                      REVISED DECEMBER 14, 2001
                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                        _____________________

                            No. 01-30100
                        _____________________



     UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


                                     Plaintiff–Appellant
           v.


     JESSE JAMES SMITH; KEISHA L. SMITH


                                     Defendants-Appellees

_________________________________________________________________

          Appeals from the United States District Court
              for the Eastern District of Louisiana
_________________________________________________________________
                        November 14, 2001
Before KING, Chief Judge, and DUHÉ and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.

KING, Chief Judge:

         Plaintiff–Appellant, the United States of America,

appeals the district court’s suppression of evidence supporting

drug charges brought against Defendants–Appellees Jesse James

Smith and Keisha L. Smith.   For the following reasons, we REVERSE

the district court’s ruling granting Defendants’ motion to

suppress and REMAND for further proceedings.1

     1
        Although the motion to suppress was originally filed
only by Defendant–Appellee Jesse Smith, counsel for
Defendant–Appellee Keisha Smith advised the district court at the
                 I.   Factual and Procedural History

     Defendants–Appellees Jesse James Smith and Keisha L. Smith

(“the Smiths”) took a one-week cruise aboard the M/S Celebration

from the Port of New Orleans to several Caribbean destinations,

including Jamaica.    This cruise, conducted by Carnival Cruise

Lines, began on September 17, 2000 and continued until September

24, 2000.    In order to expedite the off-loading of hundreds of

passengers when cruise ships return to port, Carnival Cruise

Lines regularly makes passenger manifests available to the United

States Customs Service (“U.S. Customs”) once a ship is underway.

U.S. Customs searches the manifests for any indication that

narcotics smugglers are aboard.

     In this case, U.S. Customs Inspector Mike Powell (“Inspector

Powell”) reviewed the passenger manifest for the M/S Celebration

and noticed that the Smiths had profiles typical of narcotics

smugglers.    Jesse Smith had a prior conviction and was on parole

at the time.2   Keisha Smith had traveled by plane to Jamaica just

four months before the cruise.    The Smiths paid cash for their

cruise tickets shortly before departing.    Additionally, the

ship’s Caribbean destinations, particularly Jamaica, are known




start of the evidentiary hearing of her intention to join in the
motion.
     2
        When viewing the passenger manifest, the inspectors
surmised that Jesse Smith left the country in violation of his
parole but did not confirm this until later.

                                  2
source and transit countries for narcotics.3      After discovering

these facts, Inspector Powell pre-selected the Smiths for further

investigation.

       In the early hours of September 24, 2000, the final day of

the cruise, the M/S Celebration returned to New Orleans.       Its

passengers had been instructed to leave their luggage outside

their rooms the night before and to vacate their rooms by 8:00

a.m.       Inspector Powell and other inspectors boarded the ship at

6:00 a.m.       The inspectors requested the records for the Smiths’

cabin from the ship’s purser’s office.       The inspectors learned

that although Jesse Smith’s “sign and sail” account4 showed

frequent use until the ship left Jamaica, the account remained

inactive after that time, indicating to inspectors that the

Smiths remained in their room.5      Moreover, the Smiths placed a

call or calls costing $142.50 to a single number in Jamaica on

the day the ship arrived in Montego Bay.




       3
        The M/S Celebration also stopped in Grand Cayman and
Cozumel, Mexico.
       4
        Cruise companies commonly employ “sign and sail”
accounts to simplify the process by which passengers pay for
their drinks, souvenirs, and special activities during the
cruise. At the beginning of the cruise, passengers fund the
accounts with a cash deposit or a credit card and then charge
beverages and other expenses to the account during the voyage.
       5
        The record of Keisha Smith’s “sign and sail” account, if
it existed, was never viewed by the inspectors and is not in the
court record.

                                     3
       After obtaining this additional information from cruise

records, the inspectors located the Smiths’ cabin to conduct a

search.       They knocked on the door and asked the Smiths to dress

and exit the cabin in order to allow a trained canine to search

the room for drugs.6      The dog first indicated the presence of

drugs on the bed and then in a locker, where inspectors found

four woven baskets.       Coils containing 6.8 kilograms of cocaine

were woven into the baskets.       The search took approximately two

or three minutes.

       On October 19, 2000, the Smiths were charged with conspiracy

to import at least five kilograms of cocaine on board a vessel in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a), 960(a)(1), and 963 and with

possession with the intent to distribute at least five kilograms

of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C.

§ 2.       Jesse Smith pled not guilty to the charges.   On November

13, 2000, Jesse Smith made a motion, joined by Keisha Smith, to

suppress all the evidence seized from the Smiths’ cruise cabin.

The Government argued only that reasonable suspicion existed to

support the search.       After a hearing on the motion, the district

court found that the inspectors did not have reasonable suspicion

to support the search and granted the motion to suppress.        United

States v. Smith, No. CRIM.A.00-339, 2000 WL 1838708, at *3 (E.D.



       6
        Neither party asserts that the Smiths consented to the
search of their cabin. Thus, we do not consider the issue.

                                     4
La. Dec. 13, 2000).   The Government timely filed notice of

interlocutory appeal of the district court’s ruling.7



                        II.   Standard of Review

     In an appeal of a ruling on a motion to suppress, this court

reviews a district court’s factual findings for clear error and

its legal conclusions de novo.      United States v. Jacquinot, 258

F.3d 423, 427 (5th Cir. 2001).     Whether there was reasonable

suspicion for a search, a legal conclusion, is reviewed de novo.

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996).     At all times

during this analysis, we view the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prevailing party, i.e., the

Defendants–Appellees.     Jacquinot, 258 F.3d at 427.   This court

reviews any arguments not raised before a district court at a

suppression hearing for plain error only.      United States v.

Kelly, 961 F.2d 524, 528 (5th Cir. 1992).




     7
        Defendant–Appellee Keisha Smith has adopted on appeal
the arguments submitted by co-defendant and co–appellee Jesse
Smith.

                                    5
               III.   The District Court’s Analysis

     Generally, routine searches at U.S. borders, or the

functional equivalent of a border,8 are reasonable under the

Fourth Amendment and do not require a search warrant, probable

cause, or even an articulable suspicion.       Cardenas, 9 F.3d at

1148; United States v. Montoya de Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531, 537

(1985).   This court has held, however, that some extremely

intrusive border searches are not “routine” and must be

predicated upon reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.       See,

e.g., United States v. Sandler, 644 F.2d 1163, 1166 (5th Cir.

1981) (noting that border strip searches are not “routine” and

require reasonable suspicion”).       Citing a case from the Ninth

Circuit9 and a case from the Eastern District of Louisiana,10 the

district court found that “a search of a passenger’s cabin aboard

a ship is not routine given the intrusive nature of the search.”

Smith, 2000 WL 1838708, at *1.    “Accordingly, even in the context

of a border search, the search of private living quarters on a

     8
        The first port where a ship docks after arriving from a
foreign country is the “functional equivalent” of the border.
United States v. Cardenas, 9 F.3d 1139, 1147-48 (5th Cir. 1993).
The parties do not dispute that the search of the Smiths’ cabin
was a border search.
     9
        United States v. Alfonso, 759 F.2d 728, 738 (9th Cir.
1985) (stating that “the search of private living quarters on a
ship should require something more than naked suspicion”).
     10
        United States v. Cunningham, Crim. A. No. 96-265, 1996
WL 665747, at *3 (E.D. La. Nov. 15, 1996) (concluding that the
proper standard to apply to a search of a cruise cabin at a
border is reasonable suspicion).

                                  6
ship must at least be supported by reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity.”    Id.   The district court found that the U.S.

Customs inspectors lacked reasonable suspicion to support the

search of the Smiths’ cabin.     Id. at *3.

     On appeal, the Government has changed its tune and now

argues that because this is a routine border search, reasonable

suspicion is unnecessary.    The Government failed to present this

argument to the district court.    Under these circumstances, the

district court’s application of the reasonable suspicion standard

is subject to plain error review.      Kelly, 961 F.2d at 528

(adopting the plain error standard when considering “an argument

that the Government failed to raise at a suppression hearing”).

This deferential standard of review dictates that before this

court can correct an error not raised at trial, there must be (1)

an “error,” (2) that is “plain,” (3) that “affect[s] substantial

rights,” and (4) that “seriously affect[s] the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”       United

States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993) (internal citations and

quotations omitted).   While it may well be the case that applying

a reasonable suspicion standard to the search of the Smiths’

cabin at the functional equivalent of a border is plain error, we

need not decide the issue.    Our determination that reasonable

suspicion existed in this case assures that the district court’s

error did not affect the Government’s substantial rights or the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

                                   7
proceedings.   Thus, the search of the Smiths’ cabin was valid,

and the district court erred in suppressing the evidence seized

pursuant to that search.



                       IV.   Reasonable Suspicion

     Reasonable suspicion entails “some minimal level of

objective justification” that consists of “more than inchoate or

unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch,’” but less than the level

of suspicion required for probable cause.       United States v.

Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)(internal citations and quotations

omitted).   Reasonable suspicion must be based upon “specific

facts which, taken together with rational inferences therefrom,

reasonably warrant an intrusion.”       Cardenas, 9 F.3d at 1153.   We

consider the totality of the circumstances in determining whether

reasonable suspicion existed at the time of the search.       Id. at

1148.

     In this case, U.S. Customs inspectors uncovered numerous

facts raising the suspicion that the Smiths were involved in

narcotics smuggling.    First, the Smiths took a cruise bound for

Jamaica.    At the suppression hearing, Inspector Powell testified

that Jamaica is a transit point for Colombian cocaine and heroin

bound for the United States.     Inspector Powell also indicated

that Jamaica is a source country for “quite a bit” of marijuana

that comes into the United States.      Second, Keisha Smith traveled



                                    8
by air to Jamaica just four months before she took the cruise

that stopped in Jamaica.   Inspector Powell noted that frequent

trips to the same source or transit country within a short period

of time are unusual.   Third, although an “overwhelming majority”

of cruise passengers buy their tickets with some type of credit

instrument, the Smiths purchased their cruise tickets with cash.

Inspector Powell testified that such behavior is typical of

narcotics smugglers attempting to “hide a financial trail.”

     Fourth, the Smiths bought their tickets just over two weeks

before the date of departure.   Most cruise passengers purchase

tickets well in advance to allow for sufficient planning.

According to Inspector Powell, the Smiths’ “late or last-minute

booking” is consistent with narcotics smuggling because the

narcotics business “is a very fluid business – business plans

aren’t set firm.”   Fifth, Jesse Smith had an “extensive criminal

history” that included “arrests and convictions” and was on

parole at the time of the cruise.    Because foreign travel is

generally a violation of parole, Inspector Powell surmised that

Jesse Smith’s purpose in taking the cruise “must have been pretty

significant, which could have been narcotics smuggling.”    Sixth,

just before docking in Montego Bay, the Smiths placed an unusual

“shoreside” call or calls costing $142.50 to a single number in

Jamaica.   Inspector Powell felt the call was “very significant”




                                 9
and was possibly “a contact with a provider of narcotics

shoreside.”11

     Finally, Inspector Powell argues that the Smiths’ “sign and

sail” account raises suspicion.    Before docking in Montego Bay,

Jamaica, the account “showed a consistent pattern of behavior”

similar to that of most cruise passengers.   The “sign and sail”

account documented that the Smiths purchased drinks from various

bars throughout the ship at regular intervals.   After leaving

Montego Bay, the Smiths’ “sign and sail” account showed no

further activity, suggesting to inspectors that the Smiths

remained in their room for the duration of the cruise.   In cross-

examination, Inspector Powell admitted that after leaving Montego

Bay, the balance in the Smiths’ “sign and sail” account had

dropped to zero.   The district court states that this fact is

“devastating to the Government’s position” because “the most

likely inference [is] that all activity ceased on the account

after September 20th because the deposited funds were exhausted.”

Smith, 2000 WL 1838708, *3.   We must draw all reasonable

inferences in favor of the Smiths, and the zero balance on the

account reasonably explains the lack of further activity on that

account.   Thus, the fact that account activity ceased after

leaving Jamaica does not raise any suspicion and does not support

our conclusion of reasonable suspicion.   However, because the

     11
        The U.S. Customs inspectors never attempted to ascertain
to whom the call or calls were made.

                                  10
inspectors would have had reasonable suspicion even if the Smiths

had continued normal use of the “sign and sail” account for the

duration of the cruise, we do not find the zero balance

“devastating to the Government’s position.”

     In United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1 (1989), the Supreme

Court confronted facts similar to those in the instant case.           In

Sokolow, the defendant and his accomplice made a round-trip

flight to Miami from Honolulu with tickets purchased the same day

of the flight.      Id. at 4.      After the defendant paid $2100 for the

two tickets from a roll of $20 bills, the airline ticket agent

notified the Honolulu Police Department of the suspicious

transaction.      Id.   Further investigation revealed that the

defendant traveled under a name that did not match the name under

which his telephone number was listed, that he stayed in Miami

for only forty-eight hours, that he appeared nervous during his

trip, and that he and his companion did not check any of their

luggage.   Id. at 3.     These facts, coupled with the knowledge that

Miami is a source city for illicit drugs, led Drug Enforcement

Administration agents to search the defendant’s luggage when he

returned to Honolulu.        Id.    The search yielded 1063 grams of

cocaine.   Id.    Reversing the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court

found that although “[a]ny one of these factors is not by itself

proof of any illegal conduct and is quite consistent with

innocent travel[,] . . . taken together they amount to reasonable

suspicion.”      Id. at 9.

                                       11
     Several of the suspicious facts in this case mirror those

involved in Sokolow, including the Smiths’ last-minute purchase

of cruise tickets with cash and the notoriety of their Jamaican

destination as a narcotics source.    Although each action taken by

the Smiths, standing alone, could be consistent with innocent

behavior, all of the actions taken together justified Inspector

Powell’s “very strong suspicion” that the Smiths were involved in

narcotics smuggling.   Inspector Powell also based his conclusions

upon nine months of similar work.    The Supreme Court has noted

that a trained investigator may be “able to perceive and

articulate meaning in given conduct which would be wholly

innocent to the untrained observer.”    Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S.

47, 52 n.2 (1979).   Thus, Inspector Powell’s experience with

locating narcotics on cruise ships further substantiates his

suspicions.

     For these reasons, we find that the totality of the

circumstances in this case creates a reasonable suspicion of

criminal activity.   Thus, assuming arguendo that reasonable

suspicion was required, the search of the Smiths’ cabin was

valid.   The district court’s suppression of all evidence seized

pursuant to the search was erroneous.




                                12
V.   Conclusion




       13
     We REVERSE the district court’s ruling granting the Smiths’

motion to suppress the evidence and REMAND for further

proceedings.

     Benavides, Circuit Judge, concurs in the judgment only.




                               14
