                                       NO. 12-12-00378-CR

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                 TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

                                           TYLER, TEXAS

KENNETH NEAL WALKER,                                     §       APPEAL FROM THE 241ST
APPELLANT

V.                                                       §       JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE                                                 §       SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
        Kenneth Neal Walker appeals his conviction for injury to a child. He raises three issues
on appeal. We affirm.


                                                BACKGROUND
        Appellant and his wife, Shelley Walker, are the biological grandparents of B.W., N.W.,
and T.W., whom they adopted in December 2010. B.W. is the youngest of the three children.
On February 28, 2012, she sustained second degree burns to the top and bottom of her feet that
required medical treatment and hospitalization. Thereafter, a Smith County grand jury indicted
the Walkers for the offense of injury to a child.
        The Walkers pleaded not guilty to the charge, and a joint jury trial was held. The jury
found them both guilty of the offense, made an affirmative deadly weapon finding, and assessed
punishment at twenty-five years of imprisonment. This appeal followed.1



        1
           Appellant requested that counsel be appointed to represent him on appeal because he was indigent. The
trial court appointed the same attorney to represent Appellant and Shelley in each appeal. Appellate counsel
explained in court that he was not aware of any conflict of interest in representing both of the Walkers. The trial
court judge then asked Appellant whether he “waiv[ed] any conflict that may arise from the Court appointing
[appellate counsel] to represent both” him and Shelley on appeal and whether he was “agreeable” to the dual
representation. Appellant responded, “Yes, sir.”
                                 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
       In his first issue, Appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support
the verdict. In his second issue, he contends that the evidence is insufficient “to support the jury
verdict that this was serious bodily injury.”
Standard of Review
       When sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we view all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict to decide whether any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,
895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The reviewing court defers to the jury’s credibility and weight
determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight of
their testimony. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. A jury
is permitted to draw multiple reasonable inferences as long as each inference is supported by the
evidence presented at trial.    Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
However, juries are not permitted to come to conclusions based on mere speculation or factually
unsupported inferences or presumptions. Id.
       A “presumption” is a legal inference that a fact exists if the facts giving rise to the
presumption are proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 16. An “inference” is a conclusion
reached by considering other facts and deducing a logical consequence from them.                 Id.
“Speculation” is mere theorizing or guessing about the possible meaning of facts and evidence
presented. Id. A conclusion reached by speculation may not be completely unreasonable, but it
is not sufficiently based on facts or evidence to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
       Inference stacking is impermissible; thus, when we apply the Jackson v. Virginia
standard of review, we determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon
the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable
to the verdict. Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 683, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Clayton v.
State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16-17. When the
record supports conflicting inferences, we must presume that the fact finder resolved the
conflicts in favor of the prosecution and defer to that determination. Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 687
(citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; 99 S. Ct. at 2793).




                                                 2
       The sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). A hypothetically correct jury charge accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the state’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried. Id.
       As set forth by the indictment in this case, the State was required to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that on or about February 28, 2012, in Smith County, Texas, Appellant
intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury to [B.W.], a child 14 years of age or
younger, by holding [B.W.] in hot liquid thereby causing burns to [B.W.’s] feet and legs.” See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.04(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014).


                               INTENT TO COMMIT INJURY TO A CHILD
       In his first issue, Appellant argues that the controverted testimony presented at trial
makes the evidence legally insufficient to establish each element of the offense, specifically, the
intent to commit injury to a child.           The State contends that the cumulative force of the
incriminating circumstances is sufficient to prove that Appellant intentionally or knowingly
caused injury to B.W.
Applicable Law
       Injury to a child is a result-oriented offense requiring a mental state that relates not to the
specific conduct, but to the result of that conduct. Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007) (citing Alvarado v. State, 704 S.W.2d 36, 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). Thus,
the question is not whether Appellant’s conduct was intentional or knowing, but whether the
result of that conduct, B.W.’s injury, was intentional or knowing. See Williams, 235 S.W.3d at
750; Zuniga v. State, 393 S.W.3d 404, 412 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. ref’d). Under
the penal code,


               (a)       A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of
               his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or
               desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.

               (b)      A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature
               of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of
               the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts



                                                        3
               knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is
               aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.


TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a), (b) (West 2011).
       Knowledge and intent may be inferred from the acts, words, and conduct of the accused.
Kelley v. State, 968 S.W.2d 395, 399 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1998, no pet.); Martinez v. State, 844
S.W.2d 279, 283 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992, writ ref’d); see also Hernandez v. State, 819
S.W.2d 806, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc) (“[M]ental culpability is of such a nature that
it generally must be inferred from the circumstances under which a prohibited act or omission
occurs.”).
The Evidence
       At the time of the alleged offense, the Walkers were raising three children: B.W., age
two, N.W., age three, and T.W., age six. While B.W. was in the home with the Walkers and
N.W., she sustained second degree burns to the top and bottom of her feet.
       At trial, the State elicited testimony from medical professionals, law enforcement, social
workers, and the Walkers’ daughter-in-law, Amanda. The State’s theory was that one of the
Walkers “dipped” B.W. in scalding water in Shelley’s bathtub and kept B.W.’s feet from
contacting the bottom of the bathtub’s surface. The State maintained that the one who did not
perform the physical act of dipping B.W. into the water was a party to the offense. The Walkers
contended that the manner in which B.W. sustained her injuries was an accident and unknown
because they were in another room when she was burned.
       The Children’s History
       The Walkers adopted B.W. and her two older brothers in December 2010. Prior to their
adoption, Sammie Bedford conducted a social study of the Walkers. In her social study, Bedford
described the three children as “active” and said they “really were a handful.” She noted
concerns that Shelley appeared to be “overwhelmed” trying to take care of the three children.
When she conducted the study, Appellant was working nights, slept during the day, and was
unable to assist Shelley with the children. Bedford recommended that the children be placed in a
mother’s day out program or other educational program for stimulation. She testified that she
had made the notations that Shelley was overwhelmed and the recommendation for the children
to receive outside stimulation as “[k]ind of, to me, just a warning that they were good people.
They could probably care for the children, but they did need some assistance.”


                                                      4
       Bedford testified that she spoke with both of the Walkers individually about how they
discipline the children. Shelley told her that she would usually send the children to their room
and was also trying to use “timeout.” Appellant “made the comment that he had told [Shelley]
she just needed to go outside and get a little switch and use it on the children.” Bedford testified
that after Appellant made that statement, Shelley “stated she could not do that and told
[Appellant] that children placed by CPS are not to be physically disciplined.” Bedford then
explained to Appellant the logic and reasoning behind CPS’s rule against physical discipline, and
he told her that he would abide by the rules. She also testified that both of the Walkers “said
they would not physically discipline the children.”
       Bedford testified that “I know when people get overwhelmed and stressed to the
[breaking] point, they sometimes will do things that they normally wouldn’t do.” Nevertheless,
she recommended in her study that the children remain with the Walkers. Bedford testified that
she did not think Shelley would physically discipline the children and confirmed that when she
was called about this case, she was “totally shocked.”
       Amanda, the Walkers’ daughter-in-law, had been living with the Walkers for a period of
time prior to B.W.’s injury. She confirmed that the children had not ever been punished by any
“unusual” method and testified that the Walkers “didn’t even yell at the children.” Amanda
confirmed that the Walkers would spank the children, but described the spankings as “a love
tap,” and further stated that when the children were disciplined, “they thought it was funny and
[would] laugh at us.”
       Amanda testified that B.W. and N.W. had a history of playing in the bathroom. On more
than one occasion, B.W. and N.W. had locked themselves in the bathroom and overflowed the
sink, toilet, and bathtub. Amanda explained that B.W. and N.W. would climb into the bathtub
fully clothed or on top of the bathroom sink and turn on the water. There was one time in which
the children had squeezed an entire tube of toothpaste onto the bathroom counter and another
time in which they had emptied all of the bottles of soap into the bathtub. Amanda testified that
they had installed locks on the bathroom doors in an effort to keep B.W. and N.W. from entering
the bathrooms without adult supervision. She explained that they had put a lock on Appellant’s
bedroom door and a chain lock outside the bathroom door “recently before this happened,




                                                 5
because we knew something was going to happen to it.”2 Amanda testified that approximately
one week before B.W. was burned, the children (B.W. and N.W.) had overflowed Shelley’s
bathtub so that water flowed out from under the bathroom door.
         Shelley’s Bathroom
         Shelley’s bathroom was connected to her bedroom, which was located at the back of the
Walkers’ duplex.3 The bathtub was standard size and sloped from back to front, with the front of
the bathtub being approximately “an inch and a half” deeper (where the spout is located) than the
back. It had sliding glass doors with a metal railing, and the opening measured twenty-two
inches wide.
         Officer John Weaver photographed the bathtub shortly after B.W. was transported to the
hospital by ambulance. Officer Weaver testified that Appellant used a kitchen knife to pry open
Shelley’s bedroom door in order for them to access the bathroom. He described the bedroom as
“very hot and humid” and the bathroom as “very hot.” A photograph of Shelley’s bathtub
showed that it was almost full of water, with the faucet still running, and several bottles of soap
floating inside. The photograph and testimony at trial also showed that the glass doors were off
the track. Several witnesses at trial confirmed that the photograph appeared to illustrate a scene
in which children were playing in the bathtub.
         Water Temperature and Scalding
         Investigator Jeffrey Scott Rackliff with the Tyler Police Department took measurements
of the water temperature flowing out of the water faucets in the Walkers’ home. He took
readings of the water temperature at the water heater’s temperature setting when they arrived at
the Walkers’ home and then took measurements after adjusting the water heater to its highest
temperature setting. Rackliff testified that after being adjusted to the hottest setting, water
flowing out of Appellant’s bathtub faucet measured 131 degrees Fahrenheit.4 He explained that
he then allowed the water to pool inside the tub to a depth of four to six inches (after the water


         2
          It is unclear whether the chain lock was installed on the outside of the hallway bathroom door only, or if a
chain lock was installed on the outside of Shelley’s bathroom door as well.
         3
          The Walkers lived in a three bedroom, two bathroom duplex. One bathroom was located in the hallway,
and the other was connected to Shelley’s bedroom, which was located at the back of the home. It was in Shelley’s
bathroom that B.W. sustained her injuries.
         4
             All references to temperature are to the Fahrenheit scale unless otherwise noted.




                                                            6
reached its maximum temperature), and that at this depth, the water measured approximately 128
to 129 degrees Fahrenheit.
        Two of the State’s medical experts testified about the temperature necessary for water to
cause a scald burn. Dr. Steven Wolf, a burn surgeon at Parkland Hospital, testified that a child
who was dipped in 131 degree water could sustain injuries similar to B.W.’s after being
submerged for ten to fifteen seconds. However, Dr. Wolf explained that children can also
sustain second degree burns in water measuring 124 degrees in less than one to two minutes. Dr.
Matthew Cox, a pediatrician and medical director for a program that evaluates children in cases
concerning physical abuse or neglect, testified that he believed the water that burned B.W. was
“well over 130 degrees.” He also stated that the temperature of the water “does not change the
fact that [B.W.] has burns.”
        B.W.’s Burns and Other Injuries
        Most of the testimony relating to B.W.’s burns and other injuries came from three expert
witnesses—Dr. Wolf, Dr. Cox, and Dr. Kevin Scott Lawrence.5 The evidence showed that the
burns to B.W.’s feet were consistent with a scald burn associated with “pooled” water rather than
“running” water. Dr. Wolf first saw B.W. on February 29, 2012, and testified that she underwent
surgery for removal of dead skin from her feet. The evidence showed that B.W. had burns to the
bottom of her feet. According to Dr. Wolf, these burns did not appear to be as deep, “simply
because the skin is thicker, but you can see there’s still some blistering.” Upon being shown a
photograph of B.W.’s feet, Dr. Wolf confirmed that the burn on B.W.’s left foot “appears that it
might be somewhat higher on the left than the right.” But he also confirmed that there was a
“clear demarcation at the ankle level” between the injured and the uninjured area.
        Dr. Cox described the burns to B.W.’s feet as “very symmetric,” “uniformly burned,” and
containing a “distinct line[, a water line,] between the burned and the unburned skin.”6




        5
          The State elicited testimony from Dr. Bradley King, the emergency room physician at East Texas Medical
Center who treated B.W.’s burns prior to her transfer to Parkland Hospital. Dr. King’s testimony relating to B.W.’s
burns was limited in comparison to that elicited from Doctors Wolf, Cox, and Lawrence.
        6
            Several photographs of B.W.’s injuries were admitted into evidence. As a general matter, B.W.’s burns
appear to have the “water line” Dr. Cox describes in his testimony. But the depictions of B.W.’s injuries in State’s
exhibits 13 and 14 and Defendant’s exhibits 8, 11, and 12 appear to show the slight “wave” the defense discussed in
its cross examination of Officer Weaver, which is referred to later in this opinion.




                                                         7
        When Dr. Lawrence described B.W.’s burns, he testified, as did Dr. Wolf, that the burns
on B.W.’s right side were lower than the burns to her left side.
        Dr. Wolf testified that B.W. did not appear to have any other injuries and that there were
no signs of struggle or signs of B.W.’s trying to get out of the bathtub. But after he was
presented photographs of scrapes on B.W.’s chest and thigh on cross examination, he agreed that
the scrapes could have occurred the same day that B.W. was burned. Dr. Cox, Dr. Lawrence,
and Detective Michelle Brock, the lead investigator for the case, also confirmed that B.W. had
several scrapes and bruises on her body.7 Two photographs were introduced at trial that showed
a large scratch on B.W.’s chest and left leg. Dr. Cox agreed that the scratches appeared recent
and could “possibly” have occurred the morning B.W. was burned.
        Alleged Indicators of Abuse
        Detective Brock testified that she did not believe B.W. was capable of turning on the
water faucet or climbing into Shelley’s bathtub by herself. However, testimony from Dr. Cox
showed that, based on B.W.’s age, history, and other abilities, she was capable of getting in and
out of a standard sized bathtub. To support this contention, Dr. Cox explained that while B.W.
was hospitalized, she climbed out of her hospital crib, which had railings that were
approximately “a couple of feet above the patient mattress level.” Medical staff found her on the
floor in her room.
                     i.     Lack of Splash Marks
        Dr. Wolf testified that in cases involving scald burns, the water must be hotter than 130
degrees to sustain “splash marks.” B.W. did not sustain any splash marks to her body. Officer
Weaver, Detective Brock, Dr. Cox, and trauma nurse clinician Corey Manges each testified that
the lack of splash marks on B.W.’s body was an indicator of abuse because it showed that B.W.
was not kicking her legs while she was in the water. Thus, her injuries were due to forced
submersion. But Dr. Wolf testified that the lack of splash marks was not indicative of abuse in
this case because the water temperature was not hot enough to create splash marks.8 He further
explained that if the water was 129 degrees, there would be no identifiable injury because the


        7
            Dr. Cox testified that there were no hand marks, hand prints, or any specific grasp marks on B.W.
        8
           Dr. Wolf explained, “See, what I’m getting at is that the lack of splash marks means it could be either
forced or non-forced [sub]mersion.”




                                                           8
water would not be in contact with the skin long enough to cause the splash marks. He testified
further that a lack of splash marks “shouldn’t be an issue” in this case.
        Dr. Cox testified that he considered the lack of splash marks an indicator of forced
submersion because children who are accidentally burned commonly have splash marks. On
cross examination, he testified that he was “not aware of any scientific studies” that have shown
that water must be at least 130 degrees in order to create splash marks as Dr. Wolf had earlier
testified. Dr. Cox was then presented with an article contained in the Journal of Pediatrics
discussing accidental scald burns and read the following:


        [A]t temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit, splash marks do not occur because burning is not
        instantaneous at that temperature.

        In lower water temperatures, the absence of splash marks does not support accidental or inflicted
        injuries.


                      ii.    Lack of Sparing
        In cases involving scald burns to the feet, “sparing” occurs when there is less burning to
the bottom of the foot than the top because the bottom of the foot is in contact with the bathtub
surface, which insulates that portion of the foot from getting burned. The evidence showed a
lack of sparing to B.W.’s feet. Dr. Wolf testified that the existence of sparing is typically a sign
of abuse and forced submersion, but explained that a lack of sparing (as in this case) did not rule
out abuse.9 Dr. Cox testified that the lack of sparing to B.W.’s feet shows that her feet were not
in constant contact with the bathtub surface.
        Dr. Cox and Dr. Wolf both testified that the presence of burns to the bottoms of both of
B.W.’s feet weighed against the contention that B.W. was accidentally in the bathtub. 10


        9
           Dr. Wolf testified that the fact that B.W.’s feet were burned on the bottom means, “It’s unlikely she was
forced or held to the bottom of the tub. It doesn’t mean that she wasn’t put into the tub.”
        10
             Dr. Cox testified that if a child was accidentally in the water,

                    you would see asymmetry, because even if you couldn’t get both legs up, you
                    would lift one up and stand like a bird, a flamingo or something, you’ve got one
                    leg out so it didn’t hurt both feet. . . . And also that water line would not be as
                    regular. When we see kids who accidentally fall into things and stuff that’s
                    really irregular because it’s only the part that touched that water that’s involved.
                    And a normal child moving around is going to keep as much of their skin out of
                    that as possible.




                                                             9
Nevertheless, Dr. Wolf testified that the burns to B.W.’s feet were consistent with walking
around in the bathtub, but stated that he would be “very surprised” to have a child stay in the
water long enough to sustain the kind of burns that B.W. suffered. Dr. Wolf was asked, “Now,
because her feet are burned on the bottom, obviously, that means she was probably moving
around in the bathtub; isn’t that true?” He responded, “That is true.”
         Dr. Cox agreed that a child would sustain burns to the bottom of her feet if she was
walking in a bathtub of scalding water. He maintained, however, that B.W.’s pattern of burns
was consistent with forced submersion because the water line indicates that the child was held
still rather than moving around trying to get out of scalding hot water.11 Dr. Cox also testified
that if a child was walking around in the water by herself, there would be asymmetry in the burns
“because you would lift one leg up so it won’t hurt both feet.” He further explained that


         I think most kids in a bathtub would do what they could to climb out of the bathtub. At that age
         she could easily climb in and out of a bathtub, so normally [she] would lay across the ledge and
         lift their legs out.

         So that would probably be the most likely explanation, diving out, tumbling out, whatever, getting
         their feet out of the water that’s scalding hot.


                    iii.   Cause of Scrapes and Bruises
         Dr. Cox and Detective Brock testified that the existence of scrapes and bruises on B.W.’s
body was concerning because their cause was not clearly explained. According to Dr. Cox, some
of B.W.’s scrapes and bruises were not from “roughhousing kids.” But B.W.’s skeletal survey
did not raise any concerns about B.W.’s being abused or intentionally burned.
         Dr. Wolf, Dr. Cox, Detective Brock, and Dr. Lawrence all agreed that the metal tracks for
the sliding shower doors were capable of causing scratches, and the evidence showed that the
doors were not properly on their tracks when law enforcement arrived after Appellant called 911.
On cross examination, Dr. Cox was presented with a hypothetical about a child being blocked
from exiting the tub, and he testified that he did not believe that being blocked in for five to ten
seconds was very “realistic.” He explained, “I think it would be a second for that kid who was in
that much pain to dive out, knock the other kid over, or do whatever they can to get out. So, it
would be a quick thing because it hurts that bad.”

         11
            Dr. Wolf also testified that if B.W. was walking through water, “there would not be a clear demarcation,”
especially if water was filling the bathtub.


                                                         10
       The Walkers’ Physical Attributes
       B.W. weighed approximately twenty-eight pounds on the day she sustained the injuries to
her feet. Appellant was fifty-four and Shelley was almost sixty years old. Testimony relating to
Appellant’s medical records showed that he has suffered one heart attack, one stroke, and has a
pacemaker. He has carpal tunnel syndrome, has had three surgeries for “the same problem in his
wrist,” and had shoulder surgery within one year prior to B.W.’s injury. The evidence also
showed that Kenneth suffered from back problems that required him to receive “facet
injections,” and was no longer working because he was on disability.
       Shelley’s medical records showed that she was five feet tall, weighed 136 pounds, and
suffered from “essential hypertension, compression arthralgia of ankle/foot, chronic major
depression, and chronic pain syndrome.” The medical records also showed that Shelley’s plan of
treatment was to administer medication for the depression, pain, and hypertension, but
recommended a referral for the “compression arthralgia.” Photographs were later admitted that
showed the “hypertrophy and arthritis” in Shelley’s feet.
       At trial, Dr. Wolf was advised of the Walkers’ health conditions and testified that
Appellant would “have to really try with those medical conditions.” He stated that it would also
be difficult for Shelley to accomplish a forced submersion of B.W. in the bathtub. Dr. Cox
confirmed that he did not consider the capabilities of the adults alleged to have caused B.W.’s
injuries when he made his assessment, and agreed that B.W. was “a lot of weight to hold.”
Nevertheless, Dr. Cox testified that “you can do it as a single person holding a child in water; not
the easiest thing, but definitely could be done by a single person.”
       Detective Brock testified that she did not think it was relevant to factor the Walkers’
physical attributes into whether they were capable of holding B.W. in a position required to
sustain the injuries B.W. suffered. She stated, “[T]hey’re mobile. They’re able to walk around.”
       The Walkers’ Rendition of Events
       Detective Brock testified that the Walkers gave several inconsistent stories, which was
relevant in establishing their guilt because it showed “they’re covering up what really happened
by trying to put a different story out there. Then they can’t remember the story, so they have to
give another story.”




                                                 11
                  i. Explanation to Amanda
         The evidence showed that on the morning B.W. was hurt, Shelley called her daughter-in-
law, Amanda, seeking advice on how to treat B.W.’s burns. Amanda testified that Shelley first
told her the children had locked themselves in the bathroom while she was folding clothes and
that B.W. had burned her feet. It was not until later that Shelley told Amanda that she had made
up the story about folding clothes to protect N.W. so she could account for his whereabouts at
the time B.W. was injured. Amanda explained that Shelley was concerned about accounting for
N.W.’s whereabouts because he had been recently diagnosed with autism and had a history of
“hitting, biting, kicking, throwing, [and] punching.” Amanda testified that the Walkers “didn’t
want it to look like, oh well, [N.W.] was in there with her, so he could have done it, or he could
have coerced her into it, because he could have been right in that bathtub with her.”
         Amanda testified that when she arrived at the Walkers’ home, Appellant told her that he
heard the children crying, B.W. had walked out of Shelley’s bedroom, and Shelley picked up
B.W. She testified that Appellant told her later that day that he thought Shelley was giving
medication to N.W. when B.W. was burned.
                  ii. Explanation to Medical Professionals
         Paramedic Gayle Holt testified that when they arrived at the Walkers’ home, Shelley told
her that “the little girl had burned her feet in the tub[;] that she had crawled in the tub and turned
on the hot water, and that’s how she got burned.” Robin Davis, an emergency room supervisor,
testified that Shelley said “she found the child in the bathtub, that she had gotten out and the
child must have gotten in.”12 Corey Manges, a trauma nurse clinician at Parkland Hospital,
testified that Shelley told her B.W. “got out of her sight and then ran and turned on hot water.”
Dr. Wolf testified that the medical records stated that Shelley


         thought the patient was in the living room watching TV and went out to go tend to another child
         screaming. Per the grandmother, her husband went into the bathroom after the patient locked
         herself in the bathroom and found her in the tub, which the patient filled with hot water herself.



         Dr. Cox interviewed the Walkers together and testified that he believed Appellant found
B.W. first because Shelley “explained that she was at home but didn’t know exactly what had

         12
           Davis testified that Appellant had told her she “had tried to scrub” B.W.’s feet, but they did not get any
better. Dr. Wolf testified that it did not appear that B.W.’s burns had been scraped, and explained that it would not
have affected their treatment of B.W.’s burns.


                                                         12
happened because she wasn’t—she didn’t find [B.W.] first. She found out about the burns from
her husband.” Appellant reported that

       he had been on the couch watching TV, grandmother was off doing some chores, and the kids
       were watching TV in the bedroom and that he heard [B.W.] screaming, and when he went to find
       her, he saw her walking out of the bathroom and she had blisters on her feet, and then he checked
       and saw that there was some water in the tub. So he saw her coming out of the bathroom was the
       history.


               iii. Explanation to Social Worker and CPS
       Kay Garten, a social worker for Parkland Hospital, interviewed Shelley, who told her that
“accidents happen all the time with kids.” Shelley explained that


       [B.W.] was in the bathroom with grandfather and grandfather left the room to see about [B.W.]’s
       four-year-old brother[, N.W.], who has pervasive developmental disorder. She stated, when
       grandfather returned to the bathroom, [B.W.] had locked the door from the inside.



       Patrick Dullard, an investigator for the Department of Family and Protective Services
(the Department or CPS), briefly spoke to Shelley while she and B.W. were being transported to
Parkland Hospital. He testified that she told him “[B.W.] was in the bathroom and got into the
bathtub.” Upon arriving at Parkland, Dullard interviewed the Walkers together and was told that
they were in the living room, B.W. and N.W. were in the boys’ room watching television, and
shortly thereafter, N.W. came into the living room and they heard B.W. crying. When they heard
B.W. crying, Appellant went to check on her and B.W. was walking out of the bedroom and both
of her feet were burned.
       At trial, Dullard confirmed that he had spoken with Amanda about the events leading up
to B.W.’s injury, and she reported that Shelley


       told her that while she was folding clothes in her bedroom that [B.W.] and [N.W.] went into the
       bathroom and locked the door. . . . [S]he heard the water running and then she heard [B.W.]
       scream. . . . Shelley had attempted to open the locked door herself, wasn’t able to, so she called
       Kenneth Walker down at that time and he was able to open the door, and then they found the
       children in the bathtub at that time and [B.W.] had burned her feet.



Dullard testified that the biggest variation between the Walkers’ and Amanda’s explanation was
N.W.’s location when B.W. sustained her injury.




                                                      13
               iv. Explanation to Law Enforcement
       The evidence showed that Appellant called 911 at 8:54 A.M. reporting “I got a two-year-
old girl that just scalded her feet in the bathtub . . . they, her and her little brother got in the
bathtub and they turned the hot water on while she was in there and it scalded her feet.” The
ambulance and Officer Weaver arrived at the Walkers’ home approximately five minutes later.
Officer Weaver described Appellant’s demeanor as “uncertain” and told him that B.W.’s feet
“got burned,” but was not specific in describing what happened.
       Tyler Police Officer James Lenderman arrived at the Walkers’ home as B.W. was being
placed in the ambulance. He testified that Appellant told him that


       he had been in the living room with [N.W.], the other child, and Mrs. Walker was in the kitchen
       getting some medication ready for [N.W.] and that the baby had gone into the bathroom and
       apparently locked the door. And they wasn’t sure how she had gotten into the bathtub and into the
       hot water.


Lenderman explained that at the time, “there was no indication that it was anything more than an
accident.” Appellant had told him that the “bathroom door was locked; they didn’t know there
was a problem until [B.W.] started crying.” In his report, Lenderman wrote that “it appears this
was just a case of not enough supervision.”
       Four recorded interviews were introduced at trial—two interviews of Appellant and two
interviews of Shelley. Detective Brock confirmed that an investigative technique in interviewing
is to get people “flustered” and agreed that sometimes when people get flustered, they sometimes
say things they normally would not say. She confirmed that she was successful in her attempts
to “fluster” the Walkers, but neither one implicated the other. Brock confirmed that during
Appellant’s interview, she had “jumped on” and “berated” him and insinuated that he was
“lying,” even after he had correctly answered her questions. Brock responded, “He understood
what I meant, and I should have rephrased it at the time.” Brock testified that Shelley was
“putting on a show” during her interviews and confirmed that she called Shelley “a disgrace to
motherhood,” “a disgrace to grandmothers,” and a “liar” during the interviews as part of her
“investigative technique.”




                                                      14
                         a. Appellant’s Recorded Interviews
        In his first interview, Appellant said that he had been lying on the couch when he heard
B.W. crying. He described N.W. as “upset,” but had not heard any water running and did not
know how B.W. had gotten into the water. Appellant explained that he had not paid attention to
where Shelley was, and when he saw B.W., he “hollered” for Shelley, who then ran into the
bathroom, saw the water, and picked up B.W. Appellant said that he picked up N.W. and called
911. He explained, “When I ran in there, my wife wasn’t coming out of the room, [B.W.] was
coming out,” and further stated, “There’s no way my wife did it.”
        During his second interview, Detective Brock asked Appellant to describe B.W. and
N.W. He described B.W. as the “terrible twos” and said that N.W. has ADHD and autism.
Appellant said that the children get into things and that they had to put a lock on the outside of
the bathroom door to prevent the children from going into the bathroom unattended. He told
Detective Brock that he did not know what had happened, did not see N.W. come out of
Shelley’s bedroom, and did not think N.W. was in the bathroom with B.W. when she was
burned.      However, he said that N.W. was “there with [B.W.] when she came out of the
bathroom.”13
        During the interview, Appellant was accused of being defensive to which he responded,
“You’re trying to accuse me of something I didn’t do; [y]es, I’m being defensive. No way I’d
harm that child.”
                         b. Shelley’s Recorded Interviews
        In her first interview, Shelley denied harming B.W., cried, and repeatedly stated that she
loved her grandchildren. She maintained that she did not see B.W. until B.W. came out of the
bathroom and down the hall. She explained that she was in the living room getting N.W. a drink
when Appellant heard B.W. crying and got up from the couch to check on B.W. She said that
she got up and saw B.W. coming around the corner. She then noticed that B.W.’s feet were red
with “the skin of it raised up.” Shelley asked, “Where has she been!?” and Appellant told her
that B.W. had come out of her bedroom. Shelley said that she ran into her bathroom, saw water
in the bathtub, ran back to B.W., and told Appellant to call 911.



        13
           During the interview, Appellant denied that the bathroom was hot and humid when he opened the door
to show law enforcement where B.W. had been burned.


                                                     15
        Detective Brock confronted Shelley about her statement to Robin Davis that B.W. must
have gotten burned from getting into the bathtub after she had taken a bath. Shelley appeared
shocked at the comment, said there must have been a misunderstanding, and explained that she
takes her baths at night.
        Shelley told Detective Brock that N.W. had behavioral problems and had been violent
towards B.W. and himself. She explained that the children were always going into the bathroom
and that N.W. had been prescribed medication for behavioral issues the week before. She then
told Detective Brock that the only detail she left out regarding what had happened was that
“N.W. was in there and turned the water on,” because she was afraid of N.W. being taken away
from her. She said that Appellant was ahead of her when they heard B.W. screaming. She
estimated that Appellant had been gone for about two to three minutes when B.W. came out with
Appellant behind her, crying, with burned feet.
        During her second interview, Shelley admitted that she had lied in her previous interview.
She explained that it was in regard to N.W.’s whereabouts because she was afraid that N.W.
would be taken away if they found out he was in the bathroom with B.W. when she was burned.
Shelley continued to tell Detective Brock that she did not see B.W.’s feet until she came around
the corner. Detective Brock asked Shelley, “What would you do if she told us that Kenneth did
it to her?” Shelley responded, “If she told you that Kenneth did it, I would believe her. I mean,
she’s two years old, she doesn’t usually lie about stuff. But it’s hard for me to believe he could
do anything like that.”14 Shelley explained that it was not surprising that the children were in the
bathroom on the morning that B.W. was burned because they like to play in the bathtub.
Detective Brock asked Shelley why she told Amanda that she had been folding clothes when the
children were in the bathroom, and Shelley responded by saying that she had been folding
clothes earlier that morning, not when B.W. was burned.
        Shelley told Detective Brock that, although Appellant was not much of a loving person,
he loved their grandchildren and she has never seen him hurt them. In both her first and second
interviews, Shelley stated that it was approximately two or three minutes, “I don’t know,” from
the time Appellant got up from the couch until she saw B.W. with her burned feet. Towards the



        14
           No evidence was ever offered or admitted at trial that B.W. had told anyone that either Appellant or
Shelley burned her feet.


                                                      16
end of her second interview, the following exchange took place between Detective Brock and
Shelley:


       Detective Brock: When you said that a couple minutes passed, is there a chance that she [B.W.]
       was crying because her and [N.W.] were fighting, [Appellant] went in there, something happened,
       and he went to discipline her and this is what happened? Maybe he found them in the bathroom
       and—

       Shelley: I’m not saying that didn’t happen. I’m not saying that didn’t happen. I don’t know.

       Detective Brock: But would you agree that there was enough time that has elapsed from the time
       that he got up to the time she came around the corner that something like that could have
       happened?

       Shelley: Honestly, I really don’t know how much time that was because I just, everything was so
       fast, it’s hard to remember each thing—the time.


       The Witnesses’ Theories
       Dr. Wolf testified that part of his job as a surgeon is to “figure out how” a burn happened.
Dr. Wolf ruled out the possibility that B.W. was standing in the bathtub as the water initially
began to pool because B.W. would have suffered deeper burns to her toes. He also ruled out the
possibility that water was continuing to fill the bathtub while B.W. was held in the water over a
period of time. Dr. Wolf explained that this would have resulted in deeper burns on the bottom
of B.W.’s feet because they would have been in contact with the water for a longer period of
time. There also would have been a “mixed distribution” as opposed to a “uniform” burn. Dr.
Wolf testified that B.W.’s injuries showed that she was “unable to get out of the water . . . for a
prolonged period of time, however that occurred.”
       Dr. Cox testified, “I don’t know exactly who did it. I don’t have enough information to
say who did what, just that she sustained forced submersion burns. I can’t say who did it or how
it occurred exactly.” On cross examination, Dr. Cox was asked the following:


       Defense Attorney: So that leaves the only theory being, I guess according to your theory and the
       State’s theory, is that; one, she either was in there accidentally and was walking around on her
       own, or; two, according to your theory, she was forcibly submerged in this hot water and held in
       place, but elevated, correct?

       Dr. Cox: I think that scenario is correct, yes.


       Dr. Cox and Dr. Wolf maintained that B.W.’s burns were the result of forced submersion.
Neither considered in making his assessment (1) the scratches on B.W.’s chest and leg, (2) the


                                                         17
fact that the bathtub had a metal track surrounding the shower door, (3) the fact that the shower
door was off its track, or (4) the Walkers’ physical capabilities. Dr. Wolf testified that, in all
probability, B.W.’s burns were “non-accidental, because a child would not typically stand in
water that could scald her to this degree for ten to fifteen seconds without some struggle to get
out and some signs thereof.” Nevertheless, when asked whether it was probable that B.W.’s
burns could be explained as being consistent with a child stepping into the water with the same
temperature but the water was at a different level due to the slope of a bathtub, Dr. Wolf
responded, “[T]here are other explanations that are as probable.”15
         Detective Brock testified that she believed both Appellant and Shelley were capable of
forcibly submerging B.W. in the water without having her feet touch the bathtub’s surface. She
believed that they both held B.W. to keep her feet in the water for an extended period of time.
Detective Brock further testified that the Walkers were guilty because they had given
inconsistent stories about what happened and that they “blew up” because N.W. had behavioral
issues and they were frustrated. The prosecutor disagreed with Brock’s theory of how B.W. was
held by the Walkers at the same time, and used a twenty-seven pound doll to demonstrate how
Appellant or Shelley could have held B.W. to cause the injuries she sustained. Brock agreed that
the prosecutor’s demonstration could indicate how either one of the Walkers could have held
B.W. On cross examination, the following discourse took place:


         Defense Attorney: Detective Brock, [B.W.] slides in that water, and [N.W.] is standing right there
         (indicating) throwing things in the tub or preventing her from getting in [sic] the tub, that’s
         certainly a possibility of how she burned herself, isn’t it?

         Detective Brock: It could be a possibility.

         Defense Attorney: You didn’t give that much weight at all, did you?

         Detective Brock: They were still in the care, custody, and control of Mr. and Mrs. Walker.

         Defense Attorney: Okay. So if an accident happens—I guess your testimony is, if an accident—if
         they’re in an accident and in your care, custody or control, you’re going to jail. Is that what you’re
         saying?

         Detective Brock: I’m just saying the evidence—there was enough probable cause for an arrest
         warrant.



         15
            When Dr. Wolf was asked whether it was “very unlikely” for someone to “first forcibly hold [B.W.]
without pushing her down to the bottom of the tub . . . and restrain her for up to 15 seconds,” he answered, “It is as
plausible as anything else.”


                                                          18
        Officer Weaver testified that when he arrived on the scene, he was thinking that the only
way B.W.’s feet could have been burned “if it was an accident . . . was for that child to go into
that water with both feet at the same time and stand there and not move.”16 Officer Weaver also
agreed that B.W.’s burns did not appear to have a straight line and could be consistent with
walking through water and creating small waves.17
        Dr. Lawrence testified that he had spent over thirty hours reviewing offense reports,
photographs, and videos in reaching his conclusion that B.W.’s injuries were an accident. In
explaining the significance of the higher burn on B.W.’s left leg, Dr. Lawrence explained that the
depth of the bathtub would create a burn that went up higher on her left leg if B.W. was facing
towards the outside of the bathtub.18 Dr. Lawrence explained that these facts, when viewed in
light of the tracks along the bathtub that were capable of causing scratches and the fact that B.W.
had scratches on her chest and leg that appeared fairly new, showed that


        in this particular case, if the child was in the back of the tub, she could not get out any other way
        but the front of the tub. And now in order to get out, she has to have an unobstructed view.

        So it’s possible that you had [N.W.] standing there. It’s possible the door was a little bit, you
        know, closed because it closes that, or it could very well been that it wasn’t.

        She’s going to have to get out through that. There’s no other way out of that tub but through the
        front. And as she walks forward, she burns her feet. She’s going to grab whatever she can to get
        herself out of that tub.

        And she dislodges, and it looks like what you see in dislodging that door as you pull on it, and you
        would scrape on her right side of her leg and her shoulder, consistent with the scrapes you see on
        that railing. And she probably just rolled right over onto the floor to get out of that tub.

        So that’s why those scratches are significant in terms of the dynamics that look to have taken place
        here.


Dr. Lawrence later clarified that the scratches were on B.W.’s left side of her leg and chest. Dr.
Lawrence’s hypothesis was supported by Dr. Cox’s earlier testimony that a child would probably
“div[e]” or “tumbl[e] out” or do “whatever” they could to get their feet out of scalding hot water.
        16
           The testimony showed that Weaver believed the child did not move because there were no splash marks,
but testimony from Dr. Wolf and Dr. Cox showed that water had to be greater than 130 degrees to cause splash
marks. Undisputed evidence showed that pooled water in Walker’s bathtub reached only 129 degrees when the
water heater was turned to its highest setting.
        17
          During this portion of his testimony, Officer Weaver was referring to B.W.’s burns as depicted in
Defense exhibit 8.
        18
             Dr. Wolf’s testimony also showed that the burn to B.W.’s left leg was “somewhat higher than the right.”


                                                          19
Conclusion
       Conflicting inferences may be drawn from the evidence in this case—B.W.’s injuries are
the result of (1) forced submersion, or (2) an accident in which B.W. entered a bathtub
containing scalding water and could not immediately exit.
       It is undisputed that B.W. and N.W. had not taken the Walkers’ attempts at discipline
seriously because the children would laugh when they were disciplined. It is also undisputed that
the children had a history of playing with water in the bathrooms and had flooded Shelley’s
bathroom the week before B.W. was injured.           These facts, when viewed in light of the
prosecution’s demonstration, testimony that B.W.’s burns were more consistent with forced
submersion than an accidental burn, and Shelley’s estimation that Kenneth had been gone two to
three minutes before B.W. came into the living room with burned feet support the inference that,
Appellant found B.W. playing in Shelley’s bathroom with the water running and soaps thrown
into the bathtub and disciplined B.W. by holding her feet in the scalding water.
       B.W. had a scratch on her chest and leg that could have been consistent with her diving
out of the bathtub (which could have also explained the fact that the shower door was off its
track). Moreover, Appellant had several health conditions that could have made the forced
submersion of B.W. difficult. However, these facts do not render the jury’s verdict speculative.
See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16. Detective Brock’s testimony showed that it would have been
possible for Appellant to forcibly submerge B.W. in scalding water because Appellant was
mobile and able to move around.
       Although the existence of the scratch on B.W.’s chest and leg is undisputed and
Appellant stated that there was “no way” that he would harm B.W., we must defer to the jury’s
credibility and weight determinations. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Brooks,
323 S.W.3d at 899. After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we
conclude that a reasonable fact finder could have inferred that it was Appellant’s conscious or
objective desire to cause the burn to B.W.’s feet, or that Appellant was aware that the forced
submersion of B.W.’s feet was reasonably certain to cause bodily injury. See TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 6.03(a), (b); Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750; Kelley, 968 S.W.2d at 399. Accordingly, we
overrule Appellant’s first issue.




                                                20
                                     SERIOUS BODILY INJURY
       In his second issue, Appellant contends that the evidence is “legally insufficient to
support the jury verdict that this was serious bodily injury.” He argues that B.W.’s injuries
would have risen to the level of serious bodily injury only if the burns had been left untreated.
He argues that because emergency services were contacted, the evidence is legally insufficient to
establish the specific element of intent to cause serious bodily injury.
Applicable Law
       “Serious bodily injury” is bodily injury “that creates a substantial risk of death or that
causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function
of any bodily member or organ.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07 (a)(46) (West Supp. 2014).
“Bodily injury” is defined as “physical pain, illness, or any impairment of [the] physical
condition.” Id. § 1.07(a)(8).
       In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to establish serious bodily injury, the question
is the degree of risk of death that the injury caused, or the disfiguring or impairing quality of the
injury, “as it was inflicted, not after the effects had been ameliorated or exacerbated by other
actions such as medical treatment.” Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 714 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (citations omitted).
Discussion
       B.W. underwent surgery to remove the dead skin from her feet the day after she arrived at
Parkland Hospital. She remained in the hospital “about a week” before CPS could secure a
placement that could meet her medical needs.
       Dr. Wolf confirmed that the main concern for B.W.’s burns was pain management, but
further stated, “And then I believe there was some infection underneath that stuff we put on, but
that was removed, and the course was as expected.” Dr. Wolf testified that if left untreated,
B.W.’s burns would qualify as serious bodily injury because “it has a relatively high risk of
infection and ongoing systemic problems with that, perhaps even death, if left untreated. If
treated, it is relatively straightforward.” Dr. Cox testified that he was familiar with the definition
of “serious bodily injury” and stated that, in his opinion, B.W.’s injuries were “consistent with
serious bodily injury.”




                                                 21
Conclusion
         After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the
testimony at trial showed that the degree of B.W.’s injury caused a substantial risk of death if left
untreated and constituted “serious bodily injury.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(46);
Stuler, 218 S.W.3d at 714. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s second issue.


                                             IMPROPER ARGUMENT
         In his third issue, Appellant contends that his right to a unanimous jury verdict was
violated because the prosecution repeatedly told the jury that it did not have to agree on who
committed the offense.           Although Appellant frames the issue in terms of being denied a
unanimous verdict, he complains only of the prosecutor’s comments during opening and closing
statements and does not allege any actual charge error. Thus, we construe Appellant’s third issue
as an assertion of improper argument.
         In preserving error for appellate review, the complaining party must make a timely,
specific objection and obtain a ruling. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346,
349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Absent an adverse ruling of the trial court that appears in the
record, there is no preservation of error. Darty v. State, 709 S.W.2d 652, 655 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986) (en banc); see also McGowan v. State, No. 12-12-00056-CR, 2013 WL 1143240, at *2
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). “[A]n objection to
improper argument must be made at the time of the argument in order to preserve the error for
review.” Collins v. State, 548 S.W.2d 368, 377 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976).
         Appellant contends that the prosecutor in this case engaged in improper argument during
both his opening and closing statements. However, no objection was made when the prosecutor
made the alleged improper arguments. Consequently, this error has not been properly preserved
for appellate review. See id. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s third issue.


                                                    DISPOSITION
         Having overruled Appellant’s three issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
                                                                  SAM GRIFFITH
                                                                     Justice
Opinion delivered September 17, 2014.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
                                              (DO NOT PUBLISH)


                                                          22
                                   COURT OF APPEALS

      TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                            JUDGMENT

                                        SEPTEMBER 17, 2014


                                          NO. 12-12-00378-CR


                                   KENNETH NEAL WALKER,
                                          Appellant
                                             V.
                                    THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                          Appellee


                                 Appeal from the 241st District Court
                         of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 241-0592-12)

                        THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
                        It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
                    Sam Griffith, Justice.
                    Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
