72 F.3d 401
GOVERNMENT OF the VIRGIN ISLANDSv.Dale CHARLES, Appellant.
No. 94-7638.
United States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.
Argued Aug. 16, 1995.Decided Dec. 26, 1995.

W. Ronald Jennings, United States Attorney, Audrey Thomas-Francis (argued), Assistant U.S. Attorney, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, for appellee.
Thurston T. McKelvin, Federal Public Defender, Stephen A. Brusch (argued), Assistant Federal Public Defender, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, for appellant.
Before:  STAPLETON, LEWIS and WEIS, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
STAPLETON, Circuit Judge:


1
Dale Charles appeals from his convictions for murder in the first degree and for possession of a knife with intent to use it unlawfully.  He raises three challenges to his convictions.  First, Charles argues that he did not voluntarily and intelligently waive his right to counsel when the district court, after a hearing, granted Charles' request to represent himself at trial.  Second, Charles asserts that the district court should have dismissed the information against him because the government conceded during plea negotiations that Charles was insane when the acts in question occurred.  Third, Charles claims that there was insufficient evidence of deliberation and premeditation.  We will affirm.

I.

2
In May 1989, Charles stabbed Dale Francois to death in an alley on the Island of St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands.  Francois was unarmed.  Apparently, when Francois entered the alley, Charles rushed Francois without provocation and stabbed him several times.  The government of the Virgin Islands filed an information that charged Charles with first degree murder under 14 V.I.C. Sec. 922(a)(1) and with possession of a knife with intent to use it unlawfully against Francois during the commission of a crime of violence under 14 V.I.C. Sec. 2251(a)(2).


3
In May 1990, after the defense persuaded the district court to allow Charles to withdraw a guilty plea, a defense expert, Arthur Stillman, M.D., undertook a psychiatric evaluation of Charles.  Dr. Stillman concluded that "it seems doubtful that [Charles] could adequately assist his attorney in the preparation and presentation of his defenses [and i]t is quite clear that he cannot differentiate reality from fantasy...."  (App. at 51-52.)   In addition, regarding Charles' state of mind when he stabbed Francois, Stillman opined that Charles "was suffering from a psychotic paranoid state and is considered to have been insane at that time."  (App. at 52.)   In November 1990, Michael W. Morrison, Ph.D., a court appointed expert, agreed:


4
Mr. Charles is suffering from a mental illness that renders him unable to understand the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him and unable to assist properly in his defense....  Mr. Charles was severely mentally ill on [the day of the offense] and his use of a dangerous weapon to commit murder that day was a consequence of his mental illness.


5
(App. at 65-66.)1


6
In March 1991, the district court found Charles mentally incompetent to stand trial.  By December 1992, Bruce Burger, M.D., of the Federal Bureau of Prisons found that Charles' condition had stabilized and that Charles was competent to stand trial.  In March 1994, Leighman Lu, M.D., a court appointed expert, and in June 1994, Michael Chiappetta, Psy. D., a defense expert, agreed that Charles was competent to stand trial.  Lu also found that Charles was not suffering from any disorder at the time of the offense.  Dr. Burger reevaluated Charles in June 1994, and once again found Charles competent to stand trial.  After a hearing on September 26, 1994, the district court found Charles competent to stand trial.  Jury selection was completed that afternoon and the trial began the next day.


7
Apparently, at some point before the September 26 hearing, the prosecution and the defense had reached an agreement.  Both parties would consent to a bench trial and would stipulate to all of the facts including the findings of Dr. Morrison, namely that Charles' actions were the result of his mental illness.  Presumably, what the parties had in mind was a finding by the district court of not guilty by reason of insanity, followed by automatic commitment to a psychiatric institution under 5 V.I.C. Sec. 3637.  Had the government dropped the charges without the stipulation, Charles could have been involuntarily committed only in a proceeding under the general civil commitment statute.  That statute requires clear and convincing proof that the individual is a danger to society, and that treatment is likely to be beneficial.  19 V.I.C. Sec. 723.


8
The agreement fell apart, however, when Charles decided that he did not want to raise the defense of insanity.  Rather, he decided to claim self defense and demand a jury trial.  The prosecution, which had no burden to produce evidence regarding Charles' sanity at the time of the offense until Charles first presented some evidence of insanity, see Government of Virgin Islands v. Webbe, 821 F.2d 187, 189 (3d Cir.1987), decided to proceed to trial.  Charles' attorney, Stephen Brusch, convinced that he could not, on behalf of Charles, agree to the stipulation of insanity or raise the defense of insanity at trial without Charles' consent, moved to dismiss the information on the ground that the prosecution had effectively conceded that Charles was insane at the time of the offense.  The district court concluded that Charles' mental state at the time of the offense was an issue for the jury and denied the motion.


9
At that point, Charles also decided that he no longer wanted Brusch to represent him.  He wanted to represent himself at trial.  Charles was convinced that Brusch was hostile to the idea of arguing self defense and Charles was concerned that Brusch, as an employee of the local government, had conflicting loyalties.  At the hearing on September 26, 1994, after finding Charles to be competent to stand trial and after an extensive colloquy with Charles, the district court determined that Charles knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel.  The district court granted Charles' motion to proceed pro se and appointed Brusch as stand-by counsel to assist Charles.


10
Charles presented his case to the jury during a two day trial.  The jury convicted him on both counts and the district court sentenced him to life in prison without parole.  The district court had jurisdiction under 48 U.S.C. Sec. 1612.  We have jurisdiction to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291.

II.

11
First, Charles argues that he did not knowingly and intelligently waive his right to counsel.  The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee the assistance of counsel to anyone accused of a serious criminal offense.  See Government of the Virgin Islands v. James, 934 F.2d 468, 470 (3d Cir.1991).  Because a defendant who asks to represent herself is waiving the benefits associated with this important constitutional right, and because "courts [must] indulge in every reasonable presumption against waiver" of important constitutional rights, Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 404, 97 S.Ct. 1232, 1242, 51 L.Ed.2d 424 (1977), a court cannot grant such a request unless the record shows that the relinquishment is "knowing and intelligent[ ]."  Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 2541, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464-65, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023-24, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938)).


12
In James, this Court provided some details regarding the scope of the Faretta inquiry that a court should undertake in response to a defendant's request to proceed pro se.  First, the court must make an inquiry regarding the defendant's reasons for the request.  James, 934 F.2d at 470-71.   Second, the court should make sure that the defendant is aware of the dangers of self-representation.  Specifically, the court should make a thorough and penetrating inquiry to determine whether the defendant understands the nature of the charges, the range of possible punishment, potential defenses, technical problems that the defendant may encounter, and any other facts important to a general understanding of the risks involved.  Id. at 471, 473.   There is no rote speech that the court must recite.  Rather, the proper inquiry depends on the particular facts and circumstances of the case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.  Id. at 473-74.


13
In order for a waiver of the right to counsel to be valid, the court must first assure itself that the defendant is competent to waive the right.  Godinez v. Moran, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 2685, 125 L.Ed.2d 321 (1993).  The competency necessary to waive the right to counsel is identical to the competency necessary to stand trial.  Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2685-86.   The defendant must be able to consult with counsel and must have a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings.  United States v. Renfroe, 825 F.2d 763, 766 (3d Cir.1987).  Since a competent defendant is entitled to make his or her own decision with respect to representation, it is irrelevant whether the defendant is capable of representing himself or herself effectively.  Godinez, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2687.


14
We decide de novo whether the record demonstrates a knowing and intelligent waiver.  United States v. Velasquez, 885 F.2d 1076, 1085 (3d Cir.1989).  However, regarding a colloquy between the defendant and the court, the issue of whether the defendant misunderstood what the court said, despite the defendant's unambiguous answers indicating comprehension, is a pure question of fact which depends primarily on the demeanor, conduct, and intonations of the defendant.  We review a finding on this underlying factual issue under a clearly erroneous standard.  See Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104, 112, 106 S.Ct. 445, 450, 88 L.Ed.2d 405 (1985).  We review the district court's findings regarding the competency of the defendant for clear error.  United States v. Velasquez, 885 F.2d 1076, 1089 (3d Cir.1989).


15
Charles concedes that the district court conducted a sufficient inquiry.  Indeed, the district court's inquiry was thorough and probing.  However, Charles argues that he was not competent to waive the right to counsel and that his answers demonstrate that he did not understand the trial court's admonitions.

A. Charles' Competency

16
At the outset of the hearing on September 26, the day before the trial began, the district court determined that Charles was competent to stand trial and thus to make all of the important decisions associated with trial.  That decision was not clearly erroneous.


17
The district court based its finding of competence on the testimony and conduct of Charles at the September 26, 1994 hearing and on a July 11, 1994 report written by Dr. Burger.  Dr. Burger saw Charles on a regular basis during his prior hospitalization and after he was readmitted for study on June 14, 1994.  Dr. Burger concluded that Charles was capable of understanding the proceedings and the charges against him and had the ability to consult meaningfully with his counsel.  Dr. Burger's report indicated that Charles "evidenced an excellent understanding of the roles and responsibilities of court officers as well as his own obligations and rights in a court situation."  (App. at 145.)   He was alert and fully oriented at all times.  His cognitive abilities were in the low average range for an adult.  Charles suffered from chronic paranoid schizophrenia and had experienced intermittent severe psychotic episodes in the past, but his schizophrenia was currently in remission.  Charles showed no symptoms of schizophrenia and was not taking medication.  When the district court asked each side whether it wished to contest the conclusions reached in Dr. Burger's report, neither Charles nor his counsel sought to do so.


18
We are mindful that Dr. Burger's report was two and one half months old when the September 26, 1994 hearing took place and that some of Charles' responses at the hearing were rambling.2  We cannot say, however, that Charles' responses as a whole were inconsistent with Dr. Burger's observations and opinions.  The district court observed Charles first-hand at the hearing the day before the trial began and was in the best position to observe Charles, evaluate his mental state, and determine whether a follow-up evaluation was necessary.  We decline to second guess the district court's determination.


19
B. Charles' Responses Concerning the Assistance of Counsel


20
Charles' responses to the district court's questions were sufficient to demonstrate that his waiver of the right to assistance of counsel was knowing and intelligent.  Considering Charles' history of mental illness and limited education, the district court appropriately conducted an inquiry that was especially thorough and probing.


21
First, the court made sure that Charles understood the purpose of the hearing:


22
THE COURT:  Now, I am going through a procedure here to determine whether or not you fully understand the consequences of your expressed desire to proceed with the representation of yourself--


23
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


24
THE COURT:  --and that you are doing that voluntarily and intelligently.  Do you understand that?


25
CHARLES:  Yes, sir, very intelligently.


26
(App. at 227.)


27
Next, the court asked Charles why he was dissatisfied with his appointed counsel.  Charles made clear that he was concerned that his appointed counsel was hostile to the idea of arguing self defense and that he wanted the public to know that he was not insane:


28
CHARLES:  Your Honor, my dissatisfaction is based upon being in the United States and speaking with doctors and prison officials and other people that has heard the nature of the offense and why it was committed, and they are totally in disagreement with Mr. Brusch's way of handling it, that I cannot win.  They are stating that based upon my defense, they don't see why any attorney would resist presenting it.  And that is what it is based upon.


29
Also, to the interest of the public, who I don't owe no explanation, but I still think I do, you know.  I went to school here, and teachers and things like that, I have heard, "Well, Mr. Charles is charged with murder, and they think Mr. Charles is crazy and"--this and that.  I think I owe them an explanation to clear their mind of any doubt that I am anybody different to who they have known before.


30
*   *   *   *   *   *


31
CHARLES:  [My attorney] has never seen my side of the case.


32
THE COURT:  Well, I understand that's what you're saying.  But apparently, from what I also understand you are saying, was that he, in the course of representing you, made the observation to you that the procedure you are willing to follow, in his opinion, could not be in your best interest.  Isn't that what you are telling me?


33
CHARLES:  Yes....  It might be, it might hurt--it might hamper me, it might hurt me in the long run, but it's in the best of my interest, what I want to present.


34
(App. at 227-29.)


35
Next the court made sure that Charles understood that he was not as competent as an attorney:


36
THE COURT:  Well, certainly, you realize that you are not as competent as a lawyer would be, insofar as the rules of procedure--


37
CHARLES:  Yes.


38
THE COURT:  --and in terms of meeting issues raised by the government.  Do you agree with that statement?


39
CHARLES:  Yes, but that's what I would like [Mr. Brusch] to sit there for.


40
THE COURT:  Pardon?


41
CHARLES:  Any issue that the government raises that I don't understand, that's what I'm going to have him there for.  He is going to work for me.


42
THE COURT:  In other words, you're the lawyer, but you are going to turn to him to assist youCHARLES:  When I don't understand something.


43
(App. at 231.)


44
Next the court established that Charles understood the government's burden of proof at trial:


45
THE COURT:  ... It's the government's obligation and responsibility to prove you guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and, therefore, you are not required to prove or disprove anything.  Do you understand that?


46
CHARLES:  Yes I understand that.  I think I do.


47
(App. at 234.)


48
Next the court made sure that Charles understood the nature of the charges against him and of his defense:


49
THE COURT:  All right.  Now, do you understand the nature of the charges against you?


50
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


51
THE COURT:  What are you charged with?


52
CHARLES:  First degree murder.


53
THE COURT:  Of whom?


54
CHARLES:  Mr. Dale Francois.


55
THE COURT:  And your defense to that is?


56
CHARLES:  My actions was done in self-defense.


57
THE COURT:  All right.  And you understand what self-defense means?


58
CHARLES:  Yes.  Preservation comes first.


59
THE COURT:  Pardon?


60
CHARLES:  Preservation, self-preservation comes first.


61
THE COURT:  All right.  Now, have you done any reading of the law in this area?


62
CHARLES:  What I have been with paralegals in the United States and I have learned a little bit, but I haven't done much reading about it.


63
THE COURT:  But you have discussed the case with them?


64
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


65
THE COURT:  Have you read any legal decisions or any cases on the subject?


66
CHARLES:  Well, not really.  A little bit of investigation here and there, that, you know, it was pertinent in presenting my case.  But I don't even think I have to go through those books to win this case.


67
(App. at 234-35.)


68
Next the court made sure that Charles was aware of the possibility of pleading insanity:


69
THE COURT:  Now, you recognize, too, that Mr. Brusch has talked with you with respect to asserting an insanity or a mental illness defense?


70
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


71
THE COURT:  And you have rejected that?


72
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


73
THE COURT:  And you also understand, too, that there have been discussions, as you heard in the argument earlier today, that would--could have brought about an agreement or a stipulation to present the matter to the Court for findings?


74
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


75
THE COURT:  And those are not acceptable, that is not acceptable to you;  is that correct?


76
CHARLES:  Not on the grounds they are presenting them with.


77
THE COURT:  The only thing that you would accept would be a dismissal of the case with prejudice?


78
CHARLES:  Yes sir.


79
(App. at 238-39.)


80
Next the court made sure that Charles understood that he would have to conduct the case in conformity with the Federal Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and that he understood the court's role regarding evidentiary issues:


81
THE COURT:  ... You also realize that you are going to have to conduct your defense in the course of the Federal Rules of Evidence and Criminal Procedure?   Do you understand that?


82
CHARLES:  Well, I really know about that part.


83
THE COURT:  Well, you are going to have to do that.


84
CHARLES:  Well, being that you are the judge, you know--


85
THE COURT:  Don't turn the tables on me.  I'm just telling you.


86
CHARLES:  All right.  I--


87
THE COURT:  These are your responsibilities.  I'll take care of my responsibilities.


88
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


89
THE COURT:  You have to assume your responsibilities.  I want to make you aware of them.


90
CHARLES:  The only thing I don't--I am aware of what you are saying, but what I am saying is, you know, what might be inadmissible to the prosecution, right, might be pertinent to my defense.  So then, you would be the one would be left with the decision there.


91
THE COURT:  No, I will only rule, if the government goes ahead and enters certain evidence, if there is an objection to it, I will make a ruling.


92
CHARLES:  All right.


93
THE COURT:  If there is no objection, I will not make a ruling.


94
CHARLES:  All right, sir.


95
(App. at 239-40.)


96
Next, in a telling colloquy, Charles demonstrated that he understood that he lacked the knowledge of an attorney and that he was aware that this might hurt his case.  However, he was willing to take that risk:


97
THE COURT:  Now, in order to make an objection, you certainly have to have some understanding of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.  Now, you may be hampered in presenting your best defense by your lack of knowledge of the law, and certainly the effectiveness of your defense may well be diminished by your dual role as a lawyer and the accused.  Do you understand that?


98
CHARLES:  Yes.  That's the chance I going to have to take.  Those are the chances.


99
*   *   *   *   *   *


100
THE COURT:  All right.  So that you are well aware of all these problems, when you tell the Court that you want to proceed and conduct your own defense.


101
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


102
THE COURT:  And you full understand the problems that will arise?


103
CHARLES:  No, sir.


104
THE COURT:  You don't understand the problems?


105
CHARLES:  All the problems, fully understand?   Not fully, but--


106
THE COURT:  Well--go ahead.


107
CHARLES:  --basically, I do understand the proceedings.  But I cannot understand fully of thinks [sic] that I know nothing about.


108
THE COURT:  Well, I certainly tell you, sir, that you are better off having counsel represent you fully.  But you seem to be intent on representing yourself;  is that correct?


109
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


110
THE COURT:  And that Mr. Brusch's only position will be that of standby counsel--


111
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


112
THE COURT:  --is that correct?


113
CHARLES:  Due to the fact that he does not want to present the defense that I want to present.


114
(App. at 240-43.)   When Charles explained that he did not fully understand all of the problems that could arise at trial, he was not, as Charles argues, demonstrating a lack of understanding of the risks of representing himself.  On the contrary, his explanation showed a lucid understanding of the fact that he was not an attorney and could not anticipate every single problem that could arise.  Faretta does not require a defendant to be able to anticipate the details of every single problem that self-representation could cause.  Were this the standard, it would all but preclude anyone without a law degree from waiving the right to counsel.


115
Finally, the court made sure that Charles understood the penalty if he were convicted:


116
THE COURT:  All, right.  Now, you recognize, too, do you not, that the penalty here is, if the jury does find you guilty of first degree murder, the Court has no choice, no leeway, the Court is compelled to sentence you to life in prison without parole?   Do you understand that?


117
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.  And I hope that the Court will also send me to an American prison, where I can further my education, get out of St. Thomas, due to the fact that I can't trust no one here, not even to represent me in court.


118
THE COURT:  Well, I can't do that, because in sentences here, if you are found guilty, you will be sentenced to the custody of the Bureau of Corrections, for whatever sentence is determined.  It is up to the Bureau of Corrections to determine what it wants to to [sic] in terms of where you will serve your sentence.  I don't control that.


119
CHARLES:  I am a United States citizen, not a Virgin Islander.


120
THE COURT:  It doesn't make any difference.  You could be in Yugoslavia and found guilty of murder there, if you were so found, you would be sent to prison under the laws of Yugoslavia.


121
CHARLES:  Yes, sir.


122
THE COURT:  Just as you are here, you are sent to a prison under the laws of the Government of the Virgin Islands.


123
(App. at 244-45.)


124
Charles' responses indicate that Charles made his decision to represent himself with his eyes wide open.  Despite, a few rambling answers, Charles unambiguously indicated that he understood the risks of self-representation as well as we could expect of him.  He was aware that his lack of legal knowledge could hurt his case.  He was aware that if convicted he would be sentenced to life in prison.  Yet, he wanted to tell his side of the story.  He believed that Mr. Brusch would not because Mr. Brusch wanted to argue insanity.


125
The district court believed that Charles comprehended what he was being told.  It observed Charles first-hand and was in a far better position than we to evaluate his answers, including the ones in which he rambled.  Its evaluation was not clearly erroneous.  Even from our vantage point, however, given the questions and answers we have quoted above, we believe one could not conclude that Charles failed to understand unless one were prepared to conclude that he was incapable of understanding.  As we have indicated, however, the district court credited Dr. Burger's opinion that Charles was able to understand the proceedings against him and that finding was not clearly erroneous.

C. Knowing and Intelligent Waiver

126
We accordingly accept the district court's factual findings that Charles was competent to stand trial and that he understood the information conveyed to him by the court.  Based on those findings and independent review of the record, we conclude that Charles' waiver of his right to counsel was knowing and intelligent.

III.

127
Next, Charles argues that we should reverse the conviction and dismiss the information against him because the government conceded that he was insane at the time of the offense.  As we understand Charles' argument, with the exception of the issue of premeditation which we address below, Charles acknowledges that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to return a verdict of guilty.  Nonetheless, in light of the government's alleged concession, Charles asks us to set aside the government's inherently discretionary decision to continue with the prosecution.


128
"In our system, so long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe that the accused committed an offense defined by statute, the decision whether or not to prosecute ... generally rests in his discretion."  Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364, 98 S.Ct. 663, 668, 54 L.Ed.2d 604 (1978).  Only in rare cases can a court interfere with the government's decision to prosecute.  For example, where a decision to prosecute is based on a defendant's race, religion, or decision to exercise a constitutional right, the courts must intercede.  See e.g., Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 27, 94 S.Ct. 2098, 2102, 40 L.Ed.2d 628 (1974) (reversing a conviction due to retaliatory prosecution);  United States v. Berrios, 501 F.2d 1207, 1211 (2d Cir.1974) (setting out the elements of a claim of discriminatory prosecution).


129
There is no claim of discriminatory or retaliatory prosecution here, and we see nothing else that would warrant our intervention.  While Charles claims that the government conceded that he was insane at the time of the offense, this mischaracterizes the record.  It is true that at one point during negotiations, the government was prepared to stipulate to Dr. Morrison's conclusion that Charles was insane at the time of the offense.  However, this stipulation was conditioned on Charles consenting to a bench trial and raising the insanity defense, thus exposing himself to a commitment under 5 V.I.C. Sec. 3637.  Because Charles refused to consent to the agreement, the government was not bound by the proposed stipulation.


130
Essentially what Charles is asking us to do is to prevent the government from prosecuting him because the prosecuting attorney may have subjectively believed that he was innocent by reason of insanity.  Charles cites no authority, however, for the proposition that an otherwise valid criminal conviction may be overturned based on the prosecuting attorney's subjective belief regarding the guilt of the accused.  Our own search has revealed none, and we decline to endorse that novel proposition.3

IV.

131
Finally, Charles asserts that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that he committed a deliberate and premeditated killing.  We review a claim of insufficiency of the evidence under a substantial evidence standard.  We determine whether there is substantial evidence that, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, would allow a rational trier of fact to convict.  United States v. Aguilar, 843 F.2d 155, 157 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 924, 109 S.Ct. 305, 102 L.Ed.2d 324 (1988).


132
Section 922 of Title 14 of the Virgin Islands Code distinguishes between first and second degree murder in the following manner:  "All murder which ... is perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, torture or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing ... is murder in the first degree....  All other kinds of murder are murder in the second degree."   As this court explained in Government of the Virgin Islands v. Roldan, 612 F.2d 775, 781 (3d Cir.1979), a brief moment of deliberation can suffice:


133
To premeditate a killing is to conceive the design or plan to kill....  A deliberate killing is one which has been planned and reflected upon by the accused and is committed in a cool state of the blood, not in sudden passion engendered by just cause of provocation....  It is not required, however, that the accused shall have brooded over his plan to kill or entertained it for any considerable period of time.  Although the mental processes involved must take place prior to the killing, a brief moment of thought may be sufficient to form a fixed, deliberate design to kill....


134
In addition, as a practical matter, premeditation can generally be proved only by circumstantial evidence:


135
[S]ince [the defendant's mental processes] are wholly subjective it is seldom possible to prove them directly.  If premeditation is found it must ordinarily be inferred from the objective facts.  Every sane man is presumed to intend all the natural and probable consequences flowing from his deliberate acts....  Accordingly, if one voluntarily does an act, the direct and natural tendency of which is to destroy another's life, it may fairly be inferred, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the destruction of that other's life was intended.


136
Id.


137
In this case, there was ample evidence from which the jury could have inferred deliberation and premeditation.  An eyewitness testified that (1) Charles was sitting in the alley when Francois entered it;  (2) Charles rose and rushed at Francois, grabbed Francois by his dreadlocks, and stabbed him repeatedly with a knife;  and (3) preceding the attack there was no provocation by the victim or conversation between the two.  Charles admitted that Francois was unarmed.  The coroner's report indicated three stab wounds including a fatal stab wound to the chest.  There was no evidence suggesting that the attack was initiated in the heat of passion.


138
The fact that Charles rushed at Francois immediately after Francois entered the alley does not preclude a finding of deliberation and premeditation.  A brief moment of thought can be sufficient.  Based on the use of a knife and the absence of any provocation or display of emotion by Charles, the jury could reasonably infer that Charles, in this brief moment, formulated a deliberate intent to kill Francois.

V.

139
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the district court.


140
LEWIS, Circuit Judge, concurring.


141
This difficult case presents us with a window through which to view the real-world effects of the Supreme Court's decision in Godinez v. Moran, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 125 L.Ed.2d 321 (1993), and it is not a pretty sight.  Charles' behavior at a hearing before the district court left little doubt that he was prone to paranoid delusions and was unstable.  However, because the Supreme Court has determined that the competency standard required to knowingly and voluntarily waive one's right to counsel is the same as that required for a defendant to stand trial and to represent him or herself, I am compelled to concur with the judgment of the majority.  I write separately to explain why I disagree with the reasoning we are bound by in this case.


142
At the heart of the Supreme Court's holding in Godinez is the conclusion that a defendant's competence to conduct his or her own defense is "not relevant" to a determination of whether such a person is competent to knowingly and intelligently waive his or her right to counsel.  The rationale supporting this conclusion presupposes a reality in which persons who may be marginally sane and barely competent to get through a waiver of counsel hearing are nonetheless capable of trying their own cases.  Justice Blackmun, in an insightful dissent, questioned the wisdom of the Godinez majority's conclusion regarding the irrelevance of a defendant's competence to defend him or herself:


143
It is obvious that a defendant who waives counsel must represent himself ... And a defendant who is utterly incapable of conducting his own defense cannot be considered "competent" to make such a decision, any more than a person who chooses to leap out of a window in the belief that he can fly can be considered competent to make such a choice.


144
Godinez, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2695, 125 L.Ed.2d at 343 (Blackmun, J., dissenting).


145
In this case, it is abundantly clear from the record that Charles was not competent to conduct his own defense.  This man has had a well documented history of mental illness.  Indeed, it appears that Charles' decision to waive counsel, reject a possibly valid defense and proceed on his own may itself have been the product of mental illness.  In November 1990, a court appointed expert found Charles "unable to understand the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him and unable to assist properly in his defense ..."  App. at 65-66.  He remained hospitalized, under observation, and continued to receive treatment.  Four years later, two experts separately concluded that Charles was mentally competent to stand trial.  One expert concluded that Charles suffered from chronic paranoid schizophrenia, but was in remission.  This expert also determined that Charles showed no signs of schizophrenia and was not taking medication.  App. at 147.  Nevertheless, at the district court's colloquy to determine whether Charles was aware that he was "voluntarily and knowingly" waiving his right to counsel, Charles repeatedly indicated that he was afraid that the Government of the Virgin Islands, the citizens of the Virgin Islands, and his defense attorney were conspiring against him.1  His paranoid behavior at this critical juncture revealed that he is an individual who remains prone to periods of incoherent, delusional thought.  It is true, as Judge Stapleton points out, that at times Charles was lucid and coherent in his responses to the district court's questions.  However, his delusional statements demonstrate that his seemingly coherent responses to the court's questions were hardly indicative of his overall mental capacity.  Certainly, at the very least, his delusional tendencies exposed the sad fact that he was utterly incompetent to effectively conduct his own defense.


146
I cannot agree that merely because a defendant is competent to waive counsel, a fortiori, he or she is also competent to act as counsel and to try the case, for it seems obvious to me that a prerequisite to a determination of competence to waive counsel is a searching evaluation of the degree to which one actually is capable of and competent to try one's case.  The Supreme Court in Godinez suggests that a knowing and intelligent waiver ends the inquiry, as if everything else that follows is logical, rational, reasonable and presumed.  I think, again, that whether a person is, in fact, competent to waive counsel depends in part upon whether he or she is competent to represent him or herself, and that these are two distinct issues which must be separately evaluated.  The latter is obviously relevant to the former, and there are any number of issues unique to different types of cases which prove this point.


147
Let's assume, for example, that Charles was charged with a series of intricate and complex tax fraud counts which had taken three years to investigate, had involved two hundred thousand pages of documents, and had required the appointment of a special prosecutor with considerable expertise in this area.  Under the Godinez Court's reasoning, all of this is "not relevant" to whether Charles was competent to waive counsel.  In other words, it doesn't matter that Charles obviously is not competent to actually represent himself;  the only question is whether he is lucid enough to make it through a colloquy and to waive his right to counsel.  So long as he is, according to the Court, he is ready and able to try his case.  There is no need to look any deeper because, after all, during the colloquy Charles was able to punctuate his random incoherences with a few moments of apparent lucidity and to answer the right questions satisfactorily.  This, according to the Court, automatically renders him fit to try his murder case and, presumably, would have rendered him fit to try the hypothetical tax fraud case, too.  The end result is almost always preordained.  It is hardly surprising, then, that Charles and many others similarly situated--some of whom might have reasonable insanity defenses or other avenues of defense to pursue--usually wind up either on death row or serving life sentences.


148
In cases such as these, I believe that the trial judge should be required to go further;  to conduct another competency evaluation to determine a defendant's capacity to represent him or herself, including weighing various characteristics unique both to the defendant and to the case.  A defendant who waives his or her Sixth Amendment right to counsel should not be left naked and unprotected by the Constitution.  The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is supposed to prevent the government from obtaining a criminal conviction through a procedure that fails to meet the standards of due process of law.  The Supreme Court has recognized that "[u]nless a defendant charged with a serious offense has counsel able to invoke the procedural and substantive safeguards that distinguish our system of justice, a serious risk of injustice infects the trial itself.  When a State obtains a criminal conviction through such a trial, it is the State that unconstitutionally deprives the defendant of his liberty."  Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 396, 105 S.Ct. 830, 836, 83 L.Ed.2d 821 (1985), quoting, Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 343, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 1715, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980).  The fact that a defendant acts as his or her own counsel does not alter the nature of his or her due process rights.


149
But it would appear that the Court in Godinez ignored the fundamental due process protections afforded to a defendant at trial, regardless of whether he or she has waived his or her Sixth Amendment right to counsel.  After Godinez, defendants like Charles, who have knowingly and voluntarily waived their right to counsel, are left alone in their efforts to defend themselves, regardless of their competency to do so.  Nevertheless, because I am bound to follow Godinez, I must vote with the majority.  The district court determined that Charles was competent to stand trial and that he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel.  The district court was in a better position to evaluate Charles' mental state and to discern whether Charles understood the implications of presenting his own defense.  The court conducted its colloquy in accordance with the requirements of Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975), and found that Charles met the Godinez standard for competence.  There is simply not enough in the record to disturb this finding.


150
This case highlights the immense responsibility placed upon a district court conducting a Faretta hearing.  In Government of the Virgin Islands v. James, 934 F.2d 468, 471-73 (3d Cir.1991), we determined that a court conducting a Faretta hearing must "make a thorough and penetrating inquiry to determine whether the defendant understands the nature of the charges, the range of possible punishment, potential defenses, technical problems that the defendant may encounter, and any other facts important to a general understanding of the risks involved."   Given that the Supreme Court has determined that a defendant's competency to conduct his or her own defense is not relevant to whether a defendant has knowingly and voluntarily waived his or her right to counsel, district courts ought to be particularly vigilant in assuring that a defendant understands exactly what he or she is waiving in a Faretta hearing.  The Faretta hearing, in this case and in many future cases, was and will be the last procedural safeguard available to a mentally unstable but "competent" defendant who mistakenly believes he or she can effectively try his or her own case.


151
The Supreme Court has long recognized that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee that a person brought to trial in any state or federal court must be afforded the right to the assistance of counsel before he or she can be validly convicted and punished by imprisonment.  See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799 (1963);  Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938);  Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S.Ct. 55, 77 L.Ed. 158 (1932).  Through its holdings in Faretta and Godinez, the Court has defined this right in such a way that requires us to allow a paranoid, delusional defendant to elect to represent himself at trial, pursue an ill-advised defense, and ultimately be sentenced to life imprisonment.  That this result is constitutionally permissible is deeply disturbing and ultimately "impugns the integrity of our criminal justice system."  Godinez, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2696, 125 L.Ed.2d at 344 (Blackmun, J., dissenting).



1
 Under Virgin Islands law, "[a]ll persons are capable of committing crimes and offenses except ... persons who are mentally ill and who committed the act charged against them in consequence of such mental illness...."  14 V.I.C. Sec. 14(4)


2
 For example:
THE COURT:  Now, why do you think you are more competent than counsel ...?
CHARLES:  Your Honor, you might think I'm incompetent, if I tell you that.
THE COURT:  Pardon?
CHARLES:  I said, for what I might say to you, right, you might consider me incompetent.
THE COURT:  I didn't say that.  I said, why do you think you are more competent than counsel.
CHARLES:  I said, my answer to you would maybe make you think that I am incompetent.
THE COURT:  Well, let me hear your answer.
CHARLES:  Well, your Honor, growing up, my family, and there was, you know, fightings and things like that, where people of Mr. Brusch's descendants--once a fourteen year old child or a sixteen year old child fight with my mother's husband, and no one tried to assist us, call the police, do anything, which in they were also the ones removed the gun from the place.
So I don't, I don't know for sure what I am going through, what I am going through, and why Mr. Brusch is not in favor of me exposing all of these things that has happened here in The Islands, because of the government's inconcern [sic], unconcern, you know.
And I have been pushed to the point where now someone is hurt by me having to protect me, and all criminal activities, the Police Department might be saying I've been involved in, that I would be framed, and the witnesses would say I did things that I did not do.
THE COURT:  In other words, you don't want the stipulation [of insanity].  You want to go to trial.  That's what you are telling me.
CHARLES:  I want the stipulation, too, but still I want to make them pay.  I mean, to anything to get out, if I don't out by winning, and I get out by going to North Carolina, I be in the United States, even if I have to live the rest of my life in prison, that's okay with me.  But I want them to punish, you know, because they are supposed uphold the law now, not favoring nobody.  Everything is the white man--
(App. at 232-33, 248-48a.)
Although rambling, when read in context, even these responses were not incoherent.  As Charles expressed throughout the hearing, he felt that the police and government had mistreated him and his family in the past, and he wanted to "make them pay" by exposing this at trial.  Charles wanted to tell his side of the story despite the risks:  "[E]ven if I have to spend the rest of my life in prison, that's okay with me."  (App. at 248-48a.)


3
 It is, of course, not clear that the prosecuting attorney had an affirmative belief that Charles was insane at the time of the crime.  She may well have believed that this was a litigable issue that might be lost and that, given the fact that the stipulation would result in Charles' commitment, the government's resources were better invested elsewhere


1
 For example, when the district court asked Charles whether he understood that if he agreed to the defense of not guilty by reason of insanity on stipulated facts, the court might find him not guilty by reason of mental illness and commit him for evaluation with the possibility of a return to society, Charles responded:
Your honor, the whole thing with all of them, right, they afraid of me for what they have done to me ... The whole thing about the government, the prosecutor, they all--not the prosecutor, really, they haven't physically done me anything--but the government, of itself, is afraid of me.
App. at 246.


