                                  [J-88-2017]
                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               WESTERN DISTRICT

   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.


IN THE INTEREST OF: J.B.                       :   No. 31 WAP 2017
                                               :
                                               :   Appeal from the Order of the Superior
APPEAL OF: J.B.                                :   Court entered September 1, 2016 at No.
                                               :   980 WDA 2015, affirming the Order of
                                               :   the Court of Common Pleas of
                                               :   Lawrence County entered May 18, 2012
                                               :   at No. 113 of 2011, JUV.
                                               :
                                               :   ARGUED: November 29, 2017


                                         OPINION


JUSTICE TODD                                       DECIDED: JULY 18, 2018
         J.B., a juvenile, appeals from the Superior Court’s order affirming the

dispositional order of the juvenile court entered after its adjudication of J.B. delinquent

of the offenses of first-degree murder and homicide of an unborn child in connection

with the shooting death of his stepmother inside their family home on the morning of

February 20, 2009. J.B. asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support his

adjudication of delinquency beyond a reasonable doubt for these offenses, and,

alternatively, that the juvenile court’s adjudication was against the weight of the

evidence.    Our careful review of the evidentiary record in this matter compels our

conclusion that the evidence introduced at his adjudicatory hearing was insufficient, as

a matter of law, to establish his delinquency for these offenses beyond a reasonable

doubt.    As a result, we are obligated to reverse the Superior Court’s order which

affirmed the juvenile court’s order of disposition for these offenses.
                                 I. Factual Background

       In our prior opinion in this matter, In re J.B., 106 A.3d 76 (Pa. 2014) (“In re J.B.

II”), we recounted the factual circumstances surrounding the criminal offenses for which

J.B. was adjudicated delinquent. As these facts must be scrutinized as part of our

consideration of J.B.’s present claims, we set forth those facts from that opinion in full:

              During February 2009, C.B. (an adult male), along with his fiancée
       — K.M.H (“the victim”) — her two daughters, J.H. (age 7) and A.H. (age
       4), and C.B.’s 11-year-old son J.B. were living together in a two-story
       rented house. The house was located in a rural area surrounded by
       farmland and woods, and situated near the town of Wampum,
       Pennsylvania. During the predawn hours on the morning of Friday,
       February 20, 2009, C.B. left the house to go to work. According to C.B., it
       had snowed overnight, and at the time he was leaving — 6:45 a.m. —
       there was snow on the ground. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at
       147. C.B. recalled that he departed in his usual fashion by backing his
       vehicle out of a parking area adjoining the rear of the house and onto the
       long driveway which led from a combination storage barn and garage
       complex (“garage”) located behind the house to the nearby thoroughfare
       of Wampum-New Galilee Road (“road”).1                He arrived at work
       approximately fifteen minutes later at around 7:00 a.m. Id. at 146.

              Later that morning, J.B. came downstairs from his upstairs
       bedroom in the house to get dressed for school. Id. at 68. During this
       period of time, C.B. and the victim — who was then over 8 months’
       pregnant — had been in the process of relocating the contents of their
       shared bedroom on the first floor of their home to J.B.’s upstairs bedroom,
       attached to which was another smaller bedroom they had previously
       converted into a nursery for use once their baby was born. N.T.
       Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 108; 4/11/12, at 68-69. This shared
       bedroom was located in the front of the house directly to the right of the
       front door. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 95.




      1   The front of the house faced the road, and, as viewed from that
       perspective, the parking area was located immediately behind the house
       on the left hand side, with the barn situated some distance further back to
       the left and rear of the house. All locational descriptions hereinafter
       provided in this opinion proceed from a vantage point of a viewer facing
       the house from the road.



                                      [J-88-2017] - 2
        In preparation for the final move, which was to take place during the
upcoming weekend, some of J.B.’s personal belongings, including his
clothes, had already been placed downstairs inside of the shared first floor
bedroom. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, 68-69. After awakening,
J.B. went downstairs, entered that bedroom, where the victim was
sleeping at the time, retrieved his clothes, and got dressed in a nearby
bathroom. Id. at 69. After dressing, J.B. sat on the couch with J.H. and
watched television. Id. A.H. was still asleep. Id. at 66. J.B. recalled that
while he and J.H. were watching television, he heard the victim click her
cell phone — either open or shut — which he presumed was her checking
the time. Immediately thereafter, the victim called out to them that “they
needed to leave or they would be late for the bus.” Id. at 70. J.B. and J.H.
left the house one or two minutes later, which J.B. estimated was around
8:13-8:14 a.m., since both children normally caught the school bus that
transported them to Mohawk Elementary School around 8:12 a.m. every
morning. Id. at 89. As J.B. exited the house, he noticed a large black
truck parked by the garage.2 N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 65-66.

         The driver of the school bus which arrived to pick up the children
noted that, when he first saw J.B. and J.H., they had made it a third of the
way down the driveway, and were walking toward the road, with J.B. a
little bit ahead of J.H. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 152. Once
the children saw the school bus, however, the driver recalled they both
began to run down the driveway toward the bus with J.B. outpacing J.H.
by about ten yards during the run. Id. at 153. As they ran towards the
bus, the driver did not notice anything unusual in the way the children
were acting, and, at no time while he was watching them, did he observe
them leave the driveway, or throw anything. Id. at 154, 156. Once the
children got to the bus, they each took their respective assigned seats, as
per their normal routine. Id. at 153-54. The bus driver recalled observing
nothing out of the ordinary about the children’s behavior after they had
gotten on the bus and during the time they were being transported to
school. Id.


2 As the Superior Court noted, the house had four entrances, In re J.B., 69
A.3d 268, 280 n. 11 (Pa. Super. 2013); Trial Exhibits 3, 4, 8, and 29
(photos of the house). C.B. testified that, as was their usual practice, J.B.
and J.H. would likely have exited the house through a laundry room door
located on the right hand side of the house opposite the driveway. In
order to get to the driveway from that exit, a person would have to
immediately turn left — and, thus, be facing the garage behind the house
— then proceed down a flight of stairs, turn left again, and walk through
the parking area between the house and garage. N.T. Adjudication
Hearing, 4/11/12, at 156-57. According to C.B., the family never used the
front door of the house. Id. at 155, 157-58.



                              [J-88-2017] - 3
        Approximately 45 minutes after the children got on the school bus
— shortly after 9:00 a.m. — a six-person work crew from a tree service
company arrived at the premises to finish collecting firewood they had cut
and collected the previous day from the wooded area located in front of
the house. Id. at 13, 19, 29. The crew came in three trucks, with the lead
truck driven by the owner of the business — Gary Cable — entering the
driveway first. Cable and his workers parked their trucks between the
front of the house and the woods line which was also in front of the house,
but closer to the road. Cable and his crew remained in that area all day.
Id. at 18. Cable remembered that there was a “light” coating of snow at
the time on the ground, which he estimated was approximately 1/8-1/4 of
an inch in depth. Id. at 20. Cable did not recall seeing any tire tracks in
the driveway on his arrival, although he did note that the center of the
driveway was “humped up” when he pulled in. Id. at 22, 31.3

       Cable and his crew began working, after which one of his workers
came to him and reported seeing the screen door to one of the entrances
to the house standing open. Id. at 23. Cable told the worker that he
would keep an eye on it. Id. Approximately ten minutes later, Cable
noticed the door open again and observed a little girl — A.H. — crying;
whereupon, Cable went up to the porch to see what was the matter. 4 A.H.
told Cable that “her mother was dead.” Id. at 25. Cable called 911 and
sent one of his workers — Gary Suhanec — to the end of the driveway to
flag down the state police officers who had been dispatched. Cable,
without entering the house, attempted to console A.H. by speaking to her
through the door, and Cable instructed her to get her blanket from the
couch and come over to the door so he could talk to her and keep her
calm. Id. at 26-27.

       While waiting for the police to arrive, Suhanec called Cable on his
cellphone and informed him there were footprints on the driveway. Id. at
37. It was at that point that Cable observed two sets of small footprints in


3  In his testimony at the adjudication hearing, Cable conceded that, based
 on the amount of snow he observed, had a vehicle been driven on the
 driveway at 6:45 a.m. it would “definitely” have left tire tracks. Id. at 32.
 C.B. also testified at the adjudication hearing that Cable informed him,
 when they conversed on the evening of February 20, 2009, that one of his
 employees had seen tire tracks and that C.B. had requested that Cable
 tell the investigating officers about this. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,
 4/11/12, at 153. Cable did not recall any of his employees commenting on
 the presence of tire tracks. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 39.
4 It was not clear from the record which entrance the worker and Cable

 were referring to.



                               [J-88-2017] - 4
the center of the driveway between “[w]here the tire tracks run on either
side of the driveway.” Id. at 38, 40. Cable estimated this was
approximately 45 minutes after he arrived — around 9:45 a.m. Id. at 36.

       The first state police officers — Troopers Harry Gustafson and
Corporal Jeremy Bowser — arrived on the scene at 10:13 a.m. Id. at 43-
46. Trooper Gustafson encountered A.H., who was crying, at the front
door. He picked her up and then took her into the residence and sat her
on the couch to watch television. Upon entering the residence through the
front door, he immediately saw the body of the victim lying on her left side
on the bed in the bedroom with a “very large” pool of blood by her head
and upper shoulders and soaking the sheet beneath. Id. at 49, 71.
Troopers Gustafson and Bowser engaged in emergency ventilation
measures until paramedics arrived.

      During the performance of these resuscitative efforts, the school
nurse called the victim’s cell phone requesting to speak to her. Trooper
Gustafson answered the phone, identified himself, and talked to the nurse,
who indicated that J.B. was in her office because he was not feeling well
and that he was requesting to come home for the day. Id. at 59-60.
Trooper Gustafson asked the nurse to “baby-sit” J.B. until they could make
arrangements to have someone pick him up. Id. at 60.

       The paramedics arrived at around 10:40 a.m. and began to
examine the victim. Id. at 85. During the examination, one of the
paramedics noted a gunshot wound to the back of her head. Id. at 81-82.
The paramedics could not detect any life signs from the victim, nor any
fetal heartbeat. Id. at 81. At this point, other crime scene investigators
from the Pennsylvania State Police and the Lawrence County Coroner’s
Office were sent to the scene, after which the victim and her unborn fetus
were pronounced dead. In a short period of time thereafter, state police
investigators confirmed that C.B. was at work that morning as he claimed,
and, after a gunshot residue test of his hands was negative, he was
quickly eliminated as a suspect. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 63,
82, 138, 147.

       One of the state police officers who arrived at the home was
Trooper Janice Wilson, who, upon arrival, spoke briefly with A.H.
Because A.H. was in a state of shock, she could not provide coherent
answers to Trooper Wilson’s questions. Id. at 60-61. Trooper Wilson next
went to Mohawk Elementary school to interview J.H. and J.B.

       Upon arrival at the school — shortly after noon — Trooper Wilson
asked to speak to J.B., but was informed he was sleeping in the nurse’s
office because he had a stomach ache. Id. at 63, 70. Trooper Wilson
then spoke with J.H., who initially was distraught because she thought she



                              [J-88-2017] - 5
was in trouble; however, she calmed down after the school guidance
counselor informed her she was not. Id. at 64. Trooper Wilson
interviewed J.H. for about ten minutes, but recalled that “[s]he really didn’t
have much to offer about what happened that morning.” Id.5 J.H. did not
testify at the adjudication hearing.

        J.B. was then awakened in the nurse’s office and brought by his
guidance counselor to be interviewed by Trooper Wilson in a nearby
conference room. Trooper Wilson did not inform J.B. of the death of the
victim, but, instead, asked him who had been present that morning in the
house, and he replied that “it was his mom, referring to [the victim], and
his two sisters and himself.” Id. at 65-66. He noted that his dad had
already left for work, and A.H. was asleep and did not wake up before he
and J.H. left for school. Id. Trooper Wilson next asked J.B. “if he had
seen anyone else around or any vehicles there that day?” Id. J.B. replied
that his mom’s green van was there which she used to drive A.H. to
school, and, also, “that he saw a black large pickup truck parked back by
the garage.” Id. Trooper Wilson pressed J.B. for details about the truck,
since she believed that it possibly belonged to the individual who had
killed the victim. Id. Trooper Wilson asked J.B. if the truck was running,
and he stated that “he . . . didn’t know.” Id. Trooper Wilson inquired if J.B.
“saw anyone around,” and she recalled that he replied no. Id. J.B.
remarked the truck was of the same kind that he would usually see when
the owner of the farm and another man would be in when they came to
feed the cows. Id. at 66-67. Trooper Wilson further queried J.B. about
what he had done that morning, and he recounted, as detailed above, his
actions of retrieving his clothes, getting dressed and going with J.H. to the
bus after the victim’s admonition to them to hurry up, and then his first
observation of the black truck upon exiting the home. The interview
concluded at that point.

       Meanwhile, during the late morning and early afternoon hours, the
state police began searching for Adam Harvey — the ex-boyfriend of the
victim — because he had a history of making threats of violence against
her. Id. at 125-26. At this time, the victim, as well as her parents, sister,
and brother-in-law had a permanent Protection From Abuse (“PFA”) order
against Harvey, stemming from an incident which occurred in February
2008. During this incident, Harvey — then living in North Carolina — had
called the victim’s mother and “threatened to take [her] whole family out.”
Juvenile’s Exhibit B, PFA Order 2/4/2008. Harvey was also the owner of a


5 None of the trooper’s interviews were recorded, and her testimony
regarding the interviews she conducted was based on two reports
prepared 6 days and 13 days after the interviews, respectively. N.T.
Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 106-07.



                               [J-88-2017] - 6
black Ford F-150 pickup truck. Id. at 222-26. Harvey had returned from
North Carolina in late October 2008, and had, within the previous two
weeks, received paternity test results showing that A.H. was not his
biological daughter. Id. at 151, 191, 207. Also, at some point during the
preceding evening of February 19, 2009, Harvey confronted the victim’s
parents in a nightclub where he had gone to pick up food — resulting in
his ejection from the club. Id. at 126, 150.

       Trooper Dominick Caimona was dispatched by his supervisor to
find Harvey, who was staying with a family that Trooper Caimona knew —
the Klingensmiths, in the City of New Castle. Id. at 220-23. When
Trooper Caimona arrived at the Klingensmith residence, he was informed
by Thomas Klingensmith that Harvey was residing at an address in Union
Township, Lawrence County, and that Klingensmith would show him the
address. Klingensmith got into Trooper Caimona’s car which proceeded
along State Street — the main thoroughfare in Union Township. As the
state police cruiser approached the intersection of State Street and Miller
Avenue, at around 1:20 p.m. in the afternoon, Klingensmith saw Harvey’s
black truck at the intersection and pointed it out to Trooper Caimona. Id.
at 221, 223, 226. Trooper Caimona parked the police car and walked over
to the truck; he asked Harvey to accompany him to the state police
barracks to talk with him, and Harvey agreed. Id. at 221.

         Trooper Caimona noted that the intersection was located
approximately 2 city blocks from the home of Harvey’s parents where
Harvey was staying. Id. at 222. Trooper Caimona observed that Harvey’s
truck had a light coating of snow on the hood and roof and that it was dirty,
as if it had been driven. Id. at 225. Harvey was taken to the state police
barracks and interviewed at around 2:23 p.m. Id. at 139. Harvey provided
an alibi, stating that he had been home in the basement of his parents’
house since 10:00 p.m. the previous evening, and that the only way out of
the house was through the upstairs floor where his dad was. Id. at 133.
Harvey’s hands were tested at that time by investigators for the presence
of gunshot residue, but none was detected. Id. at 137. Based on his
proffered alibi, and the presence of snow on the truck, which, in the
investigators’ opinion, suggested that it could not have been driven to
Wampum — a distance Trooper Caimona estimated to be 8-10 miles —
and then back to his home without coming off, Harvey was excluded as a
suspect. Id. at 132-33, 223.

       Also during the afternoon of February 20, Corporal Andrew
Pannelle of the Pennsylvania State Police conducted a visual inspection of
the inside of the house. He observed that all of the doors to the house
were unlocked, and, also, that the front door had blood on its frame. N.T.




                              [J-88-2017] - 7
Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 124, 134.6 Corporal Pannelle, while
walking through the first floor of the house, noticed a blue blanket on the
floor near the front door, and he seized it because it had a hole in it, which
he believed could have been indicative of a shotgun blast. Id. at 127. The
blanket was subsequently subjected to microscopic examination and
chemical testing and no gunshot residue, or blood, was found on it. N.T.
Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 121-23.

       Upon entering the first floor bedroom where the victim’s body was
found, Corporal Pannelle noted that the television, which sat on top of an
armoire located in the right hand side of the room, was turned on. N.T.
Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 102. Observing that the doors to the
armoire were closed, he opened them. Id. at 103. Inside the armoire, he
saw a locked gun safe on the bottom shelf, which was later determined to
contain two handguns and ammunition. On the top shelf, Corporal
Pannelle saw a work helmet and two boxes of shotgun shells — one
opened and one closed. Id. at 104. The open box contained 16 unfired
“Federal Premium” brand .20 gauge shotgun shells. Id. at 106.

       Corporal Pannelle, accompanied by Sergeant Markilinski, also of
the Pennsylvania State Police, then proceeded to examine the second
floor of the house. Upon entering the front bedroom to the right of the
stairwell — J.B.’s bedroom — both troopers noted the presence of six
“long guns” partially covered by an orange blanket, which, as observed
from the entrance to the bedroom, were standing in the left hand side
corner of the room nearest the door, between a dresser and the wall. Id.
at 108-09. The butt of one gun — a .30-.30 rifle — was protruding the
furthest into the room as it leaned against the wall. To its immediate right
was a muzzleloader, and leaning directly against that weapon, on the
right-hand side, was a .20 gauge shotgun — a “Harrington and
Richardson . . . youth model.” Id. at 110-11, 121. Both of these guns, like
the other four in the group, were found standing upright against the back
of the bedroom wall. Id. at 139. Corporal Pannelle began to remove
individual guns from the group, one at a time, and hand them to Sergeant
Markilinski for him to examine and determine if they were loaded. Id. at
141.

       The first gun removed by Corporal Pannelle was the flintlock rifle,
which Sergeant Markilinski examined and noted nothing unusual about it.
Id. at 141. The second weapon Corporal Pannelle handed to Sergeant
Markilinski was the .20 gauge shotgun. Sergeant Markilinski opened the
breech of the shotgun and smelled burnt gunpowder in the breech, which


6Although the blood was sent for forensic testing, no further information
was provided at the hearing regarding its origin.



                               [J-88-2017] - 8
he pointed out to Corporal Pannelle, who also smelled the odor. Id. at
113. Sergeant Markilinski also observed gunpowder residue in the breech
and in the barrel. Id. at 141-42. Both Corporal Pannelle and Sergeant
Markilinski testified that, based on their personal experience with firearms,
they believed the shotgun had been “freshly” or “recently” fired. Id. at 130-
31, 142. However, both acknowledged that they were not offering expert
opinions in this regard, and that they could not opine with any degree of
scientific certainty exactly when the shotgun had been fired. Id. at 132-33,
143. The .20 gauge shotgun was seized by the troopers and sent for
forensic examination. Id. at 147.

        Because of the discovery of the shotgun, at 10:00 p.m. on the
evening of February 20, Trooper Wilson re-interviewed J.B. at his
grandmother’s home where he was staying. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,
4/11/12, at 71-72. J.B. had not been informed of the victim’s death
previously by anyone so, prior to Trooper Wilson speaking with J.B., his
father, C.B., took J.B. aside and told him “something bad had happened”
and “[the victim] isn’t with us anymore, she’s in heaven.” Id. at 72. Upon
hearing this, J.B. became emotional and started crying. Id. Once he had
calmed down, Trooper Wilson, along with another trooper, began to
question J.B., with his father observing. Trooper Wilson described his
demeanor as “low-key” and that he was not nervous, excited, or fidgety.
Id. at 87.

       Trooper Wilson asked J.B. for more details about the black truck
and when he had first seen it. Id. at 73. J.B. recalled that he first saw the
truck as he exited the house, when he reached in his pocket to see if he
had ice cream money for school, and, in the process, dislodged a mass of
fuzz from his pocket which fell to the ground. N.T. Id. at 73. When he
bent over to pick it up, it was then he noticed the truck parked by the
garage. Id. Trooper Wilson asked J.B. if J.H. had seen the truck, and he
replied that he mentioned it to her but she didn’t respond, as he believed
she was, at that point, too far ahead of him to hear him. Id. at 74. J.B.
also mentioned to Trooper Wilson that, while he was out that afternoon in
a vehicle driven by one of his relatives, he observed a white S-10 truck
which he said to his relative resembled the truck that was at the farm,
except he stated that the truck at the farm was black and larger than the
S-10. Id. at 94-95.

       J.B. also informed Trooper Wilson that he had seen a person in a
white hat ducking over inside the truck he observed at the farm. Trooper
Wilson inquired of J.B. why he had not mentioned that when she talked
with him that morning, and he explained that when he first glanced at the
truck he didn’t see anybody. Id. at 75. J.B. also recounted his
observation that the lights were on inside of the truck, and when Trooper
Wilson stated that he did not tell her that during the first interview, J.B.,



                              [J-88-2017] - 9
after hesitating, then described the lights as being “sort of half on.” Id. at
75.

       Trooper Wilson next asked J.B. if he had any guns, and he
informed her that he had a .30-.30 rifle. Id. at 76. Trooper Wilson
questioned J.B. as to whether he had a shotgun, and he replied yes. She
inquired whether he knew what gauge it was, and he stated that “it was a
20-gauge,” and further related that he only shot the gun outside and, also,
that he had shot it with his dad last month. Id. at 77, 101. Trooper Wilson
asked J.B. if he had fired the gun that morning, and he answered “no.” Id.
at 101. The interview ended at that point. Id. at 78.

       At 3:30 a.m. on the morning of February 21, 2009, state police
arrested J.B. at his grandmother’s residence and charged him with the
murder of the victim and her unborn fetus. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,
4/10/12, at 217.7 No gunshot residue testing of J.B.’s hands was ever
performed. When J.B. was arrested, he was wearing a polo shirt, blue
jeans, a brown jacket, and tennis shoes. Id. These were the same
clothes J.B. had on when interviewed by Trooper Wilson at his school at
noon on February 20. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 78.

      Later during the morning of February 21, after sunrise, a team of
state police officers searched the exterior grounds in the immediate


7  Although only 11 years old, J.B. was charged as an adult, and he
subsequently filed a decertification petition to transfer his case to the
Juvenile Division of the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County. The
[juvenile] court — Judge Dominick Motto — denied the petition on the
grounds that, since J.B. consistently denied having committed the crimes
with which he was charged during interviews with psychological experts,
he had, in the court’s view, not taken responsibility for his actions;
therefore, based on these denials of culpability, the [juvenile] court
reasoned that J.B.’s “prospects of rehabilitation [were] . . . likely to be
unsuccessful.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 26 A.3d 485, 490 (Pa. Super.
2011). J.B. was granted permission for an interlocutory appeal of Judge
Motto’s order, and the Superior Court vacated it. The Superior Court held
that requiring J.B. to accept responsibility for the conduct he was alleged
to have committed in order to obtain decertification would require him to
effectively admit his guilt of the particular offenses charged, and, thus,
violated his Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination.
See id. Consequently, the court remanded for a new decertification
hearing, which, after the recusal of Judge Motto, was held before Judge
John Hodge of the Court of Common Pleas of Lawrence County. Judge
Hodge granted the decertification petition and presided over the
adjudication and dispositional hearings held thereafter.



                              [J-88-2017] - 10
vicinity of J.B.’s residence, and along its driveway. N.T. Adjudication
Hearing, 4/10/12 at 207, 211. Sergeant Daniel Brooks, in the company of
several other state police officers, began walking outward from the porch
and down the driveway toward the road. Just outside of the residence,
adjacent to the porch area, they found a “very rusty” spent shotgun shell.
Id. at 199, 202. As the officers walked further down the driveway in the
direction of the road, they discovered a second spent shell. This shell — a
“Federal Number 6” brand .20 gauge — was found approximately 100 feet
away from the house on the left hand side of the driveway at the beginning
of a fence line that ran the entire length of the left side of the driveway. Id.
at 195-96, 198, 210. The spent shell was located near the base of the
wire fence, a few feet from the middle of the driveway, and it was lying
underneath leaves which were frozen and covered by ice and snow. Id. at
210. When asked by the prosecutor at the adjudication hearing 8 to
describe the condition of the shell — on a sliding scale ranging from
“pristine to the other spectrum being rusted and broken up” — Sergeant
Brooks characterized the shell as pristine, and he agreed with the
prosecutor that it was not weathered. Id. at 201-02.

        Further along the driveway near the road, and embedded in the dirt
of the driveway itself, the searching officers found a third spent shell
which, like the shell found near the house, was “very rusty,” and it was
also physically crushed into the surface of the driveway. Id. at 204. In
Sergeant Brooks’ view, both rusty shells had been there “for quite some
time.” Id. at 199. However, Sergeant Brooks also opined that there was
no way to estimate exactly how long any of the three shells had been lying
outside. Id. at 209. These three spent shells were the only ones found
during the troopers’ search of the property, and, after being photographed
in their original positions, they were collected as evidence. Id. at 205, 207.

        At the adjudication hearing, the Commonwealth presented the
testimony of Dr. James Smith — a forensic pathologist — as to the nature
of the victim’s gunshot wound.9 Dr. Smith noted that he determined that
the victim sustained a single gunshot wound to the back of her neck,
which, because of the presence of shotgun pellets in and around the
wound, he opined was inflicted by a shotgun. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,
4/10/12 at 161. Dr. Smith described this wound as being in the shape of
“a large oval or ellipse” and “tangential,” i.e., slanted. Id. at 160-61. Due
to the trajectory of the wound — proceeding “slightly” from the back of the


8   Because of a conflict of interest recognized by the current District
 Attorney of Lawrence County — Joshua Lamancusa — the Office of the
 Pennsylvania Attorney General took over the prosecution and currently
 represents the Commonwealth in this appeal.
9 No forensic expert was called by J.B.’s counsel to testify on his behalf.




                               [J-88-2017] - 11
victim’s body to the front and upward — Dr. Smith believed it had been
inflicted as the victim was lying on her left side on the bed. Id. at 161, 179.

        Dr. Smith further noted that hot gas from the shotgun blast entered
the wound through the skin and muscle of the victim’s neck and caused
the skin to bulge out and rupture near the point of entry. Id. at 168. This
phenomenon, known as “blowback,” formed a “tract” or laceration in the
skin. Id. To Dr. Smith, the nature of this type of damage indicated that the
gas from the shotgun blast was mostly contained within the entry wound
and did not have time to dissipate. Id. at 168-69. This factor, coupled with
the presence of powder in the wound and “soot” around the surface of the
skin near the point at which the pellets entered the skin, caused him to
conclude that the shotgun was “very, very close to, or maybe even
touching, the back of the neck” when it was fired. Id. at 168, 183-85.
Although he could not give a precise distance, he estimated the shot was
fired from a distance of closer than two inches from the victim’s neck, and
the barrel of the gun was in “close contact” with her skin at the time. Id. at
185.

       Dr. Smith found that, as the pellets entered the soft tissues of the
neck, a small portion of the pellets discharged a piece of bone from the
occipital (rear) region of the victim’s skull near its base, and then entered
the interior of her cranial cavity. Id. at 161-62. In his estimation, these
pellets caused damage to the centers of the victim’s brain which controlled
her autonomic nervous functions, thereby causing the death of both the
victim and, because of the cessation of the victim’s blood circulation, her
unborn fetus. Id. at 160-61, 165; 173-78. Dr. Smith noted, however, that
the vast majority of the pellets he observed had “rebounded back
downward” and traveled back in the direction from which they had
entered, resulting in them becoming lodged in the back of the victim’s
neck. Id. at 162.

       Regarding the question of whether the blowback which occurred
near the entry wound could have caused blood or other tissue material to
travel backwards along the track of the pellets and enter the barrel of the
shotgun, Dr. Smith opined that, generally, blowback is more common
whenever hot gas from a gunshot wound penetrates beneath the skin and
encounters bone which does not yield. Id. at 190-91. Dr. Smith
acknowledged that the shot which entered the victim’s wound impacted
the bones of her skull. Id. at 191. Dr. Smith agreed that it was, therefore,
possible that this impact could have caused tissue and blood to have been
propelled back through the channel created by the shot and into the barrel
of the gun; however, he believed the angle of the gun at the time the
wound was made minimized the amount of blowback, and, thus, he
opined that one would not expect to find as much blood or tissue as would




                               [J-88-2017] - 12
be present if the wound was inflicted straight into the skin, i.e., with the
gun barrel held at a 90 degree angle thereto. Id. at 170-72, 186-92.

        Also testifying at the adjudication hearing on behalf of the
Commonwealth was a certified toolmark and firearm examiner — Trooper
Paul Burlingame of the Pennsylvania State Police. Trooper Burlingame
examined the .20 gauge shotgun seized from J.B.’s residence. After test
firing the shotgun, and subjecting it to a “shock and drop” test, he
determined that the weapon was not malfunctioning. N.T. Adjudication
Hearing, 4/11/12 at 40. Trooper Burlingame related that he also
compared the 27 shotgun pellets and pieces of wadding recovered from
the body of the victim with pellets from one of the unspent .20 gauge
Federal No. 6 brand shotgun shells found in the armoire of the victim’s
bedroom.10      Trooper Burlingame noted that pellets and wadding
discharged from smooth bore shotguns, like the .20 gauge recovered from
J.B.’s bedroom, do not have any marks on them which would make them
generally usable for conducting an individual examination. Id. at 40, 47.11
Trooper Burlingame, therefore, could not perform an individual
examination of the pellets recovered from the victim and the pellets in the
unfired .20 gauge shells taken from the armoire. He did note, though, that
the 27 shotgun pellets recovered from the victim were “consistent” in size,
shape, weight, material,12 and construction with the pellets in the unfired
shells, and, also, that the pieces of wadding taken from the body of the
victim were “consistent” with the type of wadding in the unfired .20 gauge
shells. Id. at 45. Trooper Burlingame also testified that markings created
by the manufacturing process, which were found on the discharged
shotgun shell recovered from along the fence line of the driveway, were
the same as the markings on the unfired .20 gauge shells in the armoire.


10  Shotgun shell wadding is normally constructed of either plastic or fiber
 material, and Trooper Burlingame explained that there are normally two
 areas in which wadding is found in every shotgun shell: “an over-powder
 post-type wad” which covers the powder in the shell and a “cup wad”
 which holds the shot itself. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 45.
11 Trooper Burlingame described the process of individual examination as

 using a comparison microscope to examine, side by side, an article of
 discharged ammunition recovered from a crime scene and an article of
 discharged ammunition test fired from a particular gun, in order to
 determine whether the tool markings on each article of discharged
 ammunition, uniquely produced by every individual gun manufactured,
 match. Id. at 42-43.
12 It does not appear from the record that Trooper Burlingame conducted

 any comparative metallurgical analysis of the shot recovered from the
 victim and the shot contained within the unspent shells, but only a
 comparison of their exterior characteristics.



                              [J-88-2017] - 13
Id. at 44. This led to his conclusion that the discharged shell had been
fired from the .20 gauge shotgun taken from J.B.’s bedroom. Id. at 44, 47.

        Additionally, Elana Somple, the manager of the forensic science
department of R.J. Lee Laboratory — a materials testing laboratory —
testified at the adjudication hearing regarding the results of her testing of
the shirt and pants J.B. was wearing at the time of his arrest for the
presence of gunshot residue.13 Ms. Somple explained that, whenever a
firearm is discharged, the firing pin impacts with the primer cap of the
ammunition loaded in the firearm, which causes the chemical elements
therein — lead, barium, and antimony — to ignite, and this force of ignition
propels the bullet or projectile in the ammunition out of the front of the
muzzle of the gun. Id. at 8-9. According to Ms. Somple, the rapid ignition
of these 3 elements after the impact of the firing pin with the primer cap
causes them to vaporize and form a plume, or cloud, around the firearm.
Id. at 9. Eventually, the airborne particles in the cloud coalesce and land
on areas immediately surrounding the firearm, such as the shooter’s
hands or clothes. Id. Ms. Somple noted that whenever a particle is found
with all 3 elements of lead, barium, and antimony fused together, it can be
said with scientific certainty that the particle is gunshot residue produced
from the discharge of a firearm. Id. at 9-10.

        Ms. Somple described how she dabbed both sides of the front of
J.B.’s shirt and the front of his jeans with double-sided sticky tape and
then examined the particles lifted by the tape under a scanning electron
microscope. Her examination revealed one particle of gunshot residue on
the right side of J.B.’s shirt and one particle of gunshot residue on the left
leg of his jeans. Id. at 16-17. Ms. Somple could not pinpoint which
specific area on each article of clothing that the individual particles were
found. Id. at 16. She also opined that the particles could have gotten onto
the clothing in one of three separate ways: “[t]he person could have
discharged the firearm[;] or been in close proximity to somebody else who
discharged a firearm[;] or they came into contact with something that had
gunshot residue on it.” Id. at 21. Ms. Somple further related that such
particles can have an enduring presence on articles of clothing, noting: “If
I discharged a firearm and took my clothes off, put them in the corner of
my room and they were undisturbed for a month, two months, a year, and
then tested those clothes, you could still find gunshot residue on them.”
Id. at 23. By contrast, she explained that a person who discharged a
firearm and then went about his or her daily activities would have any
gunshot residue on his or her hands removed by those activities. Id. at


13 The then-District Attorney of Lawrence County — John Bongivengo —
elected not to have R.J. Lee Laboratories test J.B.’s coat and shoes for
gunshot residue. N.T. 4/11/12 at 136.



                              [J-88-2017] - 14
13. Ms. Somple additionally related, “[a]s a rule of thumb,” that she would
expect to see more particles of gunshot residue deposited on someone
who fired a gun inside of a house, where there is no airflow, than someone
who fired a gun outside where the wind could affect the deposition of the
particles. Id. at 27-28.

        Corporal Jeffrey Martin of the Pennsylvania State Police testified at
the adjudication hearing regarding the results of other forensic tests
performed on J.B.’s clothing, the spent shotgun shell found along the
fence on the left-hand side of the property surrounding J.B.’s home, and
the .20 gauge shotgun taken from the residence. Corporal Martin testified
that J.B.’s jacket, shirt, jeans and sneakers seized the morning of his
arrest were all tested for the presence of blood stains, and no such stains
were found. Id. at 123-24. No fingerprints or DNA material were found on
the spent shotgun shell. Forensic examination of the shotgun itself
revealed no latent fingerprints on the weapon, and no blood was detected
in the interior of the shotgun barrel, on the exterior of the barrel, or on the
frame of the shotgun. Id. at 122.

       C.B. testified at the adjudication hearing that he, the victim, J.B.,
and her daughters all had a close relationship and that J.B.’s relationship
with the victim was “[j]ust as normal as it was between her and her own
daughters.” Id. at 141. With respect to the use of firearms on the
property, C.B. related that he would quite frequently shoot guns in the
area of the property located in front of the house near where the work
crew parked on the morning of February 20, 2009. Id. at 142. C.B. also
described his and J.B.’s participation in a turkey shoot at an indoor
shooting range on Saturday, February 14, 2012 — less than a week
before the .20 gauge shotgun was seized. Id. at 143, 182-83. C.B.
recalled that J.B. used the .20 gauge shotgun in the turkey shoot and that
he loaded and unloaded the shotgun for J.B. each time it was fired. Id. at
145.14 C.B. also recounted that, because it was a cold winter evening,
and the shoot took place in a large garage like structure, J.B. was wearing
his winter coat during the entirety of the shoot, which was the same coat
he was wearing on the day of his arrest. Id. at 146.

       C.B. further testified that he and the victim chose to have an
unlisted phone number at their house in order to ensure that Adam Harvey
could not contact them. Id. at 149. C.B. related that he listened to 10-12
voicemails Harvey had left on the victim’s cellphone, in which Harvey
threatened the victim and her family, and that the victim feared Harvey.


14Trooper Wilson confirmed J.B.’s participation in the “turkey shoot” with
the .20 gauge shotgun. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 102.



                               [J-88-2017] - 15
       Id. at 149, 177. C.B. had no personal knowledge of whether Harvey knew
       where he and the victim lived. Id. at 174.

               Adam Harvey testified at the adjudication hearing as well. He
       denied making threatening phone calls to the victim and denied the
       averments in the victim’s PFA petition which led to the entry of the PFA
       order against him. Id. at 200-01. Harvey also stated that he was not
       upset about the blood test results which showed he was not the father of
       A.H. Id. at 207. Harvey admitted seeing the victim’s parents on the
       evening of February 19, 2009, as he was walking out of a nightclub while
       picking up an order of chicken wings, and that he was told to leave. Id. at
       208. Harvey claimed that he went home thereafter to his parents’ house,
       where he was living in the basement, which was accessible through a side
       door on the upstairs floor. He denied going out at all on the night of
       February 20, and he stated that he did not leave his parent’s home until
       somewhere around 9:00 the next morning to return an automotive part to
       a store. Id. at 211-12. Harvey disavowed knowing where the victim was
       living, although he acknowledged having told the state police that people
       had previously informed him she was living “somewhere in Wampum.” Id.
       at 210.
In re J.B. II, 106 A.3d at 77-88.

                                    II. Procedural History

       At the conclusion of the juvenile hearing, counsel for J.B. orally moved for a

judgment of acquittal, contending that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to

sustain a guilty verdict since it did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that J.B.

had committed the homicides. The juvenile court denied this motion and adjudicated

J.B. delinquent of all charges. In its dispositional order, the juvenile court remanded

J.B. to the custody of a secured facility until he reached the age of 21.1 J.B. did not file

post-dispositional motions but instead filed a notice of appeal to the Superior Court.




1J.B., who has consistently maintained his innocence throughout the entirety of these
proceedings, was released from custodial detention after successfully completing all of
the goals set forth in his rehabilitation plan, and with the acquiescence of the Attorney
General. He is reportedly attending college in another state. Nevertheless, he remains
entitled to appellate review of his adjudication which, of course, carries with it a public
stigma.



                                       [J-88-2017] - 16
       In his Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, J.B. raised the sole claim

that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. Although the juvenile court

issued findings of fact and authored an opinion in support of its adjudication, it did not

address this claim therein; rather, it issued a terse order denying the weight-of-the-

evidence claim.

       Although the Commonwealth argued to the Superior Court that J.B.’s weight-of-

the-evidence claim was waived due to his failure to file post-dispositional motions, that

court rejected this argument and proceeded to conduct appellate review of J.B.’s

weight-of-the-evidence claim. In re J.B., 69 A.3d 268 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“In re J.B. I”).

The court reviewed all of the evidence in the certified record in order to determine

whether the juvenile court abused its discretion in making certain key findings of fact in

support of its adjudication, namely its finding that there were no unaccounted for

footprints or tire tracks around the home, and that no one was seen approaching or

leaving the residence. In the juvenile court’s view, this precluded any possibility that

another individual could have entered the residence after the children had left for school

and the victim’s body was found. Id. at 279. The Superior Court determined these

findings to be unsupported by the record and, indeed, contrary to the evidence. Thus,

that tribunal ruled that the juvenile court palpably abused its discretion in making its

weight-of-the-evidence ruling, vacated the dispositional order, and remanded for further

proceedings.2     Id. at 281.   The court did not address whether the evidence was

insufficient to sustain the verdict, as J.B. had not asserted such a claim in his appeal.

       The Commonwealth sought review of this decision from our Court, again

contending that J.B.’s weight-of-the-evidence claim was waived due to his failure to file


2
This opinion was authored by then-Judge, now-Justice Donohue, and joined by Judge
Shogan and then-Judge, now-Justice Wecht.



                                     [J-88-2017] - 17
post-dispositional motions. Our Court accepted review, but held that J.B.’s weight-of-

the-evidence claim was not waived for failure to file post-dispositional motions,

inasmuch as the Juvenile Rules of Procedure did not require the filing of post-

dispositional motions in order to preserve a weight-of-the-evidence claim for appellate

review, and as J.B. had preserved this issue when he raised it in his statement of

matters complained of on appeal. In J.B. II, supra. Our Court remanded this case to

the juvenile court so that J.B. could file post-dispositional motions nunc pro tunc.

       Following remand, J.B. filed a post-dispositional motion nunc pro tunc in which

he alleged that the adjudication must be vacated because the evidence was insufficient

as a matter of law to sustain his conviction, and, alternatively that he was entitled to a

new adjudication hearing since the adjudication was against the weight of the evidence.

The juvenile court conducted no new hearings, but, rather, heard argument and

accepted briefing from both parties on the issue. The court then issued an opinion on

May 19, 2015 in which it found that the evidence was sufficient as a matter of law to

establish J.B. as the perpetrator of the homicides, and that its verdict was not against

the weight of that evidence.3

       In ruling on J.B.’s sufficiency claim, the juvenile court did not rely on the absence

of footprints around the residence as it had in its first opinion. Instead, the court relied

on the following facts to support its adjudication of J.B. delinquent beyond a reasonable

doubt: (1) J.B. owned a .20 gauge shotgun “that was established to be the murder

3  According to J.B., the juvenile court purportedly made new findings of fact and
credibility determinations in its post-remand opinion, and J.B. challenged the propriety
of this action in his petition for allowance of appeal. We did not accept this question for
review; moreover, inasmuch as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence raises a
pure question of law, and, in addressing such a challenge, we review the record de
novo, we need not address this question presently. See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
Packer, 168 A.3d 161, 163 n.2 (Pa. 2017).




                                     [J-88-2017] - 18
weapon”; (2) the gun smelled as if it had recently been fired; (3) only a limited number of

people knew where the gun was stored, including J.B.; (4) J.B. knew how to fire a

shotgun; (5) J.B. had one particle of “gunshot residue” on the right side of his shirt, and,

found in that same location, were 14 particles which contained two of the three

elements that, together, constitute gunshot residue (lead, barium and antimony), which

the court viewed as suggestive;4 and J.B. had one additional particle of gunshot residue

on the left side of his jeans, in addition to, in that the same location, 17 particles

containing two of the three constituent elements of gunshot residue and 15 particles

containing a single constituent element of gunshot residue; (6) a “pristine” spent

shotgun shell, consistent with the type of shotgun shells found in a box in the armoire in

the victim’s bedroom, was found along a fence running parallel to the driveway where

J.B. and J.H. walked on the way to the bus, thus supporting the Commonwealth’s

hypothesis that J.B. discarded the shell while on the way to the school bus; and (7)

there was no sign of forced entry into the home, or of a struggle inside or outside of it.

Juvenile Court Opinion, 5/19/15, at 39-41.5


4   As explained more fully herein, Elana Somple testified that, for a particle to be
 scientifically identified as gunshot residue, it must contain all three of these elements,
 and the mere presence in a particle of one or two of these elements is insufficient from
 a scientific standpoint to conclude that the elements were deposited there by the
 discharge of a firearm.
5    The juvenile court also found, based solely on the Commonwealth’s closing
 arguments, that J.B. was “adversely affected by his father’s relationship with the victim
 and the expected arrival of a baby boy,” as well as the fact that J.B. felt left out of family
 affairs. Juvenile Court Opinion, 5/19/15, at 36. The juvenile court theorized these
 feelings of estrangement, coupled with the move of his belongings to the downstairs
 bedroom, may have given J.B. motive to commit the crime. Id. Based on our review of
 the record, we agree with J.B.’s argument that these assertions are wholly speculative
 and based upon no evidence whatsoever. Indeed, as recited above, the only evidence
 of record regarding the relationship between J.B. and his stepmother was that provided
 by his father, who indicated the relationship was a positive one. Moreover, and in any
 event, arguments of counsel are not evidence, see Commonwealth v. Roney, 79 A.3d
 595 (Pa. 2013), and motive is not an element of the offense of first-degree murder, see
(continued…)

                                      [J-88-2017] - 19
       Based on this evidence, the juvenile court found that it was unrealistic to

conclude that an unidentified individual had entered the residence without disturbing its

contents, retrieved the shotgun from the upstairs bedroom, taken the ammunition from

the armoire, and, after shooting the victim, replaced the gun in the upstairs bedroom

and then discarded the spent shell along the fence line. Accordingly, the juvenile court

found the evidence sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that J.B. was the

perpetrator.   The juvenile court relied on this same evidence to conclude that its

adjudication of J.B.’s delinquency was not against the weight of the evidence.

       J.B. appealed to the Superior Court which, in a split panel decision, In re J.B. III,

147 A.3d 1204 (Pa. Super. 2016) (“In re J.B. III”),6 affirmed the juvenile court. The

Superior Court rejected J.B.’s claims that the juvenile court improperly reassessed the

evidence and made new credibility determinations in ruling on J.B.’s post-dispositional

motions. That tribunal also rejected his sufficiency and weight-of-the-evidence claims,

relying on the same evidence recited by the juvenile court in its opinion.

       J.B. petitioned our Court for review of this decision, which we granted, in order to

consider his claims that the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to sustain the

adjudication of the juvenile court, and that its adjudication was against the weight of the

evidence.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       As this case involves the interpretation and application of the standard for

appellate review of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, and because we find this claim

dispositive for reasons set forth herein, we begin with a review of the development and

(…continued)
 18 Pa.C.S. § 2501. Consequently, in performing our sufficiency review, we completely
 disregard the trial court’s findings in this regard.
6 This opinion was authored by Judge Stabile and joined by Judge Olsen, with Judge

 Musmanno noting his dissent but not authoring a separate writing.



                                     [J-88-2017] - 20
use of this standard by our Court from its inception at the common law to the present,

where it has attained the status of a constitutionally mandated requirement of appellate

review of a criminal conviction under the Due Process Clause of the United States

Constitution.

       From the earliest days of our Commonwealth, our Court has reversed criminal

convictions of individuals on the basis that the evidence relied upon by the prosecution

to obtain those convictions was “insufficient.” See Krause v. Commonwealth, 93 Pa.

418, 422 (Pa. 1880) (“In favor of the liberty of the citizen, the court may, and in a proper

case, should declare the evidence insufficient to convict.”). In making the determination

as to whether sufficient evidence was introduced at trial to support an appellant’s

criminal conviction, our Court incorporated into the process of appellate review the by

then widely accepted common law principle that, in order for a criminal conviction to be

lawful — such that the Commonwealth is empowered to deprive an individual of his or

her life, liberty, or property as punishment — the prosecution bears the burden of

establishing, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the individual committed all of the

requisite elements of the criminal offense with which he is charged. By the 1930s, our

Court’s practice of reviewing the trial evidence to determine whether the Commonwealth

had proven each of the elements of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt

was well established. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Karmendi, 195 A. 62, 63 (Pa. 1937)

(in review of claim that trial evidence was insufficient to sustain first-degree murder

conviction, we examined the evidence introduced by the Commonwealth at trial to

determine if the elements of that offense had been established — i.e., “was there

sufficient   evidence,   direct   or    circumstantial,   from   which   the   jury   might




                                       [J-88-2017] - 21
find beyond a reasonable doubt a homicide of the first degree, committed by the

accused?”).7

      Thereafter, our Court formulated the following standard of review to assess a

sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, which explicitly considers whether the evidence

proved at trial established the appellant’s guilt of each element of the offenses charged

beyond a reasonable doubt:8

               The facts and circumstances proved must, in order to
               warrant a conviction, be such as to establish the guilt of the
               defendant, not necessarily beyond a moral certainty, nor as
               being absolutely incompatible with his innocence, but at
               least beyond a reasonable doubt.

Commonwealth v. Bausewine, 46 A.2d 491, 493 (Pa. 1946).
      However, our Court was also careful to later emphasize that, in undertaking

sufficiency review, we would not act in the capacity of a “super-jury” to reconsider and

re-determine the facts of the case adduced at trial and decide, anew, an appellant’s guilt

or innocence. Therefore, we specifically admonished advocates presenting this type of

claim to our Court to refrain from essentially retrying their cases before our tribunal by

marshalling facts and evidence of record which favors only their theory of the

appellant’s innocence and disregards the Commonwealth’s evidence:



7 It is noteworthy that appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence using the
beyond a reasonable doubt standard became normative at a time when there was
widespread national interest in the problem of wrongful convictions in the aftermath of
the notorious Sacco and Vanzetti case. See Chad M. Oldfather, Appellate Courts,
Historical Facts, and the Civil Criminal Distinction, 57 Vanderbilt Law Review 437 n.141
(2004).
8 As we discuss infra, the question of whether the defendant’s guilt has been

established by the Commonwealth for each element of the offense beyond a reasonable
doubt remains the pivotal inquiry in our analysis of a sufficiency of the evidence claim.
See Packer, 168 A.3d at 163 n.2.




                                     [J-88-2017] - 22
              It has become customary for a defendant in his argument
              before an Appellate Court to base his claims and contentions
              upon his own testimony or that of his witnesses even after a
              jury has found him guilty. This, of course, is basic error.
              After a plea or verdict or guilty, ‘We accept as true all of the
              Commonwealth's evidence upon which, if believed, the jury
              [or a Judge sitting as a jury] could have properly based its
              verdict.’ . . . Moreover, it is well settled that a jury or a trial
              Court can believe all or a part of or none of a defendant's
              statements, confessions or testimony, or the testimony of
              any witness.


Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 195 A.2d 338, 342–43 (Pa. 1963) (quoting Commonwealth

v. Gooslin, 189 A.2d 157, 158 (Pa. 1963)). Likewise, we have established that the

Commonwealth, as verdict winner, is entitled to the benefit of all reasonable inferences

which could be drawn from the evidence it presented at trial. Commonwealth v. Moore,

157 A.2d 65, 68 (Pa. 1959).9 We regard this deferential manner of appellate review as

according appropriate respect to the role of the jury or a trial judge sitting without a jury

to make credibility determinations and factual findings based on their weighing of the

evidence which they hear firsthand.

       Critically, however, our Court has also long made an exception to this principle of

appellate deference in recognition of the fact that, in some cases, the entire body of

evidence introduced at trial which furnished the basis for an appellant’s conviction is so

deficient that it does not reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable

9   The Moore Court incorporated this requirement into our sufficiency of the evidence
standard of review from a statute, 19 P.S. § 871 (repealed), Act of June 15, 1951, P.L.
585, § 1, governing the manner in which a court was to dispose of a motion in arrest of
judgment after a verdict of guilt. Even though this statute has since been repealed, and
it is well established that, after the passage of the Constitution of 1968 by the voters,
this Court has exclusive authority to set standards of procedure for all courts in the
Unified Judicial System, our Court nevertheless retains this aspect of sufficiency review
in our jurisprudence.




                                      [J-88-2017] - 23
doubt, as a matter of law. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Jackson, 66 A.2d 841, 843 (Pa.

1949) (“Because of the insufficiency of the evidence as a matter of law, the conviction

cannot stand.”).

      Thus, in those atypical situations, our Court has consistently held that we are not

bound by the factual findings and credibility determinations rendered by the finder of

fact, and we are compelled in such circumstances to reverse a legally erroneous

conviction. See Commonwealth v. Libonati, 31 A.2d 95, 97 (Pa. 1946) (holding that

question of whether the trial evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt is for

the finder of fact “unless the evidence ‘be so weak and inconclusive that as matter of

law no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances’”

(quoting Commonwealth v. DuBoise, 112 A. 461, 463 (Pa. 1921)); Bausewine, 46 A.2d

at 493 (“[I]t must be remembered that guilt must be proved and not conjectured. The

reasonable inference of guilt must be based on facts and conditions proved; it cannot

rest solely on suspicion or surmise. These do not take the place of testimony.”).

      Notably, this principle was applied by our Court in the case of Commonwealth v.

Woong Knee New, 47 A.2d 450 (Pa. 1946), to reverse a murder conviction when all of

the circumstantial evidence of record presented at trial, which our Court accepted as

true, did not establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but, rather, was

in “equipoise” on this question. That is to say, the trial evidence equally supported two

reasonable but diametrically opposed ultimate inferences: one that the defendant

committed the murder, and the second that he did not commit the murder.

      In Woong Knee New, the victim, a proprietor of a laundromat in Chester County,

was found dead on Sunday, June 24, 1943, lying in a pool of blood on the floor in his

apartment, having been bludgeoned to death with a hammer. The apartment had been

ransacked and money that the victim had stored therein was missing. The apartment




                                    [J-88-2017] - 24
bore gruesome testament to the viciousness of the crime, as there was extensive blood

spatter evidence throughout. A brown hat with a red feather in the band and a human

hair inside was discovered on his bed, and a half empty bottle of beer was observed

sitting on the kitchen table. The defendant, who was an acquaintance of the victim, and

who visited him fairly regularly, was being detained in New York on an immigration

violation. He became a suspect in the murder and was questioned extensively by

detectives. During the interrogation, according to the detectives, the defendant, who

was of limited fluency in the English language, admitted to being with the victim on

Sunday morning until 4:00 a.m. and drinking beer in his apartment; however, when the

detectives inquired further about his interactions with the victim, he terminated the

interview, claiming illness. While in custody, the defendant, who had quit his job in a

shipyard earlier in the week, was found in possession of over $1,200 dollars, after he

denied having any money on his person.

      The defendant was arrested and charged with first-degree murder. At trial, the

Commonwealth introduced a panoply of circumstantial evidence to establish that the

defendant had murdered the victim: the defendant’s alleged statements to detectives

admitting that he was with the victim until 4:00 a.m. Sunday morning and that he left for

New York later that morning at 10:30 a.m., which was characterized by the prosecution

as flight, and, thus, was evidence of his consciousness of guilt; testimony of witnesses

who claimed to have seen the defendant in Chester County on the night of the murder;

testimony from the coroner who approximated the time of the victim’s death at between

2:30 and 4:30 a.m. based on the progress of rigor mortis in the victim’s body; testimony

that, on the Saturday evening preceding the murder, a witness saw the defendant

wearing a brown hat that looked like the one found in the victim’s bedroom, which the

Commonwealth theorized was left behind by the defendant in his haste to flee the




                                    [J-88-2017] - 25
apartment after committing the crime; the fact that there was no evidence of forced

entry into the apartment, suggesting that the killer was a person, like the defendant,

known to the victim so that the victim let him into the apartment voluntarily; the victim

was known to carry large sums of money, and the defendant was, at the time of his

arrest, found with a substantial sum of money, even though witnesses testified that they

had never seen the defendant carrying large amounts of cash on his person before, and

he did not earn substantial pay in his employment.

      The defendant, through cross-examination and the testimony of his own

witnesses, presented the following evidence to the jury: the coroner’s admission under

cross examination that he could not fix the exact time of death, given the varying

speeds with which rigor mortis progresses that are dependent on the age and physical

condition of the body; testimony that the murder weapon, the hammer, was examined

by the FBI and no fingerprints or other physical evidence were found on the hammer to

establish that the defendant had used it to commit the murder; the fact that the

defendant’s fingerprints were not found on the half-empty beer bottle; expert testimony

that the hair found in the brown hat was the victim’s, and other testimony showing that,

on the few occasions defendant was observed wearing a brown hat, it did not have a

red feather in the band; testimony that, despite the considerable amount of blood

sprayed about in the commission of the crime, the clothes the defendant was wearing at

the time of his arrest had no trace of blood on them; the testimony of three witnesses

that the defendant was in New York on the night of the murder gambling with them; the

testimony of the defendant in which he denied giving the statements which the

detectives testified that he gave, claiming he did not understand their questions and that

they physically coerced him; evidence that he was preparing for deportation during the

week of the murder and had shipped his clothes to New York the preceding Thursday




                                    [J-88-2017] - 26
before the murder, and had actually left Chester County the following Friday morning at

1:00 a.m.; testimony that some of the money in his possession was from his savings

which he had withdrawn from his bank earlier in the week, as he feared he would be

deported; and bank records showing withdrawals of money, albeit not the entire amount

he was found with. The jury, after hearing all of this evidence, returned a verdict of guilty

of the charge of first-degree murder.

       Our Court reversed the defendant’s conviction on the grounds that the evidence

was insufficient for a jury to have been convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant murdered the victim.       Specifically, our Court examined all of the above-

discussed evidence, highlighted its contradictory nature, and found that it, at most,

supported two equal but fundamentally inconsistent inferences on this question. Our

Court noted the testimony of the coroner did not fix the exact time of death and only

provided a range of times based on rigor mortis in which the death could have occurred;

thus, this did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was with the

deceased at the time of death. In any event, our Court reasoned that, even if the

defendant was in the company of the victim at or near the time of his death, this fact

alone did not justify an inference that he killed the defendant; rather, it merely raised a

conjectural suspicion which was in and of itself insufficient to convict. Our Court also

observed that the money found in the defendant’s possession was just as plausibly

explained by the withdrawal of his savings and gambling activities to which the

witnesses testified, as it was that the money was taken from the victim, particularly

since the money found in defendant’s possession was never identified as belonging to

the victim.

       As to the question of whether the defendant was in Chester County on the night

of the murder, or in New York as he claimed, our Court found the evidentiary value of




                                      [J-88-2017] - 27
the evidence allegedly furnished by the defendant in his statement to the detectives was

considerably attenuated by the defendant’s poor understanding of the English language.

Additionally,    our   Court   determined    from   scrutinizing   the   testimony   of   the

Commonwealth’s witnesses that there was a likelihood that they had the dates wrong as

to when they observed the defendant in Chester County, which, in our Court’s view,

called their reliability into question; whereas our Court considered the testimony of the

defendant’s witnesses placing him in New York to suffer no such infirmity of credibility.

Our Court found the inference that the defendant was in New York, as he claimed, to be

bolstered by the uncontradicted evidence that the defendant shipped all of his clothes to

New York on Thursday, supporting the inference that he knew he would be departing

soon thereafter, and also the uncontradicted fact that his landlady heard someone

exiting the building early Friday morning near the time the defendant claimed he had left

for New York.

       Critically, our Court found the Commonwealth’s central theory of the case —

that only the defendant had the opportunity to kill the victim as he was the last one to be

with the victim before he was found dead, and, thus, no one else could have committed

the crime — was unsupported by the evidence, inasmuch as the Commonwealth failed

to prove that the defendant was the only person with the exclusive opportunity to kill the

victim. In this regard, we emphasized that:

                All the circumstances proved by the Commonwealth are
                consistent with the theory that some person as yet unknown
                entered [the victim’s] habitation on the morning of June 24th
                and killed him . . . . It was not necessary for this defendant,
                in order to be acquitted, to identify the unknown [person]
                who may have committed this murder. It was the duty of the
                Commonwealth in order to obtain the accused’s conviction to
                show circumstances that are consistent only with the
                hypothesis of his guilt.




                                       [J-88-2017] - 28
Woong Knee New, 47 A.2d at 467-68. Our Court also found the Commonwealth’s

desired inference further undercut by the fact that, despite the savagery of the crime, no

blood or other evidence was found on defendant’s clothing, and no other physical

evidence established that the defendant was in the apartment at the time the victim was

killed. Further, the forensic evidence introduced by the Commonwealth yielded an

equally if not more likely conclusion that defendant was not in the apartment at any time

that evening, given that the defendant’s fingerprints were not found on the murder

weapon or the half-consumed beer. Nor was there any other evidence establishing the

defendant’s presence in the apartment, inasmuch as the hat was not shown to have

been his, due to the fact the hair inside it was established to be the victim’s. Our Court

also pointed out that the defendant lacked a criminal record and the accompanying

sophistication learned from past criminal enterprises to conceal his crime through the

use of gloves.

       Because the evidence supporting the inference of the defendant’s guilt was in

equipoise with the evidence supporting the conclusion that the defendant did not

commit the offense, we held that, in this admittedly rare situation, the Commonwealth

failed to meet its requisite burden of establishing the defendant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. We articulated the parameters of this principle, thusly:

              When two equally reasonable and mutually inconsistent
              inferences can be drawn from the same set of
              circumstances, a [finder of fact] must not be permitted to
              guess which inference it will adopt, especially when one of
              the two guesses may result in depriving a defendant of his
              life or his liberty. When a party on whom rests the burden of
              proof in either a criminal or a civil case, offers evidence
              consistent with two opposing propositions, he proves neither.

Id. at 468.




                                    [J-88-2017] - 29
      In the time since our Woong Knee New decision, our Court has likewise reversed

convictions on the grounds the evidence was insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish

the defendant’s guilt of the offense charged where the entirety of the evidence adduced

at trial, viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, yields competing

ultimate inferences equally consistent with the defendant’s innocence as with his guilt,

thereby rendering the factfinder’s guilty verdict the product of surmise or conjecture.

See, e.g., Bausewine, 46 A.2d at 493 (reversing defendant’s conviction on the grounds

of evidentiary insufficiency, as “[t]he facts shown were consistent with defendant's

innocence, and could reasonably be explained on a theory other than that of guilt”);

Commonwealth v. Garrett, 222 A.2d 902, 905 (Pa. 1966) (evidence insufficient to

sustain defendant’s robbery conviction since it established only that defendant was in

the company of four individuals, one of whom robbed a pedestrian, and defendant was

found and arrested in the vicinity of the robbery immediately thereafter, and defendant

gave a written statement admitting to committing other crimes and being with the group

prior to the robbery, but disclaimed participation in the robbery; thus inference that he

participated in the robbery was “no more cogent than the version of the events

contained in his statement”); Commonwealth v. Tribble, 467 A.2d 1130 (Pa. 1983)

(where Commonwealth’s evidence showed that defendant’s fingerprints were on trucks

which had been broken into, but evidence of record also showed that defendant had

been in regular physical contact with the trucks as part of his employment, the evidence,

as a whole, yielded two mutually inconsistent inferences — that defendant transferred

the fingerprints while breaking into the truck, or that he did so on a previous occasion

while working — hence it was insufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction).

      Although our Court has always conducted sufficiency review in accordance with

the beyond a reasonable doubt standard, until the late 1970s, we did so as an extension




                                    [J-88-2017] - 30
of our Commonwealth’s long established common law principles, and we had not, prior

to that time, formally recognized any constitutional underpinnings for it in our

jurisprudence.   However, in 1979, the United States Supreme Court, in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979), established that a criminal conviction must be supported

by sufficient evidence, i.e., “evidence necessary to convince a trier of fact beyond a

reasonable doubt of the existence of every element of the offense,” in order to ensure

that it did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the

United States Constitution. The high Court viewed this requirement to be necessary in

order to give full effect to its prior holding of In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970), that the

requirement that an accused be convicted at trial on proof beyond a reasonable doubt,

though derived from the common law, was, also, a constitutional guarantee afforded

every defendant under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

       The Court explained its rationale for recognizing that appellate sufficiency review

of a criminal conviction is governed by the Due Process Clause:

              The Winship doctrine requires more than simply a trial ritual.
              A doctrine establishing so fundamental a substantive
              constitutional standard must also require that the factfinder
              will rationally apply that standard to the facts in evidence. A
              “reasonable doubt,” at a minimum, is one based upon
              “reason.” Yet a properly instructed jury may occasionally
              convict even when it can be said that no rational trier of fact
              could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the same
              may be said of a trial judge sitting as a jury . . . .
              Under Winship, which established proof beyond a
              reasonable doubt as an essential of Fourteenth Amendment
              due process, it follows that when such a conviction occurs in
              a state trial, it cannot constitutionally stand.

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 316-18 (footnotes and citations omitted).




                                      [J-88-2017] - 31
      The high Court then held that an appellate court must, at a minimum, apply the

following standard in order to ensure that a criminal conviction does not violate the Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment:

             [The appellate court must determine] whether the record
             evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond
             a reasonable doubt. But this inquiry does not require a court
             to “ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial
             established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Instead, the
             relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in
             the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
             of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
             beyond a reasonable doubt. This familiar standard gives full
             play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve
             conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw
             reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.
             Once a defendant has been found guilty of the crime
             charged, the factfinder's role as weigher of the evidence is
             preserved through a legal conclusion that upon judicial
             review all of the evidence is to be considered in the light
             most favorable to the prosecution. The criterion thus
             impinges upon “jury” discretion only to the extent necessary
             to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of
             law.


Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19 (citations and footnotes omitted) and (emphasis original).

      After Jackson, the high Court reiterated that this standard of review is the

minimum standard for sufficiency review necessary to comport with the Due Process

Clause. See Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 45 (1982) (“The Due Process Clause . . .

sets a lower limit on an appellate court’s definition of evidentiary sufficiency.”). As our

Court has previously recognized, because Jackson sets only a minimum federal

constitutional standard for sufficiency review, “states may, of course, under their own

laws or constitution, elect to utilize a different more stringent standard of sufficiency

review.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139, 1164 (Pa. 2012); see, e.g., Hale v.

State, 31 S.W.3d 850 (Ark. 2000) (declining to adopt Jackson and continuing to



                                     [J-88-2017] - 32
following its traditional requirement under state law that there be “substantial evidence”

to support a criminal conviction).

       Jackson therefore did not effectuate a sea change in Pennsylvania law,

inasmuch as our Court’s standard of sufficiency review at the time Jackson was decided

was already utilizing a substantially similar analytical framework. See Commonwealth

v. Long, 368 A.2d 265 (Pa. 1977) (“[I]n evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence after a

guilty verdict, all of the evidence, be it direct or circumstantial, must be read in a light

most favorable to the Commonwealth, and the Commonwealth must be given the

benefit of all reasonable inferences arising therefrom. But, before a conviction will be

sustained, ‘the facts and circumstances proved must be of such a character as to

establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”). Jackson was significant, however, in that

it transformed our common law standards for sufficiency review to irreducible federal

constitutional mandates. As we have previously recognized, our current oft-articulated

standard of review of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, set forth infra, likewise

provides a convicted defendant with the due process protections mandated by Jackson.

See Brown, 52 A.3d at 1164-65 (explaining the parallels between our standard of review

of evidentiary insufficiency and the Jackson formulation).

       This standard of review is applicable to appellate review of juvenile delinquency

adjudication. In re Johnson, 284 A.2d 780, 781 (Pa. 1971). We, therefore, evaluate

J.B.’s sufficiency claim in the instant matter in accordance with our present standard of

review which inquires “whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth as the verdict winner, supports the [factfinder’s] finding that every




                                     [J-88-2017] - 33
element of the offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v.

Hicks, 156 A.3d 1114, 1123 (Pa. 2017).10

      In conducting this review, “the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence

actually received must be considered.” Commonwealth v. Ratsamy, 934 A.2d 1233,

1236, n.2 (Pa. 2007); see also Commonwealth v. DeMoss, 165 A.2d 14, 16 (Pa. 1960)

(“In determining the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain [the defendant’s] conviction it

is our duty to examine and scrutinize in detail all the evidence in this record and to

attempt to place in juxtaposition each act, scene and character in this macabre drama”

(emphasis original)).

      When examining the evidence in the trial record in a light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, we do not make new factual determinations based on the trial evidence

introduced; rather, we accept the evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences

drawn therefrom on which the factfinder could properly have based its verdict, as

factually true. Commonwealth v. Erney, 698 A.2d 56, 58 (Pa. 1997).11 If the evidence

of record viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as well as all

reasonable inferences derived therefrom, does not establish the defendant’s guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt of any element of the offense for which he was tried, then

the evidence is insufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction as a matter of law, and

he must be discharged. Commonwealth v. Hart, 28 A.3d 898, 912 (Pa. 2011). The


10 Because evidentiary sufficiency is a pure question of law, our standard of review is de
 novo and our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 36 A.3d 24, 37
 (Pa. 2011).
11 As a general proposition, an inference in a criminal prosecution used to establish a

 defendant’s guilt cannot be considered reasonable, and thus comport with the Due
 Process Clause of the United States Constitution, unless the inference is “more likely
 than not to flow from” the basic facts proven by the prosecution on which the inference
 is founded. County Court of Ulster v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 165 (1979).




                                     [J-88-2017] - 34
equipoise principle our Court applied in Woong Knee New, Tribble, and our related

jurisprudence discussed supra, is wholly consistent with these precepts. Thus, if the

trial evidence of record viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and all

reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence is only, at most, equally consistent with

a defendant’s innocence as it is with his guilt, the Commonwealth has not sustained its

burden of proving the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.12

                             IV. Arguments of the Parties

       With these legal precepts in mind, we turn to J.B.’s claim that the evidence of

record from his adjudicatory hearing, and the reasonable inferences therefrom when

viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, were insufficient to sustain his

conviction for first-degree murder. As we have frequently stated, evidence is sufficient

to sustain a conviction for first-degree murder when the Commonwealth establishes,

beyond a reasonable doubt, “that a human being was unlawfully killed, the defendant

perpetrated the killing, and the defendant acted with malice and a specific intent to kill.”

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 160 A.3d 127, 136 (Pa. 2017); 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a). J.B.

contests the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the second requirement for a

homicide conviction — the juvenile court’s finding that he was the individual who killed

K.M.H. and her unborn child on the morning of February 20, 2009.




12 We have also held that the evidence in the trial record, viewed in a light most
favorable to the Commonwealth as well as all reasonable inferences derived therefrom,
can be so unreliable or contradictory that it is insufficient as a matter of law to convict.
In such circumstances, the Commonwealth does not meet its burden of proof beyond a
reasonable doubt, because the evidence and all reasonable inferences rise no further
than mere suspicion or conjecture. See Commonwealth v. Karkaria, 625 A.2d 1167
(Pa. 1993) (reversing defendant’s conviction for sexual assault of his stepsister on
sufficiency grounds, because the victim, the Commonwealth’s chief witness, gave
unreliable and contradictory testimony as to how and when the assaults occurred).



                                     [J-88-2017] - 35
       J.B. principally argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction

because the juvenile court relied on weak and inconclusive forensic evidence to reach

conclusions that such evidence did not support. First, J.B. highlights the fact that, in his

view, the evidence of record did not support the juvenile court’s conclusion that the .20

gauge shotgun recovered from the upstairs bedroom was the murder weapon. In this

regard, J.B. initially notes that the .20 gauge shotgun shell, which was recovered from

an area in which he and his father had routinely shot such weapons on previous

occasions, was found buried under ice and leaves, raising doubt as to whether it had

been fired from the shotgun on the day of the murder. Further, J.B. points out that the

Commonwealth’s firearms expert could not directly link the pellets recovered from the

victim’s body to the shotgun taken from J.B.’s room, inasmuch as the tests which he ran

showed, at most, that the pellets recovered from the victim’s skull were “consistent” in

their size, shape, weight, and material with the pellets in an unfired shotgun shell

located inside the armoire. Appellant’s Brief at 17.

       J.B. calls attention to the fact that only 27 pellets were recovered from the

victim’s body during the autopsy, yet the type of .20 gauge shotgun shell which Trooper

Burlingame used for comparison purposes contains 225 pellets. Additionally, J.B. notes

the absence of any blood or tissue residue on the inside of the shotgun, or on its frame,

even though the forensic pathologist testifying on behalf of the Commonwealth indicated

only that the amount of blowback would be “less” due to the angle of the entry wound,

suggesting that there would be at least some blowback if a shotgun was discharged in

such close proximity to the back of the victim’s head. Id. at 19. Further, J.B. stresses

that there were no fingerprints or DNA evidence found on the shotgun or the spent shell.

J.B. also claims that the trial court disregarded the significant fact that there was no




                                     [J-88-2017] - 36
blood or biological material found on his clothing, which was the same clothing that he

wore the morning of the shooting.

      Turning to the juvenile court’s conclusion that the evidence showed that there

was a large volume of gunshot residue present on Appellant’s clothing, which, in its

view, established that he fired the shotgun on the morning of the crime, J.B. points out

this is contrary to what the Commonwealth’s expert Elena Somple testified to, as she

related that she found only one particle of residue. Moreover, Somple could not say

definitively how this residue got onto J.B.’s clothing and noted that such residue could

linger for months after a firearm was discharged and be transferred from one article of

clothing to another. J.B. contends that the evidence of record showed that this alternate

means of transfer was a likely means of explaining how such residue got on his jeans

given that the evidence showed he had only one winter coat, which he wore all the time,

and that he wore the coat to a turkey shoot the preceding weekend.

      J.B. also maintains that the trial court’s conclusion that, because there was no

evidence of forced entry into the home, nor any ransacking thereof, this furnished proof

that he was the perpetrator. J.B. points out that the evidence showed that the victim

was found in bed and was shot from behind; and, given that the doors to the house

were unlocked and 48 minutes had elapsed between the time the children left for school

and the tree cutting crew arrived, an assailant could have entered the home without the

victim knowing and shot her while she was lying in bed. J.B. concludes by arguing that

none of the facts upon which the trial court relied, even taken together, overcame his

presumption of innocence.

      The Commonwealth responds by contending that the evidence establishes that

the .20 gauge shotgun in the residence was the only one which smelled as if it had been

recently fired, and the pellets and wadding from the victim’s wound were consistent with




                                    [J-88-2017] - 37
the unfired .20 gauge shotgun shells found in the victim’s bedroom, as was the pristine

.20 gauge shell found outside. The Commonwealth notes that the juvenile court found

that J.B. was present in the residence on the morning of the crime, was only one of

three people with firsthand knowledge of the weapon’s location, had access to the

weapon and the ammunition, and that his clothing tested positive for gunshot residue.

Because J.B. had the time and opportunity to shoot his stepmother and then discard the

shell along the driveway as he made his way to the school bus, all of these factors, in

the Commonwealth’s view, were sufficient to establish that J.B. was the one who fired

the fatal shot. The Commonwealth submits that this conclusion is further supported by

the fact that none of the investigating troopers found any signs of forced entry, and the

observations of the condition of the snow in the driveway made by the tree service

employee who called the police on the morning the body was discovered established

that no one traveled up the driveway between the time the children left for school and

the time he and his crew arrived, particularly since the driveway was the only means of

access to the property.

                                      V. Analysis

      As developed by the parties, the primary factor relied on by the juvenile court to

adjudicate J.B. as delinquent was its finding that the .20 gauge shotgun recovered from

J.B.’s room was “established to be the murder weapon.”          Juvenile Court Opinion,

5/19/15, at 39. However, the evidence of record which the Commonwealth presented

on this issue, even when accepted as true, did not make this the only reasonable

inference which could be drawn therefrom.

      First, the Commonwealth’s expert firearms examiner, Paul Burlingame, testified

that smooth bore shotguns, unlike rifles or pistols, have no unique grooves in their

barrels, and, hence, they do not produce any identifying marks on shotgun shell pellets




                                    [J-88-2017] - 38
discharged from a particular shotgun.          As a result, he could not perform an

individualized comparison analysis of the pellets which were recovered from the victim’s

body with the pellets in the box of shells located in the armoire; nor did he, alternatively,

perform any comparative metallurgical analysis of the two groups of pellets which could

have established whether they came from the same manufacturer and the same batch

of pellets.   N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 42-43.      The extent of his expert

opinion in this regard was only that the pellets recovered from the victim’s body were

“consistent” with the pellets in the box of unfired shells, id. at 45 – an unremarkable

conclusion, given that such a finding could be made any time two groups of pellets from

any two .20 gauge shotgun shells are compared.             Consequently, it appears this

evidence reasonably supports only the inference that the pellets could have come from

any commercially available .20 gauge shotgun shell, but it is not reasonable to infer that

they could have only come from the box of shells found in the armoire. See, e.g., Long,

368 A.2d at 267 (expert testimony that pieces of forensic evidence found at the crime

scene and on the defendant’s person were merely “consistent with” one another is not

proof beyond a reasonable doubt that they originated from the same source).

       Second, the juvenile court supported its finding that the .20 gauge shotgun

recovered from J.B.’s room was the murder weapon because the state police officers

who examined it opined that it “smelled” as if it had been recently fired. However, this

testimony did not reasonably support the sole inference that the shotgun had been fired

on the morning of the murder, inasmuch as both officers acknowledged they were not

offering an expert opinion on when the shotgun had been fired, and, in fact, admitted

they could not determine with any degree of scientific certainty exactly when the

shotgun had been fired based on its smell. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/10/12, at 130.

Given the scant utility of the troopers’ testimony in determining when the shotgun had




                                      [J-88-2017] - 39
last been fired, the testimony of J.B.’s father, that J.B. had repeatedly fired this weapon

at a turkey shoot in an indoor facility less than a week before it had been seized from

his room, which was confirmed by the state police, yields an equally likely inference that

the shotgun odor lingered from its use at the turkey shoot.

       In point of fact, the trial evidence introduced through the Commonwealth’s

witnesses and accepted as true supported an equally reasonable conclusion that this

.20 gauge shotgun was not the murder weapon:              First, the forensic pathologist

concluded that the shotgun which delivered the lethal blast to the victim was discharged

from a distance of less than two inches from her neck, and, second, the barrel of the

gun was in close proximity to the victim’s skin at the time of discharge; however, when

the .20 gauge shotgun retrieved from J.B.’s room was examined by the state police

crime laboratory, no blood, skin, or other biological material was detected in the interior

of the shotgun barrel, on the exterior of the barrel, or on the frame of the weapon.

       Although the juvenile court and two of the three judges on the Superior Court

panel below placed great emphasis on the testimony of the forensic pathologist, Dr.

Smith, that the amount of this blowback of blood and other tissue would be minimized

by the angle of the wound, critically, as argued by J.B., Dr. Smith, in his testimony, did

not rule out the possibility of blowback. Indeed, Dr. Smith found during his examination

of the victim that the vast majority of the shotgun pellets had, after encountering the

bones of the victim’s skull, rebounded backwards towards the direction of their entry

and became lodged in the back of the victim’s neck. Id. at 162. Dr. Smith agreed that

the shot which entered the back of the victim’s head could have, upon impacting the

bones of the skull, caused tissue and blood to be propelled back through the channel

created by the shot and into the barrel of the gun, and he opined that it was plausible




                                     [J-88-2017] - 40
under these circumstances that there would have been blowback. Id. at 170-72, 191-

92.

      To explain the absence of such residual evidence, the Commonwealth theorizes

that J.B. may have wiped the gun clean of any such evidence after he used it to commit

the murder, but this is a wholly speculative assertion which is not supported by any

evidence of record. Indeed, the evidence of record regarding the time frame in which

the events of that morning unfolded raises serious questions as to whether J.B., then

11, would have had sufficient time to perform such a thorough cleaning of the murder

weapon in order to eliminate all traces of forensic evidence prior to his catching the

school bus. Further, when J.B. was arrested, he was still wearing the clothes that he

wore to school on the morning of the shooting. Despite the undisputed fact that the

murder weapon was discharged when it was almost touching the victim’s head, and the

large quantity of blood lost by the victim as a result from the wound, when J.B.’s clothes

were tested, no blood stains or other biological material was found on them.         N.T.

Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 132-34.

      The juvenile court coupled its conclusion that the shotgun recovered from J.B.’s

room was the murder weapon with its other findings: that only a limited number of

people knew where the .20 gauge shotgun recovered from J.B.’s room was kept; that

J.B. knew how to handle a shotgun; that he had a large amount of gunshot residue on

his clothes which he was wearing on the day of the murder; the presence of an

unweathered .20 gauge shotgun shell found the day after the murder near the driveway

which J.B. walked down on his way to catch the school bus; the fact that only J.B., the

victim, and the victim’s children were present in the family home after J.B.’s father left

for work; and the lack of evidence of any forced entry to the family home. The court

concluded these facts, taken together, support its ultimate determination that the




                                    [J-88-2017] - 41
evidence was sufficient to convict J.B. beyond a reasonable doubt of the murders. We

disagree.

       We note that J.B.’s knowledge of where his own shotgun was stored becomes

relevant to the question of his guilt only if the juvenile court’s conclusion that this

particular shotgun was the murder weapon was adequately founded on the evidence of

record. However, for the reasons discussed above, the evidentiary record does not

make the juvenile court’s inference – that this was, in fact, the murder weapon – more

likely than the equally reasonable inference that it was not, and hence it establishes, at

most, two equally contrary conclusions.

       Once the juvenile court concluded that the shotgun was the murder weapon, that

court examined the other evidence which it viewed as establishing beyond a reasonable

doubt that J.B. used it in the commission of the murder. First, the court inferred that

J.B. knew how to handle a shotgun because he had previously fired shotguns with his

father. This fact, in and of itself, however, does not reasonably lead to the exclusive

inference that J.B., as an 11-year-old boy, had the requisite skills in handling such

weapons to kill the victim in the manner in which the Commonwealth postulated she

was slain. Indeed, the uncontroverted evidence presented at the adjudication hearing

establishes that J.B.’s abilities to operate his shotgun were limited. His father recounted

that, at the turkey shoot, J.B. could not independently load the shotgun, and that he had

to load and unload the gun for J.B. each time he fired it. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,

4/11/12, at 145. Thus, an equally plausible inference which can be drawn from this

undisputed evidence is that J.B. lacked the capability to surreptitiously retrieve the

shells from the armoire, quickly load them into the shotgun, and fire one lethally precise

shot into the victim in the calculated and efficient manner which the Commonwealth

contended he acted.




                                     [J-88-2017] - 42
       The juvenile court next heavily relied on the fact that two particles of gunshot

residue, and various one component or two component particles of lead, bismuth, and

antimony — the three chemical elements which, when joined together, comprise such

residue — were found on J.B.’s shirt and pants in sufficient quantity to infer that such

particles could only have been deposited there by his firing of a shotgun on the morning

of the victim’s death. However, this evidence, at best, supports only a lesser, more

equivocal inference. Although the juvenile court and Superior Court opinions place

great emphasis on the numbers of “single component,” or double component,

components of gunshot residue found on defendant’s clothes, the mere presence of

such particles does not scientifically establish that they originated from the discharge of

a firearm. As the Commonwealth’s expert, Somple, specifically noted in her testimony,

such single or double component particles “could come from other sources.” Id. at 10.

       Moreover, Somple provided unrebutted testimony that gunshot residue can be

deposited on clothing if it “came into contact with something that had gunshot residue

on it.” Id. at 21. The record establishes that, on the day of his arrest, J.B. was wearing,

over his clothing, the jacket he wore while shooting his gun at the turkey shoot a week

earlier. Somple explained that the presence of gunshot residue on clothing can have

enduring longevity, noting: “[i]f I discharged a firearm and took my clothes off, put them

in the corner of my room and they were undisturbed for a month, two months, a year,

and then tested those clothes, you could still find gunshot residue on them.” Id. at 23.

Additionally, Somple observed that, when a gun is discharged inside of an enclosed

structure like a house, one would expect to find “a lot of gunshot residue,” due to the

large cloud of particles of gunshot residue generated by the firing of the weapon and the

lack of airflow to disperse that cloud. Id. at 28. This evidence, presented through the

Commonwealth’s own expert witness, therefore, reasonably supports at least an equally




                                     [J-88-2017] - 43
likely inference that the two particles of gunshot residue were deposited on J.B.’s

clothing through means other than the firing of his shotgun inside the victim’s room.

      Additionally, the juvenile court determined that a spent shotgun shell found by

investigating officers early in the morning the day after the murder, along the fence line

running parallel to the driveway down which the children walked on their way to catch

the school bus, reasonably supported an inference that this was the shell J.B. had used

in the murder, and that he had discarded it on the way to the bus in an effort to conceal

it. The juvenile court’s determination rested on the apparently un-weathered condition

of the shell and the fact that it was of the same general type as the unused shells found

in the box in the armoire. However, once more, other uncontradicted evidence of record

reasonably supports an equally strong inference that the shell was not discarded by J.B.

on the morning of the murder.

      First, the shell was found in a location where J.B. and his father routinely fired

their weapons during target practice, and there were other older shells of the same type

found nearby on the property. N.T. Adjudication Hearing, 4/11/12, at 142. Second,

when the spent shell was discovered by the investigating officers, it was buried

underneath frozen leaves, which were, in turn, covered by ice and snow, thereby

diminishing the likelihood that it had attained that position by having been thrown there

by J.B. the previous day during his walk to the bus.       Id. at 210.   Importantly, the

uncontroverted testimony of the school bus driver, who observed J.B. and his sister for

the entire time they were walking toward the bus, was that he did not observe J.B. throw

anything away during his journey, or leave the driveway. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,

4/10/12, at 154, 156. Thus, all of this evidence, accepted as true, supports the equally

reasonable inference that the shell had been deposited there at some time prior to the




                                    [J-88-2017] - 44
day of the shooting, and that it was not the shell which was used in the killing of the

victim.

          Finally, the evidence that J.B., the victim, and the victim’s children were present

in the family home after J.B.’s father left for work, and the lack of evidence of any forced

entry to the family home, does not yield the sole reasonable inference that J.B. was the

murderer. As we have held, mere presence at the scene of a murder before, or even

during its commission, does not establish sufficient evidence of a defendant’s guilt of

that offense. Woong Knee New, supra. Additionally, the apparent lack of evidence of

forced entry does not, as the juvenile court suggests, lead only to a reasonable

inference that no one entered the home after the children departed for school. Notably,

the evidence of record was uncontradicted that the home was unlocked, including the

front door near the victim’s bedroom, which was found to have blood on its frame, and,

after J.B. and his sister departed for school, a full 45 minutes elapsed before the tree

cutting crew arrived at the premises. This afforded a sufficient amount of time for an

intruder to surreptitiously enter the premises of the farmhouse, kill the victim, and then

leave.13

          Most critically, however, a reasonable inference that J.B. was not the person who

fired the lethal shotgun blast which killed the victim can be drawn from a key and


13 As set forth above, the evidence was equivocal on the existence of tire tracks in the
driveway at the time Cable arrived on the premises to begin work; additionally, the
evidence of record showed, contrary to the Commonwealth’s contention, the house
was accessible from the road by foot as well, and there was no evidence regarding the
existence or absence of footprints around the house. Moreover, and most importantly,
as we stated in Woong Knee New, “[i]t was not necessary for this defendant, in order to
be acquitted, to identify the unknown [person] who may have committed the murder. It
was the duty of the Commonwealth in order to obtain the accused’s conviction to show
circumstances that are consistent only with the hypothesis of his guilt.” 47 A.2d at 467-
68.




                                       [J-88-2017] - 45
unrebutted evidentiary factor — the fact that J.B.’s 7-year-old stepsister J.H. was

present in the home with J.B. the entire morning on the day of the murder before they

left for school. Had J.B. discharged his shotgun inside of the family home, as the

Commonwealth claims, it is reasonable to conclude that the cacophonous noise from

the discharge would have been heard by J.H., who was downstairs on the first floor of

the home watching TV in the room near where the victim was murdered. Yet, when J.H.

was questioned later that morning at school by Trooper Wilson, she recounted nothing

out of the ordinary regarding what transpired at home, and, notably, she did not testify

at J.B.’s adjudication hearing on behalf of the Commonwealth. Likewise, the school bus

driver who observed both J.B. and J.H. on the morning of the murder observed nothing

unusual about how the children were acting; rather, he remembered they behaved as

they did every other morning when he picked them up. N.T. Adjudication Hearing,

4/10/12, at 152-62.    This evidence therefore gives rise to the equally reasonable

inference that J.B. did not use his shotgun inside the farmhouse to kill his stepmother.

      In sum, then, all of the Commonwealth’s forensic and eyewitness testimony, and

all reasonable inferences derived therefrom, viewed in a light most favorable to it, was,

at best, in equipoise, as it was equally consistent with two possibilities: first, that a

person or persons unknown entered the house in which J.B.’s stepmother was sleeping

and shot her to death after J.B. and his sister had left for school on the morning of

February 20, 2009; second, the Commonwealth’s theory that, after J.B.’s father left for

work, J.B., in full view of J.H., walked upstairs and retrieved a .20 gauge shotgun from

his bedroom, walked back downstairs, retrieved a shotgun shell from a box of shells

located in an armoire in the victim’s bedroom on which the television set she was

watching was located, shot the victim in the back of the head as she lay on the bed

facing that television, took the shotgun back upstairs and returned it to its former




                                     [J-88-2017] - 46
position — after wiping it clean of any physical evidence caused by the shooting — then

caught the school bus with J.H., and went to school as if it were any other normal

morning. The Commonwealth’s evidence was, therefore, insufficient as a matter of law

to overcome Appellant’s presumption of innocence, and the juvenile court’s adjudication

of his delinquency for these serious crimes must be reversed. See Woong Knee New,

47 A.2d at 468 (“When a party on whom rests the burden of proof in either a criminal or

a civil case, offers evidence consistent with two opposing propositions, he proves

neither.”); Tribble, 467 A.2d at 1132 (“[S]ince the testimony presented by the

Commonwealth to establish appellant's guilt is at least equally consistent with

appellant's innocence, there is insufficient evidence to sustain appellant's conviction.”). 14

       The order of the Superior Court affirming the juvenile court’s order of disposition

is reversed, Appellant’s adjudication of delinquency is vacated, and Appellant is

discharged.

       Chief Justice Saylor and Justice Dougherty join the opinion.

       Justice Mundy files a concurring opinion in which Justice Baer joins.

       Justices Donohue and Wecht did not participate in the consideration or decision

of this case.




 Given our disposition of Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence claim, we need not
14

address his weight of the evidence claim.



                                      [J-88-2017] - 47
