                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

                             No. 14–1607

                         Filed March 20, 2015


IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,

      Complainant,

vs.

MICHAEL J. CROSS,

      Respondent.



      On review of the report of the Grievance Commission of the

Supreme Court of Iowa.



      Grievance commission reports respondent committed numerous

violations of the rules of professional conduct and recommends

suspension. LICENSE SUSPENDED.



      Charles L. Harrington, Des Moines, for complainant.



      Michael J. Cross, Hampton, pro se.
                                    2

ZAGER, Justice.

      The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board (Board)

charged attorney Michael J. Cross with violations of several of our ethical

rules governing an attorney’s management of client trust accounts after

an audit revealed numerous trust account irregularities. The Board also

charged Cross with violations of several other ethical rules for failing to

file employee-payroll-withholding-tax declarations and pay these taxes

for years 2009 through 2011, for failing to file state and federal income

tax returns for years 2009 through 2011, and for failing to supply the

Board with requested documentation concerning these alleged tax

violations. Finally, the Board charged Cross with improperly practicing

under a trade name in violation of our ethical rules. After a hearing, a

division of the Grievance Commission of the Supreme Court of Iowa

found Cross violated a number of our ethical rules.      The commission

recommended we suspend Cross’s license for one year.               It also

recommended that we require Cross to demonstrate he has satisfied all

outstanding payroll and income tax liabilities due state and federal

taxing authorities as a condition of reinstatement.    Upon our de novo

review, we concur in most of the findings of rule violations, and agree

with the commission that a one-year suspension is appropriate.

      I. Factual Background.

      Cross was admitted to practice law in Iowa in 1973. He currently

works in Hampton, Iowa, as a solo practitioner. This case turns on an

audit performed by the Client Security Commission on Cross’s client

trust account and accounting records in 2012.          The audit showed

noncompliance with a number of our rules.

      A. The 2012 Audit. On May 22, 2012, an auditor with the Client

Security Commission contacted Cross by phone. This call was made in
                                   3

response to a report received by the Client Security Commission

expressing concern about Cross’s financial and physical health and the

potential risk to his clients. The auditor made an appointment to meet

with Cross at his office for May 30.   During their conversation, Cross

informed the auditor that his records were not up to date but that he

would spend the weekend preparing them for review.

      When the auditor arrived for the May 30 meeting, Cross informed

the auditor that he had not performed any trust account reconciliations

since November 2009. At that time, Cross had experienced difficulties

with his accounting software and simultaneously discovered a $99.60

difference between the bank balance and the total of the client

subaccounts, which he could not explain.       Cross also informed the

auditor that he had failed to maintain contemporaneous client ledgers

since November 2009.      While Cross had attempted to reconstruct the

client ledgers over the preceding weekend using bank statements, he had

been unsuccessful in completing the task. He was also unable to provide

the auditor with a check register. Over the course of the next several

months, Cross was able to reconstruct several client ledgers. However,

these reconstructed ledgers comprised only a sample of the ledgers that

should have been available, and Cross never provided a complete set of

client ledgers to the auditor.

      In performing the audit, the auditor identified three bank accounts

relevant to Cross’s client-trust-account management practices: (1) the

client trust account; (2) the Cross Law Firm account; and (3) a bank

account in the name of MJC Services, Inc. (MJC). The Cross Law Firm

account was the primary business operations account for Cross’s

practice until 2010. However, when Cross opened the MJC account in

2010, it became the primary business operations account for the firm.
                                     4

Cross used the MJC account to protect his assets from levies by

creditors.

      Due to the complete lack of record keeping, the auditor was

required to reconstruct a journal for the trust account from bank

statements.    The auditor then conducted an extensive audit by cross-

referencing the reconstructed journal with the few client ledgers provided

by Cross and bank statements from the other accounts. Based on the

audit, the auditor concluded “Cross completely lost control and

accountability for client funds deposited in his trust account” and

“generally treated all the funds in the accounts as his funds to do with as

he chose without regard to whether his fees had been earned or not and

without notifying clients of withdrawals.” The auditor further concluded,

“Cross . . . committed nearly every wrong possible in handling client

funds and managing an attorney’s trust account,” and enumerated the

following list of deficiencies:

      (1) “Failed to perform monthly reconciliations”;
      (2) “ ‘Borrowed’ from the trust account”;
     (3) “Paid personal and business expenses from the trust
account”;
      (4) “Overdrawn specific client subaccounts”;
      (5) “Overdrawn the trust bank account”;
      (6) “Withdrawn cash from the trust account”;
      (7) “Failed to maintain client subaccounts”;
     (8) “Failed to deposit client funds in [the] trust account
when required”;
      (9) “Taken fees before they were earned”;
      (10) “Commingled trust funds with non-trust funds”;
      (11) “Withheld and failed to deposit a portion of cash
receipts”;
      (12) “Failed to provide clients with written notification of
withdrawal of trust funds”; and
      (13) “Failed to maintain trust account records for six years.”
                                       5

      Specifically, the audit revealed that as of November 2009, eight

client subaccounts had negative balances, totaling $11,736.80.             One

subaccount, entitled “Cross Law Firm,” had a negative balance of

$11,132.64, and another subaccount, entitled “MJC Services,” had a

negative balance of $80.10.         The subaccount names and negative

balances suggested that as early as November 2009, Cross had been

withdrawing unearned fees from the trust account. Also significant, on

February 23, 2011, Cross transferred $8500 by check from the MJC

account to the trust account so the trust account would balance.

      The audit also revealed that on 102 separate occasions between

2009 and 2012, Cross used the trust account to pay personal credit card

bills by electronic transfer. On four separate occasions in 2010, these

payments resulted in the trust account being overdrawn.             The audit

further established that at various times Cross used the trust account to

pay personal and business expenses, including heating bills, cell phone

bills, office telephone bills, office supply bills, and the corporate filing fee

for the incorporation of MJC in 2009.

      The audit further revealed that after the MJC account was opened

in 2010, Cross stopped using the Cross Law Firm account almost

entirely. Additionally, he began using the MJC account for the receipt

and disbursement of client funds, without regard to whether he should

handle such funds through the trust account.          With respect to eleven

identifiable clients, the audit demonstrated that Cross deposited advance

fee payments and prepaid expenses in the MJC account as opposed to

the trust account.     For example, as it relates to K.A., whom Cross

represented in a dissolution of marriage action, the audit revealed that as

of November 12, 2010, Cross had earned sixty dollars in his

representation of her. However, on that same date, Cross deposited a
                                        6

$600 fee payment from K.A. into the MJC account.               Additionally, the

audit established that Cross systematically failed to provide clients with

contemporaneous written notifications and accountings of withdrawals

from the trust account, with the exception of several real estate closings

and probate matters.

      B. Tax Matters. In the audit report, the auditor also noted that

Cross’s secretary reported that Cross had been making only net payrolls

for some time.     That is, while withholding taxes from employee wages

were calculated and shown as withheld, Cross failed to file employee-

payroll-tax declarations, failed to segregate these funds, and failed to pay

these taxes to the appropriate taxing authorities.         Cross admitted this

during the audit. Cross also admitted that he had not filed his federal or

state income tax returns for the years 2009 through 2011, and that his

combined payroll and income tax debt exceeded $100,000.

      C. Client Security Commission Form. For the years 2009

through 2012, Cross completed and signed a “Combined Statement and

Questionnaire” for the Client Security Commission. Despite his lack of

record keeping and the audit findings to the contrary, Cross certified that

he kept all client funds and retainers in a separate account from his

own, he performed monthly reconciliations of the trust account with

bank statements and client ledgers, he preserved client-trust-account

records for six years, and he never overdrew the trust account. 1

      II. Procedural History.

      On September 25, 2013, the Board requested that Cross provide it

with documentation concerning his employment-payroll taxes and

      1With     respect to Cross’s alleged tax misconduct, the client security
questionnaires in the record do not contain Cross’s responses concerning whether he
had filed his state and federal income tax returns.
                                     7

income taxes. On October 24, Cross responded to the Board indicating

that he needed more time to respond to its request. Cross never supplied

the Board with the requested documentation.

      Based on the completed audit, the Board filed its complaint against

Cross on March 4, 2014. The complaint alleged numerous violations of

the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct and the Iowa Court Rules. In his

original answer, Cross denied many of the allegations in the complaint

and maintained he had not violated any of our ethics rules. His original

answer, however, admitted several factual allegations forwarded by the

Board.    Specifically, with respect to the Board’s charge that he

improperly commingled client funds with his own, Cross’s answer stated:

      Respondent admits he did not use his trust account solely
      for unearned fees or funds of clients, but did deposit earned
      fees into said account to avoid creditor levy [and] paid office
      expenses and personal expenses out of the trust account
      ....

The Board also filed and served Cross with a request for admissions.

Cross failed to respond to this request.

      On March 17, the Board served Cross with requests for production

of documents and interrogatories. He did not respond to them. On May
16, the Board filed a motion to compel responses to the document

requests, interrogatories, and prior request for admissions.     Cross did

not resist the motion, and the commission ordered him to serve

responses no later than June 16. The commission threatened to impose

sanctions if Cross failed to comply with the June 16 deadline.

Additionally,   the   commission   deemed   admitted    the   requests   for

admissions Cross had failed to answer.

      Cross failed to respond to the Board’s document requests or

interrogatories by the June 16 deadline.    As a result, on July 14, the
                                     8

commission imposed sanctions. Specifically, Cross was precluded at the

hearing from offering any witnesses or evidence other than his own

testimony, objecting to any of the Board’s exhibits, cross-examining any

witnesses presented by the Board, and testifying other than in

mitigation.   In addition, several facts alleged in the Board’s complaint

were deemed established for the purposes of the action. Specifically, the

commission ruled as established: (1) Cross failed to deposit unearned

fees and prepaid expenses into the trust account with respect to eleven

separate clients; (2) Cross failed to maintain a check register for the trust

account since November 2009; (3) Cross failed to perform trust account

reconciliations since 2009; (4) several clients had negative balances in

their subaccounts at various times, indicating other client funds had

been used for their purposes; (5) the trust account was overdrawn on

four separate occasions in 2010; and (6) Cross’s client security

questionnaires for years 2009 through 2012 were not truthful.

      In July, an evidentiary hearing was held before the commission. At

the hearing, Cross filed an amended and substituted answer in which he

admitted all but one of the factual allegations in the Board’s complaint,

and all but one of the alleged rule violations in the Board’s complaint.

Specifically, Cross denied that he had failed to deposit unearned fees into

the trust account and improperly taken fees before they were earned.

Consequently, Cross maintained he had not violated any of our ethical

rules prohibiting such conduct.          However, as noted above, the

commission had already ruled this conduct as established for the

purposes of the action.

      At the hearing before the commission, Cross did not testify.

Instead, he made a “professional statement” in which he noted he had

“admitted each and every violation except the violation concerning
                                      9

depositing unearned fees.”    Cross attempted to explain that it was his

general practice in dissolution cases to charge a flat fee of approximately

$500 after he met with a client for the second time but prior to the filing

of the petition. Prior to these second meetings, Cross generally prepared

documents     including   “the    petition,   original   notice,   confidential

information form[s], statistical report[s], and discovery documents.”

Cross asserted that during these second meetings, he would typically

review these documents with the client. Therefore, while the audit and

records demonstrated that he had deposited client funds in the MJC

account prior to filing the petition—possibly indicating he had failed to

deposit unearned fees into the trust account—those funds had in fact

been earned by the conclusion of the second meeting. Cross admitted,

however, that in each of the instances in which he charged a flat fee, he

“requested $185 towards the filing fee, which [he] never . . . deposit[ed] in

the trust account.”

      The commission issued its written findings of fact, conclusions of

law, and recommended sanction on September 26. It concluded that in

2008 Cross developed financial difficulties around the same time his

secretary took leave due to an auto accident. These financial difficulties

were further aggravated when several creditors asserted a levy against

the Cross Law Firm account. The commission also found that around

this same time Cross experienced difficulties with his accounting

software. However, the commission did not consider Cross’s financial,

personnel,   or   technological     excuses     sufficient   to    justify   his

mismanagement of the trust account.           Specifically, it noted, “It is a

practitioner’s duty to maintain the records required regardless of the

specific media on which the records are kept.” The commission credited

Cross, however, noting that no clients had filed a complaint against him
                                    10

and that “no client was cheated out of funds.”            Ultimately, the

commission concluded that Cross violated all of the rules alleged by the

Board and recommended that we suspend his license for one year. It

also recommended that we require Cross to demonstrate he has satisfied

all outstanding payroll and income tax liabilities due state and federal

taxing authorities as a condition of reinstatement.

      III. Standard of Review.

      Our review of attorney disciplinary proceedings is de novo. Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Conroy, 845 N.W.2d 59, 63 (Iowa

2014).   The Board must prove attorney misconduct by a convincing

preponderance of the evidence, a burden greater than a preponderance of

the evidence but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.          Iowa

Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Thomas, 844 N.W.2d 111, 113 (Iowa

2014).    We give the commission’s findings and recommendations

respectful consideration, but we are not bound by them. Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d 689, 696 (Iowa 2014).

“Upon proof of misconduct, we may impose a greater or lesser sanction

than the sanction recommended by the commission.” Iowa Supreme Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Templeton, 784 N.W.2d 761, 764 (Iowa 2010).

      IV. Review of Alleged Ethical Violations.

      The Board has alleged numerous violations of the Iowa Rules of

Professional Conduct and the Iowa Court Rules.        In his amended and

substituted answer, Cross admitted each paragraph of the Board’s

complaint, except as it relates to factual allegations and rule violations

concerning the improper deposit and withdrawal of unearned fees.

“Factual matters admitted by an attorney in an answer are deemed

established, regardless of the evidence in the record.” Iowa Supreme Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Nelson, 838 N.W.2d 528, 532 (Iowa 2013).
                                         11

However, an attorney’s stipulation to a violation of our ethical rules is not

binding on us. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kelsen, 855

N.W.2d 175, 181 (Iowa 2014). We turn now to consider the individual

rule violations alleged by the Board.

       A. Trust Account Violations. The Board alleges Cross violated

Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct 32:1.15(a), (c), and (f) and Iowa Court

Rules 45.1(1), 45.2(3), and 45.7(3) and (4) as a result of his management

of the trust account. 2 The Board also alleges Cross violated Iowa Rule of

Professional Conduct 32:8.4(c) by falsely certifying on his client security

questionnaire that he properly managed the trust account. We address

these alleged rule violations together because they all relate to Cross’s

trust account practices.

       1. Trust account management. Rule 32:1.15(a) requires a lawyer

to “hold property of clients or third persons that is in a lawyer’s

possession in connection with a representation separate from the

lawyer’s own property.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.15(a). Funds must

be kept in a separate account and “[c]omplete records of such account

funds . . . shall be kept by the lawyer and shall be preserved for a period

of six years after termination of the representation.” Id. A comment to

the rule states, “A lawyer should maintain on a current basis books and

records in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice and

comply with any recordkeeping rules established by law or court order.”

Id. cmt. 1.

       Rule 32:1.15 also incorporates chapter 45 of the Iowa Court Rules,

which directs an attorney on how to properly maintain a client trust


       2All references to the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct and to the Iowa Court
Rules are to the current version, unless otherwise specified.
                                         12

account. See id. r. 32:1.15(f); Iowa Ct. R. ch. 45. Similar to Iowa Rule of

Professional Conduct 32:1.15(a), rule 45.1 also prohibits attorneys from

commingling their own funds with client funds. See Iowa Ct. R. 45.1.

Specifically, rule 45.1 requires that an attorney maintain a clearly

designated trust account to hold funds received from clients or third

parties.      Id.   “No funds belonging to the lawyer or law firm may be

deposited in this account,” with the exception of “[f]unds reasonably

sufficient to pay or avoid imposition of fees and charges that are a

lawyer’s or law firm’s responsibility.” Id. r. 45.1(1).

      Rule 32:1.15(c) governs a lawyer’s conduct with respect to advance

fee and expense payments. Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:1.15(c). Pursuant

to this rule, “A lawyer shall deposit into a client trust account legal fees

and expenses that have been paid in advance, to be withdrawn by the

lawyer only as fees are earned or expenses incurred.” Id. Rule 45.7 also

governs a lawyer’s treatment of advance fee and expense payments. Iowa

Ct. R. 45.7. This rule defines advance fee payments as “payments for

contemplated services that are made to the lawyer prior to the lawyer’s

having earned the fee.” Id. r. 45.7(1). Advance expense payments are

defined as “payments for contemplated expenses in connection with the

lawyer’s services that are made to the lawyer prior to the incurrence of

the expense.”       Id. r. 45.7(2).   “A lawyer must deposit advance fee and

expense payments from a client into the trust account and may withdraw

such payments only as the fee is earned or the expense is incurred.” Id.

r. 45.7(3).

      Rule 45.2(3)(a) dictates that financial records including ledger

records, bank statements, check registers, copies of monthly trial

balances, and monthly reconciliations of the client trust accounts, must

be maintained by an attorney for six years following the termination of
                                     13

representation of a client. Id. r. 45.2(3)(a). Finally, rule 45.7(4) requires

an attorney to notify a client in writing and provide a contemporaneous

written accounting when withdrawing funds for fees or expenses from the

trust account. Id. r. 45.7(4).

      Applying these rules to the facts of this case, we find Cross has

violated all of the rules alleged by the Board with respect to the

management of his trust account and his handling of client funds. First,

we find Cross violated rules 32:1.15(a) and (f) and rule 45.1 by

commingling personal and business funds with client funds. “We have

previously determined an attorney failed to hold his own property

separate from that of his clients when he ‘used the trust account to

deposit personal funds and to pay personal and business expenses.’ ”

Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 697 (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary

Bd. v. Hall, 728 N.W.2d 383, 387 (Iowa 2007)). Here, Cross admitted in

his original answer, in his substituted and amended answer, and during

his professional statement at the hearing before the commission that he

commingled personal and business funds with client funds and used the

trust account to pay personal and business expenses. See Nelson, 838

N.W.2d at 532.

      Further, there is clear evidence in the record to support these

violations. The record clearly established that Cross failed to hold his

own property separate from his clients’ property and used the trust

account to pay personal and business expenses. The audit revealed that

Cross frequently used the trust account to pay personal credit card bills,

along with a number of other personal and business expenses. The audit

also showed that after Cross opened the MJC account in 2010, he began

regularly depositing client funds into that account, without regard to

whether he should handle such funds through the trust account. While
                                          14

Cross has forwarded a number of excuses for his conduct, including

financial difficulties that began in 2008, we decline to deem Cross’s

asserted personnel, financial, and technological difficulties sufficient

excuses.     See Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 695, 698, 700 (finding rule

32:1.15(a) and rule 45.1 violations when attorney experienced “financial

problems related to unpaid medical bills” and commingled personal and

client funds to avoid creditors from levying his bank account, and

declining to deem attorney’s financial problems a legitimate excuse);

Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Sunleaf, 588 N.W.2d

126, 126–127 (Iowa 1999) (finding violation of Iowa Code of Professional

Responsibility     for   Lawyers     DR    9–102(A),    the    forerunner     to   rule

32:1.15(a), when attorney used his trust account for the deposit of

earned fees and payment of both personal and business expenses to

“hide funds from the federal internal revenue service which had levied on

his business account for two unpaid payroll tax obligations,” and

declining to deem attorney’s “pressing financial problems” a legitimate

excuse). We find Cross violated rules 32:1.15(a) and (f) and rule 45.1(1).

       Second, we find Cross violated rules 32:1.15(c) and (f) and rule

45.7(3) by failing to deposit advance legal fees and expenses into the

trust account and by withdrawing fees and expenses before they were

earned. 3 We begin by noting that as a result of Cross’s failure to respond

       3Although   we find Cross failed to deposit advance legal fees and expenses into
the trust account, and withdrew fees and expenses before they were earned, we do not
find this conduct amounts to misappropriation. As noted above, the Board’s complaint
alleges violations of various trust account rules, including rule 32:1.15. Complaints
filed by the Board with the commission must be “sufficiently clear and specific in their
charges to reasonably inform the attorney against whom the complaint is made of the
misconduct alleged to have been committed.” Iowa Ct. R. 35.5. “Because attorney
disciplinary actions are ‘quasi-criminal’ in nature, ‘the charge[s] must be known before
the proceedings commence.’ ” Kelsen, 855 N.W.2d at 183 n.3 (alteration in original)
(quoting In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544, 551, 88 S. Ct. 1222, 1226, 20 L. Ed. 2d 117, 122
(1968)).
                                           15

to the Board’s document requests and interrogatories, the commission

deemed as established that Cross failed to deposit unearned fees and

prepaid expenses into the trust account with respect to eleven separate

clients.    See Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.517(2)(b)(1); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Netti, 797 N.W.2d 591, 595 (Iowa 2011) (noting this

sanction is similar to sanctions authorized by Iowa Rule of Civil

Procedure 1.517(2)(b)(1)); Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Moonen, 706 N.W.2d 391, 396 (Iowa 2005) (same).                         Cross further

admitted during his professional statement at the hearing before the

commission that he frequently failed to deposit advance expenses into

the trust account.

       Moreover, there is again clear evidence in the record to support

these violations.       With respect to eleven separate clients, the audit

chronicled numerous instances in which Cross either failed to deposit
__________________________________
        We recently revoked an attorney’s license for misappropriation of client funds for
personal use despite the Board’s failure to allege that specific misconduct in its
complaint. See id. at 183 n.3, 186. In that case, “the Board’s complaint did not
expressly allege [the attorney] had misappropriated client funds.” Id. at 183 n.3. It did,
however, “clearly cover [the attorney’s] handling and misuse of [a specific client’s]
$7500.” Id. There, the complaint alleged the attorney failed to deposit the client’s
$7500 check in his trust account, had spent the money before the client asked for it
back one week later, and violated rule 32:1.15. Id. In determining revocation was the
appropriate sanction, we concluded “[the Board’s] allegations were sufficient to put [the
attorney] on notice that the Board believed [he] had not safeguarded his client’s $7500
as required by rule 32:1.15.” Id. We further recognized that the attorney in that case
clearly “understood the centrality of the colorable claim question” because “[m]uch of
his testimony . . . was devoted to trying to establish a colorable claim defense.” Id.
        In this case, unlike in Kelsen, Cross was never put on notice that he faced
sanctions for misappropriating any client funds. While the Board has alleged a
violation of rule 32:1.15, it has not alleged Cross has ever stolen client money or has
been unable to return any funds to clients upon request. In fact, the record established
that no clients are known to have filed a complaint against Cross. Further, the Board
did not suggest that Cross misappropriated any client funds at the hearing before the
commission.      Finally, the commission has not suggested that revocation is the
appropriate sanction in this case, and it expressly noted, “no client was cheated out of
funds.” Consequently, we will not consider whether Cross misappropriated client
funds.
                                     16

advance fees and expenses into the trust account, or withdrew fees and

expenses before they were earned. While Cross now attempts to justify

the deposit and withdrawal of these fees, claiming that in all instances

the fees were earned, he has provided no documentation supporting this

claim.     See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Baldwin, 857

N.W.2d 195, 210 (Iowa 2014) (“While Baldwin now attempts to justify

these fees, he has never accounted for them.”).          Further, the audit

showed the following as of November 2009: eight client subaccounts had

negative balances, totaling $11,736.80; on four separate occasions in

2010, Cross overdrew the trust account; and after Cross opened the MJC

account in 2010, he began regularly depositing client funds into that

account, without regard to whether he should handle such funds

through the trust account.      These facts support the conclusion that

Cross both failed to deposit advance legal fees and expenses into the

trust account, and withdrew fees and expenses before they were earned.

We find Cross violated rules 32:1.15(c) and (f) and rule 45.7(3).

         Finally, we find Cross violated rules 45.2(3)(a) and 45.7(4) by

failing to maintain proper financial records and notify numerous clients

in writing and provide contemporaneous written accountings when

withdrawing funds for fees and expenses from the trust account. There

is no question Cross failed to maintain a check register or client ledgers,

and did not regularly perform reconciliations. Cross told the auditor at

the start of the audit he had failed to maintain client ledgers or perform

reconciliations since 2009. He was also unable to provide the auditor

with a check register. The commission deemed these facts as established

due to Cross’s failure to respond to the Board’s document requests and

interrogatories.     Cross   again   admitted   these   deficiencies   in   his

substituted and amended answer. We find Cross violated rule 45.2(3)(a).
                                   17

      Cross also systematically failed to notify clients in writing and

provide contemporaneous written accountings when withdrawing client

funds for expenses and fees from the trust account.             The record

established that during the audit the auditor was unable to uncover any

evidence that Cross provided clients with contemporaneous written

notifications and accountings of withdrawals from the trust account,

with the exception of several real estate closings and probate matters.

Cross admitted these deficiencies in his substituted and amended

answer. We find Cross violated rule 45.7(4).

      2. Dishonesty. Rule    32:8.4(c)   provides,   “It   is   professional

misconduct for a lawyer to engage in conduct involving dishonesty,

fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(c). To

establish a rule 32:8.4(c) violation the Board must show “the attorney

acted with some level of scienter greater than negligence.” Iowa Supreme

Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d 415, 421 (Iowa

2012).

      Here, we find Cross violated rule 32:8.4(c). The record established

that for each of the years 2009 through 2012, Cross submitted a client

security questionnaire certifying that for the preceding calendar year he

complied with all rules and accounting practices required of Iowa lawyers

in the handling of client funds and trust accounts. We find that Cross

intended these statements to mislead the Client Security Commission.

In fact, Cross has failed to maintain client ledgers, maintain a check

register, and perform reconciliations since 2009.          The audit also

established, contrary to Cross’s certifications on his client security

questionnaires, that he repeatedly failed to keep all client funds and

retainers in an account separate from his own personal funds and that

the trust account was overdrawn on four separate occasions in 2010.
                                     18

Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 698–99 (finding rule 32:8.4(c) violation when

attorney falsely certified that he kept all client funds in a separate

account from his personal funds, performed monthly reconciliations, and

preserved client fund records for six years, but it was apparent he failed

to “keep client ledgers, retain copies of bank statements, or perform

monthly reconciliations” and he “later admitted he did not keep a check

register . . . and . . . regularly kept personal funds in [the] account”);

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Clarity, 838 N.W.2d 648, 656–

57 (Iowa 2013) (finding rule 32:8.4(c) violation when attorney falsely

certified that all retainers had been deposited into the trust account);

Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d at 421 (finding rule 32:8.4(c) violation when

attorney falsely certified she kept client funds separate from her own and

performed monthly reconciliations, but the record showed she could not

have reconciled the accounts because of the inadequacy of her records).

We find Cross violated rule 32:8.4(c).

      B. Tax Matters. The Board also alleges Cross violated Iowa Rules

of Professional Conduct 32:8.4(b), (c), and (d) as a result of his failure to

file employee-payroll-withholding-tax declarations and pay these taxes

for years 2009 through 2011 and his failure to file state and federal

income tax returns for tax years 2009 through 2011. Additionally, the

Board alleges Cross violated Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:8.1(b)

for his failure to supply the Board with requested documentation

regarding these alleged tax violations.    We address these alleged rule

violations together because they all apply to the handling of his tax

matters.

      1. Payroll tax and income tax violations. Rule 32:8.4(b) prohibits

the commission of “a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s

honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer in other respects.” Iowa
                                    19

R. Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(b). A lawyer need not be charged or convicted of

a crime in order to be found in violation of this rule. Iowa Supreme Ct.

Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Lustgraaf, 792 N.W.2d 295, 299 (Iowa 2010).

      As discussed above, rule 32:8.4(c) prohibits an attorney from

“engag[ing]   in   conduct   involving   dishonesty,   fraud,   deceit,   or

misrepresentation.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:8.4(c). “[A] lawyer makes

a misrepresentation in violation of our ethical rules when his income

exceeds the sums requiring the filing of a tax return and he fails to file a

return.” Lustgraaf, 792 N.W.2d at 299. However, as we have previously

explained, “In the cases in which we have found the existence of a

misrepresentation, the respondent had willfully failed to file returns, had

committed a fraudulent practice, or had made a false statement.” Id. at

300 (collecting cases).   This is consistent with the general rule that

“ ‘misrepresentation requires intent to deceive to support an ethical

violation.’ ” Id. (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Sobel,

779 N.W.2d 782, 787 (Iowa 2010)).

      Rule 32:8.4(d) prohibits an attorney from engaging in “conduct

that is prejudicial to the administration of justice.”      Iowa R. Prof’l

Conduct 32:8.4(d). “There is no typical form of conduct that prejudices

the administration of justice.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Parrish, 801 N.W.2d 580, 587 (Iowa 2011). Acts that we have generally

considered prejudicial to the administration of justice have “hampered

the efficient and proper operation of the courts or of ancillary systems

upon which the courts rely.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.

Wright, 758 N.W.2d 227, 230 (Iowa 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Examples of conduct prejudicial to the administration of
      justice include paying an adverse expert witness for
      information regarding an opponent’s case preparation,
                                        20
      demanding a release in a civil action as a condition of
      dismissing criminal charges, and knowingly making false or
      reckless charges against a judicial officer.

Templeton, 784 N.W.2d at 768. “The mere commission of a criminal act

will not constitute a violation of rule 32:8.4(d) unless that conduct

somehow impedes the operation of the justice system.” Lustgraaf, 792

N.W.2d at 300.

      Applying these rules to the facts of this case, we find Cross violated

rule 32:8.4(b), but not rules 32:8.4(c) and (d).           First, we find Cross

violated rule 32:8.4(b) by failing to file employee-payroll-withholding-tax

declarations and pay the required taxes for years 2009 through 2011 and

by failing to timely file his state and federal income tax returns for years

2009 through 2011. Cross clearly failed to file quarterly withholding-tax

declarations with respect to employee payroll taxes and failed to make

appropriate deposits.      He admitted these facts in his amended and

substituted answer. He further admitted that he had failed to file state

and federal income tax returns from 2009 through 2011 in violation of

26 U.S.C. § 6012 (2006). This conduct reflects adversely on his fitness

as a lawyer. See Lustgraaf, 792 N.W.2d at 299; Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y

Disciplinary Bd. v. Fields, 790 N.W.2d 791, 797 (Iowa 2010).              We find

Cross violated rule 32:8.4(b).

      However, we do not find this same conduct violated rule 32:8.4(c).

Here, the Board has not alleged or presented any evidence that Cross’s
improper tax practices were willful, done with an intent to defraud, or

otherwise deceitful. Nor did the Board allege or present evidence that

Cross made any false statements in connection with this conduct.4

      4Again,    with respect to Cross’s alleged tax misconduct, the client security
questionnaires in the record do not contain Cross’s responses concerning whether he
had filed his state and federal income taxes.
                                       21

Thus,    on    this   record,   we   cannot   conclude   Cross   engaged   in

misrepresentation in connection with his tax practices. See Lustgraaf,

792 N.W.2d at 300 (finding no rule 32:8.4(c) violation when Board failed

to allege or present any evidence that attorney’s “failure to file the

returns was willful, done with an intent to defraud, or otherwise

deceitful,” or that the attorney made any false statements in connection

with asserted failures). Thus, the Board failed to prove Cross violated

rule 32:8.4(c).

        Similarly, we do not find this same conduct violated rule 32:8.4(d).

Here, there is no evidence in the record that Cross’s actions affected any

particular court proceeding or any ancillary system supportive of any

court proceeding. Cross’s behavior, even if criminal, is not the sort of

conduct that prejudices the administration of justice within the meaning

of rule 32:8.4(d). Id. (finding no rule 32:8.4(d) violation when attorney

failed to file tax returns and there was no showing the failure affected

any court proceeding or an ancillary system supportive of any court

proceeding).      Thus, the Board failed to prove Cross violated rule

32:8.4(d).

        2. Failure to respond to the disciplinary authority. Rule 32:8.1(b)

provides that a lawyer may not “knowingly fail to respond to a lawful

demand for information from . . . [a] disciplinary authority.”      Iowa R.

Prof’l Conduct 32:8.1(b). “Knowingly” is defined as “actual knowledge of

the fact in question” and “may be inferred from circumstances.” Id. r.

32:1.0(f); accord Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Dunahoo, 799

N.W.2d 524, 534 (Iowa 2011).

        Here, we find Cross violated rule 32:8.1(b).     On September 25,

2013, the Board requested that Cross provide it with information

concerning his employee payroll taxes and his income tax filings.          On
                                           22

October 24, Cross responded to the Board, indicating he was aware of

the request but that he needed more time to formulate a response. Cross

never supplied the Board with the requested information. We find Cross

knowingly failed to respond to a lawful demand for information from a

disciplinary authority in violation of rule 32:8.1(b).              See Dunahoo, 799

N.W.2d at 534 (finding rule 32:8.1(b) violation when attorney was aware

of the Board’s request and failed to comply).

       C. Practicing Under a Trade Name. Rule 32:7.5(e) in relevant

part provides:

       A lawyer in private practice shall not practice under a trade
       name, a name that is misleading as to the identity of the
       lawyer or lawyers practicing under such name, or a firm
       name containing names other than those of one or more of
       the lawyers in the firm.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:7.5(e) (July 2009). 5

       A trade name (or tradename) is a “name, style, or symbol used to

distinguish a company, partnership, or business (as opposed to a

       5This  rule prohibiting the use of trade names is no longer in force in Iowa.
Compare Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:7.5(e) (July 2009), with Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct
32:7.5(a). In 2012, we adopted a new version of rule 32:7.5. See Iowa Supreme Court
Order, In the Matter of Amendments to the Iowa Court Rules Governing Lawyer
Advertising     (Aug.   29,     2012),   available   at    http://www.iowacourts.gov
/wfdata/frame5862-1235/File83.pdf. Effective January 1, 2013, the new rule provides,
in relevant part:
       A trade name . . . may be used by a lawyer in private practice if it does
       not imply a connection with a government agency or with a public or
       charitable legal services organization and is not otherwise in violation of
       rule 32:7.1.
Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:7.5(a).
       As the comment to the rule explains,
       A firm may be designated . . . by a trade name such as the “ABC Legal
       Clinic.” . . . Use of trade names in law practice is acceptable so long as it
       is not misleading. . . . The use of such names to designate law firms has
       proven a useful means of identification.
Id. r. 32:7.5 cmt. 1.
                                          23

product or service).” Black’s Law Dictionary 1633 (9th ed. 1990). As the

comment to the rule explains,

       The use of a trade name or an assumed name could mislead
       laypersons concerning the identity, responsibility, and status
       of those practicing under a trade name or an assumed name;
       therefore, such a practice is not permitted by this rule.

Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct 32:7.5 cmt. 1 (July 2009).

       Here, we do not find the Board presented sufficient evidence to

prove Cross practiced under a trade name in violation of rule 32:7.5(e).

It is undisputed that Cross incorporated MJC in 2009 and began
depositing client funds into the MJC account in 2010.                   However, the

Board presented no evidence showing that Cross ever held himself out to

the public or any clients as “practicing” under this name. There is no

evidence in the record that Cross ever used the name MJC in connection

with his law practice. The rule does not require that the Board make an

affirmative showing that an assumed trade name is misleading to sustain

a violation. However, the rule still requires that the allegedly offending

trade name actually be used as a trade name. The stated purpose of the

rule, which is to protect the public from being misled, requires that there

be at least some nexus between the attorney’s use of the allegedly

offending name and the public.                 Here, there is no such nexus.6

       6We   are unable to find a single case in which a court has found a violation of a
comparable rule without some evidence an attorney held himself out to clients or the
public under the allegedly offending trade name. See, e.g., In re Loomis, 905 N.E.2d
406, 407 (Ind. 2009) (finding violation of rule prohibiting use of trade names when
name was used in “professional documents, communications, signage, telephone
directory listings, numerous advertisements, and an internet website”); In re Oldtowne
Legal Clinic, P.A., 400 A.2d 1111, 1115 & n.4 (Md. 1979) (refusing to approve proposed
trade name as in violation of rule prohibiting use of trade names when firm intended to
use the name “so that . . . clients would not know that there was any connection
between it” and another law office); Cincinnati Bar Ass’n v. Kathman, 748 N.E.2d 1091,
1094 (Ohio 2001) (finding violation of rule prohibiting use of trade names when name
was used on letterhead); Garcia v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, No. 03-05-00413-CV,
2007 WL 2141246, at *5–6 (Tex. Ct. App. July 26, 2007) (finding violation of rule
                                          24

Consequently, we do not find Cross violated Iowa Rule of Professional

Conduct 32:7.5(e) (July 2009).

         V. Consideration of Appropriate Sanction.

         Having found the foregoing rule violations, we now consider the

appropriate sanction.          The commission recommended we suspend

Cross’s license for one year and require that Cross demonstrate he has

satisfied all outstanding payroll and income tax liabilities due state and

federal taxing authorities as a condition of reinstatement.                   We give

respectful consideration to the commission’s recommendation. Ricklefs,

844 N.W.2d at 699.           However, the issue of appropriate sanction is

exclusively within this court’s authority. Id.

         “There is no standard sanction for a particular type of misconduct,

and though prior cases can be instructive, we ultimately determine an

appropriate sanction based on the particular circumstances of each

case.”    Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Earley, 774 N.W.2d

301, 308 (Iowa 2009). As we have previously stated,

         In considering an appropriate sanction, this court considers
         all the facts and circumstances, including the nature of the
         violations, the attorney’s fitness to practice law, deterrence,
         the protection of society, the need to uphold public
         confidence in the justice system, and the need to maintain
         the reputation of the bar.

Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. McGinness, 844 N.W.2d 456,

463 (Iowa 2014). “Where there are multiple violations of our disciplinary

rules, enhanced sanctions may be imposed.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of

__________________________________
prohibiting use of trade names when name was used on letters, letterhead, business
cards, email address, and signage); Rodgers v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 151
S.W.3d 602, 611 (Tex. Ct. App. 2004) (finding violation of rule prohibiting use of trade
names when attorney used name in telephone books, obtained a copyright on the name,
and registered a service mark for a phone hotline associated with the name and
received more than fifty percent of his business from the hotline).
                                           25

Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Alexander, 574 N.W.2d 322, 327 (Iowa 1998).

Further,     we   “consider       mitigating    and    aggravating    circumstances,

including companion violations, repeated neglect, and the attorney’s

disciplinary history.” Conroy, 845 N.W.2d at 66.

      In this case, Cross violated a number of our ethical rules relating

to   the     management       of     his   trust      account.       He    also   made

misrepresentations on his client security questionnaires.                   Finally, he

engaged in numerous tax violations and knowingly failed to cooperate

with the Board in supplying it with requested information related to his

tax misconduct. We turn now to address the specific sanction warranted

by Cross’s conduct.

      Sanctions for trust account and accounting violations span from “a

public reprimand when the attorney, in an isolated instance, failed to

deposit funds into his trust account because he believed the fees to be

earned” to “suspensions of several months where the violations were

compounded        by    severe     neglect,    misrepresentation,     or    failure   to

cooperate.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Boles, 808 N.W.2d

431, 442 (Iowa 2012) (collecting cases).                In cases warranting more

serious discipline, additional violations or aggravating circumstances

were present. See id.

      We draw guidance from the following attorney discipline cases

involving trust account violations.             In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney

Disciplinary Board v. Morris, we suspended an attorney’s license for six

months.      847 N.W.2d 428, 437 (Iowa 2014).              In Morris, the attorney’s

trust account mismanagement was “severe and . . . persisted over a long

period of time even after the Client Security Commission intervened with

an   audit    and      provided    information     that   should     have    facilitated

compliance with the applicable rules.” Id. at 436. We did not find the
                                    26

attorney failed to deposit advance fees and expenses into the trust

account or withdrew fees and expenses before they were earned. Id. at

434.   However, the attorney in that case did engage in dishonesty by

representing that he regularly reconciled his trust account on his client

security questionnaire. Id. at 435. Further, several aggravating factors

led us to conclude the attorney’s misconduct warranted sanctions at the

long end of the spectrum. Id. at 436–37. Specifically, we considered the

pervasiveness of the trust account violations, the attorney’s twenty-five

years of experience, and the attorney’s three prior suspensions. Id.

       In Ricklefs, we suspended an attorney’s license for three months.

844 N.W.2d at 702. The attorney in that case “improperly handled his

trust account, commingled client funds with his own, failed to maintain

proper records, and also knowingly misrepresented that he was engaged

in appropriate trust account practices.” Id. at 700. The Board had not

alleged, and in turn we did not find, the attorney failed to deposit

advance fees and expenses into the trust account or withdrew fees and

expenses before they were earned. See id. at 697–98. We considered as

aggravating factors the fact the attorney failed to cooperate with the

Board in its investigation, had received two prior public reprimands, and

failed to shore up his trust account deficiencies despite an earlier audit

bringing the noncompliance to his attention. Id. at 700. We considered

the fact that there were no indications any clients suffered harm and that

the attorney took responsibility for his actions before the commission

and admitted his violations as mitigating factors. Id.

       In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Powell, we

suspended an attorney’s license for three months. 830 N.W.2d 355, 360

(Iowa 2013). In that case, the attorney “basically ignored the rules and

procedures for maintaining a trust account over a prolonged period of
                                        27

time.” Id. at 357. He deposited client funds into his operating account,

frequently paid funds to himself when he needed money before the fees

were actually earned, and failed to adequately manage the bookkeeping

practices of the firm.      Id.   While no client funds were ultimately lost,

there were “years of utter disregard . . . for the trust [account] rules and

practices.” Id. at 357, 359. Due to a $43,000 trust account shortage, we

had previously temporarily suspended the attorney and appointed a

trustee to take control of the trust account. Id. at 356. In crafting the

proper   discipline,   we     considered     the   prior   seven-month   interim

suspension and the attorney’s other prior unethical conduct. Id. at 359.

      In Parrish, we considered a sixty-day suspension the appropriate

sanction when an attorney “withdrew funds from his trust account before

they were earned, failed to promptly notify his clients of the withdrawals,

did not earn the amounts withdrawn, and did not return the remainder

of funds upon request.”           801 N.W.2d at 583.         The attorney had

previously received six private admonitions, all of which related to a

“failure to provide an itemization of services provided,” and at least two of

which involved withdrawal of funds in excess of the fees earned. Id. at

589. We concluded the attorney’s conduct over a period of ten years had
“developed into a pattern of violating the Iowa Rules of Professional

Conduct and the rules of this court relating to the administration of trust

accounts.” Id. We considered the attorney’s refusal or inability to return

client funds as an aggravating factor, but we considered as mitigating

factors the attorney’s taking responsibility for his actions, taking steps to

correct the accounting issues, community involvement, and pro bono

work. Id.
      In Kersenbrock, we encountered a pattern of pervasive trust

account violations.      821 N.W.2d at 422.          We approved a thirty-day
                                         28

suspension.     Id.   The attorney in that case failed to deposit client

retainers into a trust account, kept inadequate trust account records,

prematurely withdrew fees in a probate case, and misrepresented her

trust account practices on her client security questionnaire. Id. at 419–

21. We considered as mitigating factors that no clients were harmed, the

attorney had no disciplinary history, and the attorney acknowledged the

inadequacies in her accounting practices and had taken steps to correct

the problems.    Id. at 422.        However, due to her systematic failure to

maintain any records, we concluded a suspension was the appropriate

sanction. Id.

      In Boles, we found an attorney’s “flagrant, multiyear disregard for

the billing and accounting requirements of our profession” warranted a

thirty-day suspension. 808 N.W.2d at 441, 443. The attorney in that

case “withdrew unearned fees, delayed responding to client requests for

accurate billings, and failed to promptly refund unearned fees.” Id. at

441. The situation was compounded by neglect of a client matter. Id.

We considered as an important mitigating factor evidence the attorney

had “corrected his practices to avoid reoccurrence,” and noted that the

attorney had no trust account problems in the approximately four years

leading up to his hearing.          Id. at 442.     Additional mitigating factors

included the attorney’s full cooperation with the Board’s investigation,

his extensive pro bono practice, and the fact that no clients were

harmed, “apart from the delayed refunds.” Id.

      In Sunleaf, an attorney used his trust account as a repository for

personal funds to avoid creditor claims against his personal assets. 588

N.W.2d at 126.        The attorney also falsified responses on his client

security questionnaire.        Id. at 127.          There was no evidence of

misappropriation      of   client   funds,    and    the   misconduct   was   “an
                                   29

aberration, wholly out of plumb with [his] many years of practice which

. . . [had] been honorable.” Id. We approved a public reprimand, while

indicating the case was a close call between a reprimand and a

suspension. Id. at 126–27.

      We believe this case requires a stiffer sanction than we imposed in

Kersenbrock, Boles, or Sunleaf.    In Kersenbrock, Boles, and Sunleaf,

many mitigating factors were present that are not present here.       See

Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d at 422; Boles, 808 N.W.2d at 442; Sunleaf, 588

N.W.2d at 127. Morris, Ricklefs, Powell, and Parrish are closer parallels.

As in this case, each of the attorneys in those cases engaged in

numerous trust account violations that persisted over a prolonged

period.   See Morris, 847 N.W.2d at 436; Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 700;

Powell, 830 N.W.2d at 357; Parrish, 801 N.W.2d at 589.       Here, Cross

mismanaged the trust account, commingled client funds with his own,

failed to deposit unearned fees and expenses into the trust account,

withdrew fees and expenses before they were earned, failed to maintain

proper records, and failed to provide clients with contemporaneous

written notifications and accountings of withdrawals from the trust

account. These violations persisted for over four years. As the auditor

aptly put it in the audit report, “Cross completely lost control and

accountability for client funds deposited in his trust account” and

“committed nearly every wrong possible in handling client funds and

managing an attorney’s trust account.”

      As in Powell and Parrish, Cross failed to deposit advance fees and

expenses in the trust account and withdrew fees before they were earned.

See Powell, 830 N.W.2d at 357–58; Parrish, 801 N.W.2d at 586–87. This

also warrants the imposition of sanctions on the higher end of the

spectrum. See Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 702 (noting that the withdrawal
                                        30

of funds before they are earned is “an arguably more serious matter than

running personal funds through a trust account”).         Additionally, as in

Morris and Ricklefs, Cross engaged in dishonesty in his representations

on his client security questionnaire.        See Morris, 847 N.W.2d at 435;

Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 698–99, 702 (noting that trust account related

misrepresentations “potentially justify a more severe sanction”).

      Additionally, here we also have a number of rule violations relating

to payroll taxes and federal and state income taxes.         As we recently

explained with respect to tax-related misconduct,

             In prior reported disciplinary cases involving failure to
      file tax returns, we have imposed suspensions ranging from
      sixty days to three years. In our prior cases imposing a
      suspension for failing to file tax returns, the attorney
      engaged in a willful failure to file, a fraudulent practice, or
      other more serious misconduct involving issues of
      dishonesty.

Lustgraaf, 792 N.W.2d at 301 (citations omitted) (collecting cases).

      We draw guidance from the following attorney discipline cases

involving tax violations.    In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary
Board v. Iverson, we suspended an attorney’s license for one year. 723

N.W.2d 806, 812 (Iowa 2006). There, the attorney had “pled guilty to the

crimes of fraudulent practice in the second degree (a class ‘D’ felony) and

fraudulent practice in the third degree (an aggravated misdemeanor) in

connection with his failure to pay his taxes and file his returns.” Id. at

809. The attorney in that case failed to file his federal or state income

tax returns for a period of almost ten years and had a total outstanding

tax liability of close to $400,000. Id. at 809–10. We found this conduct

violated Iowa Code of Professional Responsibility DR 1–102(A)(3)

prohibiting illegal conduct involving moral turpitude; DR 1–102(A)(4)

prohibiting   conduct       involving    dishonesty,    fraud,   deceit,   or
                                    31

misrepresentation; DR 1–102(A)(5) prohibiting conduct that is prejudicial

to the administration of justice; and DR 1–102(A)(6) prohibiting conduct

that adversely reflects on the fitness to practice law.    Id. at 810.   We

considered as an aggravating factor the attorney’s almost ten-year failure

to file the required tax returns, which we characterized as “a pattern of

conduct justifying an increased sanction.”        Id.   We considered as

mitigating factors that the attorney had no prior ethical violations, was

well respected within the legal community, and was devoted to the

profession. Id. at 811. The attorney in that case also fully cooperated

with the Board and the commission in their investigations of the matter.

Id.

      In Iowa Supreme Court Board of Professional Ethics & Conduct v.

O’Brien, an attorney failed to file required Iowa income tax returns for a

period of two years.   690 N.W.2d 57, 57 (Iowa 2004).        The attorney’s

conduct resulted in a criminal conviction for fraudulent practices in the

third degree, an aggravated misdemeanor.       Id. We found the attorney

violated Iowa Code of Professional Responsibility for Lawyers DR 1–

102(A) and concluded that a six-month suspension was the appropriate

sanction. Id. at 57, 59.

      In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Lustgraaf, we

issued a public reprimand.     792 N.W.2d at 302.       There, the attorney

failed to file tax returns for a period of four years, despite having

sufficient income to trigger the filing requirement.    Id. at 298–99.   We

found the lawyer’s conduct violated rule 32:8.4(b) prohibiting the

“commission of a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s

honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer.” Id. at 299 However,

the attorney had not pled guilty to or been convicted of any crimes in

connection with his failure to file his tax returns, and the Board failed to
                                     32

otherwise show he had engaged in any misrepresentations with respect

to his tax misconduct. Id. at 299–300. As a result, we found the Board

failed to show the attorney acted dishonestly in failing to file his tax

returns, and instead found that the attorney’s conduct only amounted to

negligence. Id. at 300. Further, we did not find the attorney’s conduct

was prejudicial to the administration of justice. Id. In considering the

appropriate sanction, we considered the attorney’s less-culpable state of

mind a significant distinguishing fact from our prior cases, which had

imposed substantially harsher penalties for similar violations. Id. at 301.

We also considered the attorney’s good reputation in the legal

community, pro bono work, and lack of a prior disciplinary record as

mitigating factors. Id.

       In this case, Cross engaged in numerous tax violations. He failed

to   file   employee-payroll-withholding-tax   declarations   and   pay   the

required taxes for a period of three years. He also failed to timely file

state and federal income tax returns for a period of three years. These

violations reflect adversely on Cross’s fitness to practice law. Unlike in

Iverson and O’Brien, Cross has not pled guilty to or been convicted of any

crimes in connection with his failure to file these tax returns, and the

Board has not shown that he made any false statements in connection

with this conduct. See Iverson, 723 N.W.2d at 807; O’Brien, 690 N.W.2d

at 57. Thus, as in Lustgraaf, his less-culpable state of mind is certainly

one factor we consider in crafting the appropriate sanction.        See 792

N.W.2d at 301. Notwithstanding, many of the mitigating factors that led

us to conclude a less severe sanction was appropriate in Lustgraaf are

not present here. See id. at 301–02. In addition, Cross knowingly failed

to cooperate with the Board in supplying it with requested information

related to his tax misconduct. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att’y Disciplinary
                                    33

Bd. v. Rickabaugh, 728 N.W.2d 375, 381 (Iowa 2007) (“We expect and

demand attorneys to cooperate with disciplinary investigations.”).

Consequently, coupled with his trust account misconduct, we find that

enhanced sanctions are warranted in this case.        See Alexander, 574

N.W.2d at 327.

      Finally, in crafting the proper punishment we must consider

aggravating and mitigating factors.      Conroy, 845 N.W.2d at 66.    Here,

several aggravating factors, and the absence of mitigating factors,

counsel in favor of imposing a stiffer sanction.       First, Cross’s past

disciplinary history could be considered an aggravating factor.         See

Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 700 (considering, in disciplinary matter involving

trust account violations, attorney’s prior public reprimands for neglect

and lack of diligence in representing a client as an aggravating factor). In

1981, we publicly reprimanded Cross for neglect of client matters in

repeatedly failing to meet appellate deadlines. However, because of the

age of this prior discipline, we do not consider this an aggravating factor.

Second, the fact that there are multiple violations of our ethics rules is

an aggravating factor. See Alexander, 574 N.W.2d at 327; Parrish, 801

N.W.2d at 588 (noting that the presence of multiple violations is as an

aggravating factor). Third, Cross’s over forty years of practice experience

is an aggravating factor.   See Morris, 847 N.W.2d at 436 (considering

attorney’s over twenty-five years of experience an aggravating factor).

Finally, Cross’s failure to cooperate with the Board in its investigation is

another aggravating factor we consider in crafting the appropriate

sanction.   See Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 700 (considering failure to

cooperate with Board as an aggravating factor).

      As to mitigating factors, Cross presented no evidence of any

mitigating factors. However, the record here does not suggest that any
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clients suffered harm.    We consider this a mitigating factor.      See id.

(considering lack of client harm as a mitigating factor); Kersenbrock, 821

N.W.2d at 422 (same). Additionally, Cross ultimately took responsibility

for his actions before the commission and admitted his violations. This

is also a mitigating factor.    Ricklefs, 844 N.W.2d at 700 (considering

attorney’s taking responsibility for his actions as a mitigating factor);

Kersenbrock, 821 N.W.2d at 422 (same).

      The commission recommended we suspend Cross’s license for one

year. Having considered the particular circumstances in this case, and

after our de novo review of the record, we agree with the commission that

a   one-year suspension    is   appropriate.   Additionally,   the   record

established that Cross currently has outstanding payroll and income tax

liabilities. On this record, we are unable to ascertain the exact amount

of this current tax liability.     Accordingly, as a condition of any

reinstatement, Cross shall satisfy this court that he has entered into a

repayment plan with the appropriate taxing authorities and that he is

current with his repayment plans at the time of any application for

reinstatement.

      VI. Conclusion.

      We suspend Cross’s license to practice law with no possibility of

reinstatement for one year from the date of the filing of this opinion.

Upon application for reinstatement, Cross shall have the burden to show

he has not practiced law during the period of suspension and that he

meets the requirements of Iowa Court Rule 35.14. Cross must notify all

clients pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 35.23.

      Additionally, as a condition to any reinstatement, Cross shall

satisfy this court that he has entered into a repayment plan with the
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appropriate taxing authorities and that he is current with his payment

plans at the time of any application for reinstatement.

      Costs are taxed to Cross pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 35.27.

      LICENSE SUSPENDED.
