                          In the
                     Court of Appeals
             Second Appellate District of Texas
                      at Fort Worth
                  ___________________________
                       No. 02-20-00113-CV
                  ___________________________

                    STEVEN DENNY, Appellant

                                   V.

THE HONORABLE LAWRENCE M. ‘LARRY’ DOSS, JUSTICE, 7TH COURT OF
                APPEALS, PLACE 4, Appellee



               On Appeal from the 251st District Court
                        Potter County, Texas
                   Trial Court No. 109,616-C-CV


              Before Sudderth, C.J.; Kerr and Birdwell, JJ.
                Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This is an accelerated appeal involving a primary-election contest. See Tex. Elec.

Code Ann. § 232.014. Two competing candidates for Place 4 on the Seventh District

Court of Appeals, whose principal courthouse is in Amarillo and which has

jurisdiction over a 46-county area, were on the ballot for the March 3,

2020 Republican primary. But an unknown election official with the Texas Secretary

of State’s office mistakenly left this race off the primary ballots provided to the

Republican county chairs of Cochran and Collingsworth Counties.

      Out of the 91,649 Republican primary ballots collectively cast in this race in the

44 counties that received ballots containing it, Appellant Steven Denny prevailed over

incumbent Lawrence “Larry” Doss by a 297-vote margin. In Cochran and

Collingsworth Counties, 1,214 Republican primary voters cast ballots, but because of

the election official’s mistake could not vote in the Denny–Doss primary contest. The

precise number of voters left without a voice in this race (1,214) unquestionably

exceeds the margin (297) of total votes that were cast for Denny.

      When the two-county ballot snafu came to light after March 3, Appellee Doss

successfully challenged the election results, with the trial court holding that the

election official’s mistake prevented eligible voters in those counties from voting,

which in turn—because of the numbers involved—meant that the election’s “true

outcome” could not be ascertained. Denny now appeals the trial court’s judgment

voiding the primary election and ordering that a new election be held

                                          2
contemporaneously with the upcoming statewide Republican General Primary Runoff

Election, currently scheduled for July 14, 2020, by order of the Governor of the State

of Texas.1

      We will affirm.

                                 Procedural History

      Doss timely filed his election contest on March 12, 2020, in Potter County. See

id. §§ 221.002(a), 232.006(b), .008(c). The Presiding Judge of the Ninth Administrative

Judicial Region assigned the judge of the 358th District Court of Ector County to the

251st District Court of Potter County to preside over this matter. 2

      On March 26, 2020, the parties filed stipulated facts. On March 30, the

assigned judge conducted a telephonic hearing by agreement. On April 1, the trial

court signed its final judgment and made written findings of fact and conclusions of

law, voiding the March 3 primary election and ruling that Denny and Doss must have

a do-over in the entire 46-county area served by the Seventh Court of Appeals.

      As soon as Denny perfected his appeal, the trial court set expedited appellate

deadlines by which the record would be filed no later than April 10 and briefing

      1
       Primary runoff elections ordinarily occur in May of a given election year. Tex.
Elec. Code Ann. § 41.007(b). Because of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, Governor
Greg Abbott rescheduled that election. See The Governor of the State of Tex.,
Proclamation 41-3724, 45 Tex. Reg. 2273, 2273–74 (2020).
      2
        A judge outside the affected district must be assigned to preside over an
election contest. See Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 231.004. Ector County is within the
Eleventh District Court of Appeals’ jurisdiction. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.201(l).


                                           3
completed no later than April 20, which has been done. See id. §§ 221.002(f),

232.014(b), (d).

       In the meantime, all justices on the Seventh Court of Appeals recused

themselves; by order dated April 8, the Supreme Court of Texas directed the Seventh

Court to transfer this case to us, which it did on April 9. At the end of the briefing

period, we notified the parties that this case would be submitted on April 23, 2020. See

Tex. R. App. P. 38.6(d) (authorizing court, in the interest of justice, to shorten time

for filing briefs and for submission of case).

       As the transferee court, we “must decide the case in accordance with the

precedent of the transferor court.” See Tex. R. App. P. 41.3. We have observed that

this rule’s “purpose . . . is to require the transferee court to ‘stand in the shoes’ of the

transferor court so that an appellate transfer will not produce a different outcome,

based on application of substantive law, than would have resulted had the case not

been transferred.” In re Reardon, 514 S.W.3d 919, 922–23 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2017, orig. proceeding) (quoting Tex. R. App. P. 41.3 cmt.).

                                    Issues on Appeal

       Denny’s issues can be characterized and reordered as

   • Whether the trial court erred in voiding the primary election when the
     election’s true outcome can be ascertained from the votes that were cast on
     March 3.

   • Whether a contestant must prove not simply that the number of eligible voters
     who were deprived of casting a ballot in a particular contested race exceeded


                                             4
      the margin of victory among votes actually cast, but that the election’s results
      would have been different.

   • Whether a candidate—or voters themselves—can waive a complaint about a
     faulty ballot by failing to inspect the ballot for accuracy and timely bringing the
     mistake to an election official’s attention.

                                   Stipulated Facts

      We reproduce verbatim the parties’ stipulated facts on which the trial court

heard and disposed of this case.

      1.   Justice Lawrence “Larry” Doss and Steven Denny properly filed
           applications to be placed on the ballot as Republican Party
           candidates for the Seventh District Court of Appeals, Place
           4 (Unexpired Term) for the March 3, 2020 Republican General
           Primary Election. See Affidavit of Brandon Moore.[3]

      2.   Both Justice Doss and Mr. Denny were certified to the Texas
           Secretary of State by the Republican Party of Texas on December
           18, 2019. Id.

      3.   The Seventh District Court of Appeals encompasses 46 Counties in
           the Texas Panhandle, including Cochran County and Collingsworth
           County. Tex. Govt. Code Sec. 22.201(h).

      4.   The Texas Secretary of State’s Texas Election Administration and
           Management (TEAM) System generates a candidate list for county
           chairs to use in conducting their ballot draw with the statewide and
           district offices for their county based on the list provided by the
           political parties. See Affidavit of Brandon Moore.

      5.   Due to a mistake of a person officially involved in the election, the
           identity of whom is unknown, the office of Justice, Seventh Court
           of Appeals District, Place 4, Unexpired Term, and the names of
           Steven Denny and Lawrence “Larry” Doss, did not appear on the
           list of statewide and district candidates provided to the Cochran

      3
       All the referenced attachments are in the appellate record.


                                           5
     and Collingsworth Republican county chairs by the Texas Secretary
     of State for use in their ballot draw or on the ballot certification
     which was also generated by the Texas Secretary of State. Id.;
     Affidavit of John Schmidt, Exhibits 1 and 2.

6.   Hockley County did not originally include the race for Republican
     Nominee, Seventh District Court of Appeals, Place 4 but the
     Hockley County Republican Party Chair and Justice Doss notified
     the Republican Party of the error in Hockley County and it was
     corrected prior to any votes being cast. See Attachments to Affidavit
     of Brandon Moore.

7.   The race for Republican Nominee, Seventh District Court of
     Appeals Place 4 (Unexpired Term) did not appear on the specimen
     ballot, sample ballot, Early Vote By Mail ballot, early ballot or
     regular ballot provided to voters in Cochran County. See Affidavit
     of Cheryl J. Butler attached to Contestant’s Petition; Affidavit of
     Cheryl Butler; Affidavit of John Schmidt, Exhibit 4.

8.   The race for Republican Nominee, Seventh District Court of
     Appeals Place 4 (Unexpired Term) did not appear on the specimen
     ballot, sample ballot, Early Vote By Mail ballot, early ballot or
     regular ballot provided to voters in Collingsworth County. See
     Affidavit of Jackie Johnson attached to Contestant’s Petition;
     Affidavit of Jackie Johnson attached to Contestee’s Answer.

9.   The ballots that omitted the race for 7th Court of Appeals Place
     4 were on display and available for inspection in Cochran County
     and Collingsworth County. See Affidavit of Jackie Johnson attached
     to Contestee’s Answer; Affidavit of Cheryl Butler.

10. Collingsworth County has 1,904 registered voters who were
    qualified to vote on March 3, 2020. 756 votes were cast in the
    March 3, 2020 Republican Primary in Collingsworth County. See
    Affidavit of Jackie Johnson attached to Contestant’s Petition.

11. Cochran County has 1,757 registered voters who were qualified to
    vote on March 3, 2020. 458 votes were cast in the March 3,
    2020 Republican Primary in Cochran County. See Affidavit of
    Cheryl J. Butler attached to Contestant’s Petition.

12. In the remaining 44 Counties, 91,649 people voted for a candidate

                                    6
            in the race for Republican Nominee, Seventh District Court of
            Appeals Place 4. Steven Denny received 45,973 votes. Justice Doss
            received 45,676 votes. Steven Denny won the votes cast by
            297 votes. See Official Result, Texas Secretary of State.

      13. A total of 1,214 voters did not have the office of Seventh District
          Court of Appeals, Place 4 on their ballot when they should have.
          See Sum of Stipulated Facts 10 and 11, supra.

      14. No one reported the error in the Cochran County ballot or
          Collingsworth County ballot until after the polls had closed. See
          Affidavit of Jackie Johnson attached to Contestee’s Answer;
          Affidavit of Cheryl Butler.

      15. The local canvasses from the March 3, 2020 Republican General
          Primary Election showed 0 votes cast for either candidate in the
          Seventh Court of Appeals District, Place 4 race because it did not
          appear on any ballot available to voters in Cochran or
          Collingsworth Counties. See Affidavit of John Schmidt, Exhibit 5.

           The Trial Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

      The trial court adopted and incorporated by reference the stipulated facts,

which the trial court noted “and the parties concede[d]” are “undisputed.” As a result,

no need existed for the trial court “to engage in a credibility, relevance, and

admissibility analysis” of the evidence.

      The trial court enumerated its legal conclusions in a 28-paragraph section

headed “Conclusions of Law and Disposition.” 4 The trial court cited applicable



      4
       The 28th numbered paragraph consists of an observation:

      NOTE: This action presents unique and unfortunate circumstances. As
      such, the court is mindful that the resolution of this dispute may be
      perceived as harsh or unreasonable. Although the remedies available to
      the court in disposing of the parties’ dispute are limited and defined, the

                                           7
Election Code provisions and applied them to the stipulated facts under the guidance

of McCurry v. Lewis, 259 S.W.3d 369 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.), Seventh

Court authority that the trial court called “binding, controlling, and dispositive.”

Because the stipulated evidence clearly and convincingly proved that election officials’

mistakes kept 1,214 voters in Cochran and Collingsworth Counties from choosing

between Denny and Doss, and because Denny’s margin of victory was only 297 votes,

the trial court concluded that it could not “ascertain the true outcome of the

election,” as the Election Code calls for the tribunal to attempt to do. Tex. Elec. Code

Ann. § 221.012(a).

      Thus, in accordance with nondiscretionary statutory directives if an election’s

true outcome cannot be ascertained, the trial court voided the primary election for

Place 4 and ordered that a new election between Denny and Doss throughout all

46 counties 5 be conducted concurrently with the July 14, 2020 Republican General




      clear and convincing stipulated evidence accepted by the court, the
      applicable statutory authority, and the controlling and binding precedent
      supports, and only permits, the very result the court has pronounced.
      Our legislature should be encouraged to expand the remedies, legal and
      equitable, that a presiding court may consider in addressing and
      adjudicating election disputes filed by candidates who advance the same
      or similar scenario and dilemma.
      5
       At the hearing, both parties agreed that the Election Code did not provide for
what the trial court saw as the “simple solution” of ordering a “special election for the
two counties that did not cast votes in this primary election.”


                                           8
Primary Runoff Election, or at any other time the Governor might set for that runoff.

See id. §§ 221.012(b), 232.041.

      The trial court also concluded that Doss had to prove only that election

irregularities caused by election officials’ mistakes “materially affected” the outcome,

not that the outcome would have been different. Additionally, the trial court

concluded that Doss did not waive his right to contest the election by not examining

the counties’ ballots ahead of time because a candidate’s failure to verify ballot

accuracy cannot “waive the rights and entitlement of eligible voters[] to participate

and vote in the electoral process,” and no caselaw or statute requires a candidate to

ensure that a ballot is accurate on pain of waiving an election contest.

                                  Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s ruling on an election contest for an abuse of

discretion. McCurry, 259 S.W.3d at 372; Tiller v. Martinez, 974 S.W.2d 769, 772 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). The well-known test for abuse of

discretion is whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules or legal

principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). If

a trial court incorrectly construes the law or misapplies the law to undisputed facts, it

has abused its discretion. W.B.M. Mgmt. Co. v. Flores, No. 07-14-00008-CV,

2014 WL 1691362, at *1 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 25, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).




                                            9
                                        Analysis

      The Election Code provides the framework for deciding this matter: a tribunal

dealing with an election contest must try to ascertain whether the election’s outcome

is not the true outcome because (among other statutory reasons) an election official

“prevented eligible voters from voting”; if the true outcome is not ascertainable, the

tribunal must “declare the election void”; and if the election is declared void, the court

must “order a new election.” Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 221.003(a)(2)(A), .012(b),

232.041. In connection with the ascertain-the-true-outcome provision, to overturn an

election the contestant must prove by clear and convincing evidence that voting

irregularities materially affected the election results. McCurry, 259 S.W.3d at 372–73.6

I.    Could the election’s true outcome be ascertained under these facts?

      If the answer to this pivotal question is “no,” as the trial court held, the

Election Code dictates the remedy. We agree with the trial court.

      Denny contends that the primary election’s true outcome can indeed be

ascertained from the votes that were cast on March 3—over 90,000 voters cast a vote,

Denny prevailed, and the Republican Party certified Denny as the winner to the

Secretary of State. To the extent Denny implies that the election’s “official results”

posted to the Secretary of State’s website as of March 24, 2020, preclude any challenge

to those results, he offers—and we have found—no authority for that proposition.

      6
       As we pointed out earlier, as a transferee court we follow authority from the
Seventh Court of Appeals. See Tex. R. App. P. 41.3.


                                           10
Moreover, when Doss timely filed his contest on March 12, the statewide canvass for

Republican primary elections had not even yet occurred, as Doss’s petition made

clear.7 Thus, we do not see anything legally significant about Denny’s having been

certified as the primary winner while Doss’s election contest was pending.

      Denny also attempts to distinguish a primary election from a general election in

such a way as to suggest, again without any authority, that the trial court erred by

voiding the election and ordering a new one. Denny notes that a primary is “a

function of a political party . . . to choose a nominee for the general election”; that

mechanisms exist for the party to “usurp the will of the voters after a primary

election” by (for example) giving the party executive committee authority to substitute

a candidate if the first one dies or becomes ineligible after the withdrawal period, see

Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 172.058(b), .060(b); and that counties lacking party

leadership need not even participate in a primary election except “[o]n request of the

state chair of a political party,” id. § 172.128(b). But Denny does not connect these

statutory provisions to the idea that the trial court erred in holding that it could not

ascertain the true outcome of the election when 1,214 voters were deprived of their




      7
       Doss pleaded that “[t]he official result of the 2020 Republican General
Primary Election is determined by statewide canvass, which will be held not later than
Sunday, March 15, 2020. Tex. Elec. Code § 172.120(b). The deadline for submission
of a petition in an election contest from that date is March 25, 2020. Tex. Elec. Code
§ 232.008(c).”


                                          11
right to vote in this race and when the margin of Denny’s victory was significantly

below that number. We cannot fathom any connection that changes the result.

          Finally, although we do not disagree that runoff elections historically see a huge

drop-off in voter turnout and that the COVID-19 pandemic’s after-effects might

depress that turnout even further, we cannot conclude that these possibilities provide

any legal basis to hold that the trial court misapplied the law or otherwise abused its

discretion. Contrary to Denny’s position, holding a new election will not

“disenfranchise” the 91,649 who voted in the primary; any qualified voter in the entire

46-county area is free to vote again, or for the first time, or not at all, on July 14, 2020.

          More to the point, the trial court’s job was to decide whether the election’s true

outcome could be ascertained from the stipulated facts. The principles by which the

trial court was to perform its job can be found in McCurry, which involved a virtually

identical situation. There, because officials had used an erroneous map when

redistricting precincts in Lamb County, some voters were mistakenly assigned to the

wrong precinct. McCurry, 259 S.W.3d at 373. After Lewis lost a county commissioner’s

race by three votes, he filed an election contest and proved that more than that

number of eligible voters (seven) had been prevented from voting due to his race’s

not being on those voters’ wrong-precinct ballots. Id. at 370, 376. Affirming the trial

court’s voiding the election and ordering a new one, the Seventh Court of Appeals

stated,



                                              12
             To set aside the outcome of an election, the contestant must
       prove by clear and convincing evidence that a violation of the Election
       Code occurred, and it materially affected the outcome of the election.

             A court trying an election contest shall attempt to ascertain
       whether the outcome shown by the final canvass was not the true
       outcome because illegal votes were counted or an election official
       prevented eligible voters from voting, failed to count legal votes, or
       engaged in other fraud, illegal conduct, or mistake.

              The outcome of an election is “materially affected” when a
       different and correct result would have been reached in the absence of
       irregularities or irregularities in the conduct of the election render it
       impossible to determine the majority of the voters’ true will.

Id. at 372–73 (citations omitted).

       Just as in McCurry, a case we are bound to follow, ascertaining the true outcome

of the Place 4 primary race is impossible here, based entirely on the math. The trial

court reached the only logical conclusion.

II.    Did the contestant have to prove that he would have won?

       Denny relies on a case from the First Court of Appeals to argue that it was not

enough for Doss to show how many voters were disenfranchised in the primary—he

had to also prove what the outcome would have been. Price v. Lewis, 45 S.W.3d

215 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (op. on reh’g). The Price court

wrote that it was the contestant’s burden to show that, “but for the ballot error, a

‘different and correct result’ would have been reached; i.e., that she would have won

the election.” Id. at 220–21.




                                             13
       Regardless of whether it might prevail in the First Court, Denny’s argument

cannot succeed in the Seventh Court (and thus not with us, sitting in its place).

McCurry made clear that an election’s outcome is “materially affected” when “a

different and correct result would have been reached in the absence of irregularities

[citing Price], or irregularities in the conduct of the election render it impossible to

determine the majority of the voters’ true will.” McCurry, 259 S.W.3d at 373 (emphasis

added). Indeed, the McCurry court expressly rebuffed the notion that the law requires

a contestant to prove that he would have won, for two reasons. First, Price (and Olsen

v. Cooper, 24 S.W.3d 608 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.), another case

with similar facts) did not involve evidence clearly and convincingly showing that “the

gross number of voters denied the vote by an election official, without regard to which

candidate a voter favored, was sufficient to have changed the outcome of the election.”

McCurry, 259 S.W.3d at 375 (emphasis in original). Second, proving the winner would

require testimony from voters about how they would have voted—something that

flies in the face of public policy and Texas Supreme Court authority. Id. (citing Duncan

v. Willis, 302 S.W.2d 627, 634–35, 635 n.2 (Tex. 1957) (explaining that the election

code does not authorize a voter to testify, after the election, how he or she intended

to vote)).

       Going back even further, the McCurry court settled the point by quoting a case

that is more than a century old: “If the right of a voter to vote has been denied to any

person duly qualified, it may be shown in case of a contest. And if the number of

                                          14
voters whose right has been so denied is large enough to materially affect the result it

will vitiate the election.” Id. at 376 (quoting McCormick v. Jester, 115 S.W. 278,

285 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1908, writ dism’d)).

       We thus agree with the trial court that a contestant need not prove both the

number of people who were prevented from voting and their intended vote; such a

requirement, as the trial court rightly concluded, would “impose an improper burden

on the Contestant because the law, and sound policy, prohibits any voter from

testifying in an election contest as to how he or she intended to vote.”

III.   Do waiver principles apply in a case such as this?

       Finally, we address Denny’s waiver issues, which challenge the trial court’s

conclusions that a candidate “cannot, through action or inaction, waive the rights and

entitlement of eligible voters[] to participate and vote in the electoral process” and

that no law or statute requires a candidate to verify the accuracy of an election ballot.

       On the latter issue, Denny points out—as the parties’ stipulated fact number

6 recites—that Doss and the Hockley County party chair both noticed that the Place

4 race had been omitted from the Hockley County8 ballot and brought that to the

state GOP’s attention; the ballot was corrected before any voting had started. Denny

draws from this an affirmative obligation for Doss and the party to have then checked



      Hockley County is one of the Seventh Court’s 46 counties. See Tex. Gov’t
       8

Code Ann. § 22.201(h).


                                            15
other counties’ ballots for correctness, and he argues that because no one did, “the

candidates waived any complaint that they suffered by omission from these ballots.”

      But the Election Code imposes no duty on a candidate to inspect ballots for

accuracy, and Denny has offered no caselaw or other authority imposing a duty to do

so. Moreover, the cases he cites for the proposition that “final responsibility for the

accuracy of an election lies with the candidate” involve a candidate’s responsibility for

following the application process for getting on the ballot in the first place. See, e.g.,

Escobar v. Sutherland, 917 S.W.2d 399, 405 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996, orig.

proceeding); Bejarano v. Hunter, 899 S.W.2d 346, 350 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, orig.

proceeding). The two situations are markedly different.

      Even beyond Doss’s own interest, once both he and Denny were properly

certified as candidates for Place 4, the voters in all 46 counties were then entitled to

choose between them. Doss’s failure to check the Cochran and Collingsworth County

ballots, which he was not obliged to do, cannot have waived those voters’ right to cast

a ballot for the candidate of their choice, a right that has been called the “essence of a

democratic society.” Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 555, 84 S. Ct. 1362, 1378 (1964).

      Finally, Denny argues that even though only a candidate can mount an election

contest, voters themselves—because they can view and inspect sample ballots ahead

of an election—are not blameless: although the disenfranchised voters lacked standing

to challenge the result, “even if they did, they waived any right to complain by failing

to do so during the inspection period authorized by statute.” As with Doss, the law

                                           16
imposes no such duty on voters; rather, the duty lies entirely with the appropriate

election authority to “have placed on the ballot the name of each candidate . . . whose

entitlement to placement on the ballot has been lawfully certified to the authority.”

Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 52.003(a)(2). If that is not done, and if the true result of an

election cannot be ascertained, the Election Code provides the one and only remedy.

We agree with the trial court that a waiver defense has no place here.

                                      Conclusion

      The number of disenfranchised voters exceeded the margin of the difference

between the votes cast in the primary for Denny and Doss. Because as a result the

trial court could not ascertain the election’s true outcome, the statutory remedy is to

void the election and order a new one. We affirm the trial court’s judgment and will

not entertain a motion for rehearing. See id. § 232.014(e).




                                                       /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                                       Elizabeth Kerr
                                                       Justice

Delivered: April 30, 2020




                                           17
