                                                                                  [PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                           FILED
                             ________________________                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           JULY 17, 2001
                                    No. 00-14177
                                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                              ________________________                       CLERK

                           D. C. Docket No. 97-0251-CV-UUB


ROSEMARY J. WASCURA,

                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                            versus

CITY OF SOUTH MIAMI, a municipal corporation,
NEIL CARVER, individually, et al.,

                                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            _________________________

                                       (July 17, 2001)


Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, FAY and BRIGHT*, Circuit Judges.



_____________________
*Honorable Myron H. Bright, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
ANDERSON, Chief Judge:

      Plaintiff-Appellant Rosemary Wascura (“Wascura”) appeals from an order

of the district court granting summary judgment in favor of the Defendant-

Appellee, the City of South Miami (“the City”), on her claims under the Americans

with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., (“ADA”), and the Family Medical

and Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., (“FMLA”). Wascura originally

brought this action against the City and four individual Defendants – Neil Carver,

former Mayor of the City; R. Paul Young, former Vice Mayor of the City; and Ann

Bass and Thomas Todd Cooper, former City Commissioners – alleging violations

of the ADA and FMLA. The individual Defendants brought a motion to dismiss

Wascura’s FMLA claim against them in their individual capacities, but the district

court denied their motion. On interlocutory appeal, we reversed, holding that

public officials in their individual capacities are not “employers” under the FMLA

and, therefore, we concluded that we had no subject matter jurisdiction over

Wascura’s FMLA claim against the individual Defendants. See Wascura v.

Carver, 169 F.3d 683 (11th Cir. 1999). On remand, the district court granted the

City’s motion for summary judgment as to both claims, and Wascura appeals. For

the reasons stated below, we affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND


                                         2
      Wascura worked as City Clerk from August 1981 until her termination on

May 16, 1995. Under the City’s charter, the City Clerk was an appointee who

served at the pleasure of a five-member Commission, consisting of the Mayor,

Vice-Mayor, and three other Commissioners. A majority vote of the

Commissioners was required in order to terminate the City Clerk.

      At the time of Wascura’s termination, the five-member Commission

consisted of Mayor Neil Carver, R. Paul Young, Ann Bass, Thomas Todd Cooper,

and Thomas Cunningham (collectively, “the Commissioners”). Carver served as

Commissioner from February 1990 until February 1994 and served as Mayor of

the City from February 1994 until February 1996. Young served as Commissioner

from February 1994 until February 1996; Bass served as Commissioner from

February 1992 until February 1996; and Cooper served as Commissioner from

February 1990 until February 1996. According to Wascura’s deposition testimony,

Cunningham, who was never a party to this action, was HIV positive and died

subsequent to Wascura’s termination.

      In August 1994, Wascura’s twenty-seven year old son, who was

experiencing the end-stages of AIDS and was unable to care for himself, moved in

with Wascura and her family. According to Wascura’s deposition testimony, in

January 1995, she notified each Commissioner about her son’s illness and the


                                        3
possibility that she might need to take time off from work in order to care for her

son. Wascura testified with respect to their responses that several Commissioners,

including Mayor Carver, Cunningham, and Bass, expressed sympathy. She also

testified that she did not receive any negative verbal reaction or signs of

displeasure from any of the Commissioners when she told them about her son’s

illness. Wascura further testified that between January 1995, when she notified the

Commissioners of her son’s illness, and May 16, 1995, when she was terminated,

she took some time off from work to be with her son, but she could not remember

taking off “any large blocks of time.”

      According to Wascura’s deposition testimony, on Friday, May 12, 1995,

Mayor Carver asked Wascura to come to his office. Wascura arrived at Carver’s

office, where the City’s labor attorney, Jim Crosland, was also present. Mayor

Carver told Wascura that he wanted her to resign immediately. Wascura testified

that Carver told her that he did not have to give her a reason for wanting her

resignation, and he said, “Things aren’t right. I don’t want you here. I want you to

resign. And if you need an excuse, you can use what’s going on at home.”

      Between May 12 and May 16, Wascura contacted each of the other

Commissioners to tell them that Mayor Carver had asked for her resignation. Prior

to the Commission meeting on May 16, Wascura told Mayor Carver that she


                                           4
refused to resign. At the Commission meeting, Mayor Carver made a motion for

Wascura’s termination, which passed by a unanimous vote of 5 to 0.

      Wascura then filed this action, alleging violations of the ADA, 42 U.S.C. §

12101 et seq., and the FMLA, 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq. In granting the City’s

motion for summary judgment on her ADA claim, the district court first noted that

Wascura failed to produce any direct evidence of discrimination. The district court

then analyzed Wascura’s ADA claim under the McDonnell-Douglas1 burden-

shifting analysis and concluded that Wascura failed to adduce any evidence

suggesting that the City’s proffered, non-discriminatory reasons for the

Commission’s decision to terminate her were pretextual. In granting the City’s

motion for summary judgment on her FMLA claim, the district court held that

Wascura failed to provide the City with notice of her intention to take FMLA-

qualifying leave sufficient to invoke her FMLA rights. The district court also held

that Wascura failed to establish a prima facie case of interference with her FMLA

rights, because she never exercised or attempted to exercise her right to take

FMLA-leave.

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review the district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo.


      1
          McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817 (1973).

                                              5
See Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Florida, Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1357 (11th

Cir. 1999). “Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue of

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.

at 1358 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We review the record and draw all

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See id.

                                    III. DISCUSSION

       A. ADA Claim

       The ADA mandates that covered employers shall not “discriminate against a

qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in

regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of

employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and

privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). Under the Act, the term

“discriminate” is defined to include, among other factors, “excluding or otherwise

denying equal jobs or benefits to a qualified individual because of the known

disability of an individual with whom the qualified individual is known to have a

relationship or association.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(4).

       In the absence of direct evidence of discrimination,2 a plaintiff may establish

       2
         We agree with the district court that Wascura has failed to provide any direct evidence
of discrimination. See Denney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172, 1182 (11th Cir. 2001) (“Direct
evidence is evidence that establishes the existence of discriminatory intent behind the
employment decision without any inference or presumption.”) (quoting Standard v. A.B.E.L.

                                               6
a prima facie case of an ADA violation through circumstantial evidence using the

familiar burden-shifting analysis employed in Title VII employment discrimination

cases. See Hilburn v. Murata Electronics North America, Inc., 181 F.3d 1220,

1226 (11th Cir. 1999). A plaintiff attempting to establish a prima facie case of

“association discrimination” under the ADA must establish: (1) that she was

subjected to an adverse employment action; (2) that she was qualified for the job at

that time; (3) that her employer knew at that time that she had a relative with a

disability; and (4) that “the adverse employment action occurred under

circumstances which raised a reasonable inference that the disability of the relative

was a determining factor in [the employer’s] decision.” Id. at 1230–31.

       Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the

defendant-employer must articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the

challenged action. See Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1024 (11th Cir.

2000) (en banc). “However, the employer’s burden is merely one of production; it

‘need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered

reasons. It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as


Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir. 1998)); Damon, 196 F.3d at 1359 (“‘[O]nly the most
blatant remarks, whose intent could be nothing other than to discriminate . . .’ will constitute
direct evidence of discrimination.”) (quoting Earley v. Champion Int’l Corp., 907 F.2d 1077,
1081-82 (11th Cir. 1990)). Mayor Carver’s statement to Wascura on May 12, 1995 – “Things
aren’t right. I don’t want you here. I want you to resign. And if you need an excuse, you can
use what’s going on at home” – is at most weak circumstantial evidence of discrimination.

                                               7
to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff.’” Id. (quoting Texas Dep’t of

Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254-55, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 1094

(1981)).

      “If the defendant articulates one or more such reasons, the presumption of

discrimination is eliminated and ‘the plaintiff has the opportunity to come forward

with evidence, including the previously produced evidence establishing the prima

facie case, sufficient to permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the reasons

given by the employer were not the real reasons for the adverse employment

decision.” Id. (quoting Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1528 (11th

Cir. 1997)). If the plaintiff fails to proffer sufficient evidence to create a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether each of the defendant’s proffered reasons is

pretextual, the defendant is entitled to summary judgment. See id. at 1024-25.

      Assuming arguendo that Wascura has established a prima facie case, we

conclude that she has failed to adduce sufficient evidence from which a reasonable

jury could find that the City’s proffered, non-discriminatory reasons for her

termination were pretextual. Because each Commissioner testified as to his or her

own reasons for voting to terminate Wascura, we examine each Commissioner’s

proffered reasons separately. We then examine Wascura’s attempts to show that

such reasons were pretextual.


                                           8
       Mayor Carver

       Carver testified that, prior to being elected Mayor, he had formed an opinion

that Wascura could not be trusted, “[b]ased on her personality and demeanor and

dealing[s] with other people.” Carver testified that his initial judgment about

Wascura was confirmed when he heard complaints about her performance as City

Clerk. For example, Edward Cox, the City Manager from November 1994 until

November 1996, had complained to Carver that Wascura had distributed incorrect

and outdated information at a meeting concerning the annexation of City property.3

Carver also testified about complaints that Wascura was selling hand bags out of

the Clerk’s office and that she had purchased a lamp for her personal use and

charged it to a city account. Carver testified that, even though she reimbursed the

city for the lamp, she did not have to pay sales tax because the city is exempt from

having to pay sales tax. He also testified that Wascura charged courier services to


       3
          Cox testified that his dealings with Wascura deteriorated after the annexation meeting
where Wascura disseminated incorrect information, and he testified that he spoke with the
Mayor and the other Commissioners about this matter. Cox testified that Wascura’s information
was both incorrect and outdated. It was his opinion that Wascura was close to a faction in the
City that was opposed to annexation and that that had something to do with her distribution of
the erroneous information. He also testified that gathering and distributing such information was
not in her realm of responsibility. Further, it was his opinion that she had to have known both
that it was not her responsibility and that the information was not accurate. Cox testified that he
confronted Wascura, asked her why she did this, and told her not to interfere in matters within
his jurisdiction. He also testified that he was aware that Mayor Carver and several other
Commissioners were not pleased with Wascura and that, “[i]n most every city commission
meeting, [the Commissioners] would bring up issues of shortcomings of the city clerk.”

                                                 9
a city account, for which the City was never reimbursed. Carver further testified

that Wascura signed his name to documents she was not supposed to sign for him

and that she worked for outside organizations while she was supposed to be

working for the City. Carver testified that his “political judgment” precipitated the

timing of the meeting when he asked Wascura for her resignation. He testified that

he had waited until that time to seek her resignation, because he thought that he

might get enough votes for her termination if she refused to resign. Carver stated

that he did not give Wascura a reason for why he was seeking her resignation,

because he did not want to give her the opportunity “to manipulate things” and to

“twist” what he said.

      Cooper

      Cooper testified that he was a personal friend of Wascura and her husband,

but that he believed that it was in the best interest of the City for Wascura to resign.

He formed this belief after Edward Cox, the City Manager, and Earl Gallop, the

City Attorney, told Cooper that “they had lost trust in [Wascura] and her ability to

do her job” after Wascura had disseminated incorrect information at an annexation

meeting against the wishes of the City Manager. This meeting with Cox and

Gallop took place within a month of Wascura’s termination. Cooper also recalled

hearing Mayor Carver complain about Wascura’s performance as City Clerk. He


                                          10
testified that he could tell that Carver “was exasperated or angry at the kind of the

quality of the work that was being produced.”

      Bass

      Bass testified that she believed that Wascura was unqualified to perform her

duties as City Clerk because she “lacked some of the integrity necessary for the

position.” One instance in which Commissioner Bass found Wascura lacking

integrity was when Wascura called Bass aside to tell her something that another

Commissioner was planning to talk about at an upcoming Commission meeting.

This occurred sometime between two years and six months prior to Wascura’s

termination. Bass believed that Wascura’s action constituted a violation of

Florida’s Sunshine law. Bass also believed that Wascura’s purchase of a lamp for

her personal use through a city account demonstrated her lack of integrity. This

purchase apparently occurred sometime around November 1994, approximately six

months before Wascura’s termination. Bass testified that she never confronted

Wascura to discuss her concerns about Wascura’s lack of integrity because she was

“not good at that” and “just removed [herself] from it.” Bass claimed that, because

of her concerns about Wascura’s integrity, she “pull[ed] back from official

dealings with [Wascura] and just maintain[ed] an acquaintanceship” with her.

      Young


                                          11
      Young, who was the fifth member of the Commission to vote for Wascura’s

termination, testified that he was surprised that the motion to terminate Wascura

was made at the meeting on May 16, 1995. He had previously advised Wascura

that, if she could not work things out with the Mayor, she should try to “cut [her]

best deal,” and he thought that she would resign and negotiate “a package.” Thus,

when he realized at the meeting on May 16 that Wascura had decided to refuse to

resign and instead “to go to a public confrontation with the Commission,” he was

“stunned.” Young testified that he decided to vote for Wascura’s termination in

order to avoid a public confrontation.

      Wascura’s Attempts to Show Pretext

      In response to the City’s articulated reasons for the Commission’s decision

to terminate her, Wascura offered evidence in an attempt to show that these reasons

were pretextual. She first pointed to the temporal proximity between the date that

she notified the Commissioners of her son’s illness – January 1995 – and the date

that she was terminated – May 16, 1995. While a close temporal proximity

between two events may support a finding of a causal connection between those

two events, see Brungart v. BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 231 F.3d 791,

799 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating that the “general rule is that close temporal proximity

between the employee’s protected conduct and the adverse employment action is


                                         12
sufficient circumstantial evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact of a

causal connection”), the three and one-half month period between Wascura’s

notification to the Commissioners of her son’s illness and her subsequent

termination does not, standing alone, show that the City’s articulated reasons for

her termination were pretextual, see, e.g., Conner v. Schnuck Markets, Inc., 121

F.3d 1390, 1395 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding that four-month time lag between

plaintiff’s participation in protected activity and his termination was, by itself,

insufficient to justify an inference of causation); Richmond v. Oneok, Inc., 120

F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (affirming district court’s holding that three-month

period of time between plaintiff’s protected activity and termination was, standing

alone, insufficient to establish a causal connection). Cf. Donnellon v. Fruehauf

Corp., 794 F.2d 598 (11th Cir. 1986) (in a case where “the defendant’s witnesses

never articulated clearly and consistently the reason that the plaintiff was

discharged,” holding that there was substantial evidence that the plaintiff was

discharged in retaliation for filing a sex discrimination complaint, including the

fact that she was discharged less than one month after filing her complaint).

      In a somewhat related argument, Wascura contends that the fact that her

alleged misconduct, about which the Commissioners testified, pre-dated her notice

to the Commissioners of her son’s illness shows that the City’s proffered reasons


                                           13
for her termination were pretextual. We disagree. First, Mayor Carver testified

that he chose to wait until May 1995 to seek Wascura’s resignation because it was

not until then that he thought that he might be able to get enough votes to terminate

her if she refused to resign. Bass testified that she chose not to discuss her

“integrity” concerns with Wascura because she was not “good at that” and she

instead chose to remove herself from dealings with Wascura. Cooper testified that

he did not learn of the City Manager’s and City Attorney’s lack of trust in Wascura

until one month prior to Wascura’s termination. Finally, Young testified that he

voted to terminate Wascura, not because of her alleged misconduct, but rather

because he wanted to avoid a public confrontation. Therefore, the fact that

Wascura’s alleged misconduct, about which Carver, Bass, and Cooper testified,

might have predated Wascura’s notice to the Commissioners of her son’s illness

does not appreciably contribute to a showing that the City’s proffered reasons for

her termination were pretext for discrimination.

      Wascura next points to her long period of employment with the City and the

lack of documentary evidence of any complaints concerning her performance as

evidence that the City’s proffered reasons for her termination were pretextual.

While the lack of complaints or disciplinary reports in an employee’s personnel file

may support a finding of pretext, see Stanfield v. Answering Serv., Inc., 867 F.2d


                                          14
1290, 1294 (11th Cir. 1989), it is undisputed that there was no formal review

process of the City Clerk. The only performance reviews that Wascura submitted

as evidence of her good performance were completed in 1979 and 1980, while

Wascura was serving as Deputy City Clerk. Furthermore, while Wascura had

served as City Clerk for fourteen years, Carver, Young, Bass, and Cooper had

served on the Commission for a much shorter period of time.

      As evidence of pretext, Wascura next points to Carver’s failure to give her a

reason why he wanted her to resign at the meeting on May 12, 1995, and the

Commission’s failure to give her a reason for her termination on May 16, 1995. In

support of this argument, Wascura cites Donnellon v. Fruehauf Corp., 794 F.2d

598 (11th Cir. 1986). However, in Donnellon, a case which was adjudicated at a

bench trial, “the defendant’s witnesses never articulated clearly and consistently

the reason that the plaintiff was discharged.” Id. at 601-02. There was also

substantial evidence in Donnellon that the defendant had discharged the plaintiff in

retaliation for her filing a sex discrimination complaint. See id. at 601.

      In this case, by contrast, Carver testified that he chose not to give Wascura a

reason why he wanted her resignation, because he did not want to give her an

opportunity “to manipulate things” and to “twist” what he said. As discussed

above, he also testified as to his numerous reasons for voting to terminate her.


                                          15
This is not a case where “the defendant’s witnesses never articulated clearly and

consistently the reason that the plaintiff was discharged.” See id. at 601-02.

Instead, each of the Commissioners testified as to his or her reasons for voting to

terminate Wascura.

      It is also significant in this case that Wascura has been able to adduce

virtually no evidence of discriminatory intent. To the contrary, Wascura herself

testified in deposition that she remembered several of the Commissioners

expressing sympathy, and none of the Commissioners expressing displeasure,

when she told them that her son had AIDS and that she might need some time off.

There is absolutely no evidence that any Commissioner exhibited fear with respect

to Wascura’s association with her diseased son or otherwise indicated any

discriminatory animus. The only hint is Mayor Carver’s alleged statement

to Wascura when he asked for her resignation – that, if she “need[ed] an excuse,

[she could] use what’s going on at home.” As discussed in note 2, supra, this

statement is at most weak circumstantial evidence of any discriminatory intent on

the part of Mayor Carver. On its face, the statement attributed by Wascura to the

Mayor does not suggest that the decision to terminate her was influenced by

Wascura’s son’s illness, but rather that the termination decision was being made

for other reasons, and that Wascura might save face by using her son’s illness as


                                         16
the excuse for her resignation. Moreover, Wascura was pressed at her deposition

as to whether or not Mayor Carver indicated that her son’s illness influenced his

decision. She admitted that he never said that. In her deposition, Wascura was

repeatedly asked direct questions to this effect; she repeatedly answered in the

negative. For example, in one such question, counsel asked: “But he never said to

you, look, I don’t approve of people who contract the AIDS virus. I want you out

of here.” Wascura answered: “Oh, no, he never said that.”

      Later in her deposition, Wascura asserted that she had concluded in her own

mind that the decision was in fact influenced by her son’s illness, because she saw

no other reasons for the decision and because of the temporal proximity. However,

as noted above, there are ample legitimate reasons reflected in this record. Indeed,

Commissioner Cooper, who considered himself a personal friend of Wascura and

her husband, testified that when she called him shortly before the May 16 public

meeting at which Wascura was terminated, he told her that he was sorry because he

considered her a friend, but that he felt at this point that it was the best thing for the

City for her to resign because the City Manager and City Attorney had lost

confidence in her. He also testified that he had made the same comments and

given the same reasons at the May 16 public meeting. Later questioning of him in

deposition indicated that the minutes of that meeting corroborate the fact that he


                                           17
had made reference to the loss of trust in Wascura.

      In light of the ample legitimate reasons for the termination decision

proffered by the City, the truth of which was never effectively challenged, and in

light of the fact that Wascura adduced virtually no evidence of discrimination, we

cannot conclude that a reasonable jury could find for the Plaintiff based merely on

the three and one-half month temporal proximity and the very weak inference from

the Mayor’s alleged comment that Wascura could use the illness as a face-saving

excuse. After a careful analysis of the entire summary judgment record, we cannot

conclude that Wascura has adduced evidence to generate a genuine issue of fact as

to the reasons proffered by the City for Wascura’s termination. Cf. Reeves v.

Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 148, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 2109 (2000)

(holding that “a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to

find that the employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact

to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated”).

      Finally, Wascura argues that the fact that none of the Commissioners besides

the Mayor intended to seek her termination shows that they merely “rubber-

stamped” the Mayor’s recommendation, without any independent investigation

into the reasons for her discharge. We conclude that what happened here does not

support a finding of pretext. “We have repeatedly and emphatically held that a


                                           18
defendant may terminate an employee for a good or bad reason without violating

federal law. We are not in the business of adjudging whether employment

decisions are prudent or fair. Instead, our sole concern is whether unlawful

discriminatory animus motivates a challenged employment decision.” Damon, 196

F.3d at 1361 (internal citations omitted). Therefore, even if the Commissioners did

in fact merely “rubber-stamp” the Mayor’s recommendation that Wascura be

terminated, this alone is insufficient to show pretext for discrimination. This is not

a case in which a plaintiff has created a jury issue with respect to discrimination on

the part of a dominant decision-maker whose decision was rubber-stamped by

others.

      Viewing the record as a whole, we conclude that Wascura has failed to come

forward with sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable jury that the City’s

proffered reasons for terminating Wascura were pretext for discrimination.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the

City on Wascura’s ADA claim.

      B. FMLA Claim

      Under the FMLA, an eligible employee is entitled to up to twelve weeks of

leave each year to care for the employee’s child, spouse, or parent who has a




                                          19
serious health condition. See 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1).4 “To preserve the

availability of these rights, and to enforce them, the FMLA creates two types of

claims: interference claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer denied

or otherwise interfered with his substantive rights under the Act, see 29 U.S.C. §

2615(a)(1), and retaliation claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer

discriminated against him because he engaged in activity protected by the Act, see

29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1) & (2); 29 C.F.R. § 825.220(c).” Strickland v. Water Works

and Sewer Bd. of the City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1206 (11th Cir. 2001).

       Wascura claims that the City violated the FMLA when it terminated her a

few months after learning of her intent to take leave to care for her son and prior to

the time that she took her intended FMLA-leave. While the City argues that

Wascura’s claim is really one for retaliation, we, like the district court, accept

Wascura’s characterization of her FMLA claim as one for interference with her

FMLA rights. We conclude that the district court’s order granting summary

judgment to the City on Wascura’s FMLA claim was appropriate.

       “To state a claim under the FMLA, a plaintiff must prove three elements at

trial: (1) he availed himself of a protected right under the FMLA; (2) he suffered



       4
         It is undisputed that Wascura was an eligible employee and that her son had a serious
health condition.

                                               20
an adverse employment decision; and (3) there is a causal connection between the

protected activity and the adverse employment decision.” Parris v. Miami Herald

Publ’g Co., 216 F.3d 1298, 1301 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing Earl v. Mervyns, Inc.,

207 F.3d 1361, 1367 (11th Cir. 2000)). “On summary judgment, however, the

employee must raise only a material issue of fact, which he may generate through

reasonable inferences, regarding each element of his claim.” Id.

      It is undisputed that Wascura suffered an adverse employment action. With

respect to the first element – that she availed herself of a protected right – we

assume arguendo, but expressly do not decide, that Wascura raised a genuine issue

of material fact. However, we conclude that she failed to raise a genuine issue with

respect to the third element – causation. For the same reasons that we concluded

that Wascura failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could find

that the City’s proffered reasons for her termination were pretextual with respect to

her ADA claim, we conclude that Wascura failed to present evidence from which a

reasonable jury could find any causal connection between Wascura’s notice to the

Commissioners in January 1995 of her potential need to take time off to care for

her son and her subsequent termination on May 16, 1995. As explained above, the

City adduced evidence of legitimate reasons for its termination action unrelated to

Wascura’s indication that she might want to take time off in the future to care for


                                          21
her son, and Wascura failed to create a genuine issue of fact with respect to any

causal connection between her notice to the Commissioners of her potential need to

take time off because of her son’s AIDS and her termination. Aside from the

temporal proximity, Wascura introduced virtually no evidence of a causal

connection. In light of the other evidence in the record, the three and one-half

month temporal proximity is insufficient to create a jury issue on causation. We

conclude that Wascura failed to adduce sufficient evidence to permit a reasonable

jury to find for her.

                               IV. CONCLUSION

       Wascura failed to adduce sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury

could find that the reasons proffered by the City for her termination were

pretextual. She also failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could

find that the notice that she gave to the Commissioners of her potential need to take

time off in the future to care for her son was in any way causally related to the

City’s decision to terminate her. Therefore, the district court properly granted

summary judgment in favor of the City on Wascura’s ADA and FMLA claims.

AFFIRMED.




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