
811 F.Supp.2d 1146 (2011)
Tina WILLIS, Plaintiff,
v.
BW IP INTERNATIONAL INC., et al., Defendants.
MDL No. 875. Case No. 09-02163. E.D. PA Civil Action No. 2:09-91449.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
August 29, 2011.
*1147 James E. Chellis, Summerville, SC, John Berkley Grimball, Hopkins, SC, Thomas H. Hart, III, Law Offices of Thomas H. Hart III, Christiansted, VI, Charles S. Siegel, Waters & Kraus LLP, Dallas, TX, George G. Tankard, III, Jacqueline G. Badders, Melanie Garner, Waters & Kraus, LLP, Baltimore, MD, for Plaintiff.
Mark H. Wall, Elmore & Wall PA, Timothy W. Bouch, Leah Bouch & Crawford, James H. Elliott, Jr., Pritchard & Elliott, Charleston, SC, John A. Turlik, Segal McCambridge Singer & Mahoney, Philadelphia, PA, Robert O. Meriwether, Robert O. Meriwether, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP, Steven Wayne Ouzts, Turner Padget Graham and Laney, Columbia, SC, Jennifer M. Techman, Evert Weathersby Houff, Atlanta, GA, Michael J. Zukowski, K & L Gates, Pittsburgh, PA, F. Saunders Aldridge, III, Robert Bates Lovett, Shawn Anton Kachmar, Robert Bates Lovett, Hunter MacLean Exley & Dunn, P.C., Savannah, GA, Dennis E. Vega, Sedgwick Detert Moran & Arnold, Newark, NJ, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM
EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, District Judge.


                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
  I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1148
 II. BACKGROUND .................................................................. 1149
     A. Plaintiff's Suit ......................................................... 1149
     B. Defendants' Evidence in Support of Entitlement to Summary Judgment
          Pursuant to the Government Contractor Defense .......................... 1149
        1. Foster Wheeler LLC .................................................... 1149
             i. Affidavit of Admiral Ben J. Lehman ............................... 1149
            ii. Affidavit of J. Thomas Schroppe .................................. 1150
           iii. Affidavit of Captain Lawrence Stilwell Betts ..................... 1150
            iv. Military Specifications .......................................... 1150
             v. Navy's Knowledge of the Dangers of Asbestos ...................... 1150
        2. CBS Corp. f/k/a Westinghouse .......................................... 1150
             i. Affidavit of James Gate .......................................... 1150
            ii. Affidavit of Admiral Roger B. Horne, Jr. ......................... 1151
        3. Crane Co. ............................................................. 1151
             i. Affidavit of Admiral David Sargent ............................... 1151
            ii. Affidavit of Anthony D. Pantaleoni ............................... 1151



*1148
           iii. MIL-V-22023D ..................................................... 1151
     C. Plaintiff's Evidence Submitted in Opposition to Defendants' Motions for
          Summary Judgment Pursuant to the Government Contractor Defense ......... 1151
        1. Deposition of Adam Martin ............................................. 1152
        2. Affidavit of Captain Arnold Moore ..................................... 1152
        3. Affidavit of Captain William Lowell ................................... 1152
        4. Evidence of Warnings Which Other Manufacturers Placed on Their
             Products ............................................................ 1152
        5. Navy's Knowledge of the Dangers of Asbestos ........................... 1152
III. LEGAL STANDARD .............................................................. 1153
     A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) .................................... 1153
     B. Choice of Law ............................................................ 1153
     C. Government Contractor Defense ............................................ 1153
 IV. DISCUSSION .................................................................. 1154
     A. Plaintiff's Objections to the Affidavits Offered by Defendants ........... 1154
     B. Elements of the Government Contractor Defense ............................ 1155
        1. First Element of the Boyle Test ....................................... 1155
             i. Foster Wheeler LLC ............................................... 1155
            ii. CBS Corp. f/k/a Westinghouse ..................................... 1155
           iii. Crane Co. ........................................................ 1155
            iv. Plaintiff's Evidence Controverting Defendants' Affidavits ........ 1156
             v. Analysis ......................................................... 1156
        2. Second Element of the Boyle Test ...................................... 1156
        3. Third Element of the Boyle Test ....................................... 1156
     C. Defendants' Burden of Showing the Absence of a Genuine Issue of
          Material Fact as to Whether They Are Entitled to the Government
          Contractor Defense ..................................................... 1157
  V. CONCLUSION .................................................................. 1157


I. INTRODUCTION
This case is part of MDL-875, the consolidated asbestos products liability multi-district litigation pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Before the Court are the Motions for Summary Judgment of Defendants Foster Wheeler LLC, CBS Corp. f/k/a Westinghouse, and Crane Co. ("Defendants"). Defendants have asserted that they are entitled to summary judgment pursuant to the government contractor defense.[1] Commonly, Defendants in MDL-875 assert the government contractor defense as a basis for removal. See Hagen v. Benjamin Foster Co., 739 F.Supp.2d 770, 772 (E.D.Pa.2010) (Robreno, J.). This Court has already rejected those cases requiring a seemingly "heightened" standard for removal pursuant to the government contractor defense, and has held that a defense is colorable for the purpose of determining jurisdiction under the federal office removal statute if the defendant invoking it identifies facts which, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, would establish a complete defense at trial. Id. at 785.
In addition to asserting the government contractor defense as a basis for removal, once the case is removed and discovery is complete, hundreds of defendants in MDL-875 have asserted that they are entitled to summary judgment pursuant to *1149 the government contractor defense. The standard for establishing the government contractor defense as a basis for removal, where defendant must point to facts which, viewed in the light most favorable to defendant, would establish a complete defense at trial, is on the opposite spectrum from the standard for proving the government contractor defense as an affirmative defense at the summary judgment stage, where a defendant must show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to the government contractor defense as a matter of law. This memorandum examines whether Defendants are entitled to summary judgment pursuant to the government contractor defense.[2] For the reasons set forth below, Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment will be denied as to the government contractor defense.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Plaintiff's Suit
Plaintiff, Tina M. Willis, individually and as executrix of the estate of Hiram Peavy ("Mr. Peavy"), filed suit against various Defendants in South Carolina state court on July 1, 2009. Defendant Carrier Corp. removed this case to the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina on August 13, 2009. This case was then transferred to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania as part of MDL-875. Mr. Peavy worked at the Charleston Naval Shipyard from approximately 1973 until 1993. He was a machinist in Shop 38, where he performed overhauls, made repairs to equipment, and reinstalled equipment on ships. Mr. Peavy was diagnosed with mesothelioma and passed away in 2008. (Pl.'s Resp. at 9.)

B. Defendants' Evidence in Support of Entitlement to Summary Judgment Pursuant to the Government Contractor Defense
Defendants have asserted that they are entitled to summary judgment pursuant to the government contractor defense. In support of this defense, Defendants submit the following evidence:

1. Foster Wheeler LLC


i. Affidavit of Admiral Ben J. Lehman[3]
Retired Admiral Lehman, who served in or had close contact with the Navy from 1942 until 1982, avers that boilers, including Foster Wheeler boilers, were designed and built for use on United States Navy vessels ("Navy vessels") with detailed specifications written and approved by the United States Navy ("Navy").[4] (Lehman aff. ¶ 4.) Admiral Lehman avers that it was common for the Navy to inspect the manufacturing and quality assurance processes at a supplier's plant and that "[t]he inspectors of Naval Machinery [or those with *1150 other titles who succeeded them] were responsible for assuring that contractors such as Foster Wheeler complied with the contract specifications every detail." (Id. ¶ 4.) The Navy had final say over the design of any piece of equipment. (Id. ¶ 5.)

ii. Affidavit of J. Thomas Schroppe
J. Thomas Schroppe served as Executive Vice President of Foster Wheeler Power Systems until his retirement in 1999. (Schroppe aff. ¶ 1.) Mr. Schroppe avers that the Navy approved precise specifications for boilers on Navy ships and that Foster Wheeler was not permitted to depart from these specifications. (Id. ¶¶ 5 & 8.) Mr. Schroppe avers that, "[d]uring manufacture of the boiler, a Navy resident inspector was present at Foster Wheeler's shops." (Id. ¶ 16.)

iii. Affidavit of Captain Lawrence Stilwell Betts
According to Captain Betts, who served as Naval captain until 2001, the Navy specified the types of thermal insulation to be used on boilers pursuant to MIL-B-18381.[5] (Betts aff. ¶ 6.) As early as the 1920s, the Navy was aware of the dangers of asbestos. (Id. ¶ 8.)

iv. Military Specifications
Defendant Foster Wheeler points out that the Navy had detailed specifications for identification plates, which were affixed to Foster Wheeler products. According to military specifications, manufacturers were instructed to provide information for the safe handling and operation of their products on the identification plates. (Def.'s Mot. Summ. J. at 7-9.) However, there was no space for a warning about asbestos on the major units. (Id.) Defendant Foster Wheeler argues that, pursuant to Navy Technical Manuals and paragraph 3.3.3.2 of Military Specification 15071, warnings could only be used if operation of the product without such a warning was certain to result in injury or death. (Id. at 10-11.)

v. Navy's Knowledge of the Dangers of Asbestos
Defendant Foster Wheeler cites to evidence that as early as 1922, the Navy was aware of the dangers of asbestos. (Def.'s Mot. Summ. J. at 11-12.) In 1922, in its Instructions to Medical Officers, the Navy listed asbestos as a dust which could cause pulmonary disease. (Id.) In 1943, the Navy approved Minimum Requirements for Safety and Health and concluded that while asbestosis was a common disease, it could be prevented through segregation, the use of respirators, ventilation, and periodic medical examinations. (Id.)

2. CBS Corp. f/k/a Westinghouse


i. Affidavit of James Gate
Mr. Gate, a former Westinghouse employee, testified that the Navy specified all aspects of the design and materials for main propulsion turbines. (Gate aff. ¶ 7.) Military specifications required the use of asbestos thermal insulation. (Id. ¶ 8.) Mr. Gate avers that,
Westinghouse would not have been permitted, under the specifications, associated regulations and procedures, nor under the actual practice as it evolved in the field, to affix any type of warning or caution statement to equipment intended for installation onto a Navy vessel, beyond *1151 those required by the Navy, without prior discussion with, and approval by, the Navy.
(Id. ¶ 31.) The Navy instructed that technical manuals accompany Westinghouse products. (Id. ¶¶ 30-32.) Safety information was only permitted to be placed in these manuals to the extent permitted by the Navy. (Id.)[6]

ii. Affidavit of Admiral Roger B. Horne, Jr.
Retired Admiral Horne, who served in the Navy from 1956 until 1991, testified that Navy personnel monitored Westinghouse to ensure compliance with military specifications. (Horne aff. ¶ 33.) He also averred that the Navy exercised control over warnings. (Id.)[7]

3. Crane Co.


i. Affidavit of Admiral David Sargent[8]
Retired Admiral Sargent, who served in the Navy from 1967 until 1999, asserted that the Navy provided specifications for Crane Co. products and that had manufacturers attempted to depart from these specifications and affix warnings to their products, they would not have been permitted to do so. (Sargent aff. at 12-14.)[9]

ii. Affidavit of Anthony D. Pantaleoni
Mr. Pantaleoni, a Crane Co. employee, avers that military specifications "governed all aspects of a piece of equipment, such as a valve's, [sic] design and construction and specified the materials to be used, including materials such as gaskets and packing used in equipment." (Pantaleoni aff. ¶ 5.) Crane Co.'s equipment was built in accordance with these military specifications. (Id. ¶ 6.)

iii. MIL-V-22023D
MIL-V-22023D set forth the exact information that valve manufacturers were required to include on label plates. (Def.'s Mot. Summ. J. at 7.)

C. Plaintiff's Evidence Submitted in Opposition to Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment Pursuant to the Government Contractor Defense
In opposition to Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment pursuant to the government contractor defense, Plaintiff has submitted the following affidavits and deposition testimony:


*1152 1. Deposition of Adam Martin

Plaintiff submits the deposition of Mr. Martin, which was taken in 1983 for other asbestos cases. (Pl.'s Resp. at 38.) From 1952 until 1983, Mr. Martin was a packaging inspector and specialist at a military supplies depot. (Pl.'s Ex. 11, Martin Dep., Jan. 28, 1983 at 8-14.) Mr. Martin described himself as an "Action Officer for Military Standard 129." (Id. at 14.) Mr. Martin testified that nothing in Military Standard 129 would have prohibited manufacturers from placing warnings on their products. (Id. at 29.)

2. Affidavit of Captain Arnold Moore

Plaintiff submits the affidavit of Naval Expert and retired Captain Moore. Throughout his career, Captain Moore reviewed technical manuals and plans for equipment used on Navy vessels. (Moore aff. ¶ 11.) Captain Moore averred that the Navy relied on manufacturers to identify hazards associated with their products, including asbestos-related hazards. (Id. ¶ 12.) Captain Moore cites to MIL-M-15071C, which stated that warnings were required for, "operating, procedures, practice, etc. which will result in personal injury or loss of life if not correctly followed." (Id. ¶ 18.) In 1961, this specification was revised as MIL-M-15071D and expressed the Government's intent "to accept commercial practices which are usually governed by state law." (Id. ¶ 19.) Captain Moore cites to the Navy Shipping Marking Handbook, which was issued in 1942. (Id. ¶ 22.) The Navy Shipment Marking Handbook required that "[a]ny necessary instructions for assembling of material or warnings as to handling, storage, and operation shall be packed with such material." (Id.)

3. Affidavit of Captain William Lowell

Plaintiff submits the affidavit of Captain Lowell, who concluded that manufacturers were required, by Navy specifications, to warn about the dangers associated with asbestos. (Pl.'s Ex. 64, Lowell aff.)

4. Evidence of Warnings Which Other Manufacturers Placed on Their Products

Plaintiff submits evidence that many manufacturers did place warnings about the hazards of asbestos on their products as early as 1964. Around 1964, Johns-Manville began placing warnings about the hazards of asbestos on its products. Eagle Picher began placing such warnings on their products in 1964, GAF in approximately 1965, Fibreboard in approximately 1966, Pittsburgh Corning in 1968, and Unarco in 1970. Martin Craft, Buffalo Pumps' corporate representative, testified that in 1987, Buffalo Pumps did place warning labels on a specific type of pump that went to the Navy. (Pl.'s Ex. 50, Kraft Dep., March 15, 2006 at 150-51.)
Plaintiff cites to warnings provided by Warren Pumps, Westinghouse, and Foster Wheeler about other hazardous solvents in their products which went to the Navy. Plaintiff presents evidence that Crane Co. actually attached an asbestos warning tag to valves which it supplied to the Navy in the early 1980s.

5. Navy's Knowledge of the Dangers of Asbestos

Plaintiff cites to Defendants' Expert Reports as establishing that prior to the 1970s, the Navy was unaware of the hazards posed by asbestos. Captain Betts admitted that, during the time when the most significant asbestos exposures occurred, the Navy was unaware of the special hazard posed by asbestos. (Pl.'s Ex. 58, Betts aff. ¶ 7.) Admiral Horne testified that prior to approximately 1968, the Navy did not recognize the significance of the problem posed by asbestos exposure or that it could lead to the development of cancer. (Pl.'s Ex. 59, Horne Dep., Jan. 9, 2004 at 40-41.) Admiral Sargent testified *1153 that he personally was unaware of the dangers of asbestos exposure until the mid to late 1970s. (Pl.'s Ex. 60, Sargent Dep., May 25, 2004 at 96-97.) Admiral Lehman testified that he did not personally become aware of the hazards of asbestos until the late 1970s. (Pl.'s Ex. 62, Lehman Dep., Oct. 26, 1999 at 66.) Dr. Foreman testified the Navy relied on the erroneous Fleischer-Drinker Report, issued in 1946, which indicated that asbestos thermal insulation posed no threat to shipyard workers. (Pl.'s Ex. 61, Foreman Dep., Jan. 7, 2008 at 41-42.)

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a)
Summary judgment is appropriate if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). "A motion for summary judgment will not be defeated by `the mere existence' of some disputed facts, but will be denied when there is a genuine issue of material fact." Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 581 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). A fact is "material" if proof of its existence or non-existence might affect the outcome of the litigation, and a dispute is "genuine" if "the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
In undertaking this analysis, the court views the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. "After making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor, there is a genuine issue of material fact if a reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party." Pignataro v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 593 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Reliance Ins. Co. v. Moessner, 121 F.3d 895, 900 (3d Cir. 1997)). While the moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, meeting this obligation shifts the burden to the non-moving party who must "set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
The government contractor defense is an affirmative defense and thus, Defendants have the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether they are entitled to the government contractor defense.

B. Choice of Law
Federal jurisdiction in this case is based on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. This Court has determined that maritime law does not apply in this case. See Conner v. Alfa Laval, Inc., No. 09-67099, 799 F.Supp.2d 455, 2011 WL 3101810 (July 22, 2011 E.D.Pa.) (Robreno, J.). The government contractor defense is an issue of federal law and therefore, the MDL transferee court applies the law of the circuit where it sits, which in this case is the law of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Various Plaintiffs v. Various Defendants ("Oil Field Cases"), 673 F.Supp.2d 358, 362-63 (E.D.Pa.2009) (Robreno, J.) (citing In re New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. Sales Practices Litig., 324 F.Supp.2d 288, 297 (D.Mass.2004); In re Nat'l Century Fin. Enters., Inc., Inv. Litig., 323 F.Supp.2d 861, 876 (S.D.Ohio 2004); In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 1:00-1898, 2005 WL 106936 at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2005)).

C. The Government Contractor Defense
To satisfy the government contractor defense, a defendant must show that: (1) the United States approved reasonably *1154 precise specifications for the product at issue; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications and; (3) it warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to it but not to the United States. Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500, 512, 108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442 (1988). The third prong may also be established by showing that the government "knew as much or more than the defendant contractor about the hazards" of the product. See Beaver Valley Power Co. v. Nat'l Eng'g & Contracting Co., 883 F.2d 1210, 1216 (3d Cir.1989).
As to the first and second prongs, in a failure to warn context, it is not enough for defendant to show that a certain product design conflicts with state law requiring warnings. In re Joint E. & S.D.N.Y. Asbestos Litig., 897 F.2d 626, 630 (2d Cir.1990). Rather, the defendant must show that the government "issued reasonably precise specifications covering warnings-specifications that reflect a considered judgment about the warnings at issue." Hagen, 739 F.Supp.2d at 783 (citing Holdren v. Buffalo Pumps, Inc., 614 F.Supp.2d 129, 143 (D.Mass.2009)). Government approval of warnings must "transcend rubber stamping" to allow a defendant to be shielded from state law liability. 539 F.Supp.2d at 783.

IV. DISCUSSION
The dispute in this case centers on whether the deposition testimony and affidavits presented by Plaintiff are sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether or not Defendants are entitled to the cloak of the government contractor defense.

A. Plaintiff's Objections to the Affidavits Offered by Defendants
The Court will first address Plaintiff's objections to the affidavits offered by Defendants, specifically the affidavits of Admiral Lehman, Mr. Gate, and Admiral Sargent. Plaintiff contends that the averments in these affidavits are based on speculation and violate the Best Evidence Rule.
Defendants' experts aver that had Defendants attempted to affix warnings to their products, the Navy would not have permitted them to do so. (Pl.'s Resp. at 10.) Plaintiff argues that this expert testimony should be stricken as speculative. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702, expert testimony must "assist the trier of fact [in] understand[ing] or determin[ing] a fact issue." An expert, "may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if: (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case."
Here, contrary to Plaintiff's argument, Defendants' experts were not speculating, but were providing their expert opinions, based on their experience in the Navy's dealings with manufacturers. Based on this experience, they conclude that the Navy would not have permitted manufacturers to depart from military specifications. Also, it is based on their experience that they opine as to why such a request to depart from military specifications would not have been made and why, if made, such a request would not have been approved. These averments are based on personal knowledge and information contained in military specifications. Such testimony would assist the trier of fact in assessing whether the first and second prongs of the Boyle test have been met. See In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 744 (3d Cir.1994) (finding that expert testimony must be reliable and helpful in assisting the trier of fact).
*1155 Plaintiff argues that Defendants' experts' averments violate the Best Evidence Rule because the military specifications which the experts relied on are the best evidence of the Navy's policy regarding warnings. The Best Evidence Rule provides that, "[t]o prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required. ..." Fed.R.Evid. 1002. However, a witness is not prohibited from testifying as to his or her personal knowledge merely because the testimony can be supported by written documentation. See D'Angelo v. United States, 456 F.Supp. 127, 131 (D.Del.1978), aff'd 605 F.2d 1194 (3d Cir.1979); see also R & R Associates, Inc. v. Visual Scene, Inc., 726 F.2d 36, 38 (1st Cir.1984). Although Defendants' experts cited to various military specifications and did not always submit these specifications into evidence, they were not trying to prove the content of these writings. Rather, they were providing their expert opinion, based on their experience, of what the Navy required manufacturers to do. Accordingly, this Court find that the affidavits submitted by Defendants' experts do not violate the Best Evidence Rule.

B. Elements of the Government Contractor Defense

1. First Element of the Boyle Test

The first element of the Boyle test requires the Court to consider whether the Navy approved reasonably precise specifications for Defendants' products, which reflected a considered judgment about warnings. See Hagen, 739 F.Supp.2d at 783.

i. Foster Wheeler LLC
Both Admiral Lehman and Mr. Schroppe averred that the Navy provided detailed specifications for Foster Wheeler boilers. To cast doubt on these assertions, Plaintiff cites to a deposition where Admiral Lehman testified that he was unaware of a specific occasion where the Navy prohibited a manufacturer from placing warnings on its products. Defendant Foster Wheeler presents the affidavit of Captain Betts, who testified that the Navy specified that insulation be put on Foster Wheeler boilers. To controvert Captain Betts' averments, Plaintiff points to a deposition where Captain Betts admitted that manufacturers could have provided warnings about the dangers of asbestos. Defendant Foster Wheeler submits military specifications for its products and asserts that there was no area to place warnings on these products. Warnings could only be provided if operation of the product was certain to result in injury or death.

ii. CBS Corp. f/k/a Westinghouse
According to Mr. Gate's affidavit, Westinghouse would not have been permitted to place warnings on its products without prior approval by the Navy. To cast doubt on Mr. Gate's testimony, Plaintiff cites to his deposition testimony that military specifications required manufacturers to warn about dangers which could cause serious injury or death. Plaintiff cites to a deposition where Mr. Gate admitted that military specifications would not have been written to specifically prohibit an asbestos-related warning.

iii. Crane Co.
Admiral Sargent averred that the Navy provided specifications for Crane Co. products. Plaintiff cites to Admiral Sargent's deposition testimony that the Navy would not specifically have forbidden manufacturers from placing warnings on their products. Mr. Pantaleoni averred that the Navy provided specifications for all aspects of Crane Co. products. Defendant cites to MIL-V-22023D, which set forth the exact information which valve manufacturers were to include on label plates. These specifications did not provide for the inclusion of warnings.


*1156 iv. Plaintiff's Evidence Controverting Defendants' Affidavits
As discussed above, not only has Plaintiff submitted several affidavits and depositions to controvert the evidence presented by Defendants, but Plaintiff has also pointed to deposition testimony which casts doubt on the credibility of Defendants' experts. These credibility determinations should be left to the trier of fact.
Mr. Martin, Plaintiff's Expert, testified that nothing in Military Standard 129 would have prohibited manufacturers from placing warnings on their products. Captain Moore averred that the Navy actually relied on manufacturers to place warnings on their products. The Navy expected manufacturers to follow commercial practices and comply with state law. Captain Lowell similarly averred that manufacturers were required to warn about the dangers associated with asbestos. In support of these assertions, Plaintiff cites to evidence that several manufacturers placed asbestos warnings on their products as early as 1964 and that some manufacturers placed hazardous substance warnings on products which were sold to the Navy.

v. Analysis
Defendants have submitted evidence, in the form of the affidavits of Admiral Lehman, Mr. Schroppe, Captain Betts, Admiral Sargent, and Mr. Pantaleoni, that the Navy issued military specifications for their products. Defendants assert that the Navy specified that warnings could not be placed on Defendants products since there were specifications for all aspects of Defendants' products and these specifications did not indicate that warnings should be affixed to Defendants' products. Also, according to the evidence submitted by Foster Wheeler and Crane Co., label plates which were to be placed on Defendants' products did not provide for an area to place warnings. Navy representatives oversaw the manufacturing process and did not specify that warnings be placed on Defendants' products.
Plaintiff has controverted Defendants' evidence by citing to deposition testimony to cast doubt on the averments of Defendants' experts and by submitting the testimony of their own experts. On cross examination, Admiral Lehman, Mr. Gate, and Admiral Sargent testified that they did not know of any specific instance where the Navy prohibited manufacturers from placing warnings on products. Moreover, both Captain Betts and Mr. Gate cited to military specifications, which required that warnings be utilized on products which could cause serious injury or death. Plaintiff's experts testified that the Navy actually relied on manufacturers to place warnings on products which went to the Navy. Based on the foregoing, there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the Navy did or did not reflect considered judgment over whether warnings could be included on Defendants' products.

2. Second Element of the Boyle Test

As this Court has found that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Navy issued reasonably precise specifications for Defendants' products, there is no need to consider the second prong of the Boyle test, that is whether Defendants' products conformed to the reasonably precise specifications issued by the Navy. Despite the fact that all elements of the Boyle test must be met for Defendants to prevail on their motions for summary judgment based on the government contractor defense and here Defendants have not met the first element of the Boyle test, for the sake of providing guidance on this often repeated issue, this Court will consider the third element of the Boyle test.

3. Third Element of the Boyle Test

Since Defendants do not contend that they warned the Navy about the dangers *1157 of asbestos, this Court must determine whether Defendants have shown the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Navy had greater knowledge than Defendants about the dangers of asbestos.
Foster Wheeler's Expert, Captain Betts, averred that, as early as the 1920s, the Navy was aware of the dangers of asbestos. In addition, Foster Wheeler cites to the Navy's Instructions to Medical Officers, issued in 1922, which listed asbestos dust as a cause of pulmonary disease. The Navy's Minimum Requirements for Safety and Health, which was issued in 1943, provided for measures to prevent asbestos exposures.
Plaintiff cites to Expert Reports of Captain Betts, Admiral Horne, and Admiral Sargent to establish that the Navy was unaware of the dangers of asbestos until the late 1960s or early 1970s. Dr. Foreman testified that the Navy relied on the erroneous Fleischer-Drinker Report, which indicated that asbestos insulation posed no threat to shipyard workers.
Defendants have presented evidence that the Navy was aware of the dangers of asbestos as early as the 1920s. Defendants argue that since the Navy had superior knowledge about the dangers of asbestos, Defendants had no obligation to warn the Navy about these dangers. Plaintiff has raised a genuine issue of material fact on this issue by citing to Defendants' expert reports to establish that the Navy was unaware of the dangers of asbestos until the late 1960s or early 1970s. As there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Navy or Defendants had superior knowledge about the dangers of asbestos, Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment as to the third element of the Boyle test.

C. Defendants' Burden of Showing the Absence of a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to Whether They Are Entitled to the Government Contractor Defense
The Court emphasizes that, in order to prevail on summary judgment as to the government contractor defense, Defendants would have to show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to all three (3) prongs of the Boyle test. Defendants cite to this Court's decision in Faddish v. General Electric Co., No. 09-70626, 2010 WL 4146108 at *8-9 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 20, 2010) (Robreno, J.), where this Court found that defendant was entitled to summary judgment based on the government contractor defense. Faddish is distinguishable in that there the plaintiffs did not produce any evidence of their own which contradicted defendants' proofs. Here, by contrast, Plaintiff has produced affidavits and deposition testimony to controvert the evidence presented by Defendants. As the situation presented in Faddish is not present in the instant case, Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment will be denied as to the government contractor defense.

V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment will be denied. An appropriate order will follow.

ORDER
AND NOW, this 26th day of August, 2011, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment (doc. nos. 59, 60, & 61) are DENIED as to the government contractor defense.
AND IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  In the case law, the government contractor defense is also sometimes referred to as the federal contractor or federal officer defense.
[2]  The issues of product identification, the bare metal defense, the sophisticated user defense, and whether Plaintiff was owed a post-sale duty to warn have been addressed in separate footnote orders.
[3]  Plaintiff points out that Admiral Lehman's affidavit was signed three (3) years prior to the filing of this lawsuit. While Admiral Lehman's affidavit is not specific to this case, this Court finds that it is admissible as it provides information pertaining to the government contractor defense that need not be case specific.
[4]  To attack the credibility of Admiral Lehman, Plaintiff cites to a prior deposition of Admiral Lehman, where he testified that he was unaware of any occasions of the Navy specifically prohibiting manufacturers from placing warnings on their products or in their manuals. (Pl.'s Ex. 3, Lehman Dep., March 21, 2005 at 32-33.) In a later deposition, Admiral Lehman testified that he believed that, by 1969, the Navy would have accepted products with warning labels on them. (Pl.'s Ex. 4, Lehman Dep., Nov. 9, 2010 at 80-81.)
[5]  Plaintiff points to the deposition of Kenneth Nelson, a Navy industrial hygienist, to cast doubt on Captain Betts' affidavit. Mr. Nelson testified that there was "no reason why it was either not feasible or not possible for asbestos manufacturers to put a warning on their cartons of asbestos products that the product could be dangerous." When confronted with Mr. Nelson's testimony, Captain Betts agreed that manufacturers could have placed warnings on their products, but did not do so. (Pl.'s Ex. 41, Betts Dep., Oct. 7, 2005 at 67-68.)
[6]  Plaintiff points to a prior deposition to cast doubt on Mr. Gate's averments. In this deposition, Mr. Gates admitted that Military Specification 15071 required manufacturers to place warnings in technical manuals about any procedures which could lead to serious injury or death. (Pl.'s Ex. 7, Gates Dep., June 18, 2002 at 202-04.)
[7]  To cast doubt on the information in Admiral Horne's affidavit, Plaintiff cites to a deposition taken in 2006, where Admiral Horne admitted that he was not personally aware of any instance where the Navy did not approve a warning to be placed on a manufacturer's product. (Pl.'s Ex. 9, Horne Dep., June 12, 2006 at 52.)
[8]  The Court recognizes that Admiral Sargent's affidavit was executed in Stone v. Alfa Laval, Inc., 09-93726, and not specifically for this case. As Admiral Sargent's affidavit pertains to issues common to both cases, this Court finds that it is proper to consider the affidavit in this case.
[9]  Plaintiff cites to Admiral Sargent's testimony in another case, where he indicated that while the Navy did not prohibit Buffalo Pumps, another manufacturer, from placing warnings about the hazards of asbestos on its products, the Navy "required the categories of information that would be included." (Pl.'s Ex. 1, Sargent Dep., Feb. 8, 2005 at 181.) Admiral Sargent testified that he had never seen an instance of the Navy actually rejecting a warning submitted by a manufacturer. (Pl.'s Ex. 42, Sargent Dep., April 29, 2009 at 170-71.)
