                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 29 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL FARRELL,                                 No.    17-15951

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 5:16-cv-02711-NC

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
BOEING EMPLOYEES CREDIT UNION;
MOORE BREWER & WOLFE, a
Professional Corporation,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                Nathanael M. Cousins, Magistrate Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted October 12, 2018**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: TASHIMA and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and CHATIGNY,*** District
Judge.




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
              The Honorable Robert N. Chatigny, United States District Judge for
the District of Connecticut, sitting by designation.
      Plaintiff-appellant Daniel Farrell initiated this unfair debt collection suit

against defendants-appellees Boeing Employees Credit Union (“BECU”) and

Moore Brewer & Wolfe (“MBW”) claiming that they had improperly garnished his

wages from federal employment. BECU and MBW garnished Farrell’s wages

pursuant to a California state court judgment arising from a motor vehicle

financing agreement. Farrell was a resident of California when the judgment

entered. His wages were garnished after he moved to Indiana and then Texas. The

District Court granted summary judgment to BECU and MBW and denied Farrell’s

cross-motion for summary judgment. Farrell appealed.1

      Farrell raises two arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the statute

permitting the garnishment of federal employees’ wages, 5 U.S.C. § 5520a, applies

only to garnishment for “commercial debts” and thus does not apply to

garnishment for “consumer debts” such as the one at issue here. Second, he argues

that the statute requires the garnishor to comply with the garnishment laws of the

state where the debtor currently resides such that BECU and MBW could not



1
 Farrell also filed a Motion for Judicial Notice regarding the Defense Finance and
Accounting Service’s website. Granting the motion in part, we take judicial notice
“of the existence of the website in the public realm, but decline[] to notice that the
contents of the website are true.” Farrell v. Boeing Emps. Credit Union, No. 16-
cv-02711-NC, 2017 WL 1508993, at *3 n.1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 26, 2017) (citing
Spitzer v. Aljoe, No. 13-cv-05442-MEJ, 2016 WL 3275148, at *4 (N.D. Cal. June
15, 2016); Gerritsen v. Warner Bros. Entm’t Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1029
(C.D. Cal. 2015)).

                                           2
garnish his wages after he moved to Indiana and then Texas without first

domesticating the California judgment in those states.

       We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history. We

review the District Court’s ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment de

novo. Guatay Christian Fellowship v. Cty. of San Diego, 670 F.3d 957, 970 (9th

Cir. 2011). We affirm the District Court’s ruling on the first issue but vacate and

remand on the second issue for the District Court to conduct a more complete

analysis in the first instance.

       Farrell’s argument that § 5520a limits the garnishment of federal employees’

wages to “commercial debts” and does not permit garnishment for “consumer

debts” like his is unpersuasive. The statute does not suggest such an exclusion.

Rather, it states broadly that “pay from an agency to an employee is subject to

legal process in the same manner and to the same extent as if the agency were a

private person.” 5 U.S.C. § 5520a(b).2

       Farrell correctly observes that the garnishment statute’s enabling regulations

are titled “Commercial Garnishment of Federal Employees’ Pay.” 5 C.F.R. pt.

582. However, in issuing the final rule, the Office of Personnel Management



2
  Upon signing § 5520a into law, President Clinton labeled it as a “provision for
the garnishment of Federal pay to repay private debt.” Statement on Signing the
Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993, 2 Pub. Papers 1696, 1696 (Oct. 6, 1993).


                                          3
clarified that the use of the word “commercial” was intended to contrast

“commercial” debt with debt related to child support and alimony, not with

“consumer” or “retail” debt:

      An association of collection attorneys commented that in the collection
      world there are two major areas: commercial and retail[,] with commercial
      referring to the collection of debts from firms and retail referring to
      collection from consumers. While we appreciate the fact that our
      terminology is not consistent with the nomenclature used by some private
      attorneys, we have determined that no other term would be as generally
      understood as the term commercial for the purpose of distinguishing
      garnishment actions under this part from garnishment actions based on child
      support and alimony obligations.

60 Fed. Reg. 13027, 13028-29 (Mar. 10, 1995). This distinction was necessary

because prior to the enactment of § 5520a, the federal government’s waiver of

sovereign immunity as to the garnishment of its employees’ wages was limited to

garnishment for child support and alimony payments. See Hadley-Mem’l Hosp. v.

Kynard, 981 F. Supp. 690, 692 (D.D.C. 1997); see also Franchise Tax Bd. of

California v. United States Postal Serv., 467 U.S. 512, 516-17 (1984) (“[U]nless

waived, sovereign immunity prevents the creditor of a federal employee from

collecting a debt through a judicial order requiring the United States to garnish[]

the employee’s salary.” (citation omitted)). We therefore affirm the District

Court’s ruling that § 5520a encompasses the type of debt at issue in this case.

      Farrell’s argument that § 5520a requires compliance with the garnishment

laws of the state of the debtor’s residence appears to present an issue of first



                                           4
impression. In rejecting this argument, the District Court relied solely on the lack

of an explicit domestication requirement in § 5520a and 5 C.F.R. pt. 582. We

conclude that a more complete analysis is necessary. Accordingly, we vacate the

District Court’s judgment on the second issue and remand for the District Court to

conduct a complete analysis of the domestication issue in the first instance.

       On remand, as part of its analysis, the District Court will need to consider

the following:

       First, the potential applicability of Ind. Code Ann. § 34-54-11-1 and Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 35.003, since, under § 5520a, the garnishment

process is governed by state law. See 5 U.S.C. § 5520a(3)(A) (defining “legal

process” as “any writ, order, summons, or other similar process in the nature of

garnishment” that is “issued by a court of competent jurisdiction within any State,

territory, or possession of the United States, or an authorized official pursuant to an

order of such a court or pursuant to State or local law”); First Virginia Bank v.

Randolph, 110 F.3d 75, 79 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“[B]y subjecting the pay of federal

employees to the legal process applicable to private employers, § 5520a(b)

incorporates . . . D.C. law . . . .”).

       Second, the lack of a clear statutory mandate allowing for interstate

garnishment of federal employees’ wages in the commercial debt context, in

contrast to the family law context. See 42 U.S.C. § 666(b)(9) (allowing for


                                          5
interstate garnishment for the enforcement of child support and alimony

obligations).

      And third, the amount of deference, if any, owed to the Office of Personnel

Management’s view that wage garnishment orders issued by one state may be

enforced in other states without any need to register the judgment. See 60 Fed.

Reg. at 13028 (rejecting a comment raising “a possible constitutional question”

related to interstate enforcement under 5 C.F.R. pt. 582).

      AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

      The parties will bear their own costs on this appeal.




                                          6
