     Case: 10-30123 Document: 00511329791 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/22/2010




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                         December 22, 2010
                                     No. 10-30123
                                   Summary Calendar                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                 Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

BRIAN L. WILKERSON,

                                                   Defendant-Appellant


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Louisiana
                             USDC No. 3:08-CR-00005-1


Before REAVLEY, DENNIS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Brian L. Wilkerson entered a conditional guilty plea to possession with
intent to distribute ecstacy and possession of a firearm during and in relation to
a drug trafficking crime. Wilkerson filed a motion to suppress the evidence,
arguing that the initial traffic stop for crossing the fog line was not justified.
The district court denied the motion without issuing written findings of fact.
Wilkerson reserved the right to appeal the denial of that motion.



       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
     Case: 10-30123 Document: 00511329791 Page: 2 Date Filed: 12/22/2010

                                   No. 10-30123

      This court reviews findings made by a district court on a motion to
suppress for clear error and the district court’s ultimate conclusions on Fourth
Amendment issues de novo. United States v. Charles, 469 F.3d 402, 405 (5th
Cir. 2006). The court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party, in this case, the Government. Id. “If this review leads us to
the ‘definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed[,]’ then the
district court’s factual finding must be deemed clearly erroneous.” United States
v. Lopez-Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 429-30 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Payne v. United
States, 289 F.3d 377, 381 (5th Cir. 2002)).
      The legality of police investigatory stops is tested in two parts. United
States v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500, 506 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc). First, the court
examines whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception, and then
inquires whether the officer’s subsequent actions were reasonably related in
scope to the circumstances that justified the stop. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
19–20 (1968); Brigham, 382 F.3d at 506.
      Wilkerson argues that the initial stop was invalid because it was based on
Deputy Green’s subjective belief that Wilkerson crossed the fog line. He also
argues that the deputies lacked probable cause to stop his vehicle. Wilkerson
argues that the district court erred when it failed to make findings of fact on the
validity of the traffic stop when it denied his motion to suppress. Wilkerson cites
United States v. Cole, 444 F.3d 688 (5th Cir. 2006), and United States v. Lopez-
Valdez, 178 F.3d 282 (5th Cir. 1999), to argue that his case should be remanded
to the district court for it make fact findings on whether Wilkerson crossed the
fog line in violation of La. R.S. 32:79.
      A police officer may stop a vehicle if he has probable cause to believe a
traffic violation has occurred. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996);
Cole, 444 F.3d at 689. If an officer stops a vehicle for conduct by a motorist that
does not in fact constitute a traffic violation, courts are leery of extending the
good faith exception to the exclusionary rule to justify the stop. Cole, 444 F.3d

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                                  No. 10-30123

at 689 (citing Lopez-Valdez, 178 F.3d at 289). In Cole, this court stated that it
was unclear from the record whether there was a crosswalk, which would have
made clear that the defendant had objectively committed a traffic violation, and
remanded the case to the district court for fact findings. Id. at 690.
      Unlike the traffic law at issue in Cole, the traffic law in this case is not
ambiguous or contingent on another factor, such as the presence of a crosswalk.
Louisiana Revised Statute 32:79 provides: “A vehicle shall be driven as nearly
as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from such
lane until the driver has first ascertained that such movement can be made with
safety.” Deputy Green testified that he observed Wilkerson drive outside his
lane of travel and cross over the fog line and that when he told Wilkerson why
he had been stopped, Wilkerson responded that he dropped his cell phone.
Wilkerson did not rebut this testimony.
      That the district court did not make fact findings does not preclude
resolution by this court of the issue whether the traffic stop was valid. See
United States v. Silva, 957 F.2d 157, 158-59 (5th Cir. 1992); see also United
States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 440 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 158
(2010). A reasonable review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government indicates that Deputy Green’s action in stopping Wilkerson was
justified at its inception because Wilkerson violated La. R.S. 32:79. See Charles,
469 F.3d at 405.
      Because the traffic stop was objectively valid, the good faith exception is
not implicated, and the issue becomes whether Deputy Green’s actions
subsequent to the stop were reasonably related in scope to the circumstances
that justified the stop. See Brigham, 382 F.3d 506. Furthermore, because the
initial stop was valid, Wilkerson’s argument that the deputies lacked probable
cause to stop him is unavailing. See Cole, 444 F.3d at 689.
      Wilkerson argues that, assuming for the sake of argument that the initial
stop was valid, his continued detention beyond the original reason for the stop

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                                  No. 10-30123

was prolonged in order for the officers to develop suspicion. For a traffic stop to
be legal for Fourth Amendment purposes, an officer’s subsequent actions must
be reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that caused him to stop the
vehicle. Brigham, 382 F.3d at 507-08. As part of a traffic stop, an officer can
request a driver’s license and run a computer check. Brigham, 382 F.3d at 508
(citing United States v. Dortch, 199 F.3d 193, 198 (5th Cir. 1999), opinion
corrected on other grounds on denial of reh’g, 203 F.3d 883 (5th Cir. 2000), and
United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 437 (5th Cir. 1993)). However, when the
purpose of the stop is resolved and the officer’s initial suspicions are verified or
dispelled, “the detention must end unless there is additional reasonable
suspicion supported by articulable facts.” United States v. Gonzalez, 328 F.3d
755, 758 (5th Cir. 2003).
        Wilkerson’s ankle slapping, shifty eyes, shaky hands, and trembling body
provide articulable facts by which Deputy Green could reasonably suspect that
a crime had been committed. See Brigham, 382 F.3d at 508. Thus, a reasonable
review of the evidence, in the light most favorable to the Government, indicates
that the deputies’ actions subsequent to the initial stop were reasonably related
in scope to the circumstances that justified the stop. See Scroggins, 599 F.3d at
440.
        Wilkerson also argues that Deputy Green lacked probable cause to search
his vehicle because the canine alert was not credible. Once a dog alerts to the
exterior of a vehicle, officers have probable cause to search it. United States v.
Williams, 365 F.3d 399, 406 (5th Cir. 2004); Dortch, 199 F.3d at 197. Where the
evidence indicates that a drug dog has been properly trained and certified, this
court has found the record to support the district court’s finding that the dog’s
alert was reliable and established probable cause for a search of the vehicle.
United States v. Sanchez-Pena, 336 F.3d 431, 444 (5th Cir.2003; see also United
States v. Clayton, 374 F. App’x 497, 499 (5th Cir. 2010).



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      The suppression hearing testimony established that Jackson was properly
trained and certified, and there was no evidence that Deputy Green encouraged
the canine to alert. Wilkerson also adduced no testimony establishing that
Deputy Green had retrained Jackson to obey new commands, verbal or
otherwise. A reasonable review of the evidence, in the light most favorable to
the Government, indicates that Jackson’s alert was reliable and established
probable cause for Deputy Green to search the vehicle. See Scroggins, 599 F.3d
at 440.
      AFFIRMED.




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