[Cite as State v. Turner, 2016-Ohio-7983.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                       :  C.A. CASE NO. 27065
                                                   :
 v.                                                :  T.C. NO. 15CR2989
                                                   :
 LANCE TURNER                                      :  (Criminal appeal from
                                                   :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellee                        :
                                                   :
                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

              Rendered on the ___2nd ___ day of _____December_____, 2016.

                                              ...........

HEATHER N. JANS, Atty. Reg. No. 0084470, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

TINA M. McFALL, Atty. Reg. No. 0082586, 117 South Main Street, Suite 400, Dayton,
Ohio 45422
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellee

                                             .............

DONOVAN, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant the State of Ohio appeals a decision of the Montgomery

Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, granting defendant-appellee Lance G.

Turner’s motion to suppress in a decision issued on March 23, 2016. The State filed a

timely notice of appeal with this Court on March 30, 2016.
                                                                                         -2-


       {¶ 2} The incident which forms the basis for the instant appeal occurred on

September 18, 2015, when Dayton Police Detectives Timothy Braun and Patrick Bell

were patrolling the area of James H. McGee Boulevard near North Gettysburg Avenue in

Dayton, Ohio. Detectives Braun and Bell were dressed in casual civilian attire and were

patrolling the area in an unmarked vehicle. While patrolling, Det. Braun testified that he

observed a Ford Focus being driven by a male talking on a cellular telephone. The

detectives ran the vehicle’s license plates through their database and discovered that the

vehicle was registered to a female from Brookville, Ohio. Based upon their observations,

the detectives began following the vehicle.

       {¶ 3} After following the vehicle for a short time, Det. Braun observed the driver of

the vehicle, later identified as Turner, stop the vehicle and park on the side of Prescott

Avenue. After a couple of minutes, Det. Braun testified that Turner turned the vehicle

around and parked on the other side of the street. A few more minutes passed, and Det.

Braun observed a “tan-ish” colored vehicle pull up behind Turner and stop. Thereafter,

a male exited the tan vehicle and stopped to talk to the driver of another vehicle that was

driving down the road at the same time.         After speaking with the other driver for

approximately five seconds, the individual began walking toward the driver’s side door of

Turner’s vehicle. When he reached the vehicle, the individual leaned over and handed

Turner a white envelope and quickly walked away. Det. Braun testified that he did not

observe Turner hand anything back to the man in exchange for the envelope.

       {¶ 4} Turner immediately drove away after receiving the envelope, and the

detectives followed as he turned down several streets. Turner then drove the vehicle

into an alley and parked behind an apartment building. The detectives entered the alley
                                                                                         -3-


from the opposite direction and parked their vehicle pointing in the same direction as

Turner’s vehicle. Det. Braun testified that his unmarked vehicle was parked with the front

passenger door approximately five to six feet from the front driver’s side door of Turner’s

vehicle. Det. Braun exited his vehicle and approached Turner who was sitting in the

driver’s seat of his vehicle. Det. Braun testified that he grabbed his badge which was

displayed around his neck and identified himself to Turner as “police.”

       {¶ 5} Det. Braun testified that he observed that Turner was holding the envelope

which contained a plastic baggie. Once Turner became aware of Det. Braun’s presence,

he immediately placed the envelope containing the plastic baggie into the glove

compartment and closed it. At that point, Det. Braun also observed that Turner had a

paper towel in his hand with blood on it, but the origin of the blood was not apparent.

Det. Braun testified that he opened the driver’s door and ordered Turner out of the vehicle.

Det. Braun testified that he grabbed Turner’s right wrist, and Det. Bell grabbed Turner’s

left wrist when he stepped out of the vehicle. Because of the presence of blood on the

towel, Det. Braun asked Turner if he had a needle on his person in order to prevent being

injured. Because Turner was acting as if he might try to flee on foot, Det. Braun placed

him in handcuffs.

       {¶ 6} Once Turner had been restrained, Det. Braun explained what he and Det.

Bell had observed while following him.       Turner responded that he would help the

detectives by giving them the name of the individual from whom he bought the drugs.

Det. Braun testified that he did not ask Turner any questions. However, Det. Braun

testified that Turner made several incriminating statements without being asked. At no

point during his interaction with Detectives Braun and Bell was Turner provided with his
                                                                                           -4-

Miranda warnings.

       {¶ 7} While Det. Braun and Turner were talking, Det. Bell located the envelope

containing the plastic baggie in the suspect vehicle’s glove compartment. Both cocaine

and heroin were found inside the baggie. After finding the drugs, Det. Bell asked Turner

for permission to search his cellular telephone, which he provided. The vehicle was

searched, but no other contraband or paraphernalia was found. Rather than having the

vehicle towed, the police permitted the female owner of the vehicle to come and pick the

car up from the scene.     Turner was thereafter transported to jail and charged with

possession of heroin and cocaine.

       {¶ 8} On December 7, 2015, Turner was indicted for one count of possession of

heroin and one count of possession of cocaine. At his arraignment on December 15,

2015, Turner stood mute, and the trial court entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf.

       {¶ 9} Turner filed a motion to suppress on December 30, 2015, arguing that any

physical evidence recovered from the vehicle and the statements that he made at the

scene should be suppressed because he was arrested without probable cause and he

was never Mirandized by the detectives.

       {¶ 10} A hearing was held before the trial court on Turner’s motion to suppress on

February 11, 2016. Det. Braun was the only witness to testify, and the only exhibit

entered into evidence was a three-page police report authored by Det. Braun. In a

decision issued on March 23, 2016, the trial court initially found that Det. Braun had a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that Turner was engaged in illegal drug activity. The

trial court further found that Turner was immediately under arrest upon being removed

from the vehicle. However, the trial court found that the facts up to that point in the
                                                                                          -5-


investigation did not rise to the level of probable cause necessary to arrest Tuner. Thus,

because Turner’s arrest was unlawful, the detectives’ subsequent search of the vehicle’s

glove compartment was not justified as a search incident to his arrest, nor was the

contraband subject to the plain view exception.       The trial court also stated that the

automobile exception to the search warrant requirement had no applicability because the

detectives lacked probable cause to search the vehicle. Based on its findings, the trial

court granted Turner’s motion to suppress, excluding the drugs and any statements made

by Turner. Additionally, the trial court found that Turner’s statements were excluded

because he was not Mirandized.

       {¶ 11} It from this judgment that the State now appeals.

       {¶ 12} Because they are interrelated, the State’s first and second assignments of

error will be discussed together as follows:

       {¶ 13} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND THAT TURNER WAS

ILLEGALLY ARRESTED IMMEDIATLEY UPON REMOVAL FROM THE VEHICLE AND

SUPPRESSED ALL EVIDENCE AS FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE.”

       {¶ 14} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT SUSTAINED TURNER’S MOTION

TO SUPPRESS BECAUSE THERE WAS SUFFICIENT PROBABLE CAUSE TO

SUPPORT THE SEARCH OF THE GLOVE COMPARTMENT.”

       {¶ 15} In both of its assignments, the State essentially contends that the trial court

erred when it found that Detectives Braun and Bell lacked sufficient probable cause to

arrest Turner and perform a search of the vehicle without a warrant.

       {¶ 16} As this Court has previously noted:

              “Appellate courts give great deference to the factual findings of the
                                                                                             -6-


       trier of facts. (Internal citations omitted). At a suppression hearing, the trial

       court serves as the trier of fact, and must judge the credibility of witnesses

       and the weight of the evidence. (Internal citations omitted). The trial court is

       in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate witness

       credibility. (Internal citations omitted). In reviewing a trial court's decision on

       a motion to suppress, an appellate court accepts the trial court's factual

       findings, relies on the trial court's ability to assess the credibility of

       witnesses, and independently determines whether the trial court applied the

       proper legal standard to the facts as found. (Internal citations omitted). An

       appellate court is bound to accept the trial court's factual findings as long

       as they are supported by competent, credible evidence.”

State v. Purser, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2006 CA 14, 2007–Ohio–192, ¶ 11, quoting State v.

Hurt, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21009, 2006–Ohio–990, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 17} Initially, we note that the only witness who testified at the hearing held on

Turner's motion to suppress was Det. Braun. The trial court found the detective’s

testimony to be credible and adopted it as the court's factual findings.

       {¶ 18} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14,

Article I of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches and

seizures. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); State v.

Pressley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24852, 2012–Ohio–4083, ¶ 18. Under applicable

legal standards, the State has the burden of showing the validity of a warrantless search,

because warrantless searches are “ ‘per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment

— subject only to a few specifically established and well delineated exceptions.’ ” State
                                                                                          -7-

v. Hilton, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 08–CA–18, 2009–Ohio–5744, ¶ 21–22, citing Xenia v.

Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 218, 524 N.E.2d 889 (1988). Exigent circumstances are a

well-established exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. State v.

Andrews, 177 Ohio App.3d 593, 2008–Ohio–3993, 895 N.E.2d 585, ¶ 23 (11th Dist.);

State v. Berry, 167 Ohio App.3d 206, 2006–Ohio–3035, 854 N.E.2d 558, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.).

      {¶ 19} “Probable cause to arrest exists when a reasonably prudent person would

believe that the person to be arrested has committed a crime.” State v. Adams, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24184, 2011–Ohio–4008, ¶ 7. “[P]robable cause is a concept that must

be based on the totality of the circumstances, because it ‘deals with probabilities – the

factual and practical nontechnical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable

and prudent men act.’ ” (Citations omitted.) State v. Etherington, 172 Ohio App.3d 756,

2007–Ohio–4097, 876 N.E.2d 1285, ¶ 20 (2d Dist.).

      In the abstract, it means a reasonable basis for a particularized belief of guilt

      constructed from the totality of the circumstances. * * * A trial court will

      decide whether probable cause exists based principally on the historical

      facts, and “whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an

      objectively reasonable police officer, amount to probable cause.”

State v. Huber, 2d Dist. Clark No. 07–CA–88, 2009–Ohio–1636, ¶ 12 (judgment vacated

on other grounds, 2015-Ohio-5301), citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696,

116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996).

      {¶ 20} } We note that the State obviously does not dispute the trial court’s initial

determination that Det. Braun had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that Turner was

engaged in illegal drug activity. The State, however, does challenge the trial court’s
                                                                                          -8-


finding that Turner was immediately arrested upon being removed from the vehicle and

that the facts did not support a finding of probable cause for arrest, thereby rendering his

continued detention unlawful. We agree with the trial court that the police actions in this

case constituted the functional equivalent of a formal arrest, since Turner was deprived

of his freedom of action in a significant way. See, e.g., State v. Petitjean, 140 Ohio App.3d

517, 523, 748 N.E.2d 133 (2d Dist.2000). Thus, for purposes of this case, it matters not

whether we refer to the situation as a “detention” or an “arrest.”

       {¶ 21} Upon following Turner into the alleyway where he had parked his vehicle

after engaging in a suspected illegal drug transaction, Det. Braun testified that he

immediately exited his unmarked vehicle and approached Turner who was sitting in the

driver’s seat of his vehicle. Det. Braun testified that he grabbed his badge which was

displayed around his neck and identified himself to Turner as “police.” Det. Braun further

testified that he observed that Turner was holding the envelope he received from the

unidentified male which contained a plastic baggie. Det. Braun testified that the type of

plastic baggie he observed was a popular way that narcotics are packaged and

purchased in illegal drug transactions. Additionally, as soon as Turner became aware of

Det. Braun’s presence, he immediately placed the envelope containing the plastic baggie

into the glove compartment and closed it. Furthermore, Det. Braun also observed that

Turner had a paper towel in his hand with blood on it, but the origin of the blood was not

apparent, suggesting that he had recently attempted to inject drugs. Det. Braun testified

in his experience, drug abusers oftentimes have needles in their possession which could

have explained the blood on the towel in Turner’s hand.

       {¶ 22} Under    the   well-established   automobile    exception    to   the   Fourth
                                                                                       -9-


Amendment's warrant requirement, police may conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle

if there is probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband, and exigent

circumstances necessitate a search or seizure. State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 367,

582 N.E.2d 972 (1992); Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 48, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26

L.Ed.2d 419 (1970). A vehicle's mobility is the traditional exigency for this exception to

the warrant requirement. Mills at 367; California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 393, 105 S.Ct.

2066, 85 L.Ed.2d 406 (1985). “If a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to

believe it contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment * * * permits police to search the

vehicle without more.” Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940, 116 S.Ct. 2485, 135

L.Ed.2d 1031 (1996). The automobile exception does not have a “separate exigency

requirement” beyond the vehicle's mobility. Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 467, 119

S.Ct. 2013, 144 L.E.2d 442 (1999). Moreover, “[t]he immobilization of the vehicle or low

probability of its being moved or evidence being destroyed does not remove the officers'

justification to conduct a search pursuant to the automobile exception.” State v.

Russell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19901, 2004–Ohio–1700, ¶ 34.

      {¶ 23} In the instant case, the vehicle driven by Turner was parked in a public

alleyway and was readily mobile at the time of the stop. Thus, we conclude that exigent

circumstances existed here because the vehicle was readily mobile at the time of the stop

by the detectives. Therefore, whether the search of the vehicle was valid turns on the

issue of whether probable cause existed.

      {¶ 24} Probable cause is “a belief, reasonably arising out of circumstances known

to the seizing officer, that an automobile or other vehicle contains that which by law is

subject to seizure and destruction.” State v. Kessler, 53 Ohio St.2d 204, 208, 373 N.E.2d
                                                                                      -10-

1252 (1978), citing Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 149, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed.

543 (1925). “The police must have ‘probable cause’ to believe that they will find the

instrumentality of a crime or evidence pertaining to a crime before they begin their

warrantless search.” Id., citing Dyke v. Taylor Implement Mfg. Co., 391 U.S. 216, 221, 88

S.Ct. 1472, 20 L.Ed.2d 538 (1968). “Furtive movements alone are not sufficient to justify

the search of an automobile without a warrant. However, where a furtive movement has

been made by occupants of a vehicle in response to the approach of police officers, the

addition of other factors may give rise to a finding of probable cause to search the

vehicle.” (Citation omitted).   Id. at 208–209.

      {¶ 25} Indeed, there was a furtive movement made by Turner when he placed the

envelope containing the plastic baggie in the glove compartment. As discussed above,

other factors also existed. Other factors present in addition to the furtive movement

include all of the observations made by Detectives Braun and Bell after they began

following Turner, including the suspected drug transaction with the unidentified male on

Prescott Avenue, the bloody paper towel in Turner’s hand, and the plastic baggie inside

the envelope observed by Det. Braun.       Det. Braun also testified that he had been

employed by the Dayton Police Department for approximately twenty years and had been

a police officer performing drug investigations since 1988. In light of the other factors

that existed, in addition to the furtive movement by Turner, we conclude that probable

cause existed for the detectives to search the glove compartment where the envelope

was placed. It was reasonable for Det. Braun to believe that, based upon the totality of

the circumstances, Turner placed the envelope in the glove compartment in order to hide

evidence that he had just participated in an illegal drug transaction.    Therefore, we
                                                                                        -11-


conclude that the trial court erred when it found that the automobile exception to the

Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement did not apply in the instant case. Based on

the totality of the circumstances, Detectives Braun and Bell clearly had probable cause

to search the vehicle for illegal contraband, and the drugs found in the baggie inside the

envelope placed in the glove compartment by Turner were not subject to suppression.

      {¶ 26} Upon review, however, we agree with the trial court that any incriminating

statements made by Turner to Detectives Braun and Bell after being taken into custody

at the scene should be suppressed because he was not given his Miranda warnings.

Failure to give Miranda warnings when required creates a presumption of compulsion

that renders any inculpatory statement a defendant made subject to suppression on

a motion filed by the defendant. State v. Hoskins, 197 Ohio App.3d 635, 2012-Ohio-25,

968 N.E.2d 544, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.). Additionally, we find that the statements made by Det.

Braun to Turner regarding his observations constituted a form of police interrogation that

he should have known were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from

Turner. Id. at ¶ 15. The fact that Turner was not subject to “express questioning” by Det.

Braun is immaterial to our analysis. See Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 298, 100

S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980). The Innis court read the term “interrogation” more

broadly, to also include the more subtle “techniques of persuasion” sometimes employed

by police officers that do not rise to the level of express questioning, but which also can

be extremely coercive in some situations. Id., 446 U.S. at 299–300, 100 S.Ct. at 1689, 64

L.Ed.2d at 306–307. By making statements regarding all the observations he made, Det.

Braun gave Turner the impression that he had no alternative but to admit his wrongdoing

in an effort to possibly mitigate his punishment. This tactic by Det. Braun was inherently
                                                                                         -12-

coercive and constituted an interrogation for the purposes of a Miranda analysis.

Accordingly, the inculpatory statements made by Turner as a result of comments made

to him by Det. Braun were properly excluded by the trial court.

       {¶ 27} The State’s first and second assignments of error are sustained.

       {¶ 28} The State’s first and second assignments of error having been sustained,

the judgment of the trial court is reversed in part and affirmed in part, and this matter is

remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                       ..........

FAIN, J., concurs.

WELBAUM, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:
       {¶ 29} While I agree with most of the majority opinion, I very respectfully dissent

from the decision to affirm the trial court’s order suppressing the statements of Appellant.

In my opinion, the statements were not the result of police interrogation or its functional

equivalent as expressed by Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 298, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64

L.Ed.2d 297 (1980). “[T]he heart of the [interrogation] inquiry focuses on police coercion,

and whether the suspect has been compelled to speak by that coercion.”             State v.

Tucker, 81 Ohio St.3d 431, 436, 692 N.E.2d 171 (1998).

       {¶ 30} As noted in the majority opinion, Turner was subjected to the functional

equivalent of an arrest under Fifth Amendment Miranda standards and was not advised

of the Miranda warnings. However, Det. Braun testified that he “didn’t see a point in

asking [Turner] questions because [he] observed everything.”         Suppression Hearing

Trans. (Feb. 11, 2016), p. 18-19.       Once Turner had been restrained, Det. Braun

explained to Turner that he and Det. Bell had “watched him from beginning to end.” Id.
                                                                                        -13-


at 19. Det. Braun further explained that he had observed Turner from the time he was

on the phone and then discussed with Turner what he observed, step by step, including

Turner buying drugs.      Id. at 18-19.    Although no questions were asked, Turner

responded that he would help the detectives by giving them the name of the person who

sold him the drugs, and then Turner made several incriminating statements. Id. at 19.

       {¶ 31} The trial court found Det. Braun’s testimony credible and adopted his

testimony as the court’s factual findings. Det. Braun testified that he told Turner that he

had just watched him buy drugs because he wanted to “tell the person why they’re going

to jail.” Id. at 45.   Det. Braun denied that the purpose behind telling Turner this

information was an attempt to have Turner agree with what he observed to elicit an

admission. Det. Braun testified that he did not need Turner to agree with him. Id.

Even if Det. Braun had hoped for an admission it would not be determinative. “ ‘Officers

do not interrogate a suspect simply by hoping that he will incriminate himself.’ ” State v.

Guysinger, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3251, 2012-Ohio-4169, ¶ 15, quoting Arizona v.

Mauro, 481 U.S. 520, 529, 107 S.Ct. 1931, 95 L.Ed.2d 458 (1987).

       {¶ 32} Recent Ohio and federal cases have held that informing defendants of the

evidence against them does not necessarily amount to an interrogation and may instead

“ ‘contribute to the intelligent exercise of [the defendant’s] judgment regarding what

course of conduct to follow.’ ” Id. at ¶ 22, quoting United States v. Payne, 954 F.2d 199,

202 (4th Cir.1992). (Other citation omitted.)

       {¶ 33} Det. Braun’s statements to Turner are significantly less provocative than

statements in other cases that were not found to be the functional equivalent of an

interrogation. For example, in Guysinger, the court found that a deputy’s statements to
                                                                                            -14-


the defendant regarding the discovery of a firearm did not constitute an interrogation

under Innis where the deputy provided the following testimony regarding his statements:

                 “Deputy Gallagher: I went out and I spoke with Mr. Guysinger who

       was in the cruiser and I told him what had occurred with the dog and that

       we believed that the firearm that was found was the one that was used in

       the commission of this crime according to the description given by the

       victim.

                 “[State]: Did he say anything to you at that point in time?

                 “Deputy Gallagher: He just kind of sat and was kind of quiet and I

       told him that it was more than likely in his best interest to start thinking about

       the situation and how things were going.” * * *

                 Deputy Gallagher also testified that “these were statements, these

       weren’t questions I made to [Guysinger], there was a statement I made

       when the firearm was found and that he needed, it was going to be in his

       best interest of benefit to him [sic] if he started to think about these

       circumstances and situation of the case. And basically, just be honest

       about the situation.” * * *

Guysinger, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3251, 2012-Ohio-4169 at ¶ 17-20.

       {¶ 34} In finding no interrogation, the Guysinger court relied on numerous federal

cases that involved facts arguably more coercive than the statement made by Det. Braun.

Specifically, the Guysinger court stated:

                 Courts have held that confronting a defendant with inculpatory

       evidence does not necessarily amount to interrogation. See, e.g., U.S. v.
                                                                                -15-

Payne, 954 F.2d 199, 203 (4th Cir.1992). In Payne, an FBI agent told the

defendant, “They found a gun at your house[,]” and the defendant

responded, “I just had it for my protection.” Id. at 201. The defendant was

later convicted on a weapons charge.       Id.   In holding that the agent’s

statement was not an interrogation, the court noted that “the Innis [446 U.S.

291, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297] definition of interrogation is not so

broad as to capture within Miranda’s reach all declaratory statements by

police officers concerning the nature of the charges against the suspect and

the evidence relating to those charges.” Id. at 202. Additionally, the court

noted that “[i]nformation about the evidence against a suspect may also

contribute to the intelligent exercise of his judgment regarding what course

of conduct to follow.” Id. See also U.S. v. Allen, 247 F.3d 741, 765 (8th

Cir.2001) (“[I]nforming Allen of the results of the lineup did not amount to

the functional equivalent of interrogation for purposes of the Fifth

Amendment.”), vacated on other grounds, Allen v. U.S., 536 U.S. 953, 122

S.Ct. 2653, 153 L.Ed.2d 830 (2002); Easley v. Frey, 433 F.3d 969, 974 (7th

Cir.2006) (“[W]e do not believe that [the investigating officer’s] statement

regarding the evidence and the possible consequences of the charges

Easley faced rose to the level of interrogation[.]”); Shedelbower v. Estelle,

885 F.2d 570, 572–573 (9th Cir.1989) (holding that interrogation did not

occur where police truthfully told defendant that co-defendant was also in

custody and falsely stated that the victim had identified defendant as a

perpetrator).
                                                                                       -16-

Guysinger at ¶ 22.

       {¶ 35} One of the case examples in Guysinger worth discussing is Easley v. Frey,

433 F.3d 969 (7th Cir.2006).        In Easley, the issue was whether the defendant’s

incriminating statement was made in response to an interrogation as a result of the

investigating officer saying the following:

              “I understand you have been given your rights and you don’t wish to

       say anything, and I do not wish to ask you any questions at this time, but I

       want to advised (sic) you what lies ahead.” At that point in time, I advised

       him that we had inmate testimony that indicates that he and another

       individual were the hitters or perpetrators of the murder of Superintendent

       Taylor and that even though he was currently institutionalized on a serious

       matter this was more serious in the fact that it was a capital crime and if

       convicted, could be subject to the death penalty.

Easley at 971.

       {¶ 36} The Easley court held that the defendant was not subjected to an

interrogation and explained its holding as follows:

              In this case, we do not believe that [the investigating officer’s]

       statement regarding the evidence and the possible consequences of the

       charges Easley faced rose to the level of interrogation under existing United

       States Supreme Court precedent. As the Fourth Circuit observed in United

       States v. Payne, “information about the evidence against a suspect may

       also contribute to the intelligent exercise of his judgment regarding what

       course of conduct to follow.” 954 F.2d 199, 202 (4th Cir.1992) (citation
                                                                                   -17-

omitted); accord United States v. Moreno-Flores, 33 F.3d 1164, 1169-70

(9th Cir.1994) (fact that police statements to suspect “may have struck a

responsive chord” insufficient to find them functional equivalent of

interrogation).   The defendant in Payne invoked his right to counsel.

Later, officers notified him of the charges he faced. The Fourth Circuit

determined that “statements by law enforcement officials to a suspect

regarding the nature of the evidence against the suspect [do not] constitute

interrogation as a matter of law.” The court declined to reverse the trial

court's admission of the defendant's statement because it could not

“conclude that Agent Martin ‘should have known’ that her statement, which

was the only discussion of the charges or evidence against appellant, was

‘reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response.’ ” Like the Fourth

Circuit, we do not believe that the provision of information, even if its weight

might move a suspect to speak, amounts to an impermissible “psychological

ploy.” We have cited Payne’s reasoning approvingly, see United States v.

Jackson, 189 F.3d 502, 510 (7th Cir.1999), and United States v. Cooper,

19 F.3d 1154, 1163 (7th Cir.1994), and do so again today.

       Easley has not suggested that [the investigating officer’s] statement

was anything more than a matter-of-fact communication of the evidence

against him and the potential punishment he faced. Accordingly, we are

not persuaded to hold that the Illinois Supreme Court misapplied or acted

contrary to United States Supreme Court precedent when it determined that

[the investigating officer’s] statement was not the equivalent of
                                                                                    -18-

      interrogation. See Jackson v. Frank, 348 F.3d 658, 665 (7th Cir.2003)

      (determination by sister circuit consistent with state court determination

      “makes it more difficult to conclude” state court “unreasonably applied

      Supreme Court authority”). And, because it was not a form of interrogation,

      the statement did not transgress the investigators’ duty to honor Easley’s

      invocation of his right to remain silent.

Easley at 974.

      {¶ 37} Based upon the cases cited above, I do not believe that Det. Braun’s

statements are the functional equivalent of an interrogation under Innis, 446 U.S. 291,

100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297, as there is no indication that Turner was compelled to

speak by coercion. Therefore, I very respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision

affirming the suppression of Turner’s statements.

                                       ..........

Copies mailed to:


Heather N. Jans
Tina M. McFall
Hon. Mary K. Wiseman
