                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   _____________

                                    No. 97-2387
                                   _____________

In Re: David R. Swimmer,                      *
                                              *
                Debtor.                       *
                                              *
---------------------------------------       *
                                              *
David R. Swimmer,                             * Appeal from the United States
                                              * District Court for the Eastern
                Plaintiff - Appellant,        * District of Missouri.
                                              *
        v.                                    * [UNPUBLISHED]
                                              *
Catherine V. Manzonelli,                      *
                                              *
                Defendant - Appellee.         *
                                        _____________

                                 Submitted: January 14, 1998
                                     Filed: August 13, 1998
                                  _____________

Before LOKEN, FLOYD R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                          _____________

PER CURIAM.

      In this case, the bankruptcy court entered a judgment against appellant David R.
Swimmer awarding Catherine Manzonelli and her minor children, Brandon and
Alexandra Manzonelli, $21,592.18 in compensatory damages and $30,000 in punitive
damages. The bankruptcy court also ruled that Swimmer's debt to the Manzonellis was
nondischargeable. See 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) and (4) (1994). The district court
affirmed the bankruptcy court's judgment. Swimmer appeals, and we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

        On October 8, 1991, Manzonelli contacted Swimmer, a licensed Missouri
attorney, to represent her in a wrongful death action arising out of the July 1991 death
of her husband. Swimmer agreed to represent Manzonelli in the wrongful death action
and also agreed to assist her in obtaining disputed life insurance proceeds relating to
her husband's death. Manzonelli signed an Attorney's Employment Contract, which
summarized the services Swimmer would provide. Sometime after Manzonelli signed
the contract, Swimmer unilaterally altered the contract in an attempt to collect attorneys
fees from all life insurance proceeds, rather than from only the policies which were in
dispute. Swimmer subsequently filed an attorney's lien on all life insurance proceeds,
some of which were undisputed and were to be paid to the benefit of the children.

       Manzonelli did not learn of the modified contract until she received a copy from
the insurance company. Swimmer refused Manzonelli's requests to release his liens on
the insurance policies. Swimmer contends that he agreed to release the lien in April of
1992, and then again in September 1992, but only in exchange for expenses incurred
in the representation. Manzonelli apparently refused these offers.

        On November 9, 1992, Swimmer filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. On
December 10, 1992, the bankruptcy court dismissed Swimmer's case, and Manzonelli,
as a listed creditor, received notice of that dismissal. Swimmer successfully moved the
bankruptcy court to reopen his Chapter 7 proceedings, but failed to notify all creditors
and interested parties of the reopened proceeding, despite an order of the bankruptcy
court that he do so.




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       After learning that the bankruptcy proceeding had been reopened, Manzonelli
filed an adversary complaint seeking a judgment requiring Swimmer to release his liens
and a determination that any damages Swimmer owed to her were nondischargeable.
Swimmer filed an answer on July 13, 1993. The court mailed a summons and notice
of a pretrial conference set for July 22, 1993 to Swimmer and his attorney at their
shared Clayton law office. However, neither Swimmer nor his attorney appeared at the
pretrial conference.

       Manzonelli requested a default order from the court. The court, under the
mistaken belief that Swimmer had not filed an answer, granted the default judgment.
When the court notified Swimmer of the default judgment, he filed a motion for
reconsideration. On August 18, 1993, upon recognizing that Swimmer had filed an
answer, the bankruptcy court set aside the default order. On the same day, the court
entered an order scheduling pretrial deadlines and setting trial for November 15, 1993.
These orders were mailed to Swimmer and his attorney at their shared office.

       On November 15, neither Swimmer nor his attorney appeared for trial. The
court, sitting without a jury, declined to enter a default judgment because Swimmer had
filed an answer. The court received evidence from Manzonelli, which included
testimony and documentary evidence. The court found that Swimmer's actions were
willful and malicious and ordered compensatory damages in the amount of $21,592.18,
in addition to four percent interest on the life insurance proceeds from February 20,
1992, until the date Swimmer released the liens on said proceeds. The bankruptcy
court also awarded punitive damages totaling $30,000. The court made these awards
nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) and (a)(4).

      The court mailed the judgment to Swimmer and his attorney at their law office
on May 13, 1996. Swimmer, through new counsel, filed a motion for reconsideration
on May 23, 1996, which was denied. In support of his motion, both Swimmer and his
former counsel submitted affidavits stating that they had not received notice of the

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November 15, 1993 trial date. The bankruptcy court1 denied Swimmer's motion for
reconsideration. Swimmer appealed to the district court,2 which affirmed the
bankruptcy court's judgment. Swimmer now appeals to this court, and we affirm.

II.   DISCUSSION

       We apply the same standards of review to the bankruptcy court's orders as the
district court. We review findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law de
novo. See Wegner v. Grunewaldt, 821 F.2d 1317, 1320 (8th Cir. 1987).

       Swimmer contends that the bankruptcy court erred in refusing to set aside the
"default" judgment because he did not receive three days' written notice before the
hearing, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2), and because he set forth good and meritorious
defenses in his motion for reconsideration, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(c). However, the
bankruptcy court did not enter a default judgment against Swimmer. Rather, the court
entered a judgment in favor of Manzonelli following a trial on the merits. The
bankruptcy judge specifically stated that Swimmer was "not in a default posture
because he did file an answer." Swimmer's App. at 86-87. Because the bankruptcy
court did not enter a default judgment, Swimmer's Rule 55 arguments are without merit.

       Swimmer claims that the bankruptcy court should have set aside the judgment
because Swimmer did not receive notice of the November 15, 1993 trial date.
Swimmer filed affidavits to establish that he did not receive such notice. We conclude
that the bankruptcy judge did not clearly err by refusing to credit Swimmer's affidavits.
The bankruptcy judge's docket sheet demonstrates that Swimmer had a history of



      1
        The HONORABLE DAVID P. McDONALD, United States Bankruptcy Judge
for the Eastern District of Missouri.
      2
       The HONORABLE CATHERINE D. PERRY, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of Missouri.

                                          -4-
disregarding court-ordered deadlines and delaying proceedings. Throughout the early
years of these proceedings, up to and including the trial date, Swimmer had been served
at the same address, his office at 7777 Bonhomme Avenue in Clayton, Missouri, which
was also the address of his attorney. Swimmer admits that he received some notices
at this address but claims he did not receive others. Swimmer claims that he did not
receive the notice setting the trial date, but fails to explain how he became aware of the
outcome of the motion to set aside default, which was mailed the same day. The
bankruptcy judge's finding that Swimmer's and his counsel's affidavits were not credible
is fully supported by the evidence and is not clearly erroneous.

       Swimmer also argues that the bankruptcy court's award of punitive damages in
favor of Brandon and Alexandria Manzonelli was in error because neither of the
children were named parties in the dispute. We do not address the merits of this
argument because Swimmer did not properly raise the argument in the bankruptcy
court. See Exec Tech Partners v. Resolution Trust Corp. (In re: Exec Tech Partners),
107 F.3d 677, 681 (8th Cir. 1997). Furthermore, Swimmer has abandoned this issue
because he has not conformed with the appropriate briefing standards. See Fed. R.
App. P. 28(a)(6) ("The argument must contain the contentions of the appellant on the
issues presented, and the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and
parts of the record relied on."); United States v. Gonzalez, 90 F.3d 1363, 1369-70 (8th
Cir. 1996).

      Finally, Swimmer contends that the record as a whole does not support an award
of punitive damages or a determination that his debts to the Manzonellis are
nondischargeable. We disagree. The bankruptcy court correctly determined that
Swimmer's conduct justified an award of punitive damages under Missouri law and a
determination that his debts were nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).3



       3
       Because we conclude that Swimmer's debts are nondischargeable under section
523(a)(4), we do not discuss nondischargeability under section 523(a)(2).

                                            -5-
       Under Missouri law, "'[p]unitive damages may be awarded for conduct that is
outrageous, because of the defendant's evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights
of others.'" Burnett v. Griffith, 769 S.W.2d 780, 789 (Mo. 1989) (quoting Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 908(2) (1979)). We agree with the bankruptcy court's conclusion
that Swimmer's conduct rose to a level which justified an award of punitive damages.
Swimmer, who had been hired by Manzonelli to represent her best interests,
unilaterally altered his Attorney Employment Contract to increase the payment he
would receive. Following this inappropriate action, Swimmer refused to release his ill-
begotten liens on the undisputed insurance policies. Thus, the award of punitive
damages was appropriate under Missouri law.

      We also conclude that the bankruptcy court properly determined that Swimmer's
debts to the Manzonellis were nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).
Swimmer, as Manzonelli's attorney, was acting in a fiduciary capacity. See Tudor
Oaks Ltd. Partnership v. Cochrane (In re: Cochrane), 124 F.3d 978, 984 (8th Cir.
1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 1044 (1998). Swimmer's actions of altering the contract
and placing a lien on all of the undisputed insurance proceeds payable to Manzonelli
and her children was sufficient to establish fraud or defalcation under 11 U.S.C. §
523(a)(4). See id.

III.   CONCLUSION

     For the reasons set forth in the above opinion, we affirm the bankruptcy court's
judgment.

       A true copy.

             Attest:

                      CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.


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