[Cite as State v. Cox, 2016-Ohio-3250.]


                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO                                :       JUDGES:
                                             :       Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
        Plaintiff - Appellee                 :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                             :       Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                         :
                                             :
RONALD L. COX                                :       Case No. 2015CA00174
                                             :
        Defendant - Appellant                :       OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Alliance Municipal
                                                     Court, Case No. 2015 CRB 00139




JUDGMENT:                                            Judgment vacated,
                                                     Final judgment entered




DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    May 31, 2016




APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

CAITLYN. R. SCHNEIDER                                IAN ROBINSON
JENNIFER ARNOLD                                      Fitch, Kendall, Cecil, Robinson
MATTHEW KUHN                                         & Barry Co., LPA
Law Director's Office                                600 East State Street, P.O. Box 590
470 East Market Street                               Salem, Ohio 44460
Alliance, Ohio 44601
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                     2

Baldwin, J.

      {¶1}    Appellant Ronald L. Cox appeals a judgment of the Alliance Municipal Court

convicting him of disorderly conduct (R.C. 2917.11(A)(5)). Appellee is the State of Ohio.

                          STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

      {¶2}    On January 26, 2015, appellant went to the Alliance YMCA to play

basketball with his son. While there, he noticed that his two daughters had swim practice

in the pool. He went to the area near the locker room to wait to see his daughters.

Appellant is a sergeant with the Ohio State Highway Patrol.

      {¶3}    The girls were at the YMCA with their mother and her friend, Jen Clair.

When appellant went to the hallway to wait for the girls, Clair was standing there and

began videotaping appellant with her phone. Appellant asked Clair to stop taping him,

and made insulting comments to Clair about her family, education, and work ethic. At

one point, captured in both the YMCA security video and by Clair’s telephone, appellant

put his hand toward the cell phone, causing Clair to jerk backwards. However, Clair

continued to film appellant standing in the hallway for about seven more minutes.

      {¶4}    Clair returned home and her fiancé encouraged her to file a police report.

Clair told police that appellant started “mouthing” as always, and she was “scared to

death.” Tr. 39-40. Appellant was charged with menacing in violation of R.C. 2903.22.

The case proceeded to bench trial in the Alliance Municipal Court.

      {¶5}    At trial, Clair testified that appellant came after her cell phone, and she

yanked it back. She testified that she and appellant’s ex-wife were told to videotape

everything appellant did. She testified that appellant is a scary man and that in eight

years of dealing with him, she never had a positive interaction. When asked on cross-
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                         3


examination, she testified that she couldn’t really say how she was feeling at the time,

and all she was thinking was, “Video. Video. Video.” Tr. 32.

       {¶6}   Appellant testified that he wanted her to stop filming him, as he was tired of

her recording him. He testified that Clair has harassed him, his wife, and his parents for

seven to eight years. He admitted to going for the phone, but testified that he did not try

to touch her or scare her. He further testified that while filming, Clair gave him the finger

and was smirking and laughing.

       {¶7}   At the close of evidence, the court asked the prosecutor if he wanted to

submit the case solely on the charge of menacing. The prosecutor responded that the

court could include a lesser-included offense such as disorderly conduct. Appellant

objected.

       {¶8}   The court found appellant not guilty of menacing based on Clair’s testimony.

The court noted that appellant came after the phone and not after Clair, and that she

testified that she did not know how she felt at the time. The court further noted that when

appellant approached her he did not threaten her, but said “Quit filming,” and that his

voice was never raised throughout the insulting comments he made to Clair. However,

the court found that raising his hand to Clair and causing her to yank back was physically

offensive and served no lawful purpose, and found him guilty of disorderly conduct. He

was fined $100.00, with full credit toward the fine upon completion of anger management

treatment.

       {¶9}   Appellant assigns three errors:

       {¶10} “I.     THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING A MOTION FOR

ACQUITTAL      ON    THE     MENACING       CHARGE      WHERE       THE    PROSECUTION
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                        4


PRODUCED NO EVIDENCE TO PROVE THE VICTIM BELIEVED THE OFFENDER

WILL CAUSE HER PHYSICAL HARM.

       {¶11} “II.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN RULING THAT DISORDERLY

CONDUCT AS DEFINED IN R.C. 2917.11(A)(5) IS A LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE

OF MENACING, R.C. 2903.22(A).

       {¶12} “III.     THE APPELLANT CANNOT BE CONVICTED WHERE THE

PROSECUTION          FAILS   TO    PRODUCE        SUFFICIENT      PROOF      BEYOND       A

REASONABLE DOUBT THAT DEFENDANT WAS GUILTY OF ALL OF THE ELEMENTS

OF DISORDERLY CONDUCT, R.C. 2917.11(A)(5).”

                                                II.

       {¶13} We address appellant’s second assignment of error first, as it is dispositive

of the appeal. Appellant argues that disorderly conduct as defined by R.C. 2917.11(A)(5)

is not a lesser included offense of menacing, R.C. 2903.22(A). We agree.

       {¶14} For an offense to be a lesser included offense, three requirements must be

met: (1) the offense must carry a lesser penalty than the greater offense; (2) the greater

offense cannot, as statutorily defined, ever be committed without the lesser offense also

being committed; and (3) some element of the greater offense must not be required to

prove the commission of the lesser offense. State v. Deem, 40 Ohio St. 3d 205, 533

N.E.2d 294, ¶3 of the syllabus (1988). The second prong of the Deem test requires us

to examine the offenses at issue as defined by statute and not with reference to the

specific facts of the case; the evidence presented in a particular case is irrelevant to the

determination of whether an offense, as statutorily defined, is necessarily included in a

greater offense. State v. Kidder, 32 Ohio St. 3d 279, 282, 513 N.E.2d 311, 315 (1987).
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                      5


      {¶15} Appellant was convicted of disorderly conduct in violation of R.C.

2917.11(A)(5):

      {¶16} “(A) No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm

to another by doing any of the following:

      {¶17} “(5) Creating a condition that is physically offensive to persons or that

presents a risk of physical harm to persons or property, by any act that serves no lawful

and reasonable purpose of the offender.”

      {¶18} Appellant was charged with menacing in violation of R.C. 2903.22(A):

             (A) No person shall knowingly cause another to believe that the

      offender will cause physical harm to the person or property of the other

      person, the other person's unborn, or a member of the other person's

      immediate family. In addition to any other basis for the other person's belief

      that the offender will cause physical harm to the person or property of the

      other person, the other person's unborn, or a member of the other person's

      immediate family, the other person's belief may be based on words or

      conduct of the offender that are directed at or identify a corporation,

      association, or other organization that employs the other person or to which

      the other person belongs.

      {¶19} The State cites several cases which hold that disorderly conduct is a lesser

included offense of menacing; however, these cases discuss subsection (A)(1) of R.C.

2917.11, and not subsection (5), which is at issue in the instant case.

      {¶20} In State v. Compton, 153 Ohio App. 3d 512, 794 N.E.2d 771, 2003-Ohio-

4080, the First District Court of Appeals considered whether disorderly conduct as defined
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                     6


by R.C. 2917.11(A)(5) is a lesser included offense of domestic violence. Pursuant to R.C.

2919.25(C), a person commits domestic violence when, by threat of force, he knowingly

causes a family or household member to believe that he will cause imminent physical

harm to the family or household member. Thus, the statutory definition of domestic

violence is similar to menacing as defined by R.C. 2903.22(A). The Compton court

concluded that because the elements of domestic violence require only a subjective risk,

i.e., that the family member merely believes the offender will cause imminent physical

harm, domestic violence can be committed without committing disorderly conduct under

R.C. 2917.11(A)(5), which requires that there be an actual and not merely subjective risk

of physical harm to persons or property. Id. at ¶13. The court continued:

             Admittedly, there are factual scenarios in which a person committing

      domestic violence may, at the same time, commit a form of disorderly

      conduct. When a person threatens a household member with force, causing

      a belief of imminent physical harm, that person also commits disorderly

      conduct by recklessly causing alarm to another by creating a condition that

      is physically offensive to that person, as provided in the first part of R.C.

      2917.11(A)(5). The second prong of Deem, it should be noted, does not

      require the elements of the greater and the lesser-included offenses to be

      stated in identical language. Clearly, if the victim of domestic violence

      believes that “the offender will cause imminent physical harm to a family or

      household member,” a fortiori, the offender has caused the victim alarm by

      creating a condition that is “physically offensive” to that person, and has

      thus committed this particular form of disorderly conduct.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                         7


              However, even with an allowance for this one narrow instance in

       which the two offenses statutorily coincide, the trial court's findings do not

       allow the conclusion that this is what happened here. The trial court

       expressly found that the state had failed to prove that Compton had

       threatened his wife with physical force. Indeed, the absence of a threat of

       force was the reason that the trial court acquitted Compton of the charge of

       domestic violence. Consequently, the one scenario in which the same

       conduct necessarily constitutes both domestic violence and disorderly

       conduct was effectively precluded by the trial court's factual findings.

       {¶21} Id. at ¶ 14-15.

       {¶22} Similarly, in the instant case, the offense of menacing requires a subjective

belief that the person believes the offender will cause physical harm, and a person can

therefore commit menacing without committing disorderly conduct pursuant to R.C.

2917.11(A)(5), which requires an actual risk of physical harm or a situation that is

physically offensive. The court in the instant case acquitted appellant of menacing on the

basis that the victim’s testimony did not support a finding that he threatened her physically

or that she believed she he would cause her physical harm. Thus, as in Compton, even

when considering the evidence in the case, the trial court’s findings did not correspond

with the one scenario in which the same conduct necessarily constituted menacing and

disorderly conduct.

       {¶23} The court erred in convicting appellant of disorderly conduct in violation of

R.C. 2917.11(A)(5), as it is not a lesser included offense of menacing. The second

assignment of error is sustained.
Stark County, Case No. 2015CA00174                                                      8


      {¶24} Appellant’s first and third assignments of error are rendered moot by our

disposition of assignment of error two.

      {¶25} The judgment of the Alliance Municipal Court is vacated. Pursuant to App.

R. 12(B), we hereby enter final judgment of acquittal in favor of appellant Ronald L. Cox.

Costs are assessed to appellee.


By: Baldwin, J.

Farmer, P.J. and

Wise, J. concur.
