     18‐1685‐cr
     United States v. Petrossi

                                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                             SUMMARY ORDER

     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
     CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
     PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
     PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
     SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
     MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
     (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@).       A PARTY CITING TO A
     SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
     REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1         At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
 2   held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
 3   City of New York, on the 10th day of September, two thousand nineteen.
 4
 5           PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
 6                            RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
 7                            SUSAN L. CARNEY,
 8                                    Circuit Judges.
 9           ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
10           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
11
12                               Appellee,
13
14                     v.                                                         No. 18‐1685‐cr
15
16           LOUIS F. PETROSSI,
17
18                               Defendant‐Appellant.*
19
20           ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

     * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption as shown
     above.
 1         FOR APPELLANT:                                 KENNETH A. CARUSO
 2                                                        (Christopher D. Volpe,
 3                                                        Michael Y. Lu, Katrina Fetsch,
 4                                                        on the brief), White & Case LLP,
 5                                                        New York, NY.
 6
 7         FOR APPELLEE:                                  MARK E. BINI, Assistant United
 8                                                        States Attorney (Susan
 9                                                        Corkery, Lauren H. Elbert,
10                                                        Assistant United States
11                                                        Attorneys, on the brief), for
12                                                        Richard P. Donoghue, United
13                                                        States Attorney for the Eastern
14                                                        District of New York,
15                                                        Brooklyn, NY.

16         Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern

17   District of New York (Brian M. Cogan, Judge).

18         UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

19   AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.

20         Louis F. Petrossi appeals from a judgment of the District Court (Cogan, J.)

21   convicting him, after a jury trial and denial of his motion for a new trial, of one

22   count of securities fraud in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) and 15 U.S.C. § 78ff, one

23   count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, one

24   count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, and


                                               2
 1   one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

 2   1956(h). On appeal, Petrossi argues principally that: (1) his conviction was

 3   predicated on an invalid legal theory; (2) the District Court erroneously

 4   instructed the jury as to willfulness; and (3) the District Court made two

 5   evidentiary errors. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts

 6   and the record of prior proceedings, to which we refer only as necessary to

 7   explain our decision to affirm.

 8             1. Invalid Legal Theory

 9         Petrossi first contends that he was impermissibly prosecuted on a theory of

10   fraud by omission that required that he have a duty to disclose. But the

11   Government did not argue and the District Court did not instruct that Petrossi

12   could be convicted for “simply fail[ing] to disclose information.” United States

13   v. Skelly, 442 F.3d 94, 97 (2d Cir. 2006); see United States v. Szur, 289 F.3d 200,

14   208–10 (2d Cir. 2002). Instead, the Government relied repeatedly at trial on the

15   theory that certain statements that Petrossi made were either half‐truths or false

16   statements. The jury instructions likewise explained that Petrossi’s omission of

17   certain facts must have made his affirmative representations to investors “under


                                               3
 1   the circumstances misleading.” Dist. Ct. Dkt. No. 290, at 1128:22–24; see United

 2   States v. Autuori, 212 F.3d 105, 118 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[I]t is just as unlawful to

 3   speak half truths or to omit to state facts necessary to make the statements made,

 4   in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.”

 5   (quotation marks omitted)). We have long recognized that half‐truths, like false

 6   statements, can be actionable misrepresentations in the securities law context, see

 7   In re Vivendi, S.A. Sec. Litig., 838 F.3d 223, 239–40 (2d Cir. 2016), and Petrossi

 8   does not argue to the contrary. We therefore reject Petrossi’s claim that he was

 9   convicted based on an invalid legal theory.

10             2. Jury Instruction

11         Petrossi next argues that the District Court’s jury instruction regarding

12   willfulness was erroneous. In United States v. Kaiser, however, we approved

13   substantially similar jury instructions defining willfulness in the securities fraud

14   context. 609 F.3d 556, 567–70 (2d Cir. 2010) (willfulness generally means that a

15   defendant knew the statements were “false and fraudulent,” made “with intent

16   to create a deception,” and “contrary [to] the idea of mistake or good faith”




                                                4
 1   (quotation marks omitted)). We therefore reject Petrossi’s challenge to the

 2   District Court’s jury instructions.

 3            3. Evidentiary Rulings

 4         Petrossi also challenges two evidentiary rulings of the District Court.

 5   First, Petrossi challenges the District Court’s decision to admit evidence of his

 6   prior deception of another victim on the ground that the evidence was

 7   “inextricably intertwined” with the charged offense. App’x 50. But the

 8   District Court did not abuse its discretion in reaching this decision, since the jury

 9   could have considered Petrossi’s misrepresentation to an investor regarding the

10   purchase price of ForceField stock as direct evidence of the fraudulent conduct of

11   which Petrossi was convicted. See United States v. Carboni, 204 F.3d 39, 44 (2d

12   Cir. 2000). Second, Petrossi challenges the District Court’s exclusion of an email

13   exchange between Petrossi and two ForceField executives suggesting that

14   Petrossi received ForceField stock in exchange for his efforts to promote it. But

15   the District Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the exhibit as

16   irrelevant and on the ground that it contained inadmissible hearsay to which no

17   exception applied. In any event, any error in excluding the exhibit or admitting


                                               5
1   testimony of Petrossi’s prior deception was harmless given the strength of the

2   Government’s case.

3         We have considered Petrossi’s remaining arguments and conclude that

4   they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District

5   Court is AFFIRMED.

6                                        FOR THE COURT:
7                                        Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




                                            6
