                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_______________________________________
                                           )
IAN PHILLIP JAMES,                         )
                                           )
               Plaintiff,                  )
                                           )
        v.                                 ) Civil Action No. 07-2107 (RBW)
                                           )
INTERNATIONAL PAINTERS AND                 )
ALLIED TRADES INDUSTRY PENSION             )
PLAN, and                                  )
GARY J. MEYERS, Administrator              )
International Painters and Allied Trades   )
Industry Pension Plan,                    )
                                           )
               Defendants.                 )
_______________________________________)

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Ian Phillip James, the plaintiff in this civil case, is seeking “compensatory damages for

past benefits that have been improperly denied to him,” Third Amended Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶

23, and a “declaratory judgment as to the amount of retirement benefits, both past and future, to

which he is entitled to under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §

1001-1461 (2000) (the “ERISA”), id. ¶ 25. Additionally, the plaintiff alleges that defendants

International Painters and Allied Trades Industry Pension Plan and its administrator, Gary J.

Meyers, violated 29 U.S.C. § 1140 by retaliating against one of the plaintiff’s prospective

witnesses, id. ¶ 28-29, and “fail[ing] to supply . . . requested records, explanation and

information,” id. ¶ 42, and that the defendants breach the contract that governs the retirement

benefits that are disputed in this case, id. ¶ 44. Currently before the Court are the parties’ cross-

motions for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. After carefully

considering the Complaint, the parties’ summary judgment motions, and all memoranda of law
and exhibits submitted with these filings,1 the Court concludes for the reasons below that it must

(1) deny the plaintiff’s and defendants’ motion for summary judgment in part and without

prejudice, and remand the case to the defendants for further consideration of the plaintiff’s

application for benefits, (2) deny the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment in part and with

prejudice; and (3) grant the defendants’ motion for summary judgment in part.2

                                              I. BACKGROUND

         The plaintiff was a member of the Glaziers Local 963 union (the “Union”) beginning

from at least August 1, 1962. See Defs.’ Mem. at 4 (acknowledging that the plaintiff’s “initial

union initiation date [was] August 1, 1962”); Pl.’s Opp’n at 4-5 (claiming that he was “a member

of the [U]nion covered by the collective bargaining agreement” since 1959). While he was a

member of the Union, the plaintiff was employed by employers who contributed to the Glaziers

Local 963 Pension Plan (the “Local 963 Plan”). Defs.’ Stmt. of Facts ¶ 1. From its inception,

the Local 963 Plan was a trust and pension plan as defined under 29 U.S.C. 186(c)(5). Id. ¶ 2.

The Local 963 Plan eventually merged into the International Painters and Allied Trades Industry




1
  In addition to the plaintiff’s Complaint, his motion for summary judgment (“Pl.’s Mot.”), and defendants’ motion
for summary judgment (“Defs.’ Mot.”), the Court considered the following documents in reaching its decision: (1)
the defendants’ Answer to Third Amended Complaint (“Defs.’ Answer”); (2) the Plaintiff’s Opposition to
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); (3) the defendants’ Memorandum of Points and
Authorities in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Opp’n”); (4) the Defendants’
Statement of Genuine Issues in Response to Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts as to Which There is No Genuine
Issue (“Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Stmt. of Facts”); (5) the Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s
Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Reply”); (6) the defendants’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
Support of Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Mem.”); (7) the defendants’ Statement of Material
Facts as to Which There is No Genuine Issue in Support of Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’
Stmt. of Facts”); (8) the Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); and
(9) the defendants’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion
for Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Reply”).
2
 The plaintiff has also moved for attorney’s fees pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1) and 29 U.S.C. § 1140. Compl.
¶ 46. The Court finds it premature to address the plaintiff’s claim for attorneys’ fees at this time, as the Court has
yet to resolve all of the claims in this action.

                                                          2
Pension Plan on January 1, 1998. Id. ¶ 4. The Merged Plan preserved all vested benefits under

the Local 963 Plan. Id. ¶ 6.

       To claim a vested interest in a deferred pension under the Local 963 Plan, a beneficiary

must have accrued ten years of service credit. Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (Glaziers Local 963 Pension

Fund Plan Description and Text of Plan, Effective April 1, 1971 (the “1971 Plan”)) § 3.1; Defs.’

Mem., Ex. 40 (Glaziers Local 963 Pension Plan Summary Plan Description and Text of Plan, As

Amended Effective January 1, 1993 (the “1993 Plan”) § 3.1. If, prior to vesting, a person

worked fewer than 160 hours for two consecutive calendar years, all prior service credit accrued

is “lost.” Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (1971 Plan) § 2.3; see id., Ex. 40 (1993 Plan) § 4.3. Service

credit is divided into either past service credit, which is credit awarded for any employment with

a contributing employer prior to October 1, 1965, and future service credit, which is credit

awarded for any employment with a contributing employer after October 1, 1965. Id., Ex. 13

(1971 Plan) §§ 2.1-2.2; id., Ex. 40 (1993 Plan) § 4.1.

       The plaintiff, believing that he had accumulated “14.54 years of covered employment,”

thereby making him “a vested member of the Glaziers Local 963 union,” Compl. ¶ 5. submitted

an application for retirement benefits to the defendants on February of 2005, id. ¶ 7. The

defendants denied the plaintiff’s application on March 29, 2005, id. ¶ 8; Defs.’ Answer ¶ 8,

claiming that “the records received from the Local 963 Plan did not show [that the plaintiff was]

a vested participant,” Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 1. The plaintiff then attempted to

bolster his application by providing the defendants with “authorization to obtain [his] Social

Security Earnings Record on April 25, 2005.” See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3 (May 5, 2005 Letter from

Gary J. Meyers to Ian P. James). The defendants, however, contended that far from evidencing



                                                 3
the “claimed 14.54 years of service[,] . . . [his] claims conflict with information from [the

successor to the Local Union 963 Plan] and his union membership card.” Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s

Stmt. of Facts ¶ 3. Thus, the defendants again denied the plaintiff’s appeal on August 23, 2005.

Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 25 (August 23, 2005 Letter from Gary J. Meyers to Ian P. James) at 1.

       After this second denial, the defendants “discover[ed] a Local 963 Plan record from

1973, and according to this record, [the plaintiff] had accumulated 3.3 years of past service credit

before October 1, 1965[,] and 6.2 years of future service credit . . . for work with contributing

employers.” Defs.’ Mem. at 4. The plaintiff received a letter on June 27, 2007, informing him

of this information and the Board’s conclusion that he was entitled to a pension of $409.68 in

monthly benefits.     Compl. ¶ 13.      Upon the plaintiff’s request, the defendants provided a

“breakdown” of their calculations for his pension entitlement on August 16, 2007. Defs.’ Mem.,

Ex. 38 (August 16, 2007 Letter from Gary Meyers to Neil Intrater) at 1.               Notably, the

defendants’ calculations of the plaintiff’s benefits was manifestly erroneous; specifically, the

defendants determined that the plaintiff was entitled to $54.00 per month based on 3.3 years of

past service credit at the rate of $1.50 per year, and $355.68 per month based on 6.2 years of

future service credit at the rate of $4.94 per year. Id.

       The plaintiff remained steadfast in his belief that he had “accrued several years of service

credits [that] the Defendants [were] not honoring,” id. ¶ 14, and that he was “entitle[d] to more

than the $409.68 per month awarded by the [d]efendants,” id. ¶ 15. Specifically, the plaintiff

believed that he was entitled to credit for work performed between some unspecified date in

1959 and August 1, 1962 while “work[ing] for an employer covered by the [U]nion contract,”

and that he should have received additional credits for service that he purportedly performed in



                                                   4
1969, 1979, and 1980. Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 4 (March 3, 2008 Letter from Gary Meyers to Neil

Intrater (the “March 3, 2008 Letter”) at 2. Thus, on August 20, 2007, the plaintiff appealed the

defendants’ June 27, 2007 determination. Id., Ex. 39 (August 20, 2007 Letter from Neil Intrater

to Defendants) at 1. The defendants acknowledged receipt of the plaintiff’s appeal and indicated

that a decision would be issued after a meeting of the Merged Plan’s trustees in February or

March of 2008. Id.

        On November 20, 2007, while his appeal was pending, the plaintiff filed the instant

action. Pl.’s Mem. at 4. On March 3, 2008, the defendants denied the plaintiff’s appeal. Defs.’

Mem., Ex. 4 (March 3, 2008 Letter) at 1. The defendants reiterated that a 1973 Local 963 Plan

service record listed the plaintiff with having only 9.5 years of service, id., and that he did “not

produce[] any reliable evidence of additional service beyond the 1973 [service record],” id. at 2.

With regards to his claim of service between 1959 and 1962, the defendants concluded that while

the plaintiff’s Social Security report “show[ed] work before 1962 with Local 963 employers, it

[did] not show that this work was under a Local 963 Collective Bargaining Agreement,” and that

it was “unlikely that the [plaintiff] worked continuously in the Local 963 bargaining unit in

Maryland from 1959 to 1962 without union membership.” Id. at 3. The defendants further noted

that for the disputed credits in 1979 and 1980, “[t]here is no record of contributory work in this

period beyond union membership from December 5, 1979 to April 2, 1980.” Id. In regards to

the disputed credit for 1969, the defendants “estimate[d the] credit [the plaintiff was entitled to]

for 1966 to 1969 by [computing] the ratio of earnings for years 1967, 1968, and 1969 from

contributing employers to the high earnings from contributing employers on the [plaintiff’s

Social Security] report in 1966.”     Id.   The defendants claimed that this calculation, when



                                                 5
considered along with the 1973 printout, confirmed that the plaintiff was only entitled to 6.3

future service credits for the time period between 1966 and 1973. Id. As for the claimed service

credits in 1965, the defendants explained that “Section 4.1(a) of the [1993 Plan] gives past

service credit for any plan year that began before [October 1, 1965],” where the employee

“work[ed] under a Local 963 Collective Bargaining Agreement.” Id. at 2. Because the term

“plan year” was not defined in the 1993 Plan, the defendants inferred from the 1973 printout

record that the term was to be defined as a “calendar year.” Id. The defendants, however, did

not provide a detailed breakdown of how it concluded that the plaintiff was entitled to 3.3 years

of past service credit, except to say that any credits earned in “early 1965,” were “drop[ped]”

from the calculation, and the plaintiff instead received “part[-]year credit” in 1965 for work

performed “from October 1, 1965 to December 31, 1965.” Id.

       While the plaintiff continued to dispute the defendants’ attribution to him of only 9.5

years of service, he ultimately decided that “due to the lack of documentation from the

[d]efendants,” as well as his “concern[s] about retaliation[,]” he would “discontinue the

litigation.” Compl. ¶ 16. Therefore, “[o]n June 7, 2008, the [p]laintiff executed . . . acceptance

forms for the $409.68 pension.” Id. ¶ 17. However, “by a letter dated June 19, 2008, [the

defendants] rejected the acceptance of benefits from [the plaintiff] and [allegedly] retaliated

against [him] by ambiguously either retracting completely or reducing the amount of benefits

offered to him from $409.68 to $46.93 per month.” Pl.’s Mot. at 5. According to the letter, the

defendants did not alter the prior amount of service time as to either past or future service credits

previously awarded to the plaintiff, but they did make two substantive modifications: first, the

defendants revised the amount that the plaintiff should receive for past service credit from $1.50



                                                 6
to $4.94, and second, they addressed the mathematical error contained in the August 16, 2007

letter and adjusted the total benefit based on a correct computation of the plaintiff’s service credit

totals multiplied by the monthly award rates. Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 8 (June 19, 2008 Letter from Gary

J. Meyers to Ian P. James) at 2.

       Throughout this process, the plaintiff asserts that he “has repeatedly requested a clear

explanation of the [d]efendants’ calculations, copies of all relevant pension plans[,] and a copy of

the [p]laintiff’s complete records,” Compl. ¶ 9, but he asserts that he “has never received a clear

explanation” of these calculations or relevant Plan documents, id. ¶ 10. Despite the plaintiff’s

assertions, the defendants maintain that “[a]ll available responsive documents were provided to

[the p]laintiff,” Meyers Decl. ¶ 8, and that after “considerable time and effort” the defendants

were unable to locate certain information because of “problems arising from old and missing

records,” id. ¶ 7. The defendants assert that since the plaintiff’s Local 963 Plan was a separate

entity until 1998, it was not the “responsibility of the [defendants], nor was it possible [for them],

to maintain Local 963 Plan records.” Id. ¶ 4.

       To further complicate this matter, the plaintiff revealed during discovery that he intended

to call Harold Schwartz as a witness in his case. Compl. ¶ 19. The plaintiff claimed that “[Mr.]

Schwartz, who worked roughly the same years as the [p]laintiff, had been awarded a monthly

pension of $602.00 in March of 2002.” Id. ¶ 20. However, the plaintiff states that “[i]n

retaliation against [Mr.] Schwartz for his potential testimony in this case[,] the [d]efendants

terminated his benefits by letter dated June 19, 2008.” Id. ¶ 21. In their defense, the defendants

assert that “[t]he action taken with respect to Mr. Schwartz was not in retaliation for being

named as a witness,” but rather because a review of the evidence “showed that [he] was



                                                  7
erroneously awarded benefits based on the work history [of] his deceased son, Harold Schwartz,

Jr.” Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Stmt. of Facts ¶ 8. They also note that “Mr. Schwartz has filed an

appeal of the termination of his benefits and the [defendants are] obtaining his employment and

other records to consider his appeal.” Id. ¶ 10.

        In reaction to the defendants’ actions, the plaintiff amended his complaint on July 21,

2008, to add an additional request for “relief and damages . . . pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132,”

Compl. ¶ 33, for “retaliat[ing] against the [p]laintiff for filing the . . . lawsuit,” id. ¶ 28, and also

for “retaliating against . . . [Mr.] Schwartz,” id. ¶ 29. In addition, the plaintiff reiterated his

claims for (1) monetary compensation for past benefits that have been denied, id. ¶ 23; (2) a

“declaratory judgment as to the amount of retirement benefits . . . to which he is entitled,” id. ¶

25; (3) “injunctive relief directing . . . [the plan administrator,] Gary J. Meyers, . . . to pay the

[p]laintiff the benefits to which [he] is entitled,” id. ¶ 36; (4) statutory damages pursuant to 29

U.S.C. § 1132(c)(1)(B) for “fail[ing] to provide the [p]laintiff[] [with his] union employment

records or relevant documentation,” id. ¶ 39; (5) common law breach of contract, id.; and (6)

attorney’s fees, id. ¶ 46. The plaintiff then moved for summary judgment on November 1, 2008,

while the defendants submitted their motion for summary judgment on November 5, 2008.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Before granting a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 56, this Court must find that “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on

file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A material fact is one

that “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,



                                                   8
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, “the court must

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and it may not make credibility

determinations or weigh the evidence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S.

133, 150 (2000). The moving party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine

issue of material fact, and that the non-moving party “fail[ed] to make a showing sufficient to

establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will

bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

       In responding to a summary judgment motion, the non-moving party “must do more than

simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec.

Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Accordingly, the non-moving

party must not rely on “mere allegations or denials . . . but . . . must set forth specific facts

showing that there [are] genuine issue[s] for trial.”      Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (internal

quotation and citation omitted) (second omission in original). Thus, “[i]f the evidence is merely

colorable . . . or is not significantly probative . . . summary judgment [may be] granted.” Id. at

249-50 (internal citations omitted).

                                       III. LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The parties present for the Court’s consideration several issues in their cross-motions for

summary judgment, namely: (1) whether the plaintiff is entitled to a pension and, if so, how

much money per month is he entitled to receive; (2) whether the defendants have a duty to

maintain the plaintiff’s employment and union records and, if so, whether penalties should be

levied against the defendants for their failure to supply that information to the plaintiff pursuant

to 29 U.S.C. § 1059; (3) whether the defendants violated 29 U.S.C. §§ 1024, 1025, and



                                                 9
1132(c)(1), by failing to provide the plaintiff with copies “of the relevant plans and regulations”

regarding the Local 963 Plans; (4) whether the defendants impermissibly retaliated against both

the plaintiff and his witness, Mr. Schwartz, in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 1140; and (5) whether the

defendants breached the pension agreement at issue in this case. For the reasons explained in

detail below, the Court concludes that the issue of whether the plaintiff is entitled to a vested

pension is not yet ripe for adjudication in this forum because there is reason for the Court to

believe that the defendants did not apply the correct version of the Local 963 Plan to calculate

the plaintiff’s service credits, and that application of a different set of provisions could

potentially yield a different result.    Additionally, because the defendants’ determination

regarding the plaintiff’s pension is a material factor in determining whether they violated any

duty to provide information regarding the pertinent Local 963 Plans pursuant to 29 U.S.C. §

1132(c)(1), the Court will also defer consideration of this claim. But, as a matter of law, the

Court can conclude from the record currently before it that (1) the defendants have no duty under

the law to maintain the plaintiff’s employment and union records under 29 U.S.C. § 1059; (2) the

plaintiff has failed to show that the defendants impermissibly retaliated against him in violation

of 29 U.S.C. § 1140; (3) the plaintiff lacks standing to raise a retaliation claim as to Mr.

Schwartz; and (4) that his breach of contract claim has been pre-empted by Sections 1144(a) and

1132(a)(1)(B) of the ERISA. The Court will analyze each issue in turn.

A.         The Plaintiff’s Claim for Benefits Under the Local 963 Plan

       As an initial matter, the Court must first decide the appropriate standard for conducting

its review of the defendants’ decision to deny the plaintiff’s claim for pension benefits. In

Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101 (1989), the Supreme Court determined that



                                                10
“a denial of benefits challenged under [29 U.S.C.] § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de

novo standard unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority

to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Id. at 115. In cases

where the administrator or fiduciary has been given discretionary authority, the standard of

review to be applied by a court has been “variously described by the [Supreme] Court as

‘arbitrary and capricious’ or ‘abuse of discretion,’” but regardless of how it is phrased, the

standard to be applied “is plainly deferential.” Wagener v. SBC Pension Benefit Plan-Non-

Bargained Program, 407 F.3d 395, 402 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citing Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111-15).

And the District of Columbia Circuit “has defined the Firestone deferential standard as one of

‘reasonableness.’” Id. (quoting Block v. Pitney Bowes, Inc., 952 F.2d 1450, 1454 (D.C. Cir.

1992)). However, “if a benefit plan gives discretion to an administrator or fiduciary who is

operating under a conflict of interest, that conflict must be weighed as a ‘facto[r] in determining

whether there is an abuse of discretion.’” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 187,

cmt. d (1959)).

       In reviewing a benefit plan to determine the appropriate standard of review in any given

case, “Firestone . . . did not suggest that ‘discretionary authority’ hinges on incantation of the

word ‘discretion’ or any other ‘magic word.’” Block, 952 F.2d at 1453 (quoting Firestone, 489

U.S. at 115). “Rather, the Supreme Court directed lower courts to focus on the breadth of the

administrators’ power—their ‘authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe terms

of the plan.’” Block, 952 F.2d at 1453 (quoting Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115). Thus, the court

should look for the presence of “[e]mpowering language.” Id. at 1453; see Becker v. Weinberg

Group, Inc. Pension Trust, 473 F. Supp. 2d 48, 61 (D.D.C. 2007).



                                                11
       Here, the plaintiff asserts that the Local 963 Plan contains “[n]o explicit discretionary

authority,” Pl.’s Mem. at 6, and therefore the Court must evaluate the defendants’ eligibility

determination de novo, id. at 5. The defendants, on the other hand, point to Section 4.5 of the

1971 Local 963 Plan as grounds for why discretionary review should be employed; this provision

states that “[i]n the application and interpretation of this Pension Plan, the decisions of the Board

of Trustees shall be final and binding on all parties, including Employees, Employers, Union,

Pensions, and Beneficiaries.” Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (1971 Rules) at 26; see also id., Ex. 40

(Glaziers Local 963 Plan) at 34 (“The Trustees shall be the sole judges of the standard of proof

required in any case.”). Moreover, they note the Merger Agreement between the Local 963 Plan

and the Trustees of the International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Union and

Industry Pension Fund provides that all “rights and duties in relation to the [Local 963 Plan] shall

be assumed by the [International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Union and Industry

Pension Fund].” Id., Ex. 42 (Merger Agreement) § 5.03; see also id. § 8.01 (“All questions of

interpretation of this [Merger] Agreement shall be resolved by the International Trustees

consistent with their fiduciary responsibilities.”). Finally, the defendants point out that under the

International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Union and Industry Pension Fund, the

Plan’s trustees “have full discretion and authority to determine all questions of fact or law arising

in the administration, interpretation, and application of the Plan.” Id., Ex. 41 (International

Painters and Allied Trades Industry Pension Plan (“International Painters Plan”) § 2.03.

       The language quoted above clearly grants discretionary authority under the teachings of

both Firestone and Block. Indeed, in Block the District of Columbia Circuit favorably cited a

number of decisions that construed language similar to that quoted above where those courts



                                                 12
concluded that the administrator’s decision should be reviewed only for reasonableness. See

Block, 473 F.2d at 1453; see also De Nobel v. Vitro Corp., 885 F.2d 1180, 1186-87 (4th Cir.

1989) (finding that power “[t]o determine all benefits and resolve all questions pertaining to the

administration, interpretation and application of Plan provisions” entitled the plan to deferential

review (emphasis omitted)). And, the language conferring authority on the administrator to

decide “the application and interpretation of” the Local 963 Plan, and that his decision “shall be

final and binding on all parties,” Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (the 1971 Plan) at 26, is just the type of

“empowering language” to which Block referred, 952 F.2d at 1453. Additionally, as a multi-

employer pension fund, as is the case here, the defendants do not pay beneficiaries from their

own funds, see Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (1971 Plan) at 17 (“The cost [of the Plan] is paid by

contributions made to the [Plan] by your employer”), and thus the Court need not be concerned

about conflicts of interest, see, e.g., Taylor v. Pension Plan of Pipefitters Local 537 Pension

Fund, Civil Action No. 06-12156-DPW, 2009 WL 1812794, at *13 (D. Mass. June 11, 2009), as

this is not a situation in which “it is the employer that both funds the plan and evaluates the

claims,” Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 2348 (2008).

It is under such circumstances that the Court must apply additional scrutiny in determining

whether there has been an abuse of discretion, because “every dollar provided in benefits is a

dollar spent by . . . the employer; and every dollar saved . . . is a dollar in the employer’s

pocket,” and “[t]he employer’s fiduciary interest may counsel in favor of granting a borderline

claim while its immediate financial interest counsels to the contrary.” Id. The Court therefore

concludes that a more searching review is unnecessary in this case.3


3
  The plaintiff also argues that regardless of any language in the Local 963 Plan, de novo review is nonetheless
required because “the [d]efendants have consistently violated the procedural requirements of the ERISA statutes.”
                                                                                                  (continued . . . )
                                                        13
         Having settled the issue of the appropriate standard of review, the Court must next

determine which plan governs the plaintiff’s application for benefits. The plaintiff asserts that

the International Painters and Allied Trades Industry Pension Fund plan controls his entitlement

to benefits because it favors his position and “[t]he post-merger plan states that an employee who

was covered by a prior plan may use ‘whichever provision [that] is more advantageous to him.”

Pl.’s Mem. at 14; id., Ex. 41 (International Painters and Allied Trades Industry Plan), § 4.02.

However, in advancing this position, the plaintiff has ignored the agreement that merged the

International Painters and Allied Trades Industry Pension and the Local 963 Plans. The Merger

Agreement states that the Local 963 Plan is “substitut[ed]” by the International Painters and

Allied Trades Industry Pension Plan, subject to severe “special transitional provisions.” Defs.’

Mem., Ex. 42 (Merger Agreement) Art. 3. And, the relevant transitional provisions in the

Merger Agreement refute the notion that the plaintiff is the intended beneficiary of the “most

advantageous” language in the International Painters and Allied Trade Industry Pension Plan.



(. . . continued)
Pl.’s Mem. at 6. As referenced earlier, the plaintiff argues that the defendants violated both their duty to maintain
and produce employee records, as well as their duty to produce relevant rules, regulations, and policies regarding the
Local 963 Plan. See supra at 8. It is true that several circuits and a district court have held that some violations of
the ERISA entitle a plaintiff to de novo review despite the conferral of discretionary authority within the plan
documents. See Gilbertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 328 F.3d 625, 631 (10th Cir. 2003) (“We hold that when
substantial violations of [the] ERISA deadlines result in the claim’s being automatically deemed denied on review,
the district court must review the denial de novo, even if the plan administrator has discretionary authority to decide
claims.”); see also Jebian v. Hewlitt-Packard Co. Employees Benefit Org. Income Prot. Plan, 349 F.3d 1098, 1107
(9th Cir. 2003) (agreeing that consequential, but not inconsequential, violations of the ERISA would entitle the
plaintiff to de novo review); McDowell v. Standard Ins. Co., 555 F. Supp. 2d 1361, 1373 (N.D. Ga. 2008) (agreeing
with Gilbertson). This Circuit, however, has not considered the question of whether certain violations of the ERISA
require de novo review, even though discretionary review would otherwise be appropriate.

At this point in the litigation, the Court will presume that there has not been any substantial or consequential
violations of the ERISA procedural requirements. As discussed below, the defendants have no duty to maintain or
produce to the plaintiff any of his employment or union records, and furthermore, it is premature at this stage to
determine whether the defendants had a duty to produce information regarding the Local 963 Plan, because whether
the defendants had a duty to produce such information may depend on whether the Court concludes that the plaintiff
is a vested participant in the Local 963 Plan. See infra at 19-20. The Court, however, will revisit this issue once the
defendants have addressed the issue of the plaintiff’s pension entitlement as instructed below.

                                                         14
Specifically, Section 4.01 of the Merger Agreement states that “[n]o person receiving benefits or

entitled to receive benefits from the [Local 963 Plan] on or before the effective date of this

[Merger] Agreement shall be eligible for any increase in his benefit as a result of this [Merger]

Agreement.” Id. § 4.01. Additionally, Section 4.03 of the Merger Agreement continues that

       [t]he [Local 963 Plan participating employees] must work at least 250
       contributory hours in employment covered under the [Local 963 Plan] in 1997 to
       be eligible to receive the [International Painters and Allied Trade Industry
       Pension Plan] benefits with respect to service before the effective date of this
       [Merger] Agreement.

Id. § 4.03. As it is undisputed that the plaintiff did not work the requisite 250 hours in 1997, see

Defs.’ Stmt. of Facts, Ex. A (Ian P. James Work History) at 1, it is clear that the plaintiff is

limited to those benefits, if any, that he is entitled to under the Local 963 Plan.

       But while it is clear that the plaintiff is entitled to only those benefits that are conferred

by the Local 963 Plan, the question remains as to which Local 963 Plan governs this dispute.

The parties have identified two versions of the Local 963 Plan, one of which became effective on

April 1, 1971, and the other on January 1, 1993. See generally Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 13 (1971 Plan);

id., Ex. 40 (1993 Plan). In the defendants’ March 3, 2008 response to the plaintiff’s objections

regarding his service credits, the defendants note that “[t]he earliest available complete plan

document is a January 1, 1993 restatement,” id., Ex. 4 (March 3, 2008 Letter) at 2; thus, it is

evident from the March 3, 2008 Letter that the defendants did not consider whether the 1971

Plan controls this dispute. Of course, one possible reason why the defendants did not apply the

1971 Plan to the plaintiff’s application for benefits is because they were unable to procure a copy

of that version of the Plan until the plaintiff produced the document in discovery. Cf. id. at 5

(asserting that the plaintiff “had a copy of the [1971 Plan] . . . and produced it in discovery

during this litigation”); id., November 4, 2008 Declaration of Gary J. Meyers, ¶ 17 (“During the

                                                  15
course of this lawsuit, [the plaintiff] provided the [defendants] with a copy of the 1971 Glaziers

Local 963 Pension Fund Plan.”). Nonetheless, the defendants did not consider and, therefore,

did not apply the provisions of the 1971 Plan in determining whether the plaintiff had a vested

interest in a pension under the Local 963 Plan, and that the only provisions that the defendants

applied in the March 3, 2008 letter were taken from the 1993 Plan.

       However, Section 11.4 of the 1993 Plan calls into question whether this version of the

Local 963 Plan is even applicable to the plaintiff’s case and, now that the defendants possess a

copy of the 1971 Plan, whether that version should be applied instead. Section 11.4 of the 1993

Plan states the following:

       The terms and conditions of the Plan as restated herein shall amend and
       supersede, effective October 1, 1976, the terms and conditions of the Glaziers
       Local 963 Pension Plan, as in effect prior to October 1, 1976; provided, however,
       that the provisions of such prior plan shall continue to govern the rights of all
       Employees who were covered thereunder and who do not become Active
       Employees on or after October 1, 1976, except as otherwise stated herein

Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 40 (1993 Plan) § 11.4 (emphasis added). As for who constitutes an “active

employee” under the 1993 Plan, Section 1.2 states:

       “Active Employee” means, as of the date in question, an Employee or former
       Employee who is other than a Retired Employee, and who has not incurred a one-
       year Break in Service, or if he has incurred a one-year Break in Service, has had
       contributions made to the Plan on his behalf subsequent to his most recent one-
       year Break in Service, provided however, that an employee who has not had
       contributions made to the Plan on his behalf on or before October 1, 1976, shall
       not be considered to be an Active Employee.

Id. § 1.2 (emphasis added). According to Section 11.4, if the plaintiff is someone who was

covered under the prior plan (in this case, the 1973 Plan), and is also someone who did not fall

within the definition of an “Active Employee” on or after October 1, 1976, then the 1993 Plan

does not apply.


                                               16
       Based on the record now before the Court, there is no documentation or other evidence

establishing that the defendants have addressed the issue of whether the 1993 Plan or the 1971

Plan applies to the plaintiff’s application for retirement benefits. Given that the defendants are

“the sole judges of the standard of proof required in any case” arising out of the Plan, id., Ex. 13

(1971 Plan) § 4.5; see also id., Ex. 41 (International Painters and Allied Trades Industry Pension

Plan (“International Painters Plan”) § 2.03(a) (conferring upon the Merged Plan “full discretion

and authority to determine all questions of fact or law arising in the administration,

interpretation, and application of the [p]lan”); id., Ex. 42 (Merger Agreement) § 5.03 (providing

that all “rights and duties in relation to the [Local 963 Plan] shall be assumed by the”

International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades Union and Industry Pension Fund), and

that their decisions are entitled to significant deference under Firestone and its progeny, the

Court must therefore provide the defendants with the opportunity to address this issue in the first

instance. See Saffle v. Sierra Pac. Power Co. Bargaining Unit Long Term Disability Plan, 85

F.3d 455, 461 (9th Cir. 1996), quoted in Doe v. Mamsi Life and Health Ins. Co., 471 F. Supp. 2d

139, 149 (D.D.C. 2007) (Huvelle, J.) (concluding that “remand for reevaluation of the merits of a

claim is the correct course to follow when an ERISA plan administrator, with discretion to apply

a plan, has misconstrued the [p]lan and applied a wrong standard to a benefits determination”).

Furthermore, if the defendants conclude that the 1971 Plan, rather than the 1993 Plan, applies to

the facts of this case, then the defendants must also make a “full and fair assessment of [the

plaintiff’s] claims” using the standards set forth in the 1971 Plan for determining whether the

plaintiff has a vested pension under the Local 963 Plan, and the defendants must also provide a

“clear communication to the claimant of the specific reasons for benefit denials,” if any, under



                                                17
the terms of that version of the plan. Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 825

(2003) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1133 and 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1 (2002)).4 For these reasons, the


4
 Indeed, the defendants should make certain on remand to heed the Supreme Court’s mandate under Nord, as their
breakdown of the plaintiff’s service credits in their March 3, 2008 letter fell woefully short of the standard for clear
communication and specificity as set forth under the ERISA. For instance, the defendants provided the following
analysis of their conclusion that the plaintiff is entitled to only 3.3 years in past service credits:

         Section 4.1(a) of the 1993 Local 963 Plan gives past service credit for any plan year that began
         before 10/1/65 with work under a Local 963 Collective Bargaining Agreement. . . . The
         [defendants’] membership records and book from [the plaintiff] show that he joined the union on
         August 1, 1962. The term “plan year” is not defined in the extant Local 963 documents but the
         1973 printout record implies the use of a calendar year for past service (as well as future service),
         thus drops [sic] early 1965 and includes part year credit from October 1, 1965 to December 31,
         1965 in the past service column (based on the future service rate of 1/10 year for 160 hours in a
         normal work month in the document) to yield 3.3 years of past service credit. The simple elapsed
         time from August 1, 1962 to October 1, 1965 does not yield 3.3 years.

Id. at 4. The defendants appeared to conclude (although it is not entirely clear from the explanation above) that
three-tenths of the plaintiff’s past service credits were derived from his service from October 1, 1965 to December
31, 1965. And, the defendants also seemed to suggest that the plaintiff was not awarded past service credits for at
least a portion of 1965, even though there is no explanation whatsoever as to why his covered employment during
that period was “drop[ped]” from the calculation of his past service credits. Other than those conclusions, however,
there is nothing in the paragraph above that provides a clear explanation as to how the defendants reached their
conclusion that the plaintiff was entitled to another three years of past service credit.

In fact, it should be noted that under the defendants’ somewhat incoherent explanation, the Court would have to
conclude that the defendants’ application of Section 4.1(a) to the plaintiff’s application for benefits would not be
consistent with a reasonable interpretation of the 1993 Plan. As it stands now, the Court believes that the
defendants’ application of Section 4.1(a) to the facts of this case presents three issues. First, as the 1993 Plan makes
clear, credits earned between October 1, 1965, and December 31, 1965, constitute future service credits, not past
service credits. See id., Ex. 40 (the 1993 Plan) § 4.1(a) (defining past service, inter alia, to include employment that
“begins before October 1, 1965”); id. at § 4.1(b) (setting forth the standards for calculating “[f]uture [b]enefit
[s]ervice [for] [s]ervice [o]n and [a]fter October 1, 1965”). Thus, the defendants’ explanation that three-tenths of the
plaintiff’s past service credits were earned after October 1, 1965, is clearly in error. Second, as alluded to above, the
defendants fail to explain why the plaintiff’s covered employment in “early 1965” was “drop[ped]” from their
calculation of the plaintiff’s past service credits; indeed, exactly what time period the defendants intended to
encompass in the term “early 1965” is anyone’s guess. Third, and most importantly, the defendants’ interpretation
would result in the plaintiff having to forfeit compensation that may have been rightfully earned by him during the
“early 1965” time period. The parties do not dispute the fact that in 1965, the plaintiff was employed and covered
under the Local 963 Plan. See Defs.’ Stmt. of Facts, Ex. A (Ian P. James Work History) at 2. Thus, the plaintiff is
entitled to any service credits that he should have been awarded under the Local 963 Plan for work performed during
this period or, at the very least, and explanation as to why he is no longer entitled to those credits. As the Supreme
Court noted, “the future retirement benefits of active workers are part and parcel of their overall compensation,”
Allied Chem. & Alkali Workers Local Union No. 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 404 U.S. 157, 180 (1971), and the
defendants cannot, and should not, expect this Court to uphold an interpretation of the 1993 Plan that would strip the
plaintiff of rightfully-earned compensation absent any evidence that warrants that result. Accordingly, the
defendants, on remand, should take notice of the Court’s observations in making a “full and fair assessment of [the
plaintiff’s] claims” and to provide the plaintiff with a “clear communication . . . of the specific reasons” for their
decision. Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 825 (2003) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1133 and 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503-1 (2002)).

                                                          18
Court will remand the matter to the defendants (and, more specifically, the Board of Trustees for

the Merged Plan) for further consideration of the plaintiff’s application for benefits consistent

with the observations findings set forth in this Memorandum Opinion.

B.     The Plaintiff’s Claim for Access to Plan Documents

       The plaintiff also asserts that he is entitled to damages because the “[p]laintiff has never

received a clear explanation of the [d]efendants’ calculations [or] copies of all relevant pension

plans.” Compl. ¶ 10. It is true that the defendants, as administrators of a multi-employer

pension plan, have a statutory duty to furnish “a copy of the latest updated summary, plan

description, and the latest annual report, any terminal report, the bargaining agreement, trust

agreement, contract, or other instruments under which the plan is established and operated” upon

written request “of any participant or beneficiary.” 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(4). The defendants

must also furnish, upon written request by a participant or beneficiary, a pension benefit

statement including the total benefits accrued and nonforfeitable benefits already accrued or, if

not accrued, the date on which they will become nonforfeitable. 29 U.S.C. § 1025(a). But, as

these provisions make clear, an administrator only owes a duty to produce such documentation to

“participants and beneficiaries” as defined under these statutes. Put differently, if the plaintiff

does not qualify as a “participant” or a “beneficiary,” then the plaintiff lacks the statutory

standing to sue for damages.

       The plaintiff does not, and cannot, seek damages under these provisions on the grounds

that he is a “beneficiary” because he has not alleged to have been “designated by a participant . .

. who is or may become entitled to a benefit thereunder.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002(8) (emphasis added).

Whether or not the plaintiff is a “participant” under 29 U.S.C. § 1002(7), however, is a closer



                                                19
question. In Firestone, the Supreme Court grappled with the question of who constitutes a

“participant” under the ERISA, and therefore who may sue under Section 1132(c). 489 U.S. at

115-18. The Court concluded that “the term ‘participant’ is naturally read to mean ‘employees

in, or reasonably expected to be in, currently covered employment,’ or former employees who

‘have . . . a reasonable expectation of returning to covered employment’ or who have ‘a

colorable claim’ to vested benefits.” Id. at 117 (internal citations omitted). The plaintiff is not a

current employee, nor has he established (or even asserted) that he is a former employee who has

a reasonable expectation to once again work for an employer who will contribute to the Local

963 Plan. Thus, the only avenue available to the plaintiff to prevail under Section 1332(c) is for

him to establish that he has “a colorable claim” to vested benefits. Under Firestone, this means

that the “claimant must have a colorable claim that (1) he or she will prevail in a suit for benefits,

or that (2) eligibility requirements will be fulfilled in the future.” 489 U.S. at 117-18. There is

no reason at this point to think that the defendant’s eligibility requirements will be fulfilled in the

future, as again, he has not even alleged any intention of returning to covered employment. As

for whether he has a colorable claim to prevail in a suit for benefits, this is a more difficult

question to answer without knowing which of the two Local 963 Plans applies to his application

for benefits, and, as the Court indicated above, this issue is one for the defendants to address in

the first instance. Thus, at this juncture, the Court must defer its decision on this issue until after

the defendants have issued a revised decision regarding the plaintiff’s eligibility for a vested

pension under the Local 963 Plan.




                                                  20
C.     The Plaintiff’s Suit for Access to Employee Documents

       The plaintiff asserts that pursuant to 29 U.S.C § 1059(a)(1), it was the defendants’

responsibility to maintain the plaintiff’s employment and union records, Pl.’s Mem. at 6.

However, the plain text of the statute to which he cites does not apply to the defendants, but

rather to the plaintiff’s former employers.     See 29 U.S.C. § 1059(a)(1) (requiring that an

“employer . . . maintain records with respect to each of his employees” (emphasis added)).

Indeed, many of the cases construing Section 1059(a)(1) concern the trustees of multi-employer

pension plans, such as the defendant in this case, suing an employer for failure to comply with

Section 1059(a)(1). See, e.g., Trustees of Chicago Painters and Decorators Pension, Health, and

Welfare, and Deferred Savings Plan Trust Funds v. Royal Int’l Drywall and Decorating, Inc.,

493 F.3d 782, 786 (7th Cir. 2007) (finding that the time sheets maintained by the employer were

“not enough to comply with [Section 1059] unless the time sheets are sufficient to determine the

actual hours worked” by its employees); Trustees of Painters Union Deposit Fund v. Ybarra

Const. Co., 113 Fed. Appx. 664, 667 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting that Section 1059(a)(1) “imposes a

clear duty on the employer to maintain adequate records” of its employees) (quoting Mich.

Laborers’ Health Care Fund v. Grimaldi Concrete, Inc., 30 F.3d 692, 695 (6th Cir. 1994)). Of

course, the defendants must “discharge [their] duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest

of the participants and . . . with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under circumstances then

prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity . . . would use,” 29 U.S.C. §

1104(a)(1)(B), and this may include a duty to procure the plaintiff’s employment and union

records from his employers, cf. Cent. States, S.E. and S.W. Areas Pension Fund v. Cent. Transp.,

Inc., 472 U.S. 559, 571 (1985) (“ERISA clearly assumes that . . . trustees will take steps to



                                                21
identify all participants and beneficiaries.”). But, the plaintiff does not cite, and the Court is

unaware of, any statutory or case authority that places the burden on the trustees to maintain

employment or union records of pension plan participants.5 The Court, therefore, must grant

summary judgment in favor of the defendants as to this count.

D.      The Plaintiff’s Retaliation Claims

        The ERISA provides that it is “unlawful for any person to discharge, fine, suspend, expel,

discipline, or discriminate against a participant or beneficiary for exercising any right to which

he is entitled.” 29 U.S.C. § 1140. Additionally, the statute provides that “[i]t shall be unlawful

for any person to discharge, fine, suspend, expel, discipline, or discriminate against any person

because he has given information or has testified or is about to testify in any inquiry or

proceeding.” Id. In relying on these provisions, the plaintiff asserts that the defendants, “[i]n

retaliation against the [p]laintiff for filing the instant lawsuit, . . . rejected the [p]laintiff’s

acceptance and reduced the offered pension.” Compl. ¶ 28. Additionally, the plaintiff claims

that “the [d]efendants have retaliated against [one of his] witness[es], Harold Schwartz, who was

named in discovery as a witness who would testify in favor o[f] the [p]laintiff.” Id. As

discussed below, howver, these claims must be dismissed.

        When faced with claims of retaliation against individuals under the ERISA, the District

of Columbia Circuit has indicated that the Court should “treat such a claim akin to a Title VII

case using the classic Burdine framework.” Andes v. Ford Motor Co., 70 F.3d 1332, 1337 (D.C.

Cir. 1995) (citing Texas Dep’t of Cmty Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981)).                             That

5
  Even assuming that the defendants had a duty under the ERISA to maintain the plaintiff’s employment and union
records once they came into possession of such records, the plaintiff fails to provide any evidence that the
defendants breached that duty. The plaintiff has not provided any evidence that the documents he seeks ever existed
or were possessed at some point by the defendants, and thus, it is impossible for the Court to conclude that the
defendants violated any duty to maintain the plaintiff’s records.

                                                        22
framework, initially articulated by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

411 U.S. 792 (1973), requires an initial prima facie showing of retaliation by the plaintiff,

followed by the burden shifting to the defendant to proffer a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason

for its action, culminating in the plaintiff then having an opportunity to demonstrate that the

defendant’s proffered reason was either not true or a pretext for retaliation. Id. at 802-04. To

establish a prima facie case in the Title VII context, a plaintiff has to demonstrate that “(1) [he

engaged in] protected activity; (2) the employer’s action ha[d] an adverse impact on [him]; and

(3) a causal relationship between the protected activity and the adverse action [existed].” Paquin

v. Fed. Nat’l Mortgage Ass’n, 119 F.3d 23, 31 (D.C. Cir. 1997). However, the District of

Columbia Circuit has more recently made clear, again in Title VII cases, that once an employer

has proffered a legitimate, non-retaliatory explanation for its action, courts should then focus

only on whether the plaintiff “produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the

employer’s asserted . . . reason was not the actual reason and that the employer intentionally

[retaliated] against the employee [for an unlawful reason].” Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms,

520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Although this recent clarification has not been extended to

claims under the ERISA, the Court concludes that since the circuit court has indicated that claims

brought under Section 1140 alleging retaliation against individuals should be analyzed under the

Title VII framework, see Andes, 70 F.3d at 1337, the circuit’s more recent decisions discussing

the method of analysis of Title VII claims have equal force to claims brought under Section

1140. Therefore, the Court looks to whether the plaintiff has demonstrated that the defendants’

proferred reason for its action is a pretext. Brady, 520 F.3d at 494.




                                                 23
       There is no evidence, however, that the defendants retaliated against the plaintiff because

he asserted his right to a pension. Other than repeat his allegations of the defendants’ efforts to

deny him a vested pension, see, e.g., Pl.’s Mem. at 9 (asserting that the defendants have “refused

to provide” the plaintiff with a description of how the retracted pension benefit was calculated),

the plaintiff has done nothing to call into question the defendants’ proferred justification for its

reduction or elimination of his pension. About the only colorable claim of retaliation that he

presents in his C is that the defendants retaliated against him by “reduc[ing] the amount of

benefits offered to the [p]laintiff” in a June 19, 2008 letter. Compl. ¶ 18. In fact, the defendants’

calculation of the plaintiff’s benefits in its August 16, 2007 letter was erroneous on its face. In

that letter, the defendants determined that the plaintiff was entitled to $54.00 per month based on

3.3 years of past service credit at a rate of $1.50 per month, and that he was entitled to $355.68

based on 6.2 years of future service credit at a rate of $4.94 per month. Id. Simple arithmetic,

however, makes clear that multiplying 3.3 years of past service credit to a rate of $1.50 yields a

benefit of $4.95 a month, and that multiplying 6.2 years of future service credit at a rate of $4.94

a month yields a benefit of $30.69.        Accordingly, no reasonable jury could find that the

defendants’ June 19, 2008 letter was an act of retaliation against the plaintiff.

       As for the plaintiff’s assertion of alleged retaliation against his proposed witness, Mr.

Schwartz, Pl.’s Mem. at 5, the Court can easily resolve this claim in favor of the defendants. As

the defendants correctly note, there is a “general prohibition on the litigant raising another

person’s legal rights,” Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984), and the plaintiff’s failure to

identify any injury to himself resulting from the alleged retaliatory reduction of Mr. Schwartz’s

pension dooms this part of his retaliation claim. Thus, the Court must grant summary judgment



                                                 24
in favor of the defendants with regards to the plaintiff’s claim of retaliation by the defendants

against himself and Mr. Schwartz.

E.     The Plaintiff’s Breach-of-Contract Claim

       Finally, the plaintiff “asserts common law breach[-]of[-]contract [claims] on the part of

both [d]efendants.” Compl. ¶ 44. Although the defendants did not address the plaintiff’s breach-

of-contract claim, and normally the Court might consider the argument conceded, see Buggs v.

Powell, 293 F. Supp. 2d 135, 141 (D.D.C. 2003) (Walton, J.) (“[W]hen a [party] files an

opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments . . . , a court may treat

those arguments that the [party] failed to address as conceded”), here, the Court will not do so

because it has no authority to entertain the plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claim due to preemption

by the ERISA, see Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 208-13 (2004) (“any state-law

cause of action that duplicates, supplements, or supplants the ERISA civil enforcement remedy

conflicts with the clear congressional intent to make the ERISA remedy exclusive and is

therefore preempted”).    Indeed, the breach-of-contract claim asserted by the plaintiff is no

different in character from the breach-of-contract claim raised in Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor,

481 U.S. 58, 62 (1987), where the Supreme Court held that

       [u]nder our decision in Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41 [(1987)]. . .
       Taylor's common law contract and tort claims are pre-empted by ERISA. This
       lawsuit “relate[s] to [an] employee benefit plan.” § 514(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a).
       It is based upon common law of general application that is not a law regulating
       insurance. Accordingly, the suit is pre-empted by [29 U.S.C. § 1144(a)] and is
       not saved by [§ 1144(b)(2)(A)]. Moreover, as a suit by a beneficiary to recover
       benefits from a covered plan, it falls directly under [29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B)],
       which provides an exclusive federal cause of action for resolution of such
       disputes.




                                                25
(internal citations omitted). Accordingly, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to

the plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claim is granted.

                                             IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies the plaintiff’s and defendants’ motion for

summary judgment in part and without prejudice, and remand the case to the defendants for

further consideration of the plaintiff’s application for benefits, deny the plaintiff’s motion for

summary judgment in part and with prejudice, and grant the defendants’ motion for summary

judgment in part. Specifically, the Court denies both the plaintiff and defendants’ claims without

prejudice in regards to the defendants’ determination of benefits under the Local 963 Plan, and,

furthermore, the Court remands this matter to the defendants for further consideration of the

plaintiff’s application for retirement benefits consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

Likewise, the Court also denies without prejudice the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendants failed

to produce plan documents, although the Court grants the summary judgment in favor of the

defendants in regards to the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendants failed to provide employment

and union records. Lastly, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment with respect to the

plaintiff’s retaliation and breach of contract claims is also granted.

        SO ORDERED this 30th day of April, 2010.6


                                                              REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                              United States District Judge


6
  An order was issued on March 31, 2010 (1) denying the plaintiff’s and defendants’ motion for summary judgment
in part and without prejudice, and remanding the case to the defendants for further consideration of the plaintiff’s
application for benefits, (2) denying the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment in part and with prejudice; and (3)
granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment in part. An amended order will accompany the issuance of
this memorandum opinion to reflect that the March 31, 2010 Order is vacated, and that the amended order is now
final.

                                                        26
