                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                              COURT OF APPEALS



BENTELER AUTOMOTIVE CORPORATION,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      March 21, 2017
                 Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

v                                                                     No. 328329
                                                                      Wayne Circuit Court
WELLINGTON INDUSTRIES, INC,                                           LC No. 13-011361-CK

                 Defendant-Appellant/Cross-
                 Appellee.


Before: TALBOT, C.J., and MURRAY and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right following the trial court’s entry of a final stipulated order
dismissing all claims and counterclaims. At issue on appeal is the trial court’s April 27, 2015
order denying in part defendant’s motion to enforce a settlement between the parties;
specifically, defendant challenges the trial court’s determination that the agreed-upon release
language was insufficiently broad to encompass indemnification claims relating to potential,
future claims by third parties regarding allegedly defective parts.1 Plaintiff cross-appeals the trial
court’s June 15, 2015 order resolving further cross-motions to enforce the settlement;
specifically, plaintiff challenges the trial court’s holding that it is not entitled to deduct (from
amounts owed to defendant) a portion of the revenue received from the sale of scrap metal
generated by defendant’s production of parts for plaintiff. We reverse and remand in the main
appeal, and affirm in the cross-appeal.

                     I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Plaintiff is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan, and is a
“Tier One” automotive parts supplier to many major vehicle manufacturers. Defendant is a
Michigan corporation headquartered in Belleville, Michigan, and is a “Tier Two” automotive
parts supplier that supplies parts to various Tier One automotive parts suppliers. In 2013, the
parties entered into a series of agreements in which plaintiff outsourced to defendant the
production of certain parts for Ford Motor Company.


1
    For ease of future reference, we will refer to such claims as the Indemnification Claims.


                                                  -1-
        Later in 2013, a dispute arose between the parties after plaintiff declined to make
payment as demanded for parts that defendant had produced. Plaintiff filed suit, alleging several
breach of contract claims and seeking a declaratory judgment relative to defendant’s obligations
under various agreements. Plaintiff’s allegations, in part, concerned defendant’s alleged failure
to provide sufficient parts of a sufficient quality as required under the various agreements.
Defendant asserted various counterclaims related to plaintiff’s alleged nonpayment and breach of
its contractual obligations.

        After over a year of discovery and various proceedings, the parties reached a settlement
following facilitation. The parties memorialized the terms of the settlement in a term sheet,
initialed by the parties and the facilitator, that contained both typewritten and handwritten
entries. The parties placed the settlement on the record before the trial court in November 2014,
agreeing that the term sheet reflected the terms of their settlement and that it “resolves any and
all claims between [plaintiff] and [defendant] arising out of this contractual relationship.” The
term sheet provided that settlement documentation was to be completed and executed by a date
certain, and that the litigation would be dismissed with prejudice and without costs to either
party.

       Following the facilitation, the initialing of the term sheet, and the placement of the
settlement on the record, the parties were unable to agree on language for the settlement
documentation called for in the term sheet. The parties disagreed whether the term sheet
provided for the release of the Indemnification Claims.

        In March 2015, the parties filed cross motions to enforce the settlement, with defendant
seeking an order declaring that plaintiff had released defendant from all claims, including the
Indemnification Claims, while plaintiff sought an order declaring that defendant was not released
from the Indemnification Claims. At the hearing on the opposing motions, the trial court stated
that it would be applying an objective test relative to the interpretation of the term sheet and its
release language, and stated:

              I can tell you right now, gentlemen, without ruling that my focus is more
       on process than parts because even if there were problems with parts, those were
       covered by scrap debits. The counterclaim – the original claim was, hey, I wanted
       to produce these, Benteler versus Wellington, and don’t stop them from producing
       them because the whole Ford Explorer line with come to a screeching halt. The
       counterclaim was, well, look, these dies, they weren’t PPAP’d and we’re losing
       money, a significant amount of money, and we’ll lose a significant amount over
       the course, whether it’s FLCA or non-FLCA parts.

               Ultimately that will be my focus on this. And I will be excluding whatever
       I consider to be parole evidence inconsistent. And I will be applying the Lucy
       versus Zimmer test which has been adopted in Michigan to looking to what
       objectively, based upon the litigation, this is all about. Again, my focus is more is
       on process than on parts because that’s what we discussed at nauseam. Two
       weeks and I’ll give you my ultimate decision after I sift through everything that’s
       been filed.


                                                -2-
       At a hearing held two weeks later, the trial court announced its decision denying
defendant’s motion to enforce the settlement agreement relative to the scope of the release,
holding that the language of the term sheet was clear and unambiguous and that defendant
“remains liable for the defect of [sic] parts that it may have manufactured” under the relevant
agreement. The trial court subsequently denied defendant’s motion for reconsideration.

        After the trial court’s decision on the release issue, the parties filed further cross-motions
to enforce the settlement, this time concerning the “scrap debits” that represented plaintiff’s
share of the revenue generated from the sale of scrap metal created as a byproduct of defendant’s
production of parts for plaintiff.2 The issue of scrap debits was the subject of paragraphs 4 and 6
of the term sheet. The parties disagreed whether plaintiff could take any future scrap debits after
the deduction (from the settlement amount) of an initial dollar amount specified in the term
sheet. The trial court ultimately held that the term sheet provided that plaintiff could not take
any future scrap debits after the initial deduction. The trial court issued an order to that effect on
June 15, 2015.

       The final stipulated order of dismissal was entered on June 29, 2015. This appeal and
cross-appeal followed.

                                        II. MAIN APPEAL

        In the main appeal, defendant argues that the language of the term sheet unambiguously
releases it from liability for all future claims by plaintiff, including the Indemnification Claims.
We agree. A settlement agreement is interpreted according to the principles governing the
interpretation of contracts. Walbridge Aldinger Co v Walcon Corp, 207 Mich App 566, 571; 525
NW2d 489 (1994). Accordingly, we review de novo as a question of law the trial court’s
interpretation of the language of the term sheet. DeFrain v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 491
Mich 359, 366-367; 817 NW2d 504 (2012). We also review de novo the trial court’s
determination that the language of the term sheet was not ambiguous. See Farm Bureau Mut Ins
Co v Nikkel, 460 Mich 558, 563; 596 NW2d 915 (1999).

        A court’s primary goal in interpreting a contract is to honor the intent of the parties.
Klapp v United Ins Group Agency, Inc, 468 Mich 459, 473; 663 NW2d 447 (2003). Contractual
language is to be given its ordinary and plain meaning. Singer v American States Ins, 245 Mich
App 370, 374; 631 NW2d 34 (2001). A court should construe a contract so as to give effect to
every word, clause, and phrase, and avoid rendering any part of the contract surplusage or
nugatory. Klapp, 468 Mich at 467. Further, an unambiguous contract must be enforced as
written. Farmers Ins Exch v Kurzmann, 257 Mich App 412, 418; 668 NW2d 199 (2003). A
contract is unambiguous if it “fairly admits of but one interpretation.” Nikkel, 460 Mich at 566
(citation omitted).




2
 In the ordinary course of business, plaintiff would deduct its share of scrap metal revenues as a
“debit” from the amount it owed to defendant for parts.


                                                 -3-
        As stated earlier, the term sheet reflects both typewritten language and handwritten
entries. Paragraph 8, as reflected in the following excerpt, governs releases:




       As this excerpt of the term sheet reflects, the underlining in paragraph 8 is handwritten.
Additionally, along the left side of the paragraph are the handwritten words “Tom/George.”, “To
fix wording.”, and “Martin/John adjudicate.”3 The notations “Tom/George.” and “Martin/John
adjudicate.” appear adjacent to the underlined language in the second sentence of paragraph 8,
and “To fix wording.” extends upward from the “Tom/George.” notation.

       In interpreting this provision, the trial court stated that its decision was also informed by
paragraph 12 of the term sheet, which provides:




        Again, as this excerpt reflects, the “12” is circled in pencil or pen. In addition (and while
not reflected in the excerpt)4 a handwritten question mark appears next to it.5



3
  Plaintiff represents that “Tom/George” refers to legal counsel for the respective parties, and
that “Martin/John” refers to high-level executives of the parties.
4
  The term sheet was filed under seal in this Court. The excerpts of the term sheet, as reflected in
this opinion, are taken not from the sealed exhibit, but rather from publicly-filed briefs.


                                                -4-
        The trial court found that the term sheet was unambiguous, but concluded that defendant
“remains liable for the defect of [sic] parts that it may have manufactured under this agreement.”
We agree that the term sheet is unambiguous in all relevant respects,6 but disagree that it does
not release defendant from liability for the Indemnification Claims.

        Paragraph 8 of the term sheet provides for releases of “all actual and potential, known
and unknown, liabilities, demands, causes of action, damages, costs, expenses, fees, debts,
debits, setoffs, invoices, sums of money, accounts, agreements, contracts . . . scheduling
agreements, duties, obligations, and claims of every nature arising from or related to all
transactions and dealings between the parties.” (Emphasis added; underlining omitted). “[T]here
cannot be any broader classification than the word ‘all’. In its ordinary and natural meaning, the
word ‘all’ leaves no room for exceptions.” Heritage Resources, Inc v Caterpillar Fin Serv Corp,
284 Mich App 617, 642; 774 NW2d 332 (2009) (citation omitted). In Heritage Resources, this
Court found that language releasing a party from “any and all actual and potential claims” was
“very broad,” and “sweeping.” So too here, plaintiff granted a sweeping release of “all actual
and potential, known and unknown . . . claims of every nature arising from or related to all
transactions and dealings between the parties.” We conclude that this language of the first
sentence of paragraph 8 is sufficiently broad to discharge the Indemnification Claims. Further,
that sentence specifically discharges claims arising from the Long Term Agreement of 2013
(LTA), which contained express warranties from defendant on the parts supplied to plaintiff as
well as promises of indemnification. While plaintiff argues that the handwritten notations and
the underlining within and adjoining the second sentence of paragraph 8 indicate that the parties
did not intend for the term sheet to supersede the LTA, we conclude that the handwritten
underlining of some words in the second sentence, along with the described notations, is
insufficient to support the interpretation of the trial court (or to create an ambiguity), as such an
interpretation would render much of the first (and unmarked by handwritten alterations) sentence
surplusage or nugatory. Klapp, 468 Mich at 467.

        Further, we do not find that paragraph 12 undermines our interpretation of the
unambiguous language of paragraph 8. The retention of product liability and automotive recall
insurance (in paragraph 12) is not inconsistent with a broad release (in paragraph 8) that
encompasses the Indemnification Claims; after all, defendant could be sued directly by a third
party for claims related to the parts it provided to plaintiff. Without regard to the release of
claims by plaintiff, the insurance could protect defendant in the event of such third party claims,
and could additionally provide for the payment of defense or other costs in that event. Finally,
even if the retention of insurance was unnecessary, this sort of “belts and suspenders” approach
to protecting defendant’s interest is certainly understandable in dissolving a complex contractual


5
  Paragraph 13 of the term sheet (relating to a different issue) reflects a similar circle and
question mark but, unlike paragraph 12, also reflects a squiggly line indicating the excision of
the typewritten language from the term sheet.
6
   Neither party disagrees with the trial court’s (or our) conclusion that the term sheet is
unambiguous. To the contrary, both parties assert that the term sheet indeed is unambiguous,
although they disagree regarding its meaning.


                                                -5-
relationship with a high dollar value. Surplusage alone does not render a contract ambiguous.
Mich Twp Participating Plan v Pavolich, 232 Mich App 378, 388; 591 NW2d 325 (1998).

       For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred by holding that the term sheet did
not provide for the release of all present and future claims between the parties related to the
contractual relationship at issue, including the Indemnification Claims. In the main appeal, we
remand for entry of an order consistent with this holding.

                                      III. CROSS-APPEAL

       In its cross-appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that the
term sheet provided that plaintiff could not take any scrap debits, beyond the initial dollar
amount specified in the term sheet. We disagree.

        Plaintiff argues that the following notations on the term sheet together indicate the
parties’ intent that plaintiff would be able to take scrap debits in the normal course of business:
(1) the handwritten underlining of the words “debits” and “setoffs” in paragraph 8, (2) the
underlining and circling of the phrase “with no additional offsets, debits, or deductions” in
paragraph 4 with an arrow drawn to the handwritten phrase “Just against the [initial settlement
amount]”, and (3) the underlining of the following language in paragraph 6, “Except for said
steel cost, Wellington will not be subject to any additional offsets, debits or deductions
(including scrap debits).” Those notations are set forth in the term sheet as reflected in the
above-excerpted paragraph 8 and in the following additional excerpts of paragraphs 4 and 6:




                                               ***




                                                -6-
        We do not find plaintiff’s argument concerning these notations convincing. In short,
none of the handwritten notations referenced by plaintiff undermine the unambiguous meaning
of the language in paragraph 6, “Except for said steel cost, Wellington will not be subject to any
additional offsets, debits or deductions (including scrap debits).” The underlining or circling of
language in no way equates to excising it from the document. And although plaintiff argues that
the addition of handwritten language and notations to paragraph 4 indicates the parties’ intent to
allow future scrap debits, the most that can be inferred from those entries is that the ”offsets,
debits or deductions” are limited to the specified initial deduction. It is at best a strained
construction to say that this language alters the clear language of paragraph 6. See Singer, 245
Mich App 374. The term sheet is replete with examples of the parties crossing out language they
found problematic and substituting other handwritten language; this did not occur with regard to
paragraph 6. Additionally, because the language of paragraph 6 is unambiguous, the trial court
properly gave no weight to plaintiff’s argument that subsequent, unsuccessful negotiations of the
terms of the settlement documentation indicated an intent by the parties to allow plaintiff to take
scrap debits. See Klapp, 468 Mich at 470.

        Reversed with regard to defendant’s appeal, and remanded for entry of an order
consistent with this opinion. Affirmed with regard to plaintiff’s cross appeal. As the prevailing
party, defendant may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A). We do not retain jurisdiction.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                            /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra




                                                -7-
