                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 19a0636n.06

                                         Case No. 18-2396

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                            Dec 26, 2019
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                         )
                                                                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                   )
         Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                   )         ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
 v.                                                )         STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                   )         THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
 GUILLERMO RODRIGUEZ,                              )         MICHIGAN
                                                   )
         Defendant-Appellant.                      )                       OPINION
                                                   )


BEFORE: CLAY, THAPAR, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges

       NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. Guillermo Rodriguez pleaded guilty to a conspiracy

charge for a fraud scheme involving stolen credit card numbers. He now appeals his sentence,

arguing that (1) the trial court should not have applied a guidelines leadership enhancement, (2) the

trial court should have credited him with acceptance of responsibility, and (3) the government

breached the plea agreement at sentencing. We AFFIRM.

                                                 I.

       Guillermo Rodriguez participated in a fraud conspiracy organized in Florida. It ended with

Rodriguez pleading guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud. Nine other participants received

convictions over this scam. The scam’s participants obtained unsuspecting gas-station customers’

credit card and bank information by using data-skimming devices secretly placed inside gas station

pumps. And the devices re-encoded credit card or bank account information onto magnetic strips
Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


of other credit cards or stored-value cards (SVCs). Participants took those re-coded cards and bulk

purchased SVCs during wide-ranging interstate buying trips.

       As part of the scam, the fraudsters travelled to Michigan. In 2015, gas stations throughout

Michigan discovered that someone had tampered with and installed electronic devices on the

pumps. Those gas stations’ customers also began noticing unauthorized charges on their credit

accounts made at retail outlets such as Meijer and Walmart. Credit card companies found that the

compromised accounts shared a common thread: the account holders had all bought gas at the

same gas station or at the same gas pump shortly before unauthorized purchases showed up on the

accounts.

       That same summer, the fraud conspiracy popped up on law enforcement’s radar. The Eaton

County Sheriff’s Department stopped one of the scam’s participants, Yael Alfonso, for speeding

in a rental car. During that stop, Alfonso consented to a search of his car. Officers found seven

stacks of gift cards, labeled with their dollar amounts starting at $1,300. They quickly figured out

that the cards in Alfonso’s wallet were re-encoded credit cards and placed Alfonso under arrest.

       Law enforcement soon connected Alfonso and other conspirators, including Rodriguez,

with the gas station scheme. In November 2017, a three-count First Superseding Indictment was

filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan. It named Rodriguez

and two other co-defendants. Less than a year later, Rodriguez pleaded guilty to the first count,

conspiracy to commit wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1349 and 1343. By motion of the

United States, the district court dismissed the two other counts.

       At the guilty plea hearing, the government summarized proof that it would have presented

at trial, including the other defendants’ testimony. It explained the contents of that testimony.


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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


Rodriguez conceded the accuracy of the government’s summary and that the facts established his

guilt. But he let the court know that he would dispute the government’s position on his role in the

scheme.

       A Presentence Report (PSR) was prepared and Rodriguez made four objections to the

report. Relevant to this appeal, he objected to the recommended four-level enhancement to his

sentence under United States Sentencing Guidelines Section 3B1.1(a) for being an organizer or

leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.

Rodriguez explained that he was not the leader, that he only went to Michigan to buy a truck, and

that his only role was to drive other defendants between the fraud locations. The PSR cited

Rodriguez’s statement to recommend he not receive credit for accepting responsibility.

       The government had no objections to the PSR. But it did note its desire to present

additional proof on the leadership enhancement at sentencing. Before the government presented

its evidence at sentencing, the district court noted Rodriguez’s objections to the PSR. The court

also granted counsel’s “request [for] a standing objection to all hearsay statements made by the

officer” to support the government’s position in favor of the leadership enhancement. (R. 144, Tr.

11/21/18, PageID 835.)

       The government then put on proof of Rodriguez’s role in the conspiracy as a leader and

organizer. It provided testimony from one witness, FBI Special Agent Chris Rodolico, who

recounted statements from Rodriguez’s co-defendants and the conspiracy participants on

Rodriguez’s role as a leader in the scheme. Rodolico also presented Rodriguez’s historical cell-

service location information (CSLI) which established the phone’s shared location with multiple

series of fraud transactions. And he presented various evidence of cell phone contacts between

other participants and Rodriguez as well as evidence of Rodriguez’s regular trips to Michigan on

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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


the same flight as the other participants. After the government’s direct examination, Rodriguez’s

counsel cross-examined Rodolico on the hearsay evidence.                Given the “totality of the

circumstances” and the evidence before it—Rodolico’s testimony on direct and cross, as well as

the other evidence he presented the court—the district court applied the four-level enhancement.

(Id. at 882–83.)

       The district court then considered whether it should credit Rodriguez with a two-level

acceptance reduction under Sentencing Guidelines Section 3E1.1(a). At that time, Rodriguez

argued for the credit because he pleaded guilty and saved the government from having to go to

trial. But after hearing from the government on the matter, the district court denied the credit. It

did not believe Rodriguez had shown enough to receive the acceptance credit.                 It found

Rodriguez’s truck-buying story “very clearly untrue, particularly based on the evidence [the court]

heard this morning.” (Id. at 890 (describing the story as “flatly untrue”).) On that basis, it affirmed

the PSR’s recommendation to withhold the acceptance credit.

       After its rulings on the different sentencing enhancements and reductions, the court invited

Rodriguez to speak. Yet again, he repeated the same truck-buying story. During its closing

statement, the government approved the district court’s denial of Rodriguez’s acceptance credit.

To make this point, the government pointed to Rodriguez’s most-recent statement before the court.

Rodriguez’s “audacity to repeat the same story that he told [the PSR writer],” the prosecutor

explained, “pretty much destroy[ed] any argument that somehow the Court erred in deciding not

to award acceptance of responsibility.” (Id. at 897.) Rodriguez now appeals his sentence.




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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


                                                 II.

       Rodriguez alleges three errors. He claims that (1) the district court erred when it applied

the four-level sentence enhancement for leadership over his objection; (2) the district court erred

by denying his acceptance of responsibility; and (3) the Government breached its plea agreement

with him. We review each in turn.

                                                 A.

       First, Rodriguez argues against the district court’s imposition of the four-level leadership

enhancement to his sentence under the Sentencing Guidelines Section 3B1.1(a). He argues both

that his participation in the fraud did not warrant a leadership enhancement and that the district

court violated procedural due process in imposing it.

       This court reviews sentencing enhancements under Section 3B1.1 with deference. United

States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 982–83 (6th Cir. 2013).1 “The trial judge is most familiar

with the facts and is best situated to determine whether someone is or is not a ‘leader’ of a

conspiracy.” Id. at 983. “Deferring to this advantage is appropriate.” Id. This deference extends

to this court’s evaluation of the relationship between “the evidence presented and the nature of the

conspiracy” as well as “the truth of the evidence [which] is an underlying credibility issue.” Id.

We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error.

       The leadership enhancement under Section 3B1.1(a) allows for a four-level sentencing

enhancement “if the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five




1
  This court usually reviews legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Kaminski, 501 F.3d 655,
667 (6th Cir. 2007). Rodriguez asks us to do that here. We clarified in United States v.
Washington, however, that we would extend the Supreme Court’s decision to review deferentially
sentencing enhancements under Section 4B1.2 to our “review of the legal conclusion that a person
is an organizer or leader under Section 3B1.1.” 715 F.3d 975, 982–83 (6th Cir. 2013) (extending
Buford v. United States, 532 U.S. 59, 66 (2001)).
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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). To determine whether a

defendant “was an organizer or leader,” courts should consider:

       [T]he exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in the
       commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a
       larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in planning or
       organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree
       of control and authority exercised over others.

Id. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. To find the defendant a leader, “the record must show that the defendant had

control over another criminal participant, and the court must make a finding to that effect.” United

States v. Bertram, 900 F.3d 743, 753 (6th Cir. 2018).

       The main thrust of Rodriguez’s arguments is that Yunier Cudello-Albelo, another

participant, was the leader. He may or may not have been. But more than one person can qualify

as a leader or organizer of a scam. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. So the district court was not

foreclosed from concluding that Rodriguez was a leader as well.

       Giving the district court’s conclusion its due deference, we cannot conclude that the district

court erred in applying the leadership enhancement. And the district court’s factual findings were

not clearly erroneous. The conspiracy involved at least five participants. The district court

summarized the evidence presented at sentencing: the “testimony of the agent based on his

interviews of the various participants in this scheme,” “the Power Point showing [Rodriguez’s]

presence in and around” the locations of the fraud, “the cell phone contacts” between Rodriguez

and Albelo, the fact that Rodriguez often flew to Michigan on the same flights with the other

participants, and the fact that the scam separated those who “d[id] the leg work” and “the brains

behind the operation, the people who use the skimmers and install them, take them out, make the

cards and so forth.” (R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 882–83.) It then found that all the evidence

combined gave it enough to “reasonabl[y] conclu[de] based on a preponderance of the evidence



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


and the totality of the circumstances that Mr. Rodriguez was in fact a leader in this group.” (Id. at

883.)

        The record reveals Rodriguez’s control over the other participants. Most telling is the

authority and control Rodriguez asserted over the participants’ funds. “[A]t the end of the day,”

Rodriguez “would get all the proceeds and divvy them back out.” (Id. at 839.) After all, the power

of the purse is the power to control. See, e.g., United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 86 (1936) (Stone,

J., dissenting). Rodriguez’s actions also showed the high degree of planning and organizing that

he personally put into the fraud, as compared to others in the group. With help from Albelo,

Rodriguez successfully sought Albert Alphonso’s involvement in the scam. Together, they asked

Alphonso to drive to further the scam. Rodolico recounted that they told Alphonso “they liked

[Alphonso’s] car because it had Michigan plates and it was inconspicuous.” (R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18,

PageID 841.) So Alphonso agreed to drive them from store to store for pay. And Alfonso informed

Rodolico that Rodriguez often reprimanded Albelo for being too “visible” during purchasing

operations. (Id. at 840.) Rodriguez told Albelo to “allow the workers to just work and then harvest

the fraudulent gift cards” later. (Id.) These statements—showing the control Rodriguez exercised

over his co-conspirators—reinforce his leadership role.

        Rodriguez also urges us to find procedural errors in the district court’s leadership

determination.    He recognizes that district courts may consider hearsay evidence to set a

defendant’s sentence. But the defendant’s right to due process requires that the district court allow

the defendant to refute the hearsay and requires that the hearsay “bear some minimal indicia of

reliability.” United States v. Hamad, 495 F.3d 241, 247 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). To

meet the minimal-indicia-of-reliability hurdle, “due process requires that [the evidence provide]

some evidentiary basis” or “some minimal indicium of reliability beyond mere allegation.” United



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


States v. Silverman, 976 F.2d 1502, 1512–13 (6th Cir. 1992) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). We have in the past characterized this as “a relatively low hurdle.” United States v.

Greene, 71 F.3d 232, 235 (6th Cir. 1995).

       The district court provided Rodriguez ample opportunity at sentencing to challenge the

hearsay evidence supporting his leadership status. On top of allowing Rodriguez’s counsel to

request a standing objection to all the hearsay evidence offered, the court permitted and responded

to his counsel’s specific objections during that testimony. (R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 838

(leading question), 840 (same), 853 (hearsay and expert opinion).) It also allowed his counsel to

cross-examine Rodolico over the hearsay testimony. That is enough to satisfy due process. See,

e.g., United States v. Newell, 977 F.2d 583, 583 (6th Cir. 1992) (per curiam) (finding that the

defendant had “ample opportunity to challenge the hearsay testimony offered during the

sentencing proceeding” after his counsel cross-examined all witnesses who offered hearsay

evidence at sentencing).

       Rodriguez argues, however, that the district court still fell short. (Appellant’s Br. at 22.)

To do so, he points to statements made by the court at sentencing. (Id. at 20.) For example, the

court sustained the government’s objection against opposing counsel’s attempt to impeach

Rodolico’s credibility with the PSR and then opined:

       I would also point out that I’m not entirely sure where you’re going with this. The
       credibility of these various witnesses, how they were viewed by the agent, and what
       made it in the presentence report, you are drilling down into some fairly esoteric
       issues here that I’m not sure are really relevant to the bottom line of determining
       whether your client was a leader in this scheme. I mean you can carry that to all
       sorts of extremes in terms of who saw or believed or knew, but I don’t think you
       need to drill quite that deeply.

(R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 871; see Appellant’s Br. at 20–21 (alleging the district court erred

when it made those statements).)



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


       The    court    does    refer   to   the   counsel’s   questioning    as   “fairly   esoteric”

and voices its uncertainty on the relevance of counsel’s questions. But not once did it cut the

cross-examination short. In fact, the court permits counsel to continue but merely points out and

advises counsel on his cross-examination methods. Counsel’s response to the court’s statements

further supports this point. He thanks the court for its “advice” and “guidance” before again

picking up the same line of cross-examination. (R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 872–73.)

       Rodriguez also suggests the district court’s statements prove it failed to evaluate the

reliability of the hearsay evidence. They do not. In fact, the court never questions the significance

of counsel’s attempts to “attack the credibility” of the hearsay evidence. (Id. at 874.) It merely

questioned counsel’s methods of doing so. It characterized the counsel’s methods as “exhaustive”

given the low hurdle Rodriguez needed to overcome to convince the court of the hearsay’s lack of

reliability. (Id. at 873–74 (describing counsel’s efforts as “grind[ing] this evidence a little too

finely” given the “standard of review on your [credibility] attack is a preponderance of the

evidence”).) Even then, the court allows it. (Id. at 874 (instructing counsel to “carry on”).)

Considering the “totality of the circumstances” and the evidence before it, including the reliability

of the hearsay evidence, it made the “reasonable conclusion” that the government satisfied its

burden to show Rodriguez’s role as a leader. (Id. at 883.)

       Accordingly, we reject Rodriguez’s procedural challenges to the district court’s leadership

determination at sentencing.

                                                  B.

       Second, Rodriguez alleges the district court erred when it denied Rodriguez credit for

acceptance of responsibility. Whether a defendant has accepted responsibility for a crime is a

factual question. We review the district court’s acceptance-of-responsibility determination for



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


clear error. United States v. Miller, 48 F. App’x 933, 944 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v.

Meacham, 27 F.3d 214, 216 (6th Cir. 1994)). “The sentencing judge is in a unique position to

evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility. For this reason, the determination of the

sentencing judge is entitled to great deference.” Id. (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.5). But if

the only issue presented is whether the reduction should apply to uncontested facts, that is a

question of law we review de novo. United States v. Denson, 728 F.3d 603, 614 (6th Cir. 2013).

The district court did not clearly err by finding that Rodriguez failed to accept responsibility. And

it did not err by not applying the credit to Rodriguez’s sentence.2

       The defendant has the burden to prove acceptance of responsibility at sentencing by a

preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Donathan, 65 F.3d 537, 541 (6th Cir. 1995). “[A]

defendant is not required to volunteer, or affirmatively admit, relevant conduct beyond the offense

of conviction in order to obtain a reduction.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.1(A). In fact, he “may

remain silent in respect to relevant conduct beyond the offense of conviction” and still obtain

acceptance credit under the sentencing guidelines. Id.

       But a sentencing court may refuse to apply the credit for “conduct of the defendant that is

inconsistent with [an] acceptance of responsibility.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.3. A defendant who



2
  We recognize the tension Rodriguez grapples with in his arguments—his ability to challenge the
sentencing enhancement versus his ability to seek an acceptance credit. Defendants may challenge
sentencing enhancements. But a defendant may not use a challenge as a vehicle to frivolously
contest, minimize, or falsely deny relevant conduct and expect this court to find the district court
clearly erred in its finding that he did not accept responsibility. We have addressed the distinction
between contesting sentencing enhancements and failing to accept responsibility. And we
recognized the difficulty that arises when a defendant contests a sentencing enhancement but wants
to avoid “jeopardizing credit for acceptance of responsibility.” United States v. Lay, 583 F.3d
436, 449 (6th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that “[c]ertainly, the position of a defendant who must testify
in order to contest an improper enhancement requires the treading of a fine line”). “But the solution
to that dilemma is to testify honestly, without falsely denying relevant conduct.” Id. We do not
begrudge a defendant’s ability to challenge sentencing enhancements or argue for credits at
sentencing, but we do reject the idea that his ability to do so allows him to tell tall tales.
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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


“falsely denies, or frivolously contests, relevant conduct that the court determines to be true” acts

“inconsistent[ly] with acceptance of responsibility.” Id. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.1(A); see also United

States v. Cook, 607 F. App’x 497, 500–01 (6th Cir. 2015). The defendant’s attempt to minimize

relevant conduct is also inconsistent with acceptance of responsibility. See United States v. Wolfe,

71 F.3d 611, 616 (6th Cir. 1995) (rejecting acceptance credit where the district court properly

found that the defendant “attempted to mischaracterize” or “spin” his conduct and “minimize his

responsibility” even after admitting to that conduct).

       Rodriguez alleges that the district court erroneously refused him acceptance credit based

on its finding that he “minimized his conduct based on the [PSR].” (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 13.)

He argues that the district court could not find that he “falsely denied or frivolously contested

relevant conduct” at sentencing based on his truck-buying story. (Appellant’s Br. at 26 (citation

omitted).) And he contests the district court’s ability to conclude that the story is untrue because

Rodriguez never offered any details—time or place—about the story. (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 8,

10, 13.)

       Quibbling over these details misses the mark. The district court did not buy Rodriguez’s

story not because it found that the timing or the location of the truck-buying contradicted any

evidence the government offered. It did not buy the story because it found, based on the evidence

presented, that Rodriguez led the scam, rather than got swept into it by others.

       The district court did not err when it found that Rodriguez was a leader. See discussion

supra Section II.A. It thus was not out of bounds when it found Rodriguez’s truck-buying story—

that Rodriguez’s “only criminal conduct was driving” the other fraudsters around and that “he was

a minimal participant”— “frivolous[]” or a “false[] deni[al]” of relevant conduct. (R. 125, PSR,

PageID 718 (emphasis added).)



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


       Rodriguez also argues that the sentencing court could not have concluded that he

frivolously contested relevant conduct because Rodriguez’s “objections” to the leadership

enhancement “do[] not give rise to the legal meaning of the term ‘frivolous.’” (Appellant’s Br. at

26.) He correctly explains that “[Section] 3E1.1 does not define a ‘frivolous[] contest[].’” (Id.

(citation omitted).)      He urges us to adopt the Fifth Circuit’s understanding of

“frivolous”: “[l]acking a legal basis or legal merit; not serious; not reasonably purposeful.” (Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Santos, 537 F. App’x 369, 375 (5th Cir. 2013)).)

He explains that his challenges to his sentencing enhancement could not lack “legal basis or legal

merit” and so could not be “frivolous[]” under Section 3E1.1.

       Rodriguez misses the mark again. The district court had found Rodriguez’s challenge to

the leadership enhancement without legal merit. And it concluded that he lied in his arguments

against the enhancement. That he again asserted the opposite—that he did not lie and only

participated rather than led the scam—does not revive the legal merit of those arguments.

                                                C.

       Last, Rodriguez alleges that the government breached its plea agreement with him. He

raises this claim for the first time on appeal. Whether the government has violated a plea

agreement is a question of law that we usually review de novo. United States v. Wells, 211 F.3d

988, 995 (6th Cir. 2000). Prosecutors are “held to meticulous standards of performance” and we

“will thus construe ambiguities in a plea agreement . . . against the government.” United States v.

Merlo, 464 F. App'x 518, 522 (6th Cir. 2012) (omission in original) (quoting United States v.

Moncivais, 492 F.3d 652, 662 (6th Cir. 2007)). When, as here, the appellant raises these claims

for the first time on appeal, however, we review for plain error. Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S.

129, 136 (2009).



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


       To find plain error, this court must first make four findings. We must find that (1) “an

error or defect—some sort of deviation from a legal rule—that has not been intentionally

relinquished or abandoned . . . by the appellant,” United States v. Cook, 607 F. App’x 497, 499

(6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135); (2) “the legal error [is] clear or obvious, rather

than subject to reasonable dispute,” id. (citation omitted); (3) the error “affected the appellant’s

substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the

outcome of the district court proceedings,” id. (citation omitted); and (4) “the error seriously

affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v.

Griffin, 466 F. App’x 491, 494 (6th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Puckett, 556 U.S.

at 135) (internal quotation marks omitted). From there, this court “has the discretion to remedy

the error.” Cook, 607 F. App’x at 499 (citation omitted).

       We cannot find that the government committed a “clear or obvious” legal error in its

statements during sentencing. In fact, we cannot find that the government committed any error

and thus find it did not breach its plea agreement here.

       In the plea agreement, the government and Rodriguez agreed that the government would

not oppose his request for an acceptance of responsibility reduction:

       The U.S. Attorney’s Office agrees not to oppose the Defendant’s request for a two-
       level reduction of his offense level for acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1(a)
       of the Sentencing Guidelines. However, the U.S. Attorney’s Office reserves the
       right to object to Defendant’s request if it subsequently learns of conduct by the
       Defendant that is inconsistent with the criteria set forth in the Commentary to
       Section 3E1.1.

(R. 81, Plea Agrmt., PageID 241.)

       Rodriguez argues that the government breached the plea agreement when its attorney

discussed acceptance credit at sentencing. He points specifically to the government’s response to




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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


the district court’s invitation to speak on acceptance credit. The government said that it did not

“want to be heard on the acceptance issue” but that

       I don’t think anyone should ever lose acceptance for having an attorney make a
       legal argument. I think it should be based upon what a defendant says or doesn’t
       say, admits or doesn’t admit. So if the Court decides . . . not to grant [acceptance]
       it should be based on what Mr. Rodriguez told the presentence writer about how
       [‘]I was just up here, I don’t know, looking to buy a truck and then I got roped into
       this.[’] That’s nonsense. On the other hand, [] if the Court does decide, look, the
       man pled guilty, and he didn’t go far enough across the line to lose acceptance, then
       the government is going to move for the third level based on its agreement.

(R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 889.)

       To evaluate whether the government breached the plea agreement, we evaluate the

government’s actions given the agreement. To do so, we “use traditional principles of contract

law.” Wells, 211 F.3d at 995; see also Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir. 1986)

(“[A] plea bargain itself is contractual in nature and ‘subject to contract-law standards.’” (quoting

United States v. Krasn, 614 F.2d 1229, 1233 (9th Cir. 1980)). A plea bargain’s content is a

question of fact that we review for clear error. Wells, 211 F.3d at 995.

       If a written contract’s text is clear and unambiguous, this court gives the text its plain and

usual meaning. See 17 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 325 (explaining that “[u]nambiguous contractual

language is conclusive upon the parties and the courts”); see also Baker, 781 F.2d at 90 (refusing

to use an affidavit to prove that an “unambiguous[]” plea agreement is something “other[] than it

appears”). The plea agreement here only required that the government “not [] oppose” the

acceptance credit. And the government fulfilled that obligation.

       To “oppose” is “to place opposite or against something.” Webster’s Third New Int’l

Dictionary Unabridged 1583 (1967). Here the government took no position inconsistent with its

plea agreement. At sentencing, it did speak on acceptance credit. But it never promised to speak

or not speak. See United States v. Miller, 48 F. App’x 933, 946 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding that the


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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


government did not breach its promise “not to oppose” acceptance credit by “standing mute on the

issue of acceptance of responsibility”). “[W]hile the government must be held to the promises it

made, it will not be bound to those it did not make.” United States v. Schuhe, 688 F. App’x 337,

339 (6th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (citation omitted). A promise not to oppose something is a

promise about the content of the government’s speech, if any.

       Not once did the government advocate “against” or “opposite [to]” the acceptance credit.

Instead, the prosecutor explained to the court the grounds it could use to either reject the credit or

apply it. It explained to the district court that the district court could not refuse the acceptance

credit just because Rodriguez’s attorney argued against leadership enhancement under

Section 3B1.1(a). In the government’s view, it explained, the only basis on which the court could

refuse acceptance credit was Rodriguez’s own statements—the truck-buying story.

       Rodriguez characterizes the government’s statements as a “direct objection to the

reduction” because the attorney described Rodriguez’s statements as “nonsense.” (Appellant’s Br.

at 24 (citation omitted).) He explains that the government’s comments on his statements “certainly

had an effect on the judge’s determinations, and there is no question that those comments were

designed to influence the judge. Commentary designed to influence the judge to deny a reduction

for acceptance of responsibility is inconsistent with a promise not to object to the motion.” (Id. at

25.)

       Rodriguez, however, cherry-picks parts of the government’s statements to buttress his

arguments. While the government did characterize the truck-buying story as “nonsense,” it also

supplied the court with an alternate theory under which the court could give Rodriguez acceptance

credit. It explained that the court could grant acceptance credit if it factored in Rodriguez’s guilty




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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


plea and if it found the truck-driving story not so far “across the line to lose acceptance.” (Id. at

24.) The government did not plainly err and did not breach the plea agreement.

       Rodriguez also cites four cases to support his position. None do. Rodriguez first cites

United States v. Taylor, 77 F.3d 368 (11th Cir. 1996) and United States v. Canada, 960 F.2d 263

(1st Cir. 1992). In both those cases, defendants argued that the government breached its plea

agreement with them. The similarities between those cases and Rodriguez’s situation begin and

end there. In Taylor, the Eleventh Circuit found the prosecutor breached the plea agreement when

it “affirmatively supported a position inconsistent with the plea agreement.” 77 F.3d at 371. The

government promised to recommend a sentence of less than ten years. And it did that, at

sentencing. But in its response to Taylor’s objections to the presentence investigation report, the

government “advocated” for the report’s recommendation—a minimum sentence almost double

the government’s promise. Id. The court found that the government’s position urging for the

report’s recommendation conflicted with its promise in the plea agreement. Id.

       In Canada, the government unambiguously failed to complete the plea agreement’s

requirement. The government “agree[d] to recommend that the Court impose a sentence of thirty-

six (36) months incarceration.” Canada, 960 F.2d at 268 (first two emphases added) (quoting the

plea agreement). At sentencing, the prosecutor did inform the court of the government’s promise

but “she never herself affirmatively recommended” that sentence. Id. She only “paid ‘lip service’

to the negotiated agreement.” Id. at 269. That fell short of the plea agreement’s promise. That

court consequently also found that the government’s conduct breached its plea agreement.

       Rodriguez raises both Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257 (1971) and United States v.

Askew, 173 F.3d 856 (1999) (per curiam) next to support his breach argument. Those cases are

inapposite as well. In both, the government promised one thing and did the complete opposite at



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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


sentencing. The Santobello Court addressed a situation where the original prosecutor agreed to

make no recommendation as to the sentence. But at sentencing, a new prosecutor recommended

the maximum sentence. Of course, the Supreme Court recognized that the government breached

its plea agreement there. Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262. Similarly, in Askew the government

promised not to oppose an acceptance credit but then “argued against the adjustment” for that

credit at sentencing. 173 F.3d at *1. There the government even “concede[d] that it breached the

plea agreement” and only argued that “the government’s breach was harmless error.” Id. at *2.

       Rodriguez also alleges that the government’s statements after the district court denied

acceptance credit breached the plea agreement. After the district court explained that it would not

grant the acceptance credit and before the government’s closing argument, the government stated:

        [B]efore I get into the government’s allocution proper, there are a couple things I
       would like to put on the record. First off, I think that at least the first part of the
       defendant’s allocution proves, if there was any doubt, proves the wisdom of the
       Court’s decision on acceptance of responsibility. Because he had the audacity to
       repeat to Your Honor, in spite of all the evidence you just saw, he had the audacity
       to repeat the same [truck-buying] story that he told Officer Williams. So I think
       that pretty much destroys any argument that somehow the Court erred on deciding
       not to award acceptance of responsibility.

(R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 897.)

       We cannot find that the government committed plain error in its closing statements for two

reasons: (1) the government did not “oppose” Rodriguez receiving acceptance credit in those

statements and (2) even if the government did “oppose” that credit, it had reserved the right to do

so under those circumstances.

       When the government made those statements, the district court had explained that it would

not apply the acceptance credit to Rodriguez’s sentence. It based its decision on its factual finding

that Rodriguez continued to lie even after he pleaded guilty. (Id. at 890.) The government need

not have persuaded the court to make a decision it already made. And the prosecution did not do


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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


so. The government’s own words do not “oppose” or work “against” the acceptance credit.

Instead, they laud the court’s “wisdom” in refusing to apply the acceptance credit and give the

government’s opinion that the court did not err in its decision.

       More importantly, even if the government’s closing statements insinuating its position

against acceptance credit was enough to “oppose” the credit, the government did not breach its

agreement. In the plea agreement, the government “reserve[d] the right to object to Defendant’s

request [for acceptance credit] if it subsequently learns of conduct by the Defendant that is

inconsistent with the criteria set forth in the Commentary to Section 3E1.1.” (R. 81, Plea Agrmt.,

PageID 241.) The government made those statements after it listened to Rodriguez address the

district court, double down on his truck-buying story, and minimize his involvement in the scam.

(See R. 144, Tr. 11/21/18, PageID 895–96 (explaining that he met “these people” by chance and

that he only drove them around after they asked).) Only after the government “learn[ed] of

conduct” by Rodriguez that the district court itself had just pronounced “inconsistent” with “the

Commentary to Section 3E1.1” did the government make those statements. The government,

under the plea agreement, was well within its rights to do so.3




3
  We reached the same conclusion under almost identical facts in United States v. Cook, 607 F.
App’x 497 (6th Cir. 2015). There are only two differences between the case there and the one
before us today. In Cook, the government promised it would “recommend” the defendant receive
“full reduction for acceptance of responsibility” under Section 3E1.1 rather than promise “not to
oppose” the credit. Id. at 500 (quoting the plea agreement). Based on its promise there, the
government’s actions—affirmatively arguing against the acceptance credit—would have breached
the plea agreement had the district court not already found the defendant a leader or organizer and
had the government not been responding to the defendant’s inconsistent testimony at sentencing.
See also United States v. Mendoza, 199 F. App’x 411, 417 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Scott,
188 F.3d 510 (6th Cir. 1999).
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Case No. 18-2396, United States v. Rodriguez


                                               III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to impose a four-level

enhancement to Rodriguez’s sentence under U.S.S.G. Section 3B1.1(a) and to refuse to apply the

two-level acceptance reduction under U.S.S.G. Section 3E1.1(a).




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