                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                         No. 04-14-00291-CV

                                IN THE INTEREST OF N.S., a Child

                      From the 73rd Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                   Trial Court No. 1997-PA-01542
                           Honorable John D. Gabriel Jr., Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting:          Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
                  Jason Pulliam, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 19, 2015

AFFIRMED

           Appellant Marco Sanchez appeals the trial court’s 2014 order granting his ex-wife’s motion

for judgment nunc pro tunc. The nunc pro tunc judgment added a SAPCR cause number to a 1998

order that, inter alia, denied Marco’s petition to terminate his parental rights to N.S. Marco argues

the trial court erred because it corrected a judicial error, not a clerical one. Because the evidence

was legally and factually sufficient to support the 2014 trial court’s finding that the 1998 trial court

heard and ruled on motions from the termination and SAPCR causes, we conclude that omitting

the SAPCR cause number from the 1998 order was merely a clerical error that was correctable by

judgment nunc pro tunc. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s order.
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                                               BACKGROUND

        In 1992, the trial court signed a divorce decree for cause number 92-CI-02148, In the

Matter of Marriage of Marco F. Sanchez and Lisa Sanchez and in the Interest of Danielle Sanchez,

Christopher Sanchez, and Nicholas Sanchez, Children.

        In 1997, Lisa sought an increase in child support for her three children. That same year,

Marco filed an original petition to terminate his parental rights to N.S. Marco’s petition was filed

in the same trial court but was given a separate cause number: 97-PA-01542. Thereafter, the trial

court 1 signed an order dated February 6, 1998, and titled “Order on Motion to Terminate Parental

Rights and Motion to Modify Child Support.” The heading on the order listed only one cause

number—the one from Marco’s parental rights termination suit.

        In 2013, Marco moved the court to stop withholding child support for N.S. Thereafter,

Lisa moved for judgment nunc pro tunc to include the SAPCR cause number in the 1998 order. In

2014, the trial court 2 denied Marco’s motion and granted Lisa’s motion. Marco appeals the order

granting Lisa’s motion for judgment nunc pro tunc; he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. 3

                                          MARCO’S ARGUMENTS

        Marco argues the trial court’s March 10, 2014 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

“contain a number of conclusory statements not supported by any evidence.” Challenging the trial

court’s finding regarding a January 30, 1998 hearing, Marco contends there is no evidence to show

any hearing was held on that date. He acknowledges the February 6, 1998 order sets child support

at $600.00 per month, but denies there is any evidence to support the trial court’s 2014 finding that

the 1998 order “granted [Lisa’s] Motion to Modify Child Support by ordering that child support


1
  The Honorable Michael Peden signed the February 6, 1998 order.
2
  The Honorable John D. Gabriel Jr. signed the June 20, 2014 order.
3
  Marco’s brief repeatedly asserts the findings of fact are “not supported by evidence” or “not supported by any
evidence.” We construe Marco’s assertions as challenging the factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence.

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be increased to $600.00 per month.” He also contends there is no evidence to show the $600.00

per month “child support was set for any other child other than [N.S.].” Before we address Marco’s

arguments, we briefly recite the applicable standards of review for evidentiary challenges in the

context of a nunc pro tunc judgment.

                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

         The questions of whether a trial court rendered judgment, and if so, what the rendered

judgment actually contained, are questions of fact. Escobar v. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 232

(Tex. 1986). If an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a judgment nunc

pro tunc, we apply a clear and convincing evidence standard. In re R.P.T., No. 04-03-00475-CV,

2005 WL 418220, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 23, 2005, pet. denied) (mem. op.);

Thompson v. Tex. Dep’t of Human Res., 859 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993, no

writ).

A.       Legal Sufficiency

         When a clear and convincing evidence standard applies, a legal sufficiency review requires

a court to “look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether

a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.”

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002); accord In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. 2005).

If the court “determines [a] reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the

matter that must be proven is true,” the evidence is legally sufficient. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d

at 85; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

B.       Factual Sufficiency

         Under a clear and convincing standard, evidence is factually sufficient if “a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State’s allegations.” In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002); accord In re K.R.M., 147 S.W.3d 628, 630 (Tex. App.—San
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Antonio 2004, no pet.). We must consider “whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable

factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding.” In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 266; accord In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

C.     Findings of Fact, No Reporter’s Record

       If the appellate record contains the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law but

does not contain the reporter’s record, we presume that sufficient evidence was introduced to

support the trial court’s findings of fact and the judgment. See Mays v. Pierce, 281 S.W.2d 79, 82

(Tex. 1955); Nelkin v. Panzer, 833 S.W.2d 267, 268 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ

dism’d w.o.j.).

                                   NUNC PRO TUNC JUDGMENT

       “After the trial court loses its jurisdiction over a judgment, it can correct only clerical errors

in the judgment by judgment nunc pro tunc.” Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; see TEX. R. CIV. P.

316; America’s Favorite Chicken Co. v. Galvan, 897 S.W.2d 874, 876 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1995, writ denied).

A.     Clerical Error

       “‘A clerical error is one which does not result from judicial reasoning or determination.’”

Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. A.P.I. Pipe & Supply, LLC, 397 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. 2013) (quoting

Andrews v. Koch, 702 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Tex. 1986)). The clerk’s function in entering judgment

highlights the difference between a clerical error and an error in judicial reasoning. See Burrell v.

Cornelius, 570 S.W.2d 382, 384 (Tex. 1978) (“Judges render judgment[s]; clerks enter them on

the minutes.” (emphasis added)). A clerical error is an “error made in entering final judgment.”

Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; see Comet Aluminum Co. v. Dibrell, 450 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. 1970).

Evidence of a clerical error may include “written documents, previous judgments, [and] docket

entries.” Hernandez v. Lopez, 288 S.W.3d 180, 185 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no
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pet.); accord Riner v. Briargrove Park Prop. Owners, Inc., 976 S.W.2d 680, 683 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ).

B.     Judicial Error

       In contrast, “[a] judicial error is one made by the court in rendering judgment, as opposed

to a failure to accurately recite the judgment rendered.” Stock v. Stock, 702 S.W.2d 713, 716 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ); accord Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231. If the trial court renders

judgment incorrectly, but the written judgment precisely reflects the judgment the court actually

rendered, the error is judicial and the trial court may not alter its written judgment after its plenary

power has expired. See Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231–32; Hernandez, 288 S.W.3d at 184–85.

                                       JUDGMENT, CONTENTS

       Before deciding whether the nunc pro tunc judgment corrected a clerical or a judicial error,

we must determine whether the 1998 trial court rendered judgment on both causes. See Escobar,

711 S.W.2d at 232.

A.     Findings of Fact

       Here, the 2014 trial court filed findings of fact and conclusions of law addressing the 1998

trial court’s order. The 2014 trial court’s findings identify the three children of the marriage, note

that the initial child support monthly amount was “$220.00 per month for all three children,” and

include the following:

       5. On January 30, 1998, a hearing was held on both the Original Petition for
       Termination of Parental Rights and the Motion to Modify Child Support in Final
       Decree of Divorce before Judge Michael Peden.
       6. On February 6, 1998, Judge Michael Peden signed an Order on Motion to
       Terminate Parental Rights and Motion to Modify Child Support that denied
       Petitioner’s Motion for Termination of Parental Rights and granted Respondent’s
       Motion to Modify Child Support by ordering that child support be increased to
       $600.00 per month. By mistake, the cause number and caption used on this Order
       only included the one from the Termination case and did not include the caption


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         and cause number from the SAPCR case even though Judge Peden heard and ruled
         on motions from both cases.
         ...
         10. On January 22, 2014, this Court held a hearing on Marco F. Sanchez’s Motion
         to Terminate Order for Withholding and Lisa Sanchez’s Motion for Judgment Nunc
         Pro Tunc. On January 27, 2014, this Court made the following rulings: 1) Marco
         F. Sanchez’s Motion to Terminate Order for Withholding was denied and 2) Lisa
         Sanchez’s Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc was granted.

B.       Presumption, Evidence in Record

         Because no reporter’s record was filed in this appeal, 4 we presume there was sufficient

evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the 1998 trial court heard and ruled on motions

from both causes. See Mays, 281 S.W.2d at 82; Nelkin, 833 S.W.2d at 268.

         1.       1998 Order in Appellate Record

         The appellate record shows that in the 2014 hearing on the motion for judgment nunc pro

tunc, the trial court considered the evidence and took judicial notice of its file. The file includes a

copy of the February 6, 1998 order. The order is titled “Order on Motion to Terminate Parental

Rights and Motion to Modify Child Support”; it states the following:

             On January 30, 1998, the matter of terminating parental rights and modification
         of child support came to be heard . . . .
             After hearing all the evidence and arguments of counsel, the Court found that
         Petitioner’s Motion for Termination of Parental Rights is DENIED. It is also
         FURTHER ORDERED by this Court that child support be set according to Texas
         guidelines at $600.00 per month.

         2.       Docket Entries in Appellate Record

         The record also contains docket entries. See Hernandez, 288 S.W.3d at 185 (noting that

evidence of a clerical error may include docket entries); Riner, 976 S.W.2d at 683 (same). The




4
  In the appendix to Marco’s brief, it states the brief relies on the clerk’s and reporter’s records, but no reporter’s
record was filed in this appeal.

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docket entries for February 6, 1998, state “ORDER ON MOTION TO TERMINATE PARENTAL

RIGHTS-DENIED” and “MOTION TO MODIFY CHILD SUPPORT–GRNTD.”

       3.      No Evidence to Overcome Presumption

       On appeal, Marco argues there is no evidence to support the 2014 trial court’s findings, but

he must overcome the presumption that the evidence presented was sufficient to support each of

the findings. See Mays, 281 S.W.2d at 82; Nelkin, 833 S.W.2d at 268. Both the 1998 order and

the docket entries support the trial court’s finding that motions from both causes were heard and

ruled on at the 1998 hearing. Further, the record shows the SAPCR suit expressly identified all

three children, a hearing was held before the February 6, 1998 order was signed, and the child

support amount was increased. Therefore, we conclude Marco failed to overcome the presumption

that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s findings. See

Mays, 281 S.W.2d at 82; Nelkin, 833 S.W.2d at 268.

                                 JUDICIAL OR CLERICAL ERROR

       Having concluded that the 1998 trial court heard and ruled on motions in both causes, we

now consider whether the nunc pro tunc judgment corrected a clerical or judicial error. See

Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231.

       Despite the order’s title, which expressly identifies both the termination and SAPCR

causes, and the order’s contents, which expressly ruled on matters in both causes, the February 6,

1998 order included only the number for the parental termination cause. Marco argues the error

is judicial, but Escobar indicates otherwise.

       In Escobar, the trial court’s judgment nunc pro tunc corrected the number of acres stated

in a written judgment to match the number of acres the trial court actually awarded. Escobar, 711

S.W.2d at 232; see also Andrews v. Koch, 702 S.W.2d 584, 586 (Tex. 1986) (affirming the trial



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court’s nunc pro tunc judgment because the signed judgment did not accurately reflect the decision

the trial court actually made).

       Here, the trial court made a similar correction. Cf. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231–32. The

trial court’s judgment nunc pro tunc corrected the 1998 written order to include the SAPCR cause

number that the 1998 trial court heard and ruled on. Cf. id. at 232. Because the 1998 trial court

ruled on motions in both causes, the trial court did not require judicial reasoning to correct the

1998 order by adding the SAPCR cause number. See Andrews, 702 S.W.2d at 586. Therefore,

the omission of the SAPCR cause number from the 1998 order was clerical and could be corrected

by judgment nunc pro tunc. See Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; Andrews, 702 S.W.2d at 586.

                                           CONCLUSION

       In his appeal of the trial court’s order granting Lisa’s motion for judgment nunc pro tunc,

Marco complained that neither the trial court’s findings nor its judgment were supported by any

evidence. But the evidence in the appellate record includes the 1998 trial court’s order and docket

entries; this evidence shows the 1998 trial court heard and ruled on both causes. Further, the record

does not include any reporter’s record. Thus, Marco had to overcome the presumption that there

was sufficient evidence to support all of the trial court’s findings including the finding that the

1998 trial court heard and ruled on motions from both the parental termination and SAPCR causes.

       Because Marco failed to overcome the presumption, and the 1998 trial court’s error was

clerical and could be corrected by judgment nunc pro tunc, we affirm the trial court’s order

granting Lisa’s motion for judgment nunc pro tunc.


                                                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice




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