[Cite as Campbell v. Licking Hts. Local School Dist., 2019-Ohio-2733.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                      LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT



STEPHEN A. CAMPBELL                                        JUDGES:
                                                           Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P. J.
        Plaintiff-Appellant                                Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                                           Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs-
                                                           Case No. 2019 CA 00006
LICKING HEIGHTS LOCAL S.D., et al.

        Defendants-Appellees                               OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                               Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                       Pleas, Case No. 2018 CV 00488


JUDGMENT:                                              Affirmed



DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                July 1, 2019



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                                For Defendants-Appellees YMCA & Gibson

STEPHEN A. CAMPBELL                                    MICHAEL R. HENRY
PRO SE                                                 CRABBE, BROWN & JAMES LLP
Post Office Box 14354                                  500 South Front Street, Suite 1200
Columbus, Ohio 43214                                   Columbus, Ohio 43215
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                       2

Wise, J.

      {¶1}   Plaintiff-Appellant Stephen A. Campbell appeals the decision of the Court

of Common Pleas, Licking County, which granted summary judgment in favor of

Defendants-Appellees Licking County Family YMCA and Brianna Michelle Gibson in a

libel action filed by appellant. The relevant facts leading to this appeal are as follows.

                                1. Events of February 14, 2018

      {¶2}   According to the underlying civil complaint in this matter, Appellant

Campbell went to Licking Heights South Elementary School (LHSE) on February 14,

2018, in order to deliver a Valentine’s Day present to his daughter, who was at that

location participating in an after-school program run by the YMCA. At the time, appellant

and his ex-wife, Nichole Campbell, were involved in adversarial proceedings in a

domestic relations matter in Franklin County, Ohio.

      {¶3}   Appellant asserted in his aforementioned complaint that he took the gift (a

balloon and homemade cookies) to the school office and then departed the premises

immediately. It appears undisputed that he had no interaction with his daughter during

this visit to the school. However, one of the YMCA employees, Kathalyn Gensler-Nic,

observed that the daughter, visibly upset by the gift, subsequently threw most of it away.

See Gensler-Nic Tr. at 15.

                                  2. Events of March 15, 2018

      {¶4}   Approximately one month later, appellant found out that Gensler-Nic’s

name had come up on an amended witness list prepared by appellant’s ex-wife’s

attorney in the Franklin County domestic relations case, concerning an “[i]ncident in

2018 when [appellant] came to the child’s school.” See Plaintiff’s Complaint Exhibit A.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                      3


          {¶5}   According to the underlying complaint in the present case, appellant went

    to LHSE again on the afternoon of March 15, 2018, this time to discuss the aforesaid

    matter with Gensler-Nic. Complaint at paragraph 14. Gensler-Nic later recalled that

    during their discussion, appellant referred to his ex-wife as “the devil.” Franklin County

    Tr. at 13.1 Appellant also told Gensler-Nic that he would be obtaining a subpoena for her

    for participation in future proceedings. Id.

          {¶6}   Gensler-Nic felt uncomfortable during the aforesaid conversation, and she

    reported the encounter with appellant to her YMCA supervisors. As a result, Gensler-Nic

    completed and signed two internal YMCA “incident reports,” one concerning February

    14, 2108, and one concerning March 15, 2018.

                                      3. Events of March 22, 2018

          {¶7}   On March 22, 2018, appellant went to LHSE a third time, this time to deliver

    a subpoena to Gensler-Nic. On this occasion, the front doors to the school had already

    been locked. As appellant waited outside, his daughter saw him from inside and began

    to cry. Brianna Gibson, another YMCA employee, then went to the front entrance and

    partially opened one of the doors. Appellant asked to speak to Gensler-Nic, but Gibson

    informed him she was not available. Gibson asked him twice to leave, and he did so after

    the second request. Franklin County Tr. at 45-47.




1  The record in the case sub judice includes photocopied portions of a transcript from
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division. Although not
formally part of our appellate record in certified form, the parties have both used periodic
references to said transcript in their briefs.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                4


      {¶8}   After speaking with her supervisors, Gibson contacted law enforcement. A

Pataskala police officer arrived and took a report. Gibson also completed and signed

internal YMCA incident reports.

                                       Court Proceedings

      {¶9}   On May 7, 2018, Appellant Campbell filed a pro se civil complaint in the

Licking County Court of Common Pleas (“trial court”) against the Licking Heights Local

School District, Philip Wagner, Ph.D., the Licking County YMCA Foundation, Brianna

Gibson, and Nichole Campbell. The complaint set forth two causes of action: (1) Filing a

False Police Report and (2) Libel.

      {¶10} Appellees Licking County YMCA Foundation (also identified in the record

as Licking County Family YMCA) and Brianna Gibson filed an answer on May 23, 2018.

      {¶11} In July 2018, the school district, Dr. Wagner, and Nichole Campbell were all

dismissed from the lawsuit by order of the trial court.

      {¶12} On November 29, 2018, Licking County Family YMCA and Brianna Gibson

(hereinafter “appellees”) jointly filed a motion for summary judgment. Appellant filed a

memorandum contra on December 17, 2018. Appellees filed a reply memorandum on

December 19, 2018. Appellant filed a surreply on December 24, 2018.

      {¶13} On January 10, 2019, the trial court issued a judgment entry granting

summary judgment in favor of appellees.

      {¶14} On February 8, 2019, 2019, appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal. He

herein raises the following seven Assignments of Error:

      {¶15} “I.   THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN A KEY PIECE OF MATERIAL
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                     5


EVIDENCE, THE POLICE REPORT, WAS MISREAD AND/OR IMPROPERLY

REFERENCED.

      {¶16} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN ANOTHER KEY PIECE OF MATERIAL

EVIDENCE, A CLEAR DVD COPY OF THE SURVEILLANCE VIDEO, WAS IGNORED.

      {¶17} “III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN APPELLEES PRODUCED NO

MATERIAL EVIDENCE AT ALL.

      {¶18} “IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION      FOR     SUMMARY        JUDGMENT        WHILE     APPELLANT        WAS     STILL

INVESTIGATING AND HAD SUBPOENAED MULTIPLE WITNESSES FOR TRIAL.

      {¶19} “V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT USING PRIVILEGE AS A DEFENSE.

      {¶20} “VI. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN, BY LETTER OF THE LAW, SIX

CRIMINAL ACTS COMMITTED BY APPELLEES WERE IGNORED, THEREBY

EXCUSING ACTUAL MALICE AND NEGLIGENCE.

      {¶21} “VII. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY GRANTING APPELLEES’ JOINT

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN APPELLANT’S PLEA FOR SPECIAL

DAMAGES WAS IGNORED.”

      {¶22} This case comes to us on the accelerated calendar. App.R. 11.1 governs

accelerated calendar cases, stating in pertinent part: “*** It shall be sufficient compliance

with App.R. 12(A) for the statement of the reason for the court's decision as to each error
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                    6

to be in brief and conclusionary form.” See, e.g., State v. Wertman, 5th Dist. Ashland No.

18 COA 026, 2019-Ohio-7, ¶ 3.

      {¶23} As an initial matter, we note appellant’s pro se brief does not comply with

App.R. 16 in several respects. Among other things, although there are apparent

Loc.App.R. 9(A)(2) portions of the brief marked “Declaration of Claims” and “Trial Court’s

Claims,” there is no statement of the case. See App.R. 16(A)(5). The main body of the

brief commences with a very brief statement of facts, but it transitions without break into

a series of legal arguments which run approximately thirty-three pages. This argument

section is broken into seven subsections, which do not completely correlate with the

seven assigned errors. (For example, the fourth subsection is captioned simply as

“Common Law.”) See App.R. 16(A)(6) and (7).

                                               III.

      {¶24} In his Third Assignment of Error, which we will address out of sequence,

appellant contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

appellees. We disagree.

      {¶25} Civ.R. 56(C) states in pertinent part: “* * * Summary judgment shall be

rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written

admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any,

timely filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation

may be considered except as stated in this rule. A summary judgment shall not be

rendered unless it appears from the evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence

or stipulation, that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                       7


is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that

party being entitled to have the evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the

party's favor. * * *.”

      {¶26} As an appellate court reviewing summary judgment motions, we must stand

in the shoes of the trial court and review summary judgments on the same standard and

evidence as the trial court. Muskingum Watershed Conservancy Dist. v. Harper, 5th Dist.

No. 16 CA 11, 2017-Ohio-1346, 90 N.E.3d 71, ¶25, citing Smiddy v. The Wedding Party,

Inc. (1987), 30 Ohio St.3d 35, 506 N.E.2d 212.

      {¶27} Actionable defamation falls into one of two categories: defamation per se or

defamation per quod. Woods v. Capital Univ., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-166, 2009-Ohio-5672,

¶ 28. Defamation per se occurs when a statement, on its face, is defamatory. Id. at ¶ 29.

To survive a summary judgment on a defamation claim, a plaintiff is required to establish

five elements: (1) a false and defamatory statement of fact; (2) about the plaintiff; (3)

published without privilege to a third party; (4) with fault of at least negligence on the part

of the defendant; and (5) which was either defamatory per se or caused special harm to

the plaintiff. Hurst v. Moore, 5th Dist. Licking No. 17-CA-4, 2017-Ohio-7238, ¶ 20, citing

Davis v. Johnson, 5th Dist. Richland No. 07 CA 40, 2007–Ohio–6567.

      {¶28} Although the focus of appellant’s pro se defamation complaint appears to

be on YMCA employee Brianna Gibson’s actions, appellant therein also referenced

YMCA co-worker Gensler-Nic’s treatment of the February 14, 2018 events as an official

“incident” and her report that at the March 15, 2018 visit appellant made to LHSE, he

called his ex-wife “the devil.” See Complaint at ¶¶ 14-15. Appellant thus appears to
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                         8


    contend that Gensler-Nic’s alleged use of the term “incident” and her statement that

    appellant had called his ex-wife “the Devil” were defamatory per se.

          {¶29} In the partial transcript of proceedings from the Franklin County Court of

    Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division (see footnote 1 herein), Gensler-Nic

    conceded she may have been wrong about what exactly she heard during the alleged

    name-calling incident; however, appellant (who in the transcript was cross-examining

    Gensler-Nic pro se) indicated that he did at least call his ex-wife “evil.” See Franklin Tr.

    at 26-27. Upon review, we find reasonable minds could only conclude that Gensler-Nic’s

    actions did not constitute defamation under the circumstances presented.

          {¶30} The complaint as to YMCA employee Brianna Gibson goes to an allegedly

    “defamatory Pataskala Police Report.” See Complaint at ¶ 26.2 This stems from the

    events of March 22, 2018, when appellant visited LHSE a third time, on that occasion for

    the purpose of delivering a subpoena to Gensler-Nic for the Franklin County

    proceedings. In the underlying complaint in the case sub judice, appellant alleged that

    when he asked for Gensler-Nic at the front doors of the school, Gibson said she was

    unavailable and “exclaimed” that he needed to leave the premises. Complaint at ¶16.

    Appellant then asked to leave the subpoena at the office, which Gibson would not permit.

    Id. Gibson thereafter filed a police report, even though she gave no indication to appellant

    that she intended to do so. Id. According to the written report of Pataskala police officer



2  Appellant also presented a civil claim for filing a false police report, which the trial court
did not analyze, on the grounds that no common law action was recognized for same.
Judgment Entry, January 10, 2019, at 1. Appellant does not herein specifically challenge
this conclusion. In addition, to the extent that appellant is claiming libel in Gibson’s
statements in the Franklin County domestic relations proceedings, such testimony would
be considered absolutely privileged. See, e.g. Myers v. Steiner, 9th Dist. Summit No.
25166, 2011-Ohio-576, ¶ 15.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                    9


Adam Beach: “Brianna [Gibson] advised Mr. Campbell that he was not to be there on the

property and to leave. Brianna stated that Mr. Campbell tried to come past her anyways.”

See Exhibit D (emphasis added). In essence, the gravamen of appellant’s complaint on

this point thus appears to be that Gibson defamed him by inferring that he attempted to

force his way into the school building.

      {¶31} However, even assuming arguendo that appellant has established prima

facie defamation based upon Gibson’s report to law enforcement, it has long been

recognized in Ohio that private citizens are qualifiedly privileged to give information to

proper governmental authorities for the purpose of crime prevention or detection.

Hartung-Teter v. McKnight, 3rd Dist. Defiance No. 4-91-2, 1991 WL 117274. “A qualified

privilege may be defeated only if a claimant proves with convincing clarity that a publisher

acted with actual malice.” Jackson v. Columbus, 117 Ohio St.3d 328, 2008-Ohio-1041,

883 N.E.2d 1060, ¶ 9, citing Jacobs v. Frank (1991), 60 Ohio St.3d 111, 573 N.E.2d 609,

paragraph two of the syllabus. Actual malice is defined as acting with knowledge the

statements are false or with reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the statements.

Dixon v. Northridge Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 5th Dist. Licking No. 2007-CA-101,

2008-Ohio-2744, ¶ 73. Furthermore, “[t]he question *** is whether a reasonable listener

would interpret the words used to be language that normally conveys factual information

or mere hyperbole or opinion.” Niotti-Soltesz v. Piotrowski, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2016-

T-0072, 2017-Ohio-711, 86 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 19 (additional citations omitted).

      {¶32} Upon review, we find reasonable minds could only conclude that Gibson’s

actions in reporting her recollection of the entrance-door encounter, for purposes of a

standard police report, as part of her role in running a program involving the supervision
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                        10


    of minor children, did not entail actual malice so as to defeat her qualified privilege as to

    the defamation claims.

          {¶33} Appellant’s Third Assignment of Error is therefore overruled.

                                                    I.

          {¶34} In his First Assignment of Error, appellant maintains the trial court

    erroneously misread or improperly referenced the Pataskala police report initiated by

    YMCA employee Brianna Gibson. Based on our above analysis, we find no basis for

    reversal on this basis as urged by appellant.

          {¶35} Appellant’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                                    II.

          {¶36} In his Second Assignment of Error, appellant challenges the granting of

    summary judgment, alleging that the trial court ignored a surveillance video taken at

    LHSE.

          {¶37} There is a presumption that the trial court considered all the evidence in

    rendering a decision on summary judgment. Kincer v. Am. Brick & Block, Inc., 2nd Dist.

    Miami No. 16073, 1997 WL 24808, citing Roberts v. Luneau-Gordon, 2nd Dist.

    Montgomery No. 15212, 1995 WL 703898. Furthermore, a de novo review by this Court

    of the video in question (Exhibit H of the original complaint)3 does not compel us to

    reverse the grant of summary judgment in this matter.

          {¶38} Appellant’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.




3 Appellant does not clarify in his brief if he authenticated the video for purposes of Civ.R.
56(C). See, e.g. Adams v. Ward, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 09 MA 25, 2010-Ohio-4851, ¶
13.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                  11


                                               IV.

      {¶39} In his Fourth Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of appellees while he was still investigating the

matter and obtaining witnesses.

      {¶40} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(F), a party opposing summary judgment may seek a

continuance to pursue further discovery in order to develop its opposition to the motion.

Polaris Ventures IV, Ltd. v. Silverman, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 2005 CAE 11 0080, 2006-

Ohio-4138, ¶ 14, citing Vilardo v. Sheets, 12th Dist. Clermont App. No. CA2005-09-091,

2006-Ohio-3473, ¶ 29.

      {¶41} In the case sub judice, it does not appear from the trial court record that

appellant made such a request; furthermore, appellees did not file for summary judgment

until the discovery cutoff date had passed.

      {¶42} Appellant’s Fourth Assignment of Error is therefore overruled.

                                               V.

      {¶43} In his Fifth Assignment of Error, appellant contends the trial court erred in

relying upon the defense of privilege in granting summary judgment. We disagree.

      {¶44} We have previously addressed the issue of qualified privilege in our redress

of appellant’s third assigned error, supra. Appellant’s additional arguments do not

compel us to presently come to a different conclusion, including our determination as to

a lack of a demonstration of actual malice on the part of appellees. Appellant himself

cites the apropos recognition, given the physical setting in which this dispute originated,

that “educators and parents share a common interest in the training, morality and well-

being of the children in their care.” Daubenmire v. Sommers, 12th Dist. Madison No.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                     12


CA2003-03-014, 156 Ohio App.3d 322, 2004-Ohio-914, 805 N.E.2d 571, ¶ 122, citing

McCartney v. Oblates of St. Francis deSales (1992), 80 Ohio App.3d 345, 356, 609

N.E.2d 216.

      {¶45} Appellant’s Fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                                VI.

      {¶46} In his Sixth Assignment of Error, appellant further challenges the granting

of summary judgment, essentially alleging that appellees committed “six criminal acts”

which the trial court ignored.

      {¶47} Appellant appears to argue that the crimes of which he presently accuses

appellees (to wit: falsification, perjury, obstructing justice, tampering with records, fraud,

and intimidation) demonstrate that actual malice was present. Again, however, appellant

fails to persuade us that reversal of summary judgment is warranted in this matter.

      {¶48} Appellant’s Sixth Assignment of Error is overruled.

                                                VII.

      {¶49} In his Seventh Assignment of Error, appellant maintains the trial court

ignored his request for special damages.

      {¶50} We first note appellant reaches a point in this assigned error where his brief

begins to run past the thirty-page limit set forth in Loc.App.R. 9. In any event, appellant’s

argument somewhat confusingly tries to expound upon subjects such as degrees of

culpability under R.C. 2901.22, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and punitive

damages. While an appellate court may make allowances for pro se litigants, within

limits, it is “not required to craft well-articulated claims from poorly drafted arguments.”

See HSBC Bank USA NA v. Beins, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1067, 2014-Ohio-56, ¶ 7.
Licking County, Case No. 2019 CA 00006                                                  13


         {¶51} Appellant’s challenge on the issue of special damages is found to be without

merit.

         {¶52} Appellant’s Seventh Assignment of Error is overruled.

         {¶53} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the Court

of Common Pleas, Licking County, Ohio, is hereby affirmed.

By: Wise, J.

Gwin, P. J., and

Delaney, J., concur.



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