                     United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 09-1249
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Western District of Missouri.
Faris Nayel Salem,                      *
                                        * [PUBLISHED]
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: November 16, 2009
                                Filed: December 1, 2009
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, RILEY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

PER CURIAM.

       In 2008, Faris Salem pled guilty to one count of knowingly using unauthorized
access devices in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2). As relevant to this appeal, the
district court increased Salem’s base offense level by two levels, finding that his
offense involved the production of an unauthorized access device. Salem appeals his
sentence. We vacate and remand for resentencing.
                                          I.

      On August 16, 2004, Salem visited two Wal-Mart stores in Belton and
Harrisonville, Missouri, and purchased items using fraudulent bar code labels.
Salem’s scheme worked as follows. Salem would take a large quantity of one item
from the shelf. He would then place a fraudulent bar code label on one of those items.
When scanned by a cashier at checkout, the item would reflect a much lower price
than originally marked.1 After scanning the fraudulent label, the cashier would then
apply that price to the entire quantity of items Salem presented, charging Salem the
same fraudulent price for all the items. Thus, Salem was able to defraud Wal-Mart
and obtain large quantities of merchandise at greatly reduced prices.

       On August 21, 2008, Salem pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to one
count of using unauthorized access devices in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2).
The parties did not reach an agreement as to a recommended sentence. Salem’s
Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) recommended a two-level increase in Salem’s
offense level because the offense involved the production of an unauthorized access
device.    See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual,
§2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i) (Nov. 2008). At Salem’s sentencing hearing, after hearing
testimony from the FBI investigating special agent that it was unclear who
manufactured the fraudulent bar code labels used by Salem, the district court upheld
the two-level enhancement, explaining:

      I’m going to find the two points should remain assessed for the using of
      these fraudulently manufactured [devices] without finding who
      manufactured them, because nobody knows who manufactured them, but
      I’m going to find that [the] two points should stand, because -- well, I’m
      going to attribute it. The defendant obviously was using these devices


      1
        For example, Salem placed a fraudulent bar code label on expensive men’s
razors, causing them to scan as lower-priced men’s razors.

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      to perpetuate this scheme that he’s admitted, so I’m going to let that two
      points stand.

(Sentencing Hr’g Tr. 75, Jan. 22, 2009.)

       The court determined Salem’s total offense level to be 18. After the court
reduced Salem’s offense level by three levels for acceptance of responsibility, see
USSG §3E1.1, Salem was left with a total offense level of 15, and a criminal history
of Category I. This resulted in an advisory Guidelines range of 18 to 24 months. The
court sentenced Salem to 21 months imprisonment.

                                           II.

       Salem appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court erred in increasing
his offense level for production of an unauthorized access device under
§2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i) because no evidence was presented that he produced the
fraudulent bar code labels used in his scheme. The government disagrees, arguing that
the only reasonable inferences to be drawn from the nature of Salem’s scheme are
either that Salem produced the bar code labels himself, or that someone acting at his
direction produced them. “We review the district court’s factual findings for clear
error, and its application of the guidelines de novo.” United States v. Bonilla-
Filomeno, 579 F.3d 852, 857 (8th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). We begin our
review by examining the plain language of the Guidelines, “and where that is
unambiguous we need look no further.” United States v. Abumayyaleh, 530 F.3d 641,
650 (8th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted).

        Based on the plain language of the guideline, we must vacate the sentence
imposed by the district court. The guideline instructs sentencing courts to increase a
defendant’s offense level by two levels if the offense involves “the production . . . of
any . . . unauthorized access device.” USSG §2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i). The commentary


                                           -3-
to §2B1.1 defines production as including “manufacture, design, alteration,
authentication, duplication, or assembly.” Id. §2B1.1, comment. (n.9(A)). Thus,
where a defendant did not manufacture, alter, or otherwise produce an access device,
the enhancement is inappropriate.

       As the district court noted, there was no evidence presented at sentencing about
how Salem procured the fraudulent bar code labels used in his scheme, or who
produced or manufactured them. Nevertheless, the court applied the enhancement
because Salem “obviously was using these devices to perpetuate this scheme that he’s
admitted.” (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. 75.) While Salem was clearly using the fraudulent
bar code labels to perpetuate his scheme—indeed, without such use, a charge under
18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2) would not lie—there was simply no evidence presented at
sentencing that Salem manufactured or produced them. A sentencing enhancement
for production of unauthorized access devices requires both (1) evidence that Salem
was making these bar code labels or altering existing labels for use in his scheme, and
(2) a finding by the court that Salem “produced” the labels within the meaning of
§2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i). Absent such requirements, the district court improperly
calculated Salem’s advisory Guidelines sentencing range and committed significant
procedural error. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Because “it is not
clear to us that the same sentence would have been imposed had the correct guidelines
range been applied,” United States v. Onwumere, 530 F.3d 651, 655 (8th Cir. 2008),
we must vacate Salem’s sentence.

       Although our holding is based on the plain language of the guideline, we note
that the cases discussing §2B1.1(b)(10)(B)(i) similarly limit its application to
instances where a defendant made or altered an access device. See, e.g., United States
v. Jenkins-Watts, 574 F.3d 950, 962 (8th Cir. 2009) (holding that the defendant
“qualifies for the § 2B1.1(b)(10) enhancement because he produced counterfeit
Kansas driver’s licenses with realistic authentication features”); United States v.
Jones, 551 F.3d 19, 26 (1st Cir. 2008) (holding that defendant’s act of popping air

                                         -4-
bubbles on the laminate surfaces of fraudulent driver’s licenses qualified her for a
§2B1.1(b)(10)(B) enhancement). Simple use of an unauthorized access device, while
enough to subject a defendant to substantive liability under 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2),
is insufficient to qualify for the enhancement. See United States v. Morris, 307 F.
App’x 872, 875 (5th Cir. 2009) (unpublished per curiam) (vacating sentence where
defendant simply supplied counterfeit checks because “[s]upplying counterfeit checks
is not the same as ‘producing’ or ‘trafficking’ an unauthorized ‘access device’ or
‘authentication feature’”).

                                        III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we vacate Salem’s sentence and remand to the
district court for resentencing on the existing record. The mandate shall issue
forthwith.
                       ______________________________




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