                                                                           FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            FEB 09 2018
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   14-10141

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:11-cr-00234-TLN-1
 v.

STEVEN ZINNEL,                                   MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   14-10106

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:11-cr-00234-TLN-2
 v.

DERIAN EIDSON,

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of California
                     Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted November 16, 2017
                            San Francisco, California

      *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Before: W. FLETCHER and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and WILKEN, District
Judge.**

      Steven Zinnel appeals his conviction of concealment or transfer of property

in anticipation of bankruptcy, 18 U.S.C. § 152(7); concealment of property in

bankruptcy proceedings, 18 U.S.C. § 152(1); money laundering, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1956(a)(1)(B)(i); monetary transactions in criminally-derived property, 18

U.S.C. § 1957; and money laundering conspiracy, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). Derian

Eidson appeals her conviction of money laundering conspiracy, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1956(h); and attempted money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We affirm the

convictions and reverse and remand the sentences for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

      1.     Constructive amendment or prejudicial variance

      Constructive amendment “occurs when the charging terms of the indictment

are altered, either literally or in effect.” United States v. Von Stoll, 726 F.2d 584,

586 (9th Cir. 1984) (quoting United States v. Cusmano, 659 F.2d 714, 718 (6th Cir.

1981)). Variance “occurs when the charging terms of the indictment are left

unaltered, but the evidence offered at trial proves facts materially different from


      **
        The Honorable Claudia Wilken, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
                                            2
those alleged in the indictment.” Id. (same). Variance requires reversal only if it

affects the substantial rights of the parties. Id. at 587. We review this issue de

novo. United States v. Ward, 747 F.3d 1184, 1188–89 (9th Cir. 2014).

             a.     Zinnel’s bankruptcy fraud charges

      There was no amendment or variance with respect to Count 1 or 2. Both

counts describe the fraudulent concealment of the Corporate Control and Done

Deal entities, and so the government properly included both companies in its

closing argument. Zinnel’s personal bank account, too, was encompassed by

Count 2. The indictment alleges that, “in the bankruptcy case captioned ‘In re

Steven Zinnel,’ Bankruptcy Case No. 05-28800-C7, . . . Zinnel falsely stated under

oath that he had no property that was not listed on his [bankruptcy] schedules.”

This was sufficient notice of the government’s theory at trial, which was that

Zinnel falsely omitted property from his bankruptcy schedules.

      We additionally conclude that even if the personal bank account constituted

a variance, the variance was nonfatal because it did not affect Zinnel’s substantial

rights. See United States v. Tsinhnahijinnie, 112 F.3d 988, 991 (9th Cir. 1997).

Evidence of the bank account was provided during discovery and marked as a trial

exhibit, and Zinnel did not object when it was introduced at trial. Cf. Brulay v.

United States, 383 F.2d 345, 351 (9th Cir. 1967) (finding variance nonfatal where


                                           3
“at no time did the defendant claim surprise”). Moreover, Zinnel was indicted for

the act of concealing various items of property. Double jeopardy is not implicated

because “[t]he fact that several different items of property belonging to the estate

of a bankrupt were concealed does not multiply the number of offenses.” Edwards

v. United States, 265 F.2d 302, 306 (9th Cir. 1959).

              b.    Eidson’s money laundering charges

        There was no amendment or variance with respect to Eidson. The

government properly charged Eidson under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(h)

and 1956(a)(1)(B)(i), which require that the defendant conducted or attempted to

conduct a “financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of specified

unlawful activity.” The trial record shows that the attempted transaction involved

actual proceeds of bankruptcy fraud in System 3’s bank account.

        Eidson’s challenge to Count 19 is similarly misguided. Although the

indictment stated the wrong date for her meeting with Frank Radoslovich, this

typographical error did not prejudice Eidson. The correct date was apparent from

reading the rest of the indictment and the court informed the jury of the correct

date.




                                           4
      2.     Jury instructions

      “In reviewing jury instructions, the relevant inquiry is whether the

instructions as a whole are misleading or inadequate to guide the jury’s

deliberation.” United States v. Lloyd, 807 F.3d 1128, 1164 (9th Cir. 2015)

(quoting United States v. Dixon, 201 F.3d 1223, 1230 (9th Cir. 2000)). We review

the formulation of jury instructions for abuse of discretion and their legal

sufficiency de novo. See United States v. Hofus, 598 F.3d 1171, 1174 (9th Cir.

2010).

             a.     Bankruptcy fraud

      Zinnel argues that the district court erred in declining to include in the jury

instructions a description of the property charged. The parties have not cited, and

we are not aware of, any cases supporting this argument. The instructions were

adequate to guide the jury’s deliberation, especially considering that the

government’s closing argument advised the jury correctly of the property at issue.

      The district court similarly did not err in denying Zinnel’s request to use a

special verdict form listing all of the property charged. See Bisno v. United States,

299 F.2d 711, 722–23 (9th Cir. 1961). The district court’s use of a general verdict

form here was sufficient because the court instructed the jury to return a guilty




                                           5
verdict only if the jury could unanimously agree that the defendant “concealed at

least one of the items of property mentioned in the indictment.” Id.

              b.    Money laundering–“proceeds” and “profits”

      Zinnel argues that the money laundering jury instructions should have

clarified that “proceeds” means “profits” rather than gross receipts, to reflect the

law established by United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 514 (2008). Because

Zinnel did not request this instruction in the district court, his argument on this

point is reviewed for plain error. United States v. Shields, 844 F.3d 819, 823 (9th

Cir. 2016).

      A Santos instruction is required only when viewing proceeds as gross

receipts would present a “merger” problem creating a “radical increase in the

statutory maximum sentence . . . when nothing in the legislative history suggests

that Congress intended such an increase.” United States v. Van Alstyne, 584 F.3d

803, 814 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Kratt, 579 F.3d 558, 562 (6th

Cir. 2009)). Zinnel has not shown that a Santos instruction is warranted here. In

addition, such an instruction would have made no difference in this case because

partnership distributions are shares of profit.




                                           6
             c.     Money laundering–“simple transfer of cash”

      The district court did not err when it instructed the jury that “the simple

transfer of cash from one person to another may constitute a money-laundering

offense.” See United States v. Otis, 127 F.3d 829, 832–33 (9th Cir. 1997). It is

unlikely that the jury would have understood this instruction to omit the interstate

commerce element because it was immediately preceded by an instruction stating

the opposite. Read as a whole, the jury instruction was not erroneous. United

States v. Warren, 25 F.3d 890, 898 (9th Cir. 1994).

      3.     Admission of alleged settlement negotiations

      A district court’s decision to admit evidence over Rule 408 objections is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. Cassino v. Reichhold Chems., Inc., 817 F.2d

1338, 1342 (9th Cir. 1987).

      The district court properly admitted evidence of the talks between Zinnel

and Wilbert and between Eidson and Radoslovich because the discussions

themselves were part of the alleged money laundering. Rule 408 is “inapplicable

when the claim is based upon some wrong that was committed in the course of the

settlement discussions.” Uforma/Shelby Bus. Forms, Inc. v. NLRB, 111 F.3d 1284,

1293 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting 23 Charles Alan Wright & Kenneth W. Graham,

Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 5314 (1st ed. 1980)). The email


                                          7
Zinnel sent to his ex-wife was also properly admitted because it was not an offer to

compromise under Rule 408.

      The district court did not err in denying Eidson’s request to admit the entire

recording of her meeting with Radoslovich. The rule of completeness applies only

if the entire statement is required to correct a misleading impression created by the

excerpted statement. United States v. Vallejos, 742 F.3d 902, 905 (9th Cir. 2014);

Fed. R. Evid. 106. Eidson contends that the full recording was necessary to show

that she was merely trying to avoid litigation, but the portions played at trial

already showed this. The excerpted recordings were therefore neither misleading

nor taken out of context.

      4.     Testimony of lawyers

      Because Zinnel objected at trial to Radoslovich’s testimony, this issue is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Lloyd, 807 F.3d 1128, 1153–54

(9th Cir. 2015). Because he did not object to Gee’s testimony, we review for plain

error. Id. at 1152.

      The district court did not err in admitting Radoslovich’s testimony about his

representation of System 3 with respect to the buyout agreement. Radoslovich

properly testified based on his perception of the events. See Fed. R. Evid. 701.




                                           8
      Nor did the district court err in allowing assistant United States trustee

Edmund Gee to provide background information about handling bankruptcy

petitions. Cf. United States v. Matsumaru, 244 F.3d 1092, 1101–02 (9th Cir. 2001)

(approving use of lay government witnesses to explain mechanics of visa

petitions). Zinnel could have called his own bankruptcy expert, but chose not to do

so.

      Moreover, the district court gave an agreed-upon instruction advising the

jury to apply the law as laid out by the court. We presume the jurors followed this

instruction. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 740 (1993).

      5.     Sufficiency of the evidence

      Eidson challenges her money laundering convictions for lack of sufficient

evidence. Zinnel joins her argument on the conspiracy count. We review a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. United States v. Bennett, 621

F.3d 1131, 1135 (9th Cir. 2010). First, we consider the evidence presented at trial

in the light most favorable to the prosecution; second, we determine whether the

evidence is adequate to allow “any rational trier of fact [to find] the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Nevils, 598

F.3d 1158, 1164 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 319 (1979)).


                                           9
      Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, there is sufficient

evidence for a rational juror to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Zinnel and

Eidson committed their respective money laundering crimes.

      The “financial transaction” element requires an effect on interstate or foreign

commerce, or use of a financial institution that is engaged in or affects interstate or

foreign commerce. United States v. Jenkins, 633 F.3d 788, 804 (9th Cir. 2011).

The government established at trial that System 3 paid distribution checks to

Zinnel, who cashed them in Done Deal’s bank account with Washington Mutual,

an FDIC-insured institution engaged in interstate commerce. A rational jury could

infer that the buyout payment would be carried out in the same way.

      The financial transaction must involve “proceeds of a specified unlawful

activity.” The government established at trial that Wilbert initiated negotiations

with Zinnel to buy out his System 3 interest for roughly $4 million before the

government became involved. Wilbert had more than enough cash in the System 3

bank account to pay the required $4 million and had already paid Zinnel’s brother

$1.5 million for his share.

      There was sufficient evidence that Eidson knew that the property involved in

the transaction constituted proceeds of unlawful activity. Eidson’s conversation

with Radoslovich demonstrated that Eidson knew Zinnel had concealed from the


                                           10
bankruptcy court his interest in System 3, which was the basis for the $4 million

buyout. Eidson also participated in Zinnel’s bankruptcy proceedings and helped

him funnel money from System 3 through Done Deal and her client trust accounts.

      Similarly, there was sufficient evidence that Eidson knew the transaction

was “designed . . . to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, the source, the

ownership, or the control of the proceeds of specified unlawful activity.” 18

U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). Eidson formed Done Deal, helped Zinnel funnel money

through Done Deal, and proposed to Radoslovich that the buyout be disguised as a

consulting payment to Done Deal.

      The evidence of Eidson’s acts was also sufficient to show that Zinnel and

Eidson engaged in a conspiracy to launder money. They worked together to hide

assets before, during, and after Zinnel’s bankruptcy proceedings.

      The government presented sufficient evidence to prove that Eidson took the

required substantial step towards commission of money laundering. See United

States v. Yossunthorn, 167 F.3d 1267, 1271 (9th Cir. 1999). Eidson sent

Radoslovich a letter establishing her representation and attended two meetings to

persuade Radoslovich to commit to the agreement. The parties had agreed on the

key terms of the deal, including price and method of payment. Had Wilbert and




                                           11
Radoslovich been willing to structure the deal as Zinnel and Eidson proposed, then

the transaction would have been completed.

      6.     Sentencing

      Both Zinnel and Eidson challenge their sentences. We first consider

whether the district court committed a “significant procedural error.” Gall v.

United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). If the district court committed no

procedural error, then we consider “the substantive reasonableness of the sentence

imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Id.

             a.    Zinnel’s sentence

      The district court did not err in calculating Zinnel’s Guidelines range when it

calculated the loss amount based on the amount of debt scheduled to be discharged.

See United States v. Bussell, 504 F.3d 956, 963 (9th Cir. 2007). Nor did the court

err when it calculated the number of victims based on the number of creditors who

filed claims in Zinnel’s bankruptcy case. The district court properly applied the

sophisticated money laundering enhancement based on Zinnel’s use of fictitious

entities and multiple layers of transactions. Additionally, the aggravated role

enhancement was appropriate because Zinnel managed and directed Eidson as well

as Tom and Julia Wilbert.




                                          12
      The district court did, however, commit procedural error in sentencing

Zinnel. Before allocution and counsel’s sentencing arguments, the district court

announced its “intent to sentence [Zinnel] to 212 months of imprisonment.”

During Zinnel’s allocution, in which he talked about his background, love for his

children, redeeming qualities, and the difficult circumstances of his divorce at the

time of the offense, the district court interrupted him, stating, “Mr. Zinnel, I’m

going to cut you off right here. Are you almost done? I’m going to give you three

more minutes to finish this up. Proceed.”

      In response, Zinnel repeatedly pleaded for more time. At one point, Zinnel

protested, “I did want to address the Court today of why I didn’t plea . . . but if I’m

getting cut off to three minutes, I don’t know how I can possibly do this.” At

another point, Zinnel asked the court to “[p]lease bear with me just for a moment,

Your Honor. We’re talking 20 years of my life.” Here, the government cut in,

stating, “I think the safest thing under Rule 32 is to just let him go until his breath

runs out.” The court responded, “I’m not going to do that.” Although the court

allowed Zinnel to continue, it warned him that he would be cut off if he continued

to be “self-serving.”

      Zinnel apologized and tried to focus on his redeeming qualities and the

justifications for some of his actions, only to be interrupted by the court once more


                                           13
and told to “wrap it up.” Despite Zinnel’s subsequent attempts to take “full

responsibility” for his actions, express remorse, and illustrate his actions helping

others in jail, the district court remained unmoved, remarking that Zinnel’s

comments were “self-serving” and “really didn’t mitigate in [the court’s]

estimation.” After discussing several of the § 3553(a) factors, the district court

imposed 212 months, the sentence it originally announced.

      The district court’s actions unduly limited Zinnel’s right to allocution, which

is an “essential element of a criminal defense” guaranteed by due process.

Boardman v. Estelle, 957 F.2d 1523, 1526 (9th Cir. 1992). Zinnel’s allocution was

relevant to mitigation, focused on his personal qualities, and did not stray into

“irrelevant philosophical discussions.” United States v. Mack, 200 F.3d 653, 657

(9th Cir. 2000). The court’s constant interruptions deterred Zinnel’s allocution.

See United States v. Sarno, 73 F.3d 1470, 1503 (9th Cir. 1995). Because the




                                          14
district court had discretion to impose a shorter sentence, the error was not

harmless and resentencing is appropriate.1 Id. at 1503–04.

      Zinnel further challenges the district court’s orders of restitution and

criminal forfeiture. Because the district court did not abuse its discretion, we

affirm both orders.

             b.       Eidson’s sentence

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in calculating the loss amount

attributable to Eidson as $4 million, the amount Wilbert offered Zinnel in exchange

for his interest in System 3. Nor did the district court err in imposing both the

sophisticated money laundering and abuse of position enhancements. The two

enhancements serve “separate and distinct purposes.” United States v. Gallegos,


      1
         Accordingly, we need not reach Zinnel’s challenge to the substantive
reasonableness of his sentence. We note, however, that Zinnel’s 212-month
sentence is the longest sentence ever imposed for bankruptcy fraud in the Eastern
District of California. The district court is not required to compare Zinnel’s
sentence “to the sentence of every criminal defendant who has ever been sentenced
before,” United States v. Treadwell, 593 F.3d 990, 1012 (9th Cir. 2010), but the
disparity here warranted a more detailed discussion of the court’s reasoning. The
record as a whole should “reflect[] rational and meaningful consideration of the
factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Ressam, 679 F.3d
1069, 1089 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d
558, 568 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc)). The district court’s actions limiting Zinnel’s
allocution, paired with its incomplete discussion of § 3553(a), suggest that it may
not have considered all of the facts relevant to the sentencing factors. The court
should also have explained why Zinnel’s sentence was “sufficient, but not greater
than necessary” to accomplish the sentencing goals. Id. at 1088.
                                          15
613 F.3d 1211, 1216 (9th Cir. 2010). The sophisticated money laundering

enhancement punishes complex and intricate schemes, and the abuse of position

enhancement punishes misuse of a trusted position.

      With respect to Eidson, the district court again addressed some, but not all,

of the sentencing factors before imposing a sentence of 121 months. As with

Zinnel, the court did not explain why the sentence was “sufficient, but not greater

than necessary” to accomplish § 3553(a)’s sentencing goals. Ressam, 679 F.3d at

1088. Instead, the court stated that it did not think there was “any significant

difference between a sentence of, what, 108 months, nine years, versus a sentence

of 121 months, which is a year and a month more than that sentence.” To the

contrary, even a minimal amount of additional time in prison is significant to the

defendant and can constitute prejudice. Cf. Glover v. United States, 531 U.S. 198,

203 (2001). The court’s statements indicate that it did not impose the minimum

sentence necessary. Accordingly, resentencing is warranted.

      Lastly, Zinnel and Eidson both contend the case should be assigned to a

different judge on remand. Reassignment is not warranted, however, because there

are no “unusual circumstances” indicating that the judge would have difficulty in

reconsidering his previously expressed views. United States v. Quach, 302 F.3d

1096, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002).


                                          16
      We have considered the remainder of the parties’ arguments and find them

to be without merit.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, and REMANDED for

resentencing consistent with this disposition.




                                       17
