                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 06a0381p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                         X
                                    Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                                          -
                                                               Nos. 05-3379/3381
             v.
                                                          ,
                                                           >
 JUSTIN M. DUCKRO,                                        -
                                 Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                         N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Southern District of Ohio at Dayton.
                         No. 03-00063—Thomas M. Rose, District Judge.
                                       Argued: June 7, 2006
                              Decided and Filed: October 18, 2006
                   Before: MARTIN, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas G. Eagle, THOMAS G. EAGLE CO., L.P.A., Lebanon, Ohio, for Appellant.
Robert C. Bartlemay Sr., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Thomas G. Eagle, THOMAS G. EAGLE CO., L.P.A., Lebanon, Ohio, for Appellant.
Robert C. Bartlemay Sr., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Justin Duckro pled guilty to two counts of a fifteen
count indictment, for the theft of firearms (18 U.S.C. § 922(u)) and the use of firearms in connection
with a drug transaction (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)). After providing significant assistance to the
government in prosecuting several of his accomplices, he was sentenced to a total of sixty-six
months imprisonment for both counts. Duckro’s sentencing occurred prior to the Supreme Court’s
decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005). The district court imposed a sentence
under the mandatory guidelines system, as well as an alternative sentence in the event the guidelines
were held to be advisory. Duckro now raises several challenges to the district court’s determination
of his sentence. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse Duckro’s sentence and remand for
resentencing.




                                                  1
Nos. 05-3379/3381               United States v. Duckro                                          Page 2


                                                   I.
        Duckro’s indictment stemmed from his involvement in several burglaries of Ohio firearms
dealers, which allegedly involved the theft of 205 guns. Many of the guns were subsequently
brought to New York City where they were exchanged for MDMA, the drug commonly known as
Ecstasy. The government believed that Duckro and one accomplice were involved in breaking into
the stores and stealing the guns, and that Duckro received Ecstasy when it was brought back to Ohio,
but that two different individuals shipped the guns to New York and exchanged them for Ecstasy.
       Duckro assisted the government in the prosecution of the other defendants, and the U.S.
Attorney’s office moved for a downward departure based on his cooperation. At the same time, the
government sought two Base Offense Level enhancements for “specific offense characteristics.”
These included a ten-point enhancement for the number of firearms involved in the crimes and a
two-point enhancement for the use of stolen firearms. The government also sought two additional
criminal history points, one for a prior misdemeanor “drug abuse” conviction, and the other for a
conviction for “obstruction of official business,” based on giving a false statement to a police officer.
       Duckro filed a Sentencing Memorandum objecting to the Pre-Sentence Investigation Report.
He argued that the two enhancements of his base level offenses amounted to impermissible double
counting, and that he should receive a downward adjustment for having a reduced role in the crimes.
He claimed that his prior convictions should not have been considered, as he was not represented
by an attorney with regard to his drug abuse conviction, and because the obstruction of official
business conviction is excluded by the Sentencing Guidelines. Duckro also objected to the
sentencing under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), contending that the district court
could not enhance his sentence based on facts that were not part of his guilty plea. At the sentencing
hearing the district court overruled all of these objections.
        In calculating Duckro’s sentence, the district court initially noted that 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)
requires a mandatory imprisonment of five years for possessing a weapon in relation to a drug
trafficking crime, without regard to the sentencing guidelines. With regard to the second offense
— the theft of firearms — the district court began by determining that Duckro’s base offense level
was twelve, for unlawful possession of firearms. The district court next determined that this offense
level was subject to a ten-point enhancement due to the number of firearms involved. The court
expressly stated that this determination was based on the report and recommendation of the
probation department, which found Duckro had stolen a total of 205 guns. The district court also
found that because the guns possessed by Duckro were stolen, he was subject to an additional two-
point enhancement. The district court rejected Duckro’s request for a reduction of his specific
offense level based on his minimal role in the offense, but it did grant a three-point reduction for his
acknowledgment of his involvement.
         Given these adjustments, Duckro’s offense level was determined to be twenty-one. The
district court also found, over Duckro’s objections, that his criminal history points established a
category of two. Based on his offense level of twenty-one and criminal history category of two, the
district court determined the range of Duckro’s sentence for the theft of firearms offense to be forty-
one to fifty-one months under the Sentencing Guidelines.
        Next, the district court combined the forty-one to fifty-one month range for the theft of
firearms count with the sixty months required for the use of a firearm in connection with drug
trafficking count, providing a total range of 101 to 111 months. In considering an appropriate
downward adjustment for Duckro’s substantial assistance, the district court converted this 101 to
111 month range back to a corresponding offense level and criminal history category under the
guidelines. Under this analysis, Duckro’s combined offense level was twenty-nine, given his
accompanying criminal history of two. Based on Duckro’s substantial assistance, the district court
Nos. 05-3379/3381               United States v. Duckro                                          Page 3


then departed downward from this level to an offense level of twenty-five and a criminal history
category of two, which accounted for the sentencing ranges for both crimes after the downward
departure. Including the mandatory five-year sentence, the revised offense level led to a range of
sixty-three to seventy-eight months. Given this range, Duckro was sentenced to a total of sixty-six
months imprisonment — sixty months for the use of a firearm in connection with drug trafficking,
as required by statute, and six consecutive months for the theft of firearms offense. The district
court stated that “additionally and alternatively to the application of the United States sentencing
guidelines [the court] imposed this sentence upon Mr. Duckro as a result of the court’s consideration
and pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553,” and its sentencing determination “includ[ed] consideration of
the United States sentencing commission guidelines as advisory only.”
                                                   II.
        Duckro made a Sixth Amendment objection to the district court’s factual findings based on
the holding in Blakely that his sentence could not be enhanced for a fact to which he neither pled
guilty nor was convicted by a jury of having committed. Where a defendant raises a Blakely
objection to his sentence in a pre-Booker proceeding, this Court reviews the Sixth Amendment
challenge for harmless error. United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 473 (6th Cir. 2006).
         If a Booker/Blakely error is determined to be harmless as a result of an identical alternative
sentence, see id., this Court then must review a district court’s sentencing determination for
reasonableness. United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005); McBride, 434 F.3d at 477.
Since the Supreme Court declared the Sentencing Guidelines to be advisory in Booker, this Court’s
reasonableness review focuses on the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), one of which is the
Sentencing Guidelines themselves. McBride, 434 F.3d at 476. A sentence calculated within the
Guidelines is presumed to be reasonable, although this does not protect it from review if it does not
reflect consideration of the factors in section 3553(a). United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 644
(6th Cir. 2006).
A. Sixth Amendment violation
         Duckro asserts a Sixth Amendment violation under Booker based on the district court’s
finding of facts to which he did not plead guilty. Duckro pled guilty to the theft of firearms and the
use of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime. With regard to the theft of
firearms, the district court increased Duckro’s offense level by ten points, from twelve to twenty-
two, based on the number of guns involved. The district court explicitly stated that it was relying
on the report and recommendation of the probation department in determining the number of guns
involved. The district court also increased Duckro’s offense level two points for the possession of
stolen guns.
          Duckro’s Sixth Amendment argument is based on the Supreme Court’s holding in Booker
that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding
the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be
admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” 543 U.S. at 244. Duckro
claims that the district court’s ruling creates three constitutional problems under this rule. First, the
district court made a finding with regard to the number of guns stolen by Duckro, and increased his
offense level based on the pre-sentence report which claimed 205 guns were stolen. Second, the
district court added two additional points to the offense level based on Duckro’s possession of stolen
guns. Third, Duckro claims that the district court made an additional factual finding with regard to
the offense of using a gun in connection with drug trafficking to support the five year minimum
sentence for that offense.
Nos. 05-3379/3381                  United States v. Duckro                                                  Page 4


        All three of Duckro’s constitutional arguments are ultimately unavailing. Duckro pled guilty
to “use of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime,” in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c). That statute provides a five-year minimum sentence for a violation of its terms. By
pleading guilty to the offense prohibited by the statute, Duckro pled guilty to the facts that would
support the five-year minimum sentence. It would in fact appear impossible to plead guilty to
violating the statute without subjecting oneself to the five-year minimum sentence.
       Similarly, under the Sentencing Guidelines, Duckro was subject to a two-point offense level
enhancement for possessing stolen guns. He pled guilty to stealing guns.1 The offense to which he
pled guilty thus encompasses the facts necessary to support both this enhancement and the minimum
sentence, and therefore there was no Sixth Amendment violation regarding these facts.
        Duckro has a somewhat stronger argument regarding his ten-point offense level enhancement
for the number of guns involved in the offense. Nothing in the plea agreement refers to the number
of guns stolen or possessed by Duckro or his associates. The district court explicitly stated that it
relied on the pre-sentence report in determining how many guns Duckro stole or possessed, even
though Duckro objected to the use of the determination of the number of guns referenced in the
report. See United States v. Richmond, No. 04-6230, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 4323 (6th Cir. Feb. 21,
2006) (holding that a defendant’s objection to facts in the presentence report on the basis that they
went beyond any prior jury verdict or guilty plea is sufficient to prevent those facts from being relied
upon in sentencing). This factual finding based on the presentence report would amount to a Booker
violation under a mandatory guideline system if it were “necessary to support a sentence exceeding
the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty.” Booker, 543 U.S. at 244.
         In assessing Sixth Amendment violations based on the use of judge-found facts after Booker,
this Court has looked to two separate sources with regard to what constitutes the maximum sentence
authorized by the facts established by a guilty plea. In cases where sentencing occurred prior to the
Supreme Court’s decision in Booker, several of our decisions have found a Sixth Amendment
violation where the judge-found facts led to a sentence that was higher than the sentencing
guidelines, which were mandatory at the time of the sentencing, would have otherwise allowed. See
United States v. Blood, 435 F.3d 612, 630-31 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Morgan, 435 F.3d
660, 665 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Davis, 397 F.3d 340, 351-52 (6th Cir. 2005). On the other
hand, in cases where sentencing occurred post-Booker, with the sentencing guidelines applying in
only an advisory fashion, the maximum sentence authorized by the facts established through a guilty
plea is the “maximum sentence prescribed by the applicable statutory provision.” United States v.
Vonner, 452 F.3d 560, 564 (6th Cir. 2006). This distinction between sentences issued before and
after Booker follows from the change in the applicability of the guidelines range from mandatory
to advisory — although the top of the guideline range was the “maximum authorized” when the
guidelines were mandatory before Booker, the same cannot be said now that they are merely
advisory. Because Duckro was sentenced pre-Booker, the district court’s reliance on judge-found
facts to increase his range under the sentencing guidelines created the potential for a Sixth
Amendment violation if the resulting sentence exceeded the Guideline   range that would have applied
without the use of judge-found facts. See Blood, 435 U.S. at 630.2



        1
           In addition to his Sixth Amendment argument, Duckro contends that giving him an enhancement for possession
of stolen guns in connection to the underlying offense of possession of stolen guns amounts to impermissible double
counting. This argument is addressed separately below.
        2
          Because Duckro’s resentencing will be after Booker, however, the maximum sentence authorized by his guilty
plea will be the statutory maximum of ten years under Vonner. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(i)(1) (providing a maximum
sentence of ten years for violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u)).
Nos. 05-3379/3381               United States v. Duckro                                          Page 5


        The effect of the district court’s factual determination on this issue — and whether it was
necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the then-mandatory
guidelines — is complicated by the interplay between the sentences for the two offenses to which
Duckro pled guilty. The ten-point enhancement only pertained to the offense of the theft of firearms.
It had a profound effect on the sentence the district court initially calculated for that offense on its
own. Along with the other enhancements Duckro received, the district court assigned him a base
offense level of twenty-one, resulting in a sentence determination of forty-one to fifty-one months
for the theft of firearms offense. Without the ten-point enhancement, Duckro would have had an
offense level of eleven, and only been subject to ten to sixteen months imprisonment for the theft
of firearms offense. Thus when the theft of firearms offense is considered on its own, the ten-point
enhancement was quite significant and would create a potential Sixth Amendment problem under
a mandatory guidelines system.
        Instead of handling the theft of firearms offense on its own, however, the district court
combined the sentences for the two offenses before considering Duckro’s downward departure for
substantial assistance, as discussed above. The resulting sentence after the relevant downward
departures was sixty-six months. As this total sentence included sixty months mandated by
18 U.S.C. § 924(c), Duckro only received a six month sentence for the theft of firearms offense.
Thus, although the ten-point enhancement played a central part in the district court’s analysis, it was
not necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by
Duckro’s guilty plea. In fact, the six months for this offense is less than the ten to sixteen months
that Duckro would have been exposed to without the ten-point enhancement were his sentence for
the theft of firearms offense considered independently. Therefore, there was no Sixth Amendment
violation based on the judicial fact finding that occurred here, even under a mandatory guideline
system, because Duckro did not receive “a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts
established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict.” Booker, 543 U.S. at 244.
        On remand (which is necessitated by a separate issue, discussed below), the Sixth
Amendment analysis under Booker will be somewhat different, as resentencing will be conducted
post-Booker. As mentioned above, in post-Booker sentences, the Sentencing Guidelines do not
establish the maximum sentence authorized by the facts admitted, as they are now merely advisory.
Rather, under Vonner, this ceiling is set by the statutory maximum for the particular statute to which
the defendant pled guilty. For the theft of firearms charge in this case, the statutory maximum is ten
years based on 18 U.S.C. § 924(i)(1). (providing a maximum sentence of ten years for violations
of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u)). Thus, the district court can enhance Duckro’s sentence based on the number
of firearms so long as his final sentence for that offense does not exceed ten years.
B. Application of Sentencing Guidelines for purposes of reasonableness review
         Duckro’s other objections to his sentence all go to the district court’s application of specific
requirements of the Sentencing Guidelines. Although this Court’s review focuses on whether the
sentence reasonably accounts for the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) rather than the district
court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines, the application of the Sentencing Guidelines is one
of the § 3553(a) factors and remains relevant to the determination of reasonableness. McBride, 434
F.3d at 476. We review de novo the application of the now advisory guidelines themselves. See
United States v. Williams, 411 F.3d 675, 677 (6th Cir. 2005). Even though the Supreme Court
declared the guidelines advisory in Booker, we are still required to remand for resentencing if the
district court misapplies the guidelines. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f) (“If the court of appeals determines that
the sentence was imposed . . . as a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines, the
court shall remand the case for further sentencing proceedings with such instructions as the court
considers appropriate.”); see also United States v. Crawford, 407 F.3d 1174, 1178 (11th Cir. 2005)
(“Booker did not affect 18 U.S.C. section 3742(f), which mandates remand of any case in which the
sentence ‘was imposed as a result of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines.’” (internal
Nos. 05-3379/3381              United States v. Duckro                                         Page 6


citation omitted)). The district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines is thus the starting
point for our reasonableness review. Id. at 476.
       1. Ten-point enhancement for number of firearms
        As discussed above, the district court gave Duckro a ten-point offense level enhancement
with regard to the theft of firearms offense for the number of firearms involved in the crime. In
addition to his Blakely/Booker objection to this enhancement, Duckro contends that it amounts to
double counting, prohibited by the Sentencing Guidelines. Although Duckro’s Sixth Amendment
challenge to this enhancement was unavailing, we still review the application of the guidelines for
purposes of our section 3553(a) inquiry. In that regard, the district court did not commit double
counting with this enhancement.
        Duckro’s argument on this point is based on the commentary to section 2K2.4 of the
Sentencing Guidelines, which provides that “[i]f a sentence under this guideline is imposed in
conjunction with a sentence for an underlying offense, do not apply any specific offense
characteristic for possession, brandishing, use, or discharge of an explosive or firearm when
determining the sentence for the underlying offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, cmt. 4. Duckro’s sentence
under this guideline was for the offense of the theft of firearms. His sentence for the use of firearms
in drug trafficking was imposed in conjunction with the theft offense, and he claims that it is an
underlying offense as provided in this comment, such that the enhancement constitutes prohibited
double counting. He is wrong.
         This Court has explained that double counting under this provision occurs where the two
offenses in question are in fact for the same criminal act, and an enhancement for one count is
applied even though the basis for the enhancement is the same as the basis for the accompanying
count. For example, where a defendant is convicted of transporting stolen firearms as well as being
a felon in possession of firearms for the same act of possession, it would be double counting to apply
an enhancement for stolen firearms to the felon in possession count. See United States v. Sanders,
162 F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir. 1998). Conversely, where a defendant brandishes a gun in a bank
robbery and is convicted of the bank robbery, an enhancement for brandishing the gun is appropriate
if he is not separately convicted for the use of a gun in a crime of violence, under 18 U.S.C. §924(c).
If he is separately convicted under section 924(c), the enhancement would not be appropriate.
United States v. Griffis, 282 F.3d 443, 446-47 (6th Cir. 2002). The Court’s focus is on whether there
is a “separation of time . . . or distinction in conduct,” between the two offenses in question.
Sanders, 162 F.3d at 400.
        Here, there clearly is a separation in time and conduct between the two offenses, and the
enhancement was not double counting. The theft of firearms count arose from the burglaries of the
firearms dealers in Ohio. The use of a gun in a drug trafficking crime arose from the subsequent
exchange of guns for drugs in New York City. Not only is one offense not the underlying offense
for the other, but moreover, the number of firearms is not a basis for either count. Accordingly, for
purposes of calculating an advisory guideline range pursuant to section 3553, this enhancement did
not amount to double counting.
       2. Two-point enhancement for the use of stolen guns
        The district court’s two-point enhancement for the use of stolen guns does not pose a
constitutional problem because Duckro pled guilty to stealing the guns in question. However this
enhancement does appear to have constituted double counting under the rationale of Sanders and
Griffis. The district court made clear that it was applying this enhancement only to the theft of
firearms offense. Not only does this Court’s precedent dictate that the enhancement for stolen
Nos. 05-3379/3381              United States v. Duckro                                           Page 7


firearms to a sentence for the theft of firearms would be double counting, but the comment to the
Sentencing Guideline explicitly provides:
       [i]f the only offense to which § 2K2.1 applies is 18 U.S.C. § 922(i), (j), or (u) . . .
       (offenses involving a stolen firearm or stolen ammunition) and the base offense level
       is determined under subsection (a)(7), do not apply the adjustment in subsection
       (b)(4) unless the offense involved a firearm with an altered or obliterated serial
       number. This is because the base offense level takes into account that the firearm or
       ammunition was stolen.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, cmt. 9. This provision is controlling here, as the offense in question was a
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u), Duckro’s twelve-point base offense level was from subsection
(a)(7), and the enhancement was under subsection (b)(4). Thus the guideline itself explicitly states
that the enhancement in question was prohibited double counting.
        It is difficult for us to determine how this mistake impacted Duckro’s eventual sentence. On
the one hand, given the district court’s combination of the sentences for both counts and its
downward departure, Duckro’s sentence included what amounted to six months for the theft of
firearms count, along with sixty months for the use of firearms in a drug trafficking offense.
Because the sixty month sentence is based on a mandatory minimum, only the six months for the
theft of firearms was affected by this departure. Duckro is thus left quibbling with a six month
sentence for the offense of stealing guns from three separate firearms dealers. This is a fairly lenient
sentence for his offense under the sentencing guidelines. Even without any enhancements, Duckro’s
base offense level was still twelve, which would have corresponded to a sentencing range of twelve
to eighteen months.
         Nevertheless, where a district court makes a mistake in calculating a guidelines range for
purposes of determining a sentence under section 3553(a), we are required to remand for
resentencing “unless we are certain that any such error was harmless — i.e. any such error ‘did not
affect the district court's selection of the sentence imposed.’” United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d
792, 801 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 203 (1992)); see also 18
U.S.C. § 3742(f) (“If the court of appeals determines that the sentence was imposed . . . as a result
of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines, the court shall remand the case for further
sentencing proceedings with such instructions as the court considers appropriate.”). This rule
continues to apply after the Supreme Court established in Booker that the guidelines are advisory
only. See United States v. Williams, 411 F.3d 675, 678 (6th Cir. 2005) (noting that Booker’s
“remedial majority did not excise 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f) and (g), and both remain valid law”);
Crawford, 407 F.3d at 1178.
         The record does not compel the conclusion that the error in calculating the guideline range
here was harmless, requiring us to remand for resentencing on this basis. With the ten-point and
two-point enhancements, Duckro’s combined offense level was 24, before the consideration of any
downward departures. Without the two-point enhancement, this number would have instead been
22. The district court then subtracted three points for acceptance of responsibility, arriving at 21
(with the two-point enhancement) instead of 19 (without the two-point enhancement). Next, the
district court added the corresponding range for an offense level of 21 (41-51 months) to the sixty
months required by section 924(c), reaching a combined offense level with a range of 101-111
months. Had it instead used the range for an offense level of 19 (33-41 months), the combined
offense level range would have been 93-101 months. Translating this range back into a combined
offense level, it presumably would have chosen 28 (87-108 months), as this is the closest
corresponding offense level, as opposed to 29, which the district court instead selected. Had it again
departed downward four levels, as it did initially, the district court would have reached a revised
combined offense level of 24 instead of 25, which would have corresponded to a range of 57-71
Nos. 05-3379/3381              United States v. Duckro                                          Page 8


months, as opposed to the range of 63-78 months that it instead selected from (with the caveat that
it could not go below the 60 months mandated by the violation of section 924(c)). Because the
district court selected from the low end of the 63-78 month range that it believed to be correct, it
stands to reason that it might choose an even lower sentence when presented with a 57-71 month
range. Thus, the mistake cannot be said to be harmless, and a remand is warranted.
        At resentencing, the guideline range will merely be advisory, and the district court could give
Duckro the same sentence — or even a higher sentence — should it determine that this would be
an appropriate result in applying section 3553(a), including the consideration of the advisory
guideline range. Duckro asserts, however, that given the district court’s willingness to depart
downward in his case, without this erroneous enhancement it would have sentenced him to even less
than six months for his theft of firearms, and that we should correct the mistake and remand to make
possible such an opportunity. Whatever the merit of Duckro’s prediction might be, section 3742
provides him with this opportunity to pursue a lower sentence due to the district court’s mistake in
calculating the guidelines range.
      3. The District Court’s refusal to adjust Duckro’s offense level downward for a
reduced role in the offense
        Duckro next argues that the district court committed “reversible error” by refusing to adjust
his offense level downward for a reduced role in the offense under U.S.S.G. §3B1.2. That guideline
provides “a range of adjustments [from two to four points] for a defendant who plays a part in
committing the offense that makes him substantially less culpable than the average participant.” Id.
cmt 3. We review refusals to make such an adjustment for clear error. See United States v. Stone,
432 F.3d 651, 655 (6th Cir. 2005). The defendant has the burden of proving this reduced role by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id.
         Duckro argues that he was entitled to the adjustment because he lacked a supervisory role
in the larger conspiracy of trading guns for Ecstasy, and “received little in return.” We have rejected
absence from the planning of a conspiracy as the basis for a reduced role. United States v. Miller,
56 F.3d 719, 720 (6th Cir. 1995). More significantly, Duckro only argues that he had a reduced role
in the offense of using firearms in a drug trafficking offense. The downward adjustment he
requested was only available for the sentencing determination for the other offense, the theft of
firearms. Duckro’s lack of leadership in planning to trade the guns for Ecstasy has little bearing on
his role in the burglaries, and he and only one other individual burglarized the three firearms dealers
without involvement from the other participants. The district court was correct to reject this
adjustment.
       4. Criminal history point for prior “drug abuse” conviction
         The district court added a point to Duckro’s criminal history based on a prior guilty plea to
a drug abuse offense under Ohio law. Duckro claims that it was an error to assign this point because
there is no evidence that he had counsel or waived his right to counsel on this charge. The Supreme
Court has directly addressed this issue in the Sentencing Guidelines context, noting that it is
“constitutionally permissible to consider a prior uncounseled misdemeanor conviction” in enhancing
a defendant’s criminal history. Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738, 748 (1994). Nichols is
controlling authority supporting the district court’s decision here.
       5. Criminal history point for prior “obstruction of official business” conviction
        The district court also added a point to Duckro’s criminal history for a conviction under the
Ohio law of “obstruction of official business.” Duckro contends that this was inappropriate under
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c), which provides that certain offenses, including “[f]alse information to a police
officer” are not to be used to calculate criminal history unless they are similar to an instant offense,
Nos. 05-3379/3381                    United States v. Duckro                                                     Page 9


the defendant served 30 or more days in jail, or the defendant was given probation of at least one
year. Duckro only served ten days in jail for this conviction, and it is not similar to an instant
offense. The government contends, however, that “obstruction of official business,” is a different
offense than “false information to a police officer.”
        We have held that “district courts considering the issue of similarity under § 4A1.2(c) should
consider the similarity between the ‘essential characteristics’ of the activity underlying the offense
of prior conviction and those underlying the listed offense.” United States v. Cole, 418 F.3d 592,
598 (6th Cir. 2005). The district court should look to the state law defining the defendant’s     prior
conviction and compare it with federal law on the offense specified in §4A1.2(c).3 Id. at 598.
Although there is not significant federal precedent on providing false information to a police officer,
such an offense appears essentially different than the Ohio law that Duckro pled guilty to violating.
The Ohio courts have held that “a deliberate misstatement is not an ‘act’” for purposes of the
criminal statute in question, and “the making of a false, unsworn statement to a police officer cannot
be the basis for a charge of obstructing official business under the statute.” State v. Huron, 70 Ohio
App. 3d 414, 416 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990). Given this higher standard of conduct required for an
offense of obstructing official business, it is not essentially the same as providing false information
to a police officer. The district court did not err in applying this offense to raise Duckro’s criminal
history level.
         6. Failure to make specific findings regarding facts that Duckro objected to in PSR
        Duckro claims that the district court erred by failing to make findings of fact with regard to
the facts set forth in the pre-sentence report, under Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(b). Specifically, he
argues that based on his objections to the pre-sentence report, the district court should have made
a factual determination as to the number of firearms involved in his offenses, his reduced role in the
crimes committed, and the criminal history points he was given.
         Rule 32 requires that when faced with a disputed factual issue in a pre-sentence report, a
district court must “rule on the dispute or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because the
matter will not affect sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter in sentencing.”
Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(b). Duckro objected to the facts in question, arguing that they could not
be considered as they were not incorporated into his guilty plea. As discussed in Section II-A above,
this objection was rendered irrelevant for Sixth Amendment purposes, given the six months Duckro
received for the theft of firearms offense.
        Duckro had to do more than challenge the legal significance of the facts in order to require
the district court to make factual findings on a disputed issue under Rule 32. He had to produce
some evidence of his own to call those facts into question, which he did not do. United States v.
Lang, 333 F.3d 678, 681 (6th Cir. 2003) (“[A] defendant who challenges factual allegations in the
PSR [presentence report] has the burden of producing some evidence beyond a bare denial that calls
the reliability or correctness of the alleged facts into question.”). Given Duckro’s approach at
sentencing, the district court’s acceptance of the uncontested facts from the pre-sentence report was
appropriate. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(a) (providing that the sentencing court “may accept any
undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact”).



         3
           The parties have not cited, nor has our research revealed, any federal case law or statute that provides a
meaningful description of the offense of “false information to a police officer.” The government has compared the Ohio
law of obstruction of official business with a separate statute for providing false information to a police officer. Given
the requirement that we look to federal law, the government’s comparison of two Ohio statutes is not particularly
relevant, and it makes the most sense to examine the offense based on its facial description in §4A1.2(c).
Nos. 05-3379/3381              United States v. Duckro                                       Page 10


        In sum, the district court incorrectly calculated Duckro’s guideline range because the two-
point enhancement for the possession of stolen guns amounted to impermissible double counting,
even though the determination of the range was otherwise correct. Typically, because the guideline
range is only part of this Court’s reasonableness review, we would also look to the other factors
articulated in section 3553(a). This remaining portion of our review is not necessary here, however,
as the incorrect guideline calculation requires us to reverse Duckro’s sentence.
                                                 III.
       As a general matter, the district court did a commendable job sentencing Duckro in the
admittedly confusing time frame after the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely, and before its
decision in Booker and the development of our post-Booker jurisprudence. Of Duckro’s many
assignments of error, however, one has merit and requires resentencing.
         A few points merit emphasis for purposes of resentencing. Initially, as discussed above, the
district court should calculate the sentencing guidelines range for advisory purposes only, and then
calculate Duckro’s sentence using the guidelines range as one of the several relevant factors under
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Duckro is not subject to a two-point enhancement for the use of stolen guns,
as this enhancement amounts to double counting. Further, the district court can make a factual
finding of the number of guns involved in the offense, so long as the resulting sentence for the theft
of firearms offense is not longer than ten years. See Williams, 411 F.3d at 678 (“Booker did not
eliminate judicial fact-finding in sentencing in cases where a defendant plead [sic] guilty. Instead,
it merely gave district courts the option to sentence a defendant differently than the Guidelines
would require after calculating the Guideline range.”). The case is remanded for resentencing in
accordance with these instructions.
