[Cite as State v. Hudson, 2013-Ohio-5529.]
                           STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                )    CASE NO. 11 MA 77
                                             )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                   )
                                             )
VS.                                          )    OPINION
                                             )
CHARLES HUDSON                               )
                                             )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                  )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                         Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                  Common Pleas of Mahoning County,
                                                  Ohio
                                                  Case No. 09 CR 1190

JUDGMENT:                                         Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                           Atty. Paul J. Gains
                                                  Mahoning County Prosecutor
                                                  Atty. Ralph M. Rivera
                                                  Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                  21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor
                                                  Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellant:                          Atty. Fernando Mack
                                                  420 Lakeside Place
                                                  323 W. Lakeside Avenue
                                                  Cleveland, Ohio 44113


JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
                                                  Dated: December 9, 2013
[Cite as State v. Hudson, 2013-Ohio-5529.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}    Appellant Charles Hudson appeals his conviction in the Mahoning

County Common Pleas Court for the kidnapping, gross sexual imposition and rape of

a minor female child. Appellant argues that his speedy trial rights were violated, that

his pre-trial identification should have been suppressed, and that his convictions were

against the manifest weight of the evidence. He also argues if his convictions stand,

they should have been merged for sentencing purposes.                  Appellant’s four

assignments of error are without merit and are overruled. The judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

                                 Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}    On October 12, 2009 between 7:00 and 7:10 a.m. a fourteen-year old

female child (“M”) was walking down Tremble Ave. in Campbell, Ohio, on her way to

school.     When M reached the intersection of Tremble and 12th St., Appellant

appeared from around the corner, grabbed her arm, put a knife to her throat, and told

her to be quiet or he would hurt her. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 334.)

        {¶3}    Appellant compelled M to walk through the Sycamore Apartment

parking lot to an abandoned house on 13th St.. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 334.) Once inside the

house on 13th St., Appellant forced her up the stairs to a bedroom on the second

floor. When they reached the second floor Appellant said to M, “you already know

what I want” and M asked him to let her go. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 368.)

        {¶4}    Appellant held the knife in his hand as he forced his tongue into M’s

mouth, kissing her. (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 337-338.) M asked him “please stop” and asked

him again to let her go. (Tr. Vol. II, p. 338.) Appellant refused and told her “be quiet,
                                                                                       -2-

or you’re gonna get hurt.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 338.) Appellant then moved M into a room,

removed her shirt, and told her to lie on a blanket on the floor near a window. (Tr.

Vol. II, p. 338.) Appellant removed M’s pants and underwear, touched her thighs,

placed the knife within his reach, and forced his penis into her vagina. (Tr. Vol. II, pp.

339-340; 342.)

       {¶5}   When Appellant finished, he got up and left the room. M kicked the

knife away from her, dressed, and ran home. When M entered her house she was

crying. She attempted to tell her brother what had happened, but couldn’t speak

coherently. Her brother shouted for their father and M finally told her parents what

happened. The family drove around the neighborhood to see if she could point out

her assailant, but Appellant appeared to have left the area. When the family returned

home, M showered. M’s parents took her to the Campbell Police Department and

reported the crime. M then went to the Child Advocacy Center where a rape kit was

completed and a medical examination performed.

       {¶6}   When M gave her report to the police she told them that at some point

that morning she lost her glasses. When investigators went to the abandoned house

she described, her glasses were located in a second floor bedroom. (Tr. Vol. II, p.

425.) Additional items were recovered from the room including a piece of blue carpet

that had bodily fluids on it, a kitchen knife, and a piece of string. The underwear M

wore that morning was also retrieved. The house itself burned down a few days after

the investigation.   Only the photographs taken by the investigators and items

recovered from the room remain. (Tr. Vol. III, pp. 471, 477.) The pictures taken of
                                                                                     -3-

the room where additional evidence was collected include an image of the words

“Bev’s house” written in black marker on the windowsill. (Tr. Vol. III, p. 457.)

       {¶7}   M described the man who attacked her as an older black male,

between forty and fifty-nine, with a distinctive walk, who possibly had some facial

hair. (Tr. Vol. III, pp. 479-481.) The investigating officer compiled a photographic

array using a computer program designed to take images from the BMV. Based on

the investigator’s belief that, due to M’s age, she might perceive men both older and

younger than the range she suggested to be in the same twenty-year range, he

included men both older and younger than M indicated. (Tr. Vol. III, pp. 479-482.)

The investigator included Appellant’s image because of M’s description of a

distinctive walk. Appellant, and his distinctive walk, were known to the investigator.

In addition to including Appellant in the array the officer also included the image of a

Mr. Beverly who, according to the investigator, commonly went by Bev, based on the

words found on the windowsill in the room where M was sexually assaulted. (Tr. Vol.

III, p. 483.) M identified Appellant as the man who kidnapped and sexually assaulted

her; she re-identified him from the witness stand at trial. (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 483; 343.)

After identifying Appellant in the photographic array, M began to cry, but was able to

confirm when asked that she was sure he was her assailant. (Tr. Vol. III, p. 484.)

       {¶8}   Appellant was apprehended the following day in a house where he and

another individual were staying. When the police entered the house, the room where

Appellant was found was filled with four feet of jumbled household items. Appellant

had concealed himself among the items and was so wedged against furniture and
                                                                                     -4-

covered with other items that he needed the assistance of the officers to uncover him

before he could be taken into custody. (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 451-454.)

      {¶9}    Analysis of the rape kit revealed semen on the vaginal swabs. The

physical examination of M revealed evidence of penetration and blunt force trauma to

her genital area. The DNA recovered from the rape kit swabs was matched with

Appellant’s DNA. (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 417-420.) Appellant stipulated to the contents of

and results drawn from the rape kit and acknowledged that his genetic material in the

form of semen was collected from M’s vagina, but said that the sexual encounter was

consensual.

      {¶10} Trial began on February 28, 2011 and concluded on March 3, 2011.

The jury returned guilty verdicts on all four counts in the indictment: (1) rape, in

violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2); (2) kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(4); (3)

kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2); and (4) gross sexual imposition, in

violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(1).

      {¶11} At sentencing, the trial court merged the two kidnapping counts.

Defense counsel asked that the rape and gross sexual imposition charges also be

merged.    The state opposed the second merger and emphasized that different

instances of contact and conduct had occurred to support the separate charges. The

trial judge explained on the record that the court would apply the two-part test

articulated in “State versus Lee” “decided, November of 2010” and that in applying

the decision, the trial court compared the elements of the offenses and found that a

conviction for gross sexual imposition would not “in and of itself convict one of the
                                                                                    -5-

charge of rape.” (Sentencing Hrg. Tr., pp. 6-7.) For that reason, the trial court found

that gross sexual imposition could be committed without committing rape and in this

instance would not merge.     Appellant filed a timely appeal of his conviction and

sentence.

                                 Argument and Law

                              First Assignment of Error

      MR. HUDSON WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS OF LAW AND HIS

      RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL WAS VIOLATED WHEN HE WAS NOT

      BROUGHT TO TRIAL IN A TIMELY MANNER.

      {¶12} In Ohio, the right to a speedy trial is protected by both federal and state

law. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:

      In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a

      speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district

      wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have

      been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature

      and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses

      against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his

      favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.

The constitutional speedy trial right “is a more vague concept than other procedural

rights.” State v. Davis, 46 Ohio St.2d 444, 448, 349 N.E.2d 315 (1976); Barker v.

Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 521, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (1972).           Due to this vagueness, it is

“impossible to determine with precision when the right has been denied. We cannot
                                                                                         -6-

definitely say how long is too long in a system where justice is supposed to be swift

but deliberate.” Id. “[A]ny inquiry into a speedy trial claim necessitates a functional

analysis of the right in the particular context of the case: ‘The right of a speedy trial is

necessarily relative. It is consistent with delays and depends upon circumstances. It

secures rights to a defendant. It does not preclude the rights of public justice.” Id.,

quoting Beavers v. Haubert, 198 U.S. 77, 78; 25 S.Ct. 573 (1905).

       {¶13} The statutory speedy trial right in Ohio provides: “Upon motion made at

or prior to the commencement of trial, a person charged with an offense shall be

discharged if he is not brought to trial within the time required by sections 2945.71

and 2945.72 of the Revised Code.”           R.C. 2945.73(B).      Revised Code section

2945.71, titled: “Time for trial” provides “[a] person against whom a charge of felony

is pending: * * * (2) Shall be brought to trial within two hundred seventy days after the

person’s arrest.” The statute requires: “[f]or purposes of computing time * * * each

day during which the accused is held in jail in lieu of bail on the pending charge shall

be counted as three days.” R.C. 2945.71(C)(2), (E). The provisions of R.C. 2945.71

and 2945.73, which implement Article I, Section 10 the of Ohio Constitution, relating

to the guarantee of an accused's right to a speedy public trial, are mandatory and

must be strictly complied with by the state. Davis, supra.

       {¶14} Although the statute sets a time limit for trial, actions by an accused, by

the state, or by the court, may lawfully increase the period of time allowed:
                                                                            -7-

The time within which an accused must be brought to trial, or, in the

case of felony, to preliminary hearing and trial, may be extended only

by the following:


(A) Any period during which the accused is unavailable for hearing or

trial, by reason of other criminal proceedings against him * * *


(B) Any period during which the accused is mentally incompetent to

stand trial or during which his mental competence to stand trial is being

determined, or any period during which the accused is physically

incapable of standing trial;


(C) Any period of delay necessitated by the accused’s lack of counsel,

provided that such delay is not occasioned by any lack of diligence in

providing counsel to an indigent accused upon his request as required

by law;


(D) Any period of delay occasioned by the neglect or improper act of

the accused;


(E) Any period of delay necessitated by reason of a plea in bar or

abatement, motion, proceeding, or action made or instituted by the

accused;


***
                                                                                      -8-

       (H)   The period of any continuance granted on the accused's own

       motion, and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other

       than upon the accused's own motion. * * *

R.C. 2945.72(A)-(H). In addition to motions by the accused and motions by the state

for continuance, a trial court’s sua sponte continuance will toll the speedy trial clock,

but any “sua sponte continuance must be reasonable, and must be accompanied by

a journal entry which is made prior to the expiration of the statutory time limit and

explains the reasons for the continuance.” State v. King, 70 Ohio St.3d 158, 160,

637 N.E.2d 903 (1994) (reaffirming State v. Mincy, 2 Ohio St.3d 6, 441 N.E.2d 571

(1982). When other actions by the accused cause a delay, courts have also charged

the delay against the accused and tolled the speedy trial clock. Id. In each instance

the amount of time must be reasonable.

       {¶15} The constitutional and statutory speedy trial rights are coextensive.

The tolling provisions in the statute operate to toll both rights, the right may also be

waived. An explicit waiver of either the constitutional or the statutory speedy trial

right is a waiver of both rights under the law. King, supra. “To be effective, an

accused’s waiver of his or her constitutional and statutory rights to a speedy trial

must be expressed in writing or made in open court on the record.” Id. at syllabus.

An accused’s waiver of speedy trial rights must also be knowing and voluntary;

however, speedy trial rights can also be waived by counsel for the accused, even

without the accused’s consent for the purposes of trial preparation. State v. Dubose,

174 Ohio App.3d 637, 884 N.E.2d 75 (2007), citing State v. McBreen, 54 Ohio St.2d
                                                                                    -9-

315, 320, 376 N.E.2d 593 (1978) and State v. Taylor, 98 Ohio St.3d 27, 2002-Ohio-

7017, ¶33. The “trial court may reasonably rely upon the written waiver of speedy

trial as filed within the case.” State v. O’Brien, 34 Ohio St.3d 7, 10, 516 N.E.2d 218

(1987). In order to revoke a valid speedy trial waiver, a defendant must “formally

inform the court of an objection to a further continuance” and of “a reassertion of the

defendant’s right to a speedy trial.” Id. at 9-10.

       {¶16} Appellant agreed to an unlimited and irrevocable waiver of his speedy

trial right on December 11, 2009 during what would have been the final pre-trial

hearing before his original trial date, December 14, 2009. The waiver reads:

       I, Charles Hudson, the above named Defendant in the above case

       number(s) and charged with the crime(s) of Rape, 2 counts of

       Kidnapping and Gross Sexual Imposition Ohio Revised Code Section

       2907.01(A)(2)(B),       2905.01(A)(4)(c),     2905.01     (A)(2)(c)     &

       2907.05(A)(1)(c) being represented by counsel and having been

       advised of my constitutional and statutory right to a speedy trial * * *

       hereby irrevocably waive my right to a speedy trial and request an

       indefinite continuance of the trial of the same.

(12/11/09 Waiver.)

       {¶17} “Trial date to be set” also appears on the entry. The document was

signed by the prosecutor, defense counsel, Appellant, and the judge. A journal entry

from the same date, filed on December 14, 2009, states: “Case called for pretrial.

Counsel for both parties present. Defense counsel to file motions. Supplemental
                                                                                  -10-

discovery to be provided to defense counsel. Defendant waived speedy trial. Jury

trial set for Monday, December 14, 2009 is hereby continued.” (12/14/09 J.E.) The

waiver was executed and journalized on the sixtieth day following Appellant’s

October 12, 2009 arrest.     Regardless of whether Appellant actually signed the

waiver, and the uncontradicted material in the record indicates that he did, the

signature of his counsel, who needed to file additional motions and receive

supplemental discovery prior to trial, was sufficient to waive Appellant’s speedy trial

rights. King, supra; McBreen, supra, paragraph one of the syllabus.

      {¶18} The waiver executed by counsel and Appellant was for an indefinite

term and, according to its terms, could not be withdrawn. Where, as here, there is a

valid written speedy trial waiver of indefinite duration, any discussion of statutory

tolling events is relevant only to the timeliness of the waiver. Because the waiver

was executed on the sixtieth day following Appellant’s arrest, even without

accounting for any pre-waiver tolling event, it is clear that the waiver was timely.

Because the waiver was timely and of indefinite duration, the next question is

whether and when the waiver was withdrawn.

      {¶19} The revocation of a speedy trial waiver must meet specific

requirements. The revocation must be in writing; clearly indicate the intent to revoke

waiver; object to further continuances; and include a demand for trial.       State v.

Bandy, 7th Dist. No. 05-MA-49, 2007-Ohio-859 and State v. Love, 7th Dist. No. 02

CA 245, 2009-Ohio-1762. The clear intent to revoke a waiver, without a trial demand

is not a valid revocation. Bandy, supra.    Similarly, a verbal objection made to a
                                                                                  -11-

prosecutor is not revocation. Taylor, supra. Appellant asserted in his October 15,

2010 motion to dismiss, and again on appeal, that his July 9, 2010 pro se letter to the

court dismissing counsel constituted a withdrawal of his speedy trial waiver.

      {¶20} Appellant’s July 9, 2010 letter was addressed to the “Clerk of Common

Pleas Court” and did not include a formal objection or a demand for trial. In this

letter, Appellant informed the clerk that he was “discharge[ing]” his counsel.      He

indicated that the continuance counsel had requested was no longer needed, asked

that the clerk “make an immediate court date” and requested that the court hold a

hearing “under section 2937.21 (Continuance).” Appellant’s July 9 pro se letter did

not formally (or informally) object to future continuances, demand trial, or reassert a

speedy trial right. Instead, Appellant merely informed the clerk that he discharged

counsel and was requesting a hearing.

      {¶21} The statute cited by Appellant, R.C. 2937.21, reads: “No continuance

at any stage of the proceeding, including that for determination of a motion, shall

extend for more than ten days unless both the state and the accused consent

thereto. Any continuance or delay in ruling contrary to the provisions of this section

shall, unless procured by defendant or his counsel, be grounds for discharge of the

defendant forthwith.”   The section does not provide for a hearing and has “no

application in a court of common pleas.” State v. Martin, 56 Ohio St.2d 289, 384

N.E.2d 239 (1978). Appellant’s July 9 pro se letter was not addressed to the court,

did not object to further continuances, and did not include a demand for trial. Hence,

it does not operate as a revocation of Appellant’s speedy trial waiver.
                                                                                     -12-

       {¶22} On appeal, Appellant alleges a prima facie speedy trial violation

because “over 513 days” elapsed between arrest and trial, triggering the state’s

burden to demonstrate proper tolling of R.C. 2945.71 requirements. (Appellant’s Brf.,

p. 15.) Appellant alleges that he did not sign the speedy trial waiver contained in the

record, and contends in the alternative that he unequivocally withdrew his waiver in

the letter dated July 9, 2010. Although Appellant argues that he was not brought to

trial within a reasonable time after withdrawing his waiver, he focuses his argument

on challenging the existence of sufficient tolling events to justify the lapse of time

between arrest and trial.       He does not address the reasonableness of the

proceedings once he entered his waiver. While the existence of tolling events is

relevant to a pre-waiver statutory speedy trial claim, they no longer control our

analysis where waiver is waived.          In this instance, Appellant has failed to

demonstrate the absence of a valid waiver or his withdrawal of that valid waiver prior

to the November 3, 2010 agreement setting a February 2011 trial date.

       {¶23} Appellant’s motion for dismissal based on speedy trial rights was not

predicated on Appellant’s final handwritten letter to the court, journalized on

November 3, 2010. This letter, dated April 15, 2010 and addressed to the court,

states: “It has come to my attention, that my attorney * * * has file [sic] a waiver of

speedy trial rights. Well I now, on April 15, 2010. [sic] File a written, formal objection

and demand for trial.”     (11/3/10 Letter.)   Appellant concludes the letter “I * * *

knowlingly and [i]ntelightly [sic] make an [sic] formal Objection to File waiver of
                                                                                    -13-

speedy rights and Ask, No I demand A trial within a reasonable time.” (11/3/10

Letter.)

       {¶24} There is nothing in the record to indicate that this letter was received by

the court before November 3, 2010, even though it contains the date of April 15,

2010. On November 3, 2010, the same day the court received the letter, the parties

agreed to a February 28, 2011 trial date, stating that it was “the next available trial

date for the court and all parties.” (11/4/10 J.E.) Appellant’s November 3, 2010 pro

se letter to the court and his October 15, 2010 motion to dismiss allege differing

defects in the speedy trial waiver executed by Appellant on December 11, 2009.

However, no affidavit, transcript, or other evidentiary material was placed in the

record in support of these allegations.

       {¶25} Appellant’s November 3, 2010 letter does amount to a withdrawal of his

speedy trial waiver pursuant to O’Brien, and triggers the requirement that the state

“bring the accused to trial within a reasonable time.”         Id., paragraph two of the

syllabus. The state satisfied this requirement that same day when, according to a

judgment entry dated November 3, 2010 (and journalized November 4, 2010), “upon

agreement of the parties, the jury trial set for 11/8/10 is hereby continued. Final

pretrial is set for 12/15/10 @ 1:30 pm. Jury trial is set for February 28, 2011 which is

the next available trial date for the court and all parties.” (11/4/10 J.E.)

       {¶26} When a party agrees to a trial date beyond the ninety-day speedy trial

limit, the extension is treated in the same manner as a continuance.            State v.

Cutcher, 56 Ohio St.2d 383, 384 N.E.2d 275 (1978) “the trial court has the discretion
                                                                                      -14-

to extend the time limits of R.C. 2945.71 when counsel for the accused agrees to a

trial date beyond the statutory time limits” and trial court’s “exercise of that discretion

constitutes a ‘continuance granted other than upon the accused’s own motion’ under

R.C. 2945.72(H).” Id. at 385 quoting State v. Davis, 46 Ohio St.2d 444, 349 N.E.2d

315 (1976). Under the circumstances as evidenced in this record, a valid speedy trial

waiver was entered on December 11, 2009 and withdrawn on November 3, 2010.

The same day waiver was withdrawn, February 28, 2011 was agreed upon as the

earliest date both parties and the court were available for trial. Trial commenced as

scheduled without the renewal of a speedy trial objection. Trial by an agreement of

the parties on the first date the parties and the court are available after the withdrawal

of a valid indefinite speedy trial waiver is reasonable under the circumstances and

complies with the requirements of O’Brien. Assuming arguendo that Appellant had

submitted a prior valid withdrawal of his waiver, if the waiver itself was defective, or

continuances granted after the waiver were unreasonable, Appellant’s agreement to

a trial date and decision not to renew any speedy trial objection prior to the

commencement of trial on the agreed date waives any argument on these points for

the purposes of this appeal. Cutcher, supra.

       {¶27} For the reasons stated above, Appellant’s first assignment of error is

without merit and is overruled.

                              Second Assignment of Error

       THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO TREAT THE GROSS SEXUAL

       IMPOSITION, RAPE AND KIDNAPPING CONVICTIONS AS ALLIED
                                                                                  -15-

      OFFENSES OF SIMILAR IMPORT AND MERGE THEM AT THE

      SENTENCING HEARING.

      {¶28} Appellant contends that we should ignore current merger law and apply

an earlier version of merger formerly used only where a kidnapping charge was

incidental to a rape charge.     Appellant’s argument quotes material concerning

analysis of the connection between kidnapping and rape, and contends that the

same analysis should control the relationship between rape and gross sexual

imposition. Appellant advocates an interpretation of merger law that would permit an

offender to commit multiple crimes with impunity merely because he or she was able

to move quickly enough from one violation to the next while committing these crimes

in close physical proximity to one another. This is not the intent of the law regarding

merger.

      {¶29} Merger is intended “to prevent shotgun convictions, that is, multiple

findings of guilt and corresponding punishments” for “offenses arising from the same

occurrence.” State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d

1061, ¶43. Although all of the acts that led to Appellant’s conviction occurred on the

same morning, and some of the conduct that resulted in separate convictions

occurred on the same floor of an abandoned house, the proximity of these acts in

space and time does not change the fact that each conviction was based on separate

conduct and for that reason are not allied offenses within the meaning of R.C.

2941.25 and Johnson.
                                                                                    -16-

      {¶30} The law pertaining to allied offenses in Ohio is continually evolving,

however, as we have recently considered at length in State v. Helms, 7th Dist. No. 08

MA 199, 2012-Ohio-1147 and State v. Gilbert 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 206, 2012-Ohio-

1165, the Supreme Court’s plurality decision in Johnson, supra, is the standard

currently applied by all Ohio district courts that have considered the issue. “Allied

offenses of similar import” are defined by R.C. 2941.25, which provides:

      (A)   Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to

      constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or

      information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant

      may be convicted of only one.


      (B) Where defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses of

      dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses

      of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate

      animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for

      all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.

      {¶31} Under Johnson, a trial or reviewing court is to determine whether the

“offenses are allied offenses of similar import” by applying two stages of analysis.

Johnson, supra, ¶48. A court begins this inquiry by asking “whether the offenses

were committed by the same conduct,” and continues to ask “whether it is possible to

commit one offense and commit the other with the same conduct” but not “whether it

is possible to commit one without committing the other.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶47-

48. If the answer to both questions is yes, the “offenses correspond to such a degree
                                                                                     -17-

that the conduct of the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes

commission of the other, then the offenses are of similar import.” Id. at ¶48. If, on

the other hand, “the court determines that the commission of one offense will never

result in the commission of the other,” then the offenses are not allied and do not

merge. (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶51.

       {¶32} Even if a court identifies offenses of similar import, it must then consider

whether the offenses were committed separately, or if the defendant had separate

animus for each offense. Id. If the offenses were committed separately, or if there

was separate animus for each, they remain separate for sentencing purposes. Id.

Because the allied offense test is both case and fact specific, it “may result in varying

results for the same set of offenses in different cases.” Id. at ¶52. An “appellate

court reviews the legal conclusion of whether the offenses are allied using a de novo

standard, but because the trial judge is the fact-finder, the trial court’s determinations

as to the facts are not reviewable de novo.” State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482,

2012-Ohio-5699, 983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶30. “In fact, the appellate court should defer to

the factual findings of the trial court, provided they are supported by some competent,

credible[,] evidence.” Id.

       {¶33} Appellant was convicted on four counts: one count of rape, a violation

of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2); two counts of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01, (A)(2)

and (A)(4), and one count of gross sexual imposition, a violation of R.C.

2907.05(A)(1). Rape is a violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) which provides: “No person

shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender purposely compels
                                                                                  -18-

the other person to submit by force or threat of force.” Sexual conduct is defined by

R.C. 2907.01(A) as:

      [V]aginal intercourse between a male and female; anal intercourse,

      fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex; and,

      without privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of

      the body or any instrument, apparatus, or other object into the vaginal

      or anal opening of another. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to

      complete vaginal or anal intercourse.

      {¶34} Gross sexual imposition is a violation of R.C. 2907.05(A), which

provides:

      No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the

      offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual

      contact with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have

      sexual contact when any of the following applies:


      (1) The offender purposely compels the other person, or one of the

      other persons, to submit by force or threat of force.

      {¶35} “Sexual contact” is defined by R.C. 2907.01(B) as “any touching of an

erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock,

pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually

arousing or gratifying   either person.”   Finally, kidnapping is a violation of R.C.

2905.01(A), which provides:
                                                                                  -19-

      No person, by force, threat, or deception, * * * shall remove another

      from the place where the other person is found or restrain the liberty of

      the other person, for any of the following purposes:


      ***


      (2) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter;


      [AND]


      (4) To engage in sexual activity, as defined in section 2907.01 of the

      Revised Code, with the victim against the victim’s will[.]

Each statute defines a different criminal act.       R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) defines and

penalizes sexual conduct, which is separate and distinct from sexual contact, which

is addressed by R.C. 2907.05(A)(1). Kidnapping, on the other hand is a restraint on

the liberty of another. R.C. 2905.01. As the trial court noted, a conviction for gross

sexual imposition “does not in and of itself convict one of the charge of rape.”

(Sentencing Hrg. Tr., pp. 6-7.)

      {¶36} Appellant contends that rape and kidnapping charges “are routinely

found to be allied offenses.”     (Appellant’s Brf., p. 24.)   He extrapolates that to

essentially state that they are always allied offenses. Appellant overstates the law

with regard to rape and kidnapping. While rape inherently involves a restraint on the

liberty of another, and where the act of rape, itself, is the sole unlawful exercise of

restraint on the physical liberty of another person, the law is clear that any

accompanying kidnapping charge should merge with the rape charge. Although rape
                                                                                   -20-

inherently contains an unlawful restraint on liberty which constitutes kidnapping, the

circumstances of the offense is determinative with regard to merger. State v. Logan,

60 Ohio St.2d 126, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979). The Logan Court emphasized that

“[s]ecret confinement, such as in an abandoned building or nontrafficked area” may

support a conviction for kidnapping apart from the commission of an underlying

offense.” Id. at 135. Similarly, “prolonged restraint without asportation * * * will

support a conviction for kidnapping as a separate act or animus from that of rape.”

Id. at 134-135. According to the Logan Court, the “primary issue * * * is whether the

restraint or movement of the victim is merely incidental to a separate underlying

crime or, instead, whether it has a significance independent of the other offense.” Id.

      {¶37} According to Logan, even if the offense occurs at a “stand-still” a

kidnapping charge, conviction, and sentence may still be appropriate; but in many

instances the two crimes will merge. Id. The facts in this record reflect more than the

slight relocation the Logan Court rejected; they resulted in a complete removal to the

type of location the Logan Court singled out that clearly supports a separate

kidnapping charge, even in the absence of relocation. Id. at 135. The record reflects

that Appellant was sentenced for restraining the victim at knifepoint and forcing her

across a parking lot to the second floor of an abandoned house, not merely for the

physical restraint of the victim, holding her down, that necessarily occurs during a

forced sexual encounter that results in rape or gross sexual imposition. (Tr. Vol. II,

pp. 333-340, 383, 534.) The factual circumstances in this case support the trial

court’s conclusion that the kidnapping charge was not an allied offense of the rape.
                                                                                 -21-

Each conviction was based on separate acts.        Appellant’s kidnapping conviction

should not merge with either his rape or gross sexual imposition convictions. A

separate sentence for kidnapping is supported in this record and was lawful.

Johnson, supra, ¶47 and Logan, supra, 135.

       {¶38} With regard to his convictions for gross sexual imposition and rape, the

trial court again concluded at sentencing that each offense was the result of separate

conduct, which, under Johnson, means the two counts should not merge for

sentencing purposes. Johnson, supra, ¶49. At sentencing, the state cited to the

following conduct that formed the basis of Appellant’s gross sexual imposition

conviction: Appellant forced M into the house and up the stairs, M asked him to

release her. Appellant refused and forced his tongue into her mouth. M asked him to

stop. Appellant refused, and continued to force his tongue into her mouth, kissing

her. Throughout this encounter he was holding the knife.

       {¶39} According to the record here, Appellant then moved M across the room

to a blanket on the floor under the window. Once Appellant had moved M across the

room he took her shirt off and forced her to lie down on the floor. He proceeded to

remove her pants and underwear, place the knife within reach, touched her thigh,

and assaulted her vaginally. Appellant was charged with rape for this latter conduct.

The trial court concluded “the charge and conviction of gross sexual imposition and

rape do not merge, one dealing with the conduct, one dealing with the contact. The

facts and elements indicate to me that they are separate.” (Sentencing Hrg. Tr., p.

23.)
                                                                                  -22-

      {¶40} Appellant does not conduct the analysis of gross sexual imposition and

rape required by Johnson, or address the trial court’s findings at sentencing. Instead,

Appellant argues that we should apply a variant of the merger analysis conducted by

the Ohio Supreme Court in that Court’s 1979 Logan decision.            Every decision

Appellant cites for his proposition either pre-dates or does not apply Johnson and

addresses the merger of kidnapping with other offenses, not the merger of gross

sexual imposition with rape. Appellant also ignores the fact that various courts both

pre and post-Johnson have declined to merge gross sexual imposition convictions

with rape convictions, even when the offenses were essentially simultaneous, where

different acts underlie each conviction (bearing in mind that gross sexual imposition

may be a lesser included offense of rape when the only fact supporting the crime

charged is the alleged penetration). See, e.g., State v. Reid, 8th Dist. No. 83206,

2004-Ohio-2018; State v. Brown, 12 Ohio St.3d 147, 465 N.E.2d 889 (1984); State v.

Butts, 9th Dist. No. 24517, 2009-Ohio-6430.

      {¶41} While Appellant’s argument is not legally accurate, even if we were to

ignore Johnson and instead apply Logan to the facts of this case, the trial court’s

result is correct, because the convictions are based on separate acts. Logan does

not yield the result Appellant advocates; the Ohio Supreme Court, when citing Logan,

has previously rejected similar merger arguments. State v. Foust, 105 Ohio St.3d

137, 2004-Ohio-7006, 823 N.E.2d 836. The trial court found distinct factual bases for

each conviction and the record supports that it properly applied the relevant law.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.
                                                                                      -23-

                               Third Assignment of Error

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO SUPPRESS THE

       RESULTS OF THE UNDULY SUGGESTIVE PHOTO ARRAY.

       {¶42} A trial court's decision on a motion to suppress will not be disturbed

when it is supported by substantial credible evidence. State v. Johnson, 137 Ohio

App.3d 847, 850, 739 N.E.2d 1249 (2000).            We accept the trial court's factual

findings and rely on the court's ability to assess the witness's credibility, but must

independently determine, without deference to the trial court, whether the court

applied the appropriate legal standard.        Burnside, supra, at ¶8, citing State v.

McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539 (1997). Our review is limited to

determining whether the trial court's findings are supported by competent, credible

evidence. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, at

¶8 citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Review is limited

because “[i]n a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence, the trial court assumes the

role of trier of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate

the credibility of witnesses.” State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 653, 645 N.E.2d

831 (1994).

       {¶43} The United States Supreme Court specified factors to consider when

evaluating the constitutionality of a pre-trial identification in U.S. v. Wade, 388 U.S.

218, 241, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967). They are: the prior opportunity of

the witness to observe the alleged criminal act; the existence of any discrepancy

between the pre-lineup description and the defendant's actual description; any
                                                                                     -24-

identification prior to the lineup of another person; identification by photograph of the

defendant prior to the lineup; failure to identify the defendant on a prior occasion; and

the lapse of time between the alleged act and the lineup identification. Id. While the

“due process clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments forbids a lineup that is

unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification,” “[a]

defendant in a lineup need not be surrounded by people nearly identical in

appearance.”     State v. Sheardon, 31 Ohio St.2d 20, 285 N.E.2d 335 (1972)

paragraph two of the syllabus; State v. Davis, 76 Ohio St.3d 107, 112, 666 N.E.2d

1099 (1996).

       {¶44} In addition, in evaluating the suggestiveness of the line-up the court

must also consider “the central question, whether under the ‘totality of the

circumstances’ the identification was reliable even though the confrontation

procedure was suggestive.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199 (1972). To determine

the reliability of the identification, the factors to consider “include the opportunity of

the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness’ degree of

attention, the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, the level of

certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time

between the crime and the confrontation.” Id. at 199-200. In Biggers, the United

States Supreme Court concluded that the court had focused unduly on the “relative

reliability of a lineup as opposed to a showup,” and as a result reached conclusions

on the “critical facts” that were “unsupported by the record and clearly erroneous.” Id.

at 200. The Supreme Court listed the critical facts in that record, and they are similar
                                                                                      -25-

to the scenario in the matter at bar, a rape after the forced relocation of the victim to a

secluded location:

       The victim spent a considerable period of time with her assailant, up to

       half an hour. She was with him under adequate artificial light in her

       house and under a full moon outdoors, and at least twice, once in the

       house and later in the woods, faced him directly and intimately. She

       was no casual observer, but rather the victim of one of the most

       personally humiliating of all crimes. Her description to the police, which

       included the assailant’s approximate age, height, weight, complexion,

       skin texture, build, and voice, might not have satisfied Proust but was

       more than ordinarily thorough. She had “no doubt” that respondent was

       the person who raped her. In the nature of the crime, there are rarely

       witnesses to a rape other than the victim, who often has a limited

       opportunity of observation.      The victim here, a practical nurse by

       profession, had an unusual opportunity to observe and identify her

       assailant.

Id. at 200-201.     The Supreme Court concluded, based on the above facts, that

despite any suggestiveness in the showup the identification was reliable. As a result,

there was “no substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Id.

       {¶45} The witness in this matter was not a practical nurse, but this fourteen-

year-old school-girl was nevertheless able to describe Appellant’s relative age,

height, complexion, walk, and facial features. She was taken at knifepoint at seven in
                                                                                    -26-

the morning and forced to accompany her assailant across a parking lot and into an

abandoned house, before he forced his tongue into her mouth and then moved her

across the room to engage in “one of the most personally humiliating of all crimes.”

Id. at 200. Under the circumstances, she had more than adequate light by which to

observe her assailant, an extended period of time in which to do so, and an obvious

and traumatic reason to remember. She was shown the photo array the same day,

and burst into tears when she reached Appellant’s photo. She has never wavered in

her identification of Appellant and has never identified any other individual as her

assailant. Appellant himself has admitted sexual contact and conduct occurred with

the victim that morning, as described. He only denies the forcible nature of the

encounter. Under these circumstances it is impossible to conclude that any alleged

suggestiveness in the photo array created a substantial likelihood of misidentification.

         {¶46} At the suppression hearing, in response to defense counsel’s

questions, the detective explained that the composition of the array began with “two

possible suspects.” (Suppression Hrg. Tr., p. 27.) In addition to the two suspects,

the detective filled the array with individuals who matched the victim’s description and

were also residents of the area, because logically, the individual involved was familiar

with “the area,” knew “that home was abandoned,” and that “school was happening

that morning.” (Suppression Hrg. Tr., p. 27.) The detective also explained, “I’m 38,

so I could look 40 to 59 to a 14-year-old, so I wanted to key into people it could have

been.”    (Suppression Hrg. Tr., p. 27.)    To this end, the detective selected the

remaining images in the array, a number of whom, like Appellant, had facial hair,
                                                                                    -27-

were local, appeared to be within the age range, and had prior criminal contacts with

police. Appellant did not introduce the array into evidence at trial or in the record

prior to trial.   On appeal, our review is necessarily restricted to the trial court’s

assessment of the array, testimony concerning the array, and the applicable law.

       {¶47} Appellant believes that he was the only individual in the array who

appeared close to 60 and had gray hair, and that these differences made the photo

array unduly suggestive.        Appellant’s argument actually relies on quotes of

statements made by Appellant’s counsel and the detective during the suppression

hearing concerning their subjective assessments of the ages of the individuals, not

on factual information of record concerning the actual ages of the individuals

depicted. Appellant contends that the array should have been filled with individuals

closer to 60 than to 40, regardless of the broader range provided by the victim.

       {¶48} Appellant does not offer a legal basis for his belief that, to avoid being

unduly suggestive, the array should skew to one end of the twenty year age range

provided by the victim, nor does Appellant challenge the validity of the detective’s

impression of the fourteen-year-old victim’s perception of age. Appellant does not

allege any deficiency in the victim’s opportunity to observe him relative to the crime.

He does not suggest there was a significant lapse of time between the victim’s

observation of him while committing the crime and identifying him in the array in order

to undermine the reliability of the identification. No prior or subsequent identification

of another party by the witness appears in the record. Appellant concedes that he

engaged in sexual conduct with the child that morning.
                                                                                       -28-

       {¶49} Appellant does not address any part of the Biggers analysis other than

to allege suggestiveness in the photo array. He in no way challenges the reliability of

the identification.   Appellant offers no legal basis for his assertion that the array

should have been “double blind.” Although Appellant argues that he is the only

individual in the lineup who actually satisfied the victim’s description of a taller, older,

African American male with a distinctive walk and possible facial hair, between the

ages of 40 and 59, the broad language of the description and the testimony elicited

during the suppression hearing suggests otherwise. As the trial judge noted, walk

and height cannot be discerned from the photographs used in the array; nothing in

the description itself suggests that the lineup should, as Appellant alleges, have been

made up solely of 60-year-old men. Appellant’s third assignment of error is without

merit and is overruled.

                               Fourth Assignment of Error

       APPELLANTS         CONVICTION        FOR     RAPE,      GROSS       SEXUAL

       IMPOSITION AND KIDNAPPING ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST

       WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

       {¶50} In determining whether a criminal judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, this Court acts as a “thirteenth juror” to determine whether,

“the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that

the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d

172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983).         The verdict is not against the weight of the
                                                                                     -29-

evidence when there is evidence which, if believed, will convince the average person

of the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St.2d 169,

172, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978).

       {¶51} The “ ‘[w]eight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater

amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather

than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof

will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall

find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be

established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on

its effect in inducing belief.”’ (Emphasis sic.)” State v. Barnhart, 7th Dist. No. 09 JE

15, 2010-Ohio-3282, ¶24, quoting Thompkins, supra, at 387. The weight to be given

the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of fact to

determine. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph

one of the syllabus.

       {¶52} Appellant alleges there were a variety of inconsistencies in the original

witness statement and the victim’s testimony at trial. Appellant contends that these

inconsistences, which concern how clothing was removed, when the victim was able

to leave the house, the extent to which the two moved through backyards or through

the parking lot to the abandoned house, and the timeline of the morning’s events,

rendered the victim’s testimony too incredible to support a verdict. Appellant argues

that the alleged inconsistencies made his version of the events in which he claims the

encounter was consensual, more credible than the victim’s. Appellant concedes,
                                                                                        -30-

however, that questions of weight and credibility are primarily for the trier of fact.

DeHass, supra, paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶53} The substance of Appellant’s argument actually concedes that the trier

of fact heard relevant testimony on the elements of the offenses charged that was

sufficient, if believed, to sustain a conviction. Appellant does not raise any gap in

evidence or other deficiency that would indicate the evidentiary basis for his

conviction was insufficient, he mainly challenges the weight the trier of fact gave to

the victim’s testimony. Again, as Appellant has acknowledged, questions of weight

and credibility are resolved by the trier of fact. The trier of fact in this instance clearly

found the victim more credible than it found Appellant. Appellant urges us to believe

there were discrepancies in the victim’s testimony that should lead us to conclude the

encounter was consensual. Not only do we not find this to be the case, we note that

there is evidence in the record that is inconsistent with Appellant’s version of the

events, including, but not limited to: the fact that the victim ran home crying, rather

than continue on to school; the fact that the victim left her glasses behind when

fleeing the house; the fact that the victim was so upset she was incoherent when

trying to explain to her brother what had happened; and the victim’s obvious distress

hours later when she identified Appellant in the photo array. This record, then, does

not support a conclusion that “the jury clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.” Thompkins, supra, at 387. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without

merit and is overruled.
                                                                                 -31-

                                     Conclusion

       {¶54} A valid speedy trial waiver was entered in the record prior to the

expiration of the R.C. 2945.72 deadline and a trial date was agreed to by all parties

on the same day that Appellant’s withdrawal of his waiver was entered in the record.

Trial commenced as scheduled without the renewal of a motion to dismiss on speedy

trial grounds. Appellant’s two kidnapping convictions were properly merged by the

trial court for sentencing purposes. The trial court found that Appellant’s remaining

kidnapping, gross sexual imposition, and rape convictions were based on separate

acts. The court properly concluded that these remaining convictions did not merge

for sentencing purposes. Appellant’s pre-trial identification was reliable and was not

induced by an impermissibly suggestive photo array procedure.             Appellant’s

conviction was not against the sufficiency or the weight of the evidence. Appellants

first, second, third and fourth assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.


Donofrio, J., concurs.

Vukovich, J., concurs.
