            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   October 15, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 344207
                                                                   Berrien Circuit Court
SAMMY LEE ALLEN, JR.,                                              LC No. 2017-004551-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and BORRELLO and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals by right his jury-trial convictions of possession with intent to deliver
50 grams or more but less than 450 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii); felon in
possession of a firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f; felon in possession of ammunition,
MCL 750.224f(3); possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm),
MCL 750.227b; and possession of marijuana,1 MCL 333.7403(2)(d). The trial court sentenced
defendant as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 333.7413(1), to concurrent prison terms
of 198 months to 40 years for the intent to deliver cocaine conviction, 46 months to 240 months
for the felon-in-possession conviction, 24 to 240 months for the felon in possession of
ammunition conviction, and 150 days for the possession of marijuana conviction, all to run
concurrently with credit for 63 days served. All of these sentences are to be served
consecutively to the statutory 2-year prison term for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm.




1
  The Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act, MCL 333.27951 et seq., which,
generally speaking, removed criminal penalties from adults over the age of 21 for possession of
certain quantities of marijuana, was enacted after this crime occurred.



                                               -1-
                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Berrien County police received a tip from a confidential informant that defendant was
selling cocaine out of his home and vehicle and that he stored cocaine in the headliner2 of his
sport utility vehicle (SUV). Officers obtained a search warrant for the home on the basis of the
tip. Because the confidential informant had also stated that there were firearms in the home,
officers surveilled it so that, for their own safety, they could execute the warrant when the home
was unoccupied. Officers were surveilling defendant’s home on November 6, 2017 when
defendant left the home in his SUV, and they observed defendant’s vehicle make a turn without
signaling. The officers radioed to a patrol car, and the patrol car pulled the SUV over for the
traffic violation. During the traffic stop, Berrien County Sheriff’s Deputy Richard Edgerle saw
defendant “reach back towards the ceiling of the [SUV].” Officers searched defendant’s vehicle
and found crack cocaine in the headliner, and defendant was arrested. The officers interviewed
defendant, and he informed them that there was a firearm and a small amount of marijuana in the
home, but no additional cocaine. The officers submitted a new search warrant affidavit that
included information about the newly-discovered cocaine in defendant’s vehicle and obtained a
second search warrant for the home. When officers executed this search warrant, they
discovered more cocaine, over $13,000 in cash, and a firearm in the home.

        Before trial, defendant moved to suppress all evidence obtained from the search of his
vehicle, as well as his subsequent admissions about the firearm and marijuana, arguing that the
warrantless search of the vehicle was illegal and that his subsequent statements were the fruit of
the poisonous tree. After a hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s motion, finding that the
search of defendant’s vehicle was authorized under the automobile exception to the warrant
requirement. After a two-day trial, defendant was convicted as described.

       This appeal followed.

                           II. DENIAL OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS

        Defendant argues that the search of his vehicle was illegal, and therefore that the trial
court erred by denying his motion to suppress. We disagree.

        We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress. People v Gingrich,
307 Mich App 656, 661; 862 NW2d 432 (2014). However, a trial court’s “findings of fact from
a suppression hearing are reviewed for clear error.” Id. “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if,
after a review of the entire record, an appellate court is left with a definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been made.” Id., quoting People v Antwine, 293 Mich App 192, 194; 809
NW2d 439 (2011).

       “It is well settled that both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution
guarantee the right of persons to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures.” People v


2
 The headliner of a vehicle is the foam-backed cloth covering that is attached by adhesive to the
vehicle’s interior ceiling.


                                                -2-
Hellstrom, 264 Mich App 187, 192; 690 NW2d 293 (2004) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “A search without a warrant is unreasonable per se and violates both the Michigan
Constitution and the United States Constitution unless the search is shown to be within an
exception to the general rule.” People v Barnes, 146 Mich App 37, 40-41; 379 NW2d 464
(1985). When government agents conduct an illegal search, evidence borne from that search
must usually be suppressed under the exclusionary rule. Nix v Williams, 467 US 431, 441; 104 S
Ct 2501; 81 L Ed 2d 377 (1984).

        Defendant notes that the search of his vehicle was not covered by the search warrant
officers had obtained before the traffic stop. But the trial court did not rely on that warrant in
denying the motion to suppress; in fact, the testifying officers conceded that the then-existing
warrant (or, for that matter, the warrant obtained after the search) did not cover defendant’s
vehicle during the traffic stop because the vehicle was not located at defendant’s home. The
issue is therefore whether trial court correctly found that the automobile exception to the warrant
requirement applied. We conclude that it did.

        The “automobile exception” to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement applies to
vehicle searches when officers have probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains
contraband. People v Garvin, 235 Mich App 90, 102; 597 NW2d 194 (1999). Probable cause to
search a vehicle exists where there is “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime
will be found in a particular place.” Illinois v Gates, 462 US 213, 238; 103 S Ct 2317; 76 L Ed
2d 527 (1983). “The determination whether probable cause exists to support a search, including
a search of an automobile without a warrant, should be made in a commonsense manner in light
of the totality of the circumstances.” Garvin, 235 Mich App at 102. The facts necessary to
establish the exception are the same as those that would establish probable cause to issue a
search warrant for the automobile, based upon the information known to the officers at the time
of the search. If probable cause justifies the search of an automobile, it justifies the search of
every part of the automobile and any of its contents that might conceal the object sought. See
Arizona v Gant, 556 US 332; 129 S Ct 1710; 173 L Ed 2d 485 (2009); People v Kazmierczak,
461 Mich 411, 422; 605 NW2d 667 (2000).

        In this case, the probable cause determination involved consideration of a confidential
informant’s tip. Generally, when confidential informants provide police with tips based on
personal knowledge with specific details that can be corroborated or verified, those tips are
credible and reliable. People v Stumpf, 196 Mich App 218, 223; 492 NW2d 795 (1992). Police
may also consider a defendant’s responses to their questioning when making a probable cause
determination. United States v Ortiz, 422 US 891, 897; 95 S Ct 2585; 45 L Ed 2d 623 (1975).

       In this case, the police had sufficient probable cause to search defendant’s vehicle under
the automobile exception. Before searching the vehicle, officers had information from at least
one informant that defendant sold cocaine out of his vehicle and stored it under the headliner. 3


3
  One deputy testified that he had knowledge from “several different” informants that defendant
kept cocaine in the headliner of his vehicle. Although it is unclear whether one of these
informants was the same informant referred to in the search warrant affidavit, the information


                                                -3-
The principal source of the information came from an informant who had previously participated
in at least four drug transactions and provided evidence for at least five separate investigations.
This informant’s information had led to multiple arrests, and the informant had never produced
false or unreliable information; in other words, the officers had good reason to believe the tip to
be credible. See Stumpf, 196 Mich App at 223. Further, the informant’s information was
reliable. The informant provided details about defendant’s name, age, residence, and vehicle that
were all verified by a detective. And the informant stated that he or she had personally observed
defendant with cocaine at his home shortly before providing the tip. The information from the
informant was credible, reliable, and based on personal knowledge. See id. Further, Deputy
Edgerle testified that he saw defendant reach towards the ceiling of his vehicle when, according
to multiple informants, defendant stored his cocaine in the ceiling area of his SUV. This
observation corroborated the informant’s tip.4

        Additionally, when stopped, defendant initially told the deputies that the movements they
had observed were him adjusting the heat in his SUV or reaching for his identification. Both of
these explanations were inconsistent with the deputy’s observation that defendant reached for the
ceiling of his vehicle. The officers could reasonably infer, especially in light of the information
already available to them and prior experience, that defendant had lied about his movements
because they involved an attempt to hide contraband. See Ortiz, 422 US at 897. The
combination of a reliable tip, defendant’s movements, and defendant’s responses to officers’
questions created probable cause for the officers to search defendant’s vehicle. See Garvin, 235
Mich App at 102.

        We conclude that the search was authorized under the automobile exception to the
warrant requirement. See id. Because the search was proper, defendant’s admissions after the
search were not “fruit of the poisonous tree” and were admissible. See Nix, 467 US at 441.5 The
trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion.




was reliable, as it was reported by multiple informants and corroborates the main informant’s
information that defendant was selling cocaine out of his vehicle. See Stumpf, 196 Mich App at
223.
4
  Deputy Edgerle also observed a “baggie with a large knot on the end of it along the driver’s
side of the seat” which he believed, based on his experience, to contain narcotics. The bag was
ultimately determined to have contained some sort of soap, not narcotics. Nonetheless, the
presence of this bag provided at least some additional support for Deputy Edgerle’s belief that
there was “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime” could be found in
defendant’s vehicle. Gates, 462 US at 238.
5
  Defendant also raises a number of cursory arguments against the application of other warrant
exceptions. The trial court did not find the search to be justified by any of these other
exceptions, and we see no need to review these additional arguments in light of our conclusion
that the automobile exception applied.


                                                -4-
                                       III. SENTENCING

      Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it sentenced him to 198
months to 40 years’ imprisonment for his intent to deliver cocaine conviction. We disagree.

        We do not review for reasonableness minimum sentences within the guidelines minimum
sentence range unless there was an error in scoring or the trial court relied on inaccurate
information. People v Anderson, 322 Mich App 622, 636; 912 NW2d 607 (2018); People v
Schrauben, 314 Mich App 181, 196; 886 NW2d 173 (2016). A defendant’s minimum sentence
that is within the guidelines minimum sentencing range is presumptively proportionate. Id.;
MCL 769.34(10).

        A trial court has discretion to sentence a defendant within the range authorized by law.
Alleyne v United States, 570 US 99, 116; 133 S Ct 2151; 186 L Ed 2d 314 (2013); Schrauben,
314 Mich App at 196. Under MCL 333.7413, “an individual convicted of a second or
subsequent offense under this article may be imprisoned for a term not more than twice the term
otherwise authorized or fined an amount not more than twice that otherwise authorized, or both.”
MCL 333.7413(1). Defendant’s deliver of cocaine conviction falls under the purview of
MCL 33.7413l, which authorized the trial court to double both the minimum and maximum
sentences in sentencing defendant. People v Lowe, 484 Mich 718, 731-732; 773 NW2d 1
(2009).

        Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it doubled his minimum
sentence under to MCL 333.7413(1). This argument is meritless. Defendant does not argue that
the trial court erred when it calculated his guidelines minimum sentencing range of 99 to 160
months, or that the statutory maximum sentence, prior to any enhancement, for his conviction
was 20 years, see MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii); rather, defendant simply argues that his sentence was
disproportionate and unreasonable.         We decline to entertain that argument.6           See
MCL 769.34(10); Anderson, 322 Mich App at 636; Schrauben, 314 Mich App at 196. Because
defendant has a prior conviction of possession of cocaine, the trial court was authorized by
statute to double defendant’s minimum and maximum sentence. MCL 333.7413(1). Defendant
was sentenced to a minimum sentence within his guidelines range when that range was
appropriately doubled by statute, and to a maximum sentence of double the statutory maximum.
We therefore affirm defendant’s sentence. Id.

                                      IV. COURT COSTS

       Finally, defendant argues that the assessment of court costs under MCL 769.1k is an
unconstitutional tax or otherwise violates the Michigan Constitution. We disagree.



6
  We note that, in considering whether to double defendant’s sentence, the trial court observed
that defendant had an extensive criminal record that ran “the gamut of all criminal offenses,” that
defendant had had multiple probations revoked, and that defendant was transporting drugs with
his infant child in the car.


                                                -5-
        This Court recently considered whether MCL 769.1k is constitutional, and determined
that it was. People v Cameron, 319 Mich App 215, 236; 900 NW2d 658 (2017). Our Supreme
Court granted leave to appeal in Cameron to consider: “(1) whether court costs under
MCL 769.1k(1)(b)(iii) should be classified as a tax, a fee, or some other category of charge; and
(2) if court costs are a tax, whether the statute violates the Separation of Powers Clause, Const
1963, art 3, § 2, or the Distinct-Statement Clause, Const 1963, art 4, § 32.” People v Cameron,
501 Mich 986 (2018). After hearing oral argument on the application for leave to appeal, the
Court denied the application “because [it was] not persuaded that the question presented should
be reviewed by this Court.” People v Cameron, 929 NW2d 785 (Mich, 2019). Therefore, we are
bound by our published opinion in Cameron. See MCR 7.215(J)(1). Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

       Affirmed.



                                                           /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                           /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                           /s/ Mark T. Boonstra




                                               -6-
