cash for approximately two
kilograms of crack per trip. He received the drugs from one of four or five
different individuals who worked at the body shop. Although Boudreaux never
received cocaine directly from Cotton, he observed Cotton at the shop during
these transactions.
      As discussed above, Harmon participated in the Macara organization
activities along with Cotton, Trina, Guzman, and Boudreaux. At some point,
Cotton advised Harmon that Maria Peralta, the Macara spiritualist, had stolen
a large shipment of cocaine belonging to some Dominicans. Harmon received the
bulk of the 200 to 250 kilograms stolen from this shipment. He assisted Cotton
in delivering a portion of the proceeds from the sale of this stolen cocaine to
Peralta by collecting as many $100 bills as he could. Harmon later witnessed
this money being hidden in the roof of a Maxima automobile, which was later
shipped to the Dominican Republic. Harmon testified that on one of his trips to
the Dominican Republic, he saw the Maxima parked in Peralta’s driveway.
      In addition to Young and Harmon, Cotton’s customers in Louisiana
included Frager Ford, a distributor in Shreveport, Louisiana, who bought “big
eight”5 quantities of crack cocaine once a month in 1995 from Cotton at his
apartment or Houston Auto Works, and Lester Davis, who distributed the drugs
he purchased from Cotton in Alexandria, Louisiana.
      Cotton also supplied drug dealers in Hammond, Louisiana, including Sam
and Jeffrey Michelli. Jeffrey Michelli testified that he would set up drug
transactions by calling Cotton and, on occasion, he would speak to Trina about


      5
          This is a large crack cookie that weighs approximately 4.5 ounces.

                                              9
                                 No. 05-30252

what he needed. The transactions themselves were conducted at Cotton and
Trina’s apartment. Jeff Michelli testified that he occasionally observed Otis
outside the apartment when he went to conduct his drug transactions. Trina
was present when Cotton counted the money and when the drugs were
exchanged. Jeffrey also testified that Trina took the counted money from Cotton
and put it away in a bedroom. In 1994, Sam Michelli was stopped and arrested
while he was transporting drugs he had obtained from Cotton.
      Some of the drug dealers in north and central Louisiana purchased their
drugs directly from Otis. Otis’s buyers included Todd Phillips, who purchased
a half kilogram of crack at the Pickfair Apartments twice in 1998, and Ellery
Elie, who regularly bought up to one kilogram of powder cocaine once or twice
a month from 1998 to 2000.
      In addition to the Louisiana clientele, Cotton had customers in Mississippi.
Luther Martin of Jackson, Mississippi, and Bruce Betts of Hattiesburg,
Mississippi, both purchased cocaine from Cotton. Martin used several drug
couriers to transport the drugs he bought from Cotton. When Martin purchased
large quantities of crack from Cotton, these transactions were consummated at
a motel on the south side of Houston. On several occasions, Trina delivered the
drugs to Martin or his courier at the motel.
      Betts became involved with Cotton through two of Martin’s couriers,
Buford Jefferson and Eddie McGee.        Betts used Donna Burns and Kevin
Newsome as his drug couriers. On December 6, 1993, Burns and Betts were
arrested in the New Orleans airport after agents found twelve crack cocaine
cookies taped to Burns’s body. On May 26, 1995, Newsome was arrested in the
same airport after a 0.25 kilogram of cocaine was found in his boot. These drugs
came from Cotton.

                                       10
                                      No. 05-30252

       Cotton also maintained a drug operation in Kansas.                 Hughy Brown
traveled to Houston between one and three times a month.6 When he dealt
directly with Cotton, the drug transactions were conducted either at the Pickfair
apartment, Houston Auto Works, or another house Cotton and Trina owned on
Bell Street.
       Brown testified that he dealt with Trina when Cotton was unavailable.
On these occasions, Trina would receive Brown’s payment or deliver the drugs,
either at the Pickfair Apartments or Houston Auto Works. Brown also testified
that on one occasion when he was at the Pickfair Apartments, he observed Otis
handling jars and beakers in which crack cocaine was being cooked.
       Brown testified that he paid cash the first year he bought drugs from
Cotton, but subsequently, Cotton sold drugs to him on partial credit. Brown
testified that he paid the balance by personally delivering payment or by sending
Cotton a cashier’s check. On one occasion, Brown wired $4,500 to Cotton using
Western Union.
       Photographs and telephone and wire transfer records supported the trial
testimony of numerous witnesses. According to the telephone records, 246 calls
were made between telephone numbers listed in Cotton’s name and numbers
listed in the name of Dexter Harmon or his business, and 246 calls were made
between numbers listed in Cotton’s name and those listed to either Hughy
Brown or Brown’s wife, Rhonetta Jones. The records also revealed fourteen calls
from Cotton to Oris Boudreaux (Harmon’s courier) and seventy-two calls from

       6
         Brown came to know Cotton in an interesting way. While Brown was attending
college in Wichita, Kansas, he learned that Houston was a major source city for drugs by
conducting research at the school library. In 1994, he quit his job and drove to Houston to
find a new drug source. After pursuing a series of leads, he met Glenn Bailey, and at some
point, Bailey introduced Brown to Cotton.

                                            11
                                      No. 05-30252

Boudreaux to Cotton.
       The wire transfer records confirmed that numerous individuals wired
money to Cotton, Trina, or Otis. Cotton received ten wire transfers in his name
totaling $26,938 from Dexter Harmon, Edwin Cotton, Merrick Young, Rhonetta
Jones (Hughy Brown’s wife), and others. Trina received six wires totaling
$11,060 from Rhonetta Jones, Lester Davis, Merrick Young, and other
individuals. Otis received fifteen wires totaling $42,160 from Jercy Davis, John
Jackson, Lester Davis, and others.
       On August 10, 2004, the government rested its case-in-chief. Defendants
orally moved for judgments of acquittal, which the district court denied.
       On August 12, 2004, the jury returned guilty verdicts against Cotton,
Trina, and Otis on the conspiracy charge and a guilty verdict against Cotton on
the CCE charge.7 The jury also returned a forfeiture verdict against Cotton and
Trina in the amount of $12 million.
       On August 18, 2004, Cotton filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal as
to the CCE count asserting insufficient evidence, and on August 19, 2004, he
filed a motion for new trial on the same ground. On August 19, 2004, Otis
moved for a judgment of acquittal, or alternatively for a new trial based on
insufficient evidence. The district court denied these motions.
       On October 26, 2004, the probation office issued its pre-sentence report
(“PSR”). Using the November 5, 2003, version of the United States Sentencing
Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”), the PSR concluded that Trina’s Criminal History
Category I and her offense level of 38 correlated to a sentencing range of 235 to


       7
        Because of Cotton’s conviction on the CCE charge, the district court granted the
government’s motion to dismiss the conspiracy count against Cotton to avoid double
jeopardy issues.

                                            12
                                      No. 05-30252

293 months. The PSR recommended a sentencing range of 262 to 327 months
for Otis based on his offense level of 38 and his Criminal History Category II.
Although Otis did not file any objections to the PSR, Trina objected on two
grounds. First, Trina asserted that she was entitled to a reduction under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 for her minor or minimal role in the offense. Second, she
requested a downward departure from the Guidelines based on her lack of a
criminal record and her status as a mother. The probation officer recommended
that the district court overrule both of Trina’s objections.
       On January 26, 2005,8 the district court sentenced Cotton to life
imprisonment. After overruling Trina’s objections to the PSR, the district court
announced that it was going to deviate from the sentencing ranges recommended
by the PSR for both Trina and Otis. The district court then sentenced both Trina
and Otis to serve 120 months in prison and five years of supervised release. The
government orally objected to both sentences.
       On February 4, 2005, Cotton and Trina filed motions for new trial based
on newly discovered evidence in the form of affidavits from eight inmates at the
Federal Correction Center (“FCC”) in Beaumont, Texas. On February 24, 2005,
Otis filed a motion for new trial on the same ground. On August 1, 2005, the
district court denied Defendants’ motions for new trial.
       The parties filed timely notices of appeal.9 We have jurisdiction over these
appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b).


       8
         The district court initially convened a sentencing hearing on December 10, 2004,
but it recessed in order to wait for the Supreme Court’s anticipated ruling in United States
v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).
       9
       On July 5, 2006, the Solicitor General granted written permission for the
government to pursue its cross-appeal. See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b).

                                             13
                                     No. 05-30252

                                 II. DISCUSSION
A.    New Trial Motions: Newly Discovered Evidence
      1.     Parties’ Arguments
      Defendants argue that the district court abused its discretion in denying
their motions for new trial based on newly discovered evidence under Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(b)(1). This “newly discovered evidence” consists
of affidavits by eight persons currently or formerly incarcerated in the FCC in
Beaumont, Texas.10 Collectively, the affidavits assert that a large group of
inmates at the Beaumont FCC known as the “Hot Boyz” falsely testified in
criminal trials in exchange for reduced sentences. According to the affidavits,
the Hot Boyz received photographs and background information on people who
were being investigated or who had been indicted from newspapers in the prison
library and through the mail. The affiants allege that the Hot Boyz shared this
information with other Hot Boyz, thereby permitting a Hot Boy to testify in a
trial even if he did not know the individual being prosecuted. The affidavits
maintain that the Hot Boyz contacted federal prosecutors and made up stories
on those being prosecuted.         According to the affidavits, it was common
knowledge at the Beaumont FCC that the federal prosecutor in Lafayette,
Louisiana, was giving time cuts to people who testified for him in court. Among
the persons whom the affiants alleged to be Hot Boyz were David Thomas,
Ernest Hamilton, Kenneth Coleman, Huey Jones, Donald Bell, Bill Davis, James
Murphy, Tron Washington, Eric Daniels, and Bradford Earl Young. Seven of

      10
         The eight affiants are Albert Duvall, Gregory Lewis, Anthony Coleman, Marquez
Jones, Fedell Anderson, Purvis Cartwright, Brian Garrett, and Elluard Jackson. This new
evidence was allegedly discovered by Dick DeGuerin, counsel for Jerry Palmer, the former
co-defendant who was granted a mistrial. DeGuerin obtained the eight affidavits in
support of his claim for attorney’s fees under the Hyde Amendment.

                                           14
                                      No. 05-30252

these men testified at Defendants’ trial.
      Defendants argue that the testimony of the Hot Boyz witnesses was
crucial to the government’s case. Defendants assert that without this testimony,
the government would not have been able to prove the elements of the charges
against them. Both Cotton and Trina specifically object to the testimony of
David Thomas, an alleged Hot Boyz witness. Cotton argues that Thomas’s
testimony was critical in finding him guilty of engaging in a CCE because only
Thomas testified that Cotton had committed the alleged drug conspiracy in
concert with five or more persons, over whom he exercised a managerial or
supervisory role.       Trina submits that Thomas’s testimony was critical in
convicting her of the alleged drug conspiracy because Thomas testified that he
disagreed with Cotton’s practice of involving his wife in his drug business.
      Otis does not complain about any specific Hot Boyz witness, but generally
contends that the testimony introduced by the government was tainted, thus
entitling him to a new trial. In addition, both he and Cotton11 point out that the
district court granted a new trial in United States v. Colomb, 448 F. Supp. 2d
750 (W.D. La. 2006), an unrelated drug conspiracy case involving some of the
same Hot Boyz witnesses. There, the district court based its decision to grant
a new trial on a letter that an inmate had written to a federal prosecutor, in
which the inmate alleged that one of the government’s witnesses had offered to
sell him pictures of some of the defendants in Colomb for the sum of $2,200. Id.
at 753-56. The district court concluded that because the jury did not know about
the inmate’s letter, the jury did not have all the “information necessary to
evaluate the credibility of the government inmate witnesses” and as a result, the


      11
           Trina does not make this argument in her brief.

                                             15
                                  No. 05-30252

defendants in Colomb were “denied their basic right to a fair trial.” Id. at 756.
In a postscript to its ruling, the district court noted that since trial, one of the
defendants had obtained an affidavit from another inmate alleging that some of
the witnesses called by the government to testify against the Colombs, including
Dexter Harmon (a government witness in this case), were sharing information
in the Colomb case. Id. at 756-57. Also in its postscript, the district court noted
that “[i]ssues that have arisen in this case—before trial, during trial and after
trial—are troubling. . . . [O]ccurrences in this case suggest that a systemic
problem may exist within the penal facilities operated by the Federal Bureau of
Prisons.” Id. at 757. Both Otis and Cotton argue that this case is similar
enough to Colomb and involves the same concerns about witness collusion (and
indeed a common witness, Dexter Harmon) expressed by the district court in
Colomb, to warrant a new trial.
      2.    Standard of Review
      We review the district court’s denial of a motion for new trial based on
newly discovered evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Erwin, 277
F.3d 727, 731 (5th Cir. 2001). “Motions for new trial based on newly discovered
evidence are ‘disfavored and reviewed with great caution.’” United States v.
Wall, 389 F.3d 457, 467 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Erwin, 277 F.3d at 731). To
receive a new trial for newly discovered evidence, the defendant must prove that:
      (1) the evidence is newly discovered and was unknown to the
      defendant at the time of trial; (2) failure to detect the evidence was
      not due to a lack of diligence by the defendant; (3) the evidence is
      not merely cumulative or impeaching; (4) the evidence is material;
      and (5) the evidence introduced at a new trial would probably
      produce an acquittal.
United States v. Infante, 404 F.3d 376, 387 (5th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation

                                        16
                                  No. 05-30252

marks omitted). “If the defendant fails to demonstrate any one of these factors,
the motion for new trial should be denied.” Wall, 389 F.3d at 467.
      3.    Analysis
      The district court denied Defendants’ motions for new trial because it
determined that Defendants could not prove all of the factors necessary to
receive a new trial. Specifically, the district court concluded that the affidavits
were “merely impeachment evidence” and that “this impeachment evidence does
not have any tendency to undermine the outcome at trial.” The district court
further held “that in light of the overwhelming evidence presented at the three-
week trial of defendants, and the questionable credibility of the affiants’
proffered testimony, a new trial would probably not result in an acquittal of any
of these three defendants.”
      We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Defendants’ motions for new trial because Defendants cannot satisfy all five of
the factors required for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See
Wall, 389 F.3d at 467. Specifically, Defendants cannot prove that the evidence
is not merely cumulative or impeaching or that the evidence would probably
produce an acquittal if introduced at a new trial. See Infante, 404 F.3d at 387.
      First, as the district court concluded and the government argues, these
affidavits are merely impeachment evidence. In reviewing the affidavits, it is
clear that they could be used to challenge only the veracity of the Hot Boyz
witnesses’ testimony. The affidavits do not purport to exonerate Defendants, but
rather contain vague allegations about witness collusion. Further, none of the
affidavits specifically alleges that any of the Hot Boyz witnesses fabricated or




                                        17
                                     No. 05-30252

provided false testimony against Cotton, Trina, or Otis.12 Accordingly, this “new
evidence” is merely impeachment evidence and thus insufficient to entitle
Defendants to a new trial. See Wall, 389 F.3d at 470; see also United States v.
Pena, 949 F.2d 751, 758 (5th Cir. 1991) (“Evidence which merely discredits or
impeaches a witness’ testimony does not justify a new trial.”).
      Second, Defendants cannot show that the affidavits are not merely
cumulative evidence. The record reflects that all of the Hot Boyz witnesses who
testified at trial were cross-examined by at least one defense attorney—and
sometimes more than one—about various topics related to possible witness
collusion. The record reflects that these questions included (as summarized by
the government):
      whether they were ever housed at the same facility with other
      [government] witnesses, whether they received a packet of grand
      jury testimony or lineup photos from the prosecutor before trial, the
      contents of which could be shared with or viewed by other witnesses,
      whether they in fact discussed this case with fellow inmate-
      witnesses, whether they ever observed photographs of the
      defendants being passed around the prison, and whether they had
      ever heard other inmates talk about receiving sentence reductions
      in exchange for testimony.
Thus, defense counsel already had an opportunity to cross-examine the alleged
Hot Boyz witnesses on these points, effectively putting the issue of witness
collusion before the jury. Any further exploration of these questions would be
cumulative.
      Third, as the district court concluded and as the government argues,


      12
         The only person identified in the affidavits by name against whom testimony was
supposedly fabricated was Jerry Palmer, whose case was severed from Cotton and the
Jacksons early in the trial and against whom charges were ultimately dismissed on the
motion of the government.

                                           18
                                     No. 05-30252

Defendants cannot prove that the affidavits would have probably produced an
acquittal if introduced at a new trial. The testimony of the seven Hot Boyz
witnesses does not appear to be critical in sustaining Defendants’ convictions for
at least two reasons. First, the Hot Boyz witnesses either provided very limited
testimony or provided testimony limited to certain time periods of the alleged
ten-year conspiracy. Bradford Young, Eric Daniels, and Tron Washington
offered very limited testimony regarding transactions with Cotton, and they did
not testify against Trina or Otis.13 The testimony of Bill Davis and David
Thomas, who provided more substantial testimony against Defendants, was
limited to certain time periods of the alleged ten-year conspiracy (Bill Davis: six
months in 1994-95; David Thomas: stopped trafficking with Cotton in 1994).
Second, for those Hot Boyz who provided more substantial testimony, their
testimony was corroborated by the testimony of government witnesses who are
not alleged to be Hot Boyz. Derrick Taylor, Sam Michelli, Jeffrey Michelli, and
Roberto Guzman identified David Thomas as being involved in Cotton’s
operation. Similarly, Patrick May, Edwin Cotton, Willie Senegal, and Jason
Senegal confirmed Bill Davis’s involvement in the conspiracy. Thus, Defendants’
association with some of the alleged Hot Boyz witnesses was confirmed by
government witnesses who had nothing to do with the Hot Boyz.
      Even without the testimony of the Hot Boyz witnesses, there is
considerable evidence of Defendants’ guilt. Reflecting this fact, the district court
concluded that, “in light of the overwhelming evidence presented at the three-
week trial . . . a new trial would probably not result in an acquittal of any of



      13
         Ernest Hamilton, another Hot Boy, testified only with regard to drug transactions
with Jerry Palmer and specifically denied ever dealing directly with Cotton.

                                           19
                                  No. 05-30252

these three defendants.” A review of the evidence confirms the district court’s
conclusion that there is ample evidence even outside of the disputed testimony.
Cf. Wall, 389 F.3d at 471-72 (finding considerable evidence of the defendant’s
guilt outside of the disputed testimony).
      The essential elements of a drug conspiracy are that the defendant “(1)
agreed with at least one other person; (2) possessed with the intent to distribute
a controlled substance; (3) knew the conspiracy existed; and (4) participated
intentionally in the conspiracy.” United States v. German, 486 F.3d 849, 852
(5th Cir. 2007). For Trina’s conspiracy conviction, there is sufficient evidence of
Trina’s guilt even without David Thomas’s testimony.            The government
presented evidence that Trina was at her shared apartment with Cotton when
cocaine was delivered and when drug purchases were consummated (testimony
of Roberto Guzman and Jeffrey Michelli), that Trina was there to receive the
drugs and drug money (testimony of Roberto Guzman, Jeffrey Michelli, and
Hughy Brown), and that if Cotton was unavailable, Trina filled in for him
(testimony of Roberto Guzman, Derrick Taylor, Jeffrey Michelli, Luther Martin,
Hughy Brown, and Aldon Johnney). In addition, Regina Booker testified that
she dealt exclusively with Trina and purchased crack from Trina at the Pickfair
Apartments on ten occasions in 1993 and 1994. This testimony was corroborated
by photographs of Trina with the witnesses, telephone records, and wire transfer
documents.
      There is also sufficient evidence to support Otis’s conspiracy conviction,
even without the testimony of Hot Boyz witnesses. The government set forth
evidence that Otis was present at the Pickfair Apartments when drug deals were
consummated (testimony of Roberto Guzman and Jeffrey Michelli), that on one
occasion, Otis was observed handling jars and beakers in which crack cocaine

                                        20
                                  No. 05-30252

was being cooked (testimony of Hughy Brown), and that the safe with the drug
proceeds was located inside of Otis’s apartment (testimony of Roberto Guzman).
Moreover, Todd Phillips and Stephen Taylor, neither of whom is an alleged Hot
Boy, testified that they purchased crack from Otis. Phillips testified that his two
transactions were consummated at the Pickfair Apartments in 1998, and Taylor
testified that he purchased between eighteen ounces and one kilogram of crack
from Otis on four occasions in early 1997. This testimony was corroborated by
wire transfer documents, which confirmed that Otis received fifteen wires from
known co-conspirators.
      For Cotton’s CCE conviction, the government must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that, inter alia, Cotton organized, supervised, or managed at
least five persons who acted in concert with him. See 21 U.S.C. § 848(c); United
States v. Fuchs, 467 F.3d 889, 903 (5th Cir. 2006). “The ‘in concert with’
requirement implies that the five individuals must have agreed to participate in
the criminal enterprise. Thus, an innocent participant acting without criminal
intent cannot be counted as one of the five individuals in the CCE.” Fuchs, 467
F.3d at 903 (internal citations omitted).
      The defendant may possess managerial authority over an individual for
purposes of the CCE statute even if that person worked for one of the
defendant’s subordinates: “The fact that [the defendant] did not directly control
the actions of many of these individuals is irrelevant; that their actions were
directly supervised or managed by individuals to whom [the defendant]
delegated authority indicates that [the defendant] organized, supervised, or
managed them for purposes of § 848.” United States v. Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d
142, 165 (5th Cir. 1998).


                                        21
                                    No. 05-30252

      In counting the five or more persons under the CCE statute, the
government must have shown that the defendant had more than a mere buyer-
seller relationship. See United States v. Bass, 310 F.3d 321, 327 (5th Cir. 2002).
“[D]efendants have been found to possess the level of control prescribed by the
CCE statute—and thus to go beyond a mere buyer-seller relationship—when
they rented vehicles for others selling drugs, used salesmen to distribute drugs,
used enforcers, used drug couriers, provided financial and logistical support to
suppliers and purchasers, and used collection agents to obtain drug payments.”
Id. (internal citations omitted).
      We find ample support for the district court’s conclusion that a new trial
would probably not result in Cotton’s acquittal of his CCE conviction. In
addition to the disputed testimony of David Thomas, the government presented
the following evidence to show that Cotton directed the activities of five or more
individuals: (1) Trina acted on Cotton’s instructions and filled in for Cotton when
he was unavailable (testimony of Roberto Guzman, Derrick Taylor, Jeffrey
Michelli, Luther Martin, Hughy Brown, and Aldon Johnney); (2) Otis stored drug
proceeds for Cotton in his apartment, sold drugs supplied by Cotton, and
handled jars and beakers in which cocaine was being cooked (testimony of
Roberto Guzman and Hughy Brown); (3) “Tank” Robicheaux cooked cocaine at
Cotton’s direction (testimony of Roberto Guzman and Frager Ford); (4) Glenn
Bailey met drug couriers at the airport and transported them to the body shop
to pick up drugs from Cotton; and (5) Dexter Harmon traveled to Kansas on
behalf of Cotton to negotiate a new cocaine price with Hughy Brown, attended
a meeting that Cotton organized to set up a drug transportation system along
Interstate 10, and gathered money at Cotton’s direction to pay Maria Peralta for
stolen cocaine.   The government submitted evidence that because Cotton

                                        22
                                 No. 05-30252

directed the activities of Dexter Harmon, Cotton also directed the activities of
Harmon’s subordinates, Oris Boudreaux, Bill Davis, Jason Senegal, and Willie
Senegal.     See Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d at 165.     Finally, the government
introduced evidence that Cotton directed the activities of a number of unnamed
individuals based on the following evidence: (1) Oris Boudreaux testified that
when he went to Houston Auto Works to pick up drugs, one of four or five
different individuals would let him into the fenced area in the back of the body
shop and would exchange the drugs for cash; (2) Roberto Guzman testified that
Cotton maintained between seven and eight crack houses; (3) Kevin Newsome
testified that on one trip to pick up drugs, he was met at the hotel by a woman
other than Trina; (4) Bruce Betts testified that when he called the body shop to
place an order for drugs, he would speak to different individuals; and (5)
Anthony Burgess testified that on his first trip to the body shop, he observed
multiple individuals hanging around Cotton and helping him cook crack. In
light of all of this evidence, there is sufficient support for Cotton’s CCE
conviction, even without the testimony of David Thomas and the other Hot Boyz
witnesses.
      Finally, Cotton and Otis’s argument regarding the district court’s ruling
in Colomb does not lend any additional support to their argument that the
district court abused its discretion. In Colomb, the district court based its
decision to grant a new trial on the existence of an inmate letter containing
specific information about a government witness. Colomb, 448 F. Supp. 2d at
753-56. There is no inmate letter in this case, and the inmate affidavits, as
discussed above, do not contain any allegations that the government witnesses
in this case fabricated or falsified testimony or shared information against


                                      23
                                     No. 05-30252

Cotton, Trina, or Otis specifically.
      In addition, although the district court’s postscript in Colomb mentions
Dexter Harmon (a witness in this case) as one of the government witnesses
sharing information, the district court in Colomb did not make any specific
findings on Harmon or indicate whether he was involved in information sharing
in any other case, including this one. Id. at 756-58.14
      Even if this court were to consider the proceedings in an unrelated
prosecution as “new evidence” to support Defendants’ motion for new trial,
Defendants still have not established that these proceedings, if introduced at a
new trial, would probably produce an acquittal. Accordingly, we hold that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendants’ motions for new
trial based on newly discovered evidence.
B.    New Trial Motions: Denial of Hearing
      Trina summarily asserts in her brief that the district court abused its
discretion in denying a hearing on her motion for new trial. In his brief, Cotton
adopts the arguments of his co-defendants, so presumably he is making this
same argument.
      We review the district court’s decision to deny a motion for new trial
without a hearing for abuse of discretion. United States v. Blackthorne, 378 F.3d
449, 455 (5th Cir. 2004). “Generally, a motion for new trial may be decided upon
affidavits without an evidentiary hearing.” Id. at 455-56 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The need for a hearing is especially diminished when the judge


      14
          The government notes that Harmon’s testimony in this case is corroborated by
that of his courier, Oris Boudreaux, and other witnesses such as Roberto Guzman, Willie
Senegal, Jason Senegal, Robert Bourgeois, and Edwin Cotton, and with photographs,
money orders, wire transfers, passport entries, and telephone records.

                                           24
                                  No. 05-30252

who rules on the motion for new trial is the same judge who presided over the
trial and observed the witnesses testify. See id. at 456 n.10.
      The district court here tried the case and heard the post-trial motions, so
it had familiarity with the witnesses and the evidence, which amounts to
personal knowledge that can ordinarily substitute for an evidentiary hearing.
Cf. id. at 456. Because Trina and Cotton have offered no argument to justify
deviation from this general rule, we conclude that the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying a hearing on the motions for new trial.
See United States v. Runyan, 290 F.3d 223, 248 (5th Cir. 2002).
C.    New Trial Motion: Otis Jackson’s Brady Claim
      In his reply brief, Otis characterizes the newly discovered evidence
underlying his motion for new trial as evidence that should have been produced
by the government under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and Kyles v.
Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995). According to Otis, the federal prosecutor in this
case knew that the testifying inmates were circulating information about
pending prosecutions, including photographs of the defendants, line-ups, and
indictments. Otis argues that the government had a constitutional obligation
under Brady to disclose any communications with jailhouse informants. Otis
contends that before ruling on his motion for new trial, the district court should
have conducted an in camera inspection of the government’s files for letters from
prisoners offering their testimony in exchange for reduced sentences. The
government did not respond to this argument in either of its briefs, but at oral
argument, the government’s attorney denied that prosecutors had any
knowledge, at the time of trial, of improper communications involving
government witnesses.


                                       25
                                 No. 05-30252

      This court reviews the district court’s denial of a motion for new trial de
novo if the reason for the new trial motion is an alleged Brady violation.
Runyan, 290 F.3d at 247. Brady claims are reviewed using a three-part test,
under which the defendant must show that: “(1) evidence was suppressed; (2) the
suppressed evidence was favorable to the defense; and (3) the suppressed
evidence was material to either guilt or punishment.” Id. (citing Brady, 373 U.S.
at 87).   “Evidence is material under Brady when there is a ‘reasonable
probability’ that the outcome of the trial would have been different if the
evidence had been disclosed to the defendant.” Id. (citing United States v.
Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985)). “A ‘reasonable probability’ is established
when the failure to disclose the suppressed evidence ‘could reasonably be taken
to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the
verdict.’” Id. (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 435). Accordingly, in order to prevail
on this claim, “the defendant must establish that the suppression of exculpatory
evidence by the government undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
      Otis maintains that there can be no doubt that the government’s files
contain communications with inmate witnesses because the inmate witnesses
admitted to writing the prosecutor and offering their testimony. Even if Otis’s
speculation about the contents of the government’s files turned out to be true,
his Brady claim still lacks merit.
      First, at least one government inmate witness (Stephen Taylor) admitted
at trial to writing the federal prosecutor and offering to testify. Accordingly,
Otis’s defense counsel could have obtained the information contained in any
inmate-government correspondence by further cross-examining the government


                                       26
                                       No. 05-30252

inmate witnesses on the stand. Cf. United States v. Dixon, 132 F.3d 192, 199
(5th Cir. 1997) (“Brady does not obligate the government to produce for [a
defendant] evidence or information already known to him, or that he could have
obtained from other sources by exercising reasonable diligence.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
       Second, even assuming that the government’s files did contain
correspondence that it was obliged to disclose under Brady, Otis has not shown
that these allegedly suppressed communications are material under the Brady
standard because he has not demonstrated that there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result would have been
different. See United States v. Maloof, 205 F.3d 819, 827 (5th Cir. 2000) (citing
Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682-83). Stated differently, Otis has not shown that the
suppression of the alleged inmate-government correspondence undermines
confidence in the outcome of the trial. See Runyan, 290 F.3d at 247 (citing Kyles,
514 U.S. at 434); see also United States v. Kates, 174 F.3d 580, 583 (5th Cir.
1999) (“‘The mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have
helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not
establish ‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.’”) (quoting United States v.
Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 109-10 (1978)).
       Thus, we hold that the district court did not err in denying Otis’s motion
for new trial based on Brady.15


       15
          We observe that Otis did not raise this argument in his opening brief, cf. United
States v. Fields, 483 F.3d 313, 352 n.36 (5th Cir. 2007) (concluding that since the defendant
did not raise his attorney misconduct-accusation claim in his opening brief, it “is effectively
waived”) (citing United States v. Jackson, 426 F.3d 301, 304 n.2 (5th Cir. 2005)), but he did
make this argument in his February 24, 2005, motion for new trial before the district court.
Because we find this claim lacks merit, we need not decide whether it was waived.

                                              27
                                  No. 05-30252

D.    Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Otis Jackson’s Conspiracy
      Conviction
      Otis challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction
for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute over fifty grams of cocaine base
or crack.   According to Otis, the evidence supporting his conviction was
insufficient to show any overt act on his part or any sort of agreement between
him and his co-defendants to distribute cocaine base or crack, two essential
elements of the conspiracy offense. Otis maintains that his familial association
with Cotton and Trina and his mere presence at the Pickfair Apartments are not
enough to prove his involvement in the conspiracy.
      We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
conviction de novo, considering whether a rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See German,
486 F.3d at 852. All reasonable inferences from the evidence must be construed
in favor of the jury verdict, and the determination of witness credibility is the
province of the jury. Id. “The evidence need not exclude every reasonable
hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except
that of guilt, and the jury is free to choose among reasonable constructions of the
evidence.” Infante, 404 F.3d at 384-85 (internal quotation marks omitted).
      To prove the offense of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a
controlled substance, the government must establish: “(1) the existence of an
agreement between two or more persons to violate narcotics laws, (2) the
defendant’s knowledge of the conspiracy, and (3) the defendant’s voluntary
participation in the conspiracy.” Fuchs, 467 F.3d at 908. “An express agreement
is not required; a tacit, mutual agreement with common purpose, design, and
understanding will suffice.” Infante, 404 F.3d at 385. “Moreover, because

                                        28
                                    No. 05-30252

secrecy is the norm in drug conspiracies, each element of the crime may be
established by circumstantial evidence.” Id.
      Although “[t]he defendant’s knowledge of and participation in the
conspiracy may be inferred from a collection of circumstances,” “[m]ere presence
or association alone . . . [is] not sufficient to prove participation in a conspiracy.”
Fuchs, 467 F.3d at 908 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
However, to be convicted of engaging in a criminal conspiracy, the defendant
“need not know all the details of the unlawful enterprise or know the exact
number or identity of all the co-conspirators, so long as he knowingly
participates in some fashion in the larger objectives of the conspiracy.” Garcia
Abrego, 141 F.3d at 155 (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, “a
conviction may be sustained solely on the basis of the testimony of a
coconspirator—even a coconspirator who testifies on the basis of a plea bargain
or promise of leniency—so long as that testimony is not incredible as a matter
of law—that is, so long as it does not defy the laws of nature or relate to matters
that the witness could not have observed.” Id. at 155-56.
      The record contains sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conclusion
that Otis engaged in a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute over fifty
grams of cocaine base or crack. As detailed above, the government introduced
the testimony of individuals who alleged that they purchased crack cocaine from
Otis on various occasions during the time period of the conspiracy (testimony of
Todd Phillips and Stephen Taylor), or who alleged that they observed Otis
outside of the Pickfair Apartments when drug transactions were taking place
(testimony of Roberto Guzman and Jeffrey Michelli).                In addition, the
government presented the testimony of Glenn Bailey, who alleged that he sold


                                          29
                                  No. 05-30252

crack to Otis; Hughy Brown, who alleged that he observed Otis handling jars
and beakers in which crack cocaine was being cooked; and Roberto Guzman, who
alleged that the safe Cotton used for drug proceeds was located inside of Otis’s
apartment and that Otis was present on at least one occasion when Cotton
retrieved money from the safe. This testimony, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, sufficiently supports the jury’s verdict.
      Moreover, some of the witnesses’ accounts were corroborated by the wire
transfer records showing a connection between Otis and known drug dealers.
These records reveal that Otis received fifteen wires totaling $42,160 from Jercy
Davis, Lester Davis, John Jackson, and others. Jercy Davis is the spouse of
Lester Davis, a drug dealer who sometimes used the alias “John Jackson” when
wiring money to Otis. The government also introduced evidence that Otis
subsequently endorsed some of the Western Union checks over to Cotton.
Accordingly, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Otis was paying Cotton
for the drugs he had purchased. Cf. Infante, 404 F.3d at 386 (finding testimony
of co-conspirator was corroborated by telephone records).
      Finally, although Otis correctly asserts that his conspiracy conviction
cannot be based solely on the existence of familial relationships or upon his mere
presence, “[i]nferences drawn from familial relationships or mere knowing
presence . . . may be combined with other circumstantial evidence to support a
conspiracy conviction.” United States v. Broussard, 80 F.3d 1025, 1031 (5th Cir.
1996). The government presented evidence not only of Otis’s relationship to
Cotton and Trina, but also that he lived in the Pickfair Apartments next to
Cotton and Trina. There was evidence that drug transactions were routinely
conducted at the Pickfair Apartments. In addition, the jury heard evidence that
Cotton had access to Otis’s apartment and the safe located therein, even when

                                       30
                                   No. 05-30252

Otis was not there.     Finally, the government set forth Roberto Guzman’s
testimony that he overheard Otis and Cotton at the body shop discussing a drug-
related trip Otis had made to south Louisiana.
      Given all of this evidence, the jury could have concluded that Otis was a
knowing member of the conspiracy, instead of a solo dealer in drugs.
Accordingly, we hold that there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict
on Otis’s conspiracy conviction.
E.    Reasonableness of Sentences for Trina Jackson and Otis Jackson
      under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
      1.    Parties’ Arguments
      In its cross-appeal, the government challenges the non-Guidelines
sentences imposed upon Trina and Otis by the district court as being
unreasonable under the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).           According to the
government, these sentences are unreasonable because the district court focused
on impermissible factors and failed to properly consider the factors specified in
§ 3553(a). The government argues that the 120-month sentences imposed upon
Trina and Otis are 49% and 54% deviations, respectively, from the low end of the
advisory Guidelines ranges. In addition, the government contends that the
district court’s sentencing decisions are not informed by the decisions of this
circuit both before and after Booker.
      Trina and Otis counter that the district court sufficiently considered the
§ 3553(a) factors and did so in haec verba. According to Trina and Otis, the
district court thoroughly articulated its reasons for deviating below the
sentencing ranges assigned by the PSR.
      2.    Analysis
      This court reviews the district court’s factual findings in connection with

                                        31
                                 No. 05-30252

sentencing for clear error and the application of the Guidelines de novo. See
United States v. Guidry, 462 F.3d 373, 375 (5th Cir. 2006). We review the
ultimate sentence imposed by the district court for “unreasonableness,” an
inquiry guided by the factors in § 3553(a). See United States v. Smith, 440 F.3d
704, 706 (5th Cir. 2006). These factors include:
      (1)   the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
            and characteristics of the defendant;
      (2)   the need for the sentence imposed—
            (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote
                  respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for
                  the offense;
            (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
            (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the
                  defendant; and
            (D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or
                  vocational training, medical care, or other correctional
                  treatment in the most effective manner;
      (3)   the kinds of sentences available;
      (4)   the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established
            for—
            (A) the applicable category of offense committed by the
                  applicable category of defendant as set forth in the
                  guidelines . . .;
      (5)   any pertinent policy statement—
            (A) issued by the Sentencing Commission . . .;
      (6)   the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among
            defendants with similar records who have been found guilty
            of similar conduct; and
      (7)   the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). A sentence within the statutory Guidelines supports a
presumption of reasonableness on appellate review. Rita v. United States, 127
S. Ct. 2456, 2462-66 (2007); United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 519-20 (5th
Cir. 2005). However, a non-Guidelines sentence does not support a presumption


                                      32
                                      No. 05-30252

of unreasonableness. Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2467.
       “Where, as here, a district court imposes a post-Booker non-Guidelines
sentence . . . we conduct our reasonableness review through an
abuse-of-discretion lens, paying particular attention to the specific reasons given
for deviating from the Guidelines.” United States v. Armendariz, 451 F.3d 352,
358 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Reinhart, 442 F.3d 857, 862 (5th Cir.
2006)); see also Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2472 (“Guided by [the] § 3553(a) factors,
Booker’s abuse-of-discretion standard directs appellate courts to evaluate what
motivated the District Judge’s individualized sentencing decision.”).
       “The sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy the appellate
court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468.
“Sometimes the circumstances will call for a brief explanation; sometimes they
will call for a lengthier explanation. Where the judge imposes a sentence outside
the Guidelines, the judge will explain why he has done so.” Id. “When the
district court imposes a non-Guideline sentence, it ‘must more thoroughly
articulate its reasons’ for doing so, and the greater the difference between the
sentence and the Guideline range, ‘the more compelling the justification based
on factors in section 3553(a) must be.’” Guidry, 462 F.3d at 376 (quoting Smith,
440 F.3d at 707).16
       In the Fifth Circuit, a non-Guidelines sentence is unreasonable if it: “(1)


       16
          A number of other circuits apply this “proportionality” approach, see Rita, 127
S. Ct. at 2467 (citing the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, and Eleventh
Circuits), and the Supreme Court is currently considering a case involving the question of
whether federal appellate courts may require stronger justifications for greater deviations
from the Guidelines. See Gall v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2933 (2007) (argued October 2,
2007).

                                             33
                                      No. 05-30252

does not account for a factor that should have received significant weight, (2)
gives significant weight to an irrelevant or improper factor, or (3) represents a
clear error of judgment in balancing the sentencing factors.” Smith, 440 F.3d at
708.17
               a.    Trina Jackson’s Sentence
                     i.     District Court’s Sentencing
         In sentencing Trina, the district court found that the applicable Guideline
range was 235 to 293 months. The district court then began its sentencing
colloquy by stating that it would not only consider the Sentencing Guidelines but
that it would give them considerable weight. The district court then proceeded
to point out a number of issues with the case that it found “disturbing.” First,
the district court noted that Trina’s relative culpability was minor in comparison
to Cotton’s culpability. Second, the district court noted that Trina has five
children, and that it had just sentenced her husband and the children’s father,
Cotton, to life imprisonment. Finally, the district court noted that Trina had no
criminal history record and no substance abuse problem. The district judge
reasoned that
         based on everything that I’ve heard, that the guidelines of 235 to
         293 months is not an appropriate sentence . . . . [I]t seems to me
         that a sentence of 120 months would be appropriate for this
         defendant. It would serve society’s purpose in punishing her. It


         17
          But see Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2473 (Stevens, J., concurring) (“Matters such as age,
education, mental or emotional condition, medical condition (including drug or alcohol
addiction), employment history, lack of guidance as a youth, family ties, or military, civic,
charitable, or public service are not ordinarily considered under the Guidelines. These are,
however, matters that § 3553(a) authorizes the sentencing judge to consider. As such, they
are factors that an appellate court must consider under Booker’s abuse-of-discretion
standard.”) (internal citations omitted).


                                             34
                                      No. 05-30252

       would tend to deter conduct of others who might want to get
       involved with this kind of thing. It’s not a little thing when you say
       ten years.
After again alluding to Trina’s culpability as compared to Cotton’s and Trina’s
status as a mother, the district judge concluded that
       it just seems appropriate under all the circumstances in my duty as
       a judge to fashion an appropriate sentence in keeping with Booker
       and Fanfan. So I will deviate from the [U.S.S.G.] for the reasons
       that I’ve stated and I’m going to go ahead and impose a sentence of
       120 months.
                      ii.   Discussion
       Under this circuit’s post-Booker precedent, the district court’s non-
Guidelines sentence of 120 months for Trina is unreasonable because it relies on
improper or irrelevant factors and failed to take into account relevant statutory
factors. The district court assigned significant weight to improper or irrelevant
factors, including:
              • Relative culpability: Although the district court denied Trina’s
objection that she was entitled to a reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 for her
minor or minimal role in the offense,18 the district court still proceeded to deviate
from the Guidelines in part because Trina’s culpability was minor compared to
that of Cotton.       The district court should have explained its apparently
contradictory position on the culpability issue. Cf. United States v. Duhon, 440
F.3d 711, 717 (5th Cir. 2006) (noting that the district court should have
explained why it relied on the defendant’s back injury for its sentencing
deviation, where it had earlier acknowledged that the Guidelines would not

       18
          The district court denied Trina’s request for a mitigating role reduction under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 on the ground that “relative to Mr. Cotton, she’s minor, but as far as the
law is concerned, I don’t find her to be minor.”

                                             35
                                  No. 05-30252

permit a departure based on the defendant’s physical condition).
            • Criminal history: In deviating from the Guidelines range in part
because Trina had no criminal history, the district court (1) failed to
acknowledge that Trina’s criminal history was already taken into account in the
calculation of her Guidelines range, and (2) failed to articulate why placing extra
weight on a factor already taken into account by the Guidelines was appropriate
in this case. Cf. United States v. Perrin, 478 F.3d 672, 678 (5th Cir. 2007)
(concluding that it was inappropriate for the district court to consider factors
that were already accounted for in determining the Guidelines range).
Moreover, the district court failed to acknowledge U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(b)(2)(A),
which prohibits the court from departing from the lower limit of the applicable
Guidelines range when the defendant has a criminal history score of Category
I.   Cf. Armendariz, 451 F.3d at 359 (concluding that a sentence was
unreasonable where the district court did not, among other things, account for
pertinent policy statements in the Guidelines) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(5)).
            • Family circumstances: The district court also justified Trina’s
sentence in significant part on the fact that Trina has five children and that her
husband and the father of the children, Cotton, had been sentenced to life
imprisonment. Family responsibilities are a discouraged factor under the
Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 5H1.6 (“[F]amily ties and responsibilities are not
ordinarily relevant in determining whether a departure may be warranted.”).
In considering Trina’s family circumstances, the district court erroneously failed
to acknowledge and consider the policy statement in § 5H1.6. See Guidry, 462
F.3d at 377 (noting that the district court “failed to acknowledge the [§ 5H1.6]
policy statement or to give any indication that Guidry’s family ties are somehow


                                        36
                                  No. 05-30252

extraordinary such that the policy statement would not apply”).
      Also, the district court failed to consider other factors in § 3553(a), which
this court has concluded are relevant:
            • Culpability: In light of the considerable testimony at trial
regarding Trina’s involvement in the conspiracy, the district court’s sentence
failed to give sufficient weight to “the nature and circumstances of the offense”
under § 3553(a)(1). Cf. Guidry, 462 F.3d at 377 (concluding that the district
court’s finding that Guidry was not a full-time drug dealer was belied by the
evidence in the record and testimony at trial). Here, the sentence imposed by
the district court is commensurate with the Guidelines sentence applicable to
someone who has trafficked only thirty-five to fifty grams of crack; the amount
that Trina personally sold to Regina Booker alone is more than five times this
amount.
            • Disparity: The district court failed to consider that the sentence
it imposed, which constituted a 49% reduction from the Guidelines minimum,
would create significant disparity between Trina and other defendants with
similar criminal histories convicted of similar offenses. See Guidry, 462 F.3d at
378 (holding that the district court’s failure to give consideration to the
sentencing disparity that would result was another reason the defendant’s
sentence was unreasonable); cf. Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2464-65 (“[I]t is fair to assume
that the Guidelines, insofar as practicable, reflect a rough approximation of
sentences that might achieve § 3553(a)’s objectives.”).
      Trina’s sentence is unreasonable because the district judge considered
disfavored factors and ignored relevant ones. Therefore, we vacate and remand
for resentencing.


                                         37
                                      No. 05-30252

              b.     Otis Jackson’s Sentence
                     i.     District Court’s Sentencing
       In sentencing Otis, the district court first noted that the applicable
sentencing range was 262 to 327 months. The district judge then stated,
       I’m not only going to consider [the Guidelines], but I’m going to give
       significant weight to those guidelines, but I’m also going to follow
       the mandate that I was given, I believe, as the district judge to
       tailor each sentence based upon the particular facts of the case and
       the real conduct, real criminal conduct that the Court finds.
In fashioning Otis’s sentence, the district court provided three reasons for
deviating from the Guideline range. First, the district court expressed concern
over the effect on the jury of its decision to admit evidence of Otis’s other crimes
under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). The district judge explained:
       I made a ruling over the objection, I believe, of defense counsel
       about the allowance of 60 pounds or 62.5 pounds or whatever of
       marijuana . . . [t]hat the defendant was convicted of
       possessing. . . . And I allowed the jury to know about that over the
       defendant’s objection, I believe. And I think it was the right
       decision on the law, but I am struck in my view that without that,
       the jury not having notice of that conviction during this
       period . . . and I can’t say that the jury wouldn’t have found him
       guilty because there was other evidence there. I think that’s clear.
       But when we get back, it would have been more interesting probably
       or more difficult . . . for the jury to do whatever the jury was going
       to do.19
       Second, the district court justified its sentence based on Otis’s criminal
conduct as compared to Cotton’s, calling the comparison “apples and oranges.”
Third, the district court noted that if it sentenced Otis within the Guidelines,



       19
         The district court later emphasized that Otis’s marijuana conviction in 2003 for
the 63.5 pounds of marijuana was a factor it considered.

                                            38
                                  No. 05-30252

although he was “apparently in good health at this time,” “he would be 76 to 78
years old when he got out if he lived that long.” The district court explained that
this consideration was important because “the older prisoners get, the more
expensive they get to house with the medical condition.”          Based on these
considerations, the district judge concluded that the Guideline range did not
represent an “appropriate” sentence for Otis:
      I don’t think that’s an appropriate sentence when I consider the
      nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and the
      characteristics of the defendant; when I consider the need for the
      sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense; to promote respect
      for the law; and to provide just punishment for the offense; and to
      afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct and to protect the
      public from further crimes of the defendant.
Accordingly, the district court deviated from the Guideline range and sentenced
Otis to 120 months in prison.
                   ii.   Discussion
      Like Trina’s sentence, Otis’s non-Guidelines sentence is unreasonable
because it is based on irrelevant or impermissible factors and because it fails to
give sufficient weight to relevant factors. The irrelevant or impermissible
factors include:
            • Other crimes evidence admitted under FED. R. EVID. 404(b):
The district court should not have considered the possible effect on the jury’s
deliberative process of the court’s decision to admit at trial Rule 404(b) evidence
of marijuana trafficking by Otis.      No aspect of § 3553(a) authorizes the
sentencing court to speculate about the effect on the jury’s deliberations of
certain evidence admitted at trial. Cf. United States v. Meacham, 115 F.3d 1488,
1498 (10th Cir. 1997) (vacating a downward departure sentence based on the
district court’s concerns that the evidence supporting the conviction was weak

                                        39
                                  No. 05-30252

because of witness credibility); United States v. Haut, 107 F.3d 213, 219 (3d Cir.
1997) (concluding that it was inappropriate for the district court to justify its
downward departure based on the ground that the witnesses for the prosecution
lacked credibility).
            • Age: When considering Otis’s age as one of the factors for its
sentence, the district court failed to acknowledge or reconcile its view with the
policy statement in U.S.S.G. § 5H1.1, which provides that age is not ordinarily
relevant in determining whether a departure is warranted. Although § 5H1.1
states that age may be a reason to depart downward in a case in which the
defendant is elderly and infirm, this cannot be a reason to deviate in this case
because the district court found that Otis is “apparently in good health.” The
district court should have acknowledged § 5H1.1 and explained why the policy
statement should not apply in Otis’s case. See United States v. Simmons, 470
F.3d 1115, 1131 (5th Cir. 2006) (“Although consideration of age appears not to
be per se unreasonable post-Booker . . . a district court should acknowledge
[§ 5H1.1] and explain why the prohibited or discouraged factor, as it relates to
the defendant, is so extraordinary that the policy statement should not apply.”).
      The factors that the district court overlooked or did not fully consider
include:
            • Criminal history and recidivism: The district court failed to
acknowledge Otis’s propensity for recidivism. While Otis was under indictment
in the instant case and on pre-trial release, he committed and was convicted of
felony possession of 63.5 pounds of marijuana. The district court should have
considered this factor. Cf. Guidry, 462 F.3d at 376-77 (determining that the
district court’s focus on the defendant’s scant criminal history “failed to


                                       40
                                  No. 05-30252

acknowledge that Guidry has a history of recidivism in that he was on state
parole for a drug conviction at the time of many of the events charged in the
indictment”); United States v. Goldsmith, 192 F. App’x 261, 266 (5th Cir. 2006)
(unpublished) (finding that the district court failed to give the defendant’s
criminal history the negative significance it deserved under § 3553(a)(1), in part
because of the defendant’s potential for recidivism).
            • Disparity: Just as it did with Trina’s sentence, the district court
did not consider that the sentence it imposed upon Otis, which constituted a 54%
deviation from the low end of the Guidelines range, would create significant
disparity between Otis and other defendants with similar criminal histories
convicted of similar offenses. See Guidry, 462 F.3d at 378.
            • Culpability: The district court deviated from the Guidelines
based in part on Otis’s criminal conduct without commenting on the policy
statement in U.S.S.G. § 5H1.7, which states that “[a] defendant’s role in the
offense is relevant in determining the applicable guideline range . . . but is not
a basis for departing from that range.” In addition to failing to consider the
relevant policy statement, the district court’s sentence does not account for the
seriousness of Otis’s offense. The quantity of crack that Otis sold to Stephen
Taylor alone (3 kilograms) is twice that required to trigger the maximum offense
level of 38. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1) (providing a maximum offense level of 38
for offenses involving 1.5 kilograms or more of cocaine base). Yet, the 120-month
sentence imposed by the district court is commensurate with the Guidelines
sentence of someone with an offense level of 30, which is the offense level
applicable to a crack cocaine offense involving thirty-five to fifty grams of crack.
See id. § 2D1.1(c)(5). In addition, although, as the district court noted, Otis’s


                                        41
                                 No. 05-30252

culpability compared to Cotton’s was “apples and oranges,” any disparity
between Otis’s and Cotton’s criminal activities is accounted for by the fact that
Cotton faced a mandatory term of life imprisonment and by a Guidelines
provision that would have permitted the district court to reduce Otis’s offense
level based on a finding that Otis played a mitigating role in the offense under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. Otis never sought a mitigating role adjustment under § 3B1.2,
nor did the district court contemplate giving him one.
      Accordingly, the district court’s non-Guidelines sentence of 120 months for
Otis is unreasonable, and this court therefore vacates and remands for
resentencing.
                             III. CONCLUSION
      For the reasons given above, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of
Defendants’ new trial motions and denial of a hearing on those motions, and we
AFFIRM Otis Jackson’s conspiracy conviction. Because we find the sentences
of Trina Jackson and Otis Jackson unreasonable under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), we
VACATE those sentences and REMAND to the district court for resentencing.




                                       42
