                                                                      FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSDecember 1, 2011
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                 Clerk of Court



    ABIDAN GEDIONI PACAJA
    VICENTE, a/k/a Abidan Pacaja
    Gedioni,

               Petitioner,
                                                        No. 11-9521
    v.                                              (Petition for Review)

    ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
    Attorney General,

               Respondent.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, Circuit Judge, PORFILIO, Senior Circuit Judge, and
MATHESON, Circuit Judge.




         Abidan Gedioni Pacaja Vicente, a Guatemalan citizen, seeks review of the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ)

removal order against him. Both denied his claims for asylum, restriction on


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
removal, 1 and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We

exercise jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) and deny the petition for review.

                                 I. Background

      Mr. Pacaja 2 entered the United States without inspection in May 2003 at the

age of 14. In December 2007, the Department of Homeland Security served him

with a notice to appear, charging him with removability for unlawful presence in

the United States. He conceded removability and on July 15, 2008, applied for

asylum, restriction on removal, and CAT protection.

      At the IJ hearing, Mr. Pacaja testified about an event in Guatemala in 2002

when he was 13. He, his older brother, and younger sister were walking home

from school. Some men wearing dark green clothing, green berets, and axes on

their backs approached them. Mr. Pacaja assumed they were military personnel.

The men asked the children to name the guerilla chiefs. When Mr. Pacaja’s

brother said they did not know anything, the men got angry and kidnapped the

boy. The next day, the family found the boy’s abandoned body riddled with

bullet holes and machete lacerations. Mr. Pacaja’s asylum application stated that

1
       “Restriction on removal” was known as “withholding of removal” before
the amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) made by the Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996. The INA
regulations retain the former term “withholding of removal.” See, e.g., 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.16(b). We refer to “restriction on removal” pursuant to the statutory
definition. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); Razkane v. Holder, 562 F.3d 1283, 1285
n.1 (10th Cir. 2009).
2
      The record refers to “Mr. Pacaja.”

                                        -2-
the following message was attached to his brother’s body: “This is how they die,

and will keep dying when you don’t tell the truth.” R. at 587.

      Mr. Pacaja testified that shortly after his brother was killed, his father left

Guatemala. He said his father feared that the Guatemalan military was searching

to kill him because in about 1982 he had run away from the military at the age of

14. Mr. Pacaja further stated that his grandfather was a politician in Guatemala,

but he did not know what position he held, and that at an unspecified time the

authorities broke down his home’s door looking for the grandfather.

      Mr. Pacaja related that when he was 14, he left Guatemala and entered

Mexico illegally, where he supported himself by doing farm jobs. Eight or nine

months later, he entered the United States. He found his father in North Carolina,

and they soon moved to Jackson, Wyoming. Mr. Pacaja left his father and moved

to Virginia, where he stayed with a cousin. He worked to pay rent and living

expenses. He later returned to Jackson.

      Mr. Pacaja testified that his mother, four siblings, and grandfather still live

in the same county in Guatemala where his brother’s death occurred. His father

has traveled between Guatemala and the United States. Mr. Pacaja testified that

he feared returning to Guatemala because the military would target him for

persecution and death as the eldest surviving son of the family.

      The IJ received a written statement from Mr. Pacaja’s mother stating that

she believed G2, a Guatemalan military group, killed her son. Id. at 401. The

                                          -3-
mother’s statement also described threats shouted from black cars driving past her

family’s house at night. Id. at 402.

      The IJ first concluded that Mr. Pacaja’s asylum application was untimely

and further determined that Mr. Pacaja had not established extraordinary

circumstances to excuse the untimely filing. In an alternative ruling, the IJ

denied Mr. Pacaja’s petition because he failed to establish a nexus between the

2002 event and either a political opinion or membership in a particular social

group. The BIA affirmed on the latter ground.

                                       II. Analysis

A. Standards of Review

      A single member of the BIA entered the BIA’s brief affirmance order under

8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). We therefore review the BIA’s decision as the final

order of removal but “may consult the IJ’s opinion to the extent that the BIA

relied upon or incorporated it.” Sarr v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 783, 790 (10th Cir.

2007). In addition, “when seeking to understand the grounds provided by the

BIA, we are not precluded from consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of

those same grounds.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Although we review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo, we review its

factual findings under the substantial evidence standard. Witjaksono v. Holder,

573 F.3d 968, 977 (10th Cir. 2009). Thus, we must “look to the record for

‘substantial evidence’ supporting the agency’s decision: [O]ur duty is to

                                           -4-
guarantee that factual determinations are supported by reasonable, substantial and

probative evidence considering the record as a whole.” Uanreroro v. Gonzales,

443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The

agency’s findings of fact are conclusive unless the record demonstrates that ‘any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Ismaiel

v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 1198, 1204 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B) (further quotation omitted)).

B. Timeliness of Asylum Petition

      Mr. Pacaja first argues that his asylum application was timely. The IJ ruled

that Mr. Pacaja’s asylum petition was untimely and that he had not shown

extraordinary circumstances to excuse the late filing. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a)(2)(B), (D). The IJ then addressed the merits of Mr. Pacaja’s petition.

The BIA did not address the timeliness issue. It assumed that Mr. Pacaja

“established that he timely filed his application for asylum or that an exception

applie[d].” R. at 3.

      We are precluded from addressing the timeliness issue because “we will not

affirm on grounds raised in the IJ decision unless they are relied upon by the BIA

in its affirmance.” Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1204; see also SEC v. Chenery Corp.,

332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) (stating federal courts will not affirm agency decisions

based on reasoning not considered by the agency). Because the BIA did not rely

on untimeliness to deny Mr. Pacaja’s asylum petition, we turn to the merits.

                                        -5-
C. Merits of Asylum Petition

      1. Legal Standards

      “To be eligible for a discretionary grant of asylum, an alien must be a

refugee.” Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1194 (10th Cir. 2005); see also

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). The definition of “refugee” includes a person who is

outside a country of his or her nationality and who is unable or unwilling to return

to that country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Refugee status may be based on

past persecution in the country of nationality or on a well-founded fear of future

persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b).

      If the alien “establish[es] that he or she has suffered past persecution, [that]

gives rise to a [rebuttable] presumption that he or she has a well-founded fear of

future persecution.” Vatulev v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1207, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003)

(internal quotation marks omitted). 3 The government may prevent the grant of

asylum if it rebuts the presumption by showing by a preponderance of the

evidence that “(1) there has been a fundamental change in circumstances, such

that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution; or (2) the


3
      Past persecution may also give rise to “humanitarian asylum if the applicant
demonstrates that the persecution was so severe that it provides ‘compelling
reasons for being unwilling or unable to return.’” Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425
F.3d 1277, 1280 n.4 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A)).

                                         -6-
applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of the

applicant’s country.” Rivera Barrientos v. Holder, 658 F.3d 1222, 1227

(10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). To be eligible for asylum

based on past persecution, “an applicant must show: (1) an incident, or incidents,

that rise to the level of persecution; (2) that is on account of one of the

statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is committed by the government or forces

the government is either unable or unwilling to control.” Niang, 422 F.3d at

1194-95 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (stating

alien bears the burden to establish that he is a refugee and thus eligible for

asylum).

      “For persecution to be ‘on account of’ [political opinion or] membership in

a social group, the victim’s [political opinion or group membership] must be

central to the persecutor’s decision to act against the victim.” Niang, 422 F.3d at

1200 (social group); Rivera Barrientos, 658 F.3d at 1228 (political opinion); see

also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) (placing burden of proof on the applicant to

establish that “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,

or political opinion was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the

applicant”). Thus, the protected characteristic “cannot be incidental, tangential,

superficial, or subordinate to another reason for harm.” Dallakoti v. Holder, 619

F.3d 1264, 1268 (10th Cir. 2010). “To reverse the BIA, the record must establish

that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude that one of the

                                          -7-
central reasons” the military men targeted Mr. Pacaja was because of his political

beliefs or social-group membership. Id.

      2. Mr. Pacaja’s Asylum Claims

             a. Political Opinion

      Mr. Pacaja asserts that the Guatemalan military persecuted him based on

the men at the 2002 incident perceiving him as having knowledge of or ties to

guerilla groups. Such a perception, he argues, constitutes a political opinion

imputed to him. His claims of past persecution and fear of future persecution are

based on (1) the 2002 incident resulting in his brother’s death, (2) his father’s

desertion from the Guatemalan military as an adolescent in 1982, (3) his

grandfather’s political position, and (4) his mother’s written statement that the

family has received threats. To qualify for asylum, he must show a connection

between these alleged acts of persecution and the imputed political opinion.

      Mr. Pacaja has failed to establish the existence of a cognizable political

opinion with respect to the 2002 incident. He contends that the military group

imputed to him a political opinion that “he and/or his family had or has ties to

guerilla groups.” Aplt. Br. at 27. He bases this argument on his testimony that

the men asked “who were the chiefs of the guerilla.” R. at 295. This request for

information did not impute a political opinion to Mr. Pacaja and his siblings.

Although the questions about guerilla chiefs and even the words left on the

brother’s body may at most have reflected the political opinion of the questioners,

                                          -8-
Mr. Pacaja must show that his own political opinion was the reason he was

persecuted. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992). There is no

indication that the men believed that the children’s refusal to provide information

was politically based. 4

      Evidence that Mr. Pacaja’s father feared the military and that his

grandfather had held a political position does not assist Mr. Pacaja to show that

the military men persecuted him because of his political opinion. It does not

establish the necessary connection between the alleged persecution and the

political opinion Mr. Pacaja claims was imputed to him.

      Evidence that Mr. Pacaja’s family received nonspecific threats that they

should be careful does not constitute persecution. See Yuk v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d

1222, 1234 (10th Cir. 2004) (“Threats alone generally do not constitute

persecution; only rarely, when they are so immediate and menacing as to cause

significant suffering or harm in themselves, do threats per se qualify as

persecution.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The record lacks evidence that

Mr. Pacaja’s family who remain in Guatemala have experienced or are

experiencing persecution. See id. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s


4
       Because Mr. Pacaja failed to present any evidence that the military men
attributed to him any political opinion, we need not address whether this circuit
recognizes “imputed political opinion” as a ground for relief. See Ustyan v.
Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1215, 1217 (10th Cir. 2004) (observing that other circuits have
held that imputed political opinion may be a basis for relief); Elzour v. Ashcroft,
378 F.3d 1143, 1149 n.6 (10th Cir. 2004) (same).

                                        -9-
determination that Mr. Pacaja failed to demonstrate that any persecution he

suffered was on account of the protected ground of political opinion.

             b. Particular Social Group–Maya-Quiche

      Mr. Pacaja adduced no evidence that the military men approached him

because he was descended from the Maya-Quiche Indigenous Peasant Farmers.

The men did not mention his ethnic background. Although Mr. Pacaja asserts that

the government and/or the military persecutes Maya-Quiche Indigenous Peasant

Farmers, the record does not contain evidence about this group. Mr. Pacaja

instead addressed the Guatemalan indigenous population in general, noting that

they are under-represented in politics and have limited educational and

employment opportunities. He did not produce evidence showing that violence

against indigenous persons is greater than violence against the rest of the

population. See, e.g., R. at 498 (United States Department of State Country

Report for 2007). Because Mr. Pacaja has not shown that any persecution was

based on his ethnicity, he has failed to show that he was persecuted “on account

of” his membership in a particular social group. 5




5
       Because we hold that Mr. Pacaja’s claim fails for lack of evidence that any
persecution was on account of this protected ground, we, like the BIA, do not
decide whether Maya-Quiche Indigenous Peasant Farmers qualify as a particular
social group under § 1101(a)(42)(A). See Rivera Barrientos, 658 F.3d at 1228-35
(discussing “the evolving boundaries of social group membership”).

                                        -10-
             c. Particular Social Group–Eldest Son

      Mr. Pacaja claims membership in the particular social group that he defines

as the eldest living son in a family who is thought to have knowledge of or ties to

guerilla groups. Mr. Pacaja suggests that he would be targeted as his family’s

eldest surviving son. This speculation fails to demonstrate that any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude that the BIA erred in holding that

Mr. Pacaja did not suffer persecution on this ground and therefore that he cannot

show a well-founded fear of future persecution. 6

IV. Restriction on Removal and CAT Claims

      “To obtain restriction on removal, the alien must demonstrate that [his]

‘life or freedom would be threatened in [the proposed country of removal]

because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.’” Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277, 1280



6
       Mr. Pacaja argues that because he was 13 at the time of the incident
resulting in his brother’s death, the IJ was required to consider his claims from
the perspective of a child, citing Jorge-Tzoc v. Gonzales, 435 F.3d 146, 150
(2d Cir. 2006) (vacating determination that petitioner had not established past
persecution because agency failed to consider significant evidence of massacres
from the perspective of a seven-year-old child who was dependent on his family
and community); INS Pol’y and Proc. Mem., Guidelines for Children’s Asylum
Claims, 1998 WL 34032561 (INS); FIM-OPPM 07-01, Guidelines for
Immigration Court Cases Involving Unaccompanied Alien Children (May 2007).
These authorities do not excuse a child from the requirement that the alleged
harm be tied to a protected ground. Moreover, the IJ stated both during the
hearing and in his oral ruling that he had scrutinized more closely Mr. Pacaja’s
persecution claim because he was a child at the time. R. at 145, 370.

                                        -11-
(10th Cir. 2005) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)). Mr. Pacaja has failed to

establish that he is entitled to discretionary consideration for asylum. It follows

that he has failed to establish that he is entitled to restriction on removal, which

“requires a petitioner to meet a higher standard than that for asylum.” Ustyan v.

Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1215, 1218 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      “Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture prohibits the [return] of an

alien to a country where it is more likely than not that he will be subject to torture

by a public official, or at the instigation or with the acquiescence of such an

official.” Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1187, 1192 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Because there is no such evidence in the record,

Mr. Pacaja failed to carry his burden of proof, see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2), and

the BIA correctly affirmed the IJ’s decision denying Mr. Pacaja’s request for

CAT relief.

                                   III. Conclusion

      The petition for review is DENIED.



                                                      Entered for the Court



                                                      Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                                      Circuit Judge


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