United States Court of Appeals
          For the Eighth Circuit
      ___________________________

              No. 19-3163
      ___________________________

           United States of America

      lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                         v.

            Jalen Randall McSmith

    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
       ___________________________

              No. 19-3461
      ___________________________

           United States of America

      lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                         v.

          Michael Anthony Teagues

    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                    ____________

  Appeals from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                ____________
                              Submitted: April 14, 2020
                                Filed: July 31, 2020
                                   ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, BENTON and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       The district court1 sentenced Jalen Randall McSmith and Michael Anthony
Teagues to 41 and 90 months in prison, respectively. McSmith challenges the
quantity of drugs attributed to him, his classification as a manager/supervisor, and his
criminal history category. Both appellants attack the substantive reasonableness of
their sentences. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

       In 2018, McSmith and Teagues began distributing heroin and
methamphetamine in central Iowa. In 2019, a 19-count indictment charged eight
defendants, including McSmith and Teagues, with crimes ranging from heroin and
ecstacy distribution to firearm violations. Both appellants pled guilty to conspiracy
to distribute heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and 846.
Teagues also pled to possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). Both appeal.

                                          I.

       McSmith contends the district court miscalculated the drug quantity under
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. This court reviews de novo the interpretation and application of
the sentencing guidelines. See United States v. Mohr, 772 F.3d 1143, 1145 (8th Cir.


      1
       The Honorable John A. Jarvey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Southern District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
2014). A district court’s conclusion about drug quantity is factual, reviewed for clear
error. See United States v. Madison, 863 F.3d 1001, 1005 (8th Cir. 2017). This court
reverses only “when the entire record definitely and firmly illustrates that the lower
court made a mistake.” United States v. Marshall, 411 F.3d 891, 894 (8th Cir. 2005).
McSmith claims the district court wrongly attributed to him three drug quantities:

      ! 15.51 grams of heroin distributed by co-defendant, Devonte Demario
Colbert. McSmith acknowledges he drove Colbert to a restaurant on December 11,
2018. At the restaurant, Colbert exited the car and sold 15.51 grams of heroin to an
undercover agent. McSmith argues the fact that he “drove Colbert to a place where
a heroin distribution occurred between an undercover agent and Colbert, fails to
possess a sufficient indicia of reliability to support attributing that drug amount to
McSmith.”

       This argument has no merit. McSmith and Colbert were part of a drug
distribution conspiracy. Less than a month before December 11, McSmith twice
delivered heroin or directed others to deliver heroin for Colbert to the undercover
agent, and Colbert sold drugs out of McSmith’s car. “[A] member of a drug
conspiracy is responsible for all reasonably foreseeable actions of a conspiracy unless
he withdraws from the conspiracy.” United States v. Yellow Horse, 774 F.3d 493,
497 (8th Cir. 2014). The district court did not clearly err in attributing the 15.51
grams of heroin to McSmith because the deal was reasonably foreseeable to him and
in furtherance of the conspiracy. See id. See also United States v. King, 898 F.3d
797, 809 (8th Cir. 2018) (“For purposes of calculating drug quantity in a drug
conspiracy case, the district court may consider amounts from drug transactions in
which the defendant was not directly involved if those dealings were part of the same
course of conduct or scheme.” (cleaned up)).

      ! 3.47 grams of heroin distributed by co-defendants, Brittney Taylor Coon
and Claudia Kay Harlan. In his plea agreement, McSmith admitted that he directed

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Coon and Harlan to distribute 3.47 grams of heroin to an undercover agent on
December 3. This was confirmed by text messages. The district court did not clearly
err in attributing the 3.47 grams of heroin to McSmith.

      ! 20.75 grams of ecstacy pills containing meth found in Coon and Harlan’s
apartment. McSmith asserts the 20.75 grams of meth found in Coon and Harlan’s
apartment “could not be reasonably foreseeable to McSmith as the controlled
substance which was the basis of this conspiracy was heroin not methamphetamine”
and there is “no sufficient indicia of reliability” to attribute the meth to him.

       The evidence supports the attribution. Text messages and testimony from
Coon and Harlan show that McSmith directed them to sell purported ecstasy for him,
which later tested positive for meth. The pills found in Coon and Harlan’s apartment
were similar in constitution to pills found in Colbert and Teague’s apartment. Based
on the text messages, testimony, and the similarity of the pills to others sold as part
of the conspiracy, the district court did not clearly err in attributing the 20.75 grams
of ecstacy to McSmith. See United States v. Walker, 688 F.3d 416, 421 (8th Cir.
2012) (holding that the “district court’s factual determinations will stand unless the
decision is unsupported by substantial evidence” (cleaned up)).

      The district court properly calculated the drug quantity under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1.

                                          II.

      McSmith argues the district court incorrectly applied a three-level aggravating
role adjustment for his position as a manager/supervisor in the drug-trafficking
conspiracy. A court may increase a defendant’s offense level based on the
defendant’s role in the conspiracy: (1) organizer or leader of crimes involving five or
more participants—4 levels; (2) manager or supervisor, but not organizer or
leader—3 levels; (3) all other organizers, leaders, managers, or supervisors—2 levels.

                                          -4-
See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1. This court reviews the application of the enhancement de
novo. See United States v. Mitchell, 825 F.3d 422, 425 (8th Cir. 2016) (per curiam).

       “Organizer” and “leader” are defined broadly, “manager” and “supervisor”
quite liberally. See United States v. Lopez, 431 F.3d 313, 317-18 (8th Cir. 2005).
“The key factors in determining management or supervisory authority are control over
other participants and organization of the criminal activity.” United States v. Pena,
67 F.3d 153, 156-57 (8th Cir. 1995). To qualify for a manager or supervisor
enhancement, a defendant “need only have managed or supervised one other
participant in the criminal conspiracy.” United States v. Zimmer, 299 F.3d 710, 724
(8th Cir. 2002).

       The evidence supports the three-level manager/supervisor enhancement based
on McSmith’s control over at least two co-defendants in the conspiracy. The
presentence investigation report (PSR) details about 20 times McSmith directed co-
defendants to distribute heroin and ecstacy. This was confirmed at sentencing by text
messages, call logs, police surveillance, undercover agent reports, and co-defendant
testimony that the co-defendant should take no action without speaking to McSmith
first. The district court rightly applied a three-level aggravating role adjustment for
McSmith’s role as a manager or supervisor.

                                         III.

       McSmith contends the district court should not have assessed (1) one criminal
history point for a 2019 sentence, and (2) two criminal history points for committing
a crime while under court supervision. This court reviews “prior sentence” and
“under court supervision” determinations for clear error, “remembering that such a
determination is fact-intensive and well within the district court’s sentencing
expertise and greater familiarity with the factual record.” United States v.
Hernandez, 712 F.3d 407, 409 (8th Cir. 2013).

                                         -5-
       In 2019, seven months before his sentence in this case, McSmith was sentenced
for possession of marijuana and related charges. McSmith asserts that this conviction
does “not qualify as a ‘prior sentence’ under USSG Section 4A1.1” because the
conviction occurred after the relevant conduct in this case. But the term “prior
sentence” means “a sentence imposed prior to sentencing on the instant offense, other
than a sentence for conduct that is part of the instant offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2,
cmt. (n.1). The 2019 sentence for the marijuana conviction—imposed before the
sentence in this case—undoubtedly was a prior sentence, justifying the one criminal
history point.

       McSmith also asserts that “his probation” following his 2015 aggravated
robbery conviction “was terminated and discharged well in advance of September 17,
2018 [the beginning of the conspiracy].” This assertion is not supported by the
evidence. The PSR notes that McSmith was unsatisfactorily discharged from
probation on February 13, 2019, well after the beginning of the conspiracy in this
case. The district court heard testimony on this issue from an investigator who had
spoken with McSmith’s probation officer. The court also reviewed text messages
showing McSmith’s knowledge that he was on probation in December 2018. The
district court correctly found that McSmith was under court supervision at the time
of the offense in this case, justifying two criminal history points.

                                         IV.

       Both appellants challenge the substantive reasonableness of their sentences.
This court reviews for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Fitzpatrick, 943 F.3d
838, 840 (8th Cir. 2019), citing United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th
Cir. 2009) (en banc). A district court abuses its discretion when it: (1) “fails to
consider a relevant factor that should have received significant weight;” (2) “gives
significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor;” or (3) “considers only the


                                         -6-
appropriate factors but in weighing them commits a clear error of judgment.” United
States v. Williams, 624 F.3d 889, 896-97 (8th Cir. 2010).

                                         A.

       McSmith believes his background justifies a variance from the sentencing
guidelines. Imposing a bottom-of-the-guidelines sentence, the district court detailed
its considerations, including the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, severity of the crime,
his background, the desire to avoid over-punishment, and the necessity of avoiding
sentencing disparities in similar cases. McSmith’s disagreement with how the district
court weighed the factors does not demonstrate abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Borromeo, 657 F.3d 754, 757 (8th Cir. 2011) (“The district court has wide
latitude to weigh the § 3553(a) factors in each case and assign some factors greater
weight than others in determining an appropriate sentence.”).

                                         B.

       Teagues argues the court failed to consider relevant § 3553(a) factors—his
history and characteristics and the disparity between his sentence and the sentences
of his co-defendants—in imposing a bottom-of-the-guidelines 90-month sentence.
See 18 U.S. C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(6). He emphasizes his youth and the nexus between
his drug addiction and criminal history. He says his drug addiction drove him to
impulsively commit crimes, a mitigating factor in sentencing. He concludes that the
district court failed to consider and give proper weight to these personal
characteristics despite their significant impact on his decisions.

      The sentencing transcript disproves Teagues’s argument. The sentencing range
was 30-37 months for the conspiracy, and a mandatory minimum of a consecutive 60
months for possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime.
Teagues requested a one-month sentence for the conspiracy, for a total of 61 months

                                         -7-
in prison. Contrary to Teagues’s assertions, the court considered the § 3553(a)
factors, his age, upbringing, seriousness of the offenses, and potential mitigating
factors, including his drug addiction. The district court focused on his multiple
serious felony convictions as a young adult, and possession of a loaded firearm while
trafficking drugs—which the district court emphasized distinguished his case from
his co-defendants. Teagues’s disagreement with how the district court weighed the
factors does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion. See Borromeo, 657 F.3d at 757.

                                    *******

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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