                                        2019 IL App (1st) 181337
                                              No. 1-18-1337
                                       Opinion filed August 14, 2019

                                             THIRD DIVISION
                                                 IN THE
                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                             FIRST DISTRICT

     DEBRA HASLETT,                                            )
                                                               )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                               )   of Cook County, Illinois,
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                               )   County Department,
                                                               )   Law Division.
                                                               )
     v.                                                        )   No. 15 L 8316
                                                               )
     UNITED SKATES OF AMERICA, INC.,                           )   The Honorable
     CHICAGO CITY SKATING, LLC, and MILTON                     )   John H. Ehrlich,
     TORRENCE,                                                 )   Judge Presiding.
                                                               )

            Defendants-Appellees.


                    PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the
                    court, with opinion.
                    Justices Howse and Cobbs concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1          This appeal stems from a negligence cause of action filed by the plaintiff, Debra Haslett,

     against the defendants United Skates of America, Inc. (United Skates), Chicago City Skating

     LLC (Chicago Skating), and Milton Torrence, after she slipped and fell at a roller skating rink.

     The plaintiff alleged that she was injured as a result of the defendants’ negligent failure to notice

     and remove a piece of hard candy on the rink surface, which caused her to fall. The circuit court

     entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants, holding that there was no evidence that

     the defendants had any notice of the alleged hazard or that this hazard was the cause of the
     No. 1-18-1337


     plaintiff’s fall. On appeal, the plaintiff argues that the trial court erred when it granted summary

     judgment in favor of the defendants because there remain genuine issues of material fact as to

     whether the defendants breached their duties to her and whether that breach proximately resulted

     in her injuries. In this respect, the plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in refusing to draw

     an adverse inference from the defendants’ responses to discovery, which failed to include a video

     clip that the plaintiff believes would have shown the cause of her fall. The plaintiff also contends

     that the trial court erred when it denied her leave to amend her complaint for a third time. For the

     reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                            BACKGROUND

¶3          The record below reveals the following undisputed facts and procedural history. On July

     13, 2015, the plaintiff was a roller skating customer at the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Park and

     Family Entertainment Center (the roller skating rink) in Chicago, which was co-owned,

     managed, operated, and controlled by the defendants, United Skates and Chicago Skating. The

     defendant, Torrence, was the assistant manager of the roller skating rink and an employee of

     United Skates. On July 13, 2015, while roller skating, the plaintiff fell injuring her back.

¶4          On August 14, 2015, the plaintiff filed her original complaint against United Skates and

     Torrence, alleging negligence, and violations of the Roller Skating Rink Safety Act (745 ILCS

     72/1 et seq. (West 2014)). On October 15, 2015, she filed her first amended complaint, adding as

     an additional defendant, Chicago Skating.

¶5          On February 16, 2016, the plaintiff filed the instant second amended complaint, alleging

     only “negligence” against the three defendants. Therein, she alleged that on July 13, 2015, she

     was a “business invitee” of the roller skating rink and that she fell as a proximate result of the

     defendants’ breach of the following duties: (1) to reasonably inspect and monitor the skating


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     surface to ensure that it was free from defects and foreign objects; (2) to have adequately trained

     floor guards to direct and supervise skaters, watch for foreign objects that may have fallen on the

     floor, and use reasonable care in their duties; (3) to maintain the skating surface in a reasonably

     safe condition and clean and inspect the skating surface before each session; (4) to supervise and

     operate the roller skating rink in a reasonably safe condition to ensure the floors were clean; (5)

     to warn any participants of unforeseen dangers; and/or (6) to have adequate lighting necessary to

     see any defects and foreign objects on the skating surface.

¶6          After the defendants filed their answer and affirmative defenses, alleging assumption of

     risk and comparative negligence, the case proceeded with extensive discovery, during which,

     inter alia, the following individuals were deposed: (1) the plaintiff; (2) the plaintiff’s grandson,

     Elijah Goshay (Elijah); (3) the plaintiff’s granddaughter, Jada Goshay (Jada); (4) the plaintiff’s

     husband, Charles Estes; (5) two of the plaintiff’s sisters, Juanita Cunningham and Patricia

     Haslett (Haslett); (6) the defendant Torrence; (7) the general manager of the roller skating rink,

     Tenesha Taylor; and (8) one of the roller skating rink floor guards, Kyle Barnett.

¶7          For purposes of brevity, we set forth only that deposition testimony relevant to the

     disposition of this appeal.

¶8          The plaintiff testified that she has roller skated since she was five years old and that she is

     an expert skater. The plaintiff averred that she was very familiar with the roller skating rink

     because she skated there at least once a week for many years. On June 13, 2015, together with

     two of her grandchildren, Elijah and Jada, the plaintiff attended her nephew’s kindergarten

     graduation party at the roller skating rink. She brought and wore her own skates for the occasion.

     Those skates had been purchased in 2013 and had no toe stops in the front because, as an expert

     skater, the plaintiff could stop simply by sliding sideways.


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¶9            According to the plaintiff, when she arrived at the skating rink, she waited for the rink to

       open. She saw no one on the rink floor and no one sweeping or cleaning it. When the next “all

       skate” session was announced she was the first to enter the rink. There were two floor guards on

       the floor. The plaintiff skated counterclockwise for about 10 minutes and completed at least one

       turn before she “just all of a sudden fell” backwards seriously injuring her back. The plaintiff

       stated that she did not run into anyone and was not shoved, pushed, or pulled from behind and

       made no contact with any other skater before she fell.

¶ 10          The plaintiff averred that she fell because she rolled over a piece of hard candy. The

       plaintiff, however, could not state how large the candy was, for how long that candy had been on

       the rink floor before she tripped over it, where it came from, or how it got there. She

       acknowledged that she never saw the candy before or after she fell but stated that she “felt

       rolling over something.” The plaintiff admitted that she did not see any object that she could

       have tripped over on the rink floor either before or after she fell, even though she had skated in

       that same area when making her first circle around the rink. As the plaintiff averred, “the candy

       had to be invisible.” When asked to explain how she knew that she fell over a piece of candy, the

       plaintiff stated that after she had been taken to the hospital her sister told her that “this is what

       they got off her skates.” The plaintiff acknowledged that at the time of her fall, no one told her

       that she had tripped over a piece of candy, and she herself never looked at her skates to

       determine whether there was anything stuck to them. The plaintiff also admitted that she never

       told any of the rink employees that she rolled or fell over something while skating but averred

       that she failed to do so because she was in too much pain. She also denied ever having told any

       of the employees at the rink that she fell because a “boy cut her off” while skating.




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¶ 11          After falling, the plaintiff felt her back “break,” experience excruciating pain and was

       unable to breathe. She lay on her stomach, calling for help and asking that her skates be taken

       off. After a floor guard approached to help and take off her skates, the plaintiff was transported

       to the hospital. The plaintiff’s mother retrieved the skates from the floor guard, put them in the

       plaintiff’s bag, and returned them to the plaintiff’s house. The plaintiff did not see her skates

       until at least three days later when she returned home from the hospital. She could not state

       exactly when she inspected her skates but admitted that she did not inspect them immediately

       upon her release home. Rather, sometime later, when she was moving things around her house,

       she looked at the skates and noticed “red crumbled up” pieces of candy on the front wheels. The

       plaintiff believed these came from hard red Jolly Rancher candy. She, however, did not take

       photographs of the skates and had no personal knowledge as to how or when the candy pieces

       got onto the wheels.

¶ 12          In his deposition, the plaintiff’s grandson, Elijah, testified that on July 13, 2015, he

       attended the graduation party at the roller skating rink with his grandmother. Elijah was eating

       pizza at one of the tables next to the roller skating rink floor, when he learned that the plaintiff

       had fallen. He was facing away from the skating floor and did not see the plaintiff fall or

       anything that may have caused her to fall. After he went onto to rink floor to help the plaintiff,

       Elijah did not see any candy there. He also never heard anyone at the rink say anything about

       candy causing the plaintiff’s fall. The first time he heard anything about candy was when he was

       at the hospital where the plaintiff’s husband, Estes, told him that the plaintiff had fallen on

       candy. Elijah admitted that he has no personal information or knowledge of the candy and does

       not know what caused the plaintiff to fall.




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¶ 13          In her deposition, the plaintiff’s granddaughter, Jada, stated that, together with her

       grandmother, on July 13, 2015, she attended the graduation party at the roller skating rink. She

       was going to get a slushy and was looking for her brother, Elijah, when she learned that the

       plaintiff had fallen. She did not see the plaintiff fall. She went onto the rink floor and saw the

       plaintiff on the floor, and Elijah next to her trying to help. Jada did not see anything on the rink

       surface that might have caused the plaintiff to fall and does not know what caused her to fall.

       Jada vaguely recalled hearing that the plaintiff fell because she was “cut off by a boy while

       skating.” However, she could not remember when or from whom she had heard this.

¶ 14          In his deposition, the plaintiff’s husband, Estes, testified that prior to the incident he had

       skated many times at the roller skating rink with the plaintiff. He explained that the plaintiff’s

       passion was roller skating and that she was an excellent skater who never fell. Estes

       acknowledged that he did not attend the plaintiff’s nephew’s graduation party and was therefore

       not present when the plaintiff fell. He learned of her fall from one of the plaintiff’s family

       members who had telephoned to say that she had fallen on some candy or “something.” Estes

       could not remember which family member had telephoned. After he learned of the accident,

       Estes immediately went to the roller skating rink and then accompanied the plaintiff to the

       hospital. He averred that the plaintiff was in excruciating pain and that at that time he was not

       concerned with what had caused her to fall but rather with getting her immediate treatment. The

       plaintiff later told Estes that she fell over something and that others had told her that it was a

       piece of candy.

¶ 15          In her deposition, one of the plaintiff’s sisters, Cunningham, who hosted the graduation

       party, testified that she was at the concession stand when she learned of the plaintiff’s fall. She




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       did not see the fall and did not know what caused it. When Cunningham rushed onto the floor to

       help the plaintiff, she did not see “any candy or anything on the floor.”

¶ 16           In her deposition, another one of the plaintiff’s sisters, Haslett, testified that she did not

       attend the graduation party at the roller skating rink and therefore did not see the plaintiff fall.

       She learned of the fall on that same afternoon, when a family member telephoned her to inform

       her that the plaintiff was in the hospital. Haslett immediately went to the hospital to see her

       sister. According to Haslett, at that time, the plaintiff told her that she fell because “some boy

       grabbed her” and she “tripped.” Haslett was asked to watch several surveillance videos from the

       roller skating rink and admitted that in those video clips she could not see anyone who grabbed

       the plaintiff.

¶ 17           In his deposition, the defendant, Torrence, testified that on the day of the incident, he was

       the assistant manager of the roller skating rink. He was employed by the defendant United Skates

       but paid by the defendant Chicago Skating. Torrence was trained in the Roller Skating

       Association standards and agreed that under those standards the skating surface must be clean

       and free of debris at all times. He also agreed that floor guards are responsible, inter alia, for

       monitoring the skating floor and making sure that the floor is free from debris both before and

       during any skating session. Torrence stated, however, that a floor guard is responsible for

       picking up only those items that he or she sees on the rink floor.

¶ 18           According to Torrence, on July 13, 2015, before the plaintiff fell, the roller skating rink

       had been swept and checked to make sure it was clear of debris. At the time of the plaintiff’s fall,

       Torrence was in the front office. After learning of the fall, he went onto the skating rink floor,

       which had already been cleared of other skaters by the deejay. As he approached the scene, he

       saw the plaintiff lying on her stomach, surrounded by family members, complaining of severe


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       pain. One of the floor guards, Barnett, was assisting the plaintiff in removing her skates.

       Torrence immediately inspected the area for any debris but found the floor to be clean, dry, and

       devoid of any foreign objects. Torrence asked the plaintiff’s family members to help him fill out

       an incident report by writing down the plaintiff’s name and contact information on the form. He

       then spoke to the plaintiff to determine what had happened. The plaintiff told Torrence that a

       young boy had cut her off. Torrence included this information in his incident report. He

       acknowledged that the plaintiff never signed the incident report and that the report itself notes

       that her signature is missing because she was “in too much pain to sign.”

¶ 19          Torrence acknowledged that he did not inspect the plaintiff’s skates but explained that

       she was wearing her own skates, which were her own personal property. In addition, Torrence

       stated that he had no reason to inspect the skates because the plaintiff never told him that she had

       tripped over anything, let alone on a piece of candy. In addition, no employee told him anything

       about seeing any candy on the floor either before or after the plaintiff fell, and no foreign objects

       were removed from the floor on that day.

¶ 20          Torrence acknowledged that the roller skating rink sells candy but did not know if it sold

       hard candy. Torrence also acknowledged that patrons are permitted to bring their own cakes and

       party favor bags, which may or may not include hard candy. He testified, however, that the rink

       has a strict policy forbidding any food and beverages on the skating floor. Torrence identified a

       photograph of a large sign that was posted inside the roller skating rink building on the date of

       the plaintiff’s fall, which informed customers that: “All food and beverages must be kept in the

       concession seating area.” According to Torrence, both rink security and the floor guards were

       responsible for enforcing this rule.




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¶ 21          In her deposition, Taylor averred that on the date of the plaintiff’s fall, she was the

       general manager at the roller skating rink and had worked at the rink for 10 years. She was

       employed by United Skates but her paychecks were issued by Chicago Skating. She supervised

       the assistant manager, Torrence; the deejays, Bruce Shaw and Charles Robinson; and all of the

       floor guards, including Barnett. Taylor explained that the deejays were responsible for rink floor

       safety because they controlled the floor. In addition to playing music, the deejays acted as floor

       guards and directly supervised the remaining floor guards inside the rink.

¶ 22          Taylor acknowledged that the defendants were responsible for maintaining a safe and

       clean floor surface free from foreign objects. In this regard, she averred that the floor was swept

       daily before and after every skating session and then inspected by the assistant manager after

       each sweep and before each session. In addition, patrons were not allowed to bring items onto

       the floor that could be easily dropped and were forbidden from chewing gum in the entire

       facility. According to Taylor, if by any chance items were dropped onto the floor during a

       skating session, the floor guards and the deejay were responsible for removing them as soon as

       the items were observed.

¶ 23          On the date of the plaintiff’s fall, Taylor was not inside the roller skating rink building

       and therefore did not witness the fall. Any knowledge and opinion that she could give regarding

       the fall was based on her later review of the roller skating rink’s surveillance videos of the

       incident. Taylor acknowledged that she personally compiled seven video clips that were

       produced by the defendants during discovery and that those clips were obtained from somewhere

       between five and seven rink cameras that were operational that day. She testified that the

       cameras ran 24 hours a day but that she compiled only those videos that related to the plaintiff’s

       fall. She also acknowledged that none of the video clips she compiled contain the footage of the


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       moment immediately preceding the plaintiff’s fall, which could have shown the cause of that fall.

       Taylor explained, however, that the far right camera across from the deejay booth, closest to the

       plaintiff’s fall, was broken that day. She also averred that there may have been angles of the rink

       floor that could not be captured by any of the rink floor cameras even if operational. Taylor, who

       no longer worked for the roller skating rink, did not know for how long video surveillance

       footage was kept and whether the footage of the entire day from all of the cameras was still

       available.

¶ 24           Taylor testified that based on her review of the seven video clips, prior to the 3:30 p.m.

       skating session, the floor was swept by Shaw at about 3:15 p.m. After that, Torrence would have

       walked the floor to inspect it. In Taylor’s opinion, during the skating session, the floor was safe

       because there were three floor guards including the deejay, Robinson, who were inspecting the

       floor at all times.

¶ 25           When Taylor returned to the roller skating rink at around 5 p.m. the session had already

       ended. She inspected the rink floor before the next session and saw no evidence of any candy on

       the floor. From what she read in the incident report and the employee statements, neither the

       plaintiff nor anyone else mentioned seeing candy on the floor or related the plaintiff’s fall to any

       candy. In addition, Taylor did not observe any candy on the surveillance videos of the fall.

¶ 26           She acknowledged that in viewing those videos, she also could not see anyone bumping

       into or grabbing the plaintiff before she fell. Taylor opined, however, that based on the video

       footage, and the backwards angle of the plaintiff’s fall, the plaintiff could not have fallen over

       candy. Taylor also affirmatively stated that the rink does not sell any hard candy, including Jolly

       Ranchers.




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¶ 27           In his deposition, Barnett testified that he was one of the floor guards at the rink on the

       day that the plaintiff fell. He acknowledged that, as a floor guard, he was trained to make sure

       that the rink floor was clean at all times. While on the floor, he would routinely check for debris

       and if he saw anything would immediately remove it.

¶ 28           Barnett testified that he did not see the plaintiff fall because his back was turned to her as

       he was making sure that several smaller children were closer to the middle of the rink. When

       Barnett turned around, he noticed “people surrounding someone who was lying down on the

       floor” and immediately approached to assist. Barnett immediately approached the plaintiff,

       unlaced her skates, and briefly inspected the floor around her. He asked the plaintiff what had

       caused her fall, and she stated that “a kid had caused her to fall.” Barnett averred that the plaintiff

       never told him that she rolled over a piece of candy. At Torrence’s instruction, Barnett wrote a

       statement detailing his interaction with the plaintiff. He denied that Torrence told him what to

       write in that statement and averred that he only wrote down what the plaintiff reported.

¶ 29           Barnett further testified that the rink floor was clean and in good repair at the time of the

       plaintiff’s fall. It was swept before the beginning of the skating session. As a floor guard, during

       the skating session Barnett was on constant lookout for candy and other objects on the floor but

       saw nothing that could have caused the plaintiff to fall. Although many skaters skated in the area

       of the plaintiff’s fall, no one fell over or complained about any foreign object, including candy,

       there, and Barnett saw none.

¶ 30           Barnett further explained that the skating rink does not sell hard candy, including Jolly

       Ranchers, and that it explicitly prohibits customers from taking hard candy and gum onto the

       rink floor.




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¶ 31          After discovery, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that there

       was no evidence that they had been negligent in any way that caused the plaintiff to fall. In

       particular, they argued (1) that no witness had testified to personal knowledge of hard candy

       anywhere at the rink and (2) that there was no evidence that the defendants had actual or

       constructive notice of any such hazard. They further maintained that there was no evidence that

       their employees were to blame for placing any such hazard on the rink floor and emphasized that

       the plaintiff presented no evidence as to how long any such hazard might have been there. In

       addition, the defendants argued that there was no evidence to suggest that Torrence owed any

       duty to the plaintiff in any individual capacity or that he had breached that duty.

¶ 32          The trial court sua sponte granted the motion for summary judgment before that motion

       was fully briefed by all of the parties. Upon the plaintiff’s objection, the court vacated its order,

       and gave the plaintiff time to file her response.

¶ 33          In her response to the motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff argued that the

       defendants’ employees had not adequately watched the surface of the rink floor. She maintained

       that another patron must have dropped a piece of hard candy onto the rink floor and that the

       defendants had been negligent in failing to notice or remove it. The plaintiff also argued, for the

       first time, that the defendants’ response to her discovery request for production had been

       incomplete, in that they had not produced video footage for the entire day that she fell, including

       video footage of the minutes preceding her fall, which could have conclusively established the

       reason for that fall. She contended that this incomplete production called for an adverse

       inference.

¶ 34          On March 2, 2018, the trial court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.

       In doing so, the trial court found that there was no evidence that the defendants had actual or


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       constructive notice of “any type of defect on the floor, whether it be a piece of candy or anything

       else.” As the court stated:

              “The plaintiff hasn’t provided any other information to indicate that there was something

              there and that someone had complained about it, for example to the proprietor prior to

              [the plaintiff’s] fall, which would be necessary to establish some sort of actual notice on

              their part.”

¶ 35          The court further held that even if there had been a piece of candy that caused the

       plaintiff to fall, there was no evidence that the defendants had constructive notice of it.

       Emphasizing the plaintiff’s own description of the candy as “invisible,” the court noted that there

       was no evidence of how long it had been on the rink surface and held that without evidence that

       it had been there long enough for the defendants to do something about it, the plaintiff could not

       prove constructive notice.

¶ 36          The plaintiff filed motions to reconsider and for leave to file a third amended complaint,

       both of which were denied. The plaintiff now appeals.

¶ 37                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 38          On appeal, the plaintiff first contends that the trial court erred when it granted summary

       judgment in favor of the defendants. Summary judgment is proper where “the pleadings,

       depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

       genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

       matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016); see also Epple v. LQ Management, LLC,

       2019 IL App (1st) 180853, ¶ 14; Carlson v. Chicago Transit Authority, 2014 IL App (1st)

       122463, ¶ 21; Virginia Surety Co. v. Northern Insurance Co. of New York, 224 Ill. 2d 550, 556

       (2007). In determining whether the moving party is entitled to summary judgment, the court


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       must construe the pleadings and evidentiary material in the record in the light most favorable to

       the nonmoving party and strictly against the moving party. Epple, 2019 IL App (1st) 180853,

       ¶ 14; see also Happel v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 179, 186 (2002). A genuine issue of

       material fact exists where the facts are in dispute or where reasonable minds could draw different

       inferences from the undisputed facts. Morrissey v. Arlington Park Racecourse, LLC, 404 Ill.

       App. 3d 711, 724 (2010); see also Espinoza v. Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d 107,

       114 (1995). However, “[m]ere speculation, conjecture, or guess is insufficient to withstand

       summary judgment.” Sorce v. Naperville Jeep Eagle, Inc., 309 Ill. App. 3d 313, 328 (1999). The

       party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof and may meet it either “by

       affirmatively showing that some element of the case must be resolved in [her] favor or by

       establishing that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”

       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Epple, 2019 IL App (1st) 180853, ¶ 15. Our review of the

       trial court’s entry of summary judgment is de novo, and we may affirm on any basis appearing in

       the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning was correct. See

       Epple, 2019 IL App (1st) 180853, ¶¶ 14-15; see also Ragan v. Columbia Mutual Insurance Co.,

       183 Ill. 2d 342, 349 (1998); Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d

       90, 102 (1992).

¶ 39          Where, as here, a plaintiff seeks recovery based on a defendant’s alleged negligence, the

       plaintiff must establish (1) the existence of a duty owed by the defendant, (2) a breach of that

       duty, and (3) an injury proximately caused by that breach. Newsom-Bogan v. Wendy’s Old

       Fashioned Hamburgers of New York, Inc., 2011 IL App (1st) 092860, ¶ 14. The defendants here

       do not dispute that, as business owners, they owe a duty to its patrons, as business invitees, “ ‘to




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       exercise ordinary care in maintaining their property in a reasonably safe condition.’ ” See

       Milevski v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 2018 IL App (1st) 172898, ¶ 29. 1

¶ 40           Illinois follows section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (Restatement). Genaust

       v. Illinois Power Co., 62 Ill. 2d 456, 486 (1976). According to the Restatement, a possessor of

       land has a duty to remand or warn of a dangerous condition on its property if (1) the condition

       presents an unreasonable risk of harm to people on the property, (2) the defendant knew or in the

       exercise of ordinary care should have known both of the condition and the risk, and (3) the

       defendant could have reasonably expected that people on the property would not realize the

       danger or would fail to protect themselves against such a danger. Restatement (Second) of Torts

       § 343 (1965).

¶ 41           Accordingly, our courts have repeatedly held that a business owner breaches its duty to

       an invitee who slips on a foreign object in three circumstances: (1) where the object was placed

       there by the negligence of the proprietor; (2) his servants knew of its presence; or (3) the object

       was there a sufficient length of time so that, in the exercise of ordinary care, its presence should

       have been discovered (i.e., the proprietor had constructive notice of the object). Milevski, 2018

       IL App (1st) 172898, ¶ 29 (citing Pavlik v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 1063

       (2001)); see also Hayes v. Bailey, 80 Ill. App. 3d 1027, 1030 (1980); Olinger v. Great Atlantic &

       Pacific Tea Co., 21 Ill. 2d 469, 474 (1961). In addition, “[l]iability cannot be based on guess,

       speculation, or conjecture as to the cause of the injury.” Newsom-Bogan, 2011 IL App (1st)

       092860, ¶ 16.


               1
                We note that in her brief the plaintiff argues that, for various reasons, the duty of care imposed
       on roller skating rinks should be heightened and, among other things, include failure to anticipate
       negligent acts and dangerous activities of third parties. While we disagree with this proposition, we need
       not delve into it any further since for the reasons that shall be articulated in detail, regardless of the level
       of duty owed, we find that summary judgment was proper because the plaintiff here failed to establish
       both breach of any such duty and proximate causation.
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¶ 42             In the present case, after a review of the record, we conclude that the trial court properly

       granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants because the plaintiff failed to demonstrate

       that the defendants breached their duty to her and that any such breach proximately caused her

       injury.

¶ 43             In this respect, we first note that despite her repeated claims that she fell over a piece of

       hard candy, the plaintiff failed to present any evidence whatsoever of the existence or presence

       of any such hazard on the rink floor. It is well settled that at a bare minimum, a plaintiff who

       claims to have been injured by a hazard on the defendant’s premises must prove the existence of

       the hazard itself. See Barker v. Eagle Food Centers, Inc., 261 Ill. App. 3d 1068, 1072 (1994). In

       the present case, not one witness testified to seeing hard candy or any other kind of hazard on the

       rink floor either before or after the plaintiff fell. Nor did any witness testify to seeing hard candy

       anywhere else in the facility on the day of the incident. While the plaintiff contends that, once at

       the hospital, one of her sisters told her that she fell over a piece of hard candy, the record reveals

       that neither of her sisters testified to that effect. Even if they had, however, such testimony

       regarding what they would have told the plaintiff unmistakably would have constituted

       inadmissible hearsay, which may not be offered in opposition to summary judgment. See

       Kellman v. Twin Orchard Country Club, 202 Ill. App. 3d 968, 973-74 (1990) (holding that the

       plaintiff’s affidavit regarding the decedent’s statements about slipping on the shower floor and

       the slippery condition of that floor, which had caused his injury, were inadmissible hearsay

       where the plaintiff had no personal knowledge of the cause of the decedent’s fall, requiring the

       entry of summary judgment in favor of the defendants); see also Johnson v. Owens-Corning

       Fiberglass Corp., 284 Ill. App. 3d 669, 679 (1996) (holding that the plaintiff’s interrogatory

       answer was inadmissible hearsay that could not defeat a motion for summary judgment).


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¶ 44          While it is true, as the plaintiff points out, that the presence of a hazardous condition may

       be proven by circumstantial evidence (see Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072), here, the sole

       circumstantial evidence offered by the plaintiff is her assertion that at some point after she left

       the hospital, at least three days after her injury, she inspected her roller skates and discovered

       that the front wheels contained “red crumbled up” pieces of Jolly Rancher candy. Even taking, as

       we must, this evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, we are not persuaded that a

       jury could reasonably infer from it that there was candy on the roller skating rink floor at the

       time and place of the plaintiff’s fall or, for that matter, that her fall resulted from any contact

       with that candy. Because in her own deposition, the plaintiff admitted that she wore her own

       roller skates to the rink and that she did not inspect those skates for at least three days after her

       fall, we have no way of knowing when or how the crumbled pieces of candy got onto her skates

       and whether or not they had anything to do with her fall. Accordingly, in this instance, “ ‘[t]he

       mere possibility of a causal connection’ ” offered by the plaintiff’s circumstantial evidence is

       “ ‘insufficient to raise the requisite inference of fact.’ ” Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072 (quoting

       Housh v. Swanson, 203 Ill. App. 3d 377, 381 (1990)).

¶ 45          In coming to this conclusion, we find the decision in Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d 1068,

       instructive. In that case, the plaintiff claimed that water on the floor of the defendant’s business

       had caused her to slip and fall. Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1070. While she had not seen any

       water on the floor and could not produce any evidence that she slipped on the floor, she claimed

       that because her fall had occurred in the defendant’s produce section and the produce department

       regularly sprayed their fruits and vegetables, she must have slipped and fallen over water.

       Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072. The court disagreed, holding that this was insufficient to create




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       a question of fact as to whether the hazardous condition existed and whether it caused the

       plaintiff to fall. Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072. As the court explained:

              “Even if plaintiff had proved that a spraying system was used by defendant and

              sometimes caused wetness on the floor, we are not persuaded that a jury could reasonably

              infer that the floor was wet at the time and place of plaintiff’s fall or that the fall in fact

              resulted from plaintiff’s contact with that wetness.” Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072.

¶ 46          In coming to this decision, the court in Barker applied the principles set forth in

       Kimbrough v. Jewel Cos., 92 Ill. App. 3d 813 (1981). See Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1071

       (relying on Kimbrough). In that case, the plaintiff claimed that she slipped on grease spots on an

       exit ramp outside of the defendant’s store. Kimbrough, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 816. While she did

       claim to have seen spots of the grease on the ramp, she admitted that she had no idea why she

       fell. Kimbrough, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 816. Under these facts, the court found that she could not

       prove that any hazardous condition on the defendant’s premises had proximately caused her

       injury. Kimbrough, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 818.

¶ 47          Applying the principles articulated in Barker and Kimbrough, it is apparent that the

       plaintiff’s testimony in this case even more egregiously fails to establish either the presence of a

       dangerous condition on the rink floor, or that any such hazard proximately caused her injury. As

       already detailed above, not a single witness testified to personal knowledge of any hard candy

       either in the facility or anywhere on the rink floor on the date of the plaintiff’s injury. No one

       saw the plaintiff fall or roll over candy, and no one saw or complained of any candy in the

       vicinity of her fall, or anywhere else on the rink floor, either before or after her accident. Under

       these circumstances, we find that the plaintiff failed to establish the existence of a hazardous

       condition on the premises, or any factual issue as to such a condition, so as to permit the grant of


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       summary judgment in favor of the defendants. See Barker, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 1072; Kimbrough,

       92 Ill. App. 3d at 818; see also Palumbo v. Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc., 182 Ill. App. 3d 283,

       288 (1989) (holding that the plaintiff, a customer, could not recover damages from the defendant

       on the basis of evidence that she slipped and fell while walking down an aisle between shelves of

       flowers, and that later that day, she noticed that her coat was wet, in view of testimony of

       eyewitnesses that they did not see any liquid or debris on the floor either before or after the

       incident and evidence that the floor was subsequently examined and contained no liquid or

       debris).

¶ 48          Regardless, even if we were to find that there remains a genuine issue of fact as to

       whether there was any hard candy on the roller skating rink floor at the time of the plaintiff’s

       fall, for the reasons that follow, we would nonetheless find that summary judgment for the

       defendants was proper because the plaintiff failed to establish that the defendants had notice of

       the hazard.

¶ 49          In this respect, at the outset, we disagree with the plaintiff’s position that because her

       claim is for negligence, rather than premises liability, she need not prove that the defendants had

       notice of the hazardous condition. Our courts have repeatedly held that a plaintiff need not prove

       notice only when she can show that the hazardous condition was created or placed on the

       premises by the defendants. Reed v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 298 Ill. App. 3d 712, 715 (1998);

       Caburnay v. Norwegian American Hospital, 2011 IL App (1st) 101740, ¶ 45; see also Illinois

       Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 120.00 (2011) (“[c]ase law departs from the ‘notice’

       requirement of Restatement § 343 when the plaintiff shows, through direct or circumstantial

       evidence, that the dangerous condition arose from the defendant’s acts or as part of his

       business”). The plaintiff can establish that the hazardous condition was created by the defendants


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       by showing that such a condition “is related to the defendant’s business” and by offering “some

       slight evidence that the defendant or his servants, rather than a customer, placed the [hazardous

       object/condition] on the floor.” Wind v. Hy-Vee Food Stores, Inc., 272 Ill. App. 3d 149, 155

       (1995).

¶ 50             In the present case, there is no evidence whatsoever that the hard candy is related to the

       defendants’ business or that either the defendants or one of its employees placed that candy on

       the roller rink floor. The plaintiff provided no testimony that hard candy came from either the

       defendants’ facility or any of the roller rink’s employees. In fact, at least two roller rink

       employees testified that the roller rink did not sell hard candy. In addition, all of the rink

       employees agreed that food (including candy and chewing gum) were strictly prohibited on the

       rink floor and that patrons were explicitly admonished of this rule with signs posted inside of the

       building.

¶ 51             The plaintiff herself concedes as much, instead arguing that the defendants were

       responsible for candy brought into the building by other patrons. In this respect, the plaintiff

       points out that Torres admitted that for birthday parties and other special occasions, the roller

       skating rink permitted patrons to bring party favors into the building, which could contain hard

       candy, and that some such piece of hard candy must have found itself onto the rink floor on the

       date of the plaintiff’s injury. Contrary to the plaintiff’s position, however, no evidence

       whatsoever was presented that any hard candy was brought into the building on the day of the

       plaintiff’s fall or, for that matter, that once inside it was the defendants or their servants, rather

       than the patrons or the plaintiff herself, that spilled the hard candy onto the rink floor. See Wind,

       272 Ill. App. 3d at 155 (to avoid the notice requirement, the plaintiff must present “some slight

       evidence that the defendant or his servants, rather than a customer, placed the [hazardous


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       object/condition] on the floor”). As such, there can be no dispute of material fact as to whether

       the hazard was created by the defendants.

¶ 52           Without any such evidence, the defendants can only be held liable if they knew of the

       hazard’s presence, i.e., had either actual or constructive notice of the hard candy. See Tomczak v.

       Planetsphere, Inc., 315 Ill. App. 3d 1033, 1038 (2000) (stating that if “the landowner did not

       create the condition, the plaintiff must be required to establish that the landowner knew or should

       have known of the defect”). In this case, there is no evidence of actual notice. Actual notice will

       be found where there is evidence that the defendant or its employee had been notified of the

       dangerous condition prior to the plaintiff’s slip and fall. See e.g., Pavlik, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1064

       (holding that the defendant had actual notice where the plaintiff was told by an employee that

       spilled the conditioner that the conditioner should have been cleaned up, and where her father

       was told by another employee that a clerk was supposed to clean it up but did not). Here, there is

       no testimony in the record suggesting that any employee was aware of candy, or any other

       foreign object, on the rink floor prior to the plaintiff’s fall. What is more, the plaintiff herself

       testified that the candy must have been “invisible” because she did not see it either before or

       after her fall.

¶ 53           There is similarly no evidence of constructive notice. “Constructive notice can only be

       shown where the dangerous condition is shown to exist for a sufficient length of time to impute

       knowledge of its existence to the defendants.” Ishoo v. General Growth Properties, Inc., 2012 IL

       App (1st) 110919, ¶ 28. The evidence presented in this case did not show that the alleged hard

       candy was present for any particular length of time. No employee of the defendant testified to

       being aware of the hard candy prior to the plaintiff’s fall. And neither did the plaintiff nor any of

       her family members. In fact, as already articulated above, no one testified to seeing hard candy


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       anywhere in the facility on the date of the plaintiff’s accident, let alone on the rink floor surface.

       Instead, the rink employees unequivocally testified that hard candy was strictly prohibited on that

       floor and that patrons were advised of this prohibition with signs posted inside the building.

       Under this record, the plaintiff cannot even establish that the alleged hazard (i.e., the hard candy)

       was on the rink floor, let alone that it remained there for a sufficient amount of time so as to

       impute knowledge of its existence to the defendants. See Ishoo, 2012 IL App (1st) 110919, ¶ 28;

       see also Hayes, 80 Ill. App. 3d at 1030 (“[I]t is incumbent upon the plaintiff to establish that the

       foreign substance was on the floor long enough to constitute constructive notice to the

       proprietor.”).

¶ 54          Since no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding either the defendants’ creation or

       knowledge of any hazardous condition, we find no error in the trial court’s grant of summary

       judgment in favor of the defendants.

¶ 55          The plaintiff nonetheless asserts that there remains an issue of fact as to constructive

       notice because the seven videos produced by the defendants establish that the floor guards failed

       to monitor the rink floor in contravention of both industry standards and their own policies. In

       this respect, the plaintiff points out that instead of the mandatory three floor guards monitoring

       the floor for foreign objects at all times, the videos show Barnett in the middle of the skating

       floor and another floor guard doing tricks, not paying attention to the floor, and then moving

       outside to help a young child onto the floor. Contrary to the plaintiff’s position, however, any

       such evidence regarding alleged violations of standards of practice does not create an issue of

       material fact as to notice, where, as here, none of the seven videos show any candy or other

       foreign object on the rink floor and are instead consistent with the testimony of all of the deposed

       witnesses, including the plaintiff, that they did not observe any such hazard.


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¶ 56          In this vein, we further find unavailing the plaintiff’s assertion that had the defendants

       produced video surveillance for the entire day of the plaintiff’s fall, we would have had

       conclusive evidence of the presence of hard candy on the roller rink surface and her slipping on

       it. In this respect, the plaintiff argues that in ruling on the defendants’ motion for summary

       judgment, the trial court should have made an adverse inference on the basis of the defendants’

       alleged failure to produce this video surveillance. For the reasons that follow, we disagree

¶ 57          “An unfavorable evidentiary presumption arises if a party, without reasonable excuse,

       fails to produce evidence which is under his [or her] control.” Berlinger’s, Inc. v. Beef’s Finest,

       Inc., 57 Ill. App. 3d 319, 325 (1978). Whether a party’s failure to produce evidence under such

       circumstances may be used as an adverse inference against that party is an evidentiary matter,

       within the discretion of the trial court. Simmons v. University of Chicago Hospitals & Clinics,

       162 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (1994) (citing Schaffner v. Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 129 Ill.

       2d 1, 22 (1989)). “An abuse of discretion will be found only where no reasonable person would

       take the view adopted by the trial court.” Keefe-Shea Joint Venture v. City of Evanston, 364 Ill.

       App. 3d 48, 61 (2005).

¶ 58          In the present case, contrary to the plaintiff’s position, there is no evidence anywhere in

       the record that the defendants refused to supply the plaintiff with any videos in their possession.

       The record reveals that to the plaintiff’s request for “all surveillance video, photographs, [and]

       other electronic media for the day of the [s]ubject [o]ccurrence,” the defendants produced seven

       videos, depicting the plaintiff roller skating before her fall, her actual fall (but not the footage

       immediately preceding it), and the rink floor after the fall and up until the plaintiff was

       transported out of the rink. In her deposition, the rink’s general manager testified that she

       personally compiled all seven videos and that these were all of the videos that she could find


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       relating to the plaintiff’s fall. She explained that, on the date of the incident, the far right camera

       across from the deejay booth and closest to the plaintiff’s fall was broken. In addition, she stated

       that there may have been angles of the rink floor that could not be captured by any of the rink

       floor cameras, even when fully functional. The plaintiff made no effort to determine if any

       additional footage existed, much less to move to compel any further production of such footage.

       Nor was any such motion ever granted. Instead, the plaintiff waited until discovery closed and

       the defendants moved for summary judgment to argue that the response to her production request

       was inadequate and therefore required an adverse inference in her favor. Under such a record, we

       cannot agree with the plaintiff that the defendants failed to produce more video footage, let alone

       that they did so without a reasonable excuse. See Berlinger’s, 57 Ill. App. 3d at 325. As such, we

       find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision not to apply an adverse inference against

       the defendants. See Keefe-Shea Joint Venture, 364 Ill. App. 3d at 61.

¶ 59          In her final ditch effort to avoid the dismissal of her cause of action, the plaintiff argues

       that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing her request to amend her complaint for a

       fourth time. In this regard, the plaintiff makes a one sentence argument, noting that her proposed

       third amended complaint was timely, would not have prejudiced or surprised the defendants

       because it concerned the same transaction and occurrence as her prior second amended

       complaint, and further provided “more specificity and detail of [the defendants’] negligence.”

       We disagree.

¶ 60          Regardless of the paucity of this argument, after a review of the proposed amendment, for

       the reasons already articulated above, namely the plaintiff’s inability to establish the existence of

       any hazard that proximately caused her to fall or any knowledge of the hazard by the defendants,

       we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision not to permit further amendment of the


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       complaint. See Compton v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 382 Ill. App. 3d 323, 331 (2008)

       (“ ‘Whether to allow an amendment of a complaint is a matter within the sound discretion of the

       trial court, and, absent an abuse of that discretion, the court’s determination will not be

       overturned on review.’ ”).

¶ 61                                          CONCLUSION

¶ 62          For all of the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 63          Affirmed.




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No. 1-18-1337



                                  No. 1-18-1337


Cite as:                 Haslett v. United Skates of America, Inc.,
                         2019 IL App (1st) 181337



Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 15-L-8316;
                         the Hon. John H. Erlich, Judge, presiding.



Attorneys                John Xydakis, of Chicago, for appellant.
for
Appellant:


Attorneys                Robert Marc Chemers, David M. Bennett, and Scott L. Howie,
for                      of Pretzel & Stouffer, Chtrd., of Chicago, for appellees.
Appellee:




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