                                                                                    FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          December 31, 2015
                         _________________________________
                                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                Clerk of Court
KARL T. ANDERSON, solely in his
capacity as Chapter 7 Trustee for the
bankruptcy estate of Robert Leone Davies
and Amber Tracey Davies,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,                                 No. 14-1515
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-01490-RM-CBS)
v.                                                          (D. Colorado)

SEVEN FALLS COMPANY, a Delaware
corporation, d/b/a The New Seven Falls
Company, d/b/a The Cottage Company,
d/b/a Seven Falls Pipeline & Reservoir,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________


                                I.    INTRODUCTION

       Karl T. Anderson, in his capacity as trustee of the bankruptcy estate of Amber

Tracey Davies and Robert Leon Davies, seeks to appeal the district court’s summary-

judgment ruling, which equitably limits the bankruptcy estate’s potential recovery in a

personal-injury action originally brought by Ms. Davies. Because we conclude the order

       *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
appealed from is not a final decision, we lack jurisdiction over the appeal and must

dismiss.

                                  II.   BACKGROUND

       In June 2010, Ms. Davies was injured while visiting a Colorado nature park

operated by Seven Falls Company. Ms. Davies was treated for her injuries and received a

tentative diagnosis of “complex regional pain syndrome” from her treating physician.

Shortly after her accident, Ms. Davies retained counsel to help her “determine if [she] had

any basis to have [her] medical bills paid.” Her attorney filed a notice of claim with

Seven Falls’ insurer on August 26, 2010, notifying the insurer of Ms. Davies’s injuries. In

June 2011, the attorney sent a settlement demand to Seven Falls’ insurer, seeking

recovery of Ms. Davies’s damages.

       Just over a month later, on July 15, 2011, Ms. Davies and her husband filed for

Chapter 7 bankruptcy in California. Although Ms. Davies included debts related to her

injuries on the bankruptcy schedules, she did not disclose her personal-injury claim

against Seven Falls. Ms. Davies contends a paralegal for her bankruptcy counsel led her

to believe the claim did not need to be disclosed. The bankruptcy court issued an order in

the Davieses’ bankruptcy in October 2011, which included a discharge of debts Ms.

Davies incurred as a result of her injury sustained at Seven Falls’ premises.

       In June 2012, Ms. Davies initiated this personal-injury action against Seven Falls.

Thereafter, in March 2013, Ms. Davies’s counsel notified the bankruptcy trustee that the

claim against Seven Falls had been omitted from her bankruptcy schedules. In response,

the bankruptcy court reopened Ms. Davies’s bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy trustee, Karl
                                                 2
T. Anderson (the Trustee), was made a party to this personal-injury action. The Trustee

retained Ms. Davies’s personal-injury attorneys as special counsel to pursue the personal-

injury litigation. Seven Falls then filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Ms.

Davies and the Trustee were judicially estopped from bringing a personal-injury claim

that had not been disclosed in Ms. Davies’s bankruptcy.

       The district court granted the motion for summary judgment as to Ms. Davies but

denied it as to the Trustee. The district court ruled the doctrine of judicial estoppel did not

“block the claims of the Trustee . . . on behalf of Ms. Davies’[s] creditors or the Trustee’s

interests” but that it “applied as to any recovery in excess of [these amounts] which

would be surrendered back to Ms. Davies.” The district court therefore concluded the

Trustee’s “[r]ecovery will be permitted to the limited extent of the creditor claims and

such other sums as are necessary for the Trustee’s fees and costs.”

       Seven Falls then sought leave to deposit $17,011.46 with the court under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 67, asserting this sum was adequate to satisfy the creditors’

proofs of claim filed in Ms. Davies’s bankruptcy case. Seven Falls also moved to vacate

the trial date for the personal-injury action, seeking to forgo trial and resolve the

personal-injury action by agreeing to pay the full amount of creditor claims. The Trustee

disputed Seven Falls’ calculation of the amount needed to fully fund the Davieses’

bankruptcy estate, asserting in its briefing that approximately $277,000 was necessary to

satisfy the creditors’ claims, the Trustee’s statutory fee, and the attorney fees and costs

payable to the Trustee’s counsel by statute. The district court granted Seven Falls’

motions to deposit the $17,011.46 with the court and to vacate the trial. The Trustee then

                                                  3
filed a motion seeking reconsideration of the district court’s summary-judgment ruling.

While that motion was pending, Seven Falls filed motions seeking a determination of the

Trustee’s fees and costs and an order barring the Trustee’s special litigation counsel from

recovering their fees and costs.

       The district court denied the Trustee’s motion for reconsideration, and the Trustee

filed a notice of appeal from the district court’s partial grant of summary judgment in

favor of Seven Falls. The district court has yet to rule on Seven Falls’ outstanding

motions relating to the Trustee’s fees and costs.

                                      III. ANALYSIS

       Before considering the Trustee’s arguments on the merits, we must assess whether

we have subject matter jurisdiction over this appeal. “It is well-settled that this court has

an independent duty to inquire into its jurisdiction over a dispute, even where neither

party contests it and the parties are prepared to concede it.” In re Am. Ready Mix, Inc., 14

F.3d 1497, 1499 (10th Cir. 1994). Of relevance here, our jurisdiction is limited to appeals

from “final decisions of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “A final judgment is one

that terminates all matters as to all parties and causes of action.” Utah v. Norton, 396 F.3d

1281, 1286 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). A decision is not final

unless it “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but

execute the judgment.” Cunningham v. Hamilton Cty., Ohio, 527 U.S. 198, 204 (1999).

“[A]ny order or other form of decision, however designated, which adjudicates fewer

than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not

terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties.” Norton, 396 F.3d at 1286
                                                    4
(alteration in original). Thus, “[o]rders granting partial summary judgment or denying

summary judgment are generally not final appealable orders under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.”

Poolaw v. Marcantel, 565 F.3d 721, 728 (10th Cir. 2009); see also Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.

v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744 (1976) (holding that nonfinal partial summary judgment

could not properly be certified as final under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b)).

       The Trustee seeks to appeal from the district court’s order granting summary

judgment as to Ms. Davies and denying summary judgment as to the Trustee. But that

order expressly permits the Trustee’s claim to proceed to trial, though it limits the

Trustee’s recovery on that claim to the “extent of the creditor claims and such other sums

as are necessary for the Trustee’s fees and costs.” Thus, the district court’s order did not

“terminate[] all matters as to all parties and causes of action” and therefore was not a

final, appealable decision. Norton, 396 F.3d at 1286 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Trustee contends that “Seven Falls’ payment of $17,011.46 into the Court

Registry rendered the district court’s Order granting partial summary judgment of [the

Trustee’s] claims final for purposes of this appeal.” The premise of this argument is that

this deposit satisfied in full Seven Falls’ potential liability on the merits of the personal-

injury claim. But that premise is faulty. As the parties concede, the $17,011.46 deposited

with the court covers only the amount of creditor claims against the bankruptcy estate; it

does not cover any portion of the Trustee’s fees and costs. Yet the district court ruled the

Trustee could recover both the amount of creditor claims and the fees and costs incurred

in the bankruptcy. Thus far the district court has not determined the amount necessary to

satisfy the Trustee’s fees and costs—a calculation on which the parties vigorously

                                                   5
disagree. Accordingly, the extent of Seven Falls’ potential liability—measured by the

amount necessary to satisfy both the creditors’ claims and the Trustee’s fees and costs—

remains indeterminate. And although the district court allowed Seven Falls to deposit

funds with the court, it has not entered a judgment awarding a specific dollar amount of

damages to the Trustee or otherwise made a determination regarding Seven Falls’

liability or the Trustee’s entitlement to damages. A district court order that leaves both

the fact and the scope of the defendant’s liability unresolved is not a final decision on the

merits.

          The Trustee resists this conclusion by arguing the resolution of the Trustee’s fees

and costs is a “collateral” issue that “do[es] not affect the finality of the district court’s

judgment on the merits.” The Trustee relies on Ray Haluch Gravel Co. v. Central

Pension Fund, 134 S. Ct. 773 (2014), and Budinich v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 486 U.S.

196 (1988), for the proposition that “the pendency of a ruling on an award for fees and

costs does not prevent, as a general rule, the merits judgment from becoming final for

purposes of appeal.” Ray Haluch, 134 S. Ct. at 777; see Budinich, 486 U.S at 199, 202–

03 (“[A] decision on the merits is a ‘final decision’ for purposes of § 1291 whether or not

there remains for adjudication a request for attorney’s fees attributable to the case.”). But

the Trustee’s reliance on this authority is misplaced. Ray Haluch and Budinich address

whether an unresolved claim for attorney fees incurred “for the litigation at hand” affects

the finality of an otherwise final order. Budinich, 486 U.S. at 201; accord Ray Haluch,

134 S. Ct. at 780. The Supreme Court has concluded such a claim is collateral to a

decision on the merits because “a claim for attorney’s fees is not part of the merits of the

                                                   6
action to which the fees pertain.” Budinich, 486 U.S. at 200. We have interpreted these

cases as applying only to “attorneys’ fees requests for the ‘litigation at hand’” when

considering the jurisdictional effect of an unresolved attorney-fee issue. Lampkin v. Int’l

Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agr. Implement Workers of Am. (UAW), 154 F.3d

1136, 1140 (10th Cir. 1998). Where a request for fees arises from litigation other than the

case at hand, the fee question is not collateral and “may have to be litigated at trial as a

component of the plaintiff’s damages, rather than ascertained in a post-judgment

collateral proceeding.” McKissick v. Yuen, 618 F.3d 1177, 1197 (10th Cir. 2010).

       Here, the district court is not faced with an outstanding claim for attorney fees for

the litigation at hand, i.e., a claim that Seven Falls must, by statute or contract, pay the

attorney fees incurred by Trustee’s counsel in the personal-injury action. Rather, pursuant

to the district court’s judicial-estoppel ruling, the Trustee’s fees and costs are merely the

yardstick by which the district court elected to measure the Trustee’s permissible

recovery in the personal-injury action. Cf. Lampkin, 154 F.3d at 1140 (10th Cir. 1998)

(holding that an award of attorney fees under the Labor Management Relations Act was

functionally an award of compensatory damages, “which only incidentally happens to be

measured in this instance solely by the attorneys’ fees incurred by the plaintiff”). That

some portion of the Trustee’s recovery will ultimately be paid to the Trustee’s attorneys

does not mean the district court’s ruling on the scope of Seven Falls’ potential liability is

merely an outstanding “ruling on an award for fees and costs” within the meaning of Ray

Haluch and Budinich. Instead, calculation of those fees and costs is indispensable to a



                                                  7
determination of Seven Falls’ ultimate liability and not a collateral issue that the district

court may consider independently of a final decision on the merits.

       Moreover, at least some portion of the Trustee’s fees and costs arise from the

Trustee’s administration of the bankruptcy estate itself and therefore are not “attributable

to the case” at issue under Budinich. See id. (emphasis omitted) (quoting Budinich, 486

U.S. at 202–03). The Trustee is entitled to a statutory fee for administering the

bankruptcy estate, and, in addition to employing litigation counsel to pursue the personal-

injury litigation, the Trustee employed general counsel to assist “in the bankruptcy case.”

Those fees and costs incurred by the Trustee and general counsel arising from the

bankruptcy case are not attributable to the personal-injury action but, under the district

court’s judicial-estoppel ruling, must be determined in assessing the scope of Seven

Falls’ liability. Accordingly, we conclude the determination of the Trustee’s fees and

costs is not merely collateral to the merits and must be resolved before the district court’s

order may properly be considered a final, appealable decision.




                                                  8
                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       The district court’s partial summary-judgment ruling was not rendered final by

Seven Falls’ deposit of funds with the court. The resolution of the Trustee’s fees and

costs goes to the amount of Seven Falls’ potential liability and is not merely a collateral

attorney-fee request. The district court’s order is therefore not a final, appealable decision

over which we may exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We therefore lack

jurisdiction and must dismiss this appeal.

                                               Entered for the Court


                                               Carolyn B. McHugh
                                               Circuit Judge




                                                  9
