                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 09a0404p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

                                                 X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 08-1706
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 WASEM PETRUS,
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
             No. 07-20361-001—Victoria A. Roberts, District Judge.
                                       Argued: July 28, 2009
                            Decided and Filed: November 23, 2009
                                                                                                  *
     Before: GILMAN and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; SARGUS, District Judge.

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: Mark J. Kriger, LaRENE & KRIGER, P.L.C., Detroit, Michigan, for
Appellant. Jennifer J. Sinclair, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Detroit,
Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: N. C. Deday LaRene, LaRENE & KRIGER,
P.L.C., Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant. Jennifer J. Sinclair, ASSISTANT UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
       SARGUS, D. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which McKEAGUE, J.,
joined. GILMAN, J. (pp. 14-17), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                       _________________

                                             OPINION
                                       _________________

         EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR., District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Wasem
Petrus (“Defendant”) challenges the 70-month sentenced imposed by the district court



         *
           The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                   1
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                          Page 2


following his guilty plea to a charge of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and
to distribute methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“MDMA”). Defendant contends that
his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district judge failed to adequately
explain her apparent rejection of Defendant’s arguments for leniency, failed to
adequately explain how she selected the sentence imposed, and failed to give proper
weight to facts and circumstances suggesting a lesser penalty. For the reasons that
follow, we hereby AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.

I.      BACKGROUND

        Defendant was charged in a one-count indictment returned July 20, 2007 in the
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan for conspiring to possess with
intent to distribute and distribute MDMA in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846.
Defendant pleaded guilty to the charge on November 13, 2007, and a sentencing hearing
was held on May 20, 2008.

        At the sentencing hearing, Defendant’s counsel urged the district court to
consider the fact that Defendant had been born in Iraq and that his family fled as
refugees when Defendant was a young child. According to Defendant’s counsel, due to
his parents’ poor health, Defendant has “been the man of his family” since a very young
age, having dropped out of school after the tenth grade to help support his family.
(Sentencing Tr. at 4.) Defendant’s counsel asked the Court to “take into account
[Defendant’s] personal circumstances, including the fact that he takes care of his
family.” (Id. at 6.) He pointed out that Defendant is “not a person [who has] supported
himself as a drug dealer” or who has “ever been successful as a drug dealer,” but rather
“took advantage of an economic opportunity” presented by a coworker. (Id. at 6.)

        In his sentencing memorandum, Defendant also asserted that “[his] family was
forced to flee Iraq. He has no family there and there is no society or government which
will embrace him or protect him.” (Def.’s Sentencing Mem., ROA V.1 at 16.)
Defendant contended that “[t]he profound immigration consequences he faces take his
No. 08-1706           United States v. Petrus                                           Page 3


case very far from the heartland of cases anticipated by the . . . Guidelines and warrant
a sentence greatly below the recommended sentence.” (Id. at 16.)

          Counsel also suggested that, due to Defendant’s non-citizen status, his conviction
may subject him to possible deportation to Iraq, “a war zone” and “someplace that is [no
longer the] country his family had to flee as refugees.” (Sentencing Tr. 7.) Counsel for
the government responded that the government currently is “not deporting to Iraq . . .
and probably won’t for some years in the future.” (Id. at 8.)

          After listening to the above statements, the district court calculated the applicable
Guideline range to be 70–87 months based on an Offense Level of 27 and Criminal
History Category of one. The court listed several factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to
which Defendant’s counsel had directed the court: Defendant’s background as an Iraqi
refugee, the fact that he dropped out of school and has worked since a young age to care
for disabled parents, the fact that Defendant’s legal problems stem from relationships
developed while he was working, his recent marriage, and the risk of “severely adverse
immigration action.” (Sentencing Tr. 10.) The court then listed the general statutory
factors under § 3553(a) and acknowledged that the court must also “consider the kinds
of sentences available, the Guideline range, the Guidelines generally, the need to avoid
unwarranted . . . disparities . . . and the need to . . . provide restitution to victims.” (Id.
at 10.)

          The court stated that as it “consider[s] generally those factors or those facts about
[Defendant’s] life that he wishes the Court to take into account, the Court also takes into
account that in arriving at these Guidelines, [Defendant’s] lack of criminal history was
taken into account because he received the benefit of a reduction under what we call the
safety valve.” (Sentencing Tr. 11.) The court noted that it had also considered the fact
that Defendant was involved in a “very serious offense” and that credible evidence
documented his role as a distributor. (Id. at 11.) The relevant conduct attributed to
Defendant included 8,125 MDMA pills, equivalent under Sentencing Guideline 2D1.1(c)
to over one million kilograms of marijuana.
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                         Page 4


       The court acknowledged that an otherwise similar offender in the conspiracy,
Jeny Maqi, had received an “extremely lenient” sentence partly due to the “vast” extent
of her cooperation with the government and the “extraordinary and exceptional” amount
of information she had provided. (Sentencing Tr. 11.) The court stated that it
understood Defendant’s assertion that “by the time [Defendant] came in there wasn’t any
information that he had to provide,” noted that the court did not know whether this was
true, but found a “vast distinction between [Defendant] and Miss [Maqi] because of the
nature of her cooperation.” (Id. at 11.)

       The court stated that it “certainly is mindful” that it could consider Defendant’s
immigration status. (Sentencing Tr. 12.) The district court then sentenced Defendant
to serve a term of 70 months in custody followed by three years of supervised release.

       On May 29, 2008, Defendant filed this timely appeal.

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a district court’s sentencing determination for reasonableness under
a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578
(6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 (2007); Rita v. United
States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2459 (2007); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260–61
(2005)). This standard has two components: procedural and substantive. Id., 511 F.3d
at 578 (citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597).

A.     Procedural Reasonableness Review

       Our procedural reasonableness review consists of three steps. We must ensure
that the district court (1) properly calculated the applicable advisory Guidelines range;
(2) considered the § 3553(a) factors as well as the parties’ arguments for a sentence
outside the Guidelines range; and (3) adequately articulated its reasoning for imposing
the chosen sentence, including any rejection of the parties’ arguments for an outside-
Guidelines sentence and any decision to deviate from the advisory Guidelines range.
Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581.
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                           Page 5


        “First, we must ensure that the district court ‘correctly calculat[ed] the applicable
Guidelines range’ which are ‘the starting point and initial benchmark’ of its sentencing
analysis.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 591). In reviewing the
district court’s calculation of the Guidelines, we still review the district court’s factual
findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. Id., 511 F.3d at 579 (citing
United States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 763 (6th Cir. 2007)).

        Second, we must ensure that the district judge gave both parties an opportunity
“‘to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate’ and then ‘considered all of the
§ 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the sentence requested by [each]
party.’” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579–80 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596). “In evaluating the
parties’ arguments, the sentencing judge ‘may not presume that the Guidelines range is
reasonable,’” but rather “‘must make an individualized assessment based on the facts
presented’ and upon a thorough consideration of all of the § 3553(a) factors.” Id., 511
F.3d at 580 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596–97; Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2465).

        Finally, we must “ensure that the district court has ‘adequately explain[ed] the
chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception
of fair sentencing.’” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597).
“Reversible procedural error occurs if the sentencing judge fails to ‘set forth enough [of
a statement of reasons] to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’
arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision making
authority.’” Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (emphasis added) (quoting Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468).

        It is “not incumbent on the District Judge to raise every conceivably relevant
issue on his own initiative.” Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 599. However, if a defendant raises a
particular argument in support of a lower sentence, the record must reflect that the
district judge both considered the defendant’s argument and explained the basis for
rejecting it. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. Jones, 489 F.3d 243, 251 (6th
Cir. 2007)). See also Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468 (“Where the defendant . . . presents
nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence . . . the judge will normally go
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                            Page 6


further and explain why he has rejected those arguments. Sometimes the circumstances
will call for a brief explanation; sometimes they will call for a lengthier explanation.”).

         We have held that “a district court’s failure to address each argument [of the
defendant] head-on will not lead to automatic vacatur” if the context and the record
make the court’s reasoning clear. United States v. Smith, 505 F.3d 463, 468 (6th Cir.
2007) (quoting United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 339 n.4 (6th Cir. 2007)). See also
United States v. Duane, 533 F.3d 441, 452 (6th Cir. 2008); Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386,
387; United States v. Keller, 498 F.3d 316, 327–28 (6th Cir. 2007). In this Court’s
recent unpublished decision in United States v. Herrod, No. 07-2197, 2009 U.S. App.
Lexis 18763, *14–28 (6th Cir. 2009), Judge Clay wrote separately “to emphasize that
sentencing judges are responsible for providing an adequate record for appeal.” He
noted:

         Our case law imposes this obligation on district courts for reasons of
         fairness and practicality. From every perspective, it is preferable for
         district courts to explicitly address every nonfrivolous argument raised
         by a defendant. Expressly articulating the grounds for rejecting the
         particular claims raised by a defendant, at least with respect to a
         defendant's nonfrivolous arguments, promotes several critical goals: (1) it
         provides the defendant with a clear understanding of the basis for his or
         her sentence; (2) it allows the public to understand the rationale
         underlying the chosen sentence; and (3) it helps this Court avoid the
         difficulties of parsing the sentencing transcript when determining
         whether the district court in fact considered the defendant's arguments.
         In fact, if district courts fully complied with this obligation, many
         frivolous appeals and clarification remands could be avoided.

Herrod, 2009 U.S. App. Lexis 18763 at *14 (Clay, J., concurring). We agree with Judge
Clay that “the better practice . . . is for the district court to explicitly address all of the
nonfrivolous arguments that a defendant raises in support of a lower sentence.” Id., 2009
U.S. App. Lexis 18763 at *22–23 (Clay, J., concurring).

         The record also “must contain the district court’s rationale for concluding that
the sentence imposed is ‘sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply with the
purposes’ of sentencing set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580.
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                         Page 7


While the district court need not “engage in a ‘ritualistic incantation to establish
consideration of a legal issue’” or “make specific findings related to each of the factors
considered,” the district court must articulate the reasons it reached the sentenced
imposed. Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. McClellan, 164 F.3d 308, 310
(1999); United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir. 2005)). It is insufficient
simply to list the § 3553(a) factors and the defendant’s various characteristics. Id., 511
F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. Cousins, 469 F.3d 572, 577 (6th Cir. 2006)). Rather,
“[t]he district court must provide a clear explanation of why it has either accepted or
rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby chosen the particular sentence imposed,
regardless of whether it is within or outside of the Guidelines.” Id., 511 F.3d at 580
(citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597).

B.     Substantive Reasonableness Review

       If we have found the district court’s sentencing decision to be procedurally
sound, we must “then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed
under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct.
at 597). In reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we must “take into account the
totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines
range.” Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597). For sentences within the
Guidelines, we may apply a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness. Id.,
511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597; Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2456; United States
v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006)). We may not, however, apply a
presumption of unreasonableness to outside-Guidelines sentences. Id., 511 F.3d at 581
(citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597). In general, we must give “due deference” to the district
court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors. Id.,
511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597). “The fact that [we] might have
reasonably concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify
reversal of the district court.” Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597).
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                          Page 8


III.    DISCUSSION

A.      Procedural Reasonableness

        Defendant contends that his 70-month sentence is procedurally unreasonable
because the district judge “failed to adequately explain her apparent rejection of the
defendant’s arguments for leniency,” or to explain “how she selected the sentence which
she did,” and because the judge “failed to give proper weight to facts and circumstances
suggesting a lesser penalty.” (Def.’s Br. 3.)

        As discussed above, we review the district court’s decision for procedural
reasonableness in three steps, ensuring that the district court: (1) properly calculated the
Guidelines range; (2) considered the other § 3553(a) factors and the parties’ arguments;
and (3) adequately articulated its reasoning for imposing the chosen sentence, including
any rejection of the parties’ arguments. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581. We find that the district
court satisfied these requirements.

        First, Defendant does not dispute that the district court properly calculated the
applicable advisory Guidelines range to be 70–87 months based on an Offense Level of
27 and Criminal History Category of I.

        Second, the record shows that the district court gave both parties “the opportunity
to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate” and made an individualized
assessment based on the facts and upon a thorough consideration of all of the § 3553(a)
factors. It is undisputed, and the sentencing hearing transcript shows, that the court
provided an opportunity for Defendant and the government to speak in support of
whatever sentence they deemed appropriate. The record also shows that the district
court made an individualized assessment based upon all of the § 3553(a) factors as well
as those facts and circumstances brought to light by the parties.

        Before announcing the sentence, the court listed both the general § 3553(a)
factors and the considerations discussed by Defendant’s counsel. The court noted that
as it considered all of those factors, it also considered the serious nature of Defendant’s
offense and the fact that Defendant’s lack of a criminal history was taken into account
No. 08-1706          United States v. Petrus                                             Page 9


under the “safety valve” of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f). The court acknowledged that
Defendant faced potential deportation as a result of the conviction. The court also
explained why it imposed a harsher sentence on Defendant than that imposed on a co-
conspirator who had provided the government with an “extraordinary and exceptional”
amount of information.

        Finally, we find that the district court adequately explained the sentence imposed,
and that the court “considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis” for
selecting the sentence imposed. The record reflects that the district court considered
Defendant’s arguments and explained the basis for rejecting them, as described above.

        Defendant contends that “the record does not tell us” “[w]hat impact . . . the
defense arguments regarding the hardships of [Defendant’s] life, his service to his
family, the burden of his deportability, or the harshness of the Guidelines’ treatment of
his situational wrongdoing [had] on [the court’s] thinking.” (Def.’s Br. 23.) Having
acknowledged the parties’ arguments and articulated its reasons for imposing a particular
sentence, however, the district court was not obligated to discuss extensively each
consideration.

        In a recent case, we found that “[a]lthough the district judge did not articulate his
reasons for rejecting [the defendant’s] arguments, his reasoning was ‘sufficiently
detailed to reflect the considerations listed in § 3553(a) and to allow for meaningful
appellate review.’” United States v. Lapsins, 570 F.3d 758, 773 (6th Cir. 2009)
(applying the plain error rule under Bostic, 371 F.3d 865) (quoting United States v.
Mayberry, 540 F.3d 506, 518 (6th Cir. 2008)). Noting that “[t]he district court is not
required to ‘give the reasons for rejecting any and all arguments [made] by the parties
for alternative sentences,’” we held that “[i]t is sufficient if the district judge ‘set[s] forth
enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and
has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.’” Id., 570
F.3d at 773 (citing Vonner, 516 F.3d at 387; Rita, 551 U.S. at 356; United States v.
Moon, 513 F.3d 527, 539 (6th Cir. 2008); United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 940 (6th
Cir. 2006)). This Court explained that “[a] less lengthy explanation will suffice for a
No. 08-1706           United States v. Petrus                                          Page 10


within-Guidelines sentence when ‘the record makes clear that the sentencing judge
considered the [defendant’s] evidence and arguments.’” Id., 570 F.3d at 774 (citing Rita,
551 U.S. at 359). We noted that “[a]lthough the district court did not specifically
respond to [the defendant’s] arguments about his remorse, family support, substance
abuse problems, and willingness to undergo counseling, these matters are encompassed
within § 3553(a)(1),” which the district court stated that it had considered. Id., 570 F.3d
at 774.

          Here, as in Lapsins, the district court might have said more during the sentencing
hearing. The best practice, as Judge Clay has said, “is for the district court to explicitly
address all of the nonfrivolous arguments that a defendant raises in support of a lower
sentence.” Herrod, 2009 U.S. App. Lexis 18763 at *22–23 (Clay, J., concurring). In
this case, however, the district court’s brevity does not constitute reversible error. The
court explained its decision by discussing the considerations the court considered most
important. As the Supreme Court has held:

          We acknowledge that the judge might have said more. [She] might have
          added explicitly that [she] had heard and considered the evidence and
          argument; that (as no one before [the court] denied) [she] thought the
          Commission in the Guidelines had determined a sentence that was proper
          in the mine run of roughly similar . . . cases; and that [she] found that [the
          defendant’s] personal circumstances here were simply not different
          enough to warrant a different sentence. But context and the record make
          clear that this, or similar, reasoning underlies the judge’s conclusion.
          Where a matter is as conceptually simple as in the case at hand and the
          record makes clear that the sentencing judge considered the evidence and
          arguments, we do not believe the law requires the judge to write more
          extensively.

Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 359 (2007).

          The dissent maintains that the district court did not adequately explain its reasons
in rejecting the arguments advanced by Defendant in favor of mitigation. The first
position advanced by Petrus relates to his status as a non-citizen, lawfully in the country
at the time of conviction. The second argument focused upon the much lower sentences
given to co-conspirators and the court’s refusal to find that Petrus rendered substantial
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                        Page 11


assistance to the government. While each of these arguments could have been addressed
with more detailed rationales, the record discloses that the district court considered and
rejected the Defendant’s position.

        As to his immigration status, the district court expressly acknowledged that
Petrus faced “severely adverse immigration status,” yet sentenced him at the low end of
the sentencing guideline range. We agree with our dissenting colleague that the district
court perhaps should have said more. It is worth noting, however, that in the post-
Booker era, the Defendant’s immigration status could lead a sentencing court to two
opposite conclusions, one being that potential deportation and fewer prison opportunities
should be a reason for a downward variance. Conversely, the other conclusion could be
that a person granted the benefit of entry to the country should be subject to an upward
variance for abusing the privilege. In different factual contexts, either approach is within
the discretion of the sentencing court. In this case, the district court emphasized the
serious nature of Petrus’ conduct and did not find that his immigration status sufficiently
mitigated his crime. The record discloses that the district court understood Petrus’
argument, considered the merits, and rejected the position.

        As to the sentences given to his co-conspirators, the record is clear that, unlike
Petrus, each of the other defendants cooperated with the government and received the
benefit of a motion for a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Co-conspirator
Jeny Maqi faced a sentencing guideline range of 121-151 months. The district court
granted the 5K1.1 motion and did not impose incarceration, given her “extraordinary and
exceptional” amount of assistance to the government.

        The dissent states that Petrus “was willing and able to co-operate with the
government” but, because he waited until all others had rendered assistance, he was
denied a 5K1.1 motion. As to the sentencing guidelines, this Court is without authority
to review a decision by the government not to file a 5K1.1 motion, unless a defendant
alleges and supports a claim that the refusal to file was based upon an unconstitutional,
prosecutive motive. Wade v. United States, 112 S. Ct. 1840, 1844 (1992); United States
v. Blue, 557 F.3d 682 (6th Cir. 2009). A district court may, in its discretion, consider
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                          Page 12


whether a defendant’s cooperation should be considered under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Blue, at 686. Thus, whether to treat Petrus’ alleged willingness to cooperate as a 3553(a)
mitigating factor is a decision subject to the discretion of the sentencing court. A
defendant who offers to cooperate only after all other co-conspirators have rendered
assistance to the government gives little value to prosecutors. While the fact that the
defendant may have been willing to cooperate may seem significant, the cooperation was
apparently offered only after Petrus knew his co-conspirators had rendered assistance
to the government. Offering to tell the government what it already knows and can prove
is not substantial assistance. Morever, the first person to cooperate often incurs
significant risk of retaliation, which is not the case for a person coming in at the end.

       The dissent is certainly correct that a district court should articulate its reasoning
in rejecting a defendant’s argument in favor of mitigation. Here, the district judge
addressed every position advanced by the Defendant, albeit in a bare-bone fashion. In
sum, although the district court in this case “might have said more,” Rita, 551 U.S. at
359, the law does not require it. We find that the court did not commit any significant
procedural error in imposing Defendant’s sentence and that the sentence was
procedurally reasonable.

B.     Substantive Reasonableness

       Although Defendant does not appear to appeal his sentence on the basis of
substantive reasonableness, he raises the issue tangentially by contending that “the
district judge . . . failed to give proper weight to facts and circumstances suggesting a
lesser penalty.” (Def.’s Br. 3.) Defendant “continues to maintain” that his sentence is
substantively unreasonable, asserting that the court’s approach to sentencing was “overly
tethered to the Guidelines . . . and inconsistent with proper post-Booker methodology.”
(Def.’s Br. 27, 34.)

       Defendant asserts that his arguments “are framed in terms of procedural
‘reasonableness’ because procedural sufficiency in the sentencing decision—including
a sufficient record to permit substantive evaluation—is a necessary precondition to
substantive review.” (Def.’s Br. 32–33; see also Def.’s Reply Br. 2 (noting that the
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                        Page 13


presumption of reasonableness applies only to substantive review, and “it is to the
procedural ‘unreasonableness’ of the trial judge’s sentencing decision that defendant-
appellant’s arguments are addressed”).)

       Because Defendant raises the issue of substantive reasonableness, albeit
indirectly, this Court should address it. To the extent that Defendant contends that his
sentence is substantively unreasonable, we disagree. Because Defendant’s sentence is
within the Guidelines, it is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of substantive
reasonableness, and we give due deference to the district court’s conclusion that the
sentence is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128
S. Ct. at 597). Considering the totality of the circumstances, id., including the
Guidelines, the § 3553(a) factors, the nature of the offense, Defendant’s family situation,
his immigration status, Defendant’s lack of a criminal history, and his asserted attempt
to cooperate with the government; we find that the 70-month sentence is substantively
reasonable.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the sentence imposed by the district court is hereby
AFFIRMED.
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                         Page 14


                                 ___________________

                                      DISSENT
                                 ___________________

        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I do not disagree with the
majority’s conclusion that the sentence imposed on Wasem Petrus was substantively
reasonable. Nor do I disagree with the majority’s analysis of the first two factors of the
procedural-reasonableness test (properly calculating the United States Sentencing
Guidelines range, and considering both 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and the parties’ arguments).
See United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir. 2007). I part ways with the
majority, however, regarding its treatment of the third factor of this test (articulating the
reasons for imposing the chosen sentence). See id. Because the district court did not
adequately explain why it rejected certain arguments made by Petrus for a sentence
below the Guidelines range, I respectfully dissent.

        This court declared in Bolds that the third consideration in reviewing the
procedural reasonableness of a sentence is whether the district court “adequately
articulated its reasoning for imposing the particular sentence chosen, including any
rejection of the parties’ arguments for an outside-Guidelines sentence and any decision
to deviate from the advisory Guidelines range.” Id. Although this standard does not
require the district court to engage in a “ritualistic incantation to establish consideration
of a legal issue,” it does require the court to “provide a clear explanation of why it has
either accepted or rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby chosen the particular
sentence imposed, regardless of whether it is within or outside of the Guidelines.” Id.
at 580 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). This means that “[w]hen a
defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must
reflect both that the district judge considered the defendant’s argument and that the
judge explained the basis for rejecting it.” Id. (emphasis added) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).

        I agree with the majority that the district court acknowledged and considered
Petrus’s arguments regarding his family background and immigration status, but I find
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                        Page 15


nothing in the record to support the majority’s statements that the district court either
articulated or explained its basis for rejecting these arguments. (Maj. Op. at 9) Thus,
although the majority acknowledges the wisdom of Judge Clay’s admonition that “it is
clear that the better practice—and the one required by our case law—is for the district
court to explicitly address all of the nonfrivolous arguments that a defendant raises in
support of a lower sentence,” United States v. Herrod, No. 07-2197, 2009 WL 2514047,
at *8 (6th Cir. Aug. 19, 2009) (unpublished) (Clay, J., concurring), the majority fails to
apply this standard in the present case.

       The district court offered no evaluation of Petrus’s arguments concerning his
family circumstances, and the entirety of the court’s analysis of Petrus’s arguments
regarding his immigration status is as follows:

       In deciding what sentence to impose, the Court certainly is mindful that
       it can take into account Mr. Petrus’[s] deportable status and the fact that
       he would not be entitled to receive all of the benefits of all of the
       programs that might be available to a citizen of the United States while
       housed in the Bureau of Prisons facility. So those are what—those are
       the considerations that the Court has in deciding the sentence to impose.
       Pursuant to the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, the Court has considered
       the Guidelines and the factors in 18 U.S.C. 3553(a), the Defendant is
       committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons for a period of 70
       months.

       As this passage from the sentencing hearing demonstrates, the district court
acknowledged Petrus’s arguments concerning his immigration status and then, without
any explanation, the court imposed a sentence of 70 months. Presumably the court
rejected Petrus’s arguments that he was an atypical defendant and that his crime did not
fall in the heartland of cases anticipated by the Guidelines. But we are left to speculate
as to how the court reached this determination. If we are to give any effect to the third
prong of the procedural-reasonableness test, we must require more explanation than that
which was offered in the present case. The district court’s perfunctory recitation of the
parties’ arguments and the statutory sentencing factors does not constitute an adequate
explanation of its sentencing decision.
No. 08-1706        United States v. Petrus                                        Page 16


       This case in particular cries out for an explanation as to why Petrus received
substantially disparate treatment in comparison to his coconspirators at sentencing. Jeny
Maqi, for example, who was one of Petrus’s coconspirators at the same level of
culpability with a 121-to-151-month Guidelines range, avoided any incarceration
whatsoever because of her extensive cooperation with the government. But Petrus was
equally willing and able to cooperate with the government, yet he did not receive a
U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 substantial-assistance reduction simply because he lost the race to be
the first to “spill the beans” to the United States Attorney. Fundamental fairness requires
more of an explanation for this seemingly inequitable result than the district court’s
simple statement “that there is a vast distinction between Mr. Petrus and Miss [Maqi]
because of the nature of her cooperation.”

       I acknowledge that there is selected caselaw in our circuit that supports the
conclusion reached by the majority. These cases, however, appear to advocate the
position of “do as I say, not as I do.” On the one hand, the caselaw requires the
sentencing court to “provide a clear explanation of why it has either accepted or rejected
the parties’ arguments.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580. But our circuit has also determined,
at least under plain-error review, that a sentence is procedurally reasonable even where
“the district judge did not articulate his reasons for rejecting [the defendant’s]
arguments.” United States v. Lapsins, 570 F.3d 758, 773 (6th Cir. 2009). In Lapsins,
this court in fact concluded that a mere reference to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), which
requires a sentencing court to consider “the history and characteristics of the defendant,”
was sufficient to dispose of the explanation requirement. Id. at 774.

       This contradiction between the articulation of the law and its actual application
fails both to provide meaningful guidance to the district courts and to give notice to
criminal defendants of their rights at sentencing. We should either require a clear
explanation for the sentence imposed or declare that such an explanation is not
necessary. Stating that we require an explanation and then failing to enforce the
requirement does nothing but create confusion and uncertainty.
No. 08-1706         United States v. Petrus                                        Page 17


       The governing law as set forth by this court in Bolds, and cited by the majority
in the present case, is as follows:

       When a defendant raises a particular argument in seeking a lower
       sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered
       the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for
       rejecting it. Likewise, the record must contain the district court’s
       rationale for concluding that the sentence imposed is sufficient but not
       greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of sentencing set
       forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). While there is no requirement that the
       district court engage in a ritualistic incantation to establish consideration
       of a legal issue or that the court make specific findings related to each of
       the factors considered, the district court must nonetheless provide an
       articulation of the reasons the district court reached the sentenced
       imposed. Simply listing the § 3553(a) factors and various characteristics
       of the defendant without referring to the applicable Guidelines range or
       explaining the decision to stay within or deviate from that range is
       insufficient. The district court must provide a clear explanation of why
       it has either accepted or rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby
       chosen the particular sentence imposed, regardless of whether it is within
       or outside of the Guidelines.

Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (alterations, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted);
accord United States v. Cousins, 469 F.3d 572, 576-78 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that
a sentence was procedurally unreasonable due to the district court’s failure to provide
an adequate explanation for its sentencing determinations), overruled in part on other
grounds by Irizarry v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 2198, 2202-04 (2008).

       The nominal enforcement of the Bolds standard has eroded what would otherwise
be a clear legal rule. I believe that we should practice what we preach and observe this
straightforward mandate. Because the district court in the present case did not offer any
explanation for its rejection of Petrus’s arguments concerning his family background and
immigration status, I believe that the sentence imposed is not procedurally reasonable.

       For all of the reasons set forth above, I would vacate Petrus’s sentence and
remand for resentencing.
