[Cite as Torrance v. Rom, 2020-Ohio-3971.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                            EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

RONALD TORRANCE, ET AL.,                          :

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,            :
                                                             No. 108818
                v.                                 :

DAVOR ROM, ET AL.,                                 :

                Defendants-Appellees.              :


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
                           AND REMANDED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 6, 2020


            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                Case No. CV-18-900390


                                             Appearances:

                DJKovach Law, L.L.C., and David J. Kovach, for
                appellant.

                Blocker Law, L.L.C., and David S. Blocker, for appellees.


EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, A.J.:

                  Plaintiff-appellant, Ronald Torrance (“Torrance”), appeals from the

trial court’s judgment dismissing his complaint against defendants-appellees

(collectively “the appellees”), IIP Management, L.L.C. (“IIPM”) and Violetta
Varenkova (“Varenkova”), pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). Torrance raises the following

assignment of error for review:

      1. The trial court committed reversible error when, pursuant to Civ.R.
      12(C), Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure, it dismissed the claims for (1)
      breach of property-management agreements, (2) breach of fiduciary
      duty, (3) violation of the Ohio Deceptive Trade Practices Act, and (4)
      civil conspiracy which Torrance asserted against appellees.

              After a careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm

in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. The trial court did not err by dismissing Torrance’s claims for breach of

contract and breach of fiduciary duty because Torrance does not have standing to

pursue these claims against the appellees.      However, construing the material

allegations in the complaint in favor of Torrance as true, we are unable to conclude,

beyond doubt, that Torrance could prove no set of facts in support of his claims for

violation of the Ohio Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“ODTPA”) and civil conspiracy

that would entitle him to relief. Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in

dismissing these claims pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C).

                      I. Procedural and Factual History

              This civil action stems from allegations that Torrance was defrauded

by the appellees and their codefendants Davor Rom (“Davor”), Daniel Rom

(“Daniel”), Anthony Halsall (“Halsall”), Assets Unlimited, L.L.C. (“Assets

Unlimited”), IIP Ohio, L.L.C. (“IIP Ohio”), IIP Cleveland Regeneration, L.L.C.

(“ICR”), IIP Cleveland Regeneration 2, L.L.C. (“ICR2”), Property Hotline, L.L.C.
(“PH-Ohio”), and Property Hotline Ltd. (“PH-England”) (collectively “the

defendants”).

                Torrance is a resident and citizen of Scotland. On November 11, 2014,

the limited liability company, Realty World Traders, L.L.C. (“RWT”), was organized

to facilitate Torrance’s real-estate investments in Ohio. Torrance was the sole

member of RWT until he sold his membership interest in the company in April 2017.

                IIPM is a property management company that provides certain

services for property owners, including rent collection, property maintenance,

property repairs, and the disbursement of contractual mortgage payments, property

taxes, special assessments, and insurance premiums. During relevant time periods

of this case, Varenkova served as the director of operations for IIPM.

                Prior to the organization of RWT, Torrance entered into a purchase

and sale agreement with ICR on November 4, 2014, for real property located on

Greenhurst Drive in Maple Heights, Ohio (the “Greenhurst property”). On the same

date, Torrance entered into two separate purchase and sale agreements with ICR2

for real property located on Beachview Drive in Euclid, Ohio (the “Beachview

property”); and Corkhill Road in Maple Heights, Ohio (the “Corkhill property”).

Each purchase and sale agreement identified the “buyer” as Torrance “or his

designee.” RWT subsequently became the designee under the agreements. Thus,

title to each property was transferred to RWT by limited warranty deed in February

2015.
              The investment properties       were advertised     on   a website,

www.investorincomeproperties.com, which was “employed by defendant[s] Assets

Unlimited, IIP Ohio, and other limited liability companies that Davor Rom owned,

directly or indirectly.” The properties were marketed as “hands-free, turnkey,

renovated, fully-tenanted, and professionally managed to produce net returns of

investment greater than 18%.” The “mission statement” displayed on the website

promised “a comprehensive process for the acquisition, stabilization, management,

and performance of investment properties with 10-20% return on investment.” “Our

team,” the website declared, “handles the entire purchase and management process,

providing an essentially automated stream of income and increased [return on

investment] levels delivered hands-free and turnkey to [Investor Income Properties]

clients.”

              On February 16, 2015, RWT entered into separate property-

management agreements with IIPM for the Greenhurst and Corkhill properties. On

February 27, 2015, RWT entered into a third property-management agreement with

IIPM for the Beachview property. Each property-management agreement identified

RWT as the property “owner.” The agreements required IIPM to provide property

management services for each property. In exchange, RWT was required to pay

IIPM management fees and 10 percent of gross collected rents. The agreements

were signed by Torrance in his capacity as the owner of RWT.

              Having received substantially less return on the investments than had

been “promised, assured, or otherwise represented,” Torrance and RWT filed a civil
complaint against the defendants on July 5, 2018. In general, the complaint alleged

that, through a series of misrepresentations or concealments, Torrance was

fraudulently induced to (1) create RWT, (2) purchase the subject properties, and (3)

enter into the property-management agreements with IIPM.

              The complaint asserted causes of action for fraudulent inducement of

the purchase and sale agreements (Count 1), negligent misrepresentation of the

purchase and sale agreements (Count 2), fraudulent inducement of the property-

management agreements (Count 3), negligent misrepresentation of the property-

management agreements (Count 4), breach of the property-management

agreements (Count 5), breach of fiduciary duty (Count 6), violations of the ODTPA

(Count 7), and civil conspiracy (Count 8). Relevant to this appeal, the appellees were

only named in Counts 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the complaint.

              As stated, Torrance sold his interest in RWT to a third party in April

2017.   By September 2018, RWT voluntarily dismissed all claims against the

defendants with prejudice. Accordingly, Torrance filed an amended complaint,

raising the same causes of action against the defendants in his individual capacity.

              On January 4, 2019, IIPM and Varenkova filed a joint motion for

judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). The appellees argued that

Torrance does not have standing to assert claims arising from the property-

management agreements entered into between RWT and IIPM because Torrance

was not a party to the agreements.        Alternatively, the appellees argued that

Torrance’s claims were barred by res judicata because RWT dismissed all of its
claims against each defendant with prejudice, resulting in a final judgment on the

merits.

               On February 4, 2019, Torrance filed a brief in opposition, arguing that

he has standing to pursue the claims against the appellees because he has a personal

stake in the outcome of the claims. He noted that he invested $48,630 of his own

money and assumed an additional $118,170 in debt to purchase the subject

properties. In addition, Torrance argued that he is a third-party beneficiary under

the property-management agreements with IIPM.

               On February 6, 2019, Torrance sought leave of court to file a second

amended complaint. On February 22, 2019, the trial court issued an order adopting

the parties’ stipulation that the appellees’ motion for judgment on the pleadings

would apply to a second amended complaint that Torrance intended to file. On

February 28, 2019, Torrance filed a second amended complaint, setting forth the

same causes of action against the defendants.

               In an opinion and order dated March 25, 2019, the trial court granted

the appellees’ motion and dismissed all counts pertaining to IIPM and Varenkova.

The trial court determined that Torrance lacked standing to pursue the claims

against IIPM and Varenkova because he was neither a party to, nor a beneficiary of,

the property-management agreements between RWT and IIPM. The court stated,

in relevant part:

      Having chosen to do business as a corporation, [Torrance] is bound by
      that choice.   RTW was a party to the property-management
      agreements, [Torrance] was not. [Torrance] has cited no case law
      suggesting that an owner of a corporation is therefore an intended
      third-party beneficiary. [Torrance] signed and is referenced only as the
      corporate owner, not as an individual. The plain language of the
      contract reveals all contractual obligations are owed to RWT. No
      contractual duties were owed to [Torrance] separate and apart from
      those owed to RWT. [Torrance] sold RWT, and RWT has dismissed its
      claims with prejudice. [Torrence] has no standing to pursue these
      claims on his own individual behalf.

      All allegations of in the complaint relating to IIP Management, L.L.C.
      and Violetta Varenkova relate to the property-management
      agreements entered into by RWT and therefore all claims against these
      defendants are dismissed.

                Codefendants Davor, Daniel, Halsall, and their various real estate

companies filed separate motions to dismiss pursuant to Civ.R. 12. These motions

were addressed in the trial court’s March 25, 2019 judgment entry. As to these

codefendants, the trial court dismissed Counts 3, 4, 5, and 6. However, the trial

court determined that it was premature to dismiss Counts 1, 2, 7, and 8 against these

codefendants.     Accordingly, portions of Torrance’s complaint remain pending

against the codefendants.

                Torrance now appeals from the trial court’s judgment dismissing all

claims against IIPM and Varenkova.

                               II. Law and Analysis

                In his sole assignment of error, Torrance argues that the trial court

erred in dismissing his complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C).

                We review a ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings de

novo. Coleman v. Beachwood, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92399, 2009-Ohio-5560,
¶ 15. Motions for judgment on the pleadings are governed by Civ.R. 12(C), which

states:

      After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the
      trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.

               Unlike a motion for summary judgment where the parties are

permitted to submit certain evidentiary materials for the court’s review, the

determination of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is restricted solely to the

allegations in the pleadings and any writings attached to the complaint. Peterson v.

Teodosio, 34 Ohio St.2d 161, 165-166, 297 N.E.2d 113 (1973). Civ.R. 12(C) requires

a determination that no material factual issues exist and that the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. Burnside v. Leimbach, 71 Ohio App.3d 399, 403,

594 N.E.2d 60 (10th Dist.1991).

               Under Civ.R. 12(C), dismissal is appropriate where a court (1)

construes the material allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable inferences

to be drawn therefrom, in favor of the nonmoving party as true, and (2) finds beyond

doubt, that the plaintiff could prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would

entitle him to relief. State ex rel. Midwest Pride IV, Inc. v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St.3d

565, 570, 664 N.E.2d 931 (1996). Thus, the granting of judgment on the pleadings

is only appropriate where the plaintiff has failed to allege a set of facts that, if true,

would establish the defendant’s liability. Chromik v. Kaiser Permanente, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 89088, 2007-Ohio-5856, ¶ 8, citing Walters v. First Natl. Bank of

Newark, 69 Ohio St.2d 677, 433 N.E.2d 608 (1982).
                                    A. Standing

               In this case, the appellees’ motion for judgment on the pleadings was

predicated on their position that Torrance lacked standing to pursue claims against

them because he was not a party to the underlying property-management

agreements.

               “Standing” is defined as “[a] party’s right to make a legal claim or seek

judicial enforcement of a duty or right.” Ohio Pyro, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce,

115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, 875 N.E.2d 550, ¶ 27, citing Black’s Law

Dictionary 1442 (8th Ed.2004). A party must establish standing to sue before a

court can consider the merits of a legal claim. Ohio Contrs. Assn. v. Bicking, 71 Ohio

St.3d 318, 320, 643 N.E.2d 1088 (1994). “To have standing, a party must have a

personal stake in the outcome of a legal controversy with an adversary.” Kincaid v.

Erie Ins. Co., 128 Ohio St.3d 322, 2010-Ohio-6036, 944 N.E.2d 207, ¶ 9, citing Pyro

at ¶ 27. The lack of standing may require a court to dismiss an action. Thies v.

Wheelock, 2017-Ohio-8605, 100 N.E.3d 903, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.).

               Thus, in order for Torrance to establish standing, he must show he

suffered “(1) an injury that is (2) fairly traceable to the appellees’ allegedly unlawful

conduct, and (3) likely to be redressed by the requested relief.”             Moore v.

Middletown, 133 Ohio St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, 975 N.E.2d 977, ¶ 22, citing

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d

351 (1992). These three factors comprise the constitutional minimum for standing.

Lujan at 560. Finally, “[i]t is well settled that standing does not depend on the
merits of the plaintiff’s contention that particular conduct is illegal or

unconstitutional. Rather, standing turns on the nature and source of the claim

asserted by the plaintiff.” Moore at ¶ 23, citing Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 500,

95 S.Ct. 2197, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975).

              As stated, Torrance’s second amended complaint asserted causes of

action against the appellees for breach of the property-management agreements,

breach of fiduciary duty, violations of the ODTPA, and civil conspiracy. We now

address Torrance’s standing to pursue each of these claims against the appellees.

         1. Breach of the Property-Management Agreements and
                           Breach of Fiduciary Duty

              In this case, Counts 5 and 6 of the second amended complaint allege

claims for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty. The claims relate to the

contractual obligations and fiduciary duties that arose from the property-

management agreements between RWT and IIPM.

              Specifically, Count 5 of the complaint alleged that:

      IIP Management breached each of the three property-management
      agreements * * * by (a) quoting a $500 eviction charge when the
      agreements established a $300 charge, (b) charging a mark-fee for
      maintenance performed in-house, (c) delaying credits to the account,
      (d) charging Torrance for late fees, (e) performing repairs in excess of
      $300 without notifying or obtaining authorization from Torrance.

              In turn, Count 6 of the complaint alleged, in relevant part:

      IIP Management owed Plaintiff RWT a fiduciary duty to use its best
      efforts to further the interest of Plaintiff RWT by doing all of the
      following and more: (a) exercising reasonable skill and care in
      representing the client and carrying out the responsibilities of the
      agency relationship; (b) performing the terms of any written the
      property-management agreements; (c) following the lawful
      instructions of Plaintiff RWT; (d) disclosing to Plaintiff RWT any
      material facts of the transaction of which IIP Management was aware
      or should have been aware in the exercise of reasonable skill and care;
      (e) timely accounting for all moneys received; and (f) providing
      Plaintiff RWT with truthful and accurate information.

      IIP Management breached its fiduciary duty to Torrance by, inter alia,
      (a) failing to inform him of (i) tenant arrearages, (ii) tenant complaints,
      and (iii) unauthorized agreement to forgive tenant debts; (b) failing to
      provide promises reinspection reports for Greenhurst and Corkhill; (c)
      agreeing to forgive tenant debts without authority; (d) failing to secure
      authorization from him for repairs and/or maintenance tasks in excess
      of $300; (e) charging him (i) a mark-up fee for repairs and/or
      maintenance performed by in-house maintenance personnel, (ii)
      expenses which were to be borne solely by IIP Management, and (iii)
      exorbitant rates for maintenance and other items; (f) tardily crediting
      the account with disbursements; and (g) more.

               To succeed on a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff must show “the

existence of a binding contract or agreement; the non-breaching party performed its

contractual obligations; the other party failed to fulfill its contractual obligations

without legal excuse; and the non-breaching party suffered damages as a result of

the breach.” Garofalo v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 104 Ohio App.3d 95, 108, 661 N.E.2d

218 (8th Dist.1995).

               To maintain a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty, the plaintiff must

prove (1) the existence of a duty arising from a fiduciary relationship; (2) a failure to

observe the duty; and (3) an injury proximately resulting from that failure. Strock

v. Pressnell, 38 Ohio St.3d 207, 216, 527 N.E.2d 1235 (1988); Harwood v. Pappas

& Assocs., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84761, 2005-Ohio-2442, ¶ 26.

      A fiduciary has been defined as a person having a duty, created by his
      or her undertaking, to act primarily for the benefit of another in matters
      connected with such undertaking. Strock, 38 Ohio St.3d 207, 527
      N.E.2d 1235 (1988). A claim of breach of fiduciary duty is basically a
      claim for negligence that involves a higher standard of care. Id.

All Star Land Title Agency, Inc. v. Surewin Invest., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

87569, 2006-Ohio-5729, ¶ 36.

              On appeal, Torrance argues he “has standing to prosecute his claims

for breach of the management agreements and breach of fiduciary duty.” He

contends that it can reasonably be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the

creation of the property-management agreements that he was an intended third-

party beneficiary, and therefore, acquired rights under the contract as well as the

ability to enforce the contract once those rights vested. Torrance notes that he

personally financed the purchase of each property and that RWT was a “disregarded

entity” under Ohio and federal law.

              Only an intended third-party beneficiary has enforceable rights under

a contract to which he or she is not a party; an incidental third-party beneficiary

does not. TRINOVA Corp. v. Pilkington Bros., P.L.C., 70 Ohio St.3d 271, 277, 638

N.E.2d 572 (1994); see also Grant Thornton v. Windsor House, Inc., 57 Ohio St.3d

158, 161, 566 N.E.2d 1220 (1991) (“Only a party to a contract or an intended third-

party beneficiary of a contract may bring an action on a contract in Ohio.”). In Hill

v. Sonitrol of S.W. Ohio, Inc., 36 Ohio St.3d 36, 40, 521 N.E.2d 780 (1988), the Ohio

Supreme Court adopted Section 302 of the Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts

(1981), regarding intended and incidental third-party beneficiaries. That section

provides:
      (1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee, a
      beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if recognition of a
      right to performance in the beneficiary is appropriate to effectuate the
      intention of the parties and either

      (a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an obligation of the
      promisee to pay money to the beneficiary; or

      (b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the
      beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

      (2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an intended
      beneficiary.

Id. at 39-40.

                Comment e to Section 302 states:

      Performance of a contract will often benefit a third person. But unless
      the third person is an intended beneficiary as here defined, no duty to
      him is created. * * *

Id.

                For a third party to be an intended beneficiary of a contract under

Ohio law, “there must be evidence that the contract was intended to directly benefit

that third party.” Huff v. FirstEnergy Corp., 130 Ohio St.3d 196, 2011-Ohio-5083,

957 N.E.2d 3, ¶ 12; see also Koster v. Mohammed Chowdhury, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 103489, 2016-Ohio-5704, ¶ 8 (“In order for a third person to enforce a promise

made for that person’s benefit, it must appear that the contract was made and

entered into directly or primarily for the benefit of such third person.”).

                Ohio courts apply an “intent to benefit” test in determining whether

a third party is an intended or incidental beneficiary:

      “Under this analysis, if the promisee * * * intends that a third party
      should benefit from the contract, then that third party is an ‘intended
      beneficiary’ who has enforceable rights under the contract. If the
      promisee has no intent to benefit a third party, then any third-party
      beneficiary to the contract is merely an ‘incidental beneficiary,’ who has
      no enforceable rights under the contract.

      * * * [T]he mere conferring of some benefit on the supposed beneficiary
      by the performance of a particular promise in a contract [is]
      insufficient; rather, the performance of that promise must also satisfy
      a duty owed by the promisee to the beneficiary.”

Hill, 36 Ohio St.3d 36, at 40, 521 N.E.2d 780, quoting Norfolk & W. Co. v. United

States, 641 F.2d 1201, 1208 (6th Cir.1980); see also TRINOVA, 70 Ohio St.3d 271,

at 277-278, 638 N.E.2d 572 (Under the intent-to-benefit test, “there must be

evidence, on the part of the promisee, that he intended to directly benefit a third

party, and not simply that some incidental benefit was conferred on an unrelated

party by the promisee’s actions under the contract. There must be evidence that the

promisee assumed a duty to the third party.”).

              “Generally, the parties’ intention to benefit a third party will be found

in the language of the agreement.” Huff at ¶ 12, 22 (“[F]or an injured third party to

qualify as an intended third-party beneficiary under a written contract, the contract

must indicate an intention to benefit that third party.”); see also Meinert Plumbing

v. Warner Indus., 2017-Ohio-8863, 90 N.E.3d 966, ¶ 54 (8th Dist.). Although there

is no requirement that the intended third-party beneficiary be expressly identified

in the contract, the contract must be shown to have been made and entered into with

the intent to benefit that individual. See, e.g., Heintschel v. Montgomery, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-10-1060, 2010-Ohio-6519, ¶ 30; Bungard v. Dept. of Job & Family

Servs., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 07AP-447, 2007-Ohio-6280, ¶ 23.
               After careful review, we find the property-management agreements

in this case do not indicate an intention to benefit Torrance in his personal capacity.

The terms and conditions of each agreement do not contain language establishing a

direct benefit to Torrance on behalf of either RWT or IIPM. In fact, the agreements

do not reference Torrance or his interests in RWT.           Rather, each property-

management agreement unambiguously provides that the mutual promises set forth

in the contracts were made between RWT, the property “owner,” and IIPM, the

property “manager.” Torrance is not a party to the agreements.

               Moreover, even if this court were to consider circumstances beyond

the four corners of the contracts, we find nothing in the pleadings to suggest that

either RWT or IIPM intended to give Torrance the benefit of the promised

performance. See Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts, Section 302(1)(b) (1981).

Contrary to his position on appeal, Torrance does not have standing to sue on RWT’s

behalf simply because he was financially affected by income and expenses of RWT.

In advancing his arguments, Torrance has failed to account for the fact that he

elected to conduct his business through a limited liability company. A limited

liability company, such as RWT, exists as an entity separate from its members and

is capable of suing and of being sued. Trickett v. Masi, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2018-

P-0006, 2018-Ohio-4270, ¶ 19, citing Disciplinary Counsel v. Kafele, 108 Ohio

St.3d 283, 2006-Ohio-904, 843 N.E.2d 169, ¶ 18; Cleveland Bar Assn. v. Pearlman,

106 Ohio St.3d 136, 2005-Ohio-4107, 832 N.E.2d 1193, ¶ 36 (O’Donnell, J.,

dissenting); Ogle v. Hocking Cty., 4th Dist. Hocking No. 14CA3, 2014-Ohio-5422, ¶
25. “Thus, members of a limited liability company, even if they are the sole members

of the company, do not have standing to sue on its behalf.” Id., citing Ogle. See also

Estep v. Xanterra Kingsmill, L.L.C., E.D. Va. No. 4:16-cv-89, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

43706, 3-4 (Mar. 20, 2017), citing Matthews v. HSBC Bank USA, E.D. Va. No.

1:14cv810, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 189931 (July 25, 2014) (“Even if [the sole and

managing member of an L.L.C.] has suffered personal damage as a consequence of

any damage to [the L.L.C.], he has no standing to state a claim for those damages”

in his individual capacity) (citations omitted); Orgain v. Salisbury, 521 F.Supp.2d

465, 476, fn. 33 (D.Md. 2007) (“Shareholders (or in the case of an L.L.C., its

members) do not have standing to sue on the corporation’s behalf.”) (citations

omitted). Moreover, “the requirement that a [limited liability company] be treated

as a separate legal entity applies regardless of the income tax treatment elected by

the L.L.C.’s member(s).” Estep at 4. Thus, the designation of RWT as a disregarded

entity does not provide Torrance standing in this matter.

              Because limited liability companies are treated as separate entities,

there is no basis to conclude that Torrance, in his personal capacity, was an intended

third party beneficiary. Any damages sustained as a result of the appellees’ alleged

breach of the subject agreements were exclusively owed to RWT — the designated

“owner” of each property. To the extent Torrance was indirectly harmed by the

breach, the harms caused to Torrance and RWT would be identical or duplicative,

“and any claim must be filed by the [company] itself.” Eppich v. Nureddin, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95788, 2011-Ohio-2407, ¶ 16. Here, RWT ultimately dismissed all
claims against the defendants with prejudice. Under these circumstances, we find

Torrance was merely an incidental beneficiary, who has no enforceable rights under

the contract.

                Similarly, we find Torrance lacked standing to pursue a breach of

fiduciary duty claim against the appellees. As set forth above, Torrance did not share

a commercial or contractual relationship with the appellees in his personal capacity.

Because the pleadings do not set forth the existence of a duty arising from a fiduciary

relationship, Torrance cannot show he suffered an injury that is fairly traceable to

the appellees’ alleged conduct.

                Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in dismissing Counts 5

and 6 based on Torrance’s lack of standing to pursue the claims against the

appellees.

                              2. Equitable Estoppel

                In an effort to avoid the implications of standing, Torrance briefly

argues that the appellees “should be estopped from asserting their standing

defense.” As stated by this court:

      “The purpose of equitable estoppel is to prevent actual or constructive
      fraud and to promote the ends of justice.” Ohio State Bd. of Pharmacy
      v. Frantz, 51 Ohio St.3d 143, 145, 555 N.E.2d 630 (1990), citing Heckler
      v. Community Health Servs., 467 U.S. 51, 104 S.Ct. 2218, 81 L.Ed.2d
      42 (1984); Lex Mayers Chevrolet Co. v. Buckeye Fin. Co., 107 Ohio
      App. 235, 153 N.E.2d 454 (10th Dist.1958), aff’d, 169 Ohio St. 181, 158
      N.E.2d 360 (1959). The party claiming estoppel “‘must demonstrate:
      (1) that the defendant made a factual misrepresentation; (2) that is
      misleading; (3) that induces actual reliance which is reasonable and in
      good faith; and (4) which causes detriment to the relying party.’” Clark
      v. Univ. Hosps. of Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 78854, 2001 Ohio
      App. LEXIS 3832, 14-15 (Aug. 30, 2001), quoting Livingston v. Diocese
      of Cleveland, 126 Ohio App.3d 299, 710 N.E.2d 330 (8th Dist.1998).

N. Frozen Foods, Inc. v. Farro, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 108269 and 108466, 2019-

Ohio-5344, ¶ 25. Relevant to this appeal, the doctrine of equitable estoppel may be

“used to bar a party from raising a defense or objection it otherwise would have[.]”

Holt Co. v. Ohio Mach. Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06-AP-911, 2007-Ohio-5557, ¶

28. The doctrine is a shield, not a sword. Id.

               On appeal, Torrance contends that the doctrine of equitable estoppel

should prohibit the appellees from “differentiating between [himself] and RWT”

because “RWT was only created solely at the behest of [defendants] Davor Rom and

Halsall.” Torrance asserts that “had he not been induced * * * to invest in Cleveland

area properties, [he] never would have consented to the creation of RWT or

otherwise been involved in the formation of the limited liability company in Ohio.”

               We find no merit to Torrance’s position. Without addressing whether

Torrance was required to assert a claim for estoppel in the pleadings,1 we find no

factual allegation in the second amended complaint to suggest the appellees made a

factual misrepresentation that induced Torrance to create RWT. Thus, as it pertains

to the creation of RWT, Torrance has failed to provide any basis to conclude that the

appellees induced him to change his position in good faith. The doctrine of equitable

estoppel is inapplicable against the appellees in this instance.


      1 See Globe Indemn. Co. v. Wassman, 120 Ohio St. 72, 87, 165 N.E. 579 (1929)
      (“This court has established the principle that, in order to avail himself of proof of
      a waiver, or estoppel, a plaintiff, having opportunity to do so, must allege in his
      pleadings facts invoking that equitable relief.”).
                   3. Ohio Deceptive Trade Practices Act

              Count 7 of the complaint set forth a cause of action for violations of

the ODTPA. Specifically, the complaint alleged as follows:

      Varenkova [and] * * * IIP Management * * * violated the Ohio
      Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“ODTPA”), R.C. 4165.01, et seq., by,
      inter alia, (a) causing likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as
      to the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or
      services, (b) causing likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as to
      affiliation, connection or association with or certification by, another,
      (c) representing that good or services have sponsorship, approval,
      characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they do
      not have, or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status,
      affiliation, or connection that the person does not have, (d) advertising
      goods or services with intent not to sell them as advertised, and/or (e)
      making false statements of fact concerning the reasons for, existence
      of, or amounts of price reductions.

              Ohio courts construe the ODTPA, R.C. 4165.01 to 4165.04,

consistent with authority under comparable federal statutes. Cesare v. Work, 36

Ohio App.3d 26, 28, 520 N.E.2d 586 (9th Dist.1987). R.C. 4165.02 governs

deceptive trade practices and lists numerous ways one can engage in such a

practice. The statute provides, in relevant part:

      A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the course of
      the person’s business, vocation, or occupation, the person does any of
      the following:

      ***

      (2) Causes likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as to the
      source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services;

      (3) Causes likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as to
      affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another;

      ***
      (7) Represents that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,
      characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they do
      not have or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status,
      affiliation, or connection that the person does not have;

      ***

      (11) Advertises goods or services with intent not to sell them as
      advertised;

      (12) Makes false statements of fact concerning the reasons for,
      existence of, or amounts of price reductions[.]

               The ODTPA gives standing to bring a civil action to a “person who is

likely to be damaged by a person who commits a deceptive trade practice” or a

“person who is injured by a person who commits a deceptive trade practice.” R.C.

4165.03(A)(1)-(2). A plaintiff seeking injunctive relief under R.C. 4165.02(A)(1)

need only demonstrate that he or she is likely to be damaged by the person who

commits the allegedly deceptive trade practice. However, a plaintiff seeking

damages under R.C. 4165.03(A)(2) may only “recover actual damages.” In this

case, Torrance sought only monetary damages for his ODTPA claim and not

injunctive relief. Accordingly, R.C. 4165.03(A)(2) governs our review.

               Applying R.C. 4165.02 and 4165.03, the elements necessary for an

ODTPA claim have been described as (1) a false statement or statement that is

misleading, (2) which statement actually deceived or has the tendency to deceive a

substantial segment of the target audience, (3) the deception is material in that it

is likely to influence a purchasing decision, and (4) the plaintiff has been or is likely

to be injured as a result. See Strama v. Allstate Ins., 7th Dist. Belmont No. 14 BE
8, 2015-Ohio-2590, ¶ 47, citing Craven v. Aultman College of Nursing & Health

Sciences, 4th Dist. Stark No. 2011-CA-00022, 2011-Ohio-4974, ¶ 42.

              The ODTPA defines a “person” as “an individual, corporation,

government, governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust,

partnership, unincorporated association, limited liability company, two or more of

any of the foregoing having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or

commercial entity.” R.C. 4165.01(D).

              Relevant to this case, the definition of “person” in the ODTPA

qualifies the list of individuals and entities permitted to sue with the phrase “or

any other legal or commercial entity.” This phrase implies that an individual may

bring suit under the ODTPA in his or her “capacity as a participant in commercial

activity,” but may not bring suit as a noncommercial consumer. Gascho v. Global

Fitness Holdings, L.L.C., 863 F.Supp.2d 677, 698 (S.D.Ohio 2012). Thus, this

court has recognized that individual consumers are barred from bringing actions

under R.C. Chapter 4165. Michelson v. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, 2018-

Ohio-1303, 99 N.E.3d 475, 479 (8th Dist.2018); Dawson v. Blockbuster, Inc., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86451, 2006-Ohio-1240, ¶ 23-25.

              On appeal, Torrance argues that he, as a “person,” has standing to

pursue an ODTPA claim against the appellees for deceptive trade practices because

IIPM and Varenkova are each “persons” who are “engaged in a business, vocation,

or occupation.” In contrast, the appellees argue that Torrance lacked standing to

pursue a claim under the ODTPA because “Torrance never had a relationship
(commercial, contractual, business, or otherwise) with IIPM or its alleged

employee, Varenkova.”      The appellees contend that “whatever IIPM and

Varenkova allegedly did to violate the ODTPA, they did to RWT — not Torrance.”

              To the extent Torrance’s ODTPA claim relies on the circumstances

that influenced RWT’s decision to execute the property-management agreements,

we agree that Torrance does not have standing to pursue a claim on these grounds.

Torrance was not a party to the property-management agreements, and therefore,

has no personal stake in any legal claims that might arise from the agreements.

Any injury and resulting damages would have been suffered by RWT, the designated

owner of each property.

              However, this does not end our inquiry.        While the pleadings

demonstrate that Torrance was not a party to the property-management

agreements entered into between the appellees and RWT, a “formal relationship”

is not a prerequisite to recovery under R.C. 4165.02 and 4165.03. Akron-Canton

Waste Oil v. Safety-Kleen Oil Servs., 81 Ohio App.3d 591, 599, 611 N.E.2d 955 (9th

Dist.1992). To warrant “actual damages,” the plaintiff-person need only establish

an injury that was proximately caused by a person who commits a deceptive trade

practice that is listed under R.C. 4165.02. Id. There is no language in the statute

to suggest a contractual relationship is necessary. Id. (“Since this enactment is

unequivocal in this respect, it may not be construed in any manner other than what

its plain terms indicate.”). Thus, while Torrance lacks standing to pursue a ODPTA

claim that is predicated on the execution of property-management agreements, he
is not entirely prevented from pursuing a claim against the appellees on other

grounds merely because they did not share a contractual relationship.

              In this case, the pleadings reflect that prior to the creation of RWT,

Torrance personally executed the purchase and sale agreements for the investment

properties. He invested money from his personal accounts with the commercial

intent of producing revenue. The appellees correctly note that this court has held

“that individual consumers are barred from bringing actions * * * under Ohio’s

Deceptive Trade Practices Act, R.C. 4165, et seq.” Michelson, 2018-Ohio-1303, 99

N.E.3d 475, at ¶ 16; Dawson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86451, 2006-Ohio-1240, at

¶ 24-25.   In this case, however, Torrance’s initial investment was a purely

commercial endeavor, and not a consumer transaction. Rui He v. Rom, N.D. Ohio

No. 15-cv-1869, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 137183, 10-11 (Oct. 3, 2016) (finding a real

estate investor had standing to pursue an ODTPA claim under analogous

circumstances). Thus, we find Torrance was a “person” as contemplated under R.C.

Chapter 4165 et seq.

              Given the commercial nature of his endeavor, Torrance has standing

to pursue a claim under the ODTPA based on allegations that the appellees’

deceptive trade practices influenced his initial decision to personally invest in the

Greenhurst, Corkhill, and Beachview properties. Such a claim involves actual

damages sustained by Torrance individually, is independent of the property-

management agreements, and relates to representations made to Torrance prior to

the creation of RWT.
              Regarding the factual allegations supporting his ODTPA claim

against the appellees, we note that “under the notice pleading requirements of

Civ.R. 8(A)(1), the plaintiff is only required to plead sufficient, operative facts to

support recovery under her claims.” Moncrief v. Bohn, 2014-Ohio-837, 9 N.E.3d

508, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.). A well-pled complaint must include factual allegations going

to each element of the claim, and conclusory statements without any factual

allegations in support are insufficient. Hendrickson v. Haven Place, Inc., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 100816, 2014-Ohio-3726, ¶ 27.

              In this case, the second amended complaint alleges that, in addition

to the numerous real estate companies displaying “the ‘IIP’ moniker,” codefendant

“Davor Rom and others” organized IIPM in June 2013. The complaint further

alleges that Davor’s wife, appellee Varenkova, serves as the director of operations

for IIPM. Regarding Torrance’s ODTPA claim, the complaint alleges that his

decision to invest in Cleveland-area properties was predicated on misleading

statements, including certain representations made on a marketing website that

was “employed by Assets Unlimited, IIP Ohio, and other limited-liability

companies that Davor Rom owned, directly or indirectly.” Regarding this website,

the second amended complaint alleges as follows:

      40.      The       marketing      posted      on      the     website
      www.investorincomeproperties.com prominently featured an
      organizational diagram which displayed IIP on the top line, ICR and
      several other companies on the second line, and IIP Management * * *
      on the third line. The marketing described * * * IIP Marketing as ‘in –
      house, full property management[.]
41. The marketing promoted the “develop[ment of] the assets and
expertise needed to bring short-term returns of 10 to 20 percent annual
cash-on-cash return.” “Our team,” it declared, “handles the entire
purchase and management process, providing an essentially
automated stream of income and increased ROI levels delivered hands-
free and turnkey to IIP clients.”

42. The marketing contained a “Mission Statement,” which read:

Creation of value-added and turnkey assets in opportunistic markets at
a fraction of their peak-values. Delivering a comprehensive process for
the acquisition, stabilization, management and performance of
investment properties with 10-20% ROI, while delivering a true hands-
off experience for the global investor community.

43. The marketing highlighted (a) “Short-term 10-20% ROI in the form
of monthly Cash-flow from rental properties,” (b) “Investment
opportunities for both beginning real-estate investors and established
investors,” and (c) “Complete processing and management of turnkey
properties for clients located globally” as “a few of the benefits IIP
brings to the world of real estate investment.”

44. Declaring that “[o]ur global clientele enjoy the opportunity of
investing in US real estate without any of the hassle,” the marketing
identified “[t]he priority of Investor Income Properties [a]s [the]
development of turnkey US properties that offer a high reward
investment with little to no drawback.” “We manage everything from
acquisition of real estate to management of the property for short-term
profitability,” it declared further, while adding that “[w]e focus on
acquisition, value-added renovations, development in and around
urban areas in Ohio. Properties provide 10 to 20 percent short-term
ROI with significant long-term appreciation opportunity.”

45. Under the heading “IIP Property Management,” the marketing
declared that the “IIP team manages every aspect of real estate
investment for each of our global clients,” and assured prospective
clients that “[n]o matter where you live, work, and play, our team of
professionals makes it possible for you to invest in high-return US real
estate. We focus on not only the acquisition of properties, but also on
value-added renovations, portfolio development and growth of assets
with excellent ROI.” Continuing, the marketing promoted “our
management division,” that “utilizes industry management software,
which allows our clients a log-in portal where they can view all matters
relating to their investment real estate at their convenience and at any
      times,” and emphasized that “[a]s our clients are global, IIP
      Management leaves no stone unturned when it comes to management
      of your investment property.”

(Second Amended Complaint at ¶ 40-45.)

              As set forth in the foregoing allegations of fact, Torrance’s second

amended complaint asserts that IIPM held itself out to be part of the “IIP team,”

that would provide international investors with a hands-off experience that would

lead to high returns on investment.      In facilitating these high returns, IIPM

represented that it efficiently and professionally manages each aspect of the real

estate investment to ensure “an essentially automated stream of income.”

Additional representations about the quality and professionalism of the IIP team’s

“own management company” were made to Torrance prior to the purchase of the

investment properties. (Id. at ¶ 48-50, 56, 63.)

              Relying on the foregoing assurances and representations, “Torrance

invested a total of $166,800 by (a) withdrawing $48,630 from his savings, and (b)

borrowing (i) $105,170 from Peak Equity Group, L.L.C., and (ii) $13,000 from ICR.”

Thus, the complaint suggests that Torrance’s investment prior to the creation of

RWT was inextricably linked to the appellees’ representations of its management

services. Despite the representations of IIPM’s services, however, the second

amended complaint alleges that:

      92. IIP Management lacked trained, certified maintenance workers. It
      lacked systems, policies and/or procedures. It lacked credit with which
      to purchase materials. Instead, IIP Management (a) employed workers
      who had their own, separate businesses, which they ran while being
      paid to perform IIP Management work, and (b) allowed contractors to
      define their own scopes of work. As a result, Torrance and many other
      investors and tenants were disgruntled with IIP Management.

      93. IIP Management provided unaudited and inaccurate account
      statements to Torrance, thereby requiring him to expend significant
      amounts of time to determine the status of the properties.

      94. IIP Management regularly and continuously either evaded or
      refused to answer questions asked by Torrance regarding the
      properties and the tenants.

      95. IIP Management routinely offered false and/or unsupported
      excuses for its property management deficiencies.

(Id. at ¶ 92-95.)

               The second amended complaint further asserts that Varenkova

“participated in, directed, encouraged and/or acquiesced in the malmanagement,

mismanagement and/or non-management of IIPM.” (Id. at ¶ 107.) And, due to the

IIP teams’ failure to comport with their representations and assurances, Torrance

alleged that he “received substantially less return on [his] investment than had been

promised, assured, or otherwise represented to [him].” (Id. at ¶ 108.)

               Construing the second amended complaint and all reasonable

inferences in Torrance’s favor, we find Torrance has presented sufficient factual

allegations to suggest he was induced to invest in Ohio real estate based on the

appellees’ misrepresentations that, if accepted as true, would violate the ODTPA.

The second amended complaint also contains sufficient factual allegations of

damages, as Torrance states that the false or misleading representations about the

“IIP teams” property management services influenced his decision to invest

personal monies in Cleveland-area real estate prior to the creation of RWT. See
Rom, N.D. Ohio No. 15-cv-1869, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 137183, at 6-9 (Oct. 3, 2016)

(finding remaining issues of material fact as to whether the double digit returns

representations were material representations, and whether IIPM’s management

services were material to Torrance’s decision to invest).

              Accordingly, we find the trial court erred by dismissing Count 7

against the appellees.

                               4. Civil Conspiracy

              Finally, Count 8 of the complaint alleged, in relevant part:

      Defendants conspired, inter alia, (a) to fraudulently induce Torrance to
      purchase the three properties, (b) to violate the ODPTA; (c) to
      fraudulently induce them to enter into the property-management
      agreements with IIP Management, and (d) to breach the obligations of
      IIP Management under those agreements and Ohio law.

              The tort of civil conspiracy has been defined as a “malicious

combination of two or more persons to injure another, in person or property, in a

way not competent for one alone.” Minarik v. Nagy, 8 Ohio App.2d 194, 196, 193

N.E.2d 280 (8th Dist.1963). The malice portion of the tort is “that state of mind

under which a person does a wrongful act purposely, without a reasonable or lawful

excuse, to the injury of another.” Gosden v. Louis, 116 Ohio App.3d 195, 219, 687

N.E.2d 481 (9th Dist.1996).

              Pursuant to Ohio law, a civil conspiracy claim standing alone cannot

be the subject of a civil action. Nosker v. Greene Cty. Regional Airport Auth., 2d

Dist. Greene No. 96 CA 101, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 2183 (May 23, 1997), unreported,

citations omitted. “The general rule is that a conspiracy cannot be made the subject
of a civil action unless something is done which, without the conspiracy, would give

a right of action.” Minarik at 195. Instead, it must be coupled with another

independent cause of action. Palmer v. Westmeyer, 48 Ohio App.3d 296, 301, 549

N.E.2d 1202 (6th Dist.1988).

              Thus, the elements that comprise a claim of civil conspiracy are (1) a

malicious combination, (2) two or more persons, (3) injury to person or property,

and (4) existence of an unlawful act independent from the actual conspiracy.

Laughner v. Laughner, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 56491, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 151

(Jan. 25, 1990).

              On appeal, Torrance argues that “the second amended complaint

contains factual allegations from which it can be reasonably inferred that IIPM and

Varenkova participated in [a] civil conspiracy” to “violate the ODTPA.” In contrast,

the appellees reiterate their position that Torrance lacks standing to pursue a

conspiracy claim because he “lacked the requisite commercial relationship with

IIPM and Ms. Varenkova.” The appellees further contend that Torrance failed to

allege any facts that Varenkova maliciously participated in a civil conspiracy.

              For the reasons previously discussed, we agree with the trial court’s

conclusion that Torrance has no standing to pursue a civil conspiracy claim against

the appellees’ based on the allegations set forth in Counts 1 through 6 of the second

amended complaint. With that said, however, we find Torrance has set forth

sufficient factual allegations to withstand dismissal on his claim that the appellees

conspired with the remaining codefendants to “violate the ODTPA.”
               As previously discussed, Torrance’s claims for fraudulent inducement

of the purchase and sale agreements, negligent misrepresentation of the purchase

and sale agreements, violations of the ODTPA, and civil conspiracy are pending

against the remaining codefendants. In part, the ODTPA and civil conspiracy claims

rely on allegedly false representations made to Torrance prior to the creation of

RWT. These purportedly false promises and assurances related to the quality of the

investment properties, the professionalism of the management services, and the

scope net returns of investment. While the trial court dismissed the ODTPA and

civil conspiracy claims against the appellees on the basis of standing, it is evident

that Torrance’s claims against the appellees rely on similar allegations of fact.

Specifically, the complaint asserts that IIPM made representations on the same

marketing website that its property management experience and expertise were

inextricably linked to the double-digit return on investment opportunities offered

by the IIP “team.” (Id. at ¶ 45.)

               Given the collaborative nature of the personal and business

relationships involved in this case, we find the complaint sets forth sufficient

allegations that, if accepted as true, the appellees maliciously participated in a

conspiracy with the remaining codefendants to injure international investors by

making representations that violated the ODTPA.           Here, the ODTPA claim

underlying the allegation of civil conspiracy alleges, in part, that the management

services provided by IIPM were not as represented. Torrance further alleges that

Varenkova, together with defendants Halsall, Davor, and Daniel, participated,
directed, or encouraged the mismanagement or nonmanagement of IIPM. The

complaint supports these allegations with specific instances of substandard

property management services that allow for the reasonable inference that the

appellees and their codefendants violated the ODTPA with a shared purpose, which

influenced Torrance’s decision to invest with the IIP team, and resulted in

identifiable damages to Torrance prior to the creation of RWT.

               Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in dismissing the civil

conspiracy allegations levied against the appellees as it pertains to their role in the

alleged ODTPA violations.

               Based on the foregoing, Torrance’s sole assignment of error is

sustained in part, and overruled in part. The trial court’s dismissal of the breach of

contract and breach of fiduciary duty claims against the appellees is affirmed.

However, the trial court’s dismissal of the ODTPA and civil conspiracy claims is

reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.

               Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

      It is ordered that appellees and appellant share costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry

this judgment into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



EILEEN T. GALLAGER, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR
