                               SECOND DIVISION
                                 MILLER, P. J.,
                            ANDREWS and BROWN, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                        July 11, 2018




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A18A1022. ODUOK v. THE STATE.

      ANDREWS, Judge.

      Following a jury trial, Inyang Oduok was convicted of failure to yield the right

of way. He appeals pro se, raising numerous claims of error. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

      1. In two enumerated errors, Oduok argues that the evidence was insufficient

to support the jury’s verdict. On appeal from a criminal conviction, we construe the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys

a presumption of innocence. See Nolan v. State, 257 Ga. App. 767 (572 SE2d 100)

(2002). We do not weigh the evidence or resolve issues of witness credibility, but

merely determine whether the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find the

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. As we have explained:
      Conflicts in the testimony of the witnesses, including the State’s
      witnesses, are a matter of credibility for the [jury] to resolve. As long as
      there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support
      each fact necessary to make out the State’s case, the verdict will be
      upheld.


Id. (citations and punctuation omitted).

      So viewed, the evidence shows that on February 2, 2016, authorities were

called to the scene of a two-vehicle collision at an intersection controlled by a traffic

signal in Dekalb County. The responding officer identified Oduok as one of the

drivers and took his statement. According to Oduok, he was in the left turn lane just

before the collision, waiting to turn left. He commenced his turn when the traffic

signal displayed a green left turn arrow, but a car approaching from the opposite

direction entered the intersection “trying to beat a yellow [light], traveling straight,”

and collided with Oduok’s vehicle.

      Based on his knowledge of the light cycles at the intersection, the responding

officer doubted the accuracy of Oduok’s account. After further investigation, the

officer determined that Oduok had failed to yield while making the left turn and

issued him a citation. At that point, Oduok changed his description of events, insisting

to the officer that the other driver was “attempting to run a red light.”


                                           2
       The adverse driver, Tanisha Green, testified at trial that Oduok turned left in

front of her as she traveled straight through the intersection on the green light, striking

her car. Oduok disputed this testimony, asserting that he was turning left on the green

arrow when Green’s car “came straight and shot into [his] car.” The jury, however,

found him guilty of failure to yield the right of way.

       Pursuant to OCGA § 40-6-71, “[t]he driver of a vehicle intending to turn to the

left within an intersection or into an alley, private road, or driveway shall yield the

right of way to any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction which is within

the intersection or so close thereto as to constitute an immediate hazard.” The State

presented evidence that Oduok turned left at an intersection in front of a car

approaching from the opposite direction, causing a collision. Although Oduok asserts

that the other driver was at fault, that driver offered contrary testimony, and the jury

was authorized to resolve this evidentiary conflict against Oduok. His effort on appeal

to characterize the State’s witnesses as “highly questionable” essentially asks us “to

retry his case, reweigh the evidence, and judge the credibility of the witnesses, which

we cannot do.” Cook v. State, 238 Ga. App. 341, 342 (1) (518 SE2d 749) (1999)

(citations omitted). The evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s conclusion that




                                            3
Oduok failed to yield, in violation of OCGA § 40-6-71. See Nolan, supra; Cook,

supra.

         2. Oduok further argues that his conviction must be vacated because OCGA §

40-6-71 does not regulate “intersections controlled by a traffic light.” According to

Oduok, his failure to yield violation should have been charged under OCGA § 40-6-

21, rather than OCGA § 40-6-71. He thus contends that the accusation was defective.

         As an initial matter, Oduok waived this claim by failing to raise it below

through a special demurrer. See Ervin v. State, 298 Ga. App. 409, 411 (680 SE2d

448) (2009); Pruitt v. State, 289 Ga. App. 307, 309 (2) (656 SE2d 920) (2008). Even

absent waiver, however, we find no merit to his claim. The provision cited by Oduok,

OCGA § 40-6-21, is a “definitional section” that describes the various traffic signals

on the roadway, but does not define a violation of the law. State v. Nix, 220 Ga. App.

651, 653 (1) (469 SE2d 497) (1996). Instead, the legislature specifically addressed

failure to yield through OCGA § 40-6-71, which by its plain terms requires a driver

“intending to turn to the left within an intersection” to yield to oncoming traffic.

Nothing in the statutory language restricts its application to intersections without a

traffic signal. And we have routinely affirmed convictions under OCGA § 40-6-71 for

failure to yield at traffic-light controlled intersections. See Nolan, supra; Cook, supra.

                                            4
       The State properly charged Oduok with failure to yield pursuant to OCGA § 40-

6-71. To the extent any language in Bailey v. Bartee, 205 Ga. App. 463, 463-464 (1)

(422 SE2d 319) (1992) (physical precedent only), or Corley v. Harris, 171 Ga. App.

688, 689 (3) (320 SE2d 833) (1984), suggests a different conclusion, that language

is disapproved.

       3. Again asserting that he was charged under the wrong provision, Oduok

claims that the trial court improperly instructed the jury on OCGA § 40-6-71. Given

our decision in Division 2, supra, this argument lacks merit.

       4. Oduok raises several claims relating to the selection and exclusion of jurors,

asserting that race-based motives infected the jury selection process. The trial

transcript, however, does not include voir dire, and Oduok has pointed to no evidence

that he objected at trial to the jury, its selection, or its overall composition. In fact, his

counsel stated after the jury was impaneled that he had no objection to the selection

process. Under these circumstances, Oduok’s claims of error regarding jury selection

have been waived. See Powell v. State, 297 Ga. 352, 355 (3) (773 SE2d 762) (2015)

(“Inasmuch as no Batson challenge or other objection was made below regarding the

racial composition of the jury, the issue has been waived for appellate review.”);

McDonald v. State, 296 Ga. 643, 649 (4) (770 SE2d 6) (2015) (“Having made no

                                              5
challenge to the composition of the jury array at trial, Appellant has waived this

objection on appeal.”).

      5. Next, Oduok argues that the trial court improperly admitted into evidence a

police report containing the statement that “‘Defendant told [the officer] that Green

ran a Yellow light.’” According to Oduok, this statement was inadmissible hearsay

that should not have been submitted to the jury. The record shows, however, that the

trial court did not admit the police report into evidence. It admitted only a diagram of

the collision scene, which Oduok does not challenge on appeal. Although the officer

testified about Oduok’s statement regarding the yellow light, Oduok did not object to

this testimony at trial and thus waived any hearsay claim. See OCGA § 24-8-802 (“[I]f

a party does not properly object to hearsay, the objection shall be deemed waived, and

the hearsay evidence shall be legal evidence and admissible.”).

      6. Oduok asserts that he is entitled to a new trial because the prosecutor

inappropriately communicated with the jury foreman. At the hearing on Oduok’s post-

trial motions, however, the prosecutor testified that, other than in open court, he had

no contact with the jurors during the trial or before the jury reached its verdict. Oduok

did not present any contrary evidence at the motion hearing, and the trial court was

not required to continue the hearing to subpoena additional witnesses regarding the


                                           6
matter. Accordingly, the trial court properly rejected this claim. See Meeker v. State,

282 Ga. App. 77, 81 (5) (637 SE2d 806) (2006) (“As evidence supported the trial

court’s finding of no [jury] misconduct, we must affirm.”).

      7. After the trial, Oduok filed a motion seeking clarification that his case had

not been closed. The trial court denied the motion, but noted that the case was

ongoing and that all parties understood the posture of the proceedings. Although

Oduok vaguely challenges this ruling on appeal, he has not demonstrated the harm or

error necessary for reversal. See Parrott v. State, 330 Ga. App. 801, 803 (1) (769

SE2d 549) (2015) (“It is well settled that the burden is on the appellant who asserts

error to show it affirmatively by the record; further, an appellant, in order to secure a

reversal, must demonstrate not only error but harm.”) (punctuation and footnote

omitted).

      8. The trial court denied Oduok’s numerous post-trial motions in a brief order

that did not set forth the reasons underlying the decision. Instead, the order referenced

the reasoning orally announced by the trial court at the motions hearing. Oduok now

argues that the trial court should have explained its ruling in the written order. But he

has cited no authority requiring a detailed written order, and we have found none.

See, e.g., Carr v. State, 275 Ga. 185, 187-188 (6) (563 SE2d 850) (2002) (trial court


                                           7
not required to make specific written findings of fact and conclusions of law when

denying a motion for new trial).

      9. Oduok was sentenced to a $400 fine plus fees (which could be worked off

through community service), one year of probation, and completion of a defensive

driving course. He challenges the sentence on appeal, characterizing it as “cruel and

unusual.” The sentence, however, was well within the appropriate range of

punishment for the misdemeanor offense at issue here. See OCGA § 40-6-1 (a);

OCGA §§ 17-10-3 (a), (b), (d) (2), (d) (4). Moreover, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in imposing general conditions of probation, such as that Oduok violate no

criminal laws, report to his probation officer, and not leave the State without

permission from the probation supervisor. See OCGA § 17-10-3 (d) (4) (following a

misdemeanor conviction, a judge may probate or suspend “all or any part of a penalty

upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the judge”); Pitts v. State,

231 Ga. App. 9, 11 (498 SE2d 534) (1998) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in

imposing conditions of probation).

      10. Oduok next argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial.

To prevail on this claim, Oduok must “prove both that his trial counsel’s performance

was deficient and that there is a reasonable probability that the trial result would have


                                           8
been different if not for the deficient performance.” Clements v. State, 301 Ga. 267,

270 (3) (800 SE2d 552) (2017). He cannot meet this burden.

      (a) Oduok first claims that trial counsel should have moved to dismiss the case

on the ground that OCGA § 40-6-71 was the “wrong charge.” However, as discussed

in Division 2, supra, the State properly charged Oduok with failure to yield pursuant

to OCGA § 40-6-71. Trial counsel was not required to make the meritless motion

advocated by Oduok. See Hampton v. State, 295 Ga. 665, 670 (2) (763 SE2d 467)

(2014) (trial counsel’s failure to make meritless motion or objection will not support

ineffective assistance of counsel claim).

      (b) Oduok further argues that trial counsel failed to conduct a proper pretrial

investigation. But Oduok neglected to call trial counsel as a witness at the hearing on

his motion for new trial, so we do not know what type of preparation or investigation

counsel performed. Although Oduok speculates on appeal about what could have been

discovered, he offered no evidence that counsel’s pretrial preparation was deficient

and thus failed to support his ineffective assistance claim. See Morgan v. State, 276

Ga. 72, 77 (9) (575 SE2d 468) (2003) (“Where trial counsel does not testify at the

motion for new trial hearing, it is extremely difficult to overcome . . . presumption”

that counsel’s assistance falls within wide range of reasonable professional conduct.).


                                            9
       (c) Oduok complains that trial counsel should have challenged the composition

of the jury at trial. But “a defendant is not constitutionally entitled to a jury venire of

any particular composition.” Clements, supra, at 271 (3) (a) (citation and punctuation

omitted). And because counsel did not testify at the new trial hearing, Oduok cannot

demonstrate that counsel acted unreasonably during the jury selection process or that

“absent some deficiency in counsel’s performance, a different jury would have been

selected that would have reached a result more favorable to [Oduok] at his trial.” Id.

Accordingly, Oduok cannot establish ineffective assistance on this ground. See id.

(“[I]n the absence of evidence to the contrary, counsel’s decisions are presumed to be

strategic and thus insufficient to support an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.”).

       11. Finally, Oduok contends that “criminal citations by police officers at the

scene of an accident and the criminalization of accident victims in a state with [a]

history of racial prejudice,” as well as OCGA §§ 40-6-21 and 40-6-71, should be

declared unconstitutional. Pretermitting whether this Court has jurisdiction to

consider Oduok’s argument, see Ga. Const. Art. VI, § VI, ¶ II, Oduok has failed to

demonstrate that he raised the argument in the trial court or to include any argument

or citation of authority in support of the argument. See Court of Appeals Rules 25 (a)

(3), (c) (2); Fulton County v. Galberaith, 282 Ga. 314, 315 (1) (647 SE2d 24) (2007)


                                            10
(Georgia Supreme Court “has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all cases involving

construction of both the Federal and Georgia Constitutions. However, in order to

invoke that jurisdiction, the record must show that the trial court specifically

passed on the constitutional issue.”) (citations omitted; emphasis supplied).

Accordingly, the argument is deemed abandoned.

      Judgment affirmed. Miller, P. J., and Brown, J., concur.




                                         11
