                                Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 379


                   ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                       DIVISION II
                                      No. CV-16-975

 U.S. CURRENCY IN THE AMOUNT                     Opinion Delivered:   June 7, 2017
 OF $31,418.00 AND NATHAN
 STEVENS                                         APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE
                      APPELLANTS                 COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
                                                 [NO. 43CV-15-236]
 V.
                                                   HONORABLE BARBARA
 STATE OF ARKANSAS                                 ELMORE, JUDGE
                                  APPELLEE
                                                   AFFIRMED

                           WAYMOND M. BROWN, Judge

       Nathan Stevens appeals from the circuit court’s forfeiture of $31,418 found in his

possession during a traffic stop. On appeal, Stevens argues that (1) appellee failed to make a

causal connection between the money hidden in the vehicle and drug trafficking or sales,

and that (2) Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-64-505 1 is ambiguous and contradictory

and does not support the seizure of property where the underlying crime is a misdemeanor

possession of a controlled substance. We affirm.

       On May 14, 2015, appellee filed an in-rem complaint pursuant to the provisions of

Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-64-505, requesting forfeiture of money seized from

appellant’s vehicle on April 18, 2015. On July 28, 2015, appellant filed an answer and

countercomplaint for writ of replevin and argued that, because he was convicted of a




       1
           (Supp. 2011).
                                   Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 379

misdemeanor possession charge, the seizure was unlawful. 2 The circuit court held a

forfeiture hearing on July 25, 2015.

       Sergeant Farris McClain of the Carlisle Police Department testified to going out to

a local Exxon on the afternoon of April 18, 2015, to attempt to unlock a vehicle. A female,

Brandi Scruggs, reported to him that she had locked her keys in the vehicle and led him to

a gray 2014 Ford Escape. After several minutes of unsuccessfully attempting to unlock the

door, two other officers—Dan Hogan and Robert Wakefield—arrived on the scene to assist

McClain. When McClain asked Scruggs what business she rented the car from, she initially

said Enterprise; however, Hogan’s search of the license plate revealed that the vehicle

belonged to a Hertz Rental out of California. McClain asked Scruggs who rented the

vehicle and she mentioned “some girl named ‘Carrie’ she really didn’t know”; “a friend of

a friend.” McClain reported that Scruggs was “acting a little bit nervous at the time.” After

“several more minutes[,]” McClain was able to gain entry to the vehicle. He retrieved the

vehicle’s keys and the rental contract. The contract did not reflect Scruggs’ name nor a

“Carrie” but another individual named Candice Spain who was “out of Kentucky” and was

not in nor around the vehicle.

       About the time of this discovery, a male individual walked up and identified himself

as “David Carneal” with a date of birth of July 1, 1982. McClain was unable to get a return

in the Arkansas Criminal Information Center terminal on that name and date of birth. From

the stand, McClain identified appellant as “David Carneal.” He then asked “Carneal” for



       2
           Appellant had also filed a pro se answer on July 10, 2015.

                                                2
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his identification, which he was unable to provide. When asked their destination during

what McClain described as “somewhat” of a field interview, with the two parties separated,

Scruggs replied with Oklahoma while “Carneal” replied with Arizona. “Carneal” was acting

“very nervous” and McClain could detect a “strong odor” of alcohol on his person.

McClain then confronted “Carneal” on whether he had been drinking and “Carneal”

admitted that he had earlier. When asked who rented the vehicle, “Carneal” identified “an

old friend named Carrie”—“[s]omebody named Carrie”—though he could not give a last

name. During their investigation, McClain “looked around, and [appellant] had left the

scene”; had “walked away” and “just disappeared.” 3

       When McClain determined from the contract that the car was a Hertz rental and not

an Enterprise rental, Hogan contacted Hertz, which advised them to seize the car since

neither Scruggs nor “Carneal” was on the contract. McClain asked Scruggs and “Carneal”

if they had anything illegal in the vehicle, to which they each replied no. Prior to the

inventory search, and pursuant to the seizure requested by Hertz, Wakefield ran a K-9 sniff

that alerted for narcotics. The officers then conducted a “full-on search.” Numerous items

were found therein; of pertinence, a small bag of “green-leafy substance suspected [and later

confirmed] to be marijuana[,]” a half-smoked marijuana cigarette, and money. Upon

locating the money, Scruggs and “Carneal” were advised that they were under arrest for

three misdemeanor charges; 4 “Carneal” admitted the marijuana belonged to him at that


       3
         There was no testimony regarding whether “Carneal” returned on his own or if the
officers went in search of him.
       4
        Appellant was charged with possession of marijuana, misdemeanor obstructing
operations, and misdemeanor possession, all Class A misdemeanor charges.
                                            3
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time. The car was inventoried and towed to an impound lot, and Scruggs and “Carneal”

were taken to the police department, after which an “extended” search was conducted on

the vehicle at the impound lot. Regarding the money found during that search, McClain

testified as follows:

       And during this time we found a large quantity of money. It was in three or four
       different places. In the back cargo area, there was [sic] storage pockets back there in
       both pockets. While I’m looking through there, there was some glue. I can’t
       remember exactly. I think it was in the back seat. But while we were looking and
       inspecting the vehicle at that time, I see glue around the center console, the gearshift.
       At that point we was [sic] able to gain entry, and there was another large amount of
       marijuana there. I mean—I’m sorry—a large amount of money. No other marijuana
       was found in the vehicle. The money is just what I found prior to being impounded.
       The money was found underneath. You just pull this cover up, and I believe the
       glove compartment contained a large quantity of money. We took it to First State
       Bank, and they determined it was $31,418 in cash.

       After “about a two hour period[,]” “Carneal” finally revealed his true identity as

Nathan Stevens and gave his correct date of birth, which McClain confirmed. McClain

never told Stevens that he had found the money, and Stevens “never said anything about,

‘I’ve got some money in my car.’” Stevens never spoke of the large amount of money, only

the money in his wallet. A confiscation report was prepared and forwarded to the

prosecutor’s office. McClain admitted that his seizures “typically . . . involved felony amount

[sic] of drugs along with some cash”; however, the “large amount in these various places

concealed with their demeanor led [him] to believe the money was used for drugs.” This

was in addition to Stevens’s failure to even tell him that the money was in the vehicle. He

testified that he believed the money was used for drug trafficking, buying or selling drugs,

and that was why he seized it.




                                               4
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          Wakefield testified to assisting McClain with the locked-car situation involving

Scruggs and Stevens. 5 He stated that Scruggs was acting nervous at the time, and “didn’t

act like she just had a locked vehicle”; she acted like “something further was going on.” He

stated that Stevens went through two different names before correctly identifying himself. 6

Stevens denied any knowledge of any of the money outside of the “roughly” $1,500 in his

wallet.

          Corporal Vic Coleman, of the Arkansas State Police’s Interstate Criminal Patrol Unit,

testified that his unit does criminal interdiction, which includes drug interdiction. Noting

that he had looked at the facts of this particular case, read the report, and viewed the video,

Coleman was permitted to testify as an expert without objection. He testified that his

expertise was in land-based trafficking, noting that the “great majority of narcotics that travel

into the United States cross the Mexican border, the southwest quarter from Mexico to the

United States through California, Texas, Arizona, Mexico.” He stated that drugs

traditionally moved east along I-40 going to major cities in the east and money traditionally

is travelling westbound “back to the border back into Mexico.” He testified that in a lot of

these drug cases, the parties will have conflicting stories, like when Scruggs stated that she

and Stevens were heading to Oklahoma while Stevens stated that they were headed to

Arizona.


          5
        Wakefield was present when Stevens was arrested and when the money was found
in the vehicle.
          6
       Stevens also identified himself as Brandon Henderson. Hogan also testified, but his
testimony was duplicative of McClain’s and Wakefield’s testimony.


                                                5
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       Coleman had consistently seen in his history, a third-party rental, as in this case where

neither Scruggs nor Stevens knew who rented the vehicle and “didn’t know each other

very well, apparently.” Coleman stated that this was because “they don’t want to lose their

personal vehicle if it is seized.” 7 However, he admitted that just being in a rental car “would

not mean anything to [him].” Coleman stated that the “guy who owns the money, he

doesn’t want to be where the money’s at, so he rents a vehicle and gives a third party the

money and the vehicle and says, ‘Go to point A.’”

       What “jumped out at [Coleman]” were the facts that Stevens and Scruggs were

headed to Arizona because it is a “source area for narcotics” as recognized by the DEA, the

individuals were nervous, they were deceptive, and neither party claimed the money. The

fact that very little drugs were found did not “mean anything to [Coleman] one way or

another” because you traditionally “don’t see a lot of drugs in a vehicle” and it was actually

“uncommon to find drugs in the vehicle at all” because “they don’t want the drugs and the

money in the same place.” But he admitted that he had had cases in which there were drugs

and money. An individual’s lack of criminal history could go both ways, having no criminal

history, or a lot of history. Coleman found it to be suspect that the money was found in

different locations. He opined that “$30,000 is a lot of money for anybody to have on you”

and noted that he would not seize $5,000 or $10,000 “[w]ithout other indicators.” His

opinion was that the money in this case was “destined to be used in exchange for drugs.”




       7
           “They” were not identified, but appears to refer to drug dealers.

                                                6
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       During appellant’s counsel’s cross-examination, she stated that she was “confused on

that as to what [Coleman’s] role here is[,]” to which the circuit court responded “[a]s an

expert witness. That was it. He didn’t say he was involved in any of it or anything else. And

you said it was okay for him to be a witness.” After explaining her belief that Coleman had

some role in the case, to which the circuit court responded that he had not, appellant’s

counsel stated that she had no questions of Coleman.

       Stevens then testified that he lives in Kentucky and “got a ride from this person

[presumably Scruggs]” to go see his dad in Shreveport, Louisiana. 8 He denied trafficking

drugs and stated that he gave a false name because he had a warrant out of Kentucky for

failing to report to his parole officer. He stated that the $39,000 that was taken from him

was “lawfully [his,]” having been given to him by his mother right before she passed away. 9

Stevens stated that he concealed the money because he is from the country and “don’t know

much about the city” and he was “thinking that if somebody sees that [money] in the city,

[he heard] [of] people getting hurt and killed all the time . . . [he] figure [sic] somebody

would try to rob [him].” He used the money to buy and sell cars. He did not tell the police



       8
           He had stated that he was going to see his mother in Arizona on the date of the
seizure.
       9
        Though Stevens refers to $39,000 having been taken from him, nowhere in the
record does that figure appear; however, he stated that he was not claiming the police
department stole $8,000. Furthermore, in his pro se answer, he asserted that the seized
amount included “$31,711.00, plus the $1,484.00 that was in [his] pocket.” Additionally,
Stevens stated that he had obtained $55,000 from his mother in total and that it was money
she had saved in cash in a wall in her trailer home because she “did not trust banks.” He
asserted that he did not put the money in a bank because of his warrant, which he asserted
would not allow him to open a bank account. He had lived off the money for ten years,
according to his testimony.
                                              7
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where the money was because they were “going to keep it” and he would be going through

a hearing “like this” if he told them. He planned to “wait and have somebody come down

here and get [his] belongings out of impound and get [the money] out of the vehicle”; “why

go through all this whenever [he] could just have somebody come pick [the money] up?”

He did not think that plan was bold. He admitted that he had not “known [Scruggs] very

long” and admitted that he had been convicted of felony possession of a controlled

substance, manufacturing methamphetamine, and theft of identity in the last ten years.

       Stevens’s fiancée, whom he referred to as his wife, testified that she had known

Stevens for about “two, three years” before he was arrested. She had no knowledge of him

“ever trafficking in drugs.” She stated that he was in possession of the money lawfully,

having “found the money in [their] trailer when [they were] remodeling, but she went on

to testify that the money was given to him “whenever his mother died” and that she thought

it was “like inherited[.]”

       Following the hearing, the circuit court entered an order forfeiting the money to

appellee on July 28, 2016. Therein, it stated that

       [Stevens’s] explanation for hiding money in concealed locations in the vehicle was
       not believable considering the amount of money he had on his person.
       ....
       [Stevens’s] and his witness’ explanation for the Thirty One Thousand Four Hundred
       Eighteen Dollars ($31,418.00) were different and unrealistic. [Stevens] stated that he
       inherited Fifty-Five Thousand Dollars ($55,000.00) from his mother some years ago.
       [Stevens’s] witness, who was his fiancée, stated they found the money in the wall of
       [Stevens’s] deceased mother’s mobile home when they were remodeling.
       ....
       Also, [Stevens] never stated to the officers that he had money in the vehicle prior to
       the officers finding the money in different locations inside the vehicle. Also, the
       rental vehicle was leased to someone that was not present.
       ....


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       Because [Stevens’s] charges were two misdemeanors, counsel argued the money was
       not forfeitable. However in accordance with Arkansas Code Annotated 5-64-505
       there is a rebuttable presumption that money found in close proximity to a forfeitable
       controlled substance is presumed to be forfeitable under subdivision (a)(7). The
       Claimant did nor [sic] rebut this presumption by a preponderance of the evidence.

This timely appeal followed.

       A forfeiture is an in-rem proceeding, independent of the criminal charge, to be

decided by the circuit court by a preponderance of the evidence. 10 We will not set aside a

circuit court’s decision granting forfeiture unless it is clearly erroneous. 11 A circuit court’s

decision is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate

court, after reviewing the entire evidence, is left with a definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed. 12

       Under Arkansas law, for property to be subject to forfeiture, the State must prove by

a preponderance of the evidence that the property was “used, or intended to be used” to

facilitate a violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. 13 If, however, the property

is found in close proximity to a forfeitable controlled substance, then it is presumed to be

forfeitable, and the burden of proof rests with the claimant of the property to rebut this

presumption by a preponderance of the evidence. 14


       10
       Salim v. State, 2016 Ark. App. 556, at 8, 506 S.W.3d 863, 868 (citing $15,956 In
U.S. Currency v. State, 366 Ark. 70, 233 S.W.3d 598 (2006)).
       11
            Id.
       12
            Id.
       13
        Salim, 2016 Ark. App. 556, at 9, 506 S.W.3d at 869 (citing Ark. Code Ann. § 5-
64-505(a)(6)).
       14
            Id. (citing Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-505(a)(7)).
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       Stevens argues for his first point on appeal that the circuit court erred in forfeiting

the $31,418 because appellee failed to make a causal connection between the money hidden

in the vehicle and drug trafficking or sales. Specifically, he argues that the officers’ testimony

was speculation—not evidence—and states that Stevens’s testimony explained where he was

going, where the money came from, and why he did not tell the officers that the money

was in the car. Finally, he argues that he rejects that there was any “substantial connection”

between the money and drugs because “the Arkansas statute is ambiguous and

contradictory.” To the extent this was an attempt to raise appellant’s “ambiguous and

contradictory” argument under this point, we do not reach the merits of the alleged

ambiguity or contradictory nature of the statute because the above-referenced sentence is

the entirety of his ambiguity-or-contradictory argument under this point. It is axiomatic

that this court will not entertain an argument where there is no citation to authority or

convincing legal argument. 15

       Where the standard of review is a preponderance of the evidence 16 and the entirety

of Stevens’s argument regarding appellee’s alleged failure to prove a causal connection

between the money and drug trafficking comes from the testimony of Stevens and his

fiancée, this court cannot find that the circuit court erred. It appears that the circuit court

found the appellee’s witnesses more credible and simply did not believe appellant’s contrary




       15
         Lewis v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 184, at 5–6, 396 S.W.3d 775, 778 (citing Mills v.
State, 351 Ark. 523, 529, 95 S.W.3d 796, 799 (2003)).
       16
            See $15,956 In U.S. Currency v. State, 366 Ark. 70, 79, 233 S.W.3d 598, 604 (2006).

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explanations. This court will set aside the trial court’s findings only if they are clearly

erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the

credibility of the witnesses. 17

       We do not address the merits of Stevens’s second argument that Arkansas Code

Annotated section 5-64-505 is ambiguous and contradictory and cannot support the seizure

of property where the underlying crime is a misdemeanor possession of a controlled

substance. Before the circuit court, while arguing that a misdemeanor cannot support a

forfeiture, he never raised that argument that the statute itself was ambiguous or

contradictory. A party cannot change the grounds for an objection or motion on appeal,

but is bound by the scope of arguments made at trial. 18 Our supreme court has stated that

the circuit court must have the benefit of the development of the law by the parties in order

to rule adequately on the issues. 19 We will not address an issue that is fully developed for

the first time on appeal. 20

       Affirmed.
       HARRISON and VAUGHT, JJ., agree.
       Law Office of Kathryn L. Hudson, by: Kathryn L. Hudson, for appellant.
       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Ashley Priest, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

       17
         In re Three Pieces of Prop. Located in Monticello, 81 Ark. App. 235, 241, 100 S.W.3d
76, 79 (2003) (citing Ark. R. Civ. P. 52(a); In Re One 1994 Chevrolet Camaro, 343 Ark. 751,
37 S.W.3d 613 (2001); Reddin v. State, 15 Ark. App. 399, 695 S.W.2d 394 (1985)).
       18
        Gooch v. State, 2015 Ark. 227, at 7, 463 S.W.3d 296, 301 (citing Smith v. State, 354
Ark. 226, 242, 118 S.W.3d 542, 551 (2003)).
       19
            Id. (citing Talbert v. State, 367 Ark. 262, 265, 239 S.W.3d 504, 508 (2006)).
       20
        Id. at 8, 463 S.W.3d at 301 (citing Raymond v. State, 354 Ark. 157, 168, 118 S.W.3d
567, 574 (2003)).

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