UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

JOAN M. TOLLEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

HEALTH CARE AND RETIREMENT
                                                                  No. 96-2094
CORPORATION, INCORPORATED, d/b/a
HCR West Nursing Center,
Incorporated,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Greenville.
G. Ross Anderson, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-95-1510-6-3)

Argued: October 31, 1997

Decided: January 21, 1998

Before MURNAGHAN, WILKINS, and NIEMEYER,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: Edwin Lake Turnage, Travelers Rest, South Carolina, for
Appellant. James Derrick Quattlebaum, HAYNSWORTH, MARION,
MCKAY & GUERARD, L.L.P., Greenville, South Carolina, for
Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Joan M. Tolley, a licensed practical nurse, was discharged by her
employer on October 20, 1994, after Tolley filled in a patient's chart
for a colleague, making the chart false. At the time, Tolley was 51
years old. She filed this action under the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 636, contending that her employer dis-
criminated against her because of her age or retaliated against her
because she "took up for" a 51-year-old co-employee who had been
discharged several months earlier. Tolley also contended that her dis-
charge breached a contract of employment under South Carolina com-
mon law. The district court granted the employer's motion for
summary judgment, and we affirm.

I

Since 1988, Tolley had been employed by Health Care and Retire-
ment Corp., Inc. ("HCR") at its Oakmont West facility in Greenville,
South Carolina. In March 1994, she received a copy of an HCR hand-
book which sets forth employees' rights and obligations. At the time
that Tolley received the handbook, she signed an acknowledgment
which indicated that she had received and read the handbook and
which explained the nature of her employment relationship. It
included an acknowledgment that Tolley was an "at-will employee"
and that the employee did not have a contract of employment unless
it was in writing on a document signed by both her and the president
of HCR. Tolley contends that she did not read the text of the signed
acknowledgment because she was not given an opportunity to peruse
it. She indicates, moreover, that she would not have understood the
acknowledgment had she read it.

Up until June 1994, Tolley had encountered no problems at HCR.
Indeed, only the month before she received an award as the employee

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of the month. In June, however, HCR fired Tolley's supervisor, Mary
Lamm, who was 51, and replaced her with Barbara Daniel, a younger
woman. Tolley publicly protested Lamm's discharge, and HCR seems
to have experienced a certain amount of employee tension as a result
of the appointment of Daniel.

In August 1994, Daniel promoted Tolley to unit manager. Daniel
gave Tolley a performance plan specifically designed for Tolley in
her new position. Tolley claims that the tasks and standards outlined
by this performance plan were impossible to meet. A few weeks later,
Tolley resigned from her position as unit manager, citing chronic
stress disorder and deteriorating health. As unit manager, Tolley was
given a 29 cent per hour raise, bringing her total wage to $11 per
hour. According to her, when a 22-year-old was elevated to unit man-
ager after Tolley's subsequent discharge in October, the younger
woman allegedly was to receive $13.10 an hour.

After resigning as unit manager, Tolley alleges that Daniel criti-
cized her constantly and was reluctant to grant her leave. She con-
tends that younger employees were not similarly criticized nor did
they encounter similar resistance to requests for time off. On Septem-
ber 8, Tolley met with her supervisors about her performance and
attendance problems and left the meeting in tears. She alleges she was
told that if she left the meeting to resolve herself, she would be fired.

In early October, due to an administrative error, Jackie Anderson,
also a nurse at Oakmont West facility, failed to give a patient required
medication and failed to indicate that she had done so on the patient's
chart for four days. During the same period, however, Tolley contin-
ued to administer the medication to the patient when she was on duty.
On October 11, when Tolley discovered that the patient's chart was
incomplete for four days, failing to reveal that Anderson had adminis-
tered the required medicine, Tolley initialed the chart for Anderson,
thereby indicating that the patient had been given the medication by
Anderson. Tolley then called Anderson, who ratified Tolley's initial-
ing the chart for her. Tolley claims that she initialed the chart for
Anderson because she had thought that Anderson had given the
patient the medication and that in those circumstances it was routine
for nurses to fill in charts for other nurses. She did not realize, how-
ever, that Anderson had not administered the medication. Accord-

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ingly, as it turned out, Tolley's entries created a false medical record
for the patient.

When HCR supervisors first learned of this situation, they
informed Tolley and Anderson that they would receive warnings for
their actions. But on October 20, 1994, each was given a choice of
resigning or being fired. Anderson, who was 42 years old, elected to
resign; Tolley did not elect to resign and was fired. Sometime after
October 20, Daniel indicated to Anderson she had done nothing
wrong. Furthermore, the director at Oakmont West told her that she
could come back to work at Oakmont West sometime in the future.
Tolley contends that other nurses at Oakmont West filled in blanks on
patients' charts and had engaged in other poor record-keeping prac-
tices, but that no one else was fired for these practices.

Tolley filed suit in a South Carolina state court, alleging age dis-
crimination, retaliation, slander, breach of contract, and breach of
contract accompanied by a fraudulent act. HCR removed the action
to federal court where the slander claims were subsequently dropped.
The district court thereafter entered summary judgment for the
employer, concluding that Tolley had failed to make out a prima facie
case of discrimination; that no employment contract ever existed; and
that Tolley had defaulted her retaliation claim because she did not
exhaust her administrative remedies.

II

To establish a prima facie case of discrimination in the enforce-
ment of employee disciplinary measures under the ADEA, the plain-
tiff must show: (1) that she is a member of the class protected by the
ADEA; (2) that the protected conduct in which she engaged was
comparable in seriousness to misconduct of employees substantially
younger than she; and (3) that the disciplinary measures enforced
against her were more severe than those enforced against those other
employees. Cf. Cook v. CSX Transp. Corp. , 988 F.2d 507, 511 (4th
Cir. 1993) (applying test to Title VII); see also O'Connor v. Consoli-
dated Coin Caterers Corp., 116 S. Ct. 1307, 1310 (1996). Once a
plaintiff has made out a prima facie case that disciplinary measures
were discriminatorily taken, the employer must articulate a "legiti-
mate, nondiscriminatory reason" for the adverse employment action.

                     4
See Texas Dep't of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,
252-53 (1981). Finally, the plaintiff must rebut the defendant's prof-
fered reason with evidence that the employer's reason was a pretext,
and that the discipline was instead imposed for discriminatory rea-
sons. Id.; see also St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502,
506-07, 515 (1993).

In this case, we agree with the district court's conclusion that Tol-
ley had not sufficiently supported her claim that she was treated more
harshly than younger employees. Tolley's case rests primarily on the
affidavits of three of her co-workers. The first affidavit, given by
Anderson, states that Anderson, who was 42 years old but still sub-
stantially younger than Tolley, was told that she would be able to
come back and work at HCR in the future. Tolley was not so told. The
second affidavit is from Estelle Edwards, stating that, on one previous
occasion at HCR forms were falsified to indicate that unadministered
medication had been administered. The affidavit also states that Dan-
iel was "aware that many nurses were filling in blanks" on patient
charts. The third affidavit, given by Rhonda Hooper, states that the
performance plan given to Tolley as unit manager was impossible to
meet and that Beth Warner, who became unit manager after Tolley
had been discharged, was to receive $13.10 an hour, over $2 an hour
more than Tolley had been paid when she held the unit manager job
several months earlier. Hooper also states that Daniel often filled in
blanks for other nurses and that Tolley was treated more harshly than
other nurses, "particularly the nurses under the age of forty," for her
alleged tardiness and misconduct.

The first affidavit does not advance Tolley's position. Although
Tolley and Anderson were both involved in the same conduct of com-
pleting false records, they were also both given the option to resign
or be fired for that act. Thus, their discipline was virtually identical.
Otherwise, however, their circumstances differed. While Anderson
elected to resign, Tolley refused to resign and therefore was fired.
Tolley was the person who created the false record, and Anderson's
input is ambiguous. And finally Tolley had been cited for tardiness
and attendance problems in the previous months. While Anderson
may have been told that she might be rehired at some later date, such
a speculative disparity, in these circumstances, is not enough as a
matter of law to constitute differential treatment. The fact remains

                     5
that in response to the creation of the false charts, HCR took identical
action with respect to both Tolley and Anderson.

The Edwards' affidavit indicates that a falsification of forms took
place on at least one other occasion, but it does not indicate how or
if the employees who falsified the records were disciplined. It also
fails to state the names or ages of the persons falsifying the records.
Thus, no inference that younger workers were treated less harshly
than older workers can be drawn from this affidavit.

Finally, Hooper's affidavit provides Tolley with little or no support
for similar reasons. First, even though Hooper states that Tolley's per-
formance plan was impossible to complete, the affidavit does not
compare her plan with those given to other, younger employees. Sec-
ond, the affidavit's statement about Daniel filling in blanks for other
nurses does not indicate that Daniel falsified any records. Tolley was
fired for creating a false record, not for filling out blanks without
authorization. Third, Hooper's statement that Tolley and Warner were
paid different rates does not compare similar jobs at the same period.
Tolley's resignation from the unit manager post may have required
greater compensation for the position, or Warner may have been
given more responsibility. The record is blank on these issues. And
finally, Hooper's statement that Tolley was treated harsher than youn-
ger workers, while relevant, is excessively general. It describes no
particular parties or instances. A party cannot make out a prima facie
case of discrimination by producing an affidavit that states, at a high
level of generality and without supporting facts, simply that older
workers are treated more harshly than younger employees.

In short, we conclude that a reasonable jury could not return a ver-
dict favorable to Tolley for age discrimination on these facts.

III

Tolley also contends that HCR retaliated against her because she
publicly protested the discharge of her former supervisor, Lamm, who
was 51. The only evidence that Tolley advances to support this claim,
however, is the single fact that Tolley was discharged four months
later. "Temporal proximity . . . is simply too slender a reed on which
to rest a . . . retaliatory discharge claim." Wagner v. Wheeler, 13 F.3d

                     6
86, 91 (4th Cir. 1993) (stated in the context of a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 dis-
crimination claim); see also Hughes v. Bedsole , 48 F.3d 1376, 1387
(4th Cir. 1995).

IV

Tolley also contends that HCR breached a contract created when
it issued its employee handbook to her. She contends that termination
of employment for "falsifying" as used in the handbook is ambiguous
as to whether it requires scienter, and therefore that the interpretation
of the contract should be submitted to the jury.

The substance of Tolley's contract claim is governed by South Car-
olina law. In South Carolina, "a contract for permanent employment
of an indefinite duration, which is not supported by any consideration
other than the obligation of service to be performed on the one hand
and wages to be paid on the other, is terminable at the will of either
party." Satterfield v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 617 F. Supp.
1359, 1361 (D.S.C. 1985). In the right circumstances, however, an
employee handbook can create a binding employment contract, see
Small v. Springs Indus., Inc., 357 S.E.2d 452, 454-55 (S.C. 1987), and
if an employer wishes the handbook not to form the basis of a con-
tract, it must include a conspicuous disclaimer in the handbook. See
id.; Marr v. City of Columbia, 416 S.E.2d 615, 616 (S.C. 1992);
Johnson v. First Carolina Financial Corp., 409 S.E.2d 804, 806 (S.C.
Ct. App. 1991).

In this case, the employee handbook contained an acknowledgment
page that specifically included a disclaimer making clear that employ-
ees were at-will employees, that they had no employment security,
and that no employee had an employment contract with HCR unless
the president of HCR agreed to the contract in an instrument signed
by the president. Tolley signed this acknowledgment page, indicating
that she had received the handbook and had read it. The fact that the
disclaimer was contained on a separate page that was to be severed
from the handbook, that was to be signed by the employee, and that
was to be included in the employee file made it, as a matter of law,
conspicuous. The whole purpose for having Tolley sign the disclaimer
was to bring to her particular attention that the employment was at-
will and that the handbook did not create a contract. This, we con-

                     7
clude, adequately addresses South Carolina's requirement that an
employer's disclaimer be "conspicuous."

Tolley contends, however, that even if the disclaimer disavowed
contractual rights, it did not do so in her case because she did not
have a chance to peruse and understand the disclaimer that she signed.
In South Carolina, however, "one who is capable of reading and
understanding but fails to read a contract before signing is bound by
the terms thereof." Sims v. Tyler, 281 S.E.2d 229, 230 (S.C. 1981).
The very first line of the acknowledgment she signed states, "I have
received a copy of the HCR Employee Handbook which includes
Rules for Your Protection and have read it carefully." She cannot now
disavow that document by claiming she did not read it.

Accordingly, we affirm the summary judgment entered by the dis-
trict court.

AFFIRMED

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