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                           APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
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                                                     SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                     APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                     DOCKET NO. A-4135-16T2

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

       Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

GIROLAMO BRUSCIANELLI,

     Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________

                Submitted October 1, 2018 – Decided October 9, 2018

                Before Judges Sabatino and Haas.

                On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                Division, Union County, Indictment No. 09-10-0909.

                Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
                appellant (Frank M. Gennaro, Designated Counsel, on
                the brief).

                Michael A. Monahan, Acting Union County
                Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (James C. Brady,
                Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant
                Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).

                Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM

      Defendant Girolamo Bruscianelli appeals from the April 4, 2017 Law

Division order denying his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR) following

an evidentiary hearing. We affirm.

      Pursuant to a plea agreement negotiated between the parties, defendant

pled guilty to second-degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(c)(4). In doing

so, he admitted having sexual intercourse with a minor during the one-year

period between June 2008 and June 2009. At that time, the victim was less than

sixteen years old, and defendant was more than four years older than her.

      During the plea hearing, defendant stated that he had reviewed the plea

form, which specifically apprised him that he would be subject to parole

supervision for life (PSL).       Defendant also signed a separate form

acknowledging that he would be required to abide by the twenty-five general

conditions of PSL listed on the form. The plea form informed defendant that if

he violated a condition of PSL, the State Parole Board could revoke his parole

and return him "to prison for [twelve] to [eighteen] months for each

revocation[.]"

      Judge Scott Moynihan, who presided at the plea hearing, also questioned

defendant about his understanding of PSL, and all of the other terms of the


                                                                        A-4135-16T2
                                       2
agreement. Defendant testified that: (1) he was "[d]efinitely" satisfied with the

services provided by his attorney; (2) he understood all aspects of the plea; and

(3) no one forced or threatened him to plead guilty.

      In accordance with the parties' agreement, Judge Moynihan subsequently

sentenced defendant to a four-year prison term, and PSL. The judge also ordered

defendant to comply with all applicable Megan's Law reporting requirements.

Defendant did not file a direct appeal from his conviction and sentence.

      Following his release from prison in June 2013, defendant violated the

conditions of his PSL on at least three occasions and, pursuant to N.J.S.A.

2C:43-6.4(d), the State Parole Board returned him to prison for periods of time

ranging between twelve and sixteen months for these violations. Defendant did

not file a direct appeal from any of the Board's determinations.

      In February 2016, defendant filed his petition for PCR. In support of his

petition, defendant alleged that his trial attorney provided ineffective assistance

to him because she failed to adequately explain the consequences of PSL or

properly investigate his case.    He also asserted that his attorney, with the

assistance of the prosecutor, coerced him into pleading guilty. Judge Moynihan

conducted an evidentiary hearing, at which defendant and his trial attorney




                                                                           A-4135-16T2
                                        3
testified. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge rendered a thorough written

opinion, denying defendant's petition for PCR.

      The judge rejected defendant's assertion that his attorney did not advise

him of the ramifications of PSL because the record developed at the plea hearing

was replete with admissions by defendant that he fully understood the terms of

the agreement, including the PSL component. The judge noted that defendant

claimed he was "probably in robotic mode saying yes to everything" during the

plea hearing. The judge found this testimony "to be a lie" because "the transcript

of each proceeding involving [defendant] reveals that he was never reticent,

addressing the court freely and openly. He was never "robotic." Moreover,

defendant conceded that he initialed each page of the plea forms, including the

PSL forms, and he acknowledged their content.

      Judge Moynihan next rejected defendant's bald assertion that the attorney

"did not adequately investigate any aspect of the case and merely guided

defendant to a plea without any investigation whatsoever." After noting that

defendant could not "point to any fact that a proper investigation would have

revealed[,]" the judge credited the attorney's testimony that she met with

defendant on many occasions, thoroughly discussed the case with him, answered

his questions, and reviewed all of the discovery.


                                                                          A-4135-16T2
                                        4
         The judge also found that defendant's claim of coercion in regard to the

plea was not credible. Defendant argued that he "got scared" when a prosecutor

allegedly told him in open court "with people around" that he would lose at trial.

However, defendant could not point to anything in the transcript of that

proceeding to support his contention.          Moreover, the judge observed that

defendant "admitted during the plea colloquy that he was not coerced to take the

plea."

         Based upon these findings, Judge Moynihan concluded that defendant

failed to satisfy the two-prong test of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

687 (1984), which requires a showing that trial counsel's performance was

deficient and that, but for the deficient performance, the result would have been

different. In summing up his ruling on defendant's ineffective assistance of

counsel claim, the judge stated:

                     [Defendant's] present contentions are false.
               Viewing the testimony of trial counsel and [defendant],
               there is no doubt whatsoever that trial counsel was
               truthful. She testified forthrightly. Her file notes
               buttressed her testimony that, with [defendant], she
               reviewed the case, his exposure if the case proceeded,
               and the parameters of the plea.             [Defendant's]
               testimony, on the other hand, was of the weaselly type
               seen when a [defendant], with nothing to lose by lying,
               makes up a story that contradicts all his prior statements
               regarding a plea. There was no ring of truth at all to his
               contentions. The court, having had the opportunity to

                                                                            A-4135-16T2
                                           5
            evaluate the credibility of both witnesses, firmly
            believes the testimony of trial counsel and finds
            [defendant] was lying.

      Defendant also argued that "the imposition of PSL was unconstitutional

as applied to him because the PSL statute [N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4] violates the

separation of powers doctrine." Judge Moynihan found that defendant's claim

on this issue was barred by Rule 3:22-4(a) because it could have been raised,

but was not, on direct appeal. The judge further ruled that even if the claim was

not barred, it plainly lacked merit because the Legislature had specifically

granted the Parole Board the authority to set the conditions of a defendant's PSL

and to impose appropriate sanctions for violations of those conditions . This

appeal followed.

      On appeal, defendant's appellate attorney 1 raises the following contentions

on defendant's behalf:

            Point One – DEFENDANT HAS ESTABLISHED HIS
            RIGHT TO [PCR].

            A.     The Constitutionality Issue.

1
  Defendant has filed a pro se supplemental brief which, in large part, repeats
the same contentions raised by his appellate counsel. Contrary to Rule 2:6-
2(a)(6), however, defendant had not divided his legal argument into discernible
point headings and, therefore, it is not possible to list each of his specific
contentions in this opinion. Nevertheless, we have reviewed defendant's entire
brief and conclude that his arguments are without sufficient merit to warrant
further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
                                                                          A-4135-16T2
                                        6
            B.     Deficiencies of Plea Counsel.

      We begin by addressing defendant's argument that his trial attorney

provided him with ineffective assistance in connection with his guilty plea.

When petitioning for PCR on this basis, the defendant must establish, by a

preponderance of the credible evidence, that he or she is entitled to the requested

relief. State v. Nash, 212 N.J. 518, 541 (2013); State v. Preciose, 129 N.J. 451,

459 (1992). To sustain that burden, the defendant must allege and articulate

specific facts that "provide the court with an adequate basis on which to rest its

decision." State v. Mitchell, 126 N.J. 565, 579 (1992).

      There is a strong presumption that counsel "rendered adequate assistance

and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

judgment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Further, because prejudice is not

presumed, State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 52 (1987), the defendant must demonstrate

"how specific errors of counsel undermined the reliability" of the proceeding.

U.S. v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 n.26 (1984). When as here, the trial judge

conducts an evidentiary hearing, we also defer to the judge's "credibility

findings that are often influenced by matters such as observations of the

character and demeanor of witnesses and common human experience that are

not transmitted by the record." State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474 (1999).

                                                                           A-4135-16T2
                                        7
      Having considered defendant's ineffective assistance contentions in light

of the record and applicable law, we affirm the denial of defendant's PCR

petition substantially for the reasons detailed at length in Judge Moynihan's

comprehensive written opinion. As the judge explained, defendant's testimony

at the PCR hearing was simply not believable because, among other reasons,

defendant contradicted his admissions during the plea colloquy that he was

satisfied with his attorney's services; fully understood the plea terms, including

the PSL forms he signed; and was not coerced in any way. We are unable to

discern any basis to question or disturb the judge's well-founded credibility

determinations.     Ibid.   Therefore, the judge properly rejected defendant's

ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

      We also agree with Judge Moynihan that defendant's challenge to the

constitutionality of PSL was barred by Rule 3:22-4(a). It is well established that

a PCR petition "is not . . . a substitute for appeal . . . ." R. 3:22-3; see, e.g., State

v. Hess, 207 N.J. 123, 145 (2011). Therefore, a defendant "is generally barred

from presenting a claim on PCR that could have been raised at trial or on direct

appeal, R. 3:22-4(a)[.]" Nash, 212 N.J. at 546. Under Rule 3:22-4(a),

             [a]ny ground for relief not raised in the proceedings
             resulting in the conviction, or in a [PCR] proceeding
             brought and decided prior to the adoption of this rule,
             or in any appeal taken in any such proceedings is barred

                                                                                A-4135-16T2
                                           8
            from assertion in a [PCR] proceeding . . . unless the
            court on motion or at the hearing finds:

            (1) that the ground for relief not previously asserted
            could not reasonably have been raised in any prior
            proceeding; or

            (2) that enforcement of the bar to preclude claims,
            including one for ineffective assistance of counsel,
            would result in fundamental injustice; or

            (3) that denial of relief would be contrary to a new rule
            of constitutional law under either the Constitution of
            the United States or the State of New Jersey.

      Here, defendant did not file a direct appeal challenging the

constitutionality of his sentence to PSL, the conditions imposed, or the Parole

Board's subsequent determinations that he violated those conditions and should

be returned to prison. Defendant's contention that he could not have earlier

challenged his original sentence to PSL or the Parole Board's later rulings

concerning his violations of PSL is baseless.

      Once defendant was sentenced, he was subject to PSL. Indeed, he signed

the PSL general conditions form at the time he pled guilty to the offense that

required Judge Moynihan to sentence him to PSL. Clearly, defendant had the

opportunity to file a direct appeal from either his sentence or the Parole Board's

determinations, and he never took advantage of it. Therefore, Judge Moynihan



                                                                          A-4135-16T2
                                        9
correctly concluded that the exception provided in Rule 3:22-4(a)(1) did not

apply.

      Likewise, no "fundamental injustice" resulted from the judge's

determination because defendant had the chance to raise this constitutional

challenge, but inexplicably failed to do so. R. 3:22-4(a)(2). In addition, there

was no "new rule of constitutional law" that permitted the judge to ignore the

bar prohibiting him from considering an issue defendant could have raised on

direct appeal. R. 3:22-4(a)(3).

      Nevertheless, we agree with Judge Moynihan's further determination that

even if defendant's assertion that N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4 is unconstitutional under a

separation of powers theory could have been considered in the PCR proceeding,

the argument plainly lacked merit.         By way of background, individuals

sentenced to PSL remain in the custody of the Commissioner of Corrections

following their release from prison, and are supervised by the Parole Board.

State v. Hester, 233 N.J. 381, 387-88 (2018) (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:4-6.4).2 PSL is

"deemed to be a term of life imprisonment[,]" N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b), and is

intended to be a penal, not remedial, post-sentence supervisory program, State


2
  In 2003, the Legislature amended N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4, removed references in
the statute to community supervision for life (CSL), and substituted PSL for
CSL. L. 2003, c. 267, § 1 (eff. Jan. 14, 2004). Hester, 233 N.J. at 387.
                                                                         A-4135-16T2
                                      10
v. Perez, 220 N.J. 423, 441 (2015), which is a provision of the original criminal

sentence. State v. Schubert, 212 N.J. 295, 314 (2012).

      Pertinent to the Parole Board's authority to conduct revocation hearings,

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b) states:

            If the defendant violates a condition of a special
            sentence of [PSL], the defendant shall be subject to the
            provisions [in N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.60 to -123.63 and
            N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.65], and for the purpose of
            calculating the limitation on time served [set forth in
            N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.65] . . . Nothing contained in this
            subsection shall prevent . . . the [Parole Board] from
            proceeding under the provisions of [N.J.S.A. 30:4-
            123.60 to -123.63 and N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.65] against
            any such defendant for a violation of any conditions of
            the special sentence of [PSL], including the conditions
            imposed by the court pursuant to N.J.S.[A.] 2C:45-1.
            In any such proceeding by the [Parole Board], the
            provisions of [N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.51b] authorizing
            revocation and return to prison shall be applicable to
            such a defendant, notwithstanding that the defendant
            may not have been sentenced to or served any portion
            of a custodial term for conviction of an offense
            enumeration in subsection a. of this section.

      Therefore, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b) authorizes the Parole Board, in its

capacity of supervising an individual's compliance with the conditions of a

special sentence to PSL, to revoke PSL, and return a violator to prison. In this

regard, N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.51b(c) states, "[i]f the parolee violates a condition of

a special sentence of parole supervision for life, the parolee . . . may be returned


                                                                            A-4135-16T2
                                        11
to prison." Where "revocation and return to custody [is] desirable[,] . . . the

appropriate board panel shall revoke parole and return the parolee to prison for

a specified length of time between [twelve] and [eighteen] months[.]" Ibid.

      A violation of the conditions of PSL may also be prosecuted as a third -

degree criminal offense pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(d). In that instance,

judicial adjudication is required. See Hester, 233 N.J. at 388; Perez, 220 N.J. at

441. However, where the defendant is not charged with committing a new

crime, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(d) specifically provides that the Parole Board can

adjudicate the PSL violation, revoke parole, and return the defendant to prison. 3

      With this essential background in mind, we turn to defendant's contention

that N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4 "represents an unconstitutional incursion by the

executive on the prerogatives of the judicial branch." He asserts that the statute

violates the separation of powers clause because the Parole Board, as an

executive agency, should not have the authority to extend a criminal defendant's

period of incarceration by revoking parole and returning the defendant to prison

for a violation of a PSL condition. We disagree.



3
  In this regard, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(d) states, "[n]othing in this subsection shall
preclude subjecting a person who violates any condition of a special sentence of
[PSL] to the provisions of [N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.60 to -123.63 and N.J.S.A. 30:4-
123.65] pursuant to the provisions of [N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.51b]."
                                                                           A-4135-16T2
                                       12
      The separation of powers clause of the New Jersey Constitution, N.J.

Const. art. III, §1, states:

             The powers of the government shall be divided among
             three distinct branches, the legislative, executive, and
             judicial. No person or persons belonging to or
             constituting one branch shall exercise any of the powers
             properly belonging to either of the others, except as
             expressly provided in this Constitution.

In State v. Bond, 365 N.J. Super. 430 (App. Div. 2003), we explained:

             The purpose of the separation of powers is to create a
             system of checks and balances among the three
             branches of government. State v. Leonardis, 73 N.J.
             360, 370 (1977). It is not intended, however, to create
             an absolute division of powers among the three
             branches of government, thereby preventing
             cooperative action among them. Ibid. Only when the
             challenged statute impairs the integrity among the
             branches should the doctrine's effect on a branch's
             constitutional limits be recognized. Bullet Hole, Inc. v.
             Dunbar, N.J. Super. 562, 574 (App. Div. 2000). We
             have observed that "[t]he separation of powers prevents
             any one branch from aggregating unchecked power,
             which might lead to oppression and despotism." Ibid.

             [Bond, 365 N.J. Super. at 441.]

      In Bond, we rejected the premise that the Parole Board's promulgation of

CSL regulations, N.J.A.C. 10A:71-6.11,4 violated the separation of powers



4
    The Parole Board's subsequently adopted regulations governing PSL.
N.J.A.C. 10A:71-6.12.
                                                                         A-4135-16T2
                                       13
doctrine. Id. at 443. We noted that the Legislature vested the Parole Board with

supervisory authority over persons subject to CSL, the predecessor to PSL, in

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b). Id. at 440. We concluded:

            [T]he Legislature's use of the language "shall be
            supervised as if on parole" can be reasonably viewed as
            enabling the executive branch to promulgate
            regulations to further this purpose. Moreover, we
            should take into consideration the executive's
            "specialized expertise" in these matters.

            [Id. at 442 (citation omitted).]

      We also analyzed the Legislature's role in authorizing agency action, and

observed:

            "[I]t is settled beyond controversy that the Legislature
            may enact statutes setting forth in broad design its
            intended aims, leaving the detailed implementation of
            the policy thus expressed to an administrative agency."
            [Cammarata v. Essex Cnty. Park Comm'n, 26 N.J. 404,
            410 (1958).] Here, the Legislature's intent to create a
            policy whereby CSL would mirror the conditions of
            parole is clear, and N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b) plainly
            comports with the principle expressed in Cammarata.

                  We do not determine in a factual vacuum whether
            a violation of the separation of powers doctrine has
            occurred, but instead must consider the accompanying
            "surroundings and objectives."        The Legislature
            necessarily was fully aware of the Parole Board's
            supervisory scheme when it delegated authority to the
            Board to set forth the conditions of CSL. . . . In our
            view, a reasonable interpretation of the legislative
            purpose behind the statute is that the Legislature took

                                                                        A-4135-16T2
                                       14
            notice of a pre-existing statutory scheme. . . . In short,
            N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b) does not constitute a violation of
            the separation of powers doctrine and [the] defendant's
            contentions to that effect are without merit.

            [Bond, 365 N.J. Super. 442-443 (citations omitted).]

      By analogy, the reasoning in Bond applies here.             "[A] reasonable

interpretation of the legislative purpose behind the statute is that the Legislature

took notice of a pre-existing statutory scheme" in replacing CSL with PSL. Id.

at 443. The conditions imposed by N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.51b(c) accord with the

general parole conditions found in N.J.S.A. 30:4-123.59 and N.J.A.C. 10A:71-

6.4. Defendant's separation of powers challenge is therefore not sustainable.

      Finally, we note that that even though several opportunities have existed,

the Legislature and New Jersey Supreme Court have not eliminated the ability

of the Parole Board to adjudicate PSL violations. In 2014, the Legislature

amended 2C:43-6.4(d) by raising a PSL violation from a fourth-degree to a third-

degree offense. L. 2013, c. 214, § 4 (eff. July 1, 2014). At that time, the

Legislature did not alter the administrative procedures promulgated pursuant to

the statutory scheme of PSL.

      In 2015, our Supreme Court specifically acknowledged that

            [a] violation of PSL may be prosecuted as a[n] offense,
            N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(d), but it may also be treated as a
            parole violation, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4(b). The State

                                                                            A-4135-16T2
                                        15
            conceded at oral argument that the almost-universal
            practice since the enactment of the 2003 amendment is
            to revoke a defendant's parole and return him to prison.

            [Perez, 220 N.J. at 441.]

Earlier this year, the Court also stated that "[u]nder PSL, the Parole Board has

the authority to simply revoke a defendant's supervised release for a violation of

a general condition and bypass the panoply of procedural rights afforded under

the criminal justice system, such as the rights to trial by jury and to have guilt

proven beyond a reasonable doubt." Hester, 233 N.J. at 396. Under these

circumstances,    we     conclude   that    N.J.S.A.   2C:43-6.4   plainly    passes

constitutional muster.

      Affirmed.




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