J.A02040/16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,               :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                            :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                            :
                    v.                      :
                                            :
CHRISTOPHER JACOB FEDDER,                   :
                                            :
                            Appellant       :
                                            :     No. 1233 MDA 2015

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence June 22, 2015
        in the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County Criminal Division
                        at No(s): CP-55-CR-0000285-2014

BEFORE: PANELLA, STABILE, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.:                         FILED MARCH 30, 2016

        Appellant, Christopher Jacob Fedder, appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Snyder County Court of Common Pleas following his

bench convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol (“DUI”) 1 and the

summary offense of vehicular hazard signal lamps.2 Appellant contests the

suppression court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence. We affirm.

        The suppression court made the following findings of fact:

           The police had been dispatched to Routes 11-15 for a
           report of a vehicle traveling northbound in the southbound
           lanes. While searching for this vehicle, the police observed
           [Appellant’s] vehicle stopped on the shoulder in reverse
           gear with its backup lights illuminated, the engine running,


*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1), (c).
2
    75 Pa.C.S. § 4305(a).
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         and hazard lights not on. The police pulled in behind
         [Appellant’s] vehicle and activated their emergency lights.
         State Trooper Whitford testified that he activated his
         emergency lights for his safety. During this initial contact,
         [Appellant] did provide the trooper with his Delaware
         driver’s license. During cross-examination, Trooper
         Whitford testified that his initial stop behind the
         [Appellant’s] vehicle related to the facts that [Appellant]
         did not have his hazard lights activated, the dispatch
         concerning a car traveling north in a southbound lane, and
         an inquiry to determine if [Appellant] was injured or in
         need of help. This limited inquiry did not elevate what
         began as a mere encounter to an investigatory detention.
         Later, the trooper observed bloodshot glassy eyes. He
         asked [Appellant] to submit to a PBT [preliminary breath
         test], which the defendant refused. Later, [Appellant]
         submitted to a blood test which indicated a .196 blood
         alcohol level.

Trial Ct. Op., 8/25/15, at 2 (record citations omitted).

      We note that Trooper Whitford indicated that upon first encountering

Appellant in his car, he was covered in barbecue sauce from chicken wings.

N.T. Suppression Hr’g, 1/9/15 at 8.3 Therefore, he stated that he could not,

at least initially, smell any alcohol, only “an abundance of barbecue sauce.”

Id. However, once Appellant exited the vehicle, Trooper Whitford began “to

observe the odor of alcohol coming from [Appellant].” Id. at 10. Further,

when he was securing the vehicle, Trooper Whitford also saw two full

unopened cans of beer next to the driver’s seat.           Id. at 27.    Trooper

Whitford also performed standard field sobriety tests (“SFSTs”) which

indicated that Appellant was intoxicated. Id. at 10. In addition, Appellant

3
  Also present that night with Trooper Whitford was Corporal Richy. N.T. at
5.



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admitted to Trooper Whitford that he had been driving the vehicle. Id. at

19.

        Appellant, on November 14, 2014, filed an omnibus pretrial motion

seeking, inter alia, suppression of the evidence obtained by the police. The

suppression court held a hearing on Appellant’s omnibus pretrial motion on

January 9, 2015.      On that same day, the court issued an order denying

Appellant’s suppression motion. Specifically, the suppression court held that

the interaction between the troopers and Appellant constituted a mere

encounter not requiring reasonable suspicion. In addition, the suppression

court found that probable cause supported Appellant’s arrest.

         After Appellant was found guilty on March 25, 2015, the court

sentenced him to eleven days to six months’ imprisonment on June 22,

2015.      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and a court-ordered

statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule

of Appellate Procedure 1925(b).       On August 25, 2015, the court filed a

responsive Rule 1925(a) opinion.

        On appeal, Appellant raises the following issues for our consideration.

              Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s
              motion to suppress challenging his roadside
              detention?

              Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s
              motion to suppress challenging his arrest?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.




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     In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying

his suppression motion because the troopers’ encounter with Appellant

constituted an investigative detention necessitating reasonable suspicion.

Specifically, Appellant emphasizes that the troopers were responding to an

anonymous tip of erratic driving, thus their purposes were by nature

“investigative” and did not constitute a mere welfare check.        Therefore,

because the anonymous tip lacked specificity, Appellant argues that his

contact with police constituted an investigative detention made without

probable cause. He particularly points to Trooper Whitford’s testimony,

where he admits that he did not initially smell alcohol emanating from

Appellant, to support his contention that the trooper did not have sufficient

reasonable suspicion to support an investigative detention.            In the

alternative, Appellant argues that if the troopers approached his vehicle due

to his failure to utilize his hazard signal lamps, such stop was made without

probable cause. Appellant avers that because the troopers saw his reverse

and brake lights engaged, it was more probable than not that he was

preparing to immediately re-enter the roadway.

     Turning to Appellant’s second issue, he contends that the troopers did

not have sufficient probable cause to support his arrest. He argues that the

troopers had no evidence that he had been erratically driving or that he was

substantially impaired due to alcohol consumption.      He points to the fact

that his car was stopped when the troopers came into contact with him and



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any SFSTs that he may have failed must be invalidated due to the troopers’

failure to properly administer the tests.

      Both of Appellant’s issues concern the suppression court’s denial of his

suppression motion. When considering the trial court’s denial of a motion to

suppress, this Court employs the following standard of review:

              [An appellate court’s] standard of review in
              addressing a challenge to the denial of a suppression
              motion is limited to determining whether the
              suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
              the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
              from those facts are correct.           Because the
              Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression
              court, we may consider only the evidence of the
              Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the
              defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the
              context of the record as a whole.          Where the
              suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
              the record, [the appellate court is] bound by [those]
              findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal
              conclusions are erroneous. Where . . . the appeal of
              the determination of the suppression court turns on
              allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s
              legal conclusions are not binding on an appellate
              court, whose duty it is to determine if the
              suppression court properly applied the law to the
              facts. Thus, the conclusions of the courts below are
              subject to [] plenary review.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 121 A.3d 524, 526-27 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(citation omitted).

      It is well-established that “[t]he Fourth Amendment of the Federal

Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect

individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures.” Commonwealth v.

Walls,   53    A.3d   889,   892   (Pa.   Super.   2012).   In   analyzing   the


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constitutionality of police-citizen interactions, we look to the nature of the

exchange between an officer and a citizen, which are categorized as follows.

            Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has led to the
            development of three categories of interactions
            between citizens and the police. The first of these is
            a “mere encounter” (or request for information)
            which need not be supported by any level of
            suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to stop
            or respond. The second, an “investigative detention”
            must be supported by a reasonable suspicion; it
            subjects a suspect to a stop and a period of
            detention, but does not involve such coercive
            conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent
            of an arrest.     Finally, an arrest or “custodial
            detention” must be supported by probable cause.

Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 36 A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(citation omitted).

      When analyzing whether police contact constitutes a mere encounter

or an investigatory detention, we employ the following precepts:

         To determine whether a mere encounter rises to the level
         of an investigatory detention, we must discern whether, as
         a matter of law, the police conducted a seizure of the
         person involved.      To decide whether a seizure has
         occurred, a court must consider all the circumstances
         surrounding the encounter to determine whether the
         demeanor and conduct of the police would have
         communicated to a reasonable person that he or she was
         not free to decline the officers’ request or otherwise
         terminate the encounter. Thus, the focal point of our
         inquiry must be whether, considering the circumstances
         surrounding the incident, a reasonable person innocent of
         any crime, would have thought he was being restrained
         had he been in the defendant’s shoes.

Commonwealth v. Collins, 950 A.2d 1041, 1046-47 (Pa. Super. 2008)

(citation omitted) (holding that interaction between the petitioner and police


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was a mere encounter where the petitioner was approached in his parked

car, in a public parking lot, by an officer with his police vehicle headlights

activated).

   We also note the following with particular relevancy for the instant case:

             In cases where a driver pulls over for an unknown
         reason, the officer must not be restrained from
         investigating the situation to assess whether help is
         needed. If the investigation occurs at night, it is
         reasonable for an officer to activate overhead lights to
         ensure his or her own safety as well as the safety of the
         driver, and to notify passing vehicles of their presence. A
         driver’s unusual behavior is enough of a reason for an
         officer to stop, assess the situation, and determine
         whether the driver is in need of assistance.

            Certainly an officer would realize that there might be a
         variety of reasons for unusual behavior by a driver which
         could include driving under the influence of drugs or
         alcohol. However, merely because the officer considers
         drunk driving as one alternative does not mean he is
         precluded from trying to aid a citizen if he also thinks the
         driver might be in distress.

Commonwealth v. Kendall, 976 A.2d 503, 508-09 (Pa. Super. 2009)

(holding that where the petitioner had been driving slowly prior to coming to

a complete halt in a deserted area, the police officer’s subsequent interaction

constituted a mere encounter because the officer was justified in conducting

a welfare check). In Kendall, the officer detected a strong odor of alcohol

emanating from the petitioner and saw an open container of beer in the

petitioner’s vehicle.   Id. at 505.    There, the petitioner was ultimately

convicted of DUI. Id. at 504.




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      Further, the existence of probable cause, in the context of an arrest, is

resolved as follows:

         To determine whether probable cause exists, we must
         consider whether the facts and circumstances which are
         within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the
         arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy
         information, are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable
         caution in the belief that the suspect has committed or is
         committing a crime.

Commonwealth v. Ibrahim, 127 A.3d 819, 824 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(citations omitted). Specifically, in regard to arrests for DUI, we note that

“[p]robable cause exists where the officer has knowledge of sufficient facts

and circumstances to warrant a prudent person to believe that the driver has

been driving under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance.”

Commonwealth v. Hilliar, 943 A.2d 984, 994 (Pa. Super. 2008).

      In the case sub judice, Appellant’s car was stopped along the shoulder

of a highway, with the brake lights engaged and in reverse gear, without the

use of hazard lights. While it is correct that Trooper Whitford was initially

responding to an anonymous tip regarding erratic driving, the trooper also

testified that he approached Appellant’s vehicle to ascertain whether help

was needed. In Collins, we concluded that the officer at issue was justified

in checking on the welfare of the occupants of a legally parked car, which did

not exhibit any outward sign of distress or illegal activity, and that such

contact constituted a mere encounter. See Collins, 950 A.2d 1047-48.

There, we specifically emphasized that a reasonable person who sits in a



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vehicle that is apparently disabled along a highway, would expect an officer

in the vicinity to make a welfare check and would feel free to terminate such

an encounter.    Id.   Likewise, in the instant case, Appellant’s vehicle was

stopped along a highway with no outward signs of distress, and Trooper

Whitford conducted a proper welfare check from which a reasonable person

would feel free to leave. See Id. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence of

record was sufficient to support the suppression court’s conclusion that the

initial encounter between Trooper Whitford, Corporal Richy, and Appellant

was a mere encounter not requiring reasonable suspicion. See Jones, 121

A.3d at 526-27; Kendall, 976 A.2d at 508-09; Collins, 950 A.2d at 1046-

47. Therefore, Appellant’s first issue lacks merit.

      In his second issue, Appellant contends that the troopers lacked

probable cause to effectuate his arrest and therefore his suppression motion

was improperly denied. Appellant particularly emphasizes that Trooper

Whitford did not observe Appellant driving erratically, did not initially smell

alcohol emanating from Appellant, and did not “medically prequalify”

Appellant before requiring him to perform SFSTs.        However, the record

reflects that Appellant admitted to Trooper Whitford that he had been the

driver of the car in question. N.T. Suppression Hr’g at 10. Trooper Whitford

also initially observed Appellant to have glassy eyes and a disheveled

appearance, as he was covered in barbeque sauce. Id. at 8. Further, upon

Appellant’s exit from the vehicle, the trooper did encounter the strong smell



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of alcohol and observed full containers of alcohol in the car. Id. at 10, 27.

Accordingly, we hold that under the factual circumstances presented, the

troopers had ample evidence to support the belief that they had probable

cause to arrest Appellant for DUI. See Ibrahim, 127 A.3d at 824; Hilliar,

943 A.2d at 994. Therefore, we conclude that the suppression court’s denial

of Appellant’s suppression motion is supported by the record. See Jones,

121 A.3d at 526-27.       In light of the foregoing, Appellant’s second issue

must also fail and we affirm his judgment of sentence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/30/2016




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