             NOTICE
                                         2014 IL App (5th) 130207
 Decision     filed 09/05/14,
 corrected 09/11/14. The text of             NO. 5-13-0207
 this decision may be changed
 or corrected prior to the filing of
 a Petition for Rehearing or the                 IN THE
 disposition of the same.

                                       APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                               FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

JANICE SHERER, Individually and as              ) Appeal from the
Administrator of the Estate of Sara Sherer Ott, ) Circuit Court of
Deceased,                                       ) Montgomery County.
                                                )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                     )
                                                )
v.                                              ) No. 05-L-5
                                                )
JAY SARMA,                                      )
                                                )
       Defendant-Appellee                       )
                                                )
(Jacob Ott, Montgomery County Mental            )
Health Department, Martha Benning, and          ) Honorable
Psychiatric Associates of Central Illinois,     ) Allan F. Lolie,
Defendants).                                    ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE SCHWARM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Presiding Justice Welch and Justice Chapman concurred in the judgment and
            opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1          In the circuit court of Montgomery County, the plaintiff, Janice Sherer,

individually and as administrator of the estate of her deceased daughter, Sara Sherer Ott,

brought wrongful death and survival actions against the defendant, Jay Sarma, M.D.,

alleging that Sarma had been negligent in her care and treatment of Sara and Sara's

                                                  1
husband, Jacob Ott. The plaintiff appeals from the circuit court's order granting Sarma's

motion for summary judgment on all counts against her. For the reasons that follow, we

affirm.

¶2                                    BACKGROUND

¶3        Defendant Sarma is a psychiatrist licensed to practice in Illinois. In 2003, her

employment with Psychiatric Associates of Central Illinois included providing services to

patients of the Montgomery County Mental Health Department in Hillsboro (the health

department). Jacob and Sara were two of Sarma's patients.

¶4        In 1997, when Jacob was a teenager, he began experiencing delusions and auditory

hallucinations and was admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Springfield. During his

hospitalization, Jacob was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and depression, and he

was violent until his schizophrenia was stabilized with Clozaril. He was also prescribed

Zoloft for his depression. Following his hospitalization, Jacob was treated and medicated

by a psychiatrist in Springfield until August 2003, when he and Sara married and his care

was transferred to the health department.

¶5        On September 9, 2003, Jacob saw Sarma for the first time. Jacob also met with

his assigned case manager, Martha Benning. Sarma noted that Jacob was doing well and

that he and Sara had recently gotten married and were looking for an apartment. Jacob

advised that he was stable on his medications, and he denied experiencing hallucinations

or psychotic symptoms. The agreed treatment plan for Jacob was that he continue taking

his prescribed medications and return in three months.

¶6        On December 9, 2003, Jacob saw Sarma and Benning again. Benning noted that
                                           2
Jacob was in a good mood, and he denied having any psychotic symptoms. Jacob

indicated that he was compliant with his prescribed medications. Jacob further indicated

that he was happy in his marriage. Sarma noted that Jacob had seemed preoccupied, but

he reported that he was doing well. Sarma recommended that Jacob continue taking

Clozaril and Zoloft.

¶7     On December 24 or 25, 2003, Jacob became upset about a gift of money that his

father had given Sara for Christmas. Jacob subsequently took the money after telling

Sara that she could not keep it.

¶8     On January 4, 2004, Jacob and Sara went to the plaintiff's house, and Jacob

confronted the plaintiff about her attempts to convince Sara to move back home with her.

Jacob was angry and aggressive and wanted to fight the plaintiff. The plaintiff called

Jacob's father during the encounter, but Jacob and Sara left before his father arrived.

Thereafter, Jacob's family started checking up on him several times a day.

¶9     On January 6, 2004, Jacob's mother called Benning at the health department and

advised that Jacob had stopped taking his prescribed medications. She further advised

that he had not been making threatening statements and that she did not believe that he

was a danger to himself or others. Benning told Jacob's mother that he needed to restart

his medications immediately and that voluntary hospitalization was an available option.

¶ 10   On January 7, 2004, Jacob's mother took him to see Dr. Doug Byers in

Springfield. Byers was told that Jacob had stopped taking his Clozaril as prescribed.

Jacob made no threats and had not presented himself as a danger to anyone. Jacob told

Byers that he had decreased his Clozaril intake to one pill a day because the medicine
                                           3
made him feel sluggish and affected his hearing. Jacob admitted, however, that he was

now more irritable, was not sleeping very well, and was not "getting along very well."

Jacob agreed to increase his Clozaril intake until he could meet with Dr. Sarma again.

¶ 11   On January 8, 2004, Jacob and Sara attended a scheduled appointment at the

health department. The plaintiff was initially present, but Jacob ordered her away, stating

that the "problem" was between him and Sara. Minutes later, Sara left the appointment

crying, and Sara indicated that Jacob had told her to leave. When Jacob met with

Benning the same day, he told her that he had been off of his medications for four to six

weeks but had restarted taking his Clozaril the previous night. Jacob reported that he was

irritable and could not be around people. Benning noted that Jacob was psychotic and

very fixed on his delusional beliefs, but he was neither aggressive nor combative. Jacob

never threatened to harm Sara or anyone else, and Benning did not believe that he was a

danger to himself or others. Dr. Sarma was not at the health department that day, and no

one advised her that Jacob had stopped taking his Clozaril. Benning noted that Jacob had

an appointment to see Sarma the following week. On the evening of January 8, 2004,

Jacob and Sara went to Jacob's mother's house for dinner and then went back to their

apartment.

¶ 12   On the morning of January 9, 2004, Sara went to the plaintiff's house to borrow

some laundry detergent and then returned home. Jacob's mother stopped by the couple's

apartment at least twice that day to make sure that Jacob was still taking his Clozaril and

things were "pleasant and normal between Jacob and Sara." That night, the plaintiff and

her husband went to the apartment to check on Sara, and Jacob's father and stepmother
                                         4
were there, too. Jacob and Sara seemed fine. Hours later, Jacob stabbed Sara to death.

The following week, Sarma learned what had happened.

¶ 13   On January 6, 2005, the plaintiff filed her initial complaint setting forth her

wrongful death and survival actions arising from Sara's murder. Sarma was named one

of the numerous defendants in the cause, and six amended complaints followed. The

plaintiff filed her sixth amended complaint on September 17, 2008. In counts I, II, III,

IV, V, VI, and IX of her sixth amended complaint, the plaintiff collectively alleged,

among other things, that Sarma had been negligent in her treatment of Sara by failing to

warn her of the threat that Jacob posed and that Sarma had also been negligent in her

treatment of Jacob.

¶ 14   On November 16, 2012, Sarma filed a motion for summary judgment with a

supporting memorandum. Sarma alleged that she was entitled to summary judgment on

all of the plaintiff's counts against her because the plaintiff could not maintain a

negligence action based on Jacob's physician-patient relationship and because there was

no evidence that Jacob had ever made any specific threats that would give rise to a duty

to warn Sara.

¶ 15   On December 18, 2012, the plaintiff filed a response to Sarma's motion for

summary judgment with a supporting memorandum.             The plaintiff maintained that

because Sara and Jacob were both Sarma's patients, Sarma's treatment of Jacob was

actionable by Sara, and Sara was not a "third party" for purposes of Sarma's duty to warn.

¶ 16   On February 6, 2013, the cause proceeded to a hearing on Sarma's motion for

summary judgment. After both parties argued their respective positions, the circuit court
                                         5
took the matter under advisement.

¶ 17   On February 8, 2013, the circuit court entered a written order granting Sarma's

motion for summary judgment "with prejudice." Citing Eckhardt v. Kirts, 179 Ill. App.

3d 863 (1989), the court held that because there was no evidence that Jacob had ever

made any specific threats to harm Sara, Sarma had no duty to warn Sara that Jacob was a

possible threat. The court further held that the fact that Sara was also Sarma's patient did

"not change the duty owed her" and that to expand Sarma's duty as the plaintiff suggested

"would clearly be contrary to case law and public policy." Following the circuit court's

denial of her motion to reconsider, the plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.

¶ 18                                    ANALYSIS

¶ 19   "A motion for summary judgment should only be granted when the pleadings,

depositions, and affidavits demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Jackson v. TLC

Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418, 423 (1998). "Summary judgment is a drastic measure

and should only be granted if the movant's right to judgment is clear and free from

doubt." Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102

(1992). Our review of a circuit court's order granting summary judgment is de novo. Id.

¶ 20   "To recover damages based upon negligence, a plaintiff must prove that the

defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, that the defendant breached that duty, and that the

breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury." Krywin v. Chicago Transit

Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215, 225 (2010). "The existence of a duty under a particular set of

circumstances is a question of law for the court to decide." Choate v. Indiana Harbor
                                           6
Belt R.R. Co., 2012 IL 112948, ¶ 22. "Absent a duty, 'no recovery by the plaintiff is

possible as a matter of law.' " Id. (quoting Vesey v. Chicago Housing Authority, 145 Ill.

2d 404, 411 (1991)).

¶ 21   When determining whether a legal duty exists, a court must "ask whether a

plaintiff and a defendant stood in such a relationship to one another that the law imposed

upon the defendant an obligation of reasonable conduct for the benefit of the plaintiff."

Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 436 (2006).

       "The 'relationship' referred to in this context acts as a shorthand description for the

       sum of four factors: (1) the reasonable foreseeability of the injury, (2) the

       likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the

       injury, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant."

       Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 18.

"Any analysis of the duty element turns on the policy considerations inherent in the

above factors, and the weight accorded each of the factors depends on the circumstances

of the particular case." Doe-3 v. McLean County Unit District No. 5 Board of Directors,

2012 IL 112479, ¶ 22.

¶ 22   In Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 551 P.2d 334, 339-41 (Cal.

1976), after announcing his intention to do so in a therapeutic setting, the defendant

doctors' patient killed a "readily identifiable" woman who had rejected his advances.

When the victim's parents later sued the doctors for failing to warn the victim of the

impending danger that the patient posed, the doctors maintained that they owed no duty

to the victim, because she was not one of their patients. Id. at 340-42. Recognizing the
                                            7
"public importance of safeguarding the confidential character of psychotherapeutic

communication," the California Supreme Court nevertheless held that "the public policy

favoring   protection   of   the   confidential   character    of   patient-psychotherapist

communications must yield to the extent to which disclosure is essential to avert danger

to others." Id. at 346-47. The court thus determined that under the circumstances, the

doctors had a duty to protect and warn the victim, even though she was not one of their

patients. Id. at 347-51. The court explained:

              "We realize that the open and confidential character of psychotherapeutic

       dialogue encourages patients to express threats of violence, few of which are ever

       executed. Certainly a therapist should not be encouraged routinely to reveal such

       threats; such disclosures could seriously disrupt the patient's relationship with his

       therapist and with the persons threatened.        To the contrary, the therapist's

       obligations to his patient require that he not disclose a confidence unless such

       disclosure is necessary to avert danger to others, and even then that he do so

       discreetly, and in a fashion that would preserve the privacy of his patient to the

       fullest extent compatible with the prevention of the threatened danger." Id. at 347.

¶ 23   In Renslow v. Mennonite Hospital, 67 Ill. 2d 348, 349-50 (1977), a mother was

given a blood transfusion that years later caused her daughter to be born with "permanent

damage to various organs, her brain, and her nervous system." When the mother brought

a negligence action against the hospital on behalf of herself and her daughter, the circuit

court dismissed the portion of the complaint that sought damages for the daughter for

failure to state a cause of action. Id. After noting that "[h]istorically, negligence could
                                            8
not be founded upon the breach of a duty owed only to some person other than the

plaintiff," our supreme court held that the daughter could seek damages for her injuries

under a limited theory of transferred negligence. Id. at 355-57. The court thus found that

under the circumstances, the hospital's duty of care to the mother extended to the

daughter, because of the special relationship between the mother and daughter. Id.

¶ 24   In Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center, 117 Ill. 2d 507, 514 (1987),

the plaintiff, a passenger in a car driven by a medicated patient who had recently been

released from the defendant hospital, was injured when the patient crashed the car into a

tree. The plaintiff sought to recover damages from the hospital and two of its doctors for

the injuries he sustained as a result of the accident, alleging that the patient should have

been warned of the side effects of the medications the doctors had administered. Id. at

514-15. Stating that "[t]he transfer of duty is limited by a court's policy decision that the

duty to act with reasonable care should be transferred to the third-party plaintiff," our

supreme court affirmed the circuit court's dismissal of the plaintiff's claims, holding that

"a plaintiff cannot maintain a medical malpractice action absent a direct physician-patient

relationship between the doctor and plaintiff or a special relationship, as present in

Renslow, between the patient and the plaintiff." Id. at 528, 531. The court explained that

"[h]olding the hospital liable for all harmful acts committed by patients who have been

released would be an unreasonable burden on the institution" and that as a matter of

public policy, a hospital's duty to warn a patient of the dangers of using a prescribed drug

should not be "extended to third-party nonpatients who have no patient-hospital

relationship or a special relationship with a patient." Id. at 526-27. "Such a broad duty
                                             9
extended to the general public would expand the physician's duty of care to an

indeterminate class of potential plaintiffs." Id. at 532.

¶ 25   In Estate of Johnson v. Condell Memorial Hospital, 119 Ill. 2d 496, 499-500

(1988), an informally admitted psychiatric patient escaped from the defendant hospital

and struck the plaintiff's decedent's car during an ensuing police chase.          After the

decedent died from her resulting injuries, the plaintiff filed wrongful death and survivor

claims against the hospital, alleging, among other things, that the hospital "either knew or

should have known that [the patient] suffered from mental disorders, drug addiction, and

had a propensity toward violence and flight from authorities." Id. at 500. Noting that

"[i]n general, one has no duty to control the conduct of another to prevent him from

causing harm to a third party," our supreme court rejected the plaintiff's contention that

the hospital owed a third-party duty to the decedent. Id. at 503-10. In reaching its

conclusion, the court discussed and distinguished Renslow, stating that the plaintiff's

reliance on that case was "misplaced." Id. at 509. The court also discussed Kirk and

noted that in that case, it had "rejected the plaintiff's contention that the defendants'

alleged failure to warn the patient of the drugs' side effects created a duty that extended to

third-party nonpatients." Id.

¶ 26   In Eckhardt, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 864-65, after the defendant doctor's psychiatric

patient shot and killed her husband, the plaintiff, the deceased husband's estate, filed a

malpractice action alleging that the death was the result of the doctor's negligent

treatment of the deceased's wife. The plaintiff's claims included an allegation that the

doctor was negligent for failing to warn the couple of the attendant dangers of the wife's
                                            10
mental health disabilities. Id. at 866. Arguing that the plaintiff could not establish that

the defendant owed the deceased a duty of care, the defendant filed a motion for

summary judgment, which the circuit court granted. Id. at 865-66. When affirming the

circuit court's judgment, the appellate court discussed Kirk and Condell and further

considered cases from other jurisdictions that had "concluded that a therapist cannot be

held liable for injuries inflicted upon third persons absent specific threats to a readily

identifiable victim." Id. at 871. The Eckhardt court also noted that the California

Supreme Court had later explained that "Tarasoff involved an exception to the general

rule that one owes no duty to control the conduct of another and that the therapist's duty

to warn or protect another in Tarasoff arose because the decedent was the known,

specifically foreseeable and identifiable victim of the patient's threats." Id. at 872. The

Eckhardt court ultimately held as follows:

              "Based upon the prior discussion of the law, we believe the plaintiff must

       establish the following elements relating to the alleged duty owed in order to

       sustain her cause of action. First, the patient must make specific threat(s) of

       violence; second, the threat(s) must be directed at a specific and identified victim;

       and, third, a direct physician-patient relationship between the doctor and the

       plaintiff or a special relationship between the patient and the plaintiff." Id. at 872.

Finding that there was no evidence that the doctor's patient had "ever made specific

threats of violence against her husband," the Eckhardt court determined that because the

plaintiff had "failed to establish the first two elements of the duty to warn, the trial court

properly granted summary judgment to the defendant." Id. at 873. In light of that
                                       11
determination, the court declined to decide whether the plaintiff had established the

existence of a " 'special relationship.' " Id. The Eckhardt court then stated that its

disposition was consistent with the "sound public policy against expanding the liability of

health professionals to an indeterminate class of potential plaintiffs" and that "[h]uman

behavior is simply too unpredictable and the field of psychotherapy presently too inexact

to require that therapists be ultimately responsible for all the actions of their patients." Id.

at 873-74.    "To impose such a responsibility without limit would be to place an

unacceptably severe burden on those who provide mental health care to the people of this

State, ultimately reducing the opportunities for needed care." Id. at 874.

¶ 27   In a special concurrence, Justice Reinhard opined that the Eckhardt majority

should not have "adopted, in large part," Tarasoff's duty-to-warn standard, because there

was no need to do so in light of the supreme court's holding in Kirk. Id. at 874-75

(Reinhard, J., specially concurring). Applying Kirk to the facts at issue, Justice Reinhard

noted that it was "clear that plaintiff's decedent had no direct physician-patient

relationship with defendant" and that there was no "special relationship between the

patient and the plaintiff's decedent, as was present in Renslow." Id. at 875. When

discussing Kirk, Justice Reinhard further noted:

       "In deciding the scope of the duty of a physician in Illinois, the supreme court

       considered decisions in other jurisdictions, including cases with holdings similar

       to the approach used by the majority herein, which focus on whether the victim is

       a specifically identifiable potential victim, and rejected them." Id.

¶ 28   In Doe v. McKay, 183 Ill. 2d 272, 273-76 (1998), the plaintiff father sued the
                                        12
defendant psychologist for the negligent treatment of his daughter after the daughter's

therapy sessions with the defendant led to an accusation that the father had sexually

abused the daughter "when she was about 11 years old." Noting that in the counts at

issue, the father had not alleged that he had a therapist-patient relationship with the

defendant psychologist, our supreme court held that pursuant to Kirk, the father could not

sustain a cause of action based on the defendant's treatment of his daughter. Id. at 279

(citing Eckhardt, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 874-75 (Reinhard, J., specially concurring)).

Declining to "apply Renslow's concept of transferred negligence" to facts of the case, the

court reiterated that "the duty of due care owed by a health care professional runs only to

the patient, and not to third parties." Id. at 279-80. The court then explained that "[a]

number of considerations relevant to the duty analysis strongly militate against

imposition of a duty here, even when the asserted liability is characterized in terms of

transferred negligence or a special relationship." Id. at 281-82. The court noted that

expanding a therapist's duty of care to "nonpatient third parties" would result in

"competing demands" and divided loyalties that could negatively affect the therapist's

treatment decisions. Id. at 282. The Doe court observed:

       "As one court has noted, '[D]octors should be free to recommend a course of

       treatment and act on the patient's response to the recommendation free from the

       possibility that someone other than the patient might complain in the future.'

       Lindgren v. Moore, 907 F. Supp. 1183, 1189 (N.D. Ill. 1995). Hoping to avoid

       liability to third parties, however, a therapist might instead find it necessary to

       deviate from the treatment the therapist would normally provide, to the patient's
                                           13
       ultimate detriment. This would exact an intolerably high price from the patient-

       therapist relationship and would be destructive of that relationship." Id.

The Doe court also recognized that expanding a therapist's duty of care to nonpatient

third parties could negatively impact "the duty of confidentiality that every therapist owes

to his or her patients." Id. The court noted that by statute, communications between a

therapist and a patient are privileged and "subject to disclosure only in a limited range of

circumstances." Id. at 283. The Doe court further noted that the United States Supreme

Court had "recently underscored the importance of the psychotherapist privilege,"

quoting the following:

       " 'Effective psychotherapy *** depends upon an atmosphere of confidence and

       trust in which the patient is willing to make a frank and complete disclosure of

       facts, emotions, memories, and fears. Because of the sensitive nature of the

       problems for which individuals consult psychotherapists, disclosure of

       confidential communications made during counseling sessions may cause

       embarrassment or disgrace. For this reason, the mere possibility of disclosure may

       impede development of the confidential relationship necessary for successful

       treatment.' Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 10, 135 L. Ed. 2d 337, 345, 116 S. Ct.

       1923, 1928 (1996)." Id.

The Doe court thus observed that "[a]llowing a nonpatient's action against another

person's therapist to go forward would seriously intrude on the relationship between

therapist and patient, jeopardizing the confidentiality necessary for the relationship to

flourish." Id. at 283-84. In conclusion, the court stated:
                                             14
              "The considerations we have just discussed–the problem of divided

       loyalties, and the strong public interest in maintaining the confidentiality of

       therapist-patient communications–argue strongly against imposing on therapists a

       duty of care toward nonpatients. Accordingly, we believe that the rule in Kirk

       [citation], barring malpractice actions by third parties must be applicable here and

       requires that no duty be extended to the plaintiff for psychic injuries allegedly

       arising from the therapist's treatment of [his daughter]. To be sure, the plaintiff

       may allege that he himself was a patient of [the therapist], and counts to that effect

       remain pending in the circuit court of Du Page County. They are not at issue in

       the present appeal, however." Id. at 284-85.

¶ 29   Lastly, in Tedrick v. Community Resource Center, Inc., 235 Ill. 2d 155, 157-60

(2009), after the defendant health-care providers' patient killed his wife, the wife's

representatives brought wrongful death and survivor actions alleging, among other things,

that the defendants had been negligent in their care of the husband and had a duty to warn

the decedent of his stated thoughts and threats of killing her. The circuit court dismissed

with prejudice the plaintiffs' complaint for failing to allege a recognized legal duty or a

special relationship that would allow for a transfer of negligence from the patient to his

wife. Id. at 157, 177. When affirming the circuit court's judgment, the supreme court

rejected the plaintiffs' arguments that the defendants could be held liable because a

marital relationship is a "special relationship" for purposes of transferred negligence and

because the defendants' voluntary undertakings "created a duty to protect [the patient's

wife] irrespective of a patient-physician relationship or special relationship between the
                                            15
patient and a third party." Id. at 162. With respect to the former argument, after noting

that it had repeatedly limited Renslow to its particular facts, the court stated that a

marriage relationship "is not comparable to the relationship between a mother and fetus."

Id. at 177. With respect to the latter, having noted that there was no evidence that the

decedent wife was also a patient of the defendants, the court held that the defendants did

not owe the decedent a duty to warn her of her husband's violent propensities. Id. at 160,

172. The court stated that it was "not persuaded by plaintiffs' arguments that the long-

established principles in Kirk and Doe should not be followed in this case." Id. at 172.

¶ 30   When determining that the defendants did not owe the decedent wife a duty to

protect or warn, the Tedrick court noted that Tarasoff was the seminal case cited for the

proposition that "a mental-health-care provider owes a duty to warn and protect a

nonpatient third party, when his patient confides his intention to kill an identified third

party and later kills the third party." Id. at 169-70. The court then discussed Eckhardt

and stated, "[I]t is clear from a careful reading of Eckhardt [citation] and our opinion in

Doe that this court had rejected the rationale of the Tarasoff case." Id. at 170. In a

footnote, the court observed that the Eckhardt majority's three-elements test had been

cited with approval in several appellate court decisions. Id. at 171 & n.4. The court also

noted that in Doe, it had cited with approval Justice Reinhard's special concurrence for

the proposition that "Kirk precludes recovery" in the absence of a physician-patient

relationship. Id. at 172.

¶ 31   In the present case, the plaintiff contends that the circuit court should not have

applied Eckhardt's three-elements test when determining that Sarma had no duty to warn
                                          16
Sara of the potential threat that Jacob posed to her safety. The plaintiff argues that

because the victim in Eckhardt was not a patient of the defendant doctor, Eckhardt only

implicated the "duty to warn a nonpatient third party." The plaintiff thus maintains that

Eckhardt's holding should be strictly limited to its facts. See Doe, 183 Ill. 2d at 289

(Harrison, J., dissenting) ("A cardinal principle of our common law system is that a

holding can have no broader application than the facts of the case that gave rise to it.").

Noting that our supreme court "has twice cited Justice Reinhard's concurrence in

Eckhardt with approval for the proposition that Illinois law simply restricts claims against

a physician to her patients and those persons sharing a special relationship with her

patients," the plaintiff further suggests that Eckhardt's specific-threat elements should be

deemed nonprecedential "surplusage" that cannot control the outcome here. We disagree.

¶ 32   At the outset, we note that while the Tedrick court specifically stated that in Doe,

it had cited Justice Reinhard's concurrence with approval, the Tedrick court arguably

cited the Eckhardt majority's opinion with approval as well. See Tedrick, 235 Ill. 2d at

170-72. There was no need for the Tedrick court to consider or rely on the majority

opinion, however, because Kirk, Doe, and Justice Reinhard's concurrence were

dispositive of the third-party duty issue that the Tedrick court was asked to decide. Id. at

172. Additionally, the Tedrick court specifically noted that the Eckhardt majority's three-

elements test had been cited with approval in several appellate court decisions (id. at 171

& n.4) and did not criticize the standard or suggest that it was unsound. The Tedrick

court also stated that it had previously rejected the rationale of the Tarasoff case, but in

context, the court was referring to Tarasoff's extension of duty to nonpatient third parties,
                                             17
as opposed to the specific-threat component adopted by the Eckhardt majority. Id. at

169-70; see also Doe 1 v. North Central Behavioral Health Systems, Inc., 352 Ill. App. 3d

284, 290-91 (2004) (Holdridge, J., specially concurring). In any event, because our

supreme court has not explicitly rejected or adopted the Eckhardt majority's three-

elements test for determining a mental health professional's duty to warn or protect, the

circuit court was bound by Eckhardt and the subsequent appellate court decisions that

have cited it with approval. See Delgado v. Board of Election Commissioners of the City

of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d 481, 488 (2007) (noting that until our supreme court "says

otherwise," circuit courts are bound by the decisions of the appellate court "regardless of

the appellate court's district"). We further believe that Eckhardt is good law that provides

a workable standard for mental health professionals and reflects the policy considerations

and relationship factors upon which their legal duties are based.

¶ 33   As previously noted, in Doe, when discussing "the importance of the

psychotherapist privilege," the supreme court recognized "the duty of confidentiality that

every therapist owes to his or her patients" and the "limited range of circumstances" in

which that duty may statutorily be breached. Doe, 183 Ill. 2d at 282-83. The Doe court

further recognized that therapists should not be put in positions where "divided loyalties"

might negatively affect a patient-therapist relationship or otherwise influence or

compromise a particular course of treatment. Id. at 282, 284. In Kirk, the court observed

that holding medical providers liable for all of the harmful acts of their patients would

undoubtedly be "an unreasonable burden." Kirk, 117 Ill. 2d at 526. Eckhardt's three-

elements test addresses these duty considerations and further recognizes the
                                    18
unforeseeable and "speculative nature of the risk of harm" posed by mental health

patients. Eckhardt, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 873; see also Peck v. Counseling Service of

Addison County, Inc., 499 A.2d 422, 427 (Vt. 1985) (Billings, C.J., dissenting, joined by

Peck, J.) ("It is scientifically recognized that it is impossible to predict future violent

behavior."). We further note that Eckhardt was decided in February 1989, and effective

September 1990, the General Assembly amended the Mental Health and Developmental

Disabilities Confidentiality Act (the Act) (now see 740 ILCS 110/1 et seq. (West 2012))

to allow for the disclosure of privileged communications "when and to the extent, in the

therapist's sole discretion, disclosure is necessary to warn or protect a specific individual

against whom a recipient has made a specific threat of violence where there exists a

therapist-recipient relationship or a special recipient-individual relationship" (Pub. Act

86-1417 (eff. Sept. 11, 1990) (amending Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 91½, ¶ 811); now see

740 ILCS 110/11(viii) (West 2012)). Thus, to the extent that Eckhardt's specific-threat

elements might have arguably been dicta when the case was decided, they are now

recognized public policy. See A.B.A.T.E. of Illinois, Inc. v. Quinn, 2011 IL 110611, ¶ 34

(noting that the policy of the state is established by its laws). Moreover, given that the

Act mandates that all communications between a therapist and a patient "shall be

confidential and shall not be disclosed except as provided in [the] Act" (740 ILCS

110/3(a) (West 2012)), we agree with Sarma's observation that she was "precluded from

assuming the very duty [the] [p]laintiff would seek to impose."

¶ 34   To be sure, Sarma owed Jacob and Sara the same duty, i.e., "the duty of

confidentiality that every therapist owes to his or her patients." Doe, 183 Ill. 2d at 282.
                                            19
The purpose of that duty is to foster " 'an atmosphere of confidence and trust in which the

patient is willing to make a frank and complete disclosure of facts, emotions, memories,

and fears,' " without fear that "competing demands" and divided loyalties might

negatively affect the therapist's treatment decisions. Id. at 282-83 (quoting Jaffee, 518

U.S. at 10).

       "[A] psychiatrist's ability to help her patients

               is completely dependent upon [the patients'] willingness and ability to talk

               freely. This makes it difficult if not impossible for [a psychiatrist] to

               function without being able to assure … patients of confidentiality and,

               indeed, privileged communication. Where there may be exceptions to this

               general rule ..., there is wide agreement that confidentiality is a sine qua

               non for successful psychiatric treatment."       (Internal quotation marks

               omitted.) Jaffee, 518 U.S. at 10.

¶ 35   As previously noted, under Eckhardt's three-elements test:

       "To sustain a cause of action predicated on a therapist's alleged duty to warn third

       parties of the potential violent acts of a patient, the plaintiff must demonstrate the

       following: (1) the patient made specific threats of violence, (2) the threats of

       violence were directed against a specific and readily identifiable victim, and (3)

       there is a direct physician-patient relationship between the defendant and the

       victim or a special relationship between the patient and the victim." Doe 1, 352

       Ill. App. 3d at 290 (citing Eckhardt, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 872).

Here, the circuit court correctly concluded that although the plaintiff had satisfied the
                                           20
third element given Sara's direct physician-patient relationship with Sarma, Sarma had no

legal duty to protect or warn Sara because there was no evidence that Jacob had ever

made any specific threats to harm her. The plaintiff argues that Sarma's liability should

be extended beyond Eckhardt's constraints, but as the circuit court observed, that Sara

and Jacob were both Sarma's patients did "not change the duty owed" and that to expand

Sarma's duty as the plaintiff suggests "would clearly be contrary to case law and public

policy." What happened to Sara was tragic, but we cannot conclude that Sarma had a

duty to protect and warn her under the circumstances.        To do so "would exact an

intolerably high price from the patient-therapist relationship and would be destructive of

that relationship." Doe, 183 Ill. 2d at 282. We lastly note that the divided-loyalty

concerns discussed in Doe would seem particularly significant with respect to health-care

providers such as the health department, which often have many patients but few doctors.

¶ 36                                 CONCLUSION

¶ 37   For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court's judgment granting Sarma's motion for

summary judgment on all of the plaintiff's counts against her is hereby affirmed.



¶ 38   Affirmed.




                                            21
                                     2014 IL App (5th) 130207

                                           NO. 5-13-0207

                                                  IN THE

                                APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                         FIFTH DISTRICT


JANICE SHERER, Individually and as          )     Appeal from the
Administrator of the Estate of Sara Sherer Ott,
                                            )     Circuit Court of
Deceased,                                   )     Montgomery County.
                                            )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                 )
                                            )
v.                                          )     No. 05-L-5
                                            )
JAY SARMA,                                  )
                                            )
       Defendant-Appellee                   )
                                            )
(Jacob Ott, Montgomery County Mental        )
Health Department, Martha Benning, and      )     Honorable
Psychiatric Associates of Central Illinois, )     Allan F. Lolie,
Defendants).                                )     Judge, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed:           September 5, 2014
_________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:              Honorable S. Gene Schwarm, J.

                   Honorable Thomas M. Welch, P.J., and
                   Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.,
                   Concur
_________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys          Kenneth James Hogan, Kenneth James Hogan, P.C., 311 East Main Street,
for                Suite 415, Galesburg, IL 61401; James C. Brandenburg, Brandenburg-Rees &
Appellant          Rees, 128 South Broad Street, P.O. Box 556, Carlinville, IL 62626-0556
_________________________________________________________________________________

Attorney           Christian D. Biswell, Drake, Narup & Mead, P.C., 107 E. Allen Street, Suite
for                100, Springfield, IL 62704
Appellee
_________________________________________________________________________________
