                                   In The
                              Court of Appeals
                     Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
                             ________________________

                                  No. 07-19-00217-CV
                              ________________________


                       IN RE CALEB LOGAN HART, RELATOR



                                     Original Proceeding
                   Arising From Proceedings Before the 31st District Court,
                                     Gray County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 9662, 9663, 9664, 9665, 9666 & 9392; Honorable Steven R. Emmert, Presiding


                                       July 24, 2019

                             ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
                    Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.


      Relator, Caleb Logan Hart, an inmate proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis,

has filed a petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel the Honorable Steven R.

Emmert, presiding judge of the 31st District Court, to vacate all court costs and fees

assessed in trial court cause numbers 9662, 9663, 9664, 9665, and 9666. Relator also

seeks to compel Judge Emmert to amend a supplemental Bill of Cost in trial court cause

number 9392, generated in 2019, that added a $2,000 fine to the original Bill of Cost
generated in 2014.     For the reasons explained herein, Relator’s petition for writ of

mandamus is denied.


       BACKGROUND

       The charges brought against Relator in trial court cause numbers 9662, 9663,

9664, 9665, and 9666, resulted in five convictions for sexually-related offenses (three

convictions for aggravated sexual assault, one conviction for indecency with a child, and

one conviction for prohibited sexual conduct).        The offenses were alleged to have

occurred on four different dates between 2011 and 2013. Relator was convicted and

sentenced in each cause on October 15, 2014. Those convictions were affirmed by this

court in Hart v. State, 481 S.W.3d 679, 685 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2015, no pet.).


       The certified copy of each Bill of Cost, included in Relator’s appendix to his petition,

reflect that they were all generated on January 25, 2019. The “Fine, Fees & Court Costs”

on each Bill of Cost include line-item categories as follows:


       DISTRICT CLERK                                                   $40.00
       CONSOLIDATED COURT COSTS                                        $133.00
       RECORDS MANAGEMENT – COUNTY                                      $22.50
       RECORDS MGMT DC                                                   $2.50
       COURTHOUSE SECURITY                                               $5.00
       JURY FEE                                                          $4.00
       JUDICIAL SUPPORT                                                  $6.00
       TIME PAYMENT                                                     $25.00
       INDIGENT (IDF)                                                    $2.00
       TECHNOLOGY                                                        $4.00
       ELECTRONIC FILING                                                 $5.00
       SHERIFF                                                          $60.00
       JURY TRIAL FEE                                                   $20.00
       DNA – FELONY                                                    $250.00

                                                                       $579.00



                                              2
With the exception of the Bill of Cost in cause number 9663, each Bill of Cost reflects a

total assessment of $579.00.     The Bill of Cost in cause number 9663 includes an

additional $100 for “Child Abuse Prevention,” for a total assessment of $679.00.


       Also included in Relator’s Appendix is a copy of the original Bill of Cost in cause

number 9392, reflecting a total assessment of $998.00, as of November 7, 2014, and an

amended Bill of Cost reflecting a total assessment of $2,998.00, as of January 25, 2019.

The difference between the original and amended Bill of Cost is the addition of a fine in

the amount of $2,000.00.


       Relator asserts that in April 2019, his family deposited $130.00 into his inmate

account of which all but $2.30 was applied to costs and fees assessed. This, he argues,

constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment and a

violation of his due process rights by garnishing repetitive fees assessed pursuant to five

separate bills of cost for a “single prosecution.” He also contends there is insufficient

evidence to support the costs and fees assessed against him.


       MANDAMUS STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy granted only when a relator can show that

(1) the trial court abused its discretion and (2) that no adequate appellate remedy exists.

In re H.E.B. Grocery Co., L.P., 492 S.W.3d 300, 302 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding) (per

curiam). When seeking mandamus relief, a relator bears the burden of proving these two

requirements. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).


       To establish an abuse of discretion, the relator must demonstrate the trial court

acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or without reference to any guiding rules or principles.

                                             3
See Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). To

establish no adequate remedy by appeal, the relator must show there is no adequate

remedy at law to address the alleged harm and that the act requested is a ministerial act,

not involving a discretionary or judicial decision. State ex rel. Young v. Sixth Judicial Dist.

Court of Appeals, 236 S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (orig. proceeding).

Furthermore, in order to establish a ministerial act, a relator must also show (1) a legal

duty to perform; (2) a demand for performance; and (3) a refusal to act. Stoner v. Massey,

586 S.W.2d 843, 846 (Tex. 1979).


       APPLICABLE LAW

       A clerk of a court is required to keep a fee record, and a statement of an item

therein is prima facie evidence of the correctness of that statement. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 103.009(a), (c) (West 2018). A certified bill of costs imposes an obligation

on a criminal defendant to pay court costs, irrespective of whether that bill is incorporated

by reference into the written judgment. See generally TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts.

103.001, 103.003 (West 2018). Legislatively-mandated court costs may be withdrawn

from an inmate’s account without regard to his ability to pay and do not need to be

included in the oral pronouncement of sentence or in the written judgment in order to be

imposed upon a convicted defendant. See Weir v. State, 278 S.W.3d 364, 367 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009) (holding that because court costs are not punitive, they did not have to

be included in the oral pronouncement of sentence as a precondition to their inclusion in

the trial court’s judgment). See also Armstrong v. State, 340 S.W.3d 759, 766-67 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011); Williams v. State, 332 S.W.3d 694, 699 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011,

pet. denied).


                                              4
      Texas prisoners have a property interest in their inmate accounts. Harrell v. State,

286 S.W.3d 315, 319 (Tex. 2009).         That said, section 501.014(e) of the Texas

Government Code authorizes the trial court to generate a withdrawal notification

(commonly known as an Order to Withdraw Funds) directing prison officials to withdraw

money from an inmate’s account. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.014(e) (West Supp. 2018).

However, due process requires that an inmate have an opportunity to contest the dollar

amount and statutory basis of the withdrawal of funds by way of a motion to modify,

correct, or rescind the withdrawal notification. See Owen v. State, 352 S.W.3d 542, 545-

46 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.) (interpreting Harrell). Generally, a challenge to

the assessment of court costs and fees is presented by contesting a trial court’s Order to

Withdraw Funds.     See Maldonado v. State, 360 S.W.3d 10, 12 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2010, no pet.). The trial court’s disposition of an inmate’s challenge to such an order

creates an appealable order. In re Corker, Nos. 07-11-0454-CV, 07-11-0455-CV, 2011

Tex. App. LEXIS 9208, at *5 n.5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Nov. 18, 2011, orig. proceeding).


      ASSESSMENT OF COSTS

      The obligation of a convicted person to pay “court costs” is established by statute.

See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.16 (West 2018) (providing that judgments

imposing punishment other than fines shall specify the costs against the defendant and

order the collection thereof as in other cases). The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure

further sets forth the process for recordkeeping, payment, and collection of court costs.

See generally TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 103.001 - .012 (West 2018).




                                            5
       INMATE ACCOUNTS

       The Texas Department of Criminal Justice is required by statute to maintain a

financial account on behalf of every inmate and credit to that account “all money that an

inmate has on the inmate’s person or that is received with the inmate when the inmate

arrives at a facility . . . and all money the inmate receives at the department during

confinement . . . .” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.014(a) (West Supp. 2018). From that

account, the Department shall be allowed to release money “on the written order of the

inmate in whose name the account is established or as required by law or policy subject

to restrictions on the expenditure established by law or policy.” Id. In addition, “[o]n

notification by a court, the department shall withdraw from an inmate’s account any

amount the inmate is ordered to pay by order of the court under [section 501.014(e)].” §

501.014(e). Subparagraph (e) of section 501.014 further establishes a series of priorities

for payments from an inmate’s account.


       ANALYSIS

       Relying on article 102.073 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and other

statutes, Relator contends he was wrongfully assessed duplicate costs and fees arising

from a single criminal prosecution that resulted in multiple convictions. Article 102.073(a)

provides that “[i]n a single criminal action in which a defendant is convicted of two or more

offenses or of multiple counts of the same offense, the court may assess each court cost

or fee only once against the defendant.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 102.073(a)

(West 2018). A “single criminal action” has been interpreted to mean a prosecution where

the evidence of two or more offenses or multiple counts of the same offense are presented

in a single trial or plea proceeding. See Hurlburt v. State, 506 S.W.3d 199, 203-04 (Tex.


                                             6
App.—Waco 2016, no pet.). The statute, however, only applies to costs and fees imposed

on or after the effective date of September 1, 2015, regardless of whether the offense for

which the cost or fee was imposed was committed before, on, or after that date.1 As

noted above, Relator’s convictions arise from offenses alleged to have been committed

on four different dates between 2011 and 2013, for which he was convicted and

sentenced on October 15, 2014. While many of the fees at issue in this case would not

be proper under article 102.073(a), because these fees were imposed before the effective

date of that article, its application is inapposite under the facts of this case.2


        Relator further argues he should be excused from payment of costs and fees

pursuant to Rule 145 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. TEX. R. CIV. P. 145. Rule

145 excuses payment of costs by a party who files a Statement of Inability to Afford

Payment of Court Costs.” “Costs” are defined as any fee charged that “could be taxed in

a bill of costs.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(c). However, Rule 145 applies only to a party filing a

civil suit under a claim of indigence. It has no application to costs and fees assessed

resulting from a criminal prosecution. Furthermore, a defendant’s financial ability to pay

costs is not relevant with respect to legislatively-mandated court costs. See Owen, 352

S.W.3d at 546; Williams v. State, 332 S.W.3d 694, 700 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet.

denied).


        Here, Relator never presented a request to Judge Emmert to vacate some or all

of the court costs and fees assessed; nor did he file a motion to modify, correct, or amend


        1   See Act of May 30, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1160, §§ 2, 3, 2015 Tex. Gen. Laws 3925.
        2 We expressly do not reach the issue of whether, as a matter of due process or common law, court
costs imposed prior to September 1, 2015, may be duplicated when more than one offense is prosecuted
in a single criminal action.

                                                     7
any of the bills of cost or withdrawal orders. Although Relator presents a well-reasoned

petition with meritorious arguments, mandamus will not lie when the judge sought to be

compelled to vacate fees and costs has not been given an opportunity to consider

Relator’s complaints and arguments. Accordingly, Relator has not satisfied his burden to

show a demand for performance by Judge Emmert and a refusal to act on that demand.

As such, he has failed to show any abuse of discretion. Consequently, relief from any

costs and fees that may have been inappropriately assessed in cause numbers 9662,

9663, 9664, 9665, and 9666 is not warranted under the documents provided to this court

or under the tenets of a mandamus proceeding.3


        Similarly, in cause number 9392, Relator has not provided this court with sufficient

documentation to substantiate his claim that a $2,000 fine was improperly added. Without

the necessary documentation pertaining to cause number 9392, we are unable to express

an opinion as to the propriety of the amended 2019 Bill of Cost, nor are we authorized to

grant any relief.


        CONCLUSION

        Relator’s petition for writ of mandamus is denied.


                                                          Per Curiam




         3 Should Relator pursue a direct challenge to any Bill of Cost presented here and obtain an

unfavorable ruling on his challenge, a direct appeal from that ruling is permissible. See In re Corker, Nos.
07-11-0454-CV, 07-11-0455-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 9208, at *5 n.5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Nov. 18, 2011,
orig. proceeding).

                                                     8
