     Case: 18-30741   Document: 00515050882        Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/26/2019




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                    No. 18-30741                        July 26, 2019
                                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                   Clerk


             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

WALTER GLENN,

             Defendant - Appellant




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Louisiana


Before BARKSDALE, SOUTHWICK, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:

      A jury found Walter Glenn guilty of conspiracy, access device fraud, and
identity theft for his role in a fraudulent check-cashing scheme. The district
court denied two motions to suppress evidence taken from a rental car that
Glenn was driving. Glenn contends the district court erred by admitting the
evidence. He also challenges his sentence. We AFFIRM.


              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      In September 2014, Walter Glenn, Larry Walker and Thomas James
were in a rental car, traveling through Louisiana on Interstate 10. Glenn was
driving. Sergeant Donald Dawsey of the West Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff’s
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                                 No. 18-30741
office stopped them for what he believed was a traffic violation.       Dawsey
walked to the vehicle and had Glenn give him his driver’s license and insurance
verification. Dawsey immediately noticed a set of screwdrivers in the door of
the vehicle. The officer then had Glenn get out and go to the rear of the car.
There, Dawsey pointed to the license plate, which was obscured with a tinted
plastic cover and said the cover was the violation that caused the stop. Dawsey,
who had two decades of experience with the sheriff’s office at the time, later
explained at a hearing that motorists often use such license plate covers to
evade identification by traffic cameras. Glenn stated the cover was affixed to
the license plate at the time of the rental and repeatedly offered to remove it.
      At the back of the car, Glenn explained that Walker had rented the
vehicle. After questioning Glenn, Dawsey spoke with Walker and got the
rental agreement, then returned to Glenn at the rear of the car for further
questioning. Dawsey then told Glenn to stay behind the rental car while
Dawsey returned to his cruiser to verify some of the information he had just
received. By this point, about six and half minutes had passed since Glenn
drove the vehicle onto the shoulder of the interstate and stopped.
      When Dawsey returned to his cruiser, he did not in fact input the
information; instead he called for assistance. Several minutes later, Dawsey
returned to question Glenn further, eventually asking if he could search the
car. Glenn responded, “Yeah. You can search it.” Dawsey told Walker that
Glenn had consented to a search, to which Walker replied, “he said you can
search it, search it.” Walker and James stepped to the rear of the car, and
Dawsey and other officers searched the car. They found, among other things,
over 100 blank ID cards, dozens of blank checks, holographic overlays, a
printer, envelopes with names and social security numbers, computer
equipment, and $95,000.


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      The subsequent investigation revealed that Glenn, Walker, and James
were involved in a multi-state counterfeit check scheme and had been in Texas
to cash counterfeit checks. The Government charged them with conspiracy to
make and pass counterfeit checks, produce fraudulent IDs, and use
unauthorized access devices (i.e., social security numbers). It also charged
them with access device fraud and aggravated identity theft.
      In 2016, all three filed suppression motions challenging the legality of
the stop and the search of the entire vehicle. The district court denied Glenn’s
and James’ motions and partially denied Walker’s, holding: the stop was
lawful; the officer had reasonable suspicion for extending the stop; and, Glenn
and James lacked standing to challenge the search of the vehicle. In partially
granting Walker’s motion, the court ruled his consent to the search was not
voluntary. The Government appealed. We affirmed the district court’s partial
grant of Walker’s motion to suppress, and the Government dismissed his
charges. See United States v. Walker, 706 F. App’x 152, 154-56 (5th Cir. 2017).
      James and Glenn’s cases were held in abeyance during the pendency of
the interlocutory appeal concerning Walker. Following our opinion in Walker,
Glenn and James filed a second joint suppression motion primarily regarding
their personal items found in bags and luggage within the car. The district
court again refused to suppress any evidence as to Glenn, concluding Glenn
gave valid consent to the search. The court granted James’ motion to suppress
items found in his personal bag, and James later pled guilty to all counts. Only
Glenn went to trial where the jury found him guilty of all charges. The district
court sentenced him to 120 months in prison.
      On appeal, Glenn challenges the district court’s denials of his motions to
suppress and several sentencing decisions.




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                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Suppression issues
       “On appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress, this court reviews the
district court’s fact findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.”
United States v. Rounds, 749 F.3d 326, 337 (5th Cir. 2014). We view “the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government as the prevailing party.”
Id. at 338.
       As he did in district court, on appeal Glenn contends all the evidence
seized from the rental vehicle should have been suppressed. 1 He does not
renew as an independent argument his specific challenge to the search of his
personal bag in the trunk. Three envelopes of cash were found in that bag.
His primary appellate argument is that Dawsey improperly obtained his
consent to search. We review fact-findings as to the voluntariness of consent
to search for clear error. See United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 438 (5th
Cir. 1993). If consent followed a violation of the Fourth Amendment, that
consent must also be “an independent act of free will.” United States v. Jenson,
462 F.3d 399, 406 (5th Cir. 2006). Glenn argues this additional requirement
applies here because Dawsey detained him for an unreasonable time on the
side of I-10.


       A.       Standing to challenge the search of the car
       Whether Glenn has standing to challenge the search of the entire car is
unclear. At the time the district court denied Glenn’s motions to suppress,



       1 In Walker’s appeal, we held that Louisiana law does not prohibit tinted covers on
license plates. See Walker, 706 F. App’x at 154 n.1. Relatedly, Glenn argues in his reply brief
that Dawsey violated the Fourth Amendment because the stop never should have occurred.
He did not present this argument in his opening brief, however, and thereby waived it. See
United States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 447 n.8 (5th Cir. 2010).

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Fifth Circuit precedent provided that a driver of a rental vehicle who was not
authorized under the rental agreement did not have a reasonable expectation
of privacy in the vehicle; such a driver thus lacked standing to contest its
search. See United States v. Riazco, 91 F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 1996). Glenn
contends we should hold he has standing under the recent Supreme Court
opinion in Byrd v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1518, 1524 (2018). Because we
consider the issue a close one, and an absence of standing is not a jurisdictional
defect in this context, id. at 1530, we decline to analyze the issue today in light
of our resolution of the merits of Glenn’s Fourth Amendment claim.


      B.    Reasonable suspicion to extend the stop
      An officer can extend a stop only “as long as is reasonably necessary to
effectuate the purpose of the stop.” United States v. Villafranco-Elizondo, 897
F.3d 635, 641 (5th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). Thus, an officer has the time
needed to issue a traffic citation, examine the driver’s license, insurance, and
registration, and ascertain if there are outstanding warrants. Rodriguez v.
United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1614-15 (2015). An officer’s inquiries must be
limited to the time in which the “tasks tied to the traffic infraction are — or
reasonably should have been — completed.” Id. at 1614.
      Extending the stop beyond what is needed for the initially relevant tasks
is proper if “an officer develops reasonable suspicion of another crime” during
that time, allowing the officer to “prolong the suspect’s detention until he has
dispelled that newly-formed suspicion.” Villafranco-Elizondo, 897 F.3d at 642.
A reasonable suspicion is one that has “a particularized and objective basis for
suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity;” it is “more than an inchoate
and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.” United States v. Chavez, 281 F.3d
479, 485 (5th Cir. 2002) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Of principal
relevance in the totality of circumstances that an officer is to consider “will be
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the events which occurred leading up to the . . . search, and then the decision
whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively
reasonable police officer, amount to reasonable suspicion.” Ornelas v. United
States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996).
      The Government concedes that the initial purposes of the traffic stop
were complete when Dawsey went to his cruiser to request assistance from
other officers. The Government identifies numerous facts to support that,
before that point, Dawsey gained reasonable suspicion that Glenn and his co-
defendants were involved in criminal activity: (1) they were in a rental vehicle,
and such vehicles are often used for drug-trafficking; (2) they were driving on
I-10, which is known for drug-trafficking; (3) the rental vehicle had a tinted
license-plate cover, which Dawsey had never seen in his 20 years as a police
officer; (4) Dawsey immediately noticed a set of screwdrivers in the door of the
vehicle, which could have been used to affix the license-plate cover; (5) Glenn
was very anxious to remove the license-plate cover; (6) Glenn and Walker both
mispronounced Beaumont, where they had allegedly been staying with family
for the weekend; (7) their purported itinerary was “implausible” in Dawsey’s
opinion; (8) Glenn and Walker provided inconsistent information regarding
Walker’s residence and mode of transportation to Connecticut; and (9) the
interior of the vehicle looked “lived in,” which, in Dawsey’s view, was
inconsistent with Glenn’s story of staying with family for the weekend.
      The district court did not state that all of these circumstances were
relevant, but it did conclude that reasonable suspicion arose for extending the
stop because these individuals were traveling in a rental vehicle on a known
drug-trafficking corridor having a tinted cover over the license-plate with
screwdrivers likely used to affix the cover. There was no error when, after
considering the totality of the circumstances, the district court held that
Dawsey had reasonable suspicion of illegal activity to extend the stop.
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       C.    Glenn’s consent to search
       The Government must prove Glenn voluntarily consented to the search
by a preponderance of the evidence. Rounds, 749 F.3d at 338. We use the
following test to determine voluntariness:
       (1) the voluntariness of the defendant’s custodial status; (2) the
       presence of coercive police procedures; (3) the extent and level of
       the defendant’s cooperation with the police; (4) the defendant’s
       awareness of his right to refuse consent; (5) the defendant’s
       education and intelligence; and (6) the defendant’s belief that no
       incriminating evidence will be found.
Jenson, 462 F.3d at 406 (citation omitted). The district court found that some
factors favored Glenn, but that there were no coercive police procedures, Glenn
was cooperative, and Glenn appeared to be intelligent and well-educated. The
District Court concluded that Glenn had voluntarily consented.
       We find no clear error in this finding and thus no error in admitting the
evidence from the search of the car.


II.    Sentencing
       At sentencing, the district court determined Glenn was responsible for
an intended loss amount of over $2 million and applied a 16-level increase to
his offense level. The district court also applied enhancements for a leadership
role and obstruction of justice. Glenn argues these increases were erroneous.
In examining these claims of error, we review the district court’s factual
findings for clear error and its interpretation or application of the Guidelines
de novo. See United States v. Scott, 654 F.3d 552, 555 (5th Cir. 2011).
       The loss amount and the two enhancements are factual findings. See
United States v. Simpson, 741 F.3d 539, 556 (5th Cir. 2014) (loss amount);
United States v. Gomez, 905 F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2018) (leadership role);
United States v. Infante, 404 F.3d 376, 393 (5th Cir. 2005) (obstruction of
justice). The district court’s findings require a preponderance of the evidence.
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Simpson, 741 F.3d at 556. Under clear error review, we will affirm if the
findings are “plausible in light of the record as a whole.” Id. at 556-57.


      A.    Loss calculation
      The Guidelines instructed the district court to increase Glenn’s offense
level in relation to the amount of loss involved. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1. The
district court attributed losses to Glenn in excess of $2 million, which triggered
a 16-level increase. Id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(I). Glenn argues the loss amount should
only be in the $95,000-$150,000 range, which triggers an 8-level increase. Id.
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(E).
      The sentencing court looks to the greater of the actual or intended loss
and “all criminal acts that were ‘part of the same course of conduct or common
scheme or plan as the offense of conviction,’ including acts beyond the specific
offenses of conviction.” United States v. Dickerson, 909 F.3d 118, 128 (5th Cir.
2018) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2) (2013)). The loss amount also accounts
for the “reasonably foreseeable” acts of others “within the scope of” and “in
furtherance of” the joint criminal activity. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B); see also United
States v. Mauskar, 557 F.3d 219, 233 (5th Cir. 2009). Further, the sentencing
court “need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1
cmt.3(C).
      The investigation after Glenn’s arrest revealed that the “Texas trip” was
part of a larger conspiracy of check-cashing fraud at Walmart stores. The fraud
investigations department of Walmart’s check processor reviewed its records
and determined 524 counterfeit check cashing attempts in 2014 and 309 in
2015 at Walmarts across 20 states were related. The total amount cashed or
attempted to have been cashed in these transactions was over $2 million.
Glenn’s argument is that only the losses associated with the Texas trip should
be attributed to him. He does not argue the 833 transactions are improperly
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linked to the conspiracy of which he admits being a part. Instead, he argues
there are insufficient facts supporting his involvement before and after the
Texas trip.
      Found in the rental car was a thumb drive that contained Social Security
and bank account numbers related to the 2014 check-cashing attempts.
Additionally, the thumb drive contained multiple fake IDs with James’s photo
and a guide to fake IDs. The district court noted “there has been nothing
presented to tie that flash drive . . . to anyone other than” Glenn given he had
personal documents also stored on the device.       Although not cited by the
district court in its loss amount determination, the plausible finding that
Glenn filled a leadership role — discussed below — suggests he was a central
part of the conspiracy and not simply a limited participant in the Texas trip.
Further, Glenn does not have to be directly involved with all the activities of
the conspiracy. The district court only needs to make a “reasonable estimate”
of the actual and intended loss associated with all reasonably foreseeable
conduct within the conspiracy, including the acts of Glenn’s associates. It was
plausible for the district court to link Glenn with loss amounts of the Walmart
fraud across 2014 and 2015.


      B.      Leadership role enhancement
      Sentencing Guidelines Section 3B1.1(a) increases the offense level by
four “[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that
involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” The sentencing
court looks to
      the exercise of decision-making authority, the nature of
      participation in the commission of the offense, the recruitment of
      accomplices, the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the
      crime, the degree of participation in planning or organizing the


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      offense, the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree
      of control and authority exercised over others.
Id. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. The district court is permitted to draw inferences from
the evidence. United States v. Murray, 648 F.3d 251, 257 (5th Cir. 2011).
      The district court considered (1) Glenn’s lack of interaction with third
parties, such as when members of the conspiracy rented a car and cashed
checks, which indicated he “acted in the traditional role of an organizer . . .
because he did not want . . . to be depicted on any video surveillance systems;”
(2) Glenn’s claim to the money found in the rental car, which suggested he
controlled the finances; (3) a statement James gave that Glenn took the largest
share of proceeds in the Texas trip offenses and was the “orchestrator” of the
conspiracy; and (4) the fact that raw data used to accomplish fraud was stored
on the thumb drive and a laptop that were personally connected only to Glenn.
      Lastly, the district court considered two participants in other instances
of fraud related to the conspiracy who, when added to Glenn, Walker, and
James, supported finding an involvement of at least five people. One of these
individuals   was   captured   on   Walmart     security   cameras    sometimes
accompanying James during attempts to cash fraudulent checks. The other
person was with James and Walker when they were pulled over in
Massachusetts in January 2014. She had a fake ID in the name of Dominique
Maddox, and the state trooper discovered in the car rented by Walker a check
made payable to Dominque Maddox by a Liberty Tax Service. Around this
same time in Massachusetts, there were fraudulent attempts to cash Liberty
Tax Service checks at Walmarts, and these instances were later linked to data
on Glenn’s thumb drive.
      This evidence is sufficient to make the inference Glenn exercised such a
leadership role plausible and not clearly erroneous.



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      C.    Obstruction of justice enhancement
      Sentencing Guidelines Section 3C1.1 increases an offense level by two if
“the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or
impede, the administration of justice.” This includes “providing materially
false information to a judge or magistrate judge.” Id. cmt n.4(F). Glenn was
released from detention before trial and told he needed permission from
Pretrial Services to travel outside of the Middle District of Louisiana. Glenn
traveled to Florida twice as well as to Los Angeles and Las Vegas without such
permission. The Government then sought a revocation of his release.
      Glenn stated at the revocation hearing that he had not requested
permission to take either Florida trip.      It is unclear, though, whether he
actually did request permission to take the first trip as he seemed confused at
the hearing. He also stated he did not know of the need to report the second
Florida trip and that he forgot the need to report travel to Los Angeles and Las
Vegas. The magistrate judge did not accept that Glenn was unaware of his
need to get permission to travel, a finding based in part on the fact Glenn at
least once contacted the pretrial services office seeking an explanation of his
travel obligations.
      Despite some possible confusion, it is clear Glenn did not request
permission for the second Florida trip nor the Los Angeles and Las Vegas trip.
It is also clear that, regarding the second Florida trip, Glenn said “I didn’t know
at the time that I had to report it,” and regarding the Los Angeles and Las
Vegas trip, he stated he “forgot [the] requirement” to report it. The magistrate
judge at the bail hearing found these to be untruthful statements and that
Glenn had demonstrated he knew of the need to request permission to travel.
It was not error for the district court to apply the obstruction enhancement.
      AFFIRMED.


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