                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                 No. 15–0852

                           Filed September 23, 2016

                       Amended November 23, 2016


DENNIS L. SMITH,

      Appellee,

vs.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, STATE
OF IOWA,

      Appellants.



      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Kurt J.

Stoebe, Judge.



      A former employee of a state university who successfully sued that

university for intentional infliction of emotional distress and a statutory

whistleblower violation seeks further review of a court of appeals decision

reversing the district court’s award of attorney fees and remanding for

further proceedings.   DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;

DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Jeffrey S. Thompson, Solicitor

General, and Diane M. Stahle (until withdrawal), Assistant Attorney

General, for appellants.
                                    2

      William W. Graham and Aimee R. Campbell of Graham, Ervanian

& Cacciatore, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellee.
                                              3

PER CURIAM.

      The defendants Iowa State University and the State of Iowa

(collectively ISU) appeal the district court’s decision awarding the plaintiff

Dennis Smith all of his requested attorney fees. For the reasons set forth

herein, we conclude that Smith is not entitled to all fees as awarded by

the district court, and we therefore reverse and remand this case for

further proceedings. However, we do not agree with the court of appeals

concerning what must occur on remand. It is not necessary, in our view,

for Smith’s counsel to prepare a new affidavit detailing the amount of

attorney time spent daily on each litigation task.               Hence, on further

review, we vacate the court of appeals decision and provide somewhat

different directions for remand.

      I. Factual and Procedural Background.

      Smith was formerly employed as a technical writer in the

engineering department at ISU.               The events of this case cover a time

period from approximately 2002 to 2010, when Smith’s position at the

university was eliminated.                Our prior opinion contains a detailed

discussion of the facts. See Smith v. Iowa State Univ. of Sci. & Tech., 851

N.W.2d 1, 4–17 (Iowa 2014). At trial, Smith initially recovered $500,000

in damages for common-law intentional infliction of emotional distress

and $784,027 in damages for statutory whistleblower violations. Id. at

17–18; see Iowa Code § 70A.28(2) (2007). 1 Other claims were dismissed.

Smith, 851 N.W.2d at 17.

      1This   section provides in part,
               A person shall not discharge an employee from or take or fail to
      take action regarding an employee’s appointment or proposed
      appointment to, promotion or proposed promotion to, or any advantage
      in, a position in a state employment system . . . as a reprisal . . . for a
      disclosure of any information by that employee to . . . any other public
      official or law enforcement agency if the employee reasonably believes the
                                          4

       In   Smith’s      previous   appeal,    we     affirmed   his   common-law

emotional-distress award in its entirety but reversed most of his

whistleblower award.        Id. at 38.   We concluded that to prevail on the

statutory whistleblower claim, Smith had to prove he had suffered harm

as a result of making reports to a “public official”—namely, ISU President

Gregory Geoffroy.        This Smith could not do: “[W]e . . . agree with the

court of appeals that there is no evidence Smith suffered retaliation for

reports of financial improprieties to President Geoffroy.”               Id. at 35.

Nevertheless, we left in place a portion of the statutory whistleblower

award—i.e., the $150,000 in damages for harm to reputation—based on

ISU’s failure to preserve error.         Id. at 38.     We reversed in part and

remanded for further proceedings. Id.

       On remand, Smith sought recovery of essentially all his attorney

fees incurred in this litigation (and in some other satellite proceedings).

The basis for Smith’s request was that Iowa’s whistleblower statute

authorizes awards of attorney fees. It provides,

             A person who violates subsection 2 is liable to an
       aggrieved employee for affirmative relief including
       reinstatement, with or without back pay, or any other
       equitable relief the court deems appropriate, including
       attorney fees and costs.

Iowa Code § 70A.28(5)(a) (emphasis added). Otherwise, in Iowa, attorney

fees are generally not recoverable in the absence of a statute or a

contractual provision that permits their recovery. See Branstad v. State




___________________________________
       information evidences a violation of law or rule, mismanagement, a gross
       abuse of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific
       danger to public health or safety.
Iowa Code § 70A.28(2).
                                           5

ex rel. Nat. Res. Comm’n, 871 N.W.2d 291, 294 (Iowa 2015); Bethards v.

Shivvers, Inc., 355 N.W.2d 39, 47 (Iowa 1984).

       Although the statutory whistleblower claim was only one of Smith’s

claims, and he recovered only $150,000 on that claim, the district court

awarded Smith $368,607.35 in fees and costs, amounting to virtually all

of Smith’s attorney fees incurred in this litigation and the other

administrative and legal matters. 2 The district court reasoned that “all of

the plaintiff’s claims, successful and unsuccessful, involved a common

body of facts” and that it would be “impractical to require the Court to

sift through all of the legal work to determine whether each hour was

related to a particular claim.”

       ISU once again appealed.          It argued that the attorney-fee award

should be reduced for work not performed on the whistleblower claim

and to account for an overall lack of success on that claim.

       On appeal, we transferred the case to the court of appeals. That

court concluded the district court had abused its discretion by failing to

take into consideration that “a large part of Smith’s whistleblowing

claim—the only claim that permitted the recovery of attorney fees—was

set aside by the supreme court in light of the lack of proof on the issue of

causation.” The court of appeals also faulted the district court for failing

to consider that “the main portion of Smith’s recovery—$500,000.00 of

the total $650,000.00 awarded—was based on the emotional distress

claim, which is a tort claim that does not permit the recovery of attorney




       2The   district court declined to award some of the costs sought by Smith but
granted his entire attorney fee application. Smith omitted from that application several
thousand dollars’ worth of attorney fees related to the preparation of his unsuccessful
petition for rehearing in this court.
                                         6

fees.”    Accordingly, the court of appeals reversed and remanded.        In

addition, it stated,

         On remand, the court should direct Smith’s counsel to
         submit an attorney fee affidavit that better details the
         amount of time spent on each task, rather than using block
         billing that specifies only daily activities but does not
         indicate how much time was spent on each task.

         One judge on the court of appeals panel dissented. He found that

Smith could recover all of his attorney fees because all of his claims were

tethered to a “common core of facts.”        Also, he noted that the district

court stated it would have awarded the $500,000 in emotional distress

damages as statutory whistleblower damages if it had been necessary to

do so. We granted Smith’s application for further review.

         II. Standard of Review.

         As we have previously stated,

         We review a challenge to a district court’s grant of attorney
         fees for an abuse of discretion. We will reverse a court’s
         discretionary ruling only when the court rests its ruling on
         grounds that are clearly unreasonable or untenable. When
         reviewing an attorney fees award for an abuse of discretion,
         we will correct erroneous applications of the law.

NevadaCare, Inc. v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 783 N.W.2d 459, 469 (Iowa
2010) (citations omitted).

         III. Legal Analysis.

         We agree with the court of appeals that the district court abused

its discretion in awarding Smith all of his requested attorney fees on the

ground that this case presented a “common core of facts.” Two points

should be noted here. First, in considering whether a claim for which

attorney fees are available and claims for which they are unavailable

arise out of a common factual core, we need to focus on the underlying

purpose of this inquiry. The ultimate question is whether the work for
                                     7

which recovery is sought can be “deemed to have been ‘expended in

pursuit of’ ” a claim for which attorney fees are recoverable. See Hensley

v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 435, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 1940, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40,

51 (1983) (quoting Davis v. Cty. of Los Angeles, No. 73-63-WPG, 1974 WL

180, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 5, 1974)).          A defendant should not be

immunized “against paying for the attorney’s fees that the plaintiff

reasonably incurred in remedying” the violation for which attorney fees

were recoverable. See Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 834, 131 S. Ct. 2205,

2214, 180 L. Ed. 2d 45, 54 (2011).

      Here, Smith asserted a number of different claims, but fees could

only be recovered for the statutory whistleblower claim, which was based

specifically upon Smith’s reporting to President Geoffroy in August 2007

and   alleged   adverse   consequences    flowing   from   that   reporting.

Therefore, it would not be accurate to say that all of Smith’s fees were

reasonably spent “in pursuit of” this whistleblower claim. As ISU points

out, Smith’s attorneys spent considerable time exclusively on issues

related only to the common-law emotional distress claim and on other

matters such as a separate open-records lawsuit and an administrative

proceeding alleging age discrimination.     This unrelated time was not

“devoted generally to the litigation as a whole.”    Hensley, 461 U.S. at

435, 103 S. Ct. at 1940, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 51.

      Second, when a plaintiff achieves only “partial or limited success”

on the claim for which attorney fees are recoverable, a reduction in the

fee award may be appropriate even if the entire lawsuit flows from a

common core of facts. See id. at 436, 103 S. Ct. at 1941, 76 L. Ed. 2d at

52.   The district court did not consider this issue, ending its analysis

once it had concluded (erroneously in our view) that every aspect of the

litigation arose out of a common core of facts.
                                     8

      As we have already noted, our prior appellate decision found “no

evidence Smith suffered retaliation for reports of financial improprieties

to President Geoffroy.” Smith, 851 N.W.2d at 35. Most of the $784,027

whistleblowing judgment was accordingly reversed. Smith recovered only

$150,000 in reputational damages on this claim, and he recovered this

amount only because ISU had failed to preserve error on the reputational

damages.      Id. at 38.   Hence, Smith attained only partial or limited

success on the statutory whistleblower claim.

      In sum, given what the record shows both about the time Smith’s

counsel devoted to unrelated matters for which attorney fees are not

authorized and Smith’s partial, limited success on the statutory

whistleblower claim that is the only basis for awarding attorney fees, we

think the district court’s attorney fee ruling amounted to an abuse of

discretion.

      We reaffirm today what we have held in the past:

      In determining an appropriate fee award in this case, the
      district court should consider the general principles
      governing attorney fee awards in actions in which plaintiffs
      are only partially successful.      Thus, to the extent [the
      plaintiff’s] unsuccessful claims for retroactive relief were
      unrelated to her successful claims for prospective relief, the
      court may not award fees or costs she obviously incurred in
      pursuing only the unsuccessful claims. But to the extent
      counsel devoted time “generally to the litigation as a whole,
      making it difficult to divide the hours expended on a claim-
      by-claim basis,” the court may “focus on the significance of
      the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the
      hours reasonably expended on the litigation.” The court may
      properly award any fees incurred in the litigation involving “a
      common core of facts” or “based on related legal theories.”
      Nevertheless, the court ultimately must consider the
      reasonableness of the hours expended on the litigation as a
      whole in light of the degree of success actually obtained.
                                             9

Lee v. State (Lee III), 874 N.W.2d 631, 648–49 (Iowa 2016) (citations

omitted) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S. Ct. at 1941, 76 L. Ed.

2d at 51–52). 3

       Lee III requires a two-step process to be followed in awarding fees

under a fee-shifting statute. First, while fees can be awarded for time

devoted generally to the litigation as a whole, the district court should

make an appropriate reduction for unrelated time spent on unsuccessful

claims—or as here, unrelated time spent on claims for which fees are not

recoverable.       Then, after this initial step has been performed, if the

plaintiff only obtained partial or limited success on the claim for which

the legislature has authorized fees, the court must consider the

reasonableness of the hours expended in light of this ultimate result.4

The second step may warrant a further reduction.                     In this case, on

remand, the district court should follow the Lee III steps. 5

       3Smith   suggests at one point that the Hensley/Lee III principles may not apply
here because the language of Iowa Code section 70A.28(5)(a) does not require him to be
a prevailing party in order to recover fees. We disagree. The statute states that one
who violates section 70A.28(2) is liable to the aggrieved employee for “affirmative relief
including reinstatement, with or without back pay, or any other equitable relief the
court deems appropriate, including attorney fees and costs.” Thus, the only thing the
statute makes clear is that the plaintiff must prove a violation of section 70A.28(2) as a
condition to getting any fees. We think the Hensley/Lee III principles fill in the gaps in
this statute, as they do in other fee-shifting situations.
       4This   principle was also on display in Hensley:
                We are unable to affirm the decisions below, however, because
       the District Court’s opinion did not properly consider the relationship
       between the extent of success and the amount of the fee award. . . . We
       emphasize that the inquiry does not end with a finding that the plaintiff
       obtained significant relief. A reduced fee award is appropriate if the
       relief, however significant, is limited in comparison to the scope of the
       litigation as a whole.
461 U.S. at 438–40, 103 S. Ct. at 1942–43, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 54.
       5Smith   argues that the $500,000 in intentional infliction of emotional distress
damages also should be treated as statutory whistleblower damages. That is because
the district court in its original order indicated Smith would have been entitled to the
same $500,000 as statutory whistleblower damages but did not award them to avoid
                                            10

       However, we do not agree with the court of appeals that Smith’s

counsel must submit more detailed time records to the district court,

identifying for each day of billing the amount of time spent on each task.

This would be a substantial undertaking, assuming the original bills do

not contain that information. And precedent does not require it. To the

contrary, Hensley indicates that “[t]here is no precise rule or formula for

making these determinations” and “[a] request for attorney’s fees should

not result in a second major litigation.” 461 U.S. at 436–37, 103 S. Ct.

at 1941, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 52–53.                  Hensley adds that “[w]here the

documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the

award accordingly.” Id. at 433, 103 S. Ct. at 1939, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 50.

Thus, while Smith’s counsel should not be entitled to a presumption that

time was spent on the litigation as a whole just because his billing

records lack detail, any lack of necessary detail can be taken into

account with an appropriate discount or reduction. 6


___________________________________
duplicate recoveries. However, in the prior appeal, ISU made a contingent argument
that Smith could not have recovered emotional distress damages under the
whistleblower statute because they do not qualify as “other equitable relief.” See Iowa
Code § 70A.28(5)(a). Smith responded that ISU had failed to preserve error by not filing
a rule 1.904(2) motion directed at this aspect of the district court’s ruling, although this
observation by the court did not actually result in any relief being granted to Smith. We
did not reach these arguments because we affirmed the $500,000 as common-law
emotional distress damages.
       6To  support his attorney fees application, Smith originally submitted his billing
records in redacted form. Apparently he later put unredacted versions into evidence.
We agree that the unredacted versions should be submitted.             Absent “unusual
circumstances,” production of billing records does not invade the attorney–client
privilege, and such records as are available should be produced. See Avgoustis v.
Shinseki, 639 F.3d 1340, 1344–46 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Our present point is simply that
when the actual billing records do not reflect how much time was spent on each task
during each day, this should not be a sine qua non of any attorney fee recovery.
Nothing prevents an attorney from providing additional details that were missing from
the contemporaneous billing records, but a reliance on “block billing” in those records
should not bar all recovery.
                                      11

      Further, we do not agree with ISU that the district court must

make dollar-by-dollar attorney fee reductions for time spent on matters

such as an overlong proof brief. (Smith did file a motion to exceed the

page limit, but our court denied the motion.).        Rarely is litigation an

unbroken string of successes. Just about every legal proceeding involves

setbacks. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 440, 103 S. Ct. at 1943, 76 L. Ed. 2d

at 55 (noting that a plaintiff should not have his attorney fees reduced

“simply because the district court did not adopt each contention raised”).

While the district court may certainly take items like the overlong brief

into account when it exercises its discretion in crafting a fee award, it is

not required to “sift through all the legal work done.” Vaughan v. Must,

Inc., 542 N.W.2d 533, 541 (Iowa 1996).         Moreover, there is no “rigid

formula” that must be followed. See id. It is not necessary “to tie the

recovery of fees to a precise ratio of the amount of damages awarded.”

Id. Thus, in Vaughan we upheld the district court’s decision to award

seventy-five percent of the plaintiff’s attorney fees, a total of $21,261, in a

case where the plaintiff prevailed on his claim of age discrimination but

recovered only approximately twenty percent of his original demand for

damages. Id. at 541–42.

      IV. Conclusion.

      For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the decision of the court of

appeals and reverse that aspect of the district court’s judgment awarding

attorney fees to Smith. We remand for further proceedings at which the

district court should consider adjustments in the requested fee award for

time spent on matters clearly unrelated to the statutory whistleblower

claim as well as for Smith’s partial success on that claim. The district

court also should consider whether attorney fees ought to be awarded for

this appeal.   See Worthington v. Kenkel, 684 N.W.2d 228, 234 (Iowa
                                   12

2004). The court should support its determinations with findings of fact.

See Boyle v. Alum-Line, Inc., 773 N.W.2d 829, 834 (Iowa 2009).

“[W]hatever methodology the court employs, it must provide in its order

‘a concise but clear explanation of its reasons for the award.’ ” Lee III,

874 N.W.2d at 650 (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437, 103 S. Ct. at

1941, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 53).

      Costs on appeal are divided equally.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED.

      This opinion shall be published.
