              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 10–0061

                          Filed June 29, 2012


CHICAGO CENTRAL & PACIFIC
RAILROAD COMPANY,

      Appellant,

vs.

CALHOUN COUNTY BOARD OF
SUPERVISORS, Acting as Trustee
for the DRAINAGE DISTRICT NO. 86,

      Appellee.



      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Calhoun County, Gary L.

McMinimee, Judge.



      Appellant seeks further review of a court of appeals decision

affirming the dismissal of appellant’s suit for reimbursement of costs

associated with the repair of a damaged tile drain under Iowa Code

chapter 468 (2009).   DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;

DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED, AND CASE REMANDED

FOR DISMISSAL.



      Ellen J. Krug of Krug Law Firm, P.L.C., Minneapolis, for appellant.
                                      2

      James     L.   Kramer   of   Johnson,   Kramer,   Good,   Mulholland,

Cochrane & Driscoll, P.L.C., Fort Dodge and David Wollenzien, Manson,

for appellee.
                                    3

ZAGER, Justice.

      Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad Company (CCP) seeks further

review from a court of appeals decision affirming the district court’s

judgment in favor of the Calhoun County Board of Supervisors, acting as

trustee for Drainage District No. 86, and dismissal of CCP’s petition.

This case presents two issues. The first is whether Iowa’s drainage laws

permit a private party to voluntarily perform repairs on a drainage

improvement, request reimbursement for those repairs, and then file a

petition with the district court when the request for reimbursement is

denied. If we determine that Iowa law permits such a suit, we must then

determine whether CCP or the Board is responsible for repairing or

replacing underground drainage improvements at the location where

those improvements intersect with CCP’s right-of-way.        Because we

determine that Iowa law does not permit actions for reimbursement of

money voluntarily spent by a private party to repair a drainage

improvement, we need not decide the second issue.        Accordingly, we

affirm the district court’s judgment in favor of the Board and the

dismissal of CCP’s petition.

      I. Factual Background and Procedural History.

      The section of railroad track that forms the basis of this dispute

was built between 1869 and 1870. Drainage District No. 86 was formed

in 1908, and the Calhoun County Board of Supervisors is, by statute,

responsible for keeping any drainage district improvements in repair.

The tile line that intersects the railroad track was built by the drainage

district in 1908. In May of 2008, CCP discovered a sinkhole on the edge

of the tracks and reported the problem to the drainage district

watchman.     The clay tiles that made up the drain had collapsed.

Crushed rock, which made up the ballast that supported the railroad
                                         4

bed, was sucked into the tile drain, creating the hole. In response to this

discovery, CCP slowed its trains to ten miles per hour over the affected

area and made a temporary repair by filling the hole with crushed rock.

       On May 8, the drainage district watchman inspected the location

and found that the hole had been filled with crushed rock. The next day,

a CCP technical service engineer contacted the district watchman and

requested the Board repair the collapsed tile by replacing it with a one-

quarter-inch-thick steel pipe. The CCP engineer testified that he and the

district watchman originally “had a deal struck . . . to work together and

get the tile repaired,” but that deal was later called off. On May 20, a

drainage engineer sent a letter to the CCP engineer on behalf of the

drainage district.      This letter stated that under Iowa Code section

468.111, CCP was responsible for any repairs that needed to be made to

the crossing. 1 The letter also stated,

       [W]ith this letter we are reporting this situation to the
       Calhoun County Board of Supervisors, acting as Trustees for
       the Drainage District No. 86. On behalf of the District we
       are requesting the CC&P Railroad Company report their plan
       for repairing the railroad and notify the board and [the
       district watchman] of the time frame for completing the
       repair.

The letter went on to tell CCP that the district watchman would “be made

available to assist [CCP] in exploring the failure of the pipe under the

railroad right-of-way” and that the district would have to inspect the

reconnections before the completion of the repairs.                 The drainage

engineer also testified that he told the district watchman that the district




        1Section 468.111 requires railroads to pay for the repairs of “any culvert or

bridge” at locations where railroad rights-of-way intersect with drainage district
improvements and the intersection occurs at a natural waterway or a place provided by
the railroad. Iowa Code § 468.111 (2009).
                                     5

did not have the right to enter the railroad’s right-of-way and that it was

the responsibility of the railroad to repair the damaged tile drain.

      On August 8, CCP sent a letter to the Board, informing it that CCP

had undertaken repairs to the tile drain and seeking reimbursement. To

repair the tile drain, CCP paid Wieston Ag Service, Inc., $11,003.28 to

clear the collapsed tile drain, insert a one-quarter-inch-thick, forty-foot-

long steel casing under the railroad’s right-of-way, run new tile lines

through the steel casing and reconnect the new tile line to the existing

line on either side of the right-of-way. In addition to the $11,003.28 in

repair costs, CCP’s notice of claim also sought $4888.36 in “train delay

costs” that CCP incurred as a result of having to slow down its trains

near the collapsed tile drain.

      On November 25, the Board denied the claim. On December 18,

CCP sent a notice of appeal to the Calhoun County Auditor. The notice

cited Iowa Code section 468.84 and, pursuant to that section, designated

the Calhoun County District Court as the forum court for the appeal. On

December 30, CCP filed its petition pursuant to section 468.86 in

Calhoun County.

      The Board filed an answer on January 15, 2009, admitting CCP

made the repairs, but asserting CCP was responsible for the costs of

such repairs.    CCP moved for summary judgment on June 23.             On

August 24, the Board resisted and filed a cross-motion for summary

judgment, claiming that it was immune from the suit and, in the

alternative, that CCP bore responsibility for the repairs.

      On September 29, the district court conducted a hearing including

testimony from four witnesses and a stipulation of facts. On December

14, 2009, the district court issued its ruling dismissing CCP’s petition

and entering judgment in favor of the Board.            The district court
                                    6

acknowledged the Board’s immunity claim but did not rule on it.

Instead, the court construed the word “culvert,” as that term is used in

section 468.111, to include an underground tile drain where it

intersected a railroad track. The district court also concluded that the

intersection point occurred in a natural waterway, and therefore, under

section 468.111, CCP was liable for the costs of repair. CCP timely filed

a notice of appeal on January 11, 2010.            On appeal, the Board

responded to the statutory construction claim and also raised the

immunity issue. The court of appeals did not reach the immunity claim,

but affirmed the district court’s rulings that section 468.111 applied,

that the intersection of the tile drain and the railroad was a culvert for

purposes of that section, and that CCP was responsible for repairs to the

culvert. CCP petitioned for further review, which we granted.

      II. Standard of Review.

      This case was originally tried as an appeal pursuant to Iowa Code

section 468.83 (2009). Appeals brought under section 468.83 are tried

in equity unless the appeal is from Board action fixing the amount of

compensation for the taking of land for a right-of-way or “the amount of

damages to which any claimant is entitled.” Iowa Code § 468.91. This

dispute does not concern the amount of damages CCP is entitled to;

rather, the issue is whether CCP is entitled to recover damages at all.

Therefore, the action must be tried in equity under section 468.91. The

parties also stipulated that this action should be tried in equity.   Our

review of equitable proceedings is de novo. See Voogd v. Joint Drainage

Dist. No. 3-11, 188 N.W.2d 387, 388 (Iowa 1971).

      However, this case also requires us to determine whether chapter

468 of the Iowa Code allows CCP to file a suit against the Board for

money CCP voluntarily spent to repair a drainage improvement.
                                     7

Specifically, we must determine whether section 468.83 is applicable to

this dispute.    Resolution of these disputes turns on questions of

statutory   construction,   and   we     “review   questions   of   statutory

construction for correction of errors at law. Consequently, our review is

for correction of errors at law.” Estate of Ryan v. Heritage Trails Assocs.,

Inc., 745 N.W.2d 724, 728 (Iowa 2008) (citation omitted).

      III. Statutory Framework.

      Article I, section 18 of the Iowa Constitution allows the legislature

to
      provide for the organization of drainage districts, vest the
      proper authorities with power to construct and maintain
      levees, drains and ditches and to keep in repair all drains,
      ditches, and levees heretofore constructed under the laws of
      the state, by special assessments upon the property
      benefited thereby.

Iowa Const. art. I, § 18.   Chapter 468 of the Iowa Code contains the

multitude of provisions that govern the creation, operation, and funding

of drainage districts.   Section 468.2 declares that “[t]he drainage of

surface waters from agricultural lands and all other lands or the

protection of such lands from overflow shall be presumed to be a public

benefit and conducive to the public health, convenience, and welfare.”

Iowa Code § 468.2(1). A county board of supervisors has the authority to

establish a drainage district when it is “conducive to the public health,

convenience or welfare.” Id. § 468.1.

      The following passage provides a general overview of drainage

districts in Iowa:

            A drainage district is an area of land, set out by legal
      proceedings, which is subject to assessment for drainage
      improvements within the area. Its affairs are managed by
      the county board of supervisors in a representative capacity.
      Once the district’s original construction has been completed
      and paid for, the district may be placed under the
      management of a board of trustees.
                                      8
            A drainage district may be formed on the petition of
      two or more owners of land within the proposed district. The
      board of supervisors has the authority to establish a
      drainage district if it finds that establishment of the district
      would benefit the public welfare.

            The board of supervisors has the power to buy, lease,
      or condemn land on behalf of the drainage district. The
      board awards contracts for construction of drainage
      improvements to be made within the district. Drainage
      improvements include such things as ditches, drains, levees,
      and settling basins.

Fisher v. Dallas County, 369 N.W.2d 426, 428 (Iowa 1985) (citations
omitted).

      Two or more landowners may petition the county auditor for the

establishment of a drainage district. Iowa Code § 468.6. The board of

supervisors then appoints an engineer who must survey the land to be

contained in the proposed district and file a report with the board

proposing a plan for the district.         Id. §§ 468.10–.12.   If the board

approves the engineer’s plan and report, then the board must set a

hearing date for the petition and the auditor must notify each landowner

within the proposed district. Id. § 468.14. The notice must, among other

things, inform landowners in the proposed district

      that all claims for damages except claims for land required
      for right-of-way, and all objections to the establishment of
      said district for any reason must be made in writing and filed
      in the office of the auditor at or before the time set for such
      hearing.

Id.

      At    the   hearing,   the   board    must   determine    whether   the

construction of the proposed drainage improvement will materially

benefit the land in the proposed district and be “conducive to the public

health, convenience, or welfare.” See id. § 468.21–.22. The board must

      consider the costs of construction of the improvement as
      shown by the reports of the engineer and the amount of
                                     9
      damages and compensation awarded to all claimants, and if
      . . . it finds that the cost and expense is not a greater burden
      than should be justly borne by the land benefited by the
      improvement, it shall finally and permanently locate and
      establish the district and improvement.

Id. § 468.27.   Once a drainage district is established, it acquires a

permanent easement for purposes of constructing and maintaining the

drainage improvement. Id.

      Chapter 468 also lays out a funding mechanism for the

construction of drainage improvements across the district’s newly
acquired easements and lands:

      The cost of establishing a drainage district and constructing
      and maintaining its drainage lines and other improvements
      is defrayed by assessing the landowners within the district in
      proportion to the benefit that accrues to each owner’s land
      from the establishment and maintenance of the district. The
      board of supervisors on behalf of the district may also issue
      bonds, payable only out of money raised by future
      assessments, for the purpose of meeting the expenses of
      establishing or maintaining a drainage district. The board,
      however, has no power to impose a general tax for the benefit
      of a drainage district.

Fisher, 369 N.W.2d at 428–29 (citations omitted).      Drainage and levee

taxes are levied and collected by the county treasurer and kept in a

separate fund. Iowa Code § 468.528. The treasurer may only disburse

the money on “the orders of [the board of] trustees, signed by the

president of the board, upon which warrants shall be drawn by the

auditor upon the treasurer.” Id.

      Once a drainage improvement has been constructed, drainage

districts have “a positive mandate to keep the drainage system in such

condition that it will function properly and perform the service for which

it was intended.”   Wise v. Bd. of Supervisors, 242 Iowa 870, 873, 48

N.W.2d 247, 248 (1951); see also Iowa Code § 468.126(1). However, the

Code gives the board a number of different ways to repair, restore or
                                     10

maintain the drainage improvement.           See Iowa Code § 468.126.

Depending on the extent of the repair, the board may be required to

provide landowners in the district with notice and a hearing.            Id.

§ 468.126(1)(c).

      The costs of repairs or new improvements must be paid from the

funds of the drainage district. Id. § 468.127. If there are insufficient

funds on hand, “the board within two years shall levy an assessment

sufficient to pay the outstanding indebtedness and leave the balance

which the board determines is desirable as a sinking fund to pay

maintenance and repair expenses.” Id.; see also id. § 468.61. Thus, any

repair to the drainage improvement will ultimately be paid for solely by

assessing the property located in the district.

      Drainage district improvements must necessarily cross railroad

rights-of-way.     Sections 468.109 to 468.113 address how the cost of

these intersections will be allocated between the district and the railroad.

Iowa Code §§ 468.109–.113; Chi. & Nw. Transp. Co. v. Webster Cnty. Bd.

of Supervisors, 880 F. Supp. 1290, 1295–96 (N.D. Iowa), aff’d, 71 F.3d

265 (8th Cir. 1995). When a proposed improvement crosses a right-of-

way, section 468.109 requires the board to serve notice on the railroad,

indicating the nature and location of the improvement and the plans for

how the improvement will cross the right-of-way. Iowa Code § 468.109;

Chi. & Nw. Transp. Co., 880 F. Supp. at 1295. The railroad company is

then directed

      to construct such improvement according to said plans and
      specifications at the place designated, across its right of way,
      and to build and construct or rebuild and reconstruct the
      necessary culvert or bridge where any ditch, drain, or
      watercourse crosses its right of way, so as not to obstruct,
      impede, or interfere with the free flow of the water therein,
      within thirty days from the time of the service of such notice
      upon it.
                                    11

Iowa Code § 468.109.

      Should the railroad fail to construct the culvert or bridge within

thirty days, the board may construct the intersection itself and collect

the costs, including any necessary attorney’s fees, from the railroad in

the appropriate district court. Id. § 468.112. If the culvert or bridge that

is needed at the intersection is located at a natural waterway or a place

provided by the railroad for the flow of water, then the cost of the bridge

or culvert must be borne by the railroad without reimbursement from the

drainage district. Id. § 468.111. However, if the culvert or bridge is not

at a natural watercourse or place chosen by the railroad for the flow of

water, then the railroad must be reimbursed for the cost of the

construction ordered by the district in the notice provided in section

468.109. See Chi., Rock Island & Pac. Ry. v. Bd. of Supervisors, 196 Iowa

370, 372, 194 N.W. 266, 267 (1923).

      With this statutory framework in mind, we now address the

parties’ arguments in this case.
      IV. Whether a Private Party Can Bring a Suit Against a
Drainage District for Reimbursement of Money Spent Repairing the
Intersection of a Drainage Improvement and a Railway.
      The Board claims that Iowa law does not allow a suit against a

drainage district for money damages. The Board also claims that if CCP

felt the Board was not performing its statutory duty to repair its drainage

improvements, the proper remedy was to file a mandamus action to

compel the Board to properly maintain the drainage improvement, not to

simply repair the collapsed area under the railroad’s right-of-way and

then file a suit for reimbursement.       CCP claims that this was an

emergency situation and that the appeals provision found in section

468.83 authorizes CCP to seek reimbursement from the Board in the

district court.
                                          12

        A. Error Preservation.         As a preliminary matter, we must first

determine whether the statutory immunity issue is properly before us.

CCP moved for summary judgment on June 23, 2009.                           The Board

resisted and moved for summary judgment in its favor on August 24,

2009.    The Board’s brief supporting its motion for summary judgment

argued that the drainage district was immune from CCP’s suit for

damages because there is no provision of Iowa law “that authorizes or

creates a cause of action in favor of a railroad against the trustees of the

drainage district to recover the railroad’s expense in repairing its

culvert.” In a reply brief, CCP “concede[d] that [it] could have sought a

mandamus, [but] the problem here was timeliness.” 2 The issue was also

discussed at the hearing, and the district court acknowledged the

Board’s immunity claim in its December 14 ruling. Although the district

court ultimately found for the Board and dismissed CCP’s petition, it did

not rule on the Board’s immunity claim. The Board also briefed the issue

on appeal, and CCP addressed the issue in its reply brief.

        “[W]e will affirm a trial court on any basis appearing in the record

and urged by the prevailing party.” In re Estate of Voss, 553 N.W.2d 878,

879 n.1 (Iowa 1996).         Because the Board raised the issue before the

        2CCP  also claimed that the Board did not raise the issue of immunity at the
hearing or in the answer to CCP’s petition and that “[t]he failure to assert the defense
should be sufficient to reject the defense.” Under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.421(1),
certain defenses may be raised by pre-answer motion, and if a filed pre-answer motion
does not contain those defenses, the defenses will be deemed waived. Iowa R. Civ. P.
1.421(1), (4). The Board did not file a pre-answer motion and chose to raise the
immunity defense in its motion for summary judgment.
        The use of the word “may” [in rule 1.421(1)] indicates that raising such
        defenses in a pre-answer motion is permissive, and as such, the pleader
        may choose to raise the defense in a pre-answer motion, a responsive
        pleading, or in some other manner such as a motion for summary
        judgment.
Antolik v. McMahon, 744 N.W.2d 82, 83–84 (Iowa 2007). Accordingly, the issue is not
waived.
                                        13

district court, prevailed in that court on another ground, and raised the

issue on appeal as an alternative ground for affirming the district court’s

dismissal of CCP’s petition, error has been preserved, and the issue is

properly before this court. See id.

      B. Whether Mandamus is the Proper Remedy. Once a drainage

improvement has been constructed, the board, acting as trustee for the

drainage district, has a duty to “keep the improvement in repair.” Iowa

Code § 468.126(1). “[K]eeping a drainage ditch in repair [is] a mandatory

statutory duty of the Board of Supervisors . . . .” Welch v. Borland, 246

Iowa 119, 121, 66 N.W.2d 866, 868 (1954). If the board fails to perform

the required repairs, then a mandamus action is the appropriate remedy

for a complaining party. 3 See Voogd, 188 N.W.2d at 391 (“A drain once

completed is under the supervision of the supervisors, and they can be

compelled by mandamus to maintain it and keep it in repair.”); Welch,

246 Iowa at 121–22, 66 N.W.2d at 868; see also Wise, 242 Iowa at 874–

75, 48 N.W.2d at 249. Following a successful mandamus action, “[t]he

board is merely ordered to repair the drainage improvements.                      The

manner in which it proceeds to do this is within its sound and honest

discretion.” Wise, 242 Iowa at 875, 48 N.W.2d at 249. We have also
held that a board’s refusal to repair a drainage improvement is a refusal

to act rather than an affirmative action.            Id.   Therefore, the appeal

provisions contained in sections 468.83 and 468.96 are not applicable in




      3According   to the Iowa Code,
              The action of mandamus is one brought to obtain an order
      commanding an inferior tribunal, board, corporation, or person to do or
      not to do an act, the performance or omission of which the law enjoins as
      a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station.
Iowa Code § 661.1.
                                         14

such a situation and mandamus is the appropriate remedy. 4 Id. at 874–

75, 48 N.W.2d at 249; see also Welch, 246 Iowa at 121–23, 66 N.W.2d at

868–69.

       Our more recent cases have continued to recognize that there are

“limited circumstances in which a drainage district is subject to suit” and

that the legislature has “sharply restrict[ed] the circumstances in which

the affairs of a drainage district are subject to judicial action.” Fisher,

369 N.W.2d at 429. “Our cases have consistently held that a drainage

district is not susceptible to suit for money damages. It has no corporate

existence for that purpose.”       Id.   A drainage district’s immunity is not

based on the doctrine of sovereign immunity; instead, it flows from the

fact that a drainage district is an entity with “special and limited powers

and duties conferred by the Iowa Constitution.” Id. at 430. The special

and limited powers of a district mean that a drainage district can only be

sued to compel, complete, or correct the performance of the board or the

district. Id. at 429 (“Suits have been allowed only to compel, complete, or

correct the performance of a duty or the exercise of a power by those

acting on behalf of a drainage district.”); see also Gard v. Little Sioux

Intercounty Drainage Dist., 521 N.W.2d 696, 698 (Iowa 1994) (reaffirming

Fisher).

       As noted above, our previous interpretations of chapter 468

provide that if a party believes a board of supervisors is not performing

its statutory duty to keep a drainage improvement in repair, that party’s

remedy is a mandamus action to compel the board to perform its duty.


       4Wise  refers to various sections of chapter 455 of the Iowa Code. In 1989, the
legislature reorganized the provisions on drainage law and moved chapter 455 to
chapter 468. 1989 Iowa Acts ch. 126, § 2(2). However, the substance of the appeal
provisions was not changed. Compare Iowa Code §§ 455.92, .106 (1987), with Iowa
Code §§ 468.83(1), .96 (2009).
                                    15

We have recognized this remedy for over sixty years. Wise, 242 Iowa at

874–75, 48 N.W.2d at 249.      The legislature has not responded to our

interpretation of this aspect of the drainage district statutes, indicating

its tacit acceptance of mandamus as the appropriate remedy for board

inaction. See Gard, 521 N.W.2d at 698 (“Under similar circumstances we

have invoked the principle that issues of statutory interpretation settled

by the court and not disturbed by the legislature have become tacitly

accepted by the legislature.”). We see no reason to abandon our previous

holdings that, in situations such as the one before us, mandamus is the

proper remedy. If the mandamus action is successful and a court orders

the board to make repairs, how the board chooses to make the repairs is

“within its sound and honest discretion.” Wise, 242 Iowa at 875, 48

N.W.2d at 249. A mandamus action ensures that the board will perform

its duty to maintain drainage improvements; at the same time, it

respects the board’s wide discretion regarding the exact manner and

nature of the repair to be undertaken.        See Iowa Code § 468.126

(providing a board several options and procedures for repairing and

reconstructing drainage improvements).

      Before the district court and at oral argument, CCP acknowledged

that mandamus was a possible route it could have taken to compel the

Board to repair the damage to the drainage improvement. However, CCP

claims that a mandamus action would have been untimely, impractical,

and prejudicial to CCP.     According to CCP, “the repairs had to be

undertaken immediately—this is a railroad moving freight after all.”

      The emergency nature of the repair performed by CCP was

discussed at the hearing.     CCP’s attorney questioned the railroad’s

technical service engineer about the impact of delaying the repair:
                                    16
            Q. . . . [W]hat was the time period from when the
      problem was first discovered until when it was fixed? A. It
      was approximately two months.

            Q. All right. A. If memory serves me about 56 days.

            Q. And because this is the railroad’s main line, could
      the railroad have waited months in order to have it fixed? A.
      Oh, no, no, as a matter of fact, we affected temporary repairs
      and we tried to go in and make the repairs, but this was in
      May and if you remember correctly in May of 2008, the
      monsoons began here in Iowa, so we—we basically couldn’t
      actually get the contractor to do the work until things dried
      up. It wouldn’t have been safe for him to try it.

            Q. But if you had waited months to make the repairs,
      how would it have impacted the railroad? A. Well, we dealt
      with the ten mile an hour slow-over during that period of
      time.

            Q. What does slow-over mean? A. We have to slow
      our trains down, it obviously takes more time and fuel
      consumption to do that because we have to start and stop.

            Q. So over this section of track, they could only go ten
      miles an hour? A. That’s correct.

            Q. What is the speed limit of that track? A. The
      normal speed limit over that track is either 40 or 50 miles
      per hour, I don’t remember right exactly.

           Q.     And would this have been considered             an
      emergency for the railroad? A. Oh, yeah, yeah.

In the event of an emergency, the railroad argues it is free to make

whatever repairs it desires and then force the drainage district to pay for

those repairs.     CCP has not provided any cases or statutes which

support the idea that a mandamus action is the appropriate remedy

when the board refuses to make repairs, unless a railroad is responding

to an emergency.

      The lack of authority for CCP’s position is not surprising because

the statute is simply not set up this way. The board is responsible for

seeing that repairs are made. Iowa Code § 468.126. When a drainage

improvement crossing the railroad’s right-of-way needs to be rebuilt or
                                     17

reconstructed, the board is responsible for drawing up plans for the

rebuilding or reconstruction of the improvement and serving those plans

on the railroad. Id. § 468.109. The railroad then has a duty to “build or

rebuild the necessary culvert or bridge.” Id. § 468.110. If the railroad

refuses,   the   board   “shall   provide   for   the   construction   of   the

improvement” and may file suit against the railroad to collect the cost.

Id. § 468.112.    There is no corresponding provision that allows the

process to work in reverse, where the railroad determines how the repair

or reconstruction should be constructed, makes the repair, and then files

suit against the board or the district for reimbursement. The legislature

has not created such a provision, and we are bound by that choice.

      Moreover, the facts of this case do not support the creation of an

exception to our general rule requiring a mandamus action to compel the

Board to make repairs. CCP was able to continue using the track after it

made a temporary repair by filling the collapsed tile with crushed rock.

Once the temporary repair was in place, CCP did not stop running trains

over the affected area, but instead slowed them to ten miles per hour.

This may have been inconvenient and increased CCP’s fuel costs, but it

does not rise to the level of an emergency that would convince us to set

aside well-established precedent and upset the system the legislature

has established for building and maintaining drainage improvements.

Additionally, according to CCP’s engineer, heavy rains and wet conditions

made it impossible to make a permanent repair to the drainage

improvement for nearly two months. During this time, CCP could have

filed a mandamus action against the Board to compel it to repair the

drainage improvement in whatever way the Board saw fit. Instead, CCP

chose to make the repairs on its own, without direction from the Board,

and now seeks reimbursement under the same statutory framework that
                                     18

it initially chose to sidestep. A mandamus action was the proper course

of action under the facts of this case.

      C. Whether the Appeals Provision is Applicable to This

Dispute.   CCP filed its petition with the district court under section

468.86 and claims section 468.83 is an enabling provision that allows it

to file suit against the Board. Section 468.83 provides that “[a]ny person

aggrieved may appeal from any final action of the board in relation to any

matter involving the person’s rights, to the district court of the county in

which the proceeding was held.”      Iowa Code § 468.83(1).    CCP filed a

claim with the Board for reimbursement of the cost to repair the drainage

improvement and for the increased fuel costs associated with the train

slow down. The Board denied this claim which, as noted above, was not

based on any statutory provision cited to this court. CCP claims that the

language “any matter involving the person’s rights” is broad enough to

encompass the denial of a claim for reimbursement. We disagree.

      We begin by noting that when a drainage district refuses to make

repairs, a mandamus action, and not an appeal, is the proper remedy.

In Wise, the plaintiffs filed an action in mandamus against the board to

compel the board to clear a drain and ditch. 242 Iowa at 872, 48 N.W.2d

at 248. The board claimed that the appeal provision barred a mandamus

action. Id. at 874–75, 48 N.W.2d at 249. We disagreed and noted that

the “suit was brought to compel the performance of an official duty

enjoined by law. It was based upon the failure by the board to act rather

than upon any affirmative action. Hence, the provisions for appeal were

not applicable.”   Id. at 875, 48 N.W.2d at 249 (emphasis added).       We

reaffirmed this position three years later, in Welch v. Borland, 246 Iowa

119, 66 N.W.2d 866 (1954). There, we decided a case where landowners

brought a mandamus action “asking that an order issue directing [the
                                     19

board] to make repairs to the drainage ditch.” Id. at 120–21, 66 N.W.2d

at 867–68. We held that a mandamus action was a proper remedy for

the board’s refusal to act. Id. at 123, 66 N.W.2d at 869.

      We do not believe the legislature intended the appeal provision to

apply to a case such as this one where a railroad voluntarily makes

repairs and then sues the district for reimbursement.       Section 468.83

only involves board decisions impacting a person’s rights. Since CCP did

not follow the statutory framework, it had no right to compensation.

Drainage district funds can only be spent when authorized by the board.

Iowa Code § 468.528. Depending on what course of action the board had

chosen to take to repair or rebuild the drainage improvement at issue in

this case, it may have been necessary to give notice to landowners and

hold a hearing. Id. § 468.126. Here, the record does not indicate that

the Board approved the type of repair CCP made to the drainage

improvement or the expense incurred in making the repairs. When CCP

undertook this repair without following proper procedures, it took the

risk that it might not be compensated for the repair if statutory

procedures were not followed.     See Voogd, 188 N.W.2d at 393 (“[T]he

party who enters into a contract with . . . a political subdivision of a

county does so at the peril that the political subdivision . . . involved has

not complied with . . . its statutory mandate from the legislature.”).

CCP’s decision to repair the tile drain without receiving the notice and

plans required by section 468.109 meant that it had no right to expect

reimbursement that was not provided for in chapter 468. Simply put,

CCP’s decision and action was voluntary and was not the result of the

Board’s actions.

      The history of the appeal provision further convinces us that it was

not drafted to permit judicial review of the Board’s decision not to
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reimburse those who voluntarily make repairs on their own property.

The Iowa Code was substantially revised in 1924.                    As part of that

revision, the legislature amended, revised and codified various provisions

of Iowa’s drainage law. Iowa Code Revision Bills No. 185 (1923) (codified

at Iowa Code § 7513 (1924)). The statutory language currently contained

in section 468.83(1) appeared for the first time in that bill. Compare id.

§ 72, with Iowa Code § 468.83(1) (2009).              According to the notes that

accompanied the code revision bill, the broad language contained in that

section “substituted for many provisions scattered throughout the

present law.” Iowa Code Revision Bills No. 185, § 72, note, at 185-41 to

185-42. According to the code commissioner, the new appeal provision

was designed to replace the appeals provisions found in sections 4841,

4850, 4854 and 4861 of the Code in effect at that time. 5                   Id.   These

sections all addressed situations where the board was exercising its

authority to compel some sort of action by a private landowner or the

board’s attempt to change some aspects of a landowner’s property. See

Iowa Code §§ 4841, 4850, 4854, 4861 (1919).                  The appeals provision




        5Section 4841 described the process for the assessment of damages when a

drainage improvement was constructed. Iowa Code § 4841 (1919). It also allowed any
aggrieved party to “appeal from the finding of the board in establishing or refusing to
establish the improvement district or from its finding in the allowance of damages.” Id.
Section 4850 allowed the board to enlarge, deepen or otherwise change a drainage
improvement after the district was established, but before it was completed, and
provided for an appeal from the board’s decision to make such a modification. Id.
§ 4850. Section 4854 permitted an appeal “from the order of the board fixing the
assessment of benefits upon the lands.” Id. § 4854. Section 4861 allowed the drainage
district to make repairs and levy the costs of those repairs on the land in the district.
Id. § 4861. If plant roots were obstructing a drainage improvement, section 4861 also
allowed the board to destroy and remove the plants that are causing the obstruction.
Id. If the board and the landowner could not agree on the damages for destroying the
plants, then the board determined the damages owed to the landowner for the
destruction of the plants and the landowner had a right of appeal from that
determination. Id.
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simply did not contemplate a situation where a property owner designed

and performed his own repairs and then filed suit against the board.

        The structure of the appeal provision has not changed.        In the

current Code, the appeal provision immediately follows the provisions

relating to the condemnation, assessment, and levying of taxes on land

within the district.      See generally Iowa Code §§ 468.1–.82 (2009).    A

provision allowing suits for the repayment of private money spent outside

the statutory scheme has not been added. Allowing the appeal in this

case would effectively overturn the cases which hold the remedy for the

board’s inaction is mandamus. If an appeal can be brought when the

board denies a claim for reimbursement, then rather than seek

mandamus, a private party would simply make repairs however he or she

sees fit, ask the board for reimbursement, and file suit when that

reimbursement is denied. This process will effectively remove decisions

about     the   repair,    reconstruction   and   rebuilding   of   drainage

improvements from the hands of the board, which is the body assigned

to make such decisions. Private parties would simply be free to make

their own decisions regarding the nature, extent, and method of repair

and then force the board—and thus the landowners in the district—to

pay for those repairs. This is not the system the legislature devised, and

we do not believe the legislature intended the appeal provision to be used

in this manner. We reiterate the point made in our prior cases: when a

suit is “based upon the failure of the Board to act rather than upon any

affirmative action, . . . the provisions for appeal [are] not applicable.”

Wise, 242 Iowa at 875, 48 N.W.2d at 249.

        V. Disposition.

        Under the statutory scheme enacted by the legislature, the Board

has the duty to keep improvements in repair, but it also has the
                                    22

discretion to decide how it will fulfill that duty. CCP’s suit essentially

asks us to remove the Board’s discretion while leaving its responsibilities

intact. This is not the way the chapter operates. Suits against drainage

districts “have been allowed only to compel, complete, or correct the

performance of a duty or the exercise of a power by those acting on

behalf of a drainage district.” Fisher, 369 N.W.2d at 429. Because the

law does not permit CCP to bring this suit, the district court properly

dismissed the action, albeit on a different basis. Accordingly, we vacate

the decision of the court of appeals and affirm the district court’s

dismissal of CCP’s petition.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT

COURT     JUDGMENT       AFFIRMED,       AND   CASE    REMANDED       FOR

DISMISSAL.

      All justices concur except Mansfield, J., who takes no part.
