
                                                                                    NO. 12-03-00052-CV
 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS
IN THE INTEREST                                           §                APPEAL FROM THE 
 
OF K.L.R.,                                                           §                COUNTY COURT AT LAW
 
A CHILD                                                             §                NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS
                                                                                                                                                            
OPINION
            Carla Lea Hendrickson (“Carla”) appeals from a final order entered in a suit affecting the
parent-child relationship.  On appeal, Carla presents thirteen issues.  We reverse and remand in part
and affirm in part.
 
Background
            Carla and Jerry Wayne Roberson, Jr. (“Wayne”) are the parents of a son, K.L.R., born on
January 20, 1994.  Carla and Wayne were divorced later that year.  They were appointed joint
managing conservators of K.L.R., and Carla was appointed primary joint managing conservator.
            In October 1998, Carla filed a motion to modify seeking to suspend Wayne’s visitation with
K.L.R. or, alternatively, to allow him supervised visitation only.  Carla also sought an increase in child
support and a temporary restraining order (TRO) prohibiting Wayne from removing K.L.R. from
Carla’s possession.  Wayne filed a cross-petition requesting the appointment of a sole managing
conservator instead of joint managing conservators and also requesting that he be appointed to replace
Carla as K.L.R.’s primary custodian.
            Neither party actively pursued the matter until February 20, 2001.  On that date, Wayne filed
a first amended cross-petition requesting appointment as K.L.R.’s conservator with the exclusive right
to determine K.L.R.’s primary residence or, alternatively, as K.L.R.’s sole managing conservator.  He
also requested temporary orders, an ex parte TRO to prohibit Carla from removing K.L.R. from the
jurisdiction of the court, his school, or hiding or removing the child from Wayne’s possession, and
an injunction.  The trial court granted the ex parte TRO (the “TRO”) and set a hearing for March 5. 
            At the March 5 hearing, the trial court appointed Wayne temporary primary custodian,
permitted Carla visitation with K.L.R. by telephone only, ordered Carla to submit to an evaluation by
Dr. Gayle Burress, a licensed counselor, and enjoined Carla from removing K.L.R. from the
jurisdiction of the court, his school, or hiding the child or interfering with Wayne’s possession.  The
court also abated Wayne’s child support obligations, but found that Carla was not required to pay
child support.  Carla did not appear at the hearing.  On March 28, 2001, the trial court signed an order
incorporating its rulings.  
            Almost a year later, on March 13, 2002, Carla filed an amended original answer asking that
she be designated conservator with the exclusive right to determine K.L.R.’s primary residence. Carla
requested that Wayne be ordered to pay child support and arrearages.  She also filed a motion to
modify the existing temporary orders.  Wayne, in turn, filed a second amended cross-petition
including additional allegations of misconduct against Carla and seeking further relief, including
retroactive child support from Carla.  Each party filed at least one subsequent amendment, motion to
modify, or motion for additional relief.  On December 10, 2002, after a protracted discovery dispute
between the parties, the trial court granted Wayne’s motion to modify.  The trial court ordered that
both parents would remain joint managing conservators, but appointed Wayne as primary managing
conservator with the exclusive right to establish K.L.R.’s primary residence.  The court also ordered
Carla to pay child support and awarded Wayne’s counsel his attorney’s fees.
            Carla filed a motion for new trial, which she subsequently amended.  The trial court denied
the motion, and this appeal followed.
 
Notice of Hearing
            As part of her first issue, Carla contends that the record is silent as to whether her attorney of
record was served with notice of the March 5, 2001 hearing on the TRO.  Additionally, Carla argues
at she was not personally served. 
Applicable Law
            The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure state that a true copy of every pleading, plea, motion, or
application to the court for an order shall be served on all parties.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 21.  Further, on the
occasion of a party’s first appearance through counsel, the attorney whose signature first appears on
the initial pleadings for any party shall be the attorney in charge, unless another attorney is specifically
designated therein.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 8.  Until such designation is changed by written notice to the court
and all other parties, the attorney in charge shall be responsible for the suit as to such party.  Id.   All
communications from the court or other counsel with respect to a suit shall be sent to the attorney in
charge.  Id.  Moreover, notice to an attorney is notice to a party.  Gem Vending, Inc. v. Walker, 918
S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1996, no writ) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 306a(4), (5)). 
Analysis
            On July 9, 1999, Elsie Martin-Simon filed a motion to substitute for Betty J. Barret (later
“Homminga”) as counsel for Carla.  No signed order substituting counsel is in the record.  On
February 27, 2001, Homminga filed a motion to withdraw.  Her motion stated that Martin-Simon filed
a designation of lead attorney on June 6, 1999 and was employed by and had appeared with Carla
since that date.  No designation of lead attorney is in the record.  At the March 5 hearing, Wayne’s
attorney stated that he served notice on Martin-Simon who, he believed, had appeared as Carla’s
attorney of record.  The trial court acknowledged that both Martin-Simon and Homminga had
appeared for Carla in the case.  At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted Homminga’s
request to withdraw as Carla’s attorney and signed an order incorporating its ruling.
            Carla does not argue that her lead attorney was not served, but contends instead that Martin-Simon was not an attorney of record when the TRO was granted.  We disagree.  The record shows that
Homminga believed Martin-Simon had been Carla’s lead attorney since June 1999 and that Martin-Simon had appeared with Carla as her attorney since that date.  The record also shows that, prior to
the date the TRO was granted, Martin-Simon had (1) corresponded with the trial court as Carla’s
attorney, (2) acted as Carla’s attorney in furnishing Carla’s new address to the district clerk’s office,
and (3) sent opposing counsel copies of her correspondence with the trial court and the district clerk.
            Because Martin-Simon had appeared as Carla’s attorney before the TRO was granted, she was
properly served as an attorney of record for Carla.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 8.  Therefore, notice to Martin-Simon was notice to Carla.


  See Gem Vending, Inc., 918 S.W.2d at 658.  Accordingly, Carla’s first
issue, insofar as it pertains to her failure to receive notice of the March 5 hearing, is overruled.
 
Ex-Parte Temporary Restraining Order
and Temporary Orders
            Carla also argues in her first issue that the underlying motion for the TRO did not state specific
facts showing an immediate danger to K.L.R. as required by the Texas Family Code.  Carla further
contends that the TRO did not state that a serious and immediate question concerning the child’s
welfare existed.  Finally, Carla argues that the trial court abused its discretion by signing the March 28
order that, in part, prohibited her from having any contact with K.L.R. 
Applicable Law
            Generally, while a suit for modification is pending, the court may not render a temporary order
that has the effect of changing the designation of the person who has the exclusive right to determine
the primary residence of the child under the final order.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.006 (Vernon
2002).  However, the court may enter such an order if the child’s present living environment may
endanger the child’s physical health or significantly impair the child’s emotional development.  Id. 
The court may also make a temporary order for the safety and welfare of the child, including an order
for the temporary conservatorship of the child.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(a)(1) (Vernon 2002). 
            If the TRO or temporary order excludes a parent from possession of or access to a child, it may
not be rendered except on a verified pleading or an affidavit in accordance with the Texas Rules of
Civil Procedure.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(c)(3) (Vernon 2002).  Certain temporary orders
may not rendered except after notice and a hearing, including orders (1) for the temporary
conservatorship of the child, (2) for the temporary support of the child, or (3) for payment of
reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(a), (b) (Vernon Supp.
2004–2005).  Temporary orders rendered under section 105.001 of the Texas Family Code are not
subject to interlocutory appeal.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(e) (Vernon 2002)
 
Analysis
            In his first amended cross-petition, Wayne sought an ex parte TRO based upon his concern
that K.L.R’s present environment might endanger his physical health or significantly impair his
emotional development.  In his supporting affidavit, Wayne stated that Carla was about to move
K.L.R. to a house of “unknown quality and house environment.”  He also cited Carla’s deteriorating
physical condition, her arrest on two felony charges and subsequent time in jail, and his fears that
Carla might flee with K.L.R.  These allegations satisfy the requirements of section 105.001(b) and (c). 
A TRO granted under section 105.001 need not define the injury or state why the injury is irreparable. 
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(b)(1).  Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
granting the TRO or in failing to include the language that Carla contends is mandatory.  See Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 105.001(a), (b).


 
            As to Carla’s complaint about the March 28 temporary order, we note that, on December 10,
2002, the trial court ordered modification of the parent-child relationship. This judgment disposed of
all parties and issues in the proceeding, and is, therefore, a final judgment.  See Lehmann v. Har-Con
Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 200 (Tex. 2001).  Complaints about temporary orders are moot where a final
order has been entered.  In re P.R., 994 S.W.2d 411, 417 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1999, pet. dism’d
w.o.j.), disapproved on other grounds, In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 267 & n.39 (Tex. 2002); Wright
v. Wentzel, 749 S.W.2d 228, 234 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ); Garner v. Garner,
673 S.W.2d 413, 418 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1984, writ dism’d).  Because the March 28 order is a
temporary order and a final order has been entered in the proceeding, Carla’s argument regarding the
March 28 order is moot.  Accordingly, we overrule Carla’s first issue insofar as it pertains to the TRO
and the March 28 temporary order.
 
Motions to Modify Temporary Orders
            In her second issue, Carla contends that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to hear
either of her two motions requesting court-ordered possession of K.L.R.


  Carla also argues that the
trial court abused its discretion by sua sponte canceling a hearing on April 8, 2002 regarding the
temporary orders, thereby denying her right to be heard. Carla contends that she informed the court
of her unavailability for the April 1 hearing.  Because the trial court conducted the hearing in her
absence, her argument continues, the hearing constituted an impermissible ex parte communication
by Wayne’s counsel and therefore an abuse of discretion. 
            An appellant’s brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with
appropriate citation to authorities and to the record.  Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).  However, Carla’s
arguments are summary and conclusory and contain no citations to authorities. Therefore, Carla has
waived this issue.  See id.  Even if Carla had not waived this issue, however, her contentions are
without merit.
            A review of the record reveals that, far from refusing to hear Carla’s motions to modify, the
trial court attempted to hear the first motion and, in fact, did conduct a hearing on her emergency
motion on July 1, 2002.  However, the trial court delayed at least one hearing on Carla’s first motion
in order for Wayne to conduct discovery, including taking Carla’s deposition.  According to the trial
court, attempts to proceed with the hearing on Carla’s emergency motion to modify were delayed
because each party failed to produce discovery to which the other party was entitled.  Further, the
April 1 hearing was not an ex parte communication with Wayne’s attorney because as Carla’s counsel
acknowledged in a subsequent motion, she was sent notice of the hearing.  Moreover, the trial court
found that the notice was “timely.”  Because the trial court attempted to conduct hearings on Carla’s
motions  only to be delayed by the parties’ inaction, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
canceling or continuing the hearing of her motions.  Accordingly, Carla’s second issue is overruled.
 
Expert Witness
            In her sixth issue, Carla contends that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Dr.
Gayle Burress to testify concerning the suitability of each parent to be appointed sole or joint
managing conservator of K.L.R.


  According to Carla, Burress’s credentials were unreliable, her
opinions were subjective, and she did not otherwise qualify as an expert.  Wayne argues that Carla’s
Rule 702 motion to exclude the testimony of all experts was not specific as required by Rule 103(a)(1)
of the Texas Rules of Evidence.  Moreover, he contends that any error in allowing Burress to testify
is harmless because Carla has not shown that the failure to exclude Burress’s testimony caused the
rendition of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1.  
Applicable Law
            The qualification of a witness as an expert is within the trial court’s discretion.  Broders v.
Heise, 924 S.W.2d 148, 151 (Tex. 1996).  An appellate court will not disturb a trial court’s exercise
of its discretion absent clear abuse.  Id.  “The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court
acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles.”  Id. (quoting E.I. du Pont de Nemours
and Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995)).  Further, the party offering the expert’s
testimony bears the burden to prove that the witness is qualified under Texas Rule of Evidence 702.
Id.  
            To obtain the reversal of a judgment on appeal on the ground that the trial court made an error
of law, the appellate court must conclude that the error complained of probably caused the rendition
of an improper judgment.  Tex. R. App. P. 44.1.  The erroneous admission of evidence that is merely
cumulative of properly admitted testimony is harmless.  Keene Corp. v. Rogers, 863 S.W.2d 168, 179
(Tex. App.–Texarkana 1993, writ stayed) (citing Gee v. Liberty Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d
394, 396 (Tex. 1989)).  In making this determination, the appellate court must review the entire
record.  Southland Lloyd’s Ins. Co. v. Tomberlain, 919 S.W.2d 822, 827 (Tex. App.–Texarkana
1996, writ denied) (citing McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 758 (Tex. 1992)). 
            Texas Rule of Evidence 702 states that “[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a
witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify
thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”  Tex. R. Evid. 702.  In order to constitute scientific
knowledge that will assist the trier of fact, the proposed testimony must be relevant and reliable.
Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556.  To be relevant, the proposed testimony must be “sufficiently tied to
the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute.”  Id. (citing United States
v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1242 (3d Cir. 1985)). 
            Additionally, scientific evidence that is not grounded “in the methods and procedures of
science” is no more than “subjective belief or unsupported speculation.”  Id. at 557 (citing Daubert
v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 590, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 2795, 125 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1993)).
Unreliable evidence is of no assistance to the trier of fact and is therefore inadmissible under Rule
702.  Id.   Nonetheless, the inquiry into the reliability of an expert’s testimony is a “flexible one.”
Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 560-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 594,
113 S. Ct. 2797). 
            Where, as here, the trial court must address a field of study aside from the hard sciences, such
as the social sciences or a field based primarily upon experience and training as opposed to the
scientific method, the requirement of reliability applies but with less vigor than to the hard sciences.
See id. at 561.  In that instance, the appropriate inquiry is (1) whether the field of expertise is a
legitimate one, (2) whether the subject matter of the expert’s testimony is within the scope of that
field, and (3) whether the expert’s testimony properly relies upon and/or utilizes the principles
involved in the field.  Id.  Hard science methods of validation, such as assessing the potential rate of
error or subjecting a theory to peer review, may be inappropriate for testing the reliability of a field
of expertise outside the hard sciences. Id. 
Analysis
            The record indicates that Burress is a licensed counselor.  Therefore, in addressing Carla’s
complaint, we must determine whether Wayne conducted the appropriate inquiry relating to Burress’s
field of expertise.
            Whether field of expertise is legitimate
            Burress described her qualifications, stated her opinions regarding K.L.R. and Carla, and
related the bases of her opinions.  Burress testified that she had a bachelor’s and master’s degree in
counseling and a doctorate in counseling and student personnel guidance.  Nowhere did Burress state
that counseling is a legitimate field nor can such a statement be implied from her testimony.
 
            Whether subject matter of testimony was within scope of field 
            In her capacity as a counselor, Burress personally visited K.L.R. and Wayne and tested Carla. 
In a letter to the trial court, Burress recommended that Carla have supervised visitation with K.L.R.
and that K.L.R. continue to be placed with Wayne.  At the final hearing, Burress stated to the trial
court that, in her opinion, Wayne should be named K.L.R.’s  possessory conservator.  She also
recommended that Carla be allowed only supervised visitation.  Nowhere did she state that her
testimony was within the scope of her field nor can it be implied from her testimony.
            Whether expert’s testimony properly relies upon and/or utilizes the principles involved in the             field 
            According to Burress, she administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory
(“MMPI”) to Carla. Burress agreed that the MMPI provides several sources of behavior and
symptomatic hypotheses about the person taking the test.  Further, she conducted an interview with
Carla and observed K.L.R. at home, at her office, and at school.  Nowhere does Burress state that her
testimony properly relied upon and/or utilized principles involved in her field. 
            In summary, Burress did not relate to any of the three prongs of inquiry necessary to establish
the admissibility of her testimony.  Consequently,  the trial court erred in allowing Burress to testify. 
Therefore, we must now ask whether the trial court’s error caused the rendition of an improper
judgment. 
            Harm analysis
            At trial, Burress recommended that Wayne remain K.L.R.’s possessory conservator and that
Carla be given supervised visitation.  However, the trial court declined to follow Burress’s
recommendation and allowed Carla standard visitation.  Burress also testified regarding Wayne’s
suitability as a parent, Carla’s emotional problems, and K.L.R.’s relationship with Wayne and Carla.
K.L.R.’s teachers and principal testified that K.L.R. was well-adjusted and had a good relationship
with his father.  Wayne testified regarding his current relationship with K.L.R. and his problems in
the past.  Carla testified extensively regarding her past health problems, her relationship with K.L.R.,
and her problems with Burress and this case.  Moreover, the trial court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law do not indicate that the trial court specifically relied upon Burress’s testimony in
making its rulings.
            As previously stated, the trial court did not follow Burress’s recommendation regarding
Carla’s visitation.  Furthermore, much of Burress’s testimony is cumulative of the testimony presented
by other witnesses.  Therefore, based upon our review of the record, we conclude that the nonexpert
testimony is sufficient to support the trial court’s order.  Consequently, we hold that the trial court’s
failure to exclude Burress’s testimony did not cause the rendition of an improper judgment. 
Accordingly, Carla’s sixth issue is overruled.
 
Felony Indictments and Fifth Amendment 
            In her ninth issue, Carla contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting as
evidence copies of her felony indictments.  Moreover, she argues that she properly and timely invoked
her Fifth Amendment privilege not to offer evidence against herself because felony charges were
pending against her.  Wayne contends that evidence of arrests can be admitted as evidence to prove
what is in the best interest of the child.  Additionally, Wayne argues that a party’s conduct and
demeanor are factors for the trial court to consider in determining if there is a material and substantial
change of circumstances.
Applicable Law
            Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person
in order to show action in conformity therewith.  Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).  However, this evidence may
be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.  Id.  In fact, evidence of arrests is admissible
for the purpose of determining what is in the child’s best interest.  See In re M.R., 975 S.W.2d 51,
55 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).  A trial court’s findings of fact are binding on an
appellate court unless they are so contrary to the great preponderance of the evidence as to show a
clear abuse of discretion.  In re Ferguson, 927 S.W.2d 766, 769 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 1996, no
writ).  In the absence of such a clear abuse of discretion, an appellate court should not substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court.  Id. 
            Both the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution guarantee an accused the right
not to be compelled to testify or give evidence against herself.  In re Speer, 965 S.W.2d 41, 45 (Tex.
App.–Fort Worth 1998, no pet.) (citing U.S. Const. amend V; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10).  A party does
not lose this fundamental constitutional right in a civil suit.  Id.  However, in a civil suit, a witness’s
decision to invoke the privilege against self-incrimination is not absolute.  Id.  Instead, the trial court
is entitled to determine whether assertion of the privilege appears to be based upon the good faith of
the witness and is justifiable under all of the circumstances.  Id.  Because of the difference between
the civil and criminal context, the United States Supreme Court allows the fact finder in civil cases
to make negative inferences based upon the assertion of the privilege. Id. at 46 (citing Baxter v.
Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318, 96 S. Ct. 1551, 1558, 47 L. Ed. 2d 810, 821 (1976)).
Analysis
            At the final hearing, the trial court took judicial notice that Carla had three pending felony
charges in the 145th Judicial District Court in Nacogdoches County, Texas.  Sheriff’s records of those
charges were admitted at the hearing, showing that Carla was arrested on February 15, 2001.  At the
conclusion of the final hearing, the trial judge stated that he could not ignore Carla’s felony charges
when determining if there had been a material change in circumstances of the child, conservator, or
other party affected by the order since the date of the rendition of the order.  See Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 156.101 (Vernon 2002).  In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court found
that the changed circumstances included Carla’s arrest for one or more felony offenses that were
pending at the time of trial.  Further, the trial court found that Carla was arrested and incarcerated on
one of the felony offenses on the date of a period of possession of Wayne that precipitated
presentation of the motion for the TRO and temporary orders.
            A conviction is not a prerequisite to admitting evidence of Carla’s felony indictments.  See In
re M.R., 975 S.W.2d at 55.  Moreover, Wayne could use this to establish that her felony indictments,
arrests, and incarceration were a material change in circumstances and that modification would be in
K.L.R’s best interest.  See id.  Because evidence of Carla’s felony charges was used for the purpose
of determining K.L.R.’s best interest and not to prove character conformity, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence.  See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).
            Carla asks this Court to take judicial notice that one of the felony charges has been dismissed.
As documentation, she furnished a certified copy of a motion and order dated March 4, 2003
dismissing one felony charge against her.  However, Carla did not, and could not, properly introduce
the motion at trial.  We cannot take judicial notice of the records of any court not properly admitted
into evidence before the trial court. Elwell v. State, 872 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1994,
no pet.).  Further, we decline to take judicial notice as Carla requests because to do so would provide
us with evidence that was unavailable to the trial court when it considered the motion to modify. 
Tran v. Fiorenza, 934 S.W.2d 740, 742-43 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ).
            Regarding Carla’s complaint relating to her Fifth Amendment privilege, some of Carla’s
decisions to invoke the privilege do relate to the felony charges, such as the decision not to identify
her signature because one of the felony charges involves forgery.  However, the trial court could have
made negative inferences based on Carla’s assertion of the privilege when she refused to answer
where she had been living for over two years during a time of possession of K.L.R. or whether she
had been charged, arrested, or placed in jail for two felonies during a time of possession of K.L.R. 
In re Speer, 965 S.W.2d at 45 (citing Baxter, 425 U.S. at 318, 96 S. Ct. at 1558, 47 L. Ed. 2d at 821).
These negative inferences then could be used by the trial court as a factor in determining whether
there had been a material change in circumstances and whether modification would be in K.L.R’s best
interest. Accordingly, we overrule Carla’s ninth issue.
 
Split Custody
            In her fourth issue, Carla argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding Wayne
custody of K.L.R. because the same court awarded custody of K.L.R.’s half sibling to her.


  Further,
her argument continues, awarding custody of K.L.R. to Wayne split K.L.R.’s family unit. 
            An appellant’s brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with
appropriate citation to authorities and to the record.  Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).  However, Carla’s
argument regarding custody of K.L.R.’s half sibling is brief and conclusory and contains no citations
to authorities.  Therefore, Carla has waived this issue.  See id..  However, even absent waiver, Carla’s
argument still fails.
            K.L.R. and his sister are not children of the same marriage.  Split custody of two or more
children of the same marriage is a factor, among many, to consider in determining the best interest
of a child.  MacDonald v. MacDonald, 821 S.W.2d 458, 463 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1992,
no writ).  Courts have traditionally applied the policy of keeping siblings together in custody decisions
only to children of the same marriage.  In re D.R.L.M., 84 S.W.3d 281, 303 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth
2002, pet. denied) (citing Pizzitola v. Pizzitola, 748 S.W.2d 568, 569 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.]
1988, no writ)).  Because K.L.R. and his sister are not children of the same marriage, the policy of
keeping siblings together does not apply and, thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
awarding custody of K.L.R. to Wayne.  Accordingly, Carla’s fourth issue is overruled.
 
Modification of the Parent-Child Relationship
            In her third, fifth, and seventh issues, Carla contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by awarding custody of K.L.R. to Wayne.
Applicable Law
            A trial court’s modification of conservatorship is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re
P.M.B., 2 S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).  It is an abuse of
discretion for a trial court to rule without supporting evidence.  Id.  The best interest of the child is
the primary consideration in determining conservatorship or residency of a minor child.  Villasenor
v. Villasenor, 911 S.W.2d 411, 419 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1995, no writ).  As noted above, a trial
court’s findings of fact are binding on an appellate court unless they are so contrary to the great
preponderance of the evidence as to show a clear abuse of discretion.  In re Ferguson, 927 S.W.2d
at 769.  In the absence of such a clear abuse of discretion, an appellate court should not substitute its
judgment for that of the trial court.  Id. 
            As of September 1, 2001, section 156.101 of the Texas Family Code governs the grounds for
modification of an order establishing conservatorship or possession and access.  Act of May 22, 2001,
77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1289, § 5, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 3108, 3111 (codified at Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 156.101).  According to section 156.101, the trial court may modify an order or portion of a decree
that provides for the appointment of a conservator of a child, that provides the terms and conditions
of conservatorship, or that provides for the possession of or access to a child if (1) modification would
be in the best interest of the child and (2) the circumstances of the child, conservator, or other party
affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the date of the rendition of the
order.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101.  Whether there has been a material and substantial change
of circumstances affecting the child is normally to be determined by an examination of the evidence
of changed circumstances occurring between the date of the order or judgment sought to be modified
and the date of the filing of the motion to modify.  Gibbs v. Greenwood, 651 S.W.2d 377, 379 (Tex.
App.–Austin 1983, no writ).
Change of Circumstances
            In her third issue, Carla argues that no change of circumstances existed at the time Wayne filed
his 1998 motion to modify.  Moreover, she contends that Wayne judicially admitted there was no
change of circumstances when he filed the motion to modify.  In her fifth issue, Carla contends that
the trial court abused its discretion by first denying her visitation with K.L.R. and then using that
court-ordered denial in finding a change of circumstances warranting a change of custody.
            We first note that the trial court based its ruling on Wayne’s second cross-petition, which
superseded his 1998 motion to modify.  In its findings of fact, the trial court pointed to a number of
changed circumstances upon which it based its decision including, but not limited to the following:
(1) Carla had numerous debilitating health problems that were serious enough at one time that her
condition was considered terminal; (2) Carla had remarried, been divorced, and been through a
modification proceeding before the trial court; (3) Carla had been arrested for one or more felony
offenses that were pending at the time of trial; (4) Carla was arrested and incarcerated on one of the
felony offenses on Friday, February 16, 2001, which was the beginning of a period of possession for
Wayne, and that precipitated presentation of the motion for an ex parte TRO to the trial court on
February 20; (5) although Carla had notice of the March 5 hearing, she failed to appear and a default
order was entered; (6) Carla took no action to alter the trial court’s order granting possession of
K.L.R. to Wayne from March 5, 2001 until March 12, 2002; (7) Carla was forced to move from her
previous residence, lost that residence in legal proceedings, and moved to her current address without
providing the notice required by the Texas Family Code; (8) although Wayne offered Carla supervised
visitation with K.L.R., she refused to avail herself of the offered visitation from March 16, 2002 to
September 9, 2002; (9) Carla’s demeanor and trial conduct throughout the proceedings and trial was
surly, sarcastic, and oppositional; and (10) K.L.R. is thriving in his current environment with Wayne. 
There is ample evidence in the record to support the trial court’s findings.  
            Carla testified that her health had improved, although she still had an oxygen constraint.  She
also stated that she lived in a mobile home owned by her employer and was driving pickup trucks
owned by her employer and her pastor.  She testified that she had been on a leave of absence from
Kyser Musical Products, Inc. since June 2002, but had weekly earnings of approximately $275 a week
when she was working.  After entry of the temporary orders, Carla was allowed supervised visitation
with K.L.R. beginning June 16, 2001.  However, Carla ceased her visitation after March 16, 2002. 
She further stated that she declined to visit K.L.R. under the conditions Wayne offered because his
offer was “ludicrous.”  Finally, a number of witnesses testified that Carla was a good mother.  The
presence of this testimony in the record does not render the findings so contrary to the great
preponderance of the evidence as to show a clear abuse of discretion. See In re Ferguson, 927 S.W.2d
at 769.  Therefore, the findings are binding on us.  See id.  Consequently, we hold that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in granting Wayne’s motion for modification and awarding custody of
K.L.R. to Wayne.  
Best Interest of the Child
            In her seventh issue, Carla argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding custody
of K.L.R. to Wayne in light of the fact that (1) on October 21, 1999, he consumed alcohol and, later
that same day, drove with K.L.R. in the vehicle; (2) in October 1999, he had sex with a previous wife
and another woman when K.L.R. was in the house; (3) he admitted playing strip poker while minor
children were in the house; and (4) criminal charges had been filed against him after October 1998. 
Moreover, she contends that Wayne had not paid child support for the six months prior to gaining
temporary custody of K.L.R.  Finally, Carla argues that she did not endanger K.L.R. or engage in
improper conduct in K.L.R.’s presence. 
            Wayne testified that he did not believe he was behind in his child support.  Wayne’s admission
of improper sexual behavior while K.L.R. was in the house is a factor in considering the best interest
of the child.  However, Wayne testified that the incidents of improper sexual behavior last occurred
in 1999 and that the criminal charges against him were dropped and untrue.  Further, the trial court
could have considered the testimony of K.L.R.’s teachers and principal that K.L.R. had a good
relationship with his father, that he performed well in school, and that he was happy and well-adjusted.  Moreover, the trial court could have found Carla’s lack of visitation before the final hearing
and her changed circumstances noted above as factors when determining K.L.R.’s best interest.  There
is ample evidence in the record to support the trial court’s finding that modification was in K.L.R.’s
best interest.  Although there was some evidence in the record that was favorable to Carla, the
findings are not so contrary to the great preponderance of the evidence as to show a clear abuse of
discretion.  See In re Ferguson, 927 S.W.2d at 769.  We therefore hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in finding that modification was in K.L.R.’s best interest. Accordingly, Carla’s
third, fourth, and seventh issues are overruled.
 
Deviation from Child Support Guidelines
            In her eighth issue, Carla contends that the trial court erred when it deviated from the child
support guidelines in calculating Wayne’s child support and subsequently failed to explain the
deviation in its findings of fact and conclusions of law.  Wayne argues that Carla’s request for child
support findings was not timely made.  Even if Carla’s request was timely, Wayne contends, the trial
court directly applied the provisions of the Texas Family Code to its calculation of child support.
Applicable Law
            For purposes of determining child support liability, the trial court shall calculate net resources
including all wage and salary income and other compensation for personal services, interest,
dividends, and royalty income, self-employment income, net rental income, and all other income
actually being received.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.062 (a), (b) (Vernon 2002).  When multiple
households are due child support, any child support received by an obligor shall be added to the
obligor’s net resources to compute the net resources before determining the child support credit or
applying the percentages in the multiple household table.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.070 (Vernon
2002).  In rendering an order for child support, the trial court shall make findings if (a) a party files
a written request with the trial court not later than ten days after the date of the hearing, (b) a party
makes an oral request in open court during the hearing, or (c) the amount of child support ordered by
the trial court varies from the amount computed by applying the percentage guidelines.  Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 154.130(a) (Vernon 2002).  A trial court’s failure to make these findings upon a timely
or proper request or variance constitutes reversible error.  Hanna v. Hanna, 813 S.W.2d 626, 628
(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, no writ).
Analysis
            Based on the tax charts promulgated for computing net monthly income, Carla’s gross monthly
income of $1,200 results in a net monthly income of $1,049.45.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §154.061
(Vernon 2002).  Additionally, the monthly child support of $360 that Carla receives from the father
of her other child must be added to her net monthly income, for a total of $1,409.45 in net resources. 
After multiplying Carla’s net resources of $1,409.45 by 17.50 percent, as required by the Family
Code, the total amount of child support due from Carla is $246.50 per month.  See Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 154.129 (Vernon 2002).  However, there was also testimony that Carla had been on a leave
of absence from Kyser Musical Products, Inc. since June 2002.  She testified that when she was
working at Kyser, she earned approximately $275 a week.  If the trial court had considered Carla’s
future employment with Kyser, the amount of her gross monthly income would be $2,391.66, her net
monthly income $1,977.65, and her net resources $2,337.65.  Thus, her monthly child support
obligation (multiplying $2,337.65 by 17.50 percent) would be $409.08.  However, the trial court
ordered Carla to pay monthly child support in the amount of $250.  
            The amount of Carla’s child support calculated according to the child support guidelines,
either $246.50 or $409.08 depending on whether the trial court considered her future income from
Kyser, is a variance from the amount ordered by the trial court.  Thus, the trial court was required,
even without a timely and proper request by Carla, to make findings and state whether the application
of the guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §154.130 (a), (b).  By
not making the findings required by section 154.130(a), the trial court prevented Carla from
effectively contesting the court’s deviation from the child support guidelines.  See Tenery v. Tenery,
932 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1996).  Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion.  Accordingly, we
sustain Carla’s eighth issue.
 
Unpaid Child Support
            In her tenth issue, Carla argues that the trial court erred by failing to enter judgment in her
favor for Wayne’s past due child support.  Wayne contends that Carla never filed a motion for
enforcement for contempt or sought a money judgment against him.  Additionally, Wayne argues that
the trial court, in effect, retroactively applied child support Carla would have owed to him and
credited it to the amount he owed to her, essentially “washing out” the arrearage owed by each party.
            An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding child support for an abuse of
discretion.  In re Tucker, 96 S.W.3d 662, 664 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2003, no pet.).  In a contempt
proceeding or in rendering a money judgment, the trial court may not reduce or modify the amount
of child support arrearages.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.262(a) (Vernon 2002).  However, a money
judgment for arrearages rendered by the trial court may be subject to a counterclaim or offset.  Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 157.262(f) (Vernon 2002). 
            At the March 5 hearing on the TRO, the trial court abated Wayne’s child support obligations
as of March 1, 2001.  Further, Wayne had possession of K.L.R. from March of 2001 through the final
hearing in October of 2002.  According to Wayne’s testimony and the printout of child support
payments from the Nacogdoches District Clerk, Wayne may have owed approximately six months of
child support or $4,260.  However, Wayne believed that he had paid all unpaid child support prior to
March of 2001.  In her amended original answer, Carla requested Wayne pay child support arrearages,
and in open court at the final hearing, she asked for a judgment on Wayne’s unpaid child support.  In
his amended cross-petitions, Wayne requested child support from Carla for the benefit of K.L.R. 
However, the trial court did not order Carla to pay child support, and she never voluntarily paid child
support from March 2001 through October 2002.  If she had been ordered to pay child support in the
amount of $250 beginning in March of 2001, she would have owed approximately $4,750 by the final
hearing.
            The trial court found that neither party owed any arrearages on child support as of
November 1, 2002.  Nonetheless, the trial court appeared to offset Carla’s claims for unpaid child
support against Wayne’s claims of child support from Carla.  See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.262(f). 
Because Carla’s claim for unpaid child support against Wayne was offset by Wayne’s claim for child
support against Carla, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Carla a judgment for
unpaid child support from Wayne.  Accordingly, Carla’s tenth issue is overruled.
 
Attorney’s Fees
            In an unnumbered issue, which we consider as Carla’s thirteenth issue, Carla complains that
the trial court abused its discretion by awarding attorney’s fees to Wayne’s attorney.  In a suit
affecting the parent-child relationship, the trial court may order reasonable attorney’s fees as costs and
order the fees to be paid directly to an attorney.  Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 106.002(a) (Vernon 2002). 
Such an award is within the trial court’s discretion.  Bruni v. Bruni, 924 S.W.2d 366, 368 (Tex.
1996).  The record is clear that Carla and her attorneys delayed presenting Carla for a deposition and
refused or delayed compliance with other orders for discovery that, according to the trial court, Wayne
was entitled to receive.  The trial court found that Carla and her attorneys were guilty of “dilatory
tactics and refusal to submit to reasonable discovery,” which greatly increased the costs of attorney’s
fees, expert fees, and litigation costs.  The trial court also found that the fees charged by Wayne’s
attorney were reasonable.  Because it found that Carla and her attorneys had delayed the case and
failed to comply with court orders, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney’s
fees to Wayne’s attorney.  Accordingly, Carla’s thirteenth issue is overruled.
 
Motion for New Trial
            In her eleventh issue, Carla argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying her
amended motion for new trial after she presented newly-discovered evidence that Wayne was
allowing K.L.R.’s teeth to deteriorate. Specifically, she contended that because of Wayne’s neglect,
K.L.R. had a “gaping hole” in his mouth with part of a tooth missing and several black spots on his
back teeth.  She had learned after taking K.L.R. to the dentist that he would need a tooth extracted,
a spacer, and three fillings.  She admitted, however, that Wayne had taken K.L.R. to the dentist, but
stated that no work on his teeth had begun.
            An appellant’s brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with
appropriate citation to authorities and to the record.  Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).  However, Carla’s
argument is brief and conclusory and contains no citations to authorities.  Therefore, Carla has waived
this issue.  See id.
            Even absent waiver, we are unpersuaded.  A new trial may be granted and judgment set aside
for good cause, on motion or on the court’s own motion.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 320.  The trial court’s action
on a motion for new trial is governed by an abuse of discretion standard.  Smith v. Levine, 911
S.W.2d 427, 433 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1995, writ denied).  If there is a claim of newly-discovered
evidence, the movant must bring forward non-cumulative evidence of which she did not become
aware, and could not with the exercise of diligence have become aware, until after trial.  Id.  This
newly-discovered evidence must be so material that it would probably produce a different result.  Id. 
In other words, the newly-discovered evidence must strongly show that the original custody order
would have a serious adverse effect on the interest and welfare of the child and that presentation of
that evidence at another trial would probably change the result.  Gaines v. Baldwin, 629 S.W.2d 81,
83 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1981, no writ).  Carla’s testimony that Wayne had neglected K.L.R.’s teeth
would have been only one factor in the trial court’s determination and, alone, not so material that
presentation of this evidence at another trial would probably change the result.  See Smith, 911
S.W.2d at 433; Gaines, 629 S.W.2d at 83.  Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Carla’s amended motion for new trial.  See Smith, 911 S.W.2d at 433. Accordingly, Carla’s
eleventh issue is overruled. 
 
Fair and Impartial Judge
            In her twelfth issue, Carla contends that she was denied a fair and impartial judge guaranteed
by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  Carla argues that the trial judge was
biased and prejudiced and, thus, she was denied a fair and impartial trial.  Due process requires a
neutral and detached hearing body or officer.  Earley v. State, 855 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 1993), writ dism’d, improvidently granted, 872 S.W.2d 758 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994) (citing Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 786, 93 S. Ct. 1756, 1761, 36 L. Ed. 2d 656 (1973)). 
In the absence of a clear showing to the contrary, we will presume the trial judge was a neutral and
detached officer.  Id. (citing Fielding v. State, 719 S.W.2d 361, 366 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1986, pet.
ref’d)). 
            The record demonstrates that contrary to Carla’s assertions of bias and prejudice against her,
the trial judge was patient, attentive, and professional.  At her deposition, Carla was sarcastic toward
opposing counsel.  Burress was present at the deposition, and Carla referred to her as a “court whore”
and prostitute.  She remained sarcastic toward opposing counsel during the hearing on the motion to
modify.  After the second day of the final hearing, the trial judge modified the temporary orders and
granted Carla standard visitation without supervision.  In fact, the trial judge stated that he was
convinced that Carla did not need supervision while visiting K.L.R. and that he wanted the child to
see Carla in natural surroundings. 
            When he announced the verdict in open court, the trial judge stated that Carla had caused the
major part of the delay in bringing the case to trial, although he noted that Wayne and his attorney may
have caused some delay.  The trial judge also remarked that Carla’s attitude and demeanor “clearly
show[ed her] surly, sarcastic approach” toward the entire proceeding.  Despite the judge’s comments,
he granted Carla standard visitation.  Moreover, the trial judge remarked that he was disappointed in
both parents, in their treatment toward each other, and the effect their conduct may have on K.L.R. 
In fact, the trial judge noted that, if he could, he probably would have given the child to someone else
to raise. 
            Bias must come from an extrajudicial source and result in an opinion on the merits of the case
other than what the trial judge learned from participation in the case.  See Grimes v. State, 135
S.W.3d 803, 819 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.).  Although Carla states that the trial
judge was biased, she does not identify any extrajudicial source that influenced the trial court’s
decision nor has she directed us to any evidence in the record from which we might conclude any such
influence existed.  Thus, in substance, she complains only of actions taken by the trial judge while
acting in his judicial capacity at trial.  Based upon our review of the record, we hold that Carla has
failed to make a clear showing that the trial judge was biased or prejudiced and, thus, we must
presume that the trial judge was a neutral and detached officer.  See Earley, 855 S.W.2d at 262.
Accordingly, Carla’s twelfth issue is overruled.
 
Conclusion
            Having sustained Carla’s eighth issue, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment
ordering Carla to pay $250 per month in child support and remand to the trial court to render child
support orders in compliance with the statutory child support guidelines or issue findings explaining
its variance.  In all other respects, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
 
                                                                                                    DIANE DEVASTO  
                                                                                                                 Justice

Opinion delivered February 16, 2005.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and DeVasto, J.



(PUBLISH)
