                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 06-3418
                                     ___________

United States of America,                 *
                                          *
             Appellee,                    *
                                          * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                  * District Court for the Northern
                                          * District of Iowa.
Josiah Williams, also known as            *
Little Man,                               *
                                          *
             Appellant.                   *
                                     ___________

                               Submitted: February 12, 2007
                                   Filed: May 17, 2007
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      Josiah Malachi Israel Williams stands convicted of one count of distributing,
and aiding and abetting the distribution of, crack cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school.
See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(iii), 860, and 18 U.S.C. § 2. On appeal, he
argues the district court1 erred by: not entering a guilty plea; not reducing his sentence
for acceptance of responsibility; increasing his sentence for obstruction of justice;



      1
       The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.
finding the substance was crack (as opposed to “cocaine base”); and, not running his
sentence concurrent to a state sentence. This court affirms.

                                         I.

       In fall 2003, Iowa special agent Darrell Simmons bought a gram of crack and
some marijuana from Barb Shaurette. Simmons said he was “looking to move a lot
of crack cocaine, make some money.” Shaurette arranged for him to buy one ounce
of crack and one ounce of marijuana from her supplier for $1,400.

      On October 3, they met again. Shaurette called to find out where to pick up the
drugs, and took Simmons to an apartment within 1,000 feet of a grade school.
Maurice Malone answered the door, Shaurette asked for “Little Man,” and defendant
Josiah Williams appeared. Lamarr Parks also was present. Entering the apartment,
Williams and Parks took Simmons to a bedroom, where Parks strip-searched him
while Williams looked on. As Simmons re-dressed, Williams asked what he planned
to do with the drugs. When Simmons replied “sell it,” Williams said, “cool.”

        Simmons returned to the living room, sitting on the couch. In the kitchen,
Williams and Parks assembled a bag of crack and a bag of marijuana. Williams
emerged from the kitchen, placed the bags on the arm of the couch, and asked
Simmons for $1,500. Simmons replied the deal was for $1,400. Williams countered,
“No, $1,500.” Simmons said he only had $1,400. Williams said “That’s okay,”
without asking Parks or Malone. Simmons handed Williams $1,400 and put the drugs
in his pocket. Simmons asked Williams for his phone number, and Williams said to
get it from Shaurette. Simmons called later that day to complain that the crack was
short eight grams; Williams promised to make it up next time.




                                         -2-
      On October 10, Williams agreed to sell Simmons two ounces of crack for
$2,400. He took the money and promised to return with the crack, but never did.
Williams pled guilty to theft in state court.

       Williams was indicted for distributing, and aiding and abetting the distribution
of, crack cocaine. He appeared before the court2 without a plea agreement, attempting
to plead guilty. The case went to trial, and Williams was convicted of distributing,
and aiding and abetting.

                                           II.

        Williams argues “the district court abused its discretion in refusing to accept
Mr. Williams’ plea of guilty to the aiding and abetting,” claiming “a factual basis for
the plea was established.” See FED. R. CRIM. P. 11(b)(3). Williams did not object
at the plea hearing, and proceeded to trial – he notes the issue “may not have been
preserved.” This court reviews for plain error. See United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S.
55, 58-59 (2002) (“a defendant who lets Rule 11 error pass without objection in the
trial court must carry the burdens of Rule 52(b) . . . a silent defendant has the burden
to satisfy the plain-error rule . . ..”). See also FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(b) (“A plain error
that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the
court’s attention.”).

      The plea hearing proceeded:

      THE COURT: Let’s turn our attention, then, to whether you are guilty.
      Tell me in your own words what you did on October 3rd, 2003, that
      makes you guilty of this offense.



      2
        The Honorable John A. Jarvey, then Chief Magistrate Judge, now United
States District Judge for the Northern District of Iowa.

                                          -3-
      THE DEFENDANT: I received a phone call from Barb Sherrette
      (phonetic) asking about some marijuana, and I agreed to meet and send
      it to him, and I was there when the crack cocaine was sold also.

      THE COURT: And did you participate in that sale?

      THE DEFENDANT: Yeah, part of. Aiding and abet, yes.

      THE COURT: Okay, and in what way did you assist; did you get the
      people to come to that transaction?

      THE DEFENDANT: Yeah.

The court inquired if the government was “satisfied with that as a factual basis for the
plea.” The government requested that Williams testify “a little bit more in detail.”

      THE COURT: In that factual basis for the plea, Mr. Williams, it says
      that once you were – you and the police officer were at the apartment
      where the crack was sold, it says that you placed an ounce of crack on
      the arm of the couch near Officer Simmons, Darryl Simmons, and asked
      for $1,500. Then Officer Simmons stated the deal was supposed to be
      for $1,400, and you accepted that money; is that true as well?

      THE DEFENDANT: No.

      THE COURT: And what about that is not right?

      THE DEFENDANT: I didn’t place the stuff on – I didn’t place it on the
      couch, and I didn’t receive the money. I only received $200 out of the
      $1,400.

      THE COURT: And what did you get the $200 for?

      THE DEFENDANT: An ounce of reefer.




                                          -4-
The district court observed, “I don’t think that supports a factual basis for the plea,”
and (at the defense’s request) recessed for Williams to consult with counsel.
Afterwards, his counsel agreed with the court that “we aren’t going to be able [to]
achieve a factual basis.”

       At trial, the four elements for aiding and abetting were listed in the jury
instructions:

            In order to have aided and abetted the commission of distributing
      “crack cocaine,” a person must:

      One, have known the crime of distribution of “crack cocaine” was
           being committed or going to be committed;

      Two, have knowingly acted in some way for the purpose of causing,
           encouraging or aiding the crime of distribution of “crack cocaine”;

      Three, have intended that the crime of distribution of “crack cocaine” be
             committed; and

      Four, the offense involved 5 grams or more but less than 50 grams of
            “crack cocaine.”

       A “factual basis for a plea of guilty is established when the court determines
there is sufficient evidence at the time of the plea upon which the court may
reasonably determine that the defendant likely committed the offense.” United States
v. Brown, 331 F.3d 591, 594 (8th Cir. 2003). Williams responded “yeah” to the
questions “did you participate in that sale” and “did you get the people to come to that
transaction,” but specifically limited his admissions to marijuana. As to the crack, he
asserted mere presence – “I was there when the crack cocaine was sold also” – which
is insufficient to show he likely committed the offense. See, e.g., United States v.
Shoffner, 71 F.3d 1429, 1433-34 (8th Cir. 1995) (“However, a defendant’s mere
presence, coupled with the knowledge that someone else who is present intends to sell

                                          -5-
drugs, is insufficient to establish membership in a conspiracy.”). Williams did not
admit bringing Simmons and Shaurette to the apartment to buy crack. At the time of
the plea, he did not admit to: assisting Parks in the strip-search of Simmons; handling
the money Simmons paid for the crack; placing either the crack or the marijuana on
the couch; or, handling the crack at all.

       A valid guilty plea “admits all of the elements of a criminal charge . . . [and]
admits factual allegations in the indictment that form the basis for federal
jurisdiction.” Mack v. United States, 853 F.2d 585, 586 (8th Cir. 1988). Williams
admitted none of the elements of aiding and abetting the distribution of (much less
distributing) crack cocaine. The district court did not commit plain error by refusing
to enter a plea of guilty.

                                          III.

      At sentencing, the district court denied the motion for an acceptance-of-
responsibility reduction, and imposed an obstruction-of-justice increase for perjury.
Williams objected. This court reviews de novo the district court’s application of the
sentencing guidelines, and its factual findings for clear error. United States v.
Mathijssen, 406 F.3d 496, 498 (8th Cir. 2005).

       A sentencing enhancement for obstruction of justice is appropriate when the
“defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the
administration of justice with respect to the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing
of the instant conviction . . ..” USSG § 3C1.1. “In order to base an obstruction of
justice enhancement on a defendant’s trial testimony, the district court must find by
a preponderance of the evidence that he perjured himself.” United States v. Lewis,
436 F.3d 939, 945 (8th Cir. 2006). “A district court applying the obstruction-of-
justice enhancement for perjury must review the evidence and make an independent
finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant gave false testimony

                                         -6-
concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather
than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.” United States v. Ziesman,
409 F.3d 941, 956 (8th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted).

      Williams argues that his trial testimony, like his statements at the plea hearing,
“was sufficient to convict him of the charged alternative of aiding and abetting.” He
contends the disputed facts (“whether Mr. Williams directly provided the ‘crack
cocaine’ to S/A Simmons and whether S/A Simmons handed the money directly to
Mr. Williams”) are immaterial. He concludes that, even if he is untruthful on these
points, his testimony is not perjurious.

         In its sentencing memorandum, the district court convincingly refutes this
claim:

                 During trial, Special Agent Simmons testified that Defendant
         placed one bag of crack cocaine and one bag of marijuana on the arm of
         the sofa where Special Agent Simmons was seated. When Defendant
         told Special Agent Simmons that the drugs cost $1,500, Special Agent
         Simmons told Defendant that he only had $1,400. Special Agent
         Simmons testified that Defendant stated that $1,400 was acceptable, so
         Special Agent Simmons handed Defendant $1,400. Special Agent
         Simmons’s testimony was corroborated by Maurice Malone. Malone
         testified that the sale of crack cocaine and marijuana was put together by
         Defendant and Lamarr Parks and that Defendant physically exchanged
         the marijuana and crack cocaine for cash from Agent Simmons.

                 In contrast, Defendant testified that he did not bring a bag of crack
         cocaine to the living room or put it on the sofa near Special Agent
         Simmons. During trial, Defendant only admitted to arranging a sale of
         marijuana, bringing a bag of marijuana into the room and placing the
         marijuana near Special Agent Simmons. He denied any involvement
         with the crack cocaine and asserted that Parks was the person who
         initiated the crack cocaine transaction, brought the crack cocaine into the
         room and placed it on the sofa arm that was close to Special Agent
         Simmons.

                                             -7-
Finding “the testimony of Special Agent Simmons and Malone credible and
Defendant’s testimony not credible,” the district court imposed a two-level increase
for obstruction of justice.

       “A sentencing enhancement for obstruction of justice may be based on the
experienced trial judge’s finding that the defendant lied to the jury.” United States
v. Denton, 434 F.3d 1104, 1114 (8th Cir. 2006). This is such a case. The district
court did not clearly err in finding “by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant
perjured himself during trial by denying, under oath, any involvement in the
distribution of crack cocaine.”

       Williams rests his entire acceptance-of-responsibility argument on his supposed
“willingness to plead to the aiding and abetting alternative.” In United States v.
Guerrero-Cortez, 110 F.3d 647, 654-56 (8th Cir. 1997), defendant Soler twice offered
to plead guilty to responsibility for two kilograms of cocaine, but the government
rejected his offer because he would not take responsibility for five kilograms. At
sentencing, the district court found him responsible for two kilograms, but denied his
acceptance-of-responsibility motion because “the timing of the acceptance was at the
time of sentencing and not at the time of trial.” Id. at 654. Because Soler
“consistently and repeatedly admitted that he was involved with two kilograms of
cocaine” and “was at all times ready to plead guilty to two kilograms,” this court held
“it was clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that Soler’s acceptance of
responsibility came at sentencing, and not at the time of trial.” Id. at 655-56.

       Unlike defendant Soler in Guerrero-Cortez, nothing Williams said, at the plea
hearing or at trial, supports all the elements for aiding and abetting. In his closing
argument, Williams concluded, “Before you return a verdict in this case, you have to
know beyond any reasonable doubt that Josiah Williams on October 3, 2003,
distributed crack cocaine or aided and abetted such distribution. I suggest to you that
the evidence in this case demands one verdict, and that that verdict be not guilty.” He

                                         -8-
“put[] the government to its burden of proof at trial by denying the essential factual
elements of guilt, [was] convicted, and only [now] admits guilt and expresses
remorse.” USSG § 3E1.1 comment. n.2. The district court correctly denied his
acceptance-of-responsibility motion.

                                           IV.

       Williams next asserts that “the United States did not introduce sufficient
evidence that the substance involved was ‘crack cocaine’ as opposed to‘cocaine
base,’” resulting in an enhanced sentence under the Guidelines. At sentencing, a
district court determines the drug type by a preponderance of the evidence. United
States v. Thompson, 335 F.3d 782, 784 (8th Cir. 2003). This court reviews for clear
error. Id.

       This court uses the terms ‘cocaine base’ and ‘crack’ synonymously. See, e.g.,
United States v. Vesey, 330 F.3d 1070, 1073 (8th Cir. 2003) (“Although ‘crack’
technically is one form of ‘freebase cocaine,’ it is the predominant form and that
which the statute [21 U.S.C. § 841] intended to proscribe. The statute and our case
law use the more generic term ‘cocaine base’ synonymously with the term ‘crack.’”)
(citations omitted); United States v. Crawford, 83 F.3d 964, 966 (8th Cir. 1996)
(“Congress intended the term cocaine base to refer to ‘crack,’ the smokable form of
cocaine made by dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water and baking soda and
reducing it to a solid substance.”). Through the 100:1 crack-cocaine ratio, “it is clear
from the legislative history that Congress intended to deter the rising use of crack
cocaine.” United States v. Robinson, 462 F.3d 824, 825 (8th Cir. 2006). But crack
is not the only type of cocaine base, and“forms of cocaine base other than crack
cocaine have been imported into this country.” Id. And “a number of circuits have
held that the harsher statutory minimum sentences for cocaine base offenses are
limited to those convicted of distributing crack, perhaps including other smokeable
forms of cocaine.” Id.

                                          -9-
       In the Robinson case, the drug certainly was crack. Robinson was indicted for
distributing “cocaine base (‘crack’).” Id. at 826. At his plea hearing, Robinson called
the substance “crack.” Id. “Thus, even if the harsher minimum sentence mandated
by 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) for ‘cocaine base’ offenses is limited to a conviction for
distributing the crack form of cocaine base (an issue we need not decide), there was
no plain error in sentencing Robinson to that minimum sentence.” Id.

       This case is similar. Williams referred to the drug as “crack cocaine”
throughout the trial. The lab report described it as “off-white chunks” of “cocaine
base.” The Sentencing Guidelines explain that crack is “the street name for a form of
cocaine base . . . usually appearing in a lumpy, rocklike form.” USSG § 2D1.1(c)
n.D. Agent Simmons, trained in drug identification, called it crack. The indictment
under which Williams was convicted charged him with distributing “approximately
18.99 grams of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base
(commonly called ‘crack cocaine’).” The district court’s finding, by a preponderance
of the evidence at sentencing, that the substance is crack, is not clearly erroneous.

                                           V.

       At sentencing, Williams already was under a five-year state sentence for theft,
and a consecutive five-year state sentence for possession of marijuana with intent to
deliver. The $2,400 Williams stole from Agent Simmons was the basis for the theft
conviction. Williams argues that his federal sentence should run concurrent with, not
consecutive to, these sentences. This court reviews “the district court’s interpretation
and application of § 5G1.3 de novo.” United States v. Hurley, 439 F.3d 955, 957 (8th
Cir. 2006).

       The district court used these state convictions to determine William’s criminal
history category. Williams contends the theft is relevant conduct, and instead should
have been used to calculate his base offense level. Under the Guidelines, if “a term

                                         -10-
of imprisonment resulted from another offense that is relevant conduct to the instant
offense of conviction . . . and that was the basis for an increase in the offense level,”
then “the sentence for the instant offense shall be imposed to run concurrently to the
remainder of the undischarged term of imprisonment.” USSG § 5G1.3(b). This
policy protects a defendant “against having the length of his sentence multiplied by
duplicative consideration of the same criminal conduct.” Witte v. Untied States, 515
U.S. 389, 405 (1995).

      But “[c]onduct is not part of the offense of conviction when the conduct is a
severable, distinct offense.” United States v. Blumberg, 961 F.2d 787, 792 (8th Cir.
1992). The theft from Agent Simmons occurred one week after the original sale, in
a separate transaction. The marijuana conviction derives from a search of Williams’s
residence five months later. These are “severable, distinct offenses.” The district
court was not required to run the federal sentence concurrent to the state sentences.

       Yet Williams maintains that a “largely concurrent sentence is appropriate in
light of all of the relevant factors,” arguing that the district court should have
exercised its discretion under Section 5G1.3(c). “Section 5G1.3 provides the court
wide discretion to order a federal sentence to run consecutively to an undischarged
state offense.” United States v. Mathis, 451 F.3d 939, 941 (8th Cir. 2006). On the
facts here, including the distinct theft and marijuana convictions, the district court did
not err by making the federal sentence consecutive.3

                                            VI.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

      3
        Williams also objects that the 100:1 crack-cocaine ratio “is not supported by
any scientific basis, is not rational and is unduly harsh.” This issue is foreclosed by
a case decided after his sentencing hearing. See United States v. Spears, 469 F.3d
1166, 1176 (8th Cir. 2006) (en banc).

                                          -11-
