                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


12-31-2008

USA v. Castro Valenzuela
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-4818




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                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 07-4818


                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                           v.

                      LUIS MISAEL CASTRO VALENZUELA,

                                                         Appellant


           ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                     FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                      (D.C. Criminal No. 2-07-cr-00412-001)
                 District Judge: The Honorable Stanley R. Chesler


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 December 2, 2008

                  Before: AMBRO and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges
                             O’NEILL*, District Judge

                              (Filed: December 31, 2008)



                              OPINION OF THE COURT




      *The Honorable Thomas N. O’Neill, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
O’NEILL, District Judge

       Appellant Luis Castro-Valenzuela appeals the judgment of sentence entered by the

District Court. Appellant contends that the District Court erred because: (1) the

guideline range triggered by the base level was excessively increased by a cross-

reference, and the Supreme Court’s holding in Kimbrough v. U.S., 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007)

permits district judges to impose a lower sentence if the within-Guidelines sentence is

“greater than necessary” to serve the objectives of sentencing, (2) the District Court

focused upon the underlying conduct rather than on the offense of conviction in

determining the sentence, and (3) application of the cross-reference circumvented the

presumption against extraterritorial application of federal criminal laws. We will affirm

the District Court’s sentence because the District Court properly followed the appropriate

precedents of this Court and the Supreme Court.

                                             I.

       In March 2005, Castro-Valenzuela, a citizen of Chile, was living in Chile with his

girlfriend. He arranged to meet his girlfriend’s seven-year-old niece at his apartment and

recorded himself as he forced her to engage in violent, sexually-explicit conduct. In April

2005, he traveled from Chile to the United States with the video-recording. His girlfriend

later discovered the video and turned it over to the police. Appellee, the United States,

filed a criminal complaint in the District Court for the District of New Jersey on August

18, 2006 charging Castro-Valenzuela with violating 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(1) by

knowingly transporting and shipping child pornography in interstate and foreign

                                             2
commerce. On May 15, 2007, Castro-Valenzuela entered a plea of guilty without a plea

agreement to a one-count information charging that offense.

       On December 20, 2007, the District Court sentenced Castro-Valenzuela to a term

of 220 months’ imprisonment. The statute 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) triggers a base offense

level of 22, but it contains a cross reference at U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(c)(1) that triggers a base

offense level of 32 for an “offense involved causing . . . a minor to engage in sexually

explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct.” The

Court sentenced him to 220 months, which is within the advisory range of 210-240

months for the cross-referenced level of 37 (derived from the cross-referenced base

offense level of 32, plus 4 levels for her age, plus 2 levels for commission of a sexual act,

plus 2 levels for the relationship with the minor, and minus 3 levels for Castro-

Valenzuela’s admission of guilt). The offense of conviction, § 2252A(a)(1), carries a

statutory minimum of 5 years and a statutory maximum of 20 years (240 months).

       Without the cross-reference, Castro-Valenzuela argues that the proper level is that

set by § 2G2.2 which is 22, plus 2 levels for the age of the victim, plus 2 levels for

number of images, minus 3 levels for his admission of guilt, yielding an offense level of

23 with an advisory range of 46-57 months. As the statutory mandatory minimum

sentence for this offense is 60 months, he argues that 60 months is the correct sentence.

Castro-Valenzuela preserved this issue by objecting to the imposition of a sentence within

the range produced by application of the cross-reference to U.S.S.G. § 2G2.1 on

numerous grounds, including: the severity of the resulting increase in the range; the

                                              3
interest of Chile in prosecuting the conduct that occurred in that country and that involved

its citizens; and his lack of criminal history and apparent remorse.

                                    II.

       The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231.

This Court has appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a).

The Notice of Appeal was timely filed on December 27, 2007.

       This Court reviews sentences for reasonableness. United States v. Booker, 543

U.S. 220, 261 (2005); United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 327-28 (3d Cir. 2006).

“The record must demonstrate the trial court gave meaningful consideration to the §

3553(a) factors . . . . The court need not discuss every argument made by a litigant . . . .”

Id. at 329. Where the appellant contends that the district court made a mistake of law, our

review is plenary. United States v. Lloyd, 469 F.3d 319, 321 (3d Cir. 2006).

       In Gall v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597-98 (2007), the Supreme

Court held that sentencing decisions by district courts are to be reviewed under a

deferential abuse of discretion standard. “We may not reverse the district court simply

because we would have imposed a different sentence.” United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d

207, 218 (3d Cir. 2008), citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. A sentencing court should

“consider every convicted person as an individual and every case as a unique study in

human failings that sometimes mitigate, sometimes magnify, the crime and punishment to

ensue.” Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 598 (quoting Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 113 (1996)).

This Court noted in United States v. Jackson, 523 F.3d 234 (3d Cir. 2008), that “Cooper

                                              4
continues to be the law in this Circuit, but we will read it in light of Gall.” Similarly, the

Supreme Court stated in Rita v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2469 (2007):

“Where a matter is . . . conceptually simple . . . and the record makes clear that the

sentencing judge considered the evidence and arguments, we do not believe the law

requires the judge to write more extensively.” District courts have broad discretion in

sentencing. U.S. v. Gunter, 527 F.3d 282, 284-85 (3d. Cir. 2008). Nevertheless, “[a]

district court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.” Wise,

515 F.3d at 217 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

                                            III.

       Our decision in United States v. Gunter requires district courts in this circuit to

follow a three-step sentencing procedure:

       (1) They must continue to calculate a defendant's Guidelines sentence precisely as

       they would have before [United State v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005)];

       (2) In doing so, they must formally rule on the motions of both parties and state on

       the record whether they are granting a departure and how that departure affects the

       Guidelines calculation, and take into account this Court’s pre-Booker case law,

       which continues to have advisory force; and

       (3) Finally, they are required to exercise their discretion by considering the

       relevant § 3553(a) factors in setting the sentence they impose regardless whether it

       varies from the sentence calculated under the Guidelines.

462 F.3d 237, 247 (3d Cir. 2006) (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets

                                               5
omitted). After determining the appropriate sentence, the district judge must adequately

explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review, and, if the judge

chooses to deviate from the Sentencing Guidelines, the more significant the deviation

from the Guidelines the more substantial the justification must be. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597.



       Here, the District Court carefully calculated the applicable Guidelines range

(including the cross-reference), considered the § 3553(a) factors and Castro-Valenzuela’s

arguments, recognized its ability to grant a variance and chose to apply a within-

Guidelines sentence. Thus, the District Judge properly followed the sentencing

methodology and did not abuse his discretion; accordingly, the within-Guidelines

sentence was reasonable.

       Castro-Valenzuela argues that the sentence as applied was substantively

unreasonable for three reasons: (1) the Guideline range triggered by the base level was

excessively increased by the cross-reference and Kimbrough permits district judges to

impose a lower sentence if the within-Guidelines sentence is “greater than necessary” to

serve the objectives of sentencing; (2) the District Court focused upon the underlying

conduct rather than on the offense of conviction in determining the sentence; and (3)

application of the cross-reference circumvented the presumption against extraterritorial

application of federal criminal laws.

A.     The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Child Pornography

       Castro-Valenzuela argues that his sentence was unreasonable because the

                                             6
Guideline range was excessively increased by the relevant cross-reference at U.S.S.G. §

2G2.2(c)(1). Essentially, he believes that the 32 base level after application of the cross-

reference is excessively above the 23 base level for the crime to which he pled guilty. He

claims this cross-referenced base level of 32 was fashioned to meet the mandatory

minimum and not developed under an empirical approach. Castro-Valenzuela argues that

the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Kimbrough applies to the child pornography statutes

because it permits district courts to impose a lower sentence if the within-Guidelines

sentence is greater than necessary to serve the objectives of sentencing. Kimbrough, 128

S. Ct. at 563. He suggests that the Guidelines for child pornography are similar to the

crack/cocaine Guidelines analyzed in Kimbrough because the child pornography

Guidelines are no longer the product of independent empirical study and analysis and are

instead the product of congressional mandates increased for political reasons. Castro-

Valenzuela says that Kimbrough requires the Sentencing Commission to take account of

empirical data and national experience in setting Guidelines and that the history of the

child pornography Guidelines demonstrate a lack of empirical evidence for the dramatic

increase in severity over the years. He argues that the re-worked § 2G2.1 produces a

highly inflated range, perhaps more than the Commission intended, creating a

disproportionate impact apparent on its face, as was the case with the crack/cocaine

Guideline; so the District Court need give that provision no deference in determining

sentencing. He argues that Kimbrough does not require courts to be specifically

dissatisfied with those Guidelines for Kimbrough (and its emphasis on the Guideline’s

                                              7
advisory status) to apply.

       The question of whether the Kimbrough reasoning should apply to the child

pornography Guidelines applied in this case is not really at issue here. In Kimbrough, the

district court sentenced below the Sentencing Guidelines range based on an explicit

disagreement with the Guidelines. Kimbrough, 128 S. Ct. at 565; U.S. v. Garcia, 284

Fed. Appx. 719, 721 -722 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, the District Court did not explicitly

disagree with the Guidelines; indeed, the Court followed the Guidelines’ suggested

sentence range while recognizing the option to impose a lower sentence because the

Guidelines are advisory. Even under Kimbrough, a judge sentencing an offender based

upon the crack/cocaine ratio is not required to impose a below-Guidelines sentence;

Kimbrough only holds that it is not an abuse of discretion for a judge to do so. Id. As it

is not an abuse of discretion for a district court judge to follow the crack/cocaine ratio

outlined in the Guidelines, even if this Court were to find that the Guidelines and cross-

reference at issue were not based on empirical research and should be treated in the same

way as the crack/cocaine ratio Guidelines under Kimbrough, it was not an abuse of

discretion to sentence Castro-Valenzuela to a within-Guidelines sentence.

B.     Sentencing based on the underlying conduct undermined respect for law

       Castro-Valenzuela argues that the District Court erred during sentence

determination when it focused on the underlying conduct of the rape and creation of the

child pornography rather than on the offense of conviction of bringing child pornography

into the United States. While he does not suggest that this conduct could not be legally

                                              8
considered, he argues that its inclusion undermines the § 3533 requirement that the

sentencing court should consider the need for the imposed sentence to promote respect for

the law. He contends that the District Court ignored his arguments about the proper

sentence when it stated that, even without the cross-reference, it would be “authorized to

consider the particular conduct in question in determining whether or not a sentence in the

range of 210-240 months was appropriate considering all of the 3553 factors.” The

District Court stated that it had “absolutely no problem concluding that an evaluation of

all the § 3553 factors compels a sentence at or near the maximum statutory sentence,”

even without consideration of the underlying conduct, especially as the Guidelines make

possession or distribution of child pornography a serious criminal offense “in order to

deter its creation.” Despite his claims that the District Court focused on the underlying

conduct when determining the sentence, Castro-Valenzuela’s sentence comports with the

statutory minimum and maximum of the convicted offense.

       Moreover, it was proper to consider the underlying conduct of the rape and

creation of child pornography in Chile in sentencing. As the Court of Appeals for the

Seventh Circuit noted in U.S. v. Dawn, 129 F.3d 878, 884 (7th Cir. 1997), sentencing

judges may look to conduct surrounding the offense of conviction in fashioning an

appropriate sentence, regardless of whether the defendant was ever charged with or

convicted of that conduct or whether he could be. See, e.g., United States v. Watts, 519

U.S. 148 (1997) (per curiam), noting that it is permissible to consider conduct underlying

charges of which the defendant was acquitted during sentencing.

                                             9
       Taking into account conduct related to the offense of conviction in sentencing is

not the same thing as holding the defendant criminally culpable for that conduct. Watts,

519 U.S. at 154; Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 401-04 (1995). The offense of

conviction remains paramount in terms of the statutory minimum and maximum sentences

and what is relevant for sentencing purposes. Id. Indeed, the purpose of looking to

circumstances beyond the offense of conviction is to decide what degree of punishment to

impose within the typically broad range authorized by the criminal statute. Dawn, 129

F.3d at 884, citing Watts, 519 U.S. at 155; Witte, 515 U.S. at 401-04.

       While it may appear that Castro-Valenzuela was sentenced for a different offense

because of the cross-reference, in fact he was sentenced solely for the crime of which he

was convicted. Id. He was not sentenced for producing child pornography when the

District Court cross-referenced the § 2G2.2(c)(1) Guideline; the cross-reference merely

implements the idea that a receiver or possessor who manufactured the pornography in his

possession is more culpable and more dangerous than one who received or possessed the

pornography and no more. Dawn, 129 F.3d at 884. The cross-reference serves “merely

to distinguish [Castro-Valenzuela] from the defendant who did not personally exploit

minors to create the pornography found in his possession.” Id. at 885. His sentence

comports with the statutory minimum and maximum appropriate to the offense of which

he was convicted. Thus, the District Court’s inclusion of the cross-reference did not

undermine respect for the law; it made the sentencing range more individualized.

C.     Extraterritorial Application of Federal Criminal Laws

                                            10
       Castro-Valenzuela argues that applying the cross-reference circumvented the

presumption against extraterritorial application of federal criminal laws. Though

Congress amended 18 U.S.C. § 2251 in 2003 to indicate its intent for the statute to apply

to extraterritorial conduct, and this Court had previously found in United States v.

Harvey, 2 F.3d 1318 (1993), that Congress intended § 2251 to apply to extraterritorial

conduct, Castro-Valenzuela was not prosecuted for the rape and creation of child

pornography that took place in Chile; he was prosecuted under § 2252A(a)(1) for

transporting the child pornography into the United States. As his charge implicated no

questions about extraterritorial jurisdiction, he argues that his extraterritorial crimes

should not have been considered in sentencing. While it is correct that Castro-Valenzuela

was convicted for a crime that did not implicate extraterritoriality, the foreign conduct

was used only to shed light on the gravity of his conduct as a transporter to make his

sentence more individualized within the range. As previously noted, the District Court

could consider actions over which it did not have jurisdiction in sentencing; even the

inclusion of extraterritorial actions was permissible, Dawn, 129 F.3d at 884; so the

extraterritorial rape for which he was not prosecuted was properly considered. This Court

found in Harvey that extraterritorial conduct can be considered in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.4

which was the Guideline previously applicable to possession of child pornography and

merged into § 2G2.2, applicable here. Harvey, 2 F.3d 1328-29.

       Additionally, Castro-Valenzuela argues that considering his conduct abroad in

sentencing will prevent Chile from prosecuting the child-rape shown on the video. It is

                                              11
unclear why this would be true and the Government notes that Chile will have the

opportunity to prosecute Castro-Valenzuela for his conduct. The United States need not

refrain from seeking punishment for the transport of child pornography into this country

merely because Castro-Valenzuela may be punished for other crimes elsewhere.

       Finally, Castro-Valenzuela argues that all of these actions, taken as a whole, render

the sentence unreasonable. However, as discussed, the District Judge did not abuse his

discretion; instead he applied an appropriate within-Guidelines sentence after

acknowledging the advisory nature of the Guidelines and his discretion at sentencing.

       Because we find no basis upon which to conclude that the District Court abused its

discretion when it imposed a within-Guidelines sentence, its sentence will be affirmed.




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