                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 18a0142p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 TYGANDA GILMORE,                                         ┐
                                  Petitioner-Appellant,   │
        v.                                                │
                                                           >      No. 17-5710
                                                          │
 DAVID J. EBBERT, Warden,                                 │
                                                          │
                                 Respondent-Appellee.     │
                                                          ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London.
                     No. 6:16-cv-00189—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.

                                Decided and Filed: July 17, 2018

             Before: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
                                _________________

                                           LITIGANT

ON BRIEF: Tyganda Gilmore, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, pro se.

                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Tyganda Gilmore wants closure. While Gilmore was serving a
sentence in federal prison, South Carolina told him that it planned to charge him with unrelated
state-law offenses. He responded by asking state officials to coordinate with the Federal Bureau
of Prisons to resolve the outstanding charges. But they never replied. Gilmore filed a habeas
petition in federal court asking the court to dismiss the state charges because South Carolina
violated the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. The district court refused. We affirm on the
ground that he named the wrong official.
 No. 17-5710                             Gilmore v. Ebbert                                  Page 2


                                                 I.

         In 2006, Gilmore pleaded guilty to federal drug offenses and began serving a 188-month
sentence. South Carolina had planned to charge Gilmore with assault and battery and failure to
pay child support. But the federal government indicted him first. Because he was already in
federal custody, the State filed a detainer—a request from one jurisdiction (South Carolina)
asking another (the Federal Bureau of Prisons) to notify it before releasing a prisoner—for the
assault and battery charges. That way South Carolina could prosecute Gilmore when he was
released.

         The Bureau told Gilmore about the state charges and explained his rights under the
Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. If he asked South Carolina to resolve the charges
underlying the detainer, the State would need to try him within 180 days. See 18 U.S.C. app. 2,
§ 2, art. III(a). Failure of the State to do so would result in dismissal of the charges and void the
detainer. Id. art. V(c). Gilmore told prison officials that he wanted to exercise his rights under
the Act. The Bureau did its part to help. On October 12, 2006, it notified the Solicitor of
Richland County, South Carolina that Gilmore had requested final disposition of the charges. It
later offered to deliver Gilmore to South Carolina for temporary custody. The Bureau followed
up on its earlier correspondence.

         In January 2007, the Solicitor’s Office replied that it “ha[d] no charges pending” against
Gilmore. R. 1-2 at 14. It could only speculate that any charges originated in the Richland
County Sheriff’s Department. The Bureau informed the State that it “was this office’s intention
that your office would forward the paperwork to the appropriate Court” but volunteered to take
on the task. Id. at 15. On January 26, 2007, it forwarded Gilmore’s request to Richland
County’s Magistrate Court. No one responded—not the Solicitor, not the Sheriff, not the County
Court.

         Four years later, South Carolina sent another detainer request to the Bureau, this time
with the charge that Gilmore had failed to pay child support. Gilmore took matters into his own
hands. In 2015, he wrote the South Carolina Magistrate Judge assigned to his case. “I have been
attempting to resolve the outstanding issues” for almost ten years, he said, adding that the
 No. 17-5710                            Gilmore v. Ebbert                                  Page 3


detainers made it difficult for him to “complete numerous rehabilitative programs.” Id. at 1. No
one responded.

       Gilmore filed two habeas petitions in the U.S. District Court for the District of South
Carolina alleging that South Carolina violated the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act. That
court concluded that it lacked personal jurisdiction over Gilmore’s federal custodian, Big Sandy
Warden Gregory Kizziah, in Inez, Kentucky. It transferred both petitions to the Eastern District
of Kentucky. That court, in turn, dismissed both petitions for failure to exhaust. On appeal,
Gilmore pursues only his petition relating to the assault and battery detainer.

                                                 II.

       The Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act did not start out as an act. It began as an
agreement between States.      In the 1950s, the Council on State Governments proposed an
interstate agreement to hasten the resolution of lingering criminal detainers. United States v.
Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 349–51 (1978). Before long, twenty-two States had signed the agreement.
AGREEMENT ON DETAINERS, NAT’L CTR. FOR INTERSTATE COMPACTS. That approach implicated
the Compact Clause, which provides that “No State shall, without the Consent of
Congress, . . . enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State.” U.S. CONST. art. I,
§ 10, cl. 3. In 1970, Congress “enacted” the agreement “into law.” 18 U.S.C. app. 2, § 2. At the
same time, Congress made the federal government a party “State” to the deal. Id. art. II(a).

       Under the Act, a prisoner held in custody by one State may “request . . . a final
disposition” of the charges underlying a detainer lodged against him by a different State. Id. art.
III(a). After the request, the Act requires the State with the detainer to try him within 180 days.
Id. Otherwise, “the appropriate [State] court” must dismiss the charges with prejudice “and any
detainer based thereon shall cease to be of any force or effect.” Id. art. V(c). Gilmore argues
that South Carolina violated its obligations under the Act after he initiated this process.
Although the 180-day period lapsed in 2007, South Carolina did not dismiss the assault and
battery charges and indeed filed another detainer based on those same charges four years later.

       The district court questioned whether Gilmore exhausted his state remedies. Although he
sent several letters, it’s unclear whether he formally petitioned a South Carolina court for relief
 No. 17-5710                            Gilmore v. Ebbert                                  Page 4


under the Act. That’s a fair question. See Cain v. Petrovsky, 798 F.2d 1194, 1195 (8th Cir.
1986); Grant v. Hogan, 505 F.2d 1220, 1223–24 (3d Cir. 1974).

       But there are two issues that precede that one.        The federal habeas statute covers
individuals “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”
28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). Gilmore is “in custody” even though he challenges a potential future
confinement. That is the lesson of Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Kentucky, 410 U.S.
484, 488–89 (1973). Braden held that an Alabama prisoner who wanted Kentucky to give him a
speedy trial after it lodged a detainer against him was in the “custody” of Kentucky. Just like the
petitioner there, “the [Federal] warden acts here as the agent of [South Carolina] in holding
[Gilmore] pursuant to the [South Carolina] detainer.” Id. at 489 n.4.

       But Gilmore’s petition nonetheless falters on the ground that he named the wrong
official. A habeas claimant ordinarily must name his immediate custodian at the time of filing.
Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 435 (2004). The writ runs against the “the person who holds
[the petitioner] in what is alleged to be unlawful custody.” Braden, 410 U.S. at 494–95. So,
where a petitioner challenges his “present physical confinement,” that person is “the warden of
the facility where the respondent is being held.” Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. at 435. Gilmore followed
the general rule here. He sued his federal warden, and the District of South Carolina transferred
the case to the Eastern District of Kentucky, which has jurisdiction over the warden. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2241(a).

       But “the immediate physical custodian rule, by its terms, does not apply when a habeas
petitioner challenges something other than his present physical confinement.”            Rumsfeld,
542 U.S. at 438. That’s why the proper respondent in Braden was not the prisoner’s Alabama
warden “but was instead the Kentucky court in which the detainer was lodged.” Id. So also
here. Gilmore alleges that South Carolina—not the Federal Bureau of Prisons—holds him in
unlawful custody by violating his rights under the Act.        He must sue the state court that
“exercises legal control with respect to the challenged ‘custody.’” Id. Gilmore went to the right
place: the District of South Carolina. He just named the wrong official.
 No. 17-5710                             Gilmore v. Ebbert                                  Page 5


         All of this suffices to explain why we must dismiss this petition. Before Gilmore refiles a
federal habeas petition against a different respondent, as is his right, he may wish to take account
of a few considerations and, if appropriate, the next trial court may wish to appoint pro bono
counsel to help Gilmore navigate these shoals. First, he needs to determine whether a violation
of the Act states a cognizable federal habeas claim under any of the potential habeas statutes.
See, e.g., 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241, 2254, 2255. If Gilmore’s claim is not cognizable, there’s no point
in telling him to refile against a different official or to exhaust a claim we cannot hear. See Reed
v. Farley, 512 U.S. 339, 359 (1994) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
judgment).

         Second, while we need not resolve the exhaustion question, Gilmore may wish to
determine whether exhaustion applies or moot the point by presenting his claim to the South
Carolina courts anyway. The Act “is both federal law and the law of” South Carolina, and the
State’s courts, we trust, would apply it fairly. Reed, 512 U.S. at 355; see S.C. Code Ann. § 17-
11-10.

         Third, because South Carolina charged Gilmore almost thirteen years ago, he may wish
to ensure that no time bar or other state-law limitation on a criminal charge applies at this point.
South Carolina, it is true, appears to be one of two States that have no statute of limitations for
any crime, whether a felony or a misdemeanor. See Remmick v. State, 275 P.3d 467, 470 (Wyo.
2012); Lindsey Powell, Unraveling Criminal Statutes of Limitations, 45 AM. L. REV. 115, 147,
149 (2008). But other statutory, constitutional, or common law limitations may limit a belated
prosecution.

         For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court and remand the case with
instructions to dismiss the petition without prejudice.
