[Cite as State v. Pierce, 2011-Ohio-2361.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                     RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STATE OF OHIO                                     JUDGES:
                                                  Hon. William B. Hoffman, P. J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                        Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
                                                  Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
                                                  Case No. 10 CA 52
MARCUS PIERCE

        Defendant-Appellant                       OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                       Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common
                                               Pleas, Case No. 2007 CR 926


JUDGMENT:                                      Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                         May 17, 2011



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                         For Defendant-Appellant

JAMES J. MAYER, JR.                            HEIDI HANNI
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY                           SHELLI ELLEN FREEZE
KIRSTEN PSCHOLKA-GARTNER                       1714 Boardman-Poland Road
ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR                           Suite 11
38 South Park Street                           Poland, Ohio 44514
Mansfield, Ohio 44902
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                    2

Wise, J.

      {¶1}   Appellant Marcus Pierce appeals from his conviction, in the Court of

Common Pleas, Richland County, for cocaine possession and trafficking. The relevant

facts leading to this appeal are as follows.

      {¶2}   On November 14, 2007, Trooper Gary Wolfe of the Ohio State Highway

Patrol was observing traffic from a stationary position along Interstate 71 in Richland

County. The trooper pulled onto the roadway and noticed a 2007 Ford Mustang

tailgating another vehicle. At about 9:35 AM, Trooper Wolfe proceeded to make a

traffic stop of the Mustang, which was owned by Budget Rental Car and was being

driven by appellant.

      {¶3}   Trooper Wolfe approached the vehicle and obtained appellant’s driver’s

license and registration. He noticed that the car’s turn signal continued to operate and

that an air freshener was hanging in the car’s interior. At approximately 9:37 AM, Wolfe

returned to his cruiser to write out a warning for appellant and to check for warrants

and license status. While waiting for a response from his dispatcher, the trooper

decided to allow his drug-sniffing K-9 partner, Roy, to check around the Mustang’s

exterior. In order to do so, the trooper went back to the Mustang and directed appellant

to go stand next to the cruiser. At about 9:45 AM, the dispatcher responded to the

trooper’s request for information on appellant’s status. At 9:46 AM, the dog was walked

around the car; he began alerting to possible drugs in the trunk area about twenty

seconds later.
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                       3


      {¶4}   Trooper Wolfe and back-up officers proceeded to physically search the

interior and trunk of the Mustang. They soon located four sealed plastic packages of a

substance subsequently confirmed as 444.82 grams of cocaine.

      {¶5}   Appellant was thereafter indicted by the Richland County Grand Jury on

one count of possession of cocaine (amount between 100 and 500 grams, a felony of

the second degree) and one count of trafficking in cocaine (amount between 100 and

500 grams, a felony of the second degree). Appellant had already made bond at that

time, and he was not arraigned until September 29, 2009. He entered pleas of not

guilty to both counts at that time.

      {¶6}   On January 5, 2010, appellant filed a motion to suppress or limit the use of

the seized cocaine evidence. On March 29, 2010, the trial court conducted a

suppression hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge stated from the bench

that the motion to suppress was overruled, and he directed the prosecutor to prepare a

judgment entry to that effect. On March 31, 2010, apparently having seen the proposed

judgment entry, appellant’s trial counsel filed a motion objecting to certain proposed

factual findings set forth therein. The trial court did not rule on appellant’s objection

motion, and furthermore the suppression judgment entry was never filed with the court.

      {¶7}   The case proceeded to a jury trial on April 2, 2010. Appellant was found

guilty on both counts. The trial court chose to merge Count I (possession) into Count II

(trafficking) for sentencing as allied offenses of similar import. Appellant was thereafter

sentenced to six years in prison, plus a mandatory three-year term of post-release

control. See Judgment Entry, April 13, 2010.
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                     4


      {¶8}   On April 29, 2010, appellant filed a notice of appeal. He herein raises the

following three Assignments of Error:

      {¶9}   “I.   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO ISSUE A FORMAL

RULING ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS.

      {¶10} “II.   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO STATE IT’S [SIC]

ESSENTIAL FACTUAL FINDINGS ON THE RECORD WHEN IT OVERRULED

APPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.

      {¶11} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT OVERRULED APPELLANT’S

MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDIENCE [SIC].”

                                            I.

      {¶12} In his First Assignment of Error, appellant argues the trial court erred in

failing to issue a formal ruling on his motion to suppress. We disagree.

      {¶13} Crim.R. 12(F) (formerly designated as 12(E)) states in pertinent part as

follows: “The court may adjudicate a motion based upon briefs, affidavits, the proffer of

testimony and exhibits, a hearing, or other appropriate means. *** Where factual issues

are involved in determining a motion, the court shall state its essential findings on the

record.”

      {¶14} The aforesaid rule, however, does not require a trial court to reduce its

essential findings to writing. State v. Alhajjeh, Cuyahoga App.No. 93077, 2010-Ohio-

3179, ¶ 27, citing State v. Blazer (June 4, 1992), Ross App. No. 1806. Moreover, in the

case sub judice, the trial court clearly announced on the record its decision to deny the

suppression motion, and the matter later proceeded to a jury trial and conviction. Under

these circumstances, a remand for the issuance of a written judgment entry denying
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                    5


the suppression motion would constitute a vain act, which the law will not require. Cf.

Huntsman v. Perry Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., Stark App.No. 2004CA00347, 2005-

Ohio-3294, ¶ 27, citing Walser v. Dominion Homes, Inc. (June 11, 2001), Delaware

App. No. 00-CA-G-11-035 (finding a remand for a board hearing to be futile based on

subsequent events in the case).

      {¶15} Appellant’s First Assignment of Error is therefore overruled.

                                           II.

      {¶16} In his Second Assignment of Error, appellant argues the trial court erred in

failing to state its essential findings regarding the suppression motion on the record.

We disagree.

      {¶17} The trial court must, upon request, state its essential Crim.R. 12(F)

findings of fact so the reviewing court can properly consider the propriety of the trial

court's ruling. See Bryan v. Knapp (1986), 21 Ohio St.3d 64, 65, 488 N.E.2d 142.

However, where the record provides a sufficient basis for appellate review, the courts

have excused the trial court's failure to make findings. State v. Oprandi, Perry App.No.

07 CA 5, 2008-Ohio-168, ¶ 59, citing State v. King (1999), 136 Ohio App.3d 377, 381,

736 N . E.2d 921.

      {¶18} In the case sub judice, the trial court made the following findings on the

record:

      {¶19} “THE COURT: As I understand the law, Ms. Mayer, what it is saying is

you may make stops when there has been a traffic violation, and I don’t think there has

been any contest of the following too close violation here. The trooper was permitted

to make that stop. He got the records, he was running the records. During the period
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                     6


that he was running the records he decided to do what didn’t require probable cause,

which was to run his dog around the car. He decided that already when he was

making up his paperwork and waiting for the initial responses from the dispatcher

because he had already radioed to another car, which was there already by I believe

it’s 9:46 when he’s coming back with the dog. You can’t run the dog around the car

without somebody being there to watch the defendant. He’s already set that up. And,

again, he’s already started to remove the defendant before the dog search before he

gets the final piece of information, as Mr. Bishop pointed out.

      {¶20} “Early on, he didn’t wait to go through this whole purpose of the stop and

then decide he’s going to run a dog search. He’s setting up the dog search already

while he’s running the paperwork. That’s what I think makes it different from the cases

you’ve described here.

      {¶21} “The dog walk around is not a search, according to the case law.           It

doesn’t require probable cause. It just requires that it be done within a reasonable time

for the purpose of the stop, and I believe that is what happened here.

      {¶22} “Mr. Bishop, I’d ask you to prepare me an entry to that effect.” Tr., March

29, 2010, at 32-33.

      {¶23} Upon review, we reject appellant’s contention that the trial court failed to

comply with Crim.R. 12(F) regarding essential findings of fact. Accordingly, appellant’s

Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                     7


                                           III.

      {¶24} In his Third Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

overruling his motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the traffic stop.

We disagree.

      {¶25} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a

motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's finding of fact.

Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or

correct law to the findings of fact. Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has

incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to suppress. When

reviewing this third type of claim, an appellate court must independently determine,

without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the appropriate

legal standard in the given case. State v. Curry (1994), 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 641

N.E.2d 1172; State v. Claytor (1993), 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 627, 620 N.E.2d 906; State

v. Guysinger (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726. As the United States

Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S. (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663,

134 L.Ed.2d 911, “... as a general matter determinations of reasonable suspicion and

probable cause should be reviewed de novo on appeal.”

      {¶26} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,

Article I, Ohio Constitution, prohibit the government from conducting unreasonable

searches and seizures of persons or their property. Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1,

88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; State v. Andrews (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87, 565

N.E.2d 1271. When a law enforcement officer stops an individual for a minor traffic

offense, the officer may not generally expand the scope of the stop unless the officer
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                       8


observes additional facts giving rise to a reasonable suspicion of other criminal activity.

State v. Latona, Richland App.No. 2010-CA-0072, 2011-Ohio-1253, ¶ 25, citing State

v. Guckert (Dec. 20, 2000), Washington App. No. 99CA49, 2000-Ohio-1958.

      {¶27} We first consider the propriety of the trooper’s initial stop of appellant’s

vehicle in this case. “An officer's direct observation that a vehicle is following another

vehicle too closely provides probable cause to initiate a lawful traffic stop.” State v.

Kelly, 188 Ohio App.3d 842, 846-847, 937 N.E.2d 149, 2010-Ohio-3560, citing State v.

Perry, Preble App. No. CA2004-11-016, 2005-Ohio-6041, 2005 WL 3031741, ¶ 12.

Here, Trooper Wolfe testified that he observed appellant’s Mustang travelling at 65

MPH approximately two car lengths behind the vehicle in front of appellant’s. Tr. at 3-4.

The trooper further noted: “Well, following too close a lot a times can be an officer’s

discretion. The rule of thumb that we use as the Highway Patrol is approximately one

car length for every ten mile an hour you’re traveling. So sixty mile an hour, six car

lengths, sixty-five, six car lengths, something in that ballpark. So anything less than

that number we look at, then we consider that a violation.

      {¶28} “That is all calculated off of figures that the Patrol has come up with and

trained us on that calculates the feet per second that a car is traveling as they are

going down the highway, in conjunction with your reaction time that it would take a

driver to react to something that would happen in front of you. If a car in front of you

slams on the brakes because of whatever reason, another car, animal, whatever, they

usually look at three-quarters of a second to react to that, to take your foot off the

accelerator and to put it on the brake to react.” Tr. at 5.
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                         9


      {¶29} Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court correctly determined that

the initial stop of appellant’s Mustang was constitutionally valid.

      {¶30} We next consider the propriety of the trooper’s detention of appellant and

his vehicle at the traffic stop. We recognize the general rule that the scope and

duration of an investigatory stop must last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the

purpose for which the initial stop was made. See, e.g., State v. Bevan (1992), 80 Ohio

App.3d 126, 129. In the case sub judice, the trooper made a routine check with his

dispatcher to check appellant’s license and warrant status. While he was awaiting a

response, a time-frame of about ten minutes, he decided to utilize his K9 partner to

conduct an exterior drug sniff. This Court has concluded: “[W]hen a motorist is lawfully

detained pursuant to a traffic stop and when the purpose of the traffic stop has yet to

be fulfilled, the Fourth Amendment is not violated when the officer employs a trained

narcotics canine to sniff the vehicle for drugs.” Latona, supra, at ¶ 27. Furthermore,

when detaining a motorist for a traffic violation, an officer may delay a motorist for a

time period sufficient to issue a ticket or a warning, including the time sufficient to run a

computer check on the driver's license, registration, and vehicle plates. State v. Brown,

Tuscarawas App.No. 2009AP050024, 2010-Ohio-1110, ¶ 22, citing State v. Batchili,

113 Ohio St.3d 403, 865 N.E.2d 1282, 2007-Ohio-2204, ¶ 12, and State v. Bolden,

Preble App.No. CA2003-03-007, 2004-Ohio-184, ¶ 17.

      {¶31} We therefore conclude that the brief detention of appellant in this instance

to write a traffic warning, conduct a dispatcher computer check on appellant’s status,

and to conduct a non-invasive drug dog sniff of the car’s exterior was also
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                                 10


constitutionally valid. The trial court therefore correctly decided the ultimate issue

raised in appellant's motion to suppress.

      {¶32} Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not err in denying the motion to

suppress under the facts and circumstances of this case.

      {¶33} Appellant’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.

      {¶34} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the Court

of Common Pleas, Richland County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.


By: Wise, J.

Hoffman, P. J., and

Farmer, J., concur.



                                            ___________________________________


                                            ___________________________________


                                            ___________________________________

                                                              JUDGES
JWW/d 0419
Richland County, Case No. 10 CA 52                                             11


           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
                        FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT




STATE OF OHIO                             :
                                          :
       Plaintiff-Appellee                 :
                                          :
-vs-                                      :         JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                          :
MARCUS PIERCE                             :
                                          :
       Defendant-Appellant                :         Case No. 10 CA 52




       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the

judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Richland County, Ohio, is affirmed.

       Costs assessed to appellant.




                                          ___________________________________


                                          ___________________________________


                                          ___________________________________

                                                             JUDGES
