[Cite as State v. Harris, 2013-Ohio-484.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                   Nos. 98183 and 98184




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                                       ERNEST HARRIS
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED



                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                              Case Nos. CR-552372 and CR-554394

        BEFORE: S. Gallagher, J., Stewart, A.J., and Boyle, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 14, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Robert A. Dixon
The Brownhoist Building
4403 St. Clair Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44103

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Vincent I. Pacetti
       James M. Price
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.:

       {¶1} In this consolidated appeal, appellant, Ernest Harris, appeals his conviction in

the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas for several drug-related offenses. For the

reasons stated herein, we affirm.

       {¶2} Appellant was charged with numerous drug-related offenses in the two

underlying cases, which were joined for trial. The cases arose from incidents occurring

on March 29 and September 9, 2011, at appellant’s home located at 12826 Marston

Avenue in Cleveland.

       {¶3} On March 29, 2011, Detective John Hall and members of the Cleveland

Police Department Fourth District Vice Unit, along with the SWAT unit, executed a

search warrant at appellant’s home. Det. Hall testified that appellant and three other

people were present in the home. Det. Hall discovered a glass tube with burnt crack

cocaine residue on a bar in appellant’s bedroom, as well as small pieces of “chore boy,”

which is used to facilitate smoking crack cocaine. These items were found in plain view.

 A utility bill addressed to appellant was also found in this room. The room was secured

with a padlock.

       {¶4} On September 9, 2011, the police did a controlled buy of crack cocaine at

appellant’s home with the use of a confidential reliable informant (“CRI”).     Det. Luther
Roddy testified that he contacted the CRI, made sure the CRI was free of any contraband,

gave the CRI marked “buy money,” and sent the CRI into appellant’s home to purchase

crack cocaine. The CRI returned with about one rock of crack cocaine. Later the same

day, the police executed a search warrant. Det. Roddy, and members of the Fourth

District Vice Unit, along with the SWAT unit, entered the home and secured several

occupants, including appellant. The police discovered multiple bottles of pills, suspected

narcotics, a scale with suspected cocaine residue, different packages of marijuana, a

mirror case with cocaine residue, sandwich bags, and U.S. currency. There was some

discrepancy concerning the money found on appellant’s person, which included varying

amounts. Det. Roddy indicated that it was possible that some of the money included buy

money.    However, after his memory was refreshed by a document he prepared, he

testified that $20 of buy money was found in appellant’s right front pocket. With regard

to this search warrant, Sgt. Ronald Ross testified that he found a scale and pills in a

bedroom and that appellant was inside the home during the search. The bedroom in

question contained a bar, a mattress, and a weed trimmer.

       {¶5} Ultimately, appellant was found guilty in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-552372 on

charges of drug possession (R.C. 2925.11(A)), possessing criminal tools (R.C.

2923.24(A)), and permitting drug abuse (R.C. 2925.13(B)); and in Cuyahoga C.P. No.

CR-554394 on charges of drug trafficking (R.C. 2925.03(A)(1)) and drug possession

(R.C. 2925.11(A)). The trial court merged counts in each case and sentenced appellant

to a total prison term of six months.
         {¶6} Appellant filed this appeal, raising four assignments of error for our review.

His first assignment of error claims the trial court erred by allowing joinder of cases for

trial.

         {¶7} Initially, we note that it appears from the record that appellant failed to move

for severance pursuant to Crim.R. 14 and did not renew any objection to the court’s

failure to sever the trial at the close of the state’s case or at the close of all evidence.

Thus, he has waived all but plain error.         See State v. Kerr, 8th Dist. No. 97452,

2012-Ohio-3360, ¶ 36-37; State v. Miller, 105 Ohio App.3d 679, 691, 664 N.E.2d 1309

(4th Dist.1995). Even if his objection to joinder was properly renewed, we are unable to

find that he suffered any prejudice as a result of the joinder.

         {¶8} Under Crim.R. 13, a court may order two or more cases be tried together “if

the offenses * * * could have been joined in a single indictment * * *.” Pursuant to

Crim.R. 8(A), two or more offenses may be joined if the offenses “are of the same or

similar character * * * or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected

together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of

criminal conduct.” While the law favors the joinder of offenses that are of the “same or

similar character,” a defendant may move to sever the charges under Crim.R. 14 upon a

showing of prejudice. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990).

         {¶9} A defendant claiming the trial court erred in joinder of offenses for trial has

the burden of demonstrating that his rights were prejudiced and that the court abused its

discretion in denying severance. State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266,
900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 95. The state may rebut a claim of prejudicial joinder by either

showing that evidence of the joined offenses could be introduced in separate trials as

“other acts” under Evid.R. 404(B), or showing that evidence of each crime joined at trial

is simple and direct. Id. at ¶ 96, citing Lott at 163; State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St.3d 163,

2010-Ohio-1017, 926 N.E.2d 1239, ¶ 198. “[W]hen simple and direct evidence exists,

an accused is not prejudiced by joinder regardless of the nonadmissibility of evidence of

these crimes as ‘other acts’ under Evid.R. 404(B).” Lott at 163.

      {¶10} Appellant claims that joinder was improper in this action because of the

danger that the jury would use evidence of one alleged incident as evidence supporting

the other. We are unpersuaded by appellant’s argument. Unlike the case relied upon by

appellant, this is not a case involving sexual conduct with evidence that is highly

inflammatory and prejudicial in nature. See State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 600

N.E.2d 661 (1992). A jury is believed capable of segregating the proof on multiple

charges when the evidence as to each of the charges is uncomplicated. State v. Torres,

66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343-344, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981). As such, joinder is not prejudicial

when the evidence is direct and uncomplicated and can reasonably be separated as to each

offense. Id.

      {¶11} Here, the offenses in each case pertained to drug-related activity in the

appellant’s home, at which the police executed search warrants on two separate

occasions. The offenses were of the same or similar character and were part of a course

of criminal conduct. Further, the evidence was direct and uncomplicated as to each
indictment, and the jury could reasonably separate the evidence as to each charge.

Accordingly, the evidence was “amply sufficient to sustain each verdict, whether or not

the indictments were tried together.” Torres at 344.

       {¶12} Upon our review, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

joining the cases for trial. Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶13} Appellant’s second assignment of error claims the trial court erred by failing

to properly instruct the jury regarding the law of constructive possession. We review a

trial court’s issuance of a jury instruction for an abuse of discretion. State v. Williams,

8th Dist. No. 90845, 2009-Ohio-2026, ¶ 50. Further, jury instructions are reviewed in

their entirety to determine if they contain prejudicial error. State v. Fields, 13 Ohio

App.3d 433, 436, 469 N.E.2d 939 (8th Dist.1984).

       {¶14} The court provided the following instruction on constructive possession:

              Constructive possession is also sufficient to prove possession.
       Possession may not be inferred from mere access to the thing or substance;
       however, a person constructively possesses a thing or substance when he
       knowingly exercises or is able to exercise dominion and control over the
       thing or substance or over the premises on which the thing or substance is
       found or concealed, even though the thing or substance is not in his physical
       possession.

              Knowledge of illegal goods on one’s property is sufficient to show

       constructive possession. However, the mere fact that property is located

       within premises under one’s control does not, of itself, constitute

       constructive possession.     It must also be shown that the person was

       conscious of the presence of the object.
       {¶15} In State v. Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d 316, 329, 348 N.E.2d 351 (1976), the Ohio

Supreme Court held that “[c]onstructive possession exists when an individual exercises

dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be within his

immediately physical possession.” In State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 91, 434

N.E.2d 1362 (1982), the court indicated that “the mere fact that the property is located

within the premises under one’s control does not, of itself constitute constructive

possession. It must also be shown that the person was conscious of the presence of the

object.”

       {¶16} Constructive possession can be proved by circumstantial evidence alone.

State v. Alexander, 8th Dist. No. 90509, 2009-Ohio-597, ¶ 25; State v. Trembly, 137 Ohio

App.3d 134, 141, 738 N.E.2d 93 (8th Dist.2000). Although the mere presence of an

individual in the vicinity of illegal drugs is insufficient to establish constructive

possession, if the evidence demonstrates that the defendant was able to exercise dominion

or control over the drugs, the defendant can be convicted of possession. State v. Tate,

8th Dist. No. 93921, 2010-Ohio-4671, ¶ 12, citing Wolery at 329. Thus, the discovery of

readily accessible drugs in close proximity to a person constitutes circumstantial evidence

that the person was in constructive possession of the drugs. Tate at ¶ 12.

       {¶17} Appellant claims that the instruction given herein allowed the jury to find

constructive possession simply if the defendant was “able” to exercise dominion and

control. He further argues that the instruction allows for a conviction if one merely had

dominion and control over the premises on which the substance is found and improperly
suggests that mere “[k]nowledge of illegal goods on one’s property is sufficient to show

constructive possession.”

       {¶18} This court has repeatedly recognized that constructive possession can be

established by knowledge of an illegal substance or goods and the ability to exercise

dominion or control over the substance or the premises on which the substance is found.

State v. Santiago, 8th Dist. No. 95333, 2011-Ohio-1691, ¶ 30, citing State v. Chandler,

8th Dist. Nos. 93664 and 93665, 2011-Ohio-590; State v. Warren, 8th Dist. No. 87726,

2006-Ohio-6415, ¶ 29. Furthermore, when read in their entirety, the jury instructions

established that possession may not be inferred solely from mere access to the substance

through ownership or occupation of the property in which the substance is found and

conveyed the correct concept of constructive possession. Accordingly, we find the jury

instruction that was given was proper and the trial court did not abuse its discretion when

it chose not to give appellant’s proposed instruction for constructive possession.

Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶19} Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error challenge the verdicts as

being based upon legally insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

       {¶20} When an appellate court reviews a claim of insufficient evidence, “‘[t]he

relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’”           State v. Tenace, 109 Ohio St.3d 255,
2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. When reviewing a claim challenging

the manifest weight of the evidence, the court, after reviewing the entire record, must

weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses,

and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost

its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be

reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997). Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the

evidence should be reserved for only the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction. Id.

       {¶21} Appellant argues that the state only established that illegal substances were

found in the home. He further claims that although there was evidence of a controlled

buy, there were multiple individuals in the home and it was never established that the

money found on appellant in fact included the buy money. Also, appellant argues that

the state failed to establish constructive possession.

       {¶22} In Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-552372, Det. Hall testified that upon executing

the search warrant, appellant was found in the home, that a utility bill belonging to

appellant was found in the bedroom of the home with the bar, that the room was secured

with a padlock, and that a glass tube with burnt crack cocaine residue was located on the

bar in appellant’s bedroom and small pieces of “chore boy” were found in plain view. In

Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-554394, the counts for which appellant was convicted pertained
to the crack cocaine that was sold to the CRI. Det. Roddy testified that a CRI was used

to buy crack cocaine from the home in question, that after the sale a search warrant was

executed, and that appellant was in the home and the buy money was discovered in his

front pocket.

       {¶23} Upon our review of the entire record, we find there was sufficient evidence

to support a finding of constructive possession. Further, when viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to the state, we find any rational trier of fact would have found the

essential elements of the crimes proven beyond a reasonable doubt. We also are unable

to conclude that the conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Accordingly, appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶24} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
MELODY J. STEWART, A.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR
