PRESENT: All the Justices

TRANSPARENT GMU, ET AL.
                                                              OPINION BY
v. Record No. 181375                                    JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL
                                                            December 12, 2019
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY, ET AL.




                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                John M. Tran, Judge

       Transparent GMU and Augustus Thomson (collectively, “Transparent”) appeal from the

judgment of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County (“circuit court”) dismissing with prejudice its

first amended verified petition for writ of mandamus. Transparent sought to obtain donor

information under the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (“VFOIA”), Code §§ 2.2-3700 et

seq., from George Mason University (“GMU”) and the George Mason University Foundation,

Inc. (“the Foundation”). The questions before us on appeal involve whether the Foundation, a

privately held corporation, established to raise funds and manage donations given for the benefit

of GMU, is subject to VFOIA. We conclude that the Foundation’s records are not subject to

disclosure under VFOIA.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

                                      A. History of GMU

       In 1949, an exploratory committee, in conjunction with the University of Virginia

(“UVA”), was formed to assist in creating a demand for higher education in Northern Virginia.

In 1955, UVA’s Board of Visitors approved the establishment of a branch college to serve

Northern Virginia. The General Assembly thereafter enacted legislation establishing the George

Mason College of the University of Virginia (“the College”) “subject to the supervision,
management, and control of the [UVA] Rector and Visitors.” 1959 Acts ch. 60 [H 59] (Apr. 27,

1959).

         The College opened in Fairfax County as a two-year institution in 1964. Due to the

rapidly increasing population in Northern Virginia, UVA requested that the General Assembly

authorize the College’s expansion into a four-year institution. In 1966, the General Assembly

approved the request and the College became a four-year degree-granting institution while

remaining under UVA’s direction. 1966 Acts ch. 68 [H33] (Mar. 1, 1966).

         In 1972, George Mason University officially separated from UVA and became its own

public institution of higher education. 1972 Acts ch. 550 [H210] (Apr. 7, 1972). The General

Assembly included GMU in the Code as an “educational institution[]” and “public [body] . . . as

[a] governmental instrumentalit[y] for the dissemination of education.” Code § 23-14 (now

Code § 23.1-1101).

         Today, GMU continues to operate as a public institution of higher education and is

managed by a board of visitors whose members are appointed by the Governor. Code

§§ 23.1-1500, -1501. In addition to conferring degrees and managing GMU’s academic

programming, “[t]he board shall appoint all teachers, staff members, and agents and fix their

salaries and generally direct the affairs of [GMU].” Code § 23.1-1503(A). The General

Assembly encourages all of the Commonwealth’s public institutions of higher education “to

increase their endowment funds and unrestricted gifts from private sources and reduce the

hesitation of prospective donors to make contributions and unrestricted gifts.” Code

§ 23.1-101(1). As relevant to the issues before us in this case, each public institution of higher

education is further authorized by the General Assembly to “[c]reate or continue the existence of

one or more nonprofit entities for the purpose of soliciting, accepting, managing, and




                                                 2
administering grants and gifts and bequests, including endowment gifts and bequests and gifts

and bequests in trust.” Code § 23.1-1010(3).

                                   B. History of the Foundation

       The George Mason College Foundation, Inc. (“College Foundation”) was incorporated by

three local businessmen and members of the College’s Advisory Committee in February 1966,

just prior to the General Assembly’s acceptance of the College as a four-year degree granting

branch of UVA. The College Foundation’s Articles of Incorporation listed the three men as

members of the initial Board of Trustees who would manage the College Foundation during its

first year of operation. The College Foundation’s stated purposes of accepting gifts and

donations was “exclusively educational and charitable.” The College Foundation was “operated

exclusively to receive, hold, invest and administer property and to make expenditures to or for

the benefit of [the College].” In addition, the College Foundation “promote[d] the advancement

and further[ed] the aims and purposes of [the College] . . . as an institution of higher education

by the development and application of financial resources.” The Board of Trustees approved

Bylaws for the College Foundation in November 1966.

       Two years after the creation of GMU, in 1974, the George Mason College Foundation

officially changed its name to “The George Mason University Foundation, Inc.” On October 30,

1991, Articles of Incorporation signed by Carrington Williams created “The George Mason

University Educational Foundation, Inc.” (“Educational Foundation”). 1 These Articles of

Incorporation gave the Educational Foundation the authority to issue 1,000 shares of common

stock to the George Mason University Foundation.




       1
         Carrington Williams was a member of the Board of Trustees of the George Mason
University Foundation but had no known affiliation with GMU.


                                                 3
       On July 1, 1992, the George Mason University Foundation transferred over $21 million

in assets to the Educational Foundation in exchange for all of the Educational Foundation’s

shares of stock. This transfer represented all of the George Mason University Foundation’s

assets other than the telecommunications assets of Capitol Connection and F Corporation. The

George Mason University Foundation became “The George Mason University Instructional

Foundation, Inc.” in August 1993. In October 1993, the Educational Foundation was renamed to

The George Mason University Foundation, Inc. (the current Foundation).

       Today, the Foundation continues to operate as a private non-stock corporation organized

under the laws of Virginia. The Foundation and GMU regularly enter into a series of contractual

arrangements, one of which is the Affiliation Agreement. The Affiliation Agreement governs

the relationship between GMU and the Foundation wherein they “acknowledge that each is an

independent entity.” The Affiliation Agreement also provides that “[GMU] recognizes that the

Foundation is a private corporation with the authority and obligations to keep all records and

data confidential with the requirements of law.” The Affiliation Agreement confirms the

Foundation’s purpose as caretaker and manager of funds from private donors intended to benefit

GMU, in accordance with the intent of those donors. GMU also acknowledges that the

Foundation controls the decision of whether to accept or reject donor gifts.

                                  C. Circuit Court Proceedings

       On April 5, 2017, Transparent filed VFOIA requests with GMU and the Foundation

seeking the following:

               For the years of 2008 through 2012, any grants, cooperative
               agreements, gift agreements, contracts, or memoranda of
               understanding (including any attachments thereto) involving a
               contribution to or for [GMU] from any of [several charitable
               foundations under Charles Koch, Claude R. Lambe, and David
               Koch].



                                                4
GMU responded that it did not have any of the requested records in its possession. The

Foundation responded that it was not a public body and its records were not public records

subject to VFOIA.

       Transparent thereafter filed a verified petition for mandamus, injunctive, and declaratory

relief (“original petition”) against GMU and the Foundation. Among the theories for relief,

Transparent asserted that “[a]s an alter-ego of [GMU], the Foundation must be considered a

public body subject to [VFOIA], and the Foundation and/or [GMU] therefore denied

[Transparent] their rights under [VFOIA] by failing to adequately process their request.”

Transparent claimed that GMU delegated “important public functions” to the Foundation and

GMU “continues to exercise control over these functions,” including establishing policies for the

Foundation’s acceptance of gifts and fund disbursement, providing the salary for the

Foundation’s president and Chief Executive Officer, and requiring the Foundation to consult

with GMU “regarding the Foundation’s fund-raising and donor acquisition programs and the

Foundation’s gift management and gift acceptance policies.” Transparent further alleged that “at

all relevant times, [GMU] and the Foundation have acted as a single entity,” and that GMU’s

employment of the Foundation as an alter-ego denied their VFOIA rights.

       GMU and the Foundation demurred to Transparent’s alter-ego theory, contending that

Transparent failed to allege that the Foundation “was a device or sham used to disguise wrongs,

obscure fraud, or conceal crime” to “pierce the corporate veil.” The circuit court sustained the

demurrer to the alter-ego theory and granted Transparent leave to amend its remaining claims.

       Transparent next filed a verified first amended petition for mandamus relief (“amended

petition”), alleging two counts against GMU and three counts against the Foundation.

Transparent alleged that:




                                                5
       [Count] I: [GMU] denied [Transparent] their rights under the Act by refusing to
       search for and provide requested records as the legal custodian of records held by
       its agent, the Foundation, in the transaction of public business.

       [Count] II: [GMU] denied [Transparent] their rights under the Act by refusing to
       search for and provide requested records as the legal custodian of records
       possessed and/or used in the transaction of public business by Dr. Janet E.
       Bingham, an officer, employee, and/or agent of the University.

       [Count] III: As an entity created to perform delegated functions of [GMU] and/or
       to advise [GMU], the Foundation is a public body subject to the Act and therefore
       denied the Petitioners their rights under the Act by failing to respond to their
       records request.

       [Count] IV: As a corporation supported principally by public funds, the
       Foundation is a public body subject to the Act and therefore denied [Transparent]
       their rights under the Act by failing to respond to their records request.

       [Count] V: The Foundation denied [Transparent] their rights and privileges under
       the Act because the requested records are public records, which the Foundation
       must ensure are open to inspection and copying regardless of its status as a public
       body.

       The Foundation and GMU filed demurrers and GMU filed a plea in bar of sovereign

immunity. The Foundation argued that only public entities are subject to VFOIA, regardless of

whether the records requested are public records. GMU argued that it was not required to obtain

records never in its possession.

       The circuit court entered a memorandum opinion and order sustaining GMU’s plea in bar

against Counts I and II, and sustaining the Foundation’s demurrer to Counts IV and V. The

circuit court began by addressing the alter-ego theory that it had dismissed, and stated that it was

dispositive that “there was no evidence that the corporate body was created as a sham entity,”

noting that Code §§ 23.1-101 2 encourages public universities to increase their endowment funds



       2
           Code § 23.1-101 provides:

                It is the public policy of the Commonwealth that:



                                                 6
and Code § 23.1-1010 3 allows the establishment of private entities to engage in fundraising for

public institutions.

        As to Counts I and II, the court determined that as a public entity, GMU was only

responsible for documents it did not possess if (1) it originally possessed the records, which was

not alleged, or (2) it knows of another public entity that possesses the records, in which case, it

need only provide contact information for that entity. The court also found that GMU was not

required to produce the Foundation’s documents merely because Dr. Janet E. Bingham (“Dr.

Bingham”) serves as both Vice President of University Advancement and Alumni Relations for

GMU and President and Chief Executive Officer of the Foundation. The court concluded that

Dr. Bingham “[w]hen acting in her role as a Vice President of GMU, the University has control

and custody over her work product and those records over which she is a custodian at GMU.”

However, when acting “[i]n her role as President of the Foundation, she is in the employ of the

Foundation, and the Foundation has control and custody over her Foundation work records.” In


                1. Each public institution of higher education . . . shall be
                encouraged in their attempts to increase their endowment funds
                and unrestricted gifts from private sources and reduce the
                hesitation of prospective donors to make contributions and
                unrestricted gifts; and

                2. Consistent with § 10 of Chapter 33 of the Acts of Assembly of
                1927, in measuring the extent to which the Commonwealth shall
                finance higher education in the Commonwealth, the availability of
                the endowment funds and unrestricted gifts from private sources
                received by public institutions of higher education . . . shall neither
                be taken into consideration in nor used to reduce state
                appropriations or payments and shall be used in accordance with
                the wishes of the donors of such funds to strengthen the services
                rendered by these institutions to the people of the Commonwealth.
        3
          Code § 23.1-1010(3) provides that public institutions may “[c]reate or continue the
existence of one or more nonprofit entities for the purpose of soliciting, accepting, managing,
and administering grants and gifts and bequests, including endowment gifts and bequests and
gifts and bequests in trust.”


                                                   7
sustaining the demurrer, the court “conclude[d] that, as a matter of law, where an employee of a

public body serves in an official capacity for a third party, that service does not automatically

subject documents held by that third party to VFOIA [disclosure obligations].”

       As to Counts IV and V, the court held that the Foundation receives insufficient public

funds to be designated a public entity, and VFOIA only compels public entities to produce public

records. As to Count III, however, the court concluded that whether the Foundation was a public

body depended on the “totality of factors present in the relationship between the Foundation and

[GMU].”

       The circuit court held a bench trial on Count III. Mary Susan Van Leunen (“Van

Leunen”), the chief financial officer of the Foundation, testified that the Foundation’s mission is

to assist GMU by accepting, managing, and investing

               philanthropic funds that come in to the Foundation and we expend
               those funds for the benefit of [GMU]. We also manage a real
               estate portfolio for the benefit of [GMU] in most cases, and operate
               really to accept and manage philanthropic funds, including our
               endowments and real estate properties.

Van Leunen explained that the Foundation is managed by a Board of Trustees and that GMU

does not control the Foundation. She testified that no GMU employee, including the President,

can direct the Foundation “as to what to do or how to do it.”

       Van Leunen testified that the Foundation has assets of “approximately [$]400 million”

and receives between $50 and $60 million in gifts and pledge payments annually. She stated that

gifts are assessed administrative fees and endowment accounts are assessed annual management

fees, neither of which is paid by GMU. She also stated that the Foundation receives a small

budget from GMU. In 2016, the Foundation received a budget of $13,500 and, in 2017, $13,600

from GMU, out of which student assistants were paid.




                                                 8
          Van Leunen stated the Foundation is located on GMU’s campus in a building the

Foundation owns, and from which the Foundation leases offices to GMU. She testified that

Foundation staff are listed on GMU’s directory and the Foundation’s website is located on

GMU’s website for convenience. She further testified the Foundation pays more than 75% of

GMU’s president’s salary because of the limit on state funding allowed to be used for that

purpose.

          Van Leunen admitted that the Foundation is designated as a “component unit” in GMU’s

accounting, and explained that this designation refers to “private independent entities.” She

explained the designation was used to reflect the Foundation as a source of potential future

financial benefit to GMU.

          Van Leunen also testified that she is a member of GMU’s Gift Acceptance Committee,

which is a committee that reviews unusual gifts to GMU. She stated that she assisted in drafting

GMU’s gift acceptance policy, because it protects the Foundation from accepting gifts GMU

could not use. She explained that the Foundation’s distributions are controlled by “[t]he donors’

intentions” and that GMU does not direct or control these distributions. She further stated that

the Foundation does not engage in fundraising, but once funds are raised, the Foundation

assumes a caretaker role to manage, invest, and disburse those funds. She admitted that the 2013

affiliation agreement designates the Foundation as GMU’s “primary depository for private gifts

on behalf of the university,” and the Foundation is designated to “receive all of those private

gifts.”

          On July 5, 2018, the circuit court issued its letter opinion and found that the Foundation

was not a public body under VFOIA. The court first noted several facts about the relationship

between GMU and the Foundation that were similar to facts courts outside Virginia had found




                                                   9
subjected a private foundation to FOIA disclosure. Those facts included: (1) GMU’s right to

audit the Foundation; (2) the Foundation’s obligation to comply with GMU’s gift management

policies; and (3) that GMU must approve any gift agreement to support a new university

program or activity. While noting those factors, the court relied on the statute and determined

that the Foundation was not a public body because the Foundation was neither “(1) wholly or

principally supported by public funds, or (2) an entity of a public body created to perform

delegated functions of a public body or to advise a public body.”

       Relying on opinions of the Virginia Freedom of Information Advisory Council (“the

Advisory Council”) and the Office of the Attorney General (“the Attorney General”), the circuit

court concluded that private foundations that operate independently of the public institutions they

support are not sub-entities of that institution, and because the Foundation operates under its own

bylaws and articles of incorporation, the Foundation is not an entity of GMU, and therefore, not

a “public body.” Additionally, the court reasoned that while fundraising “strengthens the

services rendered by the public university,” under Virginia’s statutes, “[f]undraising is neither

itself a service nor a statutory objective of the public institution” and “[a]dvancing a statutory

objective is not equivalent to transacting public business.” The circuit court went on to find that

“[d]onations restricted in their use become public records once a public body accepts and makes

use of the funds in observance with their restrictions.” Regarding the Gift Acceptance

Committee, the circuit court found that it was subject to VFOIA.

               In applying the same rationale that the Foundation is neither a
               public body nor engaged in a public function, any such
               independence or exclusion from VFOIA does not extend to the
               Gift Acceptance Committee. . . . Here, [GMU] through its
               personnel dictates the operations of the Gift Acceptance
               Committee. [GMU’s] acceptance of any condition or restriction on
               the use of donated funds necessarily produces a record that is
               subject to VFOIA.



                                                 10
       The circuit court dismissed the amended petition with prejudice. This appeal followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. Standard of Review

       “On issues of statutory interpretation, we review the circuit court’s decision de novo.”

Virginia Educ. Ass’n v. Davison, 294 Va. 109, 115 (2017). “When the language of a statute is

unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language.” Conyers v. Martial Arts

World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007). “Furthermore, we must give effect to the

legislature’s intention as expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the

language would result in a manifest absurdity.” Id.

                                    B. Pertinent Virginia Law

                                             1. VFOIA

       “VFOIA requires ‘public records’ to be ‘open to inspection and copying by any citizens

of the Commonwealth during the regular office hours of the custodian of such records.’” The

Daily Press, LLC v. Office of the Exec. Sec’y of the Sup. Ct. of Va., 293 Va. 551, 557 (2017)

(quoting Code § 2.2–3704(A)). “VFOIA also requires that ‘[t]he provisions of this chapter shall

be liberally construed to promote an increased awareness by all persons of governmental

activities and afford every opportunity to citizens to witness the operations of government.’”

American Tradition Inst. v. Rector and Visitors of Univ. of Va., 287 Va. 330, 339 (2014) (quoting

Code § 2.2-3700(B)). However,

               a VFOIA request only applies to a “public body or its officers and
               employees.” Similarly, VFOIA only applies to “public records in
               the custody of a public body.” Accordingly, all private records are
               exempt. These . . . [are] the basic parameters for which documents
               may be requested and from whom.




                                                 11
Id. at 339-40 (quoting Code § 2.2-3701). VFOIA defines “public records” as:

              all writings and recordings that consist of letters, words or
              numbers, or their equivalent, set down by handwriting,
              typewriting, printing, photostatting, photography, magnetic
              impulse, optical or magneto-optical form, mechanical or electronic
              recording or other form of data compilation, however stored, and
              regardless of physical form or characteristics, prepared or owned
              by, or in the possession of a public body or its officers, employees
              or agents in the transaction of public business.

Code § 2.2-3701. A “public body” is defined as:

              “Public body” means any legislative body, authority, board,
              bureau, commission, district or agency of the Commonwealth or of
              any political subdivision of the Commonwealth, including cities,
              towns and counties, municipal councils, governing bodies of
              counties, school boards and planning commissions; governing
              boards of public institutions of higher education; and other
              organizations, corporations or agencies in the Commonwealth
              supported wholly or principally by public funds. It shall include
              . . . (ii) any committee, subcommittee, or other entity however
              designated, of the public body created to perform delegated
              functions of the public body or to advise the public body. It shall
              not exclude any such committee, subcommittee or entity because it
              has private sector or citizen members.

Id.

                    2. Public Institutions of Higher Education and Foundations

       GMU is a “public institution of higher education” as defined in Code § 23.1-100.

              The board of visitors of George Mason University (the board) is a
              corporation under the name and style of “The Rector and Visitors
              of George Mason University” and has, in addition to its other
              powers, all the corporate powers given to corporations by the
              provisions of Title 13.1 except those powers that are confined to
              corporations created pursuant to Title 13.1. The board shall at all
              times be under the control of the General Assembly.

Code § 23.1-1500.

       The General Assembly has long maintained that “the public policy of the

Commonwealth” is that



                                               12
               [e]ach public institution of higher education, the Frontier Culture
               Museum of Virginia, Gunston Hall, the Jamestown-Yorktown
               Foundation, the Science Museum of Virginia, and the Virginia
               Museum of Fine Arts shall be encouraged in their attempts to
               increase their endowment funds and unrestricted gifts from private
               sources and reduce the hesitation of prospective donors to make
               contributions and unrestricted gifts[.]

Code § 23.1-101(1). To that end, the General Assembly has provided public institutions of

higher education with the power to “[c]reate or continue the existence of one or more nonprofit

entities for the purpose of soliciting, accepting, managing, and administering grants and gifts and

bequests, including endowment gifts and bequests and gifts and bequests in trust.” Code

§ 23.1-1010(3). The Foundation exists as a nonprofit entity that “was created for the purpose of

advancing and furthering the aims and purposes of [GMU] and is a private corporation organized

and operated exclusively to receive, hold, invest, and administer property and to make

expenditures to or for the benefit of [GMU].”

                         C. VFOIA and Private Nonprofit Corporations

       The issues before us in this case are matters of first impression for the Court. VFOIA

does not expressly address private nonprofit foundations that exist for the primary purpose of

supporting public institutions of higher education. 4 In order to be covered by VFOIA, the

Foundation must fall within the definition of a public body and be in possession of public

records. Transparent makes several arguments that the Foundation is a public body inter alia

either as an “entity of GMU”, an “alter ego” of GMU, or is subject to VFOIA as an “agent” of




       4
          In 2017, legislation was proposed to amend and reenact the definition of “public body”
in Code § 2.2-3701 to include “any foundation that exists for the primary purpose of supporting a
public institution of higher education and that is exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the
Internal Revenue Code.” SB 1436, Va. Gen Assem. (Reg. Sess. 2017) (unenacted). The bill was
left in the Senate’s Committee on General Laws and Technology.



                                                13
GMU. We disagree. We will address each of Transparent’s arguments that the Foundation is a

public body subject to VFOIA in turn.

              1. The Foundation is not an “entity of” GMU for purposes of VFOIA

       Transparent argues that the circuit court erred in finding that the Foundation was not “an

entity of” GMU under VFOIA. Transparent submits that the General Assembly intended to

expand the scope of VFOIA when it added the phrase “entity of” to the delegated functions

clause in Code § 2.2-3701. Under Transparent’s construction, Code § 2.2-3701 “must be read to

cover entities, including nonstock corporations that, despite their separate legal identity, were

nonetheless created to perform delegated functions of a public body.” Transparent urges us to

look at the function of the entity while the Foundation and GMU urge us to look at the origin of

the entity and whether the organizations are separate. We disagree with Transparent’s

interpretation.

       Code § 2.2-3701 defines “public body” as including “any committee, subcommittee, or

other entity however designated, of the public body created to perform delegated functions of the

public body or to advise the public body.” “This provision simply includes committees,

subcommittees, or entities within the types of public bodies covered by FOIA.” Beck v. Shelton,

267 Va. 482, 487 (2004).

                  While in the construction of statutes the constant endeavor of the
                  courts is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the
                  legislature, that intention must be gathered from the words used,
                  unless a literal construction would involve a manifest absurdity.
                  Where the legislature has used words of a plain and definite import
                  the courts cannot put upon them a construction which amounts to
                  holding the legislature did not mean what it has actually expressed.

Daily Press, 293 Va. at 558 (citation omitted).

       We must begin with the plain language definition of the word “of” as it is used in Code

§ 2.2-3701. See Conyers, 273 Va. at 104 (“When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we


                                                  14
are bound by the plain meaning of that language.”). “Of” is used as a function word to describe

“from as the place of birth, production, or distribution” or as “indicating the aggregate or whole

that includes the part or quantity denoted by the preceding word.” Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary 1565 (1993). The phrase “entity of” can therefore be defined as an

entity that was produced or distributed by a public body. There is no evidence that the

Foundation was produced or distributed by GMU nor is it a part of GMU created to perform

delegated functions. As the circuit court correctly found, the Foundation “is an independent non-

stock corporation that coexists alongside” GMU.

        The analysis of RF&P Corp. v. Little, 247 Va. 309 (1994) is instructive. There we

looked to the genesis and separate corporate identity of RF&P and the Virginia Retirement

System (“VRS”) to determine whether RF&P was “of” VRS, a public body. Finding no such

evidence, we concluded that the RF&P Board was not a public body. To so find would have

“completely disregard[ed] RF&P’s corporate identity.” Id. at 316. Specifically, we stated that

                [a] corporate entity cannot be disregarded unless it is proved that
                the corporation is “the alter ego, alias, stooge, or dummy of the
                individuals sought to be [held personally accountable] and that the
                corporation was a device or sham used to disguise wrongs, obscure
                fraud, or conceal crime.”

Id. at 316 (alteration in original).

        As in RF&P Corp., the reality of the Foundation’s separate identity militates against a

finding that it is an “entity of” GMU. The Foundation has always operated under its own sets of

bylaws, articles of incorporation, and statutes. The first iteration of the Foundation, the College

Foundation, was created as an independent and distinct corporate entity by local businessmen.

The College at the time operated as a branch of UVA. When the General Assembly approved

the College’s expansion into a four-year degree-granting branch of UVA, the College

Foundation continued to operate under its stated charitable purposes of fundraising and


                                                 15
managing private donations. When the College separated from UVA and became GMU, the

College Foundation officially changed its name to represent the switch from college to

university. The Board of Trustees instituted a corporate reorganization in 1991 that resulted in

the structure of the current Foundation continuing with its own bylaws, articles of incorporation,

and statutes. The current Board of Trustees has 49 members of which only six have any formal

affiliation with GMU.

       The manner in which the Foundation and GMU deal with each other further indicates that

they are separate entities. The record contains evidence that the Foundation and GMU regularly

enter into a series of contractual arrangements. GMU does not supervise the decision making of

the Foundation. Indeed, an Affiliation Agreement governs the relationship between GMU and

the Foundation wherein they “acknowledge that each is an independent entity.” The Affiliation

Agreement also provides that “[GMU] recognizes that the Foundation is a private corporation

with the authority and obligations to keep all records and data confidential with the requirements

of law.”

       Moreover, to the extent that the organizations have different purposes, there can be no

delegation of functions from GMU to the Foundation. The statutory objectives for GMU are to

confer degrees on students and approve new academic programs. Code § 23.1-1503. By

contrast, the Foundation’s stated purpose is to serve as the caretaker and manager of funds from

private donors, intended for the benefit of GMU, in accordance with the intent of those donors.

The General Assembly has “encouraged” private fundraising in the sense that it advances the

statutory objectives of public institutions of higher education. Code § 23.1-101. The General

Assembly has not included fundraising from private sources as a government function of public




                                                16
institutions of higher education. Therefore, there can be no delegation of public duties where the

duty does not exist.

       Over the years, the Attorney General and the Advisory Council have issued opinions

addressing the status of nonprofit fundraising foundations. These advisory opinions, while not

binding on the Court, are instructive. See Code § 2.2-505 (authorizing the Attorney General to

issue advisory opinions); Code § 30-179(1) (authorizing the Advisory Council to issue advisory

opinions); Fitzgerald v. Loudoun Cty. Sheriff’s Office, 289 Va. 499, 504-05 (2015) (“Our de

novo review takes into account any informative views on the legal meaning of statutory terms

offered by those authorized by law to provide advisory opinions”); Beck, 267 Va. at 492 (“While

it is not binding on this Court, an Opinion of the Attorney General is ‘entitled to due

consideration.’”) (citation omitted). In 2009, the Advisory Council issued an opinion that

addressed the issue of whether a Foundation, which was a financial fundraising agent of a public

body was itself a public body subject to VFOIA. The opinion specifically addressed that part of

the definition of public body which includes the language “any committee, subcommittee, or

other entity however designated, of the public body created to perform delegated functions.”

Advisory Council. Op. AO-09-09 (Oct. 23, 2009). In doing so it stated “that once established,

the Foundation is a corporate entity in its own right separate from the [public agency].” Id. The

opinion then reiterated language from this Court that a corporate entity must not easily be

disregarded. Id. (citing RF&P Corp., 247 Va. at 316). Finding no reason to do so it ultimately

opined that “[a]s a separate corporation, the Foundation is not . . . [an] other entity however

designated of the [public body]” and therefore was not a public body itself subject to VFOIA.

Id.




                                                 17
       The historical treatment of the statutory language strongly supports the interpretation that

the Foundation is not an entity of GMU. See Advisory Council Op. AO-01-15 (Mar. 17, 2015)

(“a private entity does not become a public body solely because the private entity provides goods

or services to a public body through a procurement transaction”); 1996 Op. Va. Att’y Gen. 15,

1996 WL 658746 (Sept. 3, 1996) (“separate, nonprofit foundations organized for the benefit of

state universities ‘need only comply with the laws that govern such corporations’” (quoting

1984-1985 Op. Va. Att’y Gen. 46). We agree with the advisory opinions and conclude that the

circuit court did not err in finding that the Foundation was a private, separate corporation and

was not an “entity of” GMU created by GMU to perform delegated functions of GMU.

                       2. The Foundation is not supported by public funds

       VFOIA’s definition of “public body” also includes the requirement that the entity be

“supported wholly or principally by public funds.” Code § 2.2-3701. The evidence of the

Foundation’s finances clearly shows the Foundation is not and has never been “supported wholly

or principally by public funds.” Id. At the time of trial, the Foundation’s assets totaled

approximately $400 million. The Foundation manages its operations through investment income

and fees imposed on gifts from private donors. Van Leunen testified that “[i]n any given year

[the Foundation] receive[s] between 50 and 60 million dollars in gifts and pledge payments.” In

2016, the Foundation’s total support and revenue from private gifts and donors was $92 million.

By contrast, less than $14,000 of that amount came from GMU’s public funding and that amount

was used to pay student assistants. The Advisory Council has recognized that “nonprofit

fundraising corporations [such as the American Frontier Culture Foundation] typically raise

money from private sources, which [is] used both to support the operations of the nonprofit

corporation and to provide support to a public body.” Advisory Council Op. AO-09-09 (Oct. 23,




                                                18
2009). Instead of receiving public funds, the private nonprofit organizations, like the

Foundation, collect private donations and gifts and pass them on to the public entities, like GMU.

We agree with the circuit court’s finding that the Foundation was not “wholly or principally

supported by public funds” and as such does not fit within the definition of a “public body.”

                3. The Foundation is not the alter ego of GMU for purposes of VFOIA

       Transparent next contends that the circuit court erred in concluding that the Foundation

could not be considered an alter ego of GMU for purposes of VFOIA. Transparent urges us to

determine that the circuit court erroneously applied Code § 23.1-1010(3) and disregarded the

factors enunciated in RF&P Corp. when it found that the Foundation was “not susceptible to a

claim of veil piercing.”

       Code § 23.1-1010(3) expressly allows public institutions to “[c]reate or continue the

existence of one or more nonprofit entities for the purpose of soliciting, accepting, managing,

and administering grants and gifts and bequests, including endowment gifts and bequests and

gifts and bequests in trust.” Contrary to Transparent’s argument, we agree with the circuit court

that veil piercing is not warranted when, as here, conduct is “expressly authorized by the General

Assembly.” We also disagree with Transparent’s assertion that the circuit court disregarded

RF&P Corp. To the contrary, the circuit court considered and honored the analysis articulated in

that opinion.

       As the circuit court stated, veil piercing is an “extraordinary act to be taken only when

necessary to promote justice.” C.F. Trust, Inc. v. First Flight L.P., 266 Va. 3, 10 (2003).

“[O]nly ‘an extraordinary exception’ justifies disregarding the corporate entity and piercing the

veil.” Id. (citation omitted). The Court will not disregard a corporate entity “unless it is proved

that the corporation is ‘the alter ego, alias, stooge, or dummy of the individuals sought to be




                                                19
[held personally accountable] and that the corporation was a device or sham used to disguise

wrongs, obscure fraud, or conceal crime.’” RF&P Corp., 247 Va. at 316 (alteration in original)

(citation omitted).

       The evidence in the record does not support Transparent’s assertion that the Foundation

operated as the alter ego of GMU. Transparent points to several facts in support of its argument.

For example, the Foundation’s offices are located in a building that it owns and leases to GMU;

Dr. Bingham serves in a dual capacity as President and CEO of the Foundation as well as a Vice

President at GMU. While these facts are true, they are insufficient to support the assertion that

the Foundation is GMU’s alter ego. “The mere showing that one corporation is owned by

another or that they share common officers is not a sufficient justification for a court to disregard

their separate corporate structure.” Richfood, Inc. v. Jennings, 255 Va. 588, 592-93 (1998)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Nor was there any evidence that the Foundation

was used as “a device or sham” by GMU to “disguise wrongs, obscure fraud, or conceal crime.”

RF&P Corp., 247 Va. at 316 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). As we have

already discussed, the Foundation and GMU are independent corporate entities. While the

Foundation and GMU acknowledge that they share a unique business relationship, their

relationship is governed by formal contractual arrangements that reflect their independent status.

The circuit court did not err when it found that the Foundation is not the “alter ego” of GMU.

               4. The Foundation is not the agent of GMU for purposes of VFOIA

       Code § 2.2-3701 defines “public records” as materials “in the possession of a public body

or its officers, employees or agents in the transaction of public business.” Transparent argues

that the Foundation’s records are public records under VFOIA because the Foundation is the




                                                 20
agent of GMU. 5 Transparent urges the Court to reverse the circuit court and order the

Foundation to disclose the requested records.

       The Court has “defined the term ‘agency’ as a fiduciary relationship resulting from one

person’s manifestation of consent to another person that the other shall act on his behalf and

subject to his control, and the other person’s manifestation of consent so to act.” Acordia of

Virginia Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Genito Glenn, L.P., 263 Va. 377, 384 (2002) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). “While the power of control is an important factor to consider in

determining whether an agency relationship exists, ‘[a]gency may be inferred from the conduct

of the parties and from the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Id. (citations omitted). “The

question of agency vel non is one of fact for the fact finder unless the existence of an agency

relationship depends upon unambiguous written documents or undisputed facts. Moreover, the

party alleging an agency relationship has the burden of proving it.” Reistroffer v. Person, 247

Va. 45, 48 (1994) (citations omitted).

       Transparent has not shown that the Foundation is GMU’s agent. The Foundation and

GMU operate at arms-length and, while they collaborate for the benefit of GMU, each maintains

its independent status as a private non-stock corporation and a public institution for higher

education respectively. As we have already stated, the Foundation operates independently of

GMU under its own bylaws, articles of incorporation, and statutes.



       5
          In its reply brief, Transparent asserts that the circuit court never reached the issue of
whether the Foundation is GMU’s agent. The circuit court noted when sustaining the demurrer
that “the issue of whether or not the Foundation’s performance of designated public functions on
behalf of the University as its agent renders the Foundation a public body within the meaning of
VFOIA remains to be decided at trial.” Transparent had the opportunity at trial to prove that an
agency relationship existed and failed to do so. The evidence at trial supports the circuit court’s
finding that GMU and the Foundation are independent entities and that the Foundation is not
subject to VFOIA as it is not a public body nor are its records public. Based on our ruling today,
Transparent’s assertion that the circuit court failed to reach the agency question is moot.


                                                21
       The Foundation’s stated purposes, obligations to its private donors, and the discretion of

its Trustees govern its operations. Moreover, the statute under which the Foundation is formed

dictates that “funds shall be used in accordance with the wishes of the donors of such funds.”

Code § 23.1-101(2). The Affiliation Agreement with GMU reiterates this statutory mandate as it

reflects the Foundation’s purpose of managing gifts in accordance with donor intent. Nor was

there evidence at trial from which one could infer an agency relationship.

       The evidence at trial showed that GMU does not control the Foundation. To the contrary,

Van Leunen specifically testified, without challenge, as to the absence of control by GMU over

the Foundation. The specific questions were asked and answered as follows:

               [Question:]       Does [GMU] have any control over the
               Foundation?

               [Van Leunen:] No. The Foundation Board of Trustees oversees
               and manages the operations of the Foundation.

               [Question:]      Can [GMU’s] president direct the Foundation on
               what to do or how to do it?

               [Van Leunen:]     No.

               [Question:]       Can any [GMU] employee direct the Foundation
               or its employees as to what to do?

               [Van Leunen:]     No.

Indeed, Van Leunen testified that on occasion the Foundation has denied GMU’s requests to

fund real estate projects. She also testified that the Foundation administers donations in

accordance with the donor’s wishes. This would be consistent with the statute and with the

Affiliation Agreement.

       Even assuming arguendo that the Foundation is an agent of GMU, VFOIA still would not

apply to the Foundation’s documents. As previously stated, we held in American Tradition that

VFOIA requests “only appl[y] to ‘public records in the custody of a public body.’” 287 Va. at


                                                22
339. Again, we find the rationale of the Advisory Council persuasive. The Advisory Council

has stated that a private entity’s records are not subject to VFOIA because “a private entity does

not become a public body solely because the private entity provides goods or services to a public

body through a procurement transaction.” Advisory Council Op. AO-01-15 (Mar. 17, 2015).

Because the Foundation is not a public body, the Foundation’s documents in its custody are not

subject to VFOIA even if the Foundation is GMU’s agent. American Tradition, 287 Va. at 339;

Code § 2.2-3701.

       Finally, the Foundation documents are not subject to VFOIA because they were not

generated in the transaction of public business. The Foundation documents requested by

Transparent were:

               [f]or the years of 2008 through 2012, any grants, cooperative
               agreements, gift agreements, contracts, or memoranda of
               understanding (including any attachments thereto) involving a
               contribution to or for [GMU] from any of [several charitable
               foundations under Charles Koch, Claude R. Lambe, and David
               Koch].

These documents directly relate to the Foundation’s mission of managing gifts from private

donors and as such were not “prepared for or used in the transaction of public business and [are]

not public records subject to [V]FOIA.” Advisory Council Op. 14-12 (Oct. 17, 2012)

(determining that the phone bills of a member of a public university’s board of visitors who used

his cell phone to conduct public and private business were not “public records” under VFOIA

because they were not “prepared for or used in the transaction of public business”). See also

Advisory Council Op. 03-04 (Feb. 10, 2004) (determining that a discussion of public business

would not include discussions unrelated to the use of public funds “such as private fundraising

efforts”). The circuit court correctly held that records regarding donations from private donors

do not constitute the transaction of public business.



                                                 23
                                         5. Dr. Bingham

       Finally, Transparent argues that the circuit court erred in granting GMU’s demurrer

because it did not consider whether Dr. Bingham in fact used or possessed the requested

Foundation documents in performing her duties as a Vice President of GMU. GMU responds

that the circuit court did not err in sustaining its demurrer because Transparent’s Amended

Petition did not allege that, Dr. Bingham prepared, owned, or possessed the records in her role as

Vice President.

       Again, “public records” are writings or recordings “prepared or owned by, or in the

possession of a public body or its officers, employees or agents in the transaction of public

business.” Code § 2.2-3701. GMU is correct in its statement that “[e]ven accepting that Dr.

Bingham, at some point, accessed or used certain records ‘in the performance of fundraising and

endowment management activities,’ that alone would not be sufficient to make those ‘public

records’ subject to VFOIA.”

       In sustaining GMU’s demurrer, the circuit court discussed Dr. Bingham’s roles as a Vice

President for GMU and as President and CEO of the Foundation. The court described Dr.

Bingham as wearing “two hats” in that “the functions she performs while wearing one [hat] are

not imputed to her position under the other.” The court correctly found that GMU is not required

to produce the Foundation’s documents merely because Dr. Bingham is a common employee of

GMU and the Foundation. “When acting in her role as a Vice President of GMU, the University

has control and custody over her work product and those records over which she is a custodian at

GMU.” However, when acting “[i]n her role as President of the Foundation, she is in the employ

of the Foundation, and the Foundation has control and custody over her Foundation work

records.”




                                                24
       As we have already found, GMU and the Foundation are separate and distinct entities,

one being a public institution and the other being a private corporation. The fact that they share

a common employee “does not alter the separate character of the two” entities. RF&P Corp.,

247 Va. at 316. The circuit court stated, rightly so, that “[t]he presence of dual or multiple

officers or board members does not expose the records of both corporations to search when an

inquiry is directed at one corporation only. It is the position over which the corporation has

control, not the person.” See Washington & Old Dominion Users Ass’n v. Washington & Old

Dominion R.R., 208 Va. 1, 6 (1967) (refusing to disregard separate corporate existence of wholly

owned subsidiary even though “most of the officers and directors” of the subsidiary “have also

been officers and directors” of the parent). The circuit court did not err in concluding that

“where an employee of a public body serves in an official capacity for a third party, that service

does not automatically subject documents held by that third party to VFOIA liability.” To the

extent that while wearing her GMU hat, Dr. Bingham handled Foundation documents, these

documents remained Foundation documents and as such, were not subject to VFOIA because

“VFOIA only applies to ‘public records in the custody of a public body.’” American Tradition,

287 Va. at 339.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court finding that the

Foundation is not a public body subject to VFOIA. Had the General Assembly intended the

unreserved inclusion of non-profit foundations, that exist for the primary purpose of supporting

public institutions of higher education, as public bodies under VFOIA, it could have so provided,

but it has not. Policy determinations of this nature are peculiarly within the province of the

General Assembly, not the judiciary. See, e.g., Daily Press, LLC v. Office of Exec. Sec'y of




                                                 25
Supreme Court, 293 Va. 551, 557 (2017) (“Public policy questions concerning where to draw the

line with respect to VFOIA fall within the purview of the General Assembly.”).


                                                                                    Affirmed.




                                              26
