                        United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
          ___________

          No. 97-1643
          ___________
United States of America,               *
                                        *
           Plaintiff - Appellee,        *
                                        *   Appeals from the United States
     v.                                 *   District Court for the
                                        *   Northern District of Iowa.
Heath Leon Ayers, also known as         *
“He-Dog,”                               *
                                        *
           Defendant - Appellant.       *

          ___________

          No. 97-2189
          ___________
United States of America,               *
                                        *
           Plaintiff - Appellee,        *
                                        *
     v.                                 *
                                        *
Roderick Williams,                      *
                                        *
           Defendant - Appellant.       *
                                        *

                                              ___________

                              Submitted: October 21, 1997
                                                   Filed:      March 6, 1998
                                 ___________
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, LOKEN and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                               ___________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.

      In these consolidated appeals, we consider Heath Leon Ayers’ and
Roderick Williams’ challenges to their respective sentences imposed for
conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine. Ayers claims the district court1
erred in determining the quantity of drugs attributable to him for
sentencing purposes and in failing to grant “judicial” immunity to a
witness at his sentencing hearing. Williams claims the district court
erred in enhancing his sentence under the United States Sentencing
Guidelines for being a manager or supervisor of criminal activity involving
five or more participants, see U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.1
(1995), and in failing to grant him a three-level decrease in his base
offense level for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to Guidelines §
3E1.1(b)(2). We affirm both sentences.

                                          I.

      A grand jury charged Ayers and Williams, along with seven other
codefendants, with one count of conspiracy to distribute and possession
with intent to distribute crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,
841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(A) (1994). In the same indictment, Ayers and
Williams were also each charged with three other felony counts relating to
the distribution of crack cocaine.2 Ayers signed a plea agreement on




      1
      The Honorable Michael J. Melloy, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.
      2
        Ayers was charged with three counts of distributing crack cocaine, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 841. Williams was charged with one count of the use of a
communication facility in causing and facilitating the distribution of crack cocaine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b), one count of distributing and aiding and abetting the
distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841 and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and
one count of possession with the intent to distribute crack cocaine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841.

                                          -2-
December 2, 1996, the first day of trial, and then pleaded guilty on
December 4, 1996, to conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine.          The
government then dismissed the remaining drug counts against Ayers as
provided by the plea agreement. Williams pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute crack cocaine on December 2, 1996, the first day of trial, and
the government dismissed the remaining charges against Williams pursuant
to the plea agreement.

      At Ayers’ lengthy sentencing hearing held over the course of three
days, the parties presented evidence of the drug quantities involved in the
conspiracy and Ayers’ role in the offense. The district court determined
that at least 500 grams but less than 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine were
attributable to Ayers. The court reached this result by totaling specific
quantities of crack it found attributable to Ayers.       First, the court
relied on Ayers’ admission that he received 85 grams of crack from
codefendant David Johnson.     Next, the court credited the testimony of
special agent Greg Brugman that Ayers participated in three controlled buys
of crack involving 23.3 grams, 23.1 grams, and 26.6 grams, respectively.
The court attributed another 49 grams based on codefendant Luther Batte’s
testimony that he purchased 7 one-quarter-ounce packages of crack from
Ayers. Although Eric Moss testified that he saw Ayers obtain 5 one-ounce
packages of crack on two separate occasions from codefendant Gerald Leach,
the court conservatively estimated that Ayers was responsible for 5 ounces,
or 140 grams, of crack based on these transactions. Antiono Watkins stated
he bought 17.71 grams of crack from Ayers. Antonio Lucas testified he saw
Ayers sell 7 grams of crack. Derrick Ware, whose testimony the district
court discounted based on his lack of credibility, stated that he observed
Ayers sell packages of crack ranging in size from one-quarter-ounce to one-
ounce five times per week for nine months, a total of roughly 1,260 grams
of crack. Based on the collective testimony of Ware, Watkins, and Lucas,




                                    -3-
the court found there was at least another 155 grams of crack attributable
to Ayers, putting the total quantity above 500 grams but below 1.5
kilograms. See USSG § 2D1.1(c). After determining that the sentencing
range was between 262 months and 327 months, the district court sentenced
Ayers to 262 months’ imprisonment.

      Williams admitted during his plea hearing that he was involved in a
conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine with Gerald Leach, Luther Batte,
Lester Batte, David Johnson, Eric Moss, and Christopher Cungtion.        At
Williams’ sentencing hearing, Officer Douglas Larison of the Cedar Rapids
Police Department testified that Williams and codefendant Gerald Leach were
the leaders of the crack cocaine distribution organization in Cedar Rapids,
Iowa. Larison stated that Williams was the source that supplied crack
cocaine to the organization. Williams admitted that on numerous occasions
he traveled to Chicago, or directed someone to go to Chicago for him, to
obtain crack cocaine for the conspiracy.        Codefendant David Johnson
testified that he became involved in drug trafficking through Williams.
Johnson also stated that he obtained the crack he sold from Williams and
that Williams directed to whom and for what price the crack was to be sold.

      The district court determined that Williams was a manager or
supervisor of criminal activity involving five or more participants and
thus subject to a three-level enhancement under USSG § 3B1.1(b). The court
also found that Williams had accepted responsibility for his offense and
decreased his offense level by two levels pursuant to USSG § 3E1.1(a). The
court denied Williams the additional third level decrease authorized by
USSG § 3E1.1(b)(2). After determining that the sentencing range was 360
months to life, the district court sentenced Williams to 360 months’
imprisonment.




                                    -4-
                                   II.

      We first consider Ayers’ appeal.      Ayers challenges the district
court’s drug quantity findings, claiming the court arbitrarily assessed the
amount of crack cocaine attributable to him.       We review the district
court's determination of a drug quantity for sentencing purposes for clear
error. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e) (1994); United States v. Payne, 119 F.3d 637,
645 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 454 (1997).

      Our review of the record convinces us that the district court did not
commit clear error in determining the amount of crack cocaine attributable
to Ayers.    Contrary to Ayers’ assertion, the district court did not
arbitrarily determine the amount of crack attributable to Ayers.        The
district court heard extensive testimony and made factual findings
regarding drug quantities based on its assessment of the evidence. As we
explained earlier, the district court calculated the amount of crack
cocaine attributable to Ayers by totaling the amounts from various drug
transactions described by witnesses, discounting some testimony based on
its credibility findings, and approximating certain amounts based on all
the evidence. It was proper for the district court to reasonably estimate
the total drug quantities based on its assessment of the evidence. See
USSG § 2D1.1, comment. (n.12); United States v. Newton, 31 F.3d 611, 614
(8th Cir. 1994) (court “may estimate total drug quantity based on evidence
that reasonably supports a factual finding”). We see no reason to disturb
the district court’s drug quantity determination.

      Ayers next claims that the district court should have granted
“judicial” immunity to a witness, Toyon Valentine, who asserted his Fifth
Amendment right not to testify when called by Ayers at the sentencing
hearing. Ayers proffered that Valentine would have testified that Ayers
was not involved in certain drug transactions that a government witness
claimed were attributable to Ayers. Ayers argues that the district court’s
refusal to grant immunity to Valentine violated Ayers’ rights to compulsory
process under the Sixth Amendment and due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment.




                                   -5-
We reject this argument. “The district court did not have the authority
to grant [Valentine] immunity because this court has consistently refused
to recognize the concept of judicial immunity.” United States v. Stewart,
122 F.3d 625, 627 (8th Cir. 1997) (citing United States v. Warfield, 97
F.3d 1014, 1020 (8th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1119 (1997)); see
also United States v. Dierling, 131 F.3d 722, 732-33 (8th Cir. 1997)
(declining to recognize authority of court to grant immunity to a witness);
United States v. Robaina, 39 F.3d 858, 863 (8th Cir.1994) (same); United
States v. Capozzi, 883 F.2d 608, 613-14 (8th Cir. 1989) (same), cert.
denied, 495 U.S. 918 (1990); United States v. Doddington, 822 F.2d 818, 821
(8th Cir. 1987) (same); United States v. Hardrich, 707 F.2d 992, 994 (8th
Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 991 (1983).        The district court
properly refused to grant Valentine immunity.

                                   III.

      We next consider Williams’ appeal. Williams first claims that the
district court erred in enhancing his sentence by three levels based on its
finding that he was a manager or supervisor in a criminal activity
involving more than five participants. See USSG § 3B1.1(b). The district
court’s determination of a participant’s role in the offense is a factual
finding that we review for clear error. United States v. Flores, 73 F.3d
826, 835 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2568 (1996).

      Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the district court
did not commit clear error in determining that Williams was a manager or
supervisor of five or more participants in the crack cocaine conspiracy.
First, it is clear from the record that the court did not err in finding
that the criminal activity involved five or more participants. At his plea
hearing, Williams admitted to being involved in a conspiracy to distribute
crack cocaine involving six other individuals.           Counting his own
involvement there were seven.      Second, the court properly found that
Williams exercised such control over others in the criminal organization
to easily qualify as a manager or supervisor. The record clearly supports
this determination. Williams set




                                   -6-
the price of the crack sold by coconspirator David Johnson. See USSG §
3B1.1, comment. (n.4) (factor in determining whether defendant is a manager
or supervisor includes “degree of control and authority exercised over
others”). Williams also determined to whom Johnson would sell the crack.
See id. Williams was the source of crack for the Cedar Rapids conspiracy
and could therefore control the amount of crack sold by the conspirators.
Williams also recruited David Johnson to come to Cedar Rapids to sell drugs
for the conspiracy. See id. (factor in determining whether defendant is
a manager or supervisor includes “the recruitment of accomplices”).

      Williams next argues that the district court erred in failing to grant
him a three-level decrease in his sentence for acceptance of
responsibility.    See USSG § 3E1.1(b).    We give “great deference” to a
district court’s finding of whether a defendant has accepted responsibility
for his offense and will reverse only for clear error. United States v.
Thompson, 60 F.3d 514, 517 (8th Cir. 1995); USSG § 3E1.1, comment. (n.5).
The district court granted Williams a two-level decrease for acceptance of
responsibility pursuant to USSG § 3E1.1(a), but declined to grant him the
additional one-level decrease authorized by USSG § 3E1.1(b)(2). Williams
claims the court erred in failing to grant him this additional decrease.


      Section 3E1.1(b)(2) provides an additional one-level decrease to a
defendant who: (1) has accepted responsibility for his offense under §
3E1.1(a); (2) has an offense level greater than 16; and (3) has, “by timely
notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty, . . .
permitt[ed] the government to avoid preparing for trial and permitt[ed] the
court to allocate its resources efficiently.” Williams met the first two
requirements, but the district court ruled the third element was lacking.
The commentary to § 3E1.1 explains that “to qualify under subsection
(b)(2), the defendant must have notified authorities of his intention to
enter a plea of guilty at a sufficiently early point in the process so that
the government may avoid preparing for trial and the court may schedule its
calendar efficiently.” USSG § 3E1.1, comment. (n.6). Williams did not
plead guilty until the morning of his first day of trial. By this time the




                                    -7-
government had prepared for trial, a jury was waiting to serve, and the
district court had set aside two weeks on its docket for the trial. We
easily conclude that the district court did not err in denying Williams an
additional one-level decrease in his adjusted offense level under § 3E1.1.
See Thompson, 60 F.3d at 517 (denying decrease under § 3E1.1(b)(2) where
defendant did not give notice of his intent to plead guilty until
government had “essentially already completed its preparation for trial”);
United States v. McQuay, 7 F.3d 800, 803 (8th Cir. 1993) (denying decrease
under § 3E1.1(b)(2) where defendant notified the government of his
intention to plead on the day before his second trial).

                                   IV.

      We have considered and rejected all of Ayers’ and Williams’ arguments
challenging their sentences. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the
district court.

     A true copy.

           Attest:

                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                   -8-
