                     RECORD IMPOUNDED

                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

                                  SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                  APPELLATE DIVISION
                                  DOCKET NO. A-2398-12T2



NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD
PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
                                        APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION

     Plaintiff-Respondent,                    May 5, 2014

v.                                        APPELLATE DIVISION

M.C.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________________

IN THE MATTER OF M.C., M.C., Jr. and
A.C.,

     Minors.
_____________________________________

         Argued April 2, 2014 – Decided May 5, 2014

         Before Judges Grall, Nugent and Accurso.

         On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
         Chancery Division, Family Part, Cape May
         County, Docket No. FN-05-71-12.

         Christine Olexa Saginor, Designated Counsel,
         argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E.
         Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Ms.
         Saginor, on the brief).

         Cynthia Phillips, Deputy Attorney General,
         argued the cause for respondent (John J.
         Hoffman, Acting Attorney General, attorney;
         Lewis A. Scheindlin, Assistant Attorney
         General, of counsel; Ms. Phillips, on the
         brief).
            Janet L. Fayter, Designated Counsel, argued
            the cause for minors (Joseph E. Krakora,
            Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Ms.
            Fayter, on the brief).

     The opinion of the court was delivered by

GRALL, P.J.A.D.

     M.C. appeals a judgment entered following a fact-finding

hearing in an abuse or neglect action that was commenced by the

Division1 pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.73 and N.J.S.A.

30:4C-12.    The judge determined that M.C.'s fourteen-year-old

son Matt,2 six-year-old son Jack, and four-year-old daughter Jill

"were abused and neglected children" as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c)(4)(b).    The Division urges us to affirm, but M.C.

contends, and the children's law guardian agrees, that the

competent evidence in the record is inadequate to establish

abuse or neglect.    We agree.

     Our decision is informed by New Jersey Department of

Children and Families v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1 (2013), a case decided

after this judgment was entered.     Because there was no evidence


1
     The Division is now known as the Division of Child
Protection and Permanency.
2
     Matt is a fictitious name as are the names used for the
other children. M.C. is not Matt's biological father, but at a
preliminary hearing on February 22, 2012, M.C. testified that he
adopted Matt in 2005. Matt reached the age of fourteen the
month after he reported that M.C. was abusing him.



                                 2                            A-2398-12T2
of actual harm, the Division was obligated to present competent

evidence adequate to establish that M.C.'s children were

presently in imminent danger of being impaired physically,

mentally or emotionally.   Id. at 23, 30; see N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c)(4)(b), -8.46(a)(4), (b)(1)-(2).

                               I

    On January 27, 2012, a member of the staff at Matt's school

reported Matt's allegation of abuse to the Division.

Reportedly, Matt was told that the school would be calling his

mother about an argument Matt had with another student in the

gym that escalated into a face-to-face encounter and chest-

butting.   As reported by the Division's screener who took the

call, Matt cried hysterically, "got on his hands and knees," and

"begged" school staff not to tell his mother.    Matt said he was

afraid to go home, explaining that he "gets hit at home" and

that M.C. is the one who hits him — sometimes punching,

sometimes smacking and sometimes using a belt.    He said he was

last "beaten up after the Christmas break."

    The Division caseworker assigned to investigate the

referral, Ms. Badger, went to the family home that evening and

spoke separately with Matt, Jack, Jill and both of the

children's parents.   Matt was the first child Ms. Badger




                                3                           A-2398-12T2
interviewed.   He told her he was taking two medications for

bipolar disorder, "ADHD" and anger management.

    Matt also advised Ms. Badger that he had not told his

mother about his problem at school and did not think the school

had told her about it.   He said "if he gets into trouble, he is

terrified of his dad because he is into physical discipline."

Matt said he feels safe when M.C. is not angry but is "very,

very scared" when M.C. is angry, which he is "a lot."

    Matt said he had bruises in the past, but not presently,

explaining that M.C. last hit him about two weeks "before

Christmas" because he had gone to wrestling practice instead of

homework club after school.   When M.C. spoke to Ms. Badger, he

acknowledged that he might have "just pushed" Matt and "tapped

him [on] his head."

    Matt advised Ms. Badger he had not told anyone about the

abuse before because he was afraid, and he told her that M.C.

slaps him in the face and punches him in the ribs and chest.      He

claimed that one punch was so hard that it made him cough up

blood.   The Division never obtained Matt's medical records, and

apart from Matt's statements there was no evidence tending to

show Matt coughed up blood, had bruises, broken bones or bled.

    Jack and Jill told Ms. Badger that Matt gets hit all over




                                4                           A-2398-12T2
his body.     Jill said that Matt "'gets beated' when he is bad"

and that her mom and dad hit her on her butt.

    Matt's mother admitted that she knew about M.C.'s use of

physical discipline and did not approve.    She said she assumed

that when M.C. took Matt to another room to discipline him, he

was giving Matt a "spanking," which was something M.C. did no

more than twice a year.     Generally, the children were punished

by taking electronic devices and other privileges away from them

for a time.

    Matt told Ms. Badger about a different type of discipline

that M.C. meted out once during an event the parties dub "the

corner incident."    Without indicating the precipitating event or

approximate date, Matt told Ms. Badger that M.C. "pinned him" in

a corner, made Jack and Jill come into the room, and directed

Matt to slap himself in the face and say "'I'm stupid'" and then

slap himself harder and say "'I'm a retard.'"     He said his

brother Jack laughed while that was happening.     When Ms. Badger

asked M.C. about the corner incident, M.C. said "he only told

[Matt] to call himself a liar because he lied" and did not say

anything about directing Matt to hit himself.

    Ms. Badger asked Jack about the corner incident.     According

to Ms. Badger's report, the six-year-old child "affirmed that

his dad made [Matt] smack himself and call himself stupid."      He




                                  5                         A-2398-12T2
said that it happened one time and he could not "remember what

else his dad made [Matt] sa[y] about himself."   Jack also told

Ms. Badger Jill was present.   Ms. Badger did not describe the

questions she asked Jack in order to elicit his affirmance of

Matt's description of the "corner incident," but she did note

that Jack "appeared to laugh and smirk . . . when ask[ed] about

[Matt] being hurt."

    There was significant and undisputed evidence that M.C. had

a problem with drinking.   Matt told Ms. Badger that M.C. drinks

alcohol on weekends and hurts people when he does.   He also said

that he and his mother and siblings left the house when M.C. was

drinking on weekends to stay with family or in a motel.   Matt's

mother, and Matt's uncle who lived with the family, confirmed

that the mother and children spent some weekends away from home

because of M.C.'s drinking.    Matt's mother also told Ms. Badger

that M.C. is "not a very nice person" when he drinks and that he

is a "binge" drinker, and Matt's uncle acknowledged that his

brother gets "talkative and aggressive" when drinking, which he

did at home when his family was away.

    Matt did not know how much M.C. drank.    He also said he had

never seen M.C. stumbling or slurring his words, but he had

heard his mom say that M.C. was slurring his words when talking

to M.C. on the phone.   Matt reported that his parents fought a




                                 6                         A-2398-12T2
lot about M.C.'s drinking, but he said he had not seen any

violence between them.

     In speaking with Ms. Badger, M.C. readily acknowledged that

he had a drinking problem and said that he was scheduled to

commence a program to address it.    He advised Ms. Badger that he

enrolled in the program as a consequence of driving while under

the influence.

     At the conclusion of M.C.'s first interview with Ms.

Badger, M.C. told her he was willing to have a substance abuse

evaluation and would like to have family counseling.   He also

agreed to leave his home.   In fact, he left that night when Ms.

Badger departed.

     Three days later, Ms. Badger spoke with the staff member

from Matt's school who called the Division on January 27.     She

said she had not called the child's home that night because Matt

said he would not go home and cried hysterically,3 which was

something he had not done when he was in trouble at school

before.   Matt asked that no one call his home, because he was

afraid his dad would beat him.   The woman told Ms. Badger that

she had never seen or heard about Matt having bruises and knew



3
     If the woman told Ms. Badger about Matt getting on his hands
and knees, Ms. Badger did not include that information in her
summary of the interview.



                                 7                          A-2398-12T2
of no prior complaint he made about physical abuse.   She noted

that Matt had, however, mentioned that his home was strict.

    On February 22, 2012, the Division sought and a judge

entered an order placing the children in the care and

supervision of the Division.   The Division did not seek

authorization to remove the children from their home.      The order

memorialized the parents' consent to cooperate with services

offered by the Division, and it restrained M.C. from having

contact with the children except when supervised by a person,

other than his wife, approved by the Division.

    The February 22 order included a provision authorizing the

lifting of that restraint with the consent of all counsel.

There is no dispute that, with the Division's approval, M.C.

resumed residence in his home with his family and without any

supervision before the end of April.

    In the interim, starting no later than February 27, 2012,

M.C. and his family commenced counseling that the Division

arranged at Families Matter, LLC.   The Division received regular

reports on the family's progress.   The therapist reported that

M.C. was "verbalizing [his] accountability for inappropriate

parenting and discipline of his children," "maintaining

sobriety," "fully participat[ing] in each session," expressing

interest in improving his relationship with Matt and spending




                                8                            A-2398-12T2
quality time with Matt during the supervised visits he had in

the home prior to his return in April.   By March, the therapist

reported that communications between M.C. and Matt had improved

and there were "no safety concerns."

    In fact, things improved to the extent that by letter dated

March 29, 2012, the therapist advised the second caseworker

assigned to M.C.'s family, Ms. McGonagle, that she felt that

reunification of the family, meaning having M.C. back in the

home, "is appropriate as long as the family continues to

participate in weekly family therapy."   During a follow-up phone

call on April 2, the therapist told Ms. McGonagle that Matt was

not "fearful" of M.C.; she noted that Matt was communicating

comfortably with, sitting next to and making good eye contact

with M.C.

    As the therapist suggested, however, M.C. and his family

continued counseling and "made significant progress" in their

ability to communicate and function as a family.   By May 10,

2012, the therapist recommended bi-weekly, rather than weekly

visits for the purpose of "observ[ing] family stability."     On

June 5, the therapist recommended discharging the family because

the family had successfully increased communication and improved

bonding; the parents had learned new parenting techniques to

which the children were responding well; and the family had




                               9                            A-2398-12T2
discussed M.C.'s alcohol abuse, which M.C. was addressing in a

separate program for that purpose.    Consequently, on July 3, the

family was "successfully discharged."

    Despite the successful intervention, the Division proceeded

to a fact-finding hearing that commenced on July 27.   Testimony

was taken that day and on August 13 and 31.    Ms. Badger and Ms.

McGonagle testified, and the judge fully credited their

testimonies.    Additionally, in conformity with Rule 5:12-4(b),

the judge interviewed Matt in chambers after giving the parties

an opportunity to submit questions for the judge to ask Matt,

which the Division, but not the law guardian or M.C., did.

Before questioning Matt, the judge probed the teenager's

understanding of his obligation to tell the truth.   The judge

also supplemented the Division's questions by following up and

posing additional questions raised by Matt's responses.    Jack

and Jill, however, did not meet with the judge.

    During his interview with the judge, Matt denied the truth

of the allegations he made on January 27.    It was not his first

retraction.    On January 31, Matt's mother reported that Matt

told her he had blown things out of proportion and made some

things up.    In addition, the therapist from Families Matter

reported that Matt said he lied to the school about the events

and did not understand the seriousness of that at the time.




                                 10                        A-2398-12T2
    The judge did not credit Matt's in camera denials of his

initial allegations or his explanation for misreporting M.C.'s

conduct.   Matt explained that his goal on January 27 was to

evoke the sympathy of the school officials so that they would

refrain from taking disciplinary action against him; he thought

it would lead to his removal from that school, where he was on

the football team, and return to the special-needs school he

previously attended.   Indeed, by the time of the fact-finding

hearing, Matt had been returned to the special-needs school.

    The judge found Ms. Badger's testimony recounting what Matt

told her on January 27 to be more credible than Matt's denial.

The judge stressed, however, that he was "not making any finding

that [Matt] was influenced or coerced to revise his statements."

The judge further found that Matt's prior statements, and those

of Jack and Jill, were sufficiently corroborated by M.C.'s

admissions and the out-of-court statements made by Matt's mother

and uncle to support a finding of abuse and neglect.

    On that evidence, the judge concluded that the Division met

its burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence,

that M.C.'s children were abused and neglected within the

meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).   The judge made the

following findings of fact supporting his conclusion: 1) both

parents used physical discipline that did not amount to




                                11                          A-2398-12T2
"excessive corporal punishment"; 2) there was no evidence of

injury; 3) M.C. used "corporal punishment" on Matt and "pinned

[Matt] in the corner" and made him "hit/slap himself and call

himself 'a liar,'" "'a retard,'" and "'stupid' while his

siblings watched"; 4) M.C. "was drinking alcohol to excess"; 5)

the mother's removal of herself and the children from the home

demonstrated that she "reasonably believed that it was not safe

to leave the children home with [M.C.] on those weekends she

knew [M.C.] was drinking alcohol to excess"; and 6) Matt "was

terrified" of M.C. "when [the school officials] told [Matt] that

they were going to report the school incident to his mother" on

January 27.

    In making those findings, the judge noted that it did not

appear that M.C.'s wife "had to leave the home since the

Division's involvement with the family beginning on January 27,

2012."   He determined, however, that this improved circumstance

was irrelevant to his fact finding, presumably concluding that

only those circumstances extant on January 27, 2012 were

relevant.

    The foregoing findings and the judge's reasons and legal

conclusions are set forth in a memorandum of decision dated

September 14, 2012.   They are discussed in the next section of




                                12                         A-2398-12T2
this opinion along with the controlling legal principles and our

reasons for reversal.

                               II

    As defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b), an "abused or

neglected" child includes

          a child whose physical, mental, or emotional
          condition has been impaired or is in
          imminent danger of becoming impaired as the
          result of the failure of his parent or
          guardian . . . to exercise a minimum degree
          of care . . . in providing the child with
          proper supervision or guardianship, by
          unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be
          inflicted harm, or substantial risk [of
          harm], including the infliction of excessive
          corporal punishment; or by any other acts of
          a similarly serious nature requiring the aid
          of the court . . . .

          [Ibid. (emphasis added).]

    After the judge decided this case, the Supreme Court

interpreted the foregoing provision and explained, "In the

absence of actual harm, a finding of abuse and neglect can be

based on proof of imminent danger and substantial risk of harm."

A.L., supra, 213 N.J. at 23.   And the Court held, "Because the

evidence presented did not establish actual harm or imminent

danger to [the child], the finding of abuse and neglect against

[the parent] under Title 9 cannot be sustained."   Id. at 30.4    In


4
     In other passages of the opinion, the proof needed in the
absence of harm is described as proof of imminent danger "or"
                                                      (continued)


                                13                         A-2398-12T2
reaching that conclusion, the Court focused on the language of

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 defining abuse and neglect and the role this

statute plays in the "comprehensive legislative scheme relating

to child welfare." Id. at 8.

    The language and structure of the provision and the

Legislature's stated purpose support a reading of the provision

at issue here to require a finding of "imminent danger of"

impairment to a child's condition whenever there is no proof of

actual harm.   N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4) defines what is needed to

show that a child is "abused or neglected" with an introductory

clause describing the child's condition and the reasons for it —

"a child whose physical, mental, or emotional condition has been

impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired" as the

result of a parent's or a guardian's "failure . . . to exercise

a minimum degree of care."   N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4) (emphasis

added).   That introductory clause is followed by two clauses,

(a) and (b), that serve to identify the parental failures that


(continued)
substantial risk of harm. See, e.g., id. at 8, 23. In light of
the Court's holding, we assign no significance to the use of
different conjunctions in the discussion. Because the Court
found that neither standard was met, id. at 27-28, the question
of need for proof of both was not raised. If the Court had
determined that a finding of a substantial risk without extant
imminent danger of a child's condition becoming impaired would
suffice, it most likely would have stated that the evidence was
inadequate to establish actual harm, imminent danger to the
child, or a substantial risk of harm. Cf. id. at 30.



                                14                        A-2398-12T2
can be considered in assessing whether the child's condition has

been impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired.

Ibid.   Subparagraph (a), not implicated in this case,

identifies failures in supplying a child's basic needs; (b)

identifies failures related to parental supervision and

discipline — those that have either caused harm or created a

substantial risk of harm.

    Setting aside cases where actual impairment of the child's

condition is proven, the structure and language indicates that a

parent's creation of a substantial risk of harm in the past may

support a finding of abuse or neglect.   But that is so only

where the essential criteria set forth in the introductory

clause are met.   That is, there must be evidence establishing

that lax supervision or improper discipline amounted to a

failure to "exercise a minimum degree of care" in either

endeavor, and there must be evidence the child's condition,

while not yet impaired, "is in imminent danger of becoming

impaired."   N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4).

    The question is the effect of the parental conduct.     For

example, use of an illegal substance, without more, will not

establish abuse or neglect.   See A.L., supra, 213 N.J. at 24

(discussing with approval N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v.

V.T., 423 N.J. Super. 320, 331-32 (App. Div. 2011), a case in




                                15                          A-2398-12T2
which this court reversed a finding of abuse and neglect based

on drug screens done at the time of the father's supervised

visitation that showed his drug use, on the ground that the

Division presented no evidence establishing he posed a risk to

the child during those visits).    Similarly, evidence of less

than admirable parental conduct is inadequate to establish abuse

or neglect in the absence of evidence establishing that the

child's "'physical, mental, or emotional condition has been

impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming impaired because'"

of a parent.   N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.W.R., 205

N.J. 17, 39 (2011).

    Where a finding of abuse or neglect rests only on imminent

danger of impairment of the child's physical, mental or

emotional condition, the question is whether the child "is in

imminent danger of becoming impaired."      N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)

(emphasis added).     This statutory language plainly requires an

evaluation of the present danger.      Thus, prior parental conduct

posing a risk of harm in the past that did not materialize is

pertinent to imminent danger only to the extent that it is

probative of current danger.     See N.J. Div. of Youth & Family

Servs. v. I.H.C., 415 N.J. Super. 551, 575-77 (App. Div. 2010).

    A determination of abuse or neglect requires consideration

of the totality of the circumstances and their synergistic




                                  16                         A-2398-12T2
relationship.    P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at 39.   Thus, in

determining whether a child "is in imminent danger," risk

demonstrated by past conduct should be assessed in light of

actions since taken to address prior dangerous parenting — for

example, parental action that has eliminated a previously

existing danger of impairment before the risk materialized.

    In our view, the Legislature's decision to require proof

that a child "is in imminent danger" requires an assessment of

the evidence available at the time, which may be different when

the complaint is filed than it is at the time of the fact-

finding hearing.     P.W.R. provides some support for that

conclusion beyond its direction to consider the totality of the

circumstances.     The Court, discussing its prior decision in New

Jersey Division of Youth & Family Services v. K.M., 136 N.J.

546, 550 (1994), a case involving parental failure to provide

for their children's basic needs, noted: "Importantly, despite

DYFS assistance, and intensive parenting-skills programs

provided to help the parents, neglect was found when the home

conditions did not improve."     P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at 34.

Just as parental inaction in addressing past conditions posing a

danger to a child is a circumstance pertinent to a finding of

abuse or neglect based on the child being in "imminent danger,"

parental action eliminating a danger is also pertinent.      To the




                                  17                         A-2398-12T2
extent the judge concluded that improvement of M.C.'s conduct

and conditions in the home was irrelevant to that issue in this

fact-finding hearing, the judge erred.   See N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. 504, 512-13 (App. Div.

2010) (considering improvement of conditions and attitudes

contributing to an isolated incident of abuse and the Division's

determination that its services were no longer required), appeal

dismissed as improvidently granted, 208 N.J. 355 (2011).

    The foregoing understanding of the need to focus on present

circumstances in considering whether the child is in imminent

danger of being impaired is consistent with the "purpose

animating Title Nine[, which] 'is to provide for the protection

of children under 18 years of age who have had serious injury

inflicted upon them.'"   P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at 31 (quoting

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.8).   The concern is "not the culpability of

parental conduct," G.S. v. Dep't of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161,

177 (1999), or whether the parental conduct is worthy of

emulation or award, P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at 39.

    A finding that a child "is in imminent danger of becoming

impaired" where, by all accounts, the dangerous condition has

been remediated to the point that the family has been safely

reunified and can remain safely together without additional

supervision or therapeutic services, is difficult to square with




                                18                         A-2398-12T2
the language of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4).      As previously noted,

it applies if the child "is in imminent danger of becoming

impaired . . . ."   Ibid. (emphasis added).     Without evidence

permitting a finding of likely repetition of past conduct

creating a substantial risk of harm, a finding based on past

conduct cannot be sustained.   The statute permits a focus on

past conduct alone only when the child's condition "has been

impaired."

    With those standards in sight, we consider the judge's

reasons for concluding that the Division met its burden of

proving actionable abuse or neglect.   Where the evidence is

inadequate to "satisfy the standard articulated in N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c)(4)," reversal is required.   P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at

21, 39-40; see also A.L., supra, 213 N.J. at 29-30.

     The judge provided the following statement of his reasons

for concluding that the Division met its burden.

              The court looks to the past conduct of
         [M.C.] in determining risk of harm to the
         children. Additionally, the court may also
         examine the parents' behavior to determine
         whether it creates an imminent risk of harm.
         This court has done so. As noted above, the
         court found that [Matt] was terrified of his
         father. The basis of [Matt's] fear became
         readily apparent following Ms. Badger's
         interviews in the home.

              This court finds that when a parent
         subjects a child to the combination of
         corporal punishment (which is not



                                19                           A-2398-12T2
excessive), self-injurious punishment while
calling himself degrading names while his
siblings watch and laugh, and is also
required to leave their home every weekend
due to excessive drinking of alcohol, said
parent creates a substantial risk of harm to
the physical, mental or emotional condition
of a minor child. Moreover, the court finds
that a parent that engages in such conduct
failed to exercise a minimum degree of care
in that the conduct is grossly negligent,
and the children are in a substantial risk
of harm.

     The fact that the children were not
physically injured at the time of the
interviews is of no moment for this court's
consideration. The disciplinary measures
employed by [M.C.] were severe in the sense
that [Matt] was terrified of his dad and he
got down on his hands and knees to beg that
his parents not be told of the incident at
school. It was clear to this court that
[Matt] was mentally or physically strained
to the point that his health or physical or
moral well-being may be injured.

     Moreover, [Matt's mother's] act of
removing herself and the children from the
home when [M.C.] drank excessive amounts of
alcohol reinforces to this court that [Matt]
and his siblings are abused and neglected
children. [Matt's mother] found it in the
children's best interest to take refuge out
of the home to protect the health, safety
and welfare of the minor children from
[M.C.]. [Matt's mother's] action of leaving
the home as often as she described with the
children speaks volumes that the children's
physical, mental or emotional condition was
in imminent danger of becoming impaired as a
result of [M.C.'s] failure in exercising a
minimum degree of care and that the children
were in a substantial risk of harm. Indeed,
it was not a secret to the children why they
left the home on weekends.



                     20                        A-2398-12T2
     In applying the law to the facts, the judge did not find

that Matt's or his sibling's condition had been impaired.     He

found a risk of harm and imminent danger of impairment, but the

judge looked only to "past conduct" in determining risk of harm

to the children.   Setting aside the thin support in the record

for the conclusions that "the children's physical, mental or

emotional condition was in imminent danger of becoming impaired"

and that they "were in a substantial risk of harm,"5 when their

mother removed them on the weekends, the law requires a

determination of extant imminent danger.   It is not enough to

say that the children were in imminent danger of becoming

impaired in the past.

     The record does not support a finding that the past conduct

the judge found to have created a substantial risk of harm was

likely to be repeated.   The "corner incident" was a one-time

5
     The children's law guardian and M.C. persuasively argue that
M.C.'s drinking away from home and the weekend removals of the
children when he drank at home demonstrate paternal efforts to
shield the children from any risk of harm or impairment
presented by exposure to such conduct.
     It is worth noting that Matt's vague account of M.C.'s
drinking and M.C.'s admissions provide the only competent
evidence about M.C.'s drinking prior to the Division's
intervention. The statements made by Matt's mother and uncle
were not admissible for the truth of the matters they asserted
as Ms. Badger reported. Neither testified and neither spoke to
Ms. Badger with M.C.'s authorization or as his agent, and their
statements were admitted against M.C., not them. N.J.R.E.
803(a), 803(b).



                                21                          A-2398-12T2
occurrence, and the judge found that the corporal punishment was

not excessive.    As the judge noted, since the Division

intervened, M.C.'s drinking had not caused the mother to remove

the children.    Despite Matt's professed fear of M.C. that Matt

explained was connected with his being in trouble at school, the

teenager came home from school on the day he got in trouble.

Moreover, the family's therapist at Families Matter reported

that things quickly changed.6   M.C. had recognized and modified

his inappropriate parenting and disciplining techniques,

maintained sobriety, and improved his relationship with Matt.

Importantly, the therapist reported that Matt was not "fearful"

of M.C. and was communicating comfortably with, sitting next to

and making good eye contact with M.C.

     In short, this case was one of the Division's success

stories.   On the record of the fact-finding hearing, there is no

evidence supporting a finding that any one of M.C.'s children

"is in imminent danger of becoming impaired" as a consequence of

M.C.'s prior drinking or inappropriate discipline.




6
     The therapist's periodic reports to the Division are
admissible. The Division "is permitted to submit into evidence,
pursuant to N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6) and 801(d), reports by staff
personnel or professional consultants. Pursuant to Court Rule,
'[c]onclusions drawn from the facts stated therein shall be
treated as prima facie evidence, subject to rebuttal.' R. 5:12-
4(d)." P.W.R., supra, 205 N.J. at 32.



                                 22                        A-2398-12T2
    Considering the totality of the circumstances and their

synergistic relationship, the evidence was inadequate to prove

the present imminent danger that is essential to a finding of

abuse or neglect as defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b) when

there is no finding of actual harm or impairment.     Accordingly,

this finding of abuse and neglect must be reversed and vacated.

    Because the inadequacy of the evidence requires reversal,

it is not necessary to address M.C.'s objections to

insufficiency of the evidence corroborating the children's out-

of-court statements.   Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4),

"previous statements made by the child relating to any

allegations of abuse or neglect shall be admissible in evidence;

provided, however, that no such statement, if uncorroborated,

shall be sufficient to make a fact finding of abuse or neglect."

    The question whether overlapping out-of-court statements of

children can, without more, satisfy the statutory corroboration

requirement frequently arises and has not been addressed in a

published opinion.   In our view, it is reasonable to assume that

the Legislature intends courts to apply this statutory

corroboration requirement in the same manner as courts consider

the adequacy of evidence corroborating a confession.     See

N.J.S.A. 1:1-1 (directing that "words and phrases" appearing in

statutes "having a special or accepted meaning in the law, shall




                                23                             A-2398-12T2
be construed in accordance with such . . . special and accepted

meaning").

    In the context of confessions, the trial court must

determine "whether there is any legal evidence, apart from the

confession of facts and circumstances, from which the jury might

draw an inference that the confession is trustworthy."     State v.

Lucas, 30 N.J. 37, 62 (1959); accord State v. Reddish, 181 N.J.

553, 618 (2004).   Legal evidence is generally understood to

exclude hearsay that is inadmissible under the Rules of

Evidence.    See Swain v. Neeld, 49 N.J. Super. 523, 528 (App.

Div.), rev'd on other grounds, 28 N.J. 60 (1958).

    But the admissibility of extrajudicial statements of

children pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(a)(4) does not depend on

admissibility under the evidence rules.   For that reason, we do

not think that overlapping out-of-court statements of children

that are not otherwise admissible hearsay have any tendency to

show the trustworthiness of each other.   Of course, if all of

the children who made the overlapping statements testified in

court or in camera, the analysis would be different.     See

generally R. 5:12-4(b) (discussing in camera proceedings); N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. H.B., 375 N.J. Super. 148 (App.

Div. 2005) (discussing the need for children's testimony in the




                                 24                            A-2398-12T2
circumstances of that case); N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.

v. L.A., 357 N.J. Super. 155 (App. Div. 2003) (same).

    For several reasons, this case is a poor vehicle for a

definitive resolution of that question.     First, as discussed

above, this appeal can be decided without reaching the issue.

We have reversed on inadequacy of the evidence and considered

all of the evidence admitted in reaching that conclusion.

    Second, M.C.'s admissions, which corroborated the

children's statements, were admissible against him as a party in

the abuse or neglect action, N.J.R.E. 803(b)(1).     His

admissions, without more, provided adequate corroboration under

our prior decisions.    "By its nature, corroborative evidence

'need only provide support for the out-of-court statements.'"

L.A., supra, 357 N.J. Super. at 166 (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth

& Family Servs. v. Z.P.R., 351 N.J. Super. 427, 436 (App. Div.

2002)).    M.C. acknowledged his drinking problem, his wife's

removal of the children from their home when he drank, his use

of physical discipline — pushing Matt and tapping him on the

head — and his punishing Matt by having Matt call himself a

liar.     We cannot conclude that the judge abused his discretion

in finding that Matt's statements were sufficiently corroborated

by those admissions.




                                  25                        A-2398-12T2
    Third, because Matt testified in camera, any statements he

made when speaking with Ms. Badger that qualified as

inconsistent with his in camera testimony, if offered in

conformity with N.J.R.E. 613, were admissible pursuant to

N.J.R.E. 803(a)(1).   See State in the Interest of R.V., 280 N.J.

Super. 118, 120-21 (App. Div. 1995).

    Fourth, the issue was merely suggested, not argued with

supporting authority, in the briefs submitted on appeal.

    Reversed.




                                26                          A-2398-12T2
