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       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



  STATE OF WASHINGTON,	                                 No. 74775-4-1

                       Respondent,	                     DIVISION ONE

0
 	
                V.

  CHRISTI L. KOCHER,	                                   PUBLISHED

                       Appellant.	                      FILED: June 26, 2017



        Cox, J. — At issue is whether a state patrol trooper had reasonable

 suspicion of a traffic infraction by Christi Kocher to make a warrantless traffic

 stop. Because RCW 46.61.670 provided authority for the stop under the

 circumstances of this case, we affirm the decision of the superior court on RALJ

 review.

        A state patrol trooper drove behind Kocher as she drove in the far right

 lane southbound on Interstate 5 during the late evening. As traffic to Kocher's

 front and left came to a stop, Kocher drove two wheels of her vehicle over the fog

 line for approximately 200 feet. Based on these observations, the trooper

 stopped Kocher's vehicle.
No. 74775-4-1/2

       Kocher submitted to sobriety tests during the stop. The trooper observed

clues of intoxication and arrested her for driving under the influence, a traffic

infraction under RCW 46.61.502.

       The State charged Kocher with driving under the influence, contrary to

RCW 46.61.502 and RCW 46.61.506. She moved to suppress all evidence from

the stop and for dismissal. She argued that the trooper had no reasonable

suspicion to justify the stop. The State disagreed. It argued that Kocher

committed a traffic infraction by driving on the shoulder of the road for

approximately 200 feet, in violation of RCW 46.61.670.

       Based on the trooper's testimony and the dash camera footage from his

vehicle, the district court found that the State "only established a 200 foot

incursion over the fog line that occurred only when traffic in front and next to the

defendant came to a stop on Interstate 5." The court concluded that this was

insufficient to establish reasonable suspicion under RCW 46.61.140 and the

cases cited in its written decision. It granted Kocher's motion to suppress all

evidence and dismissed the case.

       The State appealed to the superior court, arguing there was reasonable

suspicion under RCW 46.61.670, an argument the district court rejected. The

RALJ court agreed with the State, reversing the district court's decision and

remanding for further proceedings. The RALJ court concluded that RCW

46.61.670, not RCW 46.61.140, controlled under the circumstances of this case.

       We granted Kocher's request for discretionary review.



       1 Clerk's   Papers at 14.
                                              2
No. 74775-4-1/3

                         r
                             REASONABLE SUSPICION

       Kocher argues that the RALJ court applied the wrong statute to determine

whether the trooper had reasonable suspicion of a traffic infraction to stop her.

Specifically, she contends that RCW 46.61.140, "Driving on roadways laned for

traffic," not RCW 46.61.670, "Driving with wheels off roadway," applies. We hold

that RCW 46.61.670 controls where it is undisputed that Kocher operated the

wheels of her vehicle over the fog line, off of the roadway.

       Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,

section 7 of Washington's Constitution prohibit unreasonable seizures.2 A traffic

stop constitutes a seizure.3 Warrantless seizures are per se unreasonable,

unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies.4 The State bears the

burden of establishing an exception.5

       "Warrantless traffic stops are constitutional ... as investigative stops but

only if based upon at least a reasonable articulable suspicion of either criminal

activity or a traffic infraction, and only if reasonably limited in scope."6 "The

narrow exception to the warrant requirement for investigative stops has been

extended beyond criminal activity to the investigation of traffic infractions."7 This



       z State v. McLean, 178 Wn. App. 236, 244, 313 P.3d 1181 (2013).

       3   Id.

       4   State v. Snapp, 174 Wn.2d 177, 187-88, 275 P.3d 289 (2012).

       5   Id. at 188.

       6   State v. Arreola, 176 Wn.2d 284, 292-93, 290 P.3d 983 (2012).

       7 Id. at 293.
                                               3
No. 74775-4-1/4


is due to "'the law enforcement exigency created by the ready mobility of vehicles

and governmental interests in ensuring safe travel, as evidenced in the broad

regulation of most forms of transportation."'$

       When reviewing whether an investigative stop was lawful, we evaluate the

totality of the circumstances presented to the officer, including the officer's

training and experience.9

       We also interpret statutes to determine and apply the legislature's intent.10

That intent is solely derived "from the statute's plain language ...."" We must

read the enactment as a whole and harmonize the provisions "by reading them in

context with related provisions."12

          "'[W]here the Legislature uses certain statutory language in one instance,

and different language in another, there is a difference in legislative intent."'13

Courts may not add words where the legislature has chosen to exclude them.14




       8   Id. (quoting State v. Day, 161 Wn.2d 889, 897, 168 P.3d 1265 (2007)).

       9   McLean, 178 Wn. App. at 244-45.

       10   Segura v. Cabrera, 184 Wn.2d 587, 591, 362 P.3d 1278 (2015).

       11 Id.


       12   Id. at 593.

       13City of Kent v. Beigh, 145 Wn.2d 33, 45-46, 32 P.3d 258 (2001) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Enstone, 137 Wn.2d 675, 680-81, 974
P.2d 828 (1999)).

       14   State v. Arlene's Flowers, Inc., 187 Wn.2d 804, 829, 389 P.3d 543
(2017).
                                               4
No. 74775-4-1/5

When the plain language of a statute is unambiguous, courts will not construe the

statute otherwise.15

       We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.16

       Here, Kocher does not challenge the district court's factual determinations.

So they are verities on appeal.77

       Notably, the district court found that "the State only established a 200 foot

incursion over the fog line that occurred only when traffic in front and next to the

defendant came to a stop on Interstate 5."18 Thus, there is no dispute that

Kocher operated her vehicle partially over the fog line, which is off the roadway,

for a distance of 200 feet.19

       The dispute between the parties centers on which of two statutes controls

the determination whether reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop exists

under these undisputed facts. Kocher argues that RCW 46.61.140 controls. The

State maintains that RCW 46.61.670 controls. We agree with the State.

       In relevant part, RCW 41.61.670 provides:

       It shall be unlawful to operate or drive any vehicle ... over or along
       any pavement ... on a public highway with one wheel or all of the
       wheels off the roadway thereof, except ... for the purpose of




       15   Id.

       16 W. Plaza, LLC v. Tison, 184 Wn.2d 702, 707, 364 P.3d 76 (2015).

       17   Mueller v. Wells, 185 Wn.2d 1, 9, 367 P.3d 580 (2016).

       18   Clerk's Papers at 14.

      19 See RCW 46.04.500; Becker v. Tacoma Transit Co., 50 Wn.2d 688,
697, 314 P.2d 638 (1957).
                                              4-;,
No. 74775-4-1 /6


       stopping off such roadway, or having stopped thereat, for
       proceeding back onto the pavement ....(201

       Under the plain language of this statute, it is a traffic infraction, except in

certain situations not relevant here, to drive a vehicle "on a public highway with

one wheel or all of the wheels off the roadway."21 A"roadway" is the "portion of a

highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of

the sidewalk or shoulder . . . ."22

       Based on the straightforward application of this statute to the undisputed

facts of this case, the state trooper had reasonable suspicion to believe that

Kocher committed a traffic infraction. The warrantless traffic stop was lawful.

       State v. Huffman23 is consistent with this result. There, a trooper stopped

Sarah Huffman for weaving while driving a vehicle on a roadway.24 Specifically,

the trooper observed Huffman "jerking back to the right side of the road [three

times]. On the fourth occasion, the vehicle crossed the centerline" of the

roadway.25 After the stop and investigation, the trooper arrested Huffman for

driving under the influence.26




       20   (Emphasis added.)

       21   RCW 46.61.670.

       22 RCW 46.04.500; Becker, 50 Wn.2d at 697.

       23 185 Wn. App. 98, 107, 340 P.3d 903 (2014).

       24 Id. at 101.

       zs Id.

       zs Id.
                                               C~
No. 74775-4-1/7

       In the prosecution that followed, Huffman moved to suppress all evidence

obtained from the stop.?' She argued there was no reasonable suspicion of a

traffic infraction under RCW 46.61.140 to justify the stop.28 The district court

agreed and granted her motion.

       On RALJ review, the superior court reversed. The court concluded that

Huffman had committed a traffic infraction under RCW 46.61.100.29

       This court granted Huffman's request for discretionary review. The

question was "whether the 'as nearly as practicable' language of RCW 46.61.140

applie[d] to RCW 46.61.100.1130 We held that this qualifying language of RCW

46.61.140 does not apply to RCW 46.61.100.31 We further concluded that our




       2' Id.

       28   See id.

        29 Id. at 101-02. This statute provides, in relevant part, as follows: "(1)
Upon all roadways of sufficient width a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half
of the roadway, except as follows: (a) When overtaking and passing another
vehicle proceeding in the same direction under the rules governing such
movement; (b) When an obstruction exists making it necessary to drive to the left
of the center of the highway; provided, any person so doing shall yield the right-
of-way to all vehicles traveling in the proper direction upon the unobstructed
portion of the highway within such distance as to constitute an immediate hazard;
(c) Upon a roadway divided into three marked lanes and providing for two-way
movement traffic under the rules applicable thereon; (d) Upon a street or highway
restricted to one-way traffic; or (e) Upon a highway having three lanes or less,
when approaching a stationary authorized emergency vehicle, tow truck or other
vehicle providing roadside assistance while operating warning lights with three
hundred sixty degree visibility, or police vehicle as described under RCW
46.61.212(2)."

       30 Huffman, 185 Wn. App. at 102.

       31   Id. at 107.
                                             7
No. 74775-4-1/8

decision in State v. Prad032 was limited the facts in that case, which involved only

a violation of RCW 46.61.140, not RCW 46.61.100.33

       Similar logic applies here. RCW 46.61.670 is explicit that it is unlawful to

drive any vehicle:

       over or along any pavement ... on a public highway with one
       wheel or all of the wheels off the roadway thereof, except ...
       for the purpose of stopping off such roadway, or having stopped
       thereat, for proceeding back onto the pavement .., [34]

       Thus, driving over the fog line is a traffic infraction unless one of the

enumerated exceptions in this statute applies.

       Here, Kocher did not squarely raise below the argument that she satisfied

the stopping exception.35, Thus, we need not consider this argument.36 In any

event, she properly concedes she did not stop.37

       In contrast, RCW 46.61.140 addresses the safe changing of lanes and the

use of a centerline. Specifically, it states:

       Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly
       marked lanes for traffic the following rules in addition to all others
       consistent herewith shall apply:



       32 145 Wn. App. 646, 186 P.3d 1186 (2008).

       33 Huffman, 185 Wn. App at 107.

       34 (Emphasis added.)

       35 See Clerk's Papers at 107-08.

       36 See RAP 2.5(a).

       37 Clerk's Papers at 86, 89, 98; Appellant's Reply Brief at 7; Wash. Court
of Appeals oral argument, State v. Kocher, No. 74775-4-1 (June 2, 2017), at 37
min., 56 sec. through 37 min., 59 sec. (on file with court).

                                                8
No. 74775-4-1/9

      (1) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely
      within a single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the
      driver has first ascertained that such movement can be made with
      safety.
             [38]


      Notably, this statute contains the qualifier "as nearly as practicable" that

RCW 46.61.670 does not. Moreover, there is no mention of driving off the

roadway as stated in RCW 46.61.670.

      Accordingly, the RALJ court properly applied RCW 46.61.670 and

concluded that the trooper lawfully stopped Kocher.

      Similarly to Huffman, Kocher unpersuasively argues that harmonizing

RCW 46.61.140 with RCW 46.61.670 requires reading into the latter statute the

former's "as nearly as practicable" language. The Huffman court rejected this

argument.39 And we hold likewise. We will not, in the guise of construing the

statute, add language to RCW 46.61.670 that the legislature chose not to put

there.40 Such an interpretation would be inconsistent with the plain language of

RCW 46.61.670.

       Kocher relies on two cases from this court to support her argument that

the trooper did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct the stop. She argues

that courts must look at the totality of the circumstances to make this

determination. Those cases are distinguishable.



       38   RCW 46.61:140 (emphasis added).

       39 Huffman, 185 Wn. App at 104-05.

        See In re Estate of Mower, 193 Wn. App. 706, 713, 374 P.3d 180,
       40
review denied sub nom., 186 Wn.2d 1031 (2016).
No. 74775-4-1/10

       In Prado, a police officer observed Benjamin Tonelli Prado's vehicle cross

the white line dividing the exit lane from the adjacent lane.41 In State v. Jones, a

police officer observed Donald Jones's vehicle cross the fog line three times.42 In

those cases, the State relied on RCW 46.61.140 to justify the traffic stop.43 Thus,

this court applied a"totality of the circumstances" analysis to determine whether

the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct the stops.aa

       Here, the State relied on RCW 41.61.670. As we explained earlier in this

opinion, this statute is not modified by,the language in RCW 46.61.140.

Accordingly, Kocher's reliance on these cases is misplaced.

       Kocher also relies on an out-of-state case and federal cases to support

her argument.45 But our task here is to decide the legislative intent of legislators

in Washington, not the intent of legislatures elsewhere. We have done so by

reading the plain words of RCW 41.61.670.

       Kocher argues that the State's interpretation of RCW 41.61.670 "would

result in absurdity." She specifically argues that "even the most minor deviation

across a fog line ... could result in warrantless seizures, whereas identical




       41 145   Wn. App. at 647.

       42 186 Wn. App. 786, 788, 347 P.3d 483 (2015).

       43 See Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 790; Prado, 145 Wn. App. 646, 648-49.

       aa See Jones, 186 Wn. App. at 791-94; Prado, 145 Wn. App. 646, 647-49.

       45 See United States v. Delgado-Hernandez, 283 F. App'x. 493 (9th Cir.
2008); United States v. Colin, 314 F.3d 439 (9th Cir. 2002); State v. Livingston,
206 Ariz. 145, 75 P.3d 1103 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2003).

                                             10
No. 74775-4-1/11

conduct across a[non-solid boundary] line would not."46 She similarly argues

that public policy would disfavor such a result.

        These arguments are better directed to the legislature, not this court. The

legislative intent of RCW 46.61.670, under its plain words, is to define a traffic

infraction under circumstances like those in this case. We need not decide any

other questions.

        Kocher relies on Raybell v. State47 to argue that RCW 46.61.670 does not

apply to every fog lane incursion. But in that wrongful death case, the road

lacked a shoulder.48 Thus, Division Two of this court determined that the

legislature did not intend for the statute to apply to a roadway without a

shoulder.49 The roadway in this case has a shoulder. That case has no bearing

here.

        Kocher also argues that we should apply the rule of lenity and interpret

RCW 46.61.670 in her favor. The rule of lenity applies to ambiguous statutes in

criminal cases.50 RCW 46.61.670 is not ambiguous. Thus, the lenity rule has no

application here.

        Lastly, Kocher argues that the trooper lacked experience to recognize

impaired driving and that the State failed to present evidence of his reasonable



        as Appellant's Amended Brief at 11.

        476 Wn. App. 795, 796, 496 P.2d 559 (1972).

        48 Id. at 797-98.

        49   Id. at 806.

        50 State v. Conover, 183 Wn.2d 706, 712, 355 P.3d 1093 (2015).
                                              11
No. 74775-4-1/12

suspicion of criminal behavior. The district court did not address this question

because of the posture of the case when it granted the motion to suppress and

dismiss. Thus, we need not address this argument.

       We affirm the RALJ court's decision and remand to the district court for

further proceedings.




WE CONCUR:




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