                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 MAY 02, 2007
                               No. 06-15319                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                         ________________________

                           Agency No. A79-468-624

FELIPE ANDRES SANTOS,


                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.


                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                                 (May 2, 2007)

Before BIRCH, BARKETT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Felipe Andres Santos, a native and citizen of Colombia, petitions this court
for review of the decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming

the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order finding him removable and denying his

application for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Nationality Act (“INA”) and for relief under the United Nations Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”).1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                        I. Background

       Santos entered the United States in November 2000 on a non-immigrant visa

and remained beyond the visa’s expiration period. Santos applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT, alleging that he had suffered

persecution from paramilitary groups based on his political opinion and his

membership in a particular social group—journalists—after he and his father

denounced such groups via their television productions. He was served with a

Notice to Appear, charging him with removability under INA § 237(a)(1)(B) and 8

U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B).

       At a hearing before an IJ, Santos testified in support of his application.

According to Santos, he worked in Colombia as a cameraman and actor. He was

also partner in his father’s television production company for which they produced



       1
         Santos does not raise any arguments in his brief regarding the denial of CAT relief. Thus,
he has abandoned this issue on appeal. See Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2
(11th Cir. 2005).

                                                2
television shows depicting human rights violations. Santos also claimed that he

and his father did work for “the Office of the Ombudsman,” a human rights

organization.

         In 1997, Santos filmed the testimony of persons alleging that they had

witnessed the murders of several prosecutors by members of paramilitary groups.

He claimed that after the filming, his family received threats from paramilitary

groups, the Colombian army, and the police. According to Santos, the first “direct

threat” was received by his father via a letter warning the family to separate

themselves from both the television program and from the Office of the

Ombudsman. Upon receiving this threat, Santos’s father immediately resigned

from the television program and fled to Panama where he remained for three weeks

before returning to Colombia. Santos and his mother sought protection from the

Colombian government and were provided bodyguards for approximately two

years.

         Santos further testified that in 1998 or 1999, the Colombian army opened

fire on a suspected truck load of guerrilla rebels who turned out to be a family of

civilians. Santos was sent as a cameraman by the Office of the Ombudsman to

cover the incident, and he filmed an interview of a civilian survivor and members

of the military. Santos stated that he distributed a recording of the interviews to all

of the national television stations.
                                            3
      Santos traveled to New York on a tourist visa in October 1999. According

to Santos, returned to Colombia approximately five months later in order to

stabilize his televison company, “fix the problems” in his marriage, and obtain a

work visa so that he could return to the U.S. as an actor. He asserted that he was

not afraid to return to Colombia at this time because his parents had already

relocated to the U.S. and his father was no longer receiving threats. In November

2000, however, Santos claimed that two men approached him and threatened to

exact “some vengeance against” him. Although the men did not identify

themselves, Santos believed them to be associated with the same people who had

threatened his family in 1997. Santos claimed that a few days later, a security

guard at his apartment building alerted him to the presence of suspicious

individuals waiting outside. Once the guard alerted Santos, the men fled the

premises. Again, although the men did not identify themselves, Santos suspected

that the men were of the same group who had previously threatened his family.

      Santos testified that based on these incidents, if he were to return to

Colombia, his life would be in constant danger from paramilitaries, the Colombian

army, and/or the Colombian government. He claimed, without explanation, that

relocation within Colombia was not a viable option. He also asserted that the

police would not be willing to protect him despite the nearly two-years of

protection he and his mother had previously received from the government. In
                                          4
addition, Santos admitted that his father had made several trips to Colombia

between April 2000 and March 2002 without incident. Santos’s father also

testified that he had not experienced any difficulties during his trips to Colombia.

But he did state that a government official had warned him in 2003 that his son,

Santos, was one of a number of journalists targeted for vengeance.

      Following the hearing, the IJ denied relief, finding that the threats received

by Santos and his family did not amount to past persecution given that no one had

been physically harmed. The IJ also concluded that Santos failed to demonstrate a

well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily-protected

ground, noting that there were no physical encounters and Santos had not been

directly threatened with physical harm on account of an enumerated ground. The

IJ also noted that Santos’s allegations were vague, Santos had returned to

Colombia after several of the alleged incidents had occurred, and Santos’s father

had returned to Colombia on numerous occasions without incident.

      Santos appealed to the BIA, which agreed with the IJ’s decision and

dismissed the appeal. Noting that Santos had voluntarily returned to Colombia in

2000 and that his father had returned to Colombia several times after receiving the

alleged threats, the BIA concluded that Santos had failed to establish either past

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. Santos now petitions this

court for review.
                                           5
                                     II. Discussion

      Santos argues that the BIA and the IJ erred by concluding that he had not

demonstrated a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily-

protected ground based on the “quantum and quality of the record evidence”

establishing that, inter alia, he had received direct threats on two occasions in

2000; his family had received a specific threat in 1997; paramilitaries were aware

of his journalistic beliefs in exposing their human rights violations; he could not

relocate within Colombia because of his fame as an actor and a journalist and the

country-wide operations of the paramilitary forces; and he was targeted by these

paramilitary groups on account of his membership in a particular social group (that

is, journalists who sought to “expose atrocities committed by paramilitary groups

or the military”). He also argues that neither his re-entry into Colombia in 2000

nor his father’s repeated trips to Colombia after 2000 reduced the reasonableness

of his fear of future persecution.

      We review the BIA’s decision except to the extent that the BIA expressly

adopts the IJ’s decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001). To the extent that the BIA’s or IJ’s decision was based on a legal

determination, this court reviews the decision de novo. Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

440 F.3d 1247, 1254 (11th Cir. 2006). The IJ’s factual determinations are

reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and this court “must affirm the [IJ’s]
                                           6
decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the

record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84 (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). “Under the substantial evidence test, [we

review] the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision

and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Ruiz, 440 F.3d at

1255 (citation omitted). Thus, “a finding of fact will be reversed only when the

record compels a reversal; the mere fact that the record may support a contrary

conclusion is not enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Id.

(citation omitted).

      The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum if an alien meets the

INA’s definition of a “refugee.” INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). The

INA defines a refugee as

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .

      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling

      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of

      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . .

      membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) & (B). The asylum applicant bears the burden of

proving refugee status. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To meet this burden, the

applicant must establish, with specific and credible evidence, (1) past persecution
                                          7
on account of a statutorily-listed factor, or (2) a “well-founded fear” that the

statutorily-listed factor will cause future persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b); Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept, requiring more

than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and that mere

harassment does not amount to persecution.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401

F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation and internal quotations omitted). Thus,

“only in a rare case does the record compel the conclusion that an applicant for

asylum has suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future

persecution.” Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1239 (11th Cir. 2006).

      If the asylum applicant establishes past persecution, he is presumed to have a

well-founded fear of future persecution unless the government can rebut the

presumption. D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 818 (citing 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(1)(i), (ii)). If the applicant cannot show past persecution, then he must

demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily-

protected ground that is both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. The subjective component can be established “by the

applicant’s credible testimony that he or she genuinely fears persecution.” Ruiz,

440 F.3d at 1257. The objective component can be established by presenting

“specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled

out for persecution” on account of a statutorily-protected ground. Al Najjar, 257
                                           8
F.3d at 1289.

      Here, the IJ and the BIA concluded that Santos failed to establish past

persecution. Because Santos does not challenge this conclusion on appeal,

however, the issue of whether Santos suffered past persecution is not before us,

and we do not consider it. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228 n.2 (“When an

appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is abandoned.”). Thus, the

only issue before us is whether the BIA erred on affirming the IJ’s conclusion that

Santos failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution.

      Upon a review of the record, we conclude that the record does not compel

the conclusion that there is a reasonable possibility that Santos personally will

suffer persecution if he returns to Colombia. Even assuming Santos’s fear of

future persecution is subjectively genuine, there is substantial evidence to support

the finding that it is not objectively reasonable given that Santos was never

physically harmed; no one in his family was ever physically harmed; Santos had

only two direct encounters with persons whom he suspected of being with the same

individuals who had threatened his family in 1997; he returned to Colombia in

2000; and his father made several trips to Colombia from 2000 to 2002 without

incident. Accordingly, the IJ and BIA did not err in finding that Santos failed to

establish a well-founded fear of future persecution.



                                           9
                          III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Santos’s petition.




                                 10
