                                NUMBER 13-18-00579-CR

                               COURT OF APPEALS

                    THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                      CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

RODERICK DESHUN TURNER,                                                               Appellant,

                                                 v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                                    Appellee.


                       On appeal from the 85th District Court
                            of Brazos County, Texas.



           MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REHEARING1
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Benavides and Longoria
             Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria




       1  Turner filed a motion for rehearing. See TEX. R. APP. P. 49.7. On the panel’s own motion it
withdraws its initial memorandum opinion and judgment and replaces them with the instant memorandum
opinion and accompanying judgment. Turner’s motion for rehearing is denied.
        Appellant Roderick Deshun Turner appeals his conviction for burglary of a

habitation, a second-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(c)(2). Turner

argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to convict him. We affirm.

                                       I.      BACKGROUND 2

        Robert Parnell, a 911 dispatcher, testified that on March 7, 2015, at approximately

2:00 a.m., Ashley Taylor called 911 complaining that Turner, her ex-boyfriend, was

banging on her door and window attempting to gain access to her apartment. Taylor

requested that the police come to her apartment to make Turner leave. The police were

dispatched. During the call, Parnell asked Taylor if she wanted a criminal trespass

warning issued, which means that the police would inform Turner that he is not welcome

at her address and he would be subject to arrest if he was located there again. Parnell

testified, and his notes from the 911 call stated, that Taylor wanted a criminal trespass

warning issued.

        Cindy Synwolt, also a 911 dispatcher, testified that on March 8, 2015, at

approximately 2:15 p.m., a call came through to a different dispatcher from a cell phone

on an “open line,” which means that no one is talking, but that the call is connected. After

the call disconnected, the dispatcher unsuccessfully attempted to call the phone back.

Shortly after, the same dispatcher received a call from a “maintenance man who had been

notified by a neighbor of the victim of the incident that there was a man at the door yelling.”

Five minutes after the initial call, Synwolt then received another call from Taylor using the

same cell phone number that placed the first call. Synwolt testified that Taylor was frantic,

emotional, and sounded scared. During the 911 call, Synwolt could hear a man in the


        2This case is before this Court on transfer from the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco pursuant to a
docket-equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001.

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background with Taylor. The recorded call was admitted into evidence and played for the

jury. Taylor told Synwolt that her ex-boyfriend had entered her apartment and assaulted

her in front of their daughter. Taylor said that he was still in the apartment and that she

could not get away from him. Synwolt suggested that Taylor retreat to the bathroom, but

Taylor said she was unable to do so because the door did not lock. Synwolt remained on

the line with Taylor until the police arrived.

        Matthew Alaniz, a corporal with the College Station Police Department, was the

first officer to arrive on the scene. At the time of the incident on March 8, Alaniz had an

officer recruit with him. Alaniz said that as he approached Taylor’s residence, he noticed

the door was slightly open and the doorframe had been cracked. Alaniz testified that the

cracked doorframe is usually indicative of forced entry and that there were small

fragments of the doorframe in the entryway. He also testified that there was a footprint

near the doorknob, which to him meant that someone had tried to forcefully kick open the

door. Images of the doorframe, doorknob, and entryway were admitted and shown to the

jury.

        As Alaniz and his recruit approached the doorway, he could hear some “back and

forth argument from inside” the apartment. Alaniz ordered Turner to step outside, and

when he did not immediately do so, Alaniz physically removed him from the apartment.

Alaniz described Taylor as emotional, afraid, and scared. He described Turner as angry,

both at the officers and at Taylor. Sergeant Robert Greenawalt and another recruit arrived

on the scene. At this point, Greenawalt removed Turner from the area and handcuffed

him before placing him into a patrol unit.




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       Once Turner had been removed from the scene, Alaniz spoke with Taylor. He

observed that Taylor had some redness on her face, a broken and bloody fingernail, and

some of her hair had been pulled out. Taylor told Alaniz that Turner had been banging

on her door to gain access to the apartment because he wanted to see their daughter.

Once Turner gained access into the apartment, he immediately began to strike Taylor

with an open hand on her face and neck. Alaniz located a dental retainer on the bathroom

floor that Taylor said came out when Turner struck her in the mouth after she attempted

to retreat into the bathroom. An audio recording of her statement to Alaniz was played

for the jury. Taylor stated that she attempted to dial 911 once, but that Turner took her

phone. She was able to get her phone back and dial 911. Taylor explained that Turner

came into her apartment and immediately started “punching [her] face, pushing [her],

slapping [her]” and she attempted to run to the bathroom to lock the door and get away

from him, but that Turner got into the bathroom and continued to assault her. She further

stated that Turner “pulled out [her] hair” and slapped her in the face. Alaniz testified that

Taylor indicated that Turner had kicked in the door, but he could not recall if she

specifically said those words to him. Alaniz believed that Turner forced his way in based

on the broken doorframe.

       Greenawalt also testified that he was dispatched to a civil disturbance call at

Taylor’s apartment. Alaniz was already approaching the apartment when Greenawalt

arrived. As Greenawalt approached the apartment, he could hear shouting and verbal

commands from Alaniz, which caused him to hurry toward the apartment to determine

what was happening. Greenawalt saw Turner, agitated and aggressive, attempting to

push past Alaniz to get into the apartment. Greenawalt and his recruit immediately



                                             4
removed Turner from the doorway and placed him against the wall. Turner continued to

struggle with the officers and tried to break free from their hold. Greenawalt removed his

taser and placed it onto Turner’s lower back while advising Turner to stop resisting,

without discharging the taser. Turner was then able to be handcuffed. He was then

escorted to the patrol vehicle and placed in the backseat.

       Prior to trial, Taylor signed a non-prosecution affidavit and submitted it to the

Brazos County District Attorney’s Office. The State had to subpoena Taylor to testify

because she no longer wished to move forward with the charges against Turner, the

father of her children.

       Taylor testified that on March 7, 2015, Turner showed up at her apartment around

2:00 a.m. wanting to get inside. She stated that he was banging on the door, demanding

to be let inside. She told Turner to leave, and she called the police, but she could not

recall if she requested a criminal trespass warning to be issued.          She said that

maintenance had to come out to repair the door, but that the door was able to be “closed

and shut and locked.” The next day, March 8, 2015, around 2:16 p.m., there was a loud

banging on Taylor’s door, enough to shake the picture on her wall. When she heard the

banging, she went and opened the door and before she could say anything, Turner

immediately started slapping her in the face. As a result of the banding on the door that

afternoon, Taylor’s door and doorframe were damaged to the point that she was unable

to close and lock her door after she opened it. Taylor recalled that, at some point, her

daughter came out of the bedroom and saw what was happening, but that she told her to

go back to her room. Taylor later discovered that her daughter attempted to call Taylor’s

mother through her iPad for help.



                                            5
      Taylor attempted to get away from Turner and threatened to call 911, but she was

unable to get to her phone. She could not recall if Turner took her phone away from her.

During the altercation, she broke a fingernail; she believed it could have happened either

when she attempted to protect herself from his hands or when she tried to get her phone

to call 911. Eventually she was able to get to her phone and called 911. The police came

and arrested Turner. Shortly after the incident, Taylor learned that she was pregnant with

Turner’s second child and decided to sign a non-prosecution affidavit in order to help

Turner.

      On cross-examination, Taylor stated that Turner was kicking her door, but she did

not state that he ever kicked in the door. She said that she let Turner into her apartment

voluntarily; he did not break in. Taylor stated that she consented to Turner being there,

but that she did not consent to being assaulted.

      Alison Pourteau, a licensed counselor, testified that she worked with victims of

domestic violence. Pourteau stated that it was common for victims of domestic violence

to file non-prosecution affidavits after an incident because they want to minimize the

punishment for the abuser. She agreed that pregnancy can cause a woman to not want

to go forward with charges against the father. Pourteau testified that she was present

when Taylor testified, and that while she believed Taylor’s testimony, she felt it was

possible that Taylor was minimizing Turner’s behavior to protect him to some extent, even

though she admitted he assaulted her.

      The trial court denied Turner’s motion for directed verdict. The jury found Turner

guilty of burglary of a habitation. With a felony enhancement, the trial court assessed

punishment at twenty years’ incarceration. This appeal followed.



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                                  II.    LEGAL SUFFICIENCY

       By his sole issue, Turner argues that there was legally insufficient evidence to

prove that he entered Taylor’s apartment without her consent, as required by § 30.02 of

the Texas Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1).

A.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       The standard for reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether “any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Brooks v. State, 323

S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (“[T]he Jackson v. Virginia standard is the only

standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is

sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is required to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt). We must view “the evidence in the light most favorable to

the verdict.” Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). This Court’s

role on appeal “is restricted to guarding against the rare occurrence when a fact finder

does not act rationally,” and we must “defer to the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly

resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences

from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010) (internal citations omitted). The key question is whether “the evidence presented

actually supports a conclusion that the defendant committed the crime that was charged.”

Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see Morgan v. State, 501

S.W.3d 84, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

       Legal sufficiency of the evidence “is measured by the elements of the offense as

defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge.” Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240



                                               7
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is

authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof

or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the

particular offense for which the defendant was tried.” Id.

       As correctly set forth in the charge to the jury, a person commits the offense of

burglary of a habitation if, without the effective consent of the owner, he (a) enters a

habitation with intent to commit an assault; or (b) enters a habitation and commits or

attempts to commit an assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02. A person charged

with burglary under § 30.02(a)(1) is guilty of that offense the moment that he crosses the

threshold of a habitation without consent and with the intent to commit the underlying

felony. Id.; see also Morgan, 501 S.W.3d at 90.

B.     Analysis

       Turner disputes the element of lack of consent. Essentially, his argument is based

on Taylor’s testimony that she consented to Turner being in her apartment and, absent

proof that Turner entered without the effective consent of Taylor, his burglary conviction

cannot stand. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02. The State responds that Taylor’s

testimony on the day of trial differed from her previous statements which indicate she did

not give her effective consent the day of the incident.

       “Effective consent is defined as assent in fact, whether express or apparent, and

includes assent by a person legally authorized to act for the owner.” Mims v. State, 434

S.W.3d 265, 273 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); see TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. §§ 1.07(a)(11), (19), 31.01(3). Whether a defendant had effective consent to enter

“must be measured at the time of the accused’s alleged criminal act.” Morgan, 501



                                             8
S.W.3d at 92 (holding that a boyfriend who previously had access to property

nevertheless entered without effective consent when property owner’s testimony “made

it clear that, at the time of the offense, she and [defendant] had been arguing [and she]

had locked him out of the apartment”).

      The State relies on Rangel v. State to support its proposition that the jury was free

to disbelieve Taylor’s testimony at trial that she consented to Turner being in her

apartment, and to instead believe that Turner did not have permission to be in the

apartment based on Taylor’s 911 calls and interviews with police, the circumstances

surrounding the incident, the testimony of the officers and the domestic violence

counselor, and the damage to the door and doorframe. 179 S.W.3d 64, 69 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2005, pet. ref’d). In Rangel, the appellant argued that the State failed to

prove he entered without consent based on the homeowner’s testimony at trial that

Rangel “always had permission” to enter her home. Id.

      According to [the homeowner], when Rangel began banging on the door,
      she did not want to open the door to him until [another man] left. When the
      State asked her about whether Rangel had permission on the morning of
      the incident to come inside, [the homeowner] testified that she “was going
      to open the door as soon as [another man] was out the back.” [The
      homeowner] admitted that she gave a statement to the police the morning
      of the incident in which she stated, “There have been times when [Rangel]
      has been allowed to stay at my house, but he didn't have permission to
      come in the house today.”

Id. The court in Rangel held that “the jury could have reasonably believed that [the

homeowner’s] statement the morning of the incident was truthful and that her testimony

at trial that Rangel ‘always had permission’ to enter her home was not truthful.” Id.

      Here, the State asserts that Taylor similarly changed her testimony at the time of

trial, and as in Rangel, the jury could have chosen to believe the earlier statements and



                                            9
disbelieve the trial testimony. Turner argues that Rangel is distinguishable because, even

prior to trial, Taylor did not specifically state that Turner was not allowed in her home. In

its appellate brief, the State lists ample circumstantial evidence to argue that Taylor did

not consent to Turner’s entry into her apartment, including the following specific facts:

•      Turner did not live in Taylor’s apartment.

•      The day before the incident, Turner attempted to gain access to Taylor’s apartment

       by kicking in her door. Taylor refused to let him in and called 911, seeking a

       criminal trespass warning.

•      Taylor’s door was damaged, but temporarily repaired by maintenance before

       Turner returned to the apartment on March 8, 2015.

•      Taylor blocked Turner’s phone number after the first incident.

•      When Turner returned on March 8, 2015, he kicked and banged on the door so

       hard that the pictures on the wall inside were shaking.

•      The door was damaged beyond repair and needed to be replaced.                    And

       photographs showed a shoeprint next to the door handle, indicating the door had

       been kicked in an attempt to gain entry.

•      When Taylor opened the door, she was unable to say anything to Turner because

       he immediately began attacking her.

•      Taylor called 911 and can be heard yelling “you kicked down my door.”

•      The police officers testified that the door appeared to be kicked open and Alaniz

       inferred from his conversations with Taylor that Turner forced his way into the

       apartment.




                                             10
•       Taylor learned that she was pregnant with Turner’s second child and, on the

        suggestion of Turner’s counsel, signed a non-prosecution affidavit.

The State contends that the jury could infer from this evidence that Taylor did not give

Turner consent to enter her home. Even though, unlike here, the homeowner in Rangel

initially explicitly stated that Rangel was not given permission to enter her apartment,

here, the jury was free to make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at

trial, and circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt

of an actor. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 14–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

               The issue on appeal is not whether we as a court believe the
        prosecution’s evidence or believe that the defense evidence “outweighs”
        the State’s evidence. If there is evidence which establishes guilt beyond a
        reasonable doubt, and if the trier of fact believes that evidence, we are not
        in a position to reverse the judgment on sufficiency of the evidence grounds.

Wicker v. State, 667 S.W.2d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (citing Combs v. State, 643

S.W.2d 709, 716 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)).                   Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, including the incidents preceding the March 8 assault, the actions

of Turner leading up to his eventual entry into the apartment, Taylor’s emergency calls

and attempt to retreat inside of the apartment, and her conversations with Alaniz, we

conclude the jury could have reasonably believed that Turner entered Taylor’s apartment

without her effective consent and that her testimony to the contrary was not truthful.

Rangel, 179 S.W.3d at 69. We overrule Turner’s sole issue. 3


        3  Turner also argues that the State “conflated the fact issues to be decided by the jury and the trial
court erred by denying direct [sic] verdict on this theory of criminal liability.” To this point, Turner argues
that the State was allowed to represent to the jury that it could find Turner guilty if they believed he entered
the bathroom of Taylor’s apartment without her effective consent. However, having already determined
that the jury could have reasonably believed that Turner’s initial entrance into Taylor’s apartment was
without her effective consent, we need not address this point as it is not dispositive. See TEX. R. APP. P.
47.1. To the extent that Turner argues that the trial court erred in denying his directed verdict, he has not
adequately briefed this issue on appeal as he has not provided any authority in support or presented any
legal argument related to the denial of his request for a directed verdict. See id. 38.1. Further, to the extent

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                                        III.    CONCLUSION

        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                        NORA L. LONGORIA
                                                                        Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
19th day of September, 2019.




that Turner argues that the State improperly discussed the bathroom entry in closing arguments, he has
not preserved this issue for our review because he did not object to the State’s argument. See id. 33.1.

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