     This decision was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule
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 1         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Filing Date: November 17, 2016

 3 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 4          Plaintiff-Petitioner,

 5 v.                                                                     NO. S-1-SC-35259

 6 ANTHONY JOHN MORRIS,

 7          Defendant-Respondent.


 8 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
 9 Stanley Whitaker, District Judge


10 Hector Balderas, Attorney General
11 John Kloss, Assistant Attorney General
12 Santa Fe, NM

13 for Petitioner


14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
15 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Respondent
 1                                      DECISION

 2 MAES, Justice.

 3   {1}   Anthony John Morris (Defendant) was convicted of the willful and deliberate

 4 first-degree murder of Mary DuPris (DuPris) on December 26, 1991. Defendant was

 5 sentenced to a term of life imprisonment. In his direct appeal to this Court, Defendant

 6 challenges the sufficiency of the evidence.

 7   {2}   This Court exercises appellate jurisdiction where life imprisonment has been

 8 imposed. See N.M. Const. art. VI, § 2; see also Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA (2000).

 9 We affirm Defendant’s conviction and sentence. Because Defendant raises no

10 questions of law that New Mexico precedent does not already sufficiently address,

11 we issue this nonprecedential decision pursuant to Rule 12-405(B)(1) NMRA.

12 BACKGROUND

13   {3}   In December of 1991, DuPris lived in Acomita, New Mexico with her two

14 children Trevor and Angelina. She also lived with her mother, Marlene Bear Stops

15 (Marlene), sister Rochelle Lovato (Rochelle), and older brother Wilfred Antonio, Jr.

16 (Wilfred). DuPris spent Christmas Eve and Christmas Day of 1991 with her family

17 in Acomita, celebrating the holiday.

18   {4}   The next morning, December 26, 1991, Marlene drove to Albuquerque with her


                                              2
 1 daughters, DuPris and Rochelle; her grandchildren, Trevor and Angelina; and

 2 Rochelle’s friend Claudine. They stopped to drop Marlene at the Western Bank

 3 building in Albuquerque, where she worked at the U.S. Public Health Service. After

 4 Marlene left, DuPris drove the group around town, stopping at a plasma donation

 5 center to make a donation, the Coronado mall, and a local park to play with her kids.

 6 Over the course of the day DuPris purchased wine coolers and beer.

 7   {5}   At around 4:30 p.m., DuPris returned to pick her mother up from work.

 8 Marlene suggested that she drive, as DuPris had been drinking. DuPris agreed and

 9 exited the vehicle, but then decided to stay in Albuquerque for the night telling the

10 group that she would probably stay at her aunt’s house. She asked her mother and

11 sister to take care of her children and then walked away from her family.

12   {6}   Later that day, Donja Kaye Nations, the manager of a motel at 1020 Central

13 Avenue SW in Albuquerque, saw a woman matching a description of DuPris walking

14 down Central. As the woman walked, a red truck pulled up next to her and stopped

15 just in front of her. A man jumped out of the truck, picked up the woman, forced her

16 into the passenger seat of the truck, and drove away. At trial, Ms. Nations testified

17 that the woman had a “terrified look on her face” and it “didn’t seem like she knew

18 him at all.” After discussing what she had seen with her husband, Nations decided


                                             3
 1 not to call the police, and instead waited three months to report what she had seen to

 2 the police. At trial, Nations testified that she would “probably never forget [the]

 3 face” of the woman she had seen abducted, and Nations was “pretty sure” that woman

 4 was DuPris. Nations also testified that she believed the truck was a Dodge but could

 5 not be sure.

 6   {7}   That same day, Victor Zabel, Sr. was working at the Double Eagle II Airport

 7 on Paseo del Volcan on the west side of Albuquerque with his son, Victor Zabel, Jr.

 8 That evening Zabel, Jr. left the airport before his father. On his way home, while on

 9 Paseo del Volcan near I-40, he passed a red truck that was stopped on the east side

10 of the road closer to I-40, but did not see anything else out of the ordinary.

11   {8}   Zabel, Sr. left the airport about fifteen minutes after his son. When he was

12 about one mile north of I-40, he saw something lying in the road and swerved in an

13 unsuccessful attempt to avoid hitting it. At first he thought it was a tire, and

14 continued driving, but then looked back to see what he had hit, and realized that it

15 was a person. Unsure of how to proceed, he drove to a nearby gas station and called

16 the police at approximately 6:58 p.m. He then returned to the body to prevent anyone

17 else from hitting it, checked the body for a pulse, but found none. Officers arrived

18 on scene at approximately 7:18 p.m.


                                              4
 1   {9}    Officers responding to the scene originally believed DuPris’ death to have been

 2 caused by a motor vehicle accident. The following day, Dr. Kurt Nolte, Chief

 3 Medical Investigator, supervised the autopsy performed on the body which he

 4 positively identified as DuPris. During the initial examination, Dr. Nolte noted the

 5 presence of a gunshot wound on the right temple, which had a downward trajectory

 6 moving from right to left. Dr. Nolte testified that there was no evidence of

 7 gunpowder residue around the wound, but that there were punctate abrasions around

 8 the wound, which suggested that the gunshot traveled through an intermediate target

 9 from an indeterminate distance. Dr. Nolte noted numerous other injuries on DuPris’

10 body, and categorized these injuries as “blunt force trauma” consistent with those

11 sustained by being run over with a motor vehicle. However, the cause of death was

12 determined to be the gunshot wound to the temple. Samples from DuPris’ body were

13 collected for analysis, including oral, vaginal, and rectal swabs.

14   {10}   A homicide investigation ensued. However, after months of investigation, the

15 case remained unsolved and went cold. In 2011, the case was reopened with

16 Detective Sally Dyer assigned as case agent.            Dyer reviewed the file and

17 reinterviewed witnesses. DNA analysis, using technology that was more advanced

18 than had previously been available, was already underway at the state crime lab when


                                               5
 1 Dyer became case agent. The testing was conducted to determine if a match could

 2 be made with any of the three men who had been suspects in the initial investigation,

 3 specifically Jared Younger, Calvin Winfield, and Harry Ray. Calvin Winfield had

 4 been a suspect in a different murder, of a woman killed with a 9 millimeter handgun

 5 less than a mile from where DuPris was found. The 9 millimeter used by Winfield

 6 to murder the woman, and commit suicide, was tested against the bullet recovered

 7 from DuPris, but the results were inconclusive.

 8   {11}   On February 24, 2012, Dyer was informed that one of the swabs taken from

 9 DuPris’ body had returned a match to Defendant. Based on the database match, she

10 obtained a search warrant for a DNA sample from Defendant, and conducted an

11 interview with him. Dyer testified that she obtained the search warrant in order to

12 confirm the DNA match.

13   {12}   At his interview, Defendant gave a DNA sample via a buccal swab of his

14 mouth. When asked about what he was doing in 1991, he told detectives that he had

15 a habit of frequenting prostitutes. Defendant explained that he would “sometime[s],

16 you know, if I’m on the way up, and somebody’s hitchhiking, I’ll see her out there,

17 you know – yeah, I’ll pull over and talk to them. You know, if it ended up that way,

18 that’s the way it ended up . . . .” When asked if he had ever had contact with DuPris,


                                             6
 1 Defendant replied, “[n]ot that I know of,” which Defendant explained to mean that

 2 he could not remember. Defendant also replied “[n]ot that I know of” when asked if

 3 he paid for rough sex, and he explained that his “sex . . . sometimes, it gets a little

 4 funky.” When pressed by Detectives, he could not explain how his DNA was present

 5 on DuPris, stating “[t]hat’s something for you people to find out how.”

 6   {13}   After the interview, Detective Dyer requested records of phone conversations

 7 made by Defendant to his ex-wife from the correctional facility where he was housed.

 8 In one call, made after his interview with detectives, Defendant told his ex-wife that

 9 “[t]hey can’t get me on it, not first-degree murder, if they get me on anything.” In

10 another call, Defendant instructed his ex-wife to “junk” his red Dodge pickup truck

11 that he had owned in 1991.

12   {14}   Based on the conversations between Defendant and his ex-wife, investigators

13 obtained a search warrant for the vehicle and seized it for examination. Investigators

14 checked the vehicle for “trace elements” such as blood, DNA, and fibers. Using a

15 chemical called “luminal” investigators found the presence of blood on the front

16 bench seat of the truck and in the truck’s bed. Testimony from Eve Tokumaru, a

17 forensic scientist at the New Mexico Department of Public Safety, confirmed that the

18 front bench seat had blood on it, and that the blood was human. However, due to the


                                              7
 1 age of the sample, Tokumaru was only able to create a partial DNA profile, which

 2 was not sufficient to identify the source of the blood.

 3   {15}   The DNA sample taken from Defendant was analyzed and compared to the

 4 DNA profile compiled from the swab taken from DuPris’ body. Annette Ortiz, a

 5 forensic scientist at the State Crime Lab, testified that a comparison of the two DNA

 6 samples could not eliminate Defendant as a source of the DNA found on an oral swab

 7 sperm palate taken from DuPris’ mouth. Catherine Dickey, a forensic scientist with

 8 the Albuquerque Police Department, testified that sperm cells can generally be

 9 detected on an oral swab between two and six hours after being deposited, noting that

10 only one study had found sperm cells up to 24 hours after deposit.

11   {16}   On March 26, 2015, Defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder and

12 sentenced to life imprisonment. In his appeal, Defendant challenges his conviction

13 on two grounds. First, he contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence

14 that he murdered DuPris. Second, he argues that the State failed to present sufficient

15 evidence of his deliberative intent to end her life.

16 STANDARD OF REVIEW

17   {17}   When reviewing for substantial evidence, we determine “whether substantial

18 evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt


                                               8
 1 beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.”

 2 State v. Astorga, 2015-NMSC-007, ¶ 57, 343 P.3d 1245 (quoting State v. Sutphin,

 3 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M. 126, 753 P.2d 1314). We “view the evidence in

 4 the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and

 5 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” Astorga,

 6 2015-NMSC-007, ¶ 57. “This [C]ourt does not weigh the evidence and [does] not

 7 substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence

 8 to support the verdict.” Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21. Therefore, when there is

 9 substantial evidence to support the conviction, the verdict will not be disturbed on

10 appeal. Id.

11 DISCUSSION

12   {18}   First-degree murder consists of “the killing of one human being by another

13 without lawful justification . . . (1) by any kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated

14 killing.” NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A)(1) (1994). The jury was instructed that:

15          For a conviction of willful and deliberate murder, the State must prove
16          beyond a reasonable doubt that:
17                 1. Defendant killed DuPris;
18                 2. The killing was with the deliberate intention to take away the
19                 life of DuPris;
20                 3. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 26th day of
21                 December, 1991.


                                                9
 1   {19}   As to Defendant’s first argument, he argues that the purely circumstantial

 2 evidence presented was not sufficient to support the jury’s finding of guilty beyond

 3 a reasonable doubt. Specifically, Defendant points to the lack of evidence that he

 4 owned, had access to, or had ever used a 9 millimeter handgun; that there was another

 5 person suspected of factually indistinguishable crimes that the police ruled out; and

 6 that the gun believed to have been used in those other crimes was not ruled out as the

 7 murder weapon in this homicide. These facts, Defendant argues, demonstrate that the

 8 evidence, even when viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, does not support

 9 the jury’s finding that he was the man who killed DuPris. The State, in response,

10 contends that the physical evidence of Defendant’s sperm, his statements to the

11 police, and the discovery of human blood in his truck supported the jury’s verdict.

12   {20}   In State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, 345 P.3d 1056, we held that,

13 “[c]ontrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a basis for reversal

14 because the jury is free to reject Defendant’s version of the facts.” Id. ¶ 52. Further,

15 “[w]e do not evaluate the evidence to determine whether some hypothesis could be

16 designed which is consistent with a finding of innocence, and we do not weigh the

17 evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is

18 sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Id. (internal quotations omitted.)


                                              10
 1   {21}   The evidence presented at trial proved that Defendant lived about five miles

 2 from where DuPris’ body was found, that he frequented prostitutes on Central

 3 Avenue, that he owned a red pickup, and that he attempted to dispose of his truck

 4 before police seized it. It is also clear from the evidence that Defendant’s sperm was

 5 present on oral swabs taken from DuPris’ body, and that human blood was found on

 6 the front seat of Defendant’s truck.

 7   {22}   Accordingly, we hold that the jury was presented with sufficient evidence to

 8 support its finding that Defendant killed DuPris beyond a reasonable doubt.

 9 Additionally, when considering the totality of the evidence presented linking

10 Defendant to the crime, the jury was free to disregard Defendant’s argument that

11 another suspect had murdered DuPris, notwithstanding the questions left unanswered

12 about the murder weapon.

13   {23}   As to Defendant’s second argument, he contends that the State failed to present

14 sufficient evidence that, if he indeed killed DuPris, he did so with deliberate intention

15 to end her life. Specifically, he argues that no testimony or evidence was presented

16 that he “weighed the considerations for and against his proposed course of action; and

17 that he weighed and considered the question of killing and his reasons for and against

18 his choice.” See State v. Taylor, 2000-NMCA-072, ¶ 19, 129 N.M. 376, 8 P.3d 863.


                                              11
 1 The State contends that the evidence of DuPris’ abduction, the fatal gunshot wound

 2 to her head, and the presence of Defendant’s sperm on DuPris’ body supported the

 3 jury’s finding of guilt.

 4   {24}   The jury was instructed that:

 5     A deliberate intention refers to the state of mind of the defendant. A
 6     deliberate intention may be inferred from all of the facts and
 7     circumstances of the killing. The word deliberate means arrived at or
 8     determined upon as a result of careful thought and the weighing of the
 9     consideration for and against the proposed course of action. A calculated
10     judgment and decision may be arrived at in a short period of time. A
11     mere unconsidered and rash impulse, even though it includes an intent
12     to kill, is not a deliberate intention to kill. To constitute a deliberate
13     killing, the slayer must weigh and consider the question of killing and
14     his reasons for and against such a choice.
15
16 We have held that “[d]eliberate intent may be inferred from the particular

17 circumstances of the killing as proved by the State through the presentation of

18 physical evidence.” State v. Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 8, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d

19 515. Further, “[i]ntent is subjective and is almost always inferred from other facts in

20 the case, as it is rarely established by direct evidence.” Id. ¶ 7 (citations omitted).

21 See also State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 28, 284 P.3d 1076 (“In determining

22 whether a defendant made a calculated judgment to kill, the jury may infer intent from

23 circumstantial evidence; direct evidence of a defendant’s state of mind is not



                                             12
 1 required.”).

 2   {25}   The evidence presented at trial demonstrates that Defendant had a pattern of

 3 frequenting prostitutes, that he abducted DuPris and that she did not go willingly, that

 4 his sperm was found in DuPris’ mouth, and that the cause of death was a single

 5 gunshot wound to the right temple of DuPris’ head. A reasonable jury could infer

 6 from these facts, the surrounding circumstances of DuPris’ abduction, and the

 7 location where the body was found that Defendant engaged in a calculated series of

 8 acts designed to abduct, rape, and kill DuPris. Additionally, a reasonable jury could

 9 infer that after Defendant forced DuPris to engage in intercourse, and before shooting

10 her in the head, he weighed the consequences of his course of action, and considered

11 the question of killing DuPris. Accordingly, we hold that there was sufficient

12 evidence to support the jury’s verdict that Defendant killed DuPris with the deliberate

13 intent to end her life.

14 CONCLUSION

15   {26}   There was sufficient evidence both that Defendant killed DuPris and that he

16 did so with a deliberate intent. Accordingly, Defendant’s conviction is affirmed.

17   {27}   IT IS SO ORDERED.
18                                             ______________________________
19                                             PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice


                                              13
1 WE CONCUR:


2 ___________________________________
3 CHARLES DANIELS, Chief Justice


4 ___________________________________
5 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice


6 ___________________________________
7 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice


8 ___________________________________
9 JUDITH NAKAMURA, Justice




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