           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                            June 4, 2009

                                       No. 08-40884                    Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                               Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee
v.

JOSE LUIS GARCIA

                                                   Defendant-Appellant




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 7:07-CR-840-1


Before REAVLEY, WIENER, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Defendant-Appellant Jose Luis Garcia was convicted by a jury of (1)
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 100 but less than 1,000
kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B), and
846 (Count One); (2) possession with intent to distribute more than 100 but less
than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
841(b)(1)(B), and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count Two); (3) possession of a firearm by a felon
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count Three); and (4)

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
                                  No. 08-40884

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (Count Four).    He appeals his convictions on all
counts, contending that he is entitled to a judgment of acquittal because there
was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. Garcia also asserts that
the district court abused its discretion in permitting the jury access to
transcripts of wiretapped phone conversations during its deliberations. Finding
no reversible error, we affirm Garcia’s conviction.
                      I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      DEA agents who were investigating Dallas members of a drug-trafficking
organization, the Gulf Cartel, intercepted communications from the Dallas area
to a cell phone operating in Starr County, Texas. The calls identified the user
of this phone as “Gordito.” According to the DEA, “Gordito” had conversations
with a high-level Gulf Cartel member named Jose Antonio Rodriguez Macias,
also known as “Gordo.” In the calls, “Gordito” revealed that he owned two
vehicles, a Chrysler 300M and a black Hummer H3. According to local law
enforcement, these vehicles “stood out” in rural Starr County. The description
of the vehicles led officers to a residence that had two such vehicles outside of
the house. A DEA agent photographed the vehicles, and when agents ran the
license plates, they learned that both the Chrysler and the Hummer were
registered to Defendant-Appellant Garcia at 29 Alvarez Avenue in Rio Grande
City, Texas.
      DEA Agents also determined that the Starr County cell phone belonged
to Garcia and, on April 30, 2007, they received judicial approval for a wiretap of
the phone. The agents then began electronic surveillance of the phone and
physical surveillance of Garcia. They positively identified Garcia as “Gordito”
when “Gordito” made phone calls in which he accurately described at least four
DEA vehicles that followed him at various times and told others that he knew
he was being followed.      At trial, Special Agent Aldo Benavides provided

                                        2
                                  No. 08-40884

testimony that he recognized the voice of “Gordito” which he had heard on
surveilled phone calls for three months as that of Garcia.
      On June 27, 2007, agents intercepted calls that led them to believe that a
load of drugs would be moved the following day from Rio Grande City to an
unknown location. During a phone call that Garcia made the next morning, he
stated that he had spotted Special Agent Benavides’s blue truck. The agents
then lost track of Garcia but inferred from calls and “cell site information” that
he was traveling east toward Edinburg, Texas. Special Agent Chris Bell drove
toward the area where agents thought Garcia would be. Thereafter, Special
Agent Bell drove past three vehicles, (1) a white Ford Excursion, (2) a Chevrolet
Dooley truck pulling a trailer, and (3) Garcia’s Chrysler 300M with Garcia
behind the wheel. Special Agent Bell followed the vehicles to a “small ranch hay
farm” with a pink beauty shop next to it. Intercepted phone calls had indicated
that the load location for the marijuana would be next to a pink beauty shop.
For approximately 45 minutes, Agents Bell and Benavides waited at the
entrance to the property for backup to arrive. Phone calls demonstrated that
Garcia and his alleged co-conspirators had detected law enforcement’s presence
on the scene. The agents then intercepted a call which revealed that their
suspects planned to flee via the back of the ranch, i.e., in the opposite direction
of the agents’ vehicles. The agents followed a white Chevrolet truck departing
the ranch at a high speed. When they stopped the vehicle, they confirmed that
it was registered to Garcia and driven by alleged co-conspirator Ruben Alaniz.
Garcia was not apprehended at that time.
      A ranch hand, Juan Gaytan Mejia, testified that he had seen one of
Garcia’s alleged co-conspirators, Juan Alaniz, the brother of Ruben Alaniz, enter
the property driving the Chevrolet Dooley with the trailer.         Gaytan Mejia
testified that he witnessed marijuana being unloaded from the trailer but that
then, “they all disappeared.”

                                        3
                                       No. 08-40884

       That day, Officer Blas Garcia of the Hidalgo County Sheriff’s Office
executed a warrant to search the ranch. There, police officers found the Ford
Excursion and Chevy Dooley connected to a trailer that contained 925.9
kilograms of marijuana in a false compartment.
       Based on these facts and an extensive series of phone interceptions, the
agents deduced that Garcia was the supervisor of the drug trafficking operation.
Accordingly, the agents continued to intercept calls from Garcia’s phone,
including instructions to his wife to remove things from the house, inter alia,
money and weapons, because he thought that the police would raid the property.
       On August 16, 2007, officers arrested Garcia and executed a warrant to
search his residence.1 After awakening Garcia, United States Border Patrol
Agent Cruz Esquivel asked him if there were any firearms present. According
to Agent Esquivel, Garcia initially responded “no,” then said, “Yes, there’s one
under my pillow.”       The officers then seized a .45 caliber pistol from under
Garcia’s pillow, as well as a .22 caliber Derringer from the night-stand by
Garcia’s bed. Their search also uncovered a “vacuum jug of marijuana,” “small
drug ledgers” that listed names of alleged co-conspirators, and a radio scanner
capable of intercepting police frequencies.
       In September 2007, a grand jury charged Garcia with the four counts that
are the subject of this appeal. After a four-day trial, the jury convicted Garcia
on each count. He timely filed a notice of appeal.




       1
        The agents contend that they delayed the arrest and search several weeks to ensure
that they would not interfere with active investigations of other alleged Gulf Cartel members.

                                              4
                                         No. 08-40884

                                       II. ANALYSIS
A.     Sufficiency of the Evidence
       1. Standard of Review
       When, as here, an appellant renews his motion for acquittal after the close
of all evidence, we review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo.2 “In assessing
a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether,
viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury
could have found that the evidence established the elements of the offense
beyond a reasonable doubt.” 3 Additionally, we draw all reasonable inferences
and make all credibility determinations in favor of the verdict.4 Yet, when
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict “gives equal or
nearly equal circumstantial support to a theory of guilt and a theory of
innocence, the conviction should be reversed.”5
       2.        Counts One and Two – Possession With Intent to Distribute;
                 Conspiracy to Possess

                 i.     Applicable Law
       To convict a defendant for possession of marijuana with the intent to
distribute it, here Count Two, “the government must prove (1) possession, (2)
knowledge, and (3) intent to distribute. Intent to distribute may be inferred




       2
           United States v. Alarcon, 261 F.3d 416, 421 (5th Cir. 2001).
       3
        United States v. Ollison, 555 F.3d 152, 158 (5th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
       4
           Id.
       5
           Id. (citation omitted).

                                                5
                                         No. 08-40884

from the large quantity of drugs involved.”6 Similarly, proof of knowledge is
usually based on inferences and circumstantial evidence.7
       The elements of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute at least 100
kilograms of marijuana, here, Count One, are “(1) an agreement with one other
person to possess with intent to distribute at least [100] kilograms of
[marijuana]; (2) defendant’s knowledge of the agreement; and (3) defendant’s
voluntary participation in the conspiracy.” 8 “Mere presence at a crime scene or
association with conspirators is not enough to prove participation in a
conspiracy, but the agreement, a defendant’s guilty knowledge and a defendant’s
participation in the conspiracy all may be inferred from the development and
collocation of circumstances.”9
                ii.     Merits
       In his appellate brief, Garcia concedes that the evidence established the
existence of a conspiracy to possess marijuana with the intent to distribute it,
but he contends that “the government failed to establish beyond a reasonable
doubt appellant was the person whose voice was heard on the intercepted
conversations critical to determining guilt.” Garcia contends that, in the absence
of a scientific test to match his voice to the recorded voice of “Gordito,” he was
only indirectly implicated in the conspiracy and that Agent Benavides’s
testimony about recognizing Garcia’s voice should be discounted. In sum, Garcia
contends that his convictions were based on “mere speculation” rather than




       6
           United States v. Valdez, 453 F.3d 252, 260 n.7 (5th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).
       7
           United States v. Romero-Reyna, 867 F.2d 834, 836 (5th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted).
       8
        United States v. Percel, 553 F.3d 903, 910 (5th Cir. 2008); see United States v. Patino-
Prado, 533 F.3d 304, 309 (5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam).
       9
           Valdez, 453 F.3d at 257 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                6
                                        No. 08-40884

“reasonable inferences.”10         Interpreting Garcia’s brief as attacking only the
evidentiary basis underlying the jury’s conclusion that he was in fact “Gordito,”
we reject his argument.
       Special Agent Benavides testified that after three months of listening to
“Gordito’s” calls, he was familiar with the voices he routinely heard and that, in
a post-arrest interview, he recognized Garcia’s voice as that of “Gordito.” Garcia
does not contend that the testimony was inadmissible;11 instead he challenges
its weight. The jury, however, “is charged with determining whether testimony
is credible and, if so, what weight it should be given.”12 Viewing the evidence in
a light most favorable to the verdict, we defer to Special Agent Benavides’s
recognition of Garcia’s voice from the tapes. That recognition, which was based
on extensive audio recordings and the agent’s interview with Garcia, together
with the facts set forth above in the Facts and Proceedings section of this opinion
— for example, “Gordito’s” positive identification of law enforcement vehicles as
he was being followed and Special Agent Bell’s visual identification of Garcia in
a vehicle traveling alongside the other suspect vehicles on the day of the
marijuana bust — are sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Garcia and
“Gordito” are one and the same person.              We conclude that there is sufficient
evidence to support a rational jury’s guilty verdict on Counts One and Two.




       10
         See United States v. Beckner, 134 F.3d 714, 719 (5th Cir. 1998) (“[T]he circumstantial
evidence here did not permit the jury to draw a reasonable inference of guilty knowledge;
rather, the government’s evidence invited only speculation and conjecture.”).
       11
         Federal Rule of Evidence 901(b)(5) sanctions the identification of a voice “by opinion
based upon hearing the voice at any time under circumstances connecting it with the alleged
speaker.” FED . R. EVID . 901(b)(5).
       12
            United States v. Mendoza, 522 F.3d 482, 489 (5th Cir. 2008).

                                               7
                                            No. 08-40884

         3.        Counts Three and Four – Firearms Charges
                   i.     Applicable Law
         To establish Count Three, possession of a firearm by a felon, the
government had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt: “(1) that the
defendant previously had been convicted of a felony; (2) that he possessed a
firearm; and (3) that the firearm traveled in or affected interstate commerce.”13
Count Four, possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense,
prescribes punishment for, inter alia, any person who, in furtherance of any drug
trafficking crime, possesses a firearm.14
                   ii.    Merits
         Garcia challenges only the possession element of his firearms convictions.
He contends that “it [was] mere conjecture to conclude Appellant possessed the
weapons” and that they could have belonged to his wife, particularly given that
the agents never confirmed the ownership of the weapons. The jury, however,
reasonably concluded that Garcia possessed the firearms.                        Agent Esquivel
testified that Garcia responded to police that there was a weapon under his
pillow, located where he had been sleeping. U.S. Border Patrol Agent Patrick
Freeman corroborated this version of events. Although the jury did not have an
obligation to credit the testimony of these agents, there is no question that,
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, there was sufficient
evidence on which the jury could have based its conviction on the firearms
charges.




         13
              United States v. Guidry, 406 F.3d 314, 318 (5th Cir. 2005); see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
         14
              18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); see United States v. Yanez Sosa, 513 F.3d 194, 203 (5th Cir.
2008).

                                                   8
                                         No. 08-40884

B.     Whether the District Court Abused Its Discretion in Allowing the
       Jury Access to Wiretap Transcripts During Deliberations

       1.        Standard of Review
       “We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion.” 15 “Even if the district court errs in its evidentiary ruling, the error
can be excused if it was harmless.” 16 “‘A nonconstitutional trial error is harmless
unless it had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the
jury’s verdict.’”17
       2.        Applicable Law
       Federal Rule of Evidence 611 confers on “trial court[s] discretion to control
the presentation of evidence,” including the use of demonstrative evidence.18
“Allowing the use of . . . ‘pedagogical’ devices intended to present the
government’s version of the case is within the bounds of the trial court’s
discretion to control the presentation of evidence . . . . Such demonstrative aids
typically are permissible to assist the jury in evaluating the evidence, provided




       15
         United States v. Colomb, 419 F.3d 292, 297 (5th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
       16
            United States v. Ollison, 555 F.3d 152, 161 (5th Cir. 2009).
       17
            Id. at 162 (quoting United States v. Hart, 295 F.3d 451, 454 (5th Cir. 2002)).
       18
            Id. Rule 611(a) provides:

       The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of . . .
       presenting evidence so as to (1) make the . . . presentation effective for the
       ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3)
       protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.

FED . R. EVID . 611(a); see FED . R. EVID . 611 advisory committee’s note (indicating that Rule
611(a) covers the “use of demonstrative evidence”); see also Colomb, 419 F.3d at 297 (“Unlike
the vast majority of the other Evidence Rules, Rule 611 does not purport to regulate the
admissibility of evidence. Instead, the rule gives trial courts broad powers to control the ‘mode
and order’ of what is otherwise admissible evidence.” (citation omitted)).

                                                9
                                         No. 08-40884

the jury is forewarned that [they] are not independent                                evidence.”19
Demonstrative aids are not admitted into evidence and should not go to the jury
room absent the consent of the parties.20 And, if the jury is exposed to extrinsic
evidence, we ask whether it had a prejudicial effect on the verdict.21
       Our precedent on demonstrative aids often involves the use of a chart or
diagram.22 In the instant case, however, the parties stipulated to the use of
audio recordings as an aid for the jury to follow the recordings. Although we
have cautioned against thinking of a transcript as a mere utilitarian aid,23 this
and other circuits approve the use of such transcripts as demonstrative evidence

       19
          United States v. Taylor, 210 F.3d 311, 315 (5th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (discussing the use of charts).
       20
         Id. In contrast, Federal Rule of Evidence 1006 addresses the “summar[y of]
documents or other evidence too voluminous to present effectively and efficiently to the jury.”
United States v. Buck, 324 F.3d 786, 790 (5th Cir. 2003). When, as here, the demonstrative
aid was not offered into evidence, Rule 1006 does not govern its use at trial. See United States
v. Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d 832, 869 (5th Cir. 1998).
       21
           See United States v. Smith, 354 F.3d 390, 395–96 (5th Cir. 2003). In Smith, we
recognized the modification of the rule of United States v. Luffred, in which we had indicated
“that any intrusion on the jury, no matter how slight, creates a rebuttable presumption of
prejudice.” See Smith, 354 F.3d at 395 (citing Luffred, 911 F.2d 1011, 1014 (5th Cir. 1990)).
We emphasized that the better rule was that “‘only when the court determines that prejudice
is likely should the government be required to prove its absence.’” Id. (quoting United States
v. Sylvester, 143 F.3d 923, 934 (5th Cir. 1998)); see Dorsey v. Quarterman, 494 F.3d 527, 531
(5th Cir. 2007) (noting factors relevant to putative prejudice — “[t]he content of the extrinsic
material, the manner in which it came to the jury’s attention, and the weight of the evidence
against the defendant”).
       22
         See, e.g., Buck, 324 F.3d at 789–91 (summary diagram depicting connections between
the defendant and misapplied payments); Taylor, 210 F.3d at 314–15 (organizational chart
purporting to list the players in a drug conspiracy and their respective positions within the
hierarchy).
       23
           United States v. Onori, 535 F.2d 938, 947 (5th Cir. 1976) (“It is . . . incorrect to think
of the transcripts as simply an ‘aid’ as better lighting fixtures in the courtroom would be an
‘aid’ to the jury’s vision of witnesses and not as evidence of any kind.”). Our opinion in Onori
“established a procedure for accommodating the potential for variance in adversaries’
transcripts.” United States v. Wilson, 578 F.2d 67, 69–70 (5th Cir. 1978). The instant case is
distinguishable because Garcia did not offer his own transcript varying with that of
government.

                                                10
                                         No. 08-40884

that “like other evidence, may be admitted for a limited purpose only,”24 viz., the
limited purpose of aiding the jury in understanding the recording by identifying
the speakers or understanding portions which are difficult to hear.25
       3.       Merits
       Garcia stipulated to the admission of the government’s exhibits 1A
through 62A, the audio recordings of intercepted phone calls. He also stipulated
to the limited use of the transcripts of those calls, the government’s exhibits 1B
through 62B, “because [he] didn’t want [the prosecution] sitting here for 40 days
and 40 nights reading that stuff to [the jury].” The transcripts labeled each
speaker, identifying “Gordito” as Garcia.              Garcia agreed to the use of the
transcripts as an aid to the jury but not to their admission into evidence. He
made clear that if the jury were later to make a request related to confusion on
one of the recordings, the jury could and should listen to the tapes, i.e., “let the
tapes speak for themselves.” The court responded that “we always instruct them
in that regard.” The prosecution agreed that the “transcript is merely an aid”
and that “the best evidence is the call itself.” Accordingly, the court provided a
cautionary instruction just before the government first played the recordings,
and the court’s final jury instructions included the following:
       Certain exhibits have been identified as typewritten transcripts and
       translations from Spanish into English of the oral conversations
       which can be heard on certain tape recordings received in evidence.
       The transcripts also purport to identify the speakers engaged in


       24
          Onori, 535 F.2d at 947; see, e.g., United States v. Frazier, 194 F. App’x 694, 698 (11th
Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (unpublished and considered only persuasive authority per 11TH CIR .
R. 36-2) (noting that the district court admitted a transcript of a conversation as an aid during
playing of a tape for the jury); United States v. Olguin, 428 F.3d 727, 729–30 & n.4 (8th Cir.
2005) (same); Stringel v. Mehodist Hosp. of Ind., Inc., 89 F.3d 415, 419 (7th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he
transcript itself was only a demonstrative exhibit.”); United States v. Ramirez, 45 F.3d 1096,
1101 (7th Cir. 1995) (“[T]he transcript was simply demonstrative evidence designed to aid the
jury.”).
       25
            Wilson, 578 F.2d at 69–70.

                                               11
                                      No. 08-40884

       such conversations. I have admitted the transcripts for the limited
       and secondary purpose of aiding you in following the content of the
       conversations as you listen to the tape recording, and also to aid you
       in identifying the speakers. You are specifically instructed that
       whether the transcript correctly or incorrectly reflects the content of
       the conversation or the identity of the speakers is entirely for you to
       determine based upon your own evaluation of the testimony you’ve
       heard concerning the preparation of the transcript, and from your
       own examination of the transcript in relation to your hearing of the
       tape recording itself, which is the primary evidence of its own
       contents; and, if you should determine that the transcript is in any
       respect incorrect or unreliable, then you should disregard it to that
       extent.26

       Garcia did not object to this instruction, and initially the court did not
provide the transcripts to the jury. During its deliberations, however, the jury
sent a series of notes to the court, including Jury Notes 2, 3, and 4, which bear
on this issue.    Jury Note 2 asked for a laptop computer to listen to audio
recordings. Soon after it made arrangements to comply with this request, the
court received Jury Note 3, which asked for a copy of the complete transcript of
the recordings. Outside the presence of the jury, the court acknowledged that
the transcripts were admitted only as “aid to follow along” but ventured that any
error in granting the jury’s request “certainly . . . would be harmless error given
that they have already seen the transcript, and given the Court’s cautionary
instruction.” Garcia objected, urging that it would constitute error to allow an
item not in evidence into the jury room to be considered by the jury, given his
stipulation that the transcripts would be used solely as a demonstrative aid in
the courtroom.      The trial court then indicated that it would not send the
transcripts to the jury room and would instead bring the jury into the courtroom




       26
         (emphasis added). The court’s initial instruction was substantially similar to this
quoted final instruction.

                                            12
                                        No. 08-40884

to listen to the desired recordings while referencing the transcripts. Garcia
agreed to the court’s plan.
      Accordingly, the court prepared to implement this plan by sending a
written answer to Jury Note 3, asking the jury to specify which transcripts it
wished to review. It responded with Jury Note 4, requesting a complete copy of
the recordings that had been distributed to the jurors. At that juncture, the trial
court realized that the jury did not want the transcripts in connection with just
a small portion of the wiretap recordings; it wanted to consider the transcripts
in their entirety. Deciding that “to bring them in here and play everything over
for them and hand them the transcript seems unnecessary,” the trial court
acceded to the jury’s request to have the transcripts sent to the jury room.
Garcia objected, but the court overruled the objection.                   Before it sent the
transcripts to the jury room, however, the court had the jury brought into the
courtroom and gave an instruction similar to the two it had previously given.27




      27
           The court instructed:

      You’ve asked for twice now transcripts of the recordings. Those transcripts are
      not evidence. They were merely an aid. The evidence is the actual recording.
      That’s the evidence. What is actually recorded, the voices and what they said.
      These transcripts were admitted for your aid for the limited and secondary
      purpose of aiding you in following the content of the conversation as you
      listened to those tape recordings, and it was also to aid you in identifying the
      speakers. I’m going to give you those transcripts again with the same
      instruction which is also included in the charge that I gave you. You are
      instructed that whether the transcripts correctly or incorrectly reflects the content
      of the conversation or the identity of the speakers is entirely for you to determine
      based upon your own evaluation of the testimony you’ve heard concerning the
      preparation of the transcript and from your own examination of the transcript
      in relation to hearing the tape recordings itself, which is the primary evidence
      of its own contents. If you should decide or determine that the transcript is in
      any respect incorrect or unreliable then you should disregard the transcript to
      that extent.

(emphasis added).

                                              13
                                         No. 08-40884

       On appeal, Garcia contends that because the government’s case depended
on the jury believing that Garcia was the person speaking on the tapes, the
transcripts which labeled “Gordito” as Garcia improperly bolstered the
government’s allegation of the speaker’s identity. Garcia contends further that,
in light of his two co-defendants’ acquittals, the jury’s guilty verdict proves that
the transcripts were prejudicial.
       Even assuming arguendo that the trial court erred,28 we remain convinced
that any error was harmless. Several factors lead us to this result: (1) The
district court thrice gave the jury an appropriate instruction emphasizing that
the transcripts served only a “limited and secondary purpose” and that the jury
was to evaluate whether the transcript accurately reflected the identity of the
speakers;29 (2) Garcia challenges only the labeling of “Gordito” as Garcia, not the
accuracy or quality of the transcriptions;30 and (3) we have no doubt that the jury
was aware that it had an independent duty to decide whether Garcia was




       28
         Demonstrative aids that are not admitted into evidence should not be sent into the
jury room. See United States v. Taylor, 210 F.3d 311, 315 (5th Cir. 2000).
       29
           See United States v. Patino-Prado, 533 F.3d 304, 313 (5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam)
(“We will presume that jurors understand and follow their instructions, abandoning that
presumption only when there ‘is an overwhelming probability that the jury will be unable to
follow the instruction and there is a strong probability that the effect is devastating.’” (quoting
United States v. Barksdale-Contreras, 972 F.2d 111, 116 (5th Cir. 1992)); United States v.
Onori, 535 F.2d 938, 949 (5th Cir. 1976) (“As with other forms of potentially prejudicial
evidence, the key to protecting the defendant’s rights in this [transcripts-of-tapes] situation
lies in seeking limiting instructions.”); see also United States v. Stone, 960 F.2d 426, 438 (5th
Cir. 1992) (“[I]t was the province of the jury to decide whether the government’s transcript was
accurate, and the obligation of the defendants to raise specific challenges to the transcript
before the jury”).
       30
         Cf. Wilson, 578 F.2d at 69 (arguing that “the government’s transcript improperly
supplied otherwise unintelligible portions of the taped conversation”).

                                               14
                                            No. 08-40884

“Gordito” despite the government’s attribution of the transcribed “Gordito”
conversations to Garcia.31
       Our decision in United States v. Larson 32 provides additional support for
our conclusion that if any error was committed, it was harmless. In that case,
the trial court allowed the jury to read written transcripts of taped conversations
as they were played in court.33               The tapes were received in evidence; the
transcripts were not.34 The trial court gave cautionary instructions similar to
those given by the court in the instant case.35 The Larson court permitted access
to a transcript after the jury had retired to deliberate, and the defendant in
Larson objected, asserting that “only formally admitted ‘evidence’ may be used
for jury deliberations.”36 In rejecting that argument, we stated:
       In view of the court’s charge to the jury and the fact that the jurors
       had already read the transcript during trial, we decline to find that
       the failure to formally introduce what the trial judge referred to as
       ‘quasi-admitted’ evidence was anything other than harmless error.
       We find no prejudice arising from the jury’s brief second look at the
       transcript.




       31
           In addition to the court’s repeated cautionary instructions, Special Agent Benavides
explained on cross-examination how the agents made their decisions to add suspects’ names
to that of the aliases, i.e., it was clear that the transcript was not some court-sponsored
“official transcript.” Additionally, counsel for Garcia stressed to the jury that they should not
speculate that they had heard Garcia’s voice on the tapes. Implying that the jury should infer
that the “Gordito” of the tapes was some other “Gordito,” counsel represented that the
nickname was common — in fact, so common that “Gordito” was counsel’s own nickname.
       32
            722 F.2d 139 (5th Cir. 1983).
       33
            Id. at 144
       34
            Id.
       35
            Id. at 144 n.11, 145 n.12.
       36
            Id. at 145.

                                                15
                                       No. 08-40884

In Larson, we concluded by emphasizing that “we are in accord with the
Eleventh Circuit in . . . refus[ing] to find error in [this] use of transcripts during
jury deliberations ‘absent anything more than a presumption’ that the
transcripts were the reason for the guilty verdict and ‘a generalized claim that
the jury must have been prejudiced.’”37
       Even if we were tempted by Garcia’s argument, Larson would still weigh
against our granting relief. Any error in providing the transcripts of the phone
calls to the jury here was harmless. Garcia’s appeal on this ground fails.
                                  III. CONCLUSION
       Finding no reversible error, we AFFIRM Garcia’s conviction.




       37
         Id. (quoting United States v. Costa, 691 F.2d 1358, 1363 (11th Cir. 1982)); see also
United States v. Puerta Restrepo, 814 F.2d 1236, 1242 (7th Cir. 1987) (allowing a jury to have
transcripts in deliberations even though the identity of one of the speakers named on the
transcript was disputed).

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