                           STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

WAYNE R. LOWRY,                                                      FILED
Claimant Below, Petitioner                                      November 18, 2015
                                                                    released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                    RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
vs.)   No. 13-1125 (BOR Appeal No. 2048469)                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                    (Claim No. 2011008583)                            OF WEST VIRGINIA



WEST VIRGINIA OFFICE OF INSURANCE COMMISSIONER
and TEAM ENVIRONMENTAL LLC,
Employer Below, Respondent


                            MEMORANDUM DECISION

        The petitioner, Wayne R. Lowry, through Christopher J. Wallace, his counsel,
appeals the decision of the West Virginia Workers’ Compensation Board of Review
(“Board”). The respondent, Team Environmental LLC, by Lucinda Fluharty, its counsel,
filed a timely response.

       This appeal arises from the Final Order dated October 7, 2013, in which the Board
reversed the June 5, 2013, order of the Workers’ Compensation Office of Judges (“OOJ”)
which established Mr. Lowry’s daily rate of pay at $128.00.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal, as well as
the oral arguments of counsel. The facts and legal arguments are adequately presented.
Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, the arguments of counsel and
the record presented, the Court finds that the Board of Review’s decision was based upon
a violation of a statutory provision. This case satisfies the “limited circumstances”
requirement of Rule 21(d) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure and is
appropriate for a memorandum decision reversing the Board’s order. For the reasons
expressed below, the October 7, 2013, order is reversed, and the matter is remanded for
reinstatement of the OOJ’s June 5, 2013, order.

       Mr. Lowry was injured in the course of his employment for the respondent. Mr.
Lowry was struck by and run over by a pickup truck while removing a well lid. He
suffered injuries to his left leg and right shoulder. The claim was ruled compensable and
Mr. Lowry began receiving temporary total disability benefits (“TTD”). This appeal




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centers on how to calculate Mr. Lowry’s daily wage, the basis upon which his Workers’
Compensation benefits are established.1

       Mr. Lowry submitted his claim and based his weekly wage on the basis of earning
$16.00 per hour, for a forty-hour work week.2 The day before his injury, Mr. Lowry had
worked in excess of eight hours for the respondent. On the day of the injury, Mr. Lowry
was scheduled to work at least eight hours. He had additional work scheduled at the
conclusion of that day’s tasks. Mr. Lowry contended that his daily rate of pay should be
calculated by multiplying a forty-hour work week by his hourly rate of pay, and then
dividing that number by a five-day work week, for a daily rate of pay of $128.00, and a
corresponding average weekly wage of $640.00.

       The Claims Administrator (“CA”) did not calculate Mr. Lowry’s daily rate of pay
in this manner. Instead, the CA relied upon the statement of Carson Chenoweth, the
owner of Team Environmental LLC, that Mr. Lowry was not a full-time employee and
was instead, a contractor whose work was intermittent.3 The CA reviewed the 2008
1099-MISC form that showed payments to Mr. Lowery in 2007. No wage records or
1099-MISC forms were found for 2009 and 2010. The CA also reviewed checks
showing payments to Mr. Lowry in late 2010 through February of 2011.4 The CA then
calculated Mr. Lowry’s rate of pay based upon his earnings in the fourth quarter of 2010,
which was the highest-paid quarter of the year preceding the quarter of the year in which

      1
        W. Va. Code § 23-4-14(a) (2005) states, in pertinent part, that “[t]he average
weekly wage earnings, wherever earned, of the injured person . . . and the average weekly
wage in West Virginia as determined by the commission . . . shall be taken as the basis
upon which to compute the benefits.”
      2
        Mr. Lowry stated in an affidavit that he was paid between $ 16.00 and $ 20.00 an
hour. He did not assert the higher rate of pay throughout the appeal of this matter and
does not appear to contest the finding that his hourly wage was $ 16.00
      3
          The respondent does not continue its argument that Mr. Lowry was an
independent contractor not eligible for workers’ compensation benefits. As stated, the
issue before this Court is whether Mr. Lowry’s TTD benefits were based upon his correct
earnings.
      4
         The checks reviewed consisted of a check dated October 1, 2010, for $600.00; a
check dated October 12, 2010, for $ 1, 200.00; a check dated October 23, 2010, for $800;
a check dated November 19, 2010, for $ 2,500.00; a check dated December 11, 2010, for
$ 2,000; a check dated December 22, 2010, for $ 725.00; a check dated January 28, 2011,
for $ 500.00; a check dated February 3, 2011, for $656.00 and a check dated February 11,
2010, for $690.00. None of these checks detailed hours worked or Mr. Lowry’s hourly
rate.
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the injury happened. The total amount of wages paid to Mr. Lowry during this quarter
was $7,825.00. The CA then converted this number to an average weekly wage of
$595.38.

        Mr. Lowry appealed the CA’s decision to the OOJ. In support of his contention
that his average weekly wage should be $640.00, Mr. Lowry submitted Mr. Chenoweth’s
October 25, 2012, deposition that Mr. Lowry was generally paid $16.00 an hour. Mr.
Chenoweth also testified that he did not keep time records for Mr. Lowry that
differentiated the times when Mr. Lowry was outside of the office working or when he
was working at the office. The employer submitted additional portions of this deposition
of Mr. Chenoweth in which he testified that Mr. Lowry was not an employee on his
payroll at the time of this incident but was in fact a sub-contracted employee who worked
under his direction.

      Relying upon W. Va. Code § 23-4-14(b) (2005), the OOJ found by a
preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Lowry’s average weekly wages should be based
upon a $16.00 an hour wage for a forty-hour work week. The OOJ found that Mr.
Chenoweth’s testimony showed that Mr. Lowry was working “all day” with him in
Cleveland on February 15, 2011, the day prior to the injury. Further, the OOJ found that
Mr. Lowry had worked “at least an eight (8) hour workday at the time of” his injury. The
respondent appealed that decision to the Board.

       By order entered October 7, 2013, the Board reversed the OOJ’s decision. The
Board held that the OOJ’s decision was clearly wrong when it found that Mr. Lowry was
working a forty-hour work week at the time of his injury. The Board determined that the
OOJ’s decision was speculative and based upon too narrow of a time-frame. The Board
relied upon the affidavit of Mr. Chenoweth, the 1099-MISC forms showing Mr. Lowry’s
earnings, and Mr. Chenoweth’s deposition testimony in the separate civil action in
rendering its decision. The Board concluded that the preponderance of the evidence
established that Mr. Lowry worked sporadically and did not have a daily rate of pay of
$128.00 at the time of his injury. Therefore, the CA’s averaging of Mr. Lowry’s earnings
was reinstated.

       This appeal centers on the meaning and application of W.Va. Code § 23-4-
14(b)(2). This code section details how workers’ compensation benefits are to be
calculated. Specifically, this section states:

                    On and after the first day of July, one thousand nine
             hundred ninety-four, the expression “average weekly wage
             earnings, wherever earned, of the injured person, at the date
             of injury”, within the meaning of this chapter, shall be
             computed based upon the daily rate of pay at the time of the
             injury or upon the weekly average derived from the best

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              quarter of wages out of the preceding four quarters of wages
              as reported to the commission pursuant to subsection (b),
              section two, article two of this chapter [§ 23-2-2], whichever
              is most favorable to the injured employee, except for the
              purpose of computing temporary total disability benefits for
              part-time employees pursuant to the provisions of section six-
              d of this article [§ 23-4-6 d].


(Emphasis added). Mr. Lowry argued that the daily rate of pay upon which his average
weekly wage earnings should be based is best calculated by multiplying his hourly wage
by a typical forty-hour work week. The employer argued that because Mr. Lowry does
not have a daily rate of pay but instead, was paid hourly, W.Va. Code § 23-4-14(b)(2)
authorized use of the averaging of the highest quarter of earnings prior to the date of the
injury. The amount in controversy is approximately $44.62 per week in benefits,
representing the difference between the rate argued by Mr. Lowry and the rate argued by
the employer. Neither party has cited any substantial authority or precedent in which this
statute was interpreted or applied.

        “Generally the words of a statute are to be given their ordinary and familiar
significance and meaning, and regard is to be had for their general and proper use”, Syl.
pt. 4, State v. General Daniel Morgan Post. No 548, Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W.
Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959). The Legislature clearly anticipated situations such as
this and provided a statutory means to resolve such disputes. Giving the words in this
statute their ordinary and familiar meaning, the language of W. Va. Code § 23-4-14(b)(2)
provides that in choosing between computing an injured worker’s benefits using his or
her daily rate of pay or the weekly average derived from the best quarter of wages of the
preceding four quarters, the computation which must be used is the one which is “most
favorable to the injured employee.” The daily rate of pay most favorable to Mr. Lowry is
the one proposed by him. The evidence submitted by the employer is insufficient to find
differently. This is a clear statutory directive that was not followed by the Board when it
reversed the OOJ’s order of June 5, 2013. Moreover, we observe that the respondent fails
to cite this Court to any law to the contrary. This error therefore requires that the Board’s
order be reversed and the OOJ order be reinstated.

       For the foregoing reasons, the decision rendered October 7, 2013, by the Board is
hereby reversed, and this claim is remanded for reinstatement of the OOJ’s order of June
5, 2013.

                                                                  Reversed and Remanded.

ISSUED: November 18, 2015


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CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin J. Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II




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