                           NUMBER 13-12-00173-CR

                           COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

ELOY JIOVANNI PEREZ
ALCALA,                                                                 Appellant,


                                         v.


THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                     Appellee.


                  On appeal from the 332nd District Court
                        of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                                    OPINION
             Before Justices Benavides, Perkes and Longoria
                      Opinion by Justice Longoria

      A jury found Eloy Jiovanni Perez Alcala guilty of capital murder involving a

double-homicide, and because the State did not seek the death penalty, the trial court

assessed a life sentence. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.31(a)(2) (West 2011); id. §
19.03(a)(7)(A) (West Supp. 2011). Alcala now appeals his conviction by four issues,

which we have reordered as follows: (1) the evidence is insufficient to support his

conviction because the State failed to establish that he shot either of the victims or that

he was a party to the capital murder; (2) the trial court erred in admitting the hearsay

testimony of David Garza; (3) the trial court violated Alcala’s Sixth Amendment right to

confront and cross-examine witnesses by admitting hearsay statements through the

testimony of David Garza; and (4) the trial court erred in allowing Janie Arrellano of the

Pharr Police Department to testify as an expert. For the reasons set forth below, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

       At trial, the State offered physical evidence and the testimony of a number of

different witnesses in support of its case. These witnesses included police officers,

investigators, eyewitnesses, and experts. The following evidence and testimony are

relevant to the issues raised by Alcala in this appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

A. Officer Enrique Ontiveros

       At approximately 1:30 a.m. on October 8, 2010, Officer Enrique Ontiveros of the

City of Pharr Police Department was in his police cruiser patrolling an area of the city

known as “Las Milpas.” He had the windows down when he heard what sounded like

three gunshots. He radioed the police dispatcher to ask if there had been any reports of

gunshots heard in the area of the 500 block of Dicker Road. The dispatcher responded,

“Negative.”   Officer Ontiveros then advised the dispatcher that he was going to

investigate the gunshots he heard. While he was en route, a “hot call” or emergency

call went out over the radio advising all patrol officers of reports of “gunshots and two



                                               2
men down” at the intersection of Santa Monica Street and Sabino Avenue, located in a

small subdivision northeast of Officer Ontiveros’s position.     Officer Ontiveros turned

north onto Laurel Street, then east onto Santa Monica Street, and proceeded toward the

intersection with Sabino Avenue.

       The police cruiser in which Officer Ontiveros was travelling was equipped with a

dashboard video camera (“dash-cam”) that was activated when Officer Ontiveros turned

on his vehicle’s police sirens. The dash-cam was wirelessly connected to a microphone

Officer Ontiveros was wearing that night. At trial, the video from the dash-cam was

played for the jury. As Officer Ontiveros was approaching the scene of the crime, the

dash-cam captured an image of what appeared to be a white Dodge truck parked on the

side of the road on the 700 block of Santa Monica Street, about two blocks away from

the scene of the crime. Although he had no reason to know it at the time, the white

Dodge truck was about to become the focus of an intense police investigation and

manhunt.

       Officer Ontiveros was the first officer to arrive at the scene. When he arrived, he

discovered “two bodies,” “two men down.” One body was “right in front” of a brown

minivan that was parked by a stop sign at the intersection. The van’s headlights were

on, and the engine appeared to be running. The second body was also near the van.

Both men appeared to have sustained fatal gunshot wounds to the head.

       Officer Ontiveros called for backup. Then, he walked over to 901 Santa Monica

Street, a house “right in front of . . . where” he discovered the lifeless bodies of the two

men—later identified as David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz. He “spoke to the resident

owners there,” a husband and wife. The husband, Arturo Arredondo, told him that he



                                             3
was asleep in bed when his wife woke him up to tell him that there were some people

arguing outside in the street. Then, he heard the gunshots. He went outside and “saw

a white truck leaving [the] location.” It was a four-door Dodge truck. Officer Ontiveros

asked Arredondo how he knew it was a Dodge truck, and “he said because he got to

observe the Dodge emblem on the tailgate.” At that point, Officer Ontiveros radioed

dispatch and reported Arredondo’s description of the suspect’s vehicle. 1

      Officer Ontiveros also spoke to “several [other] witnesses [who were] around that

area.” Two men who were also standing outside reported that they were inside their

residence when they heard gunshots. “[T]hey came out and that’s when they saw the

two bodies on the ground.” “[A]nother lady . . . told . . . [Officer Ontiveros] the same

thing[: ] that they just heard the gunshots and then all of a sudden she just saw the

emergency vehicles there.”

      As Officer Ontiveros was securing the scene, a vehicle approached, and he

stopped it “because . . . [he] didn’t want [any]body to cross through there to where the

bodies were . . . .” One of the occupants of the vehicle was a woman named Maricela

Garcia. She told Officer Ontiveros that one of the victims was her son. “And so . . . [he]

just told the driver, ‘Okay. Just stay here behind . . . the scene. Don’t come to the

scene.”

      On the dash-cam video, Maricela Garcia is heard saying, “[T]here was a boy

there and the boy’s father.” She continued, “I do not know who they are. I don’t know

them.” Then, she added, “I think one of the boys had fought with him. . . We saw them

- - I saw them pass by.”              After that, an unidentified speaker—possibly, Maricela

Garcia—is heard telling Investigator Michael Perez of the Pharr Police Department, “He
      1
          Arturo Arredondo also testified as a witness for the State at trial.

                                                      4
lives right []here … [i]n [sic] the street like the last house over there.” 2 Investigator

Perez asked, “He lives right there on this street?”              And the unidentified speaker

answered, “Yes.” Then, Investigator Perez is heard saying, “Possible suspect resides

here on this street, talking about a white Dodge [truck] as well. And they are the ones

that they are saying they were arguing with. They are the same ones.”

       Shortly thereafter, Investigator Perez is heard summing up what the police knew

at that point:

       So they got into . . . a fight. See what happened is that this victim here,
       the one in the yellow, he was already at home. He had just gotten home
       from work. . . Right here on Laurel [Street], a female came over to visit
       him, but that female used to be with the guy that lives at the daycare. She
       passed by his house, by the suspect . . . at his house. . . And they started
       fighting. They were fighting along with the father.

“Two lives for a woman,” one of the officers remarked. A second officer asked, “Who

are these guys?” A third officer answered, “It looks like they were, like, subcontractors

or something.” Then, reading from a pink receipt recovered from the crime scene, the

same officer said, “Matt’s Cash & Carry.”

B. Maricela Garcia

       The State called Maricela Garcia as a witness. She lives on Laurel Street, near

the entrance to the neighborhood and several streets away from where the murders

occurred. She testified that on Friday, October 7, 2010, her son, David Garcia, had

been working in a field with his cousin, Victor de la Cruz. David left for work early in the

morning, and “[t]hey were getting out late . . . [because] he stayed there talking with

somebody.” Maricela was “laying down watching television,” waiting for David to return

home. She heard the sound of David’s truck approaching, but she “stayed laying down


       2
           Investigator Michael Perez also testified at trial.

                                                        5
to see if he would knock on the door.” When she “didn’t hear him knock on the door, . .

. [she] got up.” She did not recall what time it was, but “it was late.” She estimated it

was “[m]aybe 1:00.”

          She went outside and saw that David was inside a white car fighting with Alcala.

She was familiar with Alcala and identified him in the courtroom. David and Alcala were

also familiar with each other. According to Maricela, “They were friends since they were

small.     They went to school [together] since they were small.”        “[T]hey would get

together. Sometimes [David] … would play - - go play at … [Alcala’s] house.” Alcala’s

house was just down the street, at the intersection of Laurel Street and Santa Monica

Street.

          A neighbor helped Maricela separate the two men. David “was full of blood.”

Maricela took him inside and “scolded him.” She “went ahead and told him, ‘If you’re

friends, why are you fighting?’” David answered, “[I]t was a misunderstanding.” Then,

he explained that what happened was that “he was coming into the neighborhood when

he heard a car honk at him and he thought it was somebody that wanted to fight with

him.” So then he followed the car until he discovered that the person driving the car

was Alcala’s girlfriend. At apparently the same time, Alcala emerged from his house

and learned what had happened. David apologized to him and “asked him to forgive

him because he . . . did not know it was a girl, he thought it was a man.” Then, the two

men began fighting.

          After giving his mother this version of events, David said, “I’ll be back,” and he

went outside, still bleeding from a wound to the forehead. Maricela “told him not to

leave,” but “[h]e went outside walking . . . by the side of the road.”        According to



                                              6
Maricela, “that’s when . . . [Alcala] drove by and steered the car towards him, . . . driving

the car at a high rate of speed.” Alcala was in the same car that he was in when the two

men had been fighting moments earlier. He then drove off.

       About ten minutes later, Alcala returned to Maricela’s house, this time with his

father. “[T]hey were both angry . . . [and] upset.” They were driving a different vehicle,

“a white vehicle, [a] Dodge.” Alcala asked for David. Maricela said David was not

there. Alcala then told Maricela that he knew David had a wife and daughter. He

pointed at Maricela’s daughter and asked if she was David’s wife. 3 Then, Alcala’s father

asked where Maricela’s “husband was, that he wanted to speak to … [her] husband.”

She “told him that . . . [her] husband was not there, that he was out working.” She

asked “why they wanted to talk to them.” Then, she asked why Alcala “had steered the

car towards . . . [David], what if . . . [he] would have killed him.” At this point, Alcala told

her, “Whether it’s today or tomorrow, it’s going to be his turn.” She told him, “[W]ait,

son, maybe for tomorrow because you are upset. I’ll take him to your house tomorrow.”

The men “appeared to be very upset” when they departed.

       Maricela stayed outside, “waiting for [her] . . . son to see how he would return.”

She saw “a van pass[] by with Victor [de la Cruz] and . . . [her] son.” The van “went

around the neighborhood . . . [, and then] turned back.” Maricela testified that, at this

point, she was “outside and heard some gunshots.” “Immediately . . . [she] thought it

was them . . . , that they were fighting.”              At about the same time she heard the

gunshots, she “saw a police officer drive by . . . [and] asked the neighbor to please take

. . . [her] because maybe it was them.” When they got to the scene of the shooting,

David and Victor “were already laying down,” dead. She felt like her “soul had ended.”
       3
           Maricela’s sister and her neighbor were also outside and witnessed the encounter.

                                                    7
She approached the policeman, Officer Ontiveros, and said that one of the victims “was

[her] . . . son.”

C. David Garza

         The State also called David Garza as a witness. Garza lives directly across the

street from the Alcalas’ house. He has known Alcala’s father for seventeen to twenty

years.       Both men were part of the neighborhood watch.             The following exchange

occurred during his direct examination by the State at trial:

         Q       Let me take you back, sir, to October 8th of 2010 of last year
                 around 1:00 in the morning. What were you doing that evening,
                 sir?

         A       We were asleep. And my sister-in-law, she called us and my
                 daughter-in-law answered the phone and she came to our room
                 and says - -

                        [Alcala’s Attorney]: Objection, hearsay, Your Honor.

                        The Court:             Overruled at this point. Go ahead sir,
                                               go ahead.

         A       She says that - - that [Alcala] . . . was outside of my - - on - - front of
                 my yard, on the street that - - yelling that he was going to kill the
                 dog.

                        The Court:             Okay. Ask another question please.

                        [The State]:           Yes, sir.

         Q       At this point, after gaining this information from your . . . daughter?

         A       My daughter-in-law.

         Q       Your daughter-in-law. Did she wake you up from your sleep?

         A       Yes.

         Q       Your daughter-in-law?

         A       Yes.

                                                  8
Q   So you were asleep at this point, your daughter-in-law gets a phone
    call, she comes out to you and wakes you up?

A   Right. We woke up with the telephone.

Q   The telephone woke you up, not your daughter?

A   Yeah - - well, the phone rang and we woke [up], but my daughter-
    in-law picked up the phone.

Q   Okay. And after making contact with your daughter-in-law, what did
    you do after that?

A   I looked out the window because my wife told me that - -

           [Alcala’s Attorney]: Objection again, hearsay, Your Honor.

           The Court:            Well, at this point it’s overruled.

A   And I woke up and I looked out the window and - - my window is
    right in front by the street, and I seen . . . [Alcala] in front of my
    yard. And my dog was barking and that’s when I went down to see,
    you know, why he wanted to kill the dog because he was yelling
    something about killing the dog.

Q   Okay. So you had a dog outside and he was yelling that he wanted
    to kill the dog?

A   He said, “Voy a matar” - - I don’t know how to say it in English, but -
    -

Q   You can say it in Spanish.

           The Interpreter:      I am going to kill that dog.

           The Court:            Damn dog.

           The Interpreter:      - - damn dog.

Q   And so you heard that?

A   I thought … he was going to kill my dog, right.

Q   But you heard him yell that?



                                    9
      A      No. That’s what my sister-in-law was telling me by the phone.
             When I went down, I thought he was going to kill my dog, because
             that’s what I heard from the phone.

      Q      Okay. After you went downstairs, what did you do?

      A      I went downstairs and . . . I went outside, but by the time I got
             outside, . . . [Alcala] wasn’t out there anymore.

      Q      Where was he?

      A      He - - I seen the truck pulled - - pull out of their house.

      Q      Well, you saw which truck?

      A      His dad’s.

      Q      What color is it?

      A      It’s like a beige, like a beige color.

      Q      Beige?

      A      Dodge.

      Q      Cream?

      A      Like a cream, yeah, cream, beige.

      Q      Okay. And it’s a Dodge?

      A      Right. It’s four door.

      Garza then proceeded to testify that he saw the cream or beige colored Dodge

truck go down Laurel Street, towards David’s house, and that when the truck reached

about that area, he saw its brake lights. Then, the vehicle went dark, and Garza went

back inside his house. He was using the restroom when he heard three gunshots. He

looked outside and saw the white Dodge truck parked by the mailbox in front of Alcala’s

house. He watched as Alcala exited the truck, approached a second vehicle parked in

the driveway, opened and closed the hood of the vehicle, and then disappeared into the

                                             10
house. At this point, a police unit drove by with its emergency lights activated. It was

Officer Ontiveros responding to the call, which is when his dash-cam captured the

image of the white Dodge truck parked on the side of the road.

       After Officer Ontiveros had passed, Alcala’s father drove the truck onto his

property and into a dark area near a tree. This struck Garza as “odd” because Alcala’s

father had the vehicle’s headlights off when he was moving the truck onto his property.

“[I]t was dark, [and] . . . common sense tells you to turn on the light[s] to pull into your

driveway so you won’t hit your gate or your fence or . . . anything.”

       Alcala’s father was in the process of securing the gate to the fence that

surrounded his property when Garza called out to him, “Eloy, what happened?” Alcala’s

father looked around and then came across the street to Garza’s driveway, where the

two men met. Garza asked, “Why was [Alcala] . . . yelling?” Alcala’s father responded,

“Oh, no . . . . [H]e was fighting. He had a fight with somebody and - - but I already took

care of that.” Garza’s wife, who was also outside with the men, interrupted, “But we

heard three gunshots.” “Really?” he responded. Garza found it “odd” that Alcala’s

father was acting “like he was surprised” because the gunshots “were loud and it was …

quiet.” Then, Alcala’s father said, “Well, I don’t know . . . [,] [b]ut I have to go to work in

the morning and I’ll see you-all guys later.”

       Garza explained that this was unusual “[b]ecause when the unit was over there, .

. . where we heard the gunshots, he wasn’t like interested in seeing what was going on

or what had happened, right, over there in that corner.”          Garza continued, “And it

surprised me because, you know, usually we would all go out, you know, [to] see what

is going on and he wasn’t interested.” Instead, Alcala’s father went inside the house



                                                11
and turned off all the lights, which was also unusual, according to Garza, because they

typically left a light on outside by their storage unit. On this particular night, “everything

was off.” The house and the lot were both completely darkened.

D. Officer Juan Manuel Quilantan

       Officer Juan Manuel Quilantan of the Pharr Police Department also testified for

the State. At approximately 1:30 a.m. on October 8, 2010, he was on patrol when

Officer Ontiveros radioed the “dispatcher to see if there were any calls for shots fired.”

Officer Quilantan immediately “started heading southbound on Cage [Boulevard]

towards Las Milpas.” When he arrived at the scene of the shooting, several officers had

already arrived,” including Officer Ontiveros. Officer Quilantan helped “block[] off any

oncoming traffic.” Then, he “started looking for bullet casings.” He found one and

marked its location.    Another officer recovered a second casing, also marking its

location. The third casing was never recovered.

       From speaking to Officer Ontiveros, Officer Quilantan learned that the suspect’s

vehicle was a white Dodge truck and that the suspect lived within about “two blocks” of

the crime scene, possibly next to a daycare facility. Officer Quilantan was familiar with

Las Milpas because “rookies” in the Pharr Police Department are assigned to “Las

Milpas to get to know how to . . . speak to the people . . . and get comfortable with them

so when . . . [they] get back to Las Milpas, which is a high crime area, [they] . . . know . .

. who to talk to and who not to talk to.”         From his previous experiences, Officer

Quilantan was familiar with the daycare, and it got his attention.

       Together with Officer Eric Galaviz and Officer Jose Luengo, both also of the

Pharr Police Department, Officer Quilantan set out on foot to locate the suspect’s



                                             12
vehicle. The officers initially spotted a white Dodge truck parked on the property located

at 7002 Laurel Street. The truck was parked inside a hurricane fence, but the gate to

the fence was locked. Officer Quilantan called out, shouting for the people inside to

come outside. When no one answered, he got his baton and began “banging it on the

gate.” A few minutes later, people “started coming out.” A woman appeared with her

husband and brother-in-law. She said she and her husband were the owners of the

property. “After identifying everybody[,] . . . [the officers] ran . . . an inquiry on all three

subjects, [and] they came out clean . . . .” Officer Quilantan “touched the hood of the

truck[,] . . . [a]nd it was cold like it had not been touched, not been moved.”

        As Officer Quilantan was preparing to leave the property, “[s]omebody drove up

to Officer Galaviz and said, ‘That’s not the vehicle. The vehicle is over here.’” 4 Officer

Quilantan turned to look in the direction where the person had pointed and saw “there

was another white Dodge Ram by a tree completely dark.” The officers approached the

property, which was enclosed by a chain-link fence, and discovered that the gate to the

fence was unlocked. The truck “was parked inside the property by the tree, like real

close to the tree.” The address was “708 or 709 Santa Monica [Street].”

        At this point, Officer Jesse Garza of the Pharr Police Department arrived at the

scene. Together, he and Officer Quilantan went inside the property and touched the

hood of the truck. It “was warm.” Then, using a flashlight, Officer Quilantan “spotlighted

the inside of the cabin of the truck [and] . . . was able to see . . . a live bullet . . . inside . .

. [a] cup holder.” Then, Officer Garza said, “Hey, you know what, somebody is looking

        4
           Although Officer Quilantan did not know it at the time, the person who advised the officers that
they were looking at the wrong truck was a member of David Garza’s family. After Alcala’s father had
gone into his house, the Garza family had remained outside watching the investigation. They watched as
the officers got sidetracked with the wrong vehicle. They knew the officers “never saw … [the Alcalas’]
truck because their truck [was] parked back towards this side. And it was dark.”

                                                   13
at us.” The house “had the lights off, but you could see a silhouette going like - - you

know, looking at us,” Officer Quilantan testified. He “spotlighted it, [but] that person was

no longer there.”

       Officer Quilantan’s attention then shifted to a pearl-colored Cadillac CTS that was

also parked on the property, inside the chain-link fence.       He “lit it up with [his] …

flashlight, [and he] . . . could see a lot of bloodstains.” Sergeant David Castillo of the

Pharr Police Department opened the door to the vehicle, and the officers “looked at the

inside and it was just full of blood.” “And then that’s when several of [the officers] …

decided to do a knock and talk, which is talk to the owners of the residence and see

what’s going on.”

E. Sergeant Daniel Leal

       The State called Sergeant Daniel Leal of the Pharr Police Department as a

witness. Sergeant Leal arrived at the crime scene after it had been secured. He spoke

to Maricela Garcia and knew that David Garcia had been in a fight earlier in the

evening. When he heard Officer Quilantan radio dispatch to report a vehicle matching

the description of the suspect’s vehicle, he travelled to the 700 block of Santa Monica

Street, where he joined the other officers who were in the process of surrounding the

Alcalas’ home. They knocked on the front door, but initially, no one answered. Finally,

Alcala’s father came to the door.

       Sergeant Leal requested consent to search the Dodge truck, the Cadillac CTS,

and the residence.     Alcala’s father signed a written consent to search, which was

admitted into evidence at trial. Then, the officers and investigators entered the house.

According to Sergeant Leal, one of the officers asked Alcala’s father if he had any



                                            14
weapons in the house, and Alcala’s father indicated that there were several weapons in

the house. He retrieved a short-barrel rifle from the closet in his bedroom and handed it

to Sergeant Leal. Another officer, Lieutenant William Ryan, recovered a nine-millimeter

handgun, which Alcala’s father voluntarily provided.

F. Sergeant David Castillo

      The State also called Sergeant David Castillo of the Pharr Police Department to

testify as a witness. Sergeant Castillo arrived at the crime scene, and then, he made

his way to the Alcalas’ home, where the other officers reported finding a vehicle

matching the description of the suspect’s vehicle. Sergeant Castillo testified that the

single round of ammunition found in the cup holder of the white Dodge truck parked on

the Alcalas’ property was for a .40 caliber handgun. According to Sergeant Castillo,

Alcala’s father “was asked if he had a .40 caliber handgun and he stated yes.” This

weapon was later recovered from inside the house. Alcala’s father also cooperated with

the police by pointing out where additional ammunition and magazines could be found

in a backpack in the backseat of the white Dodge truck. Based on the information

provided by Alcala’s father, Sergeant Castillo was able to locate ammunition and

magazines for a .40 caliber handgun and for a rifle.

G. Officer Eric Galaviz

      The State called Officer Eric Galaviz of the Pharr Police Department to testify as

a witness. Officer Galaviz testified that he was with the other officers and investigators

when they made contact with Alcala’s father at the family’s residence. The following

exchange occurred on the State’s direct examination:

      Q      And can you describe that encounter to this jury?



                                           15
       A      What . . . I did was I asked the resident owner where his son was
              at. He said he was in his room, which was on the northwest corner
              of the residence. Me and Officer Jesse Garza went into that room
              and made contact with Mr. Alcala, Jr.

              I asked him to come out. I believe his girlfriend was in there also. I
              don’t recall her name because I didn’t identify her. As soon as we
              got him out, I did notice that he had a black eye on his - - I believe it
              was his right eye. He started asking me what was going on. I told
              him I didn’t know, you know, that we are here doing an
              investigation. And at that point[,] Officer Quilantan read him his
              rights. . . As soon as he read him his rights, I walked out.

H. Lieutenant William Ryan

       The State called Lieutenant William Ryan of the Pharr Police Department to

testify as a witness. Lieutenant Ryan testified that he was present in the Alcalas’ home

when Alcala’s father “passed over” the .40 caliber handgun.

I. Lieutenant William Thomas Edmundson, Jr.

       The State called Lieutenant William Thomas Edmundson, Jr. of the Pharr Police

Department to testify as a witness. Lieutenant Edmundson testified about the two shell

casings that were recovered from the crime scene. He testified that they were for a .40

caliber weapon. “When [he] … heard that there was a .40 caliber weapon that was

recovered at the [Alcalas’] residence, . . . [he thought] [t]hat they probably recovered the

murder weapon.”

J. Investigator Janie Arrellano

       The State called Investigator Janie Arrellano as a witness. She testified that she

is a crime scene investigator employed by the Pharr Police Department.                    She

photographed the scene where the shooting occurred.            She also collected physical

evidence, including the two spent shell casings recovered from the scene of the crime.

She identified them as casings for .40 caliber hollow-point bullets. She testified that the

                                             16
ammunition was made by “Smith & Wesson Winchester.” She also testified that one of

the boxes of ammunition recovered from the Alcalas’ white Dodge truck contained .40

caliber hollow-point bullets also made by Smith & Wesson Winchester.

K. Investigator Michael Perez

      The State called Investigator Michael Perez of the Pharr Police Department as a

witness. He testified regarding a statement made by Alcala after he was taken into

custody and transported to the police station. During Perez’s testimony, the trial court

admitted into evidence a video recording of Alcala’s statement, which was played to the

jury in its entirety. Before the interrogation began, the following exchange took place

between Alcala and an unidentified officer:

      Officer:      That’s it, man, you are just going to talk to him real quick.
                    Give your side of the story or whatever.

      Alcala:       I don’t know. Like me aguito because he is my friend, like, I
                    don’t want to fight him, like, me aguito, but like chingada
                    madre pinche vato. It’s a trip.      Oh, well, you know,
                    sometimes friends fight friends. And I know his mom. I told
                    him [sic] mom, “Mom, I’m sorry. I didn’t want to disrespect,
                    but I wanted to know why David did that because he was at
                    my house.”

      Officer:      Wait until the investigator gets here, man, just tell him all
                    that. . . .

      Then, Investigator Perez arrived and initiated the interrogation.      Initially, he

focused on the altercation that occurred between David and Alcala earlier in the night.

Alcala described having dinner with his girlfriend at Whataburger. They returned home

in Alcala’s car. According to Alcala, David then “peeled out” in front of Alcala’s house,




                                              17
which prompted Alcala to follow David back to David’s house.                       Then, according to

Alcala, the following exchange occurred: 5

       So I see him and I got … there and I am like, “Que onda, carnal?” I was
       like, “Que onda, guey?” Like, “What’s going on, bro?” Like, “Pos que
       pinche onda?” … And I’m like, “Oh, este vato. Why are you talking to me
       like that way?”

       And he was like, “No, que tu y tu pinche green car.” And I’m like …
       “Como que mi pinche vieja, guey? You are talking about my wife, Dude.
       Chill the fuck out, bro.

       And he was like, “No, que” - - he’s talking - - and he starts talking - - like
       telling me words because I guess he had backup in back of him. And he
       started telling me things. And I’m like, “Hey, bro, you know what, bro, like,
       we are in the same hood. We’ve known each other from when we were
       kids, but you need to chill the fuck out, vato.”

       So he was like, “No, pos orale, simon,” like you know. And he kept on,
       “No, y que me vale verga, y, pos, vajate a la verga, vajate a la verga,
       vajate a la verga - -”

       Alcala claimed that he was then assaulted by David and another man, “a senior,”

who was much bigger than he was—possibly Victor de la Cruz. Alcala described being

punched in the face repeatedly, bleeding from the nose, unsuccessfully trying to fight

back, and essentially, being the victim of an assault. According to Alcala, he returned to

David’s house with his father a short while later in an effort to resolve the conflict. When

that attempt failed, he went home to have sex with his girlfriend, which is when the

police arrived at his house. Unlike other witnesses who were interviewed by the police,

Alcala did not report or acknowledge hearing gunshots. Investigator Perez also thought

it was strange that Alcala would want to have sex with his girlfriend after being

assaulted.




       5
           The portions of the exchange that were in Spanish were not interpreted for the jury.

                                                    18
       After getting Alcala’s statement about what transpired before the shooting,

Investigator Perez disclosed to Alcala the real reason for the interrogation:

       Q      What do you think the reason is that you are here for?

       A      Because I got in a fight.

       Q      Okay. Well, I am going to - - I am going to give you some news.
              There is two people that were murdered today, okay, they were
              shot. And it was real close to your house. And the person that was
              shot was your friend David and somebody else.

              Hold on.

              Those two people that got shot, they saw a white Dodge roll up to
              them and shoot them?

       A      Uh-huh.

       Q      A white Dodge that - - that matches your dad’s truck and people
              already identified that truck. Okay.

       A      Uh-huh.

       Q      Second of all, the investigators that went to your house - -

       A      Uh-huh.

       Q      - - located a weapon - -

       A      Uh-huh.

       Q      - - and located bullets that matched the bullets - - the bullet casings
              that we found at the scene.

       A      Okay.

       Q      Okay. The other thing is we found evidence going into your car and
              blood there.

       A      Yeah.

       Q      So we - - we processed that vehicle as well for DNA.

       A      Okay.

                                            19
      Q      And that’s the reason why earlier today when I read you your rights,
             I asked you for DNA.

             Did you have anything to do with those two murders?

      A      No, sir.

      When Alcala did not confess, Investigator Perez made up a story about putting

together a photo lineup that eyewitnesses had used to identify Alcala as the shooter.

He made it seem like these witnesses had actually seen the shooting, even though that

was not true. Ultimately, the phony photo lineup story did not work. Alcala continued to

maintain his innocence.

      Investigator Perez changed his approach. He began focusing on Alcala’s father:

      Q      Two people are dead, dude.

      A      I didn’t - -

      Q      One of them was your friend. One of them is your friend that is
             dead right now. Why?       Because of something stupid that
             happened before this.

      A      Uh-huh.

      Q      And you are still sitting there lying to me when we know you were
             there.

      A      Where?

      Q      At the scene of the shooting, where else?

      A      No, sir.

      Q      Okay. So you are going to let your dad take the blame for this.
             Because your dad is not going anywhere tonight tampoco. He’s
             going to go in the same way you’re in. The same way.

      A      Okay.

      Q      So you’re claiming that your dad is the one that did this?

                                           20
A   My dad - - I don’t know.

Q   Okay. So you don’t know if your dad did this or not?

A   I don’t know.

Q   Is he capable of doing this?

A   I don’t know, bro. I don’t know…

Q   Just tell me exactly what happened, the reason why they got shot.
    That’s all I need to know.

A   I don’t know…

Q   [Y]our dad is here. He is already getting questioned. Your dad is
    going to turn around and say, “You know what, I didn’t shoot.”

    What do you think he is going to say? Do you think he is going to
    take the blame for you? . . .

A   Why would I risk my dad and tell my dad, “Dad, let’s go kill these
    motherfuckers”? I know that - -

Q   Out of anger. Out of anything. You guys got into a fight…

A   Homie, I can tell you - - sir, I can tell you right now, sir, really I can -
    - I can take care of my own self. The only reason why I found my
    father is because my dad knows people around the neighborhood.
    Okay? . . .

Q   All these [items of evidence] . . . came out of your house. I don’t
    know if you understand that.

A   For real?

Q   Identical.

    Yes.

A   Wow.

Q   Yeah, they are. Don’t act stupid.

A   I’m not. Oh, again, wow. Like, wow.

                                    21
       Q      Okay.

       A      I’ll be surprised.

       Q      I’m telling you. No, don’t be surprised. That’s what it is. . . . So
              you are still going to sit there and lie?

       A      Yeah.

       Q      You can make that dumb face all you want. When it comes down
              to the Court I will remember that.

       A      Okay. All right, bro.

The interrogation ended shortly thereafter. Alcala never confessed to any knowledge or

involvement in the murders.        However, at the end of the interrogation, Investigator

Perez asked Alcala if he was “still going to sit there and lie” and Alcala answered

“yeah.”

       Investigator Perez also testified regarding the pink receipt from Matt’s Cash &

Carry that was recovered from the scene of the crime. According to Perez, at least

seven similar receipts from the same business were discovered on the floorboard near

the front passenger seat of the white Dodge truck belonging to Alcala’s father. A bloody

shoeprint was also observed on the passenger-side doorstep. Based on this evidence,

Investigator Perez believed that a passenger had exited the vehicle at the crime scene,

inadvertently causing the receipt to fall out of the truck. Investigator Perez also believed

that the passenger then stepped in the blood of one of the victims before climbing back

into the vehicle using the doorstep. Based on all information acquired through the

police investigation, Investigator Perez believed that Alcala and his father were both

involved in the murders of David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz.




                                             22
L. Crystina Vachon

        The State called Crystina Vachon as a witness.        She testified that she is

employed by the Bexar County Criminal Investigation Laboratory in San Antonio. Her

area of expertise is forensic science, and she works in the trace evidence section. In

connection with the investigation into the double homicide involving David Garcia and

Victor de la Cruz, she used an electron microscope to test various skin and clothing

samples collected by the Pharr Police Department for evidence of gunpowder residue.

        Vachon’s testing revealed “three particles containing lead, barium, and antimony

and two particles containing lead and antimony on the left hand of … [Alcala’s father].”

According to Vachon, this indicated that he may have discharged a firearm, handled a

discharged firearm, or been in close proximity to a firearm that was discharged. No

similar evidence was detected in the samples taken from Alcala’s hands. However, she

testified that such evidence is “delicate” and can be lost if an individual washes his

hands or takes a shower.

        Vachon tested the black muscle shirt that Alcala was wearing on October 8,

2010.    One sample from the shirt had “five particles containing lead, barium and

antimony, one particle containing lead and antimony, and four particles containing

barium and antimony.”      A second sample from the same shirt had “three particles

containing lead, barium, and antimony, two particles containing lead and antimony, and

three particles containing barium and antimony.” According to Vachon, this “indicates

that the shirt may have come in contact with a discharged firearm or was in close

proximity to a discharging firearm.” Similar evidence was recovered from the blue jeans

that Alcala was wearing that night and from the blue jeans, grey shirt, and jacket



                                           23
Alcala’s father was wearing, again indicating that these articles of clothing may have

been in close proximity to a discharged firearm.

M. Vanessa Nelson

        The State called Vanessa Nelson as a witness. She is employed by the Texas

Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory in Hidalgo County. She is assigned to

the “Serology/DNA” section.          She is a supervisor in that department, but she also

“work[s] cases.” She testified that various samples were submitted to her for DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) testing by the Pharr Police Department in connection with the

double-homicide involving David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz. These items included

blood samples from David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz, the weapons recovered from

Alcala’s father, and the clothing worn by Alcala and his father on the night of the

murders, as well as swabs taken from various places, such as different areas inside and

outside of the white Dodge truck and the Cadillac CTS.

        The results of Nelson’s testing showed that blood consistent with the DNA profile

of David Garcia was found on the passenger-side doorstep of the white Dodge truck

belonging to Alcala’s father and on a pair of shoes recovered from the Alcalas’ home. 6

The jeans Alcala was wearing that night had blood consistent with the DNA profile of

Victor de la Cruz.




        6
           There was no direct testimony that the shoes belonged to Alcala; however, they were
recovered from his bedroom. Investigator Janie Arrellano testified that the shoes matched the bloody
shoeprint discovered on the passenger-side doorstep of the white Dodge truck belonging to Alcala’s
father. Alcala’s attorney objected to this testimony, but the trial court overruled his objection. Alcala
challenges this ruling in his fourth issue in this appeal.


                                                  24
N. Norma Jean Farley, M.D.

        The State also called Norma Jean Farley, M.D. as a witness. She served as the

forensic pathologist for Hidalgo County. She performed autopsies on David Garcia and

Victor de la Cruz. She testified that David Garcia was twenty-one years of age and that

Victor de la Cruz was thirty-five and that the cause of death for both men was homicide.

She testified that David Garcia was shot through the mouth. The bullet “didn’t actually

enter the part of the brain where the skull sits.” Instead, the bullet “actually entered the

head and then travelled into the neck where it transected the internal - - left internal

carotid artery.” He died from blood loss. Dr. Farley testified that Victor de la Cruz

sustained one gunshot wound to the head and a second to the chest. Both wounds

were fatal. She could not determine the order in which the wounds were inflicted.

O. The Jury’s Verdict

        The jury found Alcala guilty of capital murder. The State did not seek the death

penalty, and Alcala was given a life sentence. He subsequently filed this appeal. 7

                                 II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        In his first issue, Alcala contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the

jury’s verdict because the State failed to establish that he shot either of the victims or

that he was a party to the capital murder.

A. Standard of Review

        When we review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a verdict under the

sufficiency standard set out in Jackson v. Virginia, “the relevant question is whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational


        7
          In a separate trial, Alcala’s father, Eloy Heraclio Alcala, Sr., was also tried and convicted for
capital murder. His appeal is pending before this Court in cause number 13-12-00259-CR.

                                                   25
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979)). “This standard accounts for the fact[-]finder’s duty to

resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id. (quotations omitted). “[W]e determine

whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and

cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the

verdict.” Id. (quotations omitted). “Our review of all of the evidence includes evidence

that was properly and improperly admitted.” Id. “When the record supports conflicting

inferences, we presume that the fact[-]finder resolved the conflicts in favor of the

prosecution and therefore defer to that determination.” Id. “Direct and circumstantial

evidence are treated equally.” Id. “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be

sufficient to establish guilt.” Id.

B. Applicable Law

       We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as

defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234,

240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). “Such a charge [is] one that accurately sets out the law, is

authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of

proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes

the particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d

321, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quotations omitted).




                                            26
       In relevant part, the Texas Penal Code provides, “A person commits an offense if

the person commits murder as defined under Section 19.02(b)(1) and . . . the person

murders more than one person . . . during the same criminal transaction.” TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(7)(A). Under Section 19.02(b)(1) of the Texas Penal Code, “A

person commits an offense if he . . . intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an

individual.” Id. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2011).

       “A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is

committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally

responsible, or by both.” Id. § 7.01(a) (West 2011). “A person is criminally responsible

for an offense committed by the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or

assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts

to aid the other person to commit the offense.”        Id. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011).     “In

determining whether the accused participated as a party, the court may look to events

occurring before, during and after the commission of the offense, and may rely on

actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common design to do the

prohibited act.” Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.3d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (en

banc) (quotations omitted).

C. Discussion

       Alcala argues that the evidence is insufficient for two reasons: (1) there was no

direct evidence that he shot either of the victims; and (2) there was no direct evidence

that he encouraged, promoted, or assisted his father in committing the murders. We

conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict.




                                              27
      We begin by noting that “direct evidence of the elements of the offense is not

required.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “Juries are

permitted to make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial, and

circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an

actor.” Id. “Circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Id.

Therefore, the lack of direct evidence that Alcala shot either of the victims is not

dispositive. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“[T]he

lack of direct evidence is not dispositive of the issue of a defendant’s guilt.”). More

importantly, there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to establish that David Garcia

and Victor de la Cruz were murdered and that Alcala was responsible for the murders.

See id.

      First, the evidence established that David Garcia was shot through the mouth

and that Victor de la Cruz was shot in the head and the chest. Both men died as a

result of their gunshot wounds. Dr. Farley testified that the cause of death for both men

was homicide. From this, a rational juror could find that David Garcia and Victor de la

Cruz were the victims of a double-murder. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1)

(defining “murder”); Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (en

banc) (explaining that “specific intent to kill may be inferred from the use of a deadly

weapon, unless in the manner of its use it is reasonably apparent that death or serious

bodily injury could not result”) (quoting Godsey v. State, 719 S.W.2d 578, 580–81 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1986)).

      Second, the evidence established that David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz were

both shot with Smith & Wesson Winchester hollow-point bullets fired from a .40 caliber



                                           28
weapon. Eyewitnesses reported hearing three gunshots fired in succession, indicating

that the men were shot sequentially, not at the same time. Based on the foregoing, a

rational juror could infer that the same weapon may have been used to kill both men

and that there may have been only one shooter.

       Third, the evidence established that, in the moments before they were killed,

David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz were involved in a loud argument with the shooter

and possibly someone else. From this, a rational juror could infer that the men probably

knew their killer. See Fischer v. State, 268 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)

(“Evidence was also presented from which a rational jury could find that the victim

probably knew her killer.”).

       Fourth, the evidence established that David Garcia knew Alcala and that they

were “friends.” The evidence also established that Alcala was involved in an argument

with David Garcia that took place earlier that night. The evidence, particularly Alcala’s

statement to the police, indicated that Victor de la Cruz was also present during the

argument between David Garcia and Alcala and that Alcala was therefore familiar with

Victor de la Cruz as well.

       Fifth, the evidence placed Alcala at the scene of the crime and established that

he had the opportunity to commit the murders. See Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341,

360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“Although motive and opportunity are not elements of

murder and are not sufficient to prove identity, they are circumstances indicative of

guilt.”). David Garza testified that he saw the Dodge truck belonging to Alcala’s father

travel in the direction of David Garcia’s house minutes before he heard gunshots.

Maricela Garcia testified that Alcala and his father arrived at her house in a Dodge truck



                                           29
and were looking for David minutes before she heard gunshots. Arturo Arredondo

testified that after he heard gunshots, he went outside and saw a white Dodge truck

drive off in the direction of Alcala’s house. When the police arrived at Alcala’s house,

the hood of the truck was still warm, as if it had been driven recently.

       At the crime scene, the police recovered a pink sales receipt from Matt’s Cash &

Carry. They found at least seven similar receipts from the same business on the front

floorboard of the white Dodge truck that belonged to Alcala’s father. As Investigator

Perez testified, this indicated that Alcala had exited the vehicle at the scene of the

crime, causing the receipt to inadvertently fall out of the truck. This theory was further

supported by the bloody shoeprint found on the passenger-side doorstep of the vehicle

that matched the DNA of David Garcia, as well as the shoes recovered from Alcala’s

bedroom, which also had blood matching the DNA of David Garcia. There was also

blood discovered on Alcala’s jeans that matched the DNA of Victor de la Cruz. Finally,

there was evidence of gunpowder residue found on Alcala’s clothing, indicating that he

had recently been in close proximity to a firearm that was discharged. Based on the

foregoing, a reasonable juror could find that Alcala was present at the scene of the

crime and had the opportunity to commit the murders. See Wolfe v. State, 917 S.W.2d

270, 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (upholding murder conviction where defendant “was

seen within a few blocks of the crime scene shortly before and shortly after the

murder”).

       Sixth, the evidence established that Alcala had the means to commit the

murders. See Rios v. State, 846 S.W.2d 310, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (considering

defendant’s possession of murder weapon “several weeks prior to the killings” as



                                             30
evidence of guilt). The victims were shot with a .40 caliber firearm, and the police

recovered a .40 caliber handgun from the Alcalas’ house.                      Furthermore, the shell

casings recovered from the crime scene were for Smith & Wesson Winchester .40

caliber hollow-point bullets. Identical ammunition was recovered from the white Dodge

truck belonging to Alcala’s father. Based on the foregoing, a rational juror could find

that the .40 caliber handgun recovered from the Alcalas’ home was, in fact, the weapon

used to murder David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz. Furthermore, a rational juror could

also find that Alcala had access to, if not possession of, the murder weapon when the

murders occurred. See Madden v. State, 799 S.W.2d 683, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)

(en banc) (upholding murder conviction and noting “[p]erhaps most damaging is the

evidence that appellant was in possession of the .22 caliber murder weapon”).

          Seventh, the evidence established that Alcala had a motive for committing the

murders. See Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 781 (“[A]lthough motive is not an element of

murder, it may be a circumstance that is indicative of guilt.”). Earlier in the evening,

David allegedly disrespected Alcala by “peeling out” in front of his house. Then, after

that, David allegedly disrespected Alcala’s girlfriend by saying something about her

“pinche green car.” 8 According to the statement Alcala made to the police after the

murders, David and a second man, possibly Victor de la Cruz, then assaulted Alcala in

front of David’s house. Disrespected and injured in the two encounters with David,

Alcala returned to David’s house seeking a third encounter, this time with the help of his

father.        When that failed, the men left “very upset” and “angry.”              Moments later,

gunshots were heard and David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz were found dead in the

street.
          8
              “Pinche” is a Spanish word that was not defined for the jury.

                                                        31
       Eighth, the evidence established that before the murders, Alcala manifested, by

word and by deed, his intent to cause the death of David Garcia. See TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 19.02(b)(1). The men had been in at least two intense encounters on the night

of the murders. At least one of the encounters involved physical violence that caused

bodily injuries to both men. Furthermore, just minutes before the murders, Alcala told

David’s mother, “Whether it’s today or tomorrow, it’s going to be his turn.”            This

statement is particularly significant because Alcala made it after David’s mother

complained that Alcala had nearly hit and killed David with his vehicle just minutes

before the shooting, which is also evidence that Alcala intended to cause the death of

David Garcia.        See Ross v. State, 133 S.W.3d 618, 624 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)

(upholding conviction for capital murder after noting that “[a]ppellant threatened . . . [the

victim] with violence not long before she was murdered”). In talking to David’s mother,

Alcala expressed more than mere indifference to causing David’s death. A rational juror

could conclude that his remark and behavior were evidence of Alcala’s intent to cause

David’s death. See Turner v. State, 600 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)

(“[T]he Court has consistently held that knowledge and intent can be inferred from

conduct of, remarks by and circumstances surrounding the acts engaged in by an

accused . . . .”).

       Ninth, the evidence established that Alcala fled the scene after David Garcia and

Victor de la Cruz were killed. See Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 780 (“We have recognized

that a fact[-]finder may draw an inference of guilt from the circumstance of flight.”).

David Garza testified that after he heard gunshots, he looked outside and saw Alcala

exit from the passenger side of his father’s white Dodge truck, which was parked in the



                                             32
street with the headlights off. Alcala opened and closed the hood to his Cadillac CTS

and then disappeared inside the house. See Hardesty v. State, 656 S.W.2d 73, 78

(Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (upholding conviction where “appellant tried to avoid police

apprehension”).

       Tenth, unlike other witnesses, Alcala did not report hearing gunshots and

expressed no interest in the police investigation taking place literally right outside his

door. Instead, he maintained that he went home to have sex with his girlfriend, which

Investigator Perez found implausible. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004) (“[I]nconsistent statements . . . and implausible explanations to the

police are probative of wrongful conduct and are also circumstances of guilt.”).

       In sum, the evidence established the following: (1) David Garcia and Victor de la

Cruz were the victims of a double-homicide; (2) a single shooter used a .40 caliber

weapon to kill both men; (3) the victims knew their killer; (4) Alcala knew the victims; (5)

Alcala was present when the murders occurred; (6) the murder weapon was recovered

from Alcala’s home; (7) Alcala had a motive to kill the victims because David Garcia and

a second man—possibly Victor de la Cruz—assaulted Alcala and disrespected him

earlier that night; (8) Alcala manifested his intent to kill David Garcia by steering his

vehicle toward David and telling David’s mother that “[w]hether it’s today or tomorrow,

it’s going to be his turn”; (9) Alcala fled the scene after the murders occurred; and (10)

Alcala gave police an implausible explanation for what he was doing when the murders

occurred.

       Finally, we note that although Alcala did not testify at trial, the jury did view the

video recording of the statement he made to the police on the night of the murders. The



                                            33
jury watched as Investigator Perez broke “the news” to him that his friend David and

another man had been murdered. The jury saw his reaction. They were able to assess

whether he was lying or telling the truth when he professed his ignorance.           Most

importantly, the jury watched as Investigator Perez asked him whether he had any

involvement in the murders.     They saw his reaction.     They heard his denial.     And

ultimately, they found that he was lying.

       The United States Supreme Court has stated that the jury may regard “false

statements in explanation or defen[s]e made or procured to be made as in themselves

tending to show guilt.” Wilson v. United States, 162 U.S. 613, 621 (1896). As Judge

Learned Hand once wrote, a defendant’s denial of wrongful conduct “may be uttered

with such hesitation, discomfort, arrogance or defiance, as to give assurance that he is

fabricating, and that, if he is, there is no alternative but to assume the truth of what he

denies.” See Dyer v. MacDougall, 201 F.2d 265, 269 (2d Cir. 1952). Similarly, Judge

Richard Posner has explained that a defendant does not have to testify—or in this case,

give a statement to police—“but if he does and denies the charges and the jury thinks

he’s a liar, this becomes evidence of guilt to add to the other evidence.” United States

v. Zafiro, 945 F.2d 881, 888 (7th Cir. 1991), aff’d on other grounds, 506 U.S. 534

(1993). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has cited these decisions and indicated

that their approach is appropriate when, as here, “the fact that a crime had occurred

was established by other evidence.” Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d 860, 872 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013).

       Although no witness testified to seeing Alcala shoot either of the victims, after

considering the combined and cumulative force of the incriminating evidence set forth



                                            34
above, a rational juror could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Alcala was

responsible for killing David Garcia and Victor de la Cruz as the primary actor, under the

law of parties, or both. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01(a); Ransom, 920 S.W.3d at

302 (“Evidence is sufficient to convict under the law of parties where the defendant is

physically present at the commission of the offense and encourages its commission by

words or other agreement.”). This was not “a determination so outrageous that no

rational trier of fact could agree.” Wirth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 694, 698 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012). Accordingly, Alcala’s first issue is overruled.

                                       III. HEARSAY TESTIMONY

        In his second issue, Alcala contends that the trial court erred in admitting the

hearsay testimony of David Garza that Alcala was outside his house shouting that he

was going to kill Garza’s dog.

A. Applicable Law

        “The hearsay doctrine, codified in Rules 801 and 802 of the Texas Rules of

Evidence, is designed to exclude out-of-court statements offered for the truth of the

matter asserted that pose any of the four ‘hearsay dangers’ of faulty perception, faulty

memory, accidental miscommunication, or insincerity.” Fischer v. State, 252 S.W.3d

375, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing TEX. R. EVID. 801, 802). 9                      “The numerous

exceptions to the hearsay rule set out in Rules 803 and 804 are based upon the

rationale that some hearsay statements contain such strong independent, circumstantial

guarantees of trustworthiness that the risk of the four hearsay dangers is minimal while

the probative value of such evidence is high.” Id. “The twenty-four hearsay exceptions

        9
          “Hearsay” is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at trial, offered
in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” See TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). Hearsay is generally
inadmissible. See TEX. R. EVID. 802.

                                                    35
listed in . . . Rule 803 may be roughly categorized into (1) unreflective statements, (2)

reliable documents, and (3) reputation evidence.” Id. at 379 (citing TEX. R. EVID. 803).

“The rationale for all of the exceptions is that, over time, experience has shown that

these types of statements are generally reliable and trustworthy.” Id.

      “The first set of hearsay exceptions, unreflective statements, are ‘street corner’

utterances made by ordinary people before any thoughts of litigation have crystallized.”

Id. “These unreflective statements used to be called ‘res gestae,’ an imprecise Latin

legalese term, because the speaker was not thinking about the legal consequences of

his statements.”   Id.   “In most instances, the speaker was not thinking at all; the

statement was made without any reflection, thought process, or motive to fabricate or

exaggerate.” Id.

      One of those “unreflective statements” exceptions to the hearsay rule is defined

in Rule 803(1), the present sense impression: “A statement describing or explaining an

event or condition made while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or

immediately thereafter.”   TEX. R. EVID. 803(1).    “Statements that qualify under this

exception are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available.”

Fischer, 252 S.W.3d at 380.

B. Standard of Review

      “The admissibility of an out-of-court statement under the exceptions to the

general hearsay exclusion rule is within the trial court’s discretion.” Lawton v. State,

913 S.W.2d 542, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The trial court will be “reversed only if the

decision is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d

141, 151 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). In other words, “before the reviewing court may



                                           36
reverse the trial court’s decision, it must find the trial court’s ruling was so clearly wrong

as to lie outside the zone within which reasonable people might disagree.” Taylor v.

State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see also Pena v. State, 353

S.W.3d 797, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Furthermore, “[i]t is well settled that an out-of-

court ‘statement’ need not be directly quoted in order to run afoul of the hearsay rules.”

Head v. State, 4 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

C. Discussion

       At trial, David Garza testified that, on the night of the murders, he was asleep

when the telephone rang and woke him up. His daughter-in-law answered the phone.

Then, she knocked on the door of his bedroom. Garza was about to testify to what his

daughter-in-law told him when counsel for Alcala made a hearsay objection, which the

trial court overruled. Garza then proceeded to testify, “She says that - - that [Alcala] …

was outside of my - - on - - front of my yard, on the street that - - yelling that he was

going to kill the dog.”

       Later, Garza testified, “I looked out the window because my wife told me that - -”

when Alcala’s trial counsel made a second hearsay objection, which the trial court also

overruled. Garza then proceeded to testify, “I woke up and I looked out the window and

- - my window is right in front by the street, and I seen . . . [Alcala] in front of my yard.

And my dog was barking and that’s when I went down to see, you know, why he wanted

to kill the dog because he was yelling something about killing the dog.”

       A few questions later, Garza explained that he did not hear Alcala yelling

something about killing the dog: “That’s what my sister-in-law was telling me by the




                                             37
phone. When I went down, I thought he was going to kill my dog, because that’s what I

heard from the phone.” Counsel for Alcala did not object to this testimony.

       Viewing the testimony as a whole, rather than in isolated parts, it is clear that

Garza testified about three different out-of-court statements made by three different

women: (1) one by his daughter-in-law; (2) a second by his wife; and (3) a third by his

sister-in-law.   Although there were three different statements by three different

speakers, each woman said essentially the same thing: that Alcala was outside yelling

something about killing Garza’s dog.

       On appeal, Alcala complains that each statement “constituted double hearsay

and was not subject to any hearsay exception.” See Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d

476, 485–86 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing TEX. R. EVID. 805) (“When hearsay contains

hearsay, the [Texas] Rules of Evidence require that each part of the combined

statements be within an exception to the hearsay rule.”). We agree with Alcala that

each of the three statements contained an additional out-of-court statement by Alcala to

the effect that he was going to kill Garza’s dog.         But this was not hearsay-within-

hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 805.

       First, “[i]t is well established that an extra-judicial statement or writing offered for

the purpose of showing what was said rather than for the truth of the matter stated

therein does not constitute hearsay.” Crane v. State, 786 S.W.2d 338, 352 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1990). Here, the statements by Garza’s daughter-in-law, wife, and sister-in-law

were offered to establish “the circumstances surrounding and leading to the shooting.”

Id. They established how Garza was awakened in the middle of night and why he was

looking outside when he saw Alcala’s father’s white Dodge truck depart towards David



                                             38
Garcia’s house. As such, the statements were offered for the purpose of showing what

was said rather than for the truth of the matter stated therein. See id. Accordingly, they

were not hearsay. See id.

      Second, even assuming the statements were hearsay, they were not subject to

the hearsay rule. See TEX. R. EVID. 802. The women were describing to Garza what

they were hearing at the time. Therefore, their statements fall within the “present sense

impression” exception to the hearsay rule. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(a) (defining “present

sense impression” as “[a] statement describing or explaining an event or condition made

while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter”).

      Third, Alcala’s statement about killing the dog was not hearsay. See TEX. R.

EVID. 801(d).   “Rule 801(e)(2)(A) plainly and unequivocally states that a criminal

defendant’s own statements, when being offered against him, are not hearsay.” Trevino

v. State, 991 S.W.2d 849, 853 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(2)(A)).

“This rule recognizes that the out-of-court statements of a party differ from the out-of-

court statements of non-parties, and raise different evidentiary concerns.” Id. “A party’s

own statements are not hearsay and they are admissible on the logic that a party is

estopped from challenging the fundamental reliability or trustworthiness of his own

statements.” Id. Furthermore, “party admissions, unlike statements against interest,

need not be against the interests of the party when made; in order to be admissible, the

admission need only be offered as evidence against the party.”          Id.   Accordingly,

Alcala’s statement about killing Garza’s dog was not hearsay.         See TEX. R. EVID.

801(e)(2)(A).




                                           39
      Finally, even assuming the statements were hearsay and improperly admitted

into evidence, the error was not reversible. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). Under the

Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, “Any other [non-constitutional] error, defect,

irregularity, or variance that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded.” Id.

Alcala does not assert that this was constitutional error. See Johnson v. State, 967

S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (evaluating error in admission of hearsay

testimony under the standard for non-constitutional error). Therefore, we apply the

“substantial rights” test, under which the error must be disregarded unless “the error had

a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” King v.

State, 953 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

      As set forth above, counsel for Alcala did not object when Garza testified that his

sister-in-law told him that Alcala was shouting something about killing his dog. This was

essentially the same as the testimony about what Garza heard from his wife and

daughter-in-law, to which counsel for Alcala did object. Furthermore, “it is well settled

that an error in admission of evidence is cured where the same evidence comes in

elsewhere without objection . . . [because] defense counsel must object every time

allegedly inadmissible evidence is offered.” Hudson v. State, 675 S.W.2d 507, 511

(Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Therefore, counsel’s failure to object cured the error, if any, in

the trial court’s admission of the other statements into evidence. See id. The error, if

any, was harmless. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). Accordingly, Alcala’s second issue is

overruled.




                                            40
               IV. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ALCALA’S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT

       In his third issue, Alcala contends that the trial court violated his Sixth

Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses by admitting hearsay

statements through the testimony of David Garza.          See U.S. CONST., amend. VI;

Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51–52 (2004); Sanchez, 354 S.W.3d at 485 (“In

addition to the restrictions that the statute and the rules place on the admission of

hearsay, the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution broadly limits the admission

of hearsay by giving a defendant the right to be confronted with the witnesses against

him.”). However, Alcala’s trial counsel only made a general hearsay objection to this

testimony, which is not sufficient to preserve this issue for appeal. See Reyna v. State,

168 S.W.3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“An objection on hearsay [grounds] does

not preserve error on Confrontation Clause grounds.”); Paredes v. State, 129 S.W.3d

530, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that general “hearsay” objection “failed to

preserve error on Confrontation Clause grounds”) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)).

Accordingly, Alcala’s third issue is overruled.

                             V. TESTIMONY ABOUT SHOEPRINT

       In his fourth issue, Alcala contends that the trial court committed reversible error

in allowing Janie Arrellano to testify that the bloody shoeprint on the passenger-side

doorstep of Alcala’s father’s white Dodge truck matched the shoes found in Alcala’s

bedroom because Arrellano was not qualified as an expert in the area of shoeprints.

We disagree.

       “This type of testimony has long been admissible, in Texas and elsewhere, by

either lay or expert witnesses.” Rodgers v. State, 205 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex. Crim.



                                             41
App. 2006) (emphasis in original). Furthermore, even assuming, arguendo, that the trial

court erred in admitting Arrellano’s testimony, the error was waived by counsel’s failure

to object. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). At trial, counsel for Alcala made the following

objection: “Your Honor, if I may, Judge, I am going to object if she is going to give an

opinion or if she’ll be speculating as to if that is the same blood that matches the shoe

on the rail, Judge.” Counsel’s objection was limited to Arrellano giving an opinion or

speculating about whether the blood on the doorstep to the truck matched the blood on

the shoes recovered from Alcala’s bedroom. Counsel did not object to Arrellano stating

her opinion that the bloody shoeprint matched the shoes recovered from Alcala’s

bedroom. See TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(1). Therefore, because counsel’s objection at trial

does not comport with the issue raised on appeal, the error, if any, was waived. See

Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 729 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“Because … [defendant’s]

trial objection does not comport with the issues raised on appeal, he has preserved

nothing for our review.”). Accordingly, Alcala’s fourth issue is overruled.

                                     VI. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.




                                                 ___________________
                                                 NORA L. LONGORIA
                                                 Justice
Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
14th day of November, 2013.




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