                                                                         FILED
                                                                       APRIL 2, 2019
                                                               In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                              WA State Court of Appeals, Division III




            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                          )
                                              )        No. 35441-5-III
                       Respondent,            )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )
KEITH ALAN KIMBALL,                           )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                              )
                       Appellant.             )

       KORSMO, J. — Keith Kimball appeals from three convictions for violating an

order of protection involving his former wife, Kara. His various challenges to the order

prohibiting contact are ineffectual. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       The couple dissolved their marriage in 2015. A parenting plan governs custodial

arrangements for their two children. A protection order was granted to Kara dictating

that due to domestic violence, Keith was not to contact her except for written

“communications relating to parenting issues or parenting plan logistics.”1 He also was

prohibited from coming within 50 feet of Kara.




       1
           In emergencies, he was not limited to written communication.
No. 35441-5-III
State v. Kimball


       After accumulating three prior convictions for violating the order of protection,

Keith Kimball sent the following text messages in January and February 2017:

       I have to cancel this Saturday visit. You have succeeded in completely
       ruining my life. Because you insist in continuing this lie I have not been
       able to get a job and am completely broke. I loved you and treated you
       with compassion. The girls love me. You are basically holding them
       hostage. How can you be so ungrateful and vindictive? I’m a good,
       compassionate father who deserves to be able to see my daughters. (Sent
       Jan. 19, 2017)
       Excuse me for thinking you might have a soul. I took enough abuse from
       you to last a lifetime. So I’m beyond giving a shit about your bs. I never
       threatened you and you are denying my daughters of a beautiful, loving
       family and father.
       I offered you friendship and a respectful relationship because our daughters
       deserve it. I was wrong to call you Karl. He never hurt you the way you
       hurt our daughters. I care about your life and your right to be happy
       because [the children] love you and your well-being is important to them.
       Your BS fantasies are extremely destructive. But you will never destroy
       the bond between the girls and I. (Sent Feb. 2, 2017)
       How evil are you? [The children] just want there [sic] dad back. Fuck you
       and your bullshit. You are an abuser. Nothing will change that. (Sent Feb.
       6, 2017)

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 52-59.

       The prosecutor responded by filing three felony counts of violation of an order for

protection. The defense obtained a bill of particulars and thereafter brought a motion to

dismiss on several theories. The court denied the motion and the matter proceeded to

jury trial. After the State rested its case, the court granted defense counsel a recess to

consult with his client. Thereafter, the defense rested without presenting any witnesses.




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State v. Kimball


Over the prosecutor’s objection, the court did grant the defense an instruction requiring

the jury to interpret the no contact order most favorably to Mr. Kimball.

       The jury convicted Mr. Kimball as charged. He gave a lengthy allocution at

sentencing, complaining that he was not allowed to tell the jury what a great father he

was and that his counsel failed to obtain a change of venue or seek recusal of the trial

judge. The court imposed a low-end sentence of 15 months in prison.

       Mr. Kimball timely appealed to this court. A panel considered his appeal without

hearing argument.

                                        ANALYSIS

       Mr. Kimball challenges the applicability of the protection order statute to his

conduct, argues that the order violates his First Amendment rights, and claims that the

order is vague. He also challenges, and the State agrees, that two of his legal financial

obligations (LFOs) should be struck. We address the claims in that order before turning

to the statement of additional grounds (SAG).

       Statute

       The first argument presented is a contention that the protection order statute does

not apply to Mr. Kimball’s case because he was not prohibited from contacting Kara

Kimball. He misreads the exception as the rule.

       Established principles guide review of this issue. In dealing with matters of

statutory construction, the goal of an appellate court “is to discern and implement”

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State v. Kimball


legislative intent. Lowy v. PeaceHealth, 174 Wn.2d 769, 779, 280 P.3d 1078 (2012). We

engage in de novo review. State v. Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d 528, 531, 98 P.3d 1190 (2004).

A court begins its inquiry into determination of intent by looking at the plain meaning of

the statute as expressed through the words themselves. Tesoro Ref. & Mktg. Co. v. Dep’t

of Revenue, 164 Wn.2d 310, 317, 190 P.3d 28 (2008). If the statute’s meaning is plain on

its face, the court applies the plain meaning. State v. Armendariz, 160 Wn.2d 106, 110,

156 P.3d 201 (2007).

       RCW 26.50.110 reads, in part:

       Whenever [a protection order] is granted . . . . and the respondent or person
       to be restrained knows of the order, a violation of any of the following
       provisions of the order is a gross misdemeanor, except as provided in
       subsections (4) and (5) of this section:
               (i) The restraint provisions prohibiting acts or threats of violence
       against, or stalking of, a protected party, or restraint provisions prohibiting
       contact with a protected party.

The protection order issued to Ms. Kimball states:

       Respondent is restrained from coming near and from having any contact or
       communication with petitioner, except for communications relating to
       parenting issues or parenting plan logistics. Except in emergency
       situations, such communications shall be by email, text messages or other
       written form.

CP at 49-50.

       Noting that the statute only applies if the order includes “restraint provisions

prohibiting contact,” Mr. Kimball alleges that since he is permitted some contact with

Kara, the order is not one “prohibiting contact.” This contention, of course, would render

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State v. Kimball


most no contact orders unenforceable if the former couple had children in common since

nearly all orders of this type, as in this case, permit emergency contact or contact for

limited purposes.

       His argument runs counter to the meaning of the word “prohibit.” It means “1. To

forbid by law. 2. To prevent, preclude, or severely hinder.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY

1405 (10th ed. 2014). As “severely hinder” suggests, a “prohibition” need not be an all

or nothing proposition.

       Our court reached that same conclusion, rejecting a similar argument, in Dejarlais.

There the court stated, “nothing in the statute prevents drafting a protection order which

allows some contact, for instance, by telephone or through a third party. There is no

requirement that all contact be prohibited.” State v. Dejarlais, 136 Wn.2d 939, 945, 969

P.2d 90 (1998).

       RCW 26.50.110 does not apply only to orders that prohibit all contact. Accordingly,

the statute was properly applied to Mr. Kimball’s behavior.

       First Amendment

       Mr. Kimball next argues that the order works as a prior restraint on his First

Amendment rights by limiting his speech based on its content. Once again, he has

reversed the problem by treating the permitted speech as the rule rather than the

exception.



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State v. Kimball


       This court reviews constitutional challenges de novo. Weden v. San Juan County,

135 Wn.2d 678, 693, 958 P.2d 273 (1998). Prior restraints are presumptively

unconstitutional unless they deal with non-protected speech. State v. Coe, 101 Wn.2d

364, 372-373, 679 P.2d 353 (1984). Prior restraints are “‘official restrictions imposed

upon speech or other forms of expression in advance of actual publication.’” Id. at 372

(quoting Seattle v. Bittner, 81 Wn.2d 747, 756, 505 P.2d 126 (1973)).

       A government regulation may not rise to the level of a prior restraint where it is

merely a time, place or manner restriction. Id. at 373. Under the federal constitution,

statutes regulating time, place, or manner restriction are upheld if they are “content-

neutral, are narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest, and leave open

ample alternative channels of communication.” Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, 481, 108

S. Ct. 2495, 101 L. Ed. 2d 420 (1988). Under the state constitution, the standard is

stricter: a “compelling” not “significant” government interest is required to uphold a

statute regulating time, place, or manner. Bering v. SHARE, 106 Wn.2d 212, 234, 721

P.2d 918 (1986); Frisby, 487 U.S. at 481.

       Our courts previously have determined that there is a compelling state interest in

protecting against harassment. In Noah, the court examined an anti-harassment order that

prohibited the defendant from coming within 300 feet of the victim’s home or office,

which included the lawful picketing outside of the victim’s workplace. State v. Noah,



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103 Wn. App. 29, 41-42, 9 P.3d 858 (2000). The defendant argued that the anti-

harassment order was a prior restraint on his protected speech. The Noah court held:

       Protecting citizens from harassment is a compelling state interest. The
       legislature authorizes the court to order that the defendant have no contact
       with his intended victim. Determining no-contact distances in an
       antiharassment order is a case-by-case determination. The statute is content
       neutral—no contact—whether profession of love, screams of hate or
       anything in between. The interest to be served is the safety, security, and
       peace of mind of the victim. It is narrowly tailored by focus on the victim
       and a no-contact zone around the victim. It leaves open ample alternative
       channels of communications, by leaving open every alternative channel so
       long as no contact is made with the victim and the proscribed zone is not
       violated. The antiharassment order authorized by the statute is an
       appropriate time, place, and manner restriction.

Id. at 41-42. The court noted that the trial court had broad discretion under the statute to

prohibit all communication attempts within the no-contact zone or otherwise devise

appropriate protection for the victim. Id. at 42-43. “So long as the order contains

restrictions that are valid time, place, and manner restrictions, it will be upheld.” Id. at 42.

       Mr. Kimball relies on two cases where protection orders were found to constitute

prior restraints on speech. In re Marriage of Suggs, 152 Wn.2d 74, 93 P.3d 161 (2004);

In re Marriage of Meredith, 148 Wn. App. 887, 201 P.3d 1056 (2009). Both cases,

however, are easily distinguishable because they involved orders restraining

communication to third parties in addition to the protected party. In those cases, the

restraint was not narrowly tailored. They are not this case.




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       Here, Mr. Kimball was found to have committed an act of domestic violence and

the trial court properly exercised its discretion to prohibit him from contacting his former

wife. The court then granted a narrow exception to that complete prohibition by

authorizing a content based category of permissible communication. This was not a

situation of restricting communication based on contents, but an instance of slightly

lifting a valid total ban on contact. Although based in content, the exception is simply

that. It is not a restriction on speech, but an authorization of speech.

        The protection order does not violate Mr. Kimball’s First Amendment rights. The

court was permitted to lift the total restriction on contact in limited areas.

       Vagueness

       Mr. Kimball next challenges the “relating to parenting issues” language of the

exception to the prohibition on contact, contending that it is vague. He is precluded from

challenging the contents of that order in this proceeding.

       To resolve a contention that a court order is vague, courts will treat the order as if

it were a statute and apply standard rules of statutory construction. State v. Bahl, 164

Wn.2d 739, 753-754, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). The test of vagueness is whether an ordinary

person would understand the meaning of the statute. State v. Halstien, 122 Wn.2d 109,

117, 857 P.2d 270 (1993). It is the burden of the challenger to establish that the statute is

vague. Id. at 118.



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No. 35441-5-III
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       The collateral bar rule prohibits a party from challenging the validity of a court

order in a proceeding alleging a violation of the order. Noah, 103 Wn. App. at 46.

Although a void order can be challenged, one that is merely erroneous cannot be

challenged. City of Seattle v. May, 171 Wn.2d 847, 852-853, 256 P.3d 1161 (2011). An

order is void only if there is “an absence of jurisdiction to issue the type of order, to

address the subject matter, or to bind the defendant.” Mead Sch. Dist. No. 354 v. Mead

Educ. Ass’n, 85 Wn.2d 278, 284, 534 P.2d 561 (1975).

       Here, Mr. Kimball’s vagueness challenge fails because the superior court had

authority to issue a permanent domestic violence protection order. RCW 26.50.060(2).

It has long been the rule of this state that any defects in a court order simply suggest error

in issuing the order rather than lack of ability to do so. State ex rel. Ewing v. Morris, 120

Wash. 146, 158, 207 P. 18 (1922). Even if erroneous, the order cannot be collaterally

attacked. Id.; Noah, 103 Wn. App. at 47 (“A court does not lose jurisdiction by

interpreting the law erroneously.”).

       Our court determined that no contact orders issued pursuant to chapter 10.99 RCW

could not be collaterally attacked after violation in State v. Miller, 156 Wn.2d 23, 31 n.4,

123 P.3d 827 (2005). It later considered that issue in the context of domestic violence

protection orders. “We see no reason this should apply differently to orders issued

pursuant to chapter 26.50 RCW.” May, 171 Wn.2d at 855.



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       The collateral bar rule precludes challenges to the validity—but not the

applicability—of a court order in a proceeding for violation of such an order except for

challenges to the issuing court’s jurisdiction to issue the type of order in question. Id.

“An order is not applicable to the charged crime if it is not issued by a competent court, is

not statutorily sufficient, is vague or inadequate on its face, or otherwise will not support

a conviction of violating the order.” Miller, 156 Wn.2d at 31. The trial court “as part of

its gate-keeping function, should determine as a threshold matter whether the order

alleged to be violated is applicable and will support the crime charged.” Id. The

Supreme Court then expressly noted: “We do not suggest that orders may be collaterally

attacked after the alleged violations of the orders. Such challenges should go to the

issuing court, not some other judge.” Id. at 31 n.4.

       Under these authorities, Mr. Kimball is collaterally barred from raising this

challenge in this appeal from convictions for violating the order. May, 171 Wn.2d at 857.

If he believes the order is invalid, he must seek modification of the order. RCW

26.50.130(1).

       Financial Arguments

       Lastly, Mr. Kimball challenges the imposition of two LFOs and seeks to avoid

paying for the costs of this appeal. The State agrees that the LFOs should be stricken.

       A decision released after the sentencing in this case determined that statutory

changes to LFO assessment and collection applied retroactively to cases on appeal. State

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v. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 735, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). As a result, indigent offenders

need not pay the criminal filing fee and, for prior offenders who have previously had their

DNA collected, the DNA assessment may be waived. Since Mr. Kimball is indigent, and

since the State agrees that he previously provided a DNA sample, we direct that the trial

court strike those two assessments.

       Mr. Kimball also asks that we disallow costs on appeal due to his indigency. By

the terms of RAP 14.2 and our general order of February 19, 2019, we leave that issue to

our commissioner in the event that the State seeks costs in this court.

       Statement of Additional Grounds

       Lastly, Mr. Kimball has filed a SAG pursuant to RAP 10.10(a). He raises claims

of ineffective assistance of counsel related to his allocution statement.

       The problem for Mr. Kimball is that he has no evidence in the record, apart from

his statements during allocution, suggesting that his counsel erred in any of the respects

he now claims. Accordingly, we decline to consider his arguments due to lack of an

evidentiary basis. RAP 10.10(c). His remedy, if he believes he has a factual basis for his

arguments, is to file a personal restraint petition with which he could file an affidavit

describing the evidence he has available to prove his claim. E.g., State v. McFarland,

127 Wn.2d 322, 338 n.5, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995); State v. Norman, 61 Wn. App. 16, 27-28,

808 P.2d 1159 (1991).



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      The convictions are affirmed. The case is remanded with directions to strike the

two LFOs.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.




WE CONCUR:




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