                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                                    October 9, 2002 Session

             EDWARD PAUL SILVA v. ALBERT W. BUCKLEY, JR.

                   Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County

                               No. 27884       Russ Heldman, Judge


                   No. M2002-00045-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 31, 2003



PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., dissenting.


        I respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that the agreement herein established a
basis for a results-oriented fee that totaled more than three times the amount billed on an hourly
basis. The majority finds the contract less than crystal clear and relies upon the trial court’s
credibility finding to hold that Mr. Buckley understood the agreement to provide for an
unascertainable, undefined amount to be determined by application of the listed factors. I disagree
with the impact of the trial court’s credibility finding because that finding was based upon the court’s
interpretation of the written agreement as unambiguous and does not represent a determination
regarding which witness’s version of their discussions is more believable. Additionally, I would find
that the written agreement itself did not establish the mutual understanding requirement and the
attorney failed to prove that he otherwise informed the client of the nature of the arrangement as
envisioned by the lawyer.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

        The attorney, Mr. Silva, testified that he intended that the contract provide for something he
called a “results” fee; that is, some amount other than and additional to the hourly fee, to be
determined after the divorce case was concluded and the results were known. The client, Mr.
Buckley, takes the position that the contract itself does not provide for such a fee or is so indefinite
as to be unenforceable and that he never understood the agreement to include any additional, bonus,
or “results” fee. The attorney considered the result he obtained in the divorce action extremely good.
Mr. Buckley does not dispute the quality of representation provided, stating Mr. Silva “did a great
job,” that he was pleased with the result, and that Mr. Silva had been everything he wanted in a trial
lawyer.1

        Although not the subject of litigation in this state very often, the result fee is not unheard of.
Dissatisfaction with hourly billing among both lawyers and clients has led to consideration and use
of alternative methods. One of those is the result fee, which has been described in various ways,
including:

         Result fees, also known as success or retrospective fees, are an additional fee
         assessed by the attorney at the conclusion of the case based on the outcome of the
         case and the skill required to achieve the result. Result fees specifically “endorse a
         surcharge for beneficial results to the client.” Result fees may be imposed in
         conjunction with an hourly fee or a flat fee and can be structured as either a
         maximum or minimum fee. They are similar to contingent fees in that the amount
         of additional fee the lawyer earns, if any, is contingent on a favorable result for the
         client. Result fees can be distinguished from contingency fees, however, in that the
         contingent fee applies whenever there is any recovery while result fees focus on the
         content of the recovery, and the extent to which it met the client’s objectives. This
         billing method has the obvious advantage of perfect hindsight in setting the final fee
         to be charged to the client, and “because the judgment as to the amount of the fee is
         subjective, it can be more equitable than if some mechanical system is utilized.” This
         type of fee arrangement requires a great deal of trust between the attorney and client,
         and can lead to fee disputes where the client’s perception of the achieved objective
         differs significantly from that of his counsel.

Linda J. Ravdin, “LEGAL ETHICS: Some Current Issues in the Practice of Family Law,” 33 FAM . L.
Q., Summer 1999, at 387, 397 (footnotes omitted).2 Like all billing methods, the result fee has its
supporters and detractors.

         Critics of hourly billing occasionally levy the attack that while the client stands to
         suffer if the outcome is poor, the attorney is not rewarded if the outcome is even
         more favorable than anticipated. In response, critics of premium billing liken such
         bonus-like compensation to paying a doctor an agreed-to amount X to perform a
         necessary operation, but X+a if the operation is a success. These critics contend that
         they would run from the examining room because they believe that the service


         1
          Both parties conducted their discussions regarding the fee dispute with admirable civility and continued a
professional relationship through the conclusion of the divorce case and its aftermath.

         2
           At this point, I simply note that the fee structure described by Mr. Silva does not fit the foregoing description
exactly. As the attorney described his intent with regard to the fee, there was no baseline or minimum fee, other than
the nonrefundable retainer. Thus, the result fee herein was not exactly a bonus or only a portion of the entire fee. Mr.
Silva envisioned his total fee to be determined by consideration of the factors listed, and in his brief characterizes the
fee as a results-oriented fee, reflecting the predominant emphasis he placed on that factor.

                                                            -2-
       provider should always perform to the best of his or her abilities in return for
       valuable consideration or compensation, instead of premising the quality of service
       provided upon how much the attorney himself decides to bill, allegedly outside the
       control of the client. Otherwise, lawyers might be encouraged to perform at
       minimally acceptable standards for the initial fee but hold the client captive for
       greater remuneration in order to deliver more satisfactory or optimal results. This is
       not to say that this is how lawyers respond or will respond under such a regime, but
       the invitation is too great to be ignored, when the ethics of billing already are being
       questioned.

Adam C. Altman, 11 GEO . J. LEGAL ETHICS, Winter 1998, at 203, 228 (footnotes omitted).

        The question before us, however, is not whether such an arrangement is a good thing or not.
Instead, the question is what fee agreement the parties reached, if any.

        The thrust of Mr. Silva’s testimony was that he intended to charge a “result fee” if the results
of the litigation were satisfactory, and the potential size of that fee would be determined by
application of various factors and, apparently, Mr. Silva’s determination of what was reasonable in
view of those factors. When asked whether the agreement set forth a maximum and minimum range
of fees, Mr. Silva testified that the minimum was the $2,5003 retainer and the maximum was:

        what a lawyer of ordinary prudence would believe a reasonable fee would be after
        applying the disciplinary rule standards and factors that are included in this
        engagement letter. The ceiling is based on what is reasonable under the Supreme
        Court and the floor is my retainer.

        Mr. Silva acknowledged that he had not discussed an amount or range of figures until after
the divorce case was over, obviously well after the engagement agreement was signed. Mr. Buckley
maintained throughout these proceedings that he never understood there would be a fee other than
the hourly fee and was never told about an undeterminable additional fee based upon results until
after the divorce case was concluded.

        The parties herein dispute the proper construction of the agreement, and the question of
interpretation of a contract is a question of law. Guiliano v. CLEO, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn.
1999). Therefore, the trial court’s interpretation of this document is not entitled to a presumption
of correctness on appeal. Id.; Angus v. Western Heritage Ins. Co., 48 S.W.3d 728, 730 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2000). This court must review the document ourselves and make our own determination
regarding its meaning and legal import. Hillsboro Plaza Enters. v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1993).




       3
           A portion of the fee agreement acknowledges receipt of $2500 as a non-refundable retainer.

                                                         -3-
                   II. THE LAW REGARDING ATTORNEY -CLIENT CONTRACTS

       The trial court herein was not called upon to award a reasonable fee. Rather, the court was
asked to interpret and enforce the contractual fee arrangement between the parties. Contracts
between attorneys and their clients are subject to the general rules of contract law. Alexander v.
Inman, 903 S.W.2d 686, 694 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (Alexander I); In re Ellis, 822 S.W.2d 602, 607
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). The attorney-client relationship is essentially contractual. Fell v. Rambo,
36 S.W.3d 837, 852 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); Starks v. Browning, 20 S.W.3d 645, 650 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1999). However, the contractual relationship between an attorney and client is different from other
contractual relationships.

       The relationship of attorney and client is “extremely delicate and fiduciary;”
       therefore, attorneys must deal with their clients in utmost good faith. This level of
       good faith is significantly higher than that required in other business transactions
       where the parties are dealing at arm’s length. Cooper & Keys v. Bell, 127 Tenn. 142,
       150, 153 S.W. 844, 846 (1913); Alexander, 903 S.W.2d at 693. The client must be
       able to trust the attorney to deal fairly at all times, including during the negotiation
       of the attorney’s terms of employment. Cummings v. Patterson, 59 Tenn. App. 536,
       541, 442 S.W.2d 640, 643 (1968).

        In this context, this Court has long held that an attorney is entitled to compensation
        in the amount agreed upon by contract, provided that the contract is fair at its
        inception and entered into in good faith. Peoples Nat’l Bank of Washington v. King,
        697 S.W.2d 344, 346 (Tenn. 1985). In order to prove such good faith and fairness,
        and attorney seeking to enforce a contract for attorney’s fees must show:

                (1) the client fully understood the contract’s meaning and effect,

                (2) the attorney and client shared the same understanding of the
                contract, and

                (3) the terms of the contract are just and reasonable.

        Cooper & Keys, 153 S.W. at 846 (citing Planters’ Bank of Tennessee v. Hornberger,
        44 Tenn. 531, 573 (1867).

Alexander v. Inman, 974 S.W.2d 689, 693-94 (Tenn. 1998)(Alexander II).

        The burden placed on the attorney seeking to enforce a fee agreement to demonstrate (1) that
the client fully understood the meaning and effect of the employment contract between them and (2)
that the attorney and the client shared the same understanding of the agreement, reflects the
obligation of an attorney to act in the utmost good faith in any transaction with his or her client. This
principle is long-standing.


                                                  -4-
        An attorney, dealing with his client for further professional services, and the contract
        is reduced to writing, is bound to show, when he seeks to enforce it, that the latter
        fully understood its meaning and effect, and that each understood it in the same
        sense, otherwise it can not be enforced.

Union Planters Bank v. Hornberger, 44 Tenn. 531, 572 (1867). The requirement that the attorney
and the client share the same understanding of the fee agreement incorporates general contract law
regarding meeting of the minds, but places it in the context of the fiduciary obligation of the attorney,
whose duty it is to ensure that such a mutual understanding exists.

        Because of the special fiduciary relationship between an attorney and client and the influence
that relationship gives to an attorney with regard to the client, courts scrutinize most closely all
transactions between an attorney and his or her client. Hutchinson v. Crowder, 8 Tenn. App.
(Higgins) 114, 119 (1917). Consequently,

        To sustain a transaction of advantage to himself with his client, the attorney has the
        burden of showing, not only that he used no undue influence, but that he gave his
        client all the information and advice which is (sic) would have been his duty to give
        if he himself had not been interested . . . .

Id. This rule is applicable to any contract between an attorney and his or her client, including a fee
agreement. Alexander I, 903 S.W.2d at 694. The fiduciary obligations of the attorney extend to the
process by which the attorney and client reach agreement on the terms of employment, including
compensation. Id. at 693.

        The Code of Professional Conduct in force in Tennessee at the time of the contract herein
encouraged attorneys to reduce their employment agreements with clients to writing.4 Whether the
agreement is written or not, the attorney has the duty to ensure that the client has a clear
understanding of how the fee will be calculated and billed. Tenn. S. Ct. R. 8, EC 2-19; Alexander
I, 903 S.W.2d 686; In re Estate of Davis, 719 S.W.2d 526, 528 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986). Our Supreme
Court has held that an unambiguous written fee agreement can satisfy the ethical requirement that
an attorney explain the fee arrangement and its basis, at least where the client is experienced with


        4
            Tenn. S. Ct. R. 8, EC 2-19 states:

                    As soon as feasible after a lawyer has been employed, it is desirable that he reach
                    a clear agreement with his client as to the basis of the fee charges to be made. Such
                    a course will not only prevent later misunderstanding but will also work for good
                    relations between the lawyer and the client. It is usually beneficial to reduce to
                    writing the und erstand ing of the parties regarding the fee, particularly wh en it is
                    contingent. A lawyer should be mindful that many p erson s who desire to employ
                    him may have had little or no expe rience with fee ch arges of lawyers, and for this
                    reason the rationale for the particular fee arrangement proposed should be fully
                    explained to such perso ns.

                                                             -5-
contracts and possesses business acumen or sophistication.5 Alexander II, 974 S.W.2d at 695. In
the case before us, the attorney’s primary contention is that the written agreement at issue
unambiguously set forth the fee arrangement as he describes it.

       In the Alexander II case, the Tennessee Supreme Court considered a contractual fee
arrangement for a highly contested divorce, entered into only four weeks before trial was scheduled,
and involving a very large marital estate whose assets had not entirely been disclosed to or
discovered by the client’s former attorneys. The fee agreement in Alexander provided:

                 The amount of the final fee to be paid by Client for legal services of
         Attorneys and lawyers and clerks under their supervision shall be a reasonable
         amount taking into consideration the time and labor required the novelty and
         difficulty of the questions involved, the skill required to perform the services
         properly, the amount involved and results obtained, and other relevant factors. Said
         final fee shall not exceed 15% of the total sum (in money and property) awarded to
         Client after commencement of the trial of said action for divorce for alimony in
         solido, for five years of alimony in futuro, and distribution and division of property,
         or 10% of such total sum awarded to Client by settlement prior to the commencement
         of such trial, provided that said fee shall in no event be less than (a) $10,000; or (b)
         the total amount on a time basis for work of Attorneys and other attorneys and clerks
         under their supervision at their usual hourly charges for work.

Alexander II, 974 S.W.2d at 690-91 (emphasis added).

        The Court determined that the contract was subject to the criteria generally applicable to
attorney fee agreements, as set out above.6 In its analysis of the first two factors, the Court found
that the client in Alexander II fully understood the agreement with her attorneys and had the same
understanding as her attorneys. The Court found it was obvious the attorneys understood the


         5
             Mr. Buckley was an experienced and successful business person, involved in real estate, and was fam iliar with
contracts.

         6
            The Supreme Court first determined that the fee agreement was not a contingent fee because, under the
agree men t, there was no question that the attorneys would be paid regardless of the outcome of the case. The Court
determined that because payment itself was certain and only the amount of payment uncertain, the arrangement was not
a contingent fee. Consequently, the Court held, the fee arrangement at issue was not subject to the enhanced
considera tions, such as a higher quantum o f proo f, applicable to contingent fee arrangem ents “begrudgingly” permitted
in domestic relations cases. Alexander II, 974 S.W .2d at 693. The C ourt stated contingent fees in domestic relations
cases are “unsavory,” subjected to enhanced scrutiny, and rarely found to be justified. Id. The newly adopted Tennessee
Rules of Professio nal Co nduc t, effective March 1 , 2003, prohibit the charging or collecting of fees in a domestic relations
matter “the payment or amount” of which is contingent upon the amount of support or the value of the property division.
Although the retainer letter in the case b efore us does not make the fee contingent on the results of the case, the attorney
testified that the fee was a “results” fee based upon the small property and support awards relative to the potential award s.
Of course, the contract at issue herein predates the new Rules, and we are not presented with the question of whether
those Rules would allow the type of arrangement described by the attorney herein.

                                                             -6-
agreement to allow them to charge up to fifteen percent of any award to the client. It also found that
there was no plausible basis to conclude that the client did not understand the plain words of the
contract, “Said fee shall not exceed 15% of the total sum (in money and property) awarded to
Client.”

       Thus, the Supreme Court’s findings as to the parties’ understanding of the contract in
Alexander II were premised on the court’s interpretation of the fee agreement as unambiguous. The
Court reiterated the ethical requirement that “an attorney should reach a clear agreement about fees
with the client and should explain the reasons for preferring one arrangement over another,” and
found that requirement could be met by a written fee agreement. 974 S.W.2d at 695. The Court’s
decision was also largely based on the fact that the agreement plainly established minimum and
maximum limits to the total amount of fees. In fact, the Court, in its discussion of whether the
agreement was just and reasonable, stated that it was so because it provided for a minimum and
maximum fee to be charged. “Indeed, the maximum fee provided a protection to [the client] by
defining the limit beyond which the fee could not rise.” Id. 974 S.W.2d at 695.

        With regard to the just and reasonable factor, the Court found that the mere inclusion of the
word “reasonable” and the provision of a minimum and maximum fee in the agreement do not alone
make the agreement enforceable, and that the court was also required to determine whether the fee
ultimately charged was a reasonable fee. The Court then determined that the fee at issue was within
the range of reasonableness upon a careful analysis of the factors determining the reasonableness of
an attorney’s fees, specifically those set out in the fee agreement and those enumerated in Connors
v. Connors, 594 S.W.2d 672, 676 (Tenn. 1980). Those factors are essentially the same as the factors
set out in the agreement herein.

                                          III. THE CONTRACT HEREIN

         In the case before us, the trial court concluded that the only issue was whether the $175,000
fee was reasonable. The court determined that the issue of whether the contract was fair and entered
into in good faith was pretermitted by Mr. Buckley’s Answer in which he admitted that he accepted
and agreed to the terms and conditions of the engagement letter or fee agreement.7 This conclusion
is based on the premise that the fee agreement as written was unambiguous.


         7
           Counsel for Mr. Silva had made this argument at the close of plaintiff’s proof. Similarly, Mr. Silva testified
that when he received Mr. Buckley’s answer, he interpreted it as admitting to the contract and admitting that services
were performed under the contract and, therefore, that the only issue was the reasonableness of the fee. On appeal, Mr.
Silva acknowledges that the Answer denied that Mr. Silva was entitled to the requested $117,079.43 because he was not
entitled to anything more than a fee calculated by multiplying the hours worked by the hourly rates. T he brief asserts
that the issue of whether Mr. Buckley’s Answer judicially estopped him from raising the question of interpretation of
the contra ct was irrelevant because the parties tried the issue of “whether Mr. Buckley and Mr. Silva entered into an
attorney-client agreement that anticipated a results-oriented fee.” I agree, and the majority opinion likewise does not
address the issue. Mr. Buckley had also denied in his Answer that the agreement entitled Mr. Silva to more than $185
per hour, a clear indication that the client took a different interpretation of the agreement. Consequently, the Answer
squarely raised the question of whether the client and the attorney shared the sam e understand ing of the fee arrangem ent.

                                                            -7-
       In its amended memorandum the trial court noted that both Mr. Silva and Mr. Buckley
appeared to be credible witnesses at trial. The court further stated:

       However, upon thoughtful consideration of their appearance as witnesses in light of
       all the evidence, the Court finds that Mr. Buckley was not credible on one following
       point: that he did not reasonably anticipate or expect that he would ever owe Mr.
       Silva more than a mere $185 per hour for all of Mr. Silva’s services rendered under
       the agreement. Mr. Buckley knew, should have known or at least had reason to know
       that his final or ultimate fee may very well exceed $185 per hour of Mr. Silva’s time
       once the case was concluded and all the factors had been considered and applied.

        This finding is also based on the court’s interpretation of the fee agreement as unambiguous,
thus providing the basis upon which the client “should have known” or “had reason to know” there
was going to be a fee in addition to the total derived from the hourly rate times the hours worked.
In fact, in its order denying Mr. Buckley’s motion to alter or amend the court applied the parol
evidence rule and found that:

       what Mr. Buckley unilaterally may have “understood” in retrospect cannot alter or
       vary the terms of the unambiguous, clear contract between him and Mr. Silva. “The
       provision of the agreement says what it means and means what it says.”

        Thus, the trial court herein, like the Supreme Court in Alexander II, found the language of
the agreement clear enough to provide evidence of the client’s understanding of the fee arrangement
that was consistent with the attorney’s interpretation and intent. I disagree with that interpretation
of the agreement herein. The differences in the language of the agreement in Alexander and that
used in the agreement in the case before us are significant, and those differences create an entirely
different fee arrangement.

        Under the agreement in Alexander, the client actually agreed to pay a fee defined as a
“reasonable amount” taking into consideration various listed factors. In contrast, the agreement at
issue herein does not include an agreement to pay a fee of a “reasonable” amount. Instead, the
agreement states, “This letter will confirm the basis upon which we have agreed to represent your
interests in the above-referenced matter. We will bill you for our services on account on an hourly
rate basis.” This language expresses an agreement that the attorney will be paid based upon his
hourly rate and the number of hours worked.

        Although the attorney bases his claim upon language of the agreement providing that the
ultimate fee may vary depending upon the factors enumerated, that language, unlike the language
in the Alexander agreement, does not make it clear that the actual fee is to be an undetermined,
unquantifiable “reasonable” amount. In fact, placed as it is immediately after the hourly rate
language, the ultimate fee language simply acknowledges that it is impossible to estimate the total
number of hours that would be spent on the matter and, therefore, the total or ultimate amount that
would be billed.


                                                 -8-
       In addition, the Alexander agreement set as a maximum on the reasonable fee amount a
percentage of any award to the client. It clearly established as a minimum either the retainer or the
sum derived from the hours worked multiplied by the hourly rate. Thus, it was apparent that the
hourly charges were a minimum and that some amount, with a definite limit, in addition to the
minimum might be expected and “reasonable.”

        Mr. Silva’s expert, Mr. Hollins, testified that he also uses a fee arrangement somewhat
similar to that intended by Mr. Silva herein in complex litigation involving large sums of money and
read the language he uses in such a fee agreement:

         The language in my letter, and you can see the differences in my letter and Mr.
         Silva’s letter, is this: The final bill may include an amount in addition to the
         calculation for time expended, based on the results and difficulty of the matter, the
         skill required to perform the services properly and the amount involved. (emphasis
         added.)

        The document prepared by Mr. Silva does not include any language making it clear that some
amount will be due or expected in addition to or in place of the hourly rate. It also does not establish
a maximum. Mr. Silva admitted that the agreement did not include any formulation by which one
could calculate, at the time of its signing, a maximum fee, that the agreement did not include any
language about an additional fee beyond the hourly rate, and it did not contain any language
indicating that the final fee would be discussed at the end of the case. However, he contended that
“ultimate” fee meant final fee, that the final fee may vary, depending on the factors listed, and that
the results obtained factor could not be applied until that time.

        It is true that one of the factors listed is “results obtained,” and that factor cannot be
determined until after the conclusion of the case.8 However, its appearance in the list of factors
affecting Mr. Buckley’s ultimate fee does not serve to put the client on notice that the agreement
contemplates an undefined “results-oriented” fee as was Mr. Silva’s intent. Further, the written
agreement does not define success or any relative degrees thereof, and, therefore, does not reflect a
mutual understanding of a successful result from the client’s perspective.

        The listing of factors in the agreement has a meaning with legal effect to those trained in the
law. The factors set out in Tenn. R. S. Ct. 8, DR 2-106 (B) apply to fees set by the courts and are
also used to determine the reasonableness of fee provisions in contracts and in the context of a fee
dispute between a lawyer and a former client. Alexander I, 903 S.W.2d at 695. It cannot be assumed
that a non-lawyer, even a sophisticated business person, would know or appreciate the purpose for
including the factors. More significantly herein, nothing in the language or listing of factors would
alert the reader to the possibility that one factor would predominate the others or that the attorney
intended to charge an amount almost three times the hourly billing as a result fee. Even many


         8
          Mr. Silva also asserts the results obtained factor meant the relative succ ess of his efforts in the litigation, and,
as he described it in this situation where he intended a “results-oriented” fee, it was the primary justification for his fee.

                                                             -9-
experienced attorneys are unfamiliar with the result fee concept or all its various permutations and
would not necessarily associate the language used in the agreement herein with that concept.
Consequently, it is unlikely that a layperson should have understood the agreement to be a results-
oriented fee as described by the attorney.

        In addition, “A tribunal should construe a contract between client and lawyer as a reasonable
person in the circumstances of the client would have construed it.” RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW
GOVERNING LAWYERS § 18(2). This includes the fee agreement. Id. § 38. I would conclude that
a reasonable person in Mr. Buckley’s position would have interpreted the written agreement as
obligating him to pay a fee based on the hourly rate and the hours worked. That is how he was billed
and what he paid. Consequently, I would find that the written agreement does not meet the
attorney’s burden to show that the client clearly understood the agreement consistently with the
attorney’s understanding. To the contrary, the written agreement is consistent with the client’s
expressed understanding.

                              IV. AMBIGUITY AND THE PARTIES’ UNDERSTANDING

        A finding that the written agreement does not establish the first two factors necessary to the
enforcement by an attorney of a fee contract raises the question of whether the attorney met his
burden through other evidence, namely testimony about the discussions regarding the fee
arrangement before the agreement was signed. The trial court found that the parol evidence rule
prohibited consideration of Mr. Buckley’s understanding of the agreement because Mr. Buckley’s
testimony could not alter the terms of the agreement which the court had found was unambiguous.9
Presumably, on the same basis, the court also considered Mr. Silva’s testimony about his intent and
the parties’ discussions equally inadmissible. In fact, nowhere in the trial court’s orders does it
discuss the testimony of either party about their discussions regarding the nature of the fee agreement
prior to its signing. The trial court’s decision was simply not based on that testimony. 10

           9
               In the trial court’s order on Mr. Buckley’s motion to alter or amend, the court quoted from Mr. Silva’s trial
counsel:

           Our position in the case was that the engagement letter said, you’ll pay $185 an hour for the current
           work that we do, but based upon the disciplinary factors, which we cannot yet evaluate, we’ll set an
           ultimate fee at the end of the ca se. That’s really what this is about, and, in my opinion, Mr. Buckley
           didn’t offer any satisfactory explanation a s to why that wasn’t the agreeme nt of the parties.

           Following that statement, the trial court quoted from Lyons v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 26 S.W .3d 888, 892 (Tenn.
Ct. App . 200 0), with regard to the parol evidence rule, stating that p arol evidence is not admissible to contra dict, vary,
or alter a written contract, when a written instrument is valid, complete, and unam biguo us. Relying on that autho rity,
the trial court held that the argument of Mr. Silva’s counsel must be sustained beca use M r. Buckley’s testim ony co uld
not alter the terms of the ag reem ent which the co urt had found was unamb iguous.

           10
            Neither was its credibility finding. The trial court’s earlier statement that Mr. Buckley knew or had reason
to know he would owe Mr. Silva more than his hourly rate was not based upon the court’s weighing of their testimony
about their pre-agreem ent discussions. It was not a finding that the court credited M r. Silva’s testimony over that of Mr.
                                                                                                              (continued...)

                                                             -10-
        As the trial court held, parol evidence cannot be considered to vary the terms of an
unambiguous written contract. “Since the courts should not look beyond a written contract when
its terms are clear, the parol evidence rule provides that contracting parties cannot use extraneous
evidence to alter, vary, or qualify the plain meaning of an unambiguous written contract.” GRW
Enters., Inc. v. Davis, 797 S.W.2d 606, 610 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). However, parol evidence is
admissible to uncover and reveal the true intentions of the parties in the event of an ambiguity in the
contract. Where the contract is ambiguous, parol evidence is allowed to explain the written
agreement. Jones v. Brooks, 696 S.W.2d 885, 886 (Tenn. 1985).

        Mr. Silva has consistently and adamantly argued in this appeal and throughout the trial that
the written agreement is unambiguous and establishes a “results-oriented” fee. While the majority
finds the agreement sufficiently ambiguous to allow consideration of other evidence of intent, I
would find that the agreement establishes a fee based on the hourly rate, contrary to Mr. Silva’s
interpretation of the agreement. It is arguable that the inclusion of the “results obtained” factor
creates an ambiguity and that such an ambiguity opens up the possibility of consideration of parol
evidence to explain the parties’ intent. It also, however, calls into play rules of construction courts
are to use to resolve any ambiguity.

        Under the most applicable of those rules, any ambiguity in the language of the agreement
would be construed against the drafter, the attorney. Alexander I, 903 S.W.2d at 694. This well-
settled principle of contract law applies with greater force to an employment contract between an
attorney and client because of the attorney’s fiduciary duty to ensure that the client fully understands
the agreement consistently with the lawyer’s interpretation. Possessing the superior knowledge of
contract law and documents of legal import, the lawyer is in the position to prevent ambiguity in the
written document. It is the lawyer’s responsibility to draft a document that accurately, fully, and
clearly reflects the agreement between the parties. The principle of construction against the drafter
“surely counts double when the drafter is a lawyer writing on his or her account to a client” because
of a lawyer’s fiduciary duties. Beatty v. NP Corp., 581 N.E.2d 1311, 1315 (Mass. App. Ct. 1991).

        As discussed above, the Restatement adopts as the primary rule of construction for attorney-
client contracts, including fee contracts, that such agreements are to be construed from the standpoint
of a reasonable person in the client’s circumstances. RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW GOVERNING
LAWYERS §§ 18, 38. “The lawyer thus bears the burden of ensuring that the contract states any terms
diverging from a reasonable client’s expectations.” Id. § 18 cmt. h. The reasons for the rule include
the fact that the lawyer is the author, a contract is traditionally interpreted against the author, and the
lawyer is more able to detect and correct error, ambiguities, and omissions in the agreement. Id.
Additionally, rather than applying only when other means of interpreting the contract have been

         10
            (...continued)
Buckley as to the substance of those discussions. Because the court considered the written agreement unam biguous,
and paro l evidence ina dmissible, the court’s “credib ility” finding is based upon its interpretation of the agreem ent as
unamb iguous. Consequently, the well-settled standard of review applicable to credibility determinations by a trial court
does not apply to any consideration by this court of the parties’ testimony regarding their discussions or understandings
of the written agre ement.

                                                          -11-
unsuccessful, “[t]he principle that the contract is construed as a reasonable client would understand
it governs the construction of the contract in the first instance.” Id.

        I agree with the Restatement’s approach.11 Unlike the majority’s approach of considering
other evidence of intent before applying the rule of construction, I would follow the Restatement’s
approach and apply, in the first instance, the interpretation of a reasonable client. Because any
ambiguity in an attorney-client fee agreement was created by the attorney, such an agreement must
be interpreted, in the first instance, from a reasonable client’s perspective. Reading the agreement
herein from that perspective, a reasonable client would interpret the language as creating a fee based
upon the time worked and the hourly rate. From that viewpoint, there is no ambiguity.

       While I would conclude there is no ambiguity needing clarification when applying the
Restatement’s rule, to the extent there remains any ambiguity after construction of the written
agreement from a reasonable client’s perspective, or to the extent evidence of the circumstances
surrounding the agreement is necessary in determining whether the attorney has shown a mutual
understanding of the agreement, we can consider those circumstances.

        Even if the parties’ discussions were considered, however, the attorney in this case has not
demonstrated that the client clearly and fully understood the agreement as envisioned or intended
by the attorney. That conclusion is based, not on any determination of the credibility of either party
regarding their discussions, but instead is based upon the omission of critical details in the attorney’s
explanation, as testified to by the attorney, of the fee arrangement. Those critical details are defined
by the lawyer’s duty to inform the client of any terms diverging from a reasonable client’s
expectations, so that the agreement clearly incorporates those terms, as the Restatement puts it. That
duty is akin to the well-established duty to provide the client with all the information and advice the
lawyer would have given regarding the client’s entering into the same transaction with someone else.

                                   V. THE ATTORNEY ’S INTERPRETATION

       Mr. Silva interpreted the written agreement as reflecting his intention that the fee would be
an amount to be determined after the case was over by application of the factors listed. Mr. Silva
has emphasized that he intended a “results-oriented” fee, indicating he considered the “results
obtained” factor to be the predominant, if not exclusive, factor in the final or ultimate fee.12

         11
            In the case before us, the attorney also argues that if the written agreement is determined to be so vague as
to be unenforceable, he is still entitled to a rea sonable fee, and the fee he re quested was found to be reasonable based
upon expert testimony. This argument is another reason why the written contract should be interpreted against the
drafting attorney. If the written agreement supports a reasonable client’s understanding that the fee is to be one based
upon hourly rate and hours worked, then it should not be set aside beca use of an ambiguity written into the agreement
by the attorney.

         12
          In his brief he states the most important of the factors listed were the amou nt involved an d the re sults
obtained. It is clear that a reasonable estim ate of the amount invo lved, i.e. Mr. Buckley’s property, was known, or
discoverable, at the initiation of the represen tation. Additionally, the existence of and issues raised by the prenuptial
                                                                                                             (continued...)

                                                          -12-
         In the Alexander II case, the Supreme Court held that the agreement therein, on its face,
provided for a reasonable fee with that fee to be determined based upon the expressed factors. The
Court stated, “In general, an agreement which utilizes broad terms and does not fix an exact fee is
still acceptable.” Alexander II, 974 S.W.2d at 695.13 However, the Court specifically found that the
agreement at issue was just and reasonable “because it provides for a minimum and maximum fee
to be charged.” Id. In addition, the court stated:

         While no single factor determines reasonableness, on balance we conclude that the
         fee . . . is reasonable. In sum, because the fee agreement provided both a minimum
         fee and a protective cap on the fee, and because the fee ultimately charged was based
         on the reasonable value of services rendered, the attorneys have satisfied the third
         criterion of Cooper & Keys, that the terms of the agreement be just and reasonable.

Id. at 697.

         Even under Mr. Silva’s interpretation of the agreement reached, that agreement provided no
maximum, no range of fees, and no quantifiable method for the client to determine his potential
maximum liability. Of equal significance, the attorney did not testify that he told the client that, of
the factors listed in the agreement, the results obtained factor would predominate or that application
of that factor could result in a total fee three times the billed amount.

        The relationship between a result based portion of a fee and the portion based on time and
effort was considered in Head v. Head, 505 A.2d 868 (Md. Ct. Sp. App. 1986), wherein the court
reviewed the reasonableness of a fee that was in part result based and there was no prior agreement




         12
            (...continued)
agreement were known at the beginning of the representation, and, to the extent he contends that agreement added to the
com plexity of the case or that its upholding was a benchmark of his success, the attorney co uld have facto red tha t into
his billing arrangement and tied the “results ob tained” factor to it.

         13
              The Co urt further stated,

         This Court has allowed a law firm to enforce a promissory note created pursuant to a similarly worded
         fee agreement. See Waller, Lansden, Dortch, & Davis v. Haney, 851 S.W.2d 131, 132 (Tenn. 1992)
         (the retainer agreement provided that the firm be paid a reasonable fee based on the amount involved,
         the time expended, the novelty of the transaction, and the deadlines imposed upon co unsel).

Id. The initial agreem ent in that case was for a reasonable fee, based up on the listed facto rs, as was the agreement in
Alexander II, but unlike the agreement herein. The Court in Waller explained that after the original retainer agreement,
the parties had negotiated a specific fee based upon a specified amount per $1,000 value of bond s involved in the closing.
The note was prepared after this re-negotiation. The court found that the fee was negotiated “ap parently to defendant’s
satisfaction.” 851 S.W.2d at 133.

                                                          -13-
as to the rate.14 The court held that in that situation the attorney was entitled to be paid the
reasonable value of his services. The court found that while time spent and hourly rate are important
factors in determining the reasonableness of a fee, the disciplinary rule includes other factors as well;
but, while factors other than time spent may be taken into account, they must produce a reasonable
fee. 505 A.2d at 876.

        In that case, the hours worked and an assigned reasonable hourly rate of $200 produced a fee,
referred to by the court as the “lodestar,” of $45,400. The trial court awarded a fee of $120,000. The
reviewing court characterized the $75,000 difference as the result fee or result-based bonus.
Acknowledging that the results obtained factor may be included in determining a reasonable fee, the
court nonetheless determined that the result fee in that case was excessive and held:

         DR 2-106(B), supra lists eight general and several inclusive factors to consider when
         arriving at the amount to charge a client. The result obtained is but one of those
         factors. Its prominence in the total fee must bear a reasonable relationship to the time
         and labor required. An attorney is retained and paid for expending his or her best
         efforts to secure the best results. Counsel should not be overpaid merely for
         performing his or her job.

505 A.2d at 877. The court found that the $75,000 result fee did not bear a reasonable relationship
to the time and labor required, and because it was more than one and one-half times the lodestar
figure, “It no longer serves as a bonus, but instead becomes the primary source of funds for counsel.”
505 A.2d at 877.

         In the case before us, the total amount billed by Mr. Silva based upon the hours expended and
the contract rate per hour was $57,920.57. Accordingly, the $175,000 fee asserted by Mr. Silva was
three times the amount reflecting the time and labor spent. Using the language of the Head court,
the results bonus was twice the hourly billing component. As Mr. Silva’s expert testified, the time
and labor factor was reflected in the 313 hours Mr. Silva spent on the case. Mr. Silva testified that
his bills reflected the time he actually spent on a matter as accurately as possible. Mr. Silva did not
testify that he quoted a lower hourly rate than was his custom. He stated that $185 was his base
billing rate in 1998, when the agreement was signed, and that it was raised to $200 and $225 in the
following year. “So at the conclusion of this case my billing rate would be $225 an hour.” He did
not raise the rate billed to Mr. Buckley because “that was my contracted base rate under the fee
engagement letter.” Based upon the hours spent on this case, a fee of $175,000 would result in an
hourly rate of $559. The question is not whether this fee is reasonable, but rather whether a
reasonable client could have anticipated it from the written agreement or from explanation by the
lawyer.



         14
           Fees were so ught pursuan t to an agreement between a husband and wife to pay “reasonable fees” incurred
in enforcing a se paration agreem ent. The court viewed a portion of its task as determining whether the fee charged to
the winning party was reasonable and, therefore, covered b y the agre ement.

                                                         -14-
        It is not entirely clear whether our Supreme Court, if called upon to review the
reasonableness of a fee in the absence of a specific agreement setting a maximum or establishing the
method for computing a result-based fee, would adopt the Head court’s conclusion that the result
component must bear a reasonable relationship to the time and effort spent and that a doubling of
the amount attributable to effort would be unreasonable. That is not the precise question before us,
however. The question is whether a reasonable client could have understood that the attorney
envisioned a predominantly result based fee, when compared with the other factors listed, that tripled
the amount based on time and effort factor, where neither the predominance of the results obtained
factor nor its relationship to the time and effort factor were disclosed or explained.

        In Alexander II, accurate contemporaneously kept time records were not produced.
Consequently, the Supreme Court chose to “disregard the attempted reconstruction of the attorneys’
time records and the allegations of over-staffing and duplicative services” because the reasonable
fee agreed to by the parties was not controlled by the hourly rates since the parties clearly agreed to
“some leeway beyond the hourly rates.” 974 S.W.2d at 696 n.7. Instead, the Court stated

       The time devoted to the case is but one of several factors determining the overall
       reasonableness of the fee charged. Because it is clear that the attorneys put
       innumerable hours into Inman’s case, the time and labor factor suggests that the
       $501,514.50 fee is reasonable.

Id.

        Not only in this footnote, but also it its analysis of the reasonableness of the fee, the Court
made it clear that all of the factors enumerated in the agreement had to be considered. Because the
Court had no accurate numbers regarding the hours actually worked it did not, and could not,
compare the time and labor factor to the total fee or any other component. However, the Court’s
finding that the time and labor factor suggested the reasonableness of the fee indicates that the Court
recognized that some reasonable relationship between that factor and the total fee is necessary.

        A reasonable client told that the fee would be determined based on all the factors listed in
the agreement would not assume that one factor, the results obtained, would predominate. Similarly,
a reasonable client would anticipate that the results obtained factor would have a reasonable, and I
think identifiable, relationship to the factor of hourly rates for time expended. Consequently, the
attorney’s intent contrary to these reasonable expectations was required to be disclosed to and
explained to the client. RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 18, cmt. h. Since there
was no testimony herein that it was, the attorney has failed to meet his burden of establishing an
agreement for a “results-oriented” fee.

        By this discussion of the relationship between the time and labor factor and the results factor,
or the relationship among all the factors, I do not mean to suggest that an attorney and client cannot
agree to a fee arrangement giving disproportionate emphasis to the results obtained or any other
factor. As the Head court stated, if the attorney and client in that case had agreed to a result fee of


                                                 -15-
$75,000, there would have been no question of the propriety of the agreement. Head, 505 A.2d at
878. Similarly, the fact that the attorneys and client in Alexander II agreed to a fee based upon the
reasonableness factors whose maximum was set at a percentage of the property awarded made the
agreement enforceable because the client was clearly on notice of her maximum potential liability.
974 S.W.2d at 697.

        That is simply not the situation before us. The attorney herein seeks to enforce his
interpretation of a written agreement that in my opinion does not reflect that interpretation. Neither
has he met his burden of proving that the client had an understanding of the fee agreement that was
consistent with his own since in neither the written agreement nor in his discussions with the client
did he advise the client of critical details of his intent regarding a “results-oriented” fee.
Consequently, I would find that the attorney has not proved an agreement to pay a result based fee
and is not entitled to enforcement of his intent to charge such a fee.

        Let me be clear. I do not intend to imply in any way that the fee arrangement envisioned or
intended by the attorney was improper or unreasonable. It was simply a failure to clearly convey his
intent so that he could show that the client understood that intent that compels my conclusion.
Armed with that understanding, the client could have made an informed choice whether to proceed
with the arrangement, negotiate different terms, or hire another lawyer on terms acceptable to him.



                                               __________________________________________
                                               PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE




                                                -16-
