      In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                   No. 12-759C
                              Filed: March 21, 2016
                     Corrected Opinion: Issued April 12, 2016

  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *            *
  SECURIFORCE INTERNATIONAL                *
  AMERICA, LLC,                            *          Motion to Dismiss; Subject
                                           *          Matter Jurisdiction; Trial;
                      Plaintiff,           *          Contract     Disputes    Act;
               v.                          *          Termination for Convenience;
                                           *          Termination     for    Cause;
  UNITED STATES,                           *          Breach of Contract; Abuse of
                                           *          Discretion; Bad Faith.
                      Defendant.           *
                                           *
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *            *




        Frederick W. Claybrook, Jr., Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, D.C., for
plaintiff. With him were Gordon N. Griffin and Mary M. Gilbert, Crowell & Moring LLP,
Washington, D.C., and Robert J. Wagman, Jr., Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, D.C.



       Russell James Upton, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, Department of Justice, Washington D.C., for defendant. With him were Kirk T.
Manhardt, Deputy Director, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation
Branch, and Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil
Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of counsel were Jeffrey M. Lowry,
Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice,
Washington D.C. and Jill Rodriguez, Assistant Counsel, DLA Counsel-Energy, Ft.
Belvoir, VA.
                                        OPINION

HORN, J.

                                    FINDINGS OF FACT

       Plaintiff, Securiforce International America, LLC (Securiforce), 1 was awarded a
contract by the Department of Defense Logistics Agency Energy (DLA Energy) to deliver
diesel fuel and commercial specification motor gasoline to eight United States
Department of State (DoS) sites in Iraq. These sites included Basrah, Umm Qasar,
Embassy Baghdad, Besamaya, Sather, Shield, Taji, and Prosperity. Within three months
of the award, however, the contract was partially terminated for the government’s
convenience. Subsequently, the remaining portions of the contract were terminated for
cause. Following the terminations, plaintiff filed its complaint in this court challenging both
of defendant’s termination decisions.

        Prior to the contract award to Securiforce, on September 29, 2010, DLA Energy
issued solicitation number SP0600-10-R-0241 (the solicitation), which sought a
contractor to procure and deliver fuel to Department of Defense (DoD) sites in Iraq. On
November 3, 2010, DLA Energy issued Amendment 003, which amended the solicitation
in order to add and correct certain clauses and “answer questions received in accordance
with Amendment 001.” Securiforce submitted its bid on November 10, 2010 for all the
Contract Line Item Numbers (CLINs) contained in the DoD fuel solicitation, as modified
by Amendment 003. On May 3, 2011, more than five months after Securiforce submitted
its bid in response to the DoD fuel solicitation, DLA Energy issued Amendment 0005 to
the solicitation, which updated some clauses in the solicitation and added separate,
additional CLINs to provide fuel to Department of State (DoS) sites in Iraq. On May 30,
2011, Securiforce submitted its bid for the DoS CLINs added in Amendment 0005.
Securiforce received a letter from DLA Energy on July 27, 2011, stating that it was not
being awarded any of the initial DoD CLINs, as amended by Amendment 0003, for the
delivery of fuel to DoD locations. Between August 9, 2011 and August 17, 2011, DLA
Energy entered into discussions with Securiforce and other offerors regarding the DoS
CLINs that had been added in Amendment 0005. Subsequently, on September 7, 2011,
DLA Energy awarded a contract to Securiforce, SP0600-11-D-1022 (the contract), for the
delivery of diesel fuel and commercial specification motor gasoline (MOGAS, a/k/a
gasoline) from Kuwait to eight DoS sites in Iraq, including Basrah, Umm Qasar, Embassy



1 Securiforce was incorporated in 2010 in Texas as a limited liability company. Previously,
in 2003, an entity related to Securiforce had been incorporated in Kuwait, through which
Securiforce began its operations as a Middle East security and logistics company.


                                              2
Baghdad, Besamaya, Sather, Shield, Taji, and Prosperity. Securiforce’s Chief Executive
Officer, Stephen Brierley 2 signed the contract for Securiforce on September 9, 2011.

       The contract was a commercial-item, requirements contract. The contract included
a termination for convenience clause:

       TERMINATION FOR THE GOVERNMENT’S CONVENIENCE. The
       Government reserves the right to terminate this contract, or any part thereof,
       for its sole convenience. In the event of such termination, the Contractor
       shall immediately stop all work hereunder and shall immediately cause any
       and all of its suppliers and subcontractors to cease work. Subject to the
       terms and conditions of this contract, the Contractor shall be paid a
       percentage of the contract price reflecting the percentage of the work
       performed prior to the notice of termination, plus reasonable charges the
       Contractor can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Government using its
       standard record keeping system, have resulted from the termination. The
       Contractor shall not be required to comply with the cost accounting
       standards or contract cost principles for this purpose. This paragraph does
       not give the Government any right to audit the Contractor’s records. The
       Contractor shall not be paid for any work performed or costs incurred which
       reasonably could have been avoided.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).

       On or around August 29, 2011, prior to awarding the contract for DoS sites to
Securiforce, DLA Energy began to draft a document intended to waive a requirement of


2 Stephen Brierley was, at all times relevant to the case currently before the court, the
majority owner and Chief Executive Officer of Securiforce. Due to personal health issues,
Mr. Brierley was unable to travel or testify at trial, however, his deposition testimony was
admitted into evidence at trial with the agreement of both parties. In his absence,
Securiforce project manager Clive Reeves testified extensively to try to describe the facts
and events underlying the dispute in this case from plaintiff’s perspective. Clive Reeves
was initially a consultant for Securiforce and subsequently an employee of Securiforce
based in Kuwait, where he served as the project manager for the contract at issue in this
case. Mr. Reeves was the onsite person for plaintiff and was a continuous presence in
the Middle East, and Mr. Brierley was not. There were, however, certain relevant
conversations and events that took place, particularly during contract formation, which
Mr. Reeves was not a part of and, therefore, could not speak to based on first-hand
knowledge. Mr. Brierley has since passed away.




                                             3
the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (TAA Waiver), 19 U.S.C. §§ 2501–2582 (2012), which
dictates, generally, that when a government contract for goods exceeds a certain dollar
threshold ($191,000.00), the government may only acquire goods made in the United
States or in other, specified designated countries. 3 Under the statute, without such a
waiver, DLA Energy would not be able to contract with Securiforce for fuel to the DoS
sites because Securiforce intended to procure the fuel from Kuwait and sell it to the United
States government. 4 The parties disagree as to the timing of when the TAA waiver was
drafted. Plaintiff suggests that the waiver justification for six of its eight sites was drafted
and approved before the contract was even issued. Plaintiff also claims that defendant
never intended to allow Securiforce to perform the contract as it was awarded. Defendant
disagrees and states that while the waiver was initially drafted before the contract was
awarded, it was not until after the contract had been awarded that the agency identified
a deficiency in the waiver and revised the waiver to cover only six of plaintiff’s eight
awarded DoS sites.

       According to trial testimony in the record, typically, when a TAA waiver is required
a routing form and staff summary sheet are circulated within the agency and various
individuals indicate that they have reviewed the documents, making note of any
comments. If changes are made to the underlying waiver, the changes would be noted or
the process may have to start over with a new routing form. In this case, the TAA waiver
document began circulating in the office on September 6, 2011. The contract was
awarded on September 7, 2011. Then, on September 8, 2011, DLA Energy counsel, Kay
Bushman, identified, for the first time, that there was a problem with the waiver. The
director of DLA Energy only possessed authority to sign a waiver for goods utilized by the
Department of Defense, but the sites awarded to Securiforce were being operated by the
Department of State, which would be using the fuel delivered by Securiforce. As of
September 8, 2011, when the problem was identified, DLA Energy believed that a waiver
would have to be submitted to the United States Trade Representative and processed
through the Defense Procurement Acquisitions Policy (DPAP) process in order to cover
the DoS sites, or Securiforce’s CLINs would have to be terminated and re-awarded to
another contractor. Kathryn Fantasia, then Director of the Direct Delivery Fuels Business
Unit at DLA Energy who is now retired, testified that she understood those two options to
be the agency’s choices—terminate for convenience Securiforce’s entire contract or try
to process a waiver from the United States Trade Representative through DPAP. Mr.
Reeves testified that he was told by Division Chief and Contracting Officer (contracting



3   48 C.F.R. § 52.225-5 (2016) defines “designated country.”
4Kuwait is not included in the list of designated countries provided at 48 C.F.R. § 52.225-
5.


                                               4
officer) Sandra Shepherd that the TAA could not be waived for the sites Securiforce had
been awarded.

       Subsequently, DLA Energy came to understand that the Office of Security
Cooperation-Iraq (OSC-I), which is part of the DoD, was present at six of Securiforce’s
eight assigned locations. DLA Energy, therefore, thought that it could execute a TAA
waiver for those six sites, avoid the DPAP waiver process, and also avoid terminating
Securiforce’s entire contract. DLA Energy determined that it would need to terminate only
the CLINs for the delivery of fuel to two of Securiforce’s sites, Embassy Baghdad (one
CLIN) and Prosperity (two CLINs), which did not have a DoD presence. According to trial
testimony, DLA Energy, therefore, revised the TAA waiver and accompanying documents
so that it was drafted to cover the remaining six of Securiforce’s eight DoS sites with
apparent DoD presence. The six remaining sites were Basrah, Umm Qasar, Besamaya,
Sather, Shield, and Taji. The government, however, apparently did not create a new
routing form to accompany the revised waiver. Consequently, there is scant
documentation of the actual timing for the waiver’s approval. Nonetheless, Patrick Dulin,
who served as the Deputy Director and Acting Commander of DLA Energy during the
time period at issue in the above-captioned case, testified at trial that he signed the waiver
on September 14, 2011. E-mail documentation and trial testimony supports the
government’s claim that its lack of authority to sign a waiver for sites without a DoD
presence was not discovered until after the contract was awarded on September 7, 2011.
As of September 9, 2011, when Mr. Brierley signed the contract, DLA Energy still was
determining its best course of action and deciding whether to pursue a TAA waiver or
terminate the contract for convenience.

       On September 20, 2011, DLA Energy sent Securiforce a proposed, bilateral
modification to its contract to terminate for convenience the CLIN for MOGAS at Embassy
Baghdad and the CLINs for MOGAS and diesel fuel at Prosperity at no cost. Securiforce
proposed sourcing fuel from the United Arab Emirates as an alternative to removing the
three CLINs. DLA Energy, however, was not receptive to this option. Because Securiforce
did not agree to the proposed, bilateral modification, on September 26, 2011, DLA Energy
issued Modification P0001 (Mod 0001) to Securiforce’s contract, unilaterally terminating
for convenience the three CLINs for fuel at Embassy Baghdad and Prosperity.

       Following the partial termination for convenience, as Securiforce and DLA Energy
worked towards performance at Securiforce’s remaining six DoS locations, Basrah, Umm
Qasar, Besamaya, Sather, Shield, and Taji, Securiforce and DLA Energy also disagreed
as to whether Securiforce was entitled to government-provided security during
performance under the terms of the contract. Even though the awarded contract did not
include an explicit term that the government would provide security escorts, plaintiff
believed that it was entitled to, and would receive, government-provided security under
the contract. Securiforce representative, Mr. Reeves, testified that the questions and
answers provided to offerors in Amendment 003 indicated that the “U.S. Government

                                              5
would be providing security.” He further stated that Amendment 003 “clearly states the
U.S. Government is responsible for the escort, not the contractor.” Mr. Reeves testified
that there was no difference in terms of whether security would be provided based on
whether the fuel was sourced from Kuwait or Turkey. Mr. Reeves also explained that the
standard operating procedures included with its bid made clear that government provided
security was presumed. In further support of plaintiff’s argument that the government had
indicated it would provide security, Mr. Reeves testified that Securiforce was asked to
remove security prices from its bid “because they [the government] weren’t going to pay
twice for security, and by twice, we understood and they mentioned that all escorts would
be provided by the U.S. Government, for Amendment 5 CLINs.” Plaintiff also contends
that the Price Negotiation Memorandum supports its interpretation. The Price Negotiation
Memorandum Addendum for Amendment 0005 of the solicitation states:

       On 18 August 2011, DLA Energy emailed letters to all offerors indicating
       that the US Government will not pay for any security costs included in the
       offered prices since security escorts are already being provided for through
       a US Government contract until such time as the contract expires which is
       31 December 2011. At that time, if the situation in Iraq deteriorates to the
       point where Contractors decide it is necessary to provide security for the
       delivery of fuel, DLA Energy requested that each offeror who is awarded a
       contract, to notify the Contracting Officer immediately. Ada, MeLt Group,
       Sandi Group and Securiforce all included costs for security in their initial
       offer prices. Each offeror confirmed that the cost will be removed from any
       final proposal revisions submitted.

In further support, plaintiff argues that Contract Specialist Kimberly Bass included
Securiforce in the group of contractors she e-mailed to notify them that security escorts
would be ending on September 15, 2011, instead of December 31, 2011. Plaintiff argues
that, if Securiforce was not entitled to security under its contract, it would not have
received the message that security was ending sooner than anticipated.

       Defendant disagrees with plaintiff’s assertions and its analysis, contending that
Securiforce’s contract to provide fuel at DoS sites did not provide for security, and at the
time the contract was awarded, the government was not under any obligation to provide
security to the contractors. Mr. Dulin testified: “The original contract, it was my
understanding, did not provide for government-provided security.” DLA Energy Liaison
Officer Jeffrey Cannon, reiterated this idea, stating:

       I believe in -- it was May -- late April maybe of 2011, we held a meeting at
       the embassy to validate all the POL -- the petroleum/oil/lubricant people
       were brought together to meet, to have a final meeting to validate the
       Department of State's requirement, and to my knowledge, that was part of
       their requirement, to have fuel trucks unescorted.

                                             6
When asked if she knew of any provision in Securiforce’s contract that provided plaintiff
with government security, contracting officer Shepherd replied: “I know of none.”
Repeatedly, throughout her testimony, Ms. Shepherd stated that it was not intended that
Securiforce receive government security and its contract to provide fuel to DoS sites did
not provide for government security or escorts. Ms. Fantasia reiterated this sentiment,
testifying: “The guidance that I received was that the fuel contracts were to be awarded
without armed security escorts.” She also indicated that she passed this guidance on to
those who were working on the solicitation and the award. Ms. Fantasia was asked: “Did
you have an understanding as of September I believe maybe 12th when you returned
from leave as to whether or not Securiforce's contract required the government to provide
security?” She responded: “Yes. And the contract did not provide for security.” Colonel
Rush, then Commander of DLA Energy Middle East, also testified regarding DoS policy,
stating that “there was discussion that the State Department did not want to have armed
escorts escorting fuel into Iraq at the beginning of Operation New Dawn on 1 January
2012.”

        Contract Specialist Kimberly Bass testified that Amendment 003 to the solicitation
only applies to the DoD CLINs contained in the original solicitation for which Securiforce
did not receive a contract. Thus, according to Ms. Bass, DLA Energy’s answer in response
to a contractor’s questions regarding Amendment 003 that providing security was the
government’s responsibility did not apply to plaintiff’s contract for DoS sites. She noted
that the DoS CLINs, added by Amendment 005, did not exist at the time Amendment 003
was issued. Ms. Bass also explained that although she included Securiforce in her
September 13, 2011 e-mail about the September 15, 2011 end date for security escorts,
this was an error, and Ms. Shepherd informed her of her mistake within a day or two of
when Ms. Bass sent the message. Additionally, Ms. Shepherd testified that the Price
Negotiation Memorandum Addendum statement in which DLA Energy indicated that the
government would not pay for security escorts since they were already being provided
was incorrect. She testified that the statement indicating security may be provided applied
to the DoD CLINs, but not to the DoS CLINs. She also suggested that the statement
applied to the shipments delivered from north of Iraq, but not those from the south, and
only for a limited amount of time. Ms. Shepherd admitted, however, that the geographical
restriction was not noted in the Price Negotiation Memorandum Addendum. Lieutenant
Colonel Musgrove, who was the Northwest Subregion Commander of DLA Energy,
indicated his understanding that Securiforce was not supposed to deliver with security.
He testified: “As far as Securiforce was concerned and their contract, they weren't
supposed to be going with armed security, and when I say anything in here about security,
that's what I mean, is they can’t have armed security going into Iraq.” Colonel Rush also
testified: “Let me be more specific, they [Securiforce] were of the understanding that they
would be provided government-provided security, the contract did not specify that they
were entitled to government-provided security.”



                                            7
        In an attempt to facilitate Securiforce’s performance, even though the government
did not believe Securiforce was entitled to security under its existing contract to deliver
fuel to DoS sites, and after prolonged discussion and debate, on October 13, 2011, DLA
Energy and Securiforce signed Modification P0002 (Mod 0002) to the contract, which
stated that the government was to provide security escorts for Securiforce’s fuel
deliveries. Ms. Shepherd explained:

       If they already had security under their contract, a modification to provide
       security was not needed. So, my knowledge of the contract, they did not
       have security, under their contract, as it was awarded. So, to provide
       security, that's why we made the modification to their contract, to allow
       security escorts.

                                             ...

       We wanted to work with this -- this vendor, this contractor, and it was very
       important to us to provide for our mission in Iraq, and they were coming from
       the south, and it was very important to keep that operational line open for
       our operational personnel. So, that was the reason we wanted to work with
       them in order to perform, and have a successful contract.

        Plaintiff claims that shortly after Mod 0002 was executed, the government again
repudiated its obligation to provide security by sending Securiforce an e-mail on October
24, 2011 stating that the government would not provide military escorts north of Cedar,
and it was “working towards a solution to line Securiforce with a DoS task order for
security but this has not been finalized as of the writing of this email.” Mr. Reeves testified
that following the October 24, 2011 e-mail, which promised there would be “more to
come,” he was never told about a security solution for the sites north of Cedar. He also
testified, however, that: “Major Musgrove had telephoned or emailed me and said that
they were looking at Olive Group to be the solution.” Ms. Shepherd tried to explain the
October 24, 2011 e-mail when she testified: “It states the Do -- the DoS locations north of
Cedar under your contract, Besamaya, Sather, Shield and Taji, we are working towards
a solution to line Securiforce with a Department of State task order for security that has
not been finalized as of the writing of the email.” Ms. Shepherd testified that nobody from
Securiforce ever accused the government of breaching its obligation under Mod 0002 of
the contract or complained that security was not being provided. Ms. Fantasia reiterated
her understanding that although Ms. Shepherd informed Securiforce that military escorts
were no longer available, that the government was working to line up a private security
contractor for Securiforce. When asked whether “working toward a solution” was sufficient
to meet the government’s obligation to provide security, Ms. Fantasia replied:

       In this particular -- in this particular circumstance, I believe that it is, that
       Securiforce -- if Securiforce had tendered a truck for movement across the


                                              8
       border in conjunction with our regional office, Colonel Rush, Major
       Musgrove, and his relationships with folks on the ground, we would have
       had security for those trucks if the Department of State task order was not
       in place.

Lieutenant Colonel Musgrove also testified that, after Mod 0002 was issued, he was
working to set up the escorts and spoke confidently about the logistical aspects of this
task, noting the various plans and back up plans he put into place for Securiforce. Colonel
Rush explained in further detail:

       What's going on there is we had coordinated, as I’ve indicated, during this
       time frame U.S. Forces-Iraq are withdrawing, a major synchronization
       endeavor to bring all forces out, logistical support, security, as we move
       sites, collapse sites in the north, move them to the south and then eventually
       retrograde into Kuwait.

       As you're moving all of these forces, they require -- they require fuel, really
       kind of movement time, security, which is all being synchronized. We had
       coordinated security escorts through the ESC or the TSC to escort fuel.
       Those security escorts had apparently not been coordinated between the
       TSC and USF-I and they were planned to be used somewhere else. So,
       those security escorts weren't available to us.

       Within at least within 48 hours, maybe even within 24 hours, we had made
       other arrangements, we had found another security venue to do it. So, what
       we're talking about here is I think this is probably before that, but we're trying
       to -- we're trying to arrange security for Securiforce to operate in that period
       before we lose that authority, before 31 December, and as this email was
       written, Major General Richardson, who was the USF-I J-4, had said, no,
       these security assets that the TSC promised you are going to be needed
       for this other mission, so they're going to go and you need to find another
       solution. This was written probably before we had worked the other solution,
       the next day or the day after.

       Shortly after Mod 0002 was issued, and before the subsequent correspondence
between DLA Energy and Securiforce about the nature of available security for sites north
of Cedar, the government states that it issued two orders for fuel to Securiforce. 5 Plaintiff
disagrees, arguing that the e-mails containing the requested fuel amounts and the

5 Although the parties dispute these “orders,” two DD Form 1155s were sent to plaintiff
on October 20, 2011, designated as order numbers “0001” and “0002,” and both forms
indicated that the orders were placed on October 14, 2011.


                                               9
subsequent Form DD1155s were not orders because they were not for actual
requirements and they were not followed up in the Paperless Ordering Receipt &
Transaction Screens (PORTS), as plaintiff states was required by the contract. The
contract states:

       Orders, and calls against orders, may be issued orally or in writing. An oral
       delivery, order for fuel shall be considered issued by the Government when
       it is verbally assigned a delivery, order number. For all orders, the
       appropriate ordering office/officer will provide the Contractor, via the
       PORTS internet application, with an electronically signed written order, SF
       1449, within 24 hours or one business day after issuing the oral order.
       (Once the Ordering Officer has completed the web page order, an email will
       be sent to the Contractor to provide notice that the order is available on the
       contract-specific web page. The order will also be submitted to the payment
       office.) An oral order shall provide the required advance notice to the
       Contractor and the following information: Order number; contract number;
       item number; quantity; delivery location; any applicable taxes, which should
       be billed as a separate item on the invoice; and the required delivery date.
       Regardless of the unit price cited on the written order, the office designated
       to make payments on the written order will pay the applicable unit price in
       effect under the ECONOMIC PRICE ADJUSTMENT (PC&S) clause.

(capitalization in original).

Plaintiff contends that the orders also did not meet the requirements to be considered
emergency orders, in which event the requirement for the government to enter the orders
into PORTS would have been excused. Mr. Reeves testified that he viewed the “orders”
as requests, and although he attempted to deliver, the “orders” were not valid under the
contract.

        Defendant disagrees with plaintiff’s characterization of what have been labeled
Delivery Orders 0001 and 0002. The government states that on October 14, 2011, DLA
Energy placed two verbal orders with Securiforce, which were followed up with written
orders on Form DD1155 on October 20, 2011. Defendant argues that the orders were
valid, despite the fact that they were not placed into PORTS. The contract made clear
that even if an order was not received in writing by the contractor or placed into PORTS
by the government, the contractor was still required to perform. The contract states:

       The Contractor's nonreceipt of a written or electronic confirmation of an oral
       order or oral call against a written or electronic order does not itself relieve
       the Contractor from its obligation to perform in accordance with the oral
       order or oral call against a written or electronic order. The Contactor should



                                             10
       contact the DLA ENERGY Contracting Officer if problems are experienced
       with receipt of the electronic or written confirmation.

Mr. Reeves testified at trial that an “oral order . . . must be confirmed in writing via a
PORTS-generated order within 24 hours or one business day.” When Mr. Reeves was
asked at trial whether Securiforce would be relieved of its duty to perform if an oral order
was not confirmed in writing with a PORTS-generated order, Mr. Reeves explained that
it was his “understanding” that Securiforce would not be relieved, but that “it’s a little bit
ambiguous.” Nonetheless, plaintiff repeatedly argues that the government impeded
Securiforce’s ability to perform by failing to enter the orders into PORTS and neglecting
to provide required assistance with logistical and ministerial steps that were necessary to
facilitate performance by Securiforce.

      Plaintiff also argues that Orders 0001 and 0002 were Proof of Principle (PoP)
shipments, in which it was asked to deliver small amounts to prove the company’s
capability to perform, and that it was not required under the contract to conduct PoP
shipments. The government claims that despite the orders being described as PoP
shipments, the use of the phrase “Proof of Principle” was not determinative. For example,
Mr. Cannon stated:

       Well, definitely -- the military can call it a proof of principle all they want, but
       contractually, it turns into a -- it becomes an order, and we don’t use the
       term “proof of principle,” but when we sent out a notice like this, it -- things
       become an order, and if it’s followed up -- if a verbal order is followed up by
       a written order, it becomes an order.

The government maintains that the orders were proper under the contract and plaintiff
was required to deliver fuel as it had been directed.

        Orders 0001 and 0002 set October 24, 2011 as the delivery date. Securiforce
indicated that it would be unable to deliver fuel on or around October 24, 2011. Originally
plaintiff stated it would need until approximately November 14, 2011, and subsequently
stated it would aim for delivery on or around November 4, 2011, but then retreated to its
November 14, 2011 estimated delivery date. Although plaintiff explains that it never
agreed to October 24, 2011 as a delivery date, and it claims that such timeframe was
unrealistic, defendant notes that plaintiff was not entitled to input in setting the delivery
date. When Mr. Cannon was asked about whether Securiforce was consulted in
establishing the delivery date, he stated:

       For that reason, that when the delivery date is placed on the order, that is
       now the delivery date, and it's not a -- at that point, we're in a unilateral
       situation. They've -- the contractor's already entered into the contract, he's



                                               11
      aware of this, and we are not in a bilateral negotiation when an order is
      placed.

Therefore, defendant argues, it is not determinative that plaintiff did not agree to the
delivery deadline because plaintiff’s consent to a specific date was not required in order
for plaintiff to be obligated under the contract to deliver by date set by the government.

       On November 4, 2011, DLA Energy sent a letter to Securiforce to inform
Securiforce that it was considering terminating for cause plaintiff’s remaining contract to
deliver fuel to six DoS sites and to ask Securiforce to present any facts that would be
relevant to a government decision to terminate the contract for cause. 6 The letter stated:

      Since you have failed to deliver orders 0001 and 0002, the Government is
      considering terminating the contract under the provisions for default of this
      contract. Pending a final decision in this matter, it will be necessary to
      determine whether your failure to perform arose from causes beyond your
      control and without fault or negligence on your part.

The contract contemplated a termination for cause and included the following clause:

      TERMINATION FOR CAUSE. The Government may terminate this
      contract, or any part hereof, for cause in the event of any default by the
      Contractor, or if the Contractor fails to comply with any contract terms and
      conditions, or fails to provide the Government, upon request, with adequate
      assurances of future performance. In the event of termination for cause, the
      Government shall not be liable to the Contractor for any amount for supplies
      or services not accepted, and the Contractor shall be liable to the
      Government for any and all rights and remedies provided by law. If it is
      determined that the Government improperly terminated this contract for
      default, such termination shall be deemed a termination for convenience.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The contract also addressed excusable delays:

      EXCUSABLE DELAYS. The Contractor shall be liable for default unless
      nonperformance is caused by an occurrence beyond the reasonable control
      of the Contractor and without its fault or negligence, such as acts of God or
      the public enemy, acts of the Government in either its sovereign or
      contractual capacity, fires, floods, epidemics, quarantine restrictions,
6  The parties use the terms “termination for cause” and “termination for default”
interchangeably. Although they are understood to refer to the same government action in
the above-captioned case, the court will use “termination for cause” throughout this
opinion, in conformance with the language used in the contract.


                                            12
       strikes, unusually severe weather, and delays of common carriers. The
       Contractor shall notify the Contracting Officer in writing as soon as it is
       reasonably possible after the commencement of any excusable delay,
       setting forth the full particulars in connection therewith, shall remedy such
       occurrence with all reasonable dispatch, and shall promptly give written
       notice to the Contracting Officer of the cessation of such occurrence.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).

       As of November 4, 2011, Securiforce had not delivered any fuel and was
estimating that the earliest it could deliver was November 20, 2011. Securiforce
responded to the government’s letter on November 8, 2011. In its response letter,
Securiforce contended that, under the terms of the contract, it was not late in delivering
fuel. Securiforce argued that DLA Energy’s letter also ignored significant government-
caused delays, including “the State Department (who is not a party to this contract)
continues to create a ‘moving target,’” and the government’s failure to set up PORTS, the
government’s failure to assist with driver badging, and the government’s failure to arrange
for Mr. Reeves and Mr. Brierley to receive Common Access Cards (CACs). Plaintiff also
argues that the government continually changed the operating procedures for
Securiforce, despite having earlier accepted Securiforce’s Concept of Operations,
Logistical Procedures, and Quality Control Plan. Plaintiff argued in its letter that because
of the government caused the delays, Securiforce was entitled to relief under the
contract’s Excusable Delays clause. 7

       On November 15, 2011, DLA Energy issued Modification P0003 (Mod 0003) to
Securiforce’s contract, unilaterally terminating for cause the entire remaining contract.
Securiforce’s counsel sent a letter to DLA Energy requesting the government to rescind
the termination of Securiforce’s contract. DLA Energy responded to Securiforce’s letter
and declined to rescind the termination for cause. Thereafter, Securiforce filed an initial

7 At trial, plaintiff reiterated its arguments that the government was at fault for obstructing
Securiforce’s ability to perform. Mr. Reeves stated that Securiforce was not able to begin
delivering fuel 30 days after it was awarded the contract: “[b]ecause there were certain
elements the U.S. Government had to implement to allow us to perform.” Mr. Reeves
expanded, stating, for example, that the government failed to provide information and
assistance, including PORTS training and support, necessary information regarding
crossing the border and driver badging, CACs to allow Mr. Brierley and Mr. Reeves
unescorted access to the military bases, which they needed to access to facilitate
performance of the contract, and support with Synchronized Predeployment Operational
and Tracker (SPOT) registration. Mr. Reeves repeatedly expressed frustration: “I have
had no information from DLA on what to do, even though I've asked for it. So, we're still
finding out processes and procedures for being able to perform.”


                                              13
complaint in this court seeking declaratory relief with respect to the termination for cause,
which had been implemented through the government’s issuance of Mod 0003.
Subsequently, Securiforce sent a letter to DLA Energy requesting a contracting officer’s
final decision relating to Mod 0001, the prior partial termination for convenience. In that
letter, Securiforce stated that it was requesting a contracting officer’s final decision
“declaring that the government’s termination for convenience dated September 26, 2011,
through Modification P00001 was a material breach of contract.” Securiforce then
proceeded to explain six reasons why it believed that “DLA Energy’s actions in partially
terminating the contract for Convenience was a material breach of the Contract.” DLA
Energy responded to Securiforce’s letter on January 16, 2013, stating that it could not
provide a final decision based on the contents of Securiforce’s letter and explaining why
Securiforce’s claim was likely without merit. The contracting officer stated that the letter
did not present a cognizable claim, because it failed to state a sum certain and it did not
“make any reference to seeking an adjustment or interpretation of the contract terms.”
She then explained that although the question was not before her, “SIA’s [Securiforce’s]
allegation that the Government lacked the ability to terminate these three line items for
convenience is likely without merit.”

        Securiforce then filed a complaint in this court, followed by a first amended
complaint (the complaint), seeking declaratory relief with respect to both the termination
for cause (Mod 0003) and the termination for convenience (Mod 0001). Count I states
that DLA Energy unilaterally repudiated its obligation to provide Securiforce with security,
materially breaching its obligations under the contract. Plaintiff alleges that the contract
required DLA Energy to provide security escorts through December 31, 2011, and
changes were only allowed to be made by written agreement of the parties. Nonetheless,
plaintiff states it received an e-mail on September 13, 2011 announcing that the
government would not provide escorts after September 15, 2011. DLA Energy executed
Mod 0002 on October 13, 2011, which guaranteed security would be provided for
Securiforce, at least until the end of 2011, by stating: “ADD ‘U.S. Government provided
escorts required’ to each location on the schedule,” listing plaintiff’s six DoS locations on
the schedule, and noting that the provision will expire on December 31, 2011. Plaintiff
states, however, that DLA Energy again repudiated its obligation to provide security
escorts in an e-mail dated October 24, 2011. Securiforce alleges that it repeatedly
objected to performing without security escorts and never waived the government’s
material breach.

        Count II of plaintiff’s complaint states that DLA Energy materially breached the
contract by failing to place orders with Securiforce for the government’s actual
requirements and instead procured fuel from other sources to satisfy its requirements.
Plaintiff contends that the government had estimated over 2.3 million gallons of fuel would
be required each month, but, throughout the life of the contract, the government never
placed orders for its actual requirements. Plaintiff also alleges: “DLA Energy partially
terminated for convenience two sites awarded so that it could obtain those requirements

                                             14
from another supplier.” Further, plaintiff argues that “orders” 0001 and 0002 were
unauthorized “Proof of Principle” orders which did not reflect the government’s actual fuel
requirements. Securiforce contends that DLA Energy admitted it was supplying fuel to the
sites covered by Securiforce’s contract throughout the duration of the contract.
Securiforce states that it never waived the material breaches the government committed
when it failed to order the amount of fuel the DoS sites actually required and supplied
those sites by other means.

        In Count III, plaintiff argues that DLA Energy materially breached the contract by
implementing numerous unilateral changes immediately after the contract was awarded,
changing the parties’ bargain. Specifically, plaintiff contends that DLA Energy repudiated
its obligation to provide it with security six days after the contract was awarded. DLA
Energy terminated for convenience more than half of the estimated fuel requirements less
than two weeks after the contract was awarded when it partially terminated for
convenience the CLINs at Prosperity and Embassy Baghdad because of what DLA
Energy described as a mistake. According to plaintiff, DLA Energy could have, but refused
to, seek a waiver from the United States Trade Representative to avoid partially
terminating plaintiff’s contract for convenience. Finally, approximately three weeks after
the contract was awarded, DLA Energy began requesting Securiforce conduct unescorted
PoP shipments, which Securiforce contends the contract did not provide for and
“fundamentally changed the parties’ bargain from a requirements contract to deliver over
200 tanker trucks each month to a demonstration contract.” Plaintiff also contends that
the government repudiated its obligation to provide Securiforce with security a second
time, shortly after Mod 0002 had been executed. Plaintiff alleges that the government
knew its PoP orders were not legitimate orders under the contract, that the government
was aware its actions and inactions had delayed Securiforce’s ability to perform, and that,
because no delivery dates had ever been agreed upon, Securiforce’s alleged late delivery
of the PoP orders was a pretext for terminating the contract for cause. Plaintiff also alleges
that DLA Energy’s reasons for partially terminating for convenience two of the awarded
sites and terminating for cause the remaining sites were pretexts “DLA Energy used to
avoid its express and implied contractual obligations to Securiforce.” Plaintiff claims that
these contract changes indicate the government knew even before the contract was
awarded that it would not allow plaintiff to perform the contract as it was awarded.
Moreover, even if the government was not aware that it was going to drastically change
the contract immediately after it was awarded, its immediate changes to the contract
demonstrate defendant was negligent in preparing the solicitation and that the solicitation
did not accurately reflect the government’s requirements. Securiforce states that it
objected repeatedly to the government’s actions and inactions and did not waive any
material breaches.

       Count IV contends that the government’s implied duties of good faith and fair
dealing were breached by failing to allow Securiforce to provide fuel from an alternative
source that would have been TAA compliant and by refusing to request a TAA waiver

                                             15
through the DPAP waiver process in order to avoid terminating any part of plaintiff’s
contract for convenience. Plaintiff argues that partially terminating the contract for
convenience instead of pursuing either of the preceding two options was a breach of the
government’s duty to facilitate Securiforce’s performance. Further, plaintiff reiterates its
allegations that the termination for cause due to the alleged late deliveries was pretextual.
Plaintiff argues that DLA Energy’s pretextual termination occurred in order to “avoid its
remaining obligations under the Contract” and DLA Energy “defaulted Securiforce’s
remaining obligations under the Contract to leverage its negotiation of the government’s
remedies related to the Contract.” Plaintiff also contends that the government’s
cancellation of “its POP order of one tanker for Umm Qasar” was based on a pretext.
Plaintiff claims that DLA Energy failed to “timely or reasonably assist” with necessary
administrative tasks. Finally, plaintiff argues that the terminations for convenience and
cause were improper because there was a continuing need for fuel to be delivered to the
sites awarded under the contract.

       Count V contends that even if the allegations of Counts I through IV do not
individually constitute material breaches, collectively, they are a material breach of the
contract. Securiforce also reiterates that it has not waived any of the government’s
breaches.

      After extensive discovery and motions practice by both parties, a trial was held at
which multiple witnesses for both sides testified. 8

                                       DISCUSSION

       Defendant’s Partial Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction

        As a threshold issue, the court will address defendant’s allegations that plaintiff’s
amended complaint should be partially dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Specifically, defendant asserts that this court does not have jurisdiction to consider
Counts I-V in plaintiff’s complaint or the claims raised in plaintiff’s November 16, 2012
letter to the contracting officer requesting a final decision declaring that the termination




8 In addition to the witnesses discussed in the fact section above, the other witnesses
who testified at trial, and their titles at the time of the events underlying the above-
captioned case, included Kathleen Austin-Ferguson (Executive Assistant to the Under
Secretary of Management at the Department of State) and Phyllis Watson (Contracting
Officer, then Contracting Specialist). The deposition testimony of Roger Torgeson
(Quality Assurance Representative) also was admitted at trial. A number of DLA Energy
personnel were called by both the plaintiff and the defendant as part of their case.


                                             16
for convenience was a material breach of Securiforce’s contract. The statute at 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491 (2012), known as the Tucker Act, grants jurisdiction to this court as follows:

       (a)(1) The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to
       render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either
       upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an
       executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the
       United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not
       sounding in tort. . . .

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act also states:

       (2) . . . In any case within its jurisdiction, the court shall have the power to
       remand appropriate matters to any administrative or executive body or
       official with such direction as it may deem proper and just. The Court of
       Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim
       by or against, or dispute with, a contractor arising under section 7104(b)(1)
       of title 41, including a dispute concerning termination of a contract, rights in
       tangible or intangible property, compliance with cost accounting standards,
       and other nonmonetary disputes on which a decision of the contracting
       officer has been issued under section 6 of that Act.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2). As interpreted by the United States Supreme Court, this Act
waives sovereign immunity to allow jurisdiction over claims (1) founded on an express or
implied contract with the United States, (2) seeking a refund from a prior payment made
to the government, or (3) based on federal constitutional, statutory, or regulatory law
mandating compensation by the federal government for damages sustained. See United
States v. Navajo Nation, 556 U.S. 287, 289–90 (2009); United States v. Testan, 424 U.S.
392, 400 (1976) (citing Eastport Steamship Corp. v. United States, 178 Ct. Cl. 599, 605–
06, 372 F.2d 1002, 1009 (1967)); United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 216 (1983); see
also Greenlee Cnty., Ariz. v. United States, 487 F.3d 871, 875 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1142 (2008); Palmer v. United
States, 168 F.3d 1310, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 1999); Stinson, Lyons & Bustamante, P.A. v.
United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 474, 478 (1995), aff’d, 79 F.3d 136 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

       Section 1491(a)(2) of the Tucker Act provides this court with broad jurisdiction over
issues that arise under the Contract Disputes Act (CDA), including “any claim by or
against, or dispute with a contractor arising under section 7104(b)(1) of title 41, including
a dispute concerning termination of a contract . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2); see also
Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d 1306, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2011). By its terms,
the CDA gives this court jurisdiction to hear claims relating to “any express or implied
contract . . . made by an executive agency for-- . . . (1) the procurement of property, other
than real property in being; [and] (2) the procurement of services[.]” 41 U.S.C. § 7102

                                             17
(2012) (brackets added); see also Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d
1338, 1344-45 (Fed. Cir. 2008); North Start Steel Co. v. United States, 477 F.3d 1324,
1331 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The Federal Circuit has explained that “Congress’s decision to limit
the applicability of the [CDA’s] procedures to those claims ‘relating to’ a contract indicates
that the claim at issue must have some relationship to the terms or performance of a
government contract.” Applied Cos. v. United States, 144 F.3d 1470, 1478 (Fed. Cir.
1998).

        Before this court can exercise jurisdiction pursuant to the CDA, however, the CDA
requires that a contractor’s claim first must be submitted in writing to the contracting
officer, and the contracting officer must render a final decision on the claim. See 41
U.S.C. § 7103(a)(1) (2012). The CDA does not define “claim,” but the United States Court
of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained that “the definition of the term ‘claim’ in
the FAR governs.” Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d at 1312; see also H.L.
Smith, Inc. v. United States, 49 F.3d 1563, 1564 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (explaining that the
Federal Circuit “has identified three requirements for a valid CDA claim: (1) the contractor
must submit the demand in writing to the contracting officer, (2) the contractor must submit
the demand as a matter of right, and (3) the demand must include a sum certain”).
Therefore, courts look to the FAR, which defines “claim” as a “written demand or written
assertion by one of the contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of
money in a sum certain, the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief
arising under or relating to the contract.” 48 C.F.R. § 2.101 (“Definitions”) (2016); see
also Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d at 1312 (explaining that the court
should read the definition of “claim” broadly). As this language indicates, a CDA claim can
seek monetary or non-monetary relief. See Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d
at 1311.

        The Federal Circuit has explained that “the phrase ‘as a matter of right’ in the FAR’s
definition of a ‘claim’ requires only that the contractor specifically assert entitlement to the
relief sought. That is, the claim must be a demand for something due or believed to be
due . . . .” Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d 1260, 1265 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g denied, 186 F.3d 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Todd Constr., L.P. v. United
States, 656 F.3d at 1311 (“The Tucker Act provides the Claims Court with jurisdiction over
‘any claim by or against, or dispute with, a contractor arising under [the CDA],
including . . . non-monetary disputes on which a decision of the contracting officer has
been issued under section 6 of [the CDA].’”) (brackets in original). The content, not the
form, determines what is sought in the claim; no magic language is required. See
Placeway Constr. Corp. v. United States, 920 F.2d 903, 908 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (“In fact, this
court de-emphasized the importance of the form in which claims are submitted, stating,
‘We know of no requirement in the Disputes Act that a “claim” must be submitted in a
particular form or use any particular wording.’” (quoting Contract Cleaning Maint., Inc. v.
United States, 811 F.2d at 592)); CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. at
382–83 (“The CDA does not require ‘that a “claim” . . . use any particular wording. All that

                                              18
is required is that the contractor submit in writing to the contracting officer a clear and
unequivocal statement that gives the contracting officer adequate notice of the basis . . .
of the claim.’” (quoting Contract Cleaning Maint., Inc. v. United States, 811 F.2d at 592)).
In CW Government Travel, Inc. v. United States, the court indicated, “[t]he Federal Circuit
‘has definitively stated that certain “magic words” need not be used [to establish a claim
under the CDA;] . . . [rather,] the intent of the “claim” governs.’” Id. at 383 (quoting
Transamerica Ins. Corp. v. United States, 973 F.2d 1572, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1992), overruled
on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572))) (brackets and omissions
in CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States).

         When a claim is not a claim for money, the sum certain requirement does not apply.
See Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1266–67 (stating that
according to the FAR, a claim may be a request for “‘payment of money in a sum certain’”
or it may be a request for an “‘adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief
arising from or relating to the contract,’” therefore indicating that the “sum certain”
requirement only applies to claims requesting a payment of money (quoting FAR 33.201);
CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. at 382 (“The court recognizes that,
‘[t]o state a [valid] non-monetary claim, there is no requirement that the contractor make
a request for a sum certain.’” (quoting Clearwater Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 56
Fed. Cl. 303, 309 (2003))) (brackets in CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States); Clearwater
Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. at 309 (“[T]he contractor is required to
satisfy just two requirements to set forth a non-monetary claim: (i) the contractor must
make a ‘written demand . . . seeking as a matter of right . . . the adjustment or
interpretation of contract terms;’ and (ii) that request must be submitted to the contracting
officer for a decision.” (citing GPA-I, LP v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 762, 767 (2000)))
(italics in original); GPA-I, LP v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. at 766 (finding a sum certain
was not required under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2) when the parties sought an “‘adjustment
or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising under or relating to the contract’”
(quoting FAR 33.201)). Furthermore, “[i]n defining the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal
Claims over CDA disputes, Congress has chosen expansive, not restrictive, language.”
Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1268.

        In addition to submitting a valid claim to a contracting officer, a “prerequisite for
jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims over a CDA claim is a final decision by a
contracting officer.” Northrop Grumman Comp. Sys. v. United States, 709 F.3d 1107,
1111 (Fed. Cir. 2013). For this court to exercise jurisdiction over a CDA claim, “the
contractor must have received the contracting officer’s final decision on that claim.” M.
Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see
also James M. Ellet Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 93 F.3d 1537, 1542 (Fed. Cir.
1996). When a contracting officer has not issued a final decision on a contractor’s claim,
the Court of Federal Claims lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider the claim. See
England v. The Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also
Tidewater Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 779, 784 (2012); Deponte

                                              19
Investments, Inc. v. United States, 54 Fed. Cl. 112, 115 (2002). If, however, within sixty
days of submitting a claim, the contracting officer has not issued a final decision or notified
the contractor of a reasonable time in which a final decision will be issued, the claim may
be deemed denied for purposes of appeal or judicial review. See 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f).

        As previously stated, after the CDA prerequisites discussed above are satisfied,
this court can exercise jurisdiction over a claim brought pursuant to the CDA and award
monetary and/or non-monetary relief, when appropriate. “[N]onmonetary claims are not
outside the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims simply because the contractor could
convert the claims to monetary claims” at a later time. Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United
States, 178 F.3d at 1268. As amended by the CDA, “the Tucker Act grants the Court of
Federal Claims jurisdiction to grant nonmonetary relief in connection with contractor
claims.” Id. Further, this court has jurisdiction to grant declaratory relief for nonmonetary
contractor claims. See Tiger Natural Gas, Inc. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 287, 292
(2004) (“As amended, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2) contemplates suits in this Court for
declaratory judgments on nonmonetary claims.”). In a case brought under the CDA, this
court has jurisdiction to grant a declaratory judgment finding, for example, that a
termination for default was improper or that a breach of contract occurred, absent a
request by plaintiff for monetary damages. See Tiger Natural Gas, Inc. v. United States,
61 Fed. Cl. at 292 (quoting Alliant Techsystems v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1270, for
the proposition that “‘“nonmonetary claims are not outside the jurisdiction of the Court of
Federal Claims simply because the contractor could convert the claims to monetary
claims by doing the requested work and seeking compensation afterwards’”); Maryland
Enterprise, L.L.C. v. United States., 91 Fed. Cl. 511, 522–23 & n.8 (2010) (holding that
the court had jurisdiction to adjudicate plaintiff’s claim for a declaratory judgment that the
defendant’s actions constituted a breach of contract in a case in which the complaint was
“devoid of any request that [the] Court award monetary relief” (citing Alliant Techsystems,
Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1268)); Armour of Am. v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 587,
592 (2006); Ho v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 96, 98, 101 (2001) aff'd, 30 F. App'x 964
(Fed. Cir. 2002) (noting that “[t]his court has heard claims arising under the CDA
requesting only nonmonetary relief” and finding that the court had jurisdiction to decide
plaintiff’s claim for a declaratory judgment of plaintiff’s “rights and duties under the
contract” despite the dismissal of plaintiff’s monetary breach of contract claims (citing
Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1267–70); Libertatia Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 702, 702–03 & n.1 (2000); Newport News Shipbuilding. &
Dry Dock Co. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 613, 614 (1999))).

       Additionally, this court has jurisdiction to hear claims for monetary relief under the
CDA. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in Reflectone, Inc. v.
Dalton, explained that a claim for money must satisfy three requirements: “that it be (1) a
written demand, (2) seeking, as a matter of right, (3) the payment of money in a sum
certain.” Reflectone v. Dalton, 60 F.3d at 1575; see also Williams v. United States, 118
Fed. Cl. 533, 538 (2014) (“The CDA requires a contractor to submit a written claim against

                                              20
the federal government to the contracting officer for decision.”); see also England v.
Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d at 1379. Additionally, plaintiff bears the burden of proving
that this court possesses jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims by a preponderance of the
evidence. See Baldwin v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 238, 241 (2010) (citing Sanders v.
United States, 252 F.3d 1329, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (burden of proof); Reynolds v. Army
& Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (preponderance of the
evidence).

        In the above-captioned case, plaintiff, Securiforce, filed an amended complaint
seeking a declaratory judgment that DLA Energy’s partial termination for convenience,
and subsequent termination for cause, of Securiforce’s contract was improper because
“DLA Energy committed multiple, material breaches of its commercial-item, three-year,
requirements contract with Securiforce for fuel deliveries to eight locations in Iraq.”
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the claims in plaintiff’s amended complaint “related to
the September 2011 partial termination for convenience of Securiforce’s contract”
because, according to defendant, plaintiff has not satisfied the prerequisites of the CDA
that are necessary for this court to exercise jurisdiction over these claims: the submission
of a claim to the contracting officer, and a final, written decision from the contracting
officer. Defendant argues that, as a result, this court does not have jurisdiction to entertain
Securiforce’s claims in its amended complaint that relate to the September 26, 2011
termination for convenience.

        As previously discussed, in September 2011, DLA Energy issued a termination for
convenience applicable to the contract requirements for two of the eight DoS fuel delivery
sites in the contract, Embassy Baghdad and Camp Prosperity, thereafter, DLA Energy
terminated the contract for cause. Subsequently, plaintiff filed a complaint in this court on
November 6, 2012 seeking a declaratory judgment that the termination for cause was
improper, however, at that time, plaintiff did not seek relief for the termination for
convenience. After filing its initial complaint in this court, plaintiff wrote a letter to the
contracting officer on November 16, 2012, seeking a contracting officer’s final decision
pursuant to the CDA “declaring that the government’s termination for convenience dated
September 26, 2011, through Modification P00001 was a material breach of contract.”
The November 16, 2012 letter explained that:

       On or about September 26, 2011, DLA Energy e-mailed Securiforce
       Modification P0001 to the Contract, which purported to terminate
       unilaterally all the requirements for Embassy Baghdad and Camp
       Prosperity. . . . The total estimated Contract value decreased by
       $173,250,504.68, to $137,978,348.20. The putative explanation provided
       by the CO in the cover letter was that the Commander of DLA was
       authorized to waive the TAA only at some of the locations included in the
       Solicitation. Further, DLA Energy stated it could have requested a waiver
       from the U.S. Trade Representative allegedly needed under the TAA for

                                              21
       those two sites, but it simply chose not to do so.

The November 16, 2012 letter provided several reasons why, according to plaintiff, the
termination for convenience was a material breach that would render the termination for
convenience ineffective and, as a result, entitle plaintiff to breach damages, including that
the government previously breached the contract when it unilaterally repudiated its
obligation to provide security escorts to plaintiff’s fuel transports over plaintiff’s objections.
The letter also alleged that the government’s decision to change the terms of the contract
immediately after award demonstrated that it never intended to honor the contract, and
that the government’s justification for issuing the termination for convenience was a
pretext. The letter further alleged that the government breached its implied duties of good
faith and fair dealing by refusing to seek a TAA waiver or accept TAA-compliant fuel, and
that the government was negligent in erroneously preparing its solicitation. In conclusion,
the letter stated:

       DLA Energy’s actions, individually and collectively, in partially terminating
       the Contract for convenience resulted in a material breach of the Contract.
       Accordingly, Securiforce respectfully requests a final decision declaring that
       DLA Energy’s partial termination for convenience issued in Mod P00001 to
       the Contract was a material breach of contract and that Securiforce is
       entitled to breach damages.

        Defendant argues that this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to review the
termination for convenience because Securiforce’s November 16, 2012 letter was not a
valid claim to the contracting officer as it did not state a sum certain, which is required for
claims seeking monetary relief. In response, plaintiff argues that the letter was a valid
claim seeking declaratory, nonmonetary relief and that “[s]eeking a declaration of
entitlement to breach damages, which follows necessarily from a declaration of breach,
does not transform a claim for declaratory relief into a claim for monetary damages,” so
that plaintiff was not required to state a sum certain.

        As explained above, to present a non-monetary claim, a contractor must make a
written demand, as a matter of right, seeking “relief arising from or relating to the contract”
or “the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms.” 48 C.F.R. § 2.101. Non-monetary
claims generally do not need to be certified under the CDA. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b) (only
specifying that a claim must be certified if it is a monetary claim for more than $100,000);
see also Placeway Constr. Corp. v. United States, 920 F.2d at 907 (“As a final decision
on a government claim, the Claims Court has jurisdiction, even though the claim was not
certified.”)

       Defendant tries to rely on Kellogg Brown & Root Services, Inc. v. United States,
115 Fed. Cl. 168 (2014), to support its contention that plaintiff’s letter seeking a final
decision regarding the partial termination for convenience actually is a monetary claim,


                                               22
disguised as a non-monetary claim, and, thus, should be treated as a monetary claim. In
Kellogg Brown & Root, the plaintiff submitted two letters to the contracting officer
requesting relief under the indemnification clause of its contract. Kellogg Brown & Root
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. at 174–75. Plaintiff characterized its request as
a nonmonetary claim seeking the “‘“interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising
under or relating to the contract.”’” Id. at 175. Plaintiff asked the government to participate
in the relevant litigation, pursuant to the indemnification provision in its contract, and noted
the significant costs it was currently incurring. See id. at 175–77. Defendant in that case
alleged that plaintiff’s indemnification claim was monetary because the complaint was
essentially about money and the plaintiff’s complaint was “nothing more than an artful
attempt to disguise a claim for money damages as a claim for contract interpretation, in
order to avoid CDA requirements.” See id. at 176. On review, the court agreed with the
defendant that “the gravamen of the complaint is a request for money.” Id. at 184. The
court stated that, “KBR, no matter how indirectly, is invoking its right to compensation
from the government” because the contractor’s letter to the contracting officer “contains
a heavy, if somewhat obscured, emphasis on the monetary aspects of indemnification,
and a very light but direct emphasis on encouraging the Corps to actively participate in
the litigation of the third-party suits against KBR.” Id. at 176. In finding that the plaintiff’s
attempt to characterize its claim as nonmonetary failed, the Kellogg Brown & Root court
determined that plaintiff’s complaint repeatedly referenced money damages owed to the
plaintiff under the indemnification provision of its contract, indicating that, in fact, their
claim was for money damages. See id. at 183.

        Plaintiff, Securiforce, in the above-captioned case requested “a final decision
declaring that DLA Energy’s partial termination for convenience issued in Mod P00001 to
the Contract was a material breach of contract and that Securiforce is entitled to breach
damages.” In the November 16, 2012 letter, Securiforce briefly mentioned possible
entitlement to breach damages, however, the focus of the letter clearly was on DLA
Energy’s conduct during contract formation and administration. The letter discussed
plaintiff’s grounds for asserting that the termination for convenience was improper and
focused on previous alleged contract breaches by DLA Energy. The letter did not mention
the financial impact of defendant’s allegedly improper conduct on plaintiff or reference
costs or damages incurred by plaintiff. The gravamen of the November 16, 2012 letter
revolved around the propriety of the September 2011 termination for convenience, given
plaintiff’s allegations that DLA Energy had materially breached the contract prior to issuing
the termination for convenience modification. The essence of plaintiff’s letter is non-
monetary. Also, even though plaintiff noted in its letter to the contracting officer that the
value of its contract had been decreased by $173,250,504.68 to $137,978,348.20
following the termination for convenience, plaintiff did not indicate that it was seeking to
recover this difference in value as breach damages. As the contracting officer noted,
other than asking for a declaration that the termination for convenience was improper
such that plaintiff would be entitled to breach damages, the other indicia of a specific
monetary claim were absent from plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter.

                                               23
        It is also appropriate to consider plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter in the context
of this litigation in order to determine whether the relief sought was monetary, such that
a sum certain was required, or non-monetary. The record plainly demonstrates that
plaintiff pursued a contracting officer’s final decision declaring that the termination for
convenience was a material breach in order to support its argument that the ensuing
termination for cause against plaintiff was improper. It is evident that plaintiff intended to
rely on a declaration of material breach to strengthen its position against the termination
for cause and not, as defendant asserts, solely to recover monetary relief. Accordingly,
notwithstanding defendant’s argument that plaintiff’s termination for convenience claim is
monetary, the evidence before this court indicates that plaintiff’s letter on November 16,
2012 was a claim for non-monetary relief.

        Based on the specific facts presented in the above-captioned case, this court does
not conclude that what plaintiff has styled as a non-monetary claim should be
recharacterized as a monetary claim by the court. Contrary to defendant’s contentions,
Securiforce’s claim seeking a final decision regarding the partial termination for
convenience can be viewed as a request for non-monetary relief. Plaintiff presented its
claim, in compliance with the CDA, requesting a contracting officer’s final decision on
whether the government had breached the contract when it issued the partial termination
for convenience. Because the claim in the above-captioned case was submitted in writing
and sought a final decision on plaintiff’s non-monetary claim, the court finds that plaintiff
submitted a valid claim to the contracting officer over which this court can exercise
jurisdiction. See England v. The Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d at 1379.

        Defendant also argues that this court does not have jurisdiction over plaintiff’s
termination for convenience allegations because the contracting officer did not issue a
final decision on plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter. Despite plaintiff’s contention that its
amended complaint is an appeal of the contracting officer’s deemed denial of
Securiforce’s November 16, 2012 claim, defendant argues that the contracting officer did,
in fact, respond to plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter and explained that the response
was not a final decision and that more information was needed. In response, plaintiff
argues that there was “at a minimum, a deemed denial to Securiforce’s request for final
decision on the termination for convenience” set forth in the letter to the contracting officer
on November 16, 2012.

        Like the words of a claim, specific language is not required in order for a contracting
officer’s response to be considered a final decision. “Under the CDA, a contractor may
obtain an actual or a deemed final decision on [a] claim.” Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. v. United
States, 120 Fed. Cl. 137, 141 (2015). In Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, the
Federal Circuit found, “[a] letter can be a final decision under the CDA even if it lacks the
standard language announcing that it constitutes a final decision.” Alliant Techsystems,
Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1267. Whether or not a letter constituted a final decision
also was addressed in CW Government Travel, Inc. v. United States, in which this court

                                              24
relied on Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, and noted that it is the substance,
not the form, of a letter which determines whether it constitutes a final decision. CW Gov’t
Travel, Inc. v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. at 384 (“A contracting officer’s written refusal to
render a ‘final decision’ does not provide an end-run around this court’s jurisdiction; the
substance, rather than the form of the letter is determinative. ‘Whether a contracting
officer’s letter may be taken as a final expression of an agency’s position on a claim . . .
is ultimately to be judged by what the letter says and not by how it is labeled.’” (quoting
Litton Sys., Inc. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 306, 309 (1992))). In CW Government
Travel, the court found that, to the extent the contracting officer interpreted the terms of
the contract, it constituted a final decision. CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 63 Fed.
Cl. at 385. Also, failure to issue a decision within the required time is deemed to be a
decision by the contracting officer denying the claim. See 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5) (“Failure
by a contracting officer to issue a decision on a claim within the required time period is
deemed to be a decision by the contracting officer denying the claim and authorizes an
appeal or action on the claim as otherwise provided in this chapter.”); see also Placeway
Constr. Corp. v. United States, 920 F.2d at 906–07 (“[W]e conclude that the contracting
officer effectively made a final decision on the government claim. . . . The decision is no
less final because it failed to include boilerplate language usually present for the
protection of the contractor.”); Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. at
141 (“A denial actual or deemed, authorizes an ‘appeal or action on the claim as otherwise
provided in [the CDA].’”) (quoting 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5)).

        Although plaintiff argues that this court has jurisdiction pursuant to the CDA and
the Tucker Act to hear its appeal of defendant’s deemed denial of plaintiff’s claim to the
contracting officer on November 16, 2012, defendant contends that the contracting officer
responded to plaintiff’s claim and explained that the response was not a final decision.
Following the receipt of plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter, which requested a final
decision “declaring that DLA Energy’s partial termination for convenience issued in Mod
P00001 to the Contract was a material breach of contract and that Securiforce is entitled
to breach damages,” the contracting officer sent a letter to plaintiff’s counsel. In that letter,
the contracting officer said that she “cannot issue a final decision based on the November
16 letter because the letter does not present a claim cognizable under the Contracts [sic]
Disputes Act 1978, as amended, 41 U.S.C. §§ 701-709 (CDA).” The letter explained that
“the Contracting Officer cannot issue a final decision on SIA’s claim because the claim
fails to state a ‘sum certain’ as required by 48 C.F.R. § 2.101 (2012).” “The November 16
letter does not make any reference to seeking an adjustment or interpretation of the
contract terms. However, the November 16 letter does request that the Contract [sic]
Officer determine that SIA is entitled to unspecified ‘breach damages.’” The contracting
officer concluded that the “only possible interpretation of the letter is that SIA is pursuing
a monetary claim for damages it believes it incurred resulting from the termination of those
three line items for convenience.” Based on this conclusion, the contracting officer
ordered Securiforce to “please resubmit SIA’s claim with a ‘sum certain’ and adequate
supporting information to support SIA’s claim.” The contracting officer then proceeded to

                                               25
interpret the contract:

       Additionally, please note that while the question is not now before the
       Contracting Officer, SIA’s allegation that the Government lacked the ability
       to terminate these three line items for convenience is likely without merit.
       Contracting Officers have broad discretion to take corrective action when
       the agency determines that it is necessary to ensure a fair and impartial
       competition. . . . This discretion extends to rescinding improperly awarded
       contracts through terminations for convenience.

The contracting officer’s letter stated, “[i]n this particular case, the Contracting Officer was
well within her discretion to terminate the Contract for convenience because the [sic]
failed to properly apply its stated evaluation criteria,” citing DFARS clause 252.225-7021
on Trade Agreements. The contracting officer explained:

       DLA Energy was required by the terms of the Solicitation to only award the
       Contract to offerors who complied with the sourcing restrictions set forth in
       DFARS 252.7021 to the extent that the restriction could not be waived by
       DFARS 225.403. . . . DLA Energy waived compliance with Trade
       Agreements Act for all 12 of the line items eligible for waiver under DFARS
       225.403. The remaining 3 line items were terminated because the
       Contracting Officer decided to make the award in compliance with DFARS
       252.225-7021 rather than seek a waiver from the U.S. Trade
       Representative.

        Plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter plainly requested a contracting officer’s final
decision pursuant to the CDA “declaring that the government’s termination for
convenience dated September 26, 2011” was “a material breach of contract,” and, yet,
the contracting officer concluded that “the only possible interpretation of the letter is that
[Securiforce] is pursuing a monetary claim for damages.” In refusing to issue a final
decision on the issues presented by plaintiff in its letter, the contracting officer explained
that a contractor must assert a sum certain if “the essence of a claim is to seek additional
compensation for costs incurred under the contract.” Although plaintiff’s letter makes
cursory mention of an entitlement to breach damages, as discussed previously, the
essence of the letter and request for a decision by the contracting office was not
monetary. Plaintiff did not focus on costs or damages in its letter, but, instead, discussed
at length its allegations that the government previously breached the contract so as to
render the subsequent termination for convenience against plaintiff null. Plaintiff’s letter
clearly presents its intention to pursue a declaration by the contracting officer that the
government’s termination for convenience was a material breach, and not a desire to
recover costs or other monetary relief. The contracting officer’s letter on January 16,
2013, in response to plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter, demonstrates the contracting
officer’s conclusion that the essence of plaintiff’s letter was monetary and that, without a

                                              26
sum certain, the agency would not consider plaintiff’s claim such that there a was a refusal
to address plaintiff’s claim for non-monetary relief. The contracting officer’s letter
expressed with finality that plaintiff’s claim could only be construed as a monetary claim
when it indicated that no other interpretation of plaintiff’s letter was possible.

        Moreover, in addition to concluding that plaintiff’s letter could only be viewed as a
request for monetary relief, the contracting officer, nonetheless, considered the merits of
plaintiff’s material breach allegations. Notwithstanding the contracting officer’s attempt to
qualify her discussion of the merits by stating that “while the question is not now before
the Contracting Officer,” the contracting officer’s January 16, 2013 letter may be taken as
a final expression of DLA Energy’s position on plaintiff’s termination for convenience
claim. It appears that the contracting officer thought, incorrectly, that a final decision may
be rendered only in response to a proper claim, and, because the contracting officer
concluded plaintiff’s letter was not a proper monetary claim, her conclusions would not be
considered final. The Federal Circuit, however, has unequivocally decided that a
contracting officer’s decision may be considered final even when the contracting officer
believes that a proper claim has not been submitted and states that its decision is not
final. See Alliant Techsystems, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d at 1267. In the above-
captioned case, the contracting officer stated that Securiforce’s allegations were likely
without merit and the government’s action partially terminating for convenience plaintiff’s
contract was valid. The contracting officer determined that “the Contracting Officer was
well within her discretion to terminate the Contract for convenience because the [sic]
failed to properly apply its stated evaluation criteria,” and that the three contract line items
“were terminated because the Contracting Officer decided to make the award in
compliance with DFARS 252.225-702, rather than seek a waiver from the U.S. Trade
Representative.” Despite stating that her letter was not a final decision regarding the
partial termination for convenience of Securiforce’s contract, the contracting officer
provided the substance of a final decision and a conclusion that plaintiff’s claim was
without merit. Plaintiff then properly appealed that decision to this court, having little other
recourse.

        Furthermore, even if this court agreed with defendant and found that the
contracting officer did not provide a final decision, jurisdiction in this court over the partial
termination for convenience would still be proper because the contracting officer’s failure
to respond to plaintiff’s claim within 60 days, or provide an expected date of issuance for
a final decision, would have constituted a deemed denial of plaintiff’s claim. See 41
U.S.C. § 7103(f); see also Dalton v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 98 F.3d 1298, 1301 (Fed. Cir.
1996); Orbas & Assocs. v. United States, 26 Cl. Ct. 647, 650 n.3 (1992) (explaining that
a request by the contracting officer for additional information does not necessarily serve
to extend the CDA's 60 day deadline and may result in a deemed denial); Tuba City Reg'l
Health Care Corp. v. United States, 39 F. Supp. 3d 66, 71 (D.D.C. 2014) (“The CDA
provides no exception to the § 7103(f) timing requirements for claims that the contracting
officer later determines to be insufficiently supported by documentation.”) (citing Orbas &

                                               27
Assocs. v. United States, 26 Cl. Ct. at 650 n.3). “Failure by a contracting officer to issue
a decision on a claim within the required time period is deemed to be a decision by the
contracting officer denying the claim and authorizes an appeal or action on the claim.” 41
U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5).

         In addition to arguing that this court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over
plaintiff’s termination for convenience claim because plaintiff did not satisfy the CDA’s
jurisdictional prerequisites, defendant also contends that plaintiff obviated the contracting
officer’s ability to decide the November 16, 2012 claim because plaintiff put the
termination for convenience claim into litigation on November 6, 2012, when it filed its
initial complaint in this court. According to defendant, plaintiff’s allegations in its initial
complaint removed the contracting officer’s authority to issue a final decision on the
termination for convenience claim, thus, there was not a contracting officer’s final
decision. As noted above, however, plaintiff’s initial complaint in this court did not assert
a claim that the termination for convenience was an improper breach of contract.

        Defendant correctly states the rule that “once a claim is in litigation, the contracting
officer may not rule on it.” K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d 1000, 1005
(Fed. Cir. 2015). “Once a claim is in litigation, the Department of Justice gains exclusive
authority to act in the pending litigation. 28 U.S.C. §§516-20 [2012].” Sharman Co., Inc.
v. United States, 2 F.3d 1564, 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1993), overruled on other grounds,
Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572. In K-Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United
States, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit explained that it is
important to properly identify claims in order to apply this rule. K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 778 F.3d at 1005. In that case, the Federal Circuit explained that the court
“should treat requests as involving separate claims if they either request different
remedies (whether monetary or non-monetary) or assert grounds that are materially
different from each other factually or legally.” K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 778
F.3d at 1005 (emphasis in original).

         Applying the test for discerning whether claims are separate, as explained in K-
Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United States, to the facts in the case currently before the
court, requires a comparison of plaintiff’s termination for convenience allegations in its
initial complaint on November 6, 2012 and plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter to the
contracting officer. In its initial complaint, plaintiff sought “a declaratory judgment that its
default by [DLA Energy] was improper.” Notably, plaintiff did not seek a declaratory
judgment that the government’s termination for convenience was improper. In its initial
complaint, plaintiff put forth several breach of contract allegations in its effort to prove that
the termination for cause was improper. Specifically, plaintiff alleged that DLA Energy
breached its contract with Securiforce because it did not intend to perform the contract at
the time of award. To support this assertion, plaintiff listed several allegedly “unilateral
steps” that defendant took “to avoid its obligations and to change the benefits of the
parties’ bargain.” Included in this list is plaintiff’s allegation that “DLA Energy terminated

                                               28
for convenience more than half of the government’s estimated requirements less than two
weeks after Contract award because of a purported mistake.” This allegation is one of
several listed as steps that defendant took to avoid its contractual obligations. Plaintiff
does not, however, explicitly allege in its initial complaint that the termination for
convenience was a material breach of contract, nor does plaintiff seek relief for the
termination for convenience. In fact, it was not until its letter to the contracting officer on
November 16, 2012, that plaintiff asserted that the termination for convenience was a
material breach of contract such that Securiforce may be entitled to relief. Plaintiff
submitted this letter to the contracting officer on November 16, 2012, shortly after filing
its initial complaint in this court. In the letter, plaintiff submitted a claim to the DLA Energy
contracting officer seeking a “final decision declaring that DLA Energy’s partial termination
for convenience issued in Mod P00001 to the Contract was a material breach of contract.”
Later, after receiving a denial of its claim, plaintiff filed its amended complaint, in which it
is now seeking declaratory relief that the termination for convenience was “improper and
was itself a material breach of contract.” As these facts demonstrate, plaintiff’s request
for relief in its initial complaint was focused on the termination for cause. Plaintiff’s
references in its initial complaint regarding the termination for convenience did not amount
to a claim because it did not seek any relief, instead, the claim in that complaint only
concerned the termination for cause. While claims are considered separate if they
request different remedies, plaintiff did not seek a remedy or relief for the termination for
convenience in its initial complaint filed in this court. Instead, in its initial complaint,
plaintiff requested declaratory relief because of the allegedly improper termination for
cause. Plaintiff’s claim to the contracting officer on November 16, 2012 specifically
requested, for the first time, a declaration that the termination for convenience was
improper. These facts demonstrate that plaintiff’s termination for convenience allegation
in its initial complaint was not a claim, and, furthermore, the termination for convenience
allegation is separate and distinguishable from plaintiff’s subsequent claim to the
contracting officer on November 16, 2012 seeking nonmonetary relief for the allegedly
improper termination for convenience.

         Applying the second consideration of the K-Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United
States test for determining if requests are separate claims, which is whether plaintiff’s
requests “assert grounds that are materially different from each other factually or legally,”
the record in the above-captioned case demonstrates that plaintiff’s November 16, 2012
claim to the contracting officer regarding the termination for convenience rests on multiple
theories that were not asserted in plaintiff’s initial complaint. K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 778 F.3d at 1005. In its initial complaint, in which it appealed DLA Energy’s
termination for cause, plaintiff alleged that the termination for convenience was one of
many steps that defendant took to avoid its contractual obligations. The allegation in the
initial complaint, in its entirety, alleged:

       DLA Energy terminated for convenience more than half of the government’s
       estimated requirements less than two weeks after Contract award because

                                               29
       of a purported mistake. DLA Energy admitted that it could have sought a
       waiver from the US Trade representative but refused to do so, in breach of
       its good faith duty to facilitate Securiforce’s performance.

        In contrast, plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 claim to the contracting officer set forth
several different reasons and theories to support its allegation that “DLA Energy’s actions
in partially terminating the Contract for convenience was a material breach of Contract,”
including that DLA Energy breached the contract by repudiating its obligation to provide
security escorts, that defendant’s justification for the termination was pretextual, and that
defendant unilaterally changed the contract in applying the TAA requirements after the
contract was awarded. Each of these theories are independently asserted as grounds to
support plaintiff’s claim that the termination for convenience was a material breach of the
contract between DLA Energy and Securiforce. In K-Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United
States, the Federal Circuit explained that asserting “breach of contract for not constructing
a building on time versus breach of contract for constructing with the wrong materials”
creates two different claims because each breach of contract allegation is based on a
separate, materially different factual or legal theory. K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United
States, 778 F.3d at 1006. Similarly, in this case, setting aside the fact that plaintiff’s initial
complaint does not even specifically allege that the termination for convenience was a
material breach of contract, plaintiff’s initial complaint alleges that the termination for
convenience was improper because DLA Energy did not seek a waiver and thus breached
its duty to perform in good faith. Plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 claim to the contracting
officer asserts various other theories to support its allegation that the termination for
convenience was improper, including, for example, that the justification for the termination
was pretextual. Because plaintiff’s initial complaint sets forth a different factual and legal
theory than plaintiff’s claim to the contracting officer, and assuming, for the sake of
argument only, that the allegation in plaintiff’s initial complaint may even be considered a
claim, the claims are different. Accordingly, the contracting officer did not lose her
authority to decide plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 claim seeking, as non-monetary relief,
a declaration that the termination for convenience was improper and thus a material
breach of contract.

        Accordingly, having determined that plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 letter
constituted a valid claim to the contracting officer for non-monetary relief, that the
contracting officer issued a final decision denying plaintiff’s claim or, alternatively, that
plaintiff’s claim can be deemed denied, and that the contracting officer had authority to
consider the claim and issue a final decision, this court may exercise jurisdiction over
plaintiff’s termination for convenience claim.

       In addition to its motion to partially dismiss plaintiff’s complaint with regard to the
September 11, 2011, termination for convenience, defendant also asserts that this court
lacks jurisdiction to entertain Securiforce’s material breach allegations contained in
Counts I-V of the complaint, including that the termination for convenience was improper,

                                               30
because plaintiff did not satisfy the CDA prerequisites for these claims before filing its
original complaint in this court. Furthermore, defendant argues that, by putting those
claims into litigation before obtaining a contracting officer’s final decision, plaintiff
removed the claims from the contracting officer’s decision-making authority. This decision
has already addressed defendant’s jurisdictional arguments regarding plaintiff’s
termination for convenience claim. In Counts I-V of its complaint, plaintiff alleges that DLA
Energy materially breached the contract prior to the termination for default when: (I) DLA
Energy unilaterally repudiated its obligation to provide security escorts, (II) DLA Energy
did not place orders for the government’s actual requirements and procured requirements
from other sources, (III) DLA Energy did not intend to perform the contract as agreed to
by the parties at the time of award, (IV) DLA Energy breached its duty to facilitate
Securiforce’s performance and to act in good faith, and, (V) even if each of these
allegations are not considered independent material breaches, all of DLA Energy’s
actions and inactions cumulatively amount to a material breach. Defendant contends that
Counts I-V of the complaint “contain separate, affirmative claims” that are distinct from
plaintiff’s termination for cause claim, and plaintiff did not submit these separate claims
to the contracting officer for a final decision before filing its complaint in this court.
Defendant argues that “[w]hen Securiforce filed its original Complaint, the only valid final
decision that gave rise to this Court’s jurisdiction was DLA Energy’s November 15, 2011
termination for cause decision,” which “did not relieve Securiforce of its obligations to
present its affirmative claims for contractual breach to the contracting officer before this
court could exercise jurisdiction.” Defendant argues that the material breach allegations
in Counts I-V of plaintiff’s complaint must have been presented to the contracting officer
as defenses to the termination for cause before they would be proper grounds for a suit
in this court, citing M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, and
Raytheon Co. v. United States, 747 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2014). In reply, plaintiff argues
that there are only two claims involved in this case, (1) the government’s termination for
cause claim, and (2) plaintiff’s claim that the termination for convenience was improper
and a material breach of the contract. Plaintiff contends that the material breaches alleged
in its complaint are defenses to DLA’s termination for cause claim and not separate,
affirmative claims that would require submission to the contracting officer for a final
decision, as defendant asserts. Plaintiff argues that it listed its defenses as separate
counts in its complaint in accordance with Rule 10(b) of the Rules of the United States
Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) (2015): “The prior material breaches were set out as
defenses to the propriety of the default termination, as Rule 10(b) requires, rather than as
claims themselves.” In the alternative, plaintiff asserts that, even if its defenses could be
construed as separate CDA claims, its letter on November 8, 2011 requesting rescission
of the default termination satisfied the CDA requirements. According to plaintiff, in its
letters dated November 8, 2011 and November 18, 2011, Securiforce addressed each of
the material breach defenses, and their supporting facts, asserted in the initial complaint,
and the amended complaint, filed in this court.

       To defend against an agency’s termination for cause decision, a contractor may

                                             31
assert that the government committed a material breach of contract prior to the
termination. See Stone Forest Indus., v. United States, 973 F.2d 1548, 1550 (Fed. Cir.
1992), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1993); Malone v. United States, 849 F.2d 1441, 1445 (Fed.
Cir. 1988), modified, 857 F.2d 787 (Fed. Cir. 1988); Internat’l Verbatim Reporters, Inc. v.
United States, 9 Cl. Ct. 710 (1986)) see also Lake Charles XXV, LLC v. United States,
118 Fed. Cl. 717 (2014); Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 635,
647 (2004); Airport Indus. Park, Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 332, 338 (2004);
Morganti Nat’l, Inc. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 110, 141 (2001), aff’d, 36 F. App’x 452
(Fed. Cir. 2002). When the government commits a material breach of contract, a
subsequent termination for cause against a contractor may be deemed improper. See
Morganti Nat’l, Inc. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at 141. “A contractor’s failure to perform
may be excused and a termination for default converted to a termination for the
convenience of the government if the contractor can establish that the government
materially breached the contract.” Morganti Nat’l, Inc. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at
141. Moreover, a breach of contract defense to a termination for default is not necessarily
a CDA claim for breach of contract. See Roxco, Ltd. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. at 43-
44 (explaining that a contractor may waive its ability to allege breach of contract as an
affirmative defense to a termination for default without waiving its ability to submit a CDA
claim based on the same breach of contract in the future); but see Armour of Am. v. United
States, 69 Fed. Cl. at 590 (holding that when breach of contract claims present different
factual and legal issues than a claim for improper default termination those claims must
be separately presented and certified to a contracting officer under the CDA). Accordingly,
a contractor can appeal a contracting officer’s termination for cause decision in this court
and assert breach of contract as a defense to that termination without first submitting a
breach of contract claim to a contracting officer and receiving a final decision. See Malone
v. United States, 849 F.2d at 1445; see also Roxco, Ltd. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. at
43-44.

        In the above-captioned case, plaintiff asserts that its breach of contract allegations
contained in Counts I-V of its complaint are defenses to DLA Energy’s decision to
terminate plaintiff’s contract for cause and not CDA claims, which would require
submission to the contracting officer and a contracting officer’s final decision. Counts I-V
of plaintiff’s complaint each assert a “Prior Material Breach of Contract” and plaintiff
requests as relief that, based on these prior material breaches, this court award it “a
declaration that the default was invalid and was itself a material breach of contract.”
Plaintiff does not seek an award of money damages in its complaint.

        To support its assertion that the breach of contract allegations are claims and that
plaintiff has not satisfied the CDA prerequisites that are necessary for this court to
exercise subject matter jurisdiction, defendant relies on M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v.
United States, 609 F.3d 1323, and Raytheon Co. v. United States, 747 F.3d 1341, which
are distinguishable from the above-captioned case. In M. Maropakis Carpentry v. United
States, the plaintiff attempted to assert an affirmative claim for contract modification as a

                                             32
defense to the government’s counterclaim, and the plaintiff argued that the CDA
requirements did not apply. See M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d
at 1329–30. The Federal Circuit held that “a contractor seeking an adjustment of contract
terms must meet the jurisdictional requirements and procedural prerequisites of the CDA,
whether asserting the claim against the government as an affirmative claim or as a
defense to a government action.” M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609
F.3d at 1331. Unlike in M. Maropakis Carpentry, in the above-captioned case, plaintiff is
not seeking a modification of the contract terms, instead, plaintiff is seeking a declaratory
judgment that defendant’s terminations were improper based on the government’s prior
material contract breaches. In Raytheon Co. v. United States, 747 F.3d 1341, the
government attempted to assert a counterclaim for an equitable adjustment, but the
Federal Circuit found that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the government’s
counterclaim because it was never the subject of a contracting officer’s final decision.
Unlike in Raytheon Co. v. United States, in the above-captioned case, plaintiff is not
seeking to recover costs or modify the terms of the contract. Rather, the breach
allegations against the government are a basis for plaintiff’s assertion that the termination
for cause was improper. Plaintiff’s breach allegations are asserted in defense against the
government’s termination for cause claim. As defendant explains, the “parties do not
dispute that the Government’s termination for cause is an affirmative claim made by the
Government and that this Court possesses jurisdiction to entertain this claim through
Count VI of Securiforce’s complaint.” Defendant does not dispute that the termination for
cause constitutes a final decision, which plaintiff did not need to challenge before the
contracting officer before challenging the decision in this court. Defendant argues,
however, that raising the alleged, prior material breaches of the contract as defenses to
the termination for cause is jurisdictionally improper until the claims presented in Counts
I-V are first presented to the contracting officer.

        Defendant further argues that, because plaintiff did not submit its material breach
claims to the contracting officer before filing its complaint in the above-captioned case in
this court, plaintiff’s subsequent attempts in its November 16, 2012 to submit its claims to
the contracting officer after the initial complaint was filed are unhelpful in establishing this
court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Similar to the discussion above, defendant argues that,
because plaintiff put its material breach allegations into litigation in its initial complaint,
“this Court lacks jurisdiction over those claims as presented to the contracting officer after
the complaint was filed because the contracting officer no longer held the authority to
issue a final decision.” Citing K-Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d at
1005, defendant argues that when a contract claim is pleaded in a complaint in a federal
court, the contracting officer is deprived of the authority to issue a final decision. As
explained above, in K-Con Building Systems, Inc. v. United States, the Federal Circuit
affirmed the rule that “once a claim is in litigation, the contracting officer may not rule on
it—even if the claim is not properly in litigation because it was not properly submitted to
and denied by the contracting officer before it was placed in litigation.” K-Con Bldg. Sys.,
Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d at 1005. In its decision, the Federal Circuit explained that

                                              33
requests should be treated as “involving separate claims if they either request different
remedies (whether monetary or non-monetary) or assert grounds that are materially
different from each other factually or legally.” Id.

        Defendant in the above-captioned case argues that by asserting its material
breach allegations in Counts I-V, for the first time, in its original complaint filed in this
court, Securiforce deprived the contracting officer of the authority to issue a final decision
on plaintiff’s breach of contract claims asserted in Securiforce’s November 16, 2012
claim. Plaintiff, again, contends that its material breach allegations are defenses, not
claims. Plaintiff’s initial complaint in the above-captioned case seeks “declaratory relief
that its default by the Defense Logistics Agency Energy. . . was improper because DLA
Energy committed multiple, material breaches of its commercial-item, requirements
contract.” The initial complaint put forth several alleged prior material breaches intended
to support plaintiff’s appeal of the termination for cause. As discussed above, in an appeal
of a contracting officer’s termination for cause, a contractor may assert a prior material
breach as a defense to a termination for cause, without first submitting a breach of
contract claim to a contracting officer for a final decision, when the relief sought is a
declaration that the termination for cause was improper. See Malone v. United States,
849 F.2d at 1445. In this case, neither the initial complaint nor the amended complaint
sought relief other than a declaratory judgment that the termination for cause was
improper because of the government’s prior material breaches. Plaintiff has not raised a
separate affirmative claim for breach of contract or requested an award of monetary relief
for breach damages. Also, as defendant correctly indicates, this court would not have
jurisdiction to award plaintiff breach of contract monetary damages because plaintiff has
not submitted a claim for breach of contract damages. See Armour of Am. v. United
States, 69 Fed. Cl. at 592. Although plaintiff organized its amended complaint in a
confusing manner, Counts I-V of the amended complaint are defenses and each part and
parcel to plaintiff’s challenge to the termination for cause. Therefore, plaintiff was not
required to submit these allegations to the contracting officer before filing its complaint in
this court. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction to consider plaintiff’s breach of contract
allegations in Counts I-V of its complaint.

        In the alternative, even if the court was to hold that, under M. Maropakis Carpentry,
plaintiff’s defenses had to be presented to the contracting officer, both the spirit and letter
of M. Maropakis Carpentry are satisfied. In M. Maropakis Carpentry, the court explains
that the purpose of requiring a claim to be filed with the contracting officer “is to encourage
the resolution of disagreements at the contracting officer level thereby saving both parties
the expense of litigation.” M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d at 1331.
In the above-captioned case, it is clear that plaintiff made efforts to resolve the issue at
the contractor level, and the contracting officer cannot claim the element of surprise. On
November 4, 2011, Ms. Shepherd issued a show cause notice to Securiforce, which
stated: “the Government is considering terminating the contract under the provisions for
default of this contract. . . .The Government has not received Delivery Orders 0001 and

                                              34
0002 . . . .” The contracting officer offered plaintiff the opportunity to present explanations
in writing, which plaintiff did by responding with a letter dated November 8, 2011. In its
November 8, 2011 letter, Securiforce argued that it was not late, citing the ordering clause
in the contract and stating that the clause does not provide a timeframe under which
Securiforce was required to deliver. Securiforce explained that it had raised this issue
previously with DLA Energy. Securiforce asserted that neither party expected delivery by
October 24, 2011. Securiforce also argued that it had submitted a detailed Concept of
Operations, Logistical Procedures, and Quality Control Plan, which the government had
accepted, but, nonetheless, the government repeatedly asked Securiforce to change its
procedures to comply with continually changing government policy for operations in the
war zone. Securiforce also argued that the orders were not placed until October 20, 2011,
when they were assigned order numbers, and the orders were not entered into PORTS,
as required under the contract. In the November 8, 2011 letter, plaintiff alleges specifically
that a number of actions hindered its ability to perform, including:

          •   loss of the majority of CLINs immediately after award of the contract
              [Mod 0001], and the uncertainty of resolution,
          •   request for a Proof of Principle (POP) to Taji, Besamaya and Umm
              Qasr, outside of the contract requirements as no POP is mentioned
              [in the Contract],
          •   cancellation of orders,
          •   orders verbally given with no assigned order numbers,
          •   continued changes in direction from DLA regarding performance;
          •   shortly after executing Mod. 2 [providing security], DLA’s e-mail
              informing Securiforce that security escorts were not available to
              numerous locations.

Securiforce also alleges in its November 8, 2011 letter that the government’s actions
caused plaintiff to “cancel the KPC [Kuwait Petroleum Company] account and stand down
the subcontractor twice, which led to a great deal of turmoil between all parties and
resulting [sic] in a substantial amount of additional work and expense for Securiforce IA.”
Securiforce concludes in the November 8, 2011 letter that:

       The Government’s actions and indecision have created many barriers to
       cross and hoops to jump through to set this service up since award of this
       contract, which has attracted difficulties that were not foreseen or expected.
       Under the terms of our Contract, Securiforce IA is not late. Furthermore, for
       the reasons discussed above, the delays are attributable to the
       Government’s actions, which does qualify Securiforce IA to relief under the
       Excusable Delays clause.

Approximately one week later, on November 15, 2011, the government, through the
contracting officer, issued Mod 0003, the termination for cause. In the letter explaining

                                              35
the termination for cause, the contracting officer explained that Securiforce was obligated
to deliver once an order was placed, and Securiforce’s failure to deliver Orders 0001 and
0002 was considered to be a breach of contract. The contracting officer, Ms. Shepherd,
stated that the security discussions “should not have precluded Securiforce from
obtaining their supplier and financial commitments” and those discussions were resolved
by Mod 0002, which was issued on October 13, 2011, prior to any orders being placed.
Ms. Shepherd also explained that in plaintiff’s response to the show cause letter,
Securiforce failed to provide evidence that its failure to perform was caused by excusable
delay, and it did not give a firm date by which Securiforce would deliver orders 0001 and
0002. The contracting officer concluded:

       As of today, November 15, Securiforce has had 30 days to perform the two
       deliveries. However, no fuel has been delivered and Securiforce is in breach
       of its contract. The Government can no longer allow further delays due to
       the mission critical nature of this requirement. I have reviewed your
       response to the show cause notice and I do not find that your
       nonperformance was excused. Therefore, I am terminating for cause this
       contract in its entirety, effective November 15, 2011.

She then provided information regarding Securiforce’s appeal rights, stating that her letter
was a final decision by a contracting officer for the termination for cause.

       Securiforce, through its counsel, replied to the government’s November 15, 2011
termination for cause with a letter dated November 18, 2011. In this letter, Securiforce’s
attorney alleged that DLA Energy’s decision to terminate the contract for cause was
unfounded and asked the government to rescind the termination. Securiforce, through
counsel, argued in its letter:

       First, the Government repudiated its contractual obligation to provide
       security. Second, the delays in delivery were due to Government-caused
       delay, and DLA Energy failed to fully consider Securiforce IA’s response to
       the cure notice. Third, DLA Energy has waived its right to terminate for
       untimely delivery.

(emphasis in original). Plaintiff also explained in the letter the circumstances under which
it believed a termination for cause was and was not appropriate and then reiterated its
arguments:

       Given that (1) DLA breached the Contract by repudiating its obligation to
       provide security prior to the termination, (2) DLA’s cancellation of prior
       orders caused the delay, and (3) DLA expressly waived the purported
       delivery dates and instead continued to let Securiforce IA perform, it is clear
       that forfeiture is inappropriate here.


                                             36
(emphasis added). Plaintiff asserted that “DLA Energy unilaterally repudiated the
Government’s contractual commitments set forth in Mod. 2 [to provide security].” Plaintiff
also claimed that the government was responsible for causing Securiforce’s delay by
cancelling an order for a shipment of fuel to one of its sites, Umm Qasar, which caused
turmoil with Securiforce’s contractors. Further, Securiforce alleged that the government
violated its obligation not to interfere with the contractor’s actions. Plaintiff also argued
that DLA Energy waived its right to terminate Securiforce for failure to deliver by the
alleged deadlines because it did not act promptly after the deadlines passed to terminate
plaintiff, and it is now too late. Finally, plaintiff claimed that given the small value of Orders
0001 and 0002 relative to the expected value of the contract, terminating the entire
contract was inappropriate. Securiforce also noted that there are additional reasons not
discussed in its letter to support its argument that termination is unwarranted. The
allegations in Securiforce’s November 18, 2011 letter foreshadow those in its subsequent
complaints filed in this court. Plaintiff’s attorney concludes the letter by noting that plaintiff
intends to pursue litigation if the termination is not rescinded.

       DLA Energy responded to plaintiff’s letter on December 6, 2011, asserting that the
contract was properly terminated. Ms. Shepherd addressed Securiforce’s arguments that
the contract should not have been terminated for cause in her response letter. First, she
explained why she believed that “the Government did not repudiate its obligation to
provide security.” Second, she argued that the cancellation of “an order under a contract
simply cannot be construed as interfering with Securiforce’s supply arrangements,” and
she refuted Securiforce’s claims that the government was responsible for the delay by
claiming Securiforce failed to put into place the components necessary to perform. Third,
she took issue with the contention that the government had waived its right to terminate
the contract because it waited until November 15, 2011 to terminate. Finally, she stated:

       It is disingenuous for Securiforce to argue that it did not know that time was
       of the essence to deliver fuel to Iraq to support the DoS mission. The
       gasoline and diesel fuels under the Contract were to support DoS vehicles
       and generators for electricity. These locations cannot be permitted to run
       out of fuel. DLA Energy was covering for Securiforce’s failure to deliver by
       trucking fuel from Department of Defense stocks in Kuwait. The Securiforce
       Contract was awarded to allow the transition from DoD assets to contracts
       supporting only DoS missions. The Contract required Securiforce to deliver
       fuel from the date of Contract award and Securiforce should have been
       ready to perform from the date the Contract was awarded. However, as of
       the November 3, 2011 email, there were problems with supply
       arrangements and financing with an estimated delivery date of November
       20, 2011. In its November 8, 2011 response to the show cause notice,
       Securiforce provided no additional information about a delivery date to DLA
       Energy.


                                               37
Ms. Shepherd concluded that Securiforce had not provided a basis to rescind the
termination for cause. She closed her response with a disclaimer that her letter “does not
impact the rights and remedies available to Securiforce as set forth in the termination for
cause.”

        Securiforce’s November 18, 2011 letter asking DLA Energy to reconsider the
termination for cause independently, and in conjunction with plaintiff’s November 8, 2011
response to the show cause notice, informed the contracting officer of the basis for
Securiforce’s breach of contract allegations against the government and provided the
contracting officer with the opportunity to respond and potentially resolve the dispute. It
is well settled that:

       [t]he CDA requires a contractor to submit a written claim against the federal
       government to the contracting officer for decision. 41 U.S.C. § 7104. A claim
       is defined as “a written demand or written assertion by one of the contracting
       parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of money in a sum certain,
       the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising
       under or relating to the contract.”

Williams v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. at 538 (quoting FAR § 2.101). The basis for
Securiforce’s allegations that the termination for cause was improper and Securiforce,
therefore, was entitled to relief relating to the contract, was communicated to the
contracting officer through its letters. Although this court finds that plaintiff can assert its
breach of contract allegations as defenses against DLA Energy’s termination for cause,
and that plaintiff is not required to first submit these defenses to the contracting officer,
the correspondence from plaintiff in the record satisfies the requirements of the CDA and
M. Maropakis Carpentry.

        For the reasons explained above, defendant’s partial motion to dismiss, for lack of
jurisdiction under RCFC 12(b)(1), the claims in plaintiff’s amended complaint that are
related to the September 2011 partial termination for convenience of Securiforce’s
contract is, therefore, DENIED.

Securiforce’s CDA Claims

        Having denied defendant’s partial motion to dismiss, we turn to the merits of
plaintiff’s complaint. Plaintiff claims that both the termination for convenience and the
termination for cause were improper. Plaintiff “seeks a declaratory judgment that the
partial termination for convenience and, subsequently, its default by [DLA Energy] was
improper because DLA Energy committed multiple, material breaches of its commercial-
item, three-year, requirements contract with Securiforce for fuel deliveries to eight
locations in Iraq.” Thus, this court is asked to review both terminations. While the
allegedly improper termination for convenience is one of several grounds that plaintiff puts


                                              38
forth to support its argument that the termination for cause was invalid, it is a separate,
independent claim for this court to consider. Furthermore, although plaintiff’s complaint
can be considered an appeal of the contracting officer’s deemed or actual denial of
Securiforce’s claim regarding the termination for convenience, and, separately, an appeal
of the government’s termination for cause decision, the complaint blurs the factual and
legal theories intended to support these two claims. Specifically, although raised in the
complaint, the complaint does not carefully discuss in detail the grounds that support the
appeal of its November 16, 2012 claim to the contracting officer seeking a declaration
that the termination for convenience was a material breach of contract. As a result, in
order to best address plaintiff’s allegation that the termination for convenience was invalid,
the court also considers the grounds set forth in the November 16, 2012 claim to the
contracting officer. The court considers plaintiff’s allegations surrounding the termination
for convenience first.

Termination for Convenience

      The parties do not dispute that on or about September 26, 2011, DLA Energy
issued Modification P0001 to the contract with Securiforce, which terminated for the
government’s convenience three of Securiforce’s CLINs, specifically, the CLINs for the
Embassy and Prosperity DoS sites. The contract included a term contemplating a
termination for convenience:

       TERMINATION FOR THE GOVERNMENT’S CONVENIENCE. The
       Government reserves the right to terminate this contract, or any part thereof,
       for its sole convenience. In the event of such termination, the Contractor
       shall immediately stop all work hereunder and shall immediately cause any
       and all of its suppliers and subcontractors to cease work. Subject to the
       terms and conditions of this contract, the Contractor shall be paid a
       percentage of the contract price reflecting the percentage of the work
       performed prior to the notice of termination, plus reasonable charges the
       Contractor can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Government using its
       standard record keeping system, have resulted from the termination. The
       Contractor shall not be required to comply with the cost accounting
       standards or contract cost principles for this purpose. This paragraph does
       not give the Government any right to audit the Contractor’s records. The
       Contractor shall not be paid for any work performed or costs incurred which
       reasonably could have been avoided.

(capitalization and emphasis in original).

        A contract may be terminated for convenience by the government any time it
determines that to do so is in its best interests, so long as it does not abuse its discretion
or act in bad faith. See Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d 1537, 1541 (Fed.

                                             39
Cir. 1996); Northrop Grumman Corp. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. at 627; see also 48
C.F.R. § 52.249–2 (2016). The phrase “termination for the convenience of the
government” makes clear that a contractual relationship can been halted by the
government simply because it no longer desires to continue it. 48 C.F.R. § 52.249–2. “[A]
proper termination for convenience does not constitute a breach of contract” and “limits
the monetary recovery” a contractor can collect. TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 110
Fed. Cl. 336, 344 (2013). A contractor “may not recover anticipatory or consequential
damages following a termination for convenience,” but, instead, the government is liable
only for the contractor’s partial performance up to the time of the termination for
convenience “and certain costs delineated by law or by the contract’s termination clause.”
Id. A contractor may successfully allege that a termination for convenience rises to a
breach of contract when “the agency (1) terminates the contract in bad faith or (2) abuses
its discretion in its decision to terminate the contract.” Id.; see also T & M Distribs., Inc.
v. United States, 185 F.3d 1279, 1282 (Fed. Cir. 1999). “In the absence of bad faith or
clear abuse of discretion, the contracting officer's election to terminate for the
government's convenience is conclusive.” T & M Distribs., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d
at 1282.

      A Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims has summarized the
standard as follows:

       The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that a
       termination for convenience will be upheld unless the contractor can
       establish bad faith or clear abuse of discretion. See T & M Distribs., Inc. v.
       United States, 185 F.3d 1279, 1283 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“In the absence of bad
       faith or clear abuse of discretion, the contracting officer’s election to
       terminate for the government’s convenience is conclusive.”); see also
       Krygoski Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 94 F.3d 1537, 1541 (Fed. Cir.
       1996) (“When tainted by bad faith or an abuse of contracting discretion, a
       termination for convenience causes a contract breach.”)[, cert. denied 520
       U.S. 1210 (1997)]. In Am–Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281
       F.3d 1234 (Fed. Cir. 2002), the United States Court of Appeals for the
       Federal Circuit held that the presumption that Government officials act in
       good faith may only be overcome by clear and convincing evidence. Id. at
       1239 (“[W]e believe that clear and convincing most appropriately describes
       the burden of proof applicable to the presumption of the government’s good
       faith.”). In addition, the plaintiff must show “specific intent to injure” the
       plaintiff. Id. at 1241.

NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 734, 758-59 (2011), appeal dismissed, 462 F.
App’x 966 (Fed. Cir.), and aff’d, 495 F. App’x 94 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Custom
Printing Co. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 729, 733-34 (2002) (“This Court employs a
highly deferential standard when reviewing the Government's decision to terminate for

                                             40
convenience. While the Government’s right to terminate a contract for convenience is not
unlimited, the case law clearly provides that the Government is entitled to considerable
latitude in making such a decision to terminate.” (citations omitted)). Moreover, it has been
observed that: “‘if the contract contains a termination for convenience clause and the
contracting officer could have invoked the clause instead of terminating, rescinding or
repudiating the contract on some other invalid basis, the court will constructively invoke
the clause to retroactively justify the government’s actions, avoid breach, and limit
liability.’” Praecomm, Inc. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 5, 11 (2007) (quoting Best Foam
Fabricators, Inc. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 627, 638 (1997)), aff’d, 296 F. App’x 929
(Fed. Cir. 2008). In addition, because of the broad discretion vested in the contracting
officer, plaintiff has a high burden of proof to show that a determination was an abuse of
discretion. See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d 1578, 1581 (Fed. Cir.
1995); Salsbury Indus. v. United States, 905 F.2d 1518, 1521 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir.), and suggestion for reh’g in banc denied (Fed. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498
U.S. 1024 (1991); Cont’l Bus. Enters., Inc. v. United States, 196 Ct. Cl. 627, 637, 452
F.2d 1016, 1021 (1971).

       The considerable latitude the government is entitled to in terminating for
convenience, however, is not unlimited. See IMS Eng’rs-Architects, P.C. v. United States,
92 Fed. Cl. 52, 72 (2010) (citing Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 20, 47, 681 F.2d
756, 772 (1982); Nat’l Factors, Inc. v. United States, 204 Ct. Cl. 98, 103, 492 F.2d 1383,
1385 (1974)) (noting the Torncello court rejected, “in context of requirements contract,
unfettered use of termination for convenience and stating that the ‘government may not
use the standard termination for convenience clause to dishonor, with impunity, its
contractual obligations’”), aff’d, 418 F. App’x 920 (Fed. Cir.), and reh’g and reh’g en banc
denied (Fed. Cir. 2011).

       Proof that a termination for convenience was an abuse of discretion renders a
contract breached. See Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1541 (citations
omitted); see also NCLN20, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758. To prove an abuse
of discretion, plaintiff must show that the contracting officer’s decision to terminate was
arbitrary and capricious. See U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. United States, 230 Ct. Cl. 355,
368, 676 F.2d 622, 630 (1982). The applicable burden of proof under the abuse of
discretion standard is clear and convincing evidence. See, e.g., NCLN20, Inc. v. United
States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758 (“The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
has held that a termination for convenience will be upheld unless the contractor can
establish bad faith or clear abuse of discretion.” (citing T & M Distribs., Inc. v. United
States, 185 F.3d at 1283 (“In the absence of bad faith or clear abuse of discretion, the
contracting officer’s election to terminate for the government’s convenience is
conclusive.”))); see also Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d at 1581 (“We
have stated that ‘[i]t is not the province of the courts to decide de novo whether termination
was the best course. In the absence of bad faith or clear abuse of discretion the
contracting officer’s election to terminate is conclusive.’” (bracket in original) (quoting

                                             41
Salsbury Indus. v. United States, 905 F.2d at 1521 (quoting John Reiner & Co. v. United
States, 163 Ct. Cl. 381, 390, 325 F.2d 438, 442 (1963)))).

       Pursuant to 48 C.F.R. § 12.403(b), the contracting officer can terminate contracts
under the following guidance:

       Policy. The contracting officer should exercise the Government’s right to
       terminate a contract for commercial items either for convenience or for
       cause only when such a termination would be in the best interests of the
       Government. The contracting officer should consult with counsel prior to
       terminating for cause.

48 C.F.R. § 12.403(b) (2016). The FAR requires only that a termination for convenience
be in the best interests of the government. See 48 C.F.R. § 49.101 (2016).

        A contracting officer, however, may not terminate a contract in bad faith, such as
“simply to acquire a better bargain from another source.” Krygoski Constr. Co. v. United
States, 94 F.3d at 1541 (citing Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. at 48, 681 F.2d at
772). Similarly, the government is not permitted to enter into a contract without any
intention of upholding it. See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d at 1582.
However, “[t]he mere fact that a contracting officer awards a contract to another company
after terminating the plaintiff’s contract is insufficient to show bad faith.” Kalvar Corp. v.
United States, 211 Ct. Cl. 192, 199, 543 F.2d 1298, 1302 (1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S.
830 (1977).

         Moreover, as noted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit,
agency personnel are presumed to act in good faith, and a claimant must present
significant proof of bad faith to overcome that presumption. See T & M Distribs., Inc. v.
United States, 185 F.3d at 1285; see also Sickels v. Shinseki, 643 F.3d 1362, 1366 (Fed.
Cir.) (“‘“The presumption of regularity provides that, in the absence of clear evidence to
the contrary, the court will presume that public officers have properly discharged their
official duties.”’” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Rizzo v. Shinseki, 580 F.3d
1288, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Miley v. Principi, 366 F.3d 1343, 1347 (Fed. Cir.
2004)))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011). Accordingly, in order to prove
that the termination for convenience was a breach of contract, plaintiff, Securiforce, must
prove that the agency either terminated the contract in bad faith or abused its discretion
in deciding to terminate the contract for the government’s convenience.

        In plaintiff’s November 16, 2012 claim to the contracting officer, it alleged that “DLA
Energy’s actions in partially terminating the Contract for convenience was a material
breach of the Contract, for several reasons.” These reasons include, as discussed above,
that “the government breached the Contract by unilaterally repudiating its obligation to
provide security escorts”; DLA Energy invoked the termination “as a means to avoid its


                                              42
obligations under the Contract”; DLA Energy’s justification for the termination was a
pretext; “DLA Energy breached its express and implied duties of good faith and fair
dealing”; the application of the TAA after the contract award was a unilateral change to
the contract; and DLA Energy was negligent in preparing its solicitation.

        First, the court considers whether the termination for convenience was issued in
bad faith. While plaintiff’s complaint does not directly assert that the termination for
convenience was exercised in bad faith, plaintiff did assert that defendant breached its
duty of good faith and fair dealing because “DLA breached its duty to facilitate, not
frustrate, Securiforce’s performance of the awarded Embassy and Prosperity CLINs.”
Specifically, plaintiff argues that “DLA had a duty, once the Contract was formed, to
attempt to obtain the waiver through the Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy
Office (“DPAP’),” but, instead, DLA processed a waiver for six sites and terminated the
CLINs associated with two other sites and reawarded those CLINs to plaintiff’s
competitors. Judges on this court have held that a breach of contract allegation based on
a breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing “is distinct from a claim for
breach of contract based on an improper termination for convenience.” TigerSwan, Inc.
v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 345; see also E & ER Enter. Glob., Inc. v. United States,
120 Fed. Cl. 165, 173 (2015) (explaining that an allegation of lack of good faith and fair
dealing and an allegation of bad faith are “distinct in terms of burdens of proof”); D’Andrea
Bros. LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 205, 222 n.24 (2010) (explaining that “the standard
for showing a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing is different from that
for showing that the government has acted in bad faith”). Stated differently, an allegation
that the government breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing is not equal to an
allegation of bad faith. See Rivera Agredano v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 564, 574 n.8
(2006) (“a claim that the government breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing
is not the same as a claim that the government acted in bad faith”). In fact, proof of bad
faith is not always required to show a breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing. See TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 346. “Parties can show a
breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing by proving lack of diligence,
negligence, or failure to cooperate.” Id. at 345.

       As explained above, in order for plaintiff to prove bad faith on the part of the
government, plaintiff must overcome the presumption that government officials act in
good faith in the discharge of their duties. See ManTech Comm. & Info. Sys. Corp. v.
United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57, 74 n. 26 (2001), aff’d, 30 F. App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002). To
overcome this presumption, the plaintiff must produce “clear and convincing” evidence of
bad faith on the part of the government. Am-Pro Protective Agency v. United States, 281
F.3d at 1239. “[A] challenger seeking to prove that a government official acted in bad faith
in the discharge of his or her duties must show a ‘specific intent to injure the plaintiff’ by
clear and convincing evidence.” Road & Highway Builders, LLC v. United States, 702
F.3d 1365, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Am-Pro Protective Agency v. United States,
281 F.3d at 1239-40). In this regard, the trial record does not reflect that any government

                                             43
official acted with the specific intent to injure the plaintiff or to prevent performance of its
contract. Certainly, frustration on the part of the government officials was evident in their
testimony. The government officials expressed the urgency to ensure fuel deliveries were
available for the DoS sites in a conflict zone, given the critical nature of the requirements.
As discussed above, plaintiff did not point to any specific evidence to demonstrate
defendant’s bad faith. There is no evidence in the record that defendant’s actions were
motivated by ill will against the plaintiff. Moreover, plaintiff merely indirectly alleged bad
faith in its complaint. The record does not reflect the requisite malice or specific intent to
injure.

        Notwithstanding plaintiff’s reasons in support of its allegation that the termination
for convenience rises to a breach of contract, plaintiff did not put forth any evidence of
defendant’s bad faith in exercising its discretion to terminate the contract, falling well short
of the evidentiary bar of clear and convincing evidence of “intent to injure,’” which is
necessary for overcoming the presumption of good faith afforded to government
employees. TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 345 (quoting Am-Pro
Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1239-40 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
Because plaintiff has not directly alleged bad faith against the government with regard to
the termination for convenience, and it has not presented any evidence of bad faith, this
court does not find that the termination for cause was a material breach of contract
because DLA Energy acted in bad faith. Thus, only if there is evidence in the trial record
of defendant’s abuse of discretion, may this court find that the termination for convenience
rises to a breach of contract.

        Plaintiff’s second mechanism to prove the termination for convenience was a
breach of contract is to demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the government. As
explained above, to prove an abuse of discretion, plaintiff must show that the contracting
officer’s decision to terminate was arbitrary and capricious. See U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v.
United States, 676 F.2d at 630. The applicable burden of proof under the abuse of
discretion standard is clear and convincing evidence. See, e.g., NCLN20, Inc. v. United
States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 758.

       Without question, a contracting officer is granted a great deal of discretion
       in determining whether it is in the government's best interest to terminate a
       contract for convenience. However, while a contracting officer is afforded
       wide discretion, he [or she] is still responsible for making an independent
       decision with regard to a contract.

TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 447, 453 (2014) (citing FAR §§ 49.101(a)–
(b) (stating that the contracting officer has the authority to terminate contracts)); see also
N. Star Alaska Hous. Corp. v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 158, 209 (2007) (citing CEMS,
Inc. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 473, 479–80 (2005)) (“[A] contracting officer may not
forsake his duties, but rather must ensure that his decisions are the product of his

                                              44
personal and independent judgment.”). As explained by the Federal Circuit, the
contracting officer must ultimately “‘put his own mind to the problems and render his own
decisions.’” Pac. Architects & Eng’rs, Inc. v. United States, 203 Ct. Cl. 499, 517, 491 F.2d
734, 744 (Ct. Cl. 1974) (quoting New York Shipbuilding Co. v. United States, 180 Ct. Cl.
446, 460, 385 F.2d 427, 435, (Ct. Cl. 1967)). Although the contracting officer’s failure to
exercise independent judgment does not automatically require a finding that there was
an abuse of discretion, “the contracting officer's failure to make an independent decision
weighs in favor of finding an abuse of discretion.” TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 118
Fed. Cl. at 453 (citing Keco Indus., Inc. v. United States, 492 F.2d 1200, 1204 (Ct. Cl.
1974)). Such a failure also means that “the contracting officer's reasons for termination
are not entitled to the deference typically afforded to contracting officer decisions.” Id.
(citing Pac. Architects & Eng’rs, Inc. v. United States, 491 F.2d at 744)); see also Krygoski
Constr. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d at 1541. When a contracting officer abdicates her
responsibility to exercise her own independent business judgment in deciding whether to
terminate a contract for the government’s convenience, the court may “inquire into the
objective facts to determine whether the justifications for the decision are supported.”
TigerSwan, Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. at 453.

       In this case, at trial, the contracting officer testified that she failed to exercise
independent judgment in executing the partial termination for convenience. When asked:
“Did you decide it was in the government’s best interest to partially terminate the contract
for convenience?”, contracting officer Phyllis Watson surprisingly replied: “No, my
supervisor.” She was then asked: “Did you reach an independent conclusion or
determination that it was in the government’s best interest, or did you do what Ms.
Shepherd just asked you to do?”. Ms. Watson replied: “I did not have an independent
decision.” She also did not recall what documents she had reviewed or the content of any
discussions that were held prior to the termination. Given this testimony, the law clearly
removes any deference this court would otherwise afford to the contracting officer’s
decision to terminate the CLINs for the government’s convenience. As a result, this court
reviews the government’s termination for convenience decision, without any deference,
to determine whether it was an abuse of discretion.

        Defendant argues the termination for convenience was not improper and that,
because the initial award to Securiforce was improper and unauthorized, “the contracting
officer was, in effect, compelled to either terminate or rescind the award of the Embassy
and Prosperity CLINs to Securiforce.” Defendant argues that when “DLA Energy learned
shortly after awarding a contract to Securiforce that it did not have the authority to waive
the Trade Agreements Act prohibition on source fuel from Kuwait, the contracting officer
was, in effect, required to terminate those CLINs in Securiforce’s contract that did not
supply fuel to ‘U.S. forces overseas.’” Plaintiff asserts in its post-trial brief that “DLA
Contracting didn’t intend to have Securiforce service Embassy and Prosperity, and so it
just terminated those CLINs – its duty to facilitate Securiforce’s Contract by seeking a
waiver or by allowing it to switch courses. . . be damned.”

                                             45
        The evidence in the record indicates that DLA Energy needed a waiver of the TAA
in order to contract with Securiforce for fuel delivery services because Securiforce
intended to procure fuel from Kuwait in order to perform under the contract. According to
the record, the director of DLA Energy understood that he only possessed authority to
sign a waiver for goods utilized by the Department of Defense, but the sites awarded to
Securiforce were being operated by the Department of State. Subsequently, DLA Energy
came to understand that the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq, which is part of the DoD,
was present at six of Securiforce’s eight assigned locations. Because DoD had a
presence at six of the eight locations, DLA Energy believed that it could execute a TAA
waiver for those six sites through internal business processes, without having to pursue
a waiver from the United States Trade Representative. The record establishes that, for
the remaining two sites where DoD was not present, DLA Energy could pursue a waiver
from the United States Trade Representative through the Defense Procurement
Acquisitions Policy process to allow Securiforce to provide fuel from Kuwait. Ms. Fantasia
testified that she understood that DLA Energy could pursue a waiver from the United
States Trade Representative for the DoS sites so that Securiforce would be able to
provide fuel from Kuwait to those sites. The record reflects that defendant knew
Securiforce wanted DLA Energy to pursue a waiver, but that DLA Energy was concerned
about the uncertainty and time involved in the waiver process and made the decision not
to pursue such a waiver. Mr. Reeves testified: “Ms. Fantasia said the reason they couldn’t
get it was because it would take four to six weeks. That was -- that was the reason given
for not issuing the TAA waiver.” Ms. Fantasia testified:

       we made an internal business decision that the strategic goal was to have
       a southern ground line of communication. We had that without Embassy
       and Prosperity, with the other line items that Securiforce was awarded. So,
       as a business practice, not even as a business practice, it was a business
       decision that we would terminate those line items, maintain our southern
       ground line of communication and re-award them rather than pursue the
       waiver.

        Although defendant argues that the termination for convenience was proper
because the contracting officer acted without authority and in violation of the TAA when
she awarded the contract to Securiforce, the record demonstrates that DLA Energy could
have pursued a TAA waiver from the United States Trade Representative through the
DPAP process in order to allow Securiforce to provide fuel from Kuwait to the two DoS
sites, but chose not to do so. Without exercising her own independent business judgment
or putting her mind to the problem and independently reaching a decision, the contracting
officer partially terminated the contract for the government’s convenience. Defendant
cannot successfully claw back or attempt to mitigate this significant error in the decision-
making process. Because the contracting officer abdicated her duty to exercise her own
independent business judgment, the court concludes that the partial termination for
convenience was an improper abuse of discretion. The contracting officer has a duty to

                                            46
exercise independent judgment in terminating the contract for convenience, and her
failure to do so was a breach of this obligation. See 48 C.F.R. § 49.101(a)-(b). 9

       Having concluded that the termination for convenience was a breach of contract,
the court considers plaintiff’s allegation that, because the termination for convenience
was improper, the subsequent termination for cause should be rendered improper.
Although the manner in which the termination for convenience was exercised constituted
an abuse of discretion, the termination for convenience did not prevent Securiforce from
performing the remaining portion of its contract, and it does not invalidate the subsequent
termination for cause. Plaintiff argued that the termination for convenience damaged its
relationships with Al Nakhla and KPC, which made it more difficult to obtain fuel for
delivery. Mr. Reeves testified that after the termination for convenience “there was a
reduction in the trust or that there was something fishy going on. He [Shaikh Aziz] just
had an air of distrust about him when we discussed that.” In response to being asked
whether the termination for convenience effected Securiforce’s relationship with Al
Nakhla, Mr. Reeves testified:

       I know Mr. Brierley had had to renegotiate the partnership agreement that
       had already been signed with the CEO of Al Nakhla, because I was the one
       overwriting it. . . . There was an original partnership agreement in place from
       the start. I had that document, and I was overwriting it as they were
       negotiating -- renegotiating, because that's a massive amount lost from

9 Plaintiff also asserted that the termination for convenience was a breach of contract
under Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 20, because DLA Energy “awarded CLINs it
later terminated, and allowed them to become effective, even though it already planned
to terminate them for the perceived lack of ability to provide a TAA waiver for the two
[DoS] sites.” Under Torncello v. United States, “when the government contracts with a
party knowing full well that it will not honor the contract, it cannot avoid a breach claim by
adverting to the convenience termination clause.” Salsbury Indus. v. United States, 905
F.3d 1518, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1024 (1991) (explaining the
Federal Circuit’s holding in Torncello v. United States, 231 Ct. Cl. 20). In this case,
although the record indicates that DLA Energy was aware of the TAA waiver issue with
regard to the two DoS sites by September 8, 2011, it is also clear that defendant had not
reached a conclusion on how it would resolve the issue before both parties executed the
contract on September 9, 2011. According to Ms. Fantasia’s testimony, as of September
12, 2011, DLA Energy still was discussing whether to terminate the DoS CLINs on
Securiforce’s contract or pursue a TAA waiver from the United Stated Trade
Representative. Because the record does not prove that DLA Energy had decided to
partially terminate the DoS CLINs before the contract was awarded to Securiforce, plaintiff
has failed to prove that defendant contracted with Securiforce knowing that it would not
honor the contract with regard to the CLINs associated with the two DoS sites.


                                             47
       what was previously awarded a few weeks before, a few -- well, a few -- ten
       days before, and these guys are -- you know, they're -- this doesn't happen
       on a DLA contract. You've just lost 66 percent of your contract. They -- there
       -- there's a lot of questions being raised, you know, is this real? Have we
       won this?

No admissible evidence is before the court, however, to support the conclusion that it was
the partial termination for convenience that single-handedly damaged Securiforce’s
relationships, such that it was the cause of Securiforce’s inability to perform in a timely
fashion. Furthermore, Mr. Reeves also testified: “They [Al Nakhla] had been working with
Securiforce for the last few years on government contracts, so there was no problem with
continuing to work together.” There is a missing link in the causal chain to argue that the
termination for convenience negatively impacted plaintiff’s ability to perform in such a way
that it was the cause for plaintiff’s failure to perform, or that the termination for cause was
invalid as a result of the termination for convenience. The testimony on the subject only
came from interested plaintiff’s witnesses. Plaintiff offered no witnesses from Al Nakhla
or KPC to testify at trial, nor does the correspondence in the record establish a direct
nexus as to the cause of plaintiff’s failure to deliver fuel. Plaintiff has failed to prove that
the improperly executed termination for convenience led to plaintiff’s failure to perform
under the contract. Rather, there is evidence in the record that suggests plaintiff’s inability
to perform, as discussed below, was not the result of the termination for convenience, but
related to business management issues, including Securiforce’s difficulties in obtaining
the fuel necessary to perform under the contract.

Termination for Cause

       Plaintiff asserts several additional breach of contract allegations in Counts I-V of
its complaint in its effort to prove that the termination for cause issued on November 15,
2011 was invalid. Defendant does not dispute jurisdiction in this court over plaintiff’s
appeal of the termination for cause. Defendant argues, however, that:

       The Government’s decision to terminate Securiforce’s contract for cause
       was appropriate given that Securiforce proved that it lacked the capability
       to timely deliver fuel, it could not guarantee the Department of State would
       have a reliable source of a very critical resource one the military withdrew
       from Iraq, and it did not have the ability to obtain fuel until two months after
       it was required to be able to meet all of the needs of its awarded sites.

Defendant argues that “[d]espite Securiforce’s allegations, its failure to perform was not
justified by any excusable delay and the orders placed by DLA Energy were valid orders
with clear delivery dates.”




                                              48
        “The decision of a contracting officer to terminate a contract for default is reviewed
de novo by the Court of Federal Claims.” Pinckney v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. 490, 505
(2009) (citing 41 U.S.C. § 7104(b)(4) (2006)). In reviewing an agency’s default
termination, “a court must review the evidence and circumstances surrounding the
termination, and that assessment involves a consideration of factual and evidentiary
issues.” McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. United States, 323 F.3d 1006, 1014 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2003). A default termination is a drastic
sanction that should be imposed “only for good grounds and on solid evidence.” J.D.
Hedin Constr., Co. v. United States, 408 F.2d 424 (Fed. Cir. 1969). Nonetheless, the
contracting officer has broad discretion to determine whether to terminate a contract for
cause and a court should only overturn that decision if it is arbitrary, capricious or
constitutes an abuse of discretion. Consol. Indus., Inc. v. United States, 195 F.3d 1341,
1343–44 (Fed. Cir. 1999). When a contractor challenges a default termination, “the
government bears the initial burden of proof to show that the contractor was in default at
the time of termination.” Morganti Nat’l, Inc. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at 129 (citing
Lisbon Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 828 F.2d 759, 765 (1987); see also Gen.
Injectables & Vaccines, Inc. v. United States, 519 F.3d 1360, 1363 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g
denied, 527 F.3d 1375 (2008). “In deciding whether to terminate a contract for default,
the contracting officer is required to exercise his discretion, to make sure that termination
is in the best interests of the Government.” Nuclear Research Corp. v. United States, 814
F.2d 647, 649 (Fed. Cir. 1987); FAR § 12.403(b) (“The contracting officer should exercise
the Government's right to terminate a contract for commercial items either for
convenience or for cause only when such a termination would be in the best interests of
the Government.”). “A nexus between the government’s decision to terminate for default
and the contractor’s performance is required, and the government may not use default as
a pretext for terminating a contract for reasons unrelated to contract performance.” Keeter
Trading Co., Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 243, 252 (2007). As the United States Court
of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held:

       Properly understood, then, Schlesinger [v. United States, 182 Ct. Cl. 571,
       390 F.2d 702 (1968)] and its progeny merely stand for the proposition that
       a termination for default that is unrelated to contract performance is arbitrary
       and capricious, and thus an abuse of the contracting officer's discretion.
       This proposition itself is but a part of the well established law governing
       abuse of discretion by a contracting official.

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. United States, 182 F.3d 1319, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 1999), cert.
denied, 529 U.S. 1097 (2000).

       “A clear violation of contract terms by the contractor supports a finding that a
reasonable, contract-related basis for the termination exists.” Keeter Trading Co., Inc. v.
United States, 79 Fed. Cl. at 252. A contractor's “[f]ailure to meet contract specifications
and inability to meet the contract delivery schedule are of course relevant considerations

                                             49
to whether a contractor is in default.” McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. United States, 182 F.3d
at 1328. Moreover, the McDonnell Douglas court wrote that:

       The cost to complete a contract—more particularly, the inability of a
       contractor to perform a contract at the specified contract price—and the
       ability to meet a contract schedule are both fundamental elements of
       government contracts and are related to contract performance; as such,
       they are highly relevant to the question of default.

Id. “To summarize, the government may not use default as a pretext for terminating a
contract for reasons unrelated to performance; instead, there must be a nexus between
the government's decision to terminate for default and the contractor's performance.” Id.
at 1329. The same review standards are applicable to the termination for cause provision
of FAR 52.212–4(m), which is identical to the termination for cause provision in the
contract.

        “If the government meets its burden of proving that a termination for default was
justified, the burden shifts to the contractor to show that the non-performance was
excused.” Pinckney v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. at 506. A contractor can satisfy its
burden “by showing that improper government actions were the primary or controlling
cause of the default and rendered the contractor financially unable to perform.” Keeter
Trading Co., Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. at 252. Additionally, although a complete
failure to perform under a contract is generally equivalent to a repudiation of contract
terms that would justify a default termination, “a contractor’s failure to perform in the
presence of a material breach of contract by the government does not constitute a
repudiation.” Id. After a material breach of contract, the non-breaching party has a right
to discontinue contract performance. Id. In other words, a contractor can prove that a
default termination for non-performance was unjustified if its refusal to perform was
caused by a breach of contract by the government.

        In the case currently before the court, defendant asserts that the government “has
met its burden to prove a prima facie case for termination for cause because it is
indisputable that Securiforce did not deliver fuel by the date set in Delivery Orders 1 and
2, by the alternative date proposed by Ms. Fantasia, or by the date Securiforce stated it
could deliver.” Additionally, defendant argues that plaintiff did not provide “any adequate
assurances that it would be able to meet its proposed November 20, 2011 delivery date.”
Plaintiff argues that “orders” 0001 and 0002 were unauthorized “Proof of Principle” orders
which did not reflect the government’s actual fuel requirements. Plaintiff claims that it was
not in default because “Delivery Orders 0001 and 0002” were not valid written orders
under the contract and, even if those orders were valid, “the parties knew an October 24
delivery was infeasible.” Plaintiff also argues that prior to the November 4, 2011 show
cause letter, DLA Energy never asserted that Securiforce was late in delivering Orders


                                             50
0001 and 0002, the parties never agreed to a delivery date for Orders 0001 and 0002,
and DLA Energy never established deadlines for the delivery of Orders 0001 and 0002.

       The parties do not dispute that Securiforce did not complete Orders 0001 and 0002
on or before October 24, 2011. The contract states:

      TERMINATION FOR CAUSE. The Government may terminate this
      contract, or any part hereof, for cause in the event of any default by the
      Contractor, or if the Contractor fails to comply with any contract terms and
      conditions, or fails to provide the Government, upon request, with adequate
      assurances of future performance. In the event of termination for cause, the
      Government shall not be liable to the Contractor for any amount for supplies
      or services not accepted, and the Contractor shall be liable to the
      Government for any and all rights and remedies provided by law. If it is
      determined that the Government improperly terminated this contract for
      default, such termination shall be deemed a termination for convenience.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The termination for cause provision in the
contract is identical to the standard FAR clause regarding termination for cause of a
contract involving commercial items. FAR § 52.212-4(m).

       In the above-captioned case, the contractor failed to comply with the terms of the
contract when it failed to deliver Orders 0001 and 0002 by the date established by the
government, October 24, 2011. Securiforce was supposed to be ready to perform 30 days
after contract award, the government only was required to set a delivery date at least 48
hours after the date on which the order was submitted to the contractor, and the contractor
was not given input in setting the unilateral delivery date. Mr. Cannon testified for the
government:

      Q. Did you ever see anything in the contract to suggest that
      Securiforce had to, in fact, agree to the delivery date of any order?

      A. No.

      Q. Would that -- would them having to agree to the delivery date of an
      order be consistent with your understanding of what a requirements
      contract is?

      A. No.

      Q. And why not?

      A. For that reason, that when the delivery date is placed on the order, that
      is now the delivery date, and it’s not a -- at that point, we’re in a unilateral

                                            51
       situation. They’ve -- the contractor’s already entered into the contract, he’s
       aware of this, and we are not in a bilateral negotiation when an order is
       placed.

(emphasis in original). When the government issued a show cause notice to the plaintiff
on November 4, 2011, Securiforce also failed to provide adequate assurances of future
performance. Multiple government witnesses testified to the fact that, given the history of
delays, they had no confidence Securiforce would be able to perform. In the termination
letter, contracting officer Shepherd states: “Although you advised me today by phone call
that you could start performance within 3 days, I have no confidence that you will be able
to perform under this contract.” Mr. Cannon testified:

       Yes, my impression, absolutely, was that the senior leadership was
       concerned about performance on this contract, seriously concerned,
       because we are so far past the -- the time of even loading fuel, and we are
       now looking into late to early November, and we are still -- we are still -- we
       still only get the word “confidence,” and we still haven’t even had the actual
       transfer of funds, still haven’t started the mechanism of really calling up a
       truck, having it load -- be able to go to the refinery and load a drop of fuel.

       This isn’t a delay of any normal commodity here, and -- and the delivery of
       -- of fuel is of the highest priority to any U.S. Government installation in Iraq.
       Food and fuel, it’s the top priority. So, when we’re talking delays like this,
       it’s receiving concern at the highest levels.

Ms. Fantasia testified:

       Q. And just to be clear, did you have any confidence at this point, on
       November 3rd, that the Taji and Besamaya orders would actually
       happen on the 20th of November?

       A. No, I did not.

       Q. You did not what?

       A. Have any confidence that those orders would be delivered.

(emphasis in original). Colonel Rush also testified:

       I had an overall lack of confidence in Securiforce. I don’t recall the dates of
       a three-day -- I don’t recall that, but I just, I shared an overall lack of
       confidence in Securiforce.

       Q. And again, can you explain why?

                                              52
       A. As I’ve indicated, numerous times, as each time we had made an
       accommodation to meet a requirement that they had something new had
       come up and it had been pushed to the right. So, for a period I guess it’s
       been five or six weeks now when we needed them to deliver fuel, they were
       unable to do so, we were unable to confirm their ability to do so. It was
       always at a future date.

       As we were trying to synchronize this transition of missions in Iraq, it was
       becoming extremely difficult to continue to find ways to support these sites
       when the military presence was diminishing. So, I was extremely concerned
       we were going to reach a fail-safe point where we could no longer support
       sites and they would run out of fall [sic] and there would be mission failure.

       (emphasis in original).

        The documents in the record and testimony presented at trial offer different
explanations regarding Securiforce’s failure to perform in a timely manner. Despite its
best efforts, and through no fault of DLA Energy, Securiforce experienced delays in
formalizing its relationships with its subcontractors, including its fuel suppliers. At trial,
Securiforce representative Mr. Reeves was asked: “As of October 13th, Securiforce did
not have its contract in place with [its subcontractor] Al Nakhla. Isn’t that correct?” He
replied: “It wasn’t signed and stamped, no.” Perhaps, as plaintiff suggests, relationships
between Securiforce and its subcontractors became increasingly strained, including
following the partial termination for convenience, but the termination for convenience was
clearly not the only issue impeding Securiforce’s ability to perform. Securiforce failed to
finalize its arrangements with Al Nakhla and KPC within the timeframe required for
delivery under the contract. Mr. Reeves testified: “The Arabs weren’t performing as
quickly as I would like them to perform, but they were still working -- working through
those issues, and I was on top of them with a big stick.” Also, badging of drivers, which
was necessary for the drivers to cross the border from Kuwait into Iraq, was delayed
because Securiforce did not have enough drivers confirmed to operate the contract. Mr.
Reeves was asked: “So, the real reason you didn’t have the driver data is because the
drivers you had originally planned to use were now committed to other contracts. Isn’t
that correct?” He responded: “Well, the transport market in Kuwait is obviously a
business. There had been so many changes and delays so far through this that they were
picking up other contracts, Al Mada [a subcontractor]. So, that didn’t impact on what we
were doing. They were recruiting new drivers.” Procuring fuel was also delayed because
the bank account was not set up to transfer money to KPC. Lieutenant Colonel Musgrove
testified:

       My belief was that setting up an account with KPC to be able to transfer
       funds and do all that stuff is stuff that should have been done once the
       contract was awarded, that they shouldn’t have been all the way until the

                                             53
      1st of November for them to be able to perform those actions to be able to
      order fuel from KPC. This should have all been handled during their prep
      work in the first 30 days of award until contract execution.

Mr. Reeves also testified regarding the status of the bank account:

      Q. As to this missing the transfer of funds window, you knew full well
      that the banks would be closed during Eid. Isn’t that correct?

      A. That’s correct.

      Q. And it was Al Nakhla’s responsibility to transfer the funds to KPC
      from their joint bank account. Isn’t that correct?

      A. Well, the joint bank account wasn’t set up, so the alternate action was Al-
      Rashed Development Group bank account, but they can’t transfer if the
      banks are shut. And, again, if -- it’s all of the delays from the commencement
      of this contract that’s now left us in a position where we’re at Eid.

      We had already planned and we had a contingency plan for Eid to fill
      delivery locations or push out an email to DLA Middle East to get orders in
      from DoS to cover the Eid period, but with not being able to perform from
      the start of it because we haven’t had the assistance and all the relevant
      processes and procedures in place from the start.

      Q. What prevented you -- Securiforce or Al Nakhla or Al-Rashed -- from
      transferring money from a bank account in Kuwait to KPC?

      A. Well, in this case, the bank was shut, but you -- we can’t -- we can’t
      provide credit to -- to KPC. The orders are procured on an order receipt as
      that occurs. As we receive orders, we then procure the fuel for those orders.

      Q. Did Securiforce or Al Nakhla not have the funding?

      A. The funding was there.

      Q. Where? You say the funding was there. Where was the funding?

      A. Well, in the bank, I presume.

      Q. You have no knowledge of whether it was actually in the bank. Is
      that correct?




                                           54
       A. I didn’t see bank statements or anything like that, no, but we had the Al-
       Rashed account, the joint account was going to be set up for the profit share
       or however it was going to work, and so the Al-Rashed Development Group
       bank account was there as the alternative.

(emphasis in original).

       Plaintiff argues that the subcontract with Al Nakhla was delayed because
Securiforce was uncertain of the security arrangements and the future of its contract
following the partial termination for convenience, and Securiforce, therefore, hesitated to
move forward after award and the partial termination for convenience. In minutes from a
November 4, 2011 meeting, Mr. Reeves explained that contract progress had been
delayed following the partial termination for convenience. Writing in the third person:

       Mr. Reeves explained that we couldn’t commit to a contract that we had won
       but thought might be terminated after the 3 CLINs had been removed
       unilaterally, where the modification was not signed by us and legal council
       was taken, so we were unsure that we even had a contract at that stage.

These delays, however, do not demonstrate good cause or excusable delay for plaintiff’s
failure to perform under the contract.

       Additionally, the disputes clause of plaintiff’s contract states:

       DISPUTES. This contract is subject to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978,
       as amended (41 U.S.C. 601-613). Failure of the parties to this contract to
       reach agreement on any request for equitable adjustment, claim, appeal or
       action arising under or relating to this contract shall be a dispute to be
       resolved in accordance with the clause at FAR 52.233-1, DISPUTES, which
       is incorporated herein by reference. The Contractor shall proceed diligently
       with performance of this contract, pending final resolution of any dispute
       arising under the contract.

(capitalization and emphasis in original). Securiforce was obligated under the disputes
clause to continue performing, despite any ongoing disputes. Mr. Reeves stated: “Well,
the initial termination for convenience was a bit of a shock. We just wondered what was
going to happen next, because as -- as I said, there was no real explanation for the
removal of those CLINs.” He also testified:

       Q. Again, to the second half of that sentence, “we couldn’t financially
       commit to a contract that seemed to be hanging in the balance so
       progress was put on hold.”



                                             55
       Isn’t it true that progress was put on hold because you were advised
       by counsel not to perform until you got the security modification you
       eventually got on the 13th of October?

       A. Well, progress was put on hold because of the lack of cooperation and
       assistance we were getting from DLA regarding some of the items,
       processes, procedures, and information I’d requested throughout the whole
       of the contract.

       Q. In fact, you never financially committed to this because you were
       unable to transfer the funds to purchase the fuel. Isn’t that correct?

       A. Because of U.S. Government delays, it took us to the Eid holidays when
       the banks were shut.

       Q. The funds were never actually transferred from KP -- the Kuwait
       bank account to KPC. Isn’t that correct?

       A. That’s correct.

(emphasis in original).

        Despite preexisting informal arrangements with its subcontractors, as of the middle
of November 2011 Securiforce was not yet able to procure and provide fuel. Regardless
of any of actions plaintiff alleges the government did or did not take, which allegedly
delayed Securiforce’s ability to perform, including the failure to set up PORTS, help with
driving badging, or facilitate the acquisition of CACs (common access cards), plaintiff’s
inability to deliver fuel was a product of its own making. Given the lack of formal,
operational arrangements with its subcontractors, it is hard to see how the government
can be held responsible for plaintiff’s inability to deliver fuel to the DoS sites.

        Defendant also explained the consequences of a DoS location not receiving the
fuel it had requested on time. Ms. Austin-Ferguson, Executive Assistant to the Under
Secretary of Management at the Department of State, testified as follows:

       So, we have generators who -- you know, which run, which provide all of
       the electricity, which is, you know, sort of the normal things, the lights, the
       heat, the cooling, which is most particularly important in Iraq. It provides the
       -- the electricity for our computers, for the opening and shutting of doors, for
       the cameras -- security cameras around the compound. It provides the
       electricity to the water well.

When asked what would happen if there was a fuel shortage at a DoS site, she added:


                                             56
       We would have been shutting down life, which is to say without the
       generators running, we could not have provided electricity to the office
       buildings, so we could not have had computers, cooling, even the doors.
       Some of the doors are magnetic, so you’ve got to have the ability to push
       that -- click that button and get people in and out.

       People would -- it would have been unsustainable in the summertime, that’s
       for sure, because the temperature gets up to 126 degrees there. So, with
       no cooling, you know, we simply would have been in a position -- we would
       have had no food. We would not have been able to process water.

       In essence, we would have had to draw down personnel to either a very
       small group of people and sustain them almost as if you were camping, if
       you will, and eating MREs, meals ready to eat, or draw down completely,
       altogether, which means we would have been leaving Iraq and walking
       away from a bilateral relationship, which was not something we could do.
       We were at the start of that bilateral relationship, of the -- of that being the
       centerpiece of our relationship with the Government of Iraq.

Ms. Fantasia also testified: “These were fuels that were being delivered to bases that
were for life support, to fuel their vehicles, generators.” Further, Colonel Rush testified:

       So, for us managing those deliveries, it was very critical that things operated
       on a timeline so that either the trucks didn’t arrive when there was not
       enough fuel or not enough empty space in the bags to take delivery and the
       trucks would have to wait, or the trucks got there too late and there wouldn’t
       be any fuel left and generators would stop, air conditioners would stop,
       communications would stop, the whole site would have to shut down
       because they didn’t have any power.

The record supports defendant’s conclusions that the delivery of fuel was critical and time
sensitive and that plaintiff’s failure to perform in a timely manner, or even to promise a
time certain for performance, was the basis for DLA Energy’s decision to terminate the
contract for cause.

       Defendant presented sufficient evidence to support and justify its termination for
cause such that the burden of proof shifted to plaintiff to demonstrate that its non-
performance was excusable and the termination for cause was improper. As the trial
record discussed above demonstrates, plaintiff failed to meet this burden.
Notwithstanding that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that its non-performance was the result
of excusable delay, plaintiff argues that the default termination was improper because
DLA Energy committed multiple material breaches of contract, which plaintiff did not
waive, and that, as a result, the termination for cause was improper. As stated above, a


                                             57
contractor can prove that a default termination for non-performance was unjustified if its
refusal to perform was caused by a breach of contract by the government. See Keeter
Trading Co., Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. at 252. Thus, the court considers plaintiff’s
allegations that DLA Energy breached its contract with Securiforce.

        In Count I of its complaint, plaintiff alleges that DLA Energy unilaterally repudiated
its obligation to provide Securiforce with security, materially breaching its obligations
under the contract. Plaintiff alleges that the contract required DLA Energy to provide
security escorts through December 31, 2011, and changes were only allowed to be made
by written agreement of the parties. Nonetheless, plaintiff states it received an e-mail on
September 13, 2011 announcing that the government would not provide escorts after
September 15, 2011. DLA Energy executed Mod 0002 on October 13, 2011, which
guaranteed security would be provided for Securiforce, at least until the end of 2011, by
stating: “ADD ‘U.S. Government provided escorts required’ to each location on the
schedule,” listing plaintiff’s six DoS locations on the schedule, and noting that the
provision will expire on December 31, 2011. Plaintiff states, however, that DLA Energy
again repudiated its obligation to provide security escorts by e-mail dated October 24,
2011. In the October 24, 2011 e-mail from contracting officer Shepherd to Mr. Reeves
and Mr. Brierley, the contracting officer stated:

       Military provided security to the DoS locations beyond Cedar will no longer
       be provided. Only locations for military provided security through the K-
       Crossing will be Basrah and Umm Qasar. For the DoS locations north of
       Cedar under your contract, Besamaya, Sather, Shield, and Taji, DLA
       Energy is working towards a solution to line Securiforce with a DoS task
       order for security but this has not been finalized as of the writing of the e-
       mail.

Securiforce alleges that it repeatedly objected to performing without security escorts and
never waived the government’s material breach.

        The record indicates that the issue of security was a constant source of dispute
between Securiforce and DLA Energy, beginning before the contract was awarded and
lasting until after the contract was terminated. Mr. Reeves, Securiforce’s project manager,
testified as to his understanding that “The U.S. Government would be providing security.”
He stated that under the contract, he understood the government to be responsible for
providing security escorts to all of its DoS sites for the duration of the contract. Mr. Reeves
also testified that Securiforce was asked to remove security prices from its bid for the DoS
CLINs and stated, “we understood and they mentioned that all escorts would be provided
by the U.S. Government, for Amendment 5 CLINs.”

      In contrast, the government witnesses repeatedly reiterated that the DoS’s intent
was for there to be no security escorts for deliveries to the DoS sites and Securiforce’s


                                              58
contract did not provide for security escorts. For example, Mr. Cannon stated, “Their [the
Department of State] intent was clearly, when I was there, to operate without security and
government-provided escorts and that the Department of State did not want to -- to pay
to provide those escorts, and that was always their consistent and clear guidance.”
Lieutenant Colonel Musgrove testified: “It was briefed and talked about a couple times,
that the -- and depending -- in September, that according to the contract, Securiforce was
not to have security and that they were supposed to go unescorted into Iraq.” He also
stated: “As far as Securiforce was concerned and their contract, they weren’t supposed
to be going with armed security, and when I say anything in here about security, that’s
what I mean, is they can’t have armed security going into Iraq.” Colonel Rush testified: “I
became aware some time, and I believe it was before the performance period started, but
I cannot exactly recall, that security -- or Securiforce was expecting security to be
provided, but that it was not specified in the contract.” DLA Energy contracting officer
Shepherd testified that the Department of State CLINs did not mention escort required in
Iraq “[b]ecause the Department of State did not want their fuel deliveries to be escorted
within Iraq.” Ms. Shepherd further testified that she knew of no provision in Securiforce’s
contract that required the government to provide security.

        Ms. Shepherd stated that although Securiforce was not entitled to security under
its contract, the government attempted to accommodate Securiforce’s request for security
“[b]ecause they were -- they were constantly bringing up the fact that they thought they
had security under their contract, and -- and I believe at one point their issue was possibly
their subcontractor may not perform without security.” She also stated:

       We were -- we were trying to -- we as a team, DLA Energy, was trying to
       work with the contractor to perform. We were in a war zone, we understood
       that there’s the possibility that things can change, in a war zone, and that
       we wanted them to perform because it was beneficial for DLA Energy to
       have them perform from the south, to have that line of communication open,
       along with the north. So, we wanted to work with them in order to perform
       the contract.

Therefore, the government issued Mod 0002, which provided security to Securiforce until
December 31, 2011. Plaintiff contends that DLA Energy subsequently revoked its
commitment under Mod 0002 to provide security when it sent an October 24, 2011 e-mail
stating that there would not be military escorts to sites north of Cedar. Ms. Fantasia
testified, however that:

       What we told Securiforce on October 24th is there’s no military escorts. That
       said, the government is still obligated to provide security [after enacting Mod
       0002], and we would have done so in accordance with the mod that we
       signed with Securiforce. Ms. Shepherd states, we’re working to line them
       up with Department of State. My interpretation of that is that, yes, there was

                                             59
      security, and we had now to work out the details with the Rock Island
      contract for security.

       Although Securiforce believed it was entitled to security, the contract prior to Mod
0002 did not explicitly provide for security for Securiforce. The inferences which are
required in order to conclude that the government was obligated to provide security to
Securiforce prior to issuing Mod 0002 are not supported in the record. Amendment 0003,
which updated some of the DoD CLINs and answered questions contractors asked
regarding the initial solicitation and government-provided security, predated Amendment
0005, which added the DoS CLINs. Although Amendment 0003 stated that the
government would provide escorts, that statement was an answer that responded to a
question regarding language from the original DoD CLINs, “escort required while in Iraq,”
which was not present in the Amendment 0005 DoS CLINs. It cannot be assumed that
the answer for the DoD sites also applies to the Amendment 0005 DoS CLINs regarding
the DoS sites, when those DoS CLINs had not been issued at the time Amendment 0003
was drafted and they did not include the language to which Amendment 0003 was
responding.

       Under Mod 0002 to the contract, the government was required to provide security
escorts to each location until December 31, 2011. In her e-mail on October 24, 2011, Ms.
Shepherd explained to Securiforce that military-provided security would no longer be
available to the DoS locations north of Cedar. She specifically stated, however, that DLA
Energy was working to provide Securiforce with nonmilitary-provided security for these
sites. Despite plaintiff’s argument that this e-mail should be considered a repudiation by
defendant, the plain text of the e-mail explains that DLA Energy intended to arrange
security escorts for Securiforce. The e-mail explained that the military-provided security
would end, but that other security alternatives were available. The e-mail, therefore,
should not be considered a repudiation by DLA Energy.

       The testimony at trial indicates that the parties had starkly different views of the
security situation. Plaintiff, however, has not proven that a failure to provide security
occurred so as to constitute a breach of a duty under the contract. Moreover, given that
Securiforce never even attempted to deliver fuel to one of the DoS sites, the failure to
provide security, as alleged by plaintiff, never actually occurred.

       Plaintiff next contends that DLA Energy breached the contract because it failed to
place orders with Securiforce for the government’s actual requirements, and, instead, the
government procured fuel from other sources while requiring plaintiff to deliver
unauthorized PoP orders. Securiforce states that it never waived the material breaches
the government committed when it failed to order the amount of fuel the DoS sites actually
required and supplied those sites by other means. The contract states: “Except as this
contract otherwise provides, the Government shall order from the Contractor all the
supplies or services specified in the Schedule that are required to be purchased by the

                                            60
Government activity or activities specified in the Schedule.” Additionally, the contract
provides:

       If the Government urgently requires delivery of any quantity of an item
       before the earliest date that delivery may be specified under this contract,
       and if the Contractor will not accept an order providing for the accelerated
       delivery, the Government may acquire the urgently required goods or
       services from another source.

Plaintiff contends that the government had estimated over 2.3 million gallons of fuel would
be required each month, but throughout the life of the contract, the government never
placed orders for its actual requirements. Plaintiff argues that “orders” 0001 and 0002
were unauthorized “Proof of Principle” orders which did not reflect the government’s
actual fuel requirements. The testimony in the above-captioned case seems to support
that the PoP orders were for actual requirements. Mr. Cannon stated:

       Well, definitely -- the military can call it a proof of principle all they want, but
       contractually, it turns into a -- it becomes an order, and we don’t use the
       term “proof of principle,” but when we sent out a notice like this, it -- things
       become an order, and if it’s followed up -- if a verbal order is followed up by
       a written order, it becomes an order.

Mr. Cannon was asked: “So, is there any difference between an order that’s termed a
‘proof of principle’ and an order that’s termed an ‘order’ -- . . . -- in your mind?” He
responded: “No, because it’s just -- it’s something not -- somebody not using the accurate
contract terms. And somebody from the operations office, I wouldn’t expect them to use
contracting terms, per se, versus a contracting officer.” Ms. Fantasia was asked: “And
what is a proof of principle?” She replied: “Contractually, there’s -- it has no relevance to
the contract, but military tend to use that, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq, as we want
to make sure they can actually do what they say they’re going to do. So that first order to
the military proves that the contractor can do what they say they’re going to do.”
Lieutenant Colonel Musgrove was asked: “What do you recall about the idea of a proof
of principle to Taji in late September 2011?” He explained:

       A. For every new contract that we had, we used a very small first shipment
       to -- what we called a proof of principle. So, basically it’s a requirement that
       we get from the customer saying, yes, I can take fuel, we can do it at this
       location, and we give it to the contractor to see if they can perform in
       accordance with their SOPs [standard operating procedures] or how they
       said that they can perform their contract, just to test it to make sure all the
       bugs and everything is worked out, because no plan survives first contact.




                                               61
       So, we let them do at least one small one that doesn’t affect the operations
       on the other end for the customer, so that it's not fuel that is in dire need,
       an emergency-type case. It’s a smaller quantity, there's enough room to
       receive it, and if they get it successfully, then we give them a second larger
       shipment. If that one goes off in the exact same manner, then we go full
       bore with the contract.

       Q. You used the word “requirement” there. Is this proof of principle
       to Taji based on actual requirements of fuel needed by --

       A. It was fuel that was requested by the State Department, that they said
       that they could take and they wanted, because we don’t place fuel orders
       for a customer without them asking for it.

(emphasis in original).

        Additionally, the testimony indicates that the government only filled additional
requirements from other sources after Securiforce clearly had indicated that it could not
deliver sooner than early November 2011 and while the government waited for
Securiforce to be able to perform. Lieutenant Colonel Musgrove testified: “We had moved
all orders except for the diesel first two orders from Securiforce over to filling them with
the Jassim Trucking contract since Jassim or since Securiforce was not going to be able
to deliver until the beginning of November.” He also stated, with respect to deliveries that
occurred on October 25, 2011, “This was during the window where Securiforce wasn’t
projected to be able to meet any of their orders, so that’s why these orders were placed
with Jassim Trucking Company.” Colonel Rush wrote in an e-mail dated October 18,
2011: “Securiforce to be ready NET [no earlier than] 4 Nov so we will fill first order
(Besmaya and Taji) with Jassim assets to fill the bags. Subsequent orders will be through
Securiforce.” Although DLA Energy had an obligation to place orders for its requirements
from Securiforce, the contract also provides that the government was permitted to acquire
fuel from another source if the contractor was unable to provide the necessary fuel by the
required date. Plaintiff has not proven that the government was obligated to place fuel
orders with Securiforce for requirements that needed to be filled prior to the earliest
possible date Securiforce had indicated it could deliver. This case involved a critical, war
zone situation in which fuel deliveries were life sustaining and delivery dates generally
were not flexible. When Securiforce was unable to meet the government’s immediate
needs for fuel at DoS sites, DLA Energy was authorized under the contract terms to fill
those needs from other sources.

        The testimony in the above-captioned case suggests there was some
miscommunication and misunderstanding on plaintiff’s part as to the nature of fuel
deliveries that would be needed under the contract. Plaintiff appears to have envisioned
relatively infrequent, large amounts of fuel to be delivered by sizeable convoys while


                                            62
defendant appears to have contemplated that for certain sites frequent, small deliveries
of fuel could be required. Mr. Cannon testified:

       Well, again, the requirement was so much less, so you’d have singleton
       trucks running versus convoys. If you looked at the requirements for Umm
       Qasar and Basrah, where -- locations where maybe they're just filling up
       generators and there's very small motor pools, to put a single truck on the
       road, it's -- in many cases, that was already being done, fuel trucks driving
       openly on the road in Iraq.

        In Count III of its complaint, plaintiff also alleges that numerous unilateral changes
DLA Energy made shortly after awarding the contract changed the parties’ bargain for
plaintiff to deliver fuel to DoS sites and constituted material breaches of the contract.
Under this umbrella, plaintiff reiterates some of its earlier allegations, including that DLA
Energy twice repudiated its obligation to provide security and that DLA Energy required
PoP deliveries, fundamentally changing the bargain of the contract. This decision already
has addressed those allegations. Plaintiff also alleges that the evidence shows a
pretextual, knowing misuse of the Termination for Cause clause and that Ms. Fantasia
and the DLA Contracting Office issued the default termination “just so the agency no long
ha[d] to deal with [the] contractor.” These allegations are unsupported by the record. The
evidence supports a conclusion that the government had a strong interest in Securiforce
performing successfully, not the other way around. After a comprehensive trial, the record
does not suggest that the government would benefit from Securiforce’s failure to perform;
certainly no support for this has been presented. The contract was a high priority for the
government, given the importance of fuel deliveries for the DoS sites and the transition
taking place in Iraq at the time in question when the military was withdrawing and DoS
was establishing its diplomatic presence in the country.

        Plaintiff also claims that the multiple changes made shortly after award
demonstrate the government had no intention of allowing plaintiff to perform the contract
as awarded, or if the government was not aware before award of the changes it would
make shortly thereafter, that it was negligent in preparing the solicitation. Plaintiff
contends that the fact that there were numerous alleged changes quickly after the
contract was awarded shows that the solicitation did not accurately reflect the
government’s requirements. Whether there were, in fact, numerous changes is disputed
by defendant. What plaintiff describes as changes to the contract might be equally well
explained as misunderstandings and a failure between the parties to communicate
effectively. It is not clear that the bargain changed, as opposed to Securiforce simply
having a different understanding of the bargain, at that time and now, than the
understanding possessed by the government. Although plaintiff includes this allegation in
its complaint, plaintiff failed to offer specific or sufficient evidence at trial directed at this
claim.


                                               63
        Count V contends that even if the allegations of Counts I through IV do not
individually constitute material breaches, collectively, they are a material breach of the
contract. Securiforce also reiterates that it has not waived any of the government’s
breaches. It is unclear, however, as discussed above, if there was not a duty, nor
breaches of that duty, nor damages caused by said breaches for any of the independent
government actions, how collectively a material breach of the contract would exist, and
plaintiff provides no case law to support this theory.

       Although plaintiff alleged that DLA Energy breached the contract for fuel delivery
on multiple occasions, the record does not support plaintiff’s breach of contract
allegations. Accordingly, plaintiff was not excused from performing under the contract
due to any alleged prior material breaches by the government.

        Finally, plaintiff argues that DLA Energy’s improper termination for cause “qualifies
as a bad faith termination.” Plaintiff alleges that the “cascading of actions motivated by
the personal interests of DLA individuals” and the disconnect within DLA Energy indicate
that Securiforce’s contract was terminated in bad faith. Specifically, plaintiff points to the
troubled working relationship in the record between Colonel Rush and Ms. Fantasia as
evidence of Ms. Fantasia’s personal interest in terminating the contract for cause. As
plaintiff correctly notes, this court “will not uphold a default termination where the agency
has acted in bad faith in administering the contract.” Keeter Trading Co. v. United States,
79 Fed. Cl. at 252; see also Libertatia Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. at 708.
As explained above, however, agency personnel are presumed to act in good faith, and
a claimant must present significant proof of bad faith to overcome that presumption. See
T & M Distribs., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d at 1285. In fact, in order to prove that the
termination for cause was done in bad faith, plaintiff is required to put forth clear and
convincing evidence that agency personnel acted with a specific intent to injure
Securiforce. See Road & Highway Builders, LLC v. United States, 702 F.3d at 1369.
Although the record demonstrates a certain amount of dysfunction and confusion within
DLA Energy, plaintiff has not presented clear and convincing evidence of bad faith on the
part of any agency personnel. While there may have been frustration on the agency’s
part because Securiforce was not moving forward to meet it contractual obligations to
delivery necessary fuel, the trial and exhibits do not demonstrate bad faith by the agency.
The court carefully listened to each of the government witnesses to judge their credibility
and to assess the possibility of bad faith on their part during contract performance.
Although some of the witnesses were more sympathetic and appeared more competent
than others, bad faith motivations did not appear to the court to be present.

      The government, therefore, was within its right, under the contract, to terminate
the contract for cause. Defendant did not commit a prior material breach, which would
have eliminated its authority to terminate plaintiff’s contract for cause. In this case, the
contracting officer appeared to have properly exercised independent business judgment
when issuing the termination for cause. Defendant properly provided plaintiff with an

                                             64
opportunity to explain why its contract should not be terminated and persuade the
government that it was ready and able to perform. Plaintiff failed to provide an explanation
of excusable delay for its failure to perform and it failed to convince the government that
it was capable of delivering fuel within the timeframe the government required. Because
the court has found that the termination for cause was not improper, plaintiff’s relief in this
regard, and its request for alternative relief, is DENIED.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Although the government’s actions with respect to the contract were not a model
of organized and efficient behavior, especially with regard to Ms. Watson’s lack of
independent judgment when issuing the termination for convenience, they do not,
independently or collectively, evidence an improper termination for cause. The
government acted within its authority in issuing the termination for cause. With regard to
the termination for convenience, plaintiff’s amended complaint survives with regard to the
request for declaratory relief, but, with regard to the termination for cause, plaintiff’s
complaint is DISMISSED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                           s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                           MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                    Judge




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