                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 18-2544
                                       ___________

                                   WILSON PATZAN,
                                            Petitioner

                                             v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                             Respondent

                       ____________________________________

                      On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A216-406-632)
                   Immigration Judge: Honorable Irma Lopez Defillo
                     ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   October 24, 2018

        Before: GREENAWAY, JR., RESTREPO and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: October 29, 2018)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION *
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Wilson Patzan petitions pro se for review of a final order of removal. For the

reasons detailed below, we will dismiss the petition in part and deny it in part.

       Patzan is a citizen of Guatemala. He entered the United States in 2011. In 2017,

the Government charged him with being removable as an alien present in the United

States without being admitted or paroled. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Through

counsel, Patzan conceded removability but applied for asylum, withholding of removal,

and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).

       During a hearing before an Immigration Judge (IJ), Patzan testified in support of

his application. He claimed to be a member of a particular social group he defined as

“Guatemalan school children who are being coerced by gangs at or near schools and are

threatened with harm if they do not . . . join or comply with the mandates of the gangs.”

A.R. at 127. Patzan recounted three incidents in which he had been beaten by gang

members in Guatemala because he refused to join the gang.

       The IJ denied all relief, concluding that, even assuming that Patzan testified

credibly—a point on which the IJ expressed some skepticism—he had not identified a

cognizable social group. The IJ concluded that the group described by Patzan was not

particularized and did not possess social distinction, which was fatal to Patzan’s asylum

and withholding claims. The IJ also concluded that Patzan’s CAT claim failed because

he had not shown that the government in Guatemala would consent or acquiesce to any

torture. Patzan appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which affirmed the

IJ, ruling that Patzan had waived any challenge to the denial of the CAT claim and that
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the IJ had not erred in rejecting Patzan’s proposed social group. Patzan filed a timely

petition for review to this Court.

       We generally have jurisdiction to review a final order of removal under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(1). Because the BIA “appears to have substantially relied upon” the IJ’s

decision, we review both opinions. Xin Jie Xie v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir.

2004). We review the agency’s legal conclusions under a de novo standard, but must

uphold the agency’s factual findings “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also Mendoza-

Ordonez v. Att’y Gen., 869 F.3d 164, 169 (3d Cir. 2017).

       In his brief, Patzan argues that his constitutional rights were violated because the

lawyer that represented him during his hearing before the IJ was a criminal-law attorney

who was unqualified to handle an immigration matter. While ineffective assistance of

counsel in a removal proceeding may constitute a denial of due process, see Contreras v.

Att’y Gen., 665 F.3d 578, 584 (3d Cir. 2012), we have jurisdiction to review only claims

that have been exhausted before the BIA, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Lin v. Att’y Gen.,

543 F.3d 114, 119-21 (3d Cir. 2008). Because Patzan did not raise his ineffectiveness

claim before the BIA, we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See Zheng v. Gonzales, 422

F.3d 98, 107–08 (3d Cir. 2005). Thus, we will dismiss the petition for review to the

extent that it raises an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.

       Meanwhile, although Patzan has properly exhausted a claim that his proposed

social group is cognizable, he did not raise any arguments concerning the social group in
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his opening brief. Ordinarily, we will consider only those issues that an appellant has

presented in his brief. See Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., AFL-CIO v. Foster Wheeler

Corp., 26 F.3d 375, 398 (3d Cir. 1994) (“An issue is waived unless a party raises it in its

opening brief, and for those purposes a passing reference to an issue will not suffice to

bring that issue before this court.” (quotation marks, alteration omitted); Mala v. Crown

Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2013) (noting that pro se litigants “must

abide by the same rules that apply to all other litigants”).

       Even if Patzan had not waived this claim, he would be entitled to no relief. The

agency properly applied the standard set forth in In re M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227

(BIA 2014), which requires the proponent of the social group to show that it is “(1)

composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with

particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in question.” Id. at 237; see also

S.E.R.L. v. Att’y Gen., 894 F.3d 535, 540 (3d Cir. 2018) (ruling that the test propounded

in M-E-V-G- is entitled to Chevron deference).

       The agency did not err in applying this standard. First, the BIA ruled that the

social group lacked sufficient particularity because “there are no outer limits for that

general description.” IJ Op. at 17; see also S.E.R.L., 894 F.3d at 552 (explaining that

“particularity” standard requires the group to have “discrete and definable boundaries that

are not amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or subjective” (quotation marks, alteration

omitted)). That ruling is consistent with prior decisions of this Court and the BIA. See,


                                               4
e.g., In re A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 316, 335 (U.S. Att’y Gen. 2018); Escobar v. Gonzales,

417 F.3d 363, 368 (3d Cir. 2005).

       Second, Patzan has not shown that Guatemalans would perceive the members of

his alleged group “as sufficiently separate or distinct” to satisfy the social-distinction

requirement. S.E.R.L., 894 F.3d at 550 (quotation marks omitted). Nothing in the

administrative record suggests that the group as framed by Patzan is “recognizable by

society at large,” In re A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. at 336; see generally S.E.R.L., 894 F.3d at

556 (upholding BIA’s ruling that “immediate family members of Honduran women

unable to leave a domestic relationship are [not] viewed as socially distinct within

Honduran society”). We will therefore deny the petition for review to the extent that it

challenges the BIA’s rejection of his proposed social group.

       Accordingly, we will dismiss the petition for review in part and deny it in part.




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