Present: All the Justices

HERBERT F. TOWNES, JR., ET AL.
                                                              OPINION BY
v. Record No. 190834                               CHIEF JUSTICE DONALD W. LEMONS
                                                             JUNE 18, 2020
VIRGINIA STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS


                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HOPEWELL
                            William E. Tomko, III, Judge

       In this appeal challenging the removal of two members of the City of Hopewell Electoral

Board (“Board”), we consider whether the Circuit Court of the City of Hopewell (“circuit court”)

erred when it instructed the jury regarding the proper burden of proof, whether the circuit court

improperly allowed the Commonwealth to expand its grounds for removal beyond the grounds

pled in its sworn petition for removal (“Petition”), and whether the circuit court abused its

discretion when it excluded certain defense evidence at trial.

                                       I. Facts and Proceedings

                              A. The City of Hopewell Electoral Board

       Herbert F. Townes, Jr. (“Townes”) and David W. Silvestro (“Silvestro”) were appointed

to the Board in 2014 and 2018, respectively, for three-year terms. Townes was reappointed for a

three-year term in 2017 following his initial term on the Board. The Board consisted of Townes,

Silvestro, and one additional member who was not subject to this removal action. Prior to taking

their seats on the Board, Appellants both signed the following oath pursuant to Code § 24.2-120

and Article II, Section 7 of the Constitution of Virginia:

               I [] do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support the
               Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State
               of Virginia, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and
               perform all the duties incumbent upon me as a member of the City
               of Hopewell Electoral Board [] according to the best of my ability,
               so help me God.
       As members of the Board, Appellants were responsible for ensuring the fair, uniform, and

efficient administration of elections in the City of Hopewell (“Hopewell”) and timely

appointment of a General Registrar. Among other duties, Appellants were to “[e]nsure the

creation, production and proper custody of ballots,” to “[a]ssist in absentee voting when

requested by the Director of Elections,” and to determine the “validity and counting of

provisional ballots.” The “Electoral Board Job Description” further required Appellants to

conduct “meetings in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act” (“VFOIA”).

                                            B. The Petition

       In April 2018, the Virginia State Board of Elections (“VSBE”) 1 received information that

Townes and Silvestro had neglected their duties in ways that had a material adverse effect on the

administration of elections in Hopewell. On October 9, 2018, the VSBE filed a Petition in the

circuit court to remove Townes and Silvestro from the Board. The Petition alleged that, since at

least April 2018, Appellants had “failed to fulfill their statutory obligation to timely and

transparently hire and supervise the General Registrar,” “actively and repeatedly disregarded the

[VFOIA] by holding meetings without proper notice to the community, and, in some cases, the

third member” of the Board, and “refused to adhere to recognized standards of fairness and

uniformity in preparation of ballots for the November 2018 mid-term election.”

       In the Petition, the VSBE specifically alleged the following based on its investigation

after the initial complaints from “Hopewell residents and elected officials.” First, as the prior

General Registrar’s announced retirement date of April 30, 2018, approached, the Board had not



       1
          The VSBE is the three-member body which oversees the Virginia Department of
Elections. Code § 24.2-103 provides that “The State Board, through the Department of Elections,
shall supervise and coordinate the work of the county and city electoral boards and of the
registrars to obtain uniformity in their practices and proceedings and legality and purity in all
elections.”


                                                  2
appointed a replacement. As a result, as of May 1, the VSBE alleged that “there would [have

been] no staff in the Hopewell General Registrar’s office qualified to offer absentee ballots or

process voter registration materials” in violation of state and federal law. To remedy this, the

outgoing General Registrar named his deputy to serve temporarily as General Registrar until the

Board named a replacement, which it did on May 8.

        Second, the VSBE alleged that the Board “met on at least three occasions—April 2, 12,

and 23—without providing proper notice of the meeting to the public” as required by VFOIA.

Particularly, after “researching notice” for a specific meeting, the Vice Mayor noted in a

complaint from a constituent that the “City Clerk has not received meeting notifications from the

[General] Registrar’s Office (or the Board itself)” for approximately four months. As a result of

this, and other allegations, the VSBE concluded that Silvestro and Townes “repeatedly failed to

follow [VFOIA] open meeting requirements.”

        Third, the VSBE alleged that in August 2018, it learned that “Hopewell’s ballot proofs

did not display candidate names in a uniform manner; some candidate’s names were presented in

all capital letters while other candidate’s names appeared in a mix of capital and lower-case

letters.” The Virginia Ballot Standards, updated by the VSBE in March 2018, explain that

consistent case is essential to ensure uniformity and fairness to all candidates on the ballot.

Specifically, the Ballot Standards direct localities “to not list any names in all capital letters.”

Code § 24.2-613 states that ballots “shall comply with the requirements of this title and the

standards prescribed by the [VSBE].” Consequently, the VSBE informed the Hopewell General

Registrar on two occasions that the ballot proofs did not comply with the VSBE case standards.

Nevertheless, the Board met and voted 2-to-1 to maintain the inconsistent capitalization of




                                                   3
certain candidates’ names on the ballot. Townes and Silvestro cast the two votes to “re-submit

the non-uniform ballot” to VSBE for approval.

       The VSBE attached 138 pages of exhibits to the Petition to provide more detail about the

alleged VFOIA violations. In a meeting on September 20, 2018, the Chairman of the VSBE

stated that “he had never received such a volume of complaints for any locality.” The exhibits

included evidence of the following: When selecting a new General Registrar, there was “no vote

in open session . . . which is required under [VFOIA].” According to a General Registrar

candidate, when Silvestro arrived 45-minutes late to her interview, he stated that he “was in a

meeting with another Electoral Board member.” This “set off a red flag as there was no

scheduled [Board] meeting for that morning,” the third member of the Board “was not aware of

the meeting, and there are no minutes from that meeting, so [the candidate] knew these two

members were already in violation of [V]FOIA rules.” The VSBE Commissioner received

“complaints includ[ing] missing meeting minutes, meeting changes or cancellation without

notification in compliance with [V]FOIA laws, and more.” In a VSBE meeting considering the

ongoing issues in Hopewell, the third member of the Board “said the other two [Board] members

often deliberated on situations outside of public meetings,” including on the ballot issue. Finally,

the Vice Mayor wrote the following in an email related to VFOIA:

               The attached agenda does not have any action items identified,
               minutes included, and a motion identified that complies with
               [V]FOIA to enter Closed Session, [or] a motion to leave Close[d]
               Session. In addition, I see items listed under ‘Old Business’ that
               have not been identified in any other Electoral Board Agenda.
               When I requested prior meeting notices, agendas and minutes, it
               became clear that they may not exist, due to the fact that they have
               not been produced . . . . I have already contacted the [V]FOIA
               Council about concerns related to all Electoral Board Meetings
               since January 31st, and the validity of all actions taken if all
               meetings prior to now have not met [V]FOIA laws.




                                                 4
       After receiving the Petition, the circuit court issued a rule to show cause why Townes and

Silvestro should not be removed from the Board. The rule to show cause stated that VSBE had

“represented to the Court that Mr. Herbert F. Townes, Jr.’s and Mr. David W. Silvestro’s neglect

of their duties had a material adverse effect on the administration of elections” in Hopewell and

that the “grounds for this are more fully detailed in the [P]etition.” The same day, at the request

of the Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Hopewell, the circuit court entered an order

appointing a designee of the Office of the Attorney General “to act on behalf of the

Commonwealth in the litigation and/or investigation of the above styled case.”

                                          C. Pre-trial Motions

       Prior to the jury trial, the circuit court entertained several motions. First, the

Commonwealth filed a “Motion to Establish Burden of Proof.” The Commonwealth argued that

“the evidentiary standard to be used in the burden of proof analysis is the ‘preponderance of the

evidence” and Townes and Silvestro had the burden of proof to show that they “should not be

removed from office.” In response, Townes and Silvestro argued that “[d]ue to the highly penal

nature of the quasi-criminal removal proceeding, the burden rests squarely on the State to prove

that the defendants violated the standard articulated in [Code] § 24.2-233.” Further, Townes and

Silvestro cited to Commonwealth ex rel. Davis v. Malbon, 195 Va. 368, 369-70 (1953), and

Warren v. Commonwealth, 136 Va. 573 (1923), contending that the proper burden of proof was

“clear and convincing evidence.” After hearing argument on this issue, the circuit court ruled

that “it is the Commonwealth’s burden” and “that burden is by the preponderance of the

evidence.”

       Second, the circuit court heard argument on Townes’ and Silvestro’s request for

interrogatories and production of documents. The Commonwealth objected, arguing that




                                                  5
discovery was improper because the proceeding was quasi-criminal in nature and the removal

statute did not contain a discovery provision. Further, the Commonwealth argued that they had

provided “138 pages” of exhibits in the Petition because “this isn’t the kind of case where

discovery is going to happen, and we need to give them what we need to give them to try the

case.” In response, Townes and Silvestro argued that the removal proceeding is a “civil and not

a criminal proceeding and subject to the rules governing civil actions.” The circuit court ruled

that “this is a civil case, and that as a civil case, it is bound by the [r]ules of [c]ivil [d]iscovery.”

        Following this ruling, the Commonwealth requested a protective order “as to the scope of

discovery and the volume.” The Commonwealth objected to discovery requests made for “issues

about training” and reports from government agencies regarding the VSBE. During that hearing,

the circuit court stated it was “not prepared to make a ruling on that” and requested that the

parties “file the appropriate motions.”

        Thereafter, the Commonwealth filed a “Motion for a Protective Order and to Limit

Examination.” Pursuant to Rules 4:1(c) and 4:5(d), the Commonwealth moved the circuit court

for a “protective order as to certain topics of propounded discovery” and to “limit the scope of a

proposed deposition.” Specifically, the Commonwealth objected to the following topics: (1) the

training provided to Townes and Silvestro by VSBE; (2) the “training provided to . . . the non-

party [G]eneral [R]egistrar” by VSBE; and (3) the revised “policies and procedures developed or

implemented by” VSBE “regarding supervision and training of local election officials in

response to a governmental audit completed by the Joint Legislative Audit and Review

Commission” (“JLARC Report”). In support of its motion, the Commonwealth argued that any

evidence regarding allegedly insufficient training was “clearly unduly prejudicial and not

probative,” and “therefore will never be admissible at this trial.” The circuit court limited




                                                    6
discovery “to training of the [Appellants] as to (a) noticing of meetings under the [VFOIA], and

(b) the preparation of ballot proofs and the correct form of a ballot.” The circuit court concluded

that the JLARC Report and VSBE’s response to the report was “not within the scope of

discovery.”

       Upon completion of discovery, the Commonwealth filed three motions. First, it filed a

motion in limine to exclude evidence of the General Registrar/Electoral Board Workshop

(“GREB Report”) and the dissemination of the “Electoral Board Job Description” to Appellants.

The Commonwealth argued that this evidence was irrelevant, unfairly prejudicial, and

misleading. The GREB Report was based on data gathered before 2016, which was before the

period relevant to this case. The Commonwealth noted that Code § 24.2-106.01(C) requires

those nominated to local electoral boards to certify that they have read the job description for

such a position and to affirm that they will faithfully discharge all duties and responsibilities set

forth in that description. 2 It argued that the existence of duties that Appellants were accused of

violating did not turn on whether they received a copy of the electoral board job description, but

rather on the oath that they each took under Article II, Section 7 of the Constitution of Virginia.

       Second, the Commonwealth filed another motion in limine to exclude evidence regarding

the training given to Appellants by VSBE, any matters concerning the JLARC Report, and the

political party affiliation of any party or witness. The Commonwealth continued to assert that

the exercise of the electoral board members’ statutory obligations was predicated on the oaths

they swore under Article II, Section 7 of the Constitution of Virginia, not their level of training.

The Commonwealth argued that the JLARC Report was not relevant and that any evidence



       2
          Code § 24.2-106.01 applied only to Silvestro because it was enacted after Townes was
sworn into office. Accordingly, Townes’ oath was taken solely under the Constitution of
Virginia.


                                                  7
regarding it would be unduly prejudicial. It further contended that the evidence about any

person’s political affiliation was not relevant to “whether or not [Townes and Silvestro] should

be removed,” and any such evidence had “no articulable probative value.” The Commonwealth

argued that the evidence should be excluded because it would be “extraordinarily prejudicial to

the jury” and “mislead the jury to believe that party affiliation has bearing on evaluating”

Townes and Silvestro’s conduct in office.

       Third, the Commonwealth’s final pretrial motion asked the circuit court to limit the jury’s

factual determinations to “whether [Townes and Silvestro] noticed meetings, made public copies

of meeting minutes, conducted required proceedings in an open forum, and produced uniform

ballots.” It argued that the jury “should be charged with resolving questions of fact related to the

actions or inactions of the [Appellants],” and the circuit court should “determine the legal

question of whether the [Appellants’] actions or inactions amounted to neglect or incompetence

in the performance of their duties.” The Commonwealth contended that whether Townes and

Silvestro “violated [V]FOIA is a question of law.”

       Townes and Silvestro opposed all three motions. They argued that their training, the

JLARC Report, and the GREB Report were relevant to whether their actions called for removal

under Code § 24.2-233(1). Further, they asserted that evidence about the two reports and

political affiliation could become relevant to show bias of certain witnesses. Appellants also

argued that the motion to limit the jury improperly characterized certain issues as matters of law

and improperly amended the petition by adding VFOIA violations. Specifically, Townes and

Silvestro contended that the allegations in the Petition regarding VFOIA were not sufficiently

broad to permit the jury to consider whether they “properly noticed 2018 electoral board

meetings, whether meeting agendas were made available for public inspection, whether meeting




                                                 8
minutes were kept and posted on Hopewell’s website, and whether Townes and Silvestro voted

for a [G]eneral [R]egistrar in a closed session.”

        After a hearing, the circuit court granted all three of the Commonwealth’s motions. The

circuit court determined that it was “not going to allow the mention of party affiliation” because

it would not be “appropriate to mention to the jury in this case.” Additionally, the circuit court

ruled that “it makes no difference whether these folks are Republicans [or] Democrats,” and that

it was “not going to have every juror questioned about their party affiliation.” The circuit court

further stated that it had “given a lot of thought to this issue of training,” but ultimately

concluded that it did not “see how training would be relevant with regards to the trial itself”

because the “duties owed by these particular members of the board is not to their training, the

duty owed is to the law and constitution.” For similar reasons, the circuit court concluded that

the JLARC Report was “irrelevant.” Next, the circuit court held that the GREB Report was “not

relevant” because what the report “did back in 2016, and how that may have impacted those

folks’ duties, their duties are their duties.” Accordingly, the GREB Report and evidence of the

dissemination of the “job descriptions” were not relevant and would be excluded.

        The circuit court then addressed Appellants’ contention that the Commonwealth had

improperly expanded its pleadings. The circuit court held that “the petition was broad enough to

encompass those things in which the Attorney General’s office ha[d] alleged” because the

pleadings had not been amended “in such a way that [Townes and Silvestro were] not on proper

notice or that it prejudice[d] them in some way.” Finally, the circuit court ruled that “the jury

should make all the findings of fact in this particular case” because the court “believe[d] that any

findings with regards to anything being materially adverse also should be made by the jury.”




                                                    9
But, the circuit court would then “make the determination” about removal based upon the jury’s

“findings of fact.”

                                               D. Trial

       The case then proceeded to a two-day jury trial. The Commonwealth introduced

evidence regarding at least a dozen meetings or meeting cancellations in violation of the notice

requirements under VFOIA. At the time, there was no objection to this evidence from opposing

counsel. The Commonwealth then introduced the “Electoral Board Job Description” and the

duties incumbent upon Appellants such as “ensur[ing] the creation and production and proper

custody of ballots.” Additionally, the Commonwealth introduced evidence that Appellants

approved ballot proofs where some candidates’ names were written in “all caps” while other

candidates names were in “mixed case.” These ballots did not comply with Code § 24.2-613

because “all ballots [] have to be uniform,” so as to prevent an “unfair advantage” to a candidate.

The Commonwealth also introduced the oaths taken and signed by both Townes and Silvestro.

Finally, during cross-examination of Silvestro, the following exchange occurred regarding

VFOIA:

               The Commonwealth: “You’re telling me right now because you’re
               not the chair or the secretary, you have no obligations with respect
               to compliance to [V]FOIA as an electoral board member?”

               Silvestro: “That’s why we have a chair and secretary . . . you have
               two people that are sitting there and that’s their duties.”

       Appellants put on evidence regarding the “dispute about ballot proofs.” Specifically, the

ballot form required a candidate to “write their name as it is to appear on the ballot.” This

created an issue because three candidates wrote their names in all capital letters, which did not

comply with the VSBE’s Ballot Standards. Townes and Silvestro voted for the “ballot style to

remain as per the candidate’s selection of choice,” even though the selection of choice did not



                                                10
comply with the Ballot Standards. After the presentation of evidence, Townes and Silvestro

objected to the “additional reference of alleged [V]FOIA violations beyond what was actually

alleged in the petition.”

       The circuit court then instructed the jury to apply a preponderance of the evidence

standard. The circuit court instructed the jury to find in favor of the Commonwealth and against

Appellants if the Commonwealth has proven its case by the greater weight of the evidence. It

explained that the “greater weight of all the evidence is sometimes called the preponderance of

the evidence. It is the evidence which you find more persuasive.” Appellants objected, stating

“we thought that the standard of proof should have been clear and convincing evidence.”

       The jury found that both Townes and Silvestro “either neglected or misused [their] office

or [were] incompetent in the performance of [their] duties” and “that the neglect of duty, misuse

of office, or incompetence in the performance of duties . . . did have a material adverse effect

upon the conduct of the office of the Hopewell Electoral Board.” Pursuant to this verdict from

the jury, the circuit court ordered the removal of Townes and Silvestro from the City of

Hopewell Electoral Board, and they appealed to this Court. We granted an appeal on the

following assignments of error:

           1. The Circuit Court erred when it instructed the jury that the Commonwealth’s
              burden of proof was a showing by the preponderance of the evidence as opposed
              to clear and convincing evidence.

           2. The Circuit Court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to expand its grounds for
              removal of the respondents beyond the grounds pled in its sworn Petition for
              Removal of Appointed Officer.

           3. The Circuit Court abused its discretion and erred excluding various defense
              evidence including: training and education of the respondents; the 2018 Virginia
              Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission report regarding the Operations
              and Performance of Virginia’s Department of Elections; the 2016 Report from the



                                                11
               General Registrar/Electoral Board Working Group; and political party affiliation
               of witnesses.


                                             II. Analysis

                                       A. Standard of Review

       In this appeal, we adhere to the following standards of review: First, “[q]uestions relating

to burden of proof, including the standard of proof and which party bears the burden to meet it,

are questions of law reviewed de novo.” La Bella Dona Skin Care, Inc. v. Belle Femme

Enterprises, LLC, 294 Va. 243, 257 (2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Second, a “trial court’s exercise of its discretion in determining whether to admit or exclude

evidence will not be overturned on appeal absent evidence that the trial court abused that

discretion.” May v. Caruso, 264 Va. 358, 362 (2002).

                                  i. Statutory Scheme for Removal

       Code §§ 24.2-103(C), 24.2-234, and 24.2-235 permit the VSBE to petition a circuit court

to initiate removal proceedings against any member of a local electoral board who fails to

discharge his duties in accordance with the law. Code § 24.2-235 details the removal process:

               A petition for the removal of an officer shall state with reasonable
               accuracy and detail the grounds or reasons for removal and shall be
               signed by the person or persons making it under penalties of
               perjury. The circuit court shall not dismiss the petition solely
               because of an error or omission in the form of the petition relating
               to its statement of the grounds or reasons for removal if such error
               or omission is not material in determining whether the statement of
               the grounds or reasons for removal provides a reasonable basis
               under § 24.2-233 to consider the removal of the officer.

               As soon as the petition is filed with the court, the court shall issue
               a rule requiring the officer to show cause why he should not be
               removed from office, the rule alleging in general terms the cause or
               causes for such removal . . . . Upon return of the rule duly
               executed, unless good cause is shown for a continuance or
               postponement to a later day in the term, the case shall be tried on


                                                12
               the day named in the rule and take precedence over all other cases
               on the docket.

       A basis for removal under Code § 24.2-233 includes the “neglect of duty, misuse of

office, or incompetence in the performance of duties . . . that has a material adverse effect upon

the conduct of the office.” Code § 24.2-237 states that the “attorney for the Commonwealth shall

represent the Commonwealth in any trial under this article,” and the “Commonwealth and the

defendant shall each have the right to appeal to the Supreme Court for a writ of error.”

                                         B. Burden of Proof

       “Courts have no inherent power to remove a public officer from office,” and such

authority “is derived entirely from the provisions of the pertinent statutes.” Commonwealth ex

rel. Davis v. Malbon, 195 Va. 368, 374 (1953). This Court “presume[s] that when the General

Assembly creates a new, statutory cause of action, it intends the preponderance standard to apply

unless it expressly states otherwise.” Ballagh v. Fauber Enters., Inc., 290 Va. 120, 124-25

(2015). The statutory scheme in this case does not “expressly state[]” that the General Assembly

intended a burden of proof higher than the preponderance of evidence standard. Id. at 125. But,

the statutory scheme for removal at issue in this case was not a “new” statutory cause of action. 3

When “the General Assembly acts in an area in which one of its appellate courts has already

spoken, it is presumed to know the law as the court has stated it and to acquiesce therein.”




       3
          The first iteration of the removal statute was in former Code § 2705 (1919). When the
entire Code of Virginia was recodified in 1950, § 2705 became Code § 15-500 et seq. under Title
15, a new title. In 1962, Title 15 was revised, so Code § 15-500 et seq. became § 15.1-63 et seq.
These sections were subsequently repealed and replaced in 1975 with the enactment of Title
24.1, Elections, which resulted in the removal statute being contained in Code § 24.1-79.1.
Finally, in 1993, Title 24.1 was repealed and replaced with Title 24.2, resulting in the removal
statute being embodied in current Code § 24.2-233. Although the removal statute has moved
through recodifications and replacements, the statutory scheme has remained part of the Code
since 1919.


                                                13
Weathers v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 803, 805 (2001); see also Lambert v. Sea Oats

Condominium Ass’n, Inc., 293 Va. 245, 254 (2017) (“We presume that when the General

Assembly enacts legislation, it is aware of this Court’s precedents.”). Therefore, “if the

legislature intends to countermand such appellate decision it must do so explicitly.” Weathers,

262 Va. at 805.

       This Court previously interpreted the predecessor statutes governing the removal of a

public officer in Warren v. Commonwealth, 136 Va. 573 (1923), and Malbon. In Warren, we

considered a statute governing the removal of the Commissioner of Revenue for the City of

Hopewell. We held that the statutory authority to remove public officials is a “disciplinary

power” that is often treated as taking on “the nature of a criminal action.” Warren, 136 Va. at

592. In that case, the jury found in favor of the commissioner. Nevertheless, the circuit court set

aside the verdict and entered final judgment removing the commissioner from office under

former Code § 6251 (1919). On appeal, we characterized the cause of action as a “quasi

criminal” proceeding, “which although not a criminal case is one highly penal in its nature.” Id.

at 594. We concluded that the circuit court erred because former Code § 6251 only permitted

circuit courts to set aside verdicts in civil actions. Because removal proceedings are “quasi-

criminal” in “character,” former Code § 6251 did not apply, and the circuit court therefore

“exceeded its jurisdiction” by setting aside the jury’s verdict. Id. at 591, 595.

       In Malbon, a case involving a petition to remove a sheriff, the Commonwealth objected

to a jury instruction which “put[] the case almost, if not entirely, on the footing of a criminal

case” and “required more than a preponderance of the evidence.” Malbon, 195 Va. at 378. On

appeal, we affirmed the judgment below and held that because a removal action is quasi-criminal

and highly penal in nature, “the burden [is] upon the Commonwealth to prove by clear and




                                                 14
convincing evidence that [the] defendant was guilty of one or more of the charges enumerated in

the [removal] statute and set forth in the complaint.” Id. at 379. This higher standard protects

public officers from removal proceedings as a “mere means of petty persecution.” Id.

       A proceeding for removal of a public official is quasi-criminal in nature because “it is

one which is primarily public in its nature, and one in which the Commonwealth is the party

plaintiff.” See Johnson v. Woodard, 281 Va. 403, 411 (2011). “A petitioner in a removal action

is analogous to a victim in a criminal proceeding.” Id. “[B]ecause a proceeding to remove a

public officer is highly penal in nature, . . . the statute governing such a proceeding must be

strictly construed.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 295 Va. 90, 95 (2018) (internal quotation marks

and alterations omitted). These proceedings have “been characterized as a special proceeding—a

proceeding sui generis.” Malbon, 195 Va. at 374.

       Because removal proceedings are quasi-criminal in nature due to the high penalty they

impose on a removed official, as this Court held in Malbon, 195 Va. at 379, the correct burden of

proof is clear and convincing evidence. 4 The General Assembly has taken no action to




       4
          The removal proceedings are governed by a heightened burden of proof because of their
quasi-criminal, highly penal nature. Nevertheless, civil discovery is permissible. “Generally, the
granting or denying of discovery is a matter within the discretion of the [circuit] court and will
not be reversed on appeal unless ‘the action taken was improvident and affected substantial
rights.’” O’Brian v. Langley Sch., 256 Va. 547, 552 (1998) (quoting Rakes v. Fulcher, 210 Va.
542, 546 (1970)) (alteration in original). The circuit court can limit “the frequency or extent of”
discovery methods under Rule 4:1(b)(1). See State v. Baush, 352 Wis.2d 500, 505 (Wis. 2013)
(holding that unless “a different procedure is prescribed” by statute, the rules of civil procedure,
“including the civil discovery chapter” apply); In re Artis, 883 A.2d 85, 101 (D.C. 2005)
(holding that in a quasi-criminal proceeding “discovery would be subject to the limitation of
reasonableness under the circumstances”); City of Danville v. Hartshorn, 53 Ill.2d 399, 404 (Ill.
1973) (“We believe that whether the discovery provisions of the Civil Practice Act may be
invoked [in a quasi-criminal action] should be within the discretion of the trial court.”)
(alteration added); In re Estate of Popp, 94 Ohio App.3d 640, 648-49 (Ohio Ct. App. 1994)
(holding that although “quasi-criminal in nature,” “the Rules of Civil Procedure as practiced in
the probate court are applicable”).


                                                 15
specifically countermand this holding in any of the subsequent amendments affecting the

removal statute. In this case, the circuit court erred by setting the burden of proof as a

preponderance of the evidence, a lower standard than required by this Court’s precedent.

Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment below based upon the circuit court’s error in setting

the burden of proof.

                                C. Expansion of Grounds for Removal

       Under the notice pleading standard, 5 the Petition “contain[ed] sufficient allegations of

material facts to inform a defendant of the nature and character” of VSBE’s VFOIA claim.

Preferred Systems Solutions, Inc. v. GP Consulting, LLC, 284 Va. 382, 407 (2012); Rule 1:4(d).

       The language in the Petition specified that on “at least three occasions” the Board met

without providing proper notice to the public as required by VFOIA. Appellants do not dispute

that the three dates VSBE referred to in the enumerated portions of the Petition were sufficient to

have violated VFOIA. Generally, a pleading must state the essential facts and legal claims to

notify the defendant of the nature of the case. See generally City of Norfolk v. Vaden, 237 Va.

40, 44 (1989); Bolling v. Acceptance Corporation, 204 Va. 4, 9 (1963) (“The function of

pleading is to inform the opposing party of the nature of the case to be made against him.”); see

also Rule 1:4(d) and (j). The Petition alleged numerous VFOIA violations since at least April

2018, alleging that “Silvestro and Townes repeatedly failed to follow [VFOIA] open meeting

requirements.” Information about these violations were also contained in the 138 pages of

exhibits attached to the Petition.




       5
         As explained in footnote 4, removal proceedings are quasi-criminal in nature, which
increases the requisite burden of proof but maintains aspects of civil trials such as civil discovery
and pleading standards.


                                                 16
       At trial, the Commonwealth introduced evidence including: more than three meetings that

did not comply with VFOIA; evidence of meeting agendas that were not made available for

public inspection; and evidence of meeting minutes not being created or posted on Hopewell’s

website. Appellants contend that introducing evidence regarding the meeting agendas and

minutes exceeded the allegations in the Petition. We disagree.

       The Petition and its attached exhibits gave Townes and Silvestro sufficient notice of the

scope of the VFOIA violations and “clearly inform[ed them] of the true nature of the claim.”

Rule 1:4(d). The Petition specifically stated that on “at least three occasions” the Board had met

without proper notice to the public. The Commonwealth then introduced evidence of more than

three occasions on which the Board met without proper notice. The allegations in the Petition

“clearly inform[ed them]” that the VSBE intended to introduce at least three occasions, if not

more, on which Appellants failed to properly notice meetings in compliance with VFOIA.

       Additionally, the Petition alleged that Townes and Silvestro “repeatedly failed to follow

[VFOIA] open meeting requirements.” Code § 2.2-3707 requires that “all meetings of public

bodies shall be open,” “[e]very public body shall give notice” of its meetings, “the proposed

agenda and all agenda packets . . . shall be made available for public inspection,” and the

recordation of minutes “at all open meetings,” which are “deemed public records and subject to

the provisions of [Code § 2.2-3707].” The Commonwealth alleged that Townes and Silvestro

did not comply with these requirements for open meetings under VFOIA. Therefore, the circuit

court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the presentation of evidence showing the lack of

meeting agendas and minutes in addition to the meetings which were held without proper notice.




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                                       D. Exclusion of Evidence

       “[T]he responsibility for balancing the competing considerations of probative value and

prejudice rests in the sound discretion of the trial court,” and “exercise of that discretion will not

be disturbed on appeal in the absence of clear abuse.” Gross v. Stuart, 297 Va. 769, 771 (2019)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Under an abuse of discretion standard, “a

reviewing court . . . does not reverse merely because it would have come to a different result in

the first instance.” Martin v. Lahti, 295 Va. 77, 87-88 (2018).

       Evidence is relevant if it “tends to cast any light upon the subject of the inquiry.” McNeir

v. Greer-Hale Chinchilla Ranch, 194 Va. 623, 629 (1953). See Va. R. Evid. 2:401. If the

evidence is “relevant to establish defendant’s claim, and violated no specific rule of

admissibility, it should not [be] stricken” and if “it help[s] to establish the defense or claim relied

upon by defendant, or if it add[s] force and strength to other evidence bearing upon the issue or

issues presented, then defendant [is] entitled to have it considered by the jury.” Id. at 628.

“[E]vidence that is factually relevant may be excluded from the jury’s consideration if the

probative value of that evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”

Norfolk & Portsmouth R.R. v. Wilson, 276 Va. 739, 743 (2008); see Lane v. Sponden, 290 Va.

235, 251 (2015); Harman v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 288 Va. 84, 100 (2014).

                                               i. Training

       Code § 24.2-120, effective in 2012, provides that “[e]ach member of an electoral

board . . . shall take and sign the oath before performing the duties of his office.” That oath

requires electoral board members to swear that they “will faithfully and impartially discharge all

the duties incumbent upon” them “to the best of” their ability. Va. Const. art. II, § 7. But, the

VSBE “shall supervise and coordinate” with local electoral boards “to obtain uniformity in their




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practices and proceedings and legality and purity in all elections.” Code § 24.2-103(A). The

VSBE is also required to “ensure that the members of the electoral boards and [G]eneral

[R]egistrars are properly trained to carry out their duties.” Code § 24.2-103(B).

       Appellants argued below that evidence of their training was relevant because the VSBE is

required by statute to train electoral board members. Principally, Appellants argued that the

“training is specifically relevant and probative as to their understanding of the duties” imposed

on them by their oaths. Appellants argued that the VSBE “didn’t train them on how to carry out

their job, but they’re being removed for failing to meet” their duties. The Commonwealth

disagreed, saying that “their obligations as public officials and the oath they take” supersedes

any training provided by VSBE.

       Although Appellants swore an oath to uphold the law and constitution, evidence of their

training, or lack thereof, was relevant to their defense. The circuit court erred by excluding any

reference to VSBE’s failure to adequately train Townes and Silvestro. Such evidence could have

illustrated whether Townes and Silvestro acted reasonably in light of their training. The quality

and quantity of Appellants’ training was relevant to the jury’s determination whether any action

or inaction by Appellants had “a material adverse effect upon the conduct of” the Board. The

training was relevant to demonstrate whether Appellants carried out their duties in accordance

with their instruction from VSBE. Therefore, the circuit court abused its discretion by excluding

evidence regarding the training of Townes and Silvestro by VSBE.

                                        ii. The JLARC Report

       Townes and Silvestro sought to introduce evidence of “any and all policies and

procedures developed or implemented” by VSBE following the JLARC Report. The JLARC

Report contained information regarding the training and supervision of local electoral board




                                                19
members and VSBE’s failure to properly distribute local electoral board job descriptions. The

JLARC Report concluded that the Department of Elections’ “oversight d[id] not provide full

assurances of election integrity and uniformity, though guidance and training is generally

useful.” It made recommendations concerning VSBE’s training for and supervision of Virginia’s

local electoral boards. This report outlined the circumstances under which Townes and Silvestro

were working and whether VSBE provided them with proper training. Consequently, the

JLARC Report was relevant to the jury’s determination whether Townes and Silvestro acted

reasonably under the circumstances. The circuit court abused its discretion by excluding

evidence of the JLARC Report.

                                          iii. The GREB Report

          Townes and Silvestro assert that the GREB Report was relevant to the jury’s

determination whether their actions necessitated removal under the circumstances. This

argument mirrors the argument for the JLARC Report. However, the GREB Report was

published in 2016 based on “information compiled prior to 2016,” which pre-dated the period

relevant to this case. In the Petition, the VSBE alleged that “since at least April 2018,”

Appellants had neglected their duties, two years after the release of the GREB Report.

Accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence of the GREB

Report.

                                iv. Political Party Affiliation of Witnesses

          Appellants contend that the political party affiliation of witnesses was relevant due to the

“strong undercurrent of politics throughout the events leading up to” their removal. They argue

that they should have been permitted to use political party affiliation to cross-examine witnesses

to “show signs of prejudice and/or bias.” But, Townes and Silvestro failed to proffer bias.




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Appellants argued against the exclusion of this evidence because they were members of one

political party while the third board member was from the opposite political party. This was

insufficient to display bias because local electoral boards are comprised in the following way:

“[t]wo electoral board members shall be of the political party that cast the highest number of

votes for Governor at that election” and one member from the “next highest number of votes in

the Commonwealth for Governor.” Code § 24.2-106. Therefore, all local electoral boards are

comprised of two members of one political party and one member from the opposite political

party. Furthermore, evidence of political party affiliation was highly prejudicial and was not

probative of any claim or defense. Political party affiliation had no bearing on whether

Appellants violated their oaths of office. Consequently, Townes and Silvestro failed to

demonstrate that the circuit court abused its discretion in holding that this evidence was

inadmissible.

                                         III. Conclusion

       For the reasons stated, we will reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand for

such proceedings as the Commonwealth may properly pursue.

                                                                          Reversed and remanded.




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