                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 198

                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                        DIVISION I
                                       No. CV-14-693


                                                  Opinion Delivered   MARCH 18, 2015
BARTON AG CENTER, INC.,
VERLON SPENCER, and GREENWAY                      APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
EQUIPMENT, INC.                                   COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                    APPELLANTS                    FIFTH DIVISION [NO. CV-10-2219]

V.                                                HONORABLE WENDELL GRIFFEN,
                                                  JUDGE

WILLIAM CASE                                      AFFIRMED IN PART;
                                 APPELLEE         REVERSED IN PART



                            KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge


       A Pulaski County jury found that Verlon Spencer, Barton AG Center, Inc., and

Greenway Equipment, Inc. (sometimes referred to collectively as “Greenway”1 or as

appellants) committed the tort of conversion with respect to two John Deere tractors owned

by appellee William Case. The jury awarded compensatory and punitive damages against

Greenway. Greenway appeals, raising two points for reversal: (1) that the trial court erred in

submitting the conversion claim against them to the jury; and (2) that the trial court erred in

submitting the punitive damages claim against them to the jury. We affirm the compensatory

damages awarded against appellants on the conversion claim, but we reverse the punitive

damages.


       1
       The appellants’ brief refers to Spencer, Barton AG Center, and Greenway collectively
as “Greenway.”
                                 Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 198

       Conversion is a common-law tort action for the wrongful possession or disposition of

another’s property. Buck v. Gillham, 80 Ark. App. 375, 96 S.W.3d 750 (2003). The tort of

conversion is committed when a party wrongfully commits a distinct act of dominion over

the property of another that is inconsistent with the owner’s rights. Id. The intent required

is not conscious wrongdoing, but rather an intent to exercise dominion or control over the

goods that is inconsistent with the plaintiff’s rights. Id. Conversion can occur even where the

party who took the property is operating under a mistaken belief. Schmidt v. Stearman, 98

Ark. App. 167, 253 S.W.3d 35 (2007).

       The appellant’s arguments on appeal challenge the trial court’s denial of their motions

for directed verdict and motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The standard of

review of the denial of a motion for directed verdict is whether the jury’s verdict is supported

by substantial evidence. Med. Assurance Co., Inc. v. Castro, 2009 Ark. 93, at 3, 302 S.W.3d

592, 595 (quoting ConAgra Foods, Inc. v. Draper, 372 Ark. 361, 276 S.W.3d 244 (2008)).

Similarly, in reviewing the denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the

appellate court will reverse only if there is no substantial evidence to support the jury’s

verdict, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Substantial

evidence is that which goes beyond suspicion or conjecture and is sufficient to compel a

conclusion one way or the other. Id. In determining whether there is substantial evidence,

the court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom in the light most

favorable to the party on whose behalf the judgment was entered. Id.




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        In 2008, William “Buddy” Case was working in the farming and dirt-moving business.

He was a member of a limited liability company known as A&B Land Development. The

members of the limited liability company were Buddy Case and Alex Liles.2 Michael Booth

worked part-time for A&B Land Development as a subcontractor. An opportunity arose in

2008 for A&B Development to move dirt for a housing project in Conway, Arkansas.

Mr. Case testified that he furnished the equipment and Michael Booth did the work. A&B

Land Development did not have the appropriate heavy equipment to perform the project.

Buddy Case purchased a two-wheel drive John Deere 4840 Row Crop Tractor from Barton

AG Center.3 The salesman for Barton AG was Verlon Spencer. Both Buddy Case and

Michael Booth discussed the purchase with Verlon Spencer.4 The sales price of the John

Deere 4840 was $17,500. Buddy Case made a $2,000 down payment and financed the

balance of $15,500 through John Deere Credit. All of the financing documents and the loan

contract were signed by “William A. Case” in his individual capacity.

        At some point during the project, a John Deere 8960 tractor previously owned by

Buddy Case broke down. As a result, Buddy Case bought a replacement four-wheel drive

John Deere 8970 from Barton AG again through the salesman, Verlon Spencer. The sales

        2
        Alex Liles is the stepson of Michael Booth, who was one of the defendants in this
case.
        3
         Barton AG Center was later acquired by Greenway Equipment. The parties to this
lawsuit stipulated that Greenway Equipment would accept liability for Barton AG Center as
its successor in interest.
        4
       Verlon Spencer testified at trial that both Case and Booth came into his office to
purchase the tractor, that he was told that Case and Booth were equal partners, and that the
company that was going to use the equipment was A&B Land Development.

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price of the John Deere 8970 tractor was $49,500. Buddy Case made an $8,000 down

payment and financed the balance of $41,500 through John Deere Credit. All of the

financing documents and loan contract were signed by “William A. Case” in his individual

capacity.

       By 2009, A&B Land Development was not successful, and Case wanted out of the

business. Booth approached John Peters with the opportunity to purchase the two John

Deere tractors at issue in this case, and Peters agreed to buy the tractors. Booth and Peters

went to Barton AG Center in September 2009, and Verlon Spencer assisted in the sale of the

tractors to Peters. The tractors were financed with John Deere Credit in the sole name of

John Peters.5 The evidence suggested that Spencer may have been operating under the

mistaken assumption that Booth was entitled to possess the tractors when he assisted with the

Peters transaction.   Peters would ultimately default on the loan contract and finance

agreement with John Deere Credit, and the tractors were repossessed by Barton AG Center’s

successor, Greenway Equipment, sometime in 2013.

       Case did not authorize the sale of the tractors to Peters and, in fact, had no knowledge

of the transaction until October 2009 when he received a letter from John Deere Credit

notifying him that the debts related to the John Deere 4840 and the John Deere 8970 had

been satisfied. Case attempted to discuss the sale of the tractors with employees of Barton AG




       5
       The evidence indicated that Booth was not credit worthy to be a party to the 2008
purchase by Case or the 2009 purchase by Peters.

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Center, including Verlon Spencer, but no one would discuss the matter with him citing a

“privacy act.”

       In November 2009, Booth and Case went to attorney Skip Davidson to discuss the sale

of Case’s interest in A&B Land Development limited liability company to Booth. Davidson

drafted a sales agreement (“Sales Agreement”) that Booth and Case each signed. The sales

price for Case’s interest in the limited liability company was $25,000 plus payment and

performance of other items by Booth enumerated in the Sales Agreement. The Sales

Agreement also provided that Booth would cause Buddy Case’s name to be removed from

the debt related to the John Deere 4840 and that Booth would pay Case $2,909.87. Case

testified that this $2,909.87 related to some expenses Case had paid for repairs on the John

Deere 4840. The Sales Agreement also provided that Booth would cause Buddy Case’s name

to be removed from the debt related to the John Deere 8970 and that Booth would pay Case

$8,000. It was undisputed at trial that Booth had not made any of these payments to Case,

although Booth did cause Buddy Case’s name to be removed from the two John Deere loan

contracts.

       Based on these facts, Case filed this lawsuit. The operative complaint is the fourth

amended complaint filed in August 2013. Case sued John Peters, Michael Booth, Barton AG

Center, Inc., its employee Verlon Spencer, and its successor in interest Greenway Equipment,

Inc. The complaint set forth causes of action for breach of Sales Agreement (against Booth),

conversion (against all defendants), trespass to chattels (against Booth and Peters), civil

conspiracy (against all defendants), unjust enrichment (against all defendants), negligent


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supervision and retention (against Barton AG and Greenway), deceptive trade practices

(against Spencer, Barton AG, and Greenway), invasion of privacy by public disclosure of

private facts (against Spencer, Barton, and Greenway), and failure to comply with the Arkansas

Uniform Commercial Code (against Barton AG and Greenway). Case sought compensatory

and punitive damages.

       The case proceeded to trial by jury on March 11–13, 2014. At the close of the

plaintiff’s case-in-chief, the trial court granted the motions for directed verdict of the

appellants on the counts of failure to comply with the Arkansas Uniform Commercial Code,

invasion of privacy, and deceptive trade practices. Additionally, Case abandoned his claims

for unjust enrichment and negligent supervision and retention. The appellants asked the trial

court to grant a directed verdict on the claims of civil conspiracy, conversion, and punitive

damages, but these motions were denied. All defendants rested without calling any additional

witnesses. The appellants renewed their motions for directed verdicts. The trial court granted

the motion for directed verdict on the civil conspiracy count. The trial court denied the

motions for directed verdict on the claims for conversion and punitive damages. Additionally,

the trial court dismissed John Peters from the case.

       The case was submitted to the jury on the conversion claim for compensatory and

punitive damages against Booth, Spencer, Barton AG and Greenway. The jury returned a

verdict finding that Booth, Spencer, Barton AG and Greenway were liable for conversion and

awarded compensatory damages in the amount of $8,000. The jury apportioned fault on the

conversion claim 60 percent on the appellants, Spencer, Barton AG and Greenway, and 40


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percent on Booth. The jury also returned a verdict on the punitive damages against

appellants, Spencer, Barton AG and Greenway, and awarded $25,000 to Case.6 A judgment

was entered on March 25, 2014.

          Following the entry of the judgment, the appellants filed a motion for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict, wherein they challenged both the verdict for conversion and the

verdict for punitive damages. The trial court denied the motion and the appellants filed their

timely notice of appeal. In this appeal, the appellants assign error to the trial court’s denial of

their motions for directed verdict on the conversion and punitive damages claims, as well as

the trial court’s denial of their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on these

claims.

          For their first argument on appeal, the appellants contend that there was insufficient

evidence to support Case’s conversion claim. The appellants argue that there was no proof

that Barton AG/Greenway exercised possession or dominion of the two tractors when the

tractors were sold to Peters in September 2009, and that because appellants did not possess the

tractors there was no basis to support Case’s claim for conversion.

          We need not determine whether the sale and financing of the John Deere tractors in

2009 to John Peters constituted a conversion of the tractors by the appellants because there

was testimony at trial that Greenway took possession of the tractors in 2013. Although the


          6
         Case’s claim for breach of the Sales Agreement against Booth was also submitted to
the jury. The jury returned a verdict finding that Booth breached the Sales Agreement with
Case and awarded compensatory damages to Case in the amount of $53,976. Booth did not
appeal the $53,976 judgment on the breach of the Sales Agreement, his apportionment of
fault for conversion, or punitive damages.

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primary thrust of Case’s complaint was that the appellants committed conversion in 2009

when they assisted Booth and Peters in the sale and financing of the tractors, in paragraphs 76

and 77 of the conversion count in his fourth amended complaint Case also alleged:

               76. Upon information and belief, Barton (now Greenway) is in possession of
       Tractors One and Two, and holding them in derogation of Case’s rights in Des Arc,
       Prairie County, Arkansas.
               77. Defendants Barton and Greenway are intentionally covertly possessing, taking
       over, and exercising dominion and control over Tractors One and Two that are the subject
       of this litigation in violation of Case’s rights thereto. (Emphasis added.)

       When appellants made their motion for directed verdict on the conversion count, they

argued that there was no testimony that the tractors had been repossessed; but, that was

incorrect. Booth testified that, as a result of a default on Peter’s 2009 loan contract and

finance agreement, Greenway picked up the tractors in July or August 2013. Further, Case

took and introduced photographs of the two John Deere tractors located at the Greenway

dealership in Des Arc, Arkansas. In denying appellants’ directed-verdict motion on the

conversion count, the trial court cited proof that the tractors were in actual possession of

appellants and stated, “If Mr. Case asserts a possessory right as to those two tractors and the

two tractors are held on property owned by Barton AG/Greenway, how does that not present

a jury question as to whether or not Barton AG/Greenway are exercising dominion or

control over the tractors in violation of Mr. Case’s rights?” It was, at least partially, based on

this premise that the trial court allowed the claim for conversion to be submitted to the jury.

       We hold that the trial court committed no error in denying appellant’s directed-verdict

motion as to conversion because there was substantial evidence to support Case’s conversion

claim. Although appellants argued to the trial court, and now to this court, that there was no

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evidence that appellants ever had possession of the tractors, that argument fails because there

was testimony that Greenway took actual possession of both tractors in 2013.7 Based on these

facts, a fact question was presented as to whether there was a conversion committed against

Case. Therefore, we affirm the compensatory damages awarded against appellants on the

conversion claim.

       Appellants’ remaining argument is that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the

jury’s $25,000 award for punitive damages. We agree.

       In conversion cases, punitive damages are not recoverable simply because the defendant

intentionally exercised control or dominion over the plaintiff’s property. City Nat’l Bank of

Fort Smith v. Goodwin, 301 Ark. 182, 783 S.W.2d 335 (1990). Simply put, one cannot

recover punitive damages based on the tort of conversion alone. Id. Instead, the plaintiff

must show that the defendant intentionally exercised control or dominion over the plaintiff’s

property for the purpose of violating his right to the property or for the purpose of causing

damage. Id. Additionally, the proof must rise to the level of clear and convincing evidence.

See AMI Civ. 2218 (2014). Clear and convincing evidence is proof that produces a firm

conviction that the allegation is true. See AMI 2218 (2014); Carter v. Four Seasons Funding

Corp., 351 Ark. 637, 653, 97 S.W.3d 387, 395 (2003).

       On this record, we hold that there was no substantial evidence to demonstrate that the

appellants’ exercise of dominion over Case’s property was for the purpose of violating Case’s



       7
        The issue of whether the repossession by Greenway constituted a conversion of
Peters’s property is not before the court.

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rights or causing him damage. The uncontroverted testimony showed that Case wanted to

sell the tractors and be released from the debt obligations, and that appellants were made

aware of this fact. Spencer testified that he was under the impression that Booth and Case

were equal partners with equal rights to dispose of the tractors, and he was led to believe that

the financing of the tractors and consequential release of Case’s debt in 2009 benefitted Case.

And when Greenway later repossessed the tractors from Peters in 2013, there was no

suggestion that this constituted anything more than Greenway’s exercise of its rights under

the financing agreement as opposed to any intent to harm Case. In consideration of these

circumstances, we reverse the punitive damages awarded by the jury.

       Affirmed in part; reversed in part.

       VIRDEN and HARRISON, JJ., agree.

       Hardin, Jesson & Terry, PLC, by: Jeffrey W. Hatfield, for appellants.

       Walker Law Firm, PLLC, by: Kent Walker, for appellee.




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