[Cite as State v. Rigel, 2017-Ohio-6906.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                      :   C.A. CASE NO. 2016-CA-50
                                                  :
 v.                                               :   T.C. NO. 16-CR-29
                                                  :
 TIMOTHY RIGEL                                    :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :    Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                     :
                                                  :

                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

                               Rendered on the 21st day of July, 2017.

                                             ...........

MEGAN M. FARLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0088515, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 50 E.
Columbia Street, Suite 449, Springfield, Ohio 45502
     Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

JOHNNA M. SHIA, Atty. Reg. No. 0067685, 130 W. Second Street, Suite 1624, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............

DONOVAN, J.
                                                                                         -2-




       {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Timothy Rigel appeals his conviction and sentence for

one count of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth

degree. Rigel filed a timely notice of appeal on August 24, 2016.

       {¶ 2} The record reflects that on January 25, 2016, Rigel was indicted for one count

of illegal cultivation of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.04(A), a felony of the third

degree; and one count of possession of marijuana (equals or exceeds 5,000 grams but

less than 20,000 grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the third degree.

The charges stemmed from evidence obtained when police executed a warrant to search

several locations, including a warehouse located at 1028 Wheel Street in Springfield,

Ohio, that was allegedly owned and/or operated by Rigel. At his arraignment on January

27, 2016, Rigel pled not guilty to the charged offenses, and the trial court set his bond at

$100,000.00. Rigel posted bond and was released on his own recognizance.

       {¶ 3} On March 2, 2016, Rigel filed a motion to suppress and a request for a

hearing on said motion. In his motion to suppress, Rigel challenged the four search

warrants issued by the trial court as they applied to him and the properties that he owned.

No evidentiary hearing was held on the motion to suppress since defense counsel

indicated that he was satisfied with submission of the motion to the trial court on the four

corners of the search warrants themselves.

       {¶ 4} Thereafter, on May 17, 2016, the trial court issued a decision sustaining in

part and overruling in part Rigel’s motion to suppress. Analyzing each of the four search

warrants utilized by the Clark County Sheriff’s Office, the trial court overruled Rigel’s

motion to suppress with respect to search warrants #1 (Thermal Imaging of 826 Sylvan
                                                                                         -3-


Shores Drive); #2 (GPS tracking of Rigel’s vehicle), and #4 (search of Rigel’s properties

located at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and 1028 Wheel Street), while sustaining his

challenge to search warrant #3 (trash and odor warrant at 1028 Wheel Street).1

       {¶ 5} On July 19, 2016, Rigel entered a no contest plea to an amended charge of

one count of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth

degree. On August 16, 2016, the trial court sentenced Rigel to two years of community

control sanctions and six months in the county jail. This court stayed imposition of the

jail sentence pending the outcome of the instant appeal.

       {¶ 6} It is from this judgment that Rigel now appeals.

       {¶ 7} Rigel’s first assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 8} “TRIAL [COURT] ERRED BY RULING ON THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS

WITHOUT HOLDING THE REQUIRED EVIDENTIARY FRANKS HEARING.”

       {¶ 9} In his first assignment, Rigel contends that the trial court erred when he

requested but did not receive an evidentiary hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware

before it ruled on his motion to suppress. Id. at 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d

667 (1978).

       {¶ 10} “Pursuant to Franks, a search violates the Fourth Amendment's prohibition

on unreasonable searches if it is conducted pursuant to a warrant that is based upon an

affidavit   containing   one    or   more    material    misrepresentations,   and    these

misrepresentations were made knowingly or in reckless disregard for the truth.” (Citations

omitted.) State v. Miser, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25105, 2013–Ohio–1583, ¶ 12.



1Since the trash/odor search warrant issued on August 4, 2015, was ultimately
suppressed by the trial court, we need not analyze it in the instant appeal.
                                                                                            -4-


“ ‘Reckless disregard’ means that the affiant had serious doubts of an allegation’s truth. *

* * Omissions count as false statements if ‘designed to mislead, or * * * made in reckless

disregard of whether they would mislead, the magistrate.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Id.

“ ‘[E]xcept in the very rare case where the defendant makes a strong preliminary showing

that the affiant with an intention to mislead excluded critical information from the affidavit,

and the omission is critical to the finding of probable cause, Franks is inapplicable to the

omission of disputed facts.’ ” (Citation omitted.) State v. Blaylock, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 24475, 2011–Ohio–4865, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 11} “[W]here the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a

false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was

included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is

necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that

a hearing be held at the defendant's request.” Franks, 438 U.S. at 155–156, 98 S.Ct.

2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667. “In the event that at that hearing the allegation of perjury or

reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence,

and, with the affidavit's false material set to one side, the affidavit's remaining content is

insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant must be voided and the fruits

of the search excluded to the same extent as if probable cause was lacking on the face

of the affidavit.” Id. at 156.

       {¶ 12} As previously discussed, on March 2, 2016, Rigel filed a motion to suppress

all of the evidence obtained as a result of the execution of search warrants issued on May

5, 2015, June 2, 2015, August 4, 2015, and August 10, 2015. On April 20, 2016, the trial

court issued an entry providing him a seven-day window in which “to file a motion for an
                                                                                         -5-


evidentiary hearing in support of his Motion to Suppress.” The entry states in pertinent

part:

              This matter has been assigned to this Court for the limited purpose

        of reviewing four search warrants which are at the heart of Defendant’s

        Motion to Suppress filed March 2, 2016. Pursuant to this assignment, the

        Court met in conference with defense counsel, Argeri Lagos, and assistant

        prosecuting attorney, Andrew Picek.

              At the request of defense counsel, the Court now sets the matter for

        seven days to permit defense counsel the opportunity to file a motion for an

        evidentiary hearing in support of his motion to suppress.

        {¶ 13} In the same entry, the trial court provided the State with an additional five

days in which to respond to defense counsel’s hearing motion if one was indeed filed.

Lastly, the trial court indicated that it would review the matter on May 5, 2016, and enter

a decision regarding whether a hearing would be held or the motion to suppress would

be decided without a hearing. On April 28, 2016, the State filed a response to Rigel’s

motion to suppress in which it noted that defense counsel had indicated that he “was not

pursuing any further evidentiary hearing regarding [the motion to suppress] and would be

satisfied with submission of the motion on the search warrants itself.”2 We note that the

record indicates that no subsequent motion requesting an evidentiary hearing was filed

by Rigel nor defense counsel. Shortly thereafter, the trial court, without an evidentiary

hearing, issued its decision sustaining in part and overruling in part Rigel’s motion to


2 We note that the State mistakenly uses the phrase “further evidentiary hearing” as the
trial court had placed defense counsel on notice that there would only be four-corners
review absent a request for an evidentiary hearing thereafter.
                                                                                         -6-


suppress.

       {¶ 14} As noted above, after the instant case was transferred from the assigned

judge to another judge for the limited purpose of determining the suppression issue,

defense counsel was explicitly provided with an opportunity to request an evidentiary

hearing in addition to a four-corners review on the motion to suppress. Based on the

record before us, it is clear that defense counsel elected not to request a Franks hearing,

but rather chose to have the trial court proceed to review the motion to suppress on its

merits. Accordingly, the record establishes that the trial court did not deny Rigel a Franks

hearing on his motion to suppress. The decision to not pursue an evidentiary hearing

and/or establish entitlement thereto pursuant to Franks was made solely by defense

counsel for Rigel and hence is waived.

       {¶ 15} Rigel’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 16} Rigel’s second assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 17} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT OVERRULED RIGEL’S MOTION

TO SUPPRESS BECAUSE THE FOUR CORNERS OF EACH OF THE SEARCH

WARRANTS ISSUED FAIL TO PROVIDE THE REQUISITE PROBABLE CAUSE.”

       {¶ 18} In his second assignment, Rigel argues that the trial court erred when it

overruled his motion to suppress with respect to the search warrants issued on May 5,

2015, June 2, 2015, and August 10, 2015. Specifically, Rigel argues that the trial court

did not have a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed to issue the

search warrants. Rigel challenges the search warrants issued in the instant case on four

separate bases: 1) the staleness of the information relied upon; 2) when the facts relied

upon occurred; 3) whether the information from the confidential informant was reliable;
                                                                                           -7-


and 4) whether there is a nexus between the alleged crime, the objects to be seized, and

the place to be searched.

          {¶ 19} In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the

trier of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate

the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Retherford, 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 592, 639 N.E.2d

498 (2d Dist.1994); State v. Knisley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22897, 2010-Ohio-116,

¶ 30. Accordingly, when we review suppression decisions, we must accept the trial

court's     findings   of   fact   if   they     are   supported   by   competent,   credible

evidence. Retherford at 592, 639 N.E.2d 498. “Accepting those facts as true, we must

independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court's

conclusion, whether they meet the applicable legal standard.” Id.

          {¶ 20} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provide that search warrants may only be issued

upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place

to be searched, and the person and/or things to be seized. See also State v. Jones, 143

Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, ¶ 11.

          {¶ 21} We begin our analysis with the governing legal standards. Under Crim.R.

41, a request for a search warrant requires a sworn affidavit “establishing the grounds for

issuing the warrant.” Crim.R. 41(C)(1).         The judge may issue a search warrant if the

judge finds, based on the information in the affidavit, that “probable cause for

the search exists.” Crim.R. 41(C)(2).          “The finding of probable cause may be based

upon hearsay in whole or in part, provided there is a substantial basis for believing the

source of the hearsay to be credible and for believing that there is a factual basis for the
                                                                                         -8-

information furnished.” Id. “In determining the sufficiency of probable cause in an

affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant, ‘[t]he task of the issuing magistrate is

simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances

set forth in the affidavit before him, including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of

persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or

evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’ ” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d

325, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989), paragraph one of the syllabus, quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462

U.S. 213, 238–239, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).

       {¶ 22} “[T]he duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had

a ‘substantial basis for * * * conclud[ing]’ that probable cause existed.” Gates at 238–239,

quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697

(1960); State v. Castagnola, 145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565, 46 N.E.3d 638, ¶ 35.

Ordinarily, “a probable cause inquiry must be confined to the four corners of the

affidavit.” State v. Klosterman, 114 Ohio App.3d 327, 333, 683 N.E.2d 100 (2d Dist.1996).

In reviewing whether a search warrant has been issued upon probable cause, courts must

examine the totality of the circumstances. Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-Ohio-483, 37

N.E.3d 123, at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 23} Trial courts and appellate courts “should accord great deference to the

magistrate's determination of probable cause, and doubtful or marginal cases in this area

should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325,

544 N.E.2d 640 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus; Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-

Ohio-483, 37 N.E.3d 123, at ¶ 14.

       {¶ 24} Regarding informants, as this Court has previously noted:
                                                                                         -9-


             “Courts have generally recognized three categories of informants: (1)

      the identified citizen informant, (2) the known informant, i.e., someone from

      the criminal world who has a history of providing reliable tips, and (3) the

      anonymous informant.” State v. Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004–Ohio–

      6085, 817 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 36, citing Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295,

      300, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999).

             “Where a confidential or anonymous informant is the source of the

      hearsay, the ‘informant's veracity, reliability and basis of knowledge are all

      highly relevant’ in a totality of the circumstances probable cause

      determination. Gates at 230 (internal quotations omitted). There must be

      some basis in the affidavit to indicate the informant's credibility, honesty or

      reliability. An affidavit which contains detailed information from informants

      (permitting an inference that illegal activity was personally observed by the

      informants), police corroboration of an informant's intelligence through its

      own independent investigation, or additional testimony by the affiant helps

      to bolster and substantiate the facts contained within the affidavit. While

      individual facts and statements themselves may not separately support a

      probable cause determination, a reviewing court must weigh all of the

      components together because ‘[p]robable cause is the sum total of [all]

      layers of information.’ ” (Citations omitted.) State v. Harry, 12th Dist. Butler

      No. CA2008–01–0013, 2008–Ohio–6380, ¶ 20.

State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25402, 2013–Ohio–622, ¶ 19–20.

      {¶ 25} As we have further noted, while an informant's veracity, reliability and basis
                                                                                       -10-


of knowledge are highly relevant factors to the determination of probable cause, “those

factors are not separate and independent requirements but, rather, ‘intertwined issues

that may usefully illuminate the commonsense, practical question whether there is

“probable cause” to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular

place.’ ” State v. Harris, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18913, 2002 WL 1041868, *1 (May 24,

2002), quoting Gates at 320. “Accordingly, an informant's tip may be reliable despite the

deficiency in one factor where there is a strong showing of another factor or some other

indicia of reliability.” Id., citing Gates at 233.

       {¶ 26} Finally, we note that the “Supreme Court of the United States held that

evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment by an officer acting in objectively

reasonable reliance on a search warrant issued by a neutral and detached magistrate

need not be excluded from state criminal prosecution. (Citations omitted).” State v.

Arnold, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2016 CA 20, 2017-Ohio-559, ¶ 48.

                     Thermal Image Search Warrant Issued on May 5, 2015

       {¶ 27} On May 5, 2015, Detective Andy Reynolds was issued a search warrant to

conduct thermal imaging scans for five structures, to wit: 4303 Detrick-Jordan Pk., 310

Villa Road, 922 Oak Street, 826 Sylvan Shores, and 127 West Grand, all located in

Springfield, Ohio. Property records retrieved by the police established that 826 Sylvan

Shores and 127 West Grand were owned by Timothy Rigel. The affidavit stated as

follows:

               The Clark County Sheriff’s Office has been conducting a suspected

       marijuana growing operation being operated by a Timothy and Nicholas

       Rigel. Timothy G. Rigel resides at 826 Sylvan Shores South Vienna, Ohio
                                                                                -11-


and Nicholas resides at 709 Mayhill Springfield, Ohio.

       In October of 2014, I spoke with a Confidential Informant who

advised that she/he can purchase Marijuana from Jacob Collins at 310 Villa

Rd. Springfield, Ohio.    The CI advised that the residence contains an

indoor Marijuana grow in the basement of the home. The CI advised that

the operation is ultimately ran by Timothy G. Rigel. Mr. [Timothy] Rigel and

family members own several rental properties throughout the City of

Springfield and Clark County. I obtained records from the Clark County

Auditor’s Office that 310 Villa Rd. belongs to Herold Property

Management/Nicholas Rigel.       On October 22 and 29, 2014, the CI did

make controlled purchases of Marijuana from Jacob Collins, with each buy

being one ounce of Marijuana for [$]250.00 dollars from the 310 Villa Rd.

address. *** The CI stated that the marijuana was sold to the CI by Jacob

Collins inside 310 Villa Road. ***.

       The CI went on to say that Jacob Collins was previously residing at

4303 Detrick-Jordan Pk Springfield, Ohio, which was found to belong to

Nicholas Rigel. Having a personal relationship with Jacob Collins, the C.I.

has personal knowledge that Jacob Collins previously lived at the 4303

Detrick-Jordan Pk Springfield, Ohio because s/he visited him there. I then

obtained records from the Auditor’s Office for all properties owned by Herold

Property Management/Nicholas Rigel. The findings were that they owned

all of the following addresses: 4303 Detrick Jordan Springfield, 310 Villa Rd

Springfield, 1015 Maiden Lane Springfield, 709 Mayhill Springfield, 2015
                                                                               -12-


Irwin Ave Springfield, 922 Oak St Springfield and 1811 Hillside Springfield,

Ohio. I then secured a Grand Jury Subpoena to obtain Electric records

from First Energy for these addresses. Upon viewing the records, it was

found that 4303 Detrick Jordan, 310 Villa Rd, and 709 Mayhill were all in

Nicholas Rigel’s name and all bills were mailed to 310 Villa Rd Springfield,

Ohio. The account for the dwelling listed as 922 Oak St is in the name of

Joe Seng. The 4303 Detrick Jordan Pk, 310 Villa Rd and 922 Oak St

residences were found to have extremely high Kilowatt (KWH) usage

readings ***.

***

       I then checked with the Clark County Auditor’s Office for all

properties belonging to Timothy R. Rigel.     I located several properties

belonging to Mr. Rigel as follows: 826 Sylvan Shores Dr South Vienna, 1308

and 1310 W. High St Springfield, 1400 Innisfallen Springfield, 1827 W. High

St Springfield, 425 E. Rose St Springfield, 633 and 635 S. Wittenberg

Springfield, 1004 S. Center St Springfield, 127 W. Grand St Springfield,

1102 and 1104 S. Fountain Ave Springfield, 1205 S. Limestone Springfield,

[and] 902 and 902 ½ Clifton Ave Springfield, Ohio. I then secured a Grand

Jury Subpoena to obtain Electric records from First Energy for these

addresses. Upon viewing the records it was found that 826 Sylvan Shores

South Vienna, along with 127 W. Grand, Springfield, were found to have

extremely high Kilowatt (KWH) usage readings. The 826 Sylvan Shores

Dr is billed to Timothy G. Rigel at that address. The 127 W. Grand address
                                                                                           -13-


       is billed to Sona Storer at that address.

              The records received from First Energy from 826 Sylvan Shores Dr

       South Vienna from February 21, 2014 to February 23, 2015 as follows:

       7,875 KHW, 4,235 KHW, 2,278 KHW, 1,856 KHW, 1,752 KHW, 1,170 KWH,

       1,484 KHW, 1,931 KHW, 5,827 KHW, 5,004 KHW, 7,740 KHW and 11,506

       KHW.

              The records received from First Energy from 127 W. Grand Ave from

       February 12, 2014 to February 12, 2015 as follows: 1,707 KHW, 1,305

       KHW, 4,689 KHW, 1,925 KHW, 896 KHW, 985 KHW, 1,376 KHW, 1,853

       KHW, 4,498 KHW, 4,815 KHW, 5,043 KHW, 4,603 KHW.

              Affiant, through marijuana growing operations, knows that the above

       is a higher than normal Kilowatt consumption for dwellings similar in size to

       the dwelling. Affiant also reviewed usage for other residences of similar

       size to these for the same time periods in the same general area and found

       the consumption for the listed addresses to be significantly higher than the

       others.

       {¶ 28} In his affidavit, Det. Reynolds sought evidence of “dissipating heat, surface

temperature variables and thermal image information which, when considered with other

information developed in this case, may constitute evidence of a crime concerning the

Manufacturing, Possession, or Delivery of *** Marijuana.” Det. Reynolds further stated

that he had been employed as a police officer for approximately sixteen years and was

now responsible for investigating illegal drug activity in Clark County, Ohio.

       {¶ 29} As noted by the trial court, Det. Reynolds’ affidavit related the following facts
                                                                                       -14-


regarding the alleged involvement of Timothy Rigel in the suspected marijuana grow

operation. The Clark County Sheriff’s Office had been conducting an investigation of a

suspected marijuana grow operation in Springfield, Ohio, and surrounding areas.

Timothy Rigel resides at 826 Sylvan Shores in South Vienna, Ohio. Additionally, Det.

Reynolds stated that, through the use of his confidential informant (CI), he had arranged

two controlled drug buys at 310 Villa Road in Springfield, Ohio, which is owned by

Nicholas Rigel. On October 22 and 29, 2014, Det. Reynolds’ CI engaged in the two

controlled purchases of marijuana at 310 Villa Road from an individual named Jacob

Collins.   The purchases were recorded.      The CI also informed Det. Reynolds that

marijuana was being grown in the basement of the residence at 310 Villa Road. Records

also established that energy usage at 310 Villa Road from October of 2013 through

October of 2014 was “extremely high.” The CI stated that the marijuana grow operation

is “ultimately ran by Timothy G. Rigel.” “Mr. [Timothy] Rigel and family members” own

several rental properties in Clark County, Ohio. Det. Reynolds also stated that energy

usage at 826 Sylvan Shores between February of 2013 and February of 2014 was also

found to be extremely high.

       {¶ 30} The CI’s statement that that the marijuana grow operation is “ultimately ran

by Timothy G. Rigel,” standing alone, is merely conclusory at best. However, the CI used

by Det. Reynolds successfully completed two controlled marijuana buys at 310 Villa

Road, a residence owned by Nicholas Rigel, a relative of Timothy Rigel. In our view, the

controlled drug buys on October 22 and 29, 2014, can be used to bolster the credibility of

the CI regarding his or her knowledge that Timothy Rigel was the leader of the marijuana

grow operation.
                                                                                        -15-


      {¶ 31} The direct evidence in the affidavit which supports Det. Reynolds’ belief that

Timothy Rigel is involved in the marijuana grow operation is the “extremely high” energy

usage at his residence located at 826 Sylvan Shores. Nevertheless, when viewed in

conjunction with the CI’s two successful controlled drug buys at a residence owned by a

family member, the evidence of high energy usage in the affidavit underlying the search

warrant was sufficient to establish probable cause to perform a thermal imaging search

of Timothy Rigel’s residence located at 826 Sylvan Shores in South Vienna, Ohio.

Contrast State v. Leibold, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25124, 2013-Ohio-1371, ¶ 33 (“[w]e

hesitate to approve scenarios which would permit police to obtain a warrant based solely

on *** random inspection of electricity usage records, even for a residence which had

been the subject of a prior search”). Unlike the scenario in Leibold, the inspection of

Timothy Rigel’s energy usage records was not a random search. Along with Nicholas

Rigel and other “relatives,” Timothy Rigel had been directly implicated by an otherwise

credible CI as being the individual in charge of a large scale marijuana grow operation.

      {¶ 32} Accordingly, we find that the affidavit underlying the thermal imaging search

warrant issued on May 5, 2015, was sufficient to establish probable cause, and the trial

court did not err when it denied Rigel’s motion to suppress with respect to that particular

search warrant.

            Electronic Tracking Device Search Warrant Issued on June 2, 2015

      {¶ 33} On June 2, 2015, Det. Reynolds was issued a search warrant to attach an

electronic tracking device to Timothy Rigel’s Chevy Silverado pickup truck. After the

tracking device was attached, the search warrant necessarily permitted Det. Reynolds to

monitor the movement and location of the truck “if said vehicle is found at 826 Sylvan
                                                                                      -16-


Shores Drive in South Vienna, Ohio.” As previously stated, said address is Timothy

Rigel’s residence.     The search warrant permitted Det. Reynolds to monitor the

movement and location of the tracking device attached to Timothy Rigel’s truck for a

period of forty-five days after issuance of the warrant.

       {¶ 34} In support of the search warrant, Det. Reynolds stated the following in the

his affidavit:

       1. The suspect Timothy R. Rigel operates the above said vehicle from his

       residence located at 826 Sylvan Shores Dr South Vienna, Clark County,

       Ohio and drives it to a suspected indoor Marijuana grow operation at 310

       Villa Rd., and other suspect marijuana grow operations.

       ***

       4. The Clark County Sheriff’s Office has been conducting an investigation

       into a suspected marijuana growing operation being operated by a Timothy

       and Nicholas Rigel. Timothy Rigel resides at 826 Sylvan Shores South

       Vienna, Ohio and Nicholas resides at 709 Mayhill Springfield Ohio.

       5. In October of 2014, I spoke with a Confidential Informant who advised

       that she/he can purchase Marijuana from Jacob Collins at 310 Villa Rd.

       Springfield, Ohio. The CI advised that the residence contains an indoor

       Marijuana grow in the basement of the home. The CI advised that the

       operation is ultimately ran by Timothy G. Rigel. Mr. [Timothy] Rigel and

       family members own several rental properties throughout the City of

       Springfield and Clark County. I obtained records from the Clark County

       Auditor’s Office that 310 Villa Rd. belongs to Herold Property
                                                                                     -17-


      Management/Nicholas Rigel.      I also obtained numerous electric usage

      records from Ohio Edison, which based upon my training and experience

      indicated likely marijuana grows at up to 5 residences owned by Rigel and

      family members.

      6. On October 22 and 29, 2014, the CI did make controlled purchases of

      Marijuana from Jacob Collins, with each buy being one ounce of Marijuana

      for $250.00 dollars from the 310 Villa Rd address.

      7. The suspect [Timothy Rigel] has picked up over thirty canisters of CO2

      that was purchased from Buckeye Gas Company in the last twelve months.

      CO2 is commonly known to be used in indoor Marijuana grow operations,

      and based upon the quantity of CO2 being picked up, and based upon my

      training and experience and other information from this investigation, it is

      likely that the CO2 is being used in marijuana grow operations.

      8. I personally have witnessed the suspect pick up canisters of CO2 from

      Buckeye Gas Company in the last three weeks.          I have also received

      information from a person with personal knowledge of the transactions for

      the canisters that Tim Rigel pays cash for the canisters and has purchased

      over 30 canisters in the past 12 months. In the last three weeks, I also

      observed Rigel use the above listed Chevy Silverado to pick up the

      canisters from Buckeye Gas Company.

      {¶ 35} As with the first search warrant issued on May 5, 2015, the second warrant

issued on June 2, 2015, relies on statements made by Det. Reynolds’ CI who made two

controlled marijuana purchases at 310 Villa Road from Jacob Collins. The CI also stated
                                                                                       -18-


that there was a marijuana grow operation in the basement of that address. Additionally,

Det. Reynolds’ affidavit states that the CI implicated Timothy Rigel as the leader of a

marijuana grow operation in Clark County. Det. Reynolds’ affidavit in support of the

second warrant contains facts which clearly connect Timothy Rigel to the suspected

marijuana grow operation. Specifically, Det. Reynolds stated that he observed Timothy

Rigel drive his truck from his residence located at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive to the 310

Villa Road address where at least two marijuana purchases have occurred. Additionally,

Det. Reynolds stated that he had personal knowledge that Timothy Rigel purchased

several canisters of CO2 from the Buckeye Gas Company with cash and transported the

canisters in his truck. Det. Reynolds further stated that CO2 is “commonly known to be

used in indoor marijuana grow operations.” Det. Reynolds also reiterated in his affidavit

that Timothy Rigel owned properties which had elevated energy uses which indicated,

based upon his experience and training, the presence of marijuana grow operations.

       {¶ 36} In our view, the information contained in Det. Reynolds’ affidavit created a

substantial basis to connect Timothy Rigel with the suspected marijuana grow operation

being conducted in Clark County. Accordingly, we find that the affidavit was sufficient to

establish probable cause to issue a search warrant to attach an electronic tracking device

to Timothy Rigel’s Chevy Silverado pickup truck in order to monitor its movement and

location. Therefore, the trial court did not err when it denied Timothy Rigel’s motion to

suppress with respect to the search warrant for the electronic tracking device attached to

his truck.

         Search Warrant Issued on August 10, 2015, for 826 Sylvan Shores Drive

                                    and 1028 Wheel Street
                                                                                       -19-


       {¶ 37} On August 10, 2015, Det. Reynolds was issued a warrant for the search of

two structures owned by Timothy Rigel, namely 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and a

warehouse located at 1028 Wheel Street in Springfield, Ohio. The warrant also provided

for the search of three other locations owned by Nicholas Rigel. In support of the search

warrant, Det. Reynolds stated the following in the his affidavit:

       2. In 2010, Springfield Police received information from a Confidential

       Source (CS #1). CS #1 stated that Timothy Rigel, Jr. had been growing

       marijuana for a long time, and that Rigel helped Deron Castle, Jr. get set up

       with a marijuana growing operation at 1028 Wheel Street, where Castle had

       a land contract to purchase the building.

       3. In 2010, Springfield Police conducted a search warrant at 1028 Wheel

       Street for a suspect marijuana growing operation there. The property at

       that time was still owned by Timothy Rigel.        Springfield Police located

       inside 1028 Wheel Street the remnants of a previously operated marijuana

       growing operation that had been recently completed, including lamps,

       electrical equipment, and small amounts of plant waste and residue.

       Detectives spoke with Timothy Rigel who advised that Deron Castle, Jr. had

       a land contract for the purchase of 1028 Wheel Street, and that Deron

       Castle, Jr. was in possession of 1028 Wheel Street at that time. Deron

       Castle, Jr. is currently serving an 11 year prison term after pleading to

       charges of trafficking in marijuana and money laundering, when he was

       arrested in possession of approximately 1500 pounds of marijuana.

       4. In May of 2012, Detectives with the Springfield Police Division
                                                                                  -20-


interviewed a Confidential Source (CS #2) about Timothy Rigel. The CS

stated that Timothy Rigel rents out houses to people and sets up marijuana

growing operations inside the houses. The tenant’s job is to operate the

growing operation while living there.       Timothy Rigel then collects the

finished product, and will take all of the other evidence away to be

destroyed.      After Rigel has sold the marijuana, the tenant is paid a

percentage based upon the value of the growing operation.             The CS

indicated that the CS had engaged in an agreement like this with Timothy

in the past.

***

11. A search warrant was obtained to apply a G.P.S. tracking device on

Timothy Rigel’s Chevy Silverado with Ohio plate # GIE2554 on June 2,

2015. According to the G.P.S. tracking reports, the truck traveled directly

from his residence at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and going directly to 1028

Wheel Street. The G.P.S. tracking records also show the truck coming

directly from Buckeye Bottle Gas Company, where Mr. Rigel has bought

several tanks of carbon dioxide and go directly to 1028 Wheel Street.

      a. Carbon dioxide is frequently used in the indoor growing of marijuana.

***

14. Based upon all of the above information, it is clear that Timothy Rigel,

Jr. and Nicholas Rigel have been conducting a large scale marijuana

growing operation for a long period of time at all of the above locations and

others, and therefore all of the above locations are likely to contain evidence
                                                                                         -21-


       of cultivation of marijuana, whether an active marijuana growing operation,

       other equipment, proceeds, or marijuana prepared for distribution.

       {¶ 38} We note that the affidavit also contained statements made by Det. Reynolds

in which he indicated that both 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and 1028 Wheel Street had very

high levels of energy usage. The records were compiled from the months of January of

2015 through June of 2015. We further note that as a means of comparison, Det.

Reynolds retrieved and attached the electric usage records for the address of 888 Sylvan

Shores Drive, which indicated significantly lower energy usage levels than Timothy

Rigel’s nearby residence at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive. Det. Reynolds stated that he did

not request comparison records for the warehouse at 1028 Wheel Street because none

of the neighboring businesses were of similar size or construction. The instant affidavit

also mentions evidence obtained as a result of the trash/odor search warrant issued on

August 4, 2015. Nevertheless, the affidavit is otherwise supported by probable cause as

determined in the decision rendered by the trial court, as well as the initial determination

made by the issuing magistrate.

       {¶ 39} Timothy Rigel argues that the affidavit contains stale evidence that should

not have been considered by the issuing judge. Specifically, Timothy argues that the

2010 investigation by Springfield police into a suspected marijuana grow operation at the

1028 Wheel Street warehouse did not involve him, and he asserts that he was never

charged in connection with that investigation. Timothy further asserts that the CI who

informed police of the 2010 grow operation was not credible. Timothy points out that at

that time, Deron Castle, Jr. had possession of the 1028 Wheel Street property where the

remnants of the grow operation were found.
                                                                                          -22-


       {¶ 40} Additionally, Timothy challenges the veracity of the second CI who informed

police in 2012 that he rented residences to people and then set up marijuana grow

operations for the tenants to manage. The CI further stated that Timothy would collect

the marijuana, destroy the evidence, sell the product, and give the tenant a share of the

profits. Significantly, Det. Reynolds stated that the second CI indicated that he or she

had actually entered into this type of agreement with Timothy in the past.

       {¶ 41} While the 2010 grow operation at the 1028 Wheel Street and the information

from the second CI in 2012 is clearly old information, it is not dispositive regarding the

issue of staleness. An affidavit in support of a search warrant must present timely

information and include facts so closely related to the time of issuing the warrant as to

justify a finding of probable cause at that time. State v. Jones, 72 Ohio App.3d 522, 526,

595 N.E.2d 485 (6th Dist.1991).        No arbitrary time limit dictates when information

becomes “stale.” Id. The test is whether the alleged facts justify the conclusion that certain

contraband remains on the premises to be searched. State v. Floyd, 2d Dist. Darke No.

1389, 1996 WL 139787 (Mar. 29, 1996). If a substantial period of time has elapsed

between the commission of the crime and the search, the affidavit must contain facts that

would lead the judge to believe that the evidence or contraband is still on the premises

before the judge may issue a warrant. State v. Yanowitz, 67 Ohio App.2d 141, 147, 426

N.E.2d 190 (8th Dist.1980).

       {¶ 42} “Ohio courts have identified a number of factors to consider in determining

whether the information contained in an affidavit is stale, including the character of the

crime, the criminal, the thing to be seized, as in whether it is perishable, the place to

be searched, and whether the affidavit relates to a single isolated incident.” State v. Mays,
                                                                                       -23-

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23986, 2011-Ohio-2684, ¶ 22, citing State v. Ingold, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 07AP–648, 2008–Ohio–2303, ¶ 23.

       {¶ 43} In the instant case, it is clear that CI supplied information from 2010 and

2012, respectively, factored directly into the ongoing investigation conducted by Det.

Reynolds in 2015. Specifically, the G.P.S. tracking device attached to Timothy’s vehicle

indicated that he traveled directly from his residence at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive to the

warehouse located at 1028 Wheel Street. The tracking records also establish that the

truck traveled to Buckeye Bottle Gas Company, where Mr. Rigel has bought several tanks

of carbon dioxide, and then traveled directly to the warehouse at 1028 Wheel Street. As

previously stated, carbon dioxide is “frequently used in the indoor growing of marijuana.”

Additionally, the energy usage at both 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and 1028 Wheel Street

was “extremely high” which is another indicator of a marijuana grow operation.      All of

these facts taken together create a reasonable inference that Timothy Rigel was

conducting an illegal marijuana grow operation and that evidence of such would be found

at 826 Sylvan Shores Drive and/or 1028 Wheel Street. Accordingly, we find that the

information contained in the affidavit was not stale and provided adequate probable cause

for the judge to issue a warrant to search Rigel’s residence located at 826 Sylvan Shores

Drive and the warehouse he owned at 1028 Wheel Street where the contraband was

ultimately found.

       {¶ 44} Rigel’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 45} Rigel’s third and final assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 46} “RIGEL’S SENTENCE IS CONTRARY TO LAW BECAUSE THE TRIAL

COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN APPLYING THE STATUTORY GUIDELINES.”
                                                                                         -24-


       {¶ 47} In his third assignment, Rigel argues that the trial court erred when it

ordered him to serve two years of community control sanctions and six months in jail for

one count of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth

degree. Specifically, Rigel argues that the record establishes that the trial court abused

its discretion in applying the statutory guidelines for felony sentencing.

       {¶ 48} “The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the

authorized statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its

reasons for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.” State v. King, 2013–

Ohio–2021, 992 N.E.2d 491, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.). However, in exercising its discretion, a trial

court must consider the statutory policies that apply to every felony offense, including

those set out in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12. State v. Leopard, 194 Ohio App.3d 500,

2011–Ohio–3864, 957 N.E.2d 55, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d

54, 2006–Ohio–855, 846 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 38.

       {¶ 49} The principles and purposes of felony sentencing are set forth in R.C.

2929.11. The statutory “seriousness” and “recidivism” factors that guide a court's

sentencing discretion are found in R.C. 2929.12. We have found that a trial court need

not expressly state that it has considered R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12. See, e.g.,

State v. Guy, 2d Dist. Clark Nos. 2015–CA–28, 2015–CA–29, 2016–Ohio–425, ¶ 16,

quoting State v. Neff, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012–CA–31, 2012–Ohio–6047, ¶ 5. The trial

court stated in its sentencing entry that it had considered the principles and purposes of

sentencing found in R.C. 2929.11. (Doc. # 23, at 1).

       {¶ 50} Additionally, the judgment entry of conviction states in pertinent part:

              The Court considered the record, oral statements of counsel, the
                                                                                         -25-


       defendant’s statement, the pre-sentence investigation report, and the

       principles and purposes of sentencing under Ohio Revised Code Section

       2929.11. The Court finds that community control is mandatory.

       {¶ 51} In State v. Marcum, the Ohio Supreme Court made clear that the standard

contained in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) applies to all felony sentencing-term challenges. Id., 146

Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231. In utilizing the standard of review set

forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), we no longer use an abuse of discretion standard when

reviewing felony sentences. Id. at ¶ 9.

       {¶ 52} In the instant case, the trial court properly considered the criteria found

in R.C. 2929.11, and the record does not clearly and convincingly fail to support its

decision to impose a sentence of two years of community control sanctions and six

months in the county jail for one count of possession of marijuana, in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth degree. R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a) states that if all of the

provisions listed in division (B)(1)(a)(i)- (iv) apply, the court shall sentence an offender

convicted of a fourth or fifth degree felony to at least one year of community control. The

conditions set forth for mandatory community control in R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a) (i)- (iv) were

met in the instant case. Additionally, since Rigel’s PSI indicated that he had a prior

misdemeanor record, the trial court did not err when it sentenced him to a term of six

months in the county jail as a condition of his community control.

       {¶ 53} Having reviewed the entire record, including but not limited to the

sentencing transcript and the PSI, we are unable to conclude that the sentence Rigel

received was contrary to law.

       {¶ 54} Rigel’s third and final assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                     -26-


       {¶ 55} All of Rigel’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment of

the trial court is therefore affirmed.

                                         .............

WELBAUM, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Megan M. Farley
Johnna M. Shia
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter
