                 FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                  No. 05-10086
                Plaintiff-Appellee,
               v.                            D.C. No.
                                          CR-00-01010-EHC
RACHEL ALAFFA JERNIGAN,
                                             OPINION
             Defendant-Appellant.
                                      
       Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the District of Arizona
        Earl H. Carroll, District Judge, Presiding

                 Argued and Submitted
       December 7, 2005—San Francisco, California

                    Filed June 26, 2006

    Before: Betty B. Fletcher, David R. Thompson, and
              Carlos T. Bea, Circuit Judges.

               Opinion by Judge Thompson;
Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge B. Fletcher




                           7099
7102              UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN


                         COUNSEL

John R. Hannah and Thomas M. Hoidal, Hoidal & Hannah,
Phoenix, Arizona, for the defendant-appellant.

Michael T. Morrissey, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Phoenix, Ari-
zona, for the plaintiff-appellee.


                         OPINION

THOMPSON, Senior Circuit Judge:

   Defendant Rachel Alaffa Jernigan appeals the district
court’s denial of her motion for a new trial. A jury convicted
Jernigan on March 23, 2001, of having robbed a bank on Sep-
tember 20, 2000. After her conviction, Jernigan learned that
someone with similar physical characteristics had robbed
nearby banks in November of 2000 and December of 2001.

   Based on this information, Jernigan filed a motion for a
new trial in which she asserted that (1) the government vio-
lated her due process rights under Brady v. Maryland, 373
                   UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                7103
U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to disclose information prior to trial
that was relevant to her defense, and (2) new evidence discov-
ered after trial, when combined with the undisclosed pretrial
evidence, mandates a new trial pursuant to Rule 33 of the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (“Rule 33”).

   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm
the district court’s denial of the motion for a new trial.

                        I.   Background

A.   September 20 Robbery and Conviction

  The Bank of America branch at 15 E. Guadalupe Road in
Gilbert, Arizona, was robbed on September 20, 2000. Accord-
ing to eyewitnesses, the robber was a short, Hispanic woman
with a pock-marked face. She conducted a fairly generic
robbery—she posed as a bank patron, quietly passed her
assigned teller a demand note that threatened force, and
absconded with the stolen proceeds without having said a
word.

   Working off a tip based on the robber’s physical descrip-
tion, the FBI suspected Jernigan and assembled a six-woman
photospread containing her picture. Two days after the rob-
bery, the bank teller who had interacted with the robber (the
“victim teller”) viewed the photospread and identified Jerni-
gan as the robber.

   Police arrested Jernigan on November 10, 2000, and she
has since remained in custody. The government charged
Jernigan with the September 20 bank robbery, unlawful use
of a firearm during that robbery, and two additional bank rob-
beries on October 11 and 25. The district court severed the
charges involving the September 20 robbery for trial.

  Jernigan’s three-day trial began on March 20, 2001. The
evidence against her included five eyewitnesses who, both
7104              UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
prior to and during trial, identified her as the robber. There
was also a surveillance video of the robbery which the jury
watched four times. Jernigan’s defense was that the witnesses
misidentified her and she was not the robber shown in the sur-
veillance video. The jury returned guilty verdicts on both
counts (armed bank robbery and use of a firearm during an
armed bank robbery). The district court sentenced Jernigan to
168 months in jail, and five years of supervised release. The
other two bank robbery charges were dismissed by stipula-
tion.

B.     Evidence Known to the Government Before Trial:
       Potential Brady Evidence

   On November 28, 2000 (about three weeks after Jernigan
had been arrested and placed in custody), someone robbed the
bank across the street from the Bank of America branch in
Gilbert, Arizona that Jernigan had been charged with robbing
on September 20. The victim teller’s physical description of
the November 28 bank robber closely resembled the physical
description of the September 20 bank robber: A short, “His-
panic or Oriental” female with “a little acne.” The November
28 robbery was similarly generic, although the robber gave
verbal instructions to the victim teller in addition to using a
demand note.

   On November 30, 2000, someone robbed a bank about 10
miles away from the two Gilbert banks. The victim teller
described this robber as a short, Hispanic female with a pock-
marked face. The robber conducted a generic robbery involv-
ing a demand note, and in addition gave the teller verbal
instructions.

   The government did not disclose any of this information to
Jernigan prior to her trial. The authorities did not apprehend
the suspect for the November 28 or November 30, 2000 rob-
beries until approximately eight months after Jernigan’s trial
and conviction.
                    UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                   7105
C.    Evidence Known to the Government Only After Trial:
      Potential Rule 33 Evidence

   On December 11, 2001 (over eight months after Jernigan’s
conviction), someone robbed the same bank that Jernigan had
been convicted of robbing on September 20, 2000. This time,
the victim teller was Kathleen Golliher, a bank employee who
had also witnessed the September 20, 2000 robbery, and had
given testimony as an eyewitness at Jernigan’s trial. She told
investigators that the December 11, 2001 robber was a short,
Hispanic female.

   Because Golliher placed a tracking device in the money
stolen by the December 11, 2001 robber, and police had a
description of the getaway vehicle, law enforcement officers
stopped the suspect, Juanita Rodriguez-Gallegos, about half
an hour after the robbery. During that stop, Golliher identified
Rodriguez-Gallegos as the robber.1 A police report described
Rodriguez-Gallegos as a Hispanic female, 4′11″, 125 pounds,
with brown eyes, black hair, and pock-marked cheeks.

   The government charged Rodriguez-Gallegos with the
November 28, 2000, November 30, 2000, and December 11,
2001 bank robberies, and with one count of brandishing a
firearm during a violent crime. Rodriguez-Gallegos pleaded
guilty to the firearm offense and the three bank robbery
charges were dismissed.

D.    Motion for New Trial

   After hearing about Rodriguez-Gallegos from fellow
inmates, Jernigan moved for a new trial on two grounds: (1)
the government violated its Brady obligation prior to trial by
failing to disclose that, about a month after Jernigan’s alleged
  1
   According to Golliher, the September 20, 2000 and December 11, 2001
robberies (both of which she witnessed) were committed by different
women.
7106                 UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
robbery, nearby banks had also been robbed by a then-
unidentified robber whose physical description resembled
Jernigan’s; and (2) Rule 33 mandated a new trial in light of
the post-trial developments involving Rodriguez-Gallegos.
The district court held hearings and denied the motion for a
new trial. This appeal followed.

                          II.   Analysis

A.     Brady Claim

   [1] We review de novo the district court’s denial of an
alleged Brady violation. United States v. Ogles, 406 F.3d 586,
591 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing United States v. Antonakeas, 255
F.3d 714, 725 (9th Cir. 2001)). To prevail on a Brady claim,
a defendant “must show that ‘(1) the evidence was exculpa-
tory or impeaching; (2) it should have been, but was not pro-
duced; and (3) the suppressed evidence was material to his
guilt or punishment.’ ” Id. (quoting Antonakeas, 255 F.3d at
725). Evidence is material “ ‘if there is a reasonable probabil-
ity that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id.
(quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433-34 (1995)).
“ ‘[T]he question is not whether the defendant would more
likely than not have received a different verdict with the evi-
dence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial,
understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confi-
dence.’ ” Id. (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 433-34).

  Jernigan argues that the November 2000 robberies, which
occurred while she was in jail awaiting trial for the September
20, 2000 robbery, were material to the question of her guilt,
because had she known about those robberies she could have
pointed to a concrete (although unidentified) person with
whom the five eyewitnesses may have confused her.

  Jernigan also argues that knowledge of the November rob-
beries would have affected her decision not to introduce cer-
                    UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                 7107
tain exculpatory evidence. Specifically, the victim teller of the
October 11, 2000 robbery (for which Jernigan was charged
but never tried) could not identify that robber in the photo-
spread containing Jernigan’s picture. That teller, however,
believed that she had been robbed by the person in the Sep-
tember 20 bank surveillance video—a video that is of only
mediocre quality. According to Jernigan, this combination
amounts to an “eyewitness opinion” that she, whose picture
was in the photospread, was not the person in the September
20 surveillance video.

   Despite having had this evidence from the victim teller of
the October 11, 2000 robbery at the time of her March 2001
trial, Jernigan made the strategic decision not to introduce the
evidence due to what she describes as the “prejudicial effect”
that disclosure of a second robbery would have had. Jernigan
now argues, however, that knowledge of the November 2000
robberies would have altered this strategic decision, especially
because the description of the getaway vehicle for both the
October 11 and November 30 robberies was similar—a dark-
colored Toyota 4-Runner. We are unpersuaded by these argu-
ments.

   Jernigan was tried for and convicted of the September 20,
2000 robbery. The October 11, 2000 victim teller’s statements
about who robbed her would have scant probative value
regarding the identity of the September 20, 2000 bank robber.
It is also not at all clear that the jury in Jernigan’s trial would
have made the same double inferences that Jernigan makes
from the statements of the October 11 victim teller. Even
making such inferences, however, it is absurd to think that
Jernigan’s jurors, who observed her during the trial and
watched the September 20 bank robbery surveillance video
four times before convicting her, would have been swayed by
an inferred opinion from the October 11 victim teller. This is
especially true in view of the fact that Jernigan’s jurors also
heard all of the eyewitness evidence that identified her as the
September 20, 2000 bank robber.
7108              UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
   [2] The thrust of Jernigan’s Brady claim is that the jurors
in her trial might have lost confidence in the eyewitnesses’
testimony had the jurors known of the November robberies.
The reliability of the five eyewitnesses’ testimony is, there-
fore, the central issue in this appeal.

   Each of the five eyewitnesses viewed the FBI’s six-woman
photospread prior to trial and independently identified Jerni-
gan as the robber. Each also independently identified Jernigan
as the robber at her trial. Two of the eyewitnesses described
close-range interactions with the robber. One of these, Eliza-
beth Chlupsa, was the victim teller during the September 20,
2000 robbery. She testified that shortly before the robbery she
looked at the people in line waiting for a teller and “noticed
a very, very short Hispanic, what I thought was Hispanic-
looking lady, and a rather tall Chinese-looking man and I
noticed it because of their height difference.” The woman was
wearing a tan hat with her very dark hair pulled back in a
pony tail, a long sleeve denim shirt unbuttoned with a shirt
underneath, had a “rounder face” that “looked like she may
have had acne, kind of pocked,” a “fairly small mouth,” and
wore “very, very, very dark eyeliner.”

   According to Chlupsa, this woman was fumbling with her
bag as she approached Chlupsa’s teller station. Chlupsa
looked “right at her face” and asked: “How can I help you?”
The woman looked up at Chlupsa, looked back down at her
bag, and produced a piece of paper that she placed on the
counter. Chlupsa was looking “right into her face, because at
that time she had stopped fumbling through her bag and . . .
just stood there waiting.” She asked the woman once again:
“How can I help you?”

  Chlupsa testified that the woman “looked directly at me
and she looked down at the paper and she pushed the paper
over across the counter, towards me.” The folded paper was
a handwritten note saying something to the effect of: “Don’t
make a big scene, give me all your money, don’t give me any
                   UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                7109
dye packs or tracking devices and don’t press the alarm or
else I will shoot.” After reading the note, Chlupsa testified
that “I looked up at her into her eyes and she kind of led me
down to her hands with her eyes.” Chlupsa then realized that
the woman was pointing a partially concealed gun at her.

   Chlupsa looked around, saw that no one else knew the rob-
bery was occurring, and “realized that I was kind of alone and
so then, I looked back at her.” The robber gave Chlupsa a
“[h]urry up” look, so Chlupsa emptied her cash drawer and
looked “at her face, at her eyes” “as if to say ‘Where do you
want me to put the money?’ ” The robber held her right hand
out, and Chlupsa handed over the cash. Shortly after the rob-
ber turned away, Chlupsa communicated the situation to Gol-
liher, her supervisor, who yelled “she’s been robbed.” The
robber then left the bank and ran away.

   Chlupsa testified that the robber did not speak during the
robbery, and explained that “I read her body language and
basically she read mine, because there was a lot of eye con-
tact.” Two days after the robbery the FBI showed Chlupsa the
photospread, and she identified Jernigan as the robber.
Chlupsa also identified Jernigan as the robber at trial.

   The other eyewitness who had a close-range interaction
with the robber was Lorraine Hawley who stood ahead of the
robber in the teller line. Hawley and the robber were sepa-
rated by one other person who stood between them. Hawley
testified that the robber was “very noticeable.” She was wear-
ing jean pants, a jean jacket, and a “ball cap” with her hair
pulled back. Her eyes were “very dark brown” and “pro-
nounced,” and she had a poor complexion perhaps from “pre-
vious acne problems.”

   When Hawley became the first person in the line, one of
the teller stations closed. Exasperated with the line’s sluggish-
ness, Hawley looked back at the woman who eventually
robbed the bank and said: “You have got to be kidding me.”
7110               UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
Hawley testified that, in response, “she looked at me, she kind
of smiled.” Hawley explained that:

    When I first said it, she smiled at me very—as if she
    was in agreement with me, or understood. At that
    time, I started to glance at her, and I was staring at
    her because she looked different to me. Number one,
    she resembles a girlfriend of mine . . . . I sat looking
    at her and at that point she—I stared for a very long
    time . . . . [W]hen she started to look down, I real-
    ized that I had been staring at her for an inappropri-
    ate amount of time.

Hawley broke off the stare, and “did a quick glance back to
kind of smile at her, as if to say, I didn’t mean to be staring
at you.”

   Two days before testifying in court, and six months after
the robbery, Hawley picked Jernigan’s picture out of the six-
person photospread as the woman who had been behind her
in the teller line at the bank on the day of the robbery. She
also identified Jernigan at trial, explaining that “[i]t is easier
in person. Like I said she resembles a girlfriend of mine very
close. They have a resemblance, so it was easy to identify
her.” The bank video showed that the woman Hawley identi-
fied as standing behind her in the teller line was the woman
who robbed the bank.

   [3] Like Chlupsa and Hawley, three other eyewitnesses
each twice identified Jernigan as the robber—once using the
six-woman photospread, and once again at trial. It is exceed-
ingly unlikely that a misidentification would occur when all
five people who witnessed the events at the bank on the day
of the robbery identified Jernigan as the robber. Moreover,
misidentification is especially improbable for witnesses like
the teller, Chlupsa, who described a silent interaction replete
with communicatory eye contact, and Hawley, who described
having “stared” at the person she identified as Jernigan for an
                     UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                    7111
“inappropriate” amount of time because she resembled a
friend.

   [4] Based on the eyewitnesses’ testimony, the evidence
against Jernigan was very strong. In the face of this evidence,
we cannot say that the undisclosed evidence of the two
November 2000 bank robberies, which were committed by
someone other than Jernigan, casts such doubt on the evi-
dence presented at Jernigan’s trial that disclosure of these
other bank robberies would have created a reasonable proba-
bility of a different result in her trial.2 We are also persuaded
that the jury’s verdict is worthy of confidence.

   [5] We conclude that Jernigan cannot satisfy the third
prong (materiality) of the Brady test. The government did not
violate Jernigan’s due process rights under Brady by failing
to disclose the evidence it had at the time of Jernigan’s trial
pertaining to the November 2000 bank robberies.

B.    Rule 33 Claim

   Jernigan argues that the post-trial arrest and conviction of
Rodriguez-Gallegos, after the December 2001 bank robbery,
along with the undisclosed evidence of the November 2000
bank robberies, entitles her to a new trial pursuant to Rule 33.
We disagree.

   [6] When a district court denies a Rule 33 motion for new
trial based on evidence discovered after trial, we review for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Sarno, 73 F.3d 1470,
1507 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Sitton, 968 F.2d
947, 958-59 (9th Cir. 1992)). To prevail on a Rule 33 motion
for a new trial based on new evidence, a defendant must sat-
isfy the following five-part test:
  2
    The dissent refers to polygraph evidence which the district court
excluded. Jernigan does not mention the polygraph tests in her appellate
briefs, nor does she argue their admissibility.
7112               UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
    (1)   the evidence must be newly discovered;

    (2) the failure to discover the evidence sooner must
    not be the result of a lack of diligence on the defen-
    dant’s part;

    (3) the evidence must be material to the issues at
    trial;

    (4) the evidence must be neither cumulative nor
    merely impeaching; and

    (5) the evidence must indicate that a new trial
    would probably result in acquittal.

United States v. Kulczyk, 931 F.2d 542, 548 (9th Cir. 1991)
(citing United States v. Lopez, 803 F.2d 969, 977 (9th Cir.
1986)).

   Jernigan falls short of the fifth requirement. In considering
Jernigan’s Rule 33 claim, together with the asserted Brady
violation, the district court examined Rodriguez-Gallegos’s
photograph, taken after the December 11, 2001 bank robbery,
and compared it with Jernigan’s photograph and with Jernigan
herself. The district court judge who heard the Rule 33 and
Brady motions was the same judge who had presided at Jerni-
gan’s trial. That judge concluded “[t]he simple fact is that
defendant [Jernigan] and [Rodriguez-Gallegos] do not look
alike, whatever similarities may be in their complexions or
Hispanic appearances.”

   [7] We have examined the photographs of Jernigan and
Rodriguez-Gallegos, as well as the video of the September 20,
2000 bank robbery, and concur with the district court. Jerni-
gan and Rodriguez-Gallegos are about the same size and have
the same general physical makeup, but they do not look alike.
We conclude that evidence of the December 2001 bank rob-
bery, as well as the previously undisclosed evidence of the
                     UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                   7113
November 2000 bank robberies, does not satisfy the fifth
requirement for a successful Rule 33 new trial motion; a new
trial would probably not result in Jernigan’s acquittal if the
newly discovered and previously undisclosed evidence were
produced. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion
by concluding that Jernigan is not entitled to a new trial under
the provisions of Rule 33.

  AFFIRMED.



B. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissent-
ing in part:

   I concur in the majority’s holding regarding Rule 33 but
respectfully dissent from its ruling under Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963).

                                  I

  Jernigan was initially charged with three robberies — a
September 20, 2000 robbery at 15 East Guadalupe in Gilbert;
an October 11, 2000 robbery at 906 East Baseline Road in
Tempe; and an October 25, 2000 robbery at 2298 North Alma
School in Chandler.1 After Jernigan was placed into custody,
two more banks were robbed in close proximity to the 15 East
Guadalupe branch, by a person matching Jernigan’s physical
description — a short, Hispanic woman with acne. Those rob-
beries took place on November 28, 2000 and November 30,
2000.

  I find it highly unlikely that in a case like this, which turns
exclusively and entirely upon eyewitness testimony, the jury
would have convicted Jernigan had it known that robberies at
  1
   Jernigan was tried only for the first robbery (the September 20 rob-
bery) and an associated 924(c) count.
7114                UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
nearby banks by a short Hispanic woman with acne continued
after Jernigan’s arrest. But the prosecution never disclosed
this information to Jernigan’s defense team and never both-
ered to investigate whether this second robber — not Jernigan
— actually committed the crime for which Jernigan was
charged. The government’s failure to disclose this highly rele-
vant information about the subsequent robberies violates its
obligations under Brady, causing me to respectfully dissent.

                                II

   A Brady violation takes place when the government with-
holds material, exculpatory evidence. “To establish a Brady
violation, the evidence must be (1) favorable to the accused
because it is either exculpatory or impeachment material; (2)
suppressed by the government, either willfully or inadver-
tently; and (3) material or prejudicial.” United States v.
Blanco, 392 F.3d 382, 387 (9th Cir. 2004).

   Information regarding the additional robberies was clearly
favorable to Jernigan’s case and never disclosed to the
defense; consequently, Brady’s first two elements are estab-
lished. The lapse was also material: the similarities in identity
are uncanny, and the prosecution relied exclusively on visual-
identification evidence. Thus, the possibility of wrongful con-
viction always lurked in the background of this case, and,
plainly, there was “ ‘reasonable probability’ that had the evi-
dence been disclosed the result at trial would have been dif-
ferent.” Wood v. Bartholomew, 516 U.S. 1, 5 (1995).

   The majority takes comfort in the testimony of a handful of
eyewitnesses, but I am not so easily persuaded. “Centuries of
experience in the administration of criminal justice have
shown that convictions based solely on testimony that identi-
fies a defendant previously unknown to the witness is highly
suspect. Of all the various kinds of evidence it is the least reli-
able, especially where unsupported by corroborating evi-
                      UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                        7115
dence.” Jackson v. Fogg, 589 F.2d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 1978).
Regrettably, the majority ignores this vital admonition.

                                    III

   Jernigan was questioned because she was suspected of
shoplifting and was a small Hispanic woman, not because of
any known connection to bank robberies. The Government
presented no evidence of any kind to corroborate visual iden-
tifications of Jernigan save an F.B.I. analysis of a surveillance
video pegging the robber’s height at just under five feet. The
fingerprint lift did not match Jernigan’s print, and the police
found no firearms, clothing, money, or other items associating
Jernigan with the robbery.

   Subsequent to Jernigan’s trial, Rodriguez-Gallegos was
charged with the November 28 and 30 robberies, as well as
a December 11, 2001 robbery of the same bank that Jernigan
had allegedly robbed. By the time of the arrest, Jernigan had
been convicted. Still, the prosecution could have — but did
not — conduct any inquiry into whether Rodriguez-Gallegos
had committed the robbery for which Jernigan was charged.
It could have at least checked the fingerprint lift from the Sep-
tember 20 robbery with Rodriguez-Gallegos’s print. Such tun-
nel vision puts into question the fair administration of justice.

   Equally troubling are the inconsistencies within the eyewit-
ness accounts. Elizabeth Chlupsa, the victim-teller on Sep-
tember 20, described the perpetrator as having plucked
eyebrows, wearing “very very very dark eyeliner,” “a lot of
make-up,” and a lot of eyeliner. By contrast, Lorraine Haw-
ley, who said she looked at the perpetrator for an extended
period of time, described the robber as wearing “little to no
make-up” and no lipstick.2
  2
   Witnesses seem to have had trouble determining whether the robber
was Hispanic or Asian. Although I place less emphasis on these inconsis-
tencies in identification, they, too, deserve mention: teller Kathleen Golli-
her, for example, described the perpetrator as “Hispanic,” while Donovan
Grierson, another bank customer, claimed he saw “a short Asian woman.”
7116               UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
   Chlupsa indicated both immediately after the robbery and
during trial that the perpetrator had no tattoos and did not
have painted fingernails. However, Jernigan has a number of
tattoos on her hands and forearms, as evidenced in photo-
graphs submitted to the district court and confirmed by the
FBI shortly after the arrest.

   The eyewitnesses’ tentativeness is equally telling. Hawley,
who claimed to get a good look at the robber, had some trou-
ble picking Jernigan out of a photospread, stating, “I want to
say it looks like this one.” And Golliher appears to have had
trouble as well, stating, “By — I just felt that was the one that
— that was whom I saw.”

   These problems are not altogether surprising given that all
but one of the eyewitnesses viewed the photospread five to six
months after the incident. Lorraine Hawley saw the photo-
spread two days before trial — six months after the robbery.
Three others — Kathleen Golliher, employee Yarjanic Nath,
and customer Donovan Grierson — were all shown the photos
five months after the robbery. This delay, which goes totally
unexplained, also detracts from the reliability of the witness
identifications.

   Additionally, the district court excluded evidence con-
ducted by a polygraph expert that supports Jernigan’s claim
that she was not the September 20 robber. The polygrapher
asked Jernigan about the robbing of banks both as a general
matter and in regard to the three banks for which she was
originally arrested. The polygrapher listed each one of the
banks, and Jernigan denied any involvement in those or other
bank robberies. Her score of 17 indicates a truthful response
(anything above a score of six is considered truthful). How-
ever, the district court excluded documentary evidence of the
polygraph tests and precluded the polygrapher from testifying.

  Finally, one cannot avoid the extremely low likelihood,
based on crime statistics, that two short female Hispanic
                      UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                     7117
bank-robbers with acne would even exist in such a small geo-
graphical area. In 2000 (the year all robberies in question took
place), only six percent of all bank-robbery perpetrators were
female; moreover, only six percent of bank-robbers overall
(male and female) were Hispanic. See Summary and Interpre-
tation of Bank Crime Statistics, 2000 (Federal Bureau of
Investigation, May 12, 2002). The likelihood of two small
Hispanic female robbers holding up banks, let alone the same
bank and other banks in the same area, is therefore extremely
low.

                                   IV

   If these problems with the trial — which the parties do not
dispute — are not enough to warrant reversal, I’ll pass briefly
over additional disputed items that give me further reason for
pause. Jernigan alleges that certain witnesses were not prop-
erly advised that the person who had robbed the bank might
not be depicted in one of the six photographs; that certain eye-
witnesses used a “process of elimination” approach in select-
ing Jernigan from the photospread; and that the modus
operandi of all of the 2000 robberies bears a striking resem-
blance, as all involved a hand-written demand note, on folded
paper, warning the teller not to set off any alarms.3
  3
   Jernigan points out that the getaway car during the October 11, 2000
robbery (for which she was originally charged but not tried) — a black
Toyota 4-Runner SUV — matched the description of the getaway car used
during the November 30, 2000 robbery (for which Rodriguez-Gallegos
was charged). Moreover, although the victim from the October 11, 2000
robbery could not identify the robber in the photospread containing Jerni-
gan’s photograph, the victim, when shown the image from the September
20, 2000 robbery, declared that the person in that photograph was the per-
son who robbed her. Although the majority discounts the significance of
these details, they suggest that, in fact, Rodriguez-Gallegos — not Jerni-
gan — was the perpetrator of the September 20, 2000 robbery.
7118               UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN
                                V

   When I consider (1) the lack of any evidence to corroborate
visual identifications (save an F.B.I. analysis of a surveillance
video pegging the robber’s height at just under five feet), (2)
the lack of any firearms, clothing, money, or other items asso-
ciating Jernigan with the robbery, and (3) most importantly,
the existence of another person matching Jernigan’s physical
description — a short, Hispanic woman with a pock-marked
face — robbing nearby banks during the same time-period, in
a case based entirely on visual identifications, I cannot have
any confidence in the eyewitness identifications.

   In light of all the above, we should simply remand for a
new trial. If a jury still finds the prosecution’s case compel-
ling, that ends the matter, and the prosecution and this court
can feel assured that the right person(s) remain(s) incarcer-
ated. If it acquits, justice will have been served. If we don’t
remand, we must live with the doubts sown by the Brady vio-
lations and the anomalies in this unusual case, despite the
nagging suspicion that mistakes might have been made.

                               VI

   Although I’m very concerned that an innocent person may
have been wrongly convicted, that is not the critical point
driving my dissent. Under Brady, the government had a duty
to advise the defense of the continuing robberies. That infor-
mation very likely could have affected the verdict. Jernigan
was clearly deprived of “favorable evidence [that] could rea-
sonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light
as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles v. Whitley,
514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995) (footnote omitted).

   Further, of course, the suppression undermines confidence
in the outcome of the trial and the integrity of the government
as well as its prosecutors’ dedication to justice. A new trial is
clearly warranted. “[I]t is a miscarriage of justice . . . to con-
                   UNITED STATES v. JERNIGAN                7119
vict an innocent person.” United States v. Ameline, 409 F.3d
1073, 1074, 1081 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc) (citation omitted).
In light of the uncertainties as to identity, I would order a new
trial for Jernigan. I therefore respectfully dissent.
