                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     MAR 20 2019
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

AKWASI DAMOAH ASUMADU,                           Nos. 18-16658, 18-16720

            Appellant/Cross-Appellee,            D.C. No.
                                                 2:18-cv-01418-DLR
     v.

HANNAH BOAHEMAA BAFFOE,                          MEMORANDUM*

            Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Arizona
                     Douglas L. Rayes, District Judge, Presiding

                         Argued and Submitted March 7, 2019
                                  Phoenix, Arizona

Before: IKUTA and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and BLOCK,** District Judge.

          Petitioner Akwasi Asumadu and Respondent Hannah Baffoe file cross

appeals in this case under the Hague Convention. The district court ordered that

their son, K.A.A., be returned to Mr. Asumadu in Canada, while allowing their



*
      This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
      The Honorable Frederic Block, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
daughter, A.K.A., to remain in the United States with Ms. Baffoe. Reviewing the

district court’s factual findings for clear error, Murphy v. Sloan, 764 F.3d 1144,

1151 n.5 (9th Cir. 2014), we affirm.

      First, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the parties had no

“shared, settled intent” for Canada to become A.K.A.’s habitual residence. Id. at

1150. The district court, crediting Ms. Baffoe’s testimony that her move to Canada

with A.K.A. was intended as a trial period to determine whether Mr. Asumadu

would continue to abuse her, found that “there was never a shared intent for

A.K.A. to live anywhere other than with [Ms.] Baffoe.” No evidence in the

record—such as the Canadian tax benefit the family received for A.K.A. or her

attending school in Canada—shows that it was clear error for the district court to

determine that there was no settled intent for A.K.A. to relocate to Canada

permanently. Further, under the circumstances of this case and the district court’s

findings, we need not reach the issue of whether Canada became A.K.A.’s habitual

residence by acclimatization.

      Second, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the parties did

have a “shared, settled intent” for Canada to become K.A.A.’s habitual residence.

Murphy, 764 F.3d at 1150. We need not decide whether the district court erred in

not excusing—due to Ghanaian cultural norms—Ms. Baffoe’s failure to use legal

processes to ensure K.A.A.’s return to the United States, because it relied on other


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evidence too in reaching its determination about the parties’ intent. It was not clear

error, for instance, for the district court not to credit Ms. Baffoe’s contention that

she did not bring K.A.A. back to the United States with her when she would visit

him in Canada because Mr. Asumadu had withheld his passport from her.

Therefore, we affirm the district court’s order that K.A.A. be returned to Canada.

      Third, we need not decide whether or under what circumstances abuse of a

spouse may create a grave risk of harm to the spouse’s child because A.K.A. will

remain in the United States with Ms. Baffoe while K.A.A. returns to Canada with

Mr. Asumadu. Ms. Baffoe has also indicated that she does not otherwise plan to

return to Canada—given the parties will not be living together, there is no risk of

spousal abuse or resulting harm to the children.

      Lastly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by not implementing

Article 18 of the Hague Convention to order A.K.A.’s return to Canada. Hague

Convention on the Civil Aspects of International and Child Abduction, art. 18,

Nov. 1, 1980, 19 I.L.M. 1501 (1980). Such a decision is discretionary, and the

record does not show that equitable considerations require such a return. See In re

B. Del C.S.B., 559 F.3d 999, 1015 (9th Cir. 2009) (“We decline to remand the case

to the District Court for a discretionary determination under Article 18 as to

whether Brianna should be returned to Mexico.”).

      AFFIRMED.


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