           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                               United States Court of Appeals

                                    No. 15-30684
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
                                                                  March 8, 2016

FISK ELECTRIC COMPANY,                                           Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                      Clerk
             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

WOODROW WILSON CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INCORPORATED,

             Defendant - Appellant




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and OWEN, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      This appeal arises out of a subcontract dispute and resulting award of a
statutory penalty and attorney’s fees pursuant to Louisiana’s Prompt Pay
Statute, La. Stat. § 9:2784. The district court ruled on summary judgment that
Woodrow Wilson Construction Company, a general contractor, did not have
“reasonable cause” under the statute to withhold payment to its subcontractor,
Fisk Electric Company. Because we find this determination to be at odds with
Louisiana courts’ interpretation of reasonable cause under § 9:2784, we
reverse.
                                   No. 15-30684
                                          I.
      Wilson hired Fisk to perform electrical work on a school construction
project for the Orleans Parish School Board. The total subcontract was for
$2,672,613.03, after inclusion of approved change orders. During construction,
Wilson periodically submitted Applications of Payment to Orleans Parish
School Board. These applications included requests for work done by Fisk,
based on periodic invoices Fisk submitted to Wilson. The subcontract provided
that Fisk would receive monthly payments, and that when Wilson received
payments from the school board, it would make approved progress payments
to Fisk within seven days.         As of April, 2012, Wilson had paid Fisk
$2,117,215.86 under the subcontract; the remaining balance was $555,397.17.
      In June 2012, a Fisk subcontractor—Chubb—filed a sworn statement of
claim worth over $82,000. Just a few weeks later, Fisk recorded its own sworn
statement of claim against Wilson for $1,270,443.15.             This included the
remaining subcontract balance, as well as charges for project changes and
extended labor and job expenses. 1 Wilson did not make any payment to Fisk
at this time, nor when it received additional payments from the school board
over the next year and a half. During this period, Orleans Parish School Board
retained certain funds for “punch list” items—work not conforming to the
contract that must be completed for final payment—some of which was
attributable to Fisk. In March 2013, Chubb filed suit in state court against
Fisk and Wilson to collect on its claim. Three months later, Fisk paid all
outstanding money owed to Chubb and Chubb dropped its suit, but did not
execute a cancellation of the bond for removal of lien and its recorded




      1 According to both the district court and Wilson—and as Fisk does not seem to
contest—Fisk had submitted only $145,829.70 in invoices that were unpaid at this date.

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                                 No. 15-30684
statement of claim until December. Approximately three weeks later, Wilson
paid Fisk $459,832.80.
      The subcontract between Wilson and Fisk includes an article on Final
Payment that requires Fisk to provide Wilson with evidence that “all payrolls,
bills for materials, equipment and services connected with the Work have been
paid in full” and further requires that all work be turned over “free and clear
of all claims, encumbrances, and liens for labor, services, equipment or
materials.” It also notes that Wilson “may withhold said amounts, including
such amounts as may be necessary with said claims, encumbrances, liens or
attachments from monies otherwise” owed to Fisk.
                                       II.
      Fisk filed a separate federal suit against Wilson to enforce a lien based
on its sworn statement of claim and to obtain damages. The district court
granted partial summary judgment for Fisk, finding that Wilson owed
$466,625.89 2: the $555,397.17 subcontract balance less $6,700 in punch list
items and Chubb’s $82,071.28 lien claim.          The parties settled several
outstanding issues, leaving only a claim for violation of Louisiana’s Prompt
Payment Statute § 9:2784, which includes entitlement to reasonable attorney’s
fees. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Fisk asserted that
Wilson owed it a penalty for late payment plus attorney’s fees; Wilson
contended that it had “reasonable cause” to not pay and was entitled to
attorney’s fees for defending against Fisk’s non-meritorious claim.
      The district court entered summary judgment in favor of Fisk. The court
noted that it did not have enough information “to determine, with specificity,
the entirety of the exact amounts and chronology of the work completed by


      2 The amount the court determined Wilson owed did not take into account the
$459,832.80 Wilson paid Fisk 14 days prior to the summary judgment ruling.

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Plaintiff, the exact dates on which Defendant sought and received payment, in
full . . . for work completed by Plaintiff, or the exact dollar amounts and dates
on which Plaintiff affirmatively sought payment from Defendant.”          But it
nonetheless concluded that, based on its prior summary judgment ruling and
construing all additional facts in favor of Wilson, Wilson lacked “reasonable
cause for not paying Plaintiff in the amounts and for the time periods listed
below.” It then provided three overlapping time periods and equations to
determine the amount that was unreasonably withheld. These formulas called
for multiple deductions from the outstanding subcontract balance, including
the amounts of Chubb’s lien and any premiums Wilson incurred to obtain a
bond for the lien, punch list items, a counter-claim Wilson made against Fisk,
and certain retainage. The court ordered Wilson to pay the statutory penalty
rate—one half of one percent of the amount owed for each day the payment
was late—with the total not to exceed the statutory maximum 15% of the
outstanding balance.
      The parties agree that, using the formulas devised by the district court,
Wilson did not owe anything for the first or second time periods, but owed
$69,210.42 for the third time period. The district court later approved and
entered the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation awarding
$55,920.00 in attorney’s fees for work collecting the balance due under the
subcontract. Wilson appeals both the summary judgment and the attorney’s
fees award, which it argues is unreasonable even if it violated the prompt
payment statute because it compensates work on claims outside the scope of
collecting the subcontract balance.
                                      III.
      Wilson asserts that the district court erred in finding Wilson liable under
Louisiana’s Prompt Payment Statute because it had reasonable cause to


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                                 No. 15-30684
withhold payment.       It contends that the district court acknowledged
reasonable cause in its penalty formulas, as it deducted numerous amounts
that Wilson reasonably did not pay.
      As a federal court considering a question of Louisiana law, we look first
to decisions of the state supreme court; “[i]n the absence of a final decision by
the Louisiana Supreme Court, we must make an Erie guess and determine, in
our best judgment, how that court would resolve the issue if presented with
the same case.” In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 206 (5th
Cir. 2007).   Under Louisiana’s “civilian methodology,” we first examine
primary sources of law, like the constitution and statutory text, and
Louisiana’s intermediate courts serve as “secondary law” to guide our
interpretation. Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted).
      Louisiana’s Prompt Payment Statute provides in relevant part:
      A. When a contractor receives any payment from the owner for
      improvements to an immovable . . . the contractor shall promptly
      pay such monies received to each subcontractor and supplier in
      proportion to the percentage of work completed . . .
      ...

      C. If the contractor or subcontractor without reasonable cause fails
      to make any payment to his subcontractors and suppliers within
      fourteen consecutive days of the receipt of payment from the owner
      for improvements to an immovable, the contractor or
      subcontractor shall pay to the subcontractors and suppliers, in
      addition to the payment, a penalty in the amount of one-half of one
      percent of the amount due, per day, from the expiration of the
      period allowed herein for payment after the receipt of payment
      from the owner. The total penalty shall not exceed fifteen percent
      of the outstanding balance due. In addition, the contractor or
      subcontractor shall be liable for reasonable attorney fees for the
      collection of the payments due the subcontractors and suppliers.
      However, any claim which the court finds to be without merit shall
      subject the claimant to all reasonable costs and attorney fees for
      the defense against such claim.


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La. Stat. § 9:2784(A), (C) (emphasis added). The Supreme Court of Louisiana
has not considered the meaning of “reasonable cause” within this statute. It
has, however, emphasized that statutes providing for punitive penalties are
rare, and as such, “when a statute does authorize the imposition of a penalty,
it is to be strictly construed.” Int’l Harvester Credit Corp. v. Seale, 518 So. 2d
1039, 1041 (La. 1988).
      A few Louisiana intermediate courts have directly considered the
meaning of reasonable cause to not make payment, and one involved a
situation similar to this case.   In Contractors Supply & EQ-Orleans v. J.
Caldarera & Co., 734 So.2d 755 (La. App. 5 Cir. 1999), a subcontractor had
submitted a demand letter for payment seeking $20,668.40, whereas the
contractor believed it owed only $2,911.00. Id. at 757. The court ultimately
determined that the contractor owed $6,479.93, but denied the subcontractor’s
claim for a late payment penalty and attorney’s fees. Id. at 761. The appellate
court upheld the trial court’s determination that “the amount demanded by the
plaintiff was out of proportion to the amount owed, therefore the defendant
had reasonable cause to withhold payments.” Id. at 759. Thus the contractor
was not liable for a penalty or attorney’s fees under the prompt payment
statute. Id. at 761.
      Likewise in this case, Fisk’s sworn statement of claim asserted that
Wilson owed over two times the amount remaining on the subcontract; the
amount actually owed was even more disproportionate because the district
court found that Wilson need not pay almost $90,000 of the subcontract. This
“out of proportion” demand alone may be enough under Louisiana law to
constitute reasonable cause not to pay. But the amount of Fisk’s demand was
not the only outstanding dispute. Under the subcontract terms, Wilson could
withhold the value of Chubb’s lien. This lien was not fully resolved until a few


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                                     No. 15-30684
weeks before Wilson made its January 2014 payment. And other smaller
amounts—punch list items, retainage, the value of Wilson’s counterclaim—
that the district court deducted from its penalty calculation were all reasonably
disputed. The district court could not discern the total value of these claims,
even with the many stipulations and memoranda that the parties provided.
The combined value of these items was so significant that for two of the district
court’s three outlined time periods, Wilson did not actually owe Fisk any
money. This substantial dispute about the amount owed makes this case
unlike Unis v. JTS Constructors/Managers, Inc., 541 So. 2d 278 (La. App. 3
Cir. 1989), in which a Louisiana appellate court found there was no reason for
a contractor to withhold payment because there was no dispute about the
amount owed under a given contract. Id. at 282.
      Although the Supreme Court of Louisiana has not opined on the meaning
of “reasonable cause” under the prompt payment statute, its ruling in an
analogous area of law leads us to believe it would follow the Calderara
approach. When considering penalties for untimely payment of claims by
insurance companies, it has held that “especially when there is a reasonable
and legitimate question as to the extent and causation of a claim, bad faith
should not be inferred from an insurer’s failure to pay within the statutory
time limits when such reasonable doubt exists. . . .” Guillory v. Lee, 16 So. 3d
1104, 1127 (La. 2009) (emphasis added); see La. Stat. § 22:1892 (requiring that
when an insurer does not make payment within thirty days of written proofs
and demand, and “such failure is found to be arbitrary, capricious, or without
probable cause, [this failure] shall subject the insurer to a penalty, in addition
to the amount of the loss . . .”).
      Given these principles and the holding in Contractors Supply & EQ-
Orleans v. J. Caldarera & Co., we conclude that a Louisiana court would find


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that Wilson had reasonable cause to withhold payment. Because Wilson had
reasonable cause, Fisk is not entitled to attorney’s fees. We therefore need not
reach whether the fee amount was reasonable.
                                 *     *     *
      We REVERSE the district court’s summary judgment in favor of Fisk
and VACATE the award of attorney’s fees; we also REVERSE the denial of
Wilson’s motion for summary judgment and RENDER summary judgment in
its favor. The case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.




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