                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                        v.
                                                            Criminal Action No. 19-143 (BAH)
 MICHAEL TOBIAS,
                                                            Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
                        Defendant.


                                MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

       Pending before the Court is defendant Michael Tobias’ emergency motion for

compassionate release. Def.’s Emergency Mot. to Reduce Sentence Pursuant to the

Compassionate Release Statute 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 37.

Defendant is 39 years old, see Gov’t Opp’n to Def.’s 2d Mot. for Compassionate Release

(“Gov’t Opp’n”) at 1, ECF No. 42, and has served approximately 15 months of his five-year

sentence imposed following his plea of guilty to Unlawful Distribution of 28 Grams or More of

Cocaine Base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B)(iii), Def.’s Mot., Ex. B at 1–

2, ECF No. 37-1. He worries that his medical conditions of “alcoholic hepatitis and pulmonary

fibrosis,” along with “additional vulnerabilities” put him at particular risk of contracting and

facing severe complications from the effects of COVID-19. Def.’s Mot. at 1. The government

opposes defendant’s early release. Gov’t Opp’n at 1. For the reasons set forth below,

defendant’s motion is denied.

I.     BACKGROUND

       In June 2018, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”) began

an investigation into drug trafficking in Northeast Washington, D.C. Statement of Offense in

Support of Guilty Plea (“Statement of Offense”) at 2, ECF No. 24. During the course of that

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investigation, on six separate occasions over about a four-month period, between July 5, 2018

and October 16, 2018, ATF confidential informants purchased varying amounts of crack cocaine

from defendant. Id. at 2–3 (noting that the amount sold during any given purchase ranged from

one gram to 40.62 grams). These controlled buys were conducted in the basement laundry room

of defendant’s apartment building. Id. at 3. In all, he sold 75.69 grams of crack cocaine to

confidential informants for $4,400. Id. at 2.

       A Grand Jury issued a six-count indictment on April 30, 2019, charging defendant with

five counts of unlawful distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(C), and one count of unlawful distribution of 28 grams or more of cocaine base, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). Indictment, ECF No. 1. He was

arrested on May 20, 2019, Arrest Warrant at 1, ECF No. 4, and a magistrate judge ordered him

detained pending trial, expressing that he had “no confidence that Defendant would comply with

any conditions of release the Court might impose,” Order of Detention Pending Trial at 4, ECF

No. 12. Law enforcement searched his apartment on May 21, 2019. Statement of Offense at 3.

They found “eight digital scales, approximately $4,000 in U.S. currency” and “numerous forms

of packaging material consistent with drug trafficking.” Id. Officers also located “a key chain of

keys,” one of which led to a locked electrical closet off the laundry room in the basement of the

building. Id. at 4. After securing a search warrant for this room, ATF agents entered and found,

hidden in the ceiling, a pistol, eleven magazines, over 850 rounds of ammunition, another digital

scale, empty Ziploc bags, an ammunition box, and an empty firearm box. Id.

       On August 15, 2019, defendant pled guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to one count of

unlawful distribution of 28 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)

and 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). Plea Agreement at 1, ECF No. 23. That offense carries a mandatory



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minimum sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment to be followed by “at least 4 years[’]” supervised

release. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). Defendant received this minimum sentence on October

25, 2019. Judgment at 2–3, ECF No. 33.

         Defendant is now serving his five-year term of imprisonment at Federal Correctional

Institution Petersburg Low (“FCI Petersburg Low”). Def.’s Mot. at 2. On June 5, 2020, just

over a year into his term of imprisonment, he sent a letter to the warden of that facility requesting

compassionate release, or, barring release, requesting that he be allowed to serve the remainder

of his sentence on home confinement. Def.’s Mot., Ex. C at 1–2, ECF No. 37-2. In support, he

cited the dangers posed by his “health conditions” in combination with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Id. at 1. The warden denied that request on July 7, 2020, stating that, although defendant suffers

from “medical issues, they are being well managed at this point and are not causing a life-

threatening medical problem.” Gov’t Opp’n, Ex. 1 at 1, ECF No. 42-1.1 On July 28, 2020,

defendant filed his emergency motion for compassionate release and on August 5, 2020, the

government submitted its opposition. The motion is now ripe for review.

II.      LEGAL STANDARD

         “Federal courts are forbidden, as a general matter, to ‘modify a term of imprisonment

once it has been imposed,’ 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c); but the rule of finality is subject to a few narrow

exceptions.” Freeman v. United States, 564 U.S. 522, 526 (2011). As originally enacted, one

such exception, codified in section 3582(c)(1)(A), empowered the BOP Director to “petition the

court for a reduction in . . . sentence” and gave courts the authority to grant those petitions if they

found “that the reduction was justified by ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons.’” S. Rep. 98-



1
         Defendant notes that, as of July 28, 2020, his “counsel [had] not received a response” to his request. Def.’s
Mot. at 4. The response from the warden, submitted as an attachment to its memorandum in opposition, was signed
on July 7, 2020. Gov’t Opp’n, Ex. 1 at 1. The record is unclear why defense counsel was not notified of this denial.

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223 at 118; see also Pub. L. No. 98-473, Title II, § 212(a)(2).2 As amended in the First Step Act

of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, the exception in section 3582(c)(1)(A) is expanded to authorize a

defendant directly to file a motion for such compassionate release with the court after he

exhausts his “administrative rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a

[compassionate release] motion” on his behalf or he waits at least “30 days” after he delivers his

request for compassionate release to “the warden of [his] facility.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

         In resolving motions for compassionate release, the court may reduce a term of

imprisonment only “after considering the factors set forth in [18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a) to the extent

that they are applicable,” id., and upon making two findings: first, that “extraordinary and

compelling reasons warrant such a reduction,” id. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i)3; and, second, “that such a

reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission,”

id. § 3582(c)(1)(A).4

         The Sentencing Commission’s policy statement at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, which was last

substantively amended by the Commission on November 1, 2016, applies to motions for

reduction of terms of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), and provides guidance as



2
         As originally enacted, 18 U.S.C. § 3582 read as follows:

         The Court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that . . . in any
         case . . . the court, upon motion of the director of the Bureau of Prisons, may reduce the term of
         imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are
         applicable, if it finds that extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction and that
         such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the [United States]
         Sentencing Commission.

Pub. L. No. 98-473, Title II, § 212(a)(2).
3
          Though not relevant to the instant motion, the court may also reduce a prisoner’s sentence if he is “at least
70 years of age” and has served at least 30 years in prison, when BOP has determined “that the defendant is not a
danger to the safety of any other person or the community, as provided under [18 U.S.C. §] 3142(g).” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A)(ii).
4
          The Sentencing Commission is tasked, in its organic statute, with promulgating general policy statements
regarding “the sentence modification provisions set forth in section[] . . . 3582(c) of title 18,” 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(2),
and “describ[ing] what should be considered extraordinary and compelling reasons for sentence reduction, including
the criteria to be applied and a list of specific examples,” id. § 994(t).

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to both of the statutorily required findings. It states that a reduction of a term of imprisonment

may be warranted, “after considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), to the extent

that they are applicable,” when the court makes three determinations: (1) “extraordinary and

compelling reasons warrant the reduction,” or the defendant meets certain age and a minimum

incarceration period, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(1)(A)–(B); (2) the defendant poses no danger to the

safety of any other person or the community, id. § 1B1.13(2); and (3) “the reduction is consistent

with [the] policy statement,” id. § 1B1.13(3). The commentary to this policy statement then

describes four “circumstances” that satisfy “extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant[ing]

the reduction”: (1) the medical condition of the defendant, who “is suffering from a terminal

illness” or has chronic and “substantially diminish[ed] . . . ability . . . to provide self-care” within

the prison environment, id. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(A); (2) the defendant is at least 65 years old, with

a serious deterioration in physical or mental health, after serving at least 10 years or 75 percent

of the prison term, “whichever is less,” id. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(B); (3) “[f]amily [c]ircumstances”

of “[t]he death or incapacitation of the caregiver of the defendant’s minor child or minor

children” or the incapacitation of the defendant’s spouse or registered partner “when the

defendant would be the only available caregiver for the spouse or registered partner,” id.

§ 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(C); and (4) “[o]ther [r]easons” found by the BOP Director to present an

extraordinary and compelling reason “other than, or in combination with,” the reasons specified

in the policy statement, id. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(D).

III.    DISCUSSION

        The parties agree that defendant has met the requirements of the compassionate release

statute’s exhaustion requirements. Def.’s Mot. at 6; Gov’t Opp’n at 1–2. They agree on little

else. The government argues that defendant’s case does not present “extraordinary and



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compelling reasons” warranting a reduction in his sentence. Gov’t Opp’n at 14. Even if it did,

the government argues that application of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) does not

support a sentence reduction and that the defendant continues to present a danger to the

community, as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g). Id. at 17–19. Defendant disagrees with each of

these points. The government is correct that defendant has not established an extraordinary and

compelling reason for release, and thus has the better of the argument.

       A.      Defendant Does Not Present Extraordinary and Compelling Reasons
               Justifying Early Release

       The government argues that defendant “has failed to satisfy his burden of showing

extraordinary and compelling reasons that would warrant his immediate release.” Gov’t Opp’n

at 14 (internal quotation marks omitted). Defendant contends that his “medical history, paired

with his incarceration, make him exceptionally vulnerable to becoming severely ill or dying from

COVID-19.” Def.’s Mot. at 6. This alleged heightened vulnerability, defendant says, amounts

to an extraordinary and compelling reason justifying his early release.

       The compassionate release statute directs courts to look to the Sentencing Commission’s

policy statement for guidance on what constitutes extraordinary and compelling reasons

warranting release. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (explaining that a court “may reduce [a] term of

imprisonment . . . [if] such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by

the Sentencing Commission”). As this Court has noted elsewhere, that policy statement is

binding. United States v. Goldberg, Crim. Case No. 12-180 (BAH), 2020 WL 1853298, *4

(D.D.C. Apr. 13, 2020) (declining to “adopt the view of some courts that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 may

be eschewed as outdated” and holding that “the limitations in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 apply and are

binding”). The policy statement details several circumstances that qualify as extraordinary and

compelling reasons, including when “[t]he defendant is . . . suffering from a serious physical or


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medical condition . . . that substantially diminishes the ability of the defendant to provide self-

care within the environment of a correctional facility and from which he or she is not expected to

recover.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(A)(ii). Although the statement’s requirement of a chronic

ailment that compromises a defendant’s ability to provide “self-care” excludes otherwise serious

physical conditions from qualifying as an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for

compassionate release, the Commission clarified that the specific examples are not exclusive.

Indeed, the commentary includes a catch-all provision acknowledging that “[o]ther [r]easons,”

either standing alone or “in combination with[] the reasons described” in the policy statement,

may amount to extraordinary and compelling reasons. Id., cmt. n.1(D). This Court has

recognized elsewhere that the current global pandemic may, in some circumstances, “present[]

such an ‘other reason.’” United States v. Morris, Crim. Case No. 12-154 (BAH), 2020 WL

2735651, *7 (D.D.C. May 24, 2020).

        Defendant attempts to fit his circumstances into this framework by pointing to two

medical conditions with which he is afflicted. First, he explains that he suffers from “alcoholic

hepatitis” which is “a disease that causes inflammation of the liver.” Def.’s Mot. at 11.

Defendant does not explain how this condition “substantially diminishes [his] ability . . . to

provide self-care.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, cmt. n.1(A)(ii). He also explains that he “has pulmonary

fibrosis,” which is “a lung disease caused by damaged and scarred lung tissue.” Def.’s Mot. at

14. Although defendant alleges that the condition causes him to experience “shortness of

breath,” id. at 15, the government points out that this symptom is nowhere reflected in the

records of medical screenings defendant has undergone while in BOP custody. Gov’t Opp’n at

16–17. In any event, defendant does not describe how any shortness of breath interferes with his

ability to provide self-care, let alone “substantially” so.



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       In recognition of the fact that his circumstances thus do not fit neatly into the specific

examples of “extraordinary and compelling reasons” laid out in the Commission’s policy

statement, defendant relies on the catch-all provision. Defendant argues that his “diminished

liver capacity” and “diminished lung functioning” place him in “real danger” from COVID-19.

Def.’s Mot. at 14–17. Defendant is correct that liver disease and pulmonary fibrosis are among

the ailments the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) believes “may increase

[the] risk of severe illness from COVID-19.” People with Certain Medical Conditions, CENTERS

FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION,         https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-

extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html (last visited Aug. 12, 2020). Defendant’s

medical records, however, reflect that his conditions are currently well-managed and those

records do not evince any complaints arising from either condition since he began serving his

term of imprisonment. Moreover, although “[i]t can be hardly disputed that the novel strain of

the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is much more easily transmitted in the prison

environment,” United States v. Johnson, Crim. Case No. 15-125 (KBJ), 2020 WL 3041923, *9

(D.D.C. May 16, 2020), BOP records indicate that defendant’s prison facility has reported only

three COVID-19 infections, all suffered by staff members, two of whom have since recovered.

COVID-19 Coronavirus, FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/ (last

visited Aug. 12, 2020). Even if defendant’s medical condition puts him at heightened risk of

suffering the worst effects of COVID-19, that risk still appears less than imminent given the lack

of evidence that the disease has affected the prison population at his facility.

       Finally, defendant points to demographic factors that he says tip the scales in favor of his

release. Defendant is a 39-year-old black male, and he asserts that COVID-19

“disproportionately affects males and Black Americans.” Def.’s Mot. at 17. The Court does not



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discount the tragic reality that certain segments of the population, and particularly Black

Americans, have borne a greater share of the pandemic’s deadly effect. See, e.g., Health Equity

Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups, CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND

PREVENTION, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-

ethnicity.html (last visited Aug. 12, 2020). Nevertheless, “the Court must concern itself

primarily with the particular characteristics of an individual defendant when determining what

constitutes an extraordinary and compelling reason” for release. United States v. Brown, Crim.

Case No. 13-30, 2020 WL 4346911, *3 (D.D.C. July 29, 2020) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Defendant’s particular circumstances do not provide such a reason.5

IV.      ORDER

         Defendant has not demonstrated that extraordinary and compelling reasons exist for the

requested reduction. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). Accordingly, it is hereby

         ORDERED that defendant’s Emergency Motion to Reduce Sentence Pursuant to the

Compassionate Release Statute 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) is DENIED.

         SO ORDERED.

         Date: August 12, 2020

                                                               __________________________
                                                               BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                               Chief Judge




5
          Although the government also contends that the factors laid out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) counsel against
early release and that defendant still presents a danger to the community as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g), Gov’t
Opp’n at 17–19, neither argument need be addressed in light of the conclusion that defendant has failed to present
“extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant[ing] . . . a reduction” in his sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).

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