                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           August 14, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 CARLOS BARBECHO-CAJAMORCA,

       Petitioner,

 v.                                                           No. 19-9577
                                                          (Petition for Review)
 WILLIAM P. BARR, United States
 Attorney General,

       Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, MATHESON, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Carlos Barbecho-Cajamorca, a native and citizen of Ecuador, appealed to the

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) from a decision by an immigration judge (IJ)

denying his motion to reopen his removal proceedings. While his appeal was

pending, Petitioner filed a motion to remand so that he could apply for cancellation

of removal in light of Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018). After the BIA




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
dismissed his appeal and denied his motion to remand, he petitioned this court for

review. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), we deny the petition.

                                  BACKGROUND

      In 2007, Petitioner was apprehended while crossing the border between

Mexico and Arizona and was taken into custody by immigration officials. The

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) initiated removal proceedings by serving

him with a notice to appear (NTA), alleging he was removable for illegally entering

the United States. The NTA indicated his initial appearance before an IJ would be at

a date and time “to be set.” Admin. R. at 817. The NTA also stated that Petitioner

was required to provide his mailing address and to “notify the Immigration Court

immediately by using Form EOIR-33 whenever [he] change[d] [his] address.” Id. at

818. The NTA warned he could be ordered removed if he failed to attend his

hearing. Petitioner signed the NTA, requested an immediate hearing, and confirmed

he received notice in Spanish of the consequences for failing to appear.

      Upon his release from custody, DHS reminded Petitioner of his obligation to

keep his address current and gave him a change-of-address form. Petitioner provided

an address in New Jersey, but he and his family traveled to New York, where they

lived for the next several years. He did not complete a change-of-address form or

otherwise notify DHS of his New York address. On May 30—shortly after his

release from custody—DHS sent a Notice of Hearing (NOH) to Petitioner at the New

Jersey address, informing him that his hearing was scheduled for August 1. The

NOH was not returned as undeliverable. On August 2, DHS sent him a second NOH

                                          2
at the New Jersey address, informing him that his hearing would be held on

February 20, 2008. The second NOH also was not returned as undeliverable. After

Petitioner failed to appear at that hearing the IJ ordered him removed in absentia.

      In 2013, Petitioner was apprehended by law enforcement and released on an

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) supervision order. He alleges this is

when he first learned of the 2008 removal order. In 2018, after ICE granted several

stays of removal, Petitioner filed a motion to reopen his proceedings, asserting that

conditions in Ecuador had worsened for indigenous people and that he should be

permitted to file for asylum and withholding of removal. The IJ denied his motion.

      While his appeal to the BIA was pending, the Supreme Court held that a

putative NTA that failed to designate the time or place for the removal hearing did

not terminate the period of continuous physical presence in the United States for

purposes of cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). Pereira,

138 S. Ct. at 2109-10. Petitioner then filed a motion to remand, arguing that his

original NTA was defective under Pereira and that, therefore, (1) the IJ lacked

jurisdiction to order his removal; and (2) he was eligible for cancellation of removal,

having accumulated more than ten years of continuous physical presence in the

United States. The BIA dismissed his appeal from the IJ’s denial of his motion to

reopen and denied his motion to remand. Petitioner timely petitioned for review.




                                           3
                                     DISCUSSION

   I.        Standard of Review

         We review the denial of both motions to reopen and motions to remand for

abuse of discretion. See Qiu v. Sessions, 870 F.3d 1200, 1202 (10th Cir. 2017)

(motion to reopen); Neri-Garcia v. Holder, 696 F.3d 1003, 1009, 1011 (10th Cir.

2012) (motion to remand). “The BIA abuses its discretion when its decision provides

no rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of

any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory statements.” Infanzon v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1359, 1362 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

In addition, “[w]e review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its findings of

fact under the substantial evidence standard.” Ramirez-Coria v. Holder, 761 F.3d

1158, 1161 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation mark omitted). Finally, when, as

here, a single BIA member issues a brief order on appeal, “we may consult the IJ’s

opinion to the extent that the BIA relied upon or incorporated it.” Sidabutar v.

Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116, 1123 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

   II.       Motion to Reopen

         Petitioner first contends he demonstrated changed conditions in Ecuador and

that the BIA thus erred in upholding the denial of his motion to reopen on that basis. 1

We disagree.




         1
       Petitioner does not contest the denial of his motion to reopen to the extent it
was based on a lack of notice of his removal hearing.
                                           4
       Generally, an alien may file one motion to reopen his removal proceedings.

8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). The motion must be filed within ninety days of the

removal order unless the alien intends to apply for asylum and the motion “is based

on changed country conditions arising in the country of nationality or the country to

which removal has been ordered, if such evidence is material and was not available

and would not have been discovered or presented at the previous proceeding.”

Id. § 1229a(c)(7)(C); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(3). The motion to reopen must

“state the new facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is

granted, and [] be supported by affidavits or other evidentiary material.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(7)(B). The “new facts . . . must demonstrate that if proceedings before

the IJ were reopened, with all the attendant delays, the new evidence offered would

likely change the result in the case.” Maatougui v. Holder, 738 F.3d 1230, 1240

(10th Cir. 2013) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Even if the alien

establishes a prima facie case for relief, the IJ still “has discretion to deny a motion to

reopen.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(3). Motions to reopen are “disfavored,” and the

alien “bears a heavy burden” in showing an abuse of discretion. Maatougui,

738 F.3d at 1239 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Petitioner moved to reopen his proceedings based on a “rising level of

aggression” in Ecuador “against individuals such as himself, who are of an

indigenous race, but who have ventured out of their ‘place’ in society in order to

advance their careers or positions in life.” Admin. R. at 245. In support of his

motion, Petitioner provided: (1) his affidavit, which included statements his mother

                                            5
purportedly made to him regarding recent burglaries committed against indigenous

families in his hometown in Ecuador; (2) affidavits from his mother-in-law and

sister-in-law regarding his assault and harassment by gang members prior to his

departure from Ecuador in 2007; and (3) documentary evidence regarding the status

and treatment of indigenous people in Ecuador.

      In upholding the IJ’s decision, the BIA held that Petitioner had “not

established materially changed conditions in Ecuador” since 2008, concluding his

evidence reflected “incremental variations in the government[’s] and society’s

attitudes to indigenous people,” and a change in his “personal circumstances,”

including his career advancement and his increased awareness of the extent and

severity of the mistreatment of indigenous people. Admin. R. at 4.

      Petitioner concedes indigenous people in Ecuador suffered discrimination and

harassment “[a]t the time of [his] removal proceedings” in 2008 and that “there has

always been tension between indigenous people and the rest of society in Ecuador.”

Pet. Opening Br. at 38. But he contends: (1) “he did not have the wherewithal at that

time to understand that his experiences were part of the society structure of Ecuador

rather than simply personal disputes” and only recently began to “comprehend the

pervasive society resentment towards indigenous people in Ecuador,” id.; and (2) the

situation “had escalated to the point of violence,” id. at 39, with indigenous people

“being targeted” and law enforcement being “unhelpful,” id. at 38.

      The BIA correctly concluded that Petitioner’s contention that he has developed

a greater awareness of structural and systemic issues affecting indigenous people in

                                           6
Ecuador reflects a change in his own circumstances, not a change in the country’s

conditions. The same is true of his allegation that, by leaving “behind the traditional

indigenous role” and seeking to advance his station in life, “he has become precisely

the type of indigenous person” targeted in Ecuador. Id. at 39 (emphasis added); see

also Admin. R. at 249 (alleging a risk of “greater aggression . . . in light of his

activities . . . since leaving Ecuador” (emphasis added)). Thus, the BIA did not abuse

its discretion in denying the motion to reopen on this basis. See Wei v. Mukasey,

545 F.3d 1248, 1256 (10th Cir. 2008) (explaining that while a change in personal

circumstances may permit a successive asylum application, an alien may not apply

for asylum on the basis of changed personal circumstances after his removal has been

ordered and the ninety-day period for moving to reopen has expired, unless he can

show changed country conditions supporting the motion to reopen).

       As for his claim that conditions in Ecuador have changed because they have

“escalated to the point of violence,” Pet. Opening Br. at 39, Petitioner offers only

conclusory statements and a citation to nearly 100 pages of the administrative record,

without any explanation or elaboration. We are under no obligation to consider such

undeveloped arguments or to search the record for evidence to support them. See

Eateries, Inc. v. J.R. Simplot Co., 346 F.3d 1225, 1232 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding that

the appellant’s “superficial argument [was] insufficient to garner appellate review”

and that this court “need not sift through the record to find evidence to support a

party’s argument” (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also

Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (providing that the argument section of the appellant’s

                                            7
brief must contain his “contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the

authorities and parts of the record on which [he] relies.”).

      In any event, the portions of the record he cites do not demonstrate a material

change in Ecuador’s conditions since Petitioner’s hearing in 2008. The affidavits

from his in-laws discuss events that occurred before he came to the United States in

2007. And the documentary evidence, including academic publications, addresses

data and research largely pre-dating 2008 and describes conditions in effect even

before 2008. We recognize that the existence of persecution in a particular country

“does not prevent [an alien] from showing a change in country conditions due to a

significant increase in the level of persecution.” Qiu, 870 F.3d at 1204. But we

conclude that the BIA did not err in finding Petitioner’s evidence “insufficient to

demonstrate” changed country conditions, Admin. R. at 4, and that it therefore did

not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to reopen on that basis.

   III.   Motion to Remand

      Petitioner next contends the BIA erred in denying his motion to remand to

allow him to apply for cancellation of removal in light of Pereira. 2 As we recently

noted, “[t]he same legal standard applies to motions to reopen and motions to

remand,” even when, as here, the motion “is filed during the pendency of an appeal”


      2
         Petitioner acknowledged in his petition for review that we have rejected the
argument he made before the BIA that the defective NTA deprived the IJ of
jurisdiction. See Lopez-Munoz v. Barr, 941 F.3d 1013, 1017 (10th Cir. 2019); see
also Martinez-Perez v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1273, 1278 (10th Cir. 2020) (explaining that
the rules regarding NTAs are non-jurisdictional claim-processing rules). He thus
does not pursue that argument.
                                            8
and is “styled as a motion to remand.” Galeano-Romero v. Barr, No. 19-9585,

__ F.3d __, __, 2020 WL 4458998, at *6 (10th Cir. Aug. 3, 2020) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      To be eligible for cancellation of removal, he needed to show: (1) ten years of

continuous physical presence in the United States immediately prior to the

application; (2) “good moral character during such period”; (3) the absence of any

convictions of certain offenses; and (4) that a qualifying relative who is a United

States citizen or lawful permanent resident would suffer “exceptional and extremely

unusual hardship” if he is removed. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). Petitioner alleged that

he satisfied the moral character and criminal record requirements and that his

removal would cause the requisite hardship to his youngest child, who is a United

States citizen. He also alleged that he had accumulated more than ten years of

continuous physical presence because his defective 2007 NTA did not terminate his

continuous physical presence. See Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2110 (holding a putative

NTA that failed to designate the time or place for the removal hearing did not trigger

the stop-time rule under § 1229b(d)(1)(A)).

      The BIA denied Petitioner’s motion to remand on three alternative grounds. It

first concluded that to the extent the motion was a motion to reopen, it was “time and

number-barred.” Admin. R. at 5 (citing § 1229a(c)(7)). The BIA also found

Petitioner did not comply with “the regulatory requirements” for motions to reopen

because he failed to attach his cancellation application to the motion and the alleged

“time-sensitive nature” of the motion was an “insufficient” reason for waiting until

                                           9
his reply brief to submit the application. Id. at 6 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1)).

Finally, the BIA held that Petitioner failed to establish a prima facie case for

cancellation, concluding: (1) he could not establish ten years of continuous physical

presence because the NOH “cured” the defective NTA, thereby triggering the

stop-time rule and cutting off the period of continuous physical presence, id. (citing

Matter of Mendoza-Hernandez, 27 I. & N. Dec. 520, 535 (BIA 2019)); and (2) “he

did not provide a prima facie case as to how his qualifying relative would suffer the

requisite level of hardship,” id. (citing In re Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 56,

63 (BIA 2001)).

      To prevail on his petition for review, Petitioner must demonstrate that the BIA

abused its discretion on each of its alternative rulings outlined above. See

Galeano-Romero, __ F.3d at __ n.11, 2020 WL 4458998, at *6 n.11. But, as

discussed more fully below, we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s discretionary

hardship decision, so Petitioner cannot establish that the BIA abused its discretion in

denying his motion to remand on that basis. And because he cannot show error on

that basis, we need not address the BIA’s alternative rulings. 3

      “There is no algorithm for determining when a hardship is ‘exceptional and

extremely unusual.’ The decision regarding when hardship has reached that level is a



      3
          Nonetheless, we agree the BIA erred in concluding that the NOH triggered
the stop-time rule. See Banuelos-Galviz v. Barr, 953 F.3d 1176, 1178-80 (10th Cir.
2020) (rejecting the reasoning in Mendoza-Hernandez and holding “the stop-time
rule is triggered by one complete notice to appear rather than a combination of
documents,” including a subsequent NOH).
                                           10
judgment call.” Morales Ventura v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1259, 1262 (10th Cir. 2003).

Therefore, the BIA’s decision regarding hardship to an alien’s qualifying relative is

discretionary. See id. And because under § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) we lack “jurisdiction to

review the discretionary aspects of a decision concerning cancellation of removal,”

we cannot review the BIA’s determination that there is insufficient hardship for

cancellation. Galeano-Romero, __ F.3d at __, 2020 WL 4458998, at *3 (internal

quotation marks omitted). This is true not only for the BIA’s decision on appeal

from an IJ’s denial of a cancellation application, see id., but also for its denial of a

motion to reopen premised on a cancellation application, see Alzainati v. Holder,

568 F.3d 844, 848-49 (10th Cir. 2009) (explaining that an alien cannot “indirectly

obtain judicial review of a discretionary ruling that is not directly reviewable” and

holding that “[b]ecause § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) precludes our review of an ‘exceptional

and extremely unusual hardship’ determination under § 1229b(b)(1)(D), it also

precludes our jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen because

the alien still has failed to show the requisite hardship”).

       Like the petitioner in Galeano-Romero, Petitioner here has not raised a

constitutional claim or question of law in connection with the hardship issue such

that we might have jurisdiction. 4 See __ F.3d at __, 2020 WL 4458998, at *3-6.


       4
         Petitioner contends the BIA “did not review all of the evidence in the
record.” Pet. Opening Br. at 35. We have “limited jurisdiction to review the
propriety of the BIA’s failure to consider the evidence and, in an appropriate case,
can require consideration of the evidence.” Alzainati, 568 F.3d at 850. But our
jurisdiction to do so arises when “due process rights are implicated,” id., and
Petitioner made no due process argument. In any event, the BIA acknowledged
                                            11
And as in that case, we lack jurisdiction to consider Petitioner’s challenges to the

BIA’s discretionary hardship decision concerning cancellation of removal. Id.; see

also Arambula-Medina v. Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 827-28 (10th Cir. 2009) (rejecting

alien’s attempts to couch challenge to BIA’s decision as a question of law or a

constitutional question and concluding court lacked jurisdiction to review “the

discretionary aspects of a decision concerning cancellation of removal”). Petitioner

therefore cannot establish that the BIA abused its discretion in concluding he did not

establish a prima facie case for cancellation and in denying his motion to remand on

that basis.

                                   CONCLUSION

       The petition for review is denied.


                                             Entered for the Court


                                             Joel M. Carson III
                                             Circuit Judge




Petitioner provided evidence with his reply brief, and Petitioner has offered only a
conclusory argument that the BIA ignored his evidence.
                                            12
