                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-4595-17T2

SWAN LAKE SPA LLC,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

TOWNSHIP OF MONTVILLE,
MONTVILLE BOARD OF HEALTH
and AIMEE PULUSO, a Township
Health Department official,

     Defendants-Appellants.
_______________________________

                    Argued May 22, 2019 – Decided July 31, 2019

                    Before Judges Accurso, Vernoia and Moynihan.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                    Law Division, Morris County, Docket No. L-0506-18.

                    David C. Pennella argued the cause for appellant.

                    Matthew Joonho Jeon argued the cause for respondent
                    (Matthew Jeon, PC, attorneys; Solomon A. Rubin and
                    Matthew Joonho Jeon, on the brief).

PER CURIAM
      After hearing testimony from defendant Aimee Puluso, an official with

defendant Township of Montville Board of Health (Board), (collectively

defendants), the Board voted to revoke the permit to operate a massage facility

it had granted to plaintiff Swan Lake Spa, LLC (Swan), pursuant to an ordinance

adopted by the Board: Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-2 to -3. The Board

did not memorialize its findings or conclusions. Swan filed a complaint in lieu

of prerogative writs and an order to show cause in the Law Division. The trial

court ordered the temporary restraint of the enforcement of any permit

requirements "and/or unlawful interfer[ence] with" Swan's operation of its

massage business and thereafter considered the parties' briefs and oral

arguments.    Although Swan did not order or produce a transcript of the

proceedings before the Board in compliance with Rule 4:69-4, defendants

submitted a "chronology of inspections and violations" to the court.

      The trial court acknowledged that without a transcript, and because "the

Board did not really issue . . . written or oral findings or conclusions[,]" the court

was "really forced to guess why the Board revoked [Swan's] license."

Nonetheless, the court found there was no basis "under the ordinance itself" to

revoke Swan's permit because the violations for which Swan was cited "appear

to have been remedied by the time the [Board] hearing was scheduled." Those


                                                                              A-4595-17T2
                                          2
violations, "[t]herefore[,] . . . could not have been used as a reason to

permanently revoke the permit."

      The trial court also held "the Board abused its discretion and acted

arbitrarily by its own ordinance by failing to provide a basis for its decision,

thus, precluding [the trial court] from any meaningful review of [the Board's]

decision and preventing [Swan] from mounting a substantive challenge of the

decision."    The trial court concluded "the Board acted arbitrarily and

capriciously and abused its discretion when revoking [Swan's] license. Thus,

the Board's decision [was] overturned."

      The court's order provided the Board's revocation of Swan's permit was

void ab initio.1 The court denied defendants' motion to reconsider which argued

the court should not have made a decision without a transcript and should have

remanded the matter to the Board to provide a resolution supporting the permit

revocation.




1
  Plaintiff argues the trial court's order was not a final judgment because it ruled
on Swan's order to show cause, "which only sought interim restraints." We
determine this argument is without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). The court's order disposed of all claims and was
thus a final judgment. Janicky v. Point Bay Fuel, Inc., 396 N.J. Super. 545, 549-
50 (App. Div. 2007).
                                                                            A-4595-17T2
                                         3
      Defendants appeal, arguing: the trial court erred by proceeding without

the benefit of a transcript of the Board hearing which Swan was required to

produce; the Board was not required to provide a resolution including findings

of fact and conclusions and, if required, the trial court erred by not remanding

the case to the Board; the record contained substantial evidence supporting the

Board's decision and the trial court did not review same under the proper

standard; permanent revocation of Swan's permit was not precluded by the

abatement of violations; and the trial court abused its discretion by denying

defendants' motion for reconsideration. Among Swan's responding arguments

is one with which we agree: defendants lacked legal authority to impose a

licensing requirement upon massage businesses.          Contrary to defendants'

contention that that argument is not cognizable because Swan did not file a

cross-appeal, we review orders, not decisions, Do-Wop Corp. v. City of Rahway,

168 N.J. 191, 199 (2001) ("[I]t is well-settled that appeals are taken from orders

and judgments and not from opinions, oral decisions, informal written decisions,

or reasons given for the ultimate conclusion."), and based on the settled law, we

affirm.

      The Legislature recognized the sovereign's inherent power to preserve

public health is reposed in local boards of health which have been accorded


                                                                          A-4595-17T2
                                        4
legislative authority to "enact . . . health ordinances, and make and alter

necessary rules and regulations in the execution of any power delegated to it or

in the performance of any duty imposed upon it by law." N.J.S.A. 26:3-64; see

Bd. of Health of Scotch Plains v. Pinto, 57 N.J. 212, 214 (1970); Bd. of Health

of Weehawken v. N.Y. Cent. R.R. Co., 4 N.J. 293, 298-99 (1950). Likewise,

although the "State Sanitary Code may cover any subject affecting public health,

or the preservation and improvement [thereof] and the prevention of disease in

the State," N.J.S.A. 26:1A-7, the Legislature did not "limit the right of any local

board of health to adopt such ordinances, rules and regulations, as, in its opinion,

may be necessary for the particular locality under its jurisdiction" as long as any

enactments did not conflict with State laws, "except, however, that such

ordinances, rules and regulations may be more restrictive than the provisions of

the State Sanitary Code," N.J.S.A. 26:1A-9.

      N.J.S.A. 26:3-31 enumerates the specific powers conferred upon local

boards of health "to pass, alter or amend ordinances and make rules and

regulations in regard to the public health within its jurisdiction." But "[t]he

inherent general authority to conserve and protect the public health thereby

conferred and recognized is not curtailed by the specific enumeration of

[N.J.S.A.] 26:3-31." Weehawken, 4 N.J. at 299. Thus, the Board could exert


                                                                            A-4595-17T2
                                         5
authority as part of its general police power to enact regulations governing

massage parlors like Swan. See id. at 300.

      Chapter 421 not only requires any "person, firm or corporation" to obtain

a permit before operating "a massage, bodywork or somatic therapy

establishment," Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-2(a), it also provides for

building and operational requirements, Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-4;

Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-7; Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-8, and

inspections, Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-4; Montville Twp., N.J., Code §

421-6, and lists prohibited acts, Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-9. Other

provisions govern the suspension and revocation of permits, Montville Twp.,

N.J., Code § 421-10; enforcement, Montville Twp., N.J., Code § 421-12; and

fines and penalties, including jail terms, for violations, Montville Twp., N.J.,

Code § 421-13. The provisions regulating establishments like Swan, however,

must be distinguished from the permit provisions.

      In Zullo v. Board of Health of Woodbridge, 9 N.J. 431, 435-36 (1952),

our Supreme Court echoed its holding in Weehawken that N.J.S.A. 26:3-31 is

not a limitation upon the general powers of local boards of health in public

health matters, but the Court distinguished that "[t]he power to license and to

levy fees therefor is not inherent in local agencies exercising by delegation a


                                                                        A-4595-17T2
                                       6
portion of the State's police power and in the absence of statutory grant does not

exist in a municipal corporation or its local board of health," id. at 437. The

Court perpended the licensing powers set forth in N.J.S.A. 26:3-31 and

discerned there was no grant that permitted local boards of health to license

trailer camps. Ibid. As such, those sections of Woodbridge's ordinance relating

to licensing of trailer camps, ibid., were "invalid as an ultra vires attempt by the

. . . board to regulate by licensing," id. at 440.

      Similarly, no provision of N.J.S.A. 26:3-31 expressly empowers local

boards of health to issue licenses or permits to massage parlors. The statute

allows local boards to: prohibit the cutting, sale or delivery of ice without a

board-issued permit, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(b)(1); license and regulate the sanitary

conditions of hotels and eateries, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(c); prohibit the construction

or maintenance of privies and similar facilities until the board issues a license

therefor, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(g)(1); license the business of cleaning cesspools and

privies, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(i)(1), and to revoke such license for violations by a

licensee or his or her employee, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(i)(4); and license the keeping

of boarding houses for infants and children, N.J.S.A. 26:3-31(l). As the Court

determined after reviewing the powers set forth in the statute at the time, "These

specific grants of licensing power and the absence of a specific power to license


                                                                            A-4595-17T2
                                          7
[other enterprises] indicate to us that when the Legislature meant to authorize a

local board to license a business or employment, it said so in express language."

Pinto, 57 N.J. at 215. Absent such a legislative grant, "it seems clear that the

Legislature intended to deny [local boards] that power." Ibid.

      In that the Board did not have the power to require massage parlors to

obtain permits to operate, the applicable sections of Chapter 421 are invalid and

the Board's ultra vires revocation of Swan's permit is void. Zullo, 9 N.J. at 437,

441-42. The Board "was restricted to the regulation of" massage parlors through

standards set forth in Chapter 421. Pinto, 57 N.J. at 216. We are unpersuaded

by defendants' argument that Swan was issued a permit, not a license, thereby

distinguishing the Board's enactment from those struck by the Court.             As

evidenced by the Legislature's and the Court's use of "permit" and "license"

interchangeably, see N.J.S.A. 26:3-31; N.J.S.A. 26:3-32; Zullo, 9 N.J. at 441-

42, by either name, it is an authorization to operate a specific business – here, a

massage parlor – which the Board had no authority to require or issue.

      The validity of Chapter 421's regulatory provisions is not before us. This

appeal involves only the permit provisions and we were not called upon to

determine if those regulatory provisions are severable and still viable. See

Zullo, 9 N.J. at 441-42. And because we have determined that the Board was


                                                                           A-4595-17T2
                                        8
without authority to require permits, we need not reach Swan's constitutional

challenges to the ordinances. United States v. Scurry, 193 N.J. 492, 500 n.4

(2008) ("[W]e do not address constitutional questions when a narrower, non -

constitutional result is available."); see also BBB Value Servs. v. Treasurer,

State of N.J., 451 N.J. Super. 483, 497-98 (App. Div. 2017).

      We conclude by addressing defendants' argument that a resolution was not

required. Although we did not have to analyze the Board's findings of fact and

conclusions in determining its actions were ultra vires, the Board is not exempt

from the responsibility incumbent on every public body called upon to render

decisions. See Zullo, 9 N.J. at 441-42 (noting the board of health acted by

resolution in denying the application for a license). Whether or not expressly

required by statute, "[t]he requirement of findings is far from a technicality and

is a matter of substance. It . . . is a fundamental of fair play that an administrative

judgment express a reasoned conclusion. A conclusion requires evidence to

support it and findings of appropriate definiteness to express it." N.J. Bell Tel.

Co. v. Commc'n Workers of Am., 5 N.J. 354, 375 (1950) (citation omitted). Any

governmental body "must set forth basic findings of fact, supported by the

evidence and supporting" its determination "for the salutary purpose of

informing the interested parties and any reviewing tribunal of the basis on which


                                                                               A-4595-17T2
                                          9
the final decision was reached so that it may be readily determined whether the

result is sufficiently and soundly grounded or derives from arbitrary, capricious

or extra-legal considerations." In re Issuance of a Permit by Dep't of Envtl. Prot.

to Ciba-Geigy Corp., 120 N.J. 164, 172 (1990) (quoting In re Application of

Howard Sav. Inst., 32 N.J. 29, 52 (1960)).

      We cannot exercise deference unless we have "confidence that there has

been a careful consideration of the facts in issue and appropriate finding s

addressing the critical issues in dispute." Bailey v. Bd. of Review, 339 N.J.

Super. 29, 33 (App. Div. 2001). The Board was not exempt from what is

required of any decisional body, including the courts: it must set forth its

findings of fact and conclusions.

      Affirmed.




                                                                           A-4595-17T2
                                       10
