Filed 1/21/15 In re N.M. CA1/4
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


                  IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                         FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FOUR


In re N.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

R.M.,
         Petitioner,
v.
                                                                    A143244
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF ALAMEDA
COUNTY,                                                             (Alameda County
         Respondent;                                                Super. Ct. No. HJ11016291)
ALAMEDA COUNTY SOCIAL SERVICES
AGENCY,
         Real Party in Interest.


                                                               I.
                                                  INTRODUCTION
         By a petition for extraordinary writ, R.M. (Father) challenges an order made after
an 18-month permanency review hearing terminating family reunification services and
setting a permanency plan hearing under Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.261
for his six-year-old daughter N.M. (the minor). The hearing is set for January 26, 2015.
Father contends: (1) the Alameda County Social Services Agency (the Agency) failed to
make reasonable efforts to provide him family reunifications services during his



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             All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.


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incarceration; and (2) the court erred in failing to extend reunification services. We deny
Father’s petition.
                                              II.
                           FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       The parties have set out the details of the these proceedings at considerable length.
We recite the facts and procedural history in abbreviated form, leaving out all
nonessential facts with respect to the minor’s mother, who is not a party to this writ
petition.
       The then-three-year-old minor was made a dependent of the juvenile court after
her parents tried to flee on foot from a stolen vehicle following a police pursuit that ended
in a collision. Both parents were arrested for parole and probation violations, stealing a
car, and for being in possession of a firearm. The minor’s parents had prior criminal
histories and substance abuse issues. They also had a history of leaving the minor with
multiple caretakers without making formal plans. At the contested
jurisdiction/disposition hearing on January 18, 2013, the court took jurisdiction over the
minor and found Father to be the minor’s presumed father. The court ordered that both
parents receive reunification services.
       The Agency’s “Status Review Report” prepared for the six-month review hearing
indicated that Father was in minimal compliance with his case plan because he was
incarcerated. Although Santa Rita Jail, where Father was incarcerated at the time, offered
many programs, Father had to be isolated from other inmates because he was a former
gang member. As a result, he was not able to participate in any of the programs available
at the facility. The court received the Agency’s report into evidence, found that
reasonable services had been provided by the Agency, and extended family reunification
services to the parents.
       At the 12-month report and review hearing, the Agency recommended that
Father’s reunification services be terminated and that a permanent planning hearing be
set. At the contested hearing, the Agency’s social worker testified that after Father left
Santa Rita Jail, he was transferred to three different facilities. The social worker admitted


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she had not yet had an opportunity to contact the counselor at Father’s current facility to
determine whether there were programs that could help him engage in his case plan. The
court decided not to follow the Agency’s recommendation to terminate Father’s
reunification services, and instead extended reunification services to Father, finding he
had not received reasonable reunification services. However, the court found that
reasonable services had been provided to the minor’s mother and terminated her
reunification services.
       Commencing on March 6, 2014, the court heard argument on the matter of
visitation between the minor and Father, who was still incarcerated. Over Father’s
objection, the court found that visitation between the minor and Father would be
detrimental based on the minor’s “age (5), the distance the child will have to travel for
these visits (approx 6 hours of travel time) and the uncertain amount of visitation time
available.”
       At the 18-month report and review hearing, the Agency recommended that
Father’s reunification services be terminated and that a permanency planning hearing be
set. The permanent plan for the minor was continued placement with her maternal aunt
and uncle, who were willing to become her legal guardians. The Agency’s report
indicated Father was in partial compliance with his case plan. While incarcerated, Father
had participated in the programs that were offered. However, Father had not participated
in an inpatient substance abuse program or domestic violence counseling, which were
two critical components of his case plan, because these programs were not available at
the facility where he was incarcerated.
       Father testified at the contested 18-month review hearing held on September 23,
2014. He had just been released from prison on July 23, 2014. He testified that he
participated in the following programs while incarcerated: mental health services, a
parenting class that he was able to complete, and drug testing. Father also testified that
he completed a 12-week anger management class, even though it was not a part of his
case plan. Father testified that he did not want to enter an inpatient substance abuse
treatment program because doing so would “hinder [his] opportunity to be able to work


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and create a foundation,” which he believed was necessary “to get [his] daughter back.”
Father also admitted he had not started a domestic violence program because he had “a
lot on [his] plate.”
       The court issued its decision on October 2, 2014, observing Father is “articulate,
he’s intelligent, and he is sincere about wanting to reunify with his daughter.” However,
the court pointed out that Father “was just released from prison 71 days ago. He just
started working on his case plan to deal with the domestic violence and the substance
abuse problems . . . .” The court decided not to extend services to the statutory 24-month
maximum, which was only 31 days later. The court indicated “there has just not been
enough time for the father to satisfy his requirements before the 24-month review.” The
court terminated reunification services and scheduled a section 366.26 hearing for
January 26, 2015.
       Father then filed this writ petition, seeking to set aside the orders made at the
contested 18-month review hearing and requesting a stay of the upcoming permanent
planning hearing. The Agency has filed opposition to Father’s petition.
                                              III.
                                        DISCUSSION
       A. Reasonable Reunification Services Were Provided to Father
       Father contends there was insufficient evidence to support the court’s finding that
the Agency provided him reasonable reunification services during his incarceration.
       Section 361.5 governs the provision of reunification services. Regarding
incarcerated parents, it states in relevant part: “If the parent or guardian is incarcerated
[or] institutionalized, . . . the court shall order reasonable services unless the court
determines, by clear and convincing evidence, those services would be detrimental to the
child.” (§ 361.5, subd. (e)(1).) “In determining the content of reasonable services, the
court shall consider the particular barriers to an incarcerated . . . parent’s access to those
court-mandated services and ability to maintain contact with his or her child, and shall
document this information in the child’s case plan.” (Ibid.) “An incarcerated parent may
be required to attend counseling, parenting classes, or vocational training programs as


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part of the reunification service plan if actual access to these services is provided.”
(Ibid.)
          This court reviews the juvenile court’s finding that reasonable reunification
services were provided or offered to a parent under the substantial evidence standard.
(Mark N. v. Superior Court (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1010 (Mark N.).) Thus, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Agency. (Ibid.) “[The Agency] ‘must
make a good faith effort to develop and implement a family reunification plan.
[Citation.] “[T]he record should show that the supervising agency identified the
problems leading to the loss of custody, offered services designed to remedy those
problems, maintained reasonable contact with the parents during the course of the service
plan, and made reasonable efforts to assist the parents in areas where compliance proved
difficult . . . .” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] ‘The standard is not whether the services provided
were the best that might be provided in an ideal world, but whether the services were
reasonable under the circumstances.’ [Citation.]” (In re T.G. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th
687, 697.)
          Here, the Agency identified the problems leading to the minor’s dependency,
including Father’s criminal background and chronic substance abuse, and the Agency
devised a case plan to remedy these problems, which included inpatient drug treatment,
counseling, parenting education, and domestic violence classes.
          Of the services that were available to Father while incarcerated, Father had
participated in random drug tests, which were all clean. Father also enrolled in
counseling and completed coursework in anger management. The social worker also sent
parenting workbooks to Father, which he completed and returned to the social worker
while incarcerated. Father testified that while he was incarcerated he completed a
parenting course, mental health evaluation, anger management class, therapy and drug
testing. Prior to Father’s release, the social worker sent Father information on a domestic
violence program, substance abuse programs, as well as the contact information for a
case manager at the drug court who might be able to help in finding suitable programs.



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       While Father took advantage of the limited services offered to him in prison, and
he should be commended for doing so, his lengthy incarceration prevented him from
addressing many of the serious problems that led to the minor’s dependency. He faults
the Agency for failing to “assist him in finding ways to meet his case plan” while he was
in custody. However, courts have recognized that incarceration limits the reunification
services that social workers can offer because the social services agency has no control
over the services available within a custodial facility. (See Mark N., supra, 60
Cal.App.4th at p. 1013; In re Lauren Z. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1111 [social
worker could do no more for incarcerated mother than contact her by letter and telephone
and explain “the types of programs she could search for in prison”].) The programs
available to state prisoners are typically what the prison provides. All a social worker can
reasonably do is to learn what programs are available where an incarcerated parent is
housed, and encourage the parent to take advantage of them. (Mark N., supra, at
p. 1013.) The social worker in this case fulfilled her obligation by sending Father
numerous letters setting out all of the services that were available to him at the prison and
encouraging him to take advantage of them.
       In attempting to pinpoint exactly what additional steps the Agency’s social worker
could have taken to assist Father in complying with his court-ordered reunification plan
during his lengthy period of incarceration, Father complains he was not provided
visitation with the minor. He claims his ability to reunify with the minor was hampered
because “visitation was not given even one chance in 22 months of incarceration . . . .”
To the extent Father implies the Agency was legally obligated to arrange visitation
between him and the minor, he is mistaken. Under section 361.5, subdivision (e)(1), the
Agency may offer visitation for an incarcerated parent “where appropriate.” After a
contested hearing, the trial court held visitation was not appropriate because of the
minor’s “age (5), the distance the child will have to travel for these visits (approx 6 hours
of travel time) and the uncertain amount of visitation time available.” In light of the
court’s findings, which were never timely challenged, Father made a good faith attempt
to forge a relationship with the minor through sending her letters. Given Father’s place


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of incarceration, this was the best the Agency could do. (See In re Brittany S. (1993) 17
Cal.App.4th 1399, 1407, fn. 8 [“limiting contact to letters and telephone calls may well
be appropriate where the parent is incarcerated some distance from where the minor
resides”].)
       Following Father’s release from custody on July 23, 2014, more opportunities
were available to fulfill the requirements of Father’s case plan, although by this time the
statutory period for reunification was clearly running out. The social worker contacted
Father’s parole agent and explained the requirements of Father’s case plan to him. The
social worker and Father’s parole agent discussed appropriate programs that would help
Father complete his case plan. Therapeutic visitation with the minor was initiated and
was going well. The Agency provided Father with referrals for residential programs to
address his drug addiction and referrals for parenting classes, but as Father acknowledged
during his testimony at the 18-month hearing, he had not yet availed himself of those
programs.
       When this record is reviewed, substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s
finding that the reunification services the Agency provided to Father were reasonable
given the circumstances. In reviewing an almost-identical case, the court in Fabian L. v.
Superior Court (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1018, held: “Father’s case plan was the best it
could be given his location and the length of his prison sentence. Father, not [the
Agency], created these circumstances. He engaged in criminal activity . . . knowing he
had a child to provide for and protect.” (Id. at p. 1032.)
       B. Extension of Reunification Services
       Father next complains the juvenile court’s refusal to extend services beyond the
18-month review hearing was an abuse of discretion. He argues he “was not given
reasonable services in the beginning of this case as found by the court . . . . Extending
service[s] to the 24 month mark will put father that much closer to him being able to have
his daughter come home.”
       The juvenile court may extend reunification services beyond 18 months from the
date of initial removal, to “a maximum time period not to exceed 24 months after the date


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the child was originally removed from physical custody of his or her parent . . . if it is
shown . . . that the permanent plan for the child is that he or she will be returned and
safely maintained in the home within the extended time period. The court shall extend
the time period only if it finds that . . . there is a substantial probability that the child will
be returned to the physical custody of his or her parent . . . within the extended time
period, or that reasonable services have not been provided to the parent or guardian.”
(§ 361.5, subd. (a)(4).)
       The statutory scheme also contemplates the extension of services at an 18-month
review hearing for up to 24 months to accommodate some incarcerated parents. (§ 361.5,
subd. (a)(4).) Such an extension depends on several findings, including “clear and
convincing evidence that the best interests of the child would be met by the provision of
additional reunification services to . . . a parent recently discharged from incarceration,
institutionalization, or the custody of the United States Department of Homeland
Security” who is “making significant and consistent progress in establishing a safe home
for the child’s return . . . .” (§ 366.22, subd. (b).) However, section 366.22 specifies that
the permanency review hearing may not be held more than 24 months after the date the
child was originally removed from the parents’ custody. (§ 366.22, subd. (b).)
       As was recently pointed out in San Joaquin Human Services Agency v. Superior
Court (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 215, 223, these two statutes have a common requirement.
“[P]ursuant to sections 361.5, subdivision (a)(4) and 366.22, subdivision (b),
reunification services could be extended only if the juvenile court found a substantial
probability the minor would be returned and safely maintained in the home within the
extended time period.” (Id. at p. 223, italics omitted.) No such finding was made in this
case, and for good reason.
       As the trial court noted, extending reunification services to the Father to the 24-
month deadline would only give him an additional 31 days of services. The court found
because Father “essentially just start[ed] to deal with [his substance abuse and domestic
violence] issues” approximately 21 months after he started receiving reunification
services, there was “not a substantial probability that [the minor] would be returned to


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[Father] by the 24-month hearing date.” On this record, the court’s denial of an extension
of reunification services was fully supported by the evidence.
                                            IV.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The petition for extraordinary writ is denied. The request for a stay is denied.
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.264(b)(3), this opinion is made final
forthwith.




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                                 _________________________
                                 RUVOLO, P. J.


We concur:


_________________________
REARDON, J.


_________________________
RIVERA, J.




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