                                  [J-36-2017]
                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               MIDDLE DISTRICT

   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.


SCOTT R. BLAKE,                               :   No. 103 MAP 2016
                                              :
                     Appellee                 :   Appeal from the Order of the
                                              :   Commonwealth Court at No. 724 CD
                                              :   2015 dated February 17, 2016
              v.                              :   Reversing the Order of the State Civil
                                              :   Service Commission at No. 28359 dated
                                              :   April 7, 2015
STATE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,               :
                                              :   SUBMITTED: March 3, 2017
                     Appellant                :


                                        OPINION


JUSTICE DONOHUE                                                DECIDED: July 25, 2017

       We are tasked with determining whether Appellee, Scott R. Blake (“Blake”),

meets the definition of “soldier” as defined in 51 Pa.C.S. § 7101 of the Pennsylvania

Military and Veterans Code (the “Veterans’ Preference Act” or the “VPA”), 51 Pa.C.S.

§§ 7101-7109, which would entitle him to a veterans’ preference.           Pennsylvania’s

veterans’ preference includes, inter alia, the addition of ten points to a passing score on

a civil service examination for civil service jobs in this Commonwealth, preferences in

appointments and hiring, and increases in the calculation of seniority in connection with

reductions in force situations. 51 Pa.C.S. §§ 7103, 7104, 7107. After reviewing the

relevant statutory language, we conclude that the General Assembly did not intend to

bestow a veterans’ preference to someone who was a cadet at a military academy, but

never obligated himself to perform, or otherwise undertook, any subsequent military
service. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the decision of the Commonwealth

Court.

         Blake attended the United States Military Academy at West Point from July 1991

to January 1993. Commission Adjudication Opinion at 2. On his first day, he took the

required oath and was sworn in as a cadet. He then completed six to eight weeks of

cadet basic training and, in August 1991, was admitted into the Corps of Cadets at West

Point. Id. at 4. During the three academic semesters he spent at the academy, Blake

was not required to pay any tuition. He earned a total of forty-five credits at West Point,

but did not graduate. Id. His Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty (“DD

Form 214”) from the United States Department of Defense characterizes his separation

from West Point prior to his third year as an honorable discharge. He graduated with a

bachelor’s degree from the University at Albany, State University of New York, in May

1995.1 Id. at 3.

         After leaving West Point, Blake did not perform any subsequent military service,

never having accrued any obligation to do so. Id. at 5. A cadet who graduates from

West Point is obligated to perform commissioned service as a second lieutenant in lieu

of repaying tuition. Id. A cadet who starts his third year but does not graduate is

responsible for repaying tuition and may be required to serve in the regular army at an

enlisted rank. Id. By leaving after his second year, Blake neither had to repay his

tuition nor commit to perform a term of military service (commissioned or enlisted).



1
  After West Point, Blake completed sixteen credits at Suffolk County Community
College before earning his remaining sixty credits at the University at Albany. The
credits he earned at West Point counted toward his civilian bachelor’s degree.
Commission Adjudication Opinion at 5.



                                      [J-36-2017] - 2
From December 1995 to at least October 2014, Blake was employed by the United

States Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or its predecessor agency, the United

States Immigration and Naturalization Service. Id. at 3.

      On May 28, 2014, Blake submitted an application to Appellant, State Civil

Service Commission (“Commission” or “CSC”)2 for a “Special Investigator 1” or “Special

Investigator 2” position. Id. at 2. On the application, he answered “yes” to the question,

“Are you claiming a veterans’ preference?” and passed the required civil service

examination. Id.

      Chapter 71 of the Veterans’ Preference Act provides:

             When any soldier shall take any civil service appointment or
             promotional examination for a public position under the
             Commonwealth, or under any political subdivision thereof,
             he shall be given credit in the manner hereinafter provided;
             for the discipline and experience represented by his military
             training and for the loyalty and public spirit demonstrated by
             his service for the preservation of his country, as provided in
             this chapter.

51 Pa.C.S. § 7102(a). For purposes of awarding such credit, the VPA defines “soldier”

as:

             A person who served or hereafter serves in the armed forces
             of the United States, or in any women’s organization officially
             connected therewith, during any war or armed conflict in
             which the United States engaged and who was released
             from active duty under honorable conditions, other than from
             periods of active duty for training, or with an honorable
             discharge from such service, or a person who so served or
             hereafter serves in the armed forces of the United States, or
             in any women’s organization officially connected therewith,
             since July 27, 1953, including service in Vietnam, and who

2
  Throughout this Opinion, we refer to the adjudicatory branch of the State Civil Service
Commission as the “Commission” and, to avoid confusion, we refer to the administrative
branch as the “CSC.”



                                     [J-36-2017] - 3
             has an honorable discharge from such service. Qualifying
             periods of service during a war or armed conflict, for
             purposes of this provision, will be designated by the
             Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.

51 Pa.C.S. § 7101.

      In a letter dated June 4, 2014, the CSC informed Blake that he did not qualify for

the veterans’ preference because his service as a cadet at West Point was not

“creditable as ‘time in service’.” Commission Adjudication Opinion at 5. On June 10,

2014, Blake responded by email that he believed the CSC had made an erroneous

determination and cited two federal statutory provisions as evidence that cadet time is

considered both “active duty,” 38 U.S.C. § 101(21)(D), and “active service,” 38 U.S.C. §

101(24)(A). Id. at 5-6. Blake noted that his DD Form 214 provides that his “Grade, rate

or rank” was “cadet” and that his “net active service this period” was one year and six

months, the equivalent of his abbreviated academic career at West Point. Finally, he

conceded that his “service is not creditable for commissioned service,” but contrasted

the commissioned service of an officer with that of an enlisted member of the military,

and urged that his service time at West Point equates to the latter. Id.

      By e-mail dated August 8, 2014, the CSC reiterated its determination that Blake

did not qualify for the veterans’ preference. The e-mail informed him that 38 U.S.C. §

101 “is relevant to veterans’ benefits and is not relevant to Civil Service employment

purposes. Time served as a Cadet is not creditable as ‘time in service’.” Id. at 7. The

CSC also informed him that he could appeal the agency’s decision to the Commission

pursuant to section 905.1 of the Civil Service Act. Blake responded on August 13, 2014

that he planned to appeal. Id. at 7-8.




                                     [J-36-2017] - 4
       The Commission framed the issue before it as whether the CSC had properly

determined that Blake was not eligible to receive the same benefits that a qualified

“soldier” receives when he or she passes a civil service examination. Id. at 1. In

testimony before the Commission, Blake took the position that he met the VPA’s

definition of “soldier” in section 7101, and was “eligible for the veterans’ preference

because he completed basic training; received an honorable discharge; and, as a West

Point cadet, was on ‘active duty.’” Id. at 11 (citing N.T., 10/22/2014, at 41-43). He

relied on the definition of “active duty” found in 10 U.S.C. § 101(d)(1) of the United

States Armed Forces title, which provides, for purposes of that title, that “active duty”

means “full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. Such term

includes … attendance, while in the active military service, at a school designated as a

service school[.]”   Commission Adjudication Opinion at 11 (quoting 10 U.S.C. §

101(d)(1)).3

       The CSC, on the other hand, argued that Blake did not meet the definition of

“soldier” because he did not perform “active duty” or “military service” at West Point. Id.

The CSC contended that Blake’s time at West Point was akin to “military training” or




3
   Before the Commission, Blake also pointed to a federal statutory definition of “Regular
Army” which provides that the “Regular Army includes … the cadets of the United Sates
Military Academy.” Commission Adjudication Opinion at 12 (quoting 10 U.S.C.
3075(b)(2)). He urged that the definition of “active duty for training” set forth in the
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms supports his
position that he was not merely on “active duty for training” while a cadet at West Point.
That definition limits “active duty for training” to “a tour of active duty that is used for
training members of the Reserve Component ….” Id.



                                      [J-36-2017] - 5
“active duty for training,” neither of which qualifies an applicant for the preference under

section 7101 or Management Directive 580.21.4 Id. at 12.

       The Commission found that it was not necessary to resolve the question of

whether Blake’s cadet service at West Point could be classified as “active duty.” Id. at

14. The Commission reasoned that regardless of whether Blake’s cadet service was

“active duty,” his particular service lacked a reasonable relation to “the preference of

veterans for the proper performance of public duties.” Id. (citing Housing Authority of

the County of Chester v. State Civil Service Comm’n, 730 A.2d 935, 948 (Pa. 1999)). In

Housing Authority, this Court explained that a veterans’ preference is not constitutional

unless a “‘reasonable relation’ … exist[s] ‘between the basis of [the] preference [in the

statute being challenged] and the object to be attained, the preference of veterans for

the proper performance of public duties’.” Housing Authority, 730 A.2d at 948 (quoting

Commonwealth ex rel. Graham v. Schmid, 3 A.2d 701, 704 (Pa. 1938)). Accordingly,

the Commission concluded that applying a veterans’ preference to Blake would violate

the Pennsylvania Constitution. Id.5



4
  The full title of the management directive at issue is Management Directive 580.21
Amended, Veterans’ Preference on Classified Service Employment Certifications, dated
February 16, 2011. See CSC’s Exhibit 4. MD 580.21 explains, in relevant part, that the
veterans’ preference is “given to applicants who pass examinations to positions covered
by the CSC in recognition of their military service.” Id.
5
   Discussing the constitutionality of statutory classifications generally, we have
explained that the “prohibition against treating people differently under the law does not
preclude the Commonwealth from resorting to legislative classifications, provided that
those classifications are reasonable rather than arbitrary and bear a reasonable
relationship to the object of the legislation.” Commonwealth v. Albert, 758 A.2d 1149,
1151 (Pa. 2000). While the Commission did not cite specific provisions of the
Pennsylvania Constitution, Housing Authority of the County of Chester v. State Civil
Service Comm’n, indicates that principles of due process and equal protection
(continued…)

                                      [J-36-2017] - 6
      The Commission reasoned that the Commonwealth Court’s opinion in Soberick

v. Salisbury Tp. Civil Service Comm’n and Budd A. Frankenfield, III, 874 A.2d 155 (Pa.

Commw.     2005),   supported    its   conclusion.       The     Commission   distinguished

Frankenfield’s eleven months of active duty in support of Operation Enduring Freedom

(Iraq) from Blake’s tenure at West Point. Even though Frankenfield had not completed

his full eight-year military service commitment with the Marine Corps when he applied

for the veterans’ preference, the Commonwealth Court upheld the award, indicating that

his active duty represented the kind of “significant military service” the General

Assembly intended to reward. Id. at 158.

      Blake appealed and the Commonwealth Court reversed, criticizing the

Commission for failing to decide the matter on statutory, non-constitutional, grounds.

Blake v. State Civil Service Comm’n, No. 724 C.D. 2015 at 1 (Pa. Commw. 2016)

(unpublished memorandum).        The Commonwealth Court first considered whether

Blake’s time as a cadet at West Point met the statutory definition of “soldier” in section

7101 of the VPA. Because the General Assembly did not define the term “active duty”

in section 7101, the Commonwealth Court explained that it would be guided by the rule

of statutory construction set forth in 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(5), which provides that courts

may consider “the former law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar

subjects” when determining legislative intent.       Id. at 8.   The Commonwealth Court

explained that the term “active duty” is defined in title 38 of the United States Code as


(…continued)
(emanating from Pa. Const. art. I, §§ 1, 26) animate the “reasonable relation” standard.
See Housing Authority, 730 A.2d at 948) (citing Hoffman v. Twship. Of Whitehall, 677
A.2d 1200 (Pa. 1996)); accord Albert, 758 A.2d at 1151 (discussing equal protection
under Pa. Const. art. I, §§ 1, 26 and U.S. Const. amend. XIV).



                                       [J-36-2017] - 7
including – for purposes of defining a “veteran” eligible for certain federal benefits –

someone who served “as a cadet at the United States Military, Air Force, or Coast

Guard Academy, or as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy.” Id. at 8-9

(quoting 38 U.S.C. §101(21)(D)).      Because Blake was a cadet at West Point, the

Commonwealth Court determined that he met the foregoing federal definition of “active

duty” and, as a result, also met the definition of “soldier” in 51 Pa.C.S. § 7101. Id. at

11.6

       Despite acknowledging that the purpose of the Veterans’ Preference Act is to

reward a soldier “for the discipline and experience represented by his military training

and for the loyalty and public spirit demonstrated by his service for the preservation of

his country,” 51 Pa.C.S. §7102(a), the Commonwealth Court decided that this language

did not impose a requirement that soldiers must have both undergone training and

performed military service to be eligible. Id. Instead, the court concluded, by reference

to the federal definition, that “the language of [section 7101] … stands alone to support

the conclusion that Blake was a soldier when he attended West Point.” Id.7




6
   The definition of “veteran” in 5 U.S.C. § 2108 includes, among others, “an individual
who … served on active duty as defined by section 101(21) of title 38 in the armed
forces during the period beginning on August 2, 1990, and ending on January 2, 1992.”
5 U.S.C. § 2108(1)(C). The Commonwealth Court apparently concluded that Blake met
this federal definition as well, and found it relevant (for reasons unstated) that he would
therefore qualify for federal veterans’ benefits. See Blake, No. 724 C.D. 2015 at 9.
7
   The Commonwealth Court also set forth 38 U.S.C. § 101’s definition of “active duty for
training,” finding it inapplicable to Blake. As defined under federal law, “active duty for
training” is a term applicable only to individuals in the Reserves, Reserve Corps of the
Public Health Service, National Guard or Air National Guard of any State, or Senior
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps. 38 U.S.C. § 101(22). As to its meaning in the context
of section 7101, both Blake and the CSC appear to agree that “active duty for training”
(continued…)

                                     [J-36-2017] - 8
       Finally, the Commonwealth Court disagreed with the Commission’s constitutional

analysis. According to the Commonwealth Court, this Court’s use of the “reasonable

relation” test in the area of the Veterans’ Preference Act has been limited to facial

constitutional challenges to certain preference provisions, and is misplaced in the

context of an “as applied” challenge, where the validity of the provision itself is

undisputed and the challenge relates instead to whether the provision may be

constitutionally applied to an individual applicant. Id. at 11-13.

       On appeal to this Court, the CSC raises two issues:               (1) whether the

Commonwealth Court erred by construing the intent of the General Assembly with

reference to terms contained in federal legislation; and (2) whether the Commonwealth

Court erred in holding that the “reasonable relation” standard is to be applied only in the

context of facial constitutional challenges to veterans’ preference provisions. We need

not reach the second issue, as we agree with the Commonwealth Court that the case

may be decided on non-constitutional grounds.                Commonwealth v. Janssen

Pharmaceutical, Inc., 8 A.3d 267, 271 (Pa. 2010) (holding that constitutional questions

should be avoided when resolution of the case based on alternative, non-constitutional

grounds is possible). We disagree, however, with the Commonwealth Court’s resolution

of the case on statutory grounds, including its decision to import a federal definition to

interpret section 7101.

       Whether Blake is a “soldier” pursuant to the definition of that term in section 7101

requires us to engage in statutory interpretation. Because statutory interpretation is a


(…continued)
is a training status limited to reservists and members of the National Guard.         See
Blake’s Brief at 11-12; CSC’s Brief at 17, 25-28.



                                       [J-36-2017] - 9
question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.

Ford v. Am. States Ins. Co., 154 A.3d 237, 244 (Pa. 2017). The Statutory Construction

Act, 1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501-1991, recognizes that the objective of all interpretation is to

ascertain and effectuate the General Assembly’s intent. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). Every

statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all of its provisions. Id. A

statute's plain language generally provides the best indication of legislative intent. 1

Pa.C.S. § 1921(b). However, if the words are not explicit or free from ambiguity,

             the intention of the General Assembly may be ascertained
             by considering, among other matters:

             (1) The occasion and necessity for the statute.

             (2) The circumstances under which it was enacted.

             (3) The mischief to be remedied.

             (4) The object to be attained.

             (5) The former law, if any, including other statutes upon the
             same or similar subjects.

             (6) The consequences of a particular interpretation.

             (7) The contemporaneous legislative history.

             (8) Legislative and administrative interpretations of such
             statute.

1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c). In all cases, we read statutory words with reference to the context

in which they appear, see A.S. v. Pennsylvania State Police, 143 A.3d 896, 906 (Pa.

2016), and we operate under the presumption that the General Assembly did not intend

a result that is absurd or unreasonable. 1 Pa.S.C § 1922.

      The statutory definition of “soldier” is ambiguous because it contains several

undefined terms and phrases, including “active duty” and “served or hereafter serves in



                                    [J-36-2017] - 10
the armed forces of the United States.” Cf. 401 Fourth St., Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Grp., 879

A.2d 166, 174 (Pa. 2005). The parties disagree as to which portions of section 7101

apply to Blake and, to the extent they are applicable, about the meanings of the

undefined terms. Blake argues that he is a “soldier” because he was on “active duty” as

a cadet at West Point. He supports the Commonwealth Court’s decision to import a

federal statutory definition of “active duty” to clarify the meaning of this term in section

7101. The CSC, alternatively, argues that it is irrelevant whether Blake was on “active

duty,” because the portion of section 7101 in which that term appears does not apply to

him. CSC’s Brief at 17. The agency contends, moreover, that the portion of section

7101 relevant to Blake is whether he “served … in the armed forces of the United

States,” and insists that he did not, as he neither incurred nor completed a term of

military service. Id. at 29-32.

       We agree with the CSC that the Commonwealth Court erred in relying on a

statutory definition from federal legislation to ascertain the General Assembly’s intent

with respect to section 7101. Section 1921(c)(5) authorizes consideration of “the former

law, if any, including other statutes upon the same or similar subjects.” 1 Pa.C.S.

1921(c)(5).   The federal statute at issue, 38 U.S.C. § 101(21)(D), defines the term

“active duty” for purposes of granting a preference to “veterans” in federal employment.

38 U.S.C. § 101(21)(D). It is not a “former law” with respect to Pennsylvania’s VPA, as

there is no indication that the VPA was modeled after, or based upon, any language in

the federal statute.8 Moreover, the nomenclature of the federal law is in many respects



8
  Section 103 of the Pennsylvania Military and Veterans Code provides: “It is the intent
of this title that it shall be in conformity with all acts and regulations of the United States
(continued…)

                                      [J-36-2017] - 11
different than in section 7101.    For example, section 7101 makes Pennsylvania’s

veterans’ preference available to “soldiers,” while federal law refers to “veterans” who


(…continued)
affecting the same subjects, and all provisions of this title shall be construed to
effectuate this purpose.” 51 Pa.C.S. § 103. The Commonwealth Court, however, did
not cite section 103 in support of its approach in the case at bar, and we do not view
section 103 as sanctioning the use of federally defined terms to ascertain the General
Assembly’s intent regarding who qualifies as a “soldier” eligible for a veterans’
preference in Pennsylvania civil service jobs. In our view, the Commonwealth Court in
Herskovitz ably explained why section 103 does not authorize reliance on federal law as
an interpretative tool:

             Whereas the [present Military] Code is a substantial
             reenactment of The Military Code of 1949, formerly 51 P.S.
             §§ 1-101—1-1202, the preference provisions of Chapter 71
             are derived from a separate and distinct statute enacted in
             1945, Act of May 22, 1945, P.L. 837, formerly 51 P.S. §§
             492.1—492.8, repealed by Section 2 of the Act of August 1,
             1975, P.L. 233. Section 103 of the [Pennsylvania Military]
             Code is taken verbatim from Section 102 of the Military Code
             of 1949, formerly 51 P.S. § 1-102; it was not a part of the
             Act of 1945 dealing with veterans’ preference. It was not
             until 1975 that the statutory provisions relating to veterans’
             preference were incorporated as part of the present
             [Pennsylvania] Military Code.

             Furthermore, the purpose of Section 102 as it applied to
             other military matters, can be ascertained quite apart from
             veterans’ preference.      Enlistment standards, uniforms,
             honorable discharge requirements are just a few of many
             areas where, for the sake of uniformity, state laws pertaining
             to the military must conform with federal standards.

Herskovitz, 534 A.2d at 163 (footnote omitted). In addition to the foregoing, the
Herskovitz Court relied upon the language of 51 Pa.C.S. § 7109 to conclude that “that
Section 103 does not require that the provisions of the [present Military] Code must
conform with and be interpreted as a part of the federal legislation in the area of
veterans' preference.” Id. Section 7109 provides: “This chapter shall be construed as
being the exclusive law applying to the Commonwealth, and its political subdivisions, in
giving preference to soldiers in appointment or promotion to, or retention in, public
position or on public works.” 51 Pa.C.S. § 7109. In the instant matter, the CSC argues
similarly that Section 7109 bars consideration of federal statutory definitions. See
CSC’s Brief at 16, 20.



                                    [J-36-2017] - 12
are “preference eligible.” Herskovitz v. State Civil Service Comm’n, 534 A.2d 160, 163

(Pa. Cmwlth. 1987). Further, the scope of availability for a veterans’ preference is

different, as in Pennsylvania it is available to someone meeting the definition of “soldier”

in section 7101, while the definition of “preference eligible” under federal law includes

disabled veterans, certain family members of disabled veterans, those whose service

meet the definition of “veteran,”9 and certain family members of veterans.10 See Brian

Torresi, Operation Rewarding Sacrifice: A Proposal to Amend the Definition of "Veteran"

in Title 5 to Fully Effectuate the Purposes of Veterans' Preference, 110 Penn St. L. Rev.

209, 231 (2005) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 2108(3)).        These significant differences strongly

militate against the use of federal definitions to interpret the Pennsylvania statute.

9
  The definition of “veteran” under federal law is also much different than the definition
of “soldier” under section 7101. A “veteran” includes someone who served on active
duty in the armed forces during a war, during the period from April 28, 1952 to July 1,
1955, or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign medal has been authorized.
A “veteran” is also someone who served on active duty for more than 180 consecutive
days after January 31, 1955 and before October 15, 1976, or who served on active duty
with no time requirement during the period from August 2, 1990, until January 2, 1992.
See Brian Torresi, Operation Rewarding Sacrifice: A Proposal to Amend the Definition
of "Veteran" in Title 5 to Fully Effectuate the Purposes of Veterans' Preference, 110
Penn St. L. Rev. 209, 231 (2005) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 2108(1)).

In his brief filed with this Court, Blake concedes that he would not qualify for a veterans’
preference under the current federal framework, despite meeting the federal definition
for “active duty.” See Blake’s Brief at 13 (explaining that a separate federal law
contains a “service requirement of twenty-four months” for individuals, like Blake, who
were on active duty during the Persian Gulf War). Blake appears to be referring to 38
U.S.C. § 5303A, which provides, in relevant part, that “any requirements for eligibility for
or entitlement to any benefit under this title or any other law administered by the
Secretary that are based on the length of active duty served by a person who initially
enters such service after September 7, 1980” are amended to require either “24 months
of continuous active duty” or “the full period for which such person was called or ordered
to active duty,” except under certain enumerated circumstances. 38 U.S.C.A. § 5303A.
10
   Under Pennsylvania law, preferences are available to the spouses of deceased or
disabled soldiers. 51 Pa. C.S. § 7108.



                                      [J-36-2017] - 13
         Instead, the “former law” worthy of our consideration here is the text of section

7101 before it was amended in 2004. The pre-2004 version of the law provided as

follows:

               As used in this chapter, “soldier” means a person who
               served in the armed forces of the United States, or in any
               women’s organization officially connected therewith, during
               any war or armed conflict in which the United States
               engaged, or who so served or hereafter serves in the armed
               forces of the United States, or in any women’s organization
               officially connected therewith, since July 27, 1953, including
               service in Vietnam, and who has an honorable discharge
               from such service.

51 Pa. C.S. § 7101 (1975, amended 2004). Under this definition, a person qualified as

a “soldier” if he or she (1) served in the armed forces of the United States (or a

connected women’s organization) after July 27, 1953 (the date of the armistice ending

the Korean War), and was honorably discharged from that service, or (2) served before

July 27, 1953 during a war or armed conflict in which the United States engaged, and

was honorably discharged from that service.        Under the pre-amendment version of

section 7101, anyone honorably discharged from service after the end of the Korean

War qualified for a veterans’ preference, regardless of whether that service took place

during a war or armed conflict.

         The pre-amendment version of section 7101 did not include the term “active

duty.”     Two Commonwealth Court decisions necessitated the amendment to add it.

First, in its 1987 decision in Herskovitz, the Commonwealth Court interpreted the

definition of “soldier” to include members of the Pennsylvania National Guard and

United States Reserves. Herskovitz, 534 A.2d at 160-62. The three petitioners had

completed their guard or reservist training, and had also completed their full military




                                      [J-36-2017] - 14
service obligations of five to six years prior to being honorably discharged. Id. at 161.

The Commonwealth Court decided that the part-time nature of their service did not

disqualify them from being “soldiers” under section 7101 (pre-amendment). Id. at 162.

Citing the legislative intent set forth in section 7102(a) of the VPA, the court reasoned

that voluntarily enlisting in the National Guard or Reserves demonstrates “the same

public-spirited service for the preservation of our country as those who have

volunteered or may have been drafted into full-time active service.” Id. at 161. While

recognizing that “the actual continuous time of service is different for those who are

‘regular army’,” the Commonwealth Court concluded that members of the Pennsylvania

National Guard and United States Reserves experience “the same kinds of disruption in

normal civilian life … albeit on a lesser scale.” Id.

       Second, in Sicuro v. City of Pittsburgh, 684 A.2d 232 (Pa. Commw. 1996), the

Commonwealth Court limited the application of Herskovitz to members of the

Pennsylvania National Guard or United States Reserves who had completed their initial

service commitment before seeking the preference. Id. at 237. In Sicuro, the applicants

had been discharged from their reserve duty training program but had not yet joined the

reserves or completed their initial service commitment. Id. at 234. The Sicuro court

explained “the purpose of the Act is to reward qualified veterans for their service to this

country. … Completion of their training does not equate to completion of their service

for purposes of obtaining preference points.”           Id. at 236 (emphasis in original).

According to the Commonwealth Court, extending the veterans’ preference to those

who have not completed an initial service commitment “diminish[es] opportunities for




                                      [J-36-2017] - 15
individuals who have completed their full, significant contributions to the military[.]” Id.

at 237.

       The General Assembly amended section 7101 in 2004 to resolve a perceived

unfairness to certain guard and reserve members. In particular, guard and reserve

members who were called to active duty in places like Iraq or Afghanistan, and who

were then released from that active duty assignment, were not eligible for a veterans’

preference because they had not, as required by Sicuro, completed the entirety of their

initial service commitments. The amendment’s legislative history makes clear that it

was enacted to bring within the ambit of section 7101 those members of the

Pennsylvania National Guard or United States Reserves who returned from active duty

during a war or armed conflict, without first requiring them to complete their initial

service obligation. See 1 Pa.S.C. § 1921(c)(7); Pa. L. Journal, 188th Gen. Assemb.,

No. 15, Reg. Sess., 304 (2004) (introducing House Bill 2055 as “an Act amending Title

51 (Military Affairs) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, further defining

‘soldier’”). During consideration of HB 2055 on the floor of the House, Representative

Thomas Tigue explained that the bill was

              an important bill for all of our National Guard and Reserve
              troops who are in harm’s way or have been in harm’s way
              and have returned. This bill will allow them to receive the
              benefits to which they should be entitled. Under the current
              law, our current National Guard’s members and reservists
              who have served on active duty in Iraq and Afghanistan and
              on ships at sea and in combat areas do not qualify … for
              veterans’ [preference] …. What this bill does is to bring them
              up on an equal footing, if you will, with those who are on
              active duty who served in the same places. In fact, some
              reservists have served more time than the active duty forces.




                                     [J-36-2017] - 16
Id. (statement of Rep. Tigue). Representative Thomas Yewcic, the bill’s prime sponsor,

further noted:

                 Last year a member of the Pennsylvania Guard who was
                 deployed in Afghanistan and another in Iraq returned home
                 from military service during their first enlistment period and
                 [was] denied recognition … for veterans’ preference benefits
                 in the State of Pennsylvania. HB 2055 addresses that issue
                 to allow the Pennsylvania Department of Military and
                 Veterans Affairs to designate the time periods in which our
                 guardsmen who are serving our country are entitled to these
                 benefits.

Id. (statement of Rep. Yewcic).11

       Accordingly, the amendment added the following bolded language to create the

current text of section 7101:

                 a person who served or hereafter serves in the armed forces
                 of the United States, or in any women’s organization officially
                 connected therewith, during any war or armed conflict in
                 which the United States engaged and who was released
                 from active duty under honorable conditions, other than
                 from periods of active duty for training, or with an
                 honorable discharge from such service, or a person who
                 so served or hereafter serves in the armed forces of the
                 United States, or in any women’s organization officially
                 connected therewith, since July 27, 1953, including service
                 in Vietnam, and who has an honorable discharge from such
                 service. Qualifying periods of service during a war or
                 armed conflict, for purposes of this provision, will be
                 designated by the Department of Military and Veterans
                 Affairs.

51 Pa.C.S. § 7101 (emphasis added).




11
   We recognize that statements made by individual legislators are not dispositive of the
intent of the General Assembly as a whole, but may nonetheless be informative and
instructive in our analysis. See Bd. of Revision of Taxes, City of Philadelphia v. City of
Philadelphia, 4 A.3d 610, 625 (Pa. 2010).



                                        [J-36-2017] - 17
      Based upon the amendment’s legislative history and the specific new language it

added, it is clear that the amendment granted “soldier” status to a new category of

individuals, namely members of the Pennsylvania National Guard or United States

Reserves who were called to active duty (often serving overseas in active combat

zones) and are thereafter released under honorable conditions from such duty, even if

they have not yet completed their total service commitment to the military through

honorable discharge. Prior to the 2004 amendment, these individuals, in accordance

with the Commonwealth Court’s decision in Sicuro, were required to complete their

initial service commitment before becoming eligible for a veterans’ preference.

      Unlike the federal statutory definition of “active duty” on which Blake heavily

relies, the “active duty” language in section 7101 (added via the 2004 amendment) was

intended to capture members of the Pennsylvania National Guard or United States

Reserves called to active duty. As a result, the “active duty” language in section 7101

does not apply to Blake. Blake is not and never was a reservist or guard member and

was never called to active duty during a time of war or armed conflict.

      Therefore, whether Blake is a “soldier” depends instead upon whether he is a

person who “so served or hereafter serves in the armed forces of the United States …

since July 27, 1953 … and who has an honorable discharge from such service.”

51 Pa.C.S. § 7101. The terms “served” and “serves” are not defined in the VPA. In

section 7102, however, the General Assembly set forth its reasoning for granting

veterans’ preferences under the VPA. 51 Pa.C.S. § 7102(a); 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(4),

(6). Preference credits are to be awarded to a soldier “for the discipline and experience

represented by his military training and for the loyalty and public spirit demonstrated by




                                     [J-36-2017] - 18
his service for the preservation of his country.” 51 Pa.C.S. § 7102(a) (emphasis added).

Section 7102 evinces the General Assembly’s intent to confer a veterans’ preference

upon individuals who have both undergone military training and, thereafter,

demonstrated loyalty and public-spirit by their service to the country.            51 Pa.C.S.

§ 7102(a). Individuals who merely trained to serve their country while a student at

military academy, but who neither committed themselves to a term of service nor

followed through with that service commitment, has done little “for the preservation of

his country,” let alone by way of demonstrating “loyalty and public-spirit.” Id.

       Blake was sworn in as a cadet on his first day at West Point and began cadet

basic training immediately thereafter. Basic training lasted six to eight weeks, ending in

August 1991. Following basic training, Blake obtained forty five academic credits over

the course of his three semesters at West Point, all of which ultimately counted toward

his civilian bachelor’s degree, which he received from University at Albany a few years

after leaving West Point. Because he left West Point after only eighteen months, Blake

never incurred any military service obligation. Such a service obligation would have

accrued at the start of his third year if he had remained at the academy. Had he

remained at West Point through the start of his third year but failed to graduate, he

would have been obligated to serve at an enlisted rank and/or repay his tuition. Had he

graduated, he would have been obligated to perform his service as a commissioned

officer in lieu of repaying his tuition.

       Because he left before a service obligation accrued, Blake never obligated

himself to serve his country, either as a commissioned officer or at an enlisted rank. In

fact, “for the preservation of his country,” he never undertook to perform any military




                                           [J-36-2017] - 19
service following his eighteen months of training at West Point.      Even if, as Blake

contends, the Army might have counted his time at West Point in determining his

enlisted rank for service in the Army if he had enlisted, Commission Adjudication

Opinion at 6, the fact remains that he did not do so, either voluntarily or otherwise. In

addition, as previously stated, Blake never served in the Pennsylvania National Guard

or United States Reserves.

      While   conceding      these   points, Blake nonetheless testified before      the

Commission that, based on the definition of “active duty” in 38 U.S.C. § 101(21)(D),

anyone who takes the cadet oath on his first day at the academy is a “soldier” from that

moment forward.     See N.T, 10/22/2014, at 31-32.      Based upon Blake’s proposed

interpretation, even a cadet who never completed basic training would be eligible for the

veterans’ preference, so long as he or met the remaining statutory criteria. On the other

hand, members of the Pennsylvania National Guard or United States Reserves in their

first term of service, who have not been called up for active duty, would be ineligible.

Sicuro, 684 A.2d at 234. We find this to be an absurd result, and one that our General

Assembly clearly did not intend. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1).

      Pennsylvania has had a veterans' preference statute dating back to 1887.

Preferential Treatment of War Veterans, No. 2, 38 Pa. D. & C. 129, 131 (1940). It exists

“as a form of consideration for society's recognition that (1) veterans generally bring

highly valued skills conducive to the better performance of public employment duties,

including discipline, experience and service; (2) veterans suffer from a comparative

disadvantage relative to non-veterans because of their exclusion from the labor market

during their period of military service to the nation; and (3) veterans have rendered the




                                     [J-36-2017] - 20
greatest service a citizen can perform namely, the defense of our liberty.” Brickhouse v.

Spring-Ford Area Sch. Dist., 656 A.2d 483, 490 (Pa. 1995) (Castille, J., dissenting)

(citing Schmid, 3 A.2d at 704). Blake went to college. He did not serve in the armed

forces of the United States, and thus he is not a “soldier” as that term is defined in 51

Pa.C.S. § 7101. He is not entitled to receive a veterans’ preference when applying for

civil service jobs in this Commonwealth.

      The order of the Commonwealth Court is reversed.

      Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Baer, Todd, Dougherty, Wecht and Mundy join

the opinion.




                                    [J-36-2017] - 21
