                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Senior Judge Haley
              Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia


              PAUL M. PACHECO
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0315-17-4                                   JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
                                                                               NOVEMBER 28, 2017
              J.P. MASONRY, INC. AND ACCIDENTAL FUND
               NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY


                            FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                               Bryan G. Bosta (Becker, Kellogg & Berry, PC, on brief), for
                               appellant.

                               Rebekah M. Bofinger (Franklin & Prokopik, P.C., on brief), for
                               appellees.


                     Paul Pacheco (claimant) maintains that the Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in

              finding that a Endolite Blade XT prosthetic device (a running blade) was not medically

              necessary. We affirm the Commission’s ruling.

                     The Workers’ Compensation Act “is highly remedial” and should be “liberally construed

              to advance its purpose of compensating employees for accidental injuries resulting from the

              hazards of the employment.” Masonite Holdings, Inc. v. Cubbage, 53 Va. App. 13, 19-20, 668

              S.E.2d 809, 812 (2008) (quoting Corporate Res. Mgmt. v. Southers, 51 Va. App. 118, 126, 655

              S.E.2d 34, 38 (2008) (en banc)). However, under well-established principles, this Court

              construes the evidence in the record, and all reasonable inferences, in the light most favorable to




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
the party that prevailed below, which in this case is the employer. See Stillwell v. Lewis Tree

Serv., Inc., 47 Va. App. 471, 474, 624 S.E.2d 681, 682 (2006).

       So viewed, the evidence established that claimant was injured in a work-related accident

on March 2, 2012, which resulted in a below-the-knee amputation of his left foot. He was

awarded lifetime medical benefits and temporary partial disability benefits. He also was given a

prosthesis to replace his left foot and placed on light-duty work, which included restrictions of no

frequent standing or walking. Claimant had been physically active before his accident, running

five days a week and participating in soccer, tennis, and basketball, as well as biking, climbing,

skiing, snowboarding, and rafting, but he was unable to continue these activities after the

accident.

       On December 10, 2014, claimant sought approval for new prosthetic devices, an Elan

Boot and an Endolite Blade XT. Claimant’s treating physician, Dr. Aaron Jones, recommended

the Elan Boot because it “acts more like the human ankle and foot in that it moves up and down

and has sensors to assist in uneven terrain and on stairs[,] . . . which would make walking easier

and more efficient.” Dr. Jones said the Elan Boot was medically necessary because the

prosthetic device claimant was then using had “a rigid ankle,” which “over time” would “put

more stress on his knees, hips and back leading to pain from early onset osteoarthritis.”

Dr. Jones said claimant “would also benefit” from the Endolite Blade XT because it was “built

for cross training activities,” such as “working out at the gym, or running a marathon,” and

“would improve [claimant’s] quality of life.”

       Claimant’s prosthetist, Mr. Daniel Mejia, also recommended claimant be fitted with an

“everyday prosthesis” having an Elan ankle and a “running/sports leg with an Endolite Blade

XT” for sports because the everyday leg was subject to breakage if used for sporting activities.




                                                -2-
        An orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Steven Neufeld, conducted an independent medical

evaluation on July 27, 2015, and concluded that an Endolite Blade XT was “only one way” to

enable claimant to return to as “high a function as possible (closer to his pre-injury state),” but

that a running blade was “not medically necessary for [claimant] to return to his stated pre-injury

activities.”

        Claimant’s employer agreed to authorize the Elan Boot, but opposed the request for the

Endolite Blade XT on the grounds that it was not reasonable or necessary medical treatment.1

After a hearing, a deputy commissioner determined that although a running blade “may be

reasonable,” there was no proof it was medically necessary. The deputy commissioner further

said “[t]he purpose of the Act is to restore the employee’s good health so that he may return to

useful employment, not to return him to every pre-injury activity.” The full Commission

affirmed, and claimant appealed to this Court.2

        Code § 65.2-603(A)(1) provides that “[a]s long as necessary after an accident, the

employer shall furnish or cause to be furnished, free of charge to the injured employee, a

physician . . . and such other necessary medical attention.” The statute further provides that

where the employee loses a leg or foot as a result of the accident, as in this case, “the employer

shall furnish prosthetic or orthotic appliances, . . . proper fitting and maintenance thereof, and

training in the use thereof, as the nature of the injury may require.” Claimant argues that the

Commission erred in finding the running blade claimant requested was not needed to return him

to useful employment and thus was not medically necessary. Claimant contends the running



        1
        The employer also agreed to compensate claimant for additional injuries to his right
ankle and foot as consequences of his original injury.
        2
        In his notice of appeal, claimant challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
the Commission’s ruling, but he has not pursued the claim in his opening brief. Thus, it is
waived. See Rule 5A:20(e).
                                               -3-
blade was medically necessary because he was entitled to be restored as closely as possible to his

pre-injury functioning. He asserts his employer was obligated to provide the running blade

because his treating physician had determined it would improve the overall quality of claimant’s

life.

        “Decisions of the commission as to questions of fact, if supported by credible evidence,

are conclusive and binding upon this Court.” VFP, Inc. v. Shepherd, 39 Va. App. 289, 292, 572

S.E.2d 510, 511 (2002) (quoting WLR Foods v. Cardosa, 26 Va. App. 220, 230, 494 S.E.2d 147,

152 (1997)). “[W]hether the disputed medical treatment was necessary within the meaning of

Code § 65.2-603 is a mixed question of law and fact.” Portsmouth (City of) Sch. Bd. v. Harris,

58 Va. App. 556, 563, 712 S.E.2d 23, 26 (2011) (quoting Lynchburg Foundry Co. v. Goad, 15

Va. App. 701, 712-13, 427 S.E.2d 215, 217 (1993)). As such, we review the Commission’s

rulings de novo. See id.

        An employer has a mandatory, statutory duty to compensate an injured employee for

medical expenses causally related to the injury, but any recommended treatment must be

“reasonable, necessary, and related to the industrial accident.” Dunrite Transmission v. Sheetz,

18 Va. App. 647, 649, 446 S.E.2d 473, 474 (1994). When a claimant requests specific medical

treatment, he must demonstrate that the treatment “is causally related to the accident, is

necessary for treatment of his compensable injury, and is recommended by an authorized treating

physician.” Harris, 58 Va. App. at 563, 712 S.E.2d at 26.

        Claimant has not made the requisite showing because he failed to prove the Endolite

Blade XT was medically necessary. See Haftsavar v. All Am. Carpet & Rugs, Inc., 59 Va. App.

593, 599, 721 S.E.2d 804, 807 (2012) (stating claimant “must prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that disputed treatment was medically necessary”). Claimant testified at the hearing

before the deputy commissioner that a running blade would enable him to build muscle mass and

                                                -4-
strength in his left leg, but neither claimant’s treating physician nor his prosthetist cited these

factors in their recommendations. Dr. Jones said merely that the blade “would be extremely

beneficial” in improving claimant’s quality of life, and Mejia said the blade was needed only for

sports activities; but they did not say a running blade was medically necessary. In contrast,

Dr. Jones provided specific reasons that the Elan Boot was medically necessary “to improve

[claimant’s] gait while decreasing the stress on his sound side” and would aid in preventing

“early onset osteoarthritis.” Dr. Neufeld, who independently evaluated claimant, also opined that

a running blade was not medically necessary. He further stated the Endolite Blade XT was “only

one way” to return claimant to a level closer to his pre-injury functioning and said he “would

defer to a certified prosthetist for other recommendations.”

       The stream of evidence can rise no higher than its headwaters. Here, those headwaters

are Dr. Jones’ report. He contrasted in separate statements what was medically necessary and

what was beneficial. Thus, claimant did not prove the running blade he requested was medically

necessary, and his employer was not financially obligated to provide the blade.3 See Haftsavar,

59 Va. App. at 602-03, 721 S.E.2d at 809 (holding that employer was not required to pay for

employee’s heart surgery, the necessity for which was discovered as employee was preparing for

surgery connected to his compensable work injury, but was not causally related to his work

injury); ARA Servs. v. Swift, 22 Va. App. 202, 208, 468 S.E.2d 682, 685 (1996) (holding that



       3
         In support of his argument, claimant relies on Vazques v. Henry Cty. Pallet Co., VWC
File No. 217-62-06, 2006 VA Wrk. Comp. LEXIS 678 (Va. Wrk. Comp. Aug. 2, 2006), in which
the Commission ruled that the employer was responsible for providing the injured employee with
a myoelectric arm. The medical evidence contained in the record sufficiently proved that the
arm was a reasonable and necessary treatment because the employee had experienced residual
limb pain and limited range of motion with his initial prosthetic arm. Claimant’s request for a
new prosthesis that did not have a rigid ankle, the Elan Boot, was approved because it was based
on medical necessity, but his request for a running blade was based on his desire to participate in
the same sports he participated in before his injury. Because there was no evidence a running
blade was medically necessary, Vazques is inapposite.
                                                -5-
employer had to pay for home exercise station for injured employee because employee’s doctor

prescribed device as medically necessary); Volvo White Truck Corp. v. Hedge, 1 Va. App. 195,

200, 336 S.E.2d 903, 906 (1985) (holding that where employee suffered head injury at work that

affected his vision, employer had to pay for employee’s subsequent eye examination and new

glasses because they were causally related to the injury and medically necessary).

       Furthermore, the purpose of workers’ compensation is not to restore the injured employee

completely to his pre-injury state, but to compensate him for injuries that “either actually or

presumptively produce disability and thereby presumably affect earning power . . . .” 1-1

Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law § 1.03 (2017). See Richmond Mem’l Hosp. v. Allen, 3

Va. App. 314, 318, 349 S.E.2d 419, 422 (1986) (stating that one purpose of Code § 65.2-603 is

“to restore the employee’s good health ‘so that he may return to useful employment as soon as

possible’” (quoting Immer & Co. v. Brosnahan, 207 Va. 720, 724, 152 S.E.2d 254, 257 (1967))).

Providing a running blade to enable claimant to participate in sporting activities falls “outside the

range of benefits provided” in the workers’ compensation statutes. Salem v. Colegrove, 228 Va.

290, 294, 321 S.E.2d 654, 656 (1984) (holding that where injured employee’s doctor had

recommended “job retraining,” employee was not entitled to reimbursement for his expenses

because college program employee wanted to pursue exceeded doctor’s general recommendation

and doctor had never suggested such a program was medically necessary); see also Harris, 58

Va. App. at 560, 566-67, 712 S.E.2d at 24, 28 (holding that employer was not required to provide

employee with a six-person home spa pool based on opinion of employee’s treating physician

that employee “would benefit from a spa pool/heater . . . to decrease pain”).




                                                -6-
       One cannot but be empathetic to the grievous injury claimant suffered. But empathy does

not allow a court to expand legislative parameters and the prior adjudications of the scope of

those parameters. Accordingly, we affirm the Commission’s ruling.

                                                                                        Affirmed.




                                               -7-
