                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                       FILED
In re R.M.-1 and R.M.-2                                                             June 25, 2020
                                                                                   EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
No. 19-1090 (Hampshire County 19-JA-24 and 19-JA-25)                               SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                       OF WEST VIRGINIA




                               MEMORANDUM DECISION


         Petitioner Mother S.M., by counsel Eric S. Black, appeals the Circuit Court of Hampshire
County’s November 1, 2019, order terminating her parental rights to R.M.-1 and R.M.-2. 1 The
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Brandolyn N.
Felton-Ernest, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem
(“guardian”), Joyce E. Stewart, filed a response on behalf of the children also in support of the
circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying her motion
for a post-adjudicatory improvement period, terminating her parental rights, and denying her
request for post-termination visitation.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        In May of 2019, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition against the parents after law
enforcement executed a search of their home and discovered stolen contraband, firearms, drug
paraphernalia, scales, smoking devices, and methamphetamine. Upon the parents’ arrests, the
DHHR removed the children from the home. Petitioner denied drug use and blamed strangers for
bringing drugs into the home. After the preliminary hearing, the circuit court ordered petitioner to
participate in regular drug screening and supervised visitation with the children.



       1
          Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.
Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Additionally, because the children share the same initials, we will
refer to them as R.M.-1 and R.M.-2, respectively, throughout this memorandum decision.
                                                  1
        At an adjudicatory hearing held in June of 2019, petitioner stipulated that she failed to
protect the children from “drug culture,” including exposure to known drug users, and that drug
contraband was found in the bathroom within reach of the children. She further acknowledged that
she was required to maintain sobriety and follow the recommendations of her case plan. The circuit
court accepted the stipulation and adjudicated petitioner as an abusing parent. Petitioner then
moved for a post-adjudicatory improvement period, and the circuit court held the motion in
abeyance. On July 8, 2019, the DHHR filed the case plan, which required petitioner to (1) attend
substances abuse classes and narcotics anonymous meetings, (2) participate in a parental fitness
evaluation, (3) participate in adult life skills classes, (4) attend individualized parenting sessions,
(5) and attend all scheduled supervised visitations. The same month, the circuit court held two
status hearings. At the first status hearing, the DHHR presented evidence that petitioner had not
complied with regular drug screening. The circuit court ordered that services continue in order to
allow petitioner the chance to comply with drug screening. At the second status hearing, the DHHR
presented evidence that petitioner had not only failed to comply with drug screening, but had also
failed to comply with supervised visitations. The circuit court ordered that services continue to
allow petitioner additional time to comply with drug screening and supervised visitations but also
set the matter for disposition.

        In September of 2019, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing, wherein the DHHR
presented evidence that petitioner continued to regularly miss drug screens, substance abuse
classes, and narcotics anonymous meetings; failed to wear her PharmChek/Sweat Patch; 2
continued to lie to the DHHR workers; and regularly showed up late to supervised visitations and
other appointments. The DHHR also presented evidence that petitioner tested positive for
methamphetamine and amphetamine several times since her adjudicatory hearing in June of 2019.
Finally, the DHHR worker testified that petitioner minimally complied with services given the
number of her “no shows for both classes and drug screens.” Immediately after the hearing,
petitioner tested positive for methamphetamine and buprenorphine.

        The final dispositional hearing was held in October of 2019. Petitioner presented evidence
in support of her motion for a post-adjudicatory improvement period. Petitioner testified that she
did not have a substance abuse problem, the drugs found in the home belonged to others, and she
continued to have a relationship with the father despite his incarceration and noncompliance with
services in the case. She further testified that she found an appropriate drug treatment program.
The DHHR presented evidence of petitioner’s noncompliance with services and argued in favor
of terminating her parental rights. The circuit court found that petitioner blamed others for the
police finding drugs in her home and never acknowledged having a substance abuse problem,
despite her positive drug screens throughout the pendency of the case. As such, the circuit court
concluded that there was no reasonable likelihood that petitioner could correct the conditions of
abuse and neglect in the near future and that termination was necessary for the children’s welfare.
Further, the circuit court denied petitioner’s request for post-termination visitation. Ultimately, the




       2
         This device gathers a sample of the patient’s sweat over a ten-day period to submit for
drug testing.
                                                  2
circuit court terminated petitioner’s parental rights by order entered on November 1, 2019. It is
from that dispositional order that petitioner appeals. 3

       The Court has previously established the following standard of review in cases such as this:

               “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
       facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
       evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such
       child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing
       court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there
       is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left
       with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However,
       a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided
       the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the
       evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In
       Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

        On appeal, petitioner first argues that the circuit court erred in denying her a post-
adjudicatory improvement period. Specifically, petitioner contends that although “her initial
compliance with the [circuit court’s] drug testing regiment [sic] was not consistent” and she
“struggled to maintain sobriety,” she produced negative drug screens “on many occasions” and
finally found an appropriate drug treatment program in September of 2019. Therefore, petitioner
claims she acknowledged her substance abuse problem and was likely to participate in an
improvement period. We disagree.

         The decision to grant or deny an improvement period rests in the sound discretion of the
circuit court. See In re M.M., 236 W. Va. 108, 115, 778 S.E.2d 338, 345 (2015) (“West Virginia
law allows the circuit court discretion in deciding whether to grant a parent an improvement
period.”); Syl. Pt. 6, in part, In re Katie S., 198 W. Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996) (“It is within the
court’s discretion to grant an improvement period within the applicable statutory requirements.”).
We have also held that a parent’s “entitlement to an improvement period is conditioned upon the
ability of the [parent] to demonstrate ‘by clear and convincing evidence, that the [parent] is likely
to fully participate in the improvement period.’” In re Charity H., 215 W. Va. 208, 215, 599 S.E.2d
631, 638 (2004).

        Here, petitioner failed to demonstrate that she was likely to fully participate in an
improvement period. The record establishes that petitioner did not consistently participate in
services, as she often missed drug screens or tested positive for substances. Petitioner also failed
to regularly attend her substance abuse classes, narcotics anonymous meetings, adult life skills
classes, and individualized parenting sessions. Further, petitioner’s supervised visitations were


       3
       The father’s parental rights were also terminated below. According to the parties, the
permanency plan for the children is adoption in their foster home.
                                                  3
suspended several times due to her noncompliance. Contrary to petitioner’s argument that she
acknowledged the severity of her substance abuse problem, the record indicates that petitioner
remained defensive throughout the proceedings, blamed others for her children’s removal, blamed
others for the drug contraband found in her home, and denied or minimized her drug use. Although
by the time of the dispositional hearing petitioner represented to the circuit court that she would
enter an inpatient rehabilitation program and/or drug detoxification program, the circuit court
expressed its belief that petitioner would not attend. We note that “[a] reviewing court cannot
assess witness credibility through a record. The trier of fact is uniquely situated to make such
determinations and this Court is not in a position to, and will not, second guess such
determinations.” Michael D.C. v. Wanda L.C., 201 W. Va. 381, 388, 497 S.E.2d 531, 538 (1997).
Most importantly, petitioner failed to acknowledge how her actions constituted abuse and/or
neglect. Despite numerous positive drug screens throughout the proceedings, petitioner
continuously failed to acknowledge the severity of her drug addiction and placed blame for any
abuse and neglect of the children on others. We have previously held that

       [i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must first be
       acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., the truth
       of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the perpetrator
       of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable and in making
       an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.

In re Timber M., 231 W. Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (citation omitted). Given
petitioner’s failure to acknowledge her drug addiction and complete lack of insight as to how her
actions constituted abusive and neglectful behavior, it is clear that the grant of an improvement
period would have been futile. Accordingly, we find that petitioner is entitled to no relief in this
regard.

        We likewise find that the evidence set forth above supports the termination of petitioner’s
parental rights. Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) (2019), 4 circuit courts are
directed to terminate parental rights upon finding that there is no reasonable likelihood the
conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected in the near future and that
termination is necessary for the children’s welfare. West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(3) (2019)
sets forth that a situation in which there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse or
neglect can be substantially corrected includes one in which “[t]he abusing parent . . . ha[s] not
responded to or followed through with a reasonable family case plan or other rehabilitative
efforts.”

        As evidenced above, petitioner failed to follow through with her case plan. Specifically,
petitioner failed to comply with the DHHR’s services by testing positive for substances, missing
drug screens, removing her PharmChek/Sweat Patch, missing appointments, showing up late to
supervised visitations, missing classes, and lying to DHHR workers. Clearly, petitioner failed to
avail herself of the services designed to assist in her reunification with the children. She waited
until disposition before she sought appropriate substance abuse treatment and continued to fail to


       4
        Although the Legislature amended West Virginia Code § 49-4-604 effective June 5, 2020,
including renumbering the provisions, the amendments do not impact this case.
                                                  4
report for drug screening, which was tied to her ability to visit the children. Further, petitioner
claimed that she would leave the relationship with the father, yet evidence presented at the final
dispositional hearing indicated that she was still contacting the father. Finally, petitioner
minimized or denied her drug use and blamed strangers for the events that lead to the children’s
removal. Given petitioner’s very minimal compliance with the DHHR’s case plan, the record
supports the finding that there was no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and
neglect could be corrected in the near future and that termination was necessary for the children’s
welfare.

       Lastly, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying her request for post-
termination visitation with the children. According to petitioner, she has a “close personal bond”
with the children as they had lived with her their entire lives. Further, petitioner believes that post-
termination visitation would not be detrimental to the children. We disagree.

                “When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the circuit
       court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued visitation
       or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among
       other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close emotional bond has
       been established between parent and child and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of
       appropriate maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such
       visitation or continued contact would not be detrimental to the child’s well being
       and would be in the child’s best interest.” Syl. Pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va.
       446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995).

Syl. Pt. 11, In re Daniel D., 211 W. Va. 79, 562 S.E.2d 147 (2002).

        The evidence below demonstrates that post-termination visitation would not have been in
the children’s best interests. In light of petitioner’s noncompliance with supervised visitations, the
circuit court found no confidence in her ability to comply with or follow through with any
directives of the circuit court if she were granted post-termination visitation. Further, petitioner’s
substance abuse remained untreated, and she failed to acknowledge how her actions constituted
abuse and neglect of the children. Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to
deny petitioner post-termination visitation with the children.

     For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
November 1, 2019, order is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                             Affirmed.
ISSUED: June 25, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison

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