                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          SEP 17 1999

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 99-3013
 v.                                              (D.C. No. 95-20087-GTV)
                                                         (Kansas)
 ROBERT W. GREENWOOD,

          Defendant-Appellant.




                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, BALDOCK and HENRY, Circuit Judges.


      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Robert W. Greenwood appeals pro se the denial of his motion for a writ of

habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, in which he alleged that he was

      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
improperly charged under a federal statute for conduct unrelated to interstate

commerce. We affirm.

      Mr. Greenwood entered a guilty plea to possession of eighty-seven pounds

of ephedrine with the intent to manufacture methamphetamine in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 841(d). On June 20, 1996, he was sentenced to a term of incarceration

of 120 months. He did not directly appeal his conviction and it became final on

June 30, 1996. On July 10, 1998, Mr. Greenwood filed his section 2255 motion

for habeas corpus relief, arguing that the indictment was insufficient because it

failed to include as a jurisdictional element a finding of interstate commerce, and

that as a matter of fact, his conduct was limited to Kansas and had no nexus to

interstate commerce. The district court denied the motion on its merits, but later,

in response to Mr. Greenwood’s motion to supplement and reconsider, the court

revisited its earlier order and denied the motion as untimely under the one-year

statute of limitations in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act,

AEDPA. Mr. Greenwood appeals and we affirm. 1

      On appeal, Mr. Greenwood challenges the sufficiency of his indictment.

“[T]he legal sufficiency of an indictment may be challenged at any time.” United

States v. Sullivan, 919 F.2d 1403, 1410 n.5 (10th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted).



      1
        Because we resolve this appeal on the merits, we do not decide whether
the provisions of AEDPA apply.

                                         -2-
We review the sufficiency of an indictment de novo. See United States v.

Dashney, 117 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir. 1997); United States v. Kunzman, 54

F.3d 1522, 1526 (10th Cir.1995). “An indictment is sufficient if it contains the

elements of the offense and apprises the defendant of the charges he must meet.”

Kunzman, 54 F.3d at 1526.

      In the instant case, Mr. Greenwood contends interstate commerce is an

element that must be included in an indictment for a charge under section 841(d)

and that the failure to include this element is a jurisdictional defect warranting a

vacateur or a remand. We disagree. In United States v. Janus Ind., 48 F.3d 1548

(10th Cir. 1995), we expressly recognized that drug trafficking laws under 21

U.S.C. §§ 801 et. seq. require no interstate commerce element because these laws

regulated a class of intrastate activities that per se affect interstate commerce. 48

F.3d at 1556 (“[I]ntrastate sales of drug paraphernalia are part of this properly

regulated class” of activities which require no proof of a nexus between the

activity and interstate commerce.).

      We have also recently rejected an analogous argument with respect to 21

U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), see United States v. Wacker, 72 F.3d 1453, 1475 (10th Cir.

1995), and that holding is equally applicable to section 841(d). In Wacker, we

distinguished United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 560 (1995), which was

decided after Janus, pointing out that “the conduct regulated by [section 841]


                                          -3-
clearly implicates interstate commerce, and Congress made explicit findings

explaining the conduct’s ‘substantial and direct effect upon interstate

commerce.’” Id. (quoting 21 U.S.C. § 801(3)-(6)).

      Accordingly, Mr. Greenwood has failed to make “a substantial showing of

the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. S 2253(c)(2). For this reason, we

deny a certificate of appealability and dismiss the appeal.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                       Stephanie K. Seymour
                                       Chief Judge




                                         -4-
