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                                    Appellate Court                          Date: 2018.04.12
                                                                             16:21:43 -05'00'




           Jefferson v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, 2018 IL App (1st) 162219



Appellate Court         JOI JEFFERSON, as Special Representative of the ESTATE OF
Caption                 JEANETTE TURNER, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MERCY
                        HOSPITAL & MEDICAL CENTER, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.          First District, Second Division
                        Docket No. 1-16-2219



Filed                   February 6, 2018



Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 06-L-5913; the
Review                  Hon. Clare E. McWilliams, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                Affirmed in part and vacated in part.


Counsel on              Hall, Prangle & Schoonveld, LLC, of Chicago (Hugh C. Griffin, Jacob
Appeal                  Z. Goldstein, Benjamin E. Patterson, Katherine L. Dzik, and Steven
                        Starnes, of counsel), for appellant.

                        Lane & Lane, LLC (Stephen I. Lane and Scott D. Lane, of counsel),
                        and Michael W. Rathsack, both of Chicago, for appellee.



Panel                   JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                        Presiding Justice Neville and Justice Pucinski concurred in the
                        judgment and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1        Defendant, Mercy Hospital & Medical Center (Mercy), appeals from a jury verdict in favor
     of plaintiff, Joi Jefferson, in the amount of $22,185,598.50. This case began as a medical
     malpractice action by plaintiff’s mother, Jeanette Turner, who alleged that due to the
     negligence of Mercy’s nurses and doctors, a clot occluded her tracheostomy tube and caused
     respiratory arrest, ultimately resulting in permanent brain damage. After the case was
     submitted to the jury, but before a verdict was returned, Jeanette died and plaintiff was
     appointed as special representative of her estate to receive the jury’s verdict.
¶2        On appeal, Mercy seeks a judgment n.o.v. or a new trial on the grounds that (1) plaintiff
     failed to prove Mercy’s negligence caused her injury, (2) the trial court erred in admitting
     certain evidence regarding Jeanette’s blood clot, and (3) plaintiff was erroneously permitted to
     introduce a new theory of negligence on rebuttal. Mercy further argues that the jury’s verdict
     for future damages should be vacated due to Jeanette’s death and that the $1 million award for
     past emotional distress should be set aside as duplicative of the $500,000 past pain and
     suffering award and the $2 million award for past loss of normal life. We vacate the jury’s
     award of future damages and otherwise affirm the judgment.
¶3        On February 22, 2005, Jeanette was admitted to Mercy with Ludwig’s angina, a
     life-threatening condition in which an abscess causes swelling in the floor of the mouth, which,
     in Jeanette’s case, had progressed to involve swelling of her neck and airway. She was taken to
     the operating room, where a tracheostomy was performed by Drs. Benjamin Gruber (an ear,
     nose, and throat (ENT) doctor), and Jason Cundiff (a fourth-year ENT resident) under local
     anesthesia.
¶4        A tracheostomy involves the placement of an artificial device known as a trach tube in the
     patient’s trachea, or windpipe; the purpose of which is to restore a patient’s airway. The collar
     of the trach tube is sutured to the skin with a strong stitch. Inside the trach tube is a cuff, that,
     when inflated, expands to fill the trachea and prevents a patient from breathing through their
     nose; they can only breathe through the trach. A cuff must ordinarily be inflated or deflated
     with a syringe, but an inflated cuff can deflate as a result of a leak. When a cuff is inflated, it
     provides protection to the airway from materials such as blood, which are prevented from
     traveling below the trach tube. Blood that travels below the tube runs the risk of clotting if it is
     not suctioned or coughed out. When the cuff of a trach tube is inflated, the patient cannot
     speak.
¶5        In the operating room, the cuff in Jeanette’s trach tube was inflated to allow the
     anesthesiologist to administer gas and ventilate her while she was undergoing surgery.
     Jeanette’s surgery was successful and the abscess in her mouth was drained, but following
     surgery on February 23, Jeanette experienced some bleeding at the trach site and also
     complained of a choking sensation. Plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Scott Graham, an ENT doctor,
     explained that both effects were normal. Because the trach site is an open wound, some
     bleeding is to be expected. This is particularly true when a patient is on blood thinners, as
     Jeanette was for a preexisting heart condition In addition, when a trach is first placed and the
     cuff is inflated, many patients complain of a choking sensation.
¶6        The bleeding resolved over the next several days, and Dr. Cundiff deflated the cuff, but on
     February 27, bleeding recommenced at 8 p.m. At that time, nurse Debra Rohrwasser redressed


                                                   -2-
       the site, but several hours later, at 11:30 p.m., she again noticed bloody, watery drainage from
       the trach. She did not notify a doctor.
¶7         The morning of February 28, Jeanette was taken to the cardiac catherization lab (cath lab)
       for a test of her artificial heart valve. Dr. Cundiff was in attendance. Upon observing persistent
       bleeding from the stoma (the hole in the throat where the trach is placed), Dr. Cundiff
       cauterized it with silver nitrate and packed the stoma with gauze, which partially controlled the
       bleeding. Dr. Graham explained that this procedure coagulates the blood vessels and stops
       bleeding. Dr. Cundiff reinflated the cuff at this time, which would have left Jeanette unable to
       speak.
¶8         Following her procedure at the cath lab, Jeanette was taken to the medical-surgical floor of
       Mercy. There, she was initially under the care of nurse Michele Findrick. Nurse Findrick
       testified that Jeanette arrived on her floor at 5:30 p.m., after a delay due to the bleeding from
       her trach site. When nurse Findrick first assessed Jeanette, she did not observe bleeding, but
       noted that Jeanette was sitting up and in good spirits. At trial, nurse Findrick testified that she
       could not recall whether Jeanette was speaking, but in her deposition, the nurse testified that
       Jeanette was talking. After nurse Findrick left the room, a family member, later identified as
       Jeanette’s sister, Annette, informed her that Jeanette was bleeding. Nurse Findrick confirmed
       that blood was trickling from the trach site and also saw blood on Jeanette’s hospital gown.
       The nurse gave gauze to Annette and told her to press it to the trach site. When the blood
       soaked through the gauze, nurse Findrick paged Dr. Cundiff, who came to see Jeanette and
       took her off the blood thinners and ordered two units of red blood cells to replace lost blood, as
       well as four bags of fresh frozen plasma, which would promote clotting. Dr. Cundiff did not
       expect the bleeding to resolve until all bags of plasma were administered.
¶9         Nurse Findrick was off duty at 7 p.m., at which time she testified that Jeanette was no
       longer bleeding but talking and sitting up. Nurse Jasmin David took over for nurse Findrick
       and continued to monitor Jeanette’s condition. She administered the first bag of fresh frozen
       plasma at 8:30 p.m. and the last at 12:30 a.m. In addition, throughout the night, nurse David
       suctioned the trach, reinforced the dressing, and monitored Jeanette’s vital signs, which were
       normal until just before she lost consciousness at 12:50 a.m. Nurse David testified that the
       suctioning produced minimal bloody output with “small snippets” of blood. Nevertheless, at
       11 p.m., nurse David noted in the chart that Jeanette was coughing out blood and clots and
       wrote that Jeanette was “[c]omplaining of pain and stated that ‘these blood clots are choking
       me.’ ” At trial, David explained that Jeanette did not actually speak but communicated through
       writing. In response to Jeanette’s complaints, at 11 p.m., nurse David paged Dr. Karen
       Noriega, a first-year resident at Mercy, who was assigned to “night float” duty.
¶ 10       According to both nurse David and Dr. Noriega, Dr. Noriega arrived in response to the
       page but did not note her visit on Jeanette’s chart. Dr. Noriega explained that she failed to
       notate the chart because Jeanette was stable without active bleeding, although she did observe
       dried blood.
¶ 11       Dr. Noriega was paged a second time at approximately midnight. At that time, she made an
       entry in Jeanette’s chart reflecting that Jeanette had blood around the trach site with blood clots
       being coughed out and that Jeanette “stated” she was choking and could not breathe. At trial,
       Dr. Noriega clarified that she did not personally observe Turner coughing blood clots, but that
       she learned it from Annette. She also clarified that Annette told her Jeanette was choking.


                                                    -3-
       Ultimately, Dr. Noriega paged Dr. Dayakar Reddy, a resident at Mercy who was also on her
       night float team, in response to Annette’s pleas to “do something.”
¶ 12        When Dr. Reddy arrived, he saw Annette’s hands hovering near Turner’s trach site. His
       note reflected that both Jeanette and Annette were trying to stop the bleeding by applying
       pressure and adjusting the trach. At trial, Dr. Reddy admitted that he was actually unable to see
       what Annette and Jeanette were doing when he entered the room. He asked Annette to leave so
       that he could examine Jeanette, and then he called security. After Annette left, he began
       examining Jeanette and did not note any blood or clots. Jeanette then lost consciousness in
       front of him, and Dr. Reddy called a code blue. Dr. Reddy immediately attempted to ventilate
       Jeanette through the trach tube by using an Ambu bag but encountered resistance in pushing air
       through the bag. It was only after an anesthesiologist arrived a few minutes later and adjusted
       the trach that Dr. Reddy was able to successfully ventilate Jeanette. Mercy stipulated that it
       was unable to identify the anesthesiologist who responded to the code.
¶ 13        Dr. Cundiff also responded to the code, arriving at the hospital from his home at
       approximately 1 a.m. Upon his arrival, he was told that Annette had dislodged the trach. Dr.
       Cundiff used a laryngoscope to probe the trach tube but did not see evidence of a blood clot and
       did not remove a blood clot. However, in his notes, he recorded that the airway was
       “occluded.” At trial, he explained this meant that when he inserted the laryngoscope, the tip of
       the trach tube was not in the trachea, but resting against tissue, and was dislodged rather than
       blocked. Dr. Cundiff went on to testify that he would not have done anything differently if he
       had been contacted sooner. He acknowledged that he saw the trach tube after the
       anesthesiologist had repositioned it, and he did not know whether it was dislodged prior to the
       repositioning. Further, he admitted that it would have been difficult to reposition the trach tube
       if the cuff was inflated.
¶ 14        Annette provided further details of the events of that night. When Jeanette returned to her
       room after the procedure at the cath lab, Annette saw blood around Jeanette’s neck and on her
       nightgown, as well as blood coming out of the trach site. In accordance with nurse Findrick’s
       instruction, Annette placed gauze around Jeanette’s neck to stop the bleeding, but neither she
       nor Jeanette touched the trach. As the bleeding worsened, the nurse gave Annette towels
       instead of gauze. Annette further testified that the nurse told her she was suctioning out blood
       and mucus during the night. Annette testified inconsistently about when doctors came to attend
       to her sister, initially saying that no doctors were present between 10:30 p.m. and 12:30 a.m.
       but later recalling that she had seen Dr. Noriega more than once before the code. With regard to
       Jeanette’s vocalization, Annette testified that at 10 p.m. she heard Jeanette speak to complain
       of choking.
¶ 15        After Annette was asked to leave her sister’s side immediately before the code, she waited
       in the prayer room on the same floor across from Jeanette’s room. A tall black woman with an
       Afro hairstyle who was wearing scrubs came to the room some time later and said “the doctor
       who put the trach in found a blood clot.” Mercy never identified this individual.
¶ 16        Jeanette was without oxygen for approximately 20 to 25 minutes before she was
       resuscitated and taken to the intensive care unit (ICU). She remained in the hospital until the
       end of March 2005. During her stay at Mercy, six hospital records by five different doctors all
       reflected that Jeanette’s arrest was caused by a clot in her trach tube. Specifically, between
       March 24 and March 31, a transfer note, an acceptance note, two consult requests, a note from
       pulmonary service, and a discharge note all state that Jeanette suffered an anoxic brain injury

                                                   -4-
       after a clot lodged in Jeanette’s trach tube, and five of those six notes indicate that an ENT
       doctor removed the clot. Mercy did not call any of these doctors to testify at trial. As a result of
       her injury, Jeanette sustained brain damage and partial paralysis.
¶ 17       Both parties introduced expert testimony regarding the standard of care and the cause of
       Jeanette’s injuries. Dr. Graham testified on behalf of plaintiff that while Dr. Cundiff’s
       treatment of Jeanette in the cath lab complied with the standard of care, as did his 7 p.m. order
       to stop the blood thinners and administer bags of fresh frozen plasma, the standard of care
       required Dr. Cundiff to follow up on this treatment plan. Specifically, Dr. Graham opined that
       Dr. Cundiff should have called the hospital to learn of Jeanette’s continued bleeding and then
       reexamine her. That examination would have led Dr. Cundiff to take steps to stop the
       continued bleeding and ensure that the trach tube was patent and that the cuff was inflated.
       Given that the bleeding was coming from the stoma, Dr. Graham believed that additional
       packing and cauterization would have been appropriate. Likewise, when Dr. Noriega was
       paged at 11 p.m., the standard of care required her to locate the source of the bleeding and
       ensure Jeanette’s airway remained open. The doctors’ failure to do so and the nurses’ failure to
       timely contact the doctors proximately caused Jeanette’s injuries.
¶ 18       Dr. Dorothy Cooke, a registered nurse and a PhD in health organization research, testified
       as plaintiff’s expert in nursing care. Dr. Cooke opined that the standard of care for a nurse
       managing a patient who has a tracheostomy is to keep the airway clear through continuous
       suctioning and keep the stoma clean. A nurse who notices occlusion in a trach tube is required
       to contact a doctor immediately. Dr. Cooke testified that both nurses Rohrwasser and David
       failed to comply with the standard of care when they did not call for a doctor after observing
       bleeding. She further testified that this breach caused the clot to form and resulted in Jeanette’s
       arrest. On cross-examination, Dr. Cooke admitted that an occlusion can form even where there
       has been compliance with the standard of care.
¶ 19       Dr. Boris Vern, plaintiff’s expert in neurology, and Dr. Jack Hirsh, plaintiff’s expert in
       hematology, both opined that the cause of Jeanette’s arrest and subsequent brain damage was a
       clot in the trach tube. They based their opinions on the documented fact that Jeanette was
       coughing out clots and blood.
¶ 20       In contrast, Mercy’s ENT expert, Dr. Pierre Lavertu, testified that all of Mercy’s doctors
       and nurses complied with the standard of care and earlier intervention by an ENT would not
       have prevented Jeanette’s injury due to the fact that the cause of the arrest, in his opinion, was
       trach dislodgment due to Jeanette’s and Annette’s manipulation of the tube. With regard to Dr.
       Reddy specifically, Dr. Lavertu opined that it was fortunate Dr. Reddy witnessed the arrest as
       he was able to call the code and address the problem immediately.
¶ 21       Dr. Lavertu explained that Jeanette’s complaints of choking were due to the reinflation of
       the cuff in the cath lab. He further testified that in his experience, it was common for bleeding
       to occur five to six days after placement of the trach and the bleeding did not require a nurse to
       notify a doctor. Although Dr. Lavertu was not aware of the notes in Jeanette’s chart reflecting
       a blood clot, he explained that oftentimes medical records “are not as accurate as we’d like
       them to be.”
¶ 22       Dr. Daniel Derman, Mercy’s internal medicine expert, concurred with Dr. Lavertu’s
       opinions both with respect to the cause of Jeanette’s injuries and the inaccuracy of the medical
       records. Specifically, Dr. Derman testified that Jeanette’s tracheostomy complication was
       caused by dislodgment or malpositioning of the trach tube that was in turn the result of Jeanette

                                                    -5-
       and Annette manipulating the tube. And with respect to the medical records to the contrary, Dr.
       Derman testified that when a patient is transferred among departments, the treating doctors
       look through the patient’s chart to write a history of the case and often based their notes on the
       most recent transfer note. Thus, Dr. Derman explained, the first doctor saw a mention of a clot,
       and that was repeated (inaccurately) by later doctors treating Jeanette.
¶ 23       Dr. Jacob Bitran, Mercy’s expert in hematology, also believed that Jeanette’s arrest was
       not caused by bleeding or a blood clot. Dr. Bitran explained that if clots were present in
       Jeanette’s trach tube, there would have been blood in her chest X-ray taken after the code.
       However, Dr. Bitran admitted that the only basis he had for concluding that Jeanette’s arrest
       was caused by dislodgement of the trach tube was Dr. Reddy’s observation that Annette and
       Jeanette had their hands in the vicinity of the tube before the arrest, and he was unaware of Dr.
       Reddy’s trial testimony disavowing his ability to see what Annette and Jeanette were doing
       when he entered the room.
¶ 24       Finally, Mercy’s nursing expert, Karen Krooswyk, testified that the nurses complied with
       the standard of care and were not required to call a doctor any sooner than they did.
¶ 25       Plaintiff was permitted to recall Dr. Graham to rebut Dr. Lavertu’s testimony implying that
       Dr. Reddy acted reasonably to restore Jeanette’s airway. Dr. Graham, by way of a video
       evidence deposition, testified that Dr. Reddy failed to restore the airway in a timely manner.
       Dr. Graham also reiterated his opinion that Jeanette’s injury was caused by a blood clot in the
       trach tube.
¶ 26       Mercy opted not to call its life-care planner Cathlin Vinett-Mitchell. It informed plaintiff of
       its decision on November 29, 2015, over 10 days into trial. Plaintiff had hoped to elicit
       information from Vinett-Mitchell’s original report that Jeanette’s brain injury was caused by a
       blood clot in her trach tube. However, because Vinett-Mitchell was outside the jurisdiction,
       plaintiff could not subpoena her after learning that Mercy did not intend to call her.
¶ 27       Finding that plaintiff was prejudiced by Mercy’s decision, the trial court allowed plaintiff
       to read the portion of Vinett-Mitchell’s draft report regarding causation to the jury, but also
       permitted Mercy to explain that Vinett-Mitchell would testify that the reason she omitted this
       conclusion from her final report was because she did not form an independent opinion
       regarding the cause of Jeanette’s injury but gathered it from the medical records. The court
       prohibited plaintiff from arguing to the jury that it could draw a negative inference from
       Mercy’s failure to call Vinett-Mitchell but allowed plaintiff to mention that she had not been
       called as a witness. In closing, plaintiff stated that Vinett-Mitchell “writes a report after
       reviewing the file and says this was related to a blood clot lodged in the trach, and after that
       report, lo and behold, nurse Vinett is not called to testify by the defense in this case.”
¶ 28       On November 30, two days prior to closing, plaintiff’s counsel informed the court that
       Jeanette fell and sustained an injury requiring brain surgery. She was not expected to regain
       competency, and plaintiff was making arrangements to have a guardian appointed. The jury
       was not told of this fact. On the evening of December 3, following closing arguments and after
       the case had been submitted to the jury, Jeanette passed away. The next morning, her death was
       spread of record, and Joi Jefferson, Jeanette’s daughter, was appointed as the administrator of
       her estate. At that point, Mercy moved “again” for a mistrial “in light of Ms. Jeanette Turner’s
       passing,” which the trial court denied. A short time later, the jury then returned its verdict in
       favor of plaintiff in the amount of $22,185,598.90. Of this amount, $15,007,965.68 was
       allocated toward future damages.

                                                    -6-
¶ 29       Mercy filed a posttrial motion seeking, among other things, a vacatur of the future damages
       award. The trial court denied the motion on July 13, 2016, and that same day, plaintiff sought
       leave to file a fifth amended complaint adding a wrongful death claim against Mercy. The trial
       court allowed the motion but stayed the proceedings pending the outcome of this appeal.

¶ 30                                             ANALYSIS
¶ 31       Mercy challenges both liability and damages on appeal. Turning first to liability, Mercy
       appeals the trial court’s decision denying judgment n.o.v. on the basis that plaintiff failed to
       prove that Mercy’s negligent conduct proximately caused Jeanette’s respiratory arrest. A
       motion for judgment n.o.v. should be granted only when all of the evidence viewed in the light
       most favorable to the opponent so overwhelmingly favors the movant that a contrary verdict
       could not stand. York v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Medical Center, 222 Ill. 2d 147, 178
       (2006) (citing Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510 (1967)). This is an
       exacting standard that is limited to “ ‘extreme situations.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
       Knauerhaze v. Nelson, 361 Ill. App. 3d 538, 548 (2005) (quoting Jones v. Chicago Osteopathic
       Hospital, 316 Ill. App. 3d 1121, 1125 (2000)). This court may not substitute its judgment for
       that of the jury as to credibility of witnesses and weight of evidence. Grillo v. Yeager
       Construction, 387 Ill. App. 3d 577, 589 (2008). Nor may we enter a judgment n.o.v. “if there is
       any evidence, together with reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, demonstrating a
       substantial factual dispute, or where the assessment of credibility of the witnesses or the
       determination regarding conflicting evidence is decisive to the outcome.” Maple v. Gustafson,
       151 Ill. 2d 445, 454 (1992). A trial court’s decision on a motion for judgment n.o.v. is subject
       to de novo review. See Snelson v. Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 42 (2003).
¶ 32       In a medical malpractice action, the plaintiff must provide evidence of the applicable
       standard of care, a negligent failure to comply with that standard, and an injury proximately
       caused by the failure to comply with the standard of care. Somers v. Quinn, 373 Ill. App. 3d 87,
       90 (2007). The element of proximate cause must be established by expert testimony, and the
       causal connection may not be “contingent, speculative, or merely possible.” Townsend v.
       University of Chicago Hospitals, 318 Ill. App. 3d 406, 413 (2000). Instead, the expert
       testimony must be to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d
       541, 556 (2002).
¶ 33       For the purpose of this argument, Mercy assumes that a blood clot in her trach tube caused
       Jeanette’s arrest but argues that there was no evidence to a reasonable degree of medical
       certainty that the negligence of its doctors or nurses proximately caused her injury.
       Specifically, Mercy contends that plaintiff failed to present expert testimony establishing that
       earlier intervention by its doctors and nurses would have prevented Jeanette’s arrest. We
       disagree.
¶ 34       There was evidence to indicate that Jeanette was bleeding from the trach site and that the
       blood from the trach site entered the tracheostomy tube due to the fact that the cuff was
       deflated. This blood then clotted and obstructed Jeanette’s airway, leading to her arrest. Dr.
       Graham opined that if nurses Rohrwasser and David had alerted a doctor to the continued
       bleeding earlier, or if Dr. Cundiff had followed up on his treatment plan, he could have acted to
       staunch the continuing bleeding at the stoma through packing and cauterization: the same
       course of action he took in the cath lab. This, in turn, would have prevented the formation of
       the clot and ensured Jeanette’s airway remained clear.

                                                   -7-
¶ 35       Because Dr. Graham testified to the specific interventions that, if undertaken earlier, would
       have prevented Jeanette’s injury, this case is not comparable to those where experts failed to
       identify the treatment that should have been performed to prevent the plaintiffs’ injuries. See,
       e.g., Aguilera v. Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center, 293 Ill. App. 3d 967, 974 (1997)
       (where plaintiff failed to show that an earlier CT scan would have led to specific treatment that
       would have averted the decedent’s death; judgment n.o.v. was appropriate); Townsend, 318 Ill.
       App. 3d at 414-15 (reversing denial of judgment n.o.v. where plaintiff failed to specify
       intervention that would have occurred with earlier diagnosis).
¶ 36       In short, Mercy’s argument rests on a false premise—that there was no testimony regarding
       how earlier intervention would have prevented Jeanette’s arrest. Given our finding to the
       contrary, we agree with the trial court that Mercy was not entitled to judgment n.o.v.
¶ 37       Mercy argues, in the alternative, that a new trial should have been granted due to the
       “causation gap,” and errors in the admission of certain evidence. A motion for a new trial
       should be granted only where the jury’s verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the
       evidence. Balough v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 409 Ill. App. 3d 750,
       774 (2011). A verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite
       conclusion is clearly evident or where the jury’s findings are unreasonable, arbitrary, and not
       based upon any of the evidence. McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102,
       132 (1999) (citing Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 454). We review a circuit court’s decision with respect
       to a motion for a new trial for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 132-33.
¶ 38       We have already determined that plaintiff’s case did not suffer from a “causation gap,” and
       therefore, the evidence on causation necessarily meets the less exacting standard to withstand a
       motion for a new trial. The jury’s finding that Mercy’s negligence proximately caused
       Jeanette’s injury was far from unreasonable. To the contrary, it was supported by the
       significant evidence that bleeding from the stoma led to a clot in Jeanette’s trach tube and by
       the expert testimony that earlier intervention by Mercy’s doctors would have stopped the
       bleeding and ensured the patency of Jeanette’s airway.
¶ 39       Mercy also challenges several evidentiary rulings and argues that they support a new trial.
       A trial court’s decisions on the admissibility of evidence are entitled to deference and will not
       be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Werner v. Nebal, 377 Ill. App. 3d 447, 454 (2007).
       Erroneous evidentiary rulings are only a basis for reversal if the error was “substantially
       prejudicial and affected the outcome of trial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Holland v.
       Schwan’s Home Service, Inc., 2013 IL App (5th) 110560, ¶ 192. We will not reverse if it is
       apparent that “no harm has been done.” Jackson v. Pellerano, 210 Ill. App. 3d 464, 471 (1991).
       Importantly, “[w]hen erroneously admitted evidence is cumulative and does not otherwise
       prejudice the objecting party, error in its admission is harmless.” Greaney v. Industrial
       Comm’n, 358 Ill. App. 3d 1002, 1013 (2005).
¶ 40       First, Mercy argues that the trial court erroneously allowed Dr. Dorothy Cooke, plaintiff’s
       nurse expert, to testify to the cause of Jeanette’s injuries. In response to this argument, plaintiff
       begins by disputing that Dr. Cooke testified to causation in the first place. But the record belies
       this reading. Dr. Cooke explicitly testified, “[M]y opinion is that the clot or a clot obstructed
       the tracheotomy tube such that Miss Turner eventually went into respiratory arrest.” Plaintiff’s
       counsel then asked Dr. Cooke’s opinion “as to whether the conduct of the nurses that fell
       below the standard of care caused or contributed to cause the lodging of a clot or clots in the
       trach tube,” to which Dr. Cooke responded that “[i]t’s tragically logical that [Jeanette’s] report

                                                     -8-
       of clots, the development of bleeding and then the clotting of the blood and [Jeanette] saying
       ‘These clots are choking me,’ and then she went into respiratory arrest, to me there’s no other
       explanation.”
¶ 41        Mercy correctly notes that the court in Seef v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 311 Ill. App. 3d
       7, 21 (1999), held that a nursing expert “could not testify regarding proximate cause since she
       was not a medical expert.” While plaintiff argues that Seef was wrongly decided in light of our
       supreme court’s holding that nursing is a medical specialty (Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 209
       Ill. 2d 100, 113-14 (2004)), we need not resolve this issue, as any error in admitting Dr.
       Cooke’s testimony was harmless. Drs. Graham, Vern, and Hirsh all opined that Jeanette’s
       arrest was caused by a clot occluding the trach tube. Dr. Cooke’s testimony, whether admitted
       erroneously or not, was cumulative of this evidence and could not have affected the outcome of
       trial. See Westin Hotel v. Industrial Comm’n, 372 Ill. App. 3d 527, 537 (2007) (erroneous
       admission of report regarding causation was harmless in light of other competent causation
       evidence).
¶ 42        Mercy next challenges on hearsay grounds the admission of three statements that a clot
       obstructed the trach tube. First, Mercy argues that Annette’s testimony that a nurse told her a
       doctor found a clot was “double hearsay” and should have been barred. Annette described the
       nurse (who she had seen care for Jeanette) as a “tall black woman” with an Afro, wearing
       scrubs. The nurse told her “they found a clot.” “They” was later identified as “the doctor who
       put in the trach.” Second, Mercy argues that the court should not have allowed plaintiff to read
       an excerpt of Vinett-Mitchell’s report indicating that Jeanette “had apparently developed a
       blood clot inside her tracheostomy tube which resulted in an anoxic brain injury due to
       hypoxia.” Finally, Mercy challenges the admission of nurse Findrick’s testimony that she
       “heard” the reason Jeanette was transferred to the ICU was that she had “thrown a clot.”
¶ 43        With regard to Annette’s testimony, we disagree with Mercy’s contention that it
       constituted hearsay. First, the nurse’s statement to Annette was admissible as an admission by
       Mercy’s agent. See Ill. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(D) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015) (a statement is not hearsay if
       it “is offered against a party and is *** a statement by the party’s agent or servant concerning a
       matter within the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the
       relationship”); see also Calloway v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112746, ¶ 88.
       And the nurse, contrary to Mercy’s characterization, did not testify that a doctor told her he
       found a clot. Rather, Annette testified “She [(the nurse)] said the doctor who put the trach in
       found a blood clot in the trach.” Because the nurse came from Jeanette’s room, the information
       she conveyed could have been what she observed as opposed to what she was told.
¶ 44        In any event, Annette’s testimony, as well as Vinett-Mitchell’s report and nurse Findrink’s
       testimony about the clot were cumulative to the properly admitted evidence that five doctors
       had charted a clot. Mercy attempts to minimize the impact of these notes by arguing that these
       doctors had no direct knowledge of the events of February 28 and March 1, but its own doctors
       and experts admitted that doctors are not entitled to “make up” chart entries. Moreover, the
       notes are not duplicative of each other, which one would expect if each doctor was merely
       repeating previously charted entries. And more significantly, the notes were not the only
       properly admitted evidence of clots: Dr. Noriega and nurse David’s chart entries reflected that
       Jeanette was coughing out blood clots and Jeanette herself complained that the clots were
       choking her. Indeed, even Dr. Cundiff’s note read that Jeanette’s airway was occluded.
       Although Dr. Cundiff testified at trial that he did not use the word occluded to mean blocked

                                                   -9-
       but, rather, that the trach tube was dislodged, the jury was not required to accept this testimony.
       In light of this significant, properly admitted evidence of a clot, the alleged hearsay testimony
       was cumulative and any error in its admission, harmless.
¶ 45        Mercy’s final evidentiary challenge is to the admission of Dr. Graham’s testimony in
       rebuttal that Dr. Reddy failed to restore Jeanette’s airway in a timely manner. According to
       Mercy, Dr. Lavertu did not testify to Dr. Reddy’s conduct during the code or opine on whether
       that conduct complied with the standard of care. Instead, Mercy argued, Dr. Lavertu merely
       said it was fortunate Dr. Reddy was present. Thus, plaintiff should not have been allowed to
       elicit testimony criticizing Dr. Reddy’s conduct in rebuttal.
¶ 46        But as plaintiff points out, the allegation that Dr. Reddy mismanaged the code was only one
       out of five allegations of negligence presented to the jury. Given that the jury returned a
       general verdict in favor of plaintiff, we cannot determine what allegation of negligence it
       accepted. Pursuant to the “two-issue rule,” we must presume that the jury’s verdict rested on
       one of the other four charges of negligence not affected by the alleged error.1 See Robinson v.
       Boffa, 402 Ill. App. 3d 401, 406-07 (2010); see also Foley v. Fletcher, 361 Ill. App. 3d 39, 50
       (2005) (“defendant cannot expect recourse where a plaintiff presents more than one theory of
       her case, the defendant does not request special interrogatories and the jury returns a general
       verdict”). Because the admission of Dr. Graham’s rebuttal testimony could only have
       prejudiced Mercy with respect to the charge that Dr. Reddy mismanaged the code, the
       two-issue rule does not permit us to disturb the jury’s verdict. See Arient v. Alhaj-Hussein,
       2017 IL App (1st) 162369, ¶ 45.
¶ 47        Having found no error in the court’s denial of Mercy’s motion for judgment n.o.v. or a new
       trial, we next consider Mercy’s arguments with regard to damages. Mercy initially argues that
       plaintiff was not entitled to future damages where Jeanette, the injured party, died before the
       jury reached its verdict. This presents a pure question of law, which we review de novo.
       Goldfine v. Barack, Ferrazzano, Kirschbaum & Perlman, 2014 IL 116362, ¶ 20.
¶ 48        At the outset, we reject plaintiff’s contention that Mercy forfeited its objection to the award
       of future damages. Plaintiff criticizes Mercy for making only a “perfunctory” motion for a
       mistrial upon learning of Jeanette’s death and argues that this is insufficient to “preserve
       error.” But Mercy does not argue that the court erred in taking the jury’s verdict; rather, Mercy
       argues that the jury’s award for future damages should be vacated. This challenge could only
       be raised in a posttrial motion after the jury rendered its verdict, which Mercy timely filed.
       Thus, plaintiff’s argument regarding forfeiture is meritless.
¶ 49        Turning to the merits of the claim, according to Mercy, when Jefferson was appointed
       special administrator of Jeanette’s estate pursuant to section 2-1008(b) of the Code of Civil
       Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1008(b) (West 2014)), the case became a survival action, and limited
       the relief that the jury could award. The Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 2014)) abrogates
       the common law and allows a cause of action for malpractice, among other things, to survive a
       party’s death. See Howe v. Clark Equipment Co., 104 Ill. App. 3d 45, 47 (1982). “In a typical

           1
            We do not necessarily agree that the admission of the rebuttal testimony was erroneous. It is
       arguable that Dr. Graham’s rebuttal was properly admitted given Dr. Lavertu’s testimony praising Dr.
       Reddy’s participation in the code. See Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412, ¶ 50
       (rebuttal evidence admissible where it “explains, repels, contradicts or disproves the evidence
       presented” in defendant’s case-in-chief).

                                                    - 10 -
       Survival Act claim, the representatives of the decedent would have a cause of action for
       medical expenses and pain and suffering of the decedent up to the date of death.” (Emphasis
       added.) Rodgers v. Cook County, Illinois, 2013 IL App (1st) 123460, ¶ 29.
¶ 50        Plaintiff does not dispute that post-death damages are not available under the Survival Act
       but argues that, because the case had been submitted to the jury when Jeanette died, it did not
       become a survival action. Rather, she argues that Jeanette was “entitled to a decision” given
       that the case was “in the hands of the fact finder.” In other words, plaintiff seeks a bright-line
       rule that once a case is submitted to a fact finder, no “post-submission events” should alter the
       judgment.
¶ 51        In light of the dearth of any Illinois authority on point, plaintiff cites West v. United States,
       No. 3:07CV581TSL-JCS, 2009 WL 2169852 (S.D. Miss. July 20, 2009), in support of her
       argument. West, in turn, relies on Mitchell v. Overman, 103 U.S. 62 (1880). In West, the
       plaintiff in a medical negligence case died after the case had been submitted to the court but
       before ruling. The court entered its judgment (awarding both past and future damages)
       nunc pro tunc to the date the case was submitted to it on the basis that the delay in ruling was
       not the fault of the plaintiff, but was for the court’s convenience. West, 2009 WL 2169852, at
       *6. As support for its decision, the court cited Mitchell, another case where the plaintiff died
       before judgment was entered in his favor. Id. at *5. In Mitchell, the Supreme Court explained:
                 “[T]he rule established *** is, that where the delay in rendering a judgment or a decree
                 arises from the act of the court, that is, where the delay has been caused either for its
                 convenience, or by the multiplicity or press of business, either the intricacy of the
                 questions involved, or of any other cause not attributable to the laches of the parties, the
                 judgment of the decree may be entered retrospectively, as of a time when it should or
                 might have been entered up. *** A nunc pro tunc order should be granted or refused, as
                 justice may require in view of the circumstances of the particular case.” Mitchell, 103
                 U.S. at 64-65.
¶ 52        But both West and Mitchell involved bench trials, whereas this case was tried before a jury.
       This is not a distinction without a difference. In a bench trial, a case is ripe for judgment when
       it is submitted to the judge, while in a trial by jury, a case is not ripe for judgment until a verdict
       is rendered. See Brandon v. Caisse, 145 Ill. App. 3d 1070, 1072 (1986) (citing Tunnell v.
       Edwardsville Intelligencer, Inc., 43 Ill. 2d 239, 242 (1969)). This difference limits the ability
       of a court to enter a judgment nunc pro tunc. A nunc pro tunc order is “entry now for
       something that was done on a previous date and is made to make the record speak now for what
       was actually done then.” Pestka v. Town of Fort Sheridan Co., 371 Ill. App. 3d 286, 295
       (2007). Because there was no judgment that actually could have been entered on December 3,
       given that the jury was still deliberating, the court could not enter judgment nunc pro tunc to
       that date. The earliest date the judgment could have been entered was December 4, the day
       after Jeanette died. For this reason, we agree with Mercy that this case became a survival action
       upon Jeanette’s death. And as a survival action, plaintiff is not entitled to damages that accrued
       after Jeanette’s death. See Rodgers, 2013 IL App (1st) 123460, ¶ 29.
¶ 53        Contrary to plaintiff’s argument, application of this bright-line rule—taking into account
       an event occurring after a case is submitted to a fact-finder but before it is ripe for
       judgment—is not categorically prejudicial to plaintiffs. For example, if Jeanette had died even
       one minute after the jury returned a verdict, Mercy would have been liable for the full amount
       of future damages.

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¶ 54        Our decision finds support in the principle that the purpose of tort damages is to make
       plaintiff whole rather than to bestow a windfall. See Best v. Taylor Machine Works, 179 Ill. 2d
       367, 406 (1997); Wilson v. The Hoffman Group, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 308, 321 (1989). In other
       words, compensatory tort damages are intended to compensate plaintiffs, not to punish
       defendants. Wills v. Foster, 229 Ill. 2d 393, 401 (2008) (citing Peterson v. Lou Bachrodt
       Chevrolet Co., 76 Ill. 2d 353, 363 (1979)). We would run afoul of this principle if we allowed
       Jeanette’s estate to collect an award for future injuries Jeanette will no longer suffer. For this
       reason, we limit plaintiff’s recovery to compensation for injuries Jeanette suffered prior to her
       death.
¶ 55        In a related argument, Mercy also challenges the $2.5 million in damages awarded due to
       disfigurement on the basis that the award included “a significant sum” for Jeanette’s
       disfigurement over her future life expectancy. But at trial, the court sustained Mercy’s
       objection to plaintiff’s tendered instruction with separate lines for past and future
       disfigurement. This leaves us with no way to know what portion of the $2.5 million award, if
       any, was attributable to future disfigurement.
¶ 56        It is well settled that a party waives his right to complain of an error which he induced the
       court to make. McMath v. Katholi, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255 (2000). Mercy asks us to overlook its
       waiver because it could not have known, at the time of the instructions conference, that
       Jeanette would die before the verdict was announced. But that is of no import. Mercy accepted
       plaintiff’s separation between past and future damages for other damage elements, such as loss
       of normal life and pain and suffering. For whatever reason, Mercy did not wish to have the jury
       separate past and future damages on the element of disfigurement and it cannot now argue an
       inconsistent position on appeal. See id. (citing Auton v. Logan Landfill, Inc., 105 Ill. 2d 537,
       543 (1984)). Certainly, Mercy’s insistence that the jury award on this element of damages be
       rendered in a single sum cannot serve as a basis for a new trial. And because we have no way to
       know whether any portion of the award for disfigurement went toward future damages, Mercy
       is likewise not entitled to a remittitur on this ground.
¶ 57        Mercy also challenges the $1 million award for Jeanette’s past emotional distress as
       duplicative of the $500,000 award for past pain and suffering and $2 million award for past
       loss of a normal life. We previously rejected the argument that emotional distress and pain and
       suffering damages were duplicative of each other in Babikian v. Mruz, 2011 IL App (1st)
       102579, ¶ 20. There, the jury awarded the plaintiff $200,000 for pain and suffering and
       $130,000 for emotional distress. Id. ¶ 10. This court rejected the defendant’s claim that this
       constituted a double recovery and presumed that the jury understood and followed the court’s
       instructions. Id. ¶ 20. The evidence that the jury did not bestow a double recovery on plaintiff
       is even stronger here, where the damages for emotional distress were greater than those for
       pain and suffering. See Marxmiller v. Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District, 2017 IL App
       (4th) 160741, ¶ 56 (where jury awarded plaintiff $1.5 million for emotional distress and $1
       million for pain and suffering, court reasoned that jury excluded emotional distress from
       suffering). Thus, Mercy is not entitled to a remittitur on this basis.
¶ 58        To the extent that Mercy argues that a plaintiff cannot claim emotional distress for bodily
       injuries (as it is included in a claim for pain and suffering and loss of normal life), Babikian
       rejected this premise and held that damages for emotional distress are available to prevailing
       plaintiffs in cases involving personal torts such as medical negligence. Babikian, 2011 IL App


                                                   - 12 -
       (1st) 102579, ¶ 19 (citing Clark v. Children’s Memorial Hospital, No. 108656, slip op. at 28
       (Ill. May 6, 2011)).2
¶ 59        Finally, we address Mercy’s argument that the large amount of future damages claimed for
       pain and suffering, emotional distress, and loss of normal life “tainted” both the jury’s decision
       on liability as well as the jury’s award for past damages in those areas. Plaintiff rightly
       characterizes this argument as a non sequitur. We fail to see how a claim for future
       damages—no matter how sizable—could influence a jury’s verdict on liability or its award for
       past damages. In the absence of evidence of such influence in the record, we reject this
       argument.

¶ 60                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 61       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the award in favor of plaintiff for $7,177,632.82,
       representing the award for past damages, but vacate the award for future damages in the
       amount of $15,007,965.68.

¶ 62      Affirmed in part and vacated in part.




          2
            In the modified opinion on denial of rehearing, Clark removed medical negligence as an example
       of a personal tort where emotional distress damages were available. Clark v. Children’s Memorial
       Hospital, 2011 IL 108656, ¶ 111. We decline Mercy’s invitation to read this removal to mean that
       emotional distress damages are not available in medical malpractice cases.

                                                   - 13 -
