                             NUMBER 13-09-00051-CV

                             COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                     CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

APPLING FARMS AND APPLING
INTERESTS, LTD.,                                                          Appellants,

                                            v.

TURNER MANAGEMENT, INC.,                                                   Appellee.


                    On appeal from the 23rd District Court
                         of Wharton County, Texas.


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Perkes
             Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
       Appellants Appling Farms and Appling Interests, Ltd. (collectively, Appling)

challenge the trial court's refusal to order arbitration on Appling's dispute with appellee

Turner Management, Inc. over their limited partnership. By one issue, Appling argues

that the trial court had no discretion to deny arbitration where the partnership agreement
at issue provided for arbitration on the issue of removal of the general partner. We

affirm.

                                           I. BACKGROUND1

          As set out by their Agreement of Limited Partnership (the partnership agreement),

Appling Farms, Appling Interests, and John Turner, president of Turner Management, are

limited partners in Lonestar Aquafarms, Ltd., a redfish farming venture in Palacios, Texas.

The Appling entities own sixty-six and two-thirds percent of Lonestar; Turner owns

thirty-three and one-third percent. Turner Management is the general partner under the

partnership agreement and owns one percent of Lonestar. The parties agree that Turner

is Turner Management's primary employee and that he runs the fish farm.

          In late 2006, a dispute arose over Turner's management of Lonestar. In April

2007, Appling filed suit against Turner and Turner Management. In its suit, Appling

alleged, in relevant part, that Turner and his wife misappropriated trade secrets, customer

lists, and other such property belonging to Lonestar and started a competing fish farm.

By those actions, Appling claimed that Turner Management usurped partnership

opportunities belonging to Lonestar, converted the property of Lonestar, and engaged in

unfair competition against Lonestar. Appling prayed for money damages and injunctive

relief against Turner and Turner Management. Extensive discovery and motion practice

ensued over the next eighteen months.

          In September 2008, approximately one month before trial on the merits of its

lawsuit, Appling sent notice to Turner Management that they were seeking arbitration of

          1
          Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not
recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for
it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
                                                     2
the issue of removing Turner Management as general partner, claiming that the following

provision in the partnership agreement required arbitration of that issue:

               8.7     Removal of General Partner. Upon thirty (30) days' prior
        written notice, and with written consent of a majority of the Limited Partners,
        a General Partner may be removed for any act which constitutes fraud,
        gross negligence or willful misconduct that has a detrimental effect on the
        Partnership, as determined by an independent third-party mediator
        appointed by agreement of the Limited Partners, provided that the written
        consent of the Limited Partners designates a substitute General Partner.

Turner Management refused to consent to arbitration. In October 2008, Appling filed its

motion to compel arbitration with the trial court. Turner Management responded to the

motion to compel, arguing that the above clause did not constitute an agreement to

arbitrate and, alternatively, that Appling had waived its right to arbitration by substantially

invoking the judicial process to Turner Management's detriment. The trial court held a

hearing on Appling's motion to compel on November 4, 2008.2 The trial court denied the

motion on January 20, 2009. This accelerated appeal followed.3 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. § 171.098(a) (Vernon 2005) (allowing a party to appeal the denial of a

motion to compel arbitration under the Texas Arbitration Act (TAA)); see also Chambers



        2
          The reporter's record for the hearing is not included in the record before this Court. Our review
of the appellate record reveals that neither of the parties requested that the court reporter prepare and file a
copy of the reporter's record with this Court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.6.
        3
           Appling asserts that the clause at issue in this case is governed by the Texas Arbitration Act
(TAA), and Turner Management does not dispute this assertion. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§§ 171.001-.098 (Vernon 2005). Although the clause invokes neither the TAA nor the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA), Appling filed its motion to compel under section 171.021 of the TAA. See id. § 171.021. We
conclude that Appling therefore properly sought review of the trial court's denial of its motion to compel by
interlocutory appeal and that we have jurisdiction to review it. See id. § 171.098(a)(1); see also ODL
Servs., Inc. v. ConocoPhillips Co., 264 S.W.3d 399, 411 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.)
(holding that an ― [i]nterlocutory appeal [will lie]‖ over a trial court’s denial of a motion to compel when the
motion is asserted under the TAA); Smith Barney Shearson, Inc. v. Finstad, 888 S.W.2d 111, 113-14 (Tex.
App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ) (concluding that the court of appeals had jurisdiction over an order
denying arbitration where the parties chose to pursue only an interlocutory appeal and neither seriously
contended that the TAA was inapplicable to the case).
                                                       3
v. O'Quinn, 242 S.W.3d 30, 31 (Tex. 2007) (holding that the TAA allows interlocutory

appeals from orders denying arbitration).

                                      II. DISCUSSION

       By one issue, Appling argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion to

compel arbitration because the clause in the partnership agreement providing for the

removal of the general partner included an agreement to submit that issue to arbitration.

                     A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       A party cannot be required to arbitrate unless it has agreed to do so. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 171.021(a) (Vernon 2005) (requiring a judge to order

arbitration upon finding agreement to arbitrate); Cappadonna Elec. Mgmt. v. Cameron

County, 180 S.W.3d 364, 371 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.) (citing Freis v.

Canales, 877 S.W.2d 283, 284 (Tex. 1994)); see also Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d

580, 593 (Tex. 2008) ("The answers to most questions regarding arbitration flow

inexorably from the fact that arbitration is simply a matter of contract between the

parties."). Thus, a party seeking to compel arbitration must (1) establish the existence of

an arbitration agreement and (2) show that the claims asserted fall within the scope of that

agreement. Cappadonna Elec. Mgmt., 180 S.W.3d at 371. The presumption favoring

arbitration arises only after the party seeking to compel arbitration proves that a valid

arbitration agreement exists. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex.

2003). And for a valid agreement to exist, "[t]he parties' agreement to arbitrate must be

clear. In this determination, Texas contract law applies." Bates v. MTH Homes-Tex.,

L.P., 177 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, orig. proceeding)

(quotations omitted). Once a party establishes the existence of an arbitration agreement

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and that the claim falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement, though, the trial

court must compel arbitration and stay its own proceedings, unless the party opposing

arbitration proves a defense precluding enforcement. See In re C & H News Co., 133

S.W.3d 642, 645 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2003, orig. proceeding).

       Here, we agree with the parties that, although they disagree on the interpretation,

the clause at issue is not ambiguous because it can be given a definite and certain legal

meaning. See Dynegy Midstream Servs., L.P. v. Apache Corp., 294 S.W.3d 164, 168

(Tex. 2009) ("A contract is not ambiguous simply because the parties disagree over its

meaning."); J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 229. ―Construction of an unambiguous

contract is a question of law.‖ MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Util. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d

647, 650 (Tex. 1999). Therefore, whether an enforceable agreement to arbitrate exists

here is a legal question subject to de novo review. Cappadonna Elec. Mgmt., 180

S.W.3d at 371; see In re C & H News Co., 133 S.W.3d at 645.

       In interpreting the clause at issue, "this Court may not expand upon the terms of

the contract or tolerate a liberal interpretation of it by reading into it a voluntary,

consensual agreement to arbitrate when one otherwise does not exist." Bates, 177

S.W.3d at 422 (citing In re ACG Cotton Mktg., L.L.C., 985 S.W.2d 632, 633 (Tex.

App.–Amarillo 1999, orig. proceeding); Escajeda v. Cigna Ins. Co., 934 S.W.2d 402, 407

(Tex. App.–Amarillo 1996, no writ) ("[B]efore a contract can be read as delegating to

third-parties that power [as sole arbiters of reasonableness and necessity of all future

medical expenses], the words evincing the delegation must be express, plain, clear, and

certain."); Seale v. Roy M. Mitchell Contracting Co., 321 S.W.2d 149, 151 (Tex. Civ.

App.–Austin 1959, writ ref'd) (finding "no clear incorporation of the arbitration provisions

                                             5
of the principal contract into the subcontract between" the parties)). Rather, we will

ascertain and give effect to the parties' intentions as expressed in the document. Frost

Nat'l Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 311-12 (Tex. 2005); J.M. Davidson,

Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 229; In re C & H News Co., 133 S.W.3d at 645. Contract terms will

be given their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning, unless the instrument

shows the parties used them in a technical or different sense.         Dynegy Midstream

Servs., L.P., 294 S.W.3d at 168; Heritage Res., Inc. v. Nations Bank, 939 S.W.2d 118,

121 (Tex. 1996).

                                      B. Analysis

       Appling and Turner Management dispute whether the clause at issue creates an

agreement to arbitrate, but they do not dispute the scope of the clause, which governs the

removal of the general partner. Thus, the only issue before us is whether an agreement

to arbitrate exists. Citing Porter & Clements, L.L.P. v. Stone, Appling argues that, even

though the clause at issue does not use the term arbitration, the language of the clause

evidences an intent by the parties to submit the issue of general partner removal to a third

party for binding resolution. See 935 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.]

1996, no writ) (citing McDonnell Douglas Fin. Corp. v. Pa. Power & Light Co., 858 F.2d

825, 830-31 (2nd Cir.1988)). We disagree.

       Arbitration is defined as

              [A] contractual proceeding by which the parties to a controversy or
       dispute, in order to obtain a speedy and inexpensive final disposition of
       matters involved[,] voluntarily select arbitrators or judges of their own
       choice, and by consent[,] submit the controversy to such tribunal for
       determination in substitution for the tribunals provided by the ordinary
       processes of the law.


                                             6
Jack B. Anglin Co., Inc. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 268 (Tex. 1992) (quotations omitted);

see BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 119 (9th ed. 2009) (defining arbitration as a "method of

dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third parties who are usually agreed to by

the disputing parties and whose decision is binding").        Mediation, the only type of

third-party dispute resolution directly referenced in the clause here, is defined as a

"method of nonbinding dispute resolution involving a neutral third party who tries to help

the disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable solution." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY

1070-71.     Looking to the plain language of the contract to ascertain the parties'

intentions, see Dynegy Midstream Servs., L.P., 294 S.W.3d at 168; Frost Nat'l Bank, 165

S.W.3d at 311-12, we cannot conclude that the clause's requirement of a mediator

manifests a plain, clear, and certain intention to submit the partner removal issue to a

third-party for binding and final resolution. See Bates, 177 S.W.3d at 422. Neither does

the clause manifest an intent to submit the issue to a third-party in substitution for the

courts.    See Jack B. Anglin Co., Inc, 842 S.W.2d at 268.          Rather, arbitration and

mediation are fundamentally different methods of dispute resolution, and we believe the

parties' use of the word "mediator" and the absence of any terms indicating that

third-party resolution is mandatory and/or binding is key. See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY

119, 1070-71 (differentiating between the binding versus non-binding natures of

arbitration and mediation, respectively); see also High Valley Homes, Inc. v. Fudge, No.

03-01-00726-CV, 2003 WL 1882261, at *3 (Tex. App.–Austin Apr. 17, 2003, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (holding that an agreement for "mediation" was actually an agreement for

arbitration but only where the terms provided that "controversies arising out of this Project

and this Agreement shall be resolved through mandatory, binding mediation" and the

                                             7
"mediator shall be empowered to decide the controversy and issue a binding award")

(emphasis added)). To interpret the clause otherwise would be reading an agreement to

arbitrate into the partnership agreement when the language used by the parties indicates

another intention—i.e., that they desired to submit the partner removal issue to a

mediator. See Bates, 177 S.W.3d at 422. Appling therefore failed to prove that an

agreement to arbitrate exists, and the trial court did not err in denying Appling's motion to

compel. See Cappadonna Elec. Mgmt., 180 S.W.3d at 371; In re C & H News Co., 133

S.W.3d at 645. Appling's sole issue is overruled.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court's denial of Appling's motion to compel arbitration.



                                                    NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
                                                    Justice

Delivered and filed the 27th
day of January, 2011.




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