                                                                            F I L E D
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                             Tenth Circuit
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          October 24, 2006
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                       Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court

 ROBERT HERSHAL PERKIS,

                 Petitioner - Appellant,

           v.                                                 No. 06-6147
                                                      (D. Ct. No. 05-CV-1143-M)
 MARTY SIRMONS, Warden; DREW                                  (W.D. Okla.)
 EDMONDSON, Attorney General of the
 State of Oklahoma,

                 Respondents - Appellees.



                ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, HARTZ, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


       After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the

determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The

case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

       Robert Hershal Perkis, an Oklahoma prisoner appearing pro se, seeks a certificate

of appealability (“COA”) in order to challenge the District Court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C.




       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
§ 2254 habeas petition. Mr. Perkis also seeks to proceed in forma pauperis. Because Mr.

Perkis has failed to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,”

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), we DENY a COA and DISMISS his appeal. We GRANT Mr.

Perkis’s application to proceed in forma pauperis.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

       In 2001, Mr. Perkis and two others drove to a rural residence in Caddo County,

Oklahoma and asked the owner of the house if they could use the owner’s shooting range.

The owner accompanied Mr. Perkis and the others to the range, which was approximately

200 yards from the house. Once there, Mr. Perkis hit the owner in the face with a sharp

object, knocking him out. When the owner awoke, Mr. Perkis was taping his arms to his

body. Mr. Perkis and one of the individuals then went to the house and took the owner’s

personal property. The third individual stood over the owner and used a hammer in an

intimidating manner to keep him from moving.

       Subsequently, Mr. Perkis was charged in a three-count indictment for robbery with

a dangerous weapon, kidnaping, and first degree burglary. He pleaded nolo contendere to

all three counts, and the state court sentenced him to serve 25 years’ imprisonment on

Count One, 10 years on Count Two, and 20 years on Count Three, to be served

consecutively. The court also fined him $1000 for each count of conviction and ordered

him to pay, jointly and severally with his two co-defendants, $3436.47 in restitution to the

victim. Mr. Perkis moved to withdraw his pleas, and the state court denied the motion.

On direct appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) affirmed the

                                            -2-
robbery conviction, reversed the kidnaping conviction, and reduced the burglary

conviction to second degree burglary, with a sentence of 7 years. Mr. Perkis then sought

federal habeas relief in the District Court, in which he merely adopted and incorporated

by reference all but one of the claims for relief he urged in his direct appeal to the OCCA.

       The District Court denied Mr. Perkis’s habeas petition, but did not act on the issue

of a COA. Pursuant to Tenth Circuit Rule 22.1(c), the COA is deemed denied by the

District Court. Mr. Perkis filed an application for COA with this Court. He essentially

renews the claims made before the District Court with the addition of one new claim. He

asserts that: (1) the state trial court accepted his nolo contendere plea to the robbery count

unsupported by a sufficient factual basis, in violation of his Fourteenth Amendment due

process rights; (2) the sentence for the robbery count is excessive and violates his

Fourteenth Amendment due process rights; (3) his nolo contendere pleas are invalid

because the state trial court failed to advise him of the consequences of his plea, in

violation of his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights; and (4) he received ineffective

assistance of counsel in entering his nolo contendere plea and later attempting to

withdraw it, in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.1

       He also asserts that he was subjected to double punishment in violation of the




       1
           Mr. Perkis also asserts these claims constitute violations of his Fourteenth
Amendment equal protection rights. Because Mr. Perkis proffers no facts and cites no
legal authority to support a conclusion that he was treated differently from other similarly
situated persons, a threshold requirement to show a constitutional equal protection
violation, there is no such cognizable claim.

                                             -3-
Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment by the assessment of a fine and of

restitution under two separate Oklahoma statutes. He did not raise this argument in his

original habeas petition to the District Court. As such, this claim is waived. See Parker

v. Scott, 394 F.3d 1302, 1307 (10th Cir. 2005). In addition, Mr. Perkis includes in his

summary of arguments to this Court the claim that he should be allowed to withdraw his

nolo contendere plea to Count Three for first degree burglary. However, he later

“stipulates” that the OCCA already “granted relief on this issue,” and advances no further

arguments or discussion to support this claim. We therefore understand Mr. Perkis not to

raise the argument before this Court.

                                    II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review

       The denial of a state prisoner’s petition for federal habeas relief pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 2254 may be appealed only if the district court or this Court first issues a COA.

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). A COA may issue “only if the applicant has made a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To

make the necessary showing, “a petitioner must show that reasonable jurists could debate

whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a

different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to

proceed further.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (quoting Slack v.

McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).

Where the petitioner’s federal habeas claims were adjudicated on the merits in state court



                                            -4-
proceedings, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”) dictates that

a court may grant a habeas petition only where the state court decision was “contrary to,

or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or was

“based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in

the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). We incorporate this AEDPA

deference to state court decisions into our COA analysis, and thus, when evaluating

claims addressed by a state court on the merits, we cannot grant a COA unless we find

that “reasonable jurists could debate whether the [state court’s] decision was not merely

wrong, but unreasonable, either as a determination of fact or as an application of clearly

established federal law.” Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 940 (10th Cir. 2004).

B. Claims

       Mr. Perkis raises two claims respecting his conviction and sentence for robbery

with a dangerous weapon. First he contends that there was an insufficient factual basis to

support his nolo contendere plea because there was no evidence on the element of the

crime requiring that the defendant take personal property from the person or “from the

immediate presence” of the person. See Lancaster v. State, 554 P.2d 32, 34 (Ok. Crim.

1976). As an initial matter, unless a defendant claims factual innocence while pleading

guilty, there is no federal constitutional requirement for the district court to ascertain a

factual basis for the plea. See Berget v. Gibson, 1999 WL 586986 (10th Cir. 1999)

(unpublished) (citing Freeman v. Page, 443 F.2d 493, 497 (10th Cir. 1971)). In any

event, the OCCA rejected this argument, finding that there were sufficient facts to satisfy

                                             -5-
that element of the crime. In so finding, the court interpreted Oklahoma case law and the

Oklahoma statute, and held that Mr. Perkis’s exercise of “force and fear” over the victim

“in order to accomplish the theft of personal property” fulfilled the presence requirement.

We defer to state courts on the interpretation of state law. Burleson v. Saffle, 278 F.3d

1136, 1144 (10th Cir. 2002). Mr. Perkis has not shown that reasonable jurists could

debate whether there was an “unreasonable” determination of the facts in light of the

evidence. See § 2254(d).

       Next, Mr. Perkis asserts that because the evidence is insufficient to support the

robbery charge, the sentence for that count is excessive. Mr. Perkis’s failure on his first

claim precludes success on this claim. The trial court sentenced Mr. Perkis within the

statutory range for the crime of robbery with a dangerous weapon. “We afford wide

discretion to the state trial court’s sentencing decision, and challenges to that decision are

not generally constitutionally cognizable, unless it is shown that the sentence imposed is

outside the statutory limits or unauthorized by law.” See Dennis v. Poppel, 222 F.3d

1245, 1258 (10th Cir. 2000).

       Mr. Perkis also argues that his nolo contendere pleas are invalid because he was

not informed that his sentences could be consecutive or that he would be ineligible for

parole prior to serving 85% of his sentence on Count One. To satisfy due process, a

guilty plea must be knowing and voluntary. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242

(1969). To enter a plea that is knowing and voluntary, the defendant must have a “full

understanding of what the plea connotes and of its consequence.” Id. at 244. “The

                                             -6-
defendant need not understand every collateral consequence of the plea, but need only

understand its direct consequences.” United States v. Hurlich, 293 F.3d 1223, 1230 (10th

Cir. 2002). Both parole eligibility and the possibility that sentences may be imposed

consecutively—as opposed to concurrently—are collateral consequences of a plea and

therefore a state court’s failure to inform the defendant of these consequences does not

render a guilty plea unknowing or involuntary. See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 55

(1985) (court’s failure to inform defendant at plea hearing of his parole eligibility does

not offend a federal constitutional right); Hurlich, 293 F.3d at 1231 (consecutive sentence

is a collateral consequence of a guilty plea). As such, Mr. Perkis has failed to show that

reasonable jurists could debate whether the state court’s determination that Mr. Perkis’s

guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily made was unreasonable.

       Finally, Mr. Perkis reasserts the ineffective assistance of counsel claims initially

raised before the OCCA and the District Court. He essentially claims that his counsel

was ineffective for failing to raise those issues already discussed herein. Mr. Perkis also

alleges numerous additional claims of ineffective assistance that he did not include in his

original habeas petition, but which can be found in his objections and response to the

magistrate’s recommended decision and order to the District Court. With respect to those

arguments properly raised in his original habeas petition, we deny a COA for

substantially the same reasons supplied by the District Court. Those claims the defendant

failed to properly raise are waived. See Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 142, 1426 (10th Cir.

1996) (“Issues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge’s

                                            -7-
recommendation are deemed waived.”). Even so, we have closely examined each alleged

ineffective assistance claim and find that they do not constitute a basis for relief.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

       Having carefully reviewed the magistrate judge’s report, the OCCA’s opinion, the

record, and Mr. Perkis’s claims on appeal, we conclude that reasonable jurists would not

find the resolution of the claims he has presented constitutionally debatable.

Accordingly, we DENY Mr. Perkis’s application for a COA, GRANT his application to

proceed in forma pauperis, and DISMISS his appeal.

                                            ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                            Deanell Reece Tacha
                                            Chief Circuit Judge




                                             -8-
