                                                                FILED 

                                                             AUGUST 27, 2013 

                                                        In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                       WA State Court of Appeals, Division III 




           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                              DIVISION THREE 


Kevin Grudzinski,                              )         No. 30795-6-111
                                               )
                       Appellant,              )
                                               )
                v.                             )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )
Randy Grudzinski and                           )
Nancy Grudzinski, husband and wife,            )
                                               )
                       Respondents.            )

      KULIK, J. - Kevin Grudzinski appeals summary dismissal of claims against his

brother Randy Grudzinski. The claims stem from Randy dumping demolition debris on

land that Kevin later inherited. I Kevin alleged that the debris was toxic, devalued the

land, and clouded title. He sued Randy for relief under the Model Toxics Control Act

(MTCA), chapter 70.105D RCW, chapter 82.21 RCW; damages for negligent injury to

property; an injunction ordering Randy to clean up the land; and a declaration quieting

title. Eleven days before trial, the court dismissed all of the claims on summary

judgment.


       I   For clarity, we will refer to Kevin Grudzinski and Randy Grudzinski by fIrst
No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       We conclude that there was no release of hazardous substances and the court

properly dismissed the remaining claims. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Elsie Grudzinski was the mother of two sons, Kevin Grudzinski and Randy

Grudzinski. Ms. Grudzinski owned 57 acres in Walla Walla. Parts of that acreage are

known as Lots 1,3, and 4. Those lots are at issue here.

Debris Disposal on Lots 1, 3, and 4

      Randy owned a demolition and excavation company called Randy Grudzinski, Inc.

(RGI). He planned to use Lot 1 as a base of operations for RGI. 2 He intended to store his

equipment there. He began dumping debris, which included large pieces of asphalt and

concrete, on Lot 1. However, the plan to make it a base of operations never materialized.

       While dumping a load of excavation material on·Lot 1, an "end-dump trailer"

tipped over on its side. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 118. It remained tipped over for several

months. During that time, fluid leaked out of the trailer and onto the soil. Kevin believed

that the liquid was hydraulic fluid. The record does not reveal what the fluid was made of

or whether it was cleaned up.



name. We intend no disrespect.
      2 The parties submitted evidence on and argued about whether Ms. Grudzinski
gave Randy permission to use her land and, if so, what the scope of that permission was.

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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       Later, RGI had an excavation contract with Apollo, Inc. Apollo, Inc. was the

general contractor on the "Myra Road project." CP at 146. According to Randy, he

dumped "asphalt, concrete, vegetation, tree stumps and pit-run gravel" on his mother's

land during the project. CP at 52. He dumped most of the debris on Lot 4, but also

dumped some on Lot 3. Apollo, Inc. itselfwas dumping debris on Ms. Grudzinski's land.

She signed a document giving Apollo, Inc. permission to dump dirt and vegetation on her

land, but not "[m]aterials from Stubblefield property.,,3 CP at 55.

      The "Stubblefield property" refers to the former Stubblefield Salvage Yard. It is a

hazardous site awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology. The Myra Road project

went through a portion of the salvage yard. As a result, some of the salvage yard was

excavated.

      According to Randy, debris from the Stubblefield Salvage Yard was disposed of

on another part of the yard, which Randy and a business partner eventually bought.

Randy knew that Stubblefield Salvage Yard's debris was there because he saw Apollo

moving loads of it and there "was truckloads and truckloads stacked that [he] had to deal


However, Ms. Grudzinski's permission is irrelevant to the issues addressed here.
       3 What land she gave them permission to dump on is unclear. The letter that she
signed authorizing the dumping $ays that Apollo may dump on "parcel number
350725220004 at 531 Hatch Street." CP at 55. That parcel number is Lot 4, but 531
Hatch Street was Ms. Grudzinsk;i's residence, which was on a different parceL

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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


with" when he bought the land. CP at 187. He indicated that the Environmental

Protection Agency had tested his portion of the yard and concluded that it was not

contaminated.

       Kevin, however, suggested that Stubblefield Salvage Yard debris ended up on Ms.

Grudzinski's land. Although he did not actually see debris from the Stubblefield being

dumped on Ms. Grudzinski's land, he did see Apollo's and RGI's trucks loaded with

Stubblefield debris and traveling toward Lots 3 and 4. According to Kevin, the debris on

Lots 3 and 4 included "iron pipe, cast iron manhole covers, cast iron manhole rings, and

PVC pipe," and a "concrete manhole ring." CP at 118. None of the land was tested for

the presence of hazardous substances.

Ms. Grudzinski's Estate

       Ms. Grudzinski died in 2009 and left her estate to Kevin and Randy. In her will,

she indicated,

               I am concerned that my children will argue over the disposition of
       my estate and management of my estate after my death .... [S]hould either
       of my children contest the terms of my Will or the manner in which my
       Personal Representative is handling the resolution of my estate, said child
       shall receive the sum of ONE DOLLAR ($1.00) and otherwise receive
       nothing under this Will.

CP at 3 1. She devised and bequeathed 60 percent of the estate's residue to Kevin and 40

percent to Randy. The residue included Lots 1,3, and 4.

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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       The court appointed Thomas Sawatzki personal representative. Instead of selling

the land and dividing the proceeds, Mr. Sawatzki divided the land between Randy and

Kevin. Kevin ended up with Lots 1,3, and 4.

       Mr. Sawatzki knew that those lots had demolition debris on them. He concluded

that the debris did not reduce the land's value, but got several estimates on the cost to

clean up the debris. The estimates indicated that it would cost $15,000 to $43,700 to

remove the debris. Based on those figures, he decided to give Kevin a setoff of $25,000

worth of additional estate property.4 According to Kevin, rather than giving Kevin

anything of value, Mr. Sawatzki artificially inflated the value of personal property already

distributed to Kevin.

Procedural History

       The Walla Walla County Health Department ordered that Kevin remove the debris

and properly dispose of it. Nobody had a permit to dump excavation debris on Ms.

Grudzinski's land and the dumping was prohibited by a zoning regulation. Nothing in the

record shows that Walla Walla County has enforced its order.




        4 The record also suggest$ that Kevin may have received $43,700 rather than
$25,000. However, Randy agre¢d at the summary judgment hearing and in his appellate
brief that Kevin received $25,00~.

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No. 30795-6-II1
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       Kevin did not clean up the land, but he did sue Randy for the cost of cleanup. He

claimed that he was entitled to relief under the MTCA, damages for negligent injury to

real property, equitable relief ordering Randy to clean up the property, a declaration

quieting title, and a dech"tration of the legal status of an easement for well water.

       On February 16,2012, Randy moved for summary judgment on every claim. The

summary judgment hearing was set for March 15,2012, which was 11 days before trial.

Kevin moved to strike the summary judgment hearing as untimely. He argued that it was

prejudicial because it would be impossible to prepare for the summary judgment hearing

and trial 11 days later. The court denied the motion.

       At the summary judgment hearing, Kevin conceded that hardened asphalt could

not support an MTCA claim. Counsel for Kevin explained that the MTCA claim did not

include Lot 1 "because of the nature of the material dumped there, which are hardened

asphalt, large volume of trees, tree trunks, and tree stumps and concrete, so forth. None

of that is going to be a MTCA claim." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 24.

       The court granted the motion and dismissed every claim except the easement-

related claim. It concluded that there was insufficient evidence of hazardous substances

to support the MTCA claim, Randy did not owe a duty to Kevin or that Ms. Grudzinski's

negligence claim did not pass to!Kevin, that the equities did not support a declaratory



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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


relief, and that there was no cloud on the title. Kevin appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

       We review orders on summary judgment de novo. Michak v. Transnation Title

Ins. Co., 148 Wn.2d 788, 794-95, 64 P.3d 22 (2003). Summary judgment should be

granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact and that the moving party is entitled to a summary judgment as a matter of law."

CR 56(c). We consider all facts and all reasonable inferences from those facts in a light

most favorable to the nonmoving party. Lakey v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 176 Wn.2d

909,922,296 P.3d 860 (2013). A genuine issue of material fact exists when reasonable

minds could disagree about the facts controlling the outcome of litigation. Wilson v.

Steinbach, 98 Wn.2d 434,437,656 P.2d 1030 (1982).

MTCA Claim

       The MTCA's goal is to protect human and environmental health from

irresponsible use and disposal of hazardous substances. RCW 70.l05D.OIO. The MTCA

allows the Department of Ecology to recover "all remedial action costs and for all natural

resource damages resulting from the releases or threatened releases of hazardous

substances." RCW 70.105D.040(2). Additionally, a landowner liable for clean up costs



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No. 30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


may seek contribution or declaratory relief from other liable parties. RCW

70.105D.040(l)(a), .080. To support a private MTCA claim, the evidence must show that

(l) the plaintiff is responsible for clean up costs, (2) the defendant is a liable party, (3) the

property is a "facility," and (4) there is a release or threatened release of a hazardous

substance. RCW 70.105D.040(l), .080. Once the court concludes that the plaintiff may

recover, it determines the measure of recovery using equitable factors and limits the

recovery to fees and expenses that are the "substantial equivalent of a [Department of

Ecology]-supervised remedial action." RCW 70.105D.080.

       Here, the parties dispute whether there was a release of hazardous substances,

whether Randy is a liable party, and whether Kevin is entitled to relief. Because we

conclude that there was no release of hazardous substances, we do not reach the

remaining issues.

       Kevin argues that the trial court erred by concluding that there was no evidence of

hazardous substances on the land. "Hazardous substance" is statutorily defined. RCW

70.105D.020(l0), It includes many substances, but the substances most relevant here are

"petroleum products" and "extremely hazardous waste." See RCW 70.105D.020(10)(a),

(d). "Extremely hazardous waste" is any waste "[i]f disposed of at a disposal site in such
                                  I
quantities as would present an ettreme hazard to human beings or the environment."


                                               8

No.3079S-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


RCW 70.1 OS.O 1O(7)(b). Other hazardous substances include those that are 


highly toxic to or "may affect the genetic make-up of human beings or wildlife," 


RCW 70.l0S.01O(7)(a)(i); have "short-lived, toxic properties that may cause death, 


injury, or illness," are "mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic," RCW 70.10S.010(1)(a); 


or are "corrosive, explosive, [or] flammable." RCW 70.l0S.010(1)(b). 


       Kevin contends that there was evidence of hazardous substances on the land.

Specifically, he contends that the Stubblefield Salvage Yard debris, hardened asphalt, and

hydraulic fluid -are all hazardous substances.

       Stubblefield Salvage Yard Material. Kevin contends that there was evidence that

this material was a hazardous substance because the evidence showed that the

Stubblefield Salvage Yard was awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology and the

debris from the salvage yard was on Lots 3 and 4. From that evidence, he contends the

court can infer that there are hazardous substances on the land. Randy responds that there

is no way to know whether hazardous substances are on the land because Kevin failed to

test the land for hazardous substances.

       The evidence shows that RGI worked on the Myra Road project with Apollo, the

Myra Road project went througH the salvage yard; RGI and Apollo trucks traveled toward
                                 !
                                 I

Lots 3 and 4 while loaded with ~alvage yard debris; and that the salvage yard was



                                                 9

No.30795-6-II1
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology. By all accounts, the debris on Lots 3

and 4 consisted of asphalt, concrete, vegetation, tree stumps, gravel, cast iron, and PVC.

      Viewed in a light most favorable to Kevin, this court could infer that material from

the Stubblefield Salvage Yard was on the land. However, this court cannot infer that the

material is hazardous. Perhaps the material would be hazardous if it was in such a

quantity as to present an extreme hazard to human beings or the environment. See

RCW 70.105.010(7)(b). However, there is no evidence to suggest that. Additionally, the

materials were not tested for contamination from hazardous substances that might be, for

example, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, corrosive, explosive, or flammable. See

RCW 70. 105.0 lO(1)(a), (b).

      The evidence does not support the conclusion that any debris from the Stubblefield

Salvage Yard is hazardous.

      Hydraulic Fluid. Next, Kevin argues that hydraulic fluid is a hazardous

substance. His argument, however, consists only of a conclusory statement that hydraulic

tluid is a hazardous substance. That statement relies on the assumption that hydraulic

fluid is a petroleum product. Petroleum products are hazardous substances.

RCW 70.l05D.020(10)(d).




                                            10 

No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       The evidence showed that hydraulic fluid spilled onto the soil, but not that the

fluid was a petroleum product or any other kind of hazardous substance. Indeed, there are

at least four types of hydraulic fluids and only one type is a petroleum product. 5 See U.S.

DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, PUBLIC HEALTH SERV., AGENCY FOR TOXIC

SUBSTANCES & DISEASE REGISTRY, TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS at

9 (Sept. 1997) (there are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin

hydraulic fluids);6 Dawn Lyons-Johnson, Biodegradable Plant-Based Hydraulic Fluid,

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, Nov. 1998, at 9 (there are plant-based hydraulic fluids).7

       Hardened Asphalt. On appeal, Kevin also argues that hardened asphalt is a

hazardous substance. However, this court may refuse to review issues not raised in the

trial court. RAP 2.5(a). At the summary judgment hearing, Kevin conceded that

hardened asphalt could not contribute to his MTCA claim. There, Kevin's counsel

explained that the MTCA claim did not include Lot 1 "because of the nature of the

materials dumped there, which are hardened asphalt, large volume of trees, tree trunks,




       5 Thiscourt may take judi~ial notice of facts "not subject to reasonable dispute."
ER 201(b).                      .
      6 Available at http://wwwfatsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiIes/tp99.pdf.
      7 Available at http://wwwj.ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/nov98/0iII198.pdf.
                                 I
                                 I


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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


and tree stumps and concrete, so forth. None ofthat is going to be a MTCA claim."

RP at 24 (emphasis added). Because Kevin did not preserve this issue for appeal, we

need not address it. See RAP 2.5(a).

       In sum, Kevin failed to present any evidence of hazardous substances on the land.

There being no genuine issue of material fact on that element, Randy was entitled to

summary judgment as a matter oflaw. See CR 56(c).

Negligence

       Kevin next argues that the trial court incorrectly dismissed his negligence claim.

A plaintiff raising negligence must establish four elements: (l) a duty owed to the

plaintiff, (2) breach of that duty by the defendant, (3) resulting injury, and (4) proximate

cause between the breach and the injury. Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc y, 124

Wn.2d 121, 127-28,875 P.2d 621 (1994). Whether the defendant owed a duty to the

plaintiff is a threshold question. Munich v. Skagit Emergency Commc 'ns Ctr., 175 Wn.2d

871,877,288 P.3d 328 (2012). If the existence of a duty does not depend on disputed

facts and the plaintiff does not establish that a duty exists, then summary judgment is

appropriate. See Hymas v. UAP Distrib., Inc., 167 Wn. App. 136, 150,272 P.3d 889,

review denied, 175 Wn.2d 1006 (2012) (summary judgment inappropriate when duty

depends on disputed facts); Jackson v. City ofSeattle, 158 Wn. App. 647,652,244 P.3d



                                             12 

No. 30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


425 (2010) (burden of establishing duty is on the plaintiff).

       Kevin contends that Randy owed him a duty because Randy owed Ms. Grudzinski

a duty and now Kevin owns her land. Randy responds that he did not owe Kevin a duty

because Kevin did not own the land at the time of Randy's alleged negligent conduct.

       While the issue may certainly be framed as one of duty, it might better be framed

as one of standing: Does Kevin have standing to assert Ms. Grudzinski's negligence

claim? Standing is a common law doctrine that prohibits a plaintiff from raising the legal

rights of another. Grant County Fire Prot. Dist. No.5 v. City ofMoses Lake, 150 Wn.2d

791,802,83 P.3d 419 (2004). Generally, a person has standing to raise a claim for injury

to real property only if that person owned the real property at the time of the injury.

Powell v. Superior Portland Cement, Inc., 15 Wn.2d 14, 18, 129 P.2d 536 (1942) ("[T]he

right of action, if any, respondent's grantor may have had for damages to that property ...

did not pass to respondent grantee with conveyance of the property, needs no citation of

sustaining authority."); Scott v. Elliot, 253 Or. 168, 181, 451 P.2d 474 (1969); West v.

Brenntag Sw., Inc., 168 S.W.3d 327,333 (Tex. App. 2005); Beach St. Corp. v. A.P.

Constr. Co., 441 Pa. Super. 639, 641-42, 658 A.2d 379 (1995); Frank C. Minvielle, LLC

v./MC Global Operations, Inc.,:380 F. Supp. 2d 755, 771-72 (W.D. La. 2004). Kevin

does not have standing to assert Ms. Grudzinski's claim.



                                             13
No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


       Kevin also contends that he is entitled to assert Ms. Grudzinski's negligence claim

because of this state's survival statute. See RCW 4.20.046(1). Under the survival statute,

the claim of a decedent survives and passes to the personal representative. Id. The statute

provides:

       All causes of action by a person or persons against another person or
       persons shall survive to the personal representatives ofthe former and
       against the personal representatives of the latter, whether such actions arise
       on contract or otherwise, and whether or not such actions would have
       survived at the common law or prior to the date of enactment of this
       section.

Id. (emphasis added).

       There are two problems with Kevin's argument. First, Mr. Sawatzki-not

Kevin-was Ms. Grudzinski's personal representative. He had the discretion to sue

Randy, but chose not to do so. See RCW 11.48.010. Second, the record does not show

that Mr. Sawatzki distributed a negligence claim to Kevin. The claim is not listed in the

inventory and appraisal of the estate or as an asset to be distributed to Kevin. Kevin

points out that Mr. Sawatzki did not formally release the claim either and it therefore

remains an undistributed asset of the estate. If so, a trial court may reissue letters of

administration to dispose of the claim. See RCW 11.76.250. But in the meantime, Ms.

Grudzinski's negligence claim dbes not belong to Kevin.

       The court correctly dismissed Kevin's negligence claim.

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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


Equitable and Quiet Title Claims

        Next, Kevin argues that the trial court incorrectly dismissed his equitable and quiet

title claims. Both claims sought an order requiring Randy to clean up the land to the

satisfaction of Walla Walla County and Kevin.

        Kevin contends that the trial court erred because he raised a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether Mr. Sawatzki adequately compensated him for the cost of

cleaning up the land. However, that factual issue is immaterial to the court's conclusion

that Kevin was not entitled to equitable relief. The court observed that Ms. Grudzinski's

will appointed a neutral third-party personal representative and contained a no-contest

clause. The court concluded that the will evidenced Ms. Grudzinski's intent to avoid

conflict between Randy and Kevin. It further concluded that Kevin's suit was an attempt

to circumvent the terms of the will and allowing Kevin to do so would be inequitable.

Even assuming that Mr. Sawatzki's setoff was inadequate, the court's conclusion would

apply. There was no genuine issue of material fact that prevented summary judgment on

this issue.

       Kevin also contends that the trial court erred by dismissing the claims without

citing to any authority. However, we will not consider arguments that are not supported

by citations to authority. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Joy v. Dep't o/Labor & Indus., 170 Wn. App.



                                             15 

No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


614,629,285 P.3d 187 (2012), review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1021 (2013). Because Kevin

does not cite to any authority to support his argument, this court will not consider it.

       There is no basis to conclude that the court erred by dismissing the equitable and

quiet title claims.

Timeliness ofSummary Judgment Motion

       Finally, Kevin contends that the court erred by hearing the summary judgment

motion untimely. A motion for summary judgment "shall be heard more than 14 calendar

days before the date set for trial unless leave of court is granted to allow otherwise."

CR 56(c). An order shortening time between a summary judgment hearing and trial is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State ex ref. Citizens Against Tolls v. Murphy, 151

Wn.2d 226,236,88 P.3d 375 (2004). Shortening time is an abuse of discretion ifit

prejudiced the nonmoving party. ld. To demonstrate prejudice, the nonmoving party

"must show a lack of actual notice, a lack of time to prepare for the motion, and no

opportunity to submit case authority or provide countervailing oral argument." ld. at 236­

37.

       In Citizens Against Tolls, the plaintiff argued that a summary judgment hearing

eight days prior to trial was prejudicial because it had insufficient time to collect evidence

or file a CR 56(t) motion. ld.; sJe CR 56(t) (the court may refuse to consider a summary



                                             16 

No.30795-6-II1
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


judgment motion if the nonmoving party cannot present affidavit facts to oppose the

summary judgment motion). The court concluded that there was no prejudice because the

plaintiff knew about the issues that might lead to summary judgment months before the

hearing and the uncollected evidence had no value. ld. at 238.

       Here, Kevin argued that shortening time prejudiced him because it would be too

hard to prepare for summary judgment and then trial 11 days later. On appeal, he further

explains that he did not have time to file a CR 56(f) motion or conduct more discovery to

address the issues raised by Randy. However, the record shows that Kevin had more than

one month to file a CR 56(f) motion, prepare for summary judgment, and then 11 more

days to prepare for trial. He also never explained what type of evidence he needed to

obtain through additional discovery. Like in Citizens Against Tolls, he has not shown

prejudice.

       The court did not abuse its discretion by hearing the summary judgment motion 11

days before trial.




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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski


      We affirm the decision of the trial court.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.


                                          Kulik, 1.

WE CONCUR: 





                err 

Korsmo, C ..




                                            18 

