                                                                                      FILED
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                                 July 2, 2015
                         _________________________________
                                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.                                                            No. 15-6070
                                                    (D.C. Nos. 5:14-CV-00909-R and
LEONARDO LAMAR PARKS,                                     5:13-CR-00045-R-1)
                                                              (W.D. Okla.)
      Defendant – Appellant.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
                   _________________________________

Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

       Petitioner Leonardo Lamar Parks is serving a 115-month federal prison term for a

credit union robbery. Appearing pro se,1 he seeks a certificate of appealability (“COA”)

to challenge the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside,

or correct his sentence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (requiring a COA to appeal an

order denying a § 2255 petition). Mr. Parks also requests leave to proceed in forma


       *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
        Because Mr. Parks is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings liberally. See
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); see also United States v.
Pinson, 584 F.3d 972, 975 (10th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e must construe [a pro se litigant’s]
arguments liberally; this rule of liberal construction stops, however, at the point at which
we begin to serve as his advocate.”).
pauperis (“ifp”). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we deny both requests

and dismiss this matter.

                                  I.      BACKGROUND

       On March 29, 2013, in the United States District Court for the Western District of

Oklahoma, Mr. Parks agreed to plead guilty to the charge of robbing a credit union in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). He additionally agreed to cooperate with the

Government and commit no further crimes. In exchange for Mr. Parks’s plea, the

Government agreed to dismiss any charges involving his participation in a separate bank

robbery. The plea agreement stated sentencing was “within the sole discretion of the

Court.” Doc. 18 at 9.2 The Government reserved sole discretion to determine whether it

would move “for downward departure from the advisory guideline range [for substantial

assistance] under § 5K1.1 of the [United States] Sentencing Guidelines [(“U.S.S.G.”)].”

Doc. 18 at 10.

       During the Fed. R. Crim. P. 11 colloquy at the plea hearing, Mr. Parks said he

understood his sentence was “solely a matter within control of the judge.” Plea Hr’g Tr.

at 7. The district court did not mention U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 at any time during the plea

hearing. It accepted Mr. Parks’s guilty plea for the robbery of a credit union.

       At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel argued that Mr. Parks’s sentence

should be only one-third of the 92-to-115 month advisory Guidelines range. He told the

       2
         The record on appeal does not contain all of the documents necessary for us to
review his request for a COA. We therefore exercise our discretion to go beyond the
record on appeal and review documents from the district court’s docket and Mr. Parks’s
direct appeal, as necessary. See United States v. Williams, 511 F.3d 1044, 1044 n.1 (10th
Cir. 2007).
                                             2
court Mr. Parks had apologized and cooperated, but the Government had chosen not to

pursue the case further, even with Mr. Parks’s assistance. Defense counsel also stated

Mr. Parks had too many personal and mental health issues for such a long sentence. He

then deferred to Mr. Parks, who read a personal statement for the majority of the hearing.

At the end of the hearing, “[b]ecause of [Mr. Parks’s] extensive criminal background and

for the protection of society,” the district court sentenced him to 115 months in prison to

be followed by three years of supervised release. Sentencing Hr. Tr. at 14.

       In his plea agreement, Mr. Parks “knowingly and voluntarily waive[d] his right” to

“[a]ppeal or collaterally challenge his guilty plea, sentence and restitution imposed, and

any other aspect of his conviction” and his right to “[a]ppeal [or] collaterally challenge . .

. his sentence as imposed by the Court and the manner in which the sentence is

determined, provided the sentence is within or below the advisory guideline range

determined by the Court to apply to this case.” Doc. 18 at 5-6.

       On August 26, 2013, Mr. Parks filed a notice of appeal. The Government

responded with a motion to enforce the appeal waiver in the plea agreement. Mr. Parks

moved to dismiss his appeal, which this court granted on October 21, 2013.

       On August 25, 2014, Mr. Parks filed his motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 for

habeas relief. The Government did not move to enforce the waiver of his right to seek

collateral relief. The district court denied § 2255 relief on April 14, 2015. On April 20,

2015, the court denied Mr. Parks’s request for a COA and to proceed ifp. He now makes

the same requests of this court.



                                              3
                                     II.    DISCUSSION

       To obtain a COA, Mr. Parks must make “a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), by “showing that reasonable jurists could

debate whether . . . the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that

the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further,” Slack

v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quotations omitted).

       On June 1, 2015, Mr. Parks filed a Combined Opening Brief and Application for a

Certificate of Appealability.3 On June 25, 2015, he filed an Addendum. Mr. Parks lists

seven issues in his brief. As to each, no reasonable jurist could debate the district court’s

denial of habeas relief, and therefore no COA is warranted. Most of Mr. Parks’s claims

are cast as ineffective assistance of counsel claims. As to those claims, Mr. Parks must

show both that his “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness” and “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984). He has not done so.

       1. Criminal history points. Aplt. Br. at 3, Addendum at 6-7. Mr. Parks argues the

district court should have calculated his criminal history points as 13 rather than 16

because it incorrectly added six points for two state convictions when it should have

added only three due to the convictions’ arising from the same arrest. Apart from the fact

       3
         Counsel for the Government has entered an appearance in this appeal, but, as in
the district court, the Government has not moved to enforce the waiver of collateral
challenge in the plea agreement, nor has the Government filed any response to Mr.
Parks’s Combined Opening Brief and Application for a Certificate of Appealability.

                                              4
he should have pursued this issue on direct appeal,4 his failure here to show a

constitutional violation precludes a COA under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). And as the

district court correctly explained, his criminal history category would have been the

same—VI—with either 13 or 16 criminal history points, so any error in calculating the

points would have been harmless.

       2. Judge and defense attorney recusal. Aplt. Br. at 3. Mr. Parks argues the district

judge and his defense counsel should have recused themselves because (1) the latter told

Mr. Parks on the morning of sentencing that the judge had just been reversed in another

case and would not be in a “good mood” and (2) the attorney also that morning had

predicted the sentence Mr. Parks eventually received, which was more than the attorney

had predicted previously. Mr. Parks has shown no basis to recuse either the judge or his

attorney from his sentencing, much less a constitutional error. To the extent he is trying

to make an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, he has not shown deficient

performance under Strickland. This issue is otherwise improperly raised in a § 2255

motion. See supra note 4.



       4
         A § 2255 motion may not assert a claim when (1) it could have been raised on
direct appeal, failure to do so was not the product of cause and prejudice, and no
miscarriage of justice will occur if it is not addressed under § 2255, United States v.
Allen, 16 F.3d 377, 378 (10th Cir. 1994); or (2) the defendant had a full and fair
opportunity to present the claim on direct appeal and no intervening change in the law
has occurred, United States v. Prichard, 875 F.2d 789, 790 (10th Cir. 1989). Mr. Parks
has not made either of these showings as to his claims that do not allege ineffective
assistance of counsel. On the other hand, his claims for ineffective assistance generally
must be brought under § 2255 rather than direct appeal. See United States v. Galloway,
56 F.3d 1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc).

                                             5
       3. Substantial assistance. Aplt. Br. at 4, Addendum at 3-5. Mr. Parks appears to

argue his counsel was ineffective because the Government did not move for a substantial

assistance reduction under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.5 As noted above, nothing in the plea

agreement required the Government to make such a motion. Even if Mr. Parks is correct

that he qualified for § 5K1.1 consideration and that the prosecution should have asked for

it, he has not shown how his failure to receive it was the product of deficient performance

from his counsel.

       4. Pressure to plead guilty. Aplt. Br. at 4. Mr. Parks accuses his counsel of

pressuring him to plead guilty by telling him his sentence would be 37 to 57 months.

Although the court sentenced him to 115 months, he does not show his counsel did

anything other than make a good faith but inaccurate sentencing prediction. Also, there

was no agreement between Mr. Parks and the Government about a particular sentence in

return for his guilty plea. Both the plea agreement and the plea colloquy clearly indicated

the sentence was solely for the court to decide. At the sentencing hearing, his counsel

argued for a lower sentence. Finally, as the district court explained, Mr. Parks does not

seek to withdraw his plea and therefore does not show how any pressure to plead guilty

affected the court’s determination of his sentence.6 Accordingly, he has not satisfied

either the deficient performance or prejudice elements of Strickland.


       5
        If Mr. Parks is arguing prosecution or court error regarding a § 5K1.1 motion
independent of his ineffective assistance claim, such an argument is procedurally barred.
See supra note 4.
       6
        In an Addendum to his § 2255 motion filed in district court, Mr. Parks said that
he “in no form, nor fashion elects to withdraw his plea.” ROA, Vol. 1 at 68.
                                             6
       5. Access to law library. Aplt. Br. at 4. Mr. Parks continues to press his access-

to-law-library claim, which, as the district court correctly pointed out, is not cognizable

under § 2255. See supra note 4. It therefore does not qualify for a COA.

       6. Total offense level. Aplt. Br. at 4B, Addendum at 1-2. Mr. Parks fails to show

how the district court’s calculation of his total offense level is wrong. We agree with the

district court’s analysis and also note this issue should have been raised on direct appeal,

see supra note 4, unless it is an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, in which case Mr.

Parks has failed to show shortcomings in his counsel’s performance.

       7. A better deal. Aplt. Br. at 4B. Mr. Parks thinks his attorney should have

negotiated a better deal and/or urged the district court to impose a lower sentence. He

fails, however, to show how his attorney may have been inadequate as a negotiator or

advocate. Indeed, his attorney did argue for a lower sentence. Mr. Parks’s

disappointment and frustration about his sentence are not enough to meet the Strickland

standards.

                                  III.   CONCLUSION

       Reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s denial of Mr. Parks’s

habeas petition on any of the issues on which he seeks a COA here. We therefore deny




                                              7
his request for a COA. We also deny his request for ifp status and dismiss this matter.


                                             ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                             Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                             Circuit Judge




                                            8
