          United States Court of Appeals
                        For the First Circuit


No. 19-1819

                            KENNETH EBBE,

                        Petitioner, Appellant,

                                  v.

                  CONCORDE INVESTMENT SERVICES, LLC,

                        Respondent, Appellee,

              WESTMINSTER FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.;
           WESTMINSTER FINANCIAL ADVISORY CORPORATION;
     RICHARD G. CODY; JILL M. TRAMONTANO f/k/a Jill M. Cody,

                             Respondents.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

              [Hon. Patti B. Saris, U.S. District Judge]


                                Before

                         Howard, Chief Judge,
                   Selya and Lynch, Circuit Judges.


     John A. Mangones, with whom Godbout Law PLLC was on brief,
for appellant.
     Shane Haselbarth, with whom Gerard J. Kowalski and Marshall
Dennehey Warner Coleman & Goggin were on brief, for appellee.


                            March 24, 2020
              LYNCH, Circuit Judge.       The question presented is whether

the district court erred in confirming, and denying appellant's

motion   to    vacate,    a   Financial       Industry    Regulatory    Authority

("FINRA")     arbitral    award   which       denied    certain   claims   against

Concorde Investment Services, LLC ("Concorde").                    For different

reasons than those used by the district court, we agree that

confirmation was required, and affirm.

                                         I.

              We    briefly   outline    the    facts    as   presented    to   the

arbitrators and describe their award.                  The arbitrators did not

state their reasons for the award, nor did they need to do so.

See United Steelworkers v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593,

598 (1960) ("Arbitrators have no obligation . . . to give their

reasons for an award."); Lanza v. FINRA, Nos. 18-2057, 18-2181,

slip op. at 4-5, 12 n.6 (1st Cir. Mar. 24, 2020) (noting that FINRA

Code Rule 12904(g) requires an explained decision only upon the

joint request of all parties to the arbitration); Zayas v. Bacardi

Corp., 524 F.3d 65, 70 (1st Cir. 2008) ("Although arbitrators

frequently elect to explain their decisions in written opinions,

they are under no compulsion to do so.").

              The   claims    asserted    against      Concorde    in   the   FINRA

Dispute Resolution Statement of Claim were for negligence, breach

of fiduciary duty, violations of FINRA suitability rules and

regulations against deceptive securities practices, and failure to


                                        - 2 -
properly   supervise   under   the   Federal   Control   Person   Statute

(section 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) and the

Massachusetts Control Persons Statute, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 110A,

§ 410.

           Ebbe worked for Verizon and its predecessors from 1969

to 2002.   At the time of his retirement from Verizon, he cashed

out the entirety of his pension and 401(k), a total of $498,000.

Ebbe decided to invest the money with Richard Cody, who then worked

at Leerink Swann.   Richard Cody took Ebbe's account with him as he

moved to GunnAllen Financial in 2005 and later to Westminster

Financial ("Westminster")1 in 2010.      Ebbe began receiving monthly

distributions from the account after it was opened.

           Ebbe and Richard Cody met approximately three times a

year to discuss Ebbe's investments.      At these meetings, and during

phone calls between the two, Richard Cody told Ebbe that the

distributions from his account were from the interest only and

that the account's balance remained around $500,000.        In reality,

the distributions steadily depleted the account's principal.        When

Richard Cody transferred the account to Westminster in March 2010,

its balance had fallen to $144,240.23.




     1    Both   Westminster   Financial   Services,   Inc.   and
Westminster Financial Advisory Corporation were parties to Ebbe's
FINRA claim. Neither is party to this appeal, and we refer to
both as Westminster.


                                 - 3 -
            In 2009, unbeknownst to Ebbe at the time, FINRA's Appeals

Panel suspended Richard Cody for a year for recommending unsuitable

investments and in-and-out trading, a sanction affirmed by the

Securities and Exchange Commission and later by this court.               See

Cody v. SEC, 693 F.3d 251, 254-57 (1st Cir. 2012). When the

suspension began in January 2013, Richard Cody was no longer

allowed to serve as Ebbe's advisor, so he transferred the account

from Westminster to Concorde, where his wife, Jill Cody, was a new

investment advisor.      At that point, the account's balance was

$59,175.79.    In January 2015, its balance was $873.            Concorde sent

Ebbe monthly statements, starting in January 2013, that showed

Jill Cody as his registered representative.

            Despite his suspension, Richard Cody continued to meet

with Ebbe to discuss his investments, and Ebbe testified he was

unaware that Jill Cody had taken over his account when it moved to

Concorde, despite receiving the statements.

            Richard Cody joined Concorde in February 2014 after his

suspension ended.    But Jill Cody remained listed as Ebbe's advisor

for the duration of the time his account was at Concorde.                 The

account     statements   never    listed    Richard       Cody     as   Ebbe's

representative.

            During the entire time Ebbe's account was at Concorde,

Ebbe received monthly statements from Concorde that accurately

reflected    his   declining   account    balance   and    the    substantial


                                  - 4 -
diminution of its principal.       Ebbe discussed this diminution

several times with Richard Cody, and Cody always told him that the

statements did not include all of Ebbe's investments.          Ebbe

testified he did not understand the monthly statements and that he

believed Richard Cody's assurances.      Ebbe never contacted Jill

Cody, his listed account representative at all, including for

explanation.   Concorde closed Ebbe's account in May 2016, at which

point it had a zero balance.

            In July 2016, after Concorde learned that Richard Cody

had contacted customers during the period of his suspension,

Concorde terminated both Richard Cody and Jill Cody.

            On September 23, 2016, Ebbe received a deposit in his

bank account in the same amount as his normal monthly distribution

had been from Concorde.    Ebbe noticed that the payment originated

from an atypical routing number.     Cody had arranged this payment

from his individual account.       For the first time, Ebbe then

contacted Concorde directly.     Ebbe testified that was the first

time he learned that his Concorde account had no value.

            On August 1, 2017, Ebbe filed for arbitration with FINRA

against Richard Cody, Jill Cody, Westminster, Concorde, and three

other Concorde supervisory employees.    FINRA served the statement

of claim on Richard Cody and Jill Cody, but neither answered or

appeared.    The arbitration began on October 16, 2018, and lasted

four full days.


                                - 5 -
          Ebbe's     expert,   Patrick   McKeon,   testified   at   the

arbitration only as to defalcations by Richard Cody, not as to any

by Jill Cody.      As to Concorde, McKeon said its duty was to do

"reasonable" supervision of its registered representatives.         He

also did not flatly opine that Concorde had violated a duty as to

such supervision.     He admitted there was no evidence that Jill

Cody ever made any misrepresentations to Ebbe.

          The panel heard from Concorde's Chief Compliance Officer

that Concorde had hired Jill Cody after a careful check revealed

no red flags, had met its duty to supervise her, had conducted

surprise investigations of Jill Cody, and had found no problems.

          Concorde also presented a separate expert who testified

at the hearing that Concorde had complied with all industry rules

and regulations including about supervision of each of the Codys.

And the arbitral panel had reason to doubt the credibility of Ebbe,

who admitted to tax fraud.

          The arbitral award stated:

          After considering the pleadings, the testimony
          and evidence presented at the hearing, and the
          post-hearing submissions, the Panel has
          decided in full and final resolution of the
          issues submitted for determination as follows:

          1.    Respondents Richard Grant Cody and Jill
                M. Cody are jointly and severally liable
                for and shall pay to [Ebbe] the sum of
                $286,096.00 in compensatory damages.

          2.    [Ebbe's] claims against      Concorde   [and
                Westminster] are denied.


                                 - 6 -
          3.     [Ebbe's] request for attorneys' fees is
                 denied.

          4.     [Ebbe's] request for punitive damages is
                 denied.

          5.     Any and all      claims for relief           not
                 specifically     addressed herein            are
                 denied.

The panel did not award Ebbe his full requested damages figure of

over $800,000.

          On   February    14,   2019,    Ebbe   filed   a   motion   in   the

Massachusetts federal district court to vacate in part and confirm

in part the award.    On May 3, 2019, Westminster and Concorde filed

motions to confirm the award as to them.           On July 18, 2019, the

district court denied Ebbe's motion to vacate and granted the

motions to confirm.       Ebbe v. Concorde Inv. Servs., LLC, 392 F.

Supp. 3d 228, 242 (D. Mass. 2019).

          Ebbe timely appealed.

                                   II.

          In an action to vacate or confirm an arbitral award, "we

review the district court's decision de novo, mindful 'that the

district court's review of arbitral awards must be extremely narrow

and exceedingly deferential.'"           UMass Mem'l Med. Ctr., Inc. v.

United Food & Commercial Workers Union, 527 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.

2008) (quoting Bull HN Info. Sys., Inc. v. Hutson, 229 F.3d 321,

330 (1st Cir. 2000)).




                                  - 7 -
           We have no need to decide whether, as Ebbe asserts, in

the aftermath of Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.,

552 U.S. 576, 584-85 (2008), arbitral awards may be vacated under

the doctrine of "manifest disregard of the law."       See Dialysis

Access Ctr., LLC v. RMS Lifeline, Inc., 932 F.3d 1, 13 n.13 (1st

Cir. 2019) (declining to decide whether manifest disregard remains

viable where that standard was not met).    The manifest disregard

standard allows courts to reject an award that "is (1) unfounded

in reason and fact; (2) based on reasoning so palpably faulty that

no judge, or group of judges, ever could conceivably have made

such a ruling; or (3) mistakenly based on a crucial assumption

that is concededly a non-fact."     Mountain Valley Prop., Inc. v.

Applied Risk Servs., Inc., 863 F.3d 90, 95 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting

McCarthy v. Citigroup Glob. Mkts., Inc., 463 F.3d 87, 91 (1st Cir.

2006)).   Where arbitrators have not explained their award, as they

need not, a party challenging the award "is hard pressed to satisfy

the exacting criteria for invocation of the doctrine."      Advest,

Inc. v. McCarthy, 914 F.2d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 1990).    As in Mountain

Valley Property, we assume dubitante such a manifest disregard

standard may be used.     863 F.3d at 95.     Even so, no manifest

disregard has been shown, and certainly none of the three factors

specified above have been shown.

           We view the panel's determination as to Concorde as based

on its assessment of the facts, and such factual determinations


                               - 8 -
are unassailable on a motion to vacate.           See Major League Baseball

Players Ass'n v. Garvey, 532 U.S. 504, 510 (2001) (per curiam).

On manifest disregard review, even "a court's conviction that the

arbitrator made a serious mistake or committed grievous error will

not   furnish   a   satisfactory   basis    for    undoing    the   decision."

Advest, 914 F.2d at 9.

           On   the   facts   here,   the   arbitrators'      conclusion   was

reasonable in light of the claims made and the evidence presented.

Ebbe has not nearly come close to showing the arbitrators engaged

in a manifest disregard of the law.         There is no showing that "the

arbitrator recognized the applicable law, but ignored it." Raymond

James Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Fenyk, 780 F.3d 59, 64 (1st Cir. 2015)

(quoting Bangor Gas Co. v. H.Q. Energy Servs. (U.S.) Inc., 695

F.3d 181, 187 (1st Cir. 2012)).       Nor has Ebbe come close to meeting

any of the statutory bases for vacating awards set forth in the

Federal Arbitration Act.

           Ebbe's     principal    argument   that    there    was    manifest

disregard appears to be that since Jill Cody, employed by Concorde,

was found jointly and severally liable with her husband, this means

that Concorde must necessarily be liable "under the doctrine of

respondeat superior for the misconduct of its agent Jill Cody."

This argument fails.

           The first reason is that neither of the Codys appeared

for arbitration, and the judgment of the arbitrators was entered


                                    - 9 -
while they were in default.     The panel's finding of liability

against the Codys could reasonably have been nothing more than

entry of a default judgment.    Further, Ebbe produced no evidence

of misconduct, including any violations of company rules, by Jill

Cody while she was his representative.    The panel's reasons for

not awarding the measure of damages Ebbe requested could well

reflect rejection of some of Ebbe's claims, including that any

liability on the Codys' part should be attributed to Concorde.

          Further, under Massachusetts law, respondeat superior

only allows "an employer . . . [to] be held vicariously liable for

the torts of its employee . . . committed within the scope of

employment."   Lev v. Beverly Enters.-Mass., Inc., 929 N.E.2d 303,

308 (Mass. 2010) (quoting Dias v. Brigham Med. Assocs., Inc., 780

N.E.2d 447, 449 (Mass. 2002)).     The arbitral panel could have

concluded that, if the Codys had any liability, it was not tort

liability and it did not arise from any acts they took within the

scope of any employment by Concorde.      For example, the panel

plausibly could have concluded that the acts were not "motivated,

at least in part, by a purpose to serve" Concorde.    Id. (quoting

Mosko v. Raytheon Co., 622 N.E.2d 1066, 1068 (Mass. 1993)).   As to

Jill Cody, the lack of evidence of either specific tortious conduct

or any misconduct could have led the arbitrators to conclude that

Concorde was not vicariously liable.




                               - 10 -
             Further, the expert testimony before the arbitrators was

that Concorde had met all of its obligations imposed on it by the

securities laws, and Ebbe failed to put in any contrary evidence.

Concorde provided Ebbe with accurate monthly statements of his

account from the date of its opening and throughout.       It further

took measures to oversee the performance of Jill Cody, Ebbe's

listed representative, by investigating her background, contacting

her former employer, requesting a written explanation of her

approach to managing her portfolios, and performing a surprise

inspection of her branch.       These factors alone suffice to make

plausible that Concorde violated no duties it owed Ebbe.     On these

facts, the panel could have concluded that Concorde was not liable

to Ebbe either on a respondeat superior theory or for failure to

supervise.      Beyond that, given Ebbe's own role in subjecting

himself to the harm the Codys imposed on him, it was rational for

the arbitrators to conclude that no finding of liability against

Concorde was warranted.

             Ebbe's fallback position is his request that the matter

should be remanded to the arbitrators for a specific finding as to

respondeat superior.      That argument also fails.    That issue has

been waived many times over.     No such request for relief was made

to the district court, and so it is waived.           See Flaherty v.

Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc., 946 F.3d 41, 52 (1st Cir. 2019).

             Affirmed.   Costs are awarded to Concorde.


                                 - 11 -
