                             RECORD IMPOUNDED

                        NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                      APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
     This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
      Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
         parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.



                                       SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                       APPELLATE DIVISION
                                       DOCKET NO. A-0642-15T3

NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD
PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,

        Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

A.D.,

        Defendant-Appellant,

and

S.R. and J.M.,

     Defendants.
__________________________________

IN THE MATTER OF
A.D.-R and N.R., minors.
__________________________________

              Submitted February 9, 2017 – Decided            March 15, 2017

              Before Judges Lihotz and O'Connor.

              On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
              Chancery Division, Family Part, Burlington
              County, Docket No. FN-03-200-15.

              Joseph P. Grimes, attorney for appellant.

              Christopher S. Porrino, Attorney General,
              attorney for respondent (Melissa Dutton
          Schaffer, Assistant Attorney General, of
          counsel; James R. Griffin, Jr., Deputy
          Attorney General, on the brief).

          Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law
          Guardian, attorney for minors (Todd Wilson,
          Designated Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

     In this Title 9 matter filed by plaintiff, the Division of

Child Protection and Permanency (the Division), defendant A.D.

appeals from an order, filed on June 17, 2015.        Following a fact-

finding hearing, the judge concluded A.D.'s conduct rose to neglect

as defined by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(1), resulting in the death of

her four-month old infant.    We affirm.

     The facts are undisputed.        A.D. gave birth to twins, who

arrived five weeks early.    A.D. and other family members resided

in the twins' paternal grandmother's home.       On January 22, 2015,

the twins were cared for by A.D.       Sometime after 4:00 a.m., the

twins' father awoke to use the bathroom.     On his way back to bed,

he checked the twins and observed A.D. asleep on the couch and one

infant laying face-down on A.D.'s chest.    When he lifted the child

to place her in a crib, her body was unresponsive.           He initiated

mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and emergency personnel were called.

The infant could not be revived.

     Responding   police   officers   recorded   an   odor    of   alcohol

emanating from A.D.'s breath.    A.D. was taken to the hospital and

                                  2                                A-0642-15T3
a   blood   test   was    conducted,   the    results   of   which   were   not

introduced.

      The   Burlington     County   Medical    Examiner,     Ian   Hood,   M.D.,

testified as an expert on behalf of the Division, during the fact-

finding hearing.         He stated the infant had been dead for a "few

hours" when she was discovered, which is why resuscitation efforts

"were hopeless."         The infant's death did not result because she

was premature; she was determined to be "robust, well-nourished

and apparently well cared for[,]" with no abnormality, trauma, or

illness discovered.        The cause of death was considered a sudden

unexplained death of a co-sleeping infant, which resulted from the

lack of findings of any other cause of death.                Dr. Hood stated,

"the incidence of sudden unexplained death is anywhere from 10 to

20 times more common when an infant is co-sleeping with somebody

else," distinguishing those deaths "from regular SIDS where a baby

dies on its [sic] own . . . ."         Although the studies vary on the

amount of increase, all studies show "a great increase" in the

incidence of sudden infant death in cases involving co-sleeping.

This occurs because people move in their sleep, making the likely

cause of death suffocation or compression.              The manner of death

changes from "natural for [sudden infant death] to undetermined

because we cannot exclude some kind of accidental overlying or the

mother's arm going over the child's body while the child was on

                                       3                               A-0642-15T3
her chest."   This problem becomes more common when the co-sleeping

parent is impaired.        He understood neonatal units have begun

instructing parents not to co-sleep and to place the baby on his

or her back when sleeping.

     Dr. Hood explained he could not state the infant suffocated,

but that cause of death could not be excluded because suffocation

"does not leave findings a pathologist can find at autopsy."                  One

sign is discoloration of the brain tissue, which turns "dusky plum

purple."    This was found in his autopsy of the infant; however,

the same condition is observed "in anyone who's had resuscitation

attempted for nearly an hour," which happened in this case.

     The    Division's    caseworker,      who   responded   when   called      by

police, also testified.        In discussing her investigation, she

recounted her interview with A.D.          A.D. had stayed with the twins'

father's family for several days.            The caseworker recalled A.D.

and her father argued earlier in the day, when he came to the

twins' father's residence because A.D. had not been home for

several days.    The disagreement centered on A.D.'s drinking.

     A.D.    remembered   consuming       alcohol   prior    to   her   father's

visit, in the nature of two "airplane" sized bottles of liquor,

one of tequila and another of amaretto.              She also was drinking

regularly during the days leading to this event.



                                      4                                  A-0642-15T3
     Following the argument, A.D. went to bed around 6 p.m. and

woke at 11 p.m.    The twins' father retired around 12:30 a.m. and

asked A.D. to care for the twins because he needed sleep.       A.D.

"remembers being somewhat aggressive with the baby and thinking

please stop but . . . didn't remember picking the baby up in the

middle of the night."      She also remembered she began drinking

after the father went to sleep and drank more than she had the

prior nights.     When she awoke the next morning, she saw a half-

empty bag from a box of white wine next to the couch.           A.D.

admitted when the father cared for the children, she would "binge

drink to the point that she was having some issues remembering

what she was doing."   A.D. further reported "she [wa]s a different

person when she drinks," acting "more aggressive."    Finally, A.D.

admitted taking Klonopin1 pills   prescribed for the twins' father,

but denied she did so on the night she was caring for the infants.

     The infants' father was also interviewed and testified during

the hearing.      He arrived home from school at 2:30 p.m. and

"everything seemed fine."    He reported, after A.D.'s father left,



1
     Klonopin (clonazepam) is a benzodiazepine, used to treat
certain seizure and panic disorders.         The Food and Drug
Administration cautions "Klonopin can make you sleepy or dizzy and
can slow your thinking and motor skills[,]" and specifically
cautions against drinking alcohol while taking Klonopin. Food &
Drug Administration, Medication Guides, Ref. No. 4028890,
Klonopin® Tablets (clonazepam) (2016) at 20.

                                  5                         A-0642-15T3
she took a nap.     A.D. awoke at 9 p.m., at which time she appeared

to be "clear, alert and oriented."                   Before he went to sleep, the

infants' father made bottles for the twins, who were awake and in

their respective carriers.            He heard the twins, "giggling and

interacting with [A.D.]" as she watched television while lying on

the couch.       When he awoke and found the baby unresponsive, he

shook A.D., whose eyes looked like she was "smashed."                           As he

administered CPR to the baby, he asked A.D. to call 9-1-1; instead

she texted 9-2-2.

      The twins' father also reported that, during A.D.'s stay, he

found empty bottles of alcohol, including two empty bottles of

wine on one day and an empty six-pack of beer the next.                        He also

was   concerned    because    he     discovered         three   of    his   prescribed

Klonopin pills were missing.            The twins' father stated A.D. was

drinking   the    nights     prior    to       the    incident,      because   he   was

responsible to care for the twins.               His trial testimony that A.D.

was not drinking the day of the baby's death differed from his

interview statements the day his child died.

      Without objection, the Division introduced three reports, the

infant's autopsy report authored by Dr. Hood; the caseworker's

investigative summary, and the Division's screening summary.                        A.D.

did not testify.



                                           6                                   A-0642-15T3
     Following   summations,    the        judge    issued      his   findings    and

conclusions in a bench opinion.             He found Dr. Hood's testimony

"fair,"   very   credible,   articulate,           and   well    prepared.        The

Division's caseworker was also found credible, did not embellish

her testimony, and "tried to be as accurate as possible." Finally,

as to the infants' father, the judge noted his responses tended

to "get as much information as he can to the [c]ourt . . . in the

framework of the question but tended to go beyond the question.

And so for that his credibility [wa]s not as strong. . . ."

     Evaluating the evidence, the judge found A.D.'s conduct rose

to gross negligence because she acted with knowledge her conduct

was likely to result in serious injury to the infant.                          A.D.'s

consumption of alcohol while charged with the care of the infant

and deciding to co-sleep with the baby on the couch resulted in

the infant's death.    A.D. was aware of her binge drinking and its

effects: she had attended Alcohol Anonymous, related she becomes

aggressive   when     she    drinks,        and     frequently        blacks     out.

Notwithstanding her agreement to be responsible to care for the

infants, she began drinking and placed one crying infant, face

down, atop her as she fell asleep on the couch.2



2
     The judge concluded the Division's evidence was insufficient
to prove the infants' father engaged in conduct causing abuse or
neglect.

                                       7                                     A-0642-15T3
     Thereafter, the judge conducted a dispositional hearing,

ordering   services   extended   to   A.D.   and   the   infants'   father.

Ultimately, the case was concluded on September 1, 2015, and A.D.

filed this appeal.

     Our standard of review on appeal is narrow.

           "[F]indings by the trial judge are considered
           binding on appeal when supported by adequate,
           substantial and credible evidence." N.J. Div.
           of Youth & Family Servs. v. Z.P.R., 351 N.J.
           Super. 427, 433 (App. Div. 2002) (citing Rova
           Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co. of
           Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). Deference to
           a trial court's supported factual findings is
           warranted because the trial judge "has the
           opportunity to make first-hand credibility
           judgments about the witnesses who appear on
           the stand [and] . . . has a 'feel of the case'
           that can never be realized by a review of the
           cold record."   N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
           Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008).

           [N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. S.I.,
           437 N.J. Super. 142, 152 (App. Div. 2014).]

This scope of review is expanded when "the issue to be decided is

an 'alleged error in the trial judge's evaluation of the underlying

facts and the implications to be drawn therefrom . . . .'"              N.J.

Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007)

(quoting In re Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188-89

(App. Div. 1993)).      On the other hand, a trial judge's legal

conclusions and the application of those conclusions to the facts




                                      8                             A-0642-15T3
are always subject to our plenary review.    S.I., supra, 437 N.J.

Super. at 152.

          The adjudication of abuse or neglect is
          governed by Title 9, which is designed to
          protect children who suffer serious injury
          inflicted by other than accidental means.
          G.S. v. Dep't of Human Servs., 157 N.J. 161,
          171 (1999) (citing N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.8).     See
          also N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.73 (governing
          protection of abused and neglected children).
          "The statute in question addresses harm to a
          child[.]" [N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.
          v. ]A.L., 213 N.J. [1,] 8 [(2013)].

          [Ibid.]

     An "abused or neglected child" is defined in N.J.S.A. 9:6-

8.21(c) as

          a child less than 18 years of age whose parent
          or guardian, as herein defined, . . . (2)
          creates or allows to be created a substantial
          or ongoing risk of physical injury to such
          child by other than accidental means which
          would be likely to cause death or serious or
          protracted disfigurement, or protracted loss
          or impairment of the function of any bodily
          organ; . . . (4) or a child whose physical,
          mental, or emotional condition has been
          impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming
          impaired as the result of the failure of his
          parent or guardian, as herein defined, to
          exercise a minimum degree of care . . . in
          providing the child with proper supervision
          or guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting or
          allowing to be inflicted harm, or substantial
          risk thereof, . . . .

     Whether a parent or guardian has engaged in acts of abuse or

neglect is considered on a case-by-case basis and must be "analyzed


                                9                           A-0642-15T3
in light of the dangers and risks associated with the situation."

N.J. Dep't of Children & Families v. R.R., 436 N.J. Super. 53, 58

(App. Div. 2014) (quoting G.S., supra, 157 N.J. at 181-82).       The

Division must prove the conduct is "something more than ordinary

negligence" to prove liability.       G.S., supra, 157 N.J. at 178.

Indeed, "[o]ne act may be substantial or the sum of many acts may

be substantial" to prove abuse or neglect.     N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. V.T., 423 N.J. Super. 320, 330 (App. Div. 2011)

(citation omitted).

     A court considering whether a parent or guardian's conduct

meets the statutory standard must analyze all facts, id. at 329,

and decide whether the parent or guardian exercised a minimum

degree of care under the circumstances.     N.J. Div. of Child Prot.

& Permanency v. J.A., 436 N.J. Super. 61, 69 (App. Div. 2014).      In

doing so, we recognize "the elements of proof are synergistically

related."   V.T., supra, 423 N.J. Super. at 329 (citation omitted).

     In reviewing N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(2),

            [t]he phrase "accidental means" in this
            provision refers to "the events leading up to
            the injury and not the resulting injury
            itself."   G.S. [supra,], 157 N.J. [at] 174
            (citation omitted).     "Where an action is
            deliberate, and the actor can or should
            foresee that his conduct is likely to result
            in injury, as a matter of law, that injury is
            caused by 'other than accidental means.'" Id.
            at 175 (citations omitted).      The parent's


                                 10                          A-0642-15T3
           intent is      irrelevant.      Ibid.     (citations
           omitted).

           [N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v.
           B.O., 438 N.J. Super. 373, 381 (App. Div.
           2014).]

     In carrying its burden of proof, the Division's proofs must

"demonstrate by a preponderance of the competent, material and

relevant evidence the probability of present or future harm" to

the minor child.    N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. S.S., 372

N.J. Super. 13, 24 (App. Div. 2004) (citation omitted), certif.

denied, 182 N.J. 426 (2005); see also N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b).              Under

this standard, "[t]he Division need only show that it was more

likely than not that the defendant abused or neglected the child."

B.O., supra, 438 N.J. Super. at 380 (citing N.J. Div. of Youth &

Family Servs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super. 593, 615 (App. Div. 2010)).

     A.D. argues the trial judge erred because there is no proof

her conduct caused the infant harm, citing A.L., supra, 213 N.J.

1.   In a related argument, she states the trial judge misapplied

the standard for abuse or neglect because there was no actual

evidence   of   A.D.'s   blood   alcohol    level   to   demonstrate     gross

negligence.     We reject these contentions.

     The facts presented in A.L., are distinguishable from those

presented in this matter.         In A.L., the Division proved the

defendant mother used illicit substances, but did not show that


                                    11                                 A-0642-15T3
drug use caused actual harm to her baby, which was born without

any discernable problems.          Id. at 9.       The Court concluded the

statutory     requirements    of   N.J.S.A.      9:6-8.21(c)    require    the

Division to demonstrate actual harm or to show the likelihood of

an imminent substantial risk of harm rising above mere negligence,

by the parent's conduct.        Id. at 28.        "Judges at the trial and

appellate level cannot fill in missing information on their own

or take judicial notice of harm.               Instead, the fact-sensitive

nature   of   abuse   and    neglect    cases,    turns   on   particularized

evidence."    Ibid.

     Here, Dr. Hood determined the cause of death was co-sleeping,

sudden infant death.         Other direct and circumstantial evidence

shows, for at least three days, A.D. drank heavily; she took at

least three Klonopin tablets, a benzodiazepine which was not

prescribed for her. Even though she agreed to care for the infants

between 12:30 a.m. and the time the baby expired (stated as

approximately 1:30 to 2:30 a.m.), A.D. drank one-half of a bag of

boxed wine, drinking more than she had the prior nights.                   The

substance abuse caused her to black out, such that she could not

clearly remember what she did, although she recalled the baby was

fussy and she wanted her to stop crying.            She could not remember

removing the baby from her carrier, but had a recollection of

being aggressive with the baby.             A.D. lost consciousness and did

                                       12                             A-0642-15T3
not return the baby to her carrier, instead she chose to co-sleep

with her on the couch, while intoxicated, laying the infant face

down.   Moreover, her intoxication was so pronounced, A.D. never

realized the baby stopped breathing and could not even summon help

when the infants' father shook her awake.

     "Parents who use illegal drugs when caring for an infant

expose that baby to many dangers due to their impaired judgment."

B.O., supra, 438 N.J. Super. at 385 (citing V.T., supra, 423 N.J.

Super. at 331) (commenting infants are susceptible to even slight

"parental   missteps").    "Although    a   sober   parent   could   also

inadvertently smother a baby when co-sleeping, a parent who falls

asleep after ingesting illegal drugs is less likely to exercise

good judgment in protecting the baby in bed.          Just as a sober

driver may have an automobile accident, an impaired driver is much

more likely to do so."    Ibid.   (footnote omitted).

     Unlike the mother in A.L., whose baby suffered no proven

effect from prenatal drug use, in this matter, as a result of

A.D.'s intoxication, she placed the baby face down, which resulted

in the infant's death.    While A.D. may not have intended harm to

the baby, she deliberately became intoxicated to the point of not

knowing what she was doing.       This non-accidental conduct led to

the tragically harmful result.      See, e.g., G.S., supra, 157 N.J.

at 174; B.O., supra, 438 N.J. Super. at 381.

                                  13                             A-0642-15T3
    The trial judge's findings are supported by the credible

evidence in the record.   The conclusion of neglect will not be

disrupted.

    Affirmed.




                              14                        A-0642-15T3
