                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 9 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SHARAE MAYES,                                   No.    17-16564

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cv-01136-JAD-VCF
 v.

SMART AND FINAL, INC., a corporation;           MEMORANDUM*
DAVID G. HIRZ, President and CEO;
DAVE DUTTON; ALFREDO OROZCO;
ROBERT MEAGHER; TRACY POGUE;
ALL MANAGEMENT STAFF OF SMART
AND FINAL, INC.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                   Jennifer A. Dorsey, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted December 20, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: GOULD and BERZON, Circuit Judges, and MÁRQUEZ,** District Judge.

      Sharae Mayes appeals the district court’s dismissal of her complaint against



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
              The Honorable Rosemary Márquez, United States District Judge for
the District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
her employer, Smart & Final, LLC, and five of its employees. Mayes brought

claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, as well as Title VII of the Civil Rights

Act of 1964, alleging that she was retaliated against for reporting Smart & Final’s

failure to remove expired and defective products from its shelves. In accordance

with a local rule, the district court construed Mayes’s failure to file a response in

opposition to Smart & Final’s motion to dismiss as a consent to the granting of the

motion.1 Mayes also appeals the district court’s denial of her motion to reconsider

the dismissal. We review the district court’s orders for an abuse of discretion.

MacDonald v. Grace Church Seattle, 457 F.3d 1079, 1081 (9th Cir. 2006); Ghazali

v. Moran, 46 F.3d 52, 53 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam). We affirm.

      1.     Under the District of Nevada’s local rules, “[t]he failure of an

opposing party to file points and authorities in response to any motion . . .

constitutes a consent to the granting of the motion.” D. Nev. Civ. R. 7-2(d).

Because the rule “afford[s] discretion in its application despite its mandatory

language,” United States v. Warren, 601 F.2d 471, 473 (9th Cir. 1979), and

because “[d]ismissal is a harsh penalty and is to be imposed only in extreme



      1
        Although Mayes did not designate the dismissal order in her notice of
appeal, that order is the proper subject of this appeal. It is apparent from Mayes’s
arguments that she intended to appeal that order, and Smart & Final had a full and
fair opportunity to address those arguments. See Meehan v. County of Los Angeles,
856 F.2d 102, 105 (9th Cir. 1988).


                                           2
circumstances,” Henderson v. Duncan, 779 F.2d 1421, 1423 (9th Cir. 1986), a

district court must consider several factors before dismissing a case in accordance

with this rule: “(1) the public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2)

the court’s need to manage its docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants;

(4) the public policy favoring disposition of cases of their merits; and (5) the

availability of less drastic sanctions,” Ghazali, 46 F.3d at 53 (quoting Henderson,

779 F.2d at 1423). Where, as here, the district court does not expressly consider

these factors, we conduct an independent review of the record to determine

whether the district court abused its discretion. Id. at 53–54. Here, at least three

factors favor dismissal.

      First, “[t]he public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation always

favors dismissal.” Yourish v. Cal. Amplifier, 191 F.3d 983, 990 (9th Cir. 1999).

Here, this fairly simple case has failed to progress past the pleading stage after five

months, and the merits of the alleged claim were dubious at best. The California

district court had already advised Mayes that her § 1983 and § 1985 claims could

not succeed, as no state action or cognizable right was alleged. See Great Am. Fed.

Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Novotny, 442 U.S. 366, 371–72, 378 (1979). No attempt was

ever made to amend the complaint. Likewise, the Title VII claims could not

succeed unless Mayes exhausted her administrative remedies with the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission or the appropriate state agency, and nothing


                                            3
in the record suggests that Mayes had done so. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b).2 As

dismissal on the merits appeared inevitable, there is in this case a particularly

strong interest in expeditious disposition.

      Second, the district court’s need for management of its docket favors

dismissal. Mayes’s attorney, Charles Kilgore, had already failed to respond to an

earlier motion to dismiss, stating that “it slipped his mind” to file an opposition.

And, as the district court recognized, Kilgore repeatedly failed to comply with

other local rules as well. See Pagtalunan v. Galaza, 291 F.3d 639, 642 (9th Cir.

2002) (“The trial judge is in the best position to determine whether the delay in a

particular case interferes with docket management . . . .”).

      Third, as to prejudice to the defendant, Mayes was previously able to move

for injunctive relief in the same court without issue, and, at the time of the

deadline, had local counsel available. “[T]he risk of prejudice to the defendant is

related to the plaintiff’s reason for defaulting . . . .” Yourish, 191 F.3d at 991.

Kilgore’s proffered reasons for his failure to respond—his paralegal’s inability to

file an extension request in person and confusion regarding the pro hac vice

process, among others—are without merit.


      2
        After argument, Kilgore moved to supplement the record with documents
purporting to establish that Mayes exhausted her administrative remedies. We deny
the motion. We note that those documents show that, in fact, Mayes did not
exhaust her administrative remedies. See Lyons v. England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1103–
04 (9th Cir. 2002).

                                            4
      Under these circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

dismissing Mayes’s action in accordance with its local rules.

      2.     The district court did not err in denying Mayes’s motion for

reconsideration. To obtain relief from judgment, Mayes was required to

demonstrate “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” fraud, or “any

other reason that justifies relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).

      First, although Kilgore pointed to his difficulties in complying with the pro

hac vice requirements as a reason he failed to file a timely opposition, the

applicable requirements were spelled out in the district court’s local rules. See D.

Nev. R. 11-1, 11-2. Second, Kilgore submitted a declaration from a paralegal

stating that a response and extension request were mailed to the district court after

the in-person filing was rejected, but no such filings were ever received. Third, the

paralegal’s declaration suggested there was a completed opposition to the motion

to dismiss, but two weeks after the deadline has passed, Kilgore indicated that he

still needed time to draft and file an opposition.

      “As a general rule, parties are bound by the actions of their lawyers.” Casey

v. Albertson’s Inc., 362 F.3d 1254, 1260 (9th Cir. 2004). In light of these defects in

the justifications proffered, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

the motion for reconsideration.

      AFFIRMED.


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