                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
                                   )
ANGELA BURNS-RAMIREZ,              )
                                   )
            Plaintiff,             )
                                   )
      v.                           )    Civil Action No. 12-1720 (RMC)
                                   )
JANET NAPOLITANO, Secretary,       )
Department of Homeland Security    )
                                   )
            Defendant.             )
_________________________________  )

                                            OPINION

               Angela Burns-Ramirez, a former Secret Service employee, brought suit claiming

harassment and discrimination based on her gender and her race (African American) and

retaliation when she complained. These claims are based in part on allegations that she was

subject to adverse employment actions when her Top Secret Security Clearance was suspended

twice and later revoked. Defendant moves to dismiss in part, asserting inter alia that all claims

regarding the Security Clearance are non-justiciable. The motion will be granted with regard to

claims that challenge decisions to investigate, suspend, and/or revoke the Security Clearance of

Ms. Burns-Ramirez. However, the motion will be denied with regard to claims asserting that

agency employees acted with illegal discriminatory or retaliatory motive by knowingly reporting

false information about her to the security division of the Secret Service.

                                            I. FACTS

               When she retired in October 2012, Ms. Burns-Ramirez was a GS-14 employee

who had been employed by the Secret Service for almost three decades. This suit relates to

events that occurred during her last three years with the Service. The Amended Complaint [Dkt.

7] alleges as follows:

                                                 1
               (1) In 2009, Ms. Burns-Ramirez bid on twelve different GS-15 positions but was

not selected due to her gender and race.

               (2) In 2009 and 2010, she received low performance evaluations that were

undeserved and discriminatory.

               (3) In July 2010, she complained that her first- and second-line supervisors

subjected her to harassment and retaliation. The Service did not investigate her complaint as

they did when a white woman complained.

               (4) On March 2, 2011 Secret Service Agents came to her home and confiscated

her weapon, handcuffs, radio, commission book, government car, government computer, and

official credentials; on March 8, 2011, the Service suspended her Top Secret Security Clearance.

About two weeks later, the Service reinstated her Security Clearance.

               (5) On June 15, 2011 Ms. Burns-Ramirez’s Security Clearance was suspended

again.

               (6) On September 19, 2011 her Security Clearance was revoked. Because a

Security Clearance is mandatory for a Secret Service Agent and she no longer had one, Ms.

Burns-Ramirez retired, effective October 1, 2012.

               (7) Ms. Burns-Ramirez alleges that the investigation, suspension, and revocation

of her Security Clearance were due to co-workers’ false statements about her––statements they

made with discriminatory and/or retaliatory motive, knowing them to be false.

               Ms. Burns-Ramirez now sues the Department of Homeland Security, asserting

illegal discrimination and retaliation by its constituent agency, the Secret Service. The Amended

Complaint asserts six counts:




                                                2
               Count I – Race discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42

U.S.C. 2000e, et seq. (Title VII);

               Count II – Retaliation in violation of Title VII;

               Count III – Gender discrimination in violation of Title VII;

               Count IV – Hostile work environment in violation of Title VII;

               Count V – Discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and

               Count VI – Discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981.

               The Secret Service filed a motion for partial dismissal [Dkt. 10], contending that

(1) all claims relating to Ms. Burns-Ramirez’s Security Clearance are non-justiciable and

(2) Counts V and VI must be dismissed because Title VII provides the exclusive remedy. 1 Ms.

Burns-Ramirez concedes that Counts V and VI can be dismissed with prejudice, see Resp. [Dkt.

12], but insists that all claims regarding her Security Clearance should go forward. See Opp’n

[Dkt. 13]. The motion to dismiss claims relating to the Security Clearance will be granted in

part.

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

               A motion to dismiss claims as nonjusticiable is a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). When reviewing such a

motion, a court must review the complaint liberally, granting the plaintiff the benefit of all

inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged. Barr v. Clinton, 370 F. 3d 1196, 1199

(D.C. Cir. 2004). Nevertheless, “the court need not accept factual inferences drawn by plaintiffs

if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor must the Court accept

plaintiff=s legal conclusions.” Speelman v. United States, 461 F. Supp. 2d 71, 73 (D.D.C. 2006).

1
  See Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin., 425 U.S. 820, 835 (1976) (holding that Title VII provides
the exclusive remedy for claims of discrimination in federal employment).

                                                  3
However, a court may consider materials outside the pleadings. Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm’n,

429 F.3d 1098, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The party claiming subject matter jurisdiction bears the

burden of demonstrating that such jurisdiction exists. Khadr v. United States, 529 F.3d 1112,

1115 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375, 377

(1994) (noting that federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and “[i]t is to be presumed

that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests

upon the party asserting jurisdiction.”) (internal citations omitted).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

               The Secret Service asserts that the Security Clearance claims are nonjusticiable

under Supreme Court law established in Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518 (1988). Mr. Egan was hired

by the Navy as a laborer, contingent upon his obtaining a security clearance. Because he had a

prior criminal record and a history of alcoholism, clearance was denied. Mr. Egan objected,

asserting the Navy that he had paid his debt to society for his crimes and that he had not abused

alcohol for three years. The only position available required a security clearance, and thus the

Navy removed Mr. Egan from its employment. Mr. Egan sought review by the Merit Service

Protection Board (MSPB). MSPB determined that it had no authority to review the merits of the

security clearance determination; on appeal, the Federal Circuit reversed. The Supreme Court

granted certiorari and held that MSPB lacked authority to review the clearance decision because

such decisions are within the sole province of the Executive. 484 U.S. at 527-30. The

Government has a compelling interest in withholding national security information from

unauthorized individuals and the authority to protect such information rests in the Executive

Branch. Id. at 527. Accordingly, the Court explained:

               [T]he protection of classified information must be committed to
               the broad discretion of the agency responsible, and this must
               include broad discretion to determine who may have access to it.
                                                  4
               Certainly, it is not reasonably possible for an outside nonexpert
               body to review the substance of such judgment and to decide
               whether the agency should have been able to make the necessary
               affirmative prediction with confidence. Nor can such a body
               determine what constitutes an acceptable margin of error in
               assessing potential risk. The Court accordingly has acknowledged
               that with respect to employees in sensitive positions there is a
               reasonable basis for the view that an agency head who must bear
               responsibility for the protection of classified information
               committed to his custody should have the final say in deciding
               whether to repose his trust in an employee who has access to such
               information. As noted above, this must be a judgment call.

484 U.S. at 529 (quotations and citations omitted). Because national security policy is in the

province and responsibility of the Executive Branch, courts have been reluctant to intrude. Id. at

529-30.

               The D.C. Circuit has applied Egan in Title VII cases, finding that judicial review

of adverse employment actions is barred when the issue is denial or revocation of a security

clearance. See Bennett v. Chertoff, 425 F.3d 999, 1001 (D.C. Cir. 2005); Ryan v. Reno, 168 F.3d

520, 524 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Even so, the D.C. Circuit has carved out a narrow exception: a

plaintiff may proceed on a Title VII claim alleging that agency employees, motivated by

discriminatory or retaliatory animus, falsely reported the plaintiff to the agency’s security

division, knowing the report was false. Rattigan v. Holder (Rattigan I), 643 F.3d 975 (D.C. Cir.

2011), aff’d on rehr’g, 689 F.3d 764 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (Rattigan II). The Circuit decided that this

exception does not conflict with Egan because Egan shields from judicial review only decisions

by security division employees who are trained and authorized to make security clearance

determinations, not the actions of other employees who refer matters to the security division.

Rattigan I, 643 F.3d at 983.

               In its motion for rehearing of Rattigan I, the Government argued that judicial

review of employee reports to security would chill such reporting, contrary to national security


                                                 5
policy. Rattigan II, 689 F.3d at 766. Executive Order 12,968 provides that employees with

access to classified information “are encouraged and expected to report any information that

raises doubts as to whether another employee’s continued eligibility for access to classified

information is clearly consistent with the national security.” Exec. Order No. 12,968 § 6.2(b), 60

Fed. Reg. 40,245, 40,253 (Aug. 2, 1995). Due to the seriousness of the issue raised, the panel

agreed to rehear the matter, especially with regard to the allegation that potential Title VII

liability would chill the reporting of security concerns. Rattigan II, 689 F.3d at 767.

               The Circuit reaffirmed Rattigan I, finding that Egan bars courts from reviewing

only security clearance-related decisions made by trained security personnel and does not bar

courts from reviewing the decisions of nonexpert employees who merely refer a matter to

security. Id. at 767-68. To avoid the risk of chill, however, Rattigan II imposes a scienter

requirement––a Title VII claimant may proceed “only if he can show that agency employees

acted with retaliatory or discriminatory motive in reporting or referring information that they

knew to be false.” Id. at 771 (emphasis added). Because security is not aided by the reporting of

false information, the Circuit ruled that suits alleging knowing false reporting would not impede

the acquisition of useful information. Id. at 770.

               In Rattigan II, the Government expressed concern that plaintiffs would “simply

allege knowing falsity in every case.” Id. at 770. The Circuit found this concern insufficient to

justify “sweeping immunity from Title VII,” noting that “though allegations of knowing falsity

may be easy to make, they are, in our experience, far from easy to prove. If this evidentiary

difficulty fails to deter unfounded claims, district courts can be counted upon to weed them out at

summary judgment.” Id. at 771.




                                                  6
               The Secret Service attempts to distinguish Rattigan I and II from this case by

pointing out that Mr. Rattigan’s clearance was never actually revoked. The FBI initiated a

security clearance investigation, determined that there was no security risk, and closed the

investigation. Rattigan I, 643 F.3d at 979. The Secret Service reasons that the Rattigan

decisions were grounded on this critical fact––“[b]ecause his security clearance was not revoked,

the Court concluded that a judicial inquiry into the propriety of the referrals to the Security

Division would not implicate the merits of a decision to revoke a security clearance.” Reply

[Dkt. 15] at 3. Because Ms. Burns-Ramirez’s Security Clearance was revoked, the Secret

Service insists that permitting her clearance-related claims to go forward would necessarily and

improperly require the Court to look into the merits of the revocation decision. The Service

argues that “to second–guess the reasons for the supervisory referral, or any investigation or

review that resulted from the referral, would be akin to second-guessing [the security division’s]

decision to revoke her [Top Secret Security Clearance].” Id. at 4.

               The Secret Service misinterprets the case law. While it is true that Mr. Rattigan’s

security clearance was not revoked, the reasoning of Rattigan I and II was not in any way based

on this fact. The D.C. Circuit carefully balanced the need for security against a Title VII

claimant’s rights, explaining “it is our duty not only to follow Egan, but also to preserve to the

maximum extent possible Title VII’s important protections against workplace discrimination and

retaliation.” Rattigan II, 689 F.3d at 770. The Circuit achieved this compromise by declaring

that a Title VII claimant may proceed only on a claim that an agency employee acted with

retaliatory or discriminatory motive when knowingly reporting or referring false information to

security. Id. at 771.




                                                  7
               The Secret Service also argues that courts do not have jurisdiction to hear a claim

challenging the “underlying referral or initiation” of a security investigation, relying on decisions

from other circuits. See Reply at 4-5 (citing Hill v. White, 321 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2003);

Becerra v. Dalton, 94 F.3d 145 (4th Cir. 1996); Panoke v. U.S. Army Military Police Brigade,

307 F. App’x 54 (9th Cir. 2009)). The underlying facts in those cases are not clear. Hill and

Becerra held that the “initiation” of a security investigation was unreviewable, see Hill, 321 F.3d

at 1335-36, Becerra, 94 F.3d at 148-49; and Panoke held that “circumstances surrounding” a

clearance revocation were unreviewable. Panoke, 307 F. App’x at 56. These cases may have

dealt with security personnel decisions to investigate (decisions that are not reviewable under

Egan) or they may have dealt with referrals to security by non-security personnel (decisions that

are reviewable under Rattigan I and II).

               Even if Hill, Becerra, and Panoke in fact dealt with referrals to security by non-

security personnel, this Court is bound by D.C. Circuit precedent. Rattigan I and II are clear that

security personnel decisions regarding whether to investigate, suspend, or revoke a clearance are

protected from review, but the actions of other employees who knowingly and falsely refer a

matter for investigation due to discrimination or retaliation are not protected from review.

               The Amended Complaint here makes claims that are barred by Egan and claims

that may proceed under Rattigan I and II. To the extent that Ms. Burns-Ramirez challenges

decisions by security personnel to investigate, suspend, or revoke her Security Clearance, Egan

makes such claims nonjusticiable, and the Court lacks jurisdiction to address them. However, to

the extent that she challenges the actions of Secret Service employees who allegedly acted with

discriminatory or retaliatory motive by knowingly making false reports to security, such claims




                                                 8
may proceed. The Court expresses no opinion whether such claims will pass muster on summary

judgment.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

               For the reasons stated above, the motion to dismiss filed by the Secret Service

[Dkt. 10] will be granted in part and denied in part. The Court lacks jurisdiction to review claims

based on the decisions of security personnel to investigate, suspend, or revoke Ms. Burns-

Ramirez’s Security Clearance, and her claims based on these allegations will be dismissed. On

the other hand, claims based on the actions of Secret Service employees who allegedly acted

with discriminatory or retaliatory motive by making false reports to security, knowing that such

reports were false, may proceed. Further, by agreement of the parties, Counts V and VI will be

dismissed with prejudice. A memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.



Date: August 27, 2013

                                                                    /s/
                                                     ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                     United States District Judge




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