                 United States Court of fAppeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 14-3160
                        ___________________________

                                     Shawn Olson

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

                                       Push, Inc.

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                   ____________

                               Submitted: July 1, 2015
                              Filed: February 22, 2016
                                   [Unpublished]
                                   ____________

Before SHEPHERD, BYE, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

PER CURIAM.

       In this action that was removed based on diversity jurisdiction, Minnesota
resident Shawn Olson appeals the dismissal of his complaint under Minnesota law
against Push, Inc. (Push), a Wisconsin corporation. Upon careful review, and for the
reasons set forth below, we reverse the dismissal, and we remand the case to the
district court for further proceedings.
       In February 2014, a Push representative called Olson and offered him a job
with Push in West Virginia, which he accepted. Olson underwent a pre-employment
drug test at a clinic in Minnesota, and started working for Push in West Virginia three
days later. When the drug test came back as “diluted” five days later, Push treated it
as a positive result, and terminated Olson’s employment.

       Olson initially brought this action in Minnesota state court, alleging that Push
had violated a provision of the Minnesota Drug and Alcohol Testing in the
Workplace Act (DATWA), Minn. Stat. § 181.950 et seq. As relevant, DATWA
prohibits an employer from terminating an employee based on a first positive result
of an employer-requested drug or alcohol test, unless the employer has first verified
the result by a confirmatory test, and given the employee an opportunity to participate
in a counseling or rehabilitation program. See id. § 181.953 subdiv. 10. DATWA
defines “employer” as “a person or entity located or doing business in [Minnesota]
and having one or more employees.” See id. § 181.950 subdiv. 7. “Employee” is
defined as “a person . . . who performs services for compensation, in whatever form,
for an employer.” See id. § 181.950 subdiv. 6.

       After Push removed the action based on diversity jurisdiction, the district court
dismissed Olson’s complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted. More specifically, although Push conceded that it did business in Minnesota,
the district court interpreted “doing business,” as used in DATWA, to include only
“relevant business--namely, the employment for which [the entity] is conducting drug
testing,” and concluded that “doing business” should not be construed as a “broad,
stand-alone qualification that applies to any employer who conducts any amount of
business in Minnesota, regardless of where the employment is taking place.” The
district court also found that construing DATWA to apply to Olson’s out-of-state
employment would invite absurd or unjust results in light of other requirements
DATWA imposes on employers. The district court thus concluded that DATWA did
not apply to Push as an employer, under the facts of this case.

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       We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to
state a claim, as well as its interpretation and application of state law. See Levy v.
Ohl, 477 F.3d 988, 991 (8th Cir. 2007); see also Nolles v. State Comm. for
Reorganization of Sch. Dists., 524 F.3d 892, 901 (8th Cir. 2008). We look to
Minnesota law to decide the merits of this diversity case, see Erie R.R. v. Tompkins,
304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938), and because this case presents a matter of first impression,
we must predict, to the best of our ability, how the Supreme Court of Minnesota
would decide the case, see Sloan v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 368 F.3d 853, 856 (8th
Cir. 2004). In so doing, we consider relevant state precedent, analogous decisions,
considered dicta, and any other reliable data; and we are bound by Minnesota’s rules
of statutory construction. See HOK Sport, Inc. v. FC Des Moines, L.C., 495 F.3d
927, 935 (8th Cir. 2007); Gershman v. Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, PA, 251 F.3d 1159,
1162 (8th Cir. 2001). In Minnesota, the goal of statutory interpretation is “to
ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature.” See Minn. Stat. § 645.16.

       “[W]hen the legislature’s intent is clear from plain and unambiguous statutory
language, [the Supreme Court of Minnesota] ‘does not engage in any further
construction and instead looks to the plain meaning of the statutory language.’” State
v. Bluhm, 676 N.W.2d 649, 651 (Minn. 2004) (quoting State v. Wukawitz, 662
N.W.2d 517, 525 (Minn. 2003)); see also Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (“[W]hen the words
of a law in their application to an existing situation are clear and free from all
ambiguity, the letter of the law shall not be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing
the spirit.”). A Minnesota statute is ambiguous only when “the language therein is
subject to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Amaral v. Saint Cloud Hosp.,
598 N.W.2d 379, 384 (Minn. 1999). We conclude that DATWA’s broad definition
of “employer” clearly and unambiguously includes all entities “doing business in”
Minnesota, and that Push, which conceded that it does business in Minnesota, falls
within that definition. See Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (statutory definitions are to be
given controlling effect, unless their observance would involve construction
inconsistent with manifest intent of legislature, or repugnant to context of statute).

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DATWA contains no language limiting its application only to drug testing of those
employees whose employment is directly related to an employer’s Minnesota business
activities; rather, the legislature drafted DATWA broadly to encompass all employers
that are located in Minnesota, and all employers that conduct business in Minnesota.
We also note that the Supreme Court of Minnesota would not read into a statute a
requirement that the legislature has purposely or inadvertently omitted; thus, contrary
to the district court’s interpretation, we decline to read into DATWA’s statutory
definition of “employer” a requirement that there be a nexus between the drug testing
and “relevant business.” See Premier Bank v. Becker Dev., LLC, 785 N.W.2d 753,
760 (Minn. 2010) (Minnesota rules of statutory construction “forbid adding words or
meaning to a statute” that legislature purposely omitted or inadvertently overlooked,
unless legislature’s silence on topic causes ambiguity); cf. Hertz Corp. v. State Farm
Mut. Ins. Co., 573 N.W.2d 686, 689 (Minn. 1998) (rejecting proposed interpretation
that would have created practical exception to broad statutory mandate because, inter
alia, exception was nowhere evident in statutory language). We further note that
DATWA is remedial in nature, which warrants a liberal construction in favor of the
remedies the statute provides. Cf. Hansen v. Robert Half Int’l, Inc., 813 N.W.2d 906,
916 (Minn. 2012) (statutes which are remedial in nature are generally entitled to
liberal construction, in favor of remedy provided by law, or in favor of those entitled
to benefits of statute).

       A comparative review of other Minnesota employee-protection statutes
supports our conclusion. See Minn. Stat. § 645.16(5) (intention of legislature may
be ascertained by considering, inter alia, “other laws upon the same or similar
subjects”); Harris v. Cnty. of Hennepin, 679 N.W.2d 728, 732 (Minn. 2004)
(Minnesota statutes should be read as a whole with other statutes addressing the same
subject). As previously indicated, the legislature did not limit DATWA’s statutory
definition of “employer,” except to require that the employer be located in, or that it
conduct business in, the State of Minnesota. By contrast, in legislation providing
employees the right to review and dispute their personnel records, the Minnesota

                                         -4-
legislature defined “employee” as “a person who performs services for hire for an
employer, provided that the services have been performed predominately within
[Minnesota],” see Minn. Stat. § 181.960 subdiv. 2; in the Minnesota Genetic Testing
in Employment Act, the legislature defined “employer” as “any person having one or
more employees in Minnesota,” and “employee” as “a person who performs services
for hire in Minnesota for an employer,” see Minn. Stat. § 181.974 subdiv. 1; and in
the Minnesota Human Rights Act, the legislature defined “employee” as “an
individual who is employed by an employer and who resides or works in
[Minnesota],” see Minn. Stat. § 363A.03 subdiv. 15. The Minnesota legislature has
thus demonstrated that it knows how to use qualifying language to define terms such
as “employer” and “employee” narrowly. It has also shown that it knows how to
distinguish between classes of employers and employees based on an express,
statutorily defined relationship, or lack thereof, between the relevant employment and
the employer’s Minnesota business activities. See City of Brainerd v. Brainerd Invs.
P’ship, 827 N.W.2d 752, 756 (Minn. 2013) (inclusion of language in one statute may
demonstrate opposite intent in other statutes wherein legislature could have, but did
not, include same language); cf. State v. Wenthe, No. A12-0263, 2015 WL 3875366,
at *9 (Minn. June 24, 2015) (it is inappropriate to assume that legislature intended
scope of statute to be coextensive with other statutes that contain different language).

       In addition, contrary to the district court’s reasoning, we do not agree that
interpreting “employer” in the broad manner that the plain language suggests would
lead to absurd or unjust results. On the contrary, a broad construction of “employer”
is eminently compatible with DATWA’s purpose, which is to provide employees
additional protections in relation to employer-requested drug and alcohol testing. See
Minn. Stat. § 181.955 (DATWA sets forth minimum standards and requirements for
employee protection relating to employment-related drug testing); see also Rohmiller
v. Hart, 811 N.W.2d 585, 591 (Minn. 2012) (indicating Minnesota Supreme Court’s
reluctance to look past clear and unambiguous plain language of statute to avoid
absurd result; court will do so “only when the plain meaning of a statute ‘utterly

                                          -5-
confounds a clear legislative purpose’” (quoting Toth v. Arason, 722 N.W.2d 437,
442 (Minn. 2006))).

       Finally, we are mindful that DATWA’s broad definition of “employer” is
constrained by the bounds of due process. In order for a state’s substantive law to be
constitutionally applied in a particular case, the state must have a significant contact
or a significant aggregation of contacts with the parties or the underlying facts giving
rise to the litigation, creating a state interest, such that the application of its law is
neither arbitrary nor fundamentally unfair. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hague, 449 U.S.
302, 307-314 (1981); cf. Alaska Packers Ass’n v. Indus. Accident Comm’n of Cal.,
294 U.S. 532, 539-43 (1935). Nevertheless, where a state’s contacts with the parties
or the transaction satisfy the “significant contacts” test for personal jurisdiction, no
party may reasonably expect that the state’s law cannot control the case, and the
state’s power to apply its law is “unquestionable.” See McCluney v. Joseph Schlitz
Brewing Co., 649 F.2d 578, 580-82 (8th Cir. 1981). We conclude that DATWA can
be applied to the facts of this case consistently with due process concerns: Push did
business in Minnesota, hired a Minnesota resident, and permitted that Minnesota
resident’s pre-employment drug test to be conducted in Minnesota. Cf. Houle v.
Stearns-Rogers Mfg. Co., 157 N.W.2d 362, 366-67 (Minn. 1968) (endorsing case-by-
case analysis for whether Minnesota had sufficient legitimate governmental interest
to apply Minnesota statute). We also conclude that Olson’s claim is not precluded
based upon the presumption against extra-territorial application of Minnesota statutes
or the dormant commerce clause. See Cotto Waxo Co. v. Williams, 46 F.3d 790, 793-
94 (8th Cir. 1995).

     For these reasons, we reverse the dismissal of Olson’s DATWA claim, and we
remand this case to the district court for further proceedings.
                       ______________________________




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