                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                         ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                No. 10-12218                   APR 1, 2011
                                                                JOHN LEY
                            Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                          ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 0:07-cr-60259-JAG-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                      versus

JEAN RICHARD G. PAUL,

                                                             Defendant-Appellant.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                 (April 1, 2011)

Before BARKETT, WILSON and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Jean Richard G. Paul appeals his convictions for possession of 5 kilograms

or more of cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of 50 grams or more of
cocaine base with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Paul

argues that the district court abused its discretion by instructing the jury

concerning his pre-trial flight because the Government presented insufficient

evidence to warrant the instruction. Further, Paul argues that the district court

abused its discretion by summarily denying Paul’s untimely motion for a new trial

as he believes the inclusion of the flight instruction necessitated a new, untainted

proceeding. After a review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs,

we affirm Paul’s convictions.

                                           I.

      “We review a district court’s jury instructions for an abuse of discretion.”

United States v. Williams, 541 F.3d 1087, 1089 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). An

erroneous jury instruction constitutes grounds for reversal only if a reasonable

likelihood exists that the error affected the defendant’s substantial rights. Id.; see

Fed. R. Evid. 103(a).

      “Evidence of flight is admissible to demonstrate consciousness of guilt and

thereby guilt.” Williams, 541 F.3d at 1089 (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Analytically, flight is an admission by conduct. Its probative value as
      circumstantial evidence of guilt depends upon the degree of confidence
      with which four inferences can be drawn: (1) from the defendant’s
      behavior to flight; (2) from flight to consciousness of guilt; (3) from
      consciousness of guilt to consciousness of guilt concerning the crime

                                           2
       charged; and (4) from consciousness of guilt concerning the crime
       charged to actual guilt of the crime charged.

United States v. Myers, 550 F.2d 1036, 1049 (5th Cir. 1977).1 Use of the flight

instruction is appropriate if the government “make[s] certain that each link in the

chain of inferences” is “sturdily supported.” See United States v. Wright, 392 F.3d

1269, 1278 (11th Cir. 2004). If sufficient evidence is presented so that the jury

could reasonably conclude that the defendant fled to avoid the charged crime, the

district court does not abuse its discretion by giving a flight instruction. Williams,

541 F.3d at 1089.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion by giving the flight instruction.

In October 2007, Paul was arrested for the conduct at issue, arraigned, and

released pending trial. The Government presented uncontested testimony that,

prior to trial, Paul fled the jurisdiction to the Bahamas and was arrested there in

June 2008. Paul’s travel and failure to appear violated the terms of his bond. In

light of the charges pending against him and the timing of his departure, the

district court’s inclusion of a flight instruction was not an abuse of discretion.

                                               II.

       1
          Pursuant to Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en
banc), all former Fifth Circuit cases handed down before October 1, 1981 serve as binding
precedent.



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      Paul next argues that the district court abused its discretion by summarily

denying Paul’s motion for a new trial, which he filed on the eve of sentencing and

more than 11 months after the jury’s verdict.

      We review a district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial under the

abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Sweat, 555 F.3d 1364, 1367 (11th

Cir. 2009) (per curiam). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33 provides that a

“court may vacate any judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so

requires.” “That is a broad standard. It is not limited to cases where the district

court concludes that its prior ruling, upon which it bases the new trial, was legally

erroneous.” United States v. Vicaria, 12 F.3d 195, 198 (11th Cir. 1994).

      At the time of Paul’s conviction, motions for a new trial were required to be

filed within 7 days after the verdict or finding of guilty. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b)(2)

(2005) (amended 2009). The district court in this case granted Paul an extension,

allowing him to file such a motion within 90 days, i.e., by June 2009. Paul filed

his motion for a new trial in March 2010. Even if otherwise untimely, the district

court may, on a party’s motion, extend the time to file a motion for a new trial if

the defendant “failed to act because of excusable neglect.” See Fed. R. Crim. P.

45(b)(1)(B).




                                          4
      Here, the district court did not specify its reasons for denying Paul’s motion

for a new trial. Even assuming, arguendo, that excusable neglect led to the

extraordinarily late filing, the motion lacked merit because Paul failed to show that

the interest of justice required a new trial. As described above, the Government

presented sufficient, uncontested evidence to warrant the flight instruction.

Because Paul failed to show that the interest of justice required a new trial, the

district court did not abuse its discretion by summarily denying Paul’s motion.

      AFFIRMED.




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