                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

VIRGINIA CARAZANI,                                :
                                                  :
               Plaintiff,                         :       Civil Action No.:      12-107 (RC)
                                                  :
               v.                                 :       Re Document No.:       15
                                                  :
EMMA ZEGARRA,                                     :
                                                  :
               Defendant.                         :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                GRANTING THE PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT


                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       The plaintiff, Virginia Carazani, a citizen of Bolivia, entered into a contract with the

defendant, Emma Zegarra, to work as a housekeeper in the United States. The plaintiff alleges

that once she moved to the United States, the defendant reneged on the contract and instead had

the defendant work in her home for almost three years without pay. She now seeks damages

pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), and the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

of 2000 (“TVPA”). 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (2008); 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a) (2008).

       Despite the defendant’s initial cooperation in this case, she has ignored a court-ordered

Motion to Compel, failed to attend a court-ordered status hearing, and has been unresponsive to

discovery requests since the filing of the April 27, 2012 Status Report. In response, the plaintiff

has moved for the Court to enter default judgment against the defendant under Rule 37 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See FED. R. CIV. P. 37.




                                                 1
       Because the defendant has repeatedly failed to comply with court orders or cooperate in

discovery, the Court grants Carazani’s motion for sanctions, and enters default judgment against

Zegarra. The Court awards damages accordingly.



                     II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       For eight years prior to 2006, the plaintiff worked as the defendant’s housekeeper in

Bolivia. Am. Compl. ¶ 14. In 2006, when the defendant accepted a job at the World Bank in the

United States, the plaintiff agreed to accompany her to work as her housekeeper in the United

States. Am. Compl. ¶ 16. Before the parties moved, they signed an employment contract that

stipulated to the following in English and Spanish: (1) the plaintiff would work forty hours, five

days per week as a housekeeper from December 25, 2006 to December 25, 2008; (2) the

defendant would pay the plaintiff either $7.08 per hour or the greater of the minimum wage and

the applicable prevailing wage under U.S. Department of State (“DOS”) guidelines; (3) the

defendant would pay the plaintiff overtime as required by state law; (4) the plaintiff would

receive four holidays, five paid sick days, fifteen paid vacation days; (5) the defendant would

make the plaintiff’s tax payments; and (6) the defendant would provide the plaintiff and her

dependents with meals, lodging, and medical insurance. See generally Pl.’s Supp’l Mot., [Dckt.

#17, Ex. A], (“Contract”).

       The plaintiff worked between sixty-six and seventy-five hours, seven days per week over

the course of three years. Am. Compl. ¶ 41, [Dckt. #13]; Pl.’s Supp’l Wage Calculation, [Dckt.

#18]. In exchange, the defendant paid her the $8.50 necessary to keep her bank account open, a

requirement under World Bank rules. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 39, 41. The plaintiff received no time off

during this period except for four days while she was in the hospital, the expenses for which she

paid with money provided by her family. Id. at ¶¶ 25-26.


                                                 2
       Once the parties arrived in the United States, the defendant took the plaintiff’s passport

and papers and her son’s legal papers, claiming the confiscation was to keep the documents safe.

Id. at ¶ 22. The defendant also informed the plaintiff that she would be paid half of the

contractual salary in order to pay for housing, food, and medical insurance, Pl.’s Supp’l Mot.,

[Dckt. #17, Ex. A], (“Carazani Decl.”) ¶ 43, each of which was guaranteed at no cost to the

plaintiff in the Contract. Contract §§ 8, 9. For the first year, the plaintiff worked 75 hour weeks

from 6:30 AM until 9:00 PM with two short breaks each day. See Carazani Decl. ¶ 39. The

plaintiff and her son lived in the basement, and occasionally the laundry room, of the defendant’s

house. See Carazani Decl. ¶ 41. Initially, the defendant told the plaintiff she would receive her

reduced salary in a savings account. Id. at ¶ 44. Several months after arriving in the United

States, the defendant told the plaintiff that she did not have enough money to pay the salary. Id.

at ¶ 45. Ultimately, the defendant only paid the plaintiff the $8.50 necessary to keep her bank

account open. Am. Compl. ¶ 40-41.

       During her time with the defendant, the plaintiff incurred $35,849.33 in medical expenses

under the belief that they would paid for by the medical insurance stipulated to in the contract.

See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot., [Dckt. #17, Ex. F], (“Medical Expenses”); Am. Compl. ¶ 26; Contract § 9.

Among the larger expenses was a hospital visit by the plaintiff’s son on April 24, 2007, the

plaintiff’s hospitalization for abdominal pain on February 25, 2008, and a second hospitalization

of the plaintiff for an anxiety attack on October 22, 2008. See Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 50, 67, 75;

Medical Expenses.

       While the plaintiff, who only spoke Spanish, stayed with the defendant, the defendant

forbade her to speak to anyone outside of the house. Id. at ¶ 27. The defendant emphasized that

the plaintiff could not tell anyone that she was not being paid. Carazani Decl. ¶ 46. The




                                                  3
defendant also told the plaintiff that the she could listen to the plaintiff’s phone conversations by

using a surveillance device from work. Am. Compl. at ¶ 29.

       In 2008, the defendant failed to renew the plaintiff’s visa, having not paid the plaintiff’s

employment taxes. Id. at ¶ 44. This forced the plaintiff to become an undocumented immigrant,

which she claims increased her dependence on the defendant. Id. Alongside threats of

deportation by the defendant and her daughter, the plaintiff believed that she would be deported

if she did not continue to work for the defendant. Id. at ¶ 30. The plaintiff was ultimately able to

escape from the defendant’s home in 2009 with the assistance of a Good Samaritan and a Federal

Bureau of Investigation agent. Id. at ¶ 5. On January 23, 2012, she filed this action against the

defendant under the FLSA and TVPA. Id. at ¶ 6, 8.

       After the plaintiff agreed to a time extension, the defendant filed an Answer on February

28, 2012. Answer, [Dckt. #6]. On March 28, 2012, the parties participated in an Initial

Scheduling Conference, during which this Court ordered the parties to exchange Initial

Disclosures by April 20, 2012 and file a Status Report by April 27, 2012. Scheduling and

Procedures Order, [Dckt. #9]. Under the Status Report, the defendant agreed to amend pleadings

or join additional parties by May 31, 2012, “exchange initial document requests and

interrogatories” by June 29, 2012, respond to these initial requests by July 26, 2012, exchange

requests for admission by August 20, 2012, exchange disclosures under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 26(a)(2)(B) and (C) by September 6, 2012, respond to requests for admission by

September 20, 2012, complete all depositions and supplements to expert reports by September

20, 2012, and complete all discovery by September 28, 2012. Status Report, [Dckt. #12]; FED. R.

CIV. P. 26(a)(2)(B), (C). The plaintiff served the defendant with the first set of document




                                                  4
requests and interrogatories on June 29, 2012 through U.S. mail and email. Pl.’s Mot. to Compel,

[Dckt. #14, Ex. D], (“Apfel Decl.”) ¶ 6.

       After failing to receive the defendant’s Initial Disclosure or response to discovery

requests by their respective deadlines, the plaintiff’s counsel sent two emails to the defendant

inquiring about the status of her Initial Disclosure on May 7, 2012 and May 15, 2012 and two

emails about the status of the discovery requests on August 3, 2012 and August 7, 2012. See Pl.’s

Mot. to Compel, [Exs. B, E]. On August 9, 2012, the plaintiff’s counsel called the defendant’s

work number. Apfel Decl. ¶ 8. The individual who answered the phone told the counsel that the

defendant “no longer worked at the World Bank” and “was currently out of the country.” Id. The

plaintiff’s counsel then called one of the defendant’s friends at the World Bank, who told her that

the defendant “had left the country and had no intention of returning.” Id. at ¶ 9. The World

Bank Human Resources Department told the plaintiff’s counsel that the defendant “used to work

there.” Id. at ¶ 10. Finally, the plaintiff’s counsel called the defendant’s home number on the

same day and “received a recording that said that the number was no longer in service.” Id. at ¶

11.

       On August 21, 2012, the plaintiff filed a Motion to Compel and for an Immediate Status

Conference. Pl.’s Mot. to Compel. On August 27, 2012, the Court granted the plaintiff’s Motion

in part and ordered a status conference to be held on September 14, 2012. The defendant ignored

the Order by failing to appear at the September 14, 2012 status conference. The Court then

granted the Motion in its entirety on September 14, 2012 and ordered the defendant to produce

Initial Disclosures and Responses to Discovery Requests within one week of the Order. Pl’s Mot.

to Compel. The defendant disregarded this Order by failing to produce either Initial Disclosures

or Responses to Discovery Requests within one week. On November 26, 2012, the Court ordered




                                                 5
the parties to submit a Joint Status Report by December 14, 2012. The defendant disregarded this

order by failing to file a Status Report. Instead, on December 12, 2012 the plaintiff alone filed a

Status Report, indicating her belief that the defendant had fled to Bolivia. Pl.’s Status Report,

[Dckt. #16].



                                          III. ANALYSIS

                            A. Legal Standard for Default Judgment

        Rule 1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure declares that the Rules “should be

construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every

action and proceeding.” FED. R. CIV. P. 1 (emphasis added). In keeping with this admonishment,

default judgment serves as a tool “to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.”

Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., 62 F.3d 1469, 1475 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Link v. Wabash R.R.

Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31 (1962)). Though there is a “strong presumption in favor of

adjudications on the merits,” courts may enter default judgment when the defendant is an

“essentially unresponsive party” whose default is “plainly willful, reflected by its failure to

respond to the summons and complaint, the entry of default, or the motion for default judgment.”

Id.; see also Chafin v. Chafin, 133 S. Ct. 1017, 1025 (2013); H.F. Livermore Corp. v.

Aktiengesellschaft Gebruder Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691 (D.C. Cir. 1970); Hanley-Wood LLC v.

Hanley Wood LLC, 783 F. Supp. 2d 147, 150 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d

831, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). Just as a district court has the authority to dismiss a case in order to

protect its docket against a plaintiff’s “dilatory tactics,” so does it have the authority to enter

default judgment against a defendant who similarly errs. See Keegel v. Key West & Caribbean

Trading Co., 627 F.2d 372, 375 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1980); see also Int’l Painters and Allied Trades

Indus. Pension Fund v. R.W. Amrine Drywall Co., 239 F. Supp. 2d 26, 30 (D.D.C. 2002).


                                                   6
       Under Rule 37, obtaining default judgment is a two-step process. First, the court must

determine whether sanctions are appropriate at all, based on whether a party failed to obey an

order to provide or permit discovery under Rule 26(f), 35, or 37(a), whether a party failed to

provide information or identify a witness under Rule 26(a) or (e), or whether a party failed to

attend its own deposition, serve answers to interrogatories, or respond to a request for inspection.

See FED. R. CIV. P. 37(b)(2)(A); FED. R. CIV. P. 37(c)(1); FED. R. CIV. P. 37(d)(1)(A)(i), (ii); see

also Perez v. Berhanu, 583 F. Supp. 2d 87, 90 (D.D.C. 2008). Second, the court must determine

which type of sanction is appropriate. See FED. R. CIV. P. 37(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vii); FED. R. CIV. P.

37(c)(1)(C); FED. R. CIV. P. 37(d)(1)(3); see also Perez, 583 F. Supp. 2d at 90. Among the

sanctions available under Rule 37, default judgment is the “‘sanction of last resort,’ to be used

only when less onerous methods (for example, adverse evidentiary determinations or other

‘issue-related sanctions’) will be ineffective or obviously futile.” Webb v. District of Columbia,

146 F.3d 964, 971 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting Shea v. Donohoe Construction Co., 795 F.2d 1071,

1075 (D.C. Cir. 1986)). Nevertheless, a court need not exhaust other sanctions, and may enter

default judgment after establishing on the record that “the gravity of an inherent power sanction

corresponds to the misconduct.” Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1479.

       Three basic justifications support the use of default judgment among the Rule 37

sanctions. Webb, 146 F.3d at 971 (D.C. Cir. 1998); Shea, 795 F.2d at 1074-77 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

First, default judgment is justified where the errant party’s behavior “has severely hampered the

other party’s ability to present his case.” Webb, 146 F.3d at 971 (citing Shea, 795 F.2d at 1074

(D.C. Cir. 1986)). Second, it is justified where the errant party’s behavior places “an intolerable

burden on a district court by requiring the court to modify its own docket and operations in order

to accommodate the delay” Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1075 (D.C. Cir. 1986)). Third, it is




                                                  7
justifiable where the errant party’s behavior is “disrespectful to the court” and presents the need

“to deter similar misconduct in the future.” Id. (quoting Shea, 795 F.2d at 1077 (D.C. Cir.

1986)).

          Although default judgment establishes the defaulting party’s liability for every well-

pleaded allegation in the complaint, it does not automatically establish liability in the amount

claimed by the plaintiff. Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., 862 F. Supp. 486, 491 (D.D.C. 1994),

vacated on other grounds, 62 F.3d 1469 (D.C. Cir. 1995); PT (Persero) Merpati Nusantara

Airlines v. Thirdstone Aircraft Leasing Grp., Inc., 246 F.R.D. 17, 18 (D.D.C. 2007). Rather,

“unless the amount of damages is certain, the court makes an independent determination as to the

sum to be awarded.” Adkins v. Teseo, 180 F. Supp. 2d 15, 17 (D.D.C. 2001); see also

Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping Corp., 109 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir.

1997). A court can make this determination through a hearing but need not “if it ensures that

there is a basis for the damages specified in the default judgment.” Embassy of the Fed. Republic

of Nigeria v. Ugwuonye, No. 10-cv-1929 (BJR), 2013 WL 2247465, at *3 (D.D.C. May 22,

2013) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b), (2)); see also Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc., 109

F.3d at 111. One such basis is detailed affidavits or documentary evidence. Flynn v. Mastro

Masonry Contractors, 237 F. Supp. 2d 66, 69 (D.D.C. 2002); Transatlantic Marine Claims

Agency, Inc., 109 F.3d at 111; United Artists Corp. v. Freeman, 605 F.2d 854, 857 (5th Cir.

1979). If there is no hearing, courts can only award damages if the amount claimed is “a

liquidated sum or one capable of mathematical calculation.” United Artists Corp., 605 F.2d at

857; see also Jackson, 636 F.2d at 835; Int’l Painters and Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund,

531 F. Supp. 2d at 57.




                                                   8
     1. The Court Will Grant the Plaintiff’s Motion to Enter Default Judgment Against the

                                              Defendant.

       The plaintiff argues that the defendant’s “pattern of non-compliance” with the Court’s

discovery orders merits sanctions under Rule 37(b)(2). Pl.’s Mot. for Default Judgment at 4,

[Dckt. #15], (citing Webb, 146 F.3d at 971). The plaintiff analogizes the defendant’s failure to

comply with the Court’s March 28, 2012 Order to Produce, failure to attend the court-ordered

September 14, 2012 status conference, and failure to comply with the Court’s August 21, 2012

Order to Compel to cases where courts have entered default judgment against defendants who

disregard similar orders and discovery requests. Id. (citing Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 802

F. Supp. 2d 137, 152 (D.D.C. 2011); Bristol Petrol. Corp. v. Harris, 901 F.2d 165, 165 (D.C.

Cir. 1990); Flynn v. Thibodeaux Masonry, Inc., 311 F. Supp. 2d 30, 37 (D.D.C. 2004); Secs. &

Exch. Comm’n v. Hollywood Trenz, Inc., 202 F.R.D. 3, 7 (D.D.C. 2001); Walls v. Paulson, No.

03 Civ. 0186 (RMU), 2008 WL 2520813, at *1 (D.D.C. June 23, 2008); Tucker v. Dist. of

Columbia, 115 F.R.D. 493, 496-97 (D.D.C. 1987). The defendant has not responded to the

plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment.

       In order to obtain default judgment under Rule 37, courts must first determine whether

sanctions are warranted. See FED. R. CIV. P. 37(b)(2)(A), (c)(1), (d)(1)(A); see also Webb, 146

F.3d at 971. Under Rule 37(b)(2)(A), a court may issue sanctions if a party “fails to obey an

order to provide or permit discovery, including an order under Rule 26(f), 35, or 37(a).” FED. R.

CIV. P. (b)(2)(A); see also Azamar v. Stern, 269 F.R.D. 53, 54-55 (D.D.C. 2010) (finding

sanctions appropriate under Rule 37(b)(2)(A) because the defendant “has repeatedly failed to

respond to plaintiff’s written discovery requests” and “has not attempted to defend his failure in

any manner, despite repeated opportunities to do so”), vacated in part, 275 F.R.D. 1 (D.D.C.




                                                 9
2011) (vacating previous judgment after the defendant ultimately responded to discovery

requests).

       In this case, the defendant has repeatedly failed to obey court orders to provide or permit

discovery, including the March 28, 2012 Scheduling and Procedures Order, the August 27, 2012

Order for Hearing, the September 14, 2012 Order to Compel, and the November 26, 2012 Order

for a Joint Status Report. Accordingly, the Court finds that sanctions are appropriate under Rule

37(b)(2)(A) because the defendant has failed to obey several orders to provide or permit

discovery.

       The plaintiff then argues that among the sanctions available to the Court under Rule

37(b)(2)(A), the Court should enter default judgment against the defendant. Pl.’s Mot. for

Default Judgment at 5. The plaintiff argues that default judgment is justified because the

defendant’s inaction has severely prejudiced the plaintiff’s attempt to seek relief, has

unreasonably delayed resolution of the case, and has demonstrated disrespect for the Court. Id. at

4 (citing Webb, 146 F.3d at 971). The defendant has not responded to the plaintiff’s Motion for

Default Judgment.

       Though default judgment is a “sanction of last resort,” district courts “need not exhaust

other options before . . . imposing a default judgment” Shea, 795 F.2d at 1075; Shepherd, 62

F.3d at 1479. In Webb, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit set out

three justifications that support the use of default judgment as a sanction for misconduct under

Rule 37(b)(2): (1) if the errant party’s behavior “has severely hampered the other party’s ability

to present his case;” (2) if the party’s misconduct has placed “an intolerable burden on a district

court by requiring the court to modify its own docket and operations in order to accommodate

the delay;” and (3) if there is a need “to sanction conduct that is disrespectful to the court and to




                                                  10
deter similar misconduct in the future.” Webb, 146 F.3d at 971 (citing Shea, 795 F.2d at 1074-

77); see also Perez, 583 F. Supp. 2d at 91 (finding default judgment appropriate under the first

and third justifications where the defendants failed to respond to the plaintiff’s written discovery

requests and failed to appear at a deposition); Ugwuonye, 2013 WL 2172117, at *5 (finding

default judgment appropriate under all three justifications where the defendant failed to respond

adequately to interrogatories, failed to produce requested documents, and failed to meet four case

deadlines).

       Following the first Webb justification, the Court notes that the defendant’s

unresponsiveness has severely hampered the plaintiff’s ability to present her case. The plaintiff

has yet to receive the defendant’s responses to the first set of document requests and

interrogatories, which were served on June 29, 2012 and due on July 26, 2012. See Status

Report, [Dckt. #12]. Nor has the plaintiff received the defendant’s Initial Disclosure, which was

due on September 6, 2012. Id. Moreover, the plaintiff’s counsel has been unable to reach the

defendant through telephone, U.S. mail, or email, despite repeated attempts and despite the

parties’ previous communication through the same channels. See Apfel Decl. ¶ 2-12. The

defendant has been utterly unresponsive in this case since submitting the April 27, 2012 Status

Report. Without responding to the plaintiff’s discovery requests or basic attempts at

communication, the defendant has severely hampered the plaintiff’s ability to present her case.

       Second, the defendant’s defiance of Court Orders and discovery obligations has

prolonged this case and has placed a significant burden on the Court. The defendant agreed to

complete all discovery by September 28, 2012, and yet has made no effort to respond to any of

the plaintiff’s discovery requests. See Status Report. The defendant has not responded to the

Court’s August 27, 2012 Order for Hearing, the September 13, 2012 Order to Compel, or the




                                                 11
November 26, 2012 Order to submit a Joint Status Report. Nor has the defendant responded to

the plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment. The Court will no longer allow the case to be

delayed to the defendant’s benefit.

       Third, the defendant’s aforementioned defiance of three Court Orders and discovery

obligations demonstrates disrespect for the Court and a need to deter similar misconduct in the

future. None of the Orders encouraged the defendant to participate in the case, as evinced by her

unresponsiveness throughout. Based on the plaintiff’s counsel’s conversations with two of the

defendant’s co-workers and the bounced service of the Motion for Default Judgment, it appears

that the defendant has left the country. Therefore, further Orders would be unlikely to encourage

participation in the case. Consequently, the Court enters default judgment against the defendant.


     2. The Court Will Make an Independent Determination of Damages without a Hearing.

       The plaintiff next argues that if the defendant is deemed to have admitted every well-

pleaded allegation in the complaint, she is entitled to damages. See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. (citing

Flynn, 237 F. Supp. 2d at 69). In particular, the plaintiff claims lost wages for breach of contract,

medical expenses for breach of contract, liquidated damages under the FLSA, emotional and

punitive damages under the TVPA, punitive damages for fraud and fraudulent inducement under

Virginia state law, and punitive damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress under

Virginia state law. Id. The defendant has denied each of the plaintiff’s allegations but has not

responded to the Supplement to the Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment. See generally

Answer.

       Once default judgment has been entered, the defaulting party is deemed to have admitted

every well-pleaded allegation in the complaint. See Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hughes, 449

F.2d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 1971), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World



                                                 12
Airlines, Inc., 409 U.S. 363 (1973). The court then makes an independent determination of the

damages. Shepherd, 862 F. Supp. at 491. Under Rule 55(b)(2), a court entering default judgment

may conduct hearings or make referrals if it needs to determine the amount of damages. See FED.

R. CIV. P. 55(b)(2)(B); see also Shepherd, 862 F. Supp. at 491. However, a hearing is not

necessary if the court can resolve the damages claims “on the papers alone.” Shepherd, 862 F.

Supp. at 491; see also Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc., 109 F.3d at 111.

       In this case, the plaintiff has provided her employment contract, the prevailing wage

determination policy guidance from the Employment and Training Administration, the prevailing

wage rates for housekeepers from 2006 to 2009 in the Washington, D.C. area at Levels One and

Two, the FLSA minimum wage for that period, a weekly tabulation of the hours the plaintiff

worked, the plaintiff’s medical expenses, the plaintiff’s T-Visa, and Declarations from the

plaintiff and her mental health counselor. See generally Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. for Default Judgment.

The Court can determine damages from these papers alone, and therefore does not require a

hearing.


                          B. Legal Standard for Breach of Contract

       Under the TVPA, victims “may bring a civil action against the perpetrator (or whoever

knowingly benefits, financially or by receiving anything of value from participation in a venture

which that person knew or should have known has engaged in an act in violation of this chapter)

. . . and may recover damages and reasonable attorneys fees.” 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). Violators

must pay “the full amount of the victim’s losses,” which includes “the greater of the gross

income or value to the defendant of the victim’s services or labor or the value of the victim’s

labor as guaranteed under the minimum wage.” 18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(3). Where the salary

provision of a contract is unenforceable, the TVPA adopts the FLSA methodology to calculate



                                                13
damages for forced labor, namely the minimum wage at the time of employment. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 1593(b)(3) (referencing 29 U.S.C. § 201); see also Doe v. Howard, No. 1:11-cv-1105, 2012

WL 3834867, at *6 (E.D. Va. Sept. 4, 2012). However, so long as the salary provision is

enforceable, victims are entitled to recover damages on contract theory alone. See Gurung v.

Malhotra, 851 F. Supp. 2d 583, 590 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).

       While the TVPA creates a federal cause of action for breach of contract, it does not

supply independent rules of decision. See generally 18 U.S.C. § 1593. When federal law does not

supply independent rules of decision, courts are to apply state rules of decision “regardless of the

source from which the cause of action is deemed to have arisen for the purpose of establishing

federal jurisdiction.” A.I. Trade Fin., Inc. v. Petra Int’l Banking Corp., 62 F.3d 1454, 1463 (D.C.

Cir. 1995); see also 19 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 4520 (2d ed.) (“it is the source of the right

sued upon, and not the ground on which federal jurisdiction over the case is founded, which

determines the governing law”) (quoting Maternally Yours, Inc. v. Your Maternity Shop, Inc.,

234 F.2d 538, 541-42 n.1 (2d Cir. 1956)). To determine which state’s law governs, courts are to

apply conflict-of-laws rules of the forum state. See Day & Zimmermann, Inc. v. Challoner, 423

U.S. 3, 4 (1975); see also Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941).

       The District of Columbia applies the substantial interest test as set forth in the

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws to determine which jurisdiction’s law applies in

contracts cases. See Ideal Elec. Sec. Co. v. Int’l Fid. Ins. Co., 129 F.3d 143, 148 (D.C. Cir. 1997)

(citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 188 (1971)); Jaffe v. Pallotta

Teamworks, 374 F.3d 1223, 1227 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Under the substantial interest test, courts are

to balance the competing interests of two jurisdictions and apply the law of the jurisdiction with

the more significant interest. Id.




                                                 14
       1. The Court Will Apply Virginia Law to the Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract Claims.

       As a preliminary matter, neither party presents an argument over which jurisdiction’s law

supports and substantiates damages for the breach of contract. See generally Am. Compl.; see

Answer; see Pl.’s Mot. for Default Judgment; see Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. The plaintiff briefly raises

the issue by claiming overtime wages under federal law “because the Commonwealth of Virginia

does not have its own overtime laws.” Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 2. The defendant has not addressed

the issue at all. See generally Answer.

       In order to determine which jurisdiction’s law to follow, courts sitting in the District of

Columbia “balance the competing interests of the two jurisdictions, and apply the law of the

jurisdiction with the more ‘substantial interest’ in the resolution of the issue.” Jaffe, 374 F. 3d at

402 (quoting Lamphier v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 524 A.2d 729, 731 (D.C. 1987). To do this,

courts are to consider (1) the place of contracting; (2) the place where the contract was

negotiated; (3) the place of performance; (4) the location of the subject matter of the contract;

and (5) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the

parties. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 188; see also Ideal Elec. Sec. Co., 129

F.3d at 148.


       In this case, while the parties assented to the contract in Bolivia, they contemplated that it

would be performed in the defendant’s Virginia home. See Am. Compl. ¶ 16; see also Contract §

1, 2. Indeed, the contract was performed in Virginia and both parties lived in Virginia for its

duration. See Am. Compl. ¶ 21; see also Carazani Decl. ¶ 2, 4, 15. Therefore, the Court applies

Virginia contract law to the instant matter.




                                                  15
            2. The Court Will Award $71,914.94 in Damages for Breach of Contract.

       The plaintiff claims $128,247.95 in unpaid wages for breach of contract. See Pl.’s Supp’l

Mot. at 1-4. This larger figure is comprised of several smaller figures: accumulated wages for the

period of the contract, overtime wages, withheld holiday and vacation days, and accumulated

wages for the period the plaintiff worked after the Contract expired. Id. at 3.

       The first issue among the smaller figures is the OES wage level at which the parties

contracted. The plaintiff supports the accumulated wages figure by pointing to the Contract,

which stipulates that the defendant was to pay the plaintiff the greater of $7.08 per hour or the

prevailing wage under DOS guidelines. Id. at 1 (citing Contract § 5). The plaintiff contends that

she is entitled to the prevailing wages of a Level Two Housekeeper because she meets the

definition of “qualified employees who have attained, either through education or experience, a

good understanding of the occupation,” having worked for eleven years as the defendant’s

housekeeper with sole responsibility for household chores. Id. at 2 (citing Pl.’s Supp’l Mot.,

[Dckt. #17, Ex. C], (“Prevailing Wage Guidance”)). She distinguishes her responsibilities with

those of Level One Housekeepers, who are defined as “beginning level employees who have

only a basic understanding of the occupation.” Id. (citing Prevailing Wage Guidance).


       Under Virginia law, “the parties’ contract becomes the law governing the case unless it is

repugnant to some rule of law or public policy.” Palmer & Palmer Co. v. Waterfront Marine

Constr., Inc., 276 Va. 285, 289 (2008); Winn v. Aleda Constr. Co., 227 Va. 304, 307 (1984). It is

not contrary to public policy for a trafficking victim to enforce the terms of the contract under

the TVPA, which creates a cause of action for “lost income.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(3); see

also Gurung, 851 F. Supp. 2d at 590 (holding that the trafficking victim could recover lost

income under the terms of the contract).



                                                 16
       Under the Contract, the plaintiff was to work forty hours per week from December 25,

2006 to December 25, 2008 for $7.08 per hour or “the greater of the minimum wage and the

applicable prevailing wage under U.S. State Department guidelines.” Contract §§ 1(b), 3, 5.

Under DOS guidelines, the prevailing wage for domestic workers is measured using wage data

collected under the Occupational Employment Statistics (“OES”) Program. See DOS Cable, 05-

State-00141634 (Aug. 8, 2005); 20 C.F.R. § 656.40 (2009). OES divides the prevailing wage for

each profession into four levels “commensurate with experience, education, and level of

supervision” and to be determined by “the particulars of the job offer.” Prevailing Wage

Guidance at 6.

       Though the Contract clearly states that the plaintiff was to receive a starting salary of

$7.08 per hour and that her wages would rise with the greater of the minimum wage and the

prevailing wage, it is silent as to the wage level at which the plaintiff was hired. See generally

Contract. Under Virginia law, “the guiding light in the construction of a contract is the intention

of the parties as expressed by them in the words they have used, and courts are bound to say that

the parties intended what the written instrument plainly declares.” Palmer & Palmer Co., 276

Va. at 289. When interpreting a contract, “no word or clause will be treated as meaningless if a

reasonable meaning can be given to it.” Winn, 227 Va. at 307.

       In this case, the Contract was the job offer. See Carazani Decl. at ¶¶ 29, 30. The Contract

stipulated that the plaintiff would be paid $7.08 per hour and identified that amount as the

prevailing wage as of July 13, 2005. Contract § 5. On July 13, 2005, the prevailing wage for

Level One housekeepers in the Washington, D.C. area was precisely $7.08. Maids and

Housekeeping Cleaners Prevailing Wage, FOREIGN LABOR CERTIFICATION DATA CENTER

ONLINE WAGE LIBRARY, http://www.flcdatacenter.com (last updated July 1, 2012). By contrast,




                                                 17
the prevailing wage for Levels Two, Three, and Four were $8.23, $9.38, and $10.53 respectively.

Id. Though the Contract does not specifically state that the plaintiff was hired as a Level One

housekeeper, that the job-offer wage was the same as the Level One prevailing wage and that the

parties contracted under the OES guidelines indicates their intention for the plaintiff’s wages to

be adjusted according to the Level One prevailing wage. See Contract § 5. Therefore, the Court

finds that the plaintiff’s prevailing wage should be calculated according to Level One maids and

housekeeping cleaners in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area.

        The plaintiff worked full workweeks each week for the duration of the contractual

period. See generally Pl.’s Supp’l Wage Calculation; Contract § 1(b). In exchange, the defendant

paid the plaintiff a total of $8.50. See Am. Compl. ¶ 41. Therefore, the Court awards lost wages

at the Level One prevailing wage for the 104 weeks the plaintiff worked under the Contract

minus the $8.50 already paid, amounting to $32,982.30.

       The second issue is the rate at which the plaintiff may collect unpaid overtime wages.

The plaintiff claims that because the Contract stipulated that she would be paid overtime as

required by state law and “because the Commonwealth of Virginia does not have its own

overtime laws, Federal overtime law applies.” Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). The defendant

has not responded to the plaintiff’s overtime claims other than to deny them. See Answer ¶ 70.

       The Contract stipulated that “work in excess of 40 hours per week must be paid as

required by state law.” Contract § 6. However, the Commonwealth of Virginia has no

compensation scheme for overtime work. See Rogers v. City of Richmond, 851 F. Supp. 2d 983,

989 (E.D. Va. 2012) (citation omitted) (observing that “Virginia law does not contain a clear,

definite, enumerated standard of a maximum workweek”). Nevertheless, the FLSA establishes “a

national floor” over which domestic workers must be compensated at least 1.5 times the “regular




                                                18
rate at which he is employed” for working in excess of the maximum workweek. Pac. Merch.

Shipping Ass’n v. Aubry, 918 F.2d 1409, 1425 (9th Cir. 1990); 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1), (l). Courts

must construe the FLSA “liberally to apply to the furthest reaches consistent with congressional

direction.” Mitchell v. Lublin, McGaughy & Assocs., 358 U.S. 207, 211 (1959). Despite

Virginia’s lack of overtime compensation, the law of the Commonwealth does not impede the

FLSA’s purpose “to protect all covered workers from substandard wages and oppressive working

hours.” See Shaliehsabou v. Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, Inc., 363 F.3d 299, 304 (4th

Cir. 2004).

       The regular rate at which the plaintiff was employed was the prevailing wage for Level

One maids and housekeepers in the Washington, D.C. region, ranging form $7.39 per hour in

December 2006 to $8.41 per hour in December 2008. See generally Pl.’s Supp’l Wage

Calculation. The plaintiff worked 3,312 hours in excess of a forty hour workweek over the

course of the contractual period. Id. The defendant did not provide the plaintiff with any

compensation for her overtime work. See Am. Compl. ¶ 40. Adjusting to the prevailing wage for

each week during the contractual period and multiplying by the FLSA 1.5 premium

compensation rate, the Court awards $38,615.40 in unpaid overtime to the plaintiff. See 29

U.S.C. § 207(a)(1).

       The third issue is the amount the plaintiff may recover for withheld holiday and vacation

days. The plaintiff claims that because she received neither the four paid holidays per year nor

the fifteen paid vacation days per year as stipulated to in the Contract, she is entitled to $14.04

for each unpaid day. See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 3. This figure is calculated by multiplying the

three-year arithmetic average of the Level Two prevailing wage by 1.5. Id. The plaintiff claims

that 1.5 is an appropriate factor because she never worked fewer than forty hours per week, and




                                                 19
the FLSA guarantees 1.5 times the regular wage for overtime work. See id. The defendant has

not responded to the plaintiff’s argument for restitution of unpaid wages other than to deny it in

her Answer. See Answer ¶ 70.

        The Contract stipulates that the plaintiff was to receive four paid holidays, five paid sick

days, and fifteen paid vacation days per year.1 Contract § 4. However, it is silent on how or

whether the plaintiff would be compensated if she worked nevertheless during those days. See id.

Under the FLSA, employees who work on holidays are to be compensated “not less than one and

one-half times the rate established in good faith for like work performed in nonovertime hours on

other days.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(6). By contrast, the FLSA does not provide “premium

compensation” for sick days or vacation days. See generally, 29 U.S.C. § 207; Scott v. City of

New York, No. 02 Civ. 9530(SAS), 2008 WL 5099952, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2008) (observing

that while the FLSA “implies a legislative assumption that all employees will have a five-day

workweek and will not work on holidays . . . there is no similar assumption that employees will

receive paid vacations”).

        The plaintiff worked over forty hours per week for the length of the Contract except for

four days she spent in the hospital in February 2008. See Am. Compl. ¶ 21; see also Carazani

Decl. ¶¶ 40, 67. The Contract stipulated that the plaintiff would receive four paid holidays.

Contract § 4. Nevertheless, the plaintiff received no time off for holidays. See Carazani Decl. ¶

40. Therefore, the Court awards the plaintiff four days compensation at 1.5 times the average

prevailing wage for each year of the Contract, amounting to $95.20. See 29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(6);

Contract at § 4. Similarly, the Contract stipulated that the plaintiff would receive fifteen paid

vacation days. Contract § 4. Nevertheless, the plaintiff received no time off for vacation. See

1
 Though the English version of the Contract is silent on whether the plaintiff would receive paid
holidays, the Spanish version stipulates that the plaintiff would receive paid holidays. See Spanish
Contract § 4.


                                                    20
Carazani Decl. ¶ 40. As the FLSA does not provide premium compensation for vacation days,

the Court awards the plaintiff fourteen days compensation at a rate equal to the average

prevailing wage for each year of the Contract, amounting to $222.04. See generally 29 U.S.C. §

207; Contract § 4.

       The fourth issue is the amount the plaintiff may recover in medical expenses. The

plaintiff claims that she is owed $3,731.26 for medical expenses, an amount calculated by

subtracting her total medical expenses by donations and the amount forgiven by healthcare

providers. See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 4. She supports this figure by arguing that the defendant

breached the Contract’s provision requiring the employer to provide medical insurance for the

employee. See id. (citing Contract § 9). The plaintiff claims that the defendant’s breach of

contract prevented the medical expenses she incurred during the period of the contract from

being covered by insurance. See id. (citing Medical Expenses). The defendant does not respond

to the plaintiff’s medical expenses breach of contract claim other than to deny that she failed to

provide medical insurance. See Answer ¶ 69.

       The Contract stipulates that “[t]he Employer is required to provide medical insurance for

the Employee at no cost to the Employee.” Contract § 9. Under the Restatement (Second) of

Contracts, “[a] promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action or

forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action or

forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise.”

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 90. However, the Supreme Court of Virginia

summarily rejected section 90 and the doctrine of promissory estoppel in a trio of cases. See W.J.

Schafer Assoc., Inc. v. Cordant Inc. 254 Va. 514, 516 (1997); Va. Sch. of the Arts, Inc. v.

Eichelbaum, 254 Va. 373, 377 (1997); Ward’s Equip., Inc. v. New Holland N. Am., Inc., 254 Va.




                                                21
379, 385 (1997). Moreover, an individual may not recover for damages that result from a

promise to provide insurance. See Nat’l Bank of Fredericksburg v. Va. Farm Bureau Fire and

Cas. Ins. Co., 269 Va. 148, 152 n.1 (2005). Virginia has refused to make an exception for

employment contracts; employees are also barred from recovery under a theory of promissory

estoppel, though they may recover outside the contract under a theory of quantum meruit. See

Mongold v. Woods, 278 Va. 196, 202-03 (2009).

       The defendant may have reasonably expected to induce medical expenses when she

promised to provide the plaintiff with medical insurance. However, under Virginia law, the

plaintiff may not recover medical expenses she incurred while relying on the defendant’s

promise to provide insurance. See Nat’l Bank of Fredericksburg, 269 Va. at 152 n.1. Such a

theory is contrary to Virginia’s rejection of promissory estoppel. See W.J. Shafer Assoc., Inc.,

254 Va. at 516 n.1; Mongold, 278 Va. at 202-03. Therefore, the Court awards no damages for the

plaintiff’s medical expenses under a theory of promissory estoppel.2

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court awards $71,914.94 in damages for breach of

contract.


                            C. Legal Standard for Quantum Meruit

       Under the TVPA, the order of restitution “shall direct the defendant to pay the victim . . .

the full amount of the victim’s losses, which “include the greater of the gross income or value to

the defendant of the victim’s services or labor or the value of the victim’s labor as guaranteed

under the minimum wage and overtime guarantees of the Fair Labor Standards Act.” 18 U.S.C. §

1593(b)(1), (3). Where federal law does not supply independent rules of decision, courts are to

apply state rules of decision “regardless of the source from which the cause of action is deemed

2
 Instead, the Court awards damages for the plaintiff’s medical expenses under a theory of quantum
meruit. See infra pp. 25-26.


                                                  22
to have arisen for the purpose of establishing federal jurisdiction.” A.I. Trade Fin., Inc., 62 F.3d

at 1463.

       Under Virginia law, a plaintiff may seek restitution under a theory of quantum meruit,

which is “based upon an implied contract to pay the reasonable value of services rendered.”

Mongold, 278 Va. at 203; see also Sunrise Continuing Care, LLC v. Wright, 277 Va. 148, 152

(2009); Marine Dev. Corp. v. Rodak, 225 Va. 137, 140 (1983) (holding that it is “a general rule

of law that he who gains the labor . . . of another must make reasonable compensation for the

same.”) (citing Hendrickson v. Meredith, 161 Va. 193, 198 (1933)). Quantum meruit recovery is

not based on contract law, but rather a “contract implied in law,” established by principles of

equity “to avoid unjust enrichment.” See Po River Water & Sewer Co. v. Indian Acres Club of

Thornburg, Inc., 255 Va. 108, 114 (1998). An individual’s liability “is based on an implication

of law that arises from the facts and circumstances presented, independent of agreement or

presumed intention.” Id. That the agreed-upon price or form of compensation is “too indefinite”

does not impede a quantum meruit recovery. Marine Dev. Corp., 225 Va. at 141 (quoting

Brakensiek v. Shaffer, 203 Kan. 817, 822 (1969)).

                  D. The Court Will Award $37,926.34 in Quantum Meruit.

       The plaintiff claims damages based entirely on the Contract itself, including for services

provided after the contractual period ended on December 25, 2008. See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 3;

see also Contract § 1(b). She also alleges unjust enrichment for “rendered services as a live-in

domestic servant . . . with the expectation that she would be fairly compensated for such

services.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 74-79. The defendant has not responded to the plaintiff’s unjust

enrichment argument, other than to deny it. See Answer ¶¶ 74-79.




                                                 23
       The TVPA creates a cause of action of restitution for the “greater of the gross income or

value to the defendant of the victim’s services.” 18 U.S.C. 1593(b)(3). Because the TVPA

creates a cause of action in quantum meruit but no independent rules of decision, A.I. Trade Fin.,

Inc., 62 F.3d at 1463, and for the aforementioned choice-of-law analysis, see infra pp. 15-16, the

Court applies Virginia law to the instant case. Virginia law “requires one who accepts and

receives the services of another to make reasonable compensation for those services.” Po River

Water and Sewer Co., 255 Va. at 114; see also Va. Fin. Assocs., Inc. v. ITT Hartford Grp., Inc.,

266 Va. 177, 182 (2003); Mongold, 278 Va. at 205. In order to award a quantum meruit

recovery, “the court must conclude that there is no enforceable express contract between the

parties covering the same subject matter.” Mongold, 278 Va. at 204. In cases where there is an

employment contract and where the employee works longer than the terms of the contract, the

employee may recover at the contract rate so long as there is “no evidence to suggest that the

same rate was unreasonably high for his additional, uncompensated work.” See id. at 205. Wage

rates that are no higher than the rate upon which the parties agreed are “reasonable

compensation,” as are rates that fluctuate with the prevailing wage. See id.

       In this case, the Contract expired on December 25, 2008 along with the plaintiff’s visa.

See Contract § 1(b); Am. Compl. ¶ 44. Despite the expiration of the Contract, the defendant

continued to accept the defendant’s services as a housekeeper and nanny until she escaped on

December 11, 2009. See Carazani Decl. ¶ 15, 92; Am. Compl. ¶ 5; Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 3. While

out of contract, the plaintiff worked 66 hours per week for 49 weeks. Pl.’s Supp’l Wage

Calculation. Because the plaintiff continued to provide the same services to the defendant after

the Contract expired, the Court awards damages in quantum meruit at a rate equal to the breach




                                                24
of contract damages: $16,730.92 for regular hours, $17,296.16 for overtime, $50.40 for unpaid

holidays, and $117.60 for unpaid vacation days, amounting to a total of $34,195.08.

       In addition to wages, the plaintiff provided services with the expectation that she would

be compensated with medical insurance for her dependents and her. See Contract § 9; Carazani

Decl. ¶¶ 10, 33, 52. Following this expectation, the plaintiff incurred $35,849.33 in medical

expenses ranging from hospital visits to a pair of eyeglasses for her son. See Am. Compl. ¶ 75;

see generally Medical Expenses. The plaintiff either paid or continues to owe $3,731.26 of these

expenses. Id. While she may not recover for such expenses under a theory of promissory

estoppel, she may recover under a theory of quantum meruit so long as recovery does not

contravene an express contract. See Mongold, 278 Va. at 204-05. In this case, there was no

express contract with respect to compensation for the plaintiff’s medical expenses; the Contract

stipulates that the defendant “is required to provide medical insurance for the Employee at no

cost to the Employee,” though it specifies neither the type of medical insurance nor how the

plaintiff should be compensated in the event the defendant provides no insurance. See Contract §

9. Despite the lack of an express contract, the defendant promised medical insurance, id., knew

the plaintiff felt an obligation to pay her medical bills, Carazani Decl. ¶ 58, and told the plaintiff

that she would “look into” providing insurance as the plaintiff incurred medical expenses. Id. ¶

70. The defendant benefited from this representation by receiving the defendant’s services

around the clock for nearly three years. Am. Comp. ¶¶ 2, 21, 24-25; Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 6, 38-40,

45, 53; Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 3; Pl.’s Supp’l Wage Calculation. Therefore, the “reasonable value of

the services” the plaintiff rendered on the defendant, see Va. Fin. Assocs., Inc., 266 Va. at 183,

includes her medical expenses in addition to the value of her wages under the Contract.




                                                  25
Accordingly, the Court awards the $3,731.26 the plaintiff owes for incurred medical expenses.

See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 4.

                           E. Legal Standard for Liquidated Damages

        Under the FLSA, any employer who violates §§ 206 or 207 may be liable to the affected

employee “in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or unpaid overtime compensation, as

the case may be, and an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).3

The purpose of the liquidated damages provision “is not penal in nature but constitutes

compensation for the retention of a workman’s pay which might result in damages too obscure

and difficult of proof for estimate.” Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 707 (1945). The

FLSA liquidated damages provision applies to restitution awards under the TVPA. See United

States v. Sabhnani, 599 F.3d 215, 259 (2d Cir. 2010) (finding that “statutory provisions other

than §§ 206 and 207 are relevant in determining what FLSA’s ‘minimum wage and overtime

guarantees’ are”); Doe, 2012 WL 3834867, at *6. Under the FLSA, liquidated damages must be

awarded unless the defendant “shows to the satisfaction of the court that it acted in good faith

and had reasonable grounds for believing that its acts did not violate the FLSA.” D’Camera v.

Dist. of Columbia, 722 F. Supp. 799, 800 (D.C. Cir. 1989).

                F. The Court Will Award $102,606.21 in Liquidated Damages.

        The plaintiff claims $102,606.21 in liquidated damages under the FLSA. Pl.’s Supp’l

Mot. at 4. The plaintiff believes her employment relationship with the defendant brings her

within the ambit of the FLSA. See Am. Compl. ¶ 61. Additionally, the plaintiff contends that the

defendant violated § 206 by failing to pay any wages and that she violated § 207 by failing to


3
  Under § 206, an employer shall pay employees in domestic service a minimum of $7.25 per hour. 29
U.S.C. §§ 206(a)(1)(C), (f). Under § 207, an employer shall not employ an individual in domestic service
for a workweek longer than forty hours without paying overtime compensation. 29 U.S.C. §§ 207(a)(1),
(l).


                                                   26
pay overtime compensation. See Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 5 (citing Am. Compl. §§ 62-65; Carazani

Decl. ¶¶ 44-46, 53-54, 64, 89-92). Moreover, the plaintiff argues that under the FLSA, the

overtime compensation rate is part of the liquidated damages calculation, along with minimum

wages for regular hours. See id. at 5 n.5. The plaintiff argues that because the defendant

“willfully, intentionally, and without good faith” violated §§ 206 and 207, the defendant owes

her $102,606.21 in liquidated damages.

       The FLSA states that an employer who violates §§ 206 or 207 of the Act may be liable

for liquidated damages equal to unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation. 29

U.S.C. § 216(b). An employer violates § 206 by failing to pay an employee in domestic service

$7.25 per hour. 29 U.S.C. §§ 206(a)(1)(C), (f). An employer violates § 207 by failing to pay an

employee in domestic service overtime compensation for work in excess of forty hours per week.

29 U.S.C. §§ 207(a)(1), (l). FLSA liquidated damages must be awarded unless the employer

demonstrates that he acted in good faith and had “reasonable grounds” for believing that its acts

did not violate the FLSA. D’Camera, 722 F. Supp. at 800.

       In this case, the Court has deemed the defendant to have admitted every well-pleaded

allegation in the complaint by entering default judgment. The defendant has effectively admitted

that she “willingly failed to pay Ms. Carazani statutory minimum wages—or any wages—in

violation of 29 U.S.C. § 206(a),” and thereby has failed to demonstrate any good faith. See Am.

Compl. ¶ 62. The defendant also violated § 207 by failing to pay the plaintiff overtime

compensation despite the 4,586 hours the plaintiff worked in overtime. See 29 U.S.C. 207(a)(1);

Am. Compl. §§ 62-65; Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 44-46, 53-54, 64, 89-92. Therefore, the Court awards

liquidated damages equal to unpaid minimum wages and unpaid overtime compensation for the

period that the plaintiff worked for the defendant, amounting to $102,606.21.




                                                27
                      G. Legal Standard for Emotional Distress Damages

       The TVPA recognizes emotional distress damages as a “form of compensatory damages.”

See Francisco v. Susano, No. 12-1376, 2013 WL 2302691, at *6 (10th Cir. May 28, 2013)

(unpublished); see also Doe, 2012 WL 3834867, at *2; Mazengo v. Mzengi, No. 07-756

(RMC)(AK), 2007 WL 8026882, at *7 (D.D.C. Dec. 20, 2007); Gurung, 851 F. Supp. 2d at 594.

Under the TVPA, “the order of restitution shall direct the defendant to pay the victim . . . the full

amount of the victim’s losses,” which include “medical services relating to physical, psychiatric,

or psychological care; . . . physical and occupational therapy or rehabilitation; . . . and any other

losses suffered by the victim as a proximate result of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(1); 18

U.S.C. § 2259(b)(3). To determine emotional distress damages, courts are to examine “the

duration and intensity of the emotional distress.” Mazengo, 2007 WL 8026882, at *7. Courts also

look to other awards in similar cases “to ensure that the award is within a reasonable range.”

Doe, 2012 WL 3834867, at *2; see also Shukla v. Sharma, No. 07-CV-2972 (CBA)(CLP), 2012

WL 481796, at *14 (E.D.N.Y. Feb, 14, 2012); Curry v. District of Columbia, 195 F.3d 654, 663

(D.C. Cir. 1999) (holding that an award for emotional distress is “grossly excessive” if it is “so

inordinately large as obviously to exceed the maximum limit of a reasonable range within which

the jury may operate.”

             H. The Court Will Award $433,200 in Emotional Distress Damages.

       The plaintiff claims $433,200 in emotional distress damages under the TVPA. Pl.’s

Supp’l Mot. at 5. The plaintiff alleges that by trafficking her, forcing her into involuntary labor,

isolating her from other human beings, restricting her communication, and psychologically

abusing her, the defendant “traumatized, depressed, and even drove Plaintiff to consider suicide.”

Id. at 7. The plaintiff argues that this “extreme emotional distress” was the “proximate result” of




                                                  28
the defendant actions, and that she is therefore entitled to emotional distress damages under the

TVPA. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 93-94. To calculate damages, the plaintiff claims $400 for each day

of forced labor, which “falls below the actually awarded range of emotional damages for

trafficking victims held to forced labor.” Pl.’s Supp. Mot. at 7. The defendant has not responded

to the plaintiff’s emotional distress argument other than to deny it. See Answer ¶¶ 91-95.

       Under the TVPA, a plaintiff may recover emotional distress damages for losses suffered

that are the “proximate result of the offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 2259(b)(3); Doe, 2012 WL

3834867, at *2. To measure the extent of damages, courts consider “all relevant circumstances . .

. , including sex, age, condition in life and any other fact indicating susceptibility of the injured

person to [the] type of harm.” Mazengo, 2007 WL 8026882, at *7 (quoting RESTATEMENT

(SECOND) OF TORTS § 905 (1979)). Among these circumstances, courts consider false promises

to provide a salary, health insurance, vacation time and a safe place to live and work. See Doe,

2012 WL 3834867, at *4. Additionally, courts determine if the award is “within a reasonable

range” by looking to similar awards for trafficking victims. See Mazengo, 2007 WL 8026882, at

*7. The Doe court observed that in recent cases, “[c]ourts have ordered or affirmed emotional

distress damages relating to forced domestic labor of trafficking victims ranging from $415 to

$800 for each day of forced labor.” Doe, 2012 WL 3834867, at *9; but see Mazengo, 2007 WL

8026882, at *7 (awarding approximately $171 in emotional distress damages for each day of

forced labor).

       As a result of the Court entering default judgment against the defendant, the defendant

has effectively admitted the plaintiff’s TVPA, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and

intentional infliction of emotional distress claims. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45-51, 91-102.




                                                  29
       First, the Court orders restitution to pay for the victim’s “medical services relating to

physical, psychiatric, or psychological care” and “physical and occupational therapy or

rehabilitation” that were the proximate cause of the defendant’s actions. See 18 U.S.C. §

2259(b)(3). On October 22, 2008, the plaintiff visited the hospital after suffering an anxiety

attack, incurring $2,249.00. See Carazani Decl. ¶ 75; Medical Expenses.

       In addition to concrete medical expenses, the plaintiff has suffered several “other losses”

that were the “proximate result of the offense.” See 18 U.S.C. § 2259(b)(3). The plaintiff spoke

no English upon coming to the United States and relied on the defendant for her employment,

meals and lodging, and medical insurance. See Am. Compl. § 27; Contract §§ 2, 8, 9. The

defendant forbade the plaintiff to talk to neighbors, led her to believe the telephone was tapped,

and failed to renew her visa in 2008 (thereby rendering the plaintiff an undocumented

immigrant). See Am. Compl. § 44; Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 7,8. When the plaintiff asked the defendant

about her unpaid wages, the defendant would yell at her, call her a “failure,” and “throw things

around the house.” Carazani Decl. ¶ 49. As a result of this experience, Carazani exhibited

symptoms of dissociation, hyperarousal, mood dysregulation, and changes in neurovegetative

indicators, such as sleep, appetite, and concentration. Pl.’s Supp’l Mot., [Dckt. #17, Ex. H],

(“Sandoval-Moshenberg Aff.”). The plaintiff at one point considered suicide. Carazani Decl. ¶

105. Based on these symptoms, a mental health counselor diagnosed the plaintiff with post-

traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Sandoval-Moshenberg Aff. ¶ 4.

       To determine the size of the award, the Court looks to similar awards for trafficking

victims. Several cases bear similarity to the instant case, though many involve circumstances

even more egregious than those at bar. In Doe, the court awarded $500 for each day of forced

labor, though the defendant was subjected to extensive sexual abuse in addition to forced labor.




                                                30
Likewise, in Gurung, the court awarded $410 for each day of forced labor, though the plaintiff

was forced to give the defendant daily massages, which made her “extremely uncomfortable.”

Gurung, 851 F. Supp. 2d at 588. In Mazengo, where the plaintiff was subjected to forced labor

but not sexual abuse, the court awarded approximately $171 in compensatory emotional distress

damages for each day of forced labor. Mazengo, 2007 WL 8026882, at *7. Based on the range of

awards, the Court finds $400 for each day of forced labor reasonable, and therefore awards

$433,200 in compensatory damages for emotional distress.

                            I. Legal Standard for Punitive Damages

       In tort cases, punitive damages are “awarded against a person to punish him for his

outrageous conduct and to deter him and others like him from similar conduct in the future.”

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 908 (1979); see also Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554

U.S. 471, 505 (2008). Courts may award punitive damages irrespective of the defendant’s prior

criminal conviction for the same conduct. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 908 cmt. a; State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 428 (2003) (holding that punitive damages

“are not a substitute for the criminal process”). In fact, punitive damages are appropriate for

“conduct involving some element of outrage similar to that usually found in crime.”

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 908 cmt. b; see also Exxon Shipping Co., 554 U.S. at 504-

05.

       Under the TVPA, victims may bring a civil action against the perpetrator and “may

recover damages and reasonable attorneys fees.” 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). Where federal statutes

sounding in tort are silent on the availability of punitive damage, courts look to common law

principles to determine the scope of remedies. See Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 34 (1983); Carey

v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 257-58 (1978). The U.S. Supreme Court has long recognized the




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availability of punitive damages for actions based in tort under common law. See Barry v.

Edmunds, 116 U.S. 550, 562 (1886); Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend, 557 U.S. 404, 409

(2009). In enacting the TVPA and creating a cause of action against human trafficking, conduct

that “obviously meets the common law standards for award of punitive damages because it is

both intentional and outrageous,” Congress created an action that sounded in tort. Ditullio v.

Boehm, 662 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2011). Punitive damages are therefore available under the

TVPA. See Ditullio, 662 F.3d at 1096; Francisco, 2013 WL 2302691, at *5 (agreeing with “the

only other circuit to address the matter”); Doe, 2012 WL 3834867, at *4; Yousuf v. Samantar,

No. 1:04cv1360 (LMB/JFA), 2012 WL 3730617, at *14 (E.D. Va. Aug. 28, 2012); Canal v.

Dann, No. 09-03366 CW, 2010 WL 3491136, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 2, 2010).

                 J. The Court Will Award $543,041.28 in Punitive Damages.

       The plaintiff claims $565,179.21 in punitive damages, an amount equal to that the

plaintiff claims in compensatory damages. Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 6-7 (citing Shukla, 2012 WL

481796, at *16). The plaintiff argues that punitive damages should be based on “the degree of

reprehensibility of the defendant’s conduct,” further noting that she was “victim of a severe form

of trafficking” and suffered “physical and mental injury, economic loss, and emotional distress”

as a result of her experience.” Id. (citing BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 575

(1996)); see also 8 C.F.R. § 214.11 (2009); Pl.’s Supp’l Mot., [Dckt. #17, Ex. G], (“T-Visa”);

Am. Compl. ¶ 56. The defendant has not responded to the plaintiff’s punitive damages claim

other than to deny it. See Answer ¶¶ 80-102.

       Punitive damages are available under the TVPA. Ditullio, 662 F.3d at 1096; Francisco,

2013 WL 2302691, at *5. In determining punitive damages, “the most important indicium of the

reasonableness of a punitive damages award is the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s




                                                32
conduct.” Gore, 517 U.S. at 575. Courts must consider whether “the harm was physical rather

than economic; the tortious conduct evinced an indifference to or a reckless disregard of the

health or safety of others; the conduct involved repeated actions or was an isolated incident; and

the harm resulted from intentional malice, trickery, or deceit or mere accident.” Campbell, 538

U.S. at 409 (citing Gore, 517 U.S. at 576-77). Courts must also consider the amount awarded in

compensatory damages. Hutchinson v. Stuckey, 952 F.2d 1418, 1421 (D.C. Cir. 1992); Shukla,

2012 WL 481796, at *16 (awarding a 1:1 ratio of compensatory to punitive damages for a TVPA

defendant of “modest means”). In keeping with its deterrence purpose, an award of punitive

damages must be limited by the erring party’s ability to pay. Hutchinson, 952 F.2d at 1423 n.4.

However, the erring party has the burden to demonstrate that her financial circumstances warrant

such a limitation. Id.

       In this case, the crime of forced labor and trafficking is particularly depraved. The harm

was physical and involved a reckless disregard for the health of the plaintiff. The defendant

accepted the plaintiff’s services around the clock, seven days per week for nearly three years and

paid her a total of $8.50. See Am. Comp. ¶¶ 2, 21, 24-25; Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 6, 38-40, 45, 53;

Pl.’s Supp’l Mot. at 3; Pl.’s Supp’l Wage Calculation. The defendant repeatedly threatened the

plaintiff with deportation and surveillance, withheld legal documents, and forbade her to speak

with neighbors. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 27-32; Carazani Decl. ¶ 7-9, 36, 77-81. As a result of this

conduct, the plaintiff developed symptoms of dissociation, hyperarousal, mood dysregulation,

changes in neurovegetative indicators, anxiety attack, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major

depressive disorder. See Carazani Decl. ¶¶ 75, 105; Sandoval-Moshenberg Aff. ¶ 4. Following

previous courts, which have found a 1:1 ratio of compensatory to punitive damages a sufficient

deterrent to offenders of the TVPA, the Court awards punitive damages equal to its




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compensatory damages award: $543,041.28.4 See Shukla, 2012 WL 481796, at *16; Canal, 2010

WL 3491136, at *4.



                                          IV. CONCLUSION

        Based on the reasoning provided herein, the Court enters default judgment against

Defendant Emma Zegarra and awards $1,188,688.77 in Plaintiff Virginia Carazani’s favor.5


                                                                         RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                         United States District Judge




4
  The plaintiff claims in the alternative economic, emotional, and punitive damages for fraud and
fraudulent inducement and negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress “to the extent that the
Court has not already granted it as damages under breach of contract or the TVPA” and “if the Court has
not already awarded the full $350,000 in punitive damages permitted by Virginia law for state-law torts.”
Pl.’s Supp. Mot. at 8-9. Under Virginia law, an award of punitive damages is capped at $350,000. Va.
Code Ann. § 8.01-38.1. Therefore, having already awarded $95,070.80 as economic damages for breach
of contract, $433,200 as emotional distress damages under the TVPA, and $560,974.02 as punitive
damages under the TVPA, the Court does not award additional damages for state-law claims of fraud and
fraudulent inducement or negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress.
5
  The plaintiff has requested to reserve the right to submit a claim for attorneys’ fees given the uncertainty
as to whether she will attempt to resume litigation later. Pl.’s Supp. Mot. at 4 n.4. Accordingly, the Court
reserves judgment on attorneys’ fees until such submission.


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