               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 38281

JAMES EARL NEWMAN,                               )      2012 Unpublished Opinion No. 654
                                                 )
       Petitioner-Appellant,                     )      Filed: October 1, 2012
                                                 )
v.                                               )      Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                                 )
STATE OF IDAHO,                                  )      THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
                                                 )      OPINION AND SHALL NOT
       Respondent.                               )      BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
                                                 )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Canyon County. Hon. Juneal C. Kerrick, District Judge.

       Judgment of dismissal of amended post-conviction petition, affirmed.

       Nevin, Benjamine, McKay & Bartlett LLP; Deborah Whipple, Boise, for
       appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; John C. McKinney, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________
GUTIERREZ, Judge
       James Earl Newman appeals from the district court’s judgment of dismissal of his
amended petition for post-conviction relief. Specifically, Newman asserts the district court erred
in summarily dismissing the amended petition because Newman raised a genuine issue of fact as
to his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
                                                I.
                                  FACTS AND PROCEDURE
       Evidence of the following facts was presented at Newman’s criminal trial. Newman
lived next door to a woman and her husband for a few months, but moved away around April
2003. On the morning of June 27, 2003, the woman left her home to take her husband to work,
leaving three grandsons sleeping in the home. The woman returned about fifteen minutes later
and was met inside the front door by an intruder, who had entered the home during her absence.
The intruder immediately threw a bathrobe over the woman’s head, struggled with her, and



                                                 1
instructed her to cooperate. With limited vision under the robe, the woman saw a revolver on the
floor near her attacker’s feet, which she recognized as her husband’s, and knowing it was loaded,
did as the attacker asked. Though she did not get a view of the attacker’s face, the woman
recognized the attacker as Newman by identifying his distinct voice, which she remembered
from having met him when he was her neighbor.
       Thereafter, Newman pulled the victim into the master bedroom. He secured the bathrobe
around her head with its waist tie, bound her hands, threatened her, and fondled her breasts
underneath her shirt, atop of her undergarments. Newman then led the victim into the bathroom
located within the master bedroom, where he removed the victim’s pants and underwear.
Newman spoke of his daughter’s cancer, unzipped his pants, and urinated in the bathroom sink.
Though previously gloved, Newman proceeded to touch the victim’s genitals with his bare hand.
At that point, a grandson had awakened and was repeatedly knocking and kicking on the
bedroom door. Newman opened the bedroom door and put clothing over the boy’s head, secured
with a bootlace. After bringing the grandson into the bathroom as well, Newman took the
victim’s truck keys, gathered firearms, jewelry, and other valuables from around the house, and
put the items into the truck. Newman returned to the victim and her grandsons before leaving
with the truck and warned them not to call the police because another person was in the home.
He told them that if they did call the police, he would return and kill them. Along with the
valuables Newman had collected, he took some rings from the victim’s hands, some of her
clothing, and the screen he had removed from the window to gain entry into the home.
       Once Newman was gone, the victim called the police and said she suspected Newman
had been the perpetrator based on voice recognition. She also noted the attacker was wearing
brown, rough shoes, similar to ones Newman wore when she had met him a couple of months
prior. One of the grandsons described the perpetrator as tall, white, with a mustache, and
wearing a green shirt with blue pants and a black hat. Newman was apprehended later that day
on an outstanding warrant and was wearing brown shoes, a green shirt, jeans, and a dark baseball
cap. After arresting Newman, officers secured a search warrant and found items in Newman’s
home that matched those stolen from the victim. As further evidence of the perpetrator’s
identity, it was later determined that Newman’s daughter had previously undergone a biopsy to
determine whether she had cancer, which gave context to his comment in the bathroom at the
victim’s home. Though swabs from the bathroom sink did not detect the presence of urine, and


                                               2
could not link Newman to the crime, other DNA evidence (saliva) found in a trash bag that was
removed from the victim’s bathroom and recovered in the stolen truck, matched Newman’s
DNA. Newman’s hands were covered with a bag upon his arrest to determine whether additional
DNA evidence, perhaps matching the victim, could be found underneath his fingernails. There
are discrepancies in the record as to whether the fingernail scrapings were ever obtained. The
State charged Newman with burglary, robbery, battery with the intent to commit a serious
felony, two counts of grand theft, and two counts of kidnapping.
       According to Newman’s subsequent post-conviction petition, he eventually admitted to
his defense counsel that he participated in the burglary and grand theft, but claimed another
individual was also in the home and was responsible for the robbery, battery with the intent to
commit a serious felony, and kidnapping. Newman’s defense counsel, however, argued at trial
that Newman was not present at all in the victim’s home.
       A jury found Newman guilty on six counts, acquitting him only on the second count of
kidnapping. The district court entered a judgment of conviction and imposed sentences as
follows: a unified term of ten years, with five years determinate, for burglary, Idaho Code
§ 18-1401; a unified life sentence, with twenty-five years determinate, for robbery, Idaho Code
§§ 18-6501, 18-6502, 18-6503; a unified term of fifteen years, with ten years determinate, for
battery with the intent to commit a serious felony, Idaho Code §§ 18-903(b), 18-911; unified
terms of seven years, with three years determinate, for each count of grand theft (two counts),
Idaho Code §§ 18-2403(1), 18-2407(1)(b); and a unified life sentence, with twenty-five years
determinate, for first degree kidnapping, Idaho Code §§ 18-4501, 18-4503. The court ordered
the sentences for burglary, robbery, and grand theft (both counts) to run concurrent with each
other and consecutive to a sentence from an unrelated case, and the sentences for battery with the
intent to commit a serious felony and kidnapping to run concurrent with each other, but
consecutive to all other sentences. The resulting aggregate sentence is for a unified life sentence,
with fifty years determinate. Newman appealed, arguing his sentences were excessive. This
Court affirmed the sentences in an unpublished decision. State v. Newman, Docket No. 30796
(Ct. App. June 17, 2005). The Idaho Supreme Court initially granted review, but subsequently
ordered that this Court’s opinion was final. State v. Newman, Docket No. 32275.
       In August 2005, Newman filed a petition for post-conviction relief. Upon initial review,
the district court issued a notice of intent to dismiss. In response, Newman filed an amended


                                                 3
petition, asserting his defense counsel provided ineffective assistance in six ways: (1) failure to
request and review all discovery material prior to trial, including a failure to subpoena key pieces
of DNA evidence; (2) failure to provide Newman with discovery material prior to and during
trial; (3) failure to communicate with Newman before trial; (4) failure to challenge the
admissibility of the DNA evidence found in the trash bag despite obvious chain-of-custody
issues; (5) failure to follow Newman’s directions in attempting to reach a plea agreement; and
(6) failure to more aggressively pursue disqualification of the district court judge because of
judicial bias. Finally, Newman asserted that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
communicate with Newman during the appeal process.
       The State answered with a motion to strike the first amended petition on the basis it was
not properly filed 1 and a motion for summary dismissal. Through substituted counsel, Newman
filed a reply to the court’s notice of intent to dismiss and the State’s motion for summary
dismissal.   Therein, Newman expanded on the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel,
primarily relating to discovery material and other DNA evidence, and argued that testing of the
urine swabs and fingernail scrapings would have provided reasonable doubt as to his guilt of the
crimes of robbery, battery with the intent to commit a serious felony, and kidnapping. In a
supporting affidavit, he stated his fingernails were scraped upon his arrest and he had asked
defense counsel to pursue independent DNA testing of both the scrapings and urine swabs, but
defense counsel failed to do so. He also made a motion for discovery to allow testing of those
DNA samples. The State, in its response, asserted Newman could not show prejudice because he
admitted involvement in the crimes. Newman again replied, asserting defense counsel was
ineffective for pursuing a defense of innocence on all charges rather than innocence only on the
robbery, battery with the intent to commit a serious felony, and kidnapping charges, arguably
supported by the urine and fingernail evidence. Newman argued that his defense counsel’s
insistence on asserting a defense that Newman was not present at all was patently absurd and
prejudicial in light of DNA evidence that placed Newman at the scene, along with Newman’s
possession of the stolen goods. After oral argument from both parties, the court took the motion
for summary dismissal under advisement and issued an order allowing some discovery.



1
       The State later withdrew this motion.


                                                 4
       The discovery revealed that the State was not in custody of any fingernail scrapings from
Newman and that the urine swab tests were inconclusive as to the presence of urine. The district
court issued an order dismissing the amended petition for post-conviction relief, because:
(1) trial testimony established no urine was detected on the swabs and Newman failed to produce
admissible expert testimony as to how further testing, in the absence of detectable urine, could be
used to exculpate Newman; (2) though Newman disclosed the name of the alleged second
perpetrator in the crimes during the presentence investigation, Newman failed to provide an
affidavit to support his petition concerning what evidence of the second perpetrator could have
been presented at trial to change the outcome; (3) Newman failed to show how DNA evidence
from the fingernail scrapings, even if it showed an absence of the victim’s DNA, would have
changed the outcome in light of the compelling evidence at trial that Newman was the sole
perpetrator; 2 (4) the allegations regarding a failure to provide discovery were conclusory and
unsupported by evidence; (5) Newman failed to allege what the chain of custody was or was not
in relation to the saliva DNA evidence found in the trash bag and did not allege or show how a
challenge to the evidence would have been successful; (6) there is no constitutional right to a
plea bargain, and thus, Newman could not establish prejudice for any alleged failures of defense
counsel to effectively negotiate a deal for Newman; (7) no prejudice could be established with
respect to a failure to pursue a disqualification of the trial judge before sentencing because
Newman’s sentences were affirmed on appeal; and (8) allegations regarding appellate counsel’s
failure to communicate with Newman were conclusory and incomplete.              The district court
entered a judgment of dismissal on October 27, 2010. Newman timely appeals.
                                                II.
                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
       A petition for post-conviction relief initiates a civil, rather than criminal, proceeding,
governed by the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. State v. Yakovac, 145 Idaho 437, 443, 180 P.3d
476, 482 (2008). See also Pizzuto v. State, 146 Idaho 720, 724, 202 P.3d 642, 646 (2008). Like
plaintiffs in other civil actions, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of evidence the



2
       Among other evidence, the victim testified that she was sure only one perpetrator was in
the home. She testified the intruder talked to her throughout the ordeal, she never heard another
person moving around the house or any other voices, and she heard only one car door slam when
Newman left in her husband’s truck.

                                                5
allegations upon which the request for post-conviction relief is based. I.C. § 19-4907; Stuart v.
State, 118 Idaho 865, 869, 801 P.2d 1216, 1220 (1990); Goodwin v. State, 138 Idaho 269, 271,
61 P.3d 626, 628 (Ct. App. 2002). A petition for post-conviction relief differs from a complaint
in an ordinary civil action, however, in that it must contain more than “a short and plain
statement of the claim” that would suffice for a complaint under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure
8(a)(1). State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 560, 199 P.3d 123, 135 (2008); Goodwin, 138 Idaho at
271, 61 P.3d at 628. The petition must be verified with respect to facts within the personal
knowledge of the petitioner, and affidavits, records or other evidence supporting its allegations
must be attached, or the petition must state why such supporting evidence is not included. I.C.
§ 19-4903. In other words, the petition must present or be accompanied by admissible evidence
supporting its allegations or it will be subject to dismissal. Wolf v. State, 152 Idaho 64, 67, 266
P.3d 1169, 1172 (Ct. App. 2011).
       Idaho Code § 19-4906 authorizes summary dismissal of a petition for post-conviction
relief, either pursuant to a party’s motion or upon the court’s own initiative, if “it appears from
the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions and agreements of facts,
together with any affidavits submitted, that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” I.C. § 19-4906(c). When considering
summary dismissal, the district court must construe disputed facts in the petitioner’s favor, but
the court is not required to accept the petitioner’s mere conclusory allegations, unsupported by
admissible evidence, or the petitioner’s conclusions of law. Payne, 146 Idaho at 561, 199 P.3d at
136. Moreover, because the district court rather than a jury will be the trier of fact in the event of
an evidentiary hearing, the district court is not constrained to draw inferences in the petitioner’s
favor, but is free to arrive at the most probable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.
Yakovac, 145 Idaho at 444, 180 P.3d at 483; Wolf, 152 Idaho at 67, 266 P.3d at 1172; Hayes v.
State, 146 Idaho 353, 355, 195 P.3d 712, 714 (Ct. App. 2008). Such inferences will not be
disturbed on appeal if the uncontroverted evidence is sufficient to justify them. Chavez v.
Barrus, 146 Idaho 212, 218, 192 P.3d 1036, 1042 (2008); Hayes, 146 Idaho at 355, 195 P.2d at
714.
       Claims may be summarily dismissed if the petitioner’s allegations are clearly disproven
by the record of the criminal proceedings, if the petitioner has not presented evidence making a
prima facie case as to each essential element of the claims, or if the petitioner’s allegations do


                                                  6
not justify relief as a matter of law. Kelly v. State, 149 Idaho 517, 521, 236 P.3d 1277, 1281
(2010); McKay v. State, 148 Idaho 567, 570, 225 P.3d 700, 703 (2010); DeRushé v. State, 146
Idaho 599, 603, 200 P.3d 1148, 1152 (2009); Charboneau v. State, 144 Idaho 900, 903, 174 P.3d
870, 873 (2007); Berg v. State, 131 Idaho 517, 518, 960 P.2d 738, 739 (1998); Murphy v. State,
143 Idaho 139, 145, 139 P.3d 741, 747 (Ct. App. 2006); Cootz v. State, 129 Idaho 360, 368, 924
P.2d 622, 630 (Ct. App. 1996). Thus, summary dismissal of a claim for post-conviction relief is
appropriate when the court can conclude, as a matter of law, that the petitioner is not entitled to
relief even with all disputed facts construed in the petitioner’s favor. For this reason, summary
dismissal of a post-conviction petition may be appropriate even when the State does not
controvert the petitioner’s evidence. See Payne, 146 Idaho at 561, 199 P.3d at 136.
       Conversely, if the petition, affidavits and other evidence supporting the petition allege
facts that, if true, would entitle the petitioner to relief, the post-conviction claim may not be
summarily dismissed. Charboneau v. State, 140 Idaho 789, 792, 102 P.3d 1108, 1111 (2004);
Berg, 131 Idaho at 519, 960 P.2d at 740; Stuart v. State, 118 Idaho 932, 934, 801 P.2d 1283,
1285 (1990); Sheahan v. State, 146 Idaho 101, 104, 190 P.3d 920, 923 (Ct. App. 2008). If a
genuine issue of material fact is presented, an evidentiary hearing must be conducted to resolve
the factual issues. Kelly, 149 Idaho at 521, 236 P.3d at 1281; Payne, 146 Idaho at 561, 199 P.3d
at 136; Goodwin, 138 Idaho at 272, 61 P.3d at 629.
       On appeal from an order of summary dismissal, we apply the same standards utilized by
the trial courts and examine whether the petitioner’s admissible evidence asserts facts which, if
true, would entitle the petitioner to relief. Ridgley v. State, 148 Idaho 671, 675, 227 P.3d 925,
929 (2010); Berg, 131 Idaho at 519, 960 P.2d at 740; Sheahan, 146 Idaho at 104, 190 P.3d at
923. Over questions of law, we exercise free review. Rhoades v. State, 148 Idaho 247, 250, 220
P.3d 1066, 1069 (2009); Downing v. State, 136 Idaho 367, 370, 33 P.3d 841, 844 (Ct. App.
2001); Martinez v. State, 130 Idaho 530, 532, 944 P.2d 127, 129 (Ct. App. 1997).
       All of Newman’s claims relate to ineffective assistance of counsel.            A claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel may properly be brought under the Uniform Post-Conviction
Procedure Act. Barcella v. State, 148 Idaho 469, 477, 224 P.3d 536, 544 (Ct. App. 2009). To
prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the petitioner must show that the attorney’s
performance was deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficiency. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Barcella, 148 Idaho at 477, 224 P.3d at 544. To


                                                7
establish a deficiency, the petitioner has the burden of showing that the attorney’s representation
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Gonzales v. State, 151 Idaho 168, 172, 254
P.3d 69, 73 (Ct. App. 2011). To establish prejudice, the petitioner must show a reasonable
probability that, but for the attorney’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different. Id. This Court has long adhered to the proposition that tactical or
strategic decisions of trial counsel will not be second-guessed on appeal unless those decisions
are based on inadequate preparation, ignorance of relevant law, or other shortcomings capable of
objective evaluation. Id. To survive a motion for summary disposition, a post-conviction
petitioner must establish a genuine issue of fact as to both deficiency and prejudice. Pratt v.
State, 134 Idaho 581, 583, 6 P.3d 831, 833 (2000).
                                               III.
                                         DISCUSSION
A.     Issues Preserved for Appellate Review
       In his primary argument on appeal, Newman asserts that the district court erred in parsing
out the individual claims of ineffective assistance and by finding that Newman failed to establish
prejudice as to each individual claim. He argues the district court should have looked to the
cumulative effect of counsel’s deficiencies and that, with such an approach, summary dismissal
was error because he presented a genuine issue of fact as to whether his counsel’s ineffective
assistance caused Newman prejudice. At the root of this assertion is Newman’s claim that each
of defense counsel’s errors cumulatively led to an overarching presentation of an absurd defense
and that, but for the absurd defense of innocence as to all charges, there was a reasonable
probability of a different outcome. Had defense counsel presented a case that Newman was
involved in the burglary and grand theft, but presented and pursued DNA evidence and other
discovery, Newman contends he may have been acquitted on the charges of robbery, battery with
the intent to commit a serious felony, and kidnapping. In support of his assignment of error by
the district court, Newman cites to Sanders v. Ryder, 342 F.3d 991 (9th Cir. 2003), wherein the
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals stated:
       Separate errors by counsel at trial and at sentencing should be analyzed together
       to see whether their cumulative effect deprived the defendant of his right to
       effective assistance. They are, in other words, not separate claims, but rather
       different aspects of a single claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.




                                                8
Id. at 1001 (citations omitted).     Thus, Newman maintains that the district court erred in
reviewing his claims individually and that we may cumulate the effect of the many alleged
deficiencies by his defense counsel in order to find defense counsel presented an absurd defense,
with resulting prejudice sufficient to meet the second prong of Strickland, regardless of whether
“cumulative effect” or “cumulative error” was specifically pled or tried before the district court.
The State responds that Newman did not allege in any of his post-conviction claims that the
accumulation of his defense counsel’s errors resulted in ineffective assistance for presenting an
absurd defense and, therefore, it should not be addressed on appeal.
       We agree with the State. Newman did not mention an “absurd defense” until his second
reply to the State’s motion for summary dismissal and did not argue cumulative prejudice. The
district court neither addressed nor ruled on the issue. Thus, it is not preserved for appeal.
Milton .v State, 126 Idaho 638, 644, 888 P.2d 812, 818 (Ct. App. 1995).
       Furthermore, we need not consider cumulating prejudice based on the claims for which
Newman did prove deficient performance.          In dismissing Newman’s amended petition the
district court stated, “Newman has raised sufficient issues of fact relating to the first prong of the
Strickland standard, the alleged deficient performance of trial counsel relating to at least certain
of his claims.” It is on this language Newman relies in arguing prejudice is the only issue we
need to address on review. However, in looking at Newman’s evidence, we can determine that
he failed to demonstrate counsel’s deficiency as to all but a single claim, and on that one claim,
he failed to establish a genuine issue of fact as to prejudice. We, therefore, do not reach the issue
of whether we should apply Strickland’s ineffective assistance of counsel standard by cumulating
the effect of counsel’s deficiencies in order to find prejudice sufficient to meet the second prong
of that standard. We address each claim individually below.
B.     Review of Newman’s Individual Claims
       1.      Failure to request and review discovery material and subpoena key evidence
       In regards to discovery and subpoenas for evidence, Newman asserts that defense counsel
failed to obtain, prior to trial, test results from the fingernail scrapings and urine swabs and that
the failure was both deficient and prejudicial. Additionally, Newman contends that had defense
counsel pursued independent testing of the urine samples and fingernail scrapings, the jury
would have found him not guilty of the crimes related to robbery, battery with the intent to
commit a serious felony, and kidnapping because Newman assumes the urine would not have


                                                  9
matched his DNA and the scrapings would have revealed that the victim’s DNA was not present.
These assertions coincide with Newman’s claim that another person was with Newman and
committed those crimes and that defense counsel was not only deficient, but prejudiced Newman
by failing to subpoena this alleged second perpetrator as a witness.
       Defense counsel is generally bound to conduct a prompt and thorough pretrial
investigation of his or her case. Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 407, 775 P.2d 1243, 1249 (Ct.
App. 1998). Strategic choices made after only partial investigation are reasonable only to the
extent that reasonable professional judgment supports the limitations on investigation.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91.        Construing the facts in the petitioner’s favor, Newman’s
assertions that defense counsel failed to request discovery and did not obtain or review test
results from the urine swabs or purported fingernail scrapings prior to trial, raise a genuine issue
of fact as to deficient performance.
       Nonetheless, there is no evidence showing that, absent the deficiency, there was a
reasonable probability of a different outcome at Newman’s trial. Through trial testimony, it was
discerned that, although Newman’s hands were bagged upon his arrest, no law enforcement
officer involved in the investigation of the case could affirmatively say that fingernail scrapings
were obtained. As to the urine swabs, a witness from the State forensic lab testified that she
tested both of the swabs from the sink and could not detect the presence of urine. She further
testified that such a result meant either no urine was present or the amount present was too small
for testing. These results, brought out at trial, were confirmed in the limited discovery allowed
on Newman’s post-conviction petition: the State was not in custody of any fingernail scrapings
from Newman and the testing of the swabs detected no urine and, thus, were inconclusive. Such
information would not have been either particularly helpful or harmful to the defense, and
Newman fails to allege how obtaining these results earlier would have changed defense
counsel’s trial strategy or affected the outcome of trial. We conclude Newman fails to raise a
genuine issue of fact as to prejudice.
       As to defense counsel’s purported failure to independently test the evidence, Newman
also fails to show how pursuing independent testing would have supported the theory of defense
Newman asserts counsel should have presented. The district court found Newman did not
present admissible evidence, from an expert or otherwise, as to how further testing of the
samples would, in the absence of detectable urine, be used to exculpate Newman of the robbery,


                                                 10
battery with the intent to commit a serious felony, or kidnapping charges. In fact, defense
counsel acknowledged in closing arguments that the swab samples detecting no urine should
have raised reasonable doubt as to Newman’s guilt, but that counsel knew of no other testing that
could have been done on the swabs. We conclude the district court did not err in holding
Newman failed to raise a genuine issue of fact from the failure of defense counsel to review or
independently test the swabs. See Self v. State, 145 Idaho 578, 181 P.3d 504 (Ct. App. 2007)
(concluding the petitioner did not raise a genuine issue of material fact because he did not show
the DNA evidence or results provided at trial were flawed and provided no expert affidavit
showing the substance of what testimony to the contrary would have been); Raudebaugh v. State,
135 Idaho 602, 605, 21 P.3d 924, 927 (Ct. App. 2001) (concluding summary dismissal was
appropriate because the petitioner did not make a sufficient showing that the failure of defense
counsel to hire an independent DNA expert actually prejudiced his case). 3              Without
demonstrating that the results by the State forensic lab were somehow inadequate, flawed or
incomplete, Newman cannot establish any deficiency by defense counsel.
       As to defense counsel’s failure to subpoena the alleged other perpetrator, Newman did
not show that defense counsel was deficient. “[I]t is well established that failure of counsel to
locate and subpoena witnesses is not, in and of itself, grounds for post-conviction relief based
upon alleged ineffective assistance of counsel.” Drapeau v. State, 103 Idaho 612, 616, 651 P.2d
546, 550 (Ct. App. 1982). The selection of witnesses is part of trial strategy and will not be
second-guessed without evidence of inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law, or
other shortcomings capable of objective evaluation.          Id.   Further, on a petition for
post-conviction relief, it is not enough to say that defense counsel should have pursued calling


3
        The present case is also clearly distinguishable from Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510
(2003), on which Newman relies to support his claims that the limited investigation and
discovery, or the “absurd defense,” prejudiced him. In Wiggins, the defendant was convicted of
first degree murder, robbery and two counts of theft, and the State pursued the death penalty.
Defense counsel presented no mitigating evidence and prepared no social history for the
sentencing trial. Id. at 514-16. The question before the Supreme Court was whether the
investigation supporting counsel’s decision not to introduce mitigating evidence of Wiggins’
background was reasonable, and the Supreme Court concluded it was not in light of the facts
known to counsel about Wiggins’ childhood. Id. at 523, 527-28. In Wiggins, counsel was
deficient and prejudiced the defendant by overlooking clearly established evidence of social
history, but here, there is no allegation of what evidence would be established had defense
counsel conducted more thorough discovery or pursued independent testing of the DNA samples.

                                               11
another witness without also alleging, with more than mere speculation, the substance of what
the testimony would entail such that it would be reasonably probable the outcome of trial would
have been different. Rossignol v. State, 152 Idaho 700, 710, 274 P.3d 1, 11 (Ct. App. 2012).
Speculative evidence that another person committed the crime is inadequate unless such
evidence of an alternate perpetrator shows some proof of that person’s connection with the
crime, such as providing facts or circumstances that would tend clearly to point out someone
besides the accused as the guilty party. See State v. Kerchusky, 138 Idaho 671, 675-76, 67 P.3d
1283, 1287-88 (Ct. App. 2003).
       When considering the compelling evidence that the crimes were committed by a sole
perpetrator, it was not unsound trial strategy to decide against presenting a second perpetrator
theory despite Newman’s wishes to the contrary. The victim testified that the perpetrator talked
to her throughout the ordeal, she never heard another intruder moving around, and she heard only
one person leave in the truck. Also of significance, she testified that she heard the garbage truck
stop at her house during the attack and this made her attacker extremely nervous and paranoid,
she heard her dogs barking on and off, and she heard her grandson kicking and knocking at the
bedroom door; yet, she heard no other intruder. Two of the grandsons, called as witnesses, both
testified in a manner supporting that there was only one intruder.               Defense counsel
acknowledged that Newman possessed goods stolen from the victim and, in light of the
substantial evidence of only one perpetrator, simply argued in closing argument that the timeline
of events made it doubtful Newman could have been the perpetrator of the crimes in the victim’s
home and tried to raise doubt as to the victim’s recognition of Newman based on his voice.
Defense counsel attempted to explain that Newman’s possession of the stolen goods meant one
of the people Newman had seen on the day of the crime could have committed the acts charged.
       In asserting that defense counsel should have pursued the second perpetrator theory,
rather than just alluding to one, Newman did not provide an affidavit alleging what the purported
second perpetrator’s testimony would contain, how it would have altered the outcome at trial, or
how the second perpetrator could have been compelled to testify rather than invoking his right
against self-incrimination. With only conclusory remarks about this alleged witness, Newman
cannot show defense counsel was deficient, and the district court did not err when it found no
genuine issue of material fact as to deficiency on this claim.




                                                 12
       2.      Failure to provide discovery materials or communicate prior to trial
       Next, in his second and third claims, Newman asserts his defense counsel was ineffective
by failing to provide discovery materials or communicate with Newman prior to trial. Although
we have recognized claims of ineffective assistance of counsel for counsel’s failure to
communicate, Thomas v. State, 145 Idaho 765, 768, 185 P.3d 921, 924 (Ct. App. 2008),
summary disposition is appropriate where there is no indication in the record as to how further
consultation might have affected the results at trial. Parrott v. State, 117 Idaho 272, 275, 787
P.2d 258, 261 (1990).
       Here, Newman simply argued that had he been given copies of discovery and an
opportunity to further communicate with his defense counsel, he could have assisted in
developing a timeline of events, which would have shown Newman could not have entered the
house, committed the alleged crimes, and removed and discarded the stolen items in the places
they were found prior to his arrest in the afternoon of the day of the crime. Not only are these
statements conclusory and incomplete, as the district court found, but the record shows this
asserted timeline defense was precisely what defense counsel argued in his closing argument.
Defense counsel broke down the State’s evidence of Newman’s whereabouts on the morning of
the crimes and argued the evidence showing Newman was at various places at certain times did
not support finding Newman committed the crimes at the victim’s home.              Consequently,
Newman has failed to show what further consultation was necessary or how it would have
affected the presentation of counsel’s defense and did not raise a genuine issue of fact as to any
deficiency by defense counsel.
       3.      Failure to challenge the admissibility of DNA evidence
       Newman argues defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to challenge
the admissibility of the saliva DNA evidence connecting Newman to the crimes charged. This
evidence was gathered from a trash bag that had been recovered from the victim’s stolen truck
after the truck was returned to the victim and her husband. Newman asserts the sequence of
events leading to the discovery of the saliva presented obvious problems in the chain of custody
and defense counsel should have made a motion to have the DNA evidence excluded from trial.
       Once the party offering evidence establishes the chain of custody and creates the
presumption that it was not materially altered during the chain of custody, the burden then shifts
to the defendant to overcome the presumption. State v. Gilpin, 132 Idaho 643, 647, 977 P.2d


                                               13
905, 909 (Ct. App. 1999). The defendant must make some showing that the evidence was
tampered or meddled with. Id. “Mere speculation that the evidence was mishandled or tampered
with is insufficient to establish a break in the chain of custody.” State v. Kodesh, 122 Idaho 756,
758, 838 P.2d 885, 887 (Ct. App. 1992); see also Dachlet v. State, 136 Idaho 752, 756, 40 P.3d
110, 114 (2002) (quoting Kodesh). In a post-conviction proceeding challenging an attorney’s
failure to pursue a motion in the underlying criminal action, the district court may consider the
probability of success of the motion in question in determining whether the attorney’s inactivity
constituted incompetent performance. Boman v. State, 129 Idaho 520, 526, 927 P.2d 910, 916
(Ct. App. 1996).
       Trial testimony established that the trash bag was found in the victim’s truck that was
stolen. The trash bag contained chewing tobacco spit, and testimony at trial established that
Newman chewed tobacco, whereas neither the victim nor her husband used chewing tobacco.
After the truck had been inventoried and returned to the victim and her husband, they discovered
the trash bag in the pickup bed and testified that the bag had not been placed there by either of
them. 4 Both the victim and her husband also testified that upon its discovery, they removed the
trash bag--without disturbing its contents--and put it in their shed.         They notified law
enforcement immediately about its discovery. When law enforcement retrieved the bag a couple
of days later, it was still located in the shed. The victim testified she knew it was the trash bag
from her bathroom because it contained an ear plug she had discarded a day or two prior to the
crime. The testimony shows the State laid a sufficient foundation to support the admissibility of
the evidence. In questioning the chain of custody, Newman merely speculates that during the
time the trash bag was in the victim’s shed, something could have happened to it. This alone is
insufficient to meet a defendant’s burden to challenge admissibility on the ground of inadequate
chain of custody. As the district court found, Newman failed to allege what the chain of custody
was or was not in relation to the saliva DNA evidence found in the trash bag and did not allege
or show how a challenge to the evidence would have been successful. The district court did not
err in holding that Newman “[did] not set forth facts and argument by which the court can find

4
        Additionally, one of the law enforcement officer’s testified that he did not remove the
trash bag as evidence from the truck when he inventoried the vehicle because, at the time, he did
not believe it had evidentiary value to the case. This supported the victim and her husband’s
assertions and showed that the trash bag was in the vehicle at a time when Newman had
possession of the truck.

                                                14
that a question of fact exists relating to whether trial counsel’s performance was defective in this
regard.”
       4.      Failure to follow Newman’s directions to negotiate a plea deal
       Newman asserts defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
communicate with him or follow his directions to negotiate a plea. He argues he had knowledge
of drug activity that would have been helpful to the State in prosecuting other crimes, which later
proved to be so, and had defense counsel presented this to the State pending trial, Newman
would have been able to take advantage of a plea instead of going to trial. Further, Newman
provided an affidavit from his sister, indicating the State had offered a plea, but that defense
counsel did not relay that plea to Newman because it was unfavorable.
       Notwithstanding the fact there is no constitutional right to a plea offer, a defendant is
entitled to effective assistance of counsel in plea negotiations. See Missouri v. Frye, ___ U.S.
___, ___, 132 S. Ct. 1399, 1405-08 (2012). When defense counsel fails to communicate a formal
plea offer to the defendant, which may be favorable to the defendant, counsel’s assistance is
deficient. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 1408. To establish prejudice, the defendant must show there
was a reasonable probability as to three aspects of the plea: (1) the defendant would have
accepted the earlier plea offer had he been afforded effective assistance of counsel; (2) neither
the prosecution nor the trial court would have prevented the offer from being accepted or
implemented; and (3) the end result of the criminal process would have been more favorable by
reason of a plea to a lesser charge or a sentence of less prison time. Id. at ___, 132 S. Ct.
1409-10.
       We recognize that Newman’s claim in regards to plea negotiations does not present
precisely the same question the United States Supreme Court addressed in Frye, which only
considered a formal plea offer that was never communicated to the defendant. Rather, here,
Newman additionally asserts that defense counsel’s deficient pretrial performance relating to
discovery and noncommunication with Newman resulted in little to no bargaining power in plea
negotiations. Still, Frye provides persuasive guidance by which we determine Newman fails to
raise a genuine issue of fact as to any alleged deficiency by defense counsel. The decisive factor
is that Newman did not show, through admissible evidence, that a plea offer was either made or
was possible. In the record, there is a written memorandum by defense counsel indicating the
State was unwilling to “deal” with Newman. This is contradicted only by hearsay provided in


                                                15
the affidavit by Newman’s sister, indicating that defense counsel told Newman’s sister that the
State had offered a deal, but that counsel did not tell Newman because the deal was unfavorable.
We have no evidence, upon which we can rely, that raises a genuine issue of fact that defense
counsel provided deficient communication or negotiation regarding a plea.           Regardless of
defense counsel’s efforts, or alleged lack thereof, the evidence establishes that the State was not
willing to engage in plea negotiations.     In cases such as this, where the defendant argues
deficient performance by counsel in negotiating a plea, at a minimum, a defendant must show
through some admissible evidence that a plea offer was possible. Newman failed to do so.
       5.      Failure to more aggressively pursue the disqualification of the trial judge
       In his amended petition for post-conviction relief, Newman asserted ineffective
assistance due to defense counsel’s failure to more aggressively pursue disqualification of the
district court judge and that Newman was prejudiced because the judge, due to bias, imposed
harsh sentences. Newman based this claim of bias on the fact that Newman and the judge’s son
had been in an altercation. 5
       A judge cannot be disqualified for bias or actual prejudice unless the bias renders it
impossible that the party could have a fair and impartial trial given the circumstances. Pizzuto v.
State, 134 Idaho 793, 799, 10 P.3d 742, 748 (2000). It is within the discretion of the trial judge
to determine whether disqualification is necessary. Id. As to extrajudicial information, judges
are generally presumed to be able to disregard that which should not be taken into account. Id.
       Concerning the judge’s purported bias due to the altercation Newman had with the
judge’s son, Newman does not allege the judge was aware of this altercation, nor does Newman
give much context as to when this altercation occurred. Newman mentions that it occurred while
he was in school. Newman was in his thirties at the time of trial, which leaves this court to
speculate as to whether the altercation occurred some years prior to trial or was fresh in the
judge’s mind. Such speculation does not constitute evidence demonstrating a ground sufficient



5
        On appeal, Newman more broadly asserts he was prejudiced during sentencing because
defense counsel’s presentation of the absurd defense further biased the judge and, as a result, the
judge imposed extremely harsh sentences. As was addressed previously, the claim that defense
counsel was deficient and prejudiced Newman by presenting an “absurd defense” was not an
issue tried below and the district court did not consider this basis when evaluating defense
counsel’s failure to more aggressively pursue disqualification of the trial judge. Therefore, we
do not consider this argument.

                                                16
for disqualification that defense counsel should have pursued. Accordingly, Newman did not
raise a genuine issue of fact of defense counsel’s deficiency that could preclude summary
dismissal of this claim.
       6.      Failure to communicate with Newman during the appeal process
       Lastly, Newman claims his appellate counsel failed to communicate with him during the
appeal process. Newman argues that had he been able to communicate with appellate counsel,
he could have presented more issues and his case would have been remanded for resentencing
because the sentences imposed were so harsh.
       As was previously discussed in regards to Newman’s claim that defense counsel failed to
communicate with Newman prior to trial, it is insufficient to make a claim of ineffective
assistance without alleging how further communication could have altered the results. See
Parrott, 117 Idaho at 275, 787 P.2d at 261. Newman does not allege what issues, beyond
sentencing, should have been addressed on appeal, but were not, or how further consultation with
his appellate counsel would have caused this Court to reverse or remand on appeal. In fact, the
precise issue dealt with on Newman’s appeal was the harshness of the sentences. Newman,
Docket No. 30796. This Court recognized the sentences were “unusually harsh for a set of
crimes arising out of a single criminal episode,” but we concluded the district court did not abuse
its discretion in light of Newman’s criminal record, his minimal chance for rehabilitation, his
dishonesty, and the lack of genuine remorse. Without identifying additional issues that should
have been addressed, Newman failed to establish any genuine issue of fact that his appellate
counsel was deficient.
                                               IV.
                                        CONCLUSION
       We conclude Newman failed to establish a genuine issue of fact as to deficiency of
counsel on all but a single claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. On the claim where
Newman establishes a genuine issue of fact as to deficiency, he failed to show any genuine issue
of fact as to prejudice, and to survive a motion for summary disposition, Newman must establish
both. Accordingly, the district court did not err in summarily dismissing Newman’s amended
petition for post-conviction relief. Based on our review, we need not reach the issue as to
whether we should apply Strickland’s ineffective assistance of counsel standard by cumulating
the effect of counsel’s deficiencies in order to find prejudice sufficient to meet the second prong


                                                17
of that standard. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s judgment of dismissal of Newman’s
amended petition for post-conviction relief.
       Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge LANSING CONCUR.




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