        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs March 26, 2014

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GEVON CORTEZ PATTON

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamblen County
                    No. 08CR425      John F. Dugger, Jr., Judge


                No. E2013-01355-CCA-R3-CD-FILED-APRIL 16, 2014


A Hamblen County jury convicted Gevon Cortez Patton of especially aggravated kidnapping
and criminally negligent homicide. The trial court sentenced him to an effective sentence of
twenty-five years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On appeal, appellant argues
that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions, that the trial court erred in
admitting into evidence the transcript of appellant’s juvenile court transfer hearing, that the
trial court erred by forcing appellant’s brother to testify and then declaring him unavailable
when he refused to testify, that the trial court erred by admitting an exhibit into evidence
when the State had not proven the chain of custody, and that the trial court erred in its
sentencing of appellant. Following our review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN and
J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

John S. Anderson, Rogersville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gevon Cortez Patton.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel; C.
Berkeley Bell, Jr., District Attorney General; and Victor Vaughn, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                         OPINION

                                           I. Facts

        This case concerns the January 19, 2008 kidnapping and subsequent death of the
victim, Willie Morgan. Appellant was indicted for especially aggravated kidnapping and
first degree felony murder. At trial, the State’s theory was that appellant was a part of a
group of individuals who kidnapped the victim and held him for ransom. The group targeted
the victim due to his relationship with Donnie Johnson, who the group believed was
responsible for robbing one of its members. The group bound the victim to a chair, and the
bindings caused the victim to asphyxiate, leading to his death.

        The State’s first witness at trial was Hamblen County Sheriff’s Department Detective
David Stapleton. Detective Stapleton testified that he received information on January 19,
2008, that the victim might have been kidnapped. His investigation led him first to Sonny
Mills’s residence and then to Roy Hollifield’s residence. The victim was not found at either
location, but Detective Stapleton learned that appellant, appellant’s brother Anthony Patton,
and Darryl Nance had been to Mr. Hollifield’s residence earlier. Mr. Hollifield reported that
they were looking for his brother, Donnie Johnson. Detective Stapleton testified that during
the investigation, Nancy McCann Reed called 9-1-1 and told the operator that she had
received a telephone call from one of the kidnappers. Detective Stapleton said that the
investigators returned to Mr. Mills’s residence, where they learned that the kidnappers might
be in Bryce Whaley’s red Jeep Cherokee. They were unable to locate Mr. Whaley initially
but later discovered him at Mr. Mills’s residence. Mr. Whaley was taken into custody. While
investigators were questioning Mr. Whaley, Mr. Whaley received at least one telephone call
from a Chattanooga number. Subsequently, the sheriff’s department contacted the
Chattanooga Police Department and asked them to be on the lookout for vehicles with
Hamblen County license plates at local motels. Eventually, the Chattanooga Police
Department located Darryl Nance, Jessica Lane, Betty Fuson, and Whitney Webb, all of
whom were taken into custody. From interviews with these individuals, Detective Stapleton
learned of the involvement of appellant and appellant’s brother in the victim’s kidnapping.
Detective Stapleton testified that Mr. Whaley led the investigators to the victim’s body. The
victim had been hidden in a pile of brush, and his left hand had been severed. The
investigators received information that the kidnappers had restrained the victim at Ms.
Fuson’s trailer.

       Nancy McCann Reed testified that the victim was “like a dad” to her. She stated that
she received a telephone call from Jessica Nicole Lawson1 informing her “that the black boys
that [her] nephew Donnie Johnson robbed had either shot [the victim] or kidnapped him.”
Ms. Reed relayed this information to the 9-1-1 operator, and the State played the recording
of her 9-1-1 call to the jury.

       Roy Hollifield testified that Donnie Johnson was his brother. They considered the
victim to be their grandfather, although they were not actually related. Mr. Hollifield


        1
         Ms. Lawson was deceased at the time of trial; however, the State read into evidence her testimony
from a hearing in juvenile court. That testimony is not included in the appellate record.

                                                   -2-
recalled receiving a visit from Darryl Nance and one of the Patton brothers (he could not
recall whether Anthony or appellant came with Mr. Nance) on the day prior to the victim’s
kidnapping. Mr. Nance informed him that he was looking for Mr. Johnson. Mr. Hollifield
did not know where Mr. Johnson was, but he tried to call him. Mr. Nance told Mr. Hollifield
to let Mr. Johnson know that he was looking for him. The following day, the day of the
victim’s kidnapping, Mr. Nance and both Patton brothers visited Mr. Hollifield. This time,
Mr. Nance displayed a pistol and told Mr. Hollifield that he was going to kill Mr. Johnson
when he found him. Mr. Hollifield recalled that the men arrived in a red Jeep. On cross-
examination, Mr. Hollifield testified that appellant was either fifteen or sixteen years old in
January 2008.

       Daniel Kuykendall testified that he had been in a relationship with Jessica Lane in
January 2008. He recalled seeing Ms. Lane with Mr. Nance, Mr. Whaley, and two black men
in a red Jeep Cherokee on January 19, 2008. He testified that they came to his trailer in
Ball’s Trailer Park and that Ms. Lane borrowed his cellular telephone. Ms. Lane gave the
telephone to Mr. Nance, and Mr. Kuykendall retrieved it from him. Mr. Kuykendall testified
that before she left, Ms. Lane “said she had to take care of some business.”

       Erica Lawson testified that she saw Ms. Lane and Mr. Nance with both Patton
brothers at Sonny Mills’s residence on one evening in January 2008. She could not recall the
exact date, but she said it was between 9:30 and 10:00 p.m. She remembered that they were
eating a meal from Hardee’s.

        Whitney Webb testified that she and Betty Fuson spent much of January 19, 2008,
shopping. Ms. Webb was driving them in her white Mustang. When they returned to Ms.
Fuson’s trailer, Ms. Fuson was unable to open the door, so they drove away. When they left,
they saw Darryl Nance and Jessica Lane by a red Jeep. Mr. Nance told them that they had
run out of gas and asked Ms. Webb to get gas for them. He also told her that he would give
her money for the gas if they would all go to Ms. Fuson’s trailer. In the trailer, Ms. Webb
testified that she observed the victim tied to a chair in the living room. She said that
appellant was not in the living room but that she saw him later in Ms. Fuson’s bedroom. Ms.
Webb testified that when she tried to leave, Mr. Nance refused to let her go. However, Mr.
Nance changed his mind when appellant volunteered to go with her and Ms. Fuson to ensure
that the women returned. Ms. Webb, Ms. Fuson, and appellant went to the Food City in
White Pine. They bought a container and filled it with gas. They drove back to the red Jeep
and left the gas inside it. Appellant then accompanied the women to Morristown and
Knoxville. Ms. Webb testified that appellant told her Mr. Nance and Anthony Patton
kidnapped the victim while he and Ms. Lane waited in the vehicle. On cross-examination,
Ms. Webb said that the victim was alive when they left the trailer.



                                              -3-
        Betty Fuson testified that in January 2008, she did not have a key to her trailer but that
Darryl Nance and his brother had keys. She said that her trailer was on the border between
Jefferson County and Hamblen County. Ms. Fuson recalled that she and Ms. Webb had been
shopping on January 19, 2008, before they went to her trailer to get clothes for a trip to
Knoxville. When they arrived at her trailer, both doors were locked. They decided to go to
Knoxville anyway, but they stopped when they saw Mr. Nance and Ms. Lane with a red Jeep
near her trailer. Mr. Nance told her that he “had Donnie’s papaw tied up at [her] house.”
She did not believe him at first, but when she entered her trailer, she saw the victim tied to
a chair in her living room. Ms. Fuson said that she also saw the Patton brothers in the trailer.
She testified that appellant followed her to her bedroom and told her that he was going to go
with her when she left. Ms. Fuson stated that Mr. Nance would not let them leave until she
called his brother. Mr. Nance’s brother convinced him to let Ms. Webb and Ms. Fuson leave
to get gas and to let appellant go with them. They left, bought gas, returned to the red Jeep,
and left the gas in the Jeep. Ms. Fuson called Mr. Nance to let him know that they had
bought the gas and that they were not returning to the trailer. Appellant accompanied her and
Ms. Webb to Knoxville. Ms. Fuson said that appellant told her that he and Ms. Lane had
waited in the car while Mr. Nance and Anthony Patton went inside the victim’s residence.
He also told her that he had heard a gun shot while they were inside.

       Ms. Fuson testified that Mr. Nance called her when she was in Knoxville, asking for
a ride out of town. She and Ms. Webb went to White Pine to pick up Mr. Nance and Ms.
Lane and then returned to Knoxville. When Mr. Nance saw appellant in Knoxville, he was
angry that appellant had not brought the women back to the trailer. Appellant stayed in
Knoxville while Ms. Webb, Ms. Fuson, Ms. Lane, and Mr. Nance drove to Chattanooga. On
cross-examination, Ms. Fuson testified that the victim was alive when they left her trailer.

       The State called Anthony Patton as a witness; however, he refused to answer any
questions substantively, other than declaring appellant’s innocence. The trial court ruled that
he was unavailable as a witness and allowed the State to read into evidence a statement given
by Anthony Patton to investigators on February 22, 2008. Anthony Patton explained to
investigators the events leading to the victim’s kidnapping.2 He said that he was with Darryl


        2
          A version of Anthony Patton’s statement that was redacted to exclude any mention of appellant
was read to the jury. A copy of the statement was admitted into evidence as Exhibit 17R. The appellate
record contains an Exhibit 17, which is Anthony Patton’s original, unredacted statement. In his original
statement, Anthony Patton mentioned appellant’s involvement several times. Thus, admission of the
unredacted statement would have been in violation of Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968)
(proscribing the use of a co-defendant’s statement to implicate a non-confessing defendant as violative of
the defendant’s right to confrontation). However, appellant did not raise this issue in the trial court or on
appeal, and we decline to review it for plain error. One requirement for plain error review is that the record
                                                                                                (continued...)

                                                     -4-
Nance and Jessica Lane at Sonny Mills’s residence, and Mr. Nance repeatedly stated that “he
was going to F up Donnie.” Anthony Patton left the Mills residence with Bryce Whaley, Mr.
Nance, and Ms. Lane in Mr. Whaley’s Jeep. He said that they went to Roy Hollifield’s and
that everyone went inside. Mr. Nance insisted that Mr. Hollifield call his brother, but Mr.
Johnson would not answer his telephone. The group left and went to Ball’s Trailer Park and
then returned to Mr. Mills’s residence. Ms. Lane commented that Mr. Johnson was close to
the victim. As the group drove around town looking for Mr. Johnson, Ms. Lane suggested
that they go to the victim’s house, and she drove them there. They all went inside the
victim’s house when he opened the door. Mr. Nance repeatedly asked the victim for Mr.
Johnson’s location. Mr. Nance fired his gun at one point. Anthony Patton stated that he and
Mr. Nance picked up the victim by his arms and carried him to the vehicle. They took the
victim to Betty Fuson’s trailer, where someone tied him to a chair. Anthony Patton said that
Mr. Nance and Ms. Lane kept asking the victim for Mr. Johnson’s location, and Mr. Nance
hit the victim in the head with his pistol. At some point, Ms. Lane used Anthony Patton’s
telephone to leave someone a message informing that person that the group was holding the
victim. Ms. Lane suggested that the group return to the victim’s house, so they left Ms.
Fuson’s trailer in the Jeep but very shortly ran out of gas. Anthony Patton said that he was
walking back to the trailer when he saw a white Mustang stop by the Jeep. Anthony Patton
stated that Mr. Nance told him Ms. Fuson was going to get gas for them. Ms. Fuson and Ms.
Webb entered the trailer and went to the bedroom to pack clothes. Anthony Patton said that
he saw Mr. Nance hit the victim with his pistol again but harder than the first time. Ms.
Fuson and Ms. Webb left to buy gas, and Anthony Patton later received a text message
indicating that they had left the gas in the Jeep. Eventually, Anthony Patton left with Mr.
Nance and Ms. Lane. They ordered food from Hardee’s and went to Mr. Mills’s residence.

       In addition to the eyewitness testimony, the State presented forensic evidence tending
to show that the victim had been in Ms. Fuson’s trailer and Mr. Whaley’s Jeep. The victim’s
severed hand was found inside Mr. Whaley’s Jeep, along with two knives. The victim’s
blood was located in various areas in the Jeep and on one of the knives. The victim’s DNA
was also found on suspenders collected from Ms. Fuson’s bathroom. A forensic examiner
from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) compared hair from the chair in Ms.
Fuson’s living room to a known sample of the victim’s hair and concluded that the two had
the same microscopic characteristics.        Another FBI forensic examiner compared
mitochondrial DNA from the two hair samples and concluded that they matched at every



        2
         (...continued)
must clearly indicate what occurred in the trial court. State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000). The
record before this court does not reveal whether the jury ever saw the unredacted statement. Therefore, plain
error review is inappropriate in this case. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).

                                                    -5-
position, meaning that the examiner could not exclude the victim as the source of the hair
found on the chair.

        Medical Examiner Dr. Darinka Mileusnic-Polchan testified as an expert in forensic
pathology. She stated that the cause of the victim’s death was restraint asphyxiation, caused
by the bandana that had been wrapped around his jaw and neck. She explained that the
restraint pushed the victim’s tongue up and prevented him from breathing efficiently. Dr.
Mileusnic-Polchan opined that the extent and distribution of hemorrhaging in the victim’s
muscles were “consistent with strangulation or pressure more than just a simple knot on the
front of the neck [could have] produce[d].” She further opined that based on the rigidity of
the body when it was found, the victim was in a seated position for at least six hours after his
death. She noted that the victim had not eaten within six hours of his death and had not been
receiving adequate fluids for up to a day prior to his death. Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified
that the victim’s advanced age and dehydration contributed to his death. She further testified
that the victim’s left hand was severed after his death, a conclusion she reached due to the
lack of bruising and minimal bleeding. She stated that the victim’s autopsy also showed that
he received blunt force trauma to his head. When asked whether she could determine if the
victim was tortured, she replied, “[S]itting in a chair and being tied to a chair, it’s already a
torture. As far as being tied and being hit in the head is just, obviously, not a gentle
handling.”

       Following Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan’s testimony, the State rested its case. Appellant
presented no proof. The jury found appellant guilty of especially aggravated kidnapping and
the lesser-included offense of criminally negligent homicide. The trial court sentenced
appellant to twenty-five years as a violent offender for especially aggravated kidnapping and
to a concurrent sentence of two years as a standard offender for criminally negligent
homicide. The trial court denied appellant’s motion for new trial, and this appeal follows.

                                         II. Analysis

                               A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
especially aggravated kidnapping because he abandoned the common scheme of his co-
defendants at his first opportunity. He further argues that the evidence was insufficient to
support his conviction for criminally negligent homicide because he did not commit a
reckless or negligent act. The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support both
of appellant’s convictions.




                                               -6-
       The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

        On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn
therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

        As charged in the indictment in this case, especially aggravated kidnapping is
“knowingly remov[ing] or confin[ing] another unlawfully so as to interfere substantially with
the other’s liberty” and doing so to hold the victim for ransom. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-
302, -305. Criminally negligent homicide is defined as “[c]riminally negligent conduct that
results in death.” Id. § 39-13-212(a). The statute defining criminal negligence states:

       [A] person . . . acts with criminal negligence with respect to the circumstances
       surrounding that person’s conduct or the result of that conduct when the person
       ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances
       exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that

                                              -7-
       the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care
       that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed
       from the accused person’s standpoint.

Id. § 39-11-106(a)(4).

        The State pursued a theory that appellant was criminally responsible for the actions
of the rest of the group who kidnapped the victim. “A person is criminally responsible as a
party to an offense if the offense is committed by the person’s own conduct, by the conduct
of another for which the person is criminally responsible, or by both.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-11-401(a). Further, a person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the
conduct of another, if “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits, directs,
aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense[.]” Id. § 39-11-402(2). While
not a separate crime, criminal responsibility is a theory by which the State may alternatively
establish guilt based on the conduct of another. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 386 (citing State
v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999)). No specific act or deed needs to be
demonstrated by the State, and furthermore, the presence and companionship of an accused
with the offender before and after the offense are circumstances from which participation in
the crime may be inferred. State v. Ball, 973 S.W.2d 288, 293 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).
However, to be convicted, “the evidence must establish that the defendant in some way
knowingly and voluntarily shared in the criminal intent of the crime and promoted its
commission.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 386 (citing State v. Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756, 757
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)); State v. Foster, 755 S.W.2d 846, 848 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988)).

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence adduced at trial revealed
that appellant accompanied Anthony Patton, Jessica Lane, and Darryl Nance as they forcibly
took the victim from his home and held him at Betty Fuson’s trailer. According to the
testimony presented at trial, the purpose of kidnapping the victim was to place pressure on
Donnie Johnson, who had a close relationship with the victim. To further their purpose,
Jessica Lane called someone to inform that person that the group was holding the victim.
There was also testimony presented that the group pressured the victim to give them money.
Multiple witnesses testified that appellant was with the group that kidnapped the victim on
the day of the kidnapping. Furthermore, appellant was seen inside Betty Fuson’s trailer.
Based on this evidence, any rational juror could have found appellant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt of especially aggravated kidnapping on a theory of criminal responsibility.
Moreover, appellant’s claim that he abandoned the kidnapping and thus should not be
responsible for it is without merit because the offense was complete before he left the group.




                                              -8-
        As for his criminally negligent homicide conviction, the medical proof showed that
the bindings used around the victim’s head while he was being held in Ms. Fuson’s trailer
led to his death and that the victim’s advanced age and dehydration contributed to his death.
Any ordinary person should have been aware that there was a substantial and unjustifiable
risk of death when kidnapping a person of the victim’s age and health, binding him to a chair
for hours, and tying a restraint around his neck. In addition, the facts and circumstances
supporting appellant’s criminal responsibility for especially aggravated kidnapping apply
equally to his conviction for criminally negligent homicide. Therefore, we conclude that
appellant is without relief as to this issue.


               B. Introduction of Juvenile Court Transfer Hearing Transcript

         For the first time on appeal, appellant contends that the trial court should not have
admitted the transcript of appellant’s juvenile court transfer hearing — apparently referring
to the transcript of Jessica Lawson’s testimony that was read into evidence due to her
unavailability — into evidence because the transfer hearing was not properly conducted. At
trial, appellant objected to the introduction of the transcript but on the basis of a violation of
the Confrontation Clause. “It is well-settled that an appellant is bound by the evidentiary
theory set forth at trial, and may not change theories on appeal.” State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d
299, 303 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Therefore, appellant has waived review of this issue.

              C. Testimony of Anthony Patton (Appellant’s Issues III & IV)

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred by “forcing” Anthony Patton to testify, by
declaring Anthony Patton to be unavailable to testify under Tennessee Rule of Criminal
Procedure 15, and by failing to grant a mistrial based on Anthony Patton’s behavior in the
courtroom. The State responds that Anthony Patton refused to testify and that appellant has
not shown prejudice based on Anthony Patton’s behavior.

       Regarding the trial court “forcing” Anthony Patton to testify, appellant contends that
Anthony Patton was not under subpoena to testify and should not have been forced to the
witness stand. In support of this contention, he claims that “[t]here was no return of service
of the subpoena to testify in the file.” However, the record is inadequate for this court to
review appellant’s claim as no subpoena is included in the appellate record. Moreover,
appellant has not presented this court with any authority stating that a lack of return of
service of process for a subpoena to testify would render a witness’s testimony inadmissible.
Nonetheless, Anthony Patton effectively refused to testify, and the trial court declared him
unavailable under Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 15. Thus, appellant’s claim that
Anthony Patton was “forced” to testify is without merit.

                                               -9-
       Regarding appellant’s motion for mistrial premised on Anthony Patton’s behavior in
the courtroom, the record shows that Anthony Patton used an inordinate amount of profanity
both in and out of the presence of the jury. His actual appearance and demeanor are, of
course, not reflected in the transcript. The only substantive comment made by Anthony
Patton was a declaration of appellant’s innocence. Appellant claims that Anthony Patton’s
behavior “had to have unduly influenced [and] prejudiced” him.

        A trial court may declare a mistrial if it appears that some matter has occurred which
would prevent the jury from reaching an impartial verdict. Arnold v. State, 563 S.W.2d 792,
794 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977). A trial court should only declare a mistrial in criminal cases
where a manifest necessity requires such action. State v. Millbrooks, 819 S.W.2d 441, 443
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). A mistrial is appropriate when a trial cannot continue or a
miscarriage of justice would result if it did continue. State v. McPherson, 882 S.W.2d 365,
370 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). This court will review the trial court’s decision to grant or
deny a mistrial for abuse of discretion. See State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 147 (Tenn. 1998)
(citing State v. Adkins, 786 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tenn. 1990)). The party requesting the mistrial
bears the burden of establishing the necessity for it. State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

       Here, appellant has not established the necessity for a mistrial. While Anthony
Patton’s behavior may not have reflected positively on his own character, appellant has failed
to show how his brother’s behavior prevented the jury from reaching an impartial verdict
against appellant. Again, the only substantive comment made by Anthony Patton was that
appellant was innocent. Moreover, the trial court was in a far superior position than this
court to determine the extent of prejudice caused by Anthony Patton’s behavior. “[A]n
appellate court should find an abuse of discretion when it appears that a trial court applied
an incorrect legal standard, or reached a decision which is against logic or reasoning that
caused an injustice to the party complaining.” State v. Shuck, 953 S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn.
1997) (citing Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661 (Tenn. 1996)). There is no indication
of an abuse of discretion in this case.

        Finally, appellant contends that the trial court erred in declaring appellant’s brother
unavailable to testify under Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 15 when the State did not
satisfy the requirements of “unavailability.” Initially, we note that appellant has not cited the
appropriate rule for what occurred in the trial court. Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
15 addresses depositions, but the statement by Anthony Patton introduced at trial was not a
deposition. Instead, it was a statement against interest, which is inadmissible hearsay unless




                                              -10-
the declarant is ruled to be unavailable. Tenn. R. Evid. 804(a), (b). Therefore, the issue falls
under the hearsay rule.3

        Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). Generally, hearsay is not admissible at trial unless it falls within an
exception to the exclusionary rule. Tenn. R. Evid. 802. We are aware of the disagreement
among panels of this court regarding the appropriate standard of review of the admissibility
of hearsay evidence;4 however, for purposes of this case, the result is the same whether
reviewed for abuse of discretion or de novo.

        Under Evidence Rule 804(a)(2), one occasion for declaring a witness to be
unavailable is if he or she “[p]ersists in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of
the declarant’s statement despite an order of the court to do so[.]” When a witness is thus
unavailable, Rule 804(b) allows the admission of a statement made by the witness against his
or her interest.5 In this case, the trial court ordered Anthony Patton to testify while he was
on the stand. Anthony Patton refused to testify, repeatedly and vociferously. The court then
declared him unavailable. The State read his statement to police into evidence. The court
gave appellant an opportunity to cross-examine, but he explicitly waived his right to do so.
Based on the record before us, we conclude that Anthony Patton’s behavior meets the


        3
          In addition, we note that Anthony Patton did not invoke his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent
before the jury.
        4
           See State v. Dotson, 254 S.W.3d 378, 392 (Tenn. 2008) (in considering an issue involving hearsay,
holding that “questions concerning the admissibility of evidence rest within the sound discretion of the trial
court, and this Court will not interfere in the absence of abuse appearing on the face of the record”); Pylant
v. State, 263 S.W.3d 864, 871 n.26 (Tenn. 2008) (maintaining that the standard of review for hearsay issues
is abuse of discretion); Willie Perry, Jr. v. State, No. W2011-01818-CCA-R3-PC, 2012 WL 2849510, at *3
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 11, 2012) (stating that standard of review for admissibility of evidence is abuse of
discretion). But see State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 760 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (stating that whether a
statement is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted is “necessarily a question of law” and is not
subject to review under abuse of discretion standard); State v. Schiefelbein, 230 S.W.3d 88, 128 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2007) (holding that appellate review of hearsay issues is de novo with no presumption of correctness);
Willie Perry, Jr., 2012 WL 2849510, at *7 (Bivins, J., concurring) (applying de novo standard of review to
hearsay issues).
        5
            Tennessee Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3) defines a statement against interest as:

        A statement which was at the time of its making so far contrary to the declarant’s pecuniary
        or proprietary interest, or so far tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal liability
        or to render invalid a claim by the declarant against another, that a reasonable person in the
        declarant’s position would not have made the statement unless believing it to be true.

                                                      -11-
circumstances required for unavailability under Rule 804(a)(2). Therefore, appellant is
without relief as to this issue.

                                     D. Chain of Custody

       Appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting Exhibit 37 (a piece of a
shoestring) when the State did not sufficiently establish the chain of custody. Specifically,
he contests the chain of custody because the medical examiner’s investigator, Larry
Vineyard, handled the exhibit but did not testify at trial. The State responds that it
established the chain of custody.

        The determination of whether the State has properly established the chain of custody
of evidence is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed
absent an abuse of that discretion. See State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tenn. 2008).
Generally, “[a] trial court abuses its discretion when it applies incorrect legal standards,
reaches an illogical conclusion, bases its ruling on a clearly erroneous assessment of the
proof, or applies reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party.” State v.
Phelps, 329 S.W.3d 436, 443 (Tenn. 2010). Tennessee Rule of Evidence 901(a) provides:
“[t]he requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility
is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier of fact that the
matter in question is what its proponent claims.” As our supreme court has held, “‘[A]s a
condition precedent to the introduction of tangible evidence, a witness must be able to
identify the evidence or establish an unbroken chain of custody.’” Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at
296 (quoting State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 760 (Tenn. 2000)). “The purpose of the chain
of custody is to ‘demonstrate that there has been no tampering, loss, substitution, or mistake
with respect to the evidence.’” Scott, 33 S.W.3d at 760 (quoting State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d
750, 759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). The State should sufficiently prove each link in the
chain of custody, but the State is not required to prove the identity of tangible evidence
beyond all possibility of doubt nor must it exclude every possibility of tampering. Cannon,
254 S.W.3d at 296. In addition, the State’s failure to call as a witness each person who
handled an item does not necessarily preclude the admission of the evidence. Id.
“Accordingly, when the facts and circumstances that surround tangible evidence reasonably
establish the identity and integrity of the evidence, the trial court should admit the item into
evidence.” Id. The trial court should not admit an item into evidence if the State fails to
provide sufficient proof of the chain of custody, unless the identity and integrity of the item
can be established by other means. Id.

       In this case, Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan testified that she removed the shoestring from the
victim’s body, placed it in a bag, sealed the bag, and gave it to Larry Vineyard. Detective
Hayes testified that he received the shoestring from Larry Vineyard in a sealed bag. Thus,

                                               -12-
there were no unidentified links in the chain of custody, despite Larry Vineyard’s not
testifying. Again, the State’s failure to call as a witness every person who handled evidence
does not preclude the evidence’s admissibility. Id. Based on the record before us, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that the State sufficiently
established the chain of custody.

                                        D. Sentencing

        Appellant contests the length of his sentence. Specifically, he argues that the trial
court erred by failing to consider certain mitigating factors. However, he has failed to
include a transcript of the sentencing hearing. Appellant received within-range sentences of
twenty-five years for especially aggravated kidnapping and two years for criminally negligent
homicide. Typically, when an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a
sentence, this court reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of
discretion standard accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380
S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). This court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision
“so long as it is within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence
is otherwise in compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-10.
However, in this case, appellant has not provided this court with an adequate record to
review the trial court’s sentencing decision. Appellants are charged with preparing a record
that is adequate to convey a complete account of the issues underlying their appeals, and
failure to provide a complete record of the proceedings relevant to the appellate issues
precludes review. Tenn. R. App. P. 24; State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d 557, 560-61 (Tenn.
1993). Therefore, appellant has waived this issue.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Based on the record, the briefs of the parties, and the applicable law, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE




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