[Cite as In re J.H., 2014-Ohio-3108.]


                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   HOCKING COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                          :
                                           :
        J.H., Jr.                          :    Case No.    14CA4
                                           :
                                           :
                                           :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                                           :    ENTRY
                                           :
                                           :    Released: 07/10/14

                                        APPEARANCES:

Ryan Shepler, Kernen & Shepler, LLC, Logan, Ohio, for Appellant.

Laina Fetherolf, Prosecuting Attorney, and Ann Allen McDonough, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Logan, Ohio, for Appellee.


McFarland, J.

        {¶1} This is an appeal by Appellant of the trial court’s decision awarding

permanent custody of her biological child, J.H., Jr., to appellee, South Central Ohio

Job and Family Services, formerly known as Hocking County Children Services.

Appellant argues that the trial court erred by determining that the evidence clearly

and convincingly shows that awarding appellee permanent custody is in the child’s

best interest, because the evidence fails to show that the child could not achieve a

legally secure permanent placement without granting appellee permanent custody.

Appellant contends that she would be able to provide a legally secure permanent
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  2


placement for the child after her release from jail in July 2014 or her father could

have provided a legally secure permanent placement on either a temporary or

permanent basis. Clear and convincing evidence shows that appellant is

incarcerated and cannot provide the child with a legally secure permanent

placement and, by her own admission, would not be able to provide the child with

a legally secure permanent placement for at least six months after her July 2014

release. Additionally, R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) did not require the trial court to

determine whether appellant’s father could provide a legally secure permanent

placement for the child before the court could award appellee permanent custody.

Accordingly, we reject appellant’s argument that clear and convincing evidence

fails to support the trial court’s finding that the child could not achieve a legally

secure permanent placement without a grant of permanent custody and that the trial

court’s decision to award appellee permanent custody of the child was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Thus, we overrule appellant’s assignment of

error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                      I. FACTS

      {¶2} On March 26, 2012, appellant gave birth to the child, and both she and

the child tested positive for cocaine. Appellant admitted that she had used

methadone, Percocet, and cocaine during the last three months of her pregnancy.

Appellee subsequently filed a complaint that alleged the child is an abused and
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                3


dependent child, and when the child was approximately two weeks old, the trial

court placed him in appellee’s temporary custody. On July 23, 2012, the court

adjudicated the child a dependent child and dismissed the abuse allegation.

      {¶3} On October 30, 2013, appellee filed a permanent custody motion.

Appellee argued that awarding it permanent custody of the child would be in the

child’s best interest because (1) the child had been in the same foster home since

the child was one month old, (2) the child bonded with the foster mother, (3) the

child lacked a bond with appellant and has seen appellant only three times since his

birth, (4) appellant had been unable to reunify with the child during the eighteen

months before appellee filed the permanent custody motion, and (5) a suitable

relative placement does not exist. Appellee asserted that it considered placing the

child with appellant’s father but deemed appellant’s father unsuitable “due to drug

use and criminal history.” Appellee further considered placing the child with

appellant’s aunt, but the aunt stated that she could not take the child.

      {¶4} On January 23, 2014, the guardian ad litem filed a report. The

guardian stated that she visited both the foster home and appellant’s father’s home

and found both to be safe and appropriate. However, the guardian ad litem did not

believe that placing the child in appellant’s father’s home would serve the child’s

best interest due to “the current impact and foreseeable future impact of
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                             4


[appellant]’s drug use and frequent incarcerations on her child[].” The guardian ad

litem further explained:

      “The GAL recommends that [the child] not be placed in [appellant’s
      father’s] home. This recommendation is made in light of [the child]’s strong
      bond with foster mother that began shortly after his birth and that foster
      mother will adopt [the child] if given that opportunity. In addition, [the
      child] may still not be ‘out of the woods’ in terms of the effect that
      [appellant]’s drug use during her pregnancy had on [the child]. The full
      impact will only be known as he grows and develops. This G[AL]
      concludes that these potential future challenges create a particular need for
      [the child] to have a legally secure permanent placement as early in his life
      as is possible.”

The guardian ad litem thus recommended that the court award appellee permanent

custody of the child.

      {¶5} Later, during the permanent custody hearing, the guardian ad litem

stated: “[G]iven [appellant]’s history and her inability to stay sober for any

extended period of time, it seems unlikely that she will ultimately succeed in

[recovering]. And in addition, the time that it would take, a minimum of a year for

her to be released from jail and complete treatment and then to find out whether or

not she can succeed outside of that structured environment. In the meantime [the

child] is in a foster home where he is fond of his foster mother.”

      {¶6} On February 3, 2014, the trial court granted appellee permanent

custody of the child. The court first found that the child was adjudicated

dependent on July 17, 2012, and was in appellee’s temporary custody from April 5,

2012 through October 30, 2013. The court thus determined that the child had been
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                               5


in appellee’s temporary custody for at least twelve months out of a twenty-two

month consecutive period, in accordance with R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). The court

also found that the child cannot be placed with appellant or any other family

member within a reasonable period of time and that the child should not be placed

with appellant. The court found that the child should not be placed with appellant

due to her repeated incarceration, her failure to complete substance abuse

treatment/counseling, her failure to remain sober, and her failure to abstain from

illegal drug use. The court determined that appellant “has not demonstrated a

willingness nor ability to care for, nurture and protect her child.”

      {¶7} The court next considered the following factors when evaluating the

child’s best interest: (1) the child had been in foster care since his birth; (2)

appellant had not regularly visited or maintained contact with the child; and (3) the

child was not competent to express his wishes, but the guardian ad litem believed

that awarding appellee permanent custody would serve the child’s best interest.

The court further determined that “the child can only have a legally secure

permanent placement by a grant of permanent custody to [appellee].”

      {¶8} The court also considered R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2), (4), (9), (11), (13),

(14), and (15). The court observed the following: (1) appellee made reasonable

efforts to reunify appellant with the child during the time appellant was not

incarcerated, but appellant’s “[p]arenting deficiencies and chemical dependency
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                    6


required foster placement of the child;” (2) appellant “has a history of chronic

substance abuse and incarceration” and she “has demonstrated an inability to

refrain from substance abuse and has not followed through with AOD counseling

and/or treatment;” (3) appellant “has not been able to adequately care for herself,

including maintaining housing and attending Court hearings;” (4) appellant has

“AOD addiction and abuse issues,” and she failed “to seek and obtain counseling

for those problems;” (5) appellant’s parental rights were terminated with respect to

one of her two other children, and her father has legal custody of the other child;

(6) appellant has a history of repeated incarceration; (7) appellant failed to visit or

pay support for the child while in foster care; and (8) appellant’s past history

indicates that “reunification with [appellant] will result in continued neglect and/or

dependency of the child.” The court thus terminated appellant’s parental rights and

awarded appellee permanent custody of the child.

                           II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

      {¶9} Appellant timely appealed the trial court’s judgment and raises one

assignment of error:

      The trial court erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence
      supports a finding that granting permanent custody is in the best
      interest of [the child].

                                   III. ANALYSIS
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  7


      {¶10} In her sole assignment of error, appellant essentially argues that the

trial court’s judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence, because clear

and convincing evidence does not support the court’s decision that awarding

appellee permanent custody serves the child’s best interests. Specifically,

appellant argues that clear and convincing evidence fails to support the trial court’s

finding that the child cannot obtain a legally secure permanent placement without

granting permanent custody to appellee. Appellant asserts that she would be able

to provide the child with a legally secure permanent placement upon her release

from prison, or alternatively, her father can provide a legally secure placement for

the child on either a temporary or permanent basis. Appellant contends that the

court’s finding that the child should not be placed with appellant’s father is

unsupported by clear and convincing evidence. She observes that the court cited

appellant’s father’s “lengthy history of Domestic Violence and Criminal

Convictions,” but asserts that “the record contains no admissible evidence of [her

father]’s prior legal involvement.”

      {¶11} Appellant also disputes the court’s findings that she failed to assist in

identifying the child’s biological father or that she failed to pay child support while

the child was in foster care.

                           A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  8


      {¶12} A reviewing court generally will not disturb a trial court’s permanent

custody decision unless the decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

In re R.S., 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA22, 2013–Ohio–5569, ¶29.

      “‘Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of
      credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather
      than the other. It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden
      of proof will be entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their
      minds, they shall find the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the
      issue which is to be established before them. Weight is not a question of
      mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.”’”

Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶12,

quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997),

quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990).

      {¶13} When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s permanent

custody decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court

“‘“weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of

witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder

of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that

the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”’” Eastley at ¶20,

quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103, 115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th

Dist.2001), quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Accord

In re Pittman, 9th Dist. Summit No. 20894, 2002–Ohio–2208, ¶¶23–24.
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  9


      {¶14} The essential question that we must resolve when reviewing a

permanent custody decision under the manifest weight of the evidence standard is

“whether the juvenile court's findings * * * were supported by clear and

convincing evidence.” In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008–Ohio–4825, 895

N.E.2d 809, ¶43. “Clear and convincing evidence” is:

      “The measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of
      fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established.
      It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the
      extent of such certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal
      cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.”

In re Estate of Haynes, 25 Ohio St.3d 101, 103–04, 495 N.E.2d 23 (1986).

      {¶15} In determining whether a trial court based its decision upon clear and

convincing evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine

whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite

degree of proof.” State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990).

Accord In re Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985), citing

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954) (“Once the clear and

convincing standard has been met to the satisfaction of the [trial] court, the

reviewing court must examine the record and determine if the trier of fact had

sufficient evidence before it to satisfy this burden of proof.”); In re Adoption of

Lay, 25 Ohio St.3d 41, 42–43, 495 N.E.2d 9 (1986). Cf. In re Adoption of Masa,

23 Ohio St.3d 163, 165, 492 N.E.2d 140 (1986) (stating that whether a fact has
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                10


been “proven by clear and convincing evidence in a particular case is a

determination for the [trial] court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless such

determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence”). Thus, if the

children services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon which

the trier of fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent custody

is warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. In re R.M., --- Ohio App.3d ---, 2013–Ohio–3588, 997 N.E.2d 169, ¶62

(4th Dist.).

       {¶16} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, the court may

reverse the judgment only if it appears that the fact-finder, when resolving the

conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20

Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). A reviewing court should

find a trial court’s permanent custody decision against the manifest weight of the

evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the [decision].’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting

Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717; accord State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio

St.3d 479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995 (2000).
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  11


      {¶17} Additionally, deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is

“crucial in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties’

demeanor and attitude that does not translate to the record well (Emphasis sic).”

Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Accord In

re Christian, 4th Dist. Athens No. 04CA 10, 2004–Ohio–3146, ¶7. As the Ohio

Supreme Court long-ago explained: “In proceedings involving the custody and

welfare of children the power of the trial court to exercise discretion is peculiarly

important. The knowledge obtained through contact with and observation of the

parties and through independent investigation can not be conveyed to a reviewing

court by printed record.” Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772

(1952).

                   B. PERMANENT CUSTODY PRINCIPLES

      {¶18} A parent has a “fundamental liberty interest” in the care, custody, and

management of his or her child and an “essential” and “basic civil right” to raise

his or her children. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71

L.Ed .2d 599 (1982); In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 156, 556 N.E.2d 1169

(1990); accord In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007–Ohio–1105, 862 N.E.2d 829.

A parent’s rights, however, are not absolute. D.A. at ¶11. Rather, “‘it is plain that

the natural rights of a parent * * * are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the

child, which is the pole star or controlling principle to be observed.’” In re
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                            12


Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (1979), quoting In re

R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla.App.1974). Thus, the state may terminate parental

rights when a child’s best interest demands such termination. D.A . at ¶11.

      {¶19} Before a court may award a children services agency permanent

custody of a child, R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the court to hold a hearing. The

primary purpose of the hearing is to allow the court to determine whether the

child’s best interests would be served by permanently terminating the parental

relationship and by awarding permanent custody to the agency. R.C.

2151.414(A)(1). Additionally, when considering whether to grant a children

services agency permanent custody, a trial court should consider the underlying

principles of R.C. Chapter 2151:

            (A) To provide for the care, protection, and mental and physical
      development of children * * *;
            ***
            (B) To achieve the foregoing purpose[ ], whenever possible, in a
      family environment, separating the child from its parents only when
      necessary for his welfare or in the interests of public safety.

                  C. PERMANENT CUSTODY FRAMEWORK

      {¶20} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) permits a trial court to grant permanent custody

of a child to a children services agency if the court determines, by clear and

convincing evidence, that the child’s best interest would be served by the award of

permanent custody and that:
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                13


             (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned or has not been in the
      temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
      private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
      twenty-two month period ending on or after March 18, 1999, and the child
      cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time
      or should not be placed with the child’s parents.
             (b) The child is abandoned.
             (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
      are able to take permanent custody.
             (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
      children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or
      more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period ending on or after
      March 18, 1999.

      {¶21} Thus, before a trial court may award a children services agency

permanent custody, it must find (1) that one of the circumstances described in R.C.

2151.414(B)(1) applies, and (2) that awarding the children services agency

permanent custody would further the child’s best interest.

      {¶22} In the case at bar, appellant does not challenge the trial court’s R.C.

2151.414(B)(1) finding. Thus, we do not address it.

                                D. BEST INTEREST

      {¶23} R.C. 2151.414(D) requires a trial court to consider specific factors to

determine whether a child’s best interest will be served by granting a children

services agency permanent custody. The factors include: (1) the child’s interaction

and interrelationship with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and

out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the

child; (2) the child’s wishes, as expressed directly by the child or through the
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                 14


child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the child's maturity; (3) the child’s

custodial history; (4) the child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and

whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent

custody to the agency; and (5) whether any factors listed under R.C.

2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.

      {¶24} Here, the only best interest factor appellant challenges concerns the

trial court’s finding regarding the child’s need for a legally secure permanent

placement.

      {¶25} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) requires the trial court to consider “[t]he

child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that placement

can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the [children services]

agency.” Appellant argues that the evidence fails to support the trial court’s

finding that the child cannot achieve a legally secure permanent placement without

granting appellee permanent custody. We do not agree.

      {¶26} The child has been in appellee’s temporary custody since he was a

newborn, and at the time of the permanent custody hearing, he was almost two

years old. During that time, appellant was unable to provide the child with a

legally secure permanent placement, mainly due to her drug abuse and

incarceration. At the time of the permanent custody hearing, appellant’s expected

release date was July 2014. Thus, appellant would not be able to provide the child
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                15


with a legally secure permanent placement for at least six months following the

date of the permanent custody hearing, presuming that she could obtain custody of

the child immediately upon her release from jail, which even appellant recognized

was not likely. Appellant admitted that she would need at least six months after

her release to attempt to stabilize her life so as to take custody of the child. As

appellee’s witnesses pointed out, however, appellant has twice completed

substance abuse programs yet still relapsed. Thus, appellee asserted that

appellant’s future ability to refrain from substance abuse was questionable.

Consequently, when, if ever, appellant would be able to provide a legally secure

permanent placement for the child is unknown. The trial court was not required to

deny the child the permanency that he needs, especially at a young age, in order to

provide appellant even more chances to prove that she can provide a legally secure

permanent placement for the child. To deny appellee permanent custody would

only prolong the child’s uncertainty. Even though the child has remained in the

same foster home since appellee acquired temporary custody, there is no guarantee

that the child would remain in this same foster home until appellant demonstrates

that she can provide the child with a legally secure permanent placement. Instead,

continuing the child in appellee’s temporary custody would place the child in

limbo with no guarantee of a legally secure permanent placement. We do not

believe that the trial court was required to experiment with the child’s best interest
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                 16


in order to permit appellant to prove that she will be able to regain custody of the

child. In re C.T.L.A., 4th Dist. Hocking No. 13CA24, 2014-Ohio-1550, ¶51.

      “‘ * * * [A] child should not have to endure the inevitable to its great
      detriment and harm in order to give the * * * [parent] an opportunity to
      prove her suitability. To anticipate the future, however, is at most, a difficult
      basis for a judicial determination. The child’s present condition and
      environment is the subject for decision not the expected or anticipated
      behavior of unsuitability or unfitness of the * * * [parent]. * * * The law
      does not require the court to experiment with the child’s welfare to see if he
      will suffer great detriment or harm.’”

In re Bishop (1987), 36 Ohio App.3d 123, 126, 521 N.E.2d 838, quoting In re East

(1972), 32 Ohio Misc. 65, 69, 288 N.E.2d 343, 346. We therefore disagree with

appellant’s suggestion that the court should have considered a temporary

arrangement pending appellant’s unpredictable ability to regain custody of the

child. In re J.B., 9th Dist. Nos. 24470 and 24473, 2009-Ohio-1054, ¶27 (observing

that a temporary placement offers “none of the protections of legal custody and no

assurance of permanence”) .

      {¶27} Moreover, we do not agree with appellant that the trial court was

required to seriously consider her father as a placement before awarding appellee

permanent custody. The Ohio Supreme Court considered this same issue in In re

Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, and rejected the

argument that a trial court must find by clear and convincing evidence that no

suitable relative is available for placement before awarding a children services
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                                          17


agency permanent custody. The court explained that R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d)1 is

not entitled to any “heightened importance,” and the trial court is not “required to

credit evidence in support of maintaining the parental relationship when evidence

supporting termination outweighs it clearly and convincingly.” Id. at ¶56. The

Schaefer court further rejected any argument that a juvenile court must determine

“by clear and convincing evidence that ‘termination of appellant’s parental rights

was not only a necessary option, but also the only option’ or that “no suitable

relative was available for placement.” Id. at ¶64. The court stated that R.C.

2151.414(D) “does not make the availability of a placement that would not require

a termination of parental rights an all-controlling factor,” and it “does not even

require the court to weigh that factor more heavily than other factors.” Id. Accord

C.T.L.A., supra, at ¶52 (stating that trial court “had no duty to first consider placing

the child with [a]ppellant’s relatives or a family friend before granting [a]ppellee

permanent custody”); In re J.K., 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3269, 2012-Ohio-214,

¶27 and ¶30; In re A.C.H., 4th Dist. Gallia No. 11CA2, 2011–Ohio–5595, ¶44; In re

M.O., 4th Dist. Ross No. 10CA3189, 2011-Ohio-2011, ¶20 (stating that children

services agency “had no statutory duty to make ‘reasonable efforts’ to effect a

relative placement before seeking permanent custody * * * * [, and] the juvenile



1
 At the time Schaefer was decided, R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) was designated as R.C. 2151.414(D)(4), but no other
substantive changes have since been made.
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                 18


court did not have to find by clear and convincing evidence that no suitable relative

was available for placement before awarding the agency permanent custody”).

      {¶28} Appellant nevertheless asserts that under that Ninth District’s

rationale in In re A.A., 9th Dist. Summit No. 22196, 2004-Ohio-5955, the trial court

was required to determine whether her father could have provided the child with a

legally secure permanent placement before terminating her parental rights and

awarding appellee permanent custody. However, A.A. was decided approximately

two years before the Schaefer decision. Thus, the rule that appellant cites from

A.A. (“If a legally secure placement could have been accomplished without

terminating parental rights * * * , the agency should have explored it and the trial

court should have considered this less drastic alternative to permanently severing a

family relationship,” A.A. at ¶18) is of questionable validity in light of the Schaefer

court’s statement that R.C. 2151.414(D) “does not make the availability of a

placement that would not require a termination of parental rights an all-controlling

factor,” and it “does not even require the court to weigh that factor more heavily

than other factors.” Schaefer at ¶64.

      {¶29} Consequently, the trial court had no duty to first consider placing the

child with appellant’s father before granting appellee permanent custody. Thus,

we reject appellant’s assertion that the court’s finding that the child needed a
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  19


legally secure permanent placement that could not be achieved without granting

appellee permanent custody is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶30} Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s findings regarding any

of the other R.C. 2151.414(D) factors. In fact, in her “Pre-Trial Hearing

Memorandum Opposing Permanent Custody,” appellant asserts that if she “had not

made significant progress [on her case plan], Counsel would agree that permanent

custody would be the best solution.” We further note that the trial court considered

all of the relevant best interest factors and determined that they weighed in favor of

granting appellee permanent custody. The evidence supports the court’s decision.

The evidence shows that (1) the foster home is the only home the child has ever

known, (2) the child is bonded to the foster family, (3) the foster parents will adopt

the child if appellee is awarded permanent custody, (4) appellant does not have a

bond with the child, (5) the guardian ad litem recommended that the court award

appellee permanent custody, and (6) appellant could not provide the child with a

legally secure permanent placement, and appellee did not deem any relatives

suitable. The trial court also reasonably could have determined that uprooting the

child from the foster home—the only home he has ever known during his two

years of life—and placing him in appellant’s father’s custody would not be in the

child’s best interest. In sum, nothing indicates that the court’s decision is against

the manifest weight of the evidence.
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                  20


      {¶31} Appellant also argues that the trial court’s findings that she failed to

pay child support while the child was in foster care and that she failed to assist in

identifying putative fathers of the child are against the manifest weight of the

evidence. If appellant is correct, appellant fails to show that the absence of either

fact would have altered the outcome of the proceedings. Again, and even if these

findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence, the trial court’s overall

decision to award appellee permanent custody is not. The record contains ample,

competent and credible evidence to support the court’s finding under R.C.

2151.414(D) that awarding appellee permanent custody of the child would serve

the child’s best interest. The findings appellant challenges are superfluous and

would not constitute reversible error.

      {¶32} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule

appellant’s sole assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                         JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                              21


Harsha, J., concurring:

      {¶33} I concur in judgment and opinion with one caveat. The principle

opinion indicates at ¶ 28 that the holding in In re A.A., 9th Dist. No. 22196, 2004-

Ohio-5955, “is of questionable validity in light of the Schaefer court’s statement *

* *” of a contrary rule. It apparently reaches that conclusion based upon the

chronology of the two cases, i.e. “However, A.A. was decided approximately two

years before the Schaefer decision.” In my view the validity of In re A.A. is not

merely questionable but a foregone conclusion. And its demise is not a matter of

chronology, but rather one of hierarchy.
Hocking App. No. 14CA4                                                                 22


                                JUDGMENT ENTRY

     It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be assessed to
Appellant.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Hocking County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment
into execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON
BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR
THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days
upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow
Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during
the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it
will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure
of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the
forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses
the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of
such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, P.J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Harsha, J.: Concurs with Concurring Opinion.

                                         For the Court,


                                  BY: ___________________________________
                                      Matthew W. McFarland, Judge

                                NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and
the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
