
NO. 07-02-0521-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

OCTOBER 28, 2004

______________________________


TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, APPELLANT

V.

LANCE LADELL COERS, APPELLEE


_________________________________


FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 3 OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;

NO. 2002-593,443; HONORABLE PAULA LANEHART, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before JOHNSON, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.
OPINION
	The Texas Department of Public Safety appeals from a judgment directing the
TDPS to rescind its suspension of Lance Ladell Coers's drivers license.  We reverse. 


BACKGROUND	On May 24, 2002, TDPS Trooper Jandrew observed Lance Ladell Coers driving
without the proper use of a safety belt.  Based on this observation,  Jandrew initiated a
traffic stop of Coers and observed signs of intoxication.  After Coers performed and failed
field sobriety tests, Jandrew arrested him for driving while intoxicated and requested a
breath sample.  Coers refused.  As a result of the refusal, Coers's driver's license was
suspended.  See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.035 (Vernon Supp. 2002). (1)  Coers
requested an administrative hearing.  See Section 724.041.
	Jandrew did not appear at the hearing, and the TDPS used Jandrew's report to
establish that she had reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop or arrest Coers. (2) 
Jandrew's report indicated that she stopped Coers for driving without a safety belt.  Coers
objected to that part of the report referencing his non-use of a safety belt on the basis that
"use or non-use of a safety belt is not admissible evidence in a civil trial."  Section
545.413(g). (3)  The ALJ overruled Coers's objections and sustained the suspension of
Coers's license.  Section 724.043.  
	Coers appealed to the county court at law.  See Section 524.041.  The county court
at law judge held that the ALJ erred in admitting evidence of Coers's non-use of a seatbelt
in a civil trial and that absent the evidence of non-use of a seatbelt there was no evidence
to show reasonable suspicion for the stop of Coers's vehicle.  Judgment was rendered
reversing the decision of the ALJ and ordering TDPS to rescind its suspension of Coers's
driver's license. 
	The sole issue presented on appeal is whether the county court at law erred in ruling
that evidence of Coers's non-use of a safety belt was not admissible in the administrative
proceeding. (4) 
	Appellate standard of review for a trial court's interpretation of law is de novo.  See
In re Humphreys, 880 S.W.2d 402, 404 (Tex. 1994).  
 In construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the
Legislature's intent.  See National Liability and Fire Insurance Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525,
527 (Tex. 2000); Bridgestone/Firestone v. Glyn-Jones, 878 S.W.2d 132, 133 (Tex. 1994). 
	In Glyn-Jones, the manufacturer of a seatbelt asserted that the language now
before us precluded the injured person in a civil products liability suit from introducing
evidence that an allegedly defective seatbelt was in use at the time of injury.   The
Supreme Court addressed the Legislature's intent in regard to the language in question as
it existed in Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 6701d, § 107C(j), the predecessor statute to
Section 545.413(g): 
		Article 6701d, section 107C was enacted to mandate the use of seat
belts and to provide a criminal penalty for the failure to wear a seat belt.  The
last sentence of the section states that "[u]se or nonuse of a safety belt is not
admissible evidence in a civil trial."
		Subsection (j) was included in section 107C in order to make clear
that the sole legal sanction for the failure to wear a seat belt is the criminal
penalty provided by the statute and that the failure could not be used against
the injured person in a civil trial.  (emphasis added).

 Id. at 133-34.  See also, St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 507
(Tex. 1997). 
	The Glyn-Jones Court could have simply said that the Legislature did not intend to
preclude admission of evidence of seat belt usage in the type of case then under
consideration.  It did not do so.  Although one could argue that the "sole legal sanction"
language is dictum, we view the language to be the foundation on which the Court based
its ruling.  Accordingly, we will adhere to the Supreme Court's interpretation of legislative
intent as expressed in Glyn-Jones.  See In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d 36, 49 (Tex.App.--Amarillo
2002, no pet.); Rios v. Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc., 930 S.W.2d 809, 816
(Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1996, writ denied);  Penick v. Christensen, 912 S.W.2d 276, 286
(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, writ denied).  The language of Section 545.413(g)
did not require the ALJ to exclude evidence of Coers's non-use of a seatbelt.  
	We have not ignored Coers's argument that after Glyn-Jones was decided the
Legislature has revisited the statutory language now found in Section 545.413(g) and has
added a specific exception for proceedings under Subtitle A or B, Title 5 of the Family
Code.  See fn. 2, infra.  In effect, he argues the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio
alterius:  the maxim that the expression of one implies the exclusion of others.  See
Mid-Century Ins. Co. of Texas v. Kidd, 997 S.W.2d 265, 273-74 (Tex. 1999).  The doctrine,
however, is an aid to determine legislative intent, not an absolute rule, id., just as are other
aids to statutory interpretation such as the presumption that the Legislature acts with
knowledge of prior court decisions and interpretations of statutory language.  See Philips
v. Baeber, 995 S.W.2d 655, 658 (Tex. 1999); Allen Sales & Servicenter, Inc. v. Ryan, 525
S.W.2d 863, 866 (Tex. 1975); Marmon v. Mustang Aviation, Inc., 430 S.W.2d 182, 187
(Tex.1968).  It is not necessary for us to analyze the statute by using such aids to statutory
construction in face of the Supreme Court's clear determination of the Legislature's intent
in Glyn-Jones that the Legislature intended the language of Section 545.413(g) to limit
sanctions for failure to use a seatbelt to the criminal penalty provided by statute.

	The judgment is reversed.  The decision of the Administrative Hearings Law Judge
is affirmed.  


							Phil Johnson
							Chief Justice
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            NO. 07-09-00148-CR
 
IN
THE COURT OF APPEALS
 
FOR
THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 
AT
AMARILLO
 
PANEL
B
 

MAY 19, 2010
 

 
SCOTT A. WHEELER,  
                                                                                         Appellant
v.
 
THE STATE OF
TEXAS,  
                                                                                         Appellee
____________________________
 
FROM THE 364TH DISTRICT
COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
 
NO. 2007-418,302; HONORABLE
BRADLEY S. UNDERWOOD, PRESIDING
 

 
Memorandum
Opinion
 

 
Before QUINN, C.J., and
CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
            Scott A. Wheeler
appeals his conviction of sexual assault of a fourteen-year-old girl[1] by contending 1) the trial
court erred in denying his motion to suppress because his confession was not
voluntary, 2) the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to establish
the location of the assault, and 3) he was harmed by the prosecutors closing
argument.   We disagree and affirm the
judgment.  
            
Issue
1  Voluntariness of Confession
            After taking a polygraph
examination, appellant gave a written statement to police in which he admitted
having consensual sexual relations with the complainant.  Appellant seems to be arguing that his
confession was involuntary, despite having been Mirandized
at the time, because it was given while he was in custody.  We overrule the issue.
            Before us
is one of those arguments where we can but only shake our collective heads and
say what?  We know of no authority
holding that a confession is involuntary simply because it was made while the
speaker (who had been Mirandized) was in
custody.  More importantly, appellant
cites us to no such authority.  And, to
the extent that the tact undertaken by appellant is one that incorporates an
implied request for us to write new law on the subject, we leave that to other
governmental bodies, such as the legislature or our Court of Criminal Appeals.  Thus, appellants first issue is overruled.   
             Issue 2
 Sufficiency of the Evidence 
            Next, appellant argues that the evidence
was legally and factually insufficient to establish that the offense occurred
in Lubbock County as alleged in the indictment. 
We overrule the issue.
            Appellant
admitted, in his confession, that he had sex with the victim at his friends
house.  A sheriffs deputy testified that
the friend alluded to by appellant was Ricky Daniels.  Other evidence, which appellant does not
question, illustrates that Ricky Daniels lived in Lubbock County.  Assuming arguendo
that the legal and factual sufficiency analysis applicable here is that
used when assessing whether the State established the elements of the offense,
the foregoing is some evidence upon which a rational jury could conclude beyond
reasonable doubt that the crime occurred in 
Lubbock County.  That the victim
said she was assaulted at a locale other than  Daniels
residence simply created an issue of fact and credibility for the jury to
decide.  It could have legitimately
doubted the accuracy of her comments about the location given that she was intoxicated
(high on drugs) at the time and opted to believe appellant.  And, its doing so would not be wrong or
manifestly unjust.  
            Issue 3  Jury Argument
               Finally,
appellant complains of several instances of allegedly improper jury argument.  They consist of the prosecutor supposedly vouching
for the credibility of the complainant and striking at appellant over the
shoulder of defense counsel.  The issue
is overruled.
            Regarding two
of the alleged instances of vouching for the credibility of the complainant,
appellant objected to both and each objection was sustained.  The trial court also instructed the jury to
disregard the comments; however, it refused to grant a mistrial.[2]  We presume that the jury followed the
instruction to disregard.  Brock v. State, 275 S.W.3d 586, 591-92 (Tex.
App.Amarillo, 2008, pet. refd). 
Moreover, nothing in the record indicates that it did not.  See
Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).  Parenthetically, we note that appellant was
acquitted of one charge made against him by the complainant. 
            As for the
third instance of purported vouching, the prosecutor argued:  [a]nd if [the complainant] was being
consistent with her history today, she would have taken the easy way out, but
[the complainant] is a different person. 
The trial court overruled appellants objection to that comment.  We note that a prosecutor may permissibly
summarize the evidence.  Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, ___
U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 2075, 173 L.Ed.2d 1139 (2009).
Although appellant argues that the prosecutor was personally assuring the jury
that the complainant had changed, she herself testified at trial that she had
lied in the past but she had changed for the sake of her young son because she
did not want him to be a liar.  Thus, the
remark was arguably a summation of the testimony given by the complainant.  Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in overruling the objection. See York v.
State, 258 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. App.Waco 2008, pet. refd) (stating that
abuse of discretion is the standard of review). 

            Appellant
also refers to a remark he deems as an effort to strike at him over the
shoulder of his counsel.  The remark was:  
But
the law does not just protect the good children, sometimes the troubled ones.
The defendant has confessed to this offense. 
Have we come to a place in our society that if youre willing to sling
enough mud that you can get away with the crimes that you admit to? 
 
The objection was overruled. 
Appellant argues that the statement must refer to his defense counsel
because he did not testify at trial.
            Argument
that strikes at a defendant over the shoulders of defense counsel is
improper.  Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).  That is not the ilk of the comment at bar for
several reasons.  First, it does not
refer to defense counsel personally as opposed to the nature of the defense
presented by counsel.  Second, argument
made in response to argument of counsel is proper, Cole v. State, 194 S.W.3d 538, 546 (Tex. App.Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, pet. refd), and appellants counsel repeatedly attempted to label
the victim as a liar.  We believe that
the statement of the prosecutor can be legitimately viewed as a response to
appellants accusations.  Consequently, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the objection.  See id.
at 545-46 (holding that the statement that law enforcement officers know better
than the defense attorney when fingerprint testing should be done was not
objectionable when it was a response to closing argument that the police had
not done their jobs by dusting for fingerprints).
            Finally, we
cannot forget appellants confession to committing the crime.  That alone tends to vouch more for the
credibility of the complainant than any utterance by the prosecutor.  We further couple this with the fact that
appellant was acquitted of one count and the overall nature of the appellate
record and cannot but conclude that no harm resulted from the comments at
issue, assuming arguendo
that they were improper.
            Having
overruled all of appellants issues, the judgment is affirmed.
 
                                                                                    Brian
Quinn 
                                                                                    Chief
Justice                 
Do not publish.




[1]Appellant was charged with
two counts of sexual assault.  One count
involved the penetration of the complainants vagina by appellants penis while
the second count involved the contact of appellants penis with the
complainants mouth.  Appellant was
acquitted of the second count.  


[2]Appellant further complains
that one of those statements (she has told you the truth) was apparently on a
slide presentation.  Appellant requested
the State to make a copy of that statement for inclusion in the record although
it does not appear in the record.  We
note that the trial court did not actually order the State to do so.  Furthermore, as noted above, an instruction
to disregard was given to the jury.  


