[Cite as State v. Mynes, 2013-Ohio-4811.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      SCIOTO COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                        :    Case No. 12CA3480
                                      :
     Plaintiff-Appellee,              :
                                      :    DECISION AND
     v.                               :    JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                      :
RICKEY T. MYNES,                      :
                                      :    RELEASED: 10/25/13
     Defendant-Appellant.             :
______________________________________________________________________
                            APPEARANCES:

Richard M. Nash, Jr., Portsmouth, Ohio, for appellant.

Mark E. Kuhn, Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, and Julie Cooke Hutchinson, Scioto
County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Harsha, J.

        {¶1}     Rickey Mynes appeals his conviction for rape and argues that there was

insufficient evidence to support his conviction; he also argues that his conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, Mynes claims that the state

did not prove he purposely compelled the victim to submit by force or threat of force, as

required by the statute. However, the 17-year-old victim testified that she did not resist

because of Mynes’ size and fear that he would harm her. There was also testimony that

the victim is in special education classes and has a “very childlike” demeanor.

Therefore, a rational trier of fact could have found that Mynes purposely overcame the

victim’s will by fear or duress due to his relative size, age and maturity level.

Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to convict Mynes of rape. For the same

reasons, his conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence, so we affirm

his conviction.
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                    2

                                        I. FACTS

       {¶2}   On the night in question, Mynes was staying overnight at his friend B.J.’s.

house. When they arrived at the home, B.J.’s 17-year-old daughter, C.J., was doing her

homework at the kitchen table; Mynes began helping with her homework. Shortly

thereafter, B.J. and his wife went to bed in an upstairs bedroom. C.J.’s grandmother

also lived in the house and she went to bed in a first floor bedroom. After finishing her

homework C.J. went to sleep on a couch in the living room, while Mynes went to sleep

on a couch in a second living room on the first floor. The state alleged that during the

night Mynes sat down at the end of the sofa and began rubbing C.J.’s leg. Mynes then

pulled down her pants and penetrated her with his finger.

       {¶3}   The state charged Mynes with one count of sexual battery and one count

of rape. The case proceeded to a jury trial and at the close of the state’s case Mynes

made a Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal. The court denied the motion

and Mynes did not put on a defense. The jury found Mynes guilty of rape but not guilty

of sexual battery. He now appeals his conviction.

                             II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶4}   Mynes raises three assignments of error for our review:

       1. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR
       ACQUITTAL.

       2. APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR RAPE WAS AGAINST THE
       SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE.

       3. APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR RAPE WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST
       WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

                                III. LAW AND ANALYSIS

                  A. Motion for Acquittal & Sufficiency of the Evidence
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                     3

       {¶5}   In his first and second assignments of error, Mynes argues that the trial

court erred by overruling his Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal and that

there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. Because they are interrelated,

we address Mynes’ first two assignments of error together.

       {¶6}   A trial court must order a judgment of acquittal “if the evidence is

insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.” Crim.R. 29(A).

Therefore, “[a] motion for acquittal under Crim.R. 29(A) is governed by the same

standard as the one for determining whether a verdict is supported by sufficient

evidence.” State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶

37. And because Mynes moved for a Crim.R. 29(A) judgment of acquittal at the close of

the state’s case and did not put on a defense, there is no doubt that he has preserved

the issue for appeal. See State v. Calloway, 4th Dist. Ross No. 10CA3147, 2011-Ohio-

173, ¶ 7 (principal opinion), ¶ 11 (Harsha, J., concurring in judgment only). See also

State v. Burton, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 05CA3, 2007-Ohio-1660, ¶ 31-32.

       {¶7}    “A claim of insufficient evidence invokes a due process concern and

raises the question whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict as a

matter of law.” State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶

118. “In reviewing such a challenge, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.,

quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus, superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds. “‘[T]he weight to

be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                    4

facts.’” Hunter at ¶ 118, quoting State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212

(1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. Accordingly, “a reviewing court is not to assess

‘whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence

against a defendant would support a conviction.’” State v. Davis, 4th Dist. Ross No.

12CA3336, 2013-Ohio-1504, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390,

678 N.E.2d 541(1997) (Cook, J., concurring).

       {¶8}   Mynes was convicted of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), which

states: “No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender

purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.” Although he

admits that the alleged sexual conduct occurred with the victim, Mynes contends that

the state did not present sufficient evidence to show that he acted purposely and

compelled the victim to submit by force.

       {¶9}   R.C. 2901.22(A) states that “[a] person acts purposely when it is his

specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a

prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends

to accomplish thereby, it is his specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature.”

“Because a defendant’s mental state is difficult to demonstrate with direct evidence, it

may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances in the case.” Davis at ¶ 22.

Accordingly, the state may rely on circumstantial evidence to prove an essential

element of an offense, as “[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently

possess the same probative value * * *.” Jenks at paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶10} R.C. 2901.01(A) defines force as “any violence, compulsion, or constraint

physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” “A threat of force
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                      5

can be inferred from the circumstances surrounding sexual conduct * * *.” State v.

Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 55, 600 N.E.2d 661 (1992). “The state must present some

evidence of force or compulsion in addition to the act of rape itself in order to sustain a

conviction with the added element of force.” Burton, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 05CA3, 2007-

Ohio-1660, at ¶ 36, citing State v. Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 327, 695 N.E.2d 763 (1998).

       {¶11} “‘Force need not be overt and physically brutal, but can be subtle and

psychological. As long as it can be shown that the rape victim’s will was overcome by

fear or duress, the forcible element of rape can be established.’” State v. Eskridge, 38

Ohio St.3d 56, 58-59, 526 N.E.2d 304 (1988), quoting State v. Fowler, 27 Ohio App.3d

149, 154, 500 N.E.2d 390 (8th Dist.1985). “To determine whether a partial course of

conduct enabled a perpetrator to overcome the victim’s will by fear or duress, ‘the

question is not what effect such conduct would have upon an ordinary man but rather

the effect upon the particular person toward whom such conduct is directed.’” Burton at

¶ 37, quoting Tallmadge v. Robinson, 158 Ohio St. 333, 109 N.E.2d 496 (1958),

paragraph two of the syllabus. Thus, “[t]he force and violence necessary to commit the

crime of rape depends upon the age, size and strength of the parties and their relation

to each other.” Eskridge at paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶12} Here, the state established sufficient evidence to show that Mynes

purposely compelled the victim to submit by force or threat of force. B.J. testified that

Mynes is 36-years-old and C.J. is 17-years-old. He has known Mynes for 20 years and

Mynes has slept at his house “many times” before. B.J. also testified that C.J. attends

the Scioto County Joint Vocational School and “is in special education classes * * *

because she’s slow.” He explained that “she’s not on the grade level of a normal child
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                    6

her age,” and does not drive because she has failed the written portion of the driving

test three times. He also testified that she is “very withdrawn” and “not outspoken.”

       {¶13} C.J. testified that she thought of Mynes “as a brother” and “part of the

family.” On the night in question, Mynes helped with her homework and then she went

to sleep on the couch in the living room. C.J. testified that she lay down on the couch

around 12:30 a.m., and at the same time Mynes also went to sleep on a couch in a

second living room on the first floor of the home.

       {¶14} Around 4:00 a.m., Mynes came into the living room where C.J. was

sleeping. He sat down on the end of the couch next to her feet and began rubbing her

leg. C.J. testified that she woke up “a little bit but not all the way,” and then Mynes “just

grabbed a hold of [her pants] and pulled them down.” He penetrated her with his finger,

grabbed both her breasts and penetrated her digitally a second time. C.J. testified that

the penetration was painful. When Mynes finished, he pulled up C.J.’s pants and began

rubbing her leg again. He then got up and went outside to smoke a cigarette. When he

returned inside, he used the bathroom and went back to sleep on the couch in the other

room. C.J. testified that she “rolled over and went back to sleep.”

       {¶15} C.J. further testified that she did not want this to happen and did not

consent to Mynes’ actions. C.J. explained that she did not say anything during the

attack because she “was scared” and “afraid [Mynes] might hurt [her].” She stated she

was afraid because Mynes is “bigger” than her and she did not tell her father after the

incident because she was worried that her father might hurt Mynes and she “didn’t want

[her] dad to go to jail.”
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                      7

       {¶16} In addition, Laura Vestich, a registered nurse and sexual assault nurse

examiner, testified that she examined C.J. after the incident and performed a rape kit on

her. She described C.J.’s demeanor as “very childlike” and stated that C.J. “didn’t have

the maturity that a normal 17-year-old would.” Jodi Conkel, a detective with the Scioto

County Sheriff’s Department, testified that during her investigation she learned that C.J.

“made Fs, no As, no Bs” as a student at West High School, before transferring to the

vocational school. Conkel also described C.J.’s demeanor as “very childlike” and stated

that C.J. “couldn’t grasp stuff.” She explained that C.J. could not understand her regular

form of questioning and she “had to like basically talk to [C.J.] as I would talk to a child.”

       {¶17} Thus viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a

rational trier of fact could have found that Mynes purposely compelled C.J. to submit by

force or threat of force. C.J. testified that she did not resist because of Mynes’ size and

her fear that he might hurt her. C.J.’s father also testified that she is developmentally

“slow” and very withdrawn. Both Vestich and Conkel testified that C.J. has a “very

childlike” demeanor and Vestich testified that C.J. does not have the maturity level of an

average 17-year-old. The evidence also showed that C.J. is in special education

classes and has failed both her high school classes and the written portion of the

driver’s exam. From this evidence the jury could infer that her will was overcome by

fear due to Mynes’ relative size, age and maturity level. Mynes’ intent to purposely

violate C.J. can be inferred by the same facts, as “‘[i]t is a fundamental principle that a

person is presumed to intend the natural, reasonable and probable consequences of his

voluntary acts.’” State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990), quoting

State v. Johnson, 56 Ohio St.2d 35, 39, 381 N.E.2d 637 (1978).
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                    8

       {¶18} Mynes relies upon State v. Henry, 3rd Dist. Seneca No. 13-08-10, 2009-

Ohio-3535, to support his claim that the state did not prove he used force. In that case

the defendant, a large college wrestler, climbed into bed with the sleeping victim, a

female college student, and attempted to digitally penetrate her five times. Each time,

she told the defendant “no” and removed his hand from between her legs. However, he

successfully penetrated her with his fingers three out of the five times. The victim

thought the defendant was her boyfriend and after the fifth time she became fully awake

and realized it was the defendant. She then put her feet against the wall and with her

back against the defendant, pushed him off the bed in order to escape. The principal

opinion held that there was insufficient evidence to show that the defendant compelled

the victim to submit by force or threat of force and reversed his conviction for gross

sexual imposition.

       {¶19} Nevertheless, there was no majority in Henry and as the dissent

recognized, “having been concurred with in judgment only, the lead opinion sets no

precedent or binding rule of law beyond the impact upon the parties in this case.” Henry

at ¶ 42 (Shaw, J., dissenting). More importantly based on the facts of the case, we find

the dissent more persuasive.

       {¶20} In addition, the state cites Burton, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 05CA3, 2007-Ohio-

1660, for the proposition that the mere manipulation of a sleeping victim’s clothing to

facilitate the assault is sufficient to establish the element of force in R.C. 2907.02(A)(2).

See Burton at ¶ 38. However, Burton is not controlling here, because as we have

already discussed, there was evidence that C.J.’s will was overcome by fear or duress

and this alone is enough to establish force under the statute. Accordingly, we conclude
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                  9

there was sufficient evidence to support Mynes’ conviction of rape and we overrule his

first and second assignments of error.

                                    B. Manifest Weight

       {¶21} In his third assignment of error, Mynes argues that his conviction is also

against the manifest weight of the evidence because again the state did not prove he

acted purposely or used force to compel the victim to submit.

       {¶22} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court

is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the

judgment is against the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997). When considering whether a conviction is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, we must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all

reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, at ¶ 119.

Accordingly, the discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in

exceptional cases where the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Id.

       {¶23} Admittedly, at times C.J. contradicted herself and she seems to have

become easily confused during cross-examination. However, credibility determinations

are largely the province of the jury. See State v. Frazier, 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 339, 652

N.E.2d 1000 (1995). Moreover, on redirect, C.J. cleared up many inconsistencies,

clarified that she did not want this to happen, and that she did not consent to Mynes’

actions. More importantly, throughout her testimony she stated that she did not say
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                10

anything during the attack because Mynes is bigger than her and she was afraid. And

as already noted, the evidence shows that Mynes, a 36-year-old, sat down on the couch

while the victim, a 17-year-old special education student, was sleeping and began

rubbing her leg. And while she was still partially asleep, he pulled down her pajamas

and penetrated her twice with his finger. Taken together, these facts demonstrate that

Mynes purposely compelled C.J. to submit by force or threat of force. This is not an

exceptional case where the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.

Accordingly, we overrule Mynes’ third assignment of error.

                                                             JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Scioto App. No. 12CA3480                                                                    11

                                    JUDGMENT ENTRY

         It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Scioto
County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

        IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously
posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme
Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court.
If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the
sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the
Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of
the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court
of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as
of the date of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J. & *DeGenaro, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

                                            For the Court


                                            BY: ________________________
                                                William H. Harsha, Judge



                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.

* M. Mary DeGenaro, from the Seventh Appellate District, sitting by assignment of The
Supreme Court of Ohio in the Fourth Appellate District.
