[Cite as State v. Hammond, 2016-Ohio-2753.]


                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     GALLIA COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                :     Case No. 15CA6

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                   :

        v.                                    :     DECISION AND
                                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY
JOHN E. HAMMOND,                              :
                                                    RELEASED: 4/22/2016
        Defendant-Appellant.                  :
                                          APPEARANCES:

Timothy P. Gleeson, Gleeson Law Office, Logan, OH, for appellant.

Adam R. Salisbury, Gallipolis City Solicitor, Gallipolis, OH, for appellee.
Harsha, J.
        {¶1}    The Gallipolis Municipal Court convicted John E. Hammond of operating a

motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs of abuse and sentenced him. On

appeal Hammond first asserts that his OMVI conviction was not supported by sufficient

evidence. We agree. The state was required to present evidence of a nexus between

Hammond’s consumption of the prescription drugs and his impaired condition. This can

be established by the testimony of an expert who is familiar with the potential side

effects of the medication or a layperson, like a friend or family member, who has

witnessed the effect of the particular drug on the driver.

        {¶2}    A relatively inexperienced state trooper testified affirmatively to leading

questions on redirect examination that Hammond’s consumption of prescription drugs

impaired his ability to operate a motor vehicle to a noticeable degree. But there is no

evidence that the trooper was an expert familiar with the potential side effects of the
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               2


specific medications taken by Hammond or that he was qualified to testify as a

layperson about the effect of these medications on Hammond.

       {¶3}   Although Hammond’s wife testified that he regularly took several

medications for pain, sleeping, cholesterol, and blood pressure, she did not testify that

the specific medications found in his system made him sleepy; in fact, she testified that

her husband’s medications did not impair his driving.

       {¶4}   We conclude the state failed to establish the required nexus between

Hammond’s impaired condition and the prescription medications he took. We sustain

Hammond’s first assignment of error, reverse the judgment of the trial court, and

remand the cause to the trial court to vacate her OMVI conviction and sentence. Our

decision renders Hammond’s second assignment of error, which raises a manifest-

weight argument, moot.


                                        I. FACTS


       {¶5}   Trooper Matt Atwood of the Ohio State Highway Patrol issued a traffic

citation charging John E. Hammond with speeding and operating a motor vehicle while

under the influence of drugs of abuse. Hammond entered a not-guilty plea to the

charges. The trial court conducted a bench trial, which produced the following

evidence.

       {¶6}   Trooper Atwood began working with the Ohio State Highway Patrol in April

2014. In February 2015, he stopped Hammond, who was driving a car, for speeding—

going 52 mph in a 40 mph zone. Based on his Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving

Enforcement (“ARIDE”) training and ten months of experience, Atwood observed that

Hammond’s pupils were constricted, so he suspected drug use. The trooper did not
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               3


notice any evidence of alcohol use by Hammond. Trooper Atwood then proceeded to

administer four different field-sobriety tests to Hammond.

       {¶7}   On the horizontal-gaze nystagmus test, Trooper Atwood did not notice any

clues of impairment for Hammond.

       {¶8}   On the walk-and-turn test, the trooper noticed seven clues of impairment:

(1) he began before being told to begin; (2) he moved his feet for balance; (3) he raised

his arms for balance; (4) he did not walk heel-to-toe; (5) he stepped off the line eight

times; (6) he made an improper turn; and (7) he stopped twice while walking.

       {¶9}   On the one-leg-stand test, the trooper noticed four different clues of

impairment for Hammond: (1) he lost his balance; (2) he raised his arms for balance;

(3) he swayed; and (4) he put his foot down. After Hammond failed a second attempt,

the trooper stopped the test for safety reasons.

       {¶10} Finally, for the Romberg balance test, Hammond’s estimates of the

passage of 30 seconds were off by 8 and 13 seconds.

       {¶11} Based on the field-sobriety tests Trooper Atwood opined that Hammond

was under the influence of “drugs of some kind, not alcohol.” A urine sample given by

Hammond disclosed the following prescription drugs in his system on the date in

question: N-Desmethyldiazepam, Oxazepam, and Temazepam. The evidence did not

disclose that Trooper Atwood was an expert or that he had personal knowledge of how

the medications affected Hammond in the past. Nonetheless, in response to leading

questions on redirect examination Trooper Atwood testified in conclusory fashion that

the medications impaired Hammond’s ability to operate a motor vehicle to a noticeable

degree:
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               4


       Q: Uh, sir, was Mr. Hammond operating the vehicle?

       A: He was.

       Q: Okay, and um, did uh, as a result of your investigation were you able
       to determine whether or not he had ingested substances, substances of
       abuse?

       A: Yes.

       Q: And did the laboratory results corroborate your findings there um, with
       the standardized field sobriety testing and your observations of the
       defendant’s pupil size?

       A: Yes.

       Q: * * * Would you or would you not say that his consumption of those
       substances of abuse adversely and noticeably affected him?

       A: Yes, I would.

       Q: And did they or did they not impair his, his ability to operate a motor
       vehicle to a noticeable degree?

       A: They did.

       {¶12} Hammond, who was 70 years old at the time of the incident, has

significant physical problems, including an artificial ankle, degenerative disc disease,

and other ailments, and he generally walks with a cane. He has been disabled for

about 25 years, after suffering two strokes. He relies on his wife, Savilla, to administer

his prescription drugs to him. Savilla testified that Hammond takes various medications

for pain, sleep, cholesterol, and blood pressure. But she did not testify whether any of

the medications found in her husband’s urine sample were taken to help him sleep;

instead, she testified that for the past 15 years, Hammond has taken his medications

and they did not impair his daily driving.
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                              5


       {¶13} Following the bench trial the court found Hammond guilty of operating a

vehicle while under the influence of drugs of abuse and speeding. The trial court

sentenced Hammond accordingly. This appeal followed.

                             II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶14} Hammond assigns the following errors for our review:

       I. THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A
       CONVICTION OF OVI, R.C. 4511.19(A)(1).

       II. THE GUILTY VERDICT WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF
       THE EVIDENCE.

                                III. LAW AND ANALYSIS

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

                                  1. Standard of Review

       {¶15} “When a court reviews the record for sufficiency, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond

a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d

930, ¶ 146, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),

paragraph two of the syllabus; Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61

L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). “A sufficiency assignment of error challenges the legal adequacy

of the state’s prima facie case, not its rational persuasiveness.” State v. Koon, 4th Dist.

Hocking No. 15CA17, 2016-Ohio-416, ¶ 17.

                          2. The Law: The Nexus Requirement

       {¶16} “[I]n cases in which the state relies upon some evidence that the

defendant consumed prescription drugs, the state must also present some evidence of
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                                6


how the particular medicine actually affects a person or that the drug has the potential

to impair a person’s judgment or reflexes.” See Chillicothe v. Lunsford, 2015-Ohio-

4779, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 15 (4th Dist.). That is, the state must prove a “nexus” between

the drug or drugs ingested and the impairment in order to establish a violation of R.C.

4511.19(A)(1)(a), which prohibits the operation of a vehicle when under the influence of

drugs of abuse. Id. at ¶ 6, 8, citing State v. Husted, 2014-Ohio-4978, 23 N.E.3d 253, ¶

15 (4th Dist.).

       {¶17} Prescription drugs are “dangerous drugs” as defined in R.C. 4729.01(F).

“Thus, if the state were required to prove only that the defendant has consumed a

prescription drug without also having to show that the prescription drug impairs

judgment or reflexes, then a person taking any type of prescription medication who is

impaired while driving, would be guilty of violating R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) regardless of

whether the prescription drug caused the impairment.” Lunsford, 2015-Oho-4779, __

N.E.3d __, at ¶ 9. “It is not enough to show that the defendant consumed a ‘controlled

substance,’ or a ‘dangerous drug.’ The state must show that the drug consumed is one

‘that can result in impairment of judgment or reflexes.’ ” Id. at ¶ 8, citing R.C.

4506.01(M).

                  3. Analysis: Applying the Nexus Requirement to the Facts

       {¶18} Consequently, the state must present some evidence how the drug

actually affects a person or that the particular drug has the potential to impair a person’s

judgment or reflexes. Lunsford at ¶ 9, quoting Husted at ¶ 21. “The essence of R.C.

4511.19(A)(1)(a) is to prohibit impaired driving while under the influence. It is certainly

not intended to criminalize the operation of a vehicle by a person taking a cholesterol or
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               7


blood pressure medication * * * unless that drug negatively influences the defendant’s

driving abilities.” State v. May, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25359, 2014-Ohio-1542, ¶ 47.

“[E]specially” in cases “involving prescription drugs,” the state can only establish OMVI

through direct testimony establishing the nexus between the ingestion of the drug and

its impairment on driving by: (1) “the testimony of an expert who is familiar with the

potential side effects of the medication” or (2) the testimony “of a layperson (such as a

friend or family member) who witnesses the effect of the particular drug on the

defendant-driver.” Id.; see also Lunsford at ¶ 18.

       {¶19} The trial court relied on Trooper Atwood’s testimony in response to leading

questions on redirect examination that the prescription drugs found in Hammond’s urine

sample impaired his ability to operate a motor vehicle to a noticeable degree. But the

state introduced no evidence qualifying the relatively inexperienced trooper as an expert

familiar with the potential side effects of N-Desmethyldiazepam, Oxazepam, and/or

Temazepam. See May at ¶ 47, 50; Lunsford at ¶ 18. Nor did the state introduce

evidence that the trooper had personal knowledge about how these medications

affected Hammond in the past. See Lunsford at ¶ 18. Therefore, Trooper Atwood’s

testimony did not provide sufficient evidence to support Hammond’s OMVI conviction.

       {¶20} The trial court additionally relied on the testimony of Hammond’s wife. But

she did not specifically testify that any of the prescription drugs found in his body helped

him to sleep or made him sleepy or otherwise impaired; rather, she testified that based

on her observation of her husband for the past 15 years, his medications did not impair

his ability to drive. Therefore, her testimony also did not supply sufficient evidence to

support the OMVI conviction.
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               8


       {¶21} Consequently, the state failed to prove that the drugs ingested by

Hammond impaired his judgment or reflexes. Thus, the state failed to establish the

required nexus between Hammond’s impaired condition and his ingestion of the

prescription medication. We sustain Hammond’s first assignment of error.

                             B. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶22} In his second assignment of error Hammond contends that his OMVI

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because we have already

reversed his conviction for insufficient evidence, Hammond’s manifest-weight argument

is moot, and we need not address it. See State v. Neal, 2016-Ohio-64, __ N.E.3d __, ¶

44, quoting State v. Scott, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 02CA2841, 2002-Ohio-7083, ¶ 14 (“ ‘We

do not address [appellant’s] argument that his conviction is against the manifest weight

of the evidence as it is moot due to our finding that his conviction is supported by

insufficient evidence’ ”).

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       {¶23} The state must show a nexus between the drug ingested and the

impairment suffered. “When prosecuting a charge of driving while under the influence

of a drug of abuse, the state must present some evidence of how the particular

medication actually affects the defendant or that the particular medication has the

potential to impair a person’s judgment or reflexes.” Lunsford, 2015-Ohio-4779, __

N.E.3d __, ¶ 22; see also Weiler and Weiler, Baldwin’s Ohio Driving Under the

Influence Law, Section 1:28 (2015) (“The state must present some evidence (1) of how

the particular medicine affects the defendant, and/or (2) that the particular medication

has the potential to impair a person’s judgment or reflexes. Failing this, there will be
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                               9


insufficiency of evidence to sustain a conviction”). The state failed to establish the

requisite nexus here, and Hammond’s OMVI conviction was not supported by sufficient

evidence. Having sustained Hammond’s first assignment of error, we reverse the

judgment of the trial court, and remand the cause to that court to vacate the OMVI

conviction and sentence.

                                                                JUDGMENT REVERSED
                                                               AND CAUSE REMANDED.
Gallia App. No. 15CA6                                                                  10


                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY


    It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS REVERSED and that the CAUSE IS
REMANDED. Appellee shall pay the costs.

       The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Gallipolis
Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as
of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Hoover, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
McFarland, J.: Dissents.

                                            For the Court


                                            BY: ________________________
                                                William H. Harsha, Judge




                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
