      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        ON REHEARING



                                      NO. 03-13-00762-CV



                                  Fakhrealam Atiq, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                CoTechno Group, Inc., Appellee


      FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
           NO. 11-1626, HONORABLE R. BRUCE BOYER, JUDGE PRESIDING



                            MEMORANDUM OPINION


               We withdraw the opinion and judgment dated July 9, 2015, and substitute the

following opinion and judgment in their place.

               After Fiberex Corporation sued CoTechno Group, Inc. for claims arising from

a contract dispute, CoTechno filed a third-party petition against one of Fiberex’s officers,

Fakhrealam Atiq, a Canadian resident. Atiq then filed a special appearance, which the trial court

denied. In this interlocutory appeal, Atiq contends that the trial court erred in denying his special

appearance because, according to Atiq, any and all actions he took were solely in his capacity as

a corporate officer. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(7); Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a. We

conclude that the undisputed allegations and the evidence before us are insufficient to support
personal jurisdiction over Atiq in his individual capacity. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s order

and render judgment dismissing CoTechno’s claims against Atiq for want of personal jurisdiction.


                                           BACKGROUND

                Atiq, a Canadian citizen residing in Edmonton, Alberta, is chairman and CEO of

Fiberex, a Canadian corporation. According to Atiq, Fiberex “primarily offers goods and services

related to the manufacture and marketing of glass fiber reinforcements for composites.” Historically,

Fiberex supplied its product to CoTechno, a manufacturer of glass fiber woven products with

facilities located in San Marcos, Texas.

                In August 2009, a dispute arose over a certain shipment of materials to CoTechno

from Fiberex. In short, CoTechno claimed that Fiberex had provided defective materials, and Fiberex

claimed that CoTechno owed $360,000 for its purchase of the materials. Ultimately, in an effort to

settle their dispute, the companies entered into a Future Business Agreement. In part, the Agreement

provided that (1) a new entity, C-Fabrics, would initially serve as a wholly owned subsidiary of

Fiberex; (2) CoTechno would channel some of its business through C-Fabrics; and (3) a portion of

C-Fabric’s revenue would be devoted to paying down the “debt” claimed by Fiberex, in an amount

negotiated by the parties. Finally, the companies agreed that once the debt was satisfied, ownership

of C-Fabrics would be transferred to CoTechno for $1.

                The companies operated under the Agreement for several years, and the negotiated

debt amount was eventually paid off. On August 16, 2011, Fiberex sent written notice of its




                                                   2
intention to terminate the Future Business Agreement.1 Fiberex then filed suit in Hays County,

Texas, claiming ownership of certain property—inventory, materials, and leased equipment—located

at CoTechno’s warehouse and obtained a temporary restraining order allowing Fiberex to remove

the property from the facility without interference from CoTechno. In response, CoTechno filed

counterclaims against Fiberex and later a third-party petition, joining Atiq as a third-party defendant.

                With respect to Atiq, CoTechno alleged that Atiq had personally engaged in a variety

of torts and that he had breached contractual obligations under the Future Business Agreement.

Specifically, CoTechno claimed that Atiq and Fiberex converted fiberglass material that was

the property of CoTechno and C-Fabrics by obtaining a temporary restraining order permitting

the removal of the material. CoTechno also claimed that Atiq was a party to the Future Business

Agreement in his personal capacity and that he and Fiberex had fraudulently entered into the

Agreement with CoTechno and then breached the Agreement by failing to transfer C-Fabrics.

Similarly, CoTechno claimed that the Agreement created a partnership between Fiberex, CoTechno,

and Atiq and that Atiq breached his fiduciary duties as a partner by engaging in self-dealing. Finally,

CoTechno alleged that Atiq was individually liable on all claims because he was acting as the alter

ego of both Fiberex and C-Fabrics.

                In response, Atiq filed a special appearance under Rule 120a of the Texas Rules of

Civil Procedure, asserting that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over him. See Tex. R. Civ. P.




       1
          Although the parties agree that the “debt” was eventually satisfied, the parties dispute
whether CoTechno’s payment of $1 on August 18, 2011, was timely and whether the payment
triggered Fiberex’s duty to transfer ownership of C-Fabrics.

                                                   3
120a. Atiq attached an affidavit to his special appearance that he later introduced as an exhibit at

the special-appearance hearing. In relevant part, Atiq swore to the following:


       1.      I am a citizen of Canada residing in Edmonton, Alberta. . . .

       2.      I am not and have not ever been a resident of the State of Texas. I own no
               property in Texas, do not have a bank account in Texas, nor do I have a
               mailing address or place of business in Texas. I do not engage in business in
               Texas in my individual capacity and am not a party to any agreement
               performable within the State.

       ...

       [3.]    In my capacity as Chairman and CEO of Fiberex, I traveled to San Marcos,
               Texas, once in 2009 as part of a routine customer visit to meet with the
               principals of CoTechno. Aside from this single trip to Hays County, my
               only other travels to Texas have been to Houston approximately three times
               in the last two years, in my capacity as an officer of a different Canadian
               Corporation, to visit customers of that different Canadian entity which is
               wholly unrelated to this litigation.

       [4.]    My interactions with CoTechno and its principals were all undertaken in my
               capacity as an officer of Fiberex in the furtherance of the business of Fiberex,
               and not in my individual capacity. I was not directly involved in negotiating
               the Future Business Agreement (“FBA”) with CoTechno. The majority of the
               FBA was negotiated and prepared by two other Fiberex officers at the time,
               Peter Bonyun and Mark Williams. However, in my capacity as Chairman and
               CEO of Fiberex, I did review and provide comments to the agreement during
               the negotiation process. Ultimately, as Chairman of Fiberex, I approved and
               signed the FBA on behalf of Fiberex.

       [5.]    The FBA recognizes a separate corporation, CoTechno Fabrics Inc. (“C-
               Fabrics”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiberex, as a party to the agreement.
               C-Fabrics was incorporated under the laws of the State of California in 2009.
               I executed the Articles of Incorporation for C-Fabrics on August 5, 2009, and
               afterwards forwarded the executed Articles of Incorporation to Mr. Roger
               Bhatia, Fiberex’s California counsel, for recording in the State of California.
               C-Fabrics has not maintained a place of business in Texas nor had any Texas
               employees at any time. Nor has C-Fabrics ever maintained a Texas mailing



                                                  4
                address or a registered agent within the State of Texas for service of process.
                I signed the FBA in Canada as President of C-Fabrics on August 17, 2009.


                The trial court later held a hearing at which the parties submitted evidence, including

Atiq’s affidavit. The trial court denied the special appearance, and this appeal followed.


                                      BACKGROUND LAW

                Texas courts may assert jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant if (1) the Texas

long-arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction is

consistent with federal and state constitutional guarantees of due process. Moki Mac River Expeditions

v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 574 (Tex. 2007); see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 17.042 (Texas long-

arm statute). The Texas long-arm statute allows Texas courts to exercise personal jurisdiction “as

far as the federal constitutional requirements of due process will permit.” BMC Software Belg., N.V.

v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). Consequently, “the requirements of the Texas long-

arm statute are satisfied if an assertion of jurisdiction accords with federal due-process limitations.”

Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 575.

                The exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident comports with federal due process

when (1) the nonresident has minimum contacts with the forum state, and (2) asserting jurisdiction

complies with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Moncrief Oil Int’l, Inc. v.

OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 150 (Tex. 2013); see International Shoe Co. v. Washington,

326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). “A defendant establishes minimum contacts with a state when [he]

‘purposefully avails [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, thus




                                                   5
invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.’” Retamco Operating, Inc. v. Republic Drilling

Co., 278 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. 2009) (citing Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)).

                The requirement of “purposeful availment” encompasses three considerations.

First, a court must consider only the defendant’s contacts with the forum, not the unilateral activity

of another party or a third person. Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 575 (citing Michiana

Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 784-85 (Tex. 2005)). In addition, the contacts

on which jurisdiction is based must be purposeful. Id. If the defendant’s Texas contacts are random,

fortuitous, or attenuated, the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in Texas courts. Id. Finally, the

defendant must seek some benefit, advantage, or profit by availing himself of the jurisdiction of

Texas. Id. The defendant’s activities, whether they consist of direct acts within Texas or conduct

outside of Texas, “must justify a conclusion that the defendant could reasonably anticipate being

called into a Texas court.” American Type Culture Collection, Inc. v. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d 801, 806

(Tex. 2002) (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)).

                A nonresident defendant’s contacts with the forum state can give rise to either

specific or general jurisdiction. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795. General jurisdiction exists when

the defendant has made continuous and systematic contacts, such that the forum may exercise

jurisdiction over the defendant even if the alleged liability does not arise from or relate to those

contacts. Id. at 796. “For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction

is the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent place, one in which the corporation

is fairly regarded as at home.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, ___ U.S. ___,

131 S. Ct. 2846, 2853-54 (2011). In contrast, specific jurisdiction exists only if the alleged liability



                                                   6
arises out of or is related to the defendant’s contact with the forum. Moki Mac River Expeditions,

221 S.W.3d at 576. When specific jurisdiction is alleged, the focus of the minimum-contacts

analysis is the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation. Id. at 575-76 (citing

Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984)). If the court concludes

that a nonresident defendant has minimum contacts with Texas by purposefully availing himself of

the privilege of conducting activities here, the court must then address whether the defendant’s

alleged liability arises out of or is related to those contacts. See id. at 579 (“For specific-jurisdiction

purposes, purposeful availment has no jurisdictional relevance unless the defendant’s liability arises

from or relates to the forum contacts.”).


                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

                Under the Texas long-arm statute, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading

sufficient allegations to bring a nonresident defendant within the personal jurisdiction of a Texas

court. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794. When this initial burden is met, the burden shifts to the

nonresident to negate all bases of personal jurisdiction asserted by the plaintiff. Id. A defendant may

negate jurisdiction on a legal basis by showing that even if the plaintiff’s allegations are true, they

do not establish jurisdiction. Kelly v. General Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex.

2010). A defendant may also negate jurisdiction on a factual basis by introducing evidence that

rebuts the allegations in the pleadings. Id. Only relevant jurisdictional facts, rather than the ultimate

merits of the case, should be considered in deciding the issue of jurisdiction. Moncrief Oil Int’l,

414 S.W.3d at 156.




                                                    7
               When, as in this case, the trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions

of law, all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the evidence are implied.

BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795. When the appellate record includes the reporter’s record and

clerk’s record, these implied findings are not conclusive and may be challenged for legal and factual

sufficiency. Id. The ultimate determination of whether a court has personal jurisdiction over a

defendant is a question of law that we review de novo. Moncrief Oil Int’l, Inc., 414 S.W.3d at 150.

Because specific jurisdiction requires that the claim arise out of or result from the defendant’s forum

contacts, we analyze whether jurisdictional contacts support specific jurisdiction on a claim-by-claim

basis unless the claims arise from the same forum contacts. Id.


                                            ANALYSIS

               On appeal, Atiq asserts that CoTechno’s “jurisdictional allegations are both factually

and legally insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over Atiq.” Specifically, Atiq argues that

“all of the complained of acts alleged to have been committed by Atiq were done in Canada in his

representative capacity as an officer of Fiberex or C-Fabrics” and that under the fiduciary-shield

doctrine none of these business contacts may be imputed to Atiq individually. According to Atiq,

because the evidence shows that Atiq had no contacts with Texas in his individual capacity, the

claims against him should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

               Under the fiduciary-shield doctrine, a nonresident corporate officer or employee

is protected from the exercise of jurisdiction when all of that individual’s contacts with the forum




                                                  8
state were made on behalf of his employer.2 Tabacinic v. Frazier, 372 S.W.3d 658, 668 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.); see Morris v. Kohls-York , 164 S.W.3d 686, 698 (Tex. App.—Austin

2005, pet. dism’d) (noting that courts of appeals have recognized fiduciary-shield doctrine, although

supreme court has not explicitly adopted it). The fiduciary-shield doctrine, however, does not protect

a corporate officer or employee from an assertion of personal jurisdiction when the opposing

party has alleged intentional torts or fraudulent acts for which he may be held individually liable.

Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 707 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.); see Stull v. Laplant,

411 S.W.3d 129, 135 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). This is because a “corporate officer is

primarily liable for his own torts.” Morris v. Powell, 150 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2004, no pet.). Similarly, the fiduciary-shield doctrine does not protect an individual from

the exercise of jurisdiction based on claims of piercing the corporate veil. Stull, 411 S.W.3d at 135.

“There is no blanket protection from jurisdiction simply because a defendant’s alleged acts were




        2
          Courts that have applied the fiduciary-shield doctrine have generally limited its application
to the exercise of general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. See Tabacinic v. Frazier, 372
S.W.3d 658, 668 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.); Ennis v. Louisea, 164 S.W.3d 698, 707 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2005, no pet.). One court of appeals, however, has recently questioned and rejected
this limitation. See Stull v. Laplant, 411 S.W.3d 129, 138 (Tex. App.—Dallas, 2013 no pet.). In that
case, the plaintiffs asserted that the fiduciary-shield doctrine did not apply to their claim of breach
of contract based on specific jurisdiction. Id. at 135-36. The Dallas Court of Appeals rejected the
notion that the fiduciary-shield doctrine applies only to general-jurisdiction analysis and held that
“even if a plaintiff asserts only specific jurisdiction regarding an alleged breach of contract against
a non-resident agent of the contracting party, the agent’s contacts with Texas in furtherance of the
principal’s business are attributable only to the employer, not to the agent, because the fiduciary
shield doctrine applies.” Id. at 138. Similarly, in this case, CoTechno argues that specific jurisdiction
exists with respect to its breach-of-contract and tort claims against Atiq. However, we need not
decide whether the fiduciary-shield doctrine generally applies to CoTechno’s claims of specific
jurisdiction. As we will explain, even if Atiq’s actions are fairly attributable to him in his individual
capacity, CoTechno has not established sufficient contacts to confer jurisdiction over Atiq in Texas.

                                                   9
done in a corporate capacity.” SITQ E.U., Inc. v. Reata Rests., Inc., 111 S.W.3d 638, 651 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied).

               Despite Atiq’s assertion that he was at all times acting in a corporate capacity,

CoTechno contends that Atiq is subject to personal jurisdiction in his individual capacity for three

reasons. First, CoTechno contends that Atiq’s contacts arising from the Future Business Agreement

represent his personal contacts because, according to CoTechno, Atiq was not acting on behalf of

a corporation when he signed the Agreement. CoTechno claims that “Atiq personally breached the

[Future Business Agreement] by, inter alia, breaching the provision on ownership of fiberglass by

claiming that Fiberex was the owner of fiberglass at CoTechno’s warehouse, by failing to comply

with the termination provisions, and by failing to transfer ownership of [C-Fabrics] to [CoTechno].”

Second, CoTechno claims that “Atiq has committed actionable torts, in whole or in part in Hays

County, Texas” for which he is personally liable, including fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and

interference with business relationships. Third, CoTechno argues that the fiduciary-shield doctrine

does not apply because C-Fabrics and Fiberex were operating as the alter ego of Atiq. We will

address each of CoTechno’s assertions in turn.


The Future Business Agreement

               We first examine CoTechno’s assertion that Atiq signed the Future Business

Agreement in his personal capacity. In its live pleadings, CoTechno asserts that Atiq is personally

liable under the Agreement because Atiq signed the Agreement as an individual. Specifically,

CoTechno alleges that, although Atiq purported to sign the Agreement on behalf of Fiberex, as

CEO and President, and on behalf of C-Fabrics, as CEO and President, C-Fabrics had not yet been

                                                 10
formed and therefore was not in existence at the time of signing. Further, CoTechno alleges that,

as a result of the Agreement, a partnership was formed between Fiberex, CoTechno, and Atiq.

CoTechno’s allegation that Atiq entered into the Agreement in his individual capacity serves as the

basis for three of CoTechno’s causes of action: (1) that Atiq is personally liable for breach of the

Future Business Agreement; (2) that Atiq beached fiduciary duties that he owed to CoTechno as

partner under the Future Business Agreement; and (3) that Atiq committed fraud by entering into the

Agreement because he personally never intended to honor the Agreement.

               “When an agent negotiates a contract for its principal in Texas, it is the principal

who does business in this state, not the agent.” Mort Keshin & Co. v. Houston ChroniclePubl’g Co.,

992 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). However, one “cannot act

as an agent of a corporation that does not yet exist.” Cagle v. Clark, 401 S.W.3d 379, 392 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.).3 As a result, to the extent a nonresident defendant’s contacts

represent actions taken on behalf of an unformed corporation, the nonresident defendant’s contacts

with the forum are attributable to him personally in analyzing personal jurisdiction. Cappuccitti v.

Gulf Indus. Prods., Inc., 222 S.W.3d 468, 486 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.)

(holding that corporate officer’s actions prior to incorporation subjected officer to personal

jurisdiction in Texas in his individual capacity for tort claims arising out of those actions).




       3
          As a result, when a purported agent enters a contract on behalf of an unformed corporation,
he is personally liable on the contract, absent an agreement to the contrary with the contracting party.
Fish v. Tandy Corp., 948 S.W.2d 886, 897 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, writ denied). In these
circumstances, the agent is relieved of liability only when the corporation, once formed, subsequently
adopts the contract either expressly or by accepting its benefits. Id. at 898.

                                                  11
               In this case, the special-appearance record establishes that (1) the Articles of

Incorporation for C-Fabrics were executed by Atiq on August 5, 2009; (2) the Future Business

Agreement was signed on or about August 17, 2009; and (3) C-Fabrics’s Articles of Incorporation

were filed with the California Secretary of State on September 11, 2009.4 Therefore, we agree

that Atiq’s contacts prior to the incorporation of C-Fabrics—to the extent the actions would

otherwise be attributable to C-Fabrics—are the actions of Atiq personally for purposes of analyzing

jurisdiction. See Cagle, 401 S.W.3d at 392 (considering nonresident defendant’s “contacts prior to

the formation of [the business entity] as contacts conducted in [defendant’s] individual capacity”).

Under this analysis, the undisputed evidence supports CoTechno’s allegation that Atiq, in his personal

capacity, entered into the Future Business Agreement with Fiberex and CoTechno, a Texas resident.

Consequently, to the extent Atiq conducted business in Texas under the Agreement on behalf of

C-Fabrics prior to its incorporation, we would also impute those contacts to Atiq personally.

               Considering only Atiq’s contacts in his individual capacity, however, we cannot

conclude that Atiq’s contacts with Texas support the exercise of specific jurisdiction with respect

to CoTechno’s claims related to the Future Business Agreement—breach of contract, breach of

fiduciary duty, and fraud. Based on the pleaded jurisdictional facts and the evidence before us,

Atiq has only a single forum contact that is related to the operative facts underlying these three

claims—his execution of the Future Business Agreement.5 To the extent the Agreement calls for

       4
         In California, corporate existence begins upon the filing of articles of incorporation. See
Cal. Corp. Code § 200.
       5
         CoTechno also argues that Atiq traveled to San Marcos in 2009, prior to the execution of
the Agreement, to meet with CoTechno about the proposed Agreement. To the extent CoTechno
generally relies on this 2009 trip as a contact that was made by Atiq on behalf of C-Fabrics prior to

                                                 12
performance in Texas, it expressly calls for performance only on the part of C-Fabrics and Fiberex.

Further, CoTechno has not specifically alleged nor presented any evidence of performance of the

Agreement by Atiq after execution of the Agreement but prior to C-Fabrics’s incorporation. For

example, CoTechno has not alleged or presented evidence that during this four-week time period

Atiq shipped materials to Texas, marketed to Texas, established an office in Texas, or otherwise

conducted business in Texas under the Agreement.

               Entering into a single contract with a Texas resident, generally, is insufficient to

establish minimum contacts. Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 786 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,

471 U.S. 462, 475 n.18 (1985)); Max Protetch, Inc. v. Herrin, 340 S.W.3d 878, 886 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). Because there is no allegation or evidence that the

Agreement contemplated or resulted in ongoing activities directed at Texas by Atiq in his personal

capacity, we cannot conclude that this single contact is sufficient to support a finding that Atiq

purposefully availed himself of the benefits and laws of Texas. As a result, the trial court erred to

the extent it concluded that specific jurisdiction exists with respect to CoTechno’s claims of breach

of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and fraud.


Tortious conduct

               Next, we consider CoTechno’s assertion that because Atiq engaged in tortious

conduct in Texas for which he is personally liable, he is subject to personal jurisdiction in Texas.


its incorporation, we conclude that CoTechno has not specifically pleaded that this trip was
undertaken on behalf of C-Fabrics and there is no evidence that would support such an implied
finding. Instead, according to Atiq’s undisputed affidavit, his travel to Texas in 2009 was solely in
his capacity as an officer of Fiberex. As a result, we cannot attribute this travel to Atiq in his
individual capacity, despite the fact C-Fabrics was not incorporated at the time of the trip.

                                                    13
                An officer’s actions performed in his corporate capacity may subject him to

personal jurisdiction and liability in his individual capacity if his actions were tortious or fraudulent.

Niehaus v. Cedar Bridge, Inc., 208 S.W.3d 575, 581 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.). However,

a corporate officer’s tortious or fraudulent activities will support the exercise of specific jurisdiction

only when (1) the corporate officer’s contacts with the forum demonstrate purposeful availment and

(2) the cause of action arises from or relates to these contacts. See id. (explaining that defendants’

fraudulent and tortious actions could support exercise of specific jurisdiction only if actions

constituted purposeful availment and were substantially connected to litigation and forum).

                CoTechno’s conversion claim against Atiq arises from two alleged activities: (1) that

Atiq directed “Mark Williams to go to Texas and remove all the fiberglass from the CoTechno

warehouse in Texas” and (2) that Atiq “directed his agent to represent to the court that the property

was owned by Fiberex.”6 In considering whether these contacts demonstrate that Atiq purposefully

availed himself of the privileges and benefits of conducting business in Texas, we are mindful of the

Texas Supreme Court’s decision in Michiana. 168 S.W.3d at 789. In that case, the court held that

a nonresident defendant’s ability to foresee that his actions would cause harm in the forum state “is

not a ‘sufficient benchmark’ for exercising personal jurisdiction” and rejected those decisions from

courts of appeals that had previously held that a nonresident could be subject to personal jurisdiction


        6
         While the parties ultimately dispute ownership rights in the fiberglass material, for purposes
of analyzing jurisdiction we only consider whether this contact is sufficient to support the exercise
of personal jurisdiction over Atiq. See Kelly v. General Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 660
(Tex. 2010) (“But the mere existence of a cause of action does not automatically satisfy jurisdictional
due process concerns. . . . Instead, jurisdictional analysis always centers on the defendant’s actions
and choices to enter the forum state and conduct business.”); Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v.
Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 784-85 (Tex. 2005).

                                                   14
based on an allegation that the defendant “directed a tort” at Texas. Id. at 788-90. Atiq asserts

that CoTechno’s jurisdictional allegations of conversion are nothing more than allegations that

Atiq in his personal capacity directed a tort at Texas and, under Michiana, are insufficient to

support jurisdiction. See id. at 789; see also Niehaus, 208 S.W.3d at 583 (concluding that specific

jurisdiction did not exist over corporate officer who allegedly engaged in fraudulent activity

outside of Texas with effects felt in Texas). However, we need not decide whether these allegations

demonstrate purposeful availment or are simply allegations that Atiq directed a tort. Instead, we

conclude that Atiq’s contacts, even if purposeful, are insufficient to support the exercise of specific

jurisdiction because the record does not support the conclusion that CoTechno’s conversion claim

is substantially connected to these contacts.

               A cause of action relates to jurisdictional contacts when a substantial connection

exists between the contacts and the operative facts of the litigation. Moki Mac River Expeditions,

221 S.W.3d at 576. Conversion is the “wrongful exercise of dominion and control over another’s

property in denial of or inconsistent with his rights,” Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C.,

73 S.W.3d 193, 211 n.44 (Tex. 2002), and the operative facts at trial concerning CoTechno’s

conversion claim against Atiq will be whether Atiq, or someone acting on his behalf, removed

materials belonging to CoTechno from the CoTechno warehouse.

               The conversion tort as alleged by CoTechno occurred in Texas and was felt in Texas,

where the CoTechno warehouse was located. In addition, there can be no dispute that, based on

CoTechno’s allegations, Fiberex would be subject to the jurisdiction of Texas courts for CoTechno’s

conversion claim. However, there is no allegation or evidence suggesting that the materials were



                                                  15
removed by Atiq personally or by persons acting on his behalf personally. Instead, the undisputed

evidence demonstrates that any action taken by Williams or others in removing the materials from

CoTechno’s warehouse was conducted on behalf of Fiberex. According to Williams’s deposition,

which was submitted as evidence at the special-appearance hearing, Williams was employed by

Fiberex at the time the materials were removed by Fiberex employees, and the materials were

removed because, at least according to Williams, the materials were the property of Fiberex.

               Because there is nothing in the record suggesting that Atiq personally participated in

the alleged conversion, CoTechno’s claim against Atiq is, in effect, a claim that Atiq participated

in a civil conspiracy to commit conversion. See Tri v. J.T.T., 162 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex. 2005) (civil

conspiracy occurs when there are “(1) two or more persons; (2) an object to be accomplished; (3) a

meeting of the minds on the object or course of action; (4) one or more unlawful, overt acts; and

(5) damages as a proximate result”). However, personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant

cannot be based solely upon the effects or consequences of an alleged civil conspiracy. National

Indus. Sand Ass’n v. Gibson, 897 S.W.2d 769, 773 (Tex. 1995). Instead, jurisdiction must be based

on whether the defendant himself purposefully established minimum contacts that satisfy due

process. Id. CoTechno has alleged that a causal relationship exists between Atiq’s communication

to Williams and the removal of the materials; however, but-for causation alone is insufficient to

support specific jurisdiction. Moncrief Oil Int’l, 414 S.W.3d at 142. The relationship between the

alleged contact—Atiq’s communications outside of Texas, requesting that others conduct activity

in Texas—and the operative facts in the litigation of CoTechno’s conversion claim is simply too

attenuated to satisfy specific jurisdiction’s due-process concerns with respect to Atiq personally.



                                                 16
               Similarly, CoTechno alleges that Atiq interfered with its business relationships.

Specifically, CoTechno alleges that “Mark Williams, on behalf of Fiberex and Atiq,” made certain

misrepresentations to CoTechno customers or potential customers that caused harm to CoTechno.

However, CoTechno does not explain, and we cannot discern, the jurisdictional contacts with Texas,

if any, to which this claim relates. There is no allegation that these representations were made in

Texas or to Texas residents. Moreover, there is no evidence suggesting that these representations

by Williams, if made, were made on behalf of Atiq personally and not on behalf of Fiberex.

Accordingly, based on the pleadings and the record before us, we conclude that the trial court erred

to the extent it concluded that specific jurisdiction exists with respect to CoTechno’s claim of

tortious interference against Atiq.7


       7
         CoTechno also argues that Atiq traveled to San Marcos in 2009, prior to the execution of
the Agreement, to meet with CoTechno about the proposed contract and that during that meeting
Atiq fraudulently induced CoTechno to enter into the Future Business Agreement. Specifically,
CoTechno alleges that during negotiations in Texas, Atiq made certain promises, these promises
were later incorporated into the Future Business Agreement, Atiq had no intention of personally
complying with these promises at the time, and CoTechno ultimately signed the Future Business
Agreement in reliance on these promises in the Agreement.

         CoTechno’s claim that Atiq committed fraud in connection with his 2009 trip to San Marcos
is, in effect, a claim that Atiq committed fraud by executing the Future Business Agreement without
any intent to perform. Compare Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. 1986)
(“A promise to do an act in the future is actionable fraud when made with the intention, design
and purpose of deceiving, and with no intention of performing the act.”), with Haase v. Glazner,
62 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. 2001) (“Texas law has long imposed a duty to abstain from inducing
another to enter into a contract through the use of fraudulent misrepresentations.”). However, as
previously discussed, the undisputed evidence is that Atiq traveled to Texas on behalf of Fiberex to
discuss the proposed Future Business Agreement and that the executed Agreement expressly called
for performance only on the part of C-Fabrics and Fiberex, not Atiq personally. Based on the
pleadings and evidence before us, we cannot conclude that Atiq’s travel to Texas is sufficiently
related to CoTechno’s claim of fraud such that it would support the exercise of personal jurisdiction
over Atiq in his individual capacity. See Kelly v. General Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653,

                                                 17
Alter ego

                Finally, we consider CoTechno’s assertion that Atiq is subject to personal jurisdiction

based on the activities of C-Fabrics and Fiberex because the entities were operating as Atiq’s alter ego.

                Personal jurisdiction over an individual cannot be based on jurisdiction over a

corporation with which the individual is associated unless the corporation is the alter ego of the

individual. Tabacinic, 372 S.W.3d at 669; D.H. Blair Inv. Banking Corp. v. Reardon, 97 S.W.3d 269,

277 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). While ordinarily a nonresident

defendant has the burden to negate all bases for personal jurisdiction properly pleaded, a plaintiff

who relies on the existence of an alter-ego relationship to impute a corporation’s contacts with Texas

to an individual must prove that such a relationship exists. Washington DC Party Shuttle, LLC v.

Iguide Tours, LLC, 406 S.W.3d 723, 739 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).8

Evidence of alter ego includes proof of (1) the payment of alleged corporate debts with personal

check or other commingling of funds; (2) representations that the individual will financially

back the corporation; (3) the diversion of company profits to the individual for his personal use;



660 (Tex. 2010) (concluding that appellate court erred by allowing fraud claim against officers to
proceed “despite lack of allegations and evidence that any part of the [fraud] claim originate[d] from
the Officers’ conduct in Texas”).

        8
           Because due-process considerations cannot be overridden by statute or common law,
veil-piercing for purposes of liability is distinct from veil-piercing for jurisdictional purposes.
PHC-Minden, L.P. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 176 (Tex. 2007). As a consequence,
courts have recognized that fraud, which is vital to piercing the corporate veil under section 21.223
of the Business Organizations Code, has no place in assessing contacts to determine jurisdiction.
Id. Thus, to the extent CoTechno alternatively relies on its claims that Atiq used Fiberex as “a sham
to perpetuate a fraud” as a separate basis for imputing jurisdictional contacts, we conclude that this
reliance is improper.

                                                   18
(4) inadequate capitalization; and (5) other failure to keep corporate and personal assets separate.

Crithfield v. Boothe, 343 S.W.3d 274, 284-85 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

               CoTechno claims that both C-Fabrics and Fiberex operated as the alter ego of Atiq.

In relevant part, CoTechno has pleaded that:


       [C-Fabrics] was a shell: It had no operations; performed no tasks; had no employees;
       and, had no bank account. Atiq received checks payable to [C-Fabrics] and deposited
       those checks into either his personal account or the Fiberex account. [C-Fabrics] was
       supposed to be a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiberex, but [C-Fabrics] never issued
       any stock at all, much less to Fiberex. [C-Fabrics] had no employees and if any tasks
       needed to de done, it was either done by Atiq personally or a Fiberex employee at his
       direction. [C-Fabrics’s] physical address was at the same location as a friend of
       Atiq’s and if any mail came to that address, it was forwarded to Atiq, as a favor, by
       Atiq’s friend. Finally, Fiberex issued invoices to [C-Fabrics’s] customers on behalf
       of [C-Fabrics].


               Most of CoTechno’s alter-ego allegations are relevant to an issue not raised by

CoTechno—whether C-Fabrics operated as the alter ego of Fiberex. Cf. PHC-Minden, L.P. v.

Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 175-76 (Tex. 2007) (discussing whether parent company

and subsidiary should be treated as one for purposes of jurisdiction). These allegations have no

bearing on the jurisdictional issue at hand—whether C-Fabrics and Fiberex operated as the alter ego

of Atiq. In fact, CoTechno’s sole relevant jurisdictional allegation is its claim that Atiq deposited

funds belonging to C-Fabrics and Fiberex in his personal account. However, CoTechno presented

no evidence to support this allegation or any other finding that would suggest that Atiq commingled




                                                 19
funds or otherwise failed to keep assets separate.9 Because CoTechno failed to present sufficient

evidence in support of its claim of alter ego, the trial court erred to the extent it imputed

jurisdictional contacts to Atiq on this basis.


General Jurisdiction

                Finally, based on the record before us and on those contacts that are properly

attributable to Atiq in his personal capacity, we consider whether Atiq’s contacts with Texas

support the exercise of general jurisdiction. As previously discussed, “general jurisdiction involves

a court’s ability to exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant based on any claim, including

claims unrelated to the defendant’s contacts with the state.” Id. at 168. It requires a “more demanding

minimum contacts analysis,” id. (citing CSR, Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591, 595 (Tex. 1996)), and

exists only when a nonresident’s contacts with the state are continuous and systematic, Moncrief

Oil Int’l, 414 S.W.3d at 150.

                In this case, the undisputed evidence establishes that Atiq is domiciled in Canada, not

Texas. See Goodyear, 131 S.Ct. at 2853-54 (explaining that “paradigm forum for the exercise of

general jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile”). Further, considering only those contacts that are

attributable to Atiq in his personal capacity, which we previously discussed, CoTechno has failed

to establish that Atiq, in his personal capacity, had any longstanding or substantial activities in Texas




        9
           Moreover, to the extent CoTechno has sufficiently proven that C-Fabrics was operated
as an alter ego of Atiq, it is unclear how this allegation, even if true, is relevant to Atiq’s personal
jurisdiction since CoTechno has not sued or otherwise alleged wrongdoing on the part of C-Fabrics.
Other than entering into the Future Business Agreement, there are no alleged contacts with Texas
on the part of C-Fabrics.

                                                   20
such that Atiq is “essentially at home in [Texas].” Id. at 2851. As a consequence, the trial court

erred to the extent it concluded that general jurisdiction existed over Atiq.


                                          CONCLUSION

               Because the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction, we reverse its order denying

Atiq’s special appearance and render judgment dismissing CoTechno’s claims against him.



                                              __________________________________________

                                              Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field

Reversed and Rendered on Rehearing

Filed: November 4, 2015




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