                                   2018 IL App (4th) 180112
                                                                                  FILED
                                        NO. 4-18-0112                        November 16, 2018
                                                                                 Carla Bender
                                IN THE APPELLATE COURT                       4th District Appellate
                                                                                   Court, IL
                                         OF ILLINOIS

                                     FOURTH DISTRICT


 In re MARRIAGE OF KYRIA J. VAN HOVELN,                    )       Appeal from the
             Petitioner-Appellee,                          )       Circuit Court of
             and                                           )       Woodford County
 BRENTON F. VAN HOVELN,                                    )       No. 12D87
             Respondent-Appellant.                         )
                                                           )       Honorable
                                                           )       Charles M. Feeney III,
                                                           )       Judge Presiding.


              JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
              Justices Steigmann and Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION
¶1            In September 2014, the trial court entered a judgment of dissolution of marriage

between petitioner, Kyria J. Van Hoveln, and respondent, Brenton F. Van Hoveln. In January

2018, the court ordered Brenton to pay $356.33 per week in retroactive maintenance for 207

weeks, totaling $73,760.31.

¶2            On appeal, Brenton argues the trial court erred in (1) awarding retroactive

maintenance to Kyria and (2) imputing income to Brenton for a time frame subsequent to the

termination of his employment. We reverse.

¶3                                    I. BACKGROUND

¶4            In September 1993, Kyria and Brenton were married in Watseka, Illinois. Two

children were born during the marriage. In August 2012, Kyria filed a petition for dissolution of

marriage. At that time, Kyria was 49 years old and employed at Illinois Wesleyan University.
Brenton was 42 years old and employed as a Bloomington police officer. In her petition, Kyria

asked that Brenton pay a reasonable amount in child support and maintenance.

¶5             In April 2013, Kyria filed a petition for temporary relief, asking the trial court to

order Brenton to pay a reasonable amount in child support and maintenance. Kyria stated

Brenton was “making substantial income” as a police officer. In its June 2013 temporary order,

the court granted Kyria exclusive possession of the marital residence, ordered Brenton to pay

$469 biweekly for child support, required Brenton to maintain health insurance for Kyria and the

children, and reserved the issue of maintenance. The court granted Brenton temporary custody of

the youngest child in February 2014.

¶6             Brenton filed a petition to modify the temporary order regarding his health-

insurance obligation in June 2014. Brenton claimed he had been terminated from his

employment as a police officer and lost his benefits, including his ability to provide insurance for

himself and the children. Brenton asked that Kyria be required to provide health insurance for

him and the children.

¶7             In September 2014, the trial court entered the judgment of dissolution of

marriage. On the issues concerning child custody, visitation and support, maintenance, and the

division of marital and nonmarital property, the court reserved the matter for further negotiation

and judicial determination.

¶8             In February 2017, the parties entered into a marital settlement agreement, which

addressed real estate, vehicles, bank accounts, personal property, retirement accounts, and other

assets and liabilities. The agreement indicated the “issue of maintenance remains reserved for

further negotiation or judicial determination.” The trial court entered an order memorializing the

distribution of various assets.



                                               -2­
¶9             The parties presented evidence on the maintenance issue and submitted a

bystander’s report in lieu of a verbatim transcript. Kyria testified she has a high school education

with “a couple years” of college. She began her employment at Illinois Wesleyan University in

2006 and earned the following wages: $31,612 (2013), $30,483 (2014), $31,379 (2015), and

$17,368 (2016). She continued to reside in the marital residence until August 2016 and made the

mortgage payments by utilizing all of her savings and incurring credit card debt. In August 2016,

she voluntarily left her employment with Illinois Wesleyan University and began residing with

her boyfriend on a continuing conjugal basis. At some point, she became employed by Country

Chevrolet.

¶ 10           Brenton testified he was employed as a Bloomington police officer from August

1985 until May 2014 and earned the following wages: $72,000 (2012), $95,930 (2013), and

$42,017 (January 1, 2014, to May 14, 2014). On May 14, 2014, Brenton lost his job at the police

department due to his misconduct, including violating the direction of his superiors and police

department policy with which he disagreed. Brenton appealed the termination through a

grievance procedure, but the appeal was denied. Thereafter, Brenton received unemployment

income of $15,096 for 2014.

¶ 11           In 2014, Brenton started his own tree removal and trimming business. For the

year, he had gross income of $9866 and expenses of $19,051. Also in 2014, his income tax

return showed a farming loss of $5492 and a farm rental loss of $14,200. In 2015, Brenton’s

business earned gross income of $85,967 and had expenses totaling $71,225. His 2015 tax return

showed a farming loss of $1621 and a farm rental loss of $8760.

¶ 12           In his September 2015 financial affidavit, Brenton stated he earned $6875 per

month, including $6500 from his business and $375 from the farm rental. He stated the affidavit



                                               -3­
was prepared during a busy time of the year and, therefore, his income was higher than other

times of the year. In 2016, the business had a net profit of $38,705, and his income tax return

showed total income totaling $28,032. He also incurred a farming loss of $4345 and a farm rental

loss of $3527.

¶ 13             The bystander’s report stated Kyria worked full-time, cooked, cleaned the house,

cared for the children, and helped with the yard during the marriage. Brenton worked full-time,

worked in the yard, took care of deer raised on the farm, and was involved in the children’s

activities.

¶ 14             Kyria argued maintenance was appropriate due to the length of the marriage, the

income disparity between the parties during the marriage, the initial request for maintenance, and

the circumstances surrounding the termination of Brenton’s employment.

¶ 15             Brenton argued Kyria never set a hearing for her request for temporary

maintenance during the dissolution proceeding and failed to provide evidence showing she had a

need for temporary maintenance. Brenton argued the fact she chose not to work during the

summers, along with her agreement to be responsible for her own debts and liabilities in the

dissolution without assistance, was evidence she did not need temporary maintenance. Brenton

also argued he “was terminated through no fault of his own, applied for and obtained

unemployment benefits and, because temporary maintenance was never ordered, did not have an

opportunity to seek modification [of] any such obligation.”

¶ 16             In January 2018, the trial court entered an order on the issue of maintenance. The

court noted Kyria sought maintenance for the time period of August 2012 until August 2016, the

latter date when she began residing “with another on a continuing conjugal basis.” In analyzing

the appropriateness of a maintenance award, the court considered the prior and current versions



                                                -4­
of section 504(a) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Dissolution Act) (750

ILCS 5/504(a) (2016)). In looking at the income and property of each party, the court found this

factor favored an award of maintenance because Brenton “always earned substantially more

than” Kyria. The court noted Kyria’s “lack of summer employment at least at times during the

marriage provided a benefit to the marital estate.”

¶ 17           Kyria asked the trial court to impute Brenton’s income as a police officer for the

period of time after which he lost his position, given the basis for which he lost his job. The court

found it “difficult to understand why [Brenton] chose to purposefully disregard the lawful

directives of his department as a result of his personal beliefs in what was appropriate,” and it

was “made even more difficult when his actions included dishonesty in writing traffic tickets.”

The court found Brenton’s income after May 14, 2014, “speaks for itself,” and “[i]f the family

unit had been intact on that date, the family unit would have suffered the consequences of the

loss of employment and [Kyria] would not have had any ability to recoup the loss to the family.”

The court also stated as follows:

               “At the time [Brenton] chose to act inconsistently with police

               department policy, he was on notice that his marriage was

               undergoing dissolution and that his spouse was seeking

               maintenance. He therefore understood that he had potential support

               obligations to his spouse. He was not free to disregard those

               support obligations to pursue his own ideas of fairness in carrying

               out his duties as a police officer. In taking his actions, he not only

               placed his own livelihood at risk but, without the consent of

               [Kyria], he also placed her livelihood at risk.”



                                                -5­
¶ 18           The trial court found Brenton did not voluntarily quit his job as a police officer, as

he made genuine attempts to keep his position and he was not attempting to evade a potential

support obligation. However, the court found Brenton “did unreasonably fail to take advantage

of an employment opportunity,” as his actions in violating department policy and in being

dishonest were “wholly unreasonable.”

               “[Brenton] had a clear continuing employment opportunity from

               which he earned a substantial income and would continue to earn a

               substantial income even if his income declined to the 2012 level. In

               order to realize this continuing opportunity, [Brenton] merely had

               to follow the lawful directives of his superiors and to otherwise

               conduct himself in accordance with the law. To not take such

               ordinary and basic actions is certainly unreasonable. As such the

               imputation of income is appropriate. Income at that level in

               comparison with [Kyria’s] income throughout the marriage

               supports an award of maintenance.”

¶ 19           The trial court found several factors irrelevant or insignificant. In considering the

factor as to the time necessary to enable Kyria to acquire appropriate education, training, and

employment and whether Kyria was able to support herself through appropriate employment, the

court noted Kyria benefited during the marriage from Brenton’s support in paying for her needs.

During the time period she sought maintenance, Kyria was able to pay her bills and meet her

needs but only by exhausting her savings and incurring credit card debt. As this was inconsistent

with the standard of living during the marriage, the court found this factor favored an award of

maintenance.



                                                -6­
¶ 20           In considering the factor related to the parties’ standard of living during the

marriage, the trial court found their standard of living “was not lavish” and both parties had

employment. The court found “the standard of living of the parties did include developing ***

savings, paying their bills and not incurring a great deal of debt” and, during the relevant time

period, “this particular aspect of the parties’ standard of living diminished for [Kyria].”

¶ 21           The trial court found the marriage was of “significant duration” and “of such

length that each party to the marriage ought to reasonably believe that they owe an obligation to

their partner for their care and support.” The court also found “[b]oth parties are of sound mind

and body” and the tax consequences were not significant in the maintenance determination.

¶ 22           In analyzing the current version of the Dissolution Act, the trial court considered

the financial obligations imposed on the parties as a result of the dissolution. The court noted the

marital settlement agreement required each party to be responsible for their own liabilities. When

considering Kyria’s obligation to pay her credit card debt incurred to meet her needs and without

a supporting contribution from Brenton, the court found it would allow Brenton “to avoid his

obligation to maintain his spouse of many years in a manner consistent with the standard of

living established during the marriage.”

¶ 23           The current version of the statute also requires the trial court to consider “any

impairment of the realistic present or future earning capacity of the party against whom

maintenance is sought[.]” 750 ILCS 5/504(a)(5) (West 2016). The court noted, during the

relevant time frame, Brenton did suffer a loss of employment. While it was possible that

Brenton’s “choices that resulted in this loss of employment may impact his ability to regain

employment as a police officer,” the court stated “he did not otherwise suffer any impairment to

his earning capacity.” The court did not find any impairment of Brenton’s earning capacity



                                                -7­
during the relevant time that would diminish his maintenance responsibilities.

¶ 24           After considering the relevant factors, the trial court found maintenance was

appropriate for the time period in question. The court calculated the average of Brenton’s weekly

gross income from 2012 through 2014 was $1808.23 and Kyria’s weekly gross income from

2012 through 2016 was $611.61. Under the guidelines of section 504, the court ordered Brenton

to pay Kyria $356.33 per week for the time period of August 10, 2012, to August 1, 2016. With

207 weeks during the relevant time period, the court calculated the total owed by Brenton to be

$73,760.31. The court entered judgment in favor of Kyria and against Brenton. This appeal

followed.

¶ 25                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 26           Brenton argues the trial court abused its discretion by awarding retroactive

maintenance under the Dissolution Act. We agree.

¶ 27           Section 504(a) of the Dissolution Act (750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2016)) provides

that in a dissolution proceeding, the trial court “may grant” maintenance in an amount and for a

period of time “as the court deems just.” When considering whether a maintenance award is

appropriate, section 504(a) sets forth 14 factors for the trial court to consider, including:

                        “(1) the income and property of each party, including

               marital property apportioned and non-marital property assigned to

               the party seeking maintenance as well as all financial obligations

               imposed on the parties as a result of the dissolution of marriage;

                        (2) the needs of each party;

                        (3) the realistic present and future earning capacity of each

               party;



                                                 -8­
          (4) any impairment of the present and future earning

capacity of the party seeking maintenance due to that party

devoting time to domestic duties or having forgone or delayed

education, training, employment, or career opportunities due to the

marriage;

          (5) any impairment of the realistic present or future earning

capacity of the party against whom maintenance is sought;

          (6) the time necessary to enable the party seeking

maintenance to acquire appropriate education, training, and

employment, and whether that party is able to support himself or

herself    through    appropriate    employment     or   any   parental

responsibility arrangements and its effect on the party seeking

employment;

          (7) the standard of living established during the marriage;

          (8) the duration of the marriage;

          (9) the age, health, station, occupation, amount and sources

of income, vocational skills, employability, estate, liabilities, and

the needs of each of the parties;

          (10) all sources of public and private income including,

without limitation, disability and retirement income;

          (11) the tax consequences of the property division upon the

respective economic circumstances of the parties;




                                    -9­
                      (12) contributions and services by the party seeking

               maintenance to the education, training, career or career potential,

               or license of the other spouse;

                      (13) any valid agreement of the parties; and

                      (14) any other factor that the court expressly finds to be just

               and equitable.” 750 ILCS 5/504(a) (West 2016).

¶ 28           When determining whether a maintenance award is appropriate, the trial court

shall state its reasoning and make specific findings of fact referencing each relevant factor from

section 504(a). 750 ILCS 5/504(b-2)(1) (West 2016). No one factor is dispositive as to whether

the court should award maintenance. In re Marriage of Harlow, 251 Ill. App. 3d 152, 157, 621

N.E.2d 929, 934 (1993). If the court concludes maintenance is appropriate, the court shall then

determine the duration and amount of maintenance according to section 504(b-1) of the

Dissolution Act. 750 ILCS 5/504(b-1) (West 2016).

¶ 29           Both the amount and duration of a maintenance award lie within the sound

discretion of the trial court. In re Marriage of Donovan, 361 Ill. App. 3d 1059, 1062, 838 N.E.2d

310, 314 (2005). We will not reverse a trial court’s maintenance award on appeal absent an abuse

of discretion. In re Marriage of Culp, 341 Ill. App. 3d 390, 394, 792 N.E.2d 452, 456 (2003).

¶ 30           Under section 504 of the Dissolution Act (750 ILCS 5/504 (West 2016)), there

are four common types of maintenance: permanent maintenance, rehabilitative maintenance for a

fixed term, rehabilitative maintenance with a review date, and maintenance in gross. In re

Marriage of Shen, 2015 IL App (1st) 130733, ¶ 84, 35 N.E.3d 1178. The distinguishing

characteristic of maintenance in gross from the other forms of maintenance is the definite amount

and vesting date. Shen, 2015 IL App (1st) 130733, ¶ 86. Rehabilitative maintenance is intended



                                                 - 10 ­
to assist and encourage dependent spouses to become financially independent. In re Marriage of

Henzler, 134 Ill. App. 3d 318, 322, 480 N.E.2d 147, 149 (1985). We noted in Henzler it was

inherent in the concept of rehabilitative maintenance that the recipient was “under an affirmative

obligation to seek appropriate training and skills to become financially independent in the

future.” Henzler, 134 Ill. App. 3d at 322. Permanent maintenance, however, is “appropriate

where it is evident that the recipient spouse is either unemployable or employable only at an

income that is substantially lower than the previous standard of living.” In re Marriage of

Micheli, 2014 IL App (2d) 121245, ¶ 18, 15 N.E.3d 512. Maintenance in gross is a form of

maintenance that is “a nonmodifiable sum certain to be received by the former spouse regardless

of changes in circumstances,” which includes remarriage or cohabitation. In re Marriage of

Freeman, 106 Ill. 2d 290, 298, 478 N.E.2d 326, 329 (1985). In addition, periodic maintenance,

typically a specified amount payable over a period of time in regular intervals, is the preferred

form of maintenance, except under “ ‘exceptional circumstances.’ ” In re Marriage of Bohnsack,

2012 IL App (2d) 110250, ¶ 10, 968 N.E.2d 692 (quoting Lamp v. Lamp, 81 Ill. 2d 364, 374, 410

N.E.2d 31, 35 (1980)).

¶ 31           In the case sub judice, the trial court never specified the nature of maintenance it

was awarding, nor did Kyria identify the form of maintenance being sought. During the course of

the proceedings, she did not seek a hearing on temporary maintenance, which could have been

decided summarily by the court based on affidavits and exhibits (750 ILCS 5/501 (West 2016)).

In addition, neither party claims the award was temporary maintenance, which, by its very

nature, would not be appealable. See In re Marriage of Dunseth, 260 Ill. App. 3d 816, 827, 633

N.E.2d 82, 91-92 (1994).

¶ 32           At the outset of the proceedings, Kyria was already gainfully employed, albeit at a



                                              - 11 ­
salary substantially lower than that of Brenton before he was involuntarily terminated from his

position with the Bloomington Police Department. When she filed her petition for dissolution in

August 2012, she sought custody of the children, child support, and unspecified maintenance.

Her April 2013 petition for temporary relief alleged the children lived with her and, as a result,

she should be awarded exclusive possession of the marital residence, along with a reasonable

amount for child support and maintenance. Pursuant to a June 2013 order, she was awarded the

marital residence and $469 biweekly for children support, with maintenance having been

reserved. By the time an agreed temporary order was entered at the end of February 2014, one

child had attained the age of 18 and, according to Brenton in previous pleadings, expressed a

desire to live with him. Also, the younger child (16 years old) had already moved in with

Brenton, and temporary child support was terminated. Again, maintenance was reserved.

Throughout the more than five years this case was pending, the issue of maintenance was

reserved repeatedly.

¶ 33           By the time of the final hearing, which addressed only maintenance, there were no

pleadings filed seeking retroactive maintenance, and it appears from the bystander’s report there

was no mention of retroactive maintenance by the parties. Instead, according to the evidence,

without any discussion of the possibility of retroactive maintenance being sought by Kyria or

awarded by the trial court, the parties divided all marital assets by agreement or pursuant to the

court’s findings, including the marital residence, real-estate holdings, and an “equalization

payment” to Kyria of $41,568.90 “in order to equalize the distribution of real property.” The

parties also disposed of livestock, for which Brenton had been solely responsible since initiation

of these proceedings, with the proceeds to be divided evenly.

¶ 34           In addition, there had been a substantial change in the circumstances of both



                                              - 12 ­
parties from the time the petition was filed. Brenton had been terminated from a long-term

position with the police department, where he was months away from being eligible for a full

pension. According to the arbitrator’s award letter denying his grievance for discharge, Brenton

was an 18½-year veteran of the department and was four months from eligibility for a full

pension. According to the bystander’s report and the trial court’s January 24, 2018, order,

Brenton was employed from August 20, 1985, to May 14, 2014, which would make him a 29½­

year veteran of the department. At oral argument, counsel indicated Brenton had worked at the

department for approximately 18 or 19 years. Brenton’s income went from a high of $95,930 in

2013, with an unspecified amount of overtime, to a 2016 total income of $28,032 from his tree

removal and trimming business. In 2014, he earned $42,017 from January until his termination in

May, along with $15,096 in unemployment compensation for the rest of the year. For the rest of

2014 and 2015, he recorded net losses for the new business.

¶ 35           Kyria, on the other hand, had been gainfully employed at Illinois Wesleyan

University in Bloomington since 2006 where, for the three years prior to August 2016, she

earned an average of $31,157. In August 2016, she voluntarily quit her job to move in with her

new boyfriend. During the marriage, she did not work over the summer months and that

continued during the pendency of these proceedings as well. More importantly, at no time during

the 27 different hearings where maintenance continued to be reserved did Kyria assert a need for

financial assistance pending the outcome. Thus, the award would not be considered temporary

maintenance intended to assist her with her finances during the life of the case.

¶ 36           At the final hearing in December 2017, Kyria sought maintenance from August

2012 to August 2016. It appears the parties agreed she could no long receive maintenance

thereafter due to her cohabitation, since that was raised by Kyria’s own counsel. This is



                                               - 13 ­
significant to our analysis since it would therefore appear neither the parties nor the court were

considering the requested payments to be “maintenance in gross.” See Freeman, 106 Ill. 2d at

299.

¶ 37           The bystander’s report stated Kyria “did not present any evidence showing that

she incurred debt during this time [the period for which maintenance was sought] or that bills

were unpaid. When pressed, she made a general claim that she incurred credit card debt that she

has since paid off.” Earlier in the report, it indicates she said she utilized all her savings and

incurred credit card debt “in order to meet her needs.” However, she was not pressed and did not

offer any specific amounts or documentation to support her claim. The problem with her

assertion is that it is not supported by the record. None of her financial affidavits reflect a drastic

change in any reported savings accounts and her credit card debt remains a constant $150 per

month throughout. It would thus appear the trial court accepted Kyria’s unsubstantiated

representation that she “utilized all her savings and incurred credit card debt” to pay her regular

needs and expenses as part of its rationale for awarding maintenance.

¶ 38           The award cannot be considered rehabilitative maintenance either since Kyria was

gainfully employed and voluntarily chose to terminate that employment to cohabit with her

boyfriend. Kyria did not claim a need for financial assistance to obtain some sort of employable

skill, and according to all the evidence before the trial court at the time maintenance was sought,

she was already financially independent. She could afford to pay all her bills, had no outstanding

debts unpaid, and was apparently able to quit her job of 10 years. Her W-2 form from Country

Chevrolet in Bourbonnais, Illinois, where she began working after moving to live with her

boyfriend, showed a gross income of $19,380 for tax year 2016, which would be reflective of the

five months from August through December. According to the order, Kyria’s gross income for



                                                - 14 ­
the first half of 2016 was $17,368 from Illinois Wesleyan University, so she was not only

gainfully employed but her earnings now exceeded what she made during the marriage.

¶ 39           The trial court’s analysis included the necessary consideration of the factors listed

in both the previous and current version of section 504(a). When considering the first factor, “the

income and property of each party, including marital property apportioned and non-marital

property assigned to the party seeking maintenance” (750 ILCS 5/504(a)(1) (West 2016)), the

court imputed as income to Brenton his pretermination income as a police officer, although by

the time of the hearing, he was earning even less than Kyria.

¶ 40           “For the purpose of imputing income, a court must find one of the following:

(1) the payor has become voluntarily unemployed, (2) the payor is attempting to evade a support

obligation, or (3) the payor has unreasonably failed to take advantage of an employment

opportunity.” In re Marriage of Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, ¶ 30, 59 N.E.3d 135. “The

amount of income imputed by the court must be supported by evidence showing that it is

commensurate with the supporting parent’s skills and experience.” In re Marriage of Liszka,

2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 46, 77 N.E.3d 1000. “When calculating the amount of income to

impute, the trial court may consider the supporting parent’s income from previous employment.

[Citations.] However, a court should not base its income calculation on outdated data that no

longer reflect prospective income.” Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 47.

¶ 41           Citing In re Marriage of Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, 83 N.E.2d 19, and

Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, the trial court concluded Brenton did not meet either of the

first two bases for imputing income, i.e., voluntary unemployment or attempting to evade a

support obligation, but he did meet the third—unreasonably failing to take advantage of an

employment opportunity.



                                              - 15 ­
¶ 42          Ruvola involved a degreed chemist, who once earned $125,000 per year but was

sporadically employed at everything from a part-time tennis professional to a salad maker at a

pizzeria by the time he petitioned for divorce. Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, ¶¶ 25, 35. The

court ultimately imputed income to him as part of his request for maintenance from the

respondent, finding he was voluntarily underemployed. Ruvola, 2017 IL App (2d) 160737, ¶ 38.

This is the reverse of the situation before us. In Blume, 2016 IL App (3d) 140276, ¶ 31, a farmer

was found to have voluntarily discontinued farming in light of the divorce to evade his support

obligation. No one contended, nor did the trial court find in this case, Brenton voluntarily

terminated his employment. Although the court acknowledged Brenton “made genuine efforts to

try to keep his position in appealing the termination,” it found Brenton’s “actions reflect his

disagreement with the policies of the police department and without regard to the financial

wellbeing of himself or his spouse.”

¶ 43          A trial court’s decision whether to impute income is reviewable under the abuse

of discretion standard. See In re Marriage of Lichtenauer, 408 Ill. App. 3d 1075, 1091, 945

N.E.2d 119, 132 (2011). In In re Marriage of Gosney, 394 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1078, 916 N.E.2d

614, 619 (2009), the trial court found the petitioner was involuntarily unemployed when the

evidence revealed he had been forced out as partner of an investment management company

when he refused to agree to “unfair and oppressive negotiation tactics” in which the other

partners engaged as part of a proposed buyout. The petitioner was then asked to leave the firm

and terminated. Gosney, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 1078. Although Gosney involved imputing income

for child support purposes, the analysis of the three factors mentioned above are the same. The

Third District found the imputation of income to the petitioner was an abuse of discretion since

he, like Brenton here, did not meet either of the first two factors and was involuntarily



                                             - 16 ­
unemployed. Gosney, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 1077-78. When he disagreed with what he considered

“unfair and oppressive negotiation tactics,” he was forced out. Gosney, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 1078.

¶ 44           Here, Brenton disagreed with an apparent departmental policy regarding the

mandatory issuance of traffic tickets for vehicle accidents and equated it to being required to

maintain a “quota.” He disagreed with the principle and refused to comply, resulting in a

reprimand and his ultimate termination. The fact that Brenton was less than four months away

from his eligibility for a full pension would tend to indicate how strongly he disagreed with the

practice and not that he was intending to lose his job. In Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 47,

the appellate court cited Gosney as support for finding “[a] trial court may not impute income in

the amount of an obligor’s prior income where the obligor has been involuntarily terminated

from his prior employment and there is no evidence that a job with the same salary is available to

him.” The court found an abuse of discretion when, after involuntary termination, there was no

evidence the payor had similar employment available to him or could earn similar amounts at

another job based on his qualifications. Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 49. “Evidence that

the obligor once earned a certain salary and presumably could again is an insufficient basis upon

which to impute income.” Liszka, 2016 IL App (3d) 150238, ¶ 47.

¶ 45           Here, no evidence was presented to indicate Brenton had similar law enforcement

jobs available to him or that he had any likelihood of being so employed after having been

terminated from the police department. Further, we find the third factor—unreasonably failing to

take advantage of an employment opportunity—applies to circumstances arising after the loss of

the employment from which the trial court seeks to impute income. Otherwise, there is no

distinction between the first and third factors. The court here concluded Brenton unreasonably

failed to take advantage of an employment opportunity by failing to retain his previous



                                              - 17 ­
employment. Gosney, Liszka, and even the cases cited by the court all involved the loss of

employment as a condition precedent to assessing whether the payor was failing to take

advantage of future employment opportunities. Having concluded he was neither voluntarily

unemployed nor attempting to evade payment of maintenance, it was an abuse of discretion for

the court to conclude Brenton’s involuntary discharge from the police department during the

pendency of the divorce constituted an unreasonable failure to take advantage of an employment

opportunity as that factor is intended. As a result, the court’s factual findings imputing income as

a police officer for any period of time after Brenton’s termination was against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

¶ 46           Compounding the error in imputing income, the trial court awarded maintenance

well after the parties entered into the marital settlement agreement. In In re Marriage of Heroy,

385 Ill. App. 3d 640, 660, 895 N.E.2d 1025, 1045 (2008), the First District noted a retroactive

temporary maintenance “award should have been funded from the marital estate prior to the

property division, rather than from [the respondent’s] postdivision share.” In discussing

maintenance and the distribution of marital property, the Third District stated as follows:

               “[T]he issue of maintenance is interrelated with the distribution of

               the marital property [citation]. While recognizing that maintenance

               and distribution of property are considered together, they are

               clearly not the same thing. Maintenance is a sum of money payable

               to a spouse for his or her support. It is not the same thing as a

               distribution of property. We have found no case that stands for the

               proposition that maintenance can be used to pay a portion of the

               marital debt. In fixing a maintenance award, the court should



                                               - 18 ­
               consider the amount of property that it is distributing to each party.

               Nonetheless, maintenance and property distribution are two

               separate concepts which cannot be interchanged as the trial court

               has done here. [Citations.] While the award may have been proper

               had it been characterized strictly as a property settlement, we find

               that it was not proper as maintenance where the record shows that

               the wife’s financial condition did not warrant any maintenance.”

               In re Marriage of Lees, 224 Ill. App. 3d 691, 694-95, 587 N.E.2d

               17, 20 (1992).

¶ 47           Here, the evidence failed to indicate Kyria was entitled to any of the common

forms of maintenance for the period of time for which it was awarded. Instead, the trial court’s

award of maintenance amounted to a redistribution of property after the parties had already

agreed to the distribution of marital property. This was improper and must be reversed.

¶ 48                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 49           For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 50           Reversed.




                                               - 19 ­
