                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0768n.06

                              Nos. 12-5183/12-5199/12-5202/12-5272                       FILED
                                                                                     Aug 16, 2013
                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                )
                                                         )         ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )         COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                       )         DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                         )
RAY VANCE MATHEWS (12-5183),                             )                           OPINION
JAMES POTEETE (12-5199),                                 )
RACHEL MATHEWS (12-5202),                                )
and KATHLEEN MATHEWS (12-5272),                          )
                                                         )
       Defendants-Appellants.                            )
                                                         )



BEFORE:        COLE and MCKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; ZOUHARY, District Judge.*

       PER CURIAM. Defendants-Appellants Ray Vance Mathews, James David Poteete, Rachel

Mathews and Kathleen Mathews helped Jesse Mathews in his attempts to avoid detection and

prosecution after a series of robberies. They pleaded guilty to conspiracy to obstruct justice,

accessory after-the-fact to a Hobbs Act robbery, and accessory after-the-fact to brandishing a gun

in relation to a crime of violence. Ray and Kathleen Mathews also pleaded guilty to transferring

firearms to a known felon. All four Defendants appeal the district court’s decision to apply a cross-

reference to first-degree murder during their sentencing on the conspiracy charge and to run their

sentences for accessory after-the-fact to brandishing a gun in relation to a crime of violence

       *
         The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
Nos. 12-5183/12-5199/12-5202/12-5272
United States v. Mathews et al.

consecutively to the other sentences. Ray and Kathleen Mathews separately appeal the district

court’s decision to apply a relevant-conduct cross-reference to murder when sentencing them for

accessory after-the-fact to a Hobbs Act robbery and transferring firearms. Because Defendants’

appeals are barred by the appellate waivers in their plea agreements, the appeals must be dismissed.

                                                 I.

                                                A.

       In 2011, Jesse Mathews went on a crime spree, with some after-the-fact assistance from his

parents, Ray and Kathleen Mathews, his sister, Rachel Mathews, and his sister’s boyfriend, James

David Poteete. He began on January 22, 2011, by robbing a Carl’s Jr. Restaurant in Colorado

Springs, Colorado. The following month, Jesse robbed the Cash America Pawn Store (“Pawn

Store”) in Colorado Springs, taking sixteen firearms, among other things. Three days later, he

robbed a Walgreens Pharmacy in Colorado Springs. He brandished a firearm during all three

robberies.

       Shortly after the robberies, Jesse absconded from the halfway house where he was on parole

for a prior robbery conviction. He wired money to Rachel, enabling her to fly to Colorado that same

day to help him. Rachel and Jesse’s girlfriend moved with him from hotel to hotel and bought him

food. Afterwards, Rachel bought Jesse and his girlfriend bus tickets to Nashville.

       When Jesse and his girlfriend arrived in Nashville, James picked them up at the bus station

and—for $1,000—drove them to Asheville, North Carolina, where the group met up with Ray and

Kathleen. Jesse told his parents that he was a fugitive and had committed the Colorado Springs

robberies. Kathleen rented a hotel room at a Microtel Inn in Chattanooga, Tennesee, under a false

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name and told the Colorado Department of Corrections that she had not seen Jesse when they called

her. On or about March 16, James and Jesse came to Chattanooga to help Ray and Kathleen move

into a house. Among other things, James moved a bulletproof vest into the house. Jesse also moved

into the house, with a new girlfriend. On or about March 27, Jesse called Ray and said to “bring the

family collection” to a gun show in Chattanooga. Ray and Kathleen gave Jesse ten to twelve

firearms, which were from the Pawn Store robbery. Jesse traded three of these firearms for an M-4

assault rifle at the gun show.

       On the morning of April 2, Jesse tried to rob the U.S. Money Shops store in Chattanooga,

but was foiled by police. Wearing a bulletproof vest, Jesse shot and killed Chattanooga Police

Department (“CPD”) Sergeant Tim Chapin. At the scene, CPD recovered two firearms—from the

Pawn Store robbery—from Jesse’s person and the M-4 from his girlfriend’s car. Later that day, CPD

recovered two more stolen guns from Jesse’s belongings stored at his girlfriend’s house. The next

day, they recovered ammunition from Ray and Kathleen’s house and car.

       On April 4, Kathleen gave Rachel and James a key to a Chattanooga storage unit and told

them to remove the firearms inside. They took out “at least six” firearms—four of which were from

the Pawn Store robbery—and brought them to James’s residence in Antioch, Tennessee. Two days

later, Rachel called James and told him to get rid of the firearms. He did. Kathleen then called

James to warn him that the ATF and/or FBI knew he had the firearms and were coming to retrieve

them. James wiped the firearms to conceal his fingerprints. The ATF recovered them.

                                                B.



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        After Defendants were apprehended, a federal grand jury returned a thirteen-count indictment

charging them, in several combinations, with various crimes. Four counts are relevant here, with the

first three described as taking place “between in or about February 2011 . . . through . . . about April

6, 2011.” (R.11, PageID # 73-75.) :

        [Count One:] [All four Defendants] . . . conspired to obstruct justice by corruptly
        concealing firearms stolen and possessed by Jesse Mathews, with intent to impair the
        firearms’ integrity and availability for use in official proceedings, that is, the federal
        prosecution of Jesse Mathews for the offenses of Hobbs Act robbery, possession of
        a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, and felon in possession of a
        firearm; in violation of [18 U.S.C. § 1512(k)].

        [Count Two:] [All four Defendants], aided and abetted by one another, knowing that
        an offense against the United States had been committed, that is, the Hobbs Act
        robbery of the Cash America Pawn Store . . . , in violation of [18 U.S.C. § 1951], did
        receive, relieve, comfort, and assist the offender, Jesse Mathews, in order to hinder
        and prevent the offender’s apprehension, trial and punishment; in violation of [18
        U.S.C. §§ 2, 3].

        [Count Three:] [All four Defendants], aided and abetted by one another, knowing that
        an offense against the United States had been committed, that is, the using and
        carrying of a firearm during and in relation to the robbery of the Cash America Pawn
        Store . . . , in violation of [18 U.S.C. § 924(c)], did receive, relieve, comfort, and
        assist the offender, Jesse Mathews, in order to hinder and prevent the offender’s
        apprehension, trial and punishment; in violation of [18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 3].

        [Count Eight:] On or about March 27, 2011, . . . [Kathleen and Ray], aided and
        abetted by one another, knowingly transferred firearms to Jesse Mathews, knowing
        and having reasonable cause to believe that he had been convicted of a crime
        punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year; in violation of [18 U.S.C.
        §§ 2, 922(d)].

        All four Defendants pleaded guilty to Counts One, Two, and Three, and Ray and Kathleen

also pleaded guilty to Count Eight. Their plea agreements all included the same waiver provision:

        In consideration of the concessions made by the United States in this agreement and
        as a further demonstration of the defendant’s acceptance of responsibility for the

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         offenses committed, the defendant agrees not to file a direct appeal of the defendant’s
         conviction or sentence except the defendant retains the right to appeal a sentence
         imposed above the sentencing guideline range or any applicable mandatory minimum
         sentence (whichever is greater) determined by the district court.

In exchange, the government dismissed the remaining nine counts in the indictment and agreed not

to oppose a two-level acceptance-of-responsibility reduction, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a), and to move

for an additional one-level reduction pursuant to § 3E1.1(b) under certain conditions. After the plea

agreements were signed and plea colloquies completed, the probation officer prepared presentence

reports calculating Defendants’ guidelines ranges. His calculations and cross-references, which the

court adopted, are the focus of Defendants’ challenges to the sentences for Counts One, Two and

Eight.

         For Count One, the calculation began with a base offense level of 14 pursuant to § 2J1.2(a),

and added three levels because Defendants’ actions substantially interfered with the administration

of justice, see § 2J1.2(b)(2). Then, the court applied § 2J1.2(c)(1), which requires “appl[ication of]

§ 2X3.1 (Accessory After the Fact) in respect to that criminal offense [whose investigation or

prosecution the defendant obstructed].” The court determined that, in light of the Chattanooga

shooting, first-degree murder should be the underlying offense, which led to a base level of 30, see

§ 2A1.1. The presentence report explained:

         Multiple crimes were committed during [the] time frame [of the conspiracy], the
         most severe of which was First Degree Murder. The defendant did obstruct the
         investigation into that murder.

         For Count Two, the court again applied § 2X3.1, which calls for a base offense level six

levels below that of the “underlying offense,” which was deemed to be the Hobbs Act robbery. This


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led to a base offense level of 14, to which the court added three levels for the number of firearms and

amount of money taken in the robbery. Then, for Ray and Kathleen only, the court cross-referenced

§ 1B1.3(a)(1) (Relevant Conduct), which states that “in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal

activity,” the base level shall be determined based on, among other things, “all reasonably

foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity.”

The presentence report elaborated:

       [Ray and Kathleen] . . . supplied Jesse [] with weapons. Then, in furtherance of
       receiving those weapons, Jesse [] commits another robbery in which he [kills a police
       officer and wounds another] . . . .

       Thus, when family members of a convicted armed robber, who is on escape status,
       who has committed three armed robberies, who is avoiding apprehension, and has a
       lifetime history of being violent, harbors that family member (armed robber), and
       provides him with weapons, they should also be held accountable for further acts of
       violence caused by those family members’ actions. It should have been reasonably
       foreseeable to his parents that their actions could have resulted in further acts of
       violence, or even death as in this case.

Accordingly, the court re-calculated the base offense level using first-degree murder as the

underlying offense, see § 2A1.1, which led to a base offense level of 43. After a two-level minor-

participant reduction, see § 3B1.2(b), the adjusted offense levels for Ray and Kathleen were set at

41 on Count Two.

       For Count Three, the court again applied § 2X3.1, this time identifying the underlying offense

as the brandishing of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, which requires the application of

§ 2K2.4(b). For brandishing a firearm this way, the guidelines dictate a sentence equal to the

minimum statutory prison term of seven years. See id.; 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). The

presentence report noted that a sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) must run consecutively to any

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other sentence, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(D)(ii), but that in this case, since the sentence was under

18 U.S.C. § 3, the district court had the discretion to run the sentence either concurrently or

consecutively. A violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3 is punishable by not more than half the maximum term

of imprisonment for the underlying offense, so the suggested sentence for Count Three was reduced

from seven years to three and a half years.

          For Count Eight, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(d), the court applied § 2K2.1(a)(6)(B), to reach a base

offense level of 14. It added two levels because the firearms were stolen and four levels for the

number of firearms involved, for an adjusted offense level of 20. Then, the court cross-referenced

§ 1B1.3, just as for Ray and Kathleen in Count Two, with a similar explanation in the presentence

report:

          The guns involved with this count of conviction . . . are also some of the same
          weapons used by [Jesse] to kill [the CPD officer] and wound another officer. . . .

          Thus, when family members of a convicted armed robber, who is on escape status,
          who has committed three armed robberies, who is avoiding apprehension, and has a
          lifetime history of being violent, harbors that family member (armed robber), and
          provides him with weapons, they should also be held accountable for further acts of
          violence caused by those family members’ actions. It should have been reasonably
          foreseeable to his parents that their actions (transferring weapons to Jesse Mathews)
          could have resulted in further acts of violence, or even death, as in this case.

The cross-reference set the base offense level to 43. The court granted a minor-role reduction of two

levels for both Ray and Kathleen, rendering an adjusted offense level of 41 for Count Eight.

          The district court separated Count Three from the remaining counts, which were grouped

together for each Defendant, and chose to have the sentence run consecutively. For Ray and

Kathleen—after a three-level acceptance-of-responsibility reduction—the resulting adjusted offense


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level was 38 for Counts One, Two and Eight. James and Rachel wound up with an adjusted offense

level of 27 for Counts One and Two, also after an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction.

       Defendants objected to these calculations. First, Ray objected to the three-level increase for

substantial interference with administration of justice. Second, he objected to the decision to cross-

reference murder. Third, he objected to running the Count Three sentence consecutively instead of

concurrently. Finally, he objected to the slain officer’s family members speaking in court during his

sentencing. James made the same four objections. Rachel and Kathleen both made Ray’s second,

third and fourth objections. Rachel additionally objected that all the counts should have been

grouped. Kathleen objected that she should not owe any restitution. The government objected to

the acceptance-of-responsibility adjustment recommended for Kathleen, due to letters she had

written arguably evidencing a lack of remorse. The government also moved to reduce James’s

sentence for his substantial assistance.

       The district court rejected Defendants’ objections, granted both of the government’s requests,

and calculated each Defendant’s guidelines range accordingly before considering other factors

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). None of the resulting sentences was above the guidelines range,

and two were below.

       Defendants timely appeal.

                                                 II.

       All four Defendants argue that the district court’s first-degree-murder cross-reference effected

a constructive amendment or variance to their indictments for Counts One, an error of sufficient

gravity to qualify as a miscarriage of justice that warrants non-enforcement of their appellate

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waivers. Ray and Kathleen Mathews make the same argument regarding their relevant-conduct first-

degree-murder cross-references for Counts Two and Eight. James Poteete and Kathleen Mathews

argue that the imposition of a consecutive sentence for Count Three was a miscarriage of justice.

       We review de novo whether Defendants waived their right to appeal their sentences. United

States v. McGilvery, 403 F.3d 361, 362 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Since the waivers were

part of Defendants’ plea agreements, we must interpret them according to traditional contract law

principles. See United States v. Bowman, 634 F.3d 357, 360 (6th Cir. 2011). Because of the

constitutional issues involved, the government bears a higher degree of responsibility than

Defendants—the agreement is construed narrowly and all ambiguities are construed against the

government. Id. at 360-61.

                                                 A.

       All of Defendants’ claims are precluded by the terms of the appellate waivers, if the waivers

are enforceable. Defendants knowingly and voluntarily entered into their respective plea agreements

containing the waivers.1 No Defendant’s sentence fell into the single exception to the waiver because

none was “above the sentencing guideline range or any applicable mandatory minimum sentence

(whichever is greater) determined by the district court.” See United States v. Beals, 698 F.3d 248,

255 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Reasonably read, this language defers to the district court’s discretion in

calculating [the guidelines] range and permits [the defendant] to challenge the resulting sentence



       1
        Only Kathleen challenges the waiver on the grounds that it was not “knowing and
voluntary.” However, it is clear that she challenges the scope of the waiver rather than any lack of
knowledge or consent as to its terms.

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only if it exceeds the top end of the range the court calculates.” (emphasis added)). However, an

appellate waiver does not divest this Court of jurisdiction, see United States v. Caruthers, 458 F.3d

459, 472 n.6 (6th Cir. 2006), and we do not indiscriminately enforce all appellate waivers.

                                                 B.

       Under “limited circumstances,” even a knowingly-entered, otherwise-valid appellate waiver

will not bar a defendant’s challenge to her sentence. United States v. Ferguson, 669 F.3d 756, 764

(6th Cir. 2012). In Caruthers, we held that an appellate waiver cannot bar an appeal on the ground

that the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum. Id. at 471 (collecting cases). We examined a

variety of rationales—jurisdiction, due process, miscarriage of justice, and unconscionability—for

the holding, but ultimately declined to choose one. Id. at 472. We have also recognized racial

discrimination as warranting review on the merits, despite the presence of an appellate waiver. See

Ferguson, 669 F.3d at 764.

       While we have not elaborated on the criteria by which we identify the “limited

circumstances” under which an appellate waiver may be ignored, other circuits primarily use a

miscarriage-of-justice rationale. See United States v. Harris, 628 F.3d 1203, 1205 (9th Cir. 2011);

United States v. Guillen, 561 F.3d 527, 531 (D.C. Cir. 2009); United States v. Gwinnett, 483 F.3d

200, 203 (3d Cir. 2007); United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1325, 1327 (10th Cir. 2004); United

States v. Andis, 333 F.3d 886, 889-90 (8th Cir. 2003); United States v. Teeter, 257 F.3d 14, 25 (1st

Cir. 2001); United States v. Jordan, 438 F. App’x 180, 181 (4th Cir. 2011).

       Although we have never expressly recognized the miscarriage-of-justice exception to the

enforcement of appellate waivers in a published decision, we have implicitly recognized it in several

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unpublished decisions. See United States v. Lee, 464 F. App’x 457, 458 (6th Cir. 2012) (per curiam)

(enforcing appellate waiver in part because doing so “will not result in a miscarriage of justice”);

United States v. Hower, 442 F. App’x 213, 215 (6th Cir. 2011) (noting that “[no] miscarriage of

justice [will] occur if the sentence is not reviewed” (citing Gwinnett, 483 F.3d at 203)); United

States v. Jones, 425 F. App’x 449, 456 (6th Cir. 2011) (describing the defendant’s miscarriage-of-

justice argument as “correct regarding the well-settled principle [that sentencing cannot be at the

district court’s whim]” but finding that “his . . . challenges do not rise to the level that this principle

contemplates” (citing Caruthers, 458 F.3d at 471)). Regardless of whether the miscarriage-of-justice

exception applies to constructive amendments and variances, Defendants’ claim would still fail

because no constructive amendment or variance occurred in this case.

                                                    C.

        The Fifth Amendment prevents a defendant from being tried on “charges that are not made

in the indictment against him.” Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 216 (1960) (citation omitted);

see United States v. Nixon, 694 F.3d 623, 637 (6th Cir. 2012). In the absence of an actual change

to the text of the indictment, a court may still effectively “destroy[] the defendant’s substantial right

to be tried only on charges presented in an indictment returned by a grand jury” by a constructive

amendment or a variance. See Stirone, 361 U.S. at 217.

        The difference between a constructive amendment and a variance is “at best shadowy.”

United States v. Zelinka, 862 F.2d 92, 97 (6th Cir. 1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A

variance occurs when the charging terms of an indictment are left unaltered, but the evidence offered

at trial proves facts materially different from those alleged in the indictment. . . . [A defendant] can

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establish a variance by referring exclusively to the evidence presented at trial.” United States v.

Hynes, 467 F.3d 951, 961, 962 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). A constructive amendment occurs

when a combination of evidence and jury instructions “so modify essential elements of the offense

charged that there is a substantial likelihood the defendant was convicted of an offense other than

that charged in the indictment.” Id. at 962 (citations omitted).

       We are unaware of any precedent that characterizes a misapplication of the Sentencing

Guidelines as a constructive amendment or variance of the indictment. Constructive amendments

and variances are identified by reference to the evidence, theories of the crime, and jury instructions

presented at trial, prior to conviction. See United States v. Chilingirian, 280 F.3d 704, 712 (6th Cir.

2002); Hynes, 467 F.3d at 962. Defendants also cite United States v. Thompson, 515 F.3d 556 (6th

Cir. 2008), where we found that the district court’s sentence impermissibly departed from the

indictment during sentencing. However, in Thompson the district court misapplied the statute

governing the crime, not merely the Guidelines. See id. at 567 (vacating defendant’s sentence under

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii) and directing the district court to consider a sentence under §

924(c)(1)(A)(i) or 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) on remand).

       Even assuming, for the purpose of argument, that the district court clearly erred in finding

the Chattanooga murder to be an offense, the investigation or prosecution of which Defendants

obstructed, see U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2(c)(1), which requires “appl[ication of] § 2X3.1 . . . in respect to

that criminal offense [whose investigation or prosecution the defendant obstructed],” this would still

be merely a misapplication of the guidelines. Unlike the statutory error in Thompson, this alleged

error did not impose a higher statutory mandatory minimum sentence than the offense in the

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indictment. Nor did it result in a final sentence above the statutory maximum for the offense in the

indictment. A district court’s supposed misreading of the demands of the guidelines is the sort of

error anticipated by the appellate waivers in this case and does not come within the exception

reserved in the waivers.

                                                 D.

       Ray and Kathleen Mathews separately challenge the relevant-conduct cross-references to

murder that the district court applied in sentencing them for Counts Two and Eight. See U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3. Ray argues that the murder was not relevant conduct because it was not (1) “in furtherance”

of the “only” jointly undertaken criminal activity—concealing Jesse from law enforcement—but

actually counterproductive to the joint purpose; and (2) foreseeable because it undermined the joint

goal of keeping Jesse’s whereabouts concealed. See § 1B1.3(a)(1). Even so, because relevant

conduct need not be contained in an indictment, see United States v. Shafer, 199 F.3d 826, 830 (6th

Cir. 1999), the relevant-conduct cross-references did not amend or vary the indictment.

       Even if the district court erred as to the foreseeability and utility of the murder in choosing

to apply the relevant-conduct cross-reference, such errors would not constitute a miscarriage of

justice. Foreseeability and intent determinations are fact-intensive and tricky. Cf. James v. Meow

Media, Inc., 300 F.3d 683, 693 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Foreseeability . . . is a slippery concept.”); United

States v. Dudley, 451 F.2d 1300, 1303 (6th Cir. 1971) (describing questions of intent as “thorny”).

This alleged error is of the sort that Defendants should have anticipated when they bargained away

their appeal rights, not an extraordinary miscarriage of justice.



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                                                  E.

        Poteete and Kathleen Mathews also contend that a miscarriage of justice occurred when the

district court determined that their sentences for Count Three would run consecutively to their

sentences for the other counts, which run concurrently. They allege that the district court erred by

assuming that Count Three must run consecutively to the other counts, even though the statute

leaves the decision to the discretion of the district court. See 18 U.S.C. § 3. We do not have to

decide whether such an error would constitute a miscarriage of justice because it did not occur in this

case.

        The district court acknowledged that the sentence for Count Three could run concurrently

or consecutively, but chose to have it run consecutively:

        Mr. Martinez: [I]n no way is the probation officer making the argument that the
        sentence imposed to Count 3 must be run consecutively.

        The Court: Oh, I think that’s clear. I agree. I have the discretion to do it.

        Mr. Martinez: Right. The belief is that this decision is up to the Court.

        ....

        The Court: [T]he Court can find no reason because Congress has expressed its will
        in the underlying statute that is 18 U.S.C. Section 924(c) that based upon the stand-
        alone statute that sentences under that statute are to be imposed consecutively to any
        other sentence imposed. The fact that this one, that the reference to 924(c) is coming
        in pursuant to an aiding and abetting theory in the guidelines, the Court can discern
        no policy reasons why any sentence imposed . . . should not be imposed
        consecutively.

        ....




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       The Court: I believe that I have the discretion to do it concurrently or consecutively,
       but I’m going to exercise my discretion so as to impose it, to calculate the advisory
       guidelines range by imposing it consecutively.

       ....

       The Court: What I meant is no reason I’d decide not to do it that way in the exercise
       of my discretion.

       The district court provided sufficient justification for its decision. A district court “is not

required to state a specific reason for a consecutive sentence,” but must “make generally clear the

rationale under which it has imposed the consecutive sentence.” Cochrane, 702 F.3d at 346 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). In this case the district court chose to begin, merely as a

starting point in its reasoning, with a presumption that a consecutive sentence should be imposed

because the underlying crime of brandishing a firearm in relation to a violent crime, on which the

accessory-after-the-fact charge in Count Three is based, requires a consecutive sentence. The district

court saw this as a “policy judgment,” by Congress, but was willing to hear other “policy reasons”

in favor of a concurrent sentence. Finding none of Defendants’ arguments persuasive, the district

court chose to impose a consecutive sentences. The court exercised its discretion and did not treat

a consecutive sentence as mandatory. No miscarriage of justice having been established, this

appellate challenge, too, is barred.

                                                 III.

       For these reasons, finding no miscarriage of justice warranting non-enforcement of

Defendants’ appellate waivers, we must grant the government’s motion to dismiss the appeals. All

four appeals are dismissed.


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