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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          296 Nebraska R eports
                                 GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                                              Cite as 296 Neb. 416




                            Ginger Cove Common A rea Company, appellee,
                                   v. Scott Wiekhorst, appellant.
                                                  ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed April 14, 2017.    No. S-16-515.

                1.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
                     not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
                     matter of law.
                2.	 Motions to Vacate: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews a
                     ruling on a motion to vacate for abuse of discretion.
                3.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before reaching the legal issues
                     presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine
                     whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it.
                4.	 Jurisdiction: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. For an appellate court
                     to acquire jurisdiction over an appeal, there must be a final order or final
                     judgment entered by the court from which the appeal is taken.
                5.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. The primary reason for requiring a
                     final order to dispose of all the issues presented in an action is to avoid
                     piecemeal appeals arising out of the same operative facts.
                6.	 Final Orders. An order is final for purposes of appeal under Neb. Rev.
                     Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 2016) if it affects a substantial right and (1)
                     determines the action and prevents a judgment, (2) is made during a
                     special proceeding, or (3) is made on summary application in an action
                     after judgment is rendered.
                7.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. An order affects a substantial right if
                     it affects the subject matter of the litigation, such as diminishing a claim
                     or defense that was available to the appellant prior to the order from
                     which he or she is appealing.
                 8.	 ____: ____. An order affects a substantial right when the right would
                     be significantly undermined or irrevocably lost by postponing appel-
                     late review.
                9.	 Pretrial Procedure: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. Discovery orders
                     are not generally subject to interlocutory appeal because the underlying
                     litigation is ongoing and the discovery order is not considered final.
                                     - 417 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        296 Nebraska R eports
               GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                            Cite as 296 Neb. 416

10.	 Records: Proof: Appeal and Error. In appellate proceedings, unless
     there is proof to the contrary, the journal entry in a duly authenticated
     record of the trial court imports absolute verity.
11.	 Records: Appeal and Error. It is incumbent upon the appellant to
     present a record supporting the errors assigned; absent such a record,
     an appellate court will affirm the lower court’s decision regarding
     those errors.

  Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: James T.
Gleason, Judge. Affirmed.
      F. Matthew Aerni, of Berry Law Firm, for appellant.
 Andrew J. Wilson and Lawrence J. Roland, of Gross &
Welch, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
      Cassel, J.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Following a judgment against Scott Wiekhorst for unpaid
assessments, he appealed to challenge an order entered 2
months earlier—which overruled his motion to vacate or set
aside an order of sanctions. Because neither that order nor the
sanctions order were final orders, Wiekhorst properly waited
until final judgment to appeal. But because he failed to present
a record to support his assigned error, we affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
   Ginger Cove Common Area Company (Ginger Cove) sued
Wiekhorst and two other individuals for unpaid annual assess-
ments. The transcript does not show that the other two indi-
viduals were served within 6 months from the filing of the
complaint; thus, it appears that the action against them stood
dismissed by operation of law.1

 1	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-217 (Reissue 2016).
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   296 Nebraska R eports
          GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                       Cite as 296 Neb. 416

    Wiekhorst filed a counterclaim with his answer. He alleged
that Ginger Cove violated its fiduciary duty, and he sought
relief for the alleged violations.
    The following timeline is pertinent:
• 09/22/2015: Ginger Cove filed a motion for discovery sanc-
  tions and set a hearing for October 1 at 8:30 a.m.
• 09/29/2015: The district court dismissed the case for lack
  of prosecution.
• 10/01/2015: At 8:08 a.m., Ginger Cove moved to reinstate the
  case and set the hearing for 8:30 a.m. that same day. The cer-
  tificate of service showed electronic service on Wiekhorst’s
  counsel.
• 10/05/2015: The court entered an order to reinstate the case.
• 10/05/2015: Ginger Cove refiled its motion for sanctions. Its
  notice of hearing showed that the hearing was set for October
  1 at 8:30 a.m., and its certificate of service showed that a
  copy of the motion was served on September 17.
• 10/06/2015: The court entered an order on the motion for
  sanctions. The court found Wiekhorst in contempt and ordered
  that Wiekhorst’s counterclaims be stricken.
• 10/06/2015: The court entered another order to reinstate
  the case.
• 10/07/2015: The court again dismissed the case for lack
  of prosecution.
• 12/10/2015: Ginger Cove filed a motion for an order reinstat-
  ing the case. The motion did not contain a notice of hearing,
  and the attached certificate of service showed that it was
  mailed on October 13.
• 12/10/2015: The court reinstated the case.
• 01/14/2016: Wiekhorst moved for an order vacating and set-
  ting aside the sanctions.
• 02/19/2016: The court denied Wiekhorst’s motion following
  a hearing.
• 04/20/2016: The court entered judgment against Wiekhorst
  after a bench trial.
• 05/20/2016: Wiekhorst filed a notice of appeal.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        296 Nebraska R eports
               GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                            Cite as 296 Neb. 416

                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
  Wiekhorst alleges that the district court erred in denying his
motion to vacate the order of sanctions.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter
of law.2
   [2] An appellate court reviews a ruling on a motion to vacate
for abuse of discretion.3
                          ANALYSIS
                          Jurisdiction
   [3-5] Before reaching the legal issues presented for review,
it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it
has jurisdiction over the matter before it.4 For an appellate
court to acquire jurisdiction over an appeal, there must be a
final order or final judgment entered by the court from which
the appeal is taken.5 The primary reason for requiring a final
order to dispose of all the issues presented in an action is
to avoid piecemeal appeals arising out of the same opera-
tive facts.6
   There is no dispute that Wiekhorst filed a timely appeal
from the final judgment. But because Wiekhorst’s appeal chal-
lenges an order entered 2 months earlier, Ginger Cove claims
that we lack jurisdiction to review that order. The jurisdic-
tional inquiry concerns whether the February 2016 order was
a final order. If it was, Wiekhorst’s failure to appeal within
30 days deprives us of jurisdiction to review that order. If it

 2	
      Guardian Tax Partners v. Skrupa Invest. Co., 295 Neb. 639, 889 N.W.2d
      825 (2017).
 3	
      Obad v. State, 277 Neb. 866, 766 N.W.2d 89 (2009).
 4	
      See Deines v. Essex Corp., 293 Neb. 577, 879 N.W.2d 30 (2016).
 5	
      In re Adoption of Madysen S. et al., 293 Neb. 646, 879 N.W.2d 34 (2016).
 6	
      Big John’s Billiards v. State, 283 Neb. 496, 811 N.W.2d 205 (2012).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       296 Nebraska R eports
               GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                            Cite as 296 Neb. 416

was not final, Wiekhorst properly waited to appeal from the
final judgment.
   [6-8] An order is final for purposes of appeal under Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 2016) if it affects a substantial
right and (1) determines the action and prevents a judgment,
(2) is made during a special proceeding, or (3) is made on sum-
mary application in an action after judgment is rendered.7 An
order affects a substantial right if it affects the subject matter of
the litigation, such as diminishing a claim or defense that was
available to the appellant prior to the order from which he or
she is appealing.8 An order affects a substantial right when the
right would be significantly undermined or irrevocably lost by
postponing appellate review.9
   [9] The October 2015 order imposing the discovery sanc-
tion was not a final order. In that order, the district court
found Wiekhorst in contempt of the court’s prior order com-
pelling Wiekhorst to respond to Ginger Cove’s discovery
requests and ordered that Wiekhorst’s counterclaim be stricken
as a sanction. Discovery orders are not generally subject to
interlocutory appeal because the underlying litigation is ongo-
ing and the discovery order is not considered final.10 Further,
the order does not fit within any of the final order categories
of § 25-1902. It did not dispose of the whole merits of the
case and leave nothing for the court’s further consideration.11
It was not made during a special proceeding. It was not made
after a judgment was rendered. We conclude that the order
imposing the sanction was interlocutory—it was a discovery
ruling that can be adequately reviewed on appeal from the
final judgment.

 7	
      Deines v. Essex Corp., supra note 4.
 8	
      See id.
 9	
      See id.
10	
      See Furstenfeld v. Pepin, 287 Neb. 12, 840 N.W.2d 862 (2013).
11	
      See Cattle Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Watson, 293 Neb. 943, 880 N.W.2d
      906 (2016).
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                 Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                         296 Nebraska R eports
                GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                             Cite as 296 Neb. 416

   The February 2016 order was not final, because it did
not affect a substantial right. Ginger Cove claims that the
order affected the subject matter of the litigation because it
“completely eliminated a claim or defense that was avail-
able to [Wiekhorst] prior to the order from which he is now
appealing.”12 We disagree. It was the interlocutory October
2015 order that eliminated Wiekhorst’s counterclaim as a sanc-
tion; the February 2016 order refusing to vacate the sanction
order therefore did not diminish a claim that was available to
Wiekhorst before the court entered the order. The February
2016 order left the parties in the same posture as they were in
before its entry.
   Because neither the October 2015 order nor the February
2016 order were final, we have jurisdiction to consider any
challenges directed to them upon Wiekhorst’s timely appeal
from the final judgment.

                             Merits
   Wiekhorst argues that the district court erred in denying his
motion to vacate the order of sanctions and that he was denied
procedural due process. He contends that after the case was
dismissed on September 29, 2015, he did not receive timely
notice of the motion to reinstate the case or of the motion
for sanctions.
   Wiekhorst relies on the transcript to support his claim. He
asserts that “[t]here is simply nothing on the record demon-
strating [he] had timely notice of any Motion to Reinstate, nor
of the Motion for Sanctions filed on October 6[, 2015].”13 The
transcript shows electronic service on Wiekhorst’s counsel of
Ginger Cove’s October 1, 2015, motion to reinstate the case.
According to the motion, the matter was set to be heard 22
minutes after the motion was filed. It appears that on October
5, Ginger Cove refiled its September 22 motion for sanctions.

12	
      Brief for appellee at 8.
13	
      Brief for appellant at 6.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        296 Nebraska R eports
               GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                            Cite as 296 Neb. 416

Thus, both motions showed a hearing date of October 1 at
8:30 a.m. Wiekhorst’s argument is premised upon an assump-
tion—that the hearing on Ginger Cove’s motion for sanctions
actually took place on October 1—after the case had been
dismissed on September 29 and before it was reinstated on
October 5.
   But the transcript does not establish when the hearing on
Ginger Cove’s motion for sanctions actually occurred, nor
does it definitively establish that notice of hearing was not
given to Wiekhorst’s counsel. The court’s sanctions order
shows that the judge dated his signature (i.e., “rendition”14) on
October 5, 2015—the same date the case was reinstated. The
transcript does not show that the sanctions order was made
during the period when the case stood dismissed. And while
the transcript does not affirmatively establish that notice was
given, it likewise does not definitely establish that notice was
not given.
   [10] In appellate proceedings, unless there is proof to the
contrary, the journal entry in a duly authenticated record of
the trial court imports absolute verity.15 In the sanctions order,
the court specifically stated, “The record shall reflect that
there was proper notice of the hearing on this Motion served
on all parties and their respective attorneys, and that counsel
for [Ginger Cove] appeared and no other party or counsel was
present.” Wiekhorst had the duty to produce evidence to the
contrary. The transcript did not do so.
   [11] Although we have a bill of exceptions, it does not pro-
vide the missing “proof to the contrary.”16 It does not contain
the hearings on the motions to reinstate, the motion for sanc-
tions, or the motion to vacate the order of sanctions. As a gen-
eral proposition, it is incumbent upon the appellant to present a

14	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1301(2) (Reissue 2016).
15	
      State v. Deckard, 272 Neb. 410, 722 N.W.2d 55 (2006); Alder v. First Nat.
      Bank & Trust Co., 241 Neb. 873, 491 N.W.2d 686 (1992).
16	
      See id.
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       296 Nebraska R eports
               GINGER COVE COMMON AREA CO. v. WIEKHORST
                            Cite as 296 Neb. 416

record supporting the errors assigned; absent such a record, an
appellate court will affirm the lower court’s decision regarding
those errors.17 Without a bill of exceptions from the pertinent
hearings, we do not know what arguments were made or if any
evidence—for example, an affidavit detailing notice provided
to Wiekhorst’s counsel—was offered. Because we have no
bill of exceptions from those hearings, the “absolute verity”18
conferred upon the district court’s order dictates the outcome
of this appeal.
                        CONCLUSION
   Because Wiekhorst failed to present a record to support his
assigned error, we affirm the district court’s order overruling
Wiekhorst’s motion to vacate or set aside its order impos-
ing sanctions.
                                                    A ffirmed.

17	
      Pierce v. Landmark Mgmt. Group, 293 Neb. 890, 880 N.W.2d 885 (2016).
18	
      See cases cited supra note 15.
