                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



GABRIELLE BAKER,                                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    January 3, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 341480
                                                                    Ingham Circuit Court
JAMES JOHN BAKER,                                                   LC No. 14-001687-DM

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and SAWYER and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting plaintiff $58,500.00 in
attorney fees at the rate of $1,000.00 a month until fully paid. We affirm.

                                            I. FACTS

        Plaintiff and defendant married in 1998 and filed for divorce on May 31, 2014. The
parties have two minor children and share joint legal and physical custody. In relevant part, both
parties sought attorney fees from each other: defendant sought $45,500.00 in attorney fees and
plaintiff sought $104,000.00. In a prior appeal, the trial court granted attorney fees to plaintiff
with no explanation and failed to make a decision regarding defendant’s attorney fees. This
Court remanded the matter to the trial court. See Baker v Baker, unpublished per curiam opinion
of the Court of Appeals, issued January 12, 2017 (Docket No. 329466). On remand, the
successor judge held an evidentiary hearing and took testimony from the parties and from an
expert witness.

         Plaintiff testified that in 2014 she filed a tax return, but she was not employed as a W-2
employee between 2003 and 2014 because she was a stay-at-home mother. During the marriage,
plaintiff ran a rare breed horse business, which was closed down in December 2015. Plaintiff
testified that although the horse business made a minimal profit one year, it was mainly a hobby
that was set up as a write-off business to offset defendant’s large income. Defendant agreed that
the horse business was a money-draining hobby and identified it as a cause of the breakdown of
the parties’ marriage. Nevertheless, a significant issue in the instant appeal is the effort
defendant made to obtain information from plaintiff about income from the horse business.
Plaintiff admitted that she had failed to list frozen semen from the business as an asset, which
defendant estimated was valued at $100,000.00; however, the Judgment of Divorce resolved that
issue by awarding half of the semen to each party.
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        Plaintiff gained employment at Michigan State University as a secretary, making
$43,000.00. Plaintiff testified that she incurred a total of $120,949.71 in attorney fees, but she
received a discount of $11,075.16 for paying her bill in full by a certain date. In order to pay off
the bill and make payments on her home, plaintiff stated that she had to borrow substantial
amounts of money from others and liquidate assets at a loss. Plaintiff testified that she was
deposed a total of five times throughout the divorce action, and she spent three days in
mediation. However, defendant contended that plaintiff herself drove up costs by failing to
produce necessary documents. Defendant particularly cited plaintiff’s failure to bring certain
documents pertaining to her income to multiple depositions, although the notice defendant
mailed for at least one of those depositions did not provide the full 28 days’ notice required by
law.

        Attorney Robin Omer provided expert testimony regarding reasonableness of attorney
fees. Using the 2014 Economics of Law Practice Attorney Income and Billing Rate Summary
report prepared by the State Bar of Michigan1 and his general knowledge of attorney fee rates in
Ingham County, Omer testified that the $275 an hour rate charged by defendant’s counsel was
conservative given his experience and expertise. Omer indicated that an average hourly rate for
someone like defendant’s counsel would be $300. In contrast, Omer opined that plaintiff’s
attorney’s rate of $335 an hour was excessive. Omer continued by stating that the total fees
incurred by both sides are far beyond what he usually sees in divorce cases. Regarding the
reasonableness of five depositions, Omer testified that he has not conducted five depositions in
an average divorce case in the last few years.

        The trial court ultimately concluded that it was unreasonable for defendant to continue
pursuing information about plaintiff’s income for the purpose of attorney fees. In particular, the
trial court indicated that even with the excessive depositions and mediation, the case should have
been resolved with 250 hours of attorney work at a rate of $300 an hour. The trial court awarded
plaintiff $52,500.00 in attorney fees, and additionally sanctioned defendant $6,000.00 in favor of
plaintiff for misconduct that caused plaintiff to incur unnecessary attorney fees. This appeal
followed.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Under the “American rule,” attorney fees are by default not recoverable unless a specific
legal exception to the rule has been created by statute, court rule, or common law. Nemeth v
Abonmarche Dev, Inc, 457 Mich 16, 37-38; 576 NW2d 641 (1998). Consequently, whether
attorney fees can be awarded is a question of law, which this Court reviews de novo. Reed v
Reed, 265 Mich App 131, 164; 693 NW2d 825 (2005). “In domestic relations cases, attorney
fees are authorized by both statute, MCL 552.13, and court rule, MCR 3.206(C).” Id. at 164.
However, “attorney fees are not recoverable as of right,” but rather only if “a party needs
financial assistance to prosecute or defend the suit” or the fees were “incurred because of
misconduct.” Id. at 164-165. Fees are awarded based on their relative reasonableness and not
total fees incurred. Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 528; 751 NW2d 472 (2008). The burden of


1
    Available online at https://www.michbar.org/file/pmrc/articles/0000151.pdf


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proving reasonableness falls on the party requesting attorney fees. Id. at 529. Otherwise, this
Court reviews for clear error any factual findings upon which a trial court bases an award of
attorney fees, and this Court reviews for an abuse of discretion the award itself. Id. “An abuse
of discretion occurs when the decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes.” Saffian v Simmons, 477 Mich 8, 12; 727 NW2d 132 (2007).

                              III. AWARD OF ATTORNEY FEES

        Our Supreme Court has stated that numerous factors should be considered when
determining the reasonableness of attorney fees. See Smith, 481 Mich at 529-530. The trial
court did not make explicit findings regarding all of those factors. However, the majority of
those factors are also not disputed by the parties. Defendant contends only that plaintiff failed to
provide proof that she needed the attorney fees or that the amount was reasonable. Defendant
concludes that the trial court therefore abused its discretion by imposing attorney fees with
inadequate evidentiary support. We disagree.

        When establishing the reasonableness of a fee, the court must begin by determining the
fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services. Smith, 481 Mich at 530.
Defendant is technically correct that plaintiff did not provide evidence regarding the
reasonableness of her attorney’s fees. However, defendant’s own expert witness did provide
sufficient evidence on the issue. Defendant cannot reasonably contend that the trial court abused
its discretion by relying on his own expert. Neither party challenges Omer’s expert
qualifications. Omer provided competent testimony backed by external evidence from which the
trial court could properly conclude that plaintiff’s attorney’s rate of $335 an hour was
unreasonable, but that an hourly rate of $300 would be reasonable. The fact that plaintiff did not
personally submit the evidence upon which the trial court relied does not invalidate the trial
court’s findings. Consequently, plaintiff’s total bill would be discounted by $35 an hour for the
reported 333.7 hours spent on this case, thus reducing the total bill by $11,679.60. Other factors
aside, plaintiff’s total incurred attorney fees would therefore be $109,270.21.

        The next factor in determining reasonableness of fees is deciding the reasonableness of
hours expended by counsel. Smith, 481 Mich at 531. Plaintiff was billed for 333.7 hours of
work, while defendant was billed for 290.65 hours of work. Defendant does not contest the
accuracy of time expended by plaintiff’s attorney. Omer opined that he did not believe
plaintiff’s billed hours were unreasonable. The 43.05 hour discrepancy between parties’ billing
hours is not sufficient to disprove reasonability of hours expended. The evidence supported a
finding that the hours billed were reasonable and that $109,270.21 is the “base number.” Smith,
481 Mich at 533.

        Various other factors to be considered include the difficulty of the case, the amount
involved, and the results obtained. Smith, 481 Mich at 529-530. We conclude that this case
should not have been very difficult. The trial court observed that both parties had “quickly”
settled child custody and parenting time issues during mediation. Aside from credit card debt
and attorney fees, the majority of the case had been decided by January of 2015. Given the
relative difficulty of the case at that point, the base number of $109,270.21 for determining all
attorney fee calculations does not change. The trial court determined that this case “should have
been resolved reasonably with 250 hours of attorney time at the rate of $300 per hour or for

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$75,000.00”. Although it is not clear how the trial court arrived at 250 hours, the trial court
explained that based on plaintiff’s total recovery, “[e]ven a standard contingency fee would have
justified no more than a $78,666 fee.” Because neither party challenges the determination that
250 hours was a reasonable amount of time to expend on this case, we conclude that the trial
court properly computed a reasonable “base number” of $75,000.00.

         Finally, plaintiff is fully employed at Michigan State University and earns $43,680.00 a
year. In addition, she receives $700 a month in spousal support. Thus, plaintiff’s total yearly
income is $52,080.00. Defendant earns $132,500 a year while paying $700 a month in spousal
support. Thus, defendant’s total yearly income is $124,100.00. Consequently, from their
combined total income of $176,180.00, defendant receives just over 70% and plaintiff receives
just under 30%. Plaintiff is therefore in a more difficult financial posture to bear the expenses of
the litigation. Pursuant to MCR 3.206(C)(2)(a), defendant is obligated to pay a portion of the
fees incurred by plaintiff. We find no clear error in the trial court’s determination that defendant
should pay 70% of plaintiff’s reasonable attorney fees, or $52,500.00, which the trial court
correctly observed “is a pro rata share based on their respective incomes.”

                                 IV. AWARD OF SANCTIONS

       Next, defendant argues that the trial court clearly erred when it sanctioned defendant an
additional $6,000.00 in attorney fees, which he asserts was for complying with the trial court’s
order for continued mediations and depositions of plaintiff. Although the trial court’s order is
not completely clear, we disagree.

       A trial court may award fees based on unreasonable conduct of a party. Stackhouse v
Stackhouse, 193 Mich App 437, 445; 484 NW2d 723 (1992). However, the court must find a
causal connection between the misconduct of a party and fees incurred, and that fees incurred
were reasonable. Reed, 265 Mich App at 164.

        First, we find no error in the trial court’s conclusion that defendant engaged in
“misconduct” that caused plaintiff to incur unnecessary attorney fees. The trial court’s sanction
was premised on defendant’s pursuit of “the attorney fee issue” based on plaintiff’s defunct horse
business. Specifically, defendant contended that plaintiff had a large, undisclosed and actively
concealed, income from the horse business that should have been used to calculate child support,
spousal support, and to pay defendant’s attorney fees. However, the record supports the trial
court’s finding that the horse business was essentially a money-wasting hobby and of no
consequence whatsoever to plaintiff’s ability to earn an income. Furthermore, plaintiff explained
that the business was closed by the end of 2015. We find no clear error in the trial court’s
finding that considerable unnecessary “expenses were generated as a result of [defendant’s]
fixation on an income stream that was illusory.” The trial court was permitted to impose a
sanction of attorney fees for defendant’s unreasonable conduct. Stackhouse, 193 Mich App at
445.

        Defendant raises essentially meritless challenges. First, defendant argues that he had
merely been following the trial court’s orders when he participated in two days of mediation.
Although the trial court observed that “[i]t was not reasonable to have four days of mediation,” it
stated that the sanction was specifically for unnecessary depositions. Consequently, whether

                                                -4-
defendant was indeed following orders in attending some of the mediation is of minor
consequence, especially because the gravamen of the trial court’s ruling was that defendant’s
entire pursuit of plaintiff’s horse business was unreasonable. Furthermore, the trial court
correctly observed that defendant’s document production request for the depositions violated
notice requirements2. Because the requested documents also pertained largely to the horse
business, the trial court did not clearly err in finding them irrelevant to the fundamental issue of
determining plaintiff’s ability to earn income.

        Second, defendant argues that the court used the wrong “base” amount of attorney fees
paid by plaintiff, noting that she received a deduction from her attorney. However, plaintiff
received the deduction for paying early, not because her attorney decided to waive the costs of
certain services. Significantly, plaintiff testified that she was required to obtain loans and
liquidate assets at a loss in order to satisfy her attorney’s bill. Furthermore, defendant’s
argument fails to take into account the “time value of money,” which “refers to the concept that a
dollar received today is worth more than a dollar to be received in the future.” Perry Drug
Stores, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 229 Mich App 453, 458 n 4; 582 NW2d 533 (1998). Finally, the
trial court drew a causal connection between the $6,000.00 and specific misconduct committed
by defendant. That ultimately meets the criteria set forth in Stackhouse to warrant discretionary
sanctioning, and thus making the deduction for total attorney fees a red herring.

        As noted, the trial court’s order is partially ambiguous. It specifically stated that it was
intended to compensate plaintiff for unnecessary depositions. However, it also expressed
concern that the case had been essentially resolved by January 19, 2015, and plaintiff incurred an
additional “74 hours of attorney fees” after that date due to defendant “chasing the attorney fee
rabbit”. All of those depositions were conducted during 2014. Furthermore, we have been
unable to determine from the record how the trial court arrived at the specific figure of 74 hours.

       Nevertheless, we affirm. The trial court awarded a sanction for 20 hours, which we do
not believe to be an abuse of discretion and makes the figure of 74 hours irrelevant.
Furthermore, we conclude that the trial court could reasonably have awarded sanctions either for
unnecessary depositions or for unnecessary costs addressing “the attorney fee rabbit” after
January of 2015. Because either circumstance would have been proper, we find no reason to
remand to the trial court for clarification. Because the trial court did not clearly err in deeming
defendant’s pursuit of plaintiff’s illusory income from the horse business to constitute
misconduct that caused plaintiff to incur unnecessary attorney fees and we find no reason why a




2
    See MCR 3.206.


                                                -5-
sanction based on 20 hours is unreasonable, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
sanction.

                                     V. CONCLUSION

       Affirmed. Plaintiff, being the prevailing party, may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                          /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
                                                          /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                          /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




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