                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMERICAN ACTION NETWORK, INC.,                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff,                               :      Civil Action No.:      12-1972 (RC)
                                                  :
         v.                                       :      Re Document Nos.:      6, 9, 19
                                                  :
CATER AMERICA, LLC et al.,                        :
                                                  :
         Defendants.                              :

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS OR TRANSFER;
     FINDING AS MOOT PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR JURISDICTIONAL DISCOVERY; AND
        DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO COMPEL AND FOR RULE 37 SANCTIONS

                                       I. INTRODUCTION

         This matter comes before the Court on the defendants’ motion to dismiss. The plaintiff is

an advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. The defendants are a Wyoming-based limited

liability company and its sole owner. This breach of contract action arises out of the parties’

agreement to sponsor a Lynyrd Skynyrd concert during the 2012 Republican National

Convention in Tampa, Florida, and the concert’s subsequent cancellation due to inclement

weather. The plaintiff alleges two claims: one arising out of a $150,000 deposit for concert

tickets, and another related to an alleged $200,000 loan. The defendants move to dismiss the

complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction and improper venue, suggesting that this case “must

be traveling on now”1 to Florida, where the concert was to occur and the defendants operated at

the time of the contract’s execution. Alternatively, the defendants move to dismiss the

complaint’s unjust enrichment and alter ego claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
         1
             Lynyrd Skynyrd, Free Bird, on (Pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd) (MCA Records
1973).
12(b)(6). For the reasons discussed below, the Court will dismiss the plaintiff’s unjust

enrichment allegation in relation to the alleged $150,000 ticket deposit, but will deny the

remainder of the defendants’ motion. The plaintiff has filed motions for jurisdictional discovery

and sanctions, which the Court will also deny.


                                II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       American Action Network, Inc. (“AAN”), the Plaintiff in this suit, is a Delaware

Corporation and center–right advocacy group with its principal (and only) place of business in

the District of Columbia. See Compl. ¶ 2(a), ECF No. 1. Defendant Cater America, LLC

(“Cater”) is an event production company founded in Colorado with its principal place of

business in Wyoming, and Defendant Robert Wayne Jennings is a citizen of Wyoming and the

sole owner of Cater. See id. ¶ 2(b)–(c); Cater Aff. ¶ 5, ECF No. 6-2. In 2011, Cater engaged

with Julie Conway, an active political and nonprofit fundraiser operating within the District of

Columbia, to discuss the possibility of hosting events during the 2012 Republican National

Convention (“RNC”) in Tampa, Florida. See Conway Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 10-1. Ms. Conway

subsequently contacted Pete Meachum, Director of Development at AAN, to explain Cater’s

desire to host events at the RNC and its interest in securing partners to facilitate the process. See

id. ¶ 8. According to Mr. Meachum’s recollection of the discussion, Ms. Conway said that

Mr. Jennings had arranged for her to connect him with D.C. organizations that might be

interested in hosting events during the RNC. See Meachum Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 8-1.

       In December 2011, Mr. Jennings traveled to Washington, D.C., and met with

Mr. Meachum in person to further discuss the prospect of working together to host events in

connection with the RNC, including the Lynyrd Skynyrd concert. See Cater Aff. ¶ 7, ECF

No. 6-2; Conway Decl. ¶¶ 10–12, ECF No. 10-1. At that meeting, Mr. Jennings indicated that he

                                                  2
was seeking sponsors who would advance funds in exchange for various sponsorship benefits,

such as publicity during the course of the events that Cater hosted and blocks of tickets at those

events. See Meachum Decl. ¶¶ 3–4, ECF No. 8-1. Mr. Meachum related that AAN would

potentially be interested in such an arrangement, and both parties agreed to remain in contact to

further explore the possibility of a partnership. See id. ¶ 5.

       Through subsequent telephonic and email communications, AAN and Mr. Jennings

agreed in principle to an arrangement in which AAN would sponsor a Kid Rock concert hosted

by Cater. See id. ¶ 6. Cater also dealt with AAN through its counsel, Elliot Berke, an attorney at

McGuireWoods LLP, located on K Street in Washington, D.C. See id. ¶ 8. In the subsequent

months, Mr. Berke and AAN’s counsel, who was also operating within the District of Columbia,

negotiated and finalized agreements pertaining to a variety of events scheduled to be held at the

RNC, including the Kid Rock and Lynyrd Skynyrd concerts. See id. ¶ 9. As part of their

relationship, AAN and Defendants also reached out to several other musical acts, including

Dolly Parton, Kelly Clarkson, Pitbull, and Lady Gaga. See Conway Decl. ¶ 22, ECF No. 10-1.

       AAN alleges that, pursuant to the contract governing the Lynyrd Skynyrd concert (the

“Skynyrd Contract”), it paid $150,000 to Cater for tickets to the event with the understanding

that this amount would be refunded should the event be cancelled for any reason other than

AAN’s gross negligence, willful misconduct, or material breach of the agreement. See Compl.

¶ 6, ECF No. 1. The Lynyrd Skynyrd concert was subsequently cancelled due to inclement

weather. See id. ¶ 7. It is Defendants’ position that the $150,000 was payment for work already

rendered, see Defs.’ Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 2, ECF No. 6, and they have refused to

refund the money, see Compl. ¶ 7, ECF No. 1. AAN also alleges that in the course of their




                                                  3
dealings it lent Defendants an additional $200,000 to “conduct events and carry out obligations”

in Florida, and that Defendants have also refused to repay those funds. See id. ¶ 8.

       On December 10, 2012, AAN filed a complaint against Defendants stating two causes of

action: one claim for breach of the Skynyrd Contract or, in the alternative, unjust enrichment

arising out of its alleged $150,000 ticket deposit; and another claim for breach of contract or, in

the alternative, unjust enrichment in relation to the alleged $200,000 loan. See id. ¶¶ 12–13.

Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint, asserting three different grounds for dismissal:

lack of personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), improper venue

under Rule 12(b)(3), and failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See generally Defs.’ Mot.

Dismiss, ECF No. 6. In its response, AAN opposed Defendants’ motion and moved, in the

alternative, for leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery to bolster its arguments that personal

jurisdiction and venue are proper here. See generally Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot.

Lim. Disc., ECF No. 8.

       While the motions were pending, AAN contacted Defendants via email in order to press

forward with a plan for jurisdictional discovery, and Defendants wrote back taking the position

that discovery was premature absent an order from the Court. See generally Meet & Confer

Stmt., ECF No. 17. AAN then filed a meet and confer statement, asserting that this brief email

exchange between counsel constituted the parties’ Rule 26(f) conference. See id. at 2. AAN

later served document requests and a notice for the deposition of Mr. Jennings, which

Defendants refused to answer. AAN then filed a motion to compel and for sanctions pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. See generally Pl.’s Mot. Compel, ECF No. 19.




                                                 4
                                III. PERSONAL JURISDICTION

                                         A. Legal Standard

                                 1. Personal Jurisdiction Generally

       Defendants move to dismiss AAN’s complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2). To withstand a defendant’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2), a

plaintiff bears the burden of making a prima facie showing of specific and pertinent jurisdictional

facts. See Reuber v. United States, 750 F.2d 1039, 1052 (D.C. Cir. 1984), abrogated on other

grounds by Kauffman v. Anglo-Am. Sch. of Sofia, 28 F.3d 1223 (D.C. Cir. 1994); Naegele v.

Albers, 355 F. Supp. 2d 129, 136 (D.D.C. 2005); United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F.

Supp. 2d 116, 121 (D.D.C. 2000). “A plaintiff makes such a showing by alleging specific acts

connecting the defendant with the forum . . . .” Philip Morris, 116 F. Supp. 2d at 121 (citing

Naartex Consulting Corp. v. Watt, 722 F.2d 779, 787 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Unlike a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss, the Court need not treat all of a plaintiff’s allegations as true when making a

personal jurisdiction determination. The Court may instead receive and weigh affidavits and any

other relevant matter to assist it in determining the jurisdictional facts. See id. at 120 n.4.

However, the Court must resolve any factual discrepancies with regard to establishing personal

jurisdiction in favor of the plaintiff. See Crane v. N.Y. Zoological Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 456

(D.C. Cir. 1990).

                          2. The District of Columbia Long-Arm Statute

       Where subject matter jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship, the District’s long-

arm statute determines whether there is a basis for exercising personal jurisdiction over a

defendant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A); Crane, 894 F.2d at 455. The District of Columbia has

two long-arm statutes—one extending “general jurisdiction” over defendants whose contacts



                                                   5
with the District are enduring, and another extending “specific jurisdiction” over defendants

whose contacts with the District relate to the underlying claims at issue in the lawsuit. See D.C.

Code §§ 13-422 to -423 (2001). It is clear from the parties’ briefing that only specific

jurisdiction is at issue here.

        The District’s specific jurisdiction long-arm statute provides, in relevant part, that “[a]

District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or

by an agent, as to a claim for relief arising from the person’s . . . transacting any business in the

District of Columbia . . . .” Id. § 13-423(a)(1). For a plaintiff to establish personal jurisdiction, it

must establish (1) that the forum state’s jurisdictional statute confers such jurisdiction, and

(2) that such exercise is in accord with the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A); Lewy v. S. Poverty Law Ctr., Inc., 723 F. Supp. 2d 116, 122

(D.D.C. 2010). Here, this two-pronged analysis collapses into one, for the “transacting business”

provision of the District’s long-arm statute is coextensive with the constitutional requirements

for personal jurisdiction, see Crane v. Carr, 814 F.2d 758, 762 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citing

Mouzavires v. Baxter, 434 A.2d 988, 990–92 (D.C. 1981) (en banc)), and thus requires that non-

resident defendants “have certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the

maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’”

Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S.

457, 463 (1940)); accord Helmer v. Doletskaya, 393 F.3d 201, 205 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

        In the District, for purposes of establishing specific personal jurisdiction under the

“transacting business” provision in section 13-423(a)(1) and in accordance with the extensive

application of the long-arm statute under the Due Process Clause, a plaintiff must prove that the

defendant purposefully established minimum contacts in the District. Because section



                                                   6
13-423(a)(1) is limited by section 13-423(b), the Court may only consider defendant contacts

from which the plaintiff’s specific claims arise. See D.C. Code § 13-423(b); Brunson v. Kalil &

Co., 404 F. Supp. 2d 221, 227 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing Schwartz v. CDI Japan, Ltd., 938 F.Supp. 1,

5 (D.D.C. 1996)). Under the statute, a plaintiff must meet a three-pronged test. The plaintiff

must demonstrate that (1) the defendant transacted business in the District; (2) the claim arose

from the business transacted in the District; and (3) the defendant “had minimum contacts with

the District of Columbia such that the Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction would not offend

‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Dooley v. United Techs. Corp., 786 F.

Supp. 65, 71 (D.D.C. 1992) (quoting Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316), overruled on other grounds by

FC Inv. Grp. LC v. IFX Mkts., Ltd., 529 F.3d 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The minimum contacts test

will only be satisfied if a defendant “purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting

activities within the forum . . . ,” Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958), and if litigation

in the forum is consistent with fair play and substantial justice, see World-Wide Volkswagen

Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 292 (1980). See also Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471

U.S. 462, 475 (1985).

                                            B. Analysis

       For jurisdiction over Defendants to be conferred upon this Court, “the most critical

inquiry is not whether the nonresident defendant is physically present in the forum but whether

the defendant’s contacts with the forum are of such a quality and nature that they manifest a

deliberate and voluntary association with the forum.” Mouzavires v. Baxter, 434 A.2d 988, 995

(D.C. 1981) (en banc). Relevant factors for establishing specific jurisdiction under the

“transacting business” provision of the D.C. long-arm statute include the defendant’s voluntary

and deliberate reaching out into the District to contract with an organization here; the defendant’s



                                                  7
communication with the plaintiff in the District; the defendant’s attendance at meetings in the

District; the defendant’s holding D.C. agents out as its representatives; the length of time for

which the engagement lasted; whether the defendant contemplated or was aware that work under

the contract would be performed in the District; whether the defendant derived economic benefit

from the plaintiff; and whether the harm caused by the defendant is felt by the plaintiff in the

District. See Thompson Hine LLP v. Smoking Everywhere, Inc., 840 F. Supp. 2d 138, 143

(D.D.C. 2012) (collecting cases). Courts have been “particularly attentive” to the final factor—

whether the “harm caused by the defendant[s] will be felt in the District.” Id. at 143 (citing Lans

v. Adduci Mastriani & Schaumberg L.L.P., 786 F. Supp. 2d 240 (D.D.C. 2011), Staton v.

Looney, 704 F. Supp. 303, 304–05 (D.D.C. 1989), and Fisher v. Bander, 519 A.2d 162, 164

(D.C. 1986)).

       The business transacted in the District of Columbia by Defendants underlies this lawsuit.

Although the parties dispute the extent to which Cater controlled Ms. Conway’s conduct in

“reaching out” to the District and to Mr. Meachum specifically, resolving factual disputes in

favor of AAN, see Crane, 894 F.2d at 456, it is apparent that Cater did associate with

Ms. Conway, an active political fundraiser in the District, for the purpose of planning events

around the RNC, a politically-oriented event of national importance. See Conway Decl. ¶ 5,

ECF No. 10-1. There is also evidence that Cater arranged for Ms. Conway to put it in touch with

organizations that would help facilitate the events it wished to hold. See Meachum Decl. ¶ 2,

ECF No. 8-1. Ms. Conway subsequently contacted Mr. Meachum to explore the potential of a

business relationship between AAN, a business operating within the District, and Cater. See id.;

Conway Decl. ¶¶ 7–8, ECF No. 10-1. By all accounts, this connection formed the beginning of




                                                 8
the parties’ relationship both generally and for purposes of the contracts underlying this

litigation.

        Mr. Jennings then physically travelled to the District to meet with Mr. Meachum to

explain his desire for funds from AAN. See Cater Aff. ¶ 7, ECF No. 6-2; Conway Decl. ¶¶ 10–

12, ECF No. 10-1. Mr. Jennings and AAN remained in contact after that meeting in order to

further explore the prospect of a business relationship. Once an agreement in principle had been

reached, Cater retained Mr. Berke, a K Street lawyer, to negotiate and help document the terms

on its behalf. See Meachum Decl. ¶ 8, ECF No. 8-1. Through negotiations between Mr. Berke

and AAN’s counsel, the parties finalized two contracts surrounding the RNC. See id. ¶ 9. As a

direct result of those agreements, Cater received hundreds of thousands of dollars from AAN, a

set of transactions that forms the basis of this lawsuit. See Compl. ¶¶ 6, 8–9, ECF No. 1. It is

not only the Skynyrd Contract that is relevant for purposes of establishing specific jurisdiction in

this litigation, for the complaint suggests that the alleged $200,000 loan was made in order for

Defendants “to conduct events and carry out obligations in Tampa”—an allegation that

implicates not just the Skynyrd Contract, but the parties’ entire relationship surrounding the RNC

event planning. See id. ¶ 8. Indeed, the parties formed separate contracts for at least two

performers at the RNC and reached out to several others. See Meachum Decl. ¶ 9, ECF No. 8-1;

Conway Decl. ¶ 22, ECF No. 10-1.

        If AAN indeed has a right to the funds requested, the harm caused by Defendants’

conduct will squarely have been felt within the District of Columbia. Although AAN is a

Delaware corporation, its principal, and only, place of business lies in the District. See Compl.

¶ 2(a), ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 11, ECF No. 12.




                                                 9
       Defendants focus heavily on the fact that much of the performance under the Skynyrd

Contract was to occur in Tampa, and that Defendants primarily operated from within Florida.

But the proper inquiry is whether Defendants established minimum contacts with the District of

Columbia, not whether their contacts with Florida were more substantial. Personal jurisdiction

may lie in more than one district. Defendants worked with Ms. Conway, if not for the purpose of

contacting AAN directly, at least for purpose of discussing potential events to hold in connection

with the RNC; according to some evidence, worked with Ms. Conway for the express purpose of

forming connections with D.C. organizations interested in funding the RNC events; traveled to

the District in order to meet with AAN, whose only place of business is located here; engaged in

extended negotiations with AAN, a District resident; finalized multiple agreements in

furtherance of the business relationship at issue in this litigation; and is alleged to have caused

injury here. The Court finds that Defendants’ contacts with the District of Columbia were

sufficiently deliberate that they “should reasonably [have] anticipate[d] being haled into court”

here. World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297. This Court has specific personal jurisdiction

over Defendants in this case.2


                                            IV. VENUE

                                        A. Legal Standard

       Defendants alternatively move to dismiss or transfer AAN’s complaint for improper

venue. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3). Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and relevant


       2
          Because Mr. Jennings was the primary actor reaching out from Florida to Ms. Conway,
Mr. Meachum, AAN, and Mr. Berke on behalf of Cater, those actions establish personal
jurisdiction over him individually even if they were actions taken within the scope of his
employment. See Lans v. Adduci Mastriani & Schaumberg L.L.P., 786 F. Supp. 2d 240, 281–82
(D.D.C. 2011) (holding that the fiduciary shield doctrine is inapplicable where the individual is
“more than an employee” of the company).

                                                 10
venue statutes, a court should dismiss or transfer a plaintiff’s complaint if the plaintiff’s chosen

venue is improper or inconvenient. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391 (Supp. V 2011); id. § 1404 (2006

& Supp. V 2011); id. § 1406 (2006). While a plaintiff bears the burden of proving that venue is

proper, a court should accept the plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true, resolve any

factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the

plaintiff. See Hunter v. Johanns, 517 F. Supp. 2d 340, 343 (D.D.C. 2007); Davis v. Am. Soc’y of

Civil Eng’rs, 290 F. Supp. 2d 116, 121 (D.D.C. 2003). The Court need not accept the plaintiff’s

legal conclusions as true, see 2215 Fifth St. Assocs. LP v. U-Haul Int’l, Inc., 148 F. Supp. 2d 50,

54 (D.D.C. 2001), but a defendant must present facts that will defeat the plaintiff’s assertion of

venue in order to prevail on the motion, see Hunter, 517 F. Supp. 2d at 343. If a court finds that

venue is improper, it must dismiss the case or, in the interests of justice, transfer the case to a

proper venue. See 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).

                                              B. Analysis

        Venue is proper in “(1) a judicial district where any defendant resides, if all defendants

are residents of the State in which the district is located; (2) a judicial district in which a

substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part

of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or (3) if there is no district in which an

action may otherwise be brought . . . , any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to

the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.” Id. § 1391(b). The parties focus

exclusively on whether the events or omissions giving rise to AAN’s claim occurred here.3



        3
         Even where venue is proper, a court may nonetheless transfer the case to a more
convenient venue in the interest of justice. See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) (Supp. V 2011). However,
Defendants have expressly disavowed the option of seeking to transfer the case under section
1404; they rely solely upon the supposed impropriety of this venue. See Defs.’ Reply Supp. Mot.
Dismiss 12 n.9, ECF No. 10. The Court is therefore faced with the narrow question of whether
                                                   11
       In discussing venue, the parties raise the same factual arguments they presented in the

context of personal jurisdiction. The Court therefore finds that it is a proper venue for this case

for all of the same reasons it has personal jurisdiction over Defendants. See generally supra Part

III.B. Defendants associated with a prominent political fundraiser within the District of

Columbia to discuss hosting events related to the RNC, and, according to some evidence, to

connect with D.C. political organizations that would be amenable to funding those events. See

Meachum Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 8-1; Conway Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 10-1. Mr. Jennings physically

traveled to the District to form a business relationship with AAN, an organization located in the

District, and continued to engage in extensive communications with AAN. See Cater Aff. ¶ 7,

ECF No. 6-2; Conway Decl. ¶¶ 10–12, ECF No. 10-1. Defendants then retained a D.C. attorney

to negotiate and document the terms of their business relationship with AAN, whose counsel was

also located here. See Meachum Decl. ¶¶ 8–9, ECF No. 8-1. And Defendants are alleged to

have caused injury to AAN, whose sole office is in the District. See Compl. ¶ 2(a), ECF No. 1;

Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 11, ECF No. 12.

       Again, Defendants rely extensively on this lawsuit’s connection with Florida, pointing

out that Defendants primarily operated there and that the events were to be held there. While

such arguments may be compelling on consideration of a motion to transfer the case in the

interest of justice under section 1404, that is not what Defendants seek here. See supra note 3.

Because venue may be proper in more than one district, see 14D Charles Alan Wright et al.,

Federal Practice and Procedure § 3806.1 (3d ed. 2007) (“[I]t is now absolutely clear . . . that

there can be more than one district in which a substantial part of the events giving rise to the

claim occurred.”), the proper inquiry is whether a substantial part of the events or omissions at

“a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred” in the District of
Columbia. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2) (Supp. V 2011).

                                                 12
issue in this lawsuit occurred in the District of Columbia. Because they did, venue is proper here

under section 1391(b)(2).


                              V. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

                                         A. Legal Standard

        The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim” in order to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds

upon which it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)

(per curiam). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) does not test a plaintiff’s ultimate

likelihood of success on the merits; rather, it tests whether a plaintiff has properly stated a claim.

See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974). A court considering such a motion presumes

that the complaint’s factual allegations are true and construes them liberally in the plaintiff’s

favor. See, e.g., United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000). It

is not necessary for the plaintiff to plead all elements of her prima facie case in the complaint.

See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511–14 (2002); Bryant v. Pepco, 730 F. Supp.

2d 25, 28–29 (D.D.C. 2010).

        Nevertheless, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007)). This means that a plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief

above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true

(even if doubtful in fact).” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–56 (2007) (citations

omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements,” are therefore insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556

                                                  13
U.S. at 678. A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, see id., nor must a

court presume the veracity of the legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations. See

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

                                            B. Analysis

       Defendants move, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), to dismiss

AAN’s unjust enrichment claim and all claims against Mr. Jennings individually. See Defs.’

Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 16–19, ECF No. 6. The parties disagree over the choice of

law, with Defendants relying on Wyoming law and AAN relying on D.C. law. Compare id.,

with Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 14–17, ECF No. 8.4 But despite

exchanging multiple rounds of briefing, the parties have not substantively analyzed the proper

choice of law. Because AAN’s claims survive even if the movants (Defendants) are correct that

Wyoming law applies, the Court will assume without deciding that Wyoming law is applicable

as to all claims for purposes of this opinion.

                                       1. Unjust Enrichment

       AAN pleads two claims for breach of contract: the first as to the alleged $150,000 ticket

deposit, and the second as to the alleged $200,000 loan. See Compl. ¶¶ 12–13, ECF No. 1. 5 For

both claims, unjust enrichment is pleaded as an alternative to a breach of contract claim. See id.

“Unjust enrichment is the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another. It exists as a basis


       4
        With respect to the alter ego issues raised in the motion to dismiss all claims against
Mr. Jennings, AAN does not take the position that any particular state’s law does apply—only
that Wyoming law does not. See Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 16 & n.3,
ECF No. 8.
       5
         AAN originally pleaded, in the alternative, that Defendants were unjustly enriched as to
the $150,000 deposit. See Compl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 1. However, based on Defendants’ admission
that an express contract controls that dispute, see Defs.’ Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 16,
ECF No. 6, AAN has withdrawn its assertion of unjust enrichment as to those funds only. See
Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 14, ECF No. 8.

                                                 14
for recovery for goods or services rendered under circumstances where it would be inequitable if

no compensation was paid in return.” Schlinger v. McGhee, 268 P.3d 264, 272 (Wyo. 2012).

But “the unjust enrichment remedy is not available when an express contract exists.” Sowerwine

v. Keith, 997 P.2d 1018, 1021 (Wyo. 2000) (citing 66 Am. Jur. 2d Restitution and Implied

Contracts § 6 (1973)); see also Schlinger, 268 P.3d at 272 (“Unjust enrichment is an equitable

remedy. As such, it cannot exist where there is an express contract governing the relationship

between the parties.”).

       Defendants challenge AAN’s unjust enrichment claim, arguing that the claim must fail

because a valid, written contract governs the relationship between the parties. See Defs.’ Mem.

P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 16–17, ECF No. 6. AAN argues that the elements of an express

contract have not been established as to the alleged $200,000 loan, and so it may plead unjust

enrichment in the alternative. See Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 14–15,

ECF No. 8. AAN has the better argument at the motion to dismiss stage. Under Wyoming law,

a party may plead unjust enrichment alongside an incompatible claim where the elements of the

claims are disputed, but it may not ultimately prevail on both. See Redland v. Redland, 288 P.3d

1173, 1209 (Wyo. 2012) (holding that an alternative pleading of unjust enrichment and recovery

of property is not barred by the election of remedies doctrine or the Wyoming Rules of Civil

Procedure); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2)–(3) (allowing alternative pleading of inconsistent

claims or defenses). Although the parties are in agreement that the written contract applies to the

ticket deposit, they dispute whether the written contract governs the alleged loan—Defendants

argue that it does, and AAN argues that it does not. Compare Defs.’ Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot.

Dismiss 17, ECF No. 6, with Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim. Disc. 14–15, ECF

No. 8. To resolve this dispute, the Court would be required to, at the very least, interpret the



                                                 15
contract. But because the parties have not briefed the contract interpretation issue, that would be

a premature undertaking. Indeed, even though Defendants insist that the written contract

governs, they do not point to any specific controlling provision. AAN may therefore plead an

alternative claim for unjust enrichment.

       The cases cited by Defendants are not to the contrary. In Big-D Signature Corp., the

court had already found the defendant ultimately liable as to a breach of contract claim for the

transaction at issue, and so an unjust enrichment claim could no longer stand. See Big-D

Signature Corp. v. Sterrett Props., LLC, 288 P.3d 72, 80 (Wyo. 2012). And in Schlinger, there

was no dispute between the parties as to the existence of an oral contract governing the

transaction at issue. See Schlinger, 268 P.3d at 272. Here, by contrast, there is still a live dispute

as to whether AAN’s alleged $200,000 loan to Defendants is covered by the written contract.

The Court will therefore deny Defendants’ motion to dismiss the unjust enrichment claim.

                                       2. Individual Liability

       AAN pleads its claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment against not only

Cater, but also against Mr. Jennings individually. See Compl. ¶¶ 12–13, ECF No. 1.

Mr. Jennings challenges the claims on the basis that Wyoming law prevents Cater’s debts and

obligations from becoming his own personal debts merely by virtue of his status as a member of

the Cater limited liability company. See Defs.’ Mem. P. & A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 18–19, ECF

No. 6. AAN does not address Mr. Jennings’s argument substantively, and merely argues that

Wyoming law does not control the analysis. See Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot. Lim.

Disc. 16–17, ECF No. 8.

       Under the doctrine of alter ego, “when evidence is presented that adherence to the fiction

of the separate corporate existence would sanction a fraud or promote injustice, courts will



                                                 16
disregard the separate entity and hold shareholders individually liable to third parties for

damages caused by the corporation’s acts.” Liberman v. Mossbrook, 208 P.3d 1296, 1312 (Wyo.

2009) (citing Miles v. CEC Homes, Inc., 753 P.2d 1021, 1023 (Wyo. 1988)). In such instances, a

court will “pierce the corporate veil” and hold the shareholder liable for the acts of the business.

Until recently, Wyoming law provided that “the members of a limited liability company . . . are

[not] liable under a judgment, decree or order of a court, or in any other manner, for a debt,

obligation or liability of the limited liability company.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-15-113 (2005)

(repealed 2010). However, the statute was rewritten as part of the Wyoming Limited Liability

Company Act, ch. 94, 2010 Wyo. Sess. Laws 429 (codified as amended at Wyo. Stat. Ann.

§§ 17-25-101 to -111, 17-29-101 to -1105 (Supp. 2012)), which introduced some changes to the

applicability of the alter ego doctrine. The relevant statute now provides:

       (a) The debts, obligations or other liabilities of a limited liability company,
       whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise:

               (i) Are solely the debts, obligations or other liabilities of the
               company; and

               (ii) Do not become the debts, obligations or other liabilities of a
               member or manager solely by reason of the member acting as a
               member or manager acting as a manager.

       (b) The failure of a limited liability company to observe any particular formalities
       relating to the exercise of its powers or management of its activities is not a
       ground for imposing liability on the members or managers for the debts,
       obligations or other liabilities of the company.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-29-304 (Supp. 2012).

       Although the Supreme Court of Wyoming has not yet had occasion to apply the revised

veil-piercing statute, it has found that the predecessor statute allowed the equitable doctrine of

alter ego to pierce the corporate veil of limited liability companies. See Kaycee Land

& Livestock v. Flahive, 46 P.3d 323, 329 (Wyo. 2002) (“No reason exists in law or equity for


                                                  17
treating an LLC differently than a corporation is treated when considering whether to disregard

the legal entity. We conclude the equitable remedy of piercing the veil is an available remedy

under the Wyoming Limited Liability Company Act.”). The parties do not analyze the language

of either statute, but the Court notes that the substance of the predecessor act—and therefore the

holding of Kaycee Land & Livestock—appears to have been preserved in section 17-29-304(a).6

       Subsection (b), however, adds new material to the applicability of the alter ego doctrine

under Wyoming law. On the face of the statutory text, the statute merely precludes consideration

of just one factor of the alter ego balancing test—the failure to observe particular formalities.

See Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-29-304(b). There are many other equitable factors involved in the alter

ego analysis, and the revised statute does not explicitly foreclose their consideration. See

PanAm. Mineral Servs., Inc. v. KLS Enviro Res., Inc., 916 P.2d 986, 990 (Wyo. 1996) (citing

Amfac Mech. Supply Co. v. Federer, 645 P.2d 73, 77–78 (Wyo. 1982)) (listing factors); Dale W.

Cottam et al., The 2010 Wyoming Limited Liability Company Act: A Uniform Recipe with

Wyoming “Home Cooking”, 11 Wyo. L. Rev. 49, 63–64 (2011) (comparing section

17-29-304(b) to similar Wyoming statutes and concluding that “other categories . . . , including

fraud, inadequate capitalization, and intermingling the business and finances of a company and

its members, remain as grounds for piercing the LLC veil”).

       This District of Columbia federal court is hesitant to conclusively interpret a Wyoming

state law as a matter of first impression where the parties have not provided briefing analyzing

the statute’s text and where it is not even clear that Wyoming law would apply. Nonetheless, the

       6
          Indeed, this particular revision appears to have made clearer the availability of the alter
ego doctrine by clarifying that the veil may not be pierced “solely by reason of the member
acting as a member . . . .” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 17-29-304(a)(ii) (Supp. 2012) (emphasis added).
As noted above, the alter ego doctrine imposes liability after consideration of equitable factors,
and not merely on the basis of an individual’s status as a member or manager of a limited
liability company.

                                                 18
Court is satisfied at this stage Mr. Jennings has failed to meet his burden to show that an alter

ego claim cannot be pleaded against him. AAN pleads that Mr. Jennings is the alter ego of

Cater,7 see Compl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 1, and Mr. Jennings fails to demonstrate the legal insufficiency

of that pleading, even if he is correct that Wyoming law applies. Indeed, as discussed above, the

statutory text, case law, and commentary suggest that the revised Wyoming Limited Liability

Company Act removes just one factor of the alter ego analysis. The Court will therefore deny

Mr. Jennings’s motion to dismiss AAN’s claims against him.


                             VI. AAN’S DISCOVERY MOTIONS

       AAN has also made two discovery-related motions. First, it filed a motion seeking

jurisdictional discovery in order to bolster its arguments that this Court has personal jurisdiction

over Defendants and that venue is proper here. See Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. Dismiss & Cross-Mot.

Lim. Disc. 12–13, ECF No. 8. Because the Court resolves both the jurisdiction and venue issues

in favor of AAN, the request for jurisdictional discovery is moot.

       AAN’s second discovery motion seeks a court order (1) compelling Defendants to

respond to document requests and produce Mr. Jennings for deposition, and (2) imposing

sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 for Defendants’ failure to respond to

those discovery requests. See generally Pl.’s Mot. Compel, ECF No. 19. Under the Federal

       7
          Mr. Jennings does not attack the plausibility of AAN’s allegation directly, but presents
testimonial evidence arguing that he is not, in fact, the alter ego of Cater. See Defs.’ Mem. P.
& A. Supp. Mot. Dismiss 18–19, ECF No. 6; Cater Aff. ¶¶ 4–12, 17, ECF No. 6-2; Defs.’ Reply
Supp. Mot. Dismiss 21–22, ECF No. 10. Of course, it is inappropriate for the Court to weigh
evidence at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage. See United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d
131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000) (“At the motion to dismiss stage, ‘the only relevant factual allegations
are the plaintiffs’,’ and they must be presumed to be true.” (quoting Ramirez de Arellano v.
Weinberger, 745 F.2d 1500, 1506 (D.C. Cir. 1984))). Although AAN’s alter ego allegations are
somewhat cursory, Defendants have not contended that the allegations rise to the level of mere
“labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements” of an alter ego theory. See
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).

                                                 19
Rules of Civil Procedure, the parties must confer “as soon as practicable” to set forth a plan for

discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f)(1). The Rules prohibit a party from seeking discovery

before the Rule 26(f) conference occurs, with few exceptions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). Our

local rules require that the parties discuss a broad range of topics at the Rule 26(f) conference,

including the potential for settlement; the likelihood that the case will be resolved on a

dispositive motion; and proposed schedules for amending pleadings, dispositive motions, and

discovery. See D.D.C. Civ. R. 16.3(c).

       It is clear from AAN’s meet and confer statement that the parties have not yet held the

Rule 26(f) conference. AAN’s statement reveals that the parties exchanged a few brief emails on

the limited subject of jurisdictional discovery. See Meet & Confer Stmt. 1–2, ECF No. 17. AAN

wished to press forward with a jurisdictional discovery plan, while Defendants took the position

that any discovery would be premature absent a court order. See id.8 The correspondence does

not show that the parties discussed settlement, dispositive motions, amended pleadings, or many

of the myriad other subjects the parties are required to consider at the Rule 26(f) conference. See

D.D.C. Civ. R. 16.3(c). Because the parties have not yet held a Rule 26(f) conference, AAN’s

discovery requests were premature. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). The Court will therefore deny

AAN’s motion to compel responses to those requests. Because Defendants were under no

obligation to respond to AAN’s discovery requests, the Court will also deny AAN’s motion for

sanctions.

       8
         In both its meet and confer statement and its correspondence to Defendants, AAN
expressed a concern that, by waiting for the Court to dispose of Defendants’ motion to dismiss
before conferring on discovery, the parties were violating the Rule 26(f) requirement that the
parties confer “as soon as practicable” to set forth a discovery plan. See Meet & Confer Stmt. 1–
2, ECF No. 17; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f)(1). But AAN’s concern is misplaced, as one
purpose of challenging the sufficiency of a complaint at the pleading stage is to shield a
defendant from facing the burden of expensive and lengthy discovery. See Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 558–59 (2007).

                                                 20
                                      VII. CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, the Court will dismiss AAN’s unjust enrichment allegation in

relation to the alleged $150,000 ticket deposit, but will deny the remainder of Defendants’

motion to dismiss. The Court will also deny AAN’s cross-motion for jurisdictional discovery

and AAN’s motion to compel and for sanctions. An order consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.


Dated:    September 30, 2013                                        /s/ Rudolph Contreras
                                                                  RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                  United States District Judge




                                                21
