                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 12 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    18-50275

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cr-00702-RGK-1
 v.

JUAN CARLOS VALADEZ-MUNOZ,                      MEMORANDUM*
AKA Marcos Perez-Orosco, AKA Juan
Carlos Valadez,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

                              Submitted July 8, 2019**
                                Pasadena, California

Before: M. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and AMON,*** District
Judge.

      Defendant-Appellant Juan Carlos Valadez-Munoz appeals his conviction for


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Carol Bagley Amon, United States District Judge for
the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
illegal reentry following deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a), (b)(2).

Valadez-Munoz argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to

dismiss the indictment as time-barred and erred in declining to hold an evidentiary

hearing. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

1.    Section 1326(a) applies to any removed alien who “enters, attempts to enter,

or is at any time found in, the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(2) (emphasis

added). The five-year statute of limitations for “[t]he offense of being found in the

United States [begins to run] when an alien is discovered and identified by the

immigration authorities.” United States v. Zamudio, 787 F.3d 961, 966 (9th Cir.

2015) (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. Hernandez, 189 F.3d 785,

791 (9th Cir. 1999)). We have not yet addressed whether discovery may be based

on constructive, as opposed to actual, knowledge, id., but we need not decide that

here because under either analysis, the statute of limitations had not yet run on

Valadez-Munoz’s offense.

      Valadez-Munoz contends that the government did not charge him within the

five-year statute of limitations because it had constructive knowledge of his

presence in 2010 when he renewed his driver’s license but nonetheless failed to

charge him until 2017. But even assuming constructive knowledge triggers the

statute of limitations, the record does not show that the government delayed the

investigation or ignored datasets in its possession. As the district court determined,


                                          2                                     18-50275
the National Criminal Analysis and Targeting Center (NCATC) received 250,000

datasets in 2015 and discovered Valadez-Munoz’s presence in the country only

after it used those datasets to conduct a targeted search for Valadez-Munoz in

several databases in 2017. The record does not suggest that typical law

enforcement diligence required NCATC to have acquired or searched this data any

sooner.

      Valadez-Munoz suggests that the process that led to his discovery in 2017

could have led to his discovery after his 2010 renewal if the government had

exercised due diligence. However, because the government did not have the

means to search the databases “until after it received the data set with his

information in 2015,” we cannot conclude that the failure to discover Valadez-

Munoz before 2017 demonstrates a lack of typical law enforcement diligence.

2.    The district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to hold an

evidentiary hearing. The government’s misstatement of NCATC’s capabilities in

an initial discovery letter did not create a contested issue of fact because the

NCATC unit chief’s declaration corrected the misstatement. See United States v.

Ramirez-Garcia, 269 F.3d 945, 947 (9th Cir. 2001).

      AFFIRMED.




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