                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________             FILED
                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 06-11306            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         Non-Argument Calendar       SEPTEMBER 11, 2006
                       ________________________       THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                           CLERK
                   D. C. Docket No. 04-00365-CV-JEC-1

GEORGE HERRMANN,
JOSE HERNANDEZ,
RON MATHEWS,
RODOLFO GARCIA,
ROBERT MILLS,
JORGE SANCHEZ,
KEITH PAPP,
SHAWN MILLER,
STEPHEN CARPENTER,
CHRIS NORRIS,
JOHN NORRIS,
JOEY HERMANN,
GARY FLACKENSBURG,
KENNETH GARREAU,
JERRY BLACK,
TIMOTHY BLACK,
ERASTO GARCIA,
KOREY HENKLE,
CARLOS LOPEZ,
CHESTER TATMON,
CHAD WISENER,
MICHAEL KAPPEL, on behalf of themselves and all
others similarly situated,

                                                        Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                 versus
GUTTERGUARD, INC.,
DIXIE HOMECRAFTERS, and all affiliated companies,
GUTTER GUARD, INC.,


                                                              Defendants-Appellees.


                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Georgia
                         _________________________

                                (September 11, 2006)

Before ANDERSON, BIRCH and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      In February 2004, employees of GutterGuard, Inc. filed a collective action

on behalf of themselves and similarly situated employees against GutterGuard, its

parent company, Dixie HomeCrafters, and all affiliated companies, alleging

violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201, et seq.

About three months later, the defendants filed a motion to disqualify the plaintiffs’

lead counsel, William F. Kaspers, and his law firm, Kaspers & Associates Law

Offices LLC, from representing the plaintiffs in the present action. The defendants

argued that Kaspers had violated Rules 1.9(b) and 1.10 of the Georgia Rules of

Professional Conduct because he represented the plaintiffs against the defendants



                                          2
even though he knew that a conflict of interest precluded him from doing so. The

district court granted the defendants’ motion to disqualify Kaspers and his law firm

on the basis of Rule 1.9(b) and certified its order for interlocutory appeal pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The plaintiffs petitioned this Court for permission to

appeal the disqualification order, which we granted. We now affirm.

                                          I.

       In September 1973, after graduating from law school, Kaspers joined the law

firm of Fisher & Phillips (“F&P”) as a labor and employment associate. He

became a partner of the firm in January 1979, and assumed responsibility for

coordinating the meetings and activities of all of the firm’s employment law

litigators in the Atlanta office. At the time of Kaspers’ resignation from the firm in

August 2000, F&P employed between eighty and eighty-five attorneys in that

office, and of them, Kaspers insists that he was “the most experienced employment

litigator.”

       At F&P’s Atlanta office, the attorneys were divided up into teams. Team

One was composed of seventeen lawyers and two paralegals, who worked on

behalf of hundreds of active clients. In the spring of 1999, Team One threatened to

leave F&P en masse. Shortly thereafter, the firm’s management committee

assigned Kaspers to Team One to keep an eye on the members and try to retain



                                           3
them.

        About three times a month, Team One held meetings on Friday mornings,

which lasted between a half hour and an hour. Kaspers attended many of those

meetings but missed some because of scheduling conflicts. During the meetings,

the team members would take turns talking about the work they were doing or

expected to do.

        During the time that Kaspers was a member of Team One, Jennifer B.

Sandberg, an associate on the team, was working on a compliance audit and

employment law review for Dixie HomeCrafters, a Georgia home improvement

company, and its affiliated companies. One of those affiliated companies was

GutterGuard, Inc., a gutter fabrication and installation business which had recently

been incorporated and which had the same ownership and management as Dixie

HomeCrafters. On February 7 and 28, 2000, Sandberg visited Dixie

HomeCrafters’ facilities and spoke with the officers and managers.

        In her deposition, Sandberg said she was “sure” that during one of the

team’s Friday meetings she told the team about her February 7 visit. She stated, “I

reported what I found. . . . I think that we talked about it as a team,” and “I might

have talked about the issues that I discovered.” Donald Albert “Bert” Brannen, the

captain of Team One, stated in his deposition that he recalled Sandberg announcing



                                           4
to the team that she was going to conduct the audit, but he did not recall Sandberg

reporting what she had found.

      Neither Sandberg nor Brannen remembered whether Kaspers was in

attendance at any of the meetings during which Dixie HomeCrafters was discussed.

Kaspers insisted in his deposition and affidavit that the subject of Dixie

HomeCrafters never came up during any of the meetings he attended and that

during his tenure at F&P, he was not aware that Dixie HomeCrafters was a client

of the firm.

      On October 30, 2000, two-and-a-half months after Kaspers left the firm,

F&P filed suit in a DeKalb County, Georgia court against Dixie HomeCrafters for

failure to pay its legal bills. Along with the complaint, F&P filed a March 17,

2000 fee invoice. The invoice stated that Sandberg conducted phases one and two

of the Dixie HomeCrafters compliance audit and employment law review on

February 7 and 28, 2000, respectively. It stated that phase two included a “wage

and hour review of job titles and job duties of the 200 employees at all businesses,

deductions from paychecks, time keeping, lunch and break times, etc.”

      In September of 2002, more than two years after his departure from F&P,

Kaspers formed his own law firm, Kaspers & Associates Law Offices LLC.

Kaspers set out to represent defendants and plaintiffs in the area of labor and



                                           5
employment law.

      During the week of January 19, 2004, George Herrmann, a crew chief for

GutterGuard, called a number of law firms to discuss a dispute he had with his

employer about overtime pay. Kaspers & Associates was the first firm to take an

interest in Herrmann’s problem. Herrmann spoke with a paralegal and told him the

basic facts, including the name of his employer, and the paralegal relayed this

information to Kaspers. At some point during the next week or so, Kaspers visited

GutterGuard’s Web site and learned that the company was affiliated with Dixie

HomeCrafters. Kaspers insists that at that time, he still did not know that Dixie

HomeCrafters had ever been a client of F&P. Kaspers & Associates scheduled an

initial meeting with Herrmann and a few of his coworkers for January 27, 2004.

      The day before that meeting, Kaspers had lunch with Henry A. Huettner, a

long-time F&P partner who had recently retired from the firm. Huettner was

knowledgeable about wage and hour law and Kaspers had often relied on him for

updates in the area. During lunch, Kaspers told Huettner that he was preparing to

file a lawsuit against an employer for failure to pay overtime to its employees.

Thompson said that he would rather not know the name of the employer and

Kaspers did not tell him. Kaspers did mention that the employer was in the

business of installing gutters, though. The attorneys discussed wage and hour law



                                          6
and the defenses the employer might raise to the action, including the motor carrier

exemption to the FLSA. Huettner did not provide Kaspers with any confidential

information about F&P’s legal representation of GutterGuard or Dixie

HomeCrafters.

      At the January 27, 2004 meeting, Kaspers met Herrmann and two of his

coworkers and agreed to serve as their lead counsel. Over the course of the next

week and a half, a total of fifteen employees, who served as gutter installers or

crew chiefs or did other types of work, decided to join the action. On February 9,

2004, those employees, through Kaspers, filed a putative class action against

GutterGuard, Dixie HomeCrafters, and all affiliated companies, on behalf of

themselves and others similarly situated. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants

willfully failed to pay them overtime in violation of the FLSA, and thus sought

damages and injunctive relief.

      The day after filing the complaint, Kaspers ordered Dun & Bradstreet

reports on Dixie HomeCrafters to confirm whether he had correctly named the

company in the complaint. Upon reviewing these reports, Kaspers saw that Dixie

HomeCrafters had been sued by F&P in DeKalb County for failing to pay its legal

bills. On February 18, 2004, Kaspers went to the county courthouse and reviewed

the public file of that suit, including the March 17, 2000 invoice.



                                           7
      In mid-March 2004, Kaspers received in the mail a brochure announcing a

wage and hour law forum that was scheduled for June. Two of the presenters listed

were John Thompson, an F&P partner and former colleague of Kaspers, and Lee

Schreter, the lead counsel for the defendants in the present action before the district

court. Kaspers called Thompson, told him that he might attend the program, and

asked whether the State Bar of Georgia had approved it for continuing legal

education credit.

      Kaspers also mentioned to Thompson that he had recently agreed to

represent a group of employees in a collective overtime compensation action, and

that Schreter was representing the defendants. Kaspers claims that he did not

mention who the defendants were because he did not want Thompson to think that

he was trying to get him to reveal confidential client information. Thompson

mentioned that Schreter had worked as a summer associate at F&P and that he had

heard good things about her. Kaspers told Thompson that Schreter had argued that

the defendants were not liable for overtime pay because of the motor carrier

exemption. Kaspers made a comment about the substantial amount of money he

believed to be involved in the case. Thompson said that recovery would only be

“half-time” for hours in excess of forty hours per week. In his affidavit, Kaspers

insisted that he did not intend to solicit any theories, opinions, or advice from



                                           8
Thompson.

      On March 12, 2004, the plaintiffs, through Kaspers, filed a motion for

conditional certification of the action as a collective action. The plaintiffs argued

that a three-year statute of limitation applied because the defendants willfully

failed to pay them overtime. The plaintiffs stated that on “February 28, 2000,

shortly after GutterGuard was incorporated, a distinguished employment law firm

[F&P] explained to the Defendants the requirements of the wage and hour law vis-

a-vis all job titles in the Defendants’ companies.” The plaintiffs noted that after

this briefing, the defendants paid overtime to some of their production workers for

a brief period in 2000, however in mid-November 2000, they stopped paying

overtime, “deciding instead to spend the overtime compensation due these

employees on expanding the business.” The plaintiffs attached the March 17, 2000

invoice, which they alleged was proof that F&P had provided a wage and hour

review to the defendants less than a year before the commencement of the three-

year statute of limitations applicable to the plaintiffs’ overtime compensation

claims.

      On April 21, 2004, Dixie HomeCrafters and GutterGuard sent a letter to

Kaspers, demanding that he withdraw because he was violating Rules 1.9 and 1.10

of the Georgia Rules of Professional Conduct. Kaspers responded that he had



                                           9
acquired no protected information regarding the defendants’ or F&P’s

representation of them as a result of his former association with F&P or his recent

contact with Huettner or Thompson, both of whom had previously represented

Dixie HomeCrafters. Kaspers stated that the only information he had acquired

about F&P’s representation of the defendants was from the public records on file at

the DeKalb County Courthouse. Kaspers stated that he did not know until he

received the April 21, 2004 letter that F&P attorneys had provided legal services to

Dixie HomeCrafters and its affiliates.

      On May 7, 2004, the defendants filed a motion to disqualify Kaspers from

representing the plaintiffs on the ground that he had violated Rules 1.9(b) and 1.10

of the Georgia Rules of Professional Conduct. The defendants pointed out that in

his March 12, 2004 filing, Kaspers based the willfulness argument on the fact that

F&P had allegedly given the defendants advice in February 2000 about their wage

and hour law practices. The defendants asserted that while at F&P, Kaspers “was

privy to and acquired information” about the defendants that relates to F&P’s

former representation of the defendants and that is material to the present matter.

      In an order entered on December 1, 2005, the district court granted the

defendants’ motion to disqualify Kaspers and Kaspers & Associates on the ground

that Kaspers had violated Rule 1.9(b), although not Rule 1.10. See Ga. Rules of



                                          10
Prof’l Conduct R. 1.9(b). Rule 1.9(b), titled “Conflict of Interest: Former

Counsel,” provides that a “lawyer shall not represent a person in the same or a

substantially related matter” in which the lawyer’s former law firm had previously

represented a client whose interests are materially adverse to that person and about

whom the lawyer had acquired confidential, material information. See id.

       The court initially considered whether there was a substantial relationship

between the matter at issue in the plaintiffs’ present suit against the defendants and

the matter for which F&P previously represented the defendants. The court noted

that it could “reasonably presume” that during F&P’s review of the defendants’

operations, the firm “learned critical information about facts that would be

important in evaluating defendants’ obligation to pay overtime to employees.” The

court stated that this information “will likely become important” in determining

whether the defendants are liable in the present case for failing to pay overtime to

the plaintiffs.

       Next, the court stated that it “[did] not have to speculate” as to whether there

was a substantial relationship between the plaintiffs’ allegation that F&P willfully

failed to pay them overtime and F&P’s previous representation of the defendants.

The court noted that in the March 12, 2004 pleading, Kaspers had clearly

manifested his belief that there was a substantial relationship between the two



                                           11
matters when he cited F&P’s work for the defendants, as well as the advice the

firm had offered to them.

      The court then considered whether Kaspers acquired information about the

defendants protected by Rule 1.6 and 1.9(c) as a result of F&P’s prior

representation of the defendants. The court found that if Kaspers had been

listening at the Team One meetings he regularly attended, he would have heard that

Dixie HomeCrafters was a client and would have heard Sandberg discuss her wage

and hour review of the defendants’ operations. The court therefore concluded that

“Kaspers would have acquired information about defendants’ wage and hour

practices while in attendance at team meetings.”

      Next, the court considered whether the information Kaspers obtained was

material to the matter. The court stated that it could not know exactly what was

said at the Team One meetings because attorney-client privilege “would prevent

much probing” and “the passage of time likely has diminished the precision of any

such memories.” Nevertheless, the court stated that it would infer materiality

“inasmuch as the subject matter being handled by F&P [was] so germane” to the

present case against the defendants.

      Finally, the court discussed several events which led it to believe that

Kaspers was not attuned to the ethical issues arising from his representation of the



                                          12
plaintiffs against the defendants. The court stated that Kaspers’ decision to twice

visit the DeKalb County Courthouse to retrieve the file on F&P fees suit against

Dixie HomeCrafters arguably suggested “an awareness by Kaspers of what he

would find when he got the file.” The court noted that after reviewing the file and

learning that the defendants were clients of his former firm, Kaspers should have

been concerned that F&P’s representation of the defendants compromised his

ability to handle the case. Instead, the court noted that Kaspers filed a pleading

“trumpet[ing] this representation as a basis for plaintiffs’ claim of willfulness.”

The court noted that Kaspers’ contacts with Huettner and Thompson showed that

he was “still apparently not sensitized to the impropriety of soliciting criticism of

defendants’ conduct with regard to overtime pay from F&P attorneys.”

      Finally, the court discussed Kaspers’ attempt to introduce evidence that the

court had already found inadmissible. The court stated that “[s]uch conduct shows

a disrespect for the Court’s orders, from which disrespect one can extrapolate a

disrespect by Mr. Kaspers for his ethical obligations in the matter at issue.” The

court noted that “[t]his conduct does not put Mr. Kaspers in the best light to argue

his own credibility or well-intentioned motivations in this litigation.” The court

stated that “for all the above reasons, the Court concludes that Kaspers was aware

of material information relating to that representation.” Accordingly, the court



                                           13
granted the defendants’ motion to disqualify.

                                          II.

      We review de novo a district court’s interpretation and application of the

Rules of Professional Conduct, which involves a mixed question of law and fact.

Schlumberger Techs., Inc. v. Wiley, 113 F.3d 1553, 1558 (11th Cir. 1997). We

review the court’s factual findings only for clear error. Id. “A finding of fact is

clearly erroneous when the entirety of the evidence leads the reviewing court to a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Dresdner Bank

v. M/V Olympia Voyager, 446 F.3d 1377, 1380 (11th Cir. 2006). “Credibility

determinations are entitled to great deference, and must not be disturbed unless

manifestly unreasonable.” Ballard v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 429 F.3d 1026,

1031 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Motions to disqualify are governed by two sources of authority. First,

attorneys are bound by the local rules of the court in which they appear. The

Georgia Rules of Professional Conduct, contained in the Rules and Regulations of

the State Bar of Georgia, and judicial decisions interpreting those rules and

standards, govern the professional conduct of members of the bar of the United

States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. N.D. Ga. R. 83.1(C);

see also Bayshore Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 380 F.3d 1331, 1338



                                          14
(11th Cir. 2004). Second, federal common law also governs attorneys’

professional conduct because motions to disqualify are substantive motions

affecting the rights of the parties. See Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co.,

50 F.3d 1304, 1312 (5th Cir. 1995); Cole v. Ruidoso Mun. Sch., 43 F.3d 1373,

1383 (10th Cir. 1994). We will therefore look to these two sources of authority in

considering the issues raised in this appeal.

      If a district court bases its disqualification order on an allegation of an

ethical violation, “the court may not simply rely on a general inherent power to

admit and suspend attorneys, without any limit on such power.” Schlumberger,

113 F.3d at 1561. Instead, “[t]he court must clearly identify a specific Rule of

Professional Conduct which is applicable to the relevant jurisdiction and must

conclude that the attorney violated that rule.” Id.

      The party bringing the motion to disqualify bears the burden of proving the

grounds for disqualification. In re: BellSouth Corp., 334 F.3d 941, 961 (11th Cir.

2003). “Because a party is presumptively entitled to the counsel of his choice, that

right may be overridden only if ‘compelling reasons’ exist.” Id. A disqualification

order “is a harsh sanction, often working substantial hardship on the client” and

should therefore “be resorted to sparingly.” Norton v. Tallahassee Mem’l Hosp.,

689 F.2d 938, 941 n.4 (11th Cir. 1982). A motion to disqualify brought by



                                           15
opposing counsel “should be viewed with caution . . . for it can be misused as a

technique of harassment.” Ga. Rules of Prof’l Conduct, R. 1.7, cmt. 15.

      In the present case, the district court granted the motion to disqualify on the

ground that Kaspers had violated Rule 1.9(b). That rule provides that:

      A lawyer shall not knowingly represent a person in the same or a
      substantially related matter in which a firm with which the lawyer
      formerly was associated had previously represented a client:

      (1) whose interests are materially adverse to that person; and

      (2) about whom the lawyer had acquired information protected by
      Rules 1.6: Confidentiality and 1.9(c): Conflict of Interest: Former
      Client, that is material to the matter; unless the former client consents
      after consultation.

Ga. Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.9(b).

      For the purposes of this case, the first step in determining whether Kaspers

has violated Rule 1.9(b) is deciding whether the prior and present matters are

substantially related. “The focus of the district court’s inquiry should be on the

precise nature of the relationship between the present and former representations.”

Duncan v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 646 F.2d 1020, 1029 (5th

Cir. Unit B 1981). The court can only determine if the substantial relationship test

has been met “when the moving party delineates with specificity the subject

matters, issues, and causes of action presented in former representation.” Cox v.

Am. Cast Iron Pipe Co., 847 F.2d 725, 730 (11th Cir. 1988) (quoting Duncan, 646

                                          16
F.2d at 1029) (internal quotation marks omitted). The moving party has to show

more than the mere fact that as a result of a former representation, the attorney has

knowledge of the moving party’s practices and procedures. Duncan, 646 F.2d at

1032. The moving party must demonstrate that the attorney “has knowledge of the

particular practices and procedures which are the subject matter of [the] suit.” Id.

      The second step in determining whether Kaspers has violated Rule 1.9(b) is

deciding whether the interests of the clients in the former and present

representations are materially adverse. It is undisputed in this case that the clients’

interests are materially adverse. The third step is deciding whether Kaspers

acquired information protected by Rules 1.6 or 1.9(c). See Ga. Rules of Prof’l

Conduct, R. 1.9(b). Rule 1.6 requires that “[a] lawyer shall maintain in confidence

all information gained in the professional relationship with a client.” Id. R. 1.6.

Rule 1.9(c) provides that:

      A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter or whose
      present or former firm has formerly represented a client in a matter
      shall not thereafter:

      (1) use information relating to the representation to the disadvantage
      of the former client except . . . when the information has become
      generally known; or

      (2) reveal information relating to the representation . . . .

Id. R. 1.9(c). The comments to Rule 1.9 state that “[p]reserving confidentiality is a



                                           17
question of access to information.” Id. R. 1.9 cmt. n.6. “Access to information, in

turn, is essentially a question of fact in particular circumstances, aided by

inferences, deductions or working presumptions that reasonably may be made

about the way in which lawyers work together.” Id. cmt. n.6.

                                          III.

      The plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in failing to balance the

plaintiffs’ fundamental right to counsel against the interests sought to be protected

by disqualification. The plaintiffs rely on Norton, BellSouth, and Robinson v.

Boeing Co., for the proposition that the court was obligated to apply a balancing

test. See BellSouth 334 F.3d 941; Robinson, 79 F.3d 1053 (11th Cir. 1996);

Norton, 689 F.2d 938.

      Each case cited by the plaintiffs is distinguishable from the present one. In

Norton, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida

disqualified the plaintiffs’ lead counsel on the basis of the appearance of

impropriety rule as it existed in the version of Canon 9 of the Code of Professional

Responsibility then in effect in Florida. 689 F.2d at 939–40. Canon 9 provided

that attorneys should “avoid even the appearance of professional impropriety.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). We noted that for a court to disqualify an

attorney on that ground, the court must find that “the likelihood of public suspicion



                                           18
. . . outweigh[s] the social interests that will be served by the attorney’s continued

participation in the case.” Id. at 941. Norton’s balancing test is only applicable

when a district court bases its disqualification order on appearance of impropriety.

That standard, as the district court properly recognized in this case, is no longer

recognized by the State Bar of Georgia in its Rules of Professional Conduct. See

Waters v. Kemp, 845 F.2d 260, 265 n.12 (11th Cir. 1988). Accordingly, the

district court was under no obligation to perform the Norton balancing test.

      Robinson and BellSouth are also distinguishable because they fall within our

line of “judge-shopping” cases. See BellSouth, 334 F.3d 941; Robinson, 79 F.3d

1053. Both cases involved class action racial discrimination cases assigned to a

district judge from the Northern District of Alabama. BellSouth, 334 F.3d at 945;

Robinson, 79 F.3d at 1054.

      In Robinson, Boeing initially hired two law firms to represent it, then filed a

motion for leave to involve a third firm in the case. 79 F.3d at 1054. Because the

judge’s nephew was a partner in the third firm, granting the defendants’ motion

would have required the judge to recuse himself. Id. Another judge denied the

motion, finding that a change of judges was a sufficient reason to deny the motion

absent an overriding need for a particular attorney. Id. at 1054, 1056. We stated

that the factors a district court can consider in deciding whether to allow substitute



                                          19
or additional counsel include “the fundamental right to counsel, the court’s docket,

the injury to the plaintiff, the delay in reaching decision, the judicial time invested,

the expense to the parties objecting, and the potential for manipulation or

impropriety.” Id. at 1055. We concluded that the district court’s denial of the

motion was within the court’s discretion and did not infringe on Boeing’s

fundamental right to counsel of choice. Id. at 1055–56. We held that the

defendants did not demonstrate an overriding need for the third law firm, and thus

the court did not err in denying the motion. Id. at 1056.

      In BellSouth, the defendants hired the district court judge’s nephew to

represent them, and the plaintiffs moved to disqualify the nephew and his law firm

from participating in the case. 334 F.3d at 945–46. Another judge granted the

motion. Id. at 946. The plaintiffs sought a writ of mandamus compelling the

district court to vacate its order disqualifying the nephew and his firm. Id. at 943.

We stated that Robinson “clearly evince[d] concerns relevant to this case” and that

the factors listed in Robinson “were intended as a guide for district courts in the

exercise of their discretion with respect to such problems, not as a rigid formula

dictating the proper resolution of every case.” Id. at 962. We declined to grant the

writ of mandamus because the defendants had failed to demonstrate a clear and

indisputable right to relief. Id. at 965–66.



                                           20
      This Court does not require that a district court consider the Robinson

factors in determining whether to disqualify an attorney or law firm on the basis of

Rule 1.9. Robinson and BellSouth involved instances in which an attorney’s

continued representation of a party would have required the judge’s recusal. In

those cases, the district courts were not deciding whether an attorney’s

representation would contravene an ethical rule. In the present case, the attorney is

alleged to have violated Rule 1.9, calling into question the fair and efficient

administration of justice. Although a court should recognize that a motion to

disqualify is a drastic measure, see Norton, 689 F.2d at 941, as the district court did

in this case, it is not required to consider the Robinson factors in the course of

making its decision. That means the district court was not obligated to balance the

plaintiffs’ fundamental right to counsel against the interests sought to be protected

by disqualification.

                                          IV.

      The plaintiffs contend that the district court incorrectly applied the Canon 9

appearance of impropriety standard instead of the Rule 1.9(b) conflict of interest

standard in its disqualification determination. They point to the court’s discussion

of Kaspers’ ethical improprieties, including his handling of F&P’s suit against

Dixie HomeCrafters and his conversations with Huettner and Thompson. The



                                           21
plaintiffs believe that the court used the language of the appearance of impropriety

standard when it stated that “Kaspers is still apparently not sensitized to the

impropriety of soliciting criticism of defendants’ conduct with regard to overtime

pay from F&P attorneys.” We do not read that statement the way the plaintiffs do.

Impropriety is not the same as appearance of impropriety.

       The district court properly observed that in deciding whether to grant the

motion to disqualify it was required to identify a specific rule of professional

conduct applicable to that court and determine whether the attorney violated that

rule. The court stated that the rule at issue was Rule 1.9(b), “Conflict of Interest:

Former Counsel,” not Canon 9. The court explicitly acknowledged that “the mere

appearance of impropriety is no longer grounds for disqualifying a lawyer from

representing a party to a lawsuit.” In the discussion section of its order, the court

examined whether the two elements of Rule 1.9 were satisfied: (1) whether the

matter at issue was substantially related to the matter for which F&P previously

represented the defendants; and (2) whether Kaspers acquired information of a

confidential nature about the defendants while at F&P. The court concluded that

both elements were satisfied, and granted the defendants’ motion to disqualify on

that basis.

       The reason that the district court expounded on aspects of Kaspers’ conduct



                                           22
that did not themselves rise to the level of ethical violations is because they were

relevant. The court discussed Kaspers’ visit to the DeKalb County Courthouse

because the visit suggested that Kaspers was aware of what he would find when he

got the file. The court discussed Kaspers’ use of the former lawsuit in the present

case because it indicated that he was not concerned about violating Rule 1.9(b) and

because it “create[d] further skepticism about his other claims in this case.” The

court mentioned Kaspers’ attempts to introduce evidence because in the court’s

mind, it did not reflect well on his respect for his ethical obligations or his

credibility. The district court was entitled to consider the entire course of Kaspers’

conduct. See Ballard, 429 F.3d at 1031. The court properly applied the conflict of

interest standard and did not apply the outdated appearance of impropriety

standard.

                                           V.

      The plaintiffs contend that the defendants failed to prove the substantial

relationship, confidentiality, and materiality components of a Rule 1.9(b) violation.

We will consider each of these components separately.

      First, the plaintiffs argue that the substantial relationship factor has not been

established because the defendants did not “delineate[] with specificity the subject

matters, issues, and causes of action presented in the former representation.” The



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plaintiffs also argue that the defendants conceded in their “Response & Brief in

Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion For Conditional Certification” that there was no

substantial relationship between the prior and current representations when they

stated that the March 17, 2000 invoice referencing F&P’s February 2000

compliance audits/employment law reviews “has not been shown to have any

connection to any of the facts in this case.” The plaintiffs note that it is undisputed

that GutterGuard did not employ any installation crews in February 2000 and that

none of the plaintiffs or other putative class members were employed by Dixie

HomeCrafters at that time.

      The legal representations in the prior lawsuit and this one are substantially

related. With regard to the prior representation, the record shows that F&P

conducted an audit and review of Dixie HomeCrafters’ operations in February

2000 to determine whether the company was complying with various aspects of

employment and wage and hour law, including the FLSA’s requirements for the

payment of overtime. As for the present representation, Kaspers is suing Dixie

HomeCrafters and GutterGuard for failing to pay overtime to GutterGuard

employees. The key issues are whether the defendants should have adopted and

followed practices for the payment of overtime to gutter installation crews and if

so, whether their alleged failure to do so was willful.



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      It does not matter to this analysis that at the time F&P represented Dixie

HomeCrafters, the company had not yet hired these particular plaintiffs or any

gutter installation crews. Dixie HomeCrafters’ ownership and management were

in the process of getting the newly incorporated GutterGuard off the ground. If the

officers and managers received advice and information from F&P about

compliance with wage and hour law during the audit and review, that fact will

become important in determining whether they acted willfully in failing to pay the

plaintiffs overtime. The district court did not err in determining that the prior and

current matters were substantially related.

      Second, with regard to the confidentiality factor, the plaintiffs argue that the

court improperly assumed that while at F&P, Kaspers acquired information

protected by Rules 1.6 and 1.9. The plaintiffs argue that when F&P filed its fees

complaint against Dixie HomeCrafters and attached a copy of the March 17, 2000

invoice, F&P’s audit and review for Dixie Home Crafters became a matter a public

record and lost its protection under the rules. They also argue that there is no

evidence that Kaspers had actual knowledge of confidential information regarding

GutterGuard when he assumed his representation of the plaintiffs.

      The district court did not clearly err in finding that Kaspers had acquired

information about Dixie HomeCrafters’ wage and hour practices during the Team



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One meetings. Although Sandberg and Brannen did not recall whether Kaspers

was present at the meetings when Sandberg discussed the audit and review, and

Kaspers denied being there, the court was nonetheless entitled to infer that Kaspers

was present because he was a regular attendee. It was also entitled to infer that he

paid attention to what was said during the meetings because he was supposed to

keep an eye on the team for the management committee.

      The fact that F&P conducted an audit and review may have become

generally known and therefore lost its protection under Rule 1.9. However, the

information Sandberg obtained during the audit and the information she shared

with her F&P colleagues has not lost its protection. The invoice listed the type of

legal work Sandberg performed on behalf of her clients but did not reveal any of

the information she gathered during the audit or shared during the meetings. The

district court did not clearly err in finding that Kaspers acquired information

protected by Rule 1.6.

      Third, as for the materiality factor, the plaintiffs argue that the information

Kaspers purportedly acquired was not material because GutterGuard had not yet

hired any installation crews at the time of the audit and review. As we have

previously stated, the fact that GutterGuard had not yet hired any installation

employees is not dispositive. The information Kaspers acquired during F&P’s



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representation of Dixie HomeCrafters was material because it has a bearing on

what Dixie HomeCrafters and GutterGuard knew about wage and hour law. The

district court did not err in determining that the information Kaspers acquired was

material. In sum, the defendants adequately proved the substantial relationship,

confidentiality, and materiality components of Kaspers’ Rule 1.9(b) violation.

                                        VI.

      The district court’s order granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss Kaspers

and Kaspers & Associates is AFFIRMED.




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