                   Cite as: 589 U. S. ____ (2020)              1

                    SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
                           _________________

                            No. 19A905
                           _________________


 CHAD WOLF, ACTING SECRETARY OF HOMELAND
       SECURITY, ET AL. v. COOK COUNTY,
               ILLINOIS, ET AL.
                  ON APPLICATION FOR STAY
                       [February 21, 2020]

   The application for stay presented to JUSTICE
KAVANAUGH and by him referred to the Court is granted,
and the District Court’s October 14, 2019 order granting a
preliminary injunction is stayed pending disposition of the
Government’s appeal in the United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit and disposition of the Government’s
petition for a writ of certiorari, if such writ is timely sought.
Should the petition for a writ of certiorari be denied, this
stay shall terminate automatically. In the event the peti-
tion for a writ of certiorari is granted, the stay shall termi-
nate upon the sending down of the judgment of this Court.
   JUSTICE GINSBURG, JUSTICE BREYER, and JUSTICE
KAGAN would deny the application.
   JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR, dissenting from the grant of stay.
   Today’s decision follows a now-familiar pattern. The
Government seeks emergency relief from this Court, asking
it to grant a stay where two lower courts have not. The
Government insists—even though review in a court of ap-
peals is imminent—that it will suffer irreparable harm if
this Court does not grant a stay. And the Court yields.
   But this application is perhaps even more concerning
than past ones. Just weeks ago, this Court granted a stay
of a different decision involving the same administrative
rule at issue here, after the Government professed urgency
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                   SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

because of the form of relief granted in the prior case—a
nationwide injunction. The Government now uses that
stay—of a nationwide injunction—to insist that it is enti-
tled to one here. But the injunction in this case is limited
to one State, Illinois. The Government cannot state with
precision any of the supposed harm that would come from
the Illinois-specific injunction, and the Court of Appeals for
the Seventh Circuit has scheduled oral argument for next
week. The Government’s professed harm, therefore, boils
down to an inability to enforce its immigration goals, possi-
bly in only the immediate term, in one of 50 States. It is
hard to say what is more troubling: that the Government
would seek this extraordinary relief seemingly as a matter
of course, or that the Court would grant it.
   This case concerns a provision of the Immigration and
Nationality Act that renders inadmissible any noncitizen
who “is likely at any time to become a public charge.” 8
U. S. C. §1182(a)(4)(A). The provision instructs immigra-
tion officers to consider, “at a minimum,” a person’s “age;
health; family status; assets, resources, and financial sta-
tus; and education and skills” in determining inadmissibil-
ity on this “public charge” basis. §1182(a)(4)(B). For the
last 20 years, field guidance has defined “public charge” as
a person “primarily dependent on the government for sub-
sistence.” 64 Fed. Reg. 28689 (1999) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Per that guidance, immigration officers
were not to consider non-cash public benefits in deciding
whether a noncitizen met that definition.
   In August 2019, the Department of Homeland Security
issued a regulation that changed this longstanding defini-
tion. This new regulation (the public-charge rule) now de-
fines a “public charge” as “an alien who receives one or more
designated public benefits for more than 12 months in the
aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for in-
stance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two
months).” 84 Fed. Reg. 41292, 41295. The regulation also
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                    SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

expands the type of benefits that may render a noncitizen
inadmissible, including non-cash benefits such as the Sup-
plemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly food
stamps), most forms of Medicaid, and various forms of hous-
ing assistance. Ibid.
   Several lawsuits followed, one of which reached this
Court last month. See Application for Stay of Injunctions
in Department of Homeland Security v. New York, No.
19A785 (New York cases). The Government in no small
part insisted that it was entitled to a stay because of the
scope of relief awarded below: The District Court in the New
York cases imposed a nationwide injunction that “rendered
effectively academic” the Government’s successful litigation
on the public-charge rule elsewhere. Id., at 4. The Govern-
ment’s unquestionable focus was the scope of that injunc-
tion: Its stay application used the word “nationwide” 34
times.
    Over the dissent of four Justices, this Court granted the
Government’s application for a stay. Department of Home-
land Security v. New York, 589 U. S. ___ (2020). Two Jus-
tices concurred in the grant of the stay, emphasizing—as
the Government did—the “equitable and constitutional
questions raised by the rise of nationwide injunctions.” Id.,
at ___ (GORSUCH, J., concurring in grant of stay) (slip op.,
at 5). No Member of the Court discussed the application’s
merit apart from its challenges to the injunction’s nation-
wide scope.
   In the meantime, other courts considered the public-
charge rule, and one—the District Court in this case—ruled
much more narrowly. The District Court concluded that the
plaintiffs in the case before it were entitled to a preliminary
injunction, based on self-described “dry and arguably blood-
less” legal analysis. Cook County v. McAleenan, ___
F. Supp. 3d ___, ___, 2019 WL 5110267, *14 (ND Ill., Oct.
14, 2019). But it did not award nationwide relief as the New
York court had: It merely prevented the Government from
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                    SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

enforcing the public-charge rule in Illinois, where the
“ ‘nearly 100 nonprofit organizations and social and health
service providers’ ” represented by one of the plaintiffs were
located. Ibid.
   After the District Court declined to stay enforcement of
its injunction pending appeal, the Government asked the
Seventh Circuit to intervene and stay the injunction itself.
On December 23, 2019, the Seventh Circuit declined, and
instead set an expedited briefing schedule to ensure prompt
consideration of the issue. As part of that expedited sched-
ule, the Seventh Circuit set oral argument for February 26,
2020—five days from now.
   Notably, the Government initially chose not to appeal the
Seventh Circuit’s decision denying a stay. Instead, while
letting the normal appellate process play out in this case, it
urged this Court to review a later issued decision granting
a nationwide injunction—in no small part because it was a
nationwide injunction. Yet now that this Court acceded to
that request, the Government wants more: It asks this
Court to grant a stay of the District Court’s considered—
and considerably narrower—order below.
   One might wonder what the trouble is with granting a
stay in this case. After all, by granting a stay in the New
York cases, the Court effectively has already allowed the
Government to enforce the public-charge rule elsewhere—
why not Illinois too? But—even putting aside the dissent
of four Justices in the New York cases and the plaintiffs’
weighty arguments on the merits—the Court should not
forget the burden the Government must carry to obtain a
stay. To warrant this “ ‘extraordinary’ ” relief, Williams v.
Zbaraz, 442 U. S. 1309, 1316 (1979) (Stevens, J., in cham-
bers), it is not enough for a party to point to an important
legal issue, or even one that is likely to obtain the assent of
five Justices on the merits (which is far from certain here).
Instead, to justify upending the normal rules of appellate
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                   SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

procedure, a party must also show a likelihood of irrepara-
ble harm. Packwood v. Senate Select Comm. on Ethics, 510
U. S. 1319, 1320 (1994) (Rehnquist, C. J., in chambers).
And “[b]ecause this matter is pending before the Court of
Appeals, and because the Court of Appeals denied” the Gov-
ernment’s motion for a stay, the Government now bears “an
especially heavy burden.” Ibid.
   The Government has not made that showing here. Its
public-charge rule is set to go into effect in 49 of 50 States
next week. The Seventh Circuit is set to consider the
Illinois-specific injunction next week as well, with a deci-
sion to follow shortly thereafter. And the Government is
unable to articulate how many cases—if any—this narrow
injunction would affect in the meantime. In sum, the Gov-
ernment’s only claimed hardship is that it must enforce an
existing interpretation of an immigration rule in one
State—just as it has done for the past 20 years—while an
updated version of the rule takes effect in the remaining 49.
The Government has not quantified or explained any bur-
dens that would arise from this state of the world. Indeed,
until this Court granted relief in the New York cases, the
Government itself did not consider this Illinois-specific
harm serious enough to warrant asking this Court for relief.
   These facts—all of which undermine the Government’s
assertion of irreparable harm—show two things, one about
the Government’s conduct and one about this Court’s own.
First, the Government has come to treat “th[e] exceptional
mechanism” of stay relief “as a new normal.” Barr v. East
Bay Sanctuary Covenant, 588 U. S. ___, ___ (2019)
(SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting from grant of stay) (slip op., at
5). Claiming one emergency after another, the Government
has recently sought stays in an unprecedented number of
cases, demanding immediate attention and consuming lim-
ited Court resources in each. And with each successive ap-
plication, of course, its cries of urgency ring increasingly
hollow. Indeed, its behavior relating to the public-charge
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                    SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

rule in particular shows how much its own definition of ir-
reparable harm has shifted. Having first sought a stay in
the New York cases based, in large part, on the purported
harm created by a nationwide injunction, it now disclaims
that rationale and insists that the harm is its temporary
inability to enforce its goals in one State.
   Second, this Court is partly to blame for the breakdown
in the appellate process. That is because the Court—in this
case, the New York cases, and many others—has been all
too quick to grant the Government’s “reflexiv[e]” requests.
Ibid. But make no mistake: Such a shift in the Court’s own
behavior comes at a cost.
   Stay applications force the Court to consider important
statutory and constitutional questions that have not been
ventilated fully in the lower courts, on abbreviated timeta-
bles and without oral argument. They upend the normal
appellate process, putting a thumb on the scale in favor of
the party that won a stay. (Here, the Government touts
that in granting a stay in the New York cases, this Court
“necessarily concluded that if the court of appeals were to
uphold the preliminary injunctio[n], the Court likely would
grant a petition for a writ of certiorari” and that “there was
a fair prospect the Court would rule in favor of the govern-
ment.” Application 3.) They demand extensive time and
resources when the Court’s intervention may well be unnec-
essary—particularly when, as here, a court of appeals is
poised to decide the issue for itself.
   Perhaps most troublingly, the Court’s recent behavior on
stay applications has benefited one litigant over all others.
This Court often permits executions—where the risk of ir-
reparable harm is the loss of life—to proceed, justifying
many of those decisions on purported failures “to raise any
potentially meritorious claims in a timely manner.” Mur-
phy v. Collier, 587 U. S. ___, ___ (2019) (second statement
of KAVANAUGH, J.) (slip op., at 4); see also id., at ___ (ALITO,
J., joined by THOMAS and GORSUCH, JJ., dissenting from
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                   SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting

grant of stay) (slip op., at 6) (“When courts do not have ad-
equate time to consider a claim, the decisionmaking process
may be compromised”); cf. Dunn v. Ray, 586 U. S. ___ (2019)
(overturning the grant of a stay of execution). Yet the
Court’s concerns over quick decisions wither when prodded
by the Government in far less compelling circumstances—
where the Government itself chose to wait to seek relief,
and where its claimed harm is continuation of a 20-year sta-
tus quo in one State. I fear that this disparity in treatment
erodes the fair and balanced decisionmaking process that
this Court must strive to protect.
  I respectfully dissent.
