[Cite as State ex rel. DeWine v. 333 Joseph, L.L.C., 2014-Ohio-5090.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               MARION COUNTY



STATE OF OHIO EX REL.
MICHAEL DEWINE,
OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                             CASE NO. 9-13-71

        v.

333 JOSEPH, LLC, ET AL.,

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS,                                          OPINION
        -and-

ROBERT CENDOL, ET AL.,

        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.



                 Appeal from Marion County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 13-CV-0453

                       Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded

                          Date of Decision:        November 17, 2014



APPEARANCES:

        Colin G. Skinner for Appellants

        Clint R. White for Appellee, Michael DeWine, Ohio Attorney General
Case No. 9-13-71


WILLAMOWSKI, P.J.

         {¶1} Defendants-appellants, a company known as 333 Joseph, LLC and its

member, Stanley Rosenfeld (collectively referred to as “333 Joseph”), bring this

appeal from the judgment of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas granting

a preliminary injunction1 in favor of Plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio ex rel.

Michael DeWine, Ohio Attorney General (“the State”).                             For the reasons that

follow, we reverse the trial court’s judgment.

         {¶2} The facts relevant to this appeal are as follows. On July 24, 2013, the

State filed a Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Civil Penalties with the Marion

County Court of Common Pleas (“the Complaint”). (R. at 2.) The Complaint

alleged that 333 Joseph conducted illegal demolition activities at a construction

site at 333 Joseph Street in Marion, Ohio. (Id.) The eight counts of the Complaint

included: air nuisance, statutory nuisance, failure to notify the Ohio Environmental

Protection Agency (“Ohio EPA”) of a demolition operation, failure to remove

asbestos-containing materials, shipping or removing asbestos-containing material

without an authorized representative present at the operation, failure to keep all

regulated asbestos-containing material adequately wet, failure to properly dispose




1
  Although the trial court granted a preliminary injunction, we recognized that due to the nature of the trial
court’s order, which would result in a permanent solution (i.e., clean up and removal of debris from the
site), 333 Joseph would not have an adequate remedy after the conclusion of the proceedings. Therefore,
we issued an order allowing for the immediate appeal of the trial court’s preliminary injunction as a final
appealable order. (See J. Entry Feb. 14, 2014.)

                                                    -2-
Case No. 9-13-71


of asbestos-containing waste material, and failure to comply with the final orders

of the Director of the Ohio EPA. (Id.)

      {¶3} Count Eight of the Complaint specifically alleged that on October 31,

2012, the Director of the Ohio EPA issued Director’s Final Findings and Orders

(“Director’s Orders”) pursuant to R.C. 3704.03(R) (authorizing the Ohio EPA

Director to “issue, modify, or revoke orders requiring abatement of or prohibiting

emissions that violate applicable emission standards or other requirements of this

chapter and rules adopted thereunder, or requiring emission control devices or

measures in order to comply with applicable emission standards or other

requirements of this chapter and rules adopted thereunder”).       The Director’s

Orders allegedly required 333 Joseph to “remove all regulated asbestos containing

material from the Joseph Street site, prevent public access to the site during

removal through use of temporary fencing, and properly dispose of all regulated

asbestos containing material in a properly licensed landfill by December 31,

2012.” (Id.) The State claimed that 333 Joseph had failed to comply with the

Director’s Orders, violating R.C. 3704.05(G) (prohibiting violation of an order of

the Ohio EPA director), and entitling the State to injunctive relief under R.C.

3704.06(B) (authorizing the attorney general to “bring an action for an injunction,

a civil penalty, or any other appropriate proceedings in any court of competent

jurisdiction against any person violating or threatening to violate section 3704.05

or 3704.16 of the Revised Code”).
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Case No. 9-13-71


       {¶4} Together with the Complaint, the State filed a motion for a

preliminary injunction, pursuant to R.C. 3704.06, 3767.03 (“Abatement of

nuisance”), and Civ.R. 64 (“Injunctions”). (R. at 3.) In this motion, the State

alleged that 333 Joseph created and maintained nuisance; “violated statutes and

rules designed to protect public health, safety, and the environment”; and “refused

to comply with orders from the Director of Ohio EPA to clean up the blighted

property at 333 Joseph St.” (Id.) The State further alleged that 333 Joseph “did

not appeal the issuance of the Director’s Orders as was its prerogative per R.C.

3745.04.” (Id.)

       {¶5} 333 Joseph filed an answer denying allegations in all counts of the

Complaint. It then filed a brief in opposition to the State’s motion, arguing that

there was no evidence that the construction site posed any risks, that other parties

were responsible for any potential violations, that 333 Joseph could not comply

with the Director’s Orders due to its limited means, and that no exigent

circumstances existed to require a preliminary injunction, in place of the “normal

litigation process.” (R. at 10.) 333 Joseph further alleged that the State must

prove its right to the injunction by clear and convincing evidence.

       {¶6} The trial court held a hearing on the State’s motion. The hearing was

largely focused on resolving the issue of whether 333 Joseph was in violation of

the Director’s Orders, but the trial court also heard arguments and reviewed other

evidence of statutory violations that would warrant an injunction under R.C.
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Case No. 9-13-71


3704.06. (See Tr. at 5:6-7, 9:19-10:2.) 333 Joseph argued that the Director’s

Orders did not sufficiently establish violations of the Ohio Administrative Code

and that the testimony presented at the hearing did not prove that there was any

asbestos on the site or that it was hazardous. (Tr. at 226.) It argued that the site

was not dangerous and all the required cleanup procedures were thus, unnecessary

and too burdensome.      (Id.)   333 Joseph further contended that a preliminary

injunction was not proper at this point in the proceedings, asking for an

opportunity to have a full trial on the merits. (Tr. at 226-228.) 333 Joseph

attempted to challenge findings made by the Ohio EPA Director in the Director’s

Orders, as well as the specificity of the orders, but it did not dispute its failure to

appeal the Director’s Orders. (See Tr. at 7:23-24, 14:16-22, 15:1-5.) 333 Joseph

also objected to the admission into evidence of Exhibit 6, which appears to be a

photocopy of a certified photocopy of the purported Director’s Orders. (See Tr.

Ex. P-6.) 333 Joseph argued that the document was not properly authenticated.

(Tr. at 165.) The trial court admitted Exhibit 6 over 333 Joseph’s objections. (Tr.

at 167.) The parties also presented arguments concerning the standard of proof

applicable to the preliminary injunction action at issue.

       {¶7} After the hearing and additional briefing, the trial court determined

that the applicable standard of proof was the preponderance of the evidence. The

trial court found that this standard was satisfied in this case and issued its

judgment entry granting the preliminary injunction. The trial court’s findings and
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Case No. 9-13-71


the order of injunction were largely based on the Director’s Orders. In particular,

the trial court found that the Director of the Ohio EPA “issued an order directed to

[333 Joseph]” on October 31, 2012, which ordered certain removal and clean-up

activities to “be conducted in full compliance with applicable asbestos regulations

and laws (see OAC Chapters 3745-20 and 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M), * * * no

later than December 31, 2012,” while precluding public access “with the use of

temporary fencing,” and the disposal of the asbestos-containing materials “in a

properly licensed landfill.” (R. at 21, J. Entry at 5.) The trial court further found

that 333 Joseph failed to comply with the Director’s Orders. (Id.) The trial court

concluded that as a result of 333 Joseph’s failure to comply with the Director’s

Orders, “[r]egulated asbestos-containing materials remain on the premises.” (Id.)

Therefore, it held that the State “has met its burden to obtain a preliminary

injunction against [333 Joseph] for failure to comply with an order issued by the

EPA director as well as administrative rules issued by the director.” (Id. at 7.) Of

note, the trial court did not find that the property constituted a nuisance and it

found only “minimal evidence that the property constituted a health hazard.” (Id.

at 6.) The preliminary injunction order repeated much of the language of the

Director’s Orders. (See id. at 7-8.)

       {¶8} 333 Joseph filed this timely appeal, in which it raises four assignments

of error.



                                        -6-
Case No. 9-13-71


                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

      The trial court erred as a matter of law in issuing an injunction
      order that incorporated other documents in contravention of
      Civil Rule 65.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

      The trial court erred as a matter of law in its application of a
      preponderance [of the] evidence standard to Plaintiff’s motion
      for preliminary injunction.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

      The trial court’s ruling in determining the presence of asbestos
      was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

      The trial court erred in admitting the Director’s Orders into
      evidence, and finding that it [sic] had been properly served.


      {¶9} We elect to address the assignments of error out of order.

                        Second Assignment of Error—
                   Standard of Proof for Statutory Injunction

      {¶10} In the trial court, 333 Joseph argued that the State must prove the

elements necessary for a preliminary injunction by “clear and convincing”

evidence. The trial court rejected this assertion and applied the preponderance of

the evidence standard to the action, reasoning that a statutory injunction does not

require the higher burden of proof.

      {¶11} In this case, determination of the proper standard of proof is

complicated by the nature of the action, which is an injunction based upon a

                                       -7-
  Case No. 9-13-71


  violation of a statute, a so-called statutory injunction. Furthermore, while “[t]he

  purpose of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo of the parties

  pending a decision on the merits,” Davis v. Widman, 184 Ohio App.3d 705, 2009-

  Ohio-5430, 922 N.E.2d 272, ¶ 29 (3d Dist.), here, compliance with the preliminary

  injunction order results in a permanent solution, thereby allowing the State to

  avoid a full trial on the merits.

         {¶12} Generally, a preliminary injunction will not be granted unless the

  party seeking injunction proves by clear and convincing evidence that (1) there is

  a substantial likelihood of prevailing on the merits, (2) there is a risk of irreparable

  injury if the injunction is not granted, (3) the injunction will not unjustifiably harm

  third parties, and (4) the injunction will serve the public interest. Davis at ¶ 29,

  quoting Procter & Gamble Co. v. Stoneham, 140 Ohio App.3d 260, 267, 747

  N.E.2d 268 (1st Dist.2000); accord State ex rel. Dann v. R & J Partnership, Ltd.,

  2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22162, 2007-Ohio-7165, ¶ 21. This exact standard is

  not followed, however, for statutory injunctions.

         It is established law in Ohio that, when a statute grants a specific
         injunctive remedy to an individual or to the state, the party
         requesting the injunction “need not aver and show, as under ordinary
         rules in equity, that great or irreparable injury is about to be done for
         which he has no adequate remedy at law * * *.”

Ackerman v. Tri-City Geriatric & Health Care, Inc., 55 Ohio St.2d 51, 56, 378

N.E.2d 145 (1978), quoting Stephan v. Daniels, 27 Ohio St. 527, 536 (1875); accord

Dann at ¶ 21, quoting Ackerman at 56, 57 (“when a statute grants a specific
                                           -8-
  Case No. 9-13-71


injunctive remedy, ‘the traditional concepts for the issuance of equity injunctions do

not apply [.]’ * * * In the case of a statutory injunction, the moving party need only

satisfy the statutory conditions.”). Because the injunction at issue was based on a

statute, R.C. 3704.06, the trial court applied Ackerman to this case in place of the

traditional injunction rules.

          {¶13} Nevertheless, although R.C. 3704.06 gives the trial court

  “jurisdiction to grant prohibitory and mandatory injunctive relief and to require

  payment of a civil penalty upon the showing that the person has violated this

  chapter or rules adopted thereunder,” the statute does not address the standard of

  proof required for the “showing” of the violation.                      (Emphasis added.) R.C.

  3704.06(B). Similarly, although the Ackerman decision established that certain

  elements normally required for obtaining injunctive relief need not be satisfied in

  statutory injunction actions, it did not address the standard of proof for those

  actions. Ackerman thus does not hold that the standard of proof in statutory

  injunctions is lower than in equitable actions for injunctive relief. In fact, the

  Ackerman court did not need to address the standard of proof because the parties

  stipulated to the elements of the statute and the statutory injunction was proper

  based on that stipulation.2 See Ackerman at 58. Accordingly, Ackerman does not

  aid in the resolution of the issue before us.


  2
    We also note that the Ackerman opinion does not specify whether it concerned a preliminary or permanent
  injunction.

                                                    -9-
Case No. 9-13-71


       {¶14} In deciding that the standard of proof for this action should be the

preponderance of the evidence, the trial court relied on a case from the Second

District Court of Appeals, where that court held that statutory injunctions should

be issued upon proof of a statutory violation by the preponderance of the evidence.

See Dann, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22162, 2007-Ohio-7165, at ¶ 22-25. The

Dann court did not explain its reasoning for applying the lowered evidentiary

burden, other than stating that “the rules governing the issuance of equitable

injunctions—which include the need for clear and convincing evidence—do not

apply” in statutory injunction actions. Id. at ¶ 22.

       {¶15} In another case, however, the Second District Court of Appeals

analyzed the question of what degree of proof is required for a statutory action

concerning nuisance abatement, brought under the same Title of the Revised Code

as the action before us, “Health—Safety—Morals.” See State, ex rel. Freeman v.

Pierce, 61 Ohio App.3d 663, 573 N.E.2d 747 (2d Dist.1991). There, the court

reasoned that since the statute did not specify the standard of proof, common law

was the source of authority. Id. at 670. It analyzed the common law cases as

follows.

       We have held that in order to obtain an injunction, a petitioner must
       prove his allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Again, we
       see no reason why the abatement of nuisances should require a
       lesser degree of proof than other actions which seek injunctive relief.
       Moreover, the elevated burden seems especially appropriate when
       the defendant faces the potential loss of her real and personal
       property.
                                        - 10 -
Case No. 9-13-71



(Emphasis added.) Id. at 670, citing Zavakos v. Zavakos Enterprises, Inc., 63

Ohio App.3d 100, 577 N.E.2d 1170 (2d Dist.1989), Southern Ohio Bank v.

Southern Ohio Sav. Ass’n, 51 Ohio App.2d 67, 366 N.E.2d 296 (1st Dist.1976),

and White v. Long, 12 Ohio App.2d 136, 231 N.E.2d 337 (1st Dist.1967).

       {¶16} We have recently followed Freeman and applied the clear and

convincing evidence standard of proof in a case involving nuisance abatement.

State ex rel. Waldick v. Howard, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-11-33, 2012-Ohio-404. But

the trial court in the current case refused to follow Freeman, distinguishing it

because the action there was brought by a private citizen and because

“confiscation of real estate due to criminal activity is significantly different than

enforcement of regulatory statutes intended to protect the public’s health and

safety.” (R. at 21, J. Entry at 4.) We do not find the distinctions made by the trial

court to be relevant to the issue before us. In Waldick, the action was brought by

the Allen County Prosecutor, not a private citizen; yet we followed Freeman.

Furthermore, although the plaintiffs in Freeman and Waldick sought injunctive

relief for violations of criminal statutes, they both filed civil actions, as did the

State in the current case. The Sixth District Court of Appeals held, “[s]ince

abatement of a nuisance action under R.C. 3767.03 is a civil action, the jury would

use the civil standard of clear and convincing evidence to ascertain whether

repeated violations have occurred.” State ex rel. Pizza v. Strope, 6th Dist. Lucas


                                       - 11 -
Case No. 9-13-71


No. L-88-045, 1989 WL 20263, *9 (Mar. 10, 1989), rev’d on other grounds, 54

Ohio St.3d 41, 560 N.E.2d 765 (1990).

      {¶17} A further review of Ohio cases does not show consensus among Ohio

courts. In another case cited by the trial court, the Fourth District Court of

Appeals held, “[b]ecause this is a civil case and these [statutory] provisions are

silent as to the applicable burden of proof, we conclude that the State only had to

prove the violations by a preponderance of the evidence, not by clear and

convincing evidence as the Appellants suggest.”         State ex rel. DeWine v.

Ashworth, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 11CA16, 2012-Ohio-5632, ¶ 64. Like the

Second District in Dann, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22162, 2007-Ohio-7165, the

Fourth District Court of Appeals did not further explain its reasons for choosing

the lowered standard of proof.

      {¶18} The Ninth District Court of Appeals distinguished preliminary

statutory injunctions from permanent ones and indicated that each element of the

statute “must be proven by clear and convincing evidence” before the trial court

can order a preliminary injunction. Sovereign Chem. Co. v. Condren, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 18285, 1998 WL 195876, *2 (Apr. 22, 1998), fn. 2. The court

suggested that the distinction is reasonable because a permanent injunction is

“ordered after a hearing on the merits has been held,” thus justifying a lower

standard of proof. (Emphasis sic.) Id. The First District Court of Appeals

acknowledged the distinction made in Condren, but held that an injunction to
                                        - 12 -
Case No. 9-13-71


remedy a violation of Ohio’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act would require proof of

violation “by a preponderance of evidence.” Procter & Gamble Co., 140 Ohio

App.3d at 268, 747 N.E.2d 268, fn. 7. The First District Court of Appeals did not

apply this standard, however, finding that the case before it needed to be analyzed

under “normal equity rules for issuance of an injunction.” Id. at 268. Lastly, the

Tenth District Court of Appeals applied the clear and convincing evidence

standard to a statutory injunction where the statute under which the injunction was

brought mandated such standard.       Miller v. Brahm, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

94APE07-1069, 1995 WL 78970, *2 (Feb. 21, 1995).

      {¶19} While we recognize that the elements necessary for a statutory

injunction differ from the common law equitable remedy of injunction, we are

persuaded of no reason to require different standards of proof for those actions.

The State suggests that the “lesser evidentiary burden” is justified by “the

heightened public interests.” (App’ee Br. at 15.) The State cites no authority to

support this suggestion, and the reasoning given in Ackerman for the distinction

between statutory and equitable injunctions does not apply to the burden of proof.

      Unlike equitable-injunction actions which were developed in
      response to a rigid and often inadequate common-law system for
      redressing non-violent wrongs suffered by one individual at the
      hands of another, R.C. 3721.08 was designed by the General
      Assembly to benefit society by proscribing behavior (the unlicensed
      operation of nursing homes) which the General Assembly has
      determined not to be in the public interest. It would, therefore be
      redundant to require the Director of Health to show irreparable
      damage or lack of an adequate legal remedy once he has already
                                       - 13 -
Case No. 9-13-71


      proved that the conditions which the General Assembly has deemed
      worthy of injunctive relief exist. In addition, it would be
      inappropriate to balance the equities or require the Director of
      Health to do equity in an R.C. 3721.08 injunction action because
      R.C. 3721.08 injunctions and similar injunctions which authorize a
      governmental agent to sue to enjoin activities deemed harmful by the
      General Assembly are not designed primarily to do justice to the
      parties but to prevent harm to the general public.

Ackerman, 55 Ohio St.2d at 57-58, 378 N.E.2d 145.

      {¶20} The above-quoted Ohio Supreme Court’s reasoning explains that the

rationale for not requiring proof of irreparable injury, lack of an adequate legal

remedy, or a higher public interest is that it would be redundant, given that the

General Assembly has already determined that these elements exist in situations

covered by the statute. Nevertheless, neither the General Assembly nor the Ohio

Supreme Court has so far determined that these statutory elements should be easier

to prove.   Conversely, it is well-established that generally, “[t]he right to a

preliminary injunction must be proved by clear and convincing evidence.” Davis,

184 Ohio App.3d 705, 2009-Ohio-5430, 922 N.E.2d 272, at ¶ 29; accord

Hydrofarm, Inc. v. Orendorff, 180 Ohio App.3d 339, 2008-Ohio-6819, 905 N.E.2d

658, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.), quoting Vanguard Transp. Sys., Inc. v. Edwards Transfer &

Storage Co., Gen. Commodities Div., 109 Ohio App.3d 786, 790, 673 N.E.2d 182

(10th Dist.1996) (“Under Ohio law, a party seeking a preliminary injunction ‘must

establish a right to the preliminary injunction by showing clear and convincing

evidence of each element of the claim.’ ”).


                                       - 14 -
Case No. 9-13-71


       {¶21} Given that the remedy requested causes the same harm to the party

subject to the statutory and equitable injunction order, we find it necessary to

protect their interests by requiring proof of a statutory violation by clear and

convincing evidence before a preliminary injunction may issue for violation of a

statute. It is especially important in situations where, as here, compliance with the

preliminary injunction order results in a permanent solution, thereby allowing the

plaintiff to avoid a full trial on the merits.

       {¶22} Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in not applying the

clear and convincing standard of proof for violation of the statute in granting the

preliminary injunction in this case. The second assignment of error is sustained.

                            Fourth Assignment of Error—
                               Admission of Evidence

       {¶23} In this assignment of error, 333 Joseph challenges the trial court’s

admission into evidence of Exhibit 6, which appears to be a photocopy of a

certified photocopy of what purports to be the original Director’s Orders. 333

Joseph alleges that the Director’s Orders were “the cornerstone of the State’s case”

and without them, the State’s case for preliminary injunction would have failed.

(App’t Br. at 14.)

       {¶24} We review the trial court’s rulings on admissibility of evidence under

an abuse of discretion standard. Estate of Johnson v. Randall Smith, Inc., 135

Ohio St.3d 440, 2013-Ohio-1507, 989 N.E.2d 35, ¶ 22. Presuming that the trial


                                           - 15 -
Case No. 9-13-71


court is in a better position to evaluate the evidence and assess its credibility, we

will not reverse the trial court’s evidentiary ruling unless it was “contrary to law,

unreasonable, not supported by the evidence, or grossly unsound.” Schwarck v.

Schwarck, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-11-24, 2012-Ohio-3902, ¶ 16; see also State v.

Smith, 197 Ohio App.3d 742, 2012-Ohio-532, 968 N.E.2d 625, ¶ 15 (3d Dist.);

Johnson at ¶ 22.

       {¶25} As its first argument against the admissibility of Exhibit 6, 333

Joseph asserts that the State lacked proper foundation for its introduction because

Exhibit 6 was not properly authenticated. We have previously noted that “the

threshold standard for authenticating evidence is low as it does not require

conclusive proof of authenticity.” Smith at ¶ 16. A proponent of the evidence

satisfies the requirement of authentication by providing “evidence sufficient to

support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.”

Evid.R. 901; accord Smith at ¶ 16.

       {¶26} Exhibit 6 appears to be a photocopy of a certified photocopy of the

purported Director’s Orders. (See Ex. P-6.) The original document seems to have

born a seal of the “Ohio E.P.A.” from October 31, 2012, stating “ENTERED

DIRECTOR’S JOURNAL,” and it appears to have been signed by “Scott J. Nally,

Director.” (Id.) Additionally, the exhibit includes the following photocopied

language, “I certify this to be a true and accurate copy of the official documents as

filed in the records of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency,” and an
                                       - 16 -
Case No. 9-13-71


illegible photocopied signature. (Id.) This “certification” seems to authenticate a

photocopy of the purported Director’s Orders. Nevertheless, the exhibit before us

is a photocopy of that certified photocopy. In other words, there is no seal or

signature certifying that the photocopy of the purportedly certified photocopy of

the Director’s Orders, which is before us, is authentic.

       {¶27} At the hearing, the State offered testimony of one witness, Tom

Sattler (“Sattler”), from the Ohio EPA, to authenticate Exhibit 6. Sattler testified

that he was one of the first people to start the investigation at the site in question.

(Tr. at 123.) When 333 Joseph failed to take action upon multiple notices of

violation that were sent by his office to Stanley Rosenfeld prior to October 31,

2012, Sattler contacted his “central office” and “someone came up with the idea of

a Unilateral Order to the company ordering them to immediately do clean up and

take that route.” (Tr. at 135.) Sattler identified Exhibit 6 as “the Unilateral

Findings and Orders from our -- (inaudible) – Director.” (Id.) When he was asked

whether he was involved in the preparation of the document, he responded “I

would have reviewed it.” (Id.) On cross-examination, Sattler admitted that he did

not prepare the Director’s Orders. (Tr. at 142.) Furthermore, Sattler admitted that

he did not send the Director’s Orders to 333 Joseph. (Id.) He admitted that the

trial court has to “rely upon the certification” for the authenticity of the Director’s

Orders. (Id.) As we noted above, the certification itself is merely a photocopy of

what purports to be a certification.
                                        - 17 -
Case No. 9-13-71


       {¶28} When 333 Joseph objected to the admission of Exhibit 6, the State

did not respond with any arguments in support of the admission. In overruling

333 Joseph’s objection, the trial court did not explain how the authentication

requirement was satisfied in this case.

       {¶29} The rules of evidence provide several alternative methods to

authenticate documents.     Smith, 197 Ohio App.3d 742, 2012-Ohio-532, 968

N.E.2d 625, at ¶ 16. “Testimony of witness with knowledge * * * that a matter is

what it is claimed to be” is one of the examples of satisfying the authentication

requirement. Evid.R. 901(B)(1); see Smith at ¶ 16. We have previously noted that

Evid.R. 901 “would appear to be concerned with original documents, not copies.”

State v. Coon, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-80-19, 1981 WL 6814, *4 (Mar. 24, 1981).

But additionally, Sattler had no knowledge of who prepared the Director’s Orders,

admitting that he did not prepare them and testifying only that “someone came up

with the idea of a Unilateral Order.” (Tr. at 142.) He did not testify that the

photocopy presented to the trial court was a true and accurate copy of the October

31, 2012 Director’s Orders. The State’s attempt to authenticate the photocopy of a

certified photocopy of what purports to be the original Director’s Orders through

Sattler’s testimony can be summarized by his inconclusive statement that he

“would have reviewed” the document and his admission that the trial court has to

rely upon the photocopy of the prior certification for the authenticity of the

Director’s Orders. (Id.) The State did not establish that Sattler had knowledge
                                          - 18 -
Case No. 9-13-71


about the authenticity of the document, which appears to be a photocopy of a

certified photocopy of what purports to be the original Director’s Orders.

       {¶30} On appeal, the State defends the trial court’s decision by arguing that

the Director’s Orders are “self-authenticating” as “domestic public documents”

and as such, they do not need “[e]xtrinsic evidence of authenticity.” (App’ee Br.

at 20.) Under Evid.R. 902, a domestic public document not under seal is self-

authenticating if it is

       [a] document purporting to bear the signature in the official capacity
       of an officer or employee of any entity included in paragraph (1)
       hereof, having no seal, if a public officer having a seal and having
       official duties in the district or political subdivision of the officer or
       employee certifies under seal that the signer has the official capacity
       and that the signature is genuine.

(Emphasis added.) Evid.R. 902(2). The State asserts that the “certification” that

appears on Exhibit 6 satisfies the requirement above. Yet, we are only presented

with a photocopy of the certification and the illegible signature on that

“certification” cannot be found to be of “a public officer having a seal and having

official duties in the district or political subdivision.”     Id. Furthermore, this

“certification” does not state “that the signer [of the Director’s Orders] has the

official capacity and that the signature is genuine.” Id.

       {¶31} The State cites Evid.R. 1005, suggesting that a photocopy of a

certification satisfies the certification requirement of Evid.E. 902. (App’ee Br. at




                                         - 19 -
Case No. 9-13-71


21.) Here, it seems that the State wants to use a photocopy of the certification to

prove that the same copy of the certification is authentic. Evid.R. 1005 states that

       [t]he contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be
       recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data
       compilations in any form if otherwise admissible, may be proved by
       copy, certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902, Civ. R. 44,
       Crim. R. 27 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared
       it with the original.

 (Emphasis added.) Evid.R. 1005. This rule allows for admission of a copy if

 requirements of authentication are satisfied. Id. The State has not established

 that Exhibit 6, which appears to be a photocopy of a certified photocopy of the

 purported Director’s Orders, was “certified as correct,” as required by Evid.R.

 1005. Therefore, this rule does not serve to allow for admissibility of Exhibit 6.

 See State, ex rel. Taft, v. Franklin Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 63 Ohio St.3d

 190, 192-93, 586 N.E.2d 114 (1992) (striking copies of public documents

 because they were not “certified as correct” as required by Evid.R. 902); Coon,

 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-80-19, 1981 WL 6814, at *4 (“An uncertified photo copy

 alone is not sufficiently authenticated.”).

       {¶32} The facts before us resemble those in Coon, where we recognized

that “[a]lthough couched in terms of a certification,” a document offered in

evidence was “not signed except in copy, i.e. the certifying signature [was] a

copy.” Coon at *3. We held that this official record was not properly certified




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because “[t]here was, in short, no proper authentication of [the] document as a

public record or as a self-authenticating copy thereof.” Id. at *4.

       {¶33} While we acknowledge that under Civ.R. 44, a “proof of official

records or of entry” may be established “by any other method authorized by law,”

the State did not allege, either in the trial court or on appeal, that any other

authentication method authorized by law was satisfied. Accordingly, although we

are to defer to the trial court’s discretion, we are unable to hold that the trial

court’s decision to admit Exhibit 6 over the objection of 333 Joseph was supported

by the law and the evidence as it is before us.

       {¶34} As a result of this finding, we need not address 333 Joseph’s

alternative argument against admissibility, which stated that the trial court

improperly admitted Exhibit 6 where there was no evidence that the Director’s

Orders had been served upon 333 Joseph. We note, however, that 333 Joseph

cites no law in support of his claim that failure to prove service would require the

trial court to exclude Exhibit 6 from evidence.

       {¶35} For the foregoing reasons, the fourth assignment of error is sustained.

                          Third Assignment of Error—
                         Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶36} Based on our decision that the Director’s Orders were not properly

admitted, we hold that the remaining evidence presented at the injunction hearing

did not prove statutory violations by clear and convincing evidence, especially


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considering the trial court’s remarks at the conclusion of the hearing. The trial

court commented, “if you could convince me that their burden is higher than a

preponderance of the evidence, you know, that -- that could, you know, that would

be -- that would make a difference here, it could.” (Tr. at 233-234.)

       {¶37} Accordingly, the trial court’s grant of preliminary injunction was in

error and the third assignment of error is sustained.

               First Assignment of Error—Compliance with Civ.R.
                        56 in Issuing an Injunction Order

       {¶38} Our decision results in vacation of the Injunction Order. Therefore,

the first assignment of error is moot.

                                     Conclusion

       {¶39} Having reviewed the arguments, the briefs, and the record in this

case, we find errors prejudicial to Appellants, in the particulars assigned and

argued. The judgment of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas is therefore

reversed.   We remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                                           Judgment Reversed and
                                                                Cause Remanded

SHAW and PRESTON, J.J., concur.

/jlr




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