                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            April 17, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 JOSE DEL CARMEN HERNANDEZ
 ROSALES,

       Petitioner,

 v.                                                           No. 19-9564
                                                          (Petition for Review)
 WILLIAM P. BARR, United States
 Attorney General,

       Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      Jose Del Hernandez Rosales, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for

review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’s (BIA) decision dismissing his appeal

from the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). Exercising jurisdiction

under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), we deny the petition for review.



      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                 I. BACKGROUND

      In 2015, Petitioner applied for admission into the United States at a port-of-

entry without a valid visa or other entry documents. An asylum officer determined

Petitioner had credible fear of returning to Mexico and he was placed in removal

proceedings. Eventually, Petitioner conceded removability and applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT protection.

      Petitioner’s request for asylum and withholding of removal is based on

membership in a particular social group: “Long-term residents of the United States

who have to return to Mexico and who have family in the United States.” Admin. R.

at 97. More particularly, Petitioner maintains he is at a heightened risk of being

kidnapped or tortured if he returns to Mexico under the theory that criminal elements

target Mexicans with relatives living in the United States who likely have the

financial resources to pay a ransom.

      At the merits hearing, Petitioner testified that he married a United States

citizen in 2006 and lived off and on in the United States from 1992 through 2011—

albeit without legal status. According to Petitioner, not long after his nephew was

kidnapped and held for a ransom that was eventually paid by family members living

in the United States, he received a telephone call from a man who demanded $2000

or he would suffer a fate worse than what happened to his nephew. Petitioner said

the man knew his wife lived in the United States and could pay the money. Not long

after the call, some men approached Petitioner late at night while he was working at a

                                           2
food truck and demanded the $2000. When Petitioner said he did not know what

they were talking about, they hit him in the face and robbed him of 800 Mexican

pesos. Then, one of the assailants put a gun in Petitioner’s face and told him if he did

not have the rest of the money the next day, he would kill him. Just a few hours

later, Petitioner grabbed his wallet, passport, and medications, and took a taxi from

Tijuana to the United States border, where he told immigration officials that he was

afraid to return to Mexico.

      The IJ found Petitioner’s testimony credible but concluded he had not carried

his burden of proving he was eligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or

protection under the CAT. The BIA dismissed Petitioner’s appeal. This petition for

review followed.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

A. Scope and Standard of Review

      A single-member BIA order “constitutes the final order of removal,” and “we

will not affirm on grounds raised in the IJ decision unless they are relied upon by the

BIA in its affirmance.” Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir.

2006). “However, when seeking to understand the grounds provided by the BIA, we

are not precluded from consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of those same

grounds.” Id. For example, we will consult the IJ’s decision “where the BIA

incorporates by reference the IJ’s rationale or repeats a condensed version of its

reasons while also relying on the IJ’s more complete discussion” or “where the BIA



                                           3
reasoning is difficult to discern and the IJ’s analysis is all that can give substance to

the BIA’s reasoning in the order of affirmance.” Id.

       We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for

substantial evidence. See Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder, 666 F.3d 641, 645 (10th Cir.

2012). Under the substantial-evidence standard, “the BIA’s findings of fact are

conclusive unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Id. (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted).

B. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

       To succeed in his application for asylum and withholding of removal,

Petitioner must prove he is eligible for this relief. See Rodas-Orellana v. Holder,

780 F.3d 982, 986 (10th Cir. 2015). As an initial matter, to be eligible for asylum,

Petitioner must prove he is a refugee, which requires Petitioner to establish he is

unable or unwilling to return to his country of nationality “because of persecution or

a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). For withholding, he must prove a “clear probability of persecution

on account of” one of the statutorily protected grounds. Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at

987 (internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, to obtain either form of

relief, Petitioner must show persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground.

Because Petitioner’s proposed social group fails, we need not consider persecution.



                                            4
      “What constitutes a particular social group is a pure question of law that we

review de novo.” Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1187, 1191 (10th Cir. 2005).

Because “Congress did not define the term ‘particular social group,’” the court

“owe[s] deference to the BIA’s interpretation of that phrase, provided the

interpretation is reasonable.” Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at 990. “[A]n applicant for

asylum or withholding of removal seeking relief based on membership in a particular

social group must establish that the group is (1) composed of members who share a

common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially

distinct within the society in question.” Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227,

237 (BIA 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Regarding the second prong—

the particularity requirement—the group cannot be “broadly defined with ambiguous

terms,” but must contain clearly definable limiting traits, that are “susceptible to easy

definition.” Rivera Barrientos v. Holder, 666 F.3d 641, 650 (10th Cir. 2012).

      Specifically, “[d]eportees are too broad and diverse a group to satisfy the

particularity requirement for a particular social group[,]” because this “purported

social group could include men, women, and children of all ages[,] [not to mention

the fact that] [t]heir removal from the United States could be based on numerous

different factors.” Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 208, 223 (BIA 2014). Further,

“[t]he length of time they were in the United States, the recency of their removal, and

societal views on how long a person is considered a deportee after repatriation could

vary immensely.” Id. As such, the BIA held that “deportees lack the particularity

required to make them a cognizable social group.” Id.; see also Matter of A-B-, 27 I.

                                            5
& N. Dec. 316, 336 (AG 2018) (“A particular social group must not be amorphous,

overbroad, diffuse, or subjective, and not every immutable characteristic is

sufficiently precise to define a particular social group.”).

      The IJ found Petitioner is a member of a social group that shares a common

immutable characteristic—they have lived in the United States for a long time.

However, the IJ found Petitioner’s proposed social group failed the particularity

requirement because, like the proposed group in Matter of W-G-R-, it was too diverse

and overbroad: “Long-term residents in this country who have to return [to Mexico]

with family ties could include men, women and children of any and all ages. It could

include men, women, and children of different social and economic backgrounds.”

Admin. R. at 66.

      The BIA agreed with the IJ that Petitioner’s “proposed social group is not

cognizable for asylum purposes because it lacks particularity and clearly defined

boundaries.” Id. at 4. For example, the BIA noted “[t]he membership of

[Petitioner’s] proposed group could include virtually anyone deported from the

United States who might be thought to be worth robbing or extorting, and is too

broad and amorphous to constitute a distinct class of persons within Mexican

society.” Id.

      Petitioner argues the BIA’s reliance on Matter of W-G-R- is misplaced because

his group includes more than deportees, e.g., people who voluntarily return to

Mexico. We agree with the government that the BIA “did not characterize his group

as ‘deportees’ but likened [Petitioner’s] group to deportees.” Resp’t Br. at 27. But

                                            6
more to the point, Petitioner’s argument does not actually help him because it

broadens—not narrows—who is a member of the group.

        We agree with the BIA that Petitioner’s proposed social group is not defined

with particularity.

C. CAT Protection

       Protection under the CAT requires Petitioner to show “that it is more likely

than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of

removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). This torture must be “inflicted by or at the

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person

acting in an official capacity.” § 1208.18(a)(1). Willful blindness is the standard for

establishing acquiescence. See Cruz-Funez, 406 F.3d at 1192. Unlike asylum or

withholding of removal, however, CAT protection does not require Petitioner to

show that torture will occur on account of a statutorily protected ground. See id.

       The BIA affirmed the IJ’s denial of CAT relief, agreeing with the IJ “that the

record does not establish that it is more likely than not that the respondent will be

tortured in Mexico by or with the acquiescence of willful blindness of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity.” Admin. R. at 4. In this

regard, the BIA explained that the IJ “correctly found that the testimony of

[Petitioner’s] expert witness concerning the likelihood of future criminal

victimization was substantially undermined by [the expert’s] testimony that only

seven percent of returning migrants are subject to kidnapping and victimization by

criminal organization operating in Mexico.” Id. The BIA also referenced the IJ’s

                                            7
additional finding that no other similarly-situated family members had been harmed

since Petitioner’s nephew had been kidnapped. As the IJ noted in his decision, there

was no evidence that “the [Petitioner’s] nephew who was, at one point kidnapped and

released [or Petitioner’s] sisters who still live in Mexico, . . . have been subject to

targeting from the cartels since the kidnapping. And they all have ties to this

country.” Id. at 68.

       The IJ likewise considered whether the government of Mexico would

“acquiesce in the torture of its citizens.” Id. Based on the evidence, including the

“United States State Department’s 2015 International Narcotics Strategy Report

regarding Mexico,” id., the IJ found that “the government of Mexico does not, in

fact, acquiesce in torture of its citizens because of the efforts it is making to combat

the criminal organizations that are causing harm in their country,” id. at 69. The BIA

agreed with the IJ’s finding and further noted that “[a] lack of success or inability to

provide complete protection does not establish acquiescence to torture.” Id. at 4; see

Ferry v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1131 (10th Cir. 2006) (no acquiescence where the

government takes steps to protect individuals or takes actions to improve conditions).

       The BIA’s determination that Petitioner failed to meet his burden to show that

it is more likely than not he would be tortured upon his return to Mexico and that

public officials would acquiesce in his torture is supported by substantial evidence.

In other words, no reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to reach a contrary

conclusion. See Rivera-Barrientos, 666 F.3d at 645.



                                             8
                          III. CONCLUSION

The petition for review is denied.

                                     Entered for the Court



                                     Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                     Circuit Judge




                                     9
