                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                      No. 49PA14

                               Filed 21 December 2016

 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

              v.

 JAMES KEVIN MOIR



      On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision

of the Court of Appeals, 231 N.C. App. 628, 753 S.E.2d 195 (2014), vacating an order

entered on 18 February 2013 by Judge Richard D. Boner in Superior Court, Catawba

County, and remanding this case to the Superior Court, Catawba County, for further

proceedings. Heard in the Supreme Court on 16 February 2015.


      Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by William P. Hart, Jr., Assistant Attorney
      General, for the State-appellant.

      Crowe & Davis, P.A., by H. Kent Crowe; and LeCroy Law Firm, PLLC, by M.
      Alan LeCroy, for defendant-appellee. 1


      ERVIN, Justice.


      In this case, we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred by vacating and

remanding the trial court’s order denying a petition filed by defendant James Kevin

Moir seeking termination of the requirement that he register as a sex offender on the



      1 H. Kent Crowe filed an appellee’s brief on defendant’s behalf before unexpectedly
dying prior to the holding of oral argument. On 29 January 2015, this Court allowed
defendant’s motion to substitute M. Alan LeCroy as defendant’s counsel.
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                                    Opinion of the Court



grounds that the trial court had erroneously determined that defendant was not

eligible to have his registration terminated in light of certain provisions of federal

law. After careful consideration of the State’s challenges to the Court of Appeals’

decision, we conclude that the Court of Appeals’ decision should be modified and

affirmed and that this case should be remanded to the Court of Appeals for further

remand to the trial court for additional proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

      On 9 January 2001, the Catawba County grand jury returned bills of

indictment charging defendant with having committed two counts of first-degree

statutory sexual offense and two counts of taking indecent liberties with a child.2 On

28 November 2001, defendant entered a plea of guilty to two counts of taking indecent

liberties with a child. Based upon defendant’s guilty plea, Judge James W. Morgan

consolidated defendant’s convictions for judgment and entered a judgment sentencing

defendant to a term of sixteen to twenty months of imprisonment, with that sentence

being suspended and with defendant being placed on supervised probation for five

years on the condition that defendant serve an active sentence of one hundred ten

days imprisonment, pay the costs, comply with the usual terms and conditions of

probation and the special terms and conditions of probation applicable to sex

offenders, and have no contact with the victim except to the extent that such contact



      2  Although the record on appeal only contains a single indictment charging defendant
with one count of first-degree statutory sexual offense and one count of taking indecent
liberties with a child, the remaining documents contained in the record on appeal and the
briefs that the parties submitted to both the Court of Appeals and this Court indicate that
defendant was actually charged with two counts of both offenses.

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                                   Opinion of the Court



is allowed by the victim’s mother. In the course of entering judgment, Judge Morgan

ordered defendant to “[i]mmediately register” as a sex offender as required by

N.C.G.S. § 14-208.7, a mandate with which defendant complied on 15 March 2002.

After defendant received an extension of the probationary period in October 2006 for

the purpose of allowing defendant to complete the sex offender treatment program,

Judge Timothy S. Kincaid entered an order on 25 June 2007 terminating defendant’s

probation. On 22 May 2012, defendant filed a petition pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 14-

208.12A seeking to have the requirement that he register as a sex offender pursuant

to Part 2 of Article 27A of Chapter 14 of the North Carolina General Statutes

terminated on the grounds that he had “been subject to the North Carolina

registration requirements . . . for at least ten (10) years beginning with the” date of

initial registration; that he had “not been convicted of any subsequent offense

requiring registration” since the date of his conviction; that he had “not been arrested

for any offense that would require registration” since the completion of his sentence;

and that proper notice of his request for relief from his sex offender registration

requirement had been provided to the appropriate entities.

      Defendant’s petition came on for hearing before the trial court at the 11

February 2013 criminal session of the Superior Court, Catawba County. On 18

February 2013, the trial court entered an order denying defendant’s petition. In its

order, the trial court found as fact that:




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      1.     On November 28, 2001, the defendant entered
pleas of guilty to two counts of taking indecent liberties
with a minor child as part of a plea agreement.

       2.     Prior to the court’s sentencing of the
defendant, the State gave a statement of facts in support of
the plea during which it was stated that the defendant had
engaged in improper touching of the defendant’s daughter,
a child of the age of 4 years, and that he had masturbated
in the presence of the child.

       3.   The State’s statement of facts indicated that
the improper touching had occurred in the vaginal area of
the child.

       4.    The defendant was required to register as a
sex offender under Part 2 of Article 27A of Chapter 14 of
the General Statutes as a result of his guilty pleas.

       5.     The defendant has been subject to the North
Carolina registration requirements of Part 2 of Article 27A
for at least 10 years beginning with the date of the initial
North Carolina registration.

      6.     Since the date of conviction, the defendant
has not been convicted of any subsequent offenses
requiring registration under Article 27A, Chapter 14.

      7.     Since the completion of his sentence for the
indecent liberties offenses, the defendant has not been
arrested for any offense that would require registration
under Article 27A, Chapter 14.

       8.     The defendant served his petition on the
Office of the District Attorney for Catawba County at least
three weeks prior to the hearing held in this matter.

      9.     The risk of the defendant re-offending is low.

      10.    The defendant is not a current or potential
threat to public safety.


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                   11.    Touching of the genital area of a minor with
             the intent to gratify sexual desire is considered “sexual
             contact” under the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3), and
             sexual contact is classified as “abusive sexual contact”
             under 18 U.S.C. § 2244.

                   12.    Abusive sexual contact is considered to be a
             Tier II offense under the provisions of 42 U.S.C. §
             16911(3)(A)(iv).

                    13.   The registration for Tier II offenses under the
             provisions of the Jacob Wetterling Act, 42 U.S.C. § 14071,
             and the provisions of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and
             Safety Act of 2006, 42 U.S.C. § 16911, et seq., is 25 years.
             This registration period cannot be reduced.

                    14.   The defendant has not been registered as a
             sex offender for at least 25 years.

Based upon these findings of fact, the trial court concluded as a matter of law:

                    1. That the termination of defendant’s obligation
             to register as a sex offender would not comply with the
             current provisions of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and
             Safety Act of 2006, which are applicable to the termination
             of a registration requirement and are required to be met as
             for the receipt of federal funding by the State of North
             Carolina.

                   2.    [That t]he defendant is not entitled to
             termination of the registration requirement.

As a result, the trial court determined that defendant’s “request to terminate the sex

offender registration is denied” and that “defendant shall continue to maintain a

current registration under Part 2 of Article 27A of Chapter 14.” Defendant noted an

appeal to the Court of Appeals from the trial court’s order.




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                                    Opinion of the Court



       On 7 January 2014, the Court of Appeals filed an opinion vacating the trial

court’s order and remanding this case to the Superior Court, Catawba County, for

further proceedings on the grounds that the trial court had erred by determining that

defendant was a Tier II sex offender who was ineligible to obtain relief from the sex

offender registration requirement. State v. Moir, 231 N.C. App. 628, 631-32, 753

S.E.2d 195, 196-97 (2014). According to the Court of Appeals, the trial court reached

this erroneous conclusion based upon an incorrect understanding of the relevant

provisions of federal law. Id. at 631, 753 S.E.2d at 197. In the Court of Appeals’ view,

the extent to which an individual should be classified as a Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III

offender hinges upon the nature of “the offense charged” rather than upon “the facts

underlying the case,” as the trial court appeared to believe. Id. at 631, 753 S.E.2d at

197. As a result, because the crime of taking indecent liberties with a child did not

inherently involve the type of conduct required to make defendant a Tier II offender,

the Court of Appeals concluded that defendant should be treated as a Tier I, rather

than a Tier II, offender. Id. at 631-32, 753 S.E.2d at 197 (citing In re Hamilton, 220

N.C. App. 350, 358, 725 S.E.2d 393, 399 (2012), and In re McClain, 226 N.C. App.

465, 469, 741 S.E.2d 893, 896, disc. rev. denied, 366 N.C. 600, 743 S.E.2d 188 (2013)).

However, because “the ultimate decision of whether to terminate a sex offender’s

registration requirement still lies in the trial court’s discretion,” id. at 362, 753 S.E.2d

at 197 (quoting In re Hamilton, 220 N.C. App. at 359, 725 S.E.2d at 399 (citing

N.C.G.S. § 14-208.12A(a1) (2012))), the Court of Appeals vacated the trial court’s


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                                  Opinion of the Court



order and remanded this case to the trial court for the entry of a new order containing

appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law based upon a correct

understanding of the applicable law and, in the event that the trial court determined

that defendant was eligible to be relieved from his existing obligation to comply with

the sex offender registration program, the making of a discretionary decision

concerning the extent to which defendant’s petition should be allowed or denied, id.

at 632, 753 S.E.2d at 197. We granted the State’s request for discretionary review on

19 August 2014.

      Section 14-208.12A of our General Statutes, which governs requests for relief

from the sex offender registration requirement, provides in pertinent part that:

                    (a)    Ten years from the date of initial county
             registration, a person required to register under this Part
             may petition the superior court to terminate the 30-year
             registration requirement if the person has not been
             convicted of a subsequent offense requiring registration
             under this Article.

                    If the reportable conviction is for an offense that
             occurred in North Carolina, the petition shall be filed in the
             district where the person was convicted of the offense.

                    ....

                    (a1)   The court may grant the relief if:

                           (1) The petitioner demonstrates to the court
                               that he or she has not been arrested for
                               any crime that would require registration
                               under this Article since completing the
                               sentence,



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                                    Opinion of the Court



                           (2) The requested relief complies with the
                               provisions of the federal Jacob Wetterling
                               Act, as amended, and any other federal
                               standards applicable to the termination of
                               a registration requirement or required to
                               be met as a condition for the receipt of
                               federal funds by the State, and

                           (3) The court is otherwise satisfied that the
                               petitioner is not a current or potential
                               threat to public safety.

N.C.G.S. § 14-208.12A (2015). As a result, given that the trial court’s findings of fact,

which have not been challenged on appeal, establish that defendant “has not been

arrested for any offense that would require registration” since completing his

sentence and “is not a current or potential threat to public safety,” the extent to which

defendant is eligible to be removed from the sex offender registration program

depends upon whether “[t]he requested relief complies with the provisions of the

federal Jacob Wetterling Act, as amended, and any other federal standards applicable

to the termination of a registration requirement or required to be met as a condition

for the receipt of federal funds by the State.” Id. § 14-208.12A(a1)(2).

      The currently effective federal statutory provisions governing the extent to

which an individual required to register as a sex offender is entitled to have his or

her registration obligation terminated are found in the Sex Offender Registration and

Notification Act (SORNA), which is also known as the Adam Walsh Act.3 Adam


      3  The federal statutory provisions governing removal from a state’s sex offender
registry have been amended on a number of occasions. The relevant provisions were, as
N.C.G.S. § 14-208.12A(a1)(2) suggests, originally contained in the Jacob Wetterling Act, 14

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                                       Opinion of the Court



Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-248, Title I, §§ 102,

113, 120 Stat. 590, 593-94.4         According to SORNA, sex offenders subject to a

registration requirement are classified on the basis of three tier levels, see 42 U.S.C.

§ 16911(2)-(4) (2012), with sex offenders being treated differently based upon the

exact tier to which they are assigned, see id. § 16915. Among other things, 42 U.S.C.

§ 16915 provides that “[a] sex offender shall keep the registration current for the full

registration period (excluding any time the sex offender is in custody or civilly

committed) unless the offender is allowed a reduction under” 42 U.S.C. § 16915(b),

with “[t]he full registration period” being “15 years, if the offender is a tier I sex

offender,” “25 years, if the offender is a tier II sex offender,” and “the life of the

offender, if the offender is a tier III sex offender.” Id. § 16915(a). However, a Tier I

sex offender may have his or her required registration period reduced to ten years,

id. § 16915(b)(3)(A), and a Tier III offender may have his or her required registration

period reduced to twenty-five years, id. § 16915(b)(3)(B), in the event that he or she

is not “convicted of any offense for which imprisonment for more than 1 year may be

imposed,” is not “convicted of any sex offense,” “successfully complete[s ]any periods




U.S.C. § 14071 (1994), which was amended by the “Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking
and Identification Act of 1996.” See Pub. L. No. 104-236, §§ 1-2, 110 Stat. 3093, 3093-96. In
2006, portions of both the Lychner Act and the Wetterling Act were repealed following
enactment of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, which currently governs
removal from North Carolina’s sex offender registry for purposes of N.C.G.S. § 14-
208.12A(a1)(2).

       4   SORNA is codified, for the most part, at 42 U.S.C. §§ 16901-16962 (2012).

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                                   Opinion of the Court



of supervised release, probation, and parole,” and “successfully complete[s] . . . an

appropriate sex offender treatment program,” id. § 16915(b). As a result, defendant

would not have been eligible to have his obligation to register as a sex offender

terminated at the conclusion of a ten year registration period unless he satisfied the

requirements for being a Tier I offender.

      The exact contours of the tier system upon which 42 U.S.C. § 16915 depends

are spelled out in 42 U.S.C. § 16911. 42 U.S.C. § 16911(1) defines a “sex offender” as

“an individual who was convicted of a sex offense.” Id. § 16911(1). According to 42

U.S.C. § 16911(2), a Tier I sex offender is “a sex offender other than a [T]ier II or

[T]ier III sex offender.” Id. § 16911(2). A Tier II sex offender is

             a sex offender other than a [T]ier III sex offender whose
             offense is punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year
             and—

             (A)    is comparable to or more severe than the following
                    offenses, when committed against a minor, or an
                    attempt or conspiracy to commit such an offense
                    against a minor:
                    (i)    sex trafficking (as described in section 1591 of
                           title 18);
                    (ii)   coercion and enticement (as described in
                           section 2422(b) of title 18);
                    (iii) transportation with intent to engage in
                           criminal sexual activity (as described in
                           section 2423(a)[ ] of title 18[)];
                    (iv) abusive sexual contact (as described in section
                           2244 of title 18);

             (B)    involves—
                    (i)   use of a minor in a sexual performance;
                    (ii)  solicitation of a minor to practice prostitution;
                          or

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                                   Opinion of the Court



                    (iii)   production   or      distribution   of   child
                            pornography; or

             (C)    occurs after the offender becomes a [T]ier I sex
                    offender.

Id. § 16911(3). Finally, a Tier III sex offender is

             a sex offender whose offense is punishable                by
             imprisonment for more than 1 year and—

             (A) is comparable to or more severe than the following
                 offenses, or an attempt or conspiracy to commit such
                 an offense:
                   (i)   aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse (as
                         described in sections 2241 and 2242 of title
                         18); or
                   (ii)  abusive sexual contact (as described in section
                         2244 of title 18) against a minor who has not
                         attained the age of 13 years;

             (B) involves kidnapping of a minor (unless committed by
                 a parent or guardian); or

             (C) occurs after the offender becomes a [T]ier II sex
                 offender.

Id. § 16911(4).    As a result of the fact that the State seeks to have defendant

categorized as a Tier II offender on the grounds that his “offense” was “comparable to

or more severe than” “abusive sexual contact” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2244, the

extent to which defendant is or is not eligible to have his obligation to register as a

sex offender terminated depends upon the extent, if any, to which his convictions for

taking indecent liberties with a child in violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1 are




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                                      Opinion of the Court



comparable to or more severe than convictions for “abusive sexual contact” in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244.5

        According to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1,

                     (a)    A person is guilty of taking indecent liberties
              with children if, being 16 years of age or more and at least
              five years older than the child in question, he either:

                             (1)    Willfully takes or attempts to take any
                                    immoral, improper, or indecent
                                    liberties with any child of either sex
                                    under the age of 16 years for the
                                    purpose of arousing or gratifying
                                    sexual desire; or

                             (2)    Willfully commits or attempts to
                                    commit any lewd or lascivious act upon
                                    or with the body or any part or member
                                    of the body of any child of either sex
                                    under the age of 16 years.

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) (2015). On the other hand, a defendant is guilty of abusive

sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244 if he or she “knowingly engages in or

causes sexual contact with or by another person, if so to do would violate” 18 U.S.C.

§§ 2241(a) or (b), 2242, 2243(a) or (b), or 2241(c), or if he or she “knowingly engages

in sexual contact with another person without that other person’s permission,” 18



       5  As a result of the fact that the same analysis we have utilized to address the State’s
contention that defendant should be categorized as a Tier II offender would be appropriate
in the event that the State were to contend that defendant should be categorized as a Tier III
offender, our discussion of the merits of the contention that the State has actually made in
this case suffices to permit an appropriate disposition in this case. We do not, however, wish
for the discussion contained in the text of this opinion to be understood as limiting the extent
to which the Superior Court, Catawba County, is entitled to classify defendant as a Tier I, a
Tier II, or a Tier III offender on remand.

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                                     Opinion of the Court



U.S.C. § 2244(a)-(b) (2012), with “sexual contact” for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 2244

defined as “the intentional touching, either directly or through the clothing, of the

genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of any person with an intent to

abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any

person,” id. § 2246(3).6 The extent to which the crime of taking indecent liberties

with a child is comparable to or more severe than the crime of abusive sexual contact

for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A)(iv) is, of course, a question of federal, rather

than state, law.

       The federal courts have described three approaches for making determinations

like ascertaining the tier to which a defendant should be assigned for the purpose of



       6 A careful examination of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), 2241(b), 2242, 2243(a), 2243(b), and
2241(c) reveals that guilt of the offenses delineated in each of these statutory provisions
requires proof that the offender “engage[d] in or cause[d] sexual contact with or by another
person,” 18 U.S.C. § 2244, in such a manner as to result in the commission of a “sexual act,”
which is defined as “contact between the penis and the vulva or the penis and the anus,” with
“contact involving the penis occur[ring] upon penetration, however slight;” “contact between
the mouth and the penis, the mouth and the vulva, or the mouth and the anus;” “the
penetration, however slight, of the anal or genital opening of another by a hand or finger or
by any object, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade or arouse or gratify the
sexual desire of any person;” or “the intentional touching, not through the clothing, of the
genitalia of another person who has not attained the age of 16 years with an intent to abuse,
humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person,” id. §
2246(2)(A)-(D). However, given that the offense set out in 18 U.S.C. § 2244(b) does not require
proof that the offender committed a “sexual act” and given that conviction for an offense
“comparable to or more severe” than that defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2244(b) would suffice to
render the person in question a Tier II offender even if that offense was not also “comparable
to or more severe than” the offenses delineated in 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a), see 42 U.S.C. §
16911(3)(A)(iv), we need not address the extent, if any, to which defendant’s conviction for
taking indecent liberties with a child would be “comparable to or more severe than” a
conviction for the offenses requiring proof of the commission of a “sexual act” delineated in
18 U.S.C. § 2244(a).


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determining whether he is eligible to have his sex offender registration obligation

reduced pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 16915(b): (1) the “categorical approach,” (2) the

“circumstance-specific approach,” and (3) the “modified categorical approach.”7

United States v. White, 782 F.3d 1118, 1130 (10th Cir. 2015) (stating that “courts

employ two main approaches, . . . the categorical approach and the circumstance-

specific approach”); see Descamps v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, ___, 186 L. Ed.

2d 438, 449, 451-53 (2013) (explaining that the “modified categorical approach” is

solely a “variant” of the “categorical approach”); see also United States v. Berry, 814

F.3d 192, 195-96 (4th Cir. 2016); United States v. Price, 777 F.3d 700, 704-05 (4th

Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 192 L. Ed. 2d 941 (2015). The applicability of each

approach depends upon whether the statute under which a defendant was convicted

refers to a “generic crime” or to a “defendant’s specific conduct.” White, 782 F.3d at

1130. In the event that Congress intended for the relevant statutory provision to

refer to a generic crime rather than a defendant’s specific conduct, the “categorical

approach,” in which courts compare the elements of the offense for which the

defendant was convicted with the “elements of the generic offense identified in the

federal statute,” is used in making the necessary comparison. Price, 777 F.3d at 704;

see White, 782 F.3d at 1130-31; see also Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602,

109 L. Ed. 2d 607, 629 (1990). A defendant’s state conviction is comparable to the


       7 The “circumstance-specific approach” is also known as the “non-categorical
approach.” See United States v. Price, 777 F.3d 700, 705 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___,
192 L. Ed. 2d 941 (2015).

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relevant federal offense for purposes of the “categorical approach” when the elements

composing the statute of conviction “are the same as, or narrower than, those of the

generic offense.” Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 449; Price, 777 F.3d at

704 (citing Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602, 109 L. Ed. 2d at 629). Accordingly, if a state

statute “sweeps more broadly than the generic crime,” there is no categorical match.

Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 451 (stating that “[t]he key,

we emphasize[ ], is elements, not facts.”) In other words, if there is “ ‘a realistic

probability . . . that the State would apply its statute to conduct that falls outside the

generic definition of a crime,’ there is no categorical match and the prior conviction

cannot be for an offense under the federal statute.” Price, 777 F.3d at 704 (quoting

Gonzales v. Duenas–Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 193, 166 L. Ed. 2d 683, 692-93 (2007)).

      On the other hand, in the event that Congress intended to refer to a defendant’s

specific conduct instead of to the elements of the offense involved in the underlying

criminal conviction, courts apply the “circumstance-specific approach.” Id. at 705

(citing Nijhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29, 34, 174 L. Ed. 2d 22, 27 (2009)). In applying

the “circumstance-specific approach,” the court is required to compare the actual

conduct that led to the defendant’s conviction for the relevant state offense with the

elements of the offenses as defined in federal law. Id.; see Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___,

186 L. Ed. 2d at 456. In other words, when the facts underlying the defendant’s prior

conviction would support a conviction under the federal statute, the defendant’s prior

offense is comparable to the federal offense for categorization purposes. Price, 777


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                                  Opinion of the Court



F.3d at 705 (citing Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 34, 174 L. Ed. 2d at 27); see Descamps, ___

U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 456. Thus, the “broader framework” made possible

through the use of the “circumstance-specific approach” is available “when the federal

statute refers ‘to the specific way in which an offender committed the crime on a

specific occasion,’ rather than to the generic crime.” Price, 777 F.3d at 705 (quoting

Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 34, 174 L. Ed. 2d at 27).

      In the event that the court is required to address issues arising under a

divisible statute, which exists when the relevant provision sets out multiple offenses

rather than a single offense, a pure categorical approach cannot be utilized in any

meaningful way. See Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 449 (noting that the

“modified categorical approach” applies “when a prior conviction is for violating a so-

called ‘divisible statute’ ”). In order to resolve cases involving divisible statutes,

courts have developed the “modified categorical approach.” Under that approach,

“[g]eneral divisibility, however, is not enough” to permit a finding of comparability.

United States v. Montes–Flores, 736 F.3d 357, 365 (4th Cir. 2013) (quoting United

States v. Cabrera–Umanzor, 728 F.3d 347, 352 (4th Cir. 2013)).           Instead, the

“modified categorical approach” only permits a finding of comparability in the event

that the elements of at least one of the alternative offenses set out in the statute

defining the offense of which the defendant was previously convicted categorically

match the generic federal offense. Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 453

(stating that “[a]ll the modified [categorical] approach adds is a mechanism for


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                                       Opinion of the Court



making that comparison when a statute lists multiple, alternative elements, and so

effectively creates ‘several different . . . crimes’ ” on the theory that, “[i]f at least one,

but not all of those crimes matches the generic version, a court needs a way to find

out which the defendant was convicted of” having committed) (ellipsis in original)

(quoting Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 41, 174 L. Ed. 2d at 32).8 In using the “modified

categorical approach,” the court is permitted to examine a limited number of

contemporaneously generated documents described in Shepard v. United States, 544

U.S. 13, 26, 161 L. Ed. 2d 205, 214 (2005), “such as the indictment, the plea

agreement, and jury instructions, to ‘determine which alternative formed the basis of

the defendant’s prior conviction.’ ” Berry, 814 F.3d at 196 (quoting Descamps, ___

U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 449). “The modified [categorical] approach does not

authorize a . . . court to substitute such a facts-based inquiry for an elements-based

one.” Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 462. Instead, the only reason that

a court is allowed to consider certain extra-statutory information in the “modified

categorical approach” is “to assess whether the plea was to the version of the crime”

in the state statute that “correspond[s] to the generic offense.” Id. at ___, 186 L. Ed.


       8  The greater flexibility allowed through the use of the “modified categorical approach”
is not available in the event that the relevant state statute specifies several alternative
means of committing a crime, one of which would bring the statute of conviction within the
definition of the generic crime, instead of setting out alternative offenses made up of differing
elements. Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. ___, ___, 195 L. Ed. 2d 604, 616-18 (2016); see
also id. at ___, 195 L. Ed. 2d at 610 (defining “elements” as “the ‘constituent parts’ of a crime’s
legal definition—the things the ‘prosecution must prove to sustain a conviction’ ” (quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary 634 (10th ed. 2014)) and defining “facts” as “mere real-world things—
extraneous to the crime’s legal requirements” that “need neither be found by a jury nor
admitted by a defendant” (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 709)).

                                               -17-
                                     STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



2d at 452 (citing Shepard, 544 U.S. at 25-26, 161 L. Ed. 2d at 217 (plurality opinion)).

If none of the alternative offenses set out in a “divisible” statute is determined to be

comparable to the generic offense on the basis of a “categorical” analysis, no “match[

]” exists and “[t]he modified [categorical] approach . . . has no role to play” in the

analysis. Id. at___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 453-54; accord Montes–Flores, 736 F.3d at 365

(stating that “[g]eneral divisibility, however, is not enough; a statute is divisible for

purposes of applying the modified categorical approach only if at least one of the

categories into which the statute may be divided constitutes, by its elements, [the

generic offense]” (quoting Cabrera–Umanzor, 728 F.3d at 352)). Thus, “[o]nce the

elements of the offense of conviction have been identified, the examination of any

Shepard documents ends, and the court proceeds with employing the categorical

approach, comparing the elements of the offense of conviction with the elements of

the offense identified in the federal statute.” Berry, 814 F.3d at 196 (citing Descamps,

___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 449). As a result, we must now determine whether

42 U.S.C. § 16911, when properly construed, requires use of the “categorical

approach,” the “circumstance-specific approach,” or the “modified-categorical

approach.”

      Although the United States Supreme Court has pointed out that the word

“offense” in statutes can refer to either a generic offense or specific conduct,

Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 34-35, 174 L. Ed. 2d at 27-28, an analysis of the language in

which 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A)(iv) is couched and various equitable and practical


                                          -18-
                                    STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



considerations persuade us that Congress intended for the required comparability

analysis to focus on a generic offense rather than the defendant’s individual conduct.

As an initial matter, when taken in context, the references to “offense” contained

throughout 42 U.S.C. § 16911 tend, for the most part, to refer to specific criminal

offenses as defined in state law rather than to the specific conduct in which the

defendant engaged. For example, as the Court of Appeals noted, the fact that a “sex

offender” is defined as “an individual who was convicted of a sex offense,” 42 U.S.C.

§ 16911(1), the fact that a Tier II offender is defined as a “sex offender whose offense

is punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year,” Moir, 231 N.C. App. at 630, 753

S.E.2d at 196 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3) (2006)), and the fact that the statute

contains “lists of elements of the offense” tend to suggest that Congress was referring

to the identity of the generic offense for which a defendant was convicted rather than

to a description of each individual defendant’s conduct, id. at 631, 753 S.E.2d at 197.

In addition, we note that 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A) refers to offenses described in 18

U.S.C. §§ 1591, 2422(b), 2423(a), and 2244. 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A); White, 782 F.3d

at 1133 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A)). As the United States Supreme Court has

stated, cross-references to other federal statutory provisions tend to suggest that

Congress intended to refer to a generic offense instead of the specific conduct in which

the defendant engaged.      Nijhawan, 557 U.S. at 36-38, 174 L. Ed. 2d at 28-30

(explaining that the references in the Armed Career Criminal Act to specific federal

crimes support use of the “categorical approach”); cf. United States v. Dodge, 597 F.3d


                                          -19-
                                   STATE V. MOIR
                                  Opinion of the Court



1347, 1353-56 (11th Cir.) (en banc) (explaining that a “circumstance-specific

approach” is appropriate as applied to the phrase “against a minor” as found in 42

U.S.C. § 16911(5)(A)(ii) and (7)(I) given that these phrases do not include a cross-

reference to another federal penal section), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 961, 178 L. Ed. 2d

287 (2010)). Thus, our reading of the relevant statutory language tends to suggest

that Congress intended to refer to a generic offense rather than to the defendant’s

underlying conduct in the relevant portion of 42 U.S.C. § 16911.

      In addition, in making this determination, we must consider

             the practical difficulties and potential unfairness of
             applying a circumstance-specific approach, including the
             burden on the trial courts of sifting through records from
             prior cases, the impact of unresolved evidentiary issues,
             and the potential inequity of imposing consequences based
             on unproven factual allegations where the defendant has
             pleaded guilty to a lesser offense.

White, 782 F.3d at 1132 (citing Taylor, 495 U.S. at 601-02, 109 L. Ed. 2d at 628-29).

In conducting that inquiry, we note that a trial judge required to make the necessary

categorization determination long after the date of a defendant’s conviction may lack

access to relevant factual information concerning the defendant’s conduct,

particularly in cases involving convictions resulting from a guilty plea rather than a

jury verdict. See Descamps, ___ U.S. at ___, 186 L. Ed. 2d at 457 (noting that the use

of the “circumstance-specific approach” would require trial courts “to expend

resources examining (often aged) documents for evidence that a defendant admitted

in a plea colloquy, or a prosecutor showed at trial, facts that, although unnecessary


                                         -20-
                                    STATE V. MOIR
                                  Opinion of the Court



to the crime of conviction, satisfy an element of the relevant generic offense”; that

“[t]he meaning of those documents will often be uncertain”; and that “the statements

of fact in them may be downright wrong”). In addition, use of the “circumstance-

specific approach” would, in some instances, force trial courts to base their decisions

on “unresolved evidentiary issues” and “unproven factual allegations,” White, 782

F.3d at 1132, 1135 (citing Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600-02, 109 L. Ed. 2d at 628-29), and

result in what amounts to a mini-trial concerning the exact nature of a defendant’s

earlier conduct in which the defendant might be unable to effectively defend himself

or herself due to the passage of time and other factors. Thus, the interpretation of

the literal statutory language that we believe to be appropriate has the added benefit

of avoiding a number of practical and equitable problems that would arise from

reliance upon the “circumstance-specific approach” for the purpose of determining

whether defendant is a Tier I or a Tier II offender.

      The reading of the relevant portion of 42 U.S.C. § 16911 that we believe to be

appropriate is also consistent with the approach adopted by various federal courts

and agencies in the course of resolving this issue. For example, the Fourth Circuit

stated in Berry that “SORNA’s text . . . suggests that the categorical approach should

be used to determine whether a prior conviction is comparable to or more severe than

the generic crimes listed in Section 16911(4)(A).” 814 F.3d at 197. The Tenth Circuit

has reached the same conclusion. White, 782 F.3d at 1135 (concluding that “Congress

intended courts to apply a categorical approach to sex offender tier classifications


                                         -21-
                                       STATE V. MOIR
                                     Opinion of the Court



designated by reference to a specific criminal statute”). In fact, no federal circuit, to

our knowledge, has construed the exact statutory provision at issue here differently

than we do. Finally, the National Guidelines for Sex Offender Registration and

Notification promulgated by the United States Department of Justice provide that,

“in assessing whether the offense satisfies the criteria for tier II or tier III

classification, jurisdictions generally may premise the determination on the elements

of the offense, and are not required to look to underlying conduct that is not reflected

in the offense of conviction.” The National Guidelines for Sex Offender Registration

and Notification, 73 Fed. Reg. 38030, 38053 (July 2, 2008). As a result, for all of these

reasons, we conclude that, in determining whether defendant’s convictions for taking

indecent liberties with a child suffice to make him a Tier II offender as defined in 42

U.S.C. § 16911(3)(A)(iv), we are required to utilize the categorical approach, as

supplemented by the “modified categorical approach” in the event that defendant was

convicted of violating a divisible statute.9


       9  A number of courts that utilize the “categorical approach” for other purposes have
adopted the “circumstance-specific” method for the purpose of applying the statutory
reference to the commission of a crime “against a minor” contained in 42 U.S.C. § 16911(3).
See generally Berry, 814 F.3d at 197 (stating that “the language of Section 16911(3)(A), like
the language of Section 16911(4)(A), instructs courts to apply the categorical approach when
comparing prior convictions with the generic offenses listed except when it comes to the
specific circumstance of the victims’ ages” (citations omitted)); Gonzalez–Medina, 757 F.3d at
429 (concluding “that Congress contemplated a non-categorical approach to the age-
differential determination in the § 16911(5)(C) exception”); Dodge, 597 F.3d at 1356
(“hold[ing] that courts may employ a noncategorical approach to examine the underlying facts
of a defendant’s offense, to determine whether a defendant has committed a ‘specified offense
against a minor’ and is thus a ‘sex offender’ subject to SORNA’s registration requirement”);
United States v. Mi Kyung Byun, 539 F.3d 982, 990-94 (9th Cir.) (determining that the phrase
“a specified offense against a minor” contained in 42 U.S.C. § 16911(5)(A)(ii) and (7) allows

                                            -22-
                                       STATE V. MOIR
                                     Opinion of the Court



       As we have already noted, N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1 prohibits “[w]illfully tak[ing] or

attempt[ing] to take any immoral, improper, or indecent liberties with any child of

either sex under the age of 16 years for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual

desire,” id. § 14-202.1(a)(1), and “[w]illfully commit[ting] or attempt[ing] to commit

any lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body or any part or member of the body

of any child of either sex under the age of 16 years,” id. § 14-202.1(a)(2). As of the

present date, this Court has not had the opportunity to determine whether N.C.G.S.

§ 14-202.1(a) is or is not a divisible statute, particularly in the aftermath of the

amendment to that statutory provision worked by Chapter 779 of the 1975 North

Carolina Session Laws, which removed the requirement that the defendant act “with

intent to commit an unnatural sexual act,” N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1 (1969), from the crime

of taking indecent liberties with children, and amended the remaining statutory

language so as to create the two subdivisions, N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) and (a)(2),

that have been contained in all versions of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) since the 1 October

1975 effective date of the amendment. Act of June 24, 1975, ch. 779, 1975 N.C. Sess.

Laws 1105.      Thus, given our willingness to authorize the use of the “modified

categorical approach” in appropriate cases, a determination of whether N.C.G.S. § 14-




for a “circumstance-specific approach”), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1088, 172 L. Ed. 2d 761 (2008).
We agree with the approach to age-related issues deemed appropriate in the cases and hold
that North Carolina courts should use the non-categorical or “circumstance-specific
approach” in addressing any age-related issues that may arise in the course of determining
whether an individual seeking the termination of an existing sex offender registration
requirement should be categorized as a Tier I, a Tier II, or a Tier III offender.

                                             -23-
                                   STATE V. MOIR
                                  Opinion of the Court



202.1(a) is a divisible statute must be made in order to properly determine whether

defendant is eligible to seek relief from the existing requirement that he register as

a sex offender.

      An analysis of the literal language of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) provides a basis

for arguing that N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1 is a divisible statute, with N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(1) and N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) being understood to state separate offenses.

The Tenth Circuit read N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) in just that manner. White, 782 F.3d

at 1136. However, there is a reasonable and rational basis for taking the opposite

position as well. For example, the Court of Appeals rejected a defendant’s fatal

variance claim even though the trial court instructed the jury concerning the issue of

defendant’s guilt of taking indecent liberties with a child by using the language “for

the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire” as found in N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(1) when the indictment was couched solely in terms of the “lewd and

lascivious act” language contained in N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2). State v. Wilson, 87

N.C. App. 399, 400-01, 361 S.E.2d 105, 106-07 (1987), disc. rev. denied, 321 N.C. 479,

364 S.E.2d 670 (1988). In addition, this Court and the Court of Appeals have upheld

indecent liberties convictions under both subdivisions of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) based

upon essentially identical conduct. See, e.g., State v. Banks, 322 N.C. 753, 767, 370

S.E.2d 398, 407 (1988) (concluding that the act of inserting an adult’s tongue into a

child’s mouth constituted an “immoral, improper, or indecent” act within the meaning

of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) and a “lewd or lascivious” act within the meaning of


                                         -24-
                                     STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2)); State v. Hammett, 182 N.C. App. 316, 323, 642 S.E.2d 454,

459 (concluding that masturbating in a child’s presence constituted an offense

punishable pursuant to N.C.G.S. 14-202.1(a)(2)), appeal dismissed and disc. rev.

denied, 361 N.C. 572, 651 S.E.2d 227 (2007); State v. Turman, 52 N.C. App. 376, 377,

278 S.E.2d 574, 575 (1981) (concluding that masturbating in a child’s presence

constituted an offense pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1)); cf. State v. Jones, 172

N.C. App. 308, 314-16, 616 S.E.2d 15, 19-20 (2005) (holding that a single act cannot

support two convictions under both N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) and N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(2), respectively). In light of these decisions, at least four members of an en

banc panel of the Fourth Circuit have determined that N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) is not

a divisible statute. United States v. Vann, 660 F.3d 771, 782-83 (4th Cir. 2011) (King,

J., concurring, with Motz, Gregory, & Davis, JJ.). Thus, the extent to which N.C.G.S.

§ 14-202.1(a) is a divisible statute remains an open question about which reasonable

minds can differ.

      Assuming, without in any way deciding, that N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a) is a

divisible statute, additional questions of North Carolina law must be resolved before

defendant’s eligibility to seek the termination of his obligation to continue to register

as a sex offender can be determined. Although this Court has held that proof that a

touching occurred is not necessary for a finding of guilt for purposes of N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(1), see State v. Hartness, 326 N.C. 561, 567, 391 S.E.2d 177, 180 (stating that

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) does not require “the State [to] prove that a touching


                                          -25-
                                     STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



occurred”), and while the Court of Appeals has held that proof of a touching is not

necessary for a finding of guilt under N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2), see Hammett, 182

N.C. App. at 323, 642 S.E.2d at 459 (holding that the defendant did not need to have

physically touched the victim in order to be convicted of taking indecent liberties with

a child in violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2)); State v. Every, 157 N.C. App. 200,

207, 578 S.E.2d 642, 648 (2003) (stating that “[i]t is not necessary that an actual

touching of the victim by defendant occur in order for the defendant to be ‘with’ a

child for purposes of taking indecent liberties under [N.C.G.S.] § 14-202.1(a)(1)”

(citation omitted)), this Court has never addressed, much less decided, whether a

physical touching of the victim is necessary for a defendant to be convicted of taking

indecent liberties with a child in violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2). For that

reason, this Court has also never determined whether any such physical touching

requirement applicable to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) is limited to an “intentional

touching, either directly or through the clothing, of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast,

inner thigh, or buttocks of any person.” 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3). As a result, our existing

precedent simply does not permit the making of certain preliminary determinations

required for a showing that defendant’s conviction for taking indecent liberties with

a child is “comparable to or more severe than” “abusive sexual contact,” Berry, 814

F.3d at 200 (quoting 42 U.S.C. 42 U.S.C. § 16911(4)(A)), or, alternatively, whether

there is “a realistic probability . . . that the State would apply [N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(2)] to conduct that falls outside the generic definition of” abusive sexual


                                          -26-
                                    STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



contact, Price, 777 F.3d at 704 (quoting Duenas–Alvarez, 549 U.S. at 193, 166 L. Ed.

2d at 693).

      Even if N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) is interpreted in such a manner as to make it

comparable to abusive sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244, the present

record does not permit us to determine, using the limited range of documents

delineated in Shepard, whether defendant was convicted of the offense spelled out in

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) rather than the offense spelled out in N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(1). As an initial matter, we note that the indictments returned against

defendant for the purpose of charging him with taking indecent liberties with a child

allege, in conjunction with a citation to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1, that:

              the defendant named above unlawfully, willfully, and
              feloniously did take and attempt to take immoral,
              improper, and indecent liberties with the child named
              below for the purpose of arousing and gratifying sexual
              desire and did commit and attempt to commit a lewd and
              lascivious act upon the body of the child named below. At
              the time of this offense, the child named below was under
              the age of 16 years and the defendant named above was
              over 16 years of age and at least five years older than the
              child.

Similarly, the transcript of plea indicates that defendant had agreed to plead guilty

to “two counts of indecent liberties”; the Felony Judgment Findings of Aggravating

and Mitigating Factors describe defendant’s “offense” as “indecent liberties student”;

and the trial court’s judgment indicates that defendant had been convicted of

“indecent liberties with a child,” with an accompanying statutory reference to



                                          -27-
                                         STATE V. MOIR
                                       Opinion of the Court



N.C.G.S. § 14-202.4(A).10 As a result, the materials contained in the present record

that the trial court is authorized to consider pursuant to Shepard simply do not

permit a determination that defendant was convicted of committing the offense made

punishable by N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) to the exclusion of the offense made

punishable by N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) or to a generic offense made punishable by

N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1.11 See Vann, 660 F.3d at 773-76 (per curiam) (holding that an

indictment like that returned against defendant in this case did not suffice to permit




       10Although the State filed a motion seeking to have the statutory reference contained
in the judgment changed from N.C.G.S. § 14-202.4(A) to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1, the record
contains no indication that this amendment request was ever approved.

       11 As we noted earlier, the trial court did find that, “[p]rior to the court’s sentencing of
the defendant, the State gave a statement of facts in support of the plea during which it was
stated that the defendant had engaged in improper touching of the defendant’s daughter, a
child of the age of 4 years, and that he had masturbated in the presence of the child,” with
this “improper touching [having] occurred in the vaginal area of the child.” Although
defendant did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support this finding on appeal,
the exact basis for this finding and the extent to which the trial court was entitled to consider
the information upon which this finding was based pursuant to Shepard is unclear given that
we have not been provided with a transcript of the hearing held before the trial court for the
purpose of considering defendant’s request for the termination of his obligation to register as
a sex offender. However, the State did indicate in its brief before this Court that, “[t]hough
no transcript from the formal plea proceedings was introduced as an exhibit, the State’s
description of its stated factual basis was not disputed by [defendant]” and was “corroborated
by the testimony from [defendant’s] witness.” As a result, the trial court’s finding concerning
the conduct underlying defendant’s conviction for taking indecent liberties with a child
appears to rest, at most, upon a subsequent reconstruction of a factual basis statement
offered in support of defendant’s guilty plea rather than any sort of contemporaneously
generated document of the type contemplated by Shepard. We need not determine whether
the trial court was entitled to consider this information at this point given the disposition
that we have deemed appropriate in this case and leave the determination of whether the
information upon which the trial court relied in its initial order could be considered in
determining defendant’s eligibility to have his sex offender registration obligation terminated
consistent with Shepard for consideration on remand.

                                               -28-
                                    STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



a court to determine, for purposes of the “modified categorical approach,” that the

defendant was convicted of the offense made punishable by N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2)).

      Although this Court has the authority to make a number of the determinations

listed above without the necessity for further proceedings in the trial court, we

believe, after careful consideration, that we should refrain from doing so at this point.

As the record clearly reflects, neither the Court of Appeals nor the trial court

considered the extent, if any, to which the necessary categorization decision could be

made using the “modified categorical approach.” For that reason, we have not had

the benefit of briefing and argument concerning the numerous legal questions of first

impression which must be resolved in order to determine defendant’s eligibility for

removal from the sex offender registry.        In light of its misapprehension of the

applicable law, which was entirely understandable given that many of the decisions

upon which we have relied in this opinion had not been handed down by the date

upon which it entered its order, the trial court failed to determine whether N.C.G.S.

§ 14-202.1(a) constitutes a divisible statute, whether a conviction for the offense made

punishable by N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) requires proof that the defendant

“intentional[ly] touch[ed], either directly or through the clothing, . . . the [victim’s]

genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks,” 18 U.S.C. § 2246(3), and the

extent, if any, to which the information that could be appropriately considered under

Shepard that was contained in the record tended to show that defendant’s indecent

liberties conviction rested solely upon a violation of N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2).


                                          -29-
                                     STATE V. MOIR
                                    Opinion of the Court



Consistent with the well-established legal principle that “[f]acts found under

misapprehension of the law will be set aside on the theory that the evidence should

be considered in its true legal light,” Helms v. Rea, 282 N.C. 610, 620, 194 S.E.2d 1,

8 (1973) (brackets in original) (quoting McGill v. Town of Lumberton, 215 N.C. 752,

754, 3 S.E.2d 324, 326 (1939), and citing Davis v. Davis, 269 N.C. 120, 127, 152 S.E.2d

306, 312 (1967); Owens v. Voncannon, 251 N.C. 351, 355, 111 S.E.2d 700, 703 (1959);

and In re Gibbons, 247 N.C. 273, 283, 101 S.E.2d 16, 23-24 (1957)), we believe that

the most appropriate manner in which to resolve the issues that remain to be

addressed in this case is for this Court to affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision that

the trial court erred by applying the “circumstance-specific approach” in determining

whether defendant should be deemed eligible to have the requirement that he

register as a sex offender terminated. However, we modify the Court of Appeals’

decision in order to require use of the “modified categorical approach” rather than the

pure “categorical approach” in cases involving divisible statutes, and remand this

case to the Superior Court, Catawba County, for further proceedings not inconsistent

with this opinion. On remand, the trial court should consider whether N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1 is a divisible statute. If the trial court deems N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1 to be divisible,

it must then consider whether guilt of any separate offense set out in N.C.G.S. § 14-

202.1(a)(2) requires proof of a physical touching and whether any such physical

touching requirement necessitates proof that the defendant “intentional[ly]

touch[ed], either directly or through the clothing, [ ] the genitalia, anus, groin, breast,


                                           -30-
                                     STATE V. MOIR
                                   Opinion of the Court



inner thigh, or buttocks of” the victim. Finally, if guilt of any separate offense set out

in N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2) requires proof that defendant “intentional[ly] touch[ed],

either directly or through the clothing, [ ] the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner

thigh, or buttocks of” the victim, the trial court must determine whether any

document that the trial court is authorized to consider under Shepard permits a

determination that defendant was convicted of violating N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(2)

rather than any specific offense set out in N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a)(1) or any generic

offense made punishable pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 14-202.1(a). Finally, if necessary,

the trial court should consider, in the exercise of its discretion, whether it should

terminate defendant’s obligation to register as a sex offender.

      MODIFIED AND AFFIRMED, AND REMANDED.




                                          -31-
