                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-2239
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                     Luis Olivares

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of South Dakota - Rapid City
                                    ____________

                              Submitted: May 19, 2016
                              Filed: December 9, 2016
                                     [Published]
                                   ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

       Luis Olivares was convicted after trial of conspiracy to distribute a controlled
substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), 846, and 851 (Count
1); possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A) (Count 2); being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18
U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count 3); being a fugitive in possession of a
firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(2) and 924(a)(2) (Count 4); possession
with intent to distribute a controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
841(b)(1)(A), and 851 (Count 5); and distribution of a controlled substance in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B), and 851 (Count 9). Olivares
appeals the district court’s1 denial of pretrial discovery motions, decisions concerning
his competency, and the application of a sentencing enhancement pursuant to 21
U.S.C. § 851. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and, finding no
error, we affirm.

                                   I. Background

       In July 2010, law enforcement in Rapid City, South Dakota, received a tip that
Luis Olivares was selling methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana in the area.
They began an investigation, and initiated surveillance on Olivares’ trailer. Law
enforcement received information from a confidential informant on November 22,
2010, that Olivares was transporting a large quantity of methamphetamine from
Denver, Colorado, to Rapid City. Officers attempted to stop Olivares’ car on his way
back to South Dakota, but Olivares refused to pull over, leading police on a high-
speed chase, reaching up to 95 miles per hour in blizzard conditions. Olivares
eventually crashed into a field near Rapid City. During the chase, someone tossed at
least one package of methamphetamine out of the car window. By the time officers
arrived at the scene, Olivares had fled on foot, but two others, including the
confidential informant, were still in the car. Eventually, officers found Olivares
hiding in a nearby field. Officers also searched the crashed car, finding one package
of assorted glass pipes and plastic baggies, two packages of methamphetamine hidden
in a speaker box, four cell phones, and three laptop computers. Another package of
methamphetamine was found under a rock in the field where the crash occurred.


      1
       The Honorable Jeffrey L. Viken, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of South Dakota.

                                          -2-
       In January 2011, the government filed a superseding indictment charging
Olivares and 15 co-defendants with multiple firearm and drug-related offenses. In
January 2012, upon motion of both parties, the district court ordered that Olivares
undergo a psychiatric or psychological examination to be conducted pursuant to 18
U.S.C. §§ 4241(b) and 4247(b) for purposes of determining his competency to stand
trial.

      In April 2012, the district court received a report regarding Olivares from the
Federal Detention Center in Englewood, Colorado. The court subsequently held a
competency hearing where the parties stipulated to Olivares’ mental incompetence
and his need for further treatment. The district court accepted the stipulation and
committed Olivares to a different facility to undergo a period of hospitalization and
treatment not to exceed four months to determine whether there was a substantial
probability his competency to stand trial could be restored pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 4241(d).

       In October 2012, the Federal Medical Center at Butner, North Carolina, issued
a certificate of restoration of competency to stand trial for Olivares, with a
corresponding report. On November 21, 2012, the parties stipulated to issues
regarding the report, and both sides again agreed Olivares needed to be further
evaluated. The district court accepted the stipulation and ordered Olivares to be
committed and treated at a third facility. In July 2013, the medical staff at the Federal
Medical Center at Devens, Massachusetts, issued a report which concluded that
Olivares was not suffering from a major mental illness that would preclude him from
understanding the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him or from
assisting properly with his defense.

      On September 20, 2013, Olivares’ counsel moved that a local psychiatrist be
allowed to evaluate Olivares’ competency. The district court granted the motion, and

                                          -3-
Olivares was examined by Dr. Stephen P. Manlove. Dr. Manlove prepared a report
and provided it to the court on February 7, 2014. He concluded that Olivares was not
suffering from a mental impairment, had a rational ability to consult with counsel, and
had a factual and rational understanding of the proceedings. The district court held
further competency hearings on February 27, and March 18, 2014. On May 30, 2014,
it issued a comprehensive order concluding Olivares was competent to stand trial.

       Throughout the course of his commitment and afterwards, Olivares filed
numerous civil lawsuits in which he made a variety of allegations against the
prosecutor in his case and numerous law enforcement officers. Olivares also tried to
file hundreds of pro se handwritten motions, most of which were returned to his
counsel as non-compliant and non-conforming motions that primarily dealt with
issues unrelated to his case. Olivares’ civil complaints were all dismissed and he was
eventually barred from filing further civil lawsuits in federal court without prior
permission.

       On November 4, 2014, the government filed an information pursuant to 21
U.S.C. § 851 providing notice of its intent to seek an enhanced penalty of life
imprisonment upon conviction based on Olivares’ two “prior convictions for a felony
drug offense.” Olivares filed a formal objection to the notice, asserting substantive
challenges to the use of the prior convictions under the statute. On May 27, 2015, the
district court conducted a hearing on the matter and overruled Olivares’ objections,
concluding that Olivares’ challenges were barred by the five-year statute of
limitations and the convictions were thus valid for purposes of the enhancement.

      Trial began on December 1, 2014. On the third day of the ten-day jury trial and
outside the jury’s presence, Olivares informed the district court that he wanted to
proceed pro se. The court warned Olivares of the dangers of self-representation and
advised him to allow counsel to continue to represent him. Olivares persisted in his
decision to represent himself, but asked if he could have his attorney back should he

                                         -4-
want that. The court appointed Olivares’ counsel as standby counsel, who would be
available to take over witness examination or legal argument at any time. The court
told the jury of Olivares’ decision and advised them that it “must not affect [their]
consideration and decision whether or not he’s guilty or not guilty of the offenses
charged.”

        Trial continued, with Olivares conducting a portion of one cross-examination,
a full cross-examination of the case agent, and a full direct examination. Defense
counsel conducted the remainder of the witness examinations and gave the closing
argument. The jury found Olivares guilty on all counts. On May 27, 2015, Olivares
was sentenced to life imprisonment on Counts 1 and 5 to run concurrently to Counts
3, 4, and 9, for which he received ten years’ imprisonment, each to run consecutively.
On Count 2, Olivares was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment consecutive to all
other counts.

      Olivares timely appeals.

                                   II. Discussion

       Olivares raises three issues on appeal. First, he challenges several discovery
orders entered by the district court as well as the government’s failure to preserve
certain electronic discovery. Second, Olivares argues the district court should have
sua sponte reevaluated his competency to proceed to trial and to represent himself.
Third, Olivares asserts the district court improperly applied the sentencing
enhancement pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851. The court addresses these arguments in
turn.




                                         -5-
      A. Discovery

      Olivares argues that the district court erred in denying him access to discovery
and the government improperly selectively preserved evidence by saving only
inculpatory material.

       First, Olivares challenges the protective order entered by the district court. On
January 13, 2011, and again on October 7, 2011, due to a change of counsel, the
district court ordered, pursuant to stipulations signed by the government and
Olivares’ defense attorneys, that “Defense counsel shall keep the [discovery] items
furnished in his/her possession, and the materials shall not be given to the Defendant
or anyone else without the Court’s permission.” This protective order, which is
“standard” in criminal cases in the district, permitted Olivares to read the discovery
materials “but only in the presence of defense counsel, the defense investigator or a
defense expert.”

       Orders governing discovery are “committed to the sound discretion of the
district court and an error in administering the discovery rules is reversible only on
a showing that the error was prejudicial to the substantial rights of the defendant.”
United States v. Pelton, 578 F.2d 701, 707 (8th Cir. 1978). “Normally a party is
bound by his stipulations as a stipulation . . . is akin to a contract.” United States v.
Morales, 684 F.3d 749, 755 (8th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Rathborne
Land Co. v. Ascent Energy, Inc., 610 F.3d 249, 262 (5th Cir. 2010)). Olivares,
through counsel, twice signed the stipulation which permitted him to review the
discovery only in the presence of counsel or his agent. There is no showing that the
stipulated agreement was compelled or involuntarily made, thus the district court did
not abuse its discretion in issuing the protective order agreed to by the parties. See
id. (upholding the stipulated discovery agreement where it “was freely entered and
not compelled”).



                                          -6-
        Second, Olivares contends that the court’s refusal to permit him direct access
to the 1,221 discovery files substantially prejudiced his ability to represent himself
at trial, particularly given his limited access to a computer to assist his review of the
materials.

       At several points prior to and during trial, Olivares petitioned the district court
for increased access to discovery materials to aid in preparation of his case for trial.
On February 20, 2014, Olivares, through counsel, moved for access to the police
reports provided to his counsel as part of the discovery in the case. The district court
orally denied the motion, but its reasoning is not available in the record.2 Again at
the pretrial conference, Olivares’ counsel discussed his concern that because Olivares
was being held in solitary confinement, his access to his client was limited to a
maximum of one hour and 15 minutes per day of visitation and no phone calls.
Concerned about counsel’s effective assistance in the week before trial, the district
court confirmed with the U.S. Marshals that counsel would be able to freely meet
with his client outside of the limited schedule. During trial, Olivares raised his
concern about insufficient access to discovery materials, specifically to conduct
Internet research. The district court granted Olivares permission to access the
Internet through his counsel an hour prior to the start of trial the following day.

       When Olivares elected to proceed at least in part pro se, he had “a right of
access to adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the
law.” United States v. Kind, 194 F.3d 900, 905 (8th Cir. 1999) (quoting United
States v. Knox, 950 F.2d 516, 519 (8th Cir. 1991)). To prove that he was deprived


      2
       Notably, at the time Olivares asked to personally review the police reports, he
was not appearing pro se. Once Olivares invoked his right to represent himself,
neither Olivares nor his counsel moved to vacate the stipulated protective order.
Thus, the district court had no opportunity to “consider the prejudice that imposition
of the protective order had upon [Olivares] during trial as a pro se defendant.”
Appellant’s Br. at 24.

                                           -7-
of this right, Olivares “must ‘demonstrate that the alleged shortcomings . . . hindered
his efforts to pursue a legal claim.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Lewis v.
Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996)). Olivares represented himself intermittently at
trial—conducting a partial cross and direct examination of one witness, his ex-
girlfriend Precious Bartlett, and the full cross examination of the case agent, Derek
Hill—always with the substantial assistance of standby counsel. The district court
several times at trial permitted Olivares additional time to confer with counsel and to
organize evidence and exhibits, and allowed standby counsel to take over the
questioning of Ms. Bartlett. The court further demanded that the jail provide counsel
with unlimited access to his client in the week leading up to trial and made
arrangements for Olivares to review Internet materials with standby counsel in the
courtroom. It is clear the district court carefully protected Olivares’ right to access
adequate resources to prepare his own defense.

        Finally, Olivares argues the government selectively preserved electronic
discovery and failed to save exculpatory material, causing him unfair prejudice at
trial. In discovery, the government produced several incriminating jail phone calls
Olivares made to co-defendants. Olivares subsequently requested copies of all jail
phone calls and visits involving Olivares and his co-defendants, and the government
responded that it had not recorded or preserved such evidence. Olivares also
requested all of the text messages exchanged between Agent Hill and his confidential
informant from the night of Olivares’ arrest. The government was unable to produce
the text messages because it failed to download or save them. The government relied
on Olivares’ incriminating jail phone calls and Agent Hill’s testimony regarding the
content of the text messages at trial.

       Olivares raised the government’s failure to produce the jail phone calls and
visits and the agent’s text messages with the magistrate judge and with the district
court. The district court denied Olivares’ motion to compel, holding that “[t]he



                                         -8-
government does not have a duty to disclose items it does not possess.” (quoting
United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1215 (11th Cir. 2009)).

       Given that the government’s storage and retention systems by design do not
preserve the requested items, Olivares here does not argue the district court erred in
refusing to compel disclosure. Rather, he argues for the first time on appeal that his
due process rights were violated due to law enforcement’s bad faith failure to
preserve potentially exculpatory evidence. See Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51,
58 (1988) (“failure to preserve potentially useful evidence does not constitute a denial
of due process of law” unless the defendant can show law enforcement acted in bad
faith). Even assuming that the deleted jail phone calls, jail visit videos, and agent text
messages had apparent exculpatory value, see United States v. Webster, 625 F.3d
439, 446 (8th Cir. 2010), there is no evidence that the government acted in bad faith
when it failed to preserve the evidence, see id. (no evidence of bad faith where “the
normal procedure in destroying evidence was followed”); United States v. Houston,
548 F.3d 1151, 1155 (8th Cir. 2008) (bad faith was not shown where the arresting
officer “did not attempt to download video of the traffic stop” as there was no
evidence regarding the officer’s obligation to preserve the video). We recognize
Olivares’ concern: The non-inculpatory jail phone calls and the agent’s text messages
may (or may not) have been relevant to his defense. With the simplicity and
efficiency of modern electronic storage capacity, one could imagine a policy where
inculpatory materials and potentially relevant materials created or made available in
proximity to the inculpatory materials are easily saved for review. But Olivares’
failure to raise this issue before the district court and to present any evidence of bad
faith is dispositive to his Youngblood argument.

      B. Competency

      Olivares asserts on appeal that once his trial started, the district court should
have sua sponte reevaluated his competency to proceed. See 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a)

                                           -9-
(“At any time after the commencement of a prosecution for an offense and prior to the
sentencing,” the court shall grant a motion from either party “for a hearing to
determine the mental competency of the defendant” or “shall order such a hearing on
its own motion, if there is reasonable cause to believe that the defendant may” be
incompetent). Trial began on December 1, 2014. In an order dated May 30, 2014,
the district court found Olivares was competent to proceed to trial—a finding
Olivares does not challenge on appeal. At the competency hearing, the district court
heard testimony from two psychologists and one psychiatrist, none of whom
concluded that Olivares was mentally incompetent. Olivares asserts, however, that
the doctors’ opinions, and thus the district court’s findings, were based on the premise
that Olivares was feigning mental illness and that, once he was found competent to
stand trial, he would in fact behave in a competent manner. But Olivares’ behavior
did not change following his competency determination or once trial began. Thus,
Olivares contends, the very premise upon which the finding of competency was based
was faulty, and the district court should have revisited the matter of competency to
proceed.

      Olivares misreads the district court’s competency order, focusing on only a
portion of its analysis. The district court did note that one doctor expressed the view
that Olivares showed some signs of malingering and exaggeration, and that Olivares
could effectively participate in his defense “if he chooses to do so.” But neither
doctor3 “observed Olivares showing any symptoms consistent with mental illness.”
Both doctors concluded that Olivares “understood the nature and consequences of the
proceedings against him,” and that he had the ability to rationally assist in his own
defense. See 18 U.S.C. § 4241(d) (court must determine whether defendant is
“presently suffering from a mental disease or defect rendering him mentally
incompetent to the extent that he is unable to understand the nature and consequences


      3
        Three doctors testified in person or by video, but the district court’s order
relies largely on the opinions expressed by only two of the doctors.

                                         -10-
of the proceedings against him or to assist properly in his defense”). Nowhere does
the district court conclude that its competency finding is based on the expectation that
Olivares’ behavior would change. Indeed, the district court acknowledged the
doctors’ observations of Olivares’ paranoid beliefs, his alleged delusions, and his
persistent inclination to make false accusations against others involved in his case.
But the court concluded that despite these behaviors, Olivares was able to understand
the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him, and to assist in his own
defense. The district court also questioned Olivares at the competency hearing and
found he understood the court’s questions and had a “rational understanding of the
proceedings and a general understanding of the legal process.”

        Moreover, one doctor’s opinion that Olivares’ behavior may change does not
demonstrate that Olivares’ competency had changed between the May 2014
competency finding and the December 2014 trial. See James v. Iowa, 100 F.3d 586,
589–90 (8th Cir. 1996) (“James’s assertion, based on the psychiatrists’ reports, that
his mental state was subject to change does not demonstrate that his mental state had
in fact changed between his first examination and his trial.”). Although we recognize
that a “defendant’s competency is not static and may change over even a short period
of time,” United States v. Ghane, 593 F.3d 775, 779 (8th Cir. 2010), there was no
evidence that Olivares’ competency had changed during the eight-month period. In
fact, Olivares insists that his behavior did not change between the time of the
competency hearing and the time of trial, which suggests there was no change in his
competency during that period. See Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 181 (1975)
(“Even when a defendant is competent at the commencement of his trial, a trial court
must always be alert to circumstances suggesting a change that would render the
accused unable to meet the standards of competence to stand trial.”). With no
discernible difference in Olivares’ presentation, the district court had no reason to
revisit the issue of competency, and did not abuse its discretion in not doing so.




                                         -11-
       Olivares also argues that the district court erred in allowing him to represent
himself during portions of the trial, thus violating his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel. The Sixth Amendment not only guarantees a criminal defendant the right
to assistance of counsel but also the right to represent himself or herself. United
States v. Benson, 686 F.3d 498, 503 (8th Cir. 2012). Before allowing a defendant to
proceed pro se, a district court must ensure that the defendant’s waiver of counsel is
knowing and voluntary. United States v. Turner, 644 F.3d 713, 720–21 (8th Cir.
2011). Olivares argues the waiver of counsel colloquy conducted by the district court
“was not sufficient given [his] past history of mental health issue[s].” Olivares does
not identify anything lacking in the colloquy that would render his decision not
knowing or voluntary. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975) (holding
that a defendant “should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-
representation, so that the record will establish that ‘he knows what he is doing and
his choice is made with eyes open.’” (quoting Adams v. U.S. ex rel. McCann, 317
U.S. 269, 279 (1942))). Instead, he reiterates his argument that his behavior at trial
showed he was not feigning mental illness and, thus, he was not competent to
represent himself.

       “Before allowing a defendant to waive his right to counsel, a court must be
satisfied that the defendant is competent to do so.” United States v. Washington, 596
F.3d 926, 940 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Crawford, 487 F.3d 1101,
1105 (8th Cir. 2007)). The Supreme Court has made clear that “the standard for
mental competence to represent one’s self is higher than the standard of mental fitness
to stand trial.” Id. at 941 (describing Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 171–78
(2008)). Olivares argues that the illogical and irrational statements, filings, and
questions he made prior to and during his pro se representation should have alerted
the district court that he was not competent to represent himself and another
competency hearing was required. “Generally, a court need not sua sponte order an
evaluation to determine a defendant’s competence to waive counsel;” a hearing is
“necessary only when a court has reason to doubt the defendant’s competence.” Id.

                                         -12-
at 940 (quoting Crawford, 487 F.3d at 1105). “A district court’s decision not to order
a competency evaluation or hold a competency hearing is reviewed for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Turner, 644 F.3d 713, 723 (8th Cir. 2011).

       In this case, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court not ordering
another competency evaluation or holding another competency hearing when Olivares
sought to represent himself at trial. The district court observed Olivares over the
course of four years, conducted a thorough evidentiary hearing where six
witnesses—three of whom were medical professionals—testified, and had the benefit
of multiple written reports regarding Olivares’ mental health. The court also
communicated directly with Olivares during the course of the trial, and observed
firsthand his conduct in the courtroom. At the pretrial conference and at sentencing,
the court reiterated its conclusion that Olivares was “presently competent,” describing
him as a “highly intelligent individual” who was “very skilled at manipulating”
psychiatrists, the court, and jurors. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the
district court did not violate Olivares’ Sixth Amendment right to counsel by
permitting him to proceed pro se at trial.

      C. Sentencing Enhancement

       On November 4, 2014, the government filed an information pursuant to 21
U.S.C. § 851 providing notice of its intent to seek an enhanced penalty of life
imprisonment upon conviction based on Olivares’ two “prior convictions for a felony
drug offense.” See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A), 851(a)(1). The statute imposes a five-
year statute of limitations for challenging any prior conviction that the government
relies on for purposes of this enhancement. 21 U.S.C. § 851(e). The district court
found that Olivares’ two prior convictions became final in January 2006 and April
2006 respectively. Neither party contests this finding. Thus, under the statute,
Olivares had until January and April 2011 to challenge the validity of those prior
convictions. Olivares asserts that he was improperly denied the opportunity to do so.

                                         -13-
       Olivares was charged by criminal complaint on December 7, 2010. On
December 21, 2010, he was indicted, and on January 19, 2011, the grand jury
returned a superseding indictment. The government did not file the notice of intent
to seek an enhanced penalty until November 4, 2014—almost four years after
Olivares was originally indicted, and three and a half years after the § 851 statute of
limitations had run. Had the notice been filed at the time of the indictment or the
superseding indictment, Olivares points out, he would not have been time-barred from
challenging the convictions. Olivares argues that the only reasonable explanation for
the delay is that the government held off filing the notice until such time that he was
no longer permitted, under the statute, to challenge the prior convictions. He also
asserts that the statute of limitations should have been tolled during any period in
which he was incompetent to proceed.

       The district court concluded that under the plain language of the statute, the
information was timely filed. See 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1) (to increase punishment by
reason of one or more prior convictions, the United States attorney must file an
information with the court “before trial”). As Olivares points out, the delay in filing
the § 851 notice in his case was significant. However, pursuant to the plain language
of the statute, the notice was timely filed. The information was filed November 4,
2014, and trial began on December 1, 2014. Without any evidence to support the
allegation, we are unwilling to attribute bad faith to the government in its decision
regarding when to file the notice.

       For the first time on appeal, Olivares also asserts that he relied to his detriment
on a representation from an Assistant U.S. Attorney assigned to the case that no § 851
notice would be filed. But there is nothing in the record to support this assertion.
Even if such a representation had been made, Olivares makes no claim that the




                                          -14-
representation was made before either January or April 2011, the deadlines for
challenging the validity of the prior convictions.4

       As to Olivares’ concern that he had been incompetent during a portion of the
five-year window for challenging the prior convictions, there is insufficient evidence
to support such a finding. Olivares did not file a motion for a competency evaluation
until January 4, 2012—eight months after the last deadline expired, and
approximately one year after he was indicted. After extensive testing, multiple
evaluations, and an evidentiary hearing, the district court determined he was
competent to stand trial. To the extent Olivares argues that he was incompetent prior
to January 4, 2012, he presented no evidence to support such a finding. We need not
decide, therefore, whether the statute of limitations in § 851 could be tolled during
a period of incompetency.5

                                   III. Conclusion

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.


      4
       According to Olivares’ brief, the purported conversation with the Assistant
U.S. Attorney appears to have occurred on or after September 26, 2011, when the
court granted Olivares’ motion for new counsel and current counsel was appointed.
      5
        For the first time on appeal, Olivares also argues that § 851 is impermissibly
subject to discriminatory enforcement by the government, and thus is “void for
vagueness.” We decline to address this argument for the first time on appeal due to
a lack of a record on the issue and briefing which is insufficiently developed. See
United States v. Darden, 70 F.3d 1507, 1517 n.3 (8th Cir. 1995) (declining to address
issues which “were mentioned in passing in the appellants’ briefs”). We note,
however, that we have previously concluded this statute of limitations does not
violate due process or equal protection. See United States v. Prior, 107 F.3d 654, 661
(8th Cir. 1997) (five-year statute of limitations not a violation of due process or equal
protection because “[f]ive years is a reasonable amount of time to require court
documents to be preserved without the requirement becoming overly burdensome”).

                                          -15-
