                                                                                         February 10 2015


                                          DA 14-0076
                                                                                         Case Number: DA 14-0076

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                          2015 MT 41



IN THE MATTER OF:


H.T.,

         A Youth in Need of Care.



APPEAL FROM:            District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
                        In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. BDN-12-152
                        Honorable Julie Macek, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                 For Appellant:

                        Jeanne M. Walker, Hagen & Walker, PLLC, Billings, Montana

                 For Appellee:

                        Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Pamela P. Collins, Assistant
                        Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                        John Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Jennifer Quick, Deputy County
                        Attorney, Great Falls, Montana



                                                    Submitted on Briefs: December 24, 2014
                                                               Decided: February 10, 2015


Filed:

                        __________________________________________
                                          Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     B.T. (Mother) appeals an order of the Eighth Judicial District Court terminating her

parental rights to her daughter, H.T. She asserts that the District Court failed to comply with

both state and federal statutory requirements for terminating parental rights to an Indian

child. We address the following issues on appeal:

       1.      Whether the termination of Mother’s rights must be reversed because the
            District Court failed to hold an adjudicatory hearing that complied with
            § 41-3-437, MCA.

       2.      Whether the District Court’s failure to follow statutory requirements for
            proceedings subject to the Indian Child Welfare Act requires reversal.

¶2     We affirm on the first issue, and vacate and remand for entry of a new order on the

issue of termination.

                  PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶3     The Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services (Department) filed a

petition for emergency protective services on October 10, 2012, alleging drug use by Mother

and domestic violence between Mother and her boyfriend.1 The affidavit of a child

protection specialist attached to the petition explained the circumstances. Law enforcement

officers contacted the Department after being called to a Great Falls motel for a domestic

violence incident. Seven-year-old H.T. told the specialist that Mother began drinking and

arguing with her boyfriend on the night that H.T. was taken into emergency protective

custody. Mother and H.T. left the motel to visit Mother’s friend, from whom they obtained

pills that they brought back to the room. H.T. reported that Mother and her boyfriend

       1
        H.T. lived with Mother. H.T.’s father could not be located and was noticed by publication
throughout the case. He has not appealed the termination of his parental rights for abandonment.


                                               2
crushed the pills and “sniff[ed] them up their noses.” The arguing continued and eventually

escalated into physical violence. When police arrived, H.T. was found scared and exhausted,

wearing what appeared to be her mother’s dirty clothes. H.T. told the specialist that there

had been violence between Mother and her boyfriend in the past and that she feared the

boyfriend would kill her mother.

¶4     The Department’s petition sought immediate protection and temporary legal custody

of H.T. to prevent further exposure to abuse and neglect. The petition stated that “the child

may be an Indian Child for the purposes of the Indian Child Welfare Act [ICWA].” The

accompanying affidavit further indicated that inquiry had been made of Mother and of the

maternal grandparents regarding H.T.’s tribal affiliation. Based on those inquiries, notices of

the action were sent to the Blackfeet Tribe and to the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the

Fort Peck Indian Reservation. The affidavit also stated that a letter had been sent to the

Bureau of Indian Affairs for confirmation of tribal affiliation.2 The District Court granted

the motion for emergency protective services and temporary legal custody. The court’s

October 17, 2012 order found that the Department was justified in not making active efforts

to prevent H.T.’s removal from the home “because the child was in immediate or apparent

danger of harm.”

¶5     Following the Department’s efforts to locate a suitable kinship placement, H.T. was

placed with a maternal great aunt on October 26, 2012. On November 15, 2012, the District

Court held a show cause hearing. Mother did not contest probable cause at the show cause


       2
          The Department later filed a letter explaining that H.T. was not eligible for enrollment with
the Fort Peck Tribes.


                                                  3
hearing, but her counsel stated, “We do want a separate adjudicatory hearing, just in case.”

The court accepted the parties’ stipulation that probable cause existed to believe that H.T.

was subject to abuse or neglect, and advised that it would set a date for an adjudicatory

hearing.

¶6     The District Court initially set the adjudicatory hearing for February 7, 2013, but later

rescheduled the hearing for April 25, 2013. The Department filed a supplemental affidavit

on April 17 that updated information about H.T. and Mother since the child’s removal. The

affidavit indicated that the Department had received information that H.T. was eligible for

enrollment in the Fort Belknap Tribe. At the commencement of the April 25 hearing, the

court began by stating, “This is the time that has been set for a show cause hearing in the

matter of [H.T.]” The Department’s counsel indicated that the matter was set for disposition

and that a treatment plan had been signed by all parties. The court then announced, “I stand

corrected. This is a dispositional hearing.” The court inquired about Mother’s stipulation to

her treatment plan and about H.T.’s current placement. Mother confirmed that she

understood the treatment plan; her appointed counsel, who by that time had been substituted

for Mother’s previous attorney, indicated that there was no objection to temporary legal

custody or to the treatment plan. The hearing never addressed H.T.’s adjudication and the

record contains no stipulation to adjudication of H.T. as a youth in need of care.

¶7     The District Court issued an order after the April 25, 2013 hearing that adjudicated

H.T. a youth in need of care. The order also required Mother to comply with her treatment

plan, approved of H.T.’s current placement, and granted the Department temporary legal

custody for six months.


                                               4
¶8     On November 5, 2013, the Department filed notice that H.T. was eligible for

enrollment with the Assiniboine and Gros Ventres Tribes at the Fort Belknap Indian

Community (hereafter referred to as Fort Belknap). The notice appended a letter from Fort

Belknap dated April 17, 2013, indicating that it “chooses to intervene as a third party to

monitor” the proceedings and would “leave jurisdiction with the state court while the plan

remains reunification.” Fort Belknap reserved the right to transfer jurisdiction “at a later

time if Termination of Parental Rights appears imminent or has taken place.”

¶9     The Department filed a petition for permanent legal custody and termination of

parental rights on November 6, 2013. The termination petition alleged that Mother had not

complied with her treatment plan and that H.T.’s father had abandoned H.T.              The

Department filed a notice on November 18, 2013, establishing that Fort Belknap had

confirmed receipt of the termination petition on November 13, 2013. The court held a

termination hearing on January 9, 2014, and adopted and approved the termination petition.

Fort Belknap did not participate in the proceedings. The court later issued a written order

terminating both Mother’s parental rights and the father’s parental rights to H.T. and

granting the Department permanent legal custody. Mother appeals.

                              STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶10    Compliance with state statutory requirements presents a question of law that we

review for correctness. State v. Parks, 2013 MT 280, ¶ 20, 372 Mont. 88, 310 P.3d 1088; In

re B.N.Y., 2003 MT 241, ¶¶ 18, 28, 317 Mont. 291, 77 P.3d 189. We will not disturb a

district court’s decision on appeal unless there is a mistake of law or a finding of fact not

supported by substantial evidence that would amount to a clear abuse of discretion. In re


                                             5
T.S., 2013 MT 274, ¶ 21, 372 Mont. 79, 310 P.3d 538. We will not reverse a district court’s

ruling by reason of an error that “would have no significant impact upon the result.” In re

J.C., 2008 MT 127, ¶ 43, 343 Mont. 30, 183 P.3d 22 (quoting In re A.N. and C.N., 2000 MT

35, ¶ 39, 298 Mont. 237, 995 P.2d 427).

¶11     “In a case governed by ICWA, we will uphold the district court’s termination of

parental rights if a reasonable fact-finder could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that

continued custody by the parent is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to

the child.” In re K.B. & T.B., 2013 MT 133, ¶ 18, 370 Mont. 254, 301 P.3d 836. We review

the court’s application of the law to the facts of the case for correctness. In re K.B. & T.B.,

¶ 18.

                                        DISCUSSION

¶12 1. Whether the termination of Mother’s rights must be reversed because the District
Court failed to hold an adjudicatory hearing that complied with § 41-3-437, MCA.

¶13     Mother does not dispute that she did not raise before the District Court any of the

issues on which she appeals. She argues that her appeal nevertheless is reviewable because it

is based on violations of 25 U.S.C. § 1912, a provision of ICWA. The Department correctly

points out, however, that a closer reading of Mother’s brief reveals an argument that the

District Court erred by failing to hold an adjudicatory hearing that complied with § 41-3-437,

MCA. This argument is based on a violation of state law, not ICWA. Accordingly, we first

decide whether to consider this argument on appeal without reference to ICWA.

¶14     Generally, this Court will not review an issue raised for the first time on appeal. In re

D.K.D., 2011 MT 74, ¶ 16, 360 Mont. 76, 250 P.3d 856. We apply the common law plain



                                                6
error doctrine where the error is “plain” and we are “firmly convinced” that an aspect of the

proceeding would result in “manifest miscarriage of justice or compromise the integrity of

the judicial process.” In re D.K.D., ¶ 16; In re Custody & Parental Rights of D.A., 2008 MT

247, ¶ 33, 344 Mont. 513, 189 P.3d 631. We invoke the plain error doctrine sparingly. In re

D.K.D., ¶ 16.

¶15    Under Montana law, a court may terminate a parent’s rights for failure to successfully

complete or to comply with a court-ordered treatment plan only if the child is first

adjudicated a youth in need of care in accordance with § 41-3-437, MCA. Section

41-3-609(1)(f), MCA. Unless the petition seeks termination on alternate grounds such as

relinquishment, abandonment, or circumstances in which a treatment plan is not required,

adjudication as a youth in need of care is “a threshold requirement without which a court

may not grant temporary legal custody, order a court ordered treatment plan, or terminate a

person’s parental rights under the statute.” In re B.N.Y., ¶ 22 (citing §§ 41-3-406(1)(c),

41-3-420(1), and 41-3-609(1)(f), MCA); In re T.C., 2001 MT 264, ¶ 15, 307 Mont. 244, 37

P.3d 70.

¶16    A parent may stipulate that the child meets the definition of a youth in need of care.

Section 41-3-434(1), MCA. “A parent’s valid stipulation under § 41-3-434, MCA, can

satisfy the required findings for the adjudication of a youth in need of care even absent an

evidentiary hearing.” In re J.M., 2009 MT 332, ¶ 22, 353 Mont. 64, 218 P.3d 1213. If the

parent does not stipulate to adjudication, the adjudicatory hearing must be held within ninety

days of the show cause hearing. Section 41-3-437(1), MCA. At the adjudicatory hearing,

the court “shall hear evidence regarding the residence of the child, paternity, if in question,


                                              7
the whereabouts of the parents, guardian, or nearest adult relative, and any other matters the

court considers relevant in determining the status of the child.” Section 41-3-437(3), MCA.

“Adjudication must determine the nature of the abuse and neglect and establish facts that

resulted in state intervention and upon which disposition, case work, court review, and

possible termination are based.” Section 41-3-437(2), MCA.

¶17    It appears from review of the record that the Department assumed, based on Mother’s

other stipulations, that she stipulated to adjudication and that the matter was set for

disposition when the parties appeared in open court on April 25, 2013. As noted above, the

record does not contain any such stipulation. The Department argues on appeal that

Mother’s stipulation to her treatment plan “necessarily meant that [Mother] also stipulated

that H.T. was a Youth in Need of Care.” In In re M.J.W., however, we held that neither a

finding sufficient to establish child abuse or neglect nor an order approving of the parents’

treatment plans constituted adjudication where the court did not address adjudication in any

way. In re M.J.W., 1998 MT 142, ¶¶ 12-13, 289 Mont. 232, 961 P.2d 105. Likewise, we

have observed that adoption of a stipulation for temporary legal custody “does not equate to

an adjudication by the court that the children were youths in need of care.” In re the Matter

of M.O., M.O., and M.O., 2003 MT 4, ¶ 19, 314 Mont. 13, 62 P.3d 265. Similarly, Mother’s

stipulation to her treatment plan, though containing admissions sufficient to meet the

definition of child abuse or neglect under § 41-3-102(7), MCA, does not constitute a

stipulation to adjudication of H.T. as a youth in need of care.

¶18    Without a stipulation to adjudication, the District Court was required to conduct an

adjudicatory hearing. The hearing held on April 25, 2013, did not comply with § 41-3-437,


                                              8
MCA. Although the District Court scheduled an adjudicatory hearing, due to what appears

to have been a mix-up by the court and counsel, the court changed the hearing to a

dispositional hearing almost immediately after it began. The record of the hearing reflects

that Mother stipulated to her treatment plan and to temporary legal custody, but the parties

made no mention of adjudication. These stipulations were inadequate to meet the statutory

requirement of either stipulation to adjudication or an adjudicatory hearing. The court

mistakenly stated in a subsequent order that Mother’s attorney “stipulated to the adjudication

of the Youth as a Youth in Need of Care . . . .”

¶19    We have determined, however, that a court’s failure to conduct a formal adjudicatory

hearing may be harmless error. In re J.C., ¶ 54. This Court continually has stated that “we

will not fault a district court for failing to address statutory deficiencies that are not brought

to its attention during the proceedings because doing so would encourage litigants to

withhold objections rather than raise the issues appropriately in the district court.” In re A.S.,

2006 MT 281, ¶ 35, 334 Mont. 280, 146 P.3d 778 (quoting In re A.N.W., 2006 MT 42, ¶ 41,

331 Mont. 208, 130 P.3d 619). In In re A.S., we pointed out that a parent acquiesced to a

child’s adjudication as a youth in need of care when there was no objection to the

adjudication and the adjudication was referenced repeatedly in court documents leading up to

the termination hearing. In re A.S., ¶ 35.

¶20    Mother stipulated to her treatment plan, which stated that she “admittedly has a

history of drug usage” and “needed treatment for alcohol and drugs.” Mother’s treatment

plan acknowledges that, on the night of H.T.’s removal, she abused prescription medications

and drank alcohol “to the point of being unable to care for her daughter.” The plan also


                                                9
documents Mother’s history of relationships with “abusive and unstable men,” and states that

Mother “failed to protect her child from exposure to domestic violence.” By agreeing to the

plan, Mother acknowledged that her mental health and substance abuse issues “prevented her

from . . . parenting her child safely or provid[ing] care for her on [a] consistent basis.”

¶21    Mother’s treatment plan stipulates that she was unable to care for H.T. Mother never

raised an objection to the court’s subsequent order adjudicating H.T. a youth in need of care,

and she failed to point out the court’s error until this appeal. Mother does not contest her

failure to follow her treatment plan. “We have held consistently that a district court may

protect a child’s best interest despite procedural errors that would have no impact upon the

result.” In re M.S., 2014 MT 265A, ¶ 22, 376 Mont. 394, 336 P.3d 930 (citations omitted).

Although the court erred by not holding a proper adjudicatory hearing prior to the

termination of Mother’s parental rights, this error was not “plain” or obvious. As in In re

A.S., we hold that Mother waived her right to appeal the adjudication issue because she did

not timely object or raise the issue before the District Court. Under the circumstances, the

error did not undermine the fundamental fairness of the proceedings and reversing the

termination order on this ground is not justified. In re J.C., ¶¶ 42-43; In re A.S., ¶ 35.

¶22 2. Whether the District Court’s failure to follow statutory requirements for
proceedings subject to the Indian Child Welfare Act requires reversal.

¶23    Congress enacted ICWA in 1978 “to protect the best interests of Indian children and

to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes.” 25 U.S.C. § 1902. ICWA “establishes

the minimum federal standards for the removal of an Indian child from her family and the

placement of such a child in a foster or adoptive home.” In re M.S., ¶ 14.



                                              10
¶24    Mother argues that the District Court failed to comply with numerous ICWA

requirements. She argues: that the court was required, but failed, to meet ICWA’s notice

and evidentiary requirements at the adjudicatory stage; that Fort Belknap did not receive

proper notice of the termination hearing; that, at the termination stage of the proceedings, the

court failed to make oral or written findings that continued custody of H.T. by Mother “is

likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child;” that the District Court

applied the incorrect standard of proof at the termination hearing, relying on the “clear and

convincing evidence” standard provided under state law instead of ICWA’s “beyond a

reasonable doubt” standard; and finally, that the court improperly based its termination

decision solely on Mother’s substance abuse.

¶25    Although Mother raises these arguments for the first time on appeal, § 1914 of ICWA

provides:

       Any Indian child who is the subject of any action for foster care placement or
       termination of parental rights under State law, any parent or Indian custodian
       from whose custody such child was removed, and the Indian child’s tribe may
       petition any court of competent jurisdiction to invalidate such action upon a
       showing that such action violated any provision of sections 101, 102, and 103
       of this Act [25 U.S.C. §§ 1911, 1912, and 1913].

25 U.S.C. § 1914. The issues Mother raises are thus appealable despite the failure to object.

In re K.B. & T.B., ¶ 22 (noting that an appeals court is a court of competent jurisdiction

under § 1914 and ICWA notice requirements may be raised for the first time on appeal).

       A.     Notice

¶26    ICWA specifies that notice of an involuntary proceeding in state court and of the right

of intervention must be given to an Indian child’s tribe when a party seeks the foster care



                                              11
placement of, or the termination of the parental rights to, an Indian child. 25 U.S.C.

§ 1912(a). If the child’s tribe cannot be identified, notice instead must be provided to the

Secretary of the Interior. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). ICWA’s requirement of timely notice serves

as a limitation on both foster care placements and termination proceedings. 25 U.S.C.

§ 1912(a) (“No foster care placement or termination of parental rights proceeding shall be

held until at least ten days after receipt of notice by the parent or Indian custodian and the

tribe or the Secretary.”).

¶27    Mother first argues that Fort Belknap did not receive notice of the April 25, 2013

hearing, without which adjudication was in error. Second, Mother argues that Fort Belknap

did not receive notice by registered mail of the January 9, 2014 termination hearing. We

address these arguments in order.

¶28    ICWA imposes a specific notice requirement for pending proceedings involving “the

foster care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child[.]” 25 U.S.C.

§ 1912(a). We have observed that if there is any question about whether notice is to be given

before both foster care and termination proceedings, the “‘question should be resolved in

favor of giving notice twice.’” In re M.S., ¶ 19 (quoting People ex rel. S.R.M., 153 P.3d 438,

442 (Colo. Ct. App. 2006)). We have not, however, required adherence to this specific

notice requirement where it is not prescribed by the provisions of ICWA.

¶29    In this case, H.T. was taken from her mother under emergency circumstances and

placed in kinship foster care before the first status conference. The Department made efforts

promptly to identify and notify the proper tribe. The tribe that ultimately was determined to

be the child’s tribe was not notified before the initial placement, but ICWA does not prevent


                                             12
emergency removal of an Indian child or the emergency placement of such a child into foster

care when necessary to prevent imminent physical damage or harm to the child. 25 U.S.C.

§ 1922.3 Fort Belknap sent a letter dated April 17, 2013, confirming H.T.’s eligibility for

enrollment, showing that it received notice of the action—if not specifically the scheduled

adjudicatory hearing—before the April 25, 2013 hearing.

¶30    In most circumstances, the Department must give notice before a foster care

placement occurs. After an emergency removal, ICWA proceedings must be initiated

“expeditiously,” meaning that the Department is excused from the normal notice requirement

but is obligated to provide prompt notice in compliance with § 1912(a) after the foster care

placement occurs. 25 U.S.C. § 1922. Here, the child’s removal occurred on an emergency

basis, the Department proceeded expeditiously to identify and notify the proper tribe, and

Fort Belknap confirmed notice and advised that it intended to monitor the proceedings as

long as reunification was the plan. Because foster care placement already had been made

prior to identification of the child’s tribe and before the April 25 hearing, we conclude that

any delay in notifying Fort Belknap of the proceedings was not improper under ICWA.

¶31    Mother also argues that the record does not establish ICWA-compliant notice to Fort

Belknap of the termination hearing, because notice was not sent “by registered mail with

       3
          Though § 1922 applies by its terms to Indian children who are residents of or are domiciled
on a reservation, but “temporarily located off the reservation,” numerous courts have held that it
applies to all Indian children. E.g. Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe v. Davis, 822 N.W.2d 62, 65 (S.D.
2012); State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Marlene C. (In re Esther V.), 248 P.3d 863,
873 (N.M. 2011); State ex rel. Juvenile Dep’t of Multnomah Cnty. v. Charles, 688 P.2d 1354, 1358
(Or. Ct. App. 1984); D.E.D. v. State of Alaska, 704 P.2d 774, 779 (Alaska 1985); Matter of the
Welfare of J.A.S., 488 N.W.2d 332, 335 (Minn. Ct. App. 1992); In re S.B. v. Jeannie V., 30 Cal.
Rptr. 3d 726, 734-36, 130 Cal. App. 4th 1148, 1163-64 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005). This interpretation is
supported by § B.7(a) of the BIA Guidelines for ICWA proceedings. 44 Fed. Reg. 67589 (ICWA
Guidelines).


                                                 13
return receipt requested.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a). The Fort Belknap Tribe received notice of

the termination hearing by certified mail, and the Department filed a return receipt with the

District Court signed by an agent of Fort Belknap acknowledging the termination petition.

We recognize that there are some differences between registered and certified mail, with

registered mail being more secure. See In re Morris, 815 N.W.2d 62, 77 n. 22 (Mich. 2012).

For the purpose of indicating that Fort Belknap was given notice, however, the two are

virtually identical: both provide proof of mailing and the date and time of delivery. Return

receipts to confirm delivery may be requested both for registered and for certified mail. U.S.

Postal Service, A Customer’s Guide to Mailing, 9 (Sept. 2014), available at

https://www.usps.com.

¶32    Mother complains that the return receipt the Department filed made it impossible to

verify whether the notice of the termination was adequate; she speculates that the

Department may have provided insufficient or inaccurate information, citing In re Morris.

However, the return receipt from Fort Belknap contained the word “Termination,” H.T.’s last

name, the date of delivery, and the case number. Receipt was acknowledged a week after the

Department’s termination petition was filed with the court. The return receipt confirms that

Fort Belknap was informed of the pending termination in a timely manner. This stands in

sharp contrast to In re Morris, where the Michigan Supreme Court observed that the record

before it contained “no postal return receipts indicating whether notice was received and, if

so, by whom.” In re Morris, 491 N.W.2d at 69.

¶33    We conclude that the Department’s notice to Fort Belknap of the proceedings in this

case did not violate ICWA requirements. The only delay occurred when the Department did


                                             14
not file until November 5, 2013, Fort Belknap’s April 17, 2013 letter advising of H.T.’s

eligibility for enrollment. But that letter demonstrates that the Department had notified Fort

Belknap of the proceedings once it learned of H.T.’s affiliation and that Fort Belknap had

declined to participate pending a decision by the State whether to seek termination. The

Department had advised the court in its April 17 supplemental affidavit that it had made this

contact with Fort Belknap. The record is sufficient to demonstrate that, once the State

pursued termination, Fort Belknap received actual and timely notice of the termination

proceedings. Mother’s arguments are not persuasive that there is a substantive distinction

between registered and certified mail that renders the termination notice invalid.

       B.     Evidentiary requirements for the April 25, 2013 hearing

¶34    ICWA requires that “[a]ny party seeking to effect a foster care placement of, or

termination of parental rights to, an Indian child under State law shall satisfy the court that

active efforts have been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs

designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that these efforts have proved

unsuccessful.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d).

       No foster care placement may be ordered in such proceeding in the absence of
       a determination, supported by clear and convincing evidence, including
       testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child
       by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or
       physical damage to the child.

25 U.S.C. § 1912(e). These sections mandate that “active efforts” and “serious emotional or

physical damage” must be shown before an Indian child is placed into foster care, defined as

“any action removing an Indian child from its parent or Indian custodian for temporary

placement in a foster home or institution or the home of a guardian or conservator where the


                                              15
parent or Indian custodian cannot have the child returned upon demand, but where parental

rights have not been terminated.” 25 U.S.C. § 1903(1)(i).

¶35    Mother argues that testimony about active efforts was required at the adjudicatory

stage. The court’s written order adjudicating H.T. a youth in need of care found that the

Department made “reasonable efforts,” not active efforts. Mother also claims that the court

erred when it used a “preponderance of the evidence” standard in its order adjudicating H.T.

a youth in need of care, instead of the “clear and convincing evidence” standard prescribed

by § 1912(e).

¶36    ICWA plainly requires evidence of active efforts and “clear and convincing evidence”

of “serious emotional or physical damage to the child” before foster care placements.

Montana adheres to this requirement by demanding such evidence at the show cause hearing

that must be conducted after the filing of an initial child abuse and neglect petition. Section

41-3-432(1)(b), (5), MCA.

¶37    When an Indian child has been removed under emergency circumstances, however,

ICWA requires the following:

       The State authority, official, or agency involved shall insure that the
       emergency removal or placement terminates immediately when such removal
       or placement is no longer necessary to prevent imminent physical damage or
       harm to the child and shall expeditiously initiate a child custody proceeding
       subject to the provisions of this title [25 USCS §§ 1911-1923], transfer the
       child to the jurisdiction of the appropriate Indian tribe, or restore the child to
       the parent or Indian custodian, as may be appropriate.

25 U.S.C. § 1922. The ICWA guidelines confirm that, after an emergency removal, “the

agency responsible for the child’s removal must promptly commence a state court

proceeding for foster care placement.” ICWA Guidelines § B.7(c), 44 Fed. Reg. 67589.


                                              16
¶38    As noted, H.T. was placed into foster care under emergency circumstances before the

proper tribe had been identified. ICWA does not prevent emergency removal of an Indian

child or the emergency placement of such a child into foster care when necessary to prevent

imminent physical damage or harm to the child. 25 U.S.C. § 1922. ICWA allows temporary

or emergency custody proceedings without the findings required by § 1912(d) and (e) in

emergency circumstances. In re Esther V., 248 P.3d at 872-74; Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe,

822 N.W.2d at 65. The District Court expressly found in its October 17, 2012 order granting

emergency protective services that, because of H.T.’s exposure to domestic violence and

dangerous drugs, Mother’s neglect of H.T., and Mother’s incarceration and inability to

parent, the Department was justified in not making active efforts to prevent H.T.’s removal

from the home. At the November 15, 2012 show cause hearing, although Mother could have

required qualified expert testimony of “serious emotional or physical damage” under

§ 41-3-432(1)(b), MCA, she did not contest the Department’s request for emergency

protective services or H.T.’s foster care placement.

¶39    At the hearing on April 25, 2013, Mother stipulated to temporary legal custody,

allowing the Department to maintain the child’s kinship foster care placement without

demanding the additional findings required for such an order by § 41-3-442(1), MCA.

Mother did not contest the District Court’s explicit finding in its April 25, 2013 order that

“the parties have stipulated that ICWA is being followed, to the current placement of the

Youth, and that continued custody by the Birth Parents in this case would result in serious

emotional or physical damage to the child.” ICWA’s evidentiary requirements apply to

orders “effecting a foster care placement of an Indian child.” ICWA Guidelines § D.3(a), 44


                                             17
Fed. Reg. 67592.      Here, Mother’s stipulation to temporary legal custody rendered

unnecessary the presentation of evidence or the finding of facts on those ICWA standards.

       C.     Evidentiary requirements for the termination hearing

¶40    ICWA provides:

       No termination of parental rights may be ordered in such proceeding in the
       absence of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt,
       including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody
       of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious
       emotional or physical damage to the child.

25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). Mother argues that the court failed to make oral or written findings at

termination that the continued custody of H.T. by Mother “is likely to result in serious

emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). Mother also makes a brief

argument that the court improperly based its termination decision solely on Mother’s

substance abuse. Lastly, she argues that the District Court applied the incorrect standard of

proof at the termination hearing, relying on the “clear and convincing evidence” standard

provided under state law instead of the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard required by

§ 1912(f).

¶41    We dispense quickly with the first two arguments. At the termination hearing on

January 9, 2014, the District Court stated on the record:

       The Court finds that . . . continued custody of the child by the mother would
       likely result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child in light of her
       drug usage and her failure to acknowledge that . . . domestic violence is an
       unsafe situation for children to be present at, be a party to, watch their mother
       be abused, those are all situations that are extremely dangerous to children,
       and detrimental to them.




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This statement clearly shows that the District Court made the required findings and did not

base its determination solely on Mother’s substance abuse. Mother’s reliance on the ICWA

Guidelines for this argument is misplaced; the Guidelines state that clear and convincing

evidence of likely emotional or physical damage to the child is not demonstrated by evidence

that shows only “the existence of community or family poverty, crowded or inadequate

housing, alcohol abuse, or non-conforming social behavior[.]” ICWA Guidelines, § D.3(c),

44 Fed. Reg. 67593. In her reply brief, Mother argues that the court’s rationale nonetheless

is inadequate because it does not reference the testimony of the ICWA expert. ICWA

requires that the determination be supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt,

“including testimony of qualified expert witnesses[.]” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). It does not

require, as Mother seems to suggest, that the District Court refer to the expert by name in

making its determination. There is no question here that the ICWA expert’s testimony met

the requirements of the law. See In re K.B. & T.B., ¶¶ 28, 30.

¶42    Mother’s final argument reveals that the District Court incorrectly applied a “clear

and convincing evidence” standard in its written order on the termination of Mother’s

parental rights. At the termination hearing, although the court stated that it made all of its

findings “[i]in accordance with the standards necessary for an ICWA case,” the court did not

articulate the standard it was applying. The court’s conclusions of law state that “the

evidence shows, by clear and convincing evidence, that continuation of the parent-child legal

relationship between the Youth and the Birth Mother will result in an ongoing risk of abuse

and/or neglect to the Youth.” A noted above, ICWA prohibits a parent’s rights from being

terminated unless the court determines, “beyond a reasonable doubt, . . . that the continued


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custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional

or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). ICWA sets minimum federal

standards that “must be followed strictly by state courts.” In re K.B. & T.B., ¶ 21. Holding

the Department to its burden of proof is a critical requirement.

¶43    While we may uphold a district court’s termination of parental rights if the evidence

supports a determination “that continued custody by the parent is likely to result in serious

emotional or physical damage to the child[,]” In re K.B. & T.B., ¶ 18, whether the

Department proved the requisite standards beyond a reasonable doubt should be determined

in the first instance by the District Court. Accordingly, we vacate the District Court’s

judgment and remand for entry of a new order to address whether the evidence established

beyond a reasonable doubt, as required by 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f), that continued custody of

H.T. by Mother likely would result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶44    We conclude that Mother received fundamentally fair procedures prior to the

termination of her parental rights. She never raised any objection to the lack of a formal

adjudicatory hearing, and her stipulations reflect her assent to the determination that H.T.

was abused or neglected. The child’s Tribe was notified of the proceedings at the early

stages, indicated its desire to monitor the case, and did not participate after it received

appropriate, timely notice of the termination hearing. Proper expert testimony was presented

at the termination hearing. Because the District Court applied the wrong statutory standards

in its final order, however, its judgment is vacated. We remand for entry of a new order on

the issue whether Mother’s parental rights should be terminated.


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                               /S/ BETH BAKER

We Concur:


/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA




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