                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a1296n.06

                                             No. 12-1324
                                                                                         FILED
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Dec 18, 2012
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                  )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                           )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                       Plaintiff-Appellee,                 )       COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                           )       DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
v.                                                         )
                                                           )                         OPINION
GARY KLIEBERT,                                             )
                                                           )
                       Defendant-Appellant.                )
                                                           )

BEFORE: McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and DLOTT, District Judge.*

       DLOTT, District Judge.         Gary Kliebert challenges the procedural and substantive

reasonableness of his above-Guidelines, statutory maximum sentence for receipt of child

pornography. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Information from Italy’s Centre for Combating Pedophilia Online directed Homeland

Security Investigations (“HSI”) agents to an Internet Protocol (“IP”) address registered to Martha

Kliebert, wife of Defendant Gary Kliebert. Agents obtained a search warrant for the Kliebert home,

and Gary Kliebert consented to be interviewed by the agents. Kliebert confessed to frequently

downloading child pornography and led agents to a hidden location in his basement where he had

stored two laptop computers, an external hard drive, a hand video recorder, a wireless router, money,


*
  Honorable Susan J. Dlott, Chief United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
No. 12-1324
United States v. Kliebert

and letters. Kliebert had hidden these items below a fake panel in a shelving unit in his basement.

       Kliebert admitted to the agents that he had started looking at child pornography about eight

years previously while working as a special education teacher and that his viewing of child

pornography “got worse” after his retirement. Kliebert told an agent that he masturbated to child

pornography and adult pornography each day and spent approximately two to three hours each day

viewing child pornography. However, he told the agents that he could never molest a child.

       Initial forensic investigation of one of Kliebert’s two laptops revealed 1,492 images of known

child pornography including 16 images of child pornography with animals and 9 images of child

pornography involving bondage; 1,112 images of suspected child pornography; 556 child

pornography videos; 3 child pornography videos involving bondage; and 1 child pornography video

involving bestiality. Initial forensic review of the external hard drive revealed 15,375 images of

known child pornography including 1 image specifically identified as a bondage/torture image and

470 known child pornography videos, 23 suspected child pornography videos, and over 100,000

additional images of suspected child pornography. According to the Presentence Investigation

Report (“PSIR”), investigators did not come up with a precise number of child pornographic images

on the hard drive due to the sheer number of images. A forensic examination of Kliebert’s electronic

media completed subsequent to the preparation of the revised PSIR found the equivalent of 872,138

images of rape, abuse, and sexual exploitation of children. When asked at his plea hearing the

quantity of child pornographic images he had received, Kliebert responded that it was approximately

one million.



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United States v. Kliebert

       During a consensual polygraph examination that took place after his initial interview with

investigating agents, Kliebert admitted that, in fact, he had sexually abused a child. Specifically, he

admitted that he once had sexual contact with his minor niece five or six years ago when she was

approximately sixteen years old.

       Agents then interviewed Kliebert’s niece, at that point a college student. She informed them

that Kliebert had had sexual contact with her not once, but numerous time over a period of five years

beginning when she was eleven years old. The incidents of contact typically entailed Kliebert

touching his minor niece’s breasts and vaginal area over her clothing. Kliebert continued to molest

his niece until she was sixteen, when Kliebert’s wife found his laptop computer with the

pornography on it and alerted the victim’s mother. Kliebert was never alone with his niece after that.

       A few weeks after his release on bond, Kliebert consulted Dr. Gerald A. Shiener, M.D., a

fellow with the American Psychiatric Association, for a psychiatric evaluation. Kliebert told Dr.

Shiener that he cooperated with the police and told them “everything.” He also described “an

incident” with his niece in which he admitted he “went too far” and touched her perineum. Based

on his interview with Kliebert, Dr. Shiener concluded that Kliebert’s interest in child pornography

was “more in keeping with a fetish than with any diagnosis of pedophilia,” that Kliebert had no

history of pedophilic behavior, and that Kliebert was unlikely to be a threat to the community. Dr.

Shiener was unaware of the extent and frequency of Kliebert’s molestation of his niece.

       Three days after his psychiatric evaluation with Dr. Shiener, Kliebert began psychotherapy

with licensed social worker Martha Maceroni. Kliebert participated in therapy sessions weekly or

a minimum of twice per month from August 2011 until at least January 2012. Maceroni wrote in

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United States v. Kliebert

a Clinical Progress Report provided to the district court that Kliebert had complied with psychiatric

medication treatment, that he remained on anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications, and that he

reported significant positive outcomes. Maceroni stated that Kliebert had done much self-

examination, was committed to this work, and had made impressive therapeutic gains. Maceroni

also reported that Kliebert took full responsibility for his actions and had remorse for those choices.

In conclusion, Maceroni opined that there was a high probability that Kliebert could and would

resolve his sexual preoccupation.

       Kliebert pleaded guilty to one count of receipt of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2252A(a)(2). Kliebert’s sexual abuse of his niece is not a charged offense in this case. Kliebert’s

total offense level was thirty-five following various enhancements and a reduction for the acceptance

of responsibility. Kliebert had no criminal history, corresponding to a criminal history category of

I. Kliebert’s resulting advisory sentencing guidelines range was 168 to 210 months of imprisonment.

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(b)(1), the minimum term of imprisonment was five years with a

maximum term of twenty years.

       In its sentencing memorandum, the Government asked the district court to sentence Kliebert

to 210 months, the top of the Guideline range, focusing largely on the fact that the number of images

and the number of children involved in Kliebert’s collection of child pornography was simply

staggering.

       In his sentencing memorandum, Kliebert requested a downward variance to a below-

Guidelines sentence of 60 months, the mandatory minimum for the crime. Kliebert’s attorney

emphasized that Kliebert had been a participant in group therapy, had taken full responsibility for

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United States v. Kliebert

his inappropriate conduct, and was taking steps to address his psychiatric and criminal issues through

medication and therapy.

       A few days before Kliebert’s sentencing hearing, the agents assigned to the case received a

phone call from one of Kliebert’s sisters, who put them in touch with another sister who then

provided a statement to the agents. A woman who identified herself as Kliebert’s sister told the

agents that Kliebert himself, in addition to their father, sexually abused her when they were living

together and growing up as kids. She also said that she did not believe that Kliebert was sexually

assaulted by their father. The agents gave the woman an opportunity to make a written statement,

but she declined to do so. The Assistant United States Attorney provided this information to the

district court and defense counsel prior to the sentencing hearing.

       At the outset of the sentencing hearing, the district court advised the parties that it had

carefully reviewed the PSIR, the Government’s Sentencing Memorandum and victim letters, the

Defendant’s Sentencing Memorandum, Dr. Shiener’s and the therapist’s letters, and letters from

Kliebert’s friends and family.

       The district court then considered an objection raised by Kliebert’s attorney regarding the

statement Kliebert’s sister had recently made to the agents. Counsel urged the court not to consider

the sister’s allegations when fashioning a sentence for Kliebert, asserting that it would violate

Kliebert’s Sixth Amendment rights because he was not in a position to cross-examine that individual

regarding her statement or even determine if she was who she claimed to be. The court did not rule

on Kliebert’s objection.



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       During argument to the district court, Kliebert’s counsel reiterated his request for a below-

Guidelines sentence. Whereas he initially requested a five-year sentence in his sentencing

memorandum, at the sentencing hearing defense counsel suggested that a sentence of eight years

would be fair, noting that Kliebert sought help to overcome his psychiatric disorder and had

expressed complete remorse for his conduct.

       After hearing arguments from both sides and a statement from Kliebert, the district court

discussed Kliebert’s offense conduct. He described the images Kliebert collected as “disturbing,”

referring particularly to those showing child torture and forced bestiality. He also discussed

Kliebert’s molestation of his niece. He then addressed the following factors under 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a): (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense, (2) Kliebert’s history and characteristics,

(3) the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense; (4) the need for the

sentence imposed to promote respect for the law and just punishment; (5) the need for the sentence

to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct and protect the public from further crimes; (6) the

need to provide the defendant with correctional treatment; and (7) the kinds of sentences available

and the sentencing range under the Guidelines. The district court did not mention the need to avoid

unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who had been found guilty

of similar conduct, a sentencing factor specified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6).

       The district court mentioned Kliebert’s sister’s statement three times during the sentencing,

each time in a reference to Kliebert’s dishonesty or lack of credibility. First, the court said, “[y]ou

assert that you and your sisters were the victims of sexual abuse, yet your sister in her statement . .

. states that she does not believe you are or were the victim of sexual abuse.” Later, the court said,

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United States v. Kliebert

“[y]ou also . . . assert that somehow you may be a sympathetic . . . person because of abuse that

occurred to you in the past, which again has been thrown into question by your sister’s statement .

. . that you were not the victim of abuse as a child.” Finally, the court noted, “I argue that you’ve

been less than candid and I think you’ve tried to foster some sort of sympathy about being molested

as a child by your father. And again, [your sister] asserts that you were not molested by your father.”

       Prior to announcing Kliebert’s sentence, the district court noted defense counsel’s request

for a downward variance to eight years’ imprisonment. Then, the district court sentenced Kliebert

to 240 months imprisonment and recommended placement in a residential sex offender treatment

program. The district court specified that it had considered the following factors when varying

above the Guidelines range to arrive at a sentence of 240 months: (1) the vast number of images

involved; (2) the disturbing nature of the images including bestiality, bondage, and torture of

children; (3) the trauma to the victims of the child pornography, and (4) Kliebert’s molestation of

his niece.

       The district court again acknowledged that defense counsel had asked for a downward

variance to eight years. “In response,” the court said, “considering the nature of the defendant’s

conduct, the disturbing, troubling child pornography he had, his actions, his repeated attempts in

acquiring of this pornography involving our children, real children, I just could not vary, Mr. Rabaut,

and I could not vary, I should say, the way you wanted me to vary.”

       Following the district court’s imposition of the sentence, Kliebert’s counsel again raised the

issue of the sister’s interview with the agents and specifically objected to the court’s repeated

reference to that statement during the hearing. The district court indicated that it recognized there

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United States v. Kliebert

were two potential messages to be drawn from Kliebert’s sister’s statement: (1) that Kliebert was not

credible, and (2) that Kliebert had molested her when she was a child. The district court dismissed

the suggestion that it had relied on the sister’s statements in deciding that Kliebert had been

dishonest, saying that “the issue of his being candid . . . was already raised in another fashion . . .

what he initially told the agent regarding his niece, and what he told his treating physician regarding

his contact with his niece[,] and what the niece has told us in the presentence report that was received

without objection.” Similarly, the district court refuted that it had given weight to the sister’s

allegation of molestation, saying “I note that she has made a claim that she was molested, but, in fact,

we already have the presentence report, clearly outlining an act or acts of multiple molestation of a

child. So whatever impact that had, that statement by his sister that he molested – your client

molested her as a child, was certainly, if anything, minimal to any sentence that I gave or

nonexistent.” The district court then asked if it had covered all of defense counsel’s objections to

the sentence, and counsel said that the court had. Kliebert now brings this appeal challenging the

reasonableness of the sentence imposed.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        We review Kliebert’s sentence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States,

552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v. Novales, 589 F.3d 310, 314 (6th Cir. 2009).1 We first

1
    While sentencing review generally is conducted under the abuse-of-discretion standard, “‘if a
sentencing judge asks . . . whether there are any objections not previously raised, in compliance with
. . . [United States v .] Bostic, 371 F.3d 865 [6th Cir. 2004,] and if the relevant party does not object,
then plain-error review applies on appeal’ to those procedural-reasonableness arguments that were
not previously raised in the district court.” United States v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 694 (6th Cir.
2012) (quoting United States v. Penson, 526 F.3d 331, 337 (6th Cir. 2008)). The plain-error standard
is the standard most favorable to the prosecution. Novales, 589 F.3d at 313. The Government in this

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United States v. Kliebert

ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to properly

calculate the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the factors

set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or “failing to

adequately explain the chosen sentence — including an explanation for any deviation from the

Guidelines range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. If the district court’s decision is procedurally sound, we

then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed, taking into account the totality

of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range. Id. If the

sentence is outside the Guidelines range, the court “may consider the extent of the deviation, but

must give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify

the extent of the variance.” Id.

       Kliebert points to several factors that he believes demonstrate the unreasonableness of the

statutory maximum sentence imposed on him. First, he contends that the district court committed

procedural error by failing to consider his non-frivolous arguments supporting a downward variance,

by relying on impermissible factors in determining the sentence, and by failing to consider all

relevant § 3553(a) factors. Second, he contends that the sentence is substantively unreasonable

because it was based upon factors already subsumed in and considered in calculating the sentence

Guideline range. The Court will discuss each of these contentions in turn.




case did not raise the issue of whether the Defendant failed to object to his sentence during the
sentencing hearing in response to a Bostic question such that plain-error review would apply. Rather,
the Government stated that an abuse-of-discretion standard was appropriate for all aspects of this
Court’s review.

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       A. Procedural Reasonableness            This Court recently discussed the parameters for

evaluating an above-Guidelines sentence for procedural reasonableness. United States v. Zobel, 696

F.3d 558 (6th Cir. 2012). We explained,

       [f]or a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, “a district court must explain its
       reasoning to a sufficient degree to allow for meaningful appellate review.” United
       States v. Brogdon, 503 F.3d 555, 559 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation and editorial
       marks omitted). A district court commits reversible procedural error by “failing to
       calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as
       mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on
       clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence —
       including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Gall v.
       United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586, 169 L. Ed. 2d 445 (2007). Further,
       if the sentence imposed is outside the advisory range, the court is required to state
       “the specific reason for the imposition of” its departure or variance. 18 U.S.C. §
       3553(c)(2); United States v. Johnson, 640 F.3d 195, 205 (6th Cir. 2011).

Id. at 566. Where the defendant presents “nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence

. . . the judge will normally go further and explain why he has rejected those arguments.” Rita v.

United States, 551 U.S. 338, 357 (2007). However, there is no requirement that the sentencing judge

give a particularly lengthy explanation. Id. Neither does § 3553(c) require the district court to give

its reasons for rejecting any and all arguments made by the parties for alternative sentences. United

States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 387 (6th Cir. 2008). What procedural reasonableness requires is that

the sentencing judge “‘set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the

parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.’”

United States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 356).

       Kliebert claims that the sentence is procedurally unreasonable in three respects: (1) the court

failed to address mitigation evidence, particularly the psychological report of Dr. Gerald Shiener and


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United States v. Kliebert

the letter from therapist Martha Maceroni; (2) the court based its thirty-month upward variance from

the Guidelines range on allegations of Kliebert’s deception not found by a preponderance of the

evidence, and (3) the court failed to consider other 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, including the need

to avoid unwarranted disparity.

               1. Mitigation Evidence

       Kliebert filed with the district court a sentencing memorandum and exhibits he claimed

supported a downward variance. In particular, counsel submitted the report and evaluation by Dr.

Shiener, which concluded that Kliebert was “unlikely to be a threat to the community,” and a letter

from therapist Martha Maceroni, which stated that Kliebert reported “significant positive outcome”

since participating in therapy and taking medication. Although it acknowledged reading them, the

district court did not specifically discuss either of these items during the sentencing hearing and

never explained why Kliebert’s voluntary treatment and reported progress should not support a lower

sentence.

       The district court’s lack of discussion of these items, however, does not render the sentence

procedurally unreasonable. The district court was not obligated to address the report of Dr. Shiener

as grounds for a lower sentence because it was clear that any argument for mitigation based on that

report was meritless. Kliebert told the psychiatrist that he acted inappropriately with his niece only

one time when, in fact, he had sexually abused his niece on multiple occasions over an extended

period of time. Kliebert told the psychiatrist that he had told the police everything, when in fact he

had not told the police about his pedophilic acts toward his niece. Dr. Shiener’s report also stated

that Kliebert had never acted on his sexual impulses, a clearly erroneous statement.

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       “‘A sentencing judge has no more duty than we appellate judges do to discuss every

argument made by a litigant; arguments clearly without merit can, and for the sake of judicial

economy should, be passed over in silence.’” United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 940 (6th Cir.

2006) (quoting United States v. Cunningham, 429 F.3d 673, 678 (7th Cir. 2005)). Because Dr.

Shiener’s report and conclusions therein were based on incomplete and false information provided

by Kliebert, the district judge was not required to consider them as mitigating factors.

       The letter from therapist Martha Maceroni, however, warranted consideration by the district

court. In that letter, prepared nine months after Dr. Shiener examined Kliebert, Maceroni states that

Kliebert has been seen weekly for therapy since the preceding August. She reports that Kliebert has

complied with psychiatric medication treatment, that he remains on anti-depressant and anti-anxiety

medications, and that he has displayed “considerable improvement regarding anxiety, obsessive

thought patterns and impulse control.” Whether Kliebert lied to Dr. Shiener during the week of his

arrest has no bearing on the clinical outcome reported by Martha Maceroni nine months later, after

Kliebert had participated in regular therapy and medication treatment. That Kliebert exhibited

demonstrable improvement after nine months of therapy cannot be construed as a frivolous argument

in favor of a lower sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Corum, 354 F. App’x 957, 960 (6th Cir.

2009) (holding that it would be clear error for a sentencing judge to adopt a policy that it would not

consider post-arrest treatment for a child pornography addiction because it would prevent the judge

from giving the defendant the individualized assessment required).

       Nonetheless, the sentencing transcript sets forth enough information for this Court to

conclude that the district court did consider Kliebert’s argument for a mitigated sentence based on

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his treatment with Maceroni, even though he did not expressly discuss it. A sentencing judge’s

stated reasons for a sentence need not be lengthy to be legally sufficient. Rita, 551 U.S. at 358. In

Rita, the defendant argued for a below-Guidelines sentence based on three factors: “health, fear of

retaliation in prison, and military record,” Id. The sentencing judge listened to each argument and

was fully aware of the facts defendant relied on as mitigating factors. Id. However, the judge did

not expressly mention any of those factors when announcing Rita’s within-Guidelines sentence. The

Supreme Court found that, although he did not mention the defendant’s specific arguments, the

sentencing judge’s brief statement of reasons was sufficient because “context and the record [made]

clear” that the judge found that the defendant’s circumstances were insufficient to warrant a different

sentence. Id. at 359.

        In this case, the district court read Maceroni’s letter, acknowledged that Kliebert had mental

health issues, and discussed various § 3553(a) factors, including Kliebert’s history and characteristics

and the need to provide him with needed correctional treatment in the most effective manner. R. 24,

Sent. Tr., Page ID # 131-32. The district court recommended that Kliebert be incarcerated in a

prison with a residential sex offender treatment program, and — due to Kliebert’s “self-reported

history of mental or emotional problems” — ordered him to participate in mental health counseling

upon his release. The district court also acknowledged Kliebert’s request for a downward variance

to eight years, both before and after announcing Kliebert’s sentence, but explained that it could not

grant that request because of Kliebert’s actions and the disturbing nature of Kliebert’s collection of

child pornography. In short, the sentencing judge made it clear that notwithstanding any mitigating

factors, he felt a 240-month sentence was necessary to reflect the seriousness of the offense (which

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involved a staggering number of child pornographic images including those showing bestiality,

bondage, and torture), to deter the criminal conduct of receiving child pornography, and to protect

the public from future crimes. Id. at Page ID 148-49.

        Certainly, “the better practice . . . is for a sentencing judge to ‘go further and explain why he

has rejected [each of the defendant’s non-frivolous] arguments’ for imposing a sentence lower than

the Guidelines range.” United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Rita, 551

U.S. at 357). However, the reasoning set forth by the district court in this case is sufficient to satisfy

this Court that it considered Kliebert’s mitigation evidence but found it did not justify the downward

variance he sought.

                2. Evidence of Kliebert’s Deception

        Kliebert also contends that, when determining the sentence, the district judge considered

statements allegedly made by Kliebert’s sister, which attacked his credibility, without first ruling on

defense counsel’s objection to the Court’s consideration of those statements.

        Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(c)(1) states that “[a]t the sentencing hearing . . . [f]or

each matter controverted, the court must make either a finding on the allegation or a determination

that no finding is necessary because the controverted matter will not be taken into account in, or will

not affect, sentencing.” The Sixth Circuit requires “literal compliance” with this provision. United

States v. Aleo, 681 F.3d 290, 298 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Tackett, 113 F.3d 603,

613 (6th Cir. 1997)). “This strict requirement helps to ensure that defendants are sentenced on the

basis of accurate information and provides a clear record for appellate courts.” Tackett, 113 F.3d



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at 613-14. If the sentencing court fails to make these factual findings, the circuit court must remand

for resentencing. Id. at 614 (citing United States v. Edgecomb, 910 F.2d 1309, 1313 (6th Cir. 1990)).

       Contrary to Kliebert’s argument, the district court was not required to make a finding of fact

that Kliebert molested his sister or that he was not molested by his father as he claimed. It was

unnecessary for the district court to make these findings by a preponderance of the evidence because

neither issue affected Kliebert’s sentence. As the court noted, other evidence demonstrated that

Kliebert had molested a child – his niece. Also, other evidence demonstrated that Kliebert was

deceptive. He told the investigators that he would never actually molest a child, and he told Dr.

Shiener that he had molested his niece on only one occasion. In fact, he had molested his niece

numerous times over a period of years. Accordingly, it was unnecessary for the district court to

determine the truth of Kliebert’s sister’s allegations by a preponderance of the evidence because the

information attributed to her did not affect Kliebert’s sentencing.

               3. Unwarranted Sentence Disparity

       Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the sentencing court “in determining the particular sentence

to be imposed, shall consider” each of the seven factors enumerated in the statute. In this case, the

district court did not mention on the record whether it considered the need to avoid unwarranted

sentence disparities pursuant to § 3553(a)(6). Kliebert contends that this constitutes procedural error

requiring reversal.

       The fact that a district court does not explicitly discuss a particular § 3553(a) factor does not,

alone, render a sentence procedurally unreasonable. See United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620,

625 (6th Cir. 2007) (finding sentence procedurally reasonable despite the fact that the district court

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did not explicitly discuss § 3553(a)(6)). This Court has observed that while “the sentencing judge

must consider the list of sentencing factors articulated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)[, s]uch consideration

. . . need not be evidenced explicitly.” United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006).

A district judge is under a duty to make explicit its consideration of the § 3553 factors only when

a defendant makes a particular argument and when a factor is particularly relevant. Simmons, 501

F.3d at 625 (citing United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006) and United States

v. Husein, 478 F.3d 318, 330 (6th Cir. 2007)).

         In this case, the district court did not ignore the need for uniformity in sentencing. He

addressed the appropriate Guidelines range before explaining his reasons for varying upward from

that range to the statutory maximum. Because the avoidance of unwarranted disparities was

considered by the Sentencing Commission when setting the Guidelines ranges, a district court’s

correct calculation of and review of the Guidelines range necessarily requires consideration of the

need to avoid unwarranted disparities. Gall, 552 U.S. at 54. The district court was not required to

make his consideration of sentence disparities explicit because Kliebert did not argue that the need

for uniformity was particularly applicable in this case. The record provides sufficient evidence that

the district court considered national uniformity; therefore, there was no procedurally unreasonable

error.

         B. Substantive Reasonableness         “For a sentence to be substantively reasonable, it must

be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances of the offense and offender, and sufficient

but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of § 3553(a).” United States v. Vowell,

516 F.3d 503, 512 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A sentence is substantively

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unreasonable if the district court ‘selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible

factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to

any pertinent factor.’” United States v. Hall, 632 F.3d 331, 335 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United

States v. Baker, 559 F.3d 443, 448 (6th Cir. 2009)). Although sentences within the Guidelines may

be afforded a presumption of substantive reasonableness, a sentence outside the Guidelines is not

presumed unreasonable. United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir. 2007). In reviewing

a sentence, we give “‘due deference’ to the district court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed is

warranted by the § 3553(a) factors.” Id.

       Kliebert claims that the sentence is substantively unreasonable because it was based upon

factors already subsumed in and considered in calculating the sentence Guideline range. In

particular, Kliebert states that the number of images he possessed were already taken into account

because he was assessed a five-level upward adjustment for possessing in excess of 600 images

under United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) 2G2.2(b)(7)(D). Additionally, the district

court drew attention to the victim letters and repeated several times that the offenses involved “real

children.” Kliebert correctly notes that if the images had not involved “real children,” an offense

would not have been established. See U.S.C. § 2256(8). Kliebert also argues that the court’s

characterization of him as a “real threat” was taken into account by the Guidelines, in particular the

five-level upward enhancement for a “pattern of activity involving the sexual abuse or exploitation

of a minor” under U.S.S.G. 2G2.2(b)(5). Finally, Kliebert argues that by giving him the maximum

sentence allowable under 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), the court has effectively determined that Kliebert has



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committed the “worst possible variation” of the crime of possession of child pornography without

adequately articulating how his offense was worse as compared to other offenders.

       Imposition of the statutory maximum sentence is appropriate when the sentencing court

concludes that the defendant’s conduct was egregious when compared to the conduct of other

offenders. In an unpublished decision, this Court affirmed the imposition of a 360-month maximum

sentence in a case in which the defendant had targeted his own niece by encouraging individuals over

the internet to abduct and rape her, and when he possessed over 3,000 images of child pornography.

United States v. Massey, 349 F. App’x 64, 69 (6th Cir. 2009). Regarding the number of images, the

Massey court noted that the offense level is increased by five levels if the offender has 600 images

and that Massey had five times that amount. Kliebert, by comparison, possessed 870,000 images,

or 1450 times that amount. This certainly warrants classifying Kliebert’s conduct as egregious.

Additionally, in Massey, the forensic examiner said that the collection was one of the most disturbing

he had seen. Similarly, the district court in this case stated that the images in Kliebert’s collection

were “very, very disturbing and troubling” as they included images of children being tortured.

       Additionally, the nature of Kliebert’s offense against his niece, namely that the abuse

occurred on numerous occasions over a number of years, contributed toward a finding that Kliebert’s

conduct was egregious. See United States v. Sanchez, 440 F. App’x 436 (6th Cir. 2011) (finding that

above-Guidelines sentence of 360 months in child pornography production case was substantively

reasonable when district court emphasized that he knew of no case in which a defendant had abused

a child for a longer period of time); see also United States v. Sprague, 370 F. App’x 638 (6th Cir.

2010) (affirming 360-month sentence as substantively reasonable in child pornography transportation

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United States v. Kliebert

case, even though the Guideline sentence was 180 months, because the district court concluded that

the defendant was a child sexual predator who was actively seeking victims).

       The record supports the district court’s conclusion that a statutory maximum sentence was

proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances of Kliebert’s offense, even when compared to

the conduct of other offenders, because he possessed nearly a million images of child pornography

(many of which involved torture, rape, and bestiality) and covertly committed a hands-on sex offense

against a minor family member for five years — conduct which presumably would have continued

had Kliebert’s wife not put a stop to him spending time alone with the minor family member. The

30-month upward variance amounted to a 14% increase over the top of the Guideline range. The

discussion that took place during the sentencing hearing provides the reviewing court with enough

information to determine that the district court felt this relatively small degree of upward variance

was justified.

       The district court made clear that this was not a garden-variety case but rather an offense that

involved “very, very troubling, disturbing, disgusting circumstances.” R. 24, Sent. Tr., Page ID #

130. Because “[t]he sentencing judge is in a superior position to find facts and judge their import

under § 3553(a) in the individual case,” this Court “must give due deference to the district court’s

decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of the variance.” Gall, 552 U.S.

at 51. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court’s decision to sentence Kliebert to the statutory

maximum was deliberate and substantively reasonable.




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                                   III. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we AFFIRM Kliebert’s sentence.




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