                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                  ___________

                                  No. 98-1682
                                  ___________

G. Dean Arthaud,                    *
                                    *
           Appellee,                *
                                    *
      v.                            * Appeal from the United States
                                    * District Court for the
Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company, * Western District of Missouri.
United of Omaha Life Insurance      *
Company, Mutual of Omaha            *
Marketing Company,                  *
                                    *
           Appellants.              *
                               ___________

                            Submitted: November 18, 1998

                                 Filed: March 22, 1999
                                  ___________

Before McMILLIAN, WOLLMAN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Mutual of Omaha (Mutual) appeals from the district court’s denial of its
renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law following a jury verdict in favor of
G. Dean Arthaud on his claim of compelled self-defamation. We reverse and remand.
                                          I.

      Mutual hired Arthaud as a market consultant in November of 1988. On May
1, 1991, he was promoted to general manager of Mutual’s Jefferson City Division
Office. While working in that capacity, Arthaud negotiated an arrangement for
Mutual to sell insurance products provided by the Phoenix Home Life Company. A
dispute resulted over Arthaud’s share of the proceeds from the arrangement. Initially,
Mutual indicated that Arthaud would receive all of the proceeds. Later, Mutual told
Arthaud that he would receive only a portion. Arthaud spoke to his supervisor, Ron
Steventon, about the decision, and was told not to pursue the matter further.

       On June 6, 1994, Arthaud attended a Mutual managers’ meeting in Omaha,
Nebraska. Steventon and Linda Beach, the vice president of sales and marketing,
called Arthaud away from the meeting and terminated him for “inappropriate sales
practices” and a “violation of the company conflict of interest statement.” The next
day, Arthaud requested a service letter from Mutual under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 290.140.
That provision requires an employer to provide, upon request, a letter giving the
truthful reason for an employee’s termination. Steventon provided such a letter,
which stated that Arthaud had been discharged for inappropriate sales practices and
a conflict of interest with the company. During Arthaud’s search for new
employment, he informed several prospective employers of the reasons for dismissal
articulated in the service letter. He was rejected by several companies before
ultimately obtaining a position.

       After learning that Mutual had been engaged in a company-wide effort to
reduce its workforce from 1988 to 1997, Arthaud came to believe that Mutual had
stated a false reason for his termination to prevent other employees from learning of
the downsizing. He brought suit against Mutual for (1) breach of an implied covenant
of good faith, (2) promissory estoppel, (3) fraud, (4) defamation, (5) violation of
Missouri’s service-letter statute, and (6) compelled self-defamation. Before trial,

                                         -2-
Arthaud voluntarily dismissed the service-letter claim. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of Mutual on the implied covenant of good faith,
promissory estoppel, and defamation claims. It submitted the fraud and compelled
self-defamation claims to the jury.

       The jury found in favor of Mutual on the fraud claim but in favor of Arthaud
on the compelled self-defamation claim. It awarded Arthaud $50,000 in actual and
$125,000 in punitive damages. The district court denied Mutual’s renewed motion
for judgment as a matter of law, and this appeal followed.

                                          II.

       We review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law. See
Gray v. Bicknell, 86 F.3d 1472, 1478 (8th Cir. 1996). Mutual is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law only if there was insufficient evidence to support the jury verdict.
Id. (quoting Fox v. T-H Continental L.P., 78 F.3d 409, 413 (8th Cir. 1996)). In
making this determination, we view all facts and resolve any conflicts in favor of
Arthaud, giving him the benefit of all reasonable inferences. See Varner v. National
Super Markets, Inc., 94 F.3d 1209, 1212 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 946
(1997).

       To make out a claim of compelled self-defamation, Missouri law requires a
plaintiff to show: (1) that the employer stated a false reason for termination; (2) that
the employer knew the statement was false or had serious doubt about its truth when
it was made; (3) that the employer intended or had reason to suppose that the
statement would be disclosed to a third party; (4) that the statement tended to expose
the employee to contempt within his profession; (5) that the statement was
communicated to prospective employers; and (6) that the employee suffered actual
damages to his reputation. See Herberholt v. dePaul Community Health Ctr., 625
S.W.2d 617, 624-25 (Mo. 1981) (en banc) (per curiam); Neighbors v. Kirksville

                                          -3-
College of Osteopathic Med., 694 S.W.2d 822, 824-25 (Mo. Ct. App. 1985); Nazeri
v. Missouri Valley College, 860 S.W.2d 303, 313-14 (Mo. 1993) (en banc); Missouri
Approved Instruction-Civil 23.06(1). Mutual contends that Arthaud did not prove
that he suffered any actual damages because he did not show that any prospective
employers relied on Mutual’s false statement in denying him employment. We agree.

       Historically, defamation that harmed a person’s trade or profession constituted
defamation per se, which allowed for a presumption of damages. Nazeri, 860 S.W.2d
at 311. Since Nazeri, however, Missouri courts require a showing of actual damages
in all defamation cases. See id. at 313. To demonstrate actual damages, plaintiffs
must show that defamatory statements caused a quantifiable professional or personal
injury, such as interference with job performance, psychological or emotional
distress, or depression. See Jenkins v. Revolution Helicopter Corp., 925 S.W.2d 939,
942-43 (Mo. Ct. App. 1996) (requiring plaintiffs to show monetary damages in
defamation cases); Taylor v. Chapman, 927 S.W.2d 542, 544-45 (Mo. Ct. App. 1996)
(finding plaintiff’s belief that her reputation was tarnished insufficient to demonstrate
actual professional or personal injury); Kennedy v. Jasper, 928 S.W.2d 395, 400 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1996) (holding that the testimony of individuals who believed defamatory
statements, and of a psychiatrist regarding plaintiff’s mental distress, sufficiently
demonstrated actual damages).

       In the compelled self-defamation context, an employee must demonstrate a
causal connection between the employer’s false statement and a lost job opportunity
to show actual professional damages. See Herberholt, 625 S.W.2d at 625; Nazeri,
860 S.W.2d at 314. Communication of the false statement to a prospective employer,
without more, does not establish such a causal connection. A plaintiff must show that
a prospective employer actually relied on the false statement in denying him
employment. See Jasperson v. Purolator Courier Corp., 765 F.2d 736, 741-42 (8th
Cir. 1985); Kling v. Professional Care Ctr., Inc., 735 S.W.2d 168, 169 (Mo. Ct. App.
1987); Grasle v. Jenny Craig Weight Loss Ctrs., Inc., 167 F.R.D. 406, 413-14 (E.D.

                                          -4-
Mo. 1996) (all holding that plaintiffs failed to show actual damages because they did
not present evidence that prospective employers relied on false statements in service
letters in denying them employment).

       Arthaud informed prospective employers about the false statement in the
service letter. At trial, he showed that a conflict of interest was a serious matter in the
insurance industry and that many of his peers had learned that he was terminated for
that reason. He also showed that he had difficulty obtaining a new position despite
being highly qualified. Arthaud relied entirely on speculation, however, for his
assertion that Mutual’s false statement in the service letter actually caused his
difficulty in finding a job. Arthaud offered no evidence that any prospective
employers relied on, or even considered, the contents of the service letter. Arthaud
simply inferred from his age and qualifications that he would have found employment
sooner had Mutual not made the false statement in the service letter. As a matter of
law, this is insufficient to establish a causal connection between Mutual’s false
statement and Arthaud’s alleged professional injury. Thus, Mutual was entitled to
judgment as a matter of law on Arthaud’s compelled self-defamation claim, a holding
that perforce requires that the award of damages also be set aside.

       The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court for
entry of judgment in favor of Mutual.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                           -5-
