                                                          FILED
                                                           OCT 8 2013
 1
                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                       U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )        BAP No.   NC-12-1601-JuPaD
                                   )
 6   ARMIN D. VAN DAMME,           )        Bk. No.   NC-09-41772-RLE
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )        Adv. No. NC-09-04161-RLE
     ______________________________)
 8   ARMIN D. VAN DAMME,           )
                                   )
 9                  Appellant,     )
                                   )        M E M O R A N D U M*
10   v.                            )
                                   )
11   HAMMER 1994 TRUST and BILL    )
     HAMMER, TRUSTEE and           )
12   INDIVIDUALLY,                 )
                                   )
13                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
14
                 Argued and Submitted on September 20, 2013
15                      at San Francisco, California
16                          Filed - October 8, 2013
17             Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                   for the Northern District of California
18
         Honorable Roger L. Efremsky, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19                        _______________________
20   Appearances:     Christina Ann-Marie DiEdoardo, Esq. argued for
                      appellant Armin Van Damme; John G. Benedict,
21                    Esq., argued for appellees Hammer 1994 Trust and
                      Bill C. Hammer.
22                         _________________________
23   Before:   JURY, PAPPAS, and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
24
25
26        *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                      -1-
 1            Chapter 71 debtor, Armin Van Damme (defendant or debtor),
 2   appeals from the bankruptcy court’s judgment in favor of
 3   creditor-appellees, Hammer 1994 Trust, Bill C. Hammer, trustee,
 4   and Bill C. Hammer, as an individual (plaintiffs or Hammer),
 5   finding that the state court judgment debt in the amount of
 6   $378,295.03 owed by debtor to plaintiffs was nondischargeable
 7   under § 523(a)(6) on the basis of issue preclusion.       We AFFIRM.
 8                I.    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2
 9            In the late 1980’s, the Hammer family built a single-family
10   home on property located in Las Vegas, Nevada, and has lived
11   there ever since (Hammer Property).       In January 2004, Armin and
12   his wife, Geraldine Van Damme (collectively, the Van Dammes),
13   purchased property in the Twin Palms subdivision (Defendant’s
14   Property).        Defendant’s Property is adjacent to the Hammer
15   Property although they are in different subdivisions.
16            Sometime in the mid-1980’s, developers of Defendant’s
17   Property erected a stone wall along the common boundary between
18   the Hammer Property and Defendant’s Property.       The following
19   year, developers of the Hammer Property erected a retaining and
20
21        1
            Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
22   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
     “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
23   Procedure and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
     Civil Procedure.
24
          2
            In stating the facts and procedural background, we borrow
25   heavily from the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact stated on
26   the record on August 23, 2012, from the Panel’s decision in
     Hammer v. Van Damme (In re Van Damme), BAP No. NC-10-1169-KiSaH
27   filed February 1, 2011, and from the Findings of Fact and
     Conclusions of Law (FFCL) filed by plaintiffs and adopted by the
28   state court in Nevada District Court Case No. A493040.

                                         -2-
 1   privacy wall on the Hammer Property approximately one foot from
 2   the stone wall along the common boundary, leaving a gap (Gap)
 3   between the two walls.   At all relevant times, plaintiffs owned
 4   the Gap.
 5        In June 2004, the Van Dammes demolished a portion of the
 6   stone wall and began constructing a pool grotto using the Hammer
 7   Property’s wall as an anchor for attaching devices to support
 8   associated pool features.   Plaintiffs immediately orally advised
 9   the Van Dammes that the construction was illegal and they were
10   trespassing and requested the Van Dammes cease all work on the
11   pool grotto.   Between June 23, 2004, and July 12, 2004,
12   plaintiffs warned the Van Dammes on at least five occasions of
13   the illegality of the trespass by posting “no trespassing” signs
14   and providing them with copies of the relevant Nevada statutes.
15   The Van Dammes removed or destroyed all of the signs.
16   Plaintiffs also sent the Van Dammes three written notices of
17   their trespass.   The Van Dammes refused to remove that portion
18   of the grotto encroaching on the Hammer Property and continued
19   with its construction.
20        As part of the construction of the grotto, defendant
21   submitted a building permit application representing that he
22   owned all the land upon which the grotto would be constructed.
23   Also during the construction of the grotto on the Hammer
24   Property, defendant intentionally spray-painted Bill Hammer in
25   the face and upper body.
26        As a result of the spray paint incident and trespass,
27   plaintiffs filed a complaint with the local police authorities.
28   Criminal charges were filed against defendant.   At trial,

                                    -3-
 1   however, he was found not guilty.
 2        In October 2004, plaintiffs commenced a civil proceeding
 3   against the Van Dammes in the Nevada state court asserting
 4   claims for trespass, quiet title, slander of title, and battery,
 5   Case No. A493040.   Plaintiffs also sought an injunction
 6   requiring the Van Dammes to cease construction of the pool
 7   grotto and return the Hammer Property to its prior condition.
 8        In response, the Van Dammes filed a counterclaim against
 9   plaintiffs asserting claims for quiet title, malicious use of
10   process, and trespass.    Van Dammes based their quiet title
11   counterclaim on a claim for adverse possession.
12        Plaintiffs filed two motions for partial summary judgment,
13   one directed at Van Dammes’ counterclaim for quiet title and the
14   other directed at their malicious use of process and trespass
15   counterclaims.   The Van Dammes did not oppose plaintiff’s motion
16   regarding their counterclaim for quiet title (they failed to
17   file an opposition or appear at the hearing), but they did
18   oppose plaintiff’s motion regarding their counterclaims for
19   malicious use of process and trespass.
20        On July 8, 2008, the Nevada state court issued two orders
21   granting partial summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs and
22   against the Van Dammes.   The two orders effectively eliminated
23   the Van Dammes’ counterclaims against plaintiffs, as well as
24   adjudicated plaintiffs’ affirmative claim for quiet title — the
25   Gap belonged to plaintiffs.
26        The first order (“PSJ Order 1”) dismissed the Van Dammes’
27   quiet title counterclaim, with prejudice.   It determined that in
28   three years of litigation the Van Dammes failed to provide a

                                     -4-
 1   scintilla of admissible evidence to support an adverse interest
 2   in the Hammer Property; they had failed to prove even one
 3   element of the adverse possession statute.   Thus, the Nevada
 4   state court concluded that the Van Dammes’ counterclaim for
 5   quiet title was filed in bad faith because no justifiable basis
 6   existed for the counterclaim.
 7        Specifically, it ruled the Van Dammes willfully,
 8   intentionally, and deliberately encroached upon the Hammer
 9   Property by partially tearing down the stone wall and, in
10   disregard of multiple warnings to cease and without consent,
11   willfully, intentionally, and deliberately utilized portions of
12   the Hammer Property wall to support the pool grotto.    Further,
13   the Van Dammes’ conduct was “malicious because [their] actions
14   were without any just cause or excuse and were substantially
15   certain to cause harm to the [Hammer] Property . . .” as
16   demonstrated by their refusal to cease trespass and construction
17   of the pool grotto despite plaintiffs’ repeated warnings.    The
18   Van Dammes’ failure to conduct any due diligence whatsoever
19   prior to construction was another factor showing the “willful
20   and malicious nature of their scheme and substantially certain
21   resulting harm for which there was no just cause or excuse.”    As
22   a result, the Van Dammes’ willful and malicious conduct caused
23   the title of the Hammer Property to become uninsurable, and it
24   caused a cloud on the title which restricted conveyance of the
25   Hammer Property and destroyed its value at a time when it was a
26   “seller’s” market in Las Vegas.
27        The second order (“PSJ Order 2”) dismissed the Van Dammes’
28   counterclaims for malicious use of process and trespass, with

                                     -5-
 1   prejudice.    Although the Van Dammes opposed plaintiffs’
 2   underlying motion, they again failed to produce in over three
 3   years a shred of admissible evidence to support either claim.
 4   PSJ Order 2 further stated that the Van Dammes’ actions were
 5   done willfully, intentionally and deliberately and were
 6   substantially certain to, and did, result in harm to plaintiffs.
 7        The Nevada state court tried plaintiffs’ remaining claims
 8   over several days in August and October 2008.   The final date of
 9   trial was set for December 22, 2008.
10        On December 16, 2008, Geraldine filed a chapter 7 petition
11   in the Northern District of California bankruptcy court, Case
12   No. 08-47480.   In that case, Geraldine listed Mr. Hammer as a
13   creditor.    Geraldine’s filing stayed the state court action as
14   to her.
15        However, the state court trial continued and was concluded
16   as to debtor.   The Nevada court took the matter of damages under
17   submission.
18        On February 25, 2009, the Nevada court issued a detailed,
19   twenty-three page Memorandum of Decision finding in favor of
20   plaintiffs and against debtor on all claims.    Although the state
21   court judge signed the Memorandum of Decision on February 25,
22   2009, it was not filed until March 18, 2009.    The Nevada court
23   instructed plaintiffs to prepare the FFCL in line with its
24   decision.
25        On March 6, 2009, debtor filed his chapter 7 petition in
26   the Northern District of California bankruptcy court.
27        Plaintiffs’ Adversary Proceeding Against Geraldine
28        On the same date, plaintiffs filed an adversary proceeding

                                     -6-
 1   in Geraldine’s bankruptcy case seeking to have their judgment
 2   debt declared nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).
 3   Plaintiffs’ then-counsel, Marion Marshall, advised the
 4   bankruptcy court that the trial in the Nevada state court had
 5   been completed and after the judgment was entered she might be
 6   able to proceed with summary judgment in the adversary against
 7   Geraldine.
 8            On March 11, 2009, Geraldine received her discharge under
 9   § 727.
10            On April 29, 2009, the bankruptcy court granted plaintiffs
11   limited relief from stay for the Nevada court to make its FFCL
12   and enter final judgment.
13            Geraldine filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings
14   under Civil Rule 12(c).     Plaintiffs filed a counter motion for
15   summary judgment (MSJ) relying on PSJ Orders 1 and 2 and issue
16   preclusion, contending that both orders established the willful
17   and malicious requirements under § 523(a)(6).
18            On October 5, 2009, the bankruptcy court heard the motions
19   and took the matters under submission.
20            On November 9, 2009, the bankruptcy court entered its
21   Memorandum of Decision denying Geraldine’s motion and denying
22   plaintiffs’ MSJ.     In applying California preclusion law3 to PSJ
23   Order 1, the bankruptcy court found that not all the elements
24
25        3
            In Hammer v. Van Damme (In re Van Damme), BAP No.
26   NC-10-1169-KiSaH, the Panel concluded that Nevada preclusion law
     rather than California preclusion law should have been applied,
27   but that the bankruptcy court’s application of California law was
     harmless because the same result would follow upon application of
28   Nevada law.

                                       -7-
 1   for issue preclusion were met.    At issue was the fourth element
 2   which requires an issue to be actually and necessarily
 3   litigated.
 4        Although the court found that the issues of willfulness,
 5   malice, and resulting injury to an entity other than the debtor
 6   were actually litigated and determined in the state court action
 7   based on the state court’s ruling in PSJ Order 1, the court
 8   determined that those issues were not “necessarily determined”
 9   because in an action to quiet title, the state of mind or motive
10   of the party making the adverse assertion of title was
11   irrelevant.   Accordingly, the bankruptcy court determined that
12   the state court’s findings and holdings with respect to the Van
13   Dammes’ willful and malicious conduct were not “necessarily
14   determined” in connection with the quiet title claim and thus
15   could not be used for issue preclusion purposes in the
16   bankruptcy court action.   The court did not consider PSJ Order 2
17   in its decision because that order simply dismissed the Van
18   Dammes’ counterclaims for malicious use of process and trespass
19   and did not determine any of plaintiffs’ other affirmative
20   claims:   slander of title, trespass and battery.   The bankruptcy
21   court denied plaintiffs’ subsequent motion for reconsideration.
22   Plaintiffs then voluntarily elected to not proceed to trial
23   against Geraldine.
24        On April 28, 2010, the bankruptcy court issued an order
25   dismissing plaintiffs’ adversary proceeding against Geraldine,
26   with prejudice, for failure to prosecute.   Plaintiffs appealed
27   the order dismissing the adversary proceeding, the order denying
28   their MSJ and the order denying their motion for reconsideration

                                      -8-
 1   to this Panel.     The Panel affirmed the bankruptcy court’s orders
 2   denying plaintiffs’ MSJ and dismissing the case in BAP No. NC-
 3   10-1169-KiSaH.4
 4            Plaintiffs’ Adversary Proceeding Against Debtor
 5            On March 31, 2009, plaintiffs filed the instant adversary
 6   proceeding seeking to have the state court judgment debt against
 7   debtor declared nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).        In their
 8   general allegations, plaintiffs reiterated many of the facts
 9   stated above in connection with the Nevada state court lawsuit.
10   However, in debtor’s proceeding, plaintiffs relied on the actual
11   trial record in the Nevada state court, not just the PSJ orders,
12   since that court had concluded the trial against debtor after
13   Geraldine filed her bankruptcy petition.     They attached copies
14   of their state court complaint, the Nevada court’s Memorandum of
15
          4
16          Since the adversary proceeding was dismissed, Geraldine’s
     discharge protects postpetition community property from
17   collection efforts by any creditor holding a prepetition
     community claim because a discharge permanently enjoins
18   enforcement of prepetition community claims against all
19   future-acquired community property:

20        [A] nondebtor spouse in a community property state
          typically benefits from the discharge of the debtor
21        spouse. According to Section 524(a)(3), after-acquired
          community property is protected by injunctions against
22
          collection efforts by those creditors who held
23        allowable community claims at the time of filing. This
          is so even if the creditor claim is against only the
24        nonbankruptcy spouse; the after-acquired community
          property is immune.
25
26   Rooz v. Kimmel (In re Kimmel), 378 B.R. 630, 638 (9th Cir. BAP
     2007). Thus, although the issue is not before us despite the
27   briefing of the issue in the appellate briefs, the Van Dammes’
     after acquired community property would be immune from collection
28   under this holding.

                                       -9-
 1   Decision, and PSJ Order 1 and 2.     Under their § 523(a)(6) claim,
 2   plaintiffs alleged that debtor’s conduct in creating and
 3   maintaining the trespass was willful and malicious, that his
 4   conduct in spraying Bill Hammer in the face and torso with paint
 5   constituted a battery that was willful and malicious, and that
 6   debtor’s conduct resulted in a slander of title to the trust
 7   property and constituted deliberate acts which were willful and
 8   malicious.
 9            On April 17, 2009, the bankruptcy court granted limited
10   relief from stay for the Nevada court to enter its FFCL and
11   final judgment.5
12            On May 3, 2011, the bankruptcy court held a status
13   conference in debtor’s adversary.6       Plaintiffs’ counsel failed
14   to appear and the adversary proceeding was dismissed.
15            Plaintiffs filed a motion to reconsider the dismissal based
16   on their counsel’s failure to appear at the status conference
17   due to a calendaring error.     At the August 2, 2011 hearing, the
18   bankruptcy court granted the motion.       At that time, the court
19   asked plaintiffs’ counsel whether the adversary proceeding could
20   be decided by summary judgment.     Plaintiffs’ counsel advised the
21
          5
22          The order also retroactively annulled the automatic stay
     to validate the Nevada court’s Memorandum Decision which was
23   signed prepetition on February 25, 2009, but file-stamped
     postpetition on March 18, 2009.
24
          6
            Evidently the parties agreed to proceed to trial in
25   Geraldine’s case first since it involved the same parties and
26   many of the same claims. The bankruptcy court approved this
     approach and trailed the trial date for debtor’s adversary
27   proceeding. Thereafter, debtor’s adversary proceeding was
     continued on multiple occasions due to the pendency of the BAP
28   appeal in Geraldine’s adversary proceeding.

                                       -10-
 1   court that it could; debtor’s counsel disagreed.      The court also
 2   noted that despite plaintiffs having limited relief from stay to
 3   return to state court to obtain the FFCL and final judgment in
 4   the Nevada state court, they had apparently taken no action to
 5   do so.     In other words, there still was no final judgment
 6   entered in the state court action.7      Plaintiffs’ counsel then
 7   requested that the court not set a trial date.      The bankruptcy
 8   court declined this request and set the matter for trial to
 9   commence on October 28, 2011.
10            On September 8, 2011, the court issued a scheduling order
11   governing pretrial procedures.     Thereafter, plaintiffs’ counsel
12   was successful in obtaining from the state court judge the
13   signed FFCL, which plaintiffs’ counsel had prepared, and a final
14   judgment.     The FFCL and judgment were filed in the state court
15   on September 22, 2011, with notice of entry dated October 4,
16   2011.
17            On September 27, 2011, plaintiffs filed a MSJ in the
18   adversary proceeding and scheduled a hearing for October 27,
19   2011, the day before trial.     Plaintiffs alleged that the Nevada
20   judgment and FFCL established the elements of their § 523(a)(6)
21   claim for nondischargeability and thus issue preclusion should
22   apply.     Attached to the MSJ were the Nevada state court’s
23   eighty-one pages of FFCL.
24            On October 12, 2011, debtor appealed the state court’s
25
26        7
            Recall that plaintiffs had obtained limited relief from
27   stay in debtor’s case on April 17, 2009. Yet, more than two
     years later, plaintiffs had taken no action to obtain a final
28   judgment in the Nevada state court.

                                       -11-
 1   decision.
 2            On October 13, 2011, debtor filed opposition to the MSJ.
 3   Debtor argued that the MSJ was untimely because the bankruptcy
 4   court had scheduled a trial date.        Debtor also raised numerous
 5   issues as to why issue preclusion was not applicable under the
 6   circumstances.8      Finally, debtor filed a counter motion for
 7   abuse of process complaining about plaintiffs’ delay.       Debtor
 8   requested dismissal of the adversary proceeding as a sanction
 9   or, in the alternative, an order to prevent plaintiffs from
10   submitting any of the Nevada court’s findings in a trial.
11            On October 18, 2011, debtor filed his trial brief.
12            On October 19, 2011, plaintiffs filed their trial brief.
13   On October 21, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order
14   vacating plaintiffs’ MSJ hearing scheduled for October 27, 2011.
15   The court noted that the parties were ready for trial and that
16   if summary judgment were not granted in full, the trial would be
17   delayed again which would be “inappropriate, inefficient and
18   unfair.”     The court, however, noted that it may or may not give
19   issue-preclusive effect to the Nevada court’s FFCL.
20            On October 28, 2011, the bankruptcy court conducted the
21   trial.     In his opening statement, plaintiffs’ counsel stated
22   that he was prepared to go to trial, but believed that, as a
23
          8
24          At one point debtor’s counsel alleges that the state
     court’s FFCL were “hardly a model of judicial temperance” and
25   make “unsupported accusations of criminal activity wholly
26   inappropriate to a civil proceeding against Mr. Van Damme. . . .”
     In connection with this statement, counsel contends that the
27   judge in the Nevada action, “has been intemperate in other
     contexts as well” and then points out that he received a public
28   reprimand for driving under the influence of alcohol.

                                       -12-
 1   matter of law, issue preclusion should be given effect based
 2   upon the Nevada court’s Memorandum of Decision, the FFCL and the
 3   judgment that was entered in the state court.      Debtor’s counsel
 4   objected, but the bankruptcy made clear that its decision to
 5   vacate the hearing on plaintiffs’ MSJ did not mean that
 6   plaintiffs could not rely upon the FFCL and the judgment that
 7   was entered.     The court explained that it vacated the hearing on
 8   the MSJ because it did not want the MSJ to delay the trial.
 9   Accordingly, the bankruptcy court informed plaintiffs’ counsel
10   that he could try the case from the ground up or simply rely on
11   the judgment and the FFCL.
12            The court admitted numerous documents over the objection of
13   debtor’s counsel.     Plaintiffs’ counsel then moved under Civil
14   Rule 52(c) seeking to have the bankruptcy court enter judgment
15   on the basis of the preclusive effect of the Nevada judgment and
16   the FFCL entered in the state court action.      Debtor’s counsel
17   argued against applying issue preclusion to the state court
18   judgment and complained about plaintiffs’ delay in obtaining a
19   final judgment in the state court.       She also asserted that
20   California rather than Nevada law applied and, therefore, the
21   state court judgment was not final because it had been appealed.
22   Finally, she urged the bankruptcy court to throughly examine the
23   record because plaintiffs’ counsel had drafted the FFCL, citing
24   Silver v. Exec. Car Leasing Long-Term Disability, 466 F.3d 727,
25   733 (9th Cir. 2006).9
26
          9
27          Silver holds that “the wholesale and verbatim adoption of
     one party’s findings requires us to review the record and the
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       -13-
 1        The bankruptcy court stated that it did not condone the
 2   amount of time that had passed, but found that plaintiffs’ MSJ
 3   was properly filed.   In vacating the MSJ, the court explained:
 4   “I just wasn’t going to let it interfere with the trial, because
 5   at the time there was no findings of fact and conclusions of law
 6   or final judgment when I initially set it for the trial date.”
 7   The court further found that it would apply Nevada law for
 8   purposes of applying issue preclusion.   In addition, the court
 9   observed that plaintiffs’ counsel’s drafting of the FFCL was an
10   issue for the Nevada court of appeal.    In the end, the
11   bankruptcy court concluded that it had to treat the Nevada
12   judgment as final and consider its preclusive effect.      The
13   bankruptcy court took the matter under advisement.
14        On July 27, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion requesting a
15   status conference regarding the bankruptcy court’s decision.
16   Apparently plaintiffs had filed a cross-appeal in the state
17   court and the Nevada Supreme Court ordered the pending appeal to
18   be assigned to the Mandatory Settlement Program.   The assigned
19   settlement judge vacated the settlement hearing due to the fact
20   that the bankruptcy court had not yet issued its decision and,
21   as a result, she did not feel she had authority to conduct the
22   settlement hearing.   The Nevada Supreme Court later issued an
23   order which instructed state counsel for debtor to file a status
24   report regarding the bankruptcy proceeding within fifteen days.
25   Plaintiffs represented that debtor’s counsel did not file any
26
27
          9
           (...continued)
28   [bankruptcy] court’s opinion more thoroughly.”

                                    -14-
 1   status report and therefore contended that they were caught in a
 2   “whipsaw” between the bankruptcy court and their duties and
 3   responsibilities to report objectively and accurately to the
 4   Nevada Supreme Court.   Therefore, plaintiffs requested a hearing
 5   so that they could obtain information from the court regarding
 6   the status of its decision.
 7        On the same day, debtor’s counsel filed a response to
 8   plaintiffs’ motion.   Counsel stated that she was not
 9   representing debtor in the state court appeal and told the court
10   to take all the time it needed “to issue a reasoned and proper
11   decision.”
12        On August 23, 2012, the bankruptcy court read its FFCL into
13   the record.    The court gave preclusive effect to the state
14   court’s FFCL and concluded that the judgment debt was
15   nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).
16        On October 30, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered the
17   judgment finding the amount of $378,295.03 nondischargeable.
18   Broken down, the bankruptcy court found that as to all
19   plaintiffs, for trespass and slander of title, actual damages of
20   $36,400, punitive damages of $200,000, attorneys’ fees of
21   $10,000 for trespass, and attorneys’ fees of $100,000 for
22   slander of title, for a total of $346,400 were nondischargeable
23   under § 523(a)(6).    As to Bill C. Hammer, an individual, for
24   battery, compensatory damages of $10,000, and punitive damages
25   of $10,000, for a total of $20,000 was nondischargeable under
26   § 523(a)(6).   As to all plaintiffs, costs awarded in the amount
27   of $11,895.03 were deemed nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).
28        On November 12, 2012, debtor filed a timely notice of

                                     -15-
 1   appeal.
 2                               II.    JURISDICTION
 3         The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over this proceeding
 4   under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I).          We have jurisdiction
 5   under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
 6                                     III.   ISSUE
 7         Whether the bankruptcy court erred by giving preclusive
 8   effect to the state court judgment for purposes of exclusion
 9   from discharge under § 523(a)(6).
10                         IV.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
11         We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s determination that
12   issue preclusion is available.           Lopez v. Emerg. Serv.
13   Restoration, Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 103 (9th Cir. BAP
14   2007).    Once we determine that issue preclusion is available, we
15   review whether applying it was an abuse of discretion.           Id.   A
16   bankruptcy court abuses its discretion when it applies the
17   incorrect legal rule or its application of the correct legal
18   rule is “(1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without support
19   in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.”
20   United States v. Loew, 593 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2010)
21   (quoting United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261–62 (9th
22   Cir. 2009)(en banc)(internal quotation marks omitted)).
23         The question whether a claim is dischargeable presents
24   mixed issues of law and fact, which we also review de novo.
25   Peklar v. Ikerd (In re Peklar), 260 F.3d 1035, 1037 (9th Cir.
26   2001).
27   ///
28   ///

                                          -16-
 1                               V.   DISCUSSION
 2   A.    Civil Rule 52(c)
 3         We first address debtor’s assertion that the bankruptcy
 4   court’s consideration of plaintiffs’ Civil Rule 52(c) motion
 5   seeking judgment against debtor on issue preclusion grounds was
 6   procedurally improper.     According to debtor, plaintiffs’ Civil
 7   Rule 52(c) motion was procedurally inappropriate because the
 8   bankruptcy court had advised plaintiffs’ counsel that it would
 9   not continue the trial to consider a tardy motion for summary
10   judgment seeking nondischargeability of the state court judgment
11   debt based on issue preclusion and then, at the trial, the court
12   entertained plaintiffs’ oral motion for a judgment based on
13   issue preclusion and took the matter under submission.       As a
14   result, debtor maintains that his due process rights were
15   compromised because he was deprived of his right to a trial.        We
16   disagree with debtor’s procedural analysis.
17         Under Civil Rule 52(c), made applicable to this adversary
18   proceeding by Rule 7052, a court may grant a motion made by
19   either party, or may grant judgment sua sponte at any time
20   during a bench trial, so long as the party against whom judgment
21   is to be rendered has been “fully heard” with respect to an
22   issue essential to that party’s case.10       As a result, the court
23
          10
24             Civil Rule 52(c) provides in relevant part:
25        If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a
26        nonjury trial and the court finds against the party on
          that issue, the court may enter judgment against that
27        party on a claim or defense that, under the controlling
          law, can be maintained or defeated only with a
28                                                       (continued...)

                                       -17-
 1   need not wait until that party rests its case-in-chief to enter
 2   judgment.   Granite State Ins. Co. v. Smart Modular Techs., Inc.,
 3   76 F.3d 1023, 1031 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he rule ‘authorizes the
 4   court to enter judgment at any time that it can appropriately
 5   make a dispositive finding of fact on the evidence.’”).
 6        The requirement that a party must first be “fully heard”
 7   does not “amount to a right to introduce every shred of evidence
 8   that a party wishes, without regard to the probative value of
 9   that evidence.”   First Va. Banks, Inc. v. BP Exploration & Oil,
10   Inc., 206 F.3d 404, 407 (4th Cir. 2000).    The trial court has
11   discretion to enter a judgment on partial findings even though a
12   party has represented that it can adduce further evidence if,
13   under the circumstances, the court determines that the evidence
14   will have little or no probative value.    Id.
15        Here, the bankruptcy court considered plaintiffs’ Civil
16   Rule 52(c) motion after the parties’ opening statements and
17   after considering debtor’s objections to plaintiffs’ evidence.
18   The court also allowed argument of counsel on whether judgment
19   was appropriate on issue preclusion grounds.     In her opening
20   statement and again during the trial, debtor’s counsel argued
21   that, the evidence would show that at most, debtor’s actions
22   were negligent but not willful and malicious.    Further, debtor’s
23   counsel argued vigorously against the application of issue
24   preclusion.   Finally, the bankruptcy court asked plaintiffs’
25
26        10
           (...continued)
27       favorable finding on that issue. The court may,
         however, decline to render any judgment until the close
28       of the evidence. . . .

                                    -18-
 1   counsel numerous questions about the state court judgment and
 2   FFCL to determine whether their Civil Rule 52(c) motion was
 3   warranted.
 4        We surmise that after hearing the parties’ extensive
 5   arguments and the bankruptcy court’s examination of the evidence
 6   in support of issue preclusion, the court concluded that it was
 7   “manifestly clear” that debtor’s testimony could not prove that
 8   the state court judgment had no preclusive effect.       Once it
 9   determined that debtor’s testimony would not be sufficient to
10   rebut the application of issue preclusion, the bankruptcy court
11   properly exercised its discretion to halt the trial and take the
12   matter under submission.   See Granite State Ins. Co., 76 F.3d at
13   1031; Stone v. Millstein, 804 F.2d 1434, 1437-38 (9th Cir.
14   1986).   Accordingly, plaintiffs’ Civil Rule 52(c) motion was
15   procedurally appropriate, and debtor was not deprived of his
16   right to a trial.
17   B.   Section 523(a)(6)
18        Plaintiffs bear the burden of proving their claims against
19   defendant are excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(6) by a
20   preponderance of the evidence.    Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279,
21   284 (1991).   Section 523(a)(6) excepts from discharge any debt
22   for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity
23   or to the property of another entity.
24        The standards for determining whether a debt falls within
25   the scope of § 523(a)(6) are well-defined.      First,
26   nondischargeable debts under § 523(a)(6) must arise from
27   intentionally inflicted injuries.       Carrillo v. Su (In re Su),
28   290 F.3d 1140, 1143 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Kawaauhau v. Geiger,

                                      -19-
 1   523 U.S. 57 (1998)).    Second, the “willful” and “malicious”
 2   requirements under the statute involve separate analyses.
 3   In re Su, 290 F.3d at 1146–47; see also Barboza v. New Form,
 4   Inc. (In re Barboza), 545 F.3d 702, 711 (9th Cir. 2008)
 5   (reinforcing Su and the requirement of courts to apply a
 6   separate analysis for each prong of “willful” and “malicious”).
 7        A willful injury is proved by establishing facts that show
 8   the debtor had the subjective intent to cause harm or the
 9   subjective knowledge that harm was substantially certain to
10   occur from his conduct.   Su, 290 F.3d at 1146.   Proving
11   malicious conduct requires a showing that the debtor:
12   (1) committed a wrongful act; (2) done intentionally; (3) which
13   necessarily caused injury; and (4) was done without just cause
14   or excuse.    Id. at 1146–47.
15   C.   Issue Preclusion
16        The doctrine of issue preclusion applies to bankruptcy
17   dischargeability proceedings.   Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279,
18   284 (1991).   Plaintiffs had the burden of proving that the
19   elements for issue preclusion were met.   Kelly v. Okoye
20   (In re Kelly), 182 B.R. 255, 258 (9th Cir. BAP 1995), aff’d,
21   100 F.3d 110 (9th Cir. 1996).   To sustain this burden,
22   plaintiffs must have introduced a record sufficient to reveal
23   the controlling facts and the exact issues litigated in the
24   prior action.   Reasonable doubts about what was decided in the
25   prior action should be resolved against the party seeking
26   preclusion.   Id.
27        In determining the preclusive effect of a state court
28   judgment in nondischargeability proceedings, we apply the issue

                                     -20-
 1   preclusion rules of the state from which the judgment arose.
 2   28 U.S.C. § 1738; Gayden v. Nourbakhsh (In re Nourbakhsh),
 3   67 F.3d 798, 800 (9th Cir. 1995).       Debtor contends that the
 4   bankruptcy court erred by applying Nevada law rather than
 5   California law.   According to debtor, without citation to any
 6   authority, the proper subject of inquiry is the preclusion law
 7   of the state of residence of the debtor, since the point of the
 8   proceeding is whether or not plaintiffs’ claims would be
 9   excepted from debtor’s chapter 7 discharge.      Debtor is mistaken.
10        The preclusive effect of a state court judgment in a
11   subsequent federal lawsuit is determined by the full faith and
12   credit statute, which provides that state judicial proceedings
13   “shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within
14   the United States . . . as they have by law or usage in the
15   courts of such State . . . from which they are taken.”
16   28 U.S.C. § 1738 (emphasis added); Marrese v. Am. Acad. of
17   Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380 (1985).       Debtor’s
18   argument not only turns the plain language of the full faith and
19   credit statute on its head, but also ignores scores of case
20   authorities that apply the issue preclusion rules of the state
21   from which the judgment arose.    See, e.g. In re Nourbakhsh,
22   67 F.3d at 800; Robi v. Five Platters, Inc., 838 F.2d 318, 321
23   (9th Cir. 1988) (Full Faith and Credit Act requires federal
24   courts to apply the res judicata rules of a particular state to
25   judgments issued by courts of that state and therefore the court
26   applied California law of res judicata to California judgment,
27   New York law to New York judgment and federal law to federal
28   judgment) (citing Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Ala. Bank,

                                      -21-
 1   474 U.S. 518, 519 (1986)).   Accordingly, since plaintiffs’
 2   judgment was entered by a Nevada court, that state’s issue
 3   preclusion law applies.
 4        Under Nevada law, application of issue preclusion requires
 5   that (1) the issue is identical; (2) the initial ruling was
 6   final and on the merits; (3) the party against whom the judgment
 7   is asserted was a party or in privity with a party in the prior
 8   case; and (4) the issue was actually and necessarily litigated.
 9   Five Star Capital Corp. v. Ruby, 194 P.3d 709, 713 (Nev. 2008).
10   At the outset, we observe that the record shows that the third
11   element has been met; the parties are the same.
12        1.   The Issues are Identical
13        Here, when the elements for plaintiffs’ § 523(a)(6) claim
14   are compared to the elements of their state court slander of
15   title, trespass, and battery claims, the issues are identical.
16   Slander of title, trespass and battery are all intentional torts
17   under Nevada law.   They thus fall within the purview of
18   § 523(a)(6) under Geiger, 523 U.S. at 60-62.
19        Slander of title “involves false and malicious
20   communications disparaging to one’s title and land and causing
21   special damages.”   Exec. Mgmt. v. Ticor Title Ins. Co., 963 P.2d
22   465, 478 (Nev. 1988).   Malice is a necessary element of a
23   slander of title claim.   “In order to prove malice it must be
24   shown that the defendant knew that the statement was false or
25   acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity.”   Rowland
26   v. Lepire, 662 P.2d 1332, 1335 (Nev. 1983).
27        Under Nev. Rev. Stat. 207.200, “any person who, under
28   circumstances not amounting to a burglary: . . .(b) [w]illfully

                                    -22-
 1   goes or remains upon any land or in any building after having
 2   been warned by the owner or occupant thereof not to trespass, is
 3   guilty of a misdemeanor.”
 4        Nev. Rev. Stat. 200.481(1)(a) defines a battery as any
 5   willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of
 6   another.
 7        Finally, as to punitive damages, Nev. Rev. Stat. 42.005
 8   mandates clear and convincing evidence of conduct which
 9   constitutes “oppression, fraud or malice, express or implied,”
10   all of which terms are defined in Nev. Rev. Stat. 42.001:
11   (1) “Oppression” means despicable conduct that subjects a person
12   to cruel and unjust hardship with conscious disregard of the
13   rights of the person; (2) “Fraud” means an intentional
14   misrepresentation, deception or concealment of a material fact
15   known to the person with the intent to deprive another person of
16   his or her rights, property or to otherwise injure another
17   person; and (3) “Malice, express or implied” means conduct which
18   is intended to injure a person or despicable conduct which is
19   engaged in with a conscious disregard of the rights or safety of
20   others.
21        2.     The Nevada Judgment is Final
22        Debtor argues on appeal that the order which plaintiffs
23   rely upon was not a “final order” because it was under appeal to
24   the Nevada Supreme Court at the time of the October 28, 2011
25   trial.    Under Nevada law, in issue preclusion cases, a decision
26   is final and maintains its preclusive effect even if the
27   judgment is on appeal.   Edwards v. Ghandour, 123 Nev. 105, 117,
28   159 P.3d 1086, 1094 (2007), rejected on other grounds by Five

                                     -23-
 1   Star Capital, 124 Nev. at 1053–54, 194 P.3d at 712–13 (Nev.
 2   2008).    Nevada’s Supreme Court recognizes that in circumstances
 3   where the first judgment is reversed or vacated and a second
 4   judgment was rendered based on issue preclusion, the second
 5   judgment should also be reversed.      Edwards, 159 P.3d at 1094.
 6   Here, the bankruptcy court also recognized this premise.11
 7   There is no indication in the record that the Nevada Supreme
 8   Court has reversed the judgment.    Therefore, the judgment is
 9   final for issue preclusion purposes.
10        3.     The Issues Were Actually and Necessarily Litigated
11        Under Nevada law, an issue is actually and necessarily
12   litigated if the “court in the prior action addressed and
13   decided the same underlying factual issues.”     Kahn v.
14   Morse & Mowbray, 117 P.3d 227, 235 (Nev. 2005).     Here, the
15   Nevada court’s Memorandum Decision and the more detailed FFCL
16   show that the prior action addressed and decided the same
17   underlying factual issues that are raised in this
18   nondischargeability action.
19        We start with the trial court’s findings in its Memorandum
20   Decision which demonstrate that during the course of the trial,
21   the elements for a willful and malicious injury under
22   § 523(a)(6) were squarely addressed.     That debtor’s conduct was
23   willful is borne out by the trial court’s finding that all the
24   elements for the intentional torts of slander of title, trespass
25   and battery were met.   Furthermore, several findings demonstrate
26
         11
27          Civil Rule 60(b)(5), incorporated by Rule 9024, expressly
     allows relief from judgment when an underlying judgment has been
28   reversed or vacated.

                                     -24-
 1   debtor’s subjective intent to harm plaintiffs.   The trial court
 2   found that (1) debtor was the aggressor in each important
 3   confrontation; (2) debtor cared nothing about the fact that some
 4   of the Gap across which he trespassed and the wall he used as
 5   structural support for his beloved grotto didn’t ever belong to
 6   him; and (3) referring to an exhibit, the court noted that
 7   debtor had a “gleeful look” in his eyes when he carried the
 8   paint gun up the ladder before spraying Hammer in the face.
 9        The trial court’s findings also expressly show that malice
10   motivated debtor’s actions against plaintiffs.   In addressing
11   the battery claim, the trial court found that debtor
12   “intentionally assaulted Mr. Hammer, and the [c]ourt finds that
13   he did so with malice and without sufficient provocation.”    In
14   awarding punitive damages on this claim, the court found that in
15   the “context of this case, it is truly serious and egregious
16   behavior on the part of Mr. Van Damme.   As a consequence, the
17   [c]ourt is going to award exemplary damages, in the hope that
18   part of this Judgment will survive a [bankruptcy] petition by
19   Mr. Van Damme . . . .”
20        In addressing the slander of title and trespass claims, the
21   trial court found that each of the elements for slander of title
22   and trespass had been proven at trial by preponderance of the
23   evidence, “including by clear and convincing evidence the
24   necessary malice to support an award of exemplary damages.    It
25   was the same continuing malice, which infected and motivated
26   Mr. Van Damme’s actions in his trespass, in his lawsuit and in
27   his fraudulent claim to title.”
28        The FFCL fill in more detail.   In the FFCL, the court found

                                   -25-
 1   that debtor acted willfully, wantonly, and maliciously by
 2   continuing to build the grotto and encroach on the Hammer
 3   Property “knowing full well that such action would impede,
 4   impair, or diminish the value of the property owned by the
 5   Trust.”    The findings further show that plaintiffs repeatedly
 6   told the Van Dammes verbally and in writing that they owned the
 7   Gap, posted “No Trespassing” signs, obtained a Record of Survey
 8   showing that the Hammer Trust owned all the property in the GAP
 9   and attached that survey to the verified complaint plaintiffs
10   filed and served on the Van Dammes.     Nonetheless, despite
11   plaintiffs’ warning to cease construction of the grotto, the Van
12   Dammes continued with the construction of the grotto, falsely
13   asserted ownership to the Gap, and trespassed on the Hammer
14   Property.    Finally, the trial court found that the “Van Dammes
15   had absolutely no good faith basis for a claim of ownership to
16   any property in the [G]ap or to the Hammer [t]rust [p]rivacy
17   [w]all.”    These findings leave no doubt that debtor had the
18   subjective intent to cause plaintiffs harm.     Su, 290 F.3d at
19   1146.
20           They further show that debtor acted with malice.   He
21   committed the wrongful acts of slander of title, trespass and
22   battery, and did so intentionally.      The Nevada court found that
23   those acts caused plaintiffs economic harm and were done without
24   just cause or excuse.    Id. at 1146-47.
25           Any liability duly imposed as a direct, but-for result of
26   the defendant’s nondischargeable conduct constitutes a
27   nondischargeable debt, regardless of whether the liability
28   reflects the actual damages incurred by the plaintiff.     See

                                      -26-
 1   Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213, 220 (1998) (holding
 2   nondischargeable under § 523(a)(2)(A) treble damages based on
 3   debtor’s fraudulent conduct).   Therefore, on the slander of
 4   title and trespass claims with respect to all plaintiffs, actual
 5   damages of $36,400, punitive damages of $200,000, plus
 6   attorneys’ fees of $10,000 attributable to the trespass, and
 7   $100,000 attributable to the slander of title for a total of
 8   $346,400 are nondischargeable under § 523(a)6).     On the battery
 9   claim, with respect to Bill C. Hammer individually, actual
10   damages of $10,000 and punitive damages of $10,000 are
11   nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).     As to all plaintiffs, costs
12   awarded in the amount of $11,895.03 as determined by the Nevada
13   state court are also nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).
14   D.   Abuse of Discretion
15        Having concluded that issue preclusion was available
16   because all of the doctrine’s requirements were met, we consider
17   next whether the bankruptcy court properly exercised its
18   discretion to apply it.    “The discretionary aspect of issue
19   preclusion is settled as a matter of federal law.”     In re Lopez,
20   367 B.R. at 107–08.   Nevada law is in accord, holding that once
21   it is determined that issue preclusion is available, the actual
22   decision to apply it is left to the discretion of the “tribunal
23   in which it is invoked.”   Redrock Valley Ranch v. Washoe Cnty.,
24   254 P.3d 641, 646–47 (Nev. 2011).      The doctrine of issue
25   preclusion is grounded in considerations of basic fairness to
26   the litigants.   In re Sandoval, 232 P.3d at 424–25.
27        Debtor contends that issue preclusion should not be
28   available because the trial judge rubber-stamped plaintiffs’

                                     -27-
 1   views by signing the FFCL.    However, we see no rubber-stamping
 2   here.    The trial court itself provided the framework for the
 3   proposed FFCL when it issued its Memorandum Decision.      In its
 4   decision, the trial court set forth its essential findings and
 5   directed plaintiffs’ counsel to submit a more detailed set of
 6   findings consistent with them.       Under these circumstances, we
 7   see no reason to doubt that the FFCL signed by the trial judge
 8   represent the judge’s own considered conclusions regarding
 9   debtor’s conduct.    See Anderson v. City of Bessemer, N.C.,
10   470 U.S. 564, 572 (1985).
11            Debtor also complains that the bankruptcy court erred by
12   applying issue preclusion “retroactively” because debtor’s
13   bankruptcy and adversary proceeding predated the state court
14   judgment by several years.    Debtor’s use of the term
15   “retroactive issue preclusion” is misleading.      What debtor seems
16   to be complaining about is plaintiffs’ long delay in filing the
17   FFCL in the state court, requesting entry of a final judgment
18   and then over two years later proceeding with the bankruptcy
19   court trial.    However, part of the delay in proceeding with
20   debtor’s trial was the bankruptcy court’s decision to postpone
21   the trial until plaintiffs’ adversary proceeding against
22   debtor’s wife in her bankruptcy case concluded.
23           In sum, while in certain cases it is fundamentally unfair
24   to apply issue preclusion, this is not such a case.      Therefore,
25   the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in applying
26   the doctrine to the state court judgment.
27   E.      Entry of a Money Judgment
28           Finally, debtor argues that the bankruptcy court erred in

                                         -28-
 1   granting plaintiffs a money judgment given that their complaint
 2   only sought a finding that an allegedly preexisting claim was
 3   excepted from debtor’s discharge.     Bankruptcy courts in this
 4   Circuit have subject matter jurisdiction to enter a money
 5   judgment in a nondischargeability proceeding where the
 6   underlying debt has been reduced to judgment in a state court.
 7   Sasson v. Sokoloff (In re Sasson), 424 F.3d 864, 869–70 (9th
 8   Cir. 2005); Deitz v. Ford (In re Deitz), 469 B.R. 11, 20 (9th
 9   Cir. BAP 2012).   To the extent debtor is arguing that the
10   bankruptcy court granted relief beyond that requested in the
11   complaint, that contention is wholly without merit.
12                            VI.   CONCLUSION
13        For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the
14   bankruptcy court properly applied issue preclusion and we see no
15   abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court’s decision.
16   Therefore, plaintiffs’ judgment debt against debtor is
17   nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).    We AFFIRM.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

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