               Importation of Morphine Sulfate for Placement
                     in the National Defense Stockpile

The Attorney G eneral m ay authorize the General Services Adm inistration to im port m orphine sulfate
  from Turkey for placem ent in the National D efense Stockpile under an exception in 21 U .S .C .
  § 952(a)(2)(A ), if h e determ ines that acquisition by im port is necessary due to an em ergency in
  which dom estic supplies are inadequate to m eet a legitim ate need of the U nited States.

A reasonable argum ent can be m ade that the prohibition in 21 U .S .C . § 952(a) does not apply to the
   im portation o f drugs by the U nited States, notw ithstanding long-standing and consistent adm in­
   istrative practice and interpretation to the contrary.

                                                                                                 July 19, 1982

    MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE ACTING ADMINISTRATOR,
           DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

   You asked whether the Attorney General1may, in light of 21 U.S.C. § 952(a),
permit the General Services Administration (GSA) to import, for placement in
the National Defense Stockpile, morphine sulfate manufactured in Turkey.
Assuming that § 952(a) applies to the importation of drugs by the United States,
although a reasonable legal argument can be made that it does not, we conclude
that the Attorney General may nevertheless be in a position to sanction the import
if the facts indicate that it would fall within an exception to the § 952(a)
prohibition.2
   Section 952(a) provides:
             It shall be unlawful to import into the customs territory of the
           United States from any place outside thereof (but within the
           United States), or to import into the United States from any place
           outside thereof, any controlled substance in schedule I or II of


   1 Your question is phrased in terms of the authority of the Attorney General. We note, however, that the Attorney
General s authority under 21 U.S C. § 952(a) has been delegated to the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement
Administration, 28 C .F.R. § 0 100, and has, in the past, been exercised by him. E .g.. 39 Fed Reg 44033 (1974).
For the purposes o f consistency, both with the language of your request and with that of the statute, we will refer
throughout our opinion to the authority o f the Attorney General under § 952(a). It should be understood, however,
that the Administrator o f the Drug Enforcement Administration is the official who actually exercises that authority
   2 You asked also that we consider, if we conclude that § 952(a) prohibits the import, whether other, superior legal
authority is available to authorize it We have researched this point and have found no statute which by its terms or by
fair implication would authorize the President, the Attorney General, or any other Executive Branch official to
permit an import otherwise prohibited by § 952(a) Nor do we know of a constitutional power of the Executive,
applicable in present circumstances, to override a valid law enacted by Congress and made applicable to the United
States.


                                                        455
        subchapter I of this chapter or any narcotic drug in schedule III,
        IV, or V of subchapter I of this chapter, except that—
              (1) such amounts o f crude opium and coca leaves as the
           Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for medical,
           scientific, or other legitimate purposes, and
              (2) such amounts of any controlled substance in schedule I or
           II or any narcotic drug in schedule III, IV, or V that the
           Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for the
           medical, scientific, o r other legitimate needs of the United
           States—
                 (A) during an emergency in which domestic supplies of
              such substance or drug are found by the Attorney General to
              be inadequate, or
                 (B) in any case in which the Attorney General finds that
              com petition among domestic manufacturers of the con­
              trolled substance is inadequate and will not be rendered
              adequate by the registration of additional manufacturers
              under section 823 o f this title,
        may be so imported under such regulations as the Attorney
        General shall prescribe. No crude opium may be so imported for
        the purpose of manufacturing heroin or smoking opium.

   Morphine sulfate is a schedule II controlled substance within the meaning of
§ 952(a). 21 C.F.R. § 1308.12 (1981). It is not crude opium. Under the plain
language of § 952(a) its importation into the United States is, therefore, unlawful
unless one of the exceptions of subsection (2) applies. You have informed us that,
in your view, competition among domestic manufacturers of morphine sulfate is
adequate and that the exception contained in § 952(a)(2)(B) is, for this reason,
unavailable on the facts. We accept this assessment and our opinion does not treat
that exception. You observe also that “ today, no shortage of morphine sulfate is
known to exist.” This observation calls into question the applicability of the
exception provided for in § 952(a)(2)(A). We are reluctant, however, to con­
clude, on the basis of your observation— notwithstanding the recognized exper­
tise of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) concerning the normal needs
of the country for morphine sulfate and the adequacy of domestic supplies to meet
those needs— that the availability of a § 952(a)(2)(A) exception is necessarily
foreclosed under the facts in the case at hand. Our reluctance stems from our
belief that agency expertise in addition to that of DEA should appropriately be
consulted to permit full factual development and to assist in making or rejecting
the finding required by § 952(a)(2)(A).
   As stated above, GSA wishes to import morphine sulfate from Turkey for
placement in the National Defense Stockpile. Under the Strategic and Critical
Materials Stock Piling Act, 50 U.S.C. §§ 98-98h-4 (Supp. Ill 1979), the
President is charged with responsibility to “ determine from time to time
(1) which materials are strategic and critical materials for the purposes of [the

                                       456
Act], and (2) the quality and quantity of each such material to be acquired for the
purposes of [the Act] and the form in which each such material shall be acquired
and stored.” 50 U.S.C. § 98b(a). He is directed to acquire and store materials
determined to be strategic and critical, 50 U.S.C. § 98e(a)(l) and (2), in the
 “ interest of national defense,” and in quantities “ sufficient to sustain the United
States for a period of not less than three years in the event of a national
emergency.” 50 U.S.C. § 98b(b)(l) and (2). The basic purpose which Congress
intended the Act, and thus the authority of the President, to serve is “ to decrease
and to preclude, when possible, a dangerous and costly dependence by the
United States upon foreign sources for supplies of [strategic and critical mate­
rials] in times of national emergency.” 50 U.S.C. § 98a(b). It is clear that the
acquisition and maintenance of adequate supplies of strategic and critical mate­
rials in the National Defense Stockpile is, under the Act, a high national priority
and an important responsibility of the President.
    The President has delegated to various officials his functions and authority,
although not his ultimate responsibility, see 3 U.S.C. § 301, under the Strategic
and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act. Executive Order No. 12155 of Sept. 10,
 1979, 44 Fed. Reg. 53071, reprinted in 50 U.S.C. § 98 note (Supp. Ill 1979).
Relevant here, he has authorized the Director of the Federal Emergency Manage­
ment Agency (FEMA) to determine on his behalf which materials are to be
designated strategic and critical and in what quantity, quality and form they are to
be acquired for storage in the National Defense Stockpile. Executive Order No.
 12155, § 1-101. In addition, he has delegated to the Administrator of General
Services authority to acquire the designated materials. Executive Order No.
 12155, § 1-102.
    Pursuant to this delegation, the Director of FEMA has, we are informed,
designated opium salts in the form of morphine sulfate as a strategic and critical
material and has made it one of the highest priority items for acquisition for the
National Defense Stockpile. At present, in spite of this high priority, the supply
of opium salts, together with an equivalency in raw opium from which the salts
may be processed, is 58,697 AMA (anhydrous morphine alkaloid) lbs., or
approximately 45 percent, below the goal of 130,000 AMA lbs. which the
Director of FEMA has set. The Administrator of General Services is attempting
“ to correct this critical shortage” and plans to acquire approximately 44,000
AMA lbs. of opium salts within one year. The Administration has determined that
20,000 AMA kilograms (approximately 44,000 AMA lbs.) of morphine sulfate,
the form of opium salts which FEMA has specified as its first preference for
storage in the National Defense Stockpile, can be acquired from the Turkish Soil
Products Office within the established one-year time period.
    We doubt that it can be disputed that the acquisition of morphine sulfate for the
National Defense Stockpile is, within the terms of § 952(a), in furtherance of a
legitimate need of the United States. The factual question remains, however,
whether such acquisition by import from Turkey (as opposed to by purchase from
U.S. manufacturers) is necessary due to an emergency in which domestic
supplies of morphine sulfate are inadequate to meet this legitimate need. This is

                                        457
 the finding required by § 952(a)(2)(A). To answer this question, we believe it is
essential first to identify precisely what that need is, second to determine whether
 failure to fulfill that need creates an emergency situation, and finally to examine
 whether domestic supplies are adequate to meet the need as identified, within the
time period set by FEMA and GSA.
    Since FEMA is the government agency with both the authority and primary
responsibility under Executive Order No. 12155 to determine what the need is,
and with the expertise to know whether failure to meet that need creates an
emergency with respect to the defense preparedness of the United States, its
views on these issues should be solicited and will be entitled to considerable
weight. It is also apparent that GSA, which is charged with fulfilling the need, is
in a position to have or to develop the facts concerning the adequacy and
availability of domestic supplies to satisfy the need according to the terms set by
the two agencies.
    We cannot, of course, predict whether, after FEMA and GSA have been
consulted and additional information made available to DEA from other sources
has been considered, the facts will establish the availability of a § 952(a)(2)(A)
exception for the importation from Turkey of morphine sulfate for the National
Defense Stockpile. We cannot rule out the possibility, however, that an inquiry
properly focused on the relevant facts would establish that § 952(a)(2)(A) is
applicable to the proposed import. Such an inquiry should give due consideration
to the requirements and views of FEMA and GSA, as well as to the facts
presented by them and by other interested parties,3 including: the need for the
specific substance morphine sulfate in the National Defense Stockpile; the
quantity and quality of morphine sulfate needed; the period of time within which
that need must be met; the consequences to national defense preparedness if that
need is not fulfilled within that time period; whether those consequences would
constitute an emergency; and whether domestic supplies of morphine sulfate are,
or will be, adequate during the relevant time period to meet that need, both as to
quantity and quality, given that the medical, scientific, and other legitimate needs
of the United States, including the maintenance by private industry of sufficient
reserve supplies, for opium-based drugs must be met simultaneously.
   As we noted earlier, a legal argument can be made that § 952(a) is inapplicable
in the case of an import by the United States, through one of its agencies, of a
controlled substance otherwise within the scope of this statute. This argument is
based on a line of Supreme Court cases best typified by U nited S tates v. U nited
M in e W orkers, 330 U.S. 258 (1947), which hold that, as a matter of statutory
construction, unless extraneous and affirmative reasons (such as the legislative
history or the context within which a statutory scheme operates) indicate other­
wise, “ statutes which in general terms divest pre-existing rights or privileges will
not be applied to the sovereign without express words to that effect.” Id. at 272.
S ee a lso H an cock v. Train, 426 U .S. 167 (1976); U nited States v. Wittek, 337
U.S. 346(1949); U n ited States v. H erron , 87 U.S. (20 Wall.)251 (1874); U nited

 3 A formal hearing on the availability of a § 952(a)(2)(A) exception is nol required. 21 U .S.C . § 958(h).


                                                    458
S ta te s v. Knight, 3 9 U.S. (1 4 P et.)301 (1840);a n d 2 6 Op. Att’yGen. 415 (1907)
(Statute prohibiting, on penalty of forfeiture, transportation of merchandise from
one United States port to another in foreign-owned vessels inapplicable to the
shipment of property owned by the United States).
   Without going into detail, we observe that nothing specific in the language of
§ 952(a) or of its predecessor statute, the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act
of 1922, Pub. L. No. 227, § 2(b), 67th C ong., 2d Sess., 42 Stat. 596,21 U.S.C.
§ 173 (1964) and little in their combined legislative histories indicates clearly
that they were intended to restrict the actions of the United States. Thus applica­
tion to § 952(a) of the rule of construction that general statutes do not divest the
sovereign of pre-existing rights is not clearly precluded. The argument that
§ 952(a) should not be construed to prohibit importation by the United States is
strengthened when one considers the statutory mechanisms chosen by Congress
to enforce it: criminal prosecution, 21 U.S.C. § 960, and forfeiture to the United
States, 21 U.S.C. §§ 965, 880. Both penalties are inappropriate for application
to the United States.
   Other arguments, however, support the conclusion that the prohibition of
§ 952(a) should be applied to the United States. Primary among these is that
DEA and its predecessor agencies responsible for enforcing § 952(a) and its
progenitor have long interpreted the provisions as applicable to the United States,
e.g., 21 C.F.R. §§ 1311.24-25 (Exempting military personnel and certain
federal law enforcement personnel from import and export registration require­
ments). The United States, as an administrative practice, has never imported
narcotics in violation of these provisions. This interpretation by the agency
responsible for administering the statute, and the long and consistent admin­
istrative practice, would, we believe, carry great weight with the courts. E. g.,
U nited S tates v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 553-54 (1979). Moreover, although
direct evidence is scanty, there is some indication in the legislative history that
§ 952(a) is intended, at least in part, to foster a United States industry to produce
opium-based drugs and to protect that industry from foreign competition. See
generally C on trolled D angerous Substances, N arcotics an d D rug C ontrol L aw s:
H earings B efore the H ouse C om m ittee on Ways an d M eans, 91st Cong., 2d
Sess., 458-62 (1970) (Statement of Stephen Ailes). S ee also 21 U.S.C. § 958(h)
(Giving U.S. manufacturers certain hearing rights before imports may be autho­
rized). Failure to apply the law to the United States, a substantial consumer of
such drugs, arguably would be inconsistent with such an intent. Further,
§ 952(a), like its predecessor, places an absolute ban on the importation of opium
for manufacturing heroin or smoking opium. Since this prohibition was derived
from § 952(a)’s predecessor and since that statute was enacted in large part in
reaction to adverse congressional and public opinion concerning the increase in
drug use in the United States for non-medical purposes— particularly opium
smoking— it seems doubtful that Congress meant to exempt the United States




                                         459
from this particular prohibition. Finally, § 952(a) must be read in p a ri m ateria
with 21 U.S.C. § 953(a)4, dealing with the export of controlled substances. We
note that the prohibitions of that section almost certainly are applicable to exports
by the United States since they are intended to implement the treaties and
international conventions cited in that section and those treaties and conventions
apply, by their terms, to actions of the United States government.
   In conclusion, an argument can be made, as outlined briefly above, that
§ 952(a) does not bind the United States. Nevertheless, a contrary legal argu­
ment can be made, based on administrative practice and interpretation, that it
does. In these circumstances, we conclude that it would be imprudent to rely
solely on this argument to attempt to justify the proposed import by GSA of
morphine sulfate from Turkey without first carefully examining the relevant facts
available to FEMA and GSA to determine whether the § 952(a)(2)(A) exception
is available. Should you determine that the facts do not support an exception
under that section, we would be pleased to explore more fully the legal question
of the applicability of § 952(a) to imports of controlled substances by the United
States.

                                                             T   heodore      B. O   lson

                                                         A ssista n t A ttorney G eneral
                                                           Office o f L egal Counsel




  4 Both are sections of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act, which was enacted as Title III of the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Pub L No 91-513, Title III, 91st Cong , 2d
Sess., 84 Stat. 1285.


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