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                                                           - 903 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          295 Nebraska R eports
                                                      D.I. v. GIBSON
                                                    Cite as 295 Neb. 903




                                        D.I., appellee, v. William R. Gibson
                                        and Tylynne Bauer, in their official
                                        capacities as employees of the State
                                          of Nebraska, et al., appellants.
                                                      ___ N.W.2d ___

                                          Filed February 24, 2017.   No. S-15-1166.

                1.	 Attorney Fees. Whether attorney fees are authorized by statute or by the
                    court’s recognition of a uniform course of procedure presents a question
                    of law.
                2.	 Judgments: Appeal and Error. An appellate court independently
                    reviews questions of law decided by a lower court.
                3.	 Attorney Fees. Attorney fees and expenses are recoverable only in such
                    cases as are provided for by statute, or where the uniform course of
                    procedure has been to allow such recovery.
                4.	 Records: Appeal and Error. It is incumbent upon the appellant to
                    present a record supporting the errors assigned; absent such a record,
                    an appellate court will affirm the lower court’s decision regarding
                    those errors.
                5.	 Appeal and Error. An issue not presented to or passed on by the trial
                    court is not appropriate for consideration on appeal.
                6.	 Convicted Sex Offender. The Sex Offender Commitment Act speci-
                    fies that a subject is entitled to the rights provided in Neb. Rev. Stat.
                    §§ 71-943 to 71-960 (Reissue 2009) during proceedings concerning the
                    subject under the Sex Offender Commitment Act.
                7.	 Convicted Sex Offender: Right to Counsel. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-945
                    (Reissue 2009) authorizes the appointment of counsel for subjects
                    involved in proceedings under the Sex Offender Commitment Act.
                8.	 Convicted Sex Offender: Right to Counsel: Attorney Fees. Neb. Rev.
                    Stat. § 71-947 (Reissue 2009) expressly provides for the payment of fees
                    for appointed counsel under the Sex Offender Commitment Act.
                9.	 Habeas Corpus: Convicted Sex Offender. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-959(9)
                    (Reissue 2009) contemplates the filing of a petition for a writ of habeas
                    corpus by a subject in custody or receiving treatment under the Sex
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                                 D.I. v. GIBSON
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 903

     Offender Commitment Act for the purpose of challenging the legality of
     his or her custody or treatment.
10.	 Statutes. Statutes relating to the same subject, although enacted at dif-
     ferent times, are in pari materia and should be construed together.
11.	 Convicted Sex Offender: Right to Counsel: Attorney Fees. An attor-
     ney validly appointed by a court to assist an indigent subject in a habeas
     corpus proceeding challenging the subject’s custody or treatment under
     the Sex Offender Commitment Act is entitled to attorney fees under
     Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-947 (Reissue 2009).

  Appeal from the District Court for Madison County: M ark
A. Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, James D. Smith, and
Joseph M. Smith, Madison County Attorney, for appellants.
  Ryan J. Stover, of Stratton, DeLay, Doele, Carlson &
Buettner, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
K elch, and Funke, JJ.
      Cassel, J.
                       INTRODUCTION
   The district court ordered a county to pay the fees and
expenses of a court-appointed attorney who represented an
indigent subject challenging his custody under the Sex Offender
Commitment Act (SOCA)1 through a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus. Because we find statutory authorization for
appointment and payment of counsel to represent an indigent
subject under the SOCA and for a subject to challenge his or
her custody or treatment under the SOCA by filing a petition
for a writ of habeas corpus, we affirm the court’s order.
                       BACKGROUND
   In 2006, the mental health board for Douglas County com-
mitted D.I. to the Norfolk Regional Center in Madison County
for treatment as a dangerous sex offender under the SOCA. On

 1	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-1201 to 71-1226 (Reissue 2009).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                                 D.I. v. GIBSON
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 903

appeal, this court upheld the commitment.2 During the SOCA
proceedings, the Douglas County public defender’s office rep-
resented D.I.
   Subsequently, D.I. filed with the district court for Madison
County a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus. He
sought immediate release from the Norfolk Regional Center.
The court allowed D.I. to proceed in forma pauperis. At some
point, attorney Ryan Stover began to represent him. The record
does not contain any certificate or motion for appointment of
counsel. Likewise, the record does not show any objection to
the appointment. There is no bill of exceptions from the habeas
proceeding, as it was submitted upon stipulated facts. The writ-
ten stipulated facts were settled as a “statement of evidence on
which the Court relied” in denying habeas relief. Stover repre-
sented D.I. for the remainder of the proceeding in the district
court, which ultimately dismissed D.I.’s petition, and in an
unsuccessful appeal to this court.3
   After the district court spread our mandate, Stover filed an
application for an order fixing attorney fees and expenses and
attached a copy of an official county claim form showing attor-
ney fees of $6,067.50 and expenses of $192.37. Stover’s appli-
cation recited that he was “attorney by Court appointment for
[D.I.],” but otherwise the record in the instant appeal is silent
regarding Stover’s appointment. The respondents objected in
writing to Stover’s application, “because there [was] no author-
ity for [the district court] to order payment of attorneys’ fees
or costs by any governmental entity in the [habeas corpus pro-
ceeding].” The respondents cited two cases, which we discuss
later in this opinion. The respondents’ written objection did not
refer to Stover’s appointment. Nor did the objection take any
issue with the amount that Stover sought. The court ordered
Madison County to pay Stover’s fees and expenses in the
amount of $6,259.87.

 2	
      See In re Interest of D.I., 281 Neb. 917, 799 N.W.2d 664 (2011).
 3	
      See D.I. v. Gibson, 291 Neb. 554, 867 N.W.2d 284 (2015).
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                                 D.I. v. GIBSON
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 903

   The respondents, in their official capacities as employees
of the State of Nebraska; Madison County; the State on behalf
of its political subdivision, Madison County; and the Attorney
General, on behalf of the State (collectively the State) filed
a timely appeal. We moved the case to our docket.4 Shortly
before oral arguments, we directed the parties to submit sup-
plemental briefs. They have done so, and we have considered
their submissions.
                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
  The State assigns that the district court erred by “fixing
and ordering the payment of attorney fees and expenses” for
Stover.
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1,2] Whether attorney fees are authorized by statute or by
the court’s recognition of a uniform course of procedure pre­
sents a question of law.5 We independently review questions of
law decided by a lower court.6
                          ANALYSIS
   [3] We have long held that attorney fees and expenses are
recoverable only in such cases as are provided for by statute,
or where the uniform course of procedure has been to allow
such recovery.7 On appeal, the State initially argued that the
district court had no authority to order the payment of fees for
court-appointed counsel in a habeas corpus proceeding. The
State relied upon our precedent disallowing attorney fees in a
habeas corpus proceeding. In In re Application of Ghowrwal,8

 4	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 2016).
 5	
      In re Guardianship of Brydon P., 286 Neb. 661, 838 N.W.2d 262 (2013).
 6	
      Id.
 7	
      See, e.g., State ex rel. Ebke v. Board of Educational Lands & Funds, 159
      Neb. 79, 65 N.W.2d 392 (1954); Higgins v. Case Threshing Machine Co.,
      95 Neb. 3, 144 N.W. 1037 (1914).
 8	
      In re Application of Ghowrwal, 207 Neb. 831, 301 N.W.2d 349 (1981).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                                D.I. v. GIBSON
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 903

a case involving custody of a child, the district court ordered
the respondent to pay $1,000 to be applied to the relator’s
attorney fees. We reversed that portion of the judgment, stat-
ing “[t]here is no statutory authority for awarding attorney fees
in a habeas corpus proceeding in this state.”9 In Anderson v.
Houston,10 an inmate who sought credit on his sentence was
awarded attorney fees and costs. We observed that Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 29-2819 (Reissue 2016) “authorizes a court in a habeas
corpus action to ‘make such order as to costs as the case may
require’”11 and that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2824 (Reissue 2016),
which specifies fees taxable as costs in a habeas corpus pro-
ceeding, did not provide for an award of attorney fees. We
stated, “No other statute specifically provides for the recovery
of attorney fees in a habeas action, nor is there any recognized
and accepted uniform course of procedure that allows the
recovery of attorney fees in a habeas action.”12 Thus, we con-
cluded that the district court erred in taxing the attorney fees
as costs. And these were the two cases cited by the State in the
written objection filed in the district court.
   In re Application of Ghowrwal and Anderson correctly
applied the law applicable in those cases. But neither case
involved an attorney appointed by the court to represent an
indigent subject seeking to use a habeas corpus proceeding to
challenge the legality of his commitment under the SOCA.
   [4] At this point, it is important to emphasize that the State
explicitly declared in its initial brief that it does not “chal-
lenge [Stover’s] appointment.”13 Neither the record presented
to us in this appeal nor our record in the appeal of the denial
of the writ contain any order appointing Stover as counsel
or any objection to the appointment. Neither party requested

 9	
      Id. at 835, 301 N.W.2d at 352.
10	
      Anderson v. Houston, 277 Neb. 907, 766 N.W.2d 94 (2009).
11	
      Id. at 917, 766 N.W.2d at 102.
12	
      Id.
13	
      Brief for appellants at 5.
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                                D.I. v. GIBSON
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 903

the preparation of a bill of exceptions in the habeas corpus
appeal. And according to an affidavit of the official court
reporter in the instant appeal, there were no proceedings on
the record regarding the signing of the “Order Fixing Fee.”
To the extent that the State now asserts in its supplemental
brief that the court’s appointment of Stover was contrary to
statute, there is no record to corroborate this argument. As
a general proposition, it is incumbent upon the appellant to
present a record supporting the errors assigned; absent such a
record, an appellate court will affirm the lower court’s deci-
sion regarding those errors.14 Without a record, we decline to
engage in speculation regarding the process that resulted in
Stover’s appointment.
   [5] Moreover, there is nothing in our record to suggest that
any error in the process followed to appoint Stover was ever
presented to the district court. An issue not presented to or
passed on by the trial court is not appropriate for consideration
on appeal.15 It seems to us that if the State wished to object to
that procedure (whatever it was), the State should have done
so promptly in the initial habeas proceeding. But, as the State
never did so, we decline to address that issue and turn to the
issue that the State actually raised—the statutory authority for
Stover’s fees.
   Statutory authorization for Stover’s fees is more compli-
cated than some other situations. As we recently explained
in State v. Rice,16 a statute17 applies to fees for appointed
counsel for indigent felony defendants in criminal cases and
a different statute18 governs the appointment of counsel and
payment of fees to appointed counsel in postconviction pro-
ceedings. We agree with the State that neither of these statutes

14	
      Pierce v. Landmark Mgmt. Group, 293 Neb. 890, 880 N.W.2d 885 (2016).
15	
      Aldrich v. Nelson, 290 Neb. 167, 859 N.W.2d 537 (2015).
16	
      State v. Rice, ante p. 241, 888 N.W.2d 159 (2016).
17	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-3905 (Reissue 2016).
18	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-3004 (Reissue 2016).
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                                D.I. v. GIBSON
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 903

authorizes the fees at issue here. But a statutory path exists
nonetheless, and the State’s supplemental brief follows it up
to a point.
   [6] The first step is the SOCA’s incorporation of specific
rights enumerated in the Nebraska Mental Health Commitment
Act.19 The SOCA specifies that a subject is entitled to the rights
provided in §§ 71-943 to 71-960 during proceedings concern-
ing the subject under the SOCA.20
   [7] Second, the incorporated statutes authorize the appoint-
ment of counsel for subjects involved in proceedings under the
SOCA. Section 71-945 states that “[a] subject shall have the
right to be represented by counsel in all proceedings under
the [SOCA]” and provides for the appointment of counsel by
a court if the subject is found to be indigent. (Emphasis sup-
plied.) The appointment of counsel under § 71-945 is to be in
accordance with the procedures set forth in § 71-946. But as
we have already noted, the record does not show that the State
ever presented the district court with a challenge to the validity
of Stover’s appointment.
   [8] Third, another incorporated statute expressly provides
for the payment of fees for appointed counsel. The appointed
attorney “shall apply to the court in which his or her appoint-
ment is recorded for fees for services performed” and after a
hearing on the application, the court “shall fix reasonable fees”
to be paid by the county “in which the application was filed.”21
This statute provides the clear statutory basis for payment of
attorney fees for court-appointed counsel under the SOCA.
   [9] Finally, another of these incorporated rights under the
SOCA contemplates the filing of a petition for a writ of
habeas corpus. Section 71-959(9) empowers a subject in cus-
tody or receiving treatment under the SOCA “[t]o file, either
personally or by counsel, petitions or applications for writs of

19	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-901 to 71-963 (Reissue 2009 & Cum. Supp. 2016).
20	
      § 71-1224.
21	
      See § 71-947.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                                 D.I. v. GIBSON
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 903

habeas corpus for the purpose of challenging the legality of
his or her custody or treatment.”
   D.I. was such a subject, and he sought a writ of habeas
corpus to challenge the legality of his custody. And it was
during the course of those proceedings that the district court
for Madison County apparently appointed Stover to represent
D.I. Stover thereafter applied to the district court for Madison
County for fees, as permitted by § 71-947.
   [10,11] Statutes relating to the same subject, although enacted
at different times, are in pari materia and should be construed
together.22 Reading these statutes together, the Legislature has
clearly authorized use of a habeas corpus proceeding to chal-
lenge a SOCA commitment, recognized a subject’s right to
appointed counsel in “all proceedings under the [SOCA],”23
and provided a statutory basis for payment of attorney fees. We
believe that this chain of statutes leads inescapably to one con-
clusion. We hold that an attorney validly appointed by a court
to assist an indigent subject in a habeas corpus proceeding
challenging the subject’s custody or treatment under the SOCA
is entitled to attorney fees under § 71-947.
   We emphasize that the Legislature has created only a narrow
exception to the general rule. For the most part, it remains true
that there is no statutory authority for awarding attorney fees
in a habeas corpus proceeding in this state. But Stover’s claim
for attorney fees falls within the exception. In State v. Rice,24
we disapproved case law suggesting that a trial court must
award fees in the amount requested if the State does not object.
Although the State did not dispute the reasonableness of the
fee, we see nothing in the record to show that the district court
failed in its duty to allow only a reasonable fee.
   The record does not permit us to go beyond this point.
We express no opinion regarding the process followed by

22	
      Caniglia v. Caniglia, 285 Neb. 930, 830 N.W.2d 207 (2013).
23	
      § 71-945.
24	
      State v. Rice, supra note 16.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                                 D.I. v. GIBSON
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 903

the district court in appointing Stover. It may well be that in
another case with a proper record, error in not following statu-
tory procedures for appointment of counsel in SOCA proceed-
ings might preclude a court-appointed counsel in a habeas
proceeding from obtaining a fee. Thus, we urge bench and
bar to exercise caution. We also express no opinion regarding
whether a statute25 providing for adjustment between counties
of expenses incurred on account of a dangerous sex offender
has any application to the fees awarded to Stover.
                        CONCLUSION
   We conclude that statutes authorize the payment of attorney
fees incurred by court-appointed counsel representing an indi-
gent subject challenging his or her custody or treatment under
the SOCA via a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because
Stover’s fees were for services apparently performed in that
capacity, we affirm the order of the district court.
                                                     A ffirmed.

25	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 83-351 (Reissue 2014).
