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                                                                                [PUBLISH]



                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                    No. 16-17646
                              ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cr-00239-SCB-JSS-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                            versus

DELEXSIA HARRIS,

                                                                  Defendant - Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                       (April 2, 2018)

Before JILL PRYOR and HULL, Circuit Judges, and PROCTOR, * District Judge.

JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge:


       *
       Honorable R. David Proctor, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Alabama, sitting by designation.
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      Several of Delexsia Harris’s brothers were charged in federal court with a

drug and racketeering conspiracy involving multiple murders. In an effort to

secure her brothers’ acquittal, Harris lied to law enforcement, encouraged a witness

to provide false alibi testimony, and threatened individuals who might testify

against her brothers. Harris was convicted of witness tampering and obstruction of

justice. She now appeals her convictions, challenging several of the district court’s

evidentiary rulings. After careful review, and with the benefit of oral argument,

we affirm.

                                    I.      BACKGROUND

      Harris lived in a house on 24th Street in Bradenton, Florida, with her father,

Napoleon Harris Sr., and her brothers, Charlie Green, Napoleon Harris Jr., and

Nathaniel Harris. Another brother, Corey Harris, lived nearby. Harris’s brothers

often sold drugs and used the 24th Street house as a base for conducting some of

their drug distribution activities. The following evidence was presented at trial.

A.    Ceola Lazier’s Murder

      Green’s girlfriend, Lashawn White, testified at Harris’s trial that she

overheard someone tell Green that another drug dealer named Ceola Lazier

“want[ed] [Green] dead because he was . . . taking all of the drug money” from the

drug business in the area. Doc. 97 at 40.1 The next day, Green called Harris and


      1
          All citations in the form “Doc. #” refer to the district court docket entries.
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asked her to meet him at White’s house. When Harris arrived at White’s house,

Green told Harris that “he needed her to get [Lazier’s] number because [Lazier]

want[ed] . . . [Green] dead and they need[ed] to handle that.” Id. at 42. Harris and

Green then left White’s house together.

      Later that day, Green visited several of his associates, including Christopher

Barton and Willie Miller, at a house where they all sold drugs. Barton testified at

trial that Green told the others he was looking for Nathaniel Harris’s AR-15 rifle.

Miller said that he had the rifle at his house, so Barton and Green went to Miller’s

house and retrieved it. They then headed to Green’s house, where Green retrieved

a second rifle—an AK-47.

      Green and Barton drove to White’s house and exchanged Green’s car for

White’s Ford Taurus. Then they drove to the Harrises’ house on 24th Street. Later

that same day, Jimmy Boyd, another of Green’s associates, joined Green and

Barton at the 24th Street house. The group discussed their plan to have Harris

bring Lazier to the 24th Street house and then to kill him there. Barton questioned

why Lazier would come to the 24th Street house amid his dispute with Green, who

lived there, but Green told Barton not to worry because Harris “was going to bring

him over there.” Id. at 80-81. The group eventually went across the street to

Boyd’s house where they waited to execute the plan.




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      Barton fell asleep later that night as they waited at Boyd’s house. Green

woke Barton up in the early morning hours and told him that they had “almost

missed a text,” meaning a text message from Harris, and that the plan was going

into motion. Id. at 81. As the others in the group checked their guns and put black

t-shirts over their faces as masks, Barton—tasked with serving as the getaway

driver—went outside and started the car. A few seconds later, Barton heard “30 or

40” gun shots. Doc. 96 at 217. Green and one of the other men then ran to the car

and jumped in, and Barton drove them away.

      Harris, who had spent the evening with Lazier, called 911 and reported that

she and Lazier had been followed by a white truck and that people in the truck had

started shooting at them when she got out of Lazier’s car in front of the 24th Street

house. Harris told the 911 operator that she thought Lazier was dead inside the car.

She also reported that the white truck, which she identified as a Mercedes Benz,

had sped off.

      The police officer dispatched to the scene found Lazier’s car, which had

been shot on both sides and through the windshield. Lazier’s body was inside the

car in the driver’s seat. Bullet casings were strewn across the road.

B.    The Investigation of Lazier’s Murder

      Bradenton Police Department Detective James Curulla met with Harris at

the police station hours after the murder. The video of Curulla’s interview with


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Harris was played for the jury during Harris’s trial. In the interview, Harris

reported the incident to Curulla as follows. Harris was with her boyfriend, Lazier,

outside of his grandmother’s house in Palmetto, Florida, when a white Mercedes

Benz truck began driving around them. Harris became frightened and asked Lazier

to take her home. The truck followed them as they stopped at a gas station along

the way. After they left the gas station, they drove to the 24th Street house. As

soon as they arrived there, the truck drove at them from the opposite direction on

24th Street. When Harris got out of the car, two men jumped out of the truck and

started shooting. Harris ran from the scene and was unable to see the shooters’

faces. She noticed, however, that the shooters were wearing all black and carrying

large rifles. Harris told Curulla that a few days earlier Lazier had been in a fight

with somebody from Palmetto over drug money.

      White testified that Harris left the police station and went to White’s house,

where she told White what had happened. Harris told White that she had contacted

Lazier at Green’s request and that she and Lazier had gone out for dinner together.

After dinner, Lazier had driven her back to the 24th Street house, and—while still

in Lazier’s car—Harris had pretended to take a phone call from a friend. After she

hung up, Green and another man had come from behind a house and started

shooting at Lazier’s car. As Harris was explaining to White what had happened,

Green arrived at White’s house and asked Harris what she had told the police.


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Harris replied that she had not told the police anything. White went outside to see

if Green had returned her car and found a stretched out black t-shirt in the

backseat.

      While Harris was at White’s house, Curulla investigated the scene of

Lazier’s murder. By examining the shell casings he found, Curulla determined that

the shots had come from two different guns, an AR-15 and an AK-47. Based on

the location of the shell casings, Curulla determined—contrary to what Harris had

told him—that the vehicle containing the shooters could not have driven toward

Lazier’s vehicle from the opposite direction on 24th Street. A vehicle driving from

the opposite direction would have driven over the shell casings—which remained

intact on the road—as it left the scene.

      Curulla acquired several surveillance videos that also contradicted Harris’s

account. First, a surveillance video from a nearby business showed that Lazier and

Harris had not taken the route that Harris had described to Curulla. This video also

showed that no white vehicle had been following them. Second, footage from a

camera at a traffic light along the route where Harris said she and Lazier had

traveled failed to show that they were followed by a white vehicle. A third video,

taken from the gas station where Lazier and Harris had stopped, showed that no

white Mercedes Benz truck had been at the gas station at the same time as Lazier

and Harris. The gas station video did reveal, however, that a different white


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truck—likely a Cadillac or Chevrolet—had been at the gas station that night.

      A few days after Lazier’s murder, Curulla took Harris on a “ride-along,”

meaning they traveled together along the route that Harris claimed to have driven

with Lazier on the night of the murder, beginning at Lazier’s grandmother’s house.

Harris was “adamant” that the truck that had followed them was a Mercedes Benz,

noting that she had been able to “see the Mercedes emblem” as she looked in the

side-view mirror of Lazier’s car. Doc. 98 at 121-23. But when Curulla confronted

Harris with the fact that the gas station video showed a white Cadillac or Chevrolet

rather than a Mercedes Benz, Harris agreed that the vehicle had been one of those

makes.

      Curulla began focusing his investigation of Lazier’s murder on Harris’s

brothers and their associates. He attempted to contact Harris in the month that

followed Lazier’s murder but was unable to do so. Finally, Curulla found Harris at

Boyd’s house. As soon as Curulla started asking Harris questions about Lazier’s

murder, Harris’s “attitude completely changed.” Id. at 135. She refused to talk to

Curulla any further and walked back into Boyd’s house. Because of the contrast

between this interaction and Harris’s conduct in the immediate aftermath of

Lazier’s murder, Curulla suspected that Harris had been lying to him.




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C.    Harris’s Brothers’ Indictment for a Drug and Racketeering Conspiracy

      In May 2012, two months before Lazier’s murder, a grand jury returned an

indictment charging Angel Villanueva and unnamed coconspirators with drug and

gun crimes (the “Villanueva Case”). Nathaniel Harris was Villanueva’s primary

partner in the charged drug trafficking operation, which also employed Harris’s

other brothers: Green, Napoleon Harris Jr., and Corey Harris. Over the course of

several years, the grand jury returned two superseding indictments. The first

superseding indictment added Nathaniel as a codefendant on the drug and gun

charges. The second superseding indictment added several more codefendants,

including Green, Napoleon, and Corey, and charged various combinations of the

defendants with committing seven murders and engaging in a drug and

racketeering conspiracy, which also involved numerous other crimes. The second

superseding indictment charged Green with Lazier’s murder. It also charged

Green and Napoleon, along with several others, of having conspired to murder a

man named Brenton Coleman.

D.    Evidence of Harris’s Witness Tampering and Obstruction of Justice

      In August 2013, Harris threatened a witness to Coleman’s murder, Lawanda

Evans. During a television interview about Coleman’s murder, Evans had

encouraged anyone with information about the murder to come forward. After

Evans’s interview aired, Harris went to Evans’s house and told her that she “had a


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message” from her brother Napoleon: Evans was to remain loyal to the Harris

family or her children would “come up missing.” Doc. 97 at 165. Evans

interpreted this message to mean that her children might be kidnapped or killed.

      As the date of Harris’s brothers’ trial in the Villanueva Case neared, the

district court in that case entered a protective order forbidding the release of the

names of the government’s civilian witnesses until fourteen days before the

government intended to call those witnesses at trial. The protective order also

prohibited the defendants’ counsel from revealing to the defendants the names of

any civilian witnesses until seven days before those witnesses would be called to

testify. The government admitted this protective order as an exhibit during

Harris’s trial. The jury also heard evidence that the protective order was violated

at one point during the trial in the Villanueva Case when White’s name was leaked

to the public, and the government was forced to react to this leak by immediately

relocating White to a safe location.

      Before the trial in the Villanueva Case, Harris called White several times in

an effort to convince her to serve as an alibi witness for Green. When Harris called

White, she would ask whether White had told Green’s lawyer that White was with

Green during some of the alleged crimes, including Lazier’s murder. According to

White, Harris pressed her to serve as an alibi witness even though Harris knew that

White had not actually been with Green during Lazier’s murder.


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      Two weeks before the trial in the Villanueva Case was set to begin, Harris

began making threatening posts on Facebook about people named in “the

paperwork from [her brothers’] lawyers,” presumably referring to people who were

identified to testify as witnesses. Doc. 98 at 31. Lazier’s sister saw these posts on

Harris’s Facebook page and became concerned for the safety of the government’s

witnesses. She interpreted the posts as attempts to intimidate the government’s

witnesses to keep them from testifying in court. In one post, for example, Harris

named Cierra Martin—who eventually did testify against Harris’s brothers at

trial—telling Martin to “[w]atch out little snitch” and warning her not to “get up on

the stand.” Doc. 98 at 49. Harris also posted depictions of guns and bombs

pointing at police cars. The detective who investigated Harris’s Facebook account

explained that in Bradenton cooperators often were called “police.” Thus, the

police cars represented not just actual police officers, but also “anybody working

with the police,” which would have included the government’s witnesses. Id. at

48.

E.    Procedural History

      Harris was charged by information with one count of witness tampering, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1) and (j), and one count of obstruction of justice,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503 and 2. A jury found her guilty on both counts.




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Harris now appeals her convictions, but only by challenging certain evidentiary

rulings.

                        II.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      We generally review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Wilk, 572 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2009). But

“when a party raises a claim of evidentiary error for the first time on appeal, we

review it for plain error only.” United States v. Hoffman-Vaile, 568 F.3d 1335,

1340 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                III.   DISCUSSION

      Harris challenges four of the district court’s evidentiary rulings. First, she

argues that the district court erred by denying her motion in limine to exclude all

evidence relating to Lazier’s murder. Second, she challenges the admission of

White’s testimony about having overheard someone tell Green that Lazier wanted

him dead and also about having heard Green repeat that statement to Harris. Third,

she challenges the admission of Barton’s testimony about Green’s statements on

the night of Lazier’s murder. Fourth, Harris argues that the district court erred by

admitting evidence of the protective order entered in the Villanueva Case. In

addition to her specific evidentiary challenges, Harris also argues that the

cumulative effect of the district court’s evidentiary errors prejudiced her right to a

fair trial. We address Harris’s arguments in turn.


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A.     The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Evidence
       Concerning Lazier’s Murder.

       Before her trial, Harris filed a motion in limine arguing that the district court

should exclude all evidence concerning Lazier’s murder as irrelevant and unduly

prejudicial under Federal Rule of Evidence 403, which provides that a district court

“may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed

by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. Harris now argues that the

district court abused its discretion by denying her motion and then permitting the

government to admit the evidence at trial.2 In addition to her general challenge to



       2
          The government argues that we should review the district court’s ruling for plain error
rather than abuse of discretion because (1) Harris raises her Rule 403 objection for the first time
on appeal, (2) Harris failed to object to the admission of this evidence on any ground at trial, and
(3) Harris failed to renew her motion in limine after the government filed the superseding
information. We reject each of these arguments.
        First, contrary to the government’s assertion, Harris expressly relied on Rule 403 in her
motion in limine. See Doc. 43 at 1 (“Evidence concerning the murder of Ceola Lazier should be
excluded from this case pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 401 and 403.” (emphasis added)).
Thus, she asserts no new objection on appeal. Second, because the district court ruled
definitively on the record, Harris’s objection was preserved for appeal even if we assume that she
did not object at trial. Fed. R. Evid. 103(b); see United States v. Wilson, 788 F.3d 1298, 1313
(11th Cir. 2015) (quoting Rule 103(b), which states that “[o]nce the court rules definitively on the
record—either before or at trial—a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to
preserve a claim of error for appeal” (emphasis added)); see also Tampa Bay Water v. HDR
Eng’g, Inc., 731 F.3d 1171, 1178 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[W]e review claims of error raised and
decided in an in limine motion as long as the district court’s ruling was definitive.”). During the
hearing on Harris’s motion in limine, the district court repeatedly expressed concern about
excluding all evidence of Lazier’s murder because that murder formed the basis of the
obstruction charge. And at the end of hearing, the district court ruled “definitively” by denying
Harris’s motion in full. Fed. R. Evid. 103(b). Harris’s objection was thus preserved for appeal
even if she failed to object at trial. Third, the government fails to cite—and we are unaware of—
any authority supporting its argument that Harris failed to preserve the objection raised in her
motion in limine by failing to renew that motion after the government filed the superseding
information. And in any event, the changes in the superseding information were not substantial
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the admission of all evidence concerning Lazier’s murder, Harris challenges in

particular the government’s admission of five crime scene photographs. We will

address Harris’s general challenge before turning to the five crime scene

photographs.

       Harris grounds her argument in the fact that she was charged only with

witness tampering and obstruction of justice. She argues that the admission of

evidence concerning Lazier’s murder was akin to putting her on trial for the

murder, for which she was never indicted. But without the evidence of Lazier’s

murder and, in particular, Harris’s knowledge of the true circumstances

surrounding that murder, the jury would have lacked the context necessary to

assess whether she had obstructed justice. 3

       The government charged Harris with obstructing justice in the Villanueva

Case—which involved multiple murders. The superseding information also

focused in particular on obstruction relating to the investigation of Lazier’s

murder. The superseding information charged that Harris had obstructed justice by

“[m]aking false statements to law enforcement following the murder of Ceola




enough to warrant a renewed motion. For all of these reasons, we review the district court’s
ruling for an abuse of discretion.
       3
         The obstruction statute Harris was charged with violating makes it illegal for an
individual to “corruptly or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication,
influence[], obstruct[], or impede[], or endeavor[] to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due
administration of justice.” 18 U.S.C. § 1503(a).
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Lazier” and “[a]ssisting Charlie Green in attempts to obtain false alibi testimony

[regarding the murder] from [White].” Doc. 55 at 2. The superseding information

also charged that Harris had carried out these acts “corruptly.” Id. Evidence

concerning Lazier’s murder was highly probative of these charges.

      For example, Curulla’s testimony about the crime scene and the placement

of the shell casings established that Harris had lied to him when she reported that

the vehicle containing the shooters had traveled toward Lazier’s car from the

opposite direction on 24th Street. And the evidence that Harris had known that

Green was one of the shooters but nonetheless asked White to provide an alibi for

him established that Harris had acted “corruptly” because she knew that White’s

alibi testimony would have been false. See United States v. Thomas, 916 F.2d 647,

651 (11th Cir. 1990) (noting that “corruptly” in the context of the obstruction

statute generally means that “the defendant knowingly and intentionally undertook

an action from which an obstruction of justice was a reasonably foreseeable

result”). The evidence concerning Lazier’s murder was, therefore, highly

probative of the charges against Harris. Even though this evidence undoubtedly

was prejudicial to Harris, some degree of prejudice is characteristic of all relevant

evidence. See United States v. King, 713 F.2d 627, 631 (11th Cir. 1983) (“[I]n a

criminal trial relevant evidence is inherently prejudicial . . . .”). In this case, the

prejudicial effect of the evidence in question was not so significant that it


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substantially outweighed the probative value. Thus, the district court did not abuse

its discretion by declining to exclude all evidence concerning Lazier’s murder.

      Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by admitting the five crime

scene photographs depicting the aftermath of Lazier’s murder. Harris argues that

the district court deprived her of a fair trial by allowing the jury to see these

“gruesome” and “inflammatory” photographs. Appellant’s Br. at 12-13. In some

circumstances, the admission of crime scene photographs depicting an uncharged

murder may violate Rule 403. But here, the government introduced the

photographs in conjunction with Curulla’s testimony about where Lazier’s car had

come to rest, the location of the bullet holes in the car, and the location of the

bullet casings on the road. Each of these facts was probative of whether Harris had

lied to law enforcement when she reported how the murder had happened. What is

more, the photographs are not particularly sensational. Only one of the

photographs shows Lazier’s body inside the car, and even that photograph is not so

graphic that its admission posed an impermissibly high risk of inflaming the jury.

In short, the district court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the government

to admit the crime scene photographs.

B.    The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting White’s
      Testimony.

      Harris next challenges certain purported hearsay statements that came into

evidence during White’s testimony. White testified that she overheard someone
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tell Green that Lazier “want[ed] [Green] dead because he was . . . taking all of the

drug money.” Doc. 97 at 40. She also testified that Green then told Harris that “he

needed her to get [Lazier’s] number because [Lazier] want[ed] . . . [Green] dead

and they need[ed] to handle that.” Id. at 42. Harris now challenges the admission

of these statements as inadmissible hearsay and unfairly prejudicial. We conclude

that the district court did not abuse its discretion by allowing White to testify about

these statements. 4

       An out of court statement is hearsay only if it is “offer[ed] in evidence to

prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)(2).

Here, the government offered both of the statements not to prove the truth of the

matter asserted, but to show the statements’ effect on Green and Harris. See

United States v. Rivera, 780 F.3d 1084, 1092 (11th Cir. 2015) (“Generally, an out-

of-court statement admitted to show its effect on the hearer is not hearsay.”). It did

not matter whether Lazier had actually said that he wanted Green dead. Instead,

the government offered these statements to show that Green and Harris thought

that Lazier wanted Green dead, which in turn motivated the plan to murder Lazier.



       4
           The government acknowledges that Harris objected to the admission of these statements
at trial on hearsay grounds, but it argues that we should review Harris’s Rule 403 argument for
plain error because she never objected based on Rule 403. But White’s testimony about these
statements fell under the umbrella of evidence concerning Lazier’s murder. Because Harris’s
motion in limine lodged a Rule 403 challenge to the admission of all evidence concerning
Lazier’s murder, we review the admission of White’s testimony for an abuse of discretion.

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The statements thus were not hearsay, and the district court did not abuse its

discretion by admitting them over Harris’s hearsay objection.5

       Harris’s Rule 403 argument also fails. The second statement—about Green

needing Harris to get Lazier’s number—was highly probative because it showed

Harris’s participation in Green’s plan to murder Lazier. This statement allowed the

jury to conclude that Harris had withheld key information from law enforcement

by failing to identify Green as one of the shooters and failing to disclose that she

had lured Lazier to the 24th Street House at Green’s request. The first statement—

about Green overhearing that Lazier wanted him dead—was less probative, but its

admission still did not violate Rule 403. This statement only showed Green’s

motivation to murder Lazier and was thus unrelated to Harris’s involvement in the

murder. This statement still had some probative value, however, because it helped

the jury understand why Green had asked Harris to help him carry out the murder.

And this statement’s disconnection from Harris’s involvement in the murder cuts

both ways: it reduces the statement’s probative value as well as its prejudicial

effect. Because the prejudicial effect of White’s testimony failed to substantially

outweigh its probative value, the district court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting it.


       5
         Because we conclude that these statements were not hearsay, we need not address
Harris’s separate argument that they failed to fit within the co-conspirator exclusion to the
hearsay rule found in Rule 801(d)(2)(E).
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C.    The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Green’s
      Co-Conspirator Statements.

      Harris also appeals the district court’s admission of Barton’s testimony

about two statements by Green on the day of Lazier’s murder. First, Harris

challenges Barton’s testimony that Green told him that Harris “was going to bring”

Lazier to the 24th Street house. Doc. 97 at 81. Second, Harris challenges Barton’s

testimony that Green woke him up later that night saying “we . . . almost missed a

text,” referring to the text message from Harris that she was on her way to the 24th

Street house with Lazier. Id. The district court admitted these statements over

Harris’s hearsay objection, concluding that the statements satisfied the co-

conspirator exclusion to the hearsay rule found in Rule 801(d)(2)(E). Harris argues

that the district court should have excluded these statements as inadmissible

hearsay and as unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403.

      Rule 801(d)(2)(E) provides that a statement is not hearsay if it is offered

against an opposing party and “was made by the [opposing] party’s coconspirator

during and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). For

evidence to be admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), the government must prove by

a preponderance of the evidence that: “(1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the conspiracy

included the declarant and the defendant against whom the statement is offered;

and (3) the statement was made during the course and in furtherance of the

conspiracy.” United States v. Hasner, 340 F.3d 1261, 1274 (11th Cir. 2003).
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Harris only challenges the government’s proof on the third of these elements—that

Green’s statements were made in furtherance of the conspiracy to murder Lazier.

Harris argues that Green’s statements did not further the conspiracy because they

were “merely narrative declarations.” Appellant’s Br. at 24 (quoting United States

v. Fielding, 645 F.2d 719, 726 (9th Cir. 1981)).

      But “[t]his court applies a liberal standard in determining whether a

statement is made in furtherance of a conspiracy.” United States v. Santiago, 837

F.2d 1545, 1549 (11th Cir. 1988). “The statement need not be necessary to the

conspiracy, but must only further the interests of the conspiracy in some way.”

United States v. Miles, 290 F.3d 1341, 1351 (11th Cir. 2002). Here, Green’s first

statement to Barton furthered the interests of the conspiracy because it explained to

Barton how they would lure Lazier to the 24th Street house so that they could

murder him. See id. (“[S]tatements explaining the conspiracy to a new member are

made in furtherance of the conspiracy.”) Green’s second statement to Barton also

furthered the interests of the conspiracy because it alerted Barton that Lazier was

nearing the house and that their plan was moving into action. Because Green’s

statements to Barton were made in furtherance of the conspiracy to murder Lazier,

they satisfied the exclusion found in Rule 801(d)(2)(E).

      As for Harris’s argument that the district court should have excluded

Barton’s testimony about Green’s statements under Rule 403, we disagree. These


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statements were highly probative because they showed Harris knew of and

participated in the murder plan and thus her statements to law enforcement were

untrue. Although the statements were also prejudicial to Harris, that prejudice

failed to substantially outweigh the statements’ probative value. As a result, the

district court did not abuse its discretion by permitting Barton’s testimony.

D.    The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Admitting Evidence
      of the Protective Order Entered in the Villanueva Case.

      Harris’s final evidentiary challenge is to the district court’s admission of

evidence relating to the protective order entered in the Villanueva Case. The jury

heard not only what the protective order said, but also evidence that the protective

order was violated when White’s name was leaked to the public. One of the

government’s witnesses testified that the government was forced to react to this

leak by immediately relocating White to a safe location. Harris argues that this

evidence was irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial, in part because she was unaware

of the protective order.

      We disagree. The evidence relating to the protective order was relevant to

and probative of the charge of witness tampering. The government charged Harris

with witness tampering under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1), which sets out criminal

penalties for anyone who “knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly

persuades another person, or attempts to do so . . . with intent to . . . influence,

delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding.”
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“[W]hether a communication is a threat is a question of fact to be left to the jury.”

United States v. Davis, 854 F.3d 1276, 1293 (11th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation

marks omitted). This question turns in part on whether “a reasonable recipient,

familiar with the context of the communication, would interpret it as a threat.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). Even though Harris was unaware of the

protective order, its mere existence showed that witnesses in the Villanueva Case

faced substantial risks and therefore reasonably could have interpreted the

communications that Harris posted on Facebook as threats. The evidence that

White’s name was leaked in violation of the protective order and that the

government was forced to relocate White was probative for the same reason: it

established the risks facing witnesses in the Villanueva Case, which allowed the

jury to assess whether Harris’s Facebook posts were threats. The prejudicial effect

of the evidence relating to the protective order was rather small compared to the

probative value. The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion by

admitting this evidence.

E.    Because the District Court Committed No Error, Harris’s Cumulative
      Error Argument Fails.

      Harris’s final argument is that the cumulative effect of the district court’s

erroneous evidentiary rulings warrants reversal of her convictions. “Even where

individual judicial errors . . . may not be sufficient to warrant reversal alone, we

may consider the cumulative effects of errors to determine if the defendant has
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been denied a fair trial.” United States v. Lopez, 590 F.3d 1238, 1258 (11th Cir.

2009). But here, as set out above, Harris has failed to show that the district court

erred by admitting any of the challenged evidence. As a result, Harris’s

cumulative error argument fails. See United States v. Gamory, 635 F.3d 480, 497

(11th Cir. 2011) (“Where there is no error or only a single error, there can be no

cumulative error.”).

                               IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the district court’s evidentiary

rulings and, consequently, Harris’s convictions.

      AFFIRMED.




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