Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
                                                               FILED
                                                            Apr 18 2012, 8:59 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the                             CLERK
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ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

PATRICIA CARESS MCMATH                           GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Agency             Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                 ANGELA N. SANCHEZ
                                                 Deputy Attorney General
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana


                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

DERRICK MAYS,                                    )
                                                 )
       Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )      No. 49A02-1107-CR-669
                                                 )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                )
                                                 )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )


                    APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Carol Orbison, Judge
                           Cause No. 49G22-1004-FB-34157


                                       April 18, 2012

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BARNES, Judge
                                       Case Summary

          Derrick Mays appeals his convictions for Class B felony robbery, Class D felony

criminal recklessness, and Class C felony carrying a handgun without a license. We

affirm.

                                             Issues

          Mays raises four issues, which we restate as:

                I.     whether fundamental error occurred during the
                       investigating officer’s testimony;

                II.    whether the trial court abused its discretion by limiting
                       Mays’s cross-examination of the investigating officer;

                III.   whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain his
                       conviction for criminal recklessness; and

                IV.    whether his sentence is inappropriate in light of the
                       nature of the offense and the character of the offender.

                                             Facts

          Mays and Nicolas Yturralde grew up in the same neighborhood, but they rarely

had interaction with each other over the past several years. On April 26, 2010, Yturralde

was visiting a friend when Mays and two of his friends drove past. Mays yelled for

Yturralde, and they talked for a few minutes. Mays asked Yturralde if he could get a

pound of marijuana, and Yturralde said he would try. Yturralde could only get half an

ounce of marijuana, and he arranged to meet Mays at a friend’s apartment. Mays did not

want to enter the apartment, and they met in the parking lot and went to Yturralde’s

vehicle. Yturralde retrieved the marijuana from his vehicle, and Mays pulled out a

handgun and pointed it at Yturralde. Yturralde started laughing, and Mays said, “this just

                                               2
ain’t no game.” Tr. p. 66. Mays then said, “come on ya’all, come on ya’all,” and two

other men came from between the apartment buildings. Id. The two men also pulled out

guns, and one man put a gun to Yturralde’s head, while the other put a gun to his side.

The men asked Yturralde where the rest of the marijuana was, and Yturralde said, “that’s

all I got.” Id. at 70. The men then took Yturralde’s money, wallet, phone, and keys. The

men got into Yturralde’s vehicle and told him to walk away. As Yturralde was walking

and the men were driving away in his car, Yturralde heard a couple of gunshots.

Yturralde went inside the apartment and called 911.

       Yturralde told the police that Mays robbed him, but he did not mention the

marijuana. Detective Benjamin Bierce prepared a photographic lineup, and Yturralde

identified Mays’s picture. Yturralde eventually told the police about the marijuana. The

State charged Mays with Class B felony robbery, Class B felony carjacking, Class D

felony criminal recklessness, and Class A misdemeanor carrying a handgun without a

license. The State also alleged that Mays had a prior conviction for carrying a handgun

without a license and that the Class A misdemeanor should be elevated to a Class C

felony.

       A jury found Mays guilty as charged. Mays then pled guilty to the enhanced

handgun charge. The trial court entered judgment of conviction for Class B felony

robbery, Class D felony criminal recklessness, and Class C felony carrying a handgun

without a license. The trial court found Mays’s criminal history, the fact that he was on

parole at the time of the offense, the fact that he had twice had his probation revoked, and

the fact that he received three incident reports while incarcerated at the Marion County

                                             3
Jail as aggravators.    The trial court acknowledged Mays’s argument that he had a

dependent child and that he pled guilty to the handgun enhancement but found that those

factors were not substantial mitigators. The trial court sentenced Mays to concurrent

sentences of twenty years for the Class B felony robbery conviction, three years for the

Class D felony criminal recklessness conviction, and eight years for the Class C felony

carrying a handgun without a license conviction, for an aggregate sentence of twenty

years in the Department of Correction. Mays now appeals.

                                          Analysis

                                  I. Fundamental Error

       Mays argues that fundamental error occurred as a result of Detective Bierce’s

testimony. Detective Bierce testified that, after hearing that Mays was a suspect in the

robbery, he “searched the database of known photographs to see if there was a recent

photograph and found one and generated a photo lineup for Mr. Mays.” Tr. p. 163.

Mays did not object at trial to this testimony.

       The failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial generally results in

waiver and precludes appellate review unless its admission constitutes fundamental error.

Konopasek v. State, 946 N.E.2d 23, 27 (Ind. 2011). The fundamental error exception is

extremely narrow and applies only when the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic

principles, the harm or potential for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the

defendant fundamental due process. Delarosa v. State, 938 N.E.2d 690, 694 (Ind. 2010).

The error claimed must either make a fair trial impossible or constitute clearly blatant



                                              4
violations of basic and elementary principles of due process. Id. This exception is

available only in egregious circumstances. Id.

       According to Mays, Detective Bierce’s testimony was “tantamount to telling the

jury that the picture of Mays was a mug shot.” Appellant’s Br. at 6. “ʻMug shots’ are not

per se inadmissible.” Jenkins v. State, 677 N.E.2d 624, 626 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting

Andrews v. State, 536 N.E.2d 507, 509 (Ind. 1989)). Instead, they are admissible if: 1)

they are not unduly prejudicial; and 2) they have substantial independent probative value.

Id. “When the State has made an effort to disguise the nature of the photographs by

redacting criminal information and any other information which obviously identifies the

photograph as a ‘mug shot,’ the photograph is not unduly prejudicial.” Id. “In addition,

when the perpetrator’s identification is at issue, the photographs have probative value.”

Id.

       We addressed a similar issue in Jenkins. There, the defendant argued that the trial

court abused its discretion by admitting a photographic array. A police officer testified

that the photos were taken from “our” files. Jenkins, 677 N.E.2d at 626. The defendant

argued that the police officer’s testimony “amounted to telling the jury that the photos

were ‘mug shots.’” Id. at 626 n.3. We noted that “[n]o witness explicitly testified that

the photograph was a “mug shot” from police files.” Id. at 626. The officer’s statement

was “not an unequivocal reference to ‘mug shots’ such that it was likely to have a

significant impact upon the jury.” Id. at 626 n.3.

       Similarly, here, Detective Bierce merely stated that he had “searched the database

of known photographs to see if there was a recent photograph and found one and

                                             5
generated a photo lineup for Mr. Mays.” Tr. p. 163. He did not explicitly testify that the

photograph was a mug shot. The “database of known photographs” could have referred

to photographs other than mug shots. Mays has failed to demonstrate that Detective

Bierce’s testimony made a fair trial impossible or constituted a clearly blatant violation of

basic and elementary principles of due process. We conclude that Detective Bierce’s

testimony did not result in fundamental error.

                          II. Limitation of Cross-Examination

       Next, Mays argues that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting his cross-

examination of Detective Bierce. We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

evidence for an abuse of discretion. Timberlake v. State, 690 N.E.2d 243, 255 (Ind.

1997), cert. denied. An abuse of discretion occurs if a trial court’s decision is clearly

against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Joyner v.

State, 678 N.E.2d 386, 390 (Ind. 1997). However, if a trial court abuses its discretion by

excluding evidence, we will reverse only if that error affects “the substantial rights of the

parties.” Ind. Trial Rule 61.

       During cross-examination of Detective Bierce, Mays made an offer of proof

regarding a line of questioning that the trial court had ruled was inadmissible.

Specifically, Mays sought to question Detective Bierce regarding whether “people

involved in drug deals kind of make up robbery claims . . . .” Tr. p. 177-78. During the

offer of proof, Detective Bierce stated that it “happens with some frequency.” Id. at 178.

       Mays argues that the trial court abused its discretion by limiting his cross-

examination of Detective Bierce on this subject. The right to cross-examine witnesses is

                                             6
“subject to reasonable limitations placed at the discretion of the trial judge.” Marcum v.

State, 725 N.E.2d 852, 860 (Ind. 2000). The trial court retains wide latitude to impose

reasonable limits based on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice,

confusion of issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only

marginally relevant. Id.

       Mays argues that this line of questioning was relevant because his defense was

that Yturralde was falsely accusing him.         The State argues that this evidence was

inadmissible pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 704(b), which provides that “[w]itnesses

may not testify to opinions concerning intent, guilt, or innocence in a criminal case; the

truth or falsity of allegations; whether a witness has testified truthfully; or legal

conclusions.” Our supreme court recently analyzed Indiana Evidence Rule 704(b) and

held that testimony concerning whether an alleged child molestation victim is not prone

to exaggerate or fantasize about sexual matters is an indirect but nonetheless functional

equivalent way of saying the child is telling the truth. Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d

1230, 1236 (Ind. 2012). Similarly, the line of questioning at issue here—that people

involved in drug deals often falsely accuse others of robbery—is an implication that

Yturralde testified falsely. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by limiting Mays’s

cross-examination of Detective Bierce on this subject.

                             III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Mays argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for Class D

felony criminal recklessness. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence needed to

support a criminal conviction, we neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.

                                             7
Bailey v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1003, 1005 (Ind. 2009). “We consider only the evidence

supporting the judgment and any reasonable inferences that can be drawn from such

evidence.” Id. We will affirm if there is substantial evidence of probative value such that

a reasonable trier of fact could have concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt. Id.

          The offense of criminal recklessness is governed by Indiana Code Section 35-42-

2-2(b), which provides: “A person who recklessly, knowingly, or intentionally performs:

(1) an act that creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person . . . commits

criminal recklessness.” The offense is a Class D felony if it is committed while armed

with a deadly weapon. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2(c)(2)(A). The charging information

provided that Mays “while armed with a deadly weapon, that is: a gun or guns, recklessly

performed an act that created a substantial risk of bodily injury to Nicolas Yturralde, that

is: fired a gun or guns at or in the direction or proximity of Nicolas Yturralde.” App. p.

22.

          Mays first argues that the evidence is insufficient because there is no evidence that

Mays or one of the men with him fired the gun. The State presented evidence that Mays

and his accomplices robbed Yturralde at gunpoint and stole Yturralde’s car.1 As they

drove away, Yturralde heard two gunshots. The jury could have reasonably concluded

that Mays or one of his accomplices fired the shots.




1
    The jury was instructed regarding accomplice liability. See Ind. Code § 35-41-2-4.


                                                      8
       Next, Mays argues that there is no evidence anyone was in the line of fire or near

the person or persons shooting. According to Mays, this case is like Elliot v. State, 560

N.E.2d 1266 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990), and Boushehry v. State, 648 N.E.2d 1174 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1995). In Elliot, we reversed a defendant’s conviction for criminal recklessness

where he fired his gun over uninhabited fields and woodlands. We concluded that the

defendant’s actions “did not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person

because there were no people in or near his line of fire.” Elliot, 560 N.E.2d at 1267. In

Boushehry, we reversed a defendant’s conviction for criminal recklessness when he fired

his gun across a vacant lot.

       We conclude, however, that this situation is more like Smith v. State, 688 N.E.2d

1289 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), and Woods v. State, 768 N.E.2d 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).

In Smith, we affirmed a defendant’s conviction for criminal recklessness where he fired

his weapon multiple times in his backyard in a residential neighborhood and a festival at

a nearby park had just ended. In Woods, we affirmed a defendant’s conviction for

criminal recklessness where he fired shots in a residential neighborhood in close

proximity to adults and children.

       Here, the State presented evidence that Mays or one of his accomplices robbed

Yturralde at gunpoint in an apartment complex parking lot in Indianapolis, took his

vehicle, and fired two shots as they drove away. A reasonable jury could have concluded

that a substantial risk of bodily injury arose by Mays or one of his accomplices firing the

weapon in such a highly populated area. The evidence is sufficient to sustain Mays’s

conviction for Class D felony criminal recklessness.

                                            9
                                IV. Inappropriate Sentence

         Mays also argues that his twenty-year sentence is inappropriate in light of the

nature of the offense and the character of the offender. Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B)

provides that we may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of

the trial court’s decision, we find that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature

of the offense and the character of the offender. When considering whether a sentence is

inappropriate, we need not be “extremely” deferential to a trial court’s sentencing

decision. Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 873 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Still, we must

give due consideration to that decision. Id. We also understand and recognize the unique

perspective a trial court brings to its sentencing decisions. Id. Under this rule, the burden

is on the defendant to persuade the appellate court that his or her sentence is

inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind. 2006).

         The principal role of Rule 7(B) review “should be to attempt to leaven the outliers,

and identify some guiding principles for trial courts and those charged with improvement

of the sentencing statutes, but not to achieve a perceived ‘correct’ result in each case.”

Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind. 2008). We “should focus on the forest—

the aggregate sentence—rather than the trees—consecutive or concurrent, number of

counts, or length of the sentence on any individual count.” Id. When reviewing the

appropriateness of a sentence under Rule 7(B), we may consider all aspects of the penal

consequences imposed by the trial court in sentencing the defendant, including whether a

portion of the sentence was suspended. Davidson v. State, 926 N.E.2d 1023, 1025 (Ind.

2010).

                                              10
       The nature of the offenses are unremarkable. After asking his friend Yturralde to

obtain marijuana for him, Mays and his two accomplices pointed guns at Yturralde and

stole his marijuana, his wallet, keys, cash, cell phone, and car. As they drove away from

the apartment parking lot, they fired two gunshots. However, twenty-six-year-old Mays

has a significant criminal history.     He has juvenile adjudications for theft, criminal

mischief, and two adjudications for battery.       Twice he was found to have violated

probation or a suspended commitment. As a adult, he has convictions for Class C felony

possession of cocaine, Class D felony dealing in marijuana, and two convictions for Class

C felony carrying a handgun without a license. Mays had his probation revoked twice,

and he was on parole at the time of these offenses. Although Mays argues that his

sentence should be reduced because he has a dependent child and he pled guilty to the

enhanced handgun charge, the trial court considered those factors but did not find them to

be significant. Mays presented no evidence that he supports his child, and he only pled

guilty to the enhancement. Given Mays’s significant criminal history, which is similar to

the current offenses, we conclude that Mays has failed to demonstrate that his sentence is

inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.

                                        Conclusion

       Detective Bierce’s testimony did not result in fundamental error, and the trial court

properly limited Mays’s cross-examination of Detective Bierce. Further, the evidence is

sufficient to sustain Mays’s conviction for Class D felony criminal recklessness, and his

sentence is not inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the

offender. We affirm.

                                             11
     Affirmed.

FRIEDLANDER, J., and MAY, J., concur.




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