        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs September 20, 2016

                 DARIEN B. CLAY v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                       No. 294910 Barry A. Steelman, Judge


              No. E2015-02107-CCA-R3-PC – Filed November 29, 2016


The Petitioner, Darien B. Clay, appeals from the Hamilton County Criminal Court’s
denial of his petition for post-conviction relief from his guilty plea convictions for
aggravated robbery, attempted aggravated robbery, two counts of theft of property valued
at $1,000 or more but less than $10,000, theft of property valued at $10,000 or more but
less than $60,000, aggravated burglary, burglary of a business, and statutory rape, for
which he received an effective thirteen-year sentence. On appeal, he contends that the
post-conviction court erred in denying relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim
and that the court erred in determining that the Petitioner’s guilty plea was knowingly and
voluntarily entered. We affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS
T. WOODALL, P.J., and ALAN E. GLENN, J., joined.

Darien B. Clay, Clifton, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General; Neal Pinkston, District Attorney General; Lance Pope, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

        The Petitioner’s indictments and judgments are not in the appellate record. The
guilty plea petition, which was received as an exhibit at the post-conviction hearing,
reflects that he was charged in nine indictments with eighteen counts. It likewise reflects
that the plea agreement disposed of all charges, with the Petitioner pleading guilty to
eight counts and the State agreeing to the dismissal of ten. In the plea petition, the
Petitioner agreed to an eight-year sentence for the aggravated robbery conviction, and the
transcript of the plea hearing, which was received as an exhibit at the post-conviction
hearing, reflects that the sentence was to be served at 85% and that the remaining five
years of the sentence were to be served at 30%.

        At the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that he met with counsel
“probably twice” in the three months the Petitioner was released on bond. He said that he
wanted a trial and was not considering signing a plea agreement involving incarceration.
The Petitioner said that shortly before he entered his pleas on June 23, 2014, he asked
counsel what counsel thought would happen if the Petitioner went to trial and that
counsel stated he thought the Petitioner would “lose.” The Petitioner said that he asked
counsel about the options and that counsel stated he could obtain a plea offer. The
Petitioner said that he asked counsel how long he had to consider this alternative and that
counsel said the Petitioner had “less than about 30 minutes” because the Petitioner was
scheduled for trial the next day. The Petitioner said he still wanted to go to trial, but he
said counsel’s statement that the Petitioner would lose “kind of made me think
otherwise.” He said counsel told him the court’s Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b)
ruling combined the Petitioner’s charges and “made it look even worse.” The Petitioner
did not think he and counsel had discussed a plea agreement before the day he pleaded
guilty.

       The Petitioner testified that counsel told him the plea offer specified an effective
sentence of eight years, which consisted of eight years and five years to be served
concurrently at 30%. The Petitioner said counsel estimated that the Petitioner would
serve about two years in prison and that he might be released earlier if he participated in
“programs.” The Petitioner said he expressed concern to counsel about missing his son’s
childhood and not wanting to be in prison for five or six years. The Petitioner said that
after counsel estimated the prison term around two years, he wanted to accept the plea
offer because “two years really wasn’t nothing [sic] at all.”

       The Petitioner acknowledged his signature on the plea petition and said he had
signed it at counsel’s office after being in court on the day he later entered the plea. The
Petitioner said that counsel only provided him with the last page of the document and that
he had not seen the portion of the plea petition containing the disposition of the charges
and the respective sentences until his mother mailed it to him after he was in the
Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC). He said he did not go over this portion of
the plea petition with counsel before he entered his pleas. He said they returned to court
to enter the pleas. When asked why he did not tell the court at the plea hearing that
Indictment 290005 was supposed to be dismissed pursuant to the plea agreement when
the State announced that the Petitioner would plead guilty to Count 1 of that indictment,
he said he had not been informed he could speak “out of turn.” He said, “I just played

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my part and did what I was told.” The Petitioner recalled standing before the court and
reviewing the terms of the plea agreement and the judge’s asking him questions about the
agreement. The Petitioner said, however, that he did not understand the terms of the
agreement.

       The Petitioner testified that counsel told him he was “pleading out to a universal
plea.” The Petitioner said that based upon the advice he received from counsel, he
understood this to mean all of his sentences would be concurrent. He said, however, that
after he reached the penitentiary, he learned that a “universal plea” was something
recognized in federal courts but not in Tennessee courts and that his “out date” was in
2027. He said he did not understand when he entered his pleas that some of his sentences
were to be served consecutively. He acknowledged that the transcript of the plea hearing
reflected that some sentences were to be served consecutively but stated that he did not
say anything during the hearing because he did not think he could “blurt out” that he had
not agreed to consecutive sentences.

       The Petitioner testified that after he learned about the length of his sentences, he
called his mother, who contacted counsel. The Petitioner said his mother and counsel
exchanged text messages, that counsel said he would “get it fixed,” that counsel stopped
communicating with the Petitioner’s mother, and that his mother contacted the “board of
professionals.”

       The Petitioner testified that he understood he would face a trial on all of the
charges if he received post-conviction relief. He said this was his “plan.” He said he had
never pleaded guilty to another offense before the date on which he pleaded guilty in the
present case.

       The Petitioner testified that he had two codefendants in the March 2011
aggravated robbery to which he pleaded guilty. He agreed that he had been arrested on
additional charges while the aggravated robbery charge was pending, that he failed to
appear for court, and that his bond had been revoked. He said that he had an attorney
before counsel and that the first attorney never told him that aggravated robbery required
85% service of the sentence. He said he decided against having the first attorney
continue representation after the attorney told him he would rather have the State’s case
than the Petitioner’s case. He thought he filed a bar complaint against this attorney and
said he came before the trial court about retaining a different attorney. He agreed he had
a pending trial date when counsel assumed representation, and he thought the judge said a
new attorney would have to be prepared for the scheduled trial date.



                                            -3-
       The Petitioner testified that he met with counsel twice while he was incarcerated
and twice while he was on bond. He said counsel never told him that he would have to
serve 85% of an aggravated robbery sentence. When shown the plea agreement, he said
that notwithstanding the language indicating that for aggravated robbery, he was to serve
eight years with a minimum of 85%, he thought he would serve 30% because he was a
Range I offender. He acknowledged that although he had not seen this portion of the
document when he pleaded guilty, the trial judge had reviewed it line by line at the plea
hearing. He acknowledged that the transcript of the plea hearing reflected that the
assistant district attorney had stated that the effective sentence pursuant to the plea
agreement was thirteen years, with the first eight years to be served at 85% and the
remaining time as a Range I offender with 30% release eligibility. He also acknowledged
that he stood at the podium when the trial judge advised him he would serve 85% for the
aggravated robbery conviction and when counsel represented to the court that he had
advised the Petitioner accordingly. The Petitioner said that he had responded, “Yes, sir,”
when asked by the judge if he understood the plea agreement and had answered, “No,
sir,” when asked if he had any questions. He acknowledged that he never asked the court
what consecutive and concurrent meant. With regard to the aggravated robbery charge,
the Petitioner said he thought his Range I classification meant he would serve 30% of the
sentence, not 85%.

        The Petitioner testified that when he asked counsel whether counsel was ready for
trial on the aggravated robbery charge, counsel said, “Not really.” The Petitioner said the
only preparation counsel had made was to photograph the scene. The Petitioner said
counsel never discussed the facts of the case with him. He said that on the day he entered
his guilty pleas, counsel advised him that his codefendants were likely to testify against
him, which the Petitioner said he had already known. He said he accepted the plea offer
based upon counsel’s prediction that the Petitioner would lose at trial, not upon the
information that the codefendants were likely to testify against him.

       At the post-conviction court’s direction, the Petitioner read from the transcript of
the plea hearing. The Petitioner read his prior testimony, which indicated that he had
read the plea agreement and that counsel had reviewed it with the Petitioner. The
Petitioner acknowledged that the trial court asked if he understood the agreement. When
the post-conviction court asked the Petitioner why he had not indicated that he did not
understand or did not agree, the Petitioner said he had agreed with everything because it
was what his attorney told him to do. The Petitioner said, “And then I thought maybe,
then, once this was over with, I can get him to come be with me and get this all resolved.”

       Breatha Marshall, the Petitioner’s mother, testified that she retained counsel on the
Petitioner’s behalf. She said she met with counsel several times. She said counsel told

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her and the Petitioner that the State did not want counsel to interview any of its witnesses.
She said counsel promised to provide “CDs of the cases” but never did. She said she and
the Petitioner never received copies of the charges.

       Ms. Marshall testified that, on the day before the Petitioner pleaded guilty, she and
the Petitioner met with counsel at counsel’s office. She said that they reviewed the
charges and that counsel said the Petitioner was going to enter a “universal” plea. She
said she was unfamiliar with legal matters and that she asked many questions. She said
that counsel was unable to answer many of the questions and that she did not “feel like
we had enough to go on to go to trial.” She said counsel told them that “it costs the State
a lot of money” for the case to go to trial. She said counsel did not make a
recommendation as to what the Petitioner should do. She said the Petitioner told counsel
that the Petitioner did not have enough time to decide what to do because he had a court
date the next day. She said the Petitioner said he would plead guilty because he thought
he would receive an eight-year sentence with 30% service. She said counsel told them
during the meeting on the day before the guilty plea hearing that the sentence would be
eight years at 30%.

        Ms. Marshall testified that on the day of the plea hearing, the trial judge stated he
was going to give the Petitioner time to talk to counsel about the plea document. She said
that at counsel’s office, the Petitioner asked about taking the case to trial and that counsel
said the Petitioner would lose at a trial. She said that the Petitioner stated he did not have
enough time to make a decision and that the day was stressful. She said the Petitioner
told counsel, “If they just going [sic] to let me do two years, I’ll take two years.” She
said that counsel replied that the Petitioner would receive thirty-two years if the cases
went to trial and that the Petitioner responded that he was not going to serve thirty-two
years. She said counsel stated that with the time the Petitioner had served and if he
participated in “a program,” the Petitioner would “be home in two years” if he pleaded
guilty. She said she only reviewed the last page of the plea document, which she saw the
Petitioner sign. She said that counsel stated he had a rough draft of the plea agreement
and that counsel retyped the document as he reviewed it with them.

       Ms. Marshall testified that when they returned to court, the trial judge announced
different terms of the plea agreement than those previously specified by counsel. She
said she became emotional and “lost it” when the judge mentioned a thirteen-year
sentence. She said that after the Petitioner was in the TDOC, she tried to contact counsel
about the situation. She said they exchanged text messages. She said counsel stated he
would contact the TDOC. She said that she knew there was a time limit “to enter a plea
to have this brought back to court” and became concerned when counsel stopped
responding. She said she called the prosecutor’s supervisor and expressed her concerns.

                                             -5-
She said that although the supervisor said he would have the prosecutor call her, she did
not receive a call. She said that she called the supervisor a second time and that the
prosecutor returned the call this time. She said that in the call, she explained that the
Petitioner’s sentence had not been what she and the Petitioner agreed to accept and that
she and the Petitioner would have wanted to take the case to trial if they had known the
sentence was thirteen years. She said the prosecutor told her the matter was none of her
business. She said she told the prosecutor that counsel would not call her and that she
was going to get another attorney. She said the prosecutor stated, “You can get whoever
[sic] you want to,” and “Nobody can step up to me.”

       Ms. Marshall testified that a motion to set aside the guilty pleas was not filed in a
timely manner because she had been awaiting responses from counsel and the “board of
professionals.”

        Counsel testified that he thought the term “universal settlement” was unique to
him and that he used it to mean, “We’re going to handle all of your stuff at one time.” He
said that to the extent he used this term with the Petitioner, it was always in the context of
disposing of all of the Petitioner’s pending cases with one plea agreement. Counsel said
he explained the terms consecutive and concurrent to his clients. Counsel acknowledged
that the term universal plea was formerly used in federal court.

       Counsel testified that the Petitioner had a series of charges and that the Petitioner
had been repeatedly placed on bond but had incurred additional charges. He said that if
the Petitioner were convicted of many of the charges, the sentences would be imposed
consecutively by operation of law due to their having been committed while the
Petitioner was on bond for other charges. He estimated the Petitioner might receive an
effective sentence of twenty-eight to thirty-two years if convicted.

       Counsel testified that the Petitioner’s mother came to see him about representing
the Petitioner while the Petitioner had another attorney. He said that he typically did not
take cases when another attorney was involved and that he told the Petitioner’s mother
that the attorney who was currently retained was a good attorney. He said that the
Petitioner’s mother returned a few days later and said the other attorney’s employment
had been terminated and that he took the case because he liked the Petitioner’s mother
and thought she “had a heart for her son.”

       Counsel testified that he obtained extensive discovery materials from the previous
attorney. Counsel said that although he was retained only for the first two of the
Petitioner’s cases, he told the Petitioner’s mother that he would review the Petitioner’s
other cases. Counsel said he met with the prosecutor two to four times to review the

                                             -6-
evidence and to determine if any outstanding discovery existed. Counsel said he thought
he received all the discovery to which the Petitioner was entitled.

       Counsel testified that he thought a plea agreement disposing of all of the cases
would be advantageous to the Petitioner, who was young and faced the possibility of a
lengthy effective sentence. Counsel thought the Petitioner received a favorable
settlement.

       Counsel testified that in preparation for the aggravated robbery trial, he talked to
the State’s main two witnesses, who were police officers. He said that he tried
unsuccessfully to meet with two eyewitnesses on his own. Counsel said, however, that
the prosecutor had agreed that if the case went to trial, counsel would be able to speak
with the witnesses. Counsel said he had gone to the scene and spoken with another
individual who had not been present when the offense occurred but who told him about
conversations with the eyewitnesses. He noted the evidence showed that the Petitioner
and the codefendants committed an aggravated robbery one day and an attempted robbery
the next, that evidence from the aggravated robbery was obtained as a result of the
attempted robbery, and that the trial court had ruled that the evidence obtained from the
second offense would be admissible at the trial of the first. Counsel said he was aware
the codefendants were going to testify and acknowledge they and the Petitioner had
committed the offenses. Counsel said the Petitioner had given a pretrial statement in
which he acknowledged his involvement in the second offense but in which he claimed
he had been forced at gunpoint to participate, and counsel said he had reviewed the
statement with the Petitioner. Counsel thought the trial was going to be straightforward
and said he had been prepared for trial.

       Counsel testified that he met with the Petitioner at counsel’s office six to eight
times. He said he had numerous conversations with the Petitioner’s mother. He said that
over time, he had “a number of” conversations with the Petitioner and the Petitioner’s
mother about how entering a guilty plea to all of the cases had the potential for a shorter
effective sentence than by disposing of the cases individually. He said that the Petitioner
asked for counsel’s assessment of the likelihood of prevailing at a trial for aggravated
robbery and that counsel told the Petitioner he thought the Petitioner would be found
guilty and faced a minimum sentence of eight years at 85%. Counsel said the Petitioner
and the Petitioner’s mother asked if the Petitioner might receive probation as a first-time
offender and that he explained clearly the Petitioner could not. Counsel said they
calculated the time the Petitioner would serve for an eight year sentence with 85%
service. Counsel said that he explained the 85% service requirement repeatedly and that
he provided the Petitioner and the Petitioner’s mother with a copy of the law because he
did not think they believed him. Counsel said that he gave them pads of paper when they

                                            -7-
came to his office; that he wrote the charges, the minimum sentences, and the terms of
the plea offer; and that he had them write it. He said that they had multiple conversations
about the terms and that he sent the Petitioner’s mother text messages.

       Counsel testified that he had reviewed his text messages during the Petitioner’s
mother’s post-conviction hearing testimony. He said that on June 18 or 19 of an
unspecified year, the Petitioner’s mother sent him a text message inquiring about the
terms of the plea offer. He said he responded that the offer was for an effective thirteen-
year sentence, eight years of which was to be served at 85%. He said that he did his best
to calculate the amount of time the Petitioner would serve of the eight-year sentence.

       Counsel testified that the main concern expressed by the Petitioner and the
Petitioner’s mother was the amount of time the Petitioner would have to serve. Counsel
said that after taking into account the Petitioner’s time served, counsel informed them
that he estimated “5.5ish minimum of real new, new real time.”

       Counsel testified that he met with the Petitioner and the Petitioner’s mother on
June 19 of an unspecified year and that he explained the terms of the plea offer. He said
that on June 20, the Petitioner’s mother sent him a text message inquiring about the
“breakdown” of the plea offer because she wanted to explain it to the Petitioner. He said
he responded by stating that the plea offer called for a thirteen-year effective sentence,
with the first eight years to be served at 85%, which he said would be about 75%, or six
years, taking into account credit the Petitioner would receive for “good time.” Counsel
said he advised that the remaining five years would be served at 30%, which would
amount to about one year and seven months, and that the result would be the Petitioner
would serve a total of about seven and one-half years. Counsel denied that he ever told
the Petitioner or the Petitioner’s mother that the Petitioner would serve two years and said
the day of the post-conviction hearing was the first time he had heard anything about the
Petitioner serving two years.

       Counsel testified that the Petitioner “kind of wanted a trial” for the aggravated
robbery case and that counsel prepared for a trial. Counsel said that he thought the
Petitioner did not have a good chance of acquittal and that he would have communicated
his opinion in this regard.

       Counsel testified that originally, the plea document was handwritten. He said that
it was complicated and that he asked for time to go to his office to type it. He said that
although some typographical errors existed, “[w]e caught most of them” and that none
changed the structure of the effective sentence. Counsel said that he reviewed the plea
document with the Petitioner before it was typed and that they reviewed it again at his

                                            -8-
office after it was typed. Counsel thought he made the terms clear to the Petitioner and
the Petitioner’s mother. Counsel said that neither the Petitioner nor the Petitioner’s
mother expressed any misunderstanding of the terms. Counsel disagreed with the
Petitioner’s testimony that the Petitioner never saw the typed version of the plea
agreement. Regarding a handwritten change on the document reflecting that the
sentences for two counts were to be served consecutively to another count, counsel
thought the prosecutor made the change and said the change did not affect the effective
sentence length of thirteen years consisting of an eight-year sentence at 85% and the
remaining five years at 30%. Counsel thought the Petitioner signed the typed plea
document after the handwritten changes were made because counsel thought he would
have had the prosecutor review the document first and because counsel’s practice was to
have a client sign a plea document after it was in its final form.

       Counsel testified that a couple of days after the Petitioner’s guilty pleas, the
Petitioner’s mother began calling him. He said she asked specific questions about the
sentence. Counsel said that he thought something might have been wrong with the guilty
plea document, that he called someone with the TDOC to review the matter, and that it
appeared a misunderstanding occurred because the TDOC paperwork presented the
sentence information to the Petitioner in a “new and different” format. Counsel said that
he sent text messages to the Petitioner’s mother and that she was supposed to meet with
him but never made an appointment. Counsel said that he spoke with the prosecutor,
reviewed the plea document, and concluded that the paperwork accurately reflected the
agreement.

       After receiving the proof, the post-conviction court found that the Petitioner failed
to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he had received the ineffective assistance
of counsel and that his guilty plea had not been knowingly and voluntarily entered. This
appeal followed.

       Post-conviction relief is available “when the conviction or sentence is void or
voidable because of the abridgement of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of
Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2012). A
petitioner has the burden of proving his factual allegations by clear and convincing
evidence. Id. § 40-30-110(f) (2012). A post-conviction court’s findings of fact are
binding on appeal, and this court must defer to them “unless the evidence in the record
preponderates against those findings.” Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn.
1997); see Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn. 2001). A post-conviction
court’s application of law to its factual findings is subject to a de novo standard of review
without a presumption of correctness. Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 457-58.


                                            -9-
                                             I

                            Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       The Petitioner contends that counsel provided ineffective assistance by having the
Petitioner enter a “universal guilty plea,” which he argues does not exist “on a State trial
level in Tennessee.” The State contends that because the record supports the post-
conviction court’s findings crediting counsel’s testimony over that of the Petitioner and
the Petitioner’s mother, the post-conviction court did not err in determining that the
Petitioner failed to prove his claim by clear and convincing evidence. We agree with the
State.

       To establish a post-conviction claim of the ineffective assistance of counsel in
violation of the Sixth Amendment, a petitioner has the burden of proving that (1)
counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell,
506 U.S. 364, 368-72 (1993). The Tennessee Supreme Court has applied the Strickland
standard to an accused’s right to counsel under article I, section 9 of the Tennessee
Constitution. See State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn. 1989).

       A petitioner must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test in order to prevail in an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580. “[F]ailure to prove
either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective
assistance claim.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). To establish the
performance prong, a petitioner must show that “the advice given, or the services
rendered . . . , are [not] within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal
cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at
690. The post-conviction court must determine if these acts or omissions, viewed in light
of all of the circumstances, fell “outside the wide range of professionally competent
assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. A petitioner “is not entitled to the benefit of
hindsight, may not second-guess a reasonably based trial strategy by his counsel, and
cannot criticize a sound, but unsuccessful, tactical decision.” Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d
334, 347 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); see Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 874 (Tenn.
2008). This deference, however, only applies “if the choices are informed . . . based upon
adequate preparation.” Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
To establish the prejudice prong, a petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.


                                            -10-
        The Petitioner argues that due to counsel’s ineffectiveness in explaining the terms
of the plea agreement, the Petitioner was misled into believing all of his cases would be
resolved with a single eight-year sentence. At the hearing, the Petitioner and his mother
testified that he thought he was receiving an eight-year sentence and a five-year sentence
to be served concurrently at 30% and that he would serve about two years in prison.
Counsel testified that he repeatedly explained the sentence composition and alignment to
the Petitioner and the Petitioner’s mother and that it consisted of an effective thirteen-
year sentence, with eight years to be served at 85% followed by five years at 30%.
Counsel said he used the term “universal” in the context of disposition of all charges in
one plea agreement. In its order denying relief, the post-conviction court made the
following findings:

             The petitioner alleges that counsel did not give him accurate
      information about his sentence exposure and the plea offer, including
      consecutive sentences and the length of the effective sentence, thereby
      rendering the pleas unintelligent. The proof regarding counsel’s advice
      about the plea offer is contradictory, the petitioner and his mother saying
      one thing and counsel another. The petitioner’s and his mother’s
      testimony, however, is inconsistent with the petitioner’s acquiescence to the
      statements of the terms of the plea agreement at the plea hearing. It is also
      incredible in other respects, too, specifically, the petitioner’s interpretation
      of “universal plea” to mean concurrent sentences, despite counsel’s
      description of such a plea as comprehensive, resolving all charges, and the
      petitioner’s attribution of his failure to question what, by his account, was
      an erroneous statement of the terms of the plea agreement at the plea
      hearing to lack of assertiveness, when he or his mother was assertive
      enough to replace his original counsel and file complaints about original
      and substitute counsel with the board.

             According to counsel, whose testimony the Court accredits, he did
      not misrepresent the terms of the plea offer to the petitioner or the
      petitioner’s mother. Counsel gave the petitioner and his mother a copy of
      the law and tried to impress on them that the minimum sentence for any
      conviction for aggravated robbery, which necessarily means any conviction
      for aggravated robbery, whether as a result of trial or plea, is eight years,
      with a release eligibility of eighty-five percent.

             Nor, apparently, did counsel overstate the petitioner’s sentence
      exposure as thirty-two years. The effective length of consecutive minimum
      sentences of eight years for aggravated robbery in cases 280559 and

                                           -11-
       283678 alone would be sixteen years, with a release eligibility of eighty-
       five percent on both, a less favorable outcome for the petitioner than the
       plea agreement. While there is no evidence that the other cases against the
       petitioner were strong, there is no evidence that they were weak or the
       petitioner had a defense. Furthermore, by accumulating convictions in
       successive trials, the petitioner’s classification and release eligibility could
       worsen. Nor, under T.C.A. § 40-2-111(b), could the petitioner, by having
       successive trials, avoid a consecutive sentence for a felony that he
       committed while on bail for another offense of which he was also
       convicted.     The Court therefore finds no deficiency in counsel’s
       performance in these respects.

        Upon review, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the
post-conviction court’s factual findings crediting counsel’s testimony over that of the
Petitioner and the Petitioner’s mother relative to the accuracy of counsel’s advice about
the terms of the plea offer. We note, as well, the Petitioner’s acknowledgment at the
post-conviction hearing that he had indicated his understanding of the plea agreement to
the trial court at the guilty plea hearing. The evidence does not preponderate against the
post-conviction court’s finding that counsel’s performance in this regard was not
deficient.

        We have not overlooked the Petitioner’s argument that counsel was ineffective in
using the term “universal” to describe the disposition of the charges pursuant to the
State’s plea offer. At the hearing, the Petitioner testified that counsel told him the plea
offer was a “universal plea” and that the Petitioner learned after he was in the TDOC that
a universal plea was a specific type of plea agreement recognized in federal but not
Tennessee courts. The Petitioner said that he had understood from counsel that the
sentences would be served concurrently and that the research he did after entering into
the plea agreement showed that a universal plea provided for concurrent service of all
sentences. Counsel acknowledged at the post-conviction hearing that the term universal
plea was a term formerly used in federal court, although he said his use of the term with
the Petitioner had been in the context of resolving all of the cases with one plea
agreement. Without regard to whether the terminology used by counsel had the potential
for confusion with a term formerly used in federal court, the Petitioner’s testimony
reflects that he did not become aware of the former federal terminology until after he
entered the guilty plea and was in the TDOC. The post-conviction court credited
counsel’s testimony that he explained the terms of the offer to the Petitioner and the
Petitioner’s mother, and the Petitioner acknowledged his understanding of the agreement
and his desire to plead guilty at the guilty plea hearing. The Petitioner is not entitled to
relief on this basis.

                                            -12-
                                             II

                            Unknowing and Involuntary Plea

       The Petitioner contends that his guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily
entered because he did not understand the terms of the plea agreement. The State
contends that the post-conviction court did not err in determining that the Petitioner failed
to prove his claim by clear and convincing evidence. We agree with the State.

        The Supreme Court has concluded that a guilty plea must represent a “voluntary
and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open to the defendant.”
North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970). A trial court must examine in detail
“the matter with the accused to make sure he has a full understanding of what the plea
connotes and of its consequence.” Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243-44 (1969); see
Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993). Appellate courts examine the
totality of circumstances when determining whether a guilty plea was voluntarily and
knowingly entered. State v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 346, 353 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). A
guilty plea is not voluntary if it is the result of “[i]gnorance, incomprehension, coercion,
terror, inducements, [or] subtle or blatant threats.” Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242-43; see
Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904. A petitioner’s representations and statements under
oath that his guilty plea is knowing and voluntary create “a formidable barrier in any
subsequent collateral proceedings [because] [s]olemn declarations . . . carry a strong
presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977).

       The post-conviction court made the following findings:

               Although, at the time of the pleas, the petitioner was young and
       apparently unfamiliar with criminal proceedings, he and his mother had
       numerous conferences with competent counsel, who gave them an accurate
       assessment of the charges, the sentence exposure, and the plea offer. In
       addition, the Court reviewed the charges, penalties, and terms of the plea
       agreement with the petitioner, who did not then indicate any surprise,
       misapprehension, or coercion. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the
       petitioner had a defense to any charge and, by going to trial, could have
       avoided one or more convictions or apparently mandatory consecutive
       sentences and secured a shorter effective sentence. The effective length of
       consecutive minimum sentences of eight years for aggravated robbery in
       cases 280559 and 283678 alone would be sixteen years, with a release
       eligibility of eighty-five percent on both, a less favorable outcome for the
       petitioner than the plea agreement. The Court finds that the guilty pleas

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      represent a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternatives available
      to the petitioner.

         The Petitioner’s argument relies on his post-conviction hearing testimony that he
did not understand the terms of the plea agreement and that he merely followed counsel’s
instructions when he verbalized to the trial court his understanding of and agreement to
the terms of the plea offer. The post-conviction court found that counsel accurately
explained the plea offer to the Petitioner, that the trial court reviewed the terms of the
agreement with the Petitioner, and that the Petitioner did not indicate any lack of
understanding or unwillingness to enter into the agreement at the guilty plea hearing.
The transcript of the guilty plea hearing reflects that the Petitioner acknowledged that he
understood the plea offer, the effective thirteen-year sentence, and the 85% service
requirement for the first eight years. The Petitioner stated that he waived his right to a
trial, that he made the decision to do so voluntarily, and that he wanted to plead guilty.
The post-conviction court rejected the Petitioner’s subsequent testimony to the contrary,
and the record does not preponderate against the court’s determination in this regard.
The post-conviction court did not err in concluding that the Petitioner failed to prove his
claim by clear and convincing evidence.

       In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of the
post-conviction court is affirmed.


                                          _____________________________________
                                          ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JUDGE




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