          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               JANUARY 2020 TERM

                                   _____________                          FILED
                                                                     February 25, 2020
                                                                         released at 3:00 p.m.
                                    No. 18-0945                      EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                   _____________                     SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA




                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
                                    Respondent


                                         V.


                                    PATRICK C.,
                                     Petitioner

  ____________________________________________________________________

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Gilmer County
                             Honorable Jack Alsop, Judge
                              Criminal Action No. 12-F-5

                               AFFIRMED
  ____________________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: January 28, 2020
                              Filed: February 25, 2020*

Kevin W. Hughart, Esq.                              Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
M. Tyler Mason, Esq.                                Attorney General
Hughart Law Office                                  Holly M. Flanigan, Esq.
Sissonville, West Virginia                          Assistant Attorney General
Attorneys for Petitioner                            Charleston, West Virginia
                                                    Attorneys for Respondent

JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE WORKMAN concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT



          1. “Punishment may be constitutionally impermissible, although not cruel or

unusual in its method, if it is so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that

it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity, thereby

violating West Virginia Constitution, Article III, Section 5 that prohibits a penalty that is

not proportionate to the character and degree of an offense.” Syllabus point 5, State v.

Cooper, 172 W.Va. 266, 304 S.E.2d 851 (1983).



          2. “While our constitutional proportionality standards theoretically can apply to

any criminal sentence, they are basically applicable to those sentences where there is either

no fixed maximum set by statute or where there is a life recidivist sentence.” Syllabus

point 4, Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981).



          3. “In determining whether a given sentence violates the proportionality

principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, consideration is

given to the nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a

comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a

comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction.” Syllabus point 5, Wanstreet

v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981).
                                               i
Hutchison, Justice:

              This appeal was brought by Patrick C. (hereinafter “Petitioner”) from a

September 28, 2018, order of the Circuit Court of Gilmer County resentencing him to not

less than ten nor more than twenty-five years in prison.1 The Petitioner was resentenced,

for appeal purposes, subsequent to his guilty plea to a charge of failure to provide sex

offender registration change of information. In this appeal the Petitioner argues that his

sentence shocks the conscience and is disproportionate to the offense. Upon careful review

of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the parties, and the applicable legal

authority, we affirm.



                                             I.

                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              The record in this case indicates that on August 18, 2006, the Petitioner

entered a guilty plea, in the Magistrate Court of Lewis County, to the misdemeanor offense

of sexual abuse in third degree.2 Subsequent to the guilty plea the Petitioner was given the



       1
         Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases involving juveniles and
sensitive facts, we use the initials where necessary to protect the identities of those
involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va. 254, 256 n.1, 773 S.E.2d 20, 22 n.1
(2015).
       2
         The Petitioner was initially charged with the felony offense of sexual assault in
the third degree. At the time of the offense, the Petitioner was twenty years old and the
victim was fourteen years old.


                                             1
maximum sentence of ninety days in jail. Further, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 15–12–

4(a)(2)(E) (2018), of the West Virginia Sex Offender Registration Act (the Act), the

Petitioner was required to register as a sexual offender for life.3 The Petitioner did not

appeal the conviction or sentence.



              On September 10, 2007, the Petitioner was indicted on four counts of failing

to provide a change in his sex offender registration information as required under the Act.

The charges involved Petitioner’s failure to provide authorities with two changes in his cell

phone numbers, an address change, and a motor vehicle registration change. On February

8, 2008, the Petitioner entered a guilty plea to one felony count in the indictment. The

circuit court sentenced the Petitioner to an indeterminate term of one to five years, but

suspended the sentence and placed the Petitioner on probation. The Petitioner did not

appeal the conviction or sentence.



              Several months after the Petitioner’s initial violation of the Act, he was

charged with a second violation of the Act for failing to inform authorities that he opened

a Yahoo account. On July 30, 2008, the Petitioner entered a guilty plea to his second

violation of the Act. Subsequently the Petitioner was ordered by the circuit court to

undergo rehabilitation at the Anthony Center. On August 27, 2009, after Petitioner’s return


       3
         The Act was amended subsequent to the Petitioner’s sentence but the amendment
       is not relevant to this appeal.
                                             2
from the Anthony Center, the circuit court reinstated his initial sentence of one to five years

in prison, and imposed a second sentence of one to five years in prison for the second

conviction. The sentences were ordered to be served consecutively, but the circuit court

suspended the sentences and placed the Petitioner on probation for a period of five years.

The Petitioner did not appeal this disposition.



              On March 6, 2012, a grand jury returned a three count indictment against the

Petitioner charging him with failing to report his creation of two Facebook accounts and a

change in address. In June of 2012, the Petitioner pled guilty to one count in the indictment

for failure to report the creation of a Facebook account, in exchange for dismissing the

other two counts in the indictment. On August 30, 2012, the circuit court sentenced the

Petitioner to not less than ten nor more than twenty-five years in prison. The Petitioner did

not appeal this conviction and sentence.4



              The Petitioner eventually filed a petition for habeas corpus relief, which was

denied by an order of the circuit court on July 6, 2015. However, in that order the circuit

court granted the Petitioner leave to file a motion to reconsider his previously imposed

sentence of ten to twenty-five years in prison. On August 27, 2015, the Petitioner filed a

motion to reduce his sentence under Rule 35(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal



              4
                  The Petitioner’s probation was also revoked.
                                              3
Procedure. The Petitioner sought to have his sentence reduced to a flat sentence of ten

years or twelve years. By order entered on September 14, 2015, the circuit court denied

the Rule 35(b) motion. The Petitioner appealed the denial of the motion to this Court. In

an opinion, State v. Collins, 238 W. Va. 123, 792 S.E.2d 622 (2016), this Court affirmed

the circuit court’s ruling.5



               After this Court rendered the decision in Collins, the Petitioner filed another

habeas corpus petition with the circuit court in July of 2017. While the habeas petition was

pending the Petitioner filed a motion to be resentenced under his guilty plea to the

Facebook charge. The Petitioner argued that his counsel failed to file an appeal challenging

his sentence. The circuit court granted the motion and permitted the Petitioner to raise

constitutional arguments against the sentence.6 In its order of September 28, 2018, the

circuit court rejected the Petitioner’s constitutional challenge to his sentence and reimposed




          5
            In the Collins opinion this Court questioned the propriety of the circuit court’s
decision to permit the Petitioner to file an untimely Rule 35(b) motion. However, it was
noted in Collins that because the State failed to object to the Rule 35(b) motion before the
circuit court, “we decline[d] to address any error regarding the late filing of the motion.”
Collins, 238 W. Va. at 126 n.9, 792 S.E.2d at 625 n.9.
          6
            In the Collins decision the Petitioner attempted to raise a constitutional
challenge to his sentence. However, this Court refused to address the issue in the context
of an appeal of a Rule 35(b) motion. It was noted in Collins that such a challenge is more
appropriate in a direct appeal of a sentencing order, after the trial court has had an
opportunity to address the matter.
                                              4
the sentence of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five years in prison. This appeal

followed the resentencing order.




                                             II.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

              In this appeal we are called upon to review a constitutional challenge to the

circuit court’s sentencing order. We review “sentencing orders ... under a deferential abuse

of discretion standard, unless the order violates statutory or constitutional commands.” Syl.

pt. 1, in part, State v. Lucas, 201 W. Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997). Where the issue

involves the application of constitutional protections, our review is de novo. See Syl. pt.

8, Dean v. State, 230 W. Va. 40, 736 S.E.2d 40 (2012) (“A review of a proportionality

determination made pursuant to the Excessive Fines Clause of the West Virginia

Constitution is de novo.”); Richmond v. Levin, 219 W. Va. 512, 515, 637 S.E.2d 610, 613

(2006) (“interpretations of the West Virginia Constitution, along with interpretations of

statutes and rules, are primarily questions of law, we apply a de novo review.”).



                                            III.

                                      DISCUSSION

              This case involves the Petitioner’s appeal of an order resentencing him to

imprisonment for not less than ten nor more than twenty-five years. In this appeal the

                                             5
Petitioner argues that his sentence violates the state and federal constitutions because it

shocks the conscience and is disproportionate to the crime.7 The Respondent argues that

the sentence does not shock the conscience and is not disproportionate.



              To facilitate a contextual understanding of the legal arguments presented, we

pause to provide a summary of the reporting requirements under the Act. After a person is

convicted of certain qualifying offenses, the Act requires that he or she provide various

information to the West Virginia State Police detachment responsible for covering the

county of his or her residence. See W. Va. Code § 15-12-2(d) (2018). One such reporting

requirement imposed by the Act, and relevant here, is that of providing “[i]nformation

relating to any Internet accounts the registrant has and the screen names, user names, or

aliases the registrant uses on the Internet.” W. Va. Code § 15-12-2(d)(8). When any of

the information required to be provided to the sex offender registry changes, the registrant

must, “within ten business days, inform the West Virginia State police of the changes in

the manner prescribed by the Superintendent of State Police[.]” W. Va. Code § 15-12-3

(2012). The Act also provides that if a person refuses to provide accurate information when



          7
            The Petitioner’s brief cites to the federal constitution, but his legal analysis is
confined to the state constitution. Consequently, we will limit our analysis to the state
constitution. See Syl. pt. 8, State v. Vance, 164 W. Va. 216, 262 S.E.2d 423 (1980)
(“Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, which contains the cruel and
unusual punishment counterpart to the Eighth Amendment of the United States
Constitution, has an express statement of the proportionality principle: ‘Penalties shall be
proportioned to the character and degree of the offence.’”).
                                              6
so required, knowingly fails to register or provide a change in any required information he

or she is guilty of a felony and, for a first offense, must “be imprisoned in a state

correctional facility for not less than one year nor more than five years. Any person

convicted of a second or subsequent offense … is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction

thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility for not less than ten nor more

than twenty-five years.” W. Va. Code § 15-12-8(c) (2006).



              We note that typically “[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within

statutory limits and if not based on some unpermissible factor, are not subject to appellate

review.” Syl. pt. 4, State v. Goodnight, 169 W.Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982). In this

case the record is clear in showing that the Petitioner’s sentence falls squarely within the

statutory limits. The applicable statute, W. Va. Code § 15-12-8(c), expressly states that a

person convicted of a second or subsequent offense “shall be imprisoned in a state

correctional facility for not less than ten nor more than twenty-five years.” Further, the

Respondent has pointed out that “Petitioner does not contend the sentence was based on

some impermissible factor.”     Thus, outside the context of Petitioner’s constitutional

arguments, his sentence is not reviewable by this Court. See State v. Huskey, No. 17-0759,

2018 WL 1709109, at *2 (W. Va. Apr. 9, 2018) (Memorandum Decision) (“It is undisputed

that petitioner’s sentence was within statutory limits…. Thus, to be subject to appellate

review, petitioner must identify some impermissible factor upon which the circuit court

based his sentence. Petitioner did not identify any such impermissible factors in his brief

                                             7
on appeal. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err in imposing sentence.”);

State v. Slater, 222 W. Va. 499, 507, 665 S.E.2d 674, 682 (2008) (“We conclude that the

appellant’s sentence is not subject to our review because the sentence imposed for each

conviction is within the statutory limit and the appellant has identified no impermissible

factor upon which his sentence is based.”).



              With respect to Petitioner’s constitutional proportionality arguments, we

have previously held that “[w]hile our constitutional proportionality standards theoretically

can apply to any criminal sentence, they are basically applicable to those sentences where

there is either no fixed maximum set by statute or where there is a life recidivist sentence.”

Syl. pt. 4, Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981). Insofar as

Petitioner’s sentence has a fixed statutory maximum, syllabus point 4 of Wanstreet

instructs us that ordinarily such a sentence is not appropriate for proportionality analysis.

See State v. Allen, 208 W. Va. 144, 156, 539 S.E.2d 87, 99 (1999) (“Because this case

involves neither the possibility of unlimited sentences nor a life recidivist statute, we

decline Allen’s invitation to apply proportionality principles herein.”). However, we will

exercise our discretion and review Petitioner’s proportionality arguments. See State v.

Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *9 (W. Va. Nov. 22, 2019) (“West Virginia

Code § 15-12-8(c) explicitly states that ‘[a]ny person convicted of a second or subsequent

offense under this subsection is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be

imprisoned in a state correctional facility for not less than ten nor more than twenty-five

                                              8
years.’ This statutory sentence is precisely what the trial court imposed on Mr. Hoyle and

so, under our prior cases, the sentence is well-insulated from Mr. Hoyle’s proportionality

attack. We consider Mr. Hoyle’s arguments, nonetheless.”).



         In the case of State v. Cooper, 172 W. Va. 266, 272, 304 S.E.2d 851, 857 (1983) we

indicated that “[t]here are two tests to determine whether a sentence is so disproportionate

to a crime that it violates our constitution.” (Citation omitted.) The decision in Cooper

outlined the two tests as follows:

               The first is subjective and asks whether the sentence for the
               particular crime shocks the conscience of the court and society.
               If a sentence is so offensive that it cannot pass a societal and
               judicial sense of justice, the inquiry need not proceed further.
               When it cannot be said that a sentence shocks the conscience,
               a disproportionality challenge is guided by the objective test[.]
Cooper, 172 W.Va. at 272, 304 S.E.2d at 857. We will examine the two tests separately

below.

               (1) Subjective test. The Petitioner argues that his sentence violates the state

constitution because it “shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human

dignity.” We explained the subjective test of “shocks the conscience” in syllabus point 5

of Cooper as follows:

               Punishment may be constitutionally impermissible, although
               not cruel or unusual in its method, if it is so disproportionate to
               the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience
               and offends fundamental notions of human dignity, thereby
               violating West Virginia Constitution, Article III, Section 5 that
               prohibits a penalty that is not proportionate to the character and
               degree of an offense.
                                                9
Under the subjective test, we must determine whether the sentence imposed on the

Petitioner shocks the conscience. “In making the determination of whether a sentence

shocks the conscience, we consider all of the circumstances surrounding the offense.” State

v. Adams, 211 W. Va. 231, 233, 565 S.E.2d 353, 355 (2002).



              The Petitioner contends that his sentence shocks the conscience because he

was originally convicted of a misdemeanor and sentenced to the maximum ninety days in

jail, however, as a result of his failure to properly report a Facebook account he “is

condemned to spend ten (10) to twenty-five (25) years in the state penitentiary.” According

to the Petitioner he “is serving a prison sentence forty (40) to one hundred one (101) times

longer [than] that of his underlying misdemeanor sex offense.” The facts of this case are

not as simplistic as the Petitioner suggests in his brief.



              Consistent with Adams, supra, we must look at all of the circumstances

surrounding the offense which triggered the challenged sentence. The record shows that

Petitioner was originally charged with the felony offense of sexual assault in the third

degree, but was permitted to plead guilty to a sexual abuse misdemeanor charge. The

Petitioner was subsequently indicted on three separate occasions for failing to comply with

the Act’s sexual offender reporting requirements. Those three indictments involved a total

of eight alleged reporting violations. The Petitioner’s conduct in repeatedly failing to

comply with the Act’s sexual offender reporting requirements makes a mockery of those

                                              10
requirements. If this Court accepted the Petitioner’s position on this issue, we would be

agreeing with him that the Act’s reporting requirements are procedural niceties that sex

offenders can selectively comply with. As explained below, we rejected a similarly

cavalier view of sexual offender reporting requirements in Hoyle.



                  The defendant in Hoyle was indicted on two charges for failing to update his

sex offender registry information.8 The charges involved the defendant’s failure to remove

a registered phone number that was no longer in service, and his failure to register a phone

number (his wife’s) that he was using.9 A jury convicted the defendant of both charges

and he was sentenced to ten to twenty-five years in prison.10 On appeal the defendant

argued that the sentence of ten to twenty-five years in prison, for failing to remove a non-

used phone number from the registry and failing to register a phone number that was

actually being used, was unconstitutional because it shocked the conscience.              The

defendant argued that such a sentence should not be imposed for a “violation of a

regulatory, rather than penal, statute.” Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *9. We

disagreed with the defendant based upon the following:

                  The West Virginia Legislature has crafted this significant
                  punishment in response to “a compelling and necessary public

           The defendant’s underlying conviction was for sexual assault in the second
            8

degree and kidnapping.
            9
                The defendant was previously convicted of failing to register as a sex
offender.
            10
                 The defendant also received a life sentence as a recidivist.
                                                 11
              interest that the public have information concerning persons
              convicted of sexual offenses in order to allow members of the
              public to adequately protect themselves and their children from
              these persons.” Both this Court and the Supreme Court of the
              United States have recognized the importance of protecting the
              public from sexual offenders, which necessitates the need for
              harsh deterrent punishments. Finally, because … we afford
              deference … to the statutory sentences imposed by the
              Legislature, we cannot find that this sentence is so outrageous
              as to shock the conscience.
Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *9. For the reasons articulated in Hoyle, we do

not find the Petitioner’s sentence shocks the conscience.



              2. Objective test.     The Petitioner next contends that his sentence is

disproportionate to his crime of failing to report a Facebook account. We will review this

contention under the objective proportionality test set out in syllabus point 5 of Wanstreet:

              In determining whether a given sentence violates the
              proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the
              West Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the nature
              of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment,
              a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted
              in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses
              within the same jurisdiction.
Each of the Wanstreet factors will be reviewed separately below.



              (a) Nature of the offense. The crime for which the Petitioner pled guilty

involved his failure to report that he opened a Facebook account as required by W. Va.

Code § 15-12-8(c). The Petitioner argues that this was not a crime of violence and that it

was merely “a violation of a simple regulatory scheme.” We do not agree with the
                                             12
Petitioner’s attempt to downgrade the significance of his crime. In its creation of the Act

the Legislature expressly noted that it “is intended to be regulatory in nature and not penal.”

W. Va. Code § 15-12-1a (2000). In spite of the “regulatory” nature of the Petitioner’s

crime, the Legislature imposed a significant punishment for violators of the reporting

requirements. That is, the Legislature did not impose a mere fine for this “simple

regulatory scheme.” Instead, it imposed significant time in prison for those who failed to

comply with reporting requirements.



              (b) Legislative purpose behind the punishment. The Petitioner “does not

dispute the findings of the Legislature … with regards to the purpose of the statute.” The

Legislature set out the purpose of the Act in W.Va. Code § 15-12-1a, in part, as follows:

              (a) It is the intent of this article to assist law-enforcement
              agencies’ efforts to protect the public from sex offenders by
              requiring sex offenders to register with the state police
              detachment in the county where he or she shall reside and by
              making certain information about sex offenders available to the
              public as provided in this article. It is not the intent of the
              Legislature that the information be used to inflict retribution or
              additional punishment on any person convicted of any offense
              requiring registration under this article. This article is intended
              to be regulatory in nature and not penal.
              (b) The Legislature finds and declares that there is a compelling
              and necessary public interest that the public have information
              concerning persons convicted of sexual offenses in order to
              allow members of the public to adequately protect themselves
              and their children from these persons.




                                              13
It will be noted that under the Act the Legislature imposed a significantly harsher

punishment on repeat offenders. The punishment for the first reporting violation is only

one to five years imprisonment; while a second or subsequent violation results in a ten to

twenty-five-year sentence. See W. Va. Code § 15-12-8(c). Consequently, “we can only

conclude that the Legislature intended this precise punishment for offenses like

[Petitioner’s] in order to serve as a deterrent to repeat offenders and to protect the public

from those same individuals.” Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *10.



               (c) Comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other

jurisdictions.   The third Wanstreet factor we are called upon to address is that of

comparing the Petitioner’s sentence with that of punishments that would be imposed in

other jurisdictions. The Petitioner has referenced to statutes in several states that he

contends impose lesser punishment.11 We need not reinvent the wheel in resolving this

issue. The same argument was raised in Hoyle. Consequently, we reject Petitioner’s

comparison argument for the reasons set out in Hoyle:

               Next, we compare the ten-to twenty-five-year sentence under
               § 15-12-8(c) to the corresponding crime in other states.


          11
             The Petitioner cited to the following jurisdictions: Ky. Rev. Stat. § 17.510(1)
(2018) (5 to 10 years); MD. Code Ann, Crim. Proc., § 11-721(b)(1) (2010) (5 years); N.J.
Stat. § 2C:43-6(a)(3) (2013) (3 to 5 years); N.Y. Correct. Law § 168-t (2007) (2 to 5
years); Ohio Rev. Code § 2950.99 (2011) (2 to 8 years); Tenn. Code § 40-39-208(e)
(2019) (1 year); Va. Code § 18.2-10(e) (2017) (1 to 10 years).



                                             14
              Undoubtedly, many of our sister jurisdictions impose
              significantly lesser punishments, but other states impose
              punishments on par with or greater than that embodied in our
              law. Both Texas and Pennsylvania contemplate maximum
              twenty-year terms for offenders who repeatedly fail to adhere
              to their respective sex offender registration acts. Meanwhile,
              Georgia contemplates a maximum of thirty years incarceration.
              And, despite a lack of comparable codified penalties, other
              states have upheld significant sentences for recidivists who fail
              to properly register as sex offenders. In short, though West
              Virginia is among those states with the strongest punishments
              for this crime, we do not find that West Virginia is alone or an
              anomaly warranting interference with the Legislature’s
              reasoned decision to impose this punishment on offenders[.]
Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *10.



              (d) Comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction. The

fourth Wanstreet factor requires a comparison of other offenses in this State. The Petitioner

points out that a person convicted of second degree murder is eligible for parole after the

same number of years that he will be eligible for parole. See W. Va. Code § 61-2-3 (1994)

(10 to 40 years). The Petitioner also points out that a person convicted of second degree

sexual assault would face the same punishment that he received. See W. Va. Code § 61-

8B-4(b) (1991) (10 to 25 years). Finally, the Petitioner argues that a second or subsequent

failure to comply with the registration requirements under the Child Abuse and Neglect

Registration Act only carries a penalty of 1 to 5 years imprisonment. See W. Va. Code §

15-13-7(b) (2006). For the reasons cited in Hoyle, we are not persuaded that the state

offenses cited by Petitioner show that his sentence is disproportionate.


                                             15
             In Hoyle the defendant argued that his sentence of ten to twenty-five years

was disproportionate to the punishment for state crimes that included sexual assault in the

second degree, bank robbery, sexual abuse by a parent, guardian, or custodian, and first

degree sexual abuse of a child under the age of twelve by an adult over eighteen. We

rejected the defendant’s argument as follows:

             We take care to note that, with the exception of bank robbery,
             each of the above named offenses is of a sexual nature. These
             are offenses that our Legislature has chosen to punish in the
             strongest manner to protect the citizens of West Virginia. Few
             crimes in our state carry a harsher punishment than the one
             given to Mr. Hoyle, but we note that those crimes tend to be
             crimes of violence against the person.
             When taking the above considerations as a whole, we cannot
             conclude that a sentence of ten to twenty-five years for second
             offense     failure    to     register       is   unconstitutionally
             disproportionate. We do not deny that the act of failing to
             update or failing to register is, in itself, a nonviolent crime. But
             we also cannot deny that the Legislature has expressed a clear
             and compelling interest in protecting our society from the
             dangers unregistered sex offenders pose…. Even considering
             other crimes in our state, our Legislature has evidenced a
             pattern of imposing significant punishments for sexual
             offenses, and we cannot ignore that the Act’s requirements are
             part of that scheme. So, we have little trouble concluding that
             the Legislature’s chosen penalty for second offense failure to
             register under West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c) meets our
             standards of constitutional proportionality[.]
Hoyle, No. 18-0141, 2019 WL 6258349, at *11.




                                             16
                                            IV.

                                     CONCLUSION

              In view of the foregoing, we affirm the September 28, 2018, order of the

circuit court resentencing the Petitioner to not less than ten nor more than twenty-five

years in prison.



                                                                              AFFIRMED.




                                            17
