Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, Remanded with Instructions, and Opinion
filed August 30, 2016.




                                        In the

                     Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                               NO. 14-15-00786-CV

 DARYL W. TURNER, IN PERSONAM, AND M/Y FOUR PLAY, IN REM,
                         Appellants
                                          V.

 TEX//TOW MARINE TOWING AND SALVAGE, LLC D/B/A SEA TOW
                GALVESTON BAY, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 129th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Cause No. 2014-73061

                                  OPINION
      Daryl Turner and M/Y Four Play, in rem, appeal the trial court’s order
confirming a salvage arbitration award in favor of Sea Tow Galveston Bay. We
affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.

                       Factual and Procedural Background

      On June 22, 2013, appellant Daryl Turner was operating his boat, Four Play,
in the Galveston Bay. The boat struck a submerged object and began to sink. One
of the passengers aboard the boat called William Kern, the owner of appellee Sea
Tow Galveston Bay (“Sea Tow”), for help.         Kern and his associate, Daniel
Rowland towed the boat to safety. Rowland stated that he filled out the top half of
a Sea Tow “Log and Job Invoice” and presented it to Turner for his signature. The
top half of the invoice consisted of Turner’s name and contact information, as well
as information about Turner’s boat. According to Sea Tow, Turner signed and
dated the invoice below a paragraph of text entitled “Towing / Salvage
Agreement.” The agreement included the following sentence regarding dispute
resolution:

      Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this agreement
      or the breach thereof shall be filed and/or removed (as the case may
      be) to Federal Court, or to compulsory, final and binding arbitration,
      or to a court of suitable jurisdiction, upon SALVOR’s discretionary
      forum election, which shall be final and binding.

A copy of the invoice was filed with the trial court. The invoice shows Turner
signed on a line labeled “Customer” and Kern signed on a line labeled “Sea Tow.”
The signatures appear immediately below the words “I have fully read, understand
and agree to the terms and conditions as above written.” Both signatures are dated
June 22, 2013. The bottom portion of the invoice indicates that Sea Tow charged
Turner $11,000 for salvage services after towing his boat. Turner refused to pay
the charge.

      Through its attorney, Sea Tow contacted Turner by email to notify him that
if he continued to refuse payment, Sea Tow would demand arbitration. Turner
continued to refuse payment. Sea Tow demanded arbitration and sent notice of the
demand to Turner by both email and certified mail. Turner emailed one of Sea
Tow’s attorneys, saying that he would “gladly settle th[e] matter when a proper


                                        2
amount [wa]s submitted” and that he had turned the matter over to his attorney,
Daniel Crowder. Sea Tow’s attorney contacted Crowder, who informed Sea Tow
that he had not been formally retained by Turner.

      Sea Tow proceeded with the arbitration, electing to use an arbitrator in
Maine.    The arbitrator emailed his arbitrator’s disclosure and schedule for
submissions to Turner and Sea Tow.           Turner concedes that he received this
correspondence from the arbitrator, but claims that he forwarded it to his assistant,
who neglected to send it to Crowder. Sea Tow requested an extension of time
from the arbitrator to submit its position and notified Turner of this request. The
arbitrator granted Sea Tow’s request and informed Turner that he would also be
granted additional time to respond to Sea Tow’s submission. When Turner did not
respond, the arbitrator emailed Turner to remind Turner that if he did not submit
his response, the arbitrator would close the proceeding and issue a final award in
the matter. Turner did not respond, and the arbitrator emailed Turner and Sea Tow
the next day to inform them that the proceeding was closed.

      After the arbitrator had notified the parties that the proceeding was closed,
Crowder sent a letter to the arbitrator indicating that he represented Turner and
requesting that the arbitrator reopen the matter. The arbitrator refused the request
and issued his final award to Sea Tow in the amount of $28,728.78 on February 18,
2014. After the award was issued, the parties attempted settlement but were
unsuccessful in reaching an agreement.

      Sea Tow filed its Petition to Confirm the Arbitration Award on December
18, 2015, in the 129th District Court of Harris County, Texas. Turner responded to
the petition and moved to vacate the award on February 13, 2015. The trial court
issued its final judgment against Turner, in personam, and M/Y Four Play, in rem,
on June 15, 2015. Turner filed a motion for new trial. The record does not

                                         3
indicate that this motion was ruled on by the trial court. Turner timely filed this
appeal.

       We affirm in part and reverse in part and hold: (1) the trial court did not err
in confirming the arbitration award as to Turner, in personam, because Turner’s
motion to vacate was untimely; and (2) the trial court erred in asserting jurisdiction
over and confirming the arbitration award as to Turner’s boat, M/Y Four Play, in
rem. We remand with instructions for the trial court to dismiss the claims against
M/Y Four Play.

                                         Analysis

       Turner and M/Y Four Play, in rem, present three issues on appeal: (1)
whether the time limits in 9 U.S.C. § 12 apply to a non-participating party to
arbitration who contests the existence of a written agreement to arbitrate; (2)
whether     a    non-contractual      and    unauthenticated,      incomplete,     illegible
acknowledgement ticket containing an imbedded arbitration clause constitutes a
valid agreement to arbitrate; and (3) whether an arbitration award should be
vacated because Turner did not receive a fair hearing.

I.     Turner

       It is undisputed that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1–16,
governs this case. We review a trial court’s decision to confirm an arbitration
award de novo. Broemer v. Houston Lawyer Referral Serv., 407 S.W.3d 477, 480
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.). Judicial review of an arbitration
award “is extraordinarily narrow because of the limited grounds upon which an
arbitration award may be vacated under the FAA.”1 Venture Cotton Co-op. v.

       1
          A court may make an order vacating an arbitration award upon the application of any
party to the arbitration:
       (1) where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means;

                                              4
Neudorf, No. 14-13-00808-CV, 2014 WL 4557765, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] Sept. 16, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Prudential Sec., Inc. v.
Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 896, 898 (Tex. 1995); Tanox, Inc. v. Akin, Gump, Strauss,
Hauer & Feld, L.L.P., 105 S.W.3d 244, 250 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2003, pet. denied)).        “An arbitration award governed by the FAA must be
confirmed unless it is vacated, modified, or corrected under certain limited
grounds.” Amoco D.T. Co. v. Occidental Petroleum Corp., 343 S.W.3d 837, 841
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011). Texas law “clearly favors arbitration”
and an arbitration award “has the same effect as a judgment of a court of last
resort; all reasonable presumptions are indulged in favor of the award.” Broemer,
407 S.W.3d at 480.

       The trial court did not err in confirming the arbitration award in favor of Sea
Tow and against Turner because Turner’s motion to vacate was untimely.
Pursuant to section 12 of the FAA, notice of a motion to vacate “must be served
upon the adverse party or his attorney within the three months after the award is
delivered or filed.” 9 U.S.C. § 12. Turner filed his motion to vacate nearly one
year after the arbitrator issued the final award in this case and ten months after the
record indicates that Turner’s counsel acknowledged the award.2 Turner contends

       (2) where there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of
           them;
       (3) where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the
           hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent
           and material to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the
           rights of any party have been prejudiced; or
       (4) where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them
           that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was
           not made.
9 U.S.C. § 10(a).
       2
         The record contains an authenticated email, dated April 8, 2015, in which Crowder told
counsel from Sea Tow that Turner contested “the merit of the default ‘award.’”

                                                5
that “the motion to vacate was timely . . . because it was brought within ninety (90)
days of the filing of the so-called arbitration award, or December 18, 2014.”
Turner has not provided, nor have we found any case law supporting the
proposition that the three-month statutory period commences at the time that a
party seeks to enforce an arbitration award. Courts consistently have rejected
similar arguments as contrary to plain meaning of the statutory text.3 We join
these courts in rejecting Turner’s interpretation of section 12 and conclude that
Turner’s motion to vacate was untimely.

       Turner alternatively argues that the limitations period prescribed by section
12 does not apply to him. Turner cites to MCI Telecommunications Corp. v.
Exalon Industries, Inc., 138 F.3d 426 (1st Cir. 1998), for the proposition that the
three-month period in section 12 does not apply when a party who, like Turner, did
not participate in the arbitration proceeding challenges the validity of the award at
the time of its enforcement on the basis that no written agreement to arbitrate
existed between the parties. In Exalon, MCI filed a tariff regulation with the
Federal Communications Commission that, by its terms, allowed arbitration of
disputes between MCI and any party using its telecommunications services. Id. at
427.    Exalon later entered into a contract with MCI for telecommunications
services. Id. After Exalon contested a service bill, MCI invoked the arbitration

       3
          See, e.g., Broemer, 407 S.W.3d at 481 (rejecting argument that three-month period
began when arbitrator denied motion for reconsideration rather than when arbitrator issued
award); Smith v. J-Hite, Inc., 127 S.W.3d 837, 842 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, no pet.)
(rejecting argument that statute of limitations does not apply if a motion to vacate is filed in
opposition to motion for confirmation of award); Eurocapital Grp., Ltd. v. Goldman Sachs &
Co., 17 S.W.3d 426, 430 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (motion to vacate
untimely when filed ten months after award served on the parties); see also Parsons,
Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc. v. Palmetto Bridge Constructors, 647 F.Supp.2d 587, 592
(D. Md. 2009) (rejecting argument that three-month period began after arbitrator granted a
motion to correct and finding that period began when final arbitration award issued); Romero v.
Citibank USA, Nat. Ass’n, 551 F.Supp.2d 1010, 1013 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (three-month period
began when arbitration award was issued).

                                               6
provision in the tariff that it filed with the FCC.              Id.    MCI proceeded with
arbitration and received an award from the arbitrator. Id. at 428. Exalon did not
participate in the arbitration, nor did it later move to vacate, correct, or modify the
award during the three-month statutory period prescribed by section 12 of the
FAA. Id. MCI moved to enforce the arbitration award one year after it was issued.
Id. In its response to MCI’s motion, Exalon contested the existence of a valid
agreement to arbitrate. Id. The federal district court rejected Exalon’s challenge
and confirmed the award. Id. The First Circuit reversed, holding that “a party that
contends that it is not bound by an agreement to arbitrate can . . . simply abstain
from participation in the proceedings, and raise the inexistence of a written
contractual agreement to arbitrate as a defense to a proceeding seeking
confirmation of the arbitration award[] without the limitations contained in section
12.” Id. at 430.

       Exalon is not controlling. We note that Exalon does not reflect a majority
view. Other courts considering the issue have held that once the three-month
statutory period contained in section 12 has expired, a party may not attempt to
vacate an arbitration award for any reason. Taylor v. Nelson, 788 F.2d 220, 225
(4th Cir. 1986).4 Additionally, the Exalon opinion is narrower than Turner
suggests. The First Circuit conceded that a case in which there was a signed

       4
          See also Cigna Ins. Co. v. Huddleston, 986 F.2d 1418 (5th Cir. 1993) (no equitable
tolling considerations once three-month period has run); Comprehensive Accounting Corp. v.
Rudell, 760 F.2d 138, 140 (7th Cir. 1985) (nonparticipating party may not “delay his challenge
until the person in whose favor the award was made sue[d] to enforce it”); Florasynth, Inc. v.
Pickholz, 750 F.2d 171, 175 (2d Cir. 1984) (party may not move to vacate after three-month
period, even when raised in opposition to motion to confirm); Romero, 551 F.Supp.2d at 1013
(party loses the right to oppose confirmation if motion to vacate filed outside of three-month
period); Int’l Tech. Integration, Inc. v. Palestine Liberation Org., 66 F.Supp.2d 3, 15–16 (D.D.C.
1999) (distinguishing Exalon and finding challenge to arbitration award untimely when filed
outside of limitations period); Smith, 127 S.W.3d at 842 (rejecting argument that limitations
period does not apply if a motion to vacate is filed in opposition to motion for confirmation of
award).

                                                7
contract with a standard arbitration clause would be “beyond the scope” of the
Exalon opinion, which centered on the validity of an arbitration provision
embedded in a tariff filed with a third party. 138 F.3d at 431. The Exalon court
explicitly distinguished the case before it from the Rudell case out of the Seventh
Circuit. Exalon, 138 F.3d at 431 (citing Comprehensive Accounting Corp. v.
Rudell, 760 F.2d 138, 139–40 (7th Cir. 1985)). The facts of Rudell more closely
mirror the facts in this case, and we find the opinion instructive. In Rudell, as here,
the nonparticipating parties filed an untimely motion to vacate claiming that they
did not sign an agreement to arbitrate, despite the fact that a signed agreement to
arbitrate was submitted to the court. 760 F.2d at 140. The Seventh Circuit held
that a party, like Turner, who refused to participate in arbitration could not “delay
his challenge until the person in whose favor the award was made sue[d] to enforce
it.” Id. at 139, 140.5 We likewise hold that Turner’s motion to vacate was
inexcusably untimely. Accordingly, we do not consider Turner’s other arguments
concerning the validity of the underlying arbitration agreement or the fairness of
the arbitration proceeding. We conclude that the trial court properly executed its
“ministerial duty” to deny Turner’s untimely motion to vacate and to grant Sea
Tow’s motion to confirm the arbitration award issued in its favor. In re Chevron
U.S.A., Inc., 419 S.W.3d 341, 351 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.).

II.    M/Y Four Play

       Texas state courts lack jurisdiction to consider in rem suits against a vessel.
De Wolf v. Kohler, 452 S.W.3d 373, 382 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014,
no pet.) (citing Am. Dredging Co. v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443, 446–47 (1994)). Even

       5
         We note also that the First Circuit recently reiterated the distinction between Exalon and
cases in which the existence of a written agreement to arbitrate is apparent. Farnsworth v.
Towboat Nantucket Sound, Inc., 790 F.3d 90, 99 n.10 (1st Cir. 2015).


                                                8
though Turner did not raise subject matter jurisdiction as an issue in this appeal, we
are obliged to determine whether jurisdiction was properly asserted in this case.
Id. It is well-established that “an in rem suit against a vessel is . . . distinctively an
admiralty proceeding, and is hence within the exclusive province of the federal
courts.” Miller, 510 U.S. at 446-47. Because the trial court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction over Sea Tow’s claim against M/Y Four Play, in rem, the trial court
erred in awarding a judgment against the vessel. Accordingly, we reverse the trial
court’s judgment as to M/Y Four Play and remand with instructions to dismiss Sea
Tow’s petition to the extent Sea Tow seeks judgment against the vessel, for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.

                                      Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment confirming the arbitration award in
favor of Sea Tow and against Turner. We reverse the trial court’s judgment
confirming the arbitration award as to Turner’s vessel M/Y Four Play and remand
with instructions to dismiss the claims against M/Y Four Play, in rem, for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.




                                         /s/       Marc W. Brown
                                                   Justice



Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices McCally and Brown.




                                               9
