                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                      v.
                                                          Criminal Action No. 14-cr-0030 (BAH)

MICHAEL BIKUNDI, SR., et al.,                             Judge Beryl A. Howell

                      Defendants.




                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The defendant Michael Bikundi, Sr. (“the defendant”), his wife, Florence Bikundi, and

others, are charged in a multi-count Superseding Indictment for participating in an alleged

scheme to defraud the District of Columbia Medicaid Program. Incident to the government’s

investigation and prosecution of the defendant and his alleged co-conspirators, the government

seized significant assets alleged to have been derived from or otherwise involved in the charged

offenses. Now pending before the Court is the defendant’s motion to vacate partially the seizure

of certain of these assets in order to release a total of $132,165.00 seized from four domestic

bank accounts and one foreign bank account (the “Disputed Funds”). See Def.’s Mot. Vacate

Seizure Warr. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 149. In conjunction with his motion, the defendant has

requested a pretrial hearing to challenge the sufficiency of the government’s evidence supporting

the seizure of these funds. Id. at 1. For the reasons stated below, the defendant’s request for a

pretrial hearing is denied and the defendant’s motion to vacate partially the seizure warrants is

denied in part and granted in part.




                                                 1
I.     BACKGROUND

       On February 18, 2014, a U.S. Magistrate Judge of this Court issued seizure warrants for

property, including sixty-four financial accounts and five vehicles, based upon a 136-page

affidavit alleging probable cause to believe that the property was subject to criminal forfeiture

(1) as property “involved in a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of” federal

criminal money laundering statutes, and (2) as property “derived, directly or indirectly, from

gross proceeds traceable to the commission of a Federal health care offense,” pursuant to 18

U.S.C. §§ 982(a)(1) and (a)(7), respectively. Affidavit in Support of Seizure Warrants, dated

February 18, 2014 (“First Aff.”) ¶¶ 348–49, ECF No. 238-1. 1 The affidavit also alleged probable

cause to believe that the listed property was subject to civil forfeiture, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§

981(a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(C). Id.

       The following day, a grand jury indicted co-defendant Florence Bikundi on multiple

counts of health care fraud and money laundering. Indictment, ECF No. 1. After further

investigation, the grand jury returned a Superseding Indictment, on December 18, 2014, against

eight additional defendants, including Michael Bikundi, who is charged with Conspiracy to

Commit Health Care Fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349 (Count One); Health Care Fraud, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347 (Count Two); Money Laundering Conspiracy, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1956(h) (Count Fifteen); Laundering of Monetary Instruments, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 956(a)(1)(B)(i) (Counts Sixteen through Twenty-Two); and Engaging in Monetary

Transactions in Property Derived from Specified Unlawful Activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1957 (Counts Twenty-Three through Twenty-Five). See Superseding Indictment, ECF No. 44.




       1
           The First Affidavit is also docketed, under seal, at ECF No. 159-1.

                                                          2
        While the original indictment contained a “Criminal Forfeiture Allegation” seeking

forfeiture of a real property parcel in Mitchellville, Maryland, and a general money judgment “in

the amount of at least $75,000,000,” Indictment, Crim. Forfeiture Alleg. ¶¶ 1–2, the Superseding

Indictment includes a more detailed “Forfeiture Allegation.” Superseding Indictment, Forfeiture

Alleg. Specifically, the Superseding Indictment seeks forfeiture, upon conviction of the health

care fraud offenses alleged in Counts One, Two, Thirteen, or Fourteen,2 of a money judgment

“of at least $75,000,000,” as well as eighty-seven listed properties—for which “the Grand Jury

finds by probable cause . . . [are] subject to forfeiture,” under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(7). Id.,

Forfeiture Alleg. ¶ 1. The listed properties consist of six pieces of diamond jewelry, the real

property parcel in Mitchellville, Maryland, as well as almost $73,000 in cash seized from that

home, five vehicles, and funds held in seventy-four bank or other financial accounts, including

the four domestic bank accounts at issue in the instant motion. Id. The Forfeiture Allegation

further seeks forfeiture, without a specific grand jury probable cause finding, of property (1)

“that constitutes or is derived, directly or indirectly, from gross proceeds traceable to” false

statements in the submission of payment claims to the D.C. Medicaid Program, as charged in

Counts Three through Twelve, under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(7), id. ¶ 2; 3 and (2) that is “involved in”

the money laundering offenses charged in Counts Fifteen through Twenty-Five, or “any property

traceable to such property,” under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), id. ¶ 3.

        On September 5, 2014, a U.S. Magistrate Judge of this Court issued a second seizure

warrant based upon a 15-page affidavit alleging probable cause to believe that five additional




        2
          Counts Thirteen and Fourteen allege health care fraud committed only by co-defendant Florence Bikundi.
Superseding Indictment ¶ 78–82.
        3
          The defendant is not named in these counts, and the government does not rely on these false statement
charges as support for the seizure of the Disputed Funds. Gov’t Supp. Br. Def.’s Mot. Vacate Seizure Warr. at 4,
ECF No. 244.

                                                       3
bank accounts held at Banque Internationale du Cameroun pour l'Epargne et le Credit (“BICEC”)

in Cameroon, including the foreign account at issue in the instant motion, were subject to both

civil and criminal forfeiture, as property “traceable to” federal health care fraud and “involved in

a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of” a federal money laundering offense,

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 981(a)(1)(C) and 982(a)(1)(A). Affidavit in Support of Seizure

Warrants, dated September 5, 2014 (“Second Aff.”) ¶¶ 1, 33, ECF No. 245-1. 4

         The government subsequently filed a Notice of Bill of Particulars for the Forfeiture

Allegation in the Superseding Indictment identifying the five BICEC bank accounts listed in the

Second Affidavit as subject to criminal forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(7), upon conviction

of an offense alleged in Counts Three through Twelve. Bill of Particulars ¶ A, ECF No. 119.

The Bill of Particulars also listed ninety-two specific properties, including the eighty-seven

properties identified in the Forfeiture Allegation as well as the five newly identified BICEC

accounts, as subject to criminal forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1) upon conviction of an

offense alleged in Count Fifteen. Id. at ¶ B.

         The defendant now seeks the release of a total of $132,165.00 previously held in four

domestic bank accounts seized pursuant to the first seizure warrant and one of the BICEC

accounts seized pursuant to the second seizure warrant. Def.’s Mot. at 3–5. The First Affidavit

designates the four domestic accounts containing Disputed Funds as Accounts H, I, W and AA.

First Aff. ¶ 1. For each account, the First Affidavit identifies a total amount of funds traceable to



         4
           At a hearing on July 31, 2015, to consider the instant motion, the government made representations
regarding the forfeitability of the Disputed Funds that were neither included in the government’s opposition brief to
the defendant’s motion nor supported by evidence then entered in the record. As a consequence, the Court reserved
judgment on the defendant’s motion and directed the government to file supplemental briefing addressing: (1) the
requisite connection of the Disputed Funds to the charged offense conduct; and (2) the current location of the funds
seized from the Cameroonian account at issue. See Minute Order, July 31, 2015. In conjunction with the filing of
its supplemental brief, the government submitted a copy of the Second Affidavit. See Notice of Filing, ECF No.
245.

                                                          4
Medicaid payments. Id. ¶¶ 234, 236, 238, 240. In contrast to the traceable funds, however, the

affidavit also lists “other” funds that are not alleged to be traceable to Medicaid payments. Id.

Specifically, the First Affidavit alleges the following with regard to each account:

          Account H: Between November 2009 and December 2013, approximately $317,

           241.06 was deposited into this account. Id. ¶ 234. The First Affidavit alleges that

           $309,729.20 of these funds are traceable to Medicaid payments, but that “[o]ther

           deposits to the account include $7,200.00 in cash and $311.86 in interest earned on

           the account.” Id.

          Account I: Between November 2009 and January 2014, approximately $634,929.06

           was deposited into this account. Id. ¶ 236. The First Affidavit alleges that

           $588,664.97 of these funds are traceable to Medicaid payments, but that “[o]ther

           deposits to the account include $5,500.00 deposited from third parties, $29,500.00 in

           cash deposits, and the deposit of a $10,000 cashier’s check.” Id.

          Account W: Between March 2012 and November 2013, at least $140,756.66 was

           deposited into this account. Id. ¶ 238. The First Affidavit alleges that $123,688.94 of

           these funds are traceable to Medicaid payments, but that “[t]he rest of the funds

           deposited into this account consist of $8,750.00 in checks from third parties,

           $8,100.00 in cash, and $217.72 in interest.” Id.

          Account AA: Between March 2012 and November 2013, at least $464,771.16 was

           deposited into this account. Id. ¶ 240. The First Affidavit alleges that $430,360.00 of

           these funds are traceable to Medicaid payments, but “[o]ther deposits to the account

           include $17,500.00 in cash, $15,615.00 from the sale of a vehicle, and $126.16 in

           interest.” Id.



                                                 5
       Finally, the defendant seeks release of Disputed Funds from a seized BICEC account,

XXX-121. Def.’s Mot. at 4–5. The Second Affidavit alleges that this account received deposits

between May 12, 2008, when the defendant opened the account, and April 4, 2013, that

originated in bank accounts referred to as Accounts AA and HHH in the First Affidavit. Second

Aff. ¶ 14–17. To support the seizure of funds held in the BICEC account, the Second Affidavit

incorporates the First Affidavit’s allegations regarding Account AA and further alleges that

Account HHH received funds traceable to Medicaid prior to being closed in March 2012. Id.

The government has advised that the funds from BICEC account XXX-121 were transferred to a

U.S. Department of Treasury Suspense Account on May 29, 2015. Gov’t Supp. Br. Def.’s Mot.

Vacate Seizure Warr. (“Gov’t Supp. Br.”) at 2–3, ECF No. 244.

       Noting that the First Affidavit explicitly indicates that certain seized funds are not

directly traceable to any alleged illegal conduct, the defendant asserts that the government has

failed to establish probable cause that the Disputed Funds were subject to seizure and asks the

Court to order their release. Def.’s Mot. at 1–5. In total, the defendant requests the release of

$102,165.00 from the four domestic accounts comprised of the following funds: (1) $62,300.00

in cash deposits; (2) $10,000.00 in cashier’s check deposits; (3) $14,250.00 in deposits from

checks issued by unidentified third parties; and (4) $15,615.00 in proceeds from the sale on an

unspecified date of an unidentified vehicle. Id. at 4.

       The defendant likewise seeks $30,000.00 seized from the BICEC account, which funds

the defendant asserts was transferred into that account from Account AA. Id. at 4–5. The

defendant contends that these funds are not subject to seizure because “Account AA held funds

that are not traceable to Medicaid,” id. at 5, namely, the “[o]ther deposits to the account include

$17,500.00 in cash, $15,615.00 from the sale of a vehicle,” First Aff. ¶ 240. As the government



                                                  6
correctly notes, however, the defendant has double-counted the BICEC funds in calculating the

total amount he seeks to have released, since the same Disputed Funds that are at issue from

Account AA were transferred to the BICEC account. Gov’t Supp. Br. at 3 n.6. Thus, the

remaining discussion will address only the Disputed Funds seized from the four domestic

accounts.

II.    DISCUSSION

       As a threshold matter, the defendant asserts that access to the Disputed Funds is

necessary to meet the costs of his “household necessities,” not to pay for his defense against the

criminal charges. Def.’s Mot. at 1. Consequently, he raises no Sixth Amendment claim that the

seizure of the Disputed Funds implicates his right to counsel. Id. at 9 n.1; Def.’s Reply Gov’t

Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Vacate Seizure Warr. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 1–2, ECF No. 195. Nonetheless,

the defendant argues that examination of the First Affidavit reveals that the Disputed Funds “are

not traceable to Medicaid[,]” “are not part of the indicted offenses[,]” and “have absolutely no

nexus to the criminal activity alleged in the indictment.” Def.’s Reply at 2. Citing Kaley v.

United States, 134 S. Ct. 1090 (2014), the defendant asserts that the continued seizure of the

Disputed Funds violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and requests a pretrial

hearing to determine their traceability to the charged criminal conduct. Id. at 1–2.

       In its initial and supplemental responses to the defendant’s motion, the government

objects to the defendant’s request for the partial release of the Disputed Funds and for a pretrial

hearing on their traceability to the charged offenses. The government’s opposition rests

principally on the following grounds: (1) the defendant’s right to challenge the forfeitability of

the disputed assets is limited to the post-trial procedures provided by Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 32.2, Gov.’t Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Vacate Seizure Warr. (“Gov’t Opp’n”) at 6–9, ECF



                                                  7
No. 194; (2) the defendant has failed to demonstrate that a pretrial hearing is required under the

Due Process framework outlined in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), id. at 9–16; and

(3) the defendant has failed to make a threshold showing that he requires the Disputed Funds to

pay for ordinary and necessary living expenses, id. at 17–20. These arguments are addressed

seriatim below, following review of the legal principles applicable to pretrial seizure of property

pending final disposition of criminal charges.

       A.      LEGAL FRAMEWORK APPLICABLE TO PRETRIAL SEIZURE OF
               POTENTIALLY FORFEITABLE PROPERTY

       The Supreme Court has long recognized the “strong governmental interest in obtaining

full recovery of all forfeitable assets.” Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S.

617, 631 (1989). Forfeiture serves important punitive and deterrence functions, and forfeited

property often is put to productive use in assisting crime victims and improving communities

damaged by criminal behavior. See Kaley, 134 S. Ct. at 1094 (citing Caplin & Drysdale, 491

U.S. at 629–630).

       In this case, the government argues that the Disputed Funds are subject to seizure

pursuant to two provisions of the criminal forfeiture statute. First, the government contends that

probable cause exists to believe that the disputed assets are subject to forfeiture under 18 U.S.C.

§ 982(a)(7), which requires the forfeiture of all property “that constitutes or is derived, directly

or indirectly, from gross proceeds traceable to” a “Federal health care offense.” Gov’t Supp. Br.

at 4. Alternatively, the government argues that there is probable cause to believe that the

Disputed Funds are subject to forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), which requires forfeiture

from a defendant convicted of a federal money laundering offense of any property “involved in

such offense, or any property traceable to such property.” Id.




                                                   8
       Criminal forfeiture proceedings under these provisions, including pretrial seizure of

property subject to forfeiture upon conviction, are governed by 21 U.S.C. § 853, see 18 U.S.C. §

982(b)(1), as well as Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2. Under 21 U.S.C § 853, the

government may request a warrant from a federal court authorizing the pretrial seizure of

property subject to forfeiture “in the same manner as provided for a search warrant.” 21 U.S.C.

§ 853(f). The court “shall” issue such a warrant upon determining that there is “probable cause

to believe that the property to be seized would, in the event of conviction, be subject to forfeiture

and that [other authorized forms of protective orders] may not be sufficient to assure the

availability of the property for forfeiture.” Id.

       Once the government has obtained a seizure warrant pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853(f), the

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide for no further inquiry into the property’s

forfeitability until disposition of the criminal charges on which the forfeiture is predicated. See

FED. R. CRIM . P. 32.2(b)(1)(A) (providing for final criminal forfeiture determinations “[a]s soon

as practical after a verdict or finding of guilty, or after a plea of guilty or nolo contendere is

accepted, on any count in an indictment or information regarding which criminal forfeiture is

sought.”) (emphasis added); see also Sunrise Acad. v. United States, 791 F. Supp. 2d 200, 202–

03 (D.D.C. 2011) (noting that upon showing that property is forfeitable and in danger of

dissipation, “neither Section 853 nor Rule 32.2 provides for any further inquiry into the

property’s forfeitability until the defendant in an associated criminal proceeding is found or

pleads guilty” to the charge for which criminal forfeiture is sought). At a post-trial or post-plea

hearing, “[i]f the government seeks forfeiture of specific property, the court must determine

whether the government has established the requisite nexus between the property and the

offense.” FED. R. CRIM . P. 32.2(b)(1)(A).



                                                    9
       Notwithstanding the post-conviction process provided by Rule 32.2, the Supreme Court

has made clear that pretrial seizure, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853(f), necessarily requires two

probable cause findings: (1) that “the defendant has committed an offense permitting forfeiture;”

and (2) that “the property at issue has the requisite connection to that crime.” Kaley, 134 S.Ct. at

1095 (citing 21 U.S.C. § 853(a)); see also United States v. Monsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 615 (1989)

(upholding constitutionality of pretrial seizure of criminal defendant’s assets so long as it is

“based on a finding of probable cause to believe that the assets are forfeitable”). Probable cause

is an “objective standard requiring an analysis of the totality of the circumstances.” United

States v. Jackson, 415 F.3d 88, 91 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citing authorities). It is “not a high bar,”

Kaley, 134 S.Ct. at 1103, and is instead “synonymous with ‘fair probability,’” Jackson, 415 F.3d

at 91 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)).

       In Kaley, the Supreme Court partially resolved the question left open in Monsanto

“‘whether the Due Process Clause requires a hearing’ to establish either or both . . . aspects of

forfeitability.” 134 S. Ct. at 1095 (quoting Monsanto, 491 U.S. at 615 n.10). Specifically, the

Kaley Court held that an indicted defendant has no constitutional right to contest in a pretrial

hearing a grand jury determination of probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed

because, on this issue, “[t]he grand jury gets the final word.” Id. at 1105. Consequently, a grand

jury indictment forecloses any further hearing on the first prong required for pretrial seizure of

assets, namely, whether probable cause supports the charges. Id.

       The Kaley Court expressly reserved judgment as to the availability of pretrial review of

the second prong, that “the property at issue has the requisite connection to that crime.” Id. at

1095 & n.3 (noting that lower courts generally have provided pretrial hearings to assess the

traceability of seized property, but declining to “opine on the matter”). The Court, however,



                                                 10
emphasized an important distinction between the grand jury’s probable cause finding regarding

guilt versus traceability, noting that “the tracing of assets is a technical matter far removed from

the grand jury's core competence and traditional function.” Id. at 1099 n.9. Moreover, the Kaley

Court pointed out that “a judge’s finding that assets are not traceable to the crime charged in no

way casts doubt on the prosecution itself” and, consequently, such a judicial “determination does

not similarly undermine the grand jury or create internal contradictions within the criminal

justice system,” as would the second-guessing of a grand jury’s finding on the first prong. Id.

       Notwithstanding the policy distinctions articulated by the Supreme Court that might

dictate different treatment of pretrial review of a grand jury’s finding of probable cause of guilt

and of potential forfeitability, the Kaley Court provides no clear guidance as to a defendant’s

entitlement to a pretrial hearing on the traceability of seized property, particularly where the

defendant has not invoked his right to counsel.

       The Kaley Court’s holding abrogated a portion of the D.C. Circuit’s prior ruling in United

States v. E-Gold, Ltd., 521 F.3d 411, 421 (D.C. Cir. 2008), that indicted defendants have a

constitutional due process right to a post-asset deprivation, pre-trial hearing addressing the

existence of probable cause as to the predicate criminal offense, “at least where access to the

assets is necessary for an effective exercise of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.” The

Kaley Court, however, did not address the portion of the E-Gold Court’s ruling that, when the

Sixth Amendment right to counsel is implicated, a pre-trial hearing on the forfeitability of the

specified property is required under the three-pronged test set out in Mathews v. Eldridge for

“determining the due process rights of citizens who were subjected to the seizure of their

property or other constitutionally protected interests.” Id. at 416–19. Thus, this aspect of the E-

Gold holding remains binding on this Court. Notably, however, the D.C. Circuit expressly



                                                  11
declined to consider the issue presented in this case: whether a pretrial hearing is constitutionally

required to test the sufficiency of probable cause for the charged offense or forfeitability when

no Sixth Amendment right is at stake. Id. at 421 (“We need not determine, nor do we determine,

whether the due process rights of the defendants compel such a hearing when the assets are not

necessary to obtaining counsel of choice.”).

       The D.C. Circuit has had no occasion to revisit its holding in E-Gold in light of Kaley and

has not otherwise addressed the availability of a pretrial probable cause hearing on, or judicial

review of, the forfeitability of seized property, absent a Sixth Amendment claim. See Gov’t

Opp’n at 5–6. Hence, both parties acknowledge that “the D.C. Circuit has never held that due

process requires a pretrial hearing” in this circumstance. Gov’t Opp’n at 6; see also Def.’s Mot.

at 9 n.1 (acknowledging that E-Gold “was decided in the context of a Sixth Amendment claim”).

       In short, the defendant’s motion in this case squarely raises an issue left unresolved by

the Supreme Court in both the Kaley and Monsanto opinions, and by the D.C. Circuit in E-Gold,

regarding an indicted defendant’s entitlement to pre-trial judicial review of the forfeitability, or

traceability, of assets seized pursuant to a probable cause warrant—which probable cause finding

in this case is bolstered by a grand jury finding—when no Sixth Amendment right to counsel is

implicated.

       Set against this legal backdrop, the Court now turns to the government’s arguments in

opposition to the defendant’s motion.

       B.      DEFENDANT IS NOT LIMITED TO POST-TRIAL RELIEF UNDER
               FEDERAL RULE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 32.2

       The government urges the Court to deny any pretrial review of the potential forfeitability

of the Disputed Funds because the “procedures in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2 and

21 U.S.C. § 853(n) protect the defendant’s due process interests under the Fifth Amendment.”


                                                 12
Gov’t Opp’n at 3. As support for this proposition, the government relies on Sunrise Academy v.

United States, 791 F. Supp. 2d 200 (D.D.C. 2011), id. at 8–9, but this case is easily

distinguishable for at least three reasons. First, the Court in Sunrise considered the availability

of pretrial proceedings to test the forfeitability of seized assets afforded to third parties, rather

than, as here, an indicted defendant. Sunrise Acad., 791 F. Supp. 2d at 204–05. Indeed, when

denying the requested pretrial relief, the Court contrasted the interests of such third parties with

the interests of indicted defendants, explaining that the defendant’s “constitutional right to a

speedy criminal trial . . . would be endangered if third-party claimants to seized property were

generally permitted to demand the adjudication of their property interests before the government

could turn its attention to prosecuting a criminal trial.” Id. at 206–07. The Court further noted

that while the government’s interest in guarding the details of its case may be “outweighed by a

criminal defendant’s interest in obtaining the counsel of his or her choice, the result is not the

same when those governmental interests are weighed only against petitioners’ interest in gaining

access to seized funds a few months earlier than would otherwise be the case.” Id. at 207.

Where a third parties’ interests in seized assets are at stake, the Court concluded that “the

interests of the government, the public, and the criminal defendant in a fair and orderly trial on

the merits of the criminal indictment must take precedence over the petitioners’ desire for earlier

adjudication of their claims.” Id.

        Second, the Sunrise Court emphasized that the third-party petitioners presented “no

evidence whatsoever” demonstrating their immediate need for the seized funds and,

consequently, the Court found “no reason to believe that [they] will be significantly damaged if

adjudication of their claims is postponed pending a post-trial ancillary proceeding.” Id. at 206.

By contrast, the defendant here has presented evidence of both his near-term financial



                                                   13
obligations and his apparent inability to meet those obligations without release of the seized

assets. Def.’s Mot. at 10–11, Ex. 2–4. Finally, the Sunrise Court did not foreclose entirely the

availability of pre-trial review for third-party claimants, and dismissed the petitioners’ request

without prejudice, noting that the court’s holding was “based on the premise that [the

defendant's] trial will take place soon; a lengthy postponement of that trial might possibly alter

the calculus.” Sunrise Acad., 791 F. Supp. 2d at 207.

         In sum, the Sunrise Court did not, and had no reason to, opine about the issue raised here

whether an indicted defendant has a due process right to pretrial review of the traceability of

assets seized pursuant to probable cause warrants and subject to a grand jury finding of probable

cause of forfeitability, when those assets are needed for household support. 5 The government

acknowledges this fact but asserts that “[i]f third parties are not entitled to a hearing in advance

of a defendant’s criminal trial, there is no basis to conclude that indicted defendants are entitled

to one.” Gov’t Opp’n at 9. This point misses the careful distinction the Sunrise Court drew

between third parties and the additional rights implicated by an indictment against a defendant.

Sunrise Acad., 791 F. Supp. 2d at 207. Unlike a third party, an indicted defendant is cloaked

with certain constitutional and statutory rights, including the Sixth Amendment right to counsel

of his choice, which rights the defendant may feel pressured to relinquish as a result of the

pretrial deprivation of funds and other property. This additional pressure on an indicted

defendant is of particular concern since a probable cause finding in a seizure warrant or by a


         5
           The government correctly notes that the defendant will be in the position of a third party challenging the
forfeiture of specific property if his spouse, Florence Bikundi, is convicted on Counts Thirteen and Fourteen, for
which she is the only charged defendant, Gov’t Opp’n at 7, or if he is acquitted on Counts One, Two or Fifteen, “but
another defendant is found guilty of those counts and the Government establishes the requisite nexus,” id. at n.5. As
a third party, the defendant will be able to employ the procedures set out in 21 U.S.C. § 853(n) and Rule 32.2(c),
which govern a third party’s ability to challenge the forfeiture of specific property. See 21 U.S.C. § 853(k) (barring
third parties from intervening in a trial involving forfeiture or adjudicating their “alleged interest” in property
subject to forfeiture in an indictment except under section 853(n)); Sunrise Acad., 791 F. Supp. 2d at 204.


                                                         14
grand jury is ex parte, increasing the risk of an erroneous finding of probable cause about

forfeitability, when the burden of establishing such probable cause indisputably rests with the

government. See Kaley, 134 S.Ct. at 1103 (acknowledging “that the adversarial process leads to

better, more accurate decision-making” but stating that “in this context—when the legal standard

is merely probable cause and the grand jury has already made that finding—both our precedents

and other courts’ experience indicate that a full-dress hearing will provide little benefit”); id. at

1113 (“It takes little imagination to see that seizures based entirely on ex parte proceedings

create a heightened risk of error. Common sense tells us that secret decisions based on only one

side of the story will prove inaccurate more often than those made after hearing from both

sides.”) (C.J. Roberts, dissenting).

        Consequently, the Court is not persuaded that Rule 32.2 precludes an indicted defendant

from invoking his due process rights before trial to test the sufficiency of probable cause for the

forfeitability of seized property. Instead, as the D.C. Circuit instructed in E-Gold, “[i]n

ascertaining the requirements of the due process clause in affording a hearing to those whose

assets are the subject of seizure,” the Court must “look first to the Supreme Court’s declarations

in Mathews v. Eldridge.” E-Gold, 521 F.3d at 415 (internal citation omitted).

        C.      AVAILABILITY OF PRETRIAL REVIEW REGARDING
                TRACEABILITY OF SEIZED PROPERTY

        The government contends that, in this case, the Mathews factors “tip decidedly against

the relief sought in the defendant’s motion.” Gov’t Opp’n at 10. At the outset, this position by

the government in this case appears to be inconsistent with the government’s position before the

Supreme Court in Kaley. The majority in Kaley noted that “the Government agreed that a

defendant has a constitutional right to a hearing on that question” of “whether probable cause

exists to believe that the assets in dispute are traceable or otherwise sufficiently related to the


                                                  15
crime charged in the indictment,” although the Court reserved judgment on this issue. Kaley, 134

S. Ct. at 1095 & n.3. The government’s oral concession also prompted comment from Chief

Justice Roberts, who stated, in dissent, that “[t]he Solicitor General concedes—and all Courts of

Appeals to have considered the issue have held—that ‘defendants are entitled to show that the

assets that are restrained are not actually the proceeds of the charged criminal offense’; that is,

that the second prong of the required showing is not satisfied.” Id. at 1108 (internal citation

omitted).

       While Kaley addressed the availability of pretrial probable cause review when the

defendant asserts a Sixth Amendment claim, the government’s concession before the Supreme

Court does not appear to be so limited. The relevant portion of the transcript follows:

       JUSTICE KENNEDY: Do you concede that there must be a traceability hearing?
       [The Government]: If the defendant seeks one, yes. And there was the opportunity
       in this case for a hearing and the defendants –
       JUSTICE KENNEDY: I mean, in the general run case, so you agree that due
       process does require a traceability hearing?
       [The Government]: Yes. The defendants are entitled to show that the assets that
       are restrained are not actually the proceeds of the charged criminal offense or
       another way --
       JUSTICE KENNEDY: And the defendants have the burden of proof in that
       hearing?
       [The Government]: That would be up to this Court's decision.
       JUSTICE KENNEDY: What- what is your view as to what the Constitution
       requires in that respect?
       [The Government]: I'd be happy to have the defendants bear the burden of proof,
       but I think the courts, typically, have placed the burden of proof on the
       government to show traceability, and the government, therefore, presents limited
       evidence, but it's all against the background of the crime not being called into
       question.

Transcript of Oral Argument at 45–46, Kaley v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 1090 (2014) (No. 12-

464) (emphasis added). Nevertheless, in its opposition to the instant motion, the government

ignores this concession before the Supreme Court, see generally Gov’t Opp’n; Gov’t Supp. Br.,




                                                 16
and offers no explanation for what appears to be the government’s inconsistent position in this

case.

         Despite the concession by the government at oral argument in Kaley, given the lack of

clear guidance on this issue, the Court turns to the factors set out in Mathews v. Eldridge to

determine whether a due process hearing is required. In re Seizure of Approximately

$12,116,153.16 & Accrued Interest in U.S. Currency, 903 F. Supp. 2d 19, 32 (D.D.C. 2012) (“To

determine whether due process requires a hearing in a particular case, a court must examine the

factors set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge.”) (citing E–Gold, 521 F.3d at 415). These factors, as

articulated by the Kaley Court, require a court to weigh “(1) the burdens that a requested

procedure would impose on the Government against (2) the private interest at stake, as viewed

alongside (3) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest without the procedure and the

probable value, if any, of the additional procedural safeguard.” Kaley, 134 S. Ct. at 1100

(quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). While the

Court agrees with the government that the Mathews factors disfavor the defendant’s “request for

a pretrial evidentiary hearing,” Def.’s Mot. at 1 (capitalization omitted), the Court disagrees that

every “procedure” allowing judicial review of the forfeitability of the Disputed Funds is barred

given the particular facts of this case. 6



         6
          The government also contends that the requisite findings of probable cause underlying the seizure
warrants are sufficient to bar a pretrial hearing on traceability, essentially importing the conclusive nature of the
grand jury finding on the first prong and applying it to the second prong, even though the Kaley Court declined to so
hold. Gov’t Opp. at 16. In support of its opposition, the government relies on two out-of-circuit cases interpreting
Kaley not to require a pretrial hearing to contest the traceability of property seized under the federal civil forfeiture
statute pursuant to magistrate judge warrants. Id. at 16 (citing United States v. Any and all Funds on Deposit in
Account Number 0139874788, at Regions Bank, Held in the Name of Efans Trading Corp., 2015 WL 247391, at *14
(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 20, 2015) and In re Premises Known and Described as 100 Sweenydale Avenue, Bayshore, N.Y.,
2015 WL 3607572, at *9-11 (E.D.N.Y. June 6, 2015)). These cases do not address the availability of a pretrial
hearing regarding the forfeitability of property seized under a criminal forfeiture statute and are therefore inapposite.
Moreover, neither of these cases addressed the peculiar facts presented here, where the challenge to probable cause
stems from the supporting affidavits themselves.


                                                          17
         With respect to the first factor, regarding the burdens on the government of the requested

pretrial evidentiary hearing, the government quotes extensively from the Kaley Court’s litany of

adverse consequences, Gov’t Opp’n at 10–11, including (1) “consum[ing] significant

prosecutorial time and resources,” Kaley, 134 S. Ct. at 1101; (2) “rehears[ing] the case’s merits,

including the Government’s theory and supporting evidence,” id.; (3) possible “litigat[ion over] a

range of ancillary questions relating to the conduct of the hearing itself,” id.; and (4) “more

seriously,” “undermin[ing] the Government’s ability either to obtain a conviction or to preserve

forfeitable property” by forcing the government to choose whether “to disclose all its witnesses

and other evidence” and “case and strategy well before” such disclosure would otherwise be

required, id. Yet, the Kaley Court’s list relates to a pretrial hearing on the first prong, requiring a

showing of probable cause for the charged offenses, not a pretrial hearing on the second prong

regarding forfeitability. A hearing on the second prong is not as likely to trigger “a pre-trial

mini-trial (or maybe a pre-trial not-so-mini-trial)” that the Kaley Court sought to avoid in holding

that grand jury determination of probable cause of guilt—the first prong—“is conclusive.” Id. at

1101, 1099. Moreover, the government makes no effort to detail the nature of the burden it

would face to show the traceability of the Disputed Funds to the charged offenses. See generally

Gov’t Opp’n; Gov’t Supp. Br.

             Nevertheless, the Court appreciates that the requested pretrial hearing would necessarily

impose some burden of time and resources on the government to preview how allegedly

fraudulently obtained funds were tracked to the four bank accounts at issue. 7 Under the Mathews


         7
            The government expresses concern that, if released, the Disputed Funds “will be dissipated beyond the
Government’s ability to recover even if the Government ultimately prevails during the forfeiture phase of the trial.”
Gov’t Opp’n at 11. This concern puts the proverbial “cart before the horse.” The government bears the burden in
the first instance to show both probable cause prongs, including that the Disputed Funds are traceable to the charged
crimes. Only upon meeting those two probable cause prerequisites is the government entitled to pretrial seizure “to
assure the availability of the property for forfeiture.” 21 U.S.C. 853(f).


                                                         18
test, this burden must be weighed against the defendant’s interests “alongside” the risk of

erroneous deprivation without some procedural safeguard. Kaley, 134 S. Ct. at 1100 (quoting

Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335). The government contends that the defendant’s need for funds to pay

for household expenses is “to maintain his pre-indictment lifestyle, not for basic necessities.”

Gov’t Opp’n at 12 n. 6. Through exhibits and representations at the July 31, 2015 hearing, the

defendant has presented evidence that he is unable to pay his utility bills, such that he must rely

on borrowed funds to do so, and property taxes, such that his home is subject to a tax sale. See

Def. Mot. at 10–11, Ex. 1–4. Defendant likewise has presented evidence that he is unable to pay

for his children’s preschool education and has recently lost private insurance coverage. Id. The

defendant has not asserted that he cannot afford the counsel of his choice, but he has

demonstrated a substantial need for the funds at issue to provide for household necessities. Id.

The Court is not persuaded that the defendant’s showing is insufficient to warrant some

procedural safeguard to reduce “the risk of erroneous deprivation.” Kaley, 134 S. Ct at 1100.

       This risk is particularly acute in this case in light of the express gaps in the First Affidavit

regarding the traceability of the Disputed Assets. Indeed, the defendant’s argument is

straightforward: the First Affidavit supporting the seizure warrant for the four domestic bank

accounts at issue expressly disclaimed that the Disputed Funds are traceable to the charged

criminal activity. Thus, the defendant has done more than merely claim that certain assets held

in the seized bank accounts are not traceable to the charged criminal activity but, instead, relies

on the statements set out in the First Affidavit itself that undermine the government’s showing

that the Disputed Funds were subject to criminal forfeiture. Evaluation of this challenge to the

forfeitability of the Disputed Funds does not require any additional evidentiary materials beyond

those that the government has already been given an opportunity to provide.



                                                  19
         On balance, the Court concludes that while the defendant’s requested procedure of a

“pretrial evidentiary hearing,” is not warranted, an alternative procedural safeguard of pretrial

judicial review of the First Affidavit itself is. Indeed, it is a “normal process” for a court to

review the legal sufficiency of an affidavit to support probable cause without an evidentiary

hearing. United States v. Matthews, 753 F.3d 1321, 1326–1327 (D.C. Cir. 2014); see also

Massachusetts v. Upton, 466 U.S. 727, 728 (1984) (per curiam) (“[T]he task of a reviewing court

is not to conduct a de novo determination of probable cause, but only to determine whether there

is substantial evidence in the record supporting the magistrate’s decision to issue the warrant.”);

Gates, 462 U.S. at 236–39 (while clarifying that “after-the-fact scrutiny by courts of the

sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the form of de novo review,” and should give “great

deference” to a magistrate's determination of probable cause, cautioning that “courts must

continue to conscientiously review the sufficiency of affidavits on which warrants are issued”). 8

         Having determined that the defendant is entitled to pretrial judicial review of the

challenged seizure warrants, the Court next turns to evaluation of the legal sufficiency of the




         8
           Other circuits considering an indicted defendant’s challenge to the second forfeitability prong have held
that pretrial review may be warranted even where the defendant asserts no Sixth Amendment claim. For example, in
U.S. v. Jones, 160 F. 3d 641, 646 (10th Cir. 1998), the Tenth Circuit concluded that “an adversarial hearing that
occurs shortly after freezing assets would serve to diminish the risk of an erroneous deprivation at a meaningful
time.” Although the defendant in Jones claimed that the challenged seizure implicated his Sixth Amendment right
to counsel, the court explained that “[a] restraining order that prevents a defendant from supporting herself and her
family pending and during trial would likely work an injustice with constitutional implications.” Id. at 646 (citing
United States v. Thier, 801 F.2d 1463, 1477 (5th Cir. 1986)). Thus, under Jones, pretrial review is required when
the defendant can (1) “demonstrate to the court's satisfaction that she has no assets, other than those restrained, with
which to retain private counsel and provide for herself and her family;” and (2) “make a prima facie showing of the
bona fide reason to believe the grand jury erred in determining that the restrained asset” is potential subject to
criminal forfeiture. Id. at 647. The Sixth Circuit has adopted the Jones test, likewise emphasizing the value of
pretrial review even absent a Sixth Amendment claim. See United States v. Jamieson, 427 F.3d 394, 407 (6th Cir.
2005) (“We have no quarrel with the district court’s decision to apply Jones, recognizing as we do that that a
fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard, and that the opportunity to be heard is non-
existent when a district court grants a restraining order based only on the indictment.”) (internal quotation and
citation omitted).

                                                          20
probable cause showing in the First Affidavit for seizure of the four different categories of

Disputed Funds.

       D.      PROPERTY WITH NO ALLEGED CONNECTION TO THE CHARGED
               OFFENSES MUST BE RELEASED

       Through the instant motion, the defendant challenges the legal sufficiency of the

government’s affidavits supporting the seizure and continued restraint of the Disputed Funds. As

noted, the defendant argues that the government’s affidavits make no allegation with respect to

the traceability of the following Disputed Funds and, rather, explicitly distinguishes between

funds traceable to alleged criminal conduct and these funds, which the defendant seeks to have

released: (1) $62,300.00 in cash deposits; (2) $10,000.00 in cashier’s check deposits; (3)

$14,250.00 in deposits from checks issued by unidentified third parties; and (4) $15,615.00 in

proceeds from the sale on an unspecified date of an unidentified vehicle. Def.’s Mot. at 1, 3–5.

       The government does not attempt to address the apparent gaps in the challenged

affidavits regarding the traceability of the Disputed Funds with an additional factual proffer but

instead contends in its supplemental briefing that the continued restraint of the Disputed Funds is

supported under two alternative theories. First, the government contends that there is probable

cause to find that the Disputed Funds, while not directly derived from the charged offenses, were

in fact indirectly derived from the defendant’s alleged criminal activity. Gov’t Supp. Br. at 5.

Under this theory, the government contends that the affidavits present circumstantial evidence

that the Disputed Funds are forfeitable under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(7) as property “derived, directly

or indirectly, from gross proceeds traceable to the commission of” a federal health care offense.

Id.

       To support this theory, the government relies on two out-of-circuit cases to suggest that

circumstantial evidence that the defendant and his wife had no “verifiable income” other than

                                                21
illegal proceeds during the relevant period is sufficient to find probable cause that the Disputed

Funds are either directly or indirectly traceable to criminal activity. Id. at 5. Specifically, the

government cites United States v. Green, 516 F. App'x 113, 135 (3d Cir. 2013) cert. denied, 134

S. Ct. 2818 (2014), and United States v. Hailey, 887 F. Supp. 2d 649 (D. Md. 2012), for the

proposition that circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s lack of legitimate income raises an

inference that all property in the defendant’s possession during the period of alleged criminal

conduct derived either directly or indirectly from that conduct. Gov’t Supp. Br. at 5. Both

affidavits allege that the Bikundis’ only known source of income during the period in which the

accounts at issue were open derived from allegedly fraudulently obtained payments from the

District of Columbia Medicaid Program. First Aff. ¶ 88; Second Aff. ¶ 6. Thus, the government

contends that circumstantial evidence suggests that all of the funds held in the seized accounts

derived directly or indirectly from the alleged fraud.

         Critically, however, in both Green and Hailey, the court’s probable cause finding was not

based solely upon circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s lack of legitimate income, but

rested upon additional evidence supporting the government’s proffered theory of traceability.

See Green, 516 F. App'x at 135 (describing trial testimony provided by a Secret Service agent

that the purchase paperwork for the defendant’s forfeited vehicle listed an illegible seller and

bore the same notary stamp the defendant used to commit the charged fraud); Hailey, 887 F.

Supp. 2d at 653 (“The Court may consider the timing of the defendants’ acquisition of the

property relative to his commission of the offense, his lack of other legitimate sources of income,

and any steps taken to conceal his connection to the asset” in making a forfeiture

determination). 9 In effect, the government reads Green and Hailey to hold that it is the


         9
          Moreover, both of these cases involve post-trial forfeiture proceedings and do not address the differing
implications of pretrial seizure.

                                                         22
defendant’s burden to demonstrate that the Disputed Funds were derived from a legitimate

source. To the contrary, however, both Green and Hailey confirm that while evidence of the

defendant’s lack of legitimate income may raise an inference of traceability, this inference alone

is insufficient to establish probable cause that the Disputed Funds are subject to criminal

forfeiture.

        For the Disputed Funds comprised of cash deposits and cashier’s checks deposits, the

government has presented additional evidence to supplement its suggested inference and support

a probable cause finding regarding the funds’ traceability to the charged fraud. The First

Affidavit alleges that approximately $7.2 million in cashier’s checks were purchased, and

$900,000 in cash was withdrawn, from accounts containing funds traceable to or derived from

Medicaid payments. First Aff. ¶¶ 89, 91. According to the government, there is a “fair

probability” that the “cash and cashier’s checks deposited into the accounts at issue are traceable

to Medicaid payments” and that while not directly traceable to Medicaid payments in fact

represent proceeds derived indirectly from the charged fraud. Gov’t Supp. Br. at 5–6. Indeed,

the First Affidavit states that fraudulently obtained Medicaid payments were deposited into

“intake” accounts before being transferred to over 50 accounts controlled by the defendant

and/or co-defendant Florence Bikundi in an alleged effort to disguise the funds illicit source.

First Aff. ¶ 84.

        Certainly, the defendant has not disputed the government’s allegations that the source of

the cash and cashier’s check deposits that are part of the Disputed Funds originated from

Medicaid payments, or identified an alternative source for these funds, either by producing tax

returns or other documentation, leading to an inference that these funds were derived from the

charged criminal activity. Gov’t Supp. Br. at 5. The government has supported this inference



                                                 23
that these Disputed Funds were derived, at least indirectly, from the charged criminal activity

with allegations that these funds were originally held in accounts that received proceeds of the

alleged fraud. First Aff. ¶¶ 89, 91. As such, the government has presented sufficient evidence to

support a finding of probable cause that the disputed cash and cashier’s check deposits derived at

least indirectly from the charged fraud offenses.

       By contrast, the government has pointed to no evidence to support an inference that the

third-party checks and vehicle sale proceeds are traceable to the charged offense. On the

contrary, the government identifies no allegation in the First or Second Affidavits explaining the

alleged connection or link between the third-party check deposits and sale of a vehicle and the

charged offenses. See First Aff. ¶¶ 236, 238, 240. The affidavits are silent with respect to the

most basic information about the source of these funds, proffering no evidence as to the identities

of the third parties issuing the third-party checks or their alleged connection to the charged

offenses. Similarly, as to the seized proceeds from the sale of a vehicle, the affidavits provide no

information regarding the make and model of the vehicle, or the date on which the vehicle was

acquired or sold by the defendant. Lacking this basic information, and in light of the fact that the

government indeed disclaimed that these funds were derived from Medicaid payments, the

government has failed to meet its burden of presenting sufficient evidence to find probable cause

that these funds derived directly or indirectly from the charged fraud. Accord United States v.

Sharaf, No. CR 15-MJ-139 (GMH), 2015 WL 4238784, at *2 (D.D.C. July 13, 2015) (noting

that the government would “clearly fail” to establish probable cause under the criminal forfeiture

statute as to the traceability of cars purchased before any charged criminal conduct). Thus, the

continued restraint of funds tied to third-party deposits and the sale of an unidentified vehicle

cannot be supported under the government’s theory of indirect traceability.



                                                 24
        Under its second theory, the government asserts that the Disputed Funds are subject to

forfeiture as property “involved in” a money laundering offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1956. Gov’t

Supp. Br. at 6–8. Again relying primarily on non-binding authority, the government argues that

otherwise legitimate funds comingled with illegitimate funds in an effort to conceal illegal

proceeds are subject to forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1). Id. at 7–8. Describing the

defendant’s alleged money laundering activities, the government contends that there is probable

cause to believe that all Disputed Funds held in the four accounts at issue are subject to criminal

forfeiture. Id. at 8.

        Construing the federal money laundering statute, the D.C. Circuit has made clear that

otherwise untainted money may become “involved” in a money laundering offense where those

funds are comingled with illicit proceeds. United States v. Braxtonbrown-Smith, 278 F.3d 1348,

1351–55 (D.C. Cir. 2002). The money laundering statute generally prohibits engaging in a

financial transaction that “involves the proceeds” of specified illegal activities in order to

facilitate those activities. 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1). In Braxtonbrown-Smith, the D.C. Circuit

considered whether this statute required the government to demonstrate that funds withdrawn

from a commingled bank account were traceable to illicit activity to prove that the transaction

“involve[d] the proceeds” of illegal activity. Rejecting such a “complete tracing” requirement,

the Court cited favorably the Seventh Circuit’s observation that “money need not be derived

from crime to be ‘involved’ in it . . . .” 278 F.3d. at 1353 (quoting United States v. $448,342.85,

969 F.2d 474, 476 (7th Cir. 1992)). The D.C. Circuit further explained that “[a]lthough ‘involve’

might also be read to mean that the individual transaction must include illegal proceeds in some

amount, no circuit to consider this issue has held that” funds withdrawn from a comingled

account must be traced directly to illegal proceeds to support a conviction for money laundering.



                                                  25
Id. The Court emphasized, “it is precisely the commingling of tainted funds with legitimate

money that facilitates the laundering and enables it to continue.” Id. (quoting United States v.

Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, 1135 (5th Cir. 1997)) (internal alternation omitted).

       In Braxtonbrown-Smith, the D.C. Circuit interpreted the nearly identical phrase “involved

in” as used in the money laundering statute that is also used in the criminal forfeiture statute, 18

U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), which is applicable to money laundering offenses. Although the D.C. Circuit

has not addressed the question directly, Braxtonbrown-Smith provides support for the conclusion

that legitimate funds that are comingled with illicit funds may be subject to criminal forfeiture

under 18 U.S.C. § 982(a)(1). This conclusion is consistent with holdings reached in other

circuits that otherwise legitimate funds comingled with illicit proceeds are subject to criminal

forfeiture, where the government produces evidence that the legitimate funds were used to

conceal the source of illicit proceeds. See United States v. Coffman, 574 F. App'x 541, 561 (6th

Cir. 2014) cert. denied sub nom. Milby v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1019 (2015) and 135 S. Ct.

1568 (2015) (“Commingling is enough to expose the legitimate funds to forfeiture, if the

commingling was done for the purpose of concealing the nature or source of the tainted funds

(that is, if the commingling was done to facilitate money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1956(a)(1)(B)(i)).”) (internal quotation and citation omitted); United States v. Puche, 350 F.3d

1137, 1153–54 (11th Cir. 2003) (allowing for forfeiture of otherwise untainted funds where the

government produced evidence that funds, both legitimate and illegitimate, were “rapidly moved

into bank accounts in order to conceal the nature and source of the [illegal] proceeds”); United

States v. McGauley, 279 F.3d 62, 75–77 (1st Cir. 2002); United States v. Bornfield, 145 F.3d

1123, 1135 (10th Cir. 1998) (“[F]orfeiture of [commingled] funds . . . is proper when the

government demonstrates that the defendant pooled the funds to facilitate, i.e., disguise the



                                                 26
nature and source of, his scheme.”) (citing Tencer, 107 F.3d at 1134–35). This “facilitation

theory is limited by the requirement that the government demonstrate that a defendant pooled the

funds for the purpose of disguising the nature and source of his scheme, rather than the

illegitimate funds having merely an incidental or fortuitous connection to illegal activity.”

United States v. Stanford, No. CRIM.A. 12-146 08, 2014 WL 7013987, at *4 (W.D. La. Dec. 12,

2014).

         Here, the government contends that the seizure affidavits contain sufficient allegations to

support such a facilitation theory for pretrial restraint of the Disputed Funds. The First Affidavit

describes the process of repeatedly shifting funds from an initial “intake” account through

numerous levels of recipient accounts as “layering.” First Aff. ¶ 85. “Layering involves a

financial transaction or series of financial transactions that separate unlawfully obtained proceeds

from their source and, in the process, conceal the illegal nature of the proceeds and complicate an

audit trail.” Id. Thus, the government contends that the transfer of funds among dozens of

accounts controlled by the defendants was used to conceal the source of their illicitly obtained

Medicaid payments. Id. These allegations under the government’s second theory are adequate

to show that the Disputed Funds consisting of cash and cashier’s checks are “involved in” the

money laundering offenses, and bolster the Court’s finding that the probable cause finding on the

forfeitability of these funds is sufficient for pretrial seizure.

         While the government has sufficiently alleged that the Disputed Funds consisting of cash

and cashier’s checks were withdrawn from accounts containing Medicaid proceeds and

subsequently deposited in the one of the four domestic accounts at issue here, the government

has pointed to no allegation to suggest that the disputed third-party deposits and proceeds from

the sale of an unidentified vehicle were used in “layering” or in any other way to facilitate the



                                                    27
charged money laundering offenses. Thus, just as the government has not met its burden of

establishing probable cause that these particular Disputed Funds were derived directly or

indirectly from the charged Medicaid fraud, the government’s allegations do not raise a fair

probability that funds tied to third-party deposits or the alleged vehicle sale were used to

facilitate the defendant’s alleged illegal money laundering activity.

                                  *               *              *

       The government’s affidavits show the requisite connection between some of the Disputed

Funds but not others to the offenses charged in the Superseding Indictment. Specifically, the

government has presented sufficient allegations showing that the disputed cash deposits and

cashier’s checks, totaling $72,300.00, are traceable and involved in the charged offenses to

support the forfeitability of these funds and their pretrial seizure. The government has failed,

however, to show probable cause for the forfeitability of the disputed funds derived from third-

party deposits and the sale of an unidentified vehicle, totaling $29,865.00, which the seizure

affidavits disclaim were traceable to the allegedly fraudulently obtained Medicaid payments.

Thus, the defendant’s motion to Partially Vacate the Seizure Warrant is granted in part and

denied in part.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the defendant’s Request for a Pretrial Evidentiary Hearing

is DENIED, and the defendant’s motion to Partially Vacate the Seizure Warrant and to Permit

Use of a Portion of Funds from Seized Bank Accounts for Purposes of Household Necessities is

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The defendant’s motion is (1) granted with respect to

the seizure of funds attributed to third-party deposits and the sale of a vehicle owned by the

defendant; and (2) denied with respect to the funds attributed to deposits of cash and cashier’s



                                                 28
checks held in the seized accounts. The government is therefore ordered to release a total of

$29,365.00 to the defendant.

       An appropriate Order accompanies this memorandum opinion.


                                                                      Digitally signed by Hon. Beryl A. Howell,
                                                                      United States District Court Judge
       Date: August 28, 2015                                          DN: cn=Hon. Beryl A. Howell, United States
                                                                      District Court Judge, o=U.S. District Court for
                                                                      the District of Columbia, ou,
                                                                      email=Howell_Chambers@dcd.uscourts.gov,
                                                                      c=US
                                                                      Date: 2015.08.28 10:57:49 -04'00'
                                                    __________________________
                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    United States District Judge




                                               29
