Opinion issued August 27, 2015




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-14-00231-CR
                           ———————————
              NELSON OKWUOLISA ILODIGUWE, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 248th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1361714


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Nelson Okwuolisa Ilodiguwe was charged with the felony offense

of sexual assault by compelling the complainant to submit or participate by the use

of physical force or violence. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.011(a)(1), (b)(1). Ilodiguwe

pleaded not guilty. A jury found him guilty and assessed punishment at four years
in prison and a $10,000 fine. He timely filed a motion for new trial. The motion for

new trial was denied without a hearing, and this appeal followed.

      On appeal, Ilodiguwe argues that (1) the evidence was legally insufficient to

support his conviction; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by denying him a

hearing on his motion for new trial; (3) he received ineffective assistance of

counsel; and (4) the trial court erred by overruling his objections to the

prosecutor’s closing argument. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                   Background

      Complainant S.L. was working as a prostitute when Ilodiguwe drove up to

her and asked if she needed a ride and wanted to “have some fun.” S.L. got into the

van, signaling that she agreed to the transaction. Although S.L. usually took

customers to a nearby motel, Ilodiguwe suggested that they go just a few blocks

away to his office building.

      The two arrived at the office building at approximately 3:00 a.m., and

Ilodiguwe used a card to access a suite on the first floor of the building. Once

inside the suite, he told S.L. to sit down while he went outside to make a phone

call. When he came back, he showed her a badge and claimed to be a law

enforcement officer. S.L. started to get up, but he told her to calm down. He told

her that would not take her to jail, but she needed to “show” “something” before he

would let her go. She complied.



                                         2
      S.L. knew Ilodiguwe was not a police officer, but she felt threatened because

he was bigger than she was. She attempted to escape by pushing the door open.

She made it into the hallway, but a struggle ensued and Ilodiguwe pulled her back

into the suite by grabbing her arm. More than once, S.L. asked Ilodiguwe to let her

go. She told him, “You don’t have to do it like this,” while inside the suite, and

again she begged to be released as he grabbed her arm in the hallway.

      Once back inside the suite, Ilodiguwe pushed S.L. down on her knees and

forced her to perform oral sex. Next, he told her to lie down and remove her

underwear. Ilodiguwe then put his full body weight on top of S.L. and put his penis

into her vagina. Because he was so large, she was unable to move or otherwise

escape. Throughout this process, S.L. cried and begged Ilodiguwe to stop. He told

her to “just be quiet,” “shut up,” and “just take it.”

      Ilodiguwe became frustrated by S.L.’s crying, got up, and walked around.

Now able to move, S.L. got close enough to her purse to retrieve her phone and

dial 911. Although she did not speak to the 911 operator, she hoped that law

enforcement would be able to trace her location based on the phone call. So she

dropped the phone into her purse without terminating the phone call. The phone

remained on for the remainder of the encounter, which resulted in an audio

recording of the events.




                                            3
      At the end of the encounter, Ilodiguwe gave S.L. cash, which she accepted.

The two left the building together, and Ilodiguwe drove away in the van as S.L.

stayed behind. Once Ilodiguwe had left, S.L. called 911 again and told the operator

that she had been raped. When the responding officer arrived at the office building,

he observed S.L. crying, upset, and in a state of panic. S.L. explained to the officer

that she had been working as a prostitute, but she maintained that the encounter

was a sexual assault, not a “transaction gone bad.” At the officer’s request, S.L.

agreed to undergo a sexual assault examination at a local hospital.

      S.L. told the nurse who conducted the sexual assault examination that

Ilodiguwe forced her on the floor and raped her. The examining nurse did not find

evidence of trauma to S.L.’s genitals, but she observed abrasions to the neck,

shoulder, and knee that appeared to have been sustained within the previous 12 to

24 hours. At trial, the examining nurse testified that the lack of genital trauma is

not inconsistent with sexual assault.

      After reviewing security logs for the card-access doors and surveillance

video from the office building, as well as the audio of the first 911 call,

investigators asked S.L. to identify her assailant from a photo spread. S.L.

positively identified Ilodiguwe. The investigators subsequently obtained and

executed an arrest warrant for Ilodgiuwe.




                                            4
      Ilodiguwe was charged by indictment with the felony offense of sexual

assault, namely by compelling S.L. to “submit and participate by the use of

physical force and violence.” The jury found Ilodiguwe guilty and the trial court

sentenced him to four years in prison and a $10,000 fine. He timely filed a motion

for new trial and a notice of appeal. The motion for new trial was denied by

operation of law.

                                     Analysis

 I.   Sufficiency of the evidence

      In his first and third issues, Ilodiguwe argues that the evidence at trial was

legally insufficient to support his conviction for the felony offense of sexual

assault.

      A person commits the offense of sexual assault if he intentionally or

knowingly causes the penetration of the anus or sexual organ of another person by

any means, without that person’s consent. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.011(a)(1)(A). A

sexual assault is without another person’s consent if the actor compels the person

to submit or participate by the use of “physical force or violence.”

Id. § 22.011(b)(1).

      When evaluating the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable



                                         5
doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Brooks

v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The standard is the same

for both direct and circumstantial evidence cases. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d

9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct

evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can

be sufficient to establish guilt.” Id. We give deference to the trier of fact to fairly

resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Id.

      With respect to sexual assault under section 22.011, the Legislature has

stated that a conviction may be supported by the uncorroborated testimony of the

complainant if she “informed any person, other than the defendant, of the alleged

offense within one year after the date on which the offense is alleged to have

occurred.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07(a). This provision applies to this

case, in which S.L. reported the alleged sexual assault to law enforcement on the

night of the events in question.

      The evidence at trial included testimony from S.L., the first responding

police officer, the nurse who conducted the sexual assault examination, and

Ilodiguwe. Numerous exhibits were also entered into evidence, including audio

recordings of S.L.’s calls to 911, video footage taken from security cameras at the

office building, and the nurse’s examination report. Ilodiguwe testified that he



                                           6
penetrated S.L. orally and vaginally, and he does not dispute that he did so

intentionally or knowingly. Instead, Ilodiguwe challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence in two ways. First, he argues that the evidence did not demonstrate that

he used both “physical force and violence” to compel S.L. to submit or participate,

as alleged in the indictment. Second, he argues that the evidence is nevertheless

insufficient to support a finding that the sexual acts were without consent because

there is no evidence of either physical force or violence.

       A.    Proof of physical force and violence as alleged in indictment

      Ilodiguwe’s first argument—that the State must prove both physical force

and violence—is not based on the essential elements of sexual assault under

section 22.011, which specifies that a sexual assault is without consent if an actor

compels a person to submit by the use of physical force “or” violence. See TEX.

PENAL CODE § 22.011(b). Rather, Ilodiguwe argues that the State had to prove both

physical force and violence because it pleaded both in the indictment. The

indictment alleged that Ilodiguwe had sex with S.L. without her consent when he

compelled her to submit by the use of “physical force and violence.” But the State

may plead in the conjunctive and charge the jury in the disjunctive. Cada v. State,

334 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Therefore, the evidence is sufficient

to support Ilodiguwe’s conviction if the proof establishes that he used either

physical force or violence to compel S.L. to submit or participate. See id.



                                          7
       B.    Finding that sexual assault was without consent

      Ilodiguwe also makes numerous challenges to the sufficiency of the

evidence to establish a lack of consent by S.L. Many of his challenges do not

specifically concern whether the evidence would allow a jury to find the essential

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, but instead generally address

the weight and credibility of the testimony and evidence. The rest of his challenges

identify numerous pieces of evidence that he contends demonstrate S.L.’s consent.

      Initially, Ilodiguwe attacks the weight and credibility of S.L.’s testimony

because she was working as a prostitute and had been convicted for other offenses.

He further asserts that the allegations in this case were fabricated by S.L. to

“impress her pimp by calling police to allege she was raped.” These arguments are

largely predicated on his own testimony at trial, in which he testified that S.L.

asked to call her pimp during the middle of the encounter in the suite. He further

testified that, at the end of the encounter, he offered to drive her back to where he

picked her up, but she refused and claimed to be waiting for her pimp. Ilodiguwe’s

testimony in this regard was disputed by S.L., who stated unequivocally that she

was not working for a pimp at the time of the offense. Ilodiguwe contends that

S.L.’s testimony cannot be credited because she has previously been convicted for

prostitution, theft, and a “false alarm report.” These prior convictions were

discussed in depth.



                                         8
      Similarly, Ilodiguwe argues that the audio of the first 911 call, recorded

from S.L.’s phone inside her purse as the offense occurred, was not credible. At

multiple points in his brief, he asserts that the call was made at a different time

than the alleged offense. He further contends that the tape was inadmissible

because it had no date stamp. Finally, he argues that the audio recording depicts a

conversation between S.L. and her pimp, not involving him. To support this

argument, he observes that more than two voices can be heard on the 911

recording.

      We note, first, that our sufficiency review encompasses “all of the evidence

in the record, both direct and circumstantial, whether admissible or inadmissible.”

Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see Juarez v. State,

409 S.W.3d 156, 162 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). Therefore

we consider the audio recording of the 911 call, which was admitted without

objection at trial. While Ilodiguwe asserts that the 911 call contained no time

stamp and was made after the time of the offense, the record shows that each audio

recording begins with a computerized voice reciting a precise date and time. For

example, the first 911 call begins by stating the time as 3:13 a.m., which is

consistent with the security card access logs indicating that the suite in which the

offense occurred was accessed at 3:06 a.m. Ilodiguwe does not assert that these




                                         9
time stamps are falsified in any way, nor does he identify any evidence that would

require such a determination.

      With respect to Ilodiguwe’s further contention that the 911 call depicted

voices other than his own, and thus required a conclusion that the audio was not

evidence of any interaction he had with S.L., we note that S.L. positively identified

Ilodiguwe’s voice on the recording. Although the audio is muffled, presumably

because the phone from which the call was made was inside a purse, S.L.

explained that Ilodiguwe’s voice could be heard saying to her, “shut up, be quiet,”

and “come on, just lay there.” According to S.L., it was her voice on the recording

crying and pleading “please stop, you don’t have to do this,” and “I have kids.”

Other voices, which can be clearly heard, identify themselves as “Houston 911”

and ask if someone needs medical, police, or fire assistance. As the call continues,

the other voices can be heard talking amongst themselves, along with sounds

consistent with typing on a keyboard. On this record, the evidence and testimony

permitted a rational jury to conclude that the recording depicted an ongoing sexual

assault without consent while 911 operators simultaneously worked to identify the

location of the call and send police to the scene. Such an interpretation of the

evidence was also supported by the trial testimony of the responding officer, who

stated that he was sent to the location of the offense once the 911 operators had

identified the location of the source of the call.



                                           10
      Though argued in several ways, each of Ilodiguwe’s arguments merely

contends that the jury mistakenly credited S.L.’s testimony over his own, or drew

an incorrect inference from the evidence. We reject all of Ilodiguwe’s arguments

asking us to re-evaluate the credibility of the witnesses or draw different inferences

from the evidence than the jury did. See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. We determine

only whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict,

allowed a rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2781.

      Ilodiguwe relies on numerous pieces of evidence that he contends

demonstrate that S.L. consented to sexual intercourse. He identifies portions of the

video evidence from the security cameras that show S.L. walking alongside and

accepting money from him as they left the building. He contends that nurse’s

examination at the hospital, which did not find evidence of genital trauma,

conclusively establishes that the sex was consensual. He emphasizes generally that

no physical evidence demonstrated that he compelled S.L. to submit to intercourse

through the use of physical force or violence.

      Nevertheless, S.L.’s testimony allowed a jury to find that Ilodiguwe

compelled her to submit through the use of physical force. She testified that

Ilodiguwe refused to let her leave, forcibly pulling her back into the room when

she tried to escape. She testified that, after forcing her to perform oral sex,



                                          11
Ilodiguwe put his full body weight on top of her and penetrated her vaginally. She

told him repeatedly to stop, but she could not move or get away because he was so

large. As a result, S.L.’s testimony was sufficient to allow a rational jury to

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the sexual assault was without consent

because Ilodiguwe compelled S.L. to submit by the use of physical force. See TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07(a); Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912. At most, the evidence

adduced by Ilodiguwe could have allowed the jury to draw different inferences.

Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

         Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational

fact finder could have found that Ilodiguwe committed the offense of sexual

assault beyond a reasonable doubt. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.011; Jackson, 443

U.S. at 319; 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789. We overrule Ilodiguwe’s issues challenging the

legal sufficiency of the evidence.

II.      Closing argument

         In his fifth issue, Ilodiguwe contends that the trial court erred by overruling

his objections to the State’s closing argument during the sentencing phase of the

trial.

         Proper jury argument generally must occupy one of the following areas: (1)

a summation of the evidence presented at trial; (2) a reasonable deduction drawn

from that evidence; (3) an answer to the opposing counsel’s argument; or (4) a plea



                                            12
for law enforcement. Guidry v. State, 9 S.W.3d 133, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999);

Acosta v. State, 411 S.W.3d 76, 93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

In reviewing whether jury argument falls within one of these four areas, we

consider the argument in light of the entire record. Acosta, 411 S.W.3d at 93. Even

if improper, the argument does not constitute reversible error unless, in light of the

record as a whole, the argument is extreme or manifestly improper, violates a

mandatory statute, or injects new harmful facts to the accused into the trial

proceeding. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000);

Acosta, 411 S.W.3d at 93.

      In his brief, Ilodiguwe quotes several portions of the prosecutor’s closing

argument during the sentencing phase. Yet Ilodiguwe objected to only two portions

of that argument. As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review,

the record must show that the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely

request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Failure to object at trial to

a jury argument forfeits an appellant’s right to complain about the argument on

appeal. McDonald v. State, 186 S.W.3d 86, 91 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2005, no pet.). Therefore, Ilodiguwe forfeited his right to complain about the

portions of the prosecutor’s argument as to which he objected at trial. We address

only the remaining two portions of jury argument that Ilodiguwe preserved for

appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.



                                          13
      The first statements to which Ilodiguwe objected occurred during an

exchange about probation as an option for punishment:

      Prosecutor:       First I want to talk about probation. What
                        probation means [is] basically you’re grounded.
                        Basically you’re grounding him. No restriction on
                        where you can go eat, go to work, who you can
                        hang out with. Basically we’re just saying just
                        abide by the rules that all of us in here abide by on
                        a daily basis and you don’t have to go to prison. It
                        basically means you’re grounded for this. Okay.

      Defense:          Objection, Judge, misstates what’s in the jury
                        charge as to basic conditions of community
                        supervision.

      Court:            Overruled.

Ilodiguwe asserts that the prosecutor’s statements misstated the conditions of

community supervision and confused the jury, causing them to choose the greater

punishment of imprisonment and a fine.

      Viewed in light of the entire record, the prosecutor’s comments served as a

summation of the conditions of community supervision listed in the jury charge on

punishment. The charge stated that if the jury selected community supervision as

its recommendation for punishment, the trial court may impose various conditions

which, if violated, would permit the court to revoke community supervision.

Among other things, the possible conditions included that the defendant commit no

offense against the laws of this or any other State, avoid persons or places of

disreputable or harmful character, work faithfully at a suitable employment, and


                                         14
remain within a specified place. As the prosecutor described, the possible

conditions did not restrict where Ilodiguwe could go to eat, where he could work,

or who he could “hang out with.” Thus, the prosecutor’s statements concerning the

details of community supervision in this case were a proper summation of the law

in the jury charge. See Guidry, 9 S.W.3d at 154; State v. Renteria, 977 S.W.2d 606,

608 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“There is no error in correctly arguing the law, even

if the law is not included in the court’s charge.”). Moreover, to the extent that

Ilodiguwe objects to the prosecutor’s statement that community supervision under

such conditions amounted only to “grounding him,” such an argument was

permissible as a plea for law enforcement. See Lugo v. State, 732 S.W.2d 662, 664

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1987, no writ) (holding that prosecutor’s argument

that probation “would be a slap on the wrist to the Defendant, would be a slap in

the face to law enforcement in this community” was permissible as plea for law

enforcement).

      Next, Ilodiguwe asserts that the trial court erred by overruling his objection

to the following argument:

      Prosecutor:        So earlier when he was talking about and that’s the
                         thing I was actually quite amazed that his
                         witnesses all had the same thing. Well, she’s just a
                         prostitute. They don’t see that as a person, they see
                         that as something that is not a human, something
                         you can throw away. When I heard them say that
                         up there, did that—that offended me truly. We
                         went through this many times.

                                        15
      Defense:            Objection, improper closing, injecting his own
                          personal opinion.

      Court:              Overruled.

On appeal, Ilodiguwe does not specify which part of the prosecutor’s statement

was improper. He states only that the jury argument is improper because it falls

outside the four permissible areas.

      To the extent that Ilodiguwe objects to the prosecutor’s statement about

being personally offended by references to S.L. as a “prostitute,” 1 we note that a

prosecutor’s use of first-person diction in jury argument does not violate the

prohibition against injecting personal opinion as long as the statement is not based

on specialized knowledge. See Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 675 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000); Maupin v. State, 930 S.W.2d 267, 269–70 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

1996, pet. ref’d) (holding that prosecutor’s statement, “I told you I was appalled,”

did not inject personal opinion solely by using first-person language). Furthermore,

in light of the whole record, the prosecutor’s statement in this case can be read as

taking offense to the defense’s repeated characterization of S.L. as a “prostitute.”

1
      In his reply briefing, Ilodiguwe claims his appellate complaint does not
      concern the prosecutor’s statement about what offended him. Rather, he
      claims that his appellate complaint concerns the prosecutor’s later statement
      to the jury, “you’re not talking about a rape of a prostitute, you are talking
      about a rape of one of our women.” Ilodiguwe did not not object to this
      statement at trial, so he did not preserve a complaint about it for appellate
      review. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); McDonald v. State, 186 S.W.3d 86, 91
      (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).


                                        16
Such an argument properly constitutes a response to the opposing counsel’s

argument. See Guidry, 9 S.W.3d at 154; Sally v. State, No. 05-04-00557-CR, 2004

WL 2955844, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 22, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (upholding prosecutor’s statement that it “offended”

him when the defense implied that officer had lied).

       We overrule Ilodiguwe’s fifth issue.

III.   Ineffective assistance of counsel

       In his fourth issue, Ilodiguwe asserts that he received ineffective assistance

of counsel. We consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two-

prong test adopted in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052

(1984). To prevail on a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant

must show that (1) trial counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) he was

prejudiced by the deficiency. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Ex parte Napper, 322

S.W.3d 202, 246, 248 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). To demonstrate deficient

performance, the appellant “must show that counsel’s representation fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at

2052. The burden of proof is on the appellant to prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that counsel was deficient. See Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011). To show prejudice, the appellant “must show there is a

reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of



                                           17
the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct.

at 2068. “Reasonable probability” is a “probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Id.

      We must make a “strong presumption that counsel’s performance fell within

the wide range of reasonably professional assistance.” Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142.

For a reviewing court to find that counsel was ineffective, counsel’s deficiency

must be “affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record; the court must not engage

in retrospective speculation.” Id. When direct evidence of counsel’s deficiency is

not available, we must assume that counsel had a strategy if any reasonably sound

strategy can be imagined. Id. For this reason, the record often renders a direct

appeal ineffective to adequately raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

See Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

      Ilodiguwe bases part of his ineffective-assistance claim on unauthenticated

letters attached to his motion for new trial. The two letters, separately written by

Ilodiguwe and his wife and addressed to his trial counsel, purportedly indicate that

he repeatedly asked his trial counsel to undertake various actions prior to trial. For

example, the letter from Ilodiguwe instructed counsel to interview various

witnesses, including S.L. “and possibly her pimp and friends,” and to ascertain

whether the State was also charging her for prostitution. The letter from the wife

inquires why, among other things, Ilodiguwe would be testifying at trial.



                                         18
      Ilodiguwe claims that the letters demonstrate that trial counsel “failed to

adhere to the trial strategies that would have exonerated” him. Furthermore, he

asserts that trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to object to certain

questions and testimony at trial. Finally, he argues that trial counsel failed to

review the 911 audio recording before trial, which allegedly resulted in counsel’s

failure to adequately prepare Ilodiguwe to testify about the recording.

      Even if evidence in our record affirmatively demonstrated trial counsel was

deficient in any of these respects, however, Ilodiguwe has made no attempt to

satisfy the second Strickland prong. That is, he has not shown that “there is a

reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct.

at 2068. He does not explain how any of the trial strategies he allegedly requested

would have changed the result of his trial. He does not show how reviewing the

911 audio recording before trial would have led him to testify differently about the

recording, or how different testimony would have resulted in a different result. 2


2
      On this point, Ilodiguwe states only that jurors told his trial counsel that the
      911 call convinced them of his guilt. Even if relevant to the question of
      whether Ilodiguwe was prejudiced by a failure to prepare to testify about the
      tape, such evidence would not be admissible in court to demonstrate
      prejudice. See TEX. R. EVID. 606(b) (prohibiting admission of juror’s
      testimony about proper influences on deliberations); Ex parte Parra, 420
      S.W.3d 821, 827 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“Texas Rule of Evidence 606(b)
      prohibits us from considering juror testimony as to anything that occurred
      during deliberations, except in instances of determining outside influence

                                          19
Similarly, he does not explain how sustained objections to allegedly improper

questioning and testimony would have altered a different outcome. Because

Ilodiguwe has not satisfied the second prong Strickland, he has not established a

viable claim to ineffective assistance of counsel. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694,

104 S. Ct. at 2068; Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

      We overrule Ilodiguwe’s fourth issue.

IV.   Hearing on motion for new trial

      Thirty days after the trial court entered its judgment and imposed the

sentence, Ilodiguwe timely filed a motion for new trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 21.4(a).

This trial court did not conduct a hearing on Ilodiguwe’s motion for new trial.

After 75 days had expired without a ruling, the motion was denied by operation of

law. See TEX. R. APP. P. 21.8(c).

      In his second issue, Ilodiguwe argues that the trial court abused its discretion

by not holding a hearing on his motion for new trial. Accordingly, Ilodiguwe

argues that this appeal should be abated while a hearing is conducted.

      A trial court’s decision on whether to hold a hearing on a motion for new

trial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 339

(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A trial court abuses its discretion only when its decision


      and claims regarding juror qualifications.”), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 703
      (2013).


                                         20
was so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.

Although the opportunity to prepare a record for appellate review makes the

hearing on a motion for new trial a critical stage, a hearing on a motion for new

trial is not an absolute right. Id. at 338. “A hearing is not required when the matters

raised in the motion for new trial are subject to being determined from the record.”

Id. (quoting Reyes v. State, 849 S.W.2d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). But the

converse is also true: a trial court abuses its discretion in failing to hold a hearing

when the motion raises matters which are not determinable from the record. Id.

      Therefore, when the grounds in the motion are based on matters not already

in the record, the motion must be supported by an affidavit of the defendant or

someone else, specifically setting out the factual basis for the claim. Id. at 339. The

affidavit need not establish a prima facie case or reflect every component legally

required to establish relief. Id. The defendant needs only to establish “the existence

of ‘reasonable grounds’ showing that the defendant is entitled to relief.’” Id.

(quoting Reyes, 849 S.W.2d at 816). Furthermore, affidavits that are conclusory

and unsupported by facts do not necessitate a hearing because they do not provide

requisite notice of the basis for the relief claimed. Id. Consequently, our review is

limited to “the trial judge’s determination of whether the defendant raised grounds

that are both undeterminable from the record and reasonable, meaning they could

entitle the defendant to relief.” Id. at 340.



                                            21
      In the context of a motion for new trial based on ineffective assistance of

counsel, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held that this showing requires an

affidavit alleging sufficient facts from which a court could conclude that both

prongs of the Strickland ineffective-assistance standard have been satisfied. Id. at

340–41.

      In his motion for new trial, Ilodiguwe primarily alleged numerous claims for

ineffective assistance of counsel. (He further alleged that the verdict was contrary

to the law and evidence and that a new trial was needed in the interests of justice,

but he did not provide any reasoning in support of either claim.) Ilodiguwe asserted

that his counsel was ineffective for failing to file pretrial motions, review certain

forensic evidence, request all exculpatory evidence from the State, conduct

interviews of the State’s witnesses, retain a private investigator, employ an expert

witness, or seek a plea agreement. Ilodiguwe alleged that his attorney failed to

carry out each of these actions despite his requests. Furthermore, Ilodiguwe

claimed that counsel forced him to testify against his will by not proffering any

other defense witnesses.

      To support his motion for new trial, Ilodiguwe attached an affidavit from his

appellate counsel. Additionally, Ilodiguwe attached letters written by himself and

his wife, addressed to his trial counsel. In the affidavit, Ilodiguwe’s appellate

counsel echoed the allegations in the motion for new trial, with a few exceptions.



                                         22
He averred that Ilodiguwe “asked his attorney to examine the forensic result in

possession of the [S]tate,” but he did not allege that trial counsel failed to fulfill

that request. He did not allege that trial counsel refused to employ expert

witnesses. Similarly, the letters from Ilodiguwe and his wife purported to

demonstrate requests to his trial counsel to perform certain actions. The letters

were addressed to trial counsel and dated weeks before trial. However, the

authenticity of the letters was not established by Ilodiguwe or his wife. Nor did the

letters indicate that they had ever been delivered to trial counsel, despite the

statement in Ilodiguwe’s letter that he intended to deliver the letter by hand.

      The motion and attachments alleged that trial counsel was deficient in

numerous ways, but they did not raise any grounds undeterminable from the record

to demonstrate the prejudice required for an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim. See id. at 340–41. At no point in the motion or affidavit did Ilodiguwe

allege facts from which the trial court could reasonably conclude that, but for his

counsel’s failure, there was a reasonable likelihood that the outcome of trial would

have been different. On this basis alone, Ilodiguwe’s motion and attachments did

not raise grounds that would reasonably entitle him to relief. See id. at 344.

      Moreover, we note that the attachments to Ilodiguwe’s motion constitute

only hearsay and unauthenticated letters. The only affidavit given in support of

Ilodiguwe’s motion was the affidavit of his appellate counsel. In the affidavit,



                                          23
appellate counsel stated under oath that trial counsel “was ineffective in his

representation.” Appellate counsel then proceeded to state that Ilodiguwe had

communicated various requests to his attorney, and those requests were not

fulfilled. Because these statements were inadmissible hearsay with respect to

Ilodiguwe’s requests to trial counsel, they do not constitute evidentiary support of

the motion for new trial. See Grant v. State, 172 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2005, no pet.) (“When the grounds for a new trial are outside the record,

the movant must support the motion by his or her own affidavit or by the affidavit

of someone else specifically showing the truth of the grounds of attack.”) (citing

Vyvial v. State, 10 S.W.2d 83, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 1928)). As such, they do not

provide a factual basis to support the existence of reasonable grounds showing that

Ilodiguwe could be entitled to relief. See Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339; Vyvial, 10

S.W.2d at 84.

      For each of the reasons above, Ilodiguwe’s motion for new trial did not raise

grounds that would reasonably entitle him to relief. See Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to hold a hearing on

Ilodiguwe’s motion for new trial. See id.

      We overrule Ilodiguwe’s second issue.




                                            24
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                Michael Massengale
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Bland, and Massengale.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




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