                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 06a0261p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                   X
                             Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 CORNELIUS WRIGHT,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                        No. 05-5301
         v.
                                                    ,
                                                     >
 MURRAY GUARD, INC.,                                -
                            Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                   N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
                 No. 03-02786—Jon Phipps McCalla, District Judge.
                                          Argued: January 24, 2006
                                     Decided and Filed: July 26, 2006
            Before: MOORE and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; POLSTER, District Judge.*
                                             _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gerald S. Green, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. Angie C. Davis, BAKER,
DONELSON, BEARMAN, CALDWELL & BERKOWITZ, PC, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Gerald S. Green, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. Angie C. Davis, Robert M.
Williams, Jr., BAKER, DONELSON, BEARMAN, CALDWELL & BERKOWITZ, PC, Memphis,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
         MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which McKEAGUE, J. and POLSTER,
D. J., joined, with MOORE, J. (pp. 12-16), also delivering a separate concurring opinion.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. This case involves the appeal of the district
court’s dismissal pursuant to a motion for summary judgment of claims of race and sex
discrimination on single- and mixed-motive theories brought by Cornelius Wright (“Wright”),
Plaintiff-Appellant, against his employer, Murray Guard, Inc. (“Murray Guard”), Defendant-
Appellee, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2, 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
and the Tennessee Human Rights Act. In addition, Wright claims that the district court erred in

        *
          The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.


                                                         1
No. 05-5301          Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                           Page 2


granting Murray Guard’s request for leave to file a reply brief on its motion for summary judgment.
For the reasons explained below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
                                      I. BACKGROUND
       Wright began his work for Murray Guard as a lieutenant security guard at the Nike facility
in Memphis, Tennessee on December 2, 2002. Wright received a company sexual-harassment
policy when he started working for Murray Guard. Murray Guard’s policies, of which Wright was
aware, prohibit harassment on the basis of race and sex and “sleeping with employees at Murray
Guard.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 188 (Wright Dep. at 179).
        On June 11, 2003, someone allowed an unauthorized person to enter the Nike facility. Three
people were working at the time, including Annette Bradley, an African-American female guard
whom Wright supervised. Alan Muntz, Wright’s regional manager at Murray Guard, requested that
Wright investigate to determine who permitted the individual to enter the facility. Wright reported
that Bradley was responsible for this breach of security. Bradley denied this, but Muntz proceeded
to transfer her and told her not to have contact with anyone at Nike. On June 16, 2003, Murray
Guard offered Wright a promotion to the position of captain, which Wright declined because he did
not intend to stay at Murray Guard.
         The Murray Guard corporate office received an anonymous letter on June 27, 2003, accusing
Wright of sexually harassing and having sex with several women guards who worked at the Nike
facility, including at least one Murray Guard employee. On July 3, 2003, Murray Guard told Wright
about the letter. Dan Underwood, Murray Guard Vice President of Human Resources, investigated
these allegations but could not confirm them. In July 2003, Wright demonstrated a number of
performance problems, including failing to follow an order to staff a post with a second security
officer and failing to sound the take-cover alarm according to Nike’s protocol. Nike filed a
complaint about the latter incident.
        Sometime in July 2003, Wright accused Bradley of spreading rumors about him. Muntz
investigated and concluded that these allegations were true. Bradley’s behavior constituted a
violation of Muntz’s order barring her from contacting anyone at Nike. Muntz originally intended
to terminate Bradley on this ground. Muntz met with Bradley to discuss these events. Bradley told
him that she was not responsible for the security breach and that Wright had harassed her and other
women employees, including Jennifer Bennett, a white female guard whom Wright also supervised.
Bradley’s allegations led Muntz to doubt Wright’s conclusion that Bradley was responsible for the
security breach and Muntz’s decision to transfer Bradley. On this basis, Muntz changed his mind
regarding terminating Bradley and instead decided to retain her and issue her a warning. Bradley
then submitted incident reports detailing her allegations of sexual harassment against Wright,
including incidents when Bradley had seen Wright with other female employees in situations
suggesting that he had been engaging in sexual acts with them.
        Based on this information, Muntz conducted a second investigation into the sexual
harassment allegations against Wright, and on July 22, 2003, Muntz spoke with Bennett, who
confirmed that Wright had sexually harassed her. The next day, John Reeves, a Human Resources
Specialist from Murray Guard corporate headquarters, conducted an interview of Bennett. Bennett
detailed Wright’s harassment of her, including pressuring her to perform oral sex on him, and
explained that she feared she would lose her job if she refused to have sex with him. Bennett also
named five other women employees whom Wright had sexually harassed.
        On or about July 23, 2003, Wright had a meeting with Muntz and Tom Beach, Vice President
of the Southern Division of Murray Guard. During this meeting, Muntz and Beach told Wright that
Nike was dissatisfied with his performance and that he had been investigated for sexual harassment
No. 05-5301           Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                            Page 3


a second time. They then terminated Wright, explaining that this decision was based on (1) the
sexual harassment allegations made against him, (2) his job performance issues, and (3) his failure
to follow procedures.
        Wright filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”)
claiming discrimination by Murray Guard on the basis of race and sex. On August 5, 2003, the
EEOC issued Wright a right-to-sue letter. Wright filed a complaint on these grounds with the United
States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee on October 22, 2003. The district court
granted Murray Guard’s motion for summary judgment on each of Wright’s claims, and Wright
timely filed this appeal.
                                     II. TITLE VII CLAIMS
A. Standard of Review
       We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment. DiCarlo v. Potter,
358 F.3d 408, 414 (6th Cir. 2004). We will affirm a grant of summary judgment “if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). Summary judgment is inappropriate when
the evidence raises a genuine issue about a material fact, “that is, if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
        The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating that there are no genuine issues of
material fact, which “may be discharged by ‘showing’ — that is, pointing out to the district court
— that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 325 (1986). To defeat summary judgment, the nonmoving party must
then put forth “significant[] probative” evidence in support of its position. Anderson, 477 U.S. at
249-50. In reviewing the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment, we must view all
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith
Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
B. Single-Motive Claims
        Title VII single-motive claims proceeding on circumstantial evidence are analyzed under the
burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802
(1973), and later modified by Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248,
252-53 (1981). This framework first requires that the plaintiff establish a prima facie case. DiCarlo,
358 F.3d at 414. Once a prima facie case has been shown, the plaintiff is entitled to a presumption
that the defendant discriminated against him or her in violation of Title VII. Id. at 414 (citing
Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254). The defendant then bears the burden of production to put forth a
“legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the complained of adverse treatment. Id. (citing Burdine,
450 U.S. at 253). “The explanation provided must be legally sufficient to justify a judgment for the
defendant.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255. If the defendant meets this burden, the presumption of
discrimination created by the prima facie case falls away, id. at 255 & n.10, and the plaintiff then
needs to show that the defendant’s “‘legitimate nondiscriminatory reason’” was a “‘pretext for
discrimination.’” DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 414-15 (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253). Throughout this
burden-shifting approach, the plaintiff continues to bear the ultimate burden of proving, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the intent to discriminate. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S.
502, 511 (1993).
No. 05-5301              Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                       Page 4


        1. Race-Discrimination Claim
                 a. Prima Facie Case
         To demonstrate a prima facie case, the plaintiff must show that “(1) he or she was a member
of a protected class; (2) he or she suffered an adverse employment action; (3) he or she was qualified
for the position; and (4) he or she was replaced by someone outside the protected class or was
treated differently than similarly-situated, non-protected employees.” DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415.
It is undisputed that Wright meets the first three elements of the prima facie case: he is African-
American; he was terminated; and he was qualified for the position he held. According to Murray
Guard’s memorandum in support of its motion for summary judgment, Wright responded to Murray
Guard’s interrogatories that he was replaced by a white man. Although Murray Guard claims that
this statement is “conclusory, self-serving, [and] hearsay,” Appellee Br. at 16 n.4, Murray Guard
does not deny this fact, has submitted no evidence to refute it, and has made no statements regarding
Wright’s replacement. Because this court must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, Wright’s assertion regarding his replacement suffices to sustain a prima facie case.
                 b. Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason
         Murray Guard’s claimed nondiscriminatory reasons for terminating Wright’s employment
are threefold: the sexual harassment allegations against Wright, Wright’s job performance issues,
and Wright’s failure to follow procedures. In addition to the alleged sexual harassment, Wright
ignored, from July 7 through July 11 of 2003, a direct order to staff a post with an additional security
officer,1 and he failed, on July 22, 2003, to follow the proper procedure for sounding the take-cover
alarm. These constitute legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for Wright’s termination because
they are reasons, supported by admissible evidence, “which, if believed by the trier of fact, would
support a finding that unlawful discrimination was not the cause of the employment action.” Hicks,
509 U.S. at 507 (citing Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254-55 & n.8).
                 c. Pretext
        “Pretext may be shown ‘either directly by persuading the [trier of fact] that a discriminatory
reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered
explanation is unworthy of credence.’” Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078,
1082 (6th Cir. 1994) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256). Under the “honest belief” rule developed
by the Seventh Circuit, “so long as the employer honestly believed in the proffered reason,” an
employee cannot prove pretext even if the employer’s reason in the end is shown to be “mistaken,
foolish, trivial, or baseless.” Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 155 F.3d 799, 806 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing,
inter alia, Kariotis v. Navistar Int’l Trans. Corp., 131 F.3d 672, 676 (7th Cir. 1997)). We have
rejected the Seventh Circuit’s bare “honest belief” doctrine and instead have adopted a modified
honest-belief approach. Id. (holding that “[t]o the extent the Seventh Circuit’s application of the
‘honest belief’ rule credits an employer’s belief without requiring that it be reasonably based on
particularized facts rather than on ignorance and mythology, we reject its approach”). Under this
approach, for an employer to avoid a finding that its claimed nondiscriminatory reason was
pretextual, “the employer must be able to establish its reasonable reliance on the particularized facts
that were before it at the time the decision was made.” Id. at 806-07 (defining standard in the
context of an Americans with Disabilities Act claim); see also Balmer v. HCA, Inc., 423 F.3d 606,
614 (6th Cir. 2005) (applying Smith rule in Title VII retaliation case). Even when the employer

        1
          Wright argues that Murray Guard’s offer to promote him evidences that these issues with his job performance
are mere pretext. However, the offer of promotion was made to Wright on June 16, 2003, before these performance
issues arose and before Murray Guard received the anonymous letter containing allegations of Wright’s sexual
harassment.
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                         Page 5


makes such a showing, “the protection afforded by the rule is not automatic. . . . [O]nce the
employer is able to point to the particularized facts that motivated its decision, the employee has the
opportunity to produce ‘proof to the contrary.’” Smith, 155 F.3d at 807 (quoting Pesterfield v. TVA,
941 F.2d 437, 443 (6th Cir. 1991)).
        In determining whether an employer “reasonably relied on the particularized facts then
before it, we do not require that the decisional process used by the employer be optimal or that it left
no stone unturned. Rather, the key inquiry is whether the employer made a reasonably informed and
considered decision before taking an adverse employment action.” Id. (citing Burdine, 450 U.S. at
256). Although we will not “micro-manage the process used by employers in making their
employment decisions,” we also will not “blindly assume that an employer’s description of its
reasons is honest.” Id. Therefore, “[w]hen the employee is able to produce sufficient evidence to
establish that the employer failed to make a reasonably informed and considered decision before
taking its adverse employment action, thereby making its decisional process ‘unworthy of credence,’
then any reliance placed by the employer in such a process cannot be said to be honestly held.” Id.
at 807-08.
        Murray Guard has offered evidence that it “reasonably relied on the particularized facts then
before it.” Id. at 807. The facts before Murray Guard were: (a) Wright’s performance problems;
(b) an anonymous letter alleging that Wright sexually harassed several women employees;
(c) Bradley’s allegations, supported by incident reports, that Wright sexually harassed her, Bennett,
and other women employees; and (d) Bennett’s allegation that Wright touched her in a sexual
manner and pressured her into performing oral sex on him at the Nike facility and that she felt that
her job would be in jeopardy if she did not have sex with him.
         Although Wright argues that Murray Guard’s decision was made without sufficient
investigation, the evidence belies this assertion. After receipt of the anonymous letter, Underwood
conducted Murray Guard’s first investigation of the sexual harassment allegations against Wright
but could not confirm these allegations. After Bradley made additional allegations regarding
Wright’s having sex with other female employees, including      Bennett, and filed incident reports to
this effect, Murray Guard conducted another investigation.2 Muntz then interviewed Bennett, who
talked to him about the allegations that Bradley had made. Based on this information, Muntz asked
Reeves to become involved, and Reeves interviewed Bennett as well. The information regarding
Wright’s performance problems came through normal channels of supervision, including Muntz and
Philmore Epps, a Nike Safety Manager. Beach, who made the decision to terminate Wright, based
his decision on the results of the Bennett interview, which were relayed to him by Reeves, and on
Wright’s performance problems, which were relayed to him by Muntz. These procedures sufficed
for Murray Guard to make a “reasonably informed and considered decision” before terminating
Wright. See Smith, 155 F.3d at 807.
        Wright has offered no evidence to indicate that Murray Guard made its decision on grounds
other than those offered. Although Wright contends that Bradley had a motive to lie, this
unsupported contention does not create a question of fact regarding Murray Guard’s assertion that
it honestly believed that Wright had sexually harassed its employees. Murray Guard need not prove
that Wright actually sexually harassed anyone to defeat Wright’s claims. Rather, Murray Guard
needs to show that it made its decision to terminate Wright based on an honestly held belief in a
nondiscriminatory reason supported by particularized facts after a reasonably thorough investigation.
Murray Guard has sustained this burden. Wright has offered no evidence to the contrary, and thus

         2
           Wright argues that Underwood’s inability to confirm the initial sexual harassment allegations against him and
Murray Guard’s second investigation undermine Murray Guard’s honestly held belief. However, the second
investigation was conducted after new evidence — Bradley’s allegations — was presented to Murray Guard for the first
time, and thus an additional investigation based on these new allegations was entirely appropriate.
No. 05-5301           Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                              Page 6


he has not met his burden of proving pretext. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of
this claim.
       2. Sex-Discrimination Claim
        On his sex-discrimination claim, Wright has established the first three elements of the prima
facie case — that he is member of a protected class, that he suffered an adverse employment action,
and that he was qualified for the position — but he has failed to establish the fourth element. See
DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415. Plaintiff was replaced by a male, and he has not shown that he “was
treated differently than similarly-situated non-protected employees.” See id.
        Wright claims that he was treated differently than women with regard to the disciplinary
process at Murray Guard. Wright’s only proposed example of a similarly situated female employee
is Annette Bradley. Wright claims that Bradley was afforded an opportunity to refute the allegations
made against her that were to lead to her discharge, and that Murray Guard then changed its decision
to terminate her, whereas Wright was not given the same opportunity to rebut the sexual harassment
allegations made against him that ultimately led to his discharge. Wright also complains that
Murray Guard reopened the investigation of the sexual harassment allegations made against him
based on the statements of Bradley, who had admitted to spreading rumors about Wright, without
proof of who was telling the truth.
        Taking all of his allegations as true, we conclude that Wright has failed to make out a prima
facie case of sex discrimination because he has not shown that he and Bradley were similarly
situated. “The plaintiff need not demonstrate an exact correlation with the employee receiving more
favorable treatment in order for the two to be considered ‘similarly-situated.’” Ercegovich v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (considering claim under the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act). As the Supreme Court recently held in the context of a claim
of race-based peremptory strikes of jurors, “a rule that no comparison [among prospective jurors]
is probative unless the situation of the individuals compared is identical in all respects” would make
claims of discrimination “inoperable,” because “potential jurors are not products of a set of cookie
cutters.” Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, — n.6, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 2329 n.6 (2005). This
reasoning applies with equal force to the employment-discrimination context. Therefore, to
establish that an employee is an appropriate comparator, “the plaintiff [must] demonstrate that he
or she is similarly situated to the [claimed comparator] in all relevant respects.” Ercegovich, 154
F.3d at 353.
        In the disciplinary context, we have held that to be found similarly situated, the plaintiff and
his proposed comparator must have engaged in acts of “comparable seriousness.” Clayton v.
Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605, 611 (6th Cir. 2002) (applying the Ercegovich approach to a Title VII
claim) (quoting McDonald v. Santa Fe Transp. Co., 427 U.S. 273, 283 n.11 (1976)). To make this
assessment, we may look to certain factors, such as whether the individuals “‘have dealt with the
same supervisor, have been subject to the same standards and have engaged in the same conduct
without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the
employer’s treatment of them for it.’” Ercegovich, 154 F.3d at 352 (quoting Mitchell v. Toledo
Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir. 1992)). However, when such factors are not relevant, we need
not consider them. Id. Rather, to determine whether two individuals are similarly situated with
regard to discipline, we “make an independent determination as to the relevancy of a particular
aspect of the plaintiff’s employment status and that of the [proposed comparable] employee.” Id.
       Wright cannot be considered similarly situated to Bradley for the purposes of discipline
because they engaged in different conduct, and the differences in their conduct are relevant. Bradley
allegedly failed to follow a procedure by allowing an unauthorized person into the Nike facility and
allegedly spread rumors about Wright, which violated an order that she not have contact with anyone
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                         Page 7


at Nike.3 Wright allegedly sexually harassed at least one of his subordinates, including coercing one
or more into having sexual relations with him. As a result of these distinct alleged instances of
misconduct, Bradley was transferred to another facility after she supposedly did not follow the
security procedure, and Wright was ultimately terminated.
        Wright and Bradley are not similarly situated because their alleged acts of misconduct are
of a very different nature, and there are legitimate reasons why Murray Guard would treat them
differently. First, Wright’s alleged misconduct, which, if true, would constitute a serious violation
of federal law, would be much more likely to expose Murray Guard to liability than Bradley’s
alleged misconduct. Murray Guard is permitted to consider its legal obligations, especially to a class
of people protected by federal and state law that is made vulnerable by a particular employee’s
alleged misconduct, in its disciplinary decisions regarding its employees. Second, Wright’s alleged
misconduct, if true, caused actual serious harm to the people with whom he interacted, whereas
Bradley’s alleged misconduct, if true, at most caused Wright some secondary harm through the
effect of the rumors. Cf. Clayton, 281 F.3d at 611-12 (holding that plaintiff and another employee
were not similarly situated when they engaged in the same conduct but plaintiff caused serious
injury and other employee did not). Finally, Bradley’s alleged misconduct could be susceptible to
correction with a warning, and, if corrected, would have no further consequences on the experience
of those around her as she was no longer working at Nike. By contrast, the nature of Wright’s
alleged misconduct, even were it to cease, would make it challenging for him to continue
successfully in his position because it would be difficult for those he had harassed (and perhaps
others) to work with him. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s judgment that Wright failed to
present a prima facie case of sex discrimination.
C. Mixed-Motive Claims
         1. The 1991 Civil Rights Act and Desert Palace
        Individual disparate-treatment claims brought pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2, are often categorized as either single-motive claims, i.e.,
when an illegitimate reason motivated an employment decision, or mixed-motive claims, when “both
legitimate and illegitimate reasons motivated the decision,” Desert Palace v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90,
93 (2003). The Supreme Court first recognized the mixed-motive theory in Price Waterhouse v.
Hopkins, where the Court held, in a plurality opinion, that a plaintiff could shift the burden of proof
to the employer to prove an affirmative defense upon a showing that the protected characteristic
“‘played a motivating part in an employment decision.’” Desert Palace, 539 U.S. at 93 (quoting
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 258 (1989) (plurality opinion)). The employer would
then be held liable unless it “‘prov[ed] by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have made
the same decision even if it had not taken plaintiff’s [protected trait] into account.’” Id. (quoting
Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 258).
       Then, in an attempt “‘to eliminate the employer’s ability to escape liability in Title VII
mixed-motive cases by proving that it would have made the same decision in the absence of the
discriminatory motivation,’” Rashid v. Jack in the Box, Inc., 376 F.3d 305, 312 n.8 (5th Cir. 2004)
(quoting Hill v. Lockheed Martin Logistics Mgmt., Inc., 354 F.3d 277, 284 (4th Cir. 2004)),
Congress enacted the 1991 Civil Rights Act (“the 1991 Act”), which amended Title VII, Pub. L. No.
102-166, § 107, 105 Stat. 1071, 1075-76 (1991) (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(m) and
2000e-5(g)(2)(B)). One of the new statutory provisions codified the mixed-motive “alternative for

         3
          In claiming that he and Bradley are similarly situated in terms of discipline, Wright is not clear to which of
Bradley’s infractions he is referring — allowing the unauthorized person into the facility or spreading rumors. This is
immaterial, however, as neither alleged instance of misconduct is of “comparable seriousness” to Wright’s alleged
misconduct. See Clayton, 281 F.3d at 611.
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                           Page 8


proving that an ‘unlawful employment practice’ has occurred.” Desert Palace, 539 U.S. at 94
(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)). The provision states that a plaintiff can raise a mixed-motive
Title VII claim by “demonstrat[ing] that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a
motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the
practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). If the plaintiff makes such a showing, she is
entitled to relief. However, the 1991 Act also provides that the employer’s liability will be limited
to injunctive and declaratory relief and attorney fees and costs if the employer can establish that it
“would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor.” Id.
§ 2000e-5(g)(2)(B). The declaratory and injunctive relief may not include “an order requiring any
admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment.” Id. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B)(ii).
        After Price Waterhouse, despite Congress’s attempt to clarify the standard to prove a mixed-
motive claim, the question lingered as to whether direct evidence was required to establish a mixed-
motive claim. We held that direct evidence of discrimination was required to present a mixed-
motive claim. Gagne v. Northwestern Nat’l Ins. Co., 881 F.2d 309, 315 (6th Cir. 1989). This more
stringent requirement for presenting a mixed-motive claim kept such claims distinct from claims
analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas framework, which was applied when the plaintiff relied on
circumstantial evidence. Then, in 2003, the Supreme Court unanimously interpreted the 1991 Civil
Rights Act to allow plaintiffs to bring mixed-motive discrimination claims based solely on
circumstantial evidence, Desert Palace, 539 U.S. at 101-02, thereby overruling our decision in
Gagne.
        Prior to Desert Palace, we did not require a plaintiff to present a prima facie case or follow
the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework to get to the jury on a mixed-motive claim. See,
e.g., Cesaro v. Lakeville Cmty. Sch. Dist., 953 F.2d 252, 254 (6th Cir. 1992). Rather, the employee
only needed to show that the illegitimate reason “was a motivating factor in an employment
decision,” and then “the employer [could] avoid liability only by proving by a preponderance of the
evidence that it would have made the same decision even if it had not considered the plaintiff’s
gender.” Id. However, now that such mixed-motive claims can be brought based on circumstantial
evidence, the question arises as to the4 effect of Desert Palace on the analysis of mixed-motive
claims at the summary judgment stage. What is clear from Desert Palace, regardless of its impact
on the McDonnell Douglas framework, is that to succeed on a mixed-motive claim, the plaintiff
must adduce evidence that the protected characteristic “was a motivating factor” in the employer’s
adverse employment decision. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). “The ultimate question
in every employment discrimination case involving a claim of disparate treatment is whether the
plaintiff was a victim of intentional discrimination.” Reeves, 530 U.S. at 153. Applying Desert
Palace and the 1991 Act to this standard, the ultimate question at summary judgment on a mixed-
motive case is “whether the plaintiff has presented evidence, direct or circumstantial, from which


         4
           Two of our prior decisions have addressed the issue of mixed-motive jury instructions after the Desert Palace
decision. See Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 401 F.3d 729, 740 (6th Cir. 2005); Gibson v. City of Louisville, 336 F.3d 511,
512-14 (6th Cir. 2003). Two unpublished opinions have addressed the interaction of Desert Palace and the McDonnell
Douglas burden-shifting framework, but neither discussed the issue at length. See Aquino v. Honda of Am., Inc., 158
F. App’x 667, 675-76 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished opinion) (suggesting that Desert Palace incorporated the mixed-
motive analysis into the McDonnell Douglas framework as applied in a Title VII claim, by explaining that after a prima
facie case has been shown and the employer has presented a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision, the
employee can proceed to trial by demonstrating that an illegitimate reason was a motivating factor in the decision rather
than by proving pretext, but holding that Desert Palace does not modify McDonnell Douglas as applied to claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1981); Harris v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 133 F. App’x 288, 297 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished opinion) (expressly
declining to resolve interaction issue and instead focusing on the “crucial question” of whether an illegitimate reason
was a motivating factor in the employment decision). As detailed in the concurring opinion, our sister circuits have
employed a variety of approaches in discerning the impact of Desert Palace. Because, however, for the reasons set forth
below, the facts of the instant case do not require resolution of the question, we refrain today from announcing a new
or modified framework for evaluation of mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage.
No. 05-5301                Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                             Page 9


a reasonable jury could logically infer that [a protected characteristic] was a motivating factor in [the
defendant’s adverse employment action against the plaintiff].” Harris v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 133 F.
App’x 288, 297 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished opinion) (alteration in original) (internal quotation
marks omitted); accord 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m); Stegall v. Citadel Broad. Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1068
(9th Cir. 2003).
         2. Application
        Wright cannot overcome Murray Guard’s motion for summary judgment on his mixed-
motive claim because he has not offered sufficient evidence, direct or circumstantial, to create a
genuine issue of material fact on whether his race or sex “‘was a motivating factor’” in Murray
Guard’s decision to terminate him. Desert Palace, 539 U.S. at 94 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)).
Many of Wright’s arguments in support of his mixed-motive claims are conclusory             allegations
unsupported by any evidence and thus cannot create a genuine issue of material fact.5 The specific
evidence that Wright cites to support his argument that Murray Guard’s decision was tainted by an
unlawful motive similarly does not suffice to create a genuine issue of material fact on this question.
Wright claims that his different treatment in the disciplinary process, especially that he was not
given a chance to refute allegations whereas Bradley was, supports the conclusion that Murray
Guard considered an unlawful motive. However, the different treatment of Wright and Bradley does
not bear this inference because the alleged acts of misconduct so diverged that they merited different
treatment, as explained above.
        Wright also makes unsupported claims that various aspects of Murray Guard’s investigation
of the sexual harassment allegations made against him evince a discriminatory motive. Wright’s
assertion that there was a second sexual harassment investigation based on the same facts is
unfounded; Murray Guard reopened the investigation based on new allegations made against Wright.
That Beach did no investigation is irrelevant because he made his decision based on the
investigations of others. Wright’s criticisms of the rigor of Murray Guard’s investigation do not
create an issue of fact regarding the company’s motives because the investigation was sufficiently
thorough to foreclose the conclusion that it was insincere. That Murray Guard decided to credit the
statements of Bradley, who Wright claims spread rumors and had a motive to lie, and the statements
of Bennett, who Wright claims was acting defensively to prevent her own discharge, was within the
company’s discretion and does not create an issue of fact as to whether Murray Guard considered
race or sex in its decision to terminate Wright.
       Wright also makes the unfounded assertions that there was no documentation of his poor
performance and that the company’s offer of a promotion to him undermines Murray Guard’s
proffered reason for his discharge. The record shows that Wright failed to follow both company
protocol and his supervisor’s  orders, and that the offer of promotion was made prior to these
performance problems.6
       To defeat Murray Guard’s motion for summary judgment on his mixed-motive claim, Wright
must “demonstrate[]” that his race or sex “was a motivating factor” in Murray Guard’s decision to

         5
             For instance, Wright asserts that the “fact finder might infer the use of an improper motive,” Appellant Br. at
16; that “[r]easonable minds could differ as to . . . whether . . . the ‘honest belief’ defense is true,” id.; that “common
sense . . . suggest[s] that discrimination has occurred,” id. at 21; and that “[t]he Defendant’s explanation . . . of ‘honest
belief’ is not credible,” id. at 29.
         6
            Wright also makes several claims that are irrelevant to whether Murray Guard’s decision was prompted, at
least in part, by an unlawful motive. That Wright denied the allegations of sexual harassment in his affidavit is irrelevant
to the question of whether an unlawful motive played a role in the decision to terminate him. The assertion that Nike
was not dissatisfied with Wright’s performance is not supported by the record, and, in any event, is immaterial if Murray
Guard, his employer, was not satisfied.
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                       Page 10


terminate him, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m), and that he has failed to do.7 At most, Wright has presented
evidence as to why the allegations of sexual harassment made against him might not be credible, but
he has presented no evidence that Murray Guard did not honestly believe they were true or that
Murray Guard relied on unlawful motives in terminating Wright. Because Wright has not
established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether an unlawful factor motivated his
termination, the district court properly dismissed his mixed-motive claim.
III. CLAIMS UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1981 AND THE TENNESSEE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT8
       We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Wright’s claims under both
42 U.S.C. § 1981 and the Tennessee Human Rights Act (“THRA”). Because Wright’s Title VII
claims for race and sex discrimination fail, his claims for race and sex discrimination on the same
grounds fail under these statutes as well. See Noble v. Brinker Int’l, Inc., 391 F.3d 715, 720 (6th Cir.
2004) (§ 1981); Newman v. Fed. Express Corp., 266 F.3d 401, 406 (6th Cir. 2001) (THRA).
                                              IV. REPLY BRIEF
A. Standard of Review
        The decision to grant a motion for leave to file a reply brief relies on the interpretation and
application of local rules and local practice. As these are matters within the district court’s
discretion, the district court’s decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See generally 1 STEVEN
ALAN CHILDRESS & MARTHA S. DAVIS, FEDERAL STANDARDS OF REVIEW §§ 4.01, 4.10, 4.11 (3d
ed. 1999).
B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion
       Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not specifically authorize the filing of
reply briefs, they likewise do not prohibit it. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56. The Western District of
Tennessee Model Scheduling Order for Routine Cases states that
         Neither party may file [a] . . . reply . . . without leave of the court. If a party believes
         that a reply is necessary, it shall file a motion for leave to file a reply accompanied
         by a memorandum setting forth the reasons for which a reply is required.
J.A. at 43 (W. Dist. of Tenn. Model Sched. Order for Routine Cases at 3).
       According to the district court’s docket sheet, on January 10, 2005, Murray Guard filed a
motion for leave to file a reply brief. The docket sheet indicates that Wright never filed an objection
to the motion. The district court granted     the motion on January 11, 2005 and entered Murray
Guard’s reply brief on that same date.9 On January 21, 2005, Wright filed a response to Murray


         7
           In fact, Wright appears to admit that Murray Guard’s decision was not based on an unlawful motivation by
stating that his termination was a “pre-emptive firing”: “[a] discharge because of the alleged fear of litigation.”
Appellant Br. at 18, 25.
         8
          Wright additionally brought claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, both of which the district court
dismissed. Because Wright does not mention § 1983 or § 1985 to this court, he has abandoned his appeal on these
grounds.
         9
           The docket sheet does not indicate that Murray Guard filed a memorandum in support of its motion, nor can
one be located. However, the order granting Murray Guard’s motion to file a reply brief states that “[t]he Clerk shall
file the Reply Brief which has been lodged with the Clerk.” J.A. at 341 (Order Granting Def. Murray Guard Inc.’s Mot.
for Leave to File Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Mot. for Summ. J.). The docket sheet also states that Murray Guard’s motion
No. 05-5301                Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                          Page 11


Guard’s reply. In his response, Wright addressed the merits of Murray Guard’s reply, but did not
object to the order granting Murray Guard permission to file the reply brief.
         Because Wright made no objection below to the district court’s decision to allow the reply
brief, he forfeited this objection and cannot raise it in the first instance in this court.10 Even if this
panel were to consider the merits of Wright’s claim, it would fail. Wright offers no reason why the
district court abused its discretion in this ruling other than his faulty assertion that the district court
was not empowered to grant this motion.11 Although the scheduling order requires the filing of a
memorandum stating reasons in support of a motion for leave to file a reply brief, the court’s order
states that it granted Murray Guard’s motion “[f]or good cause shown.” J.A. at 341 (Order Granting
Def. Murray Guard Inc.’s Mot. for Leave to File Reply Br. in Supp. of Its Mot. for Summ. J.). This
is supported by the circumstances. In its reply brief, Murray Guard raised issues — that Wright’s
response did not comply with local rules, that Wright’s affidavit, which accompanied his response,
contradicted his deposition testimony, and that Wright raised a claim of sex discrimination for the
first time in his response — that could not have been raised before seeing Wright’s response brief.
Significantly, we note that Wright himself was permitted to respond via a sur-reply to the now-
challenged reply by Murray Guard. In view of all the circumstances, the district court acted well
within its discretion.
                                                V. CONCLUSION
         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




for leave to file the reply brief was filed on January 10, 2005 and was entered on January 11, 2005. Therefore, it is
possible that Murray Guard filed its reply brief with its motion, and that the reply brief would suffice as “a memorandum
setting forth the reasons for which a reply is required,” J.A. at 43 (W. Dist. of Tenn. Model Sched. Order for Routine
Cases at 3), because the brief discusses several reasons why the reply was necessary. Neither party has attempted to
explain these details regarding the filing of documents related to the reply brief. These facts, though potentially
elucidating, are immaterial, because, as we explain in the text, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting
the motion even if Murray Guard had not filed its reply brief or some other document supporting its motion for leave
to file a reply.
         10
          Although only one day passed between the filing of the motion and the district court granting it, leaving
Wright with little time to object, he could have objected in his sur-reply brief, but did not do so.
         11
              Wright did not mention that Murray Guard did not file a memorandum in support of its motion.
No. 05-5301             Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                   Page 12


                                         _____________________
                                            CONCURRENCE
                                         _____________________
        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, concurring. I write separately because I believe
that we should analyze the impact of the 1991 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2(m),
2000e-5(g)(2)(B), and Desert Palace v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90 (2003), on the treatment of mixed-motive
claims at the summary judgment stage to provide a thorough explanation of the resolution of
Wright’s mixed-motive claims. This court has not yet considered how Desert Palace affects our
approach to mixed-motive claims at summary judgment, so I take this opportunity to present my
views as to how mixed-motive claims should be analyzed after the 1991 Civil Rights Act and Desert
Palace. I conclude that the McDonnell Douglas framework is ill suited to the analysis of mixed-
motive claims even though they can now be raised on the basis of circumstantial evidence. I believe
that an employee raising a mixed-motive claim can defeat an employer’s motion for summary
judgment by presenting evidence — either direct or circumstantial — to “demonstrate” that a
protected characteristic “was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other
factors also motivated the practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). Because Wright
has failed to meet this standard, the grant of summary judgment on Wright’s mixed-motive claims
was proper.
                             I. THE RESPONSE TO DESERT PALACE
        Prior to Desert Palace, mixed-motive claims were not subjected to analysis under the
McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework; instead, establishing a mixed-motive claim required
direct evidence that a discriminatory reason “was a motivating factor in an employment decision,”
and “the employer [could] avoid liability only by proving by a preponderance of the evidence that
it would have made the same decision even if it had not considered the plaintiff’s gender.” Cesaro
v. Lakeville Cmty. Sch. Dist., 953 F.2d 252, 254 (6th Cir. 1992). Our pre-Desert Palace view that
direct evidence was required to establish a mixed-motive case, see Gagne v. Northwestern Nat’l Ins.
Co., 881 F.2d 309, 315 (6th Cir. 1989), kept mixed-motive claims distinct from claims analyzed
under the McDonnell Douglas framework, which was applied when the plaintiff relied on
circumstantial evidence. However, because Desert Palace has now made it clear that mixed-motive
claims can be based on circumstantial evidence, it is necessary to consider what effect, if any, this
has on our approach to mixed-motive claims. Because this court has never addressed the question
of the impact of Desert Palace on the treatment of mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment
stage, a review of the approaches taken by our sister circuits is useful.
         The Fifth Circuit has adopted “the modified McDonnell Douglas approach,” which folds the
mixed-motive inquiry into the McDonnell Douglas framework. Rachid v. Jack in the Box, Inc., 376
F.3d 305, 312 (5th Cir. 2004); see also Keelan v. Majesco Software, Inc., 407 F.3d 332, 341 (5th Cir.
2005). Under this approach, if the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case and the defendant provides
a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment decision, the plaintiff can rebut
this reason and have her case proceed to trial if she demonstrates either (1) that the defendant’s
proffered reason is pretextual (the traditional McDonnell Douglas burden), or (2) “that the
defendant’s reason, while true, is only one of the reasons for its conduct, and     another motivating
factor is the plaintiff’s protected characteristic (mixed-motives alternative).”1 Rachid, 376 F.3d at
312 (internal quotation marks omitted). If the plaintiff succeeds on the second alternative, “it then
falls to the defendant to prove that the same adverse employment decision would have been made


        1
         A question remains, however, as to what approach would be taken when there is direct evidence to support
a mixed-motive claim.
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                         Page 13


regardless of discriminatory animus. If the employer fails to carry this burden, plaintiff prevails.”2
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
        This approach, however, does not accurately screen for unlawful employment practices as
Congress defined them in the 1991 Civil Rights Act. Unlawful discrimination occurs when the
protected characteristic was “a motivating factor,” not only when it was the primary motivating
factor. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added). The plaintiff should not be required to present
a prima facie case to proceed on a mixed-motive claim because, as the Supreme Court has explained,
the primary purpose of the McDonnell Douglas prima facie case is to “eliminate[] the most common
nondiscriminatory reasons for the [adverse employment decision].” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254. The
plaintiff in a mixed-motive case can still succeed when a nondiscriminatory reason was a motivating
factor in the adverse decision, so long as a discriminatory reason was also a motivating factor. 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). Making the showing of a prima facie case a predicate to proceeding on a
mixed-motive claim would therefore improperly allow summary judgment to defeat claims when
one or more of “the most common nondiscriminatory reasons” played some role in the adverse
decision, but when a discriminatory reason also played some role. In those circumstances, the
plaintiff might not be able to maintain a prima facie case, but might be able to present evidence that
a discriminatory reason was a motivating factor in the adverse employment decision. In such cases,
the plaintiff would have a cognizable mixed-motive claim under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m), but her
claim would otherwise be barred under “the modified McDonnell Douglas approach,” Rachid, 376
F.3d at 312.
         The Eighth Circuit has rejected the “modified McDonnell Douglas approach,” Rachid, 376
F.3d at 312, on the ground that Desert Palace applied only to the post-trial issue of when a mixed-
motive jury3instruction was appropriate and thus did not influence that court’s summary judgment
precedents. Griffith v. City of Des Moines, 387 F.3d 733, 735 (8th Cir. 2004). The court was
skeptical that Desert Palace had such an effect on McDonnell Douglas because Desert Palace did
not mention McDonnell Douglas      and because the Supreme Court applied McDonnell Douglas in a
case following Desert Palace.4 Id. (citing Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 540 U.S. 44 (2003)). By
putting a gloss on the meaning of “direct evidence,” the Eighth Circuit held that Desert Palace had
no effect on its case law. Id. at 736. The court defined direct evidence as “not the converse of
circumstantial evidence,” but rather as “evidence showing a specific link between the alleged
discriminatory animus and the challenged decision, sufficient to support a finding by a reasonable
fact finder that an illegitimate criterion actually motivated the adverse employment action.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, in the Eighth Circuit, even after Desert Palace, a
plaintiff can avoid the McDonnell Douglas framework and proceed on a mixed-motive theory only
when she presents “strong (direct) evidence,” that is, “evidence that clearly points to the presence
of an illegal motive.” Id. The Eighth Circuit did not explain how this holding was consistent with

         2
          Presumably, if the employer carries this burden, the questions of injunctive or declaratory relief and attorney
fees and costs still remain. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B).
         3
            The Eleventh Circuit, in a footnote, rejected an argument that Desert Palace modified McDonnell Douglas
so that “once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, a defendant may no longer simply articulate a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action, but rather must prove that it would have taken
the same action absent the alleged discrimination.” Cooper v. Southern Co., 390 F.3d 695, 725 n.17 (11th Cir. 2004),
rev’d in part on other grounds, Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 126 S. Ct. 1195, 1057-58 (2006). The court reasoned that this
reading of Desert Palace was unsupported because “the [Supreme] Court explained that it did not decide whether its
analysis applied in other contexts” and “the Court did not even mention McDonnell Douglas in Desert Palace.” Id. The
plaintiffs in Cooper did not allege that the adverse employment actions taken with respect to them were a result of mixed
motives.
         4
           The plaintiff in the case to which the Eighth Circuit refers, Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 540 U.S. 44 (2003),
did not claim that the discrimination against him resulted from mixed motives.
No. 05-5301                Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                          Page 14


Desert Palace’s multiple statements that “no heightened” or “special evidentiary showing is
required” to proceed on a mixed-motive as opposed to a single-motive theory. Desert Palace, 539
U.S. at 98, 101.
        In Hill v. Lockheed Martin Logistics Management, Inc., 354 F.3d 277, 284-86, 297-98 (4th
Cir. 2004) (en banc), a case raising both single- and mixed-motive claims, the Fourth Circuit
continued to apply the traditional McDonnell Douglas framework in considering whether the district
court was correct in granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the plaintiff’s single-
motive claims. Id. at 298. On the plaintiff’s mixed-motive claims, the court instead evaluated
whether the plaintiff presented “legally sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence that her sex or
age was ‘a motivating   factor’ for her termination,” without reference to the McDonnell Douglas
framework.5 Id. at 297 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)); see also Diamond v. Colonial Life &
Accident Ins. Co., 416 F.3d 310, 318 (4th Cir. 2005) (noting that the McDonnell Douglas prima facie
case is “a mechanism peculiar to the pretext framework”). The Fourth Circuit thus appears at first
blush to apply distinct inquiries for the single- and mixed-motive claims. However, the court in
effect collapses the mixed-motive approach into the single-motive approach by stating that “‘the
ultimate question in every employment discrimination case involving a claim of disparate treatment
is whether the plaintiff was the victim of intentional discrimination,’” and that to prove this, the
plaintiff must present evidence that the illegitimate reason “‘had a determinative influence on the
outcome.’” Hill, 354 F.3d at 286 (emphasis added) (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods.,
Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 141 (2000)).
         Hill quotes this “determinative influence” language from Reeves, which only addressed the
plaintiff’s burden regarding a single-motive employment discrimination claim and did not consider
the standard for a mixed-motive claim. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 141-48. Moreover, the Fourth Circuit,
as well as other courts of appeals, have equated “determinative influence” with “but-for” causation
between the protected trait and the adverse employment decision, that is, that the adverse
employment decision would not have been made if the protected trait were not considered. See
Fuller v. Phipps, 67 F.3d 1137, 1144 (4th Cir. 1995), rev’d in part on other grounds by Desert
Palace, 539 U.S. at 101-02; Wagner v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 17 F. App’x 141, 147-48 (4th Cir.
2001) (unpublished opinion); Balderston v. Fairbanks Morse Engine Div. of Coltec Indus., 328 F.3d
309, 321 (7th Cir. 2003); Kelley v. Airborne Freight Corp., 140 F.3d 335, 350-51 & n.5 (1st Cir.
1998); Miller v. Cigna Corp., 47 F.3d 586, 595-96 (3d Cir. 1995) (en banc). This heightened
showing is at odds with Congress’s definition of the plaintiff’s burden in a mixed-motive case,
which is to demonstrate that an illegitimate reason “was a motivating factor for any employment
practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphases
added); see also Fuller, 67 F.3d at 1142-44 (clearly distinguishing the “motivating factor” standard
governing mixed-motive cases and the “determinative influence”/“but-for” standard governing
single-motive cases); Miller, 47 F.3d at 595-96 (3d Cir. 1995) (explaining that the “determinative
influence”/“but-for”standard does not apply to mixed-motive claims); Wagner, 17 F. App’x at 147-
48 (distinguishing the “determinative influence”/“but for” standard from the “motivating factor”
standard set forth in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)). In fact, the Fourth Circuit’s description of the
plaintiff’s burden in a mixed-motive case in Hill closely mirrors what the employer can show to
limit its liability under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B).
        The Ninth Circuit has taken yet another approach to mixed-motive claims. Although the
Supreme Court left the question open as to “when, if ever, [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)] applies outside
of the mixed-motive context,” Desert Palace, Inc., 539 U.S. at 94 n.1, the Ninth Circuit held that
“the plaintiff in any Title VII case may establish a violation through a preponderance of evidence


         5
          Although the plaintiff did not produce such evidence in Hill, if she had, this would likely result in shifting the
burden to the defendant to prove the limited same-decision affirmative defense. Hill, 354 F.3d at 284-85.
No. 05-5301               Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                                         Page 15


(whether direct or circumstantial) that a protected characteristic played a motivating factor.” Stegall
v. Citadel Broad. Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1068 (9th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added) (internal quotation
marks omitted). In the Ninth Circuit, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework is not the
exclusive means by which an employee may defeat summary judgment on a single-motive claim
based on circumstantial evidence. McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1122 (9th Cir.
2004). “Rather, when responding to a summary judgment motion, the plaintiff is presented with a
choice regarding how to establish his or her case.” Id. The plaintiff “may proceed using the
McDonnell Douglas framework, or alternatively, may simply produce direct or circumstantial
evidence 6demonstrating that a discriminatory reason more likely than not motivated” the defendant’s
decision. Id. This approach towards McDonnell Douglas also applies in the mixed-motive context:
the plaintiff may invoke McDonnell Douglas to prove that an illegitimate reason was a motivating
factor in the adverse employment decision, or the plaintiff may present other evidence — direct or
circumstantial — to meet this burden. Dominguez-Curry v. Nev. Transp. Dep’t, 424 F.3d 1027,
1042 (9th Cir. 2005).
                      II. THE POST-DESERT PALACE FRAMEWORK FOR
                            ANALYZING MIXED-MOTIVE CLAIMS
        With this background from our sister circuits, I now turn to the question of how to analyze
mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage after Desert Palace.7 Because McDonnell
Douglas creates a shifting set of evidentiary burdens aimed at smoking out the single, ultimate
reason for the adverse employment decision, see Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253-56 & n.8, the mixed-
motive analysis cannot be fit neatly within the McDonnell Douglas framework. As explained above,
the purpose of the prima facie case is to rule out the most likely legitimate reasons for an adverse
employment decision. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254. An employee can succeed on a mixed-motive
claim, however, even if such legitimate reasons played a role in the decision, so long as an
illegitimate reason was a motivating factor. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). Therefore, a different
approach is necessary for analyzing mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage.
        I believe that in a case involving mixed motives, to defeat an employer’s motion for
summary judgment, the employee must present evidence, either direct or circumstantial, to
“demonstrate” that a protected characteristic “was a motivating factor for any employment practice,
even though other factors also motivated the practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m) (emphasis added);
see also Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322 (holding that summary judgment must be granted “against
a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to
that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial”). Although the
employee need not establish a McDonnell Douglas prima facie case to defeat a motion for summary
judgment on a mixed-motive claim, setting forth a prima facie case of discrimination under
McDonnell Douglas can aid the employee in showing that an illegitimate reason motivated the
adverse employment decision. See Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 (explaining that the prima facie case
“raises an inference of discrimination . . . because we presume these acts, if otherwise unexplained,

         6
           One recent Fourth Circuit opinion appears to share this view, explaining that in pretext cases, if “a plaintiff
has direct evidence of discrimination or simply prefers to proceed without the benefit of the burden-shifting framework,
she is under no obligation to make out a prima facie case.” Diamond, 416 F.3d at 319 n.4.
         7
           Although the posture of this case requires an analysis of mixed-motive claims at the summary judgment stage,
it should be emphasized that an employee need not label his or her claims as single or mixed motive from the outset of
the case. Price Waterhouse, 490 U.S. at 247 n.12 (plurality opinion). Often the employee will not know whether both
discriminatory and nondiscriminatory motivations formed the basis for his or her employer’s decision without the aid
of discovery. Id. Once a case proceeds to trial, the issue of mixed motives will be focused on the jury instructions,
including whether a mixed-motive instruction and a limited same-decision affirmative defense instruction are appropriate
given the facts of the case. See Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 401 F.3d 729, 740 (6th Cir. 2005); Dominguez-Curry, 424
F.3d at 1041 n.7.
No. 05-5301           Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.                                              Page 16


are more likely than not based on the consideration of impermissible factors” (quoting Furnco
Constr. Co. v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567, 577 (1978))); id. at 255 n.10 (noting that the prima facie case
may continue to support an inference of discrimination even after a nondiscriminatory motive has
been asserted). Other evidence — direct or circumstantial — that an illegitimate reason was a
motivating factor for the decision will allow the employee to defeat the employer’s summary
judgment motion in a mixed-motive case. In assessing whether an employee has demonstrated that
an illegitimate reason was a motivating factor in the employer’s adverse decision, the court should
also consider evidence presented by the employer that the protected characteristic was not a
motivating factor for its employment decision.
         If the employee fails to present sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that a
discriminatory reason constituted a motivating factor in the adverse decision or, stated alternatively,
if the employer succeeds in showing that the only motivating factors in its decision were legitimate
and nondiscriminatory, the employer’s motion for summary judgment should be granted. When the
employee has presented evidence of an illegitimate motivating factor and the employer’s motion for
summary judgment cannot be granted, the employer still has the opportunity to raise the limited
affirmative defense that it “would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible
motivating factor,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)(2)(B). If the employer can show that it is entitled to this
defense, its liability will be limited to declaratory and certain injunctive relief and attorney fees and
costs. Id. In this situation, the district court would then determine the extent of the injunctive and
declaratory relief as well as the fees and costs to which the employee was entitled. See Fuhr v. Sch.
Dist. of Hazel Park, 364 F.3d 753, 760, 762 (6th Cir. 2004) (explaining that equitable remedies and
the determination of attorney fees are within the discretion of the trial court); 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(g)(2)(A) & (B) (stating that “hiring, reinstatement, or promotion” and “back pay” are not
available remedies). If the employer cannot show that it is entitled to this affirmative defense — that
is, the employer cannot show that it would have taken the same action absent the discriminatory
motivating factor — the case must proceed to trial.
        In conducting this inquiry, there is no need to shift burdens among the parties. The court
simply considers whether there are any genuinely disputed issues of material fact, and, if none is
present, whether the law supports a judgment in favor of the moving party on the basis of the
undisputed facts before it. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). Inquiries regarding what actually motivated
an employer’s decision are very fact intensive and thus will generally be difficult to determine at the
summary judgment stage. See Singfield v. Akron Metro. Hous. Auth., 389 F.3d 555, 564 (6th Cir.
2004) (explaining that “in discrimination and retaliation cases, an employer’s true motivations are
particularly difficult to ascertain, . . . thereby frequently making such factual determinations
unsuitable for disposition at the summary judgment stage”). When there is a factual dispute as to
the factors that motivated the employer’s decision, summary judgment is inappropriate. See FED.
R. CIV. P. 56(c).
                 III. APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
        I now turn to the task of applying this proposed standard to the facts before us. The only
evidence that Wright has produced to support his mixed-motive claim is his establishment of a prima
facie case of race discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework. Wright has offered no
other evidence, direct or circumstantial, to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his
race or sex “‘was a motivating factor’” in Murray Guard’s decision to terminate him. Desert Palace,
539 U.S. at 94 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m)). Under these circumstances, Wright’s prima facie
case of race discrimination does not suffice to show that his race “was a motivating factor” in the
termination decision. Therefore, the grant of summary judgment on Wright’s mixed-motive claims
was appropriate under the post-Desert Palace framework described above.
