        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs September 16, 2014

      STATE OF TENNESSEE v. THEARON ANTONIO GRAMBLING

                Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Blount County
                       No. C-21571    Tammy Harrington, Judge


             No. E2014-00248-CCA-R3-CD-FILED-FEBRUARY 12, 2015


A Blount County Circuit Court Jury convicted the appellant, Thearon Antonio Grambling,
of statutory rape by an authority figure and incest; the victim of both offenses was his fifteen-
year-old daughter. The trial court imposed concurrent sentences of four years and six months
in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On appeal, the appellant contends that the
evidence is not sufficient to sustain his convictions. Upon review, we affirm the judgments
of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are
                                     Affirmed.

N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OGER A. P AGE and
R OBERT H. M ONTGOMERY, J R., JJ., joined.

Mack Garner, Maryville, Tennessee (at trial), and J. Liddell Kirk, Knoxville, Tennessee (on
appeal), for the appellant, Thearon Antonio Grambling.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Senior Counsel;
Michael L. Flynn, District Attorney General; and Clinton E. Frazier, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                          OPINION

                                   I. Factual Background

      At trial, the victim testified that she lived in Ohio with her mother until June 2011
when her mother decided to go to Florida with her boyfriend. During the drive to Florida,
her mother decided to leave the victim with the appellant, the victim’s father, in Blount
County. Before she came to Blount County, the victim had little interaction with the
appellant. She said that she expected to stay with the appellant for five or six weeks.

       The victim said that in early August, her older brother went to live with their mother
in Florida. Her mother’s boyfriend did not want to share a home with the children, and she
refused to let the victim live with her. Therefore, the victim had to stay with the appellant.
The victim said that her mother’s abandonment upset and depressed her.

        On August 5, 2011, the victim went with the appellant to Kentucky so he could buy
Four Loko, an alcoholic beverage that was not available in Tennessee. When they returned
to the appellant’s apartment, they sat in the living room, drinking the Four Loko and smoking
marijuana. The victim, who was wearing basketball shorts and a tank top, announced that
she wanted to go to bed. The appellant got angry because she “wasn’t drinking it all or
whatever.” She finished her drink and consumed some of his beverage then went into her
bedroom to change into pajamas. She thought someone was following her but decided she
was being paranoid because she was “high.”

        The victim said that when she bent over to remove her panties, she saw the appellant’s
foot behind her. She turned around to ask what he was doing. The appellant “wrestled” her
to the floor, held her legs down, and licked her vagina. The victim attempted to crawl away,
but the appellant grabbed her legs and pulled her back toward him. He put his weight on her
back to prevent her from moving then penetrated her vagina with his penis. Afterward, the
appellant got up and walked out of the room, pulling on his clothes. The victim got up, shut
the door, and locked it. She put her clothes back on, crawled into bed, and eventually fell
asleep.

       The victim said that the next morning, the appellant came to her door and told her he
was going to work and would return later. The victim remained in bed, pretending to be
asleep. After she heard the appellant’s car leave, she took a shower, put on the clothes she
was wearing the night before, and went outside to borrow a telephone. She did not see
anyone nearby, so she went to the manager’s officer and knocked on the door but got no
response. She returned to the apartment and tried to use the appellant’s computer, but it was
“unhooked.” The victim said that the appellant did not have a home telephone and that she
believed he had taken her cellular telephone.

       The victim said that she did not know the appellant’s address, so she took a piece of
mail and left the apartment. She walked down the street, found a family that was having a
yard sale, and obtained permission to use their telephone to call the police. The police
responded and transported her to the Child Advocacy Center (CAC). She was interviewed,
and a sexual assault examination was performed. Thereafter, the victim was remanded into
the State’s custody and taken to the Holston Group Home.

                                             -2-
       On cross-examination, the victim said that she had not seen her father much before
she moved to Tennessee. She acknowledged that while living in Ohio, she had used drugs
and alcohol and sometimes “bumped heads” with her mother. She said that as they were
driving from Ohio to Florida, her mother made a “spur of the moment” decision to take her
to Blount County to visit her father. The victim did not have many clothes with her because
she had planned to stay with the appellant for only five or six weeks.

       The victim had initially believed that her mother would send a plane ticket so that she
could travel to Florida. However, on August 2, the victim’s brother called their mother and
asked whether the victim could come to Florida. Their mother said no, explaining that her
boyfriend “didn’t want none of the kids down there.”

       The victim acknowledged that at a juvenile hearing, she testified that after the
appellant wrestled her to the ground, he put his fist to her cheek and told her not to fight him.
She further acknowledged that she testified that the appellant put his hand over her mouth
when she started screaming. She recalled that she was wearing a bra that night; however, she
acknowledged that she testified at the preliminary hearing that she was not wearing a bra.
Nevertheless, she asserted, “What I said today is right,” explaining that her earlier testimony
was “what I remembered from that.” The victim said that she did not know whether the
appellant ejaculated.

       Dr. Stephanie Shults, a pediatrician, testified that on August 6, 2011, she performed
a sexual assault examination on the victim, during which she collected a rape kit. Dr. Shults
found no visible signs of penetrative trauma to the vaginal area, which was common due to
the flexibility of the area.

        Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) Agent Josh Abernathy testified by video
deposition that in 2011, he was a forensic scientist in the DNA/serology unit of the TBI crime
laboratory. Regarding this case, Agent Abernathy tested the following items for DNA
evidence: a known sample from the victim, vaginal and oral swabs from the victim, yellow
athletic shorts, a gray shirt, black and red athletic shorts, a swab from a red Four Loko can,
and a swab from a green Four Loko can.

       Agent Abernathy said that the vaginal swabs tested positive for the presence of sperm
and that the underwear tested positive for semen; the appellant was the contributor of both
samples. Agent Abernathy found a partial DNA profile from a female on the swab from the
red can. Although he was unable to definitively identify the contributor of the DNA on the
red can, Agent Abernathy said that it was consistent with the victim’s DNA. Agent
Abernathy was unable to develop a DNA profile from the green can.



                                               -3-
       On cross-examination, Agent Abernathy clarified that the vaginal swab revealed the
presence of limited sperm and that the underwear revealed the presence of semen but no
sperm.

       Blount County Sheriff’s Detective Doug Davis testified that on August 6, 2011, he
was dispatched to the appellant’s residence on Stone Tree Drive to investigate the victim’s
allegations. When Detective Davis entered the front door, he saw a trash can containing Four
Loko alcoholic beverage cans.

       Detective Davis verified that the victim’s 911 call was made from the corner of
Evelyn Drive and Stone Tree Drive. Detective Davis said that his first impression of the
victim was that “she was a very scared little girl.” After he spoke with her, a patrol unit
transported her to the CAC.

       Around 4:00 p.m., while Detective Davis was at the CAC with the victim, the
appellant contacted the police dispatcher to report that the victim was missing. After
contacting Detective Davis, the dispatcher told the appellant to go to the sheriff’s office.
When the appellant arrived, Detective Davis and a Department of Children’s Services (DCS)
representative took him into a room. The appellant “broke down” and became “emotional.”
Detective Davis allowed the appellant to calm down then advised him of his Miranda rights.
The appellant agreed to speak with the detective and the DCS representative.

        Detective Davis said that during the interview, he learned that the appellant was forty-
three years old. The appellant said the victim came to live with him because she was “out
of control” and her mother did not “want to deal with her.” When the victim arrived at his
residence in June, she had a “bowl” for smoking marijuana that he confiscated and locked
in a safe in his bedroom. After the victim had lived with him for a while, he took away her
cellular telephone because he “caught her having phone sex with some guy.” The appellant
said that the victim sometimes slept in his shorts and shirts.

       The appellant told Detective Davis that the Thursday prior to the offense, he and the
victim went to Kentucky to purchase Four Loko, an alcoholic beverage that was not available
in Tennessee. After they returned home that night, the victim became ill and vomited. The
appellant helped the victim to bed. She removed her clothes, including her underwear, and
gave them to him to wash. On the night of the offense, a Saturday, the victim asked the
appellant to allow her to use her telephone to call a friend in Ohio. He agreed and heard her
ask the friend to come to Tennessee to get her. Later that night, the appellant drank one “big
can” of Four Loko. He denied that the victim drank any alcohol or that there was any
marijuana in the apartment.



                                              -4-
       The appellant said that he went to bed before the victim and that he was “a little
messed up.” At 3:00 a.m., the appellant heard the victim walking around in the dark and got
up to find out what she was doing. The victim said that she was going to bed. She had a
blanket and was wearing a hoodie. The appellant denied having sex with the victim. He
maintained that the victim made up the allegations because she was “obsessed with getting
back” to Ohio. Detective Davis noticed a scratch on the appellant, but the appellant said it
was a pimple.

        The jury found the appellant guilty of statutory rape by an authority figure and incest.
The trial court imposed concurrent sentences of four years and six months for each
conviction. On appeal, the appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending
that “the State’s evidence did not establish that he used his custodial or parental authority to
accomplish an act of penetration.”

                                         II. Analysis

       On appeal, a jury conviction removes the presumption of the appellant’s innocence
and replaces it with one of guilt, so that the appellant carries the burden of demonstrating to
this court why the evidence will not support the jury’s findings. See State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The appellant must establish that no reasonable trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).

       Accordingly, on appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. See State v.
Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983). In other words, questions concerning the
credibility of witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all
factual issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, and not the appellate
courts. See State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990).

       The guilt of a defendant, including any fact required to be proven, may be predicated
upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. See State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999). Even though convictions may be established by different forms of evidence, the
standard of review for the sufficiency of that evidence is the same whether the conviction is
based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379
(Tenn. 2011).

      Incest occurs when a person “engages in sexual penetration . . . with a person,
knowing the person to be, without regard to legitimacy . . . [t]he person’s . . . child.” Tenn.

                                              -5-
Code Ann. § 39-15-302(a)(1). Incest is a Class C felony. Id. at (b). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 39-13-501(7) defines sexual penetration as “sexual intercourse,
cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of
a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of the victim’s, the
defendant’s, or any other person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” Tennessee
Code Annotated section 39-13-532 provides:

              (a) Statutory rape by an authority figure is the unlawful sexual
              penetration of a victim by the defendant . . . when:

                     (1) The victim is at least thirteen (13) but less than
              eighteen (18) years of age;

                     (2) The defendant is at least four (4) years older than the
              victim; and

                     (3) The defendant was, at the time of the offense, in a
              position of trust, or had supervisory or disciplinary power over
              the victim by virtue of the defendant’s legal, professional or
              occupational status and used the position of trust or power to
              accomplish the sexual penetration; or

                     (4) The defendant had, at the time of the offense, parental
              or custodial authority over the victim and used the authority to
              accomplish the sexual penetration.

Statutory rape by an authority figure is a Class C felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-532(b).
Concerning whether a person is an “authority figure,” our supreme court has explained that

              [t]he position of parent, step-parent, babysitter, teacher, coach
              are but a few obvious examples. The determination of the
              existence of a position of trust does not depend on the length or
              formality of the relationship, but upon the nature of the
              relationship. Thus, the court should look to see whether the
              offender formally or informally stood in a relationship to the
              victim that promoted confidence, reliability, or faith.

State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482, 488 (Tenn. 1996).

       Regarding the statutory rape by an authority figure conviction, the appellant does not

                                              -6-
dispute that he is the victim’s biological father or that the State presented evidence that he
sexually penetrated her while she was staying with him. He contends, however, that the
evidence presented by the State indicated that the penetration was accomplished “entirely by
force,” not as a result of “custodial or parental authority.” He maintains that as charged in
the indictment, “[t]he offense of statutory rape by an authority figure, as defined by
[Tennessee Code Annotated section] 39-13-532, requires that the custodial, parental,
supervisory, or disciplinary authority be used to accomplish the penetration.” Accordingly,
the appellant argues that the State failed to prove the elements of the offense. Additionally,
the appellant challenges the credibility of the victim, contending that she was lying because
she wanted to return to Ohio.

        In State v. Bryan Dale Farmer, No. M2007-01553-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 Tenn. Crim.
App. LEXIS 721 (Nashville, Aug. 18, 2008), this court addressed a similar issue. In Farmer,
the appellant was a teacher and coach at the victim’s school. Id. at *2. The appellant and the
victim exchanged text messages, he flirted with her at school, and he got her out of class to
engage in sexual intercourse. Id. at *3. The victim acknowledged that the appellant did not
threaten her to convince her to engage in a sexual relationship with him. Id. at *6. On
appeal, the appellant contended that he did not use his “supervisory power to accomplish the
sexual act between him and the victim,” noting the victim’s testimony that he “did not use
his supervisory power as a teacher to ‘make her do anything.’” Id. at *20. This court
rejected the appellant’s argument, explaining that although the statute prohibits an offender
from using his authority to accomplish the penetration, it “mentions nothing about using the
position to force the sexual contact.” Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-527(a)). This
court concluded that in order to sustain a conviction of statutory rape by an authority figure,
the proof must show only that a defendant “used his position . . . to bring about or bring to
completion the resulting sexual contact” or that he “used his authority position to both
cultivate an inappropriate relationship with the victim and to accomplish sexual contact with
the victim.” Id. at *20-21; see also State v. Henry Wayne Russell, No. M2013-00166-CCA-
R3-CD, 2014 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 406, at *28-33 (Nashville, Apr. 29, 2014),
application for perm. to appeal filed, (Tenn., June 25, 2014); State v. Margaret L. Holt, No.
E2010-02128-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 147, at *16 (Knoxville, Mar.
13, 2012); State v. Scott D. Julian, No. E2010-00735-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 Tenn. Crim. App.
LEXIS 476, at *39-40 (Knoxville, June 28, 2011).

        In the instant case, the victim was fifteen years old when her mother left her in the
care and custody of the forty-three-year-old appellant, who was her biological father. The
appellant provided a place to live, bought clothes for the victim, and enacted parental
punishments such as confiscating her cellular telephone. On the night of the offense, the
victim accompanied the appellant to Kentucky, where they bought alcohol. Upon their return
to the appellant’s apartment, they drank the alcohol, smoked marijuana, and the victim got

                                              -7-
“high.” When the victim went to her room to change clothes, the appellant snuck up behind
her, wrestled her to the floor, and penetrated her vagina with his penis. Forensic testing
revealed that the appellant’s sperm and semen were in the victim’s vagina and on her
underwear. As the Farmer court concluded, “if the evidence proved that the [appellant] used
his position as [an authority figure] to bring about or bring to completion the resulting sexual
contact, such evidence is sufficient to support the [appellant’s] conviction.” Farmer, No.
M2007-01553-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 721, at *20-21. Based upon the
foregoing, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the appellant’s conviction
of statutory rape by an authority figure. See State v. Robert M. Deunes-Cruz, No.
M2011-00879-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 10, at *29 (Nashville, Jan. 7,
2013); State v. Wade Tyler, No. M2009-01762-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS
42, at *14 (Nashville, Jan. 21, 2011).

       Regarding the incest conviction, the appellant acknowledges that he is the victim’s
biological father and that the State presented evidence that he sexually penetrated her while
she was living with him in his apartment. We agree and conclude that a reasonable trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of incest beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                       III. Conclusion

       Finding no error, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE




                                              -8-
