                                  United States Court of Appeals,

                                            Fifth Circuit.

                                           No. 93-3590.

                                   Boyce W. CHILDS, Plaintiff,

                                                  v.

  STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee,

                                                  v.

                             Bruce C. WALTZER, Movant-Appellant.

                                           Aug. 26, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before JOHNSON, BARKSDALE and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

       JOHNSON, Circuit Judge:

       This act ion arises out of an alleged hit-and-run accident involving plaintiff, Boyce Childs.

Following this alleged accident, Childs retained appellant, Bruce Waltzer, to represent him in an

action seeking benefits under the uninsured-motorist provisions in an insurance policy issued by

defendant/appellee, State Farm. During the course of discovery, however, State Farm amassed

substantial and compelling evidence that the alleged accident was in fact deliberately staged in order

to secure the benefits of the policy. Despite this evidence, attorney Waltzer conducted little to no

discovery and continued to sign pleadings in prosecution of the suit. Accordingly, State Farm sought

sanctions against Waltzer for violations of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The

district court ruled in favor of State Farm and imposed sanctions in the amount of $30,000. Finding

no reversible error, we AFFIRM.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This litigation arises from the claim of plaintiff, Boyce Childs, that he was involved in a

hit-and-run accident on May 17, 1988. This alleged accident took place at 1:30 a.m. on a remote

portion of Highway 11 in the Parish of Orleans in Louisiana. According to Childs, after sustaining

a glancing impact from an oncoming vehicle, he swerved, lost control of the van he was driving, and
ran off the road and into a tree. After the van hit the tree and Childs was able to exit the vehicle,

Childs alleges that the van burst into flames and was completely consumed by fire.

          Firemen and police responded to the scene of this alleged accident where they found a

smoldering and dented van. Moreover, Childs was taken by ambulance to the hospital where he was

treated for injuries to his face and chest.1

          State Farm, which had issued an insurance policy covering the van, did reimburse Childs for

his medical bills.      However, it refused to provide any further benefits pursuant to the

uninsured-motorist provisions of the policy. Accordingly, Childs retained the legal services of Bruce

Waltzer to bring an action against State Farm to recover those benefits.

          Waltzer brought this action, on March 12, 1990, in a Louisiana state court alleging that Childs

was entitled to the benefits under the policy and that State Farm was in bad faith. State Farm

removed the action to federal district court on the basis of diversity of citizenship. Moreover, in its

answer to this suit, State Farm denied that any accident had occurred or that Childs' "incident" had

involved a hit-and-run collision.

          State Farm then began to conduct discovery to gather evidence to prove that no such accident

had occurred. This discovery revealed that within the six months preceding the accident, Childs had

purchased2 no less than thirteen disability policies of insurance.3 Moreover, it came to light that the

van that Childs was driving was owned by Chris Taylor and the particular State Farm policy in issue

had been purchased by Robert Jenkins. Taylor and Jenkins were personal friends and business

associates of Childs and between them they had been involved in ten other "phantom vehicle"

accidents which occurred under strikingly similar circumstances as the alleged accident involved in




   1
    The medical records indicate that Childs was hospitalized for ten days with a broken nose,
cuts to his forehead, and internal chest bruises.
   2
       These policies were either purchased by Childs or were purchased by others for his benefit.
   3
    In the event of an alleged disability, these policies would pay Childs directly on a daily or
monthly basis. The policies would also pay off outstanding debts to creditors and would permit
Childs to collect double and even triple recovery for a claimed disability.
the instant suit.4 In each case, the accident victims were protected by multiple insurance policies, in

some cases as many as twenty, purchased within days or months prior to the accidents.5 Finally, State

Farm discovered that Childs himself had been involved in a prior phantom vehicle accident in 1981

before which he had purchased twenty disability insurance policies within the nine months preceding

the accident.6

       Compounding the inference of fraud to be drawn from the great number of policies purchased

and the timing of their purchase, State Farm produced many of the applications by which Childs

procured these policies. These applications contained numerous omissions or misrepresentations7 that

obscured the number of insurance carriers with which Childs had coverage.8

       Lastly, State Farm developed evidence through discovery which suggested that the physical

evidence did not match the particulars of the accident as described by Childs. First, Officer Furlong,

the officer on the scene, testified in deposition that he found no debris, such as glass or metal

fragments on the highway, which he would have expected if there had been contact with another

vehicle. Further, Officer Furlong stated that despite Childs' description of the severe or sharp turn

made to avoid the collision, he found no tire marks, gouge marks or scrapes on the roadway. Lastly,

Officer Furlong noted that he found it unusual that the van burst into flames as a result of a frontal

impact with a fixed object as this had never occurred during his thirteen years of investigation.


   4
    State Farm terms these incidents "phantom vehicle" accidents because they all involved
collisions with hit-and-run drivers and with no independent witnesses.
   5
   Much of this evidence surfaced during the depositions of Taylor and Jenkins in November of
1990.
   6
    The information that plaintiff had been involved in a prior phantom accident in 1981 was
brought forth at the deposition of Boyce Childs in November of 1990.
   7
    In particular, State Farm presented application sheets from several of the disability policies
obtained by Childs in which he had either left blank or only listed one company when asked the
question of with what other insurance companies do you have similar policies.
   8
    Prior to his accident in 1981 before which Childs had purchased twenty policies of disability
insurance, Childs had received a letter from Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company
informing him that he was being denied coverage because the amount of disability income
insurance that Childs already possessed exceeded the amount allowed for individuals within his
occupational class.
        State Farm also retained the services of three expert witnesses. These experts all cast doubt

on Childs' version of the accident. Most telling is the report of Mervin A. Stringer, an expert in

pyrotechnics, who stated that the dent located in the left side of the van was post-fire damage.9

Additionally, the other two experts noted that the damage on the van was too high to have been

caused by a head-on collision with a mid-size car as indicated by Childs, that it is very unlikely that

a fire would have been caused by a frontal collision with a stationary object and that the van had

rebounded away from the tree further than would be expected from an impact as described by

Childs.10

        After the development of much of this evidence, State Farm, in January of 1991, moved for

leave to amend its answer to specifically allege fraud. In particular, State Farm alleged that Childs

had deliberately staged the accident in an attempt to profit from the proceeds of the State Farm

insurance policy. Without conducting any discovery, Waltzer opposed this motion. State Farm was

granted leave, however, and did amend its answer.

        The case proceeded to a trial setting in September of 1991 before Judge McNamara. On

September 19, 1991, in accordance with the district judge's pre-trial notice, Waltzer and counsel for

State Farm met over the course of several hours for the purpose of formulating an exhibit list for trial.

During this meeting, all of the documentary evidence, including all of the many policies of insurance

and the misleading application sheets, were reviewed.11 Then, on the day of the trial setting,

September 23, Waltzer filed a Motion for Partial Dismissal, dismissing the claim against State Farm

for bad faith.12 Waltzer continued to pursue the remainder of the claim, though.

   9
     Stringer's opinion appeared in a letter dated June 12, 1991, that was made part of the record
in a submission of expert reports on July 1, 1991.
   10
    The reports of Douglas Robert, the accident reconstructionist, and of Charles E. Prewitt, a
mechanical engineer, are dated January 3, 1991, and January 4, 1991, respectively. Further, they
were attached as exhibits to State Farm's Motion to Review Magistrate's Ruling and Alternatively
to Continue Trial filed on February 5, 1991.
   11
    Based upon this meeting, a joint stipulation was reached in which Waltzer attested to the
accuracy and genuineness of all the disability policies and that Childs had signed them.
   12
     State Farm contends that this was a recognition that State Farm was not in bad faith. While
this may overstate the inference to be drawn from this action, it clearly does show that Waltzer
          The September trial did not occur. Instead, the trial was continued until April of 1992. In

the interim, Waltzer again had an opportunity to conduct discovery to test the verity of State Farm's

evidence. He did not avail himself of that opportunity, however.

          On October 28, 1991, State Farm asserted a counterclaim against Childs seeking to recover

the money it had paid to him prior to the onset of discovery. The basis for this counterclaim was that

Childs had committed fraud by deliberately staging the accident. Without conducting any discovery,

Waltzer signed and filed an answer to the counterclaim denying the assertion of fraud.

          This case did eventually go to trial in April of 1992 before Judge Edith Brown Clement. After

presentation13 of the evidence, it took a jury less than two hours to find that Childs was guilty of fraud

and to award State Farm damages on its counterclaim.

          Following this trial, on June 18, 1992, State Farm moved for sanctions against Waltzer14 for

violations of Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This led to a hearing on liability which

took place before Judge Clement on October 21, 1992. At the end of this hearing, Judge Clement

concluded that by late 1990 or early 1991, the evidence developed by State Farm had pretty well

taken shape and was available to Waltzer. Judge Clement found this evidence to be overwhelming

and clear. In light of this evidence, the court held that Waltzer failed to act as a reasonable attorney

by failing to evaluate and recognize the clear proof of fraud in this case which led to Waltzer's failure

to conduct a reasonable inquiry into his client's claims.15 As Waltzer had not conducted a reasonable

inquiry after the evidence of fraud became compelling, the court held that Waltzer had violated Rule

11 when, after this time, he signed three documents16 that affirmed the merits of Childs' claim.


was by this time aware that the evidence of fraud against his client was substantial.
   13
        At the trial, Waltzer only presented two witness—his client and a treating physician.
   14
        State Farm also moved for sanctions against Childs, but that is not relevant to this appeal.
   15
     Specifically, Judge Clement concluded that "had Mr. Waltzer conducted a modest amount of
evaluation, an investigation into the facts of his client's claim against State Farm, he would have
and should have determined that the facts to which he attested.... [were] false and void."
   16
     The judge based her ruling on Waltzer's signature on the following three documents that she
identified by name and date:
       Accordingly, Judge Clement ordered Waltzer to pay, as a sanction, State Farm's attorneys'

fees and costs incurred as a result of this violation beginning September 4, 1991. A separate hearing

was held to quantify those fees and expenses. At that hearing, Judge Clement determined that State

Farm had proved up an amount of reasonable fees and expenses totaling $46,462. However, she

found that the sum of $30,000 would adequately represent an amount which would be an appropriate

sanction and assessed that amount against Waltzer for his violations of Rule 11. Waltzer now

appeals.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

           We review all aspects of a district court's decision to invoke Rule 11 and accompanying

sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard. American Airlines, Inc. v. Allied Pilots Association,

968 F.2d 523, 529 (5th Cir.1992). "A district court necessarily would abuse its discretion if it

imposed sanctions based on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the

evidence." Smith v. Our Lady of the Lake Hosp., 960 F.2d 439, 444 (5th Cir.1992); citing Cooter

& Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405-07, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 2461, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990).

This is a deferential standard because "[f]amiliar with the issues and litigants, the district court is

better situated than the court of appeals to marshall the pertinent facts and apply the fact-dependent

legal standard mandated by Rule 11." Cooter & Gell, 110 S.Ct. at 2459.

B. Rule 11 Liability

       Rule 11 was originally enacted in 1938 to curb tendencies toward untruthfulness in pressing

a client's suit. Georgene M. Vairo, Rule 11: A Critical Analysis, 118 F.R.D. 189, 190 (1988).

Despite this laudable goal, Rule 11 was largely ignored. Id. This changed in 1983, though, when

growing concern over misuse and abuse of the litigation process prompted amendments to Rule 11.

These amendments were designed to "reduce the reluctance of courts to impose sanctions by


1. The Pre-trial Order signed in September of 1991;

2. The answer to State Farm's counterclaim for fraud signed in January of 1992; and

3. The Amended Pre-trial Order signed in March of 1992.
emphasizing the responsibilities of attorneys and reinforcing those obligations through the imposition

of sanctions." Thomas v. Capital Security Services, Inc., 836 F.2d 866, 870 (5th Cir.1988) (en banc).

Thus, at the time that this litigation was underway, Rule 11 provided, in pertinent part:

        The signature of an attorney ... constitutes a certificate by the signer that the signer has read
        the pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of the signer's knowledge, information,
        and belief formed after a reasonable inquiry it is well-grounded in fact and is warranted by
        existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing
        law, and that it is not interposed for any i mproper purpose, such as to harass or to cause
        unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.... If a pleading, motion, or
        other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court ... shall impose upon the person who
        signed it ... an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or
        parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading,
        motion, or other paper, including a reasonable attorney's fee.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 (West 1992).17

        This Court has interpreted this rule to impose three affirmative duties with which an attorney

or litigant certifies he has complied by signing a pleading, motion, or other document. These duties

are:

        1) that the attorney has conducted a reasonable inquiry into the facts which support the
        document;

        2) that the attorney has conducted a reasonable inquiry into the law such that the document
        embodies existing legal principles or a good faith argument for the extension, modification,
        or reversal of existing law; and

        3) that the modification is not interposed for purposes of delay, harassment, or increasing the
        costs of litigation.

Thomas, 836 F.2d at 874. Compliance with these affirmative duties is measured as of the time that

the document is signed.18 Moreover, consistent with the purpose of the 1983 amendments, the

   17
    Rule 11 was substantially amended in 1993. The effective date of those amendments was
December 1, 1993, though. Since the conduct at issue here occurred prior to that date, the newly
amended Rule 11 does not apply.
   18
     Cases from this Circuit prior to the en banc decision in Thomas had held that an attorney had
a continuing obligation to review and reevaluate his or her position as the case develops. See e.g.,
Robinson v. National Cash Register Co., 808 F.2d 1119, 1127 (5th Cir.1987); Southern Leasing,
Ltd. Partners v. McMullan, 801 F.2d 783, 788 (5th Cir.1988). Thus, a document that initially
satisfied Rule 11 might later turn out to be the basis for sanctions if new facts were discovered
which showed that there was no longer a good faith basis for the document. Robinson, 808 F.2d
at 1127. The en banc Court in Thomas rejected this position, however. 836 F.2d at 874.
Instead, the Thomas Court explained that liability for signing a document was similar to a
snapshot. Courts would focus on the instant the picture was taken—when the signature was
placed on the document. Liability under Rule 11 would only be assessed if at that instant in time
standard under which an attorney is measured is an objective, not subjective, standard of

reasonableness under the circumstances. Id. at 873; United States v. Alexander, 981 F.2d 250, 252

(5th Cir.1993). An attorney's good faith is no longer enough to protect him from Rule 11 sanctions.

Robinson v. National Cash Register, Co., 808 F.2d 1119, 1127 (5th Cir.1987).

        At issue in this case is the first affirmative duty—whether Waltzer conducted a reasonable

inquiry into the facts underlying his client's claim. The district court herein concluded that the

evidence of fraud developed by State Farm was clear and overwhelming. In light of that substantial

evidence, the district court found that the investigation conducted by Waltzer to establish that his

client's claim was well-grounded in fact was not reasonable. It is our task to determine whether this

finding by the district court was an abuse of discretion.19 Smith, 960 F.2d at 444. We conclude that

there was no abuse of discretion.

        When Waltzer initially signed and filed the original petition commencing this suit in March


the attorney or litigant was in violation of the rule. Id. However, as a practical matter, this was
not a significant change. Virtually all suits will require a series of filings and Rule 11 applies to
each and every paper signed during the course of the proceedings. Id. at 875. Accordingly, if
facts are discovered that show that there is no longer a good faith basis for a position taken by a
party, a pleading, motion, or other paper signed after those facts come to light reaffirming that
position can be the basis of a violation of the rule.
   19
     Mr. Waltzer attempts to obfuscate this issue in his brief to this Court by focusing on his
evaluation of the evidence as opposed to whether he conducted a reasonable inquiry. Specifically,
Waltzer argues that the district court erred in imposing Rule 11 sanctions because there existed in
the record some evidence to support his client's claim. See Brubaker v. Richmond, 943 F.2d
1363, 1377 (4th Cir.1991) (to satisfy Rule 11, the allegation merely must be supported by some
evidence). As some evidence supported his client, the evidence was conflicting. Thus, Waltzer
contends that the district court abused its discretion by applying Rule 11 so as to force an attorney
to resolve conflicting evidence against his client.

                 Whatever the merits of this argument, we do not find that Waltzer can take any
        solace in it. This is because it relies on an erroneous view of the district court's ruling.
        The basis of the district court's ruling was not that, after a reasonable inquiry under the
        circumstances, Waltzer's evaluation of conflicting evidence was sanctionable. Rather, the
        district court ruled that Waltzer had not conducted a reasonable inquiry under the
        circumstances.

                Waltzer wishes to argue that evaluation of this evidence does not inexorably lead
        to the conclusion that Childs committed a fraud. Even if this is so, the evidence of fraud
        was sufficient, at a minimum, to prompt a reasonable attorney, aware of his obligations
        under Rule 11, to conduct a further inquiry before he singed a paper and thereby certified
        to the court that the claim was well-grounded in fact. It was this inquiry, or lack thereof,
        that the district court found deficient.
of 1990, he had conducted a sufficient inquiry to satisfy Rule 11. He had interviewed his client,

inspected the vehicle, visited the accident site, interviewed a fireman from the scene, interviewed the

repo rting officer, obtained the police report and reviewed the medical records. This inquiry

supported his client's claim that a hit-and-run accident had occurred. Thus, at that time, Waltzer

could, within the bounds of Rule 11, sign a document certifying to the court that to the best of his

knowledge, information and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, his client's claim was

well-grounded in fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11.

       During discovery, however, State Farm began to amass significant evidence that the alleged

accident had been staged. As earlier detailed, this evidence included the information that Childs and

his associates Taylor and Jenkins had been involved in numerous phantom vehicle accidents before

which they had purchased multiple policies of disability insurance, sometimes as many as twenty.

Further, the evidence showed that, in order to secure the thirteen disability policies purchased prior

to the instant accident, Childs had made several misrepresentations or omissions on the application

sheets to camouflage t he number of disability policies he carried. Lastly, the testimony of the

investigating officer and State Farm's three expert witnesses seriously challenged whether the accident

could have occurred as Childs claimed.

       The district court, which is in a better position than we are to make such an assessment as it

has seen the witnesses and heard the attorneys, concluded that this evidence of fraud was clear and

overwhelming. As the record discloses that this evidence was substantial, we cannot say that this

assessment was clearly erroneous and thus an abuse of discretion. Moreover, whil e it was being

developed, Waltzer could not just cling tenaciously to the investigation he had done at the outset of

the litigation and bury his head in the sand. Instead, the evidence gathered by State Farm became a

factor in the district court's determination of whether, under the circumstances, Waltzer had

conducted a reasonable inquiry into the fact s supporting the claim. Thus, to satisfy his obligation

under Rule 11 to conduct a reasonable inquiry to determine if his client's claim was well-grounded

in fact, Waltzer's investigation would have had to take into account State Farm's evidence of fraud.

       According to Waltzer, the investigation he undertook that was in response to this growing
wealth of evidence of fraud consisted of the following:

1. interrogating Childs as to whether Childs had staged the accident;

2. attending the expert inspection of the vehicle;

3. reviewing the expert reports;

4. reviewing the various policies of insurance held by Childs;

5. interviewing all of the alleged co-conspirators;

6. interviewing witnesses to Childs' prior accident in 1981;

7. reviewing the police reports from alleged co-conspirators prior accidents; and

8. attending and/or participating in numerous depositions.

The district court found that, under the circumstances, this inquiry was not reasonable and thus that

Waltzer had violated Rule 11.

        We must agree that this inquiry was deficient. State Farm's evidence of fraud was powerful,

and yet , all of Waltzer's investigative efforts can be summed up as asking Childs and his alleged

co-conspirators if they were frauds and reviewing the evidence. Never did Waltzer conduct any

affirmative discovery to test the verity of the evidence developed by State Farm. He never conducted

a single deposition.20 He never sent out any interrogatories, requests for production or requests for

admission. Lastly, he never hired his own experts to support his client and to refute the damaging

reports by State Farm's experts. In light of the compelling evidence of fraud in this case, Waltzer's

inquiry cannot be said to be reasonable.

        This conclusion is bolstered when we apply the factors this Circuit has developed to determine

whether an attorney has made a reasonable inquiry into the facts sufficient to satisfy Rule 11. These

factors are:

1. the time available to the signer for investigation;

2. the extent of the attorney's reliance upon his client for the factual support for the document;

3. the feasibility of pre-filing investigation;


   20
    Waltzer did notice the deposition of one of State Farm's expert witnesses, but that deposition
was never taken.
4. whether the signing attorney accepted the case from another member of the bar or forwarding
       attorney;

5. the complexity of the factual and legal issues; and

6. the extent to which development of the factual circumst ances underlying the claim requires
        discovery.

Thomas, 836 F.2d at 875; St. Amant v. Bernard, 859 F.2d 379, 383 (5th Cir.1988). We find that

these factors weigh in favor of the district court's ruling that Waltzer did not conduct a reasonable

inquiry before he signed the documents that the district court found to be violative of Rule 11.

          First, Waltzer had ample time to conduct a reasonable inquiry into State Farm's allegations

of fraud. State Farm alleged in its original petition that no accident had occurred and the evidence

of fraud developed over the course of the litigation. In all this, time Waltzer could have easily

conducted any kind of investigation or discovery.

          Next, Waltzer relies heavily on his client's representation that the accident was not staged21

and the representations of Childs' alleged co-conspirators that there was no fraud. However, it was

not reasonable for Waltzer to have believed that Childs and his co-conspirators would simply confess

to what amounts to a criminal offense.22

          Also, Waltzer complains that the factual and legal issues were complex and notes that State

Farm, in its brief to this Court, describes the facts as "labrynthian." The issue, however, has always

been clear—did his client stage an accident in order to defraud an insurance company? Moreover,

adjectives used such as "complex" or "labrynthian" describe State Farm's difficulty in compiling and

organizing this evidence. Once this evidence was compiled and organized, though, it was clear and

direct. In fact, the jury managed to figure it out in less than two hours.

          Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that

   21
        In the Rule 11 liability hearing Judge Clement asked Waltzer the following question:

                  Judge Clement: So, basically your defense [to Rule 11 liability] says that you
                         relied on Childs' representations to you, that he was not involved.

                  Mr. Waltzer: Yes, your Honor.
   22
     In fact, one of the alleged co-conspirators, Robert Jenkins, was subsequently taken into
custody by federal agents for charges including possible insurance fraud.
Waltzer had failed to conduct a reasonable inquiry to determine if Childs' claim was well-grounded

in fact. While Childs' claim was initially supported, in light of the impressive evidence of fraud

presented by State Farm, Waltzer could not, without a more substantial investigation, blithely

continue to sign pleadings thereby certifying to the court that to the best of his knowledge,

information, and belief, Childs' claim was not fraudulent.23 Waltzer's failure to conduct such a

reasonable pre-filing inquiry supports the district court's finding that Waltzer violated his affirmative

duty under Fed.R.Civ.P. 11.24

C. Waltzer's Testimony at the Liability Hearing

        On October 21, 1992, Judge Clement held a hearing t o determine liability under Rule 11

against Waltzer. According to Waltzer, this hearing was merely set for the attorneys to present oral

arguments. However, Waltzer relates that, in the midst of his attorney's argument, the judge turned

the hearing into an evidentiary hearing and required Waltzer to take the stand. Therefore, Waltzer

contends that, as this was a surprise and he was not prepared to testify, the judge's actions violated

his due process rights. There is no merit in this contention.

        It is true that Rule 11 sanction decisions must comport with due process. Spiller v. Ella

Smithers Geriatric Ctr., 919 F.2d 339, 346 (5th Cir.1990); Donaldson v. Clark, 819 F.2d 1551,

1559-60 (11th Cir.1987) (en banc). This requires notice and an opportunity to be heard before the

imposition of Rule 11 sanctions. Veillon v. Exploration Services, Inc., 876 F.2d 1197 (5th Cir.1989);

see also Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 379, 91 S.Ct. 780, 786, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971)

(procedural due process ordinarily requires notice and an opportunity to be heard). The requirement

of an opportunity to be heard, though, does not require an elaborate or formal hearing. Spiller, 919

F.2d at 347. Simply giving the individual accused of a Rule 11 violation a chance to respond through

the submission of a brief is usually all that due process requires. Id.; Veillon, 876 F.2d at 1202.


   23
      See Southern Leasing, 801 F.2d at 788 (when a lawyer learns that an asserted position, even
if originally supported by adequate inquiry, is no longer justifiable he must not persist in its
prosecution).
   24
     See Matter of Ulmer, 19 F.3d 234, 237 (5th Cir.1994) (failure to conduct adequate inquiry
into the law is an independently sufficient basis for the imposition of sanctions).
       In this case, the transcript of the hearing does not bear out Waltzer's assertion that the judge

forced him to testify. Instead, the record shows that during the hearing, the judge stated that it would

be helpful for Waltzer to explain certain things. Waltzer's counsel then protested that Waltzer was

not prepared to testify. Accordingly, the judge stated that if Waltzer had nothing he wished to put

in the record, then she would decide the matter on the briefs. The judge informed Waltzer's attorney

of the type of questions she would be asking and she inquired whether Waltzer's attorney desired a

recess to discuss the matter with Waltzer. A several hour recess was taken after which, without

objection, Waltzer's attorney chose to put Waltzer on the stand.

       We see no violation of Waltzer's due process rights here. The judge could have ruled solely

on the briefs. Spiller, 919 F.2d at 347. That she granted a hearing and further gave Waltzer an

opportunity to take the stand afforded Waltzer more due process than was necessary, not less.

D. Notice

        Under Thomas, once a district court finds a Rule 11 violation, it must impose some sanction.

Thomas, 836 F.2d at 876; Willy v. Coastal Corp., 855 F.2d 1160, 1172 (5th Cir.1988). The district

court retains broad discretion in fashioning an "appropriate" sanction, Thomas, 836 F.2d at 876-77;

Estiverne v. Sak's Fifth Avenue, 9 F.3d 1171, 1174 (5th Cir.1993), however, that sanction should be

the least severe that adequately furthers the purpose of Rule 11. Akin v. Q-L Investments, Inc., 959

F.2d 521 (5th Cir.1992).

        The rule specifically provides that reasonable and appropriate expenses, including attorney's

fees, may be awarded as a sanction to the extent the expenses were reasonably caused by a violation

of the rule. Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 (West 1992). Actual expenses and attorney's fees are not necessarily

reasonable, though, because "[a] party seeking Rule 11 costs and attorney's fees has a duty to mitigate

those expenses, by correlating his response, in hours and funds expended, to the merit of the claims."

Thomas, 836 F.2d at 879. Moreover, the appropriate sanction in a given case may be an award to

the adversary of some amount less than all of its reasonable expenses incurred as a result of the

violation. Smith International, Inc. v. Texas Commerce Bank, 844 F.2d 1193, 1197 (5th Cir.1988).

        In this case, Waltzer contends that the amount awarded is not appropriate because State
Farm failed to provide prompt notice of the alleged violation to him and to the court. Further,

Waltzer alleges that the district court, when it was determining what would be an appropriate

sanction, failed to take this into account in mitigation.

        This Court recognized in Thomas that, according to the express language of Rule 11, if the

award is the reimbursement of an opponent's expenses, those expenses must be both caused by the

violation and reasonable. Thomas, 836 F.2d at 878-79. Moreover, the Thomas Court instructed that

the "reasonableness" finding necessarily embraces an inquiry by the court into the extent to which the

non-violating party's expenses and fees could have been avoided or were self-imposed. Id. at 879;

Willy v. Coastal Corp., 915 F.2d 965, 968 (5th Cir.1990), aff'd, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1076, 117

L.Ed.2d 280 (1992). These expenses may be self-imposed if the non-violating party fails to take steps

to mitigate them. One step that a party seeking sanctions must take is to give notice to the offending

party and the court promptly on discovering the violation. Thomas, 836 F.2d at 879; Fed.R.Civ.P.

11 advisory committee notes. The hope is that early notice can deter continuing violations, thereby

saving time and judicial resources. Donaldson, 819 F.2d at 1560. Failure to give prompt notice of

an alleged violation may result in a reduced sanction award. Thomas, 836 F.2d at 879.

        However, this notice can be very informal. It may be in the form of a personal conversation,

a telephone call or a letter. Id. at 880. In addition, in a case such as the instant case where the

attorney is said to have submitted a claim without any basis in fact, Rule 11 itself provides imputed

notice. Veillon, 876 F.2d at 1202; Spiller, 919 F.2d at 346; Donaldson, 819 F.2d at 1560;

McGregor v. Board of Comm'rs, 956 F.2d 1017, 1023 (11th Cir.1992).25

        As Waltzer herein admits, State Farm did give him oral notice of its intent to seek Rule 11

sanctions on two separate occasions prior to trial. While it appears that these notices did not come

until early 1992, shortly after the pre-trial conference before Judge Clement, it is clear from the record

that this was a great concern to Waltzer well before that time. In the face of State Farm's impressive

evidence of fraud, Waltzer obviously became worried about the consequences of pressing a claim that


   25
    But see Jensen v. Federal Land Bank, 882 F.2d 340, 341 (8th Cir.1989); Tom Growney
Equipment, Inc. v. Shelley Irrigation Dev., Inc., 834 F.2d 833, 836 n. 5 (9th Cir.1987).
was not well-grounded in fact. Accordingly, Waltzer testified that on two occasions he called in

Childs to "read him the riot act." This consisted of grilling Childs to see if he was lying and warning

Childs of the dire consequences of not telling the truth. The first time that Waltzer called his client

in to "read him the riot act" was when State Farm made its offer of judgment in July of 1991. Waltzer

then called his client in again to reinterrogate him after the pre-trial conference in 1992. Thus, it

seems clear that as early as mid-1991, Waltzer was aware of the consequences submitting a claim that

is not well-grounded in fact.26

        Moreover, even if this notice was not sufficiently prompt, we find that the district court did

take this into account in mitigation. First, although State Farm began incurring costs in April of 1991

and the district court found that the evidence of fraud was overwhelming by early 1991, the court did

not begin the running of the period for which sanctions were to apply until September 4, 1991.

Further, while the judge found that State Farm's actual expenses and fees during the relevant time

were $66,203.71, she granted many of Waltzer's objections to arrive at an amount of reasonable

expenses and fees of $46,462. Then, although she emphasized that this was a very serious violation

of Rule 11,27 she did not award this entire amount. Instead, she reduced the award to $30,000.

Accordingly, in light of the notice actually given, the imputed notice of Rule 11 itself, Waltzer's

obvious awareness of the consequences of submitting a claim not well-grounded in fact and the

district court's reduction of the award to an amount well below the reasonable expenses and fees, we

find no abuse of discretion.

   26
      That Waltzer was aware that the Rule 11 motion was coming and that Mr. Waltzer thought
that he could beat it is shown in the following interplay between Waltzer and his attorney at the
liability hearing before Judge Clement:

               Mr. Weidenfield: Did you or did you not expect the Rule 11 Motion to become?
                     (sic).

               Mr. Waltzer: Yes.

               Mr. Weidenfield: Were you on a suicide mission?

               Mr. Waltzer: No, I was not.
   27
    In fact, the judge felt that Mr. Waltzer's conduct was even "more egregious than simply
conducting no discovery or failing to make a reasonable inquiry, as is prohibited by Rule 11."
        Lastly, we turn to an argument that counsel for Waltzer made at oral arguments. There, for

the first time, counsel for Waltzer argued that the district court's findings were not sufficiently

specific.28 As this argument was not raised or argued in the briefs before this Court, it has been

waived and we will not consider it. In re Texas Mortg. Services Corp., 761 F.2d 1068, 1073-74 (5th

Cir.1985); Franceski v. Plaquemines Parish School Board, 772 F.2d 197, 199 n. 1 (5th Cir.1985);

Bank One, Tex., N.A. v. Taylor, 970 F.2d 16, 27 (5th Cir.1992).

III. CONCLUSION

        The evidence of fraud developed by State Farm in this case was compelling. In light of that

evidence, Waltzer's inquiry to determine whether Mr. Child's claim was well-grounded in fact, which

consisted mainly of asking his client and his alleged co-conspirators if they were lying and reviewing

the evidence developed by State Farm, was not reasonable. Accordingly, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in ordering sanctions against Waltzer. AFFIRMED.




   28
     See Topalian v. Ehrman, 3 F.3d 931, 936 (5th Cir.1993) (vacating and remanding a large
sanctions award for lack of sufficiently specific findings).
