                                   2013 IL App (1st) 130568
                                                                             THIRD DIVISION
                                                                             December 24, 2013
No. 1-13-0568



CARLOS GOMEZ,                             )         Appeal from the Circuit Court,
                                          )         Cook County, Illinois
       Plaintiff,                         )
                                          )
               v.                         )         No. 09 L 003250
                                          )
BOVIS LEND LEASE, INC., JAMES             )
McHUGH CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, )                      Honorable Daniel T. Gillespie,
and PERI FORMWORK SYSTEM, INC., )                   Judge Presiding.
                                          )
       Defendants                         )
                                          )
(Bovis Lend Lease, Inc. and James         )
 McHugh Construction Company              )
                                          )
       Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellants; )
                                          )
                                          )
                                          )
Peri Formwork System, Inc.,               )
                                          )
       Third-Party Defendant-Appellee). )


       PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Neville and Mason concur in the judgment and opinion.


                                          OPINION

¶1     A worker injured at the construction site for the 102-story Trump International Hotel and

Tower brought a negligence claim against the construction manager and the contractor. They, in

turn, brought a contribution claim, which was dismissed on a motion for summary judgment.
No. 1-13-0568

Bovis Lend Lease, Inc., the construction manager, and James McHugh Construction Co., the

contractor, now ask us to reverse the entry of summary judgment on their contribution claim

against third-party defendant, PERI Formwork System, Inc. Bovis and McHugh assert that the

contract between McHugh and PERI required PERI to provide designs and support for the infill

areas, and a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether PERI's failure to provide that

support was a proximate cause of the worker being injured. We affirm the order of summary

judgment on the basis that while the contract is ambiguous on the subject of PERI's contractual

duties, the undisputed extrinsic evidence demonstrates that PERI had no duty to provide support

for the infill areas.

¶2                                       BACKGROUND

¶3      Bovis and McHugh were Trump International Hotel and Tower's (Trump Tower)

construction manager and general contractor, respectively. On July 11, 2005, McHugh hired

PERI to design and supply Trump Tower's concrete forming systems and to provide onsite

technical support for the concrete forming systems. McHugh used the concrete forming systems

to create floors by pouring concrete into PERI's metal and wood forms. After the concrete dries,

the forms are removed. Infills occur when the forming system's prefabricated frames do not

match the floor's size or shape, resulting in a small gap between the formed concrete and a wall

or column. The parties agree that PERI did not provide any designs, drawings, or technical

support for the infills. McHugh supplied and placed plywood boards over the infill areas.

¶4      On June 18, 2008, plaintiff Carlos Gomez, while working on the plumbing on the eighty-

sixth floor, stepped on a plywood board that covered an "infill." The plywood board broke,


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sending Gomez to the deck of the eighty-fifth floor.

¶5     McHugh and PERI had worked together on about 20 projects before Trump Tower, and

PERI had not provided infill design services or technical support on any of them. After the

worker's fall, Bovis conducted an investigation, which found nothing deficient in PERI's

performance. Similarly, McHugh never indicated that PERI breached the contract or requested

PERI to perform support work for the infill areas.

¶6     On March 17, 2009, Gomez sued Bovis and McHugh. Almost a year later, on February 3,

2010, Bovis and McHugh brought their third-party contribution claim against PERI. They

alleged that the contract between McHugh and PERI imposed a duty on PERI to provide designs,

drawings, and technical support for Trump Tower's infill areas and that PERI's failure to do so

was a proximate cause of Gomez's accident.

¶7     PERI moved for summary judgment, arguing that nothing in the contract imposed on

PERI the duty asserted by Bovis and McHugh and nothing in the previous dealings and course of

performance between McHugh and PERI did either. Alternatively, PERI argued that even if it

had a contractual duty to provide support for the infill areas, that duty was not a proximate cause

of Gomez's fall. PERI presented expert testimony that McHugh used a cracked and defective

plywood board to cover the infill areas. The expert further testified that McHugh's use of the

defective board was the sole proximate cause for Gomez's accident.

¶8     Bovis and McHugh maintained that PERI's duty to provide support for the infill areas

arose out of PERI's contractual obligation to assist with forming systems, because infills are a

type of forming system. McHugh's vice president testified that none of PERI and McHugh's


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earlier projects matched this one in terms of sheer size. Accordingly, he drafted the contract to

include "all the concrete forming systems to protect McHugh's interests." Bovis and McHugh

also attached an affidavit of an expert witness to the affect that PERI's failure to provide

additional support to the infill was a proximate cause of Gomez's fall. The court granted PERI's

motion and later denied Bovis and McHugh's motion to reconsider.

¶9                                           ANALYSIS

¶ 10    Bovis and McHugh argue: (1) the contract unambiguously requires PERI to provide

support to the infill areas; (2) even if the contract is ambiguous, the use of extrinsic evidence to

interpret the contract creates genuine issues of material fact; and (3) the affidavit of their expert

witness on proximate cause creates genuine issues of material fact.

¶ 11    We review a trial court's order granting summary judgment de novo. Williams v.

Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 417, (2008). Summary judgment should be granted when "the

pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law." 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). The court must construe all pleadings,

depositions, admissions, and affidavits against the movant and in favor of the opponent to

determine whether a genuine issue of material fact precludes summary judgment. Williams, 228

Ill. 2d at 417.

¶ 12                            Contract Interpretation—Ambiguity

¶ 13    Summary judgment is generally appropriate when deciding questions of contract

interpretation as it involves a question of law. William Blair & Co., v. FI Liquidation Corp., 358

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Ill. App. 3d. 324, 334 (2005); Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill. 2d 208, 219 (2007). The court must

attempt to give effect to the parties' intentions when interpreting a contract. Gallagher, 226 Ill.

2d at 232. The best indication of the parties' intent is the plain meaning of the contract's

language. Id. at 233. Contract language must be interpreted in light of the contract as a whole.

Board of Trade of the City of Chicago v. Dow Jones & Co., 98 Ill. 2d 109, 122-23 (1983).

¶ 14   A contract is ambiguous if it is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation.

William Blair & Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d at 334. If a contract is unambiguous on its face, extrinsic

evidence may not be used to interpret it. Id. But, extrinsic evidence may be used to aid in

interpreting an ambiguous contract. Id. The mere fact that the parties disagree over the contract's

interpretation does not suffice to establish ambiguity. Intersport, Inc. v. National Collegiate

Athletic Ass'n, 381 Ill. App. 3d 312, 319 (2008).

¶ 15   The contract between Bovis and PERI provides:

       "PERI agrees to design, engineer, detail, fabricate, deliver and lease (or sell) to

       Contractor for upon the terms stated herein all the forming systems required to

       form the concrete for the project known as Trump International Hotel and Tower."

¶ 16   The following paragraph states:

       "The systems shall include, but not be limited to the following: Slab forming

       system for all supported floors, all forms required for the helix walls and slabs;

       CPP perimeter protection system, perimeter ACR R column forming system and

       all forms for every other cast-in-place concrete element on the project except for


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       the round columns and core."

¶ 17   Bovis and McHugh argue that the language in these clauses is unambiguous and requires

PERI to design, draw, and provide support for the infill areas. They assert that infills are a type

of forming system, which thereby obligates PERI to provide support for all forming systems.

But, the contract makes no reference to infills as a forming system. Bovis and McHugh respond

that an infill is both a "slab-forming system" and a "cast-in-place concrete element," which are

specifically listed. Bovis and McHugh fail, however, to explain the connection between a "slab-

forming system" and "cast-in-place concrete element" and infill areas for the specific purpose of

imposing a duty on PERI for support of infill areas.

¶ 18   Bovis and McHugh also argue that other clauses in the contract imply a duty on PERI to

provide support for infills, including:

       •"Drawings and calculations shall be provided for all major systems, including, but not

       limited to Skydeck and Multiflex slab and beam forming (inclusive of reshoring), CCP

       system, Helix forming systems (Rundflex and Uniportal), and the Perimeter ACS column

       system."

       •"This contract is intended to be all inclusive of the forming requirements for every cast-

       in-place concrete component of the project unless specifically excluded herein."

       •"PERI shall provide all safety devices and equipment as specified by McHugh in it's [sic]

       project safety plan, as required by government regulation or as is normally used with

       PERI's systems are included."


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        •"PERI shall provide all required shop drawings and assembly drawings."

        •"PERI shall provide technical assistance as required by McHugh."

        •"Purchase of Skydeck System complete with new fin form facing*** PERI shall

        periodically review the condition of the form facing materials and make

        recommendations to McHugh."

        •"Rental equipment is inclusive of*** all other additional equipment as required to form

        all supported slabs, drop heads, beams, slab steps and other components of the supported

        slabs for the project."

        • "Pricing includes on site technical support and complete formwork drawings detailing

        the proper use of PERI systems. PERI's technical personnel will ensure that Contractor's

        personnel are adequately trained in the use, assembly and disassembly of the different

        systems. PERI will visit the site as required to insure that the proper use and maintenance

        of the systems are being performed and will document the same."

        •"PERI will provide all necessary shop drawings and design and technical design services

        for the application of all material supplied hereunder."

¶ 19    None of the clauses address PERI's duties regarding infill areas, nor do Bovis and

McHugh describe how these clauses bolster their argument. The only explicit mention of "infill"

in the contract excludes the supply of "[p]lywood for Multiflex forming systems or Skydeck

infills" from PERI's duties. This mere mention affords no clue as to what duties PERI had

regarding infill areas.


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¶ 20   PERI emphasizes that the contract never specifically references infill areas, other than the

plywood board exclusion. Moreover, PERI points out that under the contract it must "provide all

necessary shop drawings and design and technical design services for the application of all

material supplied hereunder," which PERI construes as imposing a duty on PERI to provide

design drawings or technical support only in connection with materials that PERI was required to

supply. Since PERI was not required to supply the plywood for the infills, PERI argues that it

likewise had no duty to provide drawings or technical support for the infills. But this

interpretation ignores that nothing in the contract explicitly excludes PERI from providing

support for materials it does not supply. In addition, the clause does not address the engineering

or technical support services that are also at issue.

¶ 21   Ambiguity exists when the contract provisions can reasonably be read in more than one

way. William Blair & Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d at 334. In William Blair, defendant hired plaintiff to

find a potential buyer for its business. Id. at 327. The contract entitled plaintiff to a commission

as long as plaintiff introduced a party to defendant who ultimately purchased the business, but if

either party terminated the contract, the commission would be paid only if the buyer engaged in

"substantive discussions" before the contract's termination. Id. Plaintiff introduced a buyer who

purchased the business after the contract's termination. Id. At issue was whether plaintiff's

confidentiality agreement and phone calls with the buyer constituted "substantive discussions."

Id. at 332-33. The court found the term ambiguous because "substantive discussions"was open

to differing interpretations. Id. at 336. See also Clayton v. Millers Insurance Cos. 384 Ill. App.

3d 429, 436-37 (2008) (insurance policy was ambiguous because the term "ward" was open to


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differing interpretations).

¶ 22    As in William Blair, ambiguity arises because PERI's duty, if any, regarding infills is

open to differing interpretation. The contract's only reference to infills, the exclusion of infill

plywood boards, offers no guidance. Hence, we cannot ascertain from the four corners of the

contract the nature of PERI's duty as to the infill areas and find the contract ambiguous.

¶ 23                                     Extrinsic Evidence

¶ 24    The use of extrinsic evidence turns on the nature of the facts considered in resolving the

ambiguity. See Loyola Academy v. S&S Roof Maintenance, 146 Ill. 2d 263, 272 (1992) (usually

question of fact when court uses extrinsic evidence to interpret contract). If determination of the

parties' intent requires resorting to facts in dispute, then the contract must be construed by the

trier of fact. Bank of Ravenswood v. Polan, 256 Ill. App. 3d 470, 474 (1993). But if the parties'

intent can be determined solely from facts not in dispute, then the court can decide the issue as a

matter of law. Id. See also William Blair & Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d. at 342 (extrinsic evidence may

be used at summary judgment to construe the contract's meaning as matter of law when facts not

in dispute); McCarthy v. Illinois Casualty Co., 408 Ill. App. 3d 526, 535-36 (2011) (contract

interpretation was a matter of law when extrinsic evidence showed clear intent of parties);

Ridenhour v. Mollman Publishing Co., 66 Ill. App. 3d 1049, 1051 (1978) (undisputed evidence

that employer paid a severance can be used to interpret employment contract as matter of law).

¶ 25    Bovis and McHugh argue that the contract's integration clause precludes the court from

using extrinsic evidence to interpret the contract. Paragraph 12, labeled "Stipulations and



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Clarifications," states:

        "This Agreement represents the whole Contract between the parties, any course of

        dealing, usage of trade, or actual course of performance to the contrary

        notwithstanding, and no representations or agreements made by either party, or by

        any representative of either party, in the negotiations leading to this Agreement, or

        otherwise, which are not expressly reserved herein writing shall be binding on

        such party. Failure of PERI or Contractor to insist in any one or more instances

        upon strict performance of any on [sic] of the provisions of this contract, or to

        take advantage of any of its rights hereunder, shall not be construed as a waiver of

        any such provisions or the relinquishment of any such rights, but the same shall

        continue and remain in full force and effect. "

¶ 26    A court may not use extrinsic evidence to interpret a facially unambiguous contract if the

contract contains an integration clause. Air Safety, Inc. v. Teachers Realty Corp., 185 Ill. 2d 457,

466 (1999). But an integration clause will not preclude the court's consideration of extrinsic

evidence in the event the contract is ambiguous. See Asset Recover Contracting., LLC v. Walsh

Construction Co. of Illinois, 2012 IL App (1st) 101226 (where contract ambiguous, extrinsic

evidence used to interpret contract despite presence of integration clause). The integration clause

in McHugh and PERI's contract does not prevent the court from relying on extrinsic evidence

because we find the contract ambiguous.

¶ 27    Bovis and McHugh further argue that the court may not decide the summary judgment

motion based on the extrinsic evidence because "Peri and McHugh rely on conflicting extrinsic

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evidence." Contrary to Bovis and McHugh's contention, the parties' intent can be determined

solely by considering the facts not in dispute. Bovis and McHugh did not dispute any of PERI's

evidence regarding the parties' previous dealings or course of performance.

¶ 28   The extrinsic evidence in the record reveals that McHugh and PERI worked on about 20

projects before this project and in none of them did McHugh request or PERI provide McHugh

with design or other support services for infill areas. While Bovis and McHugh argue that these

previous dealings are irrelevant because the Trump Tower project was larger than any of the

other projects, the size of the project should not make a difference. But even if the enormity of

this project did make a difference, McHugh would have been expected to be explicit on PERI's

duty to provide infill support.

¶ 29   In addition, during construction, McHugh never requested that PERI provide designs,

drawings, or support regarding infill areas, either before or after Gomez fell. McHugh paid PERI

in full for its work and at no time indicated any deficiency with respect to PERI's performance.

Also, before filing the contribution claim, McHugh never suggested to PERI that PERI had a

duty to provide support to the infill areas.

¶ 30   Thus, PERI's extrinsic evidence on previous dealings between McHugh and PERI, as well

as the parties' performance on this project, establishes PERI had no duty to provide designs or

other support for the infill areas. PERI's extrinsic evidence is undisputed and convincing on this

point. Accordingly, PERI owed no duty to provide support to the infill areas, and we affirm the

grant of summary judgment on the contribution claim.



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¶ 31   Given our resolution of this issue, we need not address the question of proximate cause,

including issues raised by Bovis and McHugh's expert witness's affidavit.

¶ 32                            Occupational Safety and Health Act

¶ 33   Bovis and McHugh advance the notion that PERI's duty to provide support for the infill

areas arose due to its status as a "specialty contractor" under the Occupational Safety and Health

Act. The contention lacks reasoning or citation to authorities, and, therefore, we deem it waived.

See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) (appellant's brief must contain "citation of the

authorities and the pages of the record relied on"); Aurora Loan Services, LLC v. Kmiecik, 2013

IL App (1st) 121700, ¶ 21.

¶ 34   Affirmed.




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