                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 06a0006p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________


                                                     X
                             Petitioner-Appellant, -
 SAMUEL KING,
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                          No. 04-3844
          v.
                                                      ,
                                                       >
 DAVID BOBBY, Warden,                                 -
                             Respondent-Appellee. -
                                                     N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                   No. 02-00660—George C. Smith, District Judge.
                                        Argued: November 29, 2005
                                  Decided and Filed: January 10, 2006
            Before: GUY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; EDMUNDS, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                  COUNSEL
ARGUED: Steven S. Nolder, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellant. Stuart A. Cole, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Steven S. Nolder, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Columbus,
Ohio, for Appellant. Stuart A. Cole, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio,
for Appellee.
                                            _________________
                                                OPINION
                                            _________________
        RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Petitioner Samuel King appeals from the district
court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. King pleaded guilty in Ohio state court to
a number of state charges. King was not accompanied by an attorney during the plea negotiation,
plea hearing, or sentencing hearing, and he claims he was unconstitutionally denied his right to
counsel. We find that he did execute a valid waiver of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and
therefore we affirm.




        *
         The Honorable Nancy G. Edmunds, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting
by designation.


                                                        1
No. 04-3844                King v. Bobby                                                                   Page 2


                                                          I.
        Samuel King was indicted on April 7, 1999, by an Ohio grand jury for failing to pay child
support, providing a false application for a certificate of registration, making false promises through
advertising, fraudulent dealings, passing bad checks, theft by deception, and securing writings by
deception. Two months later, the Ohio grand jury issued another indictment charging King with
failing to file state income tax; filing a false, incomplete,      or fraudulent tax return; fraudulent
dealings; and theft by deception. King pleaded not guilty.1
        The trial court summarized King’s attempts to retain counsel as follows:
        Defendant began this case claiming that he would be represented by a Lisbon
        Attorney. Pre-trials were set when the Lisbon Attorney was not retained and
        Defendant always assured the Court that he would retain that Attorney. After a great
        deal of wasted time, Defendant eventually declined to retain that counsel and sought
        new counsel in Columbus, Ohio.
               Again, Defendant repeatedly assured the Court that he would retain
        Columbus counsel and that no further delays would result from his actions. After a
        considerable time was wasted, Defendant again declined to retain that counsel and
        chose his current counsel (third Attorney) [Uche Mgbaraho].
                Counsel for Defendant appeared on arraignment day for other cases and
        announced that day that he was being retained in the King case also. While on the
        record, the Court very clearly explained to counsel all the delays that had occurred
        with the first two (2) Attorneys and that the Court would not entertain a Motion to
        Withdraw even if counsel was not paid.
        The court had scheduled King’s trial for Monday, March 13, 2000. About two months before
trial, Mgbaraho moved to withdraw as counsel for King and King’s wife, Gloria King, a
codefendant. King objected. The trial court denied Mgbaraho’s     motion because he had been warned
that nonpayment would not be grounds for withdrawing.2 On February 25, 2000, Mgbaraho once
again moved to withdraw as counsel for Samuel and Gloria King. The basis of Mgbaraho’s motion
was that King lacked confidence in Mgbaraho and had asked Mgbaraho to perform unethical acts,
King had accused him of colluding with the state to abuse King’s rights, King had not paid
Mgbaraho’s legal fees, and Mgbaraho felt there was a conflict of interest in representing both Sam
and Gloria King. The trial court granted Mgbaraho’s motion as to his representation of Gloria King
and granted a continuance in her case to allow her time to retain new counsel. The trial court denied
the motion as to Samuel King, however, because of (1) the numerous delays in the case due to
King’s previous failures to hire counsel; (2) the specific warning the court issued to Mgbaraho
before he entered his appearance on behalf of King regarding the court’s reluctance to allow him to
withdraw; and (3) King’s requests for Mgbaraho to perform unethical acts would not be cured by
King retaining different counsel.
        On March 8, 2000, Mgbaraho moved for the court to reconsider its ruling because King had
fired him. He also moved for a continuance to allow King time to retain or be appointed new
counsel. The trial court held a hearing on Mgbaraho’s motion on Friday, March 10, 2000. At that

        1
            The record does not indicate whether King was represented at his arraignment.
        2
          Mgbaraho also requested a continuance of the trial date because the state had recently produced voluminous
documents and Mgbaraho claimed he did not have time to adequately review them. The court denied Mgbaraho’s
request because the vast majority of the documents were King’s own records to which he had access.
No. 04-3844           King v. Bobby                                                               Page 3


hearing, King told the trial court that he had discharged Mgbaraho from the case and asked for time
to meet with a new attorney, Dennis McNamara, whom King said he had already met several times.
The court stated that it already spoke with McNamara, and McNamara told the court that he would
not represent King without a large retainer. King told the court that he had recently inherited over
$200,000, and as proof that he had the money he pointed through the window to a new car in the
parking lot, which he claimed he bought with cash. The court clearly did not believe King:
        I am firmly convinced that you will never hire and keep a lawyer. That no matter
        how much time I give you, when the time for trial comes, that lawyer will either be
        unpaid, inappropriate, fired or whatever and I don’t believe that giving you a
        continuance will solve any legitimate problem that you now claim you have because
        if I give you the time to hire and fire two more lawyers, that’s what’s going to
        happen. If I give you time to hire and not pay and fire ten lawyers, that’s what’s
        going to happen. I’ve had it.”
       Instead of granting King’s request for a continuance in its entirety, the trial court sua
sponte bifurcated King’s trial. It ordered that the trial on the factually uncomplicated counts would
proceed as scheduled, but that the remaining counts would be tried at a later date. As for
Mgbaraho’s motion to reconsider his motion to withdraw, the court ordered Mgbaraho to serve as
“standby” counsel to King. The court explained Mgbaraho’s new role as follows:
                Now, that doesn’t mean that you have to try the case and that doesn’t mean
        that you have to talk to Mr. King and that doesn’t mean that Mr. King has to talk to
        you. If you - - but you need to be available and if he decides he wants to consult
        with somebody, fine. If he wants you to be fired and he doesn’t want to talk with
        you and he doesn’t want you in this case, that’s his decision. It will not be my
        decision, nor will it be yours that you have nothing to do with this case. It will only
        be Mr. King’s decision but I - - but you are going to have to be here.
        After the court identified which counts of the indictments would be tried first and discussed
other matters, he asked if King had any questions. King asked “so, essentially, I’m trying this
myself; correct?” The court responded, “That’s up to you. . . . I mean, you got Uche [Mgbaraho]
over here that’s standby. The purpose of standby is if you say go, he goes with what limited stuff
he’s got because bear in mind the two of you - - whatever that relationship has been . . . you still
have the right to go out and hire some other lawyer if you can get somebody to do it on such short
notice.” King then said, “I doubt if I can get someone to do it on short notice but I’d just like to read
into record just for the record itself that essentially I have not - - I don’t have effective Counsel as
granted my right by the Constitution of the United States. I just want to bring that forward as a
matter of record and I’ll be here Monday morning.”
        Immediately after the hearing, King met privately with the prosecutor and they reached a
plea agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, on March 13, 2000, King pleaded guilty to four of the
six counts that were scheduled for trial that day, and all of the remaining counts of both indictments
were dismissed. All of the charges against Gloria King were also dismissed. King was not
accompanied by counsel or standby counsel. During the plea colloquy, King stated he understood
that by pleading guilty he was waiving his rights to a jury trial, to confront and cross-examine his
accusers, to compulsory process, to remain silent, and to testify on his own behalf. He stated that
he understood the potential penalties the court could impose. The court informed King that he had
the right to be represented by counsel and if he could not afford counsel, one would be appointed
at no cost. After explaining that right, the court noted that King had recently informed the court that
he had inherited more than $200,000, implying that King was ineligible for appointed counsel. King
responded, “I don’t have it yet, sir.” The court did not follow up by asking if King wanted counsel
appointed. Before accepting the plea, the following exchange took place:
No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                            Page 4


               The Court: . . . Now, with respect to Counsel, you had Counsel which you
       discharged Friday or effective Friday. So, now I need for you - - I assume you want
       to go forward - - well, do you want to go forward without counsel?
               Mr. King: Yes, sir.
             The Court: Okay. And I’ve already explained to you your right to appointed
       Counsel. Do you understand that?
               Mr. King: Yes, sir.
              The Court: I need for you to sign a separate waiver that indicates that you
       have been told all that and that you waive Counsel but don’t sign it until you read it
       and there’s one for each case. That’s why you have two of them there.
               Okay. Are there any questions that you have about anything we’re doing
       here?
               Mr. King: No, sir.
               The Court: You sure?
               Mr. King: Yes, sir.
               The Court: You still want to go through with the plea bargain?
               Mr. King: Yes, sir.
        At his sentencing hearing later that month, King appeared without new counsel or Mgbaraho.
The court sentenced him to serve six months, eleven months, and nine months in prison for three of
the offenses, to be served consecutively. He was also sentenced to five years of community control
on the fourth offense. Earlier, King admitted that he did not inherit the money or buy the car as he
had told the court. The court held King in contempt for lying about inheriting money and purchasing
a new car. He was ordered to serve ten days for each contempt citation, to be served consecutively
to one another as well as to those sentences imposed for the main offenses.
        King appealed, with the assistance of counsel, arguing that he did not waive his right to
receive the assistance of counsel and that the trial court failed to advise him of the dangers inherent
in self-representation. The Seventh District Court of Appeals of Ohio affirmed his conviction by
ruling:
               Relevant to this assignment are the following portions of Crim. R. 44:
                       (A) Counsel in serious offenses. Where a defendant charged
               with a serious offense is unable to obtain counsel, counsel shall be
               assigned to represent him at every stage of the proceedings * * *
               unless the defendant, after being fully advised of his right to assigned
               counsel, knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives his right to
               counsel.
                      (C) Waiver of counsel. Waiver of counsel shall be in open
               court and the advice and waiver shall be recorded * * *.
No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                               Page 5


                      (D) Assignment procedure. The determination of whether a
               defendant is able or unable to obtain counsel shall be made in a
               recorded proceeding in open court.
               Initially, it should be noted that in State v. Kyser (Aug. 10, 2000), Mahoning
       App. No. 98CA144, unreported, this court reversed the defendant’s conviction where
       he represented himself at a bench trial after the court failed to warn him of the dangers
       inherent in self-representation. That case is distinguishable as that court failed to
       inquire on the record whether counsel could be obtained. The court also failed to
       record any waiver of counsel as required by Crim. R. 44. In fact, Kyser signed a
       rights waiver in which he specifically failed to waive his right to counsel.
               In the case at bar, the court held a hearing on appellant’s ability to obtain
       counsel. The record contains evidence that appellant was not indigent. Indeed,
       appellant told the court that he recently received a $272,000 inheritance from his
       uncle. He told the court that he just purchased a $30,000 car that the court could see
       in the parking lot. The fact that these were lies and that appellant may have actually
       been indigent is not chargeable to the court. Defendants are prohibited from inviting
       such errors at trial and then arguing them on appeal.
               Additionally, the court recorded appellant’s waiver of counsel. At the change
       of plea hearing, the court advised appellant of his right to counsel. Appellant waived
       his right to court-appointed counsel orally in open court and signed a written waiver.
               Moreover, the court essentially provided appellant with an attorney by failing
       to release Attorney Mgbaraho. Appellant claimed to have four different lawyers on
       four different occasions: Luther, McNamara, Mgbaraho and once again McNamara.
       The court indicated that appellant was unreasonably delaying and that his problems
       with counsel were the product of his stalling tactics. When appellant wished to
       terminate Attorney Mgbaraho and be granted a continuance, the court refused such
       request. Although the court failed to grant a continuance as to six charges, the court
       ordered Attorney Mgbaraho to remain as stand-by counsel. The court desired to order
       him to remain as actual counsel but appellant refused as he desired to be represented
       by Attorney McNamara. The court advised appellant that Attorney McNamara could
       enter his appearance on the day of trial. However, appellant showed up without
       counsel to plead guilty hours before trial. Due to appellant’s agreement to plead, the
       state dismissed twenty-five out of appellant’s twenty-nine charges and dismissed all
       charges against appellant’s wife, resulting in a favorable deal for appellant.
               Appellant had multiple opportunities to seek new counsel. He continually
       precipitated his own problems. He had the availability of Attorney Mgbaraho whom
       the court refused to release. Importantly, although Attorney Mgbaraho was not
       actually court-appointed, the court essentially provided him as counsel to appellant
       by refusing to release him. If appellant was indigent, as he now argues, then we
       respond that an indigent defendant does not have the right to his choice of counsel.
       Thurston v. Maxwell (1965), 3 Ohio St.2d 92, 93. For the foregoing reasons,
       appellant’s argument is without merit.
       The Ohio Supreme Court declined to exercise its discretionary jurisdiction over King’s
appeal. On July 3, 2002, King filed a habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court
accepted and adopted a magistrate judge’s recommendation to deny King’s petition. This appeal
followed.
 No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                               Page 6


                                                    II.
         We review de novo a district court’s legal conclusions in a habeas petition. Lucas v. O’Dea,
179 F.3d 412, 416 (6th Cir. 1999). This court usually reviews finding of fact for clear error, “but
when the district court’s decision in a habeas case is based on a transcript from the petitioner’s state
court trial, and the district court thus makes ‘no credibility determination or other apparent finding
of fact,’ the district court’s factual findings are reviewed de novo.” Wolfe v. Brigano, 232 F.3d 499,
501 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting Moore v. Carlton, 74 F.3d 689, 691 (6th Cir. 1996)).
       In determining whether to issue a writ of habeas corpus, the provisions of the Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) govern the district court’s review of a state court
decision. 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Pursuant to the AEDPA,
        [a]n application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant
        to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was
        adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the
        claim—
                         (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
                 unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
                 determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
                         (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
                 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
                 State court proceeding.
Id. § 2254(d).
         In Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000), the Supreme Court held that, in order to
justify a grant of habeas relief, a federal court must find a violation of law that is “clearly established”
from “the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the time of the
relevant state-court decision.” The Court held that a state court’s legal decision is “contrary to”
clearly established federal law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by
[the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently that [the
Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Id. at 413. Furthermore, the
Court held that a state court’s legal decision will be deemed an “unreasonable application” of clearly
established federal law “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the
Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s
case.” Id.
        A federal court, however, may not find a state adjudication to be unreasonable “simply
because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied
clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be
unreasonable.” Id. at 411. Moreover, a federal court making the unreasonable application inquiry
should not transform the inquiry into a subjective one by inquiring whether all reasonable jurists
would agree that the application by the state court was unreasonable. Rather, the issue is “whether
the state court’s application of clearly established federal law was objectively unreasonable.” Id. at
409. Ordinarily, we presume that a factual determination by a state court is correct unless convincing
contrary evidence exists. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Harries v. Bell, 417 F.3d 631, 635 (6th Cir. 2005).
         The Sixth Amendment secures to a defendant who faces incarceration the right to counsel at
all “critical stages” of the criminal process. United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 224 (1967). Plea
negotiations, guilty plea hearings, and sentencing hearings are all “critical stages” at which the right
to counsel attaches. United States v. Sammons, 918 F.2d 592, 602 (6th Cir. 1990); French v. Jones,
332 F.3d 430, 439 (6th Cir. 2003). Although the Constitution does not force a lawyer upon a
No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                            Page 7


defendant, it does require that any waiver of the right to counsel be knowing, voluntary, and
intelligent. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938).
        King’s waiver involves the intersection of two rights: the Sixth Amendment rights to self-
representation and to an attorney. When a defendant invokes one, he necessarily waives the other.
We must decide if King asserted his right to self-representation and waived his right to counsel, and
whether his waiver was valid. The government contends that we need not decide if King executed
a valid waiver because he did have the assistance of counsel— Mgbaraho as standby counsel.
Generally, standby counsel does not satisfy a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. There
is some support for the proposition that in certain circumstances standby counsel can satisfy a
defendant’s right to counsel if counsel actively and substantially assists the defendant. Compare
United States v. Oreye, 263 F.3d 669, 672 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding that if standby counsel actively
participates in a defendant’s defense as would active counsel, a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right
to counsel is satisfied) with United States v. Davis, 269 F.3d 514, 520 (5th Cir. 2001) (“Standby
assistance of counsel, however, does not satisfy the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. ‘The
assistance of standby counsel, no matter how useful to the court or the defendant, cannot qualify as
the assistance of counsel, required by the Sixth Amendment.’” United States v. Taylor, 933 F.2d 307,
312 (5th Cir. 1991)). We need not weigh in on whether standby counsel’s substantial assistance can
satisfy a defendant’s right to counsel because here, Mgbaraho did not participate in the case at all
after he was designated as standby counsel. From the time Mgbaraho was so designated, King
continued pro se.
         The district court decided that the reasoning of a recent Supreme Court decision, Iowa v.
Tovar, 541 U.S. 77 (2004), counseled against granting King’s petition. In Tovar, the Court held that
a court was not required to warn a defendant who wished to represent himself about some of the
specific dangers of waiving an independent opinion as to the viability of the prosecutor’s case and
potential defenses. Id. at 91-92. The Supreme Court issued Tovar on March 8, 2004, after the Ohio
Court of Appeals denied King’s appeal, and therefore the district court should not have considered
it when it decided if the Ohio court unreasonably applied Supreme Court decisions clearly established
at the time of the state court’s decision. See Williams, 529 U.S. at 412.
         At the time of the state court’s decision, the seminal Supreme Court decision regarding a
criminal defendant’s right to represent himself and waive the assistance of counsel was Faretta v.
California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). There, the Supreme Court held for the first time that a defendant
has a constitutional right protected by the Sixth Amendment to represent himself. Id. The Supreme
Court also decided that Faretta waived his right to an attorney knowingly and intelligently. After his
arraignment but well before the trial date, Faretta requested that he be permitted to represent himself
because he thought the public defender representing him was handling too many cases to give his
case the attention it deserved. Id. at 808. The judge warned Faretta that waiving the right to an
attorney was a mistake, but conditionally accepted Faretta’s waiver. Id. Before trial, the judge
reconsidered his earlier ruling, and after quizzing Faretta on hearsay and the state law regarding
challenging jurors, the judge decided that Faretta had not made a knowing and intelligent waiver and
that he did not have a constitutional right to defend himself. Id. at 808-810. After the Supreme Court
established that Faretta did have the right to represent himself, the Court held that Faretta’s waiver
of his right to counsel was valid:
               When an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely
       factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel.
       For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must “knowingly and
       intelligently” forgo those relinquished benefits. Although a defendant need not
       himself have the skill and experience of a lawyer in order competently and
       intelligently to choose self-representation, he should be made aware of the dangers
 No. 04-3844           King v. Bobby                                                                Page 8


        and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that “he
        knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.”
                Here, weeks before trial, Faretta clearly and unequivocally declared to the trial
        judge that he wanted to represent himself and did not want counsel. The record
        affirmatively shows that Faretta was literate, competent, and understanding, and that
        he was voluntarily exercising his informed free will. The trial judge had warned
        Faretta that he thought it was a mistake not to accept the assistance of counsel, and
        that Faretta would be required to follow all the “ground rules” of trial procedure. We
        need make no assessment of how well or poorly Faretta had mastered the intricacies
        of the hearsay rule and the California code provisions that govern challenges of
        potential jurors on voir dire. For his technical legal knowledge, as such, was not
        relevant to an assessment of his knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.
Id. at 835-36 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).
       Likewise, in Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 724 (1948), in deciding whether a waiver
of counsel at a guilty plea was knowing and intelligent, the Supreme Court stated:
        To be valid such waiver must be made with an apprehension of the nature of the
        charges, the statutory offenses included within them, the range of allowable
        punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in
        mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole
        matter. A judge can make certain that an accused’s professed waiver of counsel is
        understandingly and wisely made only from a penetrating and comprehensive
        examination of all the circumstances under which such a plea is tendered.
                This case graphically illustrates that a mere routine inquiry—the asking of
        several standard questions followed by the signing of a standard written waiver of
        counsel—may leave a judge entirely unaware of the facts essential to an informed
        decision that an accused has executed a valid waiver of his right to counsel. And this
        case shows that such routine inquiries may be inadequate although the Constitution
        “does not require that under all circumstances counsel be forced upon a defendant.”
(Citations omitted.)
        The facts of this case are atypical of most waiver-of-counsel cases because King did not
straightforwardly assert his right to self-representation, and even told the trial court twice that he did
not wish to represent himself. Nonetheless, by rejecting all of his options except self-representation,
King necessarily chose self-representation. The court instructed him that his only choices were to
have Mgbaraho continue to represent him, hire another attorney to represent him, or represent
himself. Having rejected Mgbaraho and not hiring another attorney, King chose to represent himself.
See Oreye, 263 F.3d at 670 (holding that even though a defendant never said he wanted to proceed
pro se, he waived his right to counsel through his conduct after the district court informed him, on
defendant’s motion for his attorney to withdraw six days before trial, that he had to choose between
working with his current attorney, hiring a new attorney that would be ready to proceed to trial in six
days, or representing himself, and he did not keep his attorney or hire a replacement). In addition,
despite his protests to waiving counsel at the final withdrawal of counsel hearing, King did waive his
right orally and in writing at his plea hearing. Therefore, even though at one point he claimed he did
not want to waive his right to counsel, he then did so through his conduct, his words, and his signing
of the waiver.
      Having found that King waived his right to an attorney, we turn to whether his waiver was
knowing and intelligent. This circuit requires federal district courts to conduct the inquiry set forth
No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                             Page 9


in 1 Bench Book for United States District Judges 1.02-2 (3d ed. 1986) before accepting a waiver of
the right to an attorney. United States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245, 250 (6th Cir. 1987). See also
United States v. Miller, 910 F.2d 1321, 1324 (6th Cir. 1990). This detailed inquiry is required by this
circuit but is not required by clear Supreme Court precedent, and it was not error for the state court
to conclude that such an involved inquiry was not necessary here.
         The Supreme Court requires a knowing and intelligent waiver, and it is a reasonable
application of Faretta and Von Moltke to look at the whole record, not just the colloquy immediately
before the signing of the waiver, to determine if it was knowing and intelligently entered. The record
in this case reflects that King knew of his right to be represented by counsel and intelligently waived
that right. He mentioned his right to be represented several times to the trial court. At his plea
hearing, the court informed him of his right to counsel, the charges to which he was pleading guilty,
and the potential penalties for each offense. King had been working with an attorney up until the
week before he agreed to the plea bargain and presumably he not only had personal knowledge of
the benefits of working with an attorney, he also reaped many of those benefits. Moreover, in two
cases involving similar facts, we have decided that waiver by conduct requires no more than the
minimum Farreta warnings. In Swiger v. Brown, 86 Fed. App’x 877 (6th Cir. Jan. 27, 2004)
(unpublished disposition), the petitioner had refused to work with the counsel appointed to him and
also refused to represent himself in an apparent attempt to postpone his trial. We rejected his habeas
petition, noting that it was not a typical self-representation case because Swiger did not actively
choose self-representation, he explicitly told the court he did not want it, and, by choosing to remain
passive at his trial, he in reality rejected self-representation. The Swiger court reasoned:
       The problem in this case was not Swiger’s lack of understanding about the risks of
       self-representation, which he understood. The problem was that a defendant cannot
       be permitted to stop the criminal justice process in its tracks by rejecting appointed
       counsel and refusing self-representation, which is effectively what he did. Perhaps
       in other circumstances, it would have been wise for the trial court to grant Swiger’s
       motion for a continuance once his decision became clear. But in view of Swiger’s
       failure to appear for his first trial and in view of the eight days the court had given
       him to think through his options, the approach the court took was a defensible one.
Id. at 882 (emphasis omitted). That reasoning applies with equal force to this case. There is no doubt
that King understood the risk of representing himself. The issue for the trial court was reining in a
defendant who was attempting to manipulate the system by first refusing to retain an attorney, then
by refusing to work with his attorney. Under those circumstances, the trial court was justified in
letting King proceed pro se. See also Sullivan v. Pitcher, 82 Fed. App’x 162 (6th Cir. Nov. 18,
2003) (per curiam) (affirming the rejection of a habeas petition where petitioner entered guilty plea
pro se after the judge issued an ultimatum of working with his sixth appointed counsel or proceeding
pro se), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 991 (2004).
        The Seventh Circuit has also found that when a defendant waives his right to counsel through
his dilatory conduct, the Constitution does not require a court to engage in an extended discussion
about the repercussion of the waiver. In Oreye, the defendant’s second attorney filed a motion to
withdraw six days before the trial was scheduled to begin because defendant refused to cooperate
with him. The judge gave the defendant the choice of keeping his attorney, finding another attorney
who would be ready to begin trial on schedule, or representing himself. 263 F.3d at 670. The
defendant never said that he wanted to proceed pro se, but the Seventh Circuit held that he waived
his right to an attorney by conduct—that is, by refusing the first two options he necessarily chose the
third. Id. The defendant argued that the trial court should have postponed his trial to give him time
to find a new attorney or explained the perils of self-representation. Id. at 671. The Seventh Circuit
rejected his first argument based on settled precedent in that circuit that a “defendant has no right to
indefinite delays while he tries on new lawyers unless he has a reason for dissatisfaction with the
No. 04-3844            King v. Bobby                                                           Page 10


old.” Id. The court rejected the defendant’s second argument because the judge had told the
defendant that self-representation would be difficult. Id.
        King contends that Fowler v. Collins, 253 F.3d 244 (6th Cir. 2001), a habeas decision,
requires this court to find that the trial court’s warnings were inadequate, but we disagree. In Fowler,
the defendant was charged with passing bad checks and theft by deception. Id. at 247. Fowler
appeared at his arraignment without counsel, and he told the court that he would represent himself.
Id. No express waiver or colloquy occurred. Before his trial, the court read aloud the waiver of
counsel form and Fowler agreed to it. Id. After a jury found him guilty, Fowler appealed arguing
that the trial court did not adequately inquire as to whether he knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily waived his right to counsel. Id. The state appellate court rejected his appeal, and he
petitioned for habeas corpus, which the district court denied. We reversed, holding that the state
court unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent when it determined that Fowler knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. Id. at 249. Specifically, we decided that
the one cursory question at arraignment and the reading of the waiver before trial were insufficient
to communicate to Fowler the significance of waiving counsel. Id. at 250.
        The Fowler court acknowledged that the extent of the court’s probing into the various factors
affecting a waiver of counsel varies from case to case. Id. at 249. The facts in Fowler are materially
different than those in this case. In Fowler, there was no indication that the defendant had tried to
use his Sixth Amendment right to manipulate the trial court into delaying his trial, he was not
informed of his right to counsel, and the court did not explore why he chose to represent himself.
       AFFIRMED.
