                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Beales and Senior Judge Annunziata


MARK H. BARR
                                                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v.     Record No. 1109-09-1                                           PER CURIAM
                                                                    DECEMBER 8, 2009
TERRI COLBY BARR


                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
                                Norman A. Thomas, Judge

                 (Mona Schapiro Flax, on brief), for appellant.

                 (Duncan G. Byers; Tonye R. Epps; Duncan G. Byers, P.C., on brief),
                 for appellee.


       Mark H. Barr (appellant) appeals the trial court’s ruling regarding the interpretation of the

parties’ settlement agreement. Appellant argues that the trial court erred by (1) not considering the

parties’ entire agreement; (2) failing to consider the transcript from the August 2, 2005 proceedings;

(3) not finding that counsel’s statement at the August 2, 2005 hearing was a stipulation of fact and

that she invited error by taking an adverse position when she filed her action for enforcement;

(4) finding that the handwritten agreement was unambiguous; and (5) excluding extrinsic evidence,

including the testimony of former counsel and the commissioner in chancery (the commissioner).

Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without

merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.

                                          BACKGROUND

       The parties married on July 29, 1972 and separated in June 2002. They entered a settlement

agreement on August 2, 2005, which was incorporated, ratified, and affirmed in the final decree of

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
divorce on January 23, 2006. On February 7, 2007, Terri Colby Barr (appellee) filed a motion to

enforce agreement and request for reimbursement. Appellee alleged that appellant failed to

maintain the former marital home, and she had to spend her own funds to repair and maintain the

home, for which she sought reimbursement. On February 27, 2009, the trial court held an

evidentiary hearing on the motion. The issue was whether appellant breached paragraph 8 of the

parties’ agreement, which stated, “[Appellant] agrees to reasonably maintain the marital home and

property until the mortgage is paid or [appellee] remarries whichever first occurs.”

       Appellant argued that the trial court should consider the transcript from the August 2, 2005

hearing and testimony from the parties’ former counsel and the commissioner to determine what

“reasonably maintain” meant. Appellee argued that the agreement spoke for itself and the trial court

should not consider extrinsic evidence. The trial court delayed a ruling on the issue of extrinsic

evidence until the end of the case and allowed appellant to present his evidence. At the conclusion

of the case, the trial court ruled that the agreement was unambiguous and it did not consider the

extrinsic evidence.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                   Issues 1, 3, and 4: Rule 5A:18

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred in determining what constituted the parties’

agreement and that the parties’ agreement was unambiguous. Appellant also contends appellee’s

counsel invited error when counsel took an adverse position from a statement at the August 2, 2005

hearing by filing the action for enforcement. Appellant signed the final order as “Seen and

OBJECTED to for the reasons stated on the Record, the official transcript of which is incorporated

herein and set forth above in the body of this ORDER.” 1


       1
        Appellant failed to provide a clear and exact reference to the pages of the appendix
where the issues were preserved. Rule 5A:20(c). Although he cited certain appendix pages, the
pages do not show where he preserved the respective issues. In addition, appellant failed to
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        “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless the

objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling, except for good

cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. A

statement of “seen and objected to” is insufficient to preserve an issue for appeal. Lee v. Lee, 12

Va. App. 512, 515, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) (en banc). “The purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to

allow the trial court to correct in the trial court any error that is called to its attention.” Id. at 514,

404 S.E.2d at 737.

                Although Rule 5A:18 allows exceptions for good cause or to meet
                the ends of justice, appellant does not argue that we should invoke
                these exceptions. See e.g., Redman v. Commonwealth, 25
                Va. App. 215, 221, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (“In order to avail
                oneself of the exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a
                miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might
                have occurred.” (emphasis added)). We will not consider, sua
                sponte, a “miscarriage of justice” argument under Rule 5A:18.

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc).

        Therefore, we will not consider appellant’s issues 1, 3, and 4.

                                        Issue 2 – Rule 5A:20(e)

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred by not considering the transcript from the

August 2, 2005 hearing.

        Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he principles of law,

the argument, and the authorities relating to each question presented . . . .” Appellant did not

comply with Rule 5A:20(e) because his opening brief does not contain any principles of law, or

citation to legal authorities, or the record to fully develop his arguments.




comply with Rule 5A:20(e) for issues 1 and 3 because appellant did not cite to any legal
authority to support his arguments. See Rule 5A:20(e); Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53,
56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992) (unsupported assertions of error “do not merit appellate
consideration”).
                                              -3-
        Appellant has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). This Court “will not search the

record for errors in order to interpret the appellant’s contention and correct deficiencies in a

brief.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Nor is it this

Court’s “function to comb through the record . . . in order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity

of [appellant’s] claims.” Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 56 n.7, 366 S.E.2d 615, 625 n.7

(1988) (en banc).

        We find that appellant’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e) is significant, so we will

not consider whether the trial court erred in not considering the transcript. See Fadness v.

Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008) (“If the parties believed that the

circuit court erred, it was their duty to present that error to us with legal authority to support their

contention.”); Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663, 664, 666 S.E.2d 547, 548 (2008).

                              Issue 5 – Exclusion of extrinsic evidence

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred in excluding the extrinsic evidence of the

testimony of former counsel for the parties and the commissioner. The trial court allowed

appellant to present the evidence from each party’s former counsel and the commissioner

regarding the property settlement agreement; however, the trial court stated that it would

determine whether it would consider the extrinsic evidence at the end of the case. At the

conclusion of the evidence, the trial court ruled that the agreement “should be interpreted

according to its terms and not by extrinsic evidence.”

        “Property settlement agreements are contracts and are subject to the same rules of

construction that apply to the interpretation of contracts generally.” Southerland v. Estate of

Southerland, 249 Va. 584, 588, 457 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1995) (citations omitted).

                On appeal, the Court reviews a trial court’s interpretation of a
                contract de novo. Eure v. Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp.,
                                                 -4-
                263 Va. 624, 631, 561 S.E.2d 663, 667 (2002) (citing Wilson v.
                Holyfield, 227 Va. 184, 313 S.E.2d 396 (1984)) (“we have an
                equal opportunity to consider the words of the contract within the
                four corners of the instrument itself”). The question whether
                contract language is ambiguous is one of law, not fact. Tuomala v.
                Regent University, 252 Va. 368, 374, 477 S.E.2d 501, 505 (1996).
                Thus, the trial court’s conclusion regarding ambiguity is accorded
                no deference on appeal. See id.

Plunkett v. Plunkett, 271 Va. 162, 166-67, 624 S.E.2d 39, 41 (2006).

        “Contract language is ambiguous when ‘it may be understood in more than one way or

when it refers to two or more things at the same time.’” Eure, 263 Va. at 632, 561 S.E.2d at 668

(quoting Granite State Ins. Co. v. Bottoms, 243 Va. 228, 234, 415 S.E.2d 131, 134 (1992)).

        Here, neither party argued in the trial court that the language in the agreement was

ambiguous. For the first time on appeal, appellant contends the agreement was ambiguous as to

what “reasonably maintain” meant. Appellant argues that the testimony from the parties’ former

counsel and the commissioner in chancery would define the phrase, “reasonably maintain.” At

trial, the parties tried to narrow the issue for the trial court:

                MR. BYERS: It is my understanding that Mr. Barr’s position is
                that there is an enforceable agreement but that what she has
                requested falls outside of the scope. Now, Ms. Flax may correct
                me on that, but that’s my understanding of it as we stand here
                today.

                MS. FLAX: I’ll agree with that.

                            *       *       *        *       *      *   *

                COURT: Is the heartbeat of this dispute respecting specific
                requests and whether they fall under the ambit of “reasonably
                maintain”?

                MR. BYERS: That’s it, Your Honor. That’s what we’re here for
                today.

        “A contract term is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree as to the term’s

meaning.” Bergman v. Bergman, 25 Va. App. 204, 211, 487 S.E.2d 264, 267 (1994) (citations

omitted). “[I]f no patent or latent ambiguities exist, a court should enforce the plain meaning of
                                                   -5-
the contractual language without resort to extrinsic evidence.” Smith v. Smith, 43 Va. App. 279,

287, 597 S.E.2d 250, 254 (2004).

       Here, the language is not ambiguous. Pursuant to paragraph 8, appellant was to

reasonably maintain the house. As the trial court pointed out, the definitions for “reasonable”

and “maintain” are instructive, and in this context, they mean to “take those steps necessary to

kept the marital home and property in appropriate repair.” We agree with the trial court’s

definition.

       Appellant contends the trial court should have considered the extrinsic evidence to further

explain his obligation to appellee. Appellant is asking us to include language that is not in the

agreement. Paragraph 8 does not state that appellant is only responsible for “minor repairs.”

“According to the rules of construction, ‘courts cannot read into contracts language which will

add to or take away the meaning of words already contained therein.’” Rutledge v. Rutledge, 45

Va. App. 56, 64, 608 S.E.2d 504, 508 (2005) (quoting Wilson, 227 Va. at 187, 313 S.E.2d at

398). Appellant was seeking to add words to the parties’ agreement through the testimony of the

parties’ former counsel and the commissioner. However, the testimony was unnecessary because

the agreement spoke for itself. Therefore, the trial court did not err in excluding the extrinsic

evidence.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

                                                                                           Affirmed.




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