MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                       Jul 14 2015, 8:32 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Nancy A. McCaslin                                         Brent E. Inabit
James L. McCaslin                                         Christopher M. Keefer
McCaslin & McCaslin                                       Sopko, Nussbaum, Inabit & Kaczmarek
Elkhart, Indiana                                          South Bend, Indiana


                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Mobile Tire and Axle, Inc., et al.,                       July 14, 2015

Appellants-Defendants,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          20A03-1411-PL-416
        v.                                                Appeal from the Elkhart Superior
                                                          Court

Superior Tire, LLC, et al.,                               The Honorable Charles Carter
                                                          Wicks, Judge
Appellees-Plaintiffs
                                                          Case No. 20D05-1111-PL-12




Vaidik, Chief Judge.



                                      Case Summary
In October 2014, a jury found that the owners of Mobile Tire and Axle, Inc.

(Mobile) had sabotaged the products of another company, Superior Tire, LLC

(Superior). The jury awarded Superior $287,366.35 in damages. On appeal,


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015           Page 1 of 14
      Mobile contends that the trial court erred by refusing to lift an order in limine,

      the jury’s verdict is not supported by the evidence, and the jury’s damage award

      is not supported by the evidence. Because we find no merit to any of these

      claims, we affirm.



                            Facts and Procedural History
[1]   Mobile and Superior are competitor companies—both sell new and used tires

      and axles, primarily for mobile homes. Michael and Cheryl Fahlbeck created

      Mobile in 1991. Mobile is a relatively small, family-run operation. By contrast,

      Superior—created by Darrell Pritt in 1999—does business throughout the

      country and has employed as many as seventy-five people at one time.


[2]   In 2005, Superior began experiencing unexplained problems with its products.

      Specifically, its customers began complaining that axle parts were missing,

      brake lines had been cut, and tires were damaged—all issues that implicated

      product safety. As a result of these problems, Superior had to perform

      hundreds of un-reimbursable service repairs, and Darrell fired several

      employees responsible for quality control. But Superior’s product problems

      continued.


[3]   In 2011, one of Mobile’s long-time customers took their business to Superior.

      A few weeks later, the Fahlbecks approached one of their employees, Ryder

      Tinkey, and asked him to sabotage Superior’s products. Tinkey had been

      employed by Mobile for years and had been involved in dishonest business


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 2 of 14
      practices there, including altering tire ratings and marketing used products as

      new ones. Tinkey declined the Fahlbecks’ sabotage requests. A short time

      later, he was fired. Tinkey then began contacting Mobile’s customers and

      informing them about Mobile’s dishonest business practices.


[4]   Tinkey later met with Darrell and told him that the Fahlbecks had been

      sabotaging Superior’s products. Two months later, Superior filed a complaint

      against Mobile in Elkhart Superior Court, alleging tortious interference with

      business relationships and unfair competition, and seeking damages.

      Notably—after experiencing issues with their products for more than six

      years—Superior’s product problems vanished after filing its complaint.


[5]   Before trial, Superior filed a motion in limine to prevent Mobile from

      introducing evidence to support its claim that Tinkey was fired for using drugs.

      The trial court granted the motion but ruled that the order in limine would be

      lifted “in the event that [] Tinkey or others intentionally introduce evidence of

      any allegation that [] Tinkey was wrongfully discharged from the employment

      of Mobile[.]” Appellant’s App. p. 1042-43. A three-day jury trial began in

      October 2014. During the trial, Superior put forth extensive evidence of the

      product problems it experienced from 2005 to 2011. Darrell described how

      “2005 was the year that got my attention” because his “repair rate probably

      tripled, if not quadrupled . . . .” Tr. p. 464. He testified that key product parts,

      such as dust caps, cotter pins, spindle nuts, and brake wires, simply went

      missing. Id. at 465-66, 468. Superior also experienced problems with its tires—

      tires were suddenly going flat “with slices in them and cuts in them.” Id. at 471.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 3 of 14
      This was happening “all over the place, everywhere,” and as a result, Superior

      was replacing tires “all the time. And it got costly, very costly.” Id. Notably,

      Darrell testified that these problems occurred after the products had passed

      Superior’s inspection. Id. More than one Superior employee was fired during

      this time, including Darrell’s best foreman, but the company’s problems

      continued. Id. at 478, 480.


[6]   Darrell told the jury that he “repaired everything. Not one time did I not

      repair. Not one time. Replaced [the products] a lot.” Superior did not charge

      its customers for these repairs—Darrell testified that the company performed

      250 to 300 repairs—or for replacements. Id. at 477, 494. Darrell estimated that

      these repairs cost approximately $90,000, but Mobile estimated the repair costs

      to be $67,366.35. Id. at 666, 945. Both of these estimates were presented to the

      jury. Darrell also testified that Superior lost goodwill with its customers. He

      defined goodwill as:

              being able to . . . walk in your customer’s door . . . unannounced, just
              walk in and check on your product and them be glad to see you. That’s
              goodwill to me. Goodwill to me is, if they have a problem when they
              call you up, they’re not chewing your butt out. They’re calling you up
              because they’ve got faith in you. They believe you’re going to fix the
              problem; they know you’re gonna be there for them. To me, that’s –
              that’s priceless. That’s the root of our business. That’s [what] we base
              our company’s [sic] on – when our customer [is] trusting us. That’s
              important.
      Id. at 555. He estimated that Superior lost $500 to $1000 per month in

      customer goodwill from 2005 to 2014. Id. at 714. Mobile did not question

      Darrell about this estimate.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 4 of 14
[7]   According to Darrell, everything changed after he received a call from Tinkey

      in June 2011. As Darrell described it, Tinkey knew things about Superior’s

      product problems that he “shouldn’t have known”:

              He shouldn’t have known some of the problems I was having. He
              shouldn’t have known about my cotter pins. He shouldn’t have
              known about my U-bolt issues. He shouldn’t have known about brake
              wires. None of this stuff he should have known. He doesn’t work
              with me. I don’t know this guy from Adam. Never talked to him
              before in my life.
      Id. at 546. Tinkey told Darrell that his product problems had been caused by

      “Mobile Tire and Axle. Mi[chael] and Cheryl.” Id. at 547.


[8]   Tinkey testified for Superior. He described his involvement in dishonest

      business practices at Mobile, including altering Mobile’s products to satisfy

      customer orders when inventory ran low, id. at 614-17, and marketing used

      products as new ones, id. at 619. Tinkey testified that he did these things

      because the Fahlbecks told him to, and “I needed the job, and I knew, if I didn’t

      do it, that they’d just fire me and hire somebody else.” Id. at 618. Tinkey told

      the jury that Cheryl approached him in 2011 and asked him to sabotage

      Superior’s products: “Cheryl looked at me and the other colleague [with me]

      and said: would you guys be interested in sabotaging Superior’s axles . . . I

      cannot get Mi[chael] to do it anymore. He used to do it, but I can’t get him to

      do it anymore.” Id. at 628. Tinkey testified that Cheryl asked him to go to

      Superior’s customer’s businesses and “pull[] cotter pins, cut[] brake wires,

      loosen[] U-bolts, knock[] off dust caps.” Id. at 629. Tinkey initially “shined

      [Cheryl] on,” and agreed to do so in order “to keep her happy,” but he later

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 5 of 14
       refused the request, even after Cheryl approached him a second time. Id. at

       635, 637. When asked why Mobile would want to sabotage Superior’s

       products, Tinkey explained that it would “make [Darrell] look bad. Make him

       lose accounts. A company is not going to want to buy stuff . . . that they’re

       constantly having problems with.” Id. at 636. Tinkey confirmed that it was

       possible to sabotage Superior’s products because Mobile’s employees had access

       to customer facilities where Superior’s products were stored. Id.


[9]    Tinkey testified that after he was fired, he began contacting Mobile’s customers

       to warn them that Mobile altered their products. Id. at 639. Then he contacted

       Darrell and told him “the stuff that Cheryl had asked me . . . to do[.]” Id. at

       642. When asked why he contacted Darrell, Tinkey responded that “he was

       getting the short end of the stick in it all. You know, it was sabotaging axles.

       You’re gonna get somebody killed.” Id. at 645. He denied contacting Mobile’s

       customers and Darrell to retaliate for his firing and emphasized his safety

       concerns: “[Y]ou’ve got something that’s going down the road. You know, it’s

       not like sabotaging somebody’s hamburger at McDonald’s. You know, this is a

       mobile home that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds, and you’re

       gonna get somebody hurt or killed. Id. at 646.


[10]   Superior also called Jerry Winter, one of Mobile’s customers, as a witness.

       Tinkey had contacted Winter to warn him about Mobile’s altered products.

       When asked about Tinkey, Winter responded:

               I don’t remember the exact conversation [with Tinkey], but he told me
               that he was an ex-employee of Mobile Tire and that he had been fired

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 6 of 14
               for refusing to do things that they instructed him to do. And one of
               those things was to alter the load rating on the tires that they were
               shipping to their customers.
       Id. at 729. When asked if he knew anything about Superior’s products being

       sabotaged, Winter said he did not. Id. at 748. Mobile did not object or seek to

       lift the order in limine at this time.


       Later, when Michael Fahlbeck took the stand, Mobile sought to lift the order in

       limine based on Winter’s statement about Tinkey’s firing. Id. at 834. Counsel

       conceded, however, that Superior had not intentionally elicited Winter’s

       testimony about Tinkey’s firing. Id. at 840, 844-45. The trial court denied the

       request to lift the order in limine. Id. at 845.


[11]   The Fahlbecks denied sabotaging Superior’s products. Id. at 850, 908. Cheryl,

       in particular, testified that Tinkey was lying and that she never asked him to

       sabotage Superior’s products on Mobile’s behalf. Id. at 908.


[12]   The jury found that Mobile, via the Fahlbecks, had “tortiously interfered with .

       . . Superior[’s] . . . business relationships and engaged in unfair competition

       through their sabotage actions [sic],” and awarded Superior $187,366.35 in

       compensatory damages—$67,366.35 in repair costs and $120,000 in lost

       customer goodwill. Appellant’s App. p. 21. The jury also awarded Superior

       $100,000 in punitive damages, for a total damage award of $287,366.35. Id.


[13]   Mobile now appeals.



                                  Discussion and Decision
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 7 of 14
[14]   Mobile makes three arguments on appeal. 1 It contends that the trial court erred

       by refusing to lift the order in limine regarding Tinkey’s firing, the jury’s verdict

       is not supported by the evidence, and the jury’s damage award is not supported

       by the evidence.


                                              1. Motion in Limine
[15]   Mobile argues that the trial court erred when it refused to lift the order in limine

       regarding Tinkey’s employment. We disagree.


[16]   We review a trial court’s ruling on a pretrial motion in limine for an abuse of

       discretion. Chacon v. Jones-Schilds, 904 N.E.2d 286, 288-89 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).

       The trial court’s grant of such motions is an adjunct of its inherent authority to

       admit and exclude evidence. Butler v. Kokomo Rehab. Hosp., Inc., 744 N.E.2d

       1041, 1046 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. We will reverse only if the trial

       court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

       circumstances before the court. Id.


[17]   Superior filed a motion in limine to prevent Mobile from introducing evidence

       to support Mobile’s claim that Tinkey was fired for using drugs. The trial court




       1
         Mobile raises two additional challenges that we do not address; specifically, that the trial court erred in
       instructing the jury on spoliation of evidence and Superior’s damages should be limited by the relevant
       statute of limitations and the time period Superior functioned as a limited-liability corporation. Mobile
       admits that it did not object to the spoliation-of-evidence instruction or make any statute-of-limitations or
       LLC-related arguments at trial. It nonetheless asks us to address its claims under the fundamental-error
       doctrine. But we apply the fundamental-error doctrine sparingly in civil cases—typically where a person’s
       liberty or parental rights are at stake. See Johnson v. Wait, 947 N.E.2d 951, 957-58 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing
       S.M. v. Elkhart Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 706 N.E.2d 596, 599 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)), trans. denied.
       This is not such a case; as a result, these arguments are waived.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015                  Page 8 of 14
       granted the motion but ruled that the order in limine would be lifted “in the

       event that [] Tinkey or others intentionally introduce evidence of any allegation

       that [] Tinkey was wrongfully discharged from the employment of Mobile[.]”

       Appellant’s App. p. 1042-43. One of Superior’s witnesses, Jerry Winter, later

       testified about Tinkey, saying:

               I don’t remember the exact conversation [with Tinkey], but he told me
               that he was an ex-employee of Mobile Tire and that he had been fired
               for refusing to do things that they instructed him to do. And one of
               those things was to alter the load rating on the tires that they were
               shipping to their customers.
       Tr. p. 729. When asked if he knew anything about Superior’s products being

       sabotaged, Winter said he did not. Id. at 748. Mobile did not object or seek to

       lift the order in limine at this time. Later, when Michael Fahlbeck took the

       stand, Mobile sought to lift the order in limine based on Winter’s statement.

       The trial court denied Mobile’s request.


[18]   The court’s denial was proper. Winter stated that Tinkey “had been fired for

       refusing to do things that they instructed him to do.” The sentence that

       immediately follows makes it clear that Winter was discussing Tinkey’s

       treatment of Mobile’s products: “and one of those things was to alter the load

       rating on the tires that they were shipping to their customers.” Indeed, Tinkey

       admitted that he had altered Mobile’s products at the Fahlbecks’ direction.

       Winter’s testimony, while referencing Tinkey’s firing, had nothing to do with

       the central issue in the case—the Fahlbecks’ involvement in sabotaging

       Superior’s products. Winter made that clear when he stated that he had no

       knowledge of Superior’s products being sabotaged. See id. Contrary to
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 9 of 14
       Mobile’s claim, “the bad acts . . . inferred” from Winter’s testimony were not

       the basis of the lawsuit. See Appellant’s Br. p. 53. We find no error here.


                                              2. Jury’s Verdict
[19]   Mobile next argues that the jury’s tortious-interference verdict was against the

       weight of the evidence. On appeal, we will only reverse a jury’s verdict when

       “there is a total failure of evidence or where the jury’s verdict is contrary to the

       uncontradicted evidence.” Ohio Farmers Ins. Co. v. Ind. Drywall & Acoustics,

       Inc., 970 N.E.2d 674, 686 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. We will not

       reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Id. Instead, we will

       “determine whether the jury’s verdict is supported by substantial evidence of

       probative value.” Id. In doing so, “[t]he evidence and all reasonable inferences

       drawn therefrom will be viewed in favor of the verdict.” Id.


[20]   The elements of tortious interference with a business relationship are: “(1) the

       existence of a valid relationship; (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the existence

       of the relationship; (3) the defendant’s intentional interference with that

       relationship; (4) the absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from

       defendant’s wrongful interference with the relationship.” Levee v. Beeching, 729

       N.E.2d 215, 222 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (citation omitted). Mobile argues that

       “the record does not establish that the defendants were aware of the business

       relationships Superior [] had, [or] the places where the problems occurred . . . .”

       Appellant’s Br. p. 67-68. But Tinkey testified that Cheryl asked him to sabotage

       Superior’s products because her husband Michael—who had been sabotaging


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 10 of 14
       Superior’s products for years—refused to continue. Tinkey also testified that it

       was possible to sabotage Superior’s products because Mobile’s employees had

       access to customer facilities where Superior’s products were stored. The jury

       certainly could have concluded that Mobile intentionally interfered with

       Superior’s business relationships based on this testimony, as well as the fact that

       Superior’s product problems ceased just weeks after filing its complaint against

       Mobile.


[21]   Mobile additionally argues that “no one saw the defendants sabotage any of

       Superior’s products, and the defendants denied sabotaging Superior’s products.

       The evidence in this case stems from the unsupported testimony of a former

       employee who was fired and whose motives for his testimony were not

       permitted to be disclosed to the jury.” Id. at 68. This argument is nothing more

       than an invitation to reweigh the evidence and judge Tinkey’s credibility, which

       we may not do. We find no error here.


                                             3. Damage Award
[22]   Mobile also argues that the jury’s damage award is not supported by the

       evidence. After finding that Mobile had tortiously interfered with Superior’s

       business relationships, the jury awarded Superior $187,366.35 in compensatory

       damages—$67,366.35 in repair costs and $120,000 in lost customer goodwill.

       The jury also awarded Superior $100,000 in punitive damages, for a total

       damage award of $287,366.35.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 11 of 14
[23]   A jury is to be afforded great latitude in making damage-award determinations.

       City of Carmel v. Leeper Elec. Servs., Inc., 805 N.E.2d 389, 393 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2004) (citation omitted), trans. denied. A verdict will be upheld if the award falls

       within the bounds of the evidence. Id. (citations omitted). The trial court may

       only reverse a jury verdict “when it is apparent from a review of the evidence

       that the amount of damages awarded by the jury is so small or so great as to

       clearly indicate that the jury was motivated by prejudice, passion, partiality,

       corruption, or that it considered an improper element.” Id. (citation omitted).


[24]   Superior put forth substantial evidence of the damages it experienced as a result

       of Mobile’s sabotage. Darrell, Superior’s owner, testified that key product

       parts, such as dust caps, cotter pins, spindle nuts, and brake wires, simply went

       missing. Tr. p. 465-66, 468. Superior also experienced problems with its tires—

       tires were suddenly going flat “with slices in them and cuts in them.” Id. at 471.

       This was happening “all over the place, everywhere,” and as a result, Superior

       was replacing tires “all the time. And it got costly, very costly.” Id. Darrell

       told the jury that he “repaired everything. Not one time did I not repair. Not

       one time. Replaced [the products] a lot.” Superior did not charge its customers

       for these repairs—Darrell testified that the company performed 250 to 300

       repairs—or for replacements. Id. at 477, 494. Darrell estimated that these

       repairs and replacements cost approximately $90,000. Mobile, however,

       estimated the costs to be $67,366.35. Both of these estimates were presented to

       the jury. Darrell also testified that Superior lost customer goodwill. He defined

       goodwill as:


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 12 of 14
               being able to . . . walk in your customer’s door . . . unannounced, just
               walk in and check on your product and them be glad to see you. That’s
               goodwill to me. Goodwill to me is, if they have a problem when they
               call you up, they’re not chewing your butt out. They’re calling you up
               because they’ve got faith in you. They believe you’re going to fix the
               problem; they know you’re gonna be there for them. To me, that’s –
               that’s priceless. That’s the root of our business. That’s [what] we base
               our company’s [sic] on – when our customer’s trusting us. That’s
               important.
       Id. at 555. He estimated that Superior lost $500 to $1000 per month in

       customer goodwill from 2005 to 2014. Id. at 714. Mobile did not question

       Darrell about this estimate.


[25]   The jury accepted Mobile’s $67,366.35 repair estimate. Mobile’s sole argument

       regarding the damage award for repairs is that “[Darrell] . . . did not testify that

       Mobile [] or the Fahlbecks had knowledge of where Superior’s products were

       located or that the defendants knew of the existence of business relationships

       between Superior Tire and specific companies.” Appellant’s Br. p. 62. This is a

       sufficiency argument, and we have already affirmed the jury’s tortious-

       interference verdict. We find no error with respect to the $67,366.35 damage

       award for repair costs. As for the lost-goodwill award, Mobile argues that

       Darrell’s testimony did not sufficiently establish that Superior lost goodwill

       with its customers. But Mobile did not challenge Darrell’s testimony, nor did it

       seek additional specificity or details from Darrell on cross-examination. We

       also find no error with regard to the jury’s lost-goodwill damage award.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1411-PL-416 | July 14, 2015   Page 13 of 14
[26]   Finally, as for the $100,000 punitive-damages award, 2 Mobile makes another

       unpersuasive sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge: “the jury erred when it

       awarded punitive damages because the evidence was not clear and convincing

       [that] the defendants committed acts of sabotage.” As stated above, we have

       already affirmed the jury’s verdict. We find no error with respect to the jury’s

       punitive-damage award.


[27]       Affirmed.


       Kirsch, J., and Bradford, J., concur.




       2
        “A punitive damage award may not be more than the greater of: (1) three (3) times the amount of
       compensatory damages awarded in the action; or (2) fifty thousand dollars ($50,000).” Ind. Code § 34-51-3-
       4.



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