                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2015-CT-00384-SCT

MARVIN REROCKUS DEMOND CARVER a/k/a
MARVIN REROCUKUS DEMOND CARVER a/k/a
MARVIN CARVER a/k/a MARVIN REROCKUS
CARVER a/k/a MARVIN R. CARVER a/k/a “FOOT”

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                             ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         06/18/2013
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                  OFFICE OF THE STATE PUBLIC
                                          DEFENDER
                                          BY: HUNTER NOLAN AIKENS
                                              GEORGE T. HOLMES
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                    OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                          BY: BARBARA WAKELAND BYRD
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                        MICHAEL GUEST
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION:                              REVERSED AND RENDERED - 10/12/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Marvin Rerockus Demond Carver was the passenger in a vehicle not owned by him

in which marijuana was found in the rear of the trunk. Although Nicholas Ingram, Carver’s

half-brother who had been driving the vehicle, took full ownership of the contraband, Carver
was convicted of possession of marijuana. Because the State presented insufficient evidence

to support Carver’s conviction, we reverse and render judgment.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    In November 2011, Nicholas Ingram, Carver’s half-brother, planned to drive from

Grenada to the coast to surprise his mother for Thanksgiving. Ingram’s and Carver’s

grandmother had rented a car for Ingram to take on the trip. She then asked Carver to

accompany Ingram so he would not be alone. The trip was described as last-minute, and

Carver stated that he had decided to go the same day that Ingram had planned to leave. In a

rush, Ingram picked up Carver on his way to the coast.

¶3.    Wade Zimmerman, a state trooper for the Mississippi Highway Patrol, pulled Ingram

over for speeding in Madison County. Trooper Zimmerman testified that he first went to the

passenger side of the vehicle, where Carver was sitting, to obtain identification. Trooper

Zimmerman returned to his car and then proceeded to the driver’s side of the vehicle. At that

time, Trooper Zimmerman testified that he noticed a strong odor of marijuana emanating

from the vehicle. He noted that Ingram’s eyes were bloodshot. Trooper Zimmerman asked

Ingram to step out of the vehicle for questioning. Ingram first denied smoking marijuana but

later admitted he had been smoking after Trooper Zimmerman performed a field sobriety test.

Trooper Zimmerman testified that Ingram then consented to a search of the vehicle.

¶4.    Under the driver’s seat, Trooper Zimmerman found a small hand gun. In the center

console was a small bag containing less than a gram of marijuana. Trooper Zimmerman

found two larger bags of marijuana in the right rear side of the trunk of the car, underneath



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the flap where the spare tire is stored. One bag was wrapped in bubble wrap inside a manila

envelope. The second bag was bubble-wrapped and in a white plastic bag. A digital scale

also was in the trunk of the vehicle. Subsequently, Ingram and Carver were taken into

custody. Ingram had in his possession more than eight hundred dollars in cash.

¶5.    Both Ingram and Carver waived their Miranda rights.1 Agent Candace Beth Edwards

with the Mississippi Bureau of Narcotics first interviewed Ingram. At that time, Ingram

admitted purchasing the marijuana from a bar in Grenada and claimed sole ownership of it.

Ingram stated that he had paid $300 for the marijuana. He also stated that he had purchased

the gun for protection around three months prior after a family member had been killed.

Ingram testified that he had purchased the marijuana to smoke with a couple of people for

the holiday and that he had been smoking marijuana prior to getting in the car that day.

Ingram said that Carver had not known about the marijuana in the car. Agent Edwards

testified that Ingram had taken full responsibility for everything illegal that was found in the

vehicle.

¶6.    Agent Edwards then interviewed Carver. She testified that Carver had stated that he

had known about the marijuana in the vehicle and that he had agreed to smoke marijuana

with Ingram for the holiday. Carver did not state that he had known specifically about the

marijuana in the trunk. Agent Edwards testified that she had assumed that he knew about all

of the marijuana in the vehicle because the amount in the center console was not enough for

a marijuana cigarette.



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        Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

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¶7.    In Carver’s written statement, he said that “the marijuana he had, I knew about

because he said he had sum ‘weed’ for us to smoke for Thanksgiving. Me being the older

“square,” as he calls me agreed to ‘puff’ for the special occasion. I didn’t know he had all that

much marijuana until the police pulled it out the trunk!” (Emphasis added.) Carver testified

about the conversation he had with Ingram, stating:

       CARVER: I was like what was we going to do for Thanksgiving. And that’s
       when he told me that, he mentioned, he said that he will smoke some
       marijuana with me for Thanksgiving.
       COUNSEL: So did you know where the marijuana you were going to smoke
       for Thanksgiving with Nicholas Ingram, did you know where that marijuana
       was?
       CARVER: Well, no, he didn’t tell me where it was or if he already had it or,
       you know, was he going to buy it or whatever. I didn’t know.
       COUNSEL: So it’s fair to say that you did not know that there was any
       marijuana in the car, but you did know, ’cause ya’ll had talked about it, that
       over the holiday, over Thanksgiving, you and your brother were going to
       smoke some marijuana?
       CARVER: Yes, that’s what he told me, that he will smoke some with me for
       Thanksgiving, as we had mentioned.

¶8.    Both Ingram and Carver were indicted for possession of thirty grams but less than one

kilogram of marijuana with intent to distribute, while in possession of a firearm, and

conspiracy to distribute. Ingram pleaded guilty to possession of marijuana, and Carver’s case

went to trial. The jury acquitted Carver of conspiracy but convicted him of the lesser-

included offense of possessing more than thirty but less than 250 grams of marijuana. The

circuit court then sentenced Carver to serve six years in prison.

¶9.    The Court of Appeals affirmed Carver’s conviction, finding that the evidence was

sufficient “to show that Carver was aware of the presence and character of the marijuana, had

dominion and control over it, and intended to possess it.” Carver v. State, No.

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2015-KA-00384-COA, 2016 WL 6471407, at *4 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 1, 2016), reh’g denied

(Apr. 25, 2017), cert. granted, 222 So. 3d 311 (Miss. 2017). Judge Irving’s dissenting

opinion instead argued that the evidence had been insufficient to bridge the gap between

suspicion and proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Carver had exercised dominion and

control over Ingram’s marijuana. Id. at *11.

¶10.   Ingram appeals, arguing three issues. Because the first is dispositive, we decline to

address the remaining two issues.

                                          ISSUE

¶11.   Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict.

                                      DISCUSSION

¶12.   Because marijuana was not found in Carver’s actual, physical possession, this Court

must determine if the evidence was sufficient to establish constructive possession. In

constructive-possession cases, the State must prove that the defendant was both aware of the

contraband and intentionally, although not physically, possessed it. Glidden v. State, 74 So.

3d 342, 348–49 (Miss. 2011). We have established the following rule regarding constructive

possession:

       [T]here must be sufficient facts to warrant a finding that defendant was aware
       of the presence and character of the particular substance and was intentionally
       and consciously in possession of it. It need not be actual physical possession.
       Constructive possession may be shown by establishing that the drug involved
       was subject to his dominion or control. Proximity is usually an essential
       element, but by itself is not adequate in the absence of other incriminating
       circumstances.




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Hamm v. State, 735 So. 2d 1025, 1028 (Miss. 1999) (quoting Curry v. State, 249 So. 2d 414,

416 (Miss. 1971)). “[T]he State must prove dominion and control over the contraband and

not simply the automobile in order to satisfy the Curry test.” Boches v. State, 506 So. 2d 254,

259 (Miss. 1987) (quoting Hudson v. State, 362 So. 2d 645, 647 (Miss. 1998)). When the

defendant does not own the premises, the State must show additional incriminating

circumstances connecting the defendant to the contraband. Fultz v. State, 573 So. 2d 689,

690 (Miss. 1990).

¶13.    As previously stated, proximity usually is an essential element of constructive

possession. This Court has expressed skepticism concerning the issue of proximity when

marijuana was found under the hood of a car not owned by the defendant. Hudson, 362 So.

2d at 647. There, this Court stated: “First, even the proximity is questionable since the

marijuana was not inside the car, but secreted under the hood of the car.” Id. In reversing the

defendant’s conviction of possession, the Hudson Court additionally noted the differences

in that case and in Curry, where marijuana had been found inside the defendant’s car in

which he was a passenger and within his sight and reach. Id. (citing Curry, 249 So. 2d at

414).

¶14.    Evidence of constructive possession also has been insufficient where contraband was

found in a car not owned by the defendant but where the defendant had been driving and had

been the sole person present in the car. In Fultz, the defendant had been driving his sister’s

car when he was pulled over for driving erratically. Fultz v. State, 573 So. 2d 689, 689-90

(Miss. 1990). More than seven ounces of marijuana were found in the trunk of the car. Id.



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at 690. This Court reversed the defendant’s conviction and reasoned that, although the

defendant had been the sole person in the car and had admitted to smoking marijuana, the

State had failed to prove a connection between the defendant and the contraband. Id. at 691.

Similarly, in Ferrell, the defendant was the sole occupant of the car but was not the owner.

Ferrell v. State, 649 So. 2d 831, 832 (Miss. 1995). Contraband was found concealed in a

matchbox. Id. at 834. This Court reversed the possession charge, stating that “the contraband

was not positioned in such a way that its presence would be reasonably apparent to a person

riding in the car.” Id. at 835.

¶15.   Even proximity coupled with knowledge previously has presented insufficient

evidence to establish constructive possession. In Martin, the defendant was found standing

over two Tupperware containers of marijuana in a kitchen where more than eight ounces of

marijuana were recovered. Martin v. State, 804 So. 2d 967, 970 (Miss. 2001). The defendant

admitted that he had known that the others had been “messing with marijuana” but denied

he had been involved. Id. at 969. This Court reversed the defendant’s conviction, finding that

the defendant’s “mere presence in the kitchen area where the marijuana was found, without

more, is simply not enough.” Id. And in Naylor v. State, a narcotics unit entered a bathroom

and observed the defendant jumping into the bathtub while another individual attempted to

flush cocaine down the toilet. Naylor v. State, 730 So. 2d 561, 563 (Miss. 1998). The

defendant also had been in possession of more than seven hundred dollars in cash. Id. at 566.

However, this Court reversed and rendered the defendant’s conviction, finding that the




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evidence was insufficient to prove that the defendant had possessed the cocaine. Id. at 566-

67.

¶16.   This case, too, involves a situation in which we express skepticism of the proximity

of Carver to the marijuana found in the trunk of a car not owned by him, in addition to

Carver’s knowledge of the marijuana. However, the biggest obstacle in this case is the issue

of dominion and control. This Court has held that “mere presence does not indicate

participation in the purchase. Nor does it support an inference of dominion and control.”

Berry v. State, 652 So. 2d 742, 748 (Miss. 1995). Dominion and control must be established

by evidence more compelling than the momentary handling of the contraband. Momentary

handling of the contraband is not enough to establish constructive possession. Berry v. State,

652 So. 2d 745, 751 (Miss. 1995). There, the defendant placed drugs in the glove

compartment of a vehicle at his friend’s direction. Id. In finding that constructive possession

had not been established, this Court stated that, “possession is defined . . . in terms of the

exercise of dominion and control.” Id. No evidence had been presented that the defendant

had owned the drugs, had paid for them, or had controlled them in any way. Id.

¶17.   Evidence of dominion and control in this case is lacking. Ingram took full

responsibility for everything illegal that had been found inside the vehicle. Moreover,

Zimmerman testified that initially he had approached the passenger’s side of the car; yet it

was not until he returned from his patrol car to the driver’s side of the vehicle that he noticed

the strong odor of marijuana. Zimmerman also noticed that Ingram’s eyes had been

bloodshot. After a field sobriety test, Ingram admitted that he had been smoking but denied



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smoking in the car. Zimmerman then found the gun under Ingram’s seat and a small amount

of marijuana in the center console. Ingram additionally had more than eight hundred dollars

in cash in his pocket. The patrolman testified that he had found two larger bags of marijuana

in the trunk of the vehicle, both wrapped in bubble wrap. Ingram and Carver each testified

that Carver had no knowledge of the marijuana in the trunk. Moreover, Ingram testified that

the marijuana had been under the flap for the spare tire, not in plain view. And although

Ingram and Carver were half-brothers, this Court previously has held that “[i]t cannot be

presumed that, simply because two people associate with one another, they are accomplices

in a common crime.” Cunningham v. State, 583 So. 2d 960, 962 (Miss. 1991).

¶18.   The Court of Appeals found that Carver’s expression of his intention to smoke

marijuana manifested constructive possession of an undivided interest in the amount of

marijuana to be smoked. Carver v. State, No. 2015-KA-00384-COA, 2016 WL 6471407, at

*4 (Miss. Ct. App. Nov. 1, 2016), reh’g denied (Apr. 25, 2017), cert. granted, 222 So. 3d

311 (Miss. 2017). We disagree. Testimony shows that the marijuana was found in the right

rear of the trunk of the vehicle, under the flap for the spare tire. Carver denied knowledge

of the marijuana in the trunk, and Ingram testified that Carver had not known of the

marijuana in the trunk. Thus, proximity and knowledge of the contraband in this case present

skepticism. Carver admitted that he had planned on smoking marijuana over the holiday.

However, no evidence established that Carver had exercised dominion or control over the

marijuana found in the trunk of the vehicle. Even had Carver had knowledge of the marijuana




                                             9
secreted in the trunk, the State must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Carver had

constructively possessed the contraband. This it failed to do.

¶19.   In addition, the appeals court stated that “[t]here was no evidence at trial that

suggested that Carver did not exercise dominion and control over Ingram’s rental car and the

marijuana in it.” Id. As the dissent noted, “it was the State’s burden to prove that Carver

exercised dominion or control over the marijuana; it was not Carver’s burden to prove a

negative or his innocence.” Id. at *11. The evidence in this case falls short of the sufficiency

required to establish a conviction of constructive possession. Accordingly, we reverse and

render Carver’s conviction and sentence.

¶20.   REVERSED AND RENDERED.

    RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., COLEMAN, MAXWELL, BEAM AND
CHAMBERLIN, JJ., CONCUR. WALLER, C.J., AND ISHEE, J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.




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