                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                     ASSIGNED ON BRIEFS NOVEMBER 21, 2003

TINKER-WATKINS SAND & GRAVEL, INC. v. MICHAEL W. PARSONS

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Decatur County
                            No. 2680    C. Creed McGinley, Judge



                    No. W2003-02048-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 31, 2004


This case involves a claim for payment from Defendant for goods and services provided by Plaintiff
to Defendant under an oral contract. Originally, the claim was brought in the General Sessions Court
for Decatur County. Defendant first challenged the venue of Decatur County, which was rejected
by General Sessions Court. Defendant appealed the judgment of the General Sessions Court to the
Circuit Court, which also denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss for improper venue and awarded
Plaintiff the amount claimed under the terms of the contract. Defendant appealed to this Court and
we affirm.


      Tenn. R. App. P. 3.; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER , J., and HOLLY
M. KIRBY , J., joined.

Michael W. Parsons, pro se, Memphis, TN

Bradford D. Box, Jackson, TN, for Appellee

                                              OPINION

                                   Facts and Procedural History

         Michael Parsons (“Parsons” or “Defendant”) placed an order with Tinker Watkins Sand and
Gravel, Inc. (“Tinker” or “Plaintiff”), a company with its offices in Decatur County, for the delivery
of a load of 33c gravel for Parsons’ driveway in Braden, Tennessee, on November 1, 2001. In return,
Defendant was to pay Plaintiff the sum of $317.31 for the gravel and delivery. Plaintiff delivered
a load of gravel to the Defendant’s specified site in Braden on the date, and before the time, specified
in the terms of the verbal contract. However, when Plaintiff’s delivery truck arrived, Defendant was
dissatisfied with the quantity delivered and decided to cancel his order at that point, contending that
the quantity of gravel was less than what he had ordered. Defendant also indicated to the Plaintiff’s
truck driver that the driver was supposed to spread the gravel over Defendant’s driveway. The driver
refused to spread the load of gravel and, as a result, the driver and Defendant decided to call James
Tillman (“Tillman”), a representative for Tinker. Tillman spoke with Defendant and the truck driver
and, after this conversation, the driver proceeded to spread the load of gravel in piles on Defendant’s
driveway. After the driver left Defendant’s site, Defendant rented equipment and utilized labor to
spread the load of gravel even further.

        Plaintiff subsequently filed a civil warrant in the Decatur County General Sessions Court,
claiming that Defendant owed Plaintiff the sum of $317.31, which represented the amount due from
the delivery of the gravel to Defendant’s driveway. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss on the basis
of improper venue but the lower court denied this motion and awarded Plaintiff the sum due from
the contract. Defendant appealed this decision to the Circuit Court of Decatur County and again
filed a motion to dismiss for improper venue. The Circuit Court denied Defendant’s motion to
dismiss and, after a hearing, awarded Plaintiff the amount due on the contract. Defendant now
appeals to this Court and presents the following issues for our review:

       I.      The trial court erred when it denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss based on
               improper venue;
       II.     The trial court erred when it found that Plaintiff had performed under the contract;
               and
       III.    The trial court erred when it refused to find Plaintiff’s actions deceptive and unfair
               in violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act.

For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                        Standard of Review

        When a trial court sits without a jury, we review its findings of fact de novo upon the record
with a presumption of correctness for those findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). However, when reviewing questions of law, our review is de
novo with no presumption of correctness attached to the trial court’s conclusions. Union Carbide
Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993) (citing Estate of Adkins v. White Consol.
Indus., Inc., 788 S.W.2d 815, 817 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989)). An original question of venue is a
question of law and not a question of fact. The Resource Company, Inc. v. Bristol Mem’l Hosp., No.
01-A-01-9412-CH-00569, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 489, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 19, 1995).

                                               Venue

        Defendant first argues that the trial court erred when it refused to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim
for improper venue. Specifically, Defendant contends that venue would be proper only in Shelby
County or Tipton County, but not Decatur County. Tennessee law provides that “[i]n all civil actions
of a transitory nature, unless venue is otherwise expressly provided for, the action may be brought
in the county where the cause of action arose or in the county where the defendant resides or is


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found.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-4-101(a) (1994). In this instance, Plaintiff filed its claim against
Defendant in Decatur County. Because Defendant does not reside, nor was he found, in Decatur
County and venue was not provided for in the verbal contract, the only manner in which venue may
be proper in Decatur County is if such county was “where the cause of action arose.”

        Tennessee courts have stated that “where the breach is a failure to pay money due, the debtor
should seek the creditor.” Insituform of North America, Inc. v. Miller Insituform, Inc., 695 S.W.2d
198, 200 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985). “In such cases the default and breach consist of the failure to pay
the money and the cause of action accrues where the default occurred, which would necessarily be
in the county where the creditor resides.” Id. (quoting Mendez v. George Hunt, Inc., 191 So. 2d 480,
481 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1966)). In Insituform, the court held that venue was proper in the county
of the creditor’s residence. Id. at 199. The critical facts in that case were: (1) the claim was for the
collection of a debt in a specific amount; (2) the materials sold to defendant were priced F.O.B.
Memphis, which was plaintiff’s residence; (3) all notices were to be given to plaintiff at its offices
in Memphis, and (4) the terms of the contract specified that all payments were to be made at
plaintiff’s residence. Id. at 200-01.

        Since the decision in Insituform, a number of cases have narrowed this rule. In The Resource
Co. v. Bristol Mem’l Hosp., 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 489 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 19, 1995), the Middle
Section of this Court distinguished the facts of that case with the circumstances in Insituform.
Specifically, the Resource court noted that the circumstances of Insituform–the presence of a
liquidated debt, the fact that the materials were sold F.O.B. Memphis, and an undisputed affidavit
that payments on the account were due in Shelby County–were absent in that case. Resource, 1995
Tenn. App. LEXIS 489, at *4-5. For that reason, the Resource court declined to adopt a rule that
payment in all actions rooted in a contract were due at the creditor’s residence. Id. at *5.

        In Jonesboro Drywall & Plaster Co. v. Charlie O. Kirby, No. 03A01-9508-CH-00276, 1995
Tenn. App. LEXIS 756 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 1995), the court noted that the contract was signed
in a different county than the creditor’s residence, the work specified in the contract took place in
a different county than the creditor’s residence, and the materials used to fulfill the contract were
purchased in a different county than the creditor’s residence, unlike the circumstances in Insituform.
Jonesboro Drywall, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 756, at *5. In addition, the plaintiff in that case, rather
than suing for a liquidated debt, sought “damages for consequential expenses incurred by plaintiff
in subcontracting with another party to complete the work, reimbursement for materials provided
to defendant which were lost or destroyed, and reimbursement for plaintiff’s own expenses in
completing the work.” Id. at *1-2. Therefore, the court held that the county of plaintiff’s principal
place of business was an improper venue. Id. at *6.

        Finally, this Court, in TPC Facility Delivery Group, LLC v. James H. Lindsey, Jr., No.
M2002-01909-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 76 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2004), again
distinguished the facts of that case with the circumstances of Insituform. In TPC Facility, the court
noted that the contract in that case failed to state where payments were to be made, the complaint
did not seek a specific amount but rather sought an unspecified amount of damages, there was no


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requirement that all notices were to be given to the creditor in the creditor’s county, and the materials
sold were not priced F.O.B. the creditor’s county. TPC Facility, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 76, at *13-
14. Instead, the court noted that the contract was negotiated in a different county than the creditor’s
residence, the contract was silent regarding where payments would be made, performance of the
contract would largely occur in a different county than the creditor’s residence, and finally, the initial
payment of $10,000 was made in a different county than the creditor’s residence. Id. at *15. For
these reasons, the court held that venue did not lie in the county of the creditor as it did in Insituform.
Id. at *16.

        While the instant case is similar to Resource, Jonesboro Drywall, and TPC Facility in that
there is no evidence that the contract specified a place for payment, it is distinguishable from these
cases and more analogous to Insituform because it involves a claim for the collection of a debt in a
specific amount. In addition, we note that, in Mendez v. George Hunt, Inc., 191 So. 2d 480 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1966), on which the Insituform court relied, the Florida court, though addressing a
contract that was silent on where payments were to be made, stated that “plaintiff here would be on
firm ground and within the auspices of the stated rule if he had completed all of the work
contractually prescribed, leaving due to him the balance of the contract price” rather than an
unliquidated sum of loss of profits that was subject to proof. Mendez, 191 So. 2d at 481-82; see also
TPC Facility, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 76, at *13-14 (stating that “[w]hile finding the complaint
stated a cause of action to collect a debt would necessarily require that venue be proper in the
county of the creditor, this court has declined to adopt a rule saying as a matter of law that payment
in all actions based on contract is due at the creditor’s residence” (emphasis ours)). Because the
gravamen of Plaintiff’s action is the collection of a debt in a specific amount, we hold that the cause
of action in this case arose out of Plaintiff’s county and, therefore, the trial court did not err when
it determined that Decatur County was a proper venue.

                                    Performance Under Contract

         Next, Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it found that a contract existed between
the parties and Plaintiff had properly tendered performance under that contract. Specifically,
Defendant contends that Plaintiff failed to deliver a full load of 33c gravel and spread it on
Defendant’s driveway. Tennessee courts have long recognized the validity of oral contracts such as
the one in this case. Computer Shoppe, Inc. v. State of Tenn., 780 S.W.2d 729, 735 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1989) (citing Am. Lead Pencil Co. v. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Ry., 134 S.W. 613, 615
(Tenn. 1910); Johnson v. Cent. Nat’l Ins. Co., 356 S.W.2d 277, 281 (Tenn. 1962)). In this case, the
evidence in the record establishes that a valid contract was formed between the parties for the
delivery of 33c gravel to Defendant’s driveway in return for the sum of $317.31. Given the scant
condition of the record, we cannot say that the trial court erred when it determined that Plaintiff
fulfilled its obligation under the contract and, therefore, was entitled to the payment of $317.31 from
Defendant. Therefore, we affirm the findings of the trial court that a contract existed and that
Plaintiff properly performed under that contract.




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                                Tennessee Consumer Protection Act

        Finally, Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it did not find that Plaintiff’s actions
were in violation of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act. For support, Defendant cites one of
the purposes of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act which states that the statute’s provisions
shall be liberally construed to promote the policy of “protect[ing] consumers and legitimate business
enterprises from those who engage in unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade
or commerce in part or wholly within this state.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-102(2) (2001).
However, Defendant fails to direct this Court to any of the provisions of the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Act, and after reviewing the record and Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104, we are unable to
hold that the trial court erred when it did not find that Plaintiff’s actions were unfair or deceptive.
Therefore, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                              Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court. Costs of this appeal are
taxed to Appellant, Michael W. Parsons, and his surety for which execution may issue if necessary.




                                                         ___________________________________
                                                         ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE




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