Darryl Nichols v. State of Maryland, No. 8, September Term, 2018

LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE – MARYLAND RULE 4-345(a) – MD. CODE
ANN., CRIM. LAW (2002, 2012 REPL. VOL.) § 1-202 – MAXIMUM SENTENCE
FOR CONSPIRACY – MD. CODE ANN., CTS. & JUD. PROC. (1974, 2013 REPL.
VOL.) § 12-702(b) – AGGREGATE SENTENCE – Court of Appeals held that law of
case doctrine does not bar trial court from considering under Maryland Rule 4-345(a) issue
as to sentence’s legality that appellate court has not resolved.

Court of Appeals held that, under Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002, 2012 Repl. Vol.) § 1-
202—which provides that punishment of person who is convicted of conspiracy may not
exceed maximum punishment for crime that person conspired to commit—where
defendant is convicted of both crime and conspiracy to commit that crime, trial court cannot
impose for conspiracy sentence that exceeds sentence that trial court imposed for crime
that person conspired to commit.

Court of Appeals held that, for purposes of Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. (1974, 2013
Repl. Vol.) § 12-702(b)—which states that, generally, on remand, trial court “may not
impose [] sentence more severe than [] sentence previously imposed for [] offense”—
aggregate sentence of certain number of years of imprisonment is more severe than
sentence of life imprisonment, with all but lower number of years suspended.
                                   Circuit Court for Baltimore City
                                   Case Nos. 112333013, 112333014, 112333015

                                   Argued: September 6, 2018
                                                                                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                       No. 8

                                                                                            September Term, 2018
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                               DARRYL NICHOLS

                                                                                                         v.

                                                                                          STATE OF MARYLAND
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                                Barbera, C.J.
                                                                                                Greene
                                                                                                *Adkins
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
                                                                                                McDonald
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document " authentic.                 Watts
                                                                                                Hotten
                                                                                                Getty,

                                                                                                  JJ.
Suzanne C. Johnson, Acting Clerk

                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                             Opinion by Watts, J.
                                                                                  ______________________________________
                     2018-11-07 11:57-05:00
                                                                                                Filed: November 7, 2018


                                                                                  *Adkins, J., now retired, participated in the
                                                                                  hearing and conference of this case while an
                                                                                  active member of this Court; after being recalled
                                                                                  pursuant to the MD. Constitution, Article IV,
                                                                                  Section 3A, she also participated in the decision
                                                                                  and adoption of this opinion.
       Under the law of the case doctrine, “a decision [that is] rendered in a [prior] appeal

. . . is binding in a later appeal.” Law of the Case, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).

In other words, once an appellate court

       has ruled upon a question [that is] properly presented [in] an appeal[—]or, if
       the ruling [is] contrary to a question that could have been raised and argued
       in that appeal on the then[-existing] state of the record[—]such a ruling
       becomes the law of the case[,] and is binding on the [parties, the appellate
       court,] and [lower] courts alike, unless changed . . . , and neither the questions
       [that were] decided[,] nor the ones that could have been raised and decided[,]
       are available to be raised in a subsequent appeal.

Dep’t of Pub. Safety & Corr. Servs. v. Doe, 439 Md. 201, 216-17, 94 A.3d 791, 800 (2014)

(cleaned up). The law of the case doctrine’s “purpose is to prevent piecemeal litigation[;]

without it[,] any party . . . could institute as many successive appeals as . . . his [or her]

imagination could produce new reasons to assign as to why his [or her] side . . . should

prevail, and the litigation would never terminate.” Dabbs v. Anne Arundel Cty., 458 Md.

331, 345 n.15, 182 A.3d 798, 806 n.15 (2018) (cleaned up).

       In this case, a defendant unsuccessfully challenged a sentence for conspiracy to

commit false imprisonment in an appeal, then challenged the sentence and sought

resentencing on the count on a different ground at a resentencing proceeding. We must

determine, among other issues, whether the law of the case doctrine barred the trial court

from considering the defendant’s new challenge to the sentence for conspiracy to commit

false imprisonment.

       In the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, the State, Respondent/Cross-Petitioner,

charged Darryl Nichols, Petitioner/Cross-Respondent, with multiple crimes. After Nichols

was convicted, the circuit court sentenced him to: life imprisonment, with all but fifty years
suspended, for first-degree felony murder; life imprisonment, with all but fifty concurrent

years suspended, for false imprisonment; fifty concurrent years of imprisonment for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment; five concurrent years of imprisonment for

extortion; five concurrent years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit extortion;

followed by five years of supervised probation.        Thus, Nichols’s original aggregate

sentence was life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, followed by five years

of supervised probation.

       Nichols appealed. The Court of Special Appeals vacated Nichols’s life sentence,

with all but fifty years suspended, for false imprisonment, holding that, under this case’s

circumstances, the maximum sentence for false imprisonment was thirty years of

imprisonment. See Darryl Nichols v. State, No. 169, Sept. Term, 2014, 2016 WL 1622079,

at *5 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Feb. 4, 2016).1 The Court of Special Appeals also vacated

Nichols’s convictions for first-degree felony murder and conspiracy to commit extortion,



       1
         False imprisonment is a common law crime for which no statute prescribes a
maximum sentence. See Cathcart v. State, 169 Md. App. 379, 386 n.5, 901 A.2d 262, 266
n.5 (2006), vacated on other grounds, 397 Md. 320, 916 A.2d 1008 (2007). Thus,
generally, a trial court may impose for false imprisonment any sentence that is not cruel
and unusual. See Alford v. State, 202 Md. App. 582, 596, 33 A.3d 1004, 1012 (2011).
That said, false imprisonment is a lesser-included offense of kidnapping. See Cathcart,
169 Md. App. at 388, 901 A.2d at 268. Where a defendant is charged with a lesser-included
offense and a greater offense based on the same conduct, and is convicted only of the lesser-
included offense, the trial court cannot impose a sentence that exceeds the maximum
sentence for the greater offense. See Dixon v. State, 364 Md. 209, 233-34, 772 A.2d 283,
297 (2001). Thus, where, as here, a defendant is charged with both kidnapping and false
imprisonment based on the same conduct, and is convicted only of false imprisonment, a
trial court cannot impose a sentence that exceeds the maximum sentence for kidnapping—
which is thirty years of imprisonment. See Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002, 2012 Repl.
Vol.) § 3-502(b).

                                          -2-
affirmed the rest of his convictions and sentences, and remanded for resentencing as to

false imprisonment. See Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *6. The Court of Special Appeals

rejected Nichols’s contention that his sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment must be vacated because conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is a

lesser-included offense of conspiracy to commit kidnapping. See id. at *5 n.5.

       At a resentencing proceeding, Nichols’s counsel challenged his sentence for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment on a different ground—namely, that his sentence

for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment violated Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002,

2012 Repl. Vol.) (“CR”) § 1-202, which states: “The punishment of a person who is

convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the maximum punishment for the crime that the

person conspired to commit.” Nichols’s counsel contended that, under CR § 1-202, given

that Nichols’s sentence for false imprisonment could not exceed thirty years, neither could

his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment.

       The circuit court reasoned, however, that it lacked the authority to resentence

Nichols for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment, as the Court of Special Appeals had

remanded for resentencing only as to false imprisonment. The circuit court resentenced

Nichols to thirty years of imprisonment for false imprisonment, consecutive to the existing

fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. Nichols’s new aggregate

sentence was eighty years of imprisonment. Nichols’s counsel argued that, by making

Nichols’s new sentence for false imprisonment consecutive to the existing sentence for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment, the circuit court had impermissibly increased

his aggregate sentence above the original aggregate sentence of life imprisonment with all


                                         -3-
but fifty years suspended. The circuit court was unpersuaded.

       For comparison of Nichols’s original sentences to the status of his sentences after

the resentencing proceeding, we set forth the following table:

                                                            Status After Resentencing
      Crime:                 Original Sentence:
                                                                   Proceeding:
    First-degree        Life imprisonment, with all but
                                                             N/A (conviction vacated)
   felony murder              fifty years suspended
        False           Life imprisonment, with all but     Thirty consecutive years of
   imprisonment        fifty concurrent years suspended            imprisonment
   Conspiracy to
                           Fifty concurrent years of
    commit false                                            Fifty years of imprisonment
                                 imprisonment
   imprisonment
                            Five concurrent years of
     Extortion                                                Remained the same
                                 imprisonment
  Conspiracy to             Five concurrent years of
                                                           N/A (conviction vacated)
 commit extortion                imprisonment
                        Life imprisonment, with all but
    Aggregate
                      fifty years suspended, followed by Eighty years of imprisonment
    sentence:
                      five years of supervised probation

       Nichols appealed again. The Court of Special Appeals determined that the law of

the case doctrine barred the circuit court from considering Nichols’s second challenge to

his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. See Darryl Nichols v. State,

No. 1277, Sept. Term, 2016, 2017 WL 6492681, at *3 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Dec. 19, 2017).

But, the Court of Special Appeals agreed with Nichols that, under Md. Code Ann., Cts. &

Jud. Proc. (1974, 2013 Repl. Vol.) (“CJ”) § 12-702(b)—which states that, generally, on

remand, a trial court “may not impose a sentence more severe than the sentence previously

imposed for the offense”—the circuit court had impermissibly increased his aggregate

sentence by making his new sentence for false imprisonment consecutive to his existing

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment for a total of eighty years of active



                                         -4-
incarceration. See Nichols, 2017 WL 6492681, at *6. The Court of Special Appeals

vacated Nichols’s sentence for false imprisonment, affirmed in all other respects, and

remanded with instructions to impose a new sentence for false imprisonment that would

not result in a new aggregate sentence of more than fifty years of active incarceration. See

id.

       Before us, Nichols contends that the Court of Special Appeals erred in concluding

that the law of the case doctrine barred the circuit court from considering at the

resentencing proceeding his second challenge to his sentence for conspiracy to commit

false imprisonment. Nichols argues that his fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit

false imprisonment violates CR § 1-202 because it exceeds the thirty-year maximum

sentence that he received for false imprisonment. The State disagrees with Nichols, and

asserts that the Court of Special Appeals erred in determining that the circuit court had

impermissibly increased Nichols’s sentence by imposing a new aggregate sentence of

eighty years of imprisonment where Nichols had been originally sentenced to life

imprisonment with all but fifty years suspended.

       Below, in Part I, consistent with existing case law, we hold that the law of the case

doctrine does not bar a trial court from considering under Maryland Rule 4-345(a) an issue

as to a sentence’s legality that an appellate court has not resolved. Here, the Court of

Special Appeals erred in concluding that the law of the case doctrine barred the circuit

court from considering Nichols’s second challenge to his sentence for conspiracy to

commit false imprisonment, as the Court of Special Appeals did not resolve that challenge

in the first appeal.


                                          -5-
       In Part II, addressing the merits of that challenge, we hold that, under CR § 1-202,

where a defendant is convicted of both a crime and conspiracy to commit that crime, a trial

court cannot impose for the conspiracy a sentence that exceeds the maximum sentence that

the trial court imposed for the crime that the person conspired to commit. The plain

language of CR § 1-202 requires this result. And, although there is no ambiguity as to CR

§ 1-202’s language, its legislative history confirms the General Assembly’s intent that a

defendant’s punishment for conspiracy to commit a crime not exceed the punishment that

the defendant received for the crime that the defendant conspired to commit. Here, given

that the circuit court sentenced Nichols to thirty years of imprisonment for false

imprisonment, the circuit court could not impose a sentence of more than thirty years of

imprisonment for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment.

       In Part III, we hold that, under CJ § 12-702(b), an aggregate sentence of a certain

number of years of imprisonment is more severe than a sentence of life imprisonment, with

all but a lower number of years suspended. Here, given that Nichols’s original aggregate

sentence was life imprisonment with all but fifty years suspended, followed by five years

of supervised probation, the circuit court impermissibly increased his aggregate sentence

at the resentencing proceeding by imposing a thirty-year sentence for false imprisonment

consecutive to the fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment, for a

new aggregate sentence of eighty years of imprisonment.

       In Part IV, we grant the State’s request to vacate all of Nichols’s sentences, and to

remand for resentencing as to the remaining convictions.




                                          -6-
                                     BACKGROUND

                             Charges and Underlying Events

       In the circuit court, the State charged Nichols with first-degree murder, kidnapping,

false imprisonment, extortion, and conspiracy to commit each of these crimes. The

indictments identified Nichols’s co-conspirators as Donta Vaughn and Sherelle Ferguson,

and identified the victim as Eric Pendergrass.

       At trial, as a witness for the State, Wayne Price testified that, in late January 2009,

he, Vaughn, Ferguson, and a friend whom he knew as “Ty,” met and discussed ways to try

to make $50,000. Subsequently, Price, Ty, Vaughn, Ferguson, and Nichols met. At that

meeting, Vaughn proposed a plan “to grab” an acquaintance of his, obtain money from the

acquaintance’s “girl[,]” and then kill the acquaintance. Price said that he wanted no part

of the plan and left.

       As a witness for the State, Tiara Felder testified that Pendergrass had been her

boyfriend and roommate. On February 1, 2009, between 12 a.m. and 1 a.m., Pendergrass

telephoned Felder and told her to go to a closet, get a bag, and take it to his mother’s house.

Felder got the bag, looked inside, and saw cash, which she estimated to be $15,000. After

Felder arrived at Pendergrass’s mother’s house, someone knocked on the door.

Pendergrass’s cousin answered the door, and Felder saw a woman outside. The woman

said that she was there for Pendergrass. Felder gave the bag of cash to the woman. On

February 1 or 2, 2009, Felder received a text message from a phone number that she did

not recognize. For approximately two or three days, Felder exchanged text messages with

the unknown number. As a result of the text messages, Felder took another bag, containing


                                           -7-
between $25,000 and $30,000 in cash, to a certain location. Afterward, Felder learned that

Pendergrass had been killed.

                    Verdicts, Original Sentences, and First Appeal

       A jury found Nichols guilty of first-degree felony murder, false imprisonment,

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment, extortion, and conspiracy to commit extortion.2

The circuit court sentenced Nichols to: life imprisonment, with all but fifty years

suspended, for first-degree felony murder; life imprisonment, with all but fifty concurrent

years suspended, for false imprisonment; fifty concurrent years of imprisonment for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment; five concurrent years of imprisonment for

extortion; five concurrent years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit extortion;

followed by five years of supervised probation. Nichols’s original aggregate sentence was

life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, followed by five years of supervised

probation.

       Nichols appealed. On October 13, 2015, the Court of Special Appeals: vacated

Nichols’s conviction for first-degree felony murder, his sentence for conspiracy to commit

extortion,3 and his sentence for false imprisonment; affirmed the balance of Nichols’s


       2
          The jury found Nichols not guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, conspiracy
to commit first-degree murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit kidnapping.
        3
          As to Nichols’s conviction for first-degree felony murder, the Court of Special
Appeals held that, because it was based on extortion, which is not a crime that can support
first-degree felony murder, the conviction must be vacated. See Darryl Nichols v. State,
No. 0169, Sept. Term, 2014, 2015 WL 5944381, at *3 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Oct. 13, 2015).
The Court of Special Appeals vacated Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit
extortion because the circuit court had also sentenced him for conspiracy to commit false
imprisonment, and the Court of Special Appeals concluded that a trial court may impose
(Continued...)

                                         -8-
convictions and sentences; and remanded for resentencing as to false imprisonment with

instructions not to impose a sentence that exceeded thirty years of imprisonment. See

Darryl Nichols v. State, No. 0169, Sept. Term, 2014, 2015 WL 5944381, at *6 (Md. Ct.

Spec. App. Oct. 13, 2015). The Court of Special Appeals held that the circuit court erred

in sentencing Nichols to life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, for false

imprisonment, as, under this case’s circumstances, the maximum sentence for false

imprisonment was thirty years of imprisonment. See id. at *5-6. Before the Court of

Special Appeals, Nichols contended that conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is a

lesser-included offense of kidnapping. See id. at *5. The Court of Special Appeals rejected

this contention, as each crime includes an element that the other does not. See id.

Specifically, one element of kidnapping is that the defendant transports the victim to

another place, while conspiracy to commit false imprisonment does not include this

element. See id. One element of conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is that the

defendant agreed with at least one other person to commit the crime of false imprisonment,

while kidnapping lacks this element. See id.

       Nichols moved for reconsideration. On February 4, 2016, the Court of Special

Appeals issued a superseding opinion that was identical to the original one, except that, in

the new opinion: two footnotes were added to address the motion for reconsideration;

typographical errors were fixed; and the Court vacated not only Nichols’s sentence, but

also his conviction, for conspiracy to commit extortion. Compare Nichols, 2015 WL


only one sentence for a common law conspiracy, regardless of how many crimes the
defendant agreed to commit. See id. at *5-6.

                                          -9-
5944381, with Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *4 n.4, *5 n.5, *6.

                                Resentencing Proceeding

       On August 18, 2016, the circuit court conducted a resentencing proceeding. At the

proceeding, Nichols’s counsel asked the circuit court “to consider [an issue] that the Court

of Special Appeals [had] not consider[ed.]” Nichols’s counsel advised that CR § 1-202

states: “The punishment of a person who is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the

maximum punishment for the crime that the person conspired to commit.” Nichols’s

counsel pointed out that the Court of Special Appeals had held that, under this case’s

circumstances, the maximum sentence for false imprisonment was thirty years of

imprisonment. See Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *4-5. Nichols’s counsel contended

that, accordingly, the sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could not

exceed thirty years of imprisonment. Nichols’s counsel acknowledged that Nichols had

not raised, and the Court of Special Appeals had not addressed, the issue of whether his

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could exceed the maximum sentence

for false imprisonment.

       The prosecutor responded that the Court of Special Appeals had affirmed Nichols’s

conviction and sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. The prosecutor

contended that, if the Court of Special Appeals had intended for Nichols’s sentence for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment to be capped at thirty years of imprisonment, it

would have stated as much.

       The circuit court concluded that it lacked the authority to resentence Nichols for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. The circuit court observed that the Court of


                                         - 10 -
Special Appeals had remanded only for resentencing as to certain of Nichols’s convictions,

which did not include his conviction for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. The

circuit court stated that the only issues that were before it were the ones that the Court of

Special Appeals had addressed. The circuit court observed that it was conducting a

resentencing proceeding, not a hearing on a motion to modify a sentence.

       The circuit court resentenced Nichols to thirty years of imprisonment for false

imprisonment.     The circuit court made Nichols’s new thirty-year sentence for false

imprisonment consecutive to his existing fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment, making his new aggregate sentence eighty years of imprisonment.

Nichols’s counsel noted that his original sentence for false imprisonment had been

concurrent to his sentence of life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, for first-

degree felony murder, and contended that the circuit court had impermissibly increased his

aggregate sentence by imposing an aggregate sentence of eighty years of imprisonment—

i.e., by making his new sentence for false imprisonment consecutive to his existing

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment. The circuit court did not agree.

                Opinion of the Court of Special Appeals in This Appeal

       Nichols appealed again. On December 19, 2017, the Court of Special Appeals

vacated Nichols’s sentence for false imprisonment, affirmed in all other respects, and

remanded for resentencing as to false imprisonment. See Nichols, 2017 WL 6492681, at

*6. The Court of Special Appeals held that the law of the case doctrine prevented Nichols

from challenging the sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment on the ground

that his sentence exceeded the maximum sentence for false imprisonment. See id. at *4.


                                          - 11 -
The Court explained that the law of the case doctrine applied because the issue as to

Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could have been raised or

decided in the first appeal. See id. at *3.

       The Court of Special Appeals concluded that, under CJ § 12-702(b), the circuit court

had impermissibly increased Nichols’s aggregate sentence by imposing an active eighty-

year sentence of incarceration. See id. at *6. The Court of Special Appeals remanded for

resentencing with instructions not to impose a new sentence for false imprisonment that

would result in an aggregate sentence of more than fifty active years of imprisonment. See

id.

            Petition for a Writ of Certiorari and Conditional Cross-Petition

       On February 7, 2018, Nichols petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising the

following issue: “Whether, despite Maryland Rule 4-345[(a)]’s provision that a court may

correct an illegal sentence at any time, the law of the case doctrine may bar a claim of an

illegal sentence for failure to properly raise the issue on appeal?” On February 21, 2018,

the State conditionally cross-petitioned for a writ of certiorari, raising the following issue:

“Is Nichols’s total sentence of 80 years of imprisonment, which was imposed at

resentencing, not an illegal increase from his previous total sentence of life with all but 50

years suspended?” On April 9, 2018, this Court granted the petition and the conditional

cross-petition. See Nichols v. State, 458 Md. 580, 183 A.3d 156 (2018).




                                          - 12 -
                                      DISCUSSION

                            I. The Law of the Case Doctrine

                                The Parties’ Contentions

       Nichols contends that the Court of Special Appeals erred in holding that the law of

the case doctrine barred the circuit court from considering the issue of whether his sentence

for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence because it exceeds the

maximum sentence for false imprisonment. Nichols argues that the law of the case doctrine

does not apply because the Court of Special Appeals did not decide that issue in the first

appeal. Nichols asserts that, under Maryland Rule 4-345(a), a court may review an

inherently illegal sentence at any time. Nichols maintains that his sentence for conspiracy

to commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence because it violates CR § 1-202, which

prohibits a sentence for conspiracy from exceeding the maximum sentence for the crime

that the defendant conspired to commit.

       The State responds that the law of the case doctrine precluded Nichols from arguing

that his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence. The

State contends that the argument that Nichols pursued in the first appeal was the same as

the argument that he pursued at the resentencing proceeding—namely, that his sentence

for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence because it was subject

to the thirty-year maximum sentence for false imprisonment. The State argues that, at the

resentencing proceeding, Nichols did not raise a new issue, and instead simply relied on

CR § 1-202 as additional support for the argument that he had made in the first appeal. The

State asserts that, although a defendant may raise the issue of a sentence’s legality at any


                                          - 13 -
time under Maryland Rule 4-345(a), that does not mean that the defendant may re-raise an

issue as to a sentence that an appellate court has resolved.

                                   Standard of Review

       An appellate court reviews without deference a lower court’s conclusion as to

whether the law of the case doctrine applies. See Balt. Cty. v. Fraternal Order of Police,

Balt. Cty. Lodge No. 4, 449 Md. 713, 731, 144 A.3d 1213, 1224 (2016).

                Maryland Rule 4-345(a) and the Law of the Case Doctrine

       Maryland Rule 4-345(a) states: “The court may correct an illegal sentence at any

time.” In Smith v. State, 453 Md. 561, 576, 162 A.3d 955, 964 (2017), this Court explained

where and how Maryland Rule 4-345(a) applies, stating:

       If a sentence is illegal within the meaning of [Maryland Rule 4-345(a)—]that
       is, the illegality inheres in the sentence itself[—]then the defendant may file
       a motion in the trial court to correct it, notwithstanding that[:] (1) no
       objection was made when the sentence was imposed, (2) the defendant
       purported to consent to it, or (3) the sentence was not challenged in a timely-
       filed direct appeal or at some other previous procedural juncture.

(Cleaned up).

       In Scott v. State, 379 Md. 170, 182-83, 840 A.2d 715, 722 (2004), this Court held

that Maryland Rule 4-345(a) does not “render[] the doctrine of law of the case inapplicable

to motions to correct an illegal sentence.” (Footnote omitted). In Scott, id. at 175, 840

A.2d at 718, a defendant filed a motion to correct an illegal sentence, contending that his

two sentences of life imprisonment were unlawful for different reasons. Specifically, the

defendant argued that his first sentence of life imprisonment was ambiguous because it was

unclear whether he would be eligible for parole. See id. at 176, 840 A.2d at 719. The



                                          - 14 -
defendant asserted that his second sentence of life imprisonment was ambiguous because

it was unclear whether it was meant to be consecutive to or concurrent with his first

sentence of life imprisonment. See id. at 177, 840 A.2d at 719. A trial judge denied the

motion to correct an illegal sentence. See id. at 176-77, 840 A.2d at 719.

       Years later, the defendant filed a second motion to correct an illegal sentence,

repeating his previous contentions and arguing that new parole guidelines rendered his

sentences of life imprisonment illegal. See id. at 179-80, 840 A.2d at 720. A second trial

judge denied the motion to correct an illegal sentence, noting that the first trial judge had

rejected the defendant’s previous contentions, and concluding that the new parole

guidelines did not render his sentences of life imprisonment illegal sentences. See id. at

180, 840 A.2d at 720-21. The defendant appealed, and the Court of Special Appeals

affirmed the second trial judge’s determination, holding that the law of the case doctrine

applies to a motion to correct an illegal sentence. See id. at 180-81, 840 A.2d at 721.

       Before this Court, the defendant contended that the Court of Special Appeals erred

in holding that the law of the case doctrine applies to a motion to correct an illegal sentence.

See id. at 181, 840 A.2d at 721. The defendant “argue[d] that, because [Maryland] Rule

4-345(a) allows a defendant to raise the illegality of a sentence at any time, it is

inappropriate to use the doctrine of law of the case to give preclusive effect to earlier orders

in a case denying relief.” Id. at 181, 840 A.2d at 721.

       This Court held that the Court of Special Appeals erred in applying the law of the

case doctrine—but not for the reason that the defendant contended. See id. at 182-83, 840

A.2d at 722. This Court explained that the law of the case doctrine does not apply to a trial


                                           - 15 -
court’s ruling; thus, in Scott, contrary to the Court of Special Appeals’s holding, the second

trial judge was free to either adopt, or decline to adopt, the first trial judge’s rejection of

the contentions that the defendant made in both motions to correct an illegal sentence. See

id. at 184-85, 840 A.2d at 723-24. This Court disagreed, however, with the defendant’s

argument that, under Maryland Rule 4-345(a), the law of the case doctrine does not apply

to a motion to correct an illegal sentence. See id. at 182-83, 840 A.2d at 722. This Court

explained the relationship between the law of the case doctrine and res judicata,4 as well

as the relationship between res judicata and Maryland Rule 4-345(a), as follows:

       The law of the case doctrine differs from res judicata in that it applies to court
       decisions [that are] made in the same, rather than a subsequent, case. . . .
       [B]ecause motions to correct an illegal sentence occur as part of the same
       criminal proceeding[,] and not a wholly independent action, . . . res judicata
       might apply if such a motion was considered to be a wholly independent
       action. . . . [H]owever, [] this is unlikely to occur because, although Maryland
       Rule 4-345(a) provides that “[t]he court may correct an illegal sentence at
       any time,” [Maryland Rule 4-345(a)] creates a limited exception to the
       general rule of finality by sanctioning a method of opening a judgment [that
       is] otherwise final and beyond the reach of the court. [Maryland] Rule 4-
       345(a) is a limited exception because it applies only to motions that occur as
       part of the same criminal proceeding.

Scott, 379 Md. at 182 n.6, 840 A.2d at 722 n.6 (cleaned up).

       In State v. Garnett, 172 Md. App. 558, 562-63, 916 A.2d 393, 395, cert. denied, 399

Md. 594, 925 A.2d 633 (2007), the Court of Special Appeals held that the law of the case

doctrine did not bar a trial court from considering a challenge to a sentence where the


       4
        Res judicata, which is also known as claim preclusion, is “[a]n affirmative defense
barring the same parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the same claim, or any other
claim arising from the same transaction or series of transactions and that could have been
— but was not — raised in the first suit.” Res Judicata, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.
2014).

                                           - 16 -
defendant had not raised the challenge in a prior appeal. In Garnett, 172 Md. App. at 560,

916 A.2d at 394, the defendant was found guilty but not criminally responsible of certain

crimes, and the trial court ordered restitution.       The State filed a Motion to Allow

Garnishment, which the defendant opposed on the ground that the order of restitution was

not a criminal sanction, and thus was dischargeable in a bankruptcy proceeding. See id. at

560, 916 A.2d at 394. The trial court denied the Motion to Allow Garnishment, and the

State appealed. See id. at 560, 916 A.2d at 394. This Court held that the trial court erred

in denying the Motion to Allow Garnishment because the order of restitution was a criminal

sanction, and was not dischargeable in a bankruptcy proceeding. See id. at 560, 916 A.2d

at 394.

          The defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss and to Correct Illegal Sentence, requesting

that the trial court dismiss the Motion to Allow Garnishment and vacate the order of

restitution on the ground that the defendant had been found guilty but not criminally

responsible. See id. at 560, 916 A.2d at 394. The trial court granted the Motion to Dismiss

and to Correct Illegal Sentence, and the State appealed again. See id. at 560, 916 A.2d at

394.

          Before the Court of Special Appeals, the State contended that the law of the case

doctrine barred the trial court from granting the Motion to Dismiss and to Correct Illegal

Sentence. See id. at 561, 916 A.2d at 394. The Court of Special Appeals disagreed,

observing that, in the first appeal, the defendant had not raised the issue of whether it was

permissible to impose a criminal sanction on a defendant who had been found guilty but

not criminally responsible. See id. at 562-63, 916 A.2d at 395. The Court of Special


                                           - 17 -
Appeals addressed the relationship between the law of the case doctrine and Maryland Rule

4-345(a), stating:

       [Maryland] Rule 4-345(a) permits a defendant to assert an “illegal sentence”
       argument that was not previously addressed by an appellate court.
       Obviously, the law of the case doctrine would prevent relitigation of an
       “illegal sentence” argument that has been presented to[,] and rejected by[,]
       an appellate court. . . . On the other hand, [Maryland] Rule 4-345(a) would
       be meaningless if the law of the case doctrine were extended to sentences
       that could have been—but were not—challenged as illegal [when a
       defendant] filed his or her first appellate brief in this Court.

Id. at 561-62, 916 A.2d at 395 (paragraph break omitted).

                                           Analysis

       Here, consistent with existing case law, we conclude that the law of the case doctrine

bars a trial court from considering under Maryland Rule 4-345(a) an issue as to the legality

of a sentence where an appellate court has previously resolved the same issue. The law of

the case doctrine does not, however, bar a trial court from considering under Maryland

Rule 4-345(a) an issue as to the legality of a sentence that an appellate court has not

resolved. In addition, the law of the case doctrine does not prohibit consideration of an

issue as to the legality of a sentence under Maryland Rule 4-345(a) where a defendant could

have raised, but failed to raise, the issue in a prior appeal.

       The law of the case doctrine bars a trial court from considering an issue as to a

sentence’s legality that an appellate court has resolved. Maryland Rule 4-345(a) allows a

defendant to raise a new issue as to a sentence’s legality at any time; Maryland Rule 4-

345(a) does not allow a defendant to re-raise an old issue as to a sentence’s legality. In

other words, “the law of the case doctrine [] prevent[s] relitigation of an ‘illegal sentence’



                                           - 18 -
argument that has been presented to[,] and rejected by[,] an appellate court.” Garnett, 172

Md. App. at 562, 916 A.2d at 395. As this Court held in Scott, 379 Md. at 183, 840 A.2d

at 722, Maryland Rule 4-345(a) does not render the law of the case doctrine inapplicable

to an issue as to a sentence’s legality.

       Turning to this case’s circumstances, to determine whether the law of the case

doctrine applies, we must ascertain whether, in the first appeal, the Court of Special

Appeals resolved the contention that Nichols raised at the resentencing proceeding. In

other words, we must determine whether, at the resentencing proceeding, Nichols raised a

new issue by contending that his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment

was an illegal sentence because it violated CR § 1-202. If, as Nichols argues, he raised a

new issue, then the Court of Special Appeals did not decide the issue in the first appeal,

and the law of the case doctrine did not bar the circuit court from considering the issue at

the resentencing proceeding. But, if, as the State asserts, Nichols did not raise a new

issue—and instead simply provided new support (namely, CR § 1-202) as to an issue that

he had already raised in the first appeal—then the Court of Special Appeals decided the

issue in the first appeal, and the law of the case doctrine barred the circuit court from

considering the new support as to the issue at the resentencing proceeding.

       To resolve the question of whether Nichols raised at the resentencing proceeding an

issue that he had not raised in the first appeal, we review his contentions in the first appeal

and at the resentencing proceeding. In his brief in the first appeal, Nichols listed multiple

questions presented, including: “Did the [circuit] court err by imposing sentences for false

imprisonment and conspiracy to commit false imprisonment that exceeded the statutory


                                           - 19 -
maximum penalty for the greater [] offense of kidnapping[, of] which [Nichols] was

acquitted?” Brief of Appellant, Darryl Nichols v. State, No. 169, Sept. Term, 2014 (Md.

Ct. Spec. App.), 2014 WL 7717632, at *3. Nichols contended that, where a defendant is

charged with a lesser-included offense and a greater offense based on the same conduct,

and is convicted only of the lesser-included offense, the trial court cannot impose a

sentence that exceeds the maximum sentence for the greater offense. See id. at *16.

Nichols argued that false imprisonment is a lesser-included offense of kidnapping, and that

his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could not exceed the maximum

penalty for conspiracy to kidnap, which is thirty years of imprisonment. See id. at *17-18.

       In its original opinion, the Court of Special Appeals rejected Nichols’s contention,

concluding that conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is not a lesser-included offense

of kidnapping because each crime has an element that the other does not. See Nichols,

2015 WL 5944381, at *5. Nichols filed a motion for reconsideration in which he contended

that conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is a lesser-included offense of conspiracy to

commit kidnapping. See Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *5 n.5. In its superseding opinion,

the Court of Special Appeals disagreed. See id. The Court of Special Appeals determined,

however, that a trial court may sentence a defendant for only one conspiracy based on the

same conduct, no matter how many crimes the defendant agreed to commit. See id. The

Court of Special Appeals vacated Nichols’s conviction and sentence for conspiracy to

commit extortion. See id. Thus, Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment was his only remaining sentence for conspiracy. See id.

       A review of the record demonstrates that an issue as to CR § 1-202 was not raised


                                         - 20 -
in Nichols’s brief in the first appeal, see Brief of Appellant, Nichols, 2014 WL 7717632,

the Court of Special Appeals’s original opinion, see Nichols, 2015 WL 5944381, or the

Court of Special Appeals’s superseding opinion, see Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079.

       At the resentencing proceeding, for the first time, Nichols’s counsel argued that the

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence under CR § 1-

202. Nichols’s counsel pointed out that CR § 1-202 states: “The punishment of a person

who is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the maximum punishment for the crime

that the person conspired to commit.” Nichols’s counsel noted that the Court of Special

Appeals had held that, under this case’s circumstances, the maximum sentence for false

imprisonment was thirty years of imprisonment. See Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *4-5.

Nichols’s counsel contended that, accordingly, his sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment could not exceed thirty years of imprisonment.

       We agree with Nichols that he raised a new issue at the resentencing proceeding. In

the first appeal, Nichols contended that his fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit

false imprisonment was illegal because it exceeded the thirty-year maximum sentence for

conspiracy to commit kidnapping, of which he was acquitted, and he argued that conspiracy

to commit false imprisonment was a lesser-included offense of conspiracy to commit

kidnapping. By contrast, at the resentencing proceeding, Nichols argued that his fifty-year

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment was illegal because it exceeded the

thirty-year maximum sentence for false imprisonment, and thus violated CR § 1-202.

Nichols’s arguments clearly raised different issues.

       We reject the State’s contention that, at the resentencing proceeding, Nichols simply


                                         - 21 -
provided new support—namely, CR § 1-202—as to an issue that he had already raised in

the first appeal. The State reasons that, both in the first appeal and at the resentencing

proceeding, Nichols contended that his sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment “was illegal because it was subject to the [thirty]-year cap [] on his sentence

for false imprisonment.” The State is mistaken. In the first appeal, Nichols argued that his

sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could not exceed the maximum

sentence for conspiracy to commit kidnapping—not that it could not exceed the maximum

sentence for false imprisonment. See Brief of Appellant, Nichols, 2014 WL 7717632, at

*17-18; Nichols, 2016 WL 1622079, at *5 n.5.

       At oral argument, the State contended that the law of the case doctrine bars

Nichols’s argument as to CR § 1-202 because, according to the State, Nichols could have

raised the argument in the first appeal but failed to do so. We note that this position

contradicts the State’s earlier contention that Nichols should be barred from raising CR §

1-202 because he argued a similar point during the first appeal by advocating for a sentence

of no more than thirty years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment.

Despite the variance in the State’s position, we are of the view that, notwithstanding the

law of the case doctrine, under Maryland Rule 4-345(a), a trial court may consider an issue

as to a sentence’s legality that a defendant could have raised, but failed to raise, in a prior

appeal. Maryland “Rule 4-345(a) would be rendered meaningless if the law of the case

doctrine were extended [to preclude challenges] to sentences that could have been—but

were not—challenged as illegal” when a defendant pursued his or her appeal in the Court

of Special Appeals. Garnett, 172 Md. App. at 562, 916 A.2d at 395. Moreover, it has been


                                          - 22 -
established that under Maryland Rule 4-345(a), a defendant may raise an issue as to a

sentence’s legality even if he or she did not raise the issue “in a timely-filed direct appeal

or at some other previous procedural juncture.” Smith, 453 Md. at 576, 162 A.3d at 964

(cleaned up).

       Under the circumstances of this case, the law of the case doctrine did not bar the

circuit court from considering the issue that Nichols raised at the resentencing proceeding.

Having determined that the issue of whether Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit

false imprisonment violated CR § 1-202 was properly before the circuit court—and, by

extension, is properly before this Court—we turn to the merits.

                                       II. CR § 1-202

                                 The Parties’ Contentions

       Nichols contends that his sentence of fifty years of imprisonment for conspiracy to

commit false imprisonment is an illegal sentence. Nichols points out that he was charged

with false imprisonment (a lesser-included offense) and kidnapping (a greater offense)

based on the same conduct. Nichols notes that, where a defendant is charged with a lesser-

included offense and a greater offense based on the same conduct, and is convicted only of

the lesser-included offense, the trial court cannot impose a sentence that exceeds the

maximum sentence for the greater offense. Nichols argues that, because the maximum

sentence for kidnapping is thirty years of imprisonment, see CR § 3-502(b), the circuit

court could not sentence him to more than thirty years of imprisonment for false

imprisonment. Nichols advises that CR § 1-202 states: “The punishment of a person who

is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the maximum punishment for the crime that the


                                          - 23 -
person conspired to commit.” Nichols asserts that, based on CR § 1-202, his sentence for

conspiracy to commit false imprisonment could not exceed his thirty-year sentence for

false imprisonment.

       The State responds that Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment is a legal sentence and that it did not exceed the maximum sentence for false

imprisonment. The State argues that false imprisonment is a common law crime for which

no statute prescribes a maximum sentence. The State asserts that, generally, a trial court

may impose any sentence for false imprisonment that is not cruel and unusual. The State

contends that, accordingly, a fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment does not exceed the maximum sentence for false imprisonment, and does

not violate CR § 1-202. The State maintains that, as used in CR § 1-202, the term

“maximum punishment” means the highest possible sentence for a crime, not the sentence

that a trial court imposed in a particular case. In other words, the State asserts that CR §

1-202 permits a sentence for a conspiracy to be up to the statutory maximum sentence, if

any, for the crime that the defendant conspired to commit.

                                   Standard of Review

       An appellate court reviews without deference the issue of whether a sentence is

illegal. See State v. Crawley, 455 Md. 52, 66, 166 A.3d 132, 140, reconsideration denied

(Aug. 23, 2017). “In interpreting a statute, a court first considers the statute’s language,

which the court applies where the statute’s language is unambiguous and clearly consistent

with the statute’s apparent purpose.” Hailes v. State, 442 Md. 488, 495, 113 A.3d 608, 612

(2015) (cleaned up).


                                         - 24 -
                              CR § 1-202 and Its Predecessors

       In 1927, the General Assembly enacted CR § 1-202’s earliest predecessor, Md.

Code Ann., Art. 27, § 43-A, which set the maximum sentence for any conspiracy at ten

years of imprisonment and/or a $2,000 fine. See 1927 Md. Laws 1306 (Ch. 651). Without

amending the statute, the General Assembly recodified it three times. First, as of 1939, the

statute had been recodified as Art. 27, § 42. Second, as of 1951, the statute had been

recodified as Art. 27, § 46. And third, as of 1957, the statute had been recodified as Art.

27, § 38.

       In Scarlett v. State, 201 Md. 310, 320-21, 93 A.2d 753, 757-58 (1953), this Court

held that, under Art. 27, § 46, a trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing a

defendant to seven years of imprisonment for conspiracy to violate a lottery law, even

though the maximum sentence for a first conviction of violating the lottery law was only

one year of imprisonment. This Court noted that the defendant’s seven-year sentence was

“considerably below the” ten-year maximum sentence under Art. 27, § 46. Id. at 320, 93

A.2d at 758. This Court was unpersuaded by the defendant’s reliance on a federal statute

under which, if a defendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit a misdemeanor, the

defendant’s sentence could not exceed the maximum sentence for the misdemeanor. See

id. at 320-21, 93 A.2d at 758. This Court stated: “Whether or not the proviso in the [federal

statute] has merit, the fact remains that [Art. 27, § 46] does not contain such a proviso.”

Id. at 321, 93 A.2d at 758.

       Eight years after this Court decided Scarlett, the General Assembly amended Art.

27, § 38 (Art. 27, § 46’s successor) to include language that was similar to the federal


                                         - 25 -
statute’s language. See 1961 Md. Laws 1185 (Ch. 691, H.B. 860). Specifically, in 1961,

the General Assembly eliminated the ten-year/$2,000 maximum sentence for any

conspiracy by amending Art. 27, § 38 to state: “The punishment of every person convicted

of the crime of conspiracy shall not exceed the maximum punishment provided for the

offense he or she conspired to commit.” Id.

       Seven years later, in State v. Michael, 2 Md. App. 750, 753, 237 A.2d 782, 784

(1968), the Court of Special Appeals discussed the General Assembly’s intent in amending

Art. 27, § 38 as follows:

       It seems obvious to us [that] the intention of the [General Assembly] was
       simply to avoid the effects of Scarlett[, 201 Md. at 320-21, 93 A.2d at 757-
       58,] which held that a[ defendant] could, in some cases, receive a much
       longer term for a conspiracy than for the completed crime [that] was the
       object of the conspiracy.

(Citation omitted). In Johnson v. State, 362 Md. 525, 533, 766 A.2d 93, 97 (2001), this

Court quoted, and did not dispute the accuracy of, the Court of Special Appeals’s

assessment in Michael, 2 Md. App. at 753, 237 A.2d at 784.

       In 2002, as part of the Code Revision, the General Assembly repealed Art. 27, § 38

and replaced it by enacting Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (2002) (“CR (2002)”) § 1-202,

which stated: “The punishment of a person who is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed

the maximum punishment for the crime that the person conspired to commit.” 2002 Md.

Laws 209 (Vol. I, Ch. 26, H.B. 11). CR (2002) § 1-202’s Revisor’s Note stated in pertinent

part: “The only changes are in style.” Id. Since 2002, the General Assembly has not

amended the statute.




                                        - 26 -
                                        Analysis

      Here, we conclude that, under CR § 1-202, where a defendant is convicted of both

a crime and conspiracy to commit that crime, a trial court may not impose for conspiracy

a sentence that exceeds the sentence that the trial court imposed for the crime that the

person conspired to commit. CR § 1-202’s plain language states: “The punishment of a

person who is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the maximum punishment for the

crime that the person conspired to commit.” A plain language analysis of CR § 1-202

warrants the stance that we reach. And, although CR § 1-202’s language is unambiguous,

we observe, as a confirmatory matter, that CR § 1-202’s legislative history requires the

same outcome. In other words, in enacting CR § 1-202, the General Assembly’s purpose

was to ensure that, in any given case, a defendant’s sentence for conspiracy to commit a

crime would not exceed the sentence that the defendant received for the crime that the

defendant conspired to commit.

      The State does not identify any case, and we know of none, after the 1961

amendment to Art. 27, § 38 in which a defendant was convicted of both a crime and

conspiracy to commit that crime, and an appellate court held that it was proper for the

sentence for conspiracy to exceed the sentence for the crime that the defendant conspired

to commit. Indeed, at oral argument, the Assistant Attorney General acknowledged that

she was unaware of the existence of such a case. Neither CR § 1-202 nor any other

Maryland authority supports the proposition that a sentence for conspiracy to commit a

crime may exceed the sentence for the crime that the defendant conspired to commit.

      Under the State’s position, where a defendant is convicted of conspiracy to commit


                                        - 27 -
a common law crime, such as false imprisonment, CR § 1-202 does not apply, and thus

would not set a cap on the sentence. Simply put, adopting the State’s position would lead

to unacceptable results, as this case’s circumstances demonstrate. After the resentencing

proceeding, Nichols’s sentence for false imprisonment was thirty years of imprisonment,

whereas his sentence for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment was fifty years of

imprisonment. If we adopted the State’s position, it would be permissible for Nichols to

have a fifty-year sentence for conspiracy, which is twenty years more than his thirty-year

sentence for actually committing the crime in question. This circumstance would be

inconsistent with the plain language of CR § 1-202 and would indicate that Nichols was

more culpable for agreeing to falsely imprison Pendergrass than for actually falsely

imprisoning him.

      We do not discern any ambiguity in the plain language of CR § 1-202. The statute’s

plain language requires the outcome that we reach. CR § 1-202 plainly states that the

punishment for a person who is convicted of conspiracy may not exceed the maximum

punishment for the crime that the person conspired to commit. CR § 1-202 uses the word

“punishment” rather than “sentence,” which is a strong indicator that CR § 1-202 refers to

the imprisonment or punishment that is actually imposed on a defendant. Additionally, CR

§ 1-202’s legislative history supports our conclusion. CR § 1-202’s predecessor, Art. 27,

§ 38, was amended after this Court’s holding in Scarlett, 201 Md. at 320-21, 93 A.2d at

757-58, which permitted a defendant’s sentence for conspiracy to exceed the punishment

for the underlying crime. In amending Art. 27, § 38, the General Assembly would

necessarily have been aware of Scarlett and purposely amended a statute to abrogate it.


                                        - 28 -
       Even if we perceived ambiguity in CR § 1-202’s language, and the legislative

history were not dispositive, the result would be the same. Where a statute is ambiguous,

and where the means of statutory interpretation fail to resolve the ambiguity, the rule of

lenity compels a court to resolve the ambiguity in the defendant’s favor. As this Court

explained in Oglesby v. State, 441 Md. 673, 681, 109 A.3d 1147, 1151-52 (2015):

               The “rule of lenity” is not a rule in the usual sense, but an aid for
       dealing with ambiguity in a criminal statute. Under the rule of lenity, a court
       [that is] confronted with an otherwise unresolvable ambiguity in a criminal
       statute that allows for two possible interpretations of the statute will opt for
       the construction that favors the defendant. For a court [that is] construing a
       statute, the rule of lenity is not a means for determining—or defeating—
       legislative intent. Rather, it is a tie-goes-to-the-runner device that the court
       may turn to when it despairs of fathoming how the General Assembly
       intended that the statute be applied in the particular circumstances. It is a
       tool of last resort, to be rarely deployed and applied only when all other tools
       of statutory construction fail to resolve an ambiguity. This follows from the
       fact that our goal in construing statutes is always to ascertain and carry out
       the legislative purpose of the statute and not to seek out an interpretation that
       necessarily favors one party or the other.

(Cleaned up).

       The State relies on two cases for the proposition that CR § 1-202 makes a sentencing

cap inapplicable to a sentence for conspiracy. The State brings to our attention that, in

Johnson, 362 Md. at 530, 766 A.2d at 96, this Court stated that CR § 1-202’s predecessor’s

“reference to the maximum sentence for the substantive or target offense means the basic

maximum sentence[,] and does not include any enhanced penalty provisions.” (Citations

omitted). And, in DeLeon v. State, 102 Md. App. 58, 71, 648 A.2d 1053, 1059 (1994), the

Court of Special Appeals stated that a statute that was similar to CR § 1-202’s predecessor,

concerning conspiracy to violate the controlled dangerous substances law, “contemplate[d]



                                          - 29 -
the ordinary maximum available for all who perpetrate the target crime[,] and [did] not

incorporate the enhanced penalty provisions [that were] available only for certain of those

perpetrators.”

       The State’s reasoning is faulty. Plainly, CR § 1-202 acts as a cap on sentencing

with respect to the punishment for a conspiracy offense exceeding the punishment for the

underlying crime. It is accurate that, in Johnson, 362 Md. at 530, 766 A.2d at 96, and

DeLeon, 102 Md. App. at 71, 648 A.2d at 1059, this Court and the Court of Special

Appeals, respectively, indicated that CR § 1-202’s predecessor and a similar statute

prevented a trial court from imposing an enhanced sentence for conspiracy. We do not

agree with the State, however, that the observation in Johnson and DeLeon that CR § 1-

202 and a similar statute set a cap on sentences for conspiracy by making enhanced

penalties inapplicable, means that, under CR § 1-202, a trial court is free to sentence a

defendant for conspiracy in excess of the punishment for the underlying crime.

       Based on the plain language of CR § 1-202 and its legislative history, we are

convinced that the circuit court erred in declining to resentence Nichols for conspiracy to

commit false imprisonment. We vacate Nichols’s fifty-year sentence for conspiracy to

commit false imprisonment, and remand with directions to resentence Nichols to no more

than thirty years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment.

                                   III. CJ § 12-702(b)

                                The Parties’ Contentions

       The State contends that the Court of Special Appeals erred in concluding that the

circuit court impermissibly increased Nichols’s aggregate sentence by imposing an


                                         - 30 -
aggregate sentence of eighty years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit false

imprisonment and false imprisonment.         The State observes that Nichols’s original

aggregate sentence was life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, followed by

five years of supervised probation. By contrast, after the resentencing proceeding, his

aggregate sentence was eighty years of imprisonment, with no sentence of life

imprisonment. The State points out that, if Nichols’s original aggregate sentence had

remained intact, the circuit court could have imposed a sentence of life imprisonment for a

violation of probation. The State argues that a sentence that includes a sentence of life

imprisonment, regardless of how much, if any, of the sentence has been suspended, is more

severe than a sentence that does not include a sentence of life imprisonment.

       Nichols responds that the circuit court impermissibly increased his sentence by

imposing a new aggregate sentence that included thirty more unsuspended years of

imprisonment than his original aggregate sentence. Nichols points out that, in the first

appeal, the Court of Special Appeals vacated his conviction and life sentence for first-

degree felony murder and vacated his life sentence for false imprisonment. Nichols

contends that the existence of the two original sentences of life imprisonment does not

justify an increase in the unsuspended portion of his sentence, as the circuit court lacked

the authority to impose his two original sentences of life imprisonment in the first place.

                                      CJ § 12-702(b)

       CJ § 12-702(b) states, in pertinent part:

       If an appellate court remands a criminal case to a lower court in order that
       the lower court may pronounce the proper . . . sentence, . . . the lower court
       may impose any sentence authorized by law to be imposed as punishment for


                                          - 31 -
       the offense. However, it may not impose a sentence more severe than the
       sentence previously imposed for the offense unless:

              (1) The reasons for the increased sentence affirmatively appear;

             (2) The reasons are based upon additional objective information
       concerning identifiable conduct on the part of the defendant; and

             (3) The factual data upon which the increased sentence is based
       appears as part of the record.

       In Twigg v. State, 447 Md. 1, 30, 133 A.3d 1125, 1142 (2016), this Court held that,

for CJ § 12-702(b)’s purposes, a trial court has “impose[d] a sentence more severe than the

sentence previously imposed” where the new aggregate sentence is higher than the original

aggregate sentence. In Twigg, id. at 5, 133 A.3d at 1128, a trial court sentenced a defendant

to: twenty years of imprisonment for second-degree rape; ten consecutive years of

imprisonment for third-degree sexual offense; ten consecutive years of imprisonment for

incest; and fifteen suspended years of imprisonment, and five years of probation, for child

abuse. The defendant’s original aggregate sentence was forty years of imprisonment, with

five years of probation. See id. at 5, 133 A.3d at 1128. The Court of Special Appeals

vacated the defendant’s sentences for second-degree rape, third-degree sexual offense, and

incest, determining that, for sentencing purposes, the trial court should have merged those

convictions with the conviction for child abuse. See id. at 9, 133 A.3d at 1130. The Court

of Special Appeals also vacated the defendant’s sentence for, and remanded for

resentencing as to, child abuse, explaining that the trial court was entitled to impose a new

aggregate sentence. See id. at 9, 133 A.3d at 1130. The Court of Special Appeals

determined that the trial court could resentence the defendant to the maximum sentence of



                                         - 32 -
fifteen years of imprisonment for child abuse, as, under that circumstance, the defendant’s

new aggregate sentence would not exceed the original aggregate sentence of forty years of

imprisonment. See id. at 9, 133 A.3d at 1130-31.

       This Court held that, for sentencing purposes, the trial court needed to merge only

the defendant’s conviction for second-degree rape with his conviction for child abuse; in

other words, the Court of Special Appeals erred in holding that, for sentencing purposes,

the trial court also needed to merge the defendant’s convictions for third-degree sexual

offense and incest with his conviction for child abuse. See id. at 18, 133 A.3d at 1136.

This Court concluded that the Court of Special Appeals acted within its authority, and did

not violate the Due Process Clause or the prohibition on double jeopardy, by vacating the

defendant’s sentence for child abuse and remanding for resentencing on all of the offenses

of conviction. See id. at 19, 133 A.3d at 1136.

       This Court rejected the defendant’s contention that CJ § 12-702(b) precluded the

trial court from resentencing him for child abuse because any term of imprisonment would

exceed his original entirely-suspended sentence for child abuse. See id. at 24, 133 A.3d at

1139. This Court determined that, as used in CJ § 12-702(b), the word “offense” does not

mean an individual crime for which a trial court sentences a defendant, and instead refers

to “the entirety of the sentencing package that takes into account each of the individual

crimes of which the defendant was found guilty.” Id. at 26-27, 133 A.3d at 1141. This

Court explained: “[A]fter an appellate court unwraps the [sentencing] package and removes

one or more charges from its confines, the sentencing judge, herself, is in the best position

to assess the effect of the withdrawal and to redefine the [sentencing] package’s size and


                                         - 33 -
shape (if, indeed, redefinition seems appropriate).” Id. at 28, 133 A.3d at 1141-42 (cleaned

up). This Court concluded that the trial court could resentence the defendant to up to the

maximum sentence of fifteen years of imprisonment for child abuse because that sentence,

combined with his ten-year sentence for third-degree sexual offense and his ten-year

sentence for incest, would make his new aggregate sentence thirty-five years of

imprisonment, which would not exceed his original aggregate sentence of forty years of

imprisonment. See id. at 30, 133 A.3d at 1142-43.

                                         Analysis

       Here, we conclude that, under CJ § 12-702(b), an aggregate sentence of a certain

number of years of imprisonment is more severe than a sentence of life imprisonment, with

all but a lower number of years suspended. Where a trial court imposes an aggregate

sentence of a certain number of years of imprisonment, the defendant is essentially

guaranteed to serve that term of imprisonment, barring a circumstance such as the grant of

parole. By contrast, where a trial court imposes a sentence of life imprisonment, with all

but a certain number of years suspended, it is impossible to know in advance whether the

defendant will serve only that term of years, or whether the defendant will serve a life

sentence based on a potential violation of probation. If the defendant finishes the term of

probation without violating any condition thereof, then the defendant will no longer be

subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. And, even if the defendant violates a condition

of probation, the defendant will not necessarily become subject to a sentence of life

imprisonment. A trial court may not “impose any sentence that might have originally been

imposed for the crime of which the probationer or defendant was convicted” unless the


                                         - 34 -
violation of a condition of probation is the defendant’s “fourth or subsequent technical

violation or a violation that is not a technical violation[.]” Md. Code Ann., Crim. Proc.

(2001, 2008 Repl. Vol., 2018 Supp.) (“CP”) § 6-223(d)(2)(ii). And, where the defendant

commits such a violation of probation, it is within the trial court’s discretion whether to

impose the full suspended portion of the sentence; CP § 6-223(d)(2)(ii) states that the trial

court “may” do so, not that the trial court “shall” do so.5 In short, where a trial court

imposes a sentence of life imprisonment, with all but a certain number of years suspended,

the defendant will not necessarily serve a sentence of life imprisonment. Thus, it cannot

be said that a sentence of life imprisonment, with all but a certain number of years

suspended, is more severe than an aggregate sentence of a greater number of years of

imprisonment.

       In sum, we conclude that, under CJ § 12-702(b), Nichols’s original aggregate

sentence—life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, followed by five years of

supervised probation—was less severe than his new eighty-year aggregate active sentence.

Accordingly, the circuit court increased Nichols’s aggregate sentence by imposing a new

aggregate sentence of eighty years of imprisonment where he had previously been subject

to a sentence of life imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended.

                              IV. Remand for Resentencing

                                The Parties’ Contentions

       The State contends that, if we hold that Nichols’s sentence for conspiracy to commit


       5
       CP § 6-223(d)(2)(ii) was amended by the Justice Reinvestment Act, effective
October 1, 2017, which was after the resentencing in this case.

                                         - 35 -
false imprisonment should have been no more than thirty years of imprisonment (which

we do), we should vacate all of his sentences and remand for resentencing. Nichols has

not taken a position on the scope of the remand. We agree with the State.

                                    Remand in Twigg

       In Twigg, 447 Md. at 5, 18-19, 30, 133 A.3d at 1128, 1136, 1142-43, where a trial

court sentenced a defendant for second-degree rape, third-degree sexual offense, incest,

and child abuse, this Court vacated the defendant’s sentences for second-degree rape and

child abuse, and remanded for resentencing only as to child abuse. Significantly, this Court

explained that the defendant’s sentences for third-degree sexual offense and incest did not

need to be vacated, and stated:

       The State does not seek to have vacated the sentences for incest and third[-
       ]degree sexual offense, for both of which [the defendant] received the
       maximum sentence. We do not intend this opinion to be read as
       precluding, in the appropriate case, vacation of all sentences [that were]
       originally imposed on those convictions and sentences [that were] left
       undisturbed on appeal, so as to provide the [trial] court maximum
       flexibility on remand to fashion a proper sentence that takes into account
       all of the relevant facts and circumstances. The only caveat, aside from
       the exception set forth in [CJ] § 12-702(b)(1)-(3), is that any new sentence,
       in the aggregate, cannot exceed the aggregate sentence [that was] imposed
       originally.

Id. at 30 n.14, 133 A.3d at 1143 n.14 (emphasis added).

                                         Analysis

       Here, we grant the State’s request to vacate all of Nichols’s sentences and remand

to the circuit court for resentencing as to all of his three remaining convictions, which are

for false imprisonment, conspiracy to commit false imprisonment, and extortion. As this

Court stated in Twigg, 447 Md. at 30 n.14, 133 A.3d at 1143 n.14, where an appellate court


                                         - 36 -
determines that at least one of a defendant’s sentences must be vacated, the appellate court

may vacate all of the defendant’s sentences and remand for resentencing “to provide the

[trial] court maximum flexibility on remand to fashion a proper sentence that takes into

account all of the relevant facts and circumstances.” Under this case’s circumstances, we

find it appropriate to exercise our discretion to vacate all of Nichols’s sentences. Nichols’s

convictions and sentences arose from the same conduct involving the same victim.

Vacating all sentences will permit the circuit court to consider all of the relevant facts and

circumstances of the case. And, Nichols has not expressly asked that we refrain from doing

so.

       On remand, consistent with our holding that the sentence of life imprisonment with

all but fifty years suspended is less severe than the sentence of eighty years of

imprisonment, the circuit court must impose an aggregate sentence that does not exceed

fifty years of imprisonment. As the Court of Special Appeals held in the first appeal, the

circuit court may sentence Nichols to up to thirty years of imprisonment for false

imprisonment. See Nichols, 2015 WL 5944381, at *4-5. The circuit court may sentence

Nichols to up to thirty years of imprisonment for conspiracy to commit false imprisonment.

And, the circuit court may sentence Nichols up to ten years of imprisonment for extortion.

See CR § 3-705(b). We set forth the following table identifying the offenses and maximum

sentences:

                  Crime:                                  Maximum Sentence:
           False imprisonment                          Thirty years of imprisonment
 Conspiracy to commit false imprisonment               Thirty years of imprisonment
                 Extortion                              Ten years of imprisonment
   Aggregate Sentence in This Case:                    Fifty years of imprisonment

                                          - 37 -
The circuit court may make Nichols’s new sentences either concurrent with or consecutive

to each other. Under CJ § 12-702(b), however, Nichols’s new aggregate sentence cannot

exceed fifty years of imprisonment, given that his original aggregate sentence was life

imprisonment, with all but fifty years suspended, followed by five years of supervised

probation.


                                 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                                 APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO
                                 THAT COURT WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO
                                 VACATE ALL OF PETITIONER’S SENTENCES
                                 AND REMAND TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
                                 BALTIMORE CITY WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO
                                 RESENTENCE PETITIONER CONSISTENT
                                 WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS IN THIS COURT
                                 AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO
                                 BE DIVIDED EVENLY BETWEEN THE
                                 PARTIES.




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