                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



MARK STIEVE and DENISE STIEVE,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    March 9, 2017
               Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                                   No. 329591
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF DEARBORN, DEARBORN POLICE                                   LC No. 13-014500-NI
DEPARTMENT and KYLE BOWEN, also known
as KYLE BOWMAN,

               Defendants-Appellants.


Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and MURRAY and FORT HOOD, JJ.

MURRAY, J., (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

        The majority opinion concludes that defendant City’s motion for summary disposition
was properly denied because there was a genuine issue of material fact on whether the City was
liable for plaintiff’s injuries under the motor vehicle exception to the Governmental Tort
Liability Act, MCL 691.1405. It similarly concludes that a genuine issue of material fact exists
as to whether Officer Bowen was grossly negligent and therefore not entitled to governmental
immunity under MCL 691.1407. I agree with sections I, II and IIIC of the majority opinion, and
with parts of IIIA. However, I disagree with the conclusion in part IIIB that there is a genuine
issue of material fact regarding whether Officer Bowen was grossly negligent. My
disagreements with the majority opinion are briefly discussed below.

        First, I agree that there is a genuine issue of material fact on whether the City is liable
under the motor vehicle exception to governmental immunity, but I do not agree that one factor
for the jury to consider is whether “Bowen was reasonably responding to the call from dispatch.”
According to Supreme Court precedent, Bowen’s decision to deem the dispatch call an
emergency situation cannot be a basis upon which to impose liability against the City under the
motor vehicle exception. In Robinson v City of Detroit, 462 Mich 439, 457; 613 NW2d 307
(2000), the Court held that “the decision to pursue a fleeing motorist, which is separate from the
operation of the vehicle itself, is not encompassed within a narrow construction of the phrase
‘operation of a motor vehicle.’ ” The same holds true with respect to Officer Bowen’s decision
to deem the dispatch call an emergency situation requiring an immediate response. But even
taking that factor out of consideration, I nevertheless conclude that there remains a genuine issue
of material fact whether the City is liable under the motor vehicle exception for the reasons set
forth in the remaining portions of part IIIA of the majority opinion.

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         Second, I disagree with the majority opinion’s conclusion that a genuine issue of material
fact exists regarding whether Officer Bowen’s conduct amounted to gross negligence as defined
by MCL 691.1407. As the majority notes, gross negligence is defined as “conduct so reckless as
to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.”                   MCL
691.1407(2)(c). Evidence of ordinary negligence, such as the negligence required to establish
liability under the motor vehicle exception, does not create a genuine issue of material fact as to
gross negligence. See Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 122-123; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).
Instead, a plaintiff must establish facts showing that Officer Bowen’s conduct evidenced “a
wilful disregard for safety measure and a singular disregard for substantial risk.” Oliver v Smith,
290 Mich App 678, 685; 810 NW2d 57 (2010). And, importantly for purposes of this case, the
violation of a statutorily imposed duty typically only constitutes ordinary negligence, not gross
negligence. Poppen v Tobey, 256 Mich App 351, 358; 664 NW2d 268 (2003). Applying this
difficult standard, nothing in the record establishes a genuine issue of material fact as to whether
Officer Bowen’s conduct amounted to a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.
Even if a reasonable juror could conclude that a violation of the state’s safety statutes occurred in
this case, that would be insufficient to establish gross negligence. Poppen, 256 Mich App at 358.
And, there is no evidence countering the police officers’ testimony as to the reasonableness of
considering the dispatch call an emergency situation, as the call referenced an individual with a
handgun addressing two unarmed females in a public street. In addition, it is undisputed that the
emergency run occurred in the middle of a bright day with dry driving conditions. Though these
facts in conjunction with the conflicting evidence of the speed and whether the lights or siren
were properly activated, could allow a reasonable jury to conclude negligence may have
occurred in the operation of the vehicle, no reasonable juror could conclude Officer Bowen acted
with a wilful disregard for safety measures or a singular disregard for a substantial risk. As a
result, I would reverse the trial court’s order denying Officer Bowen’s motion for summary
disposition.



                                                              /s/ Christopher M. Murray




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