               NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                      MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                               IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                               OF FLORIDA

                                               SECOND DISTRICT


VANESSA MUSSON,                                )
                                               )
              Appellant,                       )
                                               )
v.                                             )          Case No. 2D14-1438
                                               )
STATE OF FLORIDA,                              )
                                               )
              Appellee.                        )
                                               )

Opinion filed January 22, 2016.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Pasco
County; Mary M. Handsel, Judge.

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender,
and Kevin E. Leisure, Special Assistant
Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Cornelius C. Demps,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa,
for Appellee.


LUCAS, Judge.

              Vanessa Musson was convicted after a jury trial of aggravated battery,

simple battery, kidnapping with intent to inflict bodily harm or terrorize, grand theft of a

motor vehicle, and armed robbery. On appeal, Ms. Musson raises two grounds for

reversal of her conviction and sentence of life without parole for kidnapping. Finding
merit in her argument that the trial court improperly excluded a defense witness'

testimony, we reverse the judgment of conviction and sentence for kidnapping but affirm

in all other respects.



              In the late afternoon of September 14, 2012, Bobbie Jo Curtis and her

son, Bryan Curtis, tied seventy-one-year-old Joseph Bruno to a chair inside his house,

repeatedly threatened him, beat him severely, took his handgun and van keys, and

robbed him of his personal property. 1 At some point during the commission of these

crimes, Ms. Curtis decided to enlist the aid of her friend Ms. Musson. Depending on

one's view of the evidence, Ms. Musson's role upon arriving at Mr. Bruno's house was

either (a) limited to assisting the Curtises with packing and disposing of Mr. Bruno's van

and, at some point, battering a well-meaning neighbor who came inside the house to

investigate what was happening or (b) actively participating in nearly the entire

enterprise, including Mr. Bruno's beating, armed robbery, and kidnapping.

              At trial neither Mr. Bruno nor the neighbor could positively state whether

Ms. Musson had any interaction with Mr. Bruno, nor could they describe her

involvement with the robbery. Ms. Curtis and Ms. Musson did not testify. Bryan Curtis,

who had reached a prior plea agreement with the State, testified as a State witness.

Mr. Curtis provided the only trial testimony about the details of the robbery, the

aggravated battery of Mr. Bruno, and Ms. Musson's participation in these crimes. Mr.

Curtis claimed that early on in the robbery, after binding Mr. Bruno to the chair, his




              1Ms.Curtis and her son had been staying in a guest room at Mr. Bruno's
house for approximately a week before the robbery.


                                            -2-
mother left in Mr. Bruno's van to pick up Ms. Musson. According to Mr. Curtis, Ms.

Musson arrived at the house while he was still gathering Mr. Bruno's effects and while

Mr. Bruno was still conscious. Mr. Curtis testified that Ms. Musson emptied Mr. Bruno's

wallet, found a debit card, and demanded that Mr. Bruno tell her his personal

identification number. Mr. Curtis recounted that when Mr. Bruno refused, Ms. Musson

proceeded to threaten and strike Mr. Bruno repeatedly with a baseball bat. According to

Mr. Curtis, Ms. Musson also struggled with the neighbor, striking him on the head with a

hammer while the three of them (Ms. Musson, Ms. Curtis, and Mr. Curtis) were loading

Mr. Bruno's property into the van. 2 Finally, Mr. Curtis stated that the three of them fled

the house together in Mr. Bruno's van.

              Ms. Musson recalled a quite different version of events in her video-

recorded police interview, which was presented to the jury. Ms. Musson admitted she

arrived at Mr. Bruno's house at Ms. Curtis' behest, entered the kitchen, helped load Mr.

Bruno's effects into his van, struck a neighbor (because, she claimed, he attacked her),

and drove the van away from the house. However, Ms. Musson maintained she never

participated in any violence against Mr. Bruno because, according to Ms. Musson, she

was never aware that Mr. Bruno was even in the house.

              To support her theory of defense and undermine Mr. Curtis' credibility, Ms.

Musson sought to introduce the testimony of Twila Baccile. Ms. Baccile had, at some

point, while being transported in a police van, engaged in a conversation through a

grate with a man she believed to be Mr. Curtis. She claimed that they discussed these




              2The items allegedly handled by Ms. Musson were later tested and did not
contain any trace of Ms. Musson's DNA.


                                            -3-
crimes during the ride. Ms. Baccile would have testified Mr. Curtis made statements to

her that he was "going to blame it all [on] Vanessa . . . [and] come to court and . . . point

fingers at Vanessa." Ms. Baccile would have further testified that Mr. Curtis told her that

he had "threatened Vanessa's life," that Ms. Musson was "an easy target," and that he

"was going to blame it on Vanessa because she was outside."

              The trial court ruled that Ms. Baccile's testimony was inadmissible hearsay

as it was offered "for the truth of the matter asserted, because the truth of the matter

asserted is he plans to blame it all on her." The court struck Ms. Baccile as a witness,

and the jury found Ms. Musson guilty of aggravated battery, simple battery, kidnapping,

grand theft of an automobile, and armed robbery. The circuit court entered judgment

and sentenced Ms. Musson to fifteen years in prison for the aggravated battery

conviction, life without parole for the kidnapping and armed robbery convictions, and to

time served for the remaining counts, all to run concurrently. Ms. Musson then timely

appealed. 3



              We review the trial court's exclusion of evidence for an abuse of

discretion. D.M.L. v. State, 976 So. 2d 670, 673 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). "We recognize

that a trial court has wide discretion in areas concerning the admissibility of evidence,

but this discretion is obviously limited by the rules of evidence." Alcantar v. State, 987

So. 2d 822, 825 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). Moreover, "[i]f there is any possibility of a

tendency of evidence to create a reasonable doubt, the rules of evidence are usually



              For reasons that are not clear to us, on appeal, Ms. Musson only
              3

challenges the propriety of her kidnapping conviction.


                                            -4-
construed to allow for its admissibility." Vannier v. State, 714 So. 2d 470, 472 (Fla. 4th

DCA 1998). A proper application of the rules of evidence warrants reversal here.

              While correctly capturing the essence of Ms. Baccile's proffered

testimony—which was, indeed, a recitation of Mr. Curtis' alleged out-of-court

statements—the trial court failed to apply an important definitional limitation of the

hearsay rule. See Lark v. State, 617 So. 2d 782, 788 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993) ("If an out-of-

court statement is offered in court to prove the truth of the facts contained in the

statement, it is hearsay. If an out-of-court statement is not offered to prove the facts

contained in the statement, it is not hearsay." (quoting Charles W. Ehrhardt, Florida

Evidence, § 801.2 (1992 ed.))). 4 Mr. Curtis' statements to Ms. Baccile were offered, not

as substantive evidence of their truth, but to impeach Mr. Curtis' credibility as a witness.

See § 90.608(2), Fla. Stat. (2013) ("Any party . . . may attack the credibility of a witness

by . . . . [s]howing that the witness is biased."). That is, Ms. Baccile's testimony would

have relayed Mr. Curtis' statements of his intention to exaggerate or fabricate the extent

of Ms. Musson's involvement in these crimes. As the Fourth District has observed,

              [u]tterances of a witness indicating motive or bias do not
              constitute hearsay when offered for impeachment purposes.
              "Because liberty is at risk in a criminal case, a defendant is

              4The trial court's error may have proceeded in part from a mistaken view
that Ms. Musson had not laid the proper predicate to impeach Mr. Curtis through Ms.
Baccile's testimony. The court indicated that the defendant would have to first address
Mr. Curtis on the matters raised in Ms. Baccile's testimony before she could be called to
testify. Although such a procedure is necessary to impeach a witness under the prior
inconsistent statement hearsay exception, "[t]his kind of precondition or prior foundation
for evidence tending to show bias has long been disapproved." Purcell v. State, 735
So. 2d 579, 580 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999). Rather, "the hostility of a witness towards a party
against whom he is called may be proved by any competent evidence . . . [including] the
testimony of other witnesses . . . ." Jones v. State, 678 So. 2d 890, 893 (Fla. 4th DCA
1996) (quoting Alford v. State, 36 So. 436, 438 (Fla. 1904)).


                                            -5-
              afforded wide latitude to develop the motive behind a
              witness' testimony." If cross-examination alone is not
              sufficient to expose a witness' improper motives, a defendant
              may present other impeachment testimony.

Green v. State, 691 So. 2d 49, 50 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997) (citations omitted) (quoting

Livingston v. State, 678 So. 2d 895, 897 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)); see also Fields v. State,

608 So. 2d 899, 903 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992) ("Likewise, utterances of a witness indicating

bias are admissible for impeachment purposes. They do not constitute hearsay when

offered for such a purpose.").

              The trial in this case appeared to turn on one or two witnesses'

recollection of events. Ms. Baccille's testimony about one witness' alleged bias or

motive would be of vital relevance. See Webb v. State, 336 So. 2d 416, 418 (Fla. 2d

DCA 1976) ("Bias or prejudice of a witness has an important bearing on his credibility,

and evidence tending to show such bias is relevant."). Thus, we cannot say that the

excluded testimony was harmless; to the contrary, Mr. Curtis' credibility went to the

heart of the State's case against Ms. Musson. See State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129,

1135 (Fla. 1986) (stating that harmless error test places the burden on State "to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict

or, alternatively stated, that there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed

to the conviction"); Alford v. State, 36 So. 436, 438 (Fla. 1904) ("Questions touching

interest, motives, animus, or the status of witnesses to the suit, or parties to it are not

collateral or immaterial. . . . [A]nd it is not within the discretion of the court to exclude

[such evidence].").




                                              -6-
             Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court's judgment of conviction against

Ms. Musson on the charge of kidnapping and remand this case for a new trial on that

charge. We affirm the judgment in all other respects.

             Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for a new trial.



SILBERMAN and SLEET, JJ., Concur.




                                          -7-
