                  United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-1850
                        ___________________________

                                 Jonathon A. Swink

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

          Andrew M. Saul,1 Commissioner, Social Security Administration

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Arkansas - Ft. Smith
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 19, 2019
                               Filed: July 29, 2019
                                  ____________

Before SHEPHERD, MELLOY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.




      1
       Andrew M. Saul has been appointed to serve as Commissioner of the Social
Security Administration and is substituted as appellee pursuant to Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 43(c).
      Jonathon Swink appeals the district court’s2 judgment upholding the Social
Security Administration (“SSA”) Commissioner’s decision to deny Swink disability
insurance benefits. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                  I. Background

      Swink is a 41-year-old man from Charleston, Arkansas. Since at least 2012,
various medical professionals have treated him for a seizure disorder, anxiety, and
back pain. In 2013, Swink underwent back surgery to remedy a herniated disc in his
lumbar spine. He has not worked since the surgery.

       On February 21, 2014, Swink filed an application for disability insurance
benefits under the Social Security Act (the “Act”). See 42 U.S.C. § 423. He alleged
that his disability began on October 28, 2013. After the SSA denied his application
and a subsequent request to reconsider, Swink requested a hearing on the matter
before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). Swink’s request was granted, and a
hearing was ultimately held on March 21, 2016.

       At the hearing, the ALJ heard testimony from Swink and a vocational expert.
Swink testified that his back pain keeps him from working, but he has some good
days on which he is able to do chores around his house and on rental properties he
owns. He said that he has not experienced a generalized seizure in approximately
three years due to medication. He explained that he frequently has “spells,” which
he characterizes as small seizures where his eyes “float” and he “zone[s] out” and
slurs his speech or stutters. He stated that his anxiety is heightened because of his
medical conditions. The vocational expert testified that there are over 1.2 million
jobs in the national economy for a hypothetical person with Swink’s limitations—a



      2
        The Honorable Mark E. Ford, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas, to whom the case was referred for final disposition by consent
of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).

                                        -2-
person who must avoid all hazards, can only perform light, unskilled work, and can
only occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl.

       The ALJ allowed Swink to enter several medical records into evidence. The
records included reports from Swink’s neurologists regarding his seizure disorder,
reports from a sports medicine clinic and Mercy Hospital Fort Smith regarding his
back issues, and reports from two nurse practitioners regarding his post-surgery back
and general-health treatment. The records showed that during the relevant period,
Swink’s generalized seizures and anxiety were stable with medications. They also
showed that his back condition had improved with surgery and he was clear to
gradually increase his activity. According to the records, Swink had normal reflexes,
mental status, muscle bulk, strength, and tone. His gait was normal. He had “normal
movement of all extremities,” though his lower back was tender.

       The ALJ also considered several medical opinions. These included a physical
capacity assessment from Swink’s most recent health-care provider, a nurse
practitioner named Jonathan Broniste. Disability-determination assessments the SSA
had prepared through medical and psychological consultants were also included.
Broniste opined that Swink had several physical limitations that would affect his
ability to work—namely, Swink could only lift and carry up to 50 pounds
occasionally and 10 pounds frequently; he could only sit for two hours total in an
eight-hour workday and for fifteen minutes at a time; he could only be on his feet for
a total of five hours in an eight-hour workday; he would need to avoid exposure to
unprotected heights, moving machinery, and marked temperature changes; and he
could only occasionally bend, squat, crawl, climb, stoop, crouch, or kneel. Broniste
also said that Swink would sometimes need to take unscheduled breaks during a work
shift and that Swink would likely miss more than four work days per month. The
consultants who prepared the disability-determination assessments concluded that
Swink could perform light work with occasional climbing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, balancing, and crawling. They also said that Swink should avoid exposure
to hazards and that any limitations arising from his mental impairments were no more
than “mild.”

                                         -3-
       The ALJ took the case under advisement, allowing Swink to supplement the
record with materials he received from a recent visit with his neurologist. The
supplemental materials confirmed that Swink’s generalized seizures and anxiety
disorder were stable with medication and that he had a normal gait. They also
revealed that Swink’s neurologist did not believe Swink’s spells were small seizures.
According to the neurologist, the spells were possibly the effect of an undiagnosed
attention deficit disorder (“ADD”). The neurologist recommended testing for ADD
and increased the dose of Swink’s seizure medication, apparently at Swink’s request
and out of caution.

      The ALJ concluded that Swink was not under a disability as that term is
defined in the Act and denied his application. Specifically, the ALJ found that Swink
had “the residual functional capacity to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR
404.1567(b) except he [could only] occasionally stoop, kneel, climb ramps and stairs,
balance, crouch, and crawl.” The ALJ further found that Swink needed to “avoid all
exposure to hazards” and that he was “limited to unskilled work.”

      Swink requested that the SSA Appeals Council review the ALJ’s decision. The
SSA Appeals Council denied the request, rendering the ALJ’s decision the final
decision of the Social Security Commissioner. Swink appealed to the district court,
which affirmed. Swink now appeals to this Court.

                                    II. Discussion

       We review de novo the district court’s decision affirming the denial of social
security benefits. Papesh v. Colvin, 786 F.3d 1126, 1131 (8th Cir. 2015). We affirm
“if the ALJ made no legal error and the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial
evidence on the record as a whole.” Id. (citation omitted). Evidence is substantial
when “a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the Commissioner’s
conclusion.” Ash v. Colvin, 812 F.3d 686, 689 (8th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). If,
after reviewing the record, it is “possible to draw two inconsistent positions . . . and


                                          -4-
one of those positions represents the Commissioner’s findings, we must affirm the
decision of the Commissioner.” Id. at 689–90 (citation omitted).

      The Act defines the term “disability” to mean, in part, the “inability to engage
in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical
or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or
can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.”
42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). The regulations implementing the Act set forth a five-step,
sequential process for determining whether a claimant is under a disability. See
20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. At issue in this case is whether the ALJ erroneously
determined Swink’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”), a process essential to
properly completing steps four and five. See id. § 404.1520(a)(4)(iv)–(v), (e).

       A claimant’s RFC is “the most [he] can still do despite [his] limitations.” Id.
§ 404.1545(a)(1). To determine a claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must review “all the
relevant medical and other evidence in [the claimant’s] case record.” Id.
§ 404.1520(e); see also id. § 404.1545(a)(1) (“We will assess your residual functional
capacity based on all the relevant evidence in your case record.”). Determining a
claimant’s RFC is a medical question that must be based on “some medical evidence.”
Julin v. Colvin, 826 F.3d 1082, 1089 (8th Cir. 2016). A claimant bears the burden
of establishing his RFC. Despain v. Berryhill, 926 F.3d 1024, 1027 (8th Cir. 2019).

       We hold that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Swink had
the RFC to perform light, unskilled work with several limitations. The record reveals
that Swink has had no generalized seizures during the relevant period and that his
mental impairments have been stable with medication. Moreover, following Swink’s
back surgery and nearly a month before Swink applied for disability insurance
benefits, Swink’s back surgeon said Swink could safely lift twenty-five pounds and
return to general activity over the next two to three months. Swink’s post-operation
care providers reached similar conclusions, and none of them imposed restrictions on
Swink’s work-related activities. We therefore must respect the ALJ’s RFC finding


                                         -5-
because “a reasonable mind would find [the evidence] adequate to support” it. Ash,
812 F.3d at 689.

       Swink argues that the ALJ erred in determining his RFC because the ALJ did
not “include, or at least comment on and assign weight to,” certain
limitations—namely, that he would frequently miss work days, take irregular breaks,
and be off task. Swink is correct that some evidence in the record—namely,
Broniste’s physical capacity assessment—supports his claims that his impairments
would limit him in these ways. “The mere fact that some evidence may support a
conclusion opposite to that reached by the Commissioner,” however, “does not allow
this Court to reverse the decision of the ALJ.” Johnson v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 1067,
1070 (8th Cir. 2004). Thus, even though we agree with Swink to some extent,3 we
must affirm the ALJ’s RFC finding.

       Swink argues that the ALJ should have ordered a consultative examination to
determine whether his impairments would result in the limitations just described. We
disagree. “[A]n ALJ is permitted to issue a decision without obtaining additional
medical evidence so long as other evidence in the record provides a sufficient basis
for the ALJ’s decision.” Anderson v. Shalala, 51 F.3d 777, 779 (8th Cir. 1995)
(alteration in original) (citation omitted). For the reasons stated above, we hold that
the evidence in the record provided a sufficient basis for the ALJ’s decision. The
ALJ was not required to order a consultative examination.


      3
       We note that the ALJ did comment on the limitations Swink says should have
been included in his RFC. The ALJ stated that “substantial objective medical
evidence showing stable physical and diagnostic findings” did not support Broniste’s
“opinion regarding [Swink’s] likelihood of absences, the need for unscheduled
breaks, nor significantly reduced sitting, standing, and walking abilities.” We see
nothing inappropriate about this statement. See Winn v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin.,
894 F.3d 982, 986 (8th Cir. 2018) (“A treating physician’s opinion will be given
controlling weight if, and only if, it is well-supported by medically acceptable clinical
and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial
evidence.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

                                          -6-
      Finally, Swink argues that the ALJ improperly assessed his credibility. He
argues that the ALJ erroneously discredited his subjective claims of pain. We
disagree.

      When evaluating a claimant’s subjective complaints of pain, the ALJ
      must consider objective medical evidence, the claimant’s work history,
      and other evidence relating to (1) the claimant’s daily activities; (2) the
      duration, frequency, and intensity of the pain; (3) precipitating and
      aggravating factors; (4) the dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of
      medication; and (5) the claimant’s functional restrictions. . . . [A]n ALJ
      need not explicitly discuss each factor, and we will defer to credibility
      determinations that are supported by good reasons and substantial
      evidence. . . . An ALJ may decline to credit a claimant’s subjective
      complaints if the evidence as a whole is inconsistent with the claimant’s
      testimony.

Schwandt v. Berryhill, 926 F.3d 1004, 1012 (8th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).

       Here, the ALJ largely credited Swink’s pain-related assertions. Thus, the ALJ
restricted him to light, unskilled work with occasional stooping, kneeling, climbing
ramps and stairs, balancing, crouching, and crawling and no exposure to hazards.
However, the ALJ found that Swink’s “statements concerning the intensity,
persistence and limiting effects of [his] symptoms [were] not entirely consistent with
the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” The ALJ explained that
Swink’s medical records indicated that Swink suffered from a “decreased range of
motion, pain, and tenderness.” But, the ALJ said the records also showed that Swink
had “full strength, intact neurological functions, narrow gait, and the ability to
perform tandem gait without difficulty.” Moreover, the ALJ noted that Swink’s post-
operation X-rays “only showed mild disc space narrowing and spur formation.”
Finally, the ALJ stated that while Swink alleged “that he experiences residual back
pain that interferes with his ability to sit, stand, and walk for an extended duration,



                                         -7-
he testified that he is still able to perform some household repairs on the rental
properties that he owns, drive, shop, and perform light household chores.”

       We hold that the ALJ’s credibility determination is supported by substantial
evidence on the record as a whole. Swink clearly suffers from back pain, but nothing
in the record convinces us that we should disturb the ALJ’s credibility finding. See
Nash v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 907 F.3d 1086, 1090 (“This court will not
substitute its opinion for the ALJ’s, who is in a better position to gauge credibility
and resolve conflicts in evidence.” (citation omitted)).

                                  III. Conclusion

      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




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