Filed 8/19/14 Angelica Textile Services v.Park CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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                     COURT OF APEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



ANGELICA TEXTILE SERVICES, INC.,                                    D063027

         Plaintiff and Appellant,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00097967-
                                                                     CU-BT-CTL)
JAYE PARK et al.,

         Defendants and Respondents.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joan M.

Lewis, Judge. Reversed.



         Carothers DiSante & Freudenberger, Brent M. Giddens and Dan M. Forman for

Plaintiff and Appellant.

         Cooley, Seth A. Rafkin, Kraig D. Jennett and Lindsay P. Parker for Defendants

and Respondents.

         In the trial court, judgment was entered in favor of defendants and respondents

Emerald Textiles, LLC (Emerald) and Jaye Park (Park) on plaintiff and appellant
Angelica Textile Services, Inc.'s (Angelica) tort claims and its closely related claims

under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA). The trial court's judgment was based on

its determination that Angelica's tort claims were displaced by UTSA and a later jury

verdict finding that Angelica failed to establish the existence of any actionable trade

secrets. In addition to finding Angelica had no trade secrets, the trial court determined

Angelica prosecuted its trade secrets claim in bad faith and, accordingly, in postjudgment

proceedings, awarded Emerald and Park $1.5 million in attorney fees as permitted under

UTSA.

       In a prior appeal, we reversed the trial court's judgment. We found Angelica's tort

claims were not displaced by UTSA and were not otherwise defective as a matter of law.

In the prior appeal, Angelica did not challenge the trial court's determination that it had

no trade secrets.

       In this appeal, we consider Angelica's contention that, in light of our reversal of

the underlying judgment, we must also reverse the trial court's attorney fees award. As

we explain in greater detail, we agree with Angelica that Emerald is no longer entitled to

attorney fees under UTSA and, therefore, the trial court's award of attorney fees must be

reversed.

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In our prior opinion in this case, Angelica Textile Services, Inc. v. Park (2013) 220

Cal.App.4th 495 (Angelica I), we fully set forth the factual and procedural background

that gave rise to the parties' dispute and its initial resolution by the trial court. We


                                               2
summarize that background here.

       Angelica provides linens and laundry services to hospitals and healthcare facilities

throughout the United States. It has operated in the San Diego area for many years and,

arguably, at all pertinent times, controlled 90 percent of the hospital linen and laundry

market in San Diego. Park began working for Angelica in San Diego in 1982 when

Angelica purchased his former employer. During the course of his career, Park was

eventually promoted to the position of market vice president and was responsible for the

operations of Angelica's San Diego and Phoenix laundry plants.

       While employed by Angelica, Park signed a noncompetition agreement under

which he promised he would not, during his employment, "become interested, directly or

indirectly, as a partner, officer, director, stockholder, advisor, employee, independent

contractor or in any other form or capacity, in any other business similar to Company's

business." Notwithstanding the noncompetition contract he signed, in 2008, while still

employed by Angelica, Park engaged in a series of negotiations with representatives of

two of Angelica's largest customers in San Diego, Sharp Healthcare (Sharp) and Scripps

Health (Scripps). The goal of the negotiations was a proposed linen and laundry

enterprise to be jointly operated by Sharp and Scripps. Park prepared a business plan for

the joint venture that described both Angelica's role as virtually the only provider of

laundry services in the area, its weaknesses and financial projections, including likely

production costs and revenues.

       Although the two hospitals did not pursue the proposal Park presented, two


                                             3
members of Sharp's board, Tom Gildred and Bob Payne, became very interested in the

opportunity to compete in the laundry service business. While still employed by

Angelica, Park worked with Gildred and Payne throughout 2009 as the latter two

organized a competing laundry business, operating as defendant and respondent Emerald.

In 2010, after obtaining financing, Emerald built a state-of-the-art laundry facility. In

March 2010, Park resigned from his position at Angelica and shortly thereafter began

work as the chief operating officer at Emerald. Emerald thereafter successfully bid for

laundry contracts with Sharp and Scripps. After it won the contracts with Sharp and

Scripps, Emerald recruited more than 40 of Angelica's former employees.

       Following Park's departure, Angelica filed a complaint against Emerald and Park

alleging claims for misappropriation of trade secrets, violation of Business and

Professions Code section 17200, unfair competition, interference with business

relationships, and breach of contract. By way of a second amended complaint, Angelica

added causes of action alleging conversion and, as against Park only, a breach of

fiduciary duty claim. For its part, Emerald filed a cross-complaint against Angelica that

alleged causes of action for intentional interference with prospective economic

advantage, intentional interference with contract, and unfair competition.

       Emerald and Park moved for summary judgment and summary adjudication.

The trial court denied the motion for summary judgment because it found that pending

discovery might provide Angelica with information and evidence that would supports its

trade secrets claim. However, the trial court granted defendants' motion for summary


                                              4
adjudication on all of Angelica's non-UTSA claims, including its breach of contract claim

against Park. The trial court found that all of Angelica's non-UTSA claims were based on

Emerald and Park's alleged misappropriation of trade secrets and were therefore

displaced by UTSA. Thereafter, at trial, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Emerald and

Park on Angelica's trade secrets cause of action. The jury also found that Angelica had

interfered with Emerald's contracts with Sharp and Scripps but that Emerald had not

suffered any damage. Following the jury's verdict and entry of judgment in Emerald's

favor, Angelica filed a notice of appeal from the judgment.

       In postjudgment proceedings, which are the subject of the instant appeal, the trial

court found Angelica had pursued its trade secrets cause of action in bad faith. In

particular, the trial court relied on a statement attributed to Angelica's chief executive

officer to the effect that Angelica was pursuing its claims for the purpose of litigating

Emerald "'out of business.'" Accordingly, the trial court awarded Emerald and Park

$1,580,929.50 in attorney fees as well as their costs, as permitted under UTSA. (Civ.

Code, § 3426.4.) Angelica filed a second, separate appeal from the order awarding

attorney fees and costs.

       In its appeal from the judgment, Angelica did not challenge the jury's verdict on its

trade secrets claim. It nonetheless argued that its non-UTSA claims were not displaced

by UTSA. We agreed. We found that each of Angelica's non-UTSA claims, and in

particular its claims that Park had breached his duty of loyalty to Angelica, had a basis

independent of any misappropriation of a trade secret. Accordingly, we reversed the trial


                                              5
court judgment and remanded for further proceedings on Angelica's non-UTSA claims.

Our judgment is now final.

       In light of our judgment reversing the trial court's judgment on the merits,

Angelica argues we must also reverse the order awarding Emerald and Park their costs

and attorney fees.

                                        DISCUSSION

                                               I

       We review an order granting or denying fees for abuse of discretion. (Graciano v.

Robinson Ford Sales, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 140, 148 (Graciano).) "'Because the

"experienced trial judge is the best judge of the value of professional services rendered in

his court," we will not disturb the trial court's decision unless convinced that it is clearly

wrong, meaning that it is an abuse of discretion. [Citations.] However, "'[t]he scope of

discretion always resides in the particular law being applied, i.e., in the "legal principles

governing the subject of [the] action. . . ." Action that transgresses the confines of the

applicable principles of law is outside the scope of discretion and we call such action an

"abuse" of discretion.'" [Citations.] When the record is unclear whether the trial court's

award of attorney fees is consistent with the applicable legal principles, we may reverse

the award and remand the case to the trial court for further consideration and

amplification of its reasoning.' [Citation.]" (Id. at pp. 148-149.)

       Importantly, while entitlement to and the amount of an attorney fee award is

reviewed for abuse of discretion, interpretation of the term "prevailing party" as it is used


                                               6
in a statute that permits an award of attorney fees is a question of statutory construction,

which we review independently. (Graciano, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 149; Castro v.

Superior Court (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1017 (Castro); Carver v. Chevron U.S.A.,

Inc. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 132, 142.)

                                               II

       Civil Code section 3426.4 states: "If a claim of misappropriation is made in bad

faith, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or resisted in bad faith, or willful and

malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award reasonable attorney's fees and

costs to the prevailing party. Recoverable costs hereunder shall include a reasonable sum

to cover the services of expert witnesses, who are not regular employees of any party,

actually incurred and reasonably necessary in either, or both, preparation for trial or

arbitration, or during trial or arbitration, of the case by the prevailing party."

       On this record, the questions we face here are (1) whether, under the statute,

Emerald is still a prevailing party entitled to attorney fees, and, if it is, (2) whether the

trial court's determination that Angelica acted in bad faith is still valid.

       A. Prevailing Party

       Where, as here, the applicable statute does not define the term "prevailing party,"

we must adopt a pragmatic approach, determining on a practical level which party

succeeded in achieving its overall litigation objectives. (Graciano, supra, 144

Cal.App.4th at p. 150 [interpreting Civ. Code, §§ 1780, subd. (d) & 2983.4]; Castro,

supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1018 [interpreting Code Civ. Proc., § 405.38]; Galan v.


                                               7
Wolfriver Holding Corp. (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1127-1128 [interpreting Civ.

Code, § 1942.4]; Heather Farms Homeowners Assn. v. Robinson (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th

1568, 1571-1574 [interpreting Civ. Code, § 1354]; Gilbert v. National Enquirer, Inc.

(1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1273, 1276-1277 [action for commercial appropriation under Civ.

Code, § 3344].) As Emerald and Park argue, we may not simply mechanically apply the

definition of "prevailing party" set forth in the cost statute, Code of Civil Procedure

section 1032. (Graciano, at p. 153.) Rather, in assessing litigation success, "'[c]ourts

should respect substance rather than form, and to this extent should be guided by

"equitable considerations." For example, a party who is denied direct relief on a claim

may nonetheless be found to be a prevailing party if it is clear that the party has otherwise

achieved its main litigation objective. [Citations.]'" (Castro, at pp. 1019-1020, quoting

Hsu v. Abbara (1995) 9 Cal.4th 863, 877.)

       At this point, as a pragmatic matter, because the bulk of Angelica's claims, which

are closely related to its unsuccessful trade secrets claim, have not yet been finally

resolved, neither we nor the trial court are in a position to determine whether Emerald

and Park are the prevailing parties: at this point, neither we nor the trial court are able to

determine whether Angelica has, on a practical level, realized its litigation aims.

       As we interpret Angelica's litigation aims, Angelica would like to be compensated

for what it believes was Emerald's and Park's wrongful use of its resources and Park's

efforts in establishing a competing enterprise. Although Angelica's trade secrets claim

was plainly a material part of its overall litigation strategy, as we pointed out in Angelica


                                               8
I, quite apart from its trade secrets claim, Angelica had a number of viable claims based

on its allegation that, while still employed at Angelica, Park violated his duty of loyalty

to Angelica: "In particular, we note that as an officer of Angelica, Park owed the

corporation a fairly broad duty of loyalty: '"Corporate officers and directors are not

permitted to use their position of trust and confidence to further their private interests.

While technically not trustees, they stand in a fiduciary relation to the corporation and its

stockholders. A public policy, existing throughout the years, derived from a profound

knowledge of human characteristics and motives, has established a rule that demands of a

corporate officer or director, peremptorily and inexorably, the most scrupulous

observance of his duty, not only affirmatively to protect the interests of the corporation

committed to his charge, but also to refrain from doing anything that would work injury

to the corporation, or to deprive it of profit or advantage which his skill and ability might

properly bring to it, or to enable it to make in the reasonable and lawful exercise of its

powers."' [Citation.]" (Angelica I, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 509.) At the very least,

until the trial court determines whether Park breached his duty of loyalty to Angelica,

and, if he did, whether he and Emerald must compensate Angelica, there is no realistic,

let alone practical, method of determining whether Angelica has achieved its litigation

aims.

        We reject Emerald and Park's contention we should determine their rights to

attorney fees solely by reference to their success in defeating Angelica's trade secrets

claim. Although under Civil Code section 1717, subdivision (a), when a contract


                                               9
provides for attorney fees for claims on the contract, such a narrow, claim-based

determination of who is a prevailing party is required, when, as here, attorney fees are

provided by statute, and the statute does not provide such a limitation on the definition of

prevailing party, we should look at all the claims made in the case and determine, looking

at the litigation in its entirety, which if any party prevailed in the action. In this regard,

the reasoning and holding in Maynard v. BTI Group, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 984,

992-994 (Maynard) is helpful.

       In Maynard, the parties entered into a listing agreement with respect to the sale of

the plaintiff's business and, after the defendant failed to obtain appropriate security for

the purchase price and the eventual buyer went into bankruptcy leaving a portion of the

sale price unpaid, the plaintiff sued the defendant for both breach of contract and

negligence. Although the plaintiff's breach of contract theories were rejected by the trial

court, she prevailed on her negligence theory and recovered a judgment for $24,000. In

posttrial proceedings, the trial court awarded the plaintiff her attorney fees under an

attorney fees provision, which provided them to "[t]he prevailing party in the event of

arbitration or litigation" without any limitation to contract causes of action. (Maynard,

supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at pp. 989, 993.) On appeal, the defendant argued it should have

been awarded its fees because it prevailed on plaintiff's breach of contract claims.

Because of the breadth of the attorney fees agreement, the trial court found the right to

attorney fees was not governed by Civil Code section 1717 and, hence, not limited to the

plaintiff's contract claims. (Maynard, at pp. 993-994.) Rather, the court found that the


                                               10
"plaintiff was the prevailing party since she obtained a net recovery in the action, albeit

under a negligence rather than a breach of contract cause of action. This construction

comports with the 'ordinary or popular sense' of the term 'prevailing party,' since plaintiff

recovered from [the defendant] the balance of the purchase price of her business, which

was the sole objective of her lawsuit, regardless of the theory on which she prevailed.

[Citation.] [The defendant] may have won a battle, but plaintiff won the war and is the

prevailing party . . . within 'the meaning a layperson would ascribe' to 'prevailing party.'

[Citation.] Since the controlling attorney fee clause entitles the prevailing party in

litigation concerning 'any dispute' to recover its attorney fees, the trial court properly

awarded plaintiff her attorney fees and denied [the defendant] its fees." (Id. at p. 994.)

       Similar to the agreement in Maynard, Civil Code section 3426.4 does not define

prevailing party in terms of success made on UTSA claims and instead refers to costs

incurred in "preparation . . . of the case by the prevailing party." (Italics added.) This

language suggests to us that although successful litigation of a trade secrets claim is a

prerequisite to obtaining a fee award, as in Maynard, determination of who was the

prevailing party in the "case" requires that the trial court consider from a practical

perspective which party, if either, was successful in achieving its litigation goals, after

considering how all the parties' respective claims, including its non-UTSA claims, were

resolved. As Angelica points out, it would be entirely inequitable if, because it asserted

an unsuccessful trade secrets claim, Angelica was effectively deprived of any

compensation on what may prove to be a successful and closely related claim growing of


                                              11
Park's allegedly disloyal and unlawful conduct.

       Contrary to Emerald and Park's argument on appeal, nothing we said in Graciano,

supra, prevents a court from looking at the overall result achieved in litigation in

determining whether a party was the prevailing party for purposes of awarding statutory

attorney fees. In Graciano, the jury returned a partial verdict awarding the plaintiff

$11,191.40 on her cause of action for violation of the Automobile Sales Finance Act,

Civil Code section 2981 et seq., and finding the defendant had acted with malice,

oppression and fraud. Following return of the partial verdict, and before the jury fixed an

amount of punitive damages, the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff $45,000 in

exchange for dismissal of her remaining claims. The trial court awarded the plaintiff

only a small portion of the attorney fees the plaintiff requested on the grounds that the

defendant had prevailed on the dismissed causes of action, including ones for which

attorney fees were not available. We found multiple flaws in the trial court's analysis,

including, in particular, its apparent determination that under Code of Civil Procedure

section 1032 the defendant was the prevailing party on the dismissed causes of action and

its conclusion this result somehow justified a substantial reduction in the award of

attorney fees. (Graciano, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at pp. 152-153.) We stated: "The

relevant inquiry, however, was simply whether as a practical matter [the plaintiff] was the

prevailing party with respect to her [statutory] causes of action." (Id. at p. 152.) In

reaching this conclusion, we did not, as Emerald and Park contend, prevent a trial court

from considering the overall result of litigation, including the practical impact of success


                                             12
on nonstatutory claims; rather, we merely held the trial court erred in Graciano in

focusing on the defendant's technical success on the dismissed claims and its finding that

the technical success somehow was equivalent to the plaintiff's very real success, as a

practical matter, on her statutory claims.1

       In sum then, because Angelica's closely related non-UTSA claims are now

pending in the trial court, it is not possible to make any practical assessment of which

party achieved its litigation goals. Thus, it is not possible to determine that Emerald and

Park were the prevailing parties in the case within the meaning of Civil Code section

3426.4.

       B. Bad Faith

       On this record, even if we limit our consideration to Emerald and Park's success

on Angelica's trade secrets claim, we must reverse the order awarding attorney fees. By

its terms, fees are available under Civil Code section 3426.4 when a litigant either

prosecutes or defends a trade secrets claim "in bad faith." "Bad faith" under Civil Code

section 3426.4 requires "objective speciousness of the plaintiff's claims and its subjective

misconduct in bringing or maintaining a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets."

1       Contrary to Emerald and Park's contention, the federal district court's order in
Computer Economics, Inc. v. Gartner Group, Inc. (S.D.Cal. 1999) 50 F.Supp.2d 980 does
not provide any authority or rationale for interpreting Civil Code section 3246.4 in the
narrow manner Emerald and Park suggest. In Computer Economics, the court determined
that the defendant had prevailed on the plaintiff's single contract claim; although the court
also found that the plaintiff's trade secrets claim had been asserted in bad faith, the court
made no determination with respect to whether as a practical matter the defendant had
achieved its litigation objectives. Because Computer Economics did not discuss or
consider the issue presented here, to wit, which party, as a practical matter, succeeded in
achieving its litigation goals, it is not helpful here.
                                              13
(Gemini Aluminum Corp. v. California Custom Shapes, Inc. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1249,

1262-1263; see FLIR Systems, Inc. v. Parrish (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1275.)

Speciousness is not as high a standard as frivolousness under Code of Civil Procedure

section 128.5, but nonetheless the litigant's conduct must be more than mere negligence.

(Gemini Aluminum Corp. v. California Custom Shapes, Inc., supra, at p. 1261.) The

litigant's "'conduct must be at least reckless or grossly negligent, if not intentional and

willful.'" (Ibid.) With respect to the subjective element of bad faith, there must be proof

that the "'action or tactic is being pursued for an improper motive.'" (Id. at p. 1263.)

       Although the fact Angelica's trade secrets claim survived Emerald and Park's

motion for summary judgment would tend to suggest there was some factual basis for it,

the jury's rejection of the claim and statements from Angelica officials to the effect that at

the time the action was initiated it had not yet identified any misappropriated trade secrets

may be sufficient to support a finding of objective speciousness. (See FLIR Systems, Inc.

v. Parrish, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1277.) The difficulty at this point is with the

element of subjective bad faith. As we have indicated, in finding subjective bad faith the

trial court relied on statements attributed to Angelica's former CEO to the effect that

Angelica would litigate Emerald out of business. Considered in the light of a sole

unsuccessful trade secrets claim, this statement would plainly support a finding of

subjective bad faith. However, at this point, in addition to the unsuccessful trade secrets

claim, Angelica's potentially meritorious breach of loyalty and related claims are

unresolved. In the event Angelica prevails on those claims, a finding that it had an


                                              14
improper purpose in pursuing those valid claims would be something of a non sequitur.

While it is no doubt improper to pursue invalid claims for the purpose of injuring an

opponent, we are aware of no case which subjects a litigant to an award of attorney fees

or other sanction for merely pursuing what turns out to be valid claims. Thus, success on

the pending claims may cast Angelica's former CEO's alleged statements in a far different

light; one that does not warrant an award of attorney fees. Given these circumstances, the

award of attorney fees cannot be sustained.

                                      DISPOSITION

       The order awarding Emerald and Park their attorney fees and costs is reversed

without prejudice to their right to pursue them in the trial court following resolution of

Angelica's remaining claims.

       Each party to bear its own costs of appeal.



                                                                       BENKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:


NARES, J.


McINTYRE, J.




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