46 F.3d 668
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Dale E. MYERS, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 94-1912.
United States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.
Argued Dec. 1, 1994.Decided Feb. 1, 1995.

Victoria Ursulskis, Donna Eide (argued), Office of U.S. Atty., Indianapolis, IN, for plaintiff-appellee.
Stephen Dillon, Andrew C. Maternowski (argued), Indianapolis, IN, for defendant-appellant.
Before CUDAHY, ESCHBACH, and MANION, Circuit Judges.
MANION, Circuit Judge.


1
Dale E. Myers pleaded guilty to manufacturing marijuana and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1).  Myers' guilty plea reserved the right to appeal the district court's denial of his motion to suppress marijuana recovered during a search of his home.  Myers now appeals the denial of his motion to suppress.  This appeal presents an issue of first impression in this circuit, namely whether thermal imaging scanning is a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.  We join the Eighth and Eleventh Circuits and hold that it is not.

I. Factual Background

2
In 1991, the Indiana State Police set up Circle City Hydroponics, an undercover business designed to attract and identify marijuana growers.  Circle City sold certain indoor gardening specialty products used by marijuana cultivators.  One of Circle City's customers, Dale E. Myers, attracted the investigators' attention.  In addition to a suspicious purchase, Myers also inquired about other technology used by marijuana growers.  Based on these events, the police decided to investigate Myers further.  One aspect of this investigation focused on Myers' electrical usage, since indoor cultivation of marijuana requires high-voltage indoor lighting.  These inquiries revealed that Myers' electrical usage was unusually high in non-summer months.  Agents also conducted surveillance of Myers' home and discovered that Myers had not left any garbage out for three weeks.  The police believed that Myers did not leave any garbage at the curbside because he was disposing of marijuana clippings.


3
To further investigate Myers, on March 12, 1992 the Indiana State Police performed thermal imaging scanning of Myers' residence.  Thermal imaging scanning is a procedure that measures the amount of heat emitted from an object.  The thermal imaging scanner used in this case, the Agema 210, measures heat emissions and displays the results on a viewfinder on top of the instrument (much like a camcorder) by shading in lighter or darker degrees the area surrounding the object scanned.  The Agema 210 does not penetrate the viewed object, nor does it emit rays or beams of any type.  The scan performed on Myers' residence in this case revealed inordinate amounts of heat, indicating the use of indoor lights associated with marijuana cultivation.


4
Based on the results from the thermal imaging tests and the other evidence gathered up to that point, the Indiana State Police requested a search warrant for Myers' residence.  The warrant was issued and executed on April 22, 1992.  A search of Myers' residence uncovered growing and processed marijuana plants and various items of growing equipment.  Based on this evidence, Myers was indicted for manufacturing marijuana and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute.


5
Myers moved to suppress the evidence obtained during this search, claiming that the warrant was invalid because it was issued based on the results of thermal imaging scanning, which he claims constituted an unconstitutional search.  The district court denied Myers' Motion to Suppress.  Myers then pleaded guilty and reserved the right to this appeal of the denial of his Motion to Suppress.

II. Analysis

6
Myers asserts that the thermal imaging scan of his home was a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and, therefore, required a warrant to be valid.  Since the police did not obtain a warrant before using the thermal imaging scanner, Myers contends that this search was unconstitutional.  Myers then reasons that since the thermal imaging scan was unconstitutional, the search warrant based on the results of these tests is also invalid, thereby compelling the evidence obtained during the search to be suppressed.


7
Whether thermal imaging scanning constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment is an issue of first impression in our circuit.  The Eighth and the Eleventh Circuits are the only other circuits to have considered this issue.  Both of these circuits held that thermal imaging scanning does not constitute a Fourth Amendment search.  United States v. Pinson, 24 F.3d 1056 (8th Cir.1994);  United States v. Ford, 34 F.3d 992, 995-96 (11th Cir.1994).  We find the reasoning of these circuits persuasive.  For the following reasons we hold that thermal imaging scanning does not constitute a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.


8
A search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment occurs only when a reasonable expectation of privacy is infringed.  Andree v. Ashland County, 818 F.2d 1306, 1314 (7th Cir.1987), citing Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361, 88 S.Ct. 507, 516-17, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).  This occurs when (1) the complainant exhibits an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, (2) the expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable."  Id.; Katz, 389 U.S. at 361, 88 S.Ct. at 516.   Therefore, in this case, for the thermal imaging scanning of Myers' residence to constitute a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, Myers must have had a subjective expectation of privacy in the heat emitted from his home and society must recognize such an expectation as reasonable.


9
The record demonstrates that Myers did not have a subjective expectation of privacy in the heat emitted.  Myers took no steps to conceal or contain the heat emissions from his home.  In fact, Myers discharged the heat from his home through vents on his roof.  Ford, 34 F.3d at 995 (defendant did not exhibit subjective expectation of privacy in the heat emitted from his home where defendant took no steps to conceal the heat and in fact took steps to expel the heat). And even if Myers did have a subjective expectation of privacy in the heat emanating from his home, we are convinced that such an expectation is not one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable."   A thermal imaging scan does not intrude in any way into the privacy and sanctity of a home.1  And "[n]one of the interests which form the basis for the need for protection of a residence, namely the intimacy, personal autonomy and privacy associated with a home, are threatened by thermal imagery."  Pinson, 24 F.3d at 1059.   Moreover, society has been unwilling to protect as reasonable "waste products intentionally or inevitably exposed to the public" such as the garbage left at the curbside, California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35, 37, 108 S.Ct. 1625, 1627, 100 L.Ed.2d 30 (1988), the smoke rising from a chimney, Air Pollution Variance Bd. of Col. v. Western Alfalfa Corp., 416 U.S. 861, 865, 94 S.Ct. 2114, 2116, 40 L.Ed.2d 607 (1974), and the scent of drugs emanating from luggage, United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 77 L.Ed.2d 110 (1983).  Ford, 34 F.3d at 997.   We conclude that society is similarly not willing to protect as reasonable an expectation of privacy in the wasted heat emitted from a home.  Ford, 34 F.3d at 997;  Pinson, 24 F.3d at 1058.


10
For these reasons, we find that thermal imaging scanning is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.  The district court's denial of Myers' Motion to Suppress is therefore


11
AFFIRMED.



1
 Myers argues that the thermal imaging scanner used in this case (the Agema 210) was "bottom of the line," and that much more sophisticated technology exists.  According to Myers, we should limit the use of less sophisticated machines such as the Agema 210 in order to prevent some future use of more expensive, more technical equipment that, he alleges, will result in an invasion of privacy.  While it is true that other technology may be, or may become so advanced that it could unlawfully penetrate the walls of our homes or be otherwise unacceptably intrusive, this is not the case before us


