                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            January 28, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                              Clerk of Court
 JOE SANDERS, II,

       Petitioner - Appellant,

 v.                                                           No. 19-5080
                                                 (D.C. No. 4:19-CV-00396-CVE-FHM)
 SCOTT CROW,                                                  (N.D. Okla.)

       Respondent - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
                   _________________________________

Before McHUGH, KELLY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Joe Sanders, II, an Oklahoma prisoner proceeding pro se,1 seeks a certificate of

appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s order denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2254

petition. For the reasons explained below, we deny his request and dismiss the

petition.

       After an Oklahoma jury found Sanders guilty of first-degree murder and other

crimes, the trial court sentenced him to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

In 2009, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) affirmed Sanders’s


       *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value.
See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
         We liberally construe Sanders’s pro se filings. But we do not act as his
advocate or excuse his failure to follow procedural rules. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525
F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).
convictions and sentence. The state district court later denied Sanders’s application

for state postconviction relief. In 2010, Sanders filed his first § 2254 petition, seeking

federal postconviction relief. The district court dismissed that petition on the merits.

Sanders v. Miller, No. 10-CV-567-TCK-TLW, 2013 WL 2323138, at *10 (N.D.

Okla. May 28, 2013) (unpublished). We denied Sanders a COA. Sanders v. Miller,

555 F. App’x 750, 753 (10th Cir. 2014) (unpublished).

      In 2013, Oklahoma enacted the Postconviction DNA Act (DNA Act). See

Postconviction DNA Act, ch. 317, 2013 Okla. Sess. Laws 1598 (codified at Okla.

Stat. tit. 22, §§ 1373–1373.7). Sanders again sought postconviction relief in state

court, this time “request[ing that] biological material be tested” under the DNA Act.

R. 5. The state court denied relief, and the OCCA affirmed that denial.

      Sanders then filed the § 2254 petition at issue here. He argued that the state

“[c]ourt erred in denying [his] request for [p]ost[]conviction DNA testing under” the

DNA Act and asked the district court to “set an evidentiary hearing for DNA testing.”

R. 7, 16. The district court determined that Sanders could not proceed under §2254,

dismissed his petition, and denied his request for a COA. In so doing, the district

court explained that although Sanders is “in custody pursuant to the judgment of a

[s]tate court,” he did not allege any “violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties

of the United States.” § 2254(a).

      Sanders now asks us to issue a COA so he can appeal the district court’s order.

See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). Before we may do so, Sanders must “ma[ke] a

substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” § 2253(c)(2). To make

                                               2
that showing, he must demonstrate at least that reasonable jurists could debate

“whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right.”

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).

      In short, Sanders fails to do so. “Federal habeas relief is not available to

correct state[-]law errors.” Leatherwood v. Allbaugh, 861 F.3d 1034, 1043 (10th Cir.

2017). And Sanders’s petition argues only an error of state law: that the “[c]ourt

erred in denying [his] request for [p]ost[]conviction DNA testing under” Oklahoma’s

DNA Act. R. 7.

      Nevertheless, Sanders argues on appeal that the state court’s denial of DNA

testing under Oklahoma’s DNA Act “deprive[s him] of his liberty” under the Due

Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment. Aplt. Br. 3.

But Sanders did not make this argument below, and “[w]e do not generally consider

[on appeal] issues that were not raised before the district court as part of the habeas

petition.” Stouffer v. Trammell, 738 F.3d 1205, 1221 n.13 (10th Cir. 2013).

      Further, Sanders “cannot transform a state[-]law claim into a federal one

merely by attaching a due[-]process label.” Leatherwood, 861 F.3d at 1043. A state’s

procedures for postconviction DNA testing violate procedural due process “only if

they are fundamentally inadequate to vindicate the substantive rights provided.” See

Dist. Attorney’s Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 69 (2009);

cf. Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 525 (2011) (noting that “Osborne severely limits

the federal action a state prisoner may bring for DNA testing”). And Sanders does not



                                                3
argue that Oklahoma’s DNA Act fails to meet this standard. For this reason as well,

we reject Sanders’s due-process argument.

      In sum, Sanders does not challenge the constitutionality of the DNA Act, only

how the Oklahoma courts applied it. And reasonable jurists could not debate that

“[a]n error in interpreting state law cannot support habeas relief.” Farrar v.

Raemisch, 924 F.3d 1126, 1133 (10th Cir. 2019).2 Thus, we deny his request for a

COA and dismiss this matter.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Nancy L. Moritz
                                            Circuit Judge




      2
        Sanders also suggests that DNA testing will “prove his innocence.” Aplt. Br.
3. But we have held that such freestanding actual-innocence claims do not entitle a
petitioner to habeas relief. See Farrar, 924 F.3d at 1131.
                                               4
