                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Petty and McCullough
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued by teleconference


              CROSBY WINDELL JONES
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.     Record No. 2421-13-3                                     JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                  MARCH 31, 2015
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG
                                            J. Leyburn Mosby, Jr., Judge

                               Keith Orgera, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
                               Defender, on briefs), for appellant.

                               Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Crosby Windell Jones was convicted, after a bench trial, of unlawful wounding, in

              violation of Code § 18.2-51. On appeal, Jones argues:

                               As the [t]rial [c]ourt made a specific finding of fact that Mr. Jones
                               did not have an intent to maim, disable, disfigure or kill, there was
                               insufficient evidence as a matter of law to convict Mr. Jones of
                               unlawful wounding, in violation of § 18.2-51 of the Code of
                               Virginia and thus his conviction by the [t]rial [c]ourt was error.1

              We agree and remand for resentencing.



                     
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                       The Commonwealth argues that Jones failed to preserve this assignment of error
              because he “never argued to the court below that it’s remark about the evidence required [that]
              he be acquitted, thus he has waived this claim pursuant to Rule 5A:18.” Rule 5A:18 provides
              that no ruling of a trial court will be considered as a basis for reversal by this Court on appeal
              unless “an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling.” Here, Jones
              argued specifically and extensively in his motion to strike that he had “no intent to maim,
              disfigure, disable, or kill.” We find this sufficient to preserve the error that there was
              “insufficient evidence as a matter of law to convict Mr. Jones of unlawful wounding.”
                                                    I.

           Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of

the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.

“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting

to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26

Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438,

443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).

           Jones was indicted for aggravated malicious wounding. During his motion to strike,

Jones argued, among other things, he did not have the requisite intent to maim, disfigure, disable

or kill.

           The court found all of the witnesses impeached and found “the credibility in favor of the

Commonwealth’s witnesses.” Further, the court “adopt[ed] [the Commonwealth’s] argument as

resolution of the issues in this case.” The court then stated,

                  But where I have a problem is the grade of offense with—of the
                  Defendant’s guilty [sic]. I don’t think there’s any proof of intent to
                  maim, disfigure, disable or kill. He did hit him in a severe blow
                  and it did a lot of damage but I don’t think—I mean, it just
                  happened that that’s what he used but I don’t think he was really
                  trying to do what ended up happening to [the victim]. So I’m
                  going to find him guilty of unlawful wounding[.]

Neither Jones nor the Commonwealth asked for clarification of the judge’s statements. This

appeal followed.

                                                    II.

           Jones argues that the evidence was insufficient to find he had the intent required to be

convicted of unlawful wounding. When considering the sufficiency of the evidence presented

below, we “presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse only if the trial
                                                   -2-
court’s decision is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v. Commonwealth,

39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002); see Code § 8.01-680. The credibility of the

witnesses, the weight accorded testimony, and the inferences drawn from proven facts are

matters to be determined by the fact finder. Long v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 194, 199, 379

S.E.2d 473, 476 (1989). We are mindful that “great deference must be given to the factfinder

who, having seen and heard the witnesses, assesses their credibility and weighs their testimony.”

Walton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 422, 426, 497 S.E.2d 869, 871 (1988).

       Here, Jones was charged with malicious wounding in violation of Code § 18.2-51. A

defendant violates Code § 18.2-51 when he wounds or injures a victim “with the intent to maim,

disfigure, disable, or kill” him. Both malicious wounding and the lesser-included offense of

unlawful wounding require that the accused has the specific intent to “maim, disfigure, disable or

kill” the victim of the attack. Code § 18.2-51. Assault and battery is also a lesser-included

offense of malicious wounding. Commonwealth v. Vaughn, 263 Va. 31, 34, 557 S.E.2d 220,

222 (2002). “One cannot be convicted of assault and battery ‘without an intention to do bodily

harm–either an actual intention or an intention imputed by law,’ but an intent to maim, disfigure

or kill is unnecessary to the offense.” Boone v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 130, 133, 415

S.E.2d 250, 251 (1992) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 150 Va. 611, 617, 143 S.E. 641, 643

(1928)).

       In announcing his ruling, the judge here summarized the credibility of the witnesses and

the facts and concluded that he “d[id]n’t think there [was] any proof of intent to maim, disfigure,

disable or kill.” The judge reasoned that the injury “just happened” and he didn’t think Jones

“was really trying to do what ended up happening to [the victim].”

       Thus, the judge made a finding of fact that there was not “any proof” of the intent

required for unlawful wounding. The “judge is presumed to know the law and to apply it
                                               -3-
correctly in each case.” Crest v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 165, 172 n.3, 578 S.E.2d 88,

91 n.3 (2003). Consequently, we presume the law was correctly applied “[a]bsent clear evidence

to the contrary in the record.” Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d

286, 291 (1977). Here, however, there is clear evidence to the contrary. The judge found as fact

that there was not “any proof of intent to maim, disfigure, disable or kill.” He then found Jones

guilty of unlawful wounding, which requires such specific intent. Neither the Commonwealth

nor Jones clarified what the judge meant by his statement. We will not speculate.2

       Jones admits that the evidence showed he was guilty of assault and battery. He requests

that the case be remanded, for sentencing only, for the offense of assault and battery; the

Commonwealth does not raise an objection to this request. Therefore, we will so order. See

Commonwealth v. South, 272 Va. 1, 630 S.E.2d 318 (2006).

                                                     III.

       Because the trial court erred in convicting Jones of unlawful wounding after specifically

finding that the Commonwealth failed to prove the necessary element of an intent to maim,

disfigure, disable or kill, we reverse Jones’s conviction of unlawful wounding, and we remand

for entry of an order of conviction and for sentencing for the lesser-included offense of assault

and battery in violation of Code § 18.2-57.

                                                                            Reversed and remanded.



       2
           Although not binding on this Court, we reached a similar conclusion in the unpublished
opinion, Williams v. Commonwealth, No. 1018-10-2, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 151 (Va. Ct. App.
May 3, 2011). In that case, appellant was convicted, after a bench trial, of malicious wounding.
“At least four times, the trial court stated that he did not find intent.” Id. at *7. We reasoned that
“[b]ecause the question of intent is one for the fact finder and it does not appear that the trial
court found the specific intent to ‘maim, disfigure, disable or kill,’ the evidence is insufficient to
prove intent.” Id. at *10-11. We concluded that “the ruling of the trial court [was] inconsistent
with its factual findings and, [was] therefore, plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”
Id. at *9.
                                                   -4-
