                            149 T.C. No. 13



                   UNITED STATES TAX COURT



    FANSU CAMARA AND AMINATA JATTA, Petitioners v.
    COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



Docket No. 12051-15.                           Filed September 28, 2017.



       Although Ps were married at all relevant times, H erroneously
claimed single filing status on his 2012 individual income tax return.
In the notice of deficiency R changed H’s filing status to married
filing separately. After petitioning this Court, Ps filed a joint 2012
income tax return. R contends that H’s original 2012 single return
was a “separate return” such that the limitations of I.R.C. sec.
6013(b)(2) apply to prevent Ps from claiming the benefits available to
married taxpayers who file a joint return.

       Held: The 2012 return that H originally filed, erroneously
claiming “single” status, did not constitute a “separate return” within
the meaning of I.R.C. sec. 6013(b). See Ibrahim v. Commissioner,
788 F.3d 834 (8th Cir. 2015), rev’g and remanding T.C. Memo. 2014-
8; Glaze v. United States, 641 F.2d 339 (5th Cir. Unit B Apr. 1981),
aff’g 45 A.F.T.R.2d 80-740, 1979 WL 1533 (N.D. Ga. 1979).

      Held, further, H is entitled to joint filing status and rates.
                                        -2-

      Fansu Camara and Aminata Jatta, pro se.

      Beth A. Nunnink, for respondent.



                                     OPINION


      THORNTON, Judge: By notice of deficiency dated February 10, 2015,

respondent determined a $97,342 deficiency in Mr. Camara’s 2012 income tax,

along with an $11,411 addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) and a $19,468

penalty under section 6662(a).1 In a second notice of deficiency--also dated

February 10, 2015--respondent determined a $137,542 deficiency in Mr. Camara

and Ms. Jatta’s 2013 joint income tax, along with a $6,815 addition to tax under

section 6651(a)(1) and a $27,508 penalty under section 6662(a). After

concessions,2 the only issue remaining for decision is whether section 6013(b)(2)




      1
      Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue
Code (Code) in effect at all relevant times, and Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Dollar amounts are rounded.
      2
        The parties agree on various adjustments to Mr. Camara’s 2012 Schedule
C, Profit or Loss From Business. They also agree that Mr. Camara received $60 of
unreported taxable interest in 2012 and that he is not liable for any addition to tax
or penalty for 2012. Additionally, the parties agree that Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta
are liable for a $39,728 deficiency and a $1,924 sec. 6651(a)(1) addition to tax for
2013.
                                         -3-

bars Mr. Camara from electing joint filing status and rates for his 2012 tax year.3

The parties submitted this case for decision without trial pursuant to Rule 122.

                                    Background

      Mr. Camara was married to Ms. Jatta at all relevant times.4 Nevertheless, on

his 2012 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, filed on April 15, 2013,

Mr. Camara erroneously checked the box for single filing status.

      In the notice of deficiency issued to Mr. Camara for his 2012 tax year,

respondent changed his filing status from single to married filing separately. On

May 8, 2015, while residing in Tennessee, Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta timely

petitioned this Court with respect to that notice of deficiency as well as the notice

of deficiency that respondent issued to them for their 2013 tax year.




      3
        Insofar as the record shows, respondent issued no notice of deficiency to
Ms. Jatta for her 2012 tax year. Accordingly, this Court does not have jurisdiction
to redetermine any deficiency for her 2012 tax year. See secs. 6212,
7701(a)(11)(B); Rule 13; Pyo v. Commissioner, 83 T.C. 626, 632 (1984). This
circumstance, however, does not preclude Mr. Camara from seeking to use joint
rates for 2012, having filed a joint return with Ms. Jatta before this case was
submitted for decision. See Millsap v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 926, 929 n.5
(1988); Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433, 441 n.7 (1986), aff’d in part on
this issue, rev’d in part, 851 F.2d 1492 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
      4
       The record does not suggest that Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta lived apart at
any relevant time.
                                           -4-

         On May 27, 2016, Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta filed with the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) a joint 2012 return, which they had both signed. Ms. Jatta had not

previously filed any 2012 return with the IRS.

                                       Discussion

         Mr. Camara erred when he checked the box claiming single filing status on

his original 2012 income tax return.5 There is no dispute that he should have

either filed his 2012 return as married filing separately or filed jointly with Ms.

Jatta.

         The parties agree that if Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta are entitled to elect joint

filing status for 2012, the joint return that they filed on May 27, 2016--after

receiving the notice of deficiency and petitioning this Court--correctly reflects

their 2012 tax liability with certain agreed-upon changes.6 And respondent

concedes on brief that Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta meet the substantive

requirements for joint filing status and rates for 2012. Respondent contends,



         5
       The record does not reveal why Mr. Camara made this error. Respondent
has not suggested that Mr. Camara’s error was anything other than a mistake in
good faith.
         6
        The parties have stipulated that the joint return omits $60 of taxable interest
income which the parties now agree must be included in gross income. The
parties have also stipulated additional deductions of $2,058 for taxes and licenses
that were not claimed on the joint return. See supra note 2.
                                         -5-

however, that section 6013(b)(2) now bars Mr. Camara and Ms. Jatta from filing a

joint return, and consequently, he suggests, they are procedurally barred from

claiming the benefits generally available to married taxpayers who file a joint

return. For the reasons discussed below, we disagree.

A. General Legal Principles

      A married individual who “makes a single return jointly with his spouse” is

taxed according to a more advantageous tax rate structure (with wider taxable

income bands) than a married individual who “does not make a single return

jointly with his spouse”. Sec. 1(a), (d). In certain other respects as well, for

married individuals, filing a joint return may be more beneficial than filing

separate returns.7 The determination of whether an individual is married is

generally made as of the close of the taxable year. Sec. 7703(a).

      Section 6013 governs whether a married couple may make a joint return.

Section 6013(a) allows a married couple to “make a single return jointly of income

taxes” subject to three restrictions in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), which are not

applicable in this case.

      7
       For instance, a married individual who files separately may be denied the
standard deduction if the individual spouse itemizes on his or her return, see sec.
63(c)(6)(A), and a married individual who files separately is precluded from
taking the American opportunity credit, the lifetime learning credit, and the earned
income tax credit, see secs. 25A, 32(d).
                                          -6-

      Section 6013(b) permits married taxpayers to elect in certain circumstances

to switch from a “separate return” to a joint return. (We sometimes refer to this

election to switch from a “separate return” to a joint return as the section 6013(b)

election to avoid confusion with the section 6013(a) election to make a joint return

in the first instance and the “election to file a separate return”, as referenced in

section 6013(b)(1)). Section 6013(b)(1) provides this general rule: If an

individual has filed a “separate return” for a taxable year for which that individual

and his or her spouse could have filed a joint return, that individual and his or her

spouse may nevertheless “make a joint return” for that year.

      Section 6013(b)(2) lists four limitations on this election to switch to a joint

return. Because the section 6013(b) election applies only where an individual has

filed a “separate return”, the section 6013(b)(2) limitations likewise apply only if

the individual has filed a “separate return”. See Millsap v. Commissioner, 91 T.C.

926, 937 (1988) (overruling Goldberg v. Commissioner, 14 B.T.A. 465 (1928) and

declining to follow Smalldridge v. Commissioner, 804 F.2d 125 (10th Cir. 1986),

aff’g T.C. Memo. 1984-434); Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433, 439 (1986)

(overruling Durovic v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 1364 (1970), aff’d on this issue,

487 F.2d 36 (7th Cir. 1973)), aff’d on this issue, 851 F.2d 1492 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
                                          -7-

B. Respondent’s Contentions

      Respondent contends (1) that Mr. Camara’s original 2012 return, on which

he erroneously claimed single filing status, constitutes a “separate return” within

the meaning of section 6013(b)(1) and consequently (2) that the section 6013(b)(2)

limitations apply to prevent Mr. Camara from making the section 6013(b) election

to switch to a joint return. The two limitations that respondent invokes are found

in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 6013(b)(2). Subparagraph (A) bars the

section 6013(b) election after three years from the filing deadline (without

extensions) for filing the return for that year. Subparagraph (B) bars the section

6013(b) election “after there has been mailed to either spouse, with respect to such

taxable year, a notice of deficiency * * *, if the spouse, as to such notice, files a

petition with the Tax Court within * * * [90 days]”.8 Respondent argues that these

two limitations are satisfied because: (1) the date on which Mr. Camara and Ms.

Jatta filed a joint return--May 27, 2016--was more than three years after Mr.




      8
        The other two exceptions relate to situations in which either spouse has (1)
commenced a refund suit for the taxable year, sec. 6013(b)(2)(C); or (2) has
entered into a closing agreement under sec. 7121 or compromised under sec. 7122
a civil or criminal case, sec. 6013(b)(2)(D). Respondent does not contend that
either of these exceptions applies in this case.
                                         -8-

Camara “filed a separate return”9 and (2) Mr. Camara “received a notice of

deficiency, and filed a petition with the Tax Court before filing a joint return”.10

C. Legal Background

      The issue respondent raises has not been formally addressed by this Court in

a reported or reviewed Opinion. Some Memorandum Opinions of this Court have

interpreted “separate return” to include a single return or a head of household

return for this purpose. See Ibrahim v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2014-8, rev’d

and remanded, 788 F.3d 834 (8th Cir. 2015); Swonder v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1994-430; Currie v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1986-71; Blumenthal v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1983-737; Saniewski v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1979-337; Bryant v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1970-265. For the most part

these Memorandum Opinions merely accept the rationale of earlier cases, and the

ultimate authority for these Memorandum Opinions appears to be traceable to




      9
         Respondent’s argument seems to conflate, as the operative date under sec.
6013(b)(2)(A), the filing date of a separate return with the filing deadline. As it
happens, the two dates are the same in this case, and so this distinction makes
little difference to our analysis.
      10
        Respondent’s argument also seems to conflate, as the operative event
under sec. 6013(b)(2)(B), the receipt of a notice of deficiency with the mailing of a
notice of deficiency. But again the distinction makes little difference in this case.
                                         -9-

earlier cases where the effect of an erroneous claim of filing status was neither

addressed nor even presented as an issue.11




      11
        For instance, Swonder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-430, relies on
Currie v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1986-71, quoting it for the proposition that
“a married taxpayer who has not filed a joint return before a notice of deficiency
was issued to that taxpayer cannot elect to file a joint return if that taxpayer timely
petitions the Court” (which, incidentally, is no longer true after Phillips v.
Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433, 439 (1986), aff’d, 851 F.2d 1492 (D.C. Cir. 1988)).

       Currie, in turn, cites as authority only Jacobson v. Commissioner, 73 T.C.
610 (1979), and Druker v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 867 (1981), aff’d in part and
rev’d in part on another issue, 697 F.2d 46 (2d Cir. 1982). But Jacobson v.
Commissioner, 73 T.C. at 612, simply finds as a fact that the taxpayer, who was
married, filed a “separate return” without any indication or analysis of whether the
taxpayer had properly elected a status of married filing separately or had
improperly sought to file as a single taxpayer. And in Druker v. Commissioner, 77
T.C. at 868, both taxpayers had filed returns claiming married filing separately
status, so Druker likewise does not compel the conclusion that a mistaken single
or head of household return is a separate return for purposes of sec. 6013(b).

       Another example: Bryant v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1970-265, which
treats a head of household return filed by a married taxpayer as a “separate” return
under sec. 6013(b)(2), cites as authority only Kirby v. Commissioner, 35 T.C. 306
(1960). But Mr. Kirby cannot have made an erroneous attempt to elect filing
status: Kirby was decided before the tax rates for single and married filing
separate taxpayers diverged, see infra p. 22, and even before the IRS provided
taxpayers with a way to indicate single status on the return. Check boxes titled
“Single”, “Unmarried ‘Head of Household’”, “Surviving widow or widower with
dependent child”, “Married filing joint return”, and “Married filing separate
return” were added and grouped together for the first time on the 1961 Form 1040,
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. Kirby mentions no claim to head of
household status. Consequently, Kirby did not consider or address the effect of
erroneously filing a single or head of household return.
                                       - 10 -

      The most recent of the Memorandum Opinions in question, Ibrahim v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2014-8, was reversed in 2015 by the Court of Appeals

for the Eighth Circuit (with a dissent). Ibrahim v. Commissioner, 788 F.3d 834.

And the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit long ago held that a single return is

not a “separate” return for purposes of section 6013(b). Glaze v. United States,

641 F.2d 339 (5th Cir. Unit B Apr. 1981), aff’g 45 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 80-740 (N.D.

Ga. 1979). That decision is also binding in the Eleventh Circuit. See Bonner v.

City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981).12

      Absent a stipulation to the contrary, this case is appealable to the Court of

Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. See sec. 7482(b)(1)(A), (2). We “follow a Court of

Appeals decision which is squarely in point where appeal from our decision lies to

that Court of Appeals and to that court alone”. Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C.

742, 757 (1970), aff’d, 445 F.2d 985 (1971). Respondent argues that Morgan v.

Commissioner, 807 F.2d 81 (6th Cir. 1986), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1984-384, compels

decision in his favor under Golsen. We disagree.




      12
        The appellate decisions in Ibrahim v. Commissioner, 788 F.3d 834 (8th
Cir. 2015), rev’g and remanding T.C. Memo. 2014-8, and Glaze v. United States,
641 F.2d 339 (5th Cir. Unit B Apr. 1981), aff’g 45 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 80-740 (N.D.
Ga. 1979), are discussed in more detail below.
                                        - 11 -

      Morgan involved married taxpayers who filed “protest returns” claiming

married filing jointly status for some years and married filing separately status for

other years. Affirming the Tax Court, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in

Morgan held that section 6013(b)(2) precluded the husband from claiming the

benefits of joint return filing status after the Commissioner issued a notice of

deficiency calculating his tax on the basis of married filing separately. Morgan

does not squarely address the issue presented in the case before us: Morgan does

not explain the effect under section 6013(b) of a married taxpayer’s initial filings

of a return erroneously claiming single status. Nor does Morgan even implicitly

disagree with the result in Glaze, which does squarely address the issue before us.

Rather, the Court of Appeals in Morgan distinguished Glaze on the grounds that

“Glaze involved no ‘protest return’ and the taxpayer had not attempted to file a

return as a married taxpayer originally.” Morgan v. Commissioner, 807 F.2d at

87.

      Mr. Camara’s case is distinguishable from Morgan on the same grounds on

which Glaze was distinguished in Morgan. Mr. Camara neither filed a protest

return nor attempted to file a return as a married taxpayer originally. We have

found no other Sixth Circuit cases addressing this issue.
                                         - 12 -

      Because the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not decided the

precise issue before us, and in the light of the recent reversal of this Court’s

Memorandum Opinion in Ibrahim v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2014-8, and the

longstanding position of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Glaze, which

is consistent with that of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, we reexamine

this Court’s holdings with respect to this issue. Although mindful of the virtue of

adhering to this Court’s long-established judicial holdings, we believe that the

importance of reaching the right result and of promoting uniformity in the tax law

requires that we carefully reexamine the issue before us. Cf. Analog Devices, Inc.,

& Subs. v. Commissioner, 147 T.C. ___, ___ (slip op. at 27-28) (Nov. 22, 2016)

(“On balance, we conclude that the importance of reaching the right result in this

case outweighs the importance of following our precedent.”).

D. Analysis

      The term “separate return” in section 6013(b)(1) is not defined in the Code

or the regulations. Considering the context of section 6013(b) as a whole,

however, and giving due regard to the Courts of Appeals’ opinions in Ibrahim and

Glaze, we think “separate return” means a return on which a married taxpayer has

claimed the permissible status of married filing separately, rather than a return on
                                          - 13 -

which a married taxpayer has claimed a filing status not properly available to him

or her.

      We reach this conclusion for two related reasons. First, section 6013(b)(1)

describes filing a separate return as an “election”, and we agree with the Courts of

Appeals in Ibrahim and Glaze that filing a return with an erroneous claim to an

impermissible filing status does not constitute an “election” for this purpose. And

second, the legislative history shows that section 6013(b)(1) was intended only to

provide taxpayers flexibility in switching from a proper (though perhaps

improvident) initial election to file a separate return to an election to file a joint

return; it was not intended to foreclose correction of an erroneous initial return.

      1. Statutory Description as an “Election”

      No Court of Appeals has held that a single return or a head of household

return is a separate return for the purposes of section 6013(b), and the two Courts

of Appeals that have considered this issue have held the opposite. Ibrahim v.

Commissioner, 788 F.3d 834; Glaze, 641 F.2d 339.13

      In Glaze the issue was whether a taxpayer who had originally filed a single

return was subject to the limitations of section 6013(b)(2). Mr. Currie, the


      13
        As noted, Glaze is also binding in the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh
Circuit. See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981).
                                         - 14 -

taxpayer, died intestate early in 1971. Glaze, 641 F.2d at 340. Ms. Barrow (who

filed a single return for 1970) claimed to be Mr. Currie’s common law wife and

challenged the estate on that basis. Glaze, 45 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 80-740. While

Ms. Barrow’s challenge was being adjudicated, Mr. Glaze, the administrator of

Mr. Currie’s estate, filed a 1970 income tax return for Mr. Currie that designated

Mr. Currie as single (reflecting the position of the estate). Id. Late in 1974 a jury

decided that Mr. Currie and Ms. Barrow were married at the time of his death. Id.

Mr. Glaze and Ms. Barrow then attempted to make a joint return for 1970 for Mr.

Currie and Ms. Barrow, but the Commissioner denied the accompanying request

for refund on the basis that the joint return was untimely under section

6013(b)(2)(B). Id.

      In holding that the limitations of section 6013(b)(2)(B) did not apply, the

Court of Appeals emphasized throughout its opinion that section 6013(b)

describes the filing of a separate return as an election. Glaze, 641 F.2d at 340-344,

342 n.4 (“The statute actually embodies two elections, an initial election to file

separate returns and a subsequent election to file a joint return.”); see also sec.

6013(b)(1) (referencing “the election to file a separate return”). Noting that

section 6013(b) “was enacted as a matter of legislative grace to permit married

taxpayers to escape the adverse financial consequences resulting from an
                                         - 15 -

injudicious election to initially file separate returns rather than a single joint

return”, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that section 6013(b) applies

only if there was “a previous election by a married person to [f]ile a separate

return”. Glaze, 641 F.2d at 342. The Court of Appeals went on to hold that

section 6013(b) does not apply unless the taxpayer has previously filed a “married

filing separate[ly]” return:

       Use of the word “separate” can only be deemed to refer to the filing
       status of “married, filing separately.” The term “election” embodies
       the notion of choice. A reading of [s]ection 6013(b)(1) and [s]ection
       6013(b)(2) leads to only one inference, i.e., the section is applicable
       only to the situation where a married taxpayer has made an election to
       file a separate (not “single”) return and later decides that he/she wants
       to revoke that choice.

       In the instant case, there was never any election until the filing of the
       joint return on December 17, 1974. The decedent had never made a
       previous election to file a separate return. He had, by his
       administrator, filed a “single” return. This is an entirely distinct
       category from “married[] filing separately.” It is clear that [s]ection
       6013 was never intended to cover situations such as the one presented
       here where a taxpayer erroneously lists his status as single rather than
       married.

Id. at 342.14




       14
       In dicta in Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. at 440, we characterized the
holding in Glaze as “too narrow”. But we did not undertake in Phillips to decide
the meaning of “separate return”.
                                        - 16 -

      In Ibrahim v. Commissioner, 788 F.3d 834, the issue was whether a

taxpayer who had originally filed a head of household return was subject to the

limitations of section 6013(b)(2). Over a dissent, the Court of Appeals for the

Eighth Circuit found for the taxpayer, holding that a head of household return is

not a “separate return” for the purposes of section 6013(b). Id.

      The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit concluded that “separate

return” refers only to a married filing separately return because “[t]hroughout the

Code, a ‘separate return’ is an option only for ‘married individuals,’ ‘spouses,’ or

‘husband and wife.’” Id. at 838. Following Glaze, the court also concluded that

because the taxpayer had not filed a married filing separately return, no “election

to file a separate return” under section 6013(b)(1) had been made and therefore

section 6013(b) did not apply. Id. at 839.

      As the appellate opinions in Ibrahim and Glaze observe, section 6013(b)(1)

describes filing a separate return as an “election”. And as Glaze, 641 F.2d at 342,

notes, “[t]he term ‘election’ embodies the notion of choice.” We think that there is

no valid “choice” embodied in a return on which the taxpayer has erroneously

indicated a filing status that is not legally available to him or her. Consequently,

we think that the use of the word “election” in the statute strongly supports the

conclusion that an erroneous single return is not a “separate return”.
                                        - 17 -

      We find further support for this conclusion in cases involving elections in

other contexts, such as net operating losses, depreciation method, and the

installment method of accounting. In those contexts, we have sometimes reasoned

that an attempted erroneous position on a return is not an election at all, and we

have consistently distinguished attempted elections of an invalid method from

proper but possibly improvident elections.15




      15
        See Plumb v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 632, 640-641 (1991) (involving the
election to waive the carryback period for net operating losses) (“Several courts,
including * * * [the Tax Court], have held in various other contexts that a taxpayer
who attempts to make an election that is not legally available to him will be treated
as having made no election, and accordingly may be allowed to make another
election as though the original election had not been made.” (citing Mamula v.
Commissioner, 346 F.2d 1016 (9th Cir. 1965), rev’g 41 T.C. 572 (1964), and
Silver Queen Motel v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 1101 (1971) (involving election of
depreciation method))); Gibson v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 1177, 1184-1192 (1987)
(describing the Tax Court’s jurisprudence regarding election of the installment
method); Wierschem v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 718, 723 (1984) (“These cases
have allowed a taxpayer to elect the installment method subsequent to filing his
tax return for the year of sale when the taxpayer’s original choice of reporting
income from the sale is an impermissible method.”); see also Mamula v.
Commissioner, 346 F.2d at 1018-1019 (“[T]he taxpayer could not be bound by his
election for it was a nonallowable choice--it was not allowable and not allowed.
No one was bound. We are not here concerned with a taxpayer who uses
hindsight to learn that the method he had chosen, though proper, was not the most
advantageous to him. We are rather concerned with an instance where the method
chosen by the taxpayer is advanced in good faith, and later conceded to have been
improper.”).
                                         - 18 -

      2. Legislative History

      The legislative history shows that the provision now codified as section

6013(b) was originally intended to alleviate a problem arising from a perceived

lack of authority for a married taxpayer to change a permissible and otherwise

irrevocable election as to his or her filing status.

      Congress first allowed married taxpayers to make joint returns in 1918.

Revenue Act of 1918, ch. 18, sec. 223, 40 Stat. at 1074 (“If a husband and wife

living together have an aggregate net income of $2,000 or over, each shall make

* * * [an individual] return unless the income of each is included in a single joint

return.”). But before 1948 there was little benefit to making a joint return (aside

from the possible convenience of doing so) because the same progressive rate

schedule applied to all returns, whether individual or joint.16 Boris I. Bittker &

Lawrence Lokken, Federal Taxation of Income, Estates, and Gifts, paras. 2.3 and

111.5.2 (Westlaw 2017). Consequently, before 1948 if married taxpayers each




      16
        One benefit--and as far as we can tell, the only benefit--of filing a joint
return instead of two separate returns between 1918 and 1948 was that the married
couple could potentially claim certain dependents that neither spouse could claim
on his or her own. See Barbetti v. Commissioner, 9 T.C. 1097 (1947) (finding that
in the absence of a joint return, a taxpayer who had provided more than half the
support for his stepdaughter-in-law and stepgrandson was not entitled to claim
them as dependents).
                                          - 19 -

had taxable income, it was often better (and rarely detrimental) for each spouse to

file a return to get the benefit of a lower effective rate.

      In several cases decided by the Board of Tax Appeals in the 1920s and

1930s, taxpayers who had originally filed a joint return sought to replace their

joint return with two individual returns to achieve a lower effective rate by

splitting their respective incomes across two returns. Starting with Downes v.

Commissioner, 5 B.T.A. 1029 (1927), the Board of Tax Appeals consistently held

that the original filing of a valid joint return was an irrevocable election. E.g.,

Torland v. Commissioner, 11 B.T.A. 35 (1928); Buttolph v. Commissioner, 7

B.T.A. 310 (1927), aff’d, 29 F.2d 695 (7th Cir. 1928); Cassiere v. Commissioner,

5 B.T.A. 1032 (1927). The Board reasoned:

      Neither the Commissioner nor taxpayers * * * may change or alter a
      return that is correct and proper. It may be changed in order to make
      it correct and in compliance with the statute, but not otherwise. In
      this case, as we have said before, the return filed was on a correct
      basis. Where so filed it may not be changed and another return filed
      on another basis although equally correct.

      *            *           *           *           *         *           *

      [T]he husband had the right to file a joint return which included all
      the income of both himself and wife. When he does so the statute
      provides that the tax shall be computed on that basis. While
      taxpayers are given the right to determine on which basis, as between
      joint returns and separate returns, the tax shall be computed as
      determined by the manner in which the income is reported, it does not
                                        - 20 -

      give them the right to change such basis after the tax liability
      becomes fixed and is determined on the basis on which the income is
      reported.

Downes v. Commissioner, 5 B.T.A. at 1031-1032.

      In Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101 (1930), the Supreme Court held that a

married couple residing in a community property State is required to divide

community income equally between the two spouses for Federal income tax

purposes. See generally Bittker & Lokken, supra, para. 111.5.2. This

development made filing individual returns in community property States even

more advantageous than it had been before Seaborn, and it also meant that

similarly situated married couples often received a markedly different tax result

depending on whether they were residents of a common law State or a community

property State.

      In 1948 Congress reacted by extending the Seaborn result to married

couples residing in common law States. The Revenue Act of 1948, Pub. L. No.

80-471, ch. 168, sec. 301, 62 Stat. at 114, provided: “In the case of a joint return

* * * the combined normal tax and surtax * * * shall be twice the combined

normal tax and surtax that would be determined if the net income * * * were
                                        - 21 -

reduced by one-half.”17 But this change caused some confusion: Whereas before

1948 it had often produced a better result (and almost never a worse result) to file

two individual returns separately, after 1948 it was often more beneficial for

married taxpayers to make a joint return. Because the election to file separately

was considered irrevocable under the Board of Tax Appeals’ interpretation,

taxpayers who initially filed separately (perhaps as they had been doing for many

years) were unable to change their election to take advantage of the new benefits

associated with a joint return. See Barbetti v. Commissioner, 9 T.C. 1097, 1098

(1947) (“[W]e have no authority to allow * * * [the taxpayer] to substitute joint

returns for his separate returns.”); see also Ladden v. Commissioner, 38 T.C. 530,

534 (1962).

      In 1951 Congress provided relief by adding section 51(g) to the 1939 Code,

which subsequently became section 6013(b) of the 1954 and current Codes.

Revenue Act of 1951, ch. 521, sec. 312, 65 Stat. at 488. Like current section

6013(b)(1), section 51(g) of the 1939 Code applied only “[i]f an individual has

filed a separate return”. The Senate Finance Committee report reflected the Board

of Tax Appeals’ and the Tax Court’s prior holdings that the election by married

      17
          In actuality this change was even more favorable than the result in Poe v.
Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101 (1930), because it effectively allowed a married couple to
split all their collective income, rather than just community income.
                                        - 22 -

taxpayers to file separately and the election to make a joint return, once made, are

irrevocable. S. Rept. No. 82-781 (1951), 1951-2 C.B. 458, 492 (“Under section 51

of the Code, married taxpayers may file either separate returns or a single joint

return. The election, once made, as to which type of return to file is binding with

respect to the taxable year for which the return is filed.”). The Finance

Committee’s report also noted why relief was warranted: “As a proper election

frequently requires informed tax knowledge not possessed by the average person,

the binding elections referred to above may result in substantially excessive

taxes.” Id.

      The addition of section 51(g) to the 1939 Code did not create any difference

between the treatment of unmarried taxpayers (other than heads of household)18

and married taxpayers who filed separately. The same progressive rate schedule

continued to apply to both. But the new and favorable treatment of married

couples making joint returns after 1948 was criticized because it provided a

benefit to married persons that was not similarly afforded to single persons; that is,

the tax benefit to married couples making joint returns was “viewed by many as a


      18
         Congress provided new tax treatment for heads of household in the same
act that added sec. 51(g) to the 1939 Code. Revenue Act of 1951, ch. 521, sec.
301, 65 Stat. at 480. Additionally, Congress afforded special treatment to
surviving spouses in 1954. See I.R.C. 1954, ch. 1, sec. 2, 68A Stat. at 8.
                                        - 23 -

tax penalty on single persons”. Bittker & Lokken, supra, para. 111.5.5. In

response Congress enacted a new rate schedule in 1969 applicable to single

individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of households) but did not

apply the new rate schedule to married taxpayers filing separately. Tax Reform

Act of 1969 (TRA), Pub. L. No. 91-172, sec. 803(c), 83 Stat. at 681. This was the

first time that tax rates diverged for single individuals and married individuals

filing separately.

      In sum, as the variety of filing statuses has multiplied (and as the

Commissioner’s administration of those filing statuses has evolved to

accommodate that multiplication), the wording of section 6013(b)(1) has remained

unchanged in relevant part; since 1951 the statute has applied “if an individual has

filed a separate return”. The application of this unchanged statutory provision in

the context of an evolving system of rate schedules and filing statuses has led to

the problem we face today.

      It is clear from the legislative history discussed above that section 6013(b)

was added to the Code to alleviate a problem arising from the lack of authority to

change a correct election, which was viewed as being irrevocable or “binding”.

S. Rept. No. 82-781, supra, 1951-2 C.B. at 492. In 1927--long before enactment

of the predecessor of section 6013(b) in 1951--this Court observed: “Neither the
                                         - 24 -

Commissioner nor taxpayers * * * may change or alter a return that is correct and

proper. It may be changed in order to make it correct and in compliance with the

statute, but not otherwise.” Downes v. Commissioner, 5 B.T.A. at 1031. Section

6013(b) changed the first part of this proposition--it allowed a married taxpayer to

alter a return that correctly and properly reflected a filing status other than married

filing jointly. But there is nothing to suggest that section 6013(b) was intended to

prevent a married taxpayer who had filed an incorrect return from altering the

return so as to make it correct and in compliance with the Code.19 That is all Mr.

Camara seeks to do in this case.

      When a taxpayer makes an incorrect initial election as to filing status,

redetermining that taxpayer’s correct tax liability requires a determination as to

filing status. That determination differs little (if at all) from any other

determination the taxpayer may seek to contest through deficiency procedures. In

any deficiency proceeding our task is to review the Commissioner’s determination

to ensure that the taxpayer pays the correct amount of tax. See sec. 6213(a). The

interpretation of section 6013(b) that we adopt today allows for “appropriate

      19
         In fact, before 1951 a married taxpayer who did not elect married filing
jointly status could scarcely make an error in electing any other filing status, since
there was no difference in filing status or rate schedules for unmarried taxpayers
filing single returns and for married taxpayers filings separately and since head of
household status had not yet come into existence.
                                         - 25 -

preassessment Court review of all issues generated by respondent’s

determination”, Millsap v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. at 937, without interfering with

the legislative purpose of section 6013(b). As we said in Millsap: “To treat the

issue of a taxpayer’s filing status any differently than the issues involving

deductions or income items would be arbitrary and without reason. A taxpayer is

no less entitled to question respondent’s determination of filing status than any

other determination.” Id.

      And in fact--although this consideration does not determine the meaning of

the statute or dictate the result of this case--we note that the notice of deficiency

that respondent sent Mr. Camara indicated that he could challenge “the

determination” by filing a petition with the Tax Court. The notice does not

explain, however, that, in respondent’s view, petitioning this Court would

effectively foreclose any challenge to respondent’s determination of Mr. Camara’s

filing status. To sustain respondent’s position could, we think, help spring a trap

for the unwary.

E. Respondent’s Additional Arguments

      Respondent argues that his interpretation “is supported by the fact that

Congress enacted the predecessor statute to section 6013(b) in 1951 but did not

establish a separate rate structure for married taxpayers filing separately until
                                        - 26 -

1969.” But respondent’s premise is incorrect. As discussed, Congress enacted a

new rate structure for single individuals in 1969, but the rates for married

individuals filing separately remained unchanged. TRA sec. 803(c).

      Respondent also contends (1) that in 1951 the election to file a separate

return was made simply by filing any individual return by oneself, and therefore

(2) that filing an individual return by oneself effects the same election today. But

even if respondent is correct about the manner in which the election was

administered in 1951, that historical administrative treatment does not determine

the statute’s meaning. And respondent’s argument assumes its own conclusion; it

assumes that “separate return” means “any non-joint individual return”--but this is

precisely the question before us.

      Respondent also advances various policy arguments against the result we

reach today. Respondent points to section 6013(b)(3), which provides that a joint

return “made under this subsection” is generally deemed filed on the last day for

filing. Respondent posits that our holding, in conjunction with section 6013(b)(3),

might in some manner allow a crafty taxpayer to improperly game the statute of

limitations. But in the light of our conclusion that section 6013(b) does not apply

in this case, the provision of section 6013(b)(3) which concerns respondent is also

inapplicable.
                                        - 27 -

      Respondent also argues that because the Commissioner is generally not

permitted to send another notice of deficiency to a taxpayer if the taxpayer has

filed a petition with this Court, sec. 6212(c)(1), a taxpayer should also be

precluded from “filing a joint return” once he or she has filed a petition. But other

than his vague argument that there is some relationship between sending a notice

of deficiency and making a joint return, respondent does not contend that there is

any impediment--other than the section 6013(b)(2) limitation, which we hold is

inapplicable--to giving a taxpayer such as Mr. Camara the benefit of joint filing

status and tax rates. Consequently, respondent’s argument fails.

      Respondent also believes that our holding will allow taxpayers to evade

other irrevocable elections they made on their original return. Respondent argues

that if section 6013(b) does not apply, our holding would “pave the way for

arguing that there is likewise a gap in * * * [s]ection 6013(b)(1) that requires the

individual’s previous elections to carry over and bind him on the joint return as

well.” But this case does not present any such issue, and we decline to decide any

issue not properly before us.

      Finally, respondent suggests that our holding will somehow upset or

conflict with refund jurisdiction procedures or closing agreements under section

7121. Respondent’s arguments appear to be premised on a mistaken belief that, if
                                          - 28 -

section 6013(b) does not apply, section 6013(a) would allow a taxpayer to set

aside a closing agreement or decision in a refund suit. We can see no reason why

this would be so.

F. Conclusion

         We hold that the 2012 return that Mr. Camara originally filed, erroneously

claiming “single” status, did not constitute a “separate return” for the purposes of

section 6013(b). Consequently, section 6013(b), including the limitations of

section 6013(b)(2), is inapplicable. Respondent does not dispute that, if section

6013(b) does not apply, then under the general rule of section 6013(a) Mr. Camara

is entitled to joint tax rates and filing status for 2012 on the basis of the joint

return that petitioners have filed. Accordingly we hold for Mr. Camara on this

issue.

         To reflect the foregoing and the parties’ concessions,


                                                        Decision will be entered

                                                   under Rule 155.

         Reviewed by the Court.

    MARVEL, FOLEY, VASQUEZ, GALE, GOEKE, HOLMES,
GUSTAFSON, PARIS, MORRISON, KERRIGAN, BUCH, LAUBER, NEGA,
PUGH, and ASHFORD, JJ., agree with this opinion of the Court.
