                                  COURT OF APPEALS
                               EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                    EL PASO, TEXAS

                                              §
 JERRY MULLENDORE,                                           No. 08-12-00140-CV
                                              §
                       Appellant,                                Appeal from
                                              §
 v.                                                           393rd District Court
                                              §
 KURT MICHAEL MUEHLSTEIN,                                  of Denton County, Texas
                                              §
                       Appellee.                            (TC # 2006-60010-393)
                                              §

                                        OPINION

       Jerry Mullendore appeals a judgment awarding him $30,000 in damages following a jury

trial in a prescriptive easement and temporary loss of use of land case. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

                                    FACTUAL SUMMARY

       Mullendore owns a four-unit rental property located in the Town of Little Elm, in Denton

County, Texas. He purchased the property from his father, Reverend F.K. Mullendore, who had

owned it since 1961. Sometime in 1966, Reverend Mullendore installed a sewer line, a section

of which he ran through a neighboring lot that he did not own. Muehlstein purchased that lot in

December 2002.

       In November or December 2004, Mullendore’s tenants reported that sewage was backing

up into their bathtubs. Mullendore hired a plumber who determined that the source of the
problem was a break in the sewage line. The break, of course, was in the portion of the line

located underneath Muehlstein’s lot.               Muehlstein testified that although he initially gave

Mullendore permission to make the repair, he withdrew it before the task was undertaken.1

Mullendore, on the other hand, testified that Muehlstein had simply refused permission.

Regardless, the problem with the sewage line endured through at least the date of trial.

Mullendore testified that the condition made his apartments uninhabitable and that they were

unrented as of that date.

                                         PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         Mullendore sued Muehlstein in early 2006. He sought permanent injunctive relief,

unspecified damages, and a declaration that a prescriptive easement existed in connection with

the sewage line. In November 2011, the case proceeded to trial before a jury. The jury answered

all questions in favor of Mullendore, and determined $30,000 to be reasonable compensation for

damages Mullendore “sustained as a result of not being able to repair his sewer line where it

crossed [Muehlstein’s] property.” The trial court entered its final judgment on January 10, 2012,

in which it declared the existence of the easement and awarded Mullendore $30,000 in damages.

Mullendore appeals this award.

                                             CHARGE ERROR?

         Mullendore’s sole point of error concerns the trial court’s instruction to the jury regarding

damages.2 The instruction, together with the jury question to which it relates, reads as follows:


1
   At trial, Muehlstein testified that he withdrew his permission “about a week, week and a half” later because he
believed that Mullendore had prompted the Town of Little Elm to initiate code enforcement action against him. In
his brief, Muehlstein argues that the period was closer to two weeks and that thereafter, during litigation, he had re-
extended permission. While Muehlstein’s arguments are not supported by citation to the record, the matter is
immaterial to the issues properly before us.
2
   Muehlstein does not address Mullendore’s point of error, but instead attempts to raise cross-issues regarding the
factual sufficiency of the evidence. Muehlstein has not filed a notice of appeal. “A party who seeks to alter the trial
court’s judgment or other appealable order must file a notice of appeal.” TEX.R.APP.P. 25.1(c). Absent just cause

                                                          2
        Question No. 5

        What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
        compensate Plaintiff for the damages sustained as a result of not being able to
        repair his sewer line where it crossed Defendant’s property.

                                                .       .       .

        Any answer to question number 5 must be based on a reasonable degree of
        certainty. You may consider out of pocket expenses and lost profits, but lost
        profits must be calculated using gross receipts and deducting all normal and
        necessary operating expenses.

Mullendore argues that this instruction employed a lost profits approach, whereas the correct

measure of damages for a temporary loss of use is loss of rentals. More specifically, Mullendore

complains that the instruction improperly required the jury to deduct expenses from its

calculation of damages. Whether a trial court applied an improper measure of damages is a

question of law subject to a de novo review. Allied Vista, Inc. v. Holt, 987 S.W.2d 138, 141

(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied).

        The calculation of damages for temporary injuries to real property should be tailored to

the circumstances of the specific case. Hall v. Robbins, 790 S.W.2d 417, 418 (Tex.App--

Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ). “The purpose of the measure of damage being based upon

the value of the loss of use is to compensate the owner for his loss due to the inability to use the

property for its normal purposes.” Etex Tel. Co-op., Inc. v. Sanders, 607 S.W.2d 278, 281

(Tex.Civ.App.--Texarkana 1980, no writ). Loss of rentals is one of the various approaches to

calculating damages that is appropriate in a temporary injury to land case. Id. at 418-19; City of

Austin v. Teague, 570 S.W.2d 389, 394 (Tex. 1978).

        Certain language within the City of Austin v. Teague case forms the entire basis of

Mullendore’s argument. Teague involved a temporary loss of the use of land caused by a

we may not grant a party who does not file a notice of appeal more favorable relief than did the trial court. Id.
Consequently, Muehlstein has waived error.

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governmental actor. Id. at 390. The landowner sought damages for loss of rental. Id. After

recognizing that “[l]oss of rentals is an appropriate measure of damages for the temporary loss of

use of land,” the Supreme Court defined the phrase “rental value” as “that amount which, in the

ordinary course of business, the premises would bring or for which they could be rented, or the

value, as ascertained by proof of what the premises would rent for, and not the probable profit

which might accrue.” [Emphasis added]. Id. at 394, citing 76 C.J.S. Rental at 1168 (1952).

Mullendore relies on this language to argue that lost profits and out-of-pocket expenses are never

proper measures of damages in temporary loss of land use cases. Teague does not support this

argument.

       The issue in Teague was whether there was factually sufficient evidence to support the

damages awarded, not whether the proper measure of damages had been applied. Teague, 570

S.W.2d at 394-95. The opinion does not restrict damages in temporary injury to land cases to

lost rent, nor does it forbid factoring expenses into damages. Whether Teague forbids reductions

for expenses in cases where damages are measured solely through lost rentals, however, is less

certain. One intermediate court has held that it does. See Burke v. Pierce, No. 01-88-00105-CV,

1988 WL 88317, at *7 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 25, 1988, no writ)(not designated for

publication)(relying on Teague to hold, in a specific performance/loss of use case, that gross

rather than net rental was the proper measure of lost rent damages).

       We reject Mullendore’s contention that Teague stands for the proposition that lost profits

and out of pocket expenses can never be proper measures of damages for the temporary loss of

use of land. Loss of rentals continues to be but one of several measures of damages available in

such cases, and the measure ultimately employed should be tailored to the specific circumstances

of the case. City of Carrollton v. RIHR Inc., 308 S.W.3d 444, 452 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2010, pet.



                                                4
denied), citing Hall, 790 S.W.2d at 418, and United States v. Lee, 360 F.2d 449, 452 (5th Cir.

1966). Ultimately, the “proper measure of damages for a temporary injury to real property is the

amount necessary to place the owner of the property in the same position he occupied prior to the

injury.”   Z.A.O., Inc. v. Yarbrough Drive Center Joint Venture, 50 S.W.3d 531, 545-46

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2001, no pet.), quoting Lone Star Development Corp. v. Reilly, 656 S.W.2d

521, 525 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.) and Kraft v. Langford, 565 S.W.2d 223, 227

(Tex. 1978).

       Further contrary to Mullendore’s position is authority establishing that out of pocket

expenses and loss of profits can be appropriately recovered as compensation for temporary loss

of land use. Betts v. Reed, 165 S.W.3d 862, 872-73 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2005, no pet.)

(affirming award of out of pocket expenses based on loss of use of real property); San Antonio

River Auth. v. Garrett Bros., 528 S.W.2d 266, 274 (Tex.Civ.App.--San Antonio 1975, writ ref’d

n.r.e.)(for temporary taking or damage, landowner entitled to recover such sum as would

compensate for lost profits).

       Nonetheless, assuming without deciding that the trial court’s instruction regarding

damages was improper, the purported error cannot be the basis of a reversal unless the

instruction “was harmful because it probably caused the rendition of an improper verdict.”

Penrod v. Schecter, 319 S.W.3d 737, 745 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2009, pet. denied), citing

TEX.R.APP.P. 44.1, and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Johnson, 106 S.W.3d 718, 723 (Tex. 2003).

Mullendore bears the burden to show the probability of harm. In re Marriage of Scott, 117

S.W.3d 580, 584 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2003, no pet.)(holding that an appellate court “may not

reverse the judgment of the trial court” unless the appellant satisfies this burden). American

Petrofina Company of Texas v. Ray, 383 S.W.2d 616 (Tex.Civ.App.--Eastland 1964, writ ref’d



                                               5
n.r.e.).    Whether harm has been suffered from charge error must be determined from an

examination of the record as a whole. Denman v. Burris, 815 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tex.App.--

El Paso 1991, writ denied). An appellant is required to identify the places in the record that

support his complaint. G.R.A.V.I.T.Y. Enterprises, Inc. v. Reece Supply Co., 177 S.W.3d 537,

546 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2005, no pet.); see also Keene Corp. v. Gardner, 837 S.W.2d 224, 229

(Tex.App.--Dallas 1992, writ denied).

           Mullendore makes no attempt to establish that the trial court’s instruction probably

caused the rendition of an improper judgment. His brief does not contain any record citations or

arguments addressing this issue. Although he argues that he offered evidence of damages in

excess of the jury’s award, he makes no effort to establish that the instruction caused the

rendition of an improper verdict. We construe the Rules of Appellate Procedure liberally, but an

appellate court has no duty to search the record without guidance from an appellant to determine

whether its assertion of reversible error is valid. Ashley Furniture Indus., Inc. v. David Pierce,

311 S.W.3d 595, 597 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, no pet.); G.R.A.V.I.T.Y., 177 S.W.3d at 546;

Keene, 837 S.W.2d at 229. An appellant’s brief must contain both substantive analysis and

citation to authorities and the record; a failure to include either waives an issue on appeal. See

TEX.R.APP.P. 38.1(i); In re M.J.G., 248 S.W.3d 753, 760 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).

See also Fredonia State Bank v. General American Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex.

1994)(holding that appellate courts have discretion to find an issue waived due to inadequate

briefing). Because we conclude that Mullendore has waived error, we overrule his point sole and

affirm the judgment of the trial court below.

January 15, 2014
                                      ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.

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