                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    September 6, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 327067
                                                                    Kent Circuit Court
ARTUR GRIGORYAN,                                                    LC No. 14-008375-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: STEPHENS, P.J., and BECKERING and GLEICHER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was convicted by a jury of assault with intent to murder, MCL 750.83;
carrying a concealed weapon (CCW), MCL 750.227; and possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. He was sentenced to 12 to 40 years’
imprisonment for his assault with attempt to murder conviction, one to five years’ imprisonment
for the CCW conviction, and two years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. He
appeals as of right. We affirm defendant’s convictions but remand for possible resentencing.

                      I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

         Defendant first argues on appeal that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel
/when his trial counsel failed to investigate and present expert witnesses, failed to object to an
error in the jury instructions, and failed to request a specific intent instruction. Our review of
these claims is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407,
410; 760 NW2d 882 (2008). To establish the ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
show (1) that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2)
that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 309; 521 NW2d 797 (1994), citing
Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 669, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984).
Effective assistance of counsel is strongly presumed and the defendant bears the burden of
proving otherwise. People v Vaughn, 491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012). On matters of
trial strategy, defense counsel has wide discretion, People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 83; 829
NW2d 266 (2012), and this Court will not substitute its judgment for that of counsel, People v
Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009).

       Defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to produce expert
witness testimony on three subjects: firearms, the victim’s injuries, and domestic violence.


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Defendant has not established that any witnesses existed who could have been called at trial and
who would have presented testimony that would have supported defendant’s theories on any of
the subjects. Defendant initially proffers three theories: that the gun discharged accidentally; that
the victim’s injuries were caused by a bullet fragment and not a bullet; or that the victim’s
injuries were caused by gunshot residue or some other unspecified object during the struggle
between defendant and the victim. We can assume that the experts relevant to these theories
would be in forensic pathology, ballistics and human factors. Defendant also asserts the theory
that a victim does not always lie to protect her abuser. Accepting credibility to be within the
province of the fact-finder, we cannot speculate as to either what expert testimony could have
been offered in support of this theory or what testimony could have been admitted under the
rules of evidence. It was defendant’s burden to establish the factual predicate for his claims—
that experts existed who could have offered the testimony defendant faults counsel for not
presenting. People v Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999). Defendant did not meet that
burden. Additionally, defendant has not demonstrated that counsel’s failure to call an expert
witness fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Pickens, 446 Mich at 309. The
prosecution presented expert and lay witness testimony regarding the firearm, the victim’s
injuries, and domestic violence generally. All of these witnesses were subjected to cross-
examination by defendant. The fact that defense counsel chose not to challenge the
prosecution’s witnesses by producing independent experts was a matter of trial strategy. Defense
counsel has wide discretion in matters of trial strategy, Heft, 299 Mich App at 83, and this Court
does not substitute its judgment for that of counsel on matters of trial strategy, Payne, 285 Mich
App at 190.

        Next, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to an
error in the jury instructions regarding assault with intent to murder. A court must “instruct the
jury concerning the law applicable to the case and fully and fairly present the case to the jury in
an understandable manner.” People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 80; 537 NW2d 909 (1995). “The
instructions must include all elements of the charged offense and must not exclude material
issues, defenses, and theories, if there is evidence to support them.” People v Daniel, 207 Mich
App 47, 53; 523 NW2d 830 (1994). A reviewing court “examines the instructions as a whole,
and, even if there are some imperfections, there is no basis for reversal if the instructions
adequately protected the defendant’s rights by fairly presenting to the jury the issues to be tried.”
People v Dumas, 454 Mich 390, 396; 563 NW2d 31 (1997).

        At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court instructed the jury on the elements of each
crime. Assault with intent to murder is a specific-intent crime, which has the following
elements: “(1) an assault, (2) with an actual intent to kill, (3) which, if successful, would make
the killing murder.” People v Brown, 267 Mich App 141, 147; 703 NW2d 230 (2005)
(quotations omitted). Here, the trial court instructed, in relevant part, “that when [defendant]
intended to kill the victim] when he assaulted her, and the circumstances did not legally excuse
or reduce the crime” (emphasis added). According to defendant, the inclusion of the word
“when” created the inference that the trial court was instructing the jury that defendant had the
requisite intent and that the jury did not have to make that decision. We agree that the use of the
word “when” was erroneous, and the instruction was imperfect.

       However, the instructions, when considered as a whole, adequately presented the issues
and sufficiently protected defendant’s rights. Dumas, 454 Mich 396. Although the instruction


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included an errant “when”—“when [defendant] intended to kill” the victim—the jury was
otherwise clearly instructed that intent was the issue to be decided. An instruction was given that
“defendant’s intent may be proven by what he said, what he did, how he did it, or by any other
facts and circumstances in evidence.” Thus, although the instructions were imperfect, they
adequately presented the issues and sufficiently protected defendant’s rights. Id. Therefore,
defendant has not shown that his trial counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness when he failed to object to the jury instructions. Pickens, 446 Mich at 309.

        Moreover, even if we found deficient performance, defendant has failed to show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for defense counsel’s failure to object to the jury
instructions, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Pickens, 446 Mich at 309.
The jury was provided with a written copy of the jury instructions, which did not include the
error. Defendant does not point to any evidence to support that, had his trial counsel objected
and had the trial court corrected the jury instructions, the result of the proceeding would have
been different. Pickens, 446 Mich at 309. Thus, defendant has not met his burden of showing
that counsel was ineffective.

        Next, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury
instruction for specific intent. On appeal, defendant argues that the standard jury instruction for
assault with intent to murder does not adequately inform the jury of the intent required to convict
a defendant of assault with intent to murder. We disagree. This Court has held that the standard
instruction adequately apprises the jury of the elements of the offense. See People v Lipps, 167
Mich App 99, 106; 421 NW2d 586 (1988); People v Haggart, 142 Mich App 330, 342 n 1; 370
NW2d 345 (1985). Because the standard jury instructions as given by the trial court in this case
were adequate, defendant has not demonstrated that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness when he failed to request instructions for specific intent.
Pickens, 446 Mich at 309.

                                II. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

        Defendant next argues on appeal that there was insufficient evidence to find that he had
the requisite intent necessary to convict him of assault with intent to murder. A challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence requires this Court to view the evidence de novo in a light most
favorable to the prosecution and determine whether any reasonable juror would be warranted in
finding that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People
v Harverson, 291 Mich App 171, 175, 177; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). To convict defendant, the
prosecution was required to prove that defendant committed “(1) an assault, (2) with an actual
intent to kill, (3) which, if successful, would make the killing murder.” Brown, 267 Mich App at
147. Because intent may be difficult to prove, minimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient to
prove that a defendant entertained the requisite intent to kill. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App
192, 196-197; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

         Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the testimony in this case was
sufficient to enable a reasonable jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant intended
to kill the victim. The victim and defendant fought often, and on at least one occasion, defendant
pulled her hair. On the day of the incident, defendant and the victim arranged to meet to work
out their problems. Defendant brought a gun, which was concealed under a shirt or somewhere


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near his body, when he met with the victim. During their discussion, defendant became very
angry, accused the victim of having an affair, and threatened to kill her co-worker. Defendant
pulled out a gun, and when the victim refused to call her co-worker, defendant specifically
threatened to kill her. When the victim tried to leave, defendant turned on the car and began to
drive so that she could not jump out of the car. At some point, the gun’s cylinder opened and the
bullets fell out, and defendant then collected the bullets and reloaded the gun. The victim heard
clicking sounds—made when defendant pulled the trigger on an empty chamber—and defendant
counted the bullets or chambers. The gun discharged during the events, and the passenger
window next to the victim shattered. The victim sustained a graze wound and her shoulder was
bruised and she had powder burns on her arm or shoulder. The victim repeatedly attempted to
run away, but each time defendant chased after her and dragged her back to the car. Defendant
threatened to kill himself if the victim did not come back. When the victim finally got away,
defendant shot himself. Afterward, the police found a note in his pocket expressing his desire
that his uncle have custody over their daughter. Given that defendant threatened to kill the
victim, possessed the deadly means to do so, would not let the victim leave the situation,
reloaded the gun after the bullets fell out, and given that the gun was ultimately discharged in the
enclosed space of the vehicle in close proximity to the victim, causing her injury, a rational jury
could find that defendant committed an assault with intent to kill the victim. Therefore, the
evidence was sufficient to support defendant’s conviction.

                                      III. RESENTENCING

       Finally, defendant argues that he is entitled to resentencing because his case was pending
on direct appeal when People v Lockridge, 496 Mich 852; 842 NW2d 925 (2014), was decided.
Although defendant’s brief is scanty, at best, on this issue, he specifically asks for a “remand to
the Kent County Circuit Court to determine, using the procedure described in Part VI of the
Lockridge opinion, whether it would have imposed a materially different sentence.” Notably,
although its brief is also perfunctory, the prosecution concedes that defendant is entitled to such a
remand. We agree with the parties.

         Review of the record reveals that facts admitted by defendant or found by the jury were
insufficient to assess the minimum number of OV points necessary for defendant’s score to fall
in the cell of the sentencing grid under which he was sentenced. Specifically, we would find
that, at a minimum, Offense Variables (OVs) 3, 8, and 10 were scored based on facts not found
by the jury or admitted by defendant. According to Lockridge, it is thus clear that “an
unconstitutional constraint actually impaired the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right,” id. at 395,
because those factors were found by a preponderance of the evidence by the judge and were then
used to compel an increase in the mandatory minimum punishment defendant received, id. at
377-379, 399. In accordance with Lockridge, we find that this case “should be remanded to the
trial court to determine whether the trial court would have imposed a materially different
sentence but for the constitutional error.” Id. at 397. The procedure on remand, known as a
Crosby1 procedure, would require the following:
         [O]n a Crosby remand, a trial court should first allow a defendant an opportunity
         to inform the court that he or she will not seek resentencing. If notification is not

1
    United States v Crosby, 397 F3d 103, 117-118 (CA 2, 2005).


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received in a timely manner, the court (1) should obtain the views of counsel in
some form, (2) may but is not required to hold a hearing on the matter, and (3)
need not have the defendant present when it decides whether to resentence the
defendant, but (4) must have the defendant present, as required by [MCR 6.425],
if it decides to resentence the defendant. Further, in determining whether the
court would have imposed a materially different sentence but for the
unconstitutional constraint, the court should consider only the circumstances
existing at the time of the original sentence. [Id. at 398 (quotations and citations
omitted).]

As such, we affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand for a Crosby procedure.

                                                     /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
                                                     /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                     /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher




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