                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                  Rush University Medical Center v. Sessions, 2012 IL 112906




Caption in Supreme         RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, Appellant, v. ROGER
Court:                     SESSIONS et al., Trustees, Appellees (The People of the State of Illinois
                           ex rel. Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, Intervening Appellant).


Docket Nos.                112906, 112993 cons.


Filed                      September 20, 2012
Rehearing denied           November 26, 2012


Held                       The common law rule that a self-settled spendthrift trust is void as to
(Note: This syllabus       existing and future creditors is not abrogated by the Uniform Fraudulent
constitutes no part of     Transfer Act embodied in the Illinois statutes, even though the common
the opinion of the court   law rule treats as fraudulent what the Act considers
but has been prepared      nonfraudulent—plaintiff creditor allowed to reach trust assets.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that court
Review                     on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon. Henry A.
                           Budzinski and the Hon. James W. Kennedy, Judges, presiding.



Judgment                   Appellate court judgment reversed.
                           Circuit court judgment affirmed.
                           Cause remanded.
Counsel on               James R. Hellige, John T. Brooks, David B. Goroff and Erika A. Alley,
Appeal                   of Foley & Lardner LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.

                         Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Michael A. Scodro,
                         Solicitor General, and Richard S. Huszagh, Assistant Attorney General,
                         of Chicago, of counsel), for intervenor-appellant.

                         Edward T. Joyce and Jennifer L. Doherty, of Chicago, for appellees.


Justices                 JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                         Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Garman, Karmeier, Burke,
                         and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                            OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Rush University Medical Center, filed a three-count complaint against
      defendants, the trustees of two trusts that were created by Robert W. Sessions. Plaintiff
      sought payment of $1.5 million from the trusts based on a philanthropic pledge that Sessions
      had made to plaintiff before he died. The third count of the complaint was based on the
      common law rule that a self-settled spendthrift trust is void as to existing and future
      creditors. The Attorney General of Illinois intervened in the dispute, taking the side of
      plaintiff. The circuit court of Cook County granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff
      on count III, finding that the trust created by Sessions on February 1, 1994, was liable to pay
      plaintiff $1.5 million. The trustees appealed, and the appellate court reversed the order of
      summary judgment in favor of plaintiff on count III, ruling that the common law cause of
      action alleged therein was abrogated by the enactment of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer
      Act (740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2006)). 2011 IL App (1st) 101136. Both plaintiff and the
      Attorney General filed petitions for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)),
      which this court allowed and consolidated for review.

¶2                                       BACKGROUND
¶3        The undisputed facts in the pleadings, exhibits and affidavits on file establish the
      following. On February 1, 1994, Robert W. Sessions established the “Sessions Family Trust”
      and provided that it was to be governed by the law of the Cook Islands. When Sessions
      created this trust, he placed into it his 99% limited partnership interest in Sessions Family
      Partners, Ltd, a Colorado limited partnership, as well as property in Hinsdale, Illinois. At the
      time of his death, these assets were valued at more than $16.2 million and $2.7 million,
      respectively. Sessions was both the settlor and a lifetime beneficiary of the trust. It was


                                                -2-
     furthermore irrevocable, and it authorized the trustees to make distributions to Sessions of
     both income and principal for his “maintenance, support, education, comfort and well-being,
     pleasure, desire and happiness.” The trust also named Sessions as the “Trust Protector,”
     giving him the absolute power to appoint or remove trustees and to veto any of their
     discretionary actions. Sessions also had the power to appoint or change beneficiaries, by will
     or codicil, who would continue under the trust after his death. Finally, the trust contained a
     spendthrift provision that prohibited any trust assets from being used to pay creditors of
     Sessions or his estate.
¶4       Plaintiff is a charitable institution that operates a major teaching and research hospital
     in Chicago. In the fall of 1995, Sessions made an irrevocable pledge to plaintiff of $1.5
     million for the construction of a new president’s house on the plaintiff’s university campus
     in Chicago. Sessions then executed successive codicils to his will, providing that any amount
     remaining unpaid on his $1.5 million pledge as of his death would be given to plaintiff on
     his death. On September 30, 1996, Sessions sent plaintiff another letter stating that his pledge
     was “made in order to induce [plaintiff] to construct a Rush University Presidential
     Residence.” This second letter confirmed his earlier pledge as follows:
             “I agree to provide in my will, living trust and other estate planning document ***
             that (1) this pledge, if unfulfilled at the time of my death, shall be paid in cash upon
             my death as a debt and (2) that if this pledge is unenforceable for any reason, a cash
             distribution shall be made under such will, living trust or other document to
             [plaintiff] in an amount equal to the unpaid portion of such pledge at the time of my
             death.”
     Sessions also stated in this second letter that his pledge was binding upon his “estate, heirs,
     successors and assigns,” except to the extent that he had paid the pledge before his death.
¶5       In reliance on Sessions’ pledge, plaintiff constructed the president’s house on its
     university campus in Chicago at a cost in excess of $1.5 million. The house has since been
     used as a residence for the president of the university and as a center for conferences and
     other university events. The plaintiff named the house the “Robert W. Sessions House” and
     held a public dedication honoring Sessions for his generosity. Sessions was present at the
     dedication and cut the ceremonial ribbon, and a plaque adorning the front of the house still
     bears his name. Sessions did not make any payments to plaintiff during his lifetime toward
     the $1.5 million pledge.
¶6       In February 2005, Sessions was diagnosed with late-stage lung cancer. He blamed
     plaintiff for not diagnosing the cancer sooner so that it could be treated. On March 10, 2005,
     about six weeks before he died, Sessions executed a new will revoking all previous wills and
     codicils. This new will made no provision for any payment to plaintiff toward his pledge. On
     April 19, 2005, six days before he died, Sessions created a second trust, the Robert W.
     Sessions Revocable Living Trust, and transferred to it his 1% general partnership interest in
     Sessions Family Partners, Ltd. This 1% interest was valued at $164,205. Shortly before his
     death, Sessions also made various gifts of about $200,000, which ostensibly reduced the
     eventual assets of his estate. Sessions died on April 25, 2005.
¶7       On December 15, 2005, plaintiff filed an amended claim, in the probate division of the


                                               -3-
       circuit court of Cook County, against Sessions’ estate to enforce the $1.5 million pledge. The
       estate contested plaintiff’s claim, and litigation ensued. The Sessions estate was found to
       contain less than $100,000. Thus, on April 4, 2006, in a supplemental proceeding, plaintiff
       filed a three-count1 verified complaint against the trustees of the Sessions Family Trust that
       was created in 1994, seeking to reach the trust assets to satisfy the debt owed to plaintiff by
       Sessions. Thereafter, plaintiff moved for summary judgment against the estate on its claim
       in the original proceeding, and on August 31, 2006, the circuit court granted summary
       judgment in favor of plaintiff. The estate appealed, and the supplemental proceeding was
       stayed pending the outcome of the appeal. On December 3, 2007, the appellate court, in a
       summary order, affirmed the summary judgment in favor of plaintiff in the estate’s appeal
       (In re Estate of Sessions, No. 1-07-0202 (2007) (unpublished order under Supreme Court
       Rule 23)).
¶8          The litigation then resumed in plaintiff’s supplemental proceeding against the trustees.
       At some point, the Attorney General intervened in the dispute, filing a joinder in the
       plaintiff’s pleadings.
¶9          Count III of plaintiff’s complaint against the trustees is the only count at issue in this
       appeal.2 That count relied upon the principle that if a settlor creates a spendthrift trust for his
       own benefit, it is void as to existing or future creditors and such creditors can reach the
       settlor’s interest under the trust. Plaintiff alleged that as a creditor, it should be able to reach
       the assets of the trusts created by Sessions to satisfy its $1.5 million claim.
¶ 10        The circuit court entered summary judgment in plaintiff’s favor on count III, finding that
       the Sessions Family Trust dated February 1, 1994, was void as to plaintiff’s $1.5 million
       judgment against Sessions’ estate and that the trust is liable for payment to plaintiff on the
       pledge. The court also made an express written finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
       Rule 304(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2006) that there was no just reason for delaying enforcement or
       appeal or both of its order.
¶ 11        The trustees appealed, arguing that the common law principle relied upon by plaintiff
       “was supplanted by the Fraudulent Transfer Act [citation], which provides specific
       mechanisms for proving a transfer by a debtor was fraudulent.” 2011 IL App (1st) 101136,
       ¶ 29. The appellate court agreed and reversed the circuit court’s entry of summary judgment
       in favor of plaintiff. Id. ¶¶ 31, 35. In so doing, the appellate court first acknowledged Illinois
       case law, including In re Marriage of Chapman, 297 Ill. App. 3d 611, 620 (1998), and Crane
       v. Illinois Merchants Trust Co., 238 Ill. App. 257 (1925), that holds that a trust created for
       the settlor’s benefit is “void” with respect to the settlor’s creditors, who may satisfy their
       claims out of the trust’s assets. Id. ¶ 28. The appellate court held, however, that the common

                 1
                     Plaintiff was later allowed to file a fourth count against the trustees under a statutory fraud
       theory.
                 2
                 Counts I and IV alleged that asset transfers by Sessions to the trusts should be set aside
       under section 5 of the Fraudulent Transfer Act (740 ILCS 160/5 (West 2006)). Count II alleged that
       the trusts created by Sessions were contractually bound by the $1.5 million pledge, as they were one
       of Sessions’ “successors and assigns.”

                                                         -4-
       law rule, as expressed in cases such as Chapman and Crane, could not exist in harmony with
       the Fraudulent Transfer Act. Id. ¶ 31.
¶ 12       Both plaintiff and the Attorney General filed petitions for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R.
       315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)), which we allowed and consolidated for review.

¶ 13                                          ANALYSIS
¶ 14        Before this court, both plaintiff and the Attorney General rely upon the common law rule
       that a person cannot settle his estate in trust for his own benefit so as to be free from liability
       for his debts. They contend that this common law trust rule and the Fraudulent Transfer Act
       operate in different spheres, and thus can exist in harmony with one another. Accordingly,
       they argue that the appellate court erred in reversing the circuit court’s summary judgment
       order in favor of plaintiff on count III.
¶ 15        Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, admissions and affidavits
       on file demonstrate that no genuine issue of material fact exists, and that the moving party
       is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2006); Millennium
       Park Joint Venture, LLC v. Houlihan, 241 Ill. 2d 281, 308-09 (2010). When an appeal before
       this court arises as a result of the appellate court’s reversal of a trial court’s order granting
       summary judgment, this court’s review is de novo. Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 439
       (2011).
¶ 16        We begin our analysis by noting the following well-settled principles that govern
       legislative abrogation of a common law rule. Common law rights and remedies remain in full
       force in this state unless expressly repealed by the legislature or modified by court decision.
       Millennium Park Joint Venture, 241 Ill. 2d at 305. Any legislative intent to abrogate the
       common law must be plainly and clearly stated, and such intent will not be presumed from
       ambiguous or questionable language. Maksimovic v. Tsogalis, 177 Ill. 2d 511, 518 (1997).
       Thus, Illinois courts have limited all manner of statutes in derogation of the common law to
       their express language, in order to effect the least—rather than the most—alteration in the
       common law. Adams v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill. 2d 32, 69 (2004) (collecting
       cases).
¶ 17        The implied repeal of the common law is not and has never been favored. See People v.
       Spann, 20 Ill. 2d 338, 341 (1960); People ex rel. Nelson v. West Englewood Trust & Savings
       Bank, 353 Ill. 451, 460 (1933). Thus, a statute that does not expressly abrogate the common
       law will be deemed to have done so only if that is what is “necessarily implied from what is
       expressed.” Acme Fireworks Corp. v. Bibb, 6 Ill. 2d 112, 119 (1955). But in such cases, there
       must be an “irreconcilable repugnancy” between the statute and the common law right such
       that both cannot be carried into effect. West Englewood, 353 Ill. at 460. Where the common
       law rule in question provides greater protection than the statute at issue, but the rule is not
       inconsistent with the general purpose of the statute, “it is better to say that the law was
       intended to supplement or add to the security furnished by the rule of the common law rather
       than to say that it is repugnant to that rule.” West Englewood, 353 Ill. at 461. Moreover,
       where a remedy is given by statute and there are no negative words or provisions rendering
       it exclusive, “it will be deemed to be cumulative only and not to take away prior remedies.”

                                                  -5-
       Nottage v. Jeka, 172 Ill. 2d 386, 392-93 (1996).
¶ 18       It is undisputed that the Fraudulent Transfer Act does not contain any provision that
       purports to expressly abrogate any portion of the common law. Quite to the contrary, section
       11 of the Act contains a provision expressing a clear intent to preserve common law
       remedies: “Unless displaced by the provisions of this Act, the principles of law and equity,
       including *** the law relating to *** fraud *** supplement its provisions.” (Emphasis
       added.) 740 ILCS 160/11 (West 2006). The only question here, then, is whether there is a
       clear inconsistency between the two laws so that both cannot be carried into effect.
       Furthermore, it is not enough to justify the inference of abrogation from the simple fact that
       a subsequent statute covers some, or even all, of the questions covered by the common law;
       there “must be an irreconcilable repugnancy.” West Englewood, 353 Ill. at 460.
¶ 19       Our reading of the Fraudulent Transfer Act and the common law rule at issue reveals no
       such irreconcilable inconsistency. Section 5(a) of the Act sets forth in relevant part a
       statutory cause of action for a fraudulent transfer as follows:
                “(a) A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor,
                whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the
                obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation:
                    (1) with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor; or
                    (2) without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer
                or obligation, and the debtor:
                    (A) was engaged or was about to engage in a business or a transaction for which
                the remaining assets of the debtor were unreasonably small in relation to the business
                or transaction; or
                    (B) intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that he
                would incur, debts beyond his ability to pay as they came due.” 740 ILCS 160/5(a)
                (West 2006).
       It has been stated that the general purpose of the Act is “to protect a debtor’s unsecured
       creditors from unfair reductions in the debtor’s estate to which creditors usually look to
       security.” In re Randy, 189 B.R. 425 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1995).
¶ 20       The common law rule also has a general purpose of protecting creditors, but it addresses
       the specific situation where an interest is retained in a self-settled trust with a spendthrift
       provision. “Traditional law is that if a settlor creates a trust for the settlor’s own benefit and
       inserts a spendthrift clause, the clause is void as to the then-existing and future creditors, and
       creditors can reach the settlor’s interest under the trust.”3 Helene S. Shapo et al., Bogert’s

               3
                 This rule has a 500-year lineage (see Erwin N. Griswold, Spendthrift Trusts Created in
       Whole or in Part for the Benefit of the Settlor, 44 Harv. L. Rev. 203, 204 (1930) (citing 3 Hen. VII,
       c. 4)), has been consistently applied as the law in Illinois for over 140 years (see, e.g., Guffin v. First
       National Bank of Morrison, 74 Ill. 259 (1874); Crane, 238 Ill. App. 257 (1925); In re Morris, 151
       B.R. 900 (C.D. Ill. 1993); In re Marriage of Chapman, 297 Ill. App. 3d 611 (1998); Dexia Credit
       Local v. Rogan, 624 F. Supp. 2d 970, 976 (N.D. Ill. 2009)), at least until the instant appellate court’s
       decision, and remains the law in the vast majority of states throughout the nation (see Helene S.

                                                      -6-
       Trusts and Trustees § 223, at 424-67 (3d ed. 2007). And the rule is “applicable although the
       transfer is not a fraudulent conveyance *** and it is immaterial that the settlor-beneficiary
       had no intention to defraud his creditors.” Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 156 cmt. a
       (1959).
¶ 21       We believe that the common law rule supplements the statute in a consistent manner and
       that the appellate court therefore erred in holding to the contrary. Defendants do not maintain
       that the common law rule regarding self-settled spendthrift trust provisions affirmatively
       interferes with the operation of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act by impeding in a given
       case the determination of whether the Act’s requirements for declaring a transfer fraudulent
       have been met. Defendants instead claim that the common law rule is inconsistent with the
       Act in an indirect way. Specifically, they contend that the common law treats as fraudulent
       per se what the Act considers nonfraudulent, and therefore, the two cannot coexist.
¶ 22       We find defendants’ contention unpersuasive. The common law and the statute are
       supplementary, not contradictory. Both laws have a general purpose of protecting creditors.
       But the common law focuses on the additional matter of the interest retained by the settlor
       of a specific kind of trust, and not simply the fraudulent transfer of an asset or the fraudulent
       incurring of a debt, as does the statute. Additionally, the Act and the common law rule each
       operate in some circumstances where the other does not, thus negating any inference that the
       common law rule would render the Act superfluous. The Act is effective, but the common
       law rule is not, in a much larger sphere, which includes both situations that do not involve
       trusts and in connection with transfers into trusts that are not for the settlor’s benefit because
       they permit distributions only to other persons.
¶ 23       The appellate court found that “[i]f the legislature intended self-settled trusts to remain
       per se fraudulent under the common law, it would not have promulgated a statute defining
       the conditions required to prove a transfer was fraudulent.” 2011 IL App (1st) 101136, ¶ 31.
       The problem with the appellate court’s reasoning is twofold. First, section 11 of the Act
       specifically states that the common law “relating to *** fraud *** supplement[s] [the Act’s]
       provisions” absent a clear intent of displacement by its provisions. 740 ILCS 160/11 (West
       2006). Neither the case law nor plaintiff’s complaint uses the term “fraudulent per se” to
       describe self-settled spendthrift trusts.4 But to the extent that the term “fraudulent per se” can
       be accurately applied here, the proviso in section 11 indicates that any common law rule with
       respect to fraud should be read as supplementing the Act. We also do not find any
       displacement of the common law rule by the language in section 5 of the Act, as it is not a
       fraudulent transfer of funds that renders the trust void as to creditors under the common law,


       Shapo et al., Bogert’s Trusts and Trustees § 223 (3d ed. 2007); Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 58
       cmt. e (2003)).
               4
                 Cf. Crane v. Illinois Merchants Trust Co., 238 Ill. App. 257, 263 (1925) (the court described
       a conveyance into a self-settled trust as a continuing “ ‘fraud on creditors whether so intended or
       not’ ” (quoting McKey v. Cochran, 262 Ill. 376, 384-85 (1914))). We believe it more accurate to say
       that the common law rule operates irrespective of fraud. In other words, it recognizes that the
       creation of such a trust can be made without any fraudulent intent.

                                                    -7-
       but rather it is the spendthrift provision in the self-settled trust and the settlor’s retention of
       the benefits that renders the trust void as to creditors.
¶ 24       Second, it could be said that the policy behind the common law rule is not limited solely
       to deterring fraud, as it prevents the distinct injustice of allowing a person to use a trust as
       a vehicle to park his assets in a way that preserves his own ability to benefit from those
       assets, while keeping them outside the reach of his present and future creditors. If the law
       were otherwise, “it would make it possible for a person free from debt to place his property
       beyond the reach of creditors, and secure to himself a comfortable support during life,
       without regard to his subsequent business ventures, contracts, or losses.” Schenck v. Barnes,
       50 N.E. 967, 968 (N.Y. 1898). It is not possible that the legislature would have intended such
       a monumental shift in the law without clear, specific legislation to that effect.5
¶ 25       The appellate court concluded that count III could not survive because it did not allege,
       consistent with section 5 of the Fraudulent Transfer Act, “that decedent made a transfer to
       the trusts ‘with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud’ ” plaintiff. 2011 IL App (1st)
       101136, ¶ 32 (quoting 740 ILCS 160/5(a)(1) (West 2006)). Ironically, the very statutory
       language that the appellate court quotes and finds inconsistent with the common law rule has
       itself coexisted in complete harmony with the common law trust rule for centuries. Our
       state’s law on fraudulent conveyances, like that of many jurisdictions in the United States,
       traces back to the Statute of 13 Elizabeth, enacted in the sixteenth century, which declared
       invalid “ ‘covinous and fraudulent’ transfers designed to ‘delay, hinder or defraud creditors
       and others.’ ” BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531, 540-41 (1994) (quoting 13 Eliz.,
       c. 5 (1570)). That statute itself codified the common law. Campbell v. Whitson, 68 Ill. 240,
       243 (1873). Shortly after Illinois became a state, our legislature first codified the substance
       of the common law that invalidates fraudulent conveyances (1819 Ill. Laws 15, § 2). It then
       condensed it into section 4 of the 1874 Act to revise the law in relation to frauds and
       perjuries (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1874, ch. 59, § 4). That law remained in effect until January 1, 1990
       (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 59, ¶ 4), when the legislature repealed it and enacted the
       Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act. See Pub. Act 86-814, § 13 (eff. Jan. 1, 1990) (adding 740
       ILCS 160/5 and repealing Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 59, ¶ 4). Thus, Illinois statutory law for
       well over 100 years before 1990 provided in relevant part that “[e]very *** transfer ***
       made with the intent to disturb, delay, hinder or defraud creditors *** shall be void as against
       such creditors.” See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 59, ¶ 4; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1874, ch. 59, § 4.
       Similarly, from 1990 to the present, the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act has read in relevant
       part that “[a] transfer made *** by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor *** if the debtor
       made the transfer *** with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the
       debtor.” 740 ILCS 160/5(a)(1) (West 2006). Given the longstanding coexistence of the
       common law trust rule and the statutory provisions against fraudulent conveyances that have


               5
                 See Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 60, Reporter’s Notes on cmt. f (2003) (noting that
       Alaska and Delaware, motivated in part by a desire to attract trust business otherwise flowing to
       offshore jurisdictions, have adopted specific statutes permitting the creation of “asset protection
       trusts” into which a person may place assets for his own benefit free from the claims of future
       creditors).

                                                  -8-
       remained essentially consistent in terms of the relevant language, we do not believe that the
       legislature intended to abrogate the common law rule by implication when it enacted the
       Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act.
¶ 26        Further support for our conclusion that the legislature intended to preserve rather than
       abrogate the common law rule with respect to self-settled spendthrift trusts is found in
       section 2-1403 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1403 (West 2010)). That
       section provides for a general exclusion from postjudgment execution on property held in
       trust for the judgment debtor, but it expressly limits that exclusion to trusts that are not self-
       settled. See 735 ILCS 5/2-1403 (West 2010) (“No court *** shall order the satisfaction of
       a judgment out of any property held in trust for the judgment debtor if such trust has, in good
       faith, been created by, or the fund so held in trust has proceeded from, a person other than
       the judgment debtor.”). The clear corollary is that Illinois law allows execution by a creditor
       against assets held in a self-settled trust and that the General Assembly thereby intended to
       preserve the common law trust rule. We also note that during nearly all of the many years
       that Illinois has had a fraudulent conveyance statute, it has also had a statute like current
       section 2-1403 of the Code that specifically withholds any protection from execution on
       assets held in trust for a judgment debtor who created or funded the trust. See 735 ILCS 5/2-
       1403 (West 2010); Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, ¶ 2-1403; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110,
       ¶ 399; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 22, ¶ 49; 1871 Ill. Laws 339 (§ 49); 1845 Ill. Laws 97 (§ 36);
       In re Marriage of Degener, 119 Ill. App. 3d 1079, 1083 n.1 (1983). Yet, section 2-1403 and
       its predecessors have existed harmoniously alongside the Illinois statutes directed specifically
       at fraudulent conveyances without a hint of any inconsistency between them for more than
       a century. Nothing in the language of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act convinces us that
       the legislature intended to change the status quo.
¶ 27        In an alternative argument of sorts, defendants argue that the common law rule does not
       come into play because plaintiff did not become a judgment creditor in relation to Sessions
       before he died. Defendants claim that the common law rule regarding self-settled trusts
       applies only to the settlor’s “lifetime interest” so that once the settlor dies, the rule does not
       permit a creditor to reach any trust assets that could have been, but were not, distributed to
       the settlor during his life. Citing section 156 of the Restatement (Second) of Trusts,
       defendants further contend that the common law rule operates only to negate the effect of the
       spendthrift clause and not the entire trust.
¶ 28        Defendants’ argument misapplies the legal principles it cites to the facts of the present
       case. We note that cases addressing similar arguments have held that the settlor’s “interest”
       in a self-settled trust that his creditors may reach includes all income and principal that could
       have been distributed to the settlor, even when the trustee exercises complete discretion over
       such distributions. See Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 156(2) (1959); Restatement (Third)
       of Trusts § 60 cmt. f (2003). This must be distinguished from an interest that creditors may
       not reach: where assets contributed by the settlor are irrevocably deeded to the trust for the
       benefit of other beneficiaries, such as where income from the trust is payable to the settlor
       but principal may be distributed only to designated remaindermen after the settlor’s death,
       in which case the settlor’s “interest” includes only the trust income, and the trust principal
       is not subject to claims by the settlor’s creditors. See In re Brown, 303 F.3d 1261, 1268-69

                                                  -9-
       (11th Cir. 2002); Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 58 cmt. e (2003). The latter situation is
       clearly not present here, as the trust provisions gave the trustees (who could be replaced at
       will by the settlor and whose every material action was subject to the veto power of the
       settlor as “protector” of the trust) the power to distribute both principal and income to the
       settlor, in unlimited amounts, for his “maintenance, support, education, comfort, well-being,
       pleasure, desire or happiness.”
¶ 29       Defendants rely chiefly on Greenwich Trust Co. v. Tyson, 27 A.2d 166 (Conn. 1942), to
       support their general claim that once a debtor dies, his creditor’s no longer have any interest
       that can be reached in the debtor’s self-settled trust.6 But that case is distinguishable and does
       not support defendants’ position. Unlike the assets in the present case (which the trustees
       were free to distribute to Sessions), the principal share subject to the relevant holding in
       Greenwich was not distributable to the settlor unless he lived for 20 more years after the trust
       was created, which he did not, and the trust further prohibited any alteration of that
       restriction. See id. at 170. The court found the situation to be one “where the settlor of the
       trust, after reserving to himself the income for life, creates vested indefeasible interests, to
       take effect at his death.” Id. at 173. Here, in contrast, Sessions’ interest extended to the entire
       trust, both principal and income. As noted above, all of the relevant authority uniformly
       rejects defendants’ position under the circumstances presented here.
¶ 30       We also find unpersuasive defendants’ position that creditor’s rights under the common
       law do not extend to the assets that the trustees could have distributed to the settlor but did
       not distribute to him before he died. There is no conceptual difference—with respect to trust
       assets distributable to the settlor—between allowing the settlor to favor himself over his
       creditors and allowing him to favor his relatives and other heirs over his creditors. Just as the
       common law keeps the settlor from retaining the benefit of his assets while keeping them
       beyond his creditors’ reach, it also requires the settlor to be “ ‘just before he is generous.’ ”
       In re Estate of Kovalyshyn, 343 A.2d 852, 859 (N.J., Hudson County Ct. 1975) (quoting
       Merchants’ & Miners’ Transp. Co. v. Borland, 31 A. 272, 274 (N.J. Ch. 1895)); see also 2
       William Blackstone, Commentaries *512. Thus, we believe that if the settlor’s interest in a
       self-settled trust is “void” as to the settlor’s creditors, there is no sound reason to treat the
       creditors’ rights as suddenly defeated the moment the settlor dies, thereby giving the
       commensurate economic benefit to the settlor’s heirs. All of the relevant precedent that we
       have examined seems to support our conclusion. See, e.g., In re Morris, 151 B.R. 900, 906-


               6
                 Defendants also rely on dicta in In re Hall, 22 B.R. 942, 944 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1982),
       which quotes, and uses out of context, the following unremarkable proposition from Bogert’s
       treatise: “If the settlor creates a trust for the settlor for life, with a restraint on voluntary or
       involuntary alienation of this interest, and with a remainder in others at his death, his creditors can
       reach his life interest, but not the remainder.” Helene S. Shapo et al., Bogert’s Trusts and Trustees
       § 223 (3d ed. 2007). Defendants confuse a “life estate,” which is the right to the use and income of
       property during a person’s life (see Keisling v. White, 411 Ill. 493, 502 (1952)), with distributions
       during the life of a trust beneficiary to whom the trustee could distribute both income and principal
       (see Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 156(2) (1959)). Hall is also not on point because the debtor
       shared a cointerest in the property that was originally deeded to the cosettled trust.

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       07 (C.D. Ill. 1993); Johnson v. Commercial Bank, 588 P.2d 1096, 1100 (Or. 1978); Deposit
       Guaranty National Bank v. Walter E. Heller & Co., 204 So. 2d 856, 862 (Miss. 1967); Nolan
       v. Nolan, 67 A. 52, 53 (Pa. 1907); see also In re Estate of Nagel, 580 N.W.2d 810, 812 (Iowa
       1998); State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Reiser, 389 N.E.2d 768, 771-72 (Mass. App. Ct.
       1979); Greenwich Trust Co. v. Tyson, 27 A.2d 166 (Conn. 1942).7
¶ 31        In Morris, a bank became a judgment debtor of Doris Morris in 1987. In 1988, Doris
       received $80,000 in income she used to put in an irrevocable spendthrift trust where she was
       beneficiary, the trustee had discretion to pay her unlimited amounts of principal, and the
       remaining interest in the trust was to pass to Doris’s heirs after her death. Doris filed
       bankruptcy in 1989, and then died one year later while that proceeding was still pending.
       Doris’s heirs argued that the bankruptcy trustee could not “compel turnover of funds when
       the debtor has no present right to the funds *** [b]ecause Debtor died after she filed for
       bankruptcy.” Morris, 151 B.R. at 906. The federal district court rejected that argument and
       found as follows:
                “[The heirs’] argument *** ignores the principle that if a settlor creates a spendthrift
                trust for her own benefit, it is void as to existing or future creditors, and they can
                reach her interests under the trust. [Citation.] Additionally, in the trust in the case at
                bar, the trustee had discretion to pay Debtor such amounts from the principal as
                necessary to maintain Debtor’s standard of living. Because the trustee was entitled
                to apply the entire corpus for the support of Debtor, the entire corpus was subject to
                the claims of creditors. [Citations.] See Farmers State Bank v. Janish, 410 N.W.2d
                188 (S.D. 1987) (Where a settlor is the beneficiary of the spendthrift trust, the
                spendthrift provision is ineffective against creditors who may reach the trust funds.).
                Thus, not only may Debtor’s interest in the trust be reached, but also the interest [of
                the heir who received the remaining principle balance under the terms of the trust
                after Doris’s death].” Id. at 906-07.
¶ 32        We find Morris to be almost exactly on point with the present case. The only difference
       is that the creditor in Morris became a judgment creditor prior to the settlor’s death, but here,
       plaintiff did not obtain a judgment until after the settlor’s death. Defendants argue that
       because no judgment was obtained while the settlor was alive and his pledge was not actually
       due until his death, plaintiff was not a “creditor” for purposes of the common law rule. We
       disagree with both aspects of defendants’ argument.
¶ 33        The common law rule is clearly not limited only to claims brought against a trust by
       creditors who were “judgment creditors” of the settlor during his lifetime. See Johnson, 588
       P.2d at 1100; Deposit Guaranty, 204 So. 2d at 862. In Johnson, the Supreme Court of
       Oregon decided a case where the settlor died before the creditor, a nurse, brought suit for


               7
                There is a dearth of Illinois case law examining the question of how the common law trust
       rule applies with respect to a creditor’s right to collect from trust assets where the settlor/debtor dies
       before a judgment recognizing the debt occurs. The non-Illinois cases cited here were either
       discussed by the parties in their briefs (Morris, Johnson and Deposit Guaranty) or were uncovered
       by our own research (Nolan, Nagel and Reiser).

                                                     -11-
       payment on the home care she had rendered. The court first noted that although the trust was
       void as against the settlor’s creditors only to the extent of his interest, his interest extended
       to the entire trust and so plaintiff, a creditor, could reach all the assets that he placed in the
       trust. Johnson, 588 P.2d at 1100. The court then addressed defendants’ argument that
       plaintiff should lose because she brought suit after the settlor died and the remainders of the
       trust had vested. The court held that “creditors may reach such assets even after the settlor
       dies” because the placement of the funds into the trust is void as against existing and future
       creditors, and it is as if placement into the trust never occurred. Id. at 1100.
¶ 34        In Deposit Guaranty, the settlor also died before the judgment creditor came into
       existence, and the suit to reach trust assets was filed after the settlor’s death. Deposit
       Guaranty, 204 So. 2d at 859. The Supreme Court of Mississippi held that a creditor’s claim
       against the trust property is not defeated merely by the death of the debtor, and although the
       trust agreement is still good as far as the parties mentioned in it, the remainderman will take
       subject to the claim of the creditor, and payment of such claim from the assets of the trust
       will be enforced. Id. at 862-63. The court noted that if the rule were otherwise, “it would be
       possible for anyone to create a trust for his benefit, in which he retained the right to receive
       and use all income during his life, with remainder to another at the moment of death, free
       from claims of creditors, and then keep large credit accounts running and die leaving his
       debts unpaid, thus cheating his creditors.” Id. at 862.
¶ 35        Nor is the common law rule limited to claims that were actionable only during the
       lifetime of the settlor as opposed to those accruing at the time of the death of the settlor. In
       Nagel, the Iowa Supreme Court addressed a situation where the two settlors of a trust were
       simultaneously killed in an accident that precipitated a tort suit brought by the estate of a
       third person that was also killed in the accident. Nagel, 580 N.W.2d at 811. The main
       question presented was whether the trusts’ assets could be reached by the tort plaintiff even
       though the settlors’ deaths rendered the trusts irrevocable. Id. In determining that the assets
       could be reached, the court rejected the defendant’s contention that the debt must have arisen
       during the settlors’ lifetimes in order for the assets to be reached. Id. at 812. The court noted
       that even though the tort claim was not reduced to judgment before the settlors deaths, “the
       facts precipitating it occurred during their lifetimes.” Id.
¶ 36        Turning to the case before us, we find that Sessions was clearly a “debtor” of plaintiff
       during his lifetime and plaintiff in turn was clearly a “creditor” of plaintiff as those terms are
       commonly understood. A “debtor” is simply defined as “[o]ne who owes an obligation to
       another, esp. an obligation to pay money.” Black’s Law Dictionary 433 (8th ed. 2004). A
       “creditor” is “[o]ne to whom a debt is owed.” Black’s Law Dictionary 396 (8th ed. 2004).
       There is no question that Sessions incurred an obligation to pay plaintiff money, even if it
       was to be paid at the latest upon his death as a debt. Moreover, we note that, at the very least,
       the facts precipitating plaintiff’s claim occurred during the lifetime of Sessions, and plaintiff
       could therefore recover against the trust assets. See Nagel, 580 N.W.2d at 812. Sessions
       clearly incurred the obligation to plaintiff during his lifetime and we have no trouble
       concluding that plaintiff was a creditor for purposes of the common law trust rule invoked
       in this case.


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¶ 37                                     CONCLUSION
¶ 38       For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act did not
       displace or abrogate the common law trust rule with respect to self-settled trusts. We also
       conclude that under the undisputed facts of this case, plaintiff was a “creditor” of Sessions
       for purposes of the common law rule. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the appellate
       court, affirm the judgment of the circuit court, and remand the cause to the circuit court of
       Cook County for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 39      Appellate court judgment reversed.
¶ 40      Circuit court judgment affirmed.
¶ 41      Cause remanded.




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