[Cite as State v. Thornton, 2015-Ohio-289.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                   MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT




STATE OF OHIO                                 :     JUDGES:
                                              :     Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                    :     Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
                                              :     Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                          :
                                              :     Case No. CT2014-0035
ERIC J. THORNTON                              :
                                              :
        Defendant-Appellant                   :     OPINION




CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                            Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                    Pleas, Case No. CR2013-0200




JUDGMENT:                                           Affirmed




DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                   January 26, 2015




APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                              For Defendant-Appellant

JOHN F. LITLE, III                                  JOHN D. WEAVER
27 North Fifth Street                               542 South Drexel Avenue
Suite 201                                           Bexley, OH 43209
Zaneville, OH 43701
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 2

Farmer, J.

       {¶1}   On September 4, 2013, the Muskingum County Grand Jury indicted

appellant, Eric Thornton, on one count of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.

2911.01, two counts of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01, and two counts of

having a weapon under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13. The aggravated robbery

and kidnapping counts included firearm specifications. Said charges arose from an

incident involving James Martin. Appellant was charged along with a co-defendant,

Daniel Barnes, III.

       {¶2}   A bench trial commenced on May 20, 2014. By decision filed May 22,

2014, the trial court found appellant guilty of the aggravated robbery count, the

kidnapping counts, and the firearm specifications, and not guilty of the weapon counts.

By entry filed July 16, 2014, the trial court sentenced appellant to an aggregate term of

twenty-three years in prison.

       {¶3}   Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for

consideration. Assignments of error are as follows:

                                            I

       {¶4}   "APPELLANT'S CONVICTIONS FOR AGGRAVATED ROBBERY AND

KIDNAPPING WERE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND

CONTRARY TO LAW."

                                           II

       {¶5}   "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO MERGE THE TWO

KIDNAPPING CONVICTIONS AND IN FAILING TO MERGE COUNT TWO AND

COUNT ONE."
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 3


                                           III

       {¶6}   "APPELLANT WAS DENIED THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

COUNSEL."

                                           IV

       {¶7}   "THE IMPOSITION OF CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES WAS CONTRARY

TO LAW."

                                            I

       {¶8}   Appellant claims his convictions for aggravated robbery and the two

kidnappings were against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

       {¶9}   On review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is to examine the entire

record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of

witnesses and determine "whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be reversed and a new trial ordered." State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st

Dist.1983). See also, State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 1997-Ohio-52. The

granting of a new trial "should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction." Martin at 175.

       {¶10} Appellant was convicted of one count of aggravated robbery in violation of

R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and two counts of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2) and

(3) which state the following:
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                4


             [R.C. 2911.01] (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft

      offense, as defined in section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing

      immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:

             (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender's person or

      under the offender's control and either display the weapon, brandish it,

      indicate that the offender possesses it, or use it;

             [R.C. 2905.01] (A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in

      the case of a victim under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by

      any means, shall remove another from the place where the other person is

      found or restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following

      purposes:

             (2) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter;

             (3) To terrorize, or to inflict serious physical harm on the victim or

      another;



      {¶11} Appellant's convictions corresponded to the following counts of the

indictment filed September 4, 2013:



             FIRST COUNT …Eric J. Thornton did in attempting or committing

      a theft offense as defined in Section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in

      fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense, knowingly have a deadly

      weapon on or about their persons or under their control, to-wit, a .9 mm

      Glock with laser sight, and either displayed the weapon, brandished it, or
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                  5


      indicated that they possessed it, or used it; in violation of Ohio Revised

      Code, Title 29, Section 2911.01(A)(1) and against the peace and dignity of

      the State of Ohio.

              SECOND COUNT …Eric J. Thornton did by force, threat or

      deception, remove another, to-wit: James C. Martin, from the place where

      the other person, to-wit: James C. Martin, is found or restrain the liberty of

      the other person, to-wit: James C. Martin, to terrorize or to inflict serious

      physical harm on the victim, to-wit: James C. Martin; in violation of the

      Ohio Revised Code, Title 29, Section 2905.01(A)(3), and against the

      peace and dignity of the State of Ohio.

              THIRD COUNT …Eric J. Thornton did by force, threat, or

      deception, removed another, to wit: James C. Martin, from the place

      where the other person, to-wit: James C. Martin, is found or restrain the

      liberty of the other person, to-wit: James C. Martin, to facilitate the

      commission of any felony, to-wit: Aggravated Robbery and/or Felonious

      Assault, or flight thereafter; in violation of the Ohio Revised Code, Title 29,

      Section 2905.01(A)(2), and against the peace and dignity of the State of

      Ohio.



      {¶12} At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial court found the following (T. at

273, 274):
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 6


             The facts show that on June the 8th, 2013, Mr. James Martin had

      property stolen from him at gunpoint. The testimony of the amount and

      nature of the property was inconsistent, but the Court finds that the ring

      and earring found on the porch were Mr. Martin's and had been taken from

      him at gunpoint.

             ***

             The Court also finds that the victim, James C. Martin, was removed

      from the car and restrained of his liberty in order to terrorize and inflict

      serious physical harm by the Defendant, and was also done while the

      Defendant was armed with a firearm. This was done by threat with a

      firearm.



      {¶13} The facts support the trial court's findings. Mr. Martin and James Ricket

were drinking at a bar and decided to change bars. T. at 23-24, 84-85. As they were

leaving, Mr. Ricket asked Mr. Martin if he would give two guys a ride, known to Mr.

Martin as "Fats and Louie," appellant and the co-defendant, Daniel Barnes, III, herein.

T. at 25, 113. Appellant and the co-defendant wanted to be dropped off at a specific

location (Cliffwood) on the way to the new bar. T. at 26. Mr. Martin was driving with

appellant sitting behind him, and Mr. Ricket was in the passenger seat with the co-

defendant sitting behind him. T. at 26, 88, 114. When Mr. Martin arrived at the location,

another vehicle was sitting at the light so the co-defendant told him to "go around the

block." T. at 27, 89. After Mr. Martin went around the block and stopped the vehicle,

appellant and the co-defendant pulled tight on the front seat belts and put a gun to each
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 7


man's head. T. at 29-30, 90-91, 114. Mr. Martin emptied his pockets and placed the

contents on the console.    T. at 32, 55, 91.    The co-defendant ended up with the

contents. T. at 56, 76, 77, 92. Appellant then exited the vehicle, opened the driver's

door, unbuckled Mr. Martin's seat belt, removed him from the vehicle, took him to the

back of the car, and forced him at gun point to get in the trunk. T. at 32-33, 92, 114.

Appellant then jumped in the driver's seat and when he started to pull away, Mr. Martin

pulled the trunk release, jumped out, and ran away.       T. at 33, 93, 114.    The co-

defendant jumped from the vehicle, pursued appellant and caught up to him on the front

porch of a residence. T. at 34, 93-94, 115. Mr. Martin and the co-defendant fought over

the gun, and a gunshot went off, grazing Mr. Martin's head. T. at 34-37, 115. The co-

defendant started to drag Mr. Martin across the street, but Mr. Martin escaped and ran

to a police car responding to the 911 call about the fight. T. at 37-38, 112, 115. The

police described Mr. Martin as very distraught, scared, shaking, and vomiting after his

escape. T. at 113, 116.

      {¶14} During the course of the evening, Mr. Martin lost his glasses, a watch, a

ring, and an earring. T. at 38-40. All of the items were found either on the porch or the

sidewalk, and a bullet casing was found on the sidewalk and a bullet hole was

discovered to the home. T. at 120, 134, 164-166. Prints taken from the trunk and the

driver's door were a match to appellant. T. at 174-176, 180-181.

      {¶15} A couple days later, appellant was being pulled over for a traffic violation

when he stopped his vehicle and took off running.         T. at 122-126.    A gun was

discovered in between some residences in the area where appellant had been running.

T. at 127. The gun ballistically matched the gun that was fired during the fight with Mr.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                   8

Martin. Id. In regards to the collection of the firearm which was connected to the

incident involving Mr. Martin, there was a stipulation that appellant "had the firearm that

night, left the vehicle, the firearm's found by the officer, and that's the firearm he had

with him." T. at 128, 185.

       {¶16} Appellant testified and denied any threat, any use of a weapon, and any

restraint of Mr. Martin. T. at 233, 240-241.

       {¶17} From our review of the record, we find sufficient credible evidence to

support a restraint in the car, a use of a gun to obtain items from Mr. Martin while in the

car, a restraint of Mr. Martin in the trunk, and a theft of Mr. Martin's car, all done by

appellant.   The facts all lead to proof beyond a reasonable doubt of appellant

committing the crimes for which he is contesting, one count of aggravated robbery and

two counts of kidnapping. We find no manifest miscarriage of justice.

       {¶18} Assignment of Error I is denied.

                                               II

       {¶19} Appellant claims the trial court erred in failing to merge Count 1

(aggravated robbery) and Count 2 (kidnapping) as the restraint in Count 2 was "merely"

incidental to Count 1. We disagree.

       {¶20} R.C. 2941.25 governs multiple counts and states the following:



              (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to

       constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or

       information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant

       may be convicted of only one.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                9


              (B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more

      offenses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more

      offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a

      separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain

      counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of

      them.



      {¶21} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, ¶ 44, the

Supreme Court of Ohio held: "When determining whether two offenses are allied

offenses of similar import subject to merger under R.C. 2941.25, the conduct of the

accused must be considered." The Johnson court explained the following at ¶ 48-50:



              In determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import

      under R.C. 2941.25(A), the question is whether it is possible to commit

      one offense and commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is

      possible to commit one without committing the other. Blankenship, 38

      Ohio St.3d at 119, 526 N.E.2d 816 (Whiteside, J., concurring) (“It is not

      necessary that both crimes are always committed by the same conduct

      but, rather, it is sufficient if both offenses can be committed by the same

      conduct. It is a matter of possibility, rather than certainty, that the same

      conduct will constitute commission of both offenses.” [Emphasis sic] ). If

      the offenses correspond to such a degree that the conduct of the
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                               10


      defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes commission

      of the other, then the offenses are of similar import.

             If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct,

      then the court must determine whether the offenses were committed by

      the same conduct, i.e., "a single act, committed with a single state of

      mind." Brown, 119 Ohio St.3d 447, 2008-Ohio-4569, 895 N.E.2d 149, at ¶

      50 (Lanzinger, J., dissenting).

             If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied

      offenses of similar import and will be merged.



      {¶22} As clarified by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Washington, 137

Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, ¶ 24: "We hold that when deciding whether to merge

multiple offenses at sentencing pursuant to R.C. 2941.25, a court must review the entire

record, including arguments and information presented at the sentencing hearing, to

determine whether the offenses were committed separately or with a separate animus."

      {¶23} As set forth above, Count 1 was the aggravated robbery count, Count 2

was the kidnapping count for placing appellant in the trunk, and Count 3 was the

kidnapping count to facilitate the robbery. The trial court properly merged Counts 1 and

3. See, Entry filed July 16, 2014. As to the merger of Counts 1 and 2, the trial court

stated the following during the sentencing hearing (July 10, 2014 T. at 5):



             In regards to Count 2, the Court finds that the robbery had been

      completed at the time the defendant was removed from the vehicle and
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                  11


      placed into the trunk of the vehicle, which was not necessary in order to

      complete or facilitate the robbery. That showed an intent to commit some

      other further offense in this case up to, and including, possibly what

      happened later on, which ended up being a serious assault with a gun

      discharge, with those charges being filed against the co-defendant.

      Therefore, the Court finds that Counts 1 and 2 do not merge. You may

      proceed to make your arguments in regards to sentencing.



      {¶24} We concur with the trial court's analysis. As stated above, there were two

restraints of Mr. Martin committed by appellant, the tightening of the seat belt with a gun

to the head, causing Mr. Martin to remove items from his pockets, and the placing of Mr.

Martin in the trunk at gunpoint.     The robbery of Mr. Martin was complete before

appellant placed him in the trunk. T. at 31, 92. There was no reason to place appellant

in the trunk other than to "terrorize, or to inflict serious physical harm" to Mr. Martin.

R.C. 2905.01(A)(3). Mr. Martin told police he feared for his life as "they were trying to

kill him." T. at 116. The Count 2 kidnapping was committed with a separate animus

from Counts 1 and 3.

      {¶25} Upon review, we find the trial court did not err in not merging Counts 1 and

2.

      {¶26} Assignment of Error II is denied.

                                            III

      {¶27} Appellant claims he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel

because his counsel tried the case to the bench instead of a jury, and failed to use prior
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 12


inconsistent statements to attack the credibility of Mr. Martin and Mr. Ricket.       We

disagree.

      {¶28} The standard this issue must be measured against is set out in State v.

Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136 (1989), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus. Appellant

must establish the following:



              2. Counsel's performance will not be deemed ineffective unless and

      until counsel's performance is proved to have fallen below an objective

      standard of reasonable representation and, in addition, prejudice arises

      from counsel's performance. (State v. Lytle [1976], 48 Ohio St.2d 391, 2

      O.O.3d 495, 358 N.E.2d 623; Strickland v. Washington [1984], 466 U.S.

      668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674, followed.)

              3. To show that a defendant has been prejudiced by counsel's

      deficient performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a

      reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel's errors, the result of

      the trial would have been different.



      {¶29} This court must accord deference to defense counsel's strategic choices

made during trial and "requires us to eliminate the distorting effect of hindsight." State

v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 388 (1987).

      {¶30} Appellant testified and had a previous criminal history that would have

been revealed during cross-examination and could have swayed a jury. July 10, 2014

T. at 7.    Trial judges are "presumed to consider only the relevant, material and
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                13


competent evidence in arriving at a judgment unless the contrary affirmatively appears

from the record." State v. Eubank, 60 Ohio St.2d 183 (1979).

       {¶31} The prior inconsistent statements of Mr. Martin and Mr. Ricket are clear to

the trier of fact as they are in the record.

       {¶32} The trial court separated the firearm specifications from the weapon

counts and found appellant not guilty of the weapon counts ("evidence does not prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that said firearm on June 8, 2013 was a Glock 23, 9mm

semi-automatic handgun with laser sight"), a nuance that a jury might not have

perceived. See, Decision filed May 22, 2014.

       {¶33} Upon review, we find no deficiency by defense counsel that would have

led to any different outcome given the substantial evidence presented against appellant

on Counts 1, 2, and 3.

       {¶34} Assignment is Error III is denied.

                                               IV

       {¶35} Appellant claims the trial court erred in giving him consecutive sentences.

We disagree.

       {¶36} R.C. 2929.14 governs prison terms. Subsection (C)(4) states:



               (4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for

       convictions of multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to

       serve the prison terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive

       service is necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish

       the offender and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                                 14


     the seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender

     poses to the public, and if the court also finds any of the following:

            (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses

     while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction

     imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised

     Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.

            (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of

     one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of

     the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

     prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

     of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct.

            (c) The offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

     consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future

     crime by the offender.



     {¶37} The trial court entered the following findings (July 10, 2014 T. at 7-8):



            Upon review of the presentence investigation, the Court will note for

     the record you have a prior criminal history, including an attempted

     robbery, in which you violated your probation three times before you were

     sent to prison on that. You have a prior conviction in 2013 of receiving

     stolen property, which was a firearm and weapon under disability, at which

     time you just completed that sentence, I believe, in May of this year.
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                               15


            There is also trafficking in drugs, possession of drugs and weapon

     under disability, as well as another felony for two counts of trafficking in

     drugs. There are several domestic violences, and a child endangering

     also in your history.

            Based upon that, the Court will impose, in regards to the Count 1, a

     ten-year prison sentence, and Count 2, a ten-year prison sentence, and

     on the gun spec, a three-year mandatory sentence, which is required by

     law. The Court will order that the gun specification in Count 1 and 2 all be

     served consecutively to each other.

            The Court will also order that you be given credit for 90 days

     towards those sentences. The Court will also order that you pay the Court

     costs in this matter. The Court will also order that the restitution in the

     amount of $100 is due and owing to the victim in this case.

            The Court also makes the specific findings in this case that, given

     your prior criminal history and the nature of this case, that multiple prison

     terms are imposed and the Court may require the offender to serve the

     prison terms consecutively if the court finds that consecutive service is

     necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender,

     and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the

     seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the danger that the offender

     poses to the public; and also makes the specific findings that two or more

     multiple offenses were committed as part of one or more courses of

     conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple offenses so
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2014-0035                                          16


      committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of

      the courses of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the

      offender's conduct.

              The Court also finds from your criminal history that you

      demonstrate that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the

      public from future crime.



      {¶38} We find the trial court properly considered the mandates of R.C.

2929.14(C)(4).

      {¶39} Assignment of Error IV is denied.

      {¶40} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Muskingum County, Ohio

is hereby affirmed.

By Farmer, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Baldwin, J. concur




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