Filed 3/2/15 P. v. Garcia CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,                                                         H036346
                                                                   (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                  Super. Ct. No. CC800985)

         v.

ESEQUIEL PAUL GARCIA et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.


         On February 4, 2009, the Santa Clara County District Attorney filed an amended
information in which Esequiel Paul Garcia, Miguel Chaidez (Miguel),1 and Lucio Estrada
(collectively defendants) were charged with the March 14, 2008, murder of Mark Achilli.
(Pen. Code, § 187.) As to Estrada, the amended information contained three
allegations—(1) that in the commission of the offense Estrada personally and
intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused the death of Achilli; (2) that
Estrada intentionally murdered Achilli for financial gain within the meaning of Penal
Code section 190.2, subdivision (a)(1); and (3) that Estrada intentionally killed Achilli by
means of lying in wait within the meaning of Penal Code section 190.2,
subdivision (a)(15). As to Garcia, the district attorney alleged that if Garcia was not the
actual killer, with the intent to kill he aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced,



1
      To avoid confusion, we refer to Miguel Chaidez by his first name as his cousin
Daniel Chaidez was a witness for the prosecution at trial. No disrespect is intended.
solicited, requested or assisted the principal actor in the commission of the murder within
the meaning of Penal Code section 190.2, subdivision (c).
       A jury trial started on August 16, 2010. On October 26, 2010, the jury found the
defendants guilty of first degree murder and found true the special circumstance
allegations.
       On November 30, 2010, the court sentenced Estrada to life in prison without the
possibility of parole consecutive to 25 years to life. Estrada filed a notice of appeal the
same day.
       On February 2, 2011, Garcia moved for a new trial. Subsequently, on
February 23, 2011, after Garcia’s trial counsel declared a conflict, the court appointed
new counsel to represent him.
       On March 17, 2011, the court sentenced Miguel to prison for 25 years to life. On
April 13, 2011, Miguel filed his notice of appeal.
       On December 22, 2011, Garcia’s new counsel filed a motion for a new trial, which
ultimately, the court denied on May 10, 2012. On the same day, the court sentenced
Garcia to life in prison without the possibility of parole; Garcia filed his notice of appeal.
       The defendants raise numerous issues on appeal, which we shall outline later. In
addition, Garcia has filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, which this court ordered
considered with the appeal. In his petition, Garcia contends on several grounds that trial
counsel was ineffective. We have disposed of the petition by separate order filed this
day. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.387(b)(2)(B).)
                                 Facts Adduced at the Trial
Physical Evidence and Eyewitness Testimony
       At approximately 11:40 a.m. on March 14, 2008, after he was told by a man that
he had heard eight gunshots fired in rapid succession from a semi-automatic hand-gun,
Los Gatos Police Officer Daniel Accardo approached the driveway of 18400 Overlook.
As he did so a white van approached; the driver of the van said he had heard the
                                              2
gunshots. As the officer drove into the driveway an elderly gentleman flagged down the
officer and told him that there was a badly injured man near a carport.
       At 18400 Overlook, Officer Accardo saw a man lying face down in a carport; the
man was bleeding from multiple places and there were spent shell casings on the ground.
Emergency personnel arrived and declared Achilli dead. Officer Accardo was able to
identify Achilli from the driver’s license the officer found in Achilli’s wallet, which
firefighters had collected from a pocket in Achilli’s pants.
       Approximately two hours after the shooting, Los Gatos Police Department
Corporal Kalipona Kauweloa and other officers collected evidence from the area
surrounding the shooting scene. Specifically, in various different places they found a
torn photograph of Achilli, a gun cleaning cloth, a black jacket recovered on
Chestnut Avenue,2 two black gloves, a gun magazine, a black Los Angeles Dodger’s
baseball cap, a gun magazine with two unspent .380 cartridges, and a page of printed
driving directions from Fish Canyon Road to 18400 Overlook. The officers did not
locate a gun.
       Los Gatos Police Officer Steve Walpole collected .380 shell casings, .380 bullet
fragments, and a bullet jacket at the scene; all were recovered from near where Achilli’s
body had been.3 Officer Walpole took a photograph of a bullet hole that was in a drain
pipe. Officer Walpole removed a computer from unit No. 364 and collected a cellular
telephone that had been recovered from amongst Achilli’s bloody clothing. Achilli’s
body was removed from the scene by the coroner at 4:53 p.m.
       On the day after the shooting, Los Gatos Police Officer Sam Wonnell retrieved a
Lorcin .380 semi-automatic pistol with no rounds in the magazine from some ground ivy

2
       Testimony at trial showed that Chestnut Avenue is north of Overlook.
3
       Paramedics moved Achilli’s body approximately 12 feet east of where he was
originally lying.
4
       Officer Accardo established that unit No. 36 was where Achilli lived.

                                              3
located in front of some of the residences at 18400 Overlook. The next day, close to unit
No. 35, Officer Wonnell found a .380-caliber shell casing.
       On March 28, 2008, Santa Clara Police Sergeant Nicolas Richards served a search
warrant on Miguel’s residence in Duarte, California. Sergeant Richards seized a Dell
laptop computer, a copier/fax machine, a gun cleaning kit, $3,240 cash, an Airsoft gun,5
and a rifle. In the bedroom of the residence he located identifying information for
Miguel. Sergeant Richards searched a Dodge Durango registered to Jose Chaidez; a
MoneyGram receipt for $2,500 was found inside.
       On March 29, 2008, California Highway Patrol Officer Edward Whitfield
conducted a search of Estrada’s Burbank apartment. There were papers belonging to
Estrada in the apartment. Officer Whitfield recovered two baggies of marijuana, a baggie
of various narcotics, a book entitled “Surgical Speed Shooting,” a book entitled “The
Gun Digest, Book of Combat Handgunnery,” and a book entitled “Hit Man A Technical
Manual for Independent Contractors.” In addition, Officer Whitfield found two
notebooks, one purple and one gray; a black bag containing $2,000 cash; and a black
baseball cap with “LA” on it, which he found hanging on a hook on the back of a door.
The notebooks were marked as exhibit Nos. 92 (the purple notebook) and 93 (the gray
notebook), and two pages of notes taken from exhibit No. 93 were marked as
exhibit No. 91. On one of the pages inside the purple notebook the name “Chaidez” was
written. In the pages of the gray notebook was a letter addressed to Estrada. One of the
pages of notes taken from the gray notebook included phrases such as “surveillance,”
“Fast Fast Fast,” “Really Fast,” “military style precision,” “gloves, disguise,” “fake
wigs,” “stay calm,” “calm and precise,” and “shoot to kill!” Inside a black backpack,
Officer Whitfield found a .45-caliber handgun and under the bed he found two different
.45-caliber handguns, numerous gun magazines, and a plastic baggie containing some

5
       Sergeant Richards testified that the Airsoft gun was not a real firearm.

                                             4
ammunition and a gun cleaning cloth. The next day Officer Whitfield searched Estrada’s
car and found two cellular telephones. No ammunition or .380-caliber handguns were
found in the residence.
       Criminalist Eric Barloewen from the Santa Clara County Crime Laboratory (the
crime laboratory) examined the eight fired cartridge cases, two fired bullets, and the
.380-caliber pistol. He testified that the Lorcin .380 pistol was the murder weapon. All
the cartridge cases recovered from the scene were ejected from the recovered weapon.
He explained that a fully loaded Lorcin pistol would be able to fire a total of eight rounds.
       Crime laboratory employee Matthew Riles, an expert in examining physical
evidence for latent prints, determined that there were no latent prints on the pistol. He
explained, however, that if someone had worn gloves while using the pistol there would
not be any prints. Riles was able to develop latent prints on the paper that contained the
driving directions. Michael Valverde, a fingerprint examiner, was able to identify one of
the prints as belonging to Cesar Chaidez, Miguel’s brother, and two fingerprints
belonging to Estrada.
       An expert in DNA analysis examined the baseball cap recovered from the area
close to 18400 Overlook and the right glove and black jacket. The major DNA profile
for all three items was the same—Estrada. Garcia and Miguel were excluded as minor
contributors. A gunshot residue expert testified that there were many particles of gunshot
residue on the gloves.
       On March 14, 2008, Laurie Babula lived at 18400 Overlook; she testified that
18400 Overlook Road is a complex of townhouses. At approximately 7:30 a.m. on
March 14, she looked out of her bedroom window and saw a man in the parking lot
dressed all in black with a black messenger bag; he was wearing a black baseball hat.
When Babula left her townhouse at approximately 8:00 a.m. she saw the same man at a
nearby intersection; he was looking at a newspaper. She described the man as a thin


                                             5
Hispanic in his twenties. A couple of weeks later she identified Estrada from a
photographic lineup as the man she saw on the day of the murder.
        On March 14, 2008, Joe Colonna, who runs a housecleaning business, dropped off
two of his cleaners, Alma Fuentes and Alva at a townhouse—unit No. 33—on Overlook
between 9:25 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. While cleaning the townhouse, Fuentes saw a young
man walk back and forth outside. At approximately 10:30 a.m. she went outside to wait
for Colonna. While she was waiting, she saw the man she had seen earlier walk back and
forth while talking in Spanish on a cellular telephone. The man was wearing black pants,
a black jacket, and a black cap; she described him as a “white Latino” between “24 and
25 or 26.” Fuentes saw an older man arrive in a black car; he went into a unit that was
close by. When Colonna arrived sometime between 11:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m., she went
back into the townhouse she had been cleaning with Colonna. While they were inside,
Fuentes heard between “five and six” gunshots. Colonna heard the gunshots; he
described the sound as “like somebody unloaded the whole gun.” He and Fuentes locked
the townhouse and left. When Fuentes went outside she saw the man in black running
away.
        Colonna testified that when he came back to the complex to pick up Fuentes and
Alva around 11:30 a.m., he noticed a man standing around; he thought the man looked
suspicious. Colonna saw the man from approximately 20 yards away and for
approximately three seconds; he made eye contact with the man. Colonna described the
man as “thin and light complexion, unshaven face, black clothes, carrying a . . . black
bag.” He had a black hat on. The man was about 25 years old and five feet seven inches
tall. As Colonna was driving up to the complex he saw another man walking across the
road, but he could not describe him. This man went into a unit close to unit No. 33. In
court, both Fuentes and Colonna identified Estrada as the man in black they had seen on
March 14.


                                             6
       Dr. Joseph O’Hara, the Santa Clara County Medical Examiner, testified that the
cause of Achilli’s death was “gunshot wounds of the head and torso.”
Testimony Regarding Tessa Donnelly’s Relationship with Achilli and Garcia
       Tessa Donnelly met Achilli in 2004 when she was working at Mountain Charley’s
as a bartender; Achilli owned the bar. Donnelly dated Achilli for approximately four
years, but broke up with him in September 2007 because Achilli was seeing someone
else. About the same time, Achilli sold Mountain Charley’s and the 180 Restaurant to
Garcia and his brother, Eric. A few weeks after she broke up with Achilli, Donnelly
began dating Garcia. Garcia told Donnelly that he had recently ended his relationship
with his fianceé. Within a month of their first date, Garcia told Donnelly that he cared a
lot about her and saw their future together. Donnelly spent most weekends in Discovery
Bay where Garcia had a house. Their relationship was sexual. Garcia said he wanted to
marry Donnelly and have children together, but Donnelly told him he was moving too
fast. Donnelly never told Garcia she loved him.
       In early November 2007, Donnelly decided Garcia was too possessive; she
stopped having sexual intercourse with him. On a few occasions, Donnelly saw Garcia
drive by Achilli’s residence. Around New Year’s Day 2008, Donnelly lost her cellular
telephone. Garcia said that he did not know what happened to the telephone; Donnelly
had not given Garcia permission to take it.6 In January 2008, Donnelly and Achilli
discussed dating again, so Donnelly told Garcia she wanted to date Achilli and not him.
Around the same time Garcia demoted Donnelly from bar manager at the 180 Restaurant
to bartender. Donnelly testified that she hoped to remain friends with Garcia because
they had to work together. In February 2008, Donnelly went on several trips with Garcia

6
       On March 14, 2014, after Garcia had given the police consent to search his
residence, Officer Clinton Tada located a black Dell laptop shoulder bag in which he
found a blue and gray Casio cellular telephone. At trial, Donnelly identified the Casio
telephone as hers.

                                             7
because Achilli started seeing someone else. On these trips Donnelly did not have sexual
intercourse with Garcia, but they did engage in “foreplay.”
       On March 1, 2008, Donnelly went home from the restaurant at around 1:00 a.m.;
she lived only two blocks away. Donnelly let Steve Wilkins, another bartender, sleep on
her couch. Garcia came to her apartment uninvited.7 Garcia had been drinking so she let
him sleep in her room, but they did not have sexual intercourse. Around 9:00 a.m.,
Donnelly heard voices. When she got up to check on who was there, Wilkins told her
that Achilli had come to the apartment and asked if Garcia was there. Wilkins said that
he told Achilli that he was. Donnelly grabbed her keys and rushed out of the apartment
to go to Achilli’s townhouse to tell him that nothing had happened. Donnelly could not
remember if she spoke to Achilli later that day or the next day.
       After the March 1 incident, Donnelly and Achilli talked and “figured it out.”
Donnelly told Garcia that she did not love him and that she loved Achilli and was getting
back together with him; she told Garcia this two or three times. Garcia told her she was
wasting her life and that Achilli was old and he was young. He asked her why she was
choosing Achilli over him.
       The weekend following the March 1 incident, Donnelly and Achilli went to
San Francisco. They spent the night together and then drove back to Los Gatos in
Achilli’s black BMW. Achilli parked his car in front of Donnelly’s apartment. As
Donnelly and Achilli were taking suitcases out of the car, Donnelly noticed Garcia drive
by. Donnelly received a text message from Garcia the “gist” of which was “What are
you doing? I can’t believe you’re with him.”8
       After March 9, 2008, Donnelly and Achilli went to Las Vegas for three days.
They spoke about marriage. The night before the murder, Achilli spent the night at

7
       Wilkins confirmed that this incident happened.
8
       This incident occurred on March 9.

                                             8
Donnelly’s apartment. Achilli took Donnelly to work because her car was at his
townhouse. He dropped her off at her work around 11:15 a.m. Achilli was going to go
home and then he had a lunch meeting.
      Donnelly testified that between January 2008 and up until the time of Achilli’s
murder there were more than 30 telephone calls between her and Garcia. However, early
in the week immediately preceding the murder Garcia called her a lot, but she did not
return the calls. During March 2008, Garcia sent her dozens of text messages; in some he
accused her of lying, in others he asked to see her. In other messages he demanded to
know where she was and told her she needed to choose between him and Achilli.9
      Numerous witnesses testified about the relationship between Garcia and Donnelly.
Joey Battiato worked for Garcia, first at Pacific Blue Equity, a mortgage company, and
then as a bartender at Mountain Charley’s. Battiato had known Donnelly since high
school. When he heard that Mountain Charley’s and the 180 Restaurant were for sale he
asked Garcia if he was interested in buying them. Achilli paid Battiato a $25,000 finder’s
fee and promised him $25,000 more when the final sales price was paid off.
      For a couple of months Battiato and Garcia shared an apartment in Los Gatos. In
January 2008, Garcia became upset that Donnelly was avoiding him. Garcia thought that
Donnelly was seeing Achilli again. Garcia told Battiato that Donnelly had lied to him
about being out of town when she was not. On numerous occasions Garcia asked him to
check to see if Donnelly’s car was parked at Achilli’s townhouse. Late in February 2008,
after Garcia and Donnelly took trips together to Portland and Las Vegas, Garcia thought
that he and Donnelly were successfully back together. Garcia told Battiato about the



9
       The prosecutor asked Donnelly if she remembered receiving a whole series of text
messages from Garcia. Although Donnelly could not remember most of them, they were
read to the jury during Donnelly’s testimony and the exhibits containing the text
messages were admitted into evidence.

                                            9
incident when Achilli came to Donnelly’s apartment and Donnelly chased after Achilli.
Garcia could not understand Donnelly’s attraction to Achilli.
       On March 9, 2008, Battiato saw Donnelly and Achilli together in front of her
house; they were removing suitcases from Achilli’s car. Garcia said, “She’s busted, hah.
Caught her.” Garcia told Battiato that he had other people checking on Donnelly’s
movements. Battiato testified that at least 50 percent of the telephone conversations he
had with Garcia were about Donnelly. Garcia repeatedly asked him to check on
Donnelly’s whereabouts. Garcia told him that he checked Donnelly’s telephone for text
messages from Achilli. According to Battiato, Garcia threatened Achilli; he said things
such as “I know people that will take care of it” and that he would “have to send flowers
to the funeral or plan his funeral . . . .” Garcia stated that they could make it look as if it
was a drug deal “gone bad.” Garcia threatened Battiato that if he said anything,
“something bad” could happen to him or his son. Garcia’s threats frightened Battiato. At
one point when the comments about Achilli escalated, Battiato told Garcia “Don’t do it.
Don’t talk to me about these things.” Garcia told him that he was a “graduate of USF,
VP of Hewlett Packard and Phillips, Bellarmine football coach” and that the “cops would
talk to him for about five minutes and they’d be on their way.” Initially, Battiato did not
tell the police about Garcia’s threats to Achilli because Battiato was unsure if he was an
accomplice. Two days after the murder, Garcia told Battiato not to tell the police that he
had driven by Achilli’s house.
       Francis Ogbogu, Garcia’s business associate, knew that Garcia was dating
Donnelly and that Donnelly had dated Achilli. Before March 6, 2008, he and Garcia had
conversations about Garcia’s relationship with Donnelly. At one point, Garcia told him
that he would probably marry Donnelly; at another point Garcia told him that the
relationship was “weird.” Garcia told him about the time he spent the night at Donnelly’s
apartment and Achilli came to the door. Garcia thought the whole thing was strange
because he was dating Donnelly. Ogbogu told Garcia to confront Donnelly.
                                               10
On March 6, 2008, Ogbogu received a text message from Garcia, which said “She denied
everything.”
       Kristen Rush, one of Garcia’s ex-girlfriends, said that Garcia had told her that his
girlfriend was seeing someone else and that he had driven by the house of the girlfriend’s
ex-boyfriend where he saw her car.10 Garcia appeared “upset.” This happened sometime
in February. Between January 2008 and the day of Achilli’s murder, Rush talked to
Garcia about the “situation” with his girlfriend but it was not “a lot.” However, they did
talk about other incidents that had happened with his girlfriend; he told Rush that he
thought his girlfriend was with the man who used to own the bar. Garcia talked to her
about his girlfriend not returning his telephone calls.
       Trevor Kozacek, a bartender at Mountain Charley’s, told a similar tale—Garcia
told him he was dating Donnelly. In the beginning the relationship was good, but then
Garcia expressed concern that Donnelly was seeing Achilli. Garcia asked Kozacek to
check on Donnelly’s whereabouts. Garcia told him he wanted Achilli to come to the bar
while Donnelly was there so he could see Donnelly’s reaction.
       Kristina Wilkins worked at the 180 Restaurant; she had known Donnelly since
2006. Garcia told her about his relationship with Donnelly; he said he really liked her
and he could picture having children with Donnelly. Garcia appeared to be in love with
Donnelly; Kristina described it as “super-infatuated.” However, Donnelly “did not seem
as into it as he was.”
       Wilkins met Garcia when Garcia took over ownership of Mountain Charley’s.
Again, Garcia said he was dating Donnelly and wanted to marry her. However, Garcia
told Wilkins that he had gotten into a fight with Donnelly because she had lied to him.
Garcia said that Donnelly’s car was at Achilli’s house. Garcia did not like Donnelly

10
        Rush did not know the name of the girlfriend, but Garcia told her he thought his
girlfriend was seeing the previous owner of Mountain Charley’s.

                                             11
seeing Achilli, and he continued to pursue her. After the incident where Achilli came to
Donnelly’s apartment while Garcia was there, Wilkins told Garcia to let Donnelly go.
Garcia said, “It’s over but it’s not over, if you know what I mean.” Wilkins did not know
what Garcia meant.
       Lorene Novoa had known Garcia since eighth grade. In October 2007, Garcia told
her that he was dating Donnelly. Later, Garcia told her that he thought Donnelly was
seeing someone else because she stopped having sexual intercourse with him; he thought
that Donnelly was going back to her old boyfriend. Novoa told Garcia not to drive by
Donnelly’s apartment as it could be considered stalking.
       Robert Orner, who became the manager of the 180 Restaurant in February 2008,
testified that about a week before Achilli was killed, he went to Santa Cruz with Garcia,
Brad Tarter, and Battiato; Garcia was distant.
       Nick Lezotte, who had known Garcia since high school, stated that one night
Garcia called him at 1:00 a.m. to pick him up at Mountain Charley’s. Lezotte drove
Garcia to an address on Meridian Avenue where Donnelly was supposed to be at a dinner
party; Garcia identified a black BMW there as belonging to Achilli.
       In January 2008, Nome Wynn came to Los Gatos and stayed at Battiato’s
apartment. Garcia was there and he talked about putting a tracking device on a vehicle.
Garcia said he thought his girlfriend was lying to him and seeing an old boyfriend; Garcia
described him as “an old guy.” Garcia became agitated when he was unable to reach
Donnelly. Garcia left the apartment three or four times that night to check on Donnelly;
he asked Battiato to go as well. In early February, Wynn returned to Los Gatos to talk to
Garcia about buying the bar and restaurant. Garcia and Wynn left Battiato’s apartment to
discuss the purchase. Garcia started talking about his problems with Donnelly. As they
were on their way to have a beer, Garcia tried to reach Donnelly on the telephone, but
without success. Garcia asked Wynn to drive him to Achilli’s townhouse to look for a
dark BMW. Garcia wanted to know if Donnelly’s car was there, but they did not see
                                            12
either car. Garcia had told Wynn that Donnelly was supposed to be at a family dinner in
San Francisco, but he had concerns that Donnelly was lying to him. After they left
Achilli’s townhouse, Garcia told Wynn to drive by the house belonging to Donnelly’s
mother, but there were no cars there. When they went to a bar called Carry Nations they
ran into Donnelly’s brother. Garcia asked him about the family dinner in San Francisco.
Donnelly’s brother said, “What dinner? I’ve been drinking all night here.” Garcia
became visibly upset; he was pacing back and forth. Garcia tried to telephone Donnelly
about five or six times, but the telephone went to voicemail. Garcia told Wynn that
Donnelly was probably with Achilli. Wynn went with Garcia to Donnelly’s apartment,
where Garcia retrieved a key from under a rock and let himself in. He searched under
Donnelly’s bed for her make-up bag. Garcia said that if the make-up bag was not there
Donnelly was probably out of town.
       Garcia’s friend Ali Aminigohar went to Las Vegas with Garcia, Donnelly, and
another friend in February 2008. Garcia told Aminigohar that Achilli had come to
Donnelly’s apartment when he was there. Garcia said, “He doesn’t know who he is
fucking with.”
       Garcia contacted Amanda Freel, a licensed private investigator in January 2008.
Garcia stated that he wanted his girlfriend followed because he believed she was seeing
Achilli. Freel prepared a contract for her services, but Garcia never signed it.
Daniel Chaidez’s Testimony
       On December 2, 2008, pursuant to a plea agreement, Daniel Chaidez (Daniel)
pleaded guilty in this case to voluntary manslaughter, vicarious arming, solicitation to
commit murder, and accessory to commit murder. Daniel agreed to be sentenced to
12 years, eight months in prison. The terms of the plea agreement included the following
statement: “That early in the investigation of Mark Achilli’s murder, Daniel Chaidez . . .
contacted the police, drove himself to the police department where he ultimately
described the circumstances surrounding Mark Achilli’s murder, and fully cooperated
                                             13
with detectives. Daniel Chaidez’s cooperation greatly assisted the investigation and led
to the arrest of other defendants.” Daniel agreed to “testify in a truthful, detailed,
complete, and candid manner in any future proceedings concerning the circumstances
surrounding the murder of Mark Achilli on March 14, 2008.”
       Daniel testified that he first met Garcia in the latter part of 2005 and he began
working for Pacific Blue Equity in 2006. In October 2007, he started working for Garcia
as a doorman at Mountain Charley’s. Daniel barely knew Donnelly, and he did not know
Achilli. In January 2008, Garcia asked him if he “knew anyone who could get rid of a
problem.” Daniel told him that he would “inquire.” Daniel telephoned his cousin
Miguel; he told Miguel that someone he knew had a problem. Miguel asked him what
sort of problem and Daniel told him a person. Daniel thought he asked Miguel if he
knew someone who could get rid of a problem and Miguel said he would find out and
call him back. Miguel called him within a few days and Daniel told Garcia “it was
possible.” Garcia set a price ceiling of $10,000. Daniel talked to Miguel to find out how
much it would cost; initially, Miguel said $10,000. After some haggling Miguel agreed
on $9,000; Daniel told Garcia it would be $9,500—Daniel anticipated that he would have
some expenses.
       From March 1, 2008 to March 15, 2008, there were 43 telephone calls between
Daniel and Miguel. Garcia told Daniel to go to a metroactive Web site and key in
180 Club or Mountain Charley’s. Daniel found Achilli’s photograph and then he told
Miguel how to navigate the Web site to get Achilli’s photograph.
       On March 11, 2008, Garcia gave Daniel $4,000 for the murder; he told Daniel he
“wanted this shit done.” During February, Garcia had given Daniel a piece of paper with
a street address, unit address, APN number, city, and zip code. Garcia told Daniel that
Achilli drove a dark 6 series BMW, and Daniel told Miguel about the car. Garcia asked
if the gun would have a silencer, but Daniel was not able to tell Garcia what sort of gun
would be used. Several times, Garcia suggested that it should look as if it was a drug
                                              14
deal “gone bad” or that drugs were involved. Garcia and Daniel discussed the fact that
Garcia might be a suspect, but Garcia said that it would “just blow over.” Garcia
indicated that he wished the murder could have happened on Valentine’s Day weekend,
and that he wanted the body left at the house. Garcia said that it would be best if there
were no witnesses, and if Donnelly was there she should be killed.
       On March 12, 2008, Daniel wired $2,500 to Miguel. Miguel confirmed that he
had received the money. Daniel spoke with Garcia on the telephone both before and after
the wire transfer. Renee Kelso, a cashier at Longs Drugs, confirmed that she had
prepared a MoneyGram for $2,500 on March 12, 2008, at approximately 6:15 p.m. The
man who had purchased the MoneyGram provided identification, but Kelso could not
recall the name.
       On March 13, 2008, Garcia gave Daniel $5,500 in cash in a brown paper bag.
Daniel telephoned Miguel and told him he had all the money. Later Miguel telephoned
Daniel to tell him the shooter was en route.
       On March 14, 2008, a few minutes before noon, Miguel called Daniel to tell him
that the mission was accomplished. Daniel agreed to meet Miguel to give him the
remaining $6,500. The location of the meeting changed, but eventually they met at a gas
station near Highway 152 and Highway 5, where Daniel gave Miguel the remaining
money. Daniel testified that he did not know why he helped Garcia arrange Achilli’s
murder.
       Daniel spoke to the police twice after the murder, once on March 24 and once on
March 27. Daniel freely admitted that he had lied to the police in the first interview.
However, in the March 27 interview he told the police that he feared for his safety.
Initially he again lied to the police about why he had wired money to Miguel in order to
avoid incriminating Miguel. However, in this interview he told the police that Garcia
wanted Achilli killed and that he had spoken to Miguel about finding someone to take
care of the problem. At the end of the interview, Daniel was arrested for murder. It was
                                               15
not until many months later that there was a negotiated settlement for Daniel to plead
guilty to lesser charges in exchange for his testimony.
Miguel’s Confession11
       On March 28, 2008, Los Gatos Police Sergeant Matt Frisby interviewed Miguel.
The police read Miguel his Miranda12 rights. Miguel said that his cousin Daniel called
him in February 2008 and asked him if he could arrange to have someone “taken care
of.” Miguel said that he understood this to mean to kill someone. Miguel said that he
and Daniel agreed on a price of $9,500. Later, Daniel told Miguel how to access a
Web site with a photograph of Achilli. Miguel said he found the photograph of Achilli
which had a 180 logo on it. Miguel printed out the photograph and gave it to someone he
knew. Miguel said he got a wire transfer of $2,500 before the murder. On March 13 he
met someone and gave him $1,500 cash, the victim’s photograph, and the victim’s
address on Overlook Drive. Miguel said he met with Daniel on March 15 and Daniel
gave him $6,500 cash. Miguel said he drove back to Southern California. Miguel wrote
a confession on March 28, 2008. In his confession he wrote, “I called Dan to let him
know right after.” Miguel told police that Daniel put a maximum price of $10,000 for the
murder. Miguel said that “tak[ing] care of” someone meant killing someone.
Examination of Computer Hard Drives and Cellular Telephones
       San Jose Police Sergeant Alan Lee, a computer forensic analysis expert, examined
a forensic copy of a computer hard drive in April 2008. There were two user accounts:
Paul Garcia and guest. Garcia was the registered owner of the computer. Under the login
name Paul Garcia, a photograph of Achilli next to a 180 logo was placed on the computer


11
       Miguel’s recorded confession was not played for the jury. The confession came
into evidence through the testimony of Sergeant Frisby and through a redacted copy of
Miguel’s written confession, which made no mention of Estrada.
12
       Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.

                                            16
on January 7, 2008. The computer had Google searches for “Mark Achilli pictures” and
for private investigators, vehicle tracking devices, and GPS tracking devices.
       Sergeant Lee examined a second computer with the e-mail address of
danielchaidez@pacificblueequity.com. This computer had a link to the 180 Restaurant
Web site that contained Achilli’s photograph. This was the same photograph that was on
Garcia’s computer. The person using this computer accessed the photograph on
March 11, 2008.
       The police obtained telephone records for Achilli, Donnelly, Garcia, Daniel,
Miguel, Estrada, and a Robert Jacome.13 According to the records, Daniel and Miguel
telephoned each other repeatedly on March 14, 2008. On the morning of the murder,
Miguel telephoned Estrada at 9:58 a.m., Daniel at 11:24 a.m., and again at 11:42 a.m.,
and Estrada again at 11:30 a.m. Estrada telephoned Miguel at 11:07 and 11:39 a.m. This
call was picked up by the Los Gatos cellular tower; in addition, Estrada called Jacome at
11:38 a.m. Daniel telephoned Miguel at 11:26 a.m. and after the 11:42 a.m. telephone
call from Miguel, Daniel telephoned Miguel twice within two minutes. Estrada
telephoned Miguel again at 11:45 a.m. and then Miguel telephoned Daniel at 11:46 a.m.
Daniel returned Miguel’s telephone call within a minute. At 11:57 a.m. Miguel
telephoned Estrada again. On the afternoon of the murder when Miguel telephoned
Estrada at 4:08 p.m. and again at 4:14 p.m., the telephone call connected to a cellular
tower in Southern California. At 4:50 p.m. Daniel telephoned Miguel; Miguel
immediately returned his call.

13
       Robert Jacome testified at the preliminary examination in this case. He said that
he drove Estrada from Southern California to Northern California on March 13, 2008,
they stayed in a hotel that night. The next morning, he drove Estrada to somewhere off
Highway 9. Later that morning, he received a telephone call from Estrada during which
Estrada sounded panicked and told Jacome to pick him up. When Jacome saw Estrada
again he was running toward Jacome’s car. Estrada was wearing different clothes.
Jacome did not testify at the trial.

                                            17
      The telephone calls between Daniel and Miguel continued on March 15, the day
after the murder. Specifically, Daniel telephoned Miguel at 3:50 p.m., 4:30 p.m., and
4:40 p.m.; the telephone calls connected to a cellular tower in Gilroy. At 5:30 p.m.
Daniel telephoned Miguel; the telephone call connected to a cellular tower in Hollister.
A 6:00 p.m. telephone call from Daniel to Miguel connected to a cellular tower at
Bell Station. Between January 4 and February 11, 2008, there had been only nine
telephone calls between Daniel and Miguel, and from February 12 to March 11, 2008,
there were no telephone calls between the two men. From March 11 to March 15, 2008,
there were 43 telephone calls between Daniel and Miguel.
      As to telephone calls between Daniel and Garcia, there were eight calls between
January 1 and January 31, 2008. In February the number increased to 26, and from
March 1 to March 13 there were 37 telephone calls.
Bank Records
      The custodian of records for Bank of America reviewed Garcia’s bank records.
The bank requires two forms of identification for cash withdrawals. The driver’s license
number and social security number utilized for withdrawals belonged to Garcia. On
March 13, 2008, Garcia withdrew $1,500 cash from his personal account. On
February 22, 2008, Garcia withdrew $2,000 cash from the Mountain Charley’s savings
account and the same amount on March 13, 2008. On March 13, 2008, Garcia withdrew
$2,000 cash from the 180 Restaurant account. On March 14, 2008, he withdrew $1,400
from the 180 Restaurant account. There were ATM withdrawals from the 180 Restaurant
account on March 6 and March 12, 2008, totaling $4,000.
      A forensic accountant reviewed Garcia’s financial records from March 2007 until
April 2008. There were no big cash withdrawals from Garcia’s personal account during
that timeframe, before he withdrew the $1,500 on March 13, 2008. The accountant
confirmed the cash withdrawals of $2,000 from the Mountain Charley’s account on
February 22 and March 13. These were the only cash withdrawals from that account.
                                            18
The $2,000 withdrawn from the 180 Restaurant account on March 13 was the only cash
withdrawal from the account between February 21 and March 20, 2008. For March 13,
2008, from Garcia’s checking account, the Mountain Charley’s account, and the
180 Restaurant account, a total of $5,500 was withdrawn. As to the 180 Restaurant ATM
account there were regular withdrawals approximately every six or seven days for at least
the month of February in the amount of $4,000. However, as to Garcia’s checking
account, the Mountain Charley’s account, and the180 Restaurant expense account cash
withdrawals were rare.
       The forensic accountant examined Daniel’s bank account for the period March
2007 through July 2008. From April 2007 until April 2008, the highest opening balance
was $587.34; during that period, five months had negative balances, and the largest cash
withdrawal was $490.
Garcia’s Testimony
       Garcia testified in his own defense that he did not hire Daniel to arrange Achilli’s
murder or give him $9,500; that he had nothing to do with Achilli’s murder and never
asked anyone to harm him; that he had never met Estrada, Miguel or Jacome; and that
although he had a relationship with Donnelly, he was not jealous of Achilli’s and
Donnelly’s relationship.
       Garcia admitted that he drove past Donnelly’s apartment many times, but he
explained that taking the route past her apartment to Highway 9 was quicker than taking
main streets.
       Garcia’s explanation for the withdrawal of a large amount in cash during the week
before the murder was that he was expecting a large crowd for the Saint Patrick’s Day
weekend and he needed to put cash into the ATM machine. Also, he had to pay the
janitor, buy pizza to serve during the busy weekend, make change, give Battiato $500 to
buy 10 Saint Patrick’s Day tickets for a party at another restaurant, pay approximately


                                            19
$1,000 in cash to the installer of a security system, and pay out the waitresses and
bartenders for tips each night.
         As to his numerous telephone calls to Daniel during the week before Achilli’s
murder, Garcia said that Daniel was responsible for handling the telephone calls that
came in as a result of a Spanish language radio commercial that Pacific Blue Equity was
running.14 Garcia said that he would frequently telephone Daniel to find out if any
telephone calls had come in and make sure that Daniel would follow up on the telephone
calls.
         When he heard that Achilli had been killed, Garcia went to the police station; he
consented to searches of his house and automobile. On cross-examination Garcia
admitted that during his police interview he lied to the police.
                                           Discussion
Estrada’s Issues
I. Failure to Given an Accomplice Instruction with Regard to Miguel and Garcia
         Penal Code section 1111 provides: “A conviction can not be had upon the
testimony of an accomplice unless it be corroborated by such other evidence as shall tend
to connect the defendant with the commission of the offense; and the corroboration is not
sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense or the circumstances thereof.”
Under Penal Code section 1111, “An accomplice is hereby defined as one who is liable to
prosecution for the identical offense charged against the defendant on trial in the cause in
which the testimony of the accomplice is given.”
         In this case, the trial court instructed the jury that if they found a murder had been
committed, Daniel was an accomplice as a matter of law, that the jury could not convict


14
       At one point during his testimony Garcia said that during March 2008 he was in
the process of closing Pacific Blue Equity; the lease on the building ended on April 1,
2008.


                                               20
any of the defendants based on the testimony of an accomplice alone, and that any
accomplice testimony should be viewed with caution.15 Estrada contends that the trial
court was required to give accomplice instructions regarding Garcia and Miguel.
       When an accomplice is called to testify by the prosecutor or the defendant, the
trial court has a sua sponte duty to provide cautionary instructions to the jury stating that
to the extent the testimony tends to incriminate the defendant it cannot alone be used to
convict but requires corroboration, and it should be viewed with caution. (People v.
Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal.4th 558, 569 (Guiuan); see People v. Howard (2008) 42 Cal.4th
1000, 1021-1022; People v. Zapien (1993) 4 Cal.4th 929, 982; CALCRIM No. 334.) The
rationale for requiring the cautionary instructions is that to “the extent an accomplice
testifies on behalf of the prosecution, the testimony is subject to the taint of an improper
motive, i.e., that of promoting his or her own self interest by inculpating the defendant.”
(Guiuan, supra, at p. 568.) However, when an accomplice is a codefendant who testifies
on his or her own behalf, different rules may apply because of the potential for prejudice
to the codefendant’s case. (People v. Terry (1970) 2 Cal.3d 362, 398-399 (Terry),
overruled on other grounds in People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th 312, 381.)
       When a codefendant/accomplice takes the stand on his or her own behalf and
implicates the defendant while also admitting his or her own guilt, the courts have
concluded that the normal rule triggering the sua sponte duty to instruct on the cautionary
principles should not apply. (Terry, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 399.) In this circumstance,
there is no potential for prejudice to the codefendant’s case because he or she has
effectively confessed guilt. (Ibid.) In contrast, the California Supreme Court has
declined to impose the sua sponte duty when a testifying codefendant implicates the
defendant but denies his or her own guilt, reasoning that this is a matter for the trial

15
       The court instructed the jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 335—no dispute whether
a witness is an accomplice.

                                              21
court’s discretion because the “court may properly conclude that the giving of accomplice
instructions might improperly prejudice the codefendant’s case.” (People v. Ramos
(1982) 30 Cal.3d 553, 581-582 (Ramos);16 Terry, supra, at pp. 398-399; People v. Catlin
(1959) 169 Cal.App.2d 247, 255 [it might subject the codefendant to unfair prejudice in
the eyes of the jury to give even a limited instruction on accomplice testimony].)
       In more recent cases, the California Supreme Court has concluded that even when
a codefendant/accomplice testifies on his or her own behalf and denies guilt, the trial
court is required to give the cautionary instructions upon request by a defendant,
reasoning that “just as in the case of an accomplice called to testify by the prosecution,
[the codefendant’s] testimony was ‘subject to the taint of an improper motive . . . .’ ”
(People v. Box (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1153, 1209, overruled on another ground in People v.
Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 948, fn. 10; see People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491,
562.) However, our high court has not expressly overruled its earlier decisions in Terry
and Ramos declining to impose a sua sponte duty when the testifying codefendant denies
his or her guilt. (See People v. Smith (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 914, 928.)
       Here, Garcia testified on his own behalf and denied guilt; further, he did not in any
way implicate Estrada. Accordingly, under our high court’s holdings in Terry and
Ramos, Estrada’s contention that the trial court had a sua sponte duty to provide the
cautionary instructions as to Garcia is unavailing.
       As to Miguel’s confession, Estrada’s counsel entered into an agreement with the
prosecution that Miguel’s confession be redacted so as not to implicate Estrada. The
redactions and limitations that the parties agreed to eliminated the need for an accomplice
instruction.



16
      The United State Supreme Court granted certiorari and ultimately reversed the
judgment of Ramos in California v. Ramos (1983) 463 U.S. 992 on other grounds.

                                             22
       Even if we were to assume for the sake of argument that the trial court should have
sua sponte provided the cautionary instructions with regard to Miguel’s testimony, the
failure to do so was not prejudicial. The failure to give accomplice instructions is
harmless if there is sufficient corroborating evidence in the record. (People v. Avila,
supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 562.) The corroborating evidence must tend to connect the
defendant with the crime without aid or assistance from the accomplice’s testimony;
however, the corroborative evidence may be slight, may be entitled to little consideration
when standing alone, and need not establish all the elements of the crime. (Id. at
pp. 562-563; People v. Williams (2013) 56 Cal.4th 630, 678-679.) Here, there was ample
corroborating evidence connecting Estrada to the crime independent of Miguel’s
testimony. The telephone records, the three eyewitness identifications, the items
belonging to Estrada found near the crime scene, Estrada’s fingerprints on the directions
to Achilli’s residence, gunshot residue on Estrada’s gloves recovered from near the crime
scene, and the cash found in the black bag recovered from Estrada’s residence all
connected Estrada to the crime.
       Estrada argues that virtually all the evidence of premeditation or planning for the
murder came from Miguel and Daniel; and there was insufficient corroboration of their
testimony and statements regarding that planning or premeditation. We disagree. Three
types of evidence indicate premeditation and deliberation: facts about how and what the
defendant did before the killing, which indicate planning; facts about the defendant’s
prior relationship or conduct with the victim from which a motive to kill may be inferred;
and facts about the manner of the killing from which a preconceived design may be
inferred. (See People v. Anderson (1968) 70 Cal.2d 15, 26-27.) The fact that Estrada
came from Southern California and had the directions to Achilli’s residence, coupled
with the eyewitness testimony that placed him at the scene well before Achilli arrived,
plus the manner of the killing and location of the crime, provided ample corroborating
evidence that this was a premeditated murder. The number of shots fired into Achilli
                                             23
indicated premeditation and deliberation—that is, “the manner of killing was so particular
and exacting that [Estrada] must have intentionally killed according to a ‘preconceived
design’ to take his victim’s life.” (Id. at p. 27, italics omitted.)
       Alternatively, Estrada argues that there was insufficient corroboration of the
murder-for-hire special circumstance and the lying-in-wait special circumstance. Again,
we disagree. The cash found in the black bag at Estrada’s residence corroborated the
special circumstance of murder for hire.
       As to the lying-in-wait special circumstance, a person commits a murder by means
of lying in wait if he or she conceals his or her purpose from the person killed, he or she
waits and watches for an opportunity to act, and then from a position of advantage he or
she makes a surprise attack on the person killed. (CALCRIM No. 728.) Estrada placed
himself in a position where he knew that he would encounter Achilli. The fact that
Estrada was seen well before the actual murder by Babula not only in the parking lot of
the Overlook Road complex but also at the stop sign reading a newspaper, and by Fuentes
walking back and forth in the Overlook complex while talking in Spanish on a cellular
telephone, supports the inference that Estrada was waiting for an opportunity to kill
Achilli. We find sufficient corroboration for both special circumstance allegations.
Accordingly, we find any assumed error harmless.

II. Alleged Error in Admitting Evidence that Three Firearms Not Used in the Murder
were Found in Estrada’s Residence
       Estrada contends that the trial court erroneously permitted the prosecution to
introduce evidence that three firearms were found in the search of his residence. He
points out that Achilli was shot with a Lorcin .380 handgun and eight .380 expended shell
cases were found near the body. Further, there was no evidence of any other firearm
involved in the murder or any other caliber of ammunition used.
       The People counter that the record does not establish that Estrada’s counsel
objected to Officer Whitfield’s testimony regarding the guns he found in Estrada’s

                                               24
residence. Further, Estrada’s counsel cross-examined the officer and established the
absence of any .380 firearms or ammunition in the residence. Accordingly, the People
assert that Estrada has forfeited this issue on appeal.
        The first question we must answer is whether Estrada preserved this issue for
review. “ ‘ “[Q]uestions relating to the admissibility of evidence will not be reviewed on
appeal in the absence of a specific and timely objection in the trial court on the ground
sought to be urged on appeal.” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690,
717.)
        At the end of Officer Whitfield’s testimony Estrada’s counsel asked the court to
read a stipulation regarding items found in Estrada’s residence and “note that these are
being admitted over objection.” The court read to the jury the following: “Ladies and
Gentleman of the Jury, the books taken from Lucio Estrada’s residence and the handguns
taken from his residence and the note from a notepad taken from his residence are being
admitted for a limited purpose. These items are only admissible if they are related to the
motive, knowledge, planning or preparation of the crime, and enhancement alleged
against Mr. Estrada and for no other purpose. [¶] If you determine that either the books
or the note do not directly relate to the planning or preparation or the motive or
knowledge or—motive or knowledge of the crime or special allegations against Lucio
Estrada, you are to disregard those items of evidence. They get whatever weight you put
on them. [¶] You may not consider the books or the note for the purpose of determining
whether Lucio Estrada is a bad person or whether he possesses a bad character trait, or
that he is predisposed to commit a crime of the type that’s charged.”
        After the jury retired to deliberate, the court made a record of an objection that
Estrada’s counsel made shortly before the prosecutor’s closing argument. As to the guns,
Estrada’s counsel stated that prior to trial he “objected to the introduction of handguns
that were taken from Mr. Estrada’s residence that weren’t introduced into evidence.
I should note that the prosecutor put a picture, during his presentation, of the handguns.
                                              25
I didn’t object to that nor did I make a motion to exclude it because it actually wasn’t
introduced during the prosecution’s case-in-chief. [¶] However, no witness testified
about how any of those handguns related to the preparation of the killing of Mark Achilli.
So I think the court erred in allowing—or in the in limine ruling that the Court ruled that
the guns were admissible. [¶] So I think that’s—I made my objections in limine and
because no witness testified about the relevance of the items that I’ve mentioned, other
than—or no witness testified about them other than that they were found in Mr. Estrada’s
apartment, they shouldn’t have been admitted, nor should they have been exhibited on in
closing argument and that’s—I think the record should be clear.” The court did not
disagree with counsel’s recollection. Given the foregoing, we cannot agree with the
People that Estrada has forfeited this issue on appeal.
       “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence . . . having any tendency in reason to prove
or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.”
(Evid. Code, § 210.)17 Generally, “[w]hen the prosecution relies on evidence regarding a
specific type of weapon, it is error to admit evidence that other weapons were found in
the defendant’s possession, for such evidence tends to show not that he committed the
crime, but only that he is the sort of person who carries deadly weapons. [Citations.]”
(People v. Barnwell (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1038, 1056 [trial court erred in admitting evidence
of defendant’s prior possession of handgun similar to murder weapon where prosecutor
did not claim such weapon was actually used in murders]; see also People v. Riser (1956)
47 Cal.2d 566, 577 [trial court erred in admitting evidence of a Colt .38–caliber revolver
found in defendant’s possession two weeks after murders where evidence showed
weapon actually used was a Smith and Wesson .38–caliber revolver], overruled on other
grounds in People v. Morse (1964) 60 Cal.2d 631, 648-649; People v. Archer (2000) 82
Cal.App.4th 1380, 1392-1393 [trial court erred in admitting evidence of knives recovered

17
       All unspecified statutory references are to the Evidence Code.

                                             26
from defendant’s residence two years after murder where knives were not murder weapon
and were irrelevant to show planning or availability of weapons].) In other words,
“[e]vidence of possession of a weapon not used in the crime charged against a defendant
leads logically only to an inference that defendant is the kind of person who surrounds
himself with deadly weapons—a fact of no relevant consequence to determination of the
guilt or innocence of the defendant. [Citations.]” (People v. Henderson (1976) 58
Cal.App.3d 349, 360.)
       On the other hand, evidence of weapons not actually used in the commission of a
crime may be admissible when they are relevant for other purposes. (People v. Cox
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 916, 956 [when weapons are otherwise relevant to the crime’s
commission, but are not the actual murder weapon, they may still be admissible],
disapproved on other grounds in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22.)
The critical inquiry is whether the weapons evidence bears some relevance to the
weapons shown to have been involved in the charged crimes, or is being admitted simply
as character evidence. (People v. Barnwell, supra, 41 Cal.4th at pp. 1056-1057; People
v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179, 1248-1249.)
       The People argue that the evidence was admissible to support the prosecution’s
theory that Estrada was a hired hit man and the enhancement allegation that the murder
was for financial gain. The existence of multiple firearms and ammunition supports the
prosecution’s theory of liability and motive for Estrada’s involvement in the killing of
someone unknown to him; thus, the People assert that the firearms were not introduced to
show that Estrada was a violent person but to establish the nature of Estrada’s
employment in this case.
       While it is arguable that the People are correct, the problem is that with respect to
the guns the jury was not told that they could not consider the guns for the purpose of
determining whether Estrada was a bad person or whether he possessed a bad character


                                             27
trait, such as a hit man would have, or that he was predisposed to commit a crime of the
type charged. The court gave this admonishment only with respect to the books and note.
       Regardless, any error in admitting the evidence was harmless. (People v. Watson
(1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836; see People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal.4th 452, 492 [employing
Watson analysis where evidence erroneously admitted under § 1101].)
       As noted, ante, given the telephone records, the three eyewitness identifications
that placed Estrada at the scene well before Achilli arrived, and the manner of the killing
and location of the crime (miles from where Estrada lived), the items belonging to
Estrada found near the crime scene, Estrada’s fingerprints on the directions to Achilli’s
residence, gunshot residue on Estrada’s gloves recovered from near the crime scene and
the cash found in the black bag recovered from Estrada’s residence, we conclude that any
assumed error in admitting evidence concerning the guns found in Estrada’s residence
was harmless. That is, after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence,
this court is of the opinion that it is not reasonably probable that a result more favorable
to Estrada would have been reached in the absence of the alleged error.
       Estrada’s attempt to elevate the asserted error to a violation of due process is
unavailing. The “routine application of state evidentiary law does not implicate [a]
defendant’s constitutional rights.” (People v. Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 545.) “[T]he
admission of evidence, even if erroneous under state law, results in a due process
violation only if it makes the trial fundamentally unfair. [Citations.]” (People v. Partida
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.)
       In determining whether an evidentiary ruling denied Estrada due process of law,
we note that “the presence or absence of a state law violation is largely beside the point”
because “failure to comply with the state’s rules of evidence is neither a necessary nor a
sufficient basis” for granting relief on federal due process grounds. (Jammal v. Van de
Kamp (9th Cir.1991) 926 F.2d 918, 919-920.) If Estrada “demonstrates the admission of
evidence violated federal due process rights, he need not demonstrate the Watson
                                             28
standard for prejudicial error. Under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 . . . ,
in the case of a deprivation of federal due process, reversal is required unless the state can
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.
[Citations.]” (People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, 229.)
       “Only if there are no permissible inferences the jury may draw from the evidence
can its admission violate due process. Even then, the evidence must ‘be of such quality
as necessarily prevents a fair trial.’ [Citation.] Only under such circumstances can it be
inferred that the jury must have used the evidence for an improper purpose.” (Jammal v.
Van de Kamp, supra, 926 F.2d at p. 920.) “The dispositive issue is . . . whether the trial
court committed an error which rendered the trial ‘so “arbitrary and fundamentally
unfair” that it violated federal due process.’ [Citations.]” (Reiger v. Christensen (9th Cir.
1986) 789 F.2d 1425, 1430.)
       Looking at the effect of the gun evidence on the trial as a whole, we believe that
the evidence was not of such quality as necessarily prevented a fair trial. For the same
reasons as noted in our Watson analysis, we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the
error in admitting the gun evidence did not contribute to the verdict. Due process
violations are assessed under the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard of
Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at page 24. (People v. Mena (2012) 54 Cal.4th
146, 159.)
III. Alleged Error in Admitting into Evidence Books Found in Estrada’s Home
       When Officer Whitfield searched Estrada’s residence he found three books. One
was entitled “Surgical Speed Shooting,” another “The Gun Digest, Book of
Handgunnery,” and a third, “Hit Man.” As explained, ante in section II, Estrada’s
counsel objected to this evidence and asked the court to read the stipulation concerning
the evidence. Specifically, as to the books, the court told the jury they were “being
admitted for a limited purpose. These items are only admissible if they are related to the


                                             29
motive, knowledge, planning, or preparation of the crime, and enhancement alleged
against Mr. Estrada and for no other purpose.”
       Estrada argues that he had a First Amendment right to possess these books and it
was therefore improper to introduce them to prove the section 1101, subdivision (b)
factors of motive, knowledge, planning, or preparation. We are not persuaded.
       All relevant evidence is admissible. (§ 351.) Relevant evidence is defined as
evidence “having any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action.” (§ 210.) The trial court has “ ‘wide
discretion’ ” in deciding the relevance of evidence. (People v. Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th
495, 523; § 352.) This court will not disturb a trial court’s exercise of discretion in
admitting evidence “except on a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of
justice . . . .” (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 9-10.) To put it another way, a
trial court’s exercise of discretion will not be disturbed on appeal unless it appears that
“ ‘the resulting injury is sufficiently grave to manifest a miscarriage of justice. [Citation.]
In other words, discretion is abused only if the court exceeds the bounds of reason, all of
the circumstances being considered.’ ” (People v. Green (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 165,
182-183.)
       Here the trial court allowed Officer Whitfield to testify that three books were
found in Estrada’s residence and that they were entitled Surgical Speed Shooting, The
Gun Digest Book of Handgunnery, and Hit Man. Officer Whitfield did not elaborate on
the contents of the books. The prosecution’s theory was that Estrada was a hired hit
man—hired by Garcia to kill Achilli as contrasted with Garcia’s theory that Estrada was a
drug dealer and the murder resulted from a drug deal that went wrong. The trial court
limited the use of the evidence about the books to establish only Estrada’s planning and
preparation for the crime. The jury was specifically told that they could not use the


                                              30
evidence to establish that Estrada was a bad person or predisposed to commit a crime.
The trial court’s finding that the evidence was relevant was not an abuse of discretion.
       As to Estrada’s argument that he had a First Amendment right to possess these
books and therefore it was error to admit the books into evidence because their
possession was constitutionally protected, we perceive no violation of Estrada’s First
Amendment rights. Estrada was not charged with any crimes arising out of the
possession of the books. Furthermore, the United States Supreme Court has held that
“the Constitution does not erect a per se barrier to the admission of evidence” protected
by “The First Amendment.” (Dawson v. Delaware (1992) 503 U.S. 159, 165.)18 As long
as the evidence is relevant to some issue being tried, then it is admissible. (Id. at p. 164.)
Here the evidence was relevant to Estrada’s planning and preparation for the murder, as
well as the allegation that the murder was committed for financial gain; the special
allegation that Estrada committed the murder for financial gain makes relevant books that
provide instruction on murder for hire. His notes that reflected techniques and advice
from the books were relevant to establish planning and preparation.
       Alternatively, Estrada argues that it was error to admit the books because their
possession did not constitute misconduct within the meaning of section 1101,
subdivision (b). In essence, Estrada’s argument is that because section 1101,
subdivision (b) refers to a crime, civil wrong or other act and the other act must be read in


18
       In Dawson v. Delaware, supra, 503 U.S. 150, a capital case, the United States
Supreme Court held that the introduction of evidence at the penalty phase of the trial of
the defendant’s membership in a White racist prison gang, the Aryan Brotherhood,
violated the defendant’s First Amendment rights. (Id. at p. 165.) However, the evidence
had no relevance because the victim and the defendant were both white and there was no
possible racial motivation for the killing. (Id. at p. 166.) Nor did the evidence have any
other relevance; it simply presented the defendant’s “abstract beliefs” and there was no
attempt to link those beliefs to any factor relevant to the sentencing, or to the defendant’s
future dangerousness. (Ibid.)

                                              31
context to mean misconduct and his possession of the books was perfectly legal, the trial
court erred in admitting the books under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b).
       Section 1101 provides “(a) Except as provided in this . . . evidence of a person’s
character or a trait of his or her character (whether in the form of an opinion, evidence of
reputation, or evidence of specific instances of his or her conduct) is inadmissible when
offered to prove his or her conduct on a specified occasion. [¶] (b) Nothing in this
section prohibits the admission of evidence that a person committed a crime, civil wrong,
or other act when relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident . . . .”
       The problem with Estrada’s argument is that it is based on his assertion that “other
act” in section 1101, subdivision (b) must be a bad act. He invokes the doctrine of
noscitur a sociis, “ ‘it is known by its associates,’ ” which is the principle that “ ‘ “ ‘the
meaning of a word may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole
clause in which it is used.’ ” ’ ” (Texas Commerce Bank v. Garamendi (1992) 11
Cal.App.4th 460, 471, fn. 3.)
       Estrada fails to mention that the principle of construction he invokes is applied as
a secondary principle of statutory construction. (Texas Commerce Bank v. Garamendi,
supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 471.) The doctrine is merely an extrinsic aid to interpretation
and is “to be used only when the clear meaning of the words used in the statute is
doubtful . . . .” (People v. Fields (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 341, 344; 2A Sutherland,
Statutory Construction (7th ed. 2014) § 47.16, p. 353.) It “may not be used to create
doubts or offset the plain meaning of the statutes [citation].” (People v. Fields, supra, at
p. 344.) We must first consider “the primary rule of statutory construction that courts
must attempt to ascertain the legislative purpose by reading the statute as a whole and in
connection with related statutes.” (Texas Commerce Bank v. Garamendi, supra, at
p. 470.) “We begin by considering the statute’s words because they are generally the


                                               32
most reliable indicator of legislative intent.” (People v. Trevino (2001) 26 Cal.4th 237,
241.)
        The word “act” has a plain meaning. If the Legislature had intended to restrict the
word “act” in section 1101, subdivision (b) to “bad” acts, it would have done so. It did
not. Section 1101, subdivision (a) “makes no distinction between criminal and
noncriminal conduct.” (People v. St. Andrew (1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 450, 462.)
        In People v. Enos (1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 25 (Enos), in a prosecution for
burglarizing a private garage, the prosecution introduced evidence of two prior incidents
involving garage burglaries. One of these had resulted in the defendant’s conviction of
receiving stolen goods and thus constituted a prior offense, but the other established no
crime on his part and therefore amounted to merely a prior “act.” (Id. at pp. 29-33, 42)
In Enos, the defendant’s prior “act” came in through the testimony of a witness, a
Mrs. Scott, who stated that she had observed a man in her front yard looking into a
bedroom window. As she stopped her car the man approached her and asked if a
Mr. Garcia lived there; when she responded in the negative, the man asked her if
Mr. Garcia lived in the area and when she responded she did not know, the man got in a
Volkswagen and drove away. The witness was then asked by the prosecutor if the man
she saw was in court. The witness responded, “ ‘I believe it is the defendant.’ ” (Id. at
p. 33.) The Enos court framed the issue on appeal as “the relevancy of the subject
evidence” and cited the applicable rule as that stated in section 1101, subdivisions (a) and
(b). (Enos, supra, at p. 33.) The Enos court stated, “In the application of this rule in a
criminal case the general test of admissibility is whether the evidence tends logically,
naturally and by reasonable inference, to establish any fact material for the People, or to
overcome any material matter sought to be proved by the defense. [Citations.] ‘If it
does, then it is admissible, whether it embraces the commission of another crime or does
not, whether the other crime be similar in kind or not, whether it be part of a single design
or not.’ [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 34, italics added.) As to the incident that was a prior act
                                              33
and not a crime, nor even a prior bad act, the Enos court stated, “We have no difficulty
concluding that evidence of the incident occurring at Mrs. Scott’s residence on
September 15, 1971, was relevant to the issues . . . .” (Id. at p. 36.)
       In a related argument, the defendant in Enos challenged an instruction requested
by the prosecution, which told the jury that “ ‘Evidence has been received tending to
show that the defendant committed [a crime] [crimes] other than that for which he is on
trial. . . .’ ” (Enos, supra, 34 Cal.App.3d at p. 42.) He asserted that the court failed to
inform the jury that he had not been arrested for or convicted of the November 10, 1970,
burglaries and that no crime had been shown by the testimony of Mrs. Scott. (Ibid.)
       The Enos court stated, “The subject instruction was clearly a correct statement of
the law insofar as the . . . incident [that resulted in a conviction was] concerned since
defendant was found guilty of receiving stolen property . . . . Accordingly, as limited to
this offense the instruction was couched in proper language. Concerning the [Mrs. Scott]
incident, there was no evidence that this constituted a crime nor did the prosecution make
any claim or statement that it did. This incident constituted an ‘act’ rather than a crime,
and as we have pointed out above, evidence of this act was admissible under Evidence
Code section 1101. The trial court should have included the word ‘act’ in its instruction.”
(Enos, supra, 34 Cal.App.3d at p. 42.)
       In sum, we reject Estrada’s argument that the word “act” in section 1101,
subdivision (b) refers to a bad act or misconduct.
       Estrada raises numerous other arguments as to why the evidence concerning the
books was inadmissible. As to his argument that the books were inadmissible because no
witness testified as to how they were relevant, it was not necessary for a witness to testify
as to their relevance. The court instructed the jury as to how they could use the evidence.
The court had already determined that the book evidence was admissible and relevant.
Relevancy is concerned with the probative quality of the evidence offered and it is the
duty of the trial judge to determine relevance. (Pen. Code, § 1044.) “The relevancy of
                                              34
proffered proof in a criminal case depends upon whether or not it tends to sustain a
legitimate hypothesis of the guilt of the defendant and, generally speaking, an incidental
fact is relative to the main fact in issue when, in accord with the ordinary course of events
and common experience the existence of the incidental fact, standing alone or when
considered in connection with other established facts, tends in some degree to make the
main fact in issue certain. It is not necessary that such incidental fact should bear directly
upon the main fact in issue, for it will suffice as a pertinent piece of proof if it can be said
to constitute a link, however small, in the chain of evidence, and tends thereby to
establish the existence of the main fact in issue. [Citation.]” (People v. Billings (1917)
34 Cal.App. 549, 552-553.) The strength of such tendency, or the amount of such
weight, is to be determined by the jury. (Moody v. Peirano (1906) 4 Cal.App. 411, 418.)
        The special circumstance allegation that Estrada committed the murder for
financial gain makes relevant the books he possessed that provided instruction on murder
for hire. His notes reflecting techniques and themes from the books were relevant to
establish planning for the murder.
        As to Estrada’s argument that the books constituted bad character or propensity
evidence, we note that the court instructed the jury that they could not consider the books
as evidence that Estrada was a bad person or as to whether he possessed a bad character
trait, or that he was predisposed to commit a murder. “Absent any contrary indication,
we presume the jury followed this instruction.” (People v. Gray (2005) 37 Cal.4th 168,
217.)
        As to Estrada’s argument that the books were more prejudicial than probative, we
note that “ ‘[a]ll evidence [that] tends to prove guilt is prejudicial or damaging to the
defendant’s case. The stronger the evidence, the more it is “prejudicial.” The
“prejudice” referred to in Evidence Code section 352 applies to evidence [that] uniquely
tends to evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an individual and which has


                                              35
very little effect on the issues. In applying section 352, “prejudicial” is not synonymous
with “damaging.” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638.)
       Estrada argues that with regard to the book Hit Man the prosecutor urged the jury
to read the entire book and that was the greatest source of prejudice here. Estrada
misreads the record; the prosecutor described for the jury portions of the book that he
deemed were relevant, and told the jury, “you can look at the whole book. It’s fine to
read, I wouldn’t absorb the lessons of it, however.” This falls far short of urging the jury
to read the entire book. Even if one or more jurors had read the entire book, any material
in the book that had no probative value on the issues for which it was admitted would
have been disregarded by the jury because they were instructed that if the books did not
directly relate to the planning or preparation or the motive or knowledge of the crime or
special allegations against Estrada, they were to disregard those items of evidence.
Again, we must presume the jury followed this instruction. (People v. Gray, supra, 37
Cal.4th at p. 217.)
       As to Estrada’s argument that there was insufficient foundation that he personally
read the books at the pertinent time, this does not preclude them from being admitted into
evidence. This argument goes to the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility;
the jury could have considered the prosecution’s failure to establish that Estrada read the
books and given little weight to them. Of course, the parallels between Estrada’s notes
and the techniques and themes outlined in the books suggest that Estrada used them as
reference.
       As to Estrada’s argument that the limiting instruction was inadequate to ensure
that the jury used the books only for the designated limited purposes, we reiterate that we
presume the jury followed the court’s instructions. (See People v. Richardson (2008) 43
Cal.4th 959, 1004; People v. Davis (2005) 36 Cal.4th 510, 537.) Recently, our Supreme
Court reaffirmed this rule: “We reject as entirely speculative defendant’s assertion that
these limiting instructions were inadequate. ‘Any prejudice that the challenged
                                             36
information may have threatened must be deemed to have been prevented by the court’s
limiting instruction to the jury. We presume that jurors comprehend and accept the
court’s directions. [Citation.] We can, of course, do nothing else. The crucial
assumption underlying our constitutional system of trial by jury is that jurors generally
understand and faithfully follow instructions.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Homick (2012) 55
Cal.4th 816, 866-867.) These repeated and plain holdings of our Supreme Court thus
undermine Estrada’s argument that “lay jurors could not ignore the powerful effect of
those three books in evaluating [his] character.”
       Finally, as to Estrada’s argument that the trial court failed to thoroughly read the
challenged literature and therefore could not make a reasonable determination regarding
their probative value rather than prejudicial effect, absent some evidence to the contrary,
we must presume that the trial court adequately reviewed the evidence. (§ 664 [it is
presumed that official duty has been regularly performed].) The record does not establish
that the trial court failed to adequately review the evidence.
       In sum, the trial court did not err in admitting into evidence books found in
Estrada’s home.
IV. Alleged Error in Admitting into Evidence Hand Written Notes Found in Estrada’s
Home
       As noted, during the search of Estrada’s apartment, officers found a purple
notebook (People’s exhibit No. 92) and a gray notebook (People’s exhibit No. 93).
During his argument to the jury, the prosecutor referred to some of the notes that were in
the purple notebook. Estrada argues that it was error to admit these handwritten notes
against him. He contends that they were inadmissible for the same reasons that the books
and guns were inadmissible; and they were inadmissible because absent expert testimony
that the handwriting was his, there was insufficient foundation to establish that he wrote
the notes.



                                             37
       Initially, we note that although the notebooks were admitted into evidence, the
court did not allow them to go back into the jury room absent a request by the jury to
view them. No request by the jury to view exhibit Nos. 92 and 93 appears in the record.19
Accordingly, we must conclude that the notebooks were never viewed by the jury.
       As to Estrada’s argument that the notebooks were inadmissible for the same
reasons as the books and guns were inadmissible, we reject the argument for the same
reasons noted ante.
       As to Estrada’s argument that there was no evidence to establish the authenticity
of the writings, certainly a writing must be authenticated before being admitted into
evidence or before secondary evidence of its contents is received. (§ 1401.) A writing is
admissible if a finding of authentication is supported by a preponderance of the evidence.
(Jazayeri v. Mao (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 301, 321.) The proponent of a writing satisfies
the requirement of authentication when he or she introduces evidence sufficient to sustain
a finding that the writing is what it is purports to be. (§ 1400.) Even if conflicting
inferences can be drawn from the evidence supporting authentication, that consideration
goes to the weight of the evidence and not to its admissibility. (Jazayeri v. Mao, supra,
at p. 321.)
       In other words, “[a]uthentication of a writing means (a) the introduction of
evidence sufficient to sustain a finding that it is the writing that the proponent of the
evidence claims it is or (b) the establishment of such facts by any other means provided
by law.” (§ 1400.)



19
       We note for the record that we had the record augmented with exhibit Nos. 91, 92,
and 93. The two notebooks exhibit Nos. 92 and 93 have a few scribbled drawings and a
few notes written in Spanish, but the vast majority of the pages in exhibit No. 92 are
blank. The majority of pages in exhibit No. 93 appear to be notes regarding drawing or
sketching figures.

                                              38
       There are a number of methods by which an article may be authenticated.
(§ 1410.) We review a trial court’s decision regarding the admission of evidence for
abuse of discretion. (Dart Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. (2002) 28
Cal.4th 1059, 1078.)
       Officer Whitfield testified that he recovered a purple notebook in Estrada’s living
room inside a Dell computer bag. He recovered a gray notebook in the dining room
cabinet. Inside one of the notebooks was a letter addressed to Estrada from the United
States Army Recruiting Command, Fort Knox, Kentucky. The police found numerous
papers with Estrada’s name on them inside the one-bedroom apartment. Authentication
need not be established in any particular manner. “The law is clear that the various
means of authentication as set forth in Evidence Code sections 1410-1421 are not
exclusive. Circumstantial evidence, content and location are all valid means of
authentication [citations].” (People v. Gibson (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 371, 383.)20
       We have taken judicial notice of and examined the notebooks and compared what
is in them to what the books contain. There are several references in the notebooks that
can also be found in the books—for instance, the handwritten notes talk about
surveillance, military style precision, the use of gloves and disguises, and fake wigs, all
20
        In People v. Olguin (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 1355, for example, several sheets of
rap lyrics were authenticated as having been authored by the defendant through evidence
establishing their location when found—his bedroom—and their content—referring to
the defendant’s gang and identifying the composer with the defendant’s gang moniker.
Accordingly, they were properly admitted to establish the defendant’s gang membership,
his loyalty to his gang, his familiarity with gang culture, and “inferentially, his motive
and intent on the day of the killing.” (Id. at p. 1373.) Similarly, in People v. Gibson, two
manuscripts were authenticated as the defendant’s writings by their content—references
to the author as “ ‘Sasha,’ ” one of the defendant’s aliases, and descriptions of a
prostitution enterprise similar to one operated by defendant as established by independent
evidence—and the locations from which they were seized—the defendant’s home and
hotel room. The Court of Appeal held that the trial court had not erred in permitting the
prosecution to use the documents to show that the defendant was acting as a madam.
(People v. Gibson, supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at p. 382.)

                                             39
of which are themes and concepts covered in the book Hit Man. At least one of the notes
is written in the first person—“I will continue to progress into a better person.”
Further, located between the pages of one of the notebooks was a letter addressed to
Estrada. Thus, both the content and location of the notebooks identified them as
belonging to Estrada. Moreover, no evidence showed that these items belonged to
anyone else. Therefore, the notebooks were properly authenticated and properly admitted
into evidence.
       In any case, even if the court erred, the error was harmless. Given the
overwhelming evidence that this was a murder for hire and the eyewitness testimony
from which the jury could conclude that Estrada was lying in wait, any error in admitting
the notebooks was harmless under any standard of prejudice.

V. Confrontation Clause Challenge to the Admission of Miguel’s Oral and Written
Statements
       As noted, Sergeant Frisby described his interview with Miguel because Miguel did
not testify. According to Sergeant Frisby, Miguel said his cousin Daniel told him how to
find Achilli’s photograph on the Internet. Then, Miguel said that he printed out the
photograph and “gave this photo[graph] to someone that he knew.” Miguel also told
Sergeant Frisby that “he gave someone $1500 in cash.”
       Estrada contends that he was denied his right to confront the witnesses against him
by admission of Miguel’s statements to the police because, in essence, Miguel’s
statement about giving things to “someone” inculpated him.
       The confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States
Constitution provides that “ ‘[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.’ ” (Crawford v. Washington
(2004) 541 U.S. 36, 42 (Crawford).) The confrontation clause has traditionally barred
“admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he


                                             40
was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for
cross-examination.” (Id. at pp. 53-54.)
       As the California Supreme Court explained recently, “The Aranda/Bruton rule21
addresses a specific issue that arises at joint trials when the prosecution seeks to admit the
out-of-court statement of a nontestifying defendant that incriminates a codefendant. As
we have observed, ‘ “Aranda and Bruton stand for the proposition that a ‘nontestifying
codefendant’s extrajudicial self-incriminating statement that inculpates the other
defendant is generally unreliable and hence inadmissible as violative of that defendant’s
right of confrontation and cross-examination, even if a limiting instruction is given.’
[Citation.]” [Citation.] The United States Supreme Court “limited the scope of the
Bruton rule in Richardson v. Marsh (1987) 481 U.S. 200 . . . . The court explained that
Bruton recognized a narrow exception to the general rule that juries are presumed to
follow limiting instructions, and this narrow exception should not apply to confessions
that are not incriminating on their face, but become so only when linked with other
evidence introduced at trial. (Richardson, supra, at pp. 206-207.)” ’ [Citations.] The
high court went on to hold in Richardson that admission of a nontestifying codefendant’s
confession against the defendant does not violate the defendant’s confrontation right if
the confession is redacted to eliminate not only the defendant’s name but any reference to
his existence. (Richardson, supra, at p. 211.) ‘When, despite redaction, the statement
obviously refers directly to the defendant, and involves inferences that a jury ordinarily
could make immediately, even were the confession the very first item introduced at trial,
the Bruton rule applies and introduction of the statement at a joint trial violates the
defendant’s rights under the confrontation clause.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Capistrano
(2014) 59 Cal.4th 830, 869.)

21
       People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518; Bruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S.
123.

                                              41
       The People argue that this claim has been forfeited because Estrada’s counsel did
not object to the introduction of the redacted statement and in fact reached an agreement
with the prosecutor regarding the presentation of Miguel’s statement.
       No procedural principle is more familiar to the United States Supreme Court than
that the failure to assert a federal constitutional right at trial can forfeit the right on
appeal. (United States v. Olano et al. (1993) 507 U.S. 725, 731; cf. United States v.
Young (1985) 470 U.S. 1, 15-16.) Alternatively, Estrada contends that trial counsel’s
failure to object to Sergeant Frisby’s testimony that Miguel said he gave Achilli’s
photograph to “someone” he knew constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
       For reasons we will explain, we do not need to determine whether Estrada
forfeited appellate review of this issue or whether the admission of Miguel’s testimony
through Sergeant Frisby constituted error under the confrontation clause because any
such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.22
       Confrontation clause violations are subject to harmless error analysis under
Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at page 24. (People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th
415, 461, overruled on other grounds in People v. Black (2014) 58 Cal.4th 912, 919.)
This standard provides “an otherwise valid conviction should not be set aside if the
reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record, that the constitutional error
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.]” (Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986)
475 U.S. 673, 681.) “These factors include the importance of the witness’ testimony in
the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of
evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points,


22
        The statements that Estrada challenges do not lead to the inevitable conclusion that
Achilli’s photograph and the money were passed directly from Miguel to Estrada. In
fact, the forensic evidence established that Cesar Chaidez’s fingerprints were on the
driving directions, which leads to the conclusion that Cesar Chaidez may have been a
middle man between Miguel and Estrada.

                                                42
the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength
of the prosecution’s case. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 684.)
       In other words, improper introduction of a codefendant’s out-of-court statement
requires reversal only if the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (People
v. Archer (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1380, 1390.) “That analysis generally depends on
whether the properly admitted evidence is so overwhelming as to the guilt of the
nondeclarant that a reviewing court can say the constitutional error is harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.” (Ibid.)
       Estrada’s involvement in this crime was established by eyewitness testimony that
showed that Estrada was present at the scene well before Achilli’s murder; telephone
records that established that Estrada and Miguel were in almost constant communication
on the day of the murder and evidence left at the scene of the crime. Estrada’s
fingerprints were found on the directions to Achilli’s residence and his DNA was found
on the gloves, jacket, and baseball cap recovered from the scene. There was gunshot
residue on the gloves. The telephone records showed that Estrada and Miguel telephoned
each other repeatedly on the morning of the murder and at least one of the calls was
picked up by the Los Gatos cellular tower. The police recovered a black bag containing
$2,000 cash from Estrada’s apartment as well as a baseball cap similar to the one
recovered from the scene of the crime. Further, Daniel’s testimony established that he
asked Miguel if he knew someone who could take care of a problem; and they agreed on
a price of $9,500. This overwhelming evidence establishes that this was a murder for
hire situation and that Estrada premeditated the murder—any error in the admission of
Miguel’s statements that he gave “someone” Achilli’s photograph and $1,500 in cash
were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Jefferson (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th
830, 845.)




                                             43
VI. Confrontation Clause Challenge to Dr. O’Hara is Testifying to the Cause of Death

       Both Estrada and Miguel complain that they were denied the right to confront a
witness against them because the forensic pathologist who testified at trial had performed
the autopsy on Achilli or written the autopsy report.23 They claim they were denied the
right to confront a witness against them because Dr. Happy, who conducted the autopsy
on Achilli’s body, was unavailable for them to cross examine.
Pertinent Case Law
       Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. 36, did not specify what constitutes a testimonial
statement for purposes of the confrontation clause, but offered examples of the “[v]arious
formulations of this core class of ‘testimonial’ statements,” i.e., “ ‘ex parte in-court
testimony or its functional equivalent—that is, material such as affidavits, custodial
examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was unable to cross-examine, or similar
pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially,’
[citation]; ‘extrajudicial statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial materials,
such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions,’ [citation]; [and]
‘statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness
reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial,’
[citation].” (Id. at pp. 51-52.)
       Subsequently, the high court explained that “[s]tatements are nontestimonial when
made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that
the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing
emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there
is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” (Davis
v. Washington (2006) 547 U.S. 813, 822 (Davis).)

23
       Miguel joins in Estrada’s argument and adds his own substantive argument.

                                              44
       Three years later, the United States Supreme Court issued its 5-4 decision in
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) 557 U.S. 305 (Melendez-Diaz), where the trial
court had “admitted into evidence affidavits reporting the results of forensic analysis[,]
which showed that material seized by the police and connected to the defendant was
cocaine. The question presented [was] whether those affidavits [were] ‘testimonial,’
rendering the affiants ‘witnesses’ subject to the defendant’s right of confrontation under
the Sixth Amendment.” (Melendez-Diaz, supra, 557 U.S. at p. 307.) The court
determined that, since “[t]he ‘certificates’ are functionally identical to live, in-court
testimony” (id. at pp. 310-311) and were made to provide prima facie evidence of the
composition, quality, and weight of the analyzed substance, under Crawford they were
“testimonial statements, and the analysts were ‘witnesses’ for purposes of the Sixth
Amendment.” (Id. at p. 311.) The “testimonial” documents were therefore not
admissible, because the analysts were not subject to cross-examination and the petitioner
had no prior opportunity to cross-examine. (Ibid.)
       In Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011) 564 U.S. __, __ [131 S.Ct. 2705, 2709]
(Bullcoming), the defendant’s blood sample was sent to a state lab for testing after he was
arrested for drunk driving. The analyst recorded the results on a state form and signed
the form, which included a “ ‘certificate of analyst.’ ” (Id. at pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at
pp. 2709, 2710].) A reviewer certified that the analyst was qualified and that established
procedures had been followed. (Id. at p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2711].) At Bullcoming’s
trial, the analyst who tested his blood sample did not testify because he had been placed
on disciplinary leave. (Id. at pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 2711-2712].) The prosecution
called another analyst who was familiar with the lab’s testing procedures but had not
signed the certification, nor had he participated in, observed, or reviewed the analysis of
Bullcoming’s sample. (Id. at pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 2710, 2712, 2713].)
       The plurality opinion in Bullcoming explained that the surrogate analyst was an
inadequate substitute for the analyst who performed the test. Surrogate testimony by
                                              45
someone who is qualified as an expert regarding the machine used and the lab’s
procedures could not convey what the actual analyst knew or observed and would not
expose “any lapses or lies” by the certifying analyst. (Bullcoming, supra, 564 U.S. at
p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2715].) The court stated that, if the Sixth Amendment is violated,
“no substitute procedure can cure the violation.” (Bullcoming, supra, at p. __ [131 S.Ct.
at p. 2716].)
       Bullcoming reiterated the principle stated in Melendez-Diaz that a document
created solely for an evidentiary purpose in aid of a police investigation is testimonial.
(Bullcoming, supra, 564 U.S. at p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 2717].) Furthermore, even though
the analyst’s certificate was not signed under oath, as occurred in Melendez-Diaz, the two
documents were similar in all material respects. (Ibid.)
       Thereafter, in Michigan v. Bryant (2011) 562 U.S. 344 [131 S.Ct. 1143] (Bryant),
the United States Supreme Court considered whether admission of a mortally wounded
victim’s statements to police officers violated the confrontation clause. (Id. at p. __ [131
S.Ct. p. 1150].) Police officers asked the victim what had happened and who had shot
him. The victim identified the defendant and said the shooting had occurred about
25 minutes earlier. (Ibid.) The high court held that the primary purpose of the
interrogation was to enable law enforcement to meet an ongoing emergency. (Id. at
pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 1150, 1164].) In its description of “ ‘ongoing emergency,’ ” the
high court identified several factors that informed the determination of the primary
purpose of the questioning, such as the formality of the encounter, and the statements and
actions of both the declarant and the interrogator. (Id. at pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at
pp. 1160-1161].) Quoting from Davis, supra, 547 U.S. at page 822, the United States
Supreme Court noted, “[W]e cannot say that a person in [the victim’s] situation would
have had a ‘primary purpose’ ‘to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to
later criminal prosecution.’ ” (Bryant, supra, at p. __ [131 S.Ct. at p. 1165].) Under all


                                             46
of the circumstances of the encounter, the court concluded the victim’s identification of
the defendant was not testimonial hearsay. (Id. at pp. __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 1166-1167].)
       In Williams v. Illinois (2012) 562 U.S. __ [132 S.Ct. 2221] (Williams), the
statements at issue were those of a prosecution expert who testified that a DNA profile
produced by an outside laboratory, Cellmark, matched a profile produced by the state
police laboratory using a sample of the petitioner’s blood. (Id. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at
p. 2227].) A plurality of four justices held in part, “Out-of-court statements that are
related by the expert solely for the purpose of explaining the assumptions on which that
opinion rests are not offered for their truth and thus fall outside the scope of the
Confrontation Clause.” (Id. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2228].) The plurality offered a
second basis for its decision, stating that, even if the report in question had been admitted
into evidence, it was not testimonial in that it was not sought for the purpose of obtaining
evidence to be used against the petitioner, who was not a suspect at the time. (Id. at
pp. __ [132 S.Ct. at pp. 2228, 2243].) The plurality observed that “[t]he abuses that the
Court has identified as prompting the adoption of the Confrontation Clause shared the
following two characteristics: (a) they involved out-of-court statements having the
primary purpose of accusing a targeted individual of engaging in criminal conduct and
(b) they involved formalized statements such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony,
or confessions.” (Id. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2242].)
       Justice Thomas joined the four justices of the plurality solely in the judgment.
Justice Thomas concluded that the disclosure of Cellmark’s out-of-court statements by
means of the expert’s testimony did not violate the Confrontation Clause for the sole
reason that the expert’s testimony “lacked the requisite ‘formality and solemnity’ to be
considered ‘ “testimonial” ’ for purposes of the Confrontation Clause.” (Williams, supra,
562 U.S. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2255] (conc. opn. of Thomas, J.).)
       The remaining four justices joined in a vehement dissent authored by Justice
Kagan in which the conclusion that the expert’s testimony was not offered for its truth
                                              47
was found to have no merit and was labeled a “prosecutorial dodge.” (Williams, supra,
562 U.S. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at pp. 2265, 2268] (dis. opn. of Kagan, J.).) Since Justice
Thomas also believed that “statements introduced to explain the basis of an expert’s
opinion are not introduced for a plausible nonhearsay purpose” (id. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at
p. 2257] (conc. opn. of Thomas, J.)), the dissent asserted that “Five justices specifically
reject every aspect of [the plurality’s] reasoning and every paragraph of its explication.”
(Id. at p. __ [132 S.Ct. at p. 2265] (dis. opn. of Kagan, J.).)
       Nevertheless, in People v. Dungo (2012) 55 Cal.4th 608 (Dungo), the California
Supreme Court held that statements in an autopsy report describing a nontestifying
pathologist’s observations of the condition of the victim’s body are not testimonial
because the primary purpose of recording such facts does not pertain to a criminal
investigation. (Id. at pp. 619, 622.) Accordingly, the Dungo court concluded that
testimony by a pathologist based on the report (including photographs) prepared by the
nontestifying pathologist did not violate the defendant’s confrontation clause rights even
though he was unable to confront and cross-examine the nontestifying pathologist. (Id. at
p. 621.)
       In People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658 (Edwards), the California Supreme
Court reiterated that “[a]utopsy statements that simply record anatomical and
physiological observations” are distinct from “statements of the autopsy physician’s
expert forensic conclusion as to the cause of death. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 706.) Without
deciding whether statements in the latter category are testimonial, Edwards held it was
permissible for an expert witness to recount the autopsy doctor’s findings that the
victim’s nose was fractured, the injury to her ear was “ ‘incisional,’ ” she had residue
from adhesive tape around her mouth, and her vagina had signs of trauma. (Id. at
pp. 707-708.) Distinguishing those findings from forensic opinions about the cause of
death, the court determined it was permissible for the expert to rely on them because they


                                              48
merely reflected the autopsy doctor’s “medical observations of objective fact.” (Id. at
p. 708.)
       The problem in this case is that although Dr. O’Hara testified to autopsy
statements that simply recorded anatomical and physiological observations, when asked
what was the cause of Achilli’s death, Dr. O’Hara recounted that “Dr. Happy phrased it
as gunshot wounds of the head and torso.” In other words, Dr. O’Hara was testifying to a
statement regarding the autopsy physician’s expert conclusion as to the cause of death.
Nevertheless, we need not decide whether Dr. Happy’s cause of death conclusion was
testimonial in nature because even if we assume error in the admission of Dr. O’Hara’s
statement as to Dr. Happy’s conclusion as to the cause of death, any error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. There was no dispute as to Dr. Happy’s cause of death
opinion.

VII. Cumulative Error
       Estrada contends that the cumulative prejudice of the several errors and/or
instances of ineffective assistance of counsel requires that we reverse his conviction.
However, reversal based on cumulative error is required only if a high number of
instances of error occurring at trial create a strong possibility that “the aggregate
prejudicial effect of such errors was greater than the sum of the prejudice of each error
standing alone.” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 845.) For instance, in People v.
Hill, supra, at pages 844 through 847, the court concluded that the cumulative impact of
constant and outrageous misconduct by the prosecutor and several legal errors occurring
at trial “created a negative synergistic effect, rendering the degree of overall unfairness to
defendant more than that flowing from the sum of the individual errors.” (Id. at p. 847.)
       Certainly, “ ‘[A] series of trial errors, though independently harmless, may in
some circumstances rise by accretion to the level of reversible and prejudicial error.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1009.) The combined effects


                                              49
of multiple errors may indeed render a trial fundamentally unfair. (See People v. Cuccia
(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 785, 795.) However, as discussed ante, since we have found none
of Estrada’s claims of error meritorious and/or prejudicial, a cumulative error argument
cannot be sustained. No serious errors occurred, which, whether viewed individually or
in combination, could possibly have affected the jury’s verdict. (People v. Martinez
(2003) 31 Cal.4th 673, 704; People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 128.) Simply put,
since we have found no substantial error in any respect, appellant’s claim of cumulative
prejudicial error must be rejected. (People v. Butler (2009) 46 Cal.4th 847, 885.) Estrada
was entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one. (People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005,
1057.)
Miguel’s Issues
I. Challenge to the Admission of His Confession
         Before trial, the court conducted a hearing, during which Miguel testified, on the
admissibility of his statements to the police. At the end of the hearing the trial court
denied Miguel’s motion to suppress his statements. Miguel contends that the trial court
erred in so doing.
         The section 402 hearing established the following. On the morning of March 28,
2008, two police officers were watching Miguel near his residence in Duarte in Los
Angeles County. They saw a Dodge Durango leave the residence and followed it to a gas
station. As Miguel started to pump gas, four officers with guns arrested him and his
brother Cesar at 8:46 a.m. Miguel was placed in a police car and taken to the Monrovia
Police Department.
         Miguel was kept in a holding cell at the police station in a white paper suit and
paper slippers until approximately 3:00 p.m. During this time he was fed. Two officers
put Miguel in waist chains and brought him back to the Santa Clara Police Department in
a vehicle. At the time, Miguel was barefoot and wore shorts and a tank top.


                                              50
       During the four-and-a-half-hour trip from Los Angeles County to Santa Clara, the
officers did not tell Miguel why he had been arrested and did not talk about the case at
all. They may have said that his name had come up during a homicide investigation.
Miguel sat in the front seat of the car and again was fed during the trip. The officers did
not read Miguel his Miranda rights and did not question him about the case;
Sergeant Frisby had specifically instructed them not to ask any questions.
       When they arrived at the Santa Clara Police Department at about 7:30 p.m., the
officer turned Miguel over to Sergeant Frisby and Detective Wahid Kazem. At the very
beginning of the interview, after Miguel was read his Miranda rights, Sergeant Frisby
asked if Miguel had any questions and Miguel asked if the officers knew what had
happened to his brother; Miguel was concerned about his brother’s welfare. When
Miguel expressed his concern about Cesar, the officers told him that “Cesar had been
cooperative” and that he was “okay.” One officer told him that what he had to say “may
clear some things up with Cesar.” Miguel proceeded to tell the officers about his
involvement in the murder.
       Miguel testified that he and his brother were taken in separate police cars to the
Monrovia police station and that was the last he saw of him. When Sergeant Frisby and
Detective Wahid took him out of the holding cell, he saw his cousin Daniel in another
cell. The officers told him that Daniel had “been real helpful.”
       Miguel said that his brother Cesar was only nine months younger than he was, but
he did not mature as fast; Miguel had “kind of like a parental feeling” toward Cesar.
Miguel testified that he had “more than a brotherly relationship with [his] brother” and
had “a bit of a hand in his upbringing”; further, being the older one his “first instinct
[was] always . . . to protect him.
       According to Miguel, at the time of his interrogation he was really tired. He had
been up for about 36 hours without sleep. He had used “crystal meth” to stay awake
because he had gone to school the previous day from 3:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m. Miguel said
                                              51
that he had never been arrested before. If his brother had not been in custody and the
police had not told him, in essence, that he could clear things up for his brother, he
probably would not have made any statements. Miguel acknowledged that he was read
and understood his Miranda rights; he testified that he voluntarily spoke to the police
after they advised him of his rights.
       Miguel argues that he was “concerned about the wellbeing of his younger brother,
Cesar, [whom] he had last seen when the two were on the ground, held at gunpoint and
arrested by the police at a gas station hundreds of miles from where [he] was later that
day taken and interrogated.” Further, he testified that “his relationship with his Cesar
was more than that of a brother but rather that of a protector and almost father.” Miguel
asserts that under the totality of the circumstances test, including the lengthy delay
between arrest and interrogation, his confession was involuntary.
       Both the United States Constitution and the California Constitution forbid the use
of a defendant’s involuntary confession against him at trial. (U.S. Const., 14th Amend.;
Cal. Const., art. I, § 15.) The People bear the burden of proving the voluntariness of a
defendant’s confession by a preponderance of the evidence. On appeal, we consider the
totality of the circumstances surrounding the confession. We uphold the trial court’s
findings as to the circumstances of the confession if they are supported by substantial
evidence. However, we independently review the trial court’s finding as to the
confession’s voluntariness. (People v. Markham (1989) 49 Cal.3d 63, 65, 71; People v.
McWhorter (2009) 47 Cal.4th 318, 346-347.)
       “ ‘ “A statement is involuntary if it is not the product of ‘ “a rational intellect and
free will.” ’ [Citation.] The test for determining whether a confession is voluntary is
whether the defendant’s ‘will was overborne at the time he confessed.’ ” ’ ” (People v.
Duff (2014) 58 Cal.4th 527, 555.) No single factor is determinative of voluntariness;
courts consider “the totality of circumstances” surrounding the confession. (People v.
Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 635, 660.) Factors to consider include “ ‘the crucial element
                                              52
of police coercion [citation]; the length of the interrogation [citation]; its location
[citation]; its continuity’ as well as ‘the defendant’s maturity [citation]; education
[citation]; physical condition [citation]; and mental health.’ ” (Ibid.) Other
characteristics of the defendant to be considered are his or her age, sophistication, prior
experience with the criminal justice system, and emotional state. (In re Shawn D. (1993)
20 Cal.App.4th 200, 209.)
       In this case, the undisputed evidence establishes that over the course of the
interrogation, whether measured from the time of his arrest at 8:46 a.m., or the time the
interrogation began approximately 10 hours later, Miguel was given food and drink; and
he had the opportunity to use the restroom and rest in the holding cell for approximately
five hours before he was transported. During the trip to Santa Clara, Miguel was again
fed and was seated in the front seat of the car and was chatting to the officers about
football and sports. Undoubtedly Miguel was stressed and tired, but the record does not
establish that either the length or circumstances of the interrogation were so severe as to
render his admissions involuntary. Miguel did not indicate that he was tired or hungry or
wished to use the restroom and was told that he could not. Miguel’s interrogation “was
not accompanied by a denial of all creature comforts or accomplished by means of
physical or psychological mistreatment, threats of harsh consequences or official
inducement amounting to coercion . . . .” (People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34
Cal.4th 1, 58.)
       The questioning was not aggressive or confrontational; and the officers did not
threaten to arrest another family member or to release a family member if Miguel gave a
statement. The fact that Miguel asked about Cesar and the officers agreed to update him
on his brother’s situation does not alter our conclusion that Miguel’s confession was
voluntary. The police did not deceive Miguel in an attempt to gain a confession. Their
assurances that Cesar had been cooperative and was “okay” and that Miguel could “clear


                                              53
some things up with Cesar” were not “ ‘ “of a type reasonably likely to procure an untrue
statement.’ ” [Citation.]” (People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 299.)
       Further, Miguel’s claim of psychological coercion is rebutted by his testimony at
the section 402 hearing that he voluntarily spoke to the officers. While it is apparent that
initially Miguel was concerned about his brother, nothing in the officers’ words or actions
suggested that they would release Cesar only if Miguel confessed to being involved in the
murder of Achilli. We see no connection between Miguel’s inquiry about his brother and
Miguel’s subsequent confession. The officers never stated or implied that a statement
from Miguel confessing to the murder would cause them to free Cesar.
       In sum, having reviewed the transcript of Miguel’s interview, we conclude that
Miguel’s confession was voluntarily given; we see no threats or coercion of any kind.
Although Miguel had never been in trouble with the police before, he is an adult who at
the time of his interrogation understood the officer’s Miranda warning, but elected to
voluntarily speak with them.
II. The Trial Court’s Interruption of Counsel’s Closing Argument
       At the end of his closing argument, Miguel’s counsel told the jury, “Now, Ladies
and Gentleman, I’m going to close and I’m going to tell you what I just want you to
consider and what I’d like you to do. [¶] I believe that the Mark Achilli killing, you
know, does not demand revenge but I think it does demand justice. Okay? [¶]
Miguel Chaidez is not asking you to hold him totally blameless. He should have told
Daniel Chaidez to go to hell the first phone call he got, but he didn’t. [¶] But look at the
evidence and ask whether he should be held to the same level of responsibility as the
actual killer than the person who called the shots and did what was done here. Where do
you get the basis of the information to imply the intent to kill with him, and it has to be
implied because he never said it, and the malice aforethought. [¶] Does he deserve
compassion? And my answer to that is probably not. We’re all responsible for our
behavior, are we not? [¶] But there’s another concept in our law that we haven’t talked
                                             54
about yet and that’s extremely important, and that’s the concept of mercy. And mercy is
the granting of forgiveness and the tempering of punishment when one does not
necessarily—” At this point the court interrupted counsel to ask if he was “suggesting
that the jury use mercy in coming to their verdict.” Counsel asked the court, “Is there an
instruction against it? The court replied that it thought the argument was “improper”
because the jury had to decide the case “based on the facts, not sympathy or feeling for or
against a defendant . . . which I would put mercy in there.”
       Later outside the presence of the jury, Miguel’s counsel objected to the court
preventing him from making his argument. Specifically, counsel told the court “I do
object to the Court’s ruling on the issue of mercy. I have used that twice in death penalty
cases and never been overruled. Used it in a third one and two of us were going to be
held in contempt by the judge. So it seems to me that this is not a question of rule of law,
this is a question of an opinion about whether a given judge wants it used in a trial or not
used in a trial. And I don’t see where mercy has any problem with this situation. It’s not
sympathy. By definition it is not sympathy.” The court responded, “I think it invokes
sympathy. I think it invokes, I don’t know, jury nullification. I don’t know what the idea
of mercy is. But in any event, I think it’s improper argument, and I so ruled.”
       Miguel argues that the court erred in interrupting his counsel’s argument and
forbidding him from urging mercy.
       “A criminal defendant has a well-established constitutional right to have counsel
present closing argument to the trier of fact. [Citations.] This right is not unbounded,
however; the trial court retains discretion to impose reasonable time limits and to ensure
that argument does not stray unduly from the mark. [Citation.]” (People v. Marshall
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 799, 854.)
       Penal Code section 1044 states, “It shall be the duty of the judge to control all
proceedings during the trial, and to limit the introduction of evidence and the argument of
counsel to relevant and material matters, with a view to the expeditious and effective
                                             55
ascertainment of the truth regarding the matters involved.” This section vests the trial
court with broad discretion to control the conduct of criminal trials. (People v. Calderon
(1994) 9 Cal.4th 69, 75; People v. Cline (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1333.)
       Certainly, in the context of a capital case, at the penalty phase of the trial the jury
may consider granting the defendant mercy. Contrary to Miguel’s argument, in a
criminal case the concepts of mercy and sympathy are interchangeable. (See, e.g., People
v. Seaton (2001) 26 Cal.4th 598, 685; People v. Wader (1993) 5 Cal.4th 610, 663 [no
error in rejecting defendant’s mercy instruction because the trial court instructed the jury
it was to consider, if applicable, any sympathy that the defendant offered as a basis for a
sentence less than death]; People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153, 312 [prosecutor’s
improper reference to higher authority—that only God may grant mercy—was cured by
the court’s admonition and the court’s standard instructions listing mercy as a factor to
consider].)
       However, the argument that Miguel’s counsel tried to give at the guilt phase of
this trial—that the jury should consider granting Miguel mercy—was in fact seeking to
have the jury consider punishment, a circumstance that the jury is not allowed to
consider. (CALCRIM No. 3550 [jury must reach verdict without any consideration of
punishment].) A defendant’s potential punishment is not a proper matter for jury
consideration. (People v. Thomas (2011) 51 Cal.4th 449, 486.)
       Miguel’s attempt to elevate this issue to one of constitutional dimension is
unavailing. Miguel’s counsel was not denied the right to present a defense or argue facts
and circumstances favorable to that defense or point out weaknesses in the prosecution’s
case. (See Herring v. New York (1975) 422 U.S. 853, 862 [the value of closing argument
is not the opportunity to say any words to the jury whatsoever, but to present the
defense’s theory and point out weaknesses in the prosecution’s case].) Miguel’s assertion
that he was prejudiced because the court made it appear that his counsel was acting
improperly in making an impermissible or illegal argument and this destroyed whatever
                                              56
rapport counsel had with the jury is based on no more than speculation. Further, given
that the court instructed the jury that they were not to “take anything [the court] said or
did during the trial as an indication of what [the court thought] about the facts, the
witnesses, or what [their] verdict should be,” we can see no way that Miguel was
prejudiced by the court’s interruption of his counsel’s improper argument.

III. Alleged Error in Admitting Evidence of Guns Seized from Miguel’s and Estrada’s
Homes
       The police officer who searched Miguel’s residence in Duarte on the day that
Miguel was arrested testified that he seized an SKS rifle, a casing from a .9mm bullet,
and an Airsoft replica gun and an article related to a gang-related shooting from the
residence. In addition, officers seized three .45-caliber handguns from Estrada’s
residence.
       Miguel contends that the evidence about guns recovered from his residence and
Estrada’s residence violated his right to a fair trial.
       As to the testimony regarding the guns seized from Estrada’s residence, Miguel
did not object to the evidence at trial. Section 353, subdivision (a), provides that a
judgment shall not be reversed because of the erroneous admission of evidence unless
there was a timely objection “so stated as to make clear the specific ground of the
objection . . . .” “ ‘The reason for the requirement is manifest: a specifically grounded
objection to a defined body of evidence serves to prevent error. It allows the trial judge
to consider excluding the evidence or limiting its admission to avoid possible prejudice.
It also allows the proponent of the evidence to lay additional foundation, modify the offer
of proof, or take other steps designed to minimize the prospect of reversal. [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (People v. Zapien, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 979.) Accordingly, this issue may
not be raised for the first time on appeal. (People v. Welch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 106,
114-115.)


                                               57
       As to the evidence of the guns found in Miguel’s residence, counsel did not object
to this evidence until after it was introduced. The belated objection was on the basis that
the evidence concerning the guns was irrelevant and should have been excluded under
section 352. Miguel did not urge exclusion of the evidence on federal due process
grounds. Ordinarily, an objection based on state law does not preserve a claim based on
the United States Constitution. (People v. Lewis and Oliver (2006) 39 Cal.4th 970, 1028
& fn. 19.) A defendant’s objection must apprise the trial court of the pertinent
evidentiary analysis it should undertake to determine admissibility. Nonetheless, we
conclude that Miguel “may make a very narrow due process argument on appeal. He
may argue that the asserted error in admitting the evidence over his Evidence Code
section 352 objection had the additional legal consequence of violating due process.”
(People v. Partida, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 435.)
       As noted ante, “[e]vidence of possession of a weapon not used in the crime
charged against a defendant leads logically only to an inference that defendant is the kind
of person who surrounds himself with deadly weapons—a fact of no relevant
consequence to determination of the guilt or innocence of the defendant. [Citations.]”
(People v. Henderson, supra, 58 Cal.App.3d at p. 360.)
       Nevertheless, in this case the parties stipulated that the court would admonish the
jury to disregard the testimony about the guns recovered from Miguel’s residence. The
court so instructed the jury: “Ladies and Gentleman of the Jury, you are not to consider
the rifle and pellet gun seized from 1610 Fairdale Avenue because those items are not
relevant to the charges against the defendants in this case or any other case.” Thus, any
error in admitting the evidence of the guns found in Miguel’s residence was cured by the
stipulation read to the jury to disregard the evidence. We presume the jury followed this
unambiguous and specific instruction. (People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 139;
People v. Holt (1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 662 [jurors are presumed to understand and follow
the court’s instructions].) “Cases may arise in which the risk of prejudice inhering in
                                            58
material put before the jury may be so great that even a limiting instruction will not
adequately protect a criminal defendant’s constitutional rights. [Citations.]” (Francis v.
Franklin (1985) 471 U.S. 307, 325, fn. 9.) This is not such a case.
IV. Cumulative Error
       Miguel argues that the cumulative effect of the errors he has described so infected
the trial with unfairness as to make his conviction a denial of due process.
       As noted, reversal based on cumulative error is required only if a high number of
instances of error occurring at trial creating a strong possibility that “the aggregate
prejudicial effect of such errors was greater than the sum of the prejudice of each error
standing alone.” (People v. Hill, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 845.)
       Similar to Estrada’s claim of cumulative error, since we have found none of
Miguel’s claims of error meritorious and/or prejudicial, a cumulative error argument
cannot be sustained. No serious errors occurred, which, whether viewed individually or
in combination, could possibly have affected the jury’s verdict. (People v. Martinez,
supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 704; People v. Valdez, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 128.) Simply put,
since we have found no substantial error in any respect, appellant’s claim of cumulative
prejudicial error must be rejected. (People v. Butler, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 885.)
Similar to Estrada, Miguel was entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one. (People v.
Bradford, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1057.)
V. Joinder in Estrada’s Arguments
       Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.200(a)(5) and rule 8.360(a), Miguel
joins in all arguments raised by Estrada. Joinder in appellate arguments is broadly
permitted. (People v. Nero (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 504, 510, fn. 11.) However, as to the
joined arguments, a joining defendant must individually meet his or her burden to
demonstrate error and prejudice. (Id. at p. 510, fn. 11.) A defendant cannot rely solely
on a codefendant’s arguments and reasoning to satisfy his or her own burden on appeal.


                                              59
(Ibid.) To the extent Miguel has not satisfied this burden on appeal, we consider a given
issue only as to the defendant who raised it.24 (Ibid.)
Garcia’s Issues
       Since the majority of Garcia’s issues on appeal are concerned with ineffective
assistance of counsel, we set forth in detail the law in this area.
       A criminal defendant has a right to the assistance of counsel. (Strickland v.
Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 684-685 (Strickland).) This right “entitles the
defendant not to some bare assistance but rather to effective assistance.” (People v.
Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215 (Ledesma), italics omitted.) “To establish
entitlement to relief for ineffective assistance of counsel the burden is on the defendant to
show (1) trial counsel failed to act in the manner to be expected of reasonably competent
attorneys acting as diligent advocates and (2) it is reasonably probable that a more
favorable determination would have resulted in the absence of counsel’s failings.
[Citations.]” (People v. Lewis (1990) 50 Cal.3d 262, 288.) “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland, supra, at
p. 694.)
       “When a claim of ineffective assistance is made on direct appeal, and the record
does not show the reason for counsel’s challenged actions or omissions, the conviction
must be affirmed unless there could be no satisfactory explanation.” (People v. Anderson
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 543, 569.)
       “In determining whether counsel’s performance was deficient, a court must in
general exercise deferential scrutiny . . .” and must “view and assess the reasonableness
of counsel’s acts or omissions . . . under the circumstances as they stood at the time that


24
       The one exception is Miguel’s confrontation clause challenge to Dr. O’Hara’s
testimony, where he joins in Estrada’s argument, but submits substantive argument on his
own behalf.

                                              60
counsel acted or failed to act.” (Ledesma, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 216, italics added.)
Although deference is not abdication (id. at p. 217), courts should not second-guess
reasonable, if difficult, tactical decisions in the harsh light of hindsight. (People v. Kelly,
supra, 1 Cal.4th at pp. 522-523.)
       “In the usual case, where counsel’s trial tactics or strategic reasons for challenged
decisions do not appear on the record, we will not find ineffective assistance of counsel
on appeal unless there could be no conceivable reason for counsel’s acts or omissions.”
(People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 926.)
       With this background in mind we proceed to address each of Garcia’s claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel.
I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel—Failure to Present Exculpatory Evidence
       Garcia contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present evidence
relating to an independent motive for the murder unrelated to him.
Background
       Robert Jacome testified for the prosecution at the preliminary hearing in this case,
which was held on December 16, 2008.25 Jacome said that he first spoke to the police on
April 7, 2008, and told them that he would fully cooperate. On March 13, 2008, Estrada
called him and asked him to take him to Northern California; Estrada said he needed to
go on “a gun mission.” Estrada did not tell him many details other than it was for a “debt
collection” related to drugs. Estrada paid him $100 for the ride. They left Southern
California at about 8:00 p.m. and arrived in San Jose at approximately 1:00 to 1:30 a.m.
They checked into a hotel and ate at a Burger King. On the way up from Southern
California Estrada was using an “Internet printout” with driving directions.


25
       Jacome testified pursuant to a plea agreement; the terms of the agreement were
that he would plead guilty to lesser charges in this case in exchange for a maximum
prison sentence of six years and eight months in exchange for his truthful testimony.

                                              61
           Jacome said that he and Estrada stayed at the hotel; early in the morning he heard
a clicking noise, “like a racking of a gun.” Jacome looked up and saw a black object,
which in his “mind made sense it was a gun.” Jacome went back to sleep. When he
awoke again Estrada was gone. When Estrada returned he had no facial hair. Estrada
asked Jacome to drive him to a place and Jacome dropped him off at a small street off of
Highway 9. Jacome went to a Walgreens that was down the street and parked. When
Jacome dropped off Estrada, Estrada said he was going to talk to an individual to collect
the money; he said he would call Jacome when he was done. It was approximately
10:00 a.m. to 10:15 a.m. when he dropped off Estrada.
           Jacome read a newspaper in the Walgreens parking lot and made a couple of
telephone calls. Sometime later he received a telephone call from Estrada; Estrada
sounded panicked. Estrada told Jacome to pick him up. The telephone call occurred at
11:38 a.m. Jacome saw Estrada off Highway 9; he had on a different set of clothes and
he was running toward Jacome. Estrada had on a green and brown sweater and no hat.
When Jacome had dropped him off, Estrada had been wearing black; he had on a black
hat, a black zip-up sweater, and black pants and he was carrying a black bag. Jacome
realized that something was wrong when he saw two police cars racing up the street with
sirens on. When Estrada got into Jacome’s car, he “said something to the effect, I did it, I
did it.”
           On the drive back to Southern California, Estrada made a telephone call. Jacome
did not know who it was until Estrada mentioned Miguel’s name; Jacome had met
Miguel before. Estrada told Miguel “something to the effect he was going to . . . pick up
some money later on that day or the next day.” Jacome did not hear Estrada say anything
about being sorry about what had happened. In fact, Estrada said repeatedly that he had
no remorse.
           About an hour into the drive, Jacome asked Estrada what had happened because he
had no idea what was going on. Estrada said that he shot an individual in the side of the
                                                62
head. Estrada said it was not “like the movies”; a little fountain of blood came out of the
person’s head. Jacome realized what had happened and he became confused and scared.
Jacome testified that he thought it was going to be a robbery—a debt collection. He had
no idea that there was going to be a murder. Jacome did not ask Estrada any more
questions because he was scared; he just wanted to get back home. Estrada told him he
was getting paid $3,000, but did not say from whom he was getting it. Estrada asked
Jacome if he wanted to go with him to collect the money, but Jacome said no.
       Garcia argues that his counsel knew of Jacome’s testimony before trial, but failed
to call him as a witness at trial.26 In fact, on October 4, 2010, before the presentation of
the defense case, Garcia’s counsel told the court that he had made a tactical decision not
to call Jacome in his case in chief. The court told Garcia’s counsel that he wanted to
have an in-chambers discussion with counsel regarding the issue. At the end of the day,
the court and Garcia’s counsel went into chambers. The court made the following record
at the in-chambers conference.27 “A couple of days ago, last week, Mr. Robertson
[Garcia’s counsel] brought to my attention that he intended to call a witness, Robert
Jacome, and his purposes for calling that witness had to do with—his proffer was that
Mr. Estrada, on the drive up from Los Angeles to Los Gatos, told Mr. Jacome that they
26
       Garcia claims that Mr. Robertson did not attempt to interview Jacome and this
constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Mr. Robertson did not need to interview
Jacome as he was fully aware of Jacome’s preliminary hearing testimony; and since
Mr. Robertson was present at the preliminary hearing and cross-examined Jacome,
Mr. Robertson was able to see and hear how he testified on both direct and
cross-examination and as to what he testified.
27
       The certified reporter’s transcript of the ex parte chambers conference was
submitted as an exhibit (F) to Garcia’s motion for a new trial and on the request of
Garcia’s counsel was ordered unsealed. It appears that the cover sheet of this transcript
correctly identifies the day of the hearing—October 4—but incorrectly specifies that it
was 2011. The confidential cover sheet and the transcript itself notes the correct year
2010, but has a date of August 25. We have no doubt, however, that the transcript
submitted with the new trial motion is the transcript of the in-chambers conference held
on October 4, 2010.

                                             63
were coming up either to collect for a drug debt or a drug hit, and I can’t remember
exactly which one you said. He brought that up. [¶] He also commented that he was
concerned about that because it was pivotal to the defense of Mr. Garcia. We had
discussion regarding the admissibility of that evidence just in general. And then
subsequently, I, after talking with research, provided counsel with a citation to a case
which I now don’t have in front of me, but which was an unpublished decision which
cited other cases which suggested that that testimony would, in fact, be admissible if
Mr. Jacome was permitted to testify. [¶] During that meeting, Mr. Gillan who represents
Mr. Estrada indicated that if Jacome were called to testify to that, that he anticipated that
Mr. Estrada would testify in rebuttal and deny those statements, and/or testify
affirmatively that that was not the purpose of the shooting. And at that point, I believe
Mr. Robertson brought up the fact that his client had advised him that there were
statements made in the jail by Mr. Estrada to the effect that he would testify, and if he
was going to be convicted, everyone else would be as well. [¶] I bring that up as a sort of
backdrop for this, because in getting the list of witnesses that Mr. Robertson intends to
call on behalf of Mr. Garcia, Mr. Jacome was not listed, and in fact, you mentioned him
as a potential rebuttal witness depending on what else transpired during the trial. [¶] And
so I told Mr. Robertson that I was going to have this conference with him to give a very
brief explanation as to why he was not going to call Mr. Jacome, and I’m giving him the
opportunity to do that, because I think it is an important issue and I did want to have
something on the record. [¶] And this portion of the transcript that takes place in
chambers, I’ll be ordering sealed—or order it sealed now and it would not be transcribed
until further order of the Court.”
       The court invited Mr. Robertson to comment. Mr. Robertson explained, “Part of
my concern and my tactical decision not to call Jacome relates to the fact that I have no
idea what Mr. Gillan’s going to do. He made statements himself a week, week and a half
ago that if my client’s going down, everybody’s going down. His client ostensibly made
                                             64
the statements that if he’s going down, everybody’s going down. [¶] My client had no
contact with Mr. Estrada under anybody’s theory and there’s no indication of it. But I
have no idea of what Lucio would say or—what he would or would not say or what he
would blurt out up there. [¶] And further . . . don’t know what Mr. Gillan’s doing in
terms of a defense, because I find myself having to call witnesses that would logically
flow, and in my opinion, he should have called or planned on calling for his client, like,
he made this statement to the jury that Lucio Estrada came upon a murder that had
already happened, and yet the police reports are literally full of witnesses who see other
people running away from the scene. [¶] And if you recall, I’m the only one who talked
about other routes. I’m the only one who’s bringing up these other people. So I don’t
understand what he would say. [¶] But I have some information that there may have been
more than one vehicle there. That there was, in fact, drug trafficking going on between
Southern California and Northern California. And that Daniel was involved in it.
[¶] I can’t prove this. And the Court has seen my efforts to try and get any information
from law enforcement that would show that Miguel or Daniel or Lucio or Jacome were
connected to drug dealing and/or a drug debt collection. [¶] So part of my reason behind
not calling Jacome is that if I call him to talk about those limited statements and what was
said, I don’t know that Mr. Rosen won’t, at that point, then try to bring out the statements
that Estrada made to Jacome about seeing the blood splattering. He made statements that
it wasn’t like it was in the movie. Estrada completely incriminated himself to Jacome, if
Jacome’s believed, which—and I had a conversation with Mr. Gillan, and a—couple of
times and he indicated that calling Jacome would be devastating to his case. [¶] I’ve
never had a case where I was confronted with someone who’s acting as Mr. Gillan did.
And he did indicate that part of the reason for his levity and poking fun at me and making
jokes, which I find completely inappropriate, is that he is trying to create a situation for
his client where he can sort of joke about the cops just got the right guy. [¶] . . . So I
think . . . Mr. Gillan’s conduct has been problematic for me already. And having . . .
                                              65
made those statements, his client will get up and testify and he’ll sink everybody, it’s
kind of like that poison pill or loaded bomb. I don’t know . . . what might be lurking
there and I don’t want to open that door at this time. [¶] You know, Gillan made the
statement that he’s not going to have any case. He’s not going to call any witnesses
except for that veiled threat of, in rebuttal, which means that he would put Lucio on.
Now I don’t know that he could tactically or technically do that, but my hope is that he’ll
be able to follow the evidence that I laid out about other people being there and run with
that. [¶] I don’t know what he’s going to do. And I did not know before the trial what
his conduct was going to be like. I didn’t know. I’ve never seen anything like it.”
       The court acknowledged that the purpose of the in-chambers conference was to
ascertain whether Mr. Robertson had thought through his decision not to call Jacome.
The court told Mr. Robertson that the court was “satisfied that what you’ve told me, as
I fully expected, is that you are making a reasoned, tactical decision. There’s good logic
behind your decision not to call Mr. Jacome, and so I’m happy with that, Okay.”
       In addition to Jacome’s testimony, Garcia’s counsel was aware that in May 2009,
his investigator, Anne Fields, had interviewed Eric Hernandez. Hernandez had been
housed at the county jail in the same pod as Estrada. Fields reported that Hernandez had
told her about conversations that he had had with Estrada. Her report notes the
following: “Lucio Estrada said that the hit on Mark Achilli was over money owed for
drugs. Lucio said that drugs were being moved through the bar. Lucio said he was
connected with the Mexican Mafia in Southern California. Lucio said that the Mexican
Mafia wanted Mark dead. Lucio told Eric that the police have the reason for the
homicide ‘all wrong.’ Lucio said that one guy working at the bar was family and he
knew what was going on. [¶] Lucio made these statements in front of Eric Hernandez
and Chad Reger. Mr. Reger is in prison serving a 15 to Life sentence for murder.”




                                             66
       Garcia questions why Jacome and Hernandez were not called to testify during the
presentation of his defense. Garcia argues that the need for their testimony was “readily
apparent.”
       A court considering a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must apply a
“strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance.” (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689.) We reiterate that
scrutiny of counsel’s actions is highly deferential, undertaken with the view to removing
the distorting effects of hindsight, and viewed as of the time that counsel was required to
act. (Id. at pp. 689-690.) The challenger’s burden is to show that counsel made “errors
so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by
the Sixth Amendment.” (Id. at p. 687.)
       As the United States Supreme Court has explained, “ ‘Surmounting Strickland’s
high bar is never an easy task.’ [Citation.] An ineffective-assistance claim can function
as a way to escape rules of waiver and forfeiture and raise issues not presented at trial,
and so the Strickland standard must be applied with scrupulous care, lest ‘intrusive
post-trial inquiry’ threaten the integrity of the very adversary process the right to counsel
is meant to serve. [Citation.] Even under de novo review, the standard for judging
counsel’s representation is a most deferential one. Unlike a later reviewing court, the
attorney observed the relevant proceedings, knew of materials outside the record, and
interacted with the client, with opposing counsel, and with the judge. It is ‘all too
tempting’ to ‘second-guess counsel’s assistance after conviction or adverse sentence.’
[Citations.] The question is whether an attorney’s representation amounted to
incompetence under ‘prevailing professional norms,’ not whether it deviated from best
practices or most common custom. [Citation.]” (Harrington v. Richter (2011) 562 U.S.
86, 131.)
       The failure to present specific evidence or witnesses, ask certain questions in
direct or cross-examination, and make certain objections to evidence are traditionally
                                             67
deemed to fall within the realm of trial tactics over which the court will not engage in
“judicial hindsight.” (People v. Beagle (1972) 6 Cal.3d 441, 458, superseded by statute
on other grounds as stated in People v. Rogers (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 205, 208-209.)
       The problem with Garcia’s argument that his counsel should have called Jacome
and Hernandez is that we do not know if they would have testified favorably or
unfavorably to Garcia. Garcia’s claim of incompetence is based entirely on a speculative,
hopeful view of possible evidence. Further, had Jacome testified consistent with his
preliminary hearing testimony, he would have been subject to impeachment and rebuttal
evidence.28 Jacome’s statements to the police and his preliminary hearing testimony
attempted to minimize his involvement in the murder; he had a strong motive to fabricate
his story that this was a mission to collect a drug debt. He denied any knowledge of a
planned execution and “believed [that] Lucio was only going to ‘wave his gun around’ ”
to collect a debt for a large amount of cocaine. Jacome’s sole source of information
before the murder allegedly came from Estrada. Jacome had no independent knowledge
that this was in fact related to the collection of a drug debt and we have serious doubts
that this evidence was admissible as an admission by Estrada if elicited by Garcia.29

28
        As the prosecutor argued in rebuttal,”[w]e had a lot of discussion here about a
drug hit. It’s pure speculation. It’s fantasy. There’s no evidence of drug dealing at
Mountain Charley’s, of drugs going in and out, of Mark Achilli owing people money for
drugs. Nothing. Defense counsel said, ‘Oh, it was common knowledge that Mark
Achilli, you know, was addicted to cocaine.’ No. No. The testimony was a few people
testified that, ‘Yeah, I knew Mark Achilli used cocaine recreationally.’ [¶] Okay. Now,
remember Mark Achilli doesn’t own Mountain Charley’s anymore or Club 180. He sells
it to Paul Garcia in September of 2007. So how does—he has nothing to do with what’s
going on at Mountain Charley’s or Club 180 after September 2007. So all this—its
drugs, it’s all speculation and fantasy. There’s no drugs found in Mark Achilli’s house.
There’s no large amounts of cash found. If it’s a drug hit for money that’s owed—his
wallet’s not taken. His wallet’s in his back pocket. There’s no evidence that this had
anything to do with drugs.”
29
        A statement that was made other than by a witness while testifying and that is
offered to prove the truth of the matter stated is hearsay. (§ 1200, subd. (a).) Generally,
(continued)
                                             68
       More importantly, Garcia’s counsel was aware that before trial he had sent a
request to the prosecutor for information about whether Achilli or any of his business
partners or employees had been involved in trafficking cocaine or money laundering. As
the prosecutor explained to the court on the morning of September 3, 2010,
Sergeant Frisby had used all the police resources available to him and determined that
there was absolutely “no evidence of cocaine trafficking or money laundering associated
with Mountain Charley’s or Club 180. And the People . . . then wrote a letter to the
defense indicating that.” Garcia’s counsel knew that if he attempted to elicit Jacome’s
testimony, the prosecutor had solid evidence in the form of Sergeant Frisby’s testimony,
which could have been elicited in rebuttal, that there was no evidence that Achilli was
involved in drug dealing. Without corroborating evidence, Jacome’s testimony had little
significance.
       Finally, Jacome’s testimony was potentially detrimental to Garcia’s defense. First,
Daniel testified that Garcia suggested several times that the murder should look as if it
was a drug deal gone wrong. Thus, the jury could have used Jacome’s testimony to tie
Garcia into the conspiracy that way.
       Given the prospect that Estrada would take the stand and testify that Jacome was
lying about what he had said, and in light of all the other knowledge that Garcia’s counsel


hearsay is inadmissible. (Id., subd. (b).) Here, Jacome’s testimony that Estrada told him
that they were on a mission to collect a drug debt would have been inadmissible because
it was being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., that they were on a
mission to collect a drug debt. Garcia suggests that it “was theoretically admissible as a
party admission” under section 1220. However, section 1220 provides, “Evidence of a
statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered against the
declarant in an action to which he is a party . . . .” (Italics added.) See People v. Dennis
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 528 [the hearsay rule does not prevent evidence of a statement
made by a party from being admitted against that party].) The testimony that Garcia
proposes should have been elicited was not being offered against the declarant, i.e.,
against Estrada; it was being offered to support Garcia’s defense.

                                             69
had that there simply was no evidence that Achilli was involved in drug dealing, we
cannot say that the decision by Mr. Robertson not to call Jacome and/or Hernandez
amounted to incompetence under prevailing professional norms. It is well settled that
strategic choices made by defense counsel after a thorough investigation of the law and
facts relevant to the plausible options are “virtually unchallengeable.” (Strickland, supra,
466 U.S. at p. 690.)
       Garcia’s citation to Chambers v. Armontrout (8th Cir. 1990) 907 F.2d 825
(Armontrout) does not persuade us otherwise. In Armontrout, the court found that trial
counsel was incompetent because he failed to present “an unbiased, uncontradicted
witness who provided evidentiary support to Chambers’ only defense and whose
damaging testimony was merely cumulative of several of the State’s witnesses’
testimony.” (Id. at p. 831.) Here, Jacome was not an unbiased witness but a participant
in a criminal enterprise, who, as noted ante, had a strong motive to fabricate his story
about Estrada’s purpose in coming to Los Gatos. His testimony did not eliminate Garcia
as a participant; in fact, in some ways it bolstered Daniel’s testimony that Garcia had told
him to make sure that the murder looked as if it was a drug deal gone wrong; and his
testimony was in conflict with the trial evidence in that there appeared to be no attempt to
take Achilli’s wallet or any attempt to take Achilli to a bank or ATM machine to get
money.
       Finally, as to Garcia’s argument that Mr. Robertson had an obligation to call
Hernandez as a defense witness, Mr. Robertson’s declaration prepared for Garcia’s
new-trial motion indicates that both he and his investigator concluded that Hernandez
was lying in an effort to curry favor with and/or spend more time with the investigator.
Further, when they tried to re-interview him and confirm that he would be a witness,
Hernandez would not return telephone calls. We cannot fault Mr. Robertson for not




                                             70
presenting a witness whom he did not trust to present truthful testimony and who had
demonstrated an unwillingness to come forward to testify.30
       Garcia has failed to present any persuasive arguments to overcome the
presumption that Mr. Robertson’s decisions not to call Jacome and/or Hernandez to
testify were sound trial strategies.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel—Multiple Deficiencies
       Garcia contends that his counsel’s failure to call readily available character
witnesses, failure to present Gina Ronzano’s testimony regarding his reaction to the news
of Achilli’s murder, failure to rebut Battiato’s testimony regarding incriminating
statements that he allegedly made on March 16, 2008, and failure to support his
credibility with testimony regarding telephone calls between him and Daniel with readily
available evidence and argument in “combination with each other” “were sufficiently
prejudicial to constitute a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.”
       We address each of these alleged failures in turn.
Failure to Call Character Witnesses
       In his motion for a new trial, Garcia produced declarations from several witnesses
who attested to his character for peacefulness and nonviolence. One of these declarations
was from Father John Murphy, who had taught Garcia at Bellarmine and who had hired
Garcia in 1999 as a football coach. According to Father Murphy, he had never seen
Garcia threaten anyone or exhibit threatening behavior and had never seen him show
signs of anger or violence, even when playing football; Father Murphy believed Garcia to
be a peaceful and “conciliating” person, a role model for the boys. Father Murphy stated
that he was “stunned” when he heard of the charges because they were “so absolutely
incongruous” with who Garcia was. The declarations from other people who knew

30
      When Mr. Robertson’s investigator finally met Hernandez by chance, he
confirmed that he would not take the stand and testify in a new trial.

                                             71
Garcia were consistent—these people had never seen Garcia engage in violent or
threatening behavior and all of them thought he was peaceful and was not the type of
person who would have someone killed.
       Garcia’s trial counsel proffered an explanation for his decision not to call character
witnesses.31 Mr. Robertson explained that his failure to call character witnesses “was a
deliberate and well considered decision. [¶] From conversations with Mr. Garcia,
witnesses, and Mr. Garcia’s family, and his friends, it was clear that we could call
witnesses on all aspects of Mr. Garcia’s character. [¶] From the same conversations and
from a review of police reports it also became clear that calling character witnesses on
behalf of Mr. Garcia would be very problematic. The case law is clear that once a
Defendant puts his character trait at issue, the prosecution may offer rebuttal evidence
and may impeach the witnesses. I had made a decision not to put character evidence on.
I had anticipated that Mr. Rosen would be prepared to take on character evidence in such
a way that would be extremely damaging to Mr. Garcia’s image if he were allowed to do
so. [¶] In fact, Mr. Rosen more than once, brought up during the trial that we were
‘opening the door’ to character evidence. [¶] Any witnesses on character evidence could
be cross-examined regarding that witness’s opinion. The issue in the case was not
whether Mr. Garcia engaged in direct physical violence himself but whether or not he
hired the murder of Mark Achilli. To that extent, if a witness such as Father John
Murphy were called (and we considered members of the cloth), I expected and believed
that there would be a number of issues raised. [¶] Mr. Rosen did not miss many steps
during the trial. He may well have raised motions to limit the area of character evidence
addressed. I also suspect that he may not have moved to limit proposed character


31
       Mr. Robertson submitted a declaration filed under seal in which he addressed each
of the points raised in the new trial motion. In his declaration, he explained his reasoning
for many of his actions or inactions at trial.

                                             72
evidence, hoping the defense would open the door to impeachment of the witnesses.
[¶] I recall a specific incident during the trial when a witness (I believe it was
Ms. Ronzano), made a spontaneous positive comment about Mr. Garcia that could be
considered as character evidence. Mr. Rosen stated that he felt that the door had been
opened to character evidence. The comment was withdrawn on my motion. It was
withdrawn after Mr. Rosen indicated that he felt the door had been or was being opened
to allow the prosecution to introduce evidence to challenge Mr. Garcia’s alleged good
character. Mr. Rosen was clear at a bench discussion of his intentions to attack any
character evidence that was offered. [¶] Evidence that Mr. Garcia was ‘not the type of
person who would arrange for someone to be killed’ if offered at trial, not objected to by
Mr. Rosen, or allowed over objection would have been a gold mine for cross
examination. Of course, the idea that there is a ‘type of person who would arrange for
someone to be killed’ is open to discussion[.] I assumed that any type of character
evidence would have been addressed by ‘have you heard’ questions which would allow
Mr. Rosen to impeach the witnesses. [¶] Part of the problem we faced with Mr. Garcia
was that there was evidence available to the prosecution that Mr. Garcia was a habitual
liar to the women in his life and to his employees as well. I have not reviewed the reports
again but my recollection is that Mr. Garcia was claimed to have cheated a number of
employees out of rightfully owed money for wages or services. [¶] The prosecution had
interviewed a number of witnesses, virtually every employee he had contact with and
others as well. The picture that emerged from the interviews of those witnesses portrayed
Mr. Garcia as a person who had practiced a great deal of dishonesty in his dealings with
employees. The picture painted of Mr. Garcia was not a nice one and I was not about
to . . . let Mr. Rosen get a foot in the door to be able to address any character evidence we
could offer.” Thus, trial counsel’s explanation indicates that he had a sound tactical
reason for not calling character witnesses.


                                              73
       Garcia argues that his trial counsel did not notice that the claim advanced was the
failure to call witnesses to attest to his character trait for peacefulness and nonviolence,
not his character trait for honesty and veracity. He asserts that evidence of his dishonesty
or have-you-heard allegations of dishonesty would simply not have been relevant
impeachment or rebuttal.
       However, as Mr. Robertson pointed out, the issue in the case was not whether
Garcia engaged in direct physical violence himself such that evidence of his character
trait for peacefulness and nonviolence would have been relevant, but whether he was the
sort of person who would hire someone to murder Achilli. All it would have taken is for
one witness to say “no, he’s a really nice person” and the door would have been opened
for the prosecution to bring in evidence that Garcia was not such a nice person. The strict
boundaries between violence and honesty now drawn by Garcia are often blurred by
comments made by witnesses while testifying.
       As our Supreme Court has explained, “We have repeatedly said that ‘[t]he
possibility of damaging rebuttal is a necessary consideration in counsel’s decision
whether to present mitigating evidence about the defendant’s character and background.’
[Citations.] ‘Hence, a competent attorney . . . could prudently conclude that the risk of
damaging rebuttal weighed against presentation of character and background in general.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Gonzalez (2006) 38 Cal.4th 932, 960.)
       Counsel’s ultimate decision not to present character evidence is constitutionally
supportable. Counsel could properly assume from the police reports, and from
subsequent direct assertions by the prosecutor, that introduction of mitigating character
evidence had the potential of exposing his client to damaging revelations, a risk that on
balance he was not prepared to take.
       Thus, we must reject Garcia’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in this
instance.


                                              74
Failure to Call Ronzano
       Garcia asserts that trial counsel was incompetent for failing to elicit testimony
from Ronzano regarding his reaction to the news of the murder. In her declaration
attached to the new-trial motion, Ronzano asserted that after Garcia “learned of
Mark Achille’s [sic] murder, he was in shock, he stuttered and he could not get his words
out in a cohesive sentence, as if he could not believe it.” Trial counsel indicated that his
concern with calling Ronzano was that she had information that could be damaging to the
defense and she had made statements inconsistent with the declaration filed in the new
trial motion. Counsel explained that Ronzano had “expressed that she was willing to lie
to get [Garcia] off. She said, ‘Tell me what to say and I will swear to it.’ Perjury was not
a tactic I would use as a line of Defense. Ronzano also expressed that she would see
[Garcia] through the trial but that she ‘was finished’ with him.” Furthermore, he had
asked Ronzano in the presence of his investigator on more than one occasion if she
thought that Garcia was responsible for the murder. Ronzano stated that she believed
Garcia could have been involved; when pressed she stated that she thought that he could
have done it. Her statement about whether Garcia was capable of what he was accused of
never wavered.
       Trial counsel pointed out that Ronzano would be subject to cross-examination
regarding Garcia’s purported reaction to the news of Achilli’s death because Garcia did
not express emotion to the police or his employees.
       Again, counsel made it quite apparent that he had sound tactical reasons for not
calling Ronzano.
       With respect to these aforementioned supposed failures of trial counsel, Garcia has
not convinced this court that there is a proper way this court could reverse his conviction
with respect to the kind of tactical decisions that were made without running afoul of the
commandments of Strickland and Ledesma against just that sort of second-guessing.


                                             75
Failure to Rebut Battiato’s Testimony
       Garcia asserts that trial counsel was incompetent for failing to elicit testimony
from Lezotte that a statement that Battiato made was untrue. Battiato testified that on
Sunday, March 16, 2008, he went to the house of Garcia’s mother to pick up four tickets
to CB Hannigan’s Saint Patrick’s Day celebration. According to Battiato, Lezotte was
there at the time. Garcia told Battiato not to tell the police that he had driven by Achilli’s
residence. When cross-examined by Garcia’s counsel, Battiato said that Garcia made two
statements; one statement was that Battiato should not talk to the police unless Lezotte
was present and the second statement was that Battiato should not tell the police that he
had driven by Achilli’s residence. According to Battiato, Lezotte was there for the first
statement, but not the second.
       Garcia points out that Mr. Robertson failed to elicit from Lezotte the fact that he
had no memory of Battiato being at the house on that particular day and at no time did he
tell Garcia or anyone else that Battiato should not talk to the police unless he was present.
When interviewed by the police, Lezotte had told them that he had read in police reports
what Battiato had said and he had no knowledge of the events as described by Battiato;
and it was “categorically untrue” that he told Garcia or Garcia told Battiato not to talk to
the police without him being present. Garcia argues that this testimony would have
“seriously impeached Battiato’s specific claim and would have added to the weight of
impeachment of Battiato overall.” Garcia contends that there is no conceivably
reasonable tactical ground not to have elicited the rebuttal evidence in question.
       We reiterate that to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Garcia
must establish two things: (1) the performance of his or her counsel fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) prejudice occurred as a result. (Strickland,
supra, 466 U.S. at p. 687; People v. Hernandez (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1095, 1105.) The
Strickland court explained prejudice as “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
                                             76
(Strickland, supra, at p. 694.) Further, the high court stated “[a] reasonable probability is
a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” of the proceeding.
(Ibid.)
          In this instance, we consider Strickland’s second prong; we assume for the sake of
argument that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
We answer the question posed by that prong—whether there was a reasonable probability
of a different outcome had the error not occurred—in the negative. Even if Lezotte had
testified consistently with what he had told the police, this testimony was insignificant to
the defense. The jury could have concluded that Lezotte might not have been within
hearing distance of the conversation between Garcia and Battiato, or that Battiato was
simply incorrect in remembering that Lezotte was there. The potential benefit of eliciting
testimony that contradicted Battiato on a minor collateral matter would not have altered
the outcome of the trial. Any error in trial counsel’s omission was harmless.

Failure to Support Garcia’s Credibility Regarding the Telephone Calls between Him and
Daniel
          Garcia asserts that the prosecutor thought it was significant and told the jury
during his opening statement that there were 37 telephone calls between him and Daniel
in the two weeks between March 1 and March 14. When Daniel was asked about the
telephone calls, he had no independent recollection of the number of calls, but agreed to
whatever the prosecutor asserted the records showed. Sergeant Frisby, who had reviewed
both Garcia’s Verizon bill and Daniel’s Sprint bill for the time period, made a diagram
showing 37 telephone calls; the diagram was admitted into evidence as exhibit No. 44.
          Garcia points out that he testified that Daniel, as part of his job at Pacific Blue
Equity, was in charge of fielding the telephone calls that came in from the advertisements
that Pacific Blue Equity was running on a Spanish language radio show broadcast by
Salvador Lara. According to Garcia, he would telephone Daniel throughout the week to
find out what telephone calls came from the commercials and to find out whether Daniel

                                                 77
had followed up on them. On cross-examination by the prosecutor, he disagreed with the
number of telephone calls between him and Daniel; he pointed out to the prosecutor that
Sergeant Frisby had double-counted calls. Then, on redirect, Mr. Robertson elicited from
him that he had prepared his own chart based on the telephone bills, and there were only
23 telephone calls, some of which were not connected and some which had gone to
voicemail.
       During his closing argument, Mr. Robertson brought up the issue of the
Garcia-Daniel telephone calls and told the jury that if the number of calls was important
to them, they should “go look at the phone records” because his client was being
“impugned” and he “had [his] hands full.” Further, he did not “spend the ten hours
looking at them.” During his final argument, the prosecutor asked the jury, “If this is
about Salvador Lara and these real estate leads . . . why didn’t we hear from Salvador
Lara in this trial? Why? Defense has the subpoena power of the Court. They can call
Salvador Lara and we can hear [what] Salvador has to say.”
       Garcia argues that Mr. Robertson’s failure to elicit testimony from Daniel that as
part of his job at Pacific Blue Equity he fielded the telephone calls that came in from the
Spanish language radio station and the failure to have Salvador Lara testify about the
commercials he ran promoting Pacific Blue Equity amounted to ineffective assistance of
counsel.32
       In this instance, we consider Strickland’s first prong—whether counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Even if Daniel had
confirmed that he fielded the Spanish language calls that came in from the radio
advertising and Mr. Robertson had Lara confirm that he had an ongoing relationship with

32
        Attached to the new-trial motion was a declaration signed by Lara in which he
confirmed that he had an ongoing business relationship with Garcia and that during each
of his one-hour radio shows he ran commercials promoting Pacific Blue Equity; and the
radio spots continued to run through March 2008.

                                             78
Garcia from October 2007 through March of 2008 and ran the radio advertisements, Lara
would have had to testify that there were numerous telephone calls that came in as a
result of the commercials between March 1 and March 14 that Daniel received in order to
have generated the volume of telephone calls between Daniel and Garcia. Garcia offers
no proof that Lara could or would have provided that information. Again, Garcia’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim is based on a speculative, hopeful view of possible
evidence. Even if Lara had been called to testify consistent with his posttrial declaration,
it would have added nothing to Garcia’s credibility on the subject matter of the telephone
calls. Lara did not know what the substance of the telephone calls was between Garcia
and Daniel; and Daniel could easily have been recalled by the prosecution to testify that
the telephone calls that occurred between him and Garcia in the weeks leading up to the
murder had nothing to do with the Spanish language commercials. Mr. Robertson could
reasonably have concluded that it was not worth exploring this line of questioning
because to do so might inadvertently have complicated Garcia’s defense and created
more problems than it solved. Garcia has not demonstrated that Mr. Robertson was
deficient in not eliciting this testimony from Daniel and Lara.
       Garcia claims that the combined prejudice from all trial counsel’s failures is
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of this case. Garcia attempts to
reweigh and reevaluate the evidence. He argues that the prosecution’s lead witness in
this case (Daniel) was an accomplice, guilty of first-degree special circumstance murder,
who would not have testified if the prosecution had not allowed him to plead guilty to
voluntary manslaughter for a term of 12 years. The prosecution’s secondary witness
(Battiato) was a man of unstable perceptions, strong biases against him, and questionable
credibility. The corroborating circumstantial evidence was there, but it was hardly
dispositive or overwhelming.
       “ ‘In assessing prejudice under Strickland, the question is not whether a court can
be certain counsel’s performance had no effect on the outcome or whether it is possible a
                                             79
reasonable doubt might have been established if counsel acted differently. [Citations.]
Instead, Strickland asks whether it is “reasonably likely” the result would have been
different. [Citation.] This does not require a showing that counsel’s actions “more likely
than not altered the outcome,” but the difference between Strickland’s prejudice standard
and a more-probable-than-not standard is slight and matters “only in the rarest case.”
[Citation.] The likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.
[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Jacobs (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 67, 75.)
       Assuming for the sake of argument that Mr. Robertson’s representation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness, and trial counsel should have elicited Jacome’s
and/or Hernandez’s testimony, should have introduced character evidence, should have
elicited from Lezotte that he did not tell Battiato or Garcia not to talk to the police
without him being present, should have elicited Ronzano’s testimony of Garcia’s reaction
to the news of Achilli’s death, and should have had Lara testify that he ran the
commercials for Pacific Blue Equity on the radio, we see no reasonable probability that
the result of the trial would have been different. The direct and circumstantial evidence
of Garcia’s guilt was too great.
       Daniel’s testimony, corroborated by statements from his cousin Miguel, and by the
circumstantial evidence supplied by the forensic accounting records, computer records
and telephone records, showed that Garcia solicited and paid for Achilli’s murder
because he was obsessed with Donnelly—always checking on her whereabouts and
telephoning her or sending her text messages demanding to know where she was and
telling her she needed to choose between him and Achilli.
       Garcia appears to contend that Daniel had a reason to lie about his involvement, i.e., he
was granted a plea deal for his testimony. However, when Daniel finally told the police of
Garcia’s involvement in the case, which was consistent with his trial testimony, he was facing
a first degree murder charge as an accomplice and no plea bargain was offered until months


                                              80
later; thus, he had no reason to make up the story that Garcia asked him to find someone to
kill Achilli.
        In sum, any assumed errors were harmless.
        Finally, Garcia argues that if this court deems the record on appeal inadequate to
resolve his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, the trial court abused its discretion in
denying counsel’s request for an evidentiary hearing to assess the credibility and
significance of former trial counsel’s allegations and assertions in his 60-page
declaration.
        First, we find the record on appeal adequate to resolve his ineffective assistance of
counsel claims. Second, “there is simply no authority for the proposition that a trial court
necessarily abuses its discretion, in a motion proceeding, by resolving evidentiary
conflicts without hearing live testimony.” (Rosenthal v. Great Western Fin. Securities
Corp. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 394, 414.) “California law affords numerous examples of a trial
court’s authority, in ruling upon motions, to resolve evidentiary disputes without
resorting to live testimony.” (People v. Superior Court (Zamudio) (2000) 23 Cal.4th 183,
201, and authority cited therein.)
        In essence, Garcia contends that a hearing was necessary to resolve material
disputed issues of fact and to allow him the opportunity to establish that he was
prejudiced by counsel’s numerous alleged failures. He concludes that the denial of an
evidentiary hearing violated his right to due process. Garcia cites no case law requiring a
trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing when a new trial motion is based on ineffective
assistance of counsel; we acknowledge, however, that a trial court has the discretion to
hold such a hearing when the new trial is sought on the grounds of jury misconduct.
(See, e.g., People v. Hedgecock (1990) 51 Cal.3d 395, 415.) Further, there is support in
People v. Dennis (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 863, for the proposition that where claims of




                                              81
ineffective assistance of counsel may not be resolved on the record before the court, the
court may hold an evidentiary hearing. (Id. at p. 872.)33
       We agree that the trial court had the discretion in this case, but we conclude that
the court did not abuse its discretion. People v. Williams, supra, 16 Cal.4th 635 is
instructive on this point. In People v. Williams, the defendant moved for a new trial,
alleging jury misconduct and presenting the declarations of three jurors who stated that
the jury never reached a verdict on the murder charges even though there were signed
verdict forms. (Id. at p. 685.) The trial court did not find the declarations credible and
denied the motion without holding an evidentiary hearing. (Id. at pp. 685-686.) The
California Supreme Court found no “manifest and unmistakable abuse of discretion.”
(Id. at p. 686.) The court stated that the trial court could resolve any disputed factual
issue without the need for an evidentiary hearing. (Ibid.) The same is true in the instant
case and is even more evident. The trial court had heard all the evidence during trial and
had had the opportunity to observe trial counsel and Garcia in the courtroom. The
new-trial motion had many exhibits in support of Garcia’s claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel.34 Garcia’s former counsel filed a 60-page declaration explaining his actions,
which the court read. Thus, the material facts in this case were adequately explained by
the voluminous information before the court, combined with its own observations.


33
        In People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412 (overruled on another ground as stated in
People v. Ortiz (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1372), the case upon which the Dennis
court relied, the Supreme Court was talking about an evidentiary hearing in the context of
a motion for writ of habeas corpus. In People v. Pope, the California Supreme Court
stated that “[w]here the record does not illuminate the basis for the challenged acts or
omissions, a claim of ineffective assistance is more appropriately made in a petition for
habeas corpus. In habeas corpus proceedings, there is an opportunity in an evidentiary
hearing to have trial counsel fully describe his or her reasons for acting or failing to act in
the manner complained of.” (People v. Pope, supra, at p. 426.)
34
        The motion, plus exhibits filed on December 22, 2011, takes up approximately one
and one-half volumes of the clerk’s transcript and extends close to 400 pages.

                                              82
The matter was fully capable of being resolved on the record, and no evidentiary hearing
was necessary. Given the great degree of latitude accorded the trial court in these
matters, there was no abuse of discretion. (Ibid.; People v. Dennis, supra, 177
Cal.App.3d at p. 873 [a defendant seeking a new trial must establish, by affidavit, oral
testimony, or reference to the trial record, that his trial counsel was ineffective in some
manner and that counsel’s ineffectiveness prejudiced him].)
III. Trial Court’s Refusal to Give a Limiting Instruction Regarding Miguel’s Confession
       As noted ante, Miguel’s confession, which contained no reference to Garcia, was
presented to the jury through the testimony of Sergeant Frisby. Garcia’s counsel
requested that the court give a limiting instruction to the effect that Miguel’s confession
was not admissible against Garcia. The court denied the request.
       Garcia argues that his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments were
violated by the trial court’s refusal to give a limiting instruction on Miguel’s confession.
He concedes, however, that Miguel’s confession contained no reference to him.
       Even if we were to assume for the sake of argument that the trial court erred in
refusing to give a limiting instruction along the lines that Garcia’s counsel requested, we
would find the assumed error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Contrary to Garcia’s
argument, Miguel’s confession was not admitted against Garcia and the prosecution did
not invite the jury to use Miguel’s confession to unconstitutionally buttress Daniel’s
testimony for purposes of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Miguel’s redacted
statements did not refer to Garcia either directly or indirectly, or by implication. In fact,
it made no mention of anyone other than Daniel being involved in the plot to have
someone killed. It was uncontested that Miguel never knew Garcia’s identity or even that
he existed. While Garcia argues that Miguel’s testimony corroborated Daniel’s
testimony, it did so only as to the dealings between them rather than anything that
occurred between Daniel and Garcia. No evidence adduced at trial linked Garcia directly
to Miguel.
                                              83
      Finally, we note the evidence detailing Garcia’s obsession with Donnelly was
overwhelming, as was the evidence of Garcia’s frustration that Donnelly had renewed her
relationship with Achilli. Daniel’s testimony regarding Garcia’s request to have Achilli
murdered was confirmed by the forensic accounting. Thus, the evidence of Garcia’s role
in the murder was amply demonstrated by other evidence. Miguel’s confession spoke
only to the mechanics of the murder, something that Garcia was not involved in.
Miguel’s confession did not implicate Garcia as the person who had requested and
financed the murder; and Miguel’s confession was unimportant in relation to all the other
evidence linking Garcia to the murder. Any assumed error in failing to give a limiting
instruction that Miguel’s confession could only be used against Miguel was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.
                                       Disposition
      The judgments are affirmed.




                                           84
                                  _________________________________
                                  ELIA, J.


WE CONCUR:




_______________________________
RUSHING, P. J.




_______________________________
PREMO, J.
