                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and O’Brien
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia


              LAVON LAWRENCE GORDON, S/K/A
               CORDARALL DESHAWN GORDON
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1329-15-1                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                JANUARY 24, 2017
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                             FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                                               Leslie L. Lilley, Judge

                               T. Gregory Evans, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                               Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Following a bench trial on September 3, 2014, the trial court convicted Lavon Lawrence

              Gordon (“appellant”) of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of Code

              § 18.2-308.2. On appeal, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in support of that

              conviction.1 For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court.

                                                        I. BACKGROUND

                     We consider the evidence on appeal “in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as

              we must since it was the prevailing party” in the trial court. Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60

              Va. App. 381, 391, 728 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2012) (quoting Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296,



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                        Appellant also assigned error to the admission into evidence of the gunshot residue kit,
              the related certificate of analysis, and a forensic scientist’s testimony about it because appellant
              claims the Commonwealth failed to establish a proper chain of custody. This Court did not grant
              an appeal on that assignment of error so it is not before us now on appeal.
330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004)). So viewed, at around 6:47 p.m. on March 29, 2014, Virginia

Beach Police Officers J.E. Roberts and Jesssica Hosang were on patrol in a marked police cruiser in

the 3300 block of Zurich Arch. While driving down an alleyway, the officers observed a two-door

Lexus sedan and two individuals, appellant and Audrey Harper. With the windows of their cruiser

rolled down, the officers detected an odor of marijuana coming from the sedan and from the two

individuals. The officers approached appellant and Harper on foot and made contact.

       Officer Hosang testified that appellant was inside the vehicle in the back seat behind the

driver’s seat when she first observed him. She testified that Harper was already outside of the

vehicle. Officer Roberts testified that she observed appellant standing next to the driver’s door. She

noticed that the driver’s side door was open and the driver’s seat was folded down. Roberts testified

that she then observed appellant lean into the vehicle through the open driver’s side door towards

the center console. When the officers asked appellant and Harper who was the owner of the vehicle,

both individuals responded that they did not know. Officer Roberts testified that appellant

eventually stated that the vehicle belonged to his aunt. Officer Roberts testified that Harper was in

possession of the keys. Officer Roberts also then testified that Harper told her that she and appellant

“were listening to music and she said that he passed her the keys so that she could turn the car

ignition on and listen to music.” Appellant and Harper told Officer Hosang that they had just

smoked marijuana inside of the vehicle.

       The officers performed a background check and determined that appellant was a convicted

felon. Officer Roberts then searched the back seat area of the vehicle while Officer Hosang

searched the front area of the car. Officer Roberts found a bag of marijuana on the back seat of the

sedan. When searching around the front passenger seat of the vehicle, Officer Hosang located a

handgun concealed underneath the floor mat. The handgun was a 9mm black Ruger P95, loaded

with sixteen rounds of ammunition (one round in the chamber, fifteen roads in the magazine).

                                                 -2-
Officer Hosang testified that she did not announce the discovery of the firearm “for safety reasons”

due to the fact that appellant was not yet in handcuffs. At that point, the officers handcuffed and

detained appellant, and then placed him in the back of a police vehicle.

       Officer Hosang read appellant his Miranda rights. Appellant stated that he understood his

rights and stated that he wished to have an attorney present. Officer Hosang “told [appellant] that

was no problem” and informed appellant that he was being placed under arrest for possession of

marijuana and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. In response, appellant then stated,

“You’d seen me get out of the back seat.” Officer Hosang then asked appellant if he wished to

waive his Miranda rights. In response, appellant stated, “How am I in the back seat getting

charged with having a gun?” At that point, the officers had not told appellant anything else

about a firearm or where it had been located.

       Officer Roberts then obtained a gunshot residue (“GSR”) test kit and performed a GSR

test on appellant’s hands. She testified that she wore plastic medical gloves when she handled

the unopened GSR test kit and that she never touched the gun recovered at the scene. Officer

Roberts also testified that she had not fired her firearm in several months at the time of this

encounter with appellant. Douglas DeGaetano, a forensic analyst with the Virginia Department

of Forensic Science, testified at trial as an expert in the analysis of gunshot residue. DeGaetano

examined the results of the GSR test kit and found “particles that were highly specific for primer

residue” on both of appellant’s hands. DeGaetano testified, “Primer residue can be deposited on

the hands of an individual either by firing a weapon, by being in proximity to the discharge of a

weapon, by handling a weapon, or coming into contact with something that has primer residue

on it.” DeGaetano noted, however, that the GSR test kit “can’t tell you which one of those

things occurred.” He also testified that, when accounting for “normal activity of a human being,




                                                 -3-
typically this material, you have a window of about four to six hours to collect this material”

before the possibility of finding primer residue becomes remote.

       Audrey Harper testified that she did not have a firearm with her on March 29, 2014 and

that she did not see the firearm under the floor mat. Harper testified that she had been dropped

off at that location and that she had not arrived with appellant. Harper stated that she had been

with appellant for “a couple of hours” before the police arrived. She testified that she smoked

marijuana with appellant inside the sedan. Harper also testified that she was sitting in the

driver’s seat and that she had not been seated in the front passenger seat at any time. Harper

admitted that she has been convicted of crimes involving lying, cheating, or stealing. While

Harper was in possession of the car keys when the officers arrived, she testified that appellant

had given the keys to her.

       Appellant, testifying in his own defense, stated that he arrived at the location where the

police found him (outside of his aunt’s house) with two other individuals. He also stated that the

sedan belonged to his cousin. Appellant testified that he was a passenger in the back seat of the

sedan. Appellant denied that the firearm recovered from the vehicle was his gun and denied ever

possessing it.

       The trial court found that appellant was in custody and control of the sedan. The court

also found from the evidence that appellant had possession of the keys and had been inside of the

car for at least two hours. The trial court noted that the firearm was not found in the glove box or

in the trunk of the vehicle or any other place where one might store a gun. The trial court

concluded from the evidence that the firearm was placed there “so it could be retrieved quickly

or be put away quickly, one of the two, because you would never store a gun under a floor mat.”

The trial court rejected appellant’s theory that the primer residue got on his hands from his

contact with the officers or his placement in the police vehicle.

                                                -4-
                                             II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a reviewing court does not

‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003) (quoting

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial court,”

Riner, 268 Va. at 330, 601 S.E.2d at 574, “[w]e must instead ask whether ‘any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,’” Crowder, 41

Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at 387 (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584

S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). “This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of

the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.

                                  B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Appellant was convicted of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation of

Code § 18.2-308.2. He does not dispute that he was previously convicted of a felony. Instead,

appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he

constructively possessed the firearm.

                A conviction for the unlawful possession of a firearm can be
                supported exclusively by evidence of constructive possession;
                evidence of actual possession is not necessary. To establish
                constructive possession of the firearm by a defendant, the
                Commonwealth must present evidence of acts, statements, or
                conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances proving
                that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of the
                firearm and that the firearm was subject to his dominion and
                control. While the Commonwealth does not meet its burden of
                proof simply by showing the defendant’s proximity to the firearm,
                it is a circumstance probative of possession and may be considered

                                                  -5-
               as a factor in determining whether the defendant possessed the
               firearm.

Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008) (citations and

quotations omitted). Thus, the issue of whether appellant constructively possessed a weapon is

“largely a factual one.” Smallwood v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 631, 688 S.E.2d 154, 157

(2009) (quoting Ritter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 732, 743, 173 S.E.2d 799, 807 (1970)).

       Here, the trial court’s finding of constructive possession was based on more than

appellant’s mere proximity to the firearm. First, Officer Roberts observed appellant lean into the

driver’s side door towards the area where the firearm was located. Photographs of the firearm

taken from the scene indicate that the handle of the weapon was facing the driver’s side of the car – a

circumstance that strongly suggests that it was appellant who placed the weapon under the floor mat

while he leaned over from the driver’s side of the car as the officers approached the vehicle. This

evidence, viewed in the totality and in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, supports the

trial court’s conclusion that appellant was aware of the presence and character of the firearm and

that the firearm was subject to his dominion and control. See Adkins v. Commonwealth, 217 Va.

437, 438-39, 229 S.E.2d 869, 870 (1976) (evidence sufficient to support a conviction for

constructive possession of marijuana found on driver’s floorboard of the vehicle when the

defendant was the only person in the front seat and the police officer, when approaching the car,

saw him move from the driver’s seat to the passenger seat); see also Clarke v. Commonwealth,

32 Va. App. 286, 305, 527 S.E.2d 484, 494 (2000) (evidence proved possession beyond a

reasonable doubt when defendant was the only occupant of the vehicle and his hand was seen

reaching behind his seat toward the location of the gun).

       Other facts and circumstances demonstrate that appellant was aware of the presence and

character of the firearm in the vehicle and that the firearm was subject to his dominion and

control. The trial court relied on Harper’s testimony and her statements to Officer Roberts to

                                                 -6-
conclude that appellant had possession of the keys to the vehicle and that the vehicle was subject

to his custody and control immediately prior to his arrest. In addition, Officer Roberts performed

a GSR test on appellant’s hands after he was placed under arrest. The expert testimony of

Douglas DeGaetano, the forensic analyst from the Virginia Department of Forensic Science,

established that the test was positive for primer residue on both of appellant’s hands. DeGaetano

testified that primer residue may come to be on an individual’s hands by firing a weapon, by

being in proximity to the discharge of a weapon, or by simply handling a firearm. DeGaetano

also testified that there is “a window of about four to six hours to collect” primer residue. While

the presence of primer residue on appellant’s hands in isolation perhaps would not provide

sufficient evidence to support appellant’s conviction, that evidence, considered together with the

evidence that appellant had custody and control over the vehicle, the fact that the officer testified

that she saw appellant leaning toward the location of the gun, and the positioning of the gun

under the floor mat, constitute facts and circumstances that support the trial court’s finding of

constructive possession.

       Finally, appellant’s own statements to the officers also supported the trial court’s finding

that appellant constructively possessed the firearm. When appellant was informed at the scene

that he was being placed under arrest for possession of marijuana and possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon, appellant stated, “How am I in the back seat getting charged with having a gun?”

At the time appellant made that statement, the officers at the scene had not removed the firearm

from under the floor mat of the front passenger seat and had not told appellant where in the

vehicle the firearm was located. From this evidence, the trial court could reasonably infer that

appellant’s spontaneous utterance is a highly probative circumstance in support of the finding

that he was aware of the presence and character of the firearm concealed in the front of the




                                                -7-
vehicle – and that his statements were an attempt to distance himself from the firearm to hide his

guilt.

         Finally, while appellant denied at trial that the firearm recovered from the vehicle was his

gun and denied ever possessing it, the trial court, sitting as fact finder, was entitled to reject

appellant’s testimony. “In its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to

disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to

conceal his guilt.” Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235

(1998). In addition, “the factfinder is entitled to consider a party’s dishonesty about a material

fact as affirmative evidence of guilt.” Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 516, 704

S.E.2d 135, 145 (2011) (en banc) (quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 11 n.3,

602 S.E.2d 402, 407 n.3 (2004)). Accordingly, the trial court could consider appellant’s

dishonest, self-serving testimony as additional evidence supporting appellant’s conviction.

         In summary, based on the totality of the circumstances found in the record, there was

sufficient evidence for a rational factfinder to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant

constructively possessed the firearm. The trial court’s finding of constructive possession was

supported by the evidence of appellant’s proximity to the firearm, his movements towards the

location of the firearm as the police officers approached, the GSR test results showing gun

primer residue on both of appellant’s hands, appellant’s statements to police regarding his

position in the car relative to the location of the firearm, the reasonable inference from those

spontaneous utterances that appellant knew about the gun concealed under the floor mat, and the

trial court’s rejection of appellant’s self-serving testimony at trial. Accordingly, the evidence was

certainly sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude that the element of constructive

possession of the firearm had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                  -8-
                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction for possession of a firearm by

a convicted felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2.

                                                                                       Affirmed.




                                              -9-
