              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                     Docket No. 44917

MICHAEL D. DAHMER, P.E.,                      )   2018 Unpublished Opinion No. 445
                                              )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                   )   Filed: May 11, 2018
                                              )
v.                                            )   Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
                                              )
JONATHAN BLACKBURN; STATE                     )   THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE                        )   OPINION AND SHALL NOT
INSURANCE COMPANY, an Illinois                )   BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
corporation; DAVID E. BICE, personally        )
and in his capacity as Claims Adjuster for    )
STATE FARM MUTUAL                             )
AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE                          )
COMPANY,                                      )
                                              )
       Defendants-Respondents,                )
                                              )
and                                           )
                                              )
JOHN DOES I through V, and JOHN               )
DOE CORPORATIONS I through V,                 )
                                              )
       Defendants.                            )
                                              )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Jerome County. Hon. Jonathan P. Brody, District Judge.

       Judgment dismissing complaint, affirmed.

       Michael D. Dahmer, P.E., Jerome, pro se appellant.

       Elam & Burke, P.A.; Jeffery A. Thomson, Boise, for respondents State Farm
       Mutual Insurance Company and David E. Bice.

       Anthony M. Valdez, Twin Falls, for respondent Jonathan Blackburn.
                ________________________________________________




                                              1
GUTIERREZ, Judge
       Michael D. Dahmer appeals from the district court’s judgment dismissing his complaint
as to all parties pursuant to the jury’s verdict that defendant Jonathan Blackburn was not
negligent. We affirm.
                                                 I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Dahmer and Blackburn collided in an uncontrolled intersection within the city limits of
Jerome, Idaho. Dahmer filed a complaint against Blackburn, Blackburn’s insurer, State Farm
Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (State Farm), and State Farm’s claims adjuster, David
Bice. Both State Farm and Bice filed motions to dismiss and motions for sanctions. Dahmer,
who prosecuted the action pro se, filed a memorandum in opposition to those motions and an
affidavit in support of his opposition. State Farm and Bice filed a memorandum in support of
their motions. Dahmer filed a second memorandum in opposition. In response, Bice and State
Farm filed reply briefs in support of their motions.
       A hearing was held to address the motions to dismiss and motions for sanctions. At that
hearing, the court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss and instructed the parties to
provide additional briefing on the sanctions issue. The court signed an order granting the
defendants’ motions to dismiss. Dahmer then filed a motion for reconsideration, which was
never set for a hearing. Following a status hearing in which the court was made aware of
Dahmer’s motion for reconsideration, the motion for reconsideration was taken under
advisement and subsequently denied. On the same day that it denied Dahmer’s motion for
reconsideration, the district court granted the defendants’ motions for sanctions.
       The case proceeded to trial. At trial, Dahmer called an expert witness. This witness
concluded that Blackburn was speeding. Dahmer also called the officer who responded to the
accident and wrote Blackburn a failure to yield citation, which was ultimately dismissed by the
State. Dahmer wished to question the officer regarding this citation, but was prevented by the
district court’s prior ruling addressing Blackburn’s motion in limine concerning the citation.
Other witnesses were called and then closing arguments were given. The jury returned a verdict
finding that Blackburn was not negligent. The district court entered a judgment dismissing
Dahmer’s complaint as to all parties. Dahmer timely appealed.



                                                 2
                                                II.
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Pro se litigants are held to the same standards as those litigants represented by counsel.
Michalk v. Michalk, 148 Idaho 224, 229, 220 P.3d 580, 585 (2009). Pro se litigants are not
excused from abiding by procedural rules simply because they are appearing pro se and may not
be aware of the applicable rules. Id.
       Generally, issues not raised below may not be considered for the first time on appeal.
Sanchez v. Arave, 120 Idaho 321, 322, 815 P.2d 1061, 1062 (1991). Even if an issue was raised
below, a party waives that issue on appeal if either argument or authority is lacking. Powell v.
Sellers, 130 Idaho 122, 128, 937 P.2d 434, 440 (Ct. App. 1997). Furthermore, appellate review
is limited to the arguments and theories presented below. Obenchain v. McAlvain Const., Inc.,
143 Idaho 56, 57, 137 P.3d 443, 444 (2006).
       In dealing with issues subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review, the party
raising the issue must indicate which of the three prongs of the abuse of discretion analysis it
believes was implicated by the district court’s action. Cummings v. Stephens, 160 Idaho 847,
853, 380 P.3d 168, 174 (2016). The abuse of discretion analysis requires this Court to look at
whether the lower court (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion, (2) acted within the
boundaries of such discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific
choices before it, and (3) reached its decision by an exercise of reason. Sun Valley Shopping
Ctr., Inc. v. Idaho Power Co., 119 Idaho 87, 94, 803 P.2d 993, 1000 (1991).
                                                III.
                                           ANALYSIS
A.     Issues Involving State Farm and Bice
       1.      The “no direct action” rule
       In 1980, the Idaho Supreme Court established the “no direct action” rule, which provides
that absent a contractual or statutory provision authorizing the action, an insurance carrier cannot
be sued directly and cannot be joined as a party defendant. Pocatello Indus. Park Co. v. Steel
West, Inc., 101 Idaho 783, 791, 621 P.2d 399, 407 (1980). Under the no direct action rule, only a
first-party insured can sue an insurance company; injured third parties can only sue insureds.
Idaho State Ins. Fund v. Van Tine, 132 Idaho 902, 908, 980 P.2d 566, 572 (1999) (explaining
that “a claim against an insurer for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing is only

                                                 3
available to first party insureds”); Downing v. Travelers Ins. Co., 107 Idaho 511, 514-15, 691
P.2d 375, 378-79 (1984) (providing justifications for the no direct action rule).
        Dahmer contends that the no direct action rule does not apply in this case because he is
not suing State Farm as the tortfeasor’s insurer, but rather as an independent tortfeasor. In
support of his position, Dahmer cites to Justice Bistline’s partial dissent in Hettwer v. Farmers
Insurance Company of Idaho, 118 Idaho 373, 797 P.2d 81 (1990). In Hettwer, the Hettwers sued
the alleged tortfeasor’s insurance company directly because the company had intentionally and
tortiously denied or delayed payment on the claims. Id. at 373, 797 P.2d at 81. The Hettwers
argued that their case was different from prior no direct action rule cases because Farmers
Insurance Company of Idaho was also their insurer, meaning they had privity supporting an
independent bad faith claim. Id. at 375, 797 P.2d at 83 (Bistline, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part). The Idaho Supreme Court rejected this argument, holding that the Hettwers’
claim was a third-party action, meaning it was barred by the no direct action rule.
        As an appellate court, we will affirm a trial court’s grant of an Idaho Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss where the record demonstrates that there are no genuine
issues of material fact and the case can be decided as a matter of law. Coghlan v. Beta Theta Pi
Fraternity, 133 Idaho 388, 398, 987 P.2d 300, 310 (1999). When reviewing an order of the
district court dismissing a case pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the nonmoving party is entitled to have
all inferences from the record and pleadings viewed in its favor, and only then may the question
be asked whether a claim for relief has been stated. Coghlan, 133 Idaho at 398, 987 P.2d at 310.
The issue is not whether the plaintiff will ultimately prevail, but whether the party is entitled to
offer evidence to support the claims. Orthman v. Idaho Power Co., 126 Idaho 960, 962, 895
P.2d 561, 563 (1995).
        Dahmer’s factual pleadings belie his assertion that he is suing State Farm and Bice for
independent intentional torts. In his original complaint, Dahmer merely alleged that Bice “acted
with criminal intent and malice in reviewing and ultimately denying Michael’s claim.” The no
direct action rule clearly prohibits lawsuits by third parties based on denial of claims. Even with
all inferences from the record and pleadings viewed in Dahmer’s favor, a claim for relief has not
been stated. 1

1
       Dahmer raises three additional issues: (1) “By law or case precedent, defendant,
respondent Blackburn cannot benefit from fraud or criminal actions of defendant, respondent
                                                 4
        2.     Sanctions
        Before the district court, State Farm and Bice moved for sanctions pursuant to
I.R.C.P. 11, which allows for an award of sanctions for bringing an action that is not grounded in
fact and is not warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension,
modification, or reversal of existing law or is interposed for an improper purpose such as to
harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. State Farm and
Bice argued that Dahmer’s claims, however characterized, were barred by the no direct action
rule.   Dahmer opposed the motion for sanctions, arguing that he believed “the case law
purporting the total immunity of State Farm and defendant Bice to the laws of the State of Idaho
and the jurisdiction of this court is not on point.” Dahmer then cited to portions of the Hettwer
decision, including the majority’s citation to Bean v. Allstate Ins. Co., 403 A.2d 793 (Md. 1979),
which in turn cites to Thompson v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. of New York, 250 So. 2d 259,
262-64 (Fla. 1971), holding that a judgment creditor may maintain suit directly against a
tortfeasor’s liability insurer for recovery of the judgment in excess of the policy limits based
upon the alleged fraud or bad faith of the insurer in conducting or handling the suit. Moreover,
Dahmer cited to Justice Bistline’s partial dissent, which includes the statement, “I am persuaded
that one day this Court, differently constituted one may be certain, will see merit in the Hettwers’
contention that their action against Farmers is not so far fetched as others may think.” Hettwer,
118 Idaho at 374, 797 P.2d at 82 (Bistline, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
        In determining whether a district court’s imposition of Rule 11 sanctions is proper, the
Court applies an abuse of discretion standard. I.R.C.P. 11; Chapple v. Madison Cnty. Officials,


State Farm, its agents and defendant respondent Bice”; (2) “Plaintiff, appellant Dahmer was
denied due process and guaranteed constitutional rights and was unfairly impeded by the
prototype e-filing system that should never have mingled a Jerome County Case, with the Twin
Falls County Prototype e-filing system”; and (3) “Further, the refusal to consolidate
Appellant[’s] claim or allowing Appellant to proceed separate against each party denies
Appellant Dahmer the equal protection of the Fourteenth Amendment U.S. Constitution to the
plaintiff.” Because we hold that the district court did not err in dismissing Dahmer’s actions
against State Farm and Bice pursuant to the no direct action rule, any error by the district court in
relation to the aforementioned issues would not be prejudicial. Crown Point Dev., Inc. v. City of
Sun Valley, 144 Idaho 72, 77, 156 P.3d 573, 578 (2007) (“An error is prejudicial only if it could
have affected or did affect the outcome of a proceeding.”). Accordingly, we need not address
these issues.


                                                  5
132 Idaho 76, 80, 967 P.2d 278, 282 (1998); Sun Valley Shopping Ctr., Inc., 119 Idaho at 94, 803
P.2d at 1000.     The application of the abuse of discretion standard requires the Court to
determine:   (1) whether the trial court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion;
(2) whether the trial court acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion and consistently
with the legal standards applicable to the specific choices available to it; and (3) whether the trial
court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. Id. (citing State v. Hedger, 115 Idaho 598,
600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989)). 2
       The district court sanctioned Dahmer under Rule 11(c)(1) after finding that Dahmer’s
contentions were not warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension,
modification, or reversal of existing law, and resulted in unnecessary delay and needless increase
in the cost of litigation in this action. The district court also noted that Dahmer had repeatedly
been informed of the “mountain of case-law against his position.” Furthermore, in Graham v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 138 Idaho 611, 614, 67 P.3d 90, 93 (2002), the Idaho Supreme
Court deemed Graham’s out-of-state authority “not persuasive.” The district court’s imposition
of sanctions was properly recognized as a matter of discretion. The district court was well within
its discretion to impose Rule 11 sanctions because there is ample support in the law and the
record that Dahmer did not exercise reasonableness in asserting that, as an injured third party, he
could bring a direct claim against an insurance company in Idaho.
B.     Issues Involving Blackburn
       1.       Failure to yield citation
       Dahmer contends that the district court erred by not allowing him to cross-examine
Blackburn as to the failure to yield citation Blackburn received at the scene of the accident.
Before trial, Blackburn filed a motion in limine to prevent Dahmer from referring to the failure
to yield citation, as it was dismissed by the Jerome City Prosecuting Attorney and thus had no


2
         Dahmer does not explicitly contend that the district court failed to perceive the issue as
one of discretion, that the district court failed to act within the boundaries of this discretion and
consistent with the legal standards applicable to the specific choices available to it, or that the
district court did not reach its decision by an exercise of reason. Cummings v. Stephens, 160
Idaho 847, 853, 380 P.3d 168, 174 (2016). Pro se litigants are held to the same standards as
those litigants represented by counsel. Michalk v. Michalk, 148 Idaho 224, 229, 220 P.3d 580,
585 (2009). However, as Dahmer does not prevail on the merits, we will construe Dahmer’s
issue as a challenge to the second prong of the abuse of discretion analysis and address the issue
on the merits.
                                                  6
probative value. The district court told both parties to “figure on not being able to admit the
citation or the fact that the citation was issued.” At trial, Blackburn was asked by his attorney if
he had ever received any speeding tickets, to which he replied that he had not. Dahmer asked the
district court if that question opened the door for him to bring up the failure to yield citation.
The district court said that it did not open the door because the question was limited to speeding
tickets, not “any and all tickets.” Because Dahmer does not support his argument that the district
court erred by not allowing him to cross-examine Blackburn as to the failure to yield citation
with propositions of law or authority, this issue will not be considered on appeal. Powell, 130
Idaho at 128, 937 P.2d at 440 (explaining that a party waives an issue on appeal if either
argument or authority is lacking).
        Dahmer further argues that Blackburn opened the door as to the officer’s issuance of the
failure to yield citation at the scene of the accident by asking the officer if Dahmer failed to yield
the right-of-way. Dahmer contends that the district court erred by not allowing him to ask the
officer about his conclusion that Blackburn had failed to yield, which was the basis for the
issuance of the citation. When Dahmer attempted to ask the officer whether there was a failure
to yield, Blackburn objected. Dahmer responded with, “Your Honor, that issue has been taken
care of. The officer is certainly an expert and should be entitled to render an opinion.” At no
time did Dahmer argue that Blackburn had opened the door. Because appellate court review is
limited to the theories and arguments presented below, we will not consider Dahmer’s new
argument raised for the first time on appeal. See Obenchain, 143 Idaho at 57, 137 P.3d at 444.
Even if one could argue that Dahmer had presented this argument below, a party waives an issue
on appeal if argument or authority is lacking, and Dahmer’s brief is devoid of authority. Powell,
130 Idaho at 128, 937 P.2d at 440. Moreover, Dahmer does not contend that the district court
failed to perceive the issue as one of discretion, that the district court failed to act within the
boundaries of this discretion and consistent with the legal standards applicable to the specific
choices available to it, or that the district court did not reach its decision by an exercise of reason.
Cummings, 160 Idaho at 853, 380 P.3d at 174. These procedural errors preclude consideration of
this issue.
        The third issue Dahmer raises concerning Blackburn stems from the following exchange,
which occurred at trial before the first witness was called:



                                                   7
                MR. VALDEZ [counsel for Blackburn]: I went out and spoke with [the
       officer], because I hadn’t previously. He has his report that he had filed in his
       case. Attached to those reports are written statements from Mr. Dahmer and
       Mr. Blackburn that had not been previously disclosed in this case. Obviously [the
       officer] can’t testify as to the contents of them because that would be hearsay, but
       they are--and I need to let the court and counsel know that--that there were
       witness statements that he obtained and for whatever reason when Mr. Dahmer
       obtained police reports for his case, they did not provide. And I think because
       they are statements by a party opponent I think Mr. Dahmer should have the
       ability to review them.
                THE COURT: Well, yeah. Substantively what are they like? Does this
       change--I mean--Maybe it doesn’t. I don’t know.
                MR. VALDEZ: I think--plus I haven’t had the opportunity to go over a
       statement that is attributed to my client, either.
                THE COURT: Okay.
                MR. VALDEZ: I think that given that [the officer] is prepared to testify
       consistent with the court’s ruling on the Motion in Limine about the preparation
       of his report or that he did a report and any observations that he may have made,
       that can still go forward; but I do want, I think in the interest of absolute fairness,
       that Mr. Dahmer review the statements that [the officer] obtained as well.
                MR. DAHMER: Your Honor, that’s the way they were produced from the
       police department. It never occurred to me that there was any additional there.
On appeal, Dahmer argues that the district court abused its discretion in not allowing the officer
to testify as to who he believed had failed to yield in light of the fact that Blackburn’s attorney
“intimidated the witness and conducted improper discovery.” Moreover, Dahmer contends that
Blackburn’s   attorney’s   actions   were    grounds    for a mistrial      and    sanctions     under
I.R.C.P. 26(b)(4)(A)(v).
       These issues were not raised at trial. Generally, issues not raised below may not be
considered for the first time on appeal. Sanchez, 120 Idaho at 322, 815 P.2d at 1062. Dahmer
also fails to provide authority in support of his argument. Powell, 130 Idaho at 128, 937 P.2d at
440. Due to Dahmer’s failure to comply with the procedural rules, we will not address this issue.
       2.      Error in preparation of final jury instructions
       Dahmer argues that the trial court abused its discretion and erred in the preparation of
final jury instructions and the Special Verdict Form. At trial, Dahmer’s specific objection was to
the inclusion of jury instruction number eighteen. 3       On appeal, Dahmer claims instruction
eighteen was erroneous and that the district court did not give him sufficient time to review the
3
         Jury instruction number eighteen reads: “A person who has been damaged must exercise
ordinary care to minimize the damage and prevent further damage. Any loss that results from a
failure to exercise such care cannot be recovered.”
                                                 8
Special Verdict Form. Because the issue of not being granted sufficient time to review the
Special Verdict Form was not raised at trial, only Dahmer’s objection to jury instruction number
eighteen is preserved for appellate review. See Sanchez, 120 Idaho at 322, 815 P.2d at 1062.
       The question whether the jury has been properly instructed is a question of law over
which we exercise free review. Needs v. Hebener, 118 Idaho 438, 441, 797 P.2d 146, 149 (Ct.
App. 1990). When reviewing jury instructions, we ask whether the instructions as a whole, and
not individually, fairly and accurately reflect applicable law. Powell, 130 Idaho at 126, 937 P.2d
at 438. When the instructions, taken as a whole, do not mislead or prejudice a party, an
erroneous instruction does not constitute reversible error. Howell v. E. Idaho R.R., Inc., 136
Idaho 733, 740, 24 P.3d 50, 57 (2001). However, Dahmer has not provided argument as to how
the inclusion of instruction number eighteen rendered the instructions, as a whole, prejudicial or
misleading, nor has Dahmer provided authority to support that conclusion. See Powell, 130
Idaho at 128, 937 P.2d at 440. Accordingly, we will not address this issue.
C.     Attorney Fees and Costs on Appeal
       1.      State Farm’s and Bice’s attorney fees on appeal
       State Farm and Bice seek attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Appellate
Rule 11.2(a) and Idaho Code § 12-121. In Graham, 138 Idaho at 614, 67 P.3d at 93, the Idaho
Supreme Court awarded fees on appeal under I.C. § 12-121 on the grounds that the case was
without foundation, the law was well-settled in this area, and there was no compelling reason to
reconsider the Court’s prior decisions. The Graham case is substantially similar to the present
case. Graham sued State Farm despite being an injured third party, not a first-party insured. Id.
at 612, 67 P.3d at 91. State Farm’s attorney supplied Graham’s counsel with the controlling
authorities before the suit, including the cases of Hettwer, 118 Idaho 373, 797 P.2d 81 and Van
Tine, 132 Idaho 902, 980 P.2d 566. Graham, 138 Idaho at 612, 67 P.3d at 91. Graham
maintained the suit and filed an appeal after the district court explained that he was barred by the
no direct action rule. Id. Dahmer cites to no authority handed down since Graham that would
allow us to reconsider application of the no direct action rule in this case. Accordingly, State
Farm and Bice are entitled to recover attorney fees on appeal pursuant to I.C. § 12-121.




                                                 9
       2.      Blackburn’s attorney fees on appeal
       Blackburn argues that he is entitled to attorney fees on appeal because Dahmer’s appeal
was based on issues not raised at trial and on claims not well-grounded in fact or law. Blackburn
cites to Vendelin v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 140 Idaho 416, 95 P.3d 34 (2004), as authority for
his argument. 4 Dahmer has presented issues and arguments on appeal that were not raised
below, such as the issue of Blackburn’s counsel allegedly intimidating a witness. See Vendelin,
140 Idaho at 434, 95 P.3d at 52 (2004) (holding that attorney fees on appeal were proper under
I.C. § 12-121 where the appeal was not well-grounded in fact or law and raised issues which
were not raised below). And though Dahmer did request to be able to cross-examine Blackburn
regarding the failure to yield citation and did object to the inclusion of jury instruction eighteen,
he does not provide authority on appeal to explain how the district court erred in regard to those
issues. Id. Accordingly, Dahmer’s appeal, as it relates to issues concerning Blackburn, was
unreasonable. Thus, Blackburn is entitled to recover attorney fees and costs.




4
        Blackburn never explicitly cites to the statute on which his argument relies, namely
I.C. § 12-121. Instead, Blackburn cites to Vendelin, which addresses I.C. § 12-121, and then
draws parallels between it and the present case. Pursuant to I.A.R. 35(b)(5), respondents must
state the basis for their claim of attorney fees. In addition to providing authority, the respondent
must provide argument as to why the authority is applicable in the present case. Athay v. Rich
Cnty., 153 Idaho 815, 827, 291 P.3d 1014, 1026 (2012). Though Blackburn cited to case
authority and provided argument, the Idaho Supreme Court’s rulings are inconsistent on whether
this is sufficient or whether a statute or contractual provision must be cited. Compare Wash.
Fed. v. Hulsey, 162 Idaho 742, 749, 405 P.3d 1, 8 (2017) (explaining that a party requesting
attorney fees must assert the specific “statute, rule, or case authority” for its claim); Stevens v.
Stevens, 135 Idaho 224, 230, 16 P.3d 900, 906 (2000) (“A party claiming attorney fees must
assert the specific statute, rule, or case authority for its claim.”), with PHH Mortg. Servs. Corp. v.
Perreira, 146 Idaho 631, 641, 200 P.3d 1180, 1190 (2009) (“Because they have failed to cite any
statutory or contractual authority for awarding attorney fees, we will not address that issue.”);
Bream v. Benscoter, 139 Idaho 364, 370, 79 P.3d 723, 729 (2003) (“Attorney fees are awardable
only where they are authorized by statute or contract. . . . If the party is claiming that a statute
provides authority for an award of attorney fees, the party must cite to the statute and, if
applicable, the specific subsection of the statute upon which the party relies.”). Though there is
Supreme Court precedent suggesting that Blackburn failed to properly request attorney fees, as
he never explicitly cites to a statute or contractual provision, the most recent decision addressing
this issue, Hulsey, states that a party must base its claim on a statute, rule, or case authority.
Accordingly, we hold that Blackburn’s request for attorney fees was sufficient as it was based on
case authority. However, we recommend parties directly cite to applicable statutes.
                                                 10
        3.      Dahmer’s extraordinary costs
        Dahmer seeks extraordinary costs of $50,000 pursuant to I.A.R. 40. Because Dahmer is
not the prevailing party, he is not entitled to costs.
                                                  IV.
                                           CONCLUSION
        The district court did not abuse its discretion when it ruled that Dahmer’s claims against
State Farm and Bice were barred by the no direct action rule. Because of this holding, we do not
address Dahmer’s other issues concerning State Farm and Bice as any error could not have been
prejudicial. Turning to Dahmer’s issues concerning Blackburn, we hold that consideration of
these issues is precluded by procedural bars. Finally, attorney fees and costs are awarded to
State Farm, Bice, and Blackburn, while Dahmer’s request for extraordinary costs is denied.
Accordingly, the district court’s judgment dismissing Dahmer’s complaint is affirmed.
        Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.




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