                  COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Chief Judge Moon, Judges Fitzpatrick and Annunziata
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


YOLANDA TURNER
                                         MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
          Record No. 1559-96-4         JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA
                                             APRIL 1, 1997
ALBERT SPINNER, ET AL.


            FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                      F. Bruce Bach, Judge
          Lloyd F. Sammons for appellant.

          J. Chapman Petersen (Murphy, McGettigan,
          Richards & West, P.C., on brief), for
          appellees.



     By order entered March 7, 1996, the circuit court placed the

person of T. T. (child) under the guardianship of appellees,

Albert and Karen Spinner (Spinners).   Appellant, Yolanda Turner

(mother), the child's biological mother, appeals that order,

contending that the court had no jurisdiction to enter it.   We

conclude that the jurisdictional question has been rendered moot

and dismiss mother's appeal.

                                 I.

     The child was born in Washington, D.C. in July 1993.    In

October 1993, Adrienne Hall took physical custody of the child

and relocated her to Virginia.   The child remained with Hall in

Virginia pursuant to a temporary custody decree of the Superior

Court of the District of Columbia (D.C. court).   In January 1995
     *
      Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not
designated for publication.
the D.C. court granted permanent custody of the child to Hall,

reserving reasonable visitation rights for mother.

     The child remained in Hall's custody, in Virginia, until

November 1995 when Hall left the child in the Spinners' care, in

Virginia, and underwent surgery.   Hall died unexpectedly

following surgery, and the Spinners kept physical custody of the

child, knowing no one else to care for her.   When mother was

notified of Hall's death, she stated her intention to take

custody of the child.
     In January 1996, the Spinners filed a petition in Fairfax

County Circuit court (Virginia court), pursuant to Code § 31-4,

requesting the court to appoint them guardians over the person of

the child.   On February 9, 1996, mother filed a motion to dismiss

the Spinners' petition by special appearance.   Mother construed

the Spinners' motion as a "de facto" request for custody and

argued that the D.C. court retained jurisdiction over the custody

of the child.   On February 22, 1996, mother filed a custody

petition in the D.C. court.

     On March 7, 1996, the Virginia court conducted a hearing on

the guardianship over the person issue.   At that time, mother had

taken physical possession of the child during a period of

"visitation" and had refused to return her.   Mother failed to

appear at the guardianship hearing, but her attorney made a

special appearance to request the court to stay its proceeding,

pending the D.C. court's determination of whether it would



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exercise jurisdiction over the custody issue.        Mother's counsel

again maintained that a determination of the issue of

guardianship over the person was tantamount to a custody

determination and, therefore, that the Virginia court had to

defer to the D.C. court.   The Virginia court, however, decided to

proceed with the guardianship hearing.      In so doing, the Virginia

court stated:
          I'm not saying D.C. can't or really shouldn't
          go ahead with the custody and their decision
          may be that this court ought to resolve the
          custody. I don't know.
                 *    *     *    *      *      *      *

          If I [grant guardianship -- and place
          physical custody with the Spinners], I would
          do it knowing that a subsequent custody
          determination by a court of competent
          jurisdiction would give a superior right, I
          think, to any sort of guardianship that I
          would give it.


     Following the hearing, the Virginia court awarded

guardianship of the child to the Spinners.         The Virginia court

found that no one had custody over the child, and "[that was]

what guardianship is intended for under Virginia law."        The

Virginia court reiterated that the custody issue would proceed in

the District of Columbia, but it ordered the child to be returned

to the Spinners during the pendency of those proceedings.        The

Virginia court entered its final order March 7, 1996.

     From that order, mother appeals.       Mother argues that a

determination of guardianship over the person is tantamount to a

determination of custody and, therefore, the provisions of the



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UCCJA and the PKPA must be followed before a court has

jurisdiction to award guardianship over the person.

Specifically, she argues that because the issue of custody in

this case was properly before the D.C. court, the Virginia court

was bound not to proceed until the D.C. court determined whether

it would exercise jurisdiction over the case.   We find mother's

argument to be moot and dismiss the appeal.

                                II.
     "The duty of this court . . . is to decide actual

controversies by a judgment which can be carried into effect, and

not to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract

propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which

cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it."

Hankins v. Town of Virginia Beach, 182 Va. 642, 644, 29 S.E.2d

831, 832 (1944).   Moot questions are not justiciable and, to

avoid issuing advisory opinions, courts do not rule on such

questions.   In re Times-World Corporation, 7 Va. App. 317, 323,

373 S.E.2d 474, 476 (1988).   A case is moot "when the issues

presented are no longer `live' or the parties lack a legally

cognizable interest in the outcome."   Richmond, Fredericksburg &

Potomac R.R. v. Transportation Communications International

Union, 776 F. Supp. 1109 (E.D. Va. 1991), rev'd on other grounds,

973 F.2d 276 (4th Cir. 1992) (quoting United Stated Parole Comm'n

v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 396, 100 S. Ct. 1202, 63 L. Ed. 2d 479

(1980)).   A case is no longer live if, for example, a challenged



                               - 4 -
order has no "continued impact on the parties," or if no issues

in the order remain unresolved.    Id. (quoting Firefighters Local

Union No. 1784 v. Stotts, 467 U.S. 561, 569, 104 S. Ct. 2576, 81

L. Ed. 2d 483 (1984)).   As long as the parties have a concrete

interest in the outcome of the litigation, the case is not moot.

 State Water Control Bd. v. Appalachian Power Co., 12 Va. App.

73, 75, 402 S.E.2d 703, 705 (1991) (en banc).

     There are two exceptions to the mootness doctrine.    First,

cases capable of repetition, yet evading review remain

justiciable.   Id. at 75, 402 S.E.2d at 705; In re Times-World

Corp., 7 Va. App. at 323, 373 S.E.2d at 477.    Second, cases

involving voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal activity are

not moot.   See, e.g., City of Virginia Beach v. Brown, 858 F.

Supp. 585 (E.D. Va. 1994).

     Subsequent to the Virginia court's guardianship

determination in the present case, the D.C. court deferred

jurisdiction over the issue of custody to Virginia. 1   We find the

D.C. court's deferral of jurisdiction to render mother's

appellate contention moot.    We find neither exception to the

mootness doctrine to apply.    See City of Virginia Beach v. Brown,

858 F. Supp. 585 (E.D. Va. 1994); Jones v. Poindexter, 903 F.2d

1006 (4th Cir. 1990).

     1
      We granted the Spinners' motion to supplement the record
with the transcript of the D.C. court's proceeding. See Rountree
v. Rountree, 200 Va. 57, 63, 104 S.E.2d 42, 47 (1958); Ward v.
Charlton, 177 Va. 101, 107-08, 12 S.E.2d 791, 792 (1941).




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Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed.

                                        Dismissed.




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