                         IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                        STATE V. REMIJIO


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                                 STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                                V.

                                   JOHN REMIJIO, APPELLANT.


                             Filed March 21, 2017.    No. A-16-561.


        Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County, PAUL D. MERRITT, JR., Judge, Retired,
on appeal thereto from the County Court for Sarpy County, TODD J. HUTTON, Judge. Judgment of
District Court affirmed.
       Patrick J. Boylan, Deputy Sarpy County Public Defender, for appellant.
       Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E. Duffy, for appellee.


       MOORE, Chief Judge, and INBODY and RIEDMANN, Judges.
       MOORE, Chief Judge.
                                       INTRODUCTION
        John Remijio appeals an order of the district court for Sarpy County affirming his
conviction and sentence in the county court for driving under the influence of alcohol and reckless
driving. On appeal, Remijio argues that the county court erred in denying a motion to suppress
evidence seized as the result of his arrest. Specifically, Remijio asserts that the court erred in
approving police use of a citizen to retrieve him from his home, in order for police to interrogate
him without a proper Miranda warning and seize physical evidence without a warrant. Finding no
merit to the assigned errors, we affirm.




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                                   FACTUAL BACKGROUND
        During the early evening hours of September 27, 2014, Deputy Adam Vail of the Sarpy
County Sheriff’s Department was training Deputy Cody Schramm when they received a radio
broadcast concerning a maroon Ford F-150 pickup truck driving on its rims. Schramm, who was
driving, headed to the neighborhood from which the report originated. Vail testified that when they
arrived in the area, an anonymous citizen standing outside stopped the deputies and reported seeing
the F-150 driving on its rims. The citizen instructed the deputies regarding the direction taken by
the vehicle. Schramm similarly testified that the deputies asked neighbors who were standing
outside their homes if they had seen the F-150, and they pointed out the direction taken by the
vehicle.
        Continuing in the reported direction, the deputies found a vehicle matching the description,
a maroon F-150 with two flat tires on the passenger side, parked diagonally, partially on the grass
and partially on the driveway of a residence, which was later determined to be Remijio’s residence.
A couple other cars were parked in the driveway. Schramm parked the police cruiser in the street
in front of the residence, partially blocking the driveway. Vail believed a car could have backed
out of the driveway if necessary. A small group of people were outside the house. Vail made
contact with the group outside the house and asked them who owned the F-150. In response, Vail
was informed that the owner of the F-150 was inside the house. Vail asked that someone go inside
and get that individual and bring him or her outside, so the deputies could speak with that person.
One of the individuals outside the house, Victoria Foote, retrieved Remijio from the house. Foote
was Remijio’s girlfriend.
        Vail was in uniform with badge displayed, armed with a gun, and he arrived in a marked
police cruiser. Vail testified that he did not order anyone from the group to retrieve the driver.
Instead, he “asked” if someone would get the driver. Foote lived with Remijio at the residence in
question. Foote testified that she had returned home from shopping when the deputies arrived. As
she was exiting her vehicle, the deputies pulled up behind her, partially blocking the driveway.
She stated that the deputies seemed friendly and were not yelling when they approached her. The
deputies asked her who owned the F-150. Foote reported the F-150 as belonging to Remijio. When
asked whether she felt compelled to retrieve Remijio in accordance with the deputies’ request,
Foote claimed she was not going to argue with the deputies, so she did feel compelled. During
cross-examination, Foote acknowledged that the deputies did not force or demand that she retrieve
Remijio, and they did not have their weapons drawn. Rather, the deputies politely asked if Foote
would retrieve the owner of the F-150. However, Foote qualified this statement by reiterating that
“when a police officer asks me to do something, I’m going to do it.”
        When Remijio came outside, Vail requested that he stand in front of the cruiser. As Remijio
approached them, the deputies detected the odor of alcohol coming from his person, and observed
Remijio to have bloodshot, watery eyes and his speech to be slurred. The deputies asked Remijio
several questions regarding his identity, the condition of the F-150, and whether he had been
drinking and driving the vehicle that evening. In response to these questions, Remijio
acknowledged owing and driving the F-150, drinking earlier in the day, and not having anything
to drink since arriving at the house approximately 15 minutes earlier. Vail testified that during this




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questioning, Remijio was not handcuffed or under arrest, and he was free to leave. Vail indicated
that he did not force Remijio to answer any questions, and that his responses were voluntary.
        Vail questioned Remijio further regarding the two flat tires. Remijio claimed to not
remember how this occurred. Shortly following this comment, Vail requested Schramm to begin
the preliminary breath test observation time. During the waiting period, Schramm continued
questioning Remijio and Vail talked with the other people outside the house to determine if
Remijio had been driving the vehicle. The group informed Vail that Remijio was the driver of the
F-150. Vail returned to Schramm and Remijio. Schramm then advised Vail that Remijio denied
driving the F-150, having changed his story. Vail reminded Remijio of his earlier statement that
he had been driving and had nothing to drink since returning home. Remijio responded by
shrugging his shoulders, giving no verbal response. Schramm thereafter advised Remijio of his
Miranda rights. Remijio indicated that he understood his Miranda rights. After the advisement,
Remijio said he was willing to talk with the deputies without an attorney present. The deputies
proceeded to question him further.
        In response to further questioning, Remijio testified that he starting drinking about 4:00
p.m. that day and had gone in his truck to get more beer at a grocery store. This conversation
occurred at approximately 7:15 p.m. Remijio was then asked to perform field sobriety tests. The
results of the tests revealed impairment. Remijio was then asked to submit to a preliminary breath
test, which he failed. He was then arrested for driving under the influence, and transported to the
Sarpy County Jail. There he was administered a DataMaster test, which reported a blood alcohol
content of .272, above the legal limit.
                                PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
        On October 27, 2014, a complaint was filed against Remijio, charging him with (1) driving
under the influence of alcohol .15 or over, second offense, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010), a Class I misdemeanor; and (2) reckless driving, in violation of Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 60-6,213 (Reissue 2010), a Class III misdemeanor.
        On February 23, 2015, Remijio filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized as a result of
the “stop and arrest.” Remijio argued that there was no probable cause supporting the arrest, there
was no warrant, the deputies did not observe him driving the vehicle, and that the arrest violated
his constitutional rights.
        On May 11, 2015, a hearing was held on the motion to suppress before the county court.
During this hearing, Vail, Schramm, and Foote testified as set forth above. Several exhibits were
admitted into evidence, including video recorded from the cruiser, arrest and sobriety test reports,
and the record of Remijio’s prior driving under the influence conviction.
        On July 14, 2015, the county court entered an order denying the motion to suppress. The
court found Vail had authority to pursue an investigation based on the radio broadcast and
neighbor’s tip regarding the manner in which the F-150 was being operated. The court thereafter
found that the circumstantial evidence supported suspicion that the F-150 located at Remijio’s
residence was the same vehicle previously witnessed to be traveling nearby in a reckless manner.
Upon locating the vehicle, the court found Vail could lawfully stop and briefly detain Remijio, as
the identified owner and possible driver, for investigative purposes, as Vail had articulable facts



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giving rise to a reasonable suspicion that Remijio had unlawfully driven the F-150 recklessly and
with flat tires. The court found that having Remijio complete the field sobriety tests did not amount
to an arrest but was more akin to a Terry stop. Prior to the completion of the tests, the court
determined that Remijio was not in custody, and that his statements were noncustodial and
admissible at trial. The court also found that “the test results themselves are non-testimonial and
do not require Miranda even though (Schramm) read (Remijio) the Miranda warning prior to
(Remijio’s) participation in the tests and he waived the same.” The court concluded Remijio was
not arrested until he failed the field sobriety tests and that there was probable cause to make the
arrest.
        On October 15, 2015, a stipulated bench trial was held before the county court, during
which Remijio preserved his motion to suppress. The parties stipulated that the testimony at the
suppression hearing would be the same testimony offered at trial. The State offered into evidence
police reports, as well as the test results. On October 19, the county court found Remijio guilty of
driving under the influence of alcohol .15 or over and reckless driving.
        On October 22, 2015, an enhancement and sentencing hearing was held. The State offered
evidence that Remijio had a prior conviction for driving under the influence, making the charge in
the present case a second offense. The court sentenced Remijio to a period of 18 months’ probation,
and imposed a $1,000 fine for driving under the influence and a $100 fine for reckless driving.
        Remijio appealed his conviction to the district court. Remijio alleged within his statement
of errors that (1) the police created a custodial setting by ordering Foote to make Remijio come
out of his house and answer their questions about an anonymous tip they received that he was
driving a pickup in a haphazard manner, (2) the police heightened the custodial setting by directing
Remijio where to stand when he was brought out of his home, (3) once in custody the police failed
to advise Remijio of his Miranda rights before they elicited incriminating statements, (4) the
subsequent Miranda advisement did not cure the illegal questioning that preceded it and ultimately
led to his arrest, (5) the police had no probable cause to arrest Remijio or even summon him from
his home because nothing the anonymous tipster told them amounted to a crime, and (6) the
physical and testimonial evidence was the fruit of the poisonous tree of an illegal arrest and should
have been suppressed.
        On May 3, 2016, the district court entered an order affirming the judgment of the county
court and finding all of Remijio’s claimed errors to be without merit.
        First, the district court noted the county court’s determination that the deputies had a
reasonable suspicion that reckless driving, at a minimum, had occurred, and the investigation based
on this suspicion was reasonable. Considering the totality of the circumstances, the district court
found such a determination to be not clearly erroneous, and the deputies were justified in pursuing
their investigation and making initial contact with Remijio.
        Second, the district court held that a tier-one police-citizen encounter occurred when
Remijio exited the residence and made initial contact with the deputies to answer questions
concerning the F-150, which encounter did not amount to a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.
The court determined that once the deputies developed a reasonable suspicion that Remijio had
been driving under the influence, supported by the totality of the circumstances, and began
pursuing a DUI investigation, the encounter became a tier-two police-citizen encounter, invoking



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the protections of the Fourth Amendment. Applying these protections, the court found the pursuit
of a driving under the influence investigation to have been reasonable based on the information
available to the deputies. The court found the warrantless arrest to be appropriate as a result of the
sobriety tests reflecting impairment.
        Lastly, the court addressed Remijio’s assertion that the deputies failed to timely advise him
of his Miranda rights. The court found that Remijio was not in custody prior to being advised of
the Miranda rights by Schramm. Therefore, no advisement was necessary during the initial
encounter.
        Remijio subsequently perfected this appeal.
                                   ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
        Remijio assigns, combined and restated, that the district court erred in affirming the county
court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
        In an appeal of a criminal case from the county court, the district court acts as an
intermediate court of appeals, and its review is limited to an examination of the record for error or
abuse of discretion. State v. Avey, 288 Neb. 233, 846 N.W.2d 662 (2014). Both the district court
and a higher appellate court generally review appeals from the county court for error appearing on
the record. Id. When reviewing a judgment for errors appearing on the record, an appellate court’s
inquiry is whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable. Id. But an appellate court independently reviews
questions of law in appeals from the county court. Id. When deciding appeals from criminal
convictions in county court, an appellate court applies the same standards of review that it applies
to decide appeals from criminal convictions in district court. Id.
        In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, whether based on a claimed
violation of the Fourth Amendment or on a statement’s alleged involuntariness, an appellate court
applies a two-part standard of review. Regarding historical facts, the appellate court reviews the
trial court’s findings for clear error. Whether those facts meet constitutional standards, however,
is a question of law, which the appellate court reviews independently of the court’s determination.
State v. McClain, 285 Neb. 537, 827 N.W.2d 814 (2013). See also, State v. Woldt, 293 Neb. 265,
876 N.W.2d 891 (2016).
                                            ANALYSIS
       Remijio argues that the county court erred in overruling the motion to suppress, thereby
approving police use of a citizen to retrieve him from his home in order for police to interrogate
him without a proper Miranda warning and seize physical evidence without a warrant. As a result,
Remijio asserts that his incriminating statements and other seized evidence was inadmissible.
       To determine whether an encounter between an officer and a citizen reaches the level of a
seizure under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, an appellate court employs the
analysis set forth in State v. Van Ackeren, 242 Neb. 479, 495 N.W.2d 630 (1993), which describes




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the three levels, or tiers, of police-citizen encounters. State v. Gilliam, 292 Neb. 770, 874 N.W.2d
48 (2016).
         A tier-one police-citizen encounter involves the voluntary cooperation of the citizen
elicited through noncoercive questioning and does not involve any restraint of liberty of the citizen.
Because tier-one encounters do not rise to the level of a seizure, they are outside the realm of
Fourth Amendment protection. Id.
         A tier-two police-citizen encounter constitutes an investigatory stop as defined by Terry v.
Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Such an encounter involves a brief, nonintrusive detention during a frisk
for weapons or preliminary questioning. Id. A tier-three police-citizen encounter constitutes an
arrest. An arrest involves a highly intrusive or lengthy search or detention. Id. Tier-two and
tier-three police-citizen encounters are seizures sufficient to invoke the protections of the Fourth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Id.
         A seizure in the Fourth Amendment context occurs only if, in view of all the circumstances
surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he or she was not free to
leave. Id.
         Whether a police officer has a reasonable suspicion based on sufficient articulable facts
necessary to authorize stopping a person depends on the totality of the circumstances. Courts must
determine whether reasonable suspicion exists on a case-by-case basis. State v. Lamb, 280 Neb.
738, 789 N.W.2d 918 (2010). See, also, State v. Wollam, 280 Neb. 43, 783 N.W.2d 612 (2010).
Reasonable suspicion entails some minimal level of objective justification for detention,
something more than an inchoate and unparticularized hunch, but less than the level of suspicion
required for probable cause. State v. Nelson, 282 Neb. 767, 807 N.W.2d 769 (2011).
         The factual basis for an investigatory stop need not arise from the officer’s personal
observation, but may be supplied by information acquired from another person. State v. Ege, 227
Neb. 824, 420 N.W.2d 305 (1988). When the information providing the factual basis for an
investigatory stop is furnished by another person, it must contain sufficient indicia of reliability.
State v. Pickinpaugh, 17 Neb. App. 329, 762 N.W.2d 328 (2009). A detailed eyewitness report of
a crime by an informant provides its own indicia of reliability because a citizen informant who has
personally observed the commission of a crime is presumed to be reliable. Id.
                              FOOTE’S COOPERATION WITH DEPUTIES
        Remijio argues that he was removed from his residence by an agent of law enforcement,
transforming his contact with the deputies into a tier-three encounter and thereby amounting to a
seizure sufficient to invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment. Remijio’s arguments are
based upon his assertion that Foote was intimidated by the deputies to retrieve Remijio from his
residence, qualifying Foote’s actions as taken on behalf of law enforcement.
        To determine whether a private person’s search is actually a search by the state depends on
whether the private person must be regarded as having acted as an instrument or agent of the state.
State v. Abdouch, 230 Neb. 929, 434 N.W.2d 317 (1989). Resolution of whether an individual is
acting as an agent of law enforcement is a question of fact determined by the totality of the
circumstances. State v. Mata, 266 Neb. 668, 668 N.W.2d 448, (2003), overruled on other grounds.




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The defendant has the burden of establishing that a private individual acted as an agent of law
enforcement. Id.
        Upon our review, we find no clear error by the county court, as affirmed by the district
court, in the determination that Foote was not acting as an agent of law enforcement. The record
supports a finding that Foote was not ordered by the deputies to bring Remijio outside, or otherwise
intimidated to do so. Rather, Foote’s testimony reflected that the deputies were friendly and polite
in their request, and that Foote simply cooperated with their request to ask the driver to come
outside. While Foote testified that she was not going to argue with the deputies, this is not
equivalent to being forced to act. Further, the deputies’ act of pulling up behind Foote’s parked
vehicle was not sufficiently intimidating to create a forced agency relationship. The totality of the
circumstances indicate that Foote’s cooperation was voluntary.
        Remijio has failed to satisfy his burden of proving Foote acted as an agent of law
enforcement. Remijio’s first interaction with law enforcement occurred upon exiting the residence
and speaking with the deputies. Therefore, we proceed to consider whether this initial interaction
between Remijio and the deputies amounted to seizure under the Fourth Amendment and custodial
interrogation pursuant to Miranda.
                                        INITIAL INTERACTION
        Remijio argues that the district court erred in finding that his exit from the residence
amounted to a tier-one police-citizen encounter and that this encounter was non-custodial, thereby
not requiring the advisement of Miranda rights.
        Upon our review, we find that the district court did not err in determining that the initial
contact between Remijio and the deputies qualified as a tier-one police-citizen encounter, not
reaching the level of a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. The deputies were investigating
reports of possible reckless driving when they made contact with Remijio. Remijio voluntarily
cooperated with the deputies’ request to approach the cruiser and answer some questions. The
questioning occurred in a public place and involved noncoercive inquiries pertaining to Remijio’s
identity, the condition of the F-150, and whether Remijio had been drinking and driving. The
location of Remijio during this questioning, between the deputies and the cruiser, did not amount
to a restraint of liberty sufficient to elevate the initial encounter to a higher tier. The surrounding
circumstances reflect that Remijio was not compelled by the deputies to answer their questions,
but instead voluntarily made incriminating responses. This initial encounter and questioning was
not a seizure sufficient to invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment.
                                      CONTINUED DETENTION
        We further agree with the district court that once the deputies began pursuing a driving
under the influence investigation, a tier-two police-citizen encounter was present sufficient to
invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment. The interaction at this point was elevated to a
“nonintrusive detention,” synonymous with an investigatory stop as defined by Terry v. Ohio, 392
U.S. 1 (1968).
        While an investigatory stop is considered a “seizure” and invokes Fourth Amendment
safeguards, because of its less intrusive character, it requires only that the stopping officer have




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specific and articulable facts sufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion that a person has
committed or is committing a crime. Wollam, 280 Neb. at 50. See, also, State v. Au, 285 Neb. 797,
829 N.W.2d 695 (2013).
         We conclude that the deputies were aware of specific and articulable facts sufficient to give
rise to reasonable suspicion that Remijio had been driving recklessly and under the influence, so
as to justify the additional detention and investigation. During the initial contact with Remijio, the
deputies detected the odor of alcohol coming from his person. Further, Remijio had bloodshot,
watery eyes and slurred speech. Thereafter, Remijio’s voluntary statements acknowledged
ownership of the vehicle, driving the vehicle, drinking earlier in the day, and having nothing to
drink since returning to the residence 15 minutes earlier. Thus, the deputies’ suspicions that
Remijio had been driving under the influence were reasonable under the totality of the
circumstances to support the continued Terry investigation through the field sobriety tests and
further questioning. See State v. Pickinpaugh, 17 Neb. App. 329, 762 N.W.2d 328 (2009) (field
sobriety tests may be justified by a police officer’s reasonable suspicion based upon specific
articulable facts that the driver is under the influence of alcohol).
         Upon our review of the record, the factual findings of the county court were not clearly
erroneous, and the lower courts did not err in finding no Fourth Amendment violations occurred.
                                 ADVISEMENT OF MIRANDA RIGHTS
          A person is in custody for purposes of Miranda when there is a formal arrest or a restraint
on one’s freedom of movement to the degree associated with such an arrest. Id. Persons
temporarily detained pursuant to an investigatory traffic stop are not “in custody” for the purpose
of Miranda. State v. Casillas, 279 Neb. 820, 782 N.W.2d 882 (2010). Temporarily detaining a
driver to submit to routine field sobriety tests does not ordinarily rise to the level of custody so as
to implicate Miranda. Id. The results of field sobriety tests are not testimonial in nature, and
Miranda warnings are not required before field sobriety tests are administered. Pickinpaugh,
supra.
          The county court did not err in finding that Remijio was not in custody prior to being
advised of the Miranda rights. Therefore, incriminating statements made by Remijio during the
initial noncustodial encounter were not protected by the Fourth Amendment and were admissible
at trial. Further, the results of the field sobriety tests were admissible.
          Remijio’s assignment of error is without merit.
                                          CONCLUSION
        Upon our review, we find the district court sitting as an intermediate appellate court
correctly concluded that the county court did not err in overruling Remijio’s motion to suppress.
Therefore, we affirm.
                                                                                      AFFIRMED.




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