                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



SMARTDOOR HOLDINGS, INC.,

       Plaintiff,
               v.                                        Civil Action No. 14-657 (JEB)
EDMIT INDUSTRIES, INC., et al.,

       Defendants.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Smartdoor Holdings, Inc., filed this action against several Defendants, alleging

patent infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets. Defendant ADA EZ now moves to

dismiss on the ground that, as a mere division of a company, it lacks the capacity to be sued.

Plaintiff both opposes and moves to strike the Motion, claiming that Defendant has not

adequately explained what ADA EZ is or who owns it. Because the Court concludes that, as

identified in the Complaint, ADA EZ does lack capacity, it will grant Defendant’s Motion and

deny Plaintiff’s.

I.     Background

       According to the Complaint – the truth of which must be presumed at this stage –

Smartdoor owns a patent for technology used in automatic doors. See Compl., ¶¶ 1, 7, 8. In

2001, Plaintiff’s predecessor in interest, Smart Door Systems, Inc. (SDSI), entered into a

business relationship with an Ontario consulting company to develop intellectual property related

to its patent. Id., ¶ 10. Defendant David Johan Van Tuyl was the principal of that company. Id.

SDSI and Van Tuyl worked together developing trade secrets related to Plaintiff’s patent until

they suffered a falling out in April 2004. Id., ¶¶ 14, 15. Some time later, an unnamed third party

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filed a patent application that contains and utilizes some of these trade secrets owned by

Smartdoor. Id., ¶ 17. This application was then used in support of later utility patent

applications owned by the other two named Defendants, Edmit Industries, Inc. and ADA EZ, the

latter of which Plaintiff identifies as “a division of . . . Edmit.” Id., ¶¶ 3, 4, 18. According to

Plaintiff, Edmit and ADA EZ manufacture and sell a product that utilizes technology covered by

its patent. Id., ¶¶ 20, 21.

        Smartdoor filed this suit on April 17, 2014, alleging patent infringement, contributory

patent infringement, and misappropriation of trade secrets. Id., ¶¶ 19-40. Defendant ADA EZ

now moves to dismiss on the ground that, as a division of a company, it lacks the capacity to be

sued. Plaintiff opposes and separately moves to strike the Motion, asserting that Defendant did

not adequately clarify its corporate form through Rule 26 disclosures.

II.     Legal Standard

        Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the Court must dismiss a claim for relief

when the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” In evaluating a

motion to dismiss, the Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true and must

grant plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Sparrow

v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A court need not accept as

true, however, “a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor an inference unsupported

by the facts set forth in the complaint. Trudeau v. FTC, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006)

(quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). Although “detailed factual allegations”

are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544, 555 (2007), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, [if] accepted as true, to



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state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal quotation

omitted). A plaintiff may survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even if “recovery is very remote and

unlikely,” but the facts alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above

the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56 (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232,

236 (1974)).

III.   Analysis

       In moving to dismiss, Defendant contends that the Complaint fails to state a separate

claim against ADA EZ. Smartdoor identifies ADA EZ simply as “a division of . . . Edmit,”

Compl., ¶ 4, and, Defendant argues, such entities lack capacity to be sued as a matter of a law.

ADA EZ is correct.

       Capacity for suit in federal court is determined by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b).

Under that rule, for “an individual who is not acting in a representative capacity,” the “law of the

individual’s domicile” determines capacity; “for a corporation,” the “law under which it was

organized” controls; and “for all other parties,” courts are to look to “the law of the state where

the court is located . . . .” In its Complaint, Smartdoor does not allege that ADA EZ is an

individual or a corporation. Its capacity to be sued, therefore, is controlled “by the law of the

state where [this Court] is located,” Rule 17(b)(3) – namely, the District of Columbia. See

Busby v. Electric Utilities Employees Union, 323 U.S. 72, 73 (1944).

       There is no dispute that under D.C. law, “unincorporated divisions of a corporation lack

legal capacity to be sued.” E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial School, 77 F. Supp. 2d 71,

75 (D.D.C. 1999) (collecting cases), aff’d, 254 F.3d 315 (D.C. Cir. 2000). “The rationale for this

precedent is, above all, pragmatic, as an unincorporated division does not possess separate assets;




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all of its assets are owned by the corporation.” Id. at 76. Because the Complaint identifies ADA

EZE merely as “a division of . . . Edmit,” Compl., ¶ 4, it lacks capacity to be sued.

       There is an exception in Rule 17 for non-individual, non-incorporated entities, according

to which “a partnership or other unincorporated association” that lacks capacity to be sued

“under that state’s law” “may [still] sue or be sued in its common name to enforce a substantive

right existing under the United States Constitution or laws.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(3)(A). This

caveat, however, does not save Plaintiff’s claim. “Federal courts, including courts in this district,

have held that an ‘unincorporated association’ under [Rule 17(b)(3)(A)] is a body of persons,

acting without a charter, for the purposes of promoting a common objective.’” Murphy v.

PriceWaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 357 F. Supp. 2d 230, 241 n.9 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting St. Francis,

77 F. Supp. 2d at 76-77), aff’d in part and rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Schuler v.

PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 595 F.3d 370 (D.C. Cir. 2010). “[A] division of a corporation,”

however, “does operate with a charter – the charter of the larger corporation.” St. Francis, 77 F.

Supp. 2d at 77. Such a division is thus not an “unincorporated association[]” under Rule

17(b)(3)(A). See id. (collecting cases); see also Pushkin v. Nat’l Academies Bd. on Sci. Educ.,

No. 10-1765, 2012 WL 4889277, at *3 (D.D.C. Aug. 26, 2012) (dismissing complaint where

“[p]laintiff . . . [did] not allege that the [defendant was] a corporation, a governmental

department, or otherwise subject to suit”). ADA EZ, therefore, lacks the capacity to be sued in

this Court, even for violations of federal law.

       Plaintiff counters little of this directly. It concedes that this Court looks to D.C. law in

this context, but asserts that because ADA EZ is a Canadian entity, that fact should somehow

change the capacity analysis. This is a puzzling assertion, considering the clarity of the rule:

capacity to be sued is based on “the law of the state where the court is located . . . .” Fed. R. Civ.



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P. 17(b)(3) (emphasis added). ADA EZ’s location is thus immaterial. Nor, as Smartdoor claims,

must the Court look outside the Complaint to grant this Motion, thereby converting it into one

for summary judgment under Rule 12(d). On the contrary, it is the language of the Complaint

itself that decides the issue.

        Smartdoor’s main lament seems to be that it expected some clarification about ADA EZ

through Rule 26 disclosures. It suspects that there is more to ADA EZ than Defendant lets on

and faults Defendant for not establishing its constitution or ownership to Plaintiff’s satisfaction.

Based on this alleged failure, Smartdoor moves to strike Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. See

ECF No. 39. The Court has no basis to grant such a motion. It is Plaintiff’s burden to establish,

at the very least, the potential for ADA EZ to have the capacity to be sued. Yet Smartdoor’s

unequivocal language about Defendant’s status as a division in the Complaint removes all doubt:

as identified, Smartdoor cannot be sued. There is, moreover, no subsequent burden on

Defendant to cure this defect. Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike, therefore, is unavailing.

        As to the disposition, Defendant seeks a dismissal with prejudice on the ground that

“amending the pleadings would be futile.” Mot. at 4. It is, however, too early in the game for

such a ruling. As the D.C. Circuit has warned, dismissals with prejudice under Rule 12(b)(6) are

disfavored and “warranted only when a trial court determines that the allegation of other facts

consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.” Firestone v.

Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In this case, Plaintiff might, through subsequent discovery, determine that ADA EZ can in fact

be sued, at which point it may seek leave to amend its Complaint. The Court will, therefore,

dismiss the suit against ADA EZ without prejudice.




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IV.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and deny

Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike. A separate Order so stating will issue this day


                                                     /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                     JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                     United States District Judge
Date: January 23, 2015




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