                                                                           F I L E D
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                        UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                            June 8, 2007
                               FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court

    ISSA TAN D IA ,

                Petitioner,
                                                             No. 06-9565
      v.                                                  (No. A97-201-584)
                                                         (Petition for Review)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES,
    United States A ttorney General,

                Respondent.



                               OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before BR ISC OE, SE YM OU R, and A ND ER SO N, Circuit Judges.


           Petitioner Issa Tandia, a native and citizen of M auritania, seeks review of

the Board of Immigration Appeal’s (BIA’s) decision affirming an Immigration

Judge’s (IJ’s) order that denied his application for asylum. 1 Specifically, he

*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
1
       The IJ also denied M r. Tandia’s applications for restriction on removal and
relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), but M r. Tandia did not
pursue those avenues on appeal to the BIA; nor has he raised them in the instant
petition. Consequently, they are waived. See Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d
                                                                        (continued...)
challenges the BIA’s determinations that his testimony was not credible and that

his fear of being persecuted in M auritania w as negated by changed country

conditions. W e conclude that the BIA’s credibility determination was properly

supported, and thus we deny the petition without reaching the issue of changed

country conditions.

                                    B ACKGROUND

      Tandia was born in Kaedi, a south-central M auritanian town near the

Senegalese border. He is a Soninké black African. During the 1989-91 period,

ethnic conflict within M auritania culminated with the government of President

M aaouiya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya expelling tens of thousands of black A fricans. 2

Following the January 1992 presidential election, President Taya’s government

arrested supporters of the opposition political party. 3

      Tandia’s father was an opposition-party organizer, who was arrested in

January 1992 after the election, along with Tandia’s mother and siblings. Two

weeks later, Tandia, who was then twelve, was purportedly arrested in Kaedi and


1
 (...continued)
1277, 1279 n.1 (10th Cir. 2005).
2
       See Human Rights W atch/Africa, M auritania’s Cam paign of Terror at 2-3,
5 (1994), Admin. R. at 268-69; see also U.S. Dep’t of State, 1999 Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices at 2 (2000),
http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1999_hrp_report/mauritan.html,
Admin. R. at 416.
3
       See Human Rights W atch, Human Rights D evelopments: M auritania,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/W R93/Afw-05.htm, Admin. R. at 220-21.

                                          -2-
taken to a M auritanian military camp, where he was “repeatedly interrogated

about his father’s political activities,” and “kicked and beaten with a police baton

every two to three days.” Pet’r Br. at 5. Tandia claims that after about three

weeks, he was transported to the Senegalese River and forced to cross into

Senegal. He spent the next ten years in a small Senegalese refugee camp. In

October 2002, at the age of twenty-two, he entered the United States using a

friend’s passport.

      After several months in this country, Tandia applied for asylum, stating on

his application that he left M auritania on “09-10-91,” A dmin. R. at 507, that his

father was killed while in police custody “because of his membership [in the

opposition political party during the] 1991-92 election,” id. at 511, and that he

believed he would be harmed by the government of President Taya if returned to

M auritania, id. Tandia w as interview ed by an Asylum Officer, who found him

ineligible for asylum and referred him to an IJ.

      A t the immigration hearing, Tandia provided conflicting testimony. He

first claimed that he was arrested about two weeks after his father, who was

arrested “right after” the January 1992 elections, id. at 89, and that he (Tandia)

was held for about three weeks before being expelled into Senegal, id. at 90, 94.

But upon further inquiry by the IJ, Tandia testified that his asylum application

correctly recited that he left M auritania on September 10, 1991. Id. at 127.

Given that he could not have been arrested in Kaedi in 1992 if he had been

                                          -3-
expelled from M auritania in 1991, the IJ made further inquiry. Tandia claimed

that the person who assisted him with the asylum application “made mistakes,”

but then he again testified that he was arrested two weeks after his father in

January 1992 and that he “left M auritania [in] September 1991,” id. at 131. And

when asked once more about the discrepancy, Tandia changed his testimony,

stating that he left M auritania in September 1992. Id. at 132. But he continued to

testify that he was arrested “[t]wo, three weeks” after his father, “right after” the

January 1992 elections. Id. at 134. The Asylum Officer also appeared at the

hearing, testifying that Tandia told him that he was arrested on September 10,

1991, that he was deported to Senegal the same day, and that he later learned that

his father w as arrested in 1992 and had died in prison. Id. at 151, 153-54; see

also id. at 233 (Asylum Officer’s written report).

      Tandia’s credibility was further undermined by his testimony that (1) the

population of Kaedi was around 800 (presumably at the time of his expulsion), id.

at 116, when it is presently “a city of over 60,000 people and is the largest city

and administrative center of the Gorgol region of Southern M auritania,” 4 (2) he

could not recall the name of the refugee camp, Admin. R. at 137; and (3) he

learned the B ambara language, in which he testified in part, from his father’s




4
       W ikipedia, Kaédi, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka% C3% A9di (last
visited M ay 21, 2007).

                                          -4-
friends w ho lived in Nouakchott, the M auritanian capital, even though Bambara is

not w idely spoken there, id. at 125.

      The IJ denied Tandia relief, finding that he was not credible, that his fear of

persecution was undermined by changed conditions in M auritania, and that he had

resettled in Senegal. Accordingly, the IJ ordered him removed to either

M auritania or Senegal. The BIA affirmed in a one-member order, agreeing with

the IJ that Tandia was not credible, but citing only Tandia’s conflicting dates and

inability to recall the name of the refugee camp. The BIA also agreed with the IJ

about conditions in M auritania, relying on the State D epartment’s 2003 Country

Report on M auritania as showing that “most of the people who were expelled or

fled during the worst period of abuse have returned to M auritania with the

consent of the government,” which is cooperating in efforts to assist returning

refugees and returning confiscated property. Id. at 3. The BIA did not address

resettlement.

      Tandia now petitions this court for review.

                                        D ISCUSSION

                               I. Standards of Review

      Because a single member of the BIA decided Tandia’s appeal and issued a

brief opinion, “we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination

and limit our review to issues specifically addressed therein.” Diallo v. Gonzales,

447 F.3d 1274, 1279 (10th Cir. 2006). W e review the BIA’s factual findings for

                                            -5-
substantial evidence, reversing only if “the record demonstrates that any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Sarr v.

Gonzales, 474 F.3d 783, 788-89 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). The BIA’s

legal conclusions, however, are reviewed de novo. Diallo, 447 F.3d at 1279.

                                 II. Refugee Status

      To be eligible for asylum, an alien must qualify as a refugee by showing

that he or she has “suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion.” Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277, 1280

(10th Cir. 2005) (footnote, quotations, and alteration omitted). “Aliens basing

their asylum claims upon a well-founded fear of future persecution must show

both a genuine, subjective fear of persecution, and an objective basis by credible,

direct, and specific evidence in the record, of facts that would support a

reasonable fear of persecution.” Yan v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1249, 1251 (10th Cir.

2006) (quotation omitted).

                                   III. Credibility

      “[A]n asylum applicant’s otherwise credible testimony constitutes

sufficient evidence to support an application.” Solomon v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d

1160, 1165 (10th Cir. 2006). “[W]e will affirm a denial of asylum based on an

adverse credibility finding only if the IJ or the BIA has presented specific, cogent

reasons for the finding.” Id. at 1164 (quotation omitted). A proper incredibility

                                         -6-
determination may “be based upon such factors as inconsistencies in the witness’

testimony, lack of sufficient detail or implausibility.” Elzour v. Ashcroft,

378 F.3d 1143, 1152 (10th Cir. 2004).

      Tandia first assigns error to the BIA’s failure to explicitly address his

explanations for providing inconsistent expulsion dates. He claims that the

inconsistencies resulted from (1) mistakes in translation by individuals helping

with his asylum application and interview; and (2) his difficulty remembering

events that occurred a decade earlier, when he was only twelve. In discussing

Tandia’s credibility, the BIA cited the pages of the IJ’s decision that analyzed the

credibility issue, including Tandia’s explanations. Because a one-member brief

affirmance by the BIA “is, by definition, a truncated process which can rest on

what has been said below, we may consult the IJ’s opinion to the extent that the

BIA relied upon or incorporated it.” Sarr, 474 F.3d at 790.

      The IJ discounted Tandia’s explanations, finding it unlikely that two

different translators made the same mistake in identifying September 10, 1991, as

Tandia’s expulsion date, and that “[i]t was up to [Tandia] to provide accurate

information.” A dmin. R. at 59-60. W e agree, and conclude that Tandia’s

explanations do not account for his continued insistence on the 1991 date up until

the middle of the merits hearing— where he was assisted by a third translator and

also testified in English. Further, Tandia has not attempted to explain how his

mid-hearing change of the expulsion date to September 1992 w ould make sense

                                         -7-
with his other testimony, which was that he was arrested two weeks after his

father, “right after” the January 1992 elections, id. at 89, and that he was held for

only three weeks before being expelled into Senegal.

      Tandia also argues, without elaboration, that “the inconsistencies did not go

to the heart of his application.” Pet’r Br. at 13. 5 W hile a “minor discrepancy”

that makes “no difference to the strength or plausibility of [the alien’s] story” will

not support “an adverse credibility finding,” Sarr, 474 F.3d at 796, Tandia’s

inconsistent expulsion dates cast doubt on the basic premise of his story.

Specifically, if he was arrested and expelled from M auritania on September 10,

1991, as he claimed until the middle of the merits hearing, then he could not have

been arrested in Kaedi after the January 1992 election and beaten and interrogated

for three weeks about his father’s political activities. And if he was expelled in

September 1992, he would had to have been detained much longer than three

weeks.

      Tandia additionally claims that the BIA misconstrued his testimony when it

found it “implausible that [he] lived in a refugee camp in Dakar, Senegal for 10

years, but was unable to recall the name of the camp.” A dmin. R. at 2-3. Tandia

testified, “I don’t know the name [of] the refugee camp,” id. at 137, “I don’t

5
       Under the Real ID Act of 2005, a credibility determination may be made
“without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the
heart of the applicant’s claim.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). This provision of
the A ct, however, does not affect Tandia, as he sought asylum before the Act’s
effective date, M ay 11, 2005. See Yan, 438 F.3d at 1251-52 n.3.

                                          -8-
know exactly the name [of] the camp,” id. at 138, and “(Through interpreter) I

can’t remember the whole thing, but I remember it was refugee camp of Dakar.

(In English) And some other word - - I don’t remember all this one,” id. at 143.

W hile it may have been more accurate for the BIA to say that Tandia w as unable

to recall the camp’s complete name, it w as not “substantially unreasonable,”

Diallo, 447 F.3d at 1283, for the BIA to consider Tandia’s memory lapse, in

conjunction with his date discrepancies, to find him not credible.

       W e uphold the BIA’s credibility determination, which was specific and

cogent.

       Because an adverse credibility finding necessarily precludes a

determination that the alien has demonstrated past persecution or subjectively

fears future persecution, Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169, 179, 185

(2nd Cir. 2004), see also Diallo, 447 F.3d at 1283 (affirming BIA’s decision to

deny asylum on the basis of incredibility alone), we need not reach the B IA’s

alternate finding that improved conditions in M auritania w ould negate Tandia’s

fear of persecution. 6




6
       W hile it may be appropriate to consider country conditions in the context of
a CAT claim even when the alien is found not credible, see Tarrawally v.
Ashcroft, 338 F.3d 180, 188 (3d Cir. 2003) (holding that “a decision-maker must
review claims for relief under the [CA T] and consider relevant country conditions
even where adverse credibility determinations have precluded relief under the
IN A”), Tandia did not pursue his CAT claim on appeal to the BIA or in his
petition to this court. Consequently, we do not consider it. See supra note 1.

                                         -9-
      The petition for review is DENIED, and we VACATE the stay imposed by

this court on July 17, 2006.

                                               Entered for the Court


                                               M ary Beck Briscoe
                                               Circuit Judge




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