                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                         No. 04-14-00620-CV

   Rosa Obregon PEREZ, Ricardo O. Perez, Rosa Elia Perez, Maria Perez Jalomus, Juan Jose
                       Perez, Julio Perez, Jr., and Fernando Perez,
                                        Appellants

                                          v.
                                  The Goodyear Tire &
                        THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY,
                                       Appellee

                    From the 83rd Judicial District Court, Val Verde County, Texas
                                        Trial Court No. 26130
                              Honorable Robert Cadena, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 13, 2016

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART

           On August 19, 2015, the court issued its opinion and judgment in this appeal. Although a

motion for reconsideration en banc is pending, the panel, on its own motion, withdraws its opinion

and judgment of August 19, 2015, and substitutes this opinion and judgment in their stead.

           In this products liability case, Rosa Obregon Perez, Maria Perez Jalomus, Rosa Elia Perez,

Juan Jose Perez, Julio Perez, Jr., Fernando Perez, and Ricardo O. Perez (collectively referred to as

“Perez”) challenge the trial court’s take-nothing summary judgment rendered in favor of The

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. Perez asserts that the trial court erred in granting Goodyear’s
                                                                                       04-14-00620-CV


no-evidence motions for summary judgment as to her defective design and defective marketing

claims. As a subset of this issue, Perez contends that the trial court erred in excluding the affidavit

testimony of her retained tire expert, William J. Woerhle. We affirm in part, and reverse and

remand in part.

                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On February 14, 2006, Julio O. Perez, Sr. was transported for a dialysis appointment from

Del Rio to Uvalde in a Ford E-350 van that had been converted into an ambulance owned by

Medical Transport of South Texas, Inc. While traveling on U.S. Highway 90, the tread of a

Goodyear Wrangler HT LT245/75 R16 tire separated. The separation of the tire caused the driver

to lose control, and the ambulance rolled over. Mr. Perez died from injuries he sustained in the

accident.

       Perez filed suit against Medical Transport of South Texas and the ambulance driver

asserting wrongful death and survival claims; Perez later amended the petition to assert claims

against Ford Motor Company and Goodyear. Perez claimed Goodyear was liable under strict

liability and negligence theories for defectively designing, manufacturing, and marketing the tire

at issue. In 2010, Perez resolved her claims against all defendants except Goodyear.

       In her “Eighth Amended Original Petition,” Perez alleged that the tire at issue was

defectively designed, manufactured, and marketed and that Goodyear was strictly liable under

Sections 402A and 402B of the Restatement of Torts 2nd and under applicable products liability

law of the State of Texas. Perez also alleged that Goodyear was negligent in failing to: (1) properly

design the tire in question; (2) properly manufacture the tire in question; (3) properly warn that

tires six years old or older should not be used regardless of tread life; (4) properly design the tire

in question to include nylon overlays on the tire; (5) warn that tires six years old or older should



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not be used regardless of tread life; and (6) warn that the subject tire did not have nylon overlays

and was at a high risk for tread separation.

           Goodyear timely filed its motion to exclude the expert testimony of Woehrle. Goodyear

also filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on each of the liability theories contained

in Perez’s live pleadings. The parties filed numerous supplements, responses, replies, and

objections relating to the pending motion to exclude and the motion for summary judgment.

Thereafter, Goodyear filed a second no-evidence motion for summary judgment. The parties again

filed responses, replies, and supplements.

           On May 7, 2014, the trial court granted Goodyear’s motion to exclude Woehrle’s testimony

without stating the basis for its decision. On June 2, 2014, the trial court granted a partial no-

evidence motion for summary judgment on Perez’s “alleged manufacturing defects and negligent

manufacturing” claims, 1 as well as on Perez’s “claims based upon tire aging and failure to warn

about the age of the tire.” On July 11, 2014, the trial court signed a second summary judgment

order in favor of Goodyear as to the “alleged design defect and negligent design” claims.

           Thereafter, on July 31, 2014, the trial court signed a “Final Judgment” in which it resolved

and disposed of all claims and all parties in the litigation. Perez timely filed her notice of appeal. 2




1
    On appeal, Perez does not challenge the granting of summary judgment as to her manufacturing claims.
2
  In its appellee’s brief, Goodyear asserts that Perez’s notice of appeal was untimely and that we lack jurisdiction to
entertain this appeal. Goodyear contends that once the trial court signed the second order granting the no-evidence
summary judgment as to design defect on July 11, 2014, all claims and parties were disposed of and thus the July 11,
2014 order became an appealable judgment from which the appellate timetable began to run. We disagree that the
second summary judgment order disposed of all outstanding claims. To the contrary, the sixth negligence claim
asserted in Perez’s “Eighth Amended Original Petition” was not addressed by either the June 2, 2014 or July 11, 2014
orders; in that claim, Perez alleged that Goodyear “[f]ailed to warn that the subject tire did not have nylon overlays
and was at a high risk for tread separation.” Because the nylon overlay marketing claim was still outstanding, the July
31, 2014 “Final Judgment” is in fact the final, appealable order from which the appellate timetable began to run and
from which Perez timely filed her notice of appeal.

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                             I.      EXCLUSION OF EXPERT TESTIMONY

       We first address whether the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of tire expert

Woerhle.

   A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       We may not disturb the trial court’s exclusion of expert testimony absent an abuse of

discretion. Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, 718-19 (Tex. 1998). “The

test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules

or principles.” E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex.

1995). This court has held that when “an expert’s testimony lacks a reliable scientific basis, its

admission by the trial court constitutes an abuse of discretion.” Martinez v. City of San Antonio,

40 S.W.3d 587, 593 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied) (quoting Ford Motor Co. v.

Aguiniga, 9 S.W.3d 252, 262 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. denied)). However, “[a] trial

court abuses its discretion in excluding expert testimony if the testimony is relevant to the issues

in the case and is based on a reliable foundation.” State v. Cent. Expressway Sign Assocs., 302

S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009). Ultimately, we will not disturb the trial court’s ruling on the

reliability of expert testimony unless it appears from the record that the trial court acted without

reference to pertinent guiding rules or principles. Coastal Tankships, U.S.A., Inc. v. Anderson, 87

S.W.3d 591, 611-12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (citing Robinson, 923

S.W.2d at 558).

       An expert witness may testify regarding scientific, technical, or other specialized matters

if the expert is qualified, the expert’s opinion is relevant to the issues in the case, and the opinion

is based upon a reliable foundation. See TEX. R. EVID. 702; Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556 (adopting

analysis of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589-90 (1993)). “To be relevant,

the proposed testimony must be ‘sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in
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resolving a factual dispute.’” Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556; see also TEX. R. EVID. 401, 402. To

be reliable, the opinion must be based on sound reasoning and methodology. Cent. Expressway

Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d at 870; Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557. Opinion testimony that is

conclusory or speculative is not relevant evidence because it does not tend to make the existence

of a material fact more probable or less probable. See TEX. R. EVID. 401; City of San Antonio v.

Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009). Expert testimony is unreliable if it is no more than

subjective belief or unsupported speculation. TXI Transp. Co. v. Hughes, 306 S.W.3d 230, 239

(Tex. 2010); Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557.

       An expert must be qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to

“assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” TEX. R. EVID.

702; In re Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d 296, 304 (Tex. 2012). There are no definite

guidelines to determine whether a witness’ education, experience, skill, or training qualifies the

witness as an expert. W. Atlas Int’l., Inc. v. Wilson, 930 S.W.2d 782, 787 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996,

writ denied). The witness may express an opinion on a subject if the witness has specialized

knowledge that will assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence or in determining a fact

in issue. Id. “The specialized knowledge which qualifies a witness to give an expert opinion may

be derived from specialized education, practical experience, a study of technical works, or a

varying combination of these things.” Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 762 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995). Ultimately, in deciding whether an expert is qualified, the trial court must “ensur[e] that

those who purport to be experts truly have expertise concerning the actual subject about which

they are offering an opinion.” Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 719 (quoting Broders v. Heise, 924 S.W.2d

148, 152 (Tex. 1996)).

       In determining whether expert testimony is reliable, a reviewing court must employ “‘an

almost de novo-like review and, like the trial court, look beyond the expert’s bare testimony to
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determine the reliability of the theory underlying it.’” Gross v. Burt, 149 S.W.3d 213, 237 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (quoting Austin v. Kerr-McGee Refining Corp., 25 S.W.3d

280, 285 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.)). “An expert’s simple ipse dixit is insufficient to

establish a matter; rather, the expert must explain the basis of his statements to link his conclusions

to the facts.” Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d 882, 890 (Tex. 1999) (citing Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at

726-27). In assessing the admissibility of expert testimony, we do not focus on the correctness of

the expert’s opinion, but on the reliability of the analysis the expert used in reaching his or her

conclusions. Gross, 149 S.W.3d at 237; see also Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 558 (“The trial court’s

role is not to determine the truth or falsity of the expert’s opinion.”).

        The Texas Supreme Court has articulated six non-exclusive factors appellate courts may

consider in determining whether scientific evidence is reliable:

        (1)     the extent to which the theory has been or can be tested;
        (2)     the extent to which the technique relies upon the subjective interpretation
                of the expert;
        (3)     whether the theory has been subjected to peer review and/or publication;
        (4)     the technique’s potential rate of error;
        (5)     whether the underlying theory or technique has been generally accepted as
                valid by the relevant scientific community; and
        (6)     the non-judicial uses that have been made of the theory or technique.

Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557. The approach to assessing reliability must be flexible depending

on the nature of the evidence. Transcon. Ins. Co. v. Crump, 330 S.W.3d 211, 216-17 (Tex. 2010).

One additional consideration is whether the expert has ruled out alternative causes of injury; failure

to do so may render the opinion unreliable. See Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 559 (holding expert’s

testimony was not based upon a reliable foundation where he failed to conduct testing to exclude

other possible causes of damage); Martinez, 40 S.W.3d at 593. Another is whether the expert’s

research and opinions were conducted and formed solely for the purpose of litigation. See

Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 559.


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                                                                                      04-14-00620-CV


        The Robinson factors, however, do not always apply to expert testimony because they are

not always appropriate. Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 726-27; Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Rios,

143 S.W.3d 107, 113 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. denied). “Experience alone may

provide a sufficient basis for an expert’s testimony in some cases, but it cannot do so in every

case.” Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 726. Regardless of whether the Robinson factors are applied, the

proponent of the expert testimony must still prove that the testimony is reliable. Id. In such a

case, the court must consider whether there is too great of an “analytical gap” between the data

and the expert’s opinion. Id.

    B. Qualifications

        In its motion to exclude Woehrle’s testimony, Goodyear argued that Woehrle is not

qualified to testify as to design defects because he is not a professional licensed engineer and he

has never designed or manufactured a steel belted radial tire.

        Our review of Woehrle’s supplemental affidavit reveals that he obtained a Bachelor of

Science degree in physics in 1966. Upon graduation, he began working at Uniroyal Tire Company,

where he was employed for 25 years.              Uniroyal merged with Goodrich and became

Uniroyal/Goodrich in 1986. Woehrle held various positions at Uniroyal, including: Development

Engineer; Resident Engineer; Project Manager of the Marketing Department; Automotive Account

Engineer; Manager of Industry Standards; Manager of Testing Services; and Director of Product

Evaluation. He served as Development Engineer in the Advanced Tire Products Department for

three years, during which time he received extensive training in the proper methodology to use in

analyzing and determining the cause of failed tires. Such methodology involves visual and tactile

examination of the failed tire. Woehrle also developed tests for radial ply tires. In 1969, he

assumed the role of resident engineer at a test facility that ran vehicles ten million miles annually

to test tires.   There, Woehrle tested “bias ply tires” manufactured by Uniroyal as well as
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experimental “steel belted radial ply tires with nylon overlay” that Uniroyal was developing at the

time.

        In 1972, he was promoted to project manager of the marketing department where he

developed a program for the company’s tire and vehicle service centers to use to assess the ride

and handling quality of the vehicles equipped with these new steel belted radial ply tires. He

worked closely with Uniroyal dealers and taught them how to examine and determine the cause of

failed tires. In 1976, Woehrle was promoted to automotive account engineer. In that role, he

oversaw tests performed on Uniroyal tires for General Motors and also General Motors’

qualification tests, all of which were being conducted on experimental tires to assess tire durability

and ensure Uniroyal tires supplied to General Motors without nylon overlays had the same

durability as Uniroyal steel belted radial ply tires with nylon overlays. In 1978, he became

manager of industry standards and coordinated with other tire companies and governmental

agencies to set technical standards for tires. He led the company’s industry-sponsored tire research

and developed new procedures for testing tires. He was also involved in analyzing and reporting

on failed tires. In 1984, he assumed the role of manager of testing services where he performed a

wide variety of tests on both production tires and experimental tires. In 1987, after Uniroyal

merged with Goodrich, Woehrle became the director of product evaluation. He managed the

testing services for the entire research and development and manufacturing operations of the

company. He also led efforts to standardize procedures for tire testing with the Society of

Automotive Engineers and the International Standards Organization.

        In 1992, Woehrle formed Automotive Engineering Management Services, Inc., a company

dedicated to serving the automobile industry by focusing on testing services. Its customers

included General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Goodyear, Michelin, Dunlop, and major auto part

suppliers. Since 2005, Woehrle has worked as a consultant and expert witness for tires involved
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in motor vehicle accidents. He has authored several published articles on various tire issues,

including tread separation.

       Goodyear argues that Woehrle’s lack of an engineering degree makes him unqualified to

testify in this case, but the Supreme Court of Texas has emphasized that “credentials alone do not

qualify an expert to testify.” In re Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d at 304. Rather, the test

is “whether ‘the offering party [has] establish[ed] that the expert has “knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education” regarding the specific issue before the court which would qualify the expert

to give an opinion on that particular subject.’” Id. at 305 (quoting Roberts v. Williamson, 111

S.W.3d 113, 121 (Tex. 2003)). Goodyear also argues that Woehrle is not a qualified expert

because he has never designed or manufactured a steel belted radial tire. However, as Woerhle

detailed in his affidavit, he possesses lengthy and direct experience in the tire industry with tire

manufacture and failure analysis. As such, his knowledge, training, and experience in this

particular industry would aid the trier of fact in determining whether the tires at issue were

defective. See TEX. R. EVID. 702; In re Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d at 304-05;

Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 719. Because it impliedly determined otherwise, we hold the trial court

abused its discretion in determining that Woehrle was unqualified to testify. See In re Commitment

of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d at 307 (holding trial court abused its discretion in excluding expert’s

testimony and noting that “[t]he trial court’s discretion in determining whether an expert is

qualified to testify on a matter is broad but not unbounded”); see also Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 719

(holding trial court abused its discretion in holding expert was not qualified to testify).

   C. Reliability

       Goodyear also challenged the reliability of Woehrle’s design defect opinion, arguing that

it failed to pass muster under Robinson/Daubert. It also argued that Woehrle failed to fill the

analytical gap between his theories regarding the lack of a nylon overlay and the subject tire.
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       The subject tire is a Goodyear Wrangler HT LT245/75 R16 that was manufactured in 1997

without a nylon overlay. By 2000, Goodyear had added a nylon overlay to the design of these

tires. In his affidavit, Woehrle explained how tire belt separation can occur and how it can be

prevented, specifically, by the addition of a nylon overlay.

       [M]y opinion that nylon overlays protect against belt separation failure is based, in
       part, upon my review of the Goodyear documents and the depositions of the
       Goodyear employees, particularly [Joseph] Zekoski, [Richard] Olsen[,] and Beale
       Robinson. As I have explained hereinabove, I have direct experience with the
       adverse effects on tire durability performance associated with the removal of a
       nylon overlay. Likewise, I have direct experience with the corresponding
       improvement associated with the addition of a nylon overlay. Specifically, I have
       personally supervised countless tests and reviewed the test results of each test while
       working at Uniroyal, where the goal of each test was to observe and investigate the
       role of nylon overlay in the improvement of tire endurance.

Woehrle thus opined that the lack of a nylon overlay in the subject tire constituted a design defect.

       The subject tire was eight years old at the time of the accident and had more than one half

of its tread left when the tread separation occurred. Woehrle performed a visual and tactile

examination of the subject tire and large piece of tread that had separated from the tire carcass and

determined that the tire did not have a nylon overlay. X-rays were also taken of the subject tire

that confirmed a “dog ear” in the bottom belt and an overlap in the bottom belt cables.

       Based upon this forensic tire inspection and review of the accident scene photographs,

Woehrle concluded that the subject tire failed due to a detachment of the tread and top belt, and

that the top belt separated in more than one piece. Woehrle opined that the cause of the failure of

the subject tire was unsatisfactory adhesion in the belt skim rubber, the thin inner liner, a laxity in

Goodyear’s tolerances in its belt placement, and the absence of a nylon overlay. As the basis for

his opinion, Woehrle relied on several articles as well as confidential Goodyear documents and the

deposition testimony of Goodyear employees. He further opined that the addition of a nylon

overlay would have been a safer alternative design, and one that was both economically and


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technologically feasible to install. Specifically, a “nylon overlay could have been easily added to

the subject tire as a measure to overcome belt imperfections and an inferior belt skim rubber.”

       As part of his inspection, Woehrle ruled out other potential causes of failure, such as

customer abuse (i.e., over-deflection or under-inflation), road impact hazard, or improper repair.

There was no evidence that the ambulance was operating at an excessive speed. There was also

no evidence of a puncture or previous repair to the tire.

       Goodyear contends that Woehrle’s design defect opinion is unreliable because he: has

never designed a nylon overlay for a steel belted radial tire; holds no patents of nylon overlays;

has not published any scientifically reliable peer reviewed literature that addresses the design, uses,

or benefits of nylon overlays; has never specified a nylon overlay for use in a steel belted tire; has

never done any comparison testing on a Wrangler HT LT245/75 R16 tire with and without a nylon

overlay; has agreed under oath that there is no publication that states that tires must have nylon

overlays to be adequate or non-defective; and has testified that just because a tire does not have a

nylon overlay does not mean that the tire is defective.

       Woehrle does not, however, contend that all tires lacking a nylon overlay harbor a design

defect. Instead, he focuses on “Goodyear Load Range E tires manufactured in the mid to late

1990s that were manufactured without a nylon overlay that Goodyear discovered were

experiencing a dramatic increase in tread separations which led to Goodyear deciding to add a

nylon cap ply to their Load Range E tires which solved the tread separation problem.” Woehrle’s

design defect opinions were based, in large part, on Goodyear documents and Goodyear employee

depositions. In 1995, Goodyear recognized that there was a marked increase in damage claims in

its Load Range E tire from tread belt separations in the crown area of the tire. The problem was

described as a “weak boundary layer between the two belts” that “results in a separation between

the belts and often results in what has been called a tread throw since the top belt and tread separate
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from the bottom belt and carcass.” Goodyear employed a team to investigate and analyze the tread

throw problem. The team recommended, in part, the addition of a nylon overlay on the LT235/85

R16 tire, but not on the LT245/75 R16 tire. The nylon overlay was implemented and was observed

to solve the tread separation problem. Goodyear eventually added the nylon overlay to all of its

Load Range E tires by 2000; however, the subject tire was manufactured in the 40th week of 1997

without a nylon overlay, approximately 20 months after the nylon overlay had been added to the

same tire line in size LT235/85 R16.

       As evidence that Goodyear failed to exercise ordinary care in designing the tire at issue,

Woehrle also relied on the deposition testimony of Joseph Zekoski, who managed Goodyear’s

Light Truck Program from 1994-1996. Zekoski testified that the nylon overlay helps to distribute

stresses in the crown area away from the belt edges and provides structural integrity to the tires.

According to Zekoski, nylon overlays reduce strains at the belt edges thereby reducing the potential

for tread separation. Zekoski further testified that it was technologically and economically feasible

to add a nylon overlay to the Wrangler HT Load Range E tires when they were initially designed.

In 1998, Zekoski recommended that nylon overlays be added to all Goodyear Load Range E tires.

Thus, Zekoski’s testimony supports Woehrle’s opinion that the addition of a nylon overlay was

necessary to solve the tread separation defect in the tire at issue.

       Woehrle also opined that the tire’s failure caused the ambulance driver to lose control. In

reaching this opinion, Woehrle reviewed the ambulance driver’s deposition as well as a report

from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) titled “Investigation of Driver

Reactions to Tread Separation Scenarios in the National Advanced Driving Simulator” which

showed that an inflated tire that has lost its tread and top belt loses 75 percent of its steering

capabilities and no longer functions as a normal tire. The NHTSA report thus supported Woehrle’s

opinion “that when the tread separation event occurred, the vehicle moved to the left into the
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westbound lane of traffic and that when the driver inputted a right steer to bring the vehicle back

into the eastbound lane, as the tread separation event unfolded, that the vehicle spun out, and the

driver lost control and exited the roadway causing the driver’s loss of control and subsequent

rollover of the vehicle.” Woehrle also reviewed photographs and the police report from the

accident, as well as the deposition of Stan Andrews, Perez’s accident reconstruction expert, in

reaching his opinion that the tread separation on the subject tire caused the loss of control of the

ambulance. Finally, he relied on a report titled “The Effect of Tread Separation on Vehicle

Controllability” which found that the driver’s ability to maintain control of a vehicle is greatly

diminished and under certain conditions can be uncontrollable even by a skilled professional.

       Analyzing Woehrle’s opinion testimony by the considerations provided in Robinson, we

conclude his opinions that the lack of a nylon overlay caused the tire at issue to fail and thus caused

the ambulance driver to lose control are based on sound reasoning and methodology. See

Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557-59. Woehrle’s opinions are supported by his lengthy experience in

the tire industry as well as Goodyear documents that show the addition of a nylon overlay would

have alleviated the tread separation issue in the subject tire. Woehrle also ruled out alternative

causes of injury, including other potential causes of tire failure and driver error. Further, because

Woehrle’s opinions on design defect and causation were supported by his experience, testing, and

observations, as well as by Goodyear documents and employee depositions demonstrating that the

tread separation issue could have been easily solved by the addition of a nylon overlay, we

conclude there are no analytical gaps in Woehrle’s opinions. See Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 726-27.

Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in impliedly determining that Woehrle’s

testimony was not reliable. See Anderson, 87 S.W.3d at 611-12 (noting trial court abuses its

discretion in determining that an expert’s opinion is not reliable if it appears from the record that

the trial court acted without reference to pertinent guiding rules or principles). Because Woehrle
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is qualified, his opinion is relevant 3 to the issues in the case, and his opinion is based upon a reliable

foundation, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in excluding his testimony. 4 See TEX.

R. EVID. 702; Cent. Expressway Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d at 870.

                                         II.      SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        Having determined that the trial court erred in excluding Woehrle’s testimony, we now

examine whether the granting of summary judgment was proper.

    A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

        After an adequate time for discovery, a party may move for no-evidence summary

judgment on the ground that no evidence exists of one or more essential elements of a claim on

which the adverse party bears the burden of proof at trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Flameout Design

& Fabrication, Inc. v. Pennzoil Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1999, no pet.). The burden then shifts to the non-movant to produce evidence raising a

genuine issue of material fact on the elements specified in the motion. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i);

Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006). The trial court must grant the

motion unless the non-movant presents more than a scintilla of evidence raising a fact issue on the

challenged elements. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)

(“More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence supporting the finding, as a whole,

‘rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their

conclusions.’”) (internal citations omitted). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve

any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.


3
 Goodyear did not challenge the relevancy of Woehrle’s opinions in its motions for summary judgment. See TEX. R.
EVID. 702; Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556 (expert’s opinion must be relevant to the issues in the case).
4
 In its motion to exclude Woehrle’s testimony, Goodyear also argued that certain opinions by Woehrle were untimely
because they were made after the September 1, 2011 designation deadline established by the trial court’s Discovery
and Docket Control Order. These opinions were, however, made known to Goodyear in Woehrle’s oral deposition,
and were therefore timely. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.5 (Amending or Supplementing Responses to Written Discovery).

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2002). We review a no-evidence summary judgment ruling de novo. Provident Life & Accident

Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003); Willmann v. City of San Antonio, 123 S.W.3d

469, 472 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied).

   B. Design Defect and Negligent Failure to Properly Design Claims

       In her “Eighth Amended Original Petition,” Perez alleged that Goodyear defectively

designed the tire in question and that Goodyear was negligent in failing to properly design the tire

and in failing to properly design the tire to include nylon overlays. To recover for a products

liability claim alleging a design defect, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the product was defectively

designed so as to render it unreasonably dangerous; (2) a safer alternative design existed; and (3)

the defect was a producing cause of the injury for which the plaintiff seeks recovery. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 82.005(a) (West 2011); Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306,

311 (Tex. 2009).

       We previously determined that the trial court erred in excluding Woehrle’s testimony.

Perez thus relies on Woehrle’s affidavit to raise a genuine issue of material fact on all three

elements of her defective design claim. As outlined in his affidavit to show the tire was

“unreasonable dangerous,” Woehrle relied extensively on Goodyear documents and employee

depositions that showed Goodyear was aware, beginning in 1995, of an increase in tread belt

separations in the crown area of its Load Range E tires. These same documents also support

Woehrle’s opinion that the addition of a nylon overlay to the tire would have easily solved the

tread separation problem; i.e., that a safer alternative design was available. Finally, Woerhle’s

opinion that the failure of the tire caused the ambulance driver to lose control raises a fact issue as

to causation. As previously noted, Woehrle reviewed the accident site photographs and police

records, as well as the analysis of accident reconstruction expert Stan Andrews and the NHTSA

report titled “Investigation of Driver Reactions to Tread Separation Scenarios in the National
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Advanced Driving Simulator” in reaching his opinion that the tread separation on the subject tire

caused the loss of control of the ambulance. Viewing this evidence, as we must, in the light most

favorable to the non-movant, we conclude that Perez produced more than a scintilla of evidence

that Goodyear designed a defective product. We thus conclude that summary judgment on Perez’s

defective design claim was improper.

       Perez also provided more than a scintilla of evidence to support her negligent design claim.

As previously discussed, Woehrle’s design defect opinions were based, in large part, on Goodyear

documents and Goodyear employee depositions that demonstrate Goodyear had knowledge that

the tire at issue was experiencing tread separation problems that could be fixed by the addition of

a nylon overlay, yet chose not to implement the fix. Viewing this evidence, as we must, in the

light most favorable to the non-movant, we conclude that Perez produced more than a scintilla of

evidence that Goodyear failed to exercise ordinary care in designing the tire at issue. We thus

conclude that summary judgment on Perez’s negligent design claim was also improper.

   C. Marketing Defect and Negligent Failure to Warn Claims

       In her “Eighth Amended Original Petition,” Perez alleged that Goodyear failed to properly

warn that tires six years old or older should not be used regardless of tread life and failed to

properly warn that the subject tire did not have nylon overlays and was at a high risk for tread

separation. Specifically, Perez contends that Goodyear assumed a post-sale duty to warn of the

dangers created by the tire at issue, but failed to adequately convey the urgency of the matter. The

notice sent by Goodyear to owners of the 15-passenger vans and ambulance operators indicated

that if a tread separation occurs, it may necessitate pulling over to the side of the road to change

the tire. Perez contends that the warning should have been stronger, and should have warned that

tread separation may cause loss of control and a crash.



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       Whether a plaintiff seeks recovery because of negligence or strict liability in tort, the

burden is on the plaintiff to prove that the injury resulted from a defect in the marketing of the

product. See Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v. Gillies, 343 S.W.3d 205, 211 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2011, pet. denied); Ford Motor Co. v. Miles, 141 S.W.3d 309, 315 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet.

denied). A strict liability marketing defect cause of action consists of five elements: (1) a risk of

harm that is inherent in the product or that may arise from the intended or reasonably anticipated

use of the product must exist; (2) the product supplier must actually know or reasonably foresee

the risk of harm at the time the product is marketed; (3) the product must possess a marketing

defect; (4) the absence of the warning and/or instructions must render the product unreasonably

dangerous to the ultimate user or consumer of the product; and (5) the failure to warn and/or

instruct must constitute a causative nexus in the product user’s injury. Rios, 143 S.W.3d at 116.

To prevail on her negligent marketing claim, as opposed to a strict liability marketing defect claim,

Perez was required to establish four elements: 1) a duty by the defendant to act according to an

applicable standard of care; 2) a breach of the applicable standard of care; 3) an injury; and 4) a

causal connection between the breach of care and the injury. Ethicon, 343 S.W.3d at 211-12. In

its “Second No Evidence Summary Judgment Motion,” Goodyear alleged that Perez failed to

present any evidence to support any one of the elements of her marketing defect claim.

       Expert testimony is required in the context of strict liability marketing defect claims. See

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. v. Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Tex. 2004). In negligent marketing

cases, expert testimony will be required to establish the standard of care “when the alleged

negligence is of such a nature as not to be within the experience of the layman.” See FFE Transp.

Servs., Inc. v. Fulgham, 154 S.W.3d 84, 90-91 (Tex. 2004); Ethicon, 343 S.W.3d at 211.

       Because the standard of care in marketing a particular tire is not within the experience of

laymen, we must conclude expert testimony was required to prove negligent marketing of the tire
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at issue. See Fulgham, 154 S.W.3d at 90-91; Ethicon, 343 S.W.3d at 212; Rios, 143 S.W.3d at

118 (expert testimony required in defective marketing case to establish which warning and

instruction should have been printed on tire sidewall). Perez was thus required to offer expert

testimony that Goodyear failed to exercise ordinary care in the marketing of the HT LT 245/75R16

tire. See VIA Metro. Transit v. Garcia, 397 S.W.3d 702, 708 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet.

denied); see also Rios, 143 S.W.3d at 118.

       Woehrle does not hold himself out as a warnings expert, and at oral argument before this

court, Perez’s counsel conceded that if he needed a warnings expert to survive summary judgment

on the marketing claims, he did not have one. Given the lack of any expert testimony related to

the marketing of the tire at issue, we conclude that Perez failed to raise a genuine issue of material

fact on any of the elements of her negligent and defective marketing claims. Summary judgment

in favor of Goodyear on the negligent and defective marketing claims was thus proper.

                                           CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of Goodyear on Perez’s design defect claims, and we remand the case to the

trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In all other respects, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.


                                                   Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice




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