                                   COURT OF CHANCERY
                                         OF THE
                                   STATE OF DELAWARE
TAMIKA R. MONTGOMERY-REEVES                                           LEONARD WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
       VICE CHANCELLOR                                                   500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 11400
                                                                        WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801-3734


                              Date Submitted: November 13, 2018
                               Date Decided: February 26, 2019




      Mr. Alan J. Ross                             Anthony M. Saccullo, Esquire
      67 Templeton Parkway                         Thomas H. Kovach, Esquire
      Watertown, MA 02742                          A. M. Saccullo Legal, LLC
                                                   27 Crimson King Drive
                                                   Bear, DE 19701




             RE:     Alan J. Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC et al.
                     Civil Action No. 2017-0186-TMR

     Dear Parties:

             This letter opinion resolves defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings

     and plaintiff’s motion to compel and motion for default judgment. This action

     represents one part of a long-running legal saga between plaintiff, defendants, and

     their associates and predecessors in interest. At its heart, the dispute is about the

     commercialization of a patent covering a method for pooling insurance policies. In

     the case before me, plaintiff asserts claims for breach of contract and breach of

     fiduciary duties related to (1) defendants’ business development of a patent-holding

     entity, and (2) defendants’ alleged failure to provide certain information to plaintiff.
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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Defendants move for judgment on the pleadings, arguing that they do not owe any

of the contractual or fiduciary obligations that plaintiff seeks to enforce. For the

reasons that follow, I grant defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Because I grant the motion for judgment on the pleadings, plaintiff’s motions are

moot.

I.      BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff Alan J. Ross filed his Verified Complaint for Breach of Contract (the

“Complaint”) in this Court on March 10, 2017. On March 30, 2017, Ross moved to

dismiss then-defendants Institutional Pooled Benefits LLC (“IPB”), Meyer-

Chatfield Corp., and Balshe LLC; on March 31, 2017, I granted his motion. The

remaining defendants are Institutional Longevity Assets, LLC (“ILA”), a member

of non-party IPB; 1 MRB Pooled Benefits, LLC (“MRB”), a member of non-party

IPB;2 David B. Simon, the managing member of ILA; 3 and Bennett Meyer, a




1
        Compl. ¶ 12.
2
        Id.
3
        Id. ¶ 6.
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manager of MRB.4 The only other member of IPB is Ross.5 The dispute underlying

the claims relates to the commercialization of United States Patent No. 5,974,390

(the “Patent”), which describes “[a] system and method . . . for creating a predictable

flow of funds . . . . [w]here participants pool their ownership of insurance policies

so as to share in the proceeds from those policies.”6

      On June 2, 2017, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss. On July 6, 2017, Ross

filed an opposition. On August 10, 2017, Defendants informed the court that they

would not file a reply. On September 28, 2017, I granted the motion to dismiss to

the extent Ross pursued derivative claims, but I denied it in all other respects.

      On March 8, 2018, Ross filed his motion to compel ILA to respond to his

discovery requests; ILA filed its opposition on May 9, 2018; and Ross filed his reply

on April 17, 2018.

      On March 9, 2018, Defendants filed their motion for judgment on the

pleadings, followed by their opening brief in support of the motion on March 13,



4
      Id. ¶ 7.
5
      Id. ¶ 12.
6
      System and method for assuring predictable gains, U.S. Patent No. 5,974,390 (filed
      July 21, 1997).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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2018. On April 13, 2018, Ross filed his opposition. On May 1, 2018, Defendants

filed their reply. On May 2, 2018, Ross filed a surreply.

      On September 7, 2018, Ross filed his motion for default judgment against

Defendant David B. Simon, who filed an opposition on October 9, 2018; Ross filed

his reply on October 12, 2018.

      On November 13, 2018, I held oral argument on three motions—Ross’s

motion to compel, Ross’s motion for default judgment, and Defendants’ motion for

judgment on the pleadings—which are now fully briefed and before me.

      The IPB Operating Agreement (the “Operating Agreement”) contains

requirements for how the Company functions. Section 6(d) of the Operating

Agreement (“Section 6(d)”) requires that

             except as otherwise provided . . . the Company shall be
             managed by a committee consisting of a designated
             member of MRB and a designated member of ILA (the
             Executive Committee). Except as otherwise provided in
             this Agreement, or any written amendment hereto, all
             decisions regarding the management of the Company are
             within the purview of the Executive Committee and shall
             only be made by unanimous vote of the Executive
             Committee. 7




7
      Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. A § 6(d).
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      Section 7(a) of the Operating Agreement (“Section 7(a)”) adds that

             [t]he Executive Committee will not be liable to the
             Company or any other Member for (i) the performance, or
             omission to perform any act or duty on behalf of the
             Company if, in good faith, such conduct did not constitute
             fraud, gross negligence or reckless or intentional
             misconduct and (ii) the performance, or the omission to
             perform, on behalf of the Company, any act upon good
             faith reliance on advice of legal counsel, accountants or
             other professional advisors to the Company. 8

      Section 10(b) of the Operating Agreement (“Section 10(b)”) states that

             [a]s soon as practicable after the end of each Fiscal Year,
             the Company (i) will cause to be prepared and sent to each
             Member a balance sheet and a statement of income and
             expenses for the Company which may, but not need, be
             audited by a certified public accountant, and (ii) will cause
             to be prepared and sent to each Member a report setting
             forth in sufficient detail all such information and data with
             respect to the Company for such Fiscal Year as shall
             enable each Member to prepare his income tax returns in
             accordance with the laws, rules and regulations then
             prevailing. The Company will also cause to be prepared
             and filed all tax returns required of the Company. All
             balance sheets, statements, reports and tax returns required
             pursuant to this Section 10(b) shall be prepared at the
             expense of the Company. 9




8
      Id. § 7(a).
9
      Id. § 10(b).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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II.   ANALYSIS

      Plaintiff asserts three claims, which he styles as (1) breach of contract; (2)

breach of contract—implied covenant of good faith; and (3) continuing breach of

contract—breach of fiduciary duty. 10        Defendant moves for judgment on the

pleadings as to all three claims.

      “After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial,

any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.”11 “When considering a Rule

12(c) motion, the court must accept well-pled facts in the complaint as true and view

those facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” 12 “A motion for

judgment on the pleadings will be granted if no material issue of fact exists and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 13 “A court may not grant




10
      See Compl. ¶¶ 24-42.
11
      Ct. Ch. R. 12(c).
12
      Fiat N. Am. LLC v. UAW Retiree Med. Benefits Tr., 2013 WL 3963684, at *7 (Del.
      Ch. July 30, 2013) (citing Rag Am. Coal Co. v. AEI Res., Inc., 1999 WL 1261376
      (Del. Ch. Dec. 7, 1999)).
13
      Id. (citing Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC v. W. Coast Opportunity Fund, LLC, 2009
      WL 2356881, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 30, 2009)).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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the motion unless it appears beyond doubt that the claimant can prove no set of facts

in support of its claims which would entitle it to relief.” 14

       A.      Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract Claim Fails

       Plaintiff claims breach of contract based on a failure to provide documents,

arguing that

               Section 10(b) of the IPB Operating Agreement requires
               IPB on an annual basis (1) to prepare and send to each
               member a balance sheet and a statement of income and
               expense for the Company, and (2) to prepare and send to
               each member a report setting forth in sufficient detail all
               such information and data with respect to the Company for
               such Fiscal years that shall enable each member to prepare
               his income tax returns. 15

Plaintiff contends that Defendants have breached this obligation each year since

2014. 16



14
       Id. (quoting Petroplast Petrofisa Plasticos S.A. v. Ameron Int’l Corp., 2009 WL
       3465984, at *7 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2009)).
15
       Compl. ¶ 27.
16
       Defendants argue that Ross is not a member of IPB because he is not listed as a
       member in the Operating Agreement and therefore, he cannot assert these claims.
       Ross points out that he signed the Operating Agreement on behalf of himself
       individually and on behalf of SAVE Associates. Because I resolve the claims on
       other grounds, and because the question of membership requires resolution of
       factual disputes beyond the scope of a motion for judgment on the pleadings, I need
       not address that argument and decline to do so.
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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       An analysis of Defendants’ obligations requires that this Court interpret the

contract. “Under Delaware law, courts interpret contracts to mean what they

objectively say. This approach is longstanding and is motivated by grave concerns

of fairness and efficiency.” 17

              Because Delaware adheres to the objective theory of
              contract interpretation, the court looks to the most
              objective indicia of that intent: the words found in the
              written instrument. As part of this initial review, the court
              ascribes to the words their common or ordinary meaning,
              and interprets them as would an objectively reasonable
              third-party observer.18

“Standing in the shoes of an objectively reasonable third-party observer, if the court

finds that the terms and language of the agreement are unmistakably clear, then the

court should look only to the words of the contract to determine its meaning and the

parties’ intent.” 19   “[W]hen we may reasonably ascribe multiple and different




17
       Seidensticker v. Gasparilla Inn, Inc., 2007 WL 4054473, at *1 n.1 (Del. Ch. Nov.
       8, 2007) (citing Joseph M. Perillo, The Origins of the Objective Theory of Contract
       Formation and Interpretation, 69 Fordham L. Rev. 427, 477 (2000)).
18
       Sassano v. CIBC World Mkts. Corp., 948 A.2d 453, 462 (Del. Ch. 2008) (footnotes
       omitted).
19
       Dittrick v. Chalfant, 948 A.2d 400, 406 (Del. Ch. 2007).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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interpretations of a contract, we will find that the contract is ambiguous.”20 Despite

that, “[t]he parties’ steadfast disagreement will not, alone, render [a] contract

ambiguous.”21    When the “meaning [of a contract] is unambiguous and the

underlying facts necessary to its application are not in dispute, judgment on the

pleadings is an appropriate procedural device for resolving the dispute.” 22

      Ross alleges that the Operating Agreement requires IPB to prepare and send

him financial statements each year. Ross, however, is not suing IPB. Indeed, Ross

voluntarily dismissed IPB from this case “for judicial economy and in order to

narrow the focus of this action.”23          The terms of the Operating Agreement

unambiguously refer to IPB as the responsible party, not the Defendants. 24 In other




20
      Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1160 (Del. 2010).
21
      Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195
      (Del. 1992) (“A contract is not rendered ambiguous simply because the parties do
      not agree upon its proper construction.”).
22
      CorVel Enter. Comp, Inc. v. Schaffer, 2010 WL 2091212, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 19,
      2010).
23
      Pl.’s Mot. to Dismiss Institutional Pooled Benefits LLC, Meyer-Chatfield Corp. and
      Balshe LLC 1.
24
      Defendants also argue that “[b]ecause IPB incurred losses (from capital and funds
      provided by Defendants) during all relevant times, Ross did not need to receive any
      financial reporting ‘to prepare his income tax returns in accordance with the laws,
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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sections of his complaint, Ross appears to argue that Defendants should have created

and sent him other documents and reports; he seems to contend that their failure to

do so is evidence of their wrongdoing. 25 To the extent Ross actually seeks those

additional documents or reports, Ross does not plead any support for the proposition

that he is entitled to those documents.

      Thus, Defendants have carried their burden to show that Ross can prove no

set of facts in support of his breach of contract claims that would entitle him to relief

and that Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

      B.     Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract—Implied Covenant of Good Faith
             and Fair Dealing Claim Fails

      Ross next alleges that Defendants’ failure to implement certain foundational

requirements he argues are necessary to patent monetization constitutes a breach of

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (the “Implied Covenant”).26



      rules and regulations then prevailing’ under Section 10(c).” Defs.’ Opening Br. 8.
      Because I resolve the motion on other grounds, I decline to decide this issue.
25
      See Compl. ¶ 34 (“[D]espite repeated requests, Defendants refus[e] to provide
      required reports or any materials whatsoever in regard to the business and financial
      activities regarding IPB so as to hide their breach, . . . Plaintiffs’ request for copies
      of the Trust document and Private Offering Memorandum have been denied by
      Defendant (as well as MRB)”).
26
      Id. ¶¶ 30-36.
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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      “Under Delaware law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

attaches to every contract by operation of law.” 27 The Implied Covenant “‘requires

a party in a contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable conduct

which has the effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the

fruits’ of the bargain.” 28 “The implied covenant only applies where a contract lacks

specific language governing an issue”—i.e., where a “gap” exists in the contractual

scheme. 29

      “The Court must focus on ‘what the parties likely would have done if they had

considered the issues involved.’” 30 Furthermore, “[i]t must be ‘clear from what was

expressly agreed upon that the parties who negotiated the express terms of the

contract would have agreed to proscribe the act later complained of . . . had they

thought to negotiate with respect to that matter.’” 31 “The implied covenant only


27
      Fortis Advisors LLC v. Dialog Semiconductor PLC, 2015 WL 401371, at *3 (Del.
      Ch. Jan. 30, 2015).
28
      Id. (quoting Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 443 (Del. 2005)).
29
      Id. (quoting Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Capital P’rs V L.P., 963 A.2d
      446, 770 (Del. Ch. 2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170 (Del. 2009)).
30
      Id. at *3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015) (quoting Lonegan v. EPE Hldgs. LLC, 5 A.3d
      1008, 1018 (Del. Ch. 2010)).
31
      Id.
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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applies to developments that could not be anticipated, not developments that the

parties simply failed to consider.”32 Thus, when the complaint does not identify any

gap in the contract, and the contract therefore addresses the issue raised in the claim,

there can be no claim for breach of the Implied Covenant.

      Ross argues that

             in order for the Patent to be lawfully exploited through
             enrollment of participants in a PBT Trust or Trusts, certain
             foundational requirements must be met: (1) a Trust
             document must be created, (2) a Trustee must be appointed
             and (3) because such enrollment is considered to be a
             security, a Private Offering Memorandum must also be
             crafted.33

Ross contends that Defendants’ failure to carry out any of these steps that he

considers necessary to successful patent exploitation (the “Foundational

Requirements”) constitutes a breach of the Implied Covenant. Ross adds that

Defendants’ failure to provide him with “copies of the Trust document and Private

Offering Memorandum” and “Defendants [sic] refusal to provide required reports or

any materials whatsoever in regard to the business and financial activities regarding

IPB” reveal Defendants’ failure to implement the Foundational Requirements and


32
      Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010).
33
      Compl. ¶ 34.
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reflect a “breach [of] their most important duty to attend to the purpose of the

Company.” 34

      Ross correctly identifies the legal standards applicable to a claim for a breach

of the Implied Covenant. But his claims have several defects. Ross fails to identify

any contractual gaps where it was “clear from what was expressly agreed upon that

the parties who negotiated the express terms of the contract would have agreed to

proscribe the act later complained of . . . had they thought to negotiate with respect

to that matter.” Further, his allegations do not relate to “developments that could

not be anticipated.” No pleadings before me support the notion that the parties to

the Operating Agreement would have contractually required the Foundational

Requirements had they only anticipated the need for them. Nor does the Company’s

failure to send Ross documents to which he has shown no entitlement under the

Operating Agreement evidence a breach of the Implied Covenant.

      Thus, Defendants have carried their burden to show that Ross can prove no

set of facts in support of his Implied Covenant claims that would entitle him to relief

and that Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.




34
      Id.
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      C.     Plaintiff’s Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim Fails

      In Ross’s third count, “Continuing Breach of Contract—Breach of Fiduciary

Duty,” he asserts that Defendants have breached their fiduciary duties of care and

loyalty.

      Ross alleges that

             [d]ue to their continuing complete absence of effort or care
             in exploiting the Patent, Defendants have significantly
             mishandled (1) the investments by Plaintiffs of their right
             to purchase the MONY portion of the Patent and sell it to
             any party of their choosing and (2) the 50% of the [Patent]
             belonging to Alan J. Ross, and in doing so they have not
             only breached the Implied Covenant of Good Faith, they
             have also continuingly breached their fiduciary duty of
             care and loyalty to their fellow member of the IPB LLC.
             As a result of that breach Plaintiffs have suffered and will
             suffer harm and other damages. 35

As evidence, Ross points to (1) Defendants’ failure to carry out precisely the same

Foundational Requirements he identified in his Implied Covenant claim; and (2)

“Defendants [sic] refusal to provide required reports or any materials whatsoever in

regard to the business and financial activities regarding IPB” and the Foundational

Requirements.36


35
      Id. ¶ 42.
36
      Id. ¶ 40.
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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      The Complaint does not clearly identify what duty the Defendants purportedly

breached.37 Regardless, Section 7(a) of the LLC Agreement provides that

             [t]he Executive Committee will not be liable to the
             Company or any other Member for (i) the performance, or
             omission to perform any act or duty on behalf of the
             Company if, in good faith, such conduct did not constitute
             fraud, gross negligence or reckless or intentional
             misconduct and (ii) the performance, or the omission to
             perform, on behalf of the Company, any act upon good
             faith reliance on advice of legal counsel, accountants or
             other professional advisors to the Company. 38

Ross alleges a failure to carry out tasks that he says were necessary to the success of

the business. At best, Ross claims the Defendants exercised poor business judgment

in deciding how to pursue commercialization of the patent—that is, Defendants

should have followed his blueprint for commercialization instead of their own.39

Ross offers no explanation for why such a failure, if indeed it exists, rises to the level


37
      Ross argues Defendants have shown a “seemingly complete absence of effort or
      care.” Id. ¶ 41.
38
      Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. A § 7(a).
39
      Defendants argue that they have expended considerable resources in attempting to
      commercialize the patent. See, e.g., Defs.’ Reply Br. 7 n.1 (“In fact, as the parties’
      prior litigations demonstrated, Defendants made many attempts and spent millions
      of dollars on the launching [sic] a PBT Trust since 2008, including hiring and paying
      counsel to draft Private Placement Memoranda to distribute to potential
      participants.”); Defs.’ Answer & Affirmative Defenses 17 (denying as false
      Plaintiff’s assertion that they have used no effort to exploit the patent).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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of “fraud, gross negligence or reckless or intentional misconduct” that Section 7(a)

requires.

      Furthermore, “[c]ourts will dismiss the breach of fiduciary duty claim where

the [breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract] claims overlap completely and

arise from the same underlying conduct or nucleus of operative facts.” 40 The same

rule applies to overlap between breach of fiduciary duty and breach of Implied

Covenant claims alleging wrongdoing specifically related to contractual obligations.

“To allow a fiduciary duty claim to coexist in parallel with an implied contractual

claim, would undermine the primacy of contract law over fiduciary law in matters

involving the essentially contractual rights and obligations of . . . stockholders.”41

Put differently, “because the contract claim addresses the alleged wrongdoing . . .

any fiduciary duty claim arising out of the same conduct is superfluous.”42 Here, the




40
      Grunstein v. Silva, 2009 WL 4698541, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 8, 2009).
41
      Gale v. Bershad, 1998 WL 118022, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 1998) (citation omitted).
42
      Id.; see also Blue Chip Capital Fund II Ltd. P’ship v. Tubergen, 906 A.2d 827, 833
      (Del. Ch. 2006) (“Just like in Bershad, the fiduciary duty claim that the board
      breached its duty of loyalty . . . is substantially the same as the implied contract
      claim . . . . Therefore, if the dispute relates to rights and obligations expressly
      provided by contract, the fiduciary duty claims would be ‘superfluous.’” (quoting
      Bershad, 1998 WL 118022, at *5)).
Ross v. Institutional Longevity Assets LLC
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breach of fiduciary duty claims and the Implied Covenant claims are identical. Thus,

Defendants have carried their burden to show that Ross can prove no set of facts in

support of his breach of fiduciary duty claims that would entitle him to relief and

that Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings

is GRANTED. The remaining pending motions are moot.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             Sincerely,

                                             /s/ Tamika Montgomery-Reeves

                                             Vice Chancellor

TMR/jp
