                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


8-21-2007

Lula v. Network Appliance
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-3025




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                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                    No. 06-3025


              MARY LOUISE LULA,

                                    Appellant.

                          v.

          NETWORK APPLIANCE, INC.



   On Appeal from the United States District Court
      for the Western District of Pennsylvania
            (D.C. Civ. No. 03-cv-01066)
       District Judge: Hon. David S. Cercone


     Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                 on May 16, 2007


Before: FISHER, NYGAARD and ROTH, Circuit Judges

          (Opinion filed: August 21, 2007)




                   OPINION
ROTH, Circuit Judge:

        Mary Louise Lula brought an action against Network Appliance, Inc. (NetApp),

claiming discriminatory employment termination and discriminatory hiring. The District

Court granted summary judgment in NetApp’s favor. This appeal presents three issues of

law: (1) whether Lula established a prima facie case of discriminatory employment

termination, (2) whether Lula established a prima facie case of discriminatory hiring, and (3)

whether the District Court correctly applied the burden-shifting requirement under

McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). We conclude that Lula has not established a

prima case for either of her discrimination claims. We will, therefore, affirm the judgment

of the District Court.

I. Factual History1

        In August 1998, NetApp hired Lula as a sales representative based in Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania. NetApp had no physical office in Pittsburgh. Lula worked out of her home,

as did NetApp’s only other employee in Pittsburgh, John Hurka, a systems engineer. From

August 1998 to May 2001, Lula was part of NetApp’s New England District. She made sales

in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and upstate New York. In May 2001, NetApp reassigned

Lula to its Ohio District (part of NetApp’s Central Area), based in Cleveland, under the

supervision of David Sheperd, the Ohio District manager. Sheperd reported to the Vice

President of the Central Area, George Bennett. As part of her re-assignment, NetApp


        1
            The facts are taken from the District Court’s Memorandum Opinion of May 17,
2006.

                                              2
removed New York from Lula’s sales territory.

       Around July 2001, NetApp decided to reduce its workforce because of declining sales

and poor business forecast. When NetApp instructed Bennett to develop a plan to reduce

Central Area’s workforce by 10 percent, he decided to eliminate the two positions in

Pittsburgh. He believed that it made better business sense to cut two jobs from one city

rather than cutting one job from two different cities and weakening them both. Bennett,

without input from his district managers, identified the positions to be eliminated, and

NetApp approved Bennett’s plan.

       On August 14, 2001, NetApp’s CEO announced to employees that NetApp was re-

sizing to reduce expenses. Later that day, NetApp’s President informed employees that the

workforce was going to be reduced. The next day, August 15, Sheperd met with Lula and

Hurka to tell them that their positions had been eliminated as part of the company-wide

workforce reduction. He gave Lula a letter regarding her lay-off and a document titled,

“Question & Answers,” which stated that terminated employees were free to submit a resumé

if they saw a position for which they felt qualified.

       Around this time, NetApp was looking to hire a sales representative in Cleveland to

replace one who had recently resigned. Lula did not submit a resumé for this position.

II. Procedural History

       Lula filed a complaint against NetApp on July 14, 2003, for discriminatory

termination of her employment and discriminatory hiring. In it, she alleged violation of her

rights under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment

                                              3
Opportunity Act of 1972, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-1, et seq.; the

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (‘ADEA’), 29 U.S.C. § 621, et seq.; and the

Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (‘PHRA’), 43 PA. STAT. § 951, et seq. After discovery,

NetApp filed a motion for summary judgment and a statement of undisputed facts in support

of its motion. Lula filed a response to the statement of undisputed facts, but did not file a

separate brief in opposition to NetApp’s motion for summary judgment as required. On May

17, 2006, the District Court granted NetApp’s motion for summary judgment. Subsequently,

Lula filed a timely appeal to this Court.

III. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       The District Court had jurisdiction over the federal claims pursant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331

and 1343. It had supplemental jurisdiction over the related state law claim pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1367(a). We have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       On an appeal of the District Court’s grant of summary judgment, we exercise plenary

review. Nathanson v. Med. College of Pa., 926 F.2d 1368, 1380 (3d Cir. 1991). Thus, we

will affirm the District Court’s order if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to

the non-moving party, demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that

the “moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); Miller

v. Beneficial Management Corp., 977 F.2d 834, 841 (3d Cir. 1992). The moving party may

demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of fact by showing that the non-moving party has

failed to establish one or more essential elements of his or her case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986); Hugh v. Butler County Family YMCA, 418 F.3d 265, 267 (3d

                                               4
Cir. 2005). Once the moving party has carried its burden, the non-moving party must come

forward with “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” FED. R. CIV. P.

56(e).

IV. Analysis

         A. Discriminatory Employment Termination2

         To demonstrate age discrimination under the ADEA when there is no direct evidence

of discrimination, a plaintiff must first present circumstantial evidence to establish a prima

facie case as outlined in McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802. The plaintiff must

show by a preponderance of evidence that (1) she was a member of the protected class, (2)

she was qualified for the position in question, (3) she suffered from an adverse employment

decision, and (4) she was replaced by someone sufficiently younger to create an inference

of age discrimination. Showalter v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 190 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir.

1999). In a reduction of workforce context, the last element of the prima facie case has been

slightly modified to require that the plaintiff show that the employer retained someone

similarly situated who was sufficiently younger to create an inference of age discrimination.3



         2
         We will analyze all of Lula’s claims under the framework of the ADEA because her
claims under Title VII and PHRA apply the same analysis. See, e.g., Jones v. Sch. Dist. of
Philadelphia, 198 F.3d 403, 410-11 (3d Cir. 1999); Fairfield Township Volunteer Fire Co.
No. 1 v. Commonwealth, 609 A.2d 804, 805 (Pa. 1992).
         3
        Although Lula also alleges that the issue of whether workforce reduction occurred
in the Ohio District is a genuine issue of material fact, Lula does not dispute that NetApp’s
workforce reduction was company-wide. Thus, the issue of whether or not a workforce
reduction occurred in the Ohio District is immaterial.

                                              5
Anderson v. Consol. Rail Corp., 297 F.3d 242, 250 (3d Cir. 2002). Once the plaintiff is able

to establish all the elements of a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to present

a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment decision. Goosby v.

Johnson & Johnson Med. Inc., 228 F.3d 313, 319 (3d Cir. 2000).

       In light of the legal standards set forth above, Lula alleges that the District Court erred

in its application of the fourth prima facie element – that the employer retained someone

similarly situated. Citing to Marzano v. Computer Science Corp., 91 F.3d 497, 511 (3d Cir.

1996), Lula seems to contend that because of the uniqueness of her situation, she could not

and should not have been required to provide evidence of someone similarly situated.

       However, Lula’s reading of Marzano is incorrect. Marzano stands for the proposition

that when an employee has established a prima facie case, an employer may challenge it by

showing that the employee is not similar to these individuals because of some unique

characteristic. The plaintiff must first, however, have shown that the employer retained

someone similarly situated. A careful review of the record shows that, even after discovery,

Lula has not demonstrated that someone similarly situated was retained while she was fired.

Therefore, as she failed to establish this element of the prima facie case for demonstrating

discrimination in a workforce reduction context, the District Court properly granted summary

judgment against her.

       B. Discriminatory Hiring

       Similar to a claim of discriminatory termination, in her claim of discriminatory hiring

Lula must establish a prima facie case that NetApp’s failure to hire her for the position in

                                                6
Ohio was discriminatory. Here, Lula alleges that NetApp was looking to hire a sales

representative for its Cleveland office to replace one who had recently resigned and that

NetApp’s failure to hire her was discriminatory. However, the District Court found that Lula

could not establish that she suffered an adverse employment action (i.e. denial of that

position) because she did not properly apply for this position as instructed by NetApp.

       Although the failure to formally apply for a job will not bar a plaintiff from establish

a prima facie case for discriminatory hiring, the plaintiff must show that she made every

reasonable effort to convey her interest in the job to her employer, EEOC. v. Metal Serv. Co.,

892 F.2d 341, 349 (3d Cir. 1990), was deterred from applying by the employer’s

discriminatory practices and would have applied for the position but for those practices, or

had a genuine and real interest in the position but reasonably believed that a formal

application would be futile. Newark Branch, NAACP v. Town of Harrison, 907 F.2d 1408

(3d Cir. 1990). We conclude that Lula did not meet the requirements to overcome her failure

to formally apply for the sales representative position.

       Lula contends, however, that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding her

efforts to convey her interest for the open position. She alleges that she asked district

manager Sheperd to consider her for the position and that she applied for the position by

asking two of NetApp’s vice presidents to consider her for the position. Even if we were to

resolve these facts in her favor and assume, arguendo, that she did ask Sheperd and the vice

presidents to consider her for the position, we find that her efforts do not rise to the every

reasonable effort standard set forth in Metal Serv. Co. In that case, we found that two men,

                                              7
seeking employment and whom an employer contended did not formally apply directly to the

employer, met the requirements of conveying their interest because, among other things, the

men had periodically checked on applications they had submitted to a third-party service that

the employer utilized for hiring purposes and even tried to formally apply directly with the

employer several times. Metal Serv. Co., 892 F.2d at 349. Here, the record is clear that Lula

did not make any effort to formally apply for the sales position even though NetApp

instructed her to submit a resumé if she saw a position for which she felt qualified.

Moreover, she did not follow up on her inquiries to the vice presidents after they said that

they would get back to her, despite their failure to respond. Nothing in the record suggests

that Lula was dissuaded from formally applying because of any discriminatory practice or

that she believed her application to be futile. Therefore, we conclude that Lula has not

established a prima facie case of discriminatory hiring.

       Because we have concluded above that Lula fails to establish a prima facie case for

either of her discrimination claims, we need not address the issue of whether the District

Court erred in its application of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis.

V. Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment for NetApp.




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