                                                          FILED
                                                             2/21/2014
 1
                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                       U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No. AZ-13-1291-PaKuD
                                   )
 6   STRATA TITLE, L.L.C.,         )      Bankr. No. 12-24242-DPC
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     STRATA TITLE, L.L.C.,         )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     PURE COUNTRY TOWER, LLC,      )
12                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
13   ______________________________)
14                  Argued and Submitted on January 23, 2014
                                at Tempe, Arizona
15
                           Filed - February 21, 2014
16
              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
17                      for the District of Arizona
18       Honorable Daniel P. Collins, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
     Appearances:     Ronald J. Ellett of Ellett Law Offices, P.C.
20                    argued for appellant Strata Title, L.L.C.; Craig
                      Solomon Ganz of Gallagher & Kennedy, P.A. argued
21                    for appellee Pure Country Tower, LLC.
22
     Before: PAPPAS, KURTZ and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26        1
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1        Chapter 112 debtor Strata Title, LLC (“Debtor”) appeals the
 2   order of the bankruptcy court determining that Debtor’s
 3   membership interest in Tempe Tower, LLC (“Tempe Tower”) lapsed by
 4   operation of the parties’ agreement and is no longer property of
 5   the estate.   We AFFIRM.
 6                                  FACTS
 7        Debtor is an Arizona limited liability company; its sole
 8   member is John Lupypciw (“Lupypciw”).    Pure Country Tower, LLC
 9   (“Pure Country”) is also an Arizona LLC; its members are Joseph
10   Hindbo and Jordan Hindbo.   This appeal arises out of a dispute
11   over the respective membership interests of Debtor and Pure
12   Country in Tempe Tower, another LLC, created by the parties
13   solely to own and operate a commercial office building in Tempe,
14   Arizona (the “Property”).
15        When formed in 2012, Debtor and Pure Country each held a
16   50 percent membership interest in Tempe Tower.    Under the terms
17   of the parties’ Operating Agreement executed February 24, 2012,
18   Lupypciw was designated manager of Tempe Tower.     At the center of
19   the dispute is Schedule 1 of the Operating Agreement, which
20   provides:
21                               Schedule 1
22                    SCHEDULE OF PERCENTAGE INTERESTS
23        The following shall be the Percentage Interests of the
          Members of the Company.
24
25
          2
             Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
26   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
27   "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure. All “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
28   of Civil Procedure.

                                     -2-
 1              Name of Member             Percentage Interest
 2              Strata Title, LLC          50%
                Pure Country Tower, LLC    50%
 3
          The Percentage Interests shall be subject to the
 4        following adjustments:
 5        (1)   Subject to subsection (2) below, at such time as 100%
                of [Pure Country’s] initial Capital Contribution in the
 6              amount of $850,000 is returned to [Pure Country], the
                Percentage Interest of the Members shall be:
 7
                Strata Title, LLC          70%
 8              Pure Country Tower, LLC    30%
 9        (2)   Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, in the
                event that [Pure Country] does not received 100% of its
10              initial Capital Contribution of $850,000 on or before
                February 23, 2013 (“CC Return Date”), John Lupypciw
11              hereby irrevocably assigns his and the entire right,
                title and interest of Strata Title, LLC in the Company
12              to [Pure Country] or its nominee, so that following the
                CC Return Date [Pure Country] or its nominee shall own
13              one hundred percent (100%) of the Percentage Interest
                of the Company and Strata Title, LLC, shall not be
14              entitled to any return of any Capital Contributions or
                other amounts advanced or loaned to the company prior
15              to such time. This provision shall be self-operative
                but John Lupypciw shall within five (5) days of [Pure
16              Country’s] request execute any instrument reasonably
                requested by [Pure Country] to evidence or confirm the
17              same.
18        In February 2012, Tempe Tower purchased the Property using
19   the $850,000 capital contribution from Pure Country, a $3,000
20   capital contribution from Debtor, and a one-year loan from
21   Milestone Tempe, LLC (“Milestone”) of $1,365,000 (the “Milestone
22   Loan”). In July 2012, Lupypciw, acting as manager of Debtor,
23   allegedly made a $140,000 capital contribution to Tempe Tower.
24   In September 2012, Pure Country alleges that Debtor informed it
25   that Tempe Tower had insufficient funds to pay the monthly
26   payments due on the Milestone Loan.    Pure Country alleges that it
27   advanced $20,000 at that time to avoid a default.    However, Tempe
28   Tower’s financial problems continued.

                                     -3-
 1        Debtor filed a petition for relief under chapter 11 on
 2   November 6, 2012.    Debtor initially did not list its membership
 3   interest in Tempe Tower on its Schedule B, nor the Operating
 4   Agreement as an executory contract on its Schedule G.   The
 5   membership interest in Tempe Tower was added by amendment to the
 6   schedules on December 10, 2012, and the Operating Agreement was
 7   disclosed as an executory contract in an amended schedule on
 8   February 21, 2013.   Pure Country received no formal notice of
 9   Debtor’s bankruptcy filing.   However, it filed a notice of
10   appearance in the bankruptcy case on February 12, 2013.
11        Pure Country contacted Milestone by phone on or about
12   December 18, 2012.   Pure Country alleges that it was during this
13   call that, for the first time, Pure Country was informed that
14   Tempe Tower was in default on the Milestone Loan, and that a
15   trustee’s foreclosure sale of the Property was scheduled for
16   March 29, 2013.
17        On January 11, 2013, Pure Country sent a letter to Debtor
18   demanding that Debtor take action to cure the Milestone Loan
19   default.    At about this time, Debtor had arranged to refinance
20   the Milestone Loan using a new loan from RLS Capital, Inc. for
21   $1.7 million with an interest rate of 18 percent, secured by the
22   Property.   The RLS Loan closed on January 23, 2013.   The escrow
23   agent, Security Title, allegedly issued a check to Milestone’s
24   agent for $1,461,191.94 in full payment of the Milestone Loan,
25   recorded a release of Milestone’s deed of trust, and recorded a
26   deed of trust in favor of RLS, Inc.
27        On January 28, 2013, Milestone contacted Pure Country to
28   inform it that the Milestone Loan was being refinanced.   Pure

                                      -4-
 1   Country informed Milestone that it was not aware of, and would
 2   not consent to, the refinance.   Instead, working with Security
 3   Title, Pure Country unwound the refinancing.   Milestone returned
 4   the loan proceeds to RLS, which executed a release of its deed of
 5   trust.
 6        In the bankruptcy case, on February 12, 2013, Debtor filed a
 7   motion for an order deeming the Operating Agreement of Tempe
 8   Tower rejected as an executory contract (the “Rejection Motion”).
 9   Debtor argued that LLC operating agreements are generally
10   considered executory contracts under the Bankruptcy Code.     Debtor
11   further suggested that Pure Country was using its powers under
12   the Operating Agreement in bad faith and in an attempt to obtain
13   ownership of Debtor’s equity in the Property for itself.
14        On February 14, 2013, Pure Country removed Lupypciw as
15   manager of Tempe Tower and filed papers with the Arizona
16   Corporation Commission designating Pure Country as the new
17   manager of Tempe Tower.   Debtor does not contest that Pure
18   Country thereby became the manager of Tempe Tower.
19        Pure Country filed an objection to Debtor’s Rejection Motion
20   on February 20, 2013.   Pure Country argued that the Operating
21   Agreement was not an executory contract.   Alternatively, Pure
22   Country urged that if the Operating Agreement were rejected, then
23   the bankruptcy court should also declare that Debtor would
24   thereby lose all membership rights in Tempe Tower.
25        The bankruptcy court conducted an expedited hearing on the
26   Rejection Motion on February 20, 2013.     In an order entered
27   February 22, 2013, the court ruled that the Operating Agreement
28   was an executory contract and granted Debtor’s Rejection Motion.

                                      -5-
 1   However, the court’s order also provided that:
 2        This order is strictly limited to Debtor’s rejection of
          the Operating Agreement. Nothing contained in this
 3        order shall be construed to prejudge any of the
          following issues: the damages (if any) which arise from
 4        rejection; [or] the terms or enforceability of
          Schedule 1; the future governance of Tempe Tower’s
 5        business activities[.]
 6   The order granting the Rejection Motion was not appealed.
 7        The February 23, 2013, deadline in Schedule 1 for repayment
 8   of the $850,000 capital contribution to Pure Country expired
 9   without payment.   On March 7, 2013, Pure Country filed a motion
10   in the bankruptcy case for an order enforcing the terms of
11   Schedule 1 (the “Enforcement Motion”).   In particular, the
12   Enforcement Motion prayed for entry of an order by the bankruptcy
13   court directing Debtor to specifically perform its obligations
14   under the Operating Agreement to execute an assignment of
15   Debtor’s membership interest in Tempe Tower to Pure Country.
16   Debtor responded to the Enforcement Motion on March 20, 2013,
17   arguing that specific performance was not a remedy available to
18   Pure Country after rejection of the Operating Agreement as an
19   executory contract.
20        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Enforcement
21   Motion on March 21, 2013.   On March 28, 2013, the bankruptcy
22   court entered a minute order providing that:
23        At issue is Schedule 1 attached to the Operating
          Agreement and its effect upon the debtor and others.
24        The Court hereby finds that remedies identified in
          Schedule 1 are not stayed as to Mr. Lupypciw by this
25        bankruptcy proceeding. The court does not presently
          make any decision relative to whether there is a stay
26        in place as to Strata’s interest in Tempe Tower LLC nor
          does the Court issue any decision relative to whether
27        specific performance can or cannot be compelled to
          require [Debtor] to accomplish certain events or
28        transactions. . . . By agreement of the parties on the

                                     -6-
 1        record, counsel for Pure Country shall prepare a form
          of order acknowledging Strata’s consent to the filing
 2        of a bankruptcy petition by Tempe Tower LLC. . . .
          All other issues pertaining to the [Enforcement Motion]
 3        have not been decided by this Court and await further
          decision by the Court.
 4
 5        Undeterred, on April 13, 2013, Pure Country filed a Motion
 6   for Determination That Debtor Assigned Membership Interest in
 7   Tempe Tower, LLC Pre-Petition; and Alternative Request for Stay
 8   Relief to Either: (1) Effectuate the Transfer of Membership
 9   Interest to Pure Country Tower, LLC, or (2) Allow Pure Country
10   Tower, LLC to Foreclose Its Membership Interest (the “Membership
11   Motion”).   Pure Country argued that before bankruptcy, Debtor had
12   absolutely assigned its membership interest in Tempe Tower to
13   Pure Country pursuant to Schedule 1, and that Debtor had no
14   further interest in Tempe Tower.      Pure Country sought a
15   declaratory judgment that all Debtor’s membership interest in
16   Tempe Tower was assigned to Pure Country, and that the Debtor’s
17   interest was not and never has been property of the estate.    In
18   the alternative, Pure Country argued that, if the bankruptcy
19   court were to find that the Debtor still held an interest in
20   Tempe Tower, Pure Country should be granted relief from the
21   automatic stay so it could enforce its rights against Debtor as
22   provided in the Operating Agreement.
23        Debtor responded on April 17, 2013, arguing that Pure
24   Country’s Membership Motion was procedurally flawed because the
25   relief it requested required an adversary proceeding.     Debtor
26   argued that, if the issues raised in the Membership Motion were
27   adjudicated in a contested matter, not an adversary proceeding,
28   its due process rights would be violated.

                                     -7-
 1        The bankruptcy court held its first hearing on the
 2   Membership Motion on April 17, 2013.     The court directed the
 3   parties to provide supplemental briefing and continued the
 4   hearing.
 5        In its supplemental briefing, in addition to arguing that
 6   there was no absolute assignment of Debtor’s membership interest
 7   effected in Schedule 1, Debtor asserted that Pure Country held,
 8   at best, an unperfected security interest in Debtor’s membership
 9   interest in Tempe Tower.3   Pure Country responded with its
10   supplemental brief on May 3, 2013.     It argued that whether it had
11   properly perfected a security interest in Debtor’s membership
12   interest was irrelevant, because it never asserted that its
13   interests in Tempe Tower were secured, but had instead been
14   absolutely assigned by Debtor.
15        The bankruptcy court held the continued hearing on the
16   Membership Motion on May 7, 2013.      After listening to counsel for
17   Debtor, Pure Country, Milestone, and Tempe Tower, the court took
18   the issues under advisement.   On June 6, 2013, the bankruptcy
19   court entered an “Under Advisement Decision Determining:
20   (1) Membership Interests Are No Longer Estate Property; and
21   (2) Order Lifting the Section 362(a) stay.” (the “Decision”).     In
22   the Decision, the court determined that:
23        - On the petition date, Debtor’s membership interest in
24   Tempe Tower became property of the bankruptcy estate.     What the
25   Debtor owned at the time of filing the petition was a 50 percent
26
27        3
             The question whether LLC membership interests involve
28   security interests is not on appeal.

                                      -8-
 1   membership interest in Tempe Tower.
 2           - If Schedule 1 created a security interest in either of the
 3   parties’ membership interests in Tempe Tower, that security
 4   interest was not perfected.
 5           - Debtor’s rejection of the Operating Agreement as an
 6   executory contract did not affect the parties’ substantive rights
 7   under the Operating Agreement, which are governed by Arizona
 8   state law.
 9           - Pursuant to A.R.S. § 29-682(B), an LLC operating agreement
10   may contain provisions regarding changes in classes of members,
11   and rights to acquire members’ interests.
12           - Under terms of the Operating Agreement and Schedule 1,
13   “the Debtor’s membership interest in Tempe Tower could only
14   remain property of the Debtor if it paid $850,000 to Pure Country
15   by February 23, 2013.    Having failed to do so, the Debtor
16   ceased to own any membership interests in Tempe Tower as of
17   February 24, 2013.”
18           - “Schedule 1 required no action by Pure Country, or any
19   other party, to change the membership interest of the Debtor in
20   Tempe Tower.    Instead, the simple passage of time changed the
21   nature of the property the Debtor once owned.”
22           - “The nonpayment of $850,000 by February 23, 2013 results
23   in Pure Country owning 100% of the LLC membership interests with
24   no further action by any party.”
25           - “To the extent stay relief is necessary for Pure Country
26   to proceed as it wishes, stay relief is granted to Pure Country.”
27           Debtor filed a timely appeal of the Decision on June 20,
28   2013.

                                       -9-
 1                              JURISDICTION
 2        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 3   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A) and (O).       The Panel’s jurisdiction is
 4   based upon 28 U.S.C. § 158.    Pure Country challenges our
 5   jurisdiction because it alleges that this appeal is moot.      We
 6   discuss that argument below.
 7                                   ISSUES
 8        Whether this appeal is moot.
 9        Whether the bankruptcy court erred by not requiring Pure
10   Country to commence an adversary proceeding to determine the
11   parties’ rights, and the extent of Debtor’s membership interest,
12   in Tempe Tower.
13        Whether the bankruptcy court violated Debtor’s due process
14   rights.
15                           STANDARDS OF REVIEW
16        We determine our jurisdiction, including mootness issues,
17   de novo.   Professional Programs Grp. v. Dep’t of Commerce,
18   29 F.3d 1349, 1352 (9th Cir. 1994).
19        The bankruptcy court’s interpretation of the Rules is
20   reviewed de novo.   Moldo v. Blethen (In re Blethen), 259 B.R.
21   153, 155 (9th Cir. BAP 2000).
22        Whether the bankruptcy court’s procedures comport with due
23   process is reviewed de novo.    Garner v. Shier (In re Garner),
24   246 B.R. 617, 619 (9th Cir. BAP 2000).
25                                 DISCUSSION
26        Significantly, in this appeal Debtor raises only procedural
27
28

                                      -10-
 1   challenges to the Decision by the bankruptcy court.4    Debtor does
 2   not contest the bankruptcy court’s substantive analysis or its
 3   conclusions concerning the continuing vitality of Debtor’s
 4   membership interest in Tempe Tower.    Debtor implicitly
 5   acknowledged that Arizona law allows LLC operating agreements to
 6   include provisions enforceable in bankruptcy cases modifying the
 7   extent of membership interests or of members’ rights to acquire
 8   other members’ interests; that pursuant to Schedule 1, Debtor
 9   could only retain its membership interest in Tempe Tower if Pure
10   Country’s $850,000 capital contribution was repaid by
11   February 23, 2013; and that, as the result of nonpayment, Debtor
12   ceased to own any membership interest in Tempe Tower as of
13   February 24, 2013.   Instead, Debtor’s arguments in this appeal
14   focus solely on the bankruptcy court’s acquiescence in what
15   Debtor argues was an inappropriate procedure employed by Pure
16   Country to obtain these rulings by the court.   As discussed
17   below, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision in this case.
18
19
          4
20           In Debtor’s opening brief, it also asserted that the
     bankruptcy court erred by ordering the specific performance of a
21   rejected executory contract. Debtor’s Op. Br. at 12. However,
22   as Pure Country points out, the bankruptcy court never referred
     to “specific performance” or in any way ordered the parties to
23   perform under the Operating Agreement. Pure Country’s Br. at 28.
     Indeed, as the bankruptcy court stated, “the simple passage of
24
     time changed the nature of the property the Debtor once owned.”
25   In reply, Debtor appears to concede that this issue is not on
     appeal, but persists in requesting that the Panel instruct the
26   bankruptcy court on remand that specific performance is not
27   available as a remedy for Pure Country. Debtor’s Reply Br. at
     11-12. The Panel declines to address the specific performance
28   issue.

                                     -11-
 1                                    I.
 2                        This appeal is not moot.
 3        Before reviewing Debtor’s procedural arguments, we first
 4   address Pure Country’s contention that this appeal is moot.      Pure
 5   Country notes that, “[g]enerally, an appeal will be dismissed as
 6   moot when events occur which prevent the appellate court from
 7   granting any effective relief even if the dispute is decided in
 8   favor of the appellant.”   Pure Country’s Br. at 15 (quoting
 9   Matter of Combined Metals Reduction Co., 557 F.2d 179, 187 (9th
10   Cir. 1977).   Pure Country argues that, in this case, the Panel
11   cannot offer any relief whatsoever because Debtor failed to
12   obtain a stay of the Decision pending resolution of this appeal,
13   and because Tempe Tower sold the Property on August 6, 2013 to
14   JAH Ventures, LLC, an alleged “good faith purchaser,” for
15   $2.2 million.   Pure County further contends that since by this
16   appeal Debtor seeks only to retain its membership interest in
17   Tempe Tower, and the sole asset of Tempe Tower was the Property,
18   Debtor has nothing to gain if it prevails on appeal because any
19   resulting membership interest in Tempe Tower would be worthless.
20        The test for mootness is whether an appellate court can
21   fashion any effective relief in the event that it decides in
22   favor of the appellant.    Motor Vehicle Cas. Co. v. Thorpe
23   Insulation Co. (In re Thorpe Insulation Co.), 627 F.3d 869,
24   880-81 (9th Cir. 2012) (emphasis added).   In particular,
25   equitable mootness arises when “a comprehensive change of
26   circumstances has occurred so as to render it inequitable for a
27   court to consider the merits of the appeal.”    Id. at 880-81.    In
28   cases such as this one, the principal question we must answer is

                                      -12-
 1   whether the appeal "present[s] transactions that are so complex
 2   or difficult to unwind that the doctrine of equitable mootness
 3   would apply."   Lowenschuss v. Selnick (In re Lowenschuss),
 4   170 F.3d 923, 933 (9th Cir. 1999).     The party arguing for
 5   dismissal based on mootness, "bears the heavy burden of
 6   establishing that we cannot provide any effective relief."
 7   United States v. Gould (In re Gould), 401 B.R. 415, 421 (9th Cir.
 8   BAP 2009).
 9        We conclude that the issues are not moot in this case
10   because it might be possible for the Panel to fashion relief were
11   it to hold for Debtor.
12        First, Pure County correctly observes that Debtor, through
13   this appeal, is attempting to retain a membership interest in
14   Tempe Tower, not an ownership interest in the Property, which was
15   sold during the appeal.   However, Pure Country’s argument that
16   the sale of the Property moots this appeal is incorrect.       If
17   Debtor succeeds on appeal, it may, through its membership
18   interest in Tempe Tower, attempt to pursue state law claims
19   against Milestone and Pure Country.
20        Second, even though the Property was sold, it is not
21   accurate to assume that the Panel can provide no effective relief
22   to Debtor.   As noted above, the Property was sold by Tempe
23   Tower’s manager, Pure Country, to JAH Ventures, LLC.    Pure
24   Country acknowledges that the general partner of JAH Ventures,
25   LLC is JAH Management, LLC.   The managing members of
26   JAH Management, LLC are Joseph Hindbo and Jordan Hindbo, who are
27   also the only members of Pure Country.    In a practical sense,
28   then, Joseph and Jordan Hindbo effectively sold the Property to

                                     -13-
 1   themselves.   As the sole members of Pure Country, Joseph and
 2   Jordan Hindbo were the beneficiaries of the Decision by the
 3   bankruptcy court, and similarly, control Pure Country’s
 4   participation in this appeal.   Under these circumstances, it
 5   would not be impossible for the bankruptcy court or this Panel to
 6   fashion some sort of relief for Debtor.   See In re Sun Valley
 7   Ranches, 823 F.2d 1373, 1375 (9th Cir. 1987);   Paulman v. Gateway
 8   Venture Partners III (In re Filtercorp), 163 F.3d 570, 577 (9th
 9   Cir. 1998) (reaffirming the Sun Valley rule that, where real
10   property is sold to a party before the court, the court may be
11   able to fashion effective relief).
12        Given these realities, Pure Country has not satisfied the
13   “heavy burden of establishing that [the Panel] cannot provide any
14   effective relief.”   This appeal is not moot.
15                                   II.
16              The bankruptcy court’s decision to proceed
                    in a contested matter rather than to
17          require an adversary proceeding was harmless error.
18        The bankruptcy court considers disputed matters in two
19   contexts.   Adversary proceedings are separate lawsuits within the
20   bankruptcy case and have all the attributes of a lawsuit in the
21   district court, including the filing and service of a formal
22   complaint and application of most of the Civil Rules, as
23   incorporated or modified by the Part VII of the Bankruptcy Rules.
24   In a contested matter, there is no summons and complaint,
25   pleading rules are somewhat relaxed, counterclaims and
26   third-party practice do not apply, and much pre-trial procedure
27   is either restricted or dispensed with in the interest of time
28   and simplicity.   Contested matters are governed by other Rules,

                                     -14-
 1   mostly by Rule 9014.    Khachikyan v. Hahn (In re Khachikyan),
 2   335 B.R. 121, 125-26 (9th Cir. BAP 2005).    Debtor contends in
 3   this appeal that the bankruptcy court erred by resolving the
 4   issues in a contested matter rather than by adversary proceeding.
 5   Even so, we conclude any error by the bankruptcy court does not
 6   require reversal.
 7           Rule 7001 lists ten categories of proceedings specifically
 8   identified as adversary proceedings; Debtor focuses on three of
 9   them.    Under Rule 7001, “[t]he following are adversary
10   proceedings: (1) a proceeding to recover money or property
11   . . . ; (2) a proceeding to determine the validity, priority or
12   extent of a lien or other interest in property . . . ; (9) a
13   proceeding to obtain a declaratory judgment relating to any of
14   the foregoing . . . .”
15           Debtor argues that because Pure Country’s Membership Motion
16   sought a declaration by the bankruptcy court concerning the
17   extent of Debtor's and Pure Country’s “interest in property,” the
18   bankruptcy court could render such a decision only in an
19   adversary proceeding, not in a contested matter.    Debtor points
20   out that, through Lupypciw, it obtained the RLS Loan by which
21   Tempe Tower could pay off its secured loans, and qualify for
22   additional loans to repay the $850,000 capital contribution to
23   Pure Country.    According to Debtor, if Pure Country had commenced
24   an adversary proceeding, instead of filing the Membership Motion,
25   Debtor could have used that procedural vehicle to prove that Pure
26   Country and Milestone wrongfully conspired to undo the RLS Loan,
27   which rendered Tempe Tower unable to pay off Pure Country.    As a
28   result of this conduct, Debtor urges, Pure Country should not

                                       -15-
 1   have been allowed to invoke Schedule 1 to deprive Debtor of its
 2   interest in Tempe Tower.
 3        As a general proposition, Debtor is correct that an
 4   adversary proceeding is usually required to determine the extent
 5   of a debtor’s interest in property.     GMAC Mortg. Corp. v.
 6   Salisbury (In re Loloee), 241 B.R. 655-60 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).
 7   And, in particular, an adversary proceeding is the preferred
 8   route when considering the extent of a debtor’s ownership
 9   interest in a business.    In re Cadiz Props., Inc., 278 B.R. 744
10   (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2002) (extent of stock ownership);    In re Corky
11   Foods Corp., 85 B.R. 903, 904 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1988) (extent of
12   debtor's interest in limited partnership); In re Colrud, 45 B.R.
13   169 (Bankr. D. Alaska 1984) (debtor's interest in mortgaged
14   property).   However, neither the Ninth Circuit nor this Panel
15   have ever held that the requirement for an adversary proceeding
16   under these circumstances is absolute.    Instead, where the record
17   shows that the parties proceeded by a contested matter under
18   Rule 9014, there was adequate notice to the parties concerning
19   the nature of the issues raised in a contested motion proceeding,
20   extensive hearings occurred, supplemental briefing was submitted,
21   and the parties were given "ample time to air [their] position[s]
22   . . . for all practical purposes an adversary proceeding was
23   held."   Trust Corp. of Mont., Inc. v. Patterson (In re Copper
24   King Inn, Inc.), 918 F.2d 1404, 1407 (9th Cir. 1990).
25        In reviewing the bankruptcy court’s decision to allow the
26   contest between Debtor and Pure Country to be litigated in a
27   contested matter rather than in an adversary proceeding, we apply
28   a harmless error analysis.   Korneff v. Downey Reg’l Med. Ctr.

                                      -16-
 1   Hosp., Inc. (In re Downey Reg. Med. Ctr. Hosp., Inc.), 441 B.R.
 2   120, 127 (9th Cir. BAP 2010) (“The bankruptcy court's decision
 3   not to require an adversary proceeding is subject to a harmless
 4   error analysis.”); see also Austein v. Schwartz (In re Gerwer),
 5   898 F.2d 730, 734 (9th Cir. 1990); USA/Internal Revenue Service
 6   v. Valley Nat’l Bank (In re Decker), 199 B.R. 684, 689 (9th Cir.
 7   BAP 2006).   The harmless error standard is especially apt where
 8   the bankruptcy motion in question was the procedural equivalent
 9   of a motion for summary judgment, with the issues to be decided
10   by the bankruptcy court dealing with questions of law, not
11   disputed fact.   City Equities Anaheim, Ltd. v. Lincoln Plaza
12   Development Co. (In re City Equities Anaheim, Ltd.), 22 F.3d 954,
13   958-59 (9th Cir. 1994).
14        In this case, while the bankruptcy court possibly erred in
15   not requiring that an adversary proceeding be commenced by Pure
16   Country to obtain a declaration that Debtor’s interest in Tempe
17   Tower had lapsed under Schedule 1,5 we conclude that such error
18
19        5
             Of course, the Membership Motion requested not only a
20   determination by the bankruptcy court that Debtor’s membership
     interest terminated post-bankruptcy by operation of the Operating
21   Agreement, but also sought relief from the automatic stay “to the
22   extent the Debtor’s membership interests were still protected by
     § 362(a)(3) or if further acts are necessary to obtain possession
23   and control of the Debtor’s membership interests.” Decision at
     9. Indeed, the bankruptcy court granted stay relief to Pure
24
     Country in the Decision.
25        Clearly, relief from the automatic stay is appropriately
     sought via a contested matter, not through an adversary
26   proceeding under Rule 7001. See Rule 4001(a) (instructing that
27   “[a] motion for relief from an automatic stay . . . shall be made
     in accordance with Rule 9014 . . . .”) (emphasis added); Johnson
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     -17-
 1   was harmless.   Pure Country’s Membership Motion was clear in its
 2   factual allegations, its legal theories, and in describing the
 3   relief it sought.   There were two hearings conducted concerning
 4   the Membership Motion.   In addition to its original opposition,
 5   Debtor was afforded an opportunity to make supplemental
 6   submissions contesting the Membership Motion before the second
 7   hearing occurred, and the issues were comprehensively briefed by
 8   the parties.    As it turns out, the bankruptcy court decided that,
 9   as a matter of law, Schedule 1 was effective despite Debtor’s
10   bankruptcy filing, and that based solely on the undisputed
11   failure to timely repay Pure Country’s $850,000 capital
12   contribution, Debtor lost its interest in Tempe Tower.    On this
13   record, it is difficult to understand how Debtor was procedurally
14   disadvantaged by the bankruptcy court’s approach.
15        As Pure Country correctly observes, Debtor has not provided
16   any specific examples of how the contested proceedings employed
17   in this case caused it any significant prejudice.   See Downey
18   Reg. Med. Ctr. Hosp., 441 at 128 (requiring the party claiming
19
20
          5
           (...continued)
21   v TRE Holdings, LLC (In re Johnson), 346 B.R. 190, 195 (9th Cir.
22   BAP 2006). Strata conceded before the bankruptcy court that a
     contested hearing was the proper procedure for a request for
23   relief from stay. Hr’g Tr. 46:19-22, April 17, 2013 ([Counsel
     for Debtor]: “I admit freely that stay relief motions don’t
24
     require an adversary.”). The Panel has also held that when the
25   relief sought in a declaratory motion is a determination that the
     automatic stay does not apply to a particular action, then the
26   proper procedure is a contested motion. In re Wade, 115 B.R.
27   222, 225 (9th Cir. BAP 1990); accord 9 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY
     ¶ 4001.02[1] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 16th ed.,
28   2013).

                                      -18-
 1   prejudice to identify discoverable facts or witnesses that would
 2   “have changed the outcome of the case.”).        Instead, Debtor’s
 3   claims of unfairness are vague and overstated: “Pure Country
 4   . . . obstinately refused to comply with the adversary rules.
 5   Plainly, Pure Country wanted to avoid, at any cost, an
 6   evidentiary proceeding where its own conspiracy, bad faith and
 7   bre[a]ch of fiduciary [obligations] would be exposed for all to
 8   see.”       Debtor’s Op. Br. at 10.6
 9           In particular, Debtor argued that it was entitled to a trial
10   in this matter.       But by this contention, Debtor seemingly fails
11   to understand that contested matters may include evidentiary,
12   trial-like hearings.       See Rule 9014(d).7   As the Advisory
13   Committee note for Rule 9014(d) explains:
14           If the motion cannot be decided without resolving a
15
             6
16           Debtor argues that Pure Country breached its fiduciary
     duty, the parties’ contract, and acted in bad faith by conspiring
17   with Milestone and Security Title to undo Debtor’s RLS Loan,
     which led to Debtor’s and Tempe Tower’s inability to pay Pure
18   Country the $850,000. If true, under Arizona law, the preferred
19   remedy for such wrongs is an action for damages. Burkons v.
     Ticor Title Ins. Co., 813 P.2d 710 (Ariz. 1991). At oral
20   argument, counsel for Debtor was repeatedly questioned by the
     Panel concerning why Debtor did not initiate its own adversary
21
     proceeding, or better yet, simply pursue an action for damages
22   against Pure Country in state court. The bankruptcy court made a
     similar inquiry. Hr’g Tr. 46:23-47. While apparently conceding
23   that Debtor was not without a remedy under state law, Debtor’s
24   counsel’s response was that Debtor would prefer to prevent Pure
     Country from forfeiting Debtor’s interest in Tempe Tower rather
25   than suing Pure Country for damages. Hr’g Tr. 47:12-15.
26           7
             “Testimony of Witnesses. Testimony of witnesses with
27   respect to disputed material factual issues shall be taken in the
     same manner as testimony in an adversary proceeding.”
28   Rule 9014(d).

                                            -19-
 1           disputed material issue of fact, an evidentiary hearing
             must be held at which testimony of witnesses is taken
 2           in the same manner as testimony is taken in an
             adversary proceeding or at a trial in a district court
 3           civil case.
 4   2002 Advisory Committee Note to [Rule] 9014(d); see also Caviata
 5   Attached Homes, LLC v. U.S. Bank, N.A. (In re Caviata Attached
 6   Homes, LLC), 481 B.R. 334, 344 (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (disputed
 7   material facts in a contested matter ordinarily require an
 8   evidentiary hearing).    In addition, Debtor has not shown that it
 9   at any time formally requested that the bankruptcy court conduct
10   an evidentiary hearing.
11           Debtor also argues that Pure Country was attempting to avoid
12   discovery:    “If in fact Milestone and Pure Country were not
13   conspiring together, then they should have nothing to fear from
14   simple depositions and discoveries.       The fact that they have gone
15   to such extremes to avoid discovery utterly belies their
16   contention that [they] have nothing to hide.”       Debtor’s Reply Br.
17   at 4.    While not articulating what sort of facts it would expect
18   to discover, of course, Debtor’s argument ignores that the
19   discovery rules are also applicable in contested matters.       See
20   Rule 9014(c) (listing as applicable in contested matters the
21   discovery procedures available in adversary proceedings via
22   Rules 7026, and 7028-7037); In re Downey Med. Ctr.-Hosp, Inc.,
23   441 B.R. at 129 (noting that discovery would be available in a
24   contested proceeding similar to this appeal, i.e., immediately
25   following the filing of an emergency motion or before the
26   continued hearing on the motion).        And, again, we lack sympathy
27   for Debtor’s argument that it lacked sufficient time to conduct
28   discovery when, in fact, it never formally requested discovery in

                                       -20-
 1   the bankruptcy court.    In short, we conclude, therefore, that
 2   there is no merit to Debtor’s suggestion that, through use of a
 3   contested matter, the bankruptcy court allowed Pure Country to
 4   “evade” discovery.
 5            The Panel has developed a list of factors that we consider
 6   in determining whether prejudice has resulted from a bankruptcy
 7   court’s decision to proceed by contested matter rather than
 8   adversary proceeding:    (1) the material facts were few and
 9   undisputed, (2) the dispositive issues were pure questions of
10   law, (3) neither party expressed any discontent with the
11   contested matter procedures the bankruptcy court utilized, and
12   (4) this Panel was "satisfied that neither the factual record nor
13   the quality of the presentation of the arguments would have been
14   materially different had there been an adversary proceeding."
15   Ruvacalba v. Munoz (In re Munoz), 287 B.R. 546, 551 (9th Cir. BAP
16   2002).    Under this rubric, Debtor has not shown it was
17   prejudiced.
18        First, although Debtor argues that there were disputed facts
19   and law, those disputes do not implicate the facts and law at the
20   heart of the appeal: that there was an Operating Agreement that
21   by operation of law terminated the membership interest of Debtor
22   on February 24, 2013.    In other words, the material facts
23   concerning the nature of the parties’ agreement and Debtor’s
24   failure to pay under the Operating Agreement relied upon by the
25   bankruptcy court were undisputed.
26        Admittedly, under the third criterion, Debtor protested to
27   the bankruptcy court that a contested matter was inappropriate
28   and sought an adversary proceeding.      Even so, we are satisfied

                                       -21-
 1   that neither the factual record, nor the quality of the
 2   presentation of the arguments would have been materially
 3   different had there been an adversary proceeding.   Instead, it
 4   appears that Debtor had adequate notice of the issues raised in
 5   the Membership Motion, extensive hearings were conducted,
 6   supplemental briefing was submitted, the parties had ample time
 7   to air their positions, and for all practical purposes, an
 8   adversary proceeding was held in this case.   In re Copper King
 9   Inn, Inc., 918 F.2d at 1407.
10        Although the first hearing was scheduled by the court on
11   shortened notice, Debtor received both a second hearing and an
12   opportunity for supplemental briefing.   Debtor’s protests that it
13   needed an evidentiary hearing are of no moment, because an
14   evidentiary hearing could have been held in the bankruptcy court
15   had Debtor requested one, which it did not do.   And the evidence
16   that Debtor hoped to present to the bankruptcy court, as it
17   turned out, was irrelevant to the central issue, whether Debtor’s
18   membership interest terminated by operation of contract and of
19   law on February 24, 2013.   In short, the record in the bankruptcy
20   court was developed to a sufficient degree that any arguably
21   enhanced record generated in an adversary proceeding likely would
22   not have been material.
23        Absent a credible argument or specific examples from Debtor
24   showing it suffered some procedural disadvantage as a result of
25   the procedures used in the bankruptcy court, that the court
26   allowed the action to proceed as a contested motion rather than
27   adversary proceeding is not a sufficient reason to disturb the
28   Decision.   Even if the bankruptcy court erred in not requiring an

                                     -22-
 1   adversary proceeding, such error did not affect the substantial
 2   rights of the parties, is not inconsistent with substantial
 3   justice, and was therefore harmless.   28 U.S.C. § 2111; Civil
 4   Rule 61, incorporated by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9005 (requiring that a
 5   court "disregard all errors and defects that do not affect any
 6   party's substantial rights"); In re Copper King Inn, Inc.,
 7   918 F.2d at 1406-07; Laskin v. First Nat'l Bank (In re Laskin),
 8   222 B.R. 872, 874 (9th Cir. BAP 1998); United States v. Valley
 9   Nat'l Bank (In re Decker), 199 B.R. 684, 689-90 (9th Cir. BAP
10   1996).
11                                  III.
12                 Debtor was not deprived of due process.
13        The fundamental components of due process are the right to
14   be heard after notice reasonably calculated under the
15   circumstances to apprise a party of the pendency of a matter, and
16   adequate to afford that party of an opportunity to object.
17   Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314
18   (1950).   Here, in a single page in its opening brief, Debtor
19   claims the bankruptcy court’s procedures in this case did not
20   accommodate rights to due process; the principal authority Debtor
21   cites to support this argument is Société Int’l v. Rogers,
22   357 U.S. 197 (1958):
23        The Supreme Court had made it clear that the 5th
          Amendment Due Process Clause imposes “constitutional
24        limitations upon the power of courts, even in aid of
          their own valid processes” preventing resolution of an
25        action without first “affording a party the opportunity
          for a hearing on the merits of his cause.”
26
27   Debtor’s Op. Br. at 12, quoting Société, 357 U.S. at 209
28   (emphasis added).

                                     -23-
 1        The due process requirements Debtor invokes are satisfied in
 2   both adversary proceedings under Rule 7001 and contested matters
 3   under Rule 9014.   Fortune & Faal v. Zumbrun (In re Zumbrun),
 4   88 B.R. 250, 253 (9th Cir. BAP 1988).   There can be no doubt that
 5   Debtor was afforded more than adequate notice of the filing of
 6   the Membership Motion, and an ample opportunity to object and be
 7   heard concerning the merits of its cause.   It responded to the
 8   Membership Motion, and after an initial hearing on the motion,
 9   the bankruptcy court allowed Debtor additional time to file a
10   supplemental response.    Société Int'l, 357 U.S. at 209 (observing
11   that only one hearing with notice meets the requirements for due
12   process).   The court conducted a continued, second hearing on the
13   Membership Motion, took the issues under advisement, and entered
14   a detailed Decision explaining its findings, conclusions, and
15   reasons for its rulings.
16        As the Panel has previously ruled, due process in bankruptcy
17   proceedings is not violated where property interests are
18   determined in a contested matter where the bankruptcy court had
19   jurisdiction, notice of the motion was provided, the party was
20   represented at all hearings by counsel and had a meaningful
21   opportunity to respond.    In re Downey Reg’l Med. Ctr.-Hosp.,
22   441 B.R. at 128.   Here, the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction
23   over the issues, Debtor had adequate notice of the Membership
24   Motion and was given ample opportunity to respond, and Debtor was
25   represented by counsel who was heard at both hearings.    Simply
26   stated, Debtor was not denied due process in this case.
27
28

                                      -24-
 1                               CONCLUSION
 2        To the extent the bankruptcy court may have erred in not
 3   requiring that Pure Country seek relief via an adversary
 4   proceeding, that error was harmless.     Debtor’s right to due
 5   process was not violated.   We therefore AFFIRM the Decision of
 6   the bankruptcy court.
 7
 8
 9
10
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                                     -25-
