#26987-aff in pt & rem in pt-LSW

2015 S.D. 77

                            IN THE SUPREME COURT
                                    OF THE
                           STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                   ****
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA,                      Plaintiff and Appellee,

      v.

CHARLES BIRDSHEAD,                          Defendant and Appellant.


                                   ****

                  APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                    THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
                  PENNINGTON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

                                   ****

                     THE HONORABLE WALLY EKLUND
                                Judge

                                   ****

MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General

CRAIG M. EICHSTADT
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota                        Attorneys for plaintiff
                                            and appellee.


JAMY PATTERSON
Pennington County Public
 Defender’s Office
Rapid City, South Dakota                    Attorneys for defendant
                                            and appellant.


                                   ****
                                            ARGUED JANUARY 14, 2015

                                            OPINION FILED 10/21/15
#26987

WILBUR, Justice

[¶1.]        Charles Birdshead, who was attacked during a drug transaction, used

lethal force against one of the perpetrators. Birdshead was tried by a Pennington

County jury and convicted of first-degree manslaughter, possession of a controlled

weapon, and distribution of a controlled substance to a minor. The circuit court

sentenced him to 45 years in the South Dakota State Penitentiary. Birdshead

appeals. We affirm in part and remand in part.

                                   Background

[¶2.]        On January 7, 2013, J.B. sent Birdshead a message on Facebook

asking Birdshead to acquire drugs for her and her friend. J.B. was fifteen years old

at the time, and Birdshead had known her for approximately five or six months.

Birdshead arranged for the drug transaction to occur with J.B. that same day at the

Dakota Rose Motel in Rapid City, South Dakota.

[¶3.]        When J.B. sent Birdshead the Facebook message, she was at Amber

Larvie’s home. Frank Milk, Eustacio Marrufo, and J.B.’s aunt Shy Bettelyoun were

also at Larvie’s home. J.B., Milk, Marrufo, and Bettelyoun left Larvie’s home for

the Dakota Rose Motel in a white van and arrived approximately 40 minutes before

Birdshead. Bettelyoun parked the van in the parking lot of the motel. Birdshead

arrived and parked his car next to the van. J.B. exited the van and got into

Birdshead’s car while Milk, Marrufo, and Bettelyoun remained in the van. Shortly

thereafter, Milk and Marrufo jumped out of the van and ran towards Birdshead’s

car. Milk attacked Birdshead through the open driver-side window, while Marrufo

opened the passenger-side door and climbed over J.B. to attack Birdshead.


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[¶4.]         It is uncontested that Marrufo and Milk initiated the fight. However,

the parties disputed the manner in which Marrufo and Milk attacked Birdshead.

Birdshead told law enforcement that he felt as if Marrufo was “hitting [him] with

something.” At trial, J.B. and Bettelyoun testified that Milk and Marrufo used only

their bare fists to attack Birdshead. 1

[¶5.]         While Marrufo and Milk were attacking Birdshead, Birdshead

removed a .410 gauge shotgun from a bag located between his driver’s seat and the

driver-side door. The shotgun had a hammer that needed to be pulled back and

cocked before it could be fired. Birdshead had obtained the shotgun from his friend

Rodney Hickey the previous day, January 6, 2013, and prior to his Facebook

conversation with J.B. arranging this drug transaction. The shotgun, about sixteen

inches in overall length with a twelve-inch barrel, is an illegally short shotgun.

[¶6.]         Birdshead and Milk struggled over possession of the shotgun. At some

point during the struggle, Birdshead pulled the trigger and shot Marrufo. 2 The

autopsy report indicated that Marrufo died of a point-blank shotgun blast to the

chest. Birdshead told law enforcement that he brought the shotgun to the drug




1.      Pathologist Don Habbe testified that bruises on Marrufo’s right knuckles
        were “consistent with Marrufo attacking or assaulting Birdshead.” Miranda
        Brown Bull testified that she observed “a lot of blood coming down”
        Birdshead’s neck and a square injury to the top of his head. Detective Steve
        Neavill testified that he observed an injury to Birdshead’s eye and that it was
        “possible” that he was attacked with an object.

2.      In his statement to law enforcement, Birdshead claimed that the shooting
        was accidental.

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#26987

transaction because “I can’t . . . go around without[] being able to . . . protect myself

you know.”

[¶7.]        The State filed an eight-count indictment against Birdshead. The first

three charges included alternative counts of manslaughter in the first degree in

violation of SDCL 22-16-15: Count 1: killing during the course of the commission of

a felony; Count 2: killing by means of a dangerous weapon; Count 3: unnecessary

killing while resisting any attempt to commit a crime. The remaining charges

included: Count 4: commission of a felony with a firearm in violation of SDCL 22-14-

12; Count 5: possession of a controlled weapon in violation of SDCL 22-14-6; Count

6: distribution of a controlled substance to a minor in violation of SDCL 22-42-2;

Counts 7 and 8: fourth-degree rape in violation of SDCL 22-22-1(5). Birdshead

pleaded not guilty to all eight counts.

[¶8.]        The circuit court severed Counts 1 through 5 from Counts 6 through 8,

and a jury trial was held on July 29, 2013, for Counts 1 through 5. Birdshead

moved for judgment of acquittal after the close of the State’s case. The court

dismissed Count 1 due to insufficient evidence of the underlying felony of

distribution of a controlled substance. The jury found Birdshead guilty of Count 2

(killing by means of a dangerous weapon), Count 4 (commission of a felony with a

firearm), and Count 5 (possession of a controlled weapon).

[¶9.]        The court denied Birdshead’s motion for a new trial on September 20,

2013. Two months later, on November 20, 2013, Birdshead pleaded guilty to Count

6 (distribution of a controlled substance to a minor). The State dismissed Count 7

and Count 8. At sentencing, the court dismissed Count 4, stating, “I think that’s


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#26987

been obvious for some time . . . that Mr. Birdshead should not be sentenced on that

charge.” The court sentenced Birdshead to 45 years in the penitentiary on Counts

2, 5, and 6.

[¶10.]         Birdshead appeals his convictions for Count 2 and Count 5, and we

restate the issues as follows:

               1.    Whether the circuit court erred when it instructed the
                     jury on a reduced mens rea of recklessness for the charge
                     of first-degree manslaughter.

               2.    Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in
                     permitting misleading jury instructions that emphasized
                     the illegality of the firearm.

               3.    Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in denying
                     Birdshead’s proposed jury instructions.

               4.    Whether the circuit court failed to properly instruct the
                     jury as to the alleged felonies being committed upon
                     Birdshead.

               5.    Whether the circuit court violated Birdshead’s Fifth and
                     Sixth Amendment rights by excluding certain evidence
                     and by limiting confrontation of key witnesses.

               6.    Whether Birdshead was denied his right to present the
                     complete theory of his defense.

               7.    Whether the circuit court abused its discretion and denied
                     Birdshead a fair trial with admission of impermissible
                     404(b) evidence.

               8.    Whether the cumulative errors denied Birdshead a fair
                     trial.

                                       Analysis

[¶11.]         1.    Whether the circuit court erred when it instructed
                     the jury on a reduced mens rea of recklessness for the
                     charge of first-degree manslaughter.



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#26987

[¶12.]       Birdshead was convicted of first-degree manslaughter in violation of

SDCL 22-16-15(3). The circuit court instructed the jury on the requisite mens rea

for first-degree manslaughter: “When a person intentionally or recklessly does an

act which the law declares to be a crime, the person is acting with criminal intent,

even though the person may not know that the conduct is unlawful.” (Emphasis

added.) The State had requested that the language “or recklessly” be added to the

pattern instruction. The court added the language over Birdshead’s objection.

[¶13.]       Birdshead argues that because SDCL 22-16-20 defines second-degree

manslaughter as the “reckless killing of one human being,” first-degree

manslaughter under SDCL 22-16-15 must require proof of a greater mens rea than

“recklessness.” He contends that to conclude otherwise would render second-degree

manslaughter meaningless—a reckless killing would always be first-degree

manslaughter. He asserts, therefore, that by including “recklessness” in the

definition of criminal intent, the court’s jury instruction deprived him of the right to

have the State prove every element of the offense of first-degree manslaughter

beyond a reasonable doubt.

[¶14.]       We review a circuit “court’s decision to grant or deny a particular

instruction” and “the wording and arrangement of its jury instructions” for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Roach, 2012 S.D. 91, ¶ 13, 825 N.W.2d 258, 263 (quoting

State v. Klaudt, 2009 S.D. 71, ¶ 13, 772 N.W.2d 117, 121). “[A] court has no

discretion to give incorrect or misleading instructions, and to do so prejudicially

constitutes reversible error.” State v. Jones, 2011 S.D. 60, ¶ 5 n.1, 804 N.W.2d 409,

411 n.1. We consider jury instructions “as a whole, and if the instructions when so


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#26987

read correctly state the law and inform the jury, they are sufficient. This is a

question of law reviewed de novo.” State v. Waloke, 2013 S.D. 55, ¶ 28, 835 N.W.2d

105, 113 (quoting Klaudt, 2009 S.D. 71, ¶ 13, 772 N.W.2d at 121).

[¶15.]       From our review of the jury instructions as a whole, the court’s

instructions were sufficient. See id. The court properly instructed the jury on the

elements of the offense of first-degree manslaughter under SDCL 22-16-15(3).

Moreover, the court instructed the jury that “[t]he State has the burden of proving

every element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt.” We have said

first-degree manslaughter is a general intent crime. General intent “require[s] that

the offender ‘engage in conduct’ that is prohibited by the statute, ‘regardless of what

the offender intends to accomplish.’” State v. Schouten, 2005 S.D. 122, ¶ 13, 707

N.W.2d 820, 824 (quoting SDCL 22-1-2(1)(b)). It “means an intent to do the

physical act—or, perhaps, recklessly doing the physical act—which the crime

requires.” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Taecker, 2003 S.D. 43, ¶ 25, 661

N.W.2d 712, 718); State v. Mulligan, 2007 S.D. 67, ¶ 9, 736 N.W.2d 808, 813.

Because the court properly instructed the jury and because Birdshead could be

found guilty for his reckless doing of the prohibited act under SDCL 22-16-15(3), the

circuit court’s mens rea instruction did not lessen the State’s burden to prove every

element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

[¶16.]       2.     Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in
                    permitting misleading jury instructions that emphasized
                    the illegality of the firearm.

[¶17.]       A circuit “court has no discretion to give incorrect or misleading

instructions, and to do so prejudicially constitutes reversible error.” Jones, 2011


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#26987

S.D. 60, ¶ 5 n.1, 804 N.W.2d at 411 n.1. Birdshead argues that the circuit court

“created undue prejudice by requiring [him] to stand trial on counts that were

impermissibly charged and contrary to the law.” During trial and the settling of

instructions, Birdshead requested the dismissal of either Count 2 (manslaughter by

means of a dangerous weapon) or Count 4 (commission of a felony with a firearm).

This request was premised on the contention that SDCL 22-14-14 precluded Count

2 and Count 4 from coexisting in the indictment because the use of a dangerous

weapon is a necessary element of manslaughter by means of a dangerous weapon

(Count 2). SDCL 22-14-14 provides:

               A violation of § 22-14-12 shall be charged in the indictment or
               information as a separate count in addition to the principal
               felony or attempted felony alleged to have been committed. No
               offense may be charged under those sections if the use of a
               dangerous weapon is a necessary element of the principal felony
               alleged to have been committed or attempted.

(Emphasis added.) The jury returned a guilty verdict for both Count 2 and Count 4.

In recognition of SDCL 22-14-14, the circuit court dismissed Count 4 at sentencing.

This cured the violation. See State v. Chavez, 2002 S.D. 84, ¶ 19, 649 N.W.2d 586,

593.

[¶18.]         Birdshead, nonetheless, argues that he was prejudiced because the

coexistence of Count 2 and Count 4, along with the court’s Instruction 13 (defining

justifiable homicide), misled and confused the jury that it could not find justifiable

homicide because use of the firearm was illegal. 3 Instruction 13 provided:



3.       Birdshead bases this confusion on the fact that the jury did not return a
         guilty verdict on Count 3 (unnecessary manslaughter while resisting an
         attempt to commit a crime). The jury returned a note on day two of jury
                                                           (continued . . .)
                                           -7-
#26987

             A homicide is justifiable if committed by any person in the
             lawful defense of such person of when there is reasonable
             ground to apprehend a design to commit a felony, or to do some
             great personal injury; and imminent danger of such design being
             accomplished.

(Emphasis added.) This argument ignores the fact that the State could have argued

the illegality of the firearm under Count 5 (possession of a short shotgun). We

therefore find no abuse of discretion or prejudice regarding Instruction 13.

[¶19.]       We further reject Birdshead’s argument that he was prejudiced by the

court’s Instruction 12. Instruction 12 mirrored SDCL 22-16-31, and provided:

             Homicide is excusable if committed by accident and misfortune
             in the heat of passion, upon sudden and sufficient provocation,
             or upon a sudden combat. However, to be excusable, no undue
             advantage may be taken nor any dangerous weapon used and
             the killing may not be done in a cruel or unusual manner.

(Emphasis added.) At trial, Birdshead objected to Instruction 12 because, “[g]iven

that a deadly weapon is being used, excusable homicide is not applicable and

therefore is confusing and a waste of time.” On appeal, Birdshead claims

Instruction 12 prejudiced him because it emphasized the unlawfulness of the

firearm and precluded the jury from finding the killing to be “accidental.”



________________________________________
(. . . continued)
         deliberations asking for the definition of “unnecessarily.” Birdshead points
         out that Count 3 was the only count that did not include “dangerous weapon”
         as an element of the offense and speculates that the illegality of the firearm
         influenced the jury’s decision and, by extension, could have influenced its
         decision on justifiable homicide. In Mulligan, however, we quoted the United
         States Supreme Court for the proposition “that a criminal defendant
         convicted by a jury on one count [cannot] attack that conviction because it
         was inconsistent with the jury’s verdict of acquittal on another count.” 2007
         S.D. 67, ¶ 11, 736 N.W.2d at 814 (quoting United States v. Powell, 469 U.S.
         57, 58, 105 S. Ct. 471, 473, 83 L. Ed. 2d 461 (1984)).

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#26987

[¶20.]         As support, Birdshead directs this Court to two juror affidavits. We,

however, are precluded from considering juror affidavits that explain any matter or

statement that occurred during the course of jury deliberations or anything that

affected the minds or emotions of the jurors unless the affidavit relates to

extraneous prejudicial information or outside influence that was improperly

brought to the attention of the jury. 4 SDCL 19-19-606(b). Because these juror

affidavits do not relate to any extraneous or outside influence, we decline to

consider them. See Russo v. Takata Corp., 2009 S.D. 83, ¶ 28, 774 N.W.2d 441, 448;

State v. Motzko, 2006 S.D. 13, ¶ 15, 710 N.W.2d 433, 439-40.

[¶21.]         Finally, Birdshead argues that Instruction 32 confused the jury and

prejudiced him. Instruction 32 provided, “The fact that you may find Defendant

guilty or not guilty on any one count of the Indictment, must not control or influence

your verdict on any other count or counts in the Indictment.” This instruction was

impossible for the jury to follow, Birdshead claims, because the instruction was

logically inconsistent with the punitive enhancement of Count 4 (commission of a



4.       SDCL 19-19-606(b) provides:
               Except as otherwise provided by statute, upon an inquiry into
               the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as
               to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the
               jury’s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon his or any
               other juror’s mind or emotions as influencing him to assent to or
               dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning his mental
               processes in connection therewith, except that a juror may
               testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial
               information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention or
               whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear
               upon any juror. Nor may his affidavit or evidence of any
               statement by him concerning a matter about which he would be
               precluded from testifying be received for these purposes.

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#26987

felony with a firearm). We agree that on its face this instruction may have been

misleading to the jury. However, we cannot say that the inclusion of this

instruction made the court’s instructions as a whole incorrect, misleading,

conflicting, or confusing or that it was harmful to Birdshead’s substantial rights.

See Carlson v. Constr. Co., 2009 S.D. 6, ¶ 17, 761 N.W.2d 595, 600.

[¶22.]       3.     Whether the circuit court abused its discretion in
                    denying Birdshead’s proposed jury instructions.

[¶23.]       Birdshead argues that the court abused its discretion when it rejected

his proposed jury instruction because it denied him his fundamental right to life

and the right to defend himself. The proposed instruction provided:

             Simply because a person is not permitted to be in possession of a
             firearm does not mean he is guilty of violating a law prohibiting
             possession of a firearm if he should come into control of the
             firearm for purposes of self-defense.

“[W]e generally review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a particular

instruction under the abuse of discretion standard.” Roach, 2012 S.D. 91, ¶ 13, 825

N.W.2d at 263 (quoting Klaudt, 2009 S.D. 71, ¶ 13, 772 N.W.2d at 121). Whether a

jury instruction correctly states the law is a question of law reviewed de novo.

Waloke, 2013 S.D. 55, ¶ 28, 835 N.W.2d at 113.

[¶24.]       Birdshead argues that his proposed instruction is supported by Conaty

v. Solem, which he contends held that a person can be acquitted of an illegal gun

possession charge when reasonably using the gun for self-defense. See 422 N.W.2d

102, 104 (S.D. 1988). Conaty, however, does not provide a complete defense to

possession of an illegal firearm; it holds that a defendant may have a defense to the

statute prohibiting possession of a firearm where the defendant comes into control


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of the firearm for purposes of self-defense. Id. Birdshead did not come into control

of the shotgun for purposes of self-defense against Milk and Marrufo. Therefore,

this case does not present the appropriate factual setting for this defense.

Accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected

Birdshead’s proposed jury instruction.

[¶25.]       4.     Whether the circuit court failed to properly instruct the
                    jury as to the alleged felonies being committed upon
                    Birdshead.

[¶26.]       The circuit court denied Birdshead’s proposed instructions regarding

the following felonies: kidnapping, burglary, aggravated criminal entry of a motor

vehicle, aggravated assault, and attempted robbery. Birdshead proposed these

instructions to support his theory that he was the victim of a violent felony or a

simple assault for purposes of the defense of justifiable homicide. Birdshead also

objected to the jury instruction on justifiable homicide and proposed an alternate

instruction. The circuit court denied both his objection and alternate instruction.

Birdshead argues that this was an abuse of discretion because it denied him “the

ability to respond to the State’s case against him” and denied him “his fundamental

constitutional right to a fair opportunity to present a defense.” See State v. Lamont,

2001 S.D. 92, ¶ 16, 631 N.W.2d 603, 608-09 (quoting Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S.

683, 687, 106 S. Ct. 2142, 2145, 90 L. Ed. 2d 636 (1986)).

[¶27.]       We review this issue under an abuse of discretion standard. See

Waloke, 2013 S.D. 55, ¶ 28, 835 N.W.2d at 113. “Upon proper request, defendants

are entitled to instructions on their defense theories if evidence supports them.”

State v. Pellegrino, 1998 S.D. 39, ¶ 9, 577 N.W.2d 590, 594. “[A]n accused must be


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afforded a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense. When a

defendant’s theory is supported by the law and . . . has some foundation in the

evidence, however tenuous, the defendant has a right to present it.” Roach, 2012

S.D. 91, ¶ 13, 825 N.W.2d at 263 (quoting Klaudt, 2009 S.D. 71, ¶ 13, 772 N.W.2d at

121). “To warrant reversal, defendants must show that refusal to grant an

instruction was prejudicial, meaning ‘the jury . . . probably would have returned a

different verdict if [the] requested instruction had been given.’” Pellegrino, 1998

S.D. 39, ¶ 9, 577 N.W.2d at 594 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Rhines,

1996 S.D. 55, ¶ 111, 548 N.W.2d 415, 443).

Felony Instructions

[¶28.]       Birdshead cites to SDCL 22-16-34 and Pellegrino for the proposition

that the circuit court erred when it rejected his proposed jury instructions on the

violent felonies that were allegedly attempted against him by Milk and Marrufo

because, in Birdshead’s view, a person may lawfully defend himself with lethal force

when a violent felony is committed against that person. SDCL 22-16-34 provides:

             Homicide is justifiable if committed by any person while
             resisting any attempt to murder such person, or to commit any
             felony upon him or her, or upon or in any dwelling house in
             which such person is.

(Emphasis added.) In Pellegrino, we interpreted SDCL 22-16-34 to impliedly

“include the word ‘necessary.’” 1998 S.D. 39, ¶ 16, 577 N.W.2d at 596. We stated

that “we believe it was never the intent of our forebears when this statute was

enacted to encompass felonies not involving a danger of serious bodily harm.” Id.

¶ 17, 577 N.W.2d at 597. To conclude otherwise, “one might justifiably be shot

while forging a check in someone’s home.” Id. ¶ 14, 577 N.W.2d at 596. A person

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does not hold his life “at the mercy of unreasonable fears or excessive caution of

others, and if from such motives human life is taken, there is no justification.” Id.

¶ 16, 577 N.W.2d at 597 (quoting Harris v. State, 104 So. 2d 739, 743 (Fla. Dist. Ct.

App. 1958)).

[¶29.]         We addressed a similar argument in State v. Walton, 1999 S.D. 80,

¶¶ 10-14, 600 N.W.2d 524, 528-29. In Walton, the circuit court refused two

instructions on fourth-degree burglary. Walton claimed that the instructions were

essential to his defense theory that he was defending himself against his attacker.

We stated that the jury heard testimony that a fight ensued and Walton acted in

self-defense, yet the jury still found Walton guilty of first-degree manslaughter.

Because there was nothing to suggest that had the instructions on fourth-degree

burglary been granted the jury would have reached a different verdict, we held that

the court did not err when it rejected the proposed instructions. Id. ¶ 14, 600

N.W.2d at 528-29.

[¶30.]         Likewise, here, the jury heard testimony that Birdshead was attacked

while he was sitting in his car. They also heard testimony pertaining to the manner

in which Birdshead was attacked and the extent of his injuries. Birdshead did not

testify, but the video from his interview with law enforcement was played for the

jury. Therefore, the jury heard Birdshead claim that he acted in self-defense. Yet,

after hearing this testimony, the jury still found Birdshead guilty of the charged

crimes. As in Walton, there is no indication that the jury would have returned a

different verdict had they been instructed on the various offenses that Marrufo and




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Milk attempted to commit against him. See 1999 S.D. 80, ¶ 14, 600 N.W.2d at 529-

30.

Justifiable Homicide Instruction

[¶31.]         Birdshead also objected to the circuit court’s jury instruction on

justifiable homicide. Instruction 8 provided:

               Under certain circumstances it is lawful to use or attempt or
               offer to use force or violence upon or toward the person of
               another. The force or violence may be employed under the
               following circumstances:
                      1. In preventing or attempting to prevent an offense
                      against a person or the person of any family or household
                      member; or
                      2. In preventing or attempting to prevent an illegal
                      attempt by force to take or injure property in a person’s
                      lawful possession.
               Under any of the circumstances described above the force or
               violence may be used, offered or attempted either by a person
               having a reasonable apprehension of threat of bodily injury or by
               another person aiding or defending a person threatened with
               bodily injury. The force or violence used may never be more
               than sufficient to prevent such offense.

This instruction, along with Instructions 9 and 10, fully set out the law for

justifiable homicide. 5



5.       Instruction 9 provided:
               A person who has been attacked and who is exercising the right
               of lawful self-defense is not required to retreat, and may not
               only defend against the attack, but also may pursue the
               assailant until secure from danger if that course appears to the
               defendant, and would appear to a reasonable person in the same
               situation, to be reasonably and apparently necessary; and this is
               the defendant’s right even if safety may have been more easily
               gained by withdrawing from the scene.
         Instruction 10 provided:
                                                           (continued . . .)
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#26987

Detective Steve Neavill Testimony

[¶32.]       Lastly, Birdshead argues that the circuit court committed prejudicial

error when it refused to allow Detective Steve Neavill to testify about the

potentially felonious conduct by Marrufo and Milk. Birdshead contends that this

left the jury without any guidance as to whether Marrufo’s or Milk’s conduct

constituted a violent felony justifying lethal force. The State points out that

Birdshead waived this argument because he failed to cite supporting authority.

Even if this argument were not waived, we find no abuse of discretion. Detective

Neavill testified as an expert witness, not as an eye witness to the crime or as a lay

witness. We have said that “expert testimony on points of law is largely

inadmissible because it is not helpful under FRE 702[.]” Zens v. Harrison, 538

N.W.2d 794, 796 (S.D. 1995) (quoting Mueller & Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence

§ 252 (2d ed. 1994)). “This Court will only disturb decisions of the trial court

regarding the admission of evidence if there is a clear abuse of discretion.” State v.

Jolley, 2003 S.D. 5, ¶ 5, 656 N.W.2d 305, 307 (quoting State v. Orelup, 520 N.W.2d

898, 900-01 (S.D. 1994)).




________________________________________
(. . . continued)
               The kind and degree of force which a person may lawfully use in
               self-defense are limited by what a reasonable person in the same
               situation, seeing what the defendant sees and knowing what the
               defendant knows, then would believe to be necessary. Any use
               of force beyond that is regarded by the law as excessive.
               Although a person may believe that (he) (she) is acting, and may
               act, in self-defense, that person is not justified in using a degree
               of force clearly in excess of that apparently and reasonably
               necessary under the existing facts and circumstances.

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[¶33.]         5.    Whether the circuit court violated Birdshead’s Fifth and
                     Sixth Amendment rights by excluding certain evidence
                     and by limiting confrontation of key witnesses.

[¶34.]         Birdshead contends that the circuit court prejudicially erred by

refusing to admit certain evidence. The first piece of excluded evidence is an eight-

page Facebook conversation between Bettelyoun and Milk. In that conversation,

Milk indicated that he could not bear losing Bettelyoun. There was evidence

presented at trial that Bettelyoun and Birdshead were romantically involved in the

past. One witness testified that Bettelyoun was upset because Birdshead would not

have sexual intercourse with her anymore and that Bettelyoun declared “he’s going

to get robbed.” According to Birdshead, the excluded Facebook conversation was

material to his defense because it supported his theory that Milk had a motive to

attack Birdshead. The circuit court did not permit Birdshead to question Milk

about this conversation.

[¶35.]         The second piece of excluded evidence is a recording of a telephone

conversation between Amber Larvie and her husband Ralph Larvie. 6 The recording

contains statements that Bettelyoun and Milk engaged in an argument on the day

of the shooting about a sexual encounter between Milk and another woman.

Bettelyoun had discovered text messages on Milk’s phone detailing the sexual




6.       The State objects to the inclusion of this transcript in Birdshead’s brief
         because the transcript is not a part of the record on appeal. See Spenner v.
         City of Sioux Falls, 1998 S.D. 56, ¶ 9, 580 N.W.2d 606, 609-10. However, the
         audio recording of the telephone conversation is a part of the record.
         Birdshead points out that he included the transcript in order to make it
         easier for this Court to review the conversation. We decline to strike the
         transcript from Birdshead’s brief.

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encounter. Birdshead claims that this evidence was material to his defense because

it helped demonstrate that Milk had a motive to attack Birdshead. Birdshead

speculates that when Bettelyoun discovered Milk’s infidelity, Milk would do

whatever it took to amend his relationship with Bettelyoun, including robbing

Birdshead as she previously declared. During trial, Milk and Bettelyoun denied the

existence of the text messages. The circuit court did not allow Birdshead to

impeach Milk and Bettelyoun’s testimony with the recording; nor did it allow

Birdshead to question Ralph Larvie about the telephone conversation.

[¶36.]       We review a circuit court’s evidentiary rulings under an abuse of

discretion standard with a presumption that the rulings are correct. State v. Carter,

2009 S.D. 65, ¶ 31, 771 N.W.2d 329, 338. There is prejudice only when “a

reasonable jury probably would have a significantly different impression if

otherwise appropriate cross-examination had been permitted.” State v. Johnson,

2007 S.D. 86, ¶ 35, 739 N.W.2d 1, 13 (quoting State v. Koepsell, 508 N.W.2d 591,

595 (S.D. 1993)). The circuit “court also has considerable discretion in determining

whether testimony is ‘inconsistent’ with prior statements.” Carter, 2009 S.D. 65,

¶ 31, 771 N.W.2d at 339 (quoting State v. Shaw, 2005 S.D. 105, ¶ 36, 705 N.W.2d

620, 631).

[¶37.]       A defendant’s right to present a defense is fundamental. State v.

Huber, 2010 S.D. 63, ¶ 37, 789 N.W.2d 283, 294. “When a defendant is denied the

ability to respond to the State’s case against him, he is deprived of ‘his fundamental

constitutional right to a fair opportunity to present a defense.’” Lamont, 2001 S.D.

92, ¶ 16, 631 N.W.2d at 608-09 (quoting Crane, 476 U.S. at 687, 106 S. Ct. at 2145).


                                         -17-
#26987

“This right is ‘generally satisfied when the defense is given a full and fair

opportunity to probe and expose a witness’ infirmities through cross-examination,

thereby calling to the attention of the factfinder the reasons for giving scant weight

to witness’ testimony.’” Carter, 2009 S.D. 65, ¶ 32, 771 N.W.2d at 339 (quoting

State v. Carothers, 2006 S.D. 100, ¶ 16, 724 N.W.2d 610, 617).

[¶38.]       First, Birdshead sought the admission of the Facebook messages both

to impeach Milk and Bettelyoun and as substantive evidence that Bettelyoun and

Milk planned to attack Birdshead. The circuit court excluded the evidence on the

basis that it was not relevant. The determination of whether evidence is relevant

“is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court, for which this Court will not

substitute its own judgment.” State v. Wilcox, 441 N.W.2d 209, 212 (S.D. 1989).

[¶39.]       The content of the Facebook messages was not contradicted at trial.

Indeed, Milk testified that he wrote love poems to Bettelyoun and that he could not

live without her. The Facebook messages merely bolstered the otherwise truthful

testimony of Milk, and therefore served no purpose of impeachment. Furthermore,

the primary issue at trial was whether Birdshead was justified in using deadly force

to defend himself against Milk and Marrufo. See Pellegrino, 1998 S.D. 39, ¶ 16, 577

N.W.2d at 597. The Facebook messages did not shed light on whether Birdshead’s

use of deadly force was reasonable as it had nothing to do with his intent or state of

mind. Thus, we conclude that the circuit court’s decision to exclude the Facebook

messages between Milk and Bettelyoun on the grounds of relevance was within the

sound discretion of the court and we will not disturb that decision. See Wilcox, 441

N.W.2d at 212.


                                          -18-
#26987

[¶40.]       Second, Birdshead sought the admission of the recorded telephone

conversation between Amber and Ralph Larvie as substantive evidence and as

impeachment evidence. However, Amber testified that she did not remember the

conversation. Thus the substance of the conversation could not be used to impeach

Amber because it does not contradict her testimony. See Carter, 2009 S.D. 65,

¶¶ 33-34, 771 N.W.2d at 339. In addition, the telephone conversation could not be

used to impeach Bettelyoun or Milk because the conversation did not occur between

or involve either Bettelyoun or Milk. The circuit court’s decision to exclude the

telephone conversation was not an abuse of discretion, and therefore we need not

address whether the exclusion of the evidence prejudiced Birdshead. See Wilcox,

441 N.W.2d at 212.

[¶41.]       6.      Whether Birdshead was denied his right to present the
                     complete theory of his defense.

[¶42.]       Birdshead argues that the State committed a Brady violation when it

called J.B. to testify in its case-in-chief without providing Birdshead any notice of

the material changes to her testimony. J.B. testified before the grand jury that

Bettelyoun used J.B.’s Facebook account to send messages to Birdshead to set up

the drug transaction at the Dakota Rose Motel. In her interviews with law

enforcement, J.B. denied sending Birdshead text messages from any phone,

including Milk’s phone. At trial, J.B. changed her story and testified that she, not

Bettelyoun, used her Facebook account to send Birdshead the messages about the

drug transaction. She also testified that she used Milk’s cellphone to send

Birdshead text messages before meeting with him at the Dakota Rose Motel. This

testimony contradicted the Dakota Rose Motel video camera, which showed Milk

                                          -19-
#26987

using the cellphone at all relevant times that the text messages were sent and

received.

[¶43.]       Birdshead received no indication prior to trial that J.B. would recant

her grand jury testimony and her statements to law enforcement. Birdshead asked

the court to dismiss the case, and in the alternative, for a mistrial, based on the

State’s failure to disclose the change in testimony. The State argued that it was not

required to disclose the changes in J.B.’s testimony because her testimony was not

exculpatory, and that it discovered the change pursuant to work product. The

circuit court denied the motion to dismiss and the motion for mistrial.

[¶44.]       We review the circuit court’s evidentiary rulings under an abuse of

discretion standard. State v. Hannemann, 2012 S.D. 79, ¶ 19, 823 N.W.2d 357, 362.

In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196-97, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215

(1963), the United States Supreme Court held “that the suppression by the

prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process

where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the

good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” The prosecution commits a Brady

violation when “(1) ‘[t]he evidence at issue [is] favorable to the accused, either

because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching;’ (2) the ‘evidence [has] been

suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently;’ and (3) ‘prejudice [has]

ensued.’” Thompson v. Weber, 2013 S.D. 87, ¶ 38, 841 N.W.2d 3, 12 (alterations in

original) (quoting Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S. Ct. 1936, 1948,

144 L. Ed. 2d 286 (1999)).




                                          -20-
#26987

[¶45.]       Here, J.B.’s testimony at trial meets the first prong of Brady: the

evidence at issue was impeaching because it contradicted J.B.’s prior grand jury

testimony and statements to law enforcement. See id. Considering the second

prong of Brady, however, there is no evidence in the record indicating that the State

willfully or inadvertently suppressed the information. Further, even if we assume

that the State willfully or inadvertently suppressed the information, Birdshead has

not met his burden of proving that he was prejudiced by the change in J.B.’s

testimony. J.B.’s changed testimony did not materially undercut Birdshead’s

defense theory. See State v. Krebs, 2006 S.D. 43, ¶¶ 21-23, 714 N.W.2d 91, 99-100

(reversal because the State withheld inculpatory evidence that “completely

undercut” the defendant’s theory of defense). Moreover, neither party disputed that

Marrufo and Milk instigated the attack. The court also appropriately instructed the

jury on Birdshead’s claim of self-defense and justifiable homicide. Furthermore,

Birdshead had knowledge of the inconsistent statements and made the decision not

to use them for impeachment. Birdshead did not cross-examine J.B. during trial

after she made the inconsistent statements. Where the only value of the evidence is

for impeachment, the risk of prejudice from a discovery violation is reduced. State

v. Jensen, 2007 S.D. 76, ¶ 16, 737 N.W.2d 285, 290. We conclude that Birdshead

was not prejudiced by J.B.’s contradicting testimony at trial.

[¶46.]       Birdshead next asserts that a Brady violation occurred when the

circuit court precluded him from discovering three sets of documents: Unified

Narcotics Enforcement Team (UNET) files pertaining to witnesses, South Dakota

Department of Social Services (DSS) records regarding J.B., and J.B.’s school


                                         -21-
#26987

records. The circuit court stated during a hearing on March 18, 2013, that it would

review the documents in camera to determine whether they were discoverable. 7

The circuit court stated in an email that it had reviewed the documents in camera

and concluded that the documents were not discoverable. 8 During a hearing on

June 10, 2013, the circuit court indicated that it would identify the records that it

had examined in camera and provide a basis for its conclusion that the documents

were not discoverable. The record, however, does not establish that the circuit court

ever provided a basis for its conclusion. On September 30, 2013, the circuit court

stated, “It’s been long enough that I’ve forgotten what was submitted to me in

camera. I know the ultimate result was that you were not allowed to see it.”

[¶47.]          Although Birdshead argues that the circuit court violated Brady when

it failed to provide a basis for prohibiting discovery of these documents, Brady does

not apply to errors committed by the circuit court. On the contrary, the second

prong of Brady requires a showing that the State willfully or inadvertently

suppressed the information. Thompson, 2013 S.D. 87, ¶ 38, 841 N.W.2d at 12

(emphasis added). Here, the State submitted the documents at issue to the circuit




7.       The court stated, “It’s a little bit hard to unring the bell if it’s improperly
         rung, so I’m going to review it.”

8.       During the June 10, 2013 hearing, defense counsel said:
                Your Honor, I would just like to make a record in case there is any
                appellate record in this matter. Your Honor, you stated through e-mail
                to both the State and I that the [c]ourt has reviewed the in camera
                documents received. I would ask for the record what in camera
                documents you have received as I am not clear on what you have
                received as well as the basis for your denial to allow either side to
                review them in camera and make any appropriate motions.

                                             -22-
#26987

court for in-camera review, and the court ultimately denied discovery. Accordingly,

we reject this argument.

[¶48.]       However, Birdshead further argues that the circuit court erred

because, without the court’s reason for denying Birdshead access to the documents

submitted in camera, there is no way to determine if a Brady violation occurred.

See State v. Christopherson, 482 N.W.2d 298, 303-04 (S.D. 1992) (citing

Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 107 S. Ct. 989, 94 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1987)). We

review a court’s decision to release records after an in-camera review under an

abuse of discretion standard. State v. Ball, 2004 S.D. 9, ¶ 9, 675 N.W.2d 192, 195.

Although, here, the court was clear in ruling that Birdshead would be denied access

to the documents submitted for in-camera review, the court should have provided a

basis for its decision. See Andrews v. Ridco, Inc., 2015 S.D. 24, ¶ 42, 863 N.W.2d

540, 554-55. Nonetheless, from our independent review of the DSS record and J.B.’s

school records, the court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Birdshead

access to those documents, and therefore, no Brady violation occurred. See Ball,

2004 S.D. 9, ¶ 11, 675 N.W.2d at 195; State v. Layton, 337 N.W.2d 809, 814 (S.D.

1983).

[¶49.]       However, we are unable to determine if the circuit court abused its

discretion in regard to the UNET files. Although the circuit court specifically

informed Birdshead that it examined the UNET files and that it would include

within the record all the documents it reviewed in camera, there are no UNET files

within the settled record. We, therefore, remand for the circuit court to include the

UNET files within the record and reconsider the Brady issue as to the UNET files.


                                         -23-
#26987

We further direct the circuit court to issue a written decision determining whether

there is evidence at issue favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory,

or because it is impeaching. See Thompson, 2013 S.D. 87, ¶ 38, 841 N.W.2d at 12.

If the circuit court determines that the UNET files contain evidence favorable to

Birdshead, the court must then determine whether a Brady violation occurred such

that Birdshead would be entitled to a new trial. See Krebs, 2006 S.D. 43, ¶¶ 21-23,

714 N.W.2d at 99-100.

[¶50.]         7.    Whether the circuit court abused its discretion and
                     denied Birdshead a fair trial with admission of
                     impermissible 404(b) evidence.

[¶51.]         Birdshead next argues that the circuit court abused its discretion when

it failed to conduct the two-part balancing test on the record, see SDCL 19-19-403, 9

to determine whether certain other-act evidence was admissible and whether the

admission of the other-act evidence denied him a fair trial. We review a circuit

court’s decision to admit or deny other-act evidence under Rule 404(b) for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Boe, 2014 S.D. 29, ¶ 20, 847 N.W.2d 315, 320. “An abuse of

discretion ‘is a fundamental error of judgment, a choice outside the range of

permissible choices, a decision, which, on full consideration, is arbitrary and

unreasonable.’” Kaberna v. Brown, 2015 S.D. 34, ¶ 13, 864 N.W.2d 497, 501

(quoting Gartner v. Temple, 2014 S.D. 74, ¶ 7, 855 N.W.2d 846, 850). Yet “[w]hen a

trial court misapplies a rule of evidence, as opposed to merely allowing or refusing



9.       The Code Commission, with approval of the Supreme Court, renumbered the
         sections in SDCL chapters 19-9 to 19-13, inclusive, and 19-14 to 19-18.
         Therefore, subdivision SDCL 19-19-403 is substituted for SDCL § 19-12-3 to
         reflect the transfer of § 19-12-2 to subdivision SDCL 19-19-403.

                                          -24-
#26987

questionable evidence, it abuses its discretion.” State v. Packed, 2007 S.D. 75, ¶ 24,

736 N.W.2d 851, 859 (quoting State v. Guthrie, 2001 S.D. 61, ¶ 30, 627 N.W.2d 401,

415).

[¶52.]        At the pretrial motion hearing, the circuit court did not make a

definitive ruling on the record on Birdshead’s objection to the State’s notice of intent

to introduce other-act evidence at trial. See SDCL 19-19-103(a). Rather, it

remarked that the other-act evidence “does seem to go to the matter of whether this

was an accident[.]” It then acknowledged that the other-act evidence would likely

be admitted for that purpose. The court ultimately left the matter open for a final

ruling at trial.

[¶53.]        In order to preserve appellate review of an evidentiary error, a

defendant must obtain a definitive ruling on the record admitting or excluding the

evidence.

              Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or
              excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is
              affected, and:
                    (1) Objection. In case the ruling is one admitting
                        evidence, a timely objection or motion to strike
                        appears of record, stating the specific ground of
                        objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from
                        the context;
                    ....
              Once the court makes a definitive ruling on the record admitting
              or excluding evidence, either at or before trial, a party need not
              renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error
              for appeal.

SDCL 19-19-103(a). In State v. Johnson, we defined “definitive” as “[d]etermining

finally; decisive . . . [a]uthoritative and complete.” 2009 S.D. 67, ¶ 14, 771 N.W.2d

360, 366 (quoting The New American Heritage Dictionary 375 (2d ed. 1991)).
                                          -25-
#26987

[¶54.]         Here, Birdshead objected to and preserved for our review the

admission of the following: (1) evidence relating to a backpack found in the home of

Sabrina Martin; (2) evidence found inside a black bag in the home of Miranda

Brown Bull; (3) evidence found in the motel room of Rod Hickey; and (4) evidence

relating to an incident involving Birdshead on July 18, 2012. On the first three,

however, Birdshead does not identify how he was prejudiced by the admission of the

evidence. 10 He merely argues that the circuit court abused its discretion when it

admitted the evidence without conducting the Rule 403 balancing test. Because

Birdshead does not allege prejudice, we need not examine whether the court abused

its discretion.

[¶55.]         Regarding the July 2012 incident, however, Birdshead specifically

contends he was prejudiced by the court’s erroneous admission of the evidence. On

July 18, 2012, law enforcement investigated and confirmed a report that Birdshead

was sleeping in his car. The officers awakened Birdshead and then asked him a

series of questions. The officers searched his car and found an AK-47 assault rifle, a

10mm handgun, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. After the officers completed their

search of his car, Birdshead allegedly ran away from the scene.




10.      Birdshead argues, “The prejudice to Birdshead given admission of the 404(b)
         evidence was enormous because the evidence cast Birdshead as an armed
         drug dealer who possessed stolen weapons with multiple kinds of
         ammunition.” This argument appears to speak only to the July 2012
         evidence. Birdshead goes on to discuss in greater detail the prejudice
         resulting from the admission of the July 2012 evidence.

                                          -26-
#26987

[¶56.]         At trial, the State sought to introduce the AK-47, the 10mm handgun,

and photographs of the car and its contents into evidence. 11 Birdshead renewed his

objection to the admission of this evidence on relevancy and admissibility grounds:

“Your Honor, I would just for the record object to relevancy and pretrial rulings,

improper 404(b) and 403.” The State responded that, from the court’s pretrial

ruling, “it would be appropriate for the firearms and drugs from July to come in at

trial.” Birdshead, on the other hand, asserted that, from the court’s pretrial ruling,

he believed “that 404(b) would not come in until after the defense had rested.” The

court overruled Birdshead’s objection and allowed Officer Alan Childs to testify

about the guns found during the July 2012 incident. Officer Childs testified that an

AK-47 and ammunition were found “wrapped up” in the backseat and a 10mm

handgun was found in the center console, next to the driver’s seat. He elaborated

that the AK-47 was unloaded and the 10mm handgun was stolen. Officer Childs

further testified that an AK-47 is an “assault-type rifle.” The State then presented

both the actual AK-47 and 10mm handgun before the jury, and Officer Childs

confirmed they were the firearms found during the investigation.

[¶57.]         “Generally, evidence of crimes or acts other than the ones with which

the defendant is charged are inadmissible, unless certain exceptions apply.” State

v. Moeller, 1996 S.D. 60, ¶ 12, 548 N.W.2d 465, 471. “Evidence of other crimes,



11.      We first dispose of the State’s argument that the July 18, 2012 evidence is
         not other-act evidence. The evidence relates to a separate, unrelated incident
         that occurred six months before the drug transaction at the Dakota Rose
         Motel. Furthermore, it appears from the record that the 10mm handgun and
         the AK-47 assault rifle were not present at the drug transaction with J.B.
         This evidence was properly characterized as other-act evidence.

                                          -27-
#26987

wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show

that he acted in conformity therewith.” SDCL 19-19-404(b). However, other-act

evidence “may . . . be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or

accident.” Id. The circuit court is required to conduct a two-part balancing test on

the record in order to determine if the evidence is admissible. State v. Scott, 2013

S.D. 31, ¶ 28, 829 N.W.2d 458, 468; State v. Andrews, 2001 S.D. 31, ¶ 9, 623 N.W.2d

78, 81. First, the court must determine whether the other-act evidence is relevant

to some material issue in the case other than character (factual relevancy). Second,

the court must determine whether the probative value of the evidence is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice (logical relevancy). See

Boe, 2014 S.D. 29, ¶ 21, 847 N.W.2d at 321; State v. Armstrong, 2010 S.D. 94, ¶ 12,

793 N.W.2d 6, 11; Moeller, 1996 S.D. 60, ¶ 13, 548 N.W.2d at 472; SDCL 19-19-403.

[¶58.]        From our review of the record, the circuit court found the July 2012

evidence factually relevant when, at the pre-trial hearing, it indicated that the

other-act evidence “does seem to go to the matter of whether this was an accident or

not and I’m going to allow it[.]” See Moeller, 1996 S.D. 60, ¶ 13, 548 N.W.2d at 472

(acknowledging that the first step of the two-step analysis is to determine whether

the evidence is factually relevant). However, it is undisputed that the circuit court

did not conduct the second part of the balancing test on the record and determine

whether the probative value of the July 2012 evidence substantially outweighed its

prejudicial effect.




                                         -28-
#26987

[¶59.]       According to Birdshead, the failure to conduct this balancing test on

the record is an abuse of discretion as a matter of law and denied him a fair trial.

On the contrary, although we have stressed that “the balancing process undertaken

by the trial court ‘must be conducted on the record[,]’” State v. Steele, 510 N.W.2d

661, 667 (S.D. 1994) (emphasis added), the circuit court’s “mere failure to make a

record of its Rule 403 weighing is not reversible error[,]” Smith v. Tenet

Healthsystem SL, Inc., 436 F.3d 879, 885 (8th Cir. 2006). Instead, when there is a

specific objection pursuant to Rule 403 and the court rules on that objection, we

presume that the circuit court weighed the evidence before ruling on the motion.

See id.; see also United States v. McCourt, 468 F.3d 1088, 1092 (8th Cir. 2006);

United States v. Merriweather, 78 F.3d 1070, 1078 n.1 (6th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he

district court did not expressly engage in the Rule 403 balancing, so we simply

assume that the court implicitly held that balance favored admission.”).

[¶60.]       Nonetheless, Birdshead further contends that the circuit court abused

its discretion and denied him due process when it admitted the other-act evidence.

In particular, Birdshead argues that possessing an AK-47 or 10mm handgun is

irrelevant to proving whether the gun fired accidentally on January 7, 2013, and

therefore, any probative value of the evidence did not substantially outweigh its

prejudicial effect. Further, according to Birdshead, he was prejudiced by the court’s

error because the State was permitted to argue that possessing guns became a

“pattern” for Birdshead because he had “guns” at previous drug transactions. In

Birdshead’s view, the State also highlighted the AK-47 during its closing argument.




                                         -29-
#26987

[¶61.]       Although “the prohibition against character evidence remains as

strong as ever,” Rule “404(b) is not a rule of exclusion.” State v. Wright, 1999 S.D.

50, ¶ 13, 593 N.W.2d 792, 798. Therefore, relevant other-act “evidence is only

inadmissible if offered to prove character.” Id. (quoting John W. Larson, South

Dakota Evidence § 404.2(1) (1991)). Indeed, “[t]o exclude relevant evidence because

it might also raise the forbidden character inference ignores the reality that

‘[a]lmost any bad act evidence simultaneously condemns by besmirching character

and by showing one or more of “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident,” not to mention the “other

purposes” of which this list is meant to be illustrative.’” Id. ¶ 15, 593 N.W.2d at 799

(quoting United States v. Beasley, 809 F.2d 1273, 1279 (7th Cir. 1987)). As the

party objecting to the evidence, Birdshead has the burden of establishing that its

prejudice substantially outweighs its probative value. See id. ¶ 16, 593 N.W.2d at

799.

[¶62.]       Although on appeal Birdshead claims that whether the killing was

accidental was not at issue at trial, the jury heard evidence that Birdshead told the

officers during their investigation that the gun accidentally fired. Therefore, his

knowledge of firearms via his possession of an AK-47 and 10mm handgun in July

2012 was relevant to negate the inference in the current trial that his lack of

experience with firearms caused the gun to fire. We further reject Birdshead’s

argument that the mistake or accident theory of admissibility was rendered moot by

Instruction 12, which told the jury that homicide is not excusable if a dangerous

weapon is used and it is undisputed that Birdshead used a dangerous weapon. In


                                         -30-
#26987

addition to excusable homicide and self-defense, Birdshead asked the jury to find

that the homicide was justifiable. On this claim, the jury was instructed that “[t]he

kind and degree of force which a person may lawfully use in defense of himself is

limited by what a reasonable person in the same situation as such person, seeing

what defendant sees and knowing what the defendant knows, then would believe to

be necessary.” Thus, Birdshead’s past experience with firearms was relevant to a

material issue and not solely to prove character. The circuit court did not abuse its

discretion when it admitted the other-act evidence.

[¶63.]       We further find no abuse of discretion because Birdshead did not meet

his burden of proving that the probative value of the evidence is substantially

outweighed by its prejudicial effect. See State v. Fisher, 2011 S.D. 74, ¶ 32, 805

N.W.2d 571, 578. To exclude evidence under Rule 403, “the danger of unfair

prejudice must not only outweigh the probative value, [] it must outweigh it

substantially.” State v. Smith, 1999 S.D. 83, ¶ 19, 599 N.W.2d 344, 350 (emphasis

added). Indeed, “[d]amage to the defendant’s position is no basis for exclusion; the

harm must come not from prejudice, but from ‘unfair’ prejudice.” Wright, 1999 S.D.

50, ¶ 16, 593 N.W.2d at 799. Prejudice “refers to the unfair advantage that results

from the capacity of the evidence to persuade by illegitimate means.” Moeller, 1996

S.D. 60, ¶ 38, 548 N.W.2d at 478 (quoting State v. Iron Shell, 336 N.W.2d 372, 375

(S.D. 1983)). However, we do not decide “whether we would have admitted the prior

bad acts evidence if we had been the trial judges.” See State v. Mattson, 2005 S.D.

71, ¶ 21, 698 N.W.2d 538, 546.




                                         -31-
#26987

[¶64.]       From our review of the record, no such unfair advantage resulted, and

the evidence that Birdshead possessed an AK-47 and 10mm handgun in July 2012

did not have the capacity to persuade the jury by illegitimate means. And even if

the evidence was improperly admitted, the error was harmless. See State v. Reay,

2009 S.D. 10, ¶ 50, 762 N.W.2d 356, 370. “The harmless error doctrine preserves

the essential purpose of criminal trials: to decide a defendant’s guilt or innocence.

The rule ‘promotes public respect for the criminal process by focusing on the

underlying fairness of the trial rather than on the virtually inevitable presence of

immaterial error.’” State v. Frazier, 2001 S.D. 19, ¶ 30, 622 N.W.2d 246, 258

(quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 681, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1436, 89 L.

Ed. 2d 674 (1986)).

“Drug dealer”

[¶65.]       In a separate assignment of error, Birdshead argues that it was

fundamentally unfair for the circuit court to have permitted the State to violate the

court’s motion in limine and refer to him as a “drug dealer” during trial. At a pre-

trial hearing, the circuit court prohibited the State from referring to Birdshead as a

“drug dealer”:

             The court: I will not permit [Birdshead] to be referred to as a
             drug dealer. You can establish facts, but referring to anyone in
             any derogatory context - -
             The State: So I may refer he has in the past dealt drugs, but I
             may not call him a drug dealer. Is that the [c]ourt’s ruling?
             The court: You may talk about facts.




                                         -32-
#26987

During trial, the State referred to Birdshead as a drug dealer once during opening

statements and twice during closing arguments. 12

[¶66.]         Here, Birdshead did not object to the State calling him a “drug dealer”

during the State’s opening argument. At the conclusion of the opening statements,

Birdshead moved for a mistrial based on the alleged violation of the motion in

limine:



12.      During opening statement, the State said:
               The State: And the evidence will then tell you he used force
               well beyond that which was necessary and reasonable to resist a
               simple assault, and not because of what was happening there in
               the parking lot of the Dakota [R]ose, but because of what had
               happened to him in the past with other people and other
               circumstances where he entered the dangerous situations as a
               drug user, drug buyer, or drug dealer, that he utilized an illegal
               weapon in the application of force, and that ultimately his
               decisions ranging from those in the moment, hours before, days
               and weeks before are what ultimately caused [sic] Eustacio
               Marrufo his life.
         (Emphasis added.) Then, during closing argument, the State said:
               The State: So we know that Mr. Birdshead was assaulted. We
               know he was punched. But I submit to you, ladies and
               gentlemen, that the kind and degree we’re talking about relate
               more to opening old wounds and reminding him of old wounds
               than it has anything to do with what Eustacio Marrufo was
               doing, and that a reasonable person, not a reasonable drug
               dealer, a reasonable person in that circumstance would have
               reacted very differently and should have.
               ....
               The State: But what I submit to you, ladies and gentleman, is
               that there is in fact a double standard here and Charles
               Birdshead is begging you to apply it, begging you to grant him
               the battered drug dealers syndrome, where if I’ve been beaten up
               enough times during drug transactions, when the next one
               comes around, I get to use a gun even if the rest of you couldn’t
               because I live in that world.
         (Emphasis added.)

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             Defense counsel: There were a couple of issues that arose
             during [the State’s] opening. Your Honor, I did not object
             because the opening is not evidence. But [the State] violated the
             motion in limine that stated that he would not refer to my client
             as a “drug dealer.” When he was talking about how and why or -
             - anyway, those two, he described my client as a drug dealer and
             that is a direct violation of this [c]ourt’s motion in limine to
             prohibit him from doing that.

The court denied the motion, but reserved its ruling on the matter and said that

Birdshead may renew his objection after the close of evidence.

             The court: I’m going to reserve my ruling. You’ll be allowed –
             your motion [for mistrial] will be denied at this point. You can
             renew it at the close of evidence.

Birdshead never renewed his motion for a mistrial based on these grounds, and,

therefore, Birdshead waived his argument as to the State’s comments during

opening statements. See State v. Graham, 2012 S.D. 42, ¶ 19 n.11, 815 N.W.2d 293,

302 n.11 (stating that Graham’s failure to renew objection constituted a waiver of

the objection); SDCL 19-19-103. Birdshead also waived his argument concerning

the State’s comments during closing arguments by failing to object. Roach, 2012

S.D. 91, ¶ 27, 825 N.W.2d at 266 (a failure to object waives the issue on appeal).

Even assuming Birdshead’s arguments were not waived, the State was allowed to

establish that Birdshead had previously engaged in drug transactions. The State

also had the right, during closing argument, to refute Birdshead’s argument that

his action with the shotgun was reasonable in the context of a drug transaction.

[¶67.]       8.     Whether the cumulative errors denied Birdshead a fair
                    trial.

[¶68.]       Finally, Birdshead argues that the cumulative effect of the errors in

this case denied him due process and a fair trial under South Dakota law and the


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United States Constitution. See State v. Wright, 2009 S.D. 51, ¶ 69, 786 N.W.2d

512, 534. Because this case is remanded in part, we do not reach this issue.

[¶69.]          We affirm in part and remand in part.

[¶70.]          GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, ZINTER, Justice, and KONENKAMP,

Retired Justice, concur.

[¶71.]          SEVERSON, Justice, concurs specially.

[¶72.]          KONENKAMP, Retired Justice, sitting for KERN, Justice,

disqualified.



SEVERSON, Justice (concurring specially).

[¶73.]          I write specially to discuss the use of other-acts evidence under SDCL

19-19-401 to -403, and -404(b). Our opinions and those of other courts are laden

with many pages of tortured logic addressing other-acts evidence, frequently

springing from attempts by litigants to utilize other-acts evidence for purposes

contrary to the rules and from courts failing to clearly identify for juries how other-

acts evidence should be considered. The rationales embodied in the rules are clear

from the plain meaning derived from the language in the rules.

[¶74.]          First, the court must determine under SDCL 19-19-401 whether

evidence is relevant, which is defined as “having any tendency to make the

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” This is a pretty

simple concept.




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#26987

[¶75.]       Second, under SDCL 19-19-402, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible,

except as otherwise provided by constitution or statute or by this chapter [(South

Dakota Rules of Evidence)] or other rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of this

state. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” Again this is pretty simple

logic.

[¶76.]       Third, the court needs to skip to Rule 404(b). “Evidence of other

crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order

to show that he acted in conformity therewith.” SDCL 19-19-404(b). Again this is

simple and clear language. The rule then goes on to explain that other crimes,

wrongs, or acts “may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of

mistake or accident.” Id.

[¶77.]       Fourth, the court needs to go back to SDCL 19-19-403 and apply a

balancing test. “Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the

issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or

needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” SDCL 19-19-403.

[¶78.]       Much of the fog surrounding other-acts evidence could be cleared by

courts: (1) identifying the specific purpose for which the other-acts evidence is

admitted, (2) using limiting instructions clarifying for the jury the limited purpose

for which the evidence can be used, see SDCL 19-19-105; McDowell v. Citicorp

U.S.A., 2007 S.D. 53, ¶ 20, 734 N.W.2d 14, 20 (“[I]f the evidence is admitted, the

court should instruct the jury on the limited purpose for which the jury may


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consider the evidence.”), and (3) enforcing the rules of evidence at trial to limit

consideration of the evidence to the purpose for which it is admitted.

[¶79.]       In this case Judge Eklund identified the purpose for which the

evidence of weapon possession from the incident on another date, July 2012, could

be introduced. Defendant claimed that the charged crime was in fact an accident.

The court at a pretrial hearing indicated the other-acts evidence went to whether

the incident was an accident or not. Although the court did not include the required

balancing on the record, we are applying the rationale from United States v.

Merriweather and other cases that a reversal is not required since it is apparent

from the record as a whole that the court did in fact balance the probative value,

determining that it was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of

undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. 78 F.

3d 1070 (6th Cir. 1996); supra ¶ 59. This does not eliminate the need to balance

under Rule 403 and to make a record. A reversal is simply not a required remedy

for abuse of the court’s discretion in this case when the record as a whole indicates

the judge did in fact perform the required balancing.




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