                )LOHGE\&OHUNRI6XSUHPH&RXUW
                        ,17+(6835(0(&2857
                      67$7(2)1257+'$.27$


                                   1'


%U\DQ$QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG                                                   $SSHOOHH

       Y

7KRPDV6RUHO'LUHFWRU'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ                     $SSHOODQW


                                   1R


      $SSHDOIURPWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWRI&DVV&RXQW\(DVW&HQWUDO-XGLFLDO'LVWULFW
WKH+RQRUDEOH:DGH/:HEE-XGJH

       5(9(56('$1'5(,167$7('

       2SLQLRQRIWKH&RXUWE\-HQVHQ-XVWLFH

       0DUN $ )ULHVH DUJXHG  DQG 'UHZ - +XVKND RQ EULHI  )DUJR 1' IRU
DSSHOOHH

       'RXJODV % $QGHUVRQ 2IILFH RI $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO %LVPDUFN 1' IRU
DSSHOODQW
                                  %ULGJHIRUGY6RUHO
                                      1R


       -HQVHQ-XVWLFH
>@   7KH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ ³'HSDUWPHQW´ DSSHDOVIURPDGLVWULFWFRXUW
MXGJPHQWUHYHUVLQJDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQWRVXVSHQG%U\DQ
$QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVIRUDSHULRGRIGD\V7KH'HSDUWPHQW
DVVHUWVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJDODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUZDVQRWZLWKLQ
DUHFRJQL]HGH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQ
WKHRIILFHUHQWHUHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDIWHUKHIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶V
DFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%HFDXVHZHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQ
DSSOLHGDQGDOORZHGWKHZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZHUHYHUVHWKH
MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ
SULYLOHJHV
                                             ,
>@   2Q -XQH   DW  DP D :HVW )DUJR SROLFH RIILFHU REVHUYHG
%ULGJHIRUGLQWKHGULYHU¶VVHDWRIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHSDUNHGLQDJDVVWDWLRQSDUNLQJORW
%ULGJHIRUG GLG QRW DSSHDU WR EH DZDNH DQG ZDV XQUHVSRQVLYH ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU
DSSURDFKHG WKH GULYHU¶V GRRU RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V YHKLFOH  ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR ZDNH
%ULGJHIRUG WKH RIILFHU NQRFNHG ORXGO\ RQ WKH ZLQGRZ DQG UDLVHG KLV YRLFH IRU
DSSUR[LPDWHO\VHFRQGV%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHVSRQGWRWKHDWWHPSWVWRZDNHKLP
XSIURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH7KHRIILFHUWKHQRSHQHGWKHYHKLFOH¶VXQORFNHGGRRU
JUDEEHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VVKRXOGHUDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHZRNHXS7KHRIILFHU
WHVWLILHG KH FRXOG VPHOO DQ RGRU RI DOFRKRO DIWHU RSHQLQJ WKH GRRU KH REVHUYHG
%ULGJHIRUG KDG VOXUUHG VSHHFK DQG EORRGVKRW H\HV DQG %ULGJHIRUG DGPLWWHG WR
FRQVXPLQJPXOWLSOHEHHUV$IWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGVHYHUDOILHOGVREULHW\WHVWVWKH
RIILFHUSODFHG%ULGJHIRUGXQGHUDUUHVWIRUGULYLQJXQGHUWKH LQIOXHQFHRIDOFRKRO
DFWXDO SK\VLFDO FRQWURO  %ULGJHIRUG VXEPLWWHG WR D FKHPLFDO EUHDWK WHVW ZKLFK
HVWDEOLVKHGDEORRGDOFRKROOHYHORI

                                             
>@   $QDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJZDVKHOGWRFRQVLGHUZKHWKHU%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJ
SULYLOHJHV VKRXOG EH VXVSHQGHG  $W WKH KHDULQJ %ULGJHIRUG DUJXHG WKH RIILFHU¶V
ZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDQGDQ\
HYLGHQFHDFTXLUHGVXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQDGPLVVLEOH'XULQJ
WKHKHDULQJWKHRIILFHUWHVWLILHGKHZDVQRWLQYHVWLJDWLQJDFULPHZKHQKHFDPHLQWR
FRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUGEXWZDV³FKHFNLQJRQKLP´EHFDXVH%ULGJHIRUGZDVVOHHSLQJ
LQKLVFDUDQGWKHYHKLFOHZDVUXQQLQJ7KHKHDULQJRIILFHUIRXQGWKHRIILFHUSURSHUO\
HQWHUHGWKHYHKLFOHDIWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQ
IURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVZHUHUHYRNHGIRUDSHULRG
RIGD\V%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDOHGWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW7KHFRXUWUHYHUVHGWKHKHDULQJ
RIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQDIWHUFRQFOXGLQJWKHHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFK
WKDWQRH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRUDZDUUDQWDSSOLHGDQGDQ\HYLGHQFHJDWKHUHG
VXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVUHTXLUHGWREHH[FOXGHGIURPHYLGHQFH
                                             ,,
>@   7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZVDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHYRFDWLRQRIDGULYHU¶VOLFHQVHXQGHU
1'&&Olson v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G
  ³,Q DQ DSSHDO IURP D GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V UHYLHZ RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DJHQF\¶V
GHFLVLRQZHUHYLHZWKHDJHQF\¶VGHFLVLRQ´Haynes v. Dir., Dep’t of Transp.
1'1:G7KLV&RXUWZLOODIILUPDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\¶V
RUGHUXQOHVV
       7KHRUGHULVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVRIWKHDSSHOODQW
       
        7KH ILQGLQJV RI IDFW PDGH E\ WKH DJHQF\ DUH QRW VXSSRUWHG E\ D
       SUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFH
       7KHFRQFOXVLRQVRIODZDQGRUGHURIWKHDJHQF\DUHQRWVXSSRUWHGE\
       LWVILQGLQJVRIIDFW
1'&&
>@   5DWKHUWKDQPDNLQJLQGHSHQGHQWILQGLQJVRIIDFWRUVXEVWLWXWLQJRXUMXGJPHQW
IRUWKDWRIWKHDJHQF\RXUUHYLHZLVFRQILQHGWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU³DUHDVRQLQJ
PLQGUHDVRQDEO\FRXOGKDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHIDFWXDOFRQFOXVLRQVUHDFKHGZHUH
SURYHGE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFHIURPWKHHQWLUHUHFRUG´Deeth v. Dir., N.D.

                                             
Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G$OWKRXJKRXUUHYLHZLVOLPLWHG
WRWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\³WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDQDO\VLVLVHQWLWOHG
WRUHVSHFWLILWVUHDVRQLQJLVVRXQG´Id³$QDJHQF\¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQTXHVWLRQVRI
ODZ DUH VXEMHFW WR IXOO UHYLHZ´  Id  7KLV &RXUW ³UHYLHZV FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV
YLRODWLRQVXQGHUWKHGHQRYRVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ´State v. Williams1'
1:G
>@   %ULGJHIRUGDVVHUWVWKHLQLWLDONQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZRIKLVYHKLFOHE\WKH
RIILFHUZDVDWUHVSDVVDQGDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG
DVHDUFKVXEMHFWWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW%ULGJHIRUG
DOVRFKDOOHQJHVWKHHQWU\LQWRKLVYHKLFOHDVDQLPSHUPLVVLEOHZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKLQ
YLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW
                                             ,,,
>@   %ULGJHIRUGFRQWHQGVWKHRIILFHUWUHVSDVVHGRQKLVSURSHUW\E\NQRFNLQJRQWKH
YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZWKHNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ
DQG D VHDUFK ZKLFK UHTXLUHG D ZDUUDQW  +H DUJXHV WKH RIILFHU¶V NQRFNLQJ RQ WKH
ZLQGRZZDVQRWZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRU
DZDUUDQW
>@   ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV´State v.
Schneider1'1:G7KH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUW
GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV DV WKRVH ³WRWDOO\ GLYRUFHG IURP WKH
GHWHFWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RU DFTXLVLWLRQ RI HYLGHQFH UHODWLQJ WR WKH YLRODWLRQ RI D
FULPLQDO VWDWXWH´  Id TXRWLQJ Cady v. Dombrowski  86    
&RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ MXVWLILHV ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW FRQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV ZLWKRXW
UHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappv. N.D. Dep’t of Transp1'
    1:G   &RQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV IDOOV ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\
FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQDQRIILFHU¶VREMHFWLYHLVWRKHOSDSHUVRQLQSRVVLEOHQHHGRI
DVVLVWDQFHSee City of Jamestown v. Jerome1'1:G
>@   ,QFDVHVLQYROYLQJPRWRUYHKLFOHVWKH³ODZGLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQWKHDSSURDFK
RIDQDOUHDG\VWRSSHGYHKLFOHDQGWKHVWRSRIDPRYLQJRQH´Abernathey v. Dep’t of

                                              
Transp.1'1:G³:KHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHG
YHKLFOHWRLQTXLUHLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUZKHWKHUWKHRFFXSDQWLVRND\RUQHHGV
DVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHULVHQJDJHGLQWKHUROHRIDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUZLWKDFWLRQV
VHSDUDWHIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKH
YLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH´State v. Leher1'1:G
>@ ³>:@KHUHLWLVREYLRXVDFLWL]HQQHLWKHUQHHGVQRUGHVLUHVDVVLVWDQFHDQRIILFHU
KDVQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOO´Rist v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'
1:G+RZHYHUWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHU
VOHHSLQJLVQRWDQREYLRXVLQGLFDWLRQWKDWDFLWL]HQGRHVQRWQHHGDVVLVWDQFHIdsee
alsoState v. Smith1'1:GLapp1'
1:GState v. Franklin1:G 1' :KHQDQ
RIILFHUHQFRXQWHUVDSHUVRQ³ZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO
LQTXLU\ IURP RFFXUULQJ´ WKH RIILFHU PXVW GHFLGH WKH DFWLRQV QHFHVVDU\ WR JHW WKH
SHUVRQWRUHVSRQGDQGPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDQRQUHVSRQVLYHSHUVRQ³GLIIHUHQWO\
IURP D SHUVRQ ZKR LV FRQVFLRXV DQG DEOH WR FRQYHUVH ZLWK WKH RIILFHU´  City of
Mandan v. Gerhardt1'1:G FLWLQJRistDW 7R
GHWHUPLQH LI DVVLVWDQFH LV QHHGHG LW LV UHDVRQDEOH IRU DQ RIILFHU WR NQRFN RQ D
YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZSeeRistDWCity of Fargo v. Sivertson1'
1:G%\NQRFNLQJDQRIILFHULVGRLQJ³QRPRUHWKDQDQ\SULYDWHFLWL]HQ
PLJKWGR´Florida v. Jardines86   GLVFXVVLQJZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKHV
RIKRPHV 
>@ ,Q Lapp ZH KHOG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQV VXSSRUWHG DQ RIILFHU¶V
HQFRXQWHUZLWKDGULYHULQFOXGLQJNQRFNLQJRQWKHYHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZ1'
1:G,QLappDQRIILFHUDUULYHGDWDEXVLQHVVSDUNLQJORWWRILQGD
PDQVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHIdDW$VHFXULW\
JXDUGKDGWULHGWRZDNHWKHPDQE\NQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZIRUWHQPLQXWHVEHIRUH
WKHRIILFHUDUULYHGId$IWHUWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWZLFHZLWKLQWZR
PLQXWHVWKHPDQZRNHXSId$WWKDWSRLQWWKHRIILFHUQRWLFHGWKHPDQ¶VJORVV\
H\HVDQGRSHQHGWKHGRRUId:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHHQFRXQWHUZDVZLWKLQWKHRIILFHU¶V

                                              
UROH DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU  8QWLO WKH RIILFHU FRQYHUVHG ZLWK >WKH PDQ@ DQG
DVFHUWDLQHG >KH@ GLG QRW QHHG PHGLFDO DWWHQWLRQ WKH RIILFHU ZDV MXVWLILHG LQ
LQYHVWLJDWLQJ>KLV@FRQGLWLRQ´IdDW
>@ ,QSivertsonDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGDYHKLFOHVWRSSHGEHKLQGDWUDIILFDFFLGHQW
DIWHUQRWLFLQJLWZDVQRWSDVVLQJWKHVFHQHOLNHRWKHUPRWRULVWV1'
 1:G   7KH RIILFHU WHVWLILHG KH PDGH FRQWDFW WR HQVXUH WKH GULYHU ZDV
DOULJKW  Id DW    %HFDXVH WKH GULYHU ZDV ³IL[DWHG IRUZDUG´ ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU
DSSURDFKHGWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWRJHWWKHGULYHU¶VDWWHQWLRQIdDW
:H KHOG WKH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV ³ZHUH D SHUPLVVLEOH SDUW RI D OHJLWLPDWH FDUHWDNHU
HQFRXQWHU´Id7KLV&RXUWPDGHDVLPLODUGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQCity of Grand Forks v.
ZejdlikZKHUHDQRIILFHUUHSHDWHGO\NQRFNHGRQWKHGULYHU¶VZLQGRZWRJHW=HMGOLN¶V
DWWHQWLRQ1:G 1' See also Gerhardt1'
1:G
>@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZLQGRZZDVZLWKLQWKHVFRSH
RIWKHRIILFHU¶VFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQ%HFDXVHWKHRIILFHUZDVDFWLQJZLWKLQ
KLVUROHDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUWKHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVQRWDQ
LPSHUPLVVLEOHWUHVSDVVRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VSURSHUW\DQGZDVQRWDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHU
LQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHGDZDUUDQW
                                             ,9
>@ %ULGJHIRUGZDVXQUHVSRQVLYHWRWKHRIILFHU¶VSUHVHQFHQH[WWRWKHYHKLFOHDQG
UHPDLQHGXQUHVSRQVLYHIROORZLQJVLJQLILFDQWDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQIURPRXWVLGH
WKH YHKLFOH  $IWHU %ULGJHIRUG IDLOHG WR UHVSRQG WKH RIILFHU RSHQHG WKH GRRU RI
%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHUHVSRQGHG7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW
FRQFOXGHGWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLPSURSHUEHFDXVHLWZDVDVHDUFKWKDWIHOO
RXWVLGHDQ\H[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW
>@ 8QUHDVRQDEOHVHDUFKHVDQGVHL]XUHVDUHSURKLELWHGE\WKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW
WRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQDQGE\6HFWLRQ$UWLFOHRIWKH1RUWK'DNRWD
&RQVWLWXWLRQAbernathey1'1:G³$QLQGLYLGXDOPD\
FKDOOHQJH D VHDUFK XQGHU WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW LI LW YLRODWHV WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V

                                              
UHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\RULQYROYHVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHSK\VLFDOLQWUXVLRQRI
DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGDUHDLQRUGHUWRILQGVRPHWKLQJRUREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQ´
United States v. Cowan)G WK&LU  FLWDWLRQVDQGTXRWDWLRQV
RPLWWHG 
>@ 6HDUFKHVZLWKRXWDZDUUDQWDUHQRWXQUHDVRQDEOHXQGHUWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW
LIWKHJRYHUQPHQWFDQVKRZWKHVHDUFKIDOOVXQGHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW
UHTXLUHPHQWState v. Matthews1'1:G³$FWLQJLQD
FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\LVDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH
)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW´State v. Gill1'1:G FLWLQJ
Dombrowski86DW 7KHRIILFHU¶VHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFKDQG
WKHUHIRUHZHPXVWFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH
)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDSSOLHV
>@ :HKDYHSUHYLRXVO\QRWHGWKDW³>L@IWKHSROLFHILQGDSHUVRQXQFRQVFLRXVRU
GLVRULHQWHGDQGLQFRKHUHQWLQDYHKLFOHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKHPWRHQWHUWKH
YHKLFOH IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI JLYLQJ DLG WR WKH SHUVRQ LQ GLVWUHVV DQG RI ILQGLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQEHDULQJXSRQWKHFDXVHRIKLVFRQGLWLRQ´Gerhardt1'
1:G FLWLQJ:D\QH5/D)DYH6HDUFK 6HL]XUH I  WKHG 
:H KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ GHFOLQHG WR KROG DQ RIILFHU¶V HQWU\ LQWR D YHKLFOH GXULQJ D
FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUHQFRXQWHUZDVDQLPSURSHUZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKRist1'
1:G,QRistDGHSXW\REVHUYHGDPDQVOXPSHGEHKLQGWKH
VWHHULQJZKHHORIDSDUNHGQRQUXQQLQJYHKLFOHDQGGHFLGHGWRSHUIRUPDZHOIDUH
FKHFNIdDW7KHGHSXW\DSSURDFKHGWKHUROOHGGRZQGULYHU¶VVLGHZLQGRZDQG
VKRXWHG³6KHULII¶V'HSDUWPHQWZDNHXS´VHYHUDOWLPHVId:KHQWKHGULYHUGLGQRW
ZDNHXSWKHGHSXW\UHDFKHGLQVLGHWKURXJKWKHRSHQZLQGRZDQGVKRRNWKHGULYHU¶V
OHIWVKRXOGHUId$IWHUWKHGULYHUZRNHXSWKHGHSXW\VPHOOHGDOFRKRODQGQRWLFHG
DQRSHQEHHUFDQIdDW:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUHZKHWKHU
>WKHGULYHU@ZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´IdDW
>@ +HUHDQRIILFHUQRWLFHG%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDUHGWREHDVOHHSLQDUXQQLQJYHKLFOH
DWDJDVVWDWLRQDURXQGDP7KHUHFRUGSURYLGHVQRLQGLFDWLRQRIDQ\REYLRXV

                                             
VLJQ%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH7KHRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGWKHYHKLFOH
DQGNQRFNHGIRUVHFRQGVLQDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHFRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUG'HVSLWH
WKHRIILFHU¶VORXGNQRFNLQJDQGUDLVHGYRLFH%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWZDNHXSRUPRYH
%ULGJHIRUG¶VXQUHVSRQVLYHQHVVSURPSWHGWKHRIILFHUWRRSHQWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG
VKDNH%ULGJHIRUGWRPDNHVXUHKHZDVDOULJKW$WWKLVSRLQWDIWHUHQWHULQJWKHYHKLFOH
WRGHWHUPLQHLI%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHTXLUHDVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHUVPHOOHGDOFRKRODQG
KDGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWREHOLHYH%ULGJHIRUGKDGEHHQGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFH
>@ %ULGJHIRUGDWWHPSWVWRGLVWLQJXLVKKLVFDVHIURPRXUSULRUFDVHVE\DUJXLQJKH
ZDVQRW³VOXPSHG´EHKLQGKLVVWHHULQJZKHHODQGWKHRIILFHUKDGQRWUHFHLYHGDFDOO
IURPDFRQFHUQHGFRPSODLQLQJWKLUGSDUW\,PSOLFLWO\%ULGJHIRUGDUJXHVWKHUHQHHGV
WR EH VRPH REMHFWLYH VLJQ RI GLVWUHVV LQ H[FHVV RI KLP VOHHSLQJ DQG EHLQJ QRQ
UHVSRQVLYHIRUWKHRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUIXQFWLRQIURPRXWVLGH
WKHYHKLFOHWRLQVLGHWKHYHKLFOH
>@ :KLOH ZH KDYH KHOG WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQ GRHV QRW H[WHQG WR
³FLUFXPVWDQFHVZKHUHLWLVREYLRXVWKDWDFLWL]HQLVQHLWKHULQQHHGRIQRUGHVLUHV
DVVLVWDQFH´Jerome1'1:G FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau
1'1:G RXUFDVHODZDOORZVDQRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHD
FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUUROHIURPRXWVLGHDYHKLFOHWRWKHLQVLGHRIDYHKLFOHZKHQD
VOHHSLQJLQGLYLGXDOIDLOVWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWDUHVSRQVHIURPRXWVLGHWKH
YHKLFOH)RUH[DPSOHZHKDYHSUHYLRXVO\KHOGXQWLOWKHRIILFHUKDVFRQYHUVHGZLWK
DQXQUHVSRQVLYHLQGLYLGXDOVHDWHGZLWKLQDYHKLFOHDQGDVFHUWDLQHGWKDWWKHLQGLYLGXDO
GRHVQRWQHHGPHGLFDODWWHQWLRQDQRIILFHULVMXVWLILHGLQRSHQLQJWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG
LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHRFFXSDQW¶VFRQGLWLRQLapp1'1:G
:KHQ³DQLQGLYLGXDOZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO
LQTXLU\IURPRFFXUULQJWKHRIILFHUPXVWGHWHUPLQHZKDWDFWLRQVQHHGWREHWDNHQ
WRJHWWKHLQGLYLGXDOWRUHVSRQGDQGWKHUHIRUHPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDSHUVRQZKR
GRHVQRWUHVSRQGGLIIHUHQWO\IURPDSHUVRQZKRLVFRQVFLRXVDQGDEOHWRFRQYHUVHZLWK
WKHRIILFHU´Rist1'1:G,QRistZHQRWHGZKHQWKH



                                             
GHSXW\REVHUYHG5LVWXQUHVSRQVLYHZLWKLQWKHYHKLFOH³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUH
ZKHWKHU5LVWZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´ IdDW
                                            9
>@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVUHPDLQHGZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQWR
WKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQKHNQRFNHGRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶V
ZLQGRZ  7KH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV DOVR UHPDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU
H[FHSWLRQZKHQHQWHULQJ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHVXEVHTXHQWWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VIDLOXUHWR
UHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH:HUHYHUVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V
MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ
SULYLOHJHV
>@ -RQ--HQVHQ
      /LVD)DLU0F(YHUV
      *HUDOG:9DQGH:DOOH&-
       &URWKHUV-XVWLFHFRQFXUULQJLQSDUWDQGGLVVHQWLQJLQSDUW
>@ , FRQFXU LQ WKDW SRUWLRQ RI WKH PDMRULW\ RSLQLRQ FRQFOXGLQJ WKH RIILFHU¶V
NQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VFDUZLQGRZZDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJDQGQRWD)RXUWK
$PHQGPHQWYLRODWLRQLQYROYLQJWUHVSDVV,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSRUWLRQRI
WKHPDMRULW\RSLQLRQVXJJHVWLQJODZHQIRUFHPHQWFDQSURFHHGXQGHUWKHFRPPXQLW\
FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQ WR HQWHU D FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SURWHFWHG DUHD XQOHVV D SHUVRQ
DIILUPDWLYHO\FRPPXQLFDWHVWKH\QHLWKHUQHHGQRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH
>@ 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZHGRXUDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQDV
IROORZV
               ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV
       Lapp v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G
        FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau1'1:G 7KH
       8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ
       IXQFWLRQVDVWKRVHµWRWDOO\GLYRUFHGIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
       RUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKHYLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH¶
       Cady v. Dombrowski  86    6&W 
        /(GG     &RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ DOORZV ODZ
       HQIRUFHPHQWFLWL]HQ FRQWDFW LQFOXGLQJ VWRSV ZLWKRXW DQ RIILFHU¶V
       UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ RI FULPLQDO FRQGXFW  State v. Glaesman
       1:G 1' )RU)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWSXUSRVHV
       DVHL]XUHGRHVQRWRFFXUZKHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHGYHKLFOH
                                            
LIWKHRIILFHUTXHVWLRQVWKHRFFXSDQWLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUDQG
GRHV QRW LVVXH RUGHUV WR WKH SHUVRQ RU GHPDQG D UHVSRQVH  State v.
Langseth1:G 1'  FLWLQJWibben v. N.D.
State Highway Comm’r  1:G   1' 
 9DQGH:DOOH-FRQFXUULQJ +RZHYHUHYHQDFDVXDOHQFRXQWHUFDQ
EHFRPH D VHL]XUH LI D UHDVRQDEOH SHUVRQ ZRXOG YLHZ WKH RIILFHU¶V
DFWLRQV²LI GRQH E\ DQRWKHU SULYDWH FLWL]HQ²DV WKUHDWHQLQJ RU
RIIHQVLYH  Id. FLWLQJ Wibben DW    7KLV PD\ RFFXU WKURXJK DQ
RUGHUDWKUHDWRUDZHDSRQGLVSOD\Id.$QRIILFHU¶VLQLWLDOFRPPXQLW\
FDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHUDOVRPD\FDXVHWKHRIILFHUWRGHYHORSDUHDVRQDEOH
DQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappDW
        ³2XU SUHYLRXV FDVHV SURYLGH H[DPSOHV RI ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW
RIILFHUV SHUIRUPLQJ FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV  See Lapp v.
Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G KROGLQJDQ
RIILFHU¶V HQFRXQWHU ZLWK DQ LQGLYLGXDO MXVWLILHG E\ WKH RIILFHU¶V
FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQWKHLQGLYLGXDOZDVVOXPSHGRYHUWKH
VWHHULQJZKHHORIDYHKLFOHZLWKLWVHQJLQHUXQQLQJ City of Fargo v.
Sivertson  1'     1:G  GHWHUPLQLQJ DQ
RIILFHU¶VLQLWLDODSSURDFKRIDGULYHUZKRIDLOHGWRSURFHHGDURXQGWKH
VFHQHRIDQDFFLGHQWZLWKWKHUHVWRIWUDIILFZDVDFDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHU 
City of Grand Forks v. Zejdlik1:G 1'
 KROGLQJ DQ RIILFHU ZDV DFWLQJ DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU ZKHQ KH
LQLWLDOO\DSSURDFKHGDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORI
DQLGOLQJYHKLFOH State v. Franklin1:G 1'
 GHWHUPLQLQJRIILFHUV¶DSSURDFKRILQGLYLGXDOVSDUNHGDWQLJKWLQPRWHO
SDUNLQJORWDQGVOXPSHGGRZQLQWKHLUVHDWVZDVPRUHRIDFDUHWDNLQJ
HQFRXQWHU WKDQ D VHDUFK RU VHL]XUH  State v. Halfmann
1:G 1'  KROGLQJDQRIILFHUDFWHGLQD
FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\ZKHQKHDSSURDFKHGDGULYHUDIWHUVKHGURYHWRWKH
VKRXOGHURIDJUDYHOURDGDQGVWRSSHGKHUYHKLFOH 
        ³$ UHYLHZ RI RXU FDVH ODZ DOVR UHYHDOV VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH ODZ
HQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVGLGQRWDFWDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUVSee State v.
Keilen1'1:G KROGLQJWKHFRPPXQLW\
FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQGLGQRWDSSO\WRDQDSDUWPHQWVHDUFKZKHQRIILFHUV
DUULYHGDQGGLGQRWVHHDGLVWXUEDQFHRUDQ\RQHLQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH 
City of Jamestown v. Jerome  1'     1:G 
 GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHUGLGQRWDFWDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUEHFDXVH
KLVSXUSRVHLQWDONLQJZLWKWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHDSRVVLEOH
OHJDOYLRODWLRQ State v. DeCoteau1'1:G
 KROGLQJRIILFHUVKDGQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOOZKHQWKH\
DUULYHGDWDKRPHVDZQRGLVWXUEDQFHDQGZHUHWROGE\WKHKRPHRZQHU
VKH GLG QRW QHHG RU UHTXHVW WKHLU DVVLVWDQFH  State v. Hawley
1:G 1'  GHFOLQLQJWRDGGUHVVFRPPXQLW\
                                      
       FDUHWDNLQJ EHFDXVH WKH RIILFHU KDG D UHDVRQDEOH DQG DUWLFXODEOH
       VXVSLFLRQ RI D SDUNLQJ YLRODWLRQ  State v. Brown  1:G 
        1'  KROGLQJDQRIILFHU¶VYHKLFXODUVWRSZDVPDGHWR
       GHWHUPLQHLIGULYHUZDVLQWR[LFDWHGQRWIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJ
       SXUSRVHRIUHQGHULQJDVVLVWDQFH State v. Sarhegyi1:G
        1'  GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHU¶VVWRSRIDORQHYHKLFOH
       SDUNHGLQDIDUPLPSOHPHQWGHDOHU¶VORWZKLFKDWWHPSWHGWROHDYHZKHQ
       KH DSSURDFKHG ZDV QRW FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ  State v. Langseth
        1:G   1'   FRQFOXGLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\
       FDUHWDNLQJ H[FHSWLRQ GLG QRW DSSO\ ZKHQ DQ RIILFHU SXUVXHG WKH
       GHIHQGDQWZKLOHIODVKLQJWKHSDWUROFDU¶VZDUQLQJOLJKWV ´
State v. Boyd1'1:G
>@ ,EHOLHYHWKHPDMRULW\VXEWO\FKDQJHVWKHLQTXLU\UDWKHUWKDQFDUHIXOO\IROORZ
RXU FDVHV  7KH\ ZULWH ³7KH UHFRUG SURYLGHV QR LQGLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ REYLRXV VLJQ
%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH´0DMRULW\RSLQLRQ+RZHYHULW
ZDV QRW LQFXPEHQW RQ %ULGJHIRUG WR FRPPXQLFDWH WKDW KH GLG QRWQHHG RU GHVLUH
DVVLVWDQFH,QVWHDGXQGHUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUIXQFWLRQDQRIILFHUFDQQRWLQYDGH
DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGVSDFHXQOHVVLWLVFOHDUWKDWDVVLVWDQFHLVQHHGHGRUZDQWHG
7RGRVRWKH6WDWHPXVWSURYHWKHRIILFHUREMHFWLYHO\WKRXJKW%ULGJHIRUGQHHGHGKHOS
>@+HUH%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWGLVSOD\VLJQVRIGLVWUHVV7KHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQRI
WUDXPD+HZDVQRWDFWLQJHUUDWLFDOO\8QOLNHRXURWKHULPSDLUHGGULYHUFDVHVZKHUH
HQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVIRXQGWREHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJ%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRW
DSSHDUWREHLQFDSDFLWDWHGRUQHHGKHOS,QVWHDGWKHRIILFHUWHVWLILHGWKDW³LWDSSHDUHG
WKDWWKHUHZDVDPDOHVOHHSLQJLQVLGHRIWKHYHKLFOH´DQGWKDW%ULGJHIRUG³MXVWORRNHG
OLNHKHZDVVOHHSLQJ´7KHUHIRUH,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSDUWRIWKHPDMRULW\
RSLQLRQKROGLQJWKHRIILFHU¶VZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHDXWRPRELOHGLGQRWYLRODWHWKH
)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQ
>@ 'DQLHO-&URWKHUV
      -HURG(7XIWH




                                            
