                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 21 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JON ASTOR-WHITE, an individual,                 No.    19-55735

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                2:15-cv-06326-PA-RAO
 v.

DANIEL WILLIAM STRONG, AKA                      MEMORANDUM*
Strong; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    Percy Anderson, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted August 21, 2020**
                            San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and HAWKINS and McKEOWN, Circuit
Judges.

      Jon Astor-White appeals from the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of

his amended complaint for copyright infringement. Astor-White claims that the

defendants’ (Fox) television series Empire infringed his copyrighted treatment of a


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
television series, King Solomon. The parties are familiar with the facts, so we do

not repeat them here. We affirm.

         A panel of our court previously held that Astor-White’s First Amended

Complaint did not state a claim for copyright infringement, but remanded the case

to afford Astor-White opportunity to amend the complaint. See Astor-White v.

Strong, 733 F. App’x 407, 407–08 (9th Cir. 2018). He was given two additional

opportunities to amend the complaint, but the Third Amended Complaint still fails

to plausibly allege that Fox actually “copied” and “unlawful[ly] appropriate[d]”

King Solomon. Skidmore v. Led Zeppelin, 952 F.3d 1051, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020) (en

banc).

         Astor-White does not adequately allege actual copying. King Solomon was

not “widely disseminated”; it was shared with only three people. Three Boys

Music Corp. v. Bolton, 212 F.3d 477, 482 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other

grounds by Skidmore, 952 F.3d 1051. And Astor-White’s mere allegation that

those three people and he had a “working relationship” with or “move[ed] in

similar circles” as Fox does not establish that Fox had a “reasonable opportunity or

reasonable possibility of viewing” King Solomon. Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). Nor does Astor-White plead similarities that are probative of copying—

rather than “coincidence, independent creation, or prior common source”—such

that we could reasonably infer that Fox copied King Solomon. Skidmore, 952 F.3d


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at 1064 (quotation omitted).

      Astor-White also fails to plausibly allege that Fox unlawfully appropriated

King Solomon because the works do not share similarities in protectable

expression. See id. The additional alleged similarities are forms of literary

expression that are unprotectable as a matter of law. See, e.g., Berkic v. Crichton,

761 F.2d 1289, 1293 (9th Cir. 1985) (“all situations and incidents which flow

naturally from a basic plot premise”); Cavalier v. Random House, Inc., 297 F.3d

815, 823 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[f]amiliar stock scenes and themes”). Nor does Astor-

White allege similarity in the “particular way in which the artistic elements form a

coherent pattern, synthesis, or design.” Skidmore, 952 F.3d at 1074. The district

court correctly concluded as part of the extrinsic test that the two works only share

unprotectable “ideas and concepts, material in the public domain, and scènes à

faire.” Rentmeester v. Nike, Inc., 883 F.3d 1111, 1118 (9th Cir. 2018), overruled

on other grounds by Skidmore, 952 F.3d 1051. Astor-White does not state a viable

claim for copyright infringement.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing leave to amend. See

Rich v. Shrader, 823 F.3d 1205, 1209 (9th Cir. 2016) (after “two opportunities to

amend,” the district court has “wide discretion in granting or refusing leave to

amend” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).

AFFIRMED.


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