                Case: 19-12177    Date Filed: 07/28/2020     Page: 1 of 11



                                                                 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                                   No. 19-12177
                               Non-Argument Calendar
                             ________________________

                         D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cv-01254-JHE

ERICA COOPER,

                                                      Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

ATLANTIC CREDIT & FINANCE INC,
a Virginia corporation,
MIDLAND FUNDING LLC,
a Delaware limited liability company,

                                                      Defendants - Appellees.

                             ________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Alabama
                            ________________________

                                    (July 28, 2020)

Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

         Erica Cooper appeals from the dismissal of her class action complaint against

Atlantic Credit & Finance, Inc. and Midland Funding, LLC (the “Appellees”), in this
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action arising out of their attempt to collect a debt she owed. Cooper alleges that the

Appellees violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) when they

sent a second collection letter that improperly “overshadowed” and/or

“contradicted” the statutorily required validation notice contained in the first letter

and that this constituted the use of unfair and unconscionable means to collect a debt.

The district court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim under the

FDCPA. On appeal, the Appellees argue that Cooper lacks standing to sue. After

careful review, we agree with the Appellees and vacate and remand for the district

court to dismiss the case without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

      The undisputed facts are these. In October 2017, Atlantic and Midland sent

Cooper two letters as part of their efforts to collect a debt Cooper owed on a credit

card issued by Synchrony Bank, which she used to pay for dental services. On

October 3, 2017, the Appellees sent the first letter, which contained a FDCPA-

required “validation notice.” Under the FDCPA, a debt collector must include,

“[w]ithin five days after the initial communication with a consumer in connection

with the collection of any debt,” a written notice of the consumer’s right to dispute

the validity of the debt within thirty days after receipt of the notice. 15 U.S.C. §

1692g(a). If the consumer exercises this right, the debt collector must suspend its

collection efforts pending a response to the request for verification of the debt. Id.

§ 1692g(b). Also, during the thirty-day validation period, a debt collector may not


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engage in any collection activities or communications which “overshadow” or are

“inconsistent with the disclosure of the consumer’s right to dispute the debt.” Id.

      Before the thirty-day validation period expired, on October 13, the Appellees

sent Cooper a second letter, telling her that Midland was considering “forwarding

[her] account to an attorney in [her] state for possible litigation.” The second letter

gave her two payment options to resolve the debt: (1) a one-time reduced repayment

due October 31, 2017; and (2) biweekly payments as low as $25.00 until the balance

was paid in full. The second letter said: “These payment opportunities do not alter

or amend your validation rights as described in the previous letter to you.”

      In August 2018, Cooper filed this action. The complaint alleged that Atlantic

and Midland violated 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b) by sending the second letter, which

improperly “overshadowed” and/or “contradicted” the validation notice contained

in the first letter, and that their conduct constituted the use of “unfair” and

“unconscionable” means to collect a debt in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692f. It further

alleged that Atlantic and Midland’s “conflicting collection demands left [Cooper]

confused about her statutory rights to dispute the debt and seek validation, as well

as whether she had the full 30 days to dispute the debt and demand validation.”

      The district court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim under

both provisions, but did not address whether Cooper had Article III standing to bring

suit, an issue that Atlantic and Midland had not raised. This timely appeal follows.


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      We review de novo questions about subject matter jurisdiction, including

standing. Elend v. Basham, 471 F.3d 1199, 1204 (11th Cir. 2006). “Questions of

subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time.” Nicklaw v. Citimortgage,

Inc., 839 F.3d 998, 1001 (11th Cir. 2016). When ruling on standing at the pleading

stage, we “must accept as true all material allegations of the complaint, and must

construe [it] in favor of the complaining party.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501

(1975). The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing

standing. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992).

      Article III extends “‘[t]he judicial power of the United States’ . . . only to

‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies.’” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016)

(quoting U.S. Const. art. III, §§ 1–2). Standing doctrine is “rooted in the traditional

understanding of a case or controversy” and “limits the category of litigants

empowered to maintain a lawsuit in federal court to seek redress for a legal wrong.”

Id. The three requirements for Article III standing are familiar: the plaintiff must

allege that she suffered an “injury in fact” that is “concrete and particularized” and

“actual or imminent”; that injury must be “fairly traceable to the challenged action

of the defendant”; and it must be “likely . . . that the injury will be redressed by a

favorable decision.” DiMaio v. Democratic Nat. Comm., 520 F.3d 1299, 1302 (11th

Cir. 2008) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61).




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      In order to satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement of standing, a plaintiff may

show that he “has sustained or is immediately in danger of sustaining some direct

injury.” Corbett v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 930 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2019), cert.

denied, 140 S. Ct. 900 (2020) (quotations omitted). “Plaintiffs must demonstrate a

personal stake in the outcome in order to assure that concrete adverseness which

sharpens the presentation of issues necessary for the proper resolution of

constitutional questions.” City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101 (1983)

(quotations omitted). “Abstract injury is not enough.” Id.

      When a plaintiff alleges an intangible injury from a statutory violation, history

and the judgment of Congress “play important roles” in determining whether the

injury is sufficiently concrete. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549. Plaintiffs do not

“automatically satisf[y] the injury-in-fact requirement whenever a statute” grants

them the right to sue; they still must allege a “concrete” harm that is more than a

“bare procedural violation.” Id. As is clear, “[f]or an injury to be particularized, it

must affect the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.” Id. at 1548 (quotations

omitted). A plaintiff need not wait for an injury to occur, so long as he “is

immediately in danger of sustaining some direct injury” as a result of the challenged

official conduct and the injury or threat of injury is both “real and immediate,” not

“conjectural” or “hypothetical.” Corbett, 930 F.3d at 1232 (quotations omitted); see




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also Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 158 (1990) (“A threatened injury must be

certainly impending to constitute injury in fact.”) (quotations omitted).

       Here, Cooper has not alleged an injury-in-fact sufficient to confer standing.

The essence of her injury, according to the complaint, is that Atlantic and Midland’s

alleged violations of §§ 1692g and 1692f left her “confused about her statutory rights

to dispute the debt and seek validation, as well as whether she had the full 30 days

to dispute the debt and demand validation.” 1 However, under our precedent, these

allegations, absent something more, are insufficient to establish that Cooper had

standing to bring her claim. We recently applied our standing case law to the

FDCPA in Trichell v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., No. 18-14144, __ F.3d __, 2020

WL 3634917 (11th Cir. July 6, 2020). There, we held that the plaintiffs -- who had

received allegedly misleading and unfair debt-collection letters that gave the false

impression that the debts they had previously owed were still legally enforceable --

had not suffered any injury-in-fact under the FDCPA. As we explained, the

plaintiffs had not alleged that they “made any payments in response to the

defendants’ letters -- or even that [they] wasted time or money in determining

whether to do so. Instead, when confronted with the standing issue during oral


       1
         In her initial brief, Cooper also argues that the collections means used would “contribute
significantly to the grief and anxiety experienced by consumers in debt when they receive
incessant, contradictory collection communications.” Because she did not allege those harms in
her complaint, we will not consider them. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d
1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A]n issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time
in an appeal will not be considered by this court.” (quotations omitted)).
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argument, [the plaintiffs] asserted only intangible injuries, in the form of alleged

violations of the FDCPA.” Id. at __, 2020 WL 3634917 at *3. Considering the

“history” of the common law and “the judgment of Congress” in enacting the

FDCPA, we found that both factors cut against finding these kinds of intangible

injuries to be sufficient to constitute a concrete injury for purposes of Article III

standing. Id. at __, 2020 WL 3634917 at *3–*5.2

       Here, Cooper’s alleged injuries are just as inchoate, if not more so. She does

not allege that, without the purportedly confusing language in the second letter, she

would have disputed the debt or sought validation of the debt within the thirty-day

validation period, that she had any doubt regarding the validity of the debt, or that

she would have accepted one of the payment options in the second letter. Nor does



       2
         The Seventh Circuit recently took the same approach in Casillas v. Madison Ave. Assocs.,
Inc., 926 F.3d 329 (7th Cir. 2019). In Casillas, the plaintiff alleged that the FDCPA-required
notice improperly failed to specify that her notification of dispute or request for provision of the
original creditor must be in writing. 926 F.3d at 332. The plaintiff there, like Cooper, “did not
allege that she tried -- or even planned to try -- to dispute the debt or verify that [a credit union]
was actually her creditor.” Id. This was relevant, said the court, since the plaintiff was “not at any
risk of losing her statutory rights because there was no prospect that she would have tried to
exercise them.” Id. at 334. To establish standing, a plaintiff must instead “show that the violation
harmed or presented an appreciable risk of harm to the underlying concrete interest that Congress
sought to protect.” Id. at 333. The court therefore concluded that the plaintiff had not alleged
anything more than a “bare procedural violation.” Id. at 334 (quoting Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549).

         As for the other Seventh Circuit cases that Cooper cites, from the Seventh Circuit itself and
its district courts, none of them are persuasive, and, of course, none are binding on us. So, for
example, in Lavallee v. Med-Sols., LLC, 932 F.3d 1049 (7th Cir. 2019), the plaintiff had “never
received any of the disclosures required by § 1692g(a),” and had already been sued without the
benefit of the mandatory disclosures. Id. at 1053. These two factors provided concreteness to her
injury. Id. They are not present in Cooper’s case -- Cooper received a validation notice in the first
letter and was not a defendant in a collection suit.
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she allege that she suffered any harm beyond the alleged statutory violations, or that

Atlantic and Midland ever made any further attempts to collect the debt at issue any

time after the October 13, 2017 second letter, prior to the filing of the complaint in

August 2018. Indeed, like one of the plaintiffs we found to lack standing in Trichell,

who “assert[ed] only that the letters ‘would lead a consumer to believe that they [sic]

had to pay this debt to avoid being sued, credit reported, or having to pay the full

amount at some point in the future,’” Cooper talks only of her confusion without any

possible financial or legal consequences. Id. at __, 2020 WL 3634917 at *6.

      Further, Cooper’s injury is much more attenuated than the other plaintiff’s

injury in Trichell, who alleged that the letter he received “put him ‘into a difficult

position’ because it ‘entice[d]’ him to make a payment by offering significant

savings on his debts,” and that “if he had acted on Midland’s letter and made a

payment on his debt, he would have ‘expos[ed] him[self] to a potential lawsuit that

he would not have previously been exposed to.’” Id. at __, 2020 WL 3634917 at *15

(Martin, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). In contrast, Cooper does not

allege that her confusion about her statutory rights resulted in her not disputing the

debt, that her confusion would have resulted in her utilizing one of the payment

options in the second letter despite the debt being invalid, that her confusion would

have resurrected any previously invalid debt, or that the confusion would have

resulted in any other negative consequences.


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      In short, Cooper does not allege any particularized injury; she simply does not

say she was affected in any meaningful way by the letter. See id.; see also Nicklaw,

839 F.3d at 1003 (finding that the plaintiff alleged “neither a harm nor a material

risk of harm that the district court could remedy” where he suffered no concrete

injury when the certificate of discharge of his mortgage was not timely recorded);

Corbett, 930 F.3d at 1239 (11th Cir. 2019) (“[P]arties cannot manufacture standing

merely by inflicting harm on themselves based on their fears of hypothetical future

harm that is not certainly impending,” in a case where the plaintiff claimed that

airport security screening rules could have affected his future travel plans, but he

admitted he was not changing his future travel plans) (quotations omitted). All

Cooper says, at most, is that she was confused, but in this context, her asserted injury

of confusion was “conjectural” or “hypothetical,” because she has not alleged any

actual harms that arose from her confusion. Lyons, 461 U.S. at 101–02. Without

more, this asserted injury is insufficient to confer standing.

      We are also unpersuaded by Cooper’s argument that because she is suing

under the FDCPA, what she calls a “private attorney general statute,” we should

lower the standard she must meet to demonstrate a concrete injury. Cooper concedes

that “[f]ew Courts considering Article III standing challenges for claims brought

pursuant to the FDCPA and other private attorney general statutes -- including the

Seventh Circuit in Casillas -- recognize the significance of this.” In fact, Cooper has


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not cited any controlling authority even hinting that “private attorneys general”

statutes require a reduced showing of Article III injury.3 Indeed, Spokeo itself

involved a statute, the Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, 136 S. Ct. at 1544, which

courts have described as making use of the “private attorneys general” concept. See,

e.g., Bryant v. TRW, Inc., 689 F.2d 72, 79 (6th Cir. 1982) (“We have no doubt that

Congress intended in authorizing attorney’s fees in lawsuits under the FCRA, 15

U.S.C. §§ 1681n, 1681o, to make use of the private attorney general concept.”).

Nothing in Spokeo suggests that a claim arising under statutes like this one are

subject to a lesser or different Article III burden.

       Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s holding to the extent it dismisses

the complaint on the merits for failure to state a claim, and remand with instructions

that the district court reenter an order dismissing the case for want of jurisdiction.

See DiMaio, 520 F.3d at 1303 (“Where dismissal can be based on lack of subject

matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim, the court should dismiss on only the

jurisdictional grounds. This dismissal is without prejudice.”) (quotations omitted).


       3
         The out-of-circuit cases that Cooper cites for her proposition that the FDCPA is a “private
attorney general statute” did not address standing. See Russell v. Absolute Collection Servs., 763
F.3d 385, 393 (4th Cir. 2014); Evon v. Law Offices of Sidney Mickell, 688 F.3d 1015, 1021 (9th
Cir. 2012); Tolentino v. Friedman, 46 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir. 1995). As for the remaining cases
she cites, she does not cite to any controlling majority opinions. See Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1552
(Thomas, J., concurring); Jeffries v. Volume Servs. Am., Inc., 928 F.3d 1059, 1066, 1070 (D.C.
Cir. 2019) (Rogers, J., concurring) (involving the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of
2003 (“FACTA”), with the majority opinion noting that “not every FACTA violation creates a
concrete injury in fact”).

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VACATED AND REMANDED.




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