                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 19-0602
                                 Filed June 5, 2019


IN THE INTEREST OF B.W.,
Minor Child,

M.W., Mother,
      Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


        Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clinton County, Phillip J. Tabor,

District Associate Judge.



        A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.

AFFIRMED.



        Neill A. Kroeger, LeClaire, for appellant mother.

        Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Anna T. Stoeffler, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

        Marsha J. Arnold, Davenport, guardian ad litem for minor child.



        Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and May, JJ. Tabor, J., takes no

part.
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MAY, Judge.

       The juvenile court terminated a mother’s parental rights to her child, B.W.

On appeal, the mother argues (1) termination is not in B.W.’s best interest due to

their strong parent-child bond, (2) B.W.’s placement with relatives should preclude

termination, and (3) the juvenile court should have established a guardianship

rather than terminating her parental rights. We affirm the juvenile court.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

       B.W. was born in 2007. Her mother is a single parent.

       In August 2017, B.W.’s adult half-brother and his wife contacted the Iowa

Department of Human Services (DHS) about B.W.’s welfare.                They were

concerned because B.W.’s mother left B.W. for roughly seven weeks without a

care plan in place.

       In January 2018, DHS again received reports regarding the mother’s lack

of parental supervision. DHS was advised that the mother often left B.W. in the

care of others for extended periods of time without access to medical care or

financial support. Reporting individuals also expressed concern that the mother

was engaged in sex work and abused drugs.

       At the request of DHS, the mother submitted to drug testing. She tested

positive for methamphetamine but denied any substance use. She contended she

tested positive because “she was ‘withdrawing from Adderall’ after she took

unknown pills from a friend that made her feel ‘good and alert.’”

       On January 18, 2018, the juvenile court issued an order temporarily

removing B.W. from the mother’s custody. In March 2018, the court adjudicated

B.W. as a child in the need of assistance and formally removed B.W. from the
                                             3


mother’s care. In July 2018, DHS placed B.W. with her adult half-brother and his

wife. B.W. has remained in their physical care since July 31, 2018.

       The mother began supervised visitation with B.W. Initially, it went well.

However, the mother’s participation in visitation became unreliable. For example,

on one occasion Family Safety, Risk, and Permanency (FSRP) worker Sherri

Zirbes brought B.W. to the mother’s apartment for a scheduled visit, but the mother

was not home and did not answer her phone when called. Sherri and B.W. sat in

the hallway for forty-five minutes waiting for the mother to arrive home to begin

visitation. The mother also cancelled visitations for various reasons. On several

occasions, she could not be reached by the FSRP worker or family members. She

also continued to test positive for methamphetamine and failed to consistently

participate in substance-abuse treatment.

       By January 2019, the juvenile court changed its permanency goal from

reunification to termination of the mother’s parental rights.          In the interest of

permanency, B.W. advised the guardian ad litem and a social worker that she

wanted her half-brother and his wife to adopt her. They, in turn, expressed their

wish to adopt B.W.

       In March 2019, the juvenile court held a termination hearing. The mother

and the FSRP worker testified. The court terminated the mother’s parental rights

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(d), (f), (i), and (k) (2019). The mother

appealed.1 Our supreme court transferred the case to this court.




1
  The mother also sent a pro se letter to our supreme court. For two reasons, we find the
letter is not properly before us. First, we find no authority in the Iowa Rules of Appellate
Procedure for pro se supplemental petitions on appeal. Second, even if we treat the letter
                                               4


II. Standard of Review

       We review termination proceedings de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40

(Iowa 2010). “We examine both the facts and law, and we adjudicate anew those

issues properly preserved and presented.” In re C.S., No. 13-1796, 2014 WL

667883, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014).

III. Analysis

       We use a three-step analysis to review the termination of a parent’s rights.

In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). First, we must determine whether a

ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been established. Id. at 472–

73. If a ground for termination has been established, we must then consider

“whether the best-interest framework as laid out in section 232.116(2) supports the

termination of parental rights.” Id. at 473. Finally, we must consider “whether any

exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude termination of parental rights.”

Id. (quoting In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 220 (Iowa 2016)).




as its own petition on appeal, the mother failed to file it within fifteen days of the notice of
appeal as required by rule 6.201(1)(b).
        Even if the letter were properly before us, however, it would not change the
outcome. The letter consists mainly of (1) matters already covered in the petition on
appeal; and (2) matters outside the record, which we cannot consider. In re Marriage of
Keith, 513 N.W.2d 769, 771 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“We are limited to the record before us
and any matters outside the record on appeal are disregarded.”).
        We have reviewed the mother’s claim that her attorney did not provide effective
assistance. See, e.g., In re J.P.B., 419 N.W.2d 387, 392 (Iowa 1988) (discussing
standards for ineffective-assistance claims in termination proceedings). She cannot
prevail on that claim because she “has not demonstrated the result of the proceeding
would likely have been different” if her attorney had acted differently. In re E.R., No. 15-
1432, 2015 WL 8366603, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 9, 2015).
                                            5


       A. Grounds for Termination

       Our first step is to determine if a ground of termination under section

232.116(1) has been established. See id. at 472–73. “The State has the burden

of proving the grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence.” In re

H.L.B.R., 567 N.W.2d 675, 677 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).

       Here, the juvenile court terminated pursuant to sections 232.116(1)(d), (f),

(i), and (k).   The mother has not properly challenged any of these statutory

grounds.2 Therefore, we need not address this step. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d

489, 492 (Iowa 2000) (“A broad, all encompassing argument is insufficient to

identify error in cases of de novo review.”); In re A.N.B., No. 03-1780, 2003 WL

22900904, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 10, 2003) (declining to consider challenge to

statutory grounds supporting termination when the parent failed to provide any

argument or authority supporting the challenge); see also P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40

(“Because the [parent] does not [sufficiently] dispute the existence of the grounds

under sections 232.116(1)(d), (h), and (i), we do not have to discuss this step.”).




2
   The mother’s petition contains a single-sentence allegation that insufficient evidence
supported the termination of her parental rights. She does not support this allegation with
argument or authority. She does not point out any particular deficiencies concerning any
of the grounds for termination relied on by the juvenile court. Her “general conclusion
does not properly frame the issue for our review.” In re E.C., No. 14-0754, 2014 WL
3513336, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 16, 2014); see also In re Det. of West, No. 11-1545,
2013 WL 988815, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2013) (citing authorities for the proposition
that a “random mention of an issue, without elaboration or supportive authority, is not
sufficient to raise an issue for review”).
                                          6


        B. Best-Interest Framework

        Our next step is to consider the best-interest framework set forth in section

232.116(2). A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 473. Section 232.116(2) provides, in relevant

part:

               In considering whether to terminate the rights of a parent
        under this section, the court shall give primary consideration to the
        child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term
        nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and
        emotional condition and needs of the child.

See also Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(a), (b), (c) (identifying factors that may be

relevant to the court’s best-interest analysis).

        Applying this framework here, we conclude termination of the mother’s

parental rights is in B.W.’s best interest. The mother’s conduct throughout the

pendency of this case demonstrates she cannot make the necessary changes to

provide a safe and secure home for B.W.                  She tested positive for

methamphetamine multiple times, refused to admit to drug usage, and failed to

complete substance-abuse treatment despite recommendations to do so. See In

re H.L., No. 18-1975, 2019 WL 478903, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2019)

(collecting cases concluding a parent’s drug use and failure to obtain treatment

weighs in favor of termination of the parent’s parental rights). Additionally, when

B.W. was initially removed from the home, the mother did not take any

responsibility or show any insight into the severity of leaving B.W. without a known

plan of when she would return or a way to reach her in an emergency. She

continues to fail to appreciate the seriousness of this conduct. We fear she will

continue to leave B.W. to her own devices in the future, compromising B.W.’s

safety and development.
                                          7


       Moreover, B.W. is now integrated into her half-brother’s home. He and his

wife wish to adopt B.W. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b). While in their care, B.W.

changed school districts and integrated into the new school system, established

friendships, joined several extracurricular activities, and developed a relationship

with her sister-in-law’s family. Termination of the mother’s parental rights would

allow B.W. to continue to thrive in her current environment.                  See id.

§ 232.116(2)(b)(1). Termination is also in keeping with B.W.’s own wishes. See

id. § 232.116(2)(b)(2).

       The mother argues the juvenile court should have established a

guardianship rather than terminating her parental rights. However, “a guardianship

is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 477

(quoting In re B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017)). Moreover, we see

no reason to believe a guardianship would be in B.W.’s best interest. Rather, a

guardianship would deny B.W. the permanency she desires and deserves.

       C. Exceptions

       Our final step is to consider section 232.116(3), which provides as follows:

               The court need not terminate the relationship between the
       parent and child if the court finds any of the following:
               a. A relative has legal custody of the child.
               b. The child is over ten years of age and objects to the
       termination.
               c. There is clear and convincing evidence that the termination
       would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of
       the parent-child relationship.
               d. It is necessary to place the child in a hospital, facility, or
       institution for care and treatment and the continuation of the parent-
       child relationship is not preventing a permanent family placement for
       the child.
               e. The absence of a parent is due to the parent’s admission
       or commitment to any institution, hospital, or health facility or due to
       active service in the state or federal armed forces.
                                        8



       “[T]he parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an

exception to termination” under section 232.116(3). A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 476. If

the parent proves an exception, this court may conclude termination is

inappropriate. Id. We are not, however, required to reach that conclusion. In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014). Rather, we exercise our discretion,

“based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best interests of the

child,” to determine whether the parent-child relationship should be saved. Id.

(citation omitted).

       Here, the mother makes two arguments relating to section 232.116(3).

First, the mother points to B.W.’s placement with her half-brother. But section

232.116(3)(a) only applies when “a relative has legal custody of the child.”

(Emphasis added). While B.W. was in her half-brother’s physical care, legal

custody remained with DHS. Therefore, section 232.116(3)(a) is inapplicable. See

A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113 (finding DHS’s placement of a child with a relative does

not constitute legal custody under section 232.116(3)(a)).

       The mother also argues section 232.116(3)(c) applies due to the strength

of her bond with B.W. We disagree. The mother has failed to show the parent-

child bond is so strong that termination would be detrimental to B.W. See In re

D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa 2010) (“[O]ur consideration must center on

whether the child will be disadvantaged by termination, and whether the

disadvantage overcomes [the parent]’s inability to provide for [the child]’s

developing needs.”). No doubt the FSRP notes demonstrate B.W. relished her
                                           9


time with the mother. Nevertheless, B.W. also indicated she hoped for termination

so that her life would have stability.

IV. Conclusion

       For the reasons stated, we conclude the juvenile court properly terminated

the mother’s parental rights. We affirm.

       AFFIRMED.
