
281 S.E.2d 16 (1981)
STATE of North Carolina, On Relation of John Randolph INGRAM, Commissioner of Insurance of North Carolina, Plaintiff,
v.
RESERVE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant, and
North Carolina Insurance Guaranty Association, Third-Party Plaintiff, and
Philip R. O'Connor, as Director of Insurance of the State of Illinois and as Domiciliary Receiver of Reserve Insurance Company, Third-Party Defendant, and
Robert P. Binkley, Benjamin T. Simmons, Jr., Wallace Graham Getchell, and Arnold England, Individually and as Representative of the Policyholders of Reserve Insurance Company Who Are Citizens or Residents of North Carolina or Who Hold Policies Issued Upon Property in North Carolina, and Carolina Insurance Service, Inc., Third-Party Plaintiffs.
No. 113.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
August 17, 1981.
*18 Rufus L. Edmisten, Atty. Gen. by Richard L. Griffin, Asst. Atty. Gen., for State of North Carolina ex rel. Commissioner of Insurance, plaintiff-appellant.
Craige, Brawley, Liipfert & Ross by Cowles Liipfert, C. Thomas Ross and Terrie A. Davis, Winston-Salem, for Carolina Ins. *19 Service, Inc., Robert P. Binkley, Benjamin T. Simmons, Jr., Wallace Graham Getchell and Arnold England and the North Carolina policyholders of Reserve Ins. Co., third-party plaintiffs-appellants.
Allen, Steed & Allen, P. A. by Arch T. Allen, III, and Ann Hogue Pappas, Raleigh, for North Carolina Ins. Guaranty Association, third-party plaintiff-appellee.
HUSKINS, Justice:
This case involves construction of G.S. 58-155.60, the "Quick Access" statute, and whether it applies retroactively to divest the lien of North Carolina policyholders of Reserve, whose policies were issued before the statute was enacted into law, in certain securities deposited by Reserve to cover claims in the event of its default. We conclude the statute can be applied constitutionally to the present case.
Before we explain the effect of G.S. 58-155.60 in the present case, some background information is relevant to show how our regulated insurance industry operates when a foreign insuring company defaults on its obligations in this State.
Three separate articles of Chapter 58 of the General Statutes apply to the present case: Article 20  Deposits by Insurance Companies, originally enacted in 1909; Article 17A  Mergers, Rehabilitation and Liquidation of Insurance Companies, which contains the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act, originally enacted in 1947; and Article 17B  the Insurance Guaranty Association Act, originally enacted in 1971. The older articles were neither repealed nor superseded by the later articles. All the provisions have one basic purpose: to better protect North Carolina claimants and policyholders. The interrelationship of the provisions is readily apparent on the facts of this case: The security deposit of Reserve was made and held pursuant to Article 20; the ancillary receivership of the Commissioner was established pursuant to Article 17A and the Guaranty Association is paying claims and liabilities pursuant to Article 17B.
Beginning in 1909, the State required certain insurance companies to make deposits with the Commissioner of Insurance. G.S. 58-182. Foreign casualty companies such as Reserve have been required to make deposits since 1945. G.S. 58-182.1. Such deposits are a prerequisite for a license to do business in this State. G.S. 58-188. The deposits are in an amount specified by statute, G.S. 58-182, -182.1, -182.2, and are not made in currency but in bonds of the United States, North Carolina or cities and counties of this State. G.S. 58-182.3. The deposits are to be delivered by the Commissioner to the Treasurer of the State for safekeeping to "be held exclusively and solely for the protection of contract holders." G.S. 58-182.6; see also G.S. 58-188.1. The depositing insurance company is entitled to the interest from the securities "until the company fails to pay any liability arising upon any" covered policy, "and thereafter the interest, so long as the liability exists shall be payable to the Commissioner of Insurance, to be applied, if necessary, to the payment of such liability." G.S. 58-183.
The deposit statutes also require a power of attorney to the Commissioner "authorizing the sale or transfer of said securities or any part thereof for the purpose of paying any of the liabilities provided for in this Article." G.S. 58-182.5. "If the company fails to pay any of its liabilities on its contracts ..., the Commissioner of Insurance shall, upon application of the party to whom the debt or money is due, ... proceed to sell at public auction such an amount of securities as, with the interest in his hands, will pay the sum due and expenses of sale, and out of the proceeds of sale pay said sums and expenses ...." G.S. 58-184. G.S. 58-185 creates a lien in the deposit for policyholders and a procedure[2] for disposition of the funds on deposit in the event of insolvency of an insurer as follows:
*20 Upon the securities deposited with the Commissioner of Insurance by any such insurance company, the holders of all contracts of the company who are citizens or residents of this State at such time, or who hold policies issued upon property in the State, shall have a lien for the amounts due them respectively, under or in consequence of such contracts for losses, equitable values, return premiums, or otherwise, and shall be entitled to be paid ratably out of the proceeds of said securities, if such proceeds be not sufficient to pay all of said contract holders. When any company depositing securities as aforesaid becomes insolvent or bankrupt or makes an assignment for the benefit of its creditors, any holder of such contract may begin an action in the Superior Court of the County of Wake to enforce the lien for the benefit of all the holders of such contracts. The Commissioner of Insurance shall be a party to the suit, and the funds shall be distributed by the court, but no cost of such action shall be adjudged against the Commissioner of Insurance.
See also G.S. 58-188.1. Deposits pursuant to Article 20 constitute a trust for the benefit of North Carolina policyholders and are not assets of the insolvent insurance company. Continental Bank & Trust Co. v. Gold, 140 F.Supp. 252 (E.D.N.C.1956); 2 Couch on Insurance §§ 22:94, 22:96, 22:111 (2d Ed. 1959); 19 Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 11094 (1979 Supp.); see also Guaranty Association v. Assurance Co., 48 N.C.App. 508, 269 S.E.2d 688, cert. den., 301 N.C. 527, 273 S.E.2d 453 (1980), cert. granted, ___ U.S. ___, 101 S.Ct. 2312, 68 L.Ed.2d 838 (1981). Such deposits supplement the general corporate law which does little to protect claimants and policyholders of insolvent insurers. Reserve made deposits pursuant to Article 20 having a face value of $185,000. The policyholders are entitled to the lien provided for in G.S. 58-185.
The deposits required by Article 20 and the general corporate law did not go far enough to protect North Carolina policyholders and claimants. To further this desired protection, the legislature adopted in 1947 as part of Article 17A the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act. See 25 N.C.L. Rev. 429 (1947). It provides the mechanism for liquidation of Reserve. Illinois has also adopted the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act. Ill.Rev.Stat. Ch. 73 §§ 833.1 to 833.13. A domiciliary receiver was appointed in Illinois. Under the Act, the Commissioner is appointed ancillary receiver in this State. G.S. 58-155.9(b); G.S. 58-155.12(a).
Both the North Carolina and Illinois versions of the Uniform Act make specific reference to "special deposits" and recognize the right of an ancillary receiver to liquidate claims against these deposits. G.S. 58-155.10(11), -155.12(b) and -155.15(c); Ill.Rev.Stat. Ch. 73 §§ 833.1(8), 833.6 and 833.8. A "special deposit claim" is defined as "any claim secured by a deposit made pursuant to statute for the security or benefit of a limited class or classes or persons...." G.S. 58-155.10(11). The funds in question in this case are such deposits. Such deposits are expressly excluded from general assets. G.S. 58-155.10(5). The ancillary receiver "shall, as soon as practicable, liquidate from their respective securities those special deposit claims ... which are proved and allowed in this State...." G.S. 58-155.12(b). "The owners of special deposit claims against an insurer for which a receiver is appointed in this or any other state shall be given priority against their several special deposits in accordance with the provisions of the statutes governing the creation and maintenance of such deposits." G.S. 58-155.15(c). Thus, whatever Article 20, i.e., G.S. 58-185, says about priorities, controls. Article 17A merely provides supplemental procedures to expedite the liquidation process and specifies the date on which all rights are fixed:
The rights and liabilities of the insurer and of its creditors, policyholders ... and all other persons interested in its estate shall, unless otherwise directed by the court, be fixed as of the date on which the order directing the liquidation of the insurer is filed in the office of the clerk of the court which made the order, subject *21 to the provisions of G.S. 58-155.29 with respect to the rights of claimants holding contingent claims.
G.S. 58-155.25 (emphasis added).
In 1971, the legislature effected additional protection for North Carolina policyholders by enacting Article 17B, creating an organization, the Insurance Guaranty Association, which would promptly ascertain claims against an insolvent insurer and pay each covered claim of $100 to $300,000 which arises within thirty days of a determination of insolvency. G.S. 58-155.48(a)(1). The purpose of the association "is to provide a mechanism for the payment of covered claims under certain insurance policies, to avoid excessive delay in payment, and to avoid financial loss to claimants or policyholders because of the insolvency of an insurer...." G.S. 58-155.42. At least forty-five states have enacted versions of a Model Post-Assessment Guaranty Association Act. See Hank, Post-Assessment Guaranty Funds: Are They the Ultimate Solution to the Insolvency Problem? 1976 Insurance Law Journal 482. It serves as an adjunct to normal liquidation proceedings. See Cooper Claims Service v. Arizona Insurance Guaranty Ass'n., 22 Ariz.App. 156, 158, 524 P.2d 1329, 1331 (1974). The Guaranty Association is a non-profit unincorporated legal entity which covers all property and casualty insurance business transacted in North Carolina. G.S. 58-155.46. All insurance companies licensed to transact business in North Carolina and not exempted by G.S. 58-155.43 must become members of the Association. G.S. 58-155.46. The Association acts as insurer. G.S. 58-155.48(a)(2).
To pay covered claims, the Guaranty Association assesses its members based upon the percentage of business transacted in North Carolina. G.S. 58-155.48(a)(3). The Association has the power to borrow funds to pay covered claims. G.S. 58-155.48(b)(2). Once the Association pays a claim, any person receiving payment "shall be deemed to have assigned his rights under the policy to the Association to the extent of his recovery from the Association." G.S. 58-155.51(a). The Act also provides that "[t]he expenses of the Association ... shall be accorded the same priority as the liquidator's expenses." G.S. 58-155.51(b).
This is a basic outline of the law as it existed in May 1979 when Reserve was adjudicated insolvent and G.S. 58-155.60 was enacted by the legislature. The parties refer to this statute as the "Quick Access" statute, and it is captioned "use of deposits made by insolvent insurer." It reads in pertinent part as follows:
Notwithstanding any other provision of Chapter 58 of the General Statutes pertaining to the use of deposits made by insurance companies for the protection of policyholders, the Commissioner shall deliver to the Association, and the Association is hereby authorized to expend, any deposit or deposits previously or hereinafter made, whether or not required by statute, by an insolvent insurer to the extent those deposits are needed by the Association first to pay the covered claims in excess of one hundred dollars ($100.00) as required by this Article and then to the extent those deposits are needed to pay all expenses of the Association relating to the insurer.
....
The Association shall account to the Commissioner and the insolvent insurer for all deposits received from the Commissioner hereunder, and shall repay to the Commissioner a portion of the deposits received which shall be equal to an amount computed by adding the lesser of the amount of the covered claim or one hundred dollars ($100.00) for each covered claim. Said repayment shall in no way prejudice the rights of the Association with regard to the portion of the deposit repaid to the Commissioner. After all of the deposits of the insolvent insurer have been expended by the Association for the purposes set out in this section, the member insurers shall be assessed as provided by this Article to pay any remaining liabilities of the Association arising under this Article.
The statute was ratified a week before Reserve was adjudged insolvent. The legislature *22 specified that the Act would become effective upon ratification. 1979 N.C.Sess. Laws c. 628, § 2. The Guaranty Association sought access to the special deposits pursuant to this statute and was opposed by both the Commissioner and policyholders of Reserve.
No one contends the Quick Access statute fails to pass constitutional muster except in its application to the facts of this case. The policyholders contend that application of the statute's provisions to the Reserve insolvency will result in a retroactive divestment of the liens of North Carolina policyholders which were effective before the statute was ratified. The Commissioner contends that although the Guaranty Association has the right to use the deposits pursuant to the Quick Access statute, the Association is required to repay him the full amount of the deposit.
The Guaranty Association contends the Quick Access statute is a procedural and remedial statute intended to expedite payment of claims against the insolvent insurer by using the special deposit to pay those claims directly rather than later reimbursing the Guaranty Association for the claims. Thus, it does not divest policyholders of any rights in the deposits but merely provides an expedited procedure for obtaining those deposits. The Association also contends the Commissioner is not entitled to a full repayment of deposits.
The Quick Access statute applies "[n]otwithstanding any other provision of Chapter 58 of the General Statutes pertaining to the use of deposits made by insurance companies for the protection of policyholders...." The statute thus controls should there be any conflict in pre-existing provisions. The statute goes on to provide that "the Commissioner shall deliver to the Association" and "the Association is hereby authorized to expend ..." the deposit. The statute expressly mandates the delivery to and use of the deposit by the Guaranty Association. The statute applies "to any deposit or deposits previously or hereinafter made...." This coupled with the legislative mandate that the statute apply on ratification is a clear expression that the legislature intended the statute to apply to the present case. The policyholders make four arguments that this retroactive application of the statute creates new classes and priorities of claims against deposits.
The policyholders argue that as the Association pays claims and expenses from the deposit, the "lien would dwindle and possibly disappear." This is not so. The lien of the policyholders remains as long as needed. The Association has subrogation rights to the liens. G.S. 58-155.51(a). Thus, as the Association pays claims, it continuously acquires the liens. Once the Guaranty Association has paid claims between $100 and $300,000, and has returned deposit funds covering claims less than $100, all liens in the deposit pursuant to G.S. 58-185 are extinguished or have been acquired by the Association. The policyholders still have a lien until satisfied by the Association or the Commissioner. The lien rights of policyholders transfer with the deposit proceeds when they pass from the Commissioner to the Association. See Surety Corp. v. Sharpe, 236 N.C. 35, 72 S.E.2d 109 (1952).
The policyholders next argue the statute eliminates interest on the deposits that would otherwise be earned and applied to payment of liabilities pursuant to G.S. 58-183. The only policyholders who can complain on this point are those with claims under $100. All other claims are promptly paid by the Association. The loss in interest is de minimis, particularly in light of the Association's quicker payment of claims in amounts greater than the deposits.
The policyholders contend that G.S. 58-155.48(a)(1) creates an entirely separate class of claims not covered by G.S. 58-185. The Association is required by G.S. 58-155.48(a)(1) to pay claims on policies terminated by the insolvency of an insurer arising within a thirty-day period after the adjudication of insolvency and before an insured has replaced the policy. On the other hand, G.S. 58-155.25 fixes the rights and liabilities of the parties as of the day of insolvency unless otherwise specified by the court. Along the same lines, the policyholders contend *23 the "$100-over $300,000-under" exclusion conflicts with the pro rata distribution requirement of G.S. 58-185, thus extending coverage at the expense of their liens. This is not so. Neither the thirty-day extension nor the amount of the exclusion expands the liens. The liens of policyholders remain the same and remain limited pro rata "for the amounts due them." G.S. 58-185.
Finally, the policyholders argue that the Association can consume the deposit funds for Association expenses and thereby dilute their fixed rights. Such is not the case. The statute does authorize the use of deposits after claims of over $100 are paid "to the extent those deposits are needed to pay all expenses of the Association relating to the insurer." G.S. 58-155.60. However, this is only a temporary use. All deposits must be applied to claims and liabilities except for a minor amount related to the Commissioner's expenses in selling the bonds. G.S. 58-184. The only rights the Association has against the deposits are the subrogation rights under G.S. 58-155.51(a). The Association does not have a right to debit deposits for its expenses unless all deposit liens are satisfied and there is a surplus of deposit proceeds.
The expenses of the Association are accorded "the same priority as the liquidator's expenses." G.S. 58-155.51(b). However, that priority extends only to general assets. Special deposits are not general assets. Thus, the mechanism of this statute does nothing to dilute any rights of policyholders.
The Commissioner contends the Association is required to repay all of the deposit to the Commissioner. His authority for this contention is the statute's provisions that "the Association shall account to the Commissioner and the insolvent insurer for all deposits received from the Commissioner hereunder." The Commissioner would have us construe the word "account" to mean "pay over" to the receiver the entire special deposit of $185,000. The Commissioner also cites G.S. 58-155.51(c), which requires the Association to file statements with the liquidator or receiver to "preserve the rights of the Association against the assets of the insolvent insurer," as authority for his position that the Association has only temporary use of the deposits. We reject the Commissioner's argument insofar as it would require absurd repayments of funds the Association has paid to policyholders. The Association must account to the Commissioner on how it uses and applies all the funds. When all is said and done, it must establish that every cent of the money was applied to claims or was returned to the Commissioner. The Association can use the funds at the outset to cover its operating expenses. However, the Association has no permanent right in these funds for operating expenses unless all claims are paid and deposit funds remain. Thus, the only repayment to the Commissioner is for the claims under $100 which the Association is not authorized to pay. After all claims are paid, deposit funds can be used by the Association and not refunded to the Commissioner since he would then have no claimants to reimburse.
In summary, the Court of Appeals was correct in its interpretation of G.S. 58-155.60 as not affecting the lien rights of policyholders under G.S. 58-185. The Association has the initial right to use deposit funds to cover operating expenses incident to the insolvent. However, all deposit funds must be paid to claimants pro rata as provided by G.S. 58-185. If all claimants are satisfied either directly by the Association or by the Commissioner (if the claim is under $100) and deposit funds remain, then and only then are such funds to be permanently credited to the Association for its expenses. These deposit funds which are provided to the Association as "seed money" must bear fruit for the policyholders and claimants for whom they were placed in trust.
For the reasons stated, the decision of the Court of Appeals is
MODIFIED AND AFFIRMED.
NOTES
[2]  This procedure for disposition was altered by the adoption of the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act in 1947 in that the ancillary receiver of a foreign insurer is to liquidate "special deposit claims." G.S. 58-155.12(b).
