                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0447n.06

                                       Case No. 19-4157

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                                Jul 31, 2020
 CANDELARIA JOSÉ-TOMÁS,                          )                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                 )
         Petitioner,                             )
                                                 )         ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
 v.                                              )         FROM   THE    BOARD OF
                                                 )         IMMIGRATION APPEALS
 WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,              )
                                                 )
         Respondent.                             )
                                                 )


BEFORE: BOGGS, SUTTON, and WHITE, Circuit Judges

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Candelaria José-Tomás seeks review of a

final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the decision of the Immigration

Judge (IJ) denying her request for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention

Against Torture (CAT). Because the conclusions of the IJ and BIA were supported by substantial

evidence, we deny José-Tomás’s petition for review.

                                         I. Background

       José-Tomás is a citizen and native of Guatemala. She is a member of the Acatec people

and prefers to speak Acateco, a Mayan language most common in the Huehuetenango Department

of Guatemala. According to her Notice to Appear (NTA), José-Tomás “arrived in the United

States at or near Hidalgo, Texas, on or about June 27, 2014” without being admitted or paroled.

A.R. 387. She entered the United States at the age of seventeen as an unaccompanied minor.
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


       At a hearing on July 16, 2015, the IJ “sustain[ed] the charge under Section 212(a)(6)(A)(i)

of the Act, based on the fact that she’s admitted she’s a native and citizen of Guatemala.” A.R.

170. Because José-Tomás had filed an application for asylum, which was still pending before the

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the IJ rescheduled the proceedings.

José-Tomás subsequently filed a motion, which the IJ granted, to administratively close her

proceedings pending adjudication of her asylum application. On March 28, 2017, USCIS issued

its decision that José-Tomás was ineligible for asylum. The Department of Homeland Security

then filed a motion to recalendar proceedings and the IJ scheduled a hearing on the merits for

March 12, 2018.

       At the hearing, counsel identified José-Tomás’s particular social group as “single

indigenous Guatemalan females.” A.R. 178. José-Tomás testified that she lives with her mother

in Cookeville, Tennessee, and that she has three brothers, one sister, an uncle, and aunts in the

United States. Her grandparents and an aunt remain in Chimba, Guatemala. At the time of the

hearing, Jose-Tomas was pregnant and expected to give birth the following month.

       When asked about harm experienced in Guatemala, José-Tomás explained that she was

sexually assaulted: “I was 12 years old when individuals came and then mistreat me. . . . They,

they approach me and then they, they were touching me, they were touching my parts and then

they also touched one of my friends.” A.R. 182. She testified that the incident “happened close

to a church on December 24, 2009” and that she was “at church for Christmas service. . . . [w]ith

[her] aunt.” A.R. 183. The individuals who assaulted her “were waiting near like the church, not

inside the church.” Id. She had a nosebleed and went outside with her friend: “I went outside to

clean my bloody nose and then they were chasing us and then they were harassing us.” A.R. 184-

85. She testified that the attackers were ten men “[a]round 17 or 19 years old.” A.R. 185. She



                                                2
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


had never met or seen them before and did not know if they were members of a gang. The group

surrounded the girls, would not let them leave, and started “touching all parts” of their bodies.

A.R. 186-88. José-Tomás screamed loudly but no one heard her. The assault went on for fifteen

minutes and only stopped when “there was a man coming close, close to the scene and then when

they figure out that there was a man coming, then they run away.” A.R. 189. José-Tomás testified

that this man was “[o]ne individual who read the Bible at the church” and that when he saw José-

Tomás and her friend being attacked, he “told them let the girls, leave the girls and then they run

away.” A.R. 190. Thereafter, she never saw any of the individuals who attacked her and was

never harmed or threatened again.

       José-Tomás testified that her grandmother and sister were also harmed in Guatemala.

When José-Tomás was around fifteen years old, her grandmother “was attacked, she was beaten

up during” a Day of the Dead celebration. A.R. 193-94. “She was attacked by two men and she

have broken bones.” A.R. 194. Her grandmother reported the incident to the authorities, “a

restriction order” was issued, and she was never harmed by the men again. A.R. 201. José-

Tomás’s younger sister “was sexually assaulted by a man” in Guatemala “[w]hen she was 11 years

old.” A.R. 195. Her sister never told the police about the incident because “she was also afraid or

maybe she was threatened by those criminals.” A.R. 196-97.

       José-Tomás testified that she fears further harm:

       MS. JOSE-TOMAS TO MR. HAMADEH
       I’m afraid from those individuals who attacked me on that incident and then I’m
       also afraid from the, the criminal organization, there are a lot of criminal
       organization who kidnap and who rape women.
       MR. HAMADEH TO MS. JOSE-TOMAS
       Okay. Are you afraid that you will be harmed if you are returned?
       MS. JOSE-TOMAS TO MR. HAMADEH
       Yes.
       MR. HAMADEH TO MS. JOSE-TOMAS
       Okay. And what kind of harm do you fear?

                                                3
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


       MS. JOSE-TOMAS TO MR. HAMADEH
       I could be kidnapped or I would be exposed to be raped again because there are a
       lot of criminal activities going on in my town at this time.
       MR. HAMADEH TO MS. JOSE-TOMAS
       Do you fear being, that you will be tortured if you are returned to Guatemala?
       MS. JOSE-TOMAS TO MR. HAMADEH
       Yes.
       MR. HAMADEH TO MS. JOSE-TOMAS
       And who do you fear will torture you if you go back?
       MS. JOSE-TOMAS TO MR. HAMADEH
       I have fear from the criminal organization, people who kidnap, people who use
       drug, they usually come in from outside of the town.

A.R. 197-98. Although the assault occurred in 2009, she came to the United States in 2014

“[b]ecause [her] mother didn’t have money to pay for [her] trip.” A.R. 198. Eventually, “[her]

grandmother helped [her] to pay [her] expenses and [her] trip to get to the United States.” Id.

       José-Tomás testified that she could not go to the police in Guatemala for protection:

“Actually there is no protection coming from the government in my area. If criminals are being

detained they normally are being released right away.” A.R. 199. If removed to Guatemala, she

would live with her grandmother because “that is the only place where [she has] family members.”

A.R. 199-200. When asked if she could move to a different part of Guatemala, she responded,

“Actually general crime it’s happening in my country. If I would go to the main city, the main

city of the department I would be exposed to suffer these crimes also.” A.R. 200.

       In addition to her testimony, José-Tomás submitted the U.S. Department of State’s 2013

Human Rights Report for Guatemala, a Congressional Research Service report on Central

American gangs, as well as several news articles describing violence against women in Guatemala

and Central America.




                                                4
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


                                            II. Analysis

                                      A. Standard of Review

        “Where . . . the BIA reviewed the IJ’s decision de novo and issued its own separate

opinion, we review the BIA’s opinion as the final agency determination.” Guzman-Vazquez v.

Barr, 959 F.3d 253, 259 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Hassan v. Holder, 604 F.3d 915, 924 (6th Cir.

2010). To the extent the BIA adopted the IJ’s reasoning, we also review the IJ’s decision. Id.

“This Court reviews both the immigration judge’s and the BIA’s factual findings under the

substantial-evidence standard.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). “The

substantial-evidence standard requires us to defer to the agency’s findings of fact ‘if supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’”

Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Mikhailevitch v. I.N.S., 146

F.3d 384, 388 (6th Cir. 1998)).

                            B. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

       An asylum applicant “must establish that she meets the definition of a ‘refugee,’ which

means a person who is unable or unwilling to return to her home country because of past

persecution or a ‘well-founded fear’ of future persecution ‘on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607

F.3d 1132, 1136 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). Similarly, “[a]n otherwise

removable alien may petition for withholding of removal by showing a clear probability that,

following the pending removal, the alien’s ‘life or freedom would be threatened’ on a protected

ground.” Goswami v. Holder, 598 F. App’x 430, 431 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting 8 U.S.C. §

1231(b)(3)(A)).




                                                  5
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


       Under both standards, if the claim is based on the conduct of non-governmental actors, the

petitioner must demonstrate that the persecutors are “either aligned with the government or that

the government is unwilling or unable to control” them. Juan Antonio v. Barr, 959 F.3d 778, 793

(6th Cir. 2020); see also Khalili, 557 F.3d at 436. “An applicant meets this burden when she shows

that she cannot ‘reasonably expect the assistance of the government’ in controlling her

perpetrator’s actions.” Juan Antonio, 959 F.3d at 793 (quoting Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d

980, 998 (6th Cir. 2009).      “[W]e look to two general categories of information: (1) the

government’s response to an asylum applicant’s persecution and (2) general evidence of country

conditions.” K. H. v. Barr, 920 F.3d 470, 476 (6th Cir. 2019).

       José-Tomás asserts that “[t]he IJ and BIA erred in finding that the government of

Guatemala is not unable or unwilling to control the violence against women in Guatemala.” Pet’r

Br. at 50. The IJ held that José-Tomás did “not establish that there is any government factor

involved and respondent has indicated plainly in her testimony that she is not afraid of the

government but is rather afraid of third party individuals.” A.R. 98. The IJ also noted that “as

evidenced by the incident with the respondent’s grandmother, there are apparently authorities in

the town who are willing to get involved and at least issue restraining orders . . . .” A.R. 99.

Further, the IJ found that the Guatemalan “government has engaged in an all out effort to assist

individuals who have been subjected to criminal and gang activities and violence”:

       The most recent [Human Rights Report] also specifically establishes a number of
       organizations that have been established within the Guatemalan government to
       assist, particularly indigenous women with problems concerning their ethnicity and
       their gender. There has been an increase in prosecutions both of individuals who
       have been previously treating women with impunity, but also prosecutions of
       corrupt police officials as well. The most recent report also acknowledges that there
       have been a number of police units that have been specifically trained, both on
       gender and indigenous issues, and that the police are being prosecuted for corrupt
       practices. There are a number of women’s shelters that have been established to



                                                6
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


       assist women who have the problems argued by her attorney that are historical
       against women, both generally and because of their indigenous nature.

A.R. 99-100. The BIA agreed:

       The respondent does not claim that she was or will be harmed by the government.
       She did not report the incident to the police and testified that she did not do so
       because of the lack of police presence. However, her grandmother’s incident shows
       that some authorities in her town were willing to become involved and provide
       assistance, including by issuing a restraining order. The respondent has therefore
       not shown that her seeking police protection would have been futile.

A.R. 10 (citations omitted).

       José-Tomás argues that the evidence demonstrates that “the government of Guatemala has

failed miserably at containing or even reducing the violence against women.” Pet’r Br. at 50. We

acknowledge, as did the BIA, that “the record contains evidence of criminal activity and violence

against women.” A.R. 10. But under the substantial-evidence standard, “we will not reverse a

factual determination . . . unless we find ‘that the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion,

but compels it.’” Ceraj v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 583, 588 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Marku v. Ashcroft,

380 F.3d 982, 986 (6th Cir. 2004)). As the BIA explained, the IJ’s decision was supported by the

record: “[T]he Human Rights Report shows that Guatemalan law . . . provides for restraining orders

against perpetrators and the government provides services to victims of violence. The government

has also made efforts to assist indigenous women and members of the indigenous community

generally.” A.R. 10 (citations omitted).

       The BIA concluded “that the respondent did not meet her burden to show that the

Guatemalan government was or will be unable or unwilling to protect her from the private actor

she fears.” Id. José-Tomás points to evidence in the record supporting the opposite conclusion

and challenges how the agency weighed the evidence. She cites the Human Rights Report and

argues that “[v]iolence against women is rampant in Guatemala and law enforcement are not



                                                  7
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


equipped or trained to fight this epidemic.” Pet’r Br. at 61. But as the IJ and BIA explained, the

record also demonstrates that the government of Guatemala is taking steps to protect indigenous

women from violence. And “[w]e cannot reverse such findings simply because we would have

decided them differently.” K. H., 920 F.3d at 475. The IJ and BIA properly relied on José-Tomás’s

testimony as well as the reports and articles that she submitted. Taken as a whole, the record

adequately supports the agency’s finding.1

                                       C. Convention Against Torture

         To qualify for protection under the CAT, a petitioner must “establish that it is more likely

than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.16(c)(2). Torture includes:

         any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
         intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her
         or a third person information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or
         she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or
         intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any reason based on

         1
           Before the IJ, counsel identified José-Tomás’s particular social group as “single indigenous Guatemalan
females.” A.R. 178. In her brief to this court, as in her brief to the BIA, José-Tomás argues that the social group
presented to the IJ was “an oversimplification” and “[t]he particular social group which should have been declared to
the court would be indigenous Acateco females without protection from the police or local society.” A.R. 27; Pet’r
Br. at 18. The BIA concluded that by failing to present this argument to the IJ, José-Tomás waived the argument on
appeal: “The clause ‘without protection from the police or local society’ renders it a new social group. Because the
respondent did not proffer this social group to the Immigration Judge, she was unable to provide factual findings
regarding whether it is cognizable.” A.R. 7-8. José-Tomás argues that she “is not introducing a new social group on
appeal; she has simply developed and clarified the delineation of the social group.” Pet’r Br. at 20. And, she argues,
“[t]he IJ and BIA failed to recognize that the things that happened to [her] occurred because she is an indigenous
Acateco.” Id. at 31. The Attorney General responds that “the issue is not properly before the Court because the Board
deemed the issue waived and did not address it.” Resp’t Br. at 4 n.1.
         José-Tomás also challenges the BIA’s holding in Matter of W-Y-C- & H-O-B-, which requires that “[w]here
an applicant raises membership in a particular social group as the enumerated ground that is the basis of her claim,
she has the burden to clearly indicate ‘the exact delineation of any particular social group(s) to which she claims to
belong.’” 27 I. & N. Dec. 189, 191 (BIA 2018) (quoting Matter of A-T-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 4, 10 (BIA 2009)). José-
Tomás argues that the “exact delineation” requirement “is at odds with the concept of a legally just adjudication based
on factual findings.” Pet’r Br. at 22.
          Because we affirm on other grounds, we need not resolve these issues. Similarly, we do not address José-
Tomás’s arguments that the IJ and BIA erred in finding that she did not suffer past persecution or have a well-founded
fear of future persecution based on a protected ground and that she lacked corroboration for her claim. Whatever the
merits of José-Tomás’s arguments, the conclusion that she failed to show that the Guatemalan government was
unwilling or unable to control her persecutors is dispositive. See K. H. v. Barr, 920 F.3d 470, 473 (6th Cir. 2019).

                                                          8
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


       discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the
       instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person
       acting in an official capacity.

Kamar v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 811, 820 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Singh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 396,

404-05 (6th Cir. 2005)).

       José-Tomás argues that “[g]iven the increasing prevalence of violence against women in

Guatemala, it is clearly established that [she] will more likely than not be subjected to physical or

mental pain or suffering if removed to Guatemala.” Pet’r Br. at 63-64. However, an applicant for

relief under the CAT “must establish a particularized threat of torture.” Cruz-Samayoa v. Holder,

607 F.3d 1145, 1155 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 751 (6th Cir.

2006)). The IJ found that “the respondent describes no fear of being tortured by police or any

government official, but rather she fears some unnamed generalized criminal actors in her

country.” A.R. 102. The IJ concluded that José-Tomás failed to “establish that the government

would acquiesce to any torture with advanced notice, and her application for Torture Convention

relief must also be denied.” Id. Similarly, the BIA concluded:

       We also affirm the denial of the respondent’s application for protection from
       removal under the Convention Against Torture. The respondent has not presented
       sufficient evidence to show that any public official would consent or acquiesce to
       torture against her. The respondent does not claim that she was or will be harmed
       by a public official or an individual acting in an official capacity. She did not report
       the incident to the authorities, although the record contains evidence that some help
       or protection is available to her. We acknowledge the general country conditions,
       including violence against women, in Guatemala, but this evidence does not
       indicate that the respondent faces an individualized risk of harm if she returns to
       that country.

A.R. 11 (citations omitted).

       José-Tomás again cites contrary evidence in the record and challenges how the agency

weighed the evidence. José-Tomás points, for instance, to the Human Rights Report, which states,

“Although the constitution and the law [of Guatemala] prohibit torture and other cruel, inhuman,

                                                  9
Nos. 19-4157, José-Tomás v. Barr


or degrading treatment or punishment, there were credible reports of abuse and other mistreatment

by [National Civil Police] members.” A.R. 260. The report also states, with respect to women,

“[a]ccording to the Public Ministry, there were 2,156 cases of sexual or physical assault reported

through” the first nine months of the year. A.R. 276. While these facts are disturbing, under the

substantial-evidence standard, the agency’s “findings are conclusive ‘unless any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Kamar v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 811,

817 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Singh v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 400, 403 (6th Cir. 2006). The IJ and

BIA reviewed the evidence cited by José-Tomás and “properly considered ‘all evidence relevant

to the possibility of future torture.’” Mostafa v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 622, 626 (6th Cir. 2005)

(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3)). That evidence does not compel the conclusion “that it is more

likely than not that . . . she would be tortured if removed to” Guatemala. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2).

         The BIA concluded “that the respondent has not met her burden of showing that it is more

likely than not that she would be tortured in Guatemala by, or with the consent or acquiescence (to

include the concept of willful blindness) of a public official or an individual acting in an official

capacity.” A.R. 11. “Because this determination is supported by substantial evidence, and no

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to come to a contrary determination, the record does

not compel reversal of the BIA’s decision.”2 Bi Qing Zheng v. Lynch, 819 F.3d 287, 296 (6th Cir.

2016).

                                                 III. Conclusion

         Based on the foregoing, we deny José-Tomás’s petition for review.




         2
           José-Tomás also argues that “because a defect in the removal proceedings occurred, and because [she] was
most certainly prejudiced due to that defect, the IJ violated her Fifth Amendment right to due process.” Pet’r Br. at
68-69. She argues that “the IJ and BIA’s findings indicate that they failed to take into account all factors present.”
Id. at 68. As noted, the agency reviewed and cited to all relevant evidence. Therefore, we find no “defect in the
removal proceeding.” Vasha v. Gonzales, 410 F.3d 863, 872 (6th Cir. 2005).

                                                         10
