                                       2017 IL App (1st) 163058
                                             No. 1-16-3058
                                                                      Fourth Division
                                                                   December 21, 2017
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                     FIRST DISTRICT

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                    )

     L.D.S., LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company,
                                                    )

                                                    )

            Plaintiff-Appellant, 	                  )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                    )   of Cook County.
     v. 	                                           )
                                                    )   No. 08 L 8363

     SOUTHERN CROSS FOOD, LTD., and BRENDAN         )

     SKEHAN,                                        )   The Honorable

                                                    )   Brigid Mary McGrath,
            Defendants                              )   Judge Presiding.
                                                    )

     (Brendan Skehan,                               )

            Defendant-Appellee).                    )

                                                    )

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

                Presiding Justice Burke and Justice McBride concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                              OPINION

¶1          The instant appeal concerns the validity of a personal guaranty purportedly executed by

        defendant Brendan Skehan in connection with the lease of commercial property between

        plaintiff L.D.S., LLC, and defendant Southern Cross Food, Ltd. (Southern Cross). This case

        came before us previously, after the trial court granted Skehan’s motion to dismiss, and we

        reversed and remanded. L.D.S., LLC v. Southern Cross Food, Ltd., 2011 IL App (1st)

        102379, ¶ 1. After remand, the matter proceeded to a bench trial, where plaintiff presented
     No. 1-16-3058


        the testimony of one witness, plaintiff’s principal. After plaintiff had rested its case in chief,

        Skehan moved for a directed finding, which the trial court granted. Plaintiff appeals and we

        affirm.

¶2                                         BACKGROUND

¶3          As noted, this case has previously been before this court, after the trial court granted

        Skehan’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s verified second amended complaint. Consequently,

        our recitation of the facts up to that point is primarily taken from our prior opinion.

¶4          On July 30, 2008, plaintiff filed a verified complaint against defendants, alleging that

        defendants had breached their obligations under a lease agreement. The complaint alleged

        that on July 20, 2006, plaintiff, as landlord, and Southern Cross, as tenant, executed a lease

        dated March 31, 2006, for a property located at 117 South Clinton Street in Chicago, which

        was to be used as a Quizno’s restaurant; Skehan signed the lease as president of Southern

        Cross. The lease agreement’s provision concerning a security deposit provided, in relevant

        part:

                     “Concurrently with Tenant’s execution of this Lease, Tenant shall deposit with

                  Landlord the Security Deposit.”

¶5          According to documents attached to the complaint, on July 21, 2006, Southern Cross took

        possession of the property and the keys, and on July 24, 2006, Southern Cross tendered

        plaintiff its security deposit. The receipt for the possession of the property provided:

                     “On July 21, 2006 the keys and the possession of the store #117 South Clinton,

                  Chicago has been given to the tenant Mr. Brendon Skehan.




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     No. 1-16-3058


                     It is mutually agreed that the landlord shall also complete his work (installation of

                 HVAC unit and dividing wall) that is required as per lease agreement during the

                 period tenant will perform his work as required by Quizno.”

¶6           According to the complaint, on July 26, 2006, Skehan executed a personal guaranty of

         the lease. The purported guaranty was attached to the complaint and was entitled, “Rider

         Attached to the Lease Dated 03-31-2006 By & Between L.D.S. LLC Limited Liability

         Company and Southern Cross Food, Ltd an Illinois Corporation (‘Tenant’).” The guaranty

         provided:

                     “It is hereby agreed as follows:

                     The tenant, Mr. Brendon [sic] Skehan has signed the lease agreement in [sic]

                 behalf of Southern Cross Food, Ltd an Illinois Corporation, (‘Tenant’). Upon signing

                 below Brendon Skehan as principal of the corporation ‘Southern Cross Food, Ltd

                 corporation’ hereby personally guarantees the payments of rent and all others [sic]

                 performance or obligations of the tenant.”

¶7           According to a document attached to the complaint, during the lease term, Southern

         Cross failed to pay rent, leaving an outstanding balance in 2007 and entirely ceasing to pay

         rent beginning in March 2008. On July 14, 2008, L.D.S. relet the premises to a Dunkin

         Donuts restaurant, which began paying rent in November 2008.

¶8           On December 22, 2008, Skehan 1 filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of

         the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)). In the motion, Skehan

         claimed that the verified complaint did not allege any new consideration for Skehan’s

             1
              Southern Cross never filed an appearance and, on February 24, 2009, the trial court entered a
     default judgment against Southern Cross in the amount of $94,361.30, plus attorney fees of $2,756.25 and
     costs. However, during his opening statement, plaintiff’s counsel indicated that Southern Cross had
     become insolvent.
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       No. 1-16-3058


          personal guaranty of the lease, which was required since the guaranty was executed after the

          lease became effective.

¶9           Plaintiff did not respond to Skehan’s motion to dismiss but, instead, on February 9, 2009,

          filed a verified amended complaint. Count I of the verified amended complaint was

          substantially identical to the allegations in the verified complaint. An additional count II

          included several new allegations, which alleged that the consideration for the guaranty was

          plaintiff’s permission to place interior signage on the premises.

¶ 10         On March 31, 2009, Skehan filed a motion to dismiss count II of plaintiff’s verified

          amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code. Once again, Skehan claimed that

          the verified amended complaint did not allege new consideration for the guaranty. He

          claimed that the purported consideration was plaintiff’s granting of permission to install

          interior signage pursuant to an alleged agreement on July 24, 2006, but claimed that could

          not be new consideration for the guaranty since installation of the signage was already

          permitted under the original terms of the lease. On August 14, 2009, the trial court granted

          Skehan’s motion to dismiss without prejudice and granted plaintiff leave to file a second

          amended complaint.

¶ 11         On September 11, 2009, plaintiff filed a verified second amended complaint. Count I

          concerned the breach of the lease agreement and was substantially identical to the earlier

          complaints. Count II concerned the breach of guaranty and included several new allegations:

                       “10. Contemporaneously with the signing of the Lease, on July 26, 2006, Skehan

                 executed a personal guaranty (‘Guaranty’). *** The Lease and Guaranty were part of

                 a single lease transaction in which Southern Cross procured a Lease for the Premises

                 and Skehan guarantied Southern Cross’s obligation under the Lease.


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       No. 1-16-3058


                       11. This single transaction took place over the course of several days. On or about

                 July 21, 2006, Skehan signed a Receipt for the keys to the Premises. The Security

                 Deposit was dated July 24, 2006, and was delivered to Plaintiff thereafter with a copy

                 of the executed Lease. *** Plaintiff refused to accept the Security Deposit until

                 Skehan executed the Guaranty on July 26, 2006. Plaintiff never intended to enter into

                 the Lease without the Guaranty.”

¶ 12         On October 13, 2009, Skehan filed a motion to dismiss count II of the verified second

          amended complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code. Skehan claimed that the verified

          second amended complaint failed to cure the pleading defect in the verified amended

          complaint and that no cure was possible. On March 3, 2010, the trial court granted Skehan’s

          motion to dismiss and dismissed the verified second amended complaint with prejudice.

          Plaintiff appealed, and we reversed the trial court’s dismissal of the verified second amended

          complaint. L.D.S., LLC v. Southern Cross Food, Ltd., 2011 IL App (1st) 102379, ¶ 1.

¶ 13         After remand, on December 4, 2012, Skehan filed an answer and affirmative defense to

          the verified second amended complaint, in which he denied the allegations of the complaint

          and alleged that the signature on the guaranty purporting to be his was a forgery.

¶ 14         On May 13, 2015, plaintiff filed a motion for leave to file a third amended complaint,

          which was denied without prejudice “due to [the] age of [the] case.” On March 31, 2016,

          Skehan filed a motion for summary judgment, which was denied on September 2, 2016.

¶ 15         On October 17, 2016, the case came before the trial court for trial. Plaintiff’s sole witness

          was Subhash Saluja, plaintiff’s principal, who testified that since 1990, he had owned,

          managed, or controlled approximately 25 leased units of commercial property. Saluja

          testified that plaintiff had purchased 113-117 South Clinton, which was being operated as a


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       No. 1-16-3058


          food court, at the end of 1989 and separated the property into five separate units. The unit at

          issue was one of those units. Saluja testified that he required personal guarantees from some,

          but not all, of his tenants; as an example of a tenant who did not require a guaranty, Saluja

          testified that “I had a tenant, Panda Express. They have 1500 restaurants. I leased them my

          premises, 113 South Clinton, and I never made a demand” for a personal guaranty.

¶ 16         Saluja testified that the unit at issue, 117 South Clinton, had been vacant while he was

          searching for a tenant. Saluja retained a real estate broker, who proposed tenants to him.

          Saluja rejected one proposed tenant—a doctor or dentist—because the proposed tenant

          refused to sign a personal guaranty. Saluja rejected another proposed tenant because “[t]hey

          had no assets.” In February or March 2006, the broker proposed Southern Cross as a

          prospective tenant. Saluja testified:

                       “He called me that Quizno’s wants to come there. And I know Quizno’s is a good

                 franchise. In those days, it was a better market. So I said okay. And initially, I did not

                 know [whether] I am renting to Quizno’s franchisor or I am renting to franchisee.

                 Initially, when Todd told me Quizno’s, I said okay. And if Quizno’s was to be signing

                 for franchisor, I would never say guarantee because Quizno’s has maybe 100 or 500

                 restaurants. So it would be stupid of me to tell them [to] become personal guarantor.”

          Saluja testified that he did not meet anyone prior to signing the lease on July 20, 2006.

¶ 17         Saluja testified that he spoke to his attorney, who drafted a lease agreement, and then the

          attorneys “[were] talking to each other.” Saluja testified that “I was under this impression

          that my attorney is talking to the Quizno’s attorney, although Quizno’s was not my tenant,

          but franchisor’s, but I was thinking that Quizno’s attorney there was talking to my attorney

          for the franchisee.” When asked what he meant by “Quizno’s attorney,” Saluja testified that


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       No. 1-16-3058


           he believed that his attorney was talking to the attorney for the franchisor—Quizno’s—who

           was negotiating the lease on behalf of the franchisee—Southern Cross. Saluja “ha[d] no idea”

           what led him to have that impression.

¶ 18           Saluja testified that he signed the lease on July 20, 2006, and identified the lease

           agreement as the same one attached to the complaint; the lease was admitted into evidence.

           Saluja read aloud a provision of the lease’s definition section which provided “QF: Quizno’s

           Franchising LLC or Quizno’s Franchising II LLC” and read aloud another provision setting

           the tenant’s mailing address as an address on June Lane in Lombard, “Attn: Brendan

           Skehan.”

¶ 19           Saluja testified that after he signed the lease, it was faxed to his attorney, and his attorney

           received a copy signed by Skehan; it was close to one week before Saluja received a copy

           with Skehan’s signature. Saluja received the copy and “when I [saw] the lease on the top

           written there, ‘Quizno’s,’ and then I [saw] over there written their name, tenant building

           address, then I said, ‘Wait a minute. This is—what is going on? I am not renting to Brendan,

           and I don’t see over there the name franchisor.’ So then I said, ‘Wait a minute. I have to have

           the personal guarantee.’ ”

¶ 20           Saluja testified that “Brendan met me at the premises on [the] 21st, next day, and I told

           him that first of all I do not have the lease agreement complete. Normally he has signed it,

           but I have not received. And secondly, that I told him that this is incomplete. I’ve got to have

           a personal guarantee, otherwise we are not in business. We cannot give you the business.” 2

           Skehan did not raise any concerns about signing a guaranty.


               2
                We note that earlier, Saluja testified that he decided he needed a guaranty upon receiving the
       countersigned copy of the lease, which occurred approximately a week after he signed the lease on July
       20. However, here, he testifies that he raised the issue of the guaranty with Skehan on July 21.
                                                           7

       No. 1-16-3058


¶ 21         Saluja identified a copy of the guaranty and testified that it was not the original, which he

          had given to Skehan; the copy of the guaranty was admitted into evidence. He told Skehan to

          have the guaranty “approved from the Quizno’s, *** then I will accept from you the rent

          check or security deposit.” Saluja identified his signature on the bottom of the guaranty and

          testified that he signed it July 26; Saluja also identified Skehan’s signature and testified that

          Skehan signed it in front of him on the morning of July 26. Saluja accepted a check from

          Skehan at the leased premises on July 28. Saluja testified that he drafted the guaranty based

          on a version that he had used with other tenants that was stored on his computer.

¶ 22         On cross-examination, Saluja testified that he had not asked his attorney to insert a

          guaranty into the lease agreement. Saluja further testified that, up to the point where he

          signed the lease, he was unaware that he was leasing the property to Southern Cross as

          opposed to Quizno’s. He was not involved in drafting the lease, leaving it to the attorneys to

          communicate with each other and only waiting for the final draft to review. Saluja was again

          presented with a copy of the lease agreement and testified that it was an “incomplete” copy

          of the lease because it did not include the personal guaranty. However, Saluja admitted that

          he signed the “incomplete” lease agreement and further admitted that the term “personal

          guaranty” did not appear anywhere in the lease, either expressly or by reference.

¶ 23         On cross-examination, Skehan’s counsel also asked Saluja follow-up questions based on

          testimony he had given on direct, in which he testified as to a wall that was constructed in the

          unit and changes to the HVAC system:

                       “Q. All right. Yesterday you told us that in exchange for this guaranty that Mr.

                 Skehan allegedly provided, you agreed to build a wall. Do you remember that

                 testimony?


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No. 1-16-3058


                A. Not only [a] wall. There was other things, too.

                Q. You agreed to build a demising wall; isn’t that true, sir?

                A. As per this one, yes.

                Q. Sir, that obligation existed, and that’s part of the lease that you signed on July

          20th; true?

                A. Yes.

                Q. That obligation was in no way contingent on Mr. Skehan signing a personal

          guaranty; isn’t that true? Isn’t that true, sir?

                A. That had nothing to do with [the] demising wall. That is [a] different document

          I have on the table.

                Q. So in other words then, your alleged willingness and agreement to build a

          demising wall was not something you gave to Mr. Skehan in exchange for his

          allegedly providing you with a putative guaranty; is that correct?

                A. No. Sir, guaranty has nothing to do with a wall, with a Lease Agreement or

          what security [deposit] I am getting, what rent I am getting, how many years he is

          getting.

                Guaranty, or go home. You give me, I signed this document, and I also tell him

          you have a guaranty. Okay. I signed it. I accepted it.

                Rent he wanted to give me. I said no unless all documents are completed, and I

          did not accept a single penny from him until all lease documents are signed and those

          were approved by me on the table, and by his attorney.”

   Saluja testified similarly concerning the HVAC system:



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        No. 1-16-3058


                        “Q. Now, Mr. Saluja, you told us yesterday that in exchange for installing HVAC

                  components on the property, Mr. Skehan agreed to personally guaranty the lease. Do

                  you remember that testimony?

                        A. No, it is not. Personal guaranty has to be there.

                        Q. So in other words, installing the HVAC equipment, that was not consideration

                  that you have in exchange for the alleged guaranty; isn’t that true?

                        A. HVAC was already there in the building when I gave him the premises.

                                                      ***


                  He want[ed] additional. Yes, I give him.


                        Q. Sir, the fact is that HVAC equipment was something you were required to

                  install per the terms of the Lease Agreement that you signed on July 20, 2006; isn’t

                  that correct?

                        A. Yes.”

¶ 24	         Later, Saluja testified:

                        “Q. Well, what did you give Mr. Skehan in exchange for this guaranty?

                        A. Exchange? I give him the premises. I give him the property, rent the business.”

¶ 25          On redirect, Saluja was asked whether he informed Skehan that he would withhold

           possession of the premises if a guaranty was not signed, and Saluja testified:

                        “Yeah I gave him the keys on [July 21], I told him that I have the Lease

                  Agreement, but I didn’t see your name on the top of the lease, and I have to have a

                  personal guaranty from you before this lease is fully completed, and I also told him if

                  I tell my attorney to draft the agreement, this guaranty agreement, he will take again



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       No. 1-16-3058


                   six weeks, because he took three months drafting the lease. So why don’t you come in

                   my home, we can draft ourself [sic].

                       He said okay. On [the] 26th, he came, I gave him, he looked at that, he signed it,

                   and I got the copy, and I gave him [the] original.

                       I told him now go to your attorney, get it approved, because your attorney is

                   involved in this transaction.

                       If attorney approves, then I cash the check. Otherwise, I am sorry.

                       Then I called him the next day or third day, and he said, yes, I did talk to my

                   attorney, it is okay, and then so I said okay.”

           Saluja further testified that July 21 was the first time he informed Skehan that he required a

           personal guaranty.

¶ 26           After Saluja’s testimony, plaintiff rested its case in chief, and Skehan filed a motion for a

           directed finding. 3 Skehan’s counsel argued that plaintiff had failed to establish the prima

           facie elements of the case because there was no meeting of the minds and “[f]undamentally,

           [plaintiff] thought it was dealing with someone entirely different from Southern Cross. So

           [plaintiff] thought it didn’t need a guaranty. That’s the testimony.” Skehan’s counsel further

           argued that once Saluja determined that he required a guaranty, there was a separate

           transaction between Skehan and Saluja that required new consideration, and there was no

           such consideration. In response, plaintiff’s counsel argued that Saluja did not execute the

           lease agreement until he accepted the security deposit, which was done after Skehan had

           signed the guaranty, demonstrating that there was only one transaction.



               3
                The trial transcript indicates that Skehan filed a written motion for directed finding, but the
       written motion is not contained in the record on appeal.
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       No. 1-16-3058


¶ 27         The trial court granted Skehan’s motion for a directed finding, finding that Saluja was

          “an excellent witness,” but that “under his testimony, his testimony alone, it reflects there

          were separate negotiations regarding the personal guaranty.” The court found that Saluja

          believed that he was dealing with Quizno’s and that “[i]t is his practice when dealing with a

          large company like that, he explained it doesn’t make any sense to have a personal guaranty

          because it is a large company with sufficient assets. He doesn’t need it. If it was a franchisee

          such as Mr. Skehan’s company, Southern Cross Foods, he said ‘I would have required a

          personal guaranty.’ ” The court further found:

                       “As he testified, once he found out who the tenant was, one of the terms of the

                 lease then would be a guaranty, but it was not written in the lease.

                       But once he found out—so the lease is signed 7/20/2006. On 7/21, he says ‘I need

                 a personal guaranty.’

                       But on that same date, he gives the tenant possession.

                       The receipt, which he prepared, states ‘On July 21, 2006, the keys and the

                 possession of the store has been given to the tenant, Mr. Brendan Skehan. As initially

                 agreed, the landlord shall also complete his work, installation of the HVAC unit. As

                 required per the lease agreement, during the period tenant will perform his work as

                 required.’

                       So as of that date, the keys have been tendered. Possession had been provided.

                 The tenant had provided a security deposit.

                       Paragraph 5 of [the] lease states ‘Concurrently with tenant’s execution of this

                 lease, tenant shall deposit with the landlord the security deposit,’ and they did. He

                 provided the check.


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       No. 1-16-3058


                       At the point Mr. Saluja said ‘No. I want a personal guaranty now. I’m not going

                   to cash it.’

                       At that point the terms of the lease, which had been signed, executed had been

                   complied with.

                       The subsequently a personal guaranty was executed on July 26th.

                       But that was pursuant to a separate negotiation. That was not the same

                   negotiations as undertaken in entering into a new lease.”

¶ 28           The court noted that, throughout his testimony, Saluja had been clear that he had given

           Skehan possession of the premises in exchange for the guaranty, but found that “looking at

           the evidence in whatever light, the receipt is clear. The keys and possession of the store had

           been given to the tenant. Now he wrote down the wrong name,[4] but he is the one who

           prepared this agreement. And I find that doesn’t affect the validity of the fact that possession

           of the premises was given to the tenant on July 21, 2006.” The court found:

                       “He admitted he signed the lease. He was discussing—let’s see.

                       He made it clear. He said ‘I was just going to back out of this lease if he didn’t

                   give a personal guaranty.’

                       But he already entered into the lease. The lease was already executed prior to the

                   personal guaranty being provided to him.

                       So after the lease was executed in every sense of the word, he tried to put in a new

                   provision, and he negotiated for one. But the problem is that there was not sufficient

                   consideration for that provision.”

               4
                 While the trial court did not elaborate on this point, the receipt provides that possession of the
       premises “has been given to the tenant Mr. Brendon Skehan.” It is presumably the reference to Skehan as
       the tenant, as opposed to Southern Cross, that the trial court is referring to when noting that Saluja “wrote
       down the wrong name.”
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       No. 1-16-3058


¶ 29         The trial court rejected plaintiff’s argument that by refusing to accept the tendered

          security deposit, plaintiff delayed the execution of the lease agreement until after the personal

          guaranty was signed. The court found that “ ‘The tenant shall deposit with landlord.’ So that

          was the obligation. The tenant to deposit. The fact that the landlord decided not to cash it, to

          reject it, that doesn’t affect the consideration of the lease.” Accordingly, the court found that

          “I don’t think plaintiff in their case-in-chief has met a prima facie case because they have not

          provided sufficient evidence regarding consideration.”

¶ 30         On October 19, 2016, the trial court entered a written order granting Skehan’s motion for

          a directed finding “in its entirety” and entered judgment in favor of Skehan and against

          plaintiff. This appeal follows.

¶ 31                                            ANALYSIS

¶ 32         On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting Skehan’s motion for a

          directed finding because the evidence established that the guaranty was executed

          contemporaneously with the lease and therefore did not require additional consideration. As

          an initial matter, Skehan argues that plaintiff’s brief should be stricken and its arguments

          forfeited due to inadequacies in the statement of facts and analysis sections of plaintiff’s

          appellate brief. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) provides the

          requirements for an appellant’s opening brief. Rule 341(h)(6) provides that the statement of

          facts “shall contain the facts necessary to an understanding of the case, stated accurately and

          fairly without argument and comment, and with appropriate reference to the pages of the

          record on appeal ***.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(6) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016). Rule 341(h)(7) provides

          that the argument section “shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons

          therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R.


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       No. 1-16-3058


          341(h)(7) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016). Under Rule 341(h)(7), “[p]oints not argued are waived and shall

          not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.” Ill. S. Ct. R.

          341(h)(7) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016). Supreme court rules are not advisory suggestions, but rules to

          be followed. In re Marriage of Hluska, 2011 IL App (1st) 092636, ¶ 57; In re Estate of

          Michalak, 404 Ill. App. 3d 75, 99 (2010). “Where an appellant’s brief fails to comply with

          supreme court rules, this court has the inherent authority to dismiss the appeal.” Epstein v.

          Galuska, 362 Ill. App. 3d 36, 42 (2005) (citing In re Marriage of Gallagher, 256 Ill. App. 3d

          439, 442 (1993)). “While this court is not bound to enforce strict, technical compliance with

          the rules where, despite minor inadequacies in an appellate brief, the basis for an appeal is

          fairly clear [citation], a party’s failure to comply with basic rules is grounds for disregarding

          his or her arguments on appeal.” Epstein, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 42. In the case at bar, we agree

          with Skehan that plaintiff’s statement of facts is deficient, as it devotes one sentence to

          explaining everything that occurred at trial, and that sentence discusses plaintiff’s counsel’s

          opening statement. However, given the thorough statement of facts contained in Skehan’s

          brief and the fact that the trial testimony consisted of a single witness, we are able to

          adequately understand the issues on appeal and decline to strike plaintiff’s brief under the

          factual circumstances of this case.

¶ 33         Turning to the merits, in the case at bar, we are asked to review the trial court’s grant of a

          motion for a directed finding. In a nonjury case, the defendant may, at the close of the

          plaintiff’s case-in-chief, make a motion for a finding in his favor, known as a directed

          finding. 735 ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2014). In ruling on this motion, the trial court is required

          to engage in a two-part analysis. People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 275

          (2003). First, the court must determine whether, as a matter of law, the plaintiff has presented


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       No. 1-16-3058


          a prima facie case. Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 275. “A plaintiff establishes a prima facie case by

          proffering at least ‘some evidence on every element essential to [the plaintiff’s underlying]

          cause of action.’ ” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 275 (quoting Kokinis v. Kotrich, 81 Ill. 2d 151,

          154 (1980)). “If the plaintiff has failed to meet this burden, the court should grant the motion

          and enter judgment in the defendant’s favor.” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 275. Since this

          determination is a question of law, the trial court’s ruling is reviewed de novo. Sherman, 203

          Ill. 2d at 275. De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge

          would perform. People v. McDonald, 2016 IL 118882, ¶ 32.

¶ 34         If the trial court determines that the plaintiff has presented a prima facie case, the court

          moves to the second prong of its analysis. Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 275. “In its role as the

          finder of fact, the court must consider the totality of the evidence presented, including any

          evidence which is favorable to the defendant.” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 275-76. Importantly,

          in contrast to the standard to be employed when ruling on a motion for directed verdict in a

          jury trial, in ruling on a motion for directed finding, “the court is not to view the evidence in

          the light most favorable to the plaintiff. [Citation.] Rather, the circuit court must weigh all the

          evidence, determine the credibility of the witnesses, and draw reasonable inferences

          therefrom.” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 276. See 735 ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2014) (“In ruling on

          the motion the court shall weigh the evidence, considering the credibility of the witnesses

          and the weight and quality of the evidence.”). “This weighing process may result in the

          negation of some of the evidence presented by the plaintiff.” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 276.

          “After weighing the quality of all of the evidence, both that presented by the plaintiff and that

          presented by the defendant, the court should determine, applying the standard of proof

          required for the underlying cause, whether sufficient evidence remains to establish the


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       No. 1-16-3058


          plaintiff’s prima facie case. If the circuit court finds that sufficient evidence has been

          presented to establish the plaintiff’s prima facie case, the court should deny the defendant’s

          motion and proceed with the trial. [Citation.] If, however, the court determines that the

          evidence warrants a finding in favor of the defendant, it should grant the defendant’s motion

          and enter a judgment dismissing the action. [Citation.]” Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 276. A

          reviewing court will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on appeal unless it is contrary to the

          manifest weight of the evidence. Sherman, 203 Ill. 2d at 276. “A decision is against the

          manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the

          findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence.” Eychaner v.

          Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 252 (2002).

¶ 35         In the case at bar, the parties agree that the trial court granted Skehan’s motion based on

          the second prong, namely, that there was insufficient evidence to establish plaintiff’s prima

          facie case. Accordingly, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment unless it was against the

          manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 36         The issue presented in the instant case is whether there was sufficient consideration for

          the guaranty purportedly signed by Skehan. We considered this issue in the first appeal, and

          the law concerning it remains the same. If a guaranty is executed after the underlying

          obligation was entered into, new consideration is generally needed for the guaranty. Tower

          Investors, LLC v. 111 East Chestnut Consultants, Inc., 371 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1028 (2007).

          However, if a guaranty is executed contemporaneously with the original contract, the

          consideration for the original contract is sufficient consideration for the guaranty and no new

          consideration is required for the guaranty. Tower Investors, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 1028; Pedott

          v. Dorman, 192 Ill. App. 3d 85, 94 (1989); Continental National Bank of Fort Worth v.


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          Schiller, 89 Ill. App. 3d 216, 219-20 (1980); Vaughn v. Commissary Realty, Inc., 30 Ill. App.

          2d 296, 302 (1961).

¶ 37         In the case at bar, the trial court found that the guaranty was executed after the lease

          agreement had been executed and therefore required new consideration to be enforceable.

          However, plaintiff argues that the evidence demonstrated that the guaranty was executed

          contemporaneously with the lease agreement, relying primarily on the case of Vaughn v.

          Commissary Realty, Inc., 30 Ill. App. 2d 296 (1961). As we noted in our prior opinion, in that

          case, on or about February 11, 1957, the plaintiffs entered into a lease for real estate in

          Champaign with the defendant, a corporation. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 297. The lease

          provided in part that the defendant would not be liable for any default in rental payments by

          an assignee of the lease. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 298. Approximately nine days later, on

          February 20, 1957, the defendant executed a guaranty, guaranteeing performance by its

          assignees by paying any unpaid rent or paying a set sum that was based on the time the

          default occurred. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 297-98. Later, one of the defendant’s assignees

          defaulted on the lease by failing to pay the rent. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 299. The plaintiffs

          brought suit against the defendant, seeking a monetary judgment under the terms of the

          guaranty. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 299. In its answer, the defendant argued as an

          affirmative defense that the guaranty was executed without consideration and was therefore

          void. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 300. After a bench trial, the trial court entered judgment in

          favor of the plaintiffs. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 300-01.

¶ 38         On appeal, the appellate court held that the evidence demonstrated that the guaranty was

          executed contemporaneously with the lease. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 302. The court noted

          that the preamble of the guaranty “clearly indicated” that the guaranty was executed by the


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          defendant as a part of its lease transaction and that the reason for the existence of the

          guaranty was the fact that under the lease, the defendant was not liable for any default in

          rental payment by assignees. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 301. The court further noted that the

          defendant regularly leased properties and immediately assigned them to a different

          corporation and regularly included guaranty agreements, although the guaranty in the case

          was not the defendant’s standard guaranty. Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 301-02. The court held

          that the evidence in the case demonstrating the execution of the lease and the guaranty

          “warrants no conclusion other than that the lease and guaranty *** were part of a single

          transaction in which defendant procured a lease for plaintiffs’ premises and plaintiffs were

          given an agreement guaranteeing the rent reserved under said lease.” Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d

          at 302. It specifically noted that the passage of nine days between the execution of the lease

          and the execution of the guaranty was “without significance,” stating that “[t]here is no

          evidence in the record indicating any separate negotiations between the parties concerning

          the guaranty agreement. If any took place, then we must assume that defendant would have

          produced evidence as to the same.” Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 302-03.

¶ 39         We found Vaughn instructive in the first appeal, noting that, like in Vaughn, the passage

          of several days between the execution of the lease and the execution of the guaranty was not

          dispositive because plaintiff had sufficiently alleged that the two were executed

          contemporaneously as part of a single transaction. L.D.S., 2011 IL App (1st) 102379, ¶ 47.

          However, we agree with the trial court that after the circumstances surrounding the lease

          agreement were more fully fleshed out through Saluja’s testimony, such a comparison is no

          longer appropriate. In Vaughn, the court specifically noted that “[t]here is no evidence in the

          record indicating any separate negotiations between the parties concerning the guaranty


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          agreement. If any took place, then we must assume that defendant would have produced

          evidence as to the same.” Vaughn, 30 Ill. App. 2d at 302-03. Here, by contrast, the record

          does contain evidence indicating separate negotiations. Specifically, the record indicates that

          Saluja signed the lease on July 20 despite believing that the lease agreement was

          “incomplete.” According to the receipt, “the keys and the possession of the store” were given

          to Skehan on July 21. That day was the first time Saluja ever raised the issue of a guaranty,

          and the guaranty was presented to Skehan and executed on July 26, two days after Southern

          Cross had tendered its security deposit to plaintiff. As the trial court found, it is apparent that

          Saluja belatedly realized that he was contracting with Southern Cross instead of Quizno’s

          and sought to insert a guaranty into an already-completed transaction. Accordingly, we

          cannot find the trial court’s conclusion that there were separate negotiations to be against the

          manifest weight of the evidence, and the situation present in Vaughn is in no way analogous

          to the situation present in the instant case. Given the presence of separate negotiations and

          separate transactions, new consideration was required for the guaranty. Tower Investors, 371

          Ill. App. 3d at 1028. Since Saluja admitted several times that there was no new consideration,

          the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff was unable to establish a prima facie case equally

          was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 40         We are not persuaded by plaintiff’s argument that the lease agreement was never

          “executed” until after Saluja accepted the security deposit, which he refused to do until after

          Skehan had signed the guaranty. The lease agreement does not specify that execution of the

          agreement is conditioned on plaintiff’s acceptance of the security deposit. As the trial court

          noted, the lease agreement simply states that “[c]oncurrently with Tenant’s execution of this

          Lease, Tenant shall deposit with Landlord the Security Deposit,” and Southern Cross did, in


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          fact, tender its security deposit to plaintiff on July 24. Plaintiff does not provide any other

          evidence to suggest that execution of the lease may be delayed by plaintiff’s refusal to accept

          the security deposit, other than Saluja’s testimony as to his actions. In fact, as the trial court

          found, the agreement had been signed, the security deposit had been tendered, and the keys

          and possession of the property had been turned over, all prior to any guaranty having been

          presented to Skehan. In short, as the trial court found, “the lease was executed in every sense

          of the word.” We cannot find the trial court’s conclusion that the lease had been fully

          executed prior to the guaranty being presented to Skehan to be against the manifest weight of

          the evidence, and accordingly, find plaintiff’s argument otherwise to be unpersuasive.

¶ 41         As a final matter, Skehan requests the imposition of sanctions for what he terms a

          “frivolous” appeal. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 375(b) (eff. Deb. 1, 1994) provides for the

          imposition of sanctions for frivolous appeals that are not taken in good faith. The imposition

          of sanctions under Supreme Court Rule 375(b) is left entirely to the discretion of the

          reviewing court. McNally v. Bredemann, 2015 IL App (1st) 134048, ¶ 24 (citing

          Kheirkhahvash v. Baniassadi, 407 Ill. App. 3d 171, 182 (2011)). In the case at bar, we

          decline to impose such sanctions.

¶ 42                                          CONCLUSION

¶ 43         For the reasons set forth above, the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff could not

          establish a prima facie case was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, where the

          testimony of plaintiff’s principal established that the guaranty and the lease agreement were

          two separate transactions, requiring new consideration for the guaranty.

¶ 44         Affirmed.




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