                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 12-1569
                                       ___________

                      ANRIFAT ABOUBAKAR; OMAR KADAFI,
                                            Petitioners

                                             v.

              ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                              Respondent
                   ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                     (Agency Nos. A088-168-240 & A088-168-241)
                   Immigration Judge: Honorable Rosalind K. Malloy
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   October 10, 2012

             Before: RENDELL, VANASKIE and GARTH, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: October 19, 2012)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM

       Lead petitioner Anrifat Aboubakar and her husband, Omar Kadafi (hereinafter

collectively referred to as “Petitioners”), petition for review of the Board of Immigration

                                             1
Appeals’ (“BIA”) final order of removal issued in their consolidated removal

proceedings. For the reasons that follow, we will deny the petition.

                                             I.

       Petitioners are natives and citizens of the Union of the Comoros (“Comoros”),

which is comprised of a group of islands located off the eastern coast of Africa.

According to the U.S. State Department’s 2009 International Religious Freedom Report

for Comoros, 99 percent of that country’s population is Sunni Muslim. (A.R. at 443.)

       In 2006, Petitioners entered the United States as nonimmigrant visitors. They

ultimately stayed beyond the time allowed under their respective visas, and applied for

asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). In support of their application, they claimed that they feared returning to

Comoros because they had converted from Islam to Christianity during their time there.

       In March 2010, an immigration judge (“IJ”) denied the application on the merits

and ordered their removal to Comoros. Petitioners appealed that decision to the BIA,

which dismissed the appeal in February 2012. In rejecting Petitioners’ asylum claim, the

BIA agreed with the IJ that Petitioners had not demonstrated a well-founded fear of

future persecution. In support of this conclusion, the BIA stated as follows:

              Although one article in the record describes the detention of
              four Christian converts, there is insufficient evidence to
              conclude that these individuals were persecuted. On the
              contrary, the United States Department of State’s
              International Religious Freedom Reports discuss societal
              discrimination, but not persecution, against non-Muslim
              citizens and converts to Christianity.        The Comoran
                                             2
                government       prohibits    non-Muslim  citizens  from
                proselytizing, but [Petitioners] have not engaged in this
                activity or expressed a desire to do so.

                       Turning to the individualized evidence, [Petitioners]
                submitted a letter from a member of their Comoran Christian
                group, who claims that members of the group are currently
                incarcerated. They also provided letters from [Aboubakar’s]
                mother and sister, in which the writers assert that the
                authorities have inquired about [Aboubakar’s] whereabouts.
                The [IJ] reasonably afforded limited weight to these
                documents because they are unsworn, the writers were not
                subject to cross-examination, and the writers are interested
                witnesses. The [IJ] further observed that the claims in the
                letters are not supported by the International Religious
                Freedom Reports. Finally, [Petitioners] did not present
                corroborating evidence, such as a newspaper article,
                describing the detention of any members of their Comoran
                Christian group.

                       For these reasons, [Petitioners’] fear of persecution (as
                opposed to societal pressure and discrimination) is not
                objectively reasonable. Moreover, they have not shown a
                pattern or practice of persecution of converts from Islam to
                Christianity.

(Id. at 4 (citations omitted).)

       Petitioners now seek review of the BIA’s decision.1

                                              II.

       We begin by outlining the scope of our review. As the Government correctly

notes, Petitioners’ brief does not challenge the denial of their claims for withholding of

removal or CAT relief. Nor does their brief contest the agency’s conclusion that they


       1
           We have jurisdiction over the instant petition pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).

                                               3
failed to establish past persecution. Accordingly, none of those issues is before us. See

Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., AFL-CIO v. Foster Wheeler Corp., 26 F.3d 375, 398

(3d Cir. 1994) (explaining that “[a]n issue is waived unless a party raises it in its opening

brief ”).

       What is before us is the agency’s determination that Petitioners failed to

demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution. Because the agency’s conclusions

regarding evidence of a well-founded fear of future persecution are findings of fact, we

review them for substantial evidence. Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 508, 515 (3d Cir.

2006). Under this deferential standard of review, we must uphold those conclusions

“unless the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Abdille v.

Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483-84 (3d Cir. 2001). Questions of law, meanwhile, “are

reviewed de novo, subject to any applicable administrative law canons of deference.”

Castro v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 671 F.3d 356, 365 (3d Cir. 2012).

                                             III.

       For an alien’s fear of future persecution to be well-founded, it “must be both

subjectively and objectively reasonable.” Dong v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 638 F.3d 223,

228 (3d Cir. 2011). “To establish objective reasonableness, petitioners must show that a

reasonable person in the alien’s circumstances would fear persecution if returned to [the

country in question].” Chen v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 676 F.3d 112, 115 (3d Cir. 2011)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Persecution” includes “threats to life,

confinement, torture, and economic restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to
                                              4
life or freedom,” but “does not encompass all treatment that our society regards as unfair,

unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional.” Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir.

1993). Petitioners present three arguments in support of their challenge to the BIA’s

future persecution analysis. We consider them in turn.

       Petitioners’ first argument is that the BIA misinterpreted certain evidence, and that

it failed to consider two internet articles and the U.S. State Department’s 2007 Country

Report for Comoros.2 We find this claim unpersuasive. First, we find no error in the

BIA’s interpretation of the evidence that it specifically discussed in its decision. Second,

we are not necessarily convinced that the BIA overlooked any evidence here. As we

have previously stated, the BIA need not “discuss every piece of evidence mentioned by

an asylum applicant.” Huang v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 620 F.3d 372, 388 (3d Cir. 2010).

What is more, Petitioners have not established that the two internet articles and the 2007

Country Report, when considered with the other record evidence, compel a result

different from that reached by the BIA.3




       2
          The Government contends that “Petitioners did not argue before the Board that
the [IJ] failed to consider all of their evidence, and thus the claim is unexhausted.”
(Gov’t’s Br. 22.) Because it is plain from Petitioners’ brief that they are claiming that the
BIA, not the IJ, failed to consider evidence, the Government’s exhaustion argument is
meritless.
        3
          Although Petitioners note that one of those articles — a 2006 piece authored by
“BosNewsLife News Center” — uses the term “persecution” to describe the treatment of
Christians in Comoros, (see A.R. at 267), it is not clear what the author means by
“persecution.” What is more, it is not for the author of an internet news article to decide
whether an alien has met the legal definition of persecution.
                                                5
       Petitioners’ second argument is that the BIA failed to apply the three-part test set

forth in Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542 (3d Cir. 2001).4 As we have previously

explained, the BIA must apply that test “when it determines that the production of

corroborating evidence is necessary for an otherwise credible asylum applicant to meet

his/her burden of proof.” Vente v. Gonzales, 415 F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir. 2005) (emphasis

added). It appears, however, that those circumstances were not present here. Although

the BIA did note that Petitioners had not presented evidence corroborating one of the

letters submitted in support of their application, we do not read that brief portion of the

BIA’s decision — a single sentence in a two-page decision — to mean that corroborating

evidence was necessary for Petitioners to prevail. Accordingly, there is no need to

remand this matter for application of the three-part Abdulai test.

       Petitioners’ final argument is that the BIA erred in concluding that their fear of

persecution was not objectively reasonable. Having carefully considered the evidence

submitted in support of their asylum application, we cannot conclude that this evidence

compels a finding that Petitioners have an objectively reasonable fear of mistreatment

that rises to the level of persecution. Accordingly, we will not disturb the BIA’s decision.

                                             IV.

       In light of the above, we will deny the petition for review.



       4
       We are not persuaded by the Government’s contention that this claim is
unexhausted.

                                              6
