                                                             FILED
                                                              DEC 09 2016
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                          SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3
                    UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No. EC-15-1286-LFKi
                                   )      BAP No. EC-15-1292-LFKi
 6   YOUSIF H. HALLOUM,            )      BAP No. EC-15-1297-LFKi
                                   )      (related appeals)
 7                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)      Bk. No. 12-21477-C-7
 8                                 )
     YOUSIF H. HALLOUM; IMAN Y.    )      Adv. No. 15-02091-C
 9   HALLOUM,                      )
                                   )
10                  Appellants,    )
     v.                            )
11                                 )      MEMORANDUM*
     KATZEN & SCHURICHT; DAVID I. )
12   KATZEN; HILTON A. RYDER;      )
     McCORMICK, BARSTOW LLP;       )
13   SCOTT KOENIG; MICHAEL G.      )
     KASOLAS; MICHAEL C. ABEL;     )
14   SCOTT H. MCNUTT; MCNUTT LAW   )
     GROUP, LLP,                   )
15                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
16   ______________________________)
17                      Submitted Without Oral Argument
                              on November 17, 2016
18
                            Filed - December 9, 2016
19
              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                for the Eastern District of California
21      Honorable Christopher M. Klein, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
                         _________________________
22
     Appearances:     Yousif H. Halloum and Iman Y. Halloum on brief pro
23                    se; Scott H. McNutt, Michael C. Abel and Thomas B.
                      Rupp of McNutt Law Group LLP on brief for
24                    appellees Michael G. Kasolas, Chapter 7 Trustee,
                      McNutt Law Group LLP, Scott H. McNutt and Michael
25                    C. Abel; David I. Katzen of Katzen & Schuricht and
26
          *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28   have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
     See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1                   Alan Scott Koenig of ASK Law Offices on brief for
                     appellees Scott Koenig, David I. Katzen, and
 2                   Katzen & Schuricht; Scott M. Reddie of McCormick
                     Barstow LLP on brief for appellees McCormick
 3                   Barstow LLP and Hilton A. Ryder.
                          _________________________
 4
     Before: LAFFERTY, KIRSCHER, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges.
 5
                                INTRODUCTION
 6
          After Debtor Yousif Halloum’s chapter 111 case was converted
 7
     to chapter 7 and his discharge entered, Debtor and his non-debtor
 8
     spouse, Iman Halloum (“Iman”) (collectively, “Halloums”), filed a
 9
     lawsuit in state court against Debtor’s former bankruptcy counsel
10
     and his law firm (“Ryder Defendants”), the chapter 7 trustee and
11
     his counsel (“Trustee Defendants”), and counsel for Debtor’s
12
     primary secured creditor (“Bank Group”), asserting claims for
13
     malpractice and breach of contract against the Ryder Defendants
14
     and civil conspiracy and intentional interference with
15
     prospective economic advantage against all defendants.   All of
16
     the claims were predicated on defendants’ conduct during the
17
     course of the bankruptcy proceeding.
18
          After the chapter 7 trustee removed the lawsuit to the
19
     bankruptcy court, Halloums filed a motion to remand, which was
20
     denied.   The Trustee Defendants and Bank Group filed motions for
21
     summary judgment.   Halloums opposed the summary judgment motions,
22
     requested a continuance to complete discovery, and filed a second
23
     motion to remand (“Remand Motion”).    The bankruptcy court set an
24
25
          1
26          Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532,
27   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules
28   of Civil Procedure.

                                     -2-
 1   evidentiary hearing at which Halloums presented their case in
 2   chief.    The bankruptcy court denied the Remand Motion and
 3   dismissed the claims against all of the defendants on the merits,
 4   finding that the evidence was insufficient to establish Halloums’
 5   claims.   Halloums timely appealed.2    We AFFIRM.
 6                                   FACTS
 7   A.   Prepetition Events
 8        Debtor operated an ARCO gas station and convenience store on
 9   real property located in Lodi, California.     Beginning in 2005,
10   Community Banks of Colorado (“Community Banks”), the
11   predecessor-in-interest to Bank Midwest, N.A. (“Bank Midwest”),
12   made loans to Debtor that were secured by Debtor’s commercial
13   real and personal property.    Debtor also had his business demand
14   deposit (checking) account (“DDA”) with Bank Midwest.     The
15   commercial loan agreement contained a cross-default provision
16   which provided that a default in the terms of the DDA agreement
17   constituted a default under the note and deed of trust.
18        In late 2010 and thereafter, Debtor overdrew the DDA.      On
19   March 20, 2011, Debtor met with representatives of Community
20   Banks.    Debtor contended that a bank representative orally agreed
21   at that meeting that Debtor would be allowed to make an $88,000
22   overdraft and promised that Community Banks would convert the
23   overdraft to an unsecured loan.
24
          2
            The orders at issue in these consolidated appeals are:
25   (1) the bankruptcy court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for
26   remand or abstention and a stay of proceedings (EC-15-1286);
     (2) the order granting in part the Bank Group’s motion for
27   summary judgment (EC-15-1297); and (3) the order granting the
     chapter 7 trustee’s motion for summary judgment, which also
28   dismissed all claims against all defendants (EC-15-1292).

                                       -3-
 1        Community Banks came under audit by the Federal Deposit
 2   Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).    Debtor became aware of this when
 3   he received an email dated July 29, 2011, from a representative
 4   of Community Banks stating that Debtor’s loan file had been
 5   selected for audit by the FDIC and requesting a copy of Debtor’s
 6   2010 tax extension form.   Eventually, on October 21, 2011, the
 7   FDIC was appointed receiver for Community Banks, and Community
 8   Banks’ accounts were transferred to Bank Midwest.
 9        Around this time, Debtor defaulted under the loans by
10   missing a loan payment, failing to pay property taxes, and
11   overdrawing the DDA.   Debtor received a letter dated October 11,
12   2011, from Community Banks’ counsel indicating that in the bank’s
13   view, there had been an unsatisfactory banking history and noting
14   that the DDA overdraft had increased from $88,000 as of March 18,
15   2011 to $190,000 as of October 11, 2011.   The letter stated, in
16   relevant part:
17             4. Please be advised that effective 10 days from
          the date of this letter, the Bank will no longer allow
18        the DDA to be overdrawn, or honor any presentations for
          payment in excess of the collected balance of cleared
19        funds in the account at the time of presentation. In
          addition, this is to inform you that if the cumulative
20        total of pending overdrafts exceeds $300,000 at any
          point between now and October 21, 2011, provisionally
21        presented items causing such excess will be dishonored
          and returned unpaid.
22
23        Debtor interpreted this paragraph as authorization for a
24   $300,000 loan, and during the next ten days he took advantage of
25   what he contended was Bank Midwest’s accommodation to boost the
26   overdrafts from approximately $190,000 to $297,372.49.
27        The October 11 letter also noted that Debtor was in material
28   default under the commercial loan agreement for failure to make

                                       -4-
 1   the September 2011 installment payment, for failure to pay real
 2   property taxes, and by virtue of the cross-default provision.
 3        On October 12, 2011, Community Banks filed a notice of
 4   default commencing foreclosure proceedings.   Debtor contended
 5   that he tendered the September 2011 payment on October 13, 2011,
 6   and that the bank accepted the payment but returned it two days
 7   later, advising that the bank had already filed a notice of
 8   default.    Debtor also contended that he had cured the default in
 9   the property taxes by way of a promissory note.
10        On January 20, 2012, a notice of trustee’s sale under the
11   trust deed was recorded.   Bank Midwest also sued Halloums in
12   San Joaquin County Superior Court to recover on the $297,372.49
13   overdraft.   Halloums cross-complained, alleging breach of a
14   contract to transform the overdraft into some unspecified term
15   loan.   The bank’s demurrer to the cross-complaint and the
16   trustee’s sale were stayed by the filing of Debtor’s bankruptcy
17   petition.
18   B.   Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Events
19        Debtor filed a chapter 11 petition on January 26, 2012, in
20   the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California.
21   On April 23, 2012, Bank Midwest filed an adversary proceeding
22   against Debtor seeking a judgment of nondischargeability as to
23   the $297,372.49 overdraft, alleging fraud in Debtor’s failure to
24   disclose to Community Banks that he needed the loan to cover the
25   overdrafts because he had lost approximately $500,000 speculating
26   on the stock market.
27        Debtor was initially represented in the bankruptcy by
28   Appellee Hilton A. Ryder, a seasoned attorney with substantial

                                      -5-
 1   experience representing debtors in possession in bankruptcy
 2   reorganization cases.    Ryder worked with Debtor’s creditors,
 3   including Bank Midwest, to formulate a consensual chapter 11
 4   plan.   Ryder filed an initial plan and disclosure statement on
 5   May 23, 2013; the bankruptcy court approved Debtor’s disclosure
 6   statement on November 6, 2013.    Thereafter, Debtor filed a second
 7   amended disclosure statement and plan that was set for
 8   confirmation on January 29, 2014.      However, by this time Debtor’s
 9   relationship with Bank Midwest had broken down to the point where
10   the bank was not willing to endure any continuing relationship
11   with Debtor.    Also, Debtor was insisting on special default
12   provisions in the plan to which Bank Midwest objected.     The
13   bankruptcy court concluded that the parties were at an impasse
14   and decided to appoint a chapter 11 trustee to evaluate whether
15   the case could reasonably move toward confirmation.     Appellee
16   Michael Kasolas (“Trustee”) was appointed chapter 11 trustee.
17        Trustee initially believed that a consensual resolution was
18   possible and asked the court to allow more time to confirm a
19   plan.   On January 17, 2014, Trustee emailed Ryder and indicated
20   that Trustee would support a plan that, among other things,
21   required Debtor to deposit $200,000 to cover accrued
22   administrative fees, and that Debtor must waive any objection to
23   Ryder’s fees.    Around this time, however, Debtor decided that
24   Ryder’s services were too expensive and took the position that
25   Ryder had agreed to do all the work in the chapter 11 case for a
26   flat fee of $40,000, including the filing fee.     Debtor took this
27   position despite having approved Ryder’s five interim fee
28   applications totaling well in excess of $40,000, and paying those

                                      -6-
 1   fees.3   In early February 2014, Debtor fired Ryder and hired
 2   attorney Daniel Weiss to represent him in the bankruptcy.
 3        In light of these developments, Trustee concluded that it
 4   was hopeless to expect a confirmable plan of reorganization
 5   because Debtor could not be trusted to carry it out; thus he
 6   recommended to the bankruptcy court that the case be converted to
 7   chapter 7.   On February 12, 2014, the bankruptcy court converted
 8   the case, and Trustee was appointed chapter 7 trustee.   The
 9   bankruptcy court acknowledged the possibility that the case could
10   be reconverted to chapter 11 should the parties reach an
11   agreement in short order.   The next day, Debtor moved to
12   reconvert the case to chapter 11 and instructed his new counsel
13   to file an amended plan and disclosure statement that would
14   include Bank Midwest’s proposed default terms.   At a hearing on
15   February 26, 2014, the bankruptcy court heard argument from all
16   parties (including Midwest Bank, which argued that reconversion
17   was futile because it could not trust Debtor) and denied the
18   motion to reconvert because Debtor had not established any
19   grounds for such relief.
20   C.   Post-Conversion Bankruptcy Events
21        Trustee took possession of Debtor’s business.   He also
22
          3
23          After the case was converted, Ryder filed a fee
     application requesting total fees of $144,280.38, which the
24   bankruptcy court approved over Debtor’s objection. Debtor
     appealed that order (BAP No. EC-14-1219-JuKuPa). We vacated the
25   order and remanded for additional findings. The bankruptcy court
26   made findings on August 25, 2015 and, on August 26, 2015, entered
     an Order on Remand reinstating the order approving Ryder’s fees.
27   Debtor appealed that order (BAP No. EC-15-1291-DTaJu), and we
     affirmed. Debtor appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
28   (9th Cir. Case No. 16-60059). That matter is still pending.

                                     -7-
 1   negotiated a settlement with Bank Midwest that allowed the
 2   business to be sold, with Bank Midwest discounting its claim and
 3   agreeing to subordinate up to $150,000 of its claim to satisfy
 4   allowed administrative expenses.   The bankruptcy court approved
 5   Trustee’s settlement with Bank Midwest over Debtor’s objection.
 6        Trustee eventually sold the business,4 but not before Iman
 7   intervened and asserted her right as the non-debtor spouse to
 8   purchase the business under § 363(i).   The bankruptcy court
 9   afforded her the opportunity to purchase the business despite
10   questions about her right to do so.5
11        Ultimately, Iman was unable to complete her purchase of the
12   business and filed a motion seeking the return of her deposit,
13   which was granted.   In the pleadings that sought the return of
14   her security deposit, Iman alleged that Trustee interfered with
15   her ability to obtain a fuel franchise agreement and that this
16   prevented her from purchasing the business.   At other times,
17   including in the underlying adversary complaint, Iman or Debtor
18   alleged that Trustee interfered with Iman’s financing source and
19   convinced the lender not to loan her money to purchase the
20   business.
21        On February 13, 2015, Halloums filed a complaint in the
22
          4
23          Debtor appealed the bankruptcy court’s order approving the
     sale to this court. The Panel dismissed the appeal as moot
24   because the sale of the business had been completed. Debtor
     appealed the dismissal ruling to the Ninth Circuit. That appeal
25   is still pending (9th Cir. Case No. 14-60086).
26        5
            Debtor’s schedules listed the business and its assets as
27   his separate property, and the real property records showed that
     the land upon which the business was located was Debtor’s sole
28   and separate property per an interspousal transfer deed.

                                     -8-
 1   Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco.    The
 2   complaint sought redress for the loss of their business as the
 3   result of the pending bankruptcy case and named as defendants
 4   Trustee, individually and as chapter 7 trustee; Ryder; McCormick,
 5   Barstow, Sheppard, Wayte & Carruth (“McCormick Barstow”); David
 6   I. Katzen; Katzen & Schuricht; Scott H. McNutt; Michael C. Abel;
 7   McNutt Law Group; and Alan Scott Koenig.   McCormick Barstow is
 8   Ryder’s law firm.   Defendant Katzen, a partner in defendant law
 9   firm Katzen & Schuricht, and defendant Koenig are attorneys who
10   represented Bank Midwest.   Defendants McNutt and Abel, partners
11   in defendant law firm McNutt Law Group, are counsel who
12   represented Trustee in the bankruptcy case.
13        The complaint alleged five causes of action: (1) legal
14   malpractice against Ryder; (2) breach of contract against Ryder;
15   (3) civil conspiracy against Ryder, McCormick Barstow, Katzen,
16   and Katzen & Schuricht; (4) civil conspiracy against all
17   defendants; and (5) intentional interference with prospective
18   economic advantage against all defendants.
19        Trustee filed a timely notice of removal in the U.S.
20   Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California.
21   Halloums moved to remand the matter back to state court; the
22   bankruptcy court denied the motion.6   On May 6, 2015, the
23
          6
24          Halloums appealed the denial of the first remand motion to
     the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California,
25   which dismissed the appeal on grounds that the order was
26   interlocutory. Halloums then appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court
     of Appeals, which dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
27   As discussed below, Halloums subsequently filed a second remand
     motion that was denied by the bankruptcy court; the order denying
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     -9-
 1   adversary proceeding was transferred to the U.S. Bankruptcy Court
 2   for the Eastern District of California.
 3        The Bank Group moved for summary judgment on June 2, 2015,
 4   seeking dismissal of the claims against them on grounds that
 5   (1) those claims were released by virtue of the court-approved
 6   settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest; (2) any claim that
 7   anyone in the Bank Group interfered with Iman’s prospective
 8   economic advantage as a purchaser of property from Debtor’s
 9   bankruptcy estate was precluded by the order granting her motion
10   to compel Trustee’s repayment of a security deposit; and
11   (3) nothing alleged in the complaint stated a claim against
12   anyone in the Bank Group upon which relief could be granted in
13   favor of Halloums, Trustee, or Debtor’s estate.
14        Shortly thereafter, on June 11, 2015, the Trustee Defendants
15   filed a motion for summary judgment seeking dismissal on similar
16   grounds: (1) the preclusive effect of the order granting Iman’s
17   motion to compel Trustee’s repayment of a security deposit; and
18   (2) failure to state a claim.
19        Halloums filed an opposition to the Trustee Defendants’
20   summary judgment motion asserting, among other things, that there
21   were disputed issues of material fact.
22        The bankruptcy court held a status conference on July 9,
23   2015.    The bankruptcy court noted that it had the discretion to
24   hold an evidentiary hearing on the motions for summary judgment
25   to determine whether there were any genuine issues of material
26
          6
27         (...continued)
     the motion is one of the orders at issue in these consolidated
28   appeals.

                                     -10-
 1   fact to be litigated and proposed to do so.7    Debtor agreed to
 2   this proposal and indicated at this hearing that he would testify
 3   at the evidentiary hearing.   In addition, Debtor stated that he
 4   intended to present testimony of the agent who handled Iman’s
 5   loan to purchase the business and a forensic document examiner to
 6   testify as to the signature on the retainer agreement between
 7   Debtor and Ryder.
 8        Debtor requested additional discovery in the form of a
 9   subpoena to the FDIC examiner who had examined Community Banks.
10   The bankruptcy court responded that it would not authorize
11   further discovery until after the evidentiary hearing, if at all.
12   Debtor agreed.   The bankruptcy court summarized its intent as
13   follows:
14             If I am not persuaded at the end of the day on
          August 12 that there’s a genuine issue of material
15        fact, I will terminate the litigation. If I find there
          is a genuine issue of material fact, then I will focus
16        the further litigation on the genuine issues of
          material fact that I see. And that will considerably
17
18        7
            Civil Rule 52(c), applicable in bankruptcy via Rule 7052,
19   provides:

20        If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a
          nonjury trial and the court finds against the party on
21        that issue, the court may enter judgment against the
          party on a claim or defense that, under the controlling
22
          law, can be maintained or defeated only with a
23        favorable finding on that issue. The court may,
          however, decline to render any judgment until the close
24        of the evidence. A judgment on partial findings must
          be supported by findings of fact and conclusions of law
25        as required by Rule 52(a).
26
     See also Granite State Ins. Co. v.    Smart Modular Techs., Inc.,
27   76 F.3d 1023, 1031 (9th Cir. 1996)    (“[Civil Rule 52] authorizes
     the court to enter judgment at any    time that it can appropriately
28   make a dispositive finding of fact    on the evidence.”).

                                    -11-
 1        narrow any further work that would have to be done.
 2        On July 29, 2015, Halloums filed the Remand Motion, which
 3   included a request to stay the proceedings.    The Bank Group
 4   opposed the Remand Motion.    The bankruptcy court entered an order
 5   shortening time for the Remand Motion to be heard on August 12,
 6   2015.    At that hearing, the bankruptcy court orally denied the
 7   Remand Motion on grounds that the bankruptcy court had exclusive
 8   jurisdiction over the causes of action pleaded in the complaint,
 9   which were all based on allegations of wrongdoing during the
10   bankruptcy case.    The court memorialized the ruling in a civil
11   minute order entered August 20, 2015, and Halloums timely
12   appealed.
13        As promised at the July 9 status conference, the bankruptcy
14   court then conducted an evidentiary hearing to allow Halloums to
15   present all their evidence in support of their claims and to
16   identify aspects of their case that required discovery.      Debtor
17   testified at length and was cross-examined; he offered no other
18   witnesses.    At the conclusion of Halloums’ evidentiary
19   presentation, the bankruptcy court rendered judgment on partial
20   findings pursuant to Civil Rule 52(c).
21        On August 25, 2015, the bankruptcy court placed its findings
22   of fact and conclusions of law orally on the record.8      The
23   bankruptcy court supplemented its findings of fact and
24   conclusions of law in a memorandum decision, Halloum v. Ryder, et
25
          8
26           At the evidentiary hearing, Ryder testified regarding his
     fee agreement with Debtor. The August 25, 2015 oral ruling
27   includes the bankruptcy court’s findings regarding the fee
     agreement. As noted, the order approving Ryder’s fees after
28   remand is the subject of a separate appeal.

                                     -12-
 1   al. (In re Halloum), 2015 WL 5095340 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. Aug. 27,
 2   2015).    There, the bankruptcy court determined that there was no
 3   basis for liability against any of the defendants and that the
 4   claims against Trustee must be dismissed because Halloums had not
 5   sought leave from the bankruptcy court before suing Trustee in
 6   the San Francisco Superior Court.9     On August 27, 2015, the
 7   bankruptcy court entered orders granting the motions for summary
 8   judgment in part and dismissing the claims against all defendants
 9   on the merits.10
10        Halloums filed timely notices of appeal from the bankruptcy
11   court’s orders granting in part the motions for summary judgment
12   and dismissing the claims against all defendants on the merits.
13        On November 7, 2016, Halloums filed with the Panel a motion
14   to suspend hearing and to transfer venue on grounds of bias.
15                               JURISDICTION
16        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
17
          9
            Halloums subsequently filed a motion for leave to sue the
18
     Trustee, which the bankruptcy court denied, rejecting Halloums’
19   arguments that they were not required to obtain leave because
     there was no ongoing bankruptcy proceeding and because their
20   claims against Trustee were not connected to the performance of
     his duties as trustee. The Panel affirmed the bankruptcy court’s
21   ruling on October 27, 2016 (BAP No. EC-15-1401-JuKuMa); Halloums
22   filed a motion for rehearing on November 7, 2016.
          10
23          On August 29, 2015, the Bank Group filed a motion/
     application to augment determinations and amend judgment,
24   requesting that the bankruptcy court make findings that (1) the
     estate’s claims against the Bank Group were released as a matter
25   of law by way of the settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest;
26   and (2) the adversary complaint failed to state a claim against
     the Bank Group. The bankruptcy court denied that motion by order
27   entered October 16, 2015, with the exception of clarifying that
     its findings and rulings with respect to the Trustee Defendants
28   applied to the merits of the case against them.

                                     -13-
 1   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
 2   § 158.
 3                                   ISSUES
 4        1.   Should the Panel grant Halloums’ motion to suspend
 5   hearing and transfer venue?
 6        2.   Did the bankruptcy court err in denying the Remand
 7   Motion?
 8        3.   Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in
 9   denying Halloums’ request for additional discovery?
10        4.   Did the bankruptcy court err in dismissing Halloums’
11   claims against Trustee based on the Barton doctrine?
12        5.   Did the bankruptcy court err in entering judgment for
13   defendants?
14                          STANDARDS OF REVIEW
15        Preemption is a question of law which we review de novo.
16   See MSR Expl., Ltd. v. Meridian Oil, Inc., 74 F.3d 910, 912 (9th
17   Cir. 1996).
18        We review a bankruptcy court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse
19   of discretion and reverse only if any error would have been
20   prejudicial to the appellant.    Van Zandt v. Mbunda
21   (In re Mbunda), 484 B.R. 344, 351-52 (9th Cir. BAP 2012), aff’d,
22   604 F. App’x 552 (9th Cir. 2015).
23        We review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear
24   error and its conclusions of law de novo.    Carrillo v. Su
25   (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1142 (9th Cir. 2002).    A finding is
26   clearly erroneous “when although there is evidence to support it,
27   the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the
28   definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”

                                      -14-
 1   Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985)
 2   (citation omitted).    Where two permissible views of the evidence
 3   exist, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
 4   erroneous.   Id. at 574.   We are to give “due regard to the trial
 5   court’s opportunity to judge the witnesses’ credibility.”   Civil
 6   Rule 52(a)(6).   We also give deference to inferences drawn by the
 7   trial court.   Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 51 F.3d 834,
 8   838 (9th Cir. 1995).
 9                                DISCUSSION
10   A.   Preliminary Matter:   Halloums’ Motion to Suspend Hearing and
          Transfer Venue
11
12        As noted, on November 7, 2016, Halloums filed a motion to
13   suspend hearing and transfer venue.    Appellees McCormick Barstow
14   and Ryder opposed the motion.   For the reasons explained below,
15   we deny all relief requested in the November 7 motion and decline
16   Appellees’ request for an order to show cause regarding
17   sanctions.
18        1.   Request to Suspend Hearing Denied; No Hearing Scheduled
19        Pursuant to a motion panel’s order of October 5, 2015, these
20   appeals were submitted for disposition without oral argument on
21   November 17, 2016.    Thus, the request to suspend hearing of these
22   appeals will be denied on the ground that oral argument was never
23   scheduled.
24        2.   Request to Transfer Appeals Denied
25        Halloums request transfer of these appeals to the
26   U.S. District Court.   Specifically, they request transfer of the
27   appeals not to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District
28   of California, but to another district court such as the

                                     -15-
 1   U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California.
 2          Under 28 U.S.C. § 158, an appellant may elect that the
 3   appeal be heard by the U.S. District Court by doing so at the
 4   time of the filing of the notice of appeal.     28 U.S.C.
 5   § 158(c)(1)(A); see also Amended Order Continuing the BAP at
 6   ¶ 3(a) (time for election).    Halloums did not elect to the have
 7   the district court hear these appeals at the time of filing the
 8   notices of appeal.     While the Panel may transfer an appeal to the
 9   district court to further the interests of justice under 9th Cir.
10   BAP R. 8005-1, transfer of these appeals to the U.S. District
11   Court would not further the interests of justice.     Furthermore,
12   there is no statutory basis for the Panel to transfer to a
13   different district court other than the U.S. District Court for
14   the Eastern District of California.     28 U.S.C. § 158(a).
15          3.   Appellants have not demonstrated a denial of due
                 process.
16
17          Halloums submit that they have been denied due process of
18   law.    We disagree.   Due process requires sufficient notice of a
19   pending proceeding and the opportunity for interested parties to
20   be heard.    Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306,
21   314 (1950).    If deficient process is shown, Appellants must also
22   show resulting prejudice.    Rosson v. Fitzgerald (In re Rosson),
23   545 F.3d 764, 776 (9th Cir. 2008).      Considering the prior appeals
24   decided by the Panel and the statements made by Halloums
25   regarding the conduct of Appellee Ryder, there is no indication
26   that Halloums failed to receive sufficient notice and opportunity
27   to be heard.
28

                                      -16-
 1        4.    Request for Recusal Denied
 2        Halloums submit that since their trial court judge was a
 3   prior member of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the Panel is
 4   unable to render an unbiased decision with respect to their
 5   appeals.   Having carefully considered the motion, we disagree
 6   with appellants and deny their request for recusal of the Panel.
 7        Recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) is appropriate where “a
 8   reasonable person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude
 9   that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”
10   Blixseth v. Yellowstone Mountain Club, LLC, 742 F.3d 1215, 1219
11   (9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
12        Recusal is not appropriate in these appeals.   The prior
13   adverse rulings of the Panel are not sufficient cause for
14   recusal.   Berger v. United States, 255 U.S. 22, 31 (1921); United
15   States v. Studley, 783 F.2d 934, 939 (9th Cir. 1986).
16   Furthermore, there are no other competent factual bases
17   indicating bias or influence on the Panel by Judge Klein or any
18   rational, objective basis for concern about such issues.    Judge
19   Klein’s term on the Panel ended in 2008, several years before the
20   filing of the underlying bankruptcy case and adversary
21   proceeding, and after his term expired Judge Klein did not
22   participate as a pro tem BAP panel member in the disposition of
23   any appeal filed by Appellants.   See Amended Order Continuing the
24   BAP at ¶ 5 (“[A] bankruptcy judge shall not participate in an
25   appeal originating in a district for which the judge is appointed
26   or designated under 28 U.S.C. § 152.”).   Nor is there evidence of
27   any bias on the part of this Panel.
28

                                    -17-
 1   B.   The bankruptcy court did not err in denying the Remand
          Motion.
 2
 3        The bankruptcy court denied the Remand Motion because it
 4   concluded (in our view, correctly) that the causes of action
 5   pleaded in the complaint all pertained to conduct by the
 6   defendants that occurred during the bankruptcy case.     As such,
 7   the bankruptcy court concluded that the adversary proceeding was
 8   squarely within the exclusive jurisdiction of the bankruptcy
 9   court and that the Bankruptcy Code provided applicable remedies
10   that preempted the state law causes of action detailed in
11   Halloums’ complaint.11   We find no error in this conclusion.
12        Ordinarily, a cause of action arises under federal law only
13   when the complaint raises issues of federal law.     Miles v. Okun
14   (In re Miles), 430 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Metro.
15   Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987)).     However, the
16   preemptive force of some federal statutes is so strong that they
17   completely preempt an area of state law.     Id.   It is settled law
18   in this Circuit that a complaint seeking damages for a party’s
19   conduct during a bankruptcy case is within exclusive federal
20   jurisdiction, and any allegedly competing state court action is
21   preempted by the Bankruptcy Code.      See MSR Expl., Ltd., 74 F.3d
22   at 912-16 (holding that debtor’s malicious prosecution claim
23
          11
24          The remedies delineated by the bankruptcy court were:
     (1) fee disgorgement for attorneys pursuant to §§ 328(c) and
25   329(b), (2) claim disallowance pursuant to § 502, (3) surcharge
26   of the Trustee’s bond pursuant to § 322, (4) protections for
     debtors during the plan confirmation process pursuant to
27   § 1126(c)-(e), (5) protections against collusive sales pursuant
     to § 363(n), and (6) the bankruptcy court’s inherent power to
28   prevent an abuse of process pursuant to § 105(a).

                                     -18-
 1   against creditor based on creditor’s actions in the bankruptcy
 2   was preempted by the Bankruptcy Code); see also In re Miles,
 3   430 F.3d at 1086 (affirming removal and dismissal of state law
 4   tort action for damages resulting from the filing of involuntary
 5   bankruptcy petitions because § 303(i) preempts state law tort
 6   causes of action for damages predicated upon the filing of an
 7   involuntary bankruptcy petition); Gonzales v. Parks, 830 F.2d
 8   1033, 1035-36 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that state court was
 9   without jurisdiction to hear a claim that the filing of a
10   bankruptcy petition constituted an abuse of process).
11        Halloums’ only argument on appeal regarding this issue is
12   that the bankruptcy court should have exercised its discretion to
13   “abstain” from deciding the claims asserted in the adversary
14   proceeding.   However, based on the foregoing authorities, the
15   bankruptcy court did not have discretion to remand.12    The
16   bankruptcy court correctly ruled that it had exclusive
17   jurisdiction over the causes of action in Halloums’ complaint and
18   did not err in denying the Remand Motion.13
19
20        12
            The Remand Motion alternatively requested abstention
     pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334. However, abstention is
21   inapplicable to removed proceedings because “a successful removal
22   effectively extinguishes the parallel proceeding in state court.”
     Nilsen v. Neilson (In re Cedar Funding, Inc.), 419 B.R. 807, 820
23   (9th Cir. BAP 2009) (citing Sec. Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of
     Teamsters, 124 F.3d 999, 1010 (9th Cir. 1997)).
24
          13
            On appeal, Halloums seem to argue that the bankruptcy
25   court erred in ruling that they were not entitled to trial by
26   jury. However, Halloums do not specifically address the right to
     a jury trial. The bankruptcy court found that Debtor had invoked
27   bankruptcy court jurisdiction by filing his chapter 11 case, and
     Iman had invoked bankruptcy court jurisdiction when she moved to
28                                                      (continued...)

                                    -19-
 1   C.   The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying
          Halloums’ request to conduct additional discovery.
 2
 3        At the July 9, 2015 status conference, Debtor indicated that
 4   he believed Community Banks’ officers had falsely told the FDIC
 5   examiner that the bank had not authorized an overdraft and that
 6   as a result the examiner ordered the bank to “terminate” the
 7   loan, which is what led to the loss of Debtor’s business.    Debtor
 8   requested issuance of a subpoena to the FDIC for the notes of the
 9   bank examination that led to FDIC’s seizure and takeover of
10   Community Banks in an effort to show the bank’s motivation to
11   improperly commence a foreclosure.     At the evidentiary hearing,
12   Debtor requested additional time to obtain that discovery.    In
13   its oral ruling, the bankruptcy court noted that obtaining such
14   discovery would likely be a lengthy and expensive process because
15   the FDIC would probably resist the disclosure of its internal
16   notes.    The court also noted that the passage of time would raise
17   questions of causation.   Ultimately, the bankruptcy court denied
18   the request because it found that such information would be
19   beyond the scope of discovery as not being reasonably calculated
20   to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.    Moreover, even
21   if relevant, the court found that such evidence would be
22   cumulative because there was ample evidence in the record of Bank
23   Midwest’s distrust and reluctance to have any further dealing
24   with Halloums.   In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340, at *2.
25
          13
26          (...continued)
     enforce her rights under § 363. We discern no error in this
27   finding. See Langenkamp v. Culp, 498 U.S. 42, 44 (1990); Hickman
     v. Hana (In re Hickman), 384 B.R. 832, 836-40 (9th Cir. BAP
28   2008).

                                     -20-
 1        We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s ruling.    The
 2   bankruptcy court may enter a judgment on partial findings even
 3   though a party has represented that it can adduce further
 4   evidence if the court determines that the evidence will have
 5   little or no probative value.   EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Sys.,
 6   Inc., 618 F.3d 253, 272 n.21 (3d Cir. 2010).
 7        On appeal, Halloums argue that the subpoena request to the
 8   FDIC examiner would result in “key evidence” to prove unlawful
 9   foreclosure, but they do not present any argument or point to any
10   evidence in the record to refute the bankruptcy court’s
11   conclusion that any evidence obtained would have no probative
12   value.   Halloums also argue that there were other discovery
13   requests pending, citing to various documents filed in the
14   adversary proceeding, including Halloums’ opposition to Trustee’s
15   motion for summary judgment, declaration in support of that
16   opposition, Statement of Disputed Facts, Memorandum in Support of
17   Plaintiffs’ Motion to Begin Discovery, and request for
18   evidentiary hearing with limited discovery.    Although those
19   documents, in particular the Statement of Disputed Facts, do
20   request additional discovery (including nonprivileged
21   communications between defendants), Debtor did not bring any of
22   those requests to the bankruptcy court’s attention at the
23   evidentiary hearing.   Moreover, Debtor does not explain how
24   additional discovery would be likely to uncover evidence with any
25   probative value in light of the bankruptcy court’s ultimate
26   findings.
27
28

                                     -21-
 1   D.   The bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the claims against
          Trustee based on the Barton doctrine was harmless error.
 2
 3        The bankruptcy court dismissed the claims against Trustee in
 4   part because Halloums had not obtained permission to sue the
 5   Trustee.    The bankruptcy court also ordered that any effort by
 6   Halloums to obtain legal relief in any court other than the
 7   bankruptcy court would constitute contempt.    As noted by the
 8   bankruptcy court, “[i]t is settled law that a trustee may be sued
 9   only with leave of the court that appointed the trustee.”
10   In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340, at *3 (citing Barton v. Barbour,
11   104 U.S. 126, 128 (1881); and Beck v. Fort James Corp.
12   (In re Crown Vantage, Inc.), 421 F.3d 963, 970-71 (9th Cir.
13   2005)).    “[A] party must first obtain leave of the bankruptcy
14   court before it initiates an action in another forum against a
15   bankruptcy trustee or other officer appointed by the bankruptcy
16   court for acts done in the officer’s official capacity.”
17   In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at 970 (citations omitted).
18        It is undisputed that Halloums did not obtain the bankruptcy
19   court’s consent to sue Trustee in state court and thereby
20   violated the Barton doctrine.    However, the Ninth Circuit Court
21   of Appeals has held that when a case is removed to the appointing
22   bankruptcy court, “all problems under the Barton doctrine
23   vanish[].”    Harris v. Wittman (In re Harris), 590 F.3d 730, 742
24   (9th Cir. 2009).    The Barton doctrine denies subject matter
25   jurisdiction to all forums except the appointing court; it is “a
26   practical tool to ensure that all lawsuits that could affect the
27   administration of the bankruptcy estate proceed either in the
28   bankruptcy court, or with the knowledge and approval of the

                                     -22-
 1   bankruptcy court.”    Id.14
 2        In light of In re Harris, dismissal on grounds of the Barton
 3   doctrine was error, but such error was harmless because, as
 4   discussed below, the bankruptcy court fully considered and
 5   properly dismissed the claims against Trustee on the merits after
 6   taking evidence on those claims.
 7        Because we conclude that the Barton doctrine did not operate
 8   to deprive the bankruptcy court of jurisdiction to hear and
 9   determine the claims asserted, we need not address Halloums’
10   arguments that the Barton doctrine is not a substantive bar to
11   their action because the bankruptcy estate had been fully
12   administered;15 that Trustee was not being sued in his official
13   capacity; and that the bankruptcy court erred in not examining
14   the factors set forth in In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at
15   976 (citing Kashani v. Fulton (In re Kashani), 190 B.R. 875, 886-
16   87 (9th Cir. BAP 1995)).
17        Halloums also contend that the bankruptcy court erred in
18   ordering that their filing of a lawsuit against Trustee in
19   another forum would constitute contempt.    Their sole argument on
20   this point is that Iman is not a debtor, and Debtor has obtained
21   a discharge, thus there is no automatic stay.    This argument does
22   not overcome the requirement that permission is required before
23   suing a bankruptcy trustee in a forum other than the bankruptcy
24
25        14
               No party cited In re Harris to the bankruptcy court.
26        15
            Ninth Circuit authority is to the contrary. See
27   In re Crown Vantage, Inc., 421 F.3d at 972 (the Barton doctrine
     serves additional purposes even after the bankruptcy case has
28   been closed and the assets are no longer in the trustee’s hands).

                                      -23-
 1   court.
 2   E.   The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing the adversary
          proceeding on the merits and entering judgment in favor of
 3        all defendants.
 4        The adversary complaint alleged claims for legal malpractice
 5   and breach of contract against Ryder for allegedly mishandling
 6   the chapter 11 case and charging more than was allowed by the fee
 7   agreement.    The complaint also alleged two counts of civil
 8   conspiracy.    The first was against the Ryder Defendants and the
 9   Bank Group for allegedly cooperating in a scheme to convert the
10   bankruptcy case to chapter 7, delay the sale of the business,
11   interfere with Iman’s purchase of the business, and financially
12   harm Debtor.    The second conspiracy claim was against all
13   defendants for conspiring to persuade Trustee to “abandon his
14   neutral role and begin advocating positions and court actions
15   that would benefit the Bank and all co-conspirators.”     Halloums
16   also alleged that the conspiracy included maximizing the legal
17   billings of Trustee’s counsel while minimizing the work done for
18   the estate and enabling all participants to financially exploit
19   the estate for profit and harm Debtor by minimizing the funds
20   available to pay creditors.    Finally, the complaint alleged a
21   claim for intentional interference with prospective economic
22   advantage against all defendants.      This claim alleged that Iman
23   had secured most of the financing necessary to purchase the
24   business and had a willing lender, but that someone acting on
25   behalf of Trustee called the lender and “apparently” discouraged
26   the lender from extending the loan.
27        At the evidentiary hearing, Debtor testified for several
28   hours and presented documentary evidence in support of his

                                     -24-
 1   claims.   As authorized under Civil Rule 52(c),16 the bankruptcy
 2   court considered the testimony, evidence, and arguments presented
 3   by the parties and concluded that Halloums had failed to prove
 4   the elements of any cause of action against any of the
 5   defendants, as summarized below.17
 6        1.    Breach of Contract - Ryder Defendants
 7        The bankruptcy court found that, contrary to Debtor’s
 8   assertion that Ryder had agreed to handle the chapter 11 case for
 9   a fixed fee, the fee agreement between Ryder and Debtor was on a
10   retainer basis calling for hourly compensation.     This finding was
11   based on the original retainer agreement, which was admitted into
12   evidence.18   Additionally, the bankruptcy court’s order
13   authorizing Ryder’s employment called for hourly “lodestar”
14   compensation and not a fixed fee.      Debtor presented no plausible
15   evidence to the contrary.   Thus, we find no error in the
16   bankruptcy court’s findings.
17
18
19
          16
            Although no party has raised the issue, the bankruptcy
20   court was clearly within its discretion to hold an evidentiary
     hearing to discern any material factual disputes rather than
21
     adjudicating the motions for summary judgment as presented.
22        17
            The bankruptcy court disposed of the malpractice claim
23   against the Ryder Defendants in a separate order allowing Ryder’s
     fees as an administrative claim against the estate. As noted,
24   that order is the subject of a separate appeal. Nevertheless,
     some of the issues overlap due to the conspiracy allegations;
25   therefore, we include in our analysis the bankruptcy court’s
26   findings vis-à-vis the Ryder Defendants.
          18
27          The bankruptcy court rejected Debtor’s contention that
     the signature on the retainer agreement was not Debtor’s. That
28   issue is not before us in these appeals.

                                     -25-
 1        2.   Breach of Contract - Bank Midwest
 2        Although this claim was not separately pleaded in the
 3   complaint and Bank Midwest was not named as a defendant, Debtor
 4   presented evidence and argument on this issue, which he sometimes
 5   referred to as an “unlawful foreclosure,” although no trustee’s
 6   sale occurred.   Debtor testified that he was only three weeks
 7   behind on his mortgage payments when Community Banks commenced
 8   foreclosure proceedings.    He testified that Community Banks
 9   representatives had orally promised him they would convert the
10   overdraft to an unsecured loan but instead commenced foreclosure
11   because of the FDIC audit.    The bankruptcy court found that there
12   was no evidence that Bank Midwest breached its contract with
13   Debtor by commencing foreclosure when Debtor was only three weeks
14   behind on his mortgage.    There was no written agreement with
15   Community Banks to convert the overdraft into a term loan.      To
16   the contrary, the evidence showed that Community Banks considered
17   the overdraft to be a breach of the DDA agreement and that the
18   overdraft constituted a default under the mortgage documents.
19   The bankruptcy court did not err in dismissing this claim.
20        On appeal, Halloums present new arguments regarding their
21   claim against Bank Midwest.    First, they allege that the amounts
22   shown in the notice of default and notice of sale were different
23   so the foreclosure was brought improperly and in violation of
24   state law.19   Halloums also argue they are entitled to pursue a
25
          19
26          The notice of default shows a default amount of
     $14,521.94 and states that all sums secured by the deed of trust
27   are due and payable. The notice of sale shows a total of
     $2,626,845.72 due and payable, which includes the overdraft and
28                                                      (continued...)

                                     -26-
 1   claim against Bank Midwest under the Consumer Legal Remedies Act
 2   (Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et seq.).   Because these allegations and
 3   arguments were not made to the bankruptcy court, we will not
 4   consider them.   See United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Wylie
 5   (In re Wylie), 349 B.R. 204, 213 (9th Cir. BAP 2006).
 6        3.   Civil Conspiracy - Ryder Defendants and Bank Group
 7        The bankruptcy court found no evidence that the Ryder
 8   Defendants and the Bank Group were engaged in a conspiracy to
 9   prolong the case, inflate fees, or damage Debtor.   Rather, the
10   bankruptcy court concluded that the problems in reaching
11   agreement were caused by distrust between the parties.   As
12   evidence of conspiracy, Debtor pointed to (a) Ryder’s agreement
13   with Bank Midwest to keep the adversary proceeding open as a
14   “stick” to encourage plan performance; (b) Ryder’s refusal to
15   seek to equitably subordinate Bank Midwest’s claim; (c) the
16   separate classification of Bank Midwest’s unsecured claim;
17   (d) Ryder’s failure to pursue approval of Debtor’s proposed plan
18   default provisions; (e) the inclusion in the plan of Bank
19   Midwest’s postpetition legal fees as an unsecured claim;
20   (f) Ryder’s delay in filing the initial chapter 11 plan; and
21   (g) Ryder’s refusal to pursue a cramdown of Bank Midwest’s claim.
22
23
24
25        19
           (...continued)
26   contractual fees. Putting aside the obvious differences in
     notice requirements and cure obligations in notices of default
27   and notices of sale, there was no foreclosure. Thus, any claims
     based on alleged irregularities in the foreclosure process are
28   moot.

                                    -27-
 1              a.   Ryder’s Agreement to Keep Nondischargeability
                     Proceeding Open
 2
 3        Debtor testified that Ryder tried to persuade Debtor to
 4   stipulate to a nondischargeable judgment in the bankruptcy court,
 5   while Debtor wanted Ryder to move to dismiss the complaint.
 6   Instead, Ryder sent a letter to Bank Midwest suggesting that the
 7   adversary proceeding remain open for the duration of the plan as
 8   a “stick” to encourage plan performance.   Debtor believed Bank
 9   Midwest allowed Ryder to use its cash collateral for unauthorized
10   legal fees and that Ryder’s suggestion to leave the adversary
11   proceeding open was the quid pro quo for that concession.
12        The bankruptcy court found, after reading the
13   nondischargeability complaint, that it stated a cause of action
14   that would likely lead to a trial and that Debtor did not have
15   adequate resources to fund extensive litigation with Bank
16   Midwest.   Additionally, because the nondischargeability complaint
17   was personal to Debtor, Ryder would have been limited in the
18   amount of estate funds he could expend to defend the suit.    Thus,
19   the bankruptcy court found that Ryder’s suggestion to keep the
20   adversary proceeding open, but inactive, was a “perfectly
21   rational” solution that could pave the way to a consensual plan,
22   and not evidence of a conspiracy between Ryder and the Bank
23   Group.
24        Additionally, the bankruptcy court found that the record did
25   not support a finding that cash collateral was used for
26   unauthorized legal fees.   Although the initial cash collateral
27   budget did not include a provision for attorney’s fees, this was
28   because the approximately $39,000 retainer would have been

                                    -28-
 1   sufficient to provide for payment of all fees through the end of
 2   that cash collateral budget.   The bankruptcy court’s findings are
 3   supported by the evidence and were not clearly erroneous.
 4               b.   Ryder’s Refusal to Move for Equitable
                      Subordination
 5
 6        Debtor testified that he believed Ryder should have moved
 7   for equitable subordination of Bank Midwest’s claim or filed a
 8   fraudulent transfer action against Bank Midwest.   Debtor believed
 9   Bank Midwest’s secured claim was inflated because it included the
10   value of car wash equipment that had been financed by U.S. Bank.
11   Early in the case Ryder discovered that U.S. Bank failed to
12   properly perfect its security interest in the car wash equipment
13   and convinced U.S. Bank not to litigate the issue.   As a result
14   of the improper perfection and the after-acquired property clause
15   in Bank Midwest’s security agreement with Debtor, Bank Midwest’s
16   blanket lien extended to the car wash equipment, thus increasing
17   its secured claim.   The bankruptcy court found that because
18   litigating equitable subordination would have been extremely
19   difficult and expensive, and there was no evidence of misconduct
20   by Bank Midwest, Ryder made a reasonable decision not to pursue
21   it, especially in light of Ryder’s obligation to focus on work
22   that appeared likely to benefit the estate.   The bankruptcy court
23   also noted that raising the equitable subordination issue would
24   have made it more difficult to achieve the consensual plan of
25   reorganization that would be essential to helping Debtor save his
26   business.    Thus, the bankruptcy court found that Ryder’s actions
27   were in Debtor’s best interest.   We see no error in this finding.
28

                                     -29-
 1              c.   Separate Classification of Bank Midwest’s
                     Unsecured Claim
 2
 3        Debtor testified that Ryder insisted on separately
 4   classifying the bank’s unsecured claim.   Debtor believed that
 5   this classification resulted in a higher priority claim and
 6   entitled Bank Midwest to a greater payment than the other general
 7   unsecured creditors.   Debtor surmises that Ryder and the Bank
 8   Group conspired to do this because they were aware the case would
 9   be converted and, upon conversion, Bank Midwest would receive a
10   greater distribution than it would otherwise be entitled to.
11        The bankruptcy court found no collusion or improper benefit
12   to Bank Midwest in the separate classification of its unsecured
13   claim.   The payment terms for Bank Midwest’s claim and the
14   remaining general unsecured creditors were identical.   The only
15   difference was that the plan provided for mutual releases between
16   Debtor and Bank Midwest as of the effective date of the plan,
17   which meant that Bank Midwest would release its
18   nondischargeability claim, a benefit to Debtor.   Further, the
19   classification of claims in a chapter 11 plan is not controlling
20   after the case is converted to chapter 7.   The bankruptcy court’s
21   finding was not clearly erroneous.
22              d.   Ryder’s Failure to Pursue Bank Midwest’s
                     Acceptance of Default Plan Provisions
23
24        Debtor asserted that Ryder did not sufficiently pursue Bank
25   Midwest’s acceptance of Debtor’s proposed default provisions.
26   Bank Midwest filed a conditional non-opposition to Debtor’s
27   disclosure statement, which Debtor interpreted to mean that the
28   bank did not object to any plan provisions.

                                    -30-
 1        The bankruptcy court found no merit to Debtor’s assertion
 2   that Ryder should have insisted Bank Midwest accept Debtor’s
 3   proposed default terms, which was premised on the notion that
 4   Bank Midwest’s conditional non-opposition to the disclosure
 5   statement bound it to the plan terms.    The conditional non-
 6   opposition included the following language:
 7        Bank Midwest’s nonopposition to the Disclosure does not
          mean that Bank Midwest supports the Plan in its present
 8        form. Through counsel, Bank Midwest has informed
          Debtor of concerns it has about aspects of the Plan as
 9        formulated, and Bank Midwest reserves the right to vote
          against the Plan and to oppose confirmation if its
10        concerns are not satisfactorily resolved.
11   (Emphasis in original).    This language makes clear that the bank
12   did not intend to accept the proposed plan terms.    The bankruptcy
13   court correctly found that Debtor’s position was based on a
14   misunderstanding of the difference between disclosure and
15   confirmation issues and was not supported by the evidence.
16             e.   Inclusion of Bank Midwest’s Postpetition Legal
                    Fees as an Unsecured Claim
17
18        Debtor testified that Ryder permitted inclusion of Bank
19   Midwest’s postpetition legal fees in the general unsecured class
20   when the bank was not entitled to those fees, and that doing so
21   gave the bank control of the voting, again evidencing a
22   conspiracy between the bank and Ryder.
23        The bankruptcy court correctly noted that Ryder had no
24   choice in whether to include those fees in Bank Midwest’s claim
25   because under Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v.
26   Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 549 U.S. 443 (2007), a creditor is
27   entitled to add contractually based postpetition attorney’s fees
28   to its proof of claim.    Thus, the inclusion of those fees does

                                     -31-
 1   not support a conspiracy finding.
 2              f.   Delay in Filing Plan
 3        Debtor testified that he believed Ryder failed to file a
 4   proposed plan until 16 months after the filing of the petition to
 5   increase his fees and to delay the case for Bank Midwest’s
 6   benefit.
 7        The bankruptcy court correctly found that Ryder’s delay in
 8   filing a plan of reorganization did not support any claims.    The
 9   court noted that in Debtor’s case, time was needed to determine
10   expected revenue to support plan payments, that Debtor was
11   pursuing litigation against ARCO, and that Ryder was negotiating
12   with creditors to get agreements to plan treatment.   The court
13   noted that it had monitored the case during this time but did not
14   order Ryder to file a plan because it was aware of these ongoing
15   issues.
16              g.   Ryder’s Refusal to Pursue Cramdown
17        Debtor testified that he believed Ryder should have pursued
18   a cramdown of Bank Midwest’s claim because there were impaired
19   classes that would have voted to accept the plan, and that
20   Ryder’s failure to do so evidenced his conspiracy with the Bank
21   Group to convert the case to chapter 7.   The bankruptcy court
22   found no merit to this contention, noting that it is extremely
23   expensive to litigate confirmation of a plan of reorganization,
24   especially if it involves a cramdown, and that Bank Midwest was a
25   “hostile creditor with the incentive to fight.”   Accordingly, the
26   bankruptcy court found that Ryder pursued the appropriate
27   strategy by negotiating a consensual plan with Bank Midwest,
28   which would ultimately benefit Debtor by avoiding the costs

                                    -32-
 1   associated with a contested confirmation hearing.   This finding
 2   was not clearly erroneous.
 3        4.   Civil Conspiracy - All Defendants
 4        The bankruptcy court found that there was no evidence of any
 5   agreement, either express or implied, by any or all defendants to
 6   loot the estate and destroy the business after Trustee was
 7   appointed.   Rather, “[t]he tragedy of this case is - and it is a
 8   genuine tragedy because it did not have to happen - that the
 9   requisite cooperation was not forthcoming.    Instead, Mr. Halloum
10   fixated on his theory that defendant Ryder had breached a
11   fictional fixed fee agreement and conspired with the adversary.”
12   In re Halloum, 2015 WL 5095340 at *6.   The evidence supports the
13   bankruptcy court’s finding.
14        Debtor alleged that (a) Bank Midwest’s counsel made
15   misrepresentations to the bankruptcy court to get the settlement
16   approved; (b) Trustee and the Bank Group conspired to “steal”
17   funds from unsecured creditors; (c) Trustee failed to maximize
18   the return to unsecured creditors; (d) Trustee conspired with
19   Bank Midwest to set up default terms to end the chapter 11;
20   (e) Trustee shut down the business in violation of his duties;
21   and (f) Trustee changed position on conversion based on a
22   conspiracy with the Bank Group.
23             a.    Alleged False Representation to Bankruptcy Court
                     Re: Settlement Between Trustee and Bank Midwest
24
25        Debtor testified that in seeking approval of the settlement
26   between Bank Midwest and Trustee, Trustee’s counsel falsely
27   represented that Bank Midwest’s claim would be reduced by
28

                                    -33-
 1   $1 million.20    Debtor calculated that Bank Midwest actually
 2   increased its claim by $500,000.    Debtor based this calculation
 3   on his valuation of Bank Midwest’s collateral (and thus its
 4   secured claim), which did not include the car wash equipment that
 5   Debtor valued at $450,000.    The bankruptcy court found Debtor’s
 6   valuation implausible.    This finding was not clearly erroneous.
 7        Besides Debtor’s opinion, the only evidence of value
 8   presented was one page from a June 28, 2013 business appraisal,
 9   which valued the furniture, fixtures, and equipment at $110,500
10   as of January 26, 2012, and a copy of an email dated
11   September 27, 2013, from Debtor to an attorney stating that the
12   liquidation value of the car wash was $230,000.    Accordingly, the
13   bankruptcy court’s finding that there was no misrepresentation by
14   Trustee’s counsel was not clearly erroneous.
15               b.   Trustee and Bank Group’s Conspiracy to “Steal”
                      Funds from Unsecured Creditors
16
17        Debtor contended that Bank Midwest had agreed to reduce its
18   claim to $1.6 million and to subordinate up to $100,000 of its
19   interest in the proceeds of the sale of the business to ensure
20   Trustee and his professionals were paid.    According to Debtor,
21   Bank Midwest actually received $2.2 million and Trustee received
22   $275,000.    Debtor alleged that Trustee overlooked the
23   “overpayment” to Bank Midwest as part of a conspiracy to convert
24
25        20
            The settlement agreement provided that Bank Midwest would
26   have an allowed secured claim of $2,898,764 and an allowed
     unsecured claim of $297,372 but that if Bank Midwest received
27   payment by August 31, 2014, it would discount the secured claim
     to $1,700,000 plus one-third of net sale proceeds in excess of
28   $1.7 million.

                                      -34-
 1   the case and get Bank Midwest and Trustee Defendants paid at the
 2   expense of creditors.
 3        As evidence of these agreements, Debtor points to the
 4   declaration of David Katzen in support of Bank Midwest’s motion
 5   to convert and Bank Midwest’s reply in support of its motion to
 6   convert.    The Katzen declaration describes the terms of a
 7   previous proposal calling for the reduction of the bank’s claim
 8   to $1.6 million, and the reply indicates that if the case were
 9   promptly converted, Bank Midwest would be willing to subordinate
10   up to $100,000 for payment of a trustee’s sale-related
11   administrative expenses.
12        Both of these documents merely describe proposed settlement
13   terms.   As noted, the settlement agreement that was ultimately
14   approved by the bankruptcy court provided that Bank Midwest would
15   reduce its secured claim to $1.7 million plus one-third of net
16   proceeds in excess of $1.7 million and that Bank Midwest would
17   subordinate up to $150,000 to satisfy allowed administrative
18   expenses.    Debtor provided no evidence of the amounts actually
19   received by Bank Midwest or Trustee.
20        The bankruptcy court found that this evidence did not
21   support a conspiracy to bleed the estate at the expense of
22   unsecured creditors and then let the case be converted.    The
23   court noted that there were legitimate reasons for conversion,
24   primarily Debtor’s unwillingness to cooperate in reaching a
25   consensual plan, and that Debtor had been given ample warning.
26   These findings were not clearly erroneous.
27
28

                                     -35-
 1             c.     Trustee’s Failure to Maximize Return to Unsecured
                      Creditors
 2
          Debtor asserted that Trustee failed to maximize the return
 3
     for unsecured creditors and get a fresh start for Debtor.   Debtor
 4
     contended that Trustee supported conversion to protect Ryder from
 5
     being sued by Debtor and was determined to put Debtor out of
 6
     business at any cost.    The bankruptcy court found no evidence of
 7
     such motivation.   To the contrary, the bankruptcy court found
 8
     that the evidence showed Trustee was trying to facilitate a
 9
     consensual plan and was finding obstacles on both sides, and that
10
     ultimately the intransigence of the debtor led Trustee to “throw
11
     up his hands.”   This finding is supported by the evidence and is
12
     not clearly erroneous.
13
               d.     Trustee’s Conspiracy to Set Up Default Terms to
14                    End the Chapter 11 Case
15
          Debtor alleged that at an early stage in the case, Ryder
16
     knew that Bank Midwest wanted the case converted to chapter 7 and
17
     that the dispute over default terms was set up as a way to end
18
     the chapter 11 case.    According to Debtor, Ryder got the Trustee
19
     on the bank’s “team,” and Trustee instructed Bank Midwest to
20
     prepare its own default terms that Trustee would support.   The
21
     bankruptcy court correctly found no evidence of any such
22
     conspiracy.
23
               e.     Trustee’s Failure to Operate Business
24
          Debtor believed that Trustee was required under the terms of
25
     the settlement with Bank Midwest to operate the business through
26
27
28

                                     -36-
 1   the sale date, but instead Trustee closed it down.21    Thus,
 2   Debtor asserted that by shutting down the business Trustee failed
 3   to properly protect estate assets and creditors other than the
 4   bank and reduced the value of the business.    The bankruptcy court
 5   found no wrongdoing on the part of Trustee in closing down the
 6   business, noting that it had authorized the shutdown from
 7   February 14, 2014 to July 22, 2014 because of the parties’
 8   inability to agree.    The record reflects that Trustee took
 9   possession of the business and its cash on February 14, 2014 and
10   initially decided to temporarily shut down the business.
11   Thereafter, Trustee received inquiries from parties who were
12   interested in purchasing the business even though it was not
13   operating.    Based on this interest, and considering the startup
14   costs of reopening, Trustee determined that it was reasonable to
15   sell the business without reopening.    The bankruptcy court’s
16   finding that Trustee did not wrongfully close the business was
17   not clearly erroneous.
18               f.   Trustee’s Change of Position re: Conversion
19        Debtor contended that Trustee’s refusal to recommend
20   confirmation in light of Debtor’s objection to Ryder’s fees
21
          21
               The settlement agreement provides, in relevant part:
22
23        The Trustee shall undertake (with assistance from
          others whom he may engage) to continue or resume
24        operation of Debtor’s business as promptly as
          reasonably feasible, so as to facilitate sale (or other
25        commercially reasonable disposition) of Estate property
26        as a going concern if doing so appears practicable and
          conducive to a net recovery more favorable than
27        conventional liquidation.

28   (Emphasis added).

                                      -37-
 1   violated the scope of Trustee’s assignment, which was to help the
 2   court evaluate Debtor’s plan in light of Bank Midwest’s expected
 3   opposition.   The bankruptcy court rejected this contention,
 4   noting that the breakdown between Debtor and his counsel signaled
 5   to Trustee that there was no effective prospect of
 6   reorganization.
 7        Trustee’s initial status report indicated that Debtor's
 8   business operations appeared to be reasonably solid and could
 9   likely support the proposed plan payments, and that Debtor was an
10   experienced operator who had the support of a number of other
11   creditors.    Trustee asked for a brief continuance to permit him
12   to negotiate with the parties.    Trustee initially opposed
13   conversion, although he did warn Ryder that Debtor should not be
14   involved in drafting a plan.    Trustee subsequently changed
15   position and supported conversion, which Debtor contended
16   supported an inference of conspiracy with Bank Midwest and Ryder.
17        The bankruptcy court found that Trustee justifiably changed
18   position because of Debtor’s dispute of Ryder’s legal fees.
19   Debtor had approved five interim fee awards.    Late in 2013 Debtor
20   decided that Ryder’s fees were too high.    Soon thereafter, Debtor
21   began asserting that Ryder had agreed to work on the case for a
22   fixed fee.    This fee dispute caused Trustee to conclude that it
23   was hopeless to expect a confirmable plan of reorganization
24   because Debtor could not be trusted to carry out his obligations
25   under the plan.   Accordingly, the bankruptcy court found no
26   evidence of wrongdoing or collusion in the Trustee’s change of
27   position.
28        We find no error in any of the bankruptcy court’s findings.

                                      -38-
 1        5.   Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic
               Advantage - Trustee Defendants
 2
 3        Debtor testified that Iman’s potential lender denied her
 4   loan request after Trustee discovered the lender’s identity.
 5   Debtor thus surmised that Trustee or his representative had
 6   called the lender and discouraged it from making the loan.
 7   Debtor presented as evidence a letter dated August 2, 2014 from
 8   John Arno, the agent who arranged the financing for Iman’s
 9   purchase of the business.   Arno stated in the letter that as of
10   April 22, 2014, the lender had been ready to issue a commitment
11   subject to a satisfactory environmental report but that when the
12   environmental engineer arrived at the premises to conduct the
13   inspection, a security guard at the premises contacted Trustee,
14   who in turn contacted the lender before approving the inspection.
15        According to the letter, the environmental report indicated
16   that no action was required, and Arno provided the additional
17   documentation requested by lender.    Nevertheless, the lender did
18   not issue the commitment.   Arno thus concluded that something
19   said during the conversation between Trustee and the lender
20   caused the lender to decide not to proceed with the loan.
21        Also admitted into evidence as attachments to the Arno
22   letter were a copy of a commitment letter from GCA Financial
23   confirming the availability of $600,000 to Iman and copies of
24   bank statements purportedly showing the availability of $550,000
25   in “family funds” for the purchase.
26        The bankruptcy court found that the more plausible reason
27   the loan was not approved was that the amounts shown on the bank
28   statements did not add up to the $550,000 required by the lender,

                                    -39-
 1   and the availability of the funds “relied on the doubtful
 2   assumption that the family members would hand over all of their
 3   funds to the plaintiffs.”22   Noting that the Arno letter was
 4   hearsay, the bankruptcy court concluded that there was no
 5   credible evidence to support the allegations that Trustee
 6   sabotaged Iman’s efforts to obtain funding to purchase the
 7   business.   This finding was not clearly erroneous.
 8        As the bankruptcy court repeatedly noted, all of Halloums’
 9   theories of liability are based on a misunderstanding of
10   bankruptcy law, practice, and procedure.   On appeal, Halloums
11   have not demonstrated that any of the bankruptcy court’s factual
12   findings were clearly erroneous.    In addition to making the same
13   arguments that were presented in the bankruptcy court, they argue
14   on appeal that the complaint stated “plausible claims for relief”
15   and that the settlement between Trustee and Bank Midwest and
16   order to return Iman’s deposit are not preclusive.    These
17   arguments are not applicable because the bankruptcy court did not
18   rule on the pleadings and because it did not rule on the
19   preclusion issues raised by defendants.
20                                 CONCLUSION
21        For the reasons set forth above, we deny Halloums’ motion to
22   suspend hearing and transfer venue.
23        We find no error in the bankruptcy court’s denial of the
24   Remand Motion.   Dismissal of the claims against Trustee based on
25
          22
26          Some of the funds reflected on the bank statements were
     held at the National Bank of Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates
27   Dirham currency. The bankruptcy court found that, given current
     exchange rates, the total amount of family funds identified in
28   the admitted bank statements was less than $478,000.

                                      -40-
 1   the Barton doctrine was harmless error.
 2        We find no abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court’s
 3   denial of Halloums’ request to conduct additional discovery, nor
 4   do we find error in the dismissal of Halloums’ claims against all
 5   defendants on the merits.
 6        Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of dismissal.
 7
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                                   -41-
