                                    Fourth Court of Appeals
                                            San Antonio, Texas
                                                     OPINION
                                                No. 04-13-00712-CV

                              SSP HOLDINGS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
                   d/b/a Circle K and Stripes LLC, successor by merger to SSP Partners,
                                       a Texas General Partnership,
                                                Appellant

                                                      v.
                                              Yolanda Lopez and
                                        Yolanda LOPEZ and Jesus Lopez,
                                                  Appellees

                         From the 49th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2004-CVT-00-1507-D1
                                The Honorable Joe Lopez, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:         Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Sitting:            Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                    Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                    Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 30, 2014

REVERSED AND REMANDED

           There have been two arbitration proceedings arising from the underlying lawsuit. This

accelerated appeal is from the trial court’s order vacating an arbitration panel’s final decision in

favor of appellants in the second proceeding. 1 In its order, the trial court found that the final

decision was procured by undue means, the arbitrators engaged in misbehavior, and the arbitrators



1
    There is no dispute that this arbitration proceeding is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (the “FAA”).
                                                                                      04-13-00712-CV


exceeded their powers. On appeal, appellants challenge all three grounds for the trial court’s order.

We reverse the trial court’s order vacating the arbitration decision, remand the cause, and order

the trial court to confirm the arbitration decision.

                                          BACKGROUND

       Yolanda Lopez and her husband sued SSP Holdings Limited Partnership (“SSPH-LP”) for

personal injuries Yolanda allegedly suffered in the course and scope of her employment. The trial

court ordered Yolanda to initiate arbitration proceedings on her claims against the company, but

stayed her husband’s loss of consortium claim. In the first arbitration proceeding, SSPH-LP

moved for summary judgment on the grounds that Yolanda’s negligence and premises liability

claims were time-barred under the terms of the parties’ arbitration agreement. In a February 12,

2008, order, arbitrator Lynne Gomez denied the motion for summary judgment concluding the

applicable limitations period may have been tolled. SSPH-LP moved for reconsideration, and

Yolanda responded.

       On March 17, 2008, Gomez signed an order granting the motion for reconsideration and

the motion for summary judgment. In this order, Gomez noted Yolanda was not arguing the

limitations period was tolled, but instead, she argued her claim was not time-barred. Gomez

disagreed with Yolanda’s arguments, concluded Yolanda did not initiate arbitration until almost

five years after her injury occurred, and therefore, her claim was not timely filed in accordance

with the parties’ agreed arbitration procedure. Yolanda appealed. In an April 9, 2010, final

decision, the arbitration appeals panel determined Yolanda’s claims were barred by the statute of

limitations. The trial court denied Yolanda’s motion to vacate the arbitration panel’s final

decision, and, on October 12, 2010, confirmed the final decision, and dismissed Yolanda’s claims

and causes of action “with prejudice to their re-filing, in whole or in part.” The court did not

dismiss Yolanda’s husband’s claim.
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                                                                                                   04-13-00712-CV




        After the first arbitration, Yolanda and her husband amended their suit to add Stripes LLC 2

as a defendant, and Yolanda rejoined the lawsuit. Stripes filed an application for an order for

arbitration, which the trial court granted. In its March 1, 2012, order, the trial court ordered that

Stripes “may initiate proceedings with the American Arbitration Association by filing the

appropriate demand and other notices . . . .” The order also stated that Stripes’ failure to timely

initiate arbitration proceedings “SHALL result in denial of [Stripes’ application], and the

resumption of all proceedings before this Court.”

       Stripes served its demand for the second arbitration in which it described its claim as
follows:

        Stripes LLC seeks no affirmative relief whatsoever in this arbitration but only a
        declaration under the Texas Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act . . . that it is not
        liable to Respondent, Mrs. Lopez on any claims she has asserted or may assert
        against it based on her alleged October 18, 2002 on-the-job injury. . . . Stripes
        LLC seeks only a declaration that it is not liable to Mrs. Lopez on any claims against
        it because (1) such claims are barred by the applicable statute of limitations (the
        Texas two-year statute of limitations in Section 16.003(a) of the Texas Civil
        Practice and Remedies Code); (2) such claims are barred by res judicata and
        collateral estoppel from the April 9, 2010 Final Award On Appeal . . . and the
        October 12, 2010 Order Confirming Arbitration Award[;] and (3) such claims are
        barred because Claimant Stripes LLC is the successor in interest to SSP Holdings
        Limited Partnership, as admitted in Paragraph 6 of Exhibit A. Stripes LLC is not
        seeking any attorney’s fees, costs or expenses, or any other form of affirmative
        relief.

        In the arbitration proceeding, Stripes again moved for summary judgment and requested a

declaratory judgment on its claims as described above. 3 The hearing arbitrator denied the motion


2
 Apparently, SSPH-LP was the wrong entity to sue because Yolanda’s employer was actually an affiliate company,
SSP Partners. Yolanda sued SSPH-LP on October 18, 2004. She contended SSPH-LP never alleged any defect in
parties or the absence of an employment relationship. According to Yolanda, SSPH-LP stated for the first time in its
December 3, 2007 motion for summary judgment in the arbitration proceedings that it was not her employer and it did
not operate the Circle K store at which she worked. Yolanda contended this was the first time SSPH-LP alleged SSP
Partners employed her and operated the store. SSPH-LP and SSP Partners both later merged into Stripes LLC, which
became the successor to both.
3
 More specifically, Stripes’ limitations argument was that Yolanda reported an on-the-job injury on October 18, 2002;
she and her husband filed their lawsuit on October 18, 2004; and Yolanda filed her arbitration demand on August 17,

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on the grounds that the parties’ arbitration agreement did not contemplate declaratory judgments

or give the arbitrator authority to issue enforceable declaratory judgments. Stripes moved for

reconsideration and the hearing arbitrator found that although he had the authority to render a

declaratory decision, he concluded he could not do so in this case because the case involved tort

liability. Stripes then initiated an appellate arbitration proceeding before a panel of appellate

arbitrators.

         The arbitration panel determined the hearing arbitrator had the authority to render

declaratory decisions in tort actions. The panel then concluded (1) Yolanda’s claims were barred

by the applicable statute of limitations, (2) re-arbitration of matters already arbitrated in the first

arbitration were barred by res judicata, collateral estoppel, or issue/claim preclusion, and (3)

Yolanda’s claims were barred by the arbitration panel’s April 9, 2010, award and the trial court’s

October 12, 2010, order confirming the decision.

         Back in the trial court, the Lopezes filed a motion to vacate the arbitration award and moved

for sanctions, and Stripes responded. The trial court vacated the award for the following reasons:

         (1) The final award was procured by undue means because “Stripes submitted only
         defensive issues to arbitration rather than the entirety of the dispute as had been
         requested by [Stripes] in its Application for Order for Arbitration, and as had been
         ordered by the” trial court;

         (2) The arbitrators engaged in misbehavior “by which the rights of [Yolanda] have
         been prejudiced, making vacation of the Award proper under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(3),”
         and

         (3) The arbitrators “exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them, that a
         mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made,
         making vacation of the Award also proper under 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4).”

2007. The parties’ arbitration agreement provides that “the party seeking arbitration must give written notice of any
claim to the other party within the applicable statute of limitations” and “[n]either filing nor serving a lawsuit stops
the applicable statute of limitations from continuing to run.” Stripes argued that regardless of which entity Yolanda
asserts her negligence claims against, those claims accrued on October 18, 2002 and she was required to initiate
arbitration against any entity regarding her negligence claims by October 18, 2004. Stripes concluded that Yolanda’s
negligence claims were barred by the applicable two-year statute of limitations because she did not initiate arbitration
until August 17, 2007, five years after her claim accrued.

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The trial court ordered that all issues raised on appeal be reheard before a new panel of arbitrators.

The court denied sanctions. Stripes now appeals.

                                                 JURISDICTION

         As a threshold matter, Yolanda contends this court lacks jurisdiction over this appeal

because the arbitration decision is interlocutory and no statute authorizes an appeal. We disagree.

The Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which provides as follows, authorizes an

interlocutory appeal such as the one here:

         In a matter subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. Section 1 et seq.), a
         person may take an appeal or writ of error to the court of appeals from the judgment
         or interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, or county court under
         the same circumstances that an appeal from a federal district court’s order or
         decision would be permitted by 9 U.S.C. Section 16. 4

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2013). This section became effective

September 1, 2009. The notes to section 51.016 provide as follows:

         (a) Except as provided by this section, the change in law made by this Act applies
         to an action filed on or after the effective date of this Act or pending on the effective
         date of this Act.

         (b) The change in law made by this Act does not apply to the appeal of an
         interlocutory order in an action pending on the effective date of this Act if the
         appeal of the order is initiated before the effective date of this Act.

See Acts 2009, 81st Leg., ch. 820, § 1.

         Yolanda argues section 51.016 is not applicable here because that section applies only to

appeals of an interlocutory order in an action filed on or after September 1, 2009. Again, we

disagree because the date the interlocutory appeal is filed controls, not the date the lawsuit is filed.

See J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc. v. Hartman, 307 S.W.3d 804, 808 n.3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010,



4
  Under the FAA, “[a]n appeal may be taken from . . . an order . . . modifying, correcting, or vacating an award . . . .”
9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(E).


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no pet.) (“However, section 51.016 only applies to an appeal initiated on or after September 1,

2009. Because the proceedings in this court were initiated prior to the effective date of section

51.016, this provision is not applicable to the case at hand, and the petition for writ of mandamus

is the appropriate vehicle for this court to consider J.B. Hunt’s complaint.”); In re Hydro Mgmt.

Sys., L.L.C., No. 04-09-00808-CV, 2009 WL 5062320, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 23,

2009, orig. proceeding) (petition for writ of mandamus filed December 16, 2009 dismissed because

section 51.016 applied; therefore, relator had adequate remedy by appeal). In this case, the notice

of appeal was filed on October 16, 2013; therefore, section 51.016 applies and this court has

jurisdiction over this appeal.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a trial court’s decision to confirm or vacate an arbitration award under

the FAA. In re Chestnut Energy Partners, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 386, 397 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009,

pet. denied); Myer v. Americo Life, Inc., 232 S.W.3d 401, 407 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.);

see also In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding)

(applying de novo standard to review trial court’s resolution of whether an arbitration provision

under the FAA was enforceable). In applying this standard of review, we review the entire record.

Chestnut Energy Partners, 300 S.W.3d at 397. All reasonable presumptions are indulged in favor

of the arbitration award, and none against it. Id. An arbitration award is presumed valid and

entitled to great deference and our review of the arbitration award is “extraordinarily narrow.”

Myer, 232 S.W.3d at 407-08. In a de novo review, the trial court’s decision is given no deference.

Quick v. City of Austin, 7 S.W.3d 109, 116 (Tex. 1998). The party seeking to vacate the arbitration

award bears the ultimate burden of proving the grounds for vacatur. Cambridge Legacy Group,

Inc. v. Jain, 407 S.W.3d 443, 449 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied).



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                                                                                    04-13-00712-CV


                  GROUNDS TO VACATE FAA ARBITRATION AWARD

       “Under the FAA, courts may vacate an arbitrator’s decision ‘only in very unusual

circumstances.’” Oxford Health Plans, LLC v. Sutter, 133 S. Ct. 2064, 2068 (2013) (quoting First

Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 942 (1995)). Under the terms of the FAA, an

arbitration award must be confirmed unless it is vacated, modified, or corrected under one of the

limited grounds set forth in sections 10 and 11 of the FAA. See 9 U.S.C. §§ 9-11 (West 2009).

Under section 10, which is applicable in this case, a court may vacate an arbitration decision upon

the application of any party to the arbitration where:

       (1) the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means;
       (2) there was evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators, or either of them;
       (3) the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing,
       upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material
       to the controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party
       have been prejudiced; or
       (4) the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a
       mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.

9 U.S.C. § 10(a). The Lopezes moved to vacate the final decision on grounds one, three and four.

However, because the Lopezes concede on appeal that undue means (their first ground) was not a

proper basis for vacatur in this case, we address only whether the arbitration panel engaged in

misconduct, exceeded its powers, or so imperfectly executed its powers that a mutual, final, and

definite award upon the submitted subject matter was not made.

                     MISCONDUCT AND EXCEEDING AUTHORITY

       The trial court did not specify how the arbitration panel exceeded its authority or so

imperfectly executed its powers that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter

submitted was not made. However, the court did provide three reasons the arbitration panel

engaged in improper conduct. Therefore, it appears the trial court combined the grounds of

exceeding authority with engaging in improper conduct, which we address below.


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A.     Arbitration Panel’s “Opinion”

       The parties’ arbitration agreement required the appellate arbitrators’ decision to “include a

brief, written opinion addressing the issues before them.” The trial court found the panel engaged

in improper conduct because it summarily reversed the decision from which the appeal was taken

and granted all relief requested by Stripes without any explanation for the award in contravention

of the provision in the employee benefit plan that requires the arbitrators to provide a brief, written

opinion addressing the issues before them.

       On appeal, Stripes first relies on several cases that stand for the proposition that arbitrators

are not required to explain their award. However, arbitration is a matter of contract. Rain CII

Carbon, LLC v. ConocoPhillips Co., 674 F.3d 469, 472 (5th Cir. 2012). Parties have the right to

arbitration according to the terms for which they contracted. Western Emp’rs Ins. Co. v. Jefferies

& Co., Inc., 958 F.2d 258, 261 (9th Cir. 1992). Arbitrators who act contrary to express contractual

provisions, have exceeded their powers. Rain, 674 F.3d at 472. However, limitations on an

arbitrator’s authority must be plain and unambiguous. Id. The FAA “requires courts to enforce

privately negotiated agreements to arbitrate, like other contracts, in accordance with their terms.”

Volt Info. Sciences v. Bd. of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989).

Therefore, “arbitrators may exceed their power within the meaning of § 10(a)(4) if they fail to

comply with mutually agreed-upon contractual provisions in an agreement to arbitrate.” Cat

Charter, LLC v. Schurtenberger, 646 F.3d 836, 843 (11th Cir. 2011). Whether an arbitrator has

exceeded his authority is a question of law that we review de novo. Green v. Ameritech Corp.,

200 F.3d 967, 974 (6th Cir. 2000). Here, the trial court’s determination that the arbitration panel

violated the parties’ arbitration agreement by granting Stripes relief without any explanation for

the award or providing a brief written opinion addressing the issues before the panel involves an

interpretation of the meaning of “brief written opinion addressing the issues.”
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       As a general rule, an arbitrator need not explain his decision; therefore, in a typical

arbitration where no specific form of award is requested, arbitrators may provide a “standard

award” and simply announce a result. See United Steelworkers v. Enterprise Wheel & Car Corp.,

363 U.S. 593, 598 (1960) (“Arbitrators have no obligation to the court to give their reasons for an

award.”); Teel v. Beldon Roofing & Remodeling Co., 281 S.W.3d 446, 450 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2007, pet. denied) (“arbitrators need not give reasons for their awards and even when they

do provide such rationale, courts may not review that reasoning”). “At the other end of the

spectrum, the Arbitration Rules allow parties to request that the arbitrators make ‘findings of fact

and conclusions of law,’ a relatively exacting standard familiar to the federal courts.” Cat Charter,

646 F.3d at 844. “Logically, the varying forms of awards may be considered along a ‘spectrum of

increasingly reasoned awards,’ with a ‘standard award’ requiring the least explanation and

‘findings of fact and conclusions of law’ requiring the most.” Id. A “reasoned award is something

short of findings and conclusions but more than a simple result.” Sarofim v. Trust Co. of the W.,

440 F.3d 213, 215 n.1 (5th Cir. 2006) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

       In Cat Charter, the parties agreed the arbitrator would provide a “reasoned award.” The

Eleventh Circuit turned to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary to determine whether the

arbitration panel in its case had handed down a satisfactorily reasoned award. 646 F.3d at 844.

The court noted Webster’s defines “reasoned” as “based on or marked by reasoning,” and

“provided with or marked by the detailed listing or mention of reasons.” Id. (citing to WEBSTER’S

THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY: UNABRIDGED 1892 (1993)). The court also noted the word

“‘reason’—as used in this context—is defined as ‘an expression or statement offered as an

explanation of a belief or assertion or as a justification of an act or procedure.” Id. (citing to

WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY: UNABRIDGED 1891).                  The court concluded that

“[s]trictly speaking, then, a ‘reasoned’ award is an award that is provided with or marked by the
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detailed listing or mention of expressions or statements offered as a justification of an act—the

‘act’ here being, of course, the decision of the Panel.” Id.

        In Green, the parties agreed the arbitrator’s award would be accompanied by “an opinion

which explains the arbitrator’s decision with respect to each theory advanced by Plaintiff . . . .”

200 F.3d at 970. The arbitrator rendered a six-page opinion in favor of Ameritech that set forth

the plaintiff’s claims of age and race discrimination and retaliation, and it focused primarily on a

description of the “Corporate Resizing Process,” which allegedly operated in a discriminatory

manner. The opinion concluded as follows:

        AGE DISCRIMINATION
        Considering all the evidence, the Arbitrator finds that Plaintiff Daniel Green has
        not met his burden of proof that the decision to terminate his employment in
        November of 1992, constituted age discrimination in violation [of the] Elliott-
        Larsen Civil Rights Act.

        RACE DISCRIMINATION
        Considering all the evidence, the Arbitrator finds that Plaintiff Daniel Green has
        not met his burden of proof that the decision to terminate his employment in
        November of 1992, constituted race discrimination in violation [of the] Elliott-
        Larsen Civil Rights Act.

        RETALIATION
        Considering all the evidence, the Arbitrator finds that Plaintiff Daniel Green has
        not met his burden of proving, in accordance with the standards set under the
        Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, that retaliation for protected activity was a factor
        which made a difference in the decision to terminate his employment in November
        of 1992. The Arbitrator finds no evidence to support the Plaintiff’s position that
        retaliation was, in any way, a factor in Plaintiff Daniel Green’s termination.

Id. at 971.

        Green asked the district court to vacate the award on the grounds, in part, that the arbitrator

breached the parties’ agreement by not explaining the decision with respect to each theory

advanced by the plaintiff. The district court agreed: “Here, the arbitrator did not ‘explain’ his

decision with respect to each one of plaintiff’s theories, as the term ‘explain’ is commonly

understood. Rather, the arbitrator merely announced his decision with respect to each one of
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plaintiff’s theories. The arbitrator’s opinion is totally conclusory and insufficient according to the

terms of the Arbitration Agreement.” Id. at 972. The district court vacated the arbitration

agreement and remanded the matter to a new arbitrator to be selected by the parties.

       On appeal, however, the Sixth Circuit reversed the district court’s vacatur. The court noted

“the arbitrator was not required by the agreement ‘fully’ to set forth the facts and his conclusions;

the agreement simply called for an explanation. Although Arbitrator Googasian’s opinion was

brief and conclusory, he did ‘explain’ why Ameritech prevailed on each theory, namely, that Green

had not met his burden of proving that the decision was discriminatory or retaliatory.” Id. at 976.

The court reasoned that “although the arbitrator’s opinion was minimal, it was nevertheless

adequate to satisfy the terms of the agreement.” Id. at 970. The court concluded that “[i]f parties

to an arbitration agreement wish a more detailed arbitral opinion, they should clearly state in the

agreement the degree of specificity required.” Id. at 976.

       In this case, the arbitration agreement required the arbitration panel’s decision to “include

a brief, written opinion addressing the issues before them.” The agreement does not define

“opinion,” nor does it use a modifier such as “reasoned.” However, Black’s Law Dictionary

defines “opinion” in a fashion similar to how the Cat Charter court defined a “reasoned award”:

“[a] court’s written statement explaining its decision in a given case, usu[ally] including the

statement of facts, points of law, rationale, and dicta.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1125 (8th

2007). The dictionary defines a “memorandum opinion” as “[a] unanimous appellate opinion that

succinctly states the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court’s conclusion,

usu[ally] without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or

does not relate to any point of law.” Id. Turning to the three-page final decision here, the

arbitration panel stated as follows:



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           (1) Any and all negligence claims that Yolanda Lopez (“Lopez”) has asserted or
           hereafter may assert arising out of the injury which occurred on October 18, 2002
           (“Lopez’s claims”) are barred by the statute of limitations;

           (2) Lopez’s claims are barred by res judicata, collateral estoppel, or issue/claim
           preclusion from the re-arbitration of matters that have already been arbitrated; and

           (3) Lopez’s claims are barred by arbitration and award. Specifically, they are
           barred by Arbitrator Lynne Gomez’s award dated March 17, 2008. Such award
           was affirmed on appeal by a three judge panel on April 9, 2010, and was
           subsequently confirmed in Cause No. 2004-CVT-00-1507-D1 in the 49th Judicial
           District Court of Webb County, Texas on October 12, 2010.

                                                        ...

           This award is in full settlement of all claims and/or counterclaims submitted to this
           Arbitration. All claims not expressly granted herein are hereby denied.

           The decision does not address “all issues” in the sense that it does not address Yolanda’s

claims. However, Yolanda’s claims were not before the panel, and, even if they were, whether her

claims were barred was a threshold issue. Therefore, we do not believe the arbitration panel was

required to discuss the merits of her claims once it determined her claims were barred. On the

issue of whether her claims were barred, we believe the final decision does more than merely state

a “result.” Keeping in mind the deference employed when evaluating arbitral awards and that all

doubts must be resolved in favor of arbitration, we conclude the panel sufficiently explained its

decision and issued “a brief, written opinion addressing the issues before them.”

B.         Abide by Trial Court’s Order

           Stripes’ application to the trial court for the second arbitration requested that the Lopezes

be “ordered to submit their claims, if any, to the American Arbitration Association . . . .” The trial

court’s order granted the application “with respect to claims asserted by” Yolanda, 5 and stated

Stripes “may initiate proceedings with the American Arbitration Association by filing the


5
    The court denied the application as to the claims asserted by Yolanda’s husband.


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appropriate demand and other notices . . . .” In its arbitration demand, Stripes did not submit

Yolanda’s claims, but instead, submitted only its own defenses to Yolanda’s claims. The trial

court found the arbitrators “engaged in misconduct by which the rights of [Yolanda] have been

prejudiced.” The court also found they engaged in improper conduct by ignoring the trial court’s

order that Stripes initiate arbitration by submitting the entirety of the dispute to arbitration rather

than defensive issues only.       Presumably, the trial court determined Yolanda’s rights were

prejudiced because the arbitrators allegedly ignored the trial court’s order that Stripes initiate

arbitration by submitting the entirety of the dispute to arbitration.

        Under the FAA, an arbitrator is guilty of misconduct “in refusing to postpone the hearing,

upon sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the

controversy; or of any other misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced.”

9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(3) (emphasis added). “To constitute misconduct requiring vacation of an award,

an error in the arbitrator’s determination must be one that is not simply an error of law, but which

so affects the rights of a party that it may be said that [s]he was deprived of a fair hearing.” Laws

v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 452 F.3d 398, 399 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing El Dorado Sch. Dist.

No. 15 v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 247 F.3d 843, 848 (8th Cir. 2001)); see also Apex Fountain Sales v.

Kleinfeld, 818 F.2d 1089, 1094 (3d Cir. 1987) (“Under Federal law, misconduct apart from

corruption, fraud, or partiality in the arbitrators justifies reversal only if it so prejudices the rights

of a party that it denies the party a fundamentally fair hearing.”). Thus, the inquiry here is two-

part: (1) did the arbitration panel engage in misconduct because it ignored the trial court’s order,

and (2) did such misconduct deprive Yolanda of a fair hearing. For the reasons set forth below,

we conclude the panel did not engage in misconduct.

        First, the trial court’s order does not specifically order Stripes to submit the “entirety of the

dispute” or preclude Stripes from submitting “only defensive issues.” In fact, the trial court uses
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the permissive “may”—it struck the word “SHALL”—when it “ordered” “that [Stripes] may

SHALL initiate proceedings with the American Arbitration Association by filing the appropriate

demand and other notices . . . .” Second, there is nothing in the order expressly depriving Stripes

of its limitations defense. Therefore, even if Stripes had submitted Yolanda’s claims, whether

those claims were barred by limitations was an issue Stripes also could have submitted and which

the arbitrator would, reasonably, have considered first. See Kerlin v. Sauceda, 263 S.W.3d 920,

925 (Tex. 2008) (“We begin with the threshold issues regarding limitations and fraudulent

concealment, as their resolution is potentially dispositive of the parties’ remaining claims.”).

       Finally, an arbitrator’s jurisdiction is defined by both the contract containing the arbitration

clause and the demand for arbitration submitted to initiate the proceedings. See Kergosien v.

Ocean Energy, Inc., 390 F.3d 346, 354 (5th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds, 562 F.3d 349

(5th Cir. 2009). Yolanda relies on the following language in the trial court’s order as support for

her argument that the trial court ordered Stripes to initiate arbitration by submitting only her claims,

i.e., “the entirety of the dispute”: “It is ORDERED that [Stripes’] Application for Order for

Arbitration is GRANTED with respect to claims asserted by [Yolanda].” [Emphasis added.]

However, even if we were to broadly read this decretal paragraph as implicitly ordering Stripes to

submit Yolanda’s claims, and not its own defenses, the trial court’s order was not, itself, a demand

for arbitration. Therefore, the arbitration panel drew its authority, not from the order, but from the

parties’ arbitration agreement and the demand submitted by Stripes.

       The “Waiver and Arbitration Agreement” provides that an employee who elects to enroll

in the employer’s occupational injury benefit plan agrees that the plan’s benefits, if any, shall be

her “sole and exclusive remedy if [she] sustain[s] personal injuries . . . .” By signing the agreement,

the employee acknowledges she gives up her right to a jury trial on all claims covered by the

agreement and agrees to resolve claims by binding arbitration. The agreement broadly lists claims
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and disputes covered by the agreement, including tort claims. The parties’ “Employee Injury

Benefit Plan Summary Description” requires that “the party seeking arbitration must give written

notice of any claim to the other party within the applicable statute of limitations.” In sum, both

the plan summary and the arbitration agreement speak in terms of claims made by or against the

employee. Thus, ordinarily, when an employee is injured, it is the employee who must initiate

proceedings by filing the appropriate demand with the American Arbitration Association.

However, here, Stripes was ordered to initiate proceedings. Thus, the scope of the arbitration was

defined by the demand submitted by Stripes, and the arbitration panel did not exceed its authority

or engage in misconduct by considering only Stripes’ defenses. 6

C.      Granting Summary Judgment

        The hearing arbitrator denied Stripes’ motion for summary judgment and dismissed the

proceedings. In its notice of appeal to the appellate arbitrators, Stripes asked the arbitration panel

to issue a final decision on appeal granting its motion for summary judgment. Stripes also asked

the panel to declare the parties’ rights under (1) the arbitration agreement’s provision requiring

initiation of arbitration within the applicable statute of limitations, (2) the April 9, 2010, arbitration

decision that determined Yolanda’s claims were time-barred, and (3) the trial court’s October 12,

2010, order confirming the decision. The arbitration panel determined the hearing arbitrator had

the authority to render declaratory decisions in tort actions. Then, although the hearing arbitrator

did not rule on the merits of Stripes’ motion for summary judgment, the panel concluded (1)

Yolanda’s claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations, (2) re-arbitration of matters

already arbitrated were barred by res judicata, collateral estoppel, or issue/claim preclusion, and

(3) Yolanda’s claims were barred by the arbitration panel’s April 9, 2010, decision and the trial


6
 Because we conclude the arbitration appeals panel did not engage in misconduct, we do not address whether Yolanda
was deprived of a fair hearing.

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court’s October 12, 2010, order confirming the decision. The Lopezes filed a motion to vacate the

arbitration award. The trial court found the arbitration panel engaged in misconduct and exceeded

its powers under the parties’ arbitration agreement, which required the panel to act as a first-level

appellate court, by reviewing the denial of a summary judgment motion, and then granting

summary judgment on grounds not considered by the hearing arbitrator from whose decision the

appeal was taken.

       On appeal to this court, Yolanda asserts the only order the arbitration panel could have

properly considered was the hearing arbitrator’s order dismissing Stripes’ request for declaratory

relief. According to Yolanda, based on the arbitration panel’s conclusion that the hearing arbitrator

had the authority to render a declaratory decision, the panel should have reversed the dismissal,

reinstated the claim, and then remanded the claim to a new hearing arbitrator for further

proceedings. At that point, Yolanda contends Stripes could have re-urged its motion for summary

judgment and the new hearing arbitrator could have considered the motion on its merits. Yolanda

argues there is no standard of review by which appellate arbitrators can review the denial of a

motion for summary judgment; therefore, the panel did not apply, and could not have applied, the

same standard of review as a first-level appellate court under similar circumstances. For this same

reason, Yolanda argues the panel had no basis by which to grant the relief Stripes requested in its

motion for summary judgment.

       Stripes counters that the arbitration agreement does not require the arbitration panel to “act

as a first-level appellate court.” Stripes contends the agreement simply requires the arbitration

panel to apply the same standard of review, e.g. de novo or abuse of discretion, which a first-level

appellate court would apply “in similar circumstances.” According to Stripes, Yolanda’s argument

that the arbitration panel did not have the power to reverse and render (as opposed to reverse and

remand) involves not the standard of review, but the relief the panel was empowered to award.
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Stripes argues that the arbitration agreement’s language authorizing the panel, by majority vote, to

“affirm, reverse, render, or modify an arbitration award” does not limit the panel to the same relief

as a first-level appellate court, but instead, only requires the panel to apply the same standard of

review a first-level appellate court would apply to the cause of action or defense on appeal in

similar circumstances.

       The arbitration agreement specifies the form of an arbitration award. The “General

Procedures” provide as follows:

       b. The hearing arbitrator shall apply the substantive law (and the laws of remedies,
       if applicable), in the state in which the claim arose, or federal law, or both,
       depending on the claims asserted. The hearing arbitrator shall also strictly apply
       the Federal Rules of Evidence, except that deposition testimony of a witness may
       be used at the arbitration hearing without regard to whether the witness is
       unavailable. The hearing arbitrator shall provide brief findings of fact and
       conclusions of law. All arbitration decisions and awards shall be kept strictly
       confidential and shall not be disclosed to anyone not a witness, attorney, party
       representative, or party who actually attended the arbitration hearing.

       c. The hearing arbitrator shall have jurisdiction to hear and rule on prehearing
       disputes and is authorized to hold prehearing conferences by telephone or in person
       as the arbitrator deems necessary. The hearing arbitrator will have the authority to
       hear a motion to dismiss and/or a motion for summary judgment by any party and
       in doing so shall apply the standards governing such motions under the Federal
       Rules of Civil Procedure. . . . .

The “Appeal Procedures” section provides as follows:

       g. The appellate arbitrators shall apply the same standard of review as the first-
       level appellate court would apply to the cause of action or defense on appeal in
       similar circumstances. If both federal and state-law causes of action (and/or
       defenses) are before the appellate arbitrators (either in a single appeal or as the
       result of a cross-appeal), the appellate arbitrators shall apply only the standards of
       review utilized by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in similar
       circumstances.

       h. By majority vote, the appellate arbitrators may affirm, reverse, render or modify
       an arbitration award. . . . The appellate arbitrators’ decision shall include a brief,
       written opinion addressing the issues before them, and such opinion shall be
       delivered to the parties and the American Arbitration Association within thirty (30)
       days after the conclusion of any briefing schedule or any oral argument or as the
       parties may agree. . . . .
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       We do not agree with Yolanda that the appellate arbitrators lacked the authority to review

the denial of Stripes’ motion for summary judgment under the circumstances presented here. In

the Fifth Circuit, with exceptions that do not apply here, a party may not immediately appeal a

district court’s decision to deny summary judgment. Gibson v. Kilpatrick, 734 F.3d 395, 399 (5th

Cir. 2013). However, in this case, the denial of Stripes’ motion for summary judgment by the

hearing arbitrator did not result in an unappealable interlocutory judgment. Instead, the decision

resulted in a final order dismissing the only pending claim as follows:

               [Stripes] Motion for Reconsideration of Summary Judgment Declaratory
       Relief is DENIED; that being the case, and with no other matters now before the
       arbitrator for decision, the Claim is hereby DISMISSED.
                                                     ...
               This Award is in full settlement of all claims and counterclaims submitted
       to this Arbitration. All claims not expressly granted herein are hereby, denied.

       Because the arbitrator’s decision resulted in an order that disposed of all claims by all

parties, it was a final order subject to appeal in accordance with the “Appeals Procedures” in

sections g and h of the arbitration agreement. Therefore, we next address Yolanda’s argument that

the arbitration panel lacked the authority to grant a motion for summary judgment.

       In its final decision, the appellate panel found that its authority to resolve the appeal derived

from the Appeal Procedures contained in sections g and h, quoted above. Based upon its

interpretation of this contract language, the panel believed it had the authority to resolve the issues

before it. The issue before the panel was Stripes’ request for a final award in favor of Stripes

“based on [the panel’s] constructions of, and declaring the effect of and the Parties’ rights under”

(1) the April 9, 2010, arbitration decision in which the first arbitration appeals panel concluded the

“Arbitrator correctly concluded that [Yolanda’s] claims were barred by the applicable statute of

limitations” and (2) the trial court’s October 12, 2010, order that confirmed this decision. The

April 9, 2010, nine-page award fully set forth the procedural and factual background, the


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                                                                                                       04-13-00712-CV


applicable law, and an analysis. The 2010 award also discussed the timeliness of the appeal and

the statute of limitations.

         During the 2013 arbitration proceedings and in this appeal, Yolanda does not argue the

arbitration panel could not consider the 2010 decisions of the hearing arbitrator and arbitration

panel. In her answer to Stripes’ motion for summary judgment requesting declaratory relief,

Yolanda argued to the hearing arbitrator that the “earlier ruling [from 2010] has no impact on these

proceedings because [Stripes], rather than [Yolanda], has filed the pending claim for arbitration,

and [Yolanda] does not assert limitations as a defense thereto.” 7 In her motion to vacate the 2013

arbitration panel’s decision, she raised the same argument that denying Stripes the option of

asserting its limitations defense “was only right since it was SSPH-LP and later Stripes who were

responsible for this dispute dragging on as long as it has by having allowed [the lawsuit] to proceed

against a peripheral entity.” She did not argue the 2013 arbitration panel had no authority to review

the award of the 2010 arbitration panel.

         We do not, and cannot, overturn the appellate panel’s decision because to do so requires

us “to rely on a finding that [the panel] [misconstrued] the parties’ intent [as expressed in the

parties’ arbitration agreement].” Sutter, 133 S. Ct. at 2070 (arbitrator construed contract that

required binding arbitration of contractual disputes and found it permitted class arbitration).

“Convincing a court of an arbitrator’s error—even his grave error—is not enough. So long as the

arbitrator was ‘arguably construing’ the contract—which this one was—a court may not correct

his mistakes under § 10(a)(4).” Id. (internal citation omitted). Here, we conclude the appellate

panel was “arguably construing” the parties’ arbitration agreement as granting it the authority to



7
  Yolanda also argued that, “[b]y compelling Stripes to initiate arbitration proceedings as the claimant, the trial court
could effectively deprive [Stripes], as punishment for its conduct, of the limitations defense that had been used earlier
since a claimant cannot assert limitations against itself.”

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                                                                                      04-13-00712-CV


review the April 9, 2010, arbitration decision. Therefore, we cannot conclude the panel engaged

in misconduct and exceeded its powers under the parties’ arbitration agreement. We also conclude,

contrary to the trial court’s finding, that the decision was a final and definite decision because it

resolved the entirety of the dispute between Yolanda and Stripes.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s order vacating the “Final Award

of Arbitration Panel,” remand the cause, and order the trial court to confirm the Final Award of

Arbitration Panel.”


                                                   Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice




                                                - 20 -
