                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                  February 11, 2005 Session

                                        IN RE F.R.R., III

                    Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Williamson County
                             No. 13526    Alfred Nations, Judge


                     No. M2004-02208-COA-R3-PT- Filed March 1, 2005


This appeal involves the termination of a biological father’s rights to his non-marital child. When
the child was almost five years old, his mother and her husband filed a petition in the Williamson
County Juvenile Court seeking to terminate the biological father’s parental rights and to adopt the
child. Following a bench trial, the juvenile court determined that the biological father had
abandoned the child by willfully failing to visit him and that terminating the biological father’s
parental rights would be in the child’s best interests. Accordingly, the court terminated the
biological father’s parental rights and approved the adoption. The biological father has appealed.
We have determined that the record contains clear and convincing evidence that the biological father
abandoned the child and that terminating the father’s parental rights would be in the child’s best
interests.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
JR., J., joined. WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., concurred in the results.

Gary W. Wicks, Sr., Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, F.R.R.

Deana C. Hood, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellees, M.A.G. and G.F.G.

Robert H. Plummer, Franklin, Tennessee, Guardian ad Litem.

                                             OPINION

                                                  I.

        M.A.G. gave birth to F.R.R., III on May 21, 1999. F.R.R. is the child’s biological father, but
he and M.A.G. never married. M.A.G. retained physical custody of the child after he was born.
F.R.R. saw his son regularly for several weeks immediately following the birth, but he stopped
visiting when M.A.G. went on vacation with G.F.G., her new boyfriend. M.A.G. married G.F.G.
approximately seven months later and moved to Chapel Hill, Tennessee. In 2003, the couple
relocated with the child to Spring Hill, Tennessee.
         On February 2, 2000, the Obion County Juvenile Court determined that F.R.R. was F.R.R.,
III’s biological father and ordered F.R.R. to begin paying child support of $164.66 per month. On
August 31, 2001, following the commencement of child support enforcement proceedings in the
Marshall County Juvenile Court, F.R.R. filed a pro se petition to set visitation with the child. On
October 31, 2001, the Marshall County Juvenile Court entered an order setting four dates for
visitation in the months of November and December 2001. F.R.R. attended at least three of the four
scheduled visitations, and spoke with his child on several occasions in January 2002. With the
exception of one telephone call to the child on his birthday in May of 2003, F.R.R. made no further
attempt to visit or to communicate with his child between January 2002 and May 2004. F.R.R. did
pay the court-ordered child support fairly consistently, but he accumulated a significant arrearage
over time.

        On May 7, 2004, M.A.G. and G.F.G. filed a petition in the Williamson County Juvenile
Court seeking to terminate F.R.R.’s parental rights and to allow G.F.G. to adopt F.R.R., III. M.A.G.
and G.F.G. claimed that F.R.R. had abandoned the child by willfully failing to visit him or pay more
than token support during the four months preceding the filing of the petition. At the subsequent
bench trial, it was undisputed that F.R.R. had not visited or attempted to visit F.R.R., III in the four
months preceding the filing of the petition and that F.R.R. had made approximately one-third of the
required support payments during that time. F.R.R. admitted that M.A.G. and G.F.G. had never
prevented him from visiting the child.

         The juvenile court entered an order terminating F.R.R.’s parental rights on August 16, 2004.
The trial court rejected the argument that F.R.R.’s support payments in the four months preceding
the filing of the petition constituted only token support. However, the trial court found clear and
convincing evidence that F.R.R. was guilty of abandonment because he had willfully failed to visit
F.R.R., III during the four months preceding the filing of the petition. The trial court also found clear
and convincing evidence that it would be in the best interests of F.R.R., III for F.R.R.’s parental
rights to be terminated. F.R.R. appealed.

                                                            II.
                         THE STANDARDS FOR REVIEWING TERMINATION ORDERS

        A biological parent’s right1 to the care and custody of his or her child is among the oldest of
the judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and
state constitutions.2 Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2059-60 (2000); Hawk
v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993); Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 731 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2001). While this right is fundamental and superior to the claims of other persons and the


         1
           This right exists notwithstanding the marital status of the child’s biological parents where a biological parent
has established or is attemp ting to establish a relationship w ith the child . Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 262, 103 S.
Ct. 298 5, 29 93-9 4 (1983 ); In re D.A.H., 142 S.W .3d 2 67, 2 74 (Tenn. 20 04); Jon es v. G arrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 840
(Tenn. 200 2); In re Sw anson, 2 S.W .3d 1 80, 1 88 n.12 (Tenn . 1999 ). The right also extends to ado ptive parents.
Simmons v. Simmons, 900 S.W .2d 682, 684 (Tenn. 1995 ).

         2
             U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 8.

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government, it is not absolute. State v. C.H.K., ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, 2004 WL 1813277, at *2
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). It continues without interruption only as long as a parent has not relinquished
it, abandoned it, or engaged in conduct requiring its limitation or termination. Blair v. Badenhope,
77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 638 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re
M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 652-53 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

        Termination proceedings in Tennessee are governed by statute. Parties who have standing
to seek the termination of a biological parent’s parental rights must prove two things. First, they
must prove the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination.3 Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(c)(1); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003); Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d at
838. Second, they must prove that terminating the parent’s parental rights is in the child’s best
interests.4 Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); In re A.W., 114 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2003); In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467, 475-76 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d
620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

         No civil action carries with it graver consequences than a petition to sever family ties
irretrievably and forever. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1); M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119,
117 S. Ct. 555, 565 (1996); In re Knott, 138 Tenn. 349, 355, 197 S.W. 1097, 1098 (1917); In re
D.D.K., No. M2003-01016-COA-R3-PT, 2003 WL 23093929, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2003)
(No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed). Because the stakes are so profoundly high, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1) requires persons seeking to terminate a biological parent’s parental rights to
prove the statutory grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence. This heightened
burden of proof minimizes the risk of erroneous decisions. In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474; In re
M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d at 622. Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard
establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable, State v. Demarr, No. M2002-02603-
COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21946726, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11
application filed), and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002); In re S.M.,
149 S.W.3d at 639; In re J.J.C., 148 S.W.3d 919, 925 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). It produces in a fact-
finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established.
In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d at 733; In re
C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474.

        Because of the gravity of their consequences, proceedings to terminate parental rights require
individualized decision making. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188. Accordingly, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(k) explicitly requires courts terminating parental rights to “enter an order which makes
specific findings of fact and conclusions of law” whether they have been requested to do so or not.
In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d at 639; In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 653-54. These specific findings of fact
and conclusions of law facilitate appellate review and promote just and speedy resolution of appeals.
When a lower court has failed to comply with Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k), the appellate courts


         3
             The statutory grounds for terminating parental rights are found in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g) (Supp.
2004).

         4
             The factors to be considered in a “best interests” analysis are found in Tenn. Cod e Ann. § 36-1-113(i).

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must remand the case with directions to prepare the required findings of fact and conclusions of law.
In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d at 367; In re K.N.R., No. M2003-01301-COA-R3-PT, 2003 WL 22999427,
at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 23, 2003) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).

        The heightened burden of proof required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1) requires us
to adapt Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)’s customary standard of review for cases of this sort. First, we must
review the trial court’s specific findings of fact de novo in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
Thus, each of the trial court’s specific factual findings will be presumed to be correct unless the
evidence preponderates otherwise. Second, we must determine whether the facts, either as found
by the trial court or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly
establish the elements required to terminate a biological parent’s parental rights. Jones v. Garrett,
92 S.W.3d at 838; In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548-49; In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d at 640; In re M.J.B.,
140 S.W.3d at 654.5

                                              III.
                           THE WILLFULNESS OF F.R.R.’S FAILURE TO VISIT

        F.R.R’s lawyer conceded during oral argument that F.R.R. did not visit his son during the
four months preceding the filing of the petition to terminate his parental rights. In fact, it is
undisputed that F.R.R. had no interaction with F.R.R., III for approximately thirty months before the
filing of the termination petition, except for a single brief telephone call in May 2003. Nevertheless,
F.R.R. insists that the juvenile court erred by terminating his parental rights because his failure to
visit F.R.R., III was not “willful.”

         The concept of “willfulness” is at the core of the statutory definition of abandonment. For
the purpose of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (Supp. 2004), a parent cannot be found to have
abandoned a child unless the parent either has “willfully” failed to engage in more than token
visitation or has “willfully” failed to provide more than token monetary support to the child for four
consecutive months. “Willfully” is a word of many meanings, and so each use of the word must be
interpreted with reference to the statutory context in which it appears. United States v. Sanchez-
Corcino, 85 F.3d 549, 552-53 (11th Cir.1996); In re Adoption of Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-
CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2003) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application
filed); GEORGE W. PATTON , A TEXTBOOK ON JURISPRUDENCE 313 n.2 (4th ed.1972) (suggesting that
use of the word should be avoided because of its ambiguities).

       In the statutes governing the termination of parental rights, “willfulness” does not require the
same standard of culpability as is required by the penal code. G.T. v. Adoption of A.E.T., 725 So.

         5
           These decisions draw a distinction between specific facts and the combined weight of these facts. Tenn. R.
App. P. 13 (d) requires us to defer to the trial court’s specific findings of fact as long as they are supp orted by a
preponderance of the evidence . Howe ver, we are the ones who m ust then determine whether the combined weight of
these facts provides clear and convincing evidence supporting the trial court’s ultimate factual conclusion. The
Tennessee Supreme Co urt used this approach in In re Valentine when it recognized the difference between the conclusion
that a biological parent had not com plied substa ntially with her obligations in a permanency plan and the facts relied
upon by the trial court to support this conc lusion. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548-49; see also Jones v. Garrett, 92
S.W .3d at 838 -39.

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2d 404, 409 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999). Nor does it require malevolence or ill will. In re Adoption
of a Minor, 178 N.E.2d 264, 267 (Mass. 1961). Willful conduct consists of acts or failures to act that
are intentional or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent. In re Mazzeo, 131 F.3d 295, 299
(2d Cir. 1997); United States v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 1565, 1576 (11th Cir. 1994); In re Adoption of
Earhart, 190 N.E.2d 468, 470 (Ohio Ct. App. 1961); Meyer v. Skyline Mobile Homes, 589 P.2d 89,
97 (Idaho 1979). Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free will rather than coercion. Thus, a
person acts “willfully” if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or she is doing, and intends to do
what he or she is doing.

        Failure to visit or support a child is “willful” when a person is aware of his or her duty to visit
or support, has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and has no justifiable excuse for not
doing so.6 In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 654.7 Failure to visit or to support is not excused by another
person’s conduct unless the conduct actually prevents the person with the obligation from
performing his or her duty, In re Adoption of Lybrand, 946 S.W.2d 946, 950 (Ark. 1997), or amounts
to a significant restraint of or interference with the parent’s efforts to support or develop a
relationship with his or her child. In re Serre, 665 N.E.2d 1185, 1189 (Ohio Ct. C.P. 1996); Panter
v. Ash, 33 P.3d 1028, 1031 (Or. Ct. App. 2001).8 Thus, attempts by others to frustrate or impede a
parent’s visitation do not provide justification for the parent’s failure to support the child financially.
Bateman v. Futch, 501 S.E.2d 615, 617 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998); In re Leitch, 732 So. 2d 632, 636 n.5
(La. Ct. App. 1999).

        The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent. Intent is seldom
capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer into a person’s mind to assess
intentions or motivations. In re Adoption of S.M.F., No. M2004-00876-COA-R9-PT, 2004 WL
2804892, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2004) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).
Accordingly, triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a person’s
actions or conduct. See Johnson City v. Wolfe. 103 Tenn. 277, 282, 52 S.W. 991, 992 (1899); Absar
v. Jones, 833 S.W.2d 86, 89-90 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); State v. Washington, 658 S.W.2d 144, 146
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1983); see also In re K.L.C., 9 S.W.3d 768, 773 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).

       Having independently reviewed the record on appeal, we have no difficulty concluding, as
the juvenile court did, that M.A.G. and G.F.G. established by clear and convincing evidence that


         6
           A parent who fails to support a child because he or she is financ ially unab le to do so is not willfully failing to
support the child. O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W .2d 1 82, 1 88 (Tenn. Ct. A pp. 1 995 ); Pierc e v. Bechtold, 60 Tenn. App.
478, 487 , 448 S.W .2d 425, 429 (1969).

         7
           See also Shorter v. Reeves, 32 S .W .3d 7 58, 7 60 (Ark. C t. App. 200 0); In re B.S.R., 965 S.W.2d 444, 449 (Mo.
Ct. App . 199 8); In re E state of Teaschenko, 574 A.2d 649 , 652 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990 ); In re Adoption of C.C.T., 640 P.2d
73, 7 6 (W yo. 19 82).

         8
          Conduct that amounts to a significant restraint or interference with a parent’s efforts to support or develop a
relationship with a child includes (1) telling a man he is not the child’s biological father, (2) blocking ac cess to the child,
(3) keeping the child’s whereabouts unknown, (4) vigorously resisting the parent’s efforts to support the child, or (5)
vigorously resisting a p arent’s efforts to visit the child. In re S.A.B., 735 So.2d 523, 524 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App . 199 9); In
re Ado ption of C hildren b y G.P .B., Jr., 736 A.2d 127 7, 12 82 (N.J. 199 9); Pan ter v. Ash, 33 P.3d at 1031.

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F.R.R. willfully failed to visit F.R.R., III within the four months preceding the filing of the petition
to terminate his parental rights. F.R.R. knew the child was his, fulfilled his duty to visit during the
first few weeks after the child was born, succeeded in arranging and attending temporary court-
ordered visitation in November and December of 2001, and admitted at trial that neither M.A.G. nor
G.F.G. prevented him from visiting his child. F.R.R. knew at all times how to contact M.A.G., he
was not incarcerated or disabled, he owned a car, and he knew how to obtain court-ordered visitation
even without the assistance of a lawyer. While F.R.R.’s desire not to become a troublemaker to
M.A.G. and her husband is admirable, it does not provide an excuse for his failure to make good
faith efforts to establish a relationship with his child.

                                                           IV.
                       THE APPLICATION OF THE PARENTAL RELOCATION STATUTE

         Finally, F.R.R. asserts that the juvenile court should not have found his thirty-month failure
to visit his son willful because M.A.G. had failed to comply with the notification provisions in the
parental relocation statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108(a) (2001),9 when she and G.F.G. moved to
Chapel Hill and later to Spring Hill. F.R.R.’s reliance on the parental relocation statute is misplaced
for two reasons. First, he has failed to demonstrate that he was entitled to written notice under the
statute. Second, he has failed to demonstrate how the lack of written notice of M.A.G.’s relocations
materially impaired his ability to visit F.R.R., III regularly had he been inclined to do so.

       Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108 was enacted in 199810 in response to the Tennessee Supreme
Court’s decision in Aaby v. Strange, 924 S.W.2d 623 (Tenn. 1996). Its purpose is to provide a
procedure for addressing disputes arising between divorced parents when a planned move by one
parent will disrupt the parenting rights of the other parent. The statute is predicated on the
assumption that both parents have legally enforceable visitation or custodial rights that could be
adversely affected by one parent’s decision to move.

        The only relocation that was far enough to trigger Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108 was M.A.G.’s
move in December 1999 to Chapel Hill. However, when this relocation occurred, F.R.R. had no
legally enforceable visitation rights. F.R.R. obtained limited visitation rights more than two years
later in October 2001 when the Marshall County Juvenile Court allowed him four visits during
November and December 2001. Because F.R.R. had no legally enforceable visitation rights in 1999,
M.A.G. was not required by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108 to give him written notice that she planned
to move to Chapel Hill.




         9
           The parental relocation statute req uires that if a parent desires to move more than o ne hundred miles from his
or her child’s other parent, “the relocating parent shall send a notice to the other parent at the other parent’s last known
address by registered or certified mail.” The notice must contain a statement of intent to move, the location of the
proposed new residence, the reasons for the proposed relocation, and a statement that the other parent may file a petition
in opposition to the move within thirty days of receipt of the notice. Tenn. Cod e Ann. § 36-6-108(a)(1)-(4).

         10
              Act of Apr. 22, 1998, ch. 901, 1998 Tenn. Pub. Acts 637.

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       We are unaware of any authority, and F.R.R. has pointed us to none, suggesting that one
parent’s failure to comply with the parental relocation statute, when it is applicable, provides the
other parent with an automatic defense to an action to terminate his or her parental rights. At all
relevant times, F.R.R. knew how to contact M.A.G. and his child. He conceded that he knew where
M.A.G. and F.R.R., III were living and that he knew their home telephone number. Accordingly,
we have no factual basis for concluding that F.R.R.’s lack of written notice of their whereabouts
prevented him, as a practical matter, from visiting his child had he desired to do so.

                                                 V.

         We affirm the trial court’s order terminating F.R.R.’s parental rights with regard to F.R.R.,
III and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We tax the costs of this
appeal to F.R.R. and his surety for which execution, if necessary, may issue.



                                                       ______________________________
                                                       WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., P.J., M.S.




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