                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                      No. 14-1274
                                Filed October 28, 2015

NATIONAL SURETY CORPORATION,
     Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

vs.

WESTLAKE INVESTMENTS, LLC,
     Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
     Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert B. Hanson
(August and December 2013 summary judgment rulings) and Eliza J. Ovrom
(February 2014 summary judgment, limine, trial, and posttrial rulings), Judges.


       National Surety Corporation appeals the district court’s summary judgment
and post-trial rulings and the jury’s verdict, and Westlake Investments, LLC,
cross-appeals the district court’s post-trial rulings.   AFFIRMED ON APPEAL;
REVERSED AND REMANDED ON CROSS-APPEAL.


       Todd S. Schenk and Amber Coisman of Tressler LLP, Chicago, Illinois,
and Mollie Pawlosky of Dickinson, Mackaman, Tyler & Hagen, P.C., Des Moines,
for appellant/cross-appellee.
       Todd M. Lantz of Weinhardt & Logan P.C., and Steven R. Eckley of Belin
McCormick, P.C., Des Moines, for appellee/cross-appellant.
       Jeffrey A. Stone of Simmons Perrine Moyer Bergman PLC, Cedar Rapids,
for amici curiae Hubbell Realty Company, Home Builders Association of Iowa,
and Associated Builders & Contractors of Iowa.
       Brenda K. Wallrichs of Lederer Weston Craig PLC, Cedar Rapids, for
amici curiae American Insurance Association and Property Casualty Insurers
Association of America.


       Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
                                           2


DOYLE, Judge.

       This declaratory judgment action was precipitated by a commercial

construction dispute and resulting federal civil action, which culminated in a

consent judgment entered in favor of Westlake Investments, LLC. In this appeal,

we are asked to consider coverage terms in a commercial general liability

insurance contract, and whether the excess insurer, National Surety Corporation,

is liable to indemnify Westlake under the policy. NSC challenges the district

court’s interpretation of the term “occurrence” in the policy and the jury’s verdict

following trial. Westlake challenges the district court’s post-trial ruling on the

issue of pre-judgment interest. We affirm on appeal and reverse and remand on

cross-appeal.

I.     Background Facts and Proceedings

       In 2003, Westlake Investments, LLC, entered negotiations to purchase

Westlake Apartments, a 300-unit apartment complex in West Des Moines, while

the complex was under construction.1            The developers (collectively, MLP

Management, LLC) guaranteed the construction would be “first class and of

workmanlike quality.”     MLP purchased a primary commercial general liability

(CGL) policy with a $1,000,000 policy limit from Arch Insurance Group, effective

July 1, 2003, to July 1, 2004.2 MLP also purchased an excess CGL policy with a

limit of $25,000,000 from National Surety Corporation for the same period. The

NSC policy “followed form” with the Arch policy.


1
   Pioneer Construction, Inc. was the general contractor for the 300-unit Westlake
apartment complex, and independent subcontractors did all building, excavating,
designing, and engineering. Construction took place between 2002 and 2003.
2
  The policy listed an “Effective Date” of “7/1/03” and an “Expiration Date” of “7/1/04.”
                                            3


       Prior to the closing of the sale, Westlake and MLP discussed issues with

the complex, including reported water penetration in certain units. The issues

were considered aesthetic and did not hamper negotiations. The sale closed in

November 2003.       However, latent construction defects continued to cause a

myriad of problems, including widespread water penetration and mold.

       In 2008, Westlake brought suit in federal district court against MLP,3

seeking to recover millions of dollars in lost profits, repair costs, and other

damages under tort and contract theories. See, e.g., Westlake Investments, LLC

v. MLP Mgmt., LLC, 842 F. Supp. 2d 1119, 1121 (S.D. Iowa 2012). MLP in turn

sued numerous third-party defendants (collectively, the subcontractors),4 raising

claims of defective construction. See id.

       MLP’s primary insurer, Arch, undertook MLP’s defense.                    Following

extensive discovery, numerous motions, and mediation, the lawsuit eventually

culminated in a settlement agreement between Westlake and MLP. A consent

judgment for $15,600,000 was entered on February 2012, of which Arch agreed

to pay its policy limit of $1,000,000, and $1,737,500 was satisfied by MLP and

third-party defendant subcontractors, leaving $12,762,500 unsatisfied.                The



3
  The named defendants were the property’s developers and the project’s general
contractor, including: MLP Management, LLC; MLP Investments, LLC; Pioneer
Construction, Inc.; CCC/MLP Westlake, LLC; Westlake Apartments, LLC, Joe Leibold,
Stan McCurdy, John Porta; MLP Multi-Family Construction, LLC; Westlake Apartments,
LP; Pioneer Construction Services, Inc.; MLP Land Development LLC; CCC/Westlake
Apartments, LLC; and CCC/MLP Investment, LLC.
4
  The named third-party defendants were the project’s subcontractors and architect,
including: All State Gutter, Inc.; Fieldstone Products, LLC; Jordison Construction, Inc.; R
& R Building Products; Solar Industries, Inc.; C. Bennett Building Supplies, Inc.;
McAninch Corporation; Production Heating Services, Inc.; Community Wholesale of Des
Moines Iowa, Inc.; Senninger Plumbing Company, Inc.; TKP Contracting Company, Inc.;
and Jim E. Parker, Parker Associates.
                                        4


consent judgment assigned all rights MLP had against its excess insurer, NSC,

to Westlake.

      Meanwhile, NSC initiated this action by filing a declaratory judgment

action in Polk County district court, seeking a ruling that it had no duty to

indemnify Westlake for any amounts awarded to Westlake in the underlying

federal action. Westlake counterclaimed for breach of contract and sought a

ruling that NSC owed coverage for the entire consent judgment.

      Following discovery, the parties filed several motions for summary

judgment. In essence, NSC contended the NSC policy did not provide coverage

for Westlake’s claimed damages (among other claims, NSC argued the damages

sought by Westlake in the underlying action were not the result of “property

damage” caused by an “occurrence” as required for coverage by the policy).

Westlake countered, claiming defective construction could be an “occurrence”

under the policy.

      In August 2013, following a hearing, the district court entered a ruling

(August 2013 ruling) granting Westlake’s motion for partial summary judgment

and denying NSC’s motion for summary judgment, determining in part that

“defective subcontractor work may be an ‘accident’ and therefore an ‘occurrence’

under a post-1986 CGL policy written to a general contractor.”

      Westlake filed a second motion for summary judgment, claiming the

“damage to construction projects” exclusion and “owned property” exclusion in

the policy did not apply. NSC countered that the exclusions did apply because

damage to the complex took place during construction and while MLP still owned

the complex.
                                          5


       In December 2013, following a hearing, the district court entered a ruling

(December 2013 ruling) granting Westlake’s second motion for partial summary

judgment, determining in part that the owned property exclusion in the policy did

not apply to the consent judgment because “at the time of the property damage

alleged by Westlake, the Westlake complex was not owned by any named

insured.”

       Westlake filed a third motion for summary judgment, claiming the

“alienated premises” exclusion and “mold and fungi” exclusion in the policy did

not apply. Westlake also sought a ruling that MLP could not allocate the consent

judgment between property damaged during and outside the policy period. NSC

countered and filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming NSC’s liability was

limited to property damage during the policy period.

       In February 2014, following a hearing, the district court entered a ruling

(February 2014 ruling) granting in part and denying in part Westlake’s motion for

summary judgment and denying NSC’s motion for partial summary judgment,

determining in part that fact issues remained on the fungi and allocation issues.

The court declined to revisit the parties’ contentions with regard to the meaning

of the term “occurrence” in the policy.

       The case proceeded to a three-week jury trial, during which numerous

witnesses testified and hundreds of exhibits were admitted. The jury returned a

verdict in favor of Westlake, awarding Westlake $12,439,500 (the $15,600,000
                                            6


consent judgment minus the amount satisfied from other sources).5 The district

court entered judgment against NSC per the jury verdict.

       NSC filed several post-trial motions, which the district court denied

following a hearing. Westlake also filed several post-trial motions regarding pre-

and post-judgment interest, which the district court denied.

       NSC appeals; Westlake cross-appeals.

II.    Scope and Standards of Review

       We review for legal error when the question on appeal is how to interpret

an insurance policy. Boelman v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co ., 826 N.W.2d 494, 500-

01 (Iowa 2013). Likewise, we review the district court’s rulings on summary

judgment for correction of legal error. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; Nationwide Mut.

Ins. Co. v. Kelly, 687 N.W.2d 272, 274 (Iowa 2004).               A grant of summary

judgment is proper when the moving party shows there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3); Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 501. When reviewing the

grant of summary judgment, we examine the record in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party. See id.

       We also review challenges to the jury instructions for correction of errors

at law. See Estate of Pearson ex rel. Latta v. Interstate Power & Light Co., 700

N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2005). We review the related claim that the trial court

should have given a requested instruction for an abuse of discretion.                See

Summy v. City of Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2006), but see Tamco

5
 Third-party defendant Fieldstone did not join in the settlement; following a bench trial,
Westlake’s litigation with Fieldstone resulted in a judgment in Westlake’s favor for
$253,000.
                                         7

Pork II, LLC v. Heartland Co-op, No. 14-0412, 2015 WL 4481571, at *2-5 (Iowa

Ct. App. July 22, 2015) (“There is a lurking inconsistency in our law regarding the

scrutiny applied to the district court’s refusal to give a requested jury

instruction.”).

       If a jury verdict is not supported by sufficient evidence and fails to

effectuate substantial justice, a new trial may be ordered. See Olson v. Sumpter,

728 N.W.2d 844, 850 (Iowa 2007). Evidence is substantial when reasonable

minds would accept the evidence as adequate to reach the same findings.

Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2009). Evidence is not

insubstantial merely because it would have supported contrary inferences.

Hendricks v. Great Plains Supply Co., 609 N.W.2d 486, 490 (Iowa 2000).

       We apply an errors-at-law review to the calculation and award of

prejudgment interest. See Gosch v. Juelfs, 701 N.W.2d 90, 91 (Iowa 2005). “If

there is substantial evidence in the record to support the trial court’s decision, we

are bound by its fact-findings.” Id. “We are not bound, however, by the trial

court’s application of legal principles.” Id. We strictly construe “Iowa statutes

providing for recovery of costs.” Hughes v. Burlington N. R.R. Co., 545 N.W.2d

318, 321 (Iowa 1996).

III.   Coverage under the NSC policy

       The question presented by NSC’s appeal is whether the commercial

general liability policy purchased by MLP provided coverage for the damages

incurred by Westlake following widespread water penetration in Westlake
                                             8


Apartments.6 Among other claims, NSC challenges the district court’s ruling that

the construction defects at the Westlake Apartments, and the resulting damage,

could be an “occurrence.” Westlake counters, claiming the district court correctly

allowed the jury to decide the “occurrence” issue. NSC also claims the jury’s

finding that all the property damage occurred during the policy period is not

supported by substantial evidence.

       Contract interpretation requires us to assign meaning to the words in the

policy. Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 501. If the policy does not define the words in

question, we assign their ordinary meaning.            Id.   “The plain meaning of the

insurance contract generally prevails.” Id. Contract construction is giving the

policy its legal effect.   Id.   In construing a contract, the intent of the parties

controls, and “except in cases of ambiguity this is determined by what the policy

itself says.” Thomas v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 749 N.W.2d 678, 681 (Iowa

2008). Policy language is ambiguous if it is fairly susceptible to more than one

reasonable interpretation. Id. Our courts avoid “straining the words and phrases

of the policy to impose liability that was not intended and was not purchased.”

Cairns v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 398 N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1987).

       In this case, the NSC policy follows form with the Arch “primary” policy,

and states:

       This coverage only applies to injury or damage covered by the
       Primary Insurance. The definitions, terms, conditions, limitations

6
  Westlake challenges several of NSC’s claims on error preservation grounds. See
Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (observing an issue is preserved
for review if it has been raised and decided by the district court). Unless specifically set
forth otherwise, we bypass these concerns and proceed to the merits of the claims. See
State v. Taylor, 596 N.W.2d 55, 56 (Iowa 1999) (bypassing error preservation problem
and proceeding to the merits of the appeal).
                                         9


      and exclusions of the Primary Policies, in effect at the inception
      date of this policy, apply to this coverage unless they are
      inconsistent with provisions of this policy . . . .

      Subject to the other provisions of this policy, We will pay on behalf
      of the Insured those sums in excess of Primary Insurance that the
      Insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages. . . .

      A. OCCURRENCE FORM
      If a Primary Policy applies on the basis of . . . damage which
      occurs during the period of that policy, then this coverage shall only
      apply on the same basis and in a like manner to injury or damage
      which occurs during Our Policy Period.

The Arch policy provides in pertinent part:

      1. Insuring Agreement
             a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally
      obligated to pay as damages because of . . . “property damage” to
      which this insurance applies. . . . This insurance applies only to . . .
      “property damage” which occurs during the policy period. The . . .
      “property damage” must be caused by an “occurrence.” The
      “occurrence” must take place in “coverage territory.”
             ....
      “Property damage” means:
             a. Physical injury to tangible properly, including all resulting
      loss of use of that property. All such loss of use will be deemed to
      occur at the time of physical injury that caused it; or
             b. loss of use of tangible property that is not physically
      injured. All such loss will be deemed to occur at the time of the
      “occurrence” that caused it.

“Occurrence” was defined in the policy as “an accident, including continuous or

repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.”

      The policy does not define “accident,” but the Iowa Supreme Court has. In

Pursell Construction, Inc. v. Hawkeye–Security Insurance Co., the court

explained that in the context of insurance policies, the word “accident” means,

      an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event, usually of an
      afflictive or unfortunate character, and often accompanied by a
      manifestation of force . . . . [G]iving to the word the meaning which
      a man of average understanding would, we think [“accident”] clearly
                                       10


       implies a misfortune with concomitant damage to a victim, and not
       the negligence which eventually results in that misfortune.

596 N.W.2d 67, 70 (Iowa 1999) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

       In Pursell, a contractor (Pursell Construction, Inc.) brought a declaratory

judgment action against its insurer, seeking coverage under its CGL policy for

claims brought against the contractor by a developer. Id. at 68. The developer

had sued Pursell for breach of contract and negligence, alleging that the

contractor improperly constructed two houses at an elevation below a floodplain.

Id. Pursell sought coverage under its CGL policy, which provided coverage for

“‘property damage’ . . . caused by an ‘occurrence.’” Id. at 69. “The [CGL] policy

define[d] ‘occurrence’ as ‘an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure

to substantially the same general harmful conditions.’” Id. at 70. The court noted

that the developer’s claim against Pursell was “essentially one for defective

workmanship.” Id. The court adopted the “majority rule” and held “that defective

workmanship standing alone, that is, resulting in damages only to the work

product itself, is not an occurrence under a CGL policy.” Id. The court explained

that “the damages [the developer] seeks are limited to the very property upon

which Pursell performed work” and “were not the result of an ‘occurrence’ as

defined in the policy.” Id.

       The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals later discussed the Iowa law

distinction between an accident and faulty workmanship:

       Without qualm, the Pursell court explained that negligent conduct
       itself, although it may ultimately result in injury or damage to a
       victim, does not fall within the ordinary meaning of an accident.
       (That is not to say that negligence cannot be the cause of an
       accident.) . . . We therefore hold that defective workmanship,
                                        11


      regardless of who is responsible for the defect, cannot be
      characterized as an accident under Iowa law.

Norwalk Ready Mixed Concrete, Inc. v. Travelers Ins. Cos., 246 F.3d 1132, 1137

(8th Cir. 2001); see also Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pella Corp., 650 F.3d 1161, 1176

(8th Cir. 2011) (reaffirming that under Iowa law, defective workmanship cannot

be considered an accident, and therefore an occurrence, and holding property

damage due to defective windows was not an occurrence).

      In Pursell, the court found no occurrence, and consequently no coverage,

because the only damage alleged from the defective workmanship (failure to

construct basement floors at the proper elevation) was to the work product itself.

596 N.W.2d at 71. “The parties stipulated there was no physical damage to the

house.” Id. at 70. But Pursell does not address whether a liability policy provides

coverage where faulty workmanship causes property damage to something other

than the insured’s work product as the result of an unintended and unexpected

event. See, e.g., Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Home Pride Cos., Inc., 684 N.W.2d

571, 578 (Neb. 2004) (finding damage to roof structures from faulty installation of

shingles was caused by “occurrence” within meaning of CGL policy); see also

Peterson Contractors, Inc. v. Travelers Indem. Co., No. C14-0063, 2015 WL

4079371, at *6 (N.D. Iowa July 2, 2015) (holding cofferdam failure in the midst of

construction was an accident and therefore an occurrence covered under the

CGL policy).

      Here, the jury was instructed:

             [T]o prove the National Surety policy covers the consent
      judgment damages, Westlake must show that:
             1. Some or all of the consent judgment damages resulted
      from “property damage” that was caused by an “occurrence,” and
                                       12


             2. Some or all of the consent judgment damages resulted
      from “property damage” that happened between July 1, 2003 and
      July 1, 2004.

Jury Instruction No. 19.

              As used in Instruction No. 19, “property damage” means
      physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of
      use of that property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur
      at the time of the physical injury that caused it.
              You are instructed that property damage happened at the
      Westlake apartment complex at some point in time due to water
      intrusion. You must determine whether property damage happened
      during the policy period of July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004.

Jury Instruction No. 20.

             As used in Instruction No. 19, an “occurrence” is an
      accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to
      substantially the same general harmful conditions. Defective
      construction work performed by an insured is not covered by the
      policy; however, defective construction work performed by
      subcontractors may be an “occurrence” under the policy.[7]
             “Accident” means an unplanned, sudden, and unexpected
      event.
             Whether something is an “accident” must be determined
      from the viewpoint of the insureds and what they intended or should
      reasonably have expected. An accident is unexpected so long as
      the insured does not expect both it and some damage.

Jury Instruction No. 21.

      A. Occurrence.       Here, unlike the Pursell situation, Westlake alleged

property damage beyond the work product itself, including water penetration

resulting in widespread water damage. See Sickler v. Auto Owners Ins. Co., No.

14-1636, 2015 WL 4935710, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2015) (observing the

insured alleged consequential damages beyond the work product itself—i.e., the

negligent overhaul of his truck engine—due to property damage he later


7
  The subcontractor exception to the property damage exclusions will be discussed
below.
                                         13

sustained when his truck engine failed); but see Yegge v. Integrity Mut. Ins. Co.,

534 N.W.2d 100, 102 (Iowa 1995) (“In addition to damages to the residence

itself, the Yegges claim only emotional distress. There was no coverage for this

claim . . . .”); Strotman Bldg. Ctr., Inc. v. W. Bend Mut. Ins. Co., No. 98-1525,

1999 WL 975842, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 27, 1999) (“The act giving rise to the

claim here was not injury to the home, but Strotman’s asserted failure to properly

build the home.”). Starting with the assumption that from the viewpoint of the

insureds the work would be completed properly, then the damages were

unforeseeable and constituted an “accident” and therefore an “occurrence” within

the meaning of the CGL policy. See, e.g., Sheehan Constr. Co. v. Cont’l Cas.

Co., 935 N.E.2d 160, 170 (Ind. 2010) (declining to follow U.S. Fid. & Guar. Corp.

v. Advance Roofing & Supply Co., 788 P.2d 1227, 1228 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1989), on

this issue as followed by the court in Pursell, 596 N.W.2d at 71). Under these

facts, we find no error in the district court’s decision to allow the jury to decide

whether Westlake’s damages were caused by an “occurrence.” But see W.C.

Stewart Constr., Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 08-0824, 2009 WL 928871, at *3-

4 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009) (finding subcontractor’s defective grading that caused

building movement and cracks was not an occurrence under CGL policy)8; Cont’l

W. Ins. Co. v. Jerry’s Homes, Inc., 04-1890, 2006 WL 228917, at *4 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2006) (affirming summary judgment entered in favor of insurance company




8
  As the district court observed, W.C. Stewart is distinguishable because although it
involved subcontractor work on a construction site, the subcontractor carried its own
CGL policy. W.C. Stewart is not persuasive is determining whether a subcontractor’s
defective workmanship could be an occurrence under a general contractor’s CGL policy.
                                            14


on claims against general contractor of defective subcontractor work upon finding

inadequate factual record regarding the actual cause of damages).9

       B. Property Damage. NSC challenges the determination that Westlake’s

claims constitute “property damage” within the meaning of the policy. The policy

excluded from coverage:

       j. Damage to Property
               “Property damage” to:
               (1) Property you own, rent, or occupy, including any costs or
       expenses incurred by you, or any other person, organization or
       entity, for repair, replacement, enhancement, restoration or
       maintenance of such property for any reason, including prevention
       of injury to a person or damage to another’s property;
               (2) Premises you sell, give away, or abandon, if the “property
       damage” arises out of any part of those premises;
               (3) Property loaned to you;
               (4) Personal property in the care, custody or control of the
       insured;
               (5) That particular part of real property on which you or any
       contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your
       behalf are performing operations, if the ‘‘property damage” arises
       out of those operations; or
               (6) That particular part of any property that must be restored,
       repaired, or replaced because “your work” was incorrectly
       performed on it.
               ....
       Paragraph (2) of this exclusion does not apply if the premises are
       “your work” and were never occupied, rented, or held for rental by
       you.
               ....
       Paragraph (6) of this exclusion does not apply to “property
       damage” included in the “products—completed operations hazard.”

The completed operations hazard includes all “property damage” arising out of

completed work. The policy also excluded:
9
  We acknowledge we have reached a different conclusion under these facts than the
court did in Jerry’s Homes under similar facts. The district court observed, “While Jerry’s
Homes discusses defective subcontractor work, its failure to appropriately discuss and
analyze the CGL policy in light of the 1986 revisions, and the fact that summary
judgment was affirmed based on an independent factual record render Jerry’s Homes
unpersuasive and not controlling in this case.” The 1986 policy revisions, discussed
below, and the facts of this case distinguish it from the ruling in Jerry’s Homes.
                                        15


      l. Damage to “your work”
              “Property damage” to “your work” arising out of it or any part
      of it and included in the “products—completed operation hazard”.
              This exclusion does not apply if the damaged work or the
      work out of which the damage arises was performed on your behalf
      by a subcontractor.
      ....
      “Your work”:
              a. Means:
              (1) Work or operations performed by you or on your behalf;
      and
              (2) Materials, parts, or equipment furnished in connection
      with such work or operations.
              b. Includes:
              (1) Warranties or representations made at any time with
      respect to the fitness, quality, durability, performance or use of
      “your work”; and
              (2) The providing of or failure to provide warnings or
      instructions.

(Emphasis added.)

      We observe the question of whether faulty workmanship of a

subcontractor fits within the definition of “occurrence” under a CGL policy has

been litigated in a number of jurisdictions. The insuring language and exclusions

in standard CGL policies have been modified over the years, and the recent

evolution of the standard CGL policy explains the focus on this particular issue.

The 1986 revision to the policy added several exclusions, including (j)(6) and (l),

which have an express exception for subcontractor work. Of jurisdictions that

have analyzed the issue, the majority has decided inadvertent faulty

workmanship of a subcontractor can be an “occurrence” covered by a CGL

policy. See, e.g., Greystone Constr., Inc. v. Nat’l Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 661

F.3d 1272, 1282 (10th Cir. 2011) (discussing cases); K & L Homes, Inc. v. Am.

Family Mut. Ins. Co., 829 N.W.2d 724, 729-30 (N.D. 2013) (same).
                                          16


              “The subcontractor exception has been found to preserve
       coverage for liabilities arising from property damage involving a
       subcontractor in at least the following situations:
              [1] A subcontractor’s defective work causes damage to the
       insured’s work.
              [2] The insured contractor’s defective work causes damage
       to the subcontractor’s work.
              [3] The defective work of one or more subcontractors causes
       damage to a subcontractor’s work.”

K & L Homes, Inc., 829 N.W.2d at 739 (quoting Stephen N. Goldberg & James S.

Carter Jr., Liability Insurance for Construction Defects in 3 New Appleman Law of

Liability Insurance § 28.04[10] [a]-[b] (Matthew Bender 2d ed. 2012)).

       “[A]n insurer has a duty to define any limitations or exclusionary clauses in

clear and explicit terms. The burden of establishing an exclusion rests upon the

insurer.” Allied Mut. Ins. Co. v. Costello, 557 N.W.2d 284, 286 (Iowa 1996).

Exclusions are strictly construed against an insurer. Postell v. Am. Family Mut.

Ins. Co., 823 N.W.2d 35, 41 (Iowa 2012). An exception to an exclusion from

coverage results in coverage. K & L Homes, Inc., 829 N.W.2d at 728. Prior to

the 1986 revision, the subcontractor exception to the exclusion from coverage

was an expansion of coverage or endorsement option; the revision added the

subcontractor exception directly to the body of the CGL policy. See James Duffy

O’Connor, What Every Court Should Know About Coverage for Defective

Construction, 5 J. Am. C. Construction L. 1 n.15 (2011).

       Here, the consent judgment was founded on monetary damages

stemming from both physical injury to, and loss of use of, tangible property.10

The damages were caused, in whole or large part, by faulty workmanship of

10
   Physically damaged property included plywood sheathing, drywall, windows, wood
framing, stone veneer, moisture barriers, insulation, concrete paving, concrete drainage
intakes, stairs, roofs, carpet, light fixtures, paint, nails, and staples.
                                          17


subcontractors—property damage expressly covered by the CGL policy in this

case. To be clear, the policy contained no endorsement modifying the property

damage exclusions or eliminating the subcontractor exception. See, e.g., Essex

Ins. Co. v. Holder, 261 S.W.3d 456, 457-58 (Ark. 2007) (noting insurer issued

policies that modified the definition of “occurrence” by listing several exclusions,

including one for “defective construction”); U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979

So. 2d 871, 884-85 (Fla. 2007) (noting the Insurance Services Office “has begun

to issue an endorsement that may be included in a CGL policy, which entirely

eliminates the subcontractor exception to the ‘your work’ exclusion” and “[t]he

fact that these additional endorsements may be included in CGL policies

highlights that the ultimate analysis is governed by the actual language contained

in the applicable insurance contract”).

       Westlake presented substantial evidence with regard to repair costs and

damage to Westlake’s reputation which led to loss of use, lost profits, and lost

rental income. The jury determined the consent judgment, in its entirety, was

reasonable and prudent.11 We affirm the jury’s finding that Westlake’s claim for

physical injury and loss of use constitutes property damage caused by an

occurrence within the meaning of the policy.12

       C. Policy Period.     NSC challenges the determination that Westlake’s

damages were due to property damage that happened during the policy period.


11
   To the question, “Did Westlake prove the consent judgment in the underlying action
was reasonable and prudent in whole or in part?”, the jury answered, “Yes.” To the next
question, “What amount of the consent judgment was reasonable and prudent?”, the jury
answered, “$15,600,000.”
12
   The jury answered “Yes” to the question, “Did Westlake prove that some or all of the
damages [of the consent judgment] were because of property damage that was caused
by an ‘occurrence’ . . . ?”
                                          18


Indeed, the policy provides: “This insurance applies only to . . . “property

damage” which occurs during the policy period.” The policy period was between

July 1, 2003, and July 1, 2004. The jury determined the entirety of Westlake’s

damages “were because of property damage that happened between July 1,

2003 and July 1, 2004.”

       Upon our review, we conclude the jury’s verdict is supported by sufficient

evidence in the record. See Olson v. Sumpter, 728 N.W.2d 844, 850 (Iowa

2007). The evidence is replete with testimony and exhibits regarding problems

with the complex both during and after the policy period.             Several experts

emphasized that the winter 2003-2004 as the critical time period in which the

damage was done, and that the damage at Westlake existed by June 30, 2004.

In other words, problems surfaced before the sale closed in November 2003, but

continued for years after that time because they were not properly fixed or

prevented.13 See, e.g., Allan D. Windt, Insurance Claims and Disputes § 11:4

(6th ed. 2013) (explaining that in almost all “occurrence”-type policies the trigger

of coverage is defined as the date of the property damage; the date of the

wrongdoing or injury-causing event is irrelevant). We conclude the evidence

showed Westlake incurred property damage and loss of use continuously since

the occurrence causing the damages. And although the water penetration was

realized in some units and given some amount of attention during the policy

period, it was not resolved.


13
  The testimony and evidence at trial supports a finding that in light of the decline in
water penetration problems by November 2003, MLP believed any problems were fixed
when the property was sold. After the winter 2003-2004, during the spring 2004,
property damage due to water penetration took place.
                                          19


       Section I of the NSC policy, entitled “Coverages,” states: “The amount We

will pay for damages is limited as described in Section III – Limits of Insurance.”

Section III of the NSC policy states in relevant part:

               (1) The Limit of lnsurance stated in the Declarations as
       applicable to “each occurrence” shall be the total limit of Our liability
       for all damages arising out of any one occurrence. That limit is the
       most We will pay regardless of the number of coverages, lnsureds,
       persons or organizations sustaining injury or damage, or claims
       made or Suits brought.
               ....
               (3) This insurance shall apply only in excess of the
       applicable Limit of Liability shown in the Schedule of Primary
       lnsurance attached to this policy.

(Emphasis added.) The NSC policy “Limits of Insurance” listed a $20,000,000

limit for “Each Occurrence” as well as a $20,000,000 aggregate.

       Under these facts and circumstances, we conclude the jury’s verdict that

$12,439,500 in damages were because of property damage caused by an

occurrence during the policy period is supported by sufficient evidence in the

record and effectuates substantial justice between the parties.

       D. Exclusions.     NSC challenges the jury’s finding that none of the

exclusions apply to any part of the consent judgment. Specifically, NSC claims

several exclusions and an endorsement in the policy exclude coverage. NSC

had the burden to prove that all or some of the consent judgment damages were

excluded from coverage by exclusions in the policy.

       Exclusion j(5) of the policy states: “This insurance does not apply to: . . .

‘Property damage’ to [t]hat particular part of real property on which you or any

contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your behalf are
                                        20


performing operations, if the ‘property damage’ arises out of those operations.”

The jury was instructed on this exclusion as follows:

            Exclusion j(5) in the Arch policy excludes coverage for
      property damage that happened during, and that arose out of, the
      construction of the Westlake Apartments.
            Construction was completed at the time the apartment
      complex was sold to Westlake.

Jury Instruction No. 30. During the three-week trial, the jury received evidence

that damage to the complex took place during the winter of 2003-2004, after

construction was complete. We conclude sufficient evidence supports the jury’s

verdict that none of the consent damages were due to property damage that

happened “during” construction.

      The policy’s exclusion j(2), the “Alienated Premises” exclusion, states:

      This insurance does not apply to: . . . ‘Property damage’ to
      [p]remises you sell, give away, or abandon, if the ‘property damage’
      arises out of any part of those premises [but] this exclusion does
      not apply if the premises are ‘your work’ and were never occupied,
      rented, or held for rental by you.

The jury was instructed on this exclusion as follows:

            Exclusion j(2) in the Arch policy excludes coverage for
      property damage that arose out of any premises sold by CCC/MLP.
            There is an exception to exclusion j(2). The exception states
      that exclusion j(2) does not apply if the premises were never
      occupied, rented, or held for rental by CCC/MLP.

Jury Instruction No. 26.      The evidence at trial showed that while MLP

Management rented some units, CCC/MLP did not. Even if we abided by NSC’s

request to consider MLP Management the legal equivalent of CCC/MLP (which it

is not), the jury was also instructed it “may consider exclusion j(2) only with

respect to CCC/MLP’s liability.     This exclusion does not apply to Pioneer

Construction.” Accordingly, even if CCC/MLP’s liability was excluded under j(2),
                                          21


Pioneer’s liability was still covered, which was sufficient for the entire judgment

against NSC (Pioneer was jointly and severally liable for the consent judgment).

       On the policy’s endorsement 6, the “Earth Movement or Subsidence”

exclusion, the jury was instructed:

               The Arch policy excludes coverage for damages arising out
       of the subsidence, settling, sinking, slipping, falling away, caving in,
       shifting, eroding, consolidating, compacting, falling, rising, tilting, or
       any other similar movement of earth or mud, regardless of whether
       such movement is a naturally occurring phenomena or manmade.

Jury Instruction No. 27.      The jury received evidence regarding freeze/thaw

cycles, but evidence specifying any “frost heave” at the apartment complex was

equivocal at best.     Furthermore, NSC failed to establish that any part of the

consent judgment was attributable to earth movement damage.                 Assuming,

without deciding, the earth movement exclusion is applicable under the

circumstances, given the evidence presented at trial, the jury could have

reasonably determined this exclusion did not apply.

       On the policy’s exclusion T, the “Fungi, Mold and Mildew” exclusion, the

jury was instructed:

       The National Surety and Arch policies exclude coverage for
       damages arising, in whole or in part, out of, resulting from, caused
       by, or in any way related to fungi or bacteria, including mold or
       mildew, regardless of any other cause, event, material, product,
       and/or building component that contributed concurrently or in
       sequence to those damages.

Jury Instruction No. 28. Although mold and mildew subsequently developed at

the complex, the jury received evidence that mold was not present at the time the

property damage covered by the consent judgment occurred. And again, NSC

failed to establish that any part of the consent judgment was attributable to mold
                                            22


and mildew damage. Given the evidence presented at trial, the jury could have

reasonably determined this exclusion did not apply.

       On the policy’s exclusion B, the “Contractual Liability” exclusion, the jury

was instructed:

                Exclusion b in the Arch policy excludes coverage for
       damages because of “property damage” that CCC/MLP or Pioneer
       Construction was obligated to pay because they assumed such
       liability in a contract or agreement. National Surety contends this
       exclusion applies to the attorney fee damages in the consent
       judgment ($1 million).
                To “assume” liability refers to a situation where an insured
       assumed the liability of a third party, such as an agreement to
       indemnify or hold another party harmless. The Arch policy
       generally covers liabilities for breach of contract.
                There is an exception to exclusion b. The exception states
       that exclusion b does not apply to liability for damages that
       CCC/MLP or Pioneer Construction would have in the absence of
       the contract or agreement.

Jury Instruction No. 29.       Paragraph 16 of the apartment complex purchase

agreement authorizes Westlake to recover reasonable attorney fees if litigation

occurs.    In its first summary judgment ruling, the district court noted the

contractual liability provision, stating:

       “[T]he insurance contract must contain any limitations or
       exclusionary clauses in clear and explicit language.” Shatzer v.
       Globe Am. Cas. Co., 639 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2001). It is clear that
       both Arch and NSC knew how to exclude certain contractual
       claims. The fact that certain contractual claims needed to be
       excluded from coverage also demonstrates that contractual claims
       are generally covered under the policy.

There was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude NSC failed to prove the

exclusion applied to attorney fees awarded to Westlake.
                                          23


III.   NSC’s post-trial motions

       NSC claims the court erred in denying its post-trial motions because:

(1) “the jury verdict is not supported by substantial evidence”; (2) “the jury did not

deliberate before making its unsupported and inconsistent findings”; (3) “the

jury’s verdict is internally inconsistent”; and (4) “the district court refused to

instruct the jury on two applicable exclusions.”

       With respect to its first contention, NSC specifically claims the jury’s

findings that all the property damage occurred during the policy period and that

none of the policy exclusions apply to any part of the consent judgment are not

supported by substantial evidence. We have addressed these contentions in our

analysis with regard to the policy coverage and for the reasons stated above, we

find them to be unpersuasive.

       In regard to NSC’s challenge to the length of time the jury deliberated and

the “rash” decision the jury reached, we also find this claim to be unpersuasive.

As the district court noted in ruling on this claim,

               Plaintiff [NSC] argues the jury’s verdict should be set aside
       due to irregularity. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1012(2). This is based
       upon the fact that the jury returned the verdict approximately one
       hour after deliberations began. The court denies this request. In
       addition to the reasons set forth in Westlake’s resistance, the court
       notes that it read lengthy jury instructions and gave each juror a
       paper copy of instructions to read along with. The court also
       explained the entire verdict form to the jury. Counsel presented
       very thorough closing arguments, in which they discussed the
       instructions and verdict forms. The jury listened to a three-week
       trial in which the evidence was presented in a [professional]
       fashion. All of these factors could explain the speed with which the
       jury reached its verdict. Nothing suggests irregularity in the verdict.

(Footnote omitted.) We affirm the court’s ruling.
                                         24


       With respect to NSC’s claim that the jury’s verdict is internally inconsistent,

NSC contends because the jury found the exclusions for property damage during

construction and alienated premises did not apply, “[t]ogether these two

findings—i.e., no damage during construction and no damage after the sale—

mean there was no damage at any time, an impossibility.”

       “A verdict is not inconsistent if it can be harmonized in a reasonable

manner consistent with the jury instructions and the evidence in the case,

including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.” Pavone v. Kirke, 801 N.W.2d

477, 498 (Iowa 2011). “When deciding if a verdict is inconsistent, we liberally

construe the jury’s verdict to give effect to the jury’s intention and harmonize the

jury’s answers if possible. We also must determine whether the verdicts can be

reconciled in a manner reasonably consistent with the evidence and the jury

instructions.”   Id.   “Only where the verdicts are so logically and legally

inconsistent that they cannot be reconciled will they be set aside.” Hoffman v.

Nat’l Med. Enters., Inc., 442 N.W.2d 123, 127 (Iowa 1989).

       We find the jury’s verdict can be harmonized in a reasonable manner

consistent with the jury instructions and the evidence in the case, including fair

inferences drawn from the evidence. As discussed above, substantial evidence

supports the jury’s finding that the alienated premises exclusion did not exclude

liability after the sale, the time when the majority of property damage took place.

This argument is unpersuasive.

       Finally, we reject NSC’s claim that “[a] new trial is required because the

district court refused to instruct the jury on two applicable exclusions.”        We

observe the parties and the court worked together to reach the forty-two jury
                                           25


instructions submitted to the jury at the close of the three-week trial. Generally, a

challenge to jury instructions is waived if not raised before closing arguments are

made to the jury.     See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.924 (stating that objections to jury

instructions must be made and ruled on before arguments to the jury and that

“[n]o other . . . objections shall be asserted thereafter, or considered on appeal”);

Olson, 728 N.W.2d at 848 (same).

       At the jury instructions conference, following the parties’ submission of

proposed instructions, NSC made general objections to the instructions

“inconsistent or different from the instructions [it] filed with the Court.” NSC’s

objections were not sufficiently specific to avoid waiver of the error. See Iowa R.

Civ. P. 1.924 (providing the objecting party must “specify [ ] the matter objected

to and on what grounds”); Olson, 728 N.W.2d at 849 (“The objection must be

sufficiently specific to alert the trial court to the basis of the complaint so that if

error does exist the court may correct it before placing the case in the hands of

the jury.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). In its ruling on NSC’s

post-trial motions, the district court stated:

              The court rejects NSC’s arguments concerning the verdict
       form. Westlake’s resistance accurately sets forth the manner in
       which the instructions were prepared in this complex case. The
       verdict form was crafted and agreed upon by counsel for both
       parties. NSC did not object to the verdict form before it was read to
       the jury, and waived any such objection.

We affirm the court’s ruling on this issue.

IV.    Prejudgment Interest

       On cross-appeal, Westlake contends it should be awarded additional

prejudgment interest. The district court awarded prejudgment interest at 2.12%
                                          26


commencing October 27, 2011, the date Westlake filed its counterclaim.

According to Westlake, “Iowa law entitles Westlake to additional prejudgment

interest, accruing at 5% from September 27, 2011, the date of the settlement in

the Underlying Action.”

        “Generally, interest runs from the time money becomes due and payable

and, in the case of unliquidated claims, from the date they become liquidated.

Unliquidated damages normally become liquidated on the date of the judgment.”

Hughes v. Burlington N. R. Co., 545 N.W.2d 318, 321 (Iowa 1996) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted).        Here, as Westlake’s damages were

unliquidated at the time of the consent judgment, prejudgment interest on its

counterclaim runs from the date Westlake filed its counterclaims. See Iowa Code

§ 668.13(1) (2013); see also Baumler v. Hemesath, 534 N.W.2d 650,             656

(Iowa 1995) (noting pre-judgment interest under section 535.3 runs from the filing

date of the pleading which contains the claim on which a judgment was entered).

Because Westlake’s counterclaim against NSC was filed on October 27, 2011,

Westlake is only entitled to pre-judgment interest on its counterclaim from that

date.

        Where there is no evidence of an agreement between the parties as to

amount of prejudgment interest, we look to the applicable statutory interest

provisions.   See Hughes, 545 N.W.2d at 321.          Iowa Code section 535.3(1)

provides, in relevant part: “Interest shall be allowed on all money due on

judgments and decrees of courts at a rate calculated according to section 668.13

. . . .” Section 668.13 provides, in relevant part:
                                        27


             Interest shall be allowed on all money due on judgments and
      decrees on actions brought pursuant to this chapter, subject to the
      following:
             ....
             2. If the interest rate is fixed by a contract on which the
      judgment or decree is rendered, the interest allowed shall be at the
      rate expressed in the contract, not exceeding the maximum rate
      permitted under section 535.2.

Iowa Code section 535.2 (1)(a) provides, in relevant part: “[T]he rate of interest

shall be five cents on the hundred by the year in the following cases, unless the

parties shall agree in writing for the payment of interest at a rate not exceeding

the rate permitted by subsection 3: . . . Money due by express contract.” See id.

Insurance policies, such as the NSC policy at issue in this case, are a type of

express contract. See, e.g., First Am. State Bank v. Cont’l Ins. Co., 897 F.2d

319, 328 (8th Cir. 1990) (analyzing insurance contract under Iowa law,

concluding five-percent rate under section 353.2(1)(a) applied).

      Accordingly, the district court erred in declining to use the default interest

rate of five percent to the judgment entered here, accruing from October 27,

2011. We reverse the district court’s award of prejudgment interest and remand

for entry of supplemental judgment in accordance with this opinion.

V.    Conclusion

      On NSC’s appeal, we affirm the district court’s interpretation of the term

“occurrence” in the policy and the jury’s verdict following trial. On Westlake’s

cross-appeal, we reverse the district court’s award of prejudgment interest and

remand for entry of supplemental judgment in accordance with this opinion.
                                  28


    Costs on appeal and cross-appeal are assessed to NSC.

    AFFIRMED ON APPEAL; REVERSED AND REMANDED ON CROSS-

APPEAL.
