                                                                                             05/11/2020
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                AT JACKSON
                                     February 12, 2020 Session

                        REGIONS BANK v. NATHAN I. PRAGER

                      Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                        No. CT-003321-17 James F. Russell, Judge
                         ___________________________________

                                No. W2019-00782-COA-R3-CV
                            ___________________________________


This appeal arose from a dispute involving an unpaid promissory note. In May 2014,
Plaintiff filed its first suit for breach of contract. The trial court dismissed the case under
Rule 41.02 for failure to prosecute. Opposing the dismissal, Plaintiff filed a Motion to
Reconsider. The trial court denied Plaintiff’s motion and stated the dismissal was neither
“with nor without prejudice” and that Plaintiff was “welcome to refile.” Relying on the
trial court’s statements, Plaintiff declined to appeal and filed a second action. Defendant
filed a Motion to Dismiss the second suit, arguing it is barred by res judicata. The trial
court granted Defendant’s motion and denied Plaintiff’s subsequent Motion to
Reconsider. We agree with the trial court’s dismissal of this suit and subsequent denial
of Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider. We therefore affirm the circuit court’s decision and
remand.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded.

CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KENNY W.
ARMSTRONG, J., joined. J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., filed a separate opinion,
dissenting.

Christopher Wilson Conner, Tyler Christopher Brown, and Jon M. Williams, Maryville,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Regions Bank.

Joseph Duane Barton, Millington, Tennessee, for the appellee, Nathan I. Prager.


                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION1
       1
           Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals provides as follows:
                            I.      FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The relevant sequence of events that led to this appeal pertains to the procedural
history of this case rather than its substance. This case stems from Nathan Prager
(“Defendant”) executing a promissory note as borrower with Regions Bank (“Plaintiff”)
as lender. After the note went unpaid, Plaintiff filed suit on May 2, 2014 (“first case”),
alleging breach of contract and seeking $51,757.69 as the unpaid balance due.

       On August 11, 2016, the trial court entered an “Order of Dismissal for Lack of
Prosecution.” Initially, neither party was aware of this order and neither was served with
notice or a copy. Plaintiff did not become aware of the order until June 29, 2017. The
order did not state whether the dismissal was with or without prejudice. After learning of
the order, Plaintiff filed a “Motion to Set Aside the Dismissal and a Motion to
Reconsider,” both of which were denied. In its oral ruling, the trial judge stated, “a
dismissal for lack of prosecution under those circumstances is simply a dismissal
pursuant to Rule 41. And unless it is designated, quote, with prejudice, . . . it is neither
with nor without prejudice and that doesn’t bar you from refiling the suit.” (Emphasis
added). The court reiterated this statement in its written order and incorporated by
reference therein the transcript of its oral ruling. While these statements were inaccurate,
Plaintiff relied on them and did not appeal any of the rulings of its first case.

       Under the belief the trial court gave permission to refile its suit, on August 8,
2017, Plaintiff filed a second cause of action to recover the balance of the unpaid note.
Thereafter, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss, arguing that the claim was previously
adjudicated and dismissed under Rule 41.02(3). The trial court agreed and granted
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff filed a Motion to Reconsider, stating that the
order denying its motion to reconsider in the first suit made it clear that the dismissal was
meant to be without prejudice.

        The court disagreed. The Motion to Reconsider was heard on March 22, 2019.
During his oral ruling, the trial judge stated that his previous statement that the action
could be refiled was merely “a side bar comment” and should not have been interpreted
as a ruling. Plaintiff timely appealed.

                                    II.     ISSUES PRESENTED


                      This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case,
              may affirm, reverse or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum
              opinion when a formal opinion would have no precedential value. When a case
              is decided by memorandum opinion it shall be designated “MEMORANDUM
              OPINION,” shall not be published, and shall not be cited or relied on for any
              reason in any unrelated case.
                                                -2-
       Plaintiff presents three issues on appeal.

       1. Whether the Trial Court properly dismissed Plaintiff/Appellant’s Complaint on
          September 8, 2018;

       2. Whether Plaintiff/Appellant’s Motion to Reconsider should be construed as a
          Rule 59.04 motion to alter or amend judgment rather than a Rule 60.02 motion
          for relief from judgment; and

       3. Whether the Trial Court properly denied Plaintiff/Appellant’s Motion to
          Reconsider on April 10, 2019.

       In response, Defendant raises no additional issues.

      For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the decisions of the circuit court and
remand for further proceedings.

                                III.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “A trial court’s decision that a claim is barred by the doctrine of res judicata or
claim preclusion involves a question of law which will be reviewed de novo on appeal
without a presumption of correctness.” Jackson v. Smith, 387 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tenn.
2012). See also Napolitano v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 535 S.W.3d 481, 496 (Tenn.
2017) (citing Long v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility of Supreme Court, 435 S.W.3d 174, 183
(Tenn. 2014)).

       Decisions on whether to grant Rule 59.04 motions are reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard. Kirk v. Kirk, 447 S.W.3d 861, 870 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013); Chambliss
v. Stohler, 124 S.W.3d 116, 120 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Bradley v. McLeod, 984
S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)). Post-judgment motions under Rule 60.02 are
also given an abuse of discretion standard of review. Henderson v. SAIA, Inc., 318
S.W.3d 328, 335 (Tenn. 2010). “A court abuses its discretion when it causes an injustice
to the party challenging the decision by (1) applying an incorrect legal standard, (2)
reaching an illogical or unreasonable decision, or (3) basing its decision on a clearly
erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Lee Medical, Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515,
524 (Tenn. 2010).

                                       IV.   DISCUSSION

        At the outset, we must note that we are not reviewing the merits of any ruling or
judicial action from Plaintiff’s first case. While the parties, claims, and prayers for relief
are identical, the actions are separate. This Court may only address the issues presented
in the present case.
                                             -3-
        In his motion to dismiss, Defendant asserted Plaintiff’s claim is barred by res
judicata. “The doctrine of res judicata, also referred to as claim preclusion, bars a second
suit between the same parties or their privies on the same cause of action with respect to
all issues which were or could have been litigated in the former suit.” Napolitano, 535
S.W.3d at 496 (quoting Creech v. Addington, 281 S.W.3d 363, 376 (Tenn. 2009)). The
doctrine is meant “to promote finality in litigation, prevent inconsistent or contradictory
judgments, conserve legal resources, and protect litigants from the cost and vexation of
multiple lawsuits.” Id. To successfully plead res judicata, the asserting party must show:

       (1) that the underlying judgment was rendered by a court of competent
       jurisdiction, (2) that the same parties or their privies were involved in both
       suits, (3) that the same claim or cause of action was asserted in both suits,
       and (4) that the underlying judgment was final and on the merits.

Id. (quoting Long, 435 S.W.3d at 183). Two suits are considered the same “cause of
action” when “they arise out of the same transaction or a series of connected
transactions.” Creech, 281 S.W.3d at 381.

       Generally, “a dismissal for failure to prosecute pursuant to [R]ule 41.02 operates
as an adjudication on the merits and bars a subsequent suit on the same action.” Green v.
Johnson, 59 S.W.3d 102, 104 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (citing Madyun v. Ballard, 783
S.W.2d 946, 948 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)). Rule 41.02(3) states:

             Unless the court in its order for dismissal otherwise specifies, a
       dismissal under this subdivision and any dismissal not provided for in this
       Rule 41, other than a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction or for improper
       venue or for lack of an indispensable party, operates as an adjudication
       upon the merits.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.02 (3) (emphasis added). While dismissals under Rule 41.02 are
typically not favored by courts, see Henry v. Goins, 104 S.W.3d 475, 481 (Tenn. 2003),
trial courts are given broad authority to control their dockets. Hodges v. Attorney Gen.,
43 S.W.3d 918, 921 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

       In the present case, there is no dispute that the trial court had jurisdiction to hear
Plaintiff’s first case. Additionally, Plaintiff and Defendant were the same parties in the
prior suit. Further, it is clear that both the first case and the present case involve the same
breach of contract claim related to the promissory note. Therefore, to determine whether
res judicata bars this suit, our only inquiry is whether the dismissal of Plaintiff’s first suit
was a final judgment on the merits. See Napolitano, 535 S.W.3d at 496.

       The trial court dismissed the first suit for failure to prosecute. Although the order
                                             -4-
of dismissal for the first case is not in the record before us, the parties agree it did not
state whether the dismissal was with or without prejudice. The first case was not
dismissed for a lack of jurisdiction, improper venue, or the absence of an indispensable
party. In the absence of language that indicates otherwise, this dismissal was therefore
“on the merits.” See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.02(3). Despite the straightforward wording of
the rule, confusion resulted when the trial court gave an erroneous statement of the
substance of Rule 41.02.

        During its oral ruling on Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider in the first case, the trial
court stated, “unless it is designated, quote, with prejudice, . . . it is neither with nor
without prejudice and that doesn’t bar you from refiling the suit. . . . You’re welcome to
refile the suit.”2 This statement is in direct conflict with the plain language of Rule
41.02(3). As previously stated by our Supreme Court, dismissal under Rule 41.02(3) is
“with prejudice [when] the order fail[s] to provide otherwise.” Henry, 104 S.W.3d at
478. Therefore, in the absence of language to the contrary, we find the order of dismissal
in the first suit was in fact both final and on the merits. See, e.g., Green, 59 S.W.3d at
105 (holding res judicata bars the plaintiff’s second petition after the first was dismissed
under Rule 41.02 for failure to prosecute); Madyun, 783 S.W.2d at 948 (“Since [the Rule
41.02] dismissal became final and is an adjudication on the merits, the instant case was
properly dismissed.”). Plaintiff claims that the trial court actually intended the dismissal
to be without prejudice, as evidenced by its comments that Plaintiff could refile.
However, a proper application of Rule 41.02 to the operative order renders a different
conclusion. The doctrine of res judicata bars Plaintiff from reasserting its claim. See
Napolitano, 535 S.W.3d at 496. We therefore affirm the trial court’s decision to dismiss
Plaintiff’s complaint.

       Our holding is the same regardless of whether Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider is
viewed as a motion to alter or amend pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure
59.04 or as a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 60.02. Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider lacked any citation to a particular rule
as grounds for relief. This left the trial court to decipher the substance of the motion. On
appeal, Plaintiff asserts it should be viewed as a Rule 59.04 motion to alter or amend. In
either circumstance, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in affirming the
dismissal of the present suit. See Henderson, 318 S.W.3d at 335 (stating the standard of
review for Rule 60.02 motions); Kirk, 447 S.W.3d at 870 (stating the standard of review
for Rule 59.04 motions). The trial court correctly found that this suit is barred by res
judicata. As such, its decision to deny Plaintiff’s subsequent motion was proper.

        2
          The trial court addressed this comment during its oral ruling on Plaintiff’s Motion to Reconsider
the dismissal of the second suit. The trial court dismissed the statement as nothing more than a “side bar
comment” that should not have been interpreted as a quote or ruling. Respectfully, we fail to see how this
could only be interpreted as a supposed “side bar comment.” The court included portions of this
statement in its written order where it also incorporated the entire transcript by reference.
                                                   -5-
       Plaintiff’s argument that Henry v. Goins controls the outcome of this case is
unpersuasive. While some facts are similar, the underlying circumstances are
distinguishable.

        The claims in Henry arose from an automobile accident involving several parties.
Henry, 104 S.W.3d at 477–78. After the case was left pending for fourteen months, it
was dismissed for failure to prosecute. Id. at 478. As in Plaintiff’s first suit, the parties
were given no prior notice of the dismissal. Id. Cross-plaintiff Goins moved without
opposition to set aside the dismissal. Id. Thereafter, the Henrys filed their own motion to
set aside the dismissal, which was opposed but ultimately granted under Rule 60.02. Id.
The Supreme Court affirmed, finding no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision
to reinstate the Henrys’ claims. Id. at 483.

       Henry does not entitle Plaintiff to relief on this matter. Henry did not involve a
question of res judicata based on the dismissal of a previous claim. As a result, Henry’s
discussion on Rule 60.02 is inapplicable to this case. See id. at 481–82. Plaintiff’s
opportunity to properly apply Henry came after the dismissal of its first suit, either in a
post-judgment motion or through an appeal. Instead, Plaintiff decided to forgo an appeal
of its first suit and as a result the judgment became final. Based on the foregoing
discussion, we conclude Plaintiff’s claim is barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Our
decision remains the same despite any previous inconsistent comments to the contrary
which were made by the trial court.3

                                          V.      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the circuit court’s decision and remand for
further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of this appeal are taxed to appellant,
Regions Bank, for which execution may issue if necessary.


                                                          s/ Carma Dennis McGee
                                                        CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE




        3
          While we acknowledge that Plaintiff may have relied on the trial court’s inaccurate summary of
the substance of Rule 41.02, stating Plaintiff was “welcome to refile the suit,” we may only speak on the
issues before us. Ultimately, the parties are responsible for researching the law and trying their case
according to the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.
                                                  -6-
