                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                           Nos. 97-2819/2820/3319/3322
                           ________________________

Gary Lefkowitz,                         *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        * Appeals from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Minnesota.
Citi-Equity Group, Inc.,                *
                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                   ___________

                           Submitted: June 4, 1998

                               Filed: June 23, 1998
                                   ___________

Before BOWMAN, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN, and MORRIS SHEPPARD
      ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

      Gary Lefkowitz, a federal inmate, appeals from two district court1 orders
affirming orders of the bankruptcy court2 and two identical district court orders



      1
       The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of Minnesota.
      2
       The Honorable Dennis D. O&Brien, Chief Judge, United States Bankruptcy
Court for the District of Minnesota.
imposing filing fee requirements pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2) and (b)(1) as
enacted by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). We affirm.

       Mr. Lefkowitz was president of Citi-Equity Group, Inc. (CEG), a California
corporation that formed real estate limited partnerships to build low- and moderate-
income housing. Mr. Lefkowitz and CEG were general partners of these limited
partnerships. In 1994, Mr. Lefkowitz was charged in a 47-count indictment with
engaging in a continuing financial crimes enterprise and with various counts of fraud.
Three creditors then filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against CEG under 11
U.S.C. § 303. Mr. Lefkowitz was convicted, and this court affirmed all but two counts.
See United States v. Lefkowitz, 125 F.3d 608 (8th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.
1527 (1998). Under the bankruptcy reorganization plan, KEG Equity Group (KEG)
agreed to purchase CEG&s general partnership interests in 70 limited partnerships,
conditioned on Mr. Lefkowitz&s removal as general partner of those partnerships. CEG
subsequently filed an adversary proceeding against KEG and Mr. Lefkowitz in the
bankruptcy court seeking a declaration that Mr. Lefkowitz had been effectively
removed as general partner.3 Mr. Lefkowitz filed, inter alia, a counterclaim against
CEG, claiming that CEG breached a fiduciary duty owed to him, and that an accounting
was necessary. In a subsequent pleading, Mr. Lefkowitz argued that the bankruptcy
judge should recuse himself from the case.

       The bankruptcy court granted CEG summary judgment on Mr. Lefkowitz&s
fiduciary duty and accounting claims, concluding that Mr. Lefkowitz had failed to
produce any evidence showing a breach of a fiduciary duty or any resulting damages.
The bankruptcy court further held that, because CEG had represented in discovery that


      3
       The bankruptcy court granted CEG partial summary judgment in the declaratory
judgment action, holding that Mr. Lefkowitz had been effectively removed as general
partner. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court&s order. Mr. Lefkowitz did
not appeal this order.

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it no longer had the requested records to enable it to produce an accounting, no further
relief for an accounting could be granted. The bankruptcy court also denied
Mr. Lefkowitz&s motion for recusal. Mr. Lefkowitz appealed these orders to the district
court, which affirmed, concluding that a court-ordered accounting was not required
because Mr. Lefkowitz had access to records through the discovery process, and that
Mr. Lefkowitz had failed to sustain his burden of proving that CEG breached a
fiduciary duty. The district court also concluded that the bankruptcy court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the recusal motion.

        Mr. Lefkowitz filed two notices of appeal and applied to proceed in forma
pauperis (IFP). After the district court denied Mr. Lefkowitz IFP status because he
failed to submit a certified copy of his trust account statement under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(a)(2), Mr. Lefkowitz challenged the imposition of the PLRA&s prisoner filing
fee requirements, arguing that such requirements applied only to civil rights cases filed
by prisoners challenging their conditions of confinement, and alternatively, that the
filing fee requirements violated his equal protection rights and his rights of access to
the courts. The district court rejected these arguments, and ordered Mr. Lefkowitz to
pay an initial partial filing fee in each of his two appeals. Mr. Lefkowitz has appealed
those orders.

       Bankruptcy Issues. As to the fiduciary duty claim, we reject Mr. Lefkowitz&s
argument that CEG bore the burden to show an absence of material facts. Because
Mr. Lefkowitz bears the burden of proof at trial, he had to designate “specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 324 (1986) CEG need not support its summary judgment motion with affidavits
negating Mr. Lefkowitz&s claim. See id. at 323. Because Mr. Lefkowitz&s response to
the summary judgment motion contained mere conclusory statements, we conclude that
summary judgment was properly granted to CEG. See Armour & Co. v. Inver Grove
Heights, 2 F.3d 276, 279 (8th Cir. 1993) (conclusory affidavits insufficient basis to
deny summary judgment). We also agree that because Mr. Lefkowitz had alternative

                                          -3-
discovery avenues available to procure the information he needed, the denial of an
accounting was not error. See Bradshaw v. Thompson, 454 F.2d 75, 79 (6th Cir.)
(accounting is extraordinary remedy available only when legal remedy inadequate), cert.
denied, 409 U.S. 878 (1972).

       We also conclude the motion for recusal was properly denied, as Mr. Lefkowitz
asserted nothing more than that the bankruptcy court had previously ruled against him.
See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 549, 555 (1994) (adverse rulings alone not
grounds for bias or partiality motion).

        PLRA Issues. As amended by the PLRA, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2) provides that
“[a] prisoner seeking to bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or
proceeding without prepayment of fees or security therefor . . . shall submit a certified
copy of the trust fund account statement.” Section 1915(b)(1) further provides that a
prisoner who brings “a civil action or files an appeal” IFP is required to pay the full
amount of the filing fee, and that the court is to assess and, when funds exist, collect an
initial partial filing fee. Congress did not define “civil action” in the statute. While
several courts have noted that Congress promulgated the PLRA to curtail abusive
prisoner litigation, see, e.g., Santana v. United States, 98 F.3d 752, 755 (3d Cir. 1996),
we conclude that, under the plain language of the statute, the phrase “civil action or
appeal” is not limited to challenges to conditions of confinement, and encompasses the
instant commercial litigation.

        With respect to Mr. Lefkowitz&s constitutional challenges to the PLRA&s prisoner
filing fee requirements, we agree with our fellow circuits that these fee provisions do
not deny prisoners constitutionally guaranteed access to courts. See, e.g., Tucker v.
Branker, No. 96-5177, 1998 WL 232792, at **3-5 (D.C. Cir. May 12, 1998) (and cases
cited therein). We also conclude that Congress had a rational basis for treating
prisoners differently from nonprisoners by requiring them to pay the filing fees (albeit
in installments), i.e., that Congress has a legitimate interest in curbing meritless prisoner

                                            -4-
litigation, and that making indigent prisoners partially responsible for the costs of their
litigation would decrease the amount of such meritless litigation. See Christiansen v.
Clarke, No. 97-1511, slip op. at 4-5 (8th Cir. May 29, 1998); Nicholas v. Tucker, 114
F.3d 17, 20-21 (2d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 66 U.S.L.W. 3748 (U.S. May 18, 1998)
(No. 97-8275); Roller v. Gunn, 107 F.3d 227, 233-34 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct.
192 (1997). Thus, Mr. Lefkowitz&s equal protection challenge fails.

       Mr. Lefkowitz argues that the twenty-percent-of-income rule in section
1915(b)(1) (initial partial filing fee should be assessed on basis of 20% of average
monthly deposits or 6-month average balance in prisoner account) should be applied on
a per inmate basis, rather than on a per case basis. We disagree. Because the PLRA
fee provisions were designed to require prisoners to bear financial responsibility for
each action they take, the twenty-percent rule should be applied per case. See Newlin
v. Helman, 123 F.3d 429, 436 (7th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 707 (1998).

      Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the district court. Mr. Lefkowitz&s
motion to recuse two circuit judges is denied as moot.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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