                     United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 03-2571
                                   ___________

Donna Henderson,                          *
                                          *
      Plaintiff/Appellant,                *
                                          *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  *   District Court for the
                                          *   District of Minnesota
Ford Motor Company,                       *
                                          *
      Defendant/Appellee,                 *

                                   ___________

                              Submitted: May 14, 2004
                                 Filed: April 14, 2005
                                  ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, SMITH, Circuit Judge, and DORR,1 District Judge.
                              ___________

DORR, District Judge.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Donna Henderson (“Henderson”) appeals the decision of
the district court2 granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant Ford Motor
Company (“Ford”) on Henderson’s claims of disability discrimination and retaliation
in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

      1
       The Honorable Richard E. Dorr, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, sitting by designation.
      2
      The Honorable Paul Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
of 1964, and the Minnesota Human Rights Act. For the reasons below, we affirm the
decision of the district court.


                              I. Factual Background


       Donna Henderson,3 an African-American female, was employed at the Twin
Cities Assembly Plant of Ford Motor Company. In 1991, Henderson prevailed on
claims of sexual harassment and discriminatory and retaliatory discharge under Title
VII and the Minnesota Human Rights Act, after a bench trial before then-District
Judge Diana Murphy. Evans v. Ford Motor Co., 768 F. Supp. 1318 (D. Minn. 1991).
Judge Murphy entered an award of compensatory and punitive damages, interest, and
reinstatement with seniority, and enjoined Ford and its employees from retaliating
against Plaintiff for prosecuting the action. Id. at 1327-28.


       Between 1992 and 1997, Henderson continued to file grievances and assist
others with their Title VII and similar cases. During that same time, Henderson
suffered a number of physical and mental ailments that precluded her from
performing a full range of work. Throughout that period she was placed on“no work
available,” or NWA, medical leave. In March 1997, Henderson returned to work,
subject to various medical restrictions. On March 20 1998, Henderson was involved
in a car accident, causing Henderson to suffer from ailments including cervical-
thoracic lumbrosacral spasms, myofascitis, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder
a closed-head brain injury, and multiple shoulder injuries, which increased her work
limitations even further. According to medical restrictions given by Henderson’s
doctor on November 30, 1998, she was severely restricted in the amount and nature
of any lifting; could not climb, crawl, crouch, jump, kneel, push, pull, run, stoop,

      3
       Since the beginning of her employment with Ford, Ms. Henderson has
changed her name from Donna Evans. For clarity’s sake, this opinion will refer to her
with her current surname.

                                         -2-
twist, or repeatedly reach or bend at her waist; required a sit-stand option; and was
prohibited from operating air guns. As a result of these restrictions, Henderson
remained on NWA medical leave and received disability benefits through September
1, 1999.


      According to Ford’s agreement with the United Auto Workers, an employee
on NWA medical leave who becomes aware of a job assignment the employee can
perform is required to bring this information to the attention of Ford and the Union.
Ford argues that Henderson has never identified such a position, and Henderson
stated that the last discussion she had with Ford employees concerning the
availability of jobs was late June or early July 1999.


     On July 20, 1999, Henderson, while on NWA medical leave from Ford, moved
from Minnesota to Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended the High-Tech Institute of
Phoenix as a full-time student.


        On September 1, 1999, Ford considered Henderson’s medical leave to have
expired because she had failed to update her medical restrictions. Pursuant to the
collective bargaining agreement, Ford sent Henderson a “5-day quit letter” on
September 10, 1999. Said letter stated that within five working days, Henderson must
either report to the Hourly Personnel Office for work, or give a satisfactory reason for
her absence to the Hourly Personnel Office in writing or by telephone, or her
employment would be terminated and her seniority would be lost. In response to the
letter, Henderson called in and stated that she had sent new papers to extend her
restrictions. Ford granted Henderson “conditional leave” from September 1 to
September 15, to cover the previously expired time and to allow Ford time to review
the medical papers sent by Henderson. Upon review Ford found that the papers were
essentially a request for an extension of the November 1998 restrictions with no
modifications.

                                          -3-
       Pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement, Ford may require an employee
on NWA medical leave to return to the plant for a medical evaluation by a Ford
physician and possible job placement. Upon discovering that no modifications had
been made to her medical restrictions, Ford made such a request to Henderson
through a letter dated September 15, 1999. The letter stated that she was “being
instructed to report to the Twin Cities Assembly plant for [a medical examination by
a plant physician] and possible placement on a job within your medical restrictions.”
Ex. 1 to Appellee’s Br. at 1. The letter informed Henderson that if she failed to report
within five working days “or provide a satisfactory reason for not reporting to the
Labor Relations Office in writing or by telephone, you will be terminated and you
will lose your seniority.” Id. In calculating the five days, Ford counted the day after
the letter was sent and the next four working days—Thursday, September 16, Friday
September 17, Monday, September 20, Tuesday, September 21, and Wednesday,
September 22. Henderson did not report during this five day period and, at the
beginning of the shift on Thursday, September 23, 1999, Henderson was terminated.
She filed a grievance with the union the next day, contending that she was unjustly
terminated. On November 14, 2000, the union withdrew the grievance.


       On July 18, 2000, Henderson filed a charge with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission in Phoenix, Arizona, where she had been living since July
20, 1999. In October 2001, Henderson filed her complaint in the United States
District Court for the District of Minnesota, alleging employment discrimination on
the basis of race, religion, and disability, and retaliation.4 She later amended her
complaint to add claims under the Minnesota Human Rights Act (“MHRA”).


     On May 16, 2003, the district court granted Ford’s motion for summary
judgment on all remaining claims, finding that Henderson’s claims that Ford failed

      4
        The district court dismissed Henderson’s race and religion discrimination
claims. Henderson has not appealed that dismissal, and we need not address it here.

                                          -4-
to offer Henderson jobs within her work restrictions were untimely and that
Henderson could not show a causal connection between her termination and her
protected activities undertaken over two years prior to her termination. Henderson
now appeals that decision.


                              II. Standard of Review


       We review the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.
Erenberg v. Methodist Hosp., 357 F.3d 787, 791 (8th Cir. 2004). Summary judgment
should be granted when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp.
v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). Motions for summary judgment in
employment discrimination cases are scrutinized more carefully because of the
inherently factual nature of the inquiry and the factual standards set forth by
Congress. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986); Hillebrand
v. M-Tron Indus., Inc., 827 F.2d 363, 364-65 (8th Cir. 1987). However, when there
is no dispute of fact and there are no reasonable inferences that would sustain the
position of the plaintiff, summary judgment is appropriate. Mayer v. Nextel W. Corp.,
318 F.3d 803, 806, 810-11 (8th Cir. 2003).


                                    III. Analysis


       Henderson’s Amended Complaint alleges disability discrimination in violation
of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq., the
Minnesota Human Rights Act (“MHRA”), Minn. Stat. § 363A.01, et seq., and




                                         -5-
retaliatory discharge in violation of Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e, et. seq., and under the MHRA.5


                                          A.


       Regarding the ADA claim, Henderson first argues that Ford failed to
reasonably accommodate her during her tenure with Ford. Particularly, Henderson
argues that she was placed on NWA medical leave when there were jobs available for
her that she could have reasonably performed with her disabilities, but that Ford
refused to offer her those positions. Ford claims that such claims are barred by the
statute of limitations, and that even if they are not, that Henderson fails to establish
a prima facie case regarding her claim that Ford failed to reasonably accommodate.
The district court found that the claim was barred by the state and federal statutes of
limitations, and we agree with the district court.


       Under the ADA, an employee must file a charge of discrimination—including
failure to accommodate—within 300 days of the alleged discrimination. 42 U.S.C. §
12117 (applying the 300-day statute of limitations listed in 42 U.S.C. 2000e-5(e) to
ADA claims). The MHRA requires that an employee file an administrative charge or
bring a civil action within one year of the discriminatory practice. Minn. Stat. §
363.06, subd. 1, 3 (2002), recodified at Minn. Stat. § 363A.28 subd. 1, 3 (Supp.
2003). These causes of action accrue the date on which the adverse employment
action is communicated to the employee. Del. State Coll. v. Ricks, 449 U.S. 250, 258


      5
        Except as otherwise noted, the MHRA parallels the federal statutes, and the
state and federal claims will be analyzed together. See Longen v. Waterous Co., 347
F.3d 685, 688 n.2 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting parallel between MHRA and the ADA);
Saulsberry v. St. Mary’s Univ. of Minn., 318 F.3d 862, 866 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting
parallel between MHRA and Title VII).


                                          -6-
(1980); Turner v. IDS Fin. Servs., 471 N.W.2d 105, 108 (Minn. 1991). The
limitations periods begin to run even if the employee is not aware of the
discriminatory effect or the employer’s discriminatory motivation in taking the
adverse employment action. Dring v. McDonnell-Douglas Corp., 58 F.3d 1323, 1328
(8th Cir. 1995) (citing Hamilton v. 1st Source Bank, 923 F.2d 96, 88-89 (4th Cir.
1990)).


       Henderson filed her charge on July 18, 2000; yet, in her deposition, she
admitted that the last time Ford refused to offer her a job she requested was late June
or early July 1999. She also admitted in her deposition that she left the Twin Cities
for Arizona on July 20, 1999. Thus, her ADA claims based on Ford’s alleged failure
to reasonably accommodate her with job offers accrued no later than late June or early
July 1999. Unless these limitations periods were tolled, these claims are time-barred.


       Henderson argues that the statutes of limitations were tolled because Ford
fraudulently concealed its discriminatory acts against her when she was seeking
placement prior to 1999. In particular, Henderson points to an affidavit and
deposition given by a Ford plant physician, Dr. Zubeidah Kahn, in 2001 in another
employment discrimination case. In the documents, Dr. Kahn states that Ford labor
relations managers would request that certain employees, including Henderson, not
be cleared for work and that Henderson would be put on NWA medical leave
immediately after complaining to management about workplace harassment. Any
events referred to by Dr. Kahn would have occurred before February 1997, when Dr.
Khan left Ford.


      Tolling of the statutes of limitations as claimed by Henderson would be based
on the doctrines of equitable estoppel or equitable tolling. The doctrine of equitable
estoppel applies when the employee knows she has a claim, but the employer
affirmatively and actively takes action that causes the employee not to timely file her

                                         -7-
suit. See Dring, 58 F.3d at 1329; Cada v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 920 F.2d 446, 451
(7th Cir. 1990). This doctrine does not apply in this case because Henderson
presented no evidence that she was induced not to timely file her ADA claims due to
any affirmative actions by Ford.


       An applicable statute of limitations may also be tolled by the doctrine of
equitable tolling. This doctrine focuses on the employee’s ignorance of a claim, not
on any possible misconduct by the employer, and tolls the limitations period when the
plaintiff, “‘despite all due diligence, is unable to obtain vital information bearing on
the existence of his claim.’” Dring, 58 F.3d at 1328 (quoting Chakonas v. City of
Chicago, 42 F.3d 1132, 1135 (7th Cir. 1994)). Stated differently, the question is,
“‘whether a reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position would have been aware’” that
her rights had been violated. Dring, 58 F.3d at 1329 (quoting Chakonas, 42 F.3d at
1135).


       Henderson argues that Ford’s “refusal to accommodate her disabilities only
came to light after Ms. Henderson uncovered Dr. Kahn’s affidavit and deposition in
May 2001.” However, Henderson admitted that she grew suspicious of Ford’s
motives as early as November 1998, when her supervisor “told me that he really
needed me but he had been told not to place me on any position within the
department” because she had been helping other employees file discrimination claims
against Ford, and her husband had a claim pending in federal court. At this time
Henderson may not have had knowledge of all the facts related to the purported
discrimination, but she had knowledge of facts that were sufficient to apprise her of
the purported discrimination. Certainty is not the standard. “[I]f a plaintiff were
entitled to have all the time [she] needed to be certain [her] rights had been violated,
the statute of limitations would never run—for even after judgment, there is no
certainty.”Cada, 920 F.2d at 451, quoted in Dring, 58 F.3d at 1329. Thus Dr. Khan’s
statements, even if newly-discovered, do not serve to toll the 300-day and one-year


                                          -8-
statutes of limitations applicable to Henderson’s failure to accommodate claims.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the failure
to accommodate claims.


                                          B.


       Next, Henderson argues that her termination on September 23, 1999 was
wrongful because she was discharged due to her disability.6 To prove disability
discrimination, an employee must show that (1) the employee is disabled within the
meaning of the ADA; (2) the employee is qualified (with or without reasonable
accommodation) to perform the essential functions of a job; and (3) the employee
suffered an adverse employment action because of the disability. Longen v. Waterous
Co., 347 F.3d 685, 688 (8th Cir. 2003) (citations and quotations omitted). Once a
plaintiff has proven a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the employer to offer
a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. If the
employer does so, the burden shifts back to the employee to prove that the reason was
pretextual. See Kincaid v. City of Omaha, 378 F.3d 799, 804 (8th Cir. 2004) (applying
the burden-shifting to ADA discrimination cases). To prove pretext, the employee
must do more than show that the employment action was ill-advised or unwise, but
rather must show that the employer has offered a “phony excuse.” Hudson v. Chicago
Transit Authority, 375 F.3d 552, 561 (7th Cir. 2004); accord Kincaid v. City of
Omaha, 378 F.3d 799, 805 (8th Cir. 2004) (“‘[T]he employment-discrimination laws
have not vested in the federal courts the authority to sit as super-personnel
departments reviewing the wisdom or fairness of the business judgments made by


      6
         Ford contends that this argument has been raised for the first time on appeal
and we should refuse to consider it. Appellee’s Br. at 28. Henderson disagrees that
the issue has not been properly raised. The facts related to Henderson’s preservation
of the issue are not clear. However, assuming that the issue was properly preserved,
we still find that is was proper for the district court to grant summary judgment.

                                          -9-
employers, except to the extent that those judgments involve intentional
discrimination.’” (quoting Hutson v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 63 F.3d 771, 781
(8th Cir. 1995))).


       Assuming that Henderson’s impairments qualify her as disabled under the
ADA (a proposition not conceded by Ford but assumed for purposes of argument in
Ford’s brief), it is questionable whether Henderson can prove a prima facie case of
disability discrimination. The second element of the test requires proof that
Henderson is qualified to perform the essential functions of a job. Henderson’s
medical restrictions would certainly have severely limited her ability to work in an
auto assembly plant. Additionally, there is a lack of credible evidence that between
November 1998 and September 1999, Henderson ever identified a single position,
which Henderson could perform with her medical restrictions, that was vacant or held
by a person with less seniority as required by Ford’s rules. Finally, Henderson
proffers little beyond the mere fact that she was disabled and that Ford had failed to
accommodate her in the past to prove that she was terminated because of her
disability. In fact, most of the facts identified by Henderson to show discriminatory
animus on Ford’s part are linked to either her race or the fact that she had previously
engaged in protected activities. See, e.g. Appellant’s Br. at 11-15, 30-33, 38-40, 45-
46, 54-57.


        Even assuming that Henderson has proven a weak prima facie case, Ford has
offered a nondiscriminatory reason for her termination—Henderson failed to report
for a medical examination after Ford directed her to do so in its letter dated
September 15, 1999. Henderson attempts to argue that Ford’s reason is pretextual.
First, she argues that Ford violated collective bargaining practices by wrongly issuing
a “5-day quit” letter, which evidences Ford’s pretextual dismissal. Second, she argues
that previous instances of failures to accommodate, combined with the prior
statements of Ford officials, demonstrate pretext. Both of Henderson’s arguments fail.


                                         -10-
      First, Henderson consistently misstates exactly why Ford terminated her. It was
not for failing to call in or otherwise respond to the “5-day quit” letter sent on
September 10, 1999. It was because she was directed to present herself for a physical
examination by the plant physician—as Ford had a right to do for any employee on
NWA medical leave—and she did not do so.


      Henderson also argues that a genuine issue arises because of Ford’s failure to
accommodate her between 1996 and 1998. She cites to this Court’s decision in Kells
v. Sinclair Buick–GMC Truck, Inc., 210 F.3d 827 (8th Cir. 2000) for the legal
proposition that a court could consider an employer’s failure to accommodate as
evidence of intent and pretext when determining whether an employee was
discriminatorily terminated. Kells does not change the outcome in Henderson’s case.


       In Kells, a used car salesman sued his former employer for ADA and ADEA
discrimination once he resigned after being demoted from a finance and insurance
manager to a used car salesperson. Id. at 829. In opposing summary judgment, Kells
argued that he should be allowed to present evidence of the dealership’s failure to
accommodate his disabilities upon his request for accommodation, even though the
requests occurred after he was demoted. Id. at 833. The district court refused to
consider the evidence, holding it was not relevant because the requests were made
after Kells was demoted. However, this Court held that the evidence should have been
considered because “[f]ailing to provide an employee with reasonable
accommodations can tend to prove that the employer also acted adversely against the
employee because of the individual’s disability.” Id. at 834. Considering the
employee’s requests, insensitive comments made by supervisors in connection with
the disability and evidence that a consultant’s recommendation for demotion based
on performance was created after the demotion to support a non-discriminatory
reason to demote Kells, the Court held that Kells created a genuine issue of fact and
summary judgment was inappropriate. Id.


                                        -11-
       In Henderson’s case, Kells does not help her survive summary judgment.
Unlike Kells, any failure to accommodate has not been unequivocally proven. Such
alleged failures took place long before she was terminated. Additionally, there is no
evidence that Ford’s reason for the termination was pretextual.7 Henderson has not
alleged that she did not receive the letter requiring her to return for a physical exam,
nor has she alleged that Ford has inconsistently enforced the policy by not requiring
others on NWA medical leave whose medical restrictions have not changed to return
for a physical. Cf. EEOC v. Kohler Co., 335 F.3d 766, 774 (8th Cir. 2003) (noting
that “lax enforcement of [an employer’s] company policies and disciplinary actions”
evidence discriminatory motive).


       Her only possible evidence of pretext—that Ford had discriminated against her
in the distant past and (might have) failed to accommodate her in the recent past—are
not close in time to the alleged adverse employment action, and are not related to the
legitimacy of such action. As such, they do not raise a genuine issue of fact as to
whether Ford’s reason for terminating her is not legitimate, or, in the words of the
Seventh Circuit, “phony.” Thus, the district court did not err in granting summary
judgment on Henderson’s ADA/MHRA disability discrimination claim.


      7
         Henderson attempts to argue that she has documentary evidence directly
contradicting Ford’s explanation for her termination. She cites only to statements
made by various Ford managers and others relating to her placement on NWA
medical leave in 1998. While the statements may cast doubt on why Ford placed
Henderson on NWA medical leave initially, these statements have nothing to do with
Ford’s explanation for her termination in September 1999—that she failed to report
for a medical exam. A genuine issue of material fact might exist if Plaintiff had
evidence documenting that she was terminated for a reason other than her failure to
report. Cf. Kenney v. Swift Transp. Inc., 347 F.3d 1041, 1046 (8th Cir. 2003) (finding
genuine issue of fact where plaintiff would testify that he was instructed by the
employer not to fill out an employment application completely, and the employer
used the plaintiff’s failure to complete the application as instructed to deny plaintiff
a job). However, Plaintiff has provided no such evidence.

                                         -12-
                                          C.


        Finally, Henderson alleges that she was discharged in retaliation for her
protected activities of filing various complaints and grievances and helping others to
file discrimination claims. To state a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show that she
(1) engaged in a protected activity, (2) that she suffered an adverse employment
action, and (3) that the two events are causally connected. Stevens v. St. Louis Univ.
Med. Ctr., 97 F.3d 268, 270 (8th Cir. 1996); see also Smith v. Ashland, Inc., 250 F.3d
1167, 1173 (8th Cir. 2001) (applying the same standard to retaliation claims under the
MHRA). The district court found that Henderson could not make a prima facie case
because there was no causal connection between her protected activities and her
termination. We agree.


       There is no doubt that Henderson engaged in a number of statutorily protected
activities during her employment with Ford. She prosecuted her own discrimination
claims and grievances; she assisted with the prosecution of her ex-husband’s case;
and she attended trials and assisted other Ford employees with their cases. However,
the last protected activity that Henderson offers proof of was assisting Janell Ross in
complaining about discriminatory treatment in the spring of 1997.8 Henderson’s
protected activities undertaken more than two years prior to the adverse employment
action are too separated in time to raise any inference of the requisite causal
relationship. See Sowell v. Alumina Ceramics, Inc., 251 F3d 678, 685 (8th Cir. 2001)
(“[T]he seven-month time lapse between the protected activity and the alleged
retaliatory act is, without more, too long for the incidents to be temporally—and
therefore causally—related.”); see also Gagnon v. Sprint Corp., 284 F.3d 839, 851-52


      8
         Henderson points out that the EEOC found probable cause in Ms. Ross’s case
on August 3, 1998, and Ford settled with Ms. Ross on or after February 2, 1999.
However, Henderson does not aver that she herself engaged in any protected
activities related to the Ross case during that time.

                                         -13-
(8th Cir. 2002) (noting that a one-month lapse between the protected activity and the
retaliatory act is insufficient to support a causal link alone). Henderson offers a
number of pieces of evidence relating her pre-1998 protected activities to her
perpetual placement on NWA medical leave status during and prior to 1998. See
Appellant’s Br. at 54-56. However, such evidence would only be relevant if the
adverse employment action Henderson is complaining of is the denial of work. As
explained above, that claim is barred by the applicable statutes of limitations.


       Henderson also invites this Court to consider the entirety of her history with
Ford to “call into serious question any claim by Ford that it fired her fair and square.”
Appellant’s Br. at 57. Even though a court may use background information as
evidence of discrimination to support a timely claim, see Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp.
Morgan, 536 U.S. 110, 113 (2001), Henderson’s burden to show a causal connection
between a protected activity and the adverse action at issue does not disappear merely
because the history between employer and employee is long and contentious. Because
Henderson has offered no credible proof of a connection between past activities and
her ultimate termination, she cannot make out a prima facie case of Title VII
retaliation. Therefore, summary judgment is proper on this issue.


                                   IV. Conclusion


       The long and short of this case is that Henderson was terminated, after a long
period of NWA medical leave, for failing to return to the place of employment for a
medical evaluation by a Ford physician. Henderson has no evidence that Ford’s
current reason for dismissing her was pretextual or that her previous protected
activities were causally connected to her dismissal. Her alleged discrimination claims
relating to being placed or retained on NWA medical leave are barred by the
applicable state and federal statutes of limitations, and Dr. Khan’s statements made



                                          -14-
in another case do not require that such limitations period be tolled. We therefore
affirm the well-reasoned opinion of the district court.


                      ______________________________




                                       -15-
