                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 12-1068
                         ___________________________

                             Kalee Dutchman DeAtley

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

                      Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: September 20, 2012
                            Filed: November 13, 2012
                                  ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BEAM, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

     Plaintiff, Kalee DeAtley (DeAtley), appeals the district court’s1 order granting
Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company’s (Mutual) motion for summary judgment and




      1
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
denying DeAtley’s motion for summary judgment on DeAtley’s breach of contract
claim for Mutual’s denial of coverage under an insurance policy. We affirm.

                                           I.

      During the 2008-2009 academic year, DeAtley was a student at the Odessa,
Missouri, High School (Odessa) and a member of the Odessa wrestling team. In
February 2009, the Missouri State Wrestling Tournament, an annual statewide high
school wrestling tournament held by the Missouri State High School Activities
Association (MSHSAA), was held in Columbia, Missouri. Although he did not
qualify to compete at the state tournament, DeAtley was allowed to accompany the
wrestling team to the tournament because he was a senior and had worked hard
throughout the year. The night before the tournament, after traveling on the bus with
the wrestling team to Columbia, DeAtley suffered a ruptured spleen and internal
bleeding while “horsing around” with other non-qualifying students in his hotel room.

       DeAtley sought benefits under an insurance policy that Mutual had issued to
the MSHSAA (the Policy). The Policy covered MSHSAA’s participating member
high schools, including Odessa, and provided that “[b]enefits will be paid on an excess
basis . . . for Covered loss which is Incurred by the Insured Person . . . .” The Policy
defined an Insured Person as:

      a Student attending the Participating School including only those
      activities performed as part of the sports team or cheer unit and under the
      direct supervision of the Participating School and directly associated
      with a Covered Event or any other activities as specified in the Plan of
      Insurance and participating as:
             • a player on an athletic team in a Covered Event sanctioned and
      recognized by the Participating School;
             • a Student coach, Student manager, or Student trainer of such
      a team formally identified as such by the Participating School;
             • a Student cheerleader officially recognized as such by the
      Participating School (includes dance team members and mascots); or


                                          -2-
            • a Student as shown in the Eligibility section in the Plan of
      Insurance.

      The Policy defines “Eligibility” as “[a]ll student athletes, student managers,
student trainers, student cheerleaders and students participating in interscholastic
competition.” The Policy defines a “Covered Event” as:

      Students participating in interscholastic competition, governed by the
      regulations of the state high school athletic/activities authority, including
      school-supervised practice, tryouts, game related activities and covered
      travel as defined under the policy.

       Following Mutual’s denial of his claim for benefits, DeAtley sued Mutual,
contending that Mutual had breached its contract to provide him with coverage and
seeking damages under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 375.420 for Mutual’s vexatious refusal to
pay. The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment on the issue of coverage.
DeAtley argued that the phrase “participating in interscholastic competition” as set
forth in the “Eligibility” and “Covered Event” provisions should be interpreted “in its
broadest sense including participation in any manner, whether [as a] competitor or
otherwise.” The district court granted Mutual’s motion for summary judgment,
holding that the Policy was unambiguous and that DeAtley did not meet the Policy’s
definition of an “Insured Person” because he was not participating in interscholastic
competition. The district court denied DeAtley’s motion for summary judgment and
entered judgment in favor of Mutual.

                                           II.

        “We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on
its interpretation of insurance policy provisions.” Secura Ins. v. Horizon Plumbing,
Inc., 670 F.3d 857, 861 (8th Cir. 2012). “Summary judgment is proper if there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the insurers are entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Id. Because federal jurisdiction in this case is based on diversity of citizenship,

                                          -3-
state law controls the interpretation of the Policy. Id. The parties agree that Missouri
law controls here.

      Under Missouri law, the proper interpretation of an insurance policy depends
on whether the policy’s language, when considered within the context of the policy
as a whole, is ambiguous. Todd v. Mo. United Sch. Ins. Council, 223 S.W.3d 156,
160-63 (Mo. 2007) (en banc). Missouri courts resolve ambiguities in an insurance
policy in favor of the insured. Id. at 160. When the policy’s language is unambiguous,
however, the policy “will be enforced as written.” Id. (citation omitted).

       DeAtley argues that the Policy’s “Eligibility” and “Insured Person” provisions
are ambiguous and, construing them in favor of coverage, he need not have been
“participating” in order to receive benefits under the Policy. DeAtley, however, did
not raise this argument below and is thus precluded from raising it on appeal.2 See Tr.
of Electricians’ Salary Deferral Plan v. Wright, 688 F.3d 922, 926 (8th Cir. 2012)
(“[O]rdinarily, this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on
appeal.” (citation omitted)); Corn Plus Coop. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 516 F.3d 674, 680
(8th Cir. 2008) (explaining that the failure to raise an argument before the district
court that a provision of an insurance contract is ambiguous results in waiver of that
argument on appeal). Putting aside the question of waiver, DeAtley’s attempt to avoid
the Policy’s “participation” requirement is unpersuasive.

       DeAtley argues that the “Insured Person” provision can be read to split the
definition of an insured person into the following two categories:



      2
       Before the district court, DeAtley cited the canon of construction that
ambiguities in insurance contracts should be resolved in favor of the insured and
argued that the term “participation” as set forth in the “Eligibility” and “Insured
Person” provisions should be applied broadly to encompass students in his position.
DeAtley did not argue that the provisions as a whole were ambiguous such that the
term “participating” could be read out of the coverage analysis.

                                          -4-
      1) students attending the participating school including only those
      activities performed as part of either a sports team or cheer unit and
      under the direct supervision of the Participating School and directly
      associated with a Covered Event; or 2) students attending the
      participating school including any other activities as specified in the
      Plan of Insurance and participating as: a player on an athletic team; a
      student coach; student manager; student trainer; student cheerleader; or
      student as shown in the Eligibility Section of the Plan of Insurance.

Appellant’s Br. at 21 (emphasis in original).

       DeAtley’s proposed two-category construction contradicts a plain reading of
the “Insured Person” provision and the policy as a whole. See Todd, 223 S.W.3d at
163 (explaining that courts may not “unreasonably distort the language of a policy”
to create an ambiguity). Moreover, acceptance of DeAtley’s construction would make
no difference, as DeAtley is still unable to satisfy either category of his proposed
construction.

      DeAtley fails to satisfy the first category’s definition of an insured person
because at the time that he was injured he was “horsing around” at the hotel, not
performing an activity “directly associated with a covered event.”

       Nor does DeAtley qualify for coverage under the second category of his
proposed construction as a “student[] . . . participating as . . . [a] student as shown in
the Eligibility section of the Plan of Insurance.” DeAtley argues that he need not have
been “participating” to satisfy the “Eligibility” section because he is claiming
coverage as a “student athlete,” and the phrase “participating in interscholastic
competition” applies only to “students,” not “student athletes.” DeAtley’s argument,
however, overlooks the fact that, under his second category, he is required to
demonstrate not only that he qualifies as a student under the Eligibility section, but
also that he was “participating as” such a student. Accordingly, DeAtley must still
satisfy the “Insured Person” provision’s participation requirement.

                                           -5-
        DeAtley argues in the alternative that he was “participating” in the wrestling
tournament as a “student athlete” by attending the tournament with the team.3 We
agree with the district court that an athletic participant is “one who readies himself for
an athletic contest by practicing and is actively involved in the contest either
individually or jointly with team members.” D. Ct. Order of Dec. 22, 2011, at 7
(emphasis in original). DeAtley’s failure to qualify for the wrestling tournament
precluded him from participating in the tournament as an athlete. DeAtley’s only role
at the tournament was as a spectator, and thus he was not participating in the wrestling
tournament as a student athlete. Because DeAtley was not an insured person under
the Policy, the district court did not err in granting Mutual’s motion for summary
judgment.

                                           III.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      _____________________________




      3
       DeAtley argues only that he is a “student athlete” under the “Eligibility”
section. Accordingly, we do not consider whether DeAtley qualifies, alternatively,
under another category of student as set forth in the “Eligibility” Section.

                                           -6-
