      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-10-00735-CV



                                      In re FH Partners, L.L.C.


                      ORIGINAL PROCEEDING FROM TRAVIS COUNTY



                                             OPINION


                Relator FH Partners, L.L.C., has filed a petition for writ of mandamus to compel

the district court1 to enforce a contractual jury waiver by striking a jury demand of the real parties-in-

interest, Superior Funding, Inc.; Wave-Tec Pools, Inc.; Nations Pool Supply, Inc.; Jason B. Herring

and Kimberly McCormick a/k/a Kimberly A. Herring (collectively, the Real Parties). We will

conditionally grant the writ.


                                           BACKGROUND

The Loan and Security Agreement

                Real parties Superior, Wave-Tec, and Nations (the Pool Corporations) are affiliated

corporations that formerly were in the business of selling, constructing, and financing customers’

purchases of residential swimming pools.2 Real party Jason B. Herring started the business in the


        1
            The Hon. Rhonda Hurley.
        2
          Wave-Tec marketed, sold, and, through contractors, constructed the pools. Superior
provided financing for Wave-Tec customers through mortgage loans. Nations was the parts-buying
arm of the business.
1990s, and at relevant times he and real party Kimberly A. McCormick (or Herring) were officers

of the Pool Corporations. The record reflects that the business pursued a strategy of rapid expansion

that relied heavily on financing by asset-based lenders, lenders who make extensions of credit

secured by loans, accounts receivable, and other business assets. Among these lenders was

State Bank. On April 30, 2004, the Pool Corporations, through Jason and Kimberly,3 entered into

a Loan and Security Agreement (Agreement) providing the corporations a $4 million line of credit

(later increased to $4.9 million), secured by their customers’ loan accounts and other business assets,

and personally guaranteed by Jason and Kimberly. The term of the Agreement was for three years,

or until April 30, 2007, or such earlier time as State Bank elected to terminate the Agreement in the

event of default. Upon termination, any unpaid balance the Pool Corporations owed would become

immediately due and payable.

                In February 2006, State Bank determined that there was a shortfall of $1.6 million in

the amount of security compared to the amount of the debt, constituting an event of default under

the Agreement. To secure the shortfall amount, Jason caused Superior to pledge stock, and another

corporation he owned or controlled, Grandview Inc., to pledge real property it owned. Ultimately,

however, State Bank ceased to make any further advances under the Agreement after April 2006 and,

in May of that year, gave formal notice of default, citing a now-$1.8 million shortfall and the failure

to provide State Bank financial statements as required under the Agreement. State Bank gave the

Pool Corporations until September 30, 2006, to come into compliance with the Agreement. It also




       3
           We use their first names for clarity.

                                                   2
imposed additional requirements for increasing the security for the debt, including delivering at least

five new customer accounts each week.

                 On December 21, 2006, in advance of a January 2007 merger with Prosperity

Bancshares, State Bank’s parent corporation sold and assigned the Agreement to FH Partners, P.C.,

the predecessor to relator FH Partners, L.L.C. (collectively and individually FH ). FH is apparently

an affiliate of FirstCity Servicing Corporation, which specializes in purchasing, servicing and

managing distressed debt. It is undisputed that State Bank did not seek or obtain the Real Parties’

consent to the assignment.

                 Following the assignment, FirstCity, on FH’s behalf, took the position that the

Pool Corporations were in default, as State Bank had, and, like State Bank, did not make

further advances under the Agreement. Although the parties proposed various debt restructuring

or refinancing arrangements, including a proposal by Jason to securitize Pool Corporation

customer loans, no such arrangements were ever agreed to.


The First Suit

                 In February 2007, the Pool Corporations, along with Grandview, sued State Bank,

FH, FirstCity, and various individual defendants (the First Suit). They alleged that the defendants

had breached contractual and tort duties in inducing the Pool Corporations to enter into the

Agreement, declaring the Pool Corporations in default, refusing to make further advances under the

Agreement, refusing to release or return collateral that the corporations purportedly could have used

to obtain alternative financing, and taking various other actions allegedly restricting their access

to cash and financing. They further alleged that these actions, in turn, deprived the business of the

                                                  3
working capital and financing necessary to sustain its operations, causing it to cease operations, incur

liabilities to multiple customers and vendors, and suffer a mortal loss of goodwill and business

reputation. Among numerous theories they advanced, the plaintiffs asserted that State Bank had no

right to assign the Agreement to FH without the Pool Corporations’ consent and that such consent

was never obtained. Consequently, the plaintiffs asserted, the defendants breached the Agreement

by purporting to effect the assignment without the Pool Corporations’ consent and that State Bank

committed fraud and negligent misrepresentation by representing that it had the authority to assign

the Agreement when it did not.

                The plaintiffs demanded a jury. The defendants filed a motion to strike the

jury demand, citing a contractual jury waiver that constituted the last substantive paragraph of the

Agreement, concluding on the same page where the Pool Corporations’ signature lines began:


        24.8    Waiver of Trial by Jury. IN RECOGNITION OF THE HIGHER
                COSTS AND DELAY WHICH MAY RESULT FROM A JURY TRIAL,
                THE PARTIES HERETO WAIVE ANY RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY
                OF ANY CLAIM, DEMAND, ACTION OR CAUSE OF ACTION (A)
                ARISING HEREUNDER, OR (B) IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH
                OR RELATED OR INCIDENTAL TO THE DEALINGS OF THE
                PARTIES HERETO, OR ANY OF THEM, WITH RESPECT
                HERETO, IN EACH CASE WHETHER NOW EXISTING OR
                HEREAFTER ARISING, AND WHETHER SOUNDING IN
                CONTRACT OR TORT OR OTHERWISE; AND EACH PARTY
                FURTHER WAIVES ANY RIGHT TO CONSOLIDATE ANY SUCH
                ACTION IN WHICH A JURY TRIAL HAS BEEN WAIVED WITH
                ANY OTHER ACTION IN WHICH A JURY TRIAL CANNOT BE, OR
                HAS NOT BEEN WAIVED; AND EACH PARTY HEREBY AGREES
                AND CONSENTS THAT ANY SUCH CLAIM, DEMAND, ACTION
                OR CAUSE OF ACTION SHALL BE DECIDED BY COURT TRIAL
                WITHOUT A JURY, AND THAT ANY PARTY HERETO MAY FILE
                AN ORIGINAL COUNTERPART OR A COPY OF THIS SECTION
                WITH ANY COURT AS WRITTEN EVIDENCE OF THE CONSENT

                                                   4
               OF THE PARTIES HERETO TO THE WAIVER OF THEIR RIGHT
               TO TRIAL BY JURY.


The plaintiffs did not dispute that this jury-waiver provision was enforceable and applicable to their

claims in the First Suit, and did not oppose the defendants’ motion to strike their jury demand. See

In re Prudential Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 124, 130-35 (Tex. 2004) (compelling enforcement of

contractual jury-waiver provision in face of arguments that provision was unenforceable on

constitutional or public policy grounds and was not knowingly and voluntarily agreed to). The

district court signed an agreed order striking the jury demand in July 2009. The case proceeded

toward a bench trial setting during the last week of October 2009.

               In September 2009, the plaintiffs non-suited their claims against FH and FirstCity.

Thereafter, the case went to trial as scheduled before the Hon. Scott Jenkins. During trial, the

plaintiffs dismissed all of their claims except for their fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims

against State Bank. At the conclusion of trial, Judge Jenkins rendered a take-nothing judgment

against the plaintiffs. No findings of fact and conclusion of law were prepared, nor does the record

reflect that any were requested. This judgment is now final for appellate purposes.


The Second (Present) Suit

               Meanwhile, in October 2007, FH had filed a separate action against the Real Parties

to recover a debt of over $4.4 million that it alleged the Real Parties owed under the Agreement

(the Second or Present Suit). On March 25, 2008, the Real Parties filed a counterclaim against FH

complaining of essentially the same types of injuries they had claimed in the First Suit, including

the allegedly wrongful refusal to make advances under the Agreement, retention of collateral,

                                                  5
and restriction of the Pool Corporations’ access to financing and thus its ability to do business. With

their counterclaim, the Real Parties also filed a jury demand.

               Three days thereafter, on March 28, the district court granted FH a temporary

injunction restraining the Real Parties from collecting any payments on their customers’ notes that

were in FH’s physical possession; interfering with FH’s collection of payments; selling, refinancing,

or pledging the notes; or “modifying, altering, secreting, tampering with, or otherwise manipulating

[the Pool Corporations’] books and records regarding the Notes.” The court set a trial date for

October 27, 2008 on FH’s claims for damages and permanent injunctive relief.

               Over the next two-and-a-half years, FH and the Real Parties obtained a total of

five agreed continuances of the trial setting and extensions of the temporary injunction. In each

agreed motion seeking continuance, the parties explicitly acknowledged that FH, by joining in

the motion, was not waiving its right to contest the Real Parties’ jury demand. A similar statement

appeared in each agreed order granting the continuances. FH ultimately did not file a motion to

strike the Real Parties’ jury demand until May 24, 2010. The timing of FH’s filing complied with

an April 22, 2010 agreed scheduling order that had set a deadline of June 15, 2010 for FH to file that

motion. Subsequently, a September 17, 2010 amended agreed scheduling order—signed on the same

date as the most recent agreed continuance order—set a deadline of November 3, 2010 for FH

to have its motion to strike heard. The record reflects that FH made a request for the hearing on the

same date, September 17, 2010, and that it obtained a hearing for November 3. The hearing went

forward at that time.




                                                  6
                As with the defendants’ motion to strike the jury demand in the First Suit, FH’s

motion in the Second Suit was based on the Agreement’s jury-waiver provision, which FH claimed

the right to enforce as State Bank’s assignee.4 While not disputing that the jury-waiver provision

had been valid and enforceable as to State Bank, the Real Parties argued that State Bank’s rights

under the Agreement had not been validly assigned to FH because they had never consented to

the assignment. Consequently, the Real Parties urged, they never formed an agreement with FH (as

opposed to State Bank) to waive their right to jury trial of any claims against it. At a minimum, the

Real Parties insisted, “fact issues” remained as to whether the Agreement was assignable without

their consent. FH joined issue by arguing that State Bank’s rights under the Agreement could be

assigned without the Real Parties’ consent and that the Real Parties were barred by collateral

estoppel from contending otherwise because the assignment’s validity had been fully and fairly

litigated in the First Suit.

                Evidently persuaded by the Real Parties that some sort of factual determination was

necessary to determine whether or not the Agreement had been assignable without the Real Parties’

consent, the district court refused to grant FH’s motion to strike the Real Parties’ jury demand

and instead opted to carry the motion to trial—a jury trial set for January 24, 2011—effectively

depriving FH of any rights it would possess under the jury-waiver provision. Cf. Prudential Ins. Co.,


        4
           FH has not raised, and we do not address, whether the jury-waiver provision might
be enforceable against the Real Parties under theories other than contractual assignment. See, e.g.,
Meyer v. WMCO-GP, LLC, 211 S.W.3d 302, 305-08 (Tex. 2006) (discussing application of equitable
estoppel to enforce arbitration agreement on behalf of non-signatory against signatory); see also In re
Prudential Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 124, 131-35 (Tex. 2004) (looking to principles governing arbitration
agreements—like contractual jury waivers, a type of forum-selection agreement—in determining
enforceability of jury-waiver provision).

                                                  7
148 S.W.3d at 138 (explaining that “[i]n no real sense” can a trial court’s denial of a party’s

contractual right to have the other party waive a jury “ever be rectified on appeal . . . . [e]ven if [the

party] could somehow obtain reversal based on the denial of its contractual right, it would already

have lost a part of it by having been subject to the procedure it agreed to waive”).

                FH filed its mandamus petition within ten days thereafter.             We requested a

response from the Real Parties and set the cause for oral argument on January 12, 2011. In advance

of oral argument, FH requested an emergency stay of trial court proceedings, including the

January 24 jury trial setting, which we granted pending our resolution of its petition.


                                              ANALYSIS

                A writ of mandamus may issue to correct a trial court’s clear abuse of discretion

or violation of duty imposed by law where no “adequate” remedy by appeal exists. See Walker

v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992). A clear abuse of discretion occurs when the

trial court’s decision is so arbitrary and capricious that it amounts to clear error. See id. Because

a trial court has no “discretion” in determining what the law is, it is said to “abuse its discretion” if

it interprets or applies the law incorrectly. See id. at 840. A trial court’s abuse of discretion

in failing or refusing to enforce a valid contractual jury waiver is remediable by mandamus. See

Prudential Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 135-40.

                Bringing forward its arguments from below, FH urges that the district court abused

its discretion in refusing to enforce the Agreement’s jury-waiver provision because the assignment

validly conveyed to it State Bank’s rights under the Agreement and because collateral estoppel bars

the Real Parties from contending otherwise. In response, the Real Parties urge, as a threshold matter,

                                                    8
that we should deny FH’s petition without reaching the merits because FH waived any entitlement

to mandamus relief by failing to diligently pursue its motion to strike their jury demand.


Waiver

               In contending that FH waived any right it would have possessed to enforce the jury-

waiver provision through mandamus, the Real Parties emphasize the concepts that mandamus is

an “extraordinary” remedy whose issuance is “largely controlled by equitable principles”and that

equity “aids the diligent and not those who slumber on their rights.” Rivercenter Assocs. v. Rivera,

858 S.W.2d 366, 367 (Tex. 1993) (quoting Callahan v. Giles, 155 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tex. 1941)).

As for how those concepts should be applied here, the Real Parties assert that this case is analogous

to Rivercenter, in which the Texas Supreme Court held that a party had impliedly waived its rights

to seek mandamus relief to enforce a contractual jury waiver by “wait[ing] over four months after

the filing of the Defendants’ jury demand before asserting any rights it may have had under the

jury waiver provisions” and “[t]he record reveals no justification for this delay.” Id. at 367-68. In

the Real Parties’ view, FH’s “delay in asserting its alleged rights under the contractual jury waiver

provision is much more egregious than the four month delay described in Rivercenter” because FH

did not file its motion to strike until almost twenty-six months after the Real Parties demanded a jury

(March 25, 2008 until May 24, 2010) and waited almost another four months to request a hearing

(until September 17, 2010) and nearly another two-and-a-half months to obtain a ruling (until

November 3, 2010). The Real Parties further urge us to infer that this “delay” was “intentional,”

“strategic,” without “reasonable justification,” and even “sanctionable,” with no conceivable purpose




                                                  9
except “gamesmanship” to gain leverage in a fall 2010 mediation, disrupt pretrial preparations, and

delay trial at the “eleventh hour.”

               The Real Parties’ analysis of when or how one waives the right to seek mandamus

relief is incomplete and inaccurate, both legally and factually. Implied waiver of a party’s right

that is remediable by mandamus, as the Texas Supreme Court has emphasized in decisions since

Rivercenter, is not a function of the passage of time in and of itself, though the passage of time may

be relevant, but more generally of facts and circumstances that “clearly demonstrate[]” the party’s

intent to waive its right through “either the intentional relinquishment of a known right” or

intentional conduct “unequivocally inconsistent with claiming a known right.” In re Gen’l Electric

Capital Corp., 203 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding) (citations omitted)

(distinguishing Rivercenter and holding that party did not impliedly waive its right to enforce

contractual jury waiver through mandamus). And it follows, as the supreme court has further

explained, that “[t]here can be no waiver of a right if the person sought to be charged with waiver

says or does nothing inconsistent with an intent to rely upon such right.” Id.

               As for the factual record, the Real Parties have ignored numerous intervening events

that explain and justify FH’s timing in litigating its motion to strike and inform the inferences that

we can reasonably draw from FH’s conduct. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 811-12

(Tex. 2005) (discussing contextual evidence). These facts and circumstances include, most notably,

a succession of continuance motions, continuance orders, and scheduling orders revealing that the

parties—both FH and the Real Parties themselves—agreed to postpone adjudicating the Real Parties’

entitlement to a jury trial while pursuing settlement and litigating the First Suit, ultimately agreed



                                                 10
to the very schedule FH followed in filing its motion to strike and having it heard, and joined

in repeatedly and consistently recognizing FH’s ongoing intent to challenge the Real Parties’ jury

demand in the event the case did not settle:


•      The September 30, 2008 agreed continuance. In the first of their five agreed motions for
       continuance and extension of the temporary injunction, filed on September 30, 2008, the
       parties represented that they had “refrained from extensive discovery” because they had been
       attempting to settle both the Second Suit and the First Suit and “because of activity taking
       place” in the First Suit. They requested that the case be reset and the temporary injunction
       extended until July 20, 2009, “to allow for settlement negotiations.” The agreed motion
       further indicated that FH, by agreeing to the motion, “is not waiving its right to contest
       Defendants’ entitlement to a jury trial.” On the same date, the district court granted the
       parties’ motion by agreed order. The order, like the motion, explicitly acknowledged that
       FH “is not waiving its rights to contest Defendants’ entitlement to a jury trial.”

•      The February 20, 2009 agreed contingent joint scheduling order. The parties agreed
       to, and the district court signed, a scheduling order governing the First Suit and, contingent
       on an order consolidating the two related cases, the Second Suit. The agreed order set a
       deadline of May 15, 2009, for the filing of motions to strike jury demands. There is no
       indication, however, that the two suits were ever consolidated.

•      The May 28, 2009 agreed continuance. On May 27, 2009, the parties filed their
       second agreed motion for continuance and extension of the temporary injunction, requesting
       that trial be reset on October 26, 2009 (the same date as trial in the First Suit). As before,
       the parties represented that they had “refrained from extensive discovery” while negotiating
       to settle the two cases and “because of activity taking place” in the First Suit. And, once
       again, the parties acknowledged that FH “is not waiving its right to contest Defendants’
       entitlement to jury trial.” On the following day, the district court granted the motion by
       agreed order, again noting that FH “is not waiving its rights to contest Defendants’
       entitlement to a jury trial.”

•      The October 9, 2009 agreed continuance. On October 8, 2009, the parties filed their
       third agreed motion for continuance and extension of the temporary injunction, requesting
       that trial be postponed until August 2, 2010. The parties advised that they had “refrained
       from extensive discovery” because they had been attempting to negotiate settlement and
       because of the Real Parties’ pretrial preparations in the First Suit. Once again, the parties
       acknowledged that FH “is not waiving its right to contest Defendants’ entitlement to jury
       trial.” On the following day, the district court granted the motion by agreed order, again



                                                11
       acknowledging that FH “is not waiving its right to contest Defendants’ entitlement to
       jury trial.”

•      The April 22, 2010 agreed continuance. On April 20, 2010, the parties filed their
       fourth agreed motion for continuance and extension of the temporary injunction, requesting
       that trial be reset until October 11, 2010. In this motion, unlike the previous ones, the parties
       advised that settlement negotiations had finally failed and that they “now intend to engage
       in full discovery in this case.” As before, the agreed motion indicated that FH, by agreeing
       to the motion, “is not waiving its right to contest Defendants’ entitlement to a jury trial.” On
       April 22, the district court signed an agreed order granting the continuance and extension as
       requested, again stating that FH “is not waiving its rights to contest Defendants’ entitlement
       to a jury trial.”

•      The April 22, 2010 agreed scheduling order. On the same date that it granted the
       fourth agreed continuance and extension, the district court also signed an agreed scheduling
       order. Among other pretrial deadlines, the parties and court agreed that FH would have until
       June 15, 2010 to file its motion to strike the Real Parties’ jury demand. As previously noted,
       FH filed its motion to strike in advance of the deadline, on May 24, 2010.

•      The September 17, 2010 agreed continuance. On September 17, 2010, the parties filed
       their fifth and most recent agreed motion for continuance and extension. In this motion, the
       parties requested that trial be further postponed in order to mediate the case. As before, the
       parties acknowledged that FH, by agreeing to the motion, “is not waiving its right to contest
       Defendants’ entitlement to a jury trial,” but also addressed the scheduling of a hearing
       on FH’s motion to strike in the event mediation failed to yield settlement. “If mediation is
       unsuccessful,” the parties advised, FH “intends to set a hearing on [its] Motion to Strike Jury
       Demand . . . for a date after mediation.” Depending on the district court’s ruling on the
       motion, the parties requested a trial date of January 17, 2011 for a bench trial or January 24,
       2011 for jury trial. On the same date, the district court signed an agreed order granting the
       motion. Similar to the previous orders, the agreed order indicated that FH “is not waiving
       its right to a determination on its Motion to Strike the Jury Demand of [the Real Parties].”
       Also on the same day, as previously indicated, FH requested a hearing on its motion to strike.

•      The October 4, 2010 amended agreed scheduling order. On October 4, 2010, the
       district court signed an amended agreed scheduling order that set a hearing on FH’s motion
       to strike for November 3, 2010. As noted, the hearing went forward at that time.


               These motions and orders—again, all of which were agreed to by the

Real Parties—fall far short of “clearly demonstrating” that FH intentionally relinquished any right



                                                  12
it possessed to enforce the jury-waiver provision or engaged in intentional conduct “unequivocally

inconsistent” with claiming that right. See id. To the contrary, the record affirmatively demonstrates

FH’s ongoing intent to assert that right. This record further reveals that FH’s timing in pursuing

its motion to strike was not the product of unexplained or unjustified delay, but of the parties’

joint agreement to postpone resolution of the jury-waiver issue, along with discovery and other

pretrial matters, while the parties attempted settlement or litigated the First Suit. Once the parties

ultimately proceeded toward trial, they agreed to a schedule for FH to file its motion and have it

heard, and FH fully complied with these deadlines.

               The Real Parties have not attempted to controvert these facts—and, perhaps tellingly,

they conspicuously omitted any mention of them when raising their waiver arguments in their

response to FH’s petition despite obviously being aware of them; we learned of these facts

only when FH filed a reply and supplemental appendix. When confronted with these facts during

oral argument, the Real Parties conceded that FH did not waive any rights it possessed to seek

enforcement of the jury-waiver provision at the trial level, but attempted to argue that FH somehow

still waived its right to seek mandamus relief in the event the district court refused to enforce the

jury-waiver provision (as it ultimately did). In the Real Parties’ view, in other words, the parties’

numerous agreed continuance motions, agreed continuance orders, and agreed scheduling orders

demonstrate FH’s intent to seek a district court ruling on its motion to strike while also abandoning

the right to appellate relief that would ensure the district court’s ruling complied with the law. The

Real Parties’ proposed distinction between FH’s intent to enforce the jury-waiver provision at the

trial versus appellate levels finds no support in either the record or Texas law. See id. We hold that



                                                 13
FH did not waive its right to seek mandamus to enforce any rights it possesses under the

Agreement’s jury-waiver provision.


Assignment

               We now turn to the merits of FH’s arguments that the district court abused

its discretion in refusing to enforce the Agreement’s jury-waiver provision. We agree with FH

that State Bank’s rights under that provision were validly assigned to it as a matter of law, and do

not reach FH’s contention that collateral estoppel bars the Real Parties from arguing otherwise. See

Tex. R. App. P. 47.1, 52.8(d).

               The parties concur that the validity of the assignment of State Bank’s rights under the

jury-waiver provision turns on whether State Bank was required to obtain the Real Parties’ consent

in order to assign the Agreement to FH.5 Although the Agreement contains no terms that explicitly

either authorize or prohibit assignment, the presumption or general rule under Texas law, as FH

emphasizes, is that all contracts are freely assignable. See Crim Truck & Tractor Co. v. Navistar

Int’l Transp. Co., 823 S.W.2d 591, 596 (Tex. 1992); Dittman v. Model Baking Co., 271 S.W. 76,

77 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1925, judgm’t adopted).6 Similarly, it is the longstanding rule in Texas that

       5
         FH does not contend that State Bank’s rights under the Agreement’s jury-waiver provision
were severable and assignable independently from the other rights purportedly conveyed by
the assignment. Cf. Southern Cmty. Gas Co. v. Houston Natural Gas Corp., 197 S.W.2d 488, 490
(Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1946, writ ref’d) (determining that contract provision sought to be
specifically enforced was severable and, standing alone, assignable). We express no opinion as to
whether they would be.
       6
          Cf. Reef v. Mills Novelty Co., 89 S.W.2d 210, 211 (Tex. 1936) (giving effect to explicit
prohibition against assignment of salesman’s right to commissions without employer’s consent);
Zale Corp. v. Decorama, 470 S.W.2d 406, 408-09 (Tex. Civ. App.—Waco 1971, writ ref’d n.r.e.)
(giving effect to contract provision that explicitly authorized assignment).

                                                 14
the right to collect a debt—including not only debts based in contract but also the broader category

of rights to recover money known as choses in action—is generally assignable. See State Farm Fire

& Cas. Co. v. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d 696, 705-07 (Tex. 1996); Citizens State Bank of Houston

v. O’Leary, 167 S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex. 1942). These principles date back to the English antecedents

of Texas common law, and embody public policies favoring alienability and trade of legal rights to

achieve economic benefit, in derogation of older concepts that rights are unique to particular parties

and particular situations. See Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 705-07; see also O’Leary, 167 S.W.2d at 721

(“It is not the policy of the law of this State to favor restraints upon the alienation of property. Our

courts have held that any species of property is assignable, and that everything which may be called

a debt may be assigned . . . .” (internal quotations omitted)); Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Havoline

Auto Supply Co., 172 S.W. 759, 761 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1914, no writ) (“At the present day,

no doubt, an agreement to pay money, or to deliver goods, may be assigned by the person to whom

the money is to be paid or the goods are to be delivered, if there is nothing in the terms of the

contract . . . which manifests the intention of the parties that it shall not be assignable.” (quoting

Arkansas Smelting Co. v. Belden Mining Co., 127 U.S. 379, 387 (1888))).

                 While acknowledging that “[a]s a general rule . . . contracts are assignable absent a

restriction preventing their sale or assignment,” the Real Parties attempt to distinguish the rights

assigned to FH by suggesting that the “general rule” derives solely from contract language

specifically allowing assignment,7 the negotiability of the instrument in question,8 or statutes that

        7
            See Zale Corp., 470 S.W.2d at 408-09.
       8
         See Vernor v. Southwest Fed. Land Bank, 77 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2002, pet. denied) (promissory note was assignable by original lender without debtor’s consent). At
some length, the Real Parties argue that the Agreement is not a negotiable instrument.

                                                  15
have been repealed or do not apply here,9 as opposed to the Texas common or decisional law

on which FH relies.10 These arguments misconstrue the jurisprudence and its historical roots. See

Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 706-07 (surveying historical evolution of assignability of rights in equity and

common law and noting that Texas decisional law has long permitted assignments of non-negotiable

instruments and “rights not covered by the statute” (citing Kelley v. Bluff Creek Oil Co, 309 S.W.2d

208, 212 (Tex. 1958); O’Leary, 167 S.W.2d at 721)); Dittman, 271 S.W. at 77 (“At one time no non-

negotiable obligation was assignable. But this was by reason of a state and stage of society and a

dominant sentiment that have long passed. The doctrine has been abandoned even in theory.”).

               But the primary means by which the Real Parties have attempted to avoid the general

rule is by invoking a long-recognized exception that applies when a contract is said to “rel[y] on the

personal trust, confidence, skill, character or credit of the parties.” See Crim Truck & Tractor Co.,

823 S.W.2d at 596. The notion underlying this “personal trust . . . or credit” exception is that the

general policy of free assignment should yield to a contracting party’s interest in choosing the person

with whom it deals with respect to certain types of contractual rights or duties that, by their nature,

       9
          The Real Parties correctly observe that numerous older Texas cases addressing assignability
of contracts reference a statute—on the books between 1840 and the legislature’s 1965 enactment
of the U.C.C.—that explicitly made assignable “any instrument not negotiable by the law merchant.”
See, e.g., Reef, 89 S.W.2d at 211; Dittman v. Model Baking Co., 271 S.W. 76, 77 (Tex. Comm’n
App. 1925, judgm’t adopted); see also Act approved Jan. 25, 1840, 4th Cong., R.S., §§ 1-4,
1840 Rep. Tex. Laws 144, 144-46, reprinted in 2 H.P.N. Gammel, The Laws of Texas 1822-1897,
at 318-20 (Austin, Gammel Book Co. 1898) (formerly at Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. arts. 568-
71 (Vernon 1948)), repealed by Act of May 19, 1965, 59th Leg., R.S., ch. 721, § 10-102,
1965 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 179-80.
       10
            Although it briefly alluded to the U.C.C. during oral argument, FH did not assert in its
mandamus briefing that the U.C.C. makes the Agreement assignable, nor does the record indicate
that it ever did below. Instead, FH has relied solely on the above Texas common law or equitable
concepts that govern assignability of contract rights.

                                                  16
contemplate or require performance only by a specific person. See Menger v. Ward, 30 S.W. 853,

855 (Tex. 1895) (“Rights arising out of a contract can not be transferred if they involve a relation

of personal confidence, such that the party whose agreement conferred those rights must have

intended them to be exercised only by him in whom he actually confided.”). These types of rights

or duties:


        arise on account of suretyship; technical guaranty; personal relationship, as between
        master and servant; personal skill or services, as in such a case, or that of an attorney
        for his client; personal terms of contract, as where a particular obligee is made the
        measure of performance, the agreement is to supply what he “needs,” or he is to be
        “satisfied”; or confidence or trust, as from lender toward borrower—it being
        everywhere conceded that in such instances a man has a right to choose the
        individuals with whom he will deal.


See Dittman, 271 S.W. at 77. “But, saving exceptions of these kinds, the full and unexceptional

liberty of restricting alienation of contractual rights has given way,” and Texas law has long

been said to be quite “liberal” in favoring assignment. Id. at 77-78 (citing numerous examples of

contractual rights and duties held to be assignable, including “such obligations as to clean city

streets, to keep railroad cars in repair, to erect and operate a mill,” “to supply hops of a certain

standard,” “to insure against fire,” “to paint, paper, and whitewash a house,” “to construct and

operate a street railway extension for five years in behalf of a land company owning a city addition,”

“to maintain a switch and furnish cars and freight service at a lumber mill,” and to construct

an oven).

                The Real Parties have attempted to rely on what is perhaps the most common

application of the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception. Texas courts have long held that a debtor



                                                   17
cannot assign an extension of credit or delegate its duty to pay a creditor without the creditor’s

consent. See Menger, 30 S.W. at 855; Lancaster v. Greer, 572 S.W.2d 787, 789-90 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Tyler 1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Magnolia Petroleum Co., 172 S.W. at 761. This reflects a view

that a creditor’s agreement to extend credit inherently contemplates a specific debtor and that the

creditor should not be effectively forced to extend credit to a different debtor without the creditor’s

consent. See Menger, 30 S.W. at 855 (“In the relation of debtor and creditor there is more than

simply the financial ability of the debtor and the value of the security given; the character of the

man is oftentimes worth more than his property as an assurance of prompt payment, and security of

that which he holds upon the lien exists. But it is useless to speculate upon reasons that might be

assigned why a creditor might prefer one man to another as his debtor; it is his right to make

his own contracts, with which courts can not interfere except to enforce them as made.”); Lancaster,

572 S.W.2d at 790 (“The rationale . . . is that credit contracts by their very nature involve a

relationship between the seller and buyer of personal confidence and trust, such that the seller [who

extends credit] must have intended the rights conferred by the contract to be exercised only by him

in whom he actually confided.”); Magnolia Petroleum Co., 172 S.W. at 761 (although party “was

willing to give credit to [the debtor], it does not follow that he was willing to give credit to [the

debtor’s assignee]. It could not be forced to do so by a mere assignment of the contract.”).

                The Real Parties urge that this rule applies equally to prevent creditors from assigning

their contractual rights against debtors without the debtors’ consent, not just debtors from unilaterally

assigning their obligations to someone else. While acknowledging that the cases have typically

proscribed attempted assignments by debtors rather than creditors, the Real Parties urge that “the



                                                   18
case law expressly and repeatedly expresses the rule both bilaterally and in the plural.” In support,

they cite instances where Texas courts, when referencing the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception,

have used phrases like “contracts involving the extension of credit” or “providing for credit between

the parties” without immediately specifying whether they are referring to assignments by debtors

or creditors.11 From this, the Real Parties conclude that the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception

is implicated here because the Agreement “involves” an “extension of credit”—State Bank’s

extension of credit to them—and any distinctions between State Bank’s right to receive payment

versus the Real Parties’ obligations to make the payments are immaterial.

                FH insists that while the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception prevents debtors

from unilaterally assigning their obligations without creditors’ consent, it does not apply in the same

way to restrict a creditor from assigning its corresponding rights against the debtor. We agree

with FH—the exception and its underlying rationale do not extend to a creditor’s assignment of its

right to receive payment from a debtor. Vernor v. Southwest Fed. Land Bank, 77 S.W.2d 364, 366

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied) (rejecting defaulting debtors’ argument that promissory

note involved “personal credit” and, therefore, could not be assigned by original lender; “[o]nly the

[debtors’] credit is implicated, not the bank’s”);12 see Dittman, 271 S.W. at 77 (exception applied

       11
             See, e.g., Zale Corp., 470 S.W.2d at 408 (“An exception to this rule is that a contract
providing for credit between the parties is not assignable.”); Southern Cmty. Gas Co., 197 S.W.2d
at 489 (“A contract providing for credit between the parties is not assignable.”); Ampsco Pipeline
Co. v. Donico Prod. Co., 112 S.W.2d 483, 485 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1938, writ dism’d)
(“. . . the well-established exception to the general rule of assignability—that is, where the contract
involves the extension of credit.”).
       12
           The Real Parties urge that Vernor hinged on the negotiability of the promissory note at
issue. It didn’t, and such a distinction, as previously noted, is unavailing. See Vernor, 77 S.W.2d
at 366; see also Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 706-07.

                                                  19
to contracts relying on “confidence or trust, as from lender toward borrower” (emphasis added)).13

There is simply no Texas authority holding that a creditor’s right to receive payment on a debt is

the sort of contractual right that Texas law regards as being predicated on a debtor’s “personal trust

. . . or credit” in a creditor, such that the creditor cannot freely assign that right. See Vernor,

77 S.W.2d at 366. Indeed, as we previously noted, the right to receive payment on a debt has

long been considered among the types of rights that Texas law deems freely assignable. See Gandy,

925 S.W.2d at 705-07. The citations the Real Parties portray as establishing the “bilateral” or

“plural” application of the exception to debtors turn out to be dicta or out-of-context quotations, not

holdings.14 No Texas court has so held and, lacking such authority, we will not be the first.

                On the other hand, the Real Parties have insisted that, whatever the general rules

regarding assignments by creditors versus debtors might be, the Agreement nevertheless uniquely

“relied” on their “trust” and “confidence” in State Bank’s “personal” “skill,” “character,” or “credit,”

so as not to be assignable without their consent. Although they insist that such “reliance” is

established as a matter of law within the “four corners” of the Agreement, they rely primarily on

evidence of what they term “facts and circumstances surrounding the formation of the contract” that,

in their view, raises “fact issues” in this regard. This evidence consists principally of an affidavit

prepared by Jason Herring. The gravamen of Jason’s testimony is that he had sought out a lender

       13
          See also Restatement (Second) Contracts § 317 cmt. d (1981) (“When the obligor’s duty
is to pay money, a change in the person to whom the payment is to be made is ordinarily not
material.”).
       14
          The Real Parties also assert that this basic distinction between the assignability of debtors’
obligations versus creditors’ rights “is a patent violation of the equal protection clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” However, they offer no authorities or
analysis to support that novel proposition. See Tex. R. App. P. 52.3(h), 52.4(d).

                                                  20
that (in addition to possessing sound “character” and “credit”) was knowledgeable, experienced,

and committed to the sort of asset-based financing that had fueled the business’s past growth

and success; that he had determined that State Bank and its personnel fit the bill; that the

Pool Corporations executed the Agreement (and the guarantors the guarantee) in reliance on this

“personal trust” and “confidence” in State Bank’s “skill,” “character,” or “credit;” and that they

would not have contracted with “any bank or commercial lender who was not heavily committed

to asset-based lending as a substantial part of its core business” or “small, inexperienced or

improperly motivated lenders.”15 The Real Parties also point to evidence to the effect that the

business model or strategy of FH and/or FirstCity was not asset-based lending, but purchasing

of bad debt and resolving it for more than it paid. As FH suggests, the Real Parties’ view of the

“personal trust . . . or credit” exception is flawed in numerous respects.

               Contrary to the Real Parties’ view, application of the exception does not turn on a

particular party’s subjective “trust” or “reliance” upon entering into a particular contract, but on

whether the rights it conveys to the other party are a type that Texas law regards as “involving a

relation of personal confidence” such that the other party should not be permitted to unilaterally

substitute another for itself through assignment. See Menger, 30 S.W. at 855; Dittman, 271 S.W.

at 77-78. And to determine the nature of the rights the parties have conveyed, we begin (as with any

issue of contract construction or interpretation) with the Agreement’s language, the objective

manifestation of their intent. Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 311-12




       15
         FH objected below that Herring’s testimony was incompetent because it consisted of parol
evidence and unsupported legal or factual conclusions.

                                                 21
(Tex. 2005). Contract terms are given their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meanings, and

contracts are to be construed as a whole in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all provisions

of the contract. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tex. 2005). If a contract

can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation, it is not ambiguous and is construed

as a matter of law. Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).

                There is no ambiguity regarding the terms of the Agreement that are material to

whether the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception applies. To summarize those terms, State Bank

agreed to extend a line of credit to the Pool Corporations (specifically, Superior) over a three-year

period, subject to earlier termination in the event of default. The debt was to be secured by customer

loan accounts and other assets of the business. The size of advances or draws the Pool Corporations

could obtain was tied to the value of their customer accounts that secured their indebtedness, capped

by an aggregate limit, and subject to adjustments by State Bank based on events of default or other

developments it perceived to negatively impact its security interest. In turn, the Pool Corporations

were required to pay back the debt, plus interest, with the entire outstanding indebtedness coming

due and payable upon termination. By the time of State Bank’s assignment to FH, as previously

noted, the Pool Corporations had drawn millions under the line of credit, and State Bank had

declared the Real Parties to be in default and ceased to make further advances. FH and FirstCity

followed a similar course through the Agreement’s eventual termination.

                A creditor’s agreement to extend credit and receive payment on a debt, again,

has long been held to be assignable by the creditor. See Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 705-07; Vernor,

77 S.W.2d at 366. In urging that the Agreement conferred additional rights on State Bank that



                                                  22
implicate the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception, the Real Parties allude generally to terms

that, in their view, afford State Bank “discretion” or “judgment” in regard to “what collateral would

be accepted for the borrowing base,” “the bank’s possession and release of loan files,” “the bank’s

collection and allocation of the borrower’s income,” and “[t]he size of the loan” or adjustments in

the lending base or limit. They also emphasize what they portray as the “long-term,” “ongoing,” and

“complex” nature of the “relationship”—a three-year line of credit, as contrasted with a one-time

loan or credit sale. Their basic reasoning seems to be that because the Agreement, as they see it,

was one-sided (echoing a theme from the First Suit) and placed their business financially at

the mercy of State Bank to “cooperate” and “deal fairly and intelligently with them and in a manner

that would support their business model,” it reflects that they necessarily relied on “trust” or

“confidence” in State Bank’s unique attributes, “skill,” “character” or “credit” when agreeing to

those terms. Leaving aside that the terms of the Agreement arguably negate this sort of reliance,16

the Real Parties refer us to no authority holding that a lender’s discretion in regard to making

advances under a line of credit comes within the sorts of contractual rights that Texas law regards


       16
            Among other features, the Agreement contains a merger clause providing that the
Agreement “supersedes all other agreements and understandings between the parties hereto . . .
relating to the subject matter hereof,” disclaiming any promises by State Bank to induce the
Real Parties into the Agreement, and agreeing that “[n]o course of dealing, course of performance
or trade usage, and no parol[] evidence of any nature, shall be used to supplement or modify
any terms.” Furthermore, while the Real Parties dispute its enforceability, it remains that the
Real Parties agreed to “RELEASE[], EXCULPATE[], AND INDEMNIF[Y] [STATE BANK]
. . . FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY ARISING FROM ANY ACTS BY ANY ENTITY,
INCLUDING LENDER, UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR IN FURTHERANCE THEREOF
. . . .” See Springs Window Fashions Div., Inc. v. Blind Maker, Inc., 184 S.W.3d 840, 868-75
(Tex. App.—2006, pet. granted, remanded by agr.) (op. on reh’g) (applying Schlumberger Tech.
Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 179-80 (Tex. 1997), and Prudential Ins. Co. v. Jefferson
Assocs., 896 S.W.2d 156, 162 (Tex. 1995)).

                                                 23
as “involving a relation of personal confidence” such that the lender should not be permitted to

unilaterally substitute another for itself through assignment. We further observe that even if the

Real Parties’ arguments concerning State Bank’s “discretion” otherwise had merit, the principal

contractual right assigned to FH was the right to collect the Real Parties’ debt—quintessentially

among the types of rights that Texas law deems freely assignable. See Heffington v. Hellums,

212 S.W.2d 245, 248 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1948, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“The only substantial rights

passing by the assignment then were the debt due [the creditors and assignors] . . . . There can be no

question but that the debt due [the creditors] was assignable, for it has been held that ‘everything

which may be called a debt may be assigned.’” (quoting 5 Tex. Jur. Assignments § 6 (1930))).

                In short, the rights conferred to State Bank under the Agreement and assigned to

FH do not, as a matter of law, implicate the “personal trust . . . or credit” exception to the general

Texas rule favoring free assignment of contract rights. Nothing in the Real Parties’ evidence of

“facts and circumstances surrounding the formation of the contract” can alter this conclusion. This

proof, even if competent, would not be material to whether the contract rights assigned to FH are the

type to which the exception applies. See Menger, 30 S.W. at 855; Dittman, 271 S.W. at 77-78.

                Because State Bank was not required to obtain the Real Parties’ consent for the

assignment, the absence of such consent cannot render the assignment invalid. As there has been

no other basis presented for holding the assignment invalid, FH, as State Bank’s assignee, owns the

right to enforce the Agreement’s jury-waiver provision. See, e.g., Thweat v. Jackson, 838 S.W.2d

725, 727 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992) (“[I]t is axiomatic that an assignee . . . stands in the shoes of the

assignor and obtains the right, title, and interest that the assignor had at the time of the assignment.”),



                                                    24
aff’d, 883 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. 1994). By refusing to enforce FH’s rights under this provision by

granting its motion to strike the Real Parties’ jury demand, the district court abused its discretion.

See Prudential Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 135-40.


                                          CONCLUSION

               We conditionally grant FH’s petition for writ of mandamus. The writ will issue only

if the district court fails to comply with this opinion. The stay of proceedings issued by this Court

will remain in effect until the district court complies with this opinion.




                                               __________________________________________

                                               Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton and Rose

Filed: February 17, 2011




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