      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                      NO. 03-12-00568-CV



 Thomas O. Bennett, Jr., James B. Bonham Corporation, and Wayne H. Paris, Appellants

                                                 v.

               Randy Reynolds, Larry Grant and Richard T. Miller, Appellees


    FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN SABA COUNTY, 33RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
         NO. 8717, HONORABLE GUILFORD L. JONES III, JUDGE PRESIDING



                            MEMORANDUM OPINION


               Thomas O. Bennett, Jr. and the James B. Bonham Corporation appeal a final take-

nothing summary judgment on claims they had asserted against Randy Reynolds, Larry Grant,

and Richard T. (Dick) Miller. The judgment also imposed sanctions jointly and severally against

Bennett, Bonham, and their attorney in this proceeding, Wayne H. Paris, and all three of them

(collectively, and as applicable, “appellants”) have also appealed these respective awards against

them. We will affirm the district court’s judgment in its entirety.


                                        BACKGROUND

               The parties to this appeal are likely familiar to many readers already. Appellants

Bennett and Bonham were the defendants in the notable “cattle-rustling case” whose trial outcome

prompted a seminal Texas Supreme Court precedent addressing the due-process-based constraints
on the size of punitive-damages awards (Bennett I).1 The appellees here—i.e., the defendants sued

by appellants below—had each been adverse to Bennett and Bonham in Bennett I: Reynolds was

the successful plaintiff; Grant was the former Bennett/Bonham employee who provided key evidence

in support of Reynolds; and Miller, an attorney, represented Reynolds.2

                As illustrated by the opinions of both the supreme court and of this Court, a striking

feature of Bennett I was an underlying controversy that encompassed not only a comparatively

straightforward disagreement over cattle ownership, but an extraordinary panoply of collateral

conflicts entailing, among other things, alleged attempts by Bennett to alter evidence and to bribe,

threaten, or punish Grant.3 It is thus perhaps not surprising that this same underlying controversy

has likewise birthed a succession of collateral legal proceedings elicited or initiated by Bennett,

Bonham, or both, seeking tort remedies or even criminal or administrative sanctions against their

Bennett I adversaries. We recently addressed some of these endeavors in Bennett v. Grant (Bennett




       1
           See Bennett v. Reynolds, 242 S.W.3d 866, 869-76 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007), rev’d
& remanded in part by 315 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. 2010). The supreme court affirmed our judgment
affirming imposition of liability for punitive damages against both Bennett and Bonham (and neither
had challenged our affirmance of the judgment awards of actual damages for converting the cattle
in question), but held that the punitive-damages awards we affirmed—$250,000 against Bennett and
$1 million against Bonham—were impermissibly disproportionate to the actual damage award
under “prevailing [Due Process] ratio analysis.” 315 S.W.3d at 871-85. On remand, we applied the
supreme court’s guidance from Bennett I in suggesting a remittitur of all but $10,000 of the punitive-
damages award from each defendant. Bennett v. Reynolds, No. 03-05-00034-CV, 2010 Tex. App.
LEXIS 9213, at *3-15 (Tex. App.—Austin Nov. 18. 2010, no pet.) (mem. op. on remand) (Bennett
II); 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 449, at *1 (Tex. App.—Jan. 19, 2011, no pet.) (supp. op. on remand).
       2
           See Bennett I, 315 S.W.3d at 869.
       3
           See id. at 869-71.

                                                  2
III),4 which had originated as a slander suit Bennett brought against Grant for implicating him in

cattle theft.5 A jury ultimately rejected Bennett’s slander claim, and the district court saw fit to

sanction Bennett for prosecuting it.6 In the meantime, through persistent efforts by Bennett and

Bonham, Grant had been indicted in Navarro County (Bennett’s home turf) for witness-tampering

and attempted bribery in allegedly soliciting payment from Bennett in exchange for Grant’s

photographs of the disputed cattle.7 With the legal assistance of Miller or his law office, Grant

ultimately obtained dismissal of the criminal charges on limitations grounds.8 Thereafter, citing this

attempt to have him criminally sanctioned, Grant asserted malicious-prosecution claims against both

Bennett and Bonham in the pending Bennett III proceeding.9 The Bennett III jury found in Grant’s

favor on those claims and awarded him over $2 million in actual and punitive damages.10 Although

concluding that the supreme court’s guidance in Bennett I compelled a reduction in the size of the

punitive-damage awards, we otherwise affirmed the district court’s judgment.11




       4
          No. 03-11-00669-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 8849 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 13, 2014,
no pet. h.).
       5
            See id. at *30.
       6
            See id. at *76.
       7
            See id. at *6-11.
       8
            See id. at *14.
       9
            See id. at *14-15.
       10
            See id. at *4.
       11
            See id. at *84-85.

                                                  3
               The present proceeding (which we will identify as Bennett IV) stems from a similar

effort by Bennett and Bonham to attack, through the courts, both factual underpinnings of

the Bennett I judgment and individuals who had helped secure that judgment against them. In

April 2007—after Grant and Miller had obtained dismissal of the criminal proceedings against

Grant, but while the Bennett I appeal was still pending in this Court and Bennett III was still pending

in the district court—Bennett and Bonham, with Paris as their new and sole counsel, sued Grant

(once again), plus Reynolds and Miller, seeking actual damages “of at least $2,000,000,” plus

punitive damages, based on theories of alleged “fraud,” “participation in fraudulent acts,” and

“conspiracy.” “[A]t the core of all of Appellants[’] claims” in Bennett IV, as they have explained

in this appeal, was what they characterized as “a false extra-judicial statement made by Miller at a

barbeque social function in San Saba, Texas” attended by “eight (8) local townspersons” prior to the

October 2004 Bennett I trial. Specifically, appellants complained that Miller had “falsely stated” that

Bennett “was into and dealt with drugs and prostitution.”

               Miller acknowledges that he made a statement referencing such perceptions about

Bennett (appellees have even termed it “the Barbeque Statement”) at a small social gathering hosted

by Marvin and Cynthia Weatherby in their San Saba County home sometime before the Bennett I

trial.12 It had happened that the Weatherbys’ other guests included Jimmy Shook, a longtime friend

of Miller and fellow San Saba attorney who was then serving on the legal team representing Bennett




       12
           While appellants alleged that these events occurred in August 2004, about two months
before the Bennett I trial, there was evidence suggesting that the Barbeque Statement may have
instead preceded Bennett’s February 2003 trial on his criminal charges related to the disputed cattle.

                                                  4
and Bonham in Bennett I.13 The topic of the Bennett I lawsuit came up in conversation between the

two lawyers. According to Miller, he “told [Shook] that I had heard Bennett was into drugs and

prostitution in Corsicana,” the Navarro County city where Bennett’s primary residence is located.14

               Bennett has vigorously denied any involvement in drugs or prostitution, and appellees

have not joined issue with his claim. But as for why or how the Barbeque Statement made Miller

and the other two appellees liable for millions in “fraud” or “conspiracy” damages, appellants alleged

that: (1) the Barbeque Statement was repeated by one or more of the attendees at the Weatherbys’

gathering, (2) to an extent that it became universally known “coffee shop talk in San Saba, Texas,”

(3) to an extent that it reached the persons who were later selected as jurors in Bennett I, and (4) it

inflamed or prejudiced the jury against Bennett and Bonham to an extent that it, not the evidence


       13
           During his subsequent testimony on the sanctions issue, Shook would explain that the
group in attendance at the Weatherbys that evening were close friends who would convene regularly
on Friday evenings and that the Weatherby gathering had been one of those occasions. Further, in
response to questioning from Miller, Shook agreed that the purpose or content of these gatherings
was to “eat supper, talk, socialize, [and] maybe have a beer or two.”
       14
            Miller would later aver that the Barbeque Statement was in response to a preceding
assertion by Shook that Bennett “did not steal any cattle and was a good guy.” Miller added that the
origins of the notion or perception that Bennett had been involved in “drugs and prostitution” had
been a since-deceased San Saba Church of Christ minister who had previously lived in Corsicana
and had divulged to Miller that he heard such “rumors” about Bennett there. (Miller further claimed
that the minister had conveyed this information in the context of warning Miller, upon learning of
the lawyer’s involvement in Bennett I, that Bennett was “a dangerous man”). In contrast, appellants
pled (but ultimately did not attempt to support) that the original source of the “drugs and
prostitution” allegation had been Grant.

           Appellants further pled that Miller, in addition to uttering the Barbeque Statement, had
“individually and on behalf of Defendant Reynolds[] falsely stated to other persons that Bennett was
involved in drugs and prostitution.” As with their allegation that Grant had originated the “drugs
and prostitution” notion, appellants would not attempt to present evidence of any additional
statements by Miller, but relied solely on the Barbeque Statement as the purported originating cause
of their injuries.

                                                  5
presented in that case,15 caused the jury to render the verdict it did. Similarly, premised on this

same alleged toxic “coffee shop talk” they attribute to the Barbeque Statement, appellants would

later amend their pleadings to add theories of business disparagement, tortious interference with

prospective business relationships, and related “conspiracy” allegations.

               Appellants further alleged that appellees intended the Barbeque Statement to trigger

this very chain of events as part of a broader scheme to “unlawfully” procure or “extort” money

and property from Bennett and Bonham. Other components of the scheme included, according to

appellants: (1) the Bennett I suit itself, wherein Reynolds and counsel Miller “falsely accus[ed]

Plaintiff Bennett of conversion” and later attempted to execute on Reynolds’s “wrongful judgment;”

(2) similarly, Grant’s “false and misleading” statements implicating Bennett in cattle theft; (3) the

attempts by Grant (according to Bennett) to extort money from him in exchange for the cattle

photographs and favorable testimony, for which “Grant was subsequently indicted [in Navarro

County] for attempted bribery and tampering with a witness” (i.e., the subject of Grant’s malicious-

prosecution counterclaims in Bennett III); (4) Miller or his firm’s representation of Grant in those

criminal proceedings and their ultimate success in having the charges dismissed on limitations

grounds; and (5) a 2001 offer conveyed by Miller (as Reynolds’s lawyer) to Shook (as Bennett and

Bonham’s lawyer) whereby Reynolds would agree to settle his Bennett I claims and “see to it that

all charges under the indictment [against Bennett] were dropped” in exchange for $150,000.

               As a further component of this alleged scheme, appellants complained (and it is

undisputed) that Miller obtained a pretrial order in limine in Bennett I that presumptively barred the


       15
          I.e., the evidence detailed extensively in the Bennett I opinions of the Texas Supreme
Court and of this Court.

                                                  6
parties and counsel from mentioning or offering evidence of “[a]ny and all conversations between

Richard T. Miller and Jimmy Shook concerning Defendant Thomas O. Bennett’s involvement with

prostitutes and controlled substances.”16 Bennett and Bonham’s legal team in Bennett I (including

Shook) understandably did not oppose this ruling, nor did it attempt to revisit these issues during

voir dire or trial or elicit a ruling that would have preserved error regarding their exclusion.17 But

in Bennett IV, the same parties, now represented by appellant Paris instead, attempted to portray the

motion and order in limine as confirmation of appellees’ malevolent intent, asserting that “Miller,

individually, and on behalf of Defendants Reynolds and Grant, succeeded in eliminating all of the

references to [the Barbeque Statement] by a motion to exclude the false statements, although all

those in the community had already heard such remarks, in order to prevent [Bennett and Bonham]

from reporting the truth to the Court and jury.”

                A brief summary of Bennett IV’s ensuing procedural history further illuminates the

nature of appellants’ lawsuit and the context of their appellate complaints:


•       In contrast to the Bennett I and Bennett III lawsuits, which had been filed and were ultimately
        litigated in the district court of San Saba County, Bennett and Bonham, through Paris, filed
        their original petition in Bennett IV in the district court of neighboring Lampasas County.
        Each appellee responded with a motion to transfer venue to San Saba County, disputing
        that venue was proper in Lampasas County, asserting that it was instead proper in San Saba




       16
          The motion and order further noted that “[t]hese conversations are immaterial, irrelevant,
and their probative value is outweighed by their prejudicial nature.”
       17
           See, e.g., In re Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 407 S.W.3d 746, 760 (Tex. 2013)
(explaining that trial court’s grant of motion in limine does not in itself exclude evidence or preserve
error regarding such exclusion).

                                                   7
    County, and urging further that San Saba was likewise the most convenient venue for the
    parties and witnesses.18

•   In response, appellants amended their original petition to make two key changes. First,
    they dropped Bennett as a plaintiff, leaving only Bonham, and subsequently attempted to
    distinguish the subject matter of Bennett IV from the Bennett III suit pending in San Saba
    district court on the basis that the latter was a “slander suit” involving only Bennett. Second,
    appellants elaborated that the linchpin of their venue theory was that Reynolds had resided
    in Lampasas County at the time of the “last overt act carried out by Defendants” in
    furtherance of their “conspiracy”—the December 2006 dismissal of the Navarro County
    criminal proceedings against Grant.19

•   Following a hearing, the Lampasas district court signed an order granting appellees’ motions
    and transferring the case to the district court of San Saba County (the same court and judge
    before whom Bennett III was pending). The Lampasas court did not specify the grounds on
    which it had relied.

•   In the meantime, appellees had (subject to their venue challenges) filed answers and also
    moved for sanctions. Following transfer of the case to San Saba County, appellees filed
    traditional and no-evidence motions for summary judgment on all of Bonham’s claims. The
    motions were set for hearing in mid-February 2008.

•   Appellants responded in part by amending their pleadings again to rejoin Bennett as a
    plaintiff and add their business-disparagement theory. The summary-judgment hearing was
    reset for a date in April 2008.

•   Appellants also filed a motion for change of venue back to Lampasas County under Rule of
    Civil Procedure 257, asserting that local prejudice against Bennett and Bonham was so great
    that no impartial jury could be assembled in San Saba County. Appellants set their Rule 257
    motion for hearing at the same time as the summary-judgment hearing.

•   In response to the Rule 257 motion, appellees moved for a continuance of the hearing
    on that motion, seeking additional time for discovery. With this, appellees urged that the
    district court should defer any ruling on the Rule 257 motion until it could first address the
    pending summary-judgment motions, as a final summary judgment could conclude the
    case prior to trial and thereby moot appellants’ expressed concerns about jury prejudice. The
    district court continued the hearing on the Rule 257 motion and proceeded to hear the
    summary-judgment motions first.


    18
         See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 15.002.
    19
         See id. §§ 15.002(a)(2), .005.

                                               8
•      Seven days before the rescheduled summary-judgment hearing, appellants filed a supplement
       to their petition adding their tortious-interference theory. The summary-judgment hearing
       was again rescheduled and reset to a date in July 2008.

•      In advance of the new hearing date, appellants filed another amended pleading (their fourth)
       incorporating their supplemental pleading. Also, reacting to limitations grounds appellees
       had asserted in their summary-judgment motions, appellants added some new discovery rule
       allegations that are instructive. In support of their limitations grounds, appellees had argued
       that Bennett and Bonham had acquired not only constructive knowledge of the Barbeque
       Statement from Shook prior to the 2004 Bennett I trial, but also actual, personal knowledge,
       citing a pretrial deposition in which Bennett had angrily confronted Miller for telling
       Shook “I was a dope dealer and I run prostitution.”20 In response, appellants amended their
       pleadings (with corresponding supplements to Bennett’s sworn affidavits) to assert that
       (1) even while the Barbeque Statement had become universally known “coffee shop talk” in
       San Saba prior to the Bennett I trial, Bennett and Bonham’s injuries from it had nevertheless
       been “inherently undiscoverable” and neither had been nor reasonably could have been
       discovered by Bennett until May 2006; and (2) the statement to which Bennett had referred
       during his 2004 deposition had actually been a different statement Miller had made to Shook
       back in 2003 and that Shook had not divulged to anyone other than Bennett.

•      In advance of the summary-judgment hearing, appellees amended their motions and proof to
       address appellants’ new theories, and both sides asserted objections to the other’s evidence.

•      The summary-judgment hearing finally went forward in July 2008. At the conclusion of the
       hearing, the district court took the motions under advisement, further indicating that it would
       not issue a formal ruling until the pending sanctions motions were set for hearing so as to
       avoid any potential problems with plenary power.

•      In August 2008, Bennett filed bankruptcy, which served to stay proceedings in both Bennett
       IV and Bennett III, the latter of which had been set for trial a few days thereafter. The cases
       were ultimately remanded to state court in January 2009, with the bankruptcy court observing
       that the bankruptcy filing “appears to be a litigation tactic.”

•      Thereafter, in April 2009, appellants moved for leave to file a fifth amended petition that
       would have added a theory that appellees had violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
       Organizations Act (RICO). The district court would never grant such leave, however.




       20
           In fact, in their prior pleadings, appellants had alleged that they had first discovered the
facts giving rise to their causes of action in October 2004, a date corresponding to the timing of the
Bennett I trial and verdict.

                                                  9
•      A hearing on appellees’ motions for sanctions, appellants’ motion for leave to file their
       amended petition, and various other procedural motions was noticed for July 30, 2009. At
       the outset of the hearing, the district court announced its intention to grant appellees’
       pending summary-judgment motions, then orally ruled on appellees’ objections to appellants’
       summary-judgment evidence. It then proceeded to hear evidence on the sanctions issues.
       Because the parties did not complete their respective presentations that day, the court heard
       further evidence at a hearing held in November 2009.

•      In May 2012, the district court signed a final judgment granting appellees’ summary-
       judgment motions and ordering that Bennett and Bonham take nothing on their claims.21 The
       judgment did not specify the grounds on which the district court had relied.

•      In the same judgment, the district court imposed sanctions on Bennett, Bonham, and Paris
       “under Rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Chapter 10 of the Texas Civil Practice
       and Remedies Code and under the trial judge’s inherent power to regulate the conduct of the
       proceedings filed in this Court.” Preceded by nine pages of findings detailing its grounds and
       reasoning, the court awarded Grant and Reynolds each $35,898 from Bennett and Bonham,
       jointly and severally, with Paris jointly and severally responsible for $20,274 of each amount.
       Miller was similarly awarded $40,000 jointly and severally from Bennett and Bonham, with
       Paris jointly and severally responsible for $20,000 of that amount. It additionally awarded
       conditional appellate attorney’s fees.


This appeal ensued.


                                           ANALYSIS

               Appellants present what are framed as three issues, although the arguments they

present in support ramble through a ninety-page opening brief and a thirty-page reply. We have




       21
          The record does not appear to explain the reasons for the hiatus, although we note that the
Texas Supreme Court issued its Bennett I opinion in 2010, see 315 S.W.3d at 888; we decided
Bennett II on remand in early 2011, see 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 449, at *1; and Bennett III was tried
in 2010 and its judgment rendered in early 2011.

                                                 10
attempted to focus our analysis on grounds dispositive of appellants’ material contentions without

belaboring others.22


Venue

                 In their first issue, appellants seek reversal of the judgment based on asserted error

in both the Lampasas district court’s ruling transferring venue to San Saba County and the San Saba

district court’s refusal to change venue back under Rule 257.


        Transfer of venue

                 Appellants argue that the Lampasas district court23 abused its discretion in transferring

venue because appellees did not present any competent or admissible evidence in support of

their motions. Appellants base this assertion entirely on the fact that appellees initially presented

affidavits in support of their motions that each contained a statement that the testimony therein had

been based on the “best of [each affiant’s] knowledge and belief,” as opposed to their “personal

knowledge.”24 In response to appellants’ objections to that effect, the district court, while voicing

a view that other portions of the affidavits sufficiently demonstrated each affiant’s personal

knowledge, granted appellees leave to amend their affidavits in order to cure “any possible defect”




        22
            See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written opinion that
is as brief as practicable but that addresses every issue raised and necessary to final disposition of
the appeal.”). Similarly, passing assertions left unsupported by authorities or cogent argument have
been deemed inadequately briefed and, therefore, waived. See id. R. 38.1(i).
        23
             The Hon. Joe Carroll, then the presiding judge of the Twenty-Seventh District Court.
        24
             See Tex. R. Civ. P. 87-3(a) (“Affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge . . . .”).

                                                    11
with the objected-to “tag line.”25 The court further indicated that it intended to grant the transfer, but

would hold off on signing an order until after appellees had the opportunity to file their amendments.

Following the hearing, appellees filed amended affidavits that were identical to their earlier ones

except for changing the aforementioned “tag line” to refer explicitly to each affiant’s “personal

knowledge.” The court thereafter signed its order granting the motions. Although the court did not

specify whether it had relied on the general venue rule versus the convenience ground, the order

indicated that it had considered, among other things, “the amended affidavits.”

                While appellants have not questioned the competency or sufficiency of the amended

affidavits in themselves, they insist that the procedure the Lampasas court followed was “totally

erroneous.” This was so, appellants insist, because the court had already granted appellees’ motions

to transfer during the venue hearing, not when it signed its order thereafter. And because the

evidentiary record as of the hearing had included only appellees’ original affidavits and not the

amended ones, appellants reason that there was no competent evidence to support the court’s ruling

(at least at the instant appellants claim it was made).

                The Lampasas court’s signed order is what matters in appellate review, of course,26

and we further fail to see any error or harm in the procedure the court employed, which served to


        25
            See id. R. 87(1) (requiring that “additional affidavits supporting the motion to transfer
must . . . be filed not later than 7 days prior to the hearing date”—“except on leave of court”).
        26
           See, e.g., Wilson v. Wachsmann, No. 03-04-00504-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 5850,
at *15 (Tex. App.—Austin July 7, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[T]he [trial] court’s written
order controls over any alleged oral pronouncement at a hearing.”); see also Cash v. Cash,
No. 03-04-00560-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 5909, at *10-11 (Tex. App.—Austin July 27, 2005,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (further observing that trial court’s “oral pronouncement is often tentative . . .
because the court is aware that a draft will be prepared and reviewed before the final, written
judgment is signed”).

                                                   12
streamline the proceedings by enabling a prompt, abundance-of-caution cure of what was likely a

mere formal or technical evidentiary defect, at most. But we need go no farther than to observe

that the district court’s transfer ruling encompassed the ground of convenience and that a transfer

order based on convenience (including an order that does not specify its grounds where, as here,

convenience is raised) is not reviewable on appeal.27 While appellants insist that we must scrutinize

the evidence underlying the district court’s order nonetheless, the Texas Supreme Court has

instructed us otherwise: “[T]he statute precludes review not just of the evidence, but of the [transfer]

order itself. As a result, it is irrelevant whether a transfer for convenience is supported by any record

evidence.”28 The Lampasas district court’s order transferring venue to San Saba County, in short,

is “statutorily beyond review.”29


        Change of venue

                 Regarding their motion to change venue back to Lampasas County under Rule 257,

appellants complain that the district court erred or abused its discretion in proceeding to decide

appellees’ pending summary-judgment motions before taking up their motion. Relatedly, they insist



        27
           See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 15.002(c) (“A court’s ruling or decision to grant or
deny a transfer under Subsection (b) [convenience] is not grounds for appeal or mandamus and is
not reversible error.”); Garza v. Garcia, 137 S.W.3d 36, 39 (Tex. 2004) (“Because the transfer order
here includes no reasons, we cannot be certain on which of the two grounds it was granted; one
ground was convenience, . . . As the [trial] judge certainly might have intended to grant it on
convenience grounds, we cannot ignore the Legislature’s ban on reviewing such orders by adopting
a new presumption so we can review them anyway.”).
        28
             Garza, 137 S.W.3d at 39.
        29
          Trend Offset Printing Servs., Inc. v. Collin Cnty. Cmty. College Dist., 249 S.W.3d 429,
430 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam).

                                                   13
that the district court had no discretion but to grant their Rule 257 motion. Appellants reason that

(1) Rule of Civil Procedure 258 requires that a motion “duly made” under Rule 257 “shall be

granted” unless the non-moving party files a response with controverting evidence;30 (2) Rule of

Civil Procedure 87 imposes a deadline for responding to motions to transfer of thirty days prior to

the date of the hearing “[e]xcept on leave of court,”31 and (3) while appellees moved to continue the

hearing about two weeks before the scheduled April 24, 2008 hearing date, which the district court

granted a few days beforehand, appellees had not filed any controverting proof or obtained leave to

file proof later by the original thirty-day response deadline that was tied to the continued April 24

scheduled hearing date. Upon expiration of that original thirty-day deadline, appellants deduce,

the district court had a mandatory duty to grant their Rule 257 motion that was unaltered by the

subsequent events.

                 While appellants decry the continuance as “incredible,” we find no basis for reversal.

By continuing the hearing, the district court would have effectively re-set the thirty-day response

deadline on which appellants place so much emphasis. Nor can we conclude that the district court

abused its discretion in regard to either of the grounds for continuance asserted by appellants, the

need to obtain additional evidence and the efficiencies of obtaining a ruling on the potentially

dispositive summary-judgment motions first.32 Regarding the latter ground, appellants emphasize


       30
            See Tex. R. Civ. P. 258.
       31
            Id. R. 87(1).
       32
          See Union Carbide Corp. v. Moye, 798 S.W.2d 792, 793 (Tex. 1990) (orig. proceeding);
see also Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986) (“The granting or denial of a
motion for continuance is within the trial court’s sound discretion. The trial court’s action will not
be disturbed unless the record discloses a clear abuse of discretion.”) (internal citations omitted).

                                                  14
the concept that trial courts should resolve venue questions before proceeding on the merits. While

this concept may be relevant in the context of motions to transfer venue, which are governed

ultimately by the regulatory framework prescribed in chapter 15 of the Civil Practice and Remedies

Code, the basis of appellants’ motion under Rule 257 was instead that an impartial jury could not

be assembled in San Saba County.33 As appellees argued, that ground could be (and ultimately was)

rendered moot by the district court’s summary-judgment rulings, which did not require a jury and

obviated the need for one. We cannot conclude that the district court erred or abused its discretion

by proceeding as it did.

               We overrule appellants’ first issue.


Summary judgment

               In their second issue, appellants challenge the district court’s summary-judgment

rulings. They again place great emphasis on procedural defects they perceive.


       Scope

               Appellants first point out that appellees’ summary-judgment motions did not

challenge the RICO theory they purported to add in their fifth amended petition. Consequently, they

reason, the motions were insufficient to support rendition of a final, take-nothing summary judgment

disposing of all of their claims. But the flaws in this argument begin with the fact that, as previously

indicated, appellants did not attempt to file their fifth amended petition until April 2009, roughly


       33
           Appellants’ complaint was solely about the potential jury pool. They did not assail the
impartiality of the trial judge, let alone preserve any such complaint. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(b)(1),
18b(b)(1), (2). In fact, at one juncture, appellants suggested a change of venue to Burnet County,
emphasizing that it was the presiding judge’s home county.

                                                  15
nine months after the July 2008 summary-judgment hearing. As appellants tacitly acknowledged

by filing a motion for leave when offering their new petition, a pleading amendment filed subsequent

to a summary-judgment hearing is ineffective without leave of court.34 Yet appellants never obtained

an order granting them such leave.

               Undeterred, appellants offer alternative interpretations of the record in an attempt to

demonstrate that their RICO theory was before the district court after all. On one hand, they urge

that the district court impliedly granted them leave to file their amendment, but any such notion is

belied by Paris himself, who twice acknowledged during the sanction hearings that the district court

had not granted the required leave and that appellants’ fifth amended petition, as Paris put it, “has

not been accepted by the court.” Shifting gears, appellants also insist that they filed their fifth

amended petition timely because the relevant summary-judgment hearing for deadline purposes was

actually the July 2009 hearing at which the district court announced its intended summary-judgment

ruling and proceeded to hear evidence on sanctions. Why appellants think this is so, as best we can

understand their arguments, is that (1) appellees attempted to file some supplemental summary-

judgment affidavits within seven days of the July 2008 hearings; (2) appellants objected; (3) the

district court issued no written ruling on the objection (although it did rule orally); (4) the court

ultimately recited in its final judgment that it had considered “all competent summary judgment

evidence, including affidavits”; (5) which, according to appellants, meant that the late-filed and

objected-to supplemental affidavits had effectively caused a “non-finality of the summary judgment


       34
          See Tex. R. Civ. P. 63; Goswami v. Metropolitan Sav. and Loan Ass’n, 751 S.W.2d
487, 490 (Tex. 1988); Thomas v. Graham Mortg. Corp., 408 S.W.3d 581, 593 (Tex. App.—Austin
2013, pet. denied); Witkowski v. Brian, Fooshee and Yonge Props., 181 S.W.3d 824, 833
(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.).

                                                 16
hearing until July 30, 2009.” We reject appellants’ novel view of the record, which instead reflects

that the July 2008 hearing was the final summary-judgment hearing noticed in the case and that the

district court did not subsequently reopen the summary-judgment record.

               In short, appellants’ live pleading was their fourth amended petition, in which Bennett

and Bonham asserted theories of “fraud,” “participation in fraudulent acts,” business disparagement,

tortious interference, and “conspiracy”—each of which was predicated on the “coffee-shop talk”

alleged to flow from the Barbeque Statement.


       Grounds

               Appellees sought summary-judgment on “traditional” grounds that purported to

negate various elements of appellants’ liability theories and establish affirmative defenses of

limitations and privilege.35 They also asserted no-evidence grounds challenging these elements

and others. The challenged elements included causation, an essential element of each of appellants’

theories.36 In its judgment granting the motions, the district court did not specify the grounds on




       35
           Notably absent were any assertions that the Bennett IV suit was an improper collateral
attack on the Bennett I judgment or was barred by the related principles of claim or issue preclusion.
Accordingly, we do not address the potential implications of these doctrines, let alone imply that the
Bennett IV suit could survive such a challenge.
       36
           See, e.g., Forbes Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. 2003)
(business disparagement); In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 758 (Tex. 2001) (fraud);
Massey v. Armco Steel Co., 652 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex. 1983) (civil conspiracy); Faucette
v. Chantos, 322 S.W.3d 901, 914 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (tortious
interference).

                                                 17
which it relied. In such circumstances, we are to affirm the judgment if any of the grounds appellees

presented to the district court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious.37

                Appellants insist that the district court’s judgment reflects that it relied solely on

traditional grounds, to the exclusion of no-evidence grounds. This is so, appellants reason, because

the judgment recited that the court had considered “all competent summary judgment evidence,

including affidavits and documentary evidence.” We reject appellants’ view of the judgment, as the

referenced language is not inconsistent with the court having additionally or alternatively relied on

no-evidence grounds.38

                Appellants also complain that they were deprived of the “adequate time for

discovery” required by Rule 166a(i). We cannot conclude that the district court erred or abused its

discretion in this regard. The record reflects that, among other factors the district court could have

considered, the discovery period had expired several months before the summary-judgment hearing

was ultimately held in July 2008, that appellants had not actively pursued discovery when they had

the opportunity to do so, and that appellants had been able to obtain multiple rounds of affidavits and

supplements in their attempts to raise fact issues in support of their evolving liability theories.39


       37
            See Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 217 (Tex. 2003).
       38
           See id.; see also Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013) (“[A]s
long as a motion clearly sets forth its grounds and otherwise meets the requirements of a no-evidence
summary judgment motion . . . it is sufficient as one.”).
       39
           See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) cmt. (“A discovery period . . . should be an adequate
opportunity for discovery unless there is a showing to the contrary, and ordinarily a motion under
paragraph (i) would be permitted after the period but not before.”); see also Reule v. Colony Ins. Co.,
407 S.W.3d 402, 406-07 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (discussing factors
courts consider in determining whether district court allowed adequate time for discovery, including
nature of case); see also Akhter v. Schlitterbahn Beach Resort Mgmt., LLC, No. 03-13-00117-CV,

                                                  18
                In sum, we may affirm the summary judgment based on any of the grounds appellees

presented in their motions, if meritorious, whether they be traditional or no-evidence grounds.

Appellants challenge whether any such grounds have merit. We turn to that question now.


       Merits

                We review summary-judgment rulings de novo.40 Summary judgment is proper when

there are no disputed issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.41 We take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor.42

                While appellees had the initial burden to conclusively establish their traditional

summary-judgment grounds,43 appellees’ no-evidence grounds placed the burden on appellants

to present summary-judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact.44 No-evidence

summary judgments are accordingly reviewed under the same legal-sufficiency standard as directed




2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 10522, at *6-13 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 22, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(similarly rejecting complaint that non-movant had not been afforded an adequate time for discovery
before trial court granted no-evidence summary judgment).
       40
            Exxon Corp. v. Emerald Oil & Gas Co., L.C., 331 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2010).
       41
            Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Western Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005).
       42
            See Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 550.
       43
           See M.D. Anderson Hosp. & Tumor Inst. v. Willrich, 28 S.W.3d 22, 23 (Tex. 2000)
(per curiam).
       44
          Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 206
(Tex. 2002).

                                                 19
verdicts45 and will be sustained when “(a) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact,

(b) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered

to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla,

or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.”46

                Without being exhaustive, there were at least three sets of summary-judgment

grounds preserved by appellees that were meritorious—and quite obviously so.


                Reliance

                The first ground relates to appellants’ “fraud” theory, which appellants pled as both

an independent basis of recovery and a predicate for their “conspiracy” theory. Appellees asserted

both traditional and no-evidence grounds challenging whether appellants had justifiably relied upon

the Barbeque Statement, as required to recover for fraud,47 considering that appellants had, on one

hand, claimed to have been unaware of the Statement until long after the Bennett I trial while also

having steadfastly and vigorously disputed the truth of its substance even before that trial. In an

attempt to overcome these inconvenient facts, appellants have emphasized cases recognizing that the

intent element of fraud (as opposed to the reliance element) does not necessarily require a direct

relationship between the alleged fraudfeasor and a specific known victim, but may be satisfied by

proof that the alleged victim was among a “class” for whom “the maker of the misrepresentation


       45
            King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. 2003).
       46
         Id. at 751 (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711
(Tex. 1997)).
       47
          See Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 337
(Tex. 2011) (recognizing reliance as element of fraud).

                                                  20
[has] information that would lead a reasonable man to conclude that there is an especial likelihood

that it will reach those persons and will influence their conduct.”48 From this line of cases, appellants

extrapolate that Miller should be deemed to have known or reasonably should have known of an

“especial likelihood” that the Barbeque Statement would reach the Bennett I jurors and influence

their conduct. But as for how any such intent regarding the Bennett I jurors equals “fraud” upon

Bennett and Bonham themselves, appellants further deduce from the aforementioned case law that

they are within the same “class” as the jurors. Specifically, appellants explain, Bennett and Bonham

are part of the same “rural ranching community” as the Bennett I jurors and, further, are their “peers”

by definition. Accordingly, appellants reason, they can stand in the shoes of the Bennett I jurors and

sue appellees for their “fraud.”

                Appellants grossly distort the governing legal principles. Even if it could be said that

Bennett and Bonham are members of a common “class” with the Bennett I jurors in any material

sense,49 appellants’ arguments would go only to the intent element of their fraud theory. To recover

for fraud, appellants must also prove the distinct and additional element that they actually and

justifiably relied upon the Barbeque Statement.50 This they cannot do as a matter of law for reasons

that include the conclusively established fact that Bennett and Bonham have disputed the substance

of the Barbeque Statement at every turn. Nor could Bennett and Bonham merely piggyback on any


        48
          Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 581 (Tex. 2001)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 531 cmt. d (1977)).
        49
            Appellees have pointed out that Bonham, as a corporate rather than natural person, is
ineligible to serve on a jury, but we need not beat this dead horse further.
        50
           See Grant Thornton LLP v. Prospect High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d 913, 923
(Tex. 2010) (citing Ernst & Young, 51 S.W.3d at 583).

                                                   21
“fraud” allegedly perpetuated on the Bennett I jurors—the Texas Constitution jurisdictionally

requires that any injury from fraud be to them.51 And even if they could, we will momentarily

demonstrate that there is no competent evidence the Bennett I jurors had even heard of the Barbeque

Statement, let alone relied on it. For all of these reasons, the district court properly granted summary

judgment as to appellants’ “fraud” claims and derivative “conspiracy” claims.52


                Limitations

                As for appellants’ remaining liability theories—business disparagement, tortious

interference, and derivative “conspiracy” liability—the district court properly granted summary

judgment based on limitations. Each of these alleged causes of action is governed by the two-year

statute of limitations,53 which meant that, all other things being equal, the cause had to accrue

sometime after April 2005, two years before appellants filed Bennett IV. A cause of action normally

accrues when a defendant’s alleged wrongdoing causes some legal injury.54 Appellants attribute

their claimed injuries to the Barbeque Statement, which they alleged to have occurred in




       51
          See Heckman v. Williamson Cnty., 369 S.W.3d 137, 155 (Tex. 2012) (“The plaintiff must
be personally injured—he must plead facts demonstrating that he, himself (rather than a third party
or the public at large), suffered the injury.”)
       52
           See Tilton v. Marshall, 925 S.W.2d 672, 681 (Tex. 1996) (explaining that civil conspiracy
is derivative tort in which “a defendant’s liability for conspiracy depends on participation in some
underlying tort for which the plaintiff seeks to hold at least one of the named defendants liable”).
       53
         See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(a); Coinmach Corp. v. Aspenwood Apt. Corp.,
417 S.W.3d 909, 924 (Tex. 2013) (tortious interference); Newsom v. Brod, 89 S.W.3d 732, 734
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (business disparagement).
       54
            See, e.g., Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam).

                                                  22
August 2004—more than two years before appellants filed Bennett IV.55 And while appellants

purport to invoke the discovery rule, which (if applicable56) would toll accrual until the point in time

when they either knew or should have known the nature of their injury,57 we need go no farther

than to observe that Bennett and Bonham had notice of the Barbeque Statement from the instant it

was made—it was uttered to Mr. Shook, their lawyer at the time.58 Accordingly, the district court

appropriately granted summary judgment as to these claims based on limitations.


                 Causation

                 The third set of meritorious summary-judgment grounds we will note—and one fatal

to all of appellants’ liability theories—consists of no-evidence challenges to the causation element

of each theory—specifically, cause-in-fact. To raise a fact issue that the Barbeque Statement was

the cause-in-fact of the Bennett I jury rendering its adverse verdict, appellants had the burden of

presenting competent summary-judgment evidence of each of the following facts:




       55
            Although appellants repeatedly attempt to characterize appellees’ actions as a “continuing
tort,” it remains that they ultimately relied on the theory that all their claimed injuries stem from
Miller’s one-time utterance of the Barbeque Statement.
       56
           See id. at 313-14 (observing that whether an injury is “inherently undiscoverable,” such
that the discovery rule applies, is a “legal question . . . decided on a categorical rather than case-
specific basis; the focus is whether a type of injury rather than a particular injury was discoverable”)
(emphases in original).
        57
             See, e.g., Apex Towing Co. v. Tolin, 41 S.W.3d 118, 121 (Tex. 2001).
       58
           See Lehrer v. Zwernemann, 14 S.W.3d 775, 778 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000,
pet. denied) (“Knowledge or notice to an attorney, acquired during the existence of the
attorney-client relationship and while acting within the scope of his authority, is imputed to
the client.”). We would further observe that the principal component of appellants’ claimed
damages—the Bennett I verdict—was rendered in October of the same year.

                                                  23
•       the Barbeque Statement was overheard by one or more of the persons in attendance at the
        Weatherbys other than Shook (as there is no contention that Shook is responsible for any
        republication of the Statement or alleged harm therefrom);

•       such other person or persons then disseminated the Barbeque Statement directly or indirectly
        to the same persons who were selected as jurors in Bennett I;

•       those jurors believed the Barbeque Statement; and

•       those jurors were moved to render their verdict based upon the Barbeque Statement and
        would not have done so otherwise (notwithstanding the evidence detailed extensively in the
        Bennett I opinions of the Texas Supreme Court and of this Court).


While there is evidence that at least one bystander at the Weatherbys overheard Miller utter the

Barbeque Statement,59 appellants did not present any competent proof that any such individuals ever

republished the Statement to anyone else, let alone that it reached the Bennett I jurors, let alone that

it caused those jurors to render the verdict they did.

                In attempting to meet these burdens, appellants rely on a succession of affidavits

and supplemental affidavits from Bennett (these evolved, like appellants’ liability theories, in the

face of appellees’ summary-judgment challenges). In relevant part, Bennett stated that the Barbeque

Statement “became coffee shop talk in San Saba, Texas, by local town persons and were overheard

by persons I know in San Saba, Texas, which is a small community [and] had an affect on [the

Bennett I] jurors . . . , who rendered a $1,000,000.00 judgment against [Bonham], as well as

a judgment against me.” Bennett does not elaborate as to how or by whom these purported

events occurred, nor supply any other underlying facts to support his conclusions. Without more,



       59
          Miller averred that “I do not know that anyone but Mr. Shook and Mr. Weatherby
overheard my statement.” Shook, on the other hand, provided an affidavit in which he indicated that
the Barbeque Statement was uttered “within the hearing of others present,” but did not specify who.

                                                  24
his assertions, which do little more than repeat or paraphrase his pleading allegations, are not

competent summary-judgment proof.60

                Appellants additionally rely on affidavits they obtained from former counsel Shook;

another former counsel who had represented Bennett and Bonham in Bennett I, Keith Woodley; and

a corporate attorney for Bonham or Bennett, James E. Cummins. Woodley and Cummins testified

to the effect that San Saba is a small Texas town and that an allegation or rumor that a person was

involved in “drugs or prostitution” would tend to spread around the community.61 But as for whether

the Barbeque Statement actually did spread in this manner, let alone reach the Bennett I jurors,

appellants can come no closer than obtaining a statement from Shook that the Barbeque Statement

was “disseminated to the public in San Saba County, Texas.” Like Bennett, Shook did not elaborate

as to the factual basis of his statement, nor indicate whether or how the “public” to whom the

Statement purportedly was “disseminated” actually included the Bennett I jurors, let alone that it had

any impact on them. Accordingly, his testimony is not competent evidence of these facts.62



        60
          See Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232
(Tex. 2004); Ryland Group, Inc. v. Hood, 924 S.W.2d 120, 122 (Tex. 1996).
        61
          Incidentally, Woodley’s law office is in Comanche County and Cummins’s is in
Navarro County.
        62
               See Coastal Transp., 136 S.W.3d at 232. Similarly, Cummins, whom appellants
purported to present as an expert, testified that he was “of opinion that the jury in [Bennett I] actually
and justifiably relied on Mr. Miller’s false statements that [Bennett] was into drugs and prostitution
. . . and that this lead [sic] to a damaging verdict against [Bennett] and [Bonham].” The district court
excluded this testimony, and it would have been incompetent in any event, as Cummins supplied no
factual basis for his opinions. See Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex. 1999) (“[I]t is the
basis of the witness’s opinion, and not the witness’s qualifications or his bare opinions alone, that
can settle an issue as a matter of law; a claim will not stand on the mere ipse dixit of a credentialed
witness.”).

                                                   25
                 Tellingly, appellants ultimately place chief reliance on a hodgepodge of purported

“presumptions” they would derive from the lawyer disciplinary rules, case law addressing jury

misconduct, and even the size of San Saba County’s population. Specifically, appellants accuse

Miller, in uttering the Barbeque Statement, of violating Rule 3.07 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of

Professional Conduct, which prohibits a lawyer, “in the course of representing a client,” from making

“an extra judicial statement that a reasonable person would expect to be disseminated by means of

public communication if the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that it will have a substantial

likelihood of materially prejudicing an adjudicatory proceeding.”63 They then observe that the

constitutional justifications for such restrictions are state interests in protecting the integrity and

fairness of its judicial system.64 To this they add the observation that “[a]n irrebuttable presumption

may be judicially created, as through a disciplinary rule,” citing the example of presumptions

regarding acquisition of confidential information that operate in the context of motions to

disqualify lawyers and law firms.65 Appellants then put all of this together to deduce that the

Barbeque Statement gave rise to an “irrebutable presumption” that it reached and impacted the

Bennett I jury. To similar effect, appellants also insist that the Barbeque Statement amounts to the

sort of overt attempt at jury tampering that has been held to establish, in itself, “probable injury . . .

prima facie at least,” as required to obtain a new trial based on jury misconduct.66


        63
          It seems that Mr. Paris was employed as an assistant general counsel for the State Bar back
in the 1970s.
        64
             See Gentile v. State Bar of Nev., 501 U.S. 1030, 1065-76 (1991).
        65
             In re Mitcham, 133 S.W.3d 274, 276-77 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam).
        66
             Texas Employers’ Ins. Ass’n v. McCaslin, 317 S.W.2d 916, 921 (Tex. 1958).

                                                   26
               Appellants’ notion of a disciplinary rule-based “irrebutable presumption” of jury

impact from the Barbeque Statement dissolves in its own incoherence and lack of legal support.

Their alternative “presumption” theory based on asserted jury tampering is similarly without merit

for reasons that include, among other problems, the aforementioned absence of competent summary-

judgment evidence that the Barbeque Statement ever actually reached the Bennett I jurors.67 And

even if these “presumption” theories could have any conceivable merit in other contexts, it would

be quite another thing to allow appellants to employ them as a substitute for the bedrock requirement

that a tort plaintiff must present legally sufficient evidence that a defendant more likely than not

caused its injury before the defendant can be compelled to compensate the plaintiff in damages.68

To permit appellants to recover damages without proving that appellees more likely than not caused

their injury would “abandon the truth-seeking function of the law.”69

               At bottom, appellants seem to urge that because the Barbeque Statement was

uttered or overheard by a resident of San Saba County, and because San Saba County’s population

is considered “small” and perhaps more closely knit than is often true of more urbanized counties

nowadays, and because the Bennett I jury was drawn from this same population, they may dispense



       67
          Cf. id. at 918 (addressing jury misconduct where plaintiff personally went to juror’s place
of business, “engaged [the juror] in conversation,” and “concluded the conversation by saying: ‘Be
sure and do all you can to help me’ or something of a similar nature”).
       68
          See, e.g., Kramer v. Lewisville Mem’l Hosp., 858 S.W.2d 397, 405 (Tex. 1993); see also
Dardas v. Fleming, Hovenkamp & Grayson, P.C., 194 S.W.3d 603, 613 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (“The Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct do not define
standards for civil liability and do not give rise to private claims.”).
       69
         Kramer, 858 S.W.2d at 405 (quoting Falcon v. Mem’l Hosp., 462 N.W.2d 44, 66
(Mich. 1990)).

                                                 27
with any conventional requirements of proving a causal linkage between the Barbeque Statement and

the Bennet I verdict and simply assume that fact to be so. We need only observe that tort law works

the same way in Texas’s rural counties as it does in our big cities. Absent competent evidence of

a causal linkage between the Barbeque Statement and the Bennett I verdict, the district court properly

granted summary judgment on that ground as to all of appellants’ theories predicated on that injury.

               In a final rejoinder regarding causation-in-fact, appellants insist that their business-

disparagement and tortious-interference theories are not predicated entirely on the Bennett I

verdict, but derive at least in part from additional injury allegedly caused by the Barbeque Statement

and resultant “coffee-shop talk.” They insist that they have raised a fact issue that the Barbeque

Statement caused at least these injuries. To the contrary, appellants have again presented no

competent summary-judgment evidence of any such causal linkage. They rely on affidavit testimony

from Bennett and Bert Holland, but both consist merely of bare conclusions without factual

support.70 As with appellants’ other liability theories, the district court properly granted summary

judgment based on lack of causation evidence.

               We overrule appellants’ second issue.




       70
          For example, Holland asserted, without elaboration, that “[appellants] have been prevented
from selling the Ranch in San Saba, Texas because of present belief that the business of [appellants]
are involved in drugs and prostitution.” Furthermore, this testimony and much of Bennett’s on
this point was excluded by the district court, although appellees appear to assume that Holland’s
testimony was admitted.

          Incidentally, Holland would later testify during the sanctions hearing that he had lacked
personal knowledge of the subject matter of his testimony and had relied solely on Bennett’s account
of the underlying facts.

                                                 28
Sanctions

                In their third issue, appellants complain of the sanctions awards imposed against each

of them. “A trial court’s imposition of sanctions is reviewed on appeal for abuse of discretion.”71

“An assessment of sanctions will be reversed only if the trial court acted without reference to any

guiding rules and principles, such that its ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable.”72 “The trial court

does not abuse its discretion if it bases its decision on conflicting evidence and some evidence

supports its decision.”73

                As previously indicated, the district court explicitly based its imposition of sanctions

on Chapter 10 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure, and the court’s own inherent power,74 and any one of them will suffice if meritorious.75

We will focus our analysis on Chapter 10. Chapter 10 authorizes trial courts to sanction a party or

lawyer for filing a pleading or motion that does not, “to the signatory’s best knowledge, information,

and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry,” comply with each of the following relevant

requirements:




       71
          Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tex. 2009) (citing Low v. Henry,
221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007)); Zeifman v. Nowlin, 322 S.W.3d 804, 809 (Tex. App.—Austin
2010, no pet.).
       72
            Unifund, 299 S.W.3d at 97.
       73
            Id. (citing In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. 1998)).
       74
         While appellants insist that the district court based sanctions solely on Chapter 10, the
judgment states otherwise.
       75
            Zeifman, 322 S.W.3d at 809.

                                                  29
       (1)      the pleading or motion is not being presented for any improper purpose,
                including to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the
                cost of litigation;

       (2)      each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading or motion is
                warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension,
                modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;

       (3)      each allegation or other factual contention in the pleading or motion has
                evidentiary support or, for a specifically identified allegation or factual
                contention, is likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity
                for further investigation or discovery; . . . .76


In other words, Chapter 10 authorizes sanctions where a lawyer or party files a pleading that is

either groundless or brought for an improper purpose, and does not require both.77 Further, as the

Texas Supreme Court has explained,


       Under [Chapter 10], the signer of a pleading or motion certifies that each claim, each
       allegation, and each denial is based on the signatory’s best knowledge, information,
       and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry. The statute dictates that each claim and
       each allegation be individually evaluated for support. The fact that an allegation or
       claim is alleged against several defendants—so-called “group pleadings”—does not
       relieve the party from meeting the express requirements of Chapter 10. Each claim
       against each defendant must satisfy Chapter 10.78




       76
            Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 10.001.
       77
           See Alpert v. Crain, Caton & James, P.C., 178 S.W.3d 398, 411-12 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); see also Zeifman v. Michels, No. 03-12-00114-CV, 2013 Tex. App.
LEXIS 10523, at *31 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 22, 2013, no pet.) (“[S]anctions under chapter 10
can be awarded if the suit was filed for an improper purpose, even if the suit was not frivolous.”).
       78
            Low, 221 S.W.3d at 615.

                                                  30
                 Chapter 10 requires the trial court to describe in its order “the conduct the court

has determined violated Section 10.001 and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.”79 In its

judgment, the district court made findings that would support the imposition of sanctions based on

violations of any of the three alternative requirements under Chapter 10 quoted above. It explicitly

found or concluded that “this suit [Bennett IV] is groundless and was filed in bad faith and for the

purpose of harassment,” language that tracks Rule 13 but would also satisfy elements of Chapter 10.

In support, the court made extensive underlying findings that began by noting powerful

circumstantial proof of appellants’ improper purpose in prosecuting Bennett IV—Bennett’s (and,

through him, Bonham’s) long history of vitriolic, threatening, and harassing behavior toward

appellees, both in and out of court. This included their conduct in Bennett I (in which, as the

district court observed, “the opinions of the appellate courts detail an exhaustive list of egregious

litigation tactics employed by Bennett and Bonham, including bribing witnesses, threatening

witnesses, harassing witnesses, urging witnesses to lie, tampering with evidence and filing a lawsuit

to harass and intimidate a witness”); Bennett’s slander claims against Grant in Bennett III (which

Bennett filed, as the district court noted, after “Grant decided to testify in [the] criminal case against

Bennett for cattle theft and as a witness in [Bennett I]); and Bennett’s unsuccessful efforts to have

Grant criminally prosecuted “by approaching at least four separate prosecutors in three different

counties” and finally “procur[ing] the appointment of a special prosecutor in Navarro County” (later




        79
             Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 10.005.

                                                   31
the subject of Grant’s malicious-prosecution claims in Bennett III).80 Additionally, the district court

found—and it is undisputed—that during the aftermath of the Bennett I verdict, Bennett had filed

two lawyer disciplinary grievances against Miller, both of which were “summarily dismissed and

reclassified as an inquiry.” Undaunted, Bennett had appealed one of these rulings to the Board of

Disciplinary Appeals, without success. It was “[a]fter Bennett’s unsuccessful attempts at criminally

prosecuting Grant and having Miller professionally disciplined,” the district court further observed,

that Bennett and Bonham filed Bennett IV.

                The district court also pointed to appellants’ tactics in Bennett IV itself, for which it

found Bennett, Bonham, and Paris to be jointly responsible. Among other things, the court found

that appellants had persisted in pressing allegations entirely lacking in factual support and without

regard for their truth. The court cited allegations by appellants—included in each iteration of their

pleadings—that Grant had been the originating source of the Bennett “drugs and prostitution”

rumor and that Miller and Reynolds had conspired to circulate the rumor. As the court pointed out,

appellants had never attempted to support their allegation that Grant had originated the rumor. As

for Reynolds’s supposed involvement, Paris similarly acknowledged that the sole factual basis for

implicating Reynolds in this supposed “conspiracy” was that “he was the recipient of the wrongful

judgment that’s based upon the [Barbeque Statement]” uttered by Miller.

                The district court found the same to be true of appellants’ central allegation that the

Bennett I jurors—and, indeed, “all those in the community [of San Saba County]”—“had heard [the



       80
           The district court had taken judicial notice of the Bennett I appellate opinions and the case
file from Bennett III. Further, the trial judge who presided over Bennett IV, the Hon. Gil Jones, had
also tried Bennett III to judgment.

                                                   32
Barbeque Statement].” In particular, the court referenced testimony from Paris acknowledging that

he had never bothered to inquire with the Bennett I jurors or other members of the venire panel as

to whether they had heard of the Barbeque Statement prior to their verdict. In contrast, appellees

presented affidavits from ten members of the Bennett I jury who uniformly averred that they had

never heard of the subject matter of the Barbeque Statement prior to their verdict, nor even until

appellees approached them to inquire in 2009.

               In response to these criticisms of his professional conduct, Paris had insisted that he

bore no responsibility to independently inquire into or develop proof of these facts because they were

conclusively supplied by the “presumptions” he had previously urged. The district court rejected this

attempt “to cover the lack of evidentiary support for [appellants’] groundless allegations” by seeking

“to excuse them [with] frivolous legal arguments, such as by claiming the law presumes everyone

in the community became aware of the conversation between Miller and Shook.” Similarly, it added

that “[t]he fraud count on which this suit was originally based was fatally defective to such an extent

as to be frivolous,” for reasons that included the inability of Bennett and Bonham to “prove[] they

relied on the derogatory statements made about them in the [Barbeque Statement].” Further, the

court observed that appellants had repeated this fraud theory in every one of their petitions “even

though this Court [had] pointed out the deficiencies of that cause of action at the first hearing on

summary judgment in this case.”

               Making matters worse, the district court found, was a “practice” by

appellants—“usually corresponding with a hearing on another motion for summary judgment”—of

amending their pleadings to add new theories, including business disparagement and tortious

interference. The court observed that “[n]o summary judgment evidence ever identified a person

                                                  33
who refused to do business with [appellants] or any specific contract that was lost because someone

had heard of the [Barbeque Statement].” It added that “[o]nly vague and conclusory affidavits

were filed in response” to appellees’ summary-judgment motions, and that an especially “glaring

example of the manner in which [appellants] abused the summary judgment process” had involved

the affidavit of Bert Holland. Although Holland had provided an affidavit asserting, without

elaboration, that the Barbeque Statement had prevented Bennett from selling his San Saba County

property, the court noted that Holland had subsequently recanted that testimony, “admitting that he

knew of no lost business or lost sales and was just saying what Mr. Bennett had told him.”

               On appeal, appellants insist there is no evidence to support the district court’s findings

underlying its imposition of sanctions. They further suggest that the district court sanctioned

them merely because it had ultimately rejected the merits of their claims. We disagree that the

district court’s findings can be dismissed so easily. For reasons that are apparent throughout

our analysis of appellants’ first two issues, we cannot conclude that the district court abused

its discretion in finding that appellants persisted in advocating numerous legal theories that

were unsupported by any non-frivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of

existing law or the establishment of new law. Indeed, appellants advocated theories that ranged

from pettifoggery to the bizarre. Appellants also admitted to numerous failures to conduct even

rudimentary investigation regarding material facts and also engaged, as the district court found, in

a pattern of tactical gamesmanship to delay the inevitable dismissal of their claims. And while it has

occurred to us (having addressed Bennett I, then III, and now IV) that Mr. Bennett might genuinely

perceive that various of his misfortunes are traceable to a conspiracy between Reynolds and Grant



                                                  34
(with Miller as the Keyser Söze-like mastermind behind it all81), appellants’ prosecution of Bennett

IV in that context is also consistent with the tactics of disgruntled unsuccessful litigants who

persist in re-litigating merely to punish and harass.82 The district court did not abuse its discretion

in imposing sanctions against Bennett, Bonham, and Paris.

                 Appellants also complain of the amounts of each sanctions award. The district court

found that an appropriate sanction was to award Reynolds and Grant each $35,898, an amount

representing their litigation costs “incurred in defending against this frivolous lawsuit,” with Bennett

and Bonham jointly and severally liable for the total amount of each award and Paris jointly

and severally liable for $20,274. As for Miller, the district court awarded him a total of $40,000,

representing “reasonable expenses, and a sum for inconvenience and harassment equal to what he

could have earned had he spent his time [that] this case necessarily cost him on matters that would

have compensated him in his practice as an attorney.” Similar to the other awards, the district court

made Bennett and Bonham jointly and severally liable for the total award and Paris jointly and

severally liable with them for $20,000 of it. Although Chapter 10 explicitly permits this sort of

sanctions award,83 appellants complain essentially that appellees did not strictly comply with

the procedures and requirements for proving reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees—i.e.,

that there was no evidence that the fees were “reasonable and necessarily incurred,” “properly


        81
             See The Usual Suspects (Gramercy Pictures 1995).
       82
         See, e.g., Cocke v. Elliott, No. 03-12-00667-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 10736, at *1-10,
18-26 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 27, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
       83
           Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 10.004(c)(3) (“A sanction may include . . . an order to pay
to the other party the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred by the other party because of the
filing of the pleading or motion, including reasonable attorney’s fees.”).

                                                  35
segregated from other work,” supported by documentary evidence, or supported by “proper

testimony regarding the lodestar approach to proof.”84 These requirements do not apply to the

assessment of sanctions based on attorney’s fees.85 Instead, we review the award of attorney’s fees

using the same abuse-of-discretion standard we apply to sanctions generally, reviewing the record for

some evidence that supports the district court’s decision.86 In this record, there is detailed testimony

from Darrell Spinks, the attorney for Reynolds and Grant, explaining both his hourly rate and the

many hours he spent defending this case, and based on that testimony, we cannot conclude that the

amount of sanctions awarded to Reynolds and Grant was arbitrary or unreasonable.87 We similarly




        84
           See, e.g., El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 760-61 (Tex. 2012) (explaining
lodestar method of proof and need for documentary evidence to prove that fees were reasonable and
necessary); Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 311-14 (Tex. 2006) (explaining
need for claimants to segregate fees between claims for which fees are recoverable and claims for
which they are not).
        85
           See Scott Bader, Inc. v. Sandstone Prods., Inc., 248 S.W.3d 802, 816-17
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (“In cases in which the judgment is not one for
earned attorney’s fees, but rather a judgment imposing attorney’s fees as sanctions, it is not invalid
because a party fails to prove attorney’s fees.”); Miller v. Armogida, 877 S.W.2d 361, 365
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (“When attorney’s fees are assessed as sanctions,
no proof of necessity or reasonableness is required.”); see also JNS Enter., Inc. v. Dixie Demolition,
LLC, 430 S.W.3d 444, 459 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (rejecting contention that attorney’s
fees awarded as sanctions needed to be segregated).
        86
             See Unifund, 299 S.W.3d at 97; Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614.
        87
          Spinks testified that he billed at a rate of $175 per hour and that he had spent at least 206.3
hours defending this case, for total fees of $36,102.50. Spinks also testified that he had incurred
$1,996.61 in expenses and had worked an additional six hours preparing for the sanctions hearing
and allotted eight hours for attending the hearing, which added $2,450 in attorney’s fees.

                                                   36
cannot conclude that the amount of sanctions awarded to Miller, who represented himself during the

proceedings below, was arbitrary or unreasonable.88

                We overrule appellants’ third issue.89


                                           CONCLUSION

                We affirm the district court’s judgment.




                                                __________________________________________

                                                Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field

Affirmed

Filed: August 22, 2014




        88
            Miller testified that he had spent “well over a hundred hours” working on this case and
that his time had cost him $200 per hour that he could have earned working on other cases.
        89
           In their reply brief, appellants argue for the first time that there was no proof of appellate
attorney’s fees. Generally, we do not address issues that are raised for the first time in a reply
brief, unless exceptional circumstances apply. See, e.g., Marin Real Estate Partners, L.P. v. Vogt,
373 S.W.3d 57, 72 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.); Strauss v. Belt, 322 S.W.3d 707, 715
n.6 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.); Zurita v. Lombana, 322 S.W.3d 463, 477
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Bankhead v. Maddox, 135 S.W.3d 162, 164
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2004, no pet.); Sunbeam Envtl. Servs., Inc. v. Texas Workers’ Comp. Ins. Facility,
71 S.W.3d 846, 851 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.); see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.3 (limiting
scope of reply brief to “addressing any matter in the appellee’s brief”). We find no such
circumstances here.

                                                   37
