
341 Mass. 652 (1961)
171 N.E.2d 478
LILLIAN J. MISHARA
vs.
CHARLES M. ALBION & another.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.
October 7, 1960.
January 11, 1961.
Present: WILKINS, C.J., SPALDING, WILLIAMS, WHITTEMORE, & CUTTER, JJ.
Norman B. Silk, (Arnold W. Hunnewell, Jr., with him,) for the defendants.
Elliott I. Mishara, for the plaintiff.
WHITTEMORE, J.
This action tried by a judge in the Superior Court without jury in June, 1959, is to recover the sum of $4,500 paid by the plaintiff on September 29, 1956, as a deposit under an agreement of purchase and sale of the premises at 789 Commonwealth Avenue, Newton, owned by the defendant Marion Albion (hereinafter, the defendant). The balance of the purchase price was to be paid *654 "when title passes by deed, said deed to be delivered on or before January 1, 1957." The agreement did not specify the title to be conveyed. The plaintiff asserts that the defendant was unable to deliver the marketable title which the agreement required. Aroian v. Fairbanks, 216 Mass. 215, 220. Grant v. Pizzano, 264 Mass. 475, 480. O'Meara v. Gleason, 246 Mass. 136, 138.
The marketability of the title depended on the effect of an administrators' deed in the chain of title, recorded on November 22, 1926, which contained a clause reading, "said conveyance being further subject to any and all easements and restrictions lawfully existing in, upon or over said land or appurtenant thereto," and did not limit the easements and restrictions to those "of record."
The judge granted a number of the plaintiff's requests for rulings, including these: "3. The evidence is not sufficient to warrant the court to find for the defendant, Marion Albion.... 18. Reference in the defendant's, Marion Albion's, chain of title that it is subject to easements and restrictions not limited to the record is an indefinite reference which creates a reasonable doubt as to questions of fact affecting the marketability of said title. 19. The reference in defendant's, Marion Albion's, chain of title that it is subject to easements and restrictions not limited to the record, is such an encumbrance by insufficiency in the records by which said title may be proven, as to be a defect.... 22. The burden of proving her title good beyond a reasonable doubt is upon the seller and such proof must be more than a preponderance of the evidence but is the same degree of proof required to convict in a criminal prosecution."
The judge found for the plaintiff for the deposit and interest.
1. The test of marketability is whether the title is good beyond a reasonable doubt. Cleval v. Sullivan, 258 Mass. 348, 351. Conley v. Finn, 171 Mass. 70, 72. Chauncey v. Leominster, 172 Mass. 340, 346. Sullivan v. F.E. Atteaux & Co. Inc. 284 Mass. 515, 520. Oliver v. Poulos, 312 Mass. 188, 191-192. The doubt is "such as would cause a prudent *655 man to pause and hesitate before investing his money." First African Methodist Episcopal Soc. v. Brown, 147 Mass. 296, 298. The title must be "free from obvious defects, and substantial doubts." O'Meara v. Gleason, 246 Mass. 136, 138. But a mere possibility of a defect in title will not relieve the purchaser from liability under his contract. Ryder v. Garden Estates, Inc. 329 Mass. 10, 12, and cases cited.
The statute which in 1959 ended the doubts as to indefinite references (St. 1959, c. 294, § 1, inserting G.L.c. 184, § 25) impliedly confirms, in clause (1), that doubts had been raised by "a recital indicating directly or by implication that real estate may be subject to restrictions, easements, mortgages, encumbrances or other interests not created by instruments recorded in due course." See Swaim, Crocker's Notes on Common Forms (7th ed.) p. 596; 34th Report of the Judicial Council (1958), Pub. Doc. 144, pp. 27-33; Simes and Taylor, Improvement of Conveyancing by Legislation, Title 9, p. 101.
"The question, whether the defendant's title was clear ... was one of fact, ... with the burden upon the plaintiff to prove that the defendant's title was not good beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the defendant did not have a marketable title." Cleval v. Sullivan, 258 Mass. 348, 351. This being a usual civil case, the state of the title (good or not good beyond a reasonable doubt) is to be proved by the preponderance of the evidence. There is no basis for requiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt, as in a criminal prosecution. Roberge v. Burnham, 124 Mass. 277, 278. Grella v. Lewis Wharf Co. 211 Mass. 54, 59. Both of the propositions stated in Ruling 22 were therefore in error. Although in most actions to recover the deposit an indefinite reference in the record will cast on the seller, as the defendant, the burden of going forward with evidence, and this evidence will often take the form of a specific negation of the existence of the interest referred to (see Sullivan v. F.E. Atteaux & Co. Inc. 284 Mass. 515; Davis, Conveyancers' Handbook, § 135), that does not shift the burden of proof. *656 Whether the burden has been sustained is of course to be determined on all the evidence.
2. Ruling 3 ("The evidence is not sufficient to warrant the court to find for the defendant") was also in error, for although the evidence did not require a finding that the plaintiff had failed to prove her case, it permitted such a finding. See First African Methodist Episcopal Soc. v. Brown, 147 Mass. 296, 298; Shanahan v. Chandler, 218 Mass. 441, 443-444; Ryder v. Garden Estates, Inc., 329 Mass. 10, 12.
The title had been examined in December, 1956, and reported on to the defendants, by a competent and experienced firm of attorneys who specialize in conveyancing. A partner in that firm was called by the plaintiff. When he began his testimony he was unaware of the title examination by his firm. Testifying without the benefit thereof, he stated, subject to the exception of the defendant, the opinion that in 1956 there would be a conveyancing risk in passing the title unless the effect of the deed was overcome by substantial other evidence of record, such as affidavits. "There would be a substantial number of conveyancers in the bar at present who wouldn't pass it." Later the attorney testified that he had found the title opinion letter of January 11, 1957. He then gave as his opinion in respect of the title that set out in the letter, as follows: "[O]n December 17, 1956, Marion Albion had a sufficient and satisfactory record title ... subject as follows.... It is to be noted [in connection with the indefinite reference] that the conveyance was not made subject to any and all easements and restrictions of record. During the period of our examination we, in fact, found no easements or restrictions of record, at the time said deed was recorded, except certain restrictions imposed in 1923 which have expired in 1953. The likelihood of said administrators having created easements or restrictions affecting said premises by an instrument which for over thirty years has remained unrecorded is in our opinion extremely remote."[1]*657 The attorney further testified that whether he would require other evidence to explain the lack of the words "of record" would depend on the purposes for which he was passing on the title, and whether he would submit other evidence to explain away this deficiency would depend on circumstances. "[A]s was stated in my opinion which I just gave, I would have to point out the risk that would be inherent in accepting such a title." He was not prepared to give an opinion whether under the "rather unusual form of agreement" it would be a good or marketable title.[1a]
There was also evidence that the defendant had purchased the house in 1938, and lived there continuously until 1958 and to the best of her knowledge and belief nobody had any rights of way over the property nor had any easements been granted or restrictions placed on the property when she owned it. The deed to her and two intervening deeds, after the 1926 deed, referred to easements and restrictions of record. The 1926 administrators' deed recited that their intestate had taken title to the property by deed dated July 1, 1924.
On this evidence the judge could have concluded that the likelihood of anyone having an easement or the benefit of a restriction by unrecorded deed was remote, and that the possibility was not such that a willing buyer would surely be so advised that he would not take the title. If the administrators, being fiduciaries, had created any easements or restrictions or had knowledge of any created by anyone there was a probability that they would have made express reference thereto. The judge could have given some weight to this as well as to the unlikelihood that the administrators would have created any such. It was not conclusive for the plaintiff that twenty years or more of adverse possession (G.L.c. 260, § 21) was not proved.
We assume that the rule is the same for purposes of a suit to recover a deposit as for a suit for specific performance, *658 that is, that the buyer cannot be required to acquire a probable law suit. Hunting v. Damon, 160 Mass. 441, 444. Jeffries v. Jeffries, 117 Mass. 184, 187. Compare Chesman v. Cummings, 142 Mass. 65, 67 (a title is not doubtful if the question is of law only; the court will decide such an issue). Nevertheless it was not without relevance to the issue of a title good beyond a reasonable doubt that there is support in our decisions for the view that the particular indefinite reference cast no cloud on the title. See point 3.
3. Such an indefinite reference as that in the 1926 deed as a matter of law may not have been a cloud on the title. Dow v. Whitney, 147 Mass. 1, established that a deed of "all the interest" of the grantor in specifically described land is good against an unrecorded deed notwithstanding the possible implication that the interest is less than full fee, and the words "all the land conveyed to me by ... [other deeds of a larger tract] except such portions thereof as I have heretofore sold" do not limit the prior granting clause of the specific parcel. In Norman v. Towne, 130 Mass. 52, 54, it was contended that the recital in a deed, that it was given in consideration of $1 and other valuable considerations, was at least constructive notice that the conveying trustee received no money, and hence conveyed in violation of his trust. The court said, "although the fact ... may be competent, in connection with other evidence, to show that the purchaser was by all the circumstances put upon inquiry, and therefore is chargeable with constructive notice, yet the recital alone is plainly not enough to raise in law a conclusive presumption of notice.... It is said that the recital in a deed of a fact which may or may not, according to circumstances, be held to amount to fraud, will not affect a purchaser for valuable consideration denying actual notice of the fraud. Sugd. Vend. & Purch. (14th ed.) 546. Jones v. Smith, 1 Hare, 43." In Swasey v. Emerson, 168 Mass. 118, 120, Holmes, J., speaking of the possibility that notice of a trust might result from knowledge of the circumstances of outstanding *659 mortgages and the possibility that the mortgagee might have assigned only the notes, said: "Every grantee of land has notice that there may be a trust outstanding, but he is not called on to inquire about it unless he has notice that there is one"; also: "When the title to land is dealt with, the intent of the registry laws is that purchasers should not be required to look beyond the registry of deeds further than is absolutely necessary."
The form of the original recording acts and their intent against giving an effect to indefinite references are noted in 34th Report of the Judicial Council (1958), Pub. Doc. 144, pp. 27-32.
The cases establishing that notice of a trust is given by the word "trustee" in a deed or stock certificate are distinguishable; the implication is of an existing trust. Sturtevant v. Jaques, 14 Allen, 523, 526. Shaw v. Spencer, 100 Mass. 382, 389. Loring v. Salisbury Mills, 125 Mass. 138, 151. Smith v. Burgess, 133 Mass. 511, 513. Bancroft v. Russell, 157 Mass. 47, 49-50. Blunt v. Taylor, 230 Mass. 303, 305. See Cleval v. Sullivan, 258 Mass. 348, 352.
Adams v. Cuddy, 13 Pick. 460, 463, is also distinguishable; it holds that a recorded deed of "all the right and title to the land I have in South Boston" conveys only what the grantor has received and not parted with, so that a prior unrecorded deed of a specific parcel takes precedence over the recorded deed. Accord, Butrick, petitioner, 185 Mass. 107, 112.
With the benefit of the title deeds, it is reasonable to conclude that the administrators, with knowledge of the restrictions imposed in 1923, intended only to refer to restrictions and easements of record. Thus the implied representation of the 1926 deed is not necessarily that there are any unrecorded restrictions. It is not logically necessary therefore in giving effect to matters of record to give an effect beyond the record to the indefinite reference in the administrators' deed. 34th Report of the Judicial Council (1958), Pub. Doc. 144, pp. 27-32, and texts cited. We do not decide the issue particularly in view of G.L.c. 184, § 25, *660 inserted in 1959. See Hunting v. Damon, 160 Mass. 441, 444. But compare Jeffries v. Jeffries, 117 Mass. 184, 186-187. As noted, however, the legal standing of the reference as a could was relevant to the factual issue before the judge.
4. The judge was not required to find that the plaintiff had waived her right to object to the title by an unqualified refusal to accept the deed and it was not error to rule that there was no waiver. There was testimony that the defendant on December 10, 1956, received a letter from the plaintiff's attorney which claimed that there were several defects of a serious nature in the title and requested that the deposit be returned; also that the defendant was aware that after December 10 an attorney who had represented her in 1938 when she bought the house but did not represent her in 1956 went to the office of the plaintiff's attorney and took some sheets of paper from the title abstract although this was without her authorization. "At that time" the plaintiff's attorney also received a call from the defendant's 1956 attorney. The judge could have inferred that the defendant had notice of the specific defect relied on and that, by the letter from the defendant's attorney of December 28 which referred to the title examination by the conveyancing firm (see point 2 above), the defendant elected to stand on the title. The plaintiff's response of December 28 stated that the plaintiff's attorney disagreed with the view of marketability of the title. Thus the issue was drawn which this action was brought to resolve. Compare Sullivan v. F.E. Atteaux & Co. Inc. 284 Mass. 515, 521; Close v. Martin, 208 Mass. 236, 241.
5. There was no reversible error in the exclusion of the letter from the defendant's attorney of December 26, 1956, in which the attorney asserted that the plaintiff's attorney had by telephone said that the plaintiff no longer had use for the property and would seek possible defects as an excuse for nonperformance. This letter was sent in the course of an exchange of letters, some of which were in evidence, and the self serving statements were admissible in the discretion of the judge. Horowitz v. S. Slater & *661 Sons, Inc. 265 Mass. 143, 150-151. Bouchard v. Bouchard, 313 Mass. 531, 536-537. Contrast Kumin v. Fine, 229 Mass. 75, 76-77; Leach & Co. Inc. v. Peirson, 275 U.S. 120, 128. That part of the letter which gave notice of a proposed tender of the deed was admissible. If the judge determined that the self serving statements were not to be admitted the proper course would have been to admit the letter and limit its effect. Bouchard v. Bouchard, supra. The notice was, however, in substance duplicated in another letter to the plaintiff, and the defendant was not prejudiced by the exclusion.
6. For the reasons stated in points 1 and 2, supra, the exceptions must be sustained.
Exceptions sustained.
NOTES
[1]  The witness added that the title was also subject to two other matters "which are immaterial for present purposes."
[1a]  The judge stated that the conclusion of law whether a purchaser must take such a title was for the court. See Luce v. Parsons, 192 Mass. 8, 12-13. As to the relevance of the attorney's testimony on the factual issue of a conveyancing risk, see 90 A.L.R. 614-616.
