             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS

                                        NO. PD-1280-11



                             LEMUEL CARL BURT, Appellant

                                               v.

                                   THE STATE OF TEXAS

         ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                 FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                          DALLAS COUNTY

       J OHNSON, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which M EYERS, P RICE,
W OMACK, K EASLER, H ERVEY, C OCHRAN, and A LCALÁ, JJ., joined. K ELLER, P.J., filed
a dissenting opinion.

                                         OPINION

       A jury convicted appellant of misapplication of fiduciary property and assessed appellant’s

punishment at 14 years’ incarceration and a $10,000 fine. The trial court orally pronounced this

sentence on January 15, 2009, after which the trial court commented to the parties, “The sooner we

can get that restitution matter taken care of, the better.” The judgment, dated January 16, 2009,

contains a restitution order for $591,785.

       Appellant filed a motion for new trial on January 15, 2009, but it was denied. Appellant
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appealed, arguing that the restitution order must be vacated because the trial court did not orally

pronounce restitution in open court, and the written judgment therefore did not properly reflect the

orally pronounced sentence. Appellant argued in the alternative that the trial court improperly

calculated restitution to include losses from individuals not named in the indictment. The court of

appeals held that, under Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a), appellant had failed to preserve the restitution

issues by failing to raise them in the trial court. Burt v. State, No. 05-09-00116-CR, 2011 WL

3211249, at *10 (Tex. App.–Dallas July 29, 2011, pet. granted) (mem. op., not designated for

publication).

             Because appellant did not have an opportunity to object to the restitution order in the trial

court, we find that he could not have preserved the error for review and that the error was therefore

not forfeited.1 We reverse the court of appeals and remand this cause to that court for consideration

of the merits of the appellant’s restitution claims.

                                                       I. Facts

         Appellant was accused of operating a Ponzi scheme involving real estate and was charged

with misapplication of fiduciary property in an aggregate amount over $200,000.                                He was

represented by appointed counsel. Twenty complainants were named in the original indictment, but

the trial court later granted the state’s motion to strike four of those names. At trial, there was

extensive testimony from appellant’s alleged victims regarding the amount of money they had lost.

         Appellant’s trial ended on January 15, 2009. The jury returned a guilty verdict, and the trial



         1
            W e note that, although appellant couches his complaint in terms of waiver, the claim asserted is actually
that of forfeiture by failing to preserve the error for appellate review. W aiver: “The intentional relinquishment of a
known right, claim, or privilege.” B ALLEN TIN E ’S L AW D IC TIO N ARY 1356 (3d ed. 1969). Forfeiture: “an enforced
and involuntary loss of a right.” Id. at 489.
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court held a punishment hearing. After the jury left the courtroom to deliberate on punishment, the

trial judge instructed the state “to prepare a proposed order of restitution in the case, probably with

some sort of supporting memorandum to justify whatever number you come up with.” The judge

continued, “You can rely on everything that was introduced in the case. We don’t need to have a

hearing on it as far as an evidentiary hearing, but if y’all can’t come up with an agreed figure, then

we will have to have a hearing on it at some point in the future, okay? And the sooner, the better.”

         The jury sentenced appellant to 14 years’ incarceration and a $10,000 fine. The trial judge

orally pronounced appellant’s sentence in accordance with the jury’s verdict and then stated to the

parties, “The sooner we can get that restitution matter taken care of, the better.” The docket sheet

contains a January 15, 2009 entry that states, “restitution order to follow,” and a January 16, 2009

entry that states, “restitution ordered.” The judgment, dated January 16, 2009, contains a restitution

order for $591,785, which corresponds to the total reflected in State’s Exhibit 57, a table of twenty

named victims and their alleged losses. The record does not reflect when appellant became aware

of the restitution order.

         At the conclusion of the trial on January 15, 2009, appellant filed a motion for new trial,

notice of appeal, and his pauper’s oath in order to obtain appointed appellate counsel. On that same

day, appellant’s motion for new trial was overruled,2 and he was appointed appellate counsel.

         Appellant appealed, raising five issues, including two issues challenging the restitution order.

In issue number four, appellant argued that, “because the trial court failed to hold a restitution



         2
            As appellant points out, the trial court’s docket sheet does not indicate when the motion for new trial was
overruled. However, appellant states in his brief that FORVUS, the case-management computer system for Dallas
County, indicates that the motion for new trial was overruled on January 15, 2009. Since this is not disputed by the
state, and the record is otherwise silent, we will assume that the motion was overruled on January 15, 2009.
                                                                                                                       4

hearing and did not impose restitution in open court, the trial court erred by entering an order of

restitution in the judgment. The judgment should be reformed to strike the restitution order.” In

issue number five, appellant argued that, “only in the alternative to Issue No. 4, the restitution order

is flawed and should be remanded to the trial court for a restitution hearing.”

         The court of appeals affirmed the judgment, but it did not reach the merits of issues four and

five. The court found that appellant failed to preserve those issues for appellate review either by

objecting to the court’s imposition of restitution or by raising the issue in an amended motion for

new trial. Burt v. State, 2011 WL 3211249, at *10.

         Appellant filed a petition for discretionary review raising four grounds. The first three

grounds challenge the court of appeals’s holding on preservation, while the fourth ground challenges

the amount of restitution.3

                                                   II. Analysis

                                                 A. Preservation

         Ordinarily, to preserve an issue for appellate review, an appellant must have first raised the



         3
           As stated in appellant’s petition for discretionary review:
          Ground for review No. 1: The court of appeals’ determination that the trial court’s error is subject to waiver
violates appellant’s right to procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution (citation omitted.).
          Ground for review No. 2: The court of appeals’ affirmed the trial court’s written restitution order which
contradicts the oral sentencing pronouncement. The court of appeals’ determination that the trial court’s error is
subject to waiver conflicts with this court’s decisions in Bailey v. State, 160 S.W .3d 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004),
Taylor v. State, 131 S.W .3d 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) and Ex Parte Madding, 70 S.W .3d 131, 135 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002).
          Ground for review No. 3: The court of appeals’ determination that appellant waived objection to the trial
court’s written restitution order despite the absence of an oral restitution pronouncement conflicts with the decisions
of every other court of appeals which has considered the issue (citation omitted).
          Ground for review No. 4: The restitution order is an illegal sentence because it orders payment to non-
victims who are not named in the indictment. The court of appeals affirmed the illegal sentence in violation of this
Court’s decisions in Ex Parte Rich, 194 S.W .3d 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), Ex Parte Lewis, 892 S.W .2d 4, 6 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1994), and Gordon v. State, 707 S.W .2d 626, 629 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
                                                                                                                    5

issue in the trial court. TEX . RULE APP . PROC. 33.1(a); see also Gillenwaters v. State, 205 S.W.3d

534, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (discussing Rule 33.1). A sentencing issue may be preserved by

objecting at the punishment hearing, or when the sentence is pronounced. See, e.g., Idowu v. State,

73 S.W.3d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (appellant failed to preserve error as to restitution

amount by failing to object at the punishment hearing to amount of restitution sought by the

prosecution); Russell v. State, 341 S.W.3d 526, 527-28 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)

(appellant failed to preserve Eighth Amendment complaint when he did not object at sentencing).

In some instances, an appellant may preserve a sentencing issue by raising it in a motion for new

trial. See, e.g., Bitterman v. State, 180 S.W.3d 139, 142-43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (appellant raised

issue of plea breach in motion for new trial).4

         The requirement that an objection be raised in the trial court assumes that the appellant had

the opportunity to raise it there. See Hardeman v. State, 1 S.W.3d 689, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)

(appellant did not allege that he did not have an opportunity to object when sentence was pronounced

and so failed to preserve error); Issa v. State, 826 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)

(permitting appellant to raise his objection for the first time in a motion for new trial since “appellant

had no opportunity to object to the trial court’s action until after that action was taken.”). Thus,

when an appellate court finds that error has not been preserved, it will often recite the times at which

the appellant had the opportunity to object, but failed to do so. See, e.g., Idowu v. State, 73 S.W.3d

at 920 (“Neither appellant nor his counsel objected at the punishment hearing . . ..); see also Burt v.


        4
           This Court has held that an appellant may raise a sentencing issue in a motion for new trial for the first
time only if the appellant did not have the opportunity to object in the punishment hearing. Hardeman v. State, 1
S.W .3d 689, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“[In Issa v. State, 826 S.W .2d 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)], we permitted
the preservation of error [by filing a timely motion for new trial] only because the appellant did not have the
opportunity to object [to the trial court’s denying appellant a separate punishment hearing].”).
                                                                                                           6

State, 2011 WL 3211249, at *10. An appellant fails to preserve error by failing to object when he

had the opportunity; conversely, if an appellant never had the opportunity to object, then he has not

forfeited error. See Rickels v. State, 108 S.W.3d 900, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (appellant did not

forfeit his objection since “the [trial] court modified the terms of Rickels’s probation without a

hearing, and Rickels had no opportunity to object.”); Cobb v. State, 95 S.W.3d 664, 666 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (appellant did not forfeit challenge to language in written

judgment “because the judgment was not prepared until after the end of the hearing, [therefore]

appellant could not have complained at the hearing about any alleged defect in the judgment.”).

        In this case, the court of appeals held that appellant had not preserved his complaint about

the restitution order when “[a]ppellant did not object to the trial court’s imposition of restitution .

. ., [appellant] did not include restitution as an issue in [the motion for new trial] . . ., [and] appellant

did not file an amended motion for new trial raising the restitution issue.” Burt v. State, 2011 WL

3211249, at *10. In finding that error was not preserved, the court of appeals suggested three ways

that appellant could have preserved the restitution issues: by objecting to the imposition of

restitution (presumably at the sentencing hearing); by including the issues in the motion for new trial;

or by amending his motion for new trial to include the restitution issues. Id. But the court of

appeals’s analysis ignores the fact that it was impossible for appellant to raise the restitution issues

in any of these forums, since the written judgment containing the restitution order was issued after

each of these supposed opportunities. Cf. Bailey v. State, 160 S.W.3d 11, 16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)

(“[appellant] could not have appealed a decision granting restitution because there was no restitution

award to appeal.”).

        Appellant raised two issues concerning restitution in the court of appeals: that his orally
                                                                                                                    7

pronounced sentence was different from the sentence in the written judgment and the oral

pronouncement should control; and that the amount in the written judgment improperly included

losses from alleged victims not named in the indictment. These issues arose when restitution was

ordered in the written judgment. Although each of the three forums suggested by the court of

appeals for preservation was available to appellant, they were available to him only before the

written judgment issued and therefore could not have been used to challenge a judgment that did not

yet exist.5

         Appellant could not have objected during the oral pronouncement because at that point, he

could not have known that the sentence in the written judgment would be different from the orally

pronounced sentence, or that there might be error in the amount of restitution. Similarly, when

appellant filed his motion for new trial on January 15, 2009, the written judgment had not yet issued,

so appellant could not have known to include the restitution issues in the motion. The trial court

ruled on the motion for new trial that same day, thus preventing appellant from amending the motion

to include the restitution issues.

         We sustain appellant’s grounds for review one, two, and three.

                                           B. Amount of restitution

         Appellant argues in his fourth issue that “the restitution order is an illegal sentence because

it orders payment to non victims who are not named in the indictment.” The court of appeals did not

reach the merits of this issue because it found that the issue was not preserved. We find that, in the


        5
           W e assume, arguendo, that appellant found out about the restitution order at the earliest possible moment
–when the written judgment issued. However, we note that the record does not reflect when appellant became aware
of the grounds for his complaint, and it is unlikely that appellant found out about the restitution order immediately
after the written judgment issued. Appellant’s appointed trial counsel had already been dismissed, appellant had
begun serving his sentence, and there is no requirement that inmates be served with their written judgment.
                                                                                                       8

circumstances surrounding the judgment, applicant did not forfeit his complaint as he had no

opportunity to object and therefore could not have preserved error. We remand appellant’s fourth

ground for review to the court of appeals.

                                           III. Conclusion

        Because the court of appeals found that appellant’s restitution issues had not been preserved

and therefore did not reach their merits, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand

this cause to that court to address the merits of appellant’s complaints: whether the trial court erred

in including a restitution order in the written judgment; or, in the alternative, whether the trial court

impermissibly included in the restitution order losses from victims not named in the indictment.



Delivered: April 17, 2013
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