               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 15a0786n.06

                                       Case No. 15-3201
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                Dec 03, 2015
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


VASIL SABOV,                                        )
                                                    )
       Petitioner,                                  )
                                                    )      ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.                                                  )      FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                    )      BOARD   OF  IMMIGRATION
LORETTA E. LYNCH, U.S. Attorney                     )      APPEALS
General,                                            )
                                                    )
       Respondent.                                  )
                                                    )


       BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, COOK, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Vasil Sabov, a native and citizen of Ukraine, seeks

reversal of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) denial of his applications for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). He also

challenges the BIA’s denial of his motion to remand to the Immigration Judge (IJ). We deny

Sabov’s petition for review.

                                               I.

       Sabov left Ukraine for the United States after a series of alleged confrontations related to

his Pentecostal faith. He testified that after he was drafted into the Soviet Army in 1976, his

fellow soldiers beat him when they discovered his religion.         Sabov further contends that

nationalist groups attacked his church on three occasions: in January and December 1994 and
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again in April 1997. The same nationalist groups attempted to extort money from Sabov at

work, beating him when he refused to pay. Finally, he claims that in April 1999 a group of

nationalists assaulted him in the street.

       Sabov entered the United States in December 1999 on a non-immigrant visa. When that

visa expired in 2000, Sabov applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection.

Due to several discrepancies in Sabov’s testimony and the lack of corroborating evidence, the IJ

denied his application. The BIA affirmed, and Sabov now petitions for review.

                                             II.

       “Where the BIA adopts the IJ’s reasoning, the court reviews the IJ’s decision directly to

determine whether the decision of the BIA should be upheld on appeal.” Patel v. Gonzales,

470 F.3d 216, 218 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275, 282–83 (6th Cir.

2005)). We review the IJ’s factual findings—including credibility determinations—under a

deferential substantial-evidence standard, treating them as conclusive unless “any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Koulibaly v. Mukasey, 541 F.3d

613, 619 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

       For asylum eligibility, Sabov needed to establish that he suffered past persecution or had

a well-founded fear of future persecution. Guang Run Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 703 (6th

Cir. 2004) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). More stringent standards govern withholding of

removal under the Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and under

the CAT. To establish eligibility for withholding of removal under the INA, Sabov had to show

a clear probability of persecution on the basis of one of the five grounds necessary for asylum

eligibility. Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 749 (6th Cir. 2006). To establish eligibility




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for withholding of removal under the CAT, Sabov was required to establish that it is more likely

than not that he would be tortured if removed to Ukraine. Id.

       Because Sabov petitioned for asylum before May 11, 2005, the pre-REAL ID Act

standards for credibility determinations control. Koulibaly, 541 F.3d at 620 n.2. Accordingly,

the IJ needed to assess credibility on “issues that go to the heart of the applicant’s claim,” not on

minor or irrelevant inconsistencies. Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924, 926 (6th Cir. 2004). Indeed, “if

discrepancies cannot be viewed as attempts by the applicant to enhance his claims of

persecution, they have no bearing on credibility.” Shkabari v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 324, 329 (6th

Cir. 2005) (quoting Sylla, 388 F.3d at 926).

       At the removal proceeding, Sabov testified and submitted to cross-examination. He also

offered his written statement, a letter from a Pentecostal church in Ohio vouching for his

attendance since 2007, a letter from his current employer, and his birth certificate. The IJ found

his testimony not credible as a result of a number of telling inconsistencies and a lack of

corroborating evidence.

       Here are the discrepancies.       First, Sabov inconsistently testified about injuries he

received at the hands of his fellow soldiers, initially claiming that he suffered a broken nose, a

broken collarbone, and two broken ribs. Later, however, he admitted that his ribs were never

broken. Second, in his written personal statement, Sabov described the January 1994 attack on

his church as a “real slaughter,” as the nationalists “beat all of us including kids and elderly with

metal rods and chains.” But while testifying, he admitted that “nothing happened to him” during

that episode beyond “a bruise or so” and that his children—although present at the church—were

unharmed. Third, Sabov testified inconsistently about the number of times the various attacks

landed him in the hospital. He contended that he was hospitalized after the assault in the army,


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and after the December 1994 church attack. He further explained that he went “to the hospital”

after the April 1999 street beating. But when the IJ asked Sabov “[h]ow many times were you

hospitalized in Ukraine,” Sabov stated only once, in December 1994. These discrepancies go to

the heart of Sabov’s asylum claim—religiously motivated attacks—and do not compel reversal

of the IJ’s credibility finding.

        More importantly, we share the IJ’s skepticism in view of the absence of corroborating

evidence. “[W]here it is reasonable to expect corroborating evidence for certain alleged facts

pertaining to the specifics of an applicant’s claim, such evidence should be provided . . . . The

absence of such corroborating evidence can lead to a finding that an applicant has failed to meet

[his] burden of proof.” Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 379, 382 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting In re S-

M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722, 724–26 (BIA 1997)). Corroborating evidence is required only if it “is

of the type that would normally be created or available in the particular country and is accessible

to the alien, such as through friends, relatives, or co-workers.” Id. at 383.

        Sabov provided no independent proof of the attacks either through letters from witnesses

or by way of medical records. When the IJ inquired about this failure, Sabov insisted that

“nobody would give [him] anything like that” but admitted that he never asked anyone to submit

a statement. He alleged that his daughter—who still resides in Ukraine—requested medical

documents from the hospital but was rebuffed.           Nevertheless, Sabov never attempted to

personally contact the hospital. Most significantly, he presented no corroborating evidence of

his membership in any Pentecostal group in Ukraine. When the IJ asked why this evidence was

missing, Sabov replied that he did not realize he needed to submit such proof.

        In the end, Sabov’s explanation to the IJ for his failure to obtain corroborating evidence

fell short. See Dorosh, 398 F.3d at 383 (corroborating evidence—such as letters from friends


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and relatives in Ukraine—was reasonably expected and petitioner “offered no special

circumstances to explain [its] absence”). And paired with the inconsistencies in his testimony,

this lack of independent proof counsels against reversal.

       Having failed to establish past persecution, Sabov enjoys no presumption of a well-

founded fear of future persecution. Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 390 (6th Cir. 1998).

Accordingly, he must demonstrate that he “actually fear[s] that he will be persecuted upon return

to his country, and he must present evidence establishing an ‘objective situation’ under which his

fear can be deemed reasonable.” Id. at 389 (quoting Perkovic v. INS, 33 F.3d 615, 620–21 (6th

Cir. 1994)). Furthermore, he must show the unreasonableness of safe relocation in Ukraine.

8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii), (3)(i).

       Sabov’s testimony that “things remain the same” in Ukraine and that if he returned

“[t]hey might kill [him],” offers little in proving an objective fear of future persecution, let alone

obviating internal relocation as a reasonable option.         And our review of the 2011 U.S.

Department of State International Religious Freedom Report—relied on by the IJ—does not

compel a different outcome.

       Sabov failed to establish asylum eligibility. He also failed to establish eligibility for

withholding of removal under the INA by showing a clear probability of persecution. Lumaj v.

Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 578 (6th Cir. 2006). As to CAT protection, the IJ and the BIA held that

Sabov failed to demonstrate that he would more likely than not be subject to torture upon

returning to Ukraine. No evidence warrants our disagreement with that decision. See Koulibaly,

541 F.3d at 619 (courts assess claims of CAT protection under the same deferential standard as

asylum claims).




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                                              III.

       Sabov also challenges the BIA’s denial of his motion to remand. In this motion, Sabov

protested that in considering his claim of a well-founded fear of future persecution, the IJ did not

consider the 2011 Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Ukraine.

Sabov thus requested that the BIA “remand this case to the [IJ] for further proceedings to allow

parties in this case to introduce evidence regarding country conditions in Ukraine.” In the

alternative, Sabov asked the BIA to take administrative notice of the Human Rights Report.

       The BIA refused to remand absent a showing that the Human Rights Report “was not

available and could not have been discovered or presented at the former hearing.” On appeal,

Sabov contends that the BIA abused its discretion because it erroneously treated his motion to

remand as a motion to reopen (instead of a motion to reconsider) and thus applied an incorrect

legal standard.

       If filed during the pendency of a BIA appeal, a motion to reconsider or a motion to

reopen may be styled as a motion to remand. In re L-V-K-, 22 I. & N. Dec. 976, 978–79 (BIA

1999); In re Coelho, 20 I. & N. Dec. 464, 471 (BIA 1992). A motion to reconsider contemplates

the existing record, alleging “errors in appraising the facts and the law.” In re Cerna, 20 I. & N.

Dec. 399, 402 (BIA 1991); see also Board of Immigration Appeals Practice Manual Ch. 5.7(a).

A motion to reopen, on the other hand, requests the opportunity to supplement the record with

evidence that is “material and was not available and could not have been discovered or presented

at the former hearing.” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 675 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting

8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1)). We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to remand for abuse of

discretion. Abu-Khaliel v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 627, 634 (6th Cir. 2006).




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       Although Sabov complains that his motion to remand was “in its essence a motion to

reconsider,” the relief requested belies that argument. Because Sabov asked to submit evidence

that was not made part of the record—the Human Rights Report—the BIA justifiably treated this

request as a motion to reopen.

       And the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. There was some

confusion regarding whether the IJ ever received the Human Rights Report from the government.

At the asylum hearing, the government inquired whether the IJ planned to take notice of the most

recent Country Report, the Religious Freedom Report and the Human Rights Report. The IJ

responded that he had a copy of the Religious Freedom Report and asked whether the

government had a copy of the Country Report. The government responded that it did not but

would obtain a copy during a break, presumably to enter it in the record or provide it to the IJ. It

appears that did not happen, and the Country Report was not made part of the record.

       Sabov argues that the IJ committed reversible error by omitting the Human Rights Report

from the record. But the authority he draws from concerns reliance on a report that was not in

the record, see e.g. In re S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 731–33, or failure to consider a report that

was in the record. See e.g. Mostafa v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 622, 625–26 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, the

IJ considered the country reports in the record and no others, and thus those cases lend Sabov no

support. Accordingly, the denial of Sabov’s motion to remand fell comfortably within the BIA’s

discretion. In any event, the 2011 Ukraine Country Report, a copy of which Sabov attached to

his motion to remand, in a section titled “Freedom of Religion,” states only:             “See the

Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report at www.state.gov/j/drl/irf/rpt/.”

The Religious Freedom Report was made part of the record.




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                                             IV.

       Finally, Sabov claims that the IJ denied him due process by not providing him with an

opportunity to review and rebut the country reports, by misrepresenting information in the

Religious Freedom Report, and by failing to consider and not making part of the record the

Human Rights Report. But because he never presented these arguments to the BIA as due

process claims, we lack jurisdiction to review them. Ramani v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 554, 558–60

(6th Cir. 2004) (“[A] failure to exhaust administrative remedies with regard to [a particular]

question . . . depriv[es] a court of appeals of jurisdiction to consider that question” (quoting

Chung Young Chew v. Boyd, 309 F.2d 857, 861 (9th Cir. 1962)). And although Sabov asserted a

due process claim regarding the IJ’s failure to consider his hand scar, he abandons that argument

before this court.

       Accordingly, we deny Sabov’s petition for review.




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