                    United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-4118
                                   ___________

Danny N. Depover,                    *
                                     *
            Appellant,               *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * Southern District of Iowa.
Jo Anne B. Barnhart, Commissioner,   *
Social Security Administration,      *
                                     *
            Appellee.                *
                                ___________

                             Submitted: May 14, 2003

                                  Filed: November 14, 2003
                                   ___________

Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, HANSEN, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

      Danny Depover applied for disability insurance benefits based on a back injury
and related surgery, visual limitations, and high blood pressure. The Social Security
Administration denied his application initially and on reconsideration. After holding
a hearing, an administrative law judge (ALJ) determined that Mr. Depover was not
disabled, and the Social Security Appeals Council denied his request for review. The
district court1 upheld the administrative decision, and Mr. Depover appealed to this
court. We affirm.

        On appeal, Mr. Depover contends that the ALJ did not adequately support his
finding that Mr. Depover's complaints of back pain were "not fully credible," failed
to make sufficient findings regarding his residual functional capacity (RFC), and
submitted an inadequate hypothetical question to a vocational expert. We review the
district court's decision to uphold the denial of social security benefits de novo. See
Pettit v. Apfel, 218 F.3d 901, 902 (8th Cir. 2000). When reviewing the ALJ's decision
to deny benefits, we consider legal issues de novo, and we determine whether the
ALJ's factual findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.
See Curran-Kicksey v. Barnhart, 315 F.3d 964, 966 (8th Cir. 2003).

                                          I.
       The ALJ must follow a five-step process to determine whether a claimant is
disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520; see also Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140-42
(1987). The present controversy centers on the fourth step, at which the burden was
on Mr. Depover to show that he could not perform his past relevant work, Terrell v.
Apfel, 147 F.3d 659, 661 (8th Cir. 1998). The ALJ determined that Mr. Depover was
able to return to his past relevant work as a sporting goods sales clerk or a
cashier/checker and was therefore not entitled to benefits.

      To reach his decision, the ALJ was required to assess Mr. Depover's RFC, see
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e), which is defined as "the most [a claimant] can still do
despite" his or her "physical or mental limitations," see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a). The
RFC "is a function-by-function assessment based upon all of the relevant evidence
of an individual's ability to do work-related activities." S.S.R. 96-8p, 1996


      1
       The Honorable Charles R. Wolle, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.

                                         -2-
WL 374184, at *3 (Soc. Sec. Admin. July 2, 1996). Here the "relevant evidence"
included Mr. Depover's own description of his pain and limitations, see Anderson v.
Shalala, 51 F.3d 777, 779 (8th Cir.1995), which the ALJ considered and found not
to be fully credible.

       In Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1321 (8th Cir.1984), we set out
principles for "evaluating [a claimant's] pain and other subjective complaints": The
ALJ "may not disregard a claimant's subjective complaints solely because the
objective medical evidence does not fully support them" or "solely on the basis of
personal observations," but these considerations may be taken into account and
"[s]ubjective complaints may be discounted if there are inconsistencies in the
evidence as a whole." Id. at 1322 (emphasis omitted). An ALJ should consider all
the relevant evidence, including the claimant's work record, and observations by third
parties and doctors relating to daily activities, the duration, frequency, and intensity
of the pain, precipitating and aggravating factors, dosage, effectiveness, and side
effects of medication, and functional restrictions. Id. Here, the ALJ adverted to the
holding in Polaski, and found that Mr. Depover's complaints of severe back pain were
inconsistent with, inter alia, his lack of pain medication, the work that he performed
during his alleged period of disability, and his medical treatment history, including
the fact that his physicians released him to return to work.

       Mr. Depover challenges the ALJ's finding that he did not request pain
medication until December, 1999, and then did so not for back pain but because of
a mass in his leg. The failure to request pain medication is an appropriate
consideration when assessing the credibility of a claimant's complaints of pain. See
Haynes v. Shalala, 26 F.3d 812, 814 (8th Cir.1994). Although Mr. Depover asserts
in his brief that the "record is replete with evidence of his use of pain medication,"
some of the pages in the record that he relies on do not refer to medication, and those
that do relate to events before Mr. Depover's November, 1997, back surgery, after
which he reported significant improvement.

                                          -3-
       In April, 1998, Mr. Depover's surgeon reported that he did not take any pain
medication, and the next month the doctor stated that Mr. Depover "takes no routine
medications." About a year later Mr. Depover returned to the surgeon, and his notes
again reflect that the claimant "takes no pain medication." The next month when
Mr. Depover applied for social security disability benefits, he answered "no" when
asked on a form whether he was taking any medications for his injury. Having
reviewed the entire record, we believe that the ALJ could have reasonably concluded
that after his November, 1997, back surgery Mr. Depover did not seek pain
medication until December, 1999, when he had pain caused by a mass in his leg. We
also think that it was reasonable for the ALJ to consider the fact that no medical
records during this time period mention Mr. Depover having side effects from any
medication.

       Mr. Depover worked for Swiss Colony filling orders in its warehouse for
several months in 1998, and the ALJ characterized this work as "substantial gainful
activity" during his period of alleged disability that was inconsistent with his
subjective complaints. Mr. Depover, however, relies on 20 C.F.R. § 404.1574(c)(3),
to argue that the employment should have been considered "an unsuccessful work
attempt" because it lasted less than three months and he "stopped working ... because
of [his] impairment," id. Although the job lasted only three months, or so, we
nevertheless find that there was substantial evidence to support the ALJ's finding that
Mr. Depover left that job not because of his disability, but because the work was
seasonal and the season ended. For example, on a social security form dated
June, 1999, Mr. Depover himself stated that he worked for Swiss Colony from
October, 1998, until December, 1998, or January, 1999, five days a week, eight hours
per day, and the job ended because it was "seasonal work." Since the evidence
supports a finding that Mr. Depover left because the job ended, we believe that it was
not unreasonable for the ALJ to find that this work "suggests that his impairments are
not as severe as alleged."



                                         -4-
       Finally, the ALJ relied on the medical opinions and notes in the record to
support his conclusion that Mr. Depover's pain, although present to some degree, did
not prevent him from working. As the ALJ found, "[n]one of the physicians involved
in [Mr. Depover's] treatment have offered an opinion that the claimant is disabled or
made any statement or recommendation that he would be unable to work at a
substantial gainful level." With respect to his back injury, his surgeon released him
to return to a light duty job with no lifting over forty pounds, no repeated lifting over
thirty pounds, and no repeated bending. Having carefully reviewed the record and
the ALJ's decision, we reject Mr. Depover's contention that the ALJ did not properly
analyze the credibility of his subjective complaints.

                                          II.
       Mr. Depover also argues that the ALJ erred in failing to make a finding as to
his residual capacity to sit, stand, and walk. The ALJ made the following findings
regarding Mr. Depover's RFC:

      The medical evidence shows that the claimant is capable of lifting and carrying
      40 pounds occasionally and 20 to 30 pounds frequently; he cannot repetitively
      bend, stoop, squat, kneel, or crawl and he cannot continuously climb; he must
      avoid work around moving machinery and heights; and he cannot perform
      work requiring full peripheral vision or depth perception.

       As Mr. Depover notes, the RFC should "identify the individual's functional
limitations or restrictions and assess his or her work-related abilities on a function-by-
function basis, including the functions in ... 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545[(b)]," which
include "sitting, standing, [and] walking." See S.S.R. 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *1.
This ruling cautions that a failure to make the function-by-function assessment "could
result in the adjudicator overlooking some of an individual's limitations or
restrictions." Id. In Pfitzner v. Apfel, 169 F3d 566, 568-69 (8th Cir. 1999), we were
unable to determine whether substantial evidence supported the ALJ's conclusion that



                                           -5-
the claimant could return to his past relevant work because the ALJ's decision did not
"specify the details" of the claimant's RFC, describing it "only in general terms."

        Here, however, the ALJ did not simply describe the RFC in "general terms."
He made explicit findings and, although we would have preferred that he had made
specific findings as to sitting, standing, and walking, we do not believe that he
overlooked those functions. We think instead that the record reflects that the ALJ
implicitly found that Mr. Depover's was not limited in these areas: We note initially
that all of the functions that the ALJ specifically addressed in the RFC were those in
which he found a limitation, thus giving us some reason to believe that those
functions that he omitted were those that were not limited. Furthermore, at the
hearing, the ALJ first posed a hypothetical question to the vocational expert that
included the RFC that he (the ALJ) found. After the expert concluded that
Mr. Depover could perform his past relevant work as a sporting goods sales clerk or
a cashier/checker, the ALJ asked him an alternative hypothetical question that
included the limitations on sitting, standing, and walking to which Mr. Depover had
testified at the hearing. We note, also, that in his decision the ALJ noted that
Mr. Depover had testified that he could not do his past work because he could not
stand for long periods. Therefore it appears to us that the ALJ did not simply
overlook the possibility that Mr. Depover was limited with respect to sitting,
standing, or walking when he stated his RFC. Having carefully reviewed the record,
we believe that the ALJ implicitly found that Mr. Depover was not limited in these
functions, and in this instance we do not see any reason to remand to make the
findings explicit.

                                          III.
      In his final point, Mr. Depover contends that the ALJ was required to refer to
his capacity to sit, stand, and walk in the first hypothetical question that was posed
to the vocational expert. But, as we have said, the ALJ implicitly found that
Mr. Depover was not limited as to those functions, and therefore we think that the

                                         -6-
hypothetical question was complete without a reference to them. The expert's
response to the hypothetical question, as properly posed, supplied substantial
evidence to support the ALJ's finding that Mr. Depover could return to his past
relevant work as a sporting goods sales clerk or a cashier/checker. Cf. Roe v. Chater,
92 F.3d 672, 675 (8th Cir.1996).

                                      IV.
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




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