                     FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000, INC.,           
d/b/a PLAYPEN,
                                                   No. 06-56237
                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                     D.C. No.
                v.
                                                  CV-05-02966-
ROCK STAR VIDEOS, INC., e/s/a                         MMM
ROCKSTAR GAMES, INC.; TAKE-TWO
                                                    OPINION
INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, INC.,
             Defendants-Appellees.
                                           
         Appeal from the United States District Court
            for the Central District of California
        Margaret M. Morrow, District Judge, Presiding

                   Argued and Submitted
             March 5, 2008—Pasadena, California

                     Filed November 5, 2008

        Before: John R. Gibson,* Senior Circuit Judge,
        Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain and Susan P. Graber,
                        Circuit Judges.

                 Opinion by Judge O’Scannlain




   *The Honorable John R. Gibson, Senior United States Circuit Judge for
the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.

                                15143
15146 E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS


                         COUNSEL

Robert F. Helfing, Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold LLP,
Los Angeles, California, for the plaintiff-appellant; David A.
Schinder, Sedgwick, Detert, Moran & Arnold LLP, Los
Angeles, California, and Ernest J. Franceschi, Attorney, Los
Angeles, California, were on the briefs.

Russell Frackman, Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp LLP, Los
Angeles, California, for the defendants-appellees; Karin G.
Pagnanelli and Eric J. German were on the brief.


                         OPINION

O’SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge:

  We must decide whether a producer of a video game in the
“Grand Theft Auto” series has a defense under the First
Amendment against a claim of trademark infringement.

                              I

                              A

   Rockstar Games, Inc. (“Rockstar”), a wholly owned subsid-
iary of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc., manufactures
and distributes the Grand Theft Auto series of video games
(the “Series”), including Grant Theft Auto: San Andreas
        E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS 15147
(“San Andreas” or the “Game”). The Series is known for an
irreverent and sometimes crass brand of humor, gratuitous
violence and sex, and overall seediness.

   Each game in the Series takes place in one or more dys-
topic, cartoonish cities modeled after actual American urban
areas. The games always include a disclaimer stating that the
locations depicted are fictional. Players control the game’s
protagonist, trying to complete various “missions” on a video
screen. The plot advances with each mission accomplished
until the player, having passed through thousands of cartoon-
style places along the way, wins the game.

   Consistent with the tone of the Series, San Andreas allows
a player to experience a version of West Coast “gangster” cul-
ture. The Game takes place in the virtual cities of “Los San-
tos,” “San Fierro,” and “Las Venturas,” based on Los
Angeles, San Francisco, and Las Vegas, respectively.

   Los Santos, of course, mimics the look and feel of actual
Los Angeles neighborhoods. Instead of “Hollywood,” “Santa
Monica,” “Venice Beach,” and “Compton,” Los Santos con-
tains “Vinewood,” “Santa Maria,” “Verona Beach,” and
“Ganton.” Rockstar has populated these areas with virtual
liquor stores, ammunition dealers, casinos, pawn shops, tattoo
parlors, bars, and strip clubs. The brand names, business
names, and other aspects of the locations have been changed
to fit the irreverent “Los Santos” tone. Not especially saintly,
Los Santos is complete with gangs who roam streets inhabited
by prostitutes and drug pushers while random gunfire punctu-
ates the soundtrack.

  To generate their vision for Los Santos, some of the artists
who drew it visited Los Angeles to take reference photo-
graphs. The artists took pictures of businesses, streets, and
other places in Los Angeles that they thought evoked the San
Andreas theme. They then returned home (to Scotland) to
draw Los Santos, changing the images from the photographs
15148 E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS
as necessary to fit into the fictional world of Los Santos and
San Andreas. According to Nikolas Taylor (“Taylor”), the
Lead Map Artist for Los Santos, he and other artists did not
seek to “re-creat[e] a realistic depiction of Los Angeles;
rather, [they] were creating ‘Los Santos,’ a fictional city that
lampooned the seedy underbelly of Los Angeles and the peo-
ple, business and places [that] comprise it.” One neighbor-
hood in the fictional city is “East Los Santos,” the Game’s
version of East Los Angeles. East Los Santos contains varia-
tions on the businesses and architecture of the real thing,
including a virtual, cartoon-style strip club known as the “Pig
Pen.”

                               B

   ESS Entertainment 2000, Inc. (“ESS”), operates a strip
club, which features females dancing nude, on the eastern
edge of downtown Los Angeles under the name Play Pen
Gentlemen’s Club (“Play Pen”). ESS claims that Rockstar’s
depiction of an East Los Santos strip club called the Pig Pen
infringes its trademark and trade dress associated with the
Play Pen.

   The Play Pen’s “logo” consists of the words “the Play Pen”
(and the lower-and upper-case letters forming those words)
and the phrase “Totally Nude” displayed in a publicly avail-
able font, with a silhouette of a nude female dancer inside the
stem of the first “P.” Apparently, ESS has no physical master
or precise template for its logo. Different artists draw the nude
silhouette in Play Pen’s logo anew for each representation,
although any final drawing must be acceptable to Play Pen’s
owners. There are several different versions of the silhouette,
and some advertisements and signs for the Play Pen do not
contain the nude silhouettes.

  Although the artists took some inspiration from their photo-
graphs of the Play Pen, it seems they used photographs of
other East Los Angeles locations to design other aspects of
         E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS 15149
the Pig Pen. The Pig Pen building in Los Santos, for instance,
lacks certain characteristics of the Play Pen building such as
a stone facade, a valet stand, large plants and gold columns
around the entrance, and a six-foot black iron fence around
the parking lot. The Play Pen also has a red, white, and blue
pole sign near the premises, which includes a trio of nude sil-
houettes above the logo and a separate “Totally Nude” sign
below. The Pig Pen does not.

                                     C

   On April 22, 2005, ESS filed the underlying trademark vio-
lation action in district court against Rockstar. ESS asserted
four claims: (1) trade dress infringement and unfair competi-
tion under section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C.
§ 1125(a);1 (2) trademark infringement under California Busi-
ness and Professions Code § 14320;2 (3) unfair competition
under California Business and Professions Code §§ 17200 et
seq.; and (4) unfair competition under California common
law. The heart of ESS’s complaint is that Rockstar has used
Play Pen’s distinctive logo and trade dress without its authori-
zation and has created a likelihood of confusion among con-
sumers as to whether ESS has endorsed, or is associated with,
the video depiction.
  1
     “Trade dress involves the total image of a product and may include fea-
tures such as size, shape, color or color combination, texture, graphics, or
even particular sales technique.” Mattel Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prods.,
353 F.3d 792, 808 n.13 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and cita-
tions omitted). Because the only relevant similarities at issue in this case
involve the use of the “Pig Pen” mark versus the “Play Pen” mark, dispo-
sition of the trade dress infringement claim follows resolution of the trade-
mark infringement claim. See Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. E. & J.
Gallo Winery, 150 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 1998) (“Section 43(a) now
protects both trademarks and trade dress from infringement . . . [and] there
is no persuasive reason to apply different analysis [sic] to the two.” (inter-
nal quotation marks, alteration and citation omitted)).
   2
     This section has recently been repealed. Cal. Stats. ch. 711 § 1. Since
we hold that Rockstar has a defense to all of ESS’s claims, the repeal is
irrelevant to our decision.
15150 E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS
   In response, Rockstar moved for summary judgment on all
of ESS’s claims, arguing that the affirmative defenses of nom-
inative fair use and the First Amendment protected it against
liability. It also argued that its use of ESS’s intellectual prop-
erty did not infringe ESS’s trademark by creating a “likeli-
hood of confusion.”

   Although the district court rejected Rockstar’s nominative
fair use defense, it granted summary judgment based on the
First Amendment defense. The district court did not address
the merits of the trademark claim because its finding that
Rockstar had a defense against liability made such analysis
unnecessary.

                                II

   Rockstar argues that, regardless of whether it infringed
ESS’s trademark under the Lanham Act or related California
law, it is entitled to two defenses: one under the nominative
fair use doctrine and one under the First Amendment.

                                A

   [1] “Unlike a traditional fair use scenario, [nominative fair
use occurs when] the defendant . . . us[es] the trademarked
term to describe not its own product, but the plaintiff’s.” Play-
boy Enters., Inc. v. Welles, 279 F.3d 796, 801 (9th Cir. 2002).
The doctrine protects those who deliberately use another’s
trademark or trade dress “for the ‘purposes of comparison,
criticism[,] or point of reference.’ ” Walking Mountain, 353
F.3d at 809 (alteration omitted) (quoting New Kids on the
Block v. News Am. Publ’g, Inc., 971 F.2d 302, 306 (9th Cir.
1992)). In this case, however, Rockstar’s use of “Pig Pen” is
not “identical to the plaintiff’s [Play Pen] mark.” Further-
more, the district court observed that Rockstar’s Lead Map
Artist “testified the goal in designing the Pig Pen was . . . not
to comment on Play Pen per se.” Since Rockstar did not use
the trademarked logo to describe ESS’s strip club, the district
        E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS 15151
court correctly held that the nominative fair use defense does
not apply in this case. See Welles, 279 F.3d at 801.

                               B

   [2] Rockstar’s second defense asks us to consider the inter-
section of trademark law and the First Amendment. The road
is well traveled. We have adopted the Second Circuit’s
approach from Rogers v. Grimaldi, which “requires courts to
construe the Lanham Act ‘to apply to artistic works only
where the public interest in avoiding consumer confusion out-
weighs the public interest in free expression.’ ” Walking
Mountain, 353 F.3d at 807 (emphasis in original) (quoting
Rogers v. Grimaldi, 875 F.2d 994, 999 (2d Cir. 1989)). The
specific test contains two prongs. An artistic work’s use of a
trademark that otherwise would violate the Lanham Act is not
actionable “ ‘unless the [use of the mark] has no artistic rele-
vance to the underlying work whatsoever, or, if it has some
artistic relevance, unless [it] explicitly misleads as to the
source or the content of the work.’ ” Mattel, Inc. v. MCA
Records, Inc., 296 F.3d 894, 902 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting
Rogers, 875 F.2d at 999). Although this test traditionally
applies to uses of a trademark in the title of an artistic work,
there is no principled reason why it ought not also apply to the
use of a trademark in the body of the work. See Walking
Mountain, 353 F.3d at 809 n.17 (implying that it would be
acceptable to apply the Rogers test to non-titular trade dress
claim). The parties do not dispute such an extension of the
doctrine.

                               1

   We first adopted the Rogers test in MCA Records, a case
which is instructive for that reason. MCA Records, 296 F.3d
at 902 (“We agree with the Second Circuit’s analysis and
adopt the Rogers standard as our own.”). In MCA Records,
the maker of the iconic “Barbie” dolls sued MCA for trade-
mark infringement in the title of a song the record company
15152 E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS
had released, called “Barbie Girl.” Id. at 899-900. The song
was a commentary “about Barbie and the values . . . she [sup-
posedly] represents.” Id. at 902. Applying Rogers, the court
held that the First Amendment protected the record company.
The first prong was straightforward. Because the song was
about Barbie, “the use of Barbie in the song title clearly is rel-
evant to the underlying work.” Id.; see also Walking Moun-
tain, 353 F.3d at 807 (holding that use of Barbie doll in
photographic parody was relevant to the underlying work).

   Moving to the second prong, we made an important point.
“The only indication,” we observed, “that Mattel might be
associated with the song is the use of Barbie in the title; if this
were enough to satisfy this prong of the Rogers test, it would
render Rogers a nullity.” MCA Records, 296 F.2d at 902
(emphasis in original). This makes good sense. After all, a
trademark infringement claim presupposes a use of the mark.
If that necessary element in every trademark case vitiated a
First Amendment defense, the First Amendment would pro-
vide no defense at all.

                                2

   Keeping MCA Records and related cases in mind, we now
turn to the matter before us. ESS concedes that the Game is
artistic and that therefore the Rogers test applies. However,
ESS argues both that the incorporation of the Pig Pen into the
Game has no artistic relevance and that it is explicitly mis-
leading. It rests its argument on two observations: (1) the
Game is not “about” ESS’s Play Pen club the way that “Bar-
bie Girl” was “about” the Barbie doll in MCA Records; and
(2) also unlike the Barbie case, where the trademark and trade
dress at issue was a cultural icon (Barbie), the Play Pen is not
a cultural icon.

  [3] ESS’s objections, though factually accurate, miss the
point. Under MCA Records and the cases that followed it,
only the use of a trademark with “ ‘no artistic relevance to the
        E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS 15153
underlying work whatsoever’ ” does not merit First Amend-
ment protection. Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Rogers, 875
F.2d at 999). In other words, the level of relevance merely
must be above zero. It is true that the Game is not “about” the
Play Pen the way that Barbie Girl was about Barbie. But,
given the low threshold the Game must surmount, that fact is
hardly dispositive. It is also true that Play Pen has little cul-
tural significance, but the same could be said about most of
the individual establishments in East Los Angeles. Like most
urban neighborhoods, its distinctiveness lies in its “look and
feel,” not in particular destinations as in a downtown or tour-
ist district. And that neighborhood, with all that characterizes
it, is relevant to Rockstar’s artistic goal, which is to develop
a cartoon-style parody of East Los Angeles. Possibly the only
way, and certainly a reasonable way, to do that is to recreate
a critical mass of the businesses and buildings that constitute
it. In this context, we conclude that to include a strip club that
is similar in look and feel to the Play Pen does indeed have
at least “some artistic relevance.” See id.

                                3

   [4] ESS also argues that Rockstar’s use of the Pig Pen
“ ‘explicitly misleads as to the source or the content of the
work.’ ” Id. (quoting Rogers, 875 F.2d at 999). This prong of
the test points directly at the purpose of trademark law,
namely to “avoid confusion in the marketplace by allowing a
trademark owner to prevent others from duping consumers
into buying a product they mistakenly believe is sponsored by
the trademark owner.” Walking Mountain, 353 F.3d at 806
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The relevant
question, therefore, is whether the Game would confuse its
players into thinking that the Play Pen is somehow behind the
Pig Pen or that it sponsors Rockstar’s product. In answering
that question, we keep in mind our observation in MCA
Records that the mere use of a trademark alone cannot suffice
to make such use explicitly misleading. See MCA Records,
296 F.3d at 902.
15154 E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS
   [5] Both San Andreas and the Play Pen offer a form of low-
brow entertainment; besides this general similarity, they have
nothing in common. The San Andreas Game is not comple-
mentary to the Play Pen; video games and strip clubs do not
go together like a horse and carriage or, perish the thought,
love and marriage. Nothing indicates that the buying public
would reasonably have believed that ESS produced the video
game or, for that matter, that Rockstar operated a strip club.
A player can enter the virtual strip club in Los Santos, but
ESS has provided no evidence that the setting is anything but
generic. It also seems far-fetched that someone playing San
Andreas would think ESS had provided whatever expertise,
support, or unique strip-club knowledge it possesses to the
production of the game. After all, the Game does not revolve
around running or patronizing a strip club. Whatever one can
do at the Pig Pen seems quite incidental to the overall story
of the Game. A reasonable consumer would not think a com-
pany that owns one strip club in East Los Angeles, which is
not well known to the public at large, also produces a techno-
logically sophisticated video game like San Andreas.

   [6] Undeterred, ESS also argues that, because players are
free to ignore the storyline and spend as much time as they
want at the Pig Pen, the Pig Pen can be considered a signifi-
cant part of the Game, leading to confusion. But fans can
spend all nine innings of a baseball game at the hot dog stand;
that hardly makes Dodger Stadium a butcher’s shop. In other
words, the chance to attend a virtual strip club is unambigu-
ously not the main selling point of the Game.

                              III

   [7] Considering all of the foregoing, we conclude that
Rockstar’s modification of ESS’s trademark is not explicitly
misleading and is thus protected by the First Amendment.
Since the First Amendment defense applies equally to ESS’s
state law claims as to its Lanham Act claim, the district court
       E.S.S. ENTERTAINMENT 2000 v. ROCK STAR VIDEOS 15155
properly dismissed the entire case on Rockstar’s motion for
summary judgment.

  AFFIRMED.
