Filed 1/29/16 P. v. Sheppard CA2/1
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


THE PEOPLE,                                                          B257759

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. MA060603)
         v.

LONNIE SHEPPARD,

         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Hayden
Zacky, Judge. Reversed.
         Leonard J. Klaif, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle and Rene
Judkiewicz, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                   _______________________________
       Lonnie Sheppard appeals from a judgment entered after a jury found him guilty of
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misdemeanor battery against the mother of his child (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (e)(1)),
evading a peace officer by driving against traffic (Veh. Code, § 2800.4), assault with a
deadly weapon (a car) against another motorist while driving against traffic (§ 245, subd.
(a)(1)), resisting, delaying, or obstructing a peace officer (§ 148, subd. (a)(1)), dissuading
a witness from testifying (§ 136.1, subd. (a)(2)), and violating a domestic relations court
order (§ 273.6, subd. (a)). After finding prior conviction allegations to be true, the trial
court sentenced Sheppard to 60 years to life in prison.
       Sheppard contends the trial court erred (1) in denying his request to represent
                          2
himself at trial (Faretta motion), (2) in ordering him to wear a stealth belt, which hooked
                                             3
to the chair under his clothing, during trial, and (3) in declining to dismiss three of his
                                   4
prior strike convictions (Romero motion). Sheppard also contends there is insufficient
evidence supporting his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon, and insufficient
evidence demonstrating his prior convictions arose from separate acts and therefore
qualified as four separate strikes under the “Three Strikes” law.
       For the reasons set forth below, we conclude the trial court erred in denying
Sheppard’s request for self-representation, an error which is reversible per se.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and need not address all of the other contentions
Sheppard raises on appeal.


       1
           Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
       2
           Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806 (Faretta).
       3
         The trial court’s stated reasons for ordering the use of a stealth belt were: (1) on
four occasions Sheppard refused to go to court as ordered, (2) Sheppard made requests
for transfers from different jail facilities based on his claim his safety was at risk and the
court believed Sheppard was “manipulating his custodial situation,” and (3) Sheppard’s
phone privileges were revoked because he was contacting the victim in violation of a
domestic relations court order.
       4
           People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero).

                                                 2
                                       BACKGROUND
         The possibility of Sheppard representing himself first came up at a hearing on
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January 7, 2014, about 17 days before trial was set to commence. On that date, the
Alternate Public Defender accepted the appointment to represent Sheppard after his
former counsel declared a conflict of interest. The Alternate Public Defender requested
additional time to respond to the prosecution’s motion to consolidate separate cases filed
against Sheppard. Sheppard informed the trial court he did not want to waive time. The
court explained to Sheppard that it could find good cause to grant his new defense
counsel additional time over Sheppard’s objection. The court also explained that
Sheppard could represent himself, but the court admonished, “I strongly, strongly would
advise you against doing [that]. So I don’t think that would be in your best interest at
all.” Sheppard responded, “I guess I don’t want to waive time so if I have to represent
myself I will. I don’t want to waive time.” After further discussion with the court,
Sheppard stated he did not want the Alternate Public Defender to represent him, he did
not want to represent himself, and he did not want to waive time.
         Near the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated: “Well, if you don’t want
to represent yourself, I’m not going to grant you pro per status. If you do want counsel to
represent you, he can, or you can bring in private counsel. You want to think about it,
come back tomorrow? You want to come back tomorrow? You can think about it, that
way he [attorney from the Alternate Public Defender’s office] can assign it to an attorney.
That attorney can speak to you, explain to you what the situation is.” During a discussion
about scheduling the next hearing, Sheppard interrupted and stated, “Your Honor, I’ll go
pro per.” The court agreed to give Sheppard the paperwork to request pro. per. status,
and continued the matter to the following day.
         The next day, January 8, 2014, the jail advised the trial court Sheppard refused to
go to court. Later the same day, the jail advised the court Sheppard was ill. On January

         5
             Trial did not actually commence until March 27, 2014, more than two months
later.

                                               3
9, 2014, Sheppard appeared in court with an attorney from the Alternate Public
                                     6
Defender’s office representing him. The court inquired if Sheppard had had an
opportunity to speak with his attorney. Sheppard responded, “No, I’d like to go pro per,
Your Honor.” Defense counsel interjected to correct the record by stating that he and
Sheppard did “speak in lockup,” and to reiterate that Sheppard wanted pro. per. status.
The court stated it had received Sheppard’s Faretta waiver form, but the form was not
filled out completely. The court noted it appeared that Sheppard originally had initialed
the boxes and then had erased his initials. Sheppard indicated he did not fill out the form
correctly because he was sick with the stomach flu the day before. The court paused the
proceedings so Sheppard could finish filling out the form. Sheppard complied. The court
asked Sheppard if he had read and understood the form. Sheppard responded
affirmatively.
       The trial court stated it had “a couple concerns” with Sheppard’s request for pro.
per. status, relating to the new charges filed against him in the case that was the subject of
the motion to consolidate. The new charges were: dissuading the victim in the cases
before the court (the mother of Sheppard’s children) from testifying and violating a
domestic relations court order protecting the victim. The court noted, “Beginning on
August 25, 2013, and continuing throughout October 7, 2013, deputy sheriffs utilized the
inmate telephone monitoring system and reviewed numerous calls” Sheppard made to the
victim in violation of the domestic relations court order. As described by the court,
during these calls, Sheppard “pleaded with the victim not to have any type of police
contact, otherwise he will do serious time behind the domestic violence incident that
occurred on August 22, 2013,” and “also instructed the victim not to go to court so that
the case would be dropped.” The court asked the prosecutor if he wanted to add further
information about the calls.
       The prosecutor explained he had received information on 145 calls Sheppard made
to the victim in violation of the domestic relations court order. The prosecutor had

       6
           This same attorney represented Sheppard through sentencing.

                                              4
listened to recordings of more than 40 of those calls. During the calls, Sheppard told the
victim how to avoid being served so she would not have to come to court and testify
against him. Sheppard acknowledged during the calls that he was violating the domestic
relations court order by contacting the victim. Sheppard also told the victim, if the
prosecution found her, she would be arrested and held until she testified. The court noted
one of the cases before it already had been “dismissed and refiled once due to the
victim’s absence.”
        The trial court stated: “I will share with you, Mr. Sheppard, that the defendant
does not have the right to disrupt the trial proceedings or interfere in such a way.
Furthermore, you don’t have the right to completely [sic], as its alleged in the preliminary
hearing transcripts and counsel’s representations, and the new charges and the probation
report, that you have made in excess or approximately 145 calls in violation of the court
order, a protective order, which has resulted in the initial dismiss and refile in the -603
matter. [¶] You are interrupting the court proceedings, and things moving on in an
orderly fashion. You have violated the court order as it’s alleged in no less than 145
occasions, and based on the allegations and the charges and the seriousness of the
charges, the court is going to deny your pro per status. [¶] You don’t follow the court
orders. You do not have the right to disrupt the proceedings. And you have not complied
based on the representations that have been made. So I will respectfully deny the request
for pro per status . . . .”
        Later in the January 9, 2014 hearing, Sheppard asked, “Your Honor, there’s no
type of way I can go pro per ever?” The trial court responded: “No, sir, not in these
cases. In another case, you could if it didn’t involve the same victim and the same
circumstances. You have to evaluate that. That court would have to evaluate it at that
time. But with respect to these matters, you’re not permitted to go pro per based on your
violations and what’s alleged to have been at a minimum 145 violations of the court
order.”




                                              5
        A recitation of the evidence presented at trial supporting the charges is not
necessary for our review of the trial court’s denial of Sheppard’s request for self-
representation.
                                       DISCUSSION
Self-Representation
        Sheppard contends the trial court erred in denying his request to represent himself
at trial.
        A criminal defendant generally “has a constitutional right to proceed without
counsel when he voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so.” (Faretta, supra, 422 U.S.
at p. 807.) “A trial court must grant a defendant’s request for self-representation if three
conditions are met. First, the defendant must be mentally competent, and must make his
request knowingly and intelligently, having been apprised of the dangers of self-
representation. [Citations.] Second, he must make his request unequivocally.
[Citations.] Third, he must make his request within a reasonable time before trial.”
(People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 729.) As a matter of federal constitutional law,
“when a motion to proceed pro se is timely interposed, a trial court must permit a
defendant to represent himself upon ascertaining that he has voluntarily and intelligently
elected to do so, irrespective of how unwise such a choice might appear to be.” (People
v. Windham (1977) 19 Cal.3d 121, 128 (Windham).) “Erroneous denial of a Faretta
motion is reversible per se.” (People v. Butler (2009) 47 Cal.4th 814, 824.)
        Although the trial court did not find Sheppard failed to meet any of the conditions
for self-representation set forth above, the court denied Sheppard’s request for pro. per.
status. Based on our review of the record, there is no indication Sheppard failed to meet
any of the requisite conditions (a timely, knowing, intelligent, unequivocal request for
self-representation), and the Attorney General does not argue otherwise.
        A court may deny an equivocal request for self-representation that is “intended to
delay or disrupt the proceedings.” (People v. Butler, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 825.) There
is no support in the record for an argument that Sheppard requested pro. per. status in
order to delay or disrupt the proceedings. In fact, the record indicates Sheppard initially

                                              6
requested pro. per. status because he believed he could take his cases to trial sooner than
his newly appointed attorney from the Alternate Public Defender’s office. On the date
Sheppard submitted the Faretta waiver form, Sheppard made an unequivocal request for
self-representation, and his newly appointed attorney reiterated Sheppard’s desire for pro.
per. status.
       The trial court denied Sheppard’s request for pro. per. status based on prior
violations of the domestic relations court order, which the trial court characterized as
disruption and interference with court proceedings. While disruption and interference
with court proceedings might have been reasons to revoke Sheppard’s pro. per. status if
disruptive behavior continued after pro. per. status was granted, Sheppard’s past
violations of the domestic relations court order were not valid grounds for denying his
request for self-representation. The Attorney General does not cite any cases indicating
             7
otherwise.
       The trial court should have granted Sheppard’s request for self-representation
(after advising him of the dangers of such representation), confirming that Sheppard met
the three requisite conditions for self-representation discussed above. The court could
have warned Sheppard that any disruptive behavior or interference with court
proceedings might result in revocation of his pro. per. status. (See People v. Carson,
supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 10 [in deciding whether to revoke a defendant’s pro. per. status
due to the defendant’s misconduct, the “court should also consider whether the defendant
has been warned that particular misconduct will result in termination of in propria


       7
         Neither Sheppard nor the Attorney General cites a case like this one where the
trial court denied the defendant’s request for self-representation based on past
misconduct, with no prior warning that the misconduct could lead to the forfeiture of the
constitutional right of self-representation—and we are aware of no such case. Sheppard
and the Attorney General both cite cases in which trial courts revoked defendants’
previously granted pro. per. status due to misconduct. (See, e.g., People v. Butler, supra,
47 Cal.4th 814; People v. Carson (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1.) We also cite these cases because
they highlight the importance of exploring other alternatives or restrictions before
revoking a defendant’s pro. per. status due to misconduct.

                                              7
persona status”].) Sheppard’s past misconduct, and the court’s speculation that such
misconduct would continue in the future, were not valid grounds for denying Sheppard’s
request for self-representation.
       When a defendant engages in disruption and interference with court proceedings
while representing himself, a court should consider “the availability and suitability of
alternative sanctions” short of a “complete withdrawal of the defendant’s right of self-
representation.” (People v. Carson, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 10.) On January 16, 2014,
one week after denying Sheppard’s request for self-representation, the trial court ordered
Sheppard’s phone privileges revoked on the prosecution’s motion, based on the “history
of this case and the allegations” (not based on new calls to the victim). Instead of
denying Sheppard’s request for self-representation on January 9, 2014, the court could
have ordered Sheppard’s phone privileges revoked at that time and preserved Sheppard’s
constitutional right to represent himself while protecting the victim from Sheppard’s
influence. (See People v. Butler, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 827 [“Restrictions on pro. per.
privileges in custody are not unusual. [Citations.] They have never been deemed a
justification for depriving inmates of the right to represent themselves”].)
       We appreciate the seriousness of Sheppard’s misconduct in violating the domestic
relations court order and attempting to dissuade the victim from testifying in this case.
His past misconduct, however, should not have resulted in the loss of his constitutional
right to represent himself. As discussed above, the trial court could have made efforts to
avoid disruption and interference with court proceedings (a warning, revocation of phone
privileges) without denying Sheppard’s request for self-representation in the first
instance. The error is reversible per se.
Sufficiency of Evidence on Count 6 for Assault with a Deadly Weapon
       Given our reversal of the judgment based on the trial court’s improper denial of
Sheppard’s request for self-representation, we need not address the other contentions
Sheppard raises on appeal with the exception of his challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the conviction on count 6 for assault with a deadly weapon upon



                                              8
John Doe. To the extent the evidence is insufficient to support this conviction, Sheppard
may not be retried on this count without offending the Double Jeopardy Clause.
       In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “the reviewing court’s
task is to determine whether, in light of the whole record viewed in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found the elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Felix (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1618, 1624.)
We “‘“must presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could
reasonably deduce from the evidence.”’” (People v. Smith (2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 739.)
“The credibility of witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters within the
province of the trier of fact.” (People v. Ramos (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1194, 1207.)
“‘An appellate court must accept logical inferences that the jury might have drawn from
the evidence even if the court would have concluded otherwise.’” (People v. Halvorsen
(2007) 42 Cal.4th 379, 419.) “Reversal on this ground is unwarranted unless it appears
‘that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support [the
conviction].’” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331.)
       As the trial court instructed the jury, to prove assault with a deadly weapon under
section 245, subdivision (a)(1), the prosecution must establish:
       “1. The defendant did an act with a deadly weapon other than a firearm that by its
nature would directly and probably result in the application of force to a person;
       “2. The defendant did that act willfully;
       “3. When the defendant acted, he was aware of facts that would lead a reasonable
person to realize that his act by its nature would directly and probably result in
application of force to someone;
       “AND
       “4. When the defendant acted, he had the present ability to apply force with a
deadly weapon other than a firearm to a person.” (CALCRIM No. 875.)
       Sheppard does not dispute a car may be used as a deadly weapon. He contends the
evidence presented at trial is insufficient to show he committed an act with a car “that by



                                              9
its nature would directly and probably result in the application of force to a person.”
(CALCRIM No. 875.) We disagree with Sheppard’s contention.
       Substantial evidence presented at trial demonstrates, after Sheppard committed the
battery upon the victim, he led police on a high-speed car chase as officers attempted to
get him to pull over. He drove the wrong way down the shoulder of a highway, made
unsafe lane changes, and reached speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour. After he was
apprehended, Sheppard told a nurse he intentionally swerved at oncoming vehicles during
the police pursuit in an effort to kill himself. Ronald Ciotta, one of the motorists who
encountered Sheppard on the highway, testified at trial. Ciotta was driving east in his
Ford 150 pickup truck, pulling a tractor-trailer. Ciotta observed Sheppard’s car traveling
west on the shoulder of the eastbound lanes, at a high rate of speed. As the two cars were
approaching each other, Sheppard pulled his car into the lane where Ciotta was driving
and drove “directly at” Ciotta. Ciotta took his foot off the gas pedal. “At the last
moment,” Sheppard pulled his car into the middle lane of the highway, passing within 50
to 100 feet of Ciotta’s vehicle.
       Sufficient evidence supports Sheppard’s conviction for assault with a deadly
weapon. (See People v. Aznavoleh (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1181, 1183 [“a driver who
deliberately races through a red light at a busy intersection and collides with another
vehicle, causing injury to another, can be convicted of assault with a deadly weapon”].)
Sheppard drove his vehicle directly at oncoming traffic as he traveled at a high rate of
speed. The probable result of the manner in which Sheppard drove was a crash. The fact
Sheppard did not collide with Ciotta or another motorist does not mean the evidence is
insufficient to sustain the conviction.
       The prosecution may retry Sheppard on this count (as well as the other counts on
which Sheppard was convicted, but does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence).




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                                 DISPOSITION
     The judgment is reversed.
     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.




                                               CHANEY, Acting P. J.


We concur:



             JOHNSON, J.



             LUI, J.




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