               NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                      MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                             IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                             OF FLORIDA

                                             SECOND DISTRICT


In re Estate of Virginia E. Murphy.      )
                                         )
___________________________________ )
                                         )
JACQUELINE ROCKE,                        )
                                         )
              Appellant,                 )
                                         )
v.                                       )          Case No. 2D14-4107
                                         )
AMERICAN RESEARCH BUREAU;                )
CHARLES FRETWELL; ERWIN                  )
FRETWELL; JOHN FRETWELL;                 )
LAURA FRETWELL; SUSAN FRETWELL; )
JAMES WINFIELD FRETWELL;                 )
VICTORIA FRETWELL SCOTT; JAMES E. )
THURMAN; ALBERT R. WELSH, III,           )
as personal representative of the estate )
of Albert R. Welsh, II,                  )
                                         )
              Appellees.                 )
                                         )

Opinion filed November 6, 2015.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pinellas
County; Lauren C. Laughlin, Judge.

Wm. Fletcher Belcher and Angela M.
Adams of Law Offices of Wm. Fletcher
Belcher, St. Petersburg, for Appellant.

Michael R. Kangas of Phillip R. Baumann,
P.A., Tampa, for Appellees James Fretwell;
Erwin Fretwell; Charles Fretwell; Victoria
Fretwell Scott; Susan Fretwell and Laura
Fretwell.

C. Bryant Boydstun, Jr. of Marone Law
Group, PLC, St. Petersburg, for
Appellee James T. Thurman, Jr.

Bonnie S. Satterfield, Coral Springs,
for Appellee American Research Bureau.

Charles W. Gerdes and Brandon S.
Vesely, St. Petersburg, of Keane,
Reese, Vesely & Gerdes, P.A.,
for Appellee Albert E. Welsh, III as
Personal Representative of the Estate of
Albert E. Welch, II.




LUCAS, Judge.


              At the age of 107, Virginia E. Murphy passed away, leaving behind an

estate worth nearly twelve million dollars, a series of wills, a phalanx of potential heirs—

and extensive litigation. Following a trial, appeal, and remand from this court, the

probate court entered an order in which it concluded that the vast majority of Mrs.

Murphy's estate should pass through intestacy. For the reasons explained below, we

are compelled to reverse the probate court's order following remand because it failed to

apply the presumption of dependent relative revocation to Mrs. Murphy's last will.

                                             I.

                                             A.

              Born in 1899, Virginia Murphy died on September 6, 2006, after more than

a decade of declining health and acuity. Her parents and husband predeceased her,

and she had no children or siblings. In the years before her passing, Mrs. Murphy



                                            -2-
executed a number of wills prepared by her longtime attorney, Jack S. Carey, including

her last will and testament dated February 2, 1994 ("1994 will"). When Mrs. Murphy

died, Mr. Carey filed a Petition for Administration submitting the 1994 will to probate.

The 1994 will named Mr. Carey as personal representative of Mrs. Murphy's estate; and

it purported to leave the bulk of that estate to Mr. Carey, Gloria DuBois (Mr. Carey’s

legal assistant), and George Tornwall (Mrs. Murphy’s accountant, who died the year

before Mrs. Murphy passed away).

              Upon learning of the probate proceedings, Mrs. Murphy's second cousin,

Jacqueline "Jackie" Rocke, a devisee under one of Mrs. Murphy's prior wills, filed an

objection to the residuary devises in the 1994 will. In her objection, Ms. Rocke alleged

undue influence on the part of Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois over Mrs. Murphy. The case

proceeded through discovery, motion hearings, and pleading amendments, all of which

focused primarily on the litigants' competing claims as potential devisees of the estate.

              The probate court held a multi-day trial in February 2008 on Ms. Rocke's

objection to the 1994 will. During the trial, several prior wills executed by Mrs. Murphy

were discussed at length. We briefly summarize the testamentary schemes set forth in

the last six of Mrs. Murphy's wills that were admitted into evidence below,1 as they are

all pertinent to this appeal:

                                May 10, 1989 Will ("1989 Will")




              1
                In the interest of brevity, these summaries do not include all of the wills'
specific bequests to various charities and caregivers (which were numerous and
relatively minor in proportion to the residuary of the estate) but only those germane to
this appeal. It appears Mrs. Murphy executed other wills prior to these six, but none of
them were made a part of the record in this appeal. None of Mrs. Murphy's last six wills
contained a survivorship clause with respect to any beneficiary or devisee.


                                             -3-
             This will, the earliest of the wills admitted into evidence, included a specific

bequest to Ms. Rocke in the amount of $150,000 and specific bequests to Mr. Tornwall,

Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois in the amount of $50,000 each, and devised the entire

residuary of the estate to Northwestern University's medical school.

                              June 11, 1991 Will ("1991 Will")

             This will contained specific bequests to the Northwestern University

medical school in the amount of $500,000, Ms. Rocke in the amount of $400,000, and

Mr. Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois in the amount of $100,000 each, with the

residuary of the estate divided in equal fourths between Ms. Rocke, Mr. Tornwall, Mr.

Carey, and Ms. DuBois.

                        February 4, 1992 Will ("February 1992 Will")

             This will, nearly identical to the 1991 will, also contained specific bequests

to Northwestern University's medical school in the amount of $500,000, Ms. Rocke in

the amount of $400,000, and Mr. Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois in the amount of

$100,000 each, while the residuary of the estate was divided in equal fourths between

Ms. Rocke, Mr. Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois. Ms. Rocke argued below and on

appeal that this will's residuary devises (excluding Mr. Carey, Mr. Tornwall, and Ms.

DuBois's devises) should have been the controlling testamentary scheme for probate of

the residuary estate.

                         August 25, 1992 Will ("August 1992 Will")

             This will included specific bequests to the medical school of Northwestern

University in the amount of $500,000, Ms. Rocke in the amount of $400,000, and Mr.

Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois in the amount of $100,000 each, but the residuary




                                            -4-
of the estate was now divided into equal thirds between Mr. Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and

Ms. DuBois.

                           January 29, 1993 Will ("1993 Will")

              The 1993 will contained specific bequests to Northwestern University's

medical school in the amount of $500,000, Ms. Rocke in the amount of $400,000, Ms.

DuBois in the amount of $150,000, and Mr. Tornwall and Mr. Carey in the amount of

$100,000 each. The residuary of the estate was devised in equal thirds between Mr.

Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois.

                                        1994 Will

              This will, like the 1993 will, included specific bequests to Northwestern

University's medical school in the amount of $500,000, Ms. Rocke in the amount of

$400,000, Ms. DuBois in the amount of $150,000, and Mr. Tornwall and Mr. Carey in

the amount of $100,000 each. The residuary of the estate was again devised in equal

thirds between Mr. Tornwall, Mr. Carey, and Ms. DuBois.

              In addition to these testamentary documents, the probate court also

considered the testimony of Mr. Carey, Ms. DuBois, Ms. Rocke, and other witnesses

who had been involved with Mrs. Murphy's estate planning. By nearly all accounts, Mrs.

Murphy maintained few personal relationships in the final decades of her life; she never

knew anyone in her extended family other than Ms. Rocke, with whom she had enjoyed

a close, social relationship since the early 1960's. Over time, Mr. Carey and Ms.

DuBois built their own relationship with Mrs. Murphy (Ms. DuBois would eventually

manage Mrs. Murphy's day-to-day finances for several years) founded upon Mr. Carey's




                                           -5-
service as her counsel. While Mrs. Murphy's health and mental awareness diminished,

Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois' share of the estate grew under the wills Mr. Carey drafted.

              After the conclusion of the trial, on August 1, 2008, the probate court

entered its Order on Objection to Petition for Administration and Order Admitting Will to

Probate ("Order on Objection"). The Order on Objection included thorough and detailed

findings that Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois had, in fact, exerted undue influence through

their confidential, fiduciary, and personal relationships with Ms. Murphy in order to

become residuary devisees of her estate.2 The probate court further concluded that the

residuary devises in the 1994 will were void but that "[t]he remainder of the provisions of

the will are valid and shall control the disposition of the assets specifically devised."

The court then admitted the 1994 will to probate, excluding its residuary devises, and

ordered that "the rest, residue and remainder [of the estate] shall pass by the laws of

intestate succession" as a lapsed gift.

              Implicit in the probate court's determination was that the 1994 will's

revocation clause, revoking all of Mrs. Murphy's prior wills, remained valid, so that the

vast majority of Mrs. Murphy's estate would now pass to her intestate heirs who were,




              2
                We need not recount all of the probate court's findings of undue
influence—which were quite extensive—but would echo the court's sense of puzzlement
as to why Mr. Carey, an esteemed lawyer and a former city councilman, FBI agent, and
Army Air Corps veteran, succumbed to the temptation to pursue a pecuniary windfall at
the expense of a frail and susceptible client. Sadly, the pall of this case cast a long
shadow over an otherwise exemplary professional reputation. Cf. Fla. R. Prof. Conduct
4-1.8(c) ("A lawyer shall not . . . prepare on behalf of a client an instrument giving the
lawyer . . . any substantial gift unless the lawyer . . . is related to the client."). We make
this observation not to impugn the memory of Mr. Carey, who passed away in 2014, but
to state this simple point: the repercussions from a single ethical lapse may carry far
beyond a lawyer's license to practice law.


                                             -6-
as yet, still unknown. Suffice it to say, none of the litigants were particularly satisfied

with that result.

                                              B.

               Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois appealed the Order on Objection, and Ms.

Rocke filed a cross-appeal, arguing that the probate court should have effectuated her

residuary devise in the February 1992 will under the doctrine of dependent relative

revocation. In Carey v. Rocke, 18 So. 3d 1266 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009), this court affirmed

the probate court's determinations in every regard, except its decision to administer the

residue of Mrs. Murphy's estate through intestacy. As to the residuary disposition, we

pointed the probate court's attention to the doctrine of dependent relative revocation,

citing the Fifth District's decision in Wehrheim v. Golden Pond Assisted Living Facility,

905 So. 2d 1002 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005). We noted that we could not determine whether

the doctrine's presumption applied based on the record then before us and that "the

decision as to whether the residuary clause in one of Mrs. Murphy's prior wills is

enforceable necessarily requires factual determinations in this case." Rocke, 18 So. 3d

at 1267. We then remanded the case to the probate court for further proceedings to

make those factual determinations. Id.

               Unfortunately, the proceedings on remand appear to have taken a

somewhat unusual turn. Rather than convene an evidentiary hearing, the probate court,

apparently proceeding under the mistaken assumption that it had only been asked to

clarify whether it had considered the doctrine of dependent relative revocation, entered

an Order on Remand dated March 12, 2010. Relying solely on the wills that had been




                                             -7-
admitted at the prior trial, and without identifying the potential intestate heirs, the

probate court concluded that the doctrine of dependent relative revocation did not apply.

              In its order, the probate court briefly traced the history of the doctrine of

dependent relative revocation and provided its view of various cases and law review

articles interpreting the doctrine. But the court felt bound to discern Mrs. Murphy's intent

solely from the testamentary instruments and without consideration of extrinsic evidence

such as the testimony from the prior trial, a task which, it allowed, presented a difficult

challenge. The probate court determined that the doctrine was not applicable because

of what it deemed "dramatic" changes between the residuary devises throughout Mrs.

Murphy's last six wills and the lack of evidence either that "the decedent's intent to

revoke her preceding wills was equivocal or conditional" or that she intended to revive

any prior will by republication. The probate court clarified its previous finding,

concluding that the undue influence that permeated the residuary clause of the 1994 will

had not tainted that will's revocation clause. It then observed, "the inference that

decedent would have preferred probate of the residuary clause in the February 1992

Will over intestacy is purely speculative." Finally, the probate court opined that "to

adopt any of the five residuary clauses [from the prior wills], all unreflective of the

testator's intent, would require this court to speculatively re-draft the testatrix's will." The

court again ordered that Mrs. Murphy's residuary estate should pass through intestacy.

              It would take another four years before the probate court was able to

effectuate that ruling and render a final order disposing of Mrs. Murphy's estate. The

delay was likely attributable to the task of tracing all of Mrs. Murphy's ancestry.

Eventually, an heir search firm identified and located forty-eight heirs through Mrs.




                                             -8-
Murphy's deceased grandparents. Most of these heirs were spread across the United

States and, apparently, completely unaware of their familial connection to Mrs. Murphy.

With this information, but still without convening an evidentiary hearing, the probate

court entered a Final Order Determining Beneficiaries and Respective Shares on July

28, 2014, implementing an intestate succession plan pursuant to section 732.103,

Florida Statutes (2006). Ms. Rocke then initiated this appeal.

                                             II.

              The issues in this appeal present mixed questions of law and fact. The

application of an evidentiary presumption such as the doctrine of dependent relative

revocation is an issue of law subject to a de novo standard of review. Universal Ins. Co.

of N. Am. v. Warfel, 82 So. 3d 47, 57 (Fla. 2012). Whether or to what extent the

predicate facts giving rise to a legal presumption or its rebuttal were established is an

issue of fact, which we review for competent, substantial evidence. Conahan v. State,

118 So. 3d 718, 727 (Fla. 2013).

                                            III.

              We begin by examining the legal construct at the heart of this appeal, the

doctrine of dependent relative revocation. Founded in the common law of early

eighteenth century England, the doctrine was first adopted by the Florida Supreme

Court, which explained:

              This doctrine has been stated and reiterated by many courts
              since it was first expounded in 1717, but stated simply it
              means that where [a] testator makes a new will revoking a
              former valid one, and it later appears that the new one is
              invalid, the old will may be re-established on the ground that
              the revocation was dependent upon the validity of the new
              one, [the] testator preferring the old will to intestacy.




                                            -9-
Stewart v. Johnson, 194 So. 869, 870 (Fla. 1940) (citation omitted). Grounded in the

axiom of probate law that intestacy should be avoided whenever possible,3 the doctrine

of dependent relative revocation, our court has observed, is "a rule of presumed

intention" that creates a rebuttable presumption that the testator would have preferred to

have a prior will effectuated over statutory intestacy. In re Lubbe's Estate, 142 So. 2d

130, 134 (Fla. 2d DCA 1962), overruled on other grounds by In re Johnson's Estate,

359 So. 2d 425 (Fla. 1978). The presumption's application hinges on whether "the

provisions of the present invalid will are sufficiently similar to the former will."

Wehrheim, 905 So. 2d at 1008 (citing Stewart, 194 So. at 871-72); Lubbe, 142 So. 2d at

135 ("The proper application of the doctrine depends upon a sufficient showing that the

provisions of the invalid will are not materially different from the prior will and that the

testator must have intended to revoke his prior will only if his new will were valid."). In

cases of undue influence, if a prior will is sufficiently similar to an invalidated will then

the presumption arises but may be rebutted by evidence that "the revocation clause was

not invalidated by undue influence and that it was not intended by the decedent to be

conditional on the validity of the testamentary provisions" of the will. Wehrheim, 905 So.

2d at 1009-10; cf. § 732.5165 (stating any part of a will procured by fraud, duress,




              3
                See, e.g., In re Gregory's Estate, 70 So. 2d 903, 907 (Fla. 1954) ("If the
terms of a will are such as to permit two constructions, one of which results in intestacy
and the other of which leads to a valid testamentary disposition, the construction is
preferred which will prevent intestacy."); Dutcher v. Estate of Dutcher, 437 So. 2d 788,
789 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983) ("Intestacy is not favored over a disposition under a will where
construction of the will leads to a valid testamentary disposition."); In re Mullin's Estate,
133 So. 2d 468, 471 (Fla. 2d DCA 1961) ("A construction which results in partial
intestacy should not be used unless it clearly appears that such was intended."); In re
Estate of Baer, 446 So. 2d 1128, 1128 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984) ("[T]he law abhors
intestacy.").


                                             - 10 -
mistake or undue influence is void, "but the remainder of the will not so procured shall

be valid if it is not invalid for other reasons").

               With this framework, then, the proper analysis in this case on remand

should have proceeded along the following sequence: (i) did Ms. Rocke establish

sufficient similarity between Mrs. Murphy's wills that would have given rise to the

doctrine of dependent relative revocation; (ii) if so, were there sufficient record facts to

overcome that presumption so that the 1994 will's revocation clause could withstand;

and (iii) if not, if the presumption remained intact, which, if any, will or residuary devise

in Mrs. Murphy's prior wills reflected her true testamentary intention? It appears to us

that the probate court focused too closely on this third analytical step to the point of

conflating it with the first two. That was error. We must examine each step in its proper

turn.

                                                A.

               In order to give rise to the presumption that the 1994 will's revocation

clause was conditioned upon the validity of its testamentary devises, Ms. Rocke had to

establish that Mrs. Murphy's prior, revoked wills were "sufficiently similar" to the 1994

will. Wehrheim, 905 So. 2d at 1008. Ms. Rocke argues that, when viewed broadly and

without regard to the devises to Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois, the overall dispositional

plan of the wills remained fairly constant. She also points to the execution of so many

wills over the years, which, Ms. Rocke posits, was proof of Mrs. Murphy's preference to

leave her property through testacy. Finally, Ms. Rocke contends that the extrinsic

evidence presented to the probate court lent further proof that the revocation clause in

the 1994 will was also the product of Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois' undue influence – and




                                              - 11 -
that Mrs. Murphy would have never intended to leave the bulk of her estate to a

collection of individuals she had never met or known. The appellees disagree that there

was any similarity between the wills, focusing on the fact that Ms. Rocke was only a

residuary devisee in two of Mrs. Murphy's last six wills, and that the bequests and

devises to Ms. Rocke varied from will to will. Furthermore, according to the appellees,

the probate court was precluded from considering any extrinsic evidence apart from the

testamentary documents themselves in deciding whether Mrs. Murphy's wills were

sufficiently similar to implicate the doctrine of dependent relative revocation.

              The discrete point of contention here is one of measurement. Somewhere

in the conceptual space between "identical" and "antithetical" resides "similar," and the

parties disagree where its boundaries should be marked for this kind of case. One

could draw the notion of sufficient similarity between wills broadly or narrowly. Florida

courts have seldom expounded upon the issue,4 but in the context of undue influence

we would incline toward a broader definition of similarity, one that takes into account the

testamentary instruments themselves and any admissible evidence that may be

relevant. We do so for several reasons.

                                             1.

              Unlike cases where a will has been invalidated for an impropriety with its

execution, see In re Lubbe's Estate, 142 So. 2d 130 (interested beneficiary acted as

witness), or a legal impediment exists that precludes the execution of a testator's

wishes, see In re Pratt's Estate, 88 So. 2d 499 (Fla. 1956) (charitable residuary devise



              4
               Cf. Rosoff v. Harding, 901 So. 2d 1006, 1008-09 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005)
("Although centuries old, few Florida cases have applied the doctrine of dependent
relative revocation.").


                                           - 12 -
violated Florida's now-repealed Mortmain statute), cases where there is no serious

question about the testator's intent (only the legal efficacy of his or her testamentary

documents), in cases of undue influence, the decedent's intent has been impaired,

destroyed, or overridden by someone else. See RBC Ministries v. Tompkins, 974 So.

2d 569, 571 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). The undue influence effectively grafts a different

disposition or scheme into a testamentary instrument than would have otherwise been

created. Cf. Peacock v. DuBois, 105 So. 321, 322 (Fla. 1925) ("The rule seems to be

well settled that undue influence justifying the setting aside of will, deed, or other

contract must be such as to dethrone the free agency of the person making it and

rendering his act the product of the will of another instead of his own."). Keeping in

mind that the requirement of sufficient similarity serves to ensure the indicia of the

testator's intent, any construction of similarity must necessarily account for the intrusion

of another's intentions in cases of undue influence. A broad construction of similarity

does so.

              We also find support for a broad construction of the doctrine's similarity

requirement from the Fifth District's decision in Wehrheim. In Wehrheim, a decedent's

last will submitted to probate named her assisted living facility as the primary beneficiary

of her estate. 905 So. 2d at 1006. The decedent's children initiated adversary

proceedings, alleging undue influence on the part of the facility. Id. In response, the

facility argued that under the doctrine of dependent relative revocation the children

would have no standing to challenge the will because none of them were named as

beneficiaries within any of the decedent's prior three wills. Id. While reversing the trial

court's summary judgment in favor of the facility, the Fifth District rejected the children's




                                            - 13 -
argument that the doctrine of dependent relative revocation could not apply because the

prior wills were not sufficiently similar to one another. Id. at 1009. The Wehrheim court

offered this analysis of the similarity between the instruments:

               The Wehrheims contend that the 2002 will is not sufficiently
               similar to the prior wills because the decedent had never
               before made a charitable devise of her estate. . . . While the
               charitable devise may be a difference between the 2002 will
               and the prior wills, we discern a very significant similarity
               among all of the decedent's wills, which is her intention not
               to devise any portion of her estate to her children. Based on
               this similarity, we are unable to say that the presumed
               preference of the decedent for her prior dispositions and for
               testacy over intestacy has been rebutted.

Id. at 1008.

               In its comparison, the Wehrheim court gave passing consideration to the

specific beneficiaries in any of the wills at issue. Rather, the court found sufficient

similarity for the doctrine's application simply from noting who was not a beneficiary

under any of the wills. The absence of the decedent's children was enough of a

common thread to construe a similar testamentary intent between all of the decedent's

wills. We agree with the Fifth District's broad conception of similarity for cases involving

undue influence, as it furthers the doctrine of dependent relative revocation's underlying

purpose of promoting testacy over intestacy whenever possible. See In re Gregory's

Estate, 70 So. 2d 903, 907 (Fla. 1954); Dutcher v. Estate of Dutcher, 437 So. 2d 788,

789 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983); In re Estate of Baer, 446 So. 2d 1128, 1128 (Fla. 4th DCA

1984); cf. In re Estate of Dunson, 141 So. 2d 601, 604 (Fla. 2d DCA 1962) ("The right to

dispose of one's property through the instrumentality of a will is highly valuable, and it is

the policy of the law to hold a will good wherever possible."). Indeed, to hold otherwise,

to apply an overly strict or narrow construction of similarity, would likely consign the



                                            - 14 -
doctrine of dependent relative revocation to a minute corner of irrelevance for cases of

undue influence. We see no reason to corral the presumption for this class of cases.

                                               2.

              But we must part company with the Fifth District insofar as Wehrheim

would preclude a probate court from considering extrinsic evidence when deciding the

doctrine's applicability in claims involving undue influence. Wehrheim, 905 So. 2d at

1008 (noting that a court "must confine its inquiry to the testamentary documents before

it without resort to extrinsic evidence"). In determining whether testamentary

instruments are sufficiently similar for purposes of the doctrine of dependent relative

revocation, a court should always look first to the documents themselves. Brickell v.

DiPietro, 198 So. 806, 810-11 (Fla. 1940) ("It is the duty of the court to give effect to the

intention of the testator where it can be ascertained and determined from the four

corners of the will."). However, in cases of undue influence, its analysis cannot simply

end there.

              Extrinsic evidence may be essential in order to grasp the true

testamentary intentions of a testator who has left multiple wills, some of which may or

may not have been affected, to some degree, by another's undue influence. Cf.

Marshall v. Hewett, 24 So. 2d 1, 2 (Fla. 1945) (noting that where a will's expressions are

difficult to reconcile, "then the situation of the testator at the time he made his will, the

ties that bound him to the objects of his beneficence, the motives that prompted him to

make the will he did make, and the influences that wrought on him at the time, will be

considered in arriving at the purpose of the testator"); In re Dickson's Estate, 590 So. 2d

471, 473 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991) ("Whenever the question is raised as to whether or not




                                             - 15 -
there has been a revocation by any destruction or obliteration, parol and other extrinsic

evidence is necessarily admissible to show what acts were done by the testator and

what his intentions were." (quoting Leighton v. Harmon, 111 So. 2d 697, 700 (Fla. 2d

DCA 1959))). Without resort to extrinsic evidence, a proponent for the doctrine's

presumption may have no viable means of showing sufficient similarity between the

tainted and untainted portions of testamentary documents and an adverse party would

never have a way to rebut the presumption. Cf. In re Lubbe’s Estate, 142 So. 2d at 135

("In the absence of evidence overcoming the presumption, the prior will may be

admitted to probate if its contents can be ascertained." (emphasis supplied)).

              Furthermore, we believe the Fifth District's rule misconstrues Florida

precedents on this evidentiary point. In its mention of an extrinsic evidence bar, the

Wehrheim court cited the Florida Supreme Court's decision in In re Pratt’s Estate, 88

So. 2d 499, and the First District's case of In re Barker's Estate, 448 So. 2d 28 (Fla. 1st

DCA 1984). Neither of those cases involved a claim of undue influence.5 The Barker

court's application of the evidentiary prohibition stemmed from the fact that the extrinsic

evidence (an attorney's affidavit) purported to cast doubt on whether the testator had

meant to sign a particular version of a will, which was the threshold issue of the will

contest in that case. 448 So. 2d at 29. In Pratt, 88 So. 2d at 503, the Florida Supreme

Court seemed to imply that extrinsic evidence might, in fact, be categorically appropriate

for cases of undue influence:

              The case before us is one wherein the testator, by an
              unambiguous, complete testamentary instrument, has


              5
               We have found no other published decision in which any state's court has
barred consideration of extrinsic evidence when confronted with the question of whether
the doctrine of dependent relative revocation should apply in a case of undue influence.


                                           - 16 -
              disposed of all of his property, expressly revoking all prior
              wills. There is no suggestion of fraud or undue influence.
              There are no conflicting provisions of testamentary papers
              necessarily before the court, as in the case of a will and
              codicils, which might form a basis for the admission of parol
              evidence for its bearing upon the testamentary intent.

(First emphasis supplied); see also Stewart, 194 So. at 871 ("But the material inquiry in

all cases is, whether the destruction of the will was animo revocandi, and to determine

this it is necessary to consider the circumstances under which and the purposes and

reasons for which it was destroyed; and where from all the circumstances in evidence it

appears that the destruction or revocation was connected with, or because of, the

execution of another will, and that the testator meant the revocation of the one to

depend upon the validity of the other . . . .").

              We find no reason to erect a barrier between admissible evidence and the

task of sifting similarities between wills that have been affected by undue influence.

Rather, we join the courts of our sister states to hold that, in cases involving undue

influence, a probate court is not confined to the testamentary documents when

determining whether the doctrine of dependent relative revocation should apply. See

Estate of Anderson, 56 Cal. App. 4th 235, 247-49 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997) (observing that

questions of ambiguity or revocation of a will permit consideration of extrinsic evidence;

"[a]pplying these principles, we conclude that extrinsic evidence may be considered in

determining whether Anderson conditioned the revocation of the first will on the exercise

of the power of appointment in De Paul's favor" (citing In re Kaufman's Estate, 155 P.2d

831 (Cal. 1945))); In re Estate of Anthony, 121 N.W. 2d 772, 779 (Minn. 1963)

(remanding case to district court "to receive whatever extrinsic evidence of the testator's

intention may be available"). Upon a finding of undue influence, a probate court may



                                             - 17 -
consider any relevant, admissible evidence to decide if the testator intended a will's

revocation clause to be conditional upon the will's efficacy.

                                              3.

              Comparing Mrs. Murphy's wills in the appropriately broad light, and in the

light of all the evidence, we find there were sufficient similarities between Mrs. Murphy's

1994 will and her prior wills to support the application of the doctrine of dependent

relative revocation to the 1994 will. We discern several contours of similarity that were

unrefuted in the record.

              First, Mrs. Murphy's execution of six wills over a period of five years

evidences a sustained concern about the disposition of her property upon her death.

Mrs. Murphy prized her right to dictate how her property should be divided, and she

exercised that right, repeatedly, in the final years of her life. No one seriously disputes

that she preferred testacy over intestacy. And that is, of course, the very foundation for

the doctrine of dependent relative revocation's application. See Stewart, 194 So. at

870.

              Moreover, the testamentary documents themselves evince an overall

pattern of similarity. Each of Mrs. Murphy's wills employed a similar testamentary

scheme in which Mrs. Murphy made numerous specific bequests to charities and

caregivers while limiting the division of the residuary of her estate to a few devisees.

Although their respective proportions varied from will to will, the identities of the

devisees and beneficiaries within the six wills, overall, remained fairly constant. Indeed,

in its Order on Remand, the probate court observed, "over the course of six wills, the

changes in specific bequests were insubstantial." The variance the probate court fixed




                                            - 18 -
upon, the alteration of residuary devisees, is likewise modest once the effect of Mr.

Carey and Ms. DuBois' undue influence is properly taken into account. When Mr. Carey

and Ms. DuBois are removed from consideration, there is only one change between the

six wills' residuary clauses that did not involve Mr. Carey or Ms. DuBois' illicit gain over

the residuary estate: the change between the 1989 will and the 1991 will, which

exchanged Northwestern University's medical school and Ms. Rocke's respective

positions as a specific beneficiary and a residuary devisee. For her part, Ms. Rocke

appeared repeatedly throughout Mrs. Murphy's wills, either as a residuary devisee, a

designee of a specific bequest, or both.

              Finally, the extrinsic evidence proffered before the probate court further

demonstrated the appropriateness of applying the presumption in this case. With the

exception of four individuals, including Ms. Rocke, none of the forty-eight intestate heirs

ultimately identified in the Final Order Determining Beneficiaries and Respective Shares

were mentioned within any of Mrs. Murphy's six wills. In contrast to the close

relationship she had with Ms. Rocke, it appears Mrs. Murphy never knew her intestate

heirs, and they never knew her. The intestate heirs' ancestral ties to Mrs. Murphy

apparently remained forgotten until this litigation (and an heir search firm) brought them

to light. Intestacy, in this case, would usurp the repeated testamentary dispositions of

Mrs. Murphy's property throughout her wills, dispositions that were invariably tied to

individuals she cared about or charities and institutions which she supported. Cf. In re

Jones' Estate, 352 So. 2d 1182 (Fla. 2d DCA 1977) (applying doctrine because

testator's wills demonstrated a strong aversion to intestacy by their expressed intention

to disinherit the decedent's daughter). We hold, as a matter of law, that Mrs. Murphy's




                                            - 19 -
six wills were sufficiently similar to give rise to the doctrine of dependent relative

revocation's presumption.

                                              B.

                Having determined that the doctrine of dependent relative revocation

should have been applied to the 1994 will, we next consider whether there were

sufficient facts to rebut the doctrine's presumption. Before answering this query, we

pause to explain briefly what this presumption, and its rebuttal, would entail in a case

such as this.

                The Florida Evidence Code codifies the application of legal presumptions

for civil actions in Florida. See Warfel, 82 So. 3d at 53. Specifically, section 90.301(1),

Florida Statutes (2006), defines a presumption as "an assumption of fact which the law

makes from the existence of another fact or group of facts found or otherwise

established." The Florida Statutes describe two potential classifications of rebuttable

presumptions as follows:

                Every rebuttable presumption is either:

                (1) A presumption affecting the burden of producing
                evidence and requiring the trier of fact to assume the
                existence of the presumed fact, unless credible evidence
                sufficient to sustain a finding of the nonexistence of the
                presumed fact is introduced, in which event, the existence or
                nonexistence of the presumed fact shall be determined from
                the evidence without regard to the presumption; or

                (2) A presumption affecting the burden of proof that imposes
                upon the party against whom it operates the burden of proof
                concerning the nonexistence of the presumed fact.

§ 90.302.

                In a civil action or proceeding, unless otherwise provided by
                statute, a presumption established primarily to facilitate the



                                            - 20 -
              determination of the particular action in which the
              presumption is applied, rather than to implement public
              policy, is a presumption affecting the burden of producing
              evidence.

§ 90.303.

              The Florida Probate Code clarifies that presumptions arising from undue

influence "implement public policy" that justify shifting the entire burden of proof when a

presumption arises. § 733.107(2), Fla. Stat. (2014) ("In any transaction or event to

which the presumption of undue influence applies, the presumption implements public

policy against abuse of fiduciary or confidential relationships and is therefore a

presumption shifting the burden of proof under ss. 90.301-90.304."); see also Hack v.

Janes, 878 So. 2d 440, 443 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004) ("The 2002 amendment to section

733.107, adding subsection 2, was intended to incorporate sections 90.301-90.304 of

the Florida Evidence Code, and require a shifting of the burden of proof after the

presumption of undue influence arises in a will contest."). Thus, the doctrine of

dependent relative revocation, when applied in a case of undue influence, shifts the

burden of proof to the parties opposing its application.

              It was incumbent, then, upon any party opposing the presumption to prove

that the 1994 will's revocation clause was untainted by the same undue influence that

infected its residuary clause and that Mrs. Murphy held an independent, untainted

intention to revoke all of her prior wills at the time she executed the 1994 will so that the

bulk of her estate would pass by intestacy. See Wehrheim, 905 So. 2d at 1009-10

(noting the "daunting task" of refuting the doctrine's presumption in a case where undue

influence had been established). No such showing was ever made here. This will's

revocation clause, an otherwise unremarkable example of boilerplate testamentary



                                            - 21 -
language, contains no statement of an intent to sever its application from the rest of the

will. Nor did the probate court elucidate any independent, factual basis to support its

conclusion that the undue influence that permeated the residuary clause of the 1994 will

somehow left its revocation clause untouched. Our review of the record has found no

evidence that would support such a counterintuitive conclusion. Quite the contrary, the

presumption appears particularly apt in this case, as one of the individuals found to

have unduly influenced Mrs. Murphy, Jack Carey, drafted both the residuary clause and

the revocation clause of the 1994 will and stood to gain from both of those clauses'

execution.

              The presumption that arose from the doctrine of dependent relative

revocation was never rebutted in the proceedings below. The revocation clause within

the 1994 will should, therefore, have been deemed invalid, as it was dependent upon

the effectiveness of that will's invalid residuary clause.

                                              C.

              Stripping the undue influence that spanned the residuary devises of Mrs.

Murphy's last six wills leaves two, alternative residuary devises that remained untainted:

the medical school of Northwestern University or Ms. Rocke. Northwestern University

would receive the entire residuary of Mrs. Murphy's estate under the express provision

of the 1989 will. Ms. Rocke would stand to receive all of the residuary estate by

operation of law under the February 1992 will as the only remaining residuary devisee in

that will. See § 732.5165 (any part of a will procured by undue influence is void, "but

the remainder of the will not so procured shall be valid if it is not invalid for other




                                             - 22 -
reasons"). The question then becomes which devise from which will should determine

the disposition of the residuary estate.

              From our review of the evidence proffered below,6 the February 1992 will's

residuary clause, which includes the last, untainted residuary disposition Mrs. Murphy

made, controls the disposition of her residuary estate. See § 732.5165. Although it is

true Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois procured part of the February 1992 will's residuary

clause through their illicit efforts, the probate court made no finding—as, indeed, no one

has ever argued—that Ms. Rocke was, in any way, associated with that exertion of

undue influence over Mrs. Murphy. The February 1992 will would remain perfectly

intelligible and true to Mrs. Murphy's repeated indications of preferring testacy over

intestacy, had the probate court excised Mr. Carey and Ms. DuBois' devises and left Ms.

Rocke's to stand. See In re Van Horn's Estate, 305 So. 2d 46 (Fla. 3d DCA 1974)

(affirming devise of entire residue of estate to testator's nephew after testator's guardian

was stricken as a residuary devisee where no connection was ever shown between the

nephew and the guardian's exercise of undue influence over the testator); see also In re

Kiggins' Estate, 67 So. 2d 915, 918 (Fla. 1953) (where one residuary devisee exerted

undue influence over the decedent, but there was "no evidence whatever in the record

to show that [the remaining devisees] at any time were guilty of any misconduct toward


              6
                The parties have argued the issue of the doctrine of dependent relative
revocation extensively and repeatedly before the probate court; and, notwithstanding
the court's refusal to consider it, they have proffered a substantial amount of testimony
and evidence into the record below. Lest this lawsuit devolve into a Dickensian epic, we
will not delay a final decision about Mrs. Murphy's estate any longer. Cf. J. Sourini
Painting, Inc. v. Johnson Paints, Inc., 809 So. 2d 95, 98 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002) ("Litigants,
and the public generally, have a right to expect that controversies between parties
respecting their rights and liabilities should be expeditiously resolved in our judicial
system.").


                                           - 23 -
the deceased" their devises were properly upheld). The court must honor the last,

uninfluenced residuary devise Mrs. Murphy made: to her cousin, Jackie Rocke.

                                              IV.

                In conclusion, we hold that in cases of undue influence over a testator, the

presumption from the doctrine of dependent relative revocation requires only a showing

of broad similarity between a decedent's testamentary instruments. We further hold that

a probate court may consider any admissible, extrinsic evidence when measuring

similarity for purposes of the doctrine's application. Consistent with sections 90.302(2)

and 733.107(2), we hold that when the doctrine's presumption arises, the burden of

proof then shifts to the opponent of the presumption to show that the testator held an

independent, unaffected intention to revoke the otherwise affected will.

                Having clarified the doctrine's application, we find that the presumption

under the doctrine was established here and was not rebutted. The probate court erred

and should have admitted the February 1992 will to probate with Ms. Rocke receiving

the residuary of the estate as the last remaining devisee. Accordingly, we reverse the

order of the probate court and remand with directions to enter an order consistent with

this opinion.

                Reversed and remanded.




VILLANTI, C.J., and KELLY, J., Concur.




                                            - 24 -
