                             2016 IL App (2d) 150917
                                  No. 2-15-0917
                            Opinion filed June 9, 2016
______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE HAMPSHIRE TOWNSHIP ROAD            ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
DISTRICT,                              ) of Kane County.
                                       )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,            )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 15-CH-553
                                       )
JOHN A. CUNNINGHAM, in His Official    )
Capacity as the Kane County Clerk,     ) Honorable
                                       ) David R. Akemann,
       Defendant-Appellee.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices McLaren and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     Plaintiff, the Hampshire Township Road District (District), sought to compel defendant,

John A. Cunningham, in his official capacity as the Kane County clerk (clerk), to extend a

permanent road-fund tax authorized by the electors and levied by the township pursuant to

section 6-601 of the Illinois Highway Code (Highway Code) (605 ILCS 5/6-601 (West 2014)).

The clerk refused to permit the District to levy the tax, asserting that it may be authorized only

following a new-rate referendum pursuant to section 18-190(a) of the Property Tax Extension

Limitation Law (PTELL) (35 ILCS 200/18-190(a) (West 2014)), which, in turn, requires a direct

referendum pursuant to the PTELL’s ballot requirements and article 28 of the Election Code (10
2016 IL App (2d) 150917


ILCS 5/28-1 et seq. (West 2014)). On cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court

granted the clerk’s motion and denied the District’s motion. The District appeals. We affirm.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND

¶3                                      A. The Referendum

¶4     The District is a nonhome-rule unit of local government in Kane County. It operates

subject to article 6 of the Highway Code (605 ILCS 5/6-101 et seq. (West 2014)).

¶5     Section 6-601(a) of the Highway Code provides, in relevant part:

       “On the petition of 25 legal voters of any road district to the district clerk he shall order a

       referendum on the proposition for or against an annual tax not to exceed .167% of the

       value of the taxable property, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, for

       the purpose of constructing or maintaining gravel, rock, macadam or other hard roads, or

       for improving, maintaining or repairing earth roads by draining, grading, oil treating or

       dragging. Such petition shall state the location and route of the proposed road or roads,

       and shall also state the annual rate per cent not exceeding .167% of the value, as

       equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue. The referendum shall be held at the

       next annual town meeting, at a special town meeting called for that purpose, or at an

       election in accordance with the general election law. If the referendum is ordered to be

       held at the town meeting, or at a special town meeting called for that purpose, the district

       clerk shall give notice that at the next annual town meeting or special town meeting the

       proposition shall be voted upon. Such notice shall set forth the proposition and shall be

       given by publication in a newspaper of general circulation in the township and by posting

       notices in at least 10 of the most public places in the town at least 10 days prior to the

       annual or special meeting. If the referendum is ordered to be held at an election, the



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


       district clerk shall certify that proposition to the proper election officials, who shall

       submit the proposition in accordance with the general election law.” 605 ILCS 5/6-

       601(a) (West 2014).

Thus, the Highway Code allows a tax for the foregoing purposes only when it is initiated by

citizens via a referendum held at the next annual town meeting, a special meeting, or an election.

¶6     Pursuant to section 6-601, 25 electors in the District petitioned for a referendum, to be

held at the 2014 annual town meeting, on the question of whether the District shall have the

power to levy a permanent road tax (PRT) for constructing or maintaining gravel, rock,

macadam, or other hard roads or for improving, maintaining, or repairing earth roads by

draining, grading, oil treating, or dragging. The clerk ordered the referendum. Accordingly, on

April 8, 2014, Hampshire Township conducted its annual town meeting and held a referendum

on the question of the tax. Nineteen electors unanimously approved the proposition.

¶7     The District sought to implement the levy and forwarded the levy documents to the clerk

to extend the tax. The clerk refused, asserting that a new-rate referendum that complied with the

PTELL and the Election Code was required.

¶8                                        B. The PTELL

¶9     Generally, when nonhome-rule units of local government in Kane County levy taxes,

they are subject to the PTELL. The clerk administers and enforces the PTELL by extending

taxes only in compliance with that statute. See, e.g., 35 ILCS 200/18-15, 18-45 (West 2014).

¶ 10   Section 18-190 of the PTELL, which is at issue here, addresses when a referendum is

needed to authorize a tax increase. Subsection (a) provides, in relevant part:

       “(a) If a new rate is authorized by statute to be imposed without referendum or is subject

       to a backdoor referendum, as defined in Section 28-2 of the Election Code, the governing



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


       body of the affected taxing district before levying the new rate shall submit the new rate

       to direct referendum under the provisions of this Section and of Article 28 of the Election

       Code. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the levies authorized by Sections 21-

       110 and 21-110.1 of the Illinois Pension Code shall not be considered new rates;

       however, nothing in this amendatory Act of the 98th General Assembly authorizes a

       taxing district to increase its limiting rate or its aggregate extension without first

       obtaining referendum approval as provided in this Section.             Notwithstanding the

       provisions, requirements, or limitations of any other law, any tax levied for the 2005 levy

       year and all subsequent levy years by any taxing district subject to this Law may be

       extended at a rate exceeding the rate established for that tax by referendum or statute,

       provided that the rate does not exceed the statutory ceiling above which the tax is not

       authorized to be further increased either by referendum or in any other manner.

       Notwithstanding the provisions, requirements, or limitations of any other law, all taxing

       districts subject to this Law shall follow the provisions of this Section whenever seeking

       referenda approval after March 21, 2006 to (i) levy a new tax rate authorized by statute

       or (ii) increase the limiting rate applicable to the taxing district. All taxing districts

       subject to this Law are authorized to seek referendum approval of each proposition

       described and set forth in this Section.” (Emphases added.) 35 ILCS 200/18-190(a)

       (West 2014).

¶ 11                               C. The District’s Complaint

¶ 12   Here, after the clerk refused to permit the District to levy the PRT, the District, on April

24, 2015, filed a declaratory judgment suit against the clerk. The District asked the trial court to

order the clerk to extend the PRT for the District, based upon the authority granted to the District



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


by the 2014 referendum. The District argued that the PRT was outside the scope of section 18-

190(a) of the PTELL. It noted that section 18-190(a) requires a direct referendum for a new rate

only when the new rate is: (1) authorized by statute to be imposed without a referendum; or (2)

subject to a backdoor referendum. The PRT, it argued, is not a new rate authorized by statute to

be imposed without a referendum, as the rate was approved by referendum; and it is not subject

to a backdoor referendum. 1

¶ 13   On June 4, 2015, the clerk moved for summary judgment, arguing that the referendum

question submitted by the District did not comply with section 18-190(a) of the PTELL. First, it

did not substantially comply with the PTELL’s required format for referendum questions.

Second, the District did not submit the referendum question to the voters at an election, as

required by the PTELL, which, in turn, references the Election Code. (The clerk also noted in

reply that 19 electors voted for the levy; the township has a population of 7,569.) Further, the

clerk noted that the Department of Revenue’s technical manual defined a “new rate” as one that

had not previously been levied.       Illinois Department of Revenue, Property Tax Extension

Limitation Law: Technical Manual, at 18-19 (December 2013).



       1
           A backdoor referendum “is the submission of a public question to the voters of a

political subdivision, initiated by a petition of voters or residents of such political subdivision, to

determine whether an action by the governing body of such subdivision shall be adopted or

rejected.” (Emphasis added.) 10 ILCS 5/28-2 (West 2014). In contrast, a direct or front-door

referendum is initiated by a local governmental unit’s adoption of an ordinance or resolution.

Shawn P. Flaherty, “Dollars CPI, and Voter Empowerment”: Public Act 94-976 and Its Impact

on Local Government Tax Referenda, 27 N. Ill. U. L. Rev. 377, 383 n.38 (2007).



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


¶ 14     On June 9, 2015, the District moved for summary judgment, arguing that the PRT was

not a new rate authorized by statute to be imposed “without referendum”; rather, it must be

approved in advance with a referendum pursuant to section 6-601 of the Highway Code. Also, it

argued that the PRT was not subject to a backdoor referendum. Therefore, according to the

statute’s plain language, the PRT was outside the scope of section 18-190(a). The District

asserted that the clerk’s reading ignored the first sentence of section 18-190(a). Further, the

District noted case law consistent with its reading and argued that Lake County had administered

the PTELL and the Highway Code in the fashion that the District advanced.

¶ 15     On August 13, 2015, the trial court granted the clerk’s summary judgment motion and

denied the District’s motion. It found that the PTELL requires a section 18-190(a) direct

referendum before the clerk can extend the “ ‘new rate’ ” sought by the District. Although the

statute “could be interpreted in either direction,” the PTELL’s purpose and intent, the court

found, warranted a ruling in the clerk’s favor, which would give the citizens potentially subject

to the tax the opportunity to have the question presented in a referendum. The District appeals.

¶ 16                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 17     The District argues that the summary judgment rulings were erroneous because the PRT

is not a new rate authorized by statute to be imposed “without referendum.” Rather, it was

specifically authorized by a referendum (specifically, by the electors’ unanimous vote at the

2014 annual town meeting) pursuant to section 6-601 of the Highway Code, which requires a

referendum before imposing a PRT. Accordingly, the District argues, section 18-190(a) does not

apply.

¶ 18     The clerk maintains that, as the District is subject to the PTELL, it was required to follow

the referenda procedures in section 18-190(a) to levy the PRT. It notes that the section states that



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


the governing body “shall submit the new rate to direct referendum” pursuant to section 18-190’s

ballot requirements and article 28 of the Election Code. 35 ILCS 200/18-190(a) (West 2014).

The District did not comply with this provision, in that it did not submit the question to direct

referendum pursuant to the Election Code and the question submitted to the electors did not

substantially comply with the PTELL’s referendum-question format. Alternatively, the clerk

argues, to the extent that the PTELL is ambiguous or conflicts with the Highway Code, the

legislative intent of the PTELL required the District to conduct a referendum pursuant to the

PTELL and the Election Code. For the following reasons, we agree with the clerk.

¶ 19   Summary judgment is proper where the “pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West

2014). “When parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, they agree that only a question

of law is involved and invite the court to decide the issues based on the record. [Citation.]

However, the mere filing of cross-motions for summary judgment does not establish that there is

no issue of material fact, nor does it obligate a court to render summary judgment.” Pielet v.

Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28. “Where a case is decided through summary judgment, our review

is de novo.” Id. ¶ 30. Similarly, we review de novo statutory construction issues. NDC LLC v.

Topinka, 374 Ill. App. 3d 341, 358 (2007).

¶ 20   In construing a statute, our primary function is to give effect to the legislature’s intent.

Abruzzo v. City of Park Ridge, 231 Ill. 2d 324, 332 (2008). The best indicator of the legislature’s

intent is the plain and ordinary meaning of the statute’s language. Id. When a statute is clear

and unambiguous, a court must give effect to the plain and ordinary meaning of the language

without resort to other tools of statutory construction. Id. We may not depart from the plain



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


language of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with

the express legislative intent. In re Consolidated Objections to Tax Levies of School District No.

205, 193 Ill. 2d 490, 496 (2000). Also, we assume that the legislature did not intend absurdity,

inconvenience, or injustice. Michigan Avenue National Bank v. County of Cook, 191 Ill. 2d 493,

504 (2000).

¶ 21   We note that public officials have no taxing power except that which is delegated to them

by the legislature. Santiago v. Kusper, 133 Ill. 2d 318, 325 (1990) (citing Ill. Const. 1970, art.

IX, § 10). The obligation of citizens to pay taxes is purely a statutory creation, and taxes can be

levied, assessed, and collected only in the manner expressly spelled out by statute. People ex rel.

Eitel v. Lindheimer, 371 Ill. 367, 371 (1939). “[T]o the extent that any ambiguity exists in the

statute, established principles of statutory interpretation counsel that we afford substantial weight

and deference to the interpretation given to the law by the administrative agency charged with its

enforcement.” Acme Markets, Inc. v. Callanan, 236 Ill. 2d 29, 39 (2009). However, we are not

bound by an agency’s interpretation of a statute. Denny’s, Inc. v. Department of Human Rights,

363 Ill. App. 3d 1, 7 (2005).

¶ 22   Again, section 18-190(a) of the PTELL provides, in relevant part:

               “(a) If a new rate is authorized by statute to be imposed without referendum or is

       subject to a backdoor referendum, as defined in Section 28-2 of the Election Code, the

       governing body of the affected taxing district before levying the new rate shall submit the

       new rate to direct referendum under the provisions of this Section and of Article 28 of the

       Election Code. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the levies authorized by

       Sections 21-110 and 21-110.1 of the Illinois Pension Code shall not be considered new

       rates; however, nothing in this amendatory Act of the 98th General Assembly authorizes



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


       a taxing district to increase its limiting rate or its aggregate extension without first

       obtaining referendum approval as provided in this Section.            Notwithstanding the

       provisions, requirements, or limitations of any other law, any tax levied for the 2005 levy

       year and all subsequent levy years by any taxing district subject to this Law may be

       extended at a rate exceeding the rate established for that tax by referendum or statute,

       provided that the rate does not exceed the statutory ceiling above which the tax is not

       authorized to be further increased either by referendum or in any other manner.

       Notwithstanding the provisions, requirements, or limitations of any other law, all taxing

       districts subject to this Law shall follow the provisions of this Section whenever seeking

       referenda approval after March 21, 2006 to (i) levy a new tax rate authorized by statute

       or (ii) increase the limiting rate applicable to the taxing district. All taxing districts

       subject to this Law are authorized to seek referendum approval of each proposition

       described and set forth in this Section.” (Emphases added.) 35 ILCS 200/18-190(a)

       (West 2014).

¶ 23   The PTELL limits increases in property-tax extensions and amounts levied by taxing

districts in nonhome-rule counties to which PTELL applies. 35 ILCS 200/18-195 (West 2014).

The PTELL’s purpose is to provide greater citizen control over the levy of taxes that citizens are

required to pay. Acme Markets, 236 Ill. 2d at 42.

¶ 24   Section 18-190(a) provides that a direct referendum is required if a new rate is either: (1)

authorized by statute to be imposed without referendum; or (2) subject to a backdoor

referendum. 35 ILCS 200/18-190(a) (West 2014). The initial question here is whether the first

condition applies; it is undisputed that the second does not. Thus, we must first determine

whether the PRT constitutes a new rate authorized by statute to be imposed without referendum.



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


We conclude that, although the PRT is a new rate, it is not one that is statutorily authorized to be

imposed without referendum. Rather, the Highway Code requires a referendum. Section 6-

601(a) of the Highway Code provides, in relevant part:

       “On the petition of 25 legal voters of any road district to the district clerk he shall order a

       referendum on the proposition for or against an annual tax not to exceed .167% of the

       value of the taxable property, as equalized or assessed by the Department of Revenue, for

       the purpose of constructing or maintaining gravel, rock, macadam or other hard roads, or

       for improving, maintaining or repairing earth roads by draining, grading, oil treating or

       dragging. *** The referendum shall be held at the next annual town meeting, at a

       special town meeting called for that purpose, or at an election in accordance with the

       general election law.” 605 ILCS 5/6-601(a) (West 2014).

Thus, section 6-601(a) provides that, on the petition of legal voters, the district clerk must order a

referendum on a tax to construct or maintain roads. Further, the referendum is to be held at the

next annual town meeting, a special town meeting, or an election.            Here, District electors

petitioned for such a referendum, the clerk ordered it, and, on April 8, 2014, at the annual town

meeting, the electors unanimously approved the proposition for the PRT.

¶ 25   Turning to the central issue, we must next determine whether the next-to-last sentence of

section 18-190(a) of the PTELL, upon which the clerk relies, requires a direct referendum here.

It states: “Notwithstanding the provisions, requirements, or limitations of any other law, all

taxing districts subject to this Law shall follow the provisions of this Section whenever seeking

referenda approval after March 21, 2006 to (i) levy a new tax rate authorized by statute or (ii)

increase the limiting rate applicable to the taxing district.” 35 ILCS 200/18-190(a) (West 2014).

It is undisputed that the District is subject to the PTELL. 35 ILCS 200/18-185 (West 2014)



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


(defining an “Affected county” to include one that is contiguous to a county of 3 million or more

inhabitants). The sentence appears to override any provisions of other laws, requiring that the

taxing entity follow section 18-190(a) (i.e., conduct a direct referendum pursuant to the PTELL’s

ballot requirements and article 28 of the Election Code) when it seeks referendum approval to

levy a new tax rate authorized by statute.

¶ 26   We must reconcile the two pertinent sentences in section 18-190(a). The first sentence of

the provision requires a direct referendum if a new rate is, as relevant here, authorized by statute

to be imposed without referendum, a condition we concluded is inapplicable here because the

PRT was authorized by a statute requiring a referendum. Thus, the first sentence, on its own,

does not require a direct referendum here. But the next-to-last sentence appears to be intended to

override other laws and requires taxing entities to follow section 18-190(a) (i.e., conduct a direct

referendum) when seeking approval to levy a new rate authorized by statute (without the

qualifier in the first sentence that it be one imposed without referendum). The District reads the

provision as requiring a referendum only where one is not otherwise required. The trial court’s

rulings and the clerk’s position, the District argues, ignore the first sentence of section 18-190(a)

and render pointless the Highway Code’s procedure. The District urges that the first sentence

describes the scope of taxes to which the referendum procedure applies and that the balance of

the section describes the form of referendum to be used to obtain voter approval for those taxes.

¶ 27   We reject the District’s reading. We conclude that the next-to-last sentence is clear that,

after March 21, 2006, a new rate must be submitted to direct referendum pursuant to the

procedures in section 18-190(a) of the PTELL and the Election Code. The sentence contains

unambiguous language that it overrides other laws and applies to all districts subject to the

PTELL, including the District.



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


¶ 28     To the extent that the statute is ambiguous, statutory construction aids, such as legislative

history and agency interpretations, support our holding. The legislative history of section 18-

190(a), upon which the clerk relies, does not directly address the issue before us, but it

nevertheless supports our reading. It reflects that the statute was intended to simplify and

standardize the language of ballot measures for tax increases and to preclude (by closing existing

loopholes) governing bodies from extracting more in taxes than they had initially informed the

voters they would assess. See 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 3, 2006, at 36-37

(statements of Senator Harmon); 94th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, April 12, 2006, at 7-

8 (statements of Representative Tryon). Indeed, the PTELL’s referendum requirements, as the

clerk notes, are more informative to voters than the Highway Code’s requirements. See 35 ILCS

200/18-190(a) (West 2014) (requiring, as part of the prescribed election notice, supplementary

information, including an estimate of the tax amount extendable against property containing a

single-family residence with a $100,000 fair market value; further requiring that the ballot

specify the tax as a percentage of the “equalized assessed value of taxable property”). Our

conclusion that the more onerous procedures of the PTELL apply to the PRT effectuates the

legislative intent to promote clear ballot language and efficient government through direct

referenda.

¶ 29     We find further support for our conclusion in the Department of Revenue’s Technical

Manual, which defines a new rate as one that has not previously been levied. Illinois Department

of Revenue, Property Tax Extension Limitation Law: Technical Manual, at 18-19 (December

2013).    Although the agency’s guidance does not directly address the issue before us, its

summary of the PTELL is consistent with our reading. Id. at 38 (summarizing a relevant

amendment to the statute and stating, “PTELL taxing districts must use only the referenda



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2016 IL App (2d) 150917


options in the PTELL to raise more taxes than the cap allows. It may not use any other

proposition found in Illinois statutes, including those based on Section 18-120 and Section 18-

125 of the Property Tax Code.” (Emphasis in original.)).

¶ 30   In summary, the trial court did not err in granting the clerk’s summary judgment motion

and denying the District’s summary judgment motion.

¶ 31                                  III. CONCLUSION

¶ 32   For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.

¶ 33   Affirmed.




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