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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 14-14573
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 2:13-cv-14049-JEM



STEPHEN ROBERT BAKER,

                                                           Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Secretary,

                                                         Respondent-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (December 14, 2015)

Before HULL, WILSON, and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Stephen Robert Baker, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the

district court’s denial of his federal habeas petition, brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254. The district court concluded, inter alia, that Baker failed to exhaust his

substantive double jeopardy claim before the state post-conviction courts, and,

therefore, procedurally defaulted that claim. After careful review of the record and

briefs, we affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

A.    Offense Conduct

      In 2005, Dolores Ann Marsh, an elderly woman, agreed to sell her home to

Baker for $175,000. Marsh, however, was unfamiliar with the nature of real estate

transactions. Baker suggested that Marsh execute a quitclaim deed and transfer the

home to his ownership, explaining that it would be a clean and simple tax-free

transaction. On December 14, 2005, Marsh executed a quitclaim deed transferring

her home to Baker. At some point, Baker also took ownership of Marsh’s car in

exchange for a promise to pay her $10,000.

      After Marsh executed the quitclaim deed, Baker told Marsh that he would be

able to pay her for the home and car in 10 days because he had some money

coming from the government. Baker, however, never paid Marsh as promised.

After Baker gave Marsh repeated excuses for his non-payment, Marsh requested

that Baker quitclaim the home back to her, but Baker, initially, would not oblige.


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Eventually, Baker agreed to quitclaim the home back to Marsh in exchange for a

promise from Marsh that she would not prosecute Baker for any wrongdoing. The

record is not clear about what happened to the car.

B.    State Court Conviction, Sentence, and Revocation

      On May 9, 2006, the state charged Baker by criminal information with one

count of engaging in a scheme to defraud $50,000 or more, in violation of Fla. Stat.

§ 817.034 (Count 1), one count of grand theft of $100,000 or more, in violation of

Fla. Stat. § 812.014 (Count 2), and one count of tampering with a witness, in

violation of Fla. Stat. § 914.22 (Count 3). The information alleged that Baker

employed a scheme to defraud, through which he obtained $50,000 or more worth

of property from Marsh. The information further alleged that Baker “knowingly

obtained . . . a dwelling and/or motor vehicle of a value of $100,000.00 or more”

from Marsh, “with the intent to permanently or temporarily deprive [Marsh] of the

property.”

      On February 21, 2007, Baker executed a written plea agreement wherein he

agreed to plead guilty to Counts 1 and 2 of the criminal information, while Count 3

would be dismissed. In the plea agreement, Baker acknowledged that Counts 1

and 2 each carried a statutory maximum sentence of 30 years’ imprisonment. The

agreement also provided that Baker would receive a total sentence of two years of

community control (house arrest), followed by four years of probation.


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      That same day, in a Florida circuit court, Baker pleaded guilty to Counts 1

and 2 of the criminal information. The state trial court conducted a plea colloquy,

accepted Baker’s voluntary guilty plea, and adjudicated Baker guilty of both

counts. The court then sentenced Baker to two years of community control

followed by four years of probation for each of the two convictions, to run

concurrently.

      On March 15, 2007, Baker’s probation officer filed an affidavit averring that

Baker violated the conditions of his community control by failing to adhere to the

terms of a domestic violence protective order regarding his wife. In June 2008, the

state trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing, found Baker had violated the

conditions of his community control, revoked his community control, and

sentenced Baker to a 30-year prison sentence on each of the two convictions, to run

concurrently. Baker appealed from the revocation of his community control, but

he later voluntarily dismissed that appeal in December 2008.

C.    State Court Motion for Post-Conviction Relief

      In 2009, Baker filed in state court a pro se amended motion for post-

conviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. In Claim

One, Baker alleged that his convictions for engaging in a scheme to defraud and

grand theft, the two counts to which he pled guilty, violated double jeopardy

principles because the offenses were effectively identical under Florida law. In


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Claim Two, Baker argued that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of

counsel by failing to file a motion to dismiss the grand theft charge because it

violated principles of double jeopardy. He also alleged several additional claims

asserting ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The state post-conviction court

ordered an evidentiary hearing and appointed counsel for Baker.

      Following the evidentiary hearing, the state post-conviction court denied

Baker’s Rule 3.850 motion. The state post-conviction court concluded that

Baker’s substantive double jeopardy claim was without merit because, by entering

a negotiated plea bargain with the state, Baker waived any double jeopardy claim

that might affect his sentence or conviction. The state post-conviction court denied

Baker’s remaining ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Baker appealed the

state post-conviction court’s denial of his Rule 3.850 motion to Florida’s Second

District Court of Appeal.

D.    Appeal from Denial of Rule 3.850 Motion

      In June 2011, Baker’s post-conviction counsel filed an initial appellate brief.

In the brief, Baker’s counsel addressed only Baker’s ineffective assistance of

counsel claims and raised only two arguments: (1) the state post-conviction court

erred by denying Claim Two of Baker’s Rule 3.850 motion because Baker’s trial

counsel failed to explain that double jeopardy principles precluded a conviction for

both engaging in a scheme to defraud and committing grand theft; and (2) the state


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post-conviction court court erred by denying Baker’s other ineffective assistance of

counsel claims because Baker’s trial counsel failed to advise him of his legal

defenses and failed to adequately investigate the case.

      On February 7, 2012, Baker filed a pro se appellate brief that was nearly

identical to his post-conviction appellate counsel’s initial brief, as well as a motion

to discharge counsel. Importantly, neither the initial counseled brief nor Baker’s

pro se brief asserted that the state post-conviction court erred by denying Claim

One of Baker’s Rule 3.850 motion on the grounds that Baker waived any double

jeopardy claim by executing a written plea agreement.

      On March 2, 2012, in a per curiam opinion, Florida’s Second District Court

of Appeal affirmed the state post-conviction court’s denial of Baker’s Rule 3.850

motion.

E.    Section 2254 Petition

      On February 4, 2013, Baker filed in federal district court a pro se petition for

writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. In relevant part, Baker asserted, as

Ground One, that his convictions for engaging in a scheme to defraud and

committing grand theft are unconstitutional because they violate principles of

double jeopardy.

      In response to Baker’s § 2254 petition, the state argued that Baker failed to

exhaust his substantive double jeopardy claim because he did not raise the claim


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during his appeal from the denial of his Rule 3.850 motion and, thus, did not

present that claim throughout the state appellate review process. In reply, Baker

asserted that he wrote multiple letters to his state post-conviction counsel, he filed

a motion to discharge that attorney, and he filed a pro se brief that corrected factual

inaccuracies in the initial appellate brief submitted by his post-conviction appellate

counsel.

       On August 28, 2014, the district court denied Baker’s § 2254 petition. In

relevant part, the district court found that Baker did not raise his substantive double

jeopardy claim before the state post-conviction appellate court and, therefore, the

argument was abandoned in his state post-conviction appeal. Accordingly, Baker’s

substantive double jeopardy claim was procedurally defaulted in federal court

because it was not exhausted in state court. The district court further found that

Baker failed to establish both cause for his procedural default, and prejudice

resulting therefrom.

       Baker timely appealed from the district court’s denial of his § 2254 petition.

We granted a certificate of appealability on the issue of “[w]hether Baker’s claim

of a double jeopardy violation [i.e., Ground One] was unexhausted and

procedurally defaulted, and if so, whether he established cause and prejudice.”1


       1
        We review whether a § 2254 claim is procedurally barred de novo as a mixed question
of law and fact. Ogle, 488 F.3d at 1368. We liberally construe documents that were filed pro se.
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007).
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                                  II. DISCUSSION

A.    Exhaustion Requirement Principles

      A state prisoner is required to exhaust the remedies available to him in state

court before asserting a claim in a § 2254 petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A).

The prisoner must fairly present the claim to the state courts. Ogle v. Johnson, 488

F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir. 2007). Thus, the prisoner “must give the state courts

one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete

round of the State’s established appellate review process.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel,

526 U.S. 838, 845, 119 S. Ct. 1728, 1732 (1999). If a petitioner fails to exhaust his

state remedies, and those state remedies are no longer available, then that failure is

a procedural default that will bar federal habeas relief, unless the petitioner can

meet the cause and prejudice exception. Smith v. Jones, 256 F.3d 1135, 1138

(11th Cir. 2001).

      A procedurally defaulted claim may be reviewed if the petitioner

demonstrates cause for the default and prejudice resulting from the default.

Henderson v. Campbell, 353 F.3d 880, 892 (11th Cir. 2003). A petitioner presents

cause for the procedural default if an objective factor external to his defense

impeded his ability to raise the claim in state court. Id. A petitioner demonstrates

prejudice if he shows a reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings

would have been different, but for the error. Id.


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      Generally, any ineffective assistance from counsel during collateral-review

proceedings does not provide cause to excuse a procedural default. Id. However,

“[w]here, under state law, claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel must be

raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding, a procedural default will not bar a

federal habeas court from hearing a substantial claim of ineffective assistance at

trial if, in the initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or counsel

in that proceeding was ineffective.” Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. ___, ___, 132

S. Ct. 1309, 1320 (2012). This exception does not extend to attorney errors made

in appeals from initial-review collateral proceedings. See id. (“The holding in this

case does not concern attorney errors in . . . appeals from initial-review collateral

proceedings.”).

B.    Analysis of Baker’s Claim

      Here, we cannot say the district court erred in denying relief on Ground One

of Baker’s § 2254 petition, as Baker’s substantive double jeopardy claim, asserted

as Claim One in Baker’s Rule 3.850 motion, was unexhausted in state court and,

therefore, subject to procedural default. Moreover, the cause and prejudice

exception in Martinez does not apply to Baker’s case.

      1. Abandonment and procedural default

       Baker abandoned his substantive double jeopardy claim before the state

post-conviction appellate court, as that claim was neither raised in Baker’s initial


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counseled appellate brief, nor in his pro se appellate brief. See Marshall v. State,

854 So. 2d 1235, 1252 (Fla. 2003) (holding that if an appellant does not raise and

argue a claim in his or her initial appellate brief, then that claim is deemed

abandoned because it is insufficiently presented for review). While both briefs

challenged the state post-conviction court’s denial of Claim Two of Baker’s Rule

3.850 motion, which alleged that trial counsel’s failure to inform Baker of potential

double jeopardy issues amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel, neither brief

challenged the state post-conviction court’s denial of Claim One of Baker’s Rule

3.850 motion on the grounds that Baker waived any double jeopardy argument by

entering into a written plea agreement. Therefore, Baker’s substantive double

jeopardy claim was not exhausted in state court because Baker abandoned it on

appeal and, thus, did not raise the claim throughout one round of Florida’s

established appellate review process. O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 845, 119 S. Ct. at

1732. Accordingly, Baker’s substantive double jeopardy claim was subject to a

procedural default because he failed to exhaust the claim in state court, and his

state remedy was no longer available because the claim would be time-barred. 2

Smith, 256 F.3d at 1138.


       2
         Florida requires a petitioner who seeks to challenge his judgment or sentence on the
ground that it violates a constitutional right to file a motion, under Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.850, within two years after his judgment and sentence become final, unless, in
relevant part, the petitioner claims that the judgment or sentence violates a fundamental
constitutional right that was not established within that two-year period and has been held to
apply retroactively. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(a)(1), (b), (b)(2).
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      2. Cause and prejudice

      As an initial matter, we note that while this Court reads briefs filed by pro se

litigants liberally, issues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed

abandoned. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). Baker’s

opening appellate brief asserts, without explanation, that “Petitioner has

established cause and prejudice.” Typically, this Court would not even address

this perfunctory and underdeveloped argument. United States Steel Corp. v.

Astrue, 495 F.3d 1272, 1287 n.13 (11th Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, for the sake of

comprehensiveness, we conclude that Baker failed to establish cause to excuse his

failure to exhaust his substantive double jeopardy claim.

      Under the facts of this case, there would be no “objective factor[s] external

to [Baker’s] defense” that impeded his ability to raise his substantive double

jeopardy claim before the state post-conviction appellate court other than post-

conviction appellate counsel’s ineffective assistance. Henderson, 353 F.3d at 892.

However, the Supreme Court has explicitly held that attorney errors made in

appeals from initial-review collateral proceedings do not constitute cause excusing

a procedural default. See Martinez, 566 U.S. at ___, 132 S. Ct. at 1320.

Accordingly, Baker failed to demonstrate cause for his procedural default. See id.

Because Baker failed to demonstrate cause for his procedural default, we need not

address the existence of any resulting prejudice.


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                               III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Baker’s

§ 2254 petition.

      AFFIRMED.




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