[Cite as State v. Comer, 2014-Ohio-5755.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


State of Ohio,                                    :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,               :
                                                              No. 13AP-955
v.                                                :     (M.C. No. 2013 TRC 129356)

Amy Comer,                                        :     (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                Defendant-Appellant.              :




                                            D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on December 30, 2014


                Richard C. Pfeiffer, Jr., City Attorney, Lara N. Baker, and
                Melanie R. Tobias, for appellee.

                Tyack, Blackmore, Liston & Nigh, Co., LPA, Jonathan T.
                Tyack, and Ryan L. Thomas, for appellant.

                       APPEAL from the Franklin County Municipal Court.

BROWN, J.
        {¶ 1} This is an appeal by defendant-appellant, Amy Comer, from a judgment of
conviction and sentence entered by the Franklin County Municipal Court following the
court's denial of a motion to suppress and appellant's entry of a no contest plea to the
offenses of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and driving
outside of marked lanes.
        {¶ 2} On April 13, 2013, at approximately 1:00 a.m., two Ohio State Highway
Patrol Troopers stopped a vehicle driven by appellant. The troopers cited appellant for
operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, in violation of R.C. 4511.19, and a
marked lanes violation, in violation of R.C. 4511.33. On July 23, 2013, appellant filed a
No. 13AP-955                                                                               2

motion to suppress, asserting in part that the troopers lacked reasonable suspicion to
make a traffic stop. On August 9, 2013, the state filed a memorandum contra the motion
to suppress.
       {¶ 3} On October 9, 2013, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion.
During the hearing, Trooper Juana Rueda ("Trooper Rueda") gave the following
testimony. At approximately 1:00 a.m., on the morning of April 13, 2013, Trooper Rueda,
while on duty with another trooper, observed a car driven by appellant; the troopers
began following appellant's vehicle, which was traveling southbound on Sawmill Road.
Trooper Rueda observed the car "weaving and crossing the lines," and appellant's vehicle
"almost hit the concrete" divider. (Oct. 9, 2013 Tr. 7.) The troopers activated the cruiser's
lights and stopped appellant's vehicle.
       {¶ 4} During Trooper Rueda's testimony, the state introduced a video recording
taken from a camera inside the patrol cruiser on the date of the incident. On direct
examination, the video was played and Trooper Rueda was asked to describe what she
was observing; the trooper testified that she observed three lane violations, including one
instance in which appellant "almost hit the curb." (Oct. 9, 2013 Tr. 10.)
       {¶ 5} By entry filed October 9, 2013, the trial court denied the motion to suppress.
Appellant subsequently entered a plea of no contest to the charged offenses. By judgment
entry filed November 5, 2013, the trial court sentenced appellant to 180 days in jail, with
177 days suspended; the court also imposed a one-year period of community control and a
fine of $375.
       {¶ 6} On appeal, appellant sets forth the following assignment of error for this
court's review:
                THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING
                DEFENDANT-APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS
                BECAUSE THE TRAFFIC STOP OF DEFENDANT-
                APPELLANT'S VEHICLE VIOLATED HER RIGHTS UNDER
                THE FOURTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES
                CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 14, OF THE
                OHIO CONSTITUTION.

       {¶ 7} Under her single assignment of error, appellant challenges the trial court's
denial of her motion to suppress. Appellant argues that the findings by the court are
No. 13AP-955                                                                                  3

against the manifest weight of the evidence, asserting that the video recording from the
cruiser "clearly shows" that her vehicle did not violate any traffic lane laws.
       {¶ 8} Under Ohio law, "[a]ppellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress
presents a mixed question of law and fact." State v. Cochran, 12th Dist. No. CA2006-10-
023, 2007-Ohio-3353, ¶ 12. In considering a motion to suppress, "the trial court assumes
the role of the trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions
and evaluate witness credibility." Id. Accordingly, "a reviewing court accepts the trial
court's findings of fact so long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence." Id.
However, an appellate court "independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions
based on those facts and determines, without deference to the trial court's decision,
whether as a matter of law, the facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard." Id.
       {¶ 9} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that a traffic stop is constitutionally
valid "if an officer's decision to stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic
violation, is prompted by a reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the
circumstances." State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, ¶ 8.
       {¶ 10} In the instant case, the troopers cited appellant for a violation of R.C.
4511.33, which states in relevant part:
               (A) Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more
               clearly marked lanes for traffic, or wherever within municipal
               corporations traffic is lawfully moving in two or more
               substantially continuous lines in the same direction, the
               following rules apply:

               (1) A vehicle or trackless trolley shall be driven, as nearly as is
               practicable, entirely within a single lane or line of traffic and
               shall not be moved from such lane or line until the driver has
               first ascertained that such movement can be made with safety.

       {¶ 11} The above statutory provision "requires a driver to drive a vehicle entirely
within a single lane of traffic." Mays at ¶ 16. Thus, "[w]hen an officer observes a vehicle
drifting back-and-forth across an edge line, the officer has a reasonable and articulable
suspicion that the driver has violated R.C. 4511.33." Id.
       {¶ 12} As noted, appellant argues that her conviction is against the manifest weight
of the evidence. Appellant maintains that the video recording taken from the camera
No. 13AP-955                                                                                 4

inside the highway patrol vehicle fails to show any lane violations, and she thus contends
the video undermines the credibility of the testifying trooper.
       {¶ 13} In response, the state argues that the video is unclear and inconclusive
regarding the marked lanes violation, and that it does not impugn the trooper's
credibility. Specifically, the state argues that the actual location of the driver's side tires
on appellant's vehicle in relation to the left lane line cannot be seen on the video at all
times due to (1) the glare of the streetlights at night, and (2) the distance appellant's
vehicle was traveling in front of the patrol vehicle. The state further argues that the
testimony of the trooper, standing alone, constituted sufficient proof that appellant
committed a marked lanes violation.
       {¶ 14} This court has independently reviewed the video recording from the
cruiser's camera, identified in the record as joint exhibit No. 1. Based upon our review, we
agree with the state's characterization that the video footage is unclear and inconclusive,
one way or the other, as to the issue of marked lanes violations.
       {¶ 15} We note that several Ohio appellate courts have addressed similar factual
circumstances. In State v. Hoegler, 11th Dist. No. 2013-P-0075, 2014-Ohio-1158, the
appellant was charged with a violation of R.C. 4511.33, and subsequently filed a motion to
suppress. During the suppression hearing, the arresting trooper testified that he observed
the appellant commit two lane violations in which the appellant's vehicle crossed the
center line of the highway. In addition to the testimony of the trooper, the trial court
viewed a "grainy DVD from the trooper's dash-cam." Id. at ¶ 4. The trial court denied the
appellant's motion to suppress, finding credible the trooper's testimony that he observed
the appellant's vehicle travel left of center.
       {¶ 16} On appeal, the appellant argued that the DVD from the patrol cruiser failed
to support the trooper's testimony concerning the left of center violations. The appellate
court in Hoegler agreed with that characterization, but further observed that "the DVD
likewise fails to establish that the left of center violations did not occur." (Emphasis sic.)
Id. at ¶ 17. The court found, based on its own review, that "the DVD quality is simply too
poor to be conclusive," and thus "[w]e are * * * left with only the testimony of [the
trooper] to resolve this matter." Id. at ¶ 18. In affirming the trial court's decision, the
court in Hoegler rejected the appellant's argument that the trooper's testimony was not
No. 13AP-955                                                                                 5

supported by competent and credible evidence, holding that the trial court did not err in
relying on such testimony in denying the motion to suppress. The court further noted
that the appellant failed to show any basis for the trial court to question the trooper's
testimony.
        {¶ 17} In State v. Sitko, 11th Dist. No. 2011-P-0042, 2012-Ohio-2705, ¶ 2, the
appellant was charged with operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, as well as a
"lanes-of-travel violation" under R.C. 4511.25. The appellant filed a motion to suppress,
and the matter proceeded to a hearing on the motion. During the suppression hearing, an
officer testified that he observed the appellant's vehicle cross over the center line. The
trial court, finding that the officer had observed the appellant commit a lane violation by
traveling left of center, therefore determined that the officer had grounds to stop his
vehicle.
        {¶ 18} On appeal, the appellant argued that the officer's dash cam video, which was
introduced into evidence by the state, failed to reveal a lanes-of-travel violation. The
court in Sitko noted, however, that the appellant's argument "ignores Officer Firtik's
testimony that he saw appellant commit two lane violations before he stopped him." Id.
at ¶ 19. The court also found that the video corroborated "at least part of" the officer's
testimony. Id. The court observed that the video was "grainy," and that the officer "said
the dash cam was unable to clearly record this violation because he was 85 to 100 yards
away from appellant at the time." Id. at ¶ 21. The court further determined that "[t]o the
extent the video is unclear," the trial court was in "the best position to weigh the evidence
by resolving factual questions and evaluating the credibility of witnesses." Id. at ¶ 20.
        {¶ 19} In State v. Gonzaliz, 5th Dist. No. 2013CA00077, 2013-Ohio-5309, the
appellant was charged with a violation of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1). At a subsequent suppression
hearing, a trooper testified as to observing the appellant's vehicle drift over the lane
dividing line and then back into the appellant's own lane, and the trial court denied the
appellant's motion to suppress. On appeal, the appellant challenged the trooper's
credibility, arguing the cruiser's video recording of the stop did not show the violation.
        {¶ 20} In Gonzaliz at ¶ 16, the court rejected the appellant's argument, holding in
part:
               At the time the violation would appear on the video,
               appellant's vehicle was well in front of the cruiser, and due to
No. 13AP-955                                                                                 6

               glare of streetlights on the roadway it is virtually impossible to
               see the white lane markings in the area where appellant's
               vehicle was travelling. The trooper testified that he observed
               appellant cross the line by about a quarter width of the
               vehicle. The judge is in the best position to determine the
               credibility of witnesses. * * * The trooper's testimony
               represents competent, credible evidence that appellant was
               not travelling within the lanes marked for travel. As the video
               was unclear and inconclusive, the trial court did not err in
               finding the testimony of the trooper to be credible.

       {¶ 21} As previously noted, this court's review of the video recording admitted as
evidence during the suppression hearing is not conclusive regarding the issue of marked
lanes violations; the position of the vehicle to the marked lines is obscured due to
nighttime glare from streetlights and, as in Gonzaliz, appellant's vehicle is "well in front of
the cruiser" at "the time the violation would appear on the video." Id. at ¶ 16. Similar to
the above cases, we are therefore "left with only" the testimony of the trooper "to resolve
this matter." Hoegler at ¶ 18.
       {¶ 22} Here, the trooper testified at the suppression hearing that she observed
appellant "weaving and crossing the lines," and almost hitting a concrete divider. (Oct. 9,
2013 Tr. 7.) According to the officer, she observed a total of three lane violations. The
trial court, in denying the motion to suppress, found "no evidence submitted to call into
question the truthfulness of the trooper, * * * [d]espite the extremely poor quality of the
video equipment provided * * * there were traffic violations observed." (Oct. 9, 2013 Tr.
17.)
       {¶ 23} In arguing that the trooper lacked a reasonable suspicion to stop her
vehicle, appellant cites in support cases in which courts have held that driving on a center
line does not constitute a lawful basis for a stop. See, e.g., State v. Richardson, 5th Dist.
No. 00-CA-A-01-003 (July 14, 2000) (no violation of R.C. 4511.33 where officer testified
that appellee's vehicle traveled over top of center line, but did not cross over center line;
therefore, officer lacked articulable and reasonable suspicion to make investigatory stop);
State v. Grigoryan, 8th Dist. No. 93030, 2010-Ohio-2883 (officer's testimony that
defendant's vehicle was drifting, and that defendant was driving on yellow line, did not
give rise to articulable suspicion to make investigatory stop). However, as noted by the
state, the trooper in the present case provided testimony as to appellant "crossing" the
No. 13AP-955                                                                                 7

marked lines.    We therefore agree with the state that the authority relied upon by
appellant is distinguishable from the facts of this case.
       {¶ 24} We further note that Ohio courts have found a traffic stop to be
constitutionally valid in instances in which an officer observed as few as one or two
marked lane violations. See, e.g., State v. Tarlton, 4th Dist. No. 02CA688, 2002-Ohio-
5795 (upholding stop where officer observed vehicle's left tires cross roadway's yellow
center line by approximately one tire length); Mays (traffic stop constitutionally valid
where trooper witnessed defendant drift over lane markings twice without any further
evidence of erratic driving); State v. Pence, 2d Dist. No. 2013-CA-109, 2014-Ohio-5072
(deputy had reasonable and articulable suspicion that defendant committed a traffic
offense based on deputy's testimony that he observed defendant drive left of the center
line for two seconds in violation of R.C. 4511.33).
       {¶ 25} In the present case, the trial court was in the best position to evaluate the
credibility of the trooper's testimony, and the unrebutted testimony of Trooper Rueda
constituted competent, credible evidence to support the trial court's finding that the
trooper observed violations. Further, as the video was "unclear and inconclusive," the
trial court did not err in finding such testimony to be credible. Gonzaliz at ¶ 16. See also
State v. Waldo, 12th Dist. No. CA2008-02-015, 2008-Ohio-4167, ¶ 9 ("even if the
videotape from the police cruiser fails to show the actual location of Waldo's tires vis-à-
vis the center and right lines of the lane, [the officer's] testimony, alone, provided
sufficient proof that Waldo committed a marked lane violation by going left of center").
Accordingly, because the trial court did not err in finding the testimony of the trooper to
be credible, we further find that the court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.
       {¶ 26} Based upon the foregoing, appellant's single assignment of error is
overruled, and the judgment of the Franklin County Municipal Court is hereby affirmed.

                                                                       Judgment affirmed.

                     LUPER SCHUSTER and BRUNNER, JJ., concur.

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