         Supreme Court of Florida
                                 ____________

                                 No. SC12-132
                                 ____________

                            STATE OF FLORIDA,
                                Appellant,

                                        vs.

                           THOMAS D. WOODEL,
                               Appellee.

                                 ____________

                                 No. SC12-132
                                 ____________

                           THOMAS D. WOODEL,
                              Cross-Appellant,

                                        vs.

                            STATE OF FLORIDA,
                               Cross-Appellee.

                               [June 5, 2014]
                           CORRECTED OPINION

PER CURIAM.

      This case is before us on the State’s appeal from an order granting a new

penalty phase based on the defendant’s motion to vacate a sentence of death under
Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851 and the defendant’s cross-appeal from

the trial court’s order denying a new trial as to both the guilt and penalty phases.

We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons addressed

in this opinion, we reverse the trial court’s order granting a new penalty phase,

affirm the trial court’s order denying an entirely new trial, and reinstate the

defendant’s sentence of death.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

      Thomas D. Woodel was convicted in Polk County, Florida, for the first-

degree murders of Clifford and Bernice Moody, an elderly married couple, who he

cut and stabbed. Woodel, who was twenty-six years old on the date of the crimes,

was also convicted of burglary and robbery in the same case. The pertinent facts

pertaining to Woodel’s convictions are addressed in our decision issued in his first

direct appeal:

             Clifford Moody, who was seventy-nine years old, and his
      seventy-four year old wife, Bernice, lived in a mobile home trailer on
      lot 533 at Outdoor Resorts of America in Polk County. The Moodys
      owned another trailer on adjoining lot 532, which they sometimes
      rented. Bernice was seen by the newspaper delivery man cleaning lot
      532 about 4:30 to 4:45 a.m. on December 31, 1996. Clifford was last
      seen by a security person at the Outdoor Resorts Laundromat at about
      5:30 a.m. The Moodys were preparing to show the mobile home for
      rental that day.
             The Moodys were found dead a little after 1 p.m. on December
      31, 1996. Clifford was found lying on his back in the dining room
      area of the trailer on lot 532. His underwear and pants had been
      pulled down to below his knees. His eyeglasses lay approximately
      two feet from his head. Dr. Alexander Melamud, the medical

                                         -2-
examiner, testified that Clifford received a total of eight stab wounds,
causing more internal than external bleeding, and that he died as a
result of these stab wounds close in time to his wife’s death.
        Bernice was found in the same trailer with multiple stab
wounds. She lay dead on a bed in the back of the trailer and was nude
except for one sock. A nightgown and female underwear with a knot
tied in it lay on the floor next to the bed. Additionally, pieces of a
porcelain toilet tank lid were found underneath her. Dr. Melamud
testified that Bernice incurred a total of fifty-six cut or stab wounds,
many of which on her right arm he opined to be defensive. Her
jugular vein had been slit. Additionally, she had received significant
blunt trauma injuries to her head, and her nasal bones were fractured.
Dr. Melamud testified that Bernice died as a result of her injuries
sometime in the early morning hours of December 31, 1996. No
semen was detected on Bernice.
        With the permission and assistance of Outdoor Resorts,
detectives searched the park’s dumpsters the morning of January 3,
1997. The dumpsters had not been emptied since prior to December
31, 1996. During the search, detectives found three garbage bags
containing pieces of a porcelain toilet tank lid, a wallet containing
Clifford’s identification and credit cards, keys with a tag stating
“Cliff’s keys,” glasses, bloody socks, paperwork with the address of
lot 301, and paperwork bearing the names of the defendant and his
son, Christopher Woodel.
        That afternoon, detectives went to lot 301. Woodel lived there
with his long-time girlfriend, Christina Stogner, and his sister, Bobbi
Woodel. Woodel and his sister signed consent forms to have their
trailer searched. Stogner was out of town at that time. Also present
that day at lot 301 was Gayle Woodel. Although not known at that
time, it would later be discovered that Gayle married Woodel in 1989,
and they had a son together, Christopher. Gayle and Woodel
separated in 1992 but never divorced. In 1996, Gayle and Christopher
lived in North Carolina while Woodel lived in Florida. However,
Gayle had just come to Florida from North Carolina so that
Christopher could spend some time with Woodel. Gayle, Christopher,
and two of Gayle’s friends were staying at Woodel’s trailer.
        While some detectives searched the premises, Woodel agreed to
be questioned by other detectives. As Woodel left with the detectives,
Woodel went over to Gayle and whispered for her to get rid of the
knife Woodel had hidden. Gayle told Woodel’s landlady and friend

                                 -3-
      about the content of the communication. Gayle later told deputies as
      well.
              The detectives gave Woodel Miranda warnings, and he
      consented to talk with them. He initially told the detectives that he
      had been home asleep at the time of the murders. After further
      questioning, Woodel began to write out a statement. He then stopped
      and confessed to killing the Moodys, whom he said he had never met.
      The detectives then tape-recorded Woodel’s confession. In this taped
      confession played for the jury, Woodel admitted to drinking with
      others that evening after work in the lot next to the Pizza Hut where
      he worked. Afterwards, Woodel walked to Outdoor Resorts, a little
      over a mile from the Pizza Hut. Woodel admitted to entering the
      Moody’s rental trailer early in the morning after seeing Bernice
      through the window. He said he went in to ask for the time.
      According to Woodel, Bernice was alone in the trailer. Upon seeing
      him, she came at him with a knife, over which Woodel soon gained
      control. He then proceeded to stab her many times and hit her over
      the head with a porcelain toilet tank lid one to three times. The toilet
      lid shattered.
              Clifford was last seen doing laundry at the Laundromat by
      security guard Elmer Schultz between 5:30 and 5:40 a.m. In his
      confession, Woodel said that he was leaving the trailer when Clifford
      came inside. Woodel then stabbed Clifford. As Clifford lay on the
      floor, Woodel picked up a bucket and placed pieces of the shattered
      toilet tank lid in it. He also placed the knife along with several other
      items in the bucket. Woodel said that after stabbing Clifford, he took
      Clifford’s wallet.
              Woodel also said in his confession that he threw some items
      into a canal in the mobile home park, threw some items away in his
      garbage, and hid the knife behind a dresser. Deputies would later find
      pieces of the toilet tank lid and Bernice’s eyeglasses in the canal, and
      a knife in Woodel’s room wedged between a wall and the dresser.

Woodel v. State (Woodel I), 804 So. 2d 316, 319-20 (Fla. 2001).

      The jury voted twelve to zero for Mrs. Moody, and nine to three for Mr.

Moody in recommending that Woodel be sentenced to death. Id. at 320. The trial




                                        -4-
court found the same aggravators1 and mitigators2 for both murders. Id. The trial

court accepted the jury’s recommendations and imposed sentences of death for

both murders. Id. On direct appeal, Woodel raised three guilt phase issues3 and



      1. We previously stated:

      In aggravation, the trial court found that: (1) the defendant had
      previously been convicted of another capital offense; (2) the killings
      were perpetrated while the defendant was engaged in a burglary; (3)
      the killings were especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC); and
      (4) the victims were particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or
      disability. The trial court specifically rejected that Clifford’s murder
      occurred as a result of Woodel’s effort to escape and avoid being
      arrested.

Id. at 320-21 (footnotes omitted).
      2. Similarly, we also stated:

      The trial court found the statutory mitigator that Woodel had no
      significant history of criminal activity. The trial court also found
      seven nonstatutory mitigators: (1) Woodel was physically abused as a
      child; (2) he was neglected by his mother; (3) there was instability in
      his residences as a child; (4) both of Woodel’s parents were deaf and
      mute; (5) use of alcohol and drugs; (6) Woodel was willing to meet
      with the victim’s family prior to trial; and (7) he was willing to be
      tested for a possible bone marrow donation for his daughter, who had
      leukemia. The trial court specifically rejected a finding that Woodel
      was so intoxicated that he could not form the intent to kill.

Id. at 321.
      3. Woodel raised the following guilt phase issues:

            Woodel argue[d] that: (1) his motions for judgment of acquittal
      should have been granted by the trial court regarding premeditation,
      robbery, and burglary; (2) the trial court impermissibly allowed
      constructive amendment of the indictment; and (3) his mistrial motion

                                        -5-
three sentencing phase issues.4 Id. at 321. We affirmed the convictions, but

vacated the sentences of death because the sentencing order failed to assign

weights to the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Id. at 327. The case was

remanded with instructions “to reconsider the sentence.” Id.

      However, when the case returned to the circuit court in 2001, the original

trial judge was unavailable to reconsider the sentence. Therefore, Woodel was

granted a new penalty phase with a successor judge presiding. Woodel v. State

(Woodel II), 985 So. 2d 524, 527 (Fla. 2008). At the conclusion of the second

penalty phase, held in 2004, the jury recommended a life sentence for the murder

of Mr. Moody, and recommended by a vote of seven to five that the sentence of

death be imposed for the murder of Mrs. Moody. Id. After holding a Spencer

hearing,5 the sentencing court followed the jury’s recommendations, and imposed



      should have been granted because the State made an impermissible
      reference to a marital communication in its opening statement.
Id. at 321 n.7.

      4. Woodel raised the following sentencing phase issues:

             Woodel argue[d] that: (1) the trial court committed reversible
      error for rushing the penalty phase; (2) the trial court erred in finding
      the burglary and advanced age aggravators; and (3) the trial court
      erred in evaluating the mitigation evidence.

Id. at 321 n.8.
      5. Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993).


                                         -6-
the sentence of death only for the murder of Mrs. Moody. Id. The sentencing

court found the same four aggravators that were found in Woodel’s initial trial;6

however, it found four statutory mitigators7 and ten nonstatutory mitigators.8 Id.

On direct appeal, Woodel raised six claims.9 Id. at 527-28. We determined that



       6. The sentencing court found four aggravating circumstances (prior violent
felony conviction; committed during commission of a burglary; especially heinous,
atrocious or cruel (HAC); and victim vulnerability due to age or disability).
Woodel II, 985 So. 2d at 527.

       7. The sentencing court found “four statutory mitigators (no significant
criminal history; defendant’s age; substantial impairment of capacity to appreciate
his actions or conform his conduct to the requirements of law; and extreme
emotional disturbance).” Id.

      8. The sentencing court further found
      ten nonstatutory mitigators (physical abuse as a child; neglect and
      rejection by his mother and others; an unstable home as [a] child;
      parents who were deaf and spoke primarily in sign language; abuse of
      alcohol and drugs; willingness to meet with the victims’ daughter;
      willingness to be tested for bone marrow donation for his daughter;
      the defendant’s belief in God; his voluntary confession; and the
      defendant’s compassion for others).
Id.

      9. Woodel’s claims on direct appeal consisted of the following:
      (1) the trial court erred in excusing for cause two jurors who were not
      sufficiently fluent in the English language without the aid of an
      interpreter; (2) fundamental error occurred when the jury heard and
      considered prejudicial testimony from a State witness; (3) the trial
      court erred in finding the aggravating factor of “vulnerability due to
      advanced age or disability” with regard to the murder of Bernice
      Moody; (4) Woodel’s sentence of death is not proportional; (5)
      Woodel is entitled to a life sentence because Florida’s death penalty

                                        -7-
the sentence of death imposed on Woodel was proportionate to other cases in

which the death penalty was imposed. Therefore, we affirmed Woodel’s sentence

of death. Id. at 532-34.

             II. POSTCONVICTION PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      In April 2010, Woodel filed a motion in the Circuit Court of the Tenth

Judicial Circuit in and for Polk County, pursuant to rule 3.851, in which he sought

postconviction relief. A second successor judge presided over the postconviction

proceedings due to the unavailability of the circuit judge that presided over

Woodel’s second penalty phase in 2004.

      The postconviction court ruled that an evidentiary hearing was necessary to

address Woodel’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. The evidentiary

hearing was held in 2011 over nine nonconsecutive days. Woodel presented

twenty-seven witnesses, including his former trial attorneys, expert witnesses, and

other witnesses. No witnesses appeared for the State.

      Woodel presented seven general claims for postconviction relief. In four of

his claims, Woodel alleged that he was deprived of his constitutional right to




      law violates his right to due process, and his right to trial by a jury;
      and (6) execution by lethal injection constitutes cruel and unusual
      punishment.
Id. at 527-28.

                                         -8-
reliable adversarial testing due to ineffective assistance of counsel.10 Woodel

sought a new guilt phase under Claim I, which consisted of four subclaims. He

also sought a new penalty phase under Claim II, which consisted of seven

subclaims. After the evidentiary hearing concluded, the postconviction court

entered an order that included the following judgment:

      Therefore, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s
      Amended Motion To Vacate Judgments of Conviction And Sentence,
      is DENIED with respect to his Claims that he is entitled to a new guilt
      phase trial. It is further, ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the
      Defendant’s Amended Motion To Vacate Judgments of Conviction
      And Sentence, is GRANTED to the extent that he is entitled to a new
      penalty phase trial based on Ground IIA [Failure to conduct a
      reasonably competent mitigation investigation and failure to present
      mitigation], Ground IIB [Failure to ensure a reasonably competent
      mental health evaluation was conducted] and Ground IIC [Trial
      counsel failed to object to Arthur White’s testimony claiming that
      Woodel told him that he fondled Mrs. Moody] of his Amended
      Motion To Vacate Judgments of Conviction And Sentence.



       10. In his initial motion for postconviction relief, Woodel sought relief
under the following general claims: Claim I—Deprivation of the right to reliable
adversarial testing due to ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase;
Claim II—Deprivation of the right to reliable adversarial testing due to ineffective
assistance of counsel during the penalty phase; Claim III—Deprivation of the right
to due process to develop factors in mitigation because the psychologist engaged
by the defense failed to conduct appropriate tests for brain damage or mental
illness; Claim IV—Violation of the rules set forth in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.
83 (1963), Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), and Donnelly v.
DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637 (1974); Claim V—Deprivation of a fair trial due to
cumulative procedural and substantive errors; Claim VI—Violation of Eighth
Amendment rights demonstrated by newly discovered evidence; and Claim VII—
Violation (prospectively) of Eighth Amendment rights due to potential
incompetence at the time of execution.


                                        -9-
State v. Woodel, No. CF97-00047A-XX (Fla. 10th Cir. Ct. Dec. 28, 2011). The

postconviction court denied Woodel any relief for Claim I, subclaims E through G

under Claim II,11 and Claims III through VII.

                                   III. DISCUSSION

      On appeal, the State raises three general issues in which it asserts that

Woodel failed to establish that: (1) he was prejudiced regarding his assertion that

penalty phase counsel failed to investigate, prepare, and present a mitigation case

in a proper manner; (2) penalty phase counsel allegedly failed to ensure that

Woodel received a reasonably competent mental health evaluation; and (3) he was

prejudiced regarding his assertion that penalty phase counsel should have moved to

have certain testimony excluded that Woodel sexually fondled Mrs. Moody. We

reverse the postconviction court’s order granting a new penalty phase, because

Woodel failed to satisfy both prongs set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668 (1984), to obtain postconviction relief due to allegations of ineffective

assistance of counsel where the death penalty has been imposed.



       11. The subclaims under Claim II for which the postconviction court denied
relief were: E—Counsel failed to object to hearsay testimony about Mrs. Moody’s
medical condition that allegedly made her more vulnerable; F—Counsel failed to
re-raise the alleged spousal or marital communication privilege violation; G—
Counsel failed to preserve for appellate review the trial court’s excusing for cause
two Spanish-speaking potential jurors. Woodel withdrew subclaim IID—Counsel
failed to move to suppress Woodel’s statement to law enforcement officers, or to
obtain an interrogation specialist.


                                        - 10 -
         On cross-appeal, Woodel raises two general issues in which he asserts that:

(1) guilt phase counsel provided ineffective assistance for failing to object to the

admission of certain testimony that Woodel sexually fondled Mrs. Moody; and (2)

the State violated the rules set forth in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and

Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972). We deny Woodel’s cross-appeal

claim that he is entitled to new guilt and penalty phases by affirming the portion of

the postconviction court’s order that denied Woodel’s motion for a new guilt

phase.

                     A. Ineffectiveness of Penalty Phase Counsel

                               1. Elements of the Claim

         This Court has repeatedly upheld the Strickland standard in capital appeals

that address allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel:

                Following the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
         Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), this Court has held
         that for ineffective assistance of counsel claims to be successful, two
         requirements must be satisfied:
               First, the claimant must identify particular acts or
               omissions of the lawyer that are shown to be outside the
               broad range of reasonably competent performance under
               prevailing professional standards. Second, the clear,
               substantial deficiency shown must further be
               demonstrated to have so affected the fairness and
               reliability of the proceeding that confidence in the
               outcome is undermined. A court considering a claim of
               ineffectiveness of counsel need not make a specific
               ruling on the performance component of the test when it
               is clear that the prejudice component is not satisfied.


                                          - 11 -
      Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986) (citations
      omitted).

Williamson v. State, 123 So. 3d 1060, 1065 (Fla. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S.Ct.

1519 (2014). When this Court has previously rejected a substantive claim on the

merits, counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for subsequently failing to make a

meritless argument. See Dennis v. State, 109 So. 3d 680, 690 (Fla. 2012) (citing

Schoenwetter v. State, 46 So. 3d 535, 546 (Fla. 2010)).

                              2. Standard of Review

      In applying the Strickland standard where the defendant who was convicted

in a capital case alleges ineffective assistance of counsel, this Court employs a

mixed standard of review. We defer to the circuit court’s factual findings that are

supported by competent, substantial evidence, but review the circuit court’s legal

conclusions de novo. See Anderson v. State, 18 So. 3d 501, 509 (Fla. 2009) (citing

Sochor v. State, 883 So. 2d 766, 771-72 (Fla. 2004)).

      There is a strong presumption that trial counsel does not provide ineffective

assistance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. “A fair assessment of attorney

performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to

evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Id. at 689. The

defendant carries the burden to “overcome the presumption that, under the

circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial


                                        - 12 -
strategy.’ ” Id. (quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). “Judicial

scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.” Id.

                                     3. Merits

a. Penalty phase counsel allegedly provided ineffective assistance by failing to
        properly investigate, prepare, and present a mitigation case.
      The postconviction court’s 2011 order stated the following regarding

Woodel’s Claim IIA—Counsel’s failure to conduct a reasonably competent

mitigation investigation and failure to present mitigation:

      The Defendant asserts in his Amended Motion, “Because Mr.
      Woodel’s attorneys failed to conduct a reasonably competent
      investigation of Mr. Woodel’s background, they failed to present
      reasonably available mitigation to the jury and to link it to the crimes,
      including giving adequate weight to the statutory mental mitigators.”
             ....

      In preparing this Order, the [postconviction court] was particularly
      concerned with how [trial] counsel used the experience of the 1998
      penalty phase in preparation for the 2004 penalty phase.
            ....

             In Wiggins v. Smith, [539 U.S. 510, 521 (2003),] the [United
      States Supreme Court] went on to say, “In assessing the
      reasonableness of an attorney’s investigation, however, a court must
      consider not only the quantum of evidence already known to counsel,
      but also whether the known evidence would lead a reasonable attorney
      to investigate further. . . .”
             In preparation for the [s]econd penalty phase, Mr. Colon talked
      to three family members. . . . He did not go to North Carolina or
      Michigan and he did not hire an investigator to do so. All he did was
      review records and proceed with the same type of defense. . . .
      [Colon] acknowledged on redirect [examination by postconviction
      counsel] that it may have been a bad decision. . . .



                                        - 13 -
In 2011, the postconviction court expressed concern about how counsel used the

experience of the 1998 penalty phase in preparation for the 2004 penalty phase.

      Although the sentencing order resulting from the penalty phase in 1998 was

vacated by our decision in Woodel I, the continuity of certain aspects of counsel’s

performance during both the 1998 and 2004 penalty phases has relevance to the

issues raised in this appeal. We address, without applying hindsight, the

consequences of counsel’s alleged failure to investigate, prepare, and present a

proper mitigation case. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (“A fair assessment of attorney

performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight. . . .”); Cherry v. State, 659 So. 2d 1069, 1073 (Fla. 1995) (“The standard

is not how present counsel would have proceeded, in hindsight . . . .”).

      During the 2011 evidentiary hearing, the postconviction court heard

testimony from multiple experts and other witnesses concerning the relevant

aspects of Woodel’s background. The experts offered their opinions about

Woodel’s mental and emotional condition at the time of the crimes. Within its

final order, the postconviction court expressed concern that former counsel

Gilberto Colon inadequately prepared for the 2004 penalty phase.

      The postconviction court concluded that penalty phase counsel’s

performance during Woodel’s 2004 penalty phase was unreasonable under the

prevailing professional norms for counsel representing defendants in capital cases


                                        - 14 -
wherein the sentence of death has been imposed. As counsel for Woodel during

the 2004 penalty phase, Colon had a duty to act reasonably by investigating

available mitigation or to make an informed decision as to why such investigation

was not necessary. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; Coleman v. State, 64 So. 3d

1210, 1217 (Fla. 2011) (“Under [Strickland], ‘counsel has a duty to make

reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular

investigations unnecessary.’ ”) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).

      In light of the circumstances presented in this case, we determine that there

is no need for us to address whether counsel’s performance was deficient during

the penalty phase, as it pertains to his failure to investigate, prepare and present a

proper mitigation case. Instead, we conclude that Woodel cannot demonstrate that

he is entitled to a new penalty phase because he failed to establish prejudice under

the second prong of the Strickland standard. See Williamson, 123 So. 3d at 1065;

Davis v. State, 928 So. 2d 1089, 1105 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Maxwell, 490 So. 2d at

932); Waterhouse v. State, 792 So. 2d 1176, 1182 (Fla. 2001) (“[B]ecause the

Strickland standard requires establishment of both prongs, when a defendant fails

to make a showing as to one prong, it is not necessary to delve into whether he has

made a showing as to the other prong.”). Furthermore, we see nothing in the

record before us that undermines our confidence in the outcome of Woodel’s

penalty phase. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).


                                         - 15 -
      In 2011, Colon testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing that he

defended Woodel during the penalty phases by emphasizing the following to the

jury: (1) Woodel’s alcohol consumption was one of multiple factors involved with

these crimes; (2) Woodel had no violent criminal record; (3) Woodel grew up in a

family with deaf parents; (4) Woodel’s mother was abusive, neglectful, and

provided a poor household environment; (5) Woodel and his sister stole food from

the neighbors as often as possible; and (6) Woodel and his sister were placed by

their parents in a children’s home for a period of years.

      We observe at the outset that the late Dr. Henry Dee, a clinical psychologist

and clinical neuropsychologist, provided expert testimony before the jury that

addressed and augmented the referenced aspects of the defense that Colon

presented. Furthermore, the substance of Dr. Dee’s expert opinions was directly

reflected in the mitigating circumstances found by the sentencing court in 2004.

      We find that the testimony provided by Dr. Dee during the 1998 trial and

2004 penalty phase is relevant in the present capital postconviction appeal. We

have examined pertinent portions of the transcripts filed as part of the respective

records in Woodel I and Woodel II, in which Dr. Dee appeared as an expert

witness for the defense. The final order on review indicates that the postconviction

court also reviewed Dr. Dee’s 2004 testimony:

      The [c]ourt is of the opinion after reading the trial transcript of Dr.
      Henry Dee from the 2004 penalty phase, that Dr. Dee made a

                                        - 16 -
      determined effort to present as complete a mental health picture of the
      Defendant as possible. Considering his limited knowledge of
      [children of deaf adults] and the deaf culture, he did his best to try to
      convey to the jury how that factor impacted on Mr. Woodel.

See Order at 77-78. Because we determine it is relevant to the issues on appeal,

we will address specific aspects of Dr. Dee’s testimony in our discussion below.

    i. Counsel’s Alleged Failure to Explore Woodel’s Personal History and
                              Family Background
      Regarding Colon’s handling of the presentation of mitigating circumstances

in 2004, the postconviction court found that “[a]ll [Colon] did was review records

and proceed with the same type of defense.” The postconviction court also found

that Colon conducted no additional investigation into Woodel’s background for

mitigation.

      Following the 1998 penalty phase, the jury recommended by a vote of nine

to three that the sentence of death be imposed for Mr. Moody’s murder, and by a

vote of twelve to zero that the sentence of death be imposed for Mrs. Moody’s

murder. In the 1998 penalty phase, Woodel did not testify. During the first trial,

the court found substantial mitigation—one statutory mitigator (no significant

history of criminal activity) and seven nonstatutory mitigators12—which were

contrasted by its finding of four aggravators.13


      12. See supra note 2.
      13. See supra note 1.


                                        - 17 -
         Dr. Dee’s testimony during the 1998 trial addressed Woodel’s background

and immediate family history. In summary, Dr. Dee testified that he: (1) reviewed

all of the discovery material; (2) learned some time after his initial interviews with

Woodel that both of his parents were deaf; (3) interviewed Woodel’s father, Albert

Woodel, his sister, Bobbi Woodel, his aunt, Margaret (Becky) Russell, his

coworker Leola Kilbourn, and Kilbourn’s daughter, Lisa; (4) learned from Woodel

“the reason [Woodel’s mother Jackie] wasn’t here is that, after all, she has her own

life. And [Dr. Dee couldn’t] imagine a time in his life when [Woodel] needed his

mother more than he does right now. And she’s not here and [Dr. Dee] can’t get in

touch with her. I guess that’s the way life had been for him”; (5) pointed out that

because he was the eldest child, Woodel was born into a different household than

Bobbi—i.e., Woodel was the only hearing person in his immediate family until

Bobbi was born; (6) noted that Woodel had a tendency to sign while he spoke,

signing is a “terribly different [language than] ours”; (7) learned from Woodel that

his mother was not accepted by other people (family members described her as

psychotic and his friends made fun of her); and (8) described Woodel’s household

as filled with domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, and alcohol and drug

abuse.

         The record shows that Woodel’s former defense lawyers testified that they

presented to the jury essentially the same mitigating circumstances in the 2004


                                        - 18 -
penalty phase, including Dr. Dee’s expert testimony, as they presented during the

1998 trial. The only exception to the same mitigation case was that Woodel

testified for the first time during the 2004 penalty phase. We observe that Dr.

Dee’s 2004 testimony revisited certain points that he made during Woodel’s 1998

penalty phase.

      We find it significant that during Woodel’s second penalty phase, Dr. Dee

testified before the jury that he: (1) reviewed the discovery material obtained from

the public defender’s office—comprising investigation notes, summaries of the

crime investigators and a copy of the taped confession; (2) interviewed Woodel’s

father, his sister, his aunt and two or three coworkers of Woodel’s from Pizza Hut

for an estimated four hours; (3) met with Woodel at least seven times for an

estimated total of twelve hours; (4) spent a great deal of time with Woodel trying

to understand the impact that belonging to a mother-father deaf household had on

him; and (5) discussed various other pertinent aspects of Woodel’s personal history

and family background.

      Notwithstanding the substantial mitigating circumstances that the trial court

found during Woodel’s 2004 penalty phase, the postconviction court concluded

that penalty phase counsel provided ineffective assistance to Woodel because

counsel neglected to explore other available mitigating circumstances. We agree

that counsel failed to explore other mitigation about Woodel’s personal history and


                                       - 19 -
his multigenerational family background. And, it is evident from the

postconviction evidentiary record that counsel did not explore Woodel’s

background stemming from his childhood years in Michigan and North Carolina

even though such information could have been presented to the jury. However, we

respectfully disagree with the postconviction court’s legal conclusion that Woodel

was prejudiced under the Strickland standard because the additional potential

mitigating circumstances were of relatively minor importance and, therefore, the

lack thereof does not undermine our confidence in the outcome of Woodel’s 2004

penalty phase.

      A review of Dr. Dee’s unimpeached, expert testimony before the jury in

2004 demonstrates to our satisfaction that Woodel’s troubled background was

comprehensively presented to the jury. Dr. Dee discussed at length various aspects

of Woodel’s background including his status as a mother-father deaf person, the

pronounced dysfunction of his immediate family’s household, and his history of

alcohol and drug abuse that began at a very early age. The jury was presented with

expert testimony explaining the dynamics of Woodel’s personal history and family

background. The jury also heard Woodel’s testimony that provided information

consistent with Dr. Dee’s expert opinion.

      Consequently, we are satisfied that the jury received a thorough presentation

of Woodel’s life history and his relevant family background. We further conclude


                                      - 20 -
that the presentation of Woodel’s personal history and family background was

instrumentally accomplished through the extensive expert testimony provided by

Dr. Dee. We also note that Dr. Dee’s testimony provided key testimonial evidence

for the sentencing court’s findings of the existing mitigating circumstances related

to Woodel’s personal history and family background. In 2004, Dr. Dee’s

testimony was informative and persuasive to the trier of fact.

      Accordingly, we find that Woodel was not prejudiced by counsel’s alleged

failure to investigate, prepare, and present additional and relatively minor

mitigation stemming from Woodel’s personal history and family background. See

Carratelli v. State, 961 So. 2d 312, 324 (Fla. 2007) (“Under Strickland, to

demonstrate prejudice a defendant must show that there is a reasonable

probability—one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome—that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.”) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

      ii. Counsel’s Alleged Failure to Consult with an Expert on the Effects of
                            Alcohol Consumption
      Next, Woodel alleges his trial counsel was ineffective because he chose not

to present expert testimony to explain to the jury the cognitive effects of alcohol

abuse beginning at an early age, and how alcohol affected him physically and

mentally throughout his life. In support of his claim, Woodel asserts that Colon

should have presented an expert who could explain that due to Woodel’s blood


                                         - 21 -
alcohol level, he was in a partial alcohol-induced blackout at the time of the

murders. Woodel further asserts that given the fact that the jury voted seven to

five in its recommendation that a death sentence be imposed, it is plausible that

with additional mitigation testimony from an expert on alcohol consumption, the

balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances would have been different.

      Colon testified on cross-examination during the 2011 evidentiary hearing

that he did not consider using a toxicologist or a similar type of expert to explain to

the jury the effects of alcohol or to calculate Woodel’s blood alcohol level at the

time of the crimes. Colon testified as follows:

      Well, my opinion, we live in Polk County and I knew that at least a
      good portion of those jurors knew what [it] is to be drunk, so I knew
      what a drunk person does when they’re - - when they’re drunk, such
      as do stupid things, have memory loss, things of that nature. So no, it
      never crossed my mind to get an expert to determine his blood alcohol
      or to get testimony . . . .
In responding to whether there were any foreseeable, negative consequences of

presenting an expert on the effects of alcohol, Colon further testified that “when

you start producing experts in every piece of the defense, I call that shotgun

defense and now the jury starts questioning the validity of the actual defense.”

      The State contends that Colon’s decision not to use an expert on the effects

of alcohol should be viewed as a strategy that adhered to his theory for the 2004

penalty phase. The State points out that Colon testified that he wanted to humanize




                                        - 22 -
Woodel—by presenting to the jury that Woodel’s alcohol consumption was only

one of several factors involved in his commission of the crimes.

      The record in this case shows that Colon testified that he did not remember

all of the circumstances involving his decision not to present expert testimony

concerning the effects of Woodel’s alcohol consumption. And, the record is silent

about whether the non-use of an expert on the effects of alcohol consumption was

a strategic decision by Woodel’s defense team. But see, e.g., Davis v. State, 928

So. 2d 1089, 1119 (Fla. 2005) (finding counsel’s strategy to preserve first and last

closing arguments reasonable); White v. State, 559 So. 2d 1097, 1100 (Fla. 1990)

(denying ineffectiveness claim that was based on counsel’s unconventional

courtroom actions that were attributed to trial strategy). Nevertheless, we decline

to address whether Colon’s performance is deficient under the first prong of the

Strickland standard.

      Instead, we conclude that Woodel was not prejudiced under the Strickland

standard. Even if Colon’s failure to present testimony from an expert on alcohol

consumption constituted error, such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

See Mendoza v. State, 87 So. 3d 644, 660-61 (Fla. 2011) (“The test for harmless

error is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the error affected the

verdict.”) (citation omitted). We find that there is insufficient support in the record

for recognizing a reasonable probability that, had counsel presented testimony


                                         - 23 -
from an expert on the effects of alcohol consumption, the trier of fact would not

have decided the death penalty was appropriate. See Rhodes v. State, 986 So. 2d

501, 512 (Fla. 2008) (“If counsel’s failure to present the mitigating evidence was

an oversight, and not a tactical decision, ‘then a harmlessness review must be made

to determine if there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ”).

      We observe that during the 2004 penalty phase Dr. Dee testified, as he did

during Woodel’s first trial,14 about how he assessed Woodel’s self-described

excessive alcohol consumption during the period of the crimes:

             Q. [Mr. Colon] As to the actual murders themselves, did you
      talk to the defendant in your discussions with him to find out what he
      said actually occurred [in those] early morning hours? Did you go
      through and try to elicit from him his scenario of what had happened?

    14. During the 1998 trial, Dr. Dee provided pertinent testimony regarding
Woodel’s practice of alcohol consumption:

      Q. [Mr. Colon] Did you speak with the defendant to find out what
      time he began in his life to consume alcoholic beverages?
      A. Yes, to the best of my knowledge, and to his best estimate, it was
      sometime between 10 and 12 years of age.
      Q. How did he characterize his usage from that point in time when he
      first started at age 10 or 12 until the time of this incident?
      A. Well, according to his description, it was sporadic. But when he
      drank, he drank to intoxication. And you, know, from a mental health
      professional’s point of view, what he was describing was binge
      drinking, what I would characterize as an alcoholic, although he
      declined to characterize it that way.
      Q. So the way he described it was when he told you he would drink,
      he’d simply drink until he –
      A. Was out [i.e., unconscious] . . .

                                        - 24 -
             A. Well, I had been instructed not to on the first occasion that I
      saw him if you’ll recall from the Public Defender’s Office. Later on
      when I went over the information with him, I mean after I started
      seeing him again, went over the statement that he gave to the police,
      basically I used that as an outline to interview him about it. And he
      just didn’t give me any other information about it[.] [He] wasn’t able
      to so far as I was able to tell.
             Q. So you gave him the opportunity to add to or take away
      from the statement he had given to the police?
             A. Yeah. And he didn’t -- as I recall, he didn’t tell me
      anything significantly different.
             Q. Well, in the statement to the police, he told them that he had
      had maybe seven or eight beers to drink. Is that what he told you?
             A. No, he did add to that. He told me that he had told the
      police he had seven or eight beers to drink but he actually had a lot
      more than that but he didn’t want to tell them that he drank any more
      because he didn’t want them to think, A, that he was drunk or, B, he
      was using it for an excuse.
             Q. So he told you that he did lie to the police or at least attempt
      to?
             A. Yeah, about that. Which is actually rather odd. Most
      people lie in the opposite direction when they’re looking for
      something exculpatory, you know. To excuse what they’re doing,
      they’ll say they drank more than they did. But he said he drank much
      less than he apparently did.

      Dr. Dee explained, and during the 2004 penalty phase Woodel confirmed

during his testimony, that Woodel substantially underrepresented to the police the

actual amount of alcohol that he consumed on the night he murdered the Moodys.

Woodel apparently under-represented how much he drank in the hours

immediately before the Moody murders, because he had an inexplicable aversion

to admitting to the detectives the actual amount of alcohol that he consumed.

Thus, we observe that Dr. Dee’s 2004 testimony, in the context of his evaluation of



                                        - 25 -
Woodel’s psychological and emotional profile, provided the jury with information

showing that Woodel had had problems with excessive alcohol consumption that

he was dealing with at the time of the crimes. Dr. Dee’s testimony further

addressed that in the period of his life prior to the Moodys’ murders, Woodel

exhibited the behavior of an alcoholic. Colon recalled that he assessed during

Woodel’s trial that the jurors who lived in Polk County were aware that when

someone gets drunk they have memory losses and “things of that nature.”

      The postconviction evidentiary record shows that during the 2011 hearing

Dr. Daniel Buffington, a clinical pharmacologist, provided his expert opinion about

the effects alcohol had on Woodel’s behavior. From his interviews with Woodel,

Dr. Buffington identified certain factors that put Woodel at risk for experiencing

partial alcohol-induced blackouts—including family history, genetic

predisposition, and binge drinking. Dr. Buffington assessed, as did Dr. Dee, that

Woodel exhibited the signs of chronic alcoholism. Dr. Buffington further testified

that partial alcohol-induced blackouts would have permitted Woodel to be

functional, but experience memory loss of the events pertaining to the crimes. The

record shows that Woodel apparently only experienced memory loss about certain

aspects of the crimes. For example, when being interviewed by detectives, Woodel

stated that he could not remember: (1) how he wrested the serrated-edged knife

(the murder weapon) from Mrs. Moody; (2) why her body was found completely


                                       - 26 -
nude, except for one sock; or (3) why her panties and nightgown had been wadded

up and cast aside near the bed where her body was found.

      However, it is evident from the record before us that Woodel was able to

recall many pertinent details about the events pertaining to the Moodys’ murders

during his recorded interview by police detectives. For example, Woodel

described how he: (1) entered the Moodys’ residence without invitation in the

hours before sunrise; (2) inflicted numerous stab and cut wounds on two elderly

persons who were many decades older than he; (3) shattered a porcelain toilet tank

lid over Mrs. Moody’s head to stop her from yelling; and (4) took items from the

Moodys’ residence including Mr. Moody’s wallet, keys, and other items that did

not belong to Woodel.

      Even if Dr. Buffington’s testimony concerning Woodel’s probable alcohol-

induced partial blackout, or some other comparable expert’s testimony had been

presented to the penalty phase jury in 2004, we conclude that such expert

testimony is not dispositive for establishing prejudice under Strickland. We

determine that Woodel’s recorded interview with detectives, which was admitted

into evidence, included statements that were sufficiently inculpatory regarding his

convictions. Furthermore, Woodel’s recorded interview provided some of the

direct evidence for the trier of fact’s finding of the weighty aggravating

circumstances during Woodel’s second penalty phase in which the trial court


                                        - 27 -
imposed the sentence of death. See Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 771 (“In the penalty

phase context, ‘the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent

the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating

and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.’ ”) (quoting Strickland, 466

U.S. at 695). Therefore, despite the relative validity of Dr. Buffington’s partial

alcoholic blackout theory, as applied in Woodel’s case, the lack of such in-court

expert testimony in 2004 does not undermine our confidence in the outcome of

Woodel’s second penalty phase. At most, the lack of such expert testimony

constitutes harmless error based on this record.

iii. Counsel’s Alleged Failure to Locate an Expert on Children of Deaf Adults
                                   (CODA)
      Next, Woodel alleges his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to locate

and consult with an expert on the deaf culture and its impact on CODA.

According to Woodel, Colon’s reliance on Dr. Dee’s inadequate testimony about

Woodel’s CODA status prejudiced him during the 2004 penalty phase. Instead,

Woodel urges us to conclude that the testimony of CODA expert, Dr. Alan G.

Marcus, during the 2011 postconviction evidentiary hearing demonstrates why

Colon was ineffective regarding his failure to locate a CODA expert.

      The postconviction evidentiary record shows that Dr. Marcus testified that

there were numerous studies available about CODA in 2004. Dr. Marcus also

testified that the scholarly book Dr. Dee read to provide consultation about CODA


                                        - 28 -
to Woodel’s defense counsel in 1998 and 2004 was an anthropological study, not a

psychological review. The postconviction court observed that: “[Dr.] Marcus

concluded that Dr. Dee did not totally understand the profound effect of having

two deaf parents had on [Woodel].” The State argues that there is no showing that

Colon could have readily uncovered a CODA expert in 2004.

      In the 1998 and 2004 court proceedings, Dr. Dee provided extensive and

unimpeached expert testimony about the deaf culture in general, and persons with

“mother-father deaf” status in particular. After reviewing Dr. Dee’s testimony, we

determine that his reference to Woodel’s “mother-father deaf” status is equivalent

to the parties’ present discussion of Woodel’s CODA status. In our view, Dr. Dee

utilized his expertise and experience as both a clinical psychologist and clinical

neuropsychologist to provide extensive testimony that was relevant in Woodel’s

sentencing phase. In 1998, Dr. Dee testified that he performed independent

research and also utilized the assistance of a professional librarian to familiarize

himself with the deaf culture and mother-father deaf subculture. In 2004, Dr. Dee

again testified about his additional research into the deaf culture; he also discussed

his understanding of the mother-father deaf subculture.

      Given the quality of testimony Dr. Dee provided to the jury in 2004, we

determine that the jury was presented with a reasonably clear description of

Woodel’s background in a mother-father deaf household, and his life within the


                                         - 29 -
deaf culture. Notwithstanding that the prevailing terminology has apparently been

most recently designated as CODA, the jury was presented with relevant expert

testimonial evidence from Dr. Dee concerning Woodel’s CODA status during the

2004 penalty phase. We note that the sentencing court found the nonstatutory

mitigating circumstance that his parents were deaf and spoke primarily in sign

language—giving that factor moderate weight. We conclude that the trier of fact

had a sufficiently thorough presentation about the mitigating circumstances that

existed concerning Woodel’s status as a CODA and, therefore, our confidence in

the outcome of the penalty phase has not been undermined regarding this subclaim

based on counsel’s failure to present cumulative mitigation.

   b. Penalty phase counsel allegedly provided ineffective assistance by not
    ensuring that Woodel received a reasonably competent mental health
                                 evaluation.
      The postconviction court’s order made the following findings and

conclusion of law regarding Woodel’s Claim IIB—Counsel’s failure to ensure a

reasonably competent mental health evaluation:

             The Defendant alleges that[:] Counsel failed to ensure that Mr.
      Woodel received reasonably competent mental health evaluation and
      failed to retain reasonably qualified experts to determine the extent of
      Mr. Woodel’s mental, emotional and psychological deficits due to his
      neglect and the abuse he suffered throughout his childhood. . . .
             . . . At the evidentiary hearing, Dr. Cunningham, a clinical and
      forensic psychologist, testified extensively about the factors that put
      someone at risk for alcohol and drug abuse, and how those factors
      could be applied to Mr. Woodel. Dr. Daniel Buffington, a clinical
      pharmacologist testified at the evidentiary hearing regarding alcoholic


                                       - 30 -
      blackouts and cognitive and physical effects of alcohol consumption
      [and calculated that Woodel consumed] between 12 and 24 beers. Dr.
      Alan G. Marcus, a Clinical Psychiatrist who works with deaf and hard
      of hearing adults and families, including CODAs [children of deaf
      adults], discussed the deficiencies in Dr. Dee’s presentation with
      respect to the special problems faced by Mr. Woodel as a CODA. . . .
      Considering [Dr. Dee’s] limited knowledge of CODA and the deaf
      culture, he did his best to try to convey to the jury how that factor
      impacted on Mr. Woodel.
             . . . The [postconviction court] finds that [trial] counsel’s
      performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness with
      respect to Claim IIB of the Defendant’s Motion. The [postconviction
      court] finds that but for this deficient performance there is a
      reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have
      been different, and Mr. Woodel may have received a life
      recommendation.
      The postconviction court considered testimony from three experts (Drs.

Cunningham, Buffington, and Marcus) in drawing its conclusion that trial counsel

failed to ensure that Woodel received a reasonably competent mental health

evaluation. However, the postconviction court did not explain how such expert

testimony influenced its conclusion that Woodel was prejudiced by Colon’s

alleged professional errors during the 2004 penalty phase. And, the postconviction

record provides insufficient testimonial evidence from the identified experts that

trial counsel failed to ensure Woodel had a proper mental health evaluation in

preparation for trial.

      Colon testified during the postconviction evidentiary hearing “that there was

no testimony or evidence available that Mr. Woodel had any mental illness.”

Colon further testified that “Dr. Dee looked for [any mental illness] but came up


                                       - 31 -
empty.” Colon further testified that “growing up in the family that [Woodel] grew

up [in] and the environment that he grew up in may have provided a basis for this,

but Dr. Dee could not pinpoint that.”

      The record filed along with Woodel’s previous appeals to this Court also

shows that Dr. Dee examined and performed the mental health evaluation of

Woodel for the defense. Dr. Dee also provided multi-faceted information about

Woodel’s life history within his report to Woodel’s defense team. The

postconviction court did not state why Colon’s reliance on Dr. Dee’s mental health

evaluation of Woodel, in lieu of obtaining such an evaluation by another mental

health clinician, resulted in Woodel receiving an unreliable penalty phase in 2004.

      Based on the evidence presented to the jury, including information provided

from Dr. Dee’s mental health evaluation of Woodel, the sentencing court found

extreme emotional disturbance as a statutory mitigating circumstance and

accordingly assigned it little weight. Furthermore, the experts that testified during

the postconviction evidentiary hearing addressed issues that had been previously

identified and given weight as mitigating circumstances during Woodel’s 2004

penalty phase: (1) Drs. Cunningham and Buffington identified certain risks

associated with Woodel’s alcohol and drug abuse—this circumstance was found as

the statutory mitigator of substantial impairment of capacity to appreciate his

actions or conform his conduct to the requirements of law (given little weight), and


                                        - 32 -
nonstatutory mitigator abuse of alcohol and drugs (given little weight); and (2) Dr.

Marcus opined that there were special psychological and emotional problems faced

by CODA—this circumstance was found as the statutory mitigator of extreme

emotional disturbance (given little weight), and the nonstatutory mitigator of being

a child of parents who were deaf and spoke primarily in sign language (given

moderate weight). Based on the totality of the record, our confidence in the

outcome is not undermined so as to establish prejudice, because there is no

evidence that Woodel did not receive a reasonably competent mental health

evaluation in preparation for trial.

c. Penalty phase counsel allegedly provided ineffective assistance by failing to
  move to exclude testimony by Arthur White that Woodel sexually fondled
                                Mrs. Moody.
      The postconviction court’s 2011 order includes the following statements

regarding Woodel’s Claim IIC—Counsel’s failure object to Arthur White’s

testimony that Woodel fondled Mrs. Moody:

      The [postconviction court] finds that counsel was deficient in the
      penalty phase in 2004 just as in 1998 with regard to not filing a
      motion to exclude this testimony. The prejudicial effect of this
      testimony regarding fondling far outweighed the probative value of
      the testimony. Because this was a death case, . . . the [postconviction
      court] is concerned that but for this deficiency of [penalty phase]
      counsel the result of the 2004 penalty phase proceedings would have
      been different. The [postconviction court] finds that counsel’s
      performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness with
      respect to Claim IIC of the Defendant’s Motion. The [postconviction
      court] finds that but for this deficient performance there is a
      reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have


                                       - 33 -
      been different, and Mr. Woodel may have received a life
      recommendation.

      The postconviction court found that Colon was deficient in the 1998 and

2004 penalty phases for not filing a motion to exclude White’s testimony because

the prejudicial effect regarding fondling far outweighed the probative value.

However, the State aptly points out that in Woodel II, we previously decided the

issue of whether White’s challenged testimony should have been excluded at trial.

      Woodel provides no direct authority as to why White’s statements
      would be improper other than alleging that this was irrelevant and
      highly inflammatory, constituting a nonstatutory aggravating
      circumstance. Section 921.141(1), Florida Statutes (2005), which
      governs the penalty-phase proceedings, provides in pertinent part that
      evidence “relevant to the nature of the crime and the character of the
      defendant” is admissible “regardless of its admissibility under the
      exclusionary rules of evidence, provided the defendant is accorded a
      fair opportunity to rebut any hearsay statements.” In this case,
      White’s statements regarding Woodel’s confession that he pushed
      Bernice into the bedroom and fondled her were relevant to the nature
      of the crime. Woodel failed to show a meritorious basis for excluding
      this testimony and clearly did not demonstrate why the admission of
      this evidence constituted fundamental error.
985 So. 2d at 530. In Woodel II, we determined that White’s testimony was

“relevant to the nature of the crime” and, therefore, Woodel cannot demonstrate

prejudice regarding counsel’s failure to file a motion in limine.

        4. Cumulative Analysis of the Allegations of Ineffective Assistance of
                               Trial Counsel
      The postconviction court found it unnecessary to perform a cumulative

assessment of alleged trial counsel errors in light of its judgment that penalty phase


                                        - 34 -
counsel was ineffective. And, although neither party raises any cumulative effect

of trial counsel errors on this appeal, we nevertheless address the reasons why

there is no cumulative effect of the alleged errors entitling Woodel to relief due to

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. See Anderson v. State, 18 So. 3d 501, 520

(Fla. 2009) (rejecting a claim of cumulative error when appellant’s claims,

addressed individually, did not establish ineffective assistance of counsel or that

appellant’s constitutional rights were violated) (citing Israel v. State, 985 So. 2d

510, 520 (Fla. 2008)); Suggs v. State, 923 So. 2d 419, 441 (Fla. 2005) (stating the

cumulative effect of evidentiary errors and allegations of ineffective assistance of

trial counsel will be considered together).

      First, we find no reasonable probability that the proposed additional

mitigating circumstances pertaining to Woodel’s personal history and family

background would have had any impact on the trier of fact, because such

information would have been cumulative to evidence that was presented and the

mitigating circumstances that were found during Woodel’s second penalty phase.

See Rhodes, 986 So. 2d at 512-13 (“Even if we were to find counsel’s conduct

deficient, [the defendant] cannot demonstrate prejudice. Any testimony the

additional witnesses would have provided would have been cumulative to that

provided by the witnesses at resentencing. . . . The additional testimony would

only have added to the mitigation already found. Even if given more weight, the


                                         - 35 -
mitigation would not outweigh the three strong aggravators . . .”) (citation

omitted).

       Next, the record reflects that, despite the lack of testimony from an expert on

the effects of alcohol consumption, the trier of fact was able to understand from

Dr. Dee’s testimony and other evidence that Woodel was an alcohol abuser who

had difficulty dealing with his alcohol abuse during the period when he murdered

the Moodys. Thus, even if counsel’s failure to present testimony from an expert on

alcohol consumption constituted error, it was harmless error. See Floyd v. State,

850 So. 2d 383, 408 (Fla. 2002) (citing Whitton v. State, 649 So. 2d 861, 864–66

(Fla. 1994) (applying cumulative error analysis and determining there was no

reasonable probability that the cumulative impact of harmless errors affected either

the jury’s verdict or the defendant’s overall right to a fair trial)).

       Next, we determine that there is no reasonable probability that additional

testimonial evidence about Woodel’s CODA status from another expert would

have changed the outcome of Woodel’s second penalty phase; therefore, our

confidence is not undermined because such evidence would have been cumulative

to what the trier of fact actually heard. See Butler v. State, 100 So. 3d 638, 667

(Fla. 2012) (“[W]here the additional mitigation is minor or cumulative and the

aggravating circumstances substantial, we have held that confidence in the

outcome of the penalty phase is not undermined.”) (citation omitted).


                                          - 36 -
      Next, the postconviction evidentiary record does not show that any expert

explained why the mental health evaluation performed on Woodel for trial was not

competent, or identified any previously undisclosed mental health issue that would

have had a reasonable probability of changing the judgment of the trier of fact to

impose the sentence of death. See Kilgore v. State, 55 So. 3d 487, 504 (Fla. 2010)

(“Kilgore has failed to demonstrate that the proffered evidence [of failure to ensure

an adequate mental health evaluation was performed for trial] had a reasonable

probability of changing the outcome, which is a probability sufficient to undermine

our confidence in the verdict.”).

      Finally, Woodel’s allegation that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

move to exclude Arthur White’s testimony is unavailing. As noted above, in light

of our decision in Woodel II, trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for

declining to file a motion in limine concerning this claim.

      We find no cumulative error because the allegedly unexplored mitigating

circumstances were: (1) cumulative to those presented during the second penalty

phase; (2) insufficiently demonstrated during the postconviction evidentiary

hearing; or (3) otherwise failed to satisfy the Strickland standard. See generally

Bradley v. State, 33 So. 3d 664, 684 (Fla. 2010) (“Where, as here, the alleged

errors urged for consideration in a cumulative error analysis ‘are either meritless,

procedurally barred, or do not meet the Strickland standard for ineffective


                                        - 37 -
assistance of counsel[,] . . . the contention of cumulative error is similarly without

merit.’ ”) (quoting Israel, 985 So. 2d at 520). Furthermore, because we do not find

multiple errors in this case, there is no cumulative error effect that establishes

prejudice. See Johnson v. State, 104 So. 3d 1010, 1029 (Fla. 2012) (“[B]ecause

multiple errors did not occur in this case, Johnson’s claim of cumulative error must

fail.”). Despite the lower tribunal’s detailed order granting Woodel postconviction

relief as to the penalty phase, most of its findings relate to its judgments about

counsel’s deficiency, and there are only conclusory statements regarding prejudice.

      In conclusion, we find the assertions that trial counsel’s professional errors

deprived Woodel of a fair second penalty phase fail to satisfy the prejudice prong

of the Strickland standard. Thompson v. State, 990 So. 2d 482, 490 (Fla. 2008)

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700 (“Given

the overwhelming aggravating factors, there is no reasonable probability that the

omitted evidence would have changed the conclusion that the aggravating

circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and, hence, the sentence

imposed.”). Accordingly, Woodel is not entitled to a third penalty phase.

           B. Ineffectiveness of Guilt Phase Counsel (Cross-Appeal)

                                      1. Merits

  a. The postconviction court allegedly erred in finding that trial counsel’s
failure to consult with an expert about the effects of alcohol did not prejudice
                      Woodel during the 1998 guilt phase.



                                         - 38 -
      The postconviction court denied Woodel relief from ineffective assistance of

counsel under this claim regarding his convictions during the 1998 guilt phase.

The court below found that Allen R. Smith, guilt phase counsel, was deficient to

the extent that Smith did not “at least consult with a toxicologist or similar type of

expert to determine if such an expert could provide useful assistance to the defense

with regard to [the defense’s] argument of voluntary intoxication and lack of

premeditation on part of the Defendant.” However, the postconviction court found

no prejudice pursuant to the Strickland standard. Therefore, the postconviction

court denied Woodel relief based on his allegation of ineffective assistance of

counsel, because Woodel would still have been found guilty of first-degree felony

murder. We agree.

      Woodel’s argument that Smith provided ineffective assistance of guilt phase

counsel for allegedly failing to consult with an expert on the effects of Woodel’s

alcohol consumption is without merit. In our decision pertaining to Woodel’s first

direct appeal, we acknowledged that the trial court specifically rejected the

defense’s assertion that Woodel was so intoxicated that he could not form the

intent to kill. See Woodel I, 804 So. 2d at 321. And, we subsequently affirmed all

of Woodel’s convictions on direct appeal, including those for the two counts of

first-degree murder. Id. at 327. The record shows that there was also legally

sufficient evidence to support alternative convictions of Woodel for first-degree


                                        - 39 -
felony murder. Accordingly, the postconviction court’s order is affirmed to the

extent it denies Woodel a new guilt phase based on Woodel’s claim that Smith was

ineffective for failing to consult an expert on the effects of alcohol consumption.

See Dennis v. State, 109 So. 3d 680, 690 (Fla. 2012) (citing Schoenwetter, 46 So.

3d at 546) (stating trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a meritless

argument).

   b. The postconviction court allegedly erred in finding that trial counsel’s
failure to object to Arthur White’s testimony did not prejudice Woodel during
                             the 1998 guilt phase.
      The postconviction court denied Woodel relief based on his allegation of

ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object to White’s testimony during

the 1998 guilt phase. The lower tribunal concluded that there was no evidence

presented during the 2011 evidentiary hearing to demonstrate that Smith was

deficient for not filing a motion to exclude White’s testimony that Woodel

admitted to sexually fondling Mrs. Moody. The postconviction court also

concluded that there was no prejudice under the Strickland standard because the

State’s case against Woodel “was very strong” and, thus, the results of the 1998

guilt phase proceedings would not have been different.

      We have previously decided, for the reasons discussed above, that there was

no showing that the admission of White’s testimony constituted fundamental error.

Woodel II, 985 So. 2d at 530. Accordingly, we now determine that Woodel is not



                                         - 40 -
entitled to any relief concerning his cross-appeal claim that Smith was ineffective

for not making efforts to exclude White’s testimony about Woodel allegedly

fondling Mrs. Moody because this claim is procedurally barred. Miller v. State,

926 So. 2d 1243, 1256 (Fla. 2006).

            C. Alleged Brady and Giglio Violations (Cross-Appeal)

      The postconviction court found that Woodel did not prove any of his

allegations that the State violated his rights under Brady or Giglio. We now

address Woodel’s specific Brady and Giglio cross-appeal claims in turn.

 1. The postconviction court allegedly erred in finding that the State did not
  commit Brady violations in its presentation of Arthur White’s testimony.
                             a. Elements of the Claim

      More than a decade ago, the Supreme Court of the United States reiterated

that in order to establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show that there is

evidence: (1) favorable to the defendant—either exculpatory or impeaching; (2)

willfully or inadvertently suppressed by the State; and (3) that caused the

defendant to be prejudiced, because it was material. See Strickler v. Greene, 527

U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999).

      With regard to any alleged Brady claims, we have previously explained that

the second prong of the analysis is not satisfied “where the information is equally

accessible to the defense and the prosecution, or where the defense either had the

information or could have obtained it through the exercise of reasonable


                                        - 41 -
diligence.” Floyd v. State, 18 So. 3d 432, 451 (Fla. 2009) (quoting Provenzano v.

State, 616 So. 2d 428, 430 (Fla. 1993)). In addition, in order to establish the

materiality of disputed evidence under the third prong of the Brady analysis, the

defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been

disclosed to the defense, the jury would have reached a different verdict. See

Duest v. State, 12 So. 3d 734, 744 (Fla. 2009). We have previously defined

“reasonable probability” to be “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in

the outcome.” Id.

                              b. Standard of Review

      This Court applies a mixed standard of review on postconviction Brady

claims. See Griffin v. State, 114 So. 3d 890, 905 (Fla. 2013) (“Where the trial

court has conducted an evidentiary hearing, this Court will defer to the factual

findings of the trial court that are supported by competent, substantial evidence,

but will review the application of the law to the facts de novo.”) (citing Sochor,

883 So. 2d at 785 and Lowe v. State, 2 So. 3d 21, 29 (Fla. 2008)).

                                        c. Merits

       i. The State allegedly failed to disclose evidence in 2004 about White’s
                          alleged deal with the State.
      We find nothing in this record to contradict the postconviction court’s

judgment that there was no evidence that White made a deal with the State to

testify against Woodel. Thus, there is no showing that any evidence favorable to


                                        - 42 -
Woodel existed to satisfy the first prong under Brady for Woodel to obtain any

relief. Accordingly, we affirm the postconviction court’s 2011 order denying

Woodel relief.

       ii. White’s allegedly false testimony about his felony conviction record.

      The postconviction court denied relief under Brady, and we see nothing in

the record that supports Woodel’s contention that the State violated the tenets of

Brady regarding White’s allegedly false testimony. White’s prior felony

conviction record was readily available to Woodel’s defense team and, therefore,

White was subject to impeachment under cross-examination by the defense.

Whether White was confused about the number of felony convictions that he had

when he testified that the number “was about five,” or if he simply asserted

untruths about his felony conviction record as being lesser in number than it

actually was is inconsequential. The correctness of White’s testimony is not

dispositive to our consideration of whether Woodel is entitled to any relief.

Woodel fails to satisfy the second prong under Brady because the information

about White’s felony convictions was not suppressible by the State. See Floyd, 18

So. 3d at 451. Again, Woodel fails to establish sufficient proof for an element

under the Brady standard to obtain relief. Accordingly, we affirm the

postconviction court’s 2011 order denying Woodel any relief to the extent he




                                        - 43 -
alleges a Brady violation occurred with regard to White’s testimony about his prior

felony conviction record.

 2. The postconviction court allegedly erred in finding that the State did not
  commit Giglio violations in its presentation of Arthur White’s testimony.

                             a. Elements of the Claim

      In previous cases, we have stated that whenever a claimant alleges that the

prosecutor has acted in violation of Giglio, the claimant must show the following:

(1) the prosecutor presented or failed to correct false testimony; (2) the prosecutor

knew that the testimony was false; and (3) the false testimony was material. See

Guzman v. State, 868 So. 2d 498, 505 (Fla. 2003) (citing Ventura v. State, 794 So.

2d 553, 562 (Fla. 2001)). With regard to the third prong of Giglio, “the false

evidence is material ‘if there is any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony

could have affected the judgment of the jury.’ ” Id. at 506 (quoting United States

v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976)). Under the Giglio analysis, once the defendant

has established that the State knowingly presented false testimony, the State bears

the burden of proving that the false testimony was not material. Id.; see also

Johnson v. State, 44 So. 3d 51, 64 (Fla. 2010) (“Once the first two prongs are

established, the State bears the burden of showing that the false evidence was

immaterial by showing that its use was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”).

                              b. Standard of Review




                                        - 44 -
      In our consideration of postconviction Giglio claims we apply a mixed

standard to resolve questions of law and fact. See Johnson, 44 So. 3d at 65 (“A

court’s decision with respect to a Giglio claim is a mixed question of law and fact,

and a reviewing court will defer to the lower court’s factual findings if they are

supported by competent, substantial evidence, but will review the court’s

application of law to facts de novo.”) (citing Sochor, 883 So. 2d at 785).

                                      c. Merits

             i. The State allegedly presented false testimony from White.

      There is simply no showing in the record that a deal was struck between

White and the State regarding White’s testimony against Woodel. Here, Woodel

urges us to infer that because White was an habitual felony offender, who had been

in and out of prison for twenty-five years, White should not have been able to

receive relatively lenient sentences for his then new convictions. In addition,

Woodel asserts that White’s prison terms were to be followed by a moderate

probation period. Woodel argues that the inexplicable leniency shown in White’s

eventual sentencing evinces that White had a deal with the State to testify against

Woodel. The Giglio standard requires that Woodel bear the burden of persuasion

that White’s testimony at issue was false, and that the State knowingly presented

White’s false testimony to a jury, without correction. Id. at 64. However, Woodel

fails to carry his burden by his use of inductive reasoning with regard to White’s


                                        - 45 -
supposedly lenient sentences. Accordingly, we affirm the postconviction court’s

2011 order to the extent it denies Woodel any relief pursuant to his allegation that

the State violated Giglio concerning a supposed deal it made in exchange for

White’s testimony against Woodel.

      Woodel also alleges that White gave false testimony concerning his felony

conviction record, and that the State failed to correct it. Assuming, arguendo, that

Woodel can carry his burden under the first two prongs, we evaluate whether the

State can carry its burden under the third prong of the Giglio analysis by showing

that White’s allegedly false testimony was not material. Id.

      The State argues that White’s testimony was not material because it is

reasonable that the jury’s verdict would not have been affected by White’s

allegedly false testimony. The State further argues that the jury was well aware

that White had been in and out of prison during his then twenty-five-year history as

a habitual offender; and that White was motivated to testify against Woodel,

because he hoped to gain some benefit from his testimony.

      We, therefore, conclude that the allegedly “false testimony” from White was

not material in Woodel’s case because there is no reasonable possibility that the

jury’s verdict was affected by White’s openly self-serving testimony.

Accordingly, we affirm the postconviction court’s 2011 order to the extent it




                                        - 46 -
denies Woodel any relief because there is no evidence establishing that the State

violated Giglio regarding any allegedly false testimony provided by White.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      In reversing the postconviction court’s judgment that Woodel be afforded a

new penalty phase, we briefly pause to reiterate our continual adherence to the

general premise that the appellate courts of this State should give all due deference

to the trial courts’ findings of fact that are based on competent, substantial

evidence. 15 However, we respectfully disagree with the postconviction court’s

conclusions of law concerning the issues raised by the State in this case.

      We hold that Woodel is not entitled to any relief due to ineffective assistance

of counsel under the Strickland standard. Accordingly, we reverse the

postconviction court’s 2011 final order only to the extent the order affords Woodel

a new penalty phase. In every other respect, we affirm the postconviction court’s

order and, therefore, hold that Woodel is not entitled to any of the relief he seeks in

his cross-appeal. Woodel’s sentence of death is hereby reinstated.

      It is so ordered.

        15. See generally Stephens v. State, 748 So. 2d 1028, 1034 (Fla. 1999)
(“When sitting as the trier of fact, the trial judge has the ‘superior vantage point to
see and hear the witnesses and judge their credibility.’ Appellate courts do not
have this same opportunity. Despite this deference to a trial court’s findings of
fact, the appellate court’s obligation to independently review mixed questions of
fact and law of constitutional magnitude is also an extremely important appellate
principle.”) (internal citations omitted).


                                         - 47 -
QUINCE, LABARGA, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
LEWIS, J., concurs in result.
CANADY, J., concurs in result with an opinion, in which POLSTON, C.J.,
concurs.
PARIENTE, J., dissents with an opinion.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED


CANADY, J., concurring in result.

      I concur with the majority’s decision reversing the portion of the trial court’s

order granting a new penalty phase and affirming the portion of the trial court’s

order denying a new guilt phase. Even assuming that Thomas Woodel

demonstrated that his trial counsel conducted an unreasonable penalty phase

investigation, Woodel failed to establish that he was prejudiced as required by

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

      In this case, the postconviction court wrote a detailed order in which it

concluded that trial counsel erred by failing to: (1) consult a toxicologist or similar

expert to testify about the role Woodel’s alcohol abuse played in the crimes; (2)

investigate and present a multigenerational history showing the pattern of

alcoholism, abuse, and abandonment in Woodel’s family; (3) present a reasonably

competent mental health evaluation; and (4) file a motion to exclude witness

White’s testimony. The postconviction court did not, however, include any

reasoning for its conclusion that these errors prejudiced Woodel. I agree with the


                                         - 48 -
majority’s determination that the postconviction court’s unexplained finding of

prejudice cannot withstand scrutiny.

      After explaining the legal error in the postconviction court’s determination

that trial counsel erred by failing to file a motion to exclude White’s statements,

the majority—contrary to the dissent’s criticism—examines “whether counsel’s

deficiency as a whole operated to undermine confidence in the outcome of the

penalty phase.” Dissenting op. at 59. The majority explains that the “allegedly

unexplored mitigating circumstances” were either cumulative to mitigating

evidence actually presented, insufficiently proven at the evidentiary hearing, or not

significant enough to undermine confidence in the penalty phase as required by

Strickland. Majority op. at 38. As a result, the majority concludes that even when

considered cumulatively, “the assertions that trial counsel’s professional errors

deprived Woodel of a fair second penalty phase fail to satisfy the prejudice prong

of the Strickland standard.” Majority op. at 39. This conclusion—unlike the

postconviction court’s unexplained finding of prejudice—is supported by the

record.

      During the 2004 penalty phase, trial counsel called Woodel, his sister

Bobbie, his father Albert, and an aunt who helped raise them to testify about the

abuse and extreme neglect Woodel suffered as a child. Woodel and Bobbie also

testified about Woodel’s adult life, including his abuse of alcohol. The defense


                                        - 49 -
then called Dr. Henry Dee, a clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist, who

explained the psychological impact of Woodel’s experiences and addressed some

of the unique difficulties that Woodel suffered as a result of being a hearing child

of deaf parents.

      Based on this testimony, the sentencing court concluded that the defense

proved four statutory mitigating factors—including both mental health mitigating

factors—and fourteen nonstatutory mitigating factors. Regarding the

circumstances of the offense, the sentencing court found that on the night of the

crime, Woodel felt “acutely alone” and quickly drank “an unquantified amount of

beer that may have been as much as twenty-four cans or bottles,” that left Woodel

unable to “recall what he was doing during some of the time leading up to the

crime.” State v. Woodel, No. CF97-00047A-XX at 5-6 (Fla. 10th Jud. Cir. Jul. 1,

2005) (Sentencing Order). When reviewing Woodel’s background, the sentencing

court concluded that Woodel had been neglected and rejected by his parents and

others. The sentencing court stated that Woodel’s parents were alcoholics and

described his father as “often cruel” and his mother as unreliable and uncaring. Id.

at 6. The sentencing court included examples of the hardships endured by Woodel,

including that Woodel and his sister were once left so hungry that they had to steal

food from a neighbor, that Woodel’s brother had tried to drown him, that all three

children were abandoned without explanation at a children’s home, and that


                                        - 50 -
Woodel may have been sexually abused by a person invited into the home by one

of his parents.

      The sentencing court found these mitigating factors were weighty but

ultimately concluded that they did not outweigh the serious aggravating factors that

applied to the murder of Bernice Moody: (1) Woodel was previously convicted of

a contemporaneous capital felony; (2) the murder was committed during the

commission of a burglary; (3) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or

cruel; and (4) the victim was particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or

disability. Id. at 2-4. The sentencing court explained that Woodel’s impaired

capacity could not be given more than moderate weight due to the “pitiless, cruel

manner in which he murdered Mrs. Moody” and reasoned that the period during

which Woodel ceased stabbing Bernice to search for a heavy object to use as a

bludgeon established that Woodel “was not substantially impaired throughout the

entire episode.” Id. at 5-6.

      The mitigating evidence presented during the postconviction evidentiary

hearing primarily differed from the penalty phase evidence in that it provided more

detail about deaf culture and documented the dysfunction of several generations of

Woodel’s extended family, not just the family members who spent considerable

time with Woodel. The postconviction evidence—considered as a whole—did not,

however, paint a materially different picture of Woodel’s mental state or “change[]


                                       - 51 -
the very nature of the crime.” Dissenting op. at 78. No evidence at the hearing

established a reason—other than burglary—for the attack or refuted the evidence

that despite Woodel’s intoxicated state and usual mild demeanor, the attack on

Bernice lasted for “some time” and involved both the repeated stabbing and

bludgeoning of a partially disabled seventy-four-year-old woman. Sentencing

Order at 5. Regardless of any flaws in trial counsel’s investigation, the

postconviction presentation did not undermine confidence in the 2004 penalty

phase.

         The dissent’s position that Woodel did prove that he was prejudiced appears

to rest primarily on an exaggerated view of the differences between the

postconviction testimony of clinical psychologist Dr. Alan Marcus and Dr. Dee’s

2004 penalty phase testimony. The dissent rests on the unfounded conclusion that

“Dr. Marcus’s testimony, if it had been presented, would have provided the jury a

completely different picture of how the crime occurred and substantially increased

the mitigation available to the finder of fact.” Dissenting op. at 71.

         First, Dr. Marcus’s testimony did not establish a mitigating “possible

explanation as to how this baffling crime transpired.” Id. At the evidentiary

hearing, Dr. Marcus testified that “in the early days before the advent of flashing

lights and doorbells[] that would have lights and buzzers,” deaf people “usually left

their doors open” because “if they locked them and they had a guest or visitor . . .


                                          - 52 -
they would never hear the door pounding.” Dr. Marcus then explained that as a

corollary, “it’s not unusual or unheard of for deaf people to show up at another

deaf person’s home and actually just walk in.” Dr. Marcus also testified that likely

as a result of frequent interaction with deaf individuals during his childhood,

Woodel “really wouldn’t think twice about walking in without knocking” when

going to a friend’s home. Dr. Marcus did not, however, testify that Woodel

habitually walked uninvited and unannounced into the homes of strangers.

      Furthermore, Woodel’s own penalty phase testimony refuted the theory that

due to his upbringing in the deaf community and his intoxication, he mistakenly

believed that it was appropriate for him to enter the Moodys’ trailer without

invitation. Woodel testified that when he first approached the screen porch door of

the Moodys’ trailer, he “stood there waiting for [Bernice] to . . . turn around and

notice me so I could ask her what time it was.” Once on the porch, Woodel

testified that he heard Bernice tell him to “[g]et out of my trailer” and that when

she came to the back door with a knife, he “pushed her back” in order to actually

enter the trailer. It would be unreasonable for the jury to conclude from this

evidence that Woodel did not know—until it was too late to retreat—that he was

unwelcome in the Moodys’ trailer.

      Second, the postconviction evidence did not establish that Dr. Dee

“present[ed] misleading evidence to the jury that psychological testing indicated


                                        - 53 -
that Woodel was psychotic.” Dissenting op. at 72. To the contrary, Dr. Dee

testified that he could not interpret the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory (MMPI) given to Woodel because the test results were invalid and

repeatedly explained that other testing and his clinical evaluation demonstrated that

Woodel was not psychotic or schizophrenic. Dr. Dee testified that he administered

an instrument expressly designed to test for psychopathic traits and that Woodel’s

“score didn’t even approach—even get close to the cut-off score of 30 that’s

necessary [for] psychopathy.” Dr. Dee further testified that the invalid results of

the MMPI, Woodel’s “idiosyncratic” interpretation of items in the psychological

testing, and Woodel’s hand movements, led Dr. Dee to discover that Woodel’s

parents were deaf. Accordingly, while Dr. Dee did not know prior to

administering the MMPI that the results would likely be invalid due to Woodel’s

status as a child of deaf parents, Dr. Dee discovered that fact and explained to the

jury that Woodel was not psychotic.

      Third, while Dr. Marcus testified in more detail about the deaf community

and the particular difficulties faced by children of deaf adults (CODAs), Dr.

Marcus’s explanation of Woodel’s experiences as a CODA and the psychological

effects of those experiences did not materially differ from Dr. Dee’s presentation

during the 2004 penalty phase. Dr. Dee testified about the “specific subculture” of

hearing children of deaf parents. Dr. Dee explained that through adolescence, such


                                        - 54 -
children generally associate with and identify with deaf individuals and then

experience “shock” and “hurt” when they are “progressively excluded from that

culture because they have to enter the hearing world.” And because the parents do

not know what it is like to hear, the parents cannot appreciate the struggles their

children experience when transitioning between two worlds. Moreover, Dr. Dee

explained that Woodel’s “verbalizations [were] often incomplete and almost b[are]

in content” but when Woodel signed, “there was a richness of communication and

depth of feeling.” Dr. Dee opined that as a result of Woodel’s experiences as a

child, he had “difficulty with abstract concept formation and understanding

feelings” but that Woodel nevertheless did, in fact, feel remorse.

      Dr. Dee also testified about the social dynamic between deaf parents and

hearing children generally and Woodel and his parents specifically. Dr. Dee

explained that when Woodel’s parents were young, deaf children were generally

raised in schools for the deaf—rather than by their parents—and that the

administrators of these schools did not use sign language. Children raised in those

environments learned that they could not communicate meaningfully with adults

and were rarely told why they were being disciplined. As a result, the children

looked to each other to solve problems, and once they became parents, this

generation expected their children to act as peers and tended to be either very

permissive or arbitrarily harsh. Dr. Dee noted that where the children of deaf


                                        - 55 -
parents can hear, there is an additional layer of “pseudoresponsibility and

pseudomaturity” thrust upon the children. He explained that because they could

hear and speak, Woodel and his sister, like many CODAs, were expected to

communicate for their parents, often in developmentally inappropriate situations

such as when a parent needed medical care or was questioned by law enforcement

officers.

      Finally, while Dr. Dee did not himself use sign language to communicate

with Woodel, Dr. Dee was able to interview Woodel about his upbringing. In

addition to testifying about the struggles Woodel and his siblings faced as CODAs,

Dr. Dee testified about other “pernicious factors going on in” Woodel’s childhood.

Dr. Dee explained that Woodel and his siblings “were frequently abandoned by

their parents.” Dr. Dee noted that Woodel moved at least twenty-three times

before he was fifteen years old—including being left at a children’s home for

approximately two years—that the siblings would be left with relatives for long

periods, and that for days at a time, they would be left with “whomever would take

them” or entirely without adult supervision. Dr. Dee explained that such

abandonment “leads to terrifying loneliness,” “chronic depression,” and “low self-

esteem.” Dr. Dee also testified that Woodel was physically abused on at least one

occasion. Further, while Woodel did not report any sexual abuse, Woodel’s sister

testified that she was sexually abused by one of her mother’s boyfriends, and


                                       - 56 -
despite Woodel’s denial, Dr. Dee suspected that Woodel might also have been

sexually abused. Overall, Dr. Dee opined that Woodel’s childhood was “[f]illed

with some of the most spectacular neglect and abuse that I think I [have observed]

ever.”

         Based on the foregoing, this is not a case in which “minimal mitigation

evidence [was] presented to the jury at Woodel’s resentencing” and “other

significant mitigation” was overlooked. Dissenting op. at 58, 76. Accordingly, I

concur in the majority’s conclusion that a new penalty phase is not warranted.

POLSTON, C.J., concurs.


PARIENTE, J., dissenting.

         After conducting a lengthy evidentiary hearing and analyzing all of the

evidence presented at the hearing in a comprehensive eighty-six-page order, the

trial court concluded that a new penalty phase is required because confidence in the

sentence of death has been undermined based on trial counsel’s troubling failure to

properly prepare for the penalty phase and present important available mitigation,

even after he was given a second chance when a new penalty phase was previously

ordered. I dissent from the Court’s rare step of reversing the trial court’s

determination that its confidence in the death sentence was undermined.

         This Court’s reversal of the trial court’s exceptional grant of postconviction

relief is even more troubling in light of the fact that, even with the minimal

                                          - 57 -
mitigation evidence presented to the jury at Woodel’s resentencing, the jury

recommended a life sentence as to one of the murders and recommended a death

sentence for the other murder by the slimmest margin possible—a seven-to-five

vote. For the reasons addressed below, after a full assessment of all of the

evidence presented at the resentencing, in addition to the newly discovered

mitigation evidence presented during postconviction proceedings, in my view,

competent, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s factual findings that

formed the basis for granting a new penalty phase and the trial court did not err

when in undertook its legal analysis.

      Like the trial court, I conclude that the failure of trial counsel to pursue

additional mitigation and perform any additional meaningful investigation prior to

Woodel’s resentencing undermines confidence in the outcome of the death

sentence, which was recommended by a bare majority of the jury. A proper

analysis of Woodel’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim under Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), demonstrates that Woodel is entitled to a new

penalty phase.

      In this case, not only does the majority fail to address deficiency at all, but

the majority never conducts a full analysis of the Strickland prejudice prong.

Specifically, the majority engages in a flawed legal analysis never adopted by this

Court, addressing each individual failure to present mitigation evidence in a


                                        - 58 -
vacuum and never analyzing whether counsel’s deficiency as a whole operated to

undermine confidence in the outcome of the penalty phase. Succinctly stated,

when analyzing Strickland prejudice, if the Court finds that counsel was deficient

in numerous aspects of his or her performance, the Court cannot simply analyze

the prejudice caused by counsel’s failure to present each individual piece of

evidence alone. Instead, the Court must review whether counsel’s deficient

performance itself prejudiced the defendant. The majority’s piecemeal approach is

contrary to the United States Supreme Court’s holding in Strickland, as well as this

Court’s precedent, in which the Court considers the Strickland prejudice prong

cumulatively. See, e.g., Simmons v. State, 105 So. 3d 475, 503 (Fla. 2012)

(reviewing the claim that counsel failed to properly investigate and failed to

present certain mitigation witnesses as a singular claim and reviewing the prejudice

from this deficiency on the whole); Robinson v. State, 95 So. 3d 171, 177 (Fla.

2012) (same); Franqui v. State, 59 So. 3d 82, 98 (Fla. 2011) (reviewing Strickland

claims individually and cumulatively after determining that counsel may have been

deficient in failing to object to multiple prosecutorial comments).

      While the majority undertakes a separate cumulative error analysis after

erroneously concluding that Woodel’s Strickland claim lacks merit, cumulative

error is a separate and distinct analysis from analyzing prejudice under Strickland.

See, e.g., Brown v. State, 846 So. 2d 1114, 1126 (Fla. 2003) (analyzing cumulative


                                        - 59 -
error separately and holding that a cumulative error claim fails when the defendant

fails to establish any of his claims under Strickland). Thus, the cumulative error

analysis cannot be substituted for a Strickland prejudice analysis, without

conflating a cumulative error analysis with a Strickland prejudice analysis.16

      For those reasons, I view this case as very similar to the United States

Supreme Court’s reversal in Sears v. Upton, 130 S. Ct. 3259 (2010), where the

Supreme Court held that the state supreme court applied the wrong prejudice

analysis when it denied the defendant relief on the basis of counsel’s

constitutionally inadequate initial mitigation investigation. After emphasizing

counsel’s inadequate mitigation investigation, the Supreme Court stressed that it

had never limited its prejudice inquiry under Strickland to cases in which there was

“only little or no mitigation evidence presented.” Id. at 3266 (citations omitted).

The Supreme Court then stressed that it “categorically rejected the type of

truncated prejudice inquiry undertaken by the state court” below and emphasized

its holding in Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 33 (2009), in which the Court

recently explained:

             “To assess [the] probability [of a different outcome under
      Strickland], we consider the totality of the available mitigation

       16. In addition to the flawed legal analysis, the majority conflates
deficiency and prejudice. See majority op. at 34-35. The majority also uses a
harmless error standard when it should be applying a Strickland prejudice standard.
See id. at 24, 29-30.


                                        - 60 -
      evidence—both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the
      habeas proceeding—and reweig[h] it against the evidence in
      aggravation.” 558 U.S., at 41 (internal quotation marks omitted; third
      alteration in original).
             That same standard applies—and will necessarily require a
      court to “speculate” as to the effect of the new evidence—regardless
      of how much or how little mitigation evidence was presented during
      the initial penalty phase. Indeed, it is exactly this kind of probing
      inquiry that Justice SCALIA now undertakes, post, at 3268–3271, and
      that the trial court failed to do. In all circumstances, this is the proper
      prejudice standard for evaluating a claim of ineffective representation
      in the context of a penalty phase mitigation investigation.

Sears, 130 S. Ct. at 3266-67 (emphasis added) (quoting Porter, 558 U.S. at 41).

      Moreover, this flawed analysis in this case may have led the majority to

improperly conclude that the prejudice prong of Strickland was not met by looking

at the deficiencies and prejudice arising from the individual failures piecemeal

rather than as a whole. This type of piecemeal analysis is particularly problematic

because the majority addresses only prejudice and never focuses on the numerous

deficiencies in trial counsel’s failure to follow-up on mitigation before the second

trial after requesting a continuance of the original trial to pursue that very

mitigation.

      Even though defense counsel did present some witnesses who testified

during the resentencing as to the abuse that Woodel suffered during his life, one of

the primary witnesses counsel relied upon was the abuser himself who attempted to

mitigate his own actions. The other witness was Woodel’s aunt, who did not have

much contact with Woodel.

                                         - 61 -
      By contrast, the quality of the witnesses presented at the postconviction

evidentiary hearing provided a more complete picture of not only the abuse, but the

impact of being a child of deaf parents. Postconviction counsel found numerous

witnesses who were willing to testify, all of whom were available to trial counsel if

he had just performed a proper investigation. These witnesses included Woodel’s

half-brother, who also grew up in the same abusive environment and suffered

significant addiction problems as an adult; Woodel’s uncle, who discussed the

inter-generational abuse within the family; witnesses who knew Woodel when they

lived at the Children’s Home and saw Woodel’s desperate attempts to fit into the

hearing world; people who interacted with Woodel’s parents and interacted with

Woodel when he was a child and who could have testified as to the situation that

Woodel faced growing up; a mental health counselor who saw Woodel when he

was young and thought his parents were unfit to raise children; neighbors and

acquaintances who knew Woodel’s parents and expressed concern because, based

on their limited interactions, they understood that Woodel’s parents were unfit to

raise children; a psychiatrist who works with the deaf and hard of hearing, as well

as with children of deaf adults (CODAs); an expert as to clinical pharmacology,

who discussed the effect of alcohol on Woodel at the time of the crime; and a

psychologist who testified as to the significant limitations that Dr. Dee had in




                                        - 62 -
attempting to provide his diagnosis during the trial and the second penalty phase

based on Dr. Dee’s lack of sufficient information.

      As addressed in more detail below, I first review the deficiency of Woodel’s

trial counsel in completely failing to ensure that a full mitigation investigation was

undertaken in this case, even though counsel had two attempts in which to act, and

second, I review the clear prejudice that this deficiency had on the case.

                                    DEFICIENCY

      While this Court can properly deny relief if either deficiency or prejudice is

lacking, the majority’s failure to address counsel’s numerous glaring deficiencies,

in addition to its piecemeal approach to each subclaim of prejudice, provides an

incomplete picture of why a new penalty phase is required. The deficient

performance is even more egregious because counsel had a second chance to

pursue important investigative leads between the initial and second penalty phases

and completely failed to do anything additional during this significant timeframe.

      As the trial court pointed out, although the prejudice analysis must focus on

the 2004 trial, the deficiency must be seen as starting during the 1998 proceeding.

The evidentiary record establishes trial counsel’s complete failure to investigate

necessary mitigation prior to the start of the first trial, including crucial social

history and Woodel’s background. Instead, counsel relied solely upon hiring a

mental health expert, Dr. Dee, who had not been provided with the necessary


                                          - 63 -
background information. Dr. Dee himself requested counsel to hire a person who

could help him find witnesses to interview as a part of his evaluation.

      But it was not until three days after jury selection began during the initial

trial that Toni Maloney was appointed to assist in the case as a witness coordinator.

However, Maloney was not hired to “perform a thorough mitigation investigation”;

she was hired to help put the records together and contact witnesses so that Dr. Dee

could interview them as a part of his evaluation. In locating witnesses for Dr. Dee,

Maloney interviewed Woodel at the jail and noticed that Woodel would

communicate by attempting to sign and talk at the same time. During the

interview, Maloney discovered that both of Woodel’s parents were deaf and

informed both counsel and Dr. Dee about this critical development. Because

Maloney was attempting to find necessary information for Dr. Dee after the trial

had already commenced, and because she was retained during the same time period

as the Thanksgiving holiday, Maloney had a difficult time obtaining all of the

information and records that she needed in time for the defense’s use at trial.

Counsel requested a continuance to pursue additional mitigation, but this request

was denied.

      One of Woodel’s trial attorneys admitted during the postconviction

evidentiary hearing that he did not realize that both of Woodel’s parents were deaf

until the trial had commenced. Defense counsel did not recall interviewing


                                        - 64 -
Woodel’s father until after the trial began and never found Woodel’s mother,

although counsel also did not hire an investigator. At the initial penalty phase,

counsel called Dr. Dee, a few people who knew Woodel at the time of the crime,

and three of Woodel’s family members: Woodel’s father, sister, and aunt.

However, at trial, Woodel’s father testified in an inconsistent manner from his

prior statements to Dr. Dee, and because a proper background investigation was

never conducted, the defense did not have adequate information to respond.

      After the initial penalty phase, the jury recommended a sentence of death for

both murders, which the trial court imposed. However, because the trial court

failed to provide an adequate sentencing order, this Court reversed for a new

penalty phase. Woodel v. State, 804 So. 2d 316, 327 (Fla. 2001). Probably most

tellingly as to the degree of deficient performance during the resentencing,

although trial counsel was aware of the significant amount of mitigation

investigation that was necessary, after a new penalty phase was required, counsel

failed to follow up at all—even though counsel had previously recognized in 1998

that additional time to discover mitigation was essential and for that reason had

requested a continuance.

      Specifically, counsel failed to request that Maloney, or any other individual,

finish the investigation that began in 1998. Instead, trial counsel simply proceeded

with the same information gleaned from the original trial. As the trial court stated:


                                        - 65 -
      In preparation for the second penalty phase, Mr. Colon talked to three
      family members, Bobbie Hermes, Albert Woodel and Margaret
      Russell. The same three people that testified at the 1998 trial. He did
      not go to North Carolina or Michigan and he did not hire an
      investigator to do so. All he did was review records and proceed with
      the same type of defense. He did not hire Toni Maloney, or for that
      matter, any mitigation specialist to talk to family members and other
      potential witnesses. He acknowledged on redirect that it may have
      been a bad decision. He did no additional investigation or try to find a
      CODA expert. Mr. Colon said “looking back, I wish I had hired
      somebody that would have come in and provided further testimony.”
      Mr. Colon was on notice that he had unique issues regarding his
      client.

      While this Court does not engage in 20/20 hindsight or second-guess

strategic decisions, to reach the conclusion that trial counsel was seriously

deficient, the Court needs only to look at what trial counsel himself told the trial

court in 1998 as to the further necessary investigation, when counsel requested a

continuance in order to pursue the additional mitigation sought by Dr. Dee and

Maloney. Moreover, the failure to properly investigate can never be considered a

strategic decision. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 522 (2003) (explaining

that “counsel’s failure to uncover and present voluminous mitigating evidence at

sentencing could not be justified as a tactical decision . . . because counsel had not

‘fulfill[ed] their obligation to conduct a thorough investigation of the defendant’s

background’ ” (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 396 (2000) (alteration in

original))). In fact, as recognized by the United States Supreme Court, when

counsel “conduct[s] a constitutionally deficient mitigation investigation . . . , at the


                                         - 66 -
very least, [this] call[s] into question the reasonableness of [counsel’s] theory.”

Sears, 130 S. Ct. at 3265.

      Maloney testified at the evidentiary hearing, detailing the considerable

additional investigation that she normally would have conducted had she not been

constrained by the significant time limitations during the original trial. Maloney,

who served as a mitigation specialist in a number of prior cases, was familiar with

the substantial amount of work required to investigate and prepare for a penalty

phase, stating that she usually had almost a year to investigate a capital defendant’s

background and history when she was hired as a mitigation investigator. In this

case, she was hired as support during the few weeks while the trial progressed.

She testified that when she learned that both of Woodel’s parents were deaf, she

was “frantic . . . to try to understand that particular issue and the dynamics of it”

but had very little time. She found a book on the matter, which she gave to Dr.

Dee. If she had been appointed to perform a mitigation investigation with

sufficient time, however, she testified that she would have contacted Thomas

Kerwin, a mental health expert that Woodel saw as a child; contacted people who

worked at the Children’s Home where Woodel lived for years as a child; visited

the areas where Woodel grew up; and contacted people in the deaf community.

      In addition, attorney Robert Norgard testified as an expert on prevailing

professional norms among capital defense attorneys. While he was troubled by


                                         - 67 -
many things that occurred in this case, Norgard was particularly bothered by the

fact that Woodel’s trial counsel did not realize that Woodel’s parents were both

deaf until well into the guilt phase of the trial, as this would have been apparent if

counsel had interviewed the parents prior to trial. As he testified, “[That is] the

part that just really boggles my mind about the whole situation is that a basic

penalty phase investigation would start with the parents. And the first contact with

the parents you would have known they were deaf, whether your client told you or

not, so. I mean, that’s the part that, you know, surprises me about the late

discovery of it.” The trial court detailed the numerous problems that Norgard

discussed, including the amount of research defense counsel failed to undertake

before determining whether to present expert testimony concerning a voluntary

intoxication defense, evidence concerning addiction and its genetic components in

this case, and the complete lack of additional preparation when a new penalty

phase was ordered.

      Trial counsel himself recognized that although he was responsible for

investigating all possible mitigation, he never spoke with numerous members of

Woodel’s family, including Woodel’s mother, half-brother, or childhood friends.

In addition, trial counsel recognized that he did not retain a mitigation investigator

to help prepare for the second penalty phase or perform additional investigation,

even though counsel had previously recognized that additional time and


                                         - 68 -
investigation were necessary. Trial counsel explained his decision not to

investigate all available mitigation as follows: “I didn’t feel that it was necessary

based on the package I was presenting. And, as I said before, looking back now,

that may have been a very bad idea.”

      The trial court detailed the numerous deficiencies, and based on the record in

this case, there can be no question of counsel’s deficient performance. The inquiry

then turns to whether prejudice has been demonstrated such that our confidence in

the sentence of death has been undermined, as the trial court found.

                                    PREJUDICE

      Numerous witnesses testified at the postconviction evidentiary hearing in

great detail as to the abuse that Woodel suffered and the additional mitigation

available. While there was discussion of abuse in the second penalty phase

proceeding, the quality of the witnesses who were called at the postconviction

evidentiary hearing provided a more complete picture of not only the abuse, but the

impact of being a child of deaf parents. Although Woodel’s trial counsel simply

chose not to fully investigate the available mitigation because he was content with

the witnesses that he found, failing to investigate and failing to present the lay

testimony at issue can never be considered a strategic decision of counsel.

Moreover, while trial counsel did not believe that it was necessary to introduce a

toxicologist to assist in explaining voluntary intoxication, in describing why he did


                                         - 69 -
not investigate whether an expert on the deaf culture would have been helpful, trial

counsel again dismissed the need to seek out such information because he “felt

comfortable with the package” he was presenting to the jury.

      Thus, the issue before this Court does not involve a scenario where counsel

failed to present certain evidence because it would open the door to the admission

of unfavorable evidence or evidence that would damage a defense. Instead,

counsel made an unreasonable decision to not conduct any additional investigation

that would have uncovered other important mitigation witnesses who could have

been very helpful to the defense.

      During postconviction proceedings, Woodel presented the testimony of Dr.

Alan Marcus, a clinical psychologist who works with the deaf and with children of

deaf parents and who is also a child of deaf parents. Dr. Marcus noted the

limitations of the testimony presented by Dr. Dee at the resentencing since Dr. Dee

had no prior experience working with children of deaf parents and his sole

preparation for testifying in the case was to review the book Mother/Father Deaf,

which is a scholarly, anthropological study, as opposed to a psychological review.

Dr. Marcus’s testimony, if it had been presented, would have provided the jury a

completely different picture of how the crime occurred and substantially increased

the mitigation available to the finder of fact—in particular as to four critical

aspects.


                                         - 70 -
      First, and perhaps most importantly, because Dr. Marcus was familiar with

the deaf community and culture, he was able to provide a possible explanation as

to how this baffling crime transpired—testifying that the murder may have

occurred after an escalation stemming from an initial misunderstanding that was

based on the fact that Woodel still acted like a member of the deaf community.

Specifically, Dr. Marcus thoroughly explained the importance of socialization for

those in the deaf community and how it was common in the deaf community for

people to leave their front doors unlocked so they would not miss the arrival of

visitors. Likewise, it was not contrary to societal norms for members of the deaf

community to walk into each other’s homes, unannounced.

      Here, the murder happened after a very intoxicated Woodel walked into the

victims’ home to inquire as to the time. Woodel saw that Bernice Moody was

awake when she was cleaning, and he knocked on the door. When she did not

answer, Woodel thought she could not hear his knock and walked in. Woodel’s

statements describing how he first approached the victim were difficult to follow

as he contradicted himself, giving three different accounts as to where he was

located when Bernice first saw him: he was at the door that went into her bedroom,

he was not inside yet, and he was on the porch. When he was questioned further as

to where he was when Bernice first saw him, he stated that he could not remember

and was unsure. He testified that when Bernice saw him, she took a few steps


                                       - 71 -
away, picked up a knife, and swung it at him as she yelled. Woodel attempted to

explain why he was there, as she yelled and swung the knife. On the third swing,

Woodel pushed her backwards and somehow acquired the knife, although he could

not recall how. According to his statement, Woodel thought at the time that she

was trying to cut him. Taking Dr. Marcus’s insight together with Woodel’s

intoxication and his upbringing where it was permissible to walk into each other’s

homes, the defense could have argued that Woodel did not realize his error in

entering her house and thought the victim was threatening him.

      Second, and important to the quality of the mitigation presented, because Dr.

Dee was unfamiliar with the deaf community, he utilized the incorrect

psychological testing, thus presenting misleading evidence to the jury that

psychological testing indicated that Woodel was psychotic. Before addressing the

testing itself, Dr. Marcus explained how English is a second language to a child of

deaf parents, with sign language being his or her primary language. Further, Dr.

Marcus noted that even Dr. Dee recognized Woodel’s difficulties in being able to

fully express himself orally in English. Dr. Marcus explained critical differences

between the English oral language and American Sign Language, stressing that a

person cannot simply translate the English language into American Sign Language

because American Sign Language is visually driven, while the English language is

sound driven.


                                       - 72 -
      As to the administration of psychological testing, including the Minnesota

Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI), Dr. Marcus testified that it is widely recognized

that the MMPI is inappropriate for deaf people or children of deaf parents because

there are too many concepts and terminologies that are misunderstood in the

translation, which skews the results. However, the test had never truly been

translated into American Sign Language because of the difficulty in translating

some of the questions and concepts that are sound based. Based on these problems

and the skewed results, as Dr. Marcus directly stated, “They come out looking

crazy in simple terms.” However, Dr. Dee administered this test to Woodel,

testifying to the jury that when he administered the MMPI to Woodel, the test

results indicated that Woodel was psychotic. Although Dr. Dee questioned this

result, he did not realize that the MMPI was inappropriate, and merely expressed

his concerns that the results of the MMPI must have been flawed for some reason,

but was unable to provide an explanation for this result to the jury.

      Third, Dr. Marcus interviewed Woodel in sign language, which was

incredibly important in light of the apparent difficulties that Woodel had in fully

expressing himself verbally. Although Dr. Dee recognized that Woodel was not

fully stating his thoughts and opinions verbally as he used both sign language and

oral responses, Dr. Dee attempted to remedy this problem by asking Woodel what

he was signing. Yet, Dr. Dee also recognized that Woodel’s interpretation of


                                        - 73 -
words and his use of language were so odd that as to certain discussions, Dr. Dee

“couldn’t make any sense out of what [Woodel] was trying to tell me.” However,

neither Dr. Dee nor Woodel’s counsel ever obtained an interpreter to assist in the

communication problems. In interviewing Woodel in sign language, Dr. Marcus

was able to provide significantly more details about the impact of Woodel’s

upbringing on his life and how the abandonment from his parents and the exclusion

from the deaf community affected him. In addition, because Dr. Marcus was a

child of deaf parents himself, he was able to provide a detailed picture about the

culture of the deaf community and other relevant factors.

      Finally, having personal familiarity with being a child of deaf parents, Dr.

Marcus was able to provide a fuller picture of the relationship between deaf parents

and hearing children and the subsequent rejection of older hearing children from

the deaf community. Generally, when deaf adults have infants, there is not much

separation between parent and child. However, once a child is able to

communicate with the hearing world, he or she would be expected to become an

adult for his parents, despite the child’s very young age.

      Many children of deaf parents are forced to help their parents navigate

through the hearing world, including helping them obtain Social Security benefits

or helping them to deflect any possible trouble with the law. For example, if the

child is being required to intervene when his or her parents are involved with a


                                        - 74 -
police officer, the child would not tell the officer the truth, but would protect his or

her parents. Thus, the families do not obtain the help they need. If a police officer

were to encounter a child who was abandoned at the mall by a parent, like the

situation that occurred to Woodel, the child would not tell the officer the truth, but

would lie for the parent and say that he or she simply got lost.

      Despite this close attachment to the deaf community as a child, however,

based on the mistrust of the hearing world, as a hearing child gets older, he or she

could end up being excluded from the deaf world. Thus, children of deaf parents

often feel they have no place where they belong. In Woodel’s case, he was

abandoned by both his family and the deaf community, which was the society in

which he grew up. For Woodel and his sister, being a part of the deaf world was a

part of their identity. Woodel and his sister tried to sign at the Children’s Home in

order to keep their identity as a part of the deaf world, but they were punished

because others thought that they were keeping secrets.

      Not only did postconviction counsel present evidence at the evidentiary

hearing as to this important factor, but counsel also presented other significant

mitigation, including that all of Woodel’s siblings, including his two half-brothers,

had significant addiction problems; that Woodel’s parents had serious addiction

and physical abuse problems; and that Woodel’s half-brother had been raped by his

mother’s boyfriends, just like his sister had been—evidence that was important for


                                         - 75 -
the jury to hear because Woodel testified that he was unable to recall that period of

his life and whether he had been raped.

      Woodel also called Dr. Mark Cunningham, who testified that based on the

numerous damaging developmental factors, the family history, the generational

abuse, and the dysfunctions to which Woodel was exposed, this was one of the

worst cases that he had encountered, and the lack of a proper mitigation

investigation prior to the trial affected Dr. Dee’s ability to perform an adequate

assessment. Specifically, Dr. Cunningham discussed the significant hereditary and

genetic predispositions that impacted Woodel—Woodel had significant damaging

developmental factors as he grew up, including being uprooted and moved at least

twenty-seven times by the time Woodel was in middle childhood; Woodel suffered

from deficient and disrupted attachment, emotional and physical neglect, probable

sexual abuse, abandonment, and rejections and failures; and significant parental

drinking and abuse. According to Dr. Cunningham, without this crucial

information, the jury was left with a simple impression that Woodel’s life should

be spared because he had a bad childhood, but the jury was never provided with

over thirty well-articulated damaging developmental factors that impacted Woodel

and the generational abuse within his family that would have provided necessary

information to show the significance of the mitigation and how it impacted him.




                                        - 76 -
      On too many occasions, this Court has addressed cases in which counsel

failed to conduct a mitigation investigation until trial began—conduct that is

clearly deficient and will have a significant impact on the case. See, e.g.,

Blackwood v. State, 946 So. 2d 960, 973 (Fla. 2006) (affirming the trial court’s

decision to grant a new penalty phase where counsel attempted to secure a mental

health evaluation five weeks prior to trial but did not take sufficient actions when

the expert declined to provide an evaluation shortly prior to trial based on a fee

dispute, even though counsel then secured additional mental health mitigation at

the Spencer hearing); State v. Coney, 845 So. 2d 120, 129-133 (Fla. 2003)

(affirming the trial court’s decision to grant a new penalty phase where counsel

attempted to secure mental health evaluations after the guilt phase and failed to

adequately prepare); State v. Lewis, 838 So. 2d 1102, 1112 (Fla. 2002) (same);

Deaton v. Dugger, 635 So. 2d 4, 8 (Fla. 1993) (requiring a new penalty phase

where trial counsel failed to investigate mitigation evidence prior to trial, resulting

in his client waiving the presentation of mitigation altogether). Here, trial counsel

likewise failed to conduct the mitigation investigation in a timely manner, and

upon being given a second chance when a new penalty phase was ordered, made

the unreasonable decision to not undertake any additional investigation because he

decided he could simply rely on the testimony previously presented at the initial

penalty phase.


                                         - 77 -
      During postconviction proceedings, however, current counsel discovered

significant additional mitigation, some of which changes the very nature of the

crime, and clearly could have impacted the jury’s bare majority seven-to-five

recommendation. The bottom line is that trial counsel chose not to undertake a full

mitigation investigation, which would have uncovered other important mitigation

witnesses who were far more compelling than the witnesses that trial counsel

utilized during the second penalty phase, who were simply recycled without any

additional thought or analysis.

      Accordingly, the failure to present the considerable mitigation that existed

but was never pursued, due to the deficiencies of trial counsel, results in prejudice

such that confidence in the outcome has been undermined. The trial court

considered all of this evidence, asked careful and thoughtful questions throughout

the evidentiary hearing, and analyzed all of the relevant information in an

extensive eighty-six-page order. Based on the analysis above, I would affirm the

trial court’s decision to grant a new penalty phase.


An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Polk County,
     J. Michael Hunter, Judge - Case No. 53-1997-CF-000047-AO

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Carol M. Dittmar,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

      for Appellant/Cross-Appellee




                                        - 78 -
Marie-Louise Samuels Parmer and Maria E. Deliberato, Assistant Capital
Collateral Regional Counsels, Middle Region, Tampa, Florida,

      for Appellee/Cross-Appellant




                                     - 79 -
