                      United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                       ___________

                                       No. 99-2007
                                       ___________

Kerry A. Clarin; Colleen V. Clarin,          *
                                             *
               Appellants,                   *
                                             *
      v.                                     *   Appeal from the United States
                                             *   District Court for the District of
Minnesota Repossessors, Inc.,                *   Minnesota.
a Minnesota Corporation,                     *
                                             *
               Appellee.                     *

                                       ___________

                                  Submitted: October 22, 1999

                                      Filed: December 3, 1999
                                       ___________

Before BOWMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

       Colleen and Kerry Clarin brought this action for wrongful repossession in
violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act1 and the Minnesota Uniform




      1
          15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6).
Commercial Code (UCC).2 They now appeal the grant of summary judgment3 in favor
of Minnesota Repossessors, Inc. We affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

       The Clarins obtained a secured consumer installment loan from Norwest Bank
Minnesota (Norwest) in March 1995. Their two automobiles, a 1994 Chevrolet
Corsica and a 1989 Chevrolet Cavalier, were given as security for the loan. The
Clarins began to have trouble making payments in September 1996. They continued
to miss payments through the following January. On January 27, 1997, Norwest sent
the Clarins a "strict compliance letter" requiring them to pay the total past due amount
within ten days. The letter specified that if the Clarins did not pay the past due amount,
the bank could exercise its rights under the loan agreement including repossession. The
Clarins failed to comply with the strict compliance letter.4 Norwest then retained
Minnesota Repossessors, Inc., to carry out the repossession of the Clarins's 1994
Chevrolet Corsica.

       On February 28, 1997, at approximately 3:00 p.m., one of Ms. Clarin's co-
workers saw that Ms. Clarin's car was about to be towed from the company parking
lot.5 Ms. Clarin ran outside, verbally objecting to the repossession. When Ms. Clarin

      2
          Minn. Stat. § 336.9-503 (1984) (UCC).
      3
      The Honorable Michael J. Davis, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
      4
         The Clarins contend that they contacted Norwest after receiving the strict
compliance letter, arranged to pay the past due amounts, and made a payment that
reflected that arrangement. Norwest, however, claims to have no documentation of the
arrangement. This factual dispute has no bearing on our resolution of this case since
it is undisputed that the Clarins failed to comply with the terms of the loan agreement.
      5
          Ms. Clarin stated that she considers the lot to be public in her deposition.

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reached her car, two men employed by Minnesota Repossessors were preparing it for
towing. At that point, Ms. Clarin pleaded with the men not to take her car, and told
them they had no right to take it because she had made an arrangement with Norwest.
She also requested that they wait while she called Norwest and asked that someone call
the police. The repossessors waited while she called Norwest and they called the
police for her. When Ms. Clarin returned to the car, she removed her personal
belongings with the help of a co-worker. Minnesota Repossessors then provided her
with a repossession order. Ms. Clarin returned to the office building and telephoned
the number provided on the repossession order. When she returned, she did not further
protest the repossession and the car was towed.

       The Clarins filed an action in district court for wrongful repossession under the
UCC and for violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practice Act. Both parties moved
for summary judgement, and the district court granted summary judgment to Minnesota
Repossessors. The district court found that there was no breach of the peace under the
UCC, that Minnesota Repossessors had a right to the possession of the car, and the Fair
Debt Collection Practices Act was not violated. The Clarins appeal, contending that the
repossession in the face of Ms. Clarin's oral protests was a breach of the peace
violating the UCC. Additionally, they argue that Minnesota Repossessors did not have
the right to possess the Clarins's car because of the breach of the peace causing a
violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.6




      6
       Minnesota Repossessors made a motion to supplement the record. We grant
that motion, but note that the supplemental information is not relevant to our decision.

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II.   DISCUSSION

       We review the district court's summary judgment decision de novo. See Artis
v. Francis Howell N. Band Booster Ass'n, Inc., 161 F.3d 1178, 1180 (8th Cir. 1998).
Summary judgment is proper if, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The moving party has
the burden to show that there is no genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In order to defeat a motion for summary judgment,
the nonmoving party must do more than rest on its pleadings, it must demonstrate
"specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).

      Under the Minnesota UCC, a secured creditor may utilize self-help repossession
upon default if it can be done "without breach of the peace." Minn. Stat. § 336.9-503.
Unfortunately, the UCC does not provide a definition of "breach of the peace." See
Minn. Stat. § 336.9-503. Similarly, Minnesota courts have not addressed the issue of
whether an oral protest constitutes a breach of the peace.

       In order to determine if there has been a breach of the peace, we must consider
the objectives of the statute. There are three general objectives for the section 9-503:
"(1) to benefit creditors in permitting them to realize collateral without having to resort
to judicial process; (2) to benefit debtors in general by making credit available at lower
costs; and (3) to support a public policy discouraging extrajudicial acts by citizens
when those acts are fraught with the likelihood of resulting violence." Williams v. Ford
Motor Credit Co., 674 F.2d 717, 719 n.4 (8th Cir. 1982) (internal citations omitted)
(discussing the Arkansas UCC). Because these objectives represent conflicting
interests of both parties and of the public, we must balance these goals.
       Courts are divided on the issue of whether an unequivocal oral protest amounts
to a breach of the peace. Compare Rainwater v. Rx Med. Serv. Corp., 30 U.C.C. Rep.
Serv. 2d (CBC) 983, 991-92 (E.D. Cal. 1995) (oral protest insufficient for breach of

                                           -4-
the peace); Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Koontz, 661 N.E.2d 1171, 1173-74 (Ill. App. Ct.
1996) (yelling "Don't take it" is insufficient); with Fulton v. Anchor Sav. Bank, F.S.B.,
452 S.E.2d 208, 213 (Ga. Ct. App. 1994) (a breach of the peace is created by an
unequivocal oral protest); Census Fed. Credit Union v. Wann, 403 N.E.2d 348, 352
(Ind. Ct. App. 1980) (in the face of an oral protest the repossessing creditor must
desist); Hollibush v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 508 N.W.2d 449, 453 (Wis. Ct. App.
1993) (same). Five factors are relevant in balancing the interests and deciding if the
repossessors conduct was reasonable. See Davenport v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 818
S.W.2d 23, 29 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) The factors are: "(1) where the repossession
took place, (2) the debtor's express or constructive consent, (3) the reactions of third
parties, (4) the type of premises entered, and (5) the creditor's use of deception." Id.
(citing 2 J. White & R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 27-6, at 575-76 (3d ed.
1988)).

       We find that these factors weigh against a breach of the peace in this case. First,
the repossession took place in a public parking lot. As a repossession moves farther
from the debtor's residence, the argument for a breach of the peace becomes more
tenuous. See 4 James J. White & Robert S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code §
34-7, at 417 (4th ed. 1995). Although Ms. Clarin never gave her express consent, she
was provided the opportunity to contact Norwest, the police, and the repossession
company. After making these calls, with Minnesota Repossessors waiting more than
an hour, she no longer protested the repossession. We construe Ms. Clarin's actions
as a constructive consent. Although third parties were present and watching from the
offices, only one of them intervened and only to help Ms. Clarin remove her personal
belongings and to protest the repossession to the man in charge. These actions were
not disruptive. Finally, Minnesota Repossessors did not use trickery or deception in
the repossession.

       In light of this factual situation, we find that Ms. Clarin's protests did not rise to
a level of a breach of the peace. We believe that "to rule otherwise would be to invite

                                            -5-
the ridiculous situation whereby a debtor could avoid a [lawful self-help repossession]
by merely stepping out of his house and yelling once at a nonresponsive repossessor."
Chrysler Credit, 661 N.E.2d at 1174.

       Because we find no breach of the peace under the Minnesota UCC, the Clarins's
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act claim fails as well. The Fair Debt Collection
Practices Act requires a wrongful possession for a claim to be maintained. See 15
U.S.C. § 1692f(6). Minnesota Repossessors had a present right of possession of the
car under the Act. See Clark v. Auto Recovery Bureau Conn., Inc., 889 F. Supp. 543,
547 (D. Conn. 1994); see also Barkley Clark, The Law of Secured Transactions under
the Uniform Commercial Code ¶ 4.05[2][b] (Rev. ed. Supp. 1997). Accordingly, the
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act claim fails.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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