              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 13–1883

                        Filed December 11, 2015


KEVIN BRYANT,

      Appellant,

vs.

ROBERT LEE RIMRODT and GEICO GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
    Defendants,

and

LORI LYNN PARR,

      Appellee.



      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Ian K.

Thornhill, Judge.



      Plaintiff seeks a new trial based on an allegedly inconsistent and

inadequate jury verdict awarding medical specials but only one dollar for

pain and suffering for injuries suffered in a car accident. DECISION OF

COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT

REVERSED; CASE REMANDED FOR NEW TRIAL ON DAMAGES.



      James K. Weston II of Tom Riley Law Firm, Iowa City, for

appellant.
                                  2

     Thomas B. Read and Stephanie A. Legislador of Crawford, Sullivan,

Read & Roemerman, PC, Cedar Rapids, for appellee Lori Lynn Parr.
                                     3

WATERMAN, Justice.

      In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court should

have granted a new trial based on an allegedly inconsistent and

inadequate jury verdict in a personal injury action arising from a motor

vehicle accident. The jury initially awarded the plaintiff passenger nearly

$17,000 in past medical expenses, but zero for pain and suffering. All

parties agreed that the verdict was inconsistent, and the jury was

instructed to resume deliberations to resolve the inconsistency. The jury

then awarded one dollar for pain and suffering but left the rest of the

verdict unchanged.    The jury was discharged after no party requested

further deliberations. The plaintiff’s motion for a new trial was denied,

and we transferred his appeal to the court of appeals, which affirmed,

concluding “the one dollar award remedied the inconsistency, if any”

because “[t]he cause and extent of injury were clearly disputed, and [the

plaintiff] was not credible.”   We granted the plaintiff’s application for

further review.

      On our review, we conclude the plaintiff preserved error through

his objections to the verdict and motion for new trial without asking the

court to send the jury back for a third round of deliberations to address

the inconsistency.   We hold that the award of one dollar for pain and

suffering was inconsistent with the award of nearly $17,000 for medical

expenses incurred for the diagnosis and treatment of pain.            That

inconsistency requires a new trial. Accordingly, we vacate the decision of

the court of appeals, reverse the district court judgment, and remand the

case for a new trial on damages.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      On the evening of November 15, 2007, Lori Parr test drove a used

SUV with Kevin Bryant, a salesperson at a Pat McGrath auto dealership
                                    4

in Cedar Rapids. Bryant directed Parr to drive down Edgewood Road so

she could experience city driving in the SUV. Parr made an illegal left

turn, and the SUV was struck on the passenger side by a car driven by

Robert Rimrodt.    Bryant hit his head and briefly lost consciousness.

Both vehicles were totaled.

      Bryant was taken immediately after the accident to the Mercy

Medical Center emergency room in Cedar Rapids. The emergency room

doctors noted that Bryant reported pain in his lower back, neck, and

right leg. The doctors were unable to find any physiological explanation

for his complaints.     Bryant was prescribed pain medication and

discharged the same evening. However, Bryant failed to return to work

that month due to his complaints of accident-related pain.

      On November 24, Bryant went to the emergency room at Mercy

Hospital in Iowa City, complaining of numbness and tingling in his left

arm and severe headaches.      A doctor examined Bryant but found no

physiological explanation for his reported symptoms.     The doctor told

Bryant that he could expect to heal from the accident within three to four

weeks.

      Three days later, Bryant saw his personal physician, Dr. Kirk

Gieswein.   Bryant described his neck and back pain, headaches, and

trouble sleeping. Bryant also complained of intermittent blurred vision.

Dr. Gieswein prescribed Maxalt and Nortriptyline for his migraines and

to help him sleep.    Bryant had several follow-up appointments with

Dr. Gieswein, and he continued to complain of headaches. Dr. Gieswein

diagnosed Bryant with posttraumatic headaches.

      On December 10, Bryant began seeing a physician chosen by his

employer, Dr. Henri Cuddihy, for his neck and low-back pain.       Bryant

also complained of headaches and blurred vision.             Dr. Cuddihy
                                    5

authorized Bryant to return to work with a ten-pound lifting restriction.

Bryant resumed working at the auto dealership on December 12.

Dr. Cuddihy eventually removed the lifting restriction and cleared Bryant

to work without restrictions. Based on Bryant’s subjective complaints of

back pain, Dr. Cuddihy assigned him a five percent impairment of the

whole person and referred him to an ophthalmologist and a physical

therapist.

      The ophthalmologist, Dr. Jeffery Maassen, prescribed bifocals,

which Bryant said improved his vision and headaches. Bryant also saw

Patrick Cornelius, a physical therapist.   Bryant’s goal for the physical

therapy was to relieve his pain.    Bryant told Cornelius that he had

constant headaches and moderate neck and low-back pain. Cornelius

observed Bryant had a limited range of motion in his back and neck.

Cornelius designed a home exercise program for Bryant and scheduled

appointments for two to three times per week. Bryant did some of the

exercises but not as often as suggested.       Bryant reported that he

improved, but he missed work on January 17 and 18, 2008, due to his

complaints of pain.   After several months of physical therapy, Bryant

exhibited full range of motion in his back and neck.

      On February 27, Bryant sought treatment from a chiropractor,

Dr. Christine Bowman. During the initial consultation, Bryant reported

he had severe neck and low-back pain, numbness in his left leg, and

headaches.    Dr. Bowman conducted an orthopedic examination and

observed a restricted range of motion.      She diagnosed Bryant with

sciatica, degeneration of lumbar disc, degeneration of cervical disc, and

pain in the thoracic spine. Dr. Bowman recommended Bryant continue

chiropractic treatments consisting of manual spinal adjustments.

Bryant responded well to the treatments initially, but later Dr. Bowman
                                           6

reported his “prognosis is guarded because he is experiencing mixed

results.” Bryant said the adjustments helped him manage his pain, and

he continued with this treatment throughout the trial.

        On November 5, 2009, Bryant filed this lawsuit against Parr 1 and

Rimrodt, alleging their negligence caused his personal injuries. 2                 Parr

and Rimrodt countered that Bryant was at fault for directing Parr to

make the left turn and conducting a distracting demonstration of the

SUV’s features during the test drive. Bryant’s jury trial began July 8,

2013, forty-four months after he filed suit.

        Bryant was age fifty-five at trial, and according to his trial

testimony, the injuries from the accident over six years earlier

permanently harmed his health and altered his life. He claimed that he

did not go to the doctor or use prescription drugs before the accident.

Previously, Bryant had played football at the University of Iowa and had

continued his active lifestyle after graduating. Bryant had regularly lifted

weights, swam, or jogged before the accident.              Bryant became curious

about chiropractic care after he had a football-related injury to his ankle

and was treated by a chiropractor four times. He went twice after his

football injury and twice in 2007.

        After the accident, Bryant testified he continued to suffer from

headaches and pain in his leg, lower back, shoulders, neck, and left

hand.     His blood pressure rose, and he gained weight.                  His injuries


        1Betweenthe accident and trial, Lori Parr married and changed her name to Lori
Springsteen. For convenience and to align this opinion with the parties’ briefs, we refer
to her as Parr.
        2Bryant also sued GEICO General Insurance Company under its uninsured and
underinsured motorist provisions because Bryant claimed his damages would exceed
Parr and Rimrodt’s insurance policies. GEICO’s claims were severed before trial and
are not at issue in this appeal.
                                      7

decreased his ability to perform everyday tasks, such as vacuuming,

washing dishes, putting on clothes, or sitting for extended periods. He

slept poorly due to difficulty finding a good sleeping position.

      Bryant claimed he lost earning capacity because his ability to

concentrate diminished after the accident.      Bryant said he wanted to

change jobs because he feared test drives. Bryant explored a new career

selling insurance based on his past experience in that field but gave up

because he felt he lacked the concentration needed to complete the

testing required for an insurance license.

      Defense counsel sought to impeach Bryant on cross-examination

in   several   ways.    Defense    counsel    introduced     Bryant’s   sworn

interrogatory answers denying any chiropractic treatment before the

accident, together with evidence that Bryant, in fact, had twenty-three

chiropractic manipulations from Dr. Bowman in 2006. Bryant testified

at trial that Dr. Bowman treated his “minor” back pain, yet Bryant had

indicated on his 2006 client intake form that he had a history of

backaches, headaches, and being “locked on all fours.” Defense counsel

also showed that Bryant worked as a car salesman for about a year after

the accident despite his alleged anxiety over test drives.

      A defense expert, Dr. Thomas Hughes, testified by deposition that

he reviewed Bryant’s medical records and conducted an independent

medical examination.     Dr. Hughes opined that Bryant exaggerated his

symptoms.       He found no physiological explanations for Bryant’s

complaints of pain. Dr. Hughes disagreed with how Dr. Cuddihy arrived

at the five percent impairment rating and concluded Bryant was not

impaired. Dr. Hughes conceded he had no reason to doubt that Bryant

was injured when he hit his head during the collision on November 15.
                                           8

      The defendants also challenged the need for the chiropractic

treatment Bryant received.           Dr. Dan Futch, a chiropractor who had

reviewed Bryant’s records, testified Bryant’s treatments were excessive.

Dr. Futch conceded Bryant had suffered a head injury and minor injuries

to his neck and thoracic and lumbar spine in the accident.                  But

Dr. Futch opined Bryant exaggerated his neck pain and his leg pain was

unrelated to the accident. Dr. Futch described chiropractic adjustments

as “aggressive” and “skillfully controlled violence” that is generally

intolerable for persons with serious back problems. Dr. Futch said the

fact that Bryant was able to undergo over one hundred spinal

adjustments suggested that Bryant’s back injury was not serious.

Moreover, Dr. Futch testified that twenty-four treatment sessions provide

the maximum benefit that may be derived from chiropractic adjustments,

so Bryant did not need the 115 adjustments he actually received.

      Defense counsel also noted inconsistencies in what Bryant told his

doctors.      For example, when Bryant went to the emergency room on

November 24, 2007, he denied having any neck pain.              Further, when

Bryant first went to Dr. Cuddihy, he did not complain of numbness or

tingling in any of his extremities. The defendants, however, presented no

evidence that Bryant was uninjured in the accident.

      In closing argument, Bryant’s counsel asked the jury to award a

total of $544,824, as follows:

      Past medical expenses 3                                    $33,408
      Future medical expenses                                    $77,340
      Loss of time–earnings 4                                    $11,076



      3This   included $18,732 for chiropractic treatment.
      4Bryant  arrived at this amount from his workers’ compensation award. The
defendants disputed this amount because $9502 of his award was designated for the
                                          9
       Loss of future earning capacity                               $75,000
       Past pain and suffering                                       $66,000
       Future pain and suffering                                     $66,000
       Loss of full mind and body—past                               $66,000
       Loss of full mind and body—future                            $150,000

Bryant’s counsel explained that insurance had paid $20,039 in medical

bills that must be reimbursed, so Bryant would not personally recover

any lower award. Both defense counsel agreed that if the jury reached

the issue of damages, it would be appropriate to award $8237 for these

medical expenses:

       Chiropractic treatments                                         $1440
       Area Ambulance                                                   $749
       Physical therapy                                                $4021
       Radiology                                                        $276
       UI Healthworks                                                   $837
       Walmart Pharmacy                                                  $33
       Radiologic Medical Services                                      $406
       Cedar Neurologic Surgeons                                        $475

Parr’s counsel conceded it also would be appropriate to award all of the

claimed medical expenses for Mercy Medical, Mercy Hospital, Mercy

Services, and Linn County ER Medicine bringing the total to $16,219.

       The jury was instructed that “[t]o establish his claim against [Parr],

Plaintiff must prove [Parr’s] . . . . negligence was a cause of damage to the

plaintiff [and] the nature and extent of damage.” The jury was instructed
as follows regarding causation:

             The conduct of a party is a cause of injury when the
       injury would not have happened except for the conduct.
       There can be more than one cause of an injury. When two or
       more separate acts are so related to the injury that their
       combined action, when viewed as a whole, is the cause of the
       injury without which the injury would not occur, then each
       act may be a cause.

Instruction No. 12.
______________________________
five percent partial disability assigned by Dr. Cuddihy.   Workers’ compensation paid
Bryant $1574 in lost wages.
                                   10
           If you find plaintiff had a pre-existing medical
     condition before this incident and this condition was
     aggravated by this incident causing further suffering or
     disability then he is entitled to recover damages caused by
     the aggravation. He is not entitled to recover for any physical
     ailment or disability which existed before this incident or for
     any injuries or damages which he now has which were not
     caused by either defendant’s actions.

Instruction No. 29 (emphasis added).

     The jury instructions on damages stated in part:

           If you find Kevin Bryant is entitled to recover damages,
     you shall consider the following items:
           Past Medical Expenses.     The reasonable cost of
     necessary hospital charges, doctor charges, prescriptions
     and other medical services from the date of injury to the
     present time.
           In determining the reasonable cost of necessary
     hospital charges, doctor charges, prescriptions and other
     medical services, you may consider the amount actually
     paid, or any other evidence of what is reasonable and proper
     for such medical expense.
           ....
          Loss Of time - Earnings. The reasonable value of lost
     wages from the date of injury to the present time.
           ....
           Loss Of Full Mind And Body - Past. Loss of function
     of the mind and body from the date of injury to the present
     time. Loss of mind and body is the inability of a particular
     part of the mind and body to function in a normal manner.
           ....
           Physical And Mental Pain And Suffering - Past.
     Physical and mental pain and suffering from the date of
     injury to the present time.
           Physical pain and suffering may include, but is not
     limited to, bodily suffering or discomfort.
           Mental pain and suffering may include, but is not
     limited to, mental anguish or loss of enjoyment of life.
           ....
            The amount you assess for physical and mental pain
     and suffering in the past and future, future earning capacity,
     loss of function of the mind and body in the past and future
     cannot be measured by any exact or mathematical standard.
     You must use your sound judgment based upon an impartial
                                    11
      consideration of the evidence. Your judgment must not be
      exercised arbitrarily, or out of sympathy or prejudice, for or
      against the parties. The amount you assess for any item of
      damage must not exceed the amount caused by a party as
      proved by the evidence.
            A party cannot recover duplicate damages. Do not
      allow amounts awarded under one item of damage to be
      included in any amount awarded under another item of
      damage. The amounts, if any, you find for each of the above
      items will be used to answer the questions on the verdict
      form.

Instruction No. 26 (emphasis added).

      The jury returned a special verdict finding Parr ninety-five percent

at fault and Bryant five percent at fault. No fault was assigned to the

other driver, Rimrodt. The jury’s verdict on damages was as follows:

      1.   Past medical expenses                         $16,937.53
      2.   Future medical expenses                               $0
      3.   Loss of time—earnings                          $1,574.66
      4.   Loss of future earning capacity                       $0
      5.   Past pain and suffering                               $0
      6.   Loss of full mind and body—past                       $0
      7.   Loss of full mind and body—future                     $0
      TOTAL (add the separate items of damage)           $18,512.19

The presiding judge was on military leave when the jury finished

deliberations, so a different judge received the verdict. All parties agreed

that the court should send the jury back for further deliberations with an

instruction that an award of past medical expenses required an award

for past pain and suffering.     Thereafter, the jury returned a second

verdict that awarded one dollar for past pain and suffering, but left the

other amounts unchanged:

      1.   Past medical expenses                         $16,937.53
      2.   Future medical expenses                               $0
      3.   Loss of time—earnings                          $1,574.66
      4.   Loss of future earning capacity                       $0
      5.   Past pain and suffering                          $ 01.00
      6.   Loss of full mind and body—past                       $0
      7.   Loss of full mind and body—future                     $0
      TOTAL (add the separate items of damage)           $18,513.19
                                    12

The court, by teleconference, informed trial counsel of the new verdict.

Bryant’s counsel responded as follows:

      Obviously, it’s one dollar, so that would be my opinion.
      Inadequate.
            And I guess my position is, first, that based on the —
      you know, we sent it back to them, they gave this award of
      one dollar.
            And, again, we submit it’s really inadequate given the
      evidence, that at this time we would discharge the jury and
      set the case for a new trial but, in the alternative, would
      request a further instruction telling the jury that their award
      for pain and suffering is inadequate given the evidence, and
      that they need to — You can’t tell them what to give, but you
      can tell them that it’s not adequate and that they need to do
      more.

Defense counsel argued the jury’s award complied with the instruction to

award damages for pain and suffering and objected to sending the jury

back for further deliberations. Bryant’s counsel responded that the court

should order a new trial because the jury’s award of damages was

inadequate and the verdict was inconsistent:

            [The chiropractic treatment and physical therapy], the
      evidence is clear, were performed to assist Mr. Bryant with
      his pain and for the relief of pain and, therefore, it is
      inconsistent for the jury to make the award for those medical
      expenses and others, including evidence of medical expenses
      for pain medication, without an award for pain and suffering
      in an amount significantly greater than what was awarded
      by the jury. It’s — It is inconsistent.
            And where a finding of the jury is not supported by
      evidence, a new trial must be granted. . . .
           . . . And that an inadequate award of damages is
      grounds for a new trial. . . .
             And for those reasons, especially, again, because both
      Defendants have — are resisting the idea of sending another
      instruction to the jury, Plaintiff would at this time request
      that the jury be discharged and that the Court set this case
      for a new trial on the issue of damages.

The judge directed counsel for Bryant and for Parr to come to court for

further discussions on how to handle the verdict.
                                    13

      When counsel for Bryant and for Parr arrived an hour later, they

agreed the jury should not be told to deliberate a third time:

            MR. WESTON: I think at this time, Your Honor, given
      the response that we’ve had from the jury and some
      additional time to think about it and the discussion that
      we’ve had with Your Honor and Mr. Read, I think it does
      make sense at this point not to send it back again due to the
      inconsistency of the verdict and that they’ve been given a
      chance to remedy that and they weren’t able to do so.
            ....
            And I — I understand the Court, obviously, because
      Your Honor was not there for the trial and hasn’t seen the
      exhibits and didn’t hear any testimony, you’re not familiar
      with the findings of the case, but just our position would be
      that it’s not possible to reconcile the award of medical
      expenses that was made with a verdict of zero or one dollar
      or anything like that for either pain and suffering or body
      function.
            THE COURT: Mr. Read?
            MR. READ: The jury has now been given two chances
      to make its decision on the issue of pain and suffering, and I
      don’t think that a third would be productive at this point. I
      think the Court should accept the verdict form as is and
      proceed.

Accordingly, the court discharged the jury.

      Bryant filed a motion for a new trial alleging the verdict was

inadequate and inconsistent. Parr resisted. The judge who had presided
over the trial, now back from military leave, presided over the hearing on

the motion for new trial. The district court denied the motion in a ruling

that focused on the disputed nature of Bryant’s injuries:

             After considering all the evidence presented at trial,
      the Court finds the jury’s award of $1.00 for pain and
      suffering is not inadequate and does not warrant ordering a
      new trial on the issue. The cause and extent of Plaintiff’s
      injury was highly disputed at trial.        The jury received
      contradictory evidence, including Plaintiff’s own testimony,
      that Plaintiff had a pre-existing medical condition at the time
      of the accident. The jury also received evidence that Plaintiff
      had received the same or similar chiropractic treatment pre-
      accident that was also deemed necessary post-accident.
      Based upon this evidence, it was reasonable for the jury,
                                     14
      weighing the credibility of both the Plaintiff and the medical
      experts, to conclude Plaintiff failed to establish his claimed
      pain and suffering damages were caused by the instant
      accident. Furthermore, the Court finds it telling that the
      jury initially determined Plaintiff was entitled to no
      compensation for pain and suffering before awarding only
      $1.00 in nominal damages after being compelled to
      deliberate further by the Court.
            Additionally, the contradictory nature of the evidence
      also supports the jury’s denial of an award for past loss of
      full mind and body, making additional instruction by the
      Court to the jury on this issue unwarranted.
            The jury’s verdict and damage award was supported by
      substantial evidence, did justice for all parties, and should
      not be disturbed.

      Bryant appealed, arguing the verdict was inconsistent and

inadequate. We transferred the case to the court of appeals. The court

of appeals affirmed the order denying a new trial. It concluded that given

Bryant’s preaccident history of pain and lack of objective evidence of

pain, the one-dollar award for pain and suffering was consistent with the

evidence:

      [W]e conclude the one dollar award remedied the
      inconsistency, if any, because the award is not so logically
      and legally inconsistent as to be irreconcilable in the context
      of the case. The cause and extent of injury were clearly
      disputed, and Bryant was not credible.

We granted Bryant’s application for further review.

      II. Standard of Review.

      Our review of a district court’s ruling on a motion for new trial

depends on the grounds raised in the motion. Clinton Physical Therapy

Servs., P.C. v. John Deere Health Care, Inc., 714 N.W.2d 603, 609 (Iowa

2006).   When the ground for a new trial is inconsistency of the jury

verdict, we review for correction of errors at law. Id. “[J]ury[] verdicts are

to be liberally construed to give effect to the intention of the jury and to

harmonize the verdicts if it is possible to do so.” Hoffman v. Nat’l Med.
                                    15

Enters., Inc., 442 N.W.2d 123, 126 (Iowa 1989).        “We are slower to

interfere with the grant of a new trial than with its denial.” Cowan v.

Flannery, 461 N.W.2d 155, 157 (Iowa 1990); see Iowa R. App. P.

6.904(3)(d).

      III. Analysis.

      We must decide whether the jury verdict awarding $16,937 in past

medical expenses but just one dollar in past pain and suffering is

inconsistent such that a new trial is required. We first address Parr’s

contention that Bryant failed to preserve error because he did not

request the court to instruct the jury to resume deliberations yet again

after it increased the pain and suffering award from zero to one dollar.

We conclude error was preserved by Bryant’s objections and motion for a

new trial. On the merits of the appeal, we hold the verdict is inconsistent

and a new trial on damages is required.

      A. Error Preservation. Parr argues on appeal that Bryant failed

to preserve error because Bryant did not ask the district court to instruct

the jury to resume deliberations after the jury awarded one dollar for

past pain and suffering.    Parr contends that a party challenging an

inconsistent verdict must request further deliberations to cure the

inconsistency before moving for a new trial or appealing. What sets this

case apart, however, is that the jury had already been instructed to

resume deliberations for a second time to cure an inconsistency after it

initially awarded nearly $17,000 in medical expenses and zero for pain

and suffering.   The district court, with the agreement of all parties,

instructed the jury that an award of medical expenses requires an award

for pain and suffering. The jury responded by awarding one dollar. All

parties and the district court agreed that additional jury deliberations

were not required.
                                           16

       Parr cites no case, and we found none, holding that to preserve

error for appeal a jury already instructed once to resume deliberations to

resolve an inconsistency must be instructed to resume deliberations yet

again after returning a new, slightly different award. Our rules do not

require sending the jury back repeatedly to resolve inconsistent verdicts.

To the contrary, the district court may “either send the jury back for

additional deliberations or grant a new trial.” Clinton Physical Therapy,

714 N.W.2d at 611 (emphasis added); see also Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.934 (“If

the answers are inconsistent with each other . . . the court shall not

order judgment, but either send the jury back or order a new trial.”). In

Clinton Physical Therapy, the plaintiff consented to a sealed verdict,5

which we noted “may constitute a waiver of the additional-deliberations

option, but it would not constitute a waiver of other remedies.”                      714

N.W.2d at 610. We held that the plaintiff preserved error to challenge

the district court’s denial of its motion for a new trial based on the

inconsistent verdict. Id.

       The district court is best positioned to determine whether to order

additional deliberations before ruling on a motion for new trial.                     See

Dutcher v. Lewis, 221 N.W.2d 755, 762 (Iowa 1974) (“Ordinarily, it is
discretionary with the court as to which of these alternatives to choose.”).

All parties agreed this jury should not be sent back to deliberate again.

Bryant thereby waived the right to seek further deliberations but not a

new trial. Bryant objected to the verdict as inconsistent and inadequate

and moved for a new trial on those grounds. We hold he preserved error

to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion for new trial.

       5A  sealed verdict permits the district court to discharge the jury after it reaches
the verdict “without reporting its findings in open court in the presence of the parties.”
Clinton Physical Therapy, 714 N.W.2d at 607–08.
                                         17

       B. Inconsistent Verdict. Bryant primarily argues the jury award

of $16,937 in past medical bills incurred to treat his complaints of pain

over several years is inconsistent with the award of one dollar for past

pain and suffering. 6 The first step in our analysis “is to determine if an

inconsistency exists.”       Clinton Physical Therapy, 714 N.W.2d at 613.

“When we can harmonize the jury verdict in a reasonable manner

consistent with the jury instructions, the evidence, and inferences the

jury   could     have drawn      from    that evidence,       the   verdict   is   not

inconsistent.” Crow v. Simpson, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 2015); see also

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.934.        Conversely, “[w]hen, under this analysis, two

answers or findings by the jury would compel the rendition of different

judgments, the answers are inconsistent.” Clinton Physical Therapy, 714

N.W.2d at 613.         The district court may enter judgment based on

consistent answers but may not enter judgment when the answers to

interrogatories are inconsistent. Id.

       We applied these principles in Clinton Physical Therapy. In that

case, the plaintiff, a provider of physical therapy services, sued a health

maintenance organization (HMO) for breach of contract. Id. at 606. The

fighting issue was whether the HMO’s plan covered the services, billed at

fifty dollars per office visit. Id. at 606. The HMO contended the plaintiff

failed to mitigate damages by continuing to provide services for members



       6Bryant    also argues the verdict was inconsistent because the jury failed to
award any amount for loss of full use of mind and body. We agree with the district
court and court of appeals that the jury’s finding on that element of damages was not
inconsistent with the award of medical expenses. The jury was instructed that damages
for loss of full use compensate for the “inability of a particular part of the mind and
body to function in a normal manner.” It is a separate element from pain and suffering.
See Brant v. Bockholt, 532 N.W.2d 801, 804–05 (Iowa 1995). The jury could have found
Bryant suffered no loss of function from the accident. Accordingly, the jury’s award of
medical expenses but zero for loss of full use is not inconsistent.
                                     18

after being notified they were not covered by its plan. Id. The case was

submitted to the jury with special interrogatories. Id. at 607–08. The

jury returned a sealed verdict with answers to the first three

interrogatories, finding the HMO breached the contract. Id. at 608. The

jury answered the fourth interrogatory by finding the plaintiff did not fail

to mitigate its damages. Id. The jury’s answer to the fifth interrogatory

found the plaintiff’s damages were $138,750. Id. Yet, the jury answered

the sixth interrogatory by finding the plaintiff failed to mitigate damages

in the amount of $128,200. Id. The district court “discharged the jury

without notifying the attorneys for the parties.” Id. The plaintiff moved

for a new trial, arguing that the verdict was inconsistent. Id. The district

court found it was possible to reconcile the answers based on evidence

that $128,200 was the amount billed after notification that the services

were outside the HMO’s coverage while $138,750 was the total amount

billed. Id. at 609. The district court changed the jury’s answer to the

fourth interrogatory from “no” to “yes” to reflect a finding of failure to

mitigate and entered judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of $10,550.

Id.

      The plaintiff appealed, and we transferred the case to the court of

appeals, which affirmed. Id. We granted the plaintiff’s application for

further review.    Id.   We acknowledged “the district court may have

uncovered a very logical explanation for the inconsistent answers.” Id. at

614. But we concluded that reforming the verdict required impermissible

speculation as to the jury’s intent as to conflicting evidence of mitigation:

      [w]hen two answers in a verdict are both supported by
      substantial evidence but are inconsistent under the
      instructions, a court may not attempt to reconcile the
      inconsistency and enter a judgment by correcting the
      inconsistency to conform to the intent of the jury because
                                    19
      the two conflicting views of the evidence would necessarily
      produce some speculation about the intent of the jury.

Id. Accordingly, we held “[t]he answers in the verdict in this case were
internally inconsistent as a matter of law” which required a new trial. Id.

      Because the jury in that case had not been given the opportunity

to resolve the inconsistency through further deliberations, necessitating

a retrial, we reiterated, “To avoid repetition of this resource-wasting

result, we repeat [our] prior admonition that ‘[t]he trial court should not

discharge the jury until it determines the special verdict is consistent

and supported by evidence.’ ” Id. at 616 (quoting Cowan, 461 N.W.2d at

160)). The district court in this case followed that admonition when the

jury awarded Bryant nearly $17,000 in medical expenses but zero for

pain and suffering—a verdict all parties agreed was inconsistent.       But

the jury, after being instructed an award of medical expenses required an

award for pain and suffering, deliberated again and awarded one dollar

for that element, leaving the rest of its verdict unchanged. The district

court and court of appeals concluded the one dollar award cured the

inconsistency. We disagree.

      A dollar constitutes nominal damages. Cowan, 461 N.W.2d at 158.

We have stated:

      Generally, nominal damages are not recoverable in cases in
      which damages are an element of the cause of action.
      Because damages are an element of a negligence or
      comparative fault action, nominal damages should not be
      awarded. If a party has suffered personal injury as a result
      of another’s negligence or fault, the injured party is entitled
      to actual or substantial damages, not nominal damages.
      Nominal damages are allowed, not as an equivalent for the
      wrong, but in recognition of a technical injury and by way of
      declaring a right and are not the same as damages small in
      amount.

Id. at 158–59 (citations omitted). In Cowan, we held that an award of

medical expenses to treat pain was inconsistent with an award of zero for
                                     20

pain and suffering. Id. at 160. The district court erred by failing to follow

Cowan.

      Cowan was injured when his car collided with a grain truck. Id. at

156, 159. He sued the truck driver for negligence. Id. at 156. Cowan’s

alleged damages included medical expenses incurred to treat severe

headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and back pain from the collision.

Id. at 159.    The defendant “vigorously challenged” Cowan’s alleged

injuries with medical records noting Cowan’s prompt recovery and a job

application submitted a year after the accident in which Cowan “certified

. . . he did not have, nor had he ever had, chronic neck pain, neck

stiffness, chest pain, back injury, chronic back pain or back stiffness.”

Id. at 160.   The jury found past and future medical expenses totaling

$21,220 but awarded zero for pain and suffering, loss of earning

capacity, or loss of body function. Id. at 157. The jury was discharged

without further deliberations, and the district court entered judgment on

the verdict. Id. Cowan moved for a new trial, contending the verdict was

“internally inconsistent” and “not supported by the evidence.” Id. The

district court denied the motion, ruling that the “total amount of

damages found by the jury is reasonable and supported by the evidence.”

Id. Cowan appealed. Id. at 156. We reversed and remanded the case for

a new trial on damages. Id. at 160. We concluded,

      It is illogical to award past and future medical expense
      incurred to relieve headache, neck and back pain and then
      allow nothing for such physical and mental pain and
      suffering. Having determined that these medical expenses
      were recoverable, there seems no way for the jury to disallow
      recovery for the appellant’s pain and suffering for the same
      injuries. Although the award may be adequate, a special
      verdict award of nothing for pain and suffering is
      inconsistent and unsupported by evidence.

Id. at 160. The same reasoning applies to Bryant’s verdict.
                                       21

         By contrast, in Foggia v. Des Moines Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., we were

presented with a factual variation of Cowan and held a small award for

pain and suffering but zero for medical expenses was consistent. 543

N.W.2d 889, 891–92 (Iowa 1996).             Foggia slipped and fell on an icy

concrete slab outside the defendants’ bowling alley. Id. at 890. He first

sought treatment months later, when he told his chiropractor “he was

sore because he had just cut down 100 trees.” Id. He did not inform his

chiropractor that he had fallen on ice until his next visit a day later. Id.

At trial, the defendants produced evidence that Foggia had an extensive

history of separate injuries, both before and after his fall at the bowling

alley.    Id.   The jury found for the plaintiff and awarded one hundred

dollars for past pain and suffering, but zero for future pain and suffering,

past medical expenses, or loss of past and future body function. Id. at

891.      The plaintiff’s motion for a new trial based on the allegedly

inconsistent verdict was denied, and he appealed. Id.

         We affirmed and held the jury verdict that awarded Foggia one

hundred dollars for pain and suffering but no medical expenses was

consistent. Id. at 892. We considered the verdict in Foggia to be the

“inverse” of the verdict in Cowan:

         The court in Cowan . . . opined that it was illogical for a jury
         to “award past and future medical expense incurred to
         relieve headache, neck and back pain and then allow
         nothing for such physical pain and suffering.” Such a
         breach of logic does not exist in the instant case. Here the
         jury awarded Foggia damages for past pain and suffering,
         but nothing for past medical expenses.          Based on the
         evidence and testimony presented at trial, it is plausible that
         the jury found none of his medical expenses were caused by
         the fall at issue. The jury in this case found that the
         plaintiff’s claimed medical expenses, loss of function, and
         much of his pain and suffering were not the result of this
         fall. Because these are the precise types of findings within
         the province of the jury and they are supported by
         substantial evidence in the record, we will not disturb them
         by granting the plaintiff a new trial.
                                         22

Id. (quoting Cowan, 461 N.W.2d at 160).                 Cowan is the applicable

precedent here, and its application requires a new trial in this case.

       The jury was instructed to award only damages caused by Parr’s

negligence. 7     Bryant’s submitted medical expenses of over $30,000,

which according to his testimony, were incurred to treat his complaints

of pain from the accident caused by Parr’s negligent driving. Like the

defendant in Cowan, Parr vigorously contested the extent of Bryant’s

injuries and impeached him with his own inconsistent statements. The

jury could have found Bryant suffered only minimal injuries in the

accident and greatly exaggerated his complaints of pain. The evidence

supported a finding that the ongoing chiropractic treatment, and much

of his other medical care, was for preexisting conditions or unrelated to

the accident. 8       Yet, the jury found Parr’s negligence caused Bryant to

incur $16,937 in medical expenses. 9 These damages were necessarily for

many months of treatment of his accident-related injuries, specifically,

pain. Moreover, the jury awarded Bryant $1574 for three weeks of lost

earnings, again necessarily finding that accident-related pain caused him

to miss work. These findings cannot be reconciled with the award of only

       7Instruction No. 12 stated in part, “The conduct of a party is a cause of injury
when the injury would not have happened except for the conduct.” Instruction No. 26
stated in part, “The amount you assess for any item of damage must not exceed the
amount caused by a party as proved by the evidence.”
       8Instruction No. 29 allowed recovery for the aggravation of preexisting medical
conditions but provided Bryant “is not entitled to recover for any physical ailment or
disability which existed before this incident or for any injuries or damages which he
now has which were not caused by either defendant’s actions.”
       9Instruction  No. 26 stated in part, “Do not allow amounts awarded under one
item of damage to be included in any amount awarded under another item of damage.”
Given the separate instructions for medical expenses and pain and suffering, we cannot
presume the jury intended its award of medical expenses to compensate Bryant for his
pain. To the contrary, the jury had been informed that Bryant’s insurer would be
reimbursed for any award of medical expenses up to $20,039. See Iowa Code
§ 668.14(2) (allowing evidence and argument as to insurance subrogation rights).
                                         23

one dollar for pain and suffering. See Cowan, 461 N.W.2d at 158–60. If

the jury believed Bryant’s pain was nonexistent or unrelated to the

accident, it should not have awarded that amount of medical expenses or

lost earnings.    We cannot speculate as to the jury’s intent to affirm a

judgment based on inconsistent answers. Clinton Physical Therapy, 714

N.W.2d at 614.

       Because we are reversing on the inconsistency ground, we do not

reach Bryant’s alternative argument that the amount of the verdict was

inadequate. 10

       C. Scope of New Trial. The parties disagree on the scope of a

new trial.    Neither Bryant nor Parr argue liability should be retried.

Bryant seeks a new trial on all elements of damages, while Parr argues

the new trial on damages “should be limited to the verdict line-item of

any damage finding this Court deems must be retried.” Parr notes that

“Bryant has not challenged the jury’s verdict as to past medical

expenses, lost wages, or any future damages” and argues Bryant should

not get “a second bite at the apple as to damages which he did not

complain of on appeal, and which do not [affect] the re-trial of any

damages . . . reversed on appeal.” We must determine the scope of the

new trial.


       10In  Fisher v. Davis, we noted some of our cases addressing challenges to
verdicts that awarded medical expenses but no amount for pain and suffering held a
new trial was required because “the verdict was ‘inconsistent with the evidence.’ ” 601
N.W.2d 54, 59 (Iowa 1999) (quoting Shewry v. Heuer, 255 Iowa 147, 153, 121 N.W.2d
529, 533 (1963)). We stated, “In the future, a party seeking a new trial on the ground
that the verdict was inadequate should use the grounds in rule 244 [now Iowa R. Civ. P.
1.1004 governing motions for new trial] rather than the common law inconsistency rule.”
Id. (emphasis added). In Clinton Physical Therapy, however, we clarified that parties
may challenge such verdicts as “internally inconsistent” under our rules governing jury
verdicts and special interrogatories. 714 N.W.2d at 611–14. We reverse the district
court judgment on that basis here.
                                     24

      “The general rule is that when a new trial is granted, all issues

must be retried.” McElroy v. State, 703 N.W.2d 385, 389 (Iowa 2005).

We may narrow the scope of the retrial under some circumstances:

      [a]s a condition to the granting of a partial new trial, it
      should appear that the issue to be tried is distinct and
      separable from the other issues, and that the new trial can
      be had without danger of complications with other matters.

Id. (quoting Larimer v. Platte, 243 Iowa 1167, 1176, 53 N.W.2d 262, 267–

68 (1952)). In applying these principles to personal injury cases, we have

said, “If there is no evidence in the record that the jury’s determination of

fault was compromised or affected by the evidence of damages, the issue

of liability should not be resubmitted on remand.” Thompson v. Allen,

503 N.W.2d 400, 401 (Iowa 1993) (citing cases).        We have repeatedly

limited the retrial to the issue of damages when the jury awarded past

medical expenses but zero for pain and suffering. See, e.g., Thompson,

503 N.W.2d at 401–02; Cowan, 461 N.W.2d at 160; Witte v. Vogt, 443

N.W.2d 715, 717 (Iowa 1989). Generally, “it [is] unfair to require a new

trial on all issues ‘when the verdict establishing liability was not the

result of a compromise trading off liability for reduced damages.’ ”

Thompson, 503 N.W.2d at 402 (quoting Vorthman v. Keith E. Myers

Enters., 296 N.W.2d 772, 778 (Iowa 1980)).

      The jury found Parr ninety-five percent at fault for turning left into

the path of Rimrodt’s car and found Bryant, Parr’s passenger, five

percent at fault for telling her to turn left or distracting her. The jury

found Rimrodt faultless.     No party contends the liability findings are

tainted by the jury’s determination of damages or that the jury

compromised on liability. Accordingly, we conclude the new trial shall be

on the issue of damages, with the total award to be reduced by Bryant’s

five percent fault.
                                     25

       In Brant v. Bockholt, we addressed the scope of a new trial on

damages. 532 N.W.2d 801, 805 (Iowa 1995). Jonas Brant, a high school

senior, was a passenger in a car accident who suffered severe facial

lacerations when he hit the windshield. Id. at 802. The accident left him

with permanent scarring. Id. at 803. The jury returned a verdict in his

favor and awarded past and future medical expenses and past and future

pain and suffering but “nothing for past or future loss of function of the

body or for future loss of earnings.” Id. He appealed, and we held a new

trial was required because “the jury should not have been instructed to

reduce the award for future pain and suffering to present worth.” Id. We

determined that liability need not be retried but ordered a retrial on all

elements of damage because “[j]ury determinations of various elements of

damages are apt to be influenced by the recovery allowed for other

elements of damage.” Id. at 805.

       In Fisher v. Davis, however, we distinguished Brant as “pertaining

to one injury.      That led us to conclude that the jury should consider

anew all the elements of damages pertaining to that injury.” 601 N.W.2d

54, 60 (Iowa 1999) (citation omitted). Darcy Fisher’s car was rear ended,

and she initially complained of neck pain and saw her physician the next

day.   Id. at 55.    He “diagnosed Fisher’s condition as ‘an injury to the

cervical and thoracic area of the spine,’ commonly referred to as a

whiplash injury.” Id. He noted that condition had “markedly improved”

eight days after the accident. Id. at 56. Three weeks after the accident,

Fisher complained for the first time of right arm and elbow pain, which

the same physician “diagnosed her condition as epicondylitis, commonly

referred to as ‘tennis elbow.’ ” Id. She later had surgery on her elbow

and physical therapy.        Id.   A year after her car accident, Fisher

complained for the first time of right shoulder pain, which was later
                                    26

treated surgically. Id. Fisher sued the other driver, claiming her neck,

elbow, and shoulder injuries all resulted from the rear-end collision. Id.

Causation of the injuries was the fighting issue at trial. Id. The district

court submitted her claims for all three injuries to the jury, which

returned a verdict for $534 in past medical expenses, the amount

incurred for treatment of her neck pain alone. Id. at 56–57. The jury

awarded nothing for past or future pain and suffering or any other

elements of damage. Id. at 57. We concluded the damage award was

inadequate because “it was illogical for the jury to award Fisher medical

expenses to treat her neck injury and pain and then allow nothing for

her pain and suffering.” Id. at 59. But we determined that the jury, by

awarding the “precise medical expenses relating to Fisher’s neck injury,”

found that injury alone was sustained in the collision.          Id. at 60

(“[I]nherent in that award was also a clear rejection of Fisher’s claim that

her elbow and shoulder were also injured in the collision.”). Accordingly,

we held that “any retrial should be limited to damages relating to Fisher’s

neck injury.” Id.

      Bryant likewise claimed he sustained multiple injuries in the

accident resulting in neck pain, headaches, blurred vision, and low back

pain that manifested at different times. But unlike Fisher, the amount of

Bryant’s medical expenses awarded cannot be attributed to treatment of

one type of injury to the exclusion of others.     Accordingly, we decline

Parr’s invitation to limit the retrial to some elements of past damages but

not others. This leaves Parr’s argument that because the jury declined to

award Bryant any future damages, the retrial should be limited to past

damages, presumably up to the date of the first trial. Parr, without citing

supporting authority, contends Bryant waived his right to a retrial on

future damages by not challenging the jury’s failure to award him any
                                   27

amount for future damages. Bryant responds that he sought a new trial

on all elements of damages based on Brant.         We conclude Bryant’s

motion for new trial preserved error on his claim that the new trial

should be on all elements of damage, past and future.

      Since Fisher, we have not adjudicated the scope of a new trial in a

personal injury action when the first jury had awarded no future

damages and the inconsistency in its verdict involved only past medical

expenses and past pain and suffering. None of our cases before Fisher

limited the scope of a new trial on damages to preclude submission of an

element of damage rejected by the first jury. We see no indication that

the jury’s rejection of Bryant’s claims for future damages resulted from a

compromise    trading   off   amounts    awarded       for   past    damages.

Nevertheless, we face the confirmed inconsistency in the verdict on past

damages, our admonition in Brant that the award for one element of

damages may affect another, and our general reluctance to engage in

speculation to uphold findings in an inconsistent verdict.          Cf. Clinton

Physical Therapy, 714 N.W.2d at 614 (declining to engage in speculation

to reform inconsistent verdict).     Moreover, Bryant may have new

evidence, including medical expenses incurred since the first trial over

two years ago, which would be unfair to exclude from a retrial.             Cf.

McElroy, 703 N.W.2d at 389 (cautioning against narrowing scope of

retrial in a manner that complicates other matters).

      We hold Bryant is entitled to a new trial on all elements of damage

supported by substantial evidence, notwithstanding the first jury’s

rejection of his future damage claims in July 2013.
                                      28

      IV. Disposition.

      For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the decision of the court of

appeals, reverse the district court judgment, and remand the case for a

new trial on damages.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED; CASE REMANDED FOR A NEW

TRIAL ON DAMAGES.

      All justices concur except Mansfield, J., and Cady, C.J., who

concur in part and dissent in part.
                                    29
                                                 #13–1883, Bryant v. Parr
MANSFIELD, Justice (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

      I agree that a new trial is required because the special verdict

awarding $16,937.53 for past medical expenses is inconsistent with the

special verdict awarding only a nominal one dollar for past pain and

suffering. However, there is no reason for the new trial to encompass all

damages.    Everyone received a fair trial below, and the jury clearly

rejected Bryant’s claims for ongoing or future harm. That is, the jury

awarded Bryant nothing for future medical expenses, future pain and

suffering, loss of future earning capacity, or future loss of full mind and

body. Just as it is unnecessary for liability to be retried, an area where

Bryant obtained a favorable verdict, by the same rationale it is

unnecessary for future damages to be retried, where Parr prevailed.

      The stated reason for not limiting a new trial to certain categories

of damages is the concern that “[j]ury determinations of various elements

of damages are apt to be influenced by the recovery allowed for other

elements of damage.”     Brant v. Bockholt, 532 N.W.2d 801, 805 (Iowa

1995). But that concern about cross-contamination is absent here, as

the majority concedes.    For past medical expenses, the jury awarded

essentially the amount that Parr’s counsel conceded was due to Bryant—

assuming the jury found liability—and less than the amount that

insurance had paid on behalf of Bryant. It is simply inconceivable that

this jury concluded Bryant had suffered some future harm but decided

not to award any damages for it because of some other damages he was

getting.

      Moreover, in Fisher v. Davis, 601 N.W.2d 54, 61 (Iowa 1999), we

qualified Brant somewhat and indicated there is no need to retry

“rejected claims [that] are irrelevant to the elements of damages
                                    30

pertaining to the injury the jury did believe [the plaintiff] sustained.”

Retrial here could be easily and economically limited to Bryant’s alleged

past damages.

      The majority says that Bryant may have “medical expenses

incurred since the first trial . . . which would be unfair to exclude from a

retrial.” But this of course begs the question whether there should be a

second trial on claims as to which Bryant had a fair trial and which the

jury squarely rejected. If a second trial is warranted, parties should be

able to update their relevant evidence, but that is not a separate reason

for a new trial.

      Numerous other jurisdictions have followed the approach for which

I am advocating here. See Rice v. Cmty. Health Ass’n, 203 F.3d 283, 290

(4th Cir. 2000) (noting that “a new trial can be limited to ‘any separable

matter’ ” and ordering a new trial on consequential damages only so as to

avoid a “windfall” to the defendant that had not challenged other aspects

of the damage award (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal

Practice and Procedure § 2814 (2d ed. (1995))); Peebles v. Circuit City

Stores, Inc., No. 01 Civ. 10195(CSH), 2003 WL 22227964, *2 (S.D.N.Y.

Sept. 25, 2003) (ordering a new trial only as to future damages rather

than all damages and stating that “the greater weight of [New York]

authority favors” this position); Sunahara v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 280 P.3d 649, 658 (Colo. 2012) (limiting a new trial to the issue of

past economic damages only); ITT Hartford Ins. Co. of the Se. v. Owens,

816 So. 2d 572, 577–78 (Fla. 2002) (noting that “[t]he plaintiff’s future

medical damages constitute a discrete item of recovery, separate from

other damages,” and a new trial should be confined to them alone);

Costales v. Rosete, 331 P.3d 431, 446 (Haw. 2014) (“We therefore further

limit the damages issues to be re-tried to those that are contested and
                                    31

that are ‘sufficiently separate’ from those damages issues that are not

contested on appeal.”); Stamp v. Sylvan, 906 N.E.2d 1222, 1230–31 (Ill.

App. Ct. 2009) (finding a verdict irreconcilably inconsistent where the

jury awarded damages for past medical expenses but not pain and

suffering while upholding the trial court’s decision to limit the new

damages trial to pain and suffering and loss of a normal life for the six-

month period as to which the jury awarded medical expenses); Masterson

v. Siemens Indus., Inc., Nos. 2013-CA-000014-MR and 2013-CA-000050-

MR, 2014 WL 5489304, at *3 (Ky. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2014) (upholding the

trial court’s decision to limit the new trial to the sole issue of pain and

suffering damages for a discrete time period and leaving the jury verdict

undisturbed with regard to all other issues); Lindquist v. Scott

Radiological Grp. Inc., 168 S.W.3d 635, 651 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005)

(affirming the grant of a new trial limited to the issue of past economic

damages); Richards v. Fairfield, 6 N.Y.S. 3d 743, 745–46 (App. Div. 2015)

(ordering a new trial limited to consideration of damages for future pain

and suffering while upholding damages awarded for past pain and

suffering); Foust v. Smith, No. 26275, 2015 WL 968856, at *4 (Ohio Ct.

App. Mar. 6, 2015) (finding that the trial court “acted reasonably by

finding that the failure to award [plaintiff] some amount for pain and

suffering is contrary to the weight of the evidence” and that the “court

did not err by granting a new trial on that singular issue limited to past

physical pain and suffering damages”); Orris v. Brand, No. 98-1361, 1999

WL 516724, at *1 (Wis. Ct. App. July 22, 1999) (per curiam) (affirming

the grant of a new trial limited solely to consideration of damages for

pain and suffering and noting that “[a] jury’s decision on pain and

suffering damages would not necessarily be affected by its decisions on

other components of damages”).
                                    32

      One last point: It should be emphasized that the majority’s

principle works in both directions. Suppose the jury felt that Bryant had

been seriously and permanently injured in the accident and awarded him

everything his attorney had asked for in closing argument, except for

past pain and suffering damages where it only awarded one dollar.

Under the court’s decision, as a practical matter, Bryant would be

reluctant to appeal this verdict inconsistency, because if he won, he

would lose his entire damages award and be stuck with a do-over on all

aspects of damages. By the same token, Parr could use an appeal on

this specific inconsistency as a method to overturn the entire damages

award. Is that fair?

      For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent in part.

      Cady, C.J., joins this concurrence in part and dissent in part.
