                         NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                            No. 121,104

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                        STATE OF KANSAS,
                                            Appellee,

                                                  v.

                                   MAIKEL POMO BERMUDEZ,
                                          Appellant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Lincoln District Court; KIM W. CUDNEY, judge. Opinion filed April 17, 2020.
Affirmed.


       Peter Maharry, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.


       Jennifer R. O'Hare, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.


Before LEBEN, P.J., SCHROEDER, J., and LAHEY, S.J.


       PER CURIAM: Maikel Pomo Bermudez appeals the district court's decision to
revoke his probation and require that he serve his underlying prison sentence. Bermudez
contends that the district court didn't make the required particularized findings about why
he was a public-safety threat before it could bypass intermediate sanctions—such as a
short jail stay followed by a return to probation—and send him to prison. But the district
court made appropriate findings at Bermudez' probation-revocation hearing, so we affirm
the district court's order revoking Bermudez' probation.


       Bermudez' underlying offenses were felony burglary and interference with law
enforcement. Based on the guideline sentences that applied to a burglary conviction and
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criminal-history score of E, the court sentenced Bermudez to 24 months of probation with
an underlying 21-month prison sentence for that offense. The court sentenced Bermudez
to 12 months of probation with an underlying 6-month prison sentence for the
interference charge, but the court made the sentences concurrent, meaning they are served
together. So the total sentence was 24 months of probation with an underlying 21-month
prison term that Bermudez would have to serve if he failed to successfully complete his
probation.


       Bermudez quickly showed that he would be noncompliant on probation. He was
arrested for assault (violating the probation requirement that he be law-abiding), failed to
do community service, failed to maintain employment, failed to get a substance-abuse
evaluation, failed to advise his probation officer of address changes, and failed to make
required monthly payments. Bermudez admitted to these violations at a hearing before
the district court. The court revoked and reinstated Bermudez' probation, ordering him to
complete drug treatment at a residential inpatient program.


       Bermudez continued to be noncompliant. The State alleged—and the district court
found—that Bermudez had failed to complete the inpatient treatment, failed to maintain
employment (he was fired after threatening a coworker), failed to follow the
recommendations of a substance-abuse evaluation, failed to complete community service,
and failed to report to his probation officer. The district court revoked Bermudez'
probation and imposed his underlying sentence.


       Once a probation violation has been established, the decision to revoke probation
has traditionally been considered within the discretion of the district court. See State v.
Skolaut, 286 Kan. 219, 227-28, 182 P.3d 1231 (2008). At the time of Bermudez'
probation revocation, that discretion was limited by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716, which
generally required an intermediate sanction before ordering the defendant to serve the
underlying prison sentence. But that requirement did not apply if the district court found

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that public safety would be jeopardized by keeping the defendant on probation. See
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(A).


       K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(A) requires a court making that public-safety
finding to "set[] forth with particularity the reasons for finding that the safety of members
of the public will be jeopardized." A generic statement that a defendant was "a public
safety risk" would not suffice—the court must specifically state, and not imply, the
connection between the reasons for revoking the defendant's probation and the danger the
defendant poses to the public's safety. See State v. Clapp, 308 Kan. 976, 988-90, 425
P.3d 605 (2018); State v. McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d 45, 49, 362 P.3d 603 (2015).
Whether a court has made particularized findings under the probation-revocation statute
is a question of law, so we review that question independently, with no required
deference to the district court. Clapp, 308 Kan. at 980.


       Here, the district court made a public-safety finding—over Bermudez' objection—
and then revoked Bermudez' probation without first imposing an intermediate sanction.
Bermudez has now appealed that order, contending that the district court made only a
generic statement about public safety, not detailed findings. He asks us to set aside the
district court's order revoking his probation and send the case back to the district court
with directions that it follow the statute.


       Bermudez cites the court's comments at his probation-revocation hearing, when
the court found that Bermudez was "a public safety risk, that although you have not had
new convictions, there have been a multitude of problems." That comment, Bermudez
argues, doesn't describe how Bermudez would endanger the public if allowed to continue
on probation.




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       If that had been all the district court had said at the hearing, Bermudez would have
a point. But the court made additional findings, and several of them highlighted the
danger Bermudez posed to the public:


               "Although . . . the agency knew he was in Topeka, his whereabouts were
       unknown and he would not provide information as to where he was staying.
               "And he apparently begun acting out violently towards others. He was terminated
       from his employment for getting into a fight.
               "He has begun acting out in the jail, being disruptive, throwing feces and jail
       administrators advised the supervising officer at one point not to come because Mr.
       Bermudez was not acting appropriately.
               "So Mr. Bermudez is asking the Court pretty much to just do away with
       probation and let him go to work. Where he can travel around, unsupervised and free to
       . . . violate the law or get in trouble or use illegal substances."


The court also noted in its journal entry of that hearing that Bermudez had "threatened
others and [had] been kicked out of treatment facilities."


       These were not general findings that could apply to any probation-revocation
appeal. See State v. Ramirez, No.114,817, 2016 WL 7178464, at * 5 (Kan. App. 2016)
(unpublished opinion) ("[A] reason that would apply to anyone in a roughly similar
situation is not particular enough to meet the statutory requirement."). Instead, the district
court tied Bermudez' specific actions—getting into a fight at work, acting out and
throwing feces in jail, refusing to inform his probation officer of his whereabouts—to
threats to public safety. In other words, the district court stated how Bermudez would
threaten public safety if allowed to continue on probation.


       The district court's revocation of Bermudez' probation complied with the
particularized findings requirement of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(A). We therefore
affirm the district court's judgment.

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