                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 17-1198
                                     _____________

                        JORGE ANGEL HERRERA FONSECA,
                                              Petitioner

                                             v.

                            ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                Respondent
                                  _____________

       On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                     Immigration Judge: Roxanne C. Hladylowycz
                               (BIA-1: A088-881-362)
                                   ______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  January 22, 2018
                                  ______________

  Before: GREENAWAY, JR., KRAUSE, Circuit Judges, and JONES, District Judge *

                              (Opinion Filed: April 9, 2018)
                                    ______________

                                       OPINION **
                                     ______________

GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.

       *
         The Honorable John E. Jones III, United States District Judge for the Middle
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
       **
         This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
       Jorge Angel Herrera-Fonseca appeals the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”)

dismissal of his appeal of the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his application for

withholding of removal and Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) protection. Herrera-

Fonseca argues that his aggravated felony convictions for second-degree robbery and

battery do not constitute particularly serious crimes rendering him statutorily ineligible

for withholding of removal. He also contends that he is eligible for withholding of

removal because he was targeted for imputed nationality and religion. Finally, Herrera-

Fonseca asserts that the BIA erred in determining that he waived review of his claim for

CAT. We will deny Herrera-Fonseca’s petition for review.

                     I.     Facts 1 & Procedural Background

       A native and citizen of Mexico, Herrera-Fonseca was convicted of second-degree

robbery, a felony in violation of California Penal Code §§ 211-212.5(c), and battery, a

felony in violation of California Penal Code §§ 242-243(a), in 2008. Because the acts

were committed in participation with a criminal street gang, his sentence was enhanced

by California Penal Code § 186.22(b)(1)(C).

       An IJ ultimately found Herrera-Fonseca to be an aggravated felon, based on both

the theft offense, pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) §

101(a)(43)(G), and a crime of violence, pursuant to INA § 101(a)(43)(F), and ordered


       1
         “We take our facts from the final order of the BIA, and to the extent the BIA
relied upon it, the Immigration Judge’s decision.” Sesay v. Attorney Gen., 787 F.3d 215,
218 n.1 (3d Cir. 2015).
                                              2
him removed from the United States in 2009. Nevertheless, in 2013, he re-entered the

United States without inspection, and filed an application for asylum and for withholding

of removal, expressing a fear of persecution and torture upon returning to Mexico. The

matter was therefore submitted to an IJ for determination. After several hearings before

the IJ, the BIA remanded requiring the IJ to provide a more definitive statement of the

basis for its decision-making. The BIA then dismissed Herrera-Fonseca’s appeal. This

timely petition followed.

                      II.    Jurisdiction

       The BIA had jurisdiction pursuant to 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.31(e) and 1003.1(b)(3).

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252.

       “Because the BIA issued its own opinion, we review its decision rather than that

of the IJ.” Patel v. Attorney Gen., 599 F.3d 295, 297 (3d Cir. 2010). “However, we also

look to the decision of the IJ to the extent that the BIA defers to, or adopts, the IJ’s

reasoning.” Id.

       “We affirm any findings of fact supported by substantial evidence and are bound

by the administrative findings of fact unless a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled

to arrive at a contrary conclusion.” Camara v. Attorney Gen., 580 F.3d 196, 201 (3d Cir.

2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de

novo, ordinarily subject to the principles of Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources

Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843–45 (1984).” Sesay v. Attorney Gen., 787 F.3d

215, 220 (3d Cir. 2015). Chevron deference is not appropriate, however, when “we are
                                               3
asked to review an unpublished, non-precedential decision issued by a single BIA

member.” Mahn v. Attorney Gen., 767 F.3d 170, 173 (3d Cir. 2014).

                      III.   Discussion

       Herrera-Fonseca raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that his aggravated

felony convictions for second-degree robbery, pursuant to §§ 211-212.5(c) 2 of the

California Penal Code, and battery, under id. §§ 242-243(a), 3 do not constitute

particularly serious crimes. If either is determined to be particularly serious, that finding

renders him statutorily ineligible for withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. §

1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). Second, he asserts that he is eligible for withholding of removal

because he was targeted for imputed nationality and religion. Third, he claims that the

BIA erred in determining that he waived review of his claim for CAT.

       “To demonstrate her qualification for withholding of removal, ‘an alien must show

that if returned to [her] country, it is more likely than not that [her] life or freedom would

be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.’ ‘To meet this standard, [an alien] must show with objective

evidence that it is more likely than not [that she] will face persecution if [she] is

deported’ to her home country. ‘[P]ersecution is an extreme concept that does not


       2
        Under California law, robbery is “the felonious taking of personal property in the
possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will,
accomplished by means of force or fear.” Cal. Penal Code § 211.
       3
        Battery is defined as “any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the
person of another.” Id. § 242.
                                               4
include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive.’” Ordonez-Tevalan v.

Attorney Gen., 837 F.3d 331, 341 (3d Cir. 2016) (alterations in original) (internal

citations omitted).

          Withholding of removal, however, is unavailable if an alien committed a

“particularly serious crime” because the alien is deemed a “danger to the community of

the United States.” Flores v. Attorney Gen., 856 F.3d 280, 285 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii)). Under the INA, a “‘particularly serious crime’ includes

crimes that are considered ‘aggravated felon[ies]’ for which the alien received a prison

sentence of at least five years.” Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)). In turn, the INA

enumerates twenty-one descriptions of aggravated felonies, including “a crime of

violence (as defined in section 16 of title 18, but not including a purely political offense)

for which the term of imprisonment [is] at least one year,” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), and

“a theft offense (including receipt of stolen property) or burglary offense for which the

term of imprisonment [is] at least one year,” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G). Flores, 856 F.3d

at 285.

          We discern no error in the BIA’s decision that Herrera-Fonseca was convicted of a

particularly serious crime. In reaching its conclusion, the BIA reviewed the record and

the IJ’s decision in its entirety. The BIA noted that the IJ “properly considered the nature

and circumstances” of Herrera-Fonseca’s robbery conviction. 4 Specifically, the BIA


          4
        Because the BIA did not reach the question of whether Herrera-Fonseca’s battery
conviction constituted a particularly serious crime, neither will we. See Myrie v. Attorney
                                              5
highlighted that the IJ considered how Herrera-Fonseca and his co-defendant were under

the influence of alcohol and marijuana when they each punched the victim in the face

multiple times during the robbery, that he “was sentenced to 1 year in jail,” and that the

sentence was subject to a gang enhancement. Moreover, the BIA also acknowledged that

the IJ “fully considered” Herrera-Fonseca’s “explanations and attempts to minimize the

crime” in its determinations. As a final point, the BIA, after considering the totality of

the circumstances, agreed that Herrera-Fonseca was therefore convicted of a particularly

serious crime pursuant to the INA.

       We agree with the BIA that Herrera-Fonseca’s conviction for second-degree

robbery is a particularly serious crime rendering him statutorily ineligible for withholding

of removal. Here, Herrera-Fonseca committed the robbery through the use of physical

force when he punched the victim in the face multiple times. The conviction was of a

particularly serious crime because it was of “a theft offense . . . for which the term of

imprisonment [is] at least one year,” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G), and a crime of violence

for which the term of imprisonment is at least one year, id. § 1101(a)(43)(F). The record

reflects that, as a result of the robbery conviction, he was sentenced to one year in jail.

       Finally, Herrera-Fonseca claims that the BIA erred in determining that he waived

review of his claim for CAT. We decline to address this argument, as the BIA




Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017) (“If the Board relies only on some of the grounds
given for denying relief, we review only those grounds.”).
                                              6
determined, in the alternative, that he failed to carry his burden of proving that it is more

likely than not that he would be tortured upon returning to Mexico. 5

                     IV.     Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we shall deny Herrera-Fonseca’s petition for review.




       5
         The BIA addressed Herrera-Fonseca’s claim in the alternative, and held that,
“based on the entirety of the record,” he had “not carried his burden of proof required for
protection under the CAT.” We agree with that determination because the record is
devoid of any evidence providing objective proof that it is more likely than not that he
would have been tortured upon his return to Mexico.
                                              7
