             If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



WELLESLEY GARDENS CONDOMINIUM                                          UNPUBLISHED
ASSOCIATION,                                                           January 9, 2020

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                      No. 344190
                                                                       Washtenaw Circuit Court
ASHISH P. MANEK, JAKER KIM, and RANA                                   LC No. 17-000262-CH
SIM,

               Defendants-Appellees,

and

WASHTENAW COUNTY TREASURER,

               Intervening Defendant-Appellee.


Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and GADOLA and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Plaintiff, Wellesley Gardens Condominium Association (Wellesley), appeals as of right
the order of the trial court quieting title in certain real property in favor of defendants, Jaker Kim,
Rana Sim, and Ashish Manek. We reverse and remand.

                                              I. FACTS

        This case involves the interests of the parties in certain real property, referred to as Units
210-427 and Units 165-167, which previously was part of a development known as Wellesley
Gardens Condominium. The facts are essentially undisputed. The condominium was established
on December 2, 2002, when a Master Deed was recorded by the original developer, Pittsfield
Development Group, LLC (PDG). The Master Deed created 120 units within the condominium
project, but reserved to PDG the right to expand the project to 426 units on land identified as
“Area for Future Development.” PDG thereafter expanded the condominium and created Units




                                                 -1-
121-2091 by recording a Fourth Amendment to the Master Deed on June 17, 2004, and later a
Fifth Amendment.

        On May 26, 2005, PDG sold the Area for Future Development to Wellesley Building
Company II, Inc. (WBC), together with a portion of its developer rights. On July 8, 2005, WBC
recorded the Seventh Amendment of the Master Deed, expanding the development by adding
land, and amending the legal description to establish Units 210-427. This amendment is the last
recorded amendment expanding the condominium.

        Although much of the infrastructure for building Units 210-427 was completed, those
units were never constructed. When WBC failed to pay the real estate taxes on unbuilt Units
210-427, WBC’s interest in the units was forfeited to the Washtenaw County Treasurer (the
Treasurer) by a Judgment of Foreclosure in March 2009. The Treasurer then offered unbuilt
Units 210-427 for sale at a public tax auction, and the units were purchased by Ibraheem
Shunnar in the name of his minor daughter, Zena Shunnar (Shunnar). The Treasurer conveyed
the interest in unbuilt Units 210-427 to Shunnar by quit claim deed recorded December 30, 2010.

        On August 8, 2011, Wellesley sent a letter to Shunnar, asserting that on July 8, 2011,
unbuilt Units 210-427 became general common elements of the condominium by operation of
§67(3) of the Condominium Act, MCL 559.167(3). That statutory section, as it existed on July
8, 2011, establishes a time frame within which the optional units of a condominium must be
built, providing that if the developer does not construct the units or withdraw the undeveloped
portions of the project before the expiration date “those undeveloped lands shall remain part of
the project as general common elements and all right to construct units upon that land shall
cease.” MCL 559.167(3). Wellesley similarly advised the Pittsfield Charter Township Assessor
that the unbuilt units had been converted to general common elements by operation of law, and
requested that the unbuilt units be removed from the tax rolls. On August 18, 2011, Wellesley
recorded the Eighth Amendment to the Master Deed, providing notice that Units 210-427 had
been eliminated from the condominium project by operation of law.

        Shunnar initiated a lawsuit against Wellesley in August 2013, seeking declaratory
judgment and to quiet title to Units 210-427 in Shunnar’s favor. Wellesley moved for summary
disposition in that action, asserting that under MCL 559.167(3), Units 210-427 were required to
have been built, or the undeveloped portions withdrawn from the project, by July 8, 2011.
Wellesley contended that because the units were neither built nor withdrawn from the project by
that date, the units ceased to exist and the land on which they could have been developed became
general common elements of the condominium by operation of law. Shunnar also moved for
summary disposition, arguing that the units purchased at a tax foreclosure sale could not be
destroyed by MCL 559.167(3) and that Shunnar’s claim to title was superior to Wellesley’s
claim. The circuit court granted Wellesley declaratory judgment and quieted title to Units 210-
427 in favor of Wellesley, holding that MCL 559.167 precluded Shunnar from successfully
asserting any claim to the units because the units had ceased to exist by operation of that statute.


1
  Although the Fourth Amendment to the Master Deed states that it adds Units 121-217, this
apparently was later corrected by the Fifth Amendment to add only Units 121-209.


                                                -2-
See Zis Land Co, LLC v Wellesley Gardens Condominium Ass’n, Washtenaw Circuit Court No.
13-813-CH (November 20, 2014).

       After the circuit court issued its opinion and order in Zis Land Co, Shunnar failed to pay
the property taxes on unbuilt Units 210-427, and the Treasurer foreclosed in 2015. Wellesley
submitted a protest in the tax foreclosure case, advising the parties of the Zis Land Co decision
and arguing that Units 210-427 had ceased to exist. The circuit court in the foreclosure action
entered orders of foreclosure. After obtaining title to the units through foreclosure, the Treasurer
sold Units 210-427 to defendants Sim and Kim in 2015, executing a quit claim deed.

       Meanwhile, Units 165-167 also had never been constructed. Units 165-167 were
acquired by First State Bank of Northwest Arkansas, later succeeded by Today’s Bank. The
bank failed to pay the real estate taxes on Units 165-167 in 2013 and 2014, resulting in the
Treasurer bringing foreclosure proceedings on those unbuilt units in 2015. In the foreclosure
case, Wellesley submitted a protest, arguing that Units 165-167 had ceased to exist by operation
of MCL 559.167, because more than six years had elapsed since July 8, 2005. The circuit court
entered an order of foreclosure in February 2016. After obtaining title to the units through
foreclosure, the Treasurer sold Units 165-167 to Manek on October 13, 2016, executing a quit
claim deed.

       On March 29, 2017, Wellesley initiated this action, seeking to quiet title to former Units
165-167 against Manek, to quiet title to former Units 210-427 against Sim and Kim, and seeking
declaratory judgment as to all defendants. The trial court thereafter permitted the Treasurer to
intervene as a defendant.

       Wellesley moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9) and (10), and
defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). After a hearing on
all motions, the trial court granted summary disposition in favor of defendants, and entered an
order quieting title as to Units 165-167 in favor of Manek and as to Units 210-427 in favor of
Sim and Kim. Wellesley now appeals to this Court.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

       A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW AND SUMMARY DISPOSITION STANDARDS

        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition.
Dawoud v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 317 Mich App 517, 520; 895 NW2d 188 (2016). A
motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the
complaint, viewing all well-pleaded facts as true and construing them in a light most favorable to
the nonmovant. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A motion for
summary disposition under this section is properly granted when, considering only the pleadings,
the alleged claims are clearly unenforceable as a matter of law and no factual development could
justify recovery. Id. A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9) tests the
sufficiency of the defendant’s pleadings, and is properly granted when a defendant fails to state a
valid defense to a claim, Payne v Farm Bureau Ins, 263 Mich App 521, 525; 688 NW2d 327
(2004), and when no development of the facts could support denial of the plaintiff’s right to
recovery. Slater v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Bd, 250 Mich App 419, 425-426; 648 NW2d 205 (2002).

                                                -3-
Summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) is warranted when there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden,
461 Mich 120. When reviewing an order issued pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), this Court
considers all documentary evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Id.

        In an action to quiet title, this Court reviews de novo both legal and equitable claims,
while reviewing the trial court’s factual findings for clear error. Jonkers v Summit Twp, 278
Mich App 263, 265; 747 NW2d 901 (2008). A finding is clearly erroneous if it is unsupported in
the record or if, on the entire record, this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that the
trial court made a mistake. Dep’t of Environmental Quality v Gomez, 318 Mich App 1, 31; 896
NW2d 39 (2016). This Court also reviews de novo the application of the legal doctrine of res
judicata. Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 578-579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008). Questions of statutory
interpretation are also reviewed de novo. Peterson v Magna Corp, 484 Mich 300, 306; 773
NW2d 564 (2009).

                                  B. THE CONDOMINIUM ACT

        Wellesley contends that the trial court erred in quieting title in favor of Sim and Kim and
Manek because MCL 559.167(3) extinguished the existence of any property interest in the
unbuilt units. We agree.

         In a quiet title action, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a prima facie case of
title to the property in question. Special Prop VI LLC v Woodruff, 273 Mich App 586, 590; 730
NW2d 753 (2007). Once the plaintiff has established a prima facie case of title, the defendant
must then prove his or her superior right of title to prevail. Beulah Hoagland Appleton Qualified
Personal Residence Trust v Emmet Co Road Comm, 236 Mich App 546, 550; 600 NW2d 698
(1999).

         In this case, Wellesley presented sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of
title to the land that had been designated as the location for the unbuilt units. On July 8, 2011,
and until its amendment effective September 21, 2016, MCL 559.167(3) provided as follows:

       (3) Notwithstanding section 33, if the developer has not completed development
       and construction of units or improvements in the condominium project that are
       identified as “need not be built” during a period ending 10 years after the date of
       commencement of construction by the developer of the project, the developer, its
       successor, or assigns have the right to withdraw from the project all undeveloped
       portions of the project not identified as “must be built” without the prior consent
       of any co-owners, mortgagees of units in the project, or any other party having an
       interest in the project. If the master deed contains provisions permitting the
       expansion, contraction, or rights of convertibility of units or common elements in
       the condominium project, then the time period is 6 years after the date the
       developer exercised its rights with respect to either expansion, contraction, or
       rights of convertibility, whichever right was exercised last. The undeveloped
       portions of the project withdrawn shall also automatically be granted easements
       for utility and access purposes through the condominium project for the benefit of

                                                 -4-
       the undeveloped portions of the project. If the developer does not withdraw the
       undeveloped portions of the project from the project before expiration of the
       time periods, those undeveloped lands shall remain part of the project as
       general common elements and all right to construct units upon that land
       shall cease. In such an event, if it becomes necessary to adjust percentages of
       value as a result of fewer units existing, a co-owner or the association of co-
       owners may bring an action to require revisions to the percentages of value under
       section 95. [Emphasis added.]

        Under MCL 559.167(3) as in effect on July 8, 2011, any optional unbuilt units were
required to be built, or the undeveloped portions withdrawn from the project, within six years
after the developer exercised its rights “to either expansion, contraction, or rights of
convertibility, whichever was exercised last.” If optional units were not built within the time
allotted by the statute nor the land timely withdrawn from the project, the undeveloped portions
remained part of the project as general common elements and all right to construct units upon
that land ceased. MCL 559.167(3) thus contemplated a firm end date to the completion of a
condominium project, thereby providing condominium associations with a necessary tool for
completion of development and for long-term financial planning. As this case illustrates,
however, the elimination of property interests in unbuilt condominium units by operation of law
under MCL 559.167(3) sometimes created problems for developers, taxing officials, and unwary
purchasers.

        In this case, the developer last exercised it rights to expansion on July 8, 2005, when
WBC recorded the Seventh Amendment to the Master Deed. The parties do not dispute that the
units in question were not designated as “must be built” units, and also do not dispute that the
units were neither built nor the undeveloped portions withdrawn from the project before July 8,
2011. Therefore, by operation of MCL 559.167(3), as in effect on July 8, 2011, the undeveloped
land on which the unbuilt units were to be built became part of the general common elements
and all right to construct the unbuilt units ceased on that date.

      Effective September 21, 2016, the Legislature amended MCL 559.167, by way of 2016
PA 233. As amended, that statutory section provides, in relevant part:

       (3) Notwithstanding section 33, for 10 years after the recording of the master
       deed, the developer, its successors, or assigns may withdraw from the project any
       undeveloped land or convert the undeveloped condominium units located thereon
       to “must be built” without the prior consent of any co-owners, mortgagees of the
       condominium units in the project, or any other party having an interest in the
       project. If the master deed confers on the developer expansion, contraction, or
       convertibility rights with respect to condominium units or common elements in
       the condominium project, then the time period is 10 years after the recording of
       the master deed or 6 years after the recording of the amendment to the master
       deed by which the developer last exercised its expansion, contraction, or
       convertibility rights, whichever period ends later. Any undeveloped land so
       withdrawn is automatically granted easements for utility and access purposes
       through the condominium project for the benefit of the undeveloped land.


                                              -5-
       (4) If the developer does not withdraw undeveloped land from the project or
       convert undeveloped condominium units to “must be built” before expiration of
       the applicable time period under subsection (3), the association of co-owners, by
       an affirmative 2/3 majority vote of the members in good standing, may declare
       that the undeveloped land shall remain part of the project but shall revert to
       general common elements and that all rights to construct condominium units upon
       that undeveloped land shall cease. When such a declaration is made, the
       association of co-owners shall provide written notice of the declaration to the
       developer or any successor developer by first-class mail at its last known address.
       Within 60 days after receipt of the notice, the developer or any successor
       developer may withdraw the undeveloped land or convert the undeveloped
       condominium units to “must be built.” However, if the undeveloped land is not
       withdrawn or the undeveloped condominium units are not converted within 60
       days, the association of co-owners may file the notice of the declaration with the
       register of deeds. The declaration takes effect upon recording by the register of
       deeds. The association of co-owners shall also file notice of the declaration with
       the local supervisor or assessing officer. . . .

       (5) A reversion under subsection (4), whether occurring before or after the date
       of the 2016 amendatory act that added this subsection, is not effective unless the
       election, notice, and recording requirements of subsection (4) have been met.

       (6) Subsections (3) and (4) do not apply to condominium units no longer owned
       by the developer or by the owner of the property at the time the property became
       part of the condominium project, unless the purchaser from the developer or
       owner of the property at the time the property became part of the condominium
       project is a successor developer under section 135. [MCL 559.167, as amended
       by 2016 PA 233, effective September 21, 2016.]

         The Legislature, by amending MCL 559.167, changed the process by which “need not be
built” units are eliminated from a condominium project. As amended, the statute now includes a
process by which the co-owners of a condominium are obligated to notify the developer when
the co-owners have approved reversion of land planned for unbuilt units. Only if the developer
fails to withdraw the land or amend the master deed after notice and within the time provided by
the amended statute, and upon filing with the register of deeds, does the land revert to the
condominium as common elements. See MCL 559.167, as amended by 2016 PA 233.

        In this case, Sim and Kim contend that the 2016 amendment to MCL 559.167 applies
retroactively, and when applied retroactively precludes Units 210-427 from reverting to general
common elements of the condominium. We disagree. This Court recently determined in Cove
Creek Condo Ass’n v Vistal Land & Home Development, LLC, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___
NW2d ___ (2019) (Docket Nos. 342372, 343144); slip op at 9-10, that the 2016 amendment to
MCL 559.167 does not apply retroactively with regard to transfers completed before the
amendment’s effective date, stating that “nothing suggests that completed transfers under the
earlier versions of the statute are to be reversed.” This Court reasoned that the language of the
amendment does not expressly provide for retroactive application and that in any event the


                                               -6-
amendment cannot be applied retroactively if to do so would abrogate vested rights. Id. at ___;
slip op at 10.

        In this case, MCL 559.167(3), before the 2016 amendment, created in condominium co-
owners an interest in lands that remained in the general common elements. As a result, the co-
owners of Wellesley Garden Condominium, on July 8, 2011, became vested in the land on which
the unbuilt units were never built. Because 2016 PA 233 is a substantive change to the
Condominium Act that would impair these vested rights if applied retroactively, the 2016
amendment to MCL 559.167, does not apply retroactively in this case. See Cove Creek, ___
Mich App at ___; slip op at 9-10. Rather, in this case, by operation of MCL 559.167(3), as in
effect on July 8, 2011, the undeveloped land on which the unbuilt units were to be built became
part of the general common elements and all right to construct the unbuilt units ceased on that
date.

                          C. PRECLUSIVE EFFECT OF ZIS LAND CO

         Wellesley also contends that the trial court in this case erred because the circuit court’s
opinion in Zis Land Co, which determined that Units 210-427 ceased to exist by operation of law
and quieted title to those units in favor of Wellesley, precludes Kim, Sim, and the Treasurer from
litigating in this action the existence and ownership of former Units 210-427. We agree.

        Res judicata, also known as claim preclusion, bars the subsequent relitigation of a claim
that is predicated on the same underlying transaction litigated in a prior case. Duncan v
Michigan, 300 Mich App 176, 194; 832 NW2d 761 (2013). The purpose of the doctrine of res
judicata is to relieve parties of the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits, to conserve judicial
resources, and to foster the finality of litigation by encouraging reliance on adjudication. Bryan
v JPMorgan Chase Bank, 304 Mich App 708, 715; 848 NW2d 482 (2014). Res judicata is
broadly applied in Michigan to bar not only claims already litigated, but also claims arising from
the same transaction that the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, could have raised. Dart v
Dart, 460 Mich 573, 586; 597 NW2d 82 (1999).

        The elements of res judicata are that (1) the prior action was decided on the merits, (2)
the judgment in the prior action was a final decision, (3) the matter contested in the second action
was or could have been resolved in the first case, and (4) both actions involved the same parties
or their privies. Richards v Tibaldi, 272 Mich App 522, 531; 726 NW2d 770 (2007). To
establish privity, there must be a substantial identity of interest between the party and the
nonparty in which the interests of the nonparty were presented and protected by the party. Adair
v Michigan, 470 Mich 105, 122; 680 NW2d 386 (2004). Parties are in privity when they are “so
identified in interest with another party that the first litigant represents the same legal right that
the later litigant is trying to assert.” Id. The burden of establishing the elements of res judicata
is upon the party asserting the doctrine. Baraga Co v State Tax Comm, 466 Mich 264, 269; 645
NW2d 13 (2002).

       The circuit court’s decision in Zis Land Co was both a judgment quieting title and a
declaratory judgment. The purpose of an action to quiet title is to determine which party among
competing parties has the superior interest in real property. Trademark Properties of Michigan,


                                                 -7-
LLC v Fed Nat Mortgage Ass’n, 308 Mich App 132, 141; 863 NW2d 344 (2014). The court rule
addressing quiet title actions is MCR 3.411, see Richards, 272 Mich App at 532; and provides:

       Except for title acquired by adverse possession, the judgment determining a claim
       to title, equitable title, right to possession, or other interests in lands under this
       rule, determines only the rights and interests of the known and unknown persons
       who are parties to the action, and of persons claiming through those parties by
       title accruing after the commencement of the action. [MCR 3.411(H).]

        In Richards, this Court considered the interplay of the doctrine of res judicata and MCR
3.411(H) when the prior action was one to quiet title, and suggested that when the prior action
was a quiet title action, res judicata applies if, in addition to demonstrating the elements of res
judicata, MCR 3.411(H) also is satisfied by the defendants being either parties to the prior action
or persons claiming through those parties by title accruing after the commencement of the prior
action. If the criteria of MCR 3.411(H) are met, as well as the elements of res judicata, res
judicata applies to preclude relitigation of the right to title. See Richards, 272 Mich App at 533.

        Here, the circuit court opinion in Zis Land Co quieted title in Units 210-427 in favor of
Wellesley as against Shunnar. After that litigation was completed, Shunnar failed to pay the
property taxes and the Treasurer foreclosed upon Units 210-427 and obtained a judgment
awarding it title to those units. The Treasurer thereafter conveyed its interest in the unbuilt units
to Sim and Kim by quit claim deed. The Treasurer, and then Sim and Kim, thus ostensibly took
title to Units 210-427 after the commencement of the Zis Land Co action, by foreclosing
Shunnar’s interest.

        Turning to the elements of res judicata, the parties do not dispute that the prior action was
decided on the merits, and that the judgment was a final decision. See MCR 2.605(E)
(declaratory judgments have the force and effect of final judgments). With respect to whether
the matter contested in the second action was or could have been resolved in the first case, the
contested matter in both actions is the same, being whether Units 210-427 ceased to exist by
operation of law after July 8, 2011. With respect to privity, in Zis Land Co the parties were
Wellesley and the business entity holding Shunnar’s interest. In this case, the relevant parties are
Wellesley, and Sim and Kim, who claim to hold the same interest in Units 210-427 formerly held
by Shunnar. Sim and Kim are thus so identified in interest with Shunnar that Shunnar
represented the same legal right that Sim and Kim now assert, being the ownership right in
unbuilt Units 210-427. See Duncan, 300 Mich App at 195. The elements of res judicata thus are
met.

         However, even if the requirements of MCR 3.411(H) were not met in this case, res
judicata nonetheless would apply because the circuit court in Zis Land Co, in addition to quieting
title in favor of Wellesley, also issued a declaratory judgment determining that as of July 8,
2011, Units 210-427 no longer existed, and any property interest reverted to Wellesley by
operation of law. In Michigan, declaratory judgment is governed by MCR 2.605, which
authorizes a Michigan court to declare the rights and legal relations of an interested party seeking
the declaratory judgment. The purpose of a declaratory judgment action is “to enable the parties
to obtain adjudication of rights before an actual injury occurs, to settle a matter before it ripens
into a violation of the law or a breach of contract, or to avoid multiplicity of actions by affording

                                                -8-
a remedy for declaring in expedient action the rights and obligations of all litigants.” UAW v
Central Michigan Univ Trustees, 295 Mich App 486, 496; 815 NW2d 132 (2012) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “A declaratory judgment is a procedural remedy that constitutes a
binding and conclusive adjudication of the rights and status of the litigants.” Associated Builders
& Contractors v Dep’t of Consumer & Indus Servs Director, 472 Mich 117, 124; 693 NW2d 374
(2005), overruled in part on other grounds in Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487
Mich 349, 371 n 18; 792 NW2d 686 (2010).

        In Zis Land Co, the circuit court granted Wellesley declaratory judgment, holding that
MCL 559.167(3) precluded Shunnar from successfully asserting any claim to unbuilt Units 210-
427 because by operation of law the units ceased to exist on July 8, 2011, and the undeveloped
land on which the prospective units had been planned to be built became part of the general
common elements of the condominium. Res judicata therefore applies to preclude relitigation of
the existence of Units 210-427, and Sim and Kim are precluded by res judicata from asserting an
ownership interest in Units 210-427 in this subsequent litigation.

         D. WELLESLEY WAS NOT REQUIRED TO “PERFECT” ITS INTEREST

        Sim and Kim and the Treasurer also contend that Wellesley did not record its interest in
Units 210-427, and therefore is now estopped from asserting an interest in the units. This
contention is without merit. Although MCL 559.167, as amended by 2016 PA 233, places
certain burdens upon the condominium co-owners to provide notice of the reversion of
undeveloped property, the version of the statute in effect at the times relevant here operated
automatically without need for any further action by the co-owners. See Cove Creek, ___ Mich
App at ___; slip op at 10-11. Moreover, Wellesley does not claim an ownership interest in the
unbuilt units; it contends that any interest in the unbuilt units ceased to exist on July 8, 2011.
Because Wellesley had no interest to perfect, and no obligation to take any other action under
MCL 559.167 with regard to the unbuilt units or the undeveloped land, this argument fails.

          E. THE TAX SALES DID NOT EXTINGUISH WELLESLEY’S RIGHTS

       The Treasurer argues that any property interest that Wellesley may have had in Units
210-427 and Units 165-167 was extinguished by the tax foreclosure sales in which Sim and Kim
and Manek purchased the units from the Treasurer. We disagree, for the reason that before the
foreclosure actions all property interests in the unbuilt units had ceased to exist.

        Section 78k of the General Property Tax Act (GPTA), MCL 211.78k(5)(e) describes the
interests in real property that remain after a tax foreclosure sale:

       (e) That all existing recorded and unrecorded interests in that property are
       extinguished, except a visible or recorded easement or right-of-way, private deed
       restrictions, interests of a lessee or an assignee of an interest of a lessee under a
       recorded oil or gas lease, interests in oil or gas in that property that are owned by
       a person other than the owner of the surface that have been preserved as provided
       in section 1(3) of 1963 PA 42, MCL 554.291, interests in property assessable as
       personal property under section 8(g), or restrictions or other governmental
       interests imposed pursuant to the natural resources and environmental protection

                                                -9-
       act, 1994 PA 451, MCL 324.101 to 324.90106, if all forfeited delinquent taxes,
       interest , penalties, and fees are not paid on or before the March 31 immediately
       succeeding the entry of a judgment foreclosing the property under this section, or
       in a contested case within 21 days of the entry of a judgment foreclosing the
       property under this section.

        The Treasurer argues that the purchase of the units by Sim and Kim and Manek at the tax
sales thus extinguished any interest in the units held by Wellesley. However, Sim and Kim and
Manek purchased their respective unbuilt units at tax sales occurring after July 8, 2011, the date
on which MCL 559.167(3) operated to extinguish the existence of any interest in the units. The
foreclosures and tax sales did not somehow revive the units to give Sim and Kim and Manek
interests that had previously extinguished. There were no “existing recorded and unrecorded
interests in that property” to be extinguished, and MCL 211.78k(5)(e) therefore did not provide
the function of extinguishing any rights. Moreover, we note that Wellesley never claimed an
interest in the unbuilt units, only in the land on which the unbuilt units were proposed to be built.
As a result, the argument that any property interest that Wellesley may have had in Units 210-
427 and Units 165-167 was extinguished by the tax foreclosure sales is without merit. Wellesley
did not have, and did not claim to have, an interest in the unbuilt units.

         The Treasurer also argues that if the units do not exist, as Wellesley contends, then
Wellesley lacks standing to bring this action because there is no case or controversy. This
argument is without merit. The purpose of an action to quiet title is to remove a cloud from a
title to real property; an action to quiet title may be brought by a person who claims an interest in
land against a person claiming an inconsistent interest. See MCL 600.2932; Adams v Adams,
276 Mich App 704, 712, 712 n 2; 742 NW2d 399 (2007). In this case, Wellesley claims an
interest in the undeveloped lands upon which the unbuilt units were planned to be built;
defendants’ claim of ownership in the unbuilt units, and of the right to build the units, is an
interest inconsistent with Wellesley’s interest in the undeveloped land. Wellesley is therefore
entitled to bring an action for quiet title and declaratory judgment regarding that interest.

                                        F. UNITS 165-167

        Manek argues that the trial court did not err in quieting title to Units 165-167 in his favor
because on July 8, 2011, Units 165-167 were not owned by the developer or its successor or
assign, and MCL 559.167(3) therefore did not operate to extinguish the owner’s property interest
in those units. In other words, Manek argues that the statute only affects units owned by a
developer, not those owned by non-developers. Manek argues that on July 8, 2011, Units 165-
167 were owned by First State Bank, which was neither a developer, nor a successor or assign of
the developer. Manek references §135(1) of the Condominium Act, MCL 559.235(1), which
defines a successor developer as “a person who acquires title to the lesser of 10 units or 75% of
the units in a condominium project, other than a business condominium project, by foreclosure,
deed in lieu of foreclosure, purchase, or similar transaction.” Here, there is no evidence that First
State Bank acquired more than Units 165-167, and therefore was not a successor developer.
Manek suggests that because Units 165-167 were not owned by a developer, §67(3) did not
extinguish the existence of those units. We disagree.



                                                -10-
        MCL 559.167(3), at the times relevant to this case, permitted the developer of the project,
and its successors or assigns, to withdraw undeveloped portions from the project. That statutory
section provided that “[i]f the developer does not withdraw the undeveloped portions of the
project from the project before expiration of the time periods, those undeveloped lands shall
remain part of the project as general common elements and all right to construct units upon that
land shall cease.” Nothing in MCL 559.167(3), however, states that the owner of the unbuilt
units must be a “developer” at the time the applicable period expires for this provision to take
effect.

       When construing a statute, this Court’s primary goal is to give effect to the intent of the
Legislature. City of Coldwater v Consumers Energy Co, 500 Mich 158, 167; 895 NW2d 154
(2017). The best indication of the intent of the Legislature is the plain meaning of the statute’s
clear and unambiguous language. See Deruiter v Byron Twp, 325 Mich App 275, 283; 926
NW2d 268 (2018). When statutory language is clear, the intent of the Legislature is clear and
this Court enforces the statute as written. Id.

         In this case, the language of MCL 559.167(3) is clear and without ambiguity. The statute
grants the developer the ability to withdraw undeveloped portions of the project before the
expiration of the time periods established by that statutory section. The statute does not state that
unbuilt units owned by someone other than a developer are not subject to this provision, nor that
ownership of the units by the developer is a prerequisite to the operation of MCL 559.167(3).
Thus, the ownership of units 165-167 by a non-developer did not preclude the operation of the
statute to extinguish the property interests in those unbuilt units.

                                           G. EQUITY

        We also reject defendants’ argument that Wellesley acted in bad faith and therefore is
equitably estopped from seeking to quiet title to the units. One who seeks equity from the court
must have clean hands. See Rose v Nat’l Auction Group, 466 Mich 453, 462; 646 NW2d 455
(2002). The clean hands doctrine applies to actions to quiet title. McFerren v B&B Investment
Group, 253 Mich App 517, 523; 655 NW2d 779 (2002). We review de novo both legal and
equitable claims in an action to quiet title, while reviewing the trial court’s factual findings for
clear error. Jonkers, 278 Mich App at 265. Whether equitable relief is warranted under the facts
is reviewed de novo. McDonald v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich 191, 197; 747 NW2d 811
(2008).

        In this case, there has been no demonstration that Wellesley has unclean hands. Although
the Treasurer argues that Wellesley acted with unclean hands by failing to pay property taxes on
the unbuilt units, nothing in the record establishes that Wellesley owed an obligation to pay the
taxes on the unbuilt units, which it never owned. The Treasurer also argues that Wellesley did
not inform Shunnar that unbuilt Units 210-427 would be extinguished by MCL 559.167(3) until
after that event occurred. Again, the record does not establish that Wellesley had any obligation
to do so; the statute as it existed at the times relevant to this case imposed no such obligation on
Wellesley. Moreover, the balancing of any equities between Wellesley and Shunnar already
occurred in the prior litigation in Zis Land Co, wherein the circuit court determined that
Wellesley was entitled to the equitable relief of quiet title.


                                                -11-
        We also observe that with regard to the purchases of the unbuilt units by Sim and Kim
and Manek, there is no evidence that Wellesley encouraged those purchases or profited in any
way from the purchases. Rather, the purchase of those units served to cloud Wellesley’s interest
in the undeveloped land upon which the units had been planned to be built, and Wellesley urged
the Treasurer not to sell the unbuilt units at the tax sales because of Wellesley’s competing
interest. Only the taxing authority appears to have gained anything from the unwary defendants
who purchased the unbuilt units by paying the outstanding property taxes.

        In sum, the record contains no evidence that Wellesley acted inequitably or in bad faith.
On August 18, 2011, Wellesley recorded the Eighth Amendment to the Master Deed, providing
notice that Units 210-427 had been eliminated from the condominium project by operation of
law. Wellesley repeatedly advised the Treasurer that unbuilt Units 210-427 and Units 165-167
had ceased to exist and that the land on which the units were to have been built had become
general common elements of the condominium, and that with regard to former Units 210-427, a
judgment existed declaring that the units had been extinguished. The Treasurer nonetheless
proceeded with the tax sales to Sim and Kim and to Manek. Because the record does not support
the argument that Wellesley engaged in any conduct that could be described as “unclean hands,”
there is no ground to deny equitable relief.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We conclude that the trial court erred in quieting title in favor of Sim and Kim and
Manek because MCL 559.167(3), before amendment by 2016 PA 233, operated to extinguish the
existence of any property interest in the unbuilt units. The trial court also erred in quieting title
to unbuilt Units 210-427 because res judicata precludes the relitigation of title to the former
units, which was already adjudicated in Zis Land Co. In addition, Wellesley did not engage in
any misconduct that would warrant the denial of equitable relief.

        Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment in favor of Wellesley. We do not retain
jurisdiction.



                                                              /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                              /s/ James Robert Redford




                                                -12-
