
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-02-00655-CR


Ever Guardado, Appellant

v.


The State of Texas, Appellee






FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 147TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 9024188, HONORABLE WILFORD FLOWERS, JUDGE PRESIDING



M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

Appellant Ever Guardado fatally stabbed his uncle, Alfredo Velasquez, in the house
they shared with appellant's mother, Juana Guardado, and other family members.  A jury found
appellant guilty of murder and assessed punishment, enhanced by a previous felony conviction, at
seventy years in prison.  See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02 (West 2003).  
Juana Guardado witnessed the stabbing and later gave a written statement to the
police that was introduced in evidence.  She also testified.  In his first point of error, appellant
contends this evidence raised an issue as to whether he killed Velasquez under the immediate
influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause, and that the court erred by refusing to
submit this issue to the jury at the punishment stage.  See id. § 19.02(d).  He also complains of jury
selection error.  We will overrule these contentions and affirm the conviction.
Juana Guardado moved to the United States from El Salvador in 1985 with appellant,
who was then nine years old, and his sister.  Velasquez had recently begun living with them, but it
is not clear from the record how long he had been in this county.  Appellant and Velasquez worked
together as painters.  There is evidence that the two men had worked as usual on the day of the
stabbing, and that they appeared to be in good spirits, laughing and talking.
Juana Guardado said she arrived home from work at about 6:00 p.m.  She went to
appellant's bedroom and found him watching television.  He was angry and crying.  This concerned
her because appellant had a bad temper.  Appellant told his mother that Velasquez had insulted him
as they were coming home from work.  Appellant said Velasquez told him that "when he had his
beers, he was a man, but without his beers, he wasn't a man."  At another point in her testimony, she
indicated that Velasquez had told appellant that "if you do not drink, you have no balls."  She
testified that in El Salvador, Velasquez's insult was "very horrible.  It's a very foul word for us." 
Guardado told appellant that Velasquez "was just teasing him" and to ignore him.  She suggested
that appellant go outside or take a shower to cool off.  As Juana Guardado and appellant sat in his
bedroom talking, Velasquez came to the door and said, "Well, now you are telling your mother what
happened, aren't you."  She said that Velasquez's tone was harsh.
Velasquez continued on through the kitchen and into the garage.  Appellant also went
to the kitchen, followed by his mother.  In her written statement, Juana Guardado said that she saw
appellant go to a drawer and open it.  She did not see him take anything from the drawer, but she did
"see him do something with his pants pocket."  Velasquez opened the door from the garage and
stood in the doorway.  He raised his hands and told appellant, "Go ahead and hit me."  Appellant
then reached into his pocket, removed a knife, and stabbed Velasquez in the throat.  He then bent
the knife and left the house.  In her trial testimony, Guardado said she did not remember seeing
appellant reach in the drawer, seeing the knife in his hand, or seeing him break the knife after the
stabbing.
"Sudden passion," within the meaning of section 19.02(d), means "passion directly
caused by and arising out of provocation by the individual killed . . . which arises at the time of the
offense and is not solely the result of former provocation."  Id. § 19.02(a)(2).  Thus, the victim's
provocative conduct must have occurred at the time of the offense.  Marras v. State, 741 S.W.2d
395, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).  Passion cannot be "sudden" if it is based on earlier events. 
Hobson v. State, 644 S.W.2d 473, 478 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Oliva v. State, 663 S.W.2d 656, 658
(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1983, no pet.).  The provocative conduct must have been adequate to
"produce a degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to
render the mind incapable of cool reflection."  Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(1).  A defendant is
entitled to a sudden passion instruction if there is some evidence to support it, even if that evidence
is weak, impeached, contradicted, or unbelievable.  Trevino v. State, 100 S.W.3d 232, 238 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003).
In the trial court, appellant argued that the sudden passion issue was raised by his
mother's testimony describing the "horrible" insult that so angered and embarrassed him:  his uncle's
remark that he was not a man except when he was drinking.  Assuming that a jury could have
reasonably found this remark to be "adequate cause," it did not justify a sudden passion instruction
because it was not made at the time of the offense.  Instead, the remark was made as the two men
were returning home from work, well before the stabbing.  Whatever passion the remark may have
aroused in appellant, it was not "sudden passion" when he stabbed Velasquez.
Appellant now presents a more elaborate justification for the requested instruction. 
He argues that the evidence supports a finding that: (1) he was still in the emotional grip of his
uncle's insulting remarks when his mother arrived home; (2) his "rage and resentment" were
exacerbated when his uncle "mocked" him for telling his mother about the insult; and (3) when he
was "confronted" by Velasquez in the kitchen, the invitation to hit him "could reasonably be
interpreted as a provocation."  In other words, appellant argues that his uncle's statement in the
kitchen was provocative because appellant was still angry about the earlier insult.  We believe this
rationale, which was not presented to the trial court, is inconsistent with the language of section
19.02.  
Even appellant does not contend that Velasquez's remark in the kitchen was one that
would commonly produce a degree of anger, rage, or resentment in a person of ordinary temper
sufficient to render the mind incapable of cool reflection.  Instead, he asks the Court to consider the
effect of the remark, not on a person of ordinary temper, but on a person who had spent a substantial
period of time brooding over Velasquez's earlier insult.  Appellant's argument also overlooks the
undisputed fact that he had armed himself with a knife before the final encounter with Velasquez,
which clearly suggests that he contemplated killing his uncle before the "provocation" in the kitchen. 
Viewed in the light most favorable to appellant, the evidence does not raise an issue as to whether
appellant was acting under the immediate influence of sudden passion when he stabbed Velasquez. 
The trial court did not err by refusing to instruct the jury on sudden passion.
Even if the court erred by refusing the requested instruction, the error was not
calculated to injure appellant's rights and was therefore harmless.  See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d
157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh'g) (standards of review for charge error).  This is true
even if the error was constitutional, and not merely statutory, as appellant argues.  See Tex. R. App.
P. 44.2(a); see also Jimenez v. State, 32 S.W.3d 233, 235-37 (reconciling Almanza and rule 44.2). 
Appellant pleaded true to the allegation that he had previously been convicted of a felony. 
Therefore, the court instructed the jury that the applicable punishment range was fifteen years to life. 
See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 12.42(c)(1) (West 2003) (punishment for first-degree felony enhanced
by one previous felony conviction).  If the court had given a sudden passion instruction, and if the
jury had found in appellant's favor on that issue, the range of punishment would have been five years
to life.  See id. § 12.42(b) (punishment for second-degree felony enhanced by one previous felony
conviction).  We are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury's decision to assess seventy
years' imprisonment would not have been affected had it been instructed that the minimum
punishment was five years instead of fifteen.  Point of error one is overruled.
In his second point of error, appellant contends the trial court erred by granting one
of the State's challenges for cause during jury selection.  Because he did not object when the
challenge was granted, appellant did not preserve this contention for review.  Ortiz v. State, 93
S.W.3d 79, 88 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  Moreover, he does not contend that the court's ruling denied
him a lawfully constituted jury.  See Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). 
Point of error two is overruled.  
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.


				__________________________________________
				Mack Kidd, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed:   September 25, 2003
Do Not Publish
