[Cite as Parker v. Jones, 2014-Ohio-3862.]


                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                        ROSS COUNTY

JASON PARKER,                                       :       Case No. 14CA3421

          Plaintiff-Appellant,                      :

          v.                                        :       DECISION AND
                                                            JUDGMENT ENTRY
NICOLE E. JONES, ET AL.,                            :
(NKA NICOLE FRENCH),
                                                    :       RELEASED: 9/3/2014
          Defendants-Appellees.

                                             APPEARANCES:

Aaron M. McHenry, Benson, McHenry & Sesser, L.L.C., Chillicothe, Ohio, for appellant.

Melody L. Steely, Circleville, Ohio, for appellee Nicole E. Jones, nka Nicole E. French.
Harsha, J.
          {¶1}     Jason S. Parker appeals from a juvenile court judgment dismissing his

claim for nonparent visitation with the minor child of Nicole E. Jones, nka Nichole E.

French.1 In his sole assignment of error, Parker asserts that the juvenile court erred in

determining that it did not have jurisdiction to grant visitation to him under R.C.

2151.23(A)(2).

          {¶2}     A juvenile court may exercise jurisdiction only if expressly granted the

authority to do so by statute, and R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) grants juvenile courts jurisdiction

to determine the custody of a child not a ward of another court of this state. Juvenile

courts have jurisdiction to issue temporary visitation orders in a pending case between a

parent and nonparent for custody of a child who is not a ward of the state. However,

Parker stipulated he was not seeking custody and that French is not an unsuitable


1
    The record and appellate briefs include different spellings of French’s first name: Nichole and Nicole.
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                    2


parent. We find nothing in any statute or caselaw confers jurisdiction on a juvenile court

to determine visitation for a nonparent once the nonparent stipulates that he is not

seeking custody and that the parent is not unsuitable. Therefore, we overrule Parker’s

sole assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                         I. FACTS

       {¶3}   Parker and French married in December 2006. At the time the parties

were married, French was pregnant with her minor child, Brogan Xavier Parker, who

was born in July 2007. The parties knew that when they were married Parker might not

be the child’s father. Throughout the marriage Parker assumed the role of the child’s

father and the child believed that Parker was his biological parent. The Union County

Court of Common Pleas terminated the parties’ marriage by dissolution decree in

August 2011. A DNA test determined that Parker is not the father of French’s child.

Evidently, the dissolution decree did not set forth any visitation rights for Parker.

       {¶4}   French remarried in July 2012, and she subsequently informed her child

that Parker was not his biological father. Between the date of the dissolution and July

2012, French permitted Parker to have parenting time with the minor child on alternate

weekends with few exceptions.

       {¶5}   After this visitation stopped Parker filed a complaint in the Ross County

Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division for custody and visitation rights with the child

pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) and (F)(1). The parties entered into stipulations,

including that “[t]here is no evidence that Nicole E. French is an unsuitable parent and

Plaintiff, Jason Scott Parker, is not seeking custody of Brogan Parker” and that “Plaintiff,

Jason Scott Parker, is pursuing a claim for companionship/ visitation with Brogan Xavier
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                     3


Parker.” The juvenile court then granted French’s motion to dismiss Parker’s complaint

for lack of jurisdiction.

                               II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       {¶6}    Parker assigns the following assignment of error for our review:

       I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT IT DID NOT HAVE
       JURISDICTION TO GRANT VISITATION TO APPELLANT UNDER R.C.
       2151.23(A)(2).

                                III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       {¶7}    Subject-matter jurisdiction is defined as a court's power to hear and decide

cases and may be raised at any time. Robinette v. Bryant, 4th Dist. Lawrence No.

12CA20, 2013-Ohio-2889, ¶ 10, citing Enz v. Lewis, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 10CA3357,

2011–Ohio–1229, ¶ 10. A motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction raises

a question of law, which we review de novo. Id.

                                 IV. LAW AND ANALYSIS

       {¶8}    In his sole assignment of error, Parker asserts that the trial court erred in

finding that it did not have jurisdiction to grant visitation to him under R.C. 2151.23(A)(2)

after he stipulated that he did not request custody of the child and that French was not

an unsuitable parent.

       {¶9}    “A juvenile court may exercise jurisdiction only if expressly granted the

authority to do so by statute.” Rowell v. Smith, 133 Ohio St.3d 288, 2012-Ohio-4313,

978 N.E.2d 146, ¶ 13, citing Article IV, Section 4(B), Ohio Constitution (“The courts of

common pleas and divisions thereof shall have such original jurisdiction over all

justiciable matters and such powers of review of proceedings of administrative officers

and agencies as may be provided by law”).
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                         4


       {¶10} Parker argues that the juvenile court had jurisdiction over his visitation

claim because he originally sought custody of the child under R.C. 2151.23(A)(2). R.C.

2151.23(A)(2) confers exclusive, original jurisdiction on juvenile courts “to determine the

custody of any child not a ward of another court of this state.” It has been suggested

that this provision “typically encompasses all custody disputes between parents and

non-parents.” See Scavio v. Ordway, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-09-07, 2010-Ohio-984, ¶

18, citing In re James, 113 Ohio St.3d 420, 2007-Ohio-2335, 866 N.E.2d 467, ¶ 38

(Stratton, J., dissenting) (“R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) authorizes a juvenile court to determine

custody issues of any child who is not a ward of another court of the state, which often

involve proceedings between a parent and a nonparent”).

       {¶11} The General Assembly authorizes nonparent visitation with a child in three

situations: (1) in a divorce, dissolution, legal separation, annulment, or child support

proceeding, the court may grant reasonable companionship or visitation rights to any

grandparent, any person related to the child by consanguinity or affinity, or any other

person other than the parent (R.C. 3109.051(B)(1)); (2) the court may grant the parents

and other relatives of the deceased parent reasonable companionship or visitation

rights (R.C. 3109.11); and (3) the court may grant grandparents and other relatives

reasonable companionship or visitation rights to grandparents and other relatives when

the child’s mother is unmarried (R.C. 3109.12). See also In the Matter of McCrady, 4th

Dist. Washington Nos. 99CA52 and 00CA16, 2000 WL 1717557, *2 (Nov. 6, 2000).

Parker does not claim that the juvenile court has jurisdiction over his remaining visitation

claim based on any of the foregoing statutes. Instead, he contends that as long as his

complaint initially requested custody of the child, the trial court retained jurisdiction to
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                     5


determine his visitation claim. We can find no authority to support his claim on

"continuing jurisdiction" in this context.

       {¶12} The grant of authority in R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) to determine the custody of a

child not a ward of another Ohio court does not provide the juvenile court with

jurisdiction to determine a nonparent's claim for visitation. In re Gibson, 61 Ohio St.3d

168, 573 N.E.2d 1074 (1991), syllabus. This is because “visitation” and “custody” are

related but distinct legal concepts. Id. at 171; State ex rel. Mosier v. Fornof, 126 Ohio

St.3d 47, 2010-Ohio-2516, 930 N.E.2d 305, ¶ 6. Moreover, we have already concluded

that a juvenile court lacked jurisdiction under R.C. 2151.23(A)(2) to award visitation to

nonparents. McCrady, 4th Dist. Washington Nos. 99CA52 and 00CA16, 2000 WL

171557. In that case, the grandparents had—much like Parker here—originally sought

custody of the child.

       {¶13} Consistent with this precedent, once Parker relinquished his claim to

custody of the child through his stipulations the juvenile court was divested of subject-

matter jurisdiction to resolve his visitation claim. To hold otherwise would permit

nonparents to confer subject-matter jurisdiction on juvenile courts that the General

Assembly has not. No such power exists. See, e.g., Smiley v. Prison Official, Inc., 4th

Dist. Ross No. 13CA3408, 2014-Ohio-1100, ¶ 7, quoting Cheap Escape Co., Inc. v.

Haddox, L.L.C., 120 Ohio St.3d 493, 2008-Ohio-6323, 900 N.E.2d 601, ¶ 22 (“ ‘litigants

cannot vest a court with subject-matter jurisdiction by agreement’ ”).

       {¶14} Parker cites the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in Rowell to claim

jurisdictional authority for the juvenile court to consider his visitation claim when he, in

effect, dismissed his custody claim. In that case, however, the Supreme Court merely
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                      6


held that “[i]n exercising its jurisdiction under R.C. 2151.23(A)(2), a juvenile court may

issue temporary visitation orders that are in the best interest of the minor child during

the litigation. Juv.R. 13(B)(1).” This limited holding was premised on the specific facts

of a same-sex partner filing a petition for shared custody of a child born to the biological

mother during the partnership and the juvenile court’s authority to determine visitation

for the nonparent same-sex partner while the custody action was pending. Rowell does

not purport to apply to the circumstances here involving a nonparent’s claim to visitation

when the claim for custody is no longer pending. Nor does Parker cite any authority

that would so extend Rowell.

       {¶15} Finally, Parker claims that “if this Court were to hold that the juvenile court

did not have jurisdiction to award reasonable companionship time to [him] he will be left

without a remedy to seek reasonable visitation rights with a child that he raised as his

own for six years.” This is not necessarily so. Under R.C. 3109.051(B)(1) he could

have filed a motion in his dissolution action for the Union County Court of Common

Pleas to determine his claim to visitation with the child. In fact, there are limited

circumstances in which he could file a postdecree motion in that court to raise this

claim. We need not consider the propriety of any postdecree motion in the context of

this appeal.

       {¶16} Parker’s citation to our decision in Thompson v. Thompson , 4th Dist.

Highland No. 94CA859, 1995 WL 481480 (Aug. 10, 1995) to support his contention that

he lacks any remedy is misplaced because that case did not involve a dissolution or an

interpretation of a nonparent’s motion under R.C. 3109.051 for visitation. And even if

Thompson were construed in such a manner, Parker’s policy argument concerning why
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                     7


a juvenile court should have jurisdiction over a nonparent’s visitation claim is one best

resolved by the General Assembly rather than judicial fiat. See State ex rel. VanCleave

v. School Emps. Retirement Sys., 120 Ohio St.3d 261, 2008-Ohio-5377, 898 N.E.2d 33,

¶ 27 (“The General Assembly is the final arbiter of public policy”); Stetter v. R.J. Corman

Derailment Servs., L.L.C., 125 Ohio St.3d 280, 2010-Ohio-1029, 927 N.E.2d 1092, ¶ 35,

quoting Groch v. Gen. Motors Corp., 117 Ohio St.3d 192, 2008-Ohio-546, 883 N.E.2d

377, ¶ 212 (“[i]t is not the role of the courts ‘to establish legislative policies or to

second-guess the General Assembly's policy choices.’ ”).

       {¶17} Consequently, once Parker stipulated that he did not seek custody of the

child and that French was a suitable parent, the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to

consider his visitation claim. The trial court did not err in granting French’s motion and

dismissing Parker’s complaint.

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       {¶18} We overrule Parker’s sole assignment of error and affirm the judgment of

the trial court.

                                                                     JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 14CA3421                                                                8


                                   JUDGMENT ENTRY


         It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.

         The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

       Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date of
this entry.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, P.J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.



                                   For the Court




                                   BY: ________________________________
                                       William H. Harsha, Judge




                                 NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.
