             In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 18-1803C

                                      (Filed: July 8, 2019)

                                               )
 MARK DUNNING INDUSTRIES, INC.,                )     Motion for relief from judgment entered
                                               )     after a decision on a post-award bid
                Plaintiff,                     )     protest; RCFC 60(b); reliance on newly
                                               )     discovered evidence; proffered evidence
        v.                                     )     new but not extant prior to contractual
                                               )     award and resulting judgment; RCFC
 UNITED STATES,                                )     60(b)(2); evidence not material;
                                               )     inapplicability of RCFC 60(b)(6)
                Defendant                      )
                                               )
        and                                    )
                                               )
 ZERO WASTE SOLUTIONS, INC.,                   )
                                               )
                Defendant-Intervenor.          )
                                               )

        Nicholas T. Solosky, Fox Rothschild LLP, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. With him on
the brief was Doug Hibshman, Fox Rothschild LLP, Washington, D.C.

        Joseph A. Pixley, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the briefs were
Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, and Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of counsel was Harry Parent,
Trial Attorney, Contract & Fiscal Law Division, U.S. Army Legal Services Agency, Fort
Belvoir, Virginia.

       Megan C. Connor, PilieroMazza PLLC, Washington, D.C., for defendant-intervenor.

                                   OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

        Pending before the court in this post-award bid protest is a motion for relief from
judgment filed by plaintiff Mark Dunning Industries, Inc. (“Dunning”) on June 6, 2019. Pl.’s
Mot. for Relief from the Judgment (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 54. Dunning was the incumbent and
losing bidder on a waste disposal contract for Fort Benning, Georgia, and it protested the Army’s
decision to award the contract to Zero Waste Solutions, Inc. (“Zero Waste”). See generally Mark
Dunning Indus., Inc. v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 734 (2019). On April 19, 2019, the court
denied Dunning’s motion for judgment on the administrative record and granted the cross-
motion filed by the government. Id. at 754. Judgment was entered the same day. See Judgment
(Apr. 19, 2019), ECF No. 45. Dunning’s instant motion, filed pursuant to Rule 60(b)(2) and (6)
of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), argues that information obtained at a
meeting held on May 21, 2019, between Dunning, Zero Waste, and the Army “demonstrates . . .
that the [Army] unequally treated bidders” and evidences an “ongoing and continuous
procurement error and violation of the [solicitation].” Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of [Pl.’s Mot.]
(“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 2, 7, ECF No. 54-1. The government responded in opposition on June 27,
2019. See Def.’s Opp’n to [Pl.’s Mot.] (“Def.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 59. Zero Waste did not
respond. Dunning’s reply reiterates that the evidence is post-judgment and “newly discovered”
and should be considered by the court. Pl.’s Mem. in Further Support of Pl’s Motion for Relief
from Judgment (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No. 60.

        On May 14, 2019, prior to the submission of instant motion, Dunning appealed the
court’s decision to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. See Notice of Appeal, ECF No.
53. Upon Dunning’s filing of its motion for relief from the judgment, the Federal Circuit,
pursuant to Rule 4(a)(4) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, deactivated the appeal
pending resolution by this court of Dunning’s motion. See Order of June 12, 2019, Mark
Dunning Indus., Inc. v. United States, Fed. Cir. No. 19-1885, ECF No. 9.

       The court concludes that Dunning’s proffered evidence does not qualify under RCFC
60(b)(2) as “newly discovered” and, alternatively, is immaterial to the court’s original decision
and judgment. Accordingly, Dunning’s motion for relief from the judgment is denied.

                                        BACKGROUND

        In 2016, the Army issued a solicitation for solid waste disposal services for Fort Benning
(the “solicitation”). Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738. Dunning was the incumbent
provider but lost the award in 2018 to Zero Waste in a two-way contest. Id. at 737, 740, 744.
Dunning protested the award, alleging, among other things, two errors involving an on-site
laydown yard, i.e., a location where the contractor could store equipment when not in use.
Specifically, Dunning argued that (1) Zero Waste’s bid was unrealistically low because it failed
to account for, among other omissions, the cost of obtaining a commercial laydown yard and
instead assumed it could use space on Fort Benning for free, id. at 746-48, and (2) the Army
disadvantaged Dunning by advising Dunning that the Army would not provide a free on-site
laydown yard, but then informing Zero Waste that a free on-site laydown yard would be
provided, id. at 753. The court rejected both arguments, finding that Zero Waste’s price was not
unreasonably low, that its bid conformed to the solicitation, and that no evidence existed to
support Dunning’s claim of unequal dissemination of information pre-bid. Id. at 750-51, 754.

        Subsequently, Dunning, Zero Waste, and the Army participated in a May 21, 2019,
meeting regarding arrangements for switching waste disposal service from Dunning to Zero
Waste. Pl.’s Mot. Ex. A (Aff. of Brad Dunning (May 24, 2019) (“Dunning Aff.”)) ¶ 4.1
Dunning avers that during this meeting, the Army’s Contracting Officer Representative stated
that the Army would provide a free on-site laydown yard to Zero Waste once Dunning removed
its equipment from the yard. Dunning Aff. ¶ 5; see also Pl.’s Mem. at 2 (“presumably at no
cost”). Dunning argues that the solicitation “expressly provide[d] that the [Army] shall not
provide any [g]overnment-furnished materials, property, or items, to include a laydown yard,”
Pl.’s Mem. at 4-5 (citing AR 25-1351 to 53), and that this new evidence confirms that the Army
violated the solicitation, id. at 6-7. Dunning renews its contention that Zero Waste’s bid relied

       1
        Brad Dunning is Dunning’s Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Dunning
attended the phase-in meeting. Dunning Aff. ¶3.
                                                 2
on the Army providing a free onsite laydown yard, id. at 8-9; Dunning Aff. ¶ 7, which makes
Zero Waste’s bid defective, see, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. at 9. Dunning alleges that the error caused
prejudice because (1) Dunning raised its price relative to Zero Waste to incorporate an off-site
laydown yard into its bid, and (2) the Army selected a defective bid. Id. at 8-9. Dunning
contends that as the only other bidder, it would have won the contract but for these errors.

                                           ANALYSIS

        RCFC 60(b) allows the court, upon motion, to relieve a party from a final judgment for,
among other things, “newly discovered evidence.” RCFC 60(b)(2).2 Dunning must show that
the proffered evidence is newly discovered, id.; see also TDM Am., LLC v. United States, 100
Fed. Cl. 485, 490 (2011), and material, e.g., Venture Indus. Corp. v. Autoliv ASP, Inc., 457 F.3d
1322, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2006).3 For purposes of evaluating the evidence, the court assumes the
affidavit’s representation regarding the laydown yard to be true.4


       2
         Dunning also moves for relief from the judgment under RCFC 60(b)(6), see Pl.’s Mot. at
1, which allows relief for “any other reason that justifies relief,” RCFC 60(b)(6). But because
Dunning’s motion focuses on new evidence, which RCFC 60 specifically identifies as a ground
for relief in RCFC 60(b)(2), relief under RCFC 60(b)(6) is inappropriate. See Mudge v. United
States, 78 Fed. Cl. 818, 821 (2007) (“Rule 60(b)(6) is [a catch-all provision] available only in
extraordinary circumstances and only when the basis for relief does not fall within any of the
other subsections of Rule 60(b).”) (alteration in original) (quoting Fiskars, Inc. v. Hunt Mfg. Co.,
279 F.3d 1378, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).
       3
         Dunning’s motion is timely. Timeliness requires that the motion “be made within a
reasonable time” and no more than one year from entry of judgment, RCFC 60(c), and must offer
“evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered in time to move for a
new trial under RCFC 59(b),” RCFC 60(b)(2). Under RCFC 59(b), a party may move for a new
trial within 28 days of judgment or within two years if based upon evidence of “fraud, wrong, or
injustice . . . to the United States.” RCFC 59(a)(1), (b). Dunning’s new evidence resulted from a
meeting with the government held on May 21, 2019. See Pl.’s Mem. at 3; Dunning Aff. ¶¶ 4, 5.
As the meeting occurred more than 28 days after judgment, the evidence was not available in
time to move for a new trial. Dunning’s motion occured within two months of judgment and two
weeks of the relevant meeting, a period that is not inherently unreasonable.

        The court notes, however, that the proffered new evidence relates to a contention that
Dunning had made prior to the judgment about unequal pre-bid information. See, e.g., [Pl.’s]
Suppl. to Reply Mem. in Further Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Judgment on the Admin. Record at 19,
ECF No. 41 (“Later, at the pre-award meeting, the [Army] expressly advised [Zero Waste] that
[the Army] would provide the laydown yard at no cost. . . . The [Army] . . . also instructed
[Dunning] to clean up the laydown yard for use by [Zero Waste].”) (emphasis added). The court
nevertheless considers whether the Dunning Affidavit constitutes new evidence because prior to
judgment, Dunning offered only allegations, and not supporting evidence. See Mark Dunning
Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 754 (discussing what the record actually reflected about the laydown
yard).
       4
        The court does not accept the assertion in the Dunning Affidavit that Zero Waste’s bid
omitted the cost of a laydown yard or its legal conclusion about what the solicitation required
                                                 3
                       A. Whether the Evidence is “Newly Discovered”

         Dunning argues implicitly that its proffered evidence is new because it was obtained after
judgment. See Pl.’s Mem. at 4; Pl.’s Reply at 2-3. The government contends that the evidence
fails to qualify as “newly discovered” because it did not exist prior to judgment. Def.’s Opp’n at
8.

        Newly discovered evidence encompasses only “facts which existed at the time of
decision and of which the aggrieved party was excusably ignorant.” E.g., TDM Am., 100 Fed.
Cl. at 490 (quoting Yachts Am., Inc. v. United States, 8 Cl. Ct. 278, 281 (1985), aff’d, 779 F.2d
656 (Fed. Cir. 1985)). Dunning’s ignorance of the proffered fact, i.e., the Army’s laydown yard
statement, is excusable; it arose post-judgment. Equally, however, the fact adduced during that
post-award meeting was not shown to have existed prior to judgment. Accordingly, the
proffered evidence does not qualify as newly discovered. See, e.g., Q Integrated Cos., LLC v.
United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 125, 132-33 (2017) (finding a Small Business Administration size
determination made six weeks after judgment was not “newly discovered”).

        Previously, during briefing of the cross-motions for judgment on the administrative
record, Dunning did allege, albeit without evidence, that the Army intended to provide Zero
Waste with a laydown yard and conveyed that intent before bids were due. Mark Dunning
Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 753-54. Dunning might implicitly argue that the Army’s post-judgment
statement reflects a pre-judgment decision. Cf. Pl.’s Mem. at 7 (“ongoing and continuous
procurement error”); Pl.’s Reply at 1 (“[T]he Army concealed the information . . . until after the
[c]ourt’s decision.”). The court finds such an inference to be speculative and unsupported,5 but
nonetheless proceeds to evaluate the materiality of the fact adduced had it otherwise qualified as
newly discovered.

                            B. Whether the Evidence is “Material”

         Dunning’s argument that its evidence is material because it “demonstrates the [Army’s]
ongoing and continuous procurement error,” Pl.’s Mem. at 7, relies on several assumptions,
which in effect raise new allegations of procurement errors. Dunning contends that the Army
has violated the terms of the solicitation because the solicitation “expressly provides that the
[Army] shall not provide [among other things] a laydown yard.” Pl.’s Mem. at 4-7. Dunning
reasserts its original, and rejected, contentions that the solicitation required Zero Waste to
incorporate the cost of a laydown yard into its bid, that Zero Waste failed to do so, and that the
Army erred by ignoring or overlooking Zero Waste’s omission. Pl.’s Mem. at 6-9. The
government does not directly address materiality but notes that the court already rejected the
assumptions underlying Dunning’s arguments, namely that Zero Waste submitted a defective bid
or that the solicitation prevented the Army from providing a free laydown yard. See Def.’s
Opp’n at 6.


bidders to do. See Dunning Aff. ¶ 7; see also Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 750
(“Dunning’s specific allegations that work was excluded from Zero Waste’s bid lacks support.”).
The court has already accepted that a contractor would benefit from being able to use a free on-
site laydown yard. Compare Dunning Aff. ¶ 6, with Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 754.

       The Army’s statement offered by Dunning contains no indicia that it reflects a pre-
       5

judgment decision.
                                                 4
       Newly discovered evidence is material if the court’s decision would have been different
had the court been aware of it prior to judgment. See, e.g., Venture Indus., 457 F.3d at 1328; Q
Integrated, 131 Fed. Cl. at 132. Specifically, materiality here turns on whether the court would
have found the Army’s award decision to be flawed had the court known that the Army would
allow Zero Waste to use an on-site laydown yard for free.

         While Dunning had previously claimed that the solicitation prohibited the Army from
providing a laydown yard, Dunning’s reframes its argument in its motion. In its original motion
for judgment on the administrative record, Dunning presented two different contentions
respecting the laydown yard. First, Dunning alleged that Zero Waste’s bid was defective
because it failed to account for the costs of a laydown yard. Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl.
at 748. Second, Dunning alleged that the Army prejudiced the bidding by telling Zero Waste
that a free laydown yard would be available while telling Dunning to provide one at its own
expense. Id. at 753. Dunning’s current argument is that the Army’s decision to let Zero Waste
use a free on-site laydown yard “is contrary to the [solicitation] and has provided [Zero Waste] a
material and unfair bidding advantage that was not offered to [Dunning].” Pl.’s Mem. at 2. In
sum, Dunning argues that the court’s original opinion did not address directly whether the Army
could provide a laydown yard for free, but instead whether Zero Waste’s bid was defective for
allegedly not incorporating the cost of one and whether the Army’s evaluation was defective if it
had overlooked that omission.6

        Dunning’s challenge to the Army’s decision requires showing that the Army’s posture
regarding the laydown yard was intended to affect the bids and the Army’s evaluation of bids.
To prejudice the evaluation, Dunning would first have to show that the solicitation required
bidders to provide a laydown yard at its own cost, to reflect that need in its bid, and that Zero
Waste did not do so while Dunning did. Dunning would then have to show that the Army either
disregarded the requirement or overlooked an omission apparent on the face of the bid. The
court previously addressed these questions, and Dunning’s new evidence sheds no light on them.

       1.    Materiality to Zero Waste’s bid.

         The solicitation called for award of the contract “to the responsible bidder whose bid
represents the lowest price for the required services.” Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738
(quoting AR 25-1308). The court affirmed the Army’s responsibility determination, id. at 752-
53, and Dunning’s affidavit does not bear upon it. Dunning renews its allegation that Zero
Waste submitted a defective bid, Pl.’s Mem. at 2, 8, 9, but Dunning’s new evidence does not
relate to Zero Waste’s bid. Rather, it speaks only to the Army’s actions, and possibly intent.
The court, however, already rejected Dunning’s contention that Zero Waste’s bid omitted key
scopes of work, to include a laydown yard. Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 749-51. The
court found no obligation to bid on a laydown yard—it was not identified as a contract line item.
As a consequence, if a bidder had to provide a laydown yard at its own cost, “[p]resumably, a
bidder would apportion the cost of a [laydown] yard among other line items. But Zero Waste
had neither an obligation nor opportunity to break out such costs.” Id. at 750.7 Zero Waste

       6
       Dunning does not reargue its original contention that the Army provided Dunning and
Zero Waste with different information pre-bid, and its new evidence does not bear upon that
point.
       7
        That the solicitation placed upon the contractor the responsibility for providing
“supplies, equipment, facilities, and services necessary to fulfill the requirements of the
                                                  5
facially complied by bidding on all line items and then affirmed its bid when questioned by the
Army. Id. at 750-51. The solicitation thus required the Army to make its award to Zero Waste,
the lowest priced responsive bidder. Id. at 738-39. The court noted that if Zero Waste had not
priced certain ancillary costs into the line items it was required to bid, such as by assuming
wrongly that the Army would provide a free laydown yard, “such a mistake is Zero Waste’s to
bear.” Id. at 751. Of course, if Zero Waste assumed correctly, it would reap the benefit.
Further, as the court noted, Zero Waste may bid at or below cost. Id. at 749-751 (noting that
below-cost bidding bears only upon the bidder’s responsibility). Applied to the laydown yard,
Zero Waste had no obligation to pass on all or any of the cost of a laydown yard to the Army.

         Contrary to Dunning’s assertion, it is not “uncontested that [Zero Waste] failed to price a
laydown yard in its bid.” See Pl.’s Mem. at 5. Dunning’s evidence of Zero Waste’s alleged
omission comes from another post-award affidavit of Mr. Dunning and an e-mail from Mr.
Dunning to the Army after the Army announced that Zero Waste was the lowest bidder.
Dunning also overstates the government’s response to this contention. The government argued,
and the court accepted, that the Army had no duty to divine precisely how Zero Waste factored a
laydown yard into its bid because no line item existed for a laydown yard. Mark Dunning Indus.,
142 Fed. Cl. at 750. A laydown yard is not specifically enumerated among the items to be
provided by the contractor. Instead, the need for one arises by implication, as the contractor
would need to do something with its equipment when not in use. The solicitation required
contractors to remove equipment from the base by the end of each day, and the solicitation
disclaimed the Army’s responsibility for storing the contractor’s equipment. Accordingly, what
the contractor planned to do with the equipment and how it would cover that cost was its
responsibility, but that fact has no bearing on whether the bid was incomplete or whether the bid
price was unreasonably low, except to the extent it bore on responsibility. Id. at 750-51. How
the contractor planned to store its equipment did not need to be discussed in the bid. The Army
did not need to approve a bidder’s storage plan. Absent a specific requirement to bid a laydown
yard, it was unnecessary to find whether Zero Waste did incorporate the cost of a yard into its the
bid.8




contract,” AR 25-1352, did not create an implied requirement to identify the price of such
equipment in the bid. The Army was contracting for waste disposal services, not for garbage
bins, garbage trucks, or a laydown yard. See Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 742, 750.
The solicitation required Zero Waste and Dunning to bid on the cost of providing the specified
garbage removal services, such as weekly removal of a specified number of a specified container
size, and not to detail every, or any, component that comprised the cost. See id.
       8
          The court notes that the presentation of Dunning’s bid is very similar to that of Zero
Waste. Of specific relevance, Dunning’s bid does not mention an off-site laydown yard, and it is
not mentioned in the optional four-page narrative discussion Dunning provided at the end of its
bid, which discussed its technical capabilities and past performance. AR 33-1638 to 41. The
first time that Dunning claims to have incorporated the price of a laydown yard into its bid is
after it learned that Zero Waste was the low bidder and in the context of arguing that Zero
Waste’s bid was defective, in part for failure to incorporate a laydown yard. See AR 40-1906
(asserting that its bid incorporated a laydown yard); AR 68-2267 to 68 (implying, when
criticizing Zero Waste’s bid, that Dunning incorporated the cost of a laydown yard).
                                                 6
       2. Materiality to the Army’s evaluation.

        Dunning’s newly proffered evidence does show that the Army will provide Zero Waste
with a laydown yard without cost, and that the Army made that decision at some point on or
before May 21, 2019. Dunning Aff. ¶ 5. Dunning’s new evidence, however, is material only if
the solicitation prohibited the Army from providing a laydown yard. By proceeding from that
assumption, Dunning’s new evidence provides it with a vehicle by which to raise another ground
for protesting the procurement, a ground upon which the court did not directly opine because it
was irrelevant to deciding Dunning’s original claim that Zero Waste’s bid was defective. The
question, then, is whether the solicitation prohibited the Army from providing a laydown yard.

        The solicitation did not prohibit the Army from providing a laydown yard. Dunning’s
argument relies on Section 6.5.1 in the solicitation’s Performance Work Statement, which states
in relevant part that the “Contractor shall furnish all supplies, equipment, facilities, and services
necessary to fulfill the requirements of the contract, except for those [specified as provided by
the government].” Pl.’s Mem. at 5 (quoting AR 25-1352). Dunning notes that Section 6.4 of the
Performance Work Statement contained no requirement for the Army to furnish any property or
materials. Id. (citing AR 25-1351). Another subsection, Subsection 6.5.1.3.3, provides that the
“Contractor shall remove all vehicles, trailers and equipment from the installation at the end of
each workday.” AR 25-1352. The court’s original opinion noted all of these provisions. Mark
Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738, 751 n.21, 754. Dunning contends that this language makes
“clear that the [Army] will not provide a laydown yard.” Pl.’s Mem. at 4 (emphasis in original).
The court disagrees with the contention and the supposed clarity of the solicitation in this regard,
Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738, 751 n.21, 754, because Dunning’s contention ignores
other relevant provisions of the solicitation.

        The clauses cited by Dunning remove the Army’s obligation, not its discretion. What
these clauses show is that the contractor should not rely on the Army’s past practice of providing
some resources, such as a laydown yard. Dunning had been provided a laydown yard throughout
its incumbency of the prior contract. That the solicitation states that the Army need not provide
anything does not then prohibit the Army from providing something. But the court need not rely
on linguistics to reach this conclusion. The solicitation states it as well. The court’s discussion
of these clauses also included stated exceptions. See Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738,
751 n.21, 754 (citing AR 25-1351 to 52). Importantly, Section 6.4.2 of the Performance Work
Statement provided that “the [g]overnment reserves the right to provide any of the materials,
equipment and/or supplies [that Part 6.5 required the contractor to furnish].” AR 25-1352; see
also Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 738, 751 n.21 (citing AR 25-1352). While Dunning
contends that the solicitation “explicitly forecloses” the Army from providing a laydown yard,
Pl.’s Mem. at 7, the court reached the opposite conclusion when considering the exception set
out in Section 6.4.2. If a laydown yard was implied by Part 6.5 as among the contractor’s
responsibilities, then the laydown yard was among the property covered by the exception of
Section 6.4.2, which gave the Army the right to provide the laydown yard, among other things.9


       9
         In sum, Dunning’s new evidence offers information that has, at best, an attenuated
connection to the reasons for the court’s original decision. Dunning’s arguments instead appear
as a collateral attack on the court’s original findings. See, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. at 2 (Zero Waste
“failed to include costs related to the laydown yard,” making the bid defective), 7 (“[T]he
[solicitation] directly and expressly contradicts the [c]ourt’s conclusion.”), 9 (“defective bid”).

                                                  7
Further, the Army could waive the contractor’s obligation to remove all equipment from the
Army’s property. AR 25-1352; see also Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl. at 754 (quoting AR
25-1352). Thus, Dunning’s new evidence cannot demonstrate that the Army violated the
solicitation.10

                                         CONCLUSION

         Dunning’s affidavit does not meet the definition of “newly discovered evidence” within
the meaning of RCFC 60(b)(2). Dunning’s evidence is also immaterial. The affidavit’s
laydown-yard evidence does not reflect upon the propriety of Zero Waste’s bid and relies on a
flawed understanding of the solicitation’s requirements. Accordingly, Dunning’s motion for
relief from the judgment is DENIED.

       It is so ORDERED.




                                              s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                              Charles F. Lettow
                                              Senior Judge




       10
          Dunning also argues that the court’s “erroneous” interpretation “appears to rely on pre-
amendment solicitation documents that have no bearing on the procurement” because they were
superseded. Pl.’s Mem. at 7-8. This asseveration is wrong. The court’s analysis twice
referenced two answers to industry questions regarding a laydown yard provided by the Army
via Amendment 0004 to the solicitation, which appear on AR 16-938 to 939. The first instance
occurs in a discussion of price reasonableness, as a footnote appended to a short discussion of
how Zero Waste would bear the cost of a unilateral mistake. Mark Dunning Indus., 142 Fed. Cl.
at 751 n.21. The second instance appears in a discussion of Dunning’s allegation of unequal pre-
bid information and how different assumptions could have resulted from ambiguity within the
solicitation, information that was equally available to all. Id. at 754. Both instances account for
differences between the bids that do not involve the Army’s alleged impropriety.

        The court need only rely on the plain language of the final solicitation to find that the
solicitation did not foreclose the Army from providing a laydown yard. See AR 25-1351 to 52
(Sections 6.4, 6.4.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.1.3.3).
                                                 8
