                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2581-17T2

J.Z.,1

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

E.R. and F.M.,

          Defendants,

and

M.V.,

     Defendant-Respondent.
___________________________

                    Argued December 5, 2018 – Decided January 15, 2019

                    Before Judges Koblitz, Ostrer, and Mayer.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-3428-16.



1
  We refer to the parties by their initials to protect their privacy and because the
matter includes details regarding a domestic violence victim who is not civilly
liable.
            Sheri A. Breen argued the cause for appellant (Law
            Offices of Rosemarie Arnold, attorneys; Sheri A.
            Breen, of counsel and on the briefs; William R. Stoltz,
            on the briefs).

            Kevin F. Colquhoun argued the cause for respondent
            (Colquhoun & Colquhoun, PA, attorneys; Kevin F.
            Colquhoun and Moira E. Colquhoun, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff J.Z. appeals from an order granting summary judgment in favor

of defendant M.V. and an order denying his motion for reconsideration. 2 We

affirm.

      Plaintiff had a dating relationship with defendant that lasted several

months. Plaintiff would spend the night at defendant's house at least four

evenings a week. Defendant also maintained a relationship with defendant

E.R.,3 including occasional dinners and intimate relations.      Although E.R.

moved out of defendant's home in 2009, he did work around defendant's house,

including yard maintenance and home repairs. E.R. allegedly had a key to


2
  On appeal, plaintiff fails to address the denial of his reconsideration motion.
Issues not briefed on appeal are deemed waived. Gormley v. Wood-El, 218 N.J.
72, 95 n.8 (2014).
3
 E.R. is the father of defendant's youngest child. However, E.R. and defendant
were never married.



                                                                         A-2581-17T2
                                       2
defendant's home.4     However, E.R. knew defendant kept her exterior door

unlocked so her two older children could come and go from the house.

      On the afternoon of April 18, 2015, E.R. was working at defendant's home.

According to E.R., he spoke to defendant about renewing a committed

relationship and the possibility of reuniting. E.R. claimed he made a dinner plan

with defendant for that evening to discuss reconciling.

      Unbeknownst to E.R., defendant had dinner plans with plaintiff that

evening. Defendant never telephoned E.R. to either confirm or cancel their

dinner plan. E.R. presumed defendant had forgotten their plan and was at her

house watching television.

      After plaintiff and defendant had dinner that evening, they returned to

defendant's house around 11:00 p.m.        Plaintiff and defendant had sexual

relations and retired for the night.

      Because E.R. had not heard from defendant about meeting for dinner, he

decided to go to defendant's home to discuss their future. When he arrived after

midnight, E.R. saw plaintiff's car in the driveway, knew plaintiff was in

defendant's house, and suspected plaintiff and defendant were having sexual



4
  Defendant denies giving E.R. a key to the new door locks after he moved out
of the house.
                                                                         A-2581-17T2
                                       3
relations. Knowing defendant kept the door to her home unlocked, E.R. let

himself into the house. Before actually entering, E.R. texted and telephoned

defendant to tell her he was downstairs and was coming into the house.

      Defendant quickly dressed and told plaintiff to stay in the bedroom.

However, before defendant was able to exit the bedroom, E.R. opened the

bedroom door and entered the room. Plaintiff was in defendant's bed when E.R.

entered the room. Defendant told E.R. to leave. E.R. refused to leave and

insisted on speaking to plaintiff regarding his relationship with defendant. E.R.

was intent on advising plaintiff that defendant was having sexual relations with

both men and misleading them.

      A confrontation between E.R. and defendant developed. E.R. yelled at

and struck defendant, causing her to fall to the floor. Plaintiff attempted to

protect defendant by interceding in the dispute. E.R. grabbed plaintiff and the

two men wrestled. E.R. shoved plaintiff, who fell on a piece of furniture,

resulting in plaintiff's loss of his right eye.

      When defendant and E.R. lived together, the couple argued about

finances, but never had any physical altercations. Years before the incident

between E.R. and plaintiff, defendant called the police after a heated argument




                                                                         A-2581-17T2
                                           4
with E.R. and obtained a temporary restraining order (TRO) against him.

Defendant ultimately dismissed the TRO.5

        There was no evidence of any violent behavior by E.R. toward plaintiff

prior to April 18, 2015. E.R. had met plaintiff on at least twenty different

occasions before that evening and had seen plaintiff in defendant's home many

times. E.R. also knew plaintiff stayed at defendant's house several evenings per

week. While plaintiff and defendant were dating, E.R. never displayed any

anger or animosity toward plaintiff.

        Plaintiff filed a personal injury action against defendant. 6 After discovery,

defendant moved for summary judgment. The judge granted defendant's motion,

finding defendant did not owe a duty to warn or protect plaintiff from E.R. The

judge found defendant had no duty to control E.R.'s actions that night despite

the fact defendant may have known E.R. could enter the house because she

always left the front door unlocked. The judge concluded defendant had no

reasonable expectation E.R. would enter her bedroom, without permission, start

a fight with her, or anticipate plaintiff would attempt to protect her from E.R.


5
    The record does not indicate the predicate act for the issuance of the TRO.
6
   Plaintiff settled his claim against E.R. Defendant F.M., who owned the home,
filed a motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff did not oppose that motion and
F.M. was granted summary judgment.
                                                                              A-2581-17T2
                                           5
      Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration, which the judge denied. The

judge concluded plaintiff had not argued a claim under traditional premises

liability based on a dangerous condition. Plaintiff was unable to advance any

legal basis for his claim that defendant owed a duty to protect him against a

criminal assault by E.R.     The judge determined plaintiff commingled the

imposition of a duty with a breach of duty based on foreseeability. Having

conducted a full duty analysis, the judge relied on her prior ruling, finding no

duty was owed to plaintiff after considering the facts in the light most favorable

to him.

      On appeal, plaintiff contends the judge erred in finding defendant owed

no duty to plaintiff. Plaintiff argues the facts in this case presented a "perfect

storm" and defendant owed him a reasonable duty of care under the

circumstances. Plaintiff specifically asserts defendant owed a duty to exercise

care for his safety arising from her deceitful relationship with E.R. while she

was having intimate relations with plaintiff.

      We review a "trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo under the

same standard as the trial court." Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat’l Union

Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016); see also R. 4:46-2(c).

"When no issue of fact exists, and only a question of law remains, [a reviewing


                                                                          A-2581-17T2
                                        6
court] affords no special deference to the legal determinations of the trial court."

Ibid.

        "Premises liability is a subset of general negligence law." Peguero v. Tau

Kappa Epsilon Local Chapter, 439 N.J. Super. 77, 88 (App. Div. 2015). To

prevail on a negligence claim, "a plaintiff must establish four elements: '(1) a

duty of care, (2) a breach of that duty, (3) proximate cause, and (4) actual

damages.'" Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 51 (2015) (quoting Polzo v. Cty.

of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 584 (2008)).

        Whether a defendant owes a duty of care to another is a question of law

to be determined by the trial court. Carvalho v. Toll Bros. & Developers, 143

N.J. 565, 572 (1996). Courts must analyze a defendant's duty of care to an

individual based on the totality of the circumstances, and considerations of

public policy and fairness. Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 132 N.J. 426, 439

(1993). See also Acuna v. Turkish, 192 N.J. 399, 414 (2007).

        There are four factors that must be analyzed when determining whether

an individual owes a duty of care toward another: "the relationship of the

parties[;] the nature of the attendant risk[;] the opportunity and ability to

exercise care[;]" and public policy considerations. Hopkins, 132 N.J. at 439.

This "analysis is both very fact-specific and principled; it must lead to solutions


                                                                            A-2581-17T2
                                         7
that properly and fairly resolve the specific case and generate intelligible and

sensible rules to govern future conduct." Ibid. Whether or not a duty should be

imposed in a particular situation "is a question of fairness and public policy.

Foreseeability of injury to another is important, but not dispositive. Fairness,

not foreseeability alone, is the test." Kuzmicz v. Ivy Hill Park Apts., 147 N.J.

510, 515 (1997) (citations omitted).         Imposing a duty of care "based on

foreseeability alone could result in virtually unbounded liability . . . ." Estate of

Desir ex rel. Estiverne v. Vertus, 214 N.J. 303, 319 (2013).

      While acknowledging the four-part test for determining a duty of care, our

Supreme Court has "carefully refrained from treating questions of duty in a

conclusory fashion, recognizing that '[w]hether a duty exists is ultimately a

question of fairness.'" Id. at 322 (alteration in original) (quoting Weinberg v.

Dinger, 106 N.J. 469, 485 (1987)). In analyzing whether to impose a duty of

care, courts must proceed with caution because any resolution of the duty

analysis will apply not only in the subject case, but to all cases in the future.

Hopkins, 132 N.J. at 439. In Desir, the Court wrote:

             [T]he function of the common law is not to achieve a
             result in a particular case, but to establish generally
             applicable rules to govern societal behaviors. Craft a
             rule that is inherently fact-specific and we risk creating
             an outcome that reaches only the particular
             circumstances and the parties before the Court . . . ;

                                                                             A-2581-17T2
                                         8
              create a broadly worded duty and we run the risk of
              unintentionally imposing liability in situations far
              beyond the parameters we now face.

              [Desir, 214 N.J. at 323.]

        Plaintiff seeks a fact-specific duty of care, arguing the matter arises from

"the perfect storm."7       Plaintiff asserts the facts in this case support a

determination that it was foreseeable E.R. would enter defendant's bedroom,

confront defendant while she was with plaintiff, assault defendant because she

had relations with the two men, and plaintiff would be injured attempting to stop

E.R.'s attack of defendant. However, plaintiff fails to support his argument with

evidence, such as any history of violence on the part of E.R. or prior

confrontations between defendant and E.R., regarding her intimate relations

with other men.

        In analyzing the duty factors under Hopkins, there was no relationship

between plaintiff and E.R. The fact that defendant was involved intimately with

both plaintiff and E.R., and may have been deceitful to both men, does not create

a relationship between plaintiff and E.R. Nor could defendant have foreseen an

attendant risk plaintiff would attempt to protect her from E.R.'s assault.

Similarly, the ability and opportunity to exercise care in this case is unclear. Is


7
    Plaintiff admits this case presents a "concededly unusual scenario."
                                                                            A-2581-17T2
                                          9
it that defendant should not have engaged in a sexual relationship with two men

simultaneously? Is it that defendant should have locked the doors to her home?

Or, should defendant, who was being assaulted by E.R., have instructed plaintiff

to leave the house?        The possibilities related to defendant's ability and

opportunity to exercise care in this case are so varied "as to make identification

of the duty impossible." Id. at 325. Nor is there any broad public interest

identified in this case.

        Nothing in this record supports a claim defendant either took action or

failed to take action that resulted in plaintiff's injury.   Plaintiff suffered a

grievous injury.      Yet, analyzing the events under the totality of the

circumstances does not compel the imposition of a new or expanded duty of

care.

        Affirmed.




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                                       10
