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                                    Appellate Court                           Date: 2017.05.03
                                                                              12:35:16 -05'00'




                  Fogt v. 1-800-Pack-Rat, LLC, 2017 IL App (1st) 150383



Appellate Court        ISAAC FOGT and LISA FOGT, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v.
Caption                1-800-PACK-RAT, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company,
                       WM PACK-RAT OF ILLINOIS, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability
                       Company, WM PACK-RAT, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability
                       Company, WM STORAGE, INC., a Delaware Corporation, and
                       WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC., a Delaware Corporation,
                       Defendants-Appellees (WM Storage II, Inc., a Delaware Corporation,
                       Defendant).



District & No.         First District, Fifth Division
                       Docket No. 1-15-0383



Filed                  March 10, 2017



Decision Under         Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CH-4105; the
Review                 Hon. Mary Lane Mikva, Judge, presiding.



Judgment               Affirmed.



Counsel on             James W. Fessler, Donald E. Renner III, and Jacob H. Karac, of Klein,
Appeal                 Thorpe & Jenkins, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.

                       Matthew J. Gehringer and Bates McIntyre Larson, of Perkins Coie
                       LLP, of Chicago, for appellees.
       Panel                     JUSTICE HALL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                                 Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Lampkin concurred in the
                                 judgment and opinion.


                                                   OPINION

¶1           The plaintiffs, Isaac (Isaac) and Lisa (Lisa) Fogt, appeal from an order of the circuit court
         of Cook County granting summary judgments to the defendants—1-800-Pack-Rat, LLC, WM
         Pack-Rat of Illinois, LLC, WM Pack-Rat, LLC, Waste Management, Inc., and WM Storage,
         Inc. (collectively, the defendants)—and denying the plaintiffs’ motions for summary
         judgment. On appeal, the plaintiffs contend that they established as a matter of law that (1) the
         defendants violated the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer
         Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2008)); (2) Waste Management, Inc. was liable for the acts
         of WM Pack-Rat of Illinois, LLC; (3) the plaintiffs were entitled to an award of punitive
         damages on their conversion claim or, in the alternative, it was an issue for the trier of fact; and
         (4) WM Pack-Rat, LLC was liable for the acts of WM Pack-Rat of Illinois, LLC.

¶2                                             BACKGROUND
¶3           The facts set forth herein are taken from the pleadings, the depositions, exhibits, and other
         pertinent documents contained in the record on appeal.

¶4                                      I. The Corporate Defendants
¶5           The defendants are five business entities. The plaintiffs raise issues as to the liability of
         certain corporate defendants for the actions of other corporate defendants. Therefore, it is
         necessary to identify each one and set forth their relationships during the relevant time period.

¶6                                      A. 1-800-Pack-Rat, LLC
¶7           1-800-Pack-Rat, LLC (Pack-Rat), is a Delaware limited liability company, based in North
         Carolina. Pack-Rat operates a self-storage facility and moving company. Pack-Rat facilities
         were owned and operated by Pack-Rat directly or by third-party developers or third-party
         franchisees.

¶8                                       B. WM Storage Facility
¶9           On June 1, 2007, WM Storage Facility, Inc. (WMS), was incorporated in Delaware. WMS
         is based in Houston, Texas, and has its own officers and employees and a single director. All
         WMS stock was owned by Waste Management Holdings, Inc., which is not a defendant in this
         case.

¶ 10                                    C. WM Pack-Rat, LLC
¶ 11        WM Pack-Rat, LLC (WM Pack-Rat), was formed by WMS and Pack-Rat pursuant to the
         June 1, 2007, Definitive Agreement and the Limited Liability Operating Agreement of WM
         Pack-Rat (Operating Agreement). WMS and Pack-Rat owned all the ownership units of WM


                                                      -2-
       Pack-Rat.

¶ 12                                  D. WM Pack-Rat of Illinois, LLC
¶ 13        WM Pack-Rat of Illinois, LLC (WM IL), was formed by WM Pack-Rat to operate its
       Illinois facilities. WM Pack-Rat owned all of the ownership units of WM IL. WM IL had a
       single management member, and between 2007 and 2009, it had its own employees. Pursuant
       to the June 1, 2009, Asset Contribution Agreement, WM Pack-Rat contributed to WM IL the
       assets of its facilities in Glendale Heights and Gurnee, Illinois, and WM IL assumed the
       liabilities related to those facilities and assets. By the December 31, 2009, Asset Contribution
       Agreement, WM Pack-Rat and its subsidiaries, including WM IL, transferred these facilities,
       liabilities, and assets back to Pack-Rat and ceased to operate any Pack-Rat facilities in Illinois.

¶ 14                               E. Waste Management, Inc.
¶ 15     Waste Management, Inc. (WMI), is a Delaware corporation. WMI owns 100% of Waste
       Management Holdings, Inc., which in turn owns 100% of WMS.

¶ 16                                            II. Joint Venture
¶ 17       In his deposition, Andrew Friedman, vice president and general counsel for Pack-Rat,
       testified that Pack-Rat was looking to expand its presence in other markets and was signing
       contracts with large area developers. Attorney Friedman explained that he was not involved in
       the initial execution of the WM Pack-Rat, LLC operations agreement, and he could not speak
       for WMI as to their intentions in negotiating with Pack-Rat. But he reasoned that, like any
       successful company, WMI wished to make use of its property.
¶ 18       On June 1, 2007, WMS was incorporated in Delaware, and WM Pack-Rat was formed as a
       limited liability company. On that same date, WMS and Pack-Rat entered into the Definitive
       Agreement. According to the Definitive Agreement, WMI was a party to the Definitive
       Agreement, “solely for purposes of Section 6.2.” Section 6.2 provided in pertinent part as
       follows:
                    “WMI Guaranty. Subject to Section 11.11 of the Developer Operating Agreement
                and as a material inducement to Pack Rat Parent entering into this Agreement with
                WMS, WMI *** does hereby guarantee the due and timely performance or discharge
                of all of WMS’s obligations (including non-competition and financing provisions in
                Sections 3.1 and 5.1 respectively) under this Agreement.”
¶ 19       Under the terms of the Definitive Agreement, WMI, WMS, or an affiliate agreed to provide
       financing or arrange financing for the purchase of equipment for the Pack-Rat locations. The
       Definitive Agreement provided that (1) WMS, WMI and affiliates had the right to participate
       in Pack-Rat’s exercise of its buy-back option of any entity operating as a Pack-Rat franchisee,
       licensee, or joint venture; (2) where WMS or its affiliates were interested in developing
       territories already under contract by other developers, Pack-Rat would use its best efforts to
       facilitate the transfer of the right to develop those territories to WMS or its affiliate; (3) WMS
       and its affiliates would be permitted to develop new products to be offered at select Pack-Rat
       locations; (4) WMS was permitted to appoint a representative to serve as an observer at all
       Pack-Rat board of directors’ meetings; (5) WMS and its affiliates were given the right of first
       offer in the event Pack-Rat’s board of directors decided to sell Pack-Rat’s assets or other equity


                                                    -3-
       interests; and (6) upon the opening of 20 Pack-Rat locations, the Pack-Rat board of directors
       was required to name to the board one voting member designated by WMS.
¶ 20       On June 8, 2007, WMS and Pack-Rat entered into the Operating Agreement setting forth
       their rights, duties, powers, and obligations as members of WM Pack-Rat. According to the
       June 1, 2009, contribution amendment to the Operating Agreement and the Definitive
       Agreement, WMS, WM Pack-Rat, and Pack-Rat entered into the Operating Agreement and the
       Definitive Agreement “to facilitate the opening of multiple [Pack-Rat] Locations and
       otherwise develop a business relationship with respect to the ongoing development and
       expansion of the business of [Pack-Rat].” The amendments to the Operating and Definitive
       Agreements were “to reflect the intent of the parties and to enable them to achieve their
       respective business objectives.”

¶ 21                               III. Lien Claim and Sale Procedures
¶ 22        In his deposition, Nathan Olson testified that he was originally hired by Pack-Rat and
       trained as a truck driver. In August of 2006, he was promoted to manager of Pack-Rat’s
       Glendale Heights facility. Mr. Olson’s managerial training was both on the job and through
       instruction by individuals from the corporate office, either in Illinois or North Carolina. In
       April 2009, the Glendale Heights facility was closed, and storage units were relocated to
       Bolingbrook or Gurnee, Illinois. On June 1, 2009, Mr. Olson became an employee of WM IL
       and the manager of both locations.
¶ 23        With respect to the lien and sale procedures at the Glendale Heights facility, Mr. Olson
       utilized the Step-by-Step Procedure. He had been orally instructed on this procedure by Kevin
       Barbour, his manager who was based in North Carolina. After a customer’s rental payments
       became 90 days past due, a notice of lien and sale date would be sent to the customer by
       certified mail. Between the mailing date and the date of the sale, attempts to reach the customer
       would continue, and notices would be placed in the local newspaper. Mr. Olson would contact
       Mr. Barbour and review the customer’s file and the notice and sale documentation with him
       before proceeding with the sale. This review was not “official.”
¶ 24        Mr. Olson explained that the notice of lien and sale was a form created by the SiteLink
       Reminder software (SiteLink), which he used when employed by Pack-Rat. While the form
       would already contain most of the necessary customer information, Mr. Olson would insert
       information such as the sale date, the facility name, and the dollar amounts.
¶ 25        In his deposition, Kevin Barbour testified that from 2006 to 2010, he was in operations
       support for Pack-Rat, part of which involved training individuals on various parts of SiteLink.
       The Step-by-Step Procedure for selling a delinquent customer’s property was created by a staff
       attorney for Pack-Rat and was programmed into SiteLink. While the procedures for each state
       would be the same, the timeline for each state would be different. According to Mr. Barbour, at
       the time Pack-Rat was responsible for the facilities, each state’s timeline was programmed into
       SiteLink. Mr. Barbour did not recall reviewing delinquent customers’ files with a facility
       manager prior to a sale of their property.
¶ 26        In his deposition, Andrew Friedman, vice president of and general counsel for Pack-Rat,
       testified that he did not consider ensuring that information programmed into SiteLink
       complied with the laws of the various states in which Pack-Rat operated. He had never been
       contacted by Pack-Rat’s operations department to review the program to determine if it was in


                                                   -4-
       compliance with the local laws.

¶ 27                                   IV. Rental of the Storage Unit
¶ 28       In preparation for placing their house on the market to sell, Lisa entered into a rental
       agreement with Pack-Rat to store certain of the plaintiffs’ belongings. On February 27, 2009,
       Pack-Rat delivered a storage container to the plaintiffs’ residence at 930 South Euclid Avenue
       in Oak Park, Illinois (Euclid Avenue residence).
¶ 29       Upon delivery of the storage container, Lisa initialed or signed several documents,
       including the Rental Agreement, the Delivery Agreement, and the Insurance Addendum. Lisa
       agreed to have the monthly rental payments automatically deducted from her MasterCard. She
       declined Pack-Rat’s offer to provide insurance coverage pursuant to the Insurance Addendum.
       Under the terms of the rental agreement, Lisa agreed to “insure the actual full value of the
       stored property against loss or damage. *** To the extent you do not obtain insurance or
       contract with us to assume responsibility *** you waive all claims against us for loss and
       damage to the contents placed in the Container.”
¶ 30       The rental agreement provided that the failure to pay any installment of the rent or other
       amounts due under the Rental Agreement within ten (10) days of the due date constituted an
       “event of default.” The Rental Agreement further provided that the customer granted Pack-Rat
       a contractual lessor’s lien on the stored property to secure payment of the rent or other charges
       and fees payable under the agreement. In the event of a default by the customer, the Rental
       Agreement provided in pertinent part as follows:
               “[W]e may begin the enforcement of our lien including the denial of access to the
               Container by you, against all property of yours stored in the Container or at the
               Warehouse in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction in which your property is
               located when we commence the enforcement of our lien. Property may be sold or
               otherwise disposed of at the Warehouse or nearest suitable location to satisfy the
               applicable lien law. The personal property in the Container may be sold to satisfy the
               lien if you are in default. All moving, storage and/or sales costs associated with the sale
               of your property shall be your responsibility. As we have no knowledge of the contents
               stored in the Container, you hereby waive any obligation that we provide a description
               of the personal property in your Container, to the extent required by the applicable state
               lien laws.”
¶ 31       Also relevant to this case is the notice provision of the Rental Agreement which provided
       as follows:
                   “Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement or as required by law,
               any written notices or demands required or permitted to be given under the terms of this
               Agreement may be personally served or may be served by first class mail or certified
               mail, deposited in the United States mail with postage thereon fully prepaid and
               addressed to the party to be served at the address of such party provided for in this
               Agreement. *** In the event you shall change your place of residence or alternate
               address from the place on the attached Addendum, you shall give us written notice of
               any such change within ten (10) days of the change, specifying your current address
               and telephone numbers. Failure to provide forwarding information in writing releases
               us of any damages that might occur in the event that the Container must be removed or
               in exercising our remedies upon an event of default, unless directly caused by our

                                                    -5-
                fraud, willful misconduct or willful violation of the law. We assume no responsibility
                and will make no attempts to locate you if such information is unavailable.”
¶ 32       Lisa believed that Pack-Rat picked up the loaded container from the Euclid Avenue
       residence on March 3, 2009. The monthly rental payment was charged on her MasterCard
       account on February 27, March 27, and April 27, 2009.
¶ 33       Prior to May 9, 2009, Pack-Rat notified Lisa that her storage container had been moved
       from Glendale Heights to its facility in Gurnee, Illinois. On May 9, 2009, Lisa called
       Pack-Rat’s 800 number and spoke with an individual named Antonio. She informed him that
       instead of moving to their new home, they would be renting a place to live temporarily. Lisa
       inquired what the monthly charge would be, as the original three-month special rate had
       expired, and she wanted to provide Pack-Rat with the plaintiffs’ rental address. Antonio gave
       Lisa the telephone number of the Gurnee warehouse, where she spoke with “Steve.” After
       discussing the monthly charge and the redelivery charge with Steve, Lisa offered to provide
       him with the plaintiffs’ rental address, but he told her to call the facility when she was ready to
       have the container delivered.
¶ 34       Due to compromised activity on her MasterCard, on May 13, 2009, Lisa was issued a new
       card with a new account number. Lisa acknowledged that she did not give Pack-Rat her new
       MasterCard account number, and she failed to notice that no rental charge appeared on her
       MasterCard account in May, June, July, or August 2009.
¶ 35       The plaintiffs signed a contract to sell the Euclid Avenue residence in late June or early
       July 2009. On June 27, 2009, the plaintiffs moved from the Euclid Avenue residence to their
       rental residence on Asbury Avenue, Winnetka, Illinois. Lisa filled out the post office change of
       address form and received mail forwarded from the Euclid address to the Asbury address. She
       did not recall receiving a letter from Pack-Rat on or about June 10, 2009, July 31, 2009, or
       August 2009, notifying her that her rental payments were past due. Lisa did not recall receiving
       an auction sale notice from Pack-Rat in September 2009 and denied receiving a certified letter
       from Pack-Rat in September 2009. She did not recall how long the telephone number of the
       Euclid Avenue residence remained in service.
¶ 36       In late September 2009, Lisa learned that the contents of the container had been sold at
       auction on September 18, 2009. She contacted Nathan Olson at Pack-Rat. Mr. Olson explained
       he had tried to reach her by telephone. Lisa told him she had not received any telephone calls,
       e-mails or notices from Pack-Rat and that she had attempted, albeit unsuccessfully, to provide
       Pack-Rat with the plaintiffs’ rental address. She acknowledged that she did not provide
       alternative telephone numbers for the plaintiffs to Pack-Rat. Lisa further acknowledged that
       the delivery agreement required her to update her credit card information with Pack-Rat.
¶ 37       Stephen V. Redman (Steve) was the customer service representative at Pack-Rat’s Gurnee
       facility at the time the plaintiffs’ container was stored there. His duties included the delivery
       and moving of storage containers and submitting paperwork to the corporate office as the
       containers were delivered. Steve’s training was on-the-job for the most part. He was trained on
       how to access customer information on the computer. Steve explained that, according to
       Pack-Rat policy, if a customer called to update information, the employee would make the
       requested changes, but only if the employee was available and had the time to make the
       changes. Otherwise, the customer would be directed to call the 800 number. When he delivered
       a container unit, Steve would tell customers to notify Pack-Rat once they had moved so that
       their files could be updated. He did not recall accessing or changing customer information

                                                    -6-
       based on a telephone call from the customer. Steve did not recall a telephone conversation with
       Lisa.
¶ 38       On August 28, 2009, Pack-Rat sent a certified letter to the plaintiffs at the Euclid Avenue
       residence, advising them that the rental fees were more than 90 days past due and unless the
       amount was paid in full by September 18, 2009, the contents of the container would be offered
       for sale on that date. The certified letter was returned to Pack-Rat as unclaimed. On September
       18, 2009, Auctions by Jennifer conducted the sale, and the contents of the plaintiffs’ storage
       container were sold to Walter Dubin for $1,000. After the sale, Pack-Rat personnel discovered
       a letter with the address of Isaac’s parents among the plaintiffs’ unsold personal property.
       Pack-Rat contacted Isaac’s parents, who informed Isaac of the sale. The plaintiffs attempted to
       recover their property, but the purchaser had sold their property on September 19, 2009.

¶ 39                                   V. Circuit Court Proceedings
¶ 40       On January 29, 2010, the plaintiffs filed a class action suit against the defendants for
       violations of section 4 of the Self-Service Storage Facility Act (Storage Act) (770 ILCS 95/4
       (West 2008)), section 2 of the Consumer Fraud Act (815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2008)) and
       realleged their conversion and replevin claims. In their second amended complaint, the
       plaintiffs no longer sought class certification but alleged violations of the Consumer Fraud Act
       based on the defendants’ failure to comply with the requirements of the Storage Act, breach of
       fiduciary duty, conversion, and replevin.
¶ 41       On March 8, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment on liability.
       They maintained that, as a matter of law, the defendants were collectively liable to them for
       violations of the Consumer Fraud Act and for conversion of their property under joint venture
       and direct participation theories.
¶ 42       On August 30, 2012, the circuit court granted the motion as to the conversion claim. The
       court noted that the rental agreement required the defendants to comply with the laws of the
       jurisdiction in which the property was located. If there was a violation of the Storage Act, the
       rental agreement did not give the defendants the authority to dispose of the plaintiffs’ property.
       The court found that undisputed facts showed that the defendants failed to comply with the
       Storage Act as follows: the August 28, 2009, notice letter did not contain an itemized statement
       of the defendants’ claim, the date the amount came due or a demand for payment within a
       specified time not less than 14 days after delivery of the notice (770 ILCS 95/4(C)(1), (C)(4)
       (West 2008)) and failed to comply with the timing requirements in section 4(E)(3) for a lien
       sale of a defaulting renter’s personal property (770 ILCS 95/4(E)(3) (West 2008)). The circuit
       court denied the motion as to the Consumer Fraud Act, finding the record insufficient to
       determine if the defendants’ conduct was oppressive or caused the plaintiffs substantial injury.
¶ 43       The circuit court also granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs on the multi-party
       liability. The court found the existence of a joint business venture between the WMS and
       Pack-Rat in the creation of WM IL and found WMS, Pack-Rat and WM Pack-Rat liable to the
       plaintiffs for any wrongdoing by WM IL. The court denied summary judgment as to the
       liability of WMI. After the defendants filed a motion for reconsideration, the circuit court
       amended its August 30, 2012, order and denied summary judgment to the plaintiffs as to any
       liability on the part of WM Pack-Rat.
¶ 44       On October 6, 2014, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on the plaintiffs’
       second amended complaint. On October 20, 2014, the plaintiffs filed their response to the

                                                   -7-
       defendants’ motion for summary judgment and a cross-motion for partial summary judgment
       on liability on their Consumer Fraud Act count. The plaintiffs did not contest the defendants’
       request for summary judgment as to the breach of fiduciary duty and replevin counts and as to
       the liability of WM Storage, Inc. II. On their Consumer Fraud Act count, the plaintiffs
       maintained that they were entitled to partial summary judgment as to liability against WM
       Pack-Rat and WMI. In the case of WM Pack-Rat, the plaintiffs alleged it was jointly and
       severally liable for the actions of WM IL. In the case of WMI, they alleged that WMI was a
       joint venture partner of Pack-Rat in causing damages to the plaintiff. The defendants filed a
       reply to the plaintiffs’ response and cross-motion. With leave of court, the plaintiffs filed a
       surreply to respond to defendants’ motion for summary judgment and a reply in support of
       their cross-motion for partial summary judgment as to liability. On November 13, 2014, the
       circuit court heard argument on the summary judgment and partial summary judgment motions
       and took the case under advisement.
¶ 45       On December 17, 2014, the circuit court issued its order and opinion. The court granted
       summary judgment to the defendants on the Consumer Fraud Act count, finding that the
       defendants’ failure to comply with provisions of the Storage Act was not a per se violation of
       the Consumer Fraud Act, did not violate public policy, and was not unfair. The court further
       found no causal connection between the defendants’ noncompliance and the injury to the
       plaintiffs.
¶ 46       The circuit court then addressed the liability of the defendants on the plaintiffs conversion
       claim. The court observed that the only theory for holding WMI liable for WM IL’s conversion
       of the plaintiffs’ property was to pierce the corporate veil between WMI and WMS. Since the
       parties had agreed that there was no basis in the evidence for that theory, the court granted
       summary judgment on WMI’s liability on the conversion claim and dismissed WMI from the
       case.
¶ 47       The circuit court found no necessity to pierce the corporate veil between WM Pack-Rat and
       WM IL. The court noted that in its August 30, 2012, order, it had found that WMS and
       Pack-Rat may be held liable for WM IL’s wrongdoing. The court denied the defendants’
       motion for summary judgment as to WM Pack-Rat’s liability on the plaintiffs’ conversion
       claim and denied the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment to pierce the corporate veil
       between WM Pack-Rat and WM IL.
¶ 48       Turning to the issue of damages, the circuit court rejected the defendants’ argument that
       they were entitled to summary judgment based on the limitation of damages provision in the
       rental agreement. The court found the limitation of damages provision violated public policy,
       and it was unclear that such a limitation would apply to a conversion claim. The court further
       found that while punitive damages may be awarded on conversion claims, the defendants’
       actions did not reach the level of willful and wanton disregard necessary for an award of
       punitive damages to be considered appropriate in this case.
¶ 49       The circuit court’s order provided in pertinent part as follows:
                    “1. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment on their claim against all Defendants
                for violations of the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act is DENIED. Plaintiffs’ Motion for
                Summary Judgment as to liability of Waste Management, Inc. and WM Pack-Rat, LLC
                for the acts of WM Pack-Rat of Illinois is DENIED.
                    2. Defendant’s [sic] Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ claims for (1)
                violation of the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act, (2) breach of fiduciary duty, (3) replevin

                                                   -8-
              is GRANTED. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to no liability for Waste
              Management, Inc. and WM Storage II, Inc. is GRANTED. Defendants’ Motion for
              Summary Judgment that punitive damages are unavailable is GRANTED.
                   3. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to no liability for WM Pack-
                   Rat, LLC is DENIED. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment that damages
              are limited by the lease agreement is DENIED.”
¶ 50      On January 6, 2015, the circuit court entered an order pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
       Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), finding that there was no reason to delay enforcement or
       appeal of its December 17, 2014, order. This appeal followed.

¶ 51                                             ANALYSIS
¶ 52                                       I. Standard of Review
¶ 53       The court applies the de novo standard of review to the disposition of a motion for
       summary judgment. Millennium Park Joint Venture, LLC v. Houlihan, 241 Ill. 2d 281, 309
       (2010). “ ‘Summary judgment is proper if, and only if, the pleadings, depositions, admissions,
       affidavits and other relevant matters on file show that there is no genuine issue of material fact
       and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Wolinsky v. Kadison, 2013 IL
       App (1st) 111186, ¶ 48 (quoting Illinois Farmers Insurance Co. v. Hall, 363 Ill. App. 3d 989,
       993 (2006)). Where the parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment, they invite the
       court to determine the issues as a matter of law and enter judgment in favor of one of the
       parties. Mt. Hawley Insurance Co. v. Robinette Demolition, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 112847,
       ¶ 14.

¶ 54                                             II. Discussion
¶ 55                                 A. Consumer Fraud Act Violations
¶ 56       “To state a cause of action under the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act, five elements must be
       proven: (1) a deceptive act or unfair practice occurred, (2) the defendant intended for the
       plaintiff to rely on the deception, (3) the deception occurred in the course of conduct involving
       trade or commerce, (4) the plaintiff sustained actual damages, and (5) such damages were
       proximately caused by the defendant’s deception.” Dubey v. Public Storage, Inc., 395 Ill. App.
       3d 342, 353 (2009). Of the five elements, only whether a deceptive act or unfair practice
       occurred and whether the plaintiffs’ damages were proximately caused by the defendants’
       deceptive act or unfair practice are at issue.
¶ 57       The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants’ failure to comply with provisions of the Storage
       Act governing the procedures to be followed in conducting a sale of a delinquent renter’s
       property constituted an unfair business practice. See Hill v. PS Illinois Trust, 368 Ill. App. 3d
       310, 319 (2006) (conduct may be unfair under the Consumer Fraud Act without being
       deceptive). They further alleged that the defendants’ failure to follow their own internal
       procedures and the inadequacy of their procedures utilized in complying with the sale
       requirements of the Storage Act also constituted unfair business practices.
¶ 58       Whether conduct is unfair under the Consumer Fraud Act is determined on a case-by-case
       basis. Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 354. “The requirements for unfair conduct are: (1) whether the
       practice offends public policy; (2) whether it is oppressive; and (3) whether it causes
       consumers substantial injury.” Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 354. A practice need not meet all

                                                   -9-
       three criteria to be unfair. Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 354. “Rather, a practice may be unfair
       because of the degree to which it meets one of the criteria or because to a less extent it meets all
       three.” Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 354 (citing Robinson v. Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 201 Ill.
       2d 403, 418 (2002)).
¶ 59       The plaintiffs contend that the defendants’ failure to comply with the statutory waiting
       periods and notice provisions offended public policy. With respect to the Storage Act, the
       circuit court found that the defendants failed to comply with section 4 of the Storage Act in that
       (1) the notice of sale letter the defendants sent to the plaintiffs did not contain an itemized
       statement of the defendants’ claim, the date the amount had become due, and a demand for
       payment within a specified time not less than 14 days after delivery of the notice; (2) the
       defendants did not allow for the statutorily required amount of time between the delivery of the
       notice letter and the publishing of advertisements for the lien sale, and (3) the defendants did
       not allow for the statutorily-required amount of time between the publication of notice and
       actual sale. 770 ILCS 95/4(C), (E)(3) (West 2008). The defendants do not contest the circuit
       court’s findings that they failed to comply with the Storage Act.
¶ 60       In addition, the plaintiffs point out that the defendants did not follow their own procedures.
       Even though he was trained to do so, Steve refused Lisa’s offer to provide Pack-Rat with the
       plaintiffs’ rental address, failed to instruct her to call the 800 number to update her address
       information and failed to instruct her to fill out the change of address form used by the
       defendants. The defendants failed to utilize the telephone number or e-mail information Lisa
       provided them to contact the plaintiffs; and the defendants did not program their computer
       system used in generating notices to customers to conform to the notification requirements of
       the Storage Act.
¶ 61       The plaintiffs maintain that section 4 of the Storage Act expresses Illinois’s public policy
       to protect the consumer by requiring notice that his property is at risk of being disposed of by
       the storage facility owner. In compliance with section 4(C) of the Storage Act, on August 28,
       2009, the defendants sent a notice of sale by certified letter to the plaintiffs at the Euclid
       Avenue residence, their last known address. The August 28, 2009, notice was returned to the
       defendants as “unclaimed.” The fact that the content of the notice was technically incorrect
       made no difference as the plaintiffs never read the contents of the notice.
¶ 62       With respect to the plaintiffs’ contention that the defendants’ prevented them from
       updating their address, section 2 of the Storage Act defines the last known address as “that
       address provided by the occupant in the latest rental agreement, or the address provided by the
       occupant in a subsequent written notice of a change of address.” 770 ILCS 95/2(F) (West
       2008). The Euclid Avenue residence address was set forth on the delivery ticket. Both section
       2(F) of the Storage Act and the Rental Agreement required Lisa to give “written notice” of a
       change of address. While Steve could have entered the plaintiffs’ rental address into the system
       or instructed her to call the 800 number, Lisa knew or should have known that written
       notification was required under the Rental Agreement and to invoke the protections under the
       Storage Act. Neither the Storage Act nor the rental agreement required the defendants to
       provide a change of address form.
¶ 63       The plaintiffs contend that the defendants’ failure to utilize the telephone or e-mail address
       information provided by a customer was contrary to public policy, oppressive, and resulted in
       injury to the consumer. In February 2009, Lisa provided the defendants with a telephone
       number and an e-mail address; both were printed on the delivery ticket, part of the addendum

                                                    - 10 -
       to the Rental Agreement. Lisa acknowledged that she did not provide written notice of the
       change of address to the defendants, and she was uncertain how long the telephone at the
       Euclid Avenue residence remained in service after the plaintiffs moved from there on June 27,
       2009. Not only did Lisa fail to comply with the Rental Agreement provision to provide updated
       telephone and address information, the Rental Agreement specifically provided that, in the
       event that Lisa failed to provide the updated address and telephone information within 10 days
       of any change, “[Pack-Rat] assume[s] no responsibility and will make no attempts to locate
       you if such information is unavailable.”
¶ 64        The plaintiffs do not contend that the “no effort to notify” provision of the Rental
       Agreement was contrary to public policy. They cite no authority requiring the defendants to do
       more than the Rental Agreement or the Storage Act required. See Saunders v. Michigan
       Avenue National Bank, 278 Ill. App. 3d 307, 315 (1996) (reviewing court rejected the
       plaintiff’s reasonable expectations argument finding that “the express agreement between the
       parties clearly controls what expectations are reasonable”).
¶ 65        The plaintiffs maintain that the public policy of Illinois requires that out-of -state
       corporations such as Pack-Rat comply with Illinois law citing section 13.10 of the Business
       Corporations Act of 1983 (805 ILCS 5/13.10 (West 2008)). Section 13.10 provides that
       foreign corporations are subject to the same duties, restrictions, penalties, and liabilities as
       domestic corporations. Sprague v. Universal Voting Machine Co., 134 Ill. App. 379 (1907),
       cited by the plaintiffs, was filed prior to 1935 and therefore is not binding but only persuasive
       authority. Choate v. Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co., 2012 IL 112948, ¶ 32 n.4. In any event, in
       Sprague, the reviewing court noted that Illinois public policy was against trusts and business
       combinations organized for the purpose of suppressing competition. In that regard, foreign
       corporations were subject to the same restrictions and duties as domestic corporations.
       Sprague, 134 Ill. App. at 384.
¶ 66        The plaintiffs complain that the circuit court did not sufficiently consider whether the
       defendants’ conduct was oppressive or caused substantial injury to consumers. To be
       oppressive, the conduct must leave the consumer with little alternative but to submit.
       Saunders, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 313. In Dubey, the reviewing court found the defendant’s
       business practice oppressive where the defendant never served the plaintiff with the notice of
       lien or the notice of the auction of her property. Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 354.
¶ 67        In contrast to Dubey, the defendants in this case sent notice of the sale to the plaintiffs’ last
       known address as required by the Storage Act. In addition, the Rental Agreement provided a
       procedure whereby the plaintiffs could maintain current contact information with the
       defendants. However, the plaintiffs failed to comply with the notification requirement in the
       Rental Agreement, which resulted in them not receiving notice of the sale. Moreover, unlike
       the plaintiff in Dubey, the plaintiffs had failed to make their rental payments on the storage unit
       because Lisa failed to provide the defendants with her new credit card number. See Hill, 368
       Ill. App. 3d at 319-20 (the plaintiff stated a cause of action for violation of the Consumer Fraud
       Act where he alleged that he was never sent the statutory notice that the defendant would be
       seeking enforcement of its lien and had no reasonable opportunity to avoid the sale).
¶ 68        While the defendants’ notices did not comply in all respects with the requirements of the
       Storage Act, but for the failure of the plaintiffs to comply with requirement that they provide a
       change of address in writing, the plaintiffs would have received notice of the lien and the
       scheduled sale of their property. Since the defendants’ business practice did not deprive the

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       plaintiffs of a meaningful choice, in this case a reasonable opportunity to avoid the sale, the
       defendants’ conduct was not oppressive.
¶ 69        The plaintiffs argue that the defendants’ business practices caused substantial injury by not
       complying with the notice requirements of the Storage Act. They maintain that the defendants’
       Site Link Reminder System and the Step-by-Step procedure were set up to ensure compliance
       with the law in North Carolina, where Pack-Rat originally operated. The fact that the
       defendants failed to introduce procedures to ensure compliance with Illinois’s Storage Act
       caused substantial injury to consumers by the enforcement of the lien and sale of their
       property. The plaintiffs point out that they provided the circuit court with evidence that in 17
       other cases the defendants had failed to comply with the Storage Act notification requirements,
       but the court improperly discounted the evidence.
¶ 70        The plaintiffs rely on the deposition testimony of attorney Friedman, acknowledging that
       he never reviewed SiteLink to ensure compliance with local laws. On the other hand, Kevin
       Barbour testified that each state’s timeline for notices was inputted into SiteLink. The
       plaintiffs failed to support their assertion that the defendants were applying North Carolina law
       in Illinois with a citation to the record on appeal. Moreover, the 17 other instances relied on by
       the plaintiffs were properly discounted by the circuit court because in order to recover on their
       claim, the plaintiffs must establish that defendants’ actions proximately caused the plaintiffs’
       injury in this case. See Avery v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 216 Ill. 2d 100,
       203 (2005) (claimant failed to prove a private right of action under the Consumer Fraud Act
       where he suffered no damage and failed to establish proximate causation). In the present case,
       even if the defendants’ failure to comply with the Storage Act notification requirements was an
       unfair business practice, it was not the proximate cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries.
¶ 71        The plaintiffs maintain that the circuit court placed too much emphasis on Lisa’s failure to
       notify the defendants that her credit card number had been changed and her failure to comply
       with the written notification requirements of the Rental Agreement. Nonetheless, had Lisa
       complied with the requirement to update her credit card information, the plaintiffs would not
       have fallen behind on their rental payments in the first place. Had Lisa complied with the
       written notification requirements of the Rental Agreement, the plaintiffs would have received
       the August 28, 2009, notification of the lien and sale. Absent the plaintiffs’ failures, the failure
       of the defendants to include certain information or comply with the timing requirements in
       their notifications would not have prevented the plaintiffs from taking action to avoid the loss
       of their possessions.
¶ 72        Since as a matter of law, the defendants’ business practices were not the proximate cause of
       the plaintiffs’ injuries, the defendants were entitled to summary judgment on the plaintiffs’
       Consumer Fraud Act claim. The circuit court’s order granting summary judgment to the
       defendants and denying summary judgment to the plaintiffs on their Consumer Fraud Act
       claim was correct.

¶ 73                                 B. Liability of WMI For WM IL
¶ 74       The plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred when it ruled that as a matter of law, WMI
       was not liable for the conduct of WM IL. The plaintiffs argue that the Definitive Agreement
       established that WMI was a partner in a joint venture with Pack-Rat and therefore, liable for
       the actions of WM IL in converting the plaintiffs’ possessions.


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¶ 75        “A joint venture is an association of two or more entities to carry out a single, specific
       purpose for a profit.” Daniels v. Corrigan, 382 Ill. App. 3d 66, 80 (2008). The existence of a
       joint venture is dependent upon the intentions of alleged joint venturers. Daniels, 382 Ill. App.
       3d at 80. In determining the parties’ intention to enter into a joint venture, the court considers
       the following: “(1) a community of interest, (2) a proprietary interest in the subject matter, (3)
       a right to direct and govern the policy, and (4) a sharing in both the profits and losses.” Daniels,
       382 Ill. App. 3d at 80. “ ‘Possibly, the most important criterion of a joint venture is joint
       control and management of the property used in accomplishing its aims.’ ” Daniels, 382 Ill.
       App. 3d at 80 (quoting Herst v. Chark, 219 Ill. App. 3d 690, 694 (1991)). The proponent of the
       existence of the joint venture has the burden of proving that the parties intended such a
       relationship. Daniels, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 80. All four criteria must be established or a joint
       venture does not exist. Daniels, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 80. The Definitive Agreement provisions
       fail to establish that WMI was a participant in the joint venture with Pack-Rat so as to be liable
       for the actions of WM IL.
¶ 76        The Definitive Agreement specifically provided that WMI was a party to the Definitive
       Agreement solely as a guarantor of its obligations to provide financing. We also find that the
       plaintiffs’ argument that WMI and Pack-Rat shared a community of interest unsupported by
       the evidence. While attorney Friedman testified at his deposition that Pack-Rate sought to
       expand its business and was interested in working with developers, he could not speak for what
       WMI was seeking in the negotiations between the two. His testimony that WMI was interested
       in developing its property holdings was based on what a successful company would do and
       therefore, mere speculation. We further find no evidence that WMI, as opposed to WMS,
       exercised joint control and management with Pack-Rat. Under the Definitive Agreement, as an
       “affiliate” of WMS, WMI was given opportunities, such as participation in Pack-Rat’s
       “buy-back” option and favorable treatment if it wished to develop a territory already under
       contract by another developer and to develop new products. In addition, WMI was entitled to
       first notice of Pack-Rat’s decision to sell assets. With respect to Pack-Rat’s board of directors,
       it was WMS that was permitted to have an observer present at board meetings and upon the
       opening of 20 Pack-Rat facilities, it was WMS that was permitted to have one voting member.
¶ 77        The plaintiffs cite Smith v. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 77 Ill. 2d
       313 (1979), Daniels, and Groark v. Thorleif Larsen & Son, Inc., 231 Ill. App. 3d 61 (1992), for
       general principles applicable to the creation of joint ventures. But the plaintiffs provide no
       analysis of those cases relevant to the present case.
¶ 78        We conclude that as a matter of law the plaintiffs failed to establish the criteria necessary to
       show that WMI and Pack-Rat were parties to a joint venture that ultimately resulted in the
       creation of WM IL by WM Pack-Rat. Since as a matter of law WMI was not liable for the
       actions of WM IL, the circuit court’s award of summary judgment to the defendants and denial
       of summary judgment to the plaintiffs on the issue of WMI’s liability for the actions of WM IL
       was correct.

¶ 79                                       C. Punitive Damages
¶ 80       The plaintiffs contend that the circuit court erred when it granted summary judgment to the
       defendants, finding as a matter of law that the plaintiffs were not entitled to an award of
       punitive damages for the conversion of their property by the defendants.


                                                    - 13 -
¶ 81       Punitive damages serve to punish the offender and to deter that party and others from
       committing similar acts of wrongdoing in the future. Loitz v. Remington Arms Co., 138 Ill. 2d
       404, 414 (1990). Under the proper circumstances the tort of conversion will support an award
       of punitive damages. Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 355. “Punitive damages for the tort of
       conversion properly lie where the defendant acts willfully or with such gross negligence to
       indicate a wanton disregard of the rights of others.” Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 355. The initial
       decision whether punitive damages may be imposed in a particular case is a matter normally
       reserved to the trial judge. Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 414.
¶ 82       The plaintiffs maintain that the defendants acted with willful disregard to their Illinois
       customers by failing to research and implement Illinois law to ensure compliance with the
       Storage Act in asserting and enforcing a lien claim. Specifically, they alleged that the evidence
       established that SiteLink was not reviewed to ensure that it complied with the state law in its
       new locations, SiteLink did not comply with the notification requirements of the Storage Act,
       the Step-by-Step procedure did not comport with the Storage Act, Mr. Olson received no
       training in the enforcement of the defendants’ lien rights, and there was no management review
       of Mr. Olson’s actions taken in enforcing the lien against the plaintiffs’ property prior to the
       sale.
¶ 83       Punitive damages are not awarded for acts that constitute ordinary negligence, such as
       mere inadvertence, mistake, and errors of judgment. Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 415. The court in Loitz
       explained:
                    “Since the purpose of punitive damages is not compensation of the plaintiff but
               punishment of the defendant and deterrence, these damages can be awarded only for
               conduct for which this remedy is appropriate—which is to say, conduct involving some
               element of outrage similar to that usually found in crime. The conduct must be
               outrageous, either because the defendant’s acts are done with an evil motive or because
               they are done with reckless indifference to the rights of others. [Citation.] In this
               context, willful and wanton misconduct approaches the degree of moral blame attached
               to intentional harm, since the defendant deliberately inflicts a highly unreasonable risk
               of harm upon others in conscious disregard of it.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
               Loitz, 138 Ill. 2d at 415-16 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 908 cmt. b, at
               464-65 (1979), and Bresland v. Ideal Roller & Graphics Co., 150 Ill. App. 3d 445, 457
               (1986)).
¶ 84       The plaintiffs rely solely on Dubey. In that case, this court found that an award of punitive
       damages was not an abuse of discretion where the evidence established that the defendant
       rented the plaintiff a storage unit that it had rented to a another individual, changed the unit
       number on the contract the plaintiff signed, failed to instruct the plaintiff not to store more than
       $5000 worth of property in the unit, failed to correct the mistake in the unit numbers after
       discovering it, and auctioned off the plaintiff’s property without notifying her. Dubey, 395 Ill.
       App. 3d at 356. This court determined that there was ample evidence to support the conclusion
       that the defendant acted willfully or with such gross negligence to indicate a wanton disregard
       for the rights of others. Dubey, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 356.
¶ 85       The defendants respond that the conduct cited by the plaintiffs did not reach the level
       necessary for the imposition of punitive damages. In Cruthis v. Firstar Bank, N.A., 354 Ill.
       App. 3d 1122 (2004), the bank was found to have converted the plaintiffs’ funds when it
       withdrew funds from the plaintiffs’ checking account solely on the unsupported request of

                                                    - 14 -
       another bank and without notifying or obtaining permission from the plaintiffs to withdraw the
       funds or to trigger their overdraft protection. The bank refused to return the funds to the
       plaintiffs claiming, incorrectly, that the funds had been removed due to the wife’s termination
       from employment. Cruthis, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 1133.
¶ 86       The reviewing court agreed with the trial court that the evidence demonstrated the bank’s
       “lack of good judgment, not willful and wanton conduct, when it withdrew the funds from the
       plaintiffs’ account and returned them to [the employer].” Cruthis, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 1133.
       Ultimately, the bank credited the plaintiffs’ account for fees and interest charges. While the
       evidence supported the jury’s determination that the bank had committed conversion, it did not
       support the jury’s determination that the bank “behaved with an evil motive or with reckless
       indifference to the plaintiffs’ rights.” Cruthis, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 1134.
¶ 87       The defendants maintain that the failure to train Mr. Olson does not support an award of
       punitive damages. In Spires v. Mooney Motors, Inc., 229 Ill. App. 3d 917 (1992), the reviewing
       court found that the defendant allowed an employee to change a tire, despite the fact that the
       employee was not sufficiently trained and the defendant knew or should have known that the
       employee was using damaged equipment, the tire was probably defective, and the employee
       was installing the tire without using a protective shield. The reviewing court upheld summary
       judgment for the defendant, finding those facts insufficient to support an award of punitive
       damages. Spires, 229 Ill. App. 3d at 923-24.
¶ 88       The defendants also rely on Jensen v. Chicago & Western Indiana R.R. Co., 94 Ill. App. 3d
       915 (1981). In that case, acting with the advice of legal counsel, the defendant sold the
       plaintiff’s property believing, mistakenly as it turned out, that under its lease with the plaintiff,
       the plaintiff’s failure to remove his equipment within the time specified authorized the
       defendant to take title to and dispose of the equipment. Jensen, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 937. The court
       noted that the defendant notified the plaintiff that he must move his equipment or it would be
       sold for scrap. The reviewing court found that the defendant’s conduct did not “reflect an
       intentional or wanton disregard of the plaintiff’s rights.” Jensen, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 937. With
       respect to the lack of communication prior to the sale and inconsistent representations by the
       defendant’s agents, the reviewing court deemed them careless but that they did not amount to
       “willful or wanton conduct.” Jensen, 94 Ill. App. 3d at 937. The court held that the trial court
       abused its discretion when it submitted the issue of punitive damages to the jury. Jensen, 94 Ill.
       App. 3d at 938.
¶ 89       The circuit court determined that the defendants’ conduct demonstrated a lack of good
       judgment and reflected negligence. As a result, it found the defendants had committed the
       intentional tort of conversion. Unlike the defendant in Dubey, the defendants sent notice of the
       lien and sale to the plaintiffs at what the defendants believed was the plaintiffs’ last known
       address. Mr. Olson’s lack of training or use of SiteLink did not prevent the August 28, 2009,
       notice to the plaintiffs from being sent. Once it was returned as unclaimed, the Rental
       Agreement did not require the defendants to continue their efforts to contact the plaintiffs.
       Despite having no obligation to do so, when the defendants obtained the contact information
       for the plaintiffs, they utilized it to reach the plaintiffs. Such efforts cannot be characterized as
       indicative of an evil motive or indifference to the rights of the plaintiffs.
¶ 90       The plaintiffs argue that the circuit court’s ruling on punitive damages was flawed because
       it applied the same definition of willful misconduct to find that the Rental Agreement’s
       limitation on damages provision did not apply where the defendants voluntarily and

                                                    - 15 -
       intentionally auctioned the plaintiffs’ property without authorization under the Storage Act.
       The court then used the same definition to find that punitive damages were not appropriate in
       this case.
¶ 91       We find no inconsistency. There is no question that the defendants acted voluntarily and
       intentionally in auctioning the plaintiffs’ property, since that is the basis for finding that they
       had converted the plaintiffs’ property. However, in order to determine if punitive damages are
       appropriate, the conduct must not just be willful, but that the defendant acted willfully or with
       such gross negligence to indicate a wanton disregard for the rights of others. Dubey, 395 Ill.
       App. 3d at 356. Such conduct is not present under the uncontested facts of this case.
¶ 92       Finally, the plaintiffs maintain that it was improper for the circuit court to consider its
       ruling on the plaintiffs’ Consumer Fraud Act claim in determining whether the punitive
       damages were appropriate in this case. We review the circuit court’s judgment, not the
       reasoning the court employed. Canada Life Assurance Co. v. Salwan, 353 Ill. App. 3d 74, 79
       (2004). We determine whether the circuit court reached the proper result. Salwan, 353 Ill. App.
       3d at 79. The circuit court’s reasons for its decision or its findings on which its decision is
       based are not material if the judgment is correct. Salwan, 353 Ill. App. 3d at 79. As a reviewing
       court, we can sustain the decision of the circuit court on any grounds called for by the record
       regardless of whether the circuit court relied on the grounds and regardless of whether the
       court’s reasoning was sound. Salwan, 353 Ill. App. 3d at 79. While we agree with the plaintiffs
       that the two issues are dissimilar, the court’s ruling that an award of punitive damages was not
       appropriate in this case was correct.

¶ 93                     D. Liability of WM Pack-Rat for the Actions of WM IL
¶ 94       The plaintiffs contend that they were entitled to summary judgment on the issue of WM
       Pack-Rat’s liability for the acts of WM IL. The plaintiffs and the defendants filed
       cross-motions for summary judgment on that issue. Contrary to the statement in the plaintiffs’
       opening brief, the circuit court denied both motions. Therefore, the defendants maintain that
       this court lacks jurisdiction to rule on this issue.
¶ 95       The denial of a summary judgment motion is not a final order and is normally not
       appealable even where the court has made a finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
       304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). Eakins v. Hanna Cylinders, LLC, 2015 IL App (2d) 140944, ¶ 36.
       An exception exists where the parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment and the
       circuit court has granted one, disposing of all the issues in the case. Eakins, 2015 IL App (2d)
       140944, ¶ 36.
¶ 96       Here, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, but the circuit court denied
       both motions. Therefore, we agree with the defendants that we lack jurisdiction to rule on the
       liability of WM Pack-Rat for the actions of WM IL.


¶ 97                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 98      For all of the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 99      Affirmed.



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