                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 13a0031n.06

                                            No. 12-3344
                                                                                          FILED
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Jan 07, 2013
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


 LI FANG LIU; YONG QIN LIU,                       )
                                                  )
         Petitioners,                             )
                                                  )    ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM A
 v.                                               )    FINAL ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
                                                  )    IMMIGRATION APPEALS
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,           )
                                                  )
         Respondent.                              )
                                                  )




       Before: MERRITT, MARTIN, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.


       PER CURIAM. Li Fang Liu (Li) and her husband, Yong Qin Liu (Yong) (collectively “the

Lius”), are natives and citizens of China petitioning for review of an order by the Board of

Immigration Appeals (Board) affirming a decision by an Immigration Judge (IJ) denying their
applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture.

       With the assistance of smugglers, Yong entered the United States in November 1997, and

Li entered in April 2000. Li filed her application for asylum on April 21, 2006, naming Yong as a

derivative beneficiary, based on a fear of persecution because they had three children at the time they

filed their application, subjecting them to sterilization if they returned to China, according to the

country’s family-planning policies. Li and her husband also feared that, in addition to sterilization,

they would be forced to pay exorbitant fines and fees, and that if they did not pay the fines, they

would be deprived of civil services in China, including a government-provided education for their
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children. Yong later withdrew his request for asylum, and filed a separate application for

withholding of removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture.

        The government began removal proceedings against the Lius who subsequently admitted

removability. An IJ conducted a joint hearing in 2008 and determined that Li’s asylum application

was untimely because it was not filed until 2006, approximately six years after she arrived in the

United States. The IJ determined that, even if the birth of Li’s second child in 2001, the first having

been born in China in 1996, was considered a changed circumstance that could toll the one-year
statutory period for filing an asylum application, Li had not filed within a reasonable period after this

change, citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(ii).

        The IJ then determined that Li had not shown that she was subjected to past persecution, or

that she had a well-founded fear of persecution should she be removed to China. The IJ stated that

the family-planning policies regarding forced sterilization had changed in Fujian, the Lius’ home

province. The IJ also found that, even if Li and Yong were charged a fee to register their children

for educational benefits, the fee would not amount to economic persecution given their apparent

financial circumstances. Moreover, the Lius had not demonstrated any intent to have another child

after moving to China. The IJ concluded that, as a result, Li and Yong had failed to meet their

burden for either asylum or withholding of removal.
        The Board dismissed the Lius’ appeal, agreeing with the IJ that Li’s asylum application was

not timely, and that Li had failed to file her application within a reasonable time after her changed

circumstances, specifically the birth of her second child in 2001. The Board also determined that

Li and Yong had failed to establish past persecution, or a well-founded fear of persecution, relying

on 2007 and 2008 country reports showing that Fujian Province no longer practiced or supported

forced sterilization, particularly if children had been born abroad. In addition, the Board noted that

any fines or fees that the Lius would be required to pay to register their children would not reduce
                                            No. 12-3344
                                                -3-

them to an impoverished existence that would equate to economic persecution. The Board then

affirmed the denial of the Lius’ requests for relief.

       Li argues that she was credible, that the one-year period for filing her asylum application

should have been measured from the time her third child was born in 2005, and that she had

established a well-founded fear of future persecution as a member of a group who would be

subjected to forced sterilization upon her return. Li also argues that, based on the same facts and

circumstances, she met her burden for withholding of removal and for relief under the Convention
Against Torture.

       Li and Yong fail to present any argument on appeal regarding their claim of past persecution

in China. Therefore, they have waived the opportunity for us to review that claim. See Patel v.

Gonzales, 470 F.3d 216, 219 (6th Cir. 2006).

       The Lius argue that we must accept their testimony as credible because the IJ failed to make

an explicit adverse-credibility determination. However, their credibility is not an issue because the

Board accepted their testimony as credible in deciding their case.

       “Where the [Board] reviews the immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion,

rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we review the [Board’s] decision

as the final agency determination.” Shaya v. Holder, 586 F.3d 401, 405 (6th Cir. 2009) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). We will not reverse the Board’s findings unless a “reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4); Karimijanaki

v. Holder, 579 F.3d 710, 721 (6th Cir. 2009). Moreover, we will uphold the Board’s findings as long

as they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered

as a whole.” Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502

U.S. 478, 481 (1992)).

       An application for asylum filed after one year from the date of entry is untimely. See 8

U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). Under section 1158(a)(3), we are precluded from reviewing the question
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                                                -4-

of whether an asylum application has been timely filed within the one-year limit. See Castellano-

Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 544 (6th Cir. 2003). Jurisdiction does not lie when the appeal “seeks

review of discretionary or factual questions.” Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 748 (6th Cir.

2006). The questions Li presents regarding whether her delay was reasonable, including the question

of whether she was aware of any family-planning policy violation after her second child was born,

are factual in nature. Thus, we lack jurisdiction to consider them. Khozhaynova v. Holder, 641 F.3d

187, 191 (6th Cir. 2011).
       However, we have jurisdiction to consider the Lius’ claims of withholding of removal and

relief under the Convention Against Torture. To prevail on a request to withhold removal, an alien

must show that there is a clear probability that the alien would be subject to persecution if he or she

returned to the country in question. Pablo-Sanchez v. Holder, 600 F.3d 592, 594 (6th Cir. 2010).

The Attorney General may not remove an alien to a country if the Attorney General decides that the

alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A);

Vasha v. Gonzales, 410 F.3d 863, 875 (6th Cir. 2005). In order to establish entitlement to relief

under the Convention Against Torture, an alien must prove that it is more likely than not that the

alien will be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of public officials if he or she returns to the
country in question. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); Khozhaynova, 641 F.3d at 197.

       The Board’s decision is supported by reports from the United States Department of State

showing that the policy regarding the forced sterilization in China has changed over the last five

years. The Lius admit that these more recent reports do not mention any specific cases of

sterilization in Fujian Province, but argue, nevertheless, that this coercive policy still exists

throughout the country. We have considered similar claims and concluded that, considering all the

information on family planning in Fujian, including the 2007 and 2008 country reports, a rational

adjudicator could find that the province is lax in enforcing its formal family-planning policies, and
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                                                -5-

that “the probability of forced sterilization for any Chinese national returning to Fujian is low.” Xue

Ying Lin v. Gonzales, 203 F. App’x 704, 708 (6th Cir. 2006). The fact that all but one of the Lius’

four children were born in the United States “further decreases the likelihood of forced sterilization

upon return.” Id.; see also Fang Huang v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 640, 652-53 (6th Cir. 2008).

       The Board properly determined, based on the Lius’ description of their financial

circumstances, and the lack of any evidence to the contrary, any fines and fees imposed after

registering their children would not equate to economic persecution. See Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355
F.3d 615, 624 n.9 (6th Cir. 2004). Further, the Lius have never received any personal threats or

information directing them to undergo forced sterilization if they were to return with their children,

and they cannot rely on mere speculation or assertions of possible persecution to support their claim.

       The Board properly upheld the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal because the Lius failed

to meet their burden of showing a clear probability that they would be subjected to persecution if

removed to China with their children. Moreover, based on this same evidence, they have failed to

meet their burden for relief under the Convention Against Torture. See Khozhaynova, 641 F.3d at

197.

       The petition for review is denied.
