              Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the
         public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch’s homepage at
           http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also posted on the
           Colorado Bar Association’s homepage at http://www.cobar.org.


                                                       ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                                     June 24, 2019

                                      2019 CO 67

No. 18SA212, Santich v. VCG Holding Corp.—Contract Enforcement—Arbitration—
Equitable Estoppel.

      The supreme court accepted jurisdiction over a certified question of law from the

United States District Court for the District of Colorado to determine whether there

should be an arbitration-specific exception to Colorado’s traditionally defined doctrine

of equitable estoppel. The court holds that Colorado’s law of equitable estoppel applies

in the same manner when a dispute involves an arbitration agreement as it does in other

contexts. The supreme court recognizes that under Colorado law, equitable estoppel

requires proof of four elements—one of which is detrimental reliance.           Thus, a

nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement can only assert equitable estoppel against a

signatory in an effort to compel arbitration if the nonsignatory can demonstrate each of

the elements of equitable estoppel, including detrimental reliance.
                    The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                    2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203


                                     2019 CO 67

                          Supreme Court Case No. 18SA212
                              Certification of Question of Law
United States District Court for the District of Colorado Case No. 17CV00631-RM-MEH

                                     Plaintiffs:

   Georgina Santich, Amanda Livingston, Rebecca Rail, Amanda Gabriel, Casandra
Windecker, Gale Raffaele, Adrianne Axelson, Amanda Shafer, Brandi Campbell, Penny
  Watkins, Arielle Mansfield, Emily Bachelder, Amrica Terrell, Melanie Tracy, Ashley
  Wozneak, Laportia Oakley, Alexis Nagle, Janel Anderson, Porscha Green, Johanna
  Grissom, Karla Martinez, Amy Glines, Chada Mantooth, Ariel Cline, Alena Bailey,
 Jessica Saulters-Archuleta, Melissa Chavez, Talita Catto, Megan Fitzgerald, Christina
      Massaro, Andrea Abbott, Nicole Bujok, Rachel Berry, and Kimberly Hale, all
               individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,

                                          v.

                                    Defendants:

  VCG Holding Corp.; Lowrie Management, LLLP; Denver Restaurant Concepts LP
   d/b/a PT’s Showclub; Troy Lowrie; Michael Ocello; Kenkev, II, Inc. d/b/a PT’s
   Showclub Portland; Indy Restaurant Concepts, Inc. d/b/a PT’s Showclub Indy;
Glenarm Restaurant LLC d/b/a Diamond Cabaret; Glendale Restaurant Concepts, LP
 d/b/a The Penthouse Club; Stout Restaurant Concepts, Inc. d/b/a La Boheme; and
               VCG Restaurants Denver, Inc. d/b/a PT’s All Nude.

                           Certified Question Answered
                                       en banc
                                    June 24, 2019




                                          1
Attorneys for Plaintiffs:
Killmer, Lane & Newman, LLP
Mari Newman
Liana Orshan
      Denver, Colorado

Towards Justice
David H. Seligman
      Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Defendants:
Berg Hill Greenleaf & Ruscitti LLP
Rudy E. Verner
      Boulder, Colorado

Jackson Lewis P.C.
Collin O’Connor Udell
       Hartford, Connecticut

Jackson Lewis P.C.
Ryan P. Lessmann
Melisa H. Panagakos
      Denver, Colorado

Jackson Lewis P.C.
Allan S. Rubin
       Southfield, Michigan

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae the Colorado Trial Lawyers Association:
Lowrey Parady, Attorneys at Law
Sarah J. Parady
       Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Amici Curiae National Employment Lawyers Association and Plaintiff
Employment Lawyers Association:
Sweeney & Bechtold, LLC
Joan M. Bechtold
      Denver, Colorado




JUSTICE HART delivered the Opinion of the Court.

                                        2
¶1       Under Colorado law, equitable estoppel requires proof of four elements. One of

those elements has long been detrimental reliance on the words or actions of the party

against whom estoppel is sought. In this case, we accepted jurisdiction over a certified

question of law from the United States District Court for the District of Colorado that

requires us to determine whether there should be an exception to that requirement in the

context of arbitration agreements.1 We hold that Colorado’s law of equitable estoppel

applies in the same manner when a dispute involves an arbitration agreement as it does

in other contexts. Thus, a nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement can only assert

equitable estoppel against a signatory in an effort to compel arbitration if the

nonsignatory can demonstrate each of the elements of equitable estoppel, including

detrimental reliance.

                             I. Facts and Procedural History

¶2       In 2017, a group of current and former exotic dancers sued the owners of clubs

where they perform and the club owners’ corporate parent companies in the United

States District Court for the District of Colorado. The plaintiffs allege in their amended

complaint that the defendants acted in concert to wrongfully deprive the dancers of basic

protections provided by law to employees. The plaintiffs contend that they have been




1   We accepted jurisdiction to answer the question:
         What elements must be established by a nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement
         in order for the doctrine of equitable estoppel to apply and thereby require a
         signatory to an arbitration agreement to arbitrate claims brought against a
         nonsignatory?

                                             3
misclassified as nonemployee “independent contractors” or “lessees” pursuant to

“Entertainment Lease” agreements that identify the club-owner defendants as

“landlords” rather than employers.        According to the plaintiffs’ pleadings, the

club-owner and corporate-parent defendants are jointly and severally liable for denying

the dancers earned minimum wages and overtime pay, confiscating or otherwise

misallocating their gratuities, charging them fees to work, and subjecting them to onerous

fines.

¶3       The club-owner defendants have successfully compelled arbitration of the

plaintiffs’ claims based on the arbitration clause included in the agreements the dancers

signed with the club owners. The corporate-parent defendants seek to do the same, but

because they were not parties to the agreements or to any other written contract with the

dancers, they have to find a different hook to compel the dancers into arbitration. They

argue that the dancers should be equitably estopped from litigating their claims against

one set of defendants because they are in compelled arbitration of the same claims against

the other set of defendants.

¶4       A federal magistrate judge examined Colorado state contract law and

recommended that the district court accept that argument and compel the arbitration of

the plaintiffs’ claims against the corporate-parent defendants. The recommendation was

predicated, in large part, upon a prediction that this court would agree with the court of

appeals’ decision in Meister v. Stout, 2015 COA 60, 353 P.3d 916. In that case, a division

of the court of appeals concluded that when a signatory to a contract containing an

arbitration clause asserts a claim arising from that contract against a defendant who was

                                            4
not a party to the contract, he may be estopped from avoiding arbitration and instead be

compelled to arbitrate by and with the nonsignatory defendant. Id. at ¶¶ 6, 13–18,

353 P.3d at 919, 920–22. Relying on Meister, the magistrate judge determined that,

although they had not signed the agreements, the corporate-parent defendants are

entitled to enforce the arbitration provisions against the plaintiffs because the claims

asserted against all defendants are interdependent and intertwined with duties and

obligations in the Leases.         The plaintiffs challenged the magistrate judge’s

recommendation, urging the federal district court to certify to this court the question

whether nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement may invoke the doctrine of equitable

estoppel in the absence of a showing of detrimental reliance.

¶5     The federal district court observed that “[a]s it currently stands, Meister fails to

address the [reliance] issue and the Court is unclear whether this element is required

under Colorado law . . . [because] there is no controlling precedent in the decisions of the

Colorado Supreme Court.” The district court therefore certified the question to this court,

and we accepted the certification. See C.A.R. 21.1.

                                       II. Analysis

¶6     The enforceability of arbitration agreements is governed by traditional principles

of state contract law. Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630–31 (2009). In most

instances, only the parties to a contract can compel arbitration under that contract and

only as to another signatory of the contract. See N.A. Rugby Union LLC v. U.S. Rugby

Football Union, 2019 CO 56, ¶20, ___ P.3d ___. If no such agreement exists between

particular litigants, as is the case here, there are certain limited circumstances in which a

                                             5
nonsignatory to an arbitration agreement may compel a signatory to arbitrate. Id. at ¶ 21.

These limited circumstances include: “(1) incorporation of an arbitration provision by

reference in another agreement; (2) assumption of the arbitration obligation by the

nonsignatory;      (3)    agency;      (4)    veil-piercing/alter      ego;    (5)     estoppel;

(6) successor-in-interest; and (7) third-party beneficiary.” Id. Here, the nonsignatory

corporate-parent defendants argue that they fit within the equitable estoppel exception.

Thus, to answer the certified question, we must consider how the doctrine of equitable

estoppel has been applied in Colorado.

¶7     Under our state law, equitable estoppel is generally understood as arising “where

one party induces another to detrimentally change position in reasonable reliance on that

party’s actions through words, conduct, or silence.” V Bar Ranch LLC v. Cotten, 233 P.3d

1200, 1210 (Colo. 2010) (citing City of Thornton v. Bijou Irr. Co., 926 P.2d 1, 75 (Colo. 1996)).

However, Colorado law has never favored estoppel. See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270,

1275 (Colo. 1991) (“The doctrine of estoppel is not favored . . . and will be applied only

when all of the elements constituting an estoppel are clearly shown.”); Univ. of Colo. v.

Silverman, 555 P.2d 1155, 1158 (Colo. 1976) (same); Susman v. Exch. Nat’l Bank of Colo.

Springs, 183 P.2d 571, 573 (Colo. 1947) (same); see also Langley v. Young, 211 P. 640, 642

(Colo. 1922) (“[The] doctrine is not regarded with favor and should be applied only when

all the elements constituting an estoppel clearly appear.”). For this reason, we have

consistently held that the doctrine “will be applied only when all of the elements

constituting an estoppel are clearly shown.” Dove, 808 P.2d at 1275 (citing Susman, 183

P.2d at 573).

                                               6
¶8     Under this court’s longstanding precedent, estoppel may not be applied as a bar

absent a clear showing of each of the following four elements:

              [T]he party against whom the estoppel is asserted must know
              the [relevant] facts; that party must also intend that its
              conduct be acted upon or must lead the other party to believe
              that its conduct is so intended; the party claiming estoppel
              must be ignorant of the true facts; and the party asserting the
              estoppel must detrimentally rely on the other party’s conduct.

Jefferson Cty. Sch. Dist. No. R-1 v. Shorey, 826 P.2d 830, 841 (Colo. 1992) (citing Dove, 808

P.2d at 1275; Dep’t of Health v. Donahue, 690 P.2d 243, 247 (Colo. 1984)).

¶9     In Meister, the court of appeals broke from that long line of precedent and

endorsed an “alternative theory of estoppel” not previously recognized by Colorado

courts. ¶¶ 13–15, 353 P.3d at 920–21. The division acknowledged that it was creating a

new breed of equitable estoppel in Colorado, but it found the reasoning of courts from

other jurisdictions that had adopted this arbitration-specific rule persuasive. See id. The

new theory adopted by Meister provides that equitable estoppel would apply where

(1) “a signatory must rely on the terms of a written agreement containing an arbitration

provision to assert its claims against a nonsignatory” or (2) the “signatory alleges

substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct by a nonsignatory and one or

more signatories” and the claimed misconduct “is intertwined with duties or obligations

arising from the underlying contract.” Id. at ¶¶ 14–15, 353 P.3d at 921. This theory of

equitable estoppel would apply even in circumstances where the party seeking to assert

estoppel made no showing of detrimental reliance.




                                             7
¶10    The court of appeals appears to have adopted this new theory of equitable estoppel

because “Colorado has a strong policy favoring arbitration agreements.” Id. at ¶ 10, 353

P.3d at 920. That rationale is not sufficient to support the creation of an entirely new

theory of equitable estoppel that is unmoored from the basic premise of the doctrine, that

it “arises where one party induces another to detrimentally change position in reasonable

reliance on that party’s actions through words, conduct, or silence.” V Bar Ranch, 233

P.3d at 1210. As the New Jersey Supreme Court said in rejecting the same theory that we

reject here: “Equitable estoppel is more properly viewed as a shield to prevent injustice

rather than a sword to compel arbitration.” Hirsch v. Amper Fin. Servs., 71 A.3d 849, 852

(N.J. 2013); see also Ervin v. Nokia, Inc., 812 N.E.2d 534, 542–43 (Ill. App. 2004) (declining

to adopt this theory of equitable estoppel because it is inconsistent with state law on

estoppel); B.C. Rogers Poultry, Inc. v. Wedgeworth, 911 So. 2d 483, 491–92 (Miss. 2005)

(same). We see no compelling reason to depart from our traditionally defined elements

of equitable estoppel to craft an arbitration-specific rule.

¶11    Of course, nonsignatories to a contract containing an arbitration provision might

be able to compel arbitration on equitable estoppel grounds, but to do so they would need

to prove all four traditionally defined elements of the doctrine, including, but not limited

to, the element of detrimental reliance. We therefore disavow Meister’s endorsement of




                                              8
a special estoppel rule predicated upon the interconnectivity of claims and actions taken

in concert by signatories and nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement.2

                                    III. Conclusion

¶12   In keeping with long-standing Colorado law, an equitable estoppel argument

raised by a nonsignatory to a contract who seeks to enforce an arbitration provision must

be supported by all four traditionally defined elements of equitable estoppel.




2We recognize that our answer to the certified question may result in piecemeal litigation
in which related claims simultaneously proceed in court and arbitration. But “‘policy
reasons’ alone cannot replace . . . necessary predicate[s] for the application of equitable
estoppel.” Goldman v. KPMG, LLP, 92 Cal. Rptr. 3d 534, 553 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009).

                                            9
