                                                                     FILED
                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                 Tenth Circuit

                                    PUBLISH                     July 31, 2012
                                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 Clerk of Court

                               TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,
       v.                                              No. 11-5065
 HASAN ALI HASAN,

             Defendant-Appellant.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
          FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
                  (D.C. NO. 4:05-CR-00174-JHP-1)


Barry L. Derryberry, Research and Writing Specialist (Julia L. O’Connell, Federal
Public Defender, with him on the brief) Office of the Federal Public Defender,
Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Appellant.

Leena Alam, Assistant United States Attorney (Thomas Scott Woodward, United
States Attorney, Northern District of Oklahoma, with her on the brief) Office of
the United States Attorney, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Appellee.


Before TYMKOVICH, BALDOCK, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.


TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.
      This case requires us to consider whether the district court applied the

correct legal standard in evaluating whether Hasan Ali Hasan was entitled to a

court interpreter at grand jury proceedings that led to his indictment for perjury.

      We have reviewed the proceedings below twice before. In 2005, Hasan was

convicted after a jury trial on three counts of perjury before a grand jury in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1623. The conviction was appealed and remanded

because we concluded that Hasan may not have been able to communicate

effectively in English in violation of the Court Interpreters Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1827.

We remanded to the district court so the court could make findings related to

Hasan’s comparative ability to understand the grand jury proceedings. United

States v. Hasan, 526 F.3d 653 (10th Cir. 2008) (Hasan I). After remand, Hasan

again appealed, this time arguing the court had not adequately followed our

directions spelled out in Hasan I. We agreed, leading to a second remand for

more specific findings. United States v. Hasan, 609 F.3d 1121 (10th Cir. 2010)

(Hasan II).

      The district court then entered additional findings and conclusions, based

on its review of the grand jury transcripts and its observations of the trial

proceedings, that Hasan could sufficiently comprehend and communicate in

English at the grand jury proceedings, and that whatever linguistic limitations he

had were not so great as to make the proceedings fundamentally unfair. The




                                         -2-
question presented in this appeal is whether the district court’s findings and

conclusions satisfy our directions in Hasan I and Hasan II.

      We conclude the district court did. Accordingly, exercising jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM.

                                 I. Background

      The underlying facts of this case were presented in Hasan I and Hasan II,

so we will only briefly review them here.

      In 1997, 17-year-old Hasan entered the United States seeking refuge from

the Somalian civil war. Citing persecution suffered personally and by his family,

Hasan sought and was granted asylum that same year. During government

interviews that took place during the asylum process, Hasan gave conflicting

testimony regarding the persecution that his family had experienced; specifically

the level of persecution, the timeline of key events, and the harm to family

members differed in several iterations. Hasan I noted that “[i]t is undisputed that

Mr. Hasan is a native Somali speaker and, at the time he entered this country,

communicated with government officials exclusively through an interpreter.” 526

F.3d at 656.

      In the years following his grant of asylum, Hasan found a job as a security

guard in Virginia, then moved to Oklahoma, became a bus driver for the Tulsa

Public Schools, obtained a commercial driver’s license (after passing a test

written in English), and married an American woman who spoke no Somali, after

                                         -3-
initially corresponding with her over the Internet. Hasan also completed five

semesters of English as a Second Language courses, and admits that he did well

in the courses.

      In 2004, a special agent with the Department of Homeland Security

reviewed Hasan’s file at the request of the FBI, noting the inconsistencies in his

statements from 1997. The agent interviewed Hasan, questioning him (in

English) regarding inconsistent statements that he made when he entered the

United States and when he sought asylum.

      In April and November 2005, Hasan was twice called to testify before a

federal grand jury. The grand jury was charged with investigating possible false

statements made by Hasan during his 2004 interview with the agent, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1001. During his grand jury testimony, Hasan was neither

represented by counsel nor did he have an interpreter available to assist him; but

he requested neither. In addition, he was advised in English of his rights on both

occasions, and when asked by the government if he understood what he had been

advised, he unequivocally responded “yes.” R., Vol. I at 229–30. At several

points during his testimony he appears to have had trouble responding to the

questions, despite his representation prior to the proceedings that he understood

English. Hasan also specifically waived the use of an interpreter in a meeting

with a probation officer shortly after the grand jury proceedings. The grand jury

proceedings are described in greater detail in Hasan I (and its Appendix A).

                                        -4-
      In December 2005, despite initially being investigated for his statements at

the time he sought asylum, Hasan was indicted for perjury for discrepancies

during his grand jury testimony, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1623. The four counts

pertained to: (1) conflicting statements regarding which of Hasan’s brothers had

been shot and killed; (2) false statements regarding violence directed against his

sister; (3) inconsistent statements about a beating that Hasan received; and (4)

inconsistent statements regarding Hasan’s family name.

             A. Pre-Trial Motions

      Prior to the perjury trial, Hasan moved to suppress his grand jury testimony

because he had been “only ‘summarily advised of his Fifth Amendment rights’ to

remain silent and to due process, and that he could not have validly waived these

rights given his limited understanding of English.” Hasan I, 526 F.3d at 658. He

also filed a separate motion asking the court to appoint an interpreter during trial,

pursuant to the Court Interpreters Act (CIA). See 28 U.S.C. § 1827. The CIA

requires a “presiding judicial officer” to “utilize the services of the most available

certified interpreter” if “a witness who may present testimony in . . . judicial

proceedings . . . speaks only or primarily a language other than the English

language . . . .” Id. at § 1827(d)(1).

      An evidentiary hearing was held and Hasan presented the testimony of Dr.

Gene Halleck, an applied linguist at Oklahoma State University. Based on Dr.

Halleck’s interview with Hasan, Dr. Halleck concluded that Hasan had an

                                         -5-
“intermediate mid-level comprehension” of English that his comprehension of

English was not sufficient to proceed to trial without an interpreter. R., Vol. II at

109. But Dr. Halleck later revised that testimony and said Hasan was borderline

between “novice and intermediate.” Id. at 143. Dr. Halleck admitted that the test

administered to Hasan was not normally used in this way (attempting to show

deficiencies rather than being used to try to get as good of a score as possible),

and that the test had no scale to determine if the test taker was refusing his best

efforts.

       The district court initially denied Hasan’s request for an interpreter, finding

that he did not meet the statutory requirement that he “speak only or primarily a

language other than English.” R., Vol. I at 70. “It is entirely possible that Mr.

Hasan’s proficiency in Somali[] is as low as his proficiency in English, especially

in light of the fact he has not been in Somalia for approximately nine years.” Id.

The district court denied Hasan’s motion to reconsider its denial of an interpreter,

noting:

             [T]he fact that the defendant gave appropriate responses
             to questions posed in English during the grand jury;
             acknowledged he could communicate in English and
             specifically waived the services of an interpreter when
             interviewed by the probation officer; has worked in
             occupations which required that he be able to speak
             English; and has taken complex written tests which were
             given in English.

Id. at 74.


                                          -6-
      At the same time, the district court denied Hasan’s motion to suppress the

grand jury transcripts, finding that (1) he received “more than sufficient”

warnings about his rights, responsibilities, and the consequences of perjury; (2)

he never requested an interpreter; and (3) the totality of the transcripts of both

proceedings revealed that Hasan understood what was being asked “and/or asked

for clarification if he felt it was needed.” Id. at 72–73.

      Just prior to trial and sua sponte, the court reconsidered the issue of an

interpreter and permitted one be assigned because “defense counsel, as an officer

of the court, ha[d] indicated he [was] having difficulty communicating with his

client.” Id. at 114.

      Ultimately, after a trial where one of Hasan’s defense theories was his

inability to understand and articulate responses in English during the grand jury

proceedings, the jury convicted Hasan on three of the four counts. He was

sentenced to 15 months imprisonment for each count, with three years of

supervised release. 1


      1
         Our review of the record indicates that Hasan has finished serving his
sentence—including a period of supervised release. But it is well settled that,
even if a sentence has been completed (including the terms of supervised release),
the direct appeal is not moot as long as sufficient collateral consequences
continue to flow from the underlying conviction. Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S.
40, 55–56 (1968). “[T]he obvious fact of life [is] that most criminal convictions
do in fact entail adverse collateral legal consequences. The mere possibility that
this will be the case is enough to preserve a criminal case from ending
ignominiously in the limbo of mootness.” United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315,
1323 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Sibron, 392 U.S. at 55).

                                          -7-
             B. Hasan I

      On his direct appeal, Hasan argued that the failure to provide him with an

interpreter before the grand jury violated the CIA. We remanded the case for the

district court to consider whether the findings and conclusions that led the court

to appoint an interpreter at trial also applied to Hasan’s grand jury appearances.

Hasan I, 526 F.3d at 667.

      Specifically, the court directed the district court to determine “whether, at

the time of the grand jury hearings, Mr. Hasan spoke ‘only or primarily a

language other than the English language.’” 526 F.3d at 666 (quoting 28 U.S.C.

§ 1827(d)(1)(A)). Second, if Hasan’s language was other than English, the

district court was to determine whether the lack of an interpreter inhibited his

comprehension or communication “to such an extent as to have made the [grand

jury hearings] fundamentally unfair.” Id.

             C. Hasan II

      On remand, the district court found that Hasan spoke primarily English and

that his comprehension or communication had not been inhibited such that the

lack of an interpreter during his grand jury appearances deprived him of

fundamental fairness. Specifically, the district court said that “the evidence was

uncontroverted that the Defendant communicated with 1) his employers, 2)

students on his bus routes and 3) his wife, in English.” Id., 609 F.3d at 1128

(quoting district court’s order).

                                         -8-
      But on appeal we concluded the findings were insufficient under the legal

standard established in Hasan I. We again remanded, holding that the district

court failed to weigh indicators of Hasan’s ability to speak English “against

contrary indicators of his Somali-language ability” in determining whether Hasan

spoke only or primarily a language other than English. Hasan II, 609 F.3d at

1129. “There is no doubt that Mr. Hasan used English in some circumstances

. . . . [b]ut under the proper legal standard, such a fact does not necessarily entail

a finding that his primary language was English . . . . This is precisely why we

insisted on a comparative standard in the first place, and why it is crucial for the

district court to analyze Mr. Hasan’s language abilities under this standard.” Id.

We directed the court to answer this question, and if English was not Hasan’s

primary language, to then resolve whether he could adequately understand and

communicate sufficiently to make the proceedings fundamentally fair.

             D. Second Remand

      On the second remand, the district court concluded that the current record

provided no basis for it to determine whether Hasan was fluent in Somali at the

time of his grand jury testimony, but that in any event, he was “clearly capable of

communicating in English at the time of the grand jury proceedings.” R., Vol. I

at 389. As a result, the court found that “the lack of an interpreter during the

grand jury did not inhibit Mr. Hasan’s comprehension of the grand jury




                                           -9-
proceedings . . . to such an extent as to have made the grand jury proceedings

fundamentally unfair.” Id. at 390.

      This conclusion is now before us.

                                II. Discussion

      We review a trial court’s decision to appoint an interpreter for an abuse of

discretion. Hasan II, 609 F.3d at 1127. “This rule is appropriate because the trial

judge is in the best position to assess a defendant’s or witness’ language usage,

comfort level and intelligibility.” Id. Under this standard, we review factual

determinations for clear error, and underlying legal determinations de novo.

      On appeal, Hasan raises three issues: (1) whether the district court erred by

not properly considering the correct two-step legal framework—the “order of

battle”—laid out in Hasan I and II; (2) whether the district court applied the

proper legal standards to the second step of the analysis; and finally (3) whether

the district court’s conclusion on the merits was proper.

      We find no clear error in the district court’s findings of fact and application

of the law, and so we affirm.

            A. “Order of Battle”

      In Hasan II, we asked the district court to determine: (1) whether, at the

time of the grand jury hearings, Mr. Hasan spoke only or primarily a language

other than the English language; and (2) if Hasan’s language was other than

English, to determine whether the lack of an interpreter inhibited his

                                        -10-
comprehension or communication to such an extent as to have made the grand

jury hearings fundamentally unfair. 609 F.3d at 1129. While the remand directed

a sequential approach, the opinion itself did not explicitly require a specific

“order of battle” in resolving the questions on remand.

      More specifically, we gave the following two-step directions:

             [Step One] First the district court should follow the
             blueprint laid out in Hasan I and undertake a
             comparative analysis to identify Mr. Hasan’s primary
             language at the time of the grand jury proceedings.

Id. at 1131. Then, if this review leads to a conclusion Hasan spoke primarily

English, the court’s analysis would end, since he would not be entitled to relief

under the CIA. The court would move to step two if Hasan’s primary language

was other than English:

             [Step Two] If the district court concludes that Mr.
             Hasan spoke primarily Somali, then it should
             proceed to the next step and determine whether, in
             light of this determination, Mr. Hasan was
             inhibited in his ability to comprehend and
             communicate at the grand jury proceedings to
             such an extent as to have been fundamentally
             unfair.

Id. (emphasis added).

      Hasan argues that this directive was never followed because the district

court failed to either (1) draw a conclusion at all under the first step, or (2)

assume arguendo that Hasan did not primarily speak English at step one before

moving on to the second step of the analysis.

                                          -11-
      We disagree with this interpretation of the district court’s order. In its

order, the court summarized its review of the entire record before concluding that

“no evidence was ever presented to establish that Mr. Hasan was proficient in any

language.” R., Vol. I at 388 (emphasis in original). The court continued: “since

this Court has no way of knowing from the record if the Defendant was actually

fluent in Somali[], or Arabic for that matter, this Court cannot say, at the time of

the grand jury, that the Defendant’s ‘comparative ability’ to speak Somali was or

was not better than his ability to speak English.” Id. at 389. 2 But “based upon

the entire record in this case, [] the Defendant was clearly capable of

communicating in English at the time of the grand jury proceedings.” Id.

      Based exclusively on the text of the district court’s opinion, it appears

Hasan is correct that the district court failed to either (1) answer definitively the

first step of the inquiry, or (2) explicitly assume an appropriate answer before

proceeding to the fundamental fairness inquiry. But, as the government argues,

“merely by moving onto the second step at all, the district court implicitly

accepted that the first step had been met.” Aple. Br. at 25. The government


      2
          We concluded in Hasan I that “Mr. Hasan is a native Somali speaker and,
at the time he entered the country, communicated with governmental officials
exclusively through an interpreter.” 526 F.3d at 656. Accordingly, we construe
the district court’s finding narrowly—meaning it is possible that, at the time of
the grand jury inquiry, Hasan had lost his fluency in his native tongue since the
district court was unable to assess his comparative ability. But nonetheless, this
finding by the district court is not essential to our holding since we find the
second step of the test to be dispositive.

                                         -12-
further notes that, in this appeal, Hasan “merely challenges the district court’s

failure to state that it was assuming that the first step was met before moving on

to the second step . . . . the only question before the Court is whether the district

court in fact assumed arguendo that Hasan spoke primarily Somali in proceeding

to the second step of the CIA analysis.” Id. at 26.

      There was no error in the district court’s determination. No talismanic

quality attaches to a rigid order of battle. By moving on to the second step, the

district court was clearly signaling that it concluded either Hasan spoke a primary

language other than English or assumed he did. This is easily seen by considering

the Hasan II directive that: “[i]f the court concludes that Mr. Hasan spoke

primarily English, its analysis should come to an end.” 609 F.3d at 1131. Since

the court moved on to the next step, we can only conclude the court found that

Hasan did not primarily speak English, or at least assumed that he did not for

purposes of analysis. See also Hasan I, 526 F.3d at 666 (describing the two-step

inquiry and concluding that “of course either [step] may be dispositive if not

resolved in Mr. Hasan’s favor”).

      Furthermore, there is no reason the district court must use specific language

to signal its transition to the next step. In the qualified immunity context, for

example, the Supreme Court has “retired [the] ‘rigid order of battle’ approach,

instead affording appellate courts discretion to decide ‘which of the two prongs of

the . . . analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the

                                          -13-
particular case at hand.’” Riggins v. Goodman, 572 F.3d 1101, 1107–08 (10th

Cir. 2009) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 234–36 (2009)); see also

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685–86 (1984) (allowing ineffective

assistance of counsel challenges to be disposed of based on either prong of a two-

prong test). We see no reason why a different approach should be required in this

context.

      Accordingly, while it would have been helpful for the district court to

explicitly denote that it was moving past step one—specifically in light of the

multiple appeals in this case—its failure to explicitly state so was not legal error.

             B. Applicable Legal Standards at Second Step

      Having determined that the district court properly reached the second step

of the analysis, we turn to Hasan’s argument that “the district court did not follow

the applicable legal standards applicable to the second step.” Aplt. Br. at 20. In

Hasan I we held:

             If the district court finds that at the time of the grand
             jury proceedings Mr. Hasan’s primary language was
             other than English, it must determine whether the lack of
             an interpreter during his testimony inhibited his
             comprehension of the proceedings or communication
             with . . . the presiding judicial officer, [or his]
             comprehension of questions and the presentation of . . .
             testimony, 28 U.S.C. § 1827(d)(1), to such an extent as
             to have made the [hearing] fundamentally unfair . . . .
             This is itself a two-step inquiry.

526 F.3d at 666 (internal quotation and citation omitted).


                                         -14-
      In making this determination, “[f]irst, the district court must assess whether

comprehension or communication was inhibited during his grand jury testimony,

or in other words, whether the second prong of the statute is met. If it is met,

then it was error for the prosecutor to fail to appoint an interpreter.” Id. But

even if there was error, “the court must then ask whether the error rendered the

grand jury proceedings fundamentally unfair.” Id. “To be sure, the term

fundamental fairness (or unfairness) is far from self-defining, but . . . . [i]n the

CIA context, courts coming before us have explained that an inquiry into

fundamental fairness focuses on whether the purposes of the Act [comprehension

of the proceedings and the ability to effectively communicate] were adequately

met.” Id. at 666–67 (internal quotation and citation omitted).

      Hasan primarily takes issue with the statement that “[t]his is itself a two-

step inquiry,” and he argues the district court again failed to explain its reasoning.

Hasan argues the district court improperly compressed the analysis in concluding

that “the lack of an interpreter during the grand jury did not inhibit Mr. Hasan’s

comprehension of the grand jury proceedings and communications therein or his

comprehension of the questions and presentation of the testimony to such an

extent as to have made the grand jury proceedings fundamentally unfair.” R.,

Vol. I at 390.

      The government responds that the district court “examined the grand jury

transcripts closely, and found indicia that Hasan was able to comprehend and

                                          -15-
communicate during the grand jury proceedings.” Aple. Br. at 29. Specifically,

the district court found that “Hasan appropriately answered questions, asked for

clarification if he did not understand a question, and after receiving clarification

responded appropriately and intelligently.” R., Vol. I at 382. Additionally, the

court reporter testified that she had no trouble understanding Hasan and described

his ability to speak English as “fair.” Id. at 384.

      Both parties also argue a related order of battle question: whether the fact

that the district court moved on to conclude that the lack of an interpreter did not

render the grand jury proceedings fundamentally unfair means the court “made

the predicate finding . . . that comprehension or communication was inhibited.”

Aplt. Br. at 22. Hasan’s argument is based on Hasan I, which required that the

court “first” assess Hasan’s comprehension and “then” determine whether the

proceedings were fundamentally unfair. 526 F.3d at 666–67. The government

counters that Hasan I indicated “an inquiry into fundamental fairness focuses on

whether the purposes of the Act [comprehension of the proceedings and the

ability to effectively communicate] were adequately met.” Id. at 667.

      We find the district court’s combined analysis satisfies our directions in

Hasan I and Hasan II. All of the required analysis is in the court’s order—though

not necessarily in a neat package on appeal. In Hasan II, we effectively collapsed

the analytical directive into one step, by directing the district court to “determine

whether . . . Mr. Hasan was inhibited in his ability to comprehend and

                                          -16-
communicate at the grand jury proceedings to such an extent as to have been

fundamentally unfair.” 609 F.3d at 1131. While the Hasan II opinion does rely

on Hasan I, the district court’s failure to carefully delineate each step along the

way was not error.

      In sum, the district court understood it must find whether Hasan’s

“comprehension or communication was inhibited during his grand jury

testimony,” and then if it was, assess whether any linguistic limitation rendered

the proceedings fundamentally unfair. We find that the district court’s order

adequately addressed both of these required findings.

             C. Merits

      Finally, we must consider the underlying merits and the district court’s

conclusions that the proceedings were fundamentally fair.

      We have previously held that the CIA’s “protections are liberally applied:

‘Any indication to the presiding judicial officer that a criminal defendant speaks

only or primarily a language other than the English language should trigger the

application’” of the CIA. United States v. Osuna, 189 F.3d 1289, 1291 (10th Cir.

1999) (quoting United States v. Tapia, 631 F.2d 1207, 1209 (5th Cir. 1980)). We

addressed this standard in Hasan I, finding that the “record contains a welter of

conflicting evidence on both statutory steps,” 526 F.3d at 663, and thus directed

the district court to “issue factual findings that resolve such tensions,” because

“only the district court can, in the first instance, make the factual findings on the

                                         -17-
CIA’s two statutory steps that are essential to resolving the discrepancies

currently apparent in th[e] record.” Id. at 664.

      Hasan argues that the district court, even after two remands, has failed to

comply with this directive. Hasan believes that the district court focused too

much on his testimony at trial, rather than the transcripts of his testimony to the

grand jury, which is particularly important since Hasan had an interpreter at trial,

but not during the grand jury proceedings. The government responds that “[a]t its

core, Hasan’s complaint appears to be that the district court insufficiently

explained its reasons for finding that he was ‘clearly capable of communicating in

English at the time of the grand jury proceedings.’” Aple. Br. at 34. The

government acknowledges that the district court did not reconcile or list every

piece of evidence it considered in reaching its conclusion, but argues that the

court’s factual findings were not clearly erroneous.

      We disagree with Hasan, but for slightly different reasons than those

articulated by the government. We do not doubt that complying with the most

recent remand order was a difficult task—determining, after the fact, comparative

language ability was going to be a challenge regardless of the record before the

court. Even so, in other contexts we have found that trial courts can make such a

determination, such as in competency proceedings, where courts often must make

after-the-fact determinations based on “the defendant’s behavior and demeanor at

trial, together with any prior medical opinions” on the subject. Valdez v. Ward,

                                         -18-
219 F.3d 1222, 1240 (10th Cir. 2000). And other circuits have held that “[t]he

district court is afforded wide discretion in implementing the Court Interpreters

Act because it is in the best position to evaluate the need for and the performance

of interpreters.” United States v. Sandoval, 347 F.3d 627, 632 (7th Cir. 2003).

      Here, the district court did not observe the grand jury proceedings, and the

transcripts do not provide a glimpse into attitudes, expressions, pauses, or other

cues that can be assessed during live testimony. But the district court had other

clues that assisted its assessment. At trial, which was several months after the

end of the grand jury proceedings, it was able to rely on its impression of

witnesses presented at trial, and was careful to note that “the majority of the

testimony at trial entailed witnesses who had communicated in English with the

Defendant shortly before the first grand jury proceedings or within a couple of

months after the second grand jury proceedings.” R., Vol. I at 382–83.

      The district court recounted the testimony of the trial witnesses and the

evidence, attempting to discern Hasan’s relative English comprehension. The

testimony of the court reporter from the grand jury proceedings was particularly

useful. She rated Hasan’s ability to speak English as “fair,” but noted that “his

sentence structure was not necessarily correct.” Id. at 384. She testified that she

had taken many depositions of other people that spoke the same way as Hasan,

and she felt like he spoke better English on his second appearance before the

grand jury than his first appearance. Id. at 385. The court also noted Hasan had

                                         -19-
obtained a commercial driver’s license after passing a test written in English,

found employment as a bus driver for the Tulsa Public Schools, and married an

American woman who spoke no Somali, whom he corresponded with in English

over the Internet. In addition, Hasan completed five semesters of English as a

Second Language courses, in which he did well. Law enforcement agents who

interviewed Hasan prior to the grand jury proceedings testified he spoke English

and was understandable.

      The district court also evaluated the grand jury transcripts, finding that its

“review of the grand jury transcripts reveal[s] that Hasan was able to

communicate in English. . . . [He] appropriately answered questions, asked for

clarification if he did not understand a question, and after receiving clarification

responded appropriately and intelligently.” Id. at 382. And in both of its pre-

trial orders, the district court discussed its evaluation of the back-and-forth of the

grand jury proceedings relating to the need for an interpreter under the CIA.

      Hasan also contends the district court’s determinations conflict with its

decision to provide an interpreter at trial, but then concluding one was not

necessary at the grand jury proceedings. The district court explained:

             The sole reason for appointing an interpreter for
             purposes of trial was the fact that witnesses might talk
             more rapidly, attorneys might speak over witnesses
             and/or make objections, and the Defendant might not
             have an opportunity to stop the proceedings and ask
             questions or clarify matters or to understand the legal
             nuances. Whereas, in the grand jury setting, the

                                  -20-
             Defendant only had to concentrate on the specific
             questions being asked of him and he was able to ask for
             clarification before he answered any question.

Id. at 390 n.15. The court further observed that it was Hasan’s attorney at trial

who requested that an interpreter be provided, and the court did not make findings

pursuant to the CIA. It is also worth noting that one of defense counsel’s theories

at trial was Hasan’s inability to communicate in English caused his inconsistent

responses to the grand jury. See, e.g., R., Vol. IV at 18. In any event, at the time

of the grand jury proceedings, Hasan voluntarily chose to waive his right to be

represented by counsel—causing the district court to conclude that “[i]t is not

possible, at this time, to say if an attorney had been requested . . . whether that

attorney would have requested that the government provide the Defendant with an

interpreter during those proceedings.” R., Vol. I at 389 n.14. While we

obviously recognize a grand jury proceeding is largely adversarial to the target,

what is important in this case is that the transcript of the proceedings show Hasan

was given the opportunity to request clarification when he needed it and took

advantage of that opportunity numerous times throughout the grand jury

examination.

      Finally, with respect to the testimony recounted in Appendix A of Hasan I,

Hasan argues that the district court failed to specifically address the examples

which show “some degree of confusion and trouble with the English language.”

526 F.3d at 663. In Appendix A, we listed a number of instances where Hasan

                                         -21-
exhibited confusion during his two appearances before the grand jury. Id. at

667–74. But, as explained above, the district court adequately dealt with this

confusion in its order, even though the court has never specifically evaluated each

line of testimony. Instead, the court concluded that its review of the entirety of

the grand jury transcripts found that Hasan asked for clarification if he did not

understand a question, and after receiving clarification, provided a satisfactory

and intelligent answer. Our review of Appendix A confirms that Hasan exhibited

confusion over some of the questions, but he asked clarifying questions, often

multiple times, until he understood the question posed and could properly answer.

While, again, the district court’s order could have gone further in analyzing the

record, given its overall familiarity with the grand jury record and other

proceedings, we cannot find that the court’s factual findings were clearly

erroneous or its conclusions amounted to legal error.

      Based on its conclusion that Hasan could comprehend the questioning at the

grand jury hearing and communicate adequately, the district court did not err in

finding the grand jury proceedings fundamentally fair.

                                III. Conclusion

      Based on the foregoing analysis, we AFFIRM Hasan’s conviction.




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