                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH


                              NO. 2-09-458-CV


THE CITY OF FORT WORTH, AND                                       APPELLANTS
THE CITY OF FORT WORTH
FIREFIGHTERS’ AND POLICE
OFFICERS’ CIVIL SERVICE
COMMISSION
                                       V.

SAMUEL DAVIDSAVER                                                    APPELLEE

                                   ------------

        FROM THE 153RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                   ------------

                                  OPINION

                                   ------------

                              I. INTRODUCTION

      Appellants City of Fort W orth and City of Fort Worth Firefighters’ and

Police Officers’ Civil Service Commission bring this interlocutory appeal

challenging the trial court’s order denying their plea to the jurisdiction. In a

single issue, appellants argue that appellee Samuel Davidsaver’s claims
stemming from the scoring of his police officer promotional exam may be raised

only by the Fort Worth Police Officers Association and that he lacks standing

to pursue these claims individually in district court. Because we agree that

Officer Davidsaver does not have standing to sue appellants, we reverse the

trial court’s order and dismiss Officer Davidsaver’s claims against appellants for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

                               II. BACKGROUND

      Officer Davidsaver, a sergeant with the Fort Worth Police Department, sat

for the department’s promotional exam for the rank of lieutenant on September

22, 2009. According to Officer Davidsaver, the notice of the exam published

by the City of Fort Worth Firefighters’ and Police Officers’ Civil Service

Commission (the “Commission”) stated that bonus points for seniority would

be added to each candidate’s exam score pursuant to the guidelines of the local

government code. However, when the final test scores were posted, his bonus

points were calculated instead according to the procedures contained in the

Meet and Confer Agreement between the City of Fort Worth and the Fort Worth

Police Officers Association (the “Agreement”), not the local government code.

Officer Davidsaver contends that as a result, he ranked lower on the list of

promotion candidates than he would have ranked had the local government

code’s bonus points system been applied.

                                        2
      Believing that his final test score had been detrimentally affected by the

change in bonus score calculation procedures, Officer Davidsaver and his

attorney sent a letter to the Fort Worth Police Officers Association (the

“Association”) on October 19, 2009, asserting that seniority bonus points

should have been allocated to him under the local government code instead of

the Agreement. The Association forwarded Officer Davidsaver’s complaint to

its Dispute Resolution Committee, which informed him that it would meet to

review his complaint on November 11, 2009.

      Before this meeting could take place, Officer Davidsaver sued the City,

the Commission, and the Association, requesting a judgment declaring that the

provisions of the local government code, and not the Agreement, applied to his

promotional exam. Officer Davidsaver also requested a temporary restraining

order and an injunction preventing the defendants from applying the

Agreement’s provisions to the exam results and from promoting any candidates

on the basis of exam scores calculated under the Agreement’s provisions. The

City and the Commission filed a plea to the jurisdiction challenging Officer

Davidsaver’s standing to sue on November 5, 2009. The Association’s Dispute

Resolution Committee held its meeting on November 11, 2009, and it sent

Officer Davidsaver’s counsel a letter the next day informing him that it had

voted against taking any further action on Officer Davidsaver’s complaint. The

                                       3
trial court denied the City and the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction in a

written order dated December 7, 2009.1 The City and the Commission now

appeal.2

                   III. LAW AND APPLICATION TO FACTS

      A.    Local Government Code and Collective Bargaining Agreements

      Chapter 143 of the local government code governs municipal civil service

for firefighters and police officers in Texas.    Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann.

§§ 143.001–.363 (Vernon 2008 & Supp. 2009). Its purpose is “to secure

efficient fire and police departments composed of capable personnel who are

free from political influence and who have permanent employment tenure as

public servants.” Id. § 143.001(a). A fundamental principle of civil service is

that appointments must be made according to merit and fitness. Klinger v. City

of San Angelo, 902 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ denied).

One critical aspect of civil service protection is the right to seek promotion by

way of competitive examinations. Lee v. City of Houston, 807 S.W.2d 290,

295 (Tex. 1991). Chapter 143 provides a system for classification of police



      1
       … That same day, the trial court also issued written orders denying
Officer Davidsaver’s applications for a temporary restraining order and a
temporary injunction.
      2
        … The Association did not join appellants in filing their plea to the
jurisdiction and is not a party to this appeal.

                                       4
officers through the administration of promotional examinations. See Tex. Loc.

Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 143.021–.038.

      Chapter 143 also allows a municipality the size of Fort Worth to exercise

local control over terms and conditions of police officer employment. See id.

§§ 143.301–.313.3 This local control, however, extends only to those terms

and conditions on which the city and an association that is recognized as the

sole and exclusive bargaining agent for all police officers in the municipality

agree. See id. § 143.303(a). On November 16, 2006, the Fort Worth City

Council adopted a proposition authorizing the City to recognize an employee

association as a sole and exclusive bargaining agent for the municipal police

officers and authorizing the City to make agreements with the employee

association as provided by state law.4 Finally, on January 30, 2007, the city


      3
        … This subchapter of Chapter 143, Subchapter I, applies to
municipalities with a population of 460,000 or more that operate under a city
manager form of government. The parties do not dispute that Fort Worth
qualifies. See U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, Profiles of
General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 Census of Population and Housing:
T e x a s         7 1 3       ( 2 0 0 1 ) ,        a v a i l a b l e       a t
http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/dp1/2kh48.pdf (reporting Fort Worth’s
total population as 534,694); Fort Worth, Tex., Code Part I, ch. 5, § 1 (1986)
(requiring the city council to appoint a city manager, who shall be the chief
administrative and executive officer of the city).
      4
       … As required by the local government code, the resolution adopting this
proposition was preceded by an election at which all qualified voters of Fort
Worth could vote on the proposition. The city council canvassed the results of
the election and found that the proposition had passed by a majority of the

                                      5
council passed a resolution recognizing the Association as the sole and

exclusive bargaining agent for all Fort Worth police officers.          See id.

§ 143.304(a).5

      B.    The Meet and Confer Agreement

      Thereafter, on November 11, 2008, the Association and the City signed

the Meet and Confer Agreement.        Article 15 of the Agreement addresses

promotions in officer classification, and section 4 of that article specifically

addresses additional points added to promotional exam test scores for the ranks

of lieutenant and captain according to the level of the candidate’s education

and to the candidate’s number of years in rank—one point for each complete

year that the officer has served in the current classification. Section 143.033

of the local government code, however, adds one point for each year of

seniority as a classified police officer in the department without regard to



votes cast. See id. § 143.3015.
      5
       … Section 143.304 provides that the public employer may recognize an
association that submits a petition signed by a majority of the paid police
officers in the municipality, excluding the head and assistant department heads
of the department, as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent for all of the
covered police officers unless recognition of the association is withdrawn by a
majority of the covered police officers. See id. This resolution recited that the
Association had presented a petition, validly signed by a majority of the paid
police officers, requesting the Association to be recognized as the sole and
exclusive bargaining agent on behalf of all Fort Worth police officers. Fort
Worth, Tex., Res. 3451-01-2007 (Jan. 30, 2007).

                                       6
number of years in each rank, and it does not add points for educational

degrees. See id. § 143.033(b). Officer Davidsaver argued in his letter to the

Association and in his lawsuit that under the terms of Article 15, the

Agreement’s point system was not yet in effect at the time he took the exam

on September 22, 2009; therefore, the point system of the local government

code should have been applied to his exam score.6

      C.    Standing to Sue Under the Agreement

      In a single issue, appellants contend that the trial court has no jurisdiction

over Officer Davidsaver’s suit because only the Association has the right to

assert claims against appellants that arise under the Agreement. They argue

that because Officer Davidsaver is not a party to the Agreement, he has no

standing to complain of a breach of the Agreement or to demand enforcement



      6
       … Article 15, section 3B states,
      Effective upon the expiration or earlier exhaustion of any
      promotional eligibility list for sergeant, Lieutenant[,] or Captain in
      existence on October 1, 2009, an Officer will not be eligible to take
      a promotional eligibility examination for promotion to sergeant,
      Lieutenant[,] or Captain unless the Officer has served in the
      Department in the next lower classification . . . for at least three (3)
      years immediately before the date the promotional eligibility
      examination is held.
Officer Davidsaver’s position below was that the September 2009 exam
promotional eligibility list had not expired or been exhausted before October 1,
2009, so the Agreement should be interpreted to read that the September 2009
exams would be scored according to the local government code, not the
Agreement.

                                         7
of its provisions.    Appellants assert that the trial court failed to recognize

Officer Davidsaver’s lack of standing to challenge actions taken under the

Agreement and therefore erred by denying their plea to the jurisdiction.




            1.       Standard of Review

      A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s authority to determine

the subject matter of the action. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d

636, 638 (Tex. 1999). Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction and

whether a pleader has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial

court’s subject matter jurisdiction are questions of law that we review de novo.

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004);

Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex.

2002).    The determination of whether a trial court has subject matter

jurisdiction begins with the pleadings.       Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226.       The

plaintiff has the burden to plead facts affirmatively showing that the trial court

has jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,

446 (Tex. 1993); Univ. of N. Tex. v. Harvey, 124 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). We construe the pleadings liberally in

favor of the pleader, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual

allegations in the pleadings. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226, 228; City of

                                          8
Fort Worth v. Crockett, 142 S.W.3d 550, 552 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004,

pet. denied).

      If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts,

we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to

resolve the jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to do. See

Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex. 2000) (confining the

evidentiary review to evidence that is relevant to the jurisdictional issue). We

take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every

reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 228.       If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the

jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction,

and the fact question will be resolved by the fact finder. Id. at 227–28; Bland,

34 S.W.3d at 555. If the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact

question on the jurisdictional issue, however, the trial court rules on the plea to

the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28; Bland, 34

S.W.3d at 555.

             2.    Interpreting the Intent of the Agreement

      Officer Davidsaver argues that the trial court did not err by denying

appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction because the Agreement itself contemplates




                                         9
that police officers have standing under the Agreement. He points to Article 19

of the Agreement, titled “Complete Agreement,” which reads as follows:

             Section 1. The Parties agree that each has had the full and
      unrestricted right and opportunity to make, advance, and discuss
      all matters properly within the province of bargaining for a Meet
      and Confer agreement. This Agreement constitutes the full and
      complete Agreement of the Parties and there are no others, oral or
      written, except as herein contained. No alteration, amendment or
      variation of this Agreement’s terms shall bind the Parties unless
      made, executed and voted on by the Parties as required by
      Subchapter I of chapter 143 of the TLGC. A failure of the City or
      Officer[7 ] to insist in any one or more instances upon performance
      of any terms or condition of this Agreement shall not be considered
      as a waiver or relinquishment of the right of the City or the
      Association to future performance of any such term or condition,
      and the obligations of the City and the Association to such future
      performance shall continue in full force and effect. [Emphasis
      supplied.]

Officer Davidsaver contends that the plain meaning of this provision gives police

officers the authority to insist upon the performance of the Agreement, so

police officers must have standing to sue under the Agreement.

      Our primary concern when interpreting a contract is to ascertain and give

effect to the parties’ intent. Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580, 606 (Tex.

2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 952 (2009).        We therefore focus on the




      7
      … The Agreement defines an “Officer” as a sworn police officer
employed in the City of Fort Worth Police Department who is covered by the
Agreement pursuant to Subchapter I of Chapter 143 of the local government
code. See Section III.A., supra.

                                       10
language used in the contract because that is the best indication of the parties’

intent. See id. We examine the entire contract in an effort to harmonize and

effectuate all of its provisions so that none are rendered meaningless. Seagull

Energy E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy, Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. 2006).

Therefore, we do not give controlling effect to any single provision; instead, we

read all of the provisions in light of the entire agreement. See id.

      The Agreement itself is clear: the definition of “Parties” refers only to the

City and the Association, not to police officers.8 The Agreement’s preamble

states that the Agreement is entered into by the City and the Association and

that the Agreement’s “intent and purpose” is “to achieve and maintain

harmonious relations between the Parties and discuss issues of mutual

concern.” The Agreement also provides a specific dispute resolution procedure

“to provide a just and equitable method for resolving disagreements between

the Parties regarding the interpretation of the provisions of this Agreement.”

Article 8 of the Agreement, which details this dispute resolution procedure,

provides that the first step of the procedure is set in motion by a police officer’s

submitting a written dispute related to the interpretation of the Agreement to

the Association.    The Dispute Resolution Committee then meets to decide



      8
      … The Agreement specifies that “‘Party’ or ‘Parties’ means the City of
Fort Worth and the Fort Worth Police Officers’ Association.”

                                        11
whether such a dispute actually exists; if the committee decides that the

dispute does exist, then the Association prepares a formal written grievance

and proceeds to step two of the dispute resolution procedure.9

      Examining the Agreement as a whole, as we must, we hold that the

parties to the Agreement did not intend to give nonparty, individual police

officers standing to sue under the Agreement. The dispute resolution procedure

for resolving disagreements regarding the Agreement’s interpretation addresses

disagreements between the Parties—that is, the Association and the City—and

not disagreements between individual police officers and the City. The fact

that Article 19 contemplates that a police officer may fail to insist upon the

Agreement’s performance does not automatically lead to a conclusion that the

parties must have intended police officers to have standing.           Rather, the

mention of “Officer” in Article 19 is merely a recognition that dispute resolution

proceedings under Article 8 can be instituted by an individual police officer’s

written dispute, but even if no written dispute is submitted by a police officer,



      9
       … In step two, the Association delivers its written grievance to the chief
of police; in step three, the Association delivers it to the civil service director,
who then forwards it to the city manager. If the dispute remains unresolved,
the next step is binding arbitration.       See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann.
§ 143.306(b) (stating that an agreement between a public employer and an
association “may establish a procedure by which the parties agree to resolve
disputes related to a right, duty, or obligation provided by the agreement,
including binding arbitration on interpretation of the agreement”).

                                        12
that lack of submission does not operate to waive any Party’s right to insist

upon performance.       Therefore, reading Article 19 in light of the entire

agreement and not giving controlling effect to any single provision, we conclude

that the Agreement does not give standing to individual police officers. See

Seagull Energy, 207 S.W.3d at 345; see also City of Houston v. Williams, 290

S.W.3d 260, 270–71 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. granted)

(holding that individual fire fighters did not have standing to sue for alleged

breaches of an agreement between the fire fighters’ association and the city).

            3.     Interpreting the Intent of the Local Government Code

      Officer Davidsaver also argues that the local government code gives him

standing to sue because, regardless of the Agreement’s dispute resolution

procedures, Subchapter I vests the district court with jurisdiction over his

dispute as follows:

      The district court of the judicial district in which the municipality is
      located has full authority and jurisdiction on the application of
      either party aggrieved by an act or omission of the other party
      related to a right, duty, or obligation provided by a written
      agreement . . . . The court may issue proper restraining orders,
      temporary and permanent injunctions, or any other writ, order, or
      process, including a contempt order, that is appropriate to enforce
      the agreement.

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 143.306(c). But the very next section, titled

“Agreement Supersedes Conflicting Provisions,” prioritizes the terms of a



                                        13
written agreement between a public employer and an association over the terms

of the statute:

            (a) An agreement under this subchapter supersedes a
      previous statute concerning wages, salaries, rates of pay, hours of
      work, or other terms and conditions of employment to the extent
      of any conflict with the statute.

            (b) An agreement under this subchapter preempts any
      contrary statute, executive order, local ordinance, or rule adopted
      by the state or a political subdivision or agent of the state,
      including a personnel board, a civil service commission, or a
      home-rule municipality.

             (c) An agreement under this subchapter may not diminish or
      qualify any right, benefit, or privilege of an employee under this
      chapter or other law unless approved by a majority vote by secret
      ballot of the members of the association recognized as a sole and
      exclusive bargaining agent.

Id. § 143.307. Officer Davidsaver acknowledges section 143.307 but asserts

that the legislature could not have intended to construct a statute so that one

section may overrule the immediately preceding section.

      In construing statutes, we ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s

intent as expressed by the statute’s language. City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246

S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. 2008). When the text is clear, it is determinative of

that intent, Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex.

2009) (op. on reh’g), and we give meaning to the language consistent with

other provisions in the statute, Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley,



                                      14
146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex. 2004). Our practice when construing a statute is

to recognize that the words that the legislature chooses should be the surest

guide to legislative intent. Entergy, 282 S.W.3d at 437. We thus construe the

text according to its plain and common meaning unless a contrary intention is

apparent from the context or unless such a construction leads to absurd results.

Hughes, 246 S.W.3d at 625–26.           We also presume that the legislature

intended a just and reasonable result by enacting the statute. Id. at 626 (citing

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(3) (Vernon 2005)).

      We disagree with Officer Davidsaver’s contention that section 143.306

authorizes suit in district court regardless of the Agreement’s terms to the

contrary.   The text of section 143.307 plainly gives the City and the

Association the authority to modify statutory terms and conditions of

employment by agreement. Under this section, a validly executed agreement

supersedes any conflicting statutory provisions and preempts any contrary

statute. Further, the statute expressly states that “[a] municipality may not be

denied local control over . . . terms and conditions of employment, or other

personnel issues on which the public employer and an association that is

recognized as the sole and exclusive bargaining agent for all fire fighters or

police officers in the municipality agree.”      Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 143.303(a) (emphasis added). If the City and the Association cannot agree

                                       15
on how to modify a particular term or condition of employment, then that term

or condition remains governed by applicable statutes, local ordinances, and civil

service rules. See id.

      In other words, the clear text of these two sections shows that the

legislature’s intent was to enact a statute that established default terms and

conditions of police officer employment but also granted local governments and

police officer associations the power to modify those terms by mutual

agreement. It is not an absurd result to recognize the legislature’s intent to

allow a city to exercise some local control over police officer employment and

to allow police officers, through an association serving as their sole and

exclusive bargaining agent, to have some input in the process. 10 We therefore

conclude that while section 143.306 states that the district court has “full

authority and jurisdiction” over a suit on the Agreement, it does not operate to

grant the trial court jurisdiction over Officer Davidsaver’s cause of action in this




      10
        … Indeed, proponents of the law pointed out that giving cities local
control through negotiated agreements “could help both city management and
city employees by establishing principles or guidelines that would not have to
be revisited annually or with changing administrations and, in doing so, could
help stabilize the budget process and other city deliberations.” House Research
Org., Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 863, 74th Leg., R.S. (1995). Furthermore,
“collective bargaining is a legitimate form of negotiation[,] and associations can
represent important employee and public priority viewpoints that may be
overlooked even by the most conscientious city manager.” Id.

                                        16
case because the plain language of section 143.307 clearly allows the

Agreement’s arbitration provision to preempt the statute’s authorization of suit

in district court. See id. §§ 143.306–.307.

      Similarly, we reject Officer Davidsaver’s argument that the district court

has jurisdiction in this case because the local government code does not convey

jurisdiction over his dispute to the Dispute Resolution Committee.       Officer

Davidsaver is correct that the local government code does not specifically

designate the Dispute Resolution Committee as the entity with primary or

exclusive jurisdiction over his dispute; rather, it is Article 8 of the Agreement

that gives the Dispute Resolution Committee the power to evaluate a police

officer’s complaint and decide whether the Association should escalate the

dispute to the next step in the dispute resolution procedure. But the Agreement

receives its authorization to establish this dispute resolution procedure as an

alternative to lawsuits in district court from the local government code itself.

See id. Accordingly, we conclude that the local government code does not give

Officer Davidson standing to bring this dispute in district court.

      D.    Standing to Sue Because of the Association’s Alleged Breach of
            Duty of Fair Representation

      Even if Officer Davidsaver has failed to show that either the Agreement

or the local government code established his standing to sue, he may still



                                       17
survive a plea to the jurisdiction if he prevails on his argument that the

Association, as his bargaining agent, breached its duty of fair representation in

its handling of his grievance. See McNair v. U.S. Postal Serv., 768 F.2d 730,

735 (5th Cir. 1985) (stating that if a union has breached its duty of fair

representation, an employee’s right to seek redress in court is not foreclosed

by the results of the grievance process). A union retains considerable discretion

in processing the grievances of its members, but it must represent all

employees fairly in its enforcement of a collective bargaining agreement. Landry

v. Cooper/T. Smith Stevedoring Co., 880 F.2d 846, 852 (5th Cir. 1989). A

breach of this duty of fair representation occurs only when the union’s conduct

toward an individual member “is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Vaca

v.   Sipes,   386   U.S.   171,   190,   87   S.   Ct.   903,   916   (1967). 11



       11
        … The parties apparently assume that federal law applies to Officer
Davidsaver’s argument. State law causes of action for violation of a collective
bargaining agreement are displaced by section 301 of the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947. 29 U.S.C.A. § 185(a) (West 1998); Metro. Transit
Auth. v. Burks, 79 S.W.3d 254, 256–57 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2002, no pet.). Further, a labor organization’s duty of fair representation is a
statutory one imposed by the National Labor Relations Act. 29 U.S.C.A.
§§ 151–69 (West 1998); Vaca, 386 U.S. at 177, 87 S. Ct. at 910. However,
the City is specifically exempted from both these acts, so it is questionable
whether this statutory duty extends to the Association. See 29 U.S.C.A.
§§ 142(3), 152(2) (both excluding “any State or political subdivision thereof”
from the statutes’ definition of “employer”), 152(5) (defining a labor
organization as one that deals with “employers”).
      Regardless, we agree with the concept that a union’s duty of fair

                                         18
      Because a union has discretion in handling its individual members’

complaints, an employee has no absolute right to have his grievance taken to

arbitration or to any other level of the grievance process. Landry, 880 F.2d at

852. An employee does, however, have the right to expect that his employer

will not “arbitrarily ignore a meritorious grievance or process it in perfunctory

fashion.” Vaca, 386 U.S. at 191, 87 S. Ct. at 917. Thus, the duty of fair

representation imposes an obligation on a union to investigate a grievance in

good faith and to prosecute a grievance with reasonable diligence unless it

decides in good faith that the grievance lacks merit or for some other reason

should not be pursued. Landry, 880 F.2d at 852. The critical question in

determining whether a union has breached its duty of fair representation is

whether its conduct was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith, so that it




representation “arises by implication as a necessary corollary to the right of
exclusive representation.” Bowman v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 744 F.2d 1207,
1212 (6th Cir. 1984) (holding that a federal corporation employees’ union has
a federal common law duty of fair representation identical to that of a union
whose members all work for a private employer), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084
(1985). Accordingly, we may look to the well-developed body of federal labor
law for guidance in connection with Officer Davidsaver’s allegations of breach
of the Association’s duty of fair representation. See Flores v. Metro. Transit
Auth., 964 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.)
(applying the federal statute of limitations to a claim against a public employer,
even though the public employer was exempt from federal labor acts, because
the claim involved interpretation of a labor agreement and strongly resembled
a federal unfair labor practices charge).

                                       19
undermined the fairness or integrity of the grievance process. Id. (citing Hines

v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 424 U.S. 554, 567, 96 S. Ct. 1048, 1058

(1976)).

      Accordingly, to survive appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction, Officer

Davidsaver was required to plead facts affirmatively showing that the

Association’s handling of his grievance was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad

faith. Officer Davidsaver does not allege that the Association or its Dispute

Resolution Committee was hostile toward him or that he was treated unfairly

during the dispute resolution proceedings.    Instead, he points solely to the

Association’s refusal to file his dispute as a formal grievance as evidence

establishing a breach of its duty of fair representation, claiming that the

Association “failed to represent the interests of Davidsaver in any way” and

“refused to become involved in the grievance process” for him by declining to

escalate his complaint.

      The decision whether to escalate Officer Davidsaver’s complaint,

however, was within the Association’s discretion. See Landry, 880 F.2d at

852. Furthermore, the only evidence in the record of the manner in which the

Association handled Officer Davidsaver’s complaint shows that it properly

followed the Agreement’s dispute resolution procedure.       It notified Officer

Davidsaver of the date and time that the Dispute Resolution Committee would

                                      20
meet to review his dispute; it encouraged him to appear at the meeting and

present his dispute in person to the committee; it allowed him to be represented

by his counsel at the meeting; it considered his statement as well as exhibits

presented by his counsel; it provided all committee members with copies of his

original written dispute, the exhibits, and the Agreement; and then, after

reviewing the information and deliberating, it took a vote on the issue of

whether to prepare a formal written grievance for the police chief. In light of

these undisputed facts, the Association’s decision not to file a formal written

grievance, standing alone, is insufficient to establish that its conduct was

arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith. Accordingly, we conclude that the

evidence fails to raise a fact question on the issue of breach of the

Association’s duty of fair representation and hold that Officer Davidsaver has

failed to establish standing under this theory as well.12    See Miranda, 133

S.W.3d at 227–28; Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555.




      12
         … Appellants also assert that the trial court had no jurisdiction over
Officer Davidsaver’s claims because he had not exhausted the Agreement’s
dispute resolution process before filing suit. Because we have determined that
the trial court had no jurisdiction because Officer Davidsaver lacked standing
to sue, we need not reach this argument. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

                                      21
                              IV. CONCLUSION

      Because the pleadings and the undisputed evidence show that Officer

Davidsaver does not have standing to sue under either the Agreement or the

applicable statutes as a matter of law, we sustain appellants’ issue and hold

that the trial court erred by denying their plea to the jurisdiction. We reverse

the trial court’s order denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction and dismiss

Officer Davidsaver’s claims against appellants.




                                           BOB MCCOY
                                           JUSTICE

PANEL: WALKER and MCCOY, JJ.; and WILLIAM BRIGHAM (Senior Justice,
Retired, Sitting by Assignment).

DELIVERED: July 29, 2010




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