
170 S.E.2d 611 (1969)
275 N.C. 644
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Willie SWANN.
No. 26.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
November 19, 1969.
*613 Atty. Gen. Robert Morgan and Staff Attorney Andrew A. Vanore, Raleigh, for the State.
Jerry L. Jarvis, Durham, for defendant appellant.
BOBBITT, Chief Justice.
Bee James, a colored male, aged 70, was killed in his rural home-store on Wednesday, May 20, 1964. Severe blows to his head caused immediate unconsciousness and death within a few minutes. When discovered, his lifeless body was lying on the porch. The body and building were partially burned by the perpetrator in an apparent effort to conceal the crime.
The circumstantial evidence offered to identify defendant, a colored male, aged 26, as the person who killed James, was substantially the same as that offered when defendant was tried and convicted before Carr, J., at February 1967 Criminal Session. This evidence was reviewed in detail by Parker, C. J., in State v. Swann, 272 N.C. 215, 158 S.E.2d 80. The basis of decision on this appeal renders unnecessary a review of this circumstantial evidence.
No evidence as to statements made by defendant was admitted in the trial at February 1967 Criminal Session. The State's case was submitted solely on circumstantial evidence.
In the trial now under review, Leary was permitted to testify, over objections, as to incriminating statements made to him by defendant on Friday, May 22, 1964, and on Saturday, May 23, 1964. These include statements by defendant that he had obtained hams from James on Wednesday, May 20, 1964; that, following argument as to price, James ordered him to leave; that he picked up a piece of iron and struck James when he thought James was going to get a gun; that he poured oil on the mattress in the bedroom and tried to set fire to it; and that, when he left, James was lying on the porch. They also include statements as to the names and addresses of persons to whom he had sold hams during the afternoon of May 20, 1964. The statements attributed to defendant in Leary's testimony are fully and precisely corroborated by and are in accordance with the circumstantial evidence.
The admissibility of Leary's said testimony was the subject of a voir dire examination in the absence of the jury. After hearing the evidence, Judge Burgwyn found that defendant's statements to Leary "were freely, voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently made, without any threat, inducement, reward, or hope of reward to the defendant, and after he had been advised of his constitutional rights as they then existed with reference to any statement he might make being used against him."
On appeal, defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support Judge Burgwyn's findings or the sufficiency of the findings to establish that, before obtaining defendant's confession, the law enforcement officers had complied with and relied upon the constitutional standards declared and in force when the confession was made. He bases his appeal solely on the ground that Leary's testimony as to defendant's confession was inadmissible because the warnings given defendant with reference to his constitutional rights fell short of certain of the requirements established and set forth in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed.2d 694, 10 A.L.R.3d 974, decided June 13, 1966. Specifically, defendant was not warned that he had a right to the presence of a retained or appointed attorney, if he so desired, prior to interrogation relating to the alleged crime.
The confession under consideration was on May 23, 1964, more than two years prior to the decision in Miranda. Clearly, if defendant had been tried on a plea of not guilty prior to June 13, 1966, the confession *614 of May 23, 1964, would have been admissible. Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 16 L.Ed.2d 882. If a new trial in such case had been ordered, on constitutional grounds or for error in other respects, the confession of May 23, 1964, would have been admissible in a retrial conducted subsequent to June 13, 1966. Jenkins v. Delaware, 395 U.S. 213, 89 S.Ct. 1677, 23 L.Ed.2d 253.
In State v. Lewis, 274 N.C. 438, 164 S. E.2d 177, this Court, after consideration in depth of the decisions and texts relating to the extent Miranda was to be applied retroactively, reached this conclusion: "In our view, Miranda should not and does not apply to confessions obtained prior to that decision, when offered at trials or retrials beginning thereafter, where law enforcement officers relied upon and complied with constitutional standards applicable at the time the confessions were made. We perceive a trend towards this conclusion in decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States discussed herein."
In the present case, the ruling of Judge Burgwyn and the decision of the Court of Appeals are in accord with our decision in State v. Lewis, supra.
When State v. Lewis, supra, was under consideration, decisions in other jurisdictions, based largely upon the stress placed upon particular words and phrases in the opinion of Mr. Chief Justice Warren in Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, were in sharp conflict. The greater number held that a defendant's in-custody confession was not admissible in the absence of full compliance with Miranda when offered in trials or retrials begun after June 13, 1966. We took the view, expressed later by Mr. Chief Justice Warren in Jenkins v. Delaware, supra, that the question whether evidence as to confessions prior to June 13, 1966, absent full compliance with the Miranda warnings, would be applicable in retrials after June 13, 1966, of cases originally tried prior to June 13, 1966, was not considered in Johnson.
In Jenkins, Mr. Chief Justice Warren calls attention to the fact that in Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L. Ed.2d 1199, and in Desist v. United States, 394 U.S. 244, 89 S.Ct. 1030, 22 L.Ed.2d 248, the Supreme Court of the United States had "selected the date on which the prohibited practice was engaged in, rather than the date the trial commenced, to determine the applicability of newly formulated constitutional standards * * *." However, the opinion in Jenkins also states: "In Johnson, after considering the need to avoid unreasonably disrupting the administration of our criminal laws, we selected the commencement of trial as determinative. * * * (W)e could have adopted the approach we took in Stovall and Desist and made the point of initial reliance, the moment the defendant is interrogated, the operative event." We perceive no sound reason for one rule in respect of the applicability of newly formulated constitutional standards relating to admissibility of evidence as to confessions and a different rule in respect of evidence relating to lineups (Stovall) and to electronic eavesdropping without a warrant (Desist).
It is also noted that the newly formulated constitutional standards enunciated in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 84 A.L.R.2d 933, relating to the admissibility of evidence obtained by search and seizure, have been held applicable in all cases except those in which final judgment was entered prior to Mapp and the time for direct review of such final judgment by appeal or certiorari had expired. Mancusi v. DeForte, 392 U.S. 364, 88 S.Ct. 2120, 20 L.Ed.2d 1154.
The primary reason stated in Jenkins for holding confession evidence admissible at a retrial subsequent to June 13, 1966, where the original trial was prior to June 13, 1966, was that the criminal investigation, which relied upon the admissibility of the confession evidence, had been completed prior to the first trial. This reasoning applies equally to the present case. The *615 criminal investigation was conducted and completed in May, 1964, more than two years before Miranda.
The opinion in Jenkins does not relate definitely to the admissibility at an original trial commenced after June 13, 1966, of a confession obtained prior to June 13, 1966, in compliance with the constitutional standards then declared and in force. Jenkins holds "that Miranda does not apply to any retrial of a defendant whose first trial commenced prior to June 13, 1966." Were it not for Orozco, considered below, we would have reason to hope that the trend we perceived when State v. Lewis, supra, was decided, would not stop with Jenkins.
We are confronted by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324, 89 S.Ct. 1095, 22 L.Ed.2d 311. Although Orozco was decided (March 25, 1969) before Jenkins (June 2, 1969), the opinion of Mr. Chief Justice Warren in Jenkins makes no reference to Orozco. In a footnote to his dissenting opinion in Jenkins, Mr. Justice Harlan refers to his concurring opinion in Orozco.
In Orozco, the Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas upheld the conviction and judgment of imprisonment for murder with malice. Orozco v. State, 428 S.W.2d 666. The Texas court held Miranda did not apply because the evidence as to statements made by the defendant was not obtained as the result of custodial interrogation. Both the majority opinion of Woodley, P. J., and the dissenting opinion of Morrison, J., assume Miranda would control if the evidence as to the officer's inquiries and the defendant's responses were to be considered within the ambit of the Miranda ruling. In the Supreme Court of the United States, it was held that the evidence under consideration was within the scope of the Miranda decision.
The confession evidence involved in Orozco was obtained January 5, 1966. Orozco was tried in the Criminal District Court of Dallas County, Texas, after June 13, 1966. Without discussion, the opinion of Mr. Justice Black refers in a footnote to Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, and states that Orozco's trial was held "after the effective date" of Miranda. Orozco applies Miranda to a confession obtained before June 13, 1966, when offered at a first trial after June 13, 1966.
We cannot accept the view on which the Court of Appeals based its decision, namely, that the determination by the jury at October 15, 1964 Criminal Session that defendant was then unable to plead and stand trial, constituted a trial in the sense used in the Johnson and Jenkins cases.
Orozco compels us to hold the testimony of Leary as to statements made by defendant on May 22 and 23, 1964, was not admissible in the first trial of defendant as to guilt or innocence, which was at August 26, 1968 Criminal Session, or in any trial subsequent thereto, including the trial to which this appeal relates, to wit, the trial at January 27, 1969 Criminal Session.
For the reason stated, the verdict and judgment entered in the superior court at January 27, 1969 Criminal Session are vacated; the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed; and the cause is remanded for the entry of an order remanding the case to the superior court for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
