SHAWN A. HILL,                            )
                                          )
              Appellant,                  )
                                          )
      vs.                                 )
                                          )    No. SD32994
                                          )
BARRY COUNTY, MISSOURI,                   )    FILED: June 24, 2014
                                          )
              Respondent.                 )

            APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NEWTON COUNTY

                            Honorable Kevin L. Selby, Judge

REVERSED AND REMANDED

      Plaintiff1 slipped on ice in a parking lot, fell, broke a leg, and sued. As an

affirmative defense, Defendant alleged that any ice or snow on the parking lot

“accumulated naturally and was a condition general to the community at the time of

the incident alleged in the Petition, by reason of which Plaintiff is not entitled to

recover.” Eventually, Defendant sought and obtained summary judgment on the

same basis.

1We refer to the parties as they were in the trial court, appellant Hill as “Plaintiff”
and respondent Barry County as “Defendant.”

                                           1
      We reverse and remand. Defendant did not establish that ice and snow “was a

general condition in the community” as alleged. Rather, the developed record “is

susceptible to more than one inference, precluding summary judgment.” Loth v.

Union Pacific R.R. Co., 354 S.W.3d 635, 642 (Mo.App. 2011).

                            Legal Background
                   Massachusetts Rule / General Condition

      “Under Missouri law, there is no duty to remove snow or ice that accumulates

naturally and is a condition general to the community.” Richey v. DP Properties,

252 S.W.3d 249, 251 (Mo.App.2008). Our courts have adhered for decades to this

“natural accumulation” or “Massachusetts” rule. See Alexander v. American

Lodging, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 599, 601 (Mo.App. 1990), and cases cited therein.

      “Naturalness” of snow or ice differs from “generality,” and the latter is key.

Michael J. Polelle, Is the Natural Accumulation Rule All Wet?, 26 LOY. U. CHI. L.J.

631, 650 (1995). “‘It is the generality of a situation resulting from natural causes that

gives rise to the rule. Without that generality there would be no reason for the rule.’”

Id. (quoting Graham v. City of Chicago, 178 N.E. 911, 913 (Ill. 1931)).

      Similar concerns led to Missouri’s adoption of the rule in Woodley v. Bush,

272 S.W.2d 833 (Mo.App. 1954),2 “for where the condition is one general to the

community it creates a natural hazard to everyone who ventures out at such time.

The condition is brought about by no one and no one’s efforts can appreciably lessen

the danger present.” Id. at 835.



2Maschoff v. Koedding, 439 S.W.2d 234, 237 (Mo.App. 1969), attributes
Missouri’s adoption of the Massachusetts rule to Woodley.

                                           2
          As applied to the state of facts before us, the alley through which the
          plaintiff walked was just as icy as the premises upon which she lived,
          so that when she was on her way to and from work she was at all
          times subject to the danger of slipping. Had there been a clear walk
          to the alley it would have afforded her sure footing but for a very few
          feet and left her confronted with an icy road for the rest of her way.
          Thus any effort of the landlord would in fact only diminish the
          natural hazard to a very negligible degree.

Id. By way of contrast, Missouri cases which note the rule but find it factually

inapplicable for lack of a “general condition” include:

          • Carden v. Lester E. Cox Medical Center, 519 S.W.2d 338
            (Mo.App. 1975). Official weather records showed four inches of snow
            on the ground, but there was trial testimony “that streets in the City of
            Springfield were free and clear of snow and ice on the day plaintiff fell.
            The jury by its verdict found that a general condition of snow and ice
            did not exist in the City of Springfield.” Id. at 340.

          • Gudorp v. City of St. Louis, 372 S.W.2d 483 (Mo.App. 1963). The
            plaintiff fell on an icy sidewalk, but other sidewalks in the vicinity and
            elsewhere in the city “were clear except for some snow in the curbing.
            Under the factual situation here prevailing, we cannot hold that the ice
            on the sidewalk where plaintiff fell was a part of a general condition
            prevailing throughout the City.” Id. at 486.3

          • Evans v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 104 S.W.2d 1035, 1037, 1039-40
            (Mo.App. 1937) (affirming verdict for customer who fell at icy store
            entrance; evidence indicated that sidewalks and other entrances were
            free of ice and snow).

      Whether such a condition is “general” to the community is a fact question for

a jury to decide under proper instructions. Turcol v. Shoney’s Enterprises, 640

S.W.2d 503, 508 (Mo.App. 1982).




3Nonetheless, the judgment was reversed for another reason, being a failure to show
the City’s constructive notice of this condition. Gudorp, 372 S.W.2d at 487-88.

                                           3
                       Summary Judgment Erroneous

      In seeking summary judgment, Defendant argued – but did not proffer as an

uncontroverted fact – that ice and snow “was a general condition in the community.”

The summary judgment record includes evidence that parts of the parking lot were

clear on the accident date, while “[l]ocal businesses were clear, other places were

snowy and icy.”

      Viewing the record and reasonable inferences favorably to Plaintiff, Loth, 354

S.W.3d at 642, does not establish that ice and snow “was a condition general to the

community.” On this record, that is a jury issue. Turcol, 640 S.W.2d at 508.

      Plaintiff’s other arguments need not be reached. We reverse the judgment

and remand the case for further proceedings.


DANIEL E. SCOTT, J. – OPINION AUTHOR

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, P.J. – CONCURS

WILLIAM W. FRANCIS, JR., C.J. – CONCURS




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