                                                                                           Filed
                                                                                     Washington State
                                                                                     Court of Appeals
                                                                                      Division Two

                                                                                      April 12, 2016




      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION II
    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                         No. 47295-3-II

                               Respondent,

          v.

    TRISTAN FELEPADIUDE BRIGHT,                            UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                               Appellant.

         JOHANSON, P.J. — A jury found Tristan F. Bright guilty of five counts of domestic

violence court order violations (VNCO).1 Bright appeals, arguing that the trial court erred when

it admitted evidence of Bright’s 2012 VNCO convictions and abused its discretion when it

admitted jailhouse phone recordings without proper authentication. We hold that Bright fails to

establish that these alleged errors warrant reversal because Bright’s 2012 VNCO convictions were

constitutionally valid and Bright waived his objection to admission of the recordings. We affirm

Bright’s felony convictions.




1
    Former RCW 26.50.110(1)(a), (5) (2013).
No. 47295-3-II


                                               FACTS

                                          I. BACKGROUND

         Lakesha Edwards and Bright dated for seven years. In June 2014, Bright came to

Edwards’s apartment, began yelling at her, and followed her outside when she ran out of the

apartment to ask her neighbor for help. When police arrived, they discovered there were two

existing no-contact orders prohibiting Bright from contacting Edwards.

         On June 19, the State charged Bright with two counts of felony VNCO. In January 2015,

the State filed an amended information adding three felony VNCO charges, alleging that Bright

had contacted Edwards from jail by phone three times. All five charges were alleged to be felonies

based on Bright’s two 2012 VNCO convictions.

                          II. MOTION TO EXCLUDE THE 2012 CONVICTIONS

         Pretrial, Bright moved to exclude the 2012 VNCO convictions arguing that his Alford2

guilty plea was unconstitutional because it did not refer to facts that support the charges, state that

Bright read the police report or certification, nor express that his attorney read it to him. The State

provided the trial court with the 2012 pleadings, including the second amended information,

Bright’s statement of defendant on plea of guilty, a probable cause declaration, and a transcript

from Bright’s plea hearing for these convictions.

         On his 2012 written statement of defendant on plea of guilty, Bright acknowledged that the

elements of the crimes to which he would plead guilty were “set out in the 2nd amended

Information,” initialed that he received and reviewed the second amended information, and

checked the box to authorize the court to review the State’s declaration of probable cause to



2
    North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
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No. 47295-3-II


establish a factual basis for his plea. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 115. Bright also signed the guilty plea

form.

        The State’s January 2012 second amended information under cause number 11-1-03470-6

included two VNCO charges, which both stated that with knowledge that Pierce County Superior

Court had previously issued a no-contact order “in Cause No. 08-1-03837-0 and/or 10-1-01528-2

and/or 11-1-03470-6, [Bright] did unlawfully violate said order by knowingly violating the

restraint provisions therein by contacting Lakesha Edwards.” CP at 111-12. The second amended

information also stated that both counts violated former RCW 26.50.110(1) (2009).

        The declaration of probable cause stated that Pierce County previously issued two domestic

violence orders under cause numbers 08-1-03837-0 and 10-1-01528-2, prohibiting Bright from

contacting Edwards and with expiration dates of May 1, 2014 and September 29, 2015,

respectively.

        The court, while accepting Bright’s Alford plea in 2012, confirmed with Bright that he

understood everything in the second amended information, the charges, his guilty plea statement,

and the consequences of his plea, including sentencing ranges. Bright agreed that he wished to

plead guilty in order to take advantage of a plea offer even though he did not believe he was guilty

of these offenses and confirmed that he understood that his Alford plea had the same effect of a

guilty plea on each charge. The court reviewed the declaration of probable cause, found a factual

basis for the plea and stated that Bright’s plea was given knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

        After considering the above information regarding Bright’s 2012 VNCO convictions, the

2015 trial court found that Bright’s plea under cause number 11-1-03470-6 was a “valid, knowing,

intelligent guilty plea.” Report of Proceedings (RP) (Jan. 27, 2015) at 126. The trial court thus


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No. 47295-3-II


denied Bright’s motion to exclude the prior VNCOs. Thereafter, Bright stipulated that he had

these two prior convictions.

              III. MOTION TO EXCLUDE THE PHONE RECORDINGS AND CONVICTION

       Pretrial, Bright also requested an evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of three jailhouse

phone recordings. He moved to suppress statements in the calls that he asserted were irrelevant,

prejudicial, and/or hearsay. At the evidentiary hearing, Bright objected to the admission of these

recordings, first on the ground that the calls presented confrontation clause issues, and second

because the recordings each contained prejudicial and irrelevant information. Bright then stated,

“[T]he defense doesn’t have any issue with the authentication of the calls” and only claimed that

the records referred to by the State’s witness when discussing the recordings were not “appropriate

business records.” RP (Jan. 21, 2015) at 62-63. The trial court ruled that the jailhouse phone

recordings were admissible.

       The jury found Bright guilty as charged. The jury found he had prior convictions that

elevated his VNCO convictions to felonies. Bright appeals.

                                           ANALYSIS

                    I. PRIOR CONVICTIONS WERE CONSTITUTIONALLY VALID

       Bright argues that the trial court erred when it admitted his 2012 VNCO convictions

because his plea to those crimes was constitutionally insufficient. We disagree.

                    A. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND RELEVANT RULES OF LAW

       We review constitutional challenges de novo. State v. Vance, 168 Wn.2d 754, 759, 230

P.3d 1055 (2010). The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that a

defendant shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. To be valid, a guilty plea


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No. 47295-3-II


must be intelligently and voluntarily made and with the knowledge that certain rights will be

waived. State v. Branch, 129 Wn.2d 635, 642, 919 P.2d 1228 (1996).

       A defendant is adequately informed of the nature of the charges if made aware of the acts

and state of mind necessary to constitute the crime. State v. Holsworth, 93 Wn.2d 148, 153 n.3,

607 P.2d 845 (1980). An information that notifies the defendant of the nature of the crime to

which he pleads guilty creates a presumption that the plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

See State v. Osborne, 102 Wn.2d 87, 94-95, 684 P.2d 683 (1984) (holding language of an

information was sufficient to make defendants aware of the elements of a crime charged). The

court may examine written statements, such as a plea statement, to ascertain the defendant’s

understanding of the charges. Osborne, 102 Wn.2d at 94. A defendant’s signature on a plea form

is taken as “strong evidence of a plea’s voluntariness.” Branch, 129 Wn.2d at 642. The court may

also consider the trial court’s inquiries and a defendant’s responses regarding the nature and

consequences of a plea to determine if it was knowing and voluntary. See Branch, 129 Wn.2d at

643-44.

                  B. GUILTY PLEA SUFFICIENTLY KNOWING AND VOLUNTARY

       Bright claims that the specific statutes under which the prior protection orders were entered

were an “essential requirement” or a “critical element” that should have been included in the

second amended information and that their omission from the 2012 information, as well as from

his related plea statement and plea hearing, shows that he was not “aware of the nature and

elements of the crimes to which he was pleading guilty.” Br. of Appellant at 10. Specifically, he

argues that the omission from the second amended information of the specific statutes under which




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No. 47295-3-II


his prior VNCOs were issued made his plea unknowing and involuntary and, therefore,

unconstitutional. We disagree.

       Bright cites to City of Seattle v. Termain, 124 Wn. App. 798, 806, 103 P.3d 209 (2004), to

support his contentions. But Termain does not support Bright’s argument. Termain held that a

“charging document must describe the essential elements of a crime with reasonable certainty such

that the accused may prepare a defense and plead the judgment as a bar to any subsequent

prosecution for the same offense.” 124 Wn. App. at 802. Specifically, Termain concluded that

identification of the specific statute pursuant to which the underlying order was issued, the specific

no-contact order number, the issuance date from a specific court, the name of the protected person,

or sufficient other facts must be included in some manner such that there are enough bare facts in

the charging document that could fairly imply what actual conduct was being charged. 124 Wn.

App. at 805-06.

       Here, the second amended information did not apprise Bright of which specific statutes the

orders he violated in 2012 were issued under, but the information charging Bright contained other

sufficient facts pursuant to Termain. Regarding both 2012 counts, the information identified the

protected party, Edwards, by name, the county, Pierce, in which the order was entered, and the

specific cause numbers associated with the orders.

       Additionally, the second amended information states that Bright’s 2012 violations were

“contrary to RCW 26.50.110(1).” CP at 111-12. Former RCW 26.50.110 (2013) governs VNCOs

and lists the statutes under which a protection order may be granted: “chapter 7.92, 7.90. 9A.46,

9.94A, 10.99, 26.09, 26.10, 26.26, or 74.34 RCW.” Former RCW 26.50.110(1)(a) (2013). The




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No. 47295-3-II


inclusion of former RCW 26.50.110(1) (2013) thus at least notified Bright of the specific statutes

under which the orders he violated could have been issued.

          Finally, Bright’s written guilty plea statement, the State’s declaration of probable cause,

and Bright’s plea hearing show that Bright was aware of the nature and elements of the crimes to

which he pleaded guilty under cause number 11-1-03470-6. In his written guilty plea statement,

Bright agreed that the court could review the State’s declaration of probable cause to establish a

factual basis for his plea. This declaration included his past domestic violence protection orders

under cause numbers 08-1-03837-0 and 10-1-01528-2 and their expiration dates of May 1, 2014

and September 29, 2015, neither of which had expired when he violated the orders.

          Additionally, at his 2012 plea hearing, Bright stated that he understood he was being

charged with two counts of VNCO, that he understood the charges, and that he wished to plead

guilty. The court found that there was a factual basis for his plea and that his plea was given

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Bright signed the guilty plea form. Branch, 129 Wn.2d

at 642. And the 2012 court properly examined Bright’s written plea form and his statements at the

plea hearing to ascertain his understanding of the charges. These facts demonstrate that Bright’s

plea was voluntary, that the court properly examined Bright’s understanding of the charges, and

that Bright was adequately made aware of the conduct and state of mind necessary to constitute

the crime. See Branch, 129 Wn.2d at 642-44; Osborne, 102 Wn.2d at 94; Holsworth, 93 Wn.2d

at 153.

          We conclude that the information, the probable cause declaration, Bright’s plea form, and

the hearing included enough facts and proper procedure to fairly imply to Bright the nature of the

crime being charged to which he pleaded guilty creating a presumption that his plea was knowing


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No. 47295-3-II


and voluntary. Termain, 124 Wn. App. at 805-06; Holsworth, 93 Wn.2d at 153. We hold that

Bright’s 2012 guilty plea was constitutionally sufficient and, accordingly, was properly admitted

at trial.

        II. BRIGHT FAILED TO PRESERVE AUDIO AUTHENTICATION ARGUMENT FOR APPEAL

            Next, Bright argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted the jailhouse

phone recordings without proper authentication. We conclude that Bright failed to preserve this

argument for appeal.

            An appellate court may refuse to review claimed error that was not raised in the trial court.

RAP 2.5(a). A party objecting to the admission of evidence must make a timely and specific

objection in the trial court. ER 103. Objections to the admission of evidence will not be considered

for the first time on appeal unless based on the same ground asserted at trial. State v. Kirkman,

159 Wn.2d 918, 926, 155 P.3d 125 (2007).

            Bright did not move to exclude the recordings based on lack of authentication. In fact,

Bright specifically stated that the defense did not object to the recordings on the basis of

authentication. Instead, Bright objected based on the confrontation clause, prejudice, relevancy,

and the business records exception.

            Accordingly, we decline to consider Bright’s argument that the jailhouse phone recordings

were not properly authenticated because this objection was not raised at trial. RAP 2.5(a);

Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d at 926.




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No. 47295-3-II


        We affirm Bright’s convictions.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.



                                                    JOHANSON, P.J.
 We concur:



 MELNICK, J.




 SUTTON, J.




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