            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


 NAZHAT BAHRI,                                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    February 20, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                                  No. 346393
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
 GREAT LAKES PROPERTY & INVESTMENT,                                 LC No. 18-001591-CH
 INC. and JASMINE MCMORRIS,

                Defendant-Appellees.


Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and GADOLA and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       When defendants did not respond to plaintiff Nazhat Bahri’s statutory conversion
complaint, the court clerk entered a default. Bahri sought a default judgment from the court for
damages of $11,795.50 and treble damages under MCL 600.2919a. The court awarded only actual
damages, however, and Bahri appeals that decision. Courts have discretion to award or deny treble
damages under the statute. However, trial courts must give an adequate explanation to allow this
Court to review the ruling. MCR 2.517(A). The circuit court did not do so here. Accordingly,
we vacate the default judgment and remand for further proceedings.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Bahri lost her home to tax foreclosure, but then arranged to repurchase the property from
defendants. The parties’ contract was not in writing. In her complaint, Bahri alleged that she
promised to pay $10,000 plus $1,795.50 in back taxes. She asserted that she paid this amount, but
that defendants never transferred title. Bahri complained that defendants converted her funds in
violation of MCL 600.2919a and therefore owed her treble damages.

       Defendants did not respond to the complaint and Bahri secured a default from the clerk of
the court. As Bahri sought treble damages, the court clerk could not enter the default judgment
and Bahri filed a motion with the court seeking judgment. At that point, defendants responded.
Instead of filing a motion to set aside the default, defendants opposed the entry of the default
judgment. The court ultimately conducted a hearing to consider the parties’ motions.



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        At the hearing, Bahri contended that she properly served her complaint on defendants.
Defendants admitted their failure to respond to the notice of default, but contended that the facts
did not warrant a default judgment for treble damages. They described that Bahri had agreed to
pay $15,000 for the property. Instead, Bahri paid $2,000 and then “disappeared” for several
months before paying an additional $8,000. She then “disappeared” again. Accordingly,
defendants sold the property to a third party. Defendants admitted that they had retained the funds
paid by Bahri.

       Ultimately, the court entered a default judgment, stating, “You’re not getting treble
damages counsel for conversion, but I’ll enter the Default Judgment in the amount of . . .
$11,795.50.” Bahri’s counsel asked for clarification on the denial of treble damages and the court
merely replied, “I don’t think that that’s appropriate here.”

                                           II. ANALYSIS

        At issue in this case is whether the treble damages provision of MCL 600.2919a is
mandatory or discretionary. “We . . . review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.” Aroma
Wines & Equip, Inc v Columbian Distrib Servs Inc, 497 Mich 337, 345; 871 NW2d 136 (2015).
The court essentially held a hearing on the issue of damages. We review for clear error a court’s
factual findings following such a hearing. See Alan Custom Homes, Inc v Krol, 256 Mich App
505, 513; 667 NW2d 379 (2003).

       MCL 600.2919a(1) provides, in relevant part:

       A person damaged as a result of either or both of the following may recover 3 times
       the amount of actual damages sustained, plus costs and reasonable attorney fees:

       (a) Another person’s stealing or embezzling property or converting property to the
       other person’s own use. [Emphasis added.]

        In Aroma Wines, 303 Mich App at 449, this Court noted that “[t]he term ‘may’ is
permissive and indicates discretionary activity.” “Thus,” this Court concluded, “under the
language in MCL 600.2919a(1), treble damages and attorney fees are discretionary. Accordingly,
whether to award treble damages is a question for the trier of fact, and we cannot simply order
treble damages upon a finding of conversion.” Aroma Wines, 303 Mich App at 449-450.

        The plain statutory language and binding precedent of this Court dictate that treble damages
under the conversion statute are discretionary, not mandatory. The question then becomes whether
the circuit court abused its discretion in denying Bahri’s request. A court abuses its discretion
when its ruling falls outside the range of “reasonable and principled outcome[s].” Maldonado v
Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). The abuse of discretion standard “is
an unusually difficult standard to overcome.” Lease Acceptance Corp v Adams, 272 Mich App
209, 222; 724 NW2d 724 (2006).

        In order for this Court to determine whether the circuit court abused its discretion, the court
must make findings on the record sufficient for this Court’s review. MCR 2.517(A)(1) provides
that when a court tries an action without a jury, it must make certain findings on the record. “Brief,
definite, and pertinent findings and conclusions on the contested matters are sufficient, without

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overelaboration of detail or particularization of facts.” MCR 2.517(A)(2). “Findings of fact
regarding matters contested at a bench trial are sufficient if they are ‘brief, definite, and pertinent,’
and it appears that the trial court was aware of the issues in the case and correctly applied the law,
and where appellate review would not be facilitated by requiring further explanation.” Triple E
Produce Corp v Mastronardi Produce, 209 Mich App 165, 176; 530 NW2d 772 (1995).

        The only record finding made by the circuit court in this case was: “I don’t think [treble
damages] are appropriate here.” This finding conveys no information beyond the court’s
extremely generalized opinion regarding the “appropriate[ness]” of the requested award. It is
beyond “brief” and is in no way “direct.” We cannot ascertain from this record what if any facts
the circuit court relied on in reaching its decision. The court may be correct that treble damages
are not warranted in this matter, but we cannot determine that at this time. Therefore, we must
remand this matter to the circuit court to make “[b]rief, definite, and pertinent findings” that reflect
that the “court was aware of the issues in the case” and from which this Court could engage in
meaningful review should either party again appeal.

        We vacate and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.



                                                                /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                                /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                                /s/ Anica Letica




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