                                                                                       02/21/2017


                                     DA 16-0098
                                                                                   Case Number: DA 16-0098

         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                     2017 MT 30



ASSOCIATED DERMATOLOGY AND
SKIN CANCER CLINIC OF HELENA, P.C.
PROFIT SHARING PLAN AND TRUST FOR
THE BENEFIT OF STEPHEN D. BEHLMER, M.D.,

          Plaintiff and Appellant,

    v.

MOUNTAIN WEST FARM BUREAU
MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

          Defendant, Appellee,
          and Cross-Appellant.


APPEAL FROM:      District Court of the First Judicial District,
                  In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. ADV 13-690
                  Honorable Mike Menahan, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

           For Appellant:

                  Erik B. Thueson, Thueson Law Ofice, Helena, Montana

                  Scott Peterson, Morrison, Sherwood, Wilson and Deola, PLLP,
                  Helena, Montana

           For Appellee:

                  Randall G. Nelson, Nelson & Dahle, P.C., Billings, Montana

                  Martha Sheehy, Sheehy Law Firm, Billings, Montana



                                              Submitted on Briefs: December 21, 2016

                                                         Decided: February 21, 2017
Filed:

         __________________________________________
                           Clerk




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Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     Appellant Associated Dermatology and Skin Cancer Clinic of Helena, P.C. Profit

Sharing Plan and Trust for the Benefit of Stephen D. Behlmer, M.D. (Behlmer), appeals

from the order of the First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, partially

granting summary judgment to Appellee Mountain West Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance

Company (Mountain West), holding that certain insurance proceeds must be deposited

into the District Court, denying Behlmer’s motion for attorneys’ fees and costs, and not

ruling on the availability of post-judgment interest. Mountain West cross-appeals the

District Court’s summary judgment ruling that determined the subject insurance policy

provided coverage for Behlmer’s claim. We address only the cross-appeal and reverse

the District Court’s coverage determination. We do not reach Behlmer’s appellate issues.

¶2     We restate the issue as follows:

     Did the District Court err by holding there was coverage for the Corral Fire
damage under Mountain West’s commercial automobile policy?

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3     Robert S. Fitte (Fitte) is a property owner in the Scratchgravel Hills in Lewis and

Clark County, who runs a construction business out of his home.            Fitte’s property

contained pine trees that had been killed by beetles. In June 2012, Fitte, concerned about

potential damage that could occur if a tree fell, decided to cut down two beetle-killed pine

trees on his property. Fitte was concerned that the trees might fall on his work vehicles,

ladders, and scaffolding. He testified in his deposition:

       The tops of the trees had already blown over and damaged the fence in two
       spots. I was worried because that’s where I park my work vehicles if the

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       tree itself blew over it would take out my work vehicles, and I keep ladders
       and scaffolds there from time to time when they’re not on the job site.

¶4     On June 21, 2012, Fitte cut down the second tree, after felling the first tree earlier.

Fitte trimmed the branches off the trees and cut the trunks into eight-foot logs, stacking

them on his property with the intention of either selling or giving them away. Pursuant to

a burn permit, Fitte started a fire to burn the branches from the trees so that the branches

would not take up space on his property. He agreed in his deposition that, once he had

felled both trees, there “was no longer a risk of those trees falling on [my] business

vehicles or [my] scaffold or [my] ladders.”

¶5     Two days later, a fire rose from the ashes of Fitte’s burn and erupted into a

wildfire that became known as the Corral Fire, as we have previously noted.               See

Associated Dermatology & Skin Cancer Clinic of Helena, P.C. Profit Sharing Plan and

Trust for the Benefit of Stephen D. Behlmer, M.D. v. Fitte, 2016 MT 349, ¶ 3, 386 Mont.

150, ___ P.3d ___ [hereinafter Associated Dermatology I]. The Corral Fire burned over

1,800 acres owned by approximately 35 landowners, including Behlmer’s 224-acre

parcel, and consumed four dwellings, timber, and other personal property.

¶6     At the time of the fire, Fitte carried two insurance policies issued by Mountain

West that provided three coverages: a $300,000 homeowners policy; and a commercial

policy that provided $1,000,000 in coverage for commercial general liability (CGL) and




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$500,000 in coverage for commercial automobiles. Only the commercial automobile

coverage is at issue in this appeal.1

¶7     Fitte conceded negligence and, following arbitration on damages, stipulated to

entry of a judgment in favor of Behlmer in the amount of $500,000, which was entered

by the District Court on September 13, 2013. Fitte and Behlmer subsequently entered

into an agreement in which Fitte assigned his rights in the Mountain West policies to

Behlmer in exchange for an agreement that Behlmer would not execute against Fitte

personally. Behlmer filed this action seeking, inter alia, a declaration that the automobile

policy provided coverage for the Corral Fire damages and enforcement of its judgment

against Fitte. Mountain West counterclaimed for a declaration that the automobile policy

did not provide coverage. Both parties moved for summary judgment on the coverage

issue and the District Court held in favor of Behlmer, reasoning that:

       By removing and disposing trees to prevent damage to his vehicles, Fitte
       caused the Corral Fire. Thus, [Behlmer’s] property damage flowed from,
       grew out of, or originated from Fitte maintaining his insured vehicle.

(Internal quotations omitted).

¶8     Mountain West appeals.

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9     This Court reviews a district court’s order on a motion for summary judgment by

applying the same criteria as the district court under M. R. Civ. P. 56. Parker v. Safeco

1
 Mountain West conceded coverage under the homeowners policy. Coverage under the CGL
policy was declared by the United States District Court for the District of Montana. Order
Granting Summary Judgment in Favor of Defendant and Intervenor Defendant, Mountain W.
Mut. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Fitte (D. Mont. 2013) (No. CV-13-20-RKS); Associated
Dermatology I, ¶ 7.
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Ins. Co. of Am., 2016 MT 173, ¶ 15, 384 Mont. 125, 376 P.3d 114 (citing Thornton v.

Flathead Cnty., 2009 MT 367, ¶ 13, 353 Mont. 252, 220 P.3d 395).

¶10    The interpretation of an insurance policy presents a question of law, which we

review for correctness. Parker, ¶ 14 (citing Wendell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,

1999 MT 17, ¶ 10, 293 Mont. 140, 974 P.2d 623); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.

Ferrin, 2002 MT 196, ¶ 11, 311 Mont. 155, 54 P.3d 21 (citing Pablo v. Moore, 2000 MT

48, ¶ 12, 298 Mont. 393, 995 P.2d 460).

                                     DISCUSSION

¶11    “It is well established that in construing and analyzing the terms of an insurance

policy we look first to the policy’s plain language.” Monroe v. Cogswell Agency, 2010

MT 134, ¶ 15, 356 Mont. 417, 234 P.3d 79; accord Lincoln Cnty. Port Auth. v. Allianz

Global Risks US Ins. Co., 2013 MT 365, ¶ 15, 373 Mont. 60, 315 P.3d 934. When

interpreting the contract, we “give the terms and words used in an insurance contract their

usual meaning and construe them using common sense.” Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v.

Ribi Immunochem Research, 2005 MT 50, ¶ 17, 326 Mont. 174, 108 P.3d 469; accord

Modroo v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 2008 MT 275, ¶ 23, 345 Mont. 262, 191 P.3d

389; Mitchell v. State Farm Ins. Co., 2003 MT 102, ¶ 26, 315 Mont. 281, 68 P.3d 703;

Stutzman v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 284 Mont. 372, 376, 945 P.2d 32, 34 (1997).

¶12    Mountain West’s commercial automobile policy provides, in pertinent part:

       We [Mountain West] will pay all sums an “insured” legally must pay as
       damages because of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this
       insurance applies, caused by an “accident” and resulting from the
       ownership, maintenance or use of a covered “auto.”


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There is no dispute that the incident in question was an “accident” that caused “property

damage” that the insured, Fitte, was legally required to pay. The coverage question here

is whether the property damage “result[ed] from the ownership, maintenance or use of”

Fitte’s covered vehicles.

¶13    Mountain West’s initial argument is that merely “preventing harm” to a vehicle by

cutting down trees is not “maintenance” of a vehicle, but, rather, “maintenance” consists

of “repairing or working on an intrinsic part” of a vehicle. Alternatively, Mountain West

argues that, even assuming that maintenance could encompass the prevention of harm to

a vehicle, Fitte’s subsequent burning of the branches did not prevent any harm, but

instead “dispos[ed] of rubbish which at a previous time may have posed a risk,” adding

that “any potential threat to the vehicles from the falling tree limbs ended when the trees

were on the ground.” (Emphasis in original.) As such, Mountain West argues that “Fitte

did not burn the branches to eliminate a risk to his vehicles,” and that the Corral Fire

damages resulted from Fitte’s decision about the method of disposing of the tree

branches.

¶14    Behlmer responds that the policy provides coverage “because the Corral Fire and

the damage it caused resulted from Fitte maintaining his insured vehicles.” Behlmer

argues that the District Court correctly reasoned that Fitte was engaging in “maintenance”

because his actions were done “to preserve or keep [his insured vehicles] in an existing

state or condition.”   Thus, Behlmer argues that “a causal relationship existed here

between the fire and the vehicle’s maintenance,” because, quoting the District Court,



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“[t]he obvious and necessary result of cutting down trees is the requirement to dispose of

them.”

¶15      We have once addressed the meaning of the word “maintenance,” albeit in a

non-insurance context. In Link v. State, 180 Mont. 469, 591 P.2d 214 (1979), cited by

Behlmer, the Montana State Park Commission (Park Commission) entered into a contract

in 1946 with the Link Bros. partnership that granted the partnership the right to operate

the concession service at the Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park, and required that the

partnership construct certain improvements that would become the property of the Park

Commission, including a railroad or tramway to carry visitors from the concession area to

the caverns. Link, 180 Mont. at 471, 591 P.2d at 216. Link Bros. operated the tramway

for three years before entering into a supplemental agreement with the Park Commission

in which the Park Commission agreed to “‘take over the operation and maintenance of

the said mountain railroad’, and to ‘operate and maintain same at its own expense.’”

Link, 180 Mont. at 472, 591 P.2d at 216 (quoting the agreement). The Park Commission

agreed to pay Link Bros. a portion of the fares in recognition of their investment in the

improvements. Link, 180 Mont. at 472, 591 P.2d at 216. In 1973, a gear in the tramway

hoist broke and the Park Commission did not repair it, but instead removed the tramway

and replaced it with a walking path in its place. Link, 180 Mont. at 472–73, 591 P.2d at

217. Addressing Link Bros.’ breach of contract claim, we quoted the Texas Supreme

Court, stating:

         “To ‘maintain’ means to preserve or keep in an existing state or condition
         and embraces acts of repair and other acts to prevent a decline, lapse, or
         cessation from that state of condition . . .” and “. . . includes the idea of

                                           8
       keeping in repair, but has much broader meaning involving the concept of
       supporting, sustaining, carrying on and continuing.”

Link, 180 Mont. at 477, 591 P.2d at 219 (quoting State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Pan

Am. Ins. Co., 437 S.W.2d 542, 545 (Tex. 1969)). We held that the Park Commission’s

“failure to maintain and refusal to operate the system” was a breach of the contractual

requirement to “operate and maintain” the tramway. Link, 180 Mont. at 478, 591 P.2d at

219.

¶16    Intrinsic within the definition of “maintenance” we cited in Link was that the acts

of “preservation” or “repair” or “support” or “sustaining” or “continuing” would occur on

the item being maintained. “Maintenance” as constituting work on the actual object is a

meaning commonly understood by other courts. “Maintenance” includes “the act of

repairing the covered automobile.” 8A Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance § 119:36

(3d ed. 2014) (citing Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Wisconsin, and New York

decisions). In an automobile insurance contract, New York defined “maintenance” as

“performance of work on an intrinsic part of the mechanism of the car and its overall

function.” Guishard v. Gen. Sec. Ins. Co., 875 N.E.2d 881, 882 (N.Y. 2007) (internal

quotations omitted).   Similarly, Oklahoma defined “maintenance” in an automobile

insurance contract as “all acts which come within its ordinary scope and meaning,

including acts of commission or omission relative to the external and mechanical

condition of a vehicle.” Ply v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 81 P.3d 643, 649 n.13 (Okla.

2003). “Maintenance” is defined as the “care and work put into property to keep it




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operating and productive; general repair and upkeep.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1097

(Bryan A. Garner ed., 10th ed. 2014).

¶17    Even if we were to assume, for sake of argument, that cutting down trees

constituted maintenance of a vehicle, the policy would not extend coverage for the

damages here.     Placing the word “maintenance” back within the provision at issue

requires that the damage “result from” the maintenance of the covered vehicles. Fitte’s

decision to dispose of the branches by burning them and his action of starting the fire

occurred after the trees had been cut down. As Fitte admitted in his deposition, the

perceived risk to his vehicles was eliminated when he felled the trees. Fitte could have

disposed of the trees in any number of ways, demonstrating that his decision to burn the

branches was not an inherent part of vehicle maintenance. See Wendell, ¶ 54 (the phrase

“arise out of the use [of a vehicle]” meant the injuries must “originate from, or grow out

of, or flow from the use of the . . . vehicle.”). Thus, the District Court’s conclusion that

burning the trees was a necessary part of preventing damage to, and thus maintaining,

Fitte’s vehicles, was incorrect.

¶18    Accordingly, the District Court’s declaration of coverage under the Mountain

West commercial automobile policy is reversed.


                                                 /S/ JIM RICE

We concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

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