                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


DARRELL E. HEARD,                                  )
                                                   )
       Plaintiff,                                  )
                                                   )
               v.                                  )
                                                   )         Civil Action No: 08-02123 (RBW)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT                           )
OF STATE, et al.,                                  )
                                                   )
       Defendants.                                 )



                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The pro se plaintiff, Darrell Heard, brings this action against defendants United States

Department of State and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, in her

official capacity, alleging various claims that stem from the defendants’ administration of a

discretionary rewards program, which provides compensation for information that leads to the

capture of terrorists. Am. Compl. at 3.1 Specifically, the plaintiff seeks compensatory and

punitive damages pursuant to the Department of State rewards program, 22 U.S.C. § 2708

(2006); the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, 18 U.S.C. § 1513 (2006);2 the National

Security and Classification Information Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. § 798 (2006); the Intelligence


       1
        This opinion references the page numbers of the Amended Complaint instead of its
paragraphs due to the flawed numbering of the paragraphs. For example, on page 19 the
paragraph numbering shifts from 55 to 22, and then on page 31, 55 is used again. To avoid
confusion the numbering of the plaintiff’s paragraphs will not be referenced.

       2
         For his claim under the Victim and Witness Protection Act, the plaintiff appears to cite
to Pub. L. 107-204, Title XI, § 1107(a), 116 Stat. 745, 810 (2002). Am. Compl. at 2, 25. The
cited section is a provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), which amended
section 1513 of the Victim and Witness Protection Act.
Identities Protection Act of 1982 (“IIPA”), 50 U.S.C. §§ 421-22 (2006); the Americans with

Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12112 (2006); and the Whistleblower Protection

Act (“WPA”), Pub. L. No. 101-12, 103 Stat. 16 (1989) (codified as amended in sections

throughout 5 U.S.C.). Am. Compl. at 1-2. The plaintiff also alleges numerous acts of retaliation

by the defendants, including food poisoning, torture, biological and chemical weapons

poisoning, assault on and molestation of family members, and assault and battery by

“combatants.”3 Id. at 3-4. Currently before this Court is the defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Defs.’ Mot”).4 For the following reasons, the Court must grant

the defendants’ motion.
                                          I. Background

       The plaintiff claims that “[t]his case is about . . . the defendants[] willfully neglecting

White House [i]ntelligence which would have identified the rightful recipient of a reward for the

capture of the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq in the year 2006 . . . [thus] violating [22] U.S.C. [§]

2708(c)(2) and (e)(5).” Am. Compl. at 3. The plaintiff appears to allege that the defendants

refused to make a reward to him “for reasons that [are] racist in nature and discriminatory . . .



       3
          Furthermore, in his opposition memorandum, the plaintiff also invokes the Civil Rights
Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2006); the Federal Torts Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. §
1346(b) (2006); as well as asserting Bivens violations. See Points and Authority with Proposed
Order Opposition to Defendants[’] Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Pl.’s
Opp’n”) at 2, 8, 14, 19-22, and 27-29 (The page numbers referenced in the opinion correspond to
the plaintiff’s own pagination at the top, left-hand corner of each page. The Court notes that the
plaintiff’s pagination is missing page 4. Specifically, the plaintiff’s opposition begins with pages
1 to 3, then jumps to pages 5 to 39.).
       4
          Submitted in conjunction with this motion are the plaintiff’s Memorandum of Points
and Authorities in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and the defendants’ Reply to
Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”).


                                                  2
because [he is] an American black man, and disabled,” and that thereafter the defendants

inflicted physical harm upon him and his family. Id. at 3-6. He alleges that immediately after

the terrorists’ capture and until September 2009, “[p]ersons claiming to represent the reward[s]

for Justice [Program] were filmed haranguing[] and harassing [the plaintiff] in the streets of the

District of Columbia.” Id. at 7. And beyond enduring these purported acts of retaliation himself,

the plaintiff claims his granddaughter “came under assault . . . by racist elements” at her

university, id. at 9, that his daughter “became a choking victim of Mr. D[.] Dancey,” id., and that

a grandchild “was taken into custody by Children Services,” id. at 10. He seeks multiple forms

of monetary relief: (1) a $25 to $50 million dollar reward, as authorized by 22 U.S.C. §

2708(e)(5) for providing intelligence concerning a terrorist’s whereabouts; (2) $200 million in

punitive damages; (3) $300 million for “injury to others”; and (4) “payment of fines for

Intelligence Act violations.” Am. Compl. at 3, 36-37.

       On November 30, 2009, the defendants moved to dismiss this action for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and for

failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Defs.’ Mot. at 1. Specifically, the defendants

posit that (1) the plaintiff’s claims are “essentially fictitious,” Memorandum of Points and

Authorities in Support of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint (“Defs’

Mem.”) at 5; (2) the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over his reward claim, id.

at 5-6; (3) the plaintiff has neither exhausted his administrative remedies nor has he alleged that

he has ever been a federal employee, id. at 8-10; (4) the pleadings fail to satisfy the requirements

of Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, id. at 13; (5) the defendants have not waived

sovereign immunity, id. at 14; (6) the cited criminal statutes do not confer a private right of


                                                  3
action, id. at 7-8; and (7) several of the plaintiff’s claims are improperly raised for the first time

in his opposition memorandum, Defendants’ Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’

Motion to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 2.

                                      II. Standards of Review

        “The distinctions between [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) are

important . . . . Rule 12(b)(1) presents a threshold challenge to the court's jurisdiction, whereas

12(b)(6) presents a ruling on the merits with res judicata effect.” Al-Owhali v. Ashcroft, 279 F.

Supp. 2d 13, 20 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).

        A.      Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss

        A Rule 12(b)(1) challenge can be presented as a facial or factual challenge. “A facial

challenge attacks ‘the factual allegations of the complaint’ that are contained on ‘the face of the

complaint,’ while a factual challenge is addressed to the underlying facts contained in the

complaint.” Id. (quoting Loughlin v. United States, 230 F. Supp. 2d 26, 35-36 (D.D.C. 2002)).

“A motion to dismiss under 12(b)(1) for lack of standing . . . involves an examination of the face

of the complaint . . . [,]” id. (quoting Haase, 835 F.2d at 908), “whereas challenges regarding

ripeness or failure to exhaust administrative remedies can be either facial or factual challenges,”

id. When a defendant makes a facial challenge, the district court must accept as true the

allegations asserted in the complaint and consider them in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party. Erby v. United States, 424 F. Supp. 2d 180, 182 (D.D.C. 2006). With respect to a

factual challenge, on the other hand, the court “‘may consider materials outside of the pleadings’

to determine whether it has subject matter jurisdiction” over the claims, Kursar v. Transp. Sec.

Admin., 581 F. Supp. 2d 7, 14 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402


                                                   4
F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005)), and “the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the factual

predicates of jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence,” Erby, 424 F. Supp. 2d at 182.

        B.      Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dimiss

        Dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is warranted if the plaintiff

fails to present factual allegations that are sufficiently detailed “to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). As with facial

challenges to subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1), the Court “must treat the

complaint’s factual allegations as true [and] must grant [the] plaintiff the benefit of all

reasonable inferences from the facts alleged” in considering motions to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(6). Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (first alteration in

original). In satisfying the requirement that it “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, a complaint must do more than provide “a formulaic recitation

of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. at 555. Indeed, the Court is “not bound to accept as

true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation” when considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion

to dismiss. Bostic v. U.S. Capitol Police, 644 F. Supp. 2d 106, 109 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting

Trudeau, 456 F.3d at 193). “While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint,

they must be supported by factual allegations.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 129 S. Ct.

1937, 1950 (2009).

                                         III. Legal Analysis

        In moving to dismiss the plaintiff’s Amended Complaint, the defendants raise issues that

fall into two categories: those that implicate the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction and those

that do not. See generally Defs.’ Mot. at 1. Because “[j]urisdiction must be established before a



                                                   5
federal court may proceed to any other question,” Galvan v. Fed. Prison Indus., Inc., 199 F.3d

461, 463 (D.C. Cir. 1999), the Court will address first whether it has subject matter jurisdiction

over the plaintiff’s claims. While complaints filed by pro se litigants warrant less exacting

scrutiny than that applied to pleadings drafted by lawyers, Newby v. Obama, 681 F. Supp. 2d 53,

55 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972)); see also Gray v. Poole,

275 F.3d 1113, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2002), “even a pro se plaintiff bears the burden of establishing

that the Court has subject matter jurisdiction,” Newby, 681 F. Supp. 2d at 55 (internal citation

omitted).

       A.      The Plaintiff’s Rewards Claim

       At the heart of the plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is his allegation that the government

denied him a reward for information that led to the capture of a terrorist. See Am. Compl. at 3,

6, 8, 11-17. Accordingly, he seeks relief pursuant to 22 U.S.C. §§ 2708(c)(2) and (e)(5), which

established the Department of State’s rewards program (“Rewards Program”). Id. at 1, 3. He

claims that the defendants “willfully violated” the Rewards Program “by not consulting with

Attorney General Mukassey [sic],” and that they “set their office against the payment of the

reward for reasons that were racist in nature . . . .” Id. at 12. The defendants urge dismissal of

this claim on the ground that the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over

“damages in cases not sounding in tort” that “exceed[] $10,000.” Defs.’ Mem. at 6 (quoting 28

U.S.C. §§ 1491(a)(1), 1346(a)(2)). The Court agrees that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over

this claim, but on other grounds.

       The doctrine of sovereign immunity bars suit for money damages against the federal

government and its employees in their official capacities absent a specific waiver by the federal



                                                  6
government. See Dorsey v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 41 F.3d 1551, 1552-53, 1555 (D.C. Cir. 1994);

Clark v. Library of Cong., 750 F.2d 89, 102-03 (D.C. Cir. 1984). “[T]he existence of consent is

a prerequisite for jurisdiction,” United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983), and such

consent must be “unequivocally expressed,” United States v. Nordic Vill., Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 33-

34 (1992).5 Thus, claims for damages against the government and government officials in their

official capacities “are barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity unless either the

government specifically waives the immunity, or the government agents’ actions fall within an

exception to the immunity doctrine.” Johnson v. Williams, 699 F. Supp. 2d 159, 166 (D.D.C.

2010) (citing Clark, 750 F.2d at 103-04).

       Here, not only has the government declined to “specifically waive [its] immunity,”

Johnson, 699 F. Supp. 2d at 166; Defs.’ Mem. At 14, but the statute relied on by the plaintiff as

the basis for his claim expressly bars judicial review of any decision made by the Secretary of

State pursuant to the Rewards Program to compensate, or not to compensate, an individual

seeking a reward. See 22 U.S.C. § 2708(j) (stating unequivocally that “determination[s] made

by the Secretary [of State under the Rewards Program]” are not subject to judicial review).

Indeed, the administration of the Rewards Program lies within the “sole discretion” of the

Secretary of State, subject only to consultation with the Attorney General, 22 U.S.C. § 2708(b),

and again it is critical to reiterate that “[any] determination made by the Secretary . . . shall be

final and conclusive and shall not be subject to judicial review,” 22 U.S.C. § 2708(j) (emphasis



       5
         Notwithstanding the presumption of sovereign immunity from claims for money
damages, the Supreme Court has adopted “[a] strong presumption that Congress intends judicial
review of administrative action,” Bowen v. Mich. Acad. of Family Physicians, 476 U.S. 667, 670
(1986), however, even this presumption may be overcome upon a showing of clear and
convincing evidence “of a contrary legislative intent.” Id. at 671.

                                                   7
added). The plaintiff’s reward claim is therefore dismissed for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction.

        B. The Plaintiff’s Claims Based on Criminal Statutes

        The Court now turns to the plaintiff’s claims that he seeks to pursue under the Victim

and Witness Protection Act of 1982, 18 U.S.C. § 1513 (2006), and the National Security and

Classification Information Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. § 798 (2006). Am. Compl. at 25-28, 33.

These are criminal statutes that sanction retaliation against witnesses, victims, and informants,

18 U.S.C. § 1513, and the disclosure of classified information, 18 U.S.C. § 798. However,

criminal statutes do not confer private rights of action. Kazenercom TOO v. Turan Petroleum,

Inc., 590 F. Supp. 2d 153, 160 n.9 (D.D.C. 2008) (“[I]t is well-established that . . . criminal

statutes do not confer a private right of action . . . .”); Rockefeller v. U.S. Court of Appeals

Office, for Tenth Circuit Judges, 248 F. Supp. 2d 17, 23 (D.D.C 2003). Accordingly the Court

lacks subject matter jurisdiction to entertain these claims.

        Similarly, the plaintiff seeks monetary relief for the alleged violation of the Intelligence

Identities Protection Act of 1982 (the “Intelligence Act”), 50 U.S.C. §§ 421-422. See Am.

Compl. at 20-24, 34-36. The Intelligence Act is also a criminal statute that imposes fines and

imprisonment for the acts of certain individuals who intentionally disclose the protected identity

of covert agents. See generally 50 U.S.C. §§ 421-422. Here, the plaintiff, while offering no

evidence to prove that he is or ever was a covert agent, alleges that the defendants violated this

statute by disclosing his identity to others, including “citizens in the states of Ohio, California,

and [the District of Columbia] and a prominent morning newscast personality in Matt Lauer, of

[the National Broadcasting Company,] who exclaimed ‘Darrell Heard you’re rich’. . . .” Am.



                                                  8
Compl. at 22. However, this claim also must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

because a criminal statute does not confer a private right of action. Kazenercom TOO, 590 F.

Supp. 2d at 160 n.9; Rockefeller, 248 F. Supp. 2d at 23.

       C. The Plaintiff’s Employment-Related Claims

       In Counts I and V of his Amended Complaint, the plaintiff alleges violations of the

Whistleblower Protection Act (“WPA”), Pub. L. No. 101-12, 103 Stat. 16 (1989) (codified as

amended at sections throughout 5 U.S.C.); and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12112 (2006). Furthermore, he appears to seek relief under Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16.6 The defendants contend that

the plaintiff has failed to satisfy two bedrock requirements for raising a claim pursuant to these

statutes: (1) the exhaustion of his administrative remedies and (2) status “in any capacity, at any

time, as a federal employee or federal contractor.” Defs.’ Mem. at 8-9. The Court agrees with

the defendants. First, in failing to exhaust his administrative remedies the plaintiff has failed to

satisfy a prerequisite to filing a lawsuit under all three statutes. See 5 U.S.C. § 1214; 42 U.S.C.

§§ 12112, 2000e-16. In his nonsensical response to the defendants’ exhaustion argument, the

plaintiff states that his “administrative remedies existed with the State Department, the Attorney

[G]eneral’s office, and the Congress of the United States,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 30. The Court fails to

appreciate how this response addresses the exhaustion challenge. In any event, “before filing a

Title VII suit [against a federal agency], a federal employee must timely pursue [his]

       6
          While the Amended Complaint does not specifically reference Title VII, see generally
Am. Compl., since the defendants and plaintiff both responded in subsequent filings as if Title
VII had been pled, see Defs.’ Mem. at 9-10 and Pl.’s Opp’n at 26, and since filings by pro se
litigants should be read together, Richardson v. United States, 193 F. 3d 545, 548 (D.C. Cir.
1999), and construed liberally, Newby, 681 F. Supp. 2d at 55, the Court assumes that a Title VII
claim has been pled.

                                                  9
administrative remedies, following the requirements set forth in 29 C.F.R. § 1614.” Hines v.

Bair, 594 F. Supp. 2d 17, 22 (D.D.C. 2009); see also 29 C.F.R. § 1614. Thus, “[i]f a plaintiff

believes [he] has been unlawfully discriminated against, [he] must consult an [Equal

Employment Opportunity (“EEO”)] counselor in an effort to resolve the situation informally”

within 45 days of the alleged discriminatory incident. Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1)-

(2)).

        Likewise, for claims brought pursuant to the WPA, “exhaustion of administrative

remedies is a . . . prerequisite to suit.”7 Weaver v. United States Information Agency, 87 F.3d

1429, 1433 (D.C. Cir. 1996). A federal employee who alleges unlawful retaliation for

whistleblowing must first bring his claim to the Office of Special Counsel (“OSC”). 5 U.S.C. §

1214; Weber v. United States, 209 F.3d 756, 757-58 (D.C. Cir. 2000). If the OSC finds an

absence of wrongdoing, the employee can appeal that decision to the Merit Systems Protection

Board, 5 U.S.C. §§ 1214(a)(3), 1221, whereupon he may then appeal to the United States Court

of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 5 U.S.C. § 7703. “Under no circumstances does the WPA

grant [a] District Court jurisdiction to entertain a whistleblower cause of action brought directly

before it in the first instance.” Stella v. Mineta, 284 F.3d 135, 142 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

        Regarding the plaintiff’s claim for relief under the ADA, the court also lacks jurisdiction.

Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 791 (2006), is the “exclusive

remedy” for federal employees alleging disability discrimination by a federal agency, Rand v.



        7
        Weaver discusses exhaustion of remedies under the Civil Service Reform Act
(“CSRA”). 87 F.3d at 1433 (citing Pub. L. 95-454, 92 Stat. 1111 (1978) (codified as amended in
sections throughout 5 U.S.C.)). Because the WPA amends the list of prohibited personnel
practices under the framework of the CSRA, 5 U.S.C. § 2302, the exhaustion discussion in
Weaver also applies to the WPA.

                                                 10
Geithner, 609 F. Supp. 2d 97, 100 (D.D.C. 2009), and as stated previously, the plaintiff has

neither asserted nor alleged that he is or ever was employed by the federal government, or that he

applied for such employment. Furthermore, “[a] person alleging a violation of Section 501 is

required to exhaust administrative remedies before bringing claims to federal court.” Id. Section

501 restricts judicial review to any employee or applicant for employment “aggrieved by the

final disposition of [their administrative] complaint,” or by the failure to take final action on their

administrative complaint. Id. (alteration in original) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 794a(a)(1)). To

properly exhaust one’s administrative remedies under the Rehabilitation Act, as is the case with

Title VII claims, an employee must consult an EEO counselor within 45 days of the event. 29

C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1) (2010). “Such jurisdictional exhaustion . . . may not be excused.”

Spinelli v. Goss, 446 F.3d 159, 162 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,

even if the plaintiff had properly raised a claim pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act, the claim

would fail because he did not satisfy the mandatory administrative prerequisites before bringing

this civil action.

         Second, the aforementioned employment related statutes provide remedies only for

employees or applicants for employment who have suffered adverse employment actions. See 5

U.S.C. § 2302; 42 U.S.C. § 12112; 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16; 5 U.S.C. § 1101-05; 29 U.S.C. § 791.

Yet the plaintiff readily concedes that “[he] is not an employee,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 26, while taking

the unintelligible position that “[he] need not mention employment because there is no relevancy

to employment, record that connects the defendants to the plaintiff. . . .” Pl.’s Opp’n at 26, 29.

The plaintiff seemingly alludes to a “reward contract” he allegedly has with the defendants, Am.

Compl. at 13. To the extent the plaintiff is alleging he had a contractual relationship with the



                                                  11
defendant, he cannot sustain his employment discrimination claims even if he had a relationship

with the defendants as an independent contractor, see, e.g., Mason v. African Dev. Found., 355

F. Supp. 2d 85, 90 (D.D.C 2004) (citation omitted) (“Title VII . . . extends protection to federal

government employees, but not to independent contractors or those not directly employed by the

federal government.”), abrogation on other grounds recognized by Harris v. Att’y General of

United States, 657 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2009).

       Because the plaintiff has failed to exhaust the administrative remedies available to him

before bringing an employment related claim against the federal government and does not allege

that the basis underlying his claims arise from his status as a federal employee or an applicant for

such employment, his Title VII, WPA, and ADA claims must be dismissed.

       D. The Claims Asserted in the Plaintiff’s Opposition Memorandum

        In his opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the plaintiff also invokes the Civil

Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2006); the Federal Torts Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C.

§ 1346(b); as well as asserting purported Bivens violations.8 See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2-3, 8, 14, 19-

22, 27-29. The defendants argue that to the extent the plaintiff raises new claims in his

opposition memorandum that are absent from the Amended Complaint, “these arguments should

not be given any weight,” since they were improperly raised and would warrant dismissal

nonetheless. Defs.’ Reply at 2. However, the Court is mindful that pro se pleadings are

generally entitled to liberal construction, Haines, 404 U.S. at 520, and that all filings by pro se

plaintiffs should be read together in assessing whether their complaints should be dismissed.



       8
        Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 396
(1999) (complaint alleging search and seizure violations stated a federal cause of action under
the Fourth Amendment).

                                                 12
Richardson, 193 F.3d at 548. Accordingly, the Court cannot agree with the defendants that the

claims first alleged in the plaintiff’s opposition memorandum are improperly before the Court.

However, the Court does agree with the defendants that the additional claims asserted outside of

the Amended Complaint must be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6), as they fail to state any claims upon which relief may be granted.

        In Richardson, the District of Columbia Circuit considered four factors in holding that a

district court erred in refusing to construe a pro se plaintiff’s reply to a motion to dismiss as an

amendment of his original complaint: “(1) the plaintiff was a pro se litigant; (2) the plaintiff

could have amended his claim as a right because the defendant had not yet filed a responsive

pleading [and the plaintiff had never before sought an amendment]; (3) the plaintiff recognized

the need for and attempted to make a change to his original complaint; and (4) the lack of

evidence showing that the defendant would be prejudiced by a grant to amend the complaint.”

Carter v. Dep’t of Navy, No. 05-cv-0775 (RBW), 2006 WL 2471520, at *6 (D.D.C. 2006)

(paraphrasing the four factors considered in Richardson). Although the plaintiff here, as in

Richardson, is proceeding pro se (and thus a relaxed degree of scrutiny must be employed in

evaluating his filings), this Court previously “require[d] the plaintiff to file an amended

complaint that [would] comport[] with the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a). . . .” See Order at

6, ECF No. 49. In response to the Court’s order, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint and

the defendants in turn filed their motion to dismiss. As a result of these events, at least one of

the Richardson factors weighs against construing Mr. Heard’s opposition as an amendment of his

complaint, as he has already had the opportunity to amend his complaint. Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 15(a) permits a party to amend his complaint once within twenty-one days after it was



                                                  13
served on a defendant, or within twenty-one days after service of a responsive pleading on the

plaintiff if one is required. Here, since Mr. Heard already amended his complaint once, he has

no absolute right to amend his complaint again. Washington v. Geren, 675 F. Supp. 2d 26, 36

(D.D.C. 2009) (stating that the pro se plaintiff had no absolute right to further amend his

complaint); accord Washington v. Thurgood Marshall Acad., No. 03-2570 (CKK), 2006 WL

1722332, at *17-18 (D.D.C. 2006) (holding in a non pro se case that even if new claims asserted

in an opposition to a summary judgment motion can be considered a request to amend, the

request can be denied for several reasons).

       Nevertheless, Rule 15(a) also provides that leave to amend a complaint “shall be freely

given when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). Although the defendants invoke Carter to

support their proposition that “[the p]laintiff cannot raise novel claims against [the d]efendants in

an opposition motion, and therefore, [the allegation first asserted in the opposition] should not be

given any weight . . . ,” Defs.’ Reply at 2 (citing Carter, 2006 WL 2471520, at *4), Carter in fact

holds otherwise. There, “although the plaintiff did not include [a particular] claim in his original

complaint,” Carter, 2006 WL 2471520 at *6, this member of the Court nonetheless “grant[ed]

the plaintiff leave to amend his complaint. . .,” id. Indeed, notwithstanding the relaxed scrutiny

generally employed when evaluating pro se filings, see Newby, 681 F. Supp. 2d at 55, the

decision whether to permit amendments to a complaint remains fully within the discretion of the

Court, Graves v. United States, 961 F. Supp. 314, 317 (D.D.C. 1997) (citing Firestone v.

Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir 1996)). “Leave to amend a complaint should be freely

given in the absence of undue delay, bad faith, undue prejudice to the opposing party, repeated

failure to cure deficiencies, or futility.” Richardson, 193 F.3d at 548-49 (citing Foman v. Davis,



                                                 14
371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

       Although the Court does not believe the plaintiff has operated in bad faith, the plaintiff

was previously afforded the opportunity to cure deficiencies in his original complaint when the

Court ordered that he submit a more definite statement. See Order, ECF No. 49. Despite this

accommodation, in his Amended Complaint submitted in response to that order, the plaintiff

failed to raise the claims he only now advances in his opposition memorandum. Moreover,

although the plaintiff may not have acted with dilatory motive, the Court previously “view[ed

his] actions [in this case] as an abuse of the judicial process,” due to his submission of multiple

“motions . . . all [of] which [were] virtually premature or repetitious . . .” see Order, ECF No. 33,

allowing further amendments of the complaint at this stage would, in the Court’s estimation,

likely cause “undue prejudice to the opposing party,” and clearly produce further undue delay,

see Foman, 371 U.S. at 182. Thus, the Court is not persuaded that “justice . . . requires” that the

plaintiff be granted leave to further amend his complaint.9 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).

       However, even if justice did require that the plaintiff be permitted again to amend his

complaint, the Court agrees with the defendants that “[providing] leave to amend these new

claims to his complaint . . . would be futile.” Defs.’ Reply at 2. A motion to amend a complaint

should be denied as futile if the complaint, even as amended, could not survive a motion to

dismiss. Graves, 961 F. Supp. at 317 (citing Glick v. Koenig, 766 F.2d 265, 268 (7th Cir. 1985)

(holding that a district court is justified in denying the amendment of a pleading “if the proposed



       9
         Regarding the application of the third Richardson factor to this case, the Court finds the
record insufficiently clear to support a determination that the plaintiff “recognized the need for
and attempted to make a change to his original complaint,” Carter, 2006 WL 2471520 at *6
(paraphrasing the third Richardson factor), based on the content of his opposition memorandum.


                                                 15
amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss”)). Accordingly, the Court will evaluate

whether each of the additional claims first asserted in the plaintiff’s opposition memorandum,

see Points and Authority with Proposed Order Opposition to Defendants[’] Motion to Dismiss

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2, 8, 14, 19-22, and 27-29, can survive the

defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.

               1. Section 1983 Claims

       The plaintiff only cursorily references Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act in his

opposition, stating merely: “42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1994)[] [t]o recover damages against a

government.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3. It is therefore impossible to understand why the statute is being

cited, and a complaint cannot survive a motion to dismiss based on a conclusory claim

unsupported by any factual allegations. Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276

(D.C. Cir. 1994). As the Court explained to the plaintiff in an Order issued last year requiring

him to submit a more definite statement, to survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure12(b)(6), the facts asserted must be plausible, not just conceivable. See Order at

5, ECF No. 49 (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Where the

complaint is “woefully deficient in its factual allegations,” it is often impossible “to determine

the nature of [the plaintiff’s] claim.” Brooks-Miller v. England, 357 F. Supp. 2d 197, 203

(D.D.C. 2004). Specifically, without factual allegations of any kind, the Court cannot determine

its jurisdiction, the basis of the plaintiff’s claim, or basis for the relief demanded. That is the

situation here, and therefore, because the plaintiff’s statement is devoid of the factual content

necessary to assert a claim under Section 1983, a defect which the plaintiff has failed to cure

despite being instructed to do so, the claim must be dismissed.



                                                  16
                2. Bivens Claims

        The plaintiff also references Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of

Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), at least twice in his opposition memorandum, Pl.’s Opp’n at 3,

9, merely citing the case on the first occasion and stating in the second reference to Bivens that

“[p]erhaps the best known case creating an implied cause of action for constitutional rights is

Bivens.” Id. at 9. However, a Bivens cause of action is unavailable to the plaintiff under the

facts of this case.

        In Bivens, the Supreme Court held that an individual may bring an action for damages

against a “federal agent acting under color of his authority” for an alleged constitutional

violation. 403 U.S. at 397 (emphasis added). However, an “extension of Bivens to agencies of

the Federal Government is not supported by the logic of Bivens itself.” F.D.I.C. v. Meyer, 510

U.S. 471, 486 (1994) (emphasis added) (holding that a plaintiff has no Bivens cause of action for

damages against a government agency). Therefore, the plaintiff cannot maintain a Bivens claim

against the Department of State.

        In addition to attempting to bring a Bivens claim against the Department of State, in his

Amended Complaint (which must be considered by the Court in conjunction with the opposition

memorandum, see Richardson, supra part III.D) the plaintiff seeks damages for injuries allegedly

caused by former Secretary Condoleezza Rice, in her official capacity, and claims that the

defendants “[are] liable for the actions [of] supporters known and unknown by the

defendants . . . .” Am. Compl. at 14. The Bivens doctrine permits an individual to sue a federal

official for money damages only upon a clear showing of a specific constitutional violation.



                                                 17
Dodge v. Trs. of Nat’l Gallery of Art, 326 F. Supp. 2d 1, 12 (2004). Indeed, “as a threshold

matter, the Court must evaluate whether the plaintiff has been deprived of an actual

constitutional right.” Id. “In other words, ‘[t]aken in the light most favorable to the party

asserting the inquiry, . . . the facts alleged [must] show the [official]’s conduct violated a

constitutional right[.]’” Id. (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001)). Furthermore, in

delineating the parameters of such a right, the Court must avoid “defining the right in overly

general terms,” since doing otherwise would “strip the qualified immunity defense of all

meaning.” Freeman v. Fallin, 254 F. Supp. 2d 52, 58 (D.D.C. 2003) (citation omitted).

       Here, following a thorough examination of the plaintiff’s filings, the Court finds no

specific constitutional violation alleged by the plaintiff that could even remotely sustain a

Bivens claim against former Secretary Rice. Indeed, beyond the alleged denial of his Rewards

Program claim discussed earlier, the plaintiff has offered no plausible factual basis to establish

that Condoleezza Rice, in her official (or even in her personal) capacity, deprived him of any

constitutional right. Accordingly, the plaintiff’s Bivens claim against former Secretary Rice

must also be dismissed.

               3. The Plaintiff’s Federal Tort Claims Act Claims

       Finally, the plaintiff has invoked as a basis for this action the Federal Torts Claims Act

(“FTCA”), see Pl.’s Opp’n at 2; however, the FTCA does not provide a means for the plaintiff to

obtain the relief he is seeking in this matter. “The FTCA is a limited waiver of the United

States’ sovereign immunity and renders the Federal Government liable to the same extent as a

private party for certain torts of its employees committed within the scope of their employment.”

GAF Corp. v. United States, 818 F.2d 901, 904 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). The plaintiff misapplies the



                                                  18
statement that “[t]he Federal Tort Claims Act waives the [g]overnment’s immunity from suit in

sweeping language.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (quoting United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 340 U.S. 543,

547 (1951)). Thus, he fails to acknowledge that the federal government “may define the terms

upon which it may be sued[,] and absent full compliance with the [these] conditions . . . courts

lack jurisdiction to entertain tort claims against it.” GAF Corp., 818 F.2d at 904 (footnotes

omitted).

       Importantly, the FTCA exempts claims based on the performance, or failure to perform, a

“discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the

Government,” even if the agency or employee abuses its discretion. 28 U.S.C. § 2680. This

exemption under the FTCA “articulates a policy of preventing tort actions from becoming a

vehicle for judicial interference with decision-making that is properly exercised by other

government branches.” Industria Panificadora, S.A. v. United States, 763 F. Supp. 1154, 1156

(D.D.C. 1991). In Industria Panificadora, S.A., the foreign plaintiffs sought to recover damages

under the FTCA when their property was destroyed by Panamanian civilians, on the grounds that

the United States failed to provide adequate police power to maintain public order during its

operation to remove General Manuel Noriega from power. Id. at 1155. There, a former judge of

this Court held that the case “involve[d] Executive Branch judgments that are grounded in

political, military, and foreign policy considerations,” and therefore was subject to the

discretionary function exemption. Id. at 1158. Here, likewise, the defendants (both the

Department of State and its Secretary) exercise discretion in the administration of the Rewards

Program. To the extent any injuries resulted from the alleged decision not to compensate the

plaintiff, the defendants cannot be held liable for that discretionary decision.



                                                 19
         Lastly, the plaintiff again fails to assert that he has exhausted the necessary

administrative remedies required by the FTCA, “which is a mandatory prerequisite,” Epps v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 575 F. Supp. 2d 232, 238 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing GAF Corp., 818 F.2d at 904-

05). Moreover, the FTCA does not waive the United States sovereign immunity as to

constitutional torts, which it seems the plaintiff is alleging here. See id. (citing Meyer, 510 U.S.

at 477-78 (listing the categories of claims for which the United States has waived sovereign

immunity under the FTCA and holding that the FTCA “does not provide a cause of action for

[the plaintiff’s constitutional tort claim]”)); see also Roum v. Bush, 461 F. Supp. 2d 40, 45

(D.D.C. 2006). Importantly, actions brought under the FTCA must be brought against the

United States; a government agency may not be sued in its own name. Childress v. Northrop

Corp,, 618 F. Supp. 44, 48 (D.D.C. 1985) (“[A] federal agency is not a proper defendant in a suit

brought pursuant to the FTCA. Instead, such actions should be filed against the United States

itself.”).

         Accordingly, to the extent that the plaintiff has attempted to assert a claim for relief

pursuant to FTCA, the claim is dismissed.

         E. The Plaintiff’s Remaining Claims

         Beyond claiming his own right to a reward, the plaintiff also asserts that he represents

another person whom if not for “neglect[ed] White House intelligence . . . would have [been]

identified [as] the rightful recipient” of a reward, and he seeks at least $300 million in damages

for “injury to others.”9 Am. Compl. at 3, 37; Pl.’s Opp’n at 5. In addition, the plaintiff alleges

         9
          It is not entirely clear based on the amended complaint whether the allegation of “injury
to others” implies that the additional party or parties are also entitled to a reward under section
2708. The Court assumes, however, that the complaint is asserting that the additional party or
parties are also entitled to a reward.

                                                   20
that his granddaughter “came under assault . . . by racist elements” at her university, Am. Compl.

at 9, that his daughter “became a choking victim . . .,” id., and that a grandchild “was taken into

custody by Children Services,” id. at 10. However, a pro se non-attorney generally cannot

represent the interests of other individuals, 28 U.S.C. § 1654; Stoddard v. D.C. Pub. Defender

Servs., 535 F. Supp. 2d 116, 117 n.1 (D.D.C. 2008), and “[t]he federal courts have consistently

rejected attempts at third-party lay representation.” United States ex rel. Rockefeller v.

Westinghouse Elec. Co., 274 F. Supp. 2d 10, 17 (D.D.C. 2003) (alteration in original) (quoting

Herrera-Venegas v. Sanchez-Rivera, 681 F.2d 41, 42 (1st Cir. 1982)). There is no reason to do

otherwise here.

       Without offering any credible evidence to link any of the injuries to the actions of the

defendants, the plaintiff also claims “poisonings at the hand of racist restaurant workers, torture

in public, public humiliation, poisoning from [biological and] chemical weapons attacks, . . .

physical assault and battery by combatants . . . .” Am. Compl. at 3-4. On the whole, these

allegations (and in fact all of the plaintiff’s allegations) fall within the scope of what can be

characterized as nothing other than “fantastic or delusional” and therefore warrant dismissal.

See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 328 (1989); Best v. Kelly, 39 F.3d 328, 330-31 (D.C.

Cir. 1994); Roum, 461 F. Supp. 2d at 46. The plaintiff in Roum similarly sought $875 million in

damages in a complaint alleging “an intricate plot by various agencies and officials of the federal

government to kidnap, torture, and kill [him].” Roum, 461 F. Supp. 2d at 42. There, a judge of

this Court held that in addition to the plaintiff’s inability to establish a valid waiver of sovereign

immunity or make a valid claim under the FTCA, the case also warranted dismissal because the

claims were “fundamentally incredible” and “[u]nder Rule 12(b)(1), federal courts lack



                                                  21
jurisdiction over claims that are ‘so attenuated and unsubstantial as to be absolutely devoid of

merit,’” id. at 46 (quoting Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 536 (1974)).

       Here, on the same grounds that warranted dismissal of the claims in Roum, the Court

cannot exercise jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s conspiratorial claims. The plaintiff’s allegations

of retaliation by the Department of State through various forms of intimidation and violence,

following the defendants’ purported refusal to offer him a reward for supposed information

concerning the whereabouts of a terrorist, ultimately amount to no more than “fanciful” and

“bizarre conspiracy theories” and must be dismissed. See id. Therefore, these claims are

dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure.

                                              IV. Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the defendants’ motion to dismiss

the plaintiff’s Amended Complaint.10



                                                                      REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                      United States District Judge




       10
            An Order is being issued contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.

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