                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UHAR & COMPANY, INC.,                        :
                                             :
               Plaintiff,                    :       Civil Action No.:    09-1698 (RMU)
                                             :
               v.                            :       Re Document No.:      28
                                             :
MOHAN JACOB et al.,                          :
                                             :
               Defendants.                   :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                    GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART THE PLAINTIFF’S
                              MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       This case comes before the court on the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. The

plaintiff, Uhar & Company, Inc. (“Uhar”) is a commercial real estate broker that operates in the

District of Columbia. The plaintiff alleges that the defendants, Mohan Jacob (“Jacob”) and

Manna LLC, committed a breach of contract by failing to pay the plaintiff certain commissions

pursuant to a brokerage agreement. The defendants oppose the plaintiff’s motion for summary

judgment on three grounds. First, they contend that Manna LLC was not a party to the brokerage

agreement. Second, they argue that the D.C. Statute of Frauds bars the plaintiff’s claim. Third,

they maintain that they do not owe the plaintiff any brokerage commissions because the plaintiff

did not actually perform any brokerage services.

       Because Jacob entered into the brokerage agreement as Manna LLC’s agent, the court

concludes that Manna LLC is a party to the brokerage agreement. Further, because the

defendants signed a written memorandum that memorializes the brokerage agreement’s essential

terms, the court concludes that the D.C. Statute of Frauds does not bar the plaintiff’s claim. With
respect to these two issues, the court grants in part the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.

Because a genuine dispute of material fact exists with regard to the plaintiff’s performance of

brokerage services, however, the court denies in part the plaintiff’s motion.



                    II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The plaintiff is a commercial real estate broker that operates in the District of Columbia.

See Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 2. Manna LLC is a Virginia limited liability

corporation; Jacob is its sole member. See id., Ex. 2 at 4. According to the plaintiff, Manna

LLC is an entity through which Jacob operates as a commercial landlord in Washington, D.C.

Id. at 2. The defendants own a parcel of commercial real estate located in Southwest D.C. Id.

       The plaintiff claims it entered into a brokerage agreement with Jacob and Manna LLC in

order to secure a tenant for the property. Id. Under this agreement, the plaintiff claims, the

defendants agreed to pay Uhar 3% of the property’s monthly rent in exchange for the plaintiff’s

successful effort to procure a tenant. Id.

       Although the brokerage agreement does not exist in written form, its essential terms were

memorialized in a lease agreement that was signed by Jacob and the property’s tenant,

Specialized Education of D.C., Inc. Pl.’s Mot. at 2. More specifically, Section 25.8 of the lease

agreement states:

       (a) Brokerage. Landlord [Manna LLC] and Tenant warrant to the other that
       neither of them has had any dealings with any broker or agent in connection with
       the lease transactions contemplated hereby except Uhar & Company, Inc.
       (“Landlord’s Broker”) and The Meyer Group, Ltd. (“Tenant’s Broker”), who will
       be paid by Landlord in accordance with the terms of this Section 25.8. . . .



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       (c) Commissions to Landlord’s Broker. Landlord hereby agrees to pay
       Landlord’s Broker 3% of (i) each installment of Base Rent received with respect
       to the Initial Term (but not the Renewal Term), and (ii) any Termination Payment
       received in accordance with this Lease. Landlord shall remit these commission
       amounts to Landlord’s Broker within 30 days of Landlord’s receipt of funds,
       Landlord’s obligation being only to pay when paid.

Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3.

       The plaintiff commenced this action in September 2009, arguing that it is entitled to a

brokerage commission pursuant to the brokerage agreement that is memorialized in section 25.8

of the lease agreement. See generally Compl. Later that month, the defendants filed a motion to

dismiss. See generally Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”). In that motion, the defendants

alleged that no written contract existed between the parties, and D.C.’s Statute of Frauds barred

the plaintiff’s claim. See id. The court rejected both arguments, instead holding that the lease

agreement set forth the “essential terms” of the brokerage agreement and satisfied D.C.’s Statute

of Frauds. Mem. Op. (Mar. 3, 2010) at 8-11.

       The plaintiff now moves for summary judgment on its claim. See generally Pl.’s Mot.

With this motion now ripe for adjudication, the court turns to the parties’ arguments and the

relevant legal standards.



                                        III. ANALYSIS

                            A. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show “that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986);


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Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). To determine which facts are

“material,” a court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests. Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A “genuine issue” is one whose resolution could

establish an element of a claim or defense and, therefore, affect the outcome of the action.

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.

       In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable

inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere

existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. To prevail on a motion

for summary judgment, the moving party must show that the nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case.”

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to the absence of evidence proffered by the nonmoving

party, a moving party may succeed on summary judgment. Id.

       The nonmoving party may defeat summary judgment through factual representations

made in a sworn affidavit if he “support[s] his allegations . . . with facts in the record,” Greene v.

Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir.

1993)), or provides “direct testimonial evidence,” Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329, 338

(D.C. Cir. 2006).



                    B. Manna LLC is a Party to the Brokerage Agreement

       The plaintiff argues that Jacob entered into the brokerage agreement with the plaintiff as

an agent for Jacob’s corporate principal, Manna LLC. Pl.’s Mot. at 1. Accordingly, the plaintiff

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concludes that Manna LLC is legally bound to the terms of the brokerage agreement. Id. In

contrast, the defendants deny that Jacob ever acted as Manna LLC’s agent. Defs.’ Opp’n at 3.

They instead argue that Jacob was merely a “facilities manager” for Manna LLC who lacked the

authority to bind Manna LLC to any legal agreements. Id.

        “As a legal fiction incapable of autonomous action, a corporation can carry out its affairs

only through the acts of its agents.” Columbia Hosp. for Women Found., Inc. v. Bank of Tokyo-

Mitsubishi Ltd., 15 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 1997), aff’d sub nom. Columbia Hosp. for Women

Found., Inc. v. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd., 159 F.3d 636 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A corporation is

bound by the acts of its agents so long as they act within the scope of their actual or apparent

authority. See Columbia, 15 F. Supp. 2d at 7. If an agent who acts with actual or apparent

authority enters into a contract on behalf of a principal, that principal is a party to the contract.

Toledano v. O’Connor, 501 F. Supp. 2d 127, 152 (D.D.C. 2007); see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD)

OF AGENCY    § 6.01.

        Accordingly, to determine whether Manna LLC is legally bound to the terms of the

brokerage agreement, the court must resolve two questions: (1) whether Jacob was in fact Manna

LLC’s agent, and if so (2) whether Jacob had the actual or apparent authority to enter into

contracts on Manna LLC’s behalf. See RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY §§ 1.01, 2.01. The

court addresses these questions in turn.

        Turning to the first question, the court notes that whether an agency relationship exists in

a given situation depends on the particular facts of each case. District of Columbia v. Hampton,

666 A.2d 30, 38 (D.C. 1995). A corporation generally manifests its assent to be bound by the



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acts of individuals in its charter, certificate of incorporation, articles of organization and bylaws.

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 1.03 comment c.

       Here, Manna LLC is a Virginia limited liability corporation; Jacob is its sole member.

See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 2 at 4. Manna LLC’s articles of organization expressly designate Jacob as

Manna LLC’s “manager.” See Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 1. Furthermore, under Virginia law, this

designation entitles Jacob to act as Manna LLC’s agent. See VA. CODE §§ 13.1-1021.1(B)

(stating that a limited liability company may designate a manager to act as its agent through its

articles of incorporation).

       Additional proof of Jacob’s status as an agent is found in Manna LLC’s “operating

agreement,” which demonstrates how Manna LLC has opted to conduct its affairs. See VA.

CODE § 13.1-1023 (describing the role of an operating agreement under Virginia law). Manna

LLC’s operating agreement specifically authorizes Jacob, as its manager, to

       do in the name of, and on behalf of, the Company all things that in its sole
       judgment, are necessary, proper, or desirable to carry out the purposes of the
       Company, including, but not limited to, the right, power, and authority . . . to
       execute any and all agreements, contracts, documents, certifications, and
       instruments necessary or convenient in connection with the development,
       management, maintenance, and operation of any properties in which the Company
       has an interest.

Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 2.

       The defendants do not present any salient facts that might show that Jacob lacked the

authority to act as Manna LLC’s agent. Although the defendants characterize Jacob as a mere

“facilities manager,” they have failed to put forth any evidence which would transform their

contention into a genuine factual dispute that is suitable for trial. As such, the court gives very

little weight to the defendant’s self-serving characterization of the parties’ legal relationship. See

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RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 1.02 (“Whether a relationship is characterized as agency in

an agreement between parties or in the context of industry or popular usage is not controlling.”).

       Because the plaintiff has advanced evidence showing that Manna LLC conferred upon

Jacob “full and complete authority” to “act for,” “in the name of” and “on behalf of” Manna

LLC, and in light of the lack of countervailing evidence offered by the defendant, the court

concludes that no reasonable juror could deny that a principal-agent relationship existed between

Manna LLC and Jacob. See Cox Enterprises, Inc. v. News-Journal Corp., 2008 WL 5142417, at

*6 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 5, 2008). Accordingly, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for summary

judgment inasmuch as it argues that Jacob is Manna LLC’s agent.

       Turning to the second question, the court must determine whether Jacob had the actual or

apparent authority to enter into a contract on Manna LLC’s behalf. An agent may bind the

principal to a contract if the agent entered into a contract while acting within the scope of his or

her actual authority. See Columbia Hosp., 15 F. Supp. 2d at 7. The scope of a corporate agent’s

actual authority is generally defined by the corporation’s articles of incorporation and bylaws.

See Cox Enterprises, 2008 WL 5142417, at *6; see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY §

1.03 comment a.

       As the court has already noted, Manna LLC’s operating agreement states that Jacob has

the authority to “execute any and all agreements” or “contracts” “in the name of” Manna LLC.

See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3. Jacob therefore acted squarely within the scope of his actual authority

when he entered into a brokerage agreement on Manna LLC’s behalf. Because Jacob acted

within the scope of his actual authority as Manna LLC’s agent, Manna LLC is bound as a party

to the brokerage agreement. See Toledano v. O’Connor, 501 F. Supp. 2d at 152. The court

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therefore grants the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment inasmuch as it argues that Manna

LLC is a party to the brokerage agreement.



  C. The Lease Agreement Satisfies the Statute of Frauds, Even if the Defendants Claim
               They Were Unaware of Its Contents When They Signed It

       The defendants argue that the lease agreement between the defendants and Specialized

Education fails to satisfy D.C.’s Statute of Frauds because the defendants were unaware of the

agreement’s contents at the moment they signed it. Defs.’ Opp’n at 4. Specifically, the

defendants claim that the defendants were unaware that the lease agreement contained a

provision relating to the plaintiff’s brokerage fees. Id. The plaintiff counters that the defendants

signed the lease agreement and are legally bound by its terms, whether or not they were ignorant

of the agreement’s contents. Pl.’s Reply at 1-2.

       Generally, “one who signs a contract has a duty to read it and is obligated according to its

terms.” Tauber v. Quan, 938 A.2d 724, 732 n.29 (D.C. 2007) (citing Hollywood Credit Clothing

Co. v. Gibson, 188 A.2d 348, 349 (D.C. 1963)); see also Nickens v. Labor Agency of Metro.

Wash., 600 A.2d 813, 817 n.2 (D.C. 1991) (“[A]bsent fraud or mistake, one who signs a contract

is bound by a contract which he has an opportunity to read whether he does so or not”);

Interdonato v. Interdonato, 521 A.2d 1124, 1133 (D.C. 1987) (same). Similarly, “[a] written

contract is the highest evidence of its terms, and it is the duty of contracting parties to acquaint

themselves with its contents before signing.” Baltimore & O.R. Co. v. Morgan, 1910 WL 20828,

at *6 (Ct. App. D.C. May 10, 1910). Furthermore, D.C.’s Statute of Frauds requires only that a




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written memorandum be “signed by the party to be charged therewith or a person authorized by

him.” D.C. CODE § 28-3502 (emphasis added).

         Here, the defendants signed the written memorandum, and no more is required to satisfy

the D.C. Statute of Frauds. Id.; see also Coffin v. District of Columbia, 320 A.2d 301, 304 (D.C.

1974) (holding that a work order satisfied the statute of frauds because it was “in written form, it

include[d] the terms of the agreement, and it [was] signed . . . by the [defendant’s] agent”). If

the defendants signed the lease without reviewing its contents, the cost of that error must be

borne by the defendants alone. See Tauber v. Quan, 938 A.2d at 732. Ruling otherwise would

reward those foolhardy individuals who do not read the contents of the agreements they sign.

Baltimore, 1910 WL 20828, at *6 (“The statement of one signing [a contract], in the full

possession of his faculties, that he did not read it, and therefore did not know what he was

signing, will not, in law, constitute an excuse.”); Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50 (1875)

(noting that “contracts would not be worth the paper on which they were written” if a court

allowed a party to withdraw from a contract whenever he or she retroactively claims ignorance

of the contract’s provisions). In sum, ignorance may be bliss – but it is not a valid legal defense.

Accordingly, the court concludes that the D.C. Statute of Frauds does not bar the plaintiff’s

claim.



D. A Genuine Dispute of Material Fact Exists Regarding the Extent to which the Plaintiff
                       Engaged in Efforts to Procure a Tenant

         The plaintiff argues that it is entitled to certain brokerage commissions because it

procured a tenant for the defendants’ property. Pl.’s Mot. at 2-3. In contrast, the defendants


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argue that the plaintiff did not engage in any meaningful efforts to obtain a tenant, see Defs.’

Opp’n at 2, but rather that Manna LLC found the tenant through its own efforts, id., Ex. 1 ¶¶ 18-

19.

       At the heart of the parties’ dispute is a disagreement of fact. The defendants aver that

Uhar never performed any brokerage services. See Defs.’ Mot. at 2-3; id., Ex. 1 (Aff. of Mohan

Jacob) ¶ 13 (“Uhar did not place a single advertisement on the internet or in a newspaper to

attract prospective tenants for Manna’s property. Likewise, it did not show the property to any

prospective tenants to occupy Manna’s property that I am aware of.”). In response, the plaintiff

argues that the language of the lease agreement is conclusive proof that the plaintiff had

successfully engaged in efforts to secure the tenant. See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3; Pl.’s Reply at 7-8;

(noting that the lease states that “the Landlord must pay Uhar 3% of its installment of base rent”)

(emphasis added); see also Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 2 ¶¶ 3, 5 (Aff. of John Uhar) (stating that the tenant

was secured by the plaintiff’s efforts as a broker).

       When faced with two competing factual allegations, it is not the court’s role at the

summary judgment stage to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter. Anderson,

477 U.S. at 249. Rather, a factual dispute requires resolution at trial before a finder of fact. Id.

The court therefore concludes that summary judgment is inappropriate at this juncture, and the

court denies in part the plaintiff’s motion.




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                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part and denies in part the plaintiff’s motion

for summary judgment. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is issued this 12th

day of January, 2012.



                                                                    RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                                United States District Court Judge




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